bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The U.S. Supreme Court
Authors: Epstein Lee 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Of all the difficult choices confronting societies when they go about designing legal systems, among the most controversial are those pertaining to the selection and retention of their judges. In the context of the Supreme Court of the United States, recent scholarship has shed considerable light on two aspects of the appointments process: presidential nomination and Senate confirmation. On the other hand, our knowledge of the process's triggering mechanism, a vacancy on the Court, remains sketchy. Turning first to vacancies, although the American Constitution implies that the process of appointing justices starts with the president, it in fact begins with a vacant seat on the Court. That void can arise in three ways: the creation of a new seat, the impeachment and removal, or departure of a sitting justice. None has received sufficient attention from political scientists. This article looks at the U.S. Supreme Court in the context of judicial appointments, agenda setting, and judicial decision making.
Law and Political Ideologies
Authors: Novkov Julie 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The struggle over police power and the legitimacy of labor regulations, the establishment of twentieth-century white supremacy, the contest between pro-choice and pro-life forces, and conservative efforts to end affirmative action all illustrate the relationship between law and ideology. Close readings of the cases in these areas, the institutional arrangements behind them, and the social and political dynamics driving the issues onto the courts' dockets demonstrate that ideology is not a free-floating force that independently causes judicial outcomes. A multifaceted analysis, however, also rejects the interpretation that ideology, as distinguished from doctrinal rule, plays no role in judicial decision making. Legal scholarship and popular discussion of the role of the judiciary at times presents a debate about when the intervention of ideology is appropriate in judicial decision making and whether it is more apt to happen at certain historical moments than others. The era of strong contract rights in the early twentieth century in the United States is often understood as a moment when judges simply ruled in favor of their political connections to conservative and propertied business interests.
Law and History
Authors: Tomlins Christopher 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The “critical” movement in legal studies that flowered in the United States between 1975 and 1995 took as an early point of departure that “law is politics, pure and simple.” This was not a methodological statement, but an insurgent exposé of the fraudulent “dichotomy between the public sphere of politics and the private sphere of law.” Nevertheless, certain presumptions about the best means to exposure were implicit: critical legal studies' commitment to unmasking law as politics proceeded from an initial excoriation of “traditional” jurisprudence for its indifference to “social and historical reality.” Social and historical analysis of law would reveal law as politics, past and present, amenable as such to reimagination and change. The critical project's historical work and its attempts to disrupt the law/politics distinction have had considerable influence on the general development of U.S. legal history.
Measuring Burnout
Authors: Maslach Christina , Leiter Michael P. , Schaufeli Wilmar 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Burnout is recognized as a potential problem within a broad range of occupations, and within many different countries. Much has been written about burnout and there is a continuing drive to identify effective solutions. This article reviews the history of the burnout concept, and the debates about how best to define it and thus measure it. The primary burnout measure, which continues to be the most widely used and is considered to be the “gold standard” for work on burnout, is the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and this article describes that measure in some detail. This article also reviews the more recent history about the concept of engagement, the positive opposite of burnout, and the parallel debates about both its definition and assessment.
Work–Life Balance
Authors: Poelmans Steven , Odle‐Dusseau Heather , Beham Barbara 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The issues surrounding work and family interactions have received increasing attention over the past twenty years, and have become a major concern for both employees and their employers. Across families with growing caring responsibilities, working men and women are undergoing an intensification of work–family conflict. In order to avoid or cope with work–family conflict and the resulting strains, couples have started to postpone and control their procreative activity, resulting in an increasing average first childbearing age and a considerable reduction in fertility. Although the incorporation of women is improving productivity in the short and mid-term, it may have an opposite effect in the long term, unless solutions can be found for combining work and caring responsibilities. This article defines some basic concepts (work–family conflict, work–family enrichment, work–family balance, and harmonization) and their causes and consequences.
The Impact of Working Hours and Working Patterns on Physical and Psychological Health
Authors: Kirkcaldy Bruce , Furnham Adrian , Shephard Roy 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
There is a growing debate concerning the influence of the sheer number of working hours on physical and psychological health which has been heightened by the introduction of the European Directive on Working Time. This directive underlines such time-related parameters as a minimum rest period of eleven consecutive hours in every twenty-four hours of work, mandatory rest days, a minimum annual entitlement of four weeks paid leave, acceptable arrangements for night work, including a limitation to no more than an average of eight in twenty-four hours, and a maximum working week of 48 hours. This article reviews the evidence relating to working hours and working patterns on both physical and psychological health. It focuses specifically on work: when, and for how long people choose to, or are required to, be at work.
Job Insecurity, Unemployment, and Organizational Well‐Being
Authors: Probst Tahira M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article tackles the important subject of job insecurity, unemployment, and its effects on well-being. Its purpose is to evaluate the prevalence and causes of these phenomena and review the latest research suggesting that they are related to a myriad of outcomes that can reduce organizational well-being. Although research indicates that these consequences are overwhelmingly negative, this article also reviews recent research that suggests a number of effective organizational interventions aimed at attenuating—and sometimes even reversing—the potentially negative effects of job insecurity and the threat of unemployment. Finally, this article suggests a number of positive outcomes of providing secure work for employees despite current workplace trends away from traditional psychological contracts that exchange hard work and loyalty for job security.
Building Employee Engagement, Job Satisfaction, Health, and Retention
Authors: Callan Victor J. , Lawrence Sandra A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article aims to outline the context in which engagement and retention crises have arisen in organizations today. It reviews what it means for an employee to be engaged in the workplace; how good levels of engagement result in better mental and physical health and improved job satisfaction; and what psychological conditions might shape engagement. In particular, while acknowledging that many facilitating agents and factors are at work in building employee engagement, this article argues that the transformational leadership behaviors of front-line supervisors play a critical role in determining various conditions that influence employee engagement, and in turn their health, satisfaction, and retention. Finally, this article discusses future directions and implications for employee engagement research, as well as the role of supervisors in shaping the workplace conditions that better meet the needs of workers.
Between Utopia and Reality: The Practical Discourses of International Relations
Authors: Reus-Smit Christian , Snidal Duncan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article explains the Handbook's broad approach and advances a series of arguments about the nature of international relations as a field, arguments informed by a reading of the rest of the book. The book is concerned, in particular, with three interrelated questions. What is the nature of the theoretical endeavour in international relations? How have the empirical and the normative aspects of theories interacted to shape individual theories and the debates between them? And finally, has there been progress in the study of international relations, and if so in what sense?
From International Relations to Global Society
Authors: Barnett Michael N. , Sikkink Kathryn 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Historically speaking, the study of international relations has largely concerned the study of states and the effects of anarchy on their foreign policies, the patterns of their interactions, and the organization of world politics. However, over the last several decades, the discipline as begun moving away from the study of ‘international relations’ and toward the study of ‘global society’. This shift from ‘international relations’ to ‘global society’ is reflective of several important developments that are the focus of this article. The article begins with a discussion of the anarchy thematic and what John Agnew (1994) has called ‘the territorial trap’, and surveys some of the critical forces that compelled international relations scholars to free themselves from this trap. It then explores the shifts in the what, who, how, and why of the study of international relations. It considers the terminological shift from the study of international governance to the study of global governance, justified because the purposes of global governance no longer reflect solely the interests of states but now also include other actors, including international organizations, transnational corporations, nongovernmental organizations, and new kinds of networks.
Eclectic Theorizing in the Study and Practice of International Relations
Authors: Katzenstein Peter , Sil Rudra 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article calls for the accommodation of eclectic modes of scholarship in international relations that trespass deliberately and liberally across competing research traditions with the intention of defining and exploring substantive problems in original, creative ways. The article first outlines a pragmatist view of social knowledge in which intellectual progress is understood as expanding the possibilities for dialogue and creative experimentation. It elaborates on the definition of analytic eclecticism, identifying its distinctive characteristics and payoffs vis-à-vis those of preexisting research traditions. It then considers a small sample of scholarship in international relations that illustrates the meaning and value of analytical eclecticism with specific reference to issues of international security and political economy. It concludes that alongside, and in dialogue with scholarship produced in specific research traditions, analytic eclecticism is a necessary and valuable asset in enabling the discipline of international relations to evolve beyond recurrent metatheoretical debates and to hold forth some promise for having meaningful practical significance beyond the academe.
Neoliberal Institutionalism
Authors: Stein Arthur A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
International politics today is as much institutional as intergovernmental. International institutions can be found in every functional domain and in every region in the world. Modern reality consists of an alphabet soup of institutions which includes the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). This article argues that disagreement about definitions, about how old or new the phenomenon, and about its exact impact cannot mask the reality of a growing number and the role of international institutions. How much and how adequately these institutions of international governance tame anarchy is open to question, but the world is witnessing an increase in supranational governance, created by states and in which states increasingly live. Understanding and explaining international politics increasingly requires incorporating the role of international institutions. Scholarship on international institutions is growing and developing commensurately.
The Ethics of Critical Theory
Authors: Eckersley Robyn 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article offers an explication and evaluation of the ethics of critical international relations theory. It highlights the distinctive contribution to cosmopolitan ethical inquiry of the Habermasian branch of critical international relations theory, while also pinpointing certain unresolved ethical tensions and inadequacies associated with the discourse ethic. It shows that tensions arise, in part, from the fact that critical theory's ultimate purpose — emancipation — is not exhausted by the procedural requirements of the discourse ethics. The article also examines critical theory's reluctance to ‘do ethics’ in the applied sense of the term. The purpose is not to reduce the ethics of critical theory to applied ethics, nor to discount the importance of critical theory's procedural normative ethics. Rather, it is merely to suggest that, once critical theory acknowledges the extradiscursive underpinnings of its normative ethics, the door is opened to engagement in applied ethical debates.
Feminism
Authors: Whitworth Sandra 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines some of the principle tensions, but also compatibilities, between the study of international relations and feminism. It also reviews briefly some of the main points of debate and controversy within feminist thinking, and the ways in which feminist insights have been taken up by global actors in world politics, such as the United Nations. Much of the discussion of feminism and international relations has usefully focused on the ways in which mainstream accounts of international relations ignore its impact on gender and/or make invisible the kinds of contributions that feminist analyses can bring to processes of international relations. The article goes in a somewhat different direction by examining the ways in which ‘gender’ does circulate globally, and the ways in which gender has obtained something of a worldwide currency, especially in (but not limited to) questions of peace, violence, and conflict.
Psychological Approaches
Authors: Goldgeier James , Tetlock Philip E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article addresses the following question: Under what conditions, in what ways, and to what degree should various strands of theorizing at the international level — structural realism, institutionalism, constructivism — incorporate various categories of psychological theory? The article samples the diverse ways in which such interweaving of levels of analysis has either already begun or could be readily initiated given recent empirical and theoretical developments. The most promising candidates for conceptual integration are organized into four broad categories which identify: the appropriate boundary conditions for the applicability of clashing hypotheses within the structural-realist tradition; the factors that facilitate and impede the creation of international institutions and norm enforcement mechanisms within the institutionalist tradition; the factors that determine whether policy-makers and epistemic communities frame issues in terms of the logic of consequential action or the logic of obligatory action within the constructivist tradition; and the price that international relations theorists pay for placing a hedgehog-style premium on theoretical parsimony and the value of adopting a more flexible, foxlike, contextualist style in future theory-building exercises.
International Ethics
Authors: Nardin Terry 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides both an overview of the field of international ethics and an argument for rethinking its identity and foundations. It begins with its present identity as a branch of applied ethics and considers some disadvantages of that identity, which invites too easy a transition from the realm of personal morality to the realm of politics, and which alternative labels such as ‘global’ or ‘cosmopolitan’ ethics do little to overcome. It takes up the question of foundations, arguing that a coherent theory of international ethics that acknowledges the claims of politics must rest on the idea of justice as properly enforceable obligations — a claim defended by examining the ideas of interest, agreement, rights, and morality as foundational alternatives to the idea of justice. This conception of justice is then used to illuminate some key topics in international ethics: the pluralism of a world divided not only into legally autonomous states but also along religious, ethnic, and other lines; the inequalities of a world divided between rich and poor; and the insecurity of a world in which war remains endemic and inescapable. The article concludes by suggesting how attention to the history of political thought and comparative ethics can make the study of international ethics more critical and autonomous. Focusing on justice as enforceable obligations can help the field move past dead-end debates over cosmopolitanism to acquire a coherent identity as concerned with freedom, coercion, law, and politics.
Locating Responsibility: The Problem of Moral Agency in International Relations
Authors: Erskine Toni 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Questions of moral agency are fundamental to the study of world politics. Who — or what — can bear the related moral burdens of duty and blame for specific acts and outcomes has serious implications for practice and theory. This article begins with a discussion of where moral responsibility can reasonably be located in world politics. It then presents the implicit and consequential assumptions regarding moral agency that are held in common by a number of otherwise diverse approaches within international relations. Finally, it discusses steps that can be taken to redress the shortcomings of international relations in dealing with issues of moral responsibility. Each challenges existing theoretical assumptions in a way that promises to enhance how the field is able to understand, explain, and respond to practical problems in world politics.
Six Wishes for a More Relevant Discipline of International Relations
Authors: Smith Steve 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks at how the discipline of international relations should develop over the next twenty years. It argues that international relations needs to be pluralistic, in the strong sense of valuing different intellectual approaches; not pluralistic in a weaker sense of ‘anything goes’. International relations should move toward being a truly international field, rather than being a field for one, dominant, part of humanity. It should reject simple dichotomies such as domestic/international, economics/politics, and public/private, and not accept that humanity is moving toward common identities and politics. It needs to understand the world of the powerless as well as the powerful, and be self-reflective as to the relationship between our scholarship, our stated ethical standards, and our location as scholars.
Public Management as Ethics
Authors: Dobel J. Patrick 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Public management and administration are justified by moral purpose: they provide the political and institutional conditions that permit human beings to survive, flourish, and exercise virtue and excellence. Interestingly, however, almost all historical forms of bureaucracy and government emphasize at the rhetorical level, the ethical responsibilities of public administrators to serve impartially “all” citizens of the state with competence. This article discusses the ethical values and character that modern public managers and administrators should possess to perform their duties in liberal democracies. The article analyzes the strains within liberal democracy that pose unique and persistent tensions between the values of liberal democracy and public management. It focuses upon framing discretion as the moral focal point of public management and looks at the range of values central to morally defensible public management. Finally it discusses the role of ethics policies to imbed values at the core of the public management enterprise and address corruption.
Postmodern Public Administration
Authors: Bogason Peter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses what the conditions of postmodernity are about, distinguishing between conditions in society (is there a postmodern epoch?) and in social research (how does one carry out postmodern research?). The subsequent focus is on how research in Public Administration has been influenced by postmodern ideas. The article's approach is inspired by an understanding that the organization of science matters. Only a brief overview of some aspects of postmodern analysis in Public Administration is delivered. It is not easy to define a sharp borderline of the analysis of Public Administration. The field itself is cross-disciplinary, and many policy analyses concern the role of Public Administration. Therefore, some segments of Policy Analysis are included, mirroring the fact that some scholars are involved both in Public Administration research and Policy Analysis.
Public–Private Partnerships and Hybridity
Authors: Skelcher Chris 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPublic–Private partnerships (PPPs) combine the resources of government with those of private agents (businesses or not-for-profit bodies) in order to deliver societal goals. The forms taken by public–private partnerships include the contracting-out of services, the business management of public utilities, and the design of hybrid organizations for risk sharing and co-production between government and private agents. PPPs give rise to a series of ideological and managerial choices. This article has four sections. The first step is to explore the political and theoretical rationales for public–private partnerships. This leads into an analysis of the five types of PPP. The third section of the article discusses the impact of PPPs in terms of cost/quality and organizational hybridity. The final section draws out the main conclusions of the analysis and identifies challenges for the future governance and the management of PPPs.