bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological Refugees, States Borders, and the Lockean Proviso
Authors: NINE CARA 
Published: August 2010

abstractEcological refugees are expected to make up an increasing percentage of overall refugees in the coming decades as predicted climate change related disasters will displace millions of people. In this essay, I focus on those rights ecological refugees may claim on the basis of collective self‐determination. To this end, I will focus on a few specific cases that I call cases of ‘ecological refugee states’. Tuvalu, the Maldives, and to a certain extent, Bangladesh are predicted to be ecological refugee states in the near future. These are states whose entire (or close to it) geographical territory is predicted to be lost to rising sea levels; the collective body of the people will itself become an ecological refugee.The question is: what may the people of an ecological refugee state legitimately claim on the basis of their right to self‐determination? Should we redraw state borders to accommodate a New Tuvalu? I argue that a plausible position regarding territorial rights is that when (1) a people clearly is (or recently was) self‐determining and has a legitimate claim to continue to be self‐determining, and (2) the self‐determination of a people is existentially threatened because the people lacks territorial rights, that (3) the people becomes a candidate for sovereign over a new territory. The result is that existing state borders may need to change to accommodate something like a New Tuvalu. To generate these results on behalf of ecological refugee states, I examine the principles of the system of territorial states. Because the system of territorial states is a system of exclusive rights over goods, especially land, it is possible that it is subject to the conditions of a Lockean proviso mechanism. This paper is dedicated mainly to adapting a version of the Lockean proviso for use in territorial rights theory.
Is Health (Really) Special? Health Policy between Rawlsian and Luck Egalitarian Justice
Authors: SEGALL SHLOMI 
Published: August 2010

abstractIn recent work, Norman Daniels extends the application of Rawls's principle of ‘fair equality of opportunity’ from health care to health proper. Crucial to that account is the view that health care, and now also health, is special. Daniels also claims that a rival theory of distributive justice, namely luck egalitarianism (or ‘equal opportunity for welfare’), cannot provide an adequate account of justice in health and health care. He argues that the application of that theory to health policy would result in an account that is, in a sense, too narrow, for it denies treatment to imprudent patients (e.g. lung cancer patients who smoked). In a different sense, Daniels argues, luck egalitarian health policy would be too wide: it arguably tells us to treat individuals for such brute‐luck conditions as shyness, stupidity, ugliness, and having the ‘wrong’ skin colour. I seek to advance three claims in response to Daniels's revised theory, and in defence of a luck egalitarian view of health policy. First, I question Daniels's assertion regarding the specialness of health. While he is right to abandon his insistence on the specialness of health care, it is doubtful that health proper can be depicted as special. Second, I try and meet Daniels's objections to luck egalitarianism. Luck egalitarian health policy escapes being too narrow for it does not in fact require denying basic care to imprudent patients. As for it being allegedly too wide, I try to show that it is not, after all, counterintuitive to rid individuals of unfortunate and disadvantageous biological traits (say, a disadvantageous skin colour). And third, I question whether Daniels's own Rawlsian account is in fact wide enough. I argue that fair equality of opportunity fails to justify some standard medical procedures that many health systems do already practice.
Radon in the investigations of geo‐hazards in Polish collieries
Authors: WYSOCKA M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOutbursts (releases of gas and coal from exposed coal face) are dangerous events in coal mines, potentially leading to damage in the galleries and casualties among miners. For that reason, monitoring of this hazard is very important in collieries with seams prone to outbursts. Current hazard indicators are not sufficient for the proper prediction of geodynamic events and any effort to find a new and better method of monitoring is thus desirable. During the 1980s and 1990s, attempts were undertaken to apply specific radiometric methods to support the prediction of outbursts in collieries in the Lower Silesian Coal Basin (LSCB) in south‐western Poland. This idea was developed as an analogy to the study of radon changes in groundwater prior to earthquakes. This study investigates the hypothesis of possible variations of radon emanation from coal seams prior to outbursts. Techniques and a methodology of radon observation in gas samples from strata were developed and applied. It has been stated that there is a degree of correlation between the temporal and spatial variations of radon level and the hazard level of an outburst. In the 1990s, all collieries in LSCB were abandoned and further investigations were thus stopped. In the last few years, the occurrences of outbursts were noticed in the collieries of Upper Silesian Coal Basin. For that reason, we initiated the monitoring of radon concentration as sampled from headings in dangerous coal seams. The purpose of the research is an attempt to introduce a new parameter, ‘the radon indicator of outburst hazard’, which could be used to support other routinely applied techniques of outburst prediction. This study provides some results from previous investigations performed in the collieries of the LSCB, as background and calibration to the preliminary results of the new research, performed in one of the coal mines in Upper Silesia region.
Sensory processing in internationally adopted, post‐institutionalized children
Authors: Wilbarger Julia , Gunnar Megan , Schneider Mary , Pollak Seth 
Published: August 2010

Background/Methods:  Sensory processing capacities of 8–12‐year‐old internationally adopted (IA) children who experienced prolonged institutional care (> 12 months with 75% of pre‐adoption lives in institutional care) prior to adoption into family environments (PI) were compared to a group of IA children who were adopted early (< 8 months) predominantly from foster care with little or no institutional experience (EA/FC) and another group of non‐adopted (NA) children raised by their birth parents in the United States. All children had estimated IQs within the normal range and did not evidence major neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., cerebral palsy, fetal alcohol syndrome, Down’s syndrome). Sensory processing was evaluated with a commonly used parent‐report measure and a laboratory assessment.Results:  Children who had experienced prolonged institutionalization showed higher levels of reactivity to sensation and displayed both more aversion and approach to sensory stimuli than the other groups. The comparison groups (EA/FC & NA) did not differ on any of the sensory processing measures.Conclusions:  These results suggest that early institutional rearing which typically involves both sensory and social deprivation is associated with problems in sensory modulation capacities.
Tuning in to Kids: improving emotion socialization practices in parents of preschool children – findings from a community trial
Authors: Havighurst Sophie S. , Wilson Katherine R. , Harley Ann E. , Prior Margot R. , Kehoe Christiane 
Published: August 2010

Background:  This study evaluated a new prevention and early intervention parenting program: Tuning in to Kids. The program aims to improve emotion socialization practices in parents of preschool children and is based on research evidence that parents’ responses to, and coaching of, their children’s emotions influence emotional and behavioral functioning in children.Methods:  Two hundred and sixteen primary caregiver parents of children aged 4.0–5.11 years were randomized into an intervention or waitlist control group. Parents in the intervention condition attended a 6‐session group parenting program plus two booster sessions. Assessment occurred pre‐intervention, post‐intervention and at six‐month follow‐up. Questionnaires assessed parent emotion awareness and regulation, parent beliefs and practices of emotion socialization (emotion dismissing, emotion coaching, empathy) and child behavior (parent and teacher report). Observation of emotion socialization practices and child emotional knowledge was conducted pre‐intervention and at follow‐up with 161 parent–child dyads.Results:  Parents in the intervention condition reported significant improvements in their own emotion awareness and regulation, increases in emotion coaching, and decreases in emotionally dismissive beliefs and behaviors. There were increases in parents’ observed use of emotion labels and discussion of causes and consequences of emotions with their children. Child emotional knowledge improved, and reductions in child behavior problems were reported by parents and teachers.Conclusions:  This study provides support for the efficacy of a parenting intervention targeting parent emotion socialization practices that lead to improved child emotional knowledge and behavior. This preventative intervention targeting parents’ own emotion awareness and regulation, as well as emotional communication in parent–child relationships, is a promising addition to available parenting programs.
Task requirements change signal strength of the primary somatosensory M50: Oddball vs. one‐back tasks
Authors: Götz Theresa , Huonker Ralph , Miltner Wolfgang H. R. , Witte Otto W. , Dettner Konrad , Weiss Thomas 
Published: August 2010

AbstractStudies on attention to tactile stimuli have produced conflicting results concerning the possibility and/or direction of modulation of early somatosensory‐evoked fields (SEFs). To evaluate sources of these conflicting results, the same subjects performed four different tasks in which the stimulation site, type, and intensity were kept constant. Twelve subjects performed an oddball‐like tactile task, two different one‐back tactile tasks, and a visual task, while two distal phalanges of the index and ring finger were stimulated. Task‐dependent SEF modulations were found as early as 50 ms after stimulus onset (M50 component). Target/non‐target ratios of M50 revealed enhanced values for the oddball‐like tactile task, but decreased values for the tactile one‐back task. This indicates that previously obtained conflicting results might be due to different central mechanisms induced by different task requirements.
Distinct neural generators of sensory gating in schizophrenia
Authors: Williams Terrance J. , Nuechterlein Keith H. , Subotnik Kenneth L. , Yee Cindy M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlthough malfunctioning of inhibitory processes is proposed as a pathophysiological mechanism in schizophrenia and has been studied extensively with the P50 gating paradigm, the brain regions involved in generating and suppressing the P50 remain unclear. The current investigation used EEG source analysis and the standard S1‐S2 paradigm to clarify the neural structures associated with P50 gating in 16 schizophrenia patients and 14 healthy subjects. Based on prior research, the superior temporal gyrus, hippocampus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and their dipole moments were evaluated. In modeling the P50, a neural network involving all four brain regions provided the best goodness‐of‐fit across both groups. In healthy subjects, the P50 ratio score correlated positively with the hippocampal dipole moment ratio, whereas a significant association with the DLPFC dipole moment ratio was observed in schizophrenia patients. In each instance, the neural structure was found to account for unique variance in explaining the P50 ratio, along with some suggestion of DLPFC involvement in healthy subjects.
Intrapartum risk factors for levator trauma
Authors: Shek KL , Dietz HP 
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Shek K, Dietz H. Intrapartum risk factors for levator trauma. BJOG 2010;117:1485–1492.Objective  To determine intrapartum risk factors associated with levator trauma as identified by ultrasound imaging.Design  A prospective observational study.Setting  Antenatal clinic of a tertiary hospital between May 2005 and February 2008.Population  Nulliparous women (n = 488) in their first ongoing pregnancy.Methods  An interview and four‐dimensional translabial ultrasound was carried out between 36 and 38 weeks and again 3–4 months after delivery. Obstetric data were collected from the hospital database and/or participants’ records.Main outcome measures  Levator macrotrauma (‘avulsion’) and microtrauma (irreversible overdistension).Results  A total of 367 women (75%) returned for the postpartum assessment after normal vaginal delivery (n = 187, 51%), vacuum (n = 34, 9%), forceps (n = 20, 5%) and caesarean section (n = 126, 34%). Median follow up was 4.08 months (interquartile range 3.68–5.03 months). Levator avulsion was diagnosed in 32 (13%) of the women who delivered vaginally and in none of the caesarean section group regardless of indication. On multivariable regression forceps delivery was significantly associated with avulsion (P = 0.01; OR 3.83; 95% CI 1.34–10.94). Using >20% peripartum increase in hiatal area on Valsalva as the cutoff, 28.5% of vaginally parous women were shown to have suffered irreversible overdistension. This was positively associated with the length of second stage (P = 0.001; OR 1.01 per minute; 95% CI 1.0–1.02). Intrapartum epidural appeared to have a protective effect (P = 0.03; OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.19–0.93).Conclusion  Levator trauma at the time of first delivery is associated with vaginal delivery, forceps and a longer second stage. Epidural pain relief may exert a protective effect.
Analysis of library associated information needs of staff in a specialist palliative and gerontological care centre in Mid‐West Ireland
Authors: Callinan Joanne , McLoughlin Kathleen , McCarthy Pauline 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground:  Milford Care Centre is a major centre for specialist palliative and gerontological care in the Mid‐West of Ireland. In August 2008, a Librarian was employed to support the information, research, teaching and professional development needs of staff and students. In planning associated with this role, it was necessary to undertake an analysis of the information needs of staff.Objectives:  (1) To understand the information needs of staff with regard to the new Library and Information Service. (2) To identify current access to and levels of skill in information literacy and ICT. (3) To ascertain the need for training in those skills.Methods:  A web‐based questionnaire was disseminated in November by email and printed copies were left at other locations.Results:  Assistance with obtaining journal articles was rated most highly by respondents as being an important service. Eighty‐three per cent indicated that they did not have access to online health databases. Small group classes were considered the preferred method of providing training. Afternoons were also considered more convenient for visiting the library.Conclusion:  The results will be used to plan the development of the library with a better insight of users needs and assist us to utilise resources more effectively.
Acidification of the Golgi apparatus is indispensable for maturation but not for cell surface delivery of Ret
Authors: Hirata Yoko , Shimokawa Norihiro , Oh‐hashi Kentaro , Yu Zu‐Xi , Kiuchi Kazutoshi 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 606–613.AbstractWe examined the effect of concanamycin A and bafilomycin A1, inhibitors of the vacuolar proton‐ATPase, on maturation and expression of Ret, a tyrosine kinase receptor for glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor. Ret appeared as 150‐ and 170‐kDa bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels and both forms were sensitive to peptide‐N‐glycosidase F. Western and immunocytochemical analyses revealed that the 150‐kDa immature form of Ret accumulated in the Golgi apparatus upon treatment with vacuolar proton‐ATPase inhibitors, whereas, the 170‐kDa mature form of Ret was dramatically decreased. The result suggests that glycosylation of Ret during the conversion from immature forms to mature forms is pH sensitive, and is likely initiated in the acidic trans‐Golgi apparatus. In contrast, glycosylation of nascent receptors to become immature receptors appeared to be pH insensitive, and are likely to take place in the endoplasmic reticulum. The immature form of Ret was present in the plasma membrane when the cells were treated with the vacuolar proton‐ATPase inhibitors. In conclusion, the acidification of the Golgi apparatus is crucial for maturation of Ret but not indispensable for trafficking of receptors to the membrane.
Quantitative analysis of the heteromeric neuronal nicotinic receptors in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Lomazzo Ermelinda , MacArthur Linda , Yasuda Robert P. , Wolfe Barry B. , Kellar Kenneth J. 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115, 625–634.AbstractThe objective of this study was to identify and quantify the heteromeric neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) in the rat hippocampus. The density of nAChR subtypes was assessed by labeling them with [3H]epibatidine ([3H]EB) followed by immunoprecipitation with subunit‐selective antibodies. Sequential immunoprecipitation assays were used to establish associations between two different subunits, which then allowed the full subunit composition of the receptors to be deduced. Our results show that most of the hippocampal heteromeric nAChRs contain α4 and β2 subunits. In fact, we identified two populations containing these two predominant subunits, the α4β2 and α4β2α5 subtypes which account for ∼ 40% and ∼ 35%, respectively, of the total [3H]EB‐labeled receptors. An additional heteromeric subtype with the subunit composition of α4β2α3 represented ∼ 10% of the total nAChRs, and another 10% of the immunoprecipitated receptors contained α4 and β4 subunits, with or without the α3 subunit. To determine if α4β2 and α4β2α5 nAChR subtypes differ in their ligand binding affinities, the α3‐ and β4‐containing receptors were first removed by immunoprecipitation and then, competition studies with acetylcholine, nicotine, cytisine and sazetidine‐A against [3H]EB were carried out on the remaining α4β2 and α4β2α5 subtypes. Results suggested these subtypes have comparable binding affinities for the nicotinic ligands used here.
Hyperdopaminergic tone in HIV‐1 protein treated rats and cocaine sensitization
Authors: Ferris Mark J. , Frederick‐Duus Danielle , Fadel Jim , Mactutus Charles F. , Booze Rosemarie M. 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 885–896.AbstractIn the United States, one‐third of infected individuals contracted Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐1 (HIV‐1) via injecting drugs with contaminated needles or through risky behaviors associated with drug use. Research demonstrates concomitant administration of psychostimulants and HIV‐1‐proteins damage neurons to a greater extent than viral proteins or the drug alone. To model the onset of HIV‐1‐infection in relation to a history of drug use, the current research compared behavior and extracellular dopamine and metabolite levels following Tat1–86 infusions in animals with and without a history of cocaine (Coc) experience (10 mg/kg; i.p.; 1 injection/day × 9 days). Animals receiving a behaviorally sensitizing regimen of Coc demonstrated a decrease in extracellular dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens, consistent with evidence describing up‐regulation of dopamine transporter uptake. Contrary to this effect, Tat1–86 microinfusion into the nucleus accumbens following the sensitizing regimen of Coc caused a significant increase in extracellular dopamine levels (nM) within 48 h with no difference in percent of baseline response to Coc. After 72 h, Tat + Coc treated animals demonstrated a blunted effect on potassium‐stimulated extracellular dopamine release (percent of baseline) with a corresponding decrease in expression of behavioral sensitization to Coc challenge. A persistent decrease in extracellular dopamine metabolite levels was found across all time‐points in Tat‐treated animals, regardless of experience with Coc. The current study provides evidence for divergent neurochemical and behavioral outcomes following Tat‐treatment; contingent upon experience with Coc.
Therapeutic evaluation of etanercept in a model of traumatic brain injury
Authors: Chio Chung‐Ching , Lin Jia‐Wei , Chang Ming‐Wen , Wang Che‐Chuan , Kuo Jinn‐Rung , Yang Chung‐Zhing , Chang Ching‐Ping 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 921–929.AbstractAntagonism of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha with etanercept has proved to be effective in the treatment of spinal cord injury and centrally endotoxin‐induced brain injury. However, etanercept may offer promise as therapy for traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, anesthetized rats, immediately after the onset of TBI, were divided into two major groups and given the vehicle solution (1 mL/kg of body weight) or etanercept (5 mg/kg of body weight) intraperitoneally once per 12 h for consecutive 3 days. Etanercept caused attenuation of TBI‐induced cerebral ischemia (e.g., increased cellular levels of glutamate and lactate‐to‐pyruvate ratio), damage (e.g., increased cellular levels of glycerol) and contusion and motor and cognitive function deficits. TBI‐induced neuronal apoptosis (e.g., increased numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase αUTP nick‐end labeling and neuronal‐specific nuclear protein double‐positive cells), glial apoptosis (e.g., increased numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase αUTP nick‐end labeling and glial fibrillary acidic protein double‐positive cells), astrocytic (e.g., increased numbers of glial fibrillary acidic protein positive cells) and microglial (e.g., increased numbers of ionized calcium‐binding adapter molecule 1‐positive cells) activation and activated inflammation (e.g., increased levels of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐6) were all significantly reduced by etanercept treatment. These findings suggest that etanercept may improve outcomes of TBI by penetrating into the cerebrospinal fluid in rats.