bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Adoption: The Human Rights Position
Authors: Bartholet Elizabeth 
Published: January 2010

AbstractInternational adoption is under siege, with the number of children placed dropping in each of the last several years, and many countries imposing severe new restrictions. Key forces mounting the attack claim the child human rights mantle, arguing that such adoption denies heritage rights and often involves abusive practices. Many nations assert rights to hold on to the children born within their borders, and others support these demands citing subsidiarity principles. But children’s most basic human rights are to grow up in the families that will often be found only through international adoption. These rights should trump any conflicting state sovereignty claims.Policy Implications

International adoption is under siege by those claiming the human rights mantle.
Children’s most fundamental human rights include the right to a nurturing family which is often available only through international adoption.
Children’s fundamental human rights should trump state sovereignty claims.
Neither adoption abuses nor concepts of heritage justify restrictive international adoption policies, in‐country holding periods or the elimination of private adoption intermediaries.
International adoption appropriately recognizes children as citizens of a global community with basic human rights entitlements.
Contrasting Future Paths for an Evolving Global Climate Regime
Authors: Barrett Scott , Toman Michael 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article explores two different conceptions of how an emerging policy regime might evolve to strengthen incentives for more vigorous cooperation in mitigating global climate change. One is the paradigm that has figured most prominently in negotiations to this point: the establishment of targets and timetables for countries to limit their aggregate greenhouse gas emissions. The other approach consists of a variety of loosely coordinated smaller‐scale agreements, each one of which addresses a different aspect of the challenge, and is enforced in its own way. Our primary conclusion is that an agreement of the first type may be more cost‐effective, but that a system of agreements of the second type would likely sustain more abatement overall.Policy ImplicationsTo address successfully the colossal collective action problem of climate change, international agreements must achieve a high level of participation; sustain a high level of compliance; and accomplish substantial emissions reductions.Negotiation of targets and timetables may have advantages for cost‐effectiveness, but poses great difficulties for maintenance and enforcement.Smaller‐scale agreements that control individual gases or the emissions of individual sectors separately create more options for enforcement.A combined approach is possible, with targets and timetables being expressed as goals and with specific agreements being negotiated to meet those goals.
Global Governance and Systemic Risk in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Financial Crisis
Authors: Goldin Ian , Vogel Tiffany 
Published: January 2010

AbstractRecent decades of globalisation have created a more interconnected, interdependent and complex world than ever witnessed before. While global policy has focused on facilitating integration, the implications of growing interdependence have been largely ignored. The acceleration in global integration has brought many benefits, but it also has created fragility through the production of new kinds of systemic risks. This article provides a framework for understanding these new 21st‐century systemic risks and examines the challenges they pose to global governance. The 2008–2009 financial crisis will be used to illustrate the failure of even sophisticated global institutions to manage the underlying forces of systemic risk. We show this is symptomatic of institutional failure to keep pace with globalisation. The failure of the most developed and best‐equipped global governance system, finance, to recognise or manage the new vulnerabilities associated with globalisation in the 21st century highlights the scale and urgency of the global governance challenge.Policy Implications The rise of systemic risk requires a systemic response. Effective global governance and policy development have never been so necessary and urgent. The financial crisis illustrated that current global financial institutions are inadequate in their policy response to systemic risk and cannot keep pace with innovation and increasing system complexity in global finance. Deeper structural changes are required, including regulatory reforms. The institutional rigidity and profound shortcomings of global institutions apply not only to global finance, but to other looming systemic risks in the future. Neither the current global governance system, nor the planned reforms, meet the test of addressing new global systemic risks. Global governance requires radical structural changes in existing institutions and the development of new global institutions that reflect the realities of new global power balances and address the forces of systemic risk in the 21st century.
Comparing the predictive capability of forest songbird habitat models based on remotely sensed versus ground-based vegetation information
Authors: Bayne Erin M. , Haché Samuel , Hobson Keith A. 
Published: January 2010

Habitat suitability models allow for predictive modeling of the supply of wildlife habitat through time under various forest harvesting scenarios. These models often rely on remotely sensed data in a forest resource inventory (FRI). However, the level of detail and (or) the accuracy of a FRI may be insufficient to accurately predict habitat suitability for forest birds. We tested if detailed vegetation measurements created habitat suitability models with better predictive power than models that used FRI data alone and if rough estimates of shrub cover were sufficient to supplement FRI data to create models with similar predictive power. For 28 species of forest birds, we found that less of the variation in abundance and (or) occurrence (% deviance explained) could be explained by models using FRI data alone (34% ± 2%) than by models using detailed vegetation information (40% ± 2%). However, when shrub density rank was included with FRI data, we found no difference in the deviance explained by the two model sets (39% ± 2% vs. 40% ± 2%). The best-fitting models containing the same vegetation parameters but using different methods of vegetation sampling were similar. These results suggest that coarse habitat classification schemes may be as effective in describing the major variance in bird community structure in the boreal forest as detailed vegetation inventory data.
Relationships of density, microfibril angle, and sound velocity with stiffness and strength in mature wood of Douglas-fir
Authors: Lachenbruch B. , Johnson G. R. , Downes G. M. , Evans R. 
Published: January 2010

The relative importance of density, acoustic velocity, and microfibril angle (MFA) for the prediction of stiffness (MOE) and strength (MOR) has not been well established for Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). MOE and MOR of small clear specimens of mature wood were better predicted by density and velocity than by either variable alone (183 trees >20 years old, six specimens per tree, 1087 specimens total). Specimens sampled around the stem circumference had similar density (intraclass correlation coefficient t = 0.74) but not MOE (t = 0.40) or acoustic velocity (t = 0.32), indicating benefits from sampling several circumferential positions. For MOE, the path coefficients (β) were moderate for density and velocity. For MOR, β was only high for density. End-matched samples of one specimen per tree were analyzed with SilviScan. Simple correlations with MOE were highest for density (r = 0.67) and then acoustic velocity2 (0.53), MFA (–0.50), earlywood MFA (–0.45), and latewood proportion (0.40). Most correlations were weaker for MOR. Density had a higher β than did MFA for either MOE or MOR. In more complex path models, latewood proportion and latewood density were the most important contributors to MOE and MOR, and MFA was relatively unimportant. The path analyses showed what simple correlation did not: that latewood proportion has strong predictive value for Douglas-fir mature wood quality.
Reconstructing and modelling 71 years of forest growth in a Canadian boreal landscape: a test of the CBM-CFS3 carbon accounting model
Authors: Bernier P. Y. , Guindon L. , Kurz W. A. , Stinson G. 
Published: January 2010

We carried out a verification exercise of the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3) carbon accounting model through the use of a reconstructed data set of forest growth and disturbances spanning a 71 year period (1928–1998) and encompassing a 62 km2 landscape of boreal forest in eastern Canada. Overall, results show that yield curve simulations using CBM-CFS3 underestimate realized net biomass accrual by 10% in undisturbed stands. The bias in disturbed stands may be slightly larger. Errors linked to the estimation of the initial 1928 merchantable volume and biomass through the operational forest photointerpretation and inventory procedure may be the largest single cause of the bias. The local application of regionally parameterized yield curves may also be at fault. It is unlikely that long-term trends in climate or atmospheric composition may have generated such bias. Analyses of changes in specific carbon pools and comparisons made with results from a similar exercise carried out in a Pacific coastal forest show a small relative impact on total carbon from forest management activities in the absence of natural disturbances.
Resistance of half-sib interior Douglas-fir families to Armillaria ostoyae in British Columbia following artificial inoculation
Authors: Cruickshank M. G. , Jaquish B. , Nemec A. F.L. 
Published: January 2010

The objectives of this study were to (i) develop a methodology for screening conifer seedlings for resistance to Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink and (ii) screen a population of interior Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Biessn.) Franco) population for resistance to A. ostoyae. Eighteen potted seedlings from each of 86 half-sib interior Douglas-fir families were challenged with inoculum in a 3-year greenhouse trial. The seed originated from four geographically distinct tree breeding zones that represent physically and biologically different environments in southeastern British Columbia. Mortality and the final percent survival of inoculated trees showed differences among the families (survival range 0%–61.1%) and breeding zones (survival range 6.6%–25.3%). Maximum heritability index (0.19) occurred at 28 months. Survival analyses revealed that most of the differences in survival could be explained by the zone from which the family originated. The less susceptible seedlings originated from the drier and warmer zones and limited the spread of the fungus in the root system. Moderate levels of family variation in resistance to A. ostoyae and low-moderate heritability suggest that, in interior Douglas-fir, gains in resistance can be achieved through breeding.
SYSTEMS OF HESS–APPEL'ROT TYPE AND ZHUKOVSKII PROPERTY
Authors: DRAGOVIĆ VLADIMIR , GAJIĆ BORISLAV , JOVANOVIĆ BOŽIDAR 
Published: January 2010

We start with a review of a class of systems with invariant relations, so called systems of Hess–Appel'rot type that generalizes the classical Hess–Appel'rot rigid body case. The systems of Hess–Appel'rot type have remarkable property: there exists a pair of compatible Poisson structures, such that a system is certain Hamiltonian perturbation of an integrable bi-Hamiltonian system. The invariant relations are Casimir functions of the second structure. The systems of Hess–Appel'rot type carry an interesting combination of both integrable and non-integrable properties.Further, following integrable line, we study partial reductions and systems having what we call the Zhukovskii property: These are Hamiltonian systems on a symplectic manifold M with actions of two groups G and K; the systems are assumed to be K-invariant and to have invariant relation Φ = 0 given by the momentum mapping of the G-action, admitting two types of reductions, a reduction to the Poisson manifold P = M/K and a partial reduction to the symplectic manifold N0= Φ-1(0)/G; final and crucial assumption is that the partially reduced system to N0is completely integrable. We prove that the Zhukovskii property is a quite general characteristic of systems of Hess–Appel'rot type. The partial reduction neglects the most interesting and challenging part of the dynamics of the systems of Hess–Appel'rot type — the non-integrable part, some analysis of which may be seen as a reconstruction problem.We show that an integrable system, the magnetic pendulum on the oriented Grassmannian Gr+(n, 2) has a natural interpretation within Zhukovskii property and that it is equivalent to a partial reduction of certain system of Hess–Appel'rot type. We perform a classical and algebro-geometric integration of the system in dimension four, as an example of a known isoholomorphic system — the Lagrange bitop.The paper presents a lot of examples of systems of Hess–Appel'rot type, giving an additional argument in favor of further study of this class of systems.
Nek4 Status Differentially Alters Sensitivity to Distinct Microtubule Poisons
Authors: Doles Jason , Hemann Michael T. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMicrotubule poisons are widely used in cancer treatment, but the factors determining the relative efficacy of different drugs in this class remain obscure. In this study, we identified the NIMA kinase Nek4 in a genetic screen for mediators of the response to Taxol, a chemotherapeutic agent that stabilizes microtubules. After Taxol treatment, Nek4 promoted microtubule outgrowth, whereas Nek4 deficiency impaired G2-M arrest and decreased formation of mitotic-like asters. In contrast, Nek4 deficiency sensitized cells to vincristine, which destabilizes microtubules. Therefore, Nek4 deficiency may either antagonize or agonize the effects of microtubule poisons, depending on how they affect microtubule polymerization. Of note, Nek4 gene maps to a commonly deleted locus in non-small cell lung cancer. Thus, Nek4 deletion in this disease may rationalize the use of particular types of microtubule poisons for lung cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 70(3); 1033–41
Isoform-Specific Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Inhibitors Exert Distinct Effects in Solid Tumors
Authors: Edgar Kyle A. , Wallin Jeffrey J. , Berry Megan , Lee Leslie B. , Prior Wei Wei , Sampath Deepak , Friedman Lori S. , Belvin Marcia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Therapeutic inhibitors are being developed against the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, the deregulation of which drives tumor growth and survival in many cancers. There are eight PI3Ks in mammals divided into three classes. Class IA PI3Ks (p110α, p110β, and p110δ) are critical for cell growth and survival, with the p110α isoform implicated as the most important in carcinomas. In this study, we examined the effects of small-molecule inhibitors of class IA PI3Ks to explore the contributions of different isoforms in cancer cells. Similar responses were seen in cancer cells with wild-type or activated mutant PI3K genes treated with p110α/δ or p110α/β/δ inhibitors in cell viability assays. In contrast, PTEN-negative cell lines tended to be less responsive (4-fold overall) to an inhibitor of p110α/δ versus p110α/β/δ. Combining a p110α/δ inhibitor with a p110β inhibitor resulted in comparable potency to the p110α/β/δ inhibitor. The disparity in efficacy was confirmed in vivo. Pharmacodynamic biomarker analysis revealed that an inhibitor with insufficient potency against the p110β isoform was less effective at inhibiting the PI3K pathway in PTEN-negative tumor xenografts. Our results imply that patients with PTEN-negative tumors may preferentially benefit from treatment with a class I PI3K inhibitor that is capable of inhibiting the p110β isoform. Cancer Res; 70(3); 1164–72
NF-κB, and not MYCN, Regulates MHC Class I and Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidases in Human Neuroblastoma Cells
Authors: Forloni Matteo , Albini Sonia , Limongi Maria Zaira , Cifaldi Loredana , Boldrini Renata , Nicotra Maria Rita , Giannini Giuseppe , Natali Pier Giorgio , Giacomini Patrizio , Fruci Doriana 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNeuroblastoma (NB) is the most common solid extracranial cancer of childhood. Amplification and overexpression of the MYCN oncogene characterize the most aggressive forms and are believed to severely downregulate MHC class I molecules by transcriptional inhibition of the p50 NF-κB subunit. In this study, we found that in human NB cell lines, high MYCN expression is not responsible for low MHC class I expression because neither transfection-mediated overexpression nor small interfering RNA suppression of MYCN affects MHC class I and p50 levels. Furthermore, we identified NF-κB as the immediate upstream regulator of MHC class I because the p65 NF-κB subunit binds MHC class I promoter in chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, and MHC class I expression is enhanced by p65 transfection and reduced by (a) the chemical NF-κB inhibitor sulfasalazine, (b) a dominant-negative IKBα gene, and (c) p65 silencing. Moreover, we showed that the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases ERAP1 and ERAP2, which generate MHC class I binding peptides, are regulated by NF-κB, contain functional NF-κB–binding elements in their promoters, and mimic MHC class I molecules in the expression pattern. Consistent with these findings, nuclear p65 was detected in NB cells that express MHC class I molecules in human NB specimens. Thus, the coordinated downregulation of MHC class I, ERAP1, and ERAP2 in aggressive NB cells is attributable to a low transcriptional availability of NF-κB, possibly due to an unknown suppressor other than MYCN. Cancer Res; 70(3); 916–24
Exon-Based Clustering of Murine Breast Tumor Transcriptomes Reveals Alternative Exons Whose Expression Is Associated with Metastasis
Authors: Dutertre Martin , Lacroix-Triki Magali , Driouch Keltouma , de la Grange Pierre , Gratadou Lise , Beck Samantha , Millevoi Stefania , Tazi Jamal , Lidereau Rosette , Vagner Stephan , Auboeuf Didier 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In the field of bioinformatics, exon profiling is a developing area of disease-associated transcriptome analysis. In this study, we performed a microarray-based transcriptome analysis at the single exon level in mouse 4T1 primary mammary tumors with different metastatic capabilities. A novel bioinformatics platform was developed that identified 679 genes with differentially expressed exons in 4T1 tumors, many of which were involved in cell morphology and movement. Of 152 alternative exons tested by reverse transcription-PCR, 97 were validated as differentially expressed in primary tumors with different metastatic capability. This analysis revealed candidate progression genes, hinting at variations in protein functions by alternate exon usage. In a parallel effort, we developed a novel exon-based clustering analysis and identified alternative exons in tumor transcriptomes that were associated with dissemination of primary tumor cells to sites of pulmonary metastasis. This analysis also revealed that the splicing events identified by comparing primary tumors were not aberrant events. Lastly, we found that a subset of differentially spliced variant transcripts identified in the murine model was associated with poor prognosis in a large clinical cohort of patients with breast cancer. Our findings illustrate the utility of exon profiling to define novel theranostic markers for study in cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer Res; 70(3); 896–905
Effects of Acute versus Chronic Hypoxia on DNA Damage Responses and Genomic Instability
Authors: Pires Isabel M. , Bencokova Zuzana , Milani Manuela , Folkes Lisa K. , Li Ji-Liang , Stratford Mike R. , Harris Adrian L. , Hammond Ester M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Questions exist concerning the effects of acute versus chronic hypoxic conditions on DNA replication and genomic stability that may influence tumorigenesis. Severe hypoxia causes replication arrest independent of S-phase checkpoint, DNA damage response, or transformation status. Arrests occur during both the initiation and elongation phases of DNA replication, correlated with a rapid decrease in available deoxynucleotide triphosphates. With fluctuating oxygen tensions in tumors, arrested hypoxic cells may undergo rapid reperfusion and reoxygenation that leads to reoxygenation-induced DNA damage. In cells subjected to chronic hypoxia, we found that replicative restart was inhibited along with numerous replication factors, including MCM6 and RPA, the latter of which limits the hypoxia-induced DNA damage response. In contrast, in cells where replicative restart occurred, it was accompanied by extensive reoxygenation-induced DNA damage and compromised DNA repair. We found that cells reoxygenated after acute hypoxia underwent rapid p53-dependent apoptosis. Our findings suggest that cells lacking functional p53 are more susceptible to genomic instability and potentially tumorigenesis if they experience reoxygenation after acute exposure to hypoxia. Cancer Res; 70(3); 925–35
Multivalent DR5 Peptides Activate the TRAIL Death Pathway and Exert Tumoricidal Activity
Authors: Pavet Valeria , Beyrath Julien , Pardin Christophe , Morizot Alexandre , Lechner Marie-Charlotte , Briand Jean-Paul , Wendland Miriam , Maison Wolfgang , Fournel Sylvie , Micheau Olivier , Guichard Gilles , Gronemeyer Hinrich 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Ongoing clinical trials are exploring anticancer approaches based on signaling by TRAIL, a ligand for the cell death receptors DR4 and DR5. In this study, we report on the selective apoptotic effects of multivalent DR5 binding peptides (TRAILmim/DR5) on cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Surface plasmon resonance revealed up to several thousand-fold increased affinities of TRAILmim/DR5-receptor complexes on generation of divalent and trivalent molecules, the latter of which was achieved with a conformationally restricted adamantane core. Notably, only multivalent molecules triggered a substantial DR5-dependent apoptotic response in vitro. In tumor models derived from human embryonic kidney cells or primary foreskin fibroblasts, TRAILmim/DR5 peptides exerted a cancer cell–selective action that could synergize with resveratrol in a manner independent of p53. In a xenograft model of human colon cancer, a divalent TRAILmim/DR5 peptide inhibited tumor growth. Our results offer a proof-of-principle for the development of synthetic small molecules to trigger the TRAIL apoptosis pathway for cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 70(3); 1101–10