bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benjamin Brodsky (1877-1960): The Trans-Pacific American Film Entrepreneur – Part One, Making A Trip Thru China
Authors: Curry Ramona 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAuthoritative statements have long credited the elusive American immigrant entrepreneur Benjamin Brodsky (1877-1960) with founding film production companies in Shanghai and Hong Kong as early as 1909 and initiating filmmaking collaborations with local Chinese. Yet those histories prove on close examination to consist mostly of sketchy assertions offered without clear evidence. This essay draws on original archival research and recent work of scholars in Hong Kong, Europe, and Japan to reframe the historical narrative, dating most developments a few years later while revealing fresh aspects of Brodsky's trans-Pacific operations and high-level Chinese involvement. The new findings have intriguing implications for our understanding of early twentieth-century trans-Pacific cultural associations as well as Chinese cinema. Part One of this article reconstructs Brodsky's early career and reveals new evidence of his interactions with Chinese returned students and government officials, with a focus on the production in China of Brodsky's feature-length travel documentary A Trip Thru China (1916).
Editor's Introduction to Part Two, "Crossing the Rivers of Time and Oceans of Culture: The Uses of Film in American-East Asian Relations"
Authors: Hayford Charles 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe Editor's Introduction to Part One of this two-part theme issue described the articles and offered thoughts on ways of looking at film in American-East Asian relations. This essay, the Introduction to Part Two, weighs the rewards and problems of using fiction film to represent history and other cultures. The dilemma inherent in fiction is that if we portray the past and foreign cultures as being "just like us," we gain immediacy and connection, but at the cost of ignoring cultural difference and historical change. On the other hand, if we respect the "strangeness of the past," we gain authenticity, analytic truth, and responsibility but invite sterility, academic solipsism, and isolation from the public. The essay concludes with a list of questions on how to learn about art, politics, and business when we compare film cultures and national projects across the Pacific.
Dual-Regression Retrieval Algorithm for Real-Time Processing of Satellite Ultraspectral Radiances
Authors: Smith William L. , Weisz Elisabeth , Kireev Stanislav V. , Zhou Daniel K. , Li Zhenglong , Borbas Eva E. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA fast physically based dual-regression (DR) method is developed to produce, in real time, accurate profile and surface- and cloud-property retrievals from satellite ultraspectral radiances observed for both clear- and cloudy-sky conditions. The DR relies on using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) regression “clear trained” and “cloud trained” retrievals of surface skin temperature, surface-emissivity EOF coefficients, carbon dioxide concentration, cloud-top altitude, effective cloud optical depth, and atmospheric temperature, moisture, and ozone profiles above the cloud and below thin or broken cloud. The cloud-trained retrieval is obtained using cloud-height-classified statistical datasets. The result is a retrieval with an accuracy that is much higher than that associated with the retrieval produced by the unclassified regression method currently used in the International Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer/Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (MODIS/AIRS) Processing Package (IMAPP) retrieval system. The improvement results from the fact that the nonlinear dependence of spectral radiance on the atmospheric variables, which is due to cloud altitude and associated atmospheric moisture concentration variations, is minimized as a result of the cloud-height-classification process. The detailed method and results from example applications of the DR retrieval algorithm are presented. The new DR method will be used to retrieve atmospheric profiles from Aqua AIRS, MetOp Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer, and the forthcoming Joint Polar Satellite System ultraspectral radiance data.
Statistical Analysis of Global Surface Temperature and Sea Level Using Cointegration Methods
Authors: Schmith Torben , Johansen Søren , Thejll Peter 
Published: March 2012

AbstractGlobal sea level rise is widely understood as a consequence of thermal expansion and the melting of glaciers and land-based ice caps. Because of the lack of representation of ice-sheet dynamics in present-day physically based climate models, semiempirical models have been applied as an alternative for projecting future sea levels. There are, however, potential pitfalls in this because of the trending nature of the time series. A statistical method called cointegration analysis that is capable of handling such peculiarities is applied to observed global sea level and land–ocean surface temperature. The authors find a relationship between sea level and temperature and find that temperature causally depends on the sea level, which can be understood as a consequence of the large heat capacity of the ocean. They further find that the warming episode in the 1940s is exceptional in the sense that sea level and warming deviate from the expected relationship. This suggests that this warming episode is mainly due to internal dynamics of the ocean rather than external radiative forcing. On the other hand, the present warming follows the expected relationship, suggesting that it is mainly due to radiative forcing. In a second step, the total radiative forcing is used as an explanatory variable, but it is unexpectedly found that the sea level does not depend on the forcing. The authors hypothesize that this is due to a long adjustment time scale of the ocean and show that the number of years of data needed to build statistical models that have the relationship expected from physics exceeds what is currently available by a factor of almost 10.
Norepinephrine reuptake inhibition promotes mobilization in mice: potential impact to rescue low stem cell yields
Authors: Lucas Daniel , Bruns Ingmar , Battista Michela , Mendez-Ferrer Simon , Magnon Claire , Kunisaki Yuya , Frenette Paul S. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The mechanisms mediating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilization by G-CSF are complex. We have found previously that G-CSF–enforced mobilization is controlled by peripheral sympathetic nerves via norepinephrine (NE) signaling. In the present study, we show that G-CSF likely alters sympathetic tone directly and that methods to increase adrenergic activity in the BM microenvironment enhance progenitor mobilization. Peripheral sympathetic nerve neurons express the G-CSF receptor and ex vivo stimulation of peripheral sympathetic nerve neurons with G-CSF reduced NE reuptake significantly, suggesting that G-CSF potentiates the sympathetic tone by increasing NE availability. Based on these data, we investigated the NE reuptake inhibitor desipramine in HSPC mobilization. Whereas desipramine did not by itself elicit circulating HSPCs, it increased G-CSF–triggered mobilization efficiency significantly and rescued mobilization in a model mimicking “poor mobilizers.” Therefore, these data suggest that blockade of NE reuptake may be a novel therapeutic target to increase stem cell yield in patients.
Fine mapping of a QTL for ear size on porcine chromosome 5 and identification of high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) as a positional candidate gene
Authors: Li Pinghua , Xiao Shijun , Wei Na , Zhang Zhiyan , Huang Ruihua , Gu Yueqing , Guo Yuanmei , Ren Jun , Huang Lusheng , Chen Congying 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundEar size and shape are distinct conformation characteristics of pig breeds. Previously, we identified a significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) influencing ear surface on pig chromosome 5 in a White Duroc × Erhualian F2resource population. This QTL explained more than 17% of the phenotypic variance.MethodsFour new markers on pig chromosome 5 were genotyped across this F2population. RT-PCR was performed to obtain expression profiles of different candidate genes in ear tissue. Standard association test, marker-assisted association test and F-drop test were applied to determine the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on ear size. Three synthetic commercial lines were also used for the association test.ResultsWe refined the QTL to an 8.7-cM interval and identified three positional candidate genes i.e.HMGA2,SOX5andPTHLHthat are expressed in ear tissue. Seven SNP within these three candidate genes were selected and genotyped in the F2population. Of the seven SNP,HMGA2SNP (JF748727: g.2836 A > G) showed the strongest association with ear size in the standard association test and marker-assisted association test. With the F-drop test, F value decreased by more than 97% only when the genotypes ofHMGA2g.2836 A > G were included as a fixed effect. Furthermore, the significant association between g.2836 A > G and ear size was also demonstrated in the synthetic commercial Sutai pig line. The haplotype-based association test showed that the phenotypic variance explained byHMGA2was similar to that explained by the QTL and at a much higher level than bySOX5. More interestingly,HMGA2is also located within the dog orthologous chromosome region, which has been shown to be associated with ear type and size.ConclusionsHMGA2was the closest gene with a potential functional effect to the QTL or marker for ear size on chromosome 5. This study will contribute to identify the causative gene and mutation underlying this QTL.
Interspecies interactions and potential Influenza A virus risk in small swine farms in Peru
Authors: McCune Sarah , Arriola Carmen S , Gilman Robert H , Romero Martín A , Ayvar Viterbo , Cama Vitaliano A , Montgomery Joel M , Gonzales Armando E , Bayer Angela M 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Background
The recent avian influenza epidemic in Asia and the H1N1 pandemic demonstrated that influenza A viruses pose a threat to global public health. The animal origins of the viruses confirmed the potential for interspecies transmission. Swine are hypothesized to be prime "mixing vessels" due to the dual receptivity of their trachea to human and avian strains. Additionally, avian and human influenza viruses have previously been isolated in swine. Therefore, understanding interspecies contact on smallholder swine farms and its potential role in the transmission of pathogens such as influenza virus is very important.

Methods
This qualitative study aimed to determine swine-associated interspecies contacts in two coastal areas of Peru. Direct observations were conducted at both small-scale confined and low-investment swine farms (n = 36) and in open areas where swine freely range during the day (n = 4). Interviews were also conducted with key stakeholders in swine farming.

Results
In both locations, the intermingling of swine and domestic birds was common. An unexpected contact with avian species was that swine were fed poultry mortality in 6/20 of the farms in Chancay. Human-swine contacts were common, with a higher frequency on the confined farms. Mixed farming of swine with chickens or ducks was observed in 36% of all farms. Human-avian interactions were less frequent overall. Use of adequate biosecurity and hygiene practices by farmers was suboptimal at both locations.

Conclusions
Close human-animal interaction, frequent interspecies contacts and suboptimal biosecurity and hygiene practices pose significant risks of interspecies influenza virus transmission. Farmers in small-scale swine production systems constitute a high-risk population and need to be recognized as key in preventing interspecies pathogen transfer. A two-pronged prevention approach, which offers educational activities for swine farmers about sound hygiene and biosecurity practices and guidelines and education for poultry farmers about alternative approaches for processing poultry mortality, is recommended. Virological and serological surveillance for influenza viruses will also be critical for these human and animal populations.
Ideal and actual involvement of community pharmacists in health promotion and prevention: a cross-sectional study in Quebec, Canada
Authors: Laliberté Marie-Claude , Perreault Sylvie , Damestoy Nicole , Lalonde Lyne 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundAn increased interest is observed in broadening community pharmacists' role in public health. To date, little information has been gathered in Canada on community pharmacists' perceptions of their role in health promotion and prevention; however, such data are essential to the development of public-health programs in community pharmacy. A cross-sectional study was therefore conducted to explore the perceptions of community pharmacists in urban and semi-urban areas regarding their ideal and actual levels of involvement in providing health-promotion and prevention services and the barriers to such involvement.MethodsUsing a five-step modified Dillman's tailored design method, a questionnaire with 28 multiple-choice or open-ended questions (11 pages plus a cover letter) was mailed to a random sample of 1,250 pharmacists out of 1,887 community pharmacists practicing in Montreal (Quebec, Canada) and surrounding areas. It included questions on pharmacists' ideal level of involvement in providing health-promotion and preventive services; which services were actually offered in their pharmacy, the employees involved, the frequency, and duration of the services; the barriers to the provision of these services in community pharmacy; their opinion regarding the most appropriate health professionals to provide them; and the characteristics of pharmacists, pharmacies and their clientele.ResultsIn all, 571 out of 1,234 (46.3%) eligible community pharmacists completed and returned the questionnaire. Most believed they should be very involved in health promotion and prevention, particularly in smoking cessation (84.3%); screening for hypertension (81.8%), diabetes (76.0%) and dyslipidemia (56.9%); and sexual health (61.7% to 89.1%); however, fewer respondents reported actually being very involved in providing such services (5.7% [lifestyle, including smoking cessation], 44.5%, 34.8%, 6.5% and 19.3%, respectively). The main barriers to the provision of these services in current practice were lack of: time (86.1%), coordination with other health care professionals (61.1%), staff or resources (57.2%), financial compensation (50.8%), and clinical tools (45.5%).ConclusionsAlthough community pharmacists think they should play a significant role in health promotion and prevention, they recognize a wide gap between their ideal and actual levels of involvement. The efficient integration of primary-care pharmacists and pharmacies into public health cannot be envisioned without addressing important organizational barriers.
Promoting menstrual health among persian adolescent girls from low socioeconomic backgrounds: a quasi-experimental study
Authors: Fakhri Moloud , Hamzehgardeshi Zeinab , Hajikhani Golchin Nayereh Azam , Komili Abdulhay 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Background
Research in the past decade has revealed average to poor menstrual health among many Iranian girls. The present study investigated the effectiveness of a health promotion project on improving menstrual health in adolescent girls in Iran.

Methods
A quasi-experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the health intervention program. A total of 698 students (study participants and controls) in several schools in Mazandaran province, Iran were included. The project comprised 10 two-hour educational sessions. Educational topics included the significance of adolescence, physical and emotional changes during adolescence, pubertal and menstruation health and premenstrual syndrome. A self-administered questionnaire measuring demographic characteristics, behaviors during menstruation, menstrual patterns, sources of information about menstruation and personal health data was administered. The questionnaire was administered to all participating students after the experimental group received the training.

Results
Among the most significant results was the impact of educational sessions on bathing and genital hygiene. A total of 61.6% in the experimental group compared with 49.3% in the control group engaged in usual bathing during menstruation (p = 0.002). Individual health status was significantly statistically correlated with menstrual health. Attitude towards menstruation was also significantly related to menstrual health.

Conclusions
The present study confirms that educational interventions, such as the health promotion project in this study, can be quite effective in promoting menstrual health.
Impact of self-rated osteoarthritis severity in an employed population: Cross-sectional analysis of data from the national health and wellness survey
Authors: DiBonaventura Marco daCosta , Gupta Shaloo , McDonald Margaret , Sadosky Alesia , Pettitt Dan , Silverman Stuart 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Background
Although osteoarthritis (OA) often affects older persons, it has a profound effect on individuals actively employed. Despite reports of reduced productivity among workers with OA, data are limited regarding the impact of OA among workers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of self-rated OA severity on quality of life, healthcare resource utilization, productivity and costs in an employed population relative to employed individuals without OA.

Methods
This cross-sectional analysis used data derived from the 2009 National Health and Wellness Survey (NHWS). Multivariable analyses characterized outcomes and costs (direct medical costs and indirect) among workers (full-time, part-time, or self-employed) ≥ 20 years of age who were diagnosed with OA and who self-rated their OA severity as mild, moderate, or severe relative to workers without OA. Evaluated outcomes included productivity, assessed using the Work Productivity and Impairment (WPAI) scale; health-related quality of life, using the SF-12v2 Health Survey; and healthcare resource utilization.

Results
4,876 workers reported being diagnosed with OA (45.0% mild, 45.9% moderate, and 9.1% severe); 34,896 workers comprised the non-OA comparator cohort. There was a greater proportion of females in the OA cohort (55.5% vs 45.6%; P < 0.0001) and more individuals in the 40-64 year and ≥ 65 year age ranges (P < 0.0001). As OA severity increased, workers reported more frequent pain, poorer quality of life, greater use of specific healthcare resources (hospitalizations) and reduced productivity. All outcomes indicated a significantly greater burden among workers with OA relative to those without OA (P < 0.0001). Estimated total annual costs per worker were $9,801 for mild OA, $14,761 for moderate OA, $22,111 for severe OA compared with $7,901 for workers without OA (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions
Workers with OA were characterized by significant disease and economic burdens relative to workers without OA that substantially increased with greater self-rated OA severity. Greater levels of OA severity were associated with reductions in quality of life and productivity, and increases in healthcare resource utilization and costs.
Viruses exacerbating chronic pulmonary disease: the role of immune modulation
Authors: Singanayagam Aran , Joshi Priya V , Mallia Patrick , Johnston Sebastian L 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Chronic pulmonary diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality and their impact is expected to increase in the future. Respiratory viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory infections and it is increasingly recognized that respiratory viruses are a major cause of acute exacerbations of chronic pulmonary diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. There is now increasing evidence that the host response to virus infection is dysregulated in these diseases and a better understanding of the mechanisms of abnormal immune responses has the potential to lead to the development of new therapies for virus-induced exacerbations. The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge regarding the role of viruses and immune modulation in chronic pulmonary diseases and discuss avenues for future research and therapeutic implications.
Independent evolution of macrophage-tropism and increased charge between HIV-1 R5 envelopes present in brain and immune tissue
Authors: Gonzalez-Perez Maria Paz , O'Connell Olivia , Lin Rongheng , Sullivan W Matthew , Bell Jeanne , Simmonds Peter , Clapham Paul R 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundTransmitted HIV-1 clade B or C R5 viruses have been reported to infect macrophages inefficiently, while other studies have described R5 viruses in late disease with either an enhanced macrophage-tropism or carrying envelopes with an increased positive charge and fitness. In contrast, our previous data suggested that viruses carrying non-macrophage-tropic R5 envelopes were still predominant in immune tissue of AIDS patients. To further investigate the tropism and charge of HIV-1 viruses in late disease, we evaluated the properties of HIV-1 envelopes amplified from immune and brain tissues of AIDS patients with neurological complications.ResultsAlmost all envelopes amplified were R5. There was clear compartmentalization of envelope sequences for four of the five subjects. However, strong compartmentalization of macrophage-tropism in brain was observed even when brain and immune tissue envelope sequences were not segregated. R5 envelopes from immune tissue of four subjects carried a higher positive charge compared to brain envelopes. We also confirm a significant correlation between macrophage tropism and sensitivity to soluble CD4, a weak association with sensitivity to the CD4 binding site antibody, b12, but no clear relationship with maraviroc sensitivity.ConclusionsOur study shows that non-macrophage-tropic R5 envelopes carrying gp120s with an increased positive charge were predominant in immune tissue in late disease. However, highly macrophage-tropic variants with lower charged gp120s were nearly universal in the brain. These results are consistent with HIV-1 R5 envelopes evolving gp120s with an increased positive charge in immune tissue or sites outside the brain that likely reflect an adaptation for increased replication or fitness for CD4+ T-cells. Our data are consistent with the presence of powerful pressures in brain and in immune tissues selecting for R5 envelopes with very different properties; high macrophage-tropism, sCD4 sensitivity and low positive charge in brain and non-macrophage-tropism, sCD4 resistance and high positive charge in immune tissue.