bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional intake and carbohydrate supplementation at high altitude
Authors: Edwards John S.A. , Wayne Askew E. , King Nancy , Fulco Charles S. 
Published: January 2011

A high carbohydrate (CHO) diet has previously been shown to lessen the severity of the symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS). The aims of this study were to ascertain whether selected military field rations provided adequate nutritional support, and assess the effectiveness of a high CHO food supplement in reducing the severity of the symptoms of AMS at high altitude. An experimental group ( n = 32) received field rations plus a CHO food supplement and a control group ( n = 35) only received field rations. Food intakes for 15 consecutive days were recorded using a visual estimation technique and 24-h dietary log. Food acceptability was assessed with a 9-point hedonic scale. Daily urine samples and body weights were obtained from all subjects and a 24-h urine sample obtained from a subsample of the combined groups ( n = 30) for the first and last two days of the study. Results show that energy intake decreased for the first three days at altitude, improved on day four and leveled out thereafter. Mean daily energy intakes were 2265 kcal for the supplemented group and 2140 kcal for the control group; body weight losses were 1.71 kg and 1.68 kg. Mean CHO intake was 271 and 244 g per day; 48 and 46% of energy intake. Ration acceptability was generally good and did not decline over time. It was concluded that rations used at sea level could also be satisfactorily used at altitude, but given an ad libitum dietary regimen and a CHO food supplement, CHO intake was not automatically increased. Supplementation via a beverage component, rather than a food supplement, may therefore be more effective in increasing CHO intake.
Acetazolamide or dexamethasone for prevention of acute mountain sickness: a meta-analysis
Authors: Douglas Ried L. , Carter Kelly A. , Ellsworth Allan 
Published: January 2011

Acute mountain sickness (AMS) describes a constellation of symptoms that is usually self-limited and benign. However, it may impair judgement and physical abilities at high altitudes and interfere with the pleasure of recreational activities. Severe cases may be fatal. Acclimatization is an effective prevention, but is not always practical or possible. Therefore, pharmacologic prophylaxis of AMS is an active area of research. This study used meta-analytic techniques to evaluate the published literature regarding pharmacologic prophylaxis of AMS with acetazolamide and dexamethasone. Twenty eligible reports were located via a computer-assisted search, reference lists and review articles. Dependent measures for this study were the percentage of patients with AMS and the percentage of patients with specific symptoms associated with AMS. An effect size (ES) is the standardized mean difference between experimental and control groups or the conversion from the point-biserial correlation between treatment and effect and allows integration of the results of independent studies. In this study, a negative ES indicates that the prophylaxis regimen exerted a protective effect; the greater the magnitude of the ES the greater its effect. The overall average weighted ES was −0.59 (95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.41 to −0.77) when both drugs’ results were pooled. The average weighted ES for studies comparing acetazolamide to placebo was −0.61 and it was −0.32 for studies comparing dexamethasone to placebo. The average ES was −0.38 when all of the reported symptoms were pooled together. This report confirms the effectiveness of pharmacologic prophylaxis against AMS with acetazolamide or dexamethasone. Acetazolamide appears to be more effective, but inconsistencies in dexamethasone dosing, environmental conditions, and rate of ascent confound interpretation. This meta-analysis points out areas for future research.
Synthesis and photophysical properties of some 6,6″-functionalized terpyridine derivatives
Authors: Lar Claudia , Roiban Gheorghe-Doru , Crăsneanu Romina , Mihalca Ilişca , Bogdan Elena , Terec Anamaria , Grosu Ion 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The synthesis and photophysical properties of several 6,6″ symmetrically substituted 4′-aryl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine derivatives are reported herein. The UV-Vis spectra in acetonitrile as well as in dichloromethane show two intense bands in the UV areas 252–262 nm and 275–290 nm while the fluorescence emission spectra are only slightly influenced by chemical derivatization.
The Comparison of Different Types of Observational Training on Motor Learning of Gymnastic Handstand
Authors: Maleki Farzad , Nia Parvaneh , Zarghami Mehdi , Neisi Abdoljalil 
Published: January 2011

The Comparison of Different Types of Observational Training on Motor Learning of Gymnastic Handstand
The present study aimed at assessing the influence of three types of observational training on motor learning of gymnastic handstand. Fifty healthy male subjects (age 20.35±1.44) from the faculty of Physical Education, University of Shahid Chamran served as the participants in the study. They were randomly assigned to three groups: 1: Actual model observation group (AOG), 2: Actual model observation and verbal description group (AOVG), 3: Animated model observation and verbal description group (AONG). Each group underwent training for 3 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The whole sample practiced the handstand skill equally ten times per session. The acquisition test was preformed after the last session while the retention test was done 48 hours later. Values of p<0.05 were chosen as significant. The results of repeated measures analysis showed that all three types of training improved the handstand skill performance for retention. As well as the acquisition phase. Furthermore, the results of ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference between the three groups regarding the acquisition test. However, there was no significant difference among the three groups regarding the retention test. Our findings revealed that observation of model with verbal teaching improves learning of the handstand skill, while observation without verbal description has no effect on learning the skills.
Acute Effects of Stretching on Flexibility, Power and Sport Specific Performance in Fencers
Authors: Tsolakis Charilaos , Douvis Andreas , Tsigganos George , Zacharogiannis Elias , Smirniotou Athanasia 
Published: January 2011

Acute Effects of Stretching on Flexibility, Power and Sport Specific Performance in Fencers
Elite athletes are eager to perform to the best of their ability, regardless of different warm-up stretching techniques used before training or competition which actually help or hinder specific performance variables. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of static or ballistic stretching on flexibility and leg power characteristics of fencing performance in fencers of both genders. Ten male and ten female international level fencers participated in this study. Each subject performed static or ballistic stretching (3 sets of 20 sec) on three muscles of the lower limbs on separate days. Flexibility, squat jump, countermovement jump, drop jump, time and power of lunge and shuttle run test were measured before and after different stretching interventions. Neither static nor ballistic stretching exercises affected flexibility, jumping ability and leg functional fencing performance tests. Moreover, stretching conditions did not affect differently. The results of this study suggest that static or ballistic stretching in the later stages of a general warm-up normally used before training or competition does not hinder specific performance in fencing. Consequently, fencers can continue performing any type of stretching before training or competition at their preference.
The Effects of Training Volume on the Performance of Young Elite Weightlifters
Authors: Siahkouhian Marefat , Kordi Hassan 
Published: January 2011

The Effects of Training Volume on the Performance of Young Elite Weightlifters
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of increasing training volume on improvements in performance, physical fitness test records, and body composition variables in young elite weight lifters.
Sixteen young elite weightlifters who volunteered to participate in the study undertook the training program included specific weightlifting training with an 80%-90% of individual records. Volume of training increased according to the Fry et al. protocol. Training for subjects consisted primarily of large muscle mass exercises made up of front and back squats, overhead lifts, dead lifts, the snatch, clean and jerk, and their variations. Vertical jump height and rearward weight throws were determined using a force platform with specifically designed software and distance covered by the subjects to the nearest 1cm, respectively.
No significant changes in snatch and clean & jerk records were observed from pre- to mid- and from mid- to post-testing phases (snatch: 75.18±34.58 vs. 71.61±22.07 vs. 74.46±33.74 kg, P≥0.05; clean & jerk: 91.96±47.84 vs. 88.21±42.85 vs. 92.82±43.56 kg, P≥0.05). There were no significant changes in the front squat records from pre-to mid and from mid-to post testing (111.57±48.57 vs. 109.07±49.80 vs. 108.79±49.46 kg; P≥0.05). Results showed decreases (no significant) from pre-to mid testing but remarkable increase from mid- to post testing for back squat (130.36±56.79 vs. 125.89±57.48 vs. 163.07±101.90 kg; P≥0.05).
The data showed that performing additional session per day of high intensity weightlifting training does not lead to significantly greater improvements in performance of young elite weightlifters. Therefore, coaches could use one instead of two sessions of high intensity lifting training per day.
Breeding birds of shelterbelts near Sombor (NW Serbia)
Authors: Mérő Thomas 
Published: January 2011

Breeding birds of shelterbelts near Sombor (NW Serbia)
In 2008, breeding birds were studied in the shelterbelts surrounded by arable land NW of Sombor (Vojvodina, NW Serbia). Seven 500 m long sections of wooded shelterbelts were selected and surveyed for birds six times between May and July. Sampling plots differed in tree species composition and dominance, in height of trees, and presence and composition of shrub and herb layers. 22 breeding species were found with a mean density of 9.86 ± 1.47 pairs/km of shelterbelt. The mean number of species per shelterbelt was 8.3 ± 1.2. Species richness ranged from 4 (shelterbelt G) to 14 (shelterbelt D) species. Similarity, measured by the Sørensen index, showed strong qualitative similarity (over 70%) between the compared communities in only 19% of all possible pairs of shelterbelts. The most abundant breeding species were Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus and Greenfinch Carduelis chloris, with overall linear densities of 2.9 and 2.6 pairs/km, respectively. Overall linear densities of a further four species (Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio, Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus, Whitethroat Sylvia communis and Cuckoo Cuculus canorus) exceeded 1 pair/km. The densities of breeding birds are compared to those obtained during other studies in Europe and elsewhere.
The challenge of reconstructing the Phanerozoic sea level and the Pacific Basin tectonics
Authors: Ruban Dmitry , Conrad Clinton , van Loon A. 
Published: January 2011

The challenge of reconstructing the Phanerozoic sea level and the Pacific Basin tectonicsThe relationships between the interior dynamics of our planet and global sea level can be unravelled when plate-tectonic reconstructions are available for the entire Earth. A review of global tectonics reveals significant deficiencies in our understanding of the geodynamic evolution of the Pacific (Panthalassa or Proto-Pacific) during the Cambrian-Jurassic time-span. This particular, but major, shortcoming presents a true challenge for modern geoscientists, who are encouraged to produce a detailed plate-tectonic reconstruction of the Pacific for the pre-Cretaceous in order to advance our understanding of Phanerozoic sea-level change. A set of approaches, including geological/geophysical modelling, investigation of accretionary prisms, palaeobiogeographical studies, and careful examination of eustatic sea-level changes, are proposed that will help geoscientists tackle the challenge of understanding how Pacific geodynamics affected global sea level during the Phanerozoic.
Ecodesign — Carbon Footprint — Life Cycle Assessment — Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis. A Flexible Framework for a Continuum of Tools
Authors: Heijungs Reinout 
Published: January 2011

Ecodesign — Carbon Footprint — Life Cycle Assessment — Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis. A Flexible Framework for a Continuum of Tools
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool for answering questions related to environmental impacts of products. It is a comprehensive tool, addressing the entire life cycle, and addressing the full spectrum of environmental impacts. There are two opposite movements occurring: LCA is getting smaller, and it is getting broader. This presentation presents the general framework for a broader life cycle sustainability analysis (LCSA), and shows how the practical work related to doing an LCA, a carbon footprint, or an analysis for ecodesign, can be seen as special cases.
Al–Fe alloy formation by aluminium underpotential deposition from AlCl3 + NaCl melts on iron substrate
Authors: Radović Branka S. , Cvetković Vesna S. , Edwards Robert A. H. , Jovićević Jovan N. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Aluminium was incorporated into a polycrystalline iron electrode surface by underpotential deposition from an equimolar AlCl3 + NaCl melt at 200°C, 250°C and 300°C. The process was studied using linear sweep voltammetry and potentiostatic deposition/galvanostatic stripping. The deposits were characterised by electron microprobe analysis, glancing incidence X-ray diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy. The electrochemical measurements showed clear evidence of formation of three intermetallic compounds. This was confirmed by the physical analysis, which showed three layers of successive bulk intermetallic compounds. The constant-potential regions measured during the low-current stripping corresponded to the coexistence of pairs of the three intermetallic phases. The kinetics of growth of the identified compounds are described.
Plant Regeneration via Somatic Embryogenesis from Leaf and Floral Explants of Chancellor Wine Grape
Authors: Mulwa Richard M.S. , Norton Margaret M.A. , Skirvin Robert M. 
Published: January 2011

Abundant embryogenic callus was obtained from leaf and floral explants of "Chancellor" grape by continuous culture for 12 weeks on Nitsch and Nitsch basal medium supplemented with 9 μM 2, 4-D + 17 μM IASP + either 1 μM BA or 1 μM TDZ (ECIM) in darkness. They were successfully maintained by a five to six week subculture interval on NN medium containing 2 μM 2, 4-D + 0.2 μM TDZ + 4 μM IASP (LTMM). Near synchronous embryo developed from embryogenic callus on medium containing 10 μM IASP + 8 μM NOA + 1 μM TDZ + 1 μM ABA + 2.5 g/l AC (EDMM). Individually separated somatic embryos were germinated on both NN and half strength of MS containing 0.5 μM BA + 0.025 μM NAA, respectively; normal plantlet conversion from embryos was low (35%). Whole fruiting plants were obtained. Aberrant embryo development was characterized by failure to form functional shoot meristems following the initial cotyledon expansion during germination. These observations indicate that the embryo conversion stage of the regeneration is difficult and remains a limiting factor requiring more empirical experimentation for improvement in grape tissue culture. Key words: Chancellor grape, Regeneration, Somatic embryogenesis D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v20i2.6895 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 20(2): 157-170, 2010 (December)
In vitro Propagation of Solanum capsicoides All.  An Important Therapeutic Agent 'Kantakari'
Authors: Anish N.P. , Rajesh M.G. , Elias Jiby , Jayan N. 
Published: January 2011

Shoot tip explants from in vitro germinated seedlings of Solanum capsicoides All. inoculated on MS containing 2 mg/l BA produced maximum shoot induction response (26 shoots per explant). Rooting of the microshoots (19.4 roots per explant) was obtained better in half strength of MS supplemented with NAA (0.5 mg/l). Well rooted plantlets were successfully hardened with 80 per cent survival rate. Key words: Solanum capsicoides, Propagation, Therapeutic agent D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v20i2.6912 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 20(2): 179-184, 2010 (December)
High Frequency Regeneration of Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Bl. cv. Lovely through In vitro Culture
Authors: Sinha Pinaki , Jahan Miskat Ara Akhter , Munshi John Liton , Khatun Rahima 
Published: January 2011

Young leaf explants from mature plant of Phalaenopsis amabilis cv. Lovely were cultured on half strength of MS supplemented with BA (2.0 mg/l), NAA (0.5 mg/l), 2% (w/v) sucrose, 10% (v/v) coconut water, 2 g/l peptone and 1 g/l activated charcoal. Each section of explant pro­duced ten protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) after 12 weeks of culture. The PLBs were subcultured on the same nutrient medium but without phytohormone and addition of 150 mg/l L-glutamine, where PLBs were found to be enlarged with leafy shoots and new PLBs were induced from the base of the old ones. Plantlet development from leafy shoots was achieved on half strength MS supplemented with 2 g/l peptone, 2% (w/v) sucrose, 10% (v/v) CW and 1 g/l activated charcoal, where 100% explants were developed into plantlets with roots within eight weeks. The addition of 2.5 g/l banana powder enhanced the number and length of roots. Within the first 32 weeks after initiation of culture about 1200 plantlets as well as a huge amount of PLBs were achieved from a single explant section. The plantlets were acclimated in natural environment. Key words: Orchid, Phalaenopsis amabilis, Protocorm-like bodies, Clonal propagation D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v20i2.6913 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 20(2): 185-193, 2010 (December)
Correlation between pollen aperture pattern and callose deposition in late tetrad stage in three species producing atypical pollen grains
Authors: Albert Béatrice , Ressayre Adrienne , Nadot Sophie 
Published: January 2011

• Premise of the study: Pollen grains of flowering plants display a fascinating diversity of forms, in spite of their minute size. The observed diversity is determined by the developmental mechanisms implicated in the establishment of pollen morphological features. Pollen grains are generally surrounded by an extremely resistant wall interrupted in places by apertures that play a key role in reproduction, being the places at which pollen tube growth is initiated. Aperture shape, number, and position are determined during microsporogenesis (male meiosis), the earliest step in pollen ontogeny. We investigate in detail the unfolding of microsporogenesis in three species that present uncommon aperture pattern (i.e., disulculate in Calycanthus floridus [Calycanthaceae, magnoliids], tetraporate in Hohenbergia stellata [Bromeliaceae, monocots], and monoporate in Typha latifolia [Typhaceae, monocots]).• Methods: We performed a comparative analysis of microsporogenesis and aperture distribution within tetrads in these species with contrasting aperture arrangements. This was done using aniline blue coloration and UV light microscope observations.• Keys results: We show that aperture localization and features of callose deposition on intersporal walls produced during cytokinesis coincide in all three species examined. Such a correlation suggests that patterns of callose deposition are strongly involved in determining aperture localization.• Conclusion: In flowering plants, patterns of male meiosis and especially callose deposition following meiosis may be implicated in the diversity of pollen aperture patterns.
Increased Expression of B Cell Activation Factor Supports the Abnormal Expansion of Transitional B Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: LANDOLT-MARTICORENA CAROLINA , WITHER ROBERT , REICH HEATHER , HERZENBERG ANDREW , SCHOLEY JAMES , GLADMAN DAFNA D. , UROWITZ MURRAY B. , FORTIN PAUL R. , WITHER JOAN 
Published: January 2011

Objective.To examine the relationship between interferon-α (IFN-α) and dysregulation of B cell activation factor (BAFF) and specific B cell phenotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods.Four-color flow cytometry was used to examine the peripheral B cell populations in patients with SLE. RNA was isolated from the peripheral blood of 87 patients and BAFF expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and normalized to GAPDH. The expression levels of 5 IFN-responsive genes (LY6E, OAS1, IFIT1, ISG15, and MX1) were determined by quantitative PCR and totaled to generate a global IFN score. The correlations were examined between peripheral B cell populations (including transitional, pregerminal, plasmablasts, and memory) and the expression of BAFF and the global IFN score.Results.Examination of the peripheral B cell populations in SLE demonstrated a relative expansion of the transitional B cell and plasmablast compartment and a reduction in the memory B cell population. Expressions of BAFF and global IFN score were elevated in patients with SLE compared to healthy controls. A strong positive correlation was noted between BAFF expression and the relative proportion of late transitional (T2) B cells. The proportions of more mature B cell phenotypes did not correlate with BAFF expression. The global IFN score was strongly associated with the level of BAFF expression and moderately correlated with the proportion of late transitional B cells.Conclusion.The findings suggest that elevated BAFF expression supports expansion of the T2 B cell compartment and contributes to a breach in tolerance in patients with SLE.
Prevalence of Clinically Significant Improvement Following Total Knee Replacement
Authors: ALZAHRANI KHALID , GANDHI RAJIV , deBEER JUSTIN , PETRUCCELLI DANIELLE , MAHOMED NIZAR 
Published: January 2011

Objective.Although total knee replacement (TKR) has a high reported success rate, the pain relief and functional improvement after surgery vary. The purpose of our retrospective cohort study was to determine the prevalence of patients showing no clinically important improvement 1 year after TKR, and patient factors that may predict this outcome.Methods.We reviewed primary TKR registry data that were collected from 2 academic hospitals: the Toronto Western Hospital and the Hamilton Health Sciences Henderson Hospital in Ontario, Canada. Relevant covariates including demographic data, body mass index, and comorbidity were recorded. Knee joint pain and functional status were assessed at baseline and at 1-year followup with the Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Oxford Knee Score (OKS) to measure the change using the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Logistic regression modeling was used to identify the predictors of interest.Results.Overall, 11.7% (373/3177) of patients reported no clinically important improvement 1 year after surgery. Logistic regression modeling showed that a greater patient age independently predicted no clinically important improvement on the WOMAC scale 1 year after surgery (p = 0.0003), while being male independently predicted no clinically important improvement on the OKS 1 year after surgery (p = 0.008).Conclusion.Awareness of the prevalence of patients who may show no clinically important improvement and factors that predict this outcome will help patients and surgeons set realistic expectations of surgery.