bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No‐flow temperature in injection molding simulation
Authors: Mannella G. A. , La Carrubba V. , Brucato V. , Zoetelief W. , Haagh G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMost injection molding simulation packages use the no‐flow temperature (NFT) as a means of determining whether the polymer flows or is solid. The NFT is not well defined, and a standard method for measuring it does not exist. A sensitivity analysis of the filling stage has been carried out with two different packages [VISI Flow (Vero Software Limited, Gloucestershire, UK) and Moldflow (Autodesk, Inc., San Rafael, CA)] to estimate the influence of the NFT on the main processing parameters. The NFT has a large influence on the thickness of the frozen layer, but it does not appreciably affect the filling pressure. Because the NFT affects the frozen layer, an effect on the estimation of shrinkage and warpage is expected. Software packages have also been compared, and similar simulations have been found to produce contrasting results. A simple correlation for NFT estimation, derived from the Cross–Williams–Landel–Ferry equation, is proposed for both amorphous and semicrystalline polymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Isoprene rubber filled with silica generated in situ
Authors: Messori Massimo , Fiorini Maurizio 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe modified synthetic isoprene rubber by means of the in situ generation of silica particles through the sol–gel process starting from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as an inorganic oxide precursor. Different reaction conditions were investigated with variations in the initial TEOS content, the reaction time of the sol–gel process, and the presence of a coupling/surfactant agent (octyltriethoxysilane). Organic–inorganic hybrid materials with a silica content up to 70 phr were obtained with the complete conversion of TEOS to silica for a long enough sol–gel reaction time. A very homogeneous dispersion of silica particles was observed in all cases together with a very good adhesion between the filler and matrix. The size of the in situ generated silica was controlled by the appropriate addition of octyltriethoxysilane. Swelling and extraction tests and dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that the vulcanization process of isoprene rubber was perturbed by the sol–gel process; this led to a slight decrease in the crosslinking degree. However, a significant reinforcing effect due to the presence of silica particles was observed for all of the investigated samples. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Barrier properties in hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber compounds containing organoclays and perfluoropolyether additives
Authors: Valsecchi Roberto , Torlaj Luca , Turri Stefano , Tonelli Claudio , Levi Marinella 
Published: September 2010

AbstractElastomeric compounds from hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, organomodified clay, and perfluoropolyether (PFPE) additives were prepared. Characterization of the materials included X‐ray diffraction, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile mechanical properties testing, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and solvent permeability measurements, from which the solubility coefficient (S) and diffusion coefficient (D) values were determined. A synergistic effect of the two additives was observed because the presence of clay reduced D, whereas PFPE mainly decreased S. Increasing the mixing time facilitated the dispersion of the clay layers. DMA and the diffusivity data were used to estimate the aspect ratios of the solid inclusions in the rubber. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Chemical structure of poly(β‐cyclodextrin‐co‐citric acid)
Authors: Bednarz Szczepan , Lukasiewicz Marcin , Mazela Wojciech , Pajda Michal , Kasprzyk Wiktor 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe synthesized water‐insoluble polymers, poly(β‐cyclodextrin‐co‐citric acid)s, by heating a mixture of citric acid, cyclodextrin (CD), and Na2HPO4 as a catalyst with a 6 : 1 : 2 molar ratio at 160, 170, and 180°C for 10 and 20 min. The chemical composition of the polyesters was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the polymer hydrolysates. The crosslinking mechanisms and thermal degradation of the polymers were also investigated. The polyesters contained 30–35% citric acid, 1–4% unsaturated carboxylic acids (i.e., itaconic, cis‐aconitic, trans‐aconitic, and mesaconic acids), and 60–70% CD, whereas about 40% of them were able to form inclusion complexes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions by an adsorption process with titania–silica binary oxide nanoparticle loaded polyacrylonitrile polymer
Authors: Nilchi A. , Garmarodi S. Rasouli , Darzi S. Janitabar 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this study, we fabricated a new hybrid adsorbent, titania–silica binary oxide (TiO2–SiO2)–polyacrylonitrile (PAN), by loading nanosized sol–gel‐derived TiO2–SiO2 onto a porous PAN polymer for enhanced arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)] species removal from aqueous media. The resulting sorbent was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and porosity measurements. The sorption process for the removal of As(V) and As(III) was assessed with various parameters, including the effects of the pH, contact time, temperature, and existence of foreign competing ions. We found that the adsorption of As(III) and As(V) species onto TiO2–SiO2–PAN was dependent on the pH of solution, and it could be well represented by the Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. The prepared hybrid adsorbent exhibited highly selective arsenic retention from water in the presence of Cl−, NO3−, NO2−, SO42−, and SO32− anions at much greater levels than those toxic metals examined. The values of the standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy proved that the sorption of As(V) and As(III) species onto the hybrid adsorbent TiO2–SiO2–PAN was an endothermic and spontaneous process. All of the results validated the feasibility of TiO2–SiO2–PAN for the highly effective removal of As(V) and As(III) from contaminated waters. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Incorporating multiscale micromechanical approach into PLSNs with different intercalated morphologies
Authors: Yazdi A. Zehtab , Bagheri R. , Kazeminezhad M. , Heidarian D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe objective of the present study is to predict Young's modulus of polymer‐layered silicate nanocomposites (PLSNs) containing fully intercalated structures. The particular contribution of this article is to consider the changes in structural parameters of different intercalated morphologies in vicinity of each other. These parameters include aspect ratio of intercalated stacks, number of silicate layers per stack, d‐spacing between the layers, modulus of the gallery phase, and volume fraction of each intercalated morphology. To do this, the effective particle concept has been employed and combined with the Mori‐Tanaka micromechanical model. It has been shown that the simultaneous effects of d‐spacing between the silicate layers and gallery phase modulus remarkably influence the nanocomposite's modulus. Finally, the micromechanical modeling results have been compared with the experimental data and illustrates that the new approach is more accurate than the earlier model developed by the same authors. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Formation of honeycomb‐patterned microporous films based on a fluorinated poly(siloxane imide) segmented copolymer
Authors: Jiang Xue , Gu Jian , Shen Yan , Wang Shugen , Tian Xiuzhi 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe preparation of honeycomb‐patterned microporous films from a soluble fluorinated poly(siloxane imide) segmented copolymer (PSI) by means of water‐droplet templating is reported first in this article. The fluorinated PSI was synthesized from 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride, 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane, and diamine‐terminated poly(dimethyl siloxane) by condensation polymerization. The obtained copolymer had good solubility in chlorinated solvents (chloroform, dichloromethane, and 1,2‐dichloroethane), good thermal stability, and a microphase‐separated amorphous structure. The effects of the copolymer concentration, atmospheric humidity, and solvent properties on the pattern formation were investigated. The results show that the film fabricated from the copolymer solution with chloroform as the solvent at a humidity of 90% and a concentration of 0.5 g/L had the most regular honeycomb‐patterned micropores. We could tailor the pore shape and size by changing the copolymer concentration or the atmospheric humidity. The prepared regular honeycomb‐patterned microporous PSI films have potential applications in cell culture and tissue engineering. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Characterizing a novel and adjustable noninvasive murine joint loading model
Authors: Poulet Blandine , Hamilton Richard W. , Shefelbine Sandra , Pitsillides Andrew A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveMechanical loading through a mechano‐adaptive response modifies articular cartilage structure and contributes to osteoarthritis (OA). However, the specific mechanical stimuli involved in joint health and disease remain poorly defined, partly due to a lack of in vivo models of controlled loading. The present study was undertaken to develop and characterize a novel nonsurgical murine model in which applied loads to the knee joint are highly adjustable.MethodsAnimals experienced normal locomotion, except during loading. Loads were applied to the right knees of 8‐week‐old CBA mice, 3 times a week for 2 weeks (and assessed immediately or after 3 weeks of nonloading), or for 5 weeks, or just once (and assessed immediately or after 2 weeks of nonloading). Histologic features of loaded and control contralateral joints, including articular cartilage lesions, osteophyte formation, and pathologic features, were examined. Ex vivo visualization during loading was performed by microfocal computed tomography (micro‐CT).ResultsTwo weeks of loading produced articular cartilage lesions only at sites of maximal contact as exhibited by micro‐CT; after 3 weeks without further loading, joints in another group of mice identically loaded revealed significant increases in mean lesion severity to levels seen following 5 weeks of loading. Single application of load also induced lesions, but in this case, 2 weeks of solely habitual use did not lead to further deterioration. Only repetitive loading induced loss of Safranin O staining. Loading also led to osteophyte formation, meniscal ossification, synovial hyperplasia and fibrosis, and cruciate ligament pathology, with a severity that was dependent upon the loading regimen utilized.ConclusionWe describe for the first time a noninvasive model of murine knee joint loading. This will further the study of mechanical and genetic interactions in joint health and in OA initiation and progression.
Transcriptional tools: Small molecules for modulating CBP KIX‐dependent transcriptional activators
Authors: Bates Caleb A. , Pomerantz William C. , Mapp Anna K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPreviously it was demonstrated that amphipathic isoxazolidines are able to functionally replace the transcriptional activation domains of endogenous transcriptional activators. In addition, in vitro binding studies suggested that a key binding partner of these molecules is the CREB Binding Protein (CBP), more specifically the KIX domain within this protein. Here we show that CBP plays an essential role in the ability of isoxazolidine transcriptional activation domains to activate transcription in cells. Consistent with this model, isoxazolidines are able to function as competitive inhibitors of the activators MLL and Jun, both of which utilize a binding interaction with KIX to up‐regulate transcription. Further, modification of the N2 side chain produced three analogs with enhanced potency against Jun‐mediated transcription, although increased cytotoxicity was also observed. Collectively these small KIX‐binding molecules will be useful tools for dissecting the role of the KIX domain in a variety of pathological processes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 95: 17–23, 2011.
Performance evaluation of fault detection methods for wastewater treatment processes
Authors: Corominas Lluís , Villez Kris , Aguado Daniel , Rieger Leiv , Rosén Christian , Vanrolleghem Peter A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSeveral methods to detect faults have been developed in various fields, mainly in chemical and process engineering. However, minimal practical guidelines exist for their selection and application. This work presents an index that allows for evaluating monitoring and diagnosis performance of fault detection methods, which takes into account several characteristics, such as false alarms, false acceptance, and undesirable switching from correct detection to non‐detection during a fault event. The usefulness of the index to process engineering is demonstrated first by application to a simple example. Then, it is used to compare five univariate fault detection methods (Shewhart, EWMA, and residuals of EWMA) applied to the simulated results of the Benchmark Simulation Model No. 1 long‐term (BSM1_LT). The BSM1_LT, provided by the IWA Task Group on Benchmarking of Control Strategies, is a simulation platform that allows for creating sensor and actuator faults and process disturbances in a wastewater treatment plant. The results from the method comparison using BSM1_LT show better performance to detect a sensor measurement shift for adaptive methods (residuals of EWMA) and when monitoring the actuator signals in a control loop (e.g., airflow). Overall, the proposed index is able to screen fault detection methods. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 333–344. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
3D billiards game with haptic interface
Authors: Seo Hyewon , Bang Joon‐Won , Park Ji‐Man , Jeon Soo‐Hyun 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIntuitive human‐computer interaction has been an active research area with the participation of both academic and industrial groups. It is an important technical and psychological element in computer games, digital product design, cybersports, etc. In this paper, we present our work on a 3D billiards game featuring a haptic interface. Most of the existing games available today concentrate on the development of sophisticated physics engines to obtain realistic motion of billiards balls or of sound engines for realistic sound effect. Our focus in this work is on the improved realism on the hitting action of the game with the aid of haptic device. We do so by computing accurate feedback force on the haptic handle, considering the exact point of contact and physically faithful collision response. Also presented is the physically based modeling of the game environment, including the collision interaction among billiards balls, and between the table and billiards balls. As a result, the players can enjoy a more realistic and pleasurable game compared to other existing 3D billiards games. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of prochiral ketones in aqueous media with chiral water‐soluble and heterogenized bifunctional catalysts of the RhCp*‐type ligand
Authors: Barrón‐Jaime Angélica , Narvaez‐Garayzar Oscar F. , González Jorge , Ibarra‐Galván Valentín , Aguirre Gerardo , Parra‐Hake Miguel , Chávez Daniel , Somanathan Ratnasamy 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAsymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of prochiral aromatic ketones was carried out with a water‐soluble complex of RhIIICp* and mononitrobenzenesulfonamide bidentate ligand (1R,2R)‐N‐(2‐aminocyclohexyl)‐4‐nitrobenzenesulfonamide 1 derived from chiral cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine. Aqueous sodium formate was used as the hydride source. The reaction afforded the chiral alcohols in good enantioselectivities (79–93%) and yields (>99%). The modified monosulfonamide ligand was also covalently immobilized on solid phase such as silica, resin, and mesoporous SBA‐15 silica and then explored as a catalyst with RhIIICp* in the ATH of acetophenone. Chirality, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contrast enhancement by differently sized paramagnetic MRI contrast agents in mice with two phenotypes of atherosclerotic plaque
Authors: van Bochove Glenda S. , Paulis Leonie E.M. , Segers Dolf , Mulder Willem J.M. , Krams Rob , Nicolay Klaas , Strijkers Gustav J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractInterest in the use of contrast‐enhanced MRI to enable in vivo specific characterization of atherosclerotic plaques is increasing. In this study the intrinsic ability of three differently sized gadolinium‐based contrast agents to permeate different mouse plaque phenotypes was evaluated with MRI. A tapered cast was implanted around the right carotid artery of apoE−/− mice to induce two different plaque phenotypes: a thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) and a non‐TCFA lesion. Both plaques were allowed to develop over 6 and 9 weeks, leading to an intermediate and advanced lesion, respectively. Signal enhancement in the carotid artery wall, following intravenous injection of Gd‐HP‐DO3A as well as paramagnetic micelles and liposomes was evaluated. In vivo T1‐weighted MRI plaque enhancement characteristics were complemented by fluorescence microscopy and correlated to lesion phenotype. The two smallest contrast agents, i.e. Gd‐HP‐DO3A and micelles, were found to enhance contrast in T1‐weighted MR images of all investigated plaque phenotypes. Maximum contrast enhancement ranged between 53 and 70% at 6 min after injection of Gd‐HP‐DO3A with highest enhancement and longest retention in the non‐TCFA lesion. Twenty‐four hours after injection of micelles maximum contrast enhancement ranged between 24 and 35% in all plaque phenotypes. Administration of the larger liposomes did not cause significant contrast enhancement in the atherosclerotic plaques. Confocal fluorescence microscopy confirmed the MRI‐based differences in plaque permeation between micelles and liposomes. Plaque permeation of contrast agents was strongly dependent on size. Our results implicate that, when equipped with targeting ligands, liposomes are most suitable for the imaging of plaque‐associated endothelial markers due to low background enhancement, whereas micelles, which accumulate extravascularly on a long timescale, are suited for imaging of less abundant markers inside plaques. Low molecular weight compounds may be employed for target‐specific imaging of highly abundant extravascular plaque‐associated targets. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental trajectories of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and preejection period in middle childhood
Authors: Hinnant J. Benjamin , Elmore‐Staton Lori , El‐Sheikh Mona 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAutonomic nervous system (ANS) activity has been linked repeatedly to children's socioemotional and behavioral adaptive functioning and development, yet the literature on how various indexes of ANS activity develop in childhood is sparse. We utilized latent growth modeling to investigate the development of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an established index of parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), and preejection period (PEP), a marker of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) influence on the heart, in children aged 8–10 years. At age 8, 251 children (128 girls, 123 boys; 162 European American, 89 African American) participated. Longitudinal data were collected during two additional waves when children were 9 and 10 years of age, with a 1‐year lag between each wave. Children's RSA and PEP exhibited significant stability over time. Marginally significant variability was found among children in how RSA changed over time (slope), but there was no significant interindividual variability in PEP changes over development. A conditional growth curve model (i.e., one with predictor variables) showed that initial levels of RSA and PEP and the slope of RSA over time were predicted by several demographic factors including the child's sex and race; RSA of European American children showed significant increases over time while African American children had higher initial RSA but no significant change over time. Findings extend basic knowledge in developmental biopsychology and have implications for research focusing on ANS measures as important predictors, moderators, and mediators of childhood adaptation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53: 59–68, 2011.
Challenges to maternal wellbeing during pregnancy impact temperament, attention, and neuromotor responses in the infant rhesus monkey
Authors: Coe Christopher L. , Lubach Gabriele R. , Crispen Heather R. , Shirtcliff Elizabeth A. , Schneider Mary L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe relative maturity, alertness, and reactivity of an infant at birth are sensitive indices of the neonate's health, the quality of the pregnancy, and the mother's wellbeing. Even when fetal growth and gestation length have been normal, the maturing fetus can still be adversely impacted by both physical events and psychological challenges to the mother during the prenatal period. The following research evaluated 413 rhesus monkeys from 7 different types of pregnancies to determine which conditions significantly influenced the behavioral responsiveness and state of the young infant. A standardized test battery modeled after the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale for human newborns was employed. The largest impairments in orientation and increases in infant emotional reactivity were seen when female monkeys drank alcohol, even though consumed at only moderate levels during part of the pregnancy. The infants' ability to focus and attend to visual and auditory cues was also affected when the gravid female's adrenal hormones were transiently elevated for 2 weeks by ACTH administration. In addition, responses to tactile and vestibular stimulation were altered by both this ACTH treatment and psychological disturbance during gestation. Conversely, a 2‐day course of antenatal corticosteroids 1 month before term resulted in infants with lower motor activity and reactivity. These findings highlight several pregnancy conditions that can affect a young infant's neurobehavioral status, even when otherwise healthy, and demonstrate that alterations or deficits are specific to the type of insult experienced by the mother and fetus. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 625–637, 2010.
Neurobiological and psychiatric consequences of child abuse and neglect
Authors: Heim Christine , Shugart Margaret , Craighead W. Edward , Nemeroff Charles B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe effects of early‐life trauma and its consequences for the treatment of depression are reviewed. The prevalence and clinical sequelae of early sexual and physical abuse, neglect and parental loss are described. An overview of preclinical studies that help guide clinical research and practice is presented. Human clinical studies on the neurobiological consequences of early trauma are summarized. Moderating factors, such as genetic variation and sex differences, are discussed. The few current treatment outcome studies relevant to this research area are described. Guidance for the management of patients with depression and a history of child abuse and neglect are provided. Most patients who have experienced early traumatic experiences are likely best treated with a combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. This review is dedicated to the memory of Seymour Levine who pioneered the field of early experience research and to a considerable extent inspired the clinical studies described in this review. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 671–690, 2010.