bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of electron beam irradiation induced defectivity in mono and bi layer graphene and the influence on Raman band position and line-width
Authors: Rao Gayathri , Mactaggart Sarah , Lee Ji Ung , Geer Robert 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNanoscale metrology of graphene-based devices is a substantial challenge. The investigation of defects and stacking order is essential for graphene-based device development. Raman spectroscopy is a useful approach in this regard. The defect-induced Raman D band yields substantial insights regarding defect density and, consequently, can serve as in important tool to quantify impact of defects on eventual graphene-based device performance. Toward this end an investigation of electron beam-induced defects in bi-layer and mono layer graphene samples has been undertaken via the examination of the Raman D, and G bands. The evolution of the aforementioned Raman spectra as a function of electron beam dose was characterized via Raman spectroscopy and compared with spectra from the same samples prior to irradiation. Defect generation in the graphene as a function of electron beam dose was characterized via the change in the intensity ratios of the Raman D and G bands (ID/IG) and the broadening of the G band line width. Continued irradiation at very high flux and very low accelerating voltages have also revealed charge accumulation evident from the narrowing of G band line-widths.
Correlation between Activation Volume and Pillar Diameter for Mo and Nb BCC Pillars
Authors: Schneider Andreas S. , Clark Blythe G. , Frick Carl P. , Arzt Eduard 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCompression tests with varying loading rates were performed on [001] and [235] oriented small-scale bcc Mo and Nb pillars to determine the contribution of thermally activated screw dislocation motion during deformation. Calculated activation volumes were shown to be in the range of 2 - 9 b3 and by further examination were found to decrease with pillar diameter. This suggests that the kink-pair nucleation of screw dislocations is enhanced by surface effects in the micron and submicron range.
Strengthening by plastic corrugated reinforcements: an efficient way for strain-hardening improvement by architecture
Authors: Bouaziz Olivier , Allain S. , Barcelo D. , Niang R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe particular plastic behaviour of corrugated metallic strips under tension has been investigated and it has been exploited to propose a new design of structural material using strengthening by plastic corrugated reinforcement. It is reported that the proposed approach is suitable to strongly improve the strain-hardening by this specific architecture.
Metallic Sandwich Structures with Hollow Spheres Foam Core
Authors: Lhuissier Pierre , Fallet Alexandre , Salvo Luc , Bréchet Yves , Fivel Marc 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSandwich structures and foamed materials are typical architectured materials. Their combination provides potentially very performant solutions combining stiffness, strength, energy absorption and acoustic damping. The present contribution deals with the integration of a special type of foams, namely hollow spheres stackings, into sandwich structures.
Stainless steel hollow spheres main advantage relies on their smooth stress-strain curves and their very good repeatability, compared to other closed cell metallic foams. Therefore these foams are interesting alone but also in sandwich design.
A parametric study of the macroscopic behaviour of random stainless steel hollow spheres packing in uniaxial compression was carried out. Scaling laws for the Young's modulus, and for yield strength were established, and they are used to calculate sandwich properties.
Then one of the studied metallic hollow spheres packing has been integrated in a sandwich structure with stainless steel faces. Four point bending tests have been performed on various sandwich structures with four core thicknesses and three face thicknesses up to large deflection. We obtained thus the stiffness, the critical load where first damage occurs, the maximum load as a function of the sandwich parameters (core and face thickness). We compared this to classical analytical models.
Biohybrid Photoelectrochemical Nanoengineered Interfaces
Authors: Sridharan Arati , Muthuswamy Jit , Pizziconi Vincent B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIncorporation of biophotonic components in artificial devices is an emerging trend in exploring biomimetic approaches for green technologies. In this study, highly efficient, nanoscaled light antenna structures from green photosynthetic bacteria, known as chlorosomes, comprised of bacteriochlorophyll-c pigment arrays that are stable in aqueous environments are studied in an electrochemical environment for their photoelectrogenic capacity. Biohybrid electrochemical cells containing chlorosomes coupled to the native bacterial photosynthetic apparatus have a higher dark charge storage density (at least 10-fold) than electrochemical cells with decoupled chlorosomes. Nevertheless, upon light stimulation, the charge storage density, also known as charge injection capacity, for both electrochemical systems increased the charge stored near the electrode. Decoupled chlorosome-based systems showed a light-intensity dose-dependent response reaching a maximum change of ˜300 nC/cm2at near sunlight intensities (˜80-100mW/cm2). Chronoamperometric studies under light stimulation conditions confirmed the photo-induced effect. Current studies are focused on optimization of the electrode/chlorosome interfacial properties across various heterogeneous interfaces. Successful implementation of harvesting photo-energy using the chlorosome or its derivatives may lead to substantial innovations in current biophotonic technologies, such as biofuel cells and retinal prosthetics.
Bio-inspired Microfluidic Propulsion Through Magnetically-actuated Cilia
Authors: Khaderi Syed , Baltussen Michiel , Anderson Patrick , Ioan D. , den Toonder Jaap , Onck Patrick 
Published: June 2009

AbstractManipulation of bio-fluids in microchannels faces many challenges in the development of lab-on-a-chip devices. We propose magnetically actuated artificial cilia which can propel fluids in microchannels. These cilia are magnetic films which can be actuated by an external magnetic field, leading to an asymmetric motion like that of natural cilia. The coupling between different physical mechanisms (magnetostatics, solid mechanics and fluid dynamics) is numerically established. In this work we quantify the flow through a microfluidic channel as a function of its geometry for a characteristic set of dimensionless parameters.
The community substance use environment: The development and predictive ability of a multi‐method and multiple‐reporter measure
Authors: Chilenski Sarah M. , Greenberg Mark T. , Feinberg Mark E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis study tested the feasibility and utility of developing a multiple‐method and multiple‐reporter measure that describes the community substance use environment. Data on community‐level norms and availability of substances were reported by 5261 students and 181 prevention‐focused community leaders (CL) involved in the 28 promoting school–university–community partnerships to enhance resilience (PROSPER) Project communities between 2002 and 2005. Additionally, locations of alcohol and tobacco outlets were geocoded. Initially, these four subscales were aggregated to measure the community substance use environment. Analyses demonstrated this measure was associated with community rates of adolescent reported cigarette use, but it was not associated with community rates of adolescent reported alcohol use. Further analyses tested the relative strength of the four different subscales in predicting rates of student use. Implications of these results for the field of community‐based prevention are discussed, as well as limitations and future directions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing Dynein and Kinesin Stepping with Mechanical Manipulation in a Living Cell
Authors: Sims Peter A. , Xie X. Sunney 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMolecular motors: By combining optical tweezers and high‐speed particle tracking, individual steps of microtubule motor proteins transporting organelles can be detected under known force loads in living mammalian cells (see figure).magnified imageWe report a label‐free assay for simultaneous optical manipulation and tracking of endogenous lipid droplets as actively transported cargoes in a living mammalian cell with sub‐millisecond time resolution. Using an EM‐CCD camera as a highly sensitive quadrant detector, we can detect steps of dynein‐ and kinesin‐driven cargoes under known force loads. We can distinguish single and multiple motor‐driven cargoes and show that the stall forces for inward and outward transported cargoes are similar. By combining the stall force observable with the ability to detect individual steps, we can characterize kinesin‐ and dynein‐driven active transport in different force regimes.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of New Tetracyclic Forskolin Analogues
Authors: Egger Michael , Maity Prantik , Hübner Melanie , Seifert Roland , König Burkhard 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNew tetracyclic analogues of forskolin have been prepared by derivatization of the natural product. Treatment of a forskolin‐derived cyclic thionocarbonate with 1,3‐dimethyl‐2‐phenyl‐1,3,2‐diazaphospholidine resulted in the formation of a seven‐membered cyclic carbonate derivative by an unprecedented rearrangement of an intermediate dialkoxycarbene or 1,3‐dipole, whereas radical deoxygenation was followed by intramolecular cyclization with the double bond to form a third analogue. Two of the new analogues were investigated for their ability to activate adenylyl cyclases 1, 2 and 5. The introduction of another ring into the forskolin skeleton did not lead to a loss of binding affinity to the enzyme. Although the new compounds are much more spacious than forskolin, they still seem to fit into the binding pocket and were found to be partial agonists.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Combinations of Alkyllithiums and Lithium Aminoalkoxides for Generation of Functional Pyridine Organometallics and Derivatives
Authors: Gros Philippe C. , Fort Yves 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis account covers the current status of pyridine metallation with alkyllithium/lithium aminoalkoxide reagents and follows a previous review focusing on pioneering works on the nBuLi/LiDMAE reagent. An updated overview of the scope of metallation with this superbase is presented, together with the development of new reagents and synthetic applications based on selective lithiation methodology.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
The challenges of commissioning healthcare: a discussion paper
Authors: Peskett Sheila 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe UK's Department of Health Independent Sector Programme to procure healthcare for National Health Service (NHS) patients from the independent sector revealed many of the challenges of commissioning, particularly assessing governance arrangements and identifying the organisational attributes of high quality healthcare providers. These issues were first discussed in a workshop at the British Association of Medical Managers (BAMM) Medical Directors Conference in Dublin in November 2007 (Dale, et al., 2009). The more difficult challenges of achieving effective clinical engagement, including motivational factors, organisational environment and systems and partnership working, in the complex field of commissioning healthcare in the UK are also explored here with particular reference to systems in other countries. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening of mycotoxin multicontamination in medicinal and aromatic herbs sampled in Spain
Authors: Santos Liliana , Marín Sonia , Sanchis Vicente , Ramos Antonio J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to screen the multicontamination by mycotoxins in a wide variety of aromatic and/or medicinal herb samples collected in Spain. Mycotoxins studied were aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), T‐2 toxin (T‐2), citrinin and fumonisins (FBs). Mycotoxins were analysed by ELISA after a clean‐up step with multifunctional columns (AFs, ZEA, DON, FBs and T‐2) or polyamide column (citrinin).RESULTS: Of the 84 samples analysed 99% were contaminated with T‐2, 98% with ZEA, 96% with AFs, 63% with OTA, 62% with DON, 61% with citrinin and 13% with FBs. Nearly 87% of samples contained four or more mycotoxins simultaneously, being AFs, T‐2 and ZEA the mycotoxins co‐existing in almost every sample. 100% of the samples in our study were multicontaminated.CONCLUSION: This study shows that this kind of commodity could be an important source of mycotoxin contamination and, in general, this contamination is not limited to only one group of mycotoxins. Mycotoxin contamination on artichoke immature florets, boldus leaves, burdock leaves, dandelion plant, frangula bark, ginkgo leaves, lemon verbena leaves, olive leaves, red tea leaves, ribgrass leaves, St Mary's thistle seeds, spearmint leaves, star anise fruit, vervain and white tea leaves has been described for the first time. Finally, this is the first report on DON and T‐2 presence in herbs. No study of this kind has been previously developed in Spain. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Mass spectrometric evidence for collisionally induced removal of H2 from monoanions of 10B nido‐carborane derivatives investigated by electrospray ionization quadrupole linear ion trap and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: Cataldi Tommaso R. I. , Ricciardi Giampaolo , Bianco Giuliana , Pietrangeli Daniela , Abate Salvatore 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSome newly synthesized 10B nido‐carborane derivatives, i.e., 7,8‐dicarba‐nido‐undecaborane monoanions ([7‐Me‐8‐R‐C2B9H10]‐K+, R = H, butyl, hexyl, octyl and decyl), have been fully characterised and examined by electrospray ionization and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry with liquid chromatographic separation (LC/ESI‐FTICR‐MS). These boron‐containing compounds exhibit abundant molecular ions ([M]−) at m/z 140.22631 [CB9H14]−, m/z 196.28883 [CB9H22]−, m/z 224.32032 [CB9H26]−, m/z 252.35133 [CB9H30]− and m/z 280.38354 [CB9H34]− at the normal tube lens voltage setting of −90 V, which was an instrumental parameter value selected in the tuning operation. Additional [M–nH2]− (n = 1−4) ions were observed in the mass spectra when higher tube lens voltages were applied, i.e., −140 V. High‐resolution FTICR‐MS data revealed the accurate masses of fragment ions, bearing either an even or an odd number of electrons. Collision‐induced dissociation of the [M–nH2]− ions (n = 0–4) in the quadrupole linear ion trap (LTQ) analyzer confirmed the loss of hydrogen molecules from the molecular ions. It is suggested that the loss of H2 molecules from the alkyl chain is a consequence of the stabilization effect of the nido‐carborane charged polyhedral skeleton. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) coupled with high‐resolution electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry for the analysis of isobaric phosphopeptides
Authors: Xuan Yue , Creese Andrew J. , Horner Julie A. , Cooper Helen J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe have applied high‐field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) to the analysis of the phosphopeptides APLpSFRGSLPKSYVK, APLSFRGpSLPKSYVK, and APLSFRGSLPKpSYVK. The peptides have identical amino acid sequences and differ only in the site of phosphorylation. The results show that FAIMS is capable of at least partially separating these species. Separation was confirmed by coupling FAIMS with high‐resolution electron transfer dissociation (ETD) mass spectrometry. Phosphorylation is retained on the ETD peptide fragments thereby allowing assignment of the site of the modification. Co‐eluting phosphopeptides which differ only in the site of modification are frequently observed in liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry phosphoproteomics experiments, and therefore these proof‐of‐principle results have implications for the application of FAIMS in that field. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a biomarker assay for 3‐indoxyl sulfate in mouse plasma and brain by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Ganfeng , Korfmacher Walter A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the development and partial validation of a fast, sensitive and specific ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of 3‐indoxyl sulfate (3‐IS), an endogenous compound in mammals, in mouse plasma and brain samples. The analytical method involves direct dilution of samples with water and protein precipitation with acetonitrile containing an internal standard, followed by separation of 3‐IS on a MonoChrom C18 column and detected by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in negative ionization mode using turbo ion‐spray ionization. Due to high endogenous levels of 3‐IS in control mouse plasma and brain, blank guinea pig plasma and brain were used for the preparation of standard curves and quality controls (QCs). The compound of interest was well separated from interference peaks from the matrices with a total runtime of 2.7 min under a gradient condition. The method was partially validated. The linear concentration range was 0.1 to 100 µg/mL in mouse plasma and 10 to 10,000 ng/g in mouse brain. Inter‐assay mean bias and relative standard deviation (RSD) for plasma were in the range of −4.8% to 3.1% and 2.5% to 3.2%, respectively. Intra‐assay mean bias and RSD for plasma were in the range of −3.3% to 1.4% and 1.9% to 2.8%, respectively. Inter‐assay mean bias and RSD for brain were in the range of −1.8% to 3.5% and 1.7% to 8.1%, respectively. Intra‐assay mean bias and RSD for brain were in the range of −1.7% to 3.9% and 4.1% to 7.3%, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) for this assay was 0.1 µg/mL for plasma and 10 ng/g for brain. The matrix effect was not observed in both guinea pig plasma and mouse plasma. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Static output feedback sliding mode control for time‐varying delay systems with time‐delayed nonlinear disturbances
Authors: Yan X. G. , Spurgeon S. K. , Edwards C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this paper, a robust stabilization problem for a class of linear time‐varying delay systems with disturbances is studied using sliding mode techniques. Both matched and mismatched disturbances, involving time‐varying delay, are considered. The disturbances are nonlinear and have nonlinear bounds which are employed for the control design. A sliding surface is designed and the stability of the corresponding sliding motion is analysed based on the Razumikhin Theorem. Then a static output feedback sliding mode control with time delay is synthesized to drive the system to the sliding surface in finite time. Conservatism is reduced by using features of sliding mode control and systems structure. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthony Eden, British diplomacy and the origins of the Geneva Conference of 1954
Authors: Ruane Kevin 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIt is almost forty years since the Geneva conference of April–July 1954 ended the French war in Indo-China. The ‘success’ of the conference was seen as a triumph for the efforts of British diplomacy, and for Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden in particular, a judgement which has altered little with the passage of time. The following article questions this view on the grounds that, ironically, British support for Geneva had little or nothing to do with the situation in Indo-China. On the contrary, it arose in the wider context of policy towards the European Defence Community. It was also a product of Eden's unhappiness at Britain's junior status in the so-called Anglo-American ‘special relationship’. The British attitude to Geneva only became more positive in March-April 1954 when French fortunes reached their nadir and the alternative to a negotiated solution in Viet-Nam seemed to be American, or American-led, military intervention. Faced with this potentially catastrophic prospect, the previously ‘unwanted’ conference assumed a new relevance for Eden and British diplomacy.
Whiggery, religion and social reform: the case of Lord Morpeth
Authors: Hilton Boyd 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTM.P.s who supported the Grey, Melbourne, Russell and Palmerston governments were all described as ‘Liberals’ in contemporary registers such as those by Dod and McCalmont. However, historians have recently attempted to differentiate intellectually among these M.P.s, and in particular to sort out the liberals from the whigs. A difficulty here is that, in a period which was almost equally dominated by religious and ecclesiastical issues on the one hand and social and economic issues on the other, it appears that those politicians who were most ‘liberal’ in one context were least ‘liberal’ in the other. The subject of this article, Lord Morpeth, conformed to a type of ‘whig–liberal’ politician whose social policies were ‘whig’ rather than ‘liberal’, but who exemplified that tolerant approach to religious politics which has been termed ‘liberal Anglican’. It is possible to infer Morpeth's theological views from his many comments on sermons and devotional texts, and it appears that the best way to understand his religion (and its impact on his politics) is in terms, not of liberal Anglicanism, but of incarnationalism combined with a type of joyous pre-millenarianism (or jolly apocalypticism) not uncharacteristic of the mid nineteenth century. Reacting against the evangelical and high church revivals, yet sharing their piety and rectitude, Morpeth's incarnational religion represented an attempt to reconcile a theory of individual personality with ideas of community and brotherhood – to soften the ‘spiritual capitalism’ implied by ‘moderate’ Anglican evangelicalism, while retaining its emphasis on individual responsibility. Its secular equivalent was the type of ‘half-way’ social reform espoused by many whig-liberals in the third quarter of the century.
London's ‘Monster’ Petition of 1680
Authors: Knights Mark 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe unrest in London during the ‘Exclusion Crisis’ filled Charles II with fear and foreboding of a new civil war. Yet although recent research has highlighted the important role played by the capital's inhabitants in the period, the evidence available for studying the groups of radicals involved has been sketchy and fragmentary. This article uses a new source, in the form of a mass petition, signed by almost 16,000 citizens, which was presented to the king in January 1680. It offers a unique opportunity to measure public opinion during one of the most turbulent periods of the Restoration, and to test assumptions about the character of the opposition to the king. After a discussion of the aims and conduct of the campaign, a prosopographical study of some of the most readily identifiable signatories provides the basis for a detailed examination of the political, religious, geographical, economic and social dimension of the petition. Finally, London's popular reaction to national politics is considered in terms of its effectiveness in altering royal policy, and its impact on the rest of the country.