bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parents' safety beliefs and childhood agricultural injury
Authors: Larson‐Bright Muree , Gerberich Susan G. , Masten Ann S. , Alexander Bruce H. , Gurney James G. , Church Timothy R. , Ryan Andrew D. , Renier Colleen M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundThis study examined potential associations between parental safety beliefs and children's chore assignments or risk of agricultural injury.MethodsAnalyses were based on nested case–control data collected by the 1999 and 2001 Regional Rural Injury Study‐II (RRIS‐II) surveillance efforts. Cases (n = 425, reporting injuries) and controls (n = 1,886, no injuries; selected using incidence density sampling) were persons younger than 20 years of age from Midwestern agricultural households. A causal model served as the basis for multivariate data analysis.ResultsDecreased risks of injury (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence intervals [CI]) were observed for working‐aged children with “moderate,” compared to “very strict” parental monitoring (0.60; 0.40–0.90), and with parents believing in the importance of physical (0.80; 0.60–0.95) and cognitive readiness (0.70, 0.50–0.90, all children; 0.30, 0.20–0.50, females) when assigning new tasks. Parents' safety beliefs were not associated with chore assignments.ConclusionsParents' safety beliefs were associated with reduced risk of childhood agricultural injury; the association was not mediated by chore assignments. Am. J. Ind. Med. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:724–733, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organotin(IV) tryptophanylglycinates: potential non‐steroidal antiinflammatory agents; crystal structure of dibutyltin(IV) tryptophanylglycinate
Authors: Nath Mala , Singh Hitendra , Kumar Parvinder , Kumar Ashok , Song Xueqing , Eng George 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDiorganotin(IV) derivatives of tryptophanylglycine (H2Trp–Gly) with general formula R2Sn(Trp–Gly), where R = Me,n‐Bu, Ph andn‐Oct, and triorganotin(IV) derivatives R′3Sn(HTrp–Gly) where R′ = Me,n‐Bu and Ph, have been synthesized and structurally characterized in the ‘solid state as well as in solution on the basis of various spectroscopic techniques, viz. FT‐IR, multinuclear1H,13C and119Sn NMR,119Sn Mössbauer and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. These investigations suggest that tryptophanylglycine in R2Sn(Trp–Gly) acts as dianionic tridentate coordinating through carboxylate oxygen [C(O)O−], amino nitrogen (NH2) and N−peptide, while in the case of R′3Sn(HTrp–Gly), the ligand acts as monoanionic bidentate coordinating through C(O)O−and NH2. This is further confirmed by the single‐crystal X‐ray structure ofn‐Bu2Sn(Trp–Gly) which shows that two butyl groups and peptide nitrogen (N−peptide) are in the equatorial positions, while the two axial positions are occupied by the carboxylic oxygen [C(O)O−] and the amino nitrogen (NH2) atom from the same ligand molecule in the distorted trigonal–bipyramidal geometry around tin. The anti‐inflammatory (using the carrageenan‐induced paw edema bioassay in rats), cardiovascular activities and acute toxicity (LD50) of some of these compounds have been examined. All of the studied R2Sn(Trp–Gly) and Ph3Sn(HTrp–Gly) exhibit very high anti‐inflammatory activities comparable to that of phenylbutazone along with high safety margin (LD50> 400 mg kg−1) with no side effects on the cardiovascular system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthetic hydrotalcites from different routes and their application as catalysts and gas adsorbents: a review
Authors: Othman M. R. , Helwani Z. , Martunus  , Fernando W. J. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this paper, widely accepted methods of hydrotalcite preparation such as co‐precipitation, urea hydrolysis, hydrothermal, sol–gel, microwave irradiation, steam activation and solvothermal have been selected and reviewed. Our review indicates that the nature of the divalent cations, the synthesis method, the calcination temperature and the nature of the interlayer species are determinant factors in shaping the surface properties of the layered double hydoxides. The basic strength of the surface base site and structural changes produced in the mixed oxides can be adjusted conveniently by varying the Al content during the synthesis. The combination of sol–gel with microwave irradiation during the gelling and crystallization steps has also been found to increase the surface area of the hydrotalcite‐like compound. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cleaner process for synthesis of zeolite MCM‐22 by vapor‐phase transport method
Authors: Liu Xingsheng , Li Yingxia , Chen Biaohua , Wang Ying 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA cleaner process for synthesis of zeolite MCM‐22 by vapor‐phase transport method was studied in this paper. Firstly, zeolite MCM‐22 was synthesized at different hexamethyleneimine (HMI) dosages by vapor‐phase transport (VPT) method. It was concluded that the aluminosilicate gel was not crystallized completely and the product crystallinity was low when the HMI/gel mass ratio was <0.3. Then, the as‐synthesized product and the surplus liquid, which were obtained at mass ratio 0.3 HMI : 1.0 gel, were characterized by TG‐DTA and FTIR, respectively. It was found that a part of HMI did not play the role of structure‐directing and remained in the surplus liquid after synthesis of zeolite MCM‐22. The surplus liquid chemical properties, which have not change after synthesis of zeolite MCM‐22 by VPT method, still contained only HMI and H2O. Re‐adding of HMI and deionized water, the surplus liquid was reused to synthesize zeolite MCM‐22 by VPT method. Based on the experimental results of surplus liquid reuse, it was known that the surplus liquid can be reused via re‐adding of HMI and deionized water. It could make the VPT method become a cleaner process. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and modification of zeolite NaA adsorbents for separation of hydrogen and methane
Authors: Liu Yanna , Xu Jingyang , Jin Lijun , Fang Yunming , Hu Haoquan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo improve the adsorption capacity of zeolite A, two kinds of zeolite NaA with submicron and hierarchical structure were prepared. The XRD patterns indicated that both synthesized products were pure zeolite with LTA‐type framework. The SEM images and laser particle size analysis showed that the particle size of submicron zeolite NaA was about 240 nm. The TEM and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms proved the existence of mesopores in the hierarchical zeolite NaA. The adsorption capacities of single component CH4 or H2 on zeolite SrA adsorbents, obtained by Sr2+ ion‐exchange of submicron and hierarchical zeolite NaA, and commercial zeolite 5A adsorbent were measured by the static volume method at 25 °C and pressures up to 1 MPa. The results show that both prepared zeolite SrA adsorbents have higher adsorption capacities of CH4 and ideal separation factors of CH4/H2 than commercial zeolite 5A, and the submicron zeolite SrA has the largest adsorption capacity of CH4 and ideal separation factor of CH4/H2. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear parametric predictive control. Application to a continuous stirred tank reactor
Authors: Assandri Armando , de Prada César , Cristea Smaranda , Martínez Ernesto 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a nonlinear model‐based controller based on the ideas of parametric predictive control applied to a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) process unit. Controller design aims at avoiding the complexity of implementation and long computational times associated with conventional NMPC while maintaining the main advantage of taking into account process nonlinearities that are relevant for control. The design of the parametric predictive controller is based on a rather simplified process model having parameters that are instrumental in determining the required changes to the manipulated variables for error reduction. The nonlinear controller is easy to tune and can operate successfully over a wide range of operating conditions. The use of an estimator of unmeasured disturbances and process‐model mismatch further enhances the behavior of the controller. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regular and inverted batch process structures for pressure swing distillation: a case study
Authors: Klein Andreas , Repke Jens‐Uwe 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe main focus of this paper is on the comparison of the inverted and the regular pressure swing batch distillation processes for the separation of a homogenous azeotropic mixture. On the basis of a successful, experimentally validated rigorous model, a simulation study to identify the differences between the two processes and the influences of different structures on them is carried out. This identification of influences helps in finding out a heuristic base of the most suitable batch structure for a given separation problem. Especially the influence of the feed flow rate on the processes and the differences between the results on operation with different pressures will be addressed. Furthermore advantages, disadvantages and the limitations of both processes will be shown. In the end the best way of operating the pressure swing batch distillation will be presented depending on the product purity and the feed concentration for a given example. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 3‐methyl‐N‐substituted‐1H‐indole
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Lin , Zhang Wei‐Hua , Yang Hong‐Xia Ou 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA practical synthesis of 3‐methyl‐N‐substituted‐1H‐indole (N‐substituted‐skatole) starting from 2‐halogen phenylamine was described, by following acetylation or sulfonylation, alkylation and the intramolecular Heck reaction. In this article, effects of the reactions temperature, solvent, time, proportion and the mount of catalyst were investigated. Target product has an application prospect. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of oil‐atomized air on flow and combustion characteristics in a 300 MWe down‐fired boiler
Authors: Li Zhengqi , Ren Feng , Chen Zhichao , Wang Jingjie , Chen Zhao , Zhang Juwei 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA method of admitting oil‐atomized air into a furnace to adjust coal combustion in a down‐fired boiler is described. Experiments with a small‐scale furnace simulating a down‐fired, pulverized‐coal, 300‐MWe utility boiler were carried out at a single‐phase test facility to investigate the influence of oil‐atomized air on the aerodynamic field in the furnace. With the acceleration of oil by secondary air, the primary air/fuel can reach a more distant position with respect to the burner nozzle and the volume of the recirculation zone shrinks. Industrial experiments were also performed in a 300‐MWe full‐scale boiler. The gas temperature distribution along the primary air/fuel flow in the furnace and the gas components in the near‐wall region were measured with the dampers of the oil‐atomized air box open and closed. When open, the oil‐atomized air does not impede the ignition of the primary air/fuel and can carry the primary air/fuel to a position much deeper in the furnace, resulting in a lowered carbon content in the fly ash. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human radiolabeled mass balance studies: objectives, utilities and limitations
Authors: Penner Natalia , Klunk Lewis J. , Prakash Chandra 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe determination of metabolic pathways of a drug candidate through the identification of circulating and excreted metabolites is vitally important to understanding its physical and biological effects. Knowledge of metabolite profiles of a drug candidate in animals and humans is essential to ensure that animal species used in toxicological evaluations of new drug candidates are appropriate models of humans. The recent FDA final guidance recommends that human oxidative metabolites whose exposure exceeds 10% of the parent AUC at steady‐state should be assessed in at least one of the preclinical animal species used in toxicological assessment. Additional toxicological testing on metabolites that have higher exposure in humans than in preclinical species may be required. The metabolite profiles in laboratory animals and humans are generally accomplished by mass balance and excretion studies in which radiolabeled drugs are administered to these species. The biological fluids are collected, analysed for total radioactivity and evaluated for a quantitative profile of metabolites. Thus, these studies not only determine the rates and routes of excretion but also provide very critical information on the metabolic pathways of drugs in preclinical species and humans. In addition, these studies are required by regulatory agencies for the new drug approval process. Despite the usefulness of these radiolabeled mass balance studies, there is little concrete guidance on how to perform or assess these complex studies. This article examines the objectives, utilities and limitations of these studies and how these studies could be used for the determination of the metabolite exposure in animals and humans. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TpMRK regulates cell division of Tetrahymena in response to oxidative stress
Authors: Li Wenzhou , Zhang Siwei , Numata Osamu , Nozawa Yoshinori , Wang Shulin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTpMRK was identified as a stress‐responsive mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)‐related kinase and has been shown to play a critical role in the stress signalling in Tetrahymena cells. Here, we found that the mRNA expression of TpMRK was correlated with cell division of Tetrahymena with decreased expression occurring in cells prior to entering synchronous cell division induced by heat treatment. Notably, cell division was delayed with a lower division index of 40% after exposure to hydrogen peroxide while 85% of cells underwent cell division synchronously at 75 min after heat treatment without the oxidative exposure. Furthermore, inactivation of TpMRK signalling by p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 or MEK inhibitor PD 98059 partially derepressed cell division induced by hydrogen peroxide. Our data suggest that oxidative stimuli might cause aberration of synchronous cell division of Tetrahymena through activating the TpMRK cascade. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical Study on Plate‐Fin Heat Exchangers with Plain Fins and Serrated Fins at Low Reynolds Number
Authors: Wang Y.‐Q. , Dong Q. W. , Liu M. S. , Wang D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA simpler numerical model for plate‐fin heat exchangers with plain fins and serrated fins is presented, which incorporates the characteristics of fluid flow and heat transfer. The numerical simulations for heat exchangers with two fins at low Reynolds numbers are carried out by employing the simplified model and using the CFD code FLUENT. The results of heat transfer rate and pressure drop in numerical simulations are compared with the experimental results from the literature. It is shown that the results are in good agreement and the numerical model is reasonable and appropriate. The characteristics of fluid flow and heat transfer are analyzed and compared based on the numerical results. It is concluded that by applying the average heat transfer coefficient in practice, the heat transfer rate of the primary surface is overestimated, and the heat transfer rate and efficiency of the secondary surface are underestimated. The numerical modeling and conclusions provide the method and theoretical basis for the selection, optimization and analysis of plate‐fin heat exchangers.
On accurate and time efficient solution of primal‐mixed finite element equations in multiscale solid mechanics
Authors: Duff Iain , Mijuca Dubravka 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn order to identify the best technique to solve a class of geometrically multiscale model problems in thermoelasticity, we examine a combination of a primal‐mixed finite element approach and direct sparse solvers and matrix scaling routines. The criteria for optimality are robustness, accuracy and execution time. It will be shown that the present finite element approach, where displacement and stress variables are simultaneously solved from large‐scale indefinite poorly scaled systems of equations using the sparse HSL solver MA57 with the aid of the matrix scaling routines MC64 or MC30 during the factorization process, enables a reliable solution even if hexahedral finite elements in a mesh differ in size up to six orders of magnitude. A number of tests in multiscale elasticity and thermoelasticity are examined to test the accuracy and execution time efficiency of the proposed solution approach on a standard PC computing platform. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total Synthesis of (±)‐Physovenine
Authors: Kulkarni Mukund G. , Dhondge Attrimuni P. , Borhade Ajit S. , Gaikwad Dnyaneshwar D. , Chavhan Sanjay W. , Shaikh Yunnus B. , Nigdale Vijay B. , Desai Mayur P. , Birhade Deekshaputra R. , Shinde Mahadev P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Wittig olefination–Claisen rearrangement protocol was applied to the total synthesis of (±)‐physovenine. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A Facile and Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted Quinolines from α‐Arylamino Ketones Under Vilsmeier Conditions
Authors: Wang Yan , Xin Xin , Liang Yongjiu , Lin Yingjie , Zhang Rui , Dong Dewen 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn efficient one‐pot synthesis of substituted quinolines from α‐arylamino ketones in the presence of PBr3 in DMF has been developed. This general protocol provides a novel and facile access to substituted quinolines by sequential Vilsmeier–Haack reaction, intramolecular cyclization and aromatization reactions of α‐arylamino ketones. PBr3 plays a dual role in the quinoline synthesis: as a key component of the Vilsmeier reagent (PBr3/DMF) and as a reducing reagent. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Morphology and withanolide production of Withania coagulans hairy root cultures
Authors: Mirjalili Hossein M. , Fakhr‐Tabatabaei Seyyed M. , Bonfill Mercedes , Alizadeh Houshang , Cusido Rosa M. , Ghassempour Alireza , Palazon Javier 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInoculation of leaf sections of Withania coagulans with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58C1 (pRiA4) induced transformed roots with the capacity to produce the most important bioactive compounds of Withania species, withanolide A and withaferin A. The hairy roots obtained showed two morphologies: callus‐like roots (CR) with a high capacity to produce withanolides and typical hairy roots (HR) with faster growth capacity and lower withanolide accumulation. The aux1 gene of pRiA4 was detected by PCR analyses in all roots showing callus‐like morphology. However, this gene was only detected in 12.5% of the roots showing typical hairy root morphology. This fact suggests a significant role of aux genes in the morphology of transformed roots. Time course studies of withanolide production showed that withanolide A accumulated during the first part of the culture whereas the maximum accumulation of withaferin A occurred at the end of the culture period. Some transformed root lines, such as HR112 and CR26, showed considerable potential to produce withanolides in a scaled up bioreactor system, especially the important pharmaceutical compound withanolide A.
Elicitation of secondary metabolism in Echinacea purpurea L. by gibberellic acid and triazoles
Authors: Jones A. Maxwell P. , Saxena Praveen K. , Murch Susan J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn vitro bioreactor production of Echinacea purpurea L. was used to facilitate the screening of compounds capable of eliciting increased secondary metabolite production. Based on previous experience with various bioreactors, the Southern Sun Liquid Lab Rocker was selected for this study as it produces healthy, vigorous, whole plants. The focus of the present study was to quantify the concentration of the medicinally important secondary metabolites caftaric acid and cichoric acid and to study the effect of growth regulators on the production of these compounds in this system. Both marker compounds were produced at levels that compared favorably to field grown plants. Application of gibberellic acid (GA3), paclobutrazol, uniconazole and a combined treatment of GA3 with paclobutrazol to the in vitro plants generally increased the concentration of caftaric acid in the roots with little effect on the concentration in the shoots. The concentration of cichoric acid was higher in the roots of treated plants than in the roots of control plants, but lower in corresponding shoots. The present study highlights the use of in vitro production of whole plants as a model system for studying the regulation of plant secondary metabolism in a controlled environment.
Effect of initial ammonium concentration on taxoid production and biosynthesis genes expression profile in suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis cells
Authors: Zhou Xin , Zhong Jian‐Jiang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effect of initial ammonium concentration in medium on production of taxuyunnanine C (Tc) in suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis was investigated. The results showed that the cell growth was reduced at an initial ammonium concentration of 2 mM when compared to the control (20 mM of initial ammonium in medium), but interestingly the Tc content was enhanced by two fold to 8.07 mg/g DW. The transcription of a couple of key genes in taxoid biosynthetic pathway was investigated by quantitative real‐time PCR to understand why Tc biosynthesis was improved at the low initial medium ammonium (2 mM). It was found that the transcription level of genes of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, taxadiene synthase, taxadiene 5α‐hydroxylase, taxadiene 5α‐ol O‐acetyltransferase, taxane 10β‐hydroxylase and taxadiene 13α‐hydroxylase were all induced in the early stage of cultivation at 2 mM of initial ammonium compared to the control (20 mM of initial ammonium). The stimulation of secondary metabolite synthesis by a lower ammonium concentration may be resulted from the ammonium deficiency‐induced transcription of Tc biosynthetic genes.
Oxidative stress induces alkaloid production in Uncaria tomentosa root and cell cultures in bioreactors
Authors: Huerta‐Heredia Ariana A. , Marín‐López Ricardo , Ponce‐Noyola Teresa , Cerda‐García‐Rojas Carlos M. , Trejo‐Tapia Gabriela , Ramos‐Valdivia Ana C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effect of oxidative stress on indole alkaloids accumulation by cell suspensions and root cultures of Uncaria tomentosa in bioreactors was investigated. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 200 μM) added to U. tomentosa cell suspension cultures in shaken flasks induced the production of monoterpenoid oxindole alkaloids (MOA) up to 40.0 μg/L. In a stirred tank bioreactor, MOA were enhanced by exogenous H2O2 (200 μM) from no detection up to 59.3 μg/L. Root cultures grew linearly in shaken flasks with a μ=0.045 days−1 and maximum biomass of 12.08±1.24 g DW/L (at day 30). Roots accumulated 3α‐dihydrocadambine (DHC) 2354.3±244.8 μg/g DW (at day 40) and MOA 348.2±32.1 μg/g DW (at day 18). Exogenous addition of H2O2 had a differential effect on DHC and MOA production in shaken flasks. At 200 μM H2O2, MOA were enhanced by 56% and DHC by 30%; while addition of 800 and 1000 μM H2O2, reduced by 30–40% DHC accumulation without change in MOA. Root cultures in the airlift reactor produced extracellular H2O2 with a characteristic biphasic profile after changing aeration. Maximum MOA was 9.06 mg/L at day 60 while at this time roots reached ca. 1 mg/L of DHC. Intracellular H2O2 in root cultures growing in the bioreactor was 0.87 μmol/g DW compared to 0.26 μmol/g DW of shaken flasks cultures. These results were in agreement with a higher activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and peroxidase by 6‐ and 2‐times, respectively. U. tomentosa roots growing in the airlift bioreactor were exposed to an oxidative stress and their antioxidant system was active allowing them to produce oxindole alkaloids.