bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic and thermodynamic resolution of the interactions between sulfite and the pentahaem cytochrome NrfA from Escherichia coli
Authors: Kemp Gemma L. , Clarke Thomas A. , Marritt Sophie J. , Lockwood Colin , Poock Susannah R. , Hemmings Andrew M. , Richardson David J. , Cheesman Myles R. , Butt Julea N. 
Published: July 2010

NrfA is a pentahaem cytochrome present in a wide-range of γ-, δ- and ε-proteobacteria. Its nitrite and nitric oxide reductase activities have been studied extensively and contribute to respiratory nitrite ammonification and nitric oxide detoxification respectively. Sulfite is a third substrate for NrfA that may be encountered in the micro-oxic environments where nrfA is expressed. Consequently, we have performed quantitative kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the interactions between sulfite and Escherichia coli NrfA to provide a biochemical framework from which to consider their possible cellular consequences. A combination of voltammetric, spectroscopic and crystallographic analyses define dissociation constants for sulfite binding to NrfA in oxidized (~54 μM), semi-reduced (~145 μM) and reduced (~180 μM) states that are comparable with each other, and the Km (~70 μM) for sulfite reduction at pH 7. Under comparable conditions Km values of ~22 and ~300 μM describe nitrite and nitric oxide reduction respectively, whereas the affinities of nitrate and thiocyanate for NrfA fall more than 50-fold on enzyme reduction. These results are discussed in terms of the nature of sulfite co-ordination within the active site of NrfA and their implications for the cellular activity of NrfA.
Oral manifestations in 22q11 deletion syndrome
Authors: Klingberg G. , Óskarsdóttir S. , Johannesson E. L. , Norén J. G. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. Objectives. The aims of this study were to investigate and describe oral manifestations in 22q11 deletion syndrome, and to relate the findings to medical conditions.Design. Cross‐sectional.Sample and Methods. Fifty‐three consecutive patients from Sweden referred to the Sahlgrenska University Hospital during a 3‐year period were included, median age 8 yrs (range 2–43; mean age 11·09). All but six patients were children 3–19‐years‐old. The patients were examined concerning oral mucosa, dental anomalies, dental caries, occlusal development, and eruption of the teeth. The clinical findings were compared to medical data and case history.Results. Dental anomalies were registered in high numbers. Enamel hypoplasia was found in 16 patients. In 13 cases this was documented in primary teeth, of which 10 patients had symmetrical and chronological defects. Enamel hypomineralization was found in 23 patients and was equally common in both primary and permanent teeth. The use of computerized inductive analyses revealed that enamel hypoplasia was associated with medical conditions like preterm birth and congenital heart malformation while hypomineralization was associated with more diffuse conditions like frequent infections. Hypodontia was registered in seven patients, while eight had aberrant tooth shape, and nine patients presented delayed tooth eruption. The patients had an average of 4·6 carious or filled teeth and the oral health was assessed as impaired in 15 patients who had severe dental caries (5–18 carious teeth or multiple active incipient caries lesions).Conclusions. In 22q11 deletion syndrome the oral cavity is affected by anomalies in dental enamel, tooth shape, numbers of teeth, and eruption. Dental health problems due to caries are common. This is of special importance as patients with 22q11 deletion syndrome frequently present with congenital heart malformations and immunological problems.
The Effect of Oestradiol and Progesterone on Hypoglycaemic Stress‐Induced Suppression of Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Release and on Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone mRNA Expression in the Rat
Authors: Li X. F. , Mitchell J. C. , Wood S. , Coen C. W. , Lightman S. L. , O'Byrne K. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) is implicated in the suppression of pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion by a variety of stressful stimuli; 17β‐oestradiol (E2) has been shown to modulate this inhibitory response. The present study in ovariectomized (OVX) rats was designed to investigate the effect of E2 and progesterone (P4) on hypoglycaemic stress‐induced changes in pulsatile LH secretion and on the associated changes in both central and peripheral components of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. E2 enhanced the hypoglycaemic stress‐induced suppression of LH pulses; P4 in addition to E2 further potentiated the inhibitory response. The rise in plasma corticosterone following insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia (IIH) was highest in the E2 + P4 group. Nevertheless, when such levels were achieved by administration of corticosterone, the occurrence of LH pulses was completely unaffected, irrespective of ovarian steroid milieu. E2 and E2 + P4 up‐regulated basal CRH mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) as measured by in situ hybridization; this signal was also increased in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) following E2. IIH resulted in a rise in CRH mRNA in the PVN, but not in the MPN; this rise may reflect a more significant role for the PVN in the present context. Changes in neuropeptide mRNA expression may signal changes in neuronal activity; nevertheless, the profound differences in LH pulse suppression in OVX, E2 and E2 + P4 rats following IIH were not reflected in the concurrent changes in CRH mRNA in the PVN. The results suggest that while corticosterone has no acute effect on LH pulses in the rat, the up‐regulation by ovarian steroids of basal CRH mRNA in the PVN and/or MPN may contribute to the central regulation of these pulses in response to stress.
Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone (CRH) Expression and Protein Kinase A Mediated CRH Receptor Signalling in an Immortalized Hypothalamic Cell Line
Authors: Kasckow J. , Mulchahey J. J. , Aguilera G. , Pisarska M. , Nikodemova M. , Chen H.‐C. , Herman J. P. , Murphy E. K. , Liu Y. , Rizvi T. A. , Dautzenberg F. M. , Sheriff S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) is a 41 amino acid neuropeptide which plays an important role in the stress response in the hypothalamus. We describe the development of an immortalized hypothalamic cell line which expresses CRH. We hypothesized that this cell line would possess the relevant characteristics of parvocellular CRH‐expressing neurones such as glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression and vasopressin (VP) coexpression. For production of hypothalamic cells, embryonic day 19 rat pup hypothalami were dissected and dissociated into tissue culture dishes. They were immortalized by retrovirus‐mediated transfer of the SV40 large T antigen gene at 3 days of culture and then screened for expression of CRH following dilution cloning. One cell line was chosen (IVB) which exhibited CRH‐like immunoreactivity (CRH‐LI) and expressed CRH, VP and CRH1 receptor RNA via the reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the cell line expressed the neuronal marker, microtubule‐associated protein‐2. We verified that the CRH‐LI from IVB cell lysates coeluted with CRH standard via reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Furthermore, oxidation of the lysate converted its HPLC profile to that identical with oxidized CRH standard. In addition, IVB cells exhibited high affinity binding to CRH. Incubation of IVB cells with CRH lead to increases in cAMP levels and protein kinase A activity in a concentration‐dependent manner. Incubation of IVB cells with CRH also resulted in increases in phospho‐cyclic‐AMP response element binding protein (CREB) imunostaining as detected by immunocytochemical analysis. Finally, CRH treatment of IVB cell lines has been linked to CREB‐mediated gene expression as determined via the PathDetect CREB trans‐reporting system. The characteristics of IVB cells, such as CRH and VP coexpression, GR expression and a biologically active CRH‐R1‐mediated signalling pathway, suggest that this neuronal cell line may serve as model of parvocellular CRH neurones.
Sexual Differentiation of the Neuroendocrine Mechanisms Regulating Mate Recognition in Mammals
Authors: Bakker J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen in breeding condition, male and female mammals seek out and mate with opposite‐sex conspecifics. The neural mechanisms controlling mate recognition and heterosexual partner preference are sexually differentiated by the perinatal actions of sex steroid hormones. Many mammalian species use odours to identify potential mates. Thus, sex differences in partner preference may actually reflect sex differences in how male and female mammals perceive socially relevant odours. Two olfactory systems have evolved in vertebrates that differ considerably in their anatomy and function. It is generally believed that the main olfactory system is used to detect a wide variety of volatile odours derived from food prey among many sources, whereas the accessory olfactory system has evolved to detect and process primarily nonvolatile odours shown to influence reproductive behaviours and neuroendocrine functions. Some recent results obtained in oestradiol‐deficient aromatase knockout (ArKO) mice that provide evidence for a developmental role of oestradiol in olfactory investigation of volatile body odours are discussed, suggesting that: (i) oestrogens contribute to the development of the main olfactory system and (ii) mate recognition is mediated by the main as opposed to the accessory olfactory system. Thus, sex differences in mate recognition and sexual partner preference may reflect sex differences in the perception of odours by the main olfactory system.
Quantitative Analysis of Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor and Arginine Vasopressin mRNA in the Hypothalamus During Chronic Morphine Treatment in Rats: AnIn SituHybridization Study
Authors: Laorden M. L. , Milanés M. V. , Angel E. , Tankosic P. , Burlet A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe content of corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) increases during chronic morphine treatment. Because these experiments cannot distinguish between increased synthesis or reduced release, the present study measured changes in CRF and AVP mRNAs in the PVN byin situhybridization. Concomitantly, changes in noradrenaline turnover in the PVN and changes in plasma corticosterone release were determined. Male rats were implanted with placebo (naive) or morphine pellets for 7 days. On day 7, groups of rats received an acute injection of either saline i.p. or morphine (30 mg/kg, i.p.). Acute morphine injection did not change the total size of the labelled area for CRF mRNA in the PVN of naive or morphine‐pelleted rats, indicating that the number of CRF‐containing neurones was unchanged. On the other hand, in rats chronically treated with morphine, the intensity of labelling for CRF mRNA was significantly reduced, suggesting a decrease in the synthesis of CRF. In placebo rats, injection of saline or morphine did not affect the surface hybridized for AVP mRNA. By contrast, in the morphine‐group injected with saline, there was a significant reduction in the number of labelled neurones, measured by the size of labelled area. Similarly, there was a decrease in intensity of AVP mRNA expression in the parvocellular and magnocellular neurones of the PVN in the morphine‐group injected with saline, suggesting a decreased synthesis of AVP in these neurones. In parallel with the decrease in the expression of CRF and AVP mRNAs in the PVN, there was a pronounced decrease in noradrenaline turnover and in the release of corticosterone in the morphine‐pelleted rats. In conclusion, present results show that, in addition to modifications in corticosterone secretion and in noradrenaline turnover, chronic morphine administration produces a reduction in the synthesis of CRF and AVP.
Neuropeptide Y Targets in the Hypothalamus: Nitric Oxide Synthesizing Neurones Express Y1 Receptor
Authors: Fetissov S. O. , Xu Z. ‐Q. , Byrne L. C. , Hassani H. , Ernfors P. , Hökfelt T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNeuropeptide Y (NPY)‐expressing neurones in the arcuate nucleus densely innervate many hypothalamic nuclei. To determine the neurochemical phenotype of target neurones for NPY, we studied the immunohistochemical localization of the NPY Y1 receptor (Y1R) in discrete subpopulations of neurones in the rat hypothalamus. Among several tested populations, including hypocretin/orexin‐, melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH)‐ and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)‐positive neurones, only the latter were found to coexpress the Y1R. Numerous Y1R/NOS‐positive neurones were found as a densely packaged group of cells located ventrolateral to the ventromedial nucleus, forming a band ascending towards the fornix. Lower numbers of Y1R/NOS‐positive neurones were found in the perifornical area and in the peri‐ and paraventricular nuclei. Expression of the Y1R gene was found in the same locations in the mouse by colocalizing β‐galactosidase, a Y1R gene reporter, with NOS in a Y1R knockout mouse. To explore possible downstream targets of NO in the rat hypothalamus, the NO‐regulated molecule cGMP was analysed immunohistochemically after incubation of brain slices with sodium nitroprusside, an NO donor. We observed several cGMP‐positive cell bodies in the arcuate nucleus, cGMP‐positive blood vessels and a cGMP‐positive network of thin fibres, some of which colocalized with choline acetyltransferase.
Early Social Stress in Male Guinea‐Pigs Changes Social Behaviour, and Autonomic and Neuroendocrine Functions
Authors: Kaiser S. , Kruijver F. P. M. , Straub R. H. , Sachser N. , Swaab D. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of pre‐ and early postnatal social stress on the functioning of hormonal, autonomic and behavioural systems, by studying the distribution of sex hormone receptors in limbic brain systems. Dams had either lived in groups with a constant composition (= stable social environment) or in groups with changing compositions, i.e. every third day, two females from different groups were exchanged (= unstable social environment). The subjects were male offspring of dams who had either lived in a stable social environment during pregnancy and lactation (= control males) or in an unstable social environment during this period of life (= early stressed males). From days 20–80, the spontaneous behaviour of control males and early stressed males was recorded in their home cages. Five control males and five early stressed males were killed at 75 days, and five control males and five early stressed males at 120 days. Blood samples were taken to determine serum concentrations of cortisol, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and oestrogen. The adrenals were prepared to determine tyrosine hydroxylase activities and the brains were used to investigate the distribution of sex‐hormone receptors in specific hypothalamic and hippocampal brain areas. Early stressed males showed a behavioural infantilization that was accompanied by significantly decreased adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase activities and dehydroepiandrosterone levels. Furthermore, early stressed males showed a down‐regulation of androgen receptors in the medial preoptic area and the nucleus arcuatus of the hypothalamus, as well as of oestrogen receptor α in the hippocampus compared to control males. Thus, the present study provides clear evidence that early social stress induces changes in endocrine, autonomic and limbic brain function, which is mirrored by changes in male social behaviour.
Studies on the Neuroanatomical Basis for Stress‐Induced Oestrogen‐Potentiated Suppression of Reproductive Function: Evidence Against Direct Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone Projections to the Vicinity of Luteinizing Hormone‐Releasing Hormone Cell Bodies in Female Rats
Authors: Hahn J. D. , Kalamatianos T. , Coen C. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious studies implicate corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) as a mediator for the inhibitory effects of stress on reproduction. This study was designed to elucidate the underlying neuroanatomy. The retrograde tracer cholera toxin was picospritzed into the vicinity of the luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) perikarya. CRH neurones were examined for the tracer in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPO), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), central amygdaloid nucleus (CeM), parabrachial nucleus (PB) and additional locations. Retrograde label was not detected in CRH neurones at any of these sites; nevertheless, in the MPO and PB, abundant retrogradely‐labelled perikarya intermingled with CRH neurones. In the BST, CeM and PVN, sites containing major CRH cell populations, retrogradely‐labelled cells were scarce or absent; however, retrograde labelling was found in adjacent regions: lateral septum, medial amygdaloid nucleus and areas bordering the PVN. Double‐label in situ hybridization for the mRNAs for LHRH and the CRH type‐1 receptor (CRH‐R1) identified the receptor transcript at sites rostral and lateral to the LHRH neurones (in the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band) but not in the LHRH neurones. Given the ability of oestrogen to potentiate stress‐induced suppression of LH release, the identification of CRH neurones immunoreactive for oestrogen receptor (ER)α in the MPO and for ERβ in the caudal PVN may be significant. In this context, it is also noteworthy that CRH neurones within the MPO and PB which are, respectively, immunopositive and immunonegative for ERα, lie within the vicinity of retrogradely‐labelled cells. The present findings suggest that the means by which CRH may mediate inhibitory effects of stressors on LH release do not involve direct CRH projections to LHRH neurones; the indirect means for such regulation, and the sites at which oestrogen may potentiate the inhibitory response, remain to be established.
Gonadotropin‐Inhibitory Peptide in Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) in Different Reproductive Conditions, and in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) Relative to Chicken‐Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone
Authors: Bentley G. E. , Perfito N. , Ukena K. , Tsutsui K. , Wingfield J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates reproduction in all vertebrates. Until recently, an antagonistic neuropeptide for gonadotropin was unknown. The discovery of an RFamide peptide in quail that inhibits gonadotropin release in vitro raised the possibility of direct hypothalamic inhibition of gonadotropin release. This peptide has now been named gonadotropin‐inhibitory hormone (GnIH). We investigated GnIH presence in the hypothalamus of two seasonally breeding songbird species, house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Using immunocytochemistry (ICC), GnIH‐containing neurones were localized in both species in the paraventricular nucleus, with GnIH‐containing fibres visible in multiple brain locations, including the median eminence and brainstem. Double‐label ICC with light microscopy and fluorescent ICC with confocal microscopy indicate a high probability of colocalization of GnIH with GnRH neurones and fibres within the avian brain. It is plausible that GnIH could be acting at the level of the hypothalamus to regulate gonadotropin release as well as at the pituitary gland. In a photoperiod manipulation experiment, GnIH‐containing neurones were larger in birds at the termination of the breeding season than at other times, consistent with a role for this neuropeptide in the regulation of seasonal breeding. We have yet to elucidate the dynamics of GnIH synthesis and release at different times of year, but the data imply temporal regulation of this peptide. In summary, GnIH has the potential to regulate gonadotropin release at more than one level, and its distribution is suggestive of multiple regulatory functions in the central nervous system.
A note to “Mappings of finite distortion: formation of cusps II”
Authors: Koskela Pekka , Takkinen Juhani 
Published: July 2010

We consider planar homeomorphisms

f
:

R

2

→

R

2

f\colon \mathbb {R}^2\to \mathbb {R}^2

that are of finite distortion and map the unit disk onto a specific cusp domain

Ω
s

\Omega _s

. We study the relation between the degree

s
s

of the cusp and the integrability of the distortion function

K
f

K_f

by sharpening a previous result where

K
f

K_f

is assumed to be locally exponentially integrable.
Probabilistic analysis of gene expression measurements from heterogeneous tissues
Authors: Erkkilä Timo , Lehmusvaara Saara , Ruusuvuori Pekka , Visakorpi Tapio , Shmulevich Ilya , Lähdesmäki Harri 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Tissue heterogeneity, arising from multiple cell types, is a major confounding factor in experiments that focus on studying cell types, e.g. their expression profiles, in isolation. Although sample heterogeneity can be addressed by manual microdissection, prior to conducting experiments, computational treatment on heterogeneous measurements have become a reliable alternative to perform this microdissection in silico. Favoring computation over manual purification has its advantages, such as time consumption, measuring responses of multiple cell types simultaneously, keeping samples intact of external perturbations and unaltered yield of molecular content.
Results: We formalize a probabilistic model, DSection, and show with simulations as well as with real microarray data that DSection attains increased modeling accuracy in terms of (i) estimating cell-type proportions of heterogeneous tissue samples, (ii) estimating replication variance and (iii) identifying differential expression across cell types under various experimental conditions. As our reference we use the corresponding linear regression model, which mirrors the performance of the majority of current non-probabilistic modeling approaches.
Availability and Software: All codes are written in Matlab, and are freely available upon request as well as at the project web page http://www.cs.tut.fi/∼erkkila2/. Furthermore, a web-application for DSection exists at http://informatics.systemsbiology.net/DSection.
Contact: timo.p.erkkila@tut.fi; harri.lahdesmaki@tut.fi
ANAIS: Analysis of NimbleGen Arrays Interface
Authors: Simon Adeline , Biot Eric 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Summary: ANAIS is a user-friendly web-based tool for the processing of NimbleGen expression data. The interface reads single-channel microarray files generated by NimbleGen platforms and produces easily interpretable graphical and numerical results. It provides biologists six turnkey analysis modules—normalization, probe to gene, quality controls, differential expression, detection, queries and clustering—to explore quickly, freely and without the need for computer programming, NimbleGen transcriptome data.
Availability: http://anais.versailles.inra.fr
Contact: simon@versailles.inra.fr