bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Is Punished? Regional Intergovernmental Organizations and the Enforcement of Democratic Norms
Authors: Donno Daniela 
Published: October 2010

AbstractScholars have found an association between membership in regional intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and democracy, and IGO enforcement is often credited as an important factor explaining this link. But empirical evidence reveals great variation in whether these organizations actually respond to violations of democratic norms, even in democratic regions. Why do IGOs punish some norm-violating countries but not others? What does this variation imply for theories about how IGO membership helps states make credible commitments? This article presents a theoretical framework for understanding variation in multilateral norm enforcement. It identifies two obstacles to enforcement—the presence of competing geopolitical interests and uncertainty about the nature and scope of norm violations—and it argues that international monitoring can help mitigate these obstacles by revealing and publicizing information that pressures reluctant member states to support enforcement. An original data set of democracy enforcement in Latin America and postcommunist countries is used to examine regional IGO enforcement in response to one prevalent type of democratic norm violation: electoral misconduct. I find that enforcement is less likely in countries of high geopolitical importance, but the presence of election observers increases the probability of enforcement, and the content of observers' reports influences the type of enforcement that is imposed. These findings suggest that the link between IGO membership, credible commitments, and democracy should be theorized and tested as a conditional relationship, depending on country- and incident-specific factors that influence the likelihood of enforcement.
Goliath's Curse: Coercive Threats and Asymmetric Power
Authors: Sechser Todd S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractStates typically issue compellent threats against considerably weaker adversaries, yet their threats often fail. Why? Expanding on a standard model of international crisis bargaining, I argue that a theory of reputation-building can help shed light on this puzzle. The model casts reputation as a strategic problem, showing that challengers issuing compellent threats have incentives to anticipate the reputation costs that target states incur when appeasing aggressors. If challengers can recognize these costs and offset them with side payments or smaller demands, then even reputation-conscious targets will acquiesce. I argue, however, that military strength contributes to information problems that make challengers more likely to underestimate their targets' reputation costs and insufficiently compensate them. In this way, military power can undermine the effectiveness of compellent threats. The logic is illustrated by the 1939 Russo-Finnish crisis, and the argument's implications for the study of coercive diplomacy are explored.
The Conscription of Wealth: Mass Warfare and the Demand for Progressive Taxation
Authors: Scheve Kenneth , Stasavage David 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe dominant narrative of the politics of redistribution in political science and economics highlights the signature role of the rise of electoral democracy and the development of political parties that mobilize working-class groups. We argue in this article that this narrative ignores the critical role played by mass warfare in the development of redistributive public policies. Focusing attention on the determinants of progressive taxation, we argue that mobilization for mass warfare led to demands for increased taxation of the wealthy to more fairly distribute the burden for the war effort. We then show empirically that during the past century, mass mobilization for war has been associated with a notable increase in tax progressivity. In the absence of war, neither the establishment of universal suffrage, nor the arrival of political control by parties of the left is systematically associated with large increases in tax progressivity. In making these arguments, we devote particular attention to a “difference-in-differences” comparison of participants and nonparticipants in World War I.
Nature or Nurture? Judicial Lawmaking in the European Court of Justice and the Andean Tribunal of Justice
Authors: Alter Karen J. , Helfer Laurence R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAre international courts power-seeking by nature, expanding the reach and scope of international rules and the courts' authority where permissive conditions allow? Or, does expansionist lawmaking require special nurturing? We investigate the relative influences of nature versus nurture by comparing expansionist lawmaking in the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the Andean Tribunal of Justice (ATJ), the ECJ's jurisdictional cousin and the third most active international court. We argue that international judges are more likely to become expansionist lawmakers where they are supported by substate interlocutors and compliance constituencies, including government officials, advocacy networks, national judges, and administrative agencies. This comparison of two structurally identical international courts calls into question prevailing explanations of ECJ lawmaking, and it suggests that prevailing scholarship puts too much emphasis on the self-interested power-seeking of judges, the importance of institutional design features, and the preferences of governments to explain lawmaking by international courts.
Revisiting Russian Serfdom: Bonded Peasants and Market Dynamics, 1600s–1800s
Authors: Stanziani Alessandro 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe notion of the “second serfdom” has to be revisited. I claim that the introduction, the evolution, and the abolition of serfdom in Russia should be seen as a long-term process, beginning no later than the late sixteenth century and ending at the eve of the First World War. In particular, I show that serfdom was never officially institutionalized in Russia and that the rules usually evoked to justify this argument actually were not meant to “bind” the peasantry but to distinguish noble estate owners from state-service nobles and “bourgeois.” Contrary to what has been argued by Witold Kula and Immanuel Wallerstein, the rise of capitalism in the West did not exploit the rise of serfdom in the East, but both East and West were part of the same global wave of commercialization, protoindustrialization, and industrialization.
Transformations in the Feminization of Unfree Domestic Labor: A Study ofAbaawaor Prepubescent Female Servitude in Modern Ghana
Authors: Akurang-Parry Kwabena O. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article breaks new ground for the study of postslavery gender and social formations in modern Ghana and Africa as a whole: It examines the expansion of involuntary female domestic labor known asabaawain what is today Ghana. The study traces the transformative institutional processes that shaped the exploitation of involuntary female labor in the precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial periods. Based on a variety of primary sources, including colonial, indigenous African newspapers, Christian missionary accounts, and oral history, the article maps out the paradoxical expansion of involuntary female labor during the age of abolition in the colonial period and the postslavery phase of social and gender formations in the era of the postcolonial state. The pivotal argument is that social and gender formations that emerged as a result of abolition, social change, and economic transformation benefited more males than females. As a result, males used innovative, empowering avenues of social mobility in both the colonial and postcolonial periods. For their part, disempowered females, especially those in backwater enclaves, were consigned toabaawalabor, which has ostensibly been projected as a benign, kinship-based, and apprenticeship-bound institution. In reality, contemporaryabaawahas all the exploitative vagaries of slavery and debt-bondage of the pre/colonial epoch.
Neo-Bondage: A Fieldwork-Based Account
Authors: Breman Jan 
Published: October 2010

AbstractOn the basis of anthropological fieldwork carried out in South Gujarat in the early 1960s, I described and analyzed a system of bonded labor that dominated the relationship between low-caste farm servants and high-caste landowners (Patronage and Exploitation: Changing Agrarian Relations in South Gujarat, India, 1974). More recently, I have gone back to the study of agrarian bondage of the past in order to explore in greater detail the emergence of unfree labor in the precolonial era and comment on its demise as a result of efforts made by the colonial state, the nationalist movement, and peasant activists (Labour Bondage in West India from Past to Present, 2007). A recurrent research theme during my fieldwork in the last few decades has been drawing attention to practices of neo-bondage (neobecause the relationship between bosses and workers is less personalized, of shorter duration, more contractual, and monetized) at the bottom of India's informal-sector economy. Additionally, the elements of patronage that offered a modicum of protection and security to bonded clients in the past have disappeared while the transition to a capitalist mode of production accelerated.
Not Every Family: Selective Reunification in Contemporary US Immigration Laws
Authors: Hwang Maria Cecilia , Parreñas Rhacel Salazar 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article questions the notion that family reunification is the cornerstone of US immigration policies and points to the violation of the right to family reunification in US law. It specifically looks at the forcible separation of legal residents from their families, including foreign domestic workers in the Labor Certification Program; US-born children with undocumented relatives, including parents and siblings; and guest workers. We argue that the growing influence of nationalist politics and big businesses trumps the interests of the family in US immigration policies, resulting in the prolonged and forcible separation of working-class and poor migrant families.
Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigrant Political Incorporation: The American Experience
Authors: Gerstle Gary 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis essay offers a historical overview of processes of immigrant political incorporation in the United States. It identifies three dimensions of incorporation—legal, cultural, and institutional—and argues that the unevenness of progress among these three dimensions has rendered the process of incorporation fraught and frequently marked by contradiction. It also distinguishes between “acquiescent” and “transformational” modes of incorporation and stresses that the latter, though often perceived as threatening by the native-born, is often the more enduring and meaningful way of becoming American. Finally, it assesses the prospects for incorporation among immigrants in the United States today.
The “New Normal”? Reflections on the Shifting Politics of the Immigration Debate
Authors: Gutiérrez David G. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe intensity of the recent debate over the presence of an estimated eleven to twelve million unauthorized persons in the United States often creates the impression that the current situation somehow represents a historical anomaly in the long-running debate over US immigration policy and citizenship law. This brief commentary contests that view, suggesting instead that the mass circulation and permanent presence of unauthorized persons has been a normative feature of US economic activity for more than a century and that the exigencies of global economic competition make it likely that this state of affairs will persist into the foreseeable future.
Commonwealth and “Commonism”
Authors: Merrill Michael 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBoth Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri inCommonwealth(2008) and Peter Linebaugh inThe Magna Carta Manifesto(2009) want to put the commons and communism—understood as a form of society in which private property has been replaced by property in common—“back on the agenda.” They even insist that just such a social and economic order “grounded in the common” is “already in process” and that communism is thus more relevant and possible than ever. To a certain extent, they are right. We need a functioning commons if human society is to remain viable. But we also need a functioning commercial economy capable of feeding the billions that human society has and most likely will continue to produce.
Why don't we talk about ‘violence’ in International Relations?
Authors: THOMAS CLAIRE 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this article I pose two questions to traditional International Relations (IR) theory: why does it not use the concept of violence more often, and why does it not discuss the meaning of violence? I aim to highlight the way in which violence is hidden in the way we talk about IR, and that the way IR talks about violence without naming it functions to legitimise state violence. I do this by analysing the way the concept of violence is used in traditional IR literature, and then looking at how violence has been defined. I argue that a narrow definition is most useful for the study of IR, and that it should not be used merely to refer to anything we do not like. But this must not preclude challenging the normative uses of violence that suggest that it is only state violence that is legitimate, and that hides personal violence from the scope of IR.
Resisting exile and asserting musical voice: the Dixie Chicks are ‘Not Ready to Make Nice’
Authors: Watson Jada , Burns Lori 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn 2003, Natalie Maines of the Dixie Chicks denounced President George W. Bush from a concert stage in London, England leading to serious career consequences for the country music trio. In response to three years of public criticism and radio boycotts, the Dixie Chicks released their single ‘Not Ready to Make Nice’, with an accompanying video critiquing the oppressive institutional power that sought to silence them. Through an analysis of music, text and images in this song, this paper explores how the Dixie Chicks responded to the backlash and regained their voice in the music industry. The paper offers a critical summary of the political incident, an interpretation of the images of symbolic containment and resistance that are prevalent in the video, and an interpretation of the musical elements in relation to the lyrics and images. Through the intersection of lyrics, music and images the Dixie Chicks create a platform of resistance to the social and institutional oppression they experienced.
Marking time and sounding difference: Brubeck, temporality and modernity
Authors: Birtwistle Andy 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn critical writing on the music of Dave Brubeck, little attention has been paid to the use of polyrhythm, despite the fact that this has been central to Brubeck's approach to jazz since the late 1940s. Focusing on work recorded by the ‘classic’ Dave Brubeck Quartet, the article aims to re-evaluate Brubeck's use of polyrhythm by situating it within a cultural history of modernity, rather than the established discourses of jazz musicology. The article revisits the early 1960s to reconstruct the context provided for the music not only by articles printed in the music press, but also by news stories and features run in the popular press, and by the visual signifiers that coalesce around Brubeck. Articulated through the key tropes of modernity and difference, the press's construction of Brubeck during this period signals the broad cultural context of Modernism as an alternative frame within which his musical practice might be usefully situated. The article explores how two key cultural artefacts emerging from this context – Brubeck's Oakland home, and the Miró canvas featured on the cover of the album Time Further Out – might serve to provide a productive means by which to re-evaluate the radical potential of Brubeck's polyrhythm.
Crossover: Sam Katzman'sSwitchblade Calypso Bop Reefer Madness Swamp Girlor ‘Bad Jazz,’ calypso, beatniks and rock 'n' roll in 1950s teenpix
Authors: Stanfield Peter 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis essay challenges the received wisdom that teenpix of the 1950s were dominated by a soundtrack of rock 'n' roll. I argue that this cycle of film production was marked by a diversity of musical genres, styles and types. Not only rock 'n' roll, but rhythm 'n' blues, folk, rockabilly, swing, West Coast jazz, bebop, Latin music such as the mambo, the rhumba, the cha cha chá, and Caribbean calypsos were all heavily featured in these films. This study is carried out through a focus on the temporal arrangements – fads, cycles, trends – that govern serial production and consumption of movies and popular music. Following Philip Ennis' thesis that rock 'n' roll is best defined by its ability to ‘crossover’ musical boundaries – to move, for example, across the pop, country, and rhythm 'n' blues charts – I argue that the film industry chose not to overly limit the music it had on offer and instead provided a varied package, some of which, it expected, would crossover and appeal to diverse and capricious teenage tastes.
A many-headed beast: progressive rock as European meta-genre
Authors: Anderton Chris 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThere has been a marked resurgence of interest in progressive rock music both commercially and critically, with a number of articles and books now reassessing its styles, meanings, politics and appeal. Despite this, there has been a tendency to define progressive rock through a ‘symphonic orthodoxy’ which preferences a limited, albeit highly successful, number of British groups operating in a relatively narrow sonic landscape. This article questions that orthodoxy by drawing on the lay definitions and understandings of fans to extend the definitions and geographies of progressive rock, and to characterise it as a European meta-genre. It examines the meta-genre's formative years at the beginning of the 1970s, and argues that progressive rock was inspired by the explorations of a European youth counterculture whose music was influenced by local socio-political and economic contexts, as well as by the music and attitudes of the American counterculture and of European Romanticism.
‘A small Utopia’: Unterstützer not Anhänger. Einstürzende Neubauten's Supporter Initiative
Authors: Shryane Jennifer 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper argues that the Internet strategy created and used by Berlin musicians, Einstürzende Neubauten, emulates many aspects of Attali's (2006) hopes for the future of music – in particular, the creation of new social relations through a participatory listening and, in Chris Cutler's words (2008), to be ‘research as well as entertainment’. I set out to show that Neubauten's use of the world wide web made their Supporter Initiative a radical innovation. My evidence is that their Subskribentenmodell provided access during 2002–2007 to web-streamed ‘open studio’ rehearsals which facilitated a new relationship between artist and recipient in its declaration of fallibility and attention to feedback. Secondly, I argue that Neubauten's international network of 2,000 Unterstützers (not Anhängers) became a virtual and actual ‘extended family’ who created the cottage industry ethos necessary for successful independence. This family not only supported the band financially and contributed to artistic and practical decisions – as with the DIY Berlin concert Grundstück – but also provided grass roots knowledge and skill for independent dissemination and touring (in 2008) of Alles Wieder Offen. Finally, this anti-record company model now offered a paradigm to ‘infect’ other fringe artists and hence upheld Beuysian/Cageian social aims of art.
Rotational Stability Index (RSI) point: postural stability in planar bipeds
Authors: Dip Goswami , Prahlad Vadakkepat 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYThe postural stability of bipedal robots is investigated in perspective of foot-rotation during locomotion. With foot already rotated, the biped is modeled as an underactuated kinematic structure. The stability of such biped robots is analyzed by introducing the concept ofrotational stability. Therotational stabilityinvestigates whether a biped would lead to a flat-foot posture or the biped would topple over. Therotational stabilityis quantified as a ground reference point named “rotational stability index (RSI)” point. Conditions are established to achieverotational stabilityduring biped locomotion using the concept of the RSI point. The applicability of the RSI point is illustrated through experimentation for the landing stability analysis of the bipedal jumping gaits.The traditional stability criteria such as zero-moment point (ZMP) [M. Vukobratovic and B. Borovac, “Zero-moment point – thirty five years of its life,”Int. J. Humanoid Robot. 1(1), 157–173 (2004)] and foot-rotation indicator (FRI) [A. Goswami, “Postural stability of biped robots and the foot-rotation indicator (FRI) point,”Int. J. Robot. Res. 18(6), 523–533 (1999)] are not applicable to analyze biped's postural stability when foot is already rotated. The RSI point is established as a stability criteria for planar bipedal locomotion in presence of foot rotation.
Sagittal stability PD controllers for a biped robot using a neurofuzzy network and an SVR
Authors: Ferreira João P. , Crisóstomo Manuel , Coimbra A. Paulo 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYThe real-time balance PD control of an eight-link biped robot using a zero-moment point (ZMP) dynamic model is implemented using two alternative intelligent computing control techniques that were compared: one based on support vector regression (SVR) and another based on a first order Takagi–Sugeno–Kang (TSK) -type neural-fuzzy (NF). Both methods use the ZMP error, and its variation as inputs and the output is the correction of the robot's torso necessary for its sagittal balance. The SVR and the NF were trained based on simulation data, and their performance was verified with a real biped robot. Two performance indexes are proposed to evaluate and compare the online performance of the two control methods.The ZMP is calculated by reading four force sensors placed under each robot's foot. The gait implemented in this biped is based on ankle and hip human trajectories that were acquired and adapted to the robot's size. Some experiments are presented and the results show that the implemented gait combined either with the SVR controller or with the TSK NF network controller can be used to control this biped robot. The SVR and the NF controllers exhibit similar stability, but the SVR controller runs at 0.2 ms, about 50 times faster than the NF controller and much faster than a controller based on full ZMP dynamic model equations.
INTERPERSONAL COORDINATION AND EPISTEMIC SUPPORT FOR INTENTIONS WITH WE-CONTENT
Authors: Roy Olivier 
Published: October 2010

In this paper I study intentions of the form ‘I intend that we . . .’, that is, intentions with a we-content, and their role in interpersonal coordination. I focus on the notion of epistemic support for such intentions. Using tools from epistemic game theory and epistemic logic, I cast doubt on whether such support guarantees the other agents' conditional mediation in the achievement of such intentions, something that appears important if intentions with a we-content are to count as genuine intentions. I then formulate a stronger version of epistemic support, one that does indeed ensure the required mediation, but I then argue that it rests on excessively strong informational conditions. In view of this I provide an alternative set of conditions that are jointly sufficient for coordination in games, and I argue that these conditions constitute a plausible alternative to the proposed notion of epistemic support.