bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple gains and losses of Wolbachia symbionts across a tribe of fungus‐growing ants
Authors: FROST C. L. , FERNÁNDEZ‐MARÍN H. , SMITH J. E. , HUGHES W. O. H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlthough the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia is ubiquitous in insects, it has a unique relationship with New World ants on which particular bacterial strains have specialized. However, data are from distantly related hosts and detailed phylogenetic information which could reveal transmission dynamics are lacking. Here, we investigate host–Wolbachia relationships in the monophyletic fungus‐growing ant tribe Attini, screening 23 species and using multilocus sequence typing to reliably identify Wolbachia strains. This technique reduces the significant problem of recombination seen using traditional single gene techniques. The relationship between Wolbachia and the fungus‐growing ants appears complex and dynamic. There is evidence of co‐cladogenesis, supporting vertical transmission; however, this is incomplete, demonstrating that horizontal transmission has also occurred. Importantly, the infection prevalence is frequently different between closely related taxa, with the Acromyrmex leaf‐cutting ants appearing particularly prone to infection and there being no consistent relationship with any of the major life history transitions. We suggest that infection loss and horizontal transmission have driven epidemics or selective sweeps of Wolbachia, resulting in multiple gains and losses of infection across the fungus‐growing ants.
Role of leukotriene B4 in accelerated hyperlipidaemic renal injury
Authors: DOI KENT , HAMASAKI YOSHIFUMI , NOIRI EISEI , NOSAKA KAZUO , SUZUKI TAKAKO , TODA AKIKO , SHIMIZU TAKAO , FUJITA TOSHIRO , NAKAO AKIHIDE 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAim:  Glomerular infiltration of macrophages is a characteristic alteration of renal pathology in hyperlipidaemic renal injury. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a bioactive eicosanoid and macrophage and has two key enzymes for LTB4 synthesis, 5‐lipoxygenase and leukotriene A4 (LTA4) hydrolase. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of LTB4 in accelerated hyperlipidaemic renal injury.Methods:  To induce accelerated hyperlipidaemic renal injury, 8 week old male spontaneously hypercholesterolaemic (SHC) rats were fed with a high cholesterol diet for 6 weeks. LTA4 hydrolase activities in the kidney and urine LTB4 levels were examined. The effects of LTB4 antagonist (ONO‐4057) were also evaluated.Results:  Urinary protein and LTB4 excretion was increased by a high cholesterol diet for 6 weeks. The scores of glomerular foam cell accumulation and sclerosis, numbers of infiltrated macrophages in glomeruli and interstitial area, LTA4 hydrolase activity in renal cortex were higher in the high cholesterol diet group than the normal diet group. LTB4 antagonist treatment reduced urinary protein and LTA4 activity and attenuated renal pathological changes.Conclusion:  These results suggest that LTB4 directly contributes to accelerated hyperlipidaemic renal injury and the therapeutic potential of LTB4 antagonist for renal damage induced by hyperlipidaemia.
ACCESS AND MOBILITY: wheelchair facilities in an old hospital
Authors: Budd Betty , Goodey Michael 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYIn 1980 St. Lawrence's set out to make a positive contribution to the International Year of Disabled People (IYDP) in 1981. This was done in two ways: by focusing attention upon mentally handicapped people in hospital; and raising money to provide better facilities. In extending our own awareness of the needs of the more severely handicapped, we realised that there was a need to improve access and mobility for residents with wheelchairs in St. Lawrence's itself.This article outlines how, over and above their normal work commitment, multiprofessional groups of staff came together to achieve these aims. Reference to the IYDP amounts to no more than a diary of main events. The aspects of access and mobility which were tackled are described in more detail. All of the improvements negotiated have been or are being achieved through the normal Works Department programme, mostly by direct labour.
DIFFICULT BEHAVIOUR AT HOME: a domiciliary service for handicapped children
Authors: Firth Hugh 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA home visiting service for parents whose mentally handicapped children were exhibiting difficult behaviour at home is described, with details of providing the service to 33 families with children aged from 3 to 15 years. The most frequent problems were socially unacceptable behaviour and incontinence, but self‐help, communication, and play skills were also tackled. Visits were usually made every 3 to 4 weeks for periods from 3 to 27 months. Targets were achieved or some progress was gained in over two‐thirds of the problems tackled. An average of eight hours was spent with each family. Home visiting proved as efficient as parent groups when measured by targets achieved as a function of parent and therapist time.
Country dancing in the special school
Authors: Trebilcock June 
Published: August 2010

COUNTRY DANCING IS FUN! The children enter into it relaxed and with enthusiasm. Classes and teachers join together to work with an almost “party” atmosphere.However, the teacher may well look for more than fun from these sessions. Whilst enjoying the dancing and sharing the children's pleasure she will be working towards: improving the children's work approach skills; enlarging their vocabulary and improving their concepts of maths, movement and positions; developing language/ conversational skills; improving social exchange and social behaviour; all through the medium of the dance.
PLAYING TOGETHER: Running an integrated playscheme – and living to tell the tale!
Authors: McLean Elspeth 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. Some activities for a group of 20–25 children of mixed age and ability are described, with a view to how to promote interaction between handicapped and non‐handicapped children. Trucks and bikes, drawing and glueing, visits to playgrounds, organised games including “New Games”, inflatables, and music, were all found to have potential for increasing interaction and integration.Some practical snags are discussed – problems over sharing bikes, finding cooperative art projects, over‐protective brothers and sisters, explaining rules of games to mentally handicapped children, coping with competitiveness and aggression in games and on inflatables, and finding songs that everyone will sing together.It is concluded that playschemes are good places to find out how to integrate different groups of children, and that some lessons can be learned in a holiday atmosphere that can be useful in school.
THE WHOLE CHILD: achieving a balanced curriculum for secondary age pupils with severe learning difficulties
Authors: Sillitoe Pippa 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYCentral to the educational needs and development of any pupil with severe learning difficulties should be the procedure of assessment, programme planning, recording, and evaluation.Part 1 of this paper details the methodology of educational priority teaching which exists at Melland School. Part 2, which will be published in the next issue of the Journal, outlines the programme of structured opportunities for leisure. The important issue of planning for and teaching generalisation of skills is broached.The paper shows how, through widely differing activity content, the needs of the “whole child” are being met.
SERVICES IN DORSET: for people with mental handicaps
Authors: Griffiths David , Browning Roger L. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYIn just 36 months, Dorset has developed a near comprehensive local service for people with mental handicaps and their families in each of the county's towns and localities. At the same time Coldharbour Hospital, the county's mental handicap hospital, has reduced its size by two thirds. This article describes how the two health authorities involved worked together to achieve this.
The AWS and education of children with severe mental handicaps
Authors: Todd Stuart , Beyer Stephen , Evans Gerry , Blunden Roger 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThis article was prompted by a research study (Beyer, Evans, Todd, and Blunden, 1986) which suggested that educational provision for children with mental handicaps was problematic in planning for change under the All‐Wales Strategy. It attempts to examine and explain the issues that have been raised. It is argued that until some attention is given to discussing future educational provision for people with mental handicaps, the ultimate success of the strategy may be severely restricted.
THE NURSING PROCESS
Authors: Martin R. W. , Ticktum R. J. 
Published: August 2010

The nursing process is a very useful tool for involving and maintaining individualised support and care for people with mental handicaps. It also provides nurses with a methodology that can enhance their professional input into the multidisciplinary function.The article describes how the Nursing Process Monitoring Group in Frenchay Health Authority implemented the system in a fairly large unit, and provides examples of the documentation used for the benefit of others who may wish to follow suit.
Parents' concerns for the future: the role of RESCARE in influencing plans for residential provision
Authors: Segal Stanley 
Published: August 2010

Parents play an important role in changing attitudes and creating resources. The needs of people who are handicapped are not only lifelong, but are subject to changes in the social climate and context. Just as Mencap was triggered off by a mother in 1946 so, around 40 years later, RESCARE has been triggered off by a father. “New” needs must be anticipated.In an uneven, changing society, the author suggests there is considerable value in parents and professionals working together as partners for the benefit of people with mental handicaps.
ANOTHER POINT OF VIEW
Authors: Barker Beth 
Published: August 2010

Burnside is a London Borough of Redbridge social education centre for men and women with mental handicaps. Its staff see their role as helping centre members claim their role as adults with some independence. If members' relatives take the role of protective parents of children, they may prevent their adult sons and daughters from claiming this right.A working party of centre members, relatives, and staff designed a questionnaire to ask members and the relatives with whom they lived about the centre and learning to be independent. It was expected that members and relatives would have different views on: reasons for members attending the centre; whether and in what respects the centre should be changed; whether independence was encouraged at home; and estimates of independence.The findings held some surprises and challenges. Clearly, staff and relatives need to learn more about the points of view of centre members. Asking the right questions is not as easy as it sounds, but it surely should come before trying to decide whether relatives or staff know better than members themselves what action will promote their rights. It was found that, on the measures chosen to test the opposite assumption, families sometimes encourage independence more than staff. The work also shows that centre staff do not assess members' overall independence reliably between themselves.
REVIEWS
Authors: CLARKE DAVID C. , WYNN‐JONES ALAN , GREGORY SUSAN P. , McBRIEN JUDITH 
Published: August 2010

Book reviewed in this article:Self‐advocacy skills training (report of two workshops held between April and September 1987) Alison WertheimerResponding to adolescent needs. A pastoral care approach (Special needs in ordinary schools series) Polly LoweThe visually handicapped child in your classroom (Special needs in ordinary schools series) Elizabeth K. Chapman and Juliet M. StoneBehaviour problems in mental handicap: an annotated bibliography 1970–1985 Kenneth Day, Joyce Hamilton, and Paul Smith
GOAL PLANNING
Authors: Golding Laura , Allen Peter 
Published: August 2010

This paper describes the introduction of a goal planning system, over a period of 12 months, into four houses which were opened in response to the planned closure of a hospital for people with mental handicaps.The measures taken of goals set, goals achieved, and the stability of a key worker system, together with a description of the process of goal planning which includes staff training and support, enable the authors to describe the introduction of the scheme and to discuss pertinent issues.
A post‐16 education project: for students with profound and multiple learning difficulties
Authors: Tompkins Alan , Carpenter Barry 
Published: August 2010

Further education, post‐16, for students with profound and multiple learning difficulties is rarely debated. Improvements in educational provision for children with such handicaps, however, has led to an examination of how they will spend their latter years of statutory education.This article describes how one school planned for, and initiated, an integrated programme of further education for four students with profound and multiple learning difficulties in the context of its Further Education Unit for young people with severe learning difficulties. Through a detailed analysis of the daily environmental experiences of each student, a relevant and age‐appropriate curriculum was designed.
Primary moult, body mass and migration of Grey Plovers Pluvialis squatarola in Britain
Authors: SERRA LORENZO , CLARK NIGEL A. , CLARK JACQUIE A. 
Published: August 2010

Long‐distance migrants have evolved complex strategies for the timing of their annual moult, fattening and migration cycles. These strategies are likely to vary at different stages of a bird's life. Ringing data on 6079 Grey Plovers Pluvialis squatarola, caught on the Wash, England, between 1959 and 1996, were analysed to relate migratory strategies to patterns of primary moult and body mass changes. Adults returning from breeding grounds had a shorter and delayed primary moult (duration 90 days, starting date 19 August) in comparison with over‐summering birds (duration 109 days, starting date 5 June). Three categories of migrant adults were identified on the basis of primary moult and body mass: (1) birds which did not moult, but increased body mass and migrated further south; (2) birds which moulted 1–3 inner primaries, suspended moult, increased body mass and migrated; and (3) birds which completed or suspended moult and wintered locally. In birds of the second category, timing of primary moult and body mass increase overlapped. Among wintering birds, 38% were in suspended moult. Ninety‐six per cent of birds that suspended moult at the beginning of winter were males and almost all completed moult in spring. Grey Plovers which left Britain in autumn had an average body mass of 280 g, enough to reach southern Morocco without refuelling. Both wintering adults and first‐year birds showed a prewinter body mass increase, peaking in December. Adults had a synchronized premigratory body mass increase in May, which suggested a negligible presence of African migrants. The average departure mass for spring migration, estimated at 316 g, would allow birds to fly non‐stop to the Siberian breeding grounds in western Taymyr.
Linking territory quality and reproductive success in the Red‐billed Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrochorax: implications for conservation management of an endangered population
Authors: KERBIRIOU CHRISTIAN , GOURMELON FRANÇOISE , JIGUET FREDERIC , LE VIOL ISABELLE , BIORET FREDERIC , JULLIARD ROMAIN 
Published: August 2010

As changes in land use have been identified as the main factor explaining the decline in Red‐billed Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrochorax populations across western Europe, a study was carried out in Ouessant (western France) in order to assess the relationship between territory quality and reproductive success. As such an approach could be hindered by the fact that the birds’ reproductive performance could be influenced by their breeding experience, we analysed both inter‐ and intranest‐site variation in fledging success. Territory quality was quantified, combining habitat selection, territory size, the amount of feeding area and distance between nest and feeding area. Feeding habitats selected positively by Red‐billed Choughs were characterized by a mean sward height of less than 5 cm. Foraging area was on average 21 557 m2. Feeding areas (i.e. feeding habitat within foraging area) close to the nest were used preferentially. Fledging success appeared to be influenced neither by the total area of feeding sites in a Chough territory, nor by the mean feeding flight distance. However, fledging success adjusted to nest‐site and year appeared to be influenced by feeding area close to the nest: one additional fledgling was expected for each additional 10 000 m2 of feeding habitat within 300 m of the nest. These first results allowed us to consider recommending landscape management measures to ensure a favourable conservation status of local Chough populations.
The effectiveness of cover crops during eight years of a UK sandland rotation
Authors: Shepherd M. A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Growing cover crops during the winter before spring‐planted crops is often suggested as an effective method to decrease nitrate leaching. A four‐course crop rotation (potatoes‐cereal‐sugarbeet‐cereal) was followed through two rotations on a sandy soil in the English Midlands. Three management systems were imposed on the rotation to test their effects on nitrate loss. The effects of cover crops on nitrate leaching and crop yields were compared with the more conventional practice of over‐winter bare fallow before potatoes and sugarbeet.Cover crop N uptake was variable between years, averaging 25 kg ha−1, which is typical of their performance on sandy soils in the UK. The cover crops usually decreased nitrate leaching but their effectiveness depended on good establishment before the start of drainage. Over 7 years, cover crops decreased the average N concentration in the drainage from 24 to 11 mg l−1. Potato yield and tuber N offtake increased after cover crops. Ware tuber yield increased by an average of c. 8%; this was unlikely to be due to additional N mineralization from the cover crop because the potatoes received 220–250 kg fertilizer N ha−1, and non‐N effects are therefore implicated. Sugar yield was not increased following a cover crop.After 8 years of nitrate‐retentive practices, there were no measurable differences in soil organic matter. However, plots that had received only half of the N fertilizer each year contained, on average, 0.14% less organic matter at the end of the experiment.
Getting the Smaller Picture: Small‐Area Analysis of Public Expenditure Incidence and Deprivation in Three English Cities
Authors: Bramley Glen , Evans Martin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper examines public expenditure incidence at small‐area level in cities. The motivations for such research are briefly reviewed. The article reports on an attempt at measuring public expenditure across the majority of programmes down to the level of Census wards and the actual results obtained for three urban local authorities in England. The relationship between spending, income and deprivation is examined overall and for particular spending programmes, using a number of approaches including regression‐based expenditure models. The conclusions suggest that spending is indeed targetted on poorer areas but raise questions about both the strength of this relationship and how best to measure deprivation and the need to spend.
The Dynamics of Household Wealth Accumulation in Italy
Authors: Jappelli Tullio , Pistaferri Luigi 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe examine the dynamics of wealth accumulation distribution in Italy using data drawn from the Survey of Household Income and Wealth, a representative survey of the Italian population conducted by the Bank of Italy. We compare survey data with National Accounts data and discuss sample representativeness, attrition and measurement issues. We then look at wealth inequality (the cross‐sectional dispersion of wealth) and wealth mobility (individual transitions across the wealth distribution) and examine the age profile of wealth using repeated cross‐sectional data. Finally, we consider various explanations for the pattern of wealth accumulation in Italy, focusing on retirement, bequests, income risk, health shocks and credit market imperfections.
On Sharing NATO Defence Burdens in the 1990s and Beyond
Authors: Sandler Todd , Murdoch James C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article investigates NATO burden sharing in the 1990s in light of strategic, technological, political and membership changes. Both an ability‐to‐pay and a benefits‐received analysis of burden sharing are conducted. During 1990–99, there is no evidence of disproportionate burden sharing, where the large allies shoulder the burdens of the small. Nevertheless, the theoretical model predicts that this disproportionality will plague NATO in the near future. Thus far, there is still a significant concordance between benefits received and defence burdens carried. When alternative expansion scenarios are studied, the extent of disproportionality of burden sharing increases as NATO grows in size. A broader security burden‐sharing measure is devised and tested; based on this broader measure, there is still no disproportionality evident in the recent past.
Voluntary Contributions to Personal Pension Plans: Evidence from the British Household Panel Survey
Authors: Guariglia Alessandra , Markose Sheri 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we use data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) for the years 1992 to 1998 to study the determinants of saving in the form of voluntary contributions to personal pension plans (PPPs). We first estimate a probit model with selection for the probability of making these voluntary contributions. We then estimate a random‐effects tobit regression for the amounts contributed and compare the results with those of a similar regression for conventional saving. Our findings suggest that voluntary contributions to PPPs are made essentially for retirement purposes, whereas conventional saving is undertaken for precautionary motives. The former type of saving is thus unlikely to offset the latter completely.
Measuring the Cost‐Effectiveness of an R&D Tax Credit for the UK
Authors: Griffth Rachel , Redding Stephen , Van Reenen John 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper investigates the economic impact of the government's proposed new UK R&D tax credit. We measure the benefit of the credit by the effect on value added in the short and long runs. This is simulated from existing econometric estimates of the tax‐price elasticity of research and development (R&D) and the effect of R&D on productivity. For the latter, we allow R&D to have an effect on technology transfer (catching up with the technological frontier) as well as innovation (pushing the frontier forward). We then compare the increase in value added to the likely exchequer costs of the programme under a number of scenarios. In the long run, the increase in GDP far outweighs the costs of the tax credit. The short‐run effect is far smaller, with value added only exceeding cost if R&D grows at or below the rate of inflation.