bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kant
Authors: Watkins Eric 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Kant's views on causality have long been of interest to philosophers as promising an alternative to Hume's empiricist account without thereby falling back into a strictly or straightforwardly rationalist position. Slightly more specifically, Kant holds that a causal principle according to which every event has a cause, or follows according to a causal law, cannot be established through induction as a purely empirical claim, since it would then lack strict universality, or necessity. This article briefly describes the historical context in which Kant develops his account of causality, and then clarifies some central features pertaining to the meaning, justification, and presuppositions of the claims that form the heart of this account before concluding with a brief sketch of how his views on causality are incorporated into his views in physics and biology. Accordingly, the article discusses Kant's views on causality in his pre-Critical period.
Regularity Theories
Authors: Psillos Stathis 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article articulates Regularity View of Causation (RVC) with an eye to two things: first, its conceptual development; second, its basic commitments and implications for what causation is. The article has chosen to present RVC in a way that respects its historical origins and unravels the steps of its articulation in the face of objections and criticism. It is important for the explication and defence of RVC to see it as a view of causation that emerged in a certain intellectual milieu. RVC has been developed as an attempt to remove efficiency from causation and hence, to view causation not as a productive relation but as a relation of dependence among discrete events. In particular, the thought that causation is regularity is meant to oppose metaphysical views of causation that posit powers or other kinds of entity that are supposed to enforce the regularities that there are in the world or to explain the alleged necessity that there is in causation.
Counterfactual Theories
Authors: Paul L. A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCounterfactual analyses have received a good deal of attention in recent years, resulting in a host of counterexamples and objections to the simple analysis and its descendants. The counterexamples are often complex and can seem baroque to the outsider (indeed, even to the insider), and it may be tempting to dismiss them as irrelevant or uninteresting. But while we may be able to ignore some counterexamples because the intuitions they evoke are unclear or misguided, the importance of investigating the causal relation via investigating counterexamples should not be underestimated.
Causal Process Theories
Authors: Dowe Phil 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
If the core idea of process theories of causation is that causation can be understood in terms of causal processes and interactions, then the approach should be attributed primarily to Wesley Salmon (1925–2001). Salmon takes causal processes and interactions as more fundamental than causal relations between events. To express this Salmon liked to quote John Venn: ‘Substitute for the time honoured “chain of causation”, so often introduced into discussions upon this subject, the phrase a “rope of causation”, and see what a very different aspect the question will wear’. According to the process theory, any facts about causation as a relation between events obtain only on account of more basic facts about causal processes and interactions. Causal processes are the world-lines of objects, exhibiting some characteristic essential for causation.
Causes, Laws, and Ontology
Authors: Tooley Michael 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Different approaches to causation often diverge very significantly on ontological issues, in the case of both causal laws, and causal relations between states of affairs. This article sets out the main alternatives with regard to each. Causal concepts have surely been present from the time that language began, since the vast majority of action verbs involve the idea of causally affecting something. Thus, in the case of transitive verbs describing physical actions, there is the idea of causally affecting something external to one — one finds food, builds a shelter, sows seed, catches fish, and so on — while in the case of intransitive verbs describing physical actions, it is very plausible that they involve the idea of causally affecting one's own body — as one walks, runs, jumps, hunts, and so on.
Causation and Statistical Inference
Authors: Glymour Clark 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In the applied statistical literature, causal relations are often described equivocally or euphemistically as ‘risk factors’, or as part of ‘dimension reduction’. The statistical literature also tends to speak of ‘statistical models’ rather than of causal explanations, and to say that parameters of a model are ‘interpretable’, often means that the parameters make sense as measures of causal influence. These ellipses are due in part to the use of statistical formalisms for which a causal interpretation is wanted but unavailable or unfamiliar, and in part to a philosophical distrust of attributions of causation outside experimental contexts, misgivings traceable to the disciplinary institutionalization of claims of influential statisticians, notably Karl Pearson and Ronald Fisher. More candid treatments of causal relations have recently emerged in the theoretical statistical literature.
Causation and Semantic Content
Authors: Jackson Frank 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
How does causation enter the picture? Belief is a state shaped by the world, a state that seeks to fit the world; desire is a state that shapes the world, that seeks to make the world fit it. Both metaphors are compelling and are loaded with causality. We often use ‘reference’ for the relation between thought and world. We often use ‘content’ for how things have to be for, for example, a belief with that content to be true and a desire with that content satisfied. In these terms, the tradition of seeking to understand aboutness in causal terms is the tradition of seeking causal accounts of reference and content.
Causation and Explanation
Authors: Lipton Peter 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In its simplest form, a causal model of explanation maintains that to explain some phenomenon is to give some information about its causes. This prompts four questions that will structure the discussion to follow. The first is whether all explanations are causal. The second is whether all causes are explanatory. The answer to both of these questions turns out to be negative, and seeing why this is so helps to clarify the relationship between causation and explanation. The third question is itself a request for an explanation: Why do causes explain, when they do? Why, for example, do causes explain their effects but effects not explain their causes? Finally, the article considers how explanation can illuminate the process of causal inference.
Causation in Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Healey Richard 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
There is widespread agreement that quantum mechanics has something radical to teach us about causation. But opinions differ on what this is. Physicists have often taken the central lesson to be that many physical events occur spontaneously, so that a principle of causality is violated whenever an atom emits light, or a uranium nucleus decays, even though nothing that happened beforehand made this inevitable. Feynman urged philosophers to acknowledge that this implication of quantum mechanics undermines the view that causal determinism forms a precondition of scientific inquiry. But while some physicists have denied the implication, most philosophers since Reichenbach have accepted it with alacrity, and sought to develop accounts of causation equally applicable in an indeterministic or a deterministic world.
Causation in Spacetime Theories
Authors: Hoefer Carl 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Although Russell maintained that causation was not to be found in advanced physical theories (which is described in this article), even he would have admitted that, if one must talk of cause–effect relations between events, then spacetime theories may well place constraints on what sorts of causal relations may exist and how they may be arranged in time. They may also imply the possibility of surprising and unexpected causal relations, and even serious causal anomalies. This article looks at what the three most important spacetime theories imply about causation. It starts with a brief look at Newtonian physics, looks at how important changes are introduced by Special Relativity theory, and finally turns to the rich causal fields of General Relativity models.
Causation in Biology
Authors: Okasha Samir 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article is organized into four sections. The first section gives a brief historical survey of the contributions made by biologists to the understanding of causality. The second section looks at the role of causal concepts in the theory of evolution. The third section discusses Mayr's distinction between proximate and ultimate causation, and the related issue of teleological explanation. The fourth section looks at causation in genetics, with special reference to the nature–nurture problem.
First‐line therapy with doxycycline in ocular adnexal mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: A retrospective analysis of clinical predictors
Authors: Kim Tae Min , Kim Ki Hwan , Lee Min Joung , Jeon Yoon Kyung , Lee Se‐Hoon , Kim Dong‐Wan , Kim Chul Woo , Kim Il Han , Khwarg Sang In , Heo Dae Seog 
Published: January 2010

This retrospective study was launched to evaluate the efficacy of doxycycline and to find independent predictors of a clinical response in patients with ocular adnexal lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (OAML). Thirty‐eight patients with newly diagnosed, localized OAML received doxycycline for 3 weeks (12 patients) or 6 weeks (26 patients). Clinical factors including absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and neutrophil count (ANC) were compared between responders and non‐responders. After a median follow‐up of 26.4 months, doxycycline resulted in an overall response rate of 47% and a 3‐year time‐to‐treatment failure (TTF) rate of 84%. Patients treated with doxycycline for 6 weeks versus 3 weeks tended to have a higher response rate (54%vs 33%). Absolute lymphocytosis (ALC > 3.01 × 109/L) and absolute neutrophilia (ANC > 1.92 × 109/L) were defined based on the median value of each count. Patients with (19 patients) versus without absolute lymphocytosis had significantly shorter 2‐year TTF (70%vs 100%, P = 0.021) and a lower response rate (32%vs 63%, P = 0.051). Absolute lymphocytosis (odds ratio [OR] = 4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–20.8; P = 0.043) and non‐conjunctival tumor (OR = 11.8; 95% CI, 1.1–122.5; P = 0.038) were negative predictors for response by multivariate analysis. Front‐line doxycycline is effective particularly in localized OAML patients without absolute lymphocytosis but with conjunctival involvement.(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 1199–1203)
Benefits and risks of furosemide in acute kidney injury
Authors: Ho K. M. , Power B. M. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryFurosemide, a potent loop diuretic, is frequently used in different stages of acute kidney injury, but its clinical roles remain uncertain. This review summarises the pharmacology of furosemide, its potential uses and side effects, and the evidence of its efficacy. Furosemide is actively secreted by the proximal tubules into the urine before reaching its site of action at the ascending limb of loop of Henle. It is the urinary concentrations of furosemide that determine its diuretic effect. The severity of acute kidney injury has a significant effect on the diuretic response to furosemide; a good ‘urinary response’ may be considered as a ‘proxy’ for having some residual renal function. The current evidence does not suggest that furosemide can reduce mortality in patients with acute kidney injury. In patients with acute lung injury without haemodynamic instability, furosemide may be useful in achieving fluid balance to facilitate mechanical ventilation according to the lung‐protective ventilation strategy.
The increased mucosal mRNA expressions of complement C3 and interleukin-17 in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Sugihara T , Kobori A , Imaeda H , Tsujikawa T , Amagase K , Takeuchi K , Fujiyama Y , Andoh A 
Published: January 2010

SummaryRecent studies have demonstrated that the complement system participates in the regulation of T cell functions. To address the local biosynthesis of complement components in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mucosa, we investigated C3 and interleukin (IL)-17 mRNA expression in mucosal samples obtained from patients with IBD. The molecular mechanisms underlying C3 induction were investigated in human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts (SEMFs). IL-17 and C3 mRNA expressions in the IBD mucosa were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The C3 levels in the supernatant were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-17 and C3 mRNA expressions were elevated significantly in the active lesions from ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) patients. There was a significant positive correlation between IL-17 and C3 mRNA expression in the IBD mucosa. IL-17 stimulated a dose- and time-dependent increase in C3 mRNA expression and C3 secretion in colonic SEMFs. The C3 molecules secreted by colonic SEMFs were a 115-kDa α-chain linked to a 70-kDa β-chain by disulphide bonds, which was identical to serum C3. The IL-17-induced C3 mRNA expression was blocked by p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors (PD98059 and U0216) and a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580). Furthermore, IL-17-induced C3 mRNA expression was inhibited by an adenovirus containing a stable mutant form of IκBα. C3 and IL-17 mRNA expressions are enhanced, with a strong correlation, in the inflamed mucosa of IBD patients. Part of these clinical findings was considered to be mediated by the colonic SEMF response to IL-17.
Implicit structural inversion of gravity data using linear programming, a validation study*
Authors: Van Zon Arnout Tim , Roy Chowdhury Kabir 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTIn this study, a regional scale gravity data set has been inverted to infer the structure (topography) of the top of the basement underlying sub‐horizontal strata. We apply our method to this real data set for further proof of concept, validation and benchmarking against results from an earlier forward modelling done elsewhere.Our aim is to carry out implicit structural inversion, i.e., to obtain a geologically reasonable model, without specifically solving for structure. The 2.5D volume of interest is parametrized with homogeneous horizontal prisms and a two‐lithology medium is assumed. A possible regional linear trend and a general floating reference are also inverted for. Using a gridded parametrization, linear programming is used to minimize the L1‐norm of the data misfit, relative to a floating reference.Given a known density contrast between the lithologies, an inversion using linear programming has the intrinsic advantage that a relatively sharp image of the sub‐surface is retrieved instead of a smooth one. The model recovered is almost bi‐modal and its general features seem to be robust with respect to several parametrization scenarios investigated. The floating reference and a linear trend in the data were also retrieved simultaneously. The inversion results, indicating two depressions in the basement, are robust and agree with those obtained earlier based upon detailed 2D forward modelling using many narrow, near‐vertical prisms.
Relating 4D seismics to reservoir geomechanical changes using a discrete element approach
Authors: Alassi Haitham , Holt Rune , Landrø Martin 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTA modified discrete element method is briefly introduced and used for modelling reservoir geomechanical response during fluid injection and depletion. The modified approach works as a continuum method until some local failure is initiated, after which it behaves like a discrete element method on a polygonal lattice. The method is advantageous for modelling fracture developments in rocks. It is applied here to synthetic models of two reservoirs taken from the North Sea (Gullfaks and Elgin‐Franklin). For Gullfaks, two cases of water injection were modelled, one with low horizontal effective stress and the other with low vertical effective stress. Vertical fractures are developed in the first case, whereas horizontal fractures are developed in the second case. This would not have been seen using traditional methods. Based on 4D seismics data for the Gullfaks field, one may envision that horizontal fractures could have been formed. The Elgin‐Franklin synthetic model is used to study various scenarios of changing stress field around the depleting reservoir. Based on 4D seismics data from this field, one may see changes that could be interpreted in terms of possible fault reactivation.
Wavenumber of the guided wave supported by a thin resistive layer in marine controlled‐source electromagnetics
Authors: Kong F.N. , Johnstad S.E. , Park J. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the asymptotic behaviour of the electromagnetic fields received on the sea‐bed (target response), as well as the fields distributed inside a thin resistive target, generated by a horizontal electric dipole above the sea‐bed in marine controlled‐source electromagnetics for hydrocarbon exploration. It is found that the guided wave supported by a thin resistive target can be expressed as a single‐mode exponential function. A simple closed‐form expression is derived to relate the single‐mode wavenumber of the guided wave to the model parameters: the resistivity and thickness of the target layer, the sea‐bed resistivity and the frequency. When the air‐wave is removed, the guided wave is dominant among the fields received on the sea‐bed at far offset. Hence the wavenumber of the guided wave can be calculated from the fields measured on the sea‐bed. The closed‐form expression can then be used to invert the target property from the calculated wavenumber and hence, can be considered as a hydrocarbon indicator.
Production and fitness of Fusarium pseudograminearum inoculum at elevated carbon dioxide in FACE
Authors: MELLOY PAUL , HOLLAWAY GRANT , LUCK JO , NORTON ROB , AITKEN ELIZABETH , CHAKRABORTY SUKUMAR 
Published: January 2010

AbstractRising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is increasingly affecting food production but how plant diseases will influence production and quality of food under rising CO2 is not well understood. With increased plant biomass at high CO2 the stubble‐borne fungal pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum causing crown rot (CR) of wheat may become more severe. We have studied inoculum production by Fusarium using fungal biomass per unit wheat stubble, stem browning from CR and the saprophytic fitness of Fusarium strains isolated from two wheat varieties grown in 2007 and 2008 at ambient and elevated CO2 in free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) with or without irrigation and once in a controlled environment. Fungal biomass, determined using primers for fungal ribosomal 18s and the TRI5 gene, increased significantly at elevated CO2 in two of the three studies. Stem browning increased significantly at elevated CO2 in the 2007 FACE study. At elevated CO2 increased stem browning was not influenced by irrigation in a susceptible variety but in a resistant variety stem browning increased by 68% without irrigation. Wheat variety was significant in regression models explaining stem browning and Fusarium biomass but pathogen biomass at the two CO2 levels was not significantly linked to stem browning. Fusarium isolates from ambient and elevated CO2 did not differ significantly in their saprophytic fitness measured by the rate of colonization of wheat straw. We show that under elevated CO2Fusarium inoculum in stubbles will be amplified from increased crop and pathogen biomass while unimpeded saprophytic fitness will retain its effectiveness. If resistant varieties cannot completely stop infection, Fusarium will rapidly colonize stubble to further increase inoculum once the crop is harvested. Research should move beyond documenting the influence of elevated CO2 to developing disease management strategies from improved knowledge of pathogen biology and host resistance under rising CO2.
Hepcidin messenger RNA expression in human lymphocytes
Authors: Pinto Jorge P , Dias Vera , Zoller Heinz , Porto Graça , Carmo Helena , Carvalho Félix , De Sousa Maria 
Published: January 2010

SummaryHepcidin regulates intracellular iron levels by interacting with and promoting the degradation of ferroportin, a membrane protein and the only known cellular iron exporter. Studies of hepcidin expression and regulation have focused on its effects in innate immunity and as a regulator of systemic iron metabolism. In the present study we characterized the expression of hepcidin messenger RNA (mRNA) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with a focus on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). We found that (1) all human PBMCs analyzed express basal hepcidin mRNA levels; (2) hepcidin mRNA expression increases after T‐lymphocyte activation; (3) expression by PBLs increases in response to challenge by holotransferrin (Fe‐TF) and by ferric citrate in vitro; (4) the Fe‐TF‐mediated up‐regulation of hepcidin decreases ferroportin expression at the cytoplasmic membrane of PBLs; and (5) silencing of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) abrogates the effect of Fe‐TF. In summary, we show that hepcidin expression determines intracellular iron levels by regulating the expression of ferroportin, as described in other cells, and that inappropriately low expression of hepcidin impairs normal lymphocyte proliferation. The results establish hepcidin as a new player in lymphocyte biology.
Brain size, head size and behaviour of a passerine bird
Authors: Møller A. P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A recent increase in comparative studies of the ecological and evolutionary consequences of brain size in birds and primates in particular have suggested that cognitive abilities constitute a central link. Surprisingly, there are hardly any intraspecific studies investigating how individuals differing in brain size behave, how such individuals are distributed and how brain size is related to life history and fitness components. Brain mass of the barn swallow Hirundo rustica was strongly predicted by external head volume, explaining 99.5% of the variance, allowing for repeatable estimates of head volume as a reflection of brain size. Repeatability of head volume within and between years was high, suggesting that measurement errors were small. In a 2 years study of 501 individual adult barn swallows, I showed that head volume differed between sexes and age classes, with yearlings having smaller and more variable heads than older individuals, and females having smaller and more variable heads than males. Large head volume was not a consequence of large body size, which was a poor predictor of head volume. Birds with large heads arrived early from spring migration, independent of sex and age, indicating that migratory performance may have an important cognitive component. Head volume significantly predicted capture date and recapture probability, suggesting that head volume is related to learning ability, although morphological traits such as wing length, aspect ratio and wing area were unimportant predictors. Intensity of defence of offspring increased with head volume in females, but not in males. Barn swallows with large heads aggregated in large colonies, suggesting that individuals with large heads were more common in socially complex environments. These results suggest that brain size is currently under natural and sexual selection, and that micro-evolutionary processes affecting brain size can be studied under field conditions.