bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of molar mass and solution properties of cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose derivatives by multi‐angle laser light scattering with simultaneous refractive index detection
Authors: Gao Wei , Liu X Michael , Gross Richard A 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: A complete understanding of the molar mass and solution properties of raw materials in bio/pharmaceutical products under bio‐application and natural conditions ensures process control, product performance and quality. Biopolymers including polymeric cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose derivatives (e.g. Polyquaterium‐10 or Polymer JR) have long been used in health care formulations including shampoos, lotions, eye drops and contact lens multi‐purpose solutions. Previously reported molar masses and conformation of Polymer JR were based on size exclusion chromatography‐related techniques, which required highly concentrated buffered salt solutions and organic solvent modifiers to prevent undesirable interactions, and did not represent the isotonic conditions in products and applications.RESULTS: This paper describes the characterization of Polymer JR in saline using a new approach that combines micro‐batch mode multi‐angle laser light scattering with simultaneous refractive index measurements (MB‐MALLS‐RI). Mass‐average molar mass, z‐average radius of gyration and second virial coefficient values in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) were obtained and are discussed in detail.CONCLUSION: The molar mass and solution properties of Polymer JR in PBS, with the same pH and ionic strength as most health care solution products, can be characterized using the MB‐MALLS‐RI technique. The approach is practical and can be widely used for the analysis of other cationic biopolymers. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Human plasma carboxylesterase 1, a novel serologic biomarker candidate for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Na Keun , Lee Eun‐Young , Lee Hyoung‐Joo , Kim Kwang‐Youl , Lee Hanna , Jeong Seul‐Ki , Jeong An‐Sung , Cho Sang Yun , Kim Sun A. , Song Si Young , Kim Kyung Sik , Cho Sung Won , Kim Hoguen , Paik Young‐Ki 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTo identify and characterize a serologic glycoprotein biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), multi‐lectin affinity chromatography was used to isolate intracellular N‐linked glycoprotein fractions from five paired non‐tumor and tumor tissues. From the series of 2‐D DIGE targeted differentially expressed N‐linked glycoproteins, we identified human liver carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1), which was remarkably down‐regulated in tumor tissues, a finding confirmed by Western blot, a quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR, and immunohistochemical staining of non‐tumor and tumor tissues from total 58 HCC patients. To investigate whether hCE1 is also present in human plasma, we employed a magnetic bead‐based immunoprecipitation followed by nano‐LC‐MS/MS analysis, and we found for the first time that hCE1 is present in human plasma as opposed to that in liver tissues. That is, from normalization of hCE1 signal by the immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis, hCE1 levels were increased in plasma specimens from HCC patients than in plasma from other disease patient groups (e.g. liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, cholangiocarcinoma, stomach cancer, and pancreatic cancer). From the receiver operating characteristic analysis in HCC, both sensitivity and specificity were shown to be greater than 70.0 and 85.0%, respectively. Thus, the high‐resolution proteomic approach demonstrates that hCE1 is a good candidate for further validation as a serologic glycoprotein biomarker for HCC.
Synthesis and photoisomerization of poly(1‐methylpropargyl ester)s carrying azobenzene moieties
Authors: Qu Jinqing , Jiang Feng , Chen Huanqin , Sanda Fumio , Masuda Toshio 
Published: August 2009

AbstractOptically active 1‐methylpropargyl esters bearing azobenzene groups, namely, (S)‐(−)‐3‐methyl‐3‐{4‐[4‐(n‐butyloxy)phenylazophenyl]carbonyl}oxy‐1‐propyne (1), (S)‐(−)‐3‐methyl‐3‐{4‐[4‐(n‐hexyloxy)phenylazophenyl]carbonyl}oxy‐1‐propyne (2), and (S)‐(−)‐3‐methyl‐3‐{4‐[4‐(n‐octyloxy)phenylazophenyl]carbonyl}oxy‐1‐propyne (3) were synthesized and polymerized with Rh+(nbd)[η6‐C6H5B−(C6H5)3] (nbd, norbornadiene) as a catalyst to afford the corresponding poly(1‐methyloropargyl ester)s with moderate molecular weights (Mn = 24,000–31,300) in good yields (79–84%). Polymers were soluble in common organic solvents including toluene, CHCl3, CH2Cl2, THF, and DMSO, whereas insoluble in diethyl ether, n‐hexane, and methanol. Large optical rotations and strong CD signals demonstrated that all the polymers take a helical structure with a predominantly one‐handed screw sense. The helical structure of the polymers changed with the addition of MeOH and heat. The trans‐azobenzene of the polymer side chains isomerized into cis on UV irradiation, which was accompanied with drastic helical conformational changes of the polymer backbone. The cis‐azobenzene moiety reisomerized into trans on visible‐light irradiation, which induced the recovery of chiral geometry of azobenzene moieties in the side chain. Conformational analysis revealed that the polymers form a tightly twisted right‐handed helical structure with a dihedral angle of 70° at the single bond of the main chain. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4749–4761, 2009
Synthesis of dendrimer‐like copolymers based on the star[Polystyrene‐Poly(ethylene oxide)‐Poly(ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether)] terpolymers by click chemistry
Authors: Wang Guowei , Luo Xiaolan , Zhang Yannan , Huang Junlian 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe dendrimer‐like copolymers [PEEGE‐(PS/PEO)]n (n ≥ 2) based on the star[Polystyrene‐Poly(ethylene oxide)‐Poly(ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether)] [star(PS‐PEO‐(PEEGE‐OH))] terpolymers were synthesized by click chemistry. First, the star‐shaped copolymers star[PS‐PEO‐(PEEGE‐Alkyne)] (also termed as [PEEGE‐(PS/PEO)]1) were synthesized by the reaction of hydroxyl end group at PEEGE arm (on star[PS‐PEO‐(PEEGE‐OH)]) with propargyl bromide. Then, the small molecule 1,4‐diazidobutane (DAB) with two azide groups and pentaerythritol tetrakis (2‐azidoisobutyrate) (PTAB) with four azide groups were synthesized and reacted with [PEEGE‐(PS/PEO)]1 by the click chemistry for dendrimer‐like [PEEGE‐(PS/PEO)]2 and [PEEGE‐(PS/PEO)]4, respectively. However, in the latter case, only the [PEEGE‐(PS/PEO)]3 was formed as the main product because of the steric effect. The final dendrimer‐like [PEEGE‐(PS/PEO)]n copolymers were characterized by SEC and 1H‐NMR in detail. Comparing with the SEC of their precursor [PEEGE‐(PS/PEO)]1, the curves of [PEEGE‐(PS/PEO)]2 was shifted to the shorter elution time, while that of [PEEGE‐(PS/PEO)]n (n ≥ 3) was shifted to the longer elution time, which was attributed to the different hydrodynamic volume derived from their separate structures and compositions in THF solution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4800–4810, 2009
Fuel‐Rich Explosive Energy Release: Oxidizer Concentration Dependence
Authors: Carney Joel R. , Lightstone James M. , McGrath Thomas P. , Lee Richard J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSmall‐scale detonation experiments were conducted in a controlled atmosphere chamber to investigate the post‐detonation reactivity of a fuel‐rich, plastic bonded explosive. The atmosphere surrounding these 20 g explosive charges was varied in oxygen content from 0.2 to 100% with the total pressure held constant at 101 kPa. The performance of this small‐scale explosive charge is sensitive to the changing atmospheric conditions, perhaps more so than a larger charge size, due to burning inefficiencies corresponding to a scaling effect (increased surface area to volume ratio). Time‐resolved optical emission spectroscopy was used to contrast the dependence of the post‐detonation combustion properties on external oxygen content. The dominant near‐ultraviolet and visible emission features evolve from aluminum (Al) and aluminum monoxide (AlO) when oxygen is present. The time evolution of AlO emission was used to estimate the aluminum particle burning times, which lengthen from 6 to 31 μs as the oxygen content is reduced from 100 to 1%. The absence of AlO spectral features below 1% oxygen levels imply that the emission spectroscopy applied to this detonation environment is most sensitive to the aerobic component of the post‐detonation combustion. Pressure and optical pyrometry measurements recorded during the same experiments exhibit the strong dependence of the early time energy release on the oxygen content in the surrounding atmosphere. Numerical simulations of the detonation and subsequent multiphase flow expansion predict the position of the fuel particles to extend beyond the detonation products and, in some cases, beyond the shock front during the timescales covered in these experiments, stressing the importance of mixing with ambient oxygen for early combustion to occur.
Present and future challenges and limitations in protein–protein docking
Authors: Pons Carles , Grosdidier Solène , Solernou Albert , Pérez‐Cano Laura , Fernández‐Recio Juan 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe study of protein–protein interactions that are involved in essential life processes can largely benefit from the recent upraising of computational docking approaches. Predicting the structure of a protein–protein complex from their separate components is still a highly challenging task, but the field is rapidly improving. Recent advances in sampling algorithms and rigid‐body scoring functions allow to produce, at least for some cases, high quality docking models that are perfectly suitable for biological and functional annotations, as it has been shown in the CAPRI blind tests. However, important challenges still remain in docking prediction. For example, in cases with significant mobility, such as multidomain proteins, fully unrestricted rigid‐body docking approaches are clearly insufficient so they need to be combined with restraints derived from domain–domain linker residues, evolutionary information, or binding site predictions. Other challenging cases are weak or transient interactions, such as those between proteins involved in electron transfer, where the existence of alternative bound orientations and encounter complexes complicates the binding energy landscape. Docking methods also struggle when using in silico structural models for the interacting subunits. Bringing these challenges to a practical point of view, we have studied here the limitations of our docking and energy‐based scoring approach, and have analyzed different parameters to overcome the limitations and improve the docking performance. For that, we have used the standard benchmark and some practical cases from CAPRI. Based on these results, we have devised a protocol to estimate the success of a given docking run. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ranolazine: novel add‐on treatment for stable angina
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Connolly Derek 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRanolazine is a new anti‐anginal drug with a novel mode of action. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin discusses the clinical data relating to its efficacy and safety, and Dr Connolly describes its place in angina management. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd.
Passivity‐based control of multilevel cascade inverters: High‐performance with reduced switching frequency
Authors: Noriega‐Pineda D. , Espinosa‐Pérez G. , Cárdenas V. , Alvarez‐Ramírez J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper approaches the control problem of (buck‐type) single‐phase multilevel cascade inverters. The main pursued objective is the generation of an output voltage waveform with very low harmonic distortion under reduced switching frequency operation. For developing the proposed controller a pulsewidth modulation‐based design is first considered, in order to obtain a continuous time control law, to later on, using quantization arguments, modify it to achieve the reduced switching frequency. Owing to its proved capacity for generating high‐performance circuit responses, in the high‐frequency step design a passivity‐based approach is followed while for the low‐frequency one a hysteresis‐type scheme is introduced. The usefulness of the scheme is validated via numerical simulations comparing the proposed scheme with a classical PWM‐based design. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fostering a community of practice through a professional development program to improve elementary teachers' views of nature of science and teaching practice
Authors: Akerson Valarie L. , Cullen Theresa A. , Hanson Deborah L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis study explored the development of a community of learners through a professional development program to improve teachers' views of nature of science (NOS) and teaching practice. The Views of Nature of Science questionnaire and interviews were used to assess teachers' conceptions of NOS three times over the course of the study. Notes and videotapes taken during workshops and classroom observations were used to track influence of the community of learners on classroom practice. The community of practice (CoP) was fostered through an intensive summer workshop, monthly school site workshops, and classroom support to aid teachers in incorporating new techniques and reflecting upon their learning and practice. We found that teachers became aware of their changes in views about NOS once they struggled with the concepts in their own teaching and discussed their struggles within the professional development community. The CoP on its own was not sufficient to change teacher's practice or knowledge, but it created a well‐supported environment that facilitated teacher change when paired with NOS modeling and explicit reflection. Cases of three teachers are used to illustrate changes in views and teaching practice common to the teachers in this study. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 1090–1113, 2009
Severe diaphragmatic hernia treated by fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion
Authors: Jani J. C. , Nicolaides K. H. , Gratacós E. , Valencia C. M. , Doné E. , Martinez J.‐M. , Gucciardo L. , Cruz R. , Deprest J. A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo examine operative and perinatal aspects of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO) in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).MethodsThis was a multicenter study of singleton pregnancies with CDH treated by FETO. The entry criteria for FETO were severe CDH on the basis of sonographic evidence of intrathoracic herniation of the liver and low lung area to head circumference ratio (LHR) defined as the observed to the expected normal mean for gestation (o/e LHR) equivalent to an LHR of 1 or less.ResultsFETO was carried out in 210 cases, including 175 cases with left‐sided, 34 right‐sided and one with bilateral CDH. In 188 cases the CDH was isolated and in 22 there was an associated defect. FETO was performed at a median gestational age of 27.1 (range, 23.0–33.3) weeks. The first eight cases were done under general anesthesia, but subsequently either regional or local anesthesia was used. The median duration of FETO was 10 (range, 3–93) min. Successful placement of the balloon at the first procedure was achieved in 203 (96.7%) cases. Spontaneous preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) occurred in 99 (47.1%) cases at 3–83 (median, 30) days after FETO and within 3 weeks of the procedure in 35 (16.7%) cases. Removal of the balloon was prenatal either by fetoscopy or ultrasound‐guided puncture, intrapartum by ex‐utero intrapartum treatment, or postnatal either by tracheoscopy or percutaneous puncture. Delivery was at 25.7–41.0 (median, 35.3) weeks and before 34 weeks in 65 (30.9%) cases. In 204 (97.1%) cases the babies were live born and 98 (48.0%) were discharged from the hospital alive. There were 10 deaths directly related to difficulties with removal of the balloon. Significant prediction of survival was provided by the o/e LHR and gestational age at delivery. On the basis of the relationship between survival and o/e LHR in expectantly managed fetuses with CDH, as reported in the antenatal CDH registry, we estimated that in fetuses with left CDH treated with FETO the survival rate increased from 24.1% to 49.1%, and in right CDH survival increased from 0% to 35.3% (P < 0.001).ConclusionsFETO in severe CDH is associated with a high incidence of PPROM and preterm delivery but a substantial improvement in survival. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled impact of a disk on a water surface: cavity dynamics
Authors: BERGMANN RAYMOND , VAN DER MEER DEVARAJ , GEKLE STEPHAN , VAN DER BOS ARJAN , LOHSE DETLEF 
Published: August 2009

In this paper we study the transient surface cavity which is created by the controlled impact of a disk of radiush0on a water surface at Froude numbers below 200. The dynamics of the transient free surface is recorded by high-speed imaging and compared to boundary integral simulations giving excellent agreement. The flow surrounding the cavity is measured with high-speed particle image velocimetry and is found to also agree perfectly with the flow field obtained from the simulations.We present a simple model for the radial dynamics of the cavity based on the collapse of an infinite cylinder. This model accounts for the observed asymmetry of the radial dynamics between the expansion and the contraction phases of the cavity. It reproduces the scaling of the closure depth and total depth of the cavity which are both found to scale roughly as ∝Fr1/2with a weakly Froude-number-dependent prefactor. In addition, the model accurately captures the dynamics of the minimal radius of the cavity and the scaling of the volumeVbubbleof air entrained by the process, namely,Vbubble/h03∝(1 + 0.26Fr1/2)Fr1/2.
Global Ethics and Global Peace
Authors: MacLean Donald A. 
Published: August 2009

World peace, the greatest natural good mankind can possess, is a universal global responsibility. In its attainment all peoples, nations and states should share. Sacrifice, generosity and good will are its vital concomitants.A necessary and urgent requirement for guaranteeing the ordered tranquility of mankind is the creation of a sound, reliable, and effective peace program. To this must be coupled such practical, juridical, international institutions as are necessary to ensure the application of the program to the realities of the present world crisis. This constitutes for peoples and states their major ethical obligation.
Language and Politics: Turkish Language Reform
Authors: Tachau Frank 
Published: August 2009

The close relation between language and politics was noted by George Orwell many years ago. Undoubtedly, no other political phenomenon brings this relationship more sharply into focus than that of nationalism.“In our time, the national community has assumed paramount power,” notes Frederick Hertz. Along with this development, “the national language has become one of the idols of a new religion. All nations regard it as a symbol of their independence and honour, as the supreme expression of their personality, and they esteem its exclusive domination within their national territory more highly than obvious spiritual and material advantages.” Indeed, language has been widely (though in some cases erroneously) accepted as one of the prime indicators of national identity.
The Ordeal of Cordell Hull
Authors: Pratt Julius W. 
Published: August 2009

A. M. SCHLESINGER, JR., in the second volume of The Age of Roosevelt, contends that what was generally considered a vice in New Deal administration was actually a virtue. Speaking of the many new federal agencies created at that time, he remarks that while each one “had its own distinct mission,” nevertheless,in many cases jurisdictions overlapped each other and even spilled into cabinet departments. This was sloppy and caused much trouble. Yet this very looseness around the joints, this sense of give and possibility which Henry Stimson once called the “inherently disorderly nature” of Roosevelt's administration, made public service attractive to men of a certain boldness and imagination. It also spurred them on to better achievement. Roosevelt liked the competitive approach to administration, not just because it reserved the big decisions for the President, but perhaps even more because it enabled him to test and develop the abilities of his subordinates. How to tell which man, which approach was better? One answer was to let them fight it out. This solution might cause waste but would guarantee against stagnation …
The Soviet Union and Ethiopia: A Case of Traditional Behavior
Authors: Yakobson Sergius 
Published: August 2009

The contemporary modus operandi of the Soviets in Ethiopia seems in many ways to be a refined and ideologically refurbished version of that of pre-Revolutionary days.Russia's interest in Ethiopia is centuries old. An offer to join forces with Ethiopia and the Protestant West in the struggle against the Mohammedan Turks reached Moscow before the time of Peter the Great. Hiob Ludolf's pioneer work, Historia Aethiopica, was translated into Russian in the seventeenth century, and, nearly 150 years ago, the teaching of the Amharic language became a part of the Khar'kov University curriculum.
Crisis, History and the Image of Man
Authors: Salomon Albert 
Published: August 2009

In his address at the 200th convocation of the University of Chicago, June 11, 1940, President Hutchins invited American youth to reexamine the principles which make life worth living.This enterprise is most urgently necessary in removing the intellectual unpreparedness of the nation. Far worse than the military and economic deficiencies in equipment and armament are the spiritual dissensions among the various groups of our time. In the universal conflict those nations will prevail whose unity results from spontaneous and free devotion to values which are recognized as worth living and dying for. We can reintegrate the nation, when we succeed in breaking the continuous secularization which, parallel to the rapid industrialization after the Civil War, is undermining the ethos of American life. The ethos which made this commonwealth great, was the fighting spirit of enlightenment. The backbone of the political principles of the Constitution, is the spirit of the Christian Law of Nature; that means political freedom as the fullfilment of the rules of the Almighty. This unity between the three spheres: nature, man and God was discarded by the process of secularization. The ethics of enlightenment shifted to the demand for universal comfort and for good living. The attitude of a boundless optimism prevailed which considered history an unending process of perfection. It was thought that this state of continuous improvement would result from the scientific organization of social and political institutions; their progress would eliminate eventually what the less scientific past had ascribed to the finiteness and sinfulness of man.