bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutational Analysis of Candida albicans SNF7 Reveals Genetically Separable Rim101 and ESCRT Functions and Demonstrates Divergence in bro1-Domain Protein Interactions
Authors: Wolf Julie M , Davis Dana A 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans can grow over a wide pH range, which is associated with its ability to colonize and infect distinct host niches. C. albicans growth in neutral-alkaline environments requires proteolytic activation of the transcription factor Rim101. Rim101 activation requires Snf7, a member of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway. We hypothesized that Snf7 has distinct functions in the Rim101 and ESCRT pathways, which we tested by alanine-scanning mutagenesis. While some snf7 alleles conferred no defects, we identified alleles with solely ESCRT-dependent, solely Rim101-dependent, or both Rim101- and ESCRT-dependent defects. Thus, Snf7 function in these two pathways is at least partially separable. Both Rim101- and ESCRT-dependent functions require Snf7 recruitment to the endosomal membrane and alleles that disrupted both pathways were found to localize normally, suggesting a downstream defect. Most alleles that conferred solely Rim101-dependent defects were still able to process Rim101 normally under steady-state conditions. However, these same strains did display a kinetic defect in Rim101 processing. Several alleles with solely Rim101-dependent defects mapped to the C-terminal end of Snf7. Further analyses suggested that these mutations disrupted interactions with bro-domain proteins, Rim20 and Bro1, in overlapping but slightly divergent Snf7 domains.
Multilateral Approaches to Deliberating Internet Governance
Authors: Singh J P 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis essay tackles the question of how increased interactions among multiple actors facilitated by the Internet shape patterns of global governance, especially for the Internet itself. The paper argues that in global governance the types of actors, along with their collective understandings and deliberations, shape two different types of multilateral global orders: statist multilateralism and networked multilateralism. This paper employs the language of global governance rather than that of international regimes to distinguish three keys terms for understanding governance: global order, legitimacy and deliberations. These concepts are applied to the case of Internet governance, to the Internet Corporation on Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) which is characterized as statist multilateralism, the networked scenarios of the World Summit for the Information Society (WSIS), and the Internet Governance Forum (IGF). The conclusion does not predict the demise of statist multilateralism (as do many analysts examining WSIS and IGF processes) but argues that these newer arrangements are analytically useful for understanding alternative governance arrangements likely to emerge in the future. As such, the concept of networked multilateralism could usefully be applied to cases other than the Internet.
Herbal remedies are the main etiologic factor in melanosis coli, a case series study
Authors: Kav Taylan , Bayraktar Yusuf 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Melanosis coli is a brown to black discoloration of the colon mucosa usually associated with long-term ingestion of laxatives. However, melanosis coli can be found in patients with no history of laxative use. Regular use of herbal remedies could be the major source of anthranoid laxatives in such patients. We designed a prospective case series study to identify the clinical characteristics and etiology of melanosis coli in affected patients. This study took place in Ankara, Turkey, between 08/2005 and 11/2006. Patients with endoscopic diagnosis of melanosis coli were interviewed for demographical data and use of herbal remedies. A total of 380 colonoscopies were performed during this period. Melanosis coli was diagnosed endoscopically in 12 patients (3.17%), 11 of whom were found to have characteristic pigment-laden macrophages in histopathological examination. Herbal remedies were the main etiological factor in the development of melanosis coli in 10 out of 11 patients. Diffuse involvement was found in 2 patients who had a history of long-term use. In 8 patients, melanosis coli was located in the left side of the colon. Although melanosis coli is a harmless discoloration of colonic mucosa resulting from complementary or alternative medicine, we believe that this association with herbals was overlooked or not inquired in patients. Therefore, it should be emphasized that “natural” or “alternative” is not equal to “safe”.
Increased Plasma-Immune Cytokines throughout the High-Dose Melphalan-Induced Lymphodepletion in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: A Window for Adoptive Immunotherapy
Authors: Condomines Maud , Veyrune Jean-Luc , Larroque Marion , Quittet Philippe , Latry Pascal , Lugagne Cécile , Hertogh Catherine , Kanouni Tarik , Rossi Jean-François , Klein Bernard 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
High-dose melphalan (HDM) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is a standard treatment for patients with multiple myeloma. However, lymphocyte reconstitution is impaired after HDM. Recent work has suggested that the lymphopenia period occurring after various immunosuppressive or chemotherapy treatments may provide an interesting opportunity for adoptive antitumor immunotherapy. The objective of this study was to determine an immunotherapy window after HDM and ASCT, evaluating T cell lymphopenia, and measuring circulating immune cytokine concentrations in patients with multiple myeloma. The counts of T cell subpopulations reached a nadir at day 8 post-ASCT (day 10 post-HDM) and recovered by day 30. IL-6, IL-7, and IL-15 plasma levels increased on a median day 8 post-ASCT, respectively, 35-fold, 8-fold, and 10-fold compared with pre-HDM levels (p ≤ 0.05). The increases in IL-7 and IL-15 levels were inversely correlated to the absolute lymphocyte count, unlike monocyte or myeloid counts. Furthermore, we have shown that CD3 T cells present in the ASC graft are activated, die rapidly when they are cultured without cytokine in vitro, and that addition of IL-7 or IL-15 could induce their survival and proliferation. In conclusion, the early lymphodepletion period, occurring 4–11 d post-HDM and ASCT, is associated with an increase of circulating immune cytokines and could be an optimal window to enhance the survival and proliferation of polyclonal T cells present in the ASC autograft and also of specific antimyeloma T cells previously expanded in vitro.
CTLA4Ig Alters the Course of Autoimmune Disease Development in Lyn−/− Mice
Authors: Oracki Sarah A. , Tsantikos Evelyn , Quilici Cathy , Light Amanda , Schmidt Thomas , Lew Andrew M. , Martin Joanne E. , Smith Ken G. , Hibbs Margaret L. , Tarlinton David M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Lyn-deficient (Lyn−/−) mice develop an age-dependent autoimmune disease similar to systemic lupus erythematosus, characterized by the production of IgG anti-nuclear Ab. To determine the extent to which this autoimmune phenotype is driven by T cell costimulation, we generated Lyn−/− mice expressing a soluble form of the T cell inhibitory molecule, CTLA4 (CTLA4Ig). Surprisingly, although CTLA4Ig prevented myeloid hyperplasia, splenomegaly and IgG anti-nuclear Ab production in Lyn−/− mice, it did not inhibit immune complex deposition and tissue destruction in the kidney. In fact, regardless of CTLA4Ig expression, Lyn−/− serum contained elevated titers of IgA anti-nuclear Ab, although generally IgA deposition in the kidney was only revealed in the absence of self-reactive IgG. This demonstrated that activation of autoreactive B cell clones in Lyn−/− mice can still occur despite impaired costimulation. Indeed, CTLA4Ig did not alter perturbed Lyn−/− B cell development and behavior, and plasma cell frequencies were predominantly unaffected. These results suggest that when self-reactive B cell clones are unimpeded in acquiring T cell help, they secrete pathogenic IgG autoantibodies that trigger the fulminant autoimmunity normally observed in Lyn−/− mice. The absence of these IgG immune complexes reveals an IgA-mediated axis of autoimmunity that is not sufficient to cause splenomegaly or extramedullary myelopoiesis, but which mediates destructive glomerulonephritis. These findings have implications for the understanding of the basis of Ab-mediated autoimmune diseases and for their treatment with CTLA4Ig.
The incidence of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children and adults: A critical review of published reports
Authors: Terrell Deirdra R. , Beebe Laura A. , Vesely Sara K. , Neas Barbara R. , Segal Jodi B. , George James N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractReports of the incidence of ITP are few and their methodology is variable. Accurate estimates of the incidence of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) are important to understand the medical and public health impact of the disease. To critically review all published reports on the incidence of ITP in children and adults, all articles identified on the Medline database (searched January 1, 1966‐August 7, 2009) that reported data on the incidence of ITP were retrieved. Articles which directly estimated the incidence of ITP were selected for review. Eight articles reported the incidence of acute ITP in children. After review, four were determined to have the strongest estimates, based on the method of patient identification and study design. The lowest incidence estimate in these four studies was 2.2 per 105 children/year (95% confidence interval 1.9, 2.4) and the highest incidence estimate was 5.3 per 105 children/year (95% confidence interval 4.3, 6.4). Three studies reported the incidence of ITP in adults. The estimate from the article with the strongest methodology reported an incidence estimate of 3.3 per 105 adults/year. The current strongest estimate of the incidence of acute ITP in children is between 1.9 and 6.4 per 105 children/year; for adults the current strongest estimate of the incidence of ITP is 3.3 per 105 adults/year. An important limitation of these studies is that they are primarily from Europe and may not be generalizable to all regions. Am. J. Hematol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Host immunity affects survival in myelodysplastic syndromes: Independent prognostic value of the absolute lymphocyte count
Authors: Jacobs Nisha L. , Holtan Shernan G. , Porrata Luis F. , Markovic Svetomir N. , Tefferi Ayalew , Steensma David P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe prognostic significance of the peripheral blood absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) has been carefully examined in lymphoid malignancies, but the importance of the baseline ALC in chronic myeloid neoplasms is less clear. In a recent analysis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) associated with deletion of chromosome 5q, we observed that an ALC < 1.2× 109cells/L at diagnosis is independently associated with poorer survival. Clinicopathological data from 503 patients with non‐del(5q) MDS evaluated at Mayo Clinic between 1996 and 2007 were reviewed to determine the prognostic impact of ALC at diagnosis in non‐del(5q) MDS. Patients with MDS and an ALC at diagnosis ≥1.2× 109(N= 248) experienced a superior overall survival (OS) compared with patients with an ALC < 1.2× 109/L (N= 255, median OS of 26.6 months versus 18.5 months,P< 0.001, respectively). ALC at diagnosis was an independent predictor for OS when compared with the International Prognostic Scoring System and the WHO‐based Prognostic Scoring System. This study suggests that ALC at diagnosis is a prognostic factor for OS in MDS, and argues in favor of further studies to assess the role of host immunity in MDS clinical outcomes. Am. J. Hematol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silicon nanoparticles with chemically tailored surfaces
Authors: Heintz Andrew S. , Fink Mark J. , Mitchell Brian S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSilicon nanoparticles are useful materials for optoelectronic devices, solar cells and biological markers. The synthesis of air‐stable nanoparticles with tunable optoelectronic properties is highly desirable. The mechanochemical synthesis of silicon nanoparticles via high‐energy ball milling produces a variety of covalently bonded surfaces depending on the nature of the organic liquid used in the milling process. The use of the C8 reactants including octanoic acid, 1‐octanol, 1‐octaldehyde and 1‐octene results in passivated surfaces characterized by strong SiC bonds or strong SiO bonds. The surfaces of the nanoparticles were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The nanoparticles were soluble in common organic solvents and remarkably stable against agglomeration and air oxidation. The luminescence and optical properties of the nanoparticles were very sensitive to the nature of their passivating surface. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pattern‐Mixture Zero‐Inflated Mixed Models for Longitudinal Unbalanced Count Data with Excessive Zeros
Authors: Hasan M. Tariqul , Sneddon Gary , Ma Renjun 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAnalysis of longitudinal data with excessive zeros has gained increasing attention in recent years; however, current approaches to the analysis of longitudinal data with excessive zeros have primarily focused on balanced data. Dropouts are common in longitudinal studies; therefore, the analysis of the resulting unbalanced data is complicated by the missing mechanism. Our study is motivated by the analysis of longitudinal skin cancer count data presented by Greenberg, Baron, Stukel, Stevens, Mandel, Spencer, Elias, Lowe, Nierenberg, Bayrd, Vance, Freeman, Clendenning, Kwan, and the Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group[New England Journal of Medicine323, 789–795]. The data consist of a large number of zero responses (83% of the observations) as well as a substantial amount of dropout (about 52% of the observations). To account for both excessive zeros and dropout patterns, we propose a pattern‐mixture zero‐inflated model with compound Poisson random effects for the unbalanced longitudinal skin cancer data. We also incorporate an autoregressive of order 1 correlation structure in the model to capture longitudinal correlation of the count responses. A quasi‐likelihood approach has been developed in the estimation of our model. We illustrated the method with analysis of the longitudinal skin cancer data.
Protein disulfide isomerase chaperone ERP‐57 decreases plasma membrane expression of the human GnRH receptor
Authors: Yáñez Rodrigo Ayala , Conn P. Michael 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRetention of misfolded proteins by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a quality control mechanism involving the participation of endogenous chaperones such as calnexin (CANX). CANX interacts with and restricts plasma membrane expression (PME) of the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR), a G protein‐coupled receptor. CANX also interacts with ERP‐57 a thiol oxidoreductase chaperone present in the ER. CANX along with ERP‐57 promotes the formation of disulfide bond bridges in nascent proteins. The human GnRH receptor (hGnRHR) is stabilized by two disulfide bond bridges (C14‐C200 and C114‐C196), that, when broken, lead to a decrease in receptor expression at the plasma membrane. To determine if the presence of chaperones CANX and ERP‐57 exerts an influence over membrane routing and second messenger activation, we assessed the effect of various mutants including those with broken disulfide bridges (Cys → Ala) along with the hGnRHR. The effect of chaperones on mutants was insignificant, whereas the over expression of ERP‐57 led to an hGnRHR retention. This effect was further enhanced by cotransfection with cDNA for CANX showing receptor retention by ERP‐57 augmented by CANX, suggesting utilization of these chaperones for quality control of the GnRHR. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Desymmetrization of 3,3′‐Bis(acylamino)‐2,2′‐bipyridine‐Based Discotics: The High Fidelity of Their Self‐Assembly Behavior in the Liquid‐Crystalline State and in Solution
Authors: van Houtem Michel H. C. J. , Martín‐Rapún Rafael , Vekemans Jef A. J. M. , Meijer E. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo novel nonsymmetrical disc‐shaped molecules 1 and 2 based on 3,3′‐bis(acylamino)‐2,2′‐bipyridine units were synthesized by means of a statistical approach. Discotic 1 possesses six chiral dihydrocitronellyl tails and one peripheral phenyl group, whereas discotic 2 possesses six linear dodecyloxy tails and one peripheral pyridyl group. Preorganization by strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding and subsequent aromatic interactions induce self‐assembly of the discotics. Liquid crystallinity of 1 and 2 was determined with the aid of polarized optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction. Two columnar rectangular mesophases (Colr) have been identified, whereas for C3‐symmetrical derivatives only one Colr mesophase has been found.1 In solution, the molecularly dissolved state in chloroform was studied with 1H NMR spectroscopy, whereas the self‐assembled state in apolar solution was examined with optical spectroscopy. Remarkably, these desymmetrized discotics, which lack one aliphatic wedge, behave similar to the symmetric parent compound. To prove that the stacking behavior of discotics 1 and 2 is similar to that of reported C3‐symmetrical derivatives, a mixing experiment of chiral 1 with C3‐symmetrical 13 has been undertaken; it has shown that they indeed belong to one type of self‐assembly. This helical J‐type self‐assembly was further confirmed with UV/Vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Eventually, disc 2, functionalized with a hydrogen‐bonding acceptor moiety, might perform secondary interactions with molecules such as acids.
Pack‐years of cigarette smoking as a prognostic factor in patients with stage IIIB/IV nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Janjigian Yelena Y. , McDonnell Kevin , Kris Mark G. , Shen Ronglai , Sima Camelia S. , Bach Peter B. , Rizvi Naiyer A. , Riely Gregory J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:This study was undertaken to characterize the relation between the survival of patients with stage IIIB/IV nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pack‐years of cigarette smoking (graded according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system).METHODS:Data were analyzed from patients with stage IIIB/IV NSCLC who had completed a prospective smoking questionnaire. The impact of pack‐years of cigarette smoking, age, sex, Karnofsky performance status (KPS), and the presence of weight loss >5% was evaluated on overall survival using univariate and multivariate analyses.RESULTS:Smoking history and clinical data were available for 2010 patients with stage IIIB/IV NSCLC (1004 women and 1006 men). Approximately 70% of patients (1409 patients) had smoked >15 pack‐years, 13% (270) were former and current smokers who had smoked ≤15 pack‐years, and 16% (331) were never‐smokers (<100 lifetime cigarettes). Never‐smokers had a longer median survival compared with former or current smokers (17.8 months vs 11.3 months; log‒rank P < .001). Among smokers, patients with a ≤15 pack‐year history of smoking had a longer median survival than patients who had smoked >15 pack‐years (14.6 months vs 10.8 months; log‒rank P = .03). As the number of pack‐years increased, the median overall survival decreased (log‒rank P < .001). Multivariate analysis indicated that a history of smoking was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 1.36; P < .001).CONCLUSIONS:More cigarette smoking, measured in pack‐years, was associated with decreased survival after a diagnosis of stage IIIB/IV NSCLC. Trials assessing survival in patients with stage IIIB/IV NSCLC should report a detailed cigarette smoking history for all patients. Cancer 2010. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Aktueller Stand der Abdichtungstechnik bei zweischaligem Verblendmauerwerk
Authors: Altaha Nasser 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBei zweischaligem Verblendmauerwerk dient die Außenschale neben der Fassadengestaltung auch dem dauerhaften Witterungsschutz. Speziell mit Ziegelverblendschalen haben sich die zweischaligen Außenwände in den norddeutschen Regionen mit der höchsten Schlagregenbeanspruchung über viele Jahrzehnte als widerstandfähig und wartungsfrei bewährt.
Issues of testing for hGH: collection
Authors: Uryasz Francis 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUrine has limitations as a substrate for anti‐doping efforts and within the last decade sports organizations have begun collecting blood samples in cooperation with anti‐doping laboratories. Within the US, authorization to perform a blood draw is determined by the scope‐of‐practice licensure regulations in each state. Blood collection requires equipment not necessary in standard anti‐doping urine collections. There is a need for greater privacy and cleanliness than the usual site for urine collection provides. One of the most challenging aspects of a blood collection is complying with the guidelines for specimen transport. In addition to the standard chain‐of‐custody protocols that collectors must follow for urine, blood samples call for additional handling to ensure they arrive at the anti‐doping laboratory in a condition that allows for analysis. While the invasiveness of the process increases liability risk to the collector, following established standards, guidelines and anti‐doping protocols will minimize risk. One significant advantage of blood over urine in anti‐doping settings is that specimen adulteration or manipulation is nearly impossible. Therefore, for blood‐only collections, sports organizations should explore opportunities for collaboration with the American Red Cross or private blood‐collection centres/clinics. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthetic, Spectral, Structural, and Catalytic Aspects of Some Piano‐Stool Complexes Containing 2‐(2‐Diphenylphosphanylethyl)pyridine
Authors: Kumar Prashant , Yadav Mahendra , Kumar Singh Ashish , Shankar Pandey Daya 
Published: December 2009

AbstractReactions of the complexes [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PPh3)2Cl], [{(η6‐arene)Ru(μ‐Cl)Cl}2] (η6‐arene = C6H6, C10H14, and C6Me6) and [{(η5‐C5Me5)M(μ‐Cl)Cl}2] (M = Rh, Ir) with 2‐(2‐diphenylphosphanylethyl)pyridine (PPh2Etpy) were investigated. Neutral κ1‐P‐bonded complexes [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(κ1‐P‐PPh2EtPy)(PPh3)Cl] (1) and [(η6‐arene)Ru(κ1‐P‐PPh2EtPy)Cl2] [arene = C6H6, (2). C10H14, (3), and C6Me6, (4)] were isolated from the reactions of [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PPh3)2Cl] and [{(η6‐arene)Ru(μ‐Cl)Cl}2] with PPh2EtPy. Treatment of 1–4 with NH4BF4/NH4PF6 in methanol allows the synthesis of cationic κ2‐P,N‐chelated complexes [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(κ2‐P,N‐PPh2EtPy)(PPh3)]+ (5) and [(η6‐arene)Ru(κ2‐P‐N‐PPh2EtPy)Cl]+ [arene = C6H6, (6), C6H14, (7), and C6Me6 (8)]. On the other hand, the dimers [{(η5‐C5Me5)M(μ‐Cl)Cl}2] (M = Rh or Ir) reacted with PPh2EtPy in methanol to afford cationic κ2‐P,N‐chelated complexes [(η5‐C5Me5)M(κ2‐P‐N‐PPh2EtPy)Cl]+ [M = Rh, (9); Ir, (10)]. Complex 10 reacted with an excess amount of sodium azide or sodium chloride to afford the complexes [(η5‐C5Me5)Ir(κ1‐P‐PPh2EtPy)X2] (X = N3– 11; Cl–, 12), establishing the hemilabile nature of the coordinated PPh2EtPy. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses and various physicochemical techniques. The molecular structures of 1, 5, 6, 9, and 10 were determined crystallographically, and the catalytic potentials of 1–10 were evaluated towards transfer‐hydrogenation reactions under aqueous conditions.