bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seeking connections between kinship and the law in early modern England
Authors: BONFIELD LLOYD 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTThis article observes the ways in which the law mediated kinship relations in early modern England in three contexts: inheritance, marital property law, and provisions for the financially distressed. An enquiry into statutory law adopted during the period indicates that Parliament was not active in legislating in the area of family law. The courts, however, were actively involved in determining the validity of property settlements, thereby setting their temporal bounds. Both the jurisprudence and the settlements themselves illustrate that families became more interested in providing maintenance within the nuclear family (for children and widows) than they were in fostering patrilineal continuity. Likewise, an obligation to support financially needy kin was required from only a relatively small universe of family members.
Tuberculosis and the older patient
Authors: Haney S , Stenton SC 
Published: May 2010

SummaryTuberculosis (TB) rates in the UK have increased by about 25% over the last 20 years. About 12% of cases occur in those over 65. Their diagnosis and treatment is similar to that of younger patients, but their presentation is often atypical, diagnosis is often delayed, there is a higher frequency of treatment side-effects and there is greater potential for drug interactions. Mortality increases markedly with age and more than half of those aged 80 years or more die before completing treatment. About 75% of TB in older patients is due to reactivation of latent disease acquired in childhood. The risk of reactivation is particularly increased by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) medication. Active disease spreads by the inhalation of airborne droplets, particularly in enclosed environments such as nursing homes. Interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) are an important new development in recognizing latent infection. They should allow better targeting of treatment in those with recently acquired infection, or who are at risk of reactivation. With appropriate effort it should be possible to substantially reduce TB rates to fewer than 1 per million per year, the current US target.
Recombinant yeast screen for new inhibitors of human acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 identifies potential drugs to treat obesity
Authors: Marjanovic Jasmina , Chalupska Dominika , Patenode Caroline , Coster Adam , Arnold Evan , Ye Alice , Anesi George , Lu Ying , Okun Ilya , Tkachenko Sergey , Haselkorn Robert , Gornicki Piotr 
Published: May 2010

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a key enzyme of fatty acid metabolism with multiple isozymes often expressed in different eukaryotic cellular compartments. ACC-made malonyl-CoA serves as a precursor for fatty acids; it also regulates fatty acid oxidation and feeding behavior in animals. ACC provides an important target for new drugs to treat human diseases. We have developed an inexpensive nonradioactive high-throughput screening system to identify new ACC inhibitors. The screen uses yeast gene-replacement strains depending for growth on cloned human ACC1 and ACC2. In “proof of concept” experiments, growth of such strains was inhibited by compounds known to target human ACCs. The screen is sensitive and robust. Medium-size chemical libraries yielded new specific inhibitors of human ACC2. The target of the best of these inhibitors was confirmed with in vitro enzymatic assays. This compound is a new drug chemotype inhibiting human ACC2 with 2.8 μM IC
50
and having no effect on human ACC1 at 100 μM.
THE DEATH OF BIOETHICS (AS WE ONCE KNEW IT)
Authors: MACKLIN RUTH 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTFast forward 50 years into the future. A look back at what occurred in the field of bioethics since 2010 reveals that a conference in 2050 commemorated the death of bioethics. In a steady progression over the years, the field became increasingly fragmented and bureaucratized. Disagreement and dissension were rife, and this once flourishing, multidisciplinary field began to splinter in multiple ways. Prominent journals folded, one by one, and were replaced with specialized publications dealing with genethics, reproethics, nanoethics, and necroethics. Mainstream bioethics organizations also collapsed, giving way to new associations along disciplinary and sub‐disciplinary lines. Physicians established their own journals, and specialty groups broke away from more general associations of medical ethics. Lawyers also split into three separate factions, and philosophers rejected all but the most rigorous, analytic articles into their newly established journal. Matters finally came to a head with global warming, the world‐wide spread of malaria and dengue, and the cost of medical treatments out of reach for almost everyone. The result was the need to develop plans for strict rationing of medical care. At the same time, recognition emerged of the importance of the right to health and the need for global justice in health. By 2060, a spark of hope was ignited, opening the door to the resuscitation of bioethics and involvement of the global community.
Expectations of later life support among lesbian and gay Queenslanders
Authors: Hughes Mark 
Published: May 2010

Aim:  To examine lesbian and gay people's expectations of support, socialising and cohabitation in older age.Methods:  The study involved secondary data analysis of a subsample of 371 lesbian and gay people taken from a survey conducted by the Queensland Association for Healthy Communities.Results:  Lesbian and gay people expected to receive support from diverse sources, including same‐sex partners, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender friends and heterosexual friends. Women were more likely to expect to receive support from others than men, and men were more likely to expect to live alone in later life.Conclusions:  Aged care providers need to be responsive to the different sources of support that may be provided to older lesbian and gay people. Services that are lesbian‐ and gay‐friendly may facilitate service uptake and reduce pressures on lesbian and gay people's informal networks of support.
Healthcare system use by risky alcohol drinkers: A secondary data analysis
Authors: Heise Barbara 
Published: May 2010

Purpose:To examine the effects of at‐risk alcohol use on patterns of healthcare use and health outcomes.Data sources:Using the National Health Interview Survey and the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey, a total sample of 4449 adults, mean age 45 (SD 15), were grouped according to responses to the question: “In the past year, on how many days did you have 5 or more drinks of any alcoholic beverage?”Conclusions:Three categories of respondents were grouped as follows: not at‐risk group = 0 days of 5+ drinks/day (n= 2991, 67%); the low at‐risk group = 1–11 days of 5+ drinks/day (n= 796, 18%); and the high at‐risk group = 12–365 days of 5+ drinks/day (n= 662, 15%). The level of risky alcohol use did not predict healthcare use or healthcare outcomes; high at‐risk alcohol drinkers were less likely to use the healthcare system than other drinkers. When divided by rural versus urban living, rural high at‐risk alcohol drinkers reported more emergency department visits and all rural living groups reported poorer physical and mental health than their urban counterparts.Implications for practice:Risky alcohol use, defined as drinking above low‐risk guidelines, affects 3 out of 10 adults, and risky drinking plays a role in over 60 chronic health conditions. Nurse practitioners encounter risky alcohol users in multiple practice settings. It may be difficult to identify the underlying alcohol issues, particularly in those living in rural settings; however, identification of at‐risk drinkers is essential for prompt intervention in the potential progression from risky alcohol use to an alcohol use disorder.
Effects of Ultrasonic Treatment on the Physicochemical Properties and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of Polysaccharides from Mushroom Inonotus obliquus
Authors: Fu Lingling , Chen Haixia , Dong Peng , Zhang Xin , Zhang Min 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT:  An ultrasonic technique was employed to extract polysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus (UPS). The effects of ultrasonic conditions on the recovery and 1, 1‐diphenyl ‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of UPS were evaluated. The physicochemical properties of UPS were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV‐visible spectrophotometry. Molecular weights of UPS were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The optimal ultrasonic conditions to obtain the highest recovery of polysaccharides were 80 min, 75 °C, and 100 w. While the optimal ultrasonic conditions to obtain the strongest DPPH scavenging activity of polysaccharide were 80 min, 95 °C, and 160 w. The differences were found by DSC, SEM, GPC analysis and no apparent differences were found from the UV‐vis spectra of the polysaccharides after the ultrasonic treatment, which indicated that ultrasonic treatment might cause the physicochemical changes in UPS conformation and degradation of UPS chain but not the main groups. Ultrasonic technique was an effective method to extract bioactive polysaccharides from I. obliquus (UPS).Practical Application: Polysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus exhibited many biological activities including antitumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, immune‐stimulating effects, and so on. Ultrasonic treatment is now an usual proceeding technique for the extraction of some bioactive constituents. But there was no information about the effects of ultrasonic treatment on the physicochemical properties and DPPH radical scavenging activity of polysaccharides from I. obliquus until now. Ultrasonic technique was an effective method to extract bioactive polysaccharides from I. obliquus (UPS) according to this study.
Habitat utilisation of burnet moths (Zygaenaspp.) in southern Sweden: a multi‐scale and multi‐stage perspective
Authors: SARIN CAMILLA , BERGMAN KARL‐OLOF 
Published: May 2010

Abstract. 1. Habitat requirements and occurrence patterns of three species of burnet moths (Zygaena filipendulae,Zygaena loniceraeandZygaena viciae) were studied at different life stages and different scales on the Baltic island of Öland, Sweden.2. Larvae of all three species were more likely to occur in small‐scale patches (i.e. 1 m2) with a greater cover of their most important host plants,Lotus corniculatus,Trifolium medium/pratense, orViciaspp., than were pupae or adults, and were also observed on significantly larger than random plants. Pupation ofZ. filipendulaetook place in taller vegetation than preferred by feeding larvae and adults.3. Adults of all species preferred different nectar plants ofAsteraceaeandDipsacaceae, growing in sunny conditions.4. A large‐scale analysis of occupancy patterns was made, evaluating the relationship between burnet occurrence and the area of meadows and pastures within 10 × 10 km grid cells in Sweden. All three species showed a significant positive relationship with the area of semi‐natural grassland. The area required for a 50% probability of burnet occurrence was 454 ha forZ. filipendulae, 925 ha forZ. loniceraeand 2055 ha forZ. viciae.5. Conservation work should aim at preserving and restoring open areas rich in the respective host plants and nectar sources, with light grazing or mowing late in the season. At the landscape scale, burnet moths were favoured by a high density of semi‐natural grassland and management priorities should be directed to these regions.
Seasonality in light‐attracted chrysomelid populations in a Bornean rainforest
Authors: KISHIMOTO‐YAMADA KEIKO , ITIOKA TAKAO , SAKAI SHOKO , ICHIE TOMOAKI 
Published: May 2010

Abstract.  1. Seasonal or annual population fluctuations have been reported for various tropical insect species, exhibiting one or more peaks in abundance at certain times of the year. Such fluctuations have mostly been observed in areas that experience annual wet and dry seasons, and not in areas where climatic fluctuations are unpredictable on an annual basis.2. This study attempted to evaluate the extent of seasonality in population fluctuations of a light‐trapped chrysomelid assemblage consisting of 25 Garelucinae and one Eumolpinae in a Bornean rainforest that is characterised by an aseasonal climate.3. This study also attempted to test the effects of short‐term rainfall changes and leaf‐flushing phenology on chrysomelid population fluctuations.4. The majority of the chrysomelid species showed one or more abundance peaks that were unrelated to season.5. The population fluctuations did not correspond to short‐term fluctuations in rainfall or leaf‐flushing phenology, although these environmental factors somewhat correlated with each other and fluctuated irregularly.6. These results suggest that populations of most chrysomelids fluctuate aseasonally and that short‐term fluctuations in rainfall and leaf‐flushing phenology hardly affect population fluctuations in Bornean rainforests where seasonal climate patterns are weak.
Development of Hexadecyloxypropyl Tenofovir (CMX157) for Treatment of Infection Caused by Wild-Type and Nucleoside/Nucleotide-Resistant HIV
Authors: Lanier E. Randall , Ptak Roger G. , Lampert Bernhard M. , Keilholz Laurie , Hartman Tracy , Buckheit Robert W. , Mankowski Marie K. , Osterling Mark C. , Almond Merrick R. , Painter George R. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTCMX157 is a lipid (1-0-hexadecyloxypropyl) conjugate of the acyclic nucleotide analog tenofovir (TFV) with activity against both wild-type and antiretroviral drug-resistant HIV strains, including multidrug nucleoside/nucleotide analog-resistant viruses. CMX157 was consistently >300-fold more active than tenofovir against multiple viruses in several different cell systems. CMX157 was active against all major subtypes of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in fresh human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and against all HIV-1 strains evaluated in monocyte-derived macrophages, with 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) ranging between 0.20 and 7.2 nM. The lower CMX157 EC50s can be attributed to better cellular uptake of CMX157, resulting in higher intracellular levels of the active antiviral anabolite, TFV-diphosphate (TFV-PP), inside target cells. CMX157 produced >30-fold higher levels of TFV-PP in human PBMCs exposed to physiologically relevant concentrations of the compounds than did TFV. Unlike conventional prodrugs, including TFV disoproxil fumarate (Viread), CMX157 remains intact in plasma, facilitating uptake by target cells and decreasing relative systemic exposure to TFV. There was no detectable antagonism with CMX157 in combination with any marketed antiretroviral drug, and it possessed an excellentin vitrocytotoxicity profile. CMX157 is a promising clinical candidate to treat wild-type and antiretroviral drug-resistant HIV, including strains that fail to respond to all currently available nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Cross-Resistance to Nitro Drugs and Implications for Treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis
Authors: Sokolova Antoaneta Y. , Wyllie Susan , Patterson Stephen , Oza Sandra L. , Read Kevin D. , Fairlamb Alan H. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT

The success of nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (NECT) for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) has renewed interest in the potential of nitro drugs as chemotherapeutics. In order to study the implications of the more widespread use of nitro drugs against these parasites, we examined the
in vivo
and
in vitro
resistance potentials of nifurtimox and fexinidazole and its metabolites. Following selection
in vitro
by exposure to increasing concentrations of nifurtimox,
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
nifurtimox-resistant clones designated NfxR1 and NfxR2 were generated. Both cell lines were found to be 8-fold less sensitive to nifurtimox than parental cells and demonstrated cross-resistance to a number of other nitro drugs, most notably the clinical trial candidate fexinidazole (∼27-fold more resistant than parental cells). Studies of mice confirmed that the generation of nifurtimox resistance in these parasites did not compromise virulence, and NfxR1 remained resistant to both nifurtimox and fexinidazole
in vivo
. In the case of fexinidazole, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies indicate that the parent drug is rapidly metabolized to the sulfoxide and sulfone form of this compound. These metabolites retained trypanocidal activity but were less effective in nifurtimox-resistant lines. Significantly, trypanosomes selected for resistance to fexinidazole were 10-fold more resistant to nifurtimox than parental cells. This reciprocal cross-resistance has important implications for the therapeutic use of nifurtimox in a clinical setting and highlights a potential danger in the use of fexinidazole as a monotherapy.
Systematic Functional Analysis Reveals That a Set of Seven Genes Is Involved in Fine-Tuning of the Multiple Functions Mediated by Type IV Pili in
Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Brown Daniel R. , Helaine Sophie , Carbonnelle Etienne , Pelicic Vladimir 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT

Type IV pili (Tfp), which mediate multiple phenotypes ranging from adhesion to motility, are one of the most widespread virulence factors in bacteria. However, the molecular mechanisms of Tfp biogenesis and associated functions remain poorly understood. One of the underlying reasons is that the roles played by the numerous genes involved in Tfp biology are unclear because corresponding mutants have been studied on a case-by-case basis, in different species, and using different assays, often generating heterogeneous results. Therefore, we have recently started a systematic functional analysis of the genes involved in Tfp biology in a well-characterized clinical isolate of the human pathogen
Neisseria meningitidis
. After previously studying 16 genes involved in Tfp biogenesis, here we report the characterization of 7 genes that are dispensable for piliation and potentially involved in Tfp biology. Using a battery of assays, we assessed piliation and each of the Tfp-linked functions in single mutants, double mutants in which filament retraction is abolished by a concurrent mutation in
pilT
, and strains overexpressing the corresponding proteins. This showed that each of the seven genes actually fine-tunes a Tfp-linked function(s), which brings us one step closer to a global view of Tfp biology in the meningococcus.
Antibody Targeting the Ferritin-Like Protein ControlsListeriaInfection
Authors: Mohamed Walid , Sethi Shneh , Darji Ayub , Mraheil Mobarak A. , Hain Torsten , Chakraborty Trinad 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTThe acquisition of iron during the infection process is essential for the growth of pathogenic microorganisms (S. C. Andrews, Adv. Microb. Physiol. 40:281-351, 1998; H. M. Baker, B. F. Anderson, and E. N. Baker, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100:3579-3583, 2003). Since the solubility of iron is low and it is toxic at low concentrations, following uptake, iron is stored in subcellular microenvironments in the iron storage protein ferritin (C. Cheers and M. Ho, J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 34:299-309, 1983). Here, we show that ferritin-like proteins (Frl) are highly conserved in the genusListeriaand demonstrate that these proteins are present in both the cytoplasm and cell wall fractions of these bacteria. Even though Frl is expressed under different growth conditions, transcriptional mapping revealed that its regulation is complex. When bacteria are grown in brain heart infusion medium, extracellular expression involves both sigma A (SigA)- and sigma B (SigB)-dependent promoters; however, during intracellular growth, initiation of transcription is additionally SigB dependent. The expression of Frl is greatly enhanced in bacteria grown in the presence of blood, and a mutant strain lacking thefrlgene was defective for growth in this medium. Using the monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for Frl, we demonstrate that administration of anti-Frl MAb prior to infection confers antilisterial resistancein vivo, evidenced in reduced bacterial load and increased survival rates, thereby demonstrating thein vivosignificance of upregulated cell surface-associated Frl expression.In vitrostudies revealed that the antilisterial resistance is due to increased listerial phagocytosis.
Relative abundance and movement of the carabid beetle Scaphinotus angusticollis in managed coniferous riparian forests of southwestern British Columbia
Authors: Lavallee Susanne L. , Richardson John S. 
Published: May 2010

Riparian reserves designed to protect stream ecosystems are valuable to the conservation of riparian obligate and forest-preferring species; however, there have been few studies of terrestrial invertebrates with more general habitat requirements. To characterize the use of riparian reserves by terrestrial insects, we examined the ecology of Scaphinotus angusticollis Mannerheim, a large and abundant carabid beetle with a broad distribution in coniferous forests of western North America. Population sizes and movement behaviour of S. angusticollis were contrasted among clearcuts, 30 m reserves, and unharvested riparian forests near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, with three sites per habitat type. The relative abundances of S. angusticollis were as high in 30 m reserve habitats as they were in unharvested forests, whereas populations in clearcuts were approximately half the size of those found in 30 m reserves. Beetle distributions relative to nearby streams were similar across habitat types. Beetles moved twice as far in 30 m reserves than in clearcuts, suggesting there are differences in this beetle’s perception of reserve habitat. This study provides evidence that 30 m riparian reserves offer habitat that maintains population sizes and facilitates movement of terrestrial insect species like S. angusticollis at levels similar to that of unharvested riparian forests.
The influence of ground- and lidar-derived forest structure metrics on snow accumulation and ablation in disturbed forests
Authors: Varhola Andrés , Coops Nicholas C. , Bater Christopher W. , Teti Pat , Boon Sarah , Weiler Markus 
Published: May 2010

The current mountain pine beetle infestation in British Columbia’s lodgepole pine forests has raised concerns about potential impacts on water resources. Changes in forest structure resulting from defoliation, windthrow, and salvage harvesting may increase snow accumulation and ablation (i.e., spring runoff and flooding risk) below the forest canopy because of reduced snow interception and higher levels of radiation reaching the surface. Quantifying these effects requires a better understanding of the link between forest structure and snow processes. Light detection and ranging (lidar) is an innovative technology capable of estimating forest structure metrics in a detailed, three-dimensional approach not easily obtained from manual measurements. While a number of previous studies have shown that increased snow accumulation and ablation occur as forest cover decreases, the potential improvement of these relationships based on lidar metrics has not been quantified. We investigated the correlation between lidar-derived and ground-based traditional canopy metrics with snow accumulation and ablation indicators, demonstrating that a lidar-derived forest cover parameter was the strongest predictor of peak snow accumulation (r2 = 0.70, p < 0.001) and maximum snow ablation rate (r2 = 0.59, p < 0.01). Improving our ability to quantify changes in forest structure in extensive areas will assist in developing more robust models of watershed processes.