bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initial Orientation and Homing in Workers of Polistes gallicus (L.) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)
Authors: Ugolini Alberto 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryWorkers of Polistes gallicus were displaced in transparent plexiglass test tubes, which allowed them sight of the sky, sun and landscape and then released, in a series of trials at various distances from the nests, in the open and in confined conditions (using an arena) to assess their ability of initial orientation and homing.Results show that the workers are able to show the correct homeward direction independently of release distance, vision of the surrounding landscape and motivation. Homing times and homing performance, on the other hand, depend on release distance and motivation. The possibility that information gained during displacement plays a part in initial orientation is also discussed.ZusammenfassungArbeiterinnen von Feldwespen (Polistes gallicus) wurden in verschiedenen Abständen vom Nest (50, 200, 1000, 1500, 2000 m) sowohl frei als auch in einer kreisförmigen Arena so aufgelassen, daß sie nur Sicht auf den Himmel hatten. Sie fanden auch ohne Sicht der Landschaft gut (statistisch gesichert) nach Hause. Heimkehrzeiten und Zahl der heimkehrenden Wespen waren sowohl von der Entfernung wie auch von der Motivation abhängig. Vermutlich sammelt das Tier während der Versetzung Informationen, die für seine zielgerichtete Orientierung am Auflaßort wichtig sind.
Interspecific Differences in the Ontogeny of Feeding Behaviour in Two Species of Centrarchid Fish
Authors: Brown Joseph A. , Colgan Patrick W. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryWe compared the ontogeny of feeding in two centrarchid species and hypothesised that the ontogeny of early feeding in the black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus, would differ from that of the smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieui, and that the smaller black crappie fry would perform certain of the feeding MAPs (modal action patterns) at a higher frequency and for a longer period of time than the larger smallmouth bass fry. Under laboratory conditions crappie fry performed significantly more Fixates, Lunges, and Snaps than smallmouth fry. These three MAPs also remained in the feeding repertoire of the crappie two weeks longer than in the smallmouth repertoire. The size of the young fish at the onset of exogenous feeding influenced their early feeding behaviour.ZusammenfassungWir haben die Ontogenese des Fressens von zwei Sonnenbarsch‐Arten (Pomoxis nigromaculatus und Micropterus dolomieui) in Laboraufzuchten verglichen. Wir sagten voraus, daß die kleinere Fischbrut des dunklen Süßwasserbarsches bestimmte Verhaltensweisen häufiger und während längerer Zeit ausführen würde als der Flußbarsch. Die kleinere Brut des P. nigromaculatus zeigt bedeutend mehr Schnappen, Vorstoßen und Festhalten als die von M. dolomieui. Die drei Verhaltensweisen kommen bei P. nigromaculatus zwei Wochen länger vor als bei M. dolomieui. Die Größe der jungen Fische beeinflußt ihr Verhalten bei der Nahrungsaufnahme.
Compatibility of Male and Female Sexual Behaviour in Macaca arctoides
Authors: Linnankoski I. , Leinonen L. M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryThis report describes factors influencing the attainment of orgasm in the stump‐tailed macaque in the laboratory. In the male, penile stimulation during copulation was not a sufficient condition for orgasm to occur; successful copulation had to be preceded by a high level of excitement triggered by various psychosocial factors. In the female, stereotypic signs of high sexual excitement were invariably displayed during copulation at the time of male orgasm and also during homosexual interactions which did not provide genital stimulation. The observations suggest that female orgasm results from high responsiveness to the overall behaviour of the excited partner.ZusammenfassungDieser Bericht beschreibt Faktoren, die bei im Labor lebenden Stummelschwanz‐Makaken (Macaca arctoides) zum Orgasmus führen.Beim Männchen war die Penisreizung während der Kopulation keine ausreichende Bedingung für das Auftreten eines Orgasmus; einer erfolgreichen Kopulation muß ein hoher Grad an Erregung, ausgelöst durch verschiedene psychosoziale Faktoren, vorausgehen. Das Weibchen zeigte gleichbleibend stereotype Zeichen hoher sexueller Erregung während der Kopulation zum Zeitpunkt des männlichen Orgasmus und ebenso während homosexueller Interaktionen ohne genitale Reizung. Die Beobachtungen scheinen darauf hinzuweisen, daß das Weibchen während der Kopulation infolge seiner hohen Empfänglichkeit für das Gesamtverhalten des erregten Partners mit der Ejakulation des Männchens einen Orgasmus erfährt.
Distance Call Duets in Bar‐headed Geese (Anser indicus): Co‐operation through Visual Relief of the Partner?
Authors: Lamprecht Jürg , Kaiser Alexander , Peters Anne , Kirchgessner Cordula 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA new example of duetting is reported for a waterfowl species. Semi‐captive pairs of bar‐headed geese (Anser indicus), whose 2–9 days old young were removed, uttered short, coarse distance calls every 1 or 2 s while searching for them. The males often called a fraction of a s after their mates. The result was a duet. The females did not answer the males' calls.The context in which these duets occur is also new: the parent birds remain within a few m of each other to call their goslings and stop calling as soon as they have found them. This, the behaviour of the goslings, the lack of observed mate‐changes and the fact that only the male responds make it unlikely that the function of these duets is territorial advertisement, avoidance of call overlap, mate‐guarding, strengthening of the pair‐bond or synchronization of activities, functions which have been suggested for various duets in birds and primates.We suggest that male response to the female's distance calls relieves her from visually monitoring her mate's whereabouts. Thus the female, who searches more actively, can concentrate fully on finding the offspring. Visual relief of the partner could also be important in duets of other species.ZusammenfassungFür Anatiden sind bisher nur Triumphzeremonien als Duette beschrieben. Freifliegend gehaltene Streifenganspaare (Anser indicus), denen die 2–9 Tage alten Jungen weggefangen wurden, äußerten bei der Suche nach ihnen anhaltend kurze, rauhe “Distanzrufe” in Abständen von 1–2 s. Dabei riefen die Männchen sehr oft Sekundenbruchteile nach ihren Weibchen, so daß Ruf‐Duette zustande kamen. Die Weibchen antworteten nicht nachweisbar auf die Rufe der Männchen. Neu an diesen Duetten ist auch der Kontext: Die Eltervögel, die nur wenige m voneinander entfernt sind, rufen nach ihren Jungen (und hören auf, sobald sie sie gefunden haben). Die Begleitumstände, das Verhalten der Gössel, das Fehlen von Partnerwechseln und der Befund, daß nur das Männchen antwortet, machen eine Funktion dieses Duettierens im Rahmen der Revieranzeige, des Vermeidens von Lautüberlappung, des Partner‐Bewachens, des Stärkens der Paarbindung und der Synchronisation der Paarpartner unwahrscheinlich. Vermutlich dient es der Entlastung des bei der Gösselsuche visuell stark engagierten Weibchens vom ständigen optischen Überwachen des Partners, so daß es — das aktiver sucht — sich mit ungeteilter Aufmerksamkeit dem für beide Partner wichtigen Orten der Jungen widmen kann. Visuelle Entlastung des Partners könnte auch bei manchen Duetten anderer Arten eine Rolle spielen.
Social Guidance of Vocal Learning by Female Cowbirds: Validating its Functional Significance
Authors: West Meredith J. , King Andrew P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractJuvenile male M. a. ater cowbirds, who have never heard other male cowbirds sing, develop distinctively different repertoires when housed with M. a. ater females from their own area versus M. a. obscurus females from a distant population. Because female cowbirds do not sing, the differences in the males' songs do not arise through vocal imitation. Here we provide data demonstrating that the songs of female‐housed males are functionally, as well as acoustically, distinctive. The songs of 8 groups of males were tested where the groups differed by age of singer, acoustic experience, and identity of social companion. The playback results demonstrate that non‐singing female cowbirds not only stimulate the male to modify song content, but song potency. As such, they demonstrate the critical role female cowbirds may assume in the proximate and ultimate regulation of vocal development.
Sexual Differences in Offspring Defense in a Monogamous Cichlid Fish
Authors: Itzkowitz M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSolitary male and female Texas cichlids, Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum employ different tactics when defending their offspring. Males emphasize the lateral display against an intruder and make infrequent return visits to the young while the intruder is present. The female is more likely to attack, attempting to bite the intruder and also making frequent return visits to the offspring. These differences disappear with increasing age of the offspring as the male becomes more like the female with more violent attacks. Both defense systems appear effective, in the short term, against intruders.
Sexual Behaviour of Sumatran Long‐tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: van Noordwijk Maria A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe sexual behaviour of wild long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) was studied in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. All females showed some swelling of the sexual skin, but the frequency and maximum size of the swelling decreased with age. The frequency of copulations and consortships for a given female increased with increasing degree of swelling or coloration. No regular cycles could be found in the occurrence of swellings, copulations and consortships. Periods for which a female had consortships tended to be long (up to 5–6 weeks on end). These two results suggest that in the wild the predictability of the moment of ovulation is very low. The consortships were not exclusive: both the male and the female occasionally copulated with others. All females had many different male partners and, as ovulation signalling was not clear, none of these males could have any certainty about paternity of a female's offspring. Yet, the highest‐ranking males probably had the best chances to father children because they were more often involved in sexual interaction (both copulations and consortships), especially around the estimated date of conception. This does not hold for the nulliparous females who were virtually ignored by the higher‐ranking males. Consortships were occasionally actively maintained by the female, for whom a direct advantage of consorting might be an increased safety against conspecifics and predators. One advantage of mating with many different males might be a reduced risk of infanticide.
The Behavioural Dynamics of Great Tits (Parus major) Approaching a Predator
Authors: Curio E. , Regelmann K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThere is a deadly risk of mobbing at a predator (= approaching it, usually alarm calling at the same time), as evidenced by a long list of published and unpublished accounts of a fatal or nearly fatal outcome for the prey involved. We examined in four predator‐related danger situations (two raptors [Strix aluco, Accipiter nisus], a raptor [Glaucidium perlatum] + taped mobbing chorus, mobbing chorus only) the ways in which the multi‐dimensional mobbing behaviour of parent great tits (Parus major) with nestlings tends to reflect the spatial properties of a gradient of risk around the live predator viz. the acoustic danger stimulus. The analysis was based on the factual premise that predation risk grows in some unknown way with proximity to danger. Great tits appear to mitigate their risk by at least 8 spatio‐temporal characteristics of their moves towards and away from danger, resulting in a net approach. While thus advancing, the birds commonly engage in approach moves of ever decreasing length and in an increasingly higher calling rate. The latter relationship suggests that risk increases continuously with proximity. The dependence of the calling rate on predator distance is discussed in terms of overloading the visual‐auditory channel capacity of the harassed predator and of advertising to it powers of escape in order to discourage attack.ZusammenfassungWährend Beutetiere sich alarmrufend nahe um einen Räuber scharen, setzen sie sich dem Risiko aus, von ihm getötet zu werden; dies belegt eine lange Reihe schon veröffentlichter und hier erstmals genannter Begegnungen mit tödlichem oder fast tödlichem Ausgang. Wir untersuchten, ob und wie Kohlmeisen (Parus major) mit Nestlingen in einer von vier Feindsituationen [zwei Greifvögel (Strix aluco, Accipiter nisus); ein Greif (Glaucidium perlatum) mit Tonband‐Mischalarm; dieser Alarm allein] in ihrem vieldimensionalen Alarmverhalten den räumlichen Risikogradienten um den Räuber bzw. um die nichtklassifizierbare Gefahr widerspiegeln. Die Analyse fußte auf der belegten Voraussetzung, daß das Feindrisiko mit der Nähe zur Gefahr irgendwie wächst. Kohlmeisen mindern danach ihr tödliches Risiko auf mindestens achterlei Weise während ihres schrittweisen, vor– und zurückweichenden Eindringens auf den Feind. Während sie so vorrücken, verkürzen sie überwiegend die Länge ihrer Vorwärtsflüge zusehends und erhöhen ihre Alarmrufrate. Diese Ruf‐Abstandsbeziehung läßt auf eine kontinuierliche (d. h. nicht sprung‐hafte) Zunahme des Risikos mit zunehmender Räubernähe schließen. Die Abhängigkeit der Rufrate von dem Feindabstand wird im Lichte zweier hypothetischer Mechanismen erörtert: zum einen der Begrenzung des auditorisch‐visuellen Systems des Räubers, zum anderen der an ihn gerichteten Mitteilung über die Güte der Fluchtfähigkeit des Rufers im Fall eines Angriffs.
Parturition in American Bison: Precocity and Systematic Variation in Cow Isolation
Authors: Lott Dale F. , Galland John C. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryWe observed the birth of 16 American bison calves. Parturition was rapid and the calves were unusually precocial. Parturition occurred in early to mid‐afternoon. In an open grassland habitat, 9 of 11 cows remained in groups to give birth. In contrast, 5 of 6 cows in a rugged oak‐woodland habitat gave birth in isolation.ZusammenfassungWaldadaptierte Huftiere gehen gewöhnlich einzeln in Vegetation, um zu gebären, wohl um Begegnungen mit Raubtieren zu verringern. An offenes Grasland adaptierte Arten gebären schnell und haben besonders frühreife Junge. Gruppen sind wahrscheinlich die beste Deckung im Habitat; aber das Gebären in Gruppen führt auch dazu, daß Mütter sich täuschen und fremde Säuglinge adoptieren. Amerikanische Bisons lebten vor allem auf offenem Grasland. Sie gebären schnell, und Bisonjunge sind frühreifer als die meisten Huftiere, ausgenommen das Gnu. Sie gebären meist am frühen Nachmittag. Die näheren Umstände des Gebärens waren in den zwei beobachteten Populationen verschieden. 9 von 11 Kühen in vorwiegend offenem Habitat gebaren in einer Gruppe; 5 von 6 Kühen in teils bewaldetem Habitat gebaren einzeln unter hoher Vegetation. Kindsverwechslungen sind wahrscheinlich selten. Die Bison‐kälber, die wir beobachteten, näherten sich sofort ihren Müttern und blieben dann in ihrer Nähe.
Effect of Male Proximity on Vaginal Marking by the Female Syrian Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)
Authors: Steel Elizabeth 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryVaginal marking by female hamsters is more frequent in the presence of a male than when the female is alone; this is so on each of the three dioestrous days of the oestrous cycle. With a male present, marking frequency on Day 4 is about four times greater than on Day 2 or 3 of dioestrus. On Day 4, vaginal marking is correlated with male proximity and is greatest when the male is actively following the female. Vaginal marking is closely associated in time with the female moving away from the male, and particularly with rapid approach‐withdrawal by the female.Discussion centres on the function of vaginal marking. Vaginal secretion has at least two chemical fractions which have different effects on the male. It is likely that the context in which the male samples the vaginal secretion may modify the information that is transferred from the female.
Communication of Status in the Social Wasp Polistes fuscatus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: Downing H. A. , Jeanne R. L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCommunication of status was demonstrated in females of the paper wasp, Polistes fuscatus. Wasps directed more aggression toward subordinates which were similar in status to themselves than toward dominants or low ranked subordinates. Chemical cues originating from both the head and the ovaries communicate status. The hypothesis that lateral vibrations are used by the queen to communicate her dominance to nestmates was not supported by our findings. No correlation was found between the amount of light body coloration and dominance status. Queens that had been tethered and were thus unable to pursue subordinates aggressively still communicated their status but their dominant rank in the colony was often affected.
The Function of the Pika Short Call in Individual Recognition
Authors: Conner Douglas A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryTwo populations of individually marked pikas (Ochotona princeps) were studied on Niwot Ridge, Boulder County, Colorado, U.S.A., to determine if these lagomorphs are able to, and actually do, recognize other individuals through the use of vocal cues contained in the short call. Discriminant function analysis demonstrated that short calls are individually distinct in structure. Furthermore, pikas responded differentially to naturally occurring calls from different individuals and recognition appears to be possible solely through the use of vocal cues contained within the short call.Pikas also discriminated between playbacks of familiar and unfamiliar short calls. The strength of response appears related to the level of competition and the relative amount of threat that a familiar or unfamiliar pika represents to the responding individual.
Vigilant Behaviour and Shoal Size in Minnows
Authors: Magurran A. E. , Oulton W. J. , Pitcher T. J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryThe aim of this work was to investigate the relationship between shoal size and vigilance. The behaviour of minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) foraging on an artificial food patch during the simulated stalking approach of a model predator (pike: Esox lucius) was recorded for shoals of 20, 12, 6 and 3 fish. Minnows in large shoals reduced their foraging sooner but remained feeding on the patch longer than in small shoals. The relatively late reaction of small shoals to the model and the rapid cessation of feeding once the predator was detected, indicates that small shoals were less vigilant than large shoals. The gradual reduction of foraging in large shoals was accompanied by an increasing number of investigative approaches in which individuals monitored the model's approach. This enabled minnows in larger shoals to balance more efficiently the conflicting demands of feeding and watching for predators.
Verhaltensanalysen zum Sozialspiel von Iltisfrettchen (Mustela putorius f. Juro)
Authors: Diener Alfred 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryBehaviour Analysis of Polecat Ferrets during Social PlayThe article deals with the social play of polecat ferrets (Mustela putorius f. furo). The coordinations in playful romping are compared with parallel functional behaviour patterns. The behaviour shown in play is less strictly coordinated and orientated than the corresponding behaviour sequences in fighting and mating. Some of the forms of behaviour are more intensive and longer lasting in a serious context than they are in play. In the ontogenesis of social play both continuity and stages of development can be differentiated. The basic patterns of attack and defence are displayed in complete form shortly after the eyes open. The deliberate gripping of the nape of the neck develops gradually. It is probable that this development is partly dependent on learning processes.The social experience of young polecat ferrets affects the degree of their play motivation. During the experiment, animals which had been reared alone played together more than three times as much as those reared socially. The withholding of social experience apparently causes a drop in the threshold values of many sequences of play behaviour.In play, sex difference affects both the readiness to act and the frequency of many forms of behaviour. In general males play more frequently than females. In encounters between opposite sexes the males play offensively and the females defensively or passively. It is assumed that social play serves to develop forms of behaviour which will later be of decisive importance in social behaviour generally and in sexual behaviour in particular.
Dominance as a Predictor of Cofoundress Disappearance Order in Social Wasps (Polistes fuscatus)
Authors: Pfennig David W. , Klahn Jeff E. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryPaper wasp foundress longevity was examined by censusing throughout one colony cycle 29 multiple foundress queens, 43 multiple foundress subordinates, and 56 single foundresses that were nesting in artificial nestboxes in the same field habitat. At the end of the census period when most colonies were in a state of decline, all of the multiple foundress queens, 32% of the single foundresses, and 19% of the subordinate cofoundresses remained with their colony. Half of the subordinates disappeared within 15 days after the first workers eclosed and before most reproductive eggs were laid. On colonies with more than one subordinate cofoundress, the closer in rank a cofoundress was to the queen, the sooner the cofoundress disappeared after the workers eclosed. The queen and her worker offspring may increase their inclusive fitnesses by selectively ejecting the highly ranked cofoundresses, which pose the greatest threat to the queen's reproductive domination. Subordinate longevity appears to be influenced more by intracolony reproductive conflict than by foraging‐related mortality.
The Evolution of Bower‐building and the Assessment of Male Quality
Authors: Borgia Gerald , Pruett‐Jones Stephen G. , Pruett‐Jones Melinda A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryA hypothesis is proposed for explaining the evolution of display courts in birds. We suggest that males who show ownership of display courts are better able to inform females of their high dominance status, which is an indicator of their quality as a sire. The elaborate display structures of bowerbirds are viewed as an extreme example of selection to show ownership of these “markers”. Specific problems with the evolution of bowers are considered.
How Turtles Find the Sea
Authors: Mrosovsky N. , Kingsmiix S. F. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryHatchling turtles, after emerging from their nests on the beach, move towards the sea. One explanation of this sea‐finding ability is that there is a complex phototropotactic reaction to light; this initiates turning until sub‐components of the system receive equal input. Another explanation is that the direction of peak excitation is located instantaneously and that the turtles then head in that direction. This paper reports new experiments on the behaviour of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) wearing partial blindfolds: their poor orientation, even after several hours time for adaptation to the blindfolds, supports the phototropotaxis hypothesis. Data on loggerhead, leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) and green turtle (Chelonia mydas) hatchlings released under clear skies confirm that the position of the sun does influence orientation. Experiments on loggerheads with wax paper over their eyes show that form vision is not essential for sea‐finding. The possibility of mechanisms additional to and redundant with a complex phototropotactic system or a direction locating system are considered but rejected as unlikely.