bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energetics during reproduction: A doubly labeled water study of lactating baboons
Authors: Rosetta L. , Lee P.C. , Garcia C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractUnderstanding the costs and regulation of reproduction in primates requires understanding the separate but linked effects of energy availability and total energy expenditure (TEE). We compared variation in TEE and energy intake (EI) between two periods, early lactation and after the resumption of sexual cycling, for eight females from two groups of normally reproducing colony‐living baboons (Papio h. anubis). Total energy expenditure was assessed using the doubly labeled water method. TEE was correlated with maternal mass both during early lactation and after the resumption of cycling. TEE after the resumption of cycling was positively related to infant growth rates; mothers with rapidly growing infants had higher energy expenditure. TEE was however unrelated to maternal rank and only weakly associated with reproductive parameters such as delay to conception. EI in early lactation was related to infant mass and interbirth intervals, but unrelated to infant growth or reproductive parameters once cycling had resumed. Energy availability (EA; the difference between intake and expenditure) differed significantly between subordinate and dominant females during early lactation, was highly variable among individuals as a function of body composition, and is suggested to follow a nonlinear relationship as a complex function of social status, lactation stage, infant growth, and female fertility. Thus, as a consequence of reduced energy availability, subordinate females in this captive context may experience reproductive delays even though the total energy expenditure after the return of cycling was similar between high and low ranking females. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improving stable isotopic interpretations made from human hair through reduction of growth cycle error
Authors: Williams L.J. , White C.D. , Longstaffe F.J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA recent trend in stable isotopic analysis involves the reconstruction of short‐term variations in diet using hair segments. However, bulk hair samples typically contain a growth cycle error, which may conceal or confound the most recently incorporated isotopic information. It is assumed that, at any given time, ∼85–90% of scalp hairs are actively growing, while the remaining 10–15% have transitioned into a resting or inactive phase, which lasts up to 4 months before hairs are shed. This study uses growth phase to determine the effects of age, sex, and health status on carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios of hair analyzed in sequential segments. For this study, we selected archaeological hair samples from 10 individuals from Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. Isotopic analyses of actively growing hair segments were compared to those for mixed growth phase segments from each individual. These data demonstrate the presence of growth cycle error and show that an understanding of structural–functional relationships is essential for interpreting normal versus pathological changes in hair follicle and fiber production. In situations where diet change and mobility produce variations in an individual's isotopic composition, elimination of positional–temporal error in sequential segment hair analyses can facilitate greater understanding of intraindividual metabolic reactions and changes in hair growth cycles. Phase identification may aid in determining the presence of pathological conditions in individuals, especially in those lacking skeletal indications, and provide a more precise estimation of seasonal dietary patterns, access to changing food resources, and metabolic equilibration to a new locality. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CFD investigation of new helical ribbon mixers bottom shapes to improve pumping
Authors: Sanjuan‐Galindo Rene , Heniche Mourad , Ascanio Gabriel , Tanguy Philippe A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIt is well known that helical ribbon (HR) impellers exhibit poor bottom pumping properties. Three different HR impeller geometries, varying in their bottom design, are compared in terms of their mixing performance. Particular emphasis is given to the improvement of pumping capabilities. The selected bottom geometries were a standard bottom termination, an anchor‐type termination and a paddle‐type termination. The investigation was based on the use of 3D finite‐element simulation to assess the hydrodynamics and mixing performance using various distributive and dispersive criteria. Analysis of Poincaré maps showed that an HR with a paddle‐type termination operating in a down‐pumping mode offered the best performance. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental design study on the combined effect of citrate–pyrophosphate and citrate–aluminum on calcium oxalate monohydrate crystallization
Authors: Djelloul A. , Driouch A. , Taleb F. , Kaid‐Omar Z. , Semmoud A. , Addou A. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTOur objective is to study the interaction between calcium oxalate (CaOx) low molecular weight inhibitors such as aluminum and pyrophosphate and to analyze their effect on nucleation and crystal growth while combined two by two to citrate. At physiological concentrations, CaOx crystallization, with or without inhibitors, was studied by spectrophotometry at 620 nm. All experiments were undergone at 37 °C. A mathematical model was used in order to optimize the number of experiments. Results showed that the inhibition power increases with inhibitor concentration when the molecule is tested alone. We obtained an important inhibition reaching a maximum of 93.9% for a citrate concentration of 2.5 mM, an inhibition of 87.8% for an aluminum concentration of 0.528 mM and an inhibition of only 34% for a 0.2 mM concentration of pyrophosphate. Citrate and aluminum act on nucleation, crystal growth and aggregation, while pyrophosphate acts weakly on crystal growth. The induction time is more or less constant. Results show that at any combined citrate pyrophosphate concentration, the effects are higher than those obtained for the inhibitors taken alone. The induction time for the combined inhibitors is more important than for a single inhibitor, thus triggering delay in nucleation. The citrate–pyrophosphate combination gives a synergetic effect at any used concentrations, whereas the effect of citrate–aluminum combination depends of the used concentrations of the two inhibitors. The results allow to quantify the contribution of inhibitors in the overall inhibition. The mathematical models fitted the experimental results well with a minimum of trials. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of the compatibilizer structural parameters on microstructural formation in ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber/ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber‐g‐maleic anhydride/organoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Mohammadpour Y. , Katbab A. A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNanocomposite vulcanizates based on ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber (EPDM) and organically modified montmorillonite with improved mechanical and barrier properties were prepared via a melt‐mixing process in the presence of maleic anhydride grafted ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber (EPDM‐g‐MAH) as an interfacial compatibilizer. The effects of the EPDM Mooney viscosity as the matrix and also the compatibilizer molecular weight and its maleation degree on the developed microstructure were also studied. The annealing of the vulcanized nanocomposites based on a low‐Mooney‐viscosity EPDM matrix and low‐Mooney‐viscosity EPDM‐g‐MAH enhanced the flocculation of the dispersed clay platelets; this implied that the flocculated structure for the clay nanolayers was more thermodynamically preferred in these nanocomposites. This was verified by the decrease in the oxygen permeability of the nanocomposite vulcanizates with increasing annealing time. The tendency of the clay nanosilicate layers to flocculate within the matrix of EPDM was found to be influenced by the clay volume fraction, the maleation degree, and also, the Mooney viscosity of the compatibilizer. Interfacially compatibilized nanocomposites based on high‐molecular‐weight EPDM exhibited a more disordered dispersion of the clay nanolayers, with a broadened relaxation time spectra; this was attributed to the higher shearing subjected to the mix during the melt‐blending process. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Inhibition of Notch signaling prevents experimental fibrosis and induces regression of established fibrosis
Authors: Dees Clara , Zerr Pawel , Tomcik Michal , Beyer Christian , Horn Angelika , Akhmetshina Alfiya , Palumbo Katrin , Reich Nicole , Zwerina Jochen , Sticherling Michael , Mattson Mark P. , Distler Oliver , Schett Georg , Distler Jörg H. W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveTissue fibrosis caused by pathologic activation of fibroblasts with increased synthesis of extracellular matrix components is a major hallmark of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Notch signaling regulates tissue differentiation, and abnormal activation of Notch signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various malignancies. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of Notch signaling in SSc and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Notch inhibition for the treatment of fibrosis.MethodsActivation of the Notch pathways was analyzed by staining for the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and quantification of levels of HES‐1 messenger RNA. In the mouse model of bleomycin‐induced dermal fibrosis and in tight skin 1 mice, Notch signaling was inhibited by the γ‐secretase inhibitor DAPT and by overexpression of a Notch‐1 antisense construct.ResultsNotch signaling was activated in SSc in vivo, with accumulation of the NICD and increased transcription of the target gene HES‐1. Overexpression of a Notch antisense construct prevented bleomycin‐induced fibrosis and hypodermal thickening in tight skin 1 mice. Potent antifibrotic effects were also obtained with DAPT treatment. In addition to prevention of fibrosis, targeting of Notch signaling resulted in almost complete regression of established experimental fibrosis.ConclusionThe present results demonstrate that pharmacologic as well as genetic inhibition of Notch signaling exerts potent antifibrotic effects in different murine models of SSc. These findings might have direct translational implications because different inhibitors of the γ‐secretase complex are available and have yielded promising results in cancer trials.
Funktionelle Akustik — Die Nachhall‐Charakteristik des Raumes als Basis für seine Nutzbarkeit.
Authors: Fuchs Helmut V. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIm aktuellen Baugeschehen spielt der Lärmschutz gemäß DIN 4109 und VDI 4100 bereichsweise eine wichtige Rolle. Dagegen wird die Raumakustik, auch nach dem Erscheinen der neuen DIN 18041, noch immer sträflich unterschätzt und oft schlecht behandelt. Das trifft für Räume jeder Größe und Nutzungsart gleichermaßen zu. Erfahrungen aus Hunderten von Neubauten, Restaurierungen und Sanierungen, bei denen es um den Schallschutz ebenso wie um die bestimmungsgemäße Nutzung für Sprache und Musik ging, legen es nahe, die Nachhall‐Charakteristik der Räume neu in den Blickpunkt der Planer und Berater zu rücken. In dieser Beitragsserie wird auf einige Fehleinschätzungen und Missstände aufmerksam gemacht, die insbesondere die Behandlung des Bassbereichs betreffen. An konkreten praktischen Beispielen wird demonstriert, wie man dem raumakustischen Design neue funktionelle Möglichkeiten erschließen kann, wenn man mit der richtigen Bedämpfung der tiefen Frequenzen generell für mehr akustische Transparenz und Klarheit sorgt.Functional acoustics — The reverberation characteristic as a basis for room quality. Noise control according to German standards DIN 4109 and VDI 4100 occasionally plays an important role. Architectural acoustics, however, are still deplorably underrated and ill‐treated, even after the new DIN 18041 has been issued. This holds for enclosures of any size and uses. Experiences from hundreds of new buildings, restorations and adjustments which dealt with acoustic comfort as well as functional value for speech and music suggest that designers and consultants should pay new and more attention to the reverberation characteristics of the rooms. This series will focus on misconceptions and nuisances concerning the treatment of the bass spectrum. Concrete practical examples will help to demonstrate, how one may create new design options by enabling more acoustic transparency and clarity through an adequate damping of the low frequencies.
Polystyrol‐Extruderschaum mit verbesserten wärmetechnischen Eigenschaften — Entwicklung, Prüfung und Anwendung
Authors: Bunge Friedhelm , Merkel Holger 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEin neuer Wärmedämmstoff aus extrudiertem Polystyrol‐Hartschaum (XPS) mit geringerer Wärmeleitfähigkeit wurde entwickelt, um die erhöhten Anforderungen an einen dauerhaften Wärmeschutz von Gebäuden einfacher und mit geringerem Materialaufwand zu erfüllen. Die bewährten mechanischen und hygrothermischen Eigenschaften von XPS‐Dämmstoffen werden beibehalten. Die erste Produkt‐Generation ist insbesondere für die außenliegende Wärmedämmung von erdberührten Wänden und Böden sowie für die Kerndämmung von zweischaligen Wänden entwickelt worden. Das verwendete CO2‐Schäumverfahren entspricht den bestehenden Anforderungen an die Nachhaltigkeit von Bauprodukten.Development, testing and application of extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) insulation with improved thermal properties. Improved extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) insulation with lower thermal conductivity has been developed. This enables meeting the increased requirements for sustainable building insulation with better material efficiency. The proven mechanical and hygro‐thermal properties of XPS insulation are maintained. This first product generation has been developed primarily for external perimeter insulation of basement walls and floors as well as for the insulation of cavity walls. The CO2 foaming technology meets the sustainability requirements for building products.
Partitioned partial least squares regression with application to a batch fermentation process
Authors: Andersen Stina W. , Runger George C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe performance of Partial Least Squares regression (PLS) in predicting the output with multivariate cross‐ and autocorrelated data is studied. With many correlated predictors of varying importance PLS does not always predict well and we propose a modified algorithm, Partitioned Partial Least Squares (PPLS). In PPLS the predictors are partitioned into smaller subgroups and the important subgroups with high prediction power are identified. Finally, regular PLS analysis using only those subgroups is performed. The proposed Partitioned PLS (PPLS) algorithm is used in the analysis of data from a real pharmaceutical batch fermentation process for which the process variables follow certain profiles during a specific fermentation period. We observed that PPLS leads to a more accurate prediction of the yield of the fermentation process and an easier interpretation, since fewer predictors are used in the final PLS prediction. In the application important issues such as alignment of the profiles from one batch to another and standardization of the predictors are also addressed. For instance, in PPLS noise magnification due to standardization does not seem to create problems as it might in regular PLS. Finally, PPLS is compared to several recently proposed functional PLS and PCR methods and a genetic algorithm for variable selection. More specifically for a couple of publicly available data sets with near infrared spectra it is shown that overall PPLS has lower cross‐validated error than PLS, PCR and the functional modifications hereof, and is similar in performance to a more complex genetic algorithm. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convenient and Efficient FRET Platform Featuring a Rigid Biphenyl Spacer between Rhodamine and BODIPY: Transformation of ‘Turn‐On’ Sensors into Ratiometric Ones with Dual Emission
Authors: Yu Haibo , Xiao Yi , Guo Haiying , Qian Xuhong 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe have connected a borondipyrromethene (BODIPY) donor to the 5′ position of a tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) acceptor to form a high efficiency (over 99 %) intramolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) cassette, BODIPY–rhodamine platform (BRP). While the good spectral overlap between the emission of BODIPY and the absorption of TMR was one favorable factor, another feature of this FRET system was the rigid and short biphenyl spacer that favored efficient through‐bond energy transfer. More importantly, in this system, the 2′‐carboxyl group of the rhodamine unit was preserved for the further modifications, which was as convenient as those carbonyl groups on the original rhodamines without connection to donors. For this reason, BRP is clearly differentiated from the previous ratiometric sensors based on donor rhodamine systems. To illustrate its value as a versatile platform, we introduced typical Hg2+ receptors into BRP, through convenient one‐pot reactions on the 2′‐carboxyl group, and successfully developed two ratiometric sensors, BRP‐1 and BRP‐2, with different spirocyclic receptors that recognized Hg2+ on different reaction mechanisms. Upon excitation at a single wavelength (488 nm), at which only BODIPY absorbed, both of the FRET sensors exhibited clear Hg2+‐induced changes in the intensity ratio of the two strong emission bands of BODIPY and rhodamine. It should be noted that these ratiometric Hg2+ sensors exhibited excellent sensitivity and selectivity Hg2+, as well as pH insensitivity, which was similar to the corresponding ‘turn‐on’ rhodamine sensors. While both ratiometric probes were applicable for Hg2+ imaging in living cells, BRP‐1 exhibited higher sensitivity and faster responses than BRP‐2. Our investigation indicated that on a versatile platform, such as BRP, a large number of highly efficient ratiometric sensors for transition‐metal ions could be conveniently developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Enhanced Low‐Temperature Proton Conduction in Sr0.02La0.98NbO4‐δ by Scheelite Phase Retention.
Authors: Brandao A. D. , Antunes I. , Frade J. R. , Torre J. , Kharton V. V. , Fagg D. P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPowders of Sr0.02La0.98Nb1‐xVx O4‐δ (x = 0.15—0.5) are prepared by solid state synthesis of stoichiometric mixtures of SrCO3, La2O3, Nb2O5, and V2O5 (1300 °C, 10 h).
Akt1 interacts with epidermal growth factor receptors and hedgehog signaling to increase stem/transit amplifying cells in the embryonic mouse cortex
Authors: Sinor‐Anderson Amy , Lillien Laura 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA subset of precursors in the embryonic mouse cortex and in neurospheres expresses a higher level of the serine/threonine kinase Akt1 than neighboring precursors. We reported previously that the functional significance of high Akt1 expression was enhanced Akt1 activity, resulting in an increase in survival, proliferation, and self‐renewal of multipotent stem/transit amplifying cells. Akt1 can interact with a number of signaling pathways, but the extrinsic factors that are required for specific effects of elevated Akt1 expression have not been identified. In this study we addressed the contributions of signaling via epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hedgehog (Hh) receptors. In EGF receptor‐null precursors or following transient inhibition of EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity, elevating Akt1 by retroviral transduction could still increase survival and proliferation but could not increase self‐renewal. We also found that elevated Akt1 expression induced the expression of EGF receptors (EGFRs) in wild‐type precursors. Several extrinsic factors, including Shh, can induce EGFR expression by cortical precursors, and we found that elevating Akt1 allowed them to respond to a subthreshold concentration of Shh to induce EGFRs. In precursors that lack the Hh receptor smoothened, however, elevating Akt1 did not increase EGFR expression or self‐renewal, though it could still stimulate proliferation. These findings suggest that a subset of precursors in the embryonic cortex that express an elevated level of Akt1 can respond to lower concentrations of Shh than neighboring precursors, resulting in an increase in their expression of EGFRs. Signaling via EGFRs is required for their self‐renewal. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 759–771, 2011
Vision drives correlated activity without patterned spontaneous activity in developing Xenopus retina
Authors: Demas James A. , Payne Hannah , Cline Hollis T. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDeveloping amphibians need vision to avoid predators and locate food before visual system circuits fully mature. Xenopus tadpoles can respond to visual stimuli as soon as retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) innervate the brain, however, in mammals, chicks and turtles, RGCs reach their central targets many days, or even weeks, before their retinas are capable of vision. In the absence of vision, activity‐dependent refinement in these amniote species is mediated by waves of spontaneous activity that periodically spread across the retina, correlating the firing of action potentials in neighboring RGCs. Theory suggests that retinorecipient neurons in the brain use patterned RGC activity to sharpen the retinotopy first established by genetic cues. We find that in both wild type and albino Xenopus tadpoles, RGCs are spontaneously active at all stages of tadpole development studied, but their population activity never coalesces into waves. Even at the earliest stages recorded, visual stimulation dominates over spontaneous activity and can generate patterns of RGC activity similar to the locally correlated spontaneous activity observed in amniotes. In addition, we show that blocking AMPA and NMDA type glutamate receptors significantly decreases spontaneous activity in young Xenopus retina, but that blocking GABAA receptor blockers does not. Our findings indicate that vision drives correlated activity required for topographic map formation. They further suggest that developing retinal circuits in the two major subdivisions of tetrapods, amphibians and amniotes, evolved different strategies to supply appropriately patterned RGC activity to drive visual circuit refinement. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 537–546, 2012
High‐resolution electrophoretic simulations: Performance characteristics of one‐dimensional simulators
Authors: Mosher Richard A. , Breadmore Michael C. , Thormann Wolfgang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThree comprehensive one‐dimensional simulators were used on the same PC to simulate the dynamics of different electrophoretic configurations, including two migrating hybrid boundaries, an isotachophoretic boundary and the zone electrophoretic separation of ten monovalent anions. Two simulators, SIMUL5 and GENTRANS, use a uniform grid, while SPRESSO uses a dynamic adaptive grid. The simulators differ in the way components are handled. SIMUL5 and SPRESSO feature one equation for all components, whereas GENTRANS is based on the use of separate modules for the different types of monovalent components, a module for multivalent components and a module for proteins. The code for multivalent components is executed more slowly compared to those for monovalent components. Furthermore, with SIMUL5, the computational time interval becomes smaller when it is operated with a reduced calculation space that features moving borders, whereas GENTRANS offers the possibility of using data smoothing (removal of negative concentrations), which can avoid numerical oscillations and speed up a simulation. SPRESSO with its adaptive grid could be employed to simulate the same configurations with smaller numbers of grid points and thus is faster in certain but not all cases. The data reveal that simulations featuring a large number of monovalent components distributed such that a high mesh is required throughout a large proportion of the column are fastest executed with GENTRANS.