bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is body mass index associated with pathological outcomes after radical prostatectomy in Korean men?
Authors: Lee Sang Eun , Lee Won Ki , Jeong Min Soo , Abdullajanov Murad , Kim Dae Sung , Park Hong Zoo , Jeong Sung Jin , Yoon Cheol Yong , Byun Seok‐Soo , Choe Gheeyoung , Hong Sung Kyu 
Published: September 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Today, controversies continue with regards to the potential impact of obesity or increased body mass index (BMI) on actual pathological features of prostate cancer and/or clinical outcome after radical prostatectomy (RP). Moreover, a paucity of relevant data exist in the literature regarding Asian or Korean men.For the first time to our knowledge, the study demonstrated that although higher BMI was significantly associated with extracapsular extension of tumour, BMI did not significantly enhance ability to preoperatively predict extracapsular extension of tumour and was not significantly associated with PSA outcome as well as other objective pathological outcomes in Korean men undergoing RP, who are generally leaner than Western counterparts.OBJECTIVE• To investigate the impact of increased body mass index (BMI) on pathological features after radical prostatectomy (RP) in Korean patients.PATIENTS AND METHODS• We reviewed the records of 1000 Korean patients who underwent RP for prostate cancer and assessed the differences in pathological outcomes and biochemical recurrence‐free survival after RP according to BMI of subjects via univariate and multivariate analyses.• A multivariate logistics regression model, the performance of which was analysed from a receiver operator characteristics curve, was applied to assess the predictive capacity of variables shown to be significant predictors of adverse pathological outcome.RESULTS• Among our subjects, only 17 (1.7%) men had BMI ≥30 kg/m2. After adjusting for various clinical variables, BMI (highest quartile vs others) was shown to be significantly associated with extracapsular extension of tumour (P= 0.014) and positive surgical margin (P= 0.019), but not with high pathological Gleason score (P= 0.912) and seminal vesicle invasion (P= 0.191).• Meanwhile, the addition of BMI to a multivariate model devised for preoperatively predicting extracapsular extension of tumour did not significantly increase predictive accuracy of the model (P= 0.319). On multivariate analysis, BMI was not shown to be a significant predictor of biochemical recurrence‐free survival (P= 0.201).CONCLUSION• Although higher BMI was significantly associated with extracapsular extension of tumour, BMI did not significantly enhance the ability to preoperatively predict extracapsular extension of tumour and was not significantly associated with PSA outcome or with other objective pathological outcomes in Korean men undergoing RP, who are generally leaner than their western counterparts.
Longitudinal evaluation of the concordance and prognostic value of lymphovascular invasion in transurethral resection and radical cystectomy specimens
Authors: Resnick Matthew J. , Bergey Meredith , Magerfleisch Laurie , Tomaszewski John E. , Malkowicz S. Bruce , Guzzo Thomas J. 
Published: September 2010

THIS IS A COMMENT MODERATED PAPER available at http://www.bjui.org/commentaryStudy Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a prognostic marker for biologically aggressive disease in numerous tumour types. Indeed, numerous studies have documented the negative prognostic value of LVI in bladder cancer patients who have undergone radical cystectomy, however few studies have evaluated the prognostic value of LVI at TURBT. The current study examines both the concordance between the presence of LVI at TURBT and radical cystectomy specimens and furthermore examines the survival implications of the presence of LVI at both TURBT and radical cystectomy.OBJECTIVETo evaluate the concordance transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) and radical cystectomy (RC) specimens with regard to the presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI). Additionally, to evaluate the prognostic value of LVI in the prediction of lymph node metastases, overall survival, disease‐specific survival and recurrence‐free survival following RC.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe records of 487 patients who underwent RC at our institution between 1987 and 2008 were retrospectively reviewed and evaluated for the presence or absence of LVI as determined by pathological evaluation. The presence or absence of LVI was then evaluated on previous transrectal resection specimens of this cohort of patients undergoing RC. Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier analysis were undertaken to evaluate the contribution of LVI to various outcomes.RESULTSOf 474 patients with complete LVI data, 60 (12.3%) were found to have LVI at TURBT compared to 161 (33.1%) at RC. Although the presence of LVI at TURBT was more significantly associated with the presence of LVI at RC, only 42.9% of patients in whom LVI was documented at TURBT were found to harbour LVI at RC. The risk of nodal disease was higher in those patients with LVI at TURBT than in those with no evidence of LVI at TURBT (48.3% vs 25.0%, P < 0.001). Additionally, LVI at TURBT was associated with an increasing risk of pathological upstaging and the receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy. Survival analysis showed a significant decrement in overall and recurrence‐free survival among those with LVI at TURBT compared to those with no evidence of LVI.CONCLUSIONSLymphovascular invasion at TURBT provides useful prognostic information that should be incorporated into clinical decision‐making, particularly with regard to cystectomy for nonmuscle‐invasive carcinoma and the administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Surgical management of lymph‐node‐positive prostate cancer: improves symptomatic control
Authors: Wiegand Lucas R. , Hernandez Mike , Pisters Louis L. , Spiess Philippe E. 
Published: September 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? There is a paucity of data regarding symptomatic local progression of patients treated with radical prostatectomy in the setting of lymph‐node‐positive prostate cancer. Our retrospective study shows that radical prostatectomy with adjuvant hormonal therapy improves local control of patients in this cohort.OBJECTIVE• To assess the impact of primary surgical therapy on local control for patients with lymph‐node‐positive prostate cancer.METHODS• A retrospective analysis from January 1982 to January 2001 identified 192 patients treated by radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP, N= 87), hormonal ablative therapy (ADT, N= 74), or RRP plus adjuvant hormones (RRP + ADT, N= 31).• Statistical analyses were conducted using the Kruskal–Wallis test, chi‐squared or Fisher’s exact test, log‐rank test and logistic regression with the statistical significance level set at P < 0.05.RESULTS• The incidence of local relapse in the three treatment groups (RRP, ADT and RRP + ADT) was 40.2%, 59.5% and 12.9%, respectively.• Among those with local relapse, the incidence of symptomatic local relapse (defined as local symptoms secondary to locally recurrent prostate cancer) was 25.7%, 75.0% and 50.0%, respectively.• Logistic regression analysis used to identify predictors of local relapse indicated that patients treated with ADT (OR = 1.96; P= 0.270) had higher odds of having a local relapse whereas patients treated with RRP + ADT (OR = 0.20; P= 0.032) had significantly lower odds of having a local relapse compared with patients treated with RRP (reference group) after adjusting for other significant predictors such as increases in serum PSA at diagnosis (OR = 1.09; P= 0.018) and biochemical failure after primary therapy (OR = 48.3; P < 0.001).• Logistic regression analysis used to identify predictors of symptomatic local relapse, among patients having had a relapse, indicated that patients treated with RRP + ADT (OR = 2.90; P= 0.322) had higher odds of having a symptomatic local relapse whereas patients treated with ADT alone (OR = 8.67; P < 0.001) had significantly higher odds of having a symptomatic local relapse compared with patients treated with RRP (reference group).CONCLUSIONS• Radical prostatectomy (with adjuvant hormonal therapy) provides improved local control in patients with lymph‐node‐positive prostate cancer.• This important endpoint must be considered when determining the optimal treatment of patients with node‐positive disease.
The effects of metabolic conditions on prostate cancer incidence over 15 years of follow‐up: results from the Olmsted County Study
Authors: Wallner Lauren P. , Morgenstern Hal , McGree Michaela E. , Jacobson Debra J. , St. Sauver Jennifer L. , Jacobsen Steven J. , Sarma Aruna V. 
Published: September 2010

Study Type – Prognosis (population‐based cohort) Level of Evidence 2a What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Previous research focusing on the role of metabolic conditions and the risk of prostate cancer is inconsistent in that it focuses on various definitions of the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic conditions that included obesity and diabetes and hypertension and does not look at the conditions alone or in combination with each other. While studies have shown an increased risk of prostate cancer in the presence of the metabolic syndrome, it is unknown whether various clusters of the conditions or the conditions themselves are differentially associated with prostate cancer risk.This study contributes to this field by investigating how these conditions are individually and in combination associated with the development of prostate cancer. Rather than just combining the conditions in to the metabolic syndrome and looking at the associated risk, we sought to identify whether the individual components were associated with prostate cancer and whether the varying combinations of them (the interactions) were differentially associated with the development of prostate cancer.OBJECTIVE• To determine if combinations of obesity, hypertension and diabetes influence the development of prostate cancer over 15 years of follow‐up.PATIENTS AND METHODS• In 1990, a randomly selected cohort of Caucasian men from Olmsted County, MN, USA, aged 40–79 years, was recruited; 2445 completed a questionnaire that included physician‐diagnosed diabetes and hypertension.• Anthropometric measures were collected during clinical examination. Biopsy‐confirmed prostate cancer was identified from medical records.• Proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the effects of these metabolic conditions, both individually and in combination, on the incidence rate of prostate cancer.RESULTS• Men with hypertension alone or in combination with diabetes were more likely to develop prostate cancer than were men without any of the metabolic conditions.• The metabolic syndrome – the presence of all three conditions compared with men with no metabolic components – was only minimally and inversely associated with prostate cancer [hazard ratio (HR): 0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.20, 3.3] and no monotonic association between the number of metabolic components and prostate cancer was observed.CONCLUSIONS• Our results suggest that it may not be sufficient to treat metabolic conditions as one variable when investigating the aetiology of prostate cancer in Caucasian men.• Further research should focus on the separate and combined effects of these metabolic conditions in largesamples.
Rude Accountability: Informal Pressures on Frontline Bureaucrats in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Naomi 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis article is about ‘rude’ forms of accountability — the informal pressures used by citizens to claim public services and to sanction service failures. Rude accountability is characterized by a lack of official rules or formal basis and a reliance on the power of social norms and rules to influence and sanction official performance. The article draws on evidence from Bangladesh, a state which has not reformed its social sector governance, to explore when and why poor citizens resort to ‘rude’ accountability, whether they have a comparative advantage in the use of informal mechanisms, and whether these work, in terms of gaining better service. It asks what informal accountability mechanisms imply for governance reform in social services, and discusses lessons for other ‘unreformed’ states like Bangladesh.
Subverting Regulatory Protection of ‘Natural Commodities’: The Prunus Africana in Madagascar
Authors: Neimark Benjamin 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis article explores the contradictions that have emerged along the commodity chain of the endangered medicinal tree Prunus africana in Madagascar. The study provides a unique opportunity to build on theories of access, highlighting in particular the themes of social relations, culture and power in mediating access to natural resources and benefits that derive from commercialization. Commodity chain analysis is employed to illustrate that property rights, based solely on formal rights, legal claims or customary rights to ‘natural commodities’ are insufficient to measure who is able to gain and maintain access to the species. The results show that power, regulation and exclusion have a much greater impact on who is able to tap into the benefits of P. africana commercialization. This article illustrates how extraction firms in Madagascar have over the years finessed their way, through ‘green conditionalities’ or conservation concessions, into continued extraction of P. africana — all in the face of widespread regulation.
Attrition in paediatric weight management: a review of the literature and new directions
Authors: Skelton J. A. , Beech B. M. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryPaediatric obesity continues to be one of the most important health issues facing children and families today, and there remains a need for effective treatment options. There are a few reports in the literature demonstrating high rates of attrition from paediatric weight management programmes, ranging from 27% to 73%. While some studies show that racial/ethnic minorities, the economically disadvantaged and those with higher levels of obesity are at risk, other studies do not. There is some consistency in reasons given by families for attrition from treatment, most often scheduling issues and programmes not meeting family needs or expectations. This review highlights identified contributors to attrition from paediatric weight management and provides a framework to study this problem, based on models of adherence to paediatric medical regimens.
Weight gain in breast cancer survivors: prevalence, pattern and health consequences
Authors: Vance V. , Mourtzakis M. , McCargar L. , Hanning R. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryWeight gain is a common and persistent problem for many breast cancer survivors and is associated with adverse health consequences. A comprehensive review of the English language literature was conducted to investigate the frequency, magnitude and pattern of weight gain among breast cancer survivors, to identify factors that are associated with these changes and to review the clinical significance of weight gain on disease free survival and overall health. While there appears to be a general trend toward a reduction in the magnitude of weight gain in recent years, as many as 50–96% of women experience weight gain during treatment and many, including some women who remain weight stable during treatment, report progressive weight gain in the months and years after diagnosis. Weight gain is more common in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, especially for women receiving longer duration treatments and seems to be especially pronounced in premenopausal women. With or without weight gain, unfavourable changes in body composition including fat gain and loss of lean tissue are prevalent. This unique pattern of weight gain and change in body composition is distressing for most women, poses significant risk for the development of co‐morbid conditions and may impact on long term disease‐free survival.
Preventing excessive gestational weight gain: a systematic review of interventions
Authors: Skouteris H. , Hartley‐Clark L. , McCabe M. , Milgrom J. , Kent B. , Herring S. J. , Gale J. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryWomen who gain excessive weight during pregnancy have an increased risk of post‐partum obesity, and retention of gestational weight gain (GWG) post birth is a strong predictor of maternal overweight/obesity a decade or more after the birth. The aim of the current review was to identify, and evaluate the effect of key variables designed to modify risk factors for excessive weight gain in pregnant women that have been targeted in interventions over the last decade. The 10 interventions focused primarily on behavioural changes in relation to physical activity and/or to eating. While six studies reported significantly less weight gain in the intervention women, only three showed that women in the intervention were significantly more likely to gain within recommended guidelines. GWG was reduced in only normal‐weight, low‐income, obese, or overweight women, or not at all. Only one study reported a reduction in GWG in women with body mass indexes spanning the normal, overweight and obese categories. The findings were inconsistent in relation to what factors need to be targeted in intervention programmes to reduce GWG. Consideration of psychological factors relevant to pregnancy, in addition to behavioural changes in relation to eating and physical activity, is suggested for future intervention studies.
‘The Old Chartist’: Radical Veterans on the Late Nineteenth‐ and Early Twentieth‐Century Political Platform
Authors: TAYLOR ANTONY 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFormer and veteran Chartists were a feature of the late nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century political platform in Britain. This article argues that their function was about more than mere adornment. Through their presence, lineages of political longevity were established and memories of the radical past invoked. This article considers the totemic role of the ‘old Chartists’. It locates their significance for successor movements, and scrutinizes their importance in augmenting and modifying the historiography of Chartism. It argues that the personal stories of veteran Chartists were formative for later depictions of the movement, and remain integral to the creation of a radical historiography mediated through the lived experience of struggle, and the historical memory of reform. By engaging with recent ‘continuity’ debates in the historiography of nineteenth‐century popular politics, this article argues that the role of the veteran Chartist contributed to a radical inter‐generational history of reform that frequently remained independent of both liberalism and Toryism.
Hydrogen Fuel‐Cell Vehicles, Energy Policy, and the Ethics of Expertise
Authors: ELLIOTT KEVIN C. 
Published: September 2010

abstractRelatively few thinkers have attempted to develop a systematic ‘ethics of expertise’ (EOE) that can guide scientists and other technical experts in providing information to the public. This paper argues that the prima facie duty to disseminate information in a manner that does not damage the self‐determination of decision makers could fruitfully serve as one of the core principles of an EOE. Moreover, this duty can be fleshed out in promising ways by drawing on the concept of informed consent, which guides medical clinicians in preserving the self‐determination of their patients. The paper applies the resulting ethical framework to recent policy discussions about hydrogen fuel‐cell (HFC) vehicles, both because they have received a good deal of research funding and because their merits have been hotly debated. It concludes that technical experts providing information about HFC vehicles should be especially cognizant of three issues: (1) important alternatives to hydrogen technology that need to be addressed, (2) major false beliefs that should be prevented or corrected, and (3) significant framing effects that could influence the recipients of information.
Salmonid T cells assemble in the thymus, spleen and in novel interbranchial lymphoid tissue
Authors: Koppang Erling O. , Fischer Uwe , Moore Lindsey , Tranulis Michael A. , Dijkstra Johannes M. , Köllner Bernd , Aune Laila , Jirillo Emilio , Hordvik Ivar 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn modern bony fishes, or teleost fish, the general lack of leucocyte markers has greatly hampered investigations of the anatomy of the immune system and its reactions involved in inflammatory responses. We have previously reported the cloning and sequencing of the salmon CD3 complex, molecules that are specifically expressed in T cells. Here, we generate and validate sera recognizing a peptide sequence of the CD3ε chain. Flow cytometry analysis revealed high numbers of CD3ε+ or T cells in the thymus, gill and intestine, whereas lower numbers were detected in the head kidney, spleen and peripheral blood leucocytes. Subsequent morphological analysis showed accumulations of T cells in the thymus and spleen and in the newly discovered gill‐located interbranchial lymphoid tissue. In the latter, the T cells are embedded in a meshwork of epithelial cells and in the spleen, they cluster in the white pulp surrounding ellipsoids. The anatomical organization of the salmonid thymic cortex and medulla seems to be composed of three layers consisting of a sub‐epithelial medulla‐like zone, an intermediate cortex‐like zone and finally another cortex‐like basal zone. Our study in the salmonid thymus reports a previously non‐described tissue organization. In the intestinal tract, abundant T cells were found embedded in the epithelium. In non‐lymphoid organs, the presence of T cells was limited. The results show that the interbranchial lymphoid tissue is quantitatively a very important site of T cell aggregation, strategically located to facilitate antigen encounter. The interbranchial lymphoid tissue has no resemblance to previously described lymphoid tissues.
Surprise? Early visual novelty processing is not modulated by attention
Authors: Tarbi Elise C. , Sun Xue , Holcomb Phillip J. , Daffner Kirk R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis study investigated the influence of direction of attention on the early detection of visual novelty, as indexed by the anterior N2. The anterior N2 was measured in young subjects (n=32) under an attend and an ignore condition. Subjects were presented standard, target/rare, and perceptually novel visual stimuli under both conditions, but under the ignore condition, attention was directed toward an auditory n‐back task. The size of the anterior N2 to novel stimuli did not differ between conditions and was significantly larger than the anterior N2 to all other stimulus types. Furthermore, under the ignore condition, the anterior N2 to visual novel stimuli was not affected by the level of difficulty of the auditory n‐back task (3‐back vs. 2‐back). Our findings suggest that the early processing of visual novelty, as measured by the size of the anterior N2, is not strongly modulated by direction of attention.