bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of a reverse osmosis plant for leachate treatment aiming for safe disposal
Authors: Thörneby Lars , Hogland William , Stenis Jan , Mathiasson Lennart , Somogyi Pernilla 
Published: April 2009

Leachate treatment is one of the major environmental issues faced by landfill owners. One promising method for reduction of pollutant discharge is reverse osmosis (RO). RO technology was tested at a pilot plant at Hedeskoga Landfill in southern Sweden. This landfill receives municipal solid waste (MSW) and industrial, commercial and institutional (IC&I) waste, and produces about 3000 m3/ha of leachate annually. Annual variations in the volume of leachate produced, estimated from changes in leachate electrical conductivity, were relatively small and should therefore have a minor effect on the main performance parameter of an RO plant, i.e., the achievable volume reduction. The volume reduction (Vpermeate/Vfeed) of polluted water achieved in batch experiments with 200-1000 litres of raw leachate was more than 80% (4MPa) and the remaining 20% was left as retentate. However, raw leachate caused severe fouling problems in a continuous flow run and after 24 hours, the flux had decreased to about 20% of the initial value. By pre-treating the leachate in a storage pond combined with a wetland, the situation was significantly improved and the decrease in membrane flux was only 0.2% per hour during a 200 hour run. The retention in terms of total solids and chemical oxygen demand was 90%, and for ammonia, it was 82%, at a volume reduction of 50%. The HELP-model was used for prediction of the water balance for the Hedeskoga landfill, with special focus on estimation of potential evapotranspiration. With different types of vegetation and a volume reduction of 75% in the RO plant, it was found possible to achieve safe disposal by irrigating 25% to 40% of the leachate-producing landfill area with pre-treated leachate. Pre-treatment with wetlands and nature based systems reduce the need of detergents for cleaning of the membranes and water only can be used. Short pre-treatment by aeration is not sufficient to bring leachate to a condition sustainable for RO-treatment. In that case, it was found necessary with alkaline-acid-alkaline treatment to restore the permeability. The total treatment cost for a full scale treatment plant at Hedeskoga was estimated to be approximately 30 SEK/m3, of which 25 is capital and 5 is operational costs. This can be compared to the total treatment costs for municipal sewage in Sweden, which is 8 SEK/m3.
Automobile shredder residue gasification
Authors: De Filippis Paolo , Pochetti Fausto , Borgianni Carlo , Paolucci Martino 
Published: April 2009

Automobile Shredder Residue (ASR) shows a broad chemical composition owing to the presence of different materials, and its high organic content makes it interesting as a source of energy. In this work, a bench scale two-stage reactor is used for gasifying ASR. The reactor shows an efficient ASR gasification, avoiding the formation of difficult to manage char and tar and allowing an easy recovery of energy. The results of the investigation were used to test a simple model based on mass and energy balances and chemical equilibrium, predicting syngas composition including the presence of problematic elements such as sulphur and chlorine. Gasification data calculated by the model agree in a satisfactory way with the experimental ones. Due to the large variation in ASR composition, the model predicts that ASR gasification is industrially feasible only if a blend of ASR and RDF is used as a reactor feed.
Critical Care Aspects of Lung Transplant Patients
Authors: Chakinala Murali M. , Kollef Marin H. , Trulock Elbert P. 
Published: April 2009

Major strides have been made in lung transplantation during the 1990s and it has become an established treatment option for patients with advanced lung disease. Due to improvements in organ preservation, surgical techniques, postoperative intensive care, and immunosuppression, the risk of perioperative and early mortality (less than 3 months after transplantation) has declined [1]. The transplant recipient now has a greater chance of realizing the benefits of the long and arduous waiting period. Despite these improvements, suboptimal long-term outcomes continue to be shaped by issues such as opportunistic infections and chronic rejection. Because of the wider use of lung transplantation and the longer life span of recipients, intensivists and ancillary intensive care unit (ICU) staff should be well versed with the care of lung transplant recipients. In this clinical review, issues related to organ donation will be briefly mentioned. The remaining focus will be on the critical care aspects of lung transplant recipients in the posttransplant period, particularly ICU management of frequently encountered conditions. First, the groups of patients undergoing transplantation and the types of procedures performed will be outlined. Specific issues directly related to the allograft, including early graft dysfunction from ischemia-reperfusion injury, airway anastomotic complications, and infections in the setting of immunosuppression will be emphasized. Finally nonpulmonary aspects of posttransplant care and key pharmacologic points in the ICU will be covered.
Digital thermal monitoring of vascular function: a novel tool to improve cardiovascular risk assessment
Authors: Gul Khawar M , Ahmadi Naser , Wang Zhiying , Jamieson Craig , Nasir Khurram , Metcalfe Ralph , Hecht Harvey S , Hartley Craig J , Naghavi Morteza 
Published: April 2009

Abstract Digital thermal monitoring (DTM) of vascular function during cuff-occlusive reactive hyperemia relies on the premise that changes in fingertip temperature during and after an ischemic stimulus reflect changes in blood flow. To determine its utility in individuals with and without known coronary heart disease (CHD), 133 consecutive individuals (age 54 ± 10 years, 50% male, 19 with known CHD) underwent DTM during and after 2 minutes of supra-systolic arm cuff inflation. Fingertip temperatures of the occluded and non-occluded fingertips were measured simultaneously. Post-cuff deflation temperature rebound (TR) was lower in the CHD patients and in those with an increased Framingham risk score (FRS) compared to the normal group. After adjustment for age, sex, and cardiac risk factors, TR was significantly lower in those with CHD compared to those without CHD ( p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that vascular dysfunction measured by DTM is associated with CHD and an increased FRS, and could potentially be used to identify high-risk patients.
An approach to cultural adaptation and validation: the Intermittent Claudication Questionnaire
Authors: Ketenci Bulend , Tuygun Abdullah Kemal , Gorur Alper , Bicer Mehmet , Ozay Batuhan , Gunay Rafet , Guney Mehmet Rasit , Sargin Murat , Cimen Serdar , Demirtas Mahmut Murat , Yekeler Ibrahim 
Published: April 2009

Abstract The objective of this study was to perform a cultural adaptation and define the validity of the Turkish version of the Intermittent Claudication Questionnaire (ICQ) in order to provide a practical instrument for the evaluation of the impact of intermittent claudication (IC) on patients’ quality of life and response to therapy. A standard ‘forward–backward’ translation method was used to translate the questionnaire into Turkish. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency of the questionnaire reporting Cronbach’s α coefficient, test–retest reliability that was assessed with the intraclass correlation between instrument scores over time and with the Spearman–Brown coefficient as a variant of split-half reliability. Validity was examined by correlation of the ICQ with the scores of the SF-36 and its eight domains. Eighty-four patients (mean age, 60.7 ± 7.3 years; male, 57%) were given the ICQ and a final completion rate of 98.8% (83 patients) was reached. The mean total ICQ score was 39.1 ± 21.8 (SD) (0–100) for the first application of the questionnaire. Thirty patients out of the eligible 83 completed the questionnaire at two time points with a 1-day interval. For the retest, the total ICQ score was 40.6 ± 26.1 (4.7–97.2). The total SF-36 score of all the study patients was 33.8 ± 20.7 (3.0–81.0). Cronbach’s α was 0.95; the Spearman–Brown coefficient was 0.92; and the intraclass correlation coefficient for the two measurements was 0.91. For the total score and for the scores of domains except the emotional role domain, the correlations were high and all the correlations were statistically significant. In conclusion, the Turkish version of the ICQ, which is a disease-specific, self-administered, and practical instrument, is reliable and valid. We recommend its use to assess the effect of IC on the quality of life of patients in clinical trials and in daily clinical practice.
Cannibalism and Bulimia:
Authors: YOUNG JOCK 
Published: April 2009

The transition from the modern world of the postwar period into late modernity involves a movement from an inclusive to an exclusive society. This is concomitant with a change in tolerance from a society which abhors difference and attempts to reform difficulty to one which celebrates difference and attempts to exclude the difficult. Two motifs of exclusion coexist uneasily in late modernity, the actuarial and the demonizing: one calculative and cool, the other essentializing and judgemental. Social exclusion is concerned not only with the social control of deviance but with its genesis. The two deficit models, cultural and economic exclusion, are criticized. Instead, the Mertonian notion of inclusion followed by exclusion as the source of discontent is developed into the notion of a late-modern bulimia. Using the black underclass as an example, the manner in which a series of inclusions and exclusions generate disaffection is traced and the fashion in which social exclusion is facilitated and self-fulfilled by essentialist depictions both of the self and the other is analysed.
Information technology in nurse education: a multimedia approach to teaching biological sciences
Authors: Green B. , Jenkins D. , Potter N. , Davies S. 
Published: April 2009

The School of Health Science at the University of Wales Swansea offers programmes for nurses and other healthcare professionals ranging from pre-registration nursing to post-doctoral studies. Biological science is an important component of the pre-registration programme, the delivery of which has proved to be problematic. Research conducted by the school has identified that a more innovative approach to teaching and learning this subject is required. There is a growing body of evidence that Multimedia Learning (MML) can enhance the quality of education, supporting or replacing the traditional didactic lecture and providing the student with information and standards of presentation that have never before been available. With this in mind, and responding to the research findings, the school has made a substantial investment in multimedia technology. We have now embarked on a programme to produce and deliver a biological science module for nursing students. If the evaluation of the programme demonstrates sustainable improvements in learning and offers enhanced quality in the delivery of programmes, it is the intention to extrapolate the biological science project to other curriculum subjects.
Nurses’ Net needs
Authors: Ward R. 
Published: April 2009

More and more healthcare professionals are becoming experienced in the use of the Internet and having seen some of the resources available they are now becoming able to identify the sorts of features which would be useful to them. This paper describes a study to identify what United Kingdom (UK) nurses, midwives and health visitors want from an Internet service dedicated to their needs. An online questionnaire was used to find out their views as to the importance of various possible content areas and to enable them to make comments. Data were obtained from 126 self-selecting respondents over two months, and the study is ongoing. Initial results revealed wide variations in the areas that were seen as being important and in the sorts of services they would find useful from the Internet; there were, however, some consistent themes. Respondents felt that speciality information, peer-reviewed articles and bibliographic databases were the most important areas and that job advertisements, local information and mailing lists were the least important. The importance of these results for future investment in and development of an Internet service for this group of users is considered.
The use of data warehouses in the healthcare sector
Authors: del Hoyo-Barbolla E. , Lees D. 
Published: April 2009

This paper reviews the use of data warehouses (DWs) in the health sector. It begins by defining what a DW is and considers the reasons for implementing one in a general environment, together with related issues and other concerns. It compares the DW with online transaction process (OLTP) systems. In the second part, three case studies are presented on how a DW can be applied in the health sector. The three cases are of a different nature: private and public hospitals and a governmental institution. The authors have studied how these institutions have made use of implementing this technical solution in a health environment. Differences between the US and Europe are found when reviewing literature, with the former leading in the commercial health sector. There are, however, important initiatives taking off in the European healthcare sector involving this technology. In the last section an analysis is carried out on what the benefits and the concerns are when making use of a DW in these environments. The authors’ conclusions are that DWs are still not widely used in the health sector and implementing one takes a considerable amount of time, effort and understanding of the impacts of managing one. A DW, is, however, perfectly applicable and can be of great benefit to a healthcare organization as long as confidentiality and security issues are addressed correctly and balanced to get the most out of the DW potential.
The ISHTAR guidelines for healthcare security
Authors: Furnell S. M. , Davey J. , Gaunt P. N. , Louwerse C. P. , Mavroudakis K. , Treacher A. H. 
Published: April 2009

Data security is now recognized as an important issue in healthcare information systems and, as such, a number of relevant guidelines have been produced. However, the range of available sources means that a standardized approach to security between establishments is unlikely. In addition, the majority of known approaches are paper-based and do not lend themselves to easy reference or ad hoc queries in relation to specific issues. As a result, while appropriate guidelines are available, it is frequently the case that they are not fully utilized. This paper focuses upon efforts that have been made to resolve these problems through the development of an electronic database of health-care security guidelines. This aims to provide a comprehensive resource, utilizing information from a number of sources, built upon a foundation of previous guidelines developed in European research. The discussion addresses the background, implementation and advantages of the new approach. It is also recognized that the provision of a database alone will not totally overcome the issue of security awareness and training. As such, brief details of other supporting initiatives, including training programmes, an incident reporting scheme and a WWW service are also provided. The paper is based upon work that has been conducted as part of the ISHTAR project (Implementing Secure Healthcare Telematics Applications in euRope) under the European Commission’s Telematics Applications for Health research programme.
Factors associated with success in the implementation of information management and technology in the NHS
Authors: Bowns I. R. , Rotherham G. , Paisley S. 
Published: April 2009

This literature review was undertaken with the objective of identifying those factors associated with success or failure in the implementation of information technology in the UK National Health Service (NHS). A number of general messages are evident from the literature: • most problems relate to human rather than technical factors; • to achieve real success, work processes must adapt as information technology (IT) is introduced; • realistic expectations and timescales will allow greater benefit realization; • users must be involved as much as possible - training is crucial; • flexibility and communication capabilities are key technical requirements for systems. We distilled three factors influencing the level of success of specific projects: • The organization- its culture and strategy. • The project- appropriate roles, organizational as well as technical change, human resource policies, staged implementation. • The environment- political, technical and commercial. The literature suggests that the organizational and project-related factors mustbe broadly supportive if organizations are to implement sensible IT in support of their broader aims. Environmental factors can either help or hinder organizations in achieving their goals, but may not prove decisive. Many of the issues and factors would apply equally well in any organization.
Supported Employment and People with Complex Needs
Authors: Weston Jeremy 
Published: April 2009

• Summary: This paper uses research from American, Australasian and UK-based perspectives to examine supported employment as an enabling strategy to support disabled people with complex needs to access mainstream employment. Supported employment is analysed in the context of models of disability and employment policy. Factors underlying and hindering successful provision are identified from research.• Findings: Supported employment is successfully supporting some people with complex needs into mainstream employment. However, aspects of employment policy, the benefits system, a lack of funding, and geographical variation in provision act as barriers to success.• Applications: The implications of supported employment for people with complex needs are identified for social services and social work departments.
Disabled Children Living Away from Home in the UK
Authors: Read Janet , Harrison Christine 
Published: April 2009

• Summary: The first part of the article reviews existing findings about disabled children in the UK who are living away from home, and outlines the limitations of current knowledge. The second part highlights research findings about the general population of children who live away from their families, and explores their relevance for separated disabled children. Finally, there is a summary of key issues which merit further investigation, if the needs of this group of disabled children and their families are to be better served. • Findings: Disabled children in the UK have a significantly higher chance than their non-disabled peers of spending substantial proportions of their childhoods living apart from their families of origin. Despite this, information about them is limited and they have had only a shadowy presence on the research and policy agendas concerned with separated children. The article reviews existing research and also highlights key findings from research on the general population of children in the public care system. Its relevance for the more specific population of disabled children who live apart from their families is then explored. • Applications: The authors identify areas that warrant urgent consideration if the needs of disabled children and those close to them are to be better served.
Network Assessments and Diagrams
Authors: Hill Malcolm 
Published: April 2009

• Summary: Personal social networks are often crucial in understanding the generation of social problems and form the context for social work interventions. Revived attention to networks has been prompted by recent interest in ecological approaches to social work and to social capital. This paper reviews the theoretical and research underpinnings of a social network approach to social work assessment. It describes an exercise that provides students with a systematic network-based framework and gives them opportunities to apply this in placement and reflect on their learning and experiences in class. • Findings: Evaluations written by students and verbal reports made by the class were collected. These indicate that many students have not only applied to their practice the ideas and suggestions provided at the university, but have made imaginative choices, experimented and seen new ways of applying network ideas and assessment techniques. • Applications: The translation of learning from the class to direct work in the community is an essential component of professional education. Evidence about what is effective in promoting such a translation of learning to action is vital for educators, practice teachers and policy makers, in order to be able to enhance learning and practice both in respect of the use of social networks and also in respect of other elements of the professional curriculum.
Women and Alcohol-Use Disorders
Authors: Karoll Brad R. 
Published: April 2009

• Summary: This article reviews the extent of current knowledge, particularly with reference to US sources about gender-specific alcohol-related life experience consequences, and explores the implications of these differences for practice. • Findings: Alcohol affects women in significantly different ways from men. Women’s consumption of alcohol is capable of inflicting more severe problems over shorter periods of time with less alcohol consumed. The sequence of alcohol-related life experience consequences also differs significantly between genders. Women with alcohol-use disorders experience gender-specific medical impairments as well as other significant differences and are more likely to be exposed to victimization. • Applications: The purpose of this article is to provide social work practitioners with relevant information about the effects of alcohol on women. It also provides important interviewing strategies for workers who will encounter women with alcohol-related problems. These strategies are intended to enhance the practitioner’s ability to broach the subject and initially screen for alcohol-related problems among female clients.
Identification of AML1-ETO modulators by chemical genomics
Authors: Corsello Steven M. , Roti Giovanni , Ross Kenneth N. , Chow Kwan T. , Galinsky Ilene , DeAngelo Daniel J. , Stone Richard M. , Kung Andrew L. , Golub Todd R. , Stegmaier Kimberly 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Somatic rearrangements of transcription factors are common abnormalities in the acute leukemias. With rare exception, however, the resultant protein products have remained largely intractable as pharmacologic targets. One example is AML1-ETO, the most common translocation reported in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To identify AML1-ETO modulators, we screened a small molecule library using a chemical genomic approach. Gene expression signatures were used as surrogates for the expression versus loss of the translocation in AML1-ETO–expressing cells. The top classes of compounds that scored in this screen were corticosteroids and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors. In addition to modulating the AML1-ETO signature, both classes induced evidence of differentiation, dramatically inhibited cell viability, and ultimately induced apoptosis via on-target activity. Furthermore, AML1-ETO–expressing cell lines were exquisitely sensitive to the effects of corticosteroids on cellular viability compared with nonexpressers. The corticosteroids diminished AML1-ETO protein in AML cells in a proteasome- and glucocorticoid receptor–dependent manner. Moreover, these molecule classes demonstrated synergy in combination with standard AML chemotherapy agents and activity in an orthotopic model of AML1-ETO–positive AML. This work suggests a role for DHFR inhibitors and corticosteroids in treating patients with AML1-ETO–positive disease.