bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in life style for young adults with profound handicaps following discharge from hospital care into a “second generation” housing project
Authors: Bratt Andrew , Johnston Rob 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDuring 1986 five young adults left hospital to live in a bungalow in Exeter. This move has been described as a “second generation” project. In other words it was not one of the first such ventures in the area. It followed earlier, trail‐blazing projects and had to compete for administrative and specialist support with a number of other projects being commissioned at the same time.No net change in staff/client ratio occurred and 70 per cent of the new staff team were staff who had previously worked with the young people whilst they were in hospital.A number of findings consistent with the view that the quality of life of the young people had been improved as a result of leaving hospital were recorded: they went out more, and to more varied places; they spent more time engaged in interaction with other people; less behaviour judged to be “inappropriate” was recorded; and staff considered the group as a whole to be “better off”.On the other hand little evidence of integration being achieved within the local community was recorded; and there was little or no evidence of individuals being supported in ways that increased their competence, particularly in relation to participating at a simple level in routine domestic tasks.The implications of these findings for others engaged in the large‐scale commissioning of such housing projects are discussed.
The economic costs of a normal life: the case of Dr. Barnardo's Intensive Support Unit
Authors: Shiell Alan , Wright Ken 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe number of children living in mental handicap hospitals has fallen substantially in recent years, but those who remain tend to be amongst those with the most profound handicaps. If the benefits of community care are to be extended to this group of children then new residential facilities will have to be sufficiently resourced to cater for their special needs. This article reports on the economic costs of one residential unit, the Dr. Barnardo's Intensive Support Unit (ISU) in Croxteth Park, Liverpool, which was established especially to accommodate young children with severe mental handicaps.The costs of care in the ISU are compared to the costs of caring for chidren with similarly high levels of disability in an NHS community unit. Although the ISU is found to be initially more expensive per child than the larger NHS unit it has succeeded in its policy of finding foster homes for its children. This success is not only likely to improve the welfare of the children but will also reduce the long‐term costs of their care.The unit has not been in operation long enough to ensure that all the costs of foster care are included. However, after three years, it does seem that ISU‐based care may be no more expensive than care in a larger NHS community unit.
Long‐term maintenance of staff and resident behaviour in a hospital ward for adults with mental handicaps: Report of a six‐year follow‐up
Authors: Blunden Roger , Evans Gerry 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA follow‐up study was conducted six years after the introduction of an “activity period” and associated procedures on a hospital ward for adults with profound mental handicaps. The study suggests that staff behaviour had maintained and this was reflected in resident engagement levels. Various features of the maintenance procedures were discussed with staff and possible reasons for the long‐term maintenance are suggested. Finally, the relevance of group management procedures, within the context of developing individualised community‐based services, is raised for discussion.
Vibratory reinforcement in the field of mental handicap: A REVIEW
Authors: Prosser Glyn 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe development of the use of vibration with people with mental handicaps is traced from its status as a particular form of sensory stimulation to its role as a reinforcer. Studies are reviewed in which claims for the usefulness of vibration are made and tested, with special reference to the eradication of stereotypic, including self‐injurious, behaviours and the acquisition of self‐care and other skills. Discussion of therapeutic applications is limited to the reinforcing property of relaxation. Two main theoretical approaches are considered: one relating vibration, stereotypy, and arousal theory; the other suggesting the special relevance of vibration for individuals at the earliest stages of development. These views are taken to be complementary. Inclusion of vibration in the repertoire of possible reinforcers is recommended, while having regard to the special needs and circumstances of each individual.
Evaluating service quality: a comparison of diaries with direct observation
Authors: Joyce Theresa , Mansell Jim , Gray Helen 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTStructured diaries describing the activity of three people with mental handicaps were kept by direct‐care staff and compared with results of simultaneous direct observation using five‐second momentary time‐sampling. Item‐by‐item agreement on main activity in five‐minute time blocks ranged from 41 to 72 per cent. Even averaged across three‐hour sessions substantial inaccuracy remained. These results suggest great caution is needed in using diaries as a source of evaluative data.
A note on the use of peer assistance and praise to increase engagement and productivity on a vocational assembly task
Authors: Heap Christine , Emerson Eric 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAn ABCBA withdrawal design was employed to examine the effects of peer prompting and attention, and staff assisted peer prompting and attention, on task engagement and productivity of two women with severe mental handicaps on a vocational assembly task. Results indicated that: both engagement and productivity were greater in each of the two intervention conditions when compared with baseline; the addition of instructor assistance resulted in further increases in productivity and engagement; and peers were effective in prompting and praising, contingent on disengaged and engaged behaviour respectively.
Non‐aversive and mildly aversive procedures for reducing problem behaviours in people with developmental disorders: A REVIEW
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E. , Hoogeveen Frans R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDuring the last few years, great concern has been expressed about the use of aversive procedures for reducing deviant behaviours in people with developmental disorders. Given this situation, the role of non‐aversive and mildly aversive procedures has become increasingly relevant. This paper is an attempt to review these procedures with regard to their outcomes, the characteristics of the people treated, and the deviant behaviours involved. The review is based on studies published during the last 15 years which have reported individual data.
Evaluation of a community‐based day service for people with profound mental handicaps and additional special needs
Authors: Allen David 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAn evaluation is provided of an intensively staffed, community‐based day service for people with profound mental handicaps and additional special needs. A matched‐subject control group design was employed, in which the client outcomes of the new service were compared with those of a special care unit. Variables studied included: extent and focus of individual planning; community presence; nature, variety, and age‐appropriateness of activities; and levels of engagement. The community‐based model proved superior to special care provision on the majority of outcome measures. The data are discussed in relation to the financial costs of the respective services.
A microcomputer system used for evaluative and experimental behavioural research in mental handicap
Authors: Repp Alan C. , Felce David 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTApplied behaviour analysis has made many contributions to the field of mental handicap in the last two decades, through the development of procedures to treat both adaptive and maladaptive behaviours. At the basis of all its contributions is an insistence that decisions be based upon data.The present paper extends the technology of applied behaviour analysis data collection procedures by describing a computer system developed for collecting and analysing observational data. A brief discussion of the system is followed by examples of four types of research currently undertaken in mental handicap: evaluative, naturalistic, analogue, and experimental research. To conclude, a few weaknesses and strengths of the system are discussed.
Goal planning manuals: their readability, human interest, and content
Authors: Sturmey Peter 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThirteen goal planning manual texts commonly used with care staff who work with people with mental handicaps were anslysed for their readability, human interest, and content. Their readability and human interest levels were variable, and often below those of reading materials commonly experienced by the general public. The content of the manuals is criticised for lack of real‐life practice opportunities for staff training in assessment and teaching skills, and also for the general lack of suggested procedures to monitor and maintain staff behaviour. Areas for future development of goal planning manuals are suggested. In particular, the need for empirical assessment of the effect of alternative manual formats is highlighted.
MIETS: a service option for people with mild mental handicaps and challenging behaviour or psychiatric problems
Authors: Murphy Glynis , Holland Anthony , Fowler Paul , Reep Judith 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper, the first of a three‐part series, describes the philosophy and establishment of the Mental Impairment Evaluation and Treatment Service. It explains how the service operates, the kinds of people referred to the unit during its first 18 months of operation, and the quality of life it has provided for its service users.
MIETS: a service option for people with mild mental handicaps and challenging behaviour or psychiatric problems
Authors: Murphy Glynis , Clare Isabel 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper, the second in a three‐part series, describes the assessment and treatment programmes of two service users to illustrate the MIETS approach, and gives details of the skill profiles which were used to plan their future placements. Data on the behavioural characteristics of MIETS users at pre‐admission and discharge are also presented, together with a discussion of the difficulty of using such measures to evaluate service effectiveness.
THE COSTS OF COMMUNITY RESIDENTIAL FACILITIES FOR ADULTS WITH A MENTAL HANDICAP IN ENGLAND
Authors: Shiell Alan , Pettipher Catherine , Raynes Norma , Wright Ken 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEstimates of the economic costs of a random sample of 123 community residential facilities for people with a mental handicap in England are presented. Total resource costs, including capital, average £38 per resident day and range from £16 per day to over £90 per day. Costs vary across the four types of provider. Voluntary and private sector facilities are the least expensive, health authority facilities are the most expensive and local authority facilities lie somewhere in between.A more systematic evaluation of the reasons why costs vary in this manner is being carried out but preliminary analysis presented here suggests high costs are associated with higher dependency of residents particularly those accommodated in small domestic scale accommodation.
AN EVALUATION OF THE USE OF SMALL GROUP HOMES FOR ADULTS WITH A SEVERE AND PROFOUND MENTAL HANDICAP
Authors: Conneally Sean , Boyle Grainne , Smyth Fances 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe quality of life of eleven individuals with a severe and profound mental handicap who moved from a hostel to two small group homes was evaluated. Multiple measures of progress were taken over a period of two years. The lifestyle of the individuals showed significant improvements. Overall they increased their level of adaptive behaviour, decreased their level of maladaptive behaviour, engaged in more purposeful activities, had a more varied lifestyle, and lived in more comfortable surroundings. The role of the small group homes in contributing to these improvements is discussed.
THE USE OF ERRORLESS LEARNING PROCEDURES IN TEACHING PEOPLE WITH A LEARNING DISABILITY: A CRITICAL REVIEW
Authors: Jones Robert S.P. , Eayrs C.B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe use of procedures which minimise the making of errors is a popular method of teaching skills to people with learning disability. The origin of this approach can be traced to two distinct sources: the work of B.F. Skinner on programmed learning, and the work of H.S. Terrace on discrimination learning. This early work is reviewed and research findings which highlight the negative side affects of an ‘errorless’ approach are discussed. The role of prompting, attention, reinforcement and generalisation is outlined. Recommendations for the development of teaching programmes are made.
SYMPTOMS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN MOTHERS WITH MENTAL HANDICAP
Authors: Tymchuk Alexander J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe primary purpose of this study was to examine how mothers with or without mental handicap ascribed to those symptoms of psychopathology included in the self‐report version of the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults (PIMRA). A secondary purpose was to examine the psychometric properties of the PIMRA. Mothers with mental handicap scored significantly higher than did the contrast mothers on all a priori pre‐constructed subscales except on psychosexual disorders where they scored lower. These subscale differences were largely as a result of differences on a few items within each scale. Scores for mothers with mental handicap on the Adjustment and Anxiety subscales were related to whether they had been abused or neglected as children while Adjustment scores were related to a report of abusing their own child. Results with some similarity to those previously reported were found regarding the psychometric properties of the PIMRA. Suggestions are made regarding the need for examination of the purpose and construction of the PIMRA as well as for the further study of the expression of symptoms of psychopathology in persons with mental handicap.
SUPPORT NETWORKS AND TRANSITIONS OVER TWO YEARS AMONG ADULTS WITH A MENTAL HANDICAP
Authors: Grant Gordon 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper begins by tracing the development of policy and research interest in the idea of social networks as something which provides important clues about the social behaviour of individuals. An argument is made for closer consideration of dimensions of support networks as a way of understanding the lives and lifestyles of adults with a mental handicap and of those who support them. The paper draws on data from a longitudinal study which examines change and stability of informal support networks of adult persons with a mental handicap over an initial period of two years and raises questions about policy, practice and future research.
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS AND DOWN SYNDROME: PART 2. POSSIBLE EFFECTS
Authors: Steeleand Jonathan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe effects of prenatal diagnosis on the birth frequency of Down syndrome are considered through a review of recent literature. Both present and possible future effects are discussed and brief mention of some psychological aspects of prenatal diagnosis is made. The incomplete uptake of amniocentesis is noted; ranging from 20% to over 40% of eligible women in recent British studies; reasons for this are explored. A consideration of reported changes in age specific incidence and their relationship to the introduction and continued use of prenatal diagnosis is given. Reductions in incidence of between 5% and 18% have been reported in the past. The maximum future effects, as predicted by studies using age in conjunction with biochemical screening methods, are noted; detection of up to 60% of affected foetuses is theoretically possible. However, problems of introducing this type of scheme may prevent such effective screening methods being widely adopted. This being the case, it seems unlikely that more than 15% of births affected by Down syndrome will be prevented by prenatal diagnosis in the foreseeable future.
M.I.E.T.S. (MENTAL IMPAIRMENT EVALUATION AND TREATMENT SERVICE): A SERVICE OPTION FOR PEOPLE WITH MILD MENTAL HANDICAPS AND CHALLENGING BEHAVIOUR AND/OR PSYCHIATRIC PROBLEMS
Authors: Clare I.C.H. , Murphy G.H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA follow‐up study of the first six clients to leave the Mental Impairment Evaluation and Treatment Service is described. Between entering the service and follow‐up (mean: 12 months after leaving), all six had made gains in their levels of skills and social functioning. For five of them, there had also been a reduction in the key challenging behaviours for which referral had been sought. All were living in residential facilities which were both less restrictive than those from which they had entered the service and offered a higher quality of care. The majority liked the placement in which they were living at follow‐up as much, or more, than the one from which they had entered the service. Nevertheless, some of the resources which assist the functioning of the service were disliked by the clients because they were perceived as placing limits on their liberty. The implications of these results are discussed, as are methodological issues relating to the study.
THE SEXUAL ABUSE OF ADULTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITES: RESULTS OF A TWO YEAR INCIDENCE SURVEY
Authors: Turk Vicky , Brown Hilary 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper reports the results of the largest survey to date of the sexual abuse of adults with learning disabilities. Existing knowledge is reviewed in the light of complex methodological and definition issues that exist and limit any work undertaken. The few existing studies of sexual abuse of adults with learning disabilities are described. Details of the current survey of sexual abuse carried out by the University of Kent and funded by the Rowntree Foundation are then provided. Detailed results of the survey are presented followed by a discussion of their implications and comparability with previous research.
SOCIAL COMPARISONS, STIGMA AND MAINSTREAMING: THE SELF ESTEEM OF YOUNG ADULTS WITH A MILD MENTAL HANDICAP
Authors: Szivos‐Bach Susan E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAs people with mental handicaps are increasingly being expected to use community resources, stigma has often become an important component of their subjective experience. Both stigma and social comparisons help to define the person's status in a ‘normal’ reference group, and are important antecedents of the individual's self esteem.Fifty students with a mild mental handicap completed a self esteem and social comparisons procedure which yielded discrepancy scores between the way they saw themselves and others (friends, siblings, non‐handicapped others, and ideals). They also talked about their perceptions of stigma and their aspirations for their lives.The students who perceived the most stigma had the lowest self esteem, the lowest ideals, and had the largest discrepancies between their scores and the scores of others. They also felt the least likely to fulfil their aspirations. The students with low self esteem also tended to view others in a negative light and to experience impoverished interpersonal relationships. The study also suggested that some students may derogate others, especially younger opposite sex siblings, to maintain their self esteem. This points to the importance of social comparisons within the family.Some implications for research and the professional management of stigma are discussed.
CONNOTATIONS OF LABELS FOR MENTAL HANDICAP AND CHALLENGING BEHAVIOUR: A REVIEW AND RESEARCH EVALUATION
Authors: Hastings Richard P. , Remington Bob 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe terms used to denote the concepts of mental handicap and challenging behaviour are a matter of continuing controversy. In the first part of this paper, research concerned with evaluating the impact of such labels is reviewed, and the value of a semantic technique for assessing the connotative effect of labels is proposed. In the second part, this approach was evaluated in a study in which undergraduate social science and science students completed rating scales for terms currently in use to describe mental handicap and challenging behaviour. There were marked differences in the connotations of terms with very similar denotations. Specifically, recently coined terms (e.g. ‘learning difficulty’, ‘challenging behaviour’) were rated more favourably than more familiar descriptions (e.g. ‘mental retardation’, ‘problem behaviour’). Nevertheless, virtually all the terms assessed carried negative, rather than neutral or positive, connotations. These results are discussed in terms of the need to devise descriptions that will promote more positive social representations of mental handicap.
A COMPARISON OF JOINT REVIEWS AND LIFE PLANS IN A HOSPITAL POPULATION OF OLDER PEOPLE WITH LEARNING DIFFICULTIES
Authors: Dagnan D. J. , Sturmey P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe goals set using a structured individual planning system (The STEP Life Plan; Chamberlain, 1985a, b) were compared with those set in the locally developed joint health and Social Service review system that preceded it. The structured system lead to improvement in both the quality and goals set and the potential for client and family involvement in the planning process.
LONELINESS AND SOCIAL COMPETENCE AMONG PREADOLESCENTS AND ADOLESCENTS WITH MILD MENTAL RETARDATION
Authors: Margalit Malka , Ronen Tammie 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study aimed to compare loneliness and social competence among two groups of young people with mild mental retardation. The sample consisted of 70 youngsters (46 males and 24 females) divided into two age groups: 38 pre‐adolescents (mean age = 11.68 years, SD = ±1.04) and 32 adolescents (mean 3 15.9, SD = ±0.72). Different information sources were tapped: self‐reported loneliness and social skills, teacher ratings of aggressive and hyperactive behaviour and peer ratings of social acceptance The results demonstrated that, in comparison to the younger group, adolescents received a more reserved acceptance by their peers, although they reported themselves to feel less lonely and showed higher rates of social competence in terms of less behavioural maladjustment and higher empathy and self‐control skills. The meaning of loneliness differed at the two age levels. For the adolescent group, the two aspects of loneliness were negatively related to the empathy, assertion, and cooperation social skills, but not for the younger group, whose perceptions of the two loneliness aspects were more differentiated and differently correlated.
NEIGHBOURS' REACTIONS TO COMMUNITY SERVICES: CONTRASTS BEFORE AND AFTER SERVICES OPEN IN THEIR LOCALITY
Authors: McConkey Roy , Walsh Patricia Noonan , Conneally Sean 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNeighbours in three Irish localities were interviewed before a group home or a small local day service opened in their neighbourhood. Two years later, 148 people were re‐interviewed. In addition, 94 people from two neighbouring contrast areas were also included in the study. No community facilities opened in these areas. In areas where a service had opened, neighbours reported increased contact with people who had a mental handicap; many fewer problems occurred than they had initially anticipated and an apparent drop in their willingness to be involved in helping. Residents in the contrast areas showed no such changes. These results are compared with those obtained in an earlier national survey and the implications are drawn for strategies aimed at educating and involving local communities.