bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fetal axillary cystic hygroma: a case report and review
Authors: Temizkan Osman , Abike Faruk , Ayvaci Habibe , Demirag Ersan , Görücü Yasin , Isik Ecmel 
Published: December 2011

Cystic hygroma (CH) is a lymphatic malformation occurring different parts of fetal body, typically in the region of the fetal neck and axillary, abdominal wall, mediastinal, inguinal and retroperitoneal areas. CH has been associated with fetal aneuploidy, hydrops fetalis, structural malformations and intrauterine fetal death. A 24-year-old gravida 1, para 1 was admitted to our hospital at 28 weeks of gestation. Ultrasonographic examination determined 28 weeks of gestation, singleton, alive fetus who had a mass derived from the right axillary region which was extending to the anterior and posterior thoracic wall with fluid-filled cavities about 12 cm in size. There was no evidence of intrathorasic or intraabdominal extension of mass. Cordocentesis was performed and karyotype examination was normal 46 XY. The fetal demise was found after the first visit. The patient was delivered vaginally after labor induction with oxytocin infusion. The fetal autopsy confirmed the diagnosis of CH. The fetal CH carries high risk of aneuploidy and fetal malformations. Patients that have been diagnosed with CH in antenatal follow-ups should be assessed in terms of other anomalies. Fetal karyotyping should be done and the patient should be monitored for fetal hydrops. The birth should be planned in a multidisciplinary hospital and as neonatal resuscitation could be needed, pediatricians should be consulted.
Creating a Smoke-Free Hospital: Attitudes and Smoking Behaviors of Nurses and Physicians
Authors: Stillman Frances A. , Hantula Donald A. , Swank Robert 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. To assess smoking prevalence and attitudes of physicians and nurses before a smoking ban. The relationship between pre-ban attitudes and post-ban smoking behavior was also studied. Design. This is a prospective descriptive study of a cohort of nurses and physicians who were surveyed six months before and six months after a ban on smoking was implemented. Setting. A large, 1,000-bed teaching hospital in the Northeast of the United States. Subjects. All full-time members of the medical (n=1,496) and nursing staff (n=1,500) were surveyed. The overall response rate for the cohort was 41 % for physicians and 39% for nurses. Measures. Surveys included standardized questions on current smoking behavior, and sociodemographic variables. Attitudes toward quitting and the smoking policy and attitudes about implementation and enforcement of the smoking ban were included. Results. Both physicians and nurses were supportive of a smoke-free policy, but the two groups differed significantly on attitudes related to implementation and enforcement, with nurses being more accommodating toward smoking and less likely to enforce a ban on smoking. Physicians were more likely than nurses to quit smoking after implementation of the ban. Pre-ban attitudes were not predictive of post-ban changes in smoking behavior. Conclusions. Physicians and nurses agreed with establishing a smoke-free environment but disagreed over the efforts needed to maintain the smoke-free environment. Quitting behavior was not influenced by pre-ban attitudes.
Relationship between Cumulative Exposure to Health Messages and Awareness and Behavior-Related Drinking during Pregnancy
Authors: Kaskutas Lee Ann , Graves Karen 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. This paper describes the relationship between exposure to multiple sources of health messages about the risk of drinking during pregnancy and respondents' awareness and behavior related to this risk. Design. Observational study using telephone interview data. Setting. Exposure to this message occurs via a government warning on alcoholic beverage containers, warning posters in restaurants and bars, and media advertisements. Subjects. Representative nationwide samples of adults were interviewed in 1990 (n=2,000) and 1991 (n=2,017), with response rates of 64% and 62%, respectively. Measures. Outcomes assessed are knowledge of the alcohol-related risk of birth defects, conversations about drinking during pregnancy, and self-reported reduction of alcohol consumption due to health concerns. Results. Multivariate logistic regression models were used. In the total sample, respondents exposed to one, two, and three different message sources were more likely to converse about drinking during pregnancy than those exposed to no messages (odds ratio=2.6, 3.8, and 4.1, respectively), while reduced alcohol consumption due to health concerns associated with exposure to two and three different sources (odds ratio=1.6 and 2.0, respectively). Among women aged 18 to 40, a similar relationship is found for conversations, but it was only among those seeing all three message types that a reduction in consumption was observed (odds ratio=2.8). Interpretation of these findings are limited because of respondent bias in alcohol consumption, message source exposure, and the cross-sectional nature of the data employed. Conclusions. These findings support the public health approach of implementing multi-faceted strategies to maximize risk reduction interventions.
Simulated Lifetime Costs of Three Types of Employer-Based, Periodic, Breast Cancer Screening Programs for Working-Age Women
Authors: Griffiths Robert I. , Griffiths Claudia B. , Powe Neil R. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. To estimate the lifetime cost of three types of employer-sponsored breast cancer screening programs and to identify factors influencing cost. Design. A computerized decision analysis model was constructed to compare lifetime costs of providing breast cancer screening in each of three screening programs: on-site within an employer, mobile unit visiting the employer, and off-site. Subjects. Three hypothetical cohorts of 10,000 female employees 38 years of age at time of first screening. Intervention. A cohort was enrolled in each screening program and received screening from age 38 through age 64. Employees continued to receive benefits related to breast cancer until age 100 or death. Measures. Costs in the model included those for screening, workup for a suspicious mammogram, treatment for breast cancer, short-term losses in employee productivity, and disability due to breast cancer. Approach. The model was used to estimate the mean lifetime cost per employee, to the employer, of the On-Site program. This cost was compared to the cost of the other programs. Results. Mean lifetime cost per employee was $5,485 for the On-Site screening program. This cost was significantly (P<.0001) lower than in the Off-Site program (by $311) or the Mobile program (by $212). The baseline results for the On-Site program were quite sensitive to the cost of screening, the sensitivity and specificity of screening, age at initiation of screening, and the underlying incidence of breast cancer in the population. Conclusion. Employers and other entities should consider these factors such as location and content in selecting the most efficient and effective breast cancer screening program.
Diffusion of Innovations in Schools: A Study of Adoption and Implementation of School-Based Tobacco Prevention Curricula
Authors: McCormick Laura K. , Steckler Allan B. , McLeroy Kenneth R. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of implementation of school health education curricula, to identify factors which enhanced or impeded implementation, and to examine the link between the adoption and implementation phases of the diffusion process. Design. The study used an experimental design; 22 school districts were randomly assigned to intervention and control conditions. Setting. The study was conducted in North Carolina. Subjects. All teachers in the study districts identified by their schools as “eligible to teach health” were included in the sample. Intervention. An in-depth training was conducted on the use of the middle school tobacco prevention curriculum that had been adopted. Measures. Three measures were used to assess implementation of the curricula. Independent variables of interest included organizational size and climate, teacher training, how long it took to make the adoption decision, and attitudes toward tobacco use prevention curricula. Response rates for these measures ranged from 44% to 78%. Results. Nonparametric correlations and regression modeling indicated that larger organizational size and teacher training were the strongest predictors of curricula implementation. A favorable organizational climate within school districts also improved implementation. Conclusions. While interventions to increase adoption of school health education curricula should focus on larger school districts, the majority of efforts to improve implementation should focus on smaller districts.
Psychometric Testing of the Reduced Laffrey Health Conception Scale
Authors: Lusk Sally L. , Kerr Madeleine J. , Baer Leslie Martel 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. Laffrey's Health Conception Scale (LHCS), an instrument designed to measure personal definitions of health, was reduced with the intent of creating a useful yet less cumbersome version of the LHCS. Design. The original form of the LHCS was tested in a preliminary study, and results were used as a basis for the reduction of the instrument. The original clinical and new overall wellness subscales were subsequently tested with a larger population of manufacturing plant workers. Setting. One chemical plant and three Midwestern manufacturing plants. Subjects. The sample for the preliminary study comprised 94 chemical plant workers. For the larger study, the sample comprised 892 subjects; because this instrument was part of a larger questionnaire to identify predictors of workers' use of hearing protection, only those workers who spent some part of their work time in areas of the plant which required hearing protection use were eligible to participate. Measures. The original LHCS was used in the preliminary study. The reduced LHCS was used in the larger study and psychometrically evaluated. Results. The reduced LHCS accounted for 51 % of the variance in definition of health; all but one item had loaded on one of the two factors with a loading of .41 or greater. The revised LHCS demonstrated excellent internal consistency. Two distinct factors, the clinical subscale and the overall wellness subscale, were isolated. Conclusions. The researchers recommend the reduced LHCS be used for assessing subjects' definition of health; the reduced instrument requires fewer items, and therefore less time, to measure individuals' definitions of health with excellent reliability.
Prevention of Alcohol Misuse: A Review of Health Promotion Efforts among American Indians
Authors: May Philip A. , Moran James R. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of a wide range of potentially useful strategies to address the prevention of alcohol misuse among American Indians. This broad approach to the review is useful because the extreme heterogeneity of the American Indian population requires that health promotion professionals explore many options and tailor their activities to specific communities. Search Method. A literature search was initiated through MEDLINE using the following key words: prevention, alcohol, substance abuse, American Indian, and Native American. The search yielded 29 articles from the years 1982 through 1994. These articles, along with 45 previously identified in three overview articles, form the basis of the review and discussion in this paper. Summary of findings. As a group, American Indians experience many health problems that are related to alcohol misuse. Comparison of Indians to non-Indians shows that the age of first involvement with alcohol is younger, the frequency and amount of drinking is greater, and negative consequences are more common. Health promotion programs that address these issues must take into account American Indian heterogeneity and should use a comprehensive approach that addresses both heavy drinking and the sequelae of problems related to alcohol misuse. Major Conclusions. Important concepts for providing health promotion services to this population are: cultural relevance must be carefully planned and monitored; individuals in the local community must be involved; the drunken Indian stereotype must be addressed; and community empowerment should be an important goal.
Fruit and Vegetable Intake in the United States: The Baseline Survey of the Five a Day for Better Health Program
Authors: Subar Amy F. , Heimendinger Jerianne , Patterson Blossom H. , Krebs-Smith Susan M. , Pivonka Elizabeth , Kessler Ronald 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The purpose of the Five A Day Baseline Survey was to assess fruit and vegetable intake and associated factors among US adults. Design. Questionnaires querying frequency of intake of 33 fruits and vegetables, as well as demographics, attitudes, and knowledge related to fruits and vegetables were administered by telephone. Setting. The study was a nationally representative random digit dial survey conducted by telephone in the summer of 1991; response rate was 42.8%. Subjects. Respondents were 2811 US adults (including an oversample of African-Americans and Hispanics). Measures. Mean and median self-reported intakes of fruits and vegetables were calculated. Estimated servings per week were adjusted on the basis of responses to summary questions regarding overall fruit and vegetable intakes. Results. Median intake of fruits and vegetables was 3.4 servings per day. Linear regressions (accounting for no more than 10% of the variation) showed that education, income, and smoking status were predictors of fruit and vegetable intake and that intake increased with education, income, and nonsmoking status. Women had higher intakes than men at all ages; these differences between men and women increased with age. Fruit and vegetable intakes increased with age for whites and Hispanics, but not for African-Americans. Conclusions. Fruit and vegetable intake among adults in the United States is lower than the recommended minimum of five daily servings. These data will be useful in targeting campaign efforts and in assessing progress of the Five A Day for Better Health Program.
Evaluation of the Heart to Heart Project: Lessons from a Community-Based Chronic Disease Prevention Project
Authors: Goodman Robert M. , Wheeler Fran C. , Lee Peter R. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. To present an evaluation of a 5-year, community-based, chronic disease prevention project managed by a state health department to determine whether the department could replicate similar previous projects that had received more funding and other resources. Design. The evaluation used a matched comparison design and a review of archive and interview data. Setting. Florence, South Carolina (population: 56,240). Subjects. A random sample of 1642 persons in Florence (and 1551 in the comparison) who responded to a risk factor questionnaire and underwent a physical assessment; 70. 7% of baseline subjects participated in the postintervention. Forty key persons were interviewed concerning project effectiveness. Interventions by Project. Walk-a-thons, a speakers' bureau, media messages, restaurant food labeling, and cooking seminars. More than 31,000 participants were involved in 585 activities. Measures. Questionnaires focused on hypertension, obesity, high cholesterol, smoking, and exercise. Physical assessments determined lipid, lipoprotein, apolipoprotein, and blood pressure levels. Analysis of covariance was used for baseline and postintervention comparisons. Content analysis was used on archive and interview data. Results. The project had a slightly favorable intervention effect on cholesterol and smoking, but failed to have an effect on other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The project influenced community awareness, enlisted influential community members, and fostered linkages among local health services. Conclusions. Health departments can be instrumental in community risk reduction programming; however, they may not replicate projects having greater resources.
Analyzing Integrin‐Dependent Adhesion
Authors: Mould A. Paul 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this unit, methods for the analysis of integrin‐dependent adhesion are described. Two major types of assays are commonly used for this analysis. The first are cell adhesion assays (as described in UNIT 9.1). A key application of this type of assay is to identify which integrin(s) mediate cell‐substrate interactions; a comprehensive list of antibodies suitable for this purpose is detailed. The second are solid‐phase assays in which purified integrins and integrin ligands are used. These assays can be used, e.g., to measure apparent affinities of integrins for different ligands and IC50 values of pharmacological inhibitors. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 53:9.4.1‐9.4.17. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Actinides: Inorganic & Coordination ChemistryBased in part on the article Actinides: Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry by Grigorii L. Soloveichik which appeared in the
Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition
.
Authors: Keogh D. Webster 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The Inorganic and Coordination Chemistry of the 5f elements (Actinides) is intermediate between that of the transition metals and the 4f elements (Lanthanides). The first four members of the actinide series, Ac, Th, Pa, and U, are all naturally occurring but have unstable nuclei, making them radioactive. The other elements in the actinide series (transuranium elements or transuranics) are also radioactive and have been made by man through a variety of nuclear transformation processes, for example, neutron irradiation, atom bombardment, and radioactive decay. The actinide series may be broken into two separate groups, the light or early actinides (Ac–Am) and the heavy or late actinides (Cm–Lr). The chemical behaviors of these two groups are distinct. The light actinides are capable of being stabilized in a variety of oxidation states, for example, II to VII, and have been found to exhibit a significant degree of covalency in binding ligands. The heavy actinides are more reminiscent of the lanthanides in that the most persistent oxidation state is the trivalent and the bonding predominately occurs through ionic interactions. This difference has led to a substantial number of studies into the role of the 5f orbitals in structure and bonding of the actinides. One of the ions that has received a great deal of attention is the ubiquitous actinyl ion, AnO22+/+. This ion is the stable form for all aqueous complexes of the pentavalent and hexavalent light actinides. The oxo ligands are always found in a trans geometry and are strongly bound (triple bond) through a combination of σ‐ and π‐bonds with the 5f and 6d orbitals of the actinide metal center. While these strong covalent interactions exist with the axial oxo ligands, the bonding within the equatorial plane is primarily based on ionic interactions.

The ability of the light actinides to access multiple oxidation states leads to rich and, sometimes, complex electrochemistry. For example, under acidic conditions the reduction potentials for PuO
2
2+
, PuO
2
+
, Pu
4+
, and Pu
3+
are all close to 1 V. The physical manifestation of these close reduction potentials is an aqueous solution in which the plutonium can exist in four different oxidation states simultaneously. By careful control of the conditions, oxidation state pure solutions can be obtained for quantitative and qualitative studies. The binding affinities of the actinide ions to ligands follow the general trend An
4+
> An
3+
∼ AnO
2
2+
≫ AnO
2
+
. Since the actinides are strong acids, the ions preferentially bond strong bases, for example, halides, oxygen donors, and so on. Owing to the greater degree of covalency in actinide complexes compared to the lanthanides, complexes with ligands having nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and selenium donors are also found.
Alkali Metals: Inorganic ChemistryBased in part on the article Alkali Metals: Inorganic Chemistry by Francis S. Mair & Ronald Snaith which appeared in theEncyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition.
Authors: Leung Wing‐Por , Wai‐Yan Ip Queenie 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis article is updated to cover the literature in the area of inorganic chemistry of alkali metals since 1993. The advancement in instrumentation and spectroscopic techniques in the past decade has provided the researchers with more powerful tools for structure determination of compounds. In this respect, alkalides containing mixed‐sandwich complexes of alkali metal cations, complexes with dimers or chains of alkali metal anions, electrides with alkali metal ions intercalating in zeolite, and interstitial hydride enclosed by an unusual (Li+)8cubic cage have been found or studied by NMR. With the successful preparation of Na3N recently, its correct structure has been revealed. The exact composition of ‘NaB6’ has also been determined. The role of alkali metals in trielide clusters of traditional Zintl polyanions has been demonstrated. Trimetallic Li‐Na‐K amides, alkoxide compounds, and highly aggregated cage structures of lithium‐heavier alkali metal alkoxides have been reported.
Alkali Metals: Organometallic ChemistryBased in part on the article Alkali Metals: Organometallic Chemistry by Charles M. Lukehart which appeared in the
Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition
.
Authors: Harvey Melanie J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Organolithium complexes, like the organomagnesium Grignard Reagents, are important reactants in organic synthesis. The similarity in structure, bonding, and reactivity of organolithium and ‐magnesium compounds exemplifies the common chemistry exhibited by representative elements that appear in the same diagonal in the periodic table. Although much debate exists over the degree of covalency within lithium – carbon‐bonding interactions, the presence of some covalent character in LiC bonds of alkyllithium compounds is widely accepted. The bonding interactions within organoalkali metal complexes of the heavier alkali metals are generally considered to be strongly electrostatic or ionic in nature. This is supported by a large collection of evidence, consisting primarily of solution NMR data, single‐crystal X‐ray analyses, and gas‐phase computational studies. Many of the organolithium compounds are soluble in hydrocarbons, but organometallic compounds of the heavier group 1 metals generally require more polar solvents. In general, the reactivity of the alkali metals and the reactivity of the organometallic compounds of these metals increase as we go down the group or column. Organoalkali metal compounds are similar to, but more reactive than Grignard reagents. Organoalkali metal compounds are both air‐ and moisture‐sensitive and are sometimes pyrophoric. In addition, organoalkali metal compounds will react as Brønsted bases with protic reagents. Specific details regarding the synthesis, reactivity, and structures of various types of organoalkali metal compounds will be discussed.