bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Present as History
Authors: Jackson Patrick Thaddeus 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article considers the consideration of present political events as history. It discusses the speech given by former Vermont Governor Howard Dean after the 204 Iowa Caucuses and suggests that Dean's post-Caucus speech and the rapid production of its meaning illustrates that the issues of historical interpretation, well-known to historians, are by no means unique to occurrences taking place in the distant past. It argues that analyzing the cultural politics of eventing requires a detailed tracing of how historical and political mechanisms interact and concatenate to generate a specific outcome.
Detecting the Significance of Place
Authors: Wong R. Bin 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines how place can be detected or identified and evaluates its importance in politics. It reviews some of the challenges faced in defining place and offers a few examples of the significance some analysts have assigned to place. It suggests how an attention to place can help us explain variations in political outcomes when many features of the situations would lead us to expect the same kinds and discusses the conception of place as a geographical location, as a human project and political object, and as a type of bargaining and control strategy.
Spaces and Places as Sites and Objects of Politics
Authors: Auyero Javier 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the concept of places and spaces as objects and sites of politics. It describes the global scenes of contentious politics in and over space and place and explores the importance of space in the study of politics. It discusses the conception of space as built environment and as a depository of social relations and political actions. It highlights the agreement among geographers and social scientists that contentious politics should be seen both geographically structured and geographically structuring collective practices which means that contention takes place in extant geographies and creates new ones.
Why and How Population Matters
Authors: Levine David 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article describes the importance of population in politics. It describes some events to show the political relevance of population. These include the Black Death and the end of feudalism in England, the plague and the rise of the Florentine City-state, and the re-creation of religious identities because of pestilential fury and cultural despair. This article concludes that population matters to political processes not as an exogenous force but as a constitutive element of social life. It explains that anyone who treats fluctuations in fertility, mortality, nuptiality, morbidity, or migration as if they occurred outside of politics or prior to politics misses one of demography's great contributions to social analysis which is the demonstration that even subtle alterations in social arrangements translate immediately into demographic effects that reshape human capacities and opportunities for political action.
Politics and Mass Immigration
Authors: Freeman Gary P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article analyses the political relevance of mass immigration focusing on migration into Western democracies in the last forty years. It discusses the issues of immigration control and immigration incorporation and argues that liberal states are torn in their approach to immigration and this indecision is reflected in policies that are an incoherent mix of aggressive restriction and active and passive acceptance. It suggests that ostentatious efforts by governments to control unwanted migration, however ineffective they may be, are necessary to raise public willingness to go along with the renewed recruitment of skilled migrants and reformulated programs to integrate existing immigrant communities.
Population Change, Urbanization, and Political Consolidation
Authors: Herbst Jeffrey 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks into the political implications of population change and urbanization for state consolidation of the historically unprecedented situation that most populations everywhere will be located primarily in urban areas. It discusses the opportunities and challenges that urbanization poses for two critical aspects of state consolidation: building the coercive apparatus of the state itself and the popular control of public coercion through the establishment of democracy. The movement of people to the cities in developing countries presents opportunities as well as dangers to states. But no matter how disorganized and chaotic major cities in the poorer parts of the developing world appear to outsiders, these areas are actually amongst the easiest for a state to control and could be the vanguards for democratization.
Military Technologies and Politics
Authors: Smit Wim A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article considers military technological change and its relation with both politics and political analysis. It shows that this relation actually represents an entwined evolution of military technology, politics, and political analysis by conducting an in-depth analysis of military technological innovation since the Second World War. It describes several ways by which weapons development interacted with politics and political analysis. These include the transformation of national and international security issues in relation to the technological arms race and weapons proliferation and political control of weapons innovation.
Epigraphy
Authors: Tabbernee William 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The academic discipline of epigraphy includes the search for and discovery of hitherto unknown inscriptions, the publication of accurate editions and translations of and commentaries on inscriptions, and the scholarly discussion and dissemination of the data provided by inscriptions. The governments of most countries now have stringent controls in place regarding who can have access to archaeological sites and how these sites are to be excavated under government supervision. Archaeological teams normally include epigraphers who measure, photograph, take squeezes, and make transcriptions, provisional restorations, and translations of the texts of any inscriptions found on the site. The historical data provided by the huge number of early Christian inscriptions are indispensable to the non-specialist as well as the specialist student of early Christianity. Understanding and interpreting such data correctly demands at least a rudimentary knowledge of the methodology, resources, and results of the academic discipline called epigraphy.
Jews and Christians
Authors: Jacobs Andrew S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A concise narrative of the split between ancient Judaism and Christianity persists in modern scholarship. This narrative has its roots in a theologically conditioned, supersessionist reading of the New Testament, in which the messianic salvation rejected by the Jews was taken up by Gentile believers and became the distinct religion of ‘the Christians’. The ‘parting of the ways’ is a clear yet benign metaphor which allows each religion to maintain a robust history and a common genealogy, just connected enough to justify ongoing, friendly relations, but not so connected that the distinctive tradition of each religion becomes too blurred. The present challenge for the historian of early Jewish–Christian relations is to juggle the rhetorical bias of the sources with the academic desire for an unbiased analysis of history.
Manichaeism
Authors: Lieu Samuel N. C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Of all the heresies that threatened the unity of the early church, the followers of Mani occupied an exceptional position, as they were devotees not of Jesus but first and foremost of a prophet from Mesopotamia who claimed to be a latter-day ‘Apostle of Jesus Christ’ and possessor of ‘the seal of the prophet’. Mani, the founder of the sect, gave a more gnostic interpretation to the rituals, but his views were held to be dangerous by the elders of the sect, who subsequently expelled him. It was probably in India that Mani encountered Buddhist asceticism and monasticism as well as the doctrine of metempsychosis. On his return to Mesopotamia, he converted the Shah of Mesene to his teaching, and through him Mani was able to have an audience with Shapur I, the second Shahanshah of the new Sasanian dynasty, which had replaced Parthian rule in the Near East.
Monasticism
Authors: Harmless William 
Published: September 2009

AbstractChristianity had ascetic commitments from its very foundation, in the words and deeds both of Jesus and of Paul. When it surfaced into legitimacy in the 310s, Christianity's deep-seated ascetic impulses surfaced as well. The movement called monasticism left an indelible impression upon Christian faith and practice in the medieval West, the Byzantine East, and beyond. Two classic forms of monasticism emerged early: the anchoritic, or solitary life of the hermit; and the cenobitic, or life within a structured community. Monastic life required, from the outset, stark renunciations: of family, property, marriage, and career. Early monks typically joined ascetical disciplines – fasting, vigils, poverty, lifelong celibacy – with a life of manual labour. This article surveys the classic figures and classic texts, since these provide the point of departure for contemporary research, both the deconstruction of received views and the reconstructions opened up by new discoveries and new methods.
Poetry and Hymnography (1): Christian Latin Poetry
Authors: Roberts Michael J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Christian Latin poetry began in all probability with the unmetrical quasi-hexameters of Commodian, now generally dated to the mid-third century CE. The last important figure still writing in the late Roman tradition is Venantius Fortunatus, most of whose works date to the late 560s and to the 570s. Many poems survive from the intervening years, though not all periods were equally productive. Because of considerations of length, this article focuses on certain particularly important authors and periods: the beginnings of Christian poetry with Juvencus (early fourth century); the late fourth-century coming of age of Christian poetry with Paulinus of Nola, Prudentius, and, in hymnody, Ambrose; and the fifth- and sixth-century traditions of biblical narrative poetry. These are the periods and authors that have received the most attention in the scholarship.
Martyrdom and the Cult of the Saints
Authors: Price Richard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIt is a mistake to suppose that the scientific history of the Christian church, worthy of continuing use, started only a few decades ago. Arguably, the best work with which to begin a study of the Roman persecutions is article 16 of Edward Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, first published in 1776. The earliest literary evidence for the cult of martyrs dates to the mid-second century, and relates to the place of burial of the martyred Polycarp of Smyrna. This article also discusses the witness of the martyrs; saints and Christian living; a religion of Sundays or of saints' days; miracles; archaeology and art; and the cult of the Virgin Mary.
Doctrine of God
Authors: Ayres Lewis , Radde‐Gallwitz Andrew 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article describes the shape of modern scholarship; polemic and development; the fourth-century controversies; Gnosticism; Judaism and Christianity; the influence of post-classical philosophical traditions; the shape of Trinitarian orthodoxy; negative theology and mysticism; feminist scholarship; and divine suffering. Adolf von Harnack and Walter Bauer profoundly shaped the scholarly study of the early Christian doctrine of God, even though their views no longer carry the day. The trends in recent scholarship outlined here represent in broad strokes the current state of the question; but just as the pro-Nicene figures believed that one never stops growing in knowledge of God, so too will scholarship on their contributions in this area continue to evolve. Current scholarship on the early Christian doctrine of God occurs in a context in which many older narratives about the development of doctrine have come under significant question.
Early Christian Ethics
Authors: Cardman Francine 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This survey of early Christian ethics as an emerging field of study with multiple investigators, interests, methodologies, and subjects has pointed out significant developments that are shaping the field and suggested some of the directions that future study might take. As scholars launch new explorations of this old terrain, perspectives broaden, lost features or forgotten routes of interconnection are rediscovered, familiar landmarks no longer loom as large as they once did, and boundaries begin to fade. In this process, the necessity of self-conscious reflection on the ethics of studying early Christian ethics becomes manifest. The decentring of Christian theology as the orienting point for this field demands a new kind of scholarly, personal, and communal accountability on the part of its students, whatever their relationship to Christianity. In the end, the rhetoric and practice of studying early Christian ethics must themselves be ethical.
Organization Theory as a Critical Science? Forms of Analysis and ‘New Organizational Forms’
Authors: Willmott Hugh 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article presents and applies insights developed by Critical Theory to offer a heuristic framework for appreciating and accommodating the existence of competing conceptions of scientific knowledge. Specifically, this article commends the contribution of Habermas's theory of cognitive interests for the development of the understanding of management and organization. This theory is illustrated by reference to established areas of organizational analysis as well as to more recent research on ‘new organizational forms’. In this article, a plurality of methodologies within organization studies is identified and reviewed, using the literature on mainstream management theory and employee participation as well as ‘new organizational forms’ to illustrate the analysis. Finally, some affinities between elements of Habermas's thinking and poststructuralist analysis advanced by Foucault and by Laclau and Mouffe are signalled.
The Agency/Structure Dilemma in Organization Theory: Open Doors and Brick Walls
Authors: Reed Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article reviews and assesses the various ways in which the agency/structure dilemma has been dealt with in organization theory. It identifies three major ‘moves’ for attempting to clarify this issue that will not quietly fade into obscurity as a philosophical curiosity properly consigned to the dustbin of intellectual history. First, the reductionist move on the agency/structure dilemma that simply reduces structure to agency or vice versa, but usually the former. Second, the determinist approach to the agency/structure problem that starkly dichotomizes the relationship between them in such a way that each, irreparably divided, side of this ontological/methodological dichotomy necessarily results in either behavioural or structural reification, but usually the latter. Third, the conflationist interpretation of the agency/structure paradox that directly collapses the latter into the former, and consequently treats it as a ‘virtualized reality’ only traceable in ongoing ‘strips’ of social interaction.
Micro and Macro Perspectives in Organization Theory: A Tale of Incommensurability
Authors: McKinley William , Mone Mark A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article categorizes existing schools of thought by level of analysis. It distinguishes specifically between micro and macro levels of analysis. The organization theory schools of thought at the micro level capture the way that single organizations modify their structures to take account of contingencies originating in their individual task environments. Schools of thought at the macro level focus on the evolution of aggregates of organizations and the characteristics of organizational collectivities such as fields. The former group of schools contains such perspectives as Donaldson's neo-contingency theory, as well as resource dependence theory and transaction costs theory. The latter group — the macro group — includes population ecology theory and neo-institutional theory. The classification of these five schools into micro and macro levels of analysis may be viewed as a tentative heuristic that helps make sense of organization theory's current complexity.
Character and Virtue in an Era of Turbulent Capitalism
Authors: Mangham Iain 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In recent years, there has been an upsurge in anti-capitalist protest in the form of articles, books, and direct action. Three aspects of capitalism appear to give rise to particular concern: its influence on the environment, on inequality, and on cultural hegemony. Modern societies appear to be marked by intractable disagreements over what it is to lead a good life in the company of others. Some commentators hold that the market is destructive of community-based notions of the good life. It cultivates the vice of personal acquisitiveness and in doing so breaks the bands of affection that hold communities together. Others think such views are mistaken. This article examines aspects of this argument. It deals with two concepts: character and virtue. It considers the ways that these terms have been deployed in discussions of the impact of capitalism on the ethical climate both within and beyond organizations.
Transforming Industrial Districts
Authors: Lazerson Mark H. , Lorenzoni Gianni 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article articulates an evolving, new view of inter-organizational relationships (IORs), in industrial districts derived from data on twenty-one leading Italian firms engaged principally in the production of goods where fashion and design occupy a central role: shoes, clothing, leather goods, and furniture. It first gives a brief summary of some of the principal organizational characteristics of industrial districts and their relationship to flexible production. It then considers the emergence of leading firms despite the homogeneity of industrial districts and their use of forward integration as a strategic response to new competitive threats. Furthermore, it also discusses the various theoretical explanations for vertical integration. Finally, it presents some empirical data from case studies prior to the concluding remarks about leading firms and their implications for IORs.
Theories of Contract and their use in Studying Inter‐organizational Relations
Authors: Ring Peter Smith 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses the ways in which the law of contract has been used and might be useful in understanding inter-organizational relations (IORs). In virtually all instances, when the representatives of two or more organizations conclude that their organizations will collaboratively work together towards some set of common and individual ends, they have to reach an agreement. In much of the social science literature dealing with IORs, scholars appear to be assuming that these agreements are ‘contracts’. In discussing the construct of a contract, this article begins by exploring how this concept has been addressed in the social sciences. The focus here is on sociology, psychology, economics, and management. This article concludes with a discussion of an agenda for future research on the subject of contracts in both the social sciences and in the law as it relates to IORs and inter-organizational entities.
Change, Dynamics, and Temporality in Inter‐organizational Relationships
Authors: Cropper Steve , Palmer Ian 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Since organizational research started systematically to look beyond the single organization at the character and significance of inter-organizational relationships (IOR), there has been a gradual accumulation of work seeking to understand change and dynamics in IOR. More recently, there has been interest in exploring certain temporalities in IORs, reflecting interest in the wider field of organizational studies, where a number of substantial essays have addressed issues of change and time in organizational analysis. This article aims to outline and build upon this emerging interest in how more explicit attention to change, dynamics, and temporality can assist in the understanding of IORs. It takes each of these concepts and maps their implications for IORs, indicating where IOR research has incorporated them as questions or as parts of explanatory schemes. It also identifies how relevant theoretical traditions might be harnessed to enable further development of these relatively new lines of IOR research.
Experimentation in Political Science
Authors: Morton Rebecca B. , Williams Kenneth C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article mentions that the number of experiments has increased dramatically in political science in the last thirty-five years because of their power for making causal inferences. It directly confronts the Achilles heel of experiments — their external validity. It also argues that external validity can be achieved if a result can be replicated across a variety of data-sets and situations. The expanding area of experimental political science and some of the concerns involved in experimentation are investigated. It showed the wide variety of ways in which experimentation can be used to answer interesting research questions while speaking to theorists, empiricists, and policy-makers. It is expected that the application of experimentation techniques will continue to rise in political science, just as it has in other social sciences.
Field Experiments and Natural Experiments
Authors: Gerber Alan S. , Green Donald P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article evaluates the strengths and limitations of field experimentation. It first defines field experimentation and describes the many forms that field experiments take. It also interprets the growth and development of field experimentation. It then discusses why experiments are valuable for causal inference. The assumptions of experimental and nonexperimental inference are distinguished, noting that the value accorded to observational research is often inflated by misleading reporting conventions. The article elaborates on the study of natural experiments and discontinuities as alternatives to both randomized interventions and conventional nonexperimental research. Finally, it outlines a list of methodological issues that arise commonly in connection with experimental design and analysis: the role of covariates, planned vs. unplanned comparisons, and extrapolation. It concludes by dealing with the ways in which field experimentation is reshaping the field of political methodology.
Endogeneity and Structural Equation Estimation in Political Science
Authors: Jackson John E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article outlines the current situation with respect to ‘endogeneity and structural equation estimation’. It begins by exploring why econometrics, and particularly the treatment of endogeneity, proved so valuable for political scientists. The most prominent methods used to deal with endogeneity are explained. The article also includes a critique of the critical conditions needed to support the use and interpretation of this method and discusses frequently used diagnostics developed to assess the severity of the problems. The estimation method and diagnostics are shown with a running example with data from a previous study of US congressional politics. In many instances, empirical evidence will continue to be the classic observational study, replete with endogeneity problems. Rather than forgoing analyses of these data and questions because of the reservations about a particular method, it is better to use and to improve those methods in the context of these studies and data.