bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Investigations on the Biology and Ecology of the Parasites and Predators ofBrevicoryne brassicae(L.)
Authors: George K. S. 
Published: July 2009

During 1953 and 1954, experimental plots were set up on two sites in eastern England and regular fortnightly samples were taken in an attempt to evaluate the degree of control of the Cabbage Aphid,Brevicoryne brassicae(L.), exerted by its parasites and predators.The plot at each site consisted of a block of 5 rows of 40 plants and each main sample consisted of a sample of three leaves (one upper, one middle and one lower leaf) from 25 per cent. of the plants. Two such samples (A & B) were taken at each visit and were so arranged that the plants were sampled in strict rotation. The leaves were taken back to the laboratory and sample A was used to assess the number of Aphids, the other for an assessment of parasitism. The Aphids were removed from sample A and put into 95 per cent. alcohol and counted. The mummies were removed from sample B and put into labelled tubes. The leaves from sample B were then kept in insect-proof containers and examined daily for the next fortnight. All mummies which formed were removed and sorted. The insects which emerged from the mummies were killed, sexed and recorded. Predators taken from this sample were identified and recorded and used for further experiments. The validity of counting Aphids from one sample and parasites and predators from another was investigated by a series of “check-samples” taken from arbitrary plots in the fields. A shorter method for assessing parasitism was tried, using a sub-sample of the main sample, and an explanation is given for the disparity between the two sets of results.
Investigations on the Cotton Bollworm, Heliothis armigera, Hübn. (obsoleta, Fabr.)
Authors: Parsons F. S. 
Published: July 2009

Egg Parasites.—In the Eastern Transvaal, Swaziland and Natal the eggs of Heliothis armigera are parasitized by Trichogramma luteum, Gir., and Telenomus (Phanurus) ullyetti, Nixon. No other egg parasites have been encountered.Representative samples of eggs were collected weekly or twice-weekly over a period of seven years and over wide areas from the various cultivated crops and colonies of wild food-plants which exemplify the annual chain of breeding sites of H. armigera. The collected eggs were incubated to determine the “active” fraction derived after withdrawal of the infertile portion and of eggs exposed for less than 24 hours to parasite action. Observed parasitism was computed against the “active” eggs and is regarded as an index of the parasitism in the field. Running indices of this nature are given graphically to indicate the annual incidence of egg parasitism in percentages, which may be viewed in relation to the incidence of bollworm as evinced by oviposition data in the figures given. Sustained high levels of parasitism are associated mainly with the more abundant egg populations on winter-irrigated vegetable crops grown between July and November.It has been found that Telenomus occurs mainly in the period August to December, and Trichogramma in the period December to March–April. The high parasitism of the winter egg populations is due, therefore, almost solely to Telenomus.Evidence is submitted that the levels of parasitism in certain crops are commonly much higher than in others. Explanations are suggested by consideration of sites of egg deposition, accessibility of eggs, plant habit, vegetative and flowering, and, particularly, the known oviposition-flowering relationship of Heliothis moths. The latter has an important bearing on the persistence of host material and governs opportunity for the intervention of parasite progeny in increasing numbers.Records on the status of egg parasitism have been taken in conjunction with investigations of the extent of larval mortality associated with the various types of crop. The rôle of egg parasites as agents reducing the issue of moths from winter and spring breeding areas is discussed briefly. Comparisons are given to show that the influence wielded is inappreciable even in some cases where parasitism is particularly high.
The Use of Carbon Dioxide Production as a Measure of Infestation of Grain by Insects
Authors: Howe R. W. , Oxley T. A. 
Published: July 2009

1. A detailed technique is described for the routine determination of the carbon dioxide output of samples of grain. The concentration of carbon dioxide produced in the intergranular air during incubation for 24 hours at 25°C. is known as the “carbon dioxide figure” of the sample.2. Suggestions for relating the carbon dioxide figure to potentialities for future storage are given. A high carbon dioxide figure indicates that the grain is unsuitable for storage.3. The carbon dioxide figure is largely a measure of insect infestation of the sample and a table is given by which the numbers of various species of insects common in grain may be estimated from the carbon dioxide figure.4. Theoretical considerations affecting the carbon dioxide figure are discussed as far as available knowledge permits.5. Data obtained in the laboratory during development of the method are presented, and show it to give a useful measure of the amount of infestation.This work forms part of the programme of the Pest Infestation Laboratory. Thanks are due to Dr. Lucas for making an independent test of the method and for allowing us to use his data.
The effect of resource limitation on competing populations of flour beetles,triboliumspp. (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Nathanson Michael 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSingle-species and mixed-species populations ofTribolium castaneum(Hbst.) andT. confusumDuv. were followed in two experiments. Food (flour) was renewed at various intervals between 30 days and 180 days or was not renewed at all. As the interval between food renewals lengthened, single-species populations ofT. confusumbecame extinct later than populations ofT. castaneum, the survivor in mixed-species populations changed fromT. castaneumtoT. confusum, and the mixed-species populations became extinct later than the single-species populations. When resource is limited, therefore, populations of the two species may persist longer if they compete than if they are husbanded as single species.
Life-history and larviparous reproduction of musca fergusoni J. & B. (Diptera, Muscidae)
Authors: Ferrar P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMusca fergusoni J. & B. is an indigenous Australian fly that infests livestock, feeding on sweat and other body secretions and breeding in cow and horse dung. The fly is larviparous, developing a single larva at a time and depositing it at the end of the first instar. The ovaries comprise two ovarioles each, and the single ovulations alternate between ovaries and between ovarioles within an ovary. Abnormalities of development shown by unfertilised females are described, including the accumulation of fluid around unhatched eggs in the uterus which suggests that there is intrauterine secretion of nourishment for the larva. Descriptions are given of the immature stages. The egg is adapted for life in utero by having the respiratory plastron confined to the posterior end, oriented towards the genital aperture of the mother. The puparium is whitish, and is hardened by calcification instead of tanning. The durations of development at 16, 20, 27 and 32°C are given: from larval deposition to moult to third instar takes 58, 38, 19 and 15 h, respectively; from larval deposition to pupariation 11·5, 7·5, 3·5–4 and 3–3·5 days, respectively; and from larval deposition to adult emergence 53–57, 31–33, 15·5–16·5, and 10–11 days, respectively.
The taxonomic status of the carob gall midge,Asphondylia gennadii(Marchal), comb. n. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), and of otherAsphondyliaspecies recorded from Cyprus
Authors: Harris K. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe carob gall midge, previously known asEumarchalia gennadii(Marchal), is formally assigned toAsphondyliaH. Loew, andEumarchaliaDel Guercio is synonymised withAsphondylia. Specimens ofAsphondyliareared from pod galls on carob (Ceratonia siliqua) during biological research by G. M. Orphanides in Cyprus seem to be morphologically indistinguishable from specimens reared by him from galls onCapsicum annuum, Capparis spinosa, Urginea maritima, Asphodelus fistulosus, Solanum tuberosum, Hypericum crispumandSinapisspp. Possible reasons for this unusually wide host range of the carob midge are discussed with particular reference to the occurrence of ambrosia fungi in galls of the genusAsphondylia. Gall midges reared fromVerbascum sinuatumin Cyprus are morphologically distinct fromA. gennadiiand are identified asA. verbasci(Vallot). Characters separating these two species are illustrated and tabulated.
Field and laboratory experiments on the site of oviposition by the potato mothPhthorimaea operculella(Zell.) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae)
Authors: Traynier R. M. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCounts of first-instar larvae showed that in a potato plot near Canberra, A.C.T., eggs ofPhthorimaea operculella(Zell.) were more prevalent around the bases of plants than between the rows or 2 m outside the plot; the few eggs on the plants were on dead leaves. In small plots each of different plant species, with due allowance for predation, many eggs were laid around tobacco and potato, and few or none near tomato, maize, lettuce or pea. Older larvae were most numerous on tobacco plants, while adults were most numerous on potato plants. A series of laboratory experiments using different oviposition substrates showed that the factors favouring oviposition could be ranked, in descending order: coarse substrate, shade, and treatment of the substrate with juices of potato tubers or foliage; foliage of potato or tobacco was not preferred.
Effect of temperature and photoperiod on diapause induction inErioischia brassicae(Bch.) (Diptera, anthomyiidae) under controlled conditions
Authors: Soni S. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExperiments were carried out to determine the optimum temperatures and photoperiods for inducing diapause in the cabbage root fly,Erioischia brassicae(Bch.). The induction of diapause occurred at certain receptive stages between the first and third instars of larval development. When developing larvae were subjected to 20±1°C and a 16-h photoperiod for 7–14 days followed by 13±0·5°C and a 10-h photoperiod for 28–35 days, diapause was induced in 84–97% of the pupae; 88–99% of pupae entered diapause when developing larvae were subjected to 13±0·5°C and a 10-h photoperiod for 28–42 days followed by 20±1°C and a 16-h photoperiod for 11–18 days. Similar results were obtained when developing larvae were subjected to 13±0·5°C (day)/7±0·5°C (night) and a 6-h photoperiod. The fecundity of flies from the diapausing pupae was not adversely affected. Application of these results should enable cabbage root fly to be cultured economically for intermittent use.
Field studies with the synthetic sex pheromone and inhibitor of the red bollworm Diparopsis castanea Hmps. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Malawi
Authors: Marks R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe synthetic sex pheromone of Diparopsis castanea Hmps., dicastalure, is a 4:1 synergistic combination of 93% trans:7% cis-9,11-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (IV) and the unattractive compound 11-dodecen-1-yl acetate (IIB). Both cis and trans-9-dodecen-1-yl acetate (IIA), the latter occurring in the female pheromone gland, are potent inhibitors of male attraction, as little as 10–4 mg IIA significantly reducing the attractiveness of virgin females in pheromone traps for more than one month in the field. Inhibition is typically close range, although higher concentrations are inhibitory when placed at up to 1 m from the female. IV and IIB also reduce male catch in female-baited traps, but dicastalure does not. Recently mated females, confined with virgins, reduce male catch, thereby indicating release of an unknown inhibitor. When formulated in a suitable extender, such as corn-oil, dicastalure may be released from sealed polyethylene vials or from cellulose acetate cigarette filters, and inclusion of the antioxidant 2:6-di-tort-butyl-p-cresol (BHT) prolongs the attractiveness of 1 mg dicastalure formulations beyond 25–30 days. Release from polyethylene is more efficient than from either polypropylene or cellulose and moth catch over a five-week period is linearly related to the logarithm of pheromone concentration. Significant communication disruption, as measured by reduced trap catches of male Diparopsis, occurred when female-baited traps in 100 m2 cotton plots were surrounded by point sources of either dicastalure (synthetic females) or the inhibitory IIA acetate (anti-females). Since dicastalure is occasionally less attractive than virgin females, efforts are being made to improve pheromone slow release formulations.
Ecological studies of ixodid ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) in Zambia. II. Ticks found on small mammals and birds
Authors: Colbo M. H. , MacLeod J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTicks were collected from 2136 small mammals, comprising 5 bats (5 species), 14 elephant shrews (3 species), 84 Crocidura shrews (5 species), 25 hares (1 species), 10 small carnivores (3 species), 3 hyraxes (1 species) 1998 rodents (33 species), and from 41 birds (19 species) at various localities in Zambia. From these hosts 6568 ticks (4384 larvae, 1686 nymphs, 317 males and 181 females) were recovered. Twenty-three species were positively identified and nineteen other species were assigned to genus or species-group. Host and tick records are tabulated by regions collected and for each of the two regions with the largest collections, the records are tabulated by months. The ticks collected in the high montane area near the Malawi border differed significantly from collections in other areas studied, reflecting host and climate differences. In the two areas tabulated by month, most of the immature ticks were recovered in the cool dry winter months (April to August).
The effect of genotype, environment, age and morph on morphological variation in alate Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Woodford J. A. T. , Lerman P. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSix morphological variates were examined in fundatrigeniae and alienicolae of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) from four clones. In all clones, fundatrigeniae had significantly more abdominal tubercles, a relatively larger tubercle on segment 4, and relatively shorter cornicles than did alienicolae. Alienicolae reared on Chinese cabbage had significantly shorter hind femurs than those reared on potato, but otherwise there were no consistent differences between the two types. Mature fundatrigeniae did not differ consistently from young ones. The total number of abdominal tubercles was the most reliable character for distinguishing alate fundatrigeniae from alienicolae.
Observations on the specificity of pheromone-baited traps for Cydia funebrana (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Alford D. V. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSticky traps baited with (Funemone cis-8-dodecenyl acetate or (Codlemone trans-8,trans-10 dodecadien-1-ol) were operated in plum orchards in Cambridgeshire, England, from 1974 to 1976. In addition to large numbers of the target species Cydia funebrana (Treitschke), males of 24 other tortricids were captured. These included species of Cnephasia, Celypha, Epiblema, Pammene and Cydia. As an aid to the correct identification and interpretation of trap catches, details are given of the more important species attracted by the pheromone baits.
The abundance and inter-specific relations of common ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on cocoa farms in western Nigeria
Authors: Taylor Brian , Adedoyin S. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFollowing a demonstration of the role of ants in the dissemination of Phytophthora pod rot and an intensive study of the ant mosaic on cocoa at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, there was a need for a wide-scale assessment of the relative importance of different species of ant on cocoa farms in the major growing area of western Nigeria. Between 19 January and 6 February 1976, 50 trees were examined on each of 76 cocoa farms and all ant species visible from the ground were recorded. Sixteen species, or species-groups, of ants occurred on more than 1% of the trees, and their geographical distribution, habitat requirements and inter-specific relations were examined. The last of these were elucidated using principal components analysis, and the results are compared with earlier work on the ant mosiac. Any one cocoa farm only rarely provided a suitable habitat for more than one or two of the dominant species, and a diagram summarising the habitats is given. The potential usefulness of ant population manipulation is thought to be restricted in Nigeria by the undesirable effects of co-dominant and associated species found with the dominant species, Oecophylla longinoda (Latr.) and Tetramorium aculeatum (Mayr), which are regarded as beneficial in Ghana. The most important of the undesirable co-dominants is Pheidole megacephala (F.).
Rearing triatomine bugs in the absence of a live host and some effects of diet on reproduction in Rhodnius prolixus Stål (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
Authors: Langley P. A. , Pimley R. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRhodnius prolixus Stȧl was successfully reared for three generations on a diet of defibrinated pig blood fed through Parafilm or silicone-rubber membranes. Reproduction in terms of the number and sizes of eggs produced was superior to, while survival from egg to adult was equal to that reported for, insects fed on live hosts. The technique appears equally applicable to the rearing of Panstrongylus megistus (Burm.), Triatoma infestans (Klug) and T. brasiliensis Neiva. The inadequacy of cow blood as a diet for R. prolixus was manifested in a decrease in adult size after two generations and in a reduction of egg weight from 30 to around 16 mg per female per week. This was accompanied by a corresponding reduction in egg hatch from 90 to about 50%.
Defence mechanisms in young and old leaves against cutting by the leaf-cutting antsAtta cephalotes(L.) andAcromyrmex octospinosus(Reich) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Littledyke M. , Cherrett J. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn laboratory colonies ofAtta cephalotes(L.) andAcromyrmex octospinosus(Reich), discs cut from young leaves of several plant species were picked up more readily than those from old leaves. Pith sections impregnated with whole extracts of young leaves were consistently picked up in preference to others with extracts of old leaves, and non-lipid extracts were consistently preferred to extracts containing lipids. Arrestive properties were confined to the non-lipid extracts, and inhibitory properties were mainly found in the lipids, but removal of lipids from the whole extracts did not necessarily make them more arrestive. In most cases, dewaxing of leaves with chloroform made them more acceptable, and heating and freezing of leaves had a similar effect. Leaf waxes showed inhibitory properties. Wax extract of young leaves was often preferred to that of old leaves, and differences in preferences were observed for wax extracts from different plant species. The implications of these findings for the relationship between leaf-cutting ants and the vegetation that they cut are discussed.
Distribution of Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae) in south-western Ethiopia
Authors: Fuller G. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGlossina spp. were collected in south-western Ethiopia and were found to have a continuous distribution from the Sobat River Basin to the southern Rift Valley lakes of Chamo and Abaya. Their limits to the north and east of this range was not determined. Along the Omo River, Glossina inhabit a continuous band from 20 km above Lake Rudolf to at least as far as Abelti, 167 km south-west of Addis Ababa. The species collected were G. pallidipes Aust., G. fuscipes Newst., G. morsitans submorsitans Newst. and G. Iongipennis Corti. The ratio and numbers of G. pallidipes and G. fuscipes suggest a relationship between the latter and the number of hippopotamus along the Omo River. Both G. pallidipes and G. Iongipennis were caught biting at night.
Persistence and migration of Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Australia
Authors: Symmons P. M. , McCulloch L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExamples of the persistence of adult infestations of Chortoicetes terminifera (Wlk.) in Australia were contrasted with ones where mass displacement took place. Migration occurred if sufficient rain had fallen at the nymphal stage to produce green pasture; persistence was associated with drought.
Excretory behaviour in soft scales (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
Authors: Williams J. R. , Williams D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe liquid excrement of many Homoptera, which often accumulates as honeydew, can be harmful to the insects that produce it. Disposal of excrement to avoid or reduce its harmful effect is therefore important. The methods of disposing of excrement in Coccidae are described. These insects have an anal apparatus for propulsion of excrement away from the body. The musculature of the rectum is not involved in this act. Attendance by ants modifies excretory behaviour in Coccidae, much as it does in Aphididae.
The taxonomic status of the Japanese citrus flower-bud midge, Contarinia okadai (Miyoshi) comb. n., and of the citrus blossom midge, C. citri Barnes (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Harris K. M. , Yukawa J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA gall midge that attacks citrus flower buds in south-western Japan is redescribed under the name Contarinia okadai (Miyoshi) comb. n. and is compared with C. citri Barnes, which was originally described from cultivated citrus in Mauritius. C. okadai, for which a neotype is designated, is distinguished from C. citri by morphological characters of the adult males and females and of the larvae. The known host-plants, biology and distribution of C. okadai are recorded, and new Japanese and English names for the species are proposed. The status of records of C. citri from Sicily, Cyprus, Israel, India, China and Hong Kong is discussed, and the need for further taxonomic research is stressed.
The identity of Lecanium krugeri Zehntner (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and its distribution on sugar-cane in southern Asia
Authors: Williams D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe identity of Lecanium krugeri Zhnt. is established, and the species is redescribed in a new genus Saccharolecanium. Originally known from Java, the species is now recorded from India and West Malaysia on sugar-cane.
The dispersion of active Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) near a large tree and an assessment of the capturing method used
Authors: Phelps R. J. , Chapman N. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLarge electrocuting nets were used at different seasons near a big tree in Zimbabwe to capture tsetse flies at different heights, distances from the bole and times of day. Some differences were found between species and sexes, but most flies were caught within 3·3 m of the ground and in the late afternoon. In the cool and wet seasons, Glossina pallidipes Aust. was less confined to lower levels than was G. morsitans morsitans Westw. Flies, especially fed males of G. pallidipes near the bole of the tree, were recorded in the greatest numbers in the midday period. Diurnal variations occurred in the relative proportions of females of the two species caught at different points. Releasing ox odour through an electrocuting net suspended at different heights confirmed that most flies were flying near the ground, especially in the hot dry season. Comparison of samples from the large electrocuting nets with those caught by other methods operated contemporaneously showed that the large nets gave samples which compared well with those from an electrocuting screen used in conjunction with a ventilated pit. Methods involving fly-capture by people gave very distorted results for all catch parameters examined. No method used gave consistently representative samples of replete flies or of newly emerged flies.