bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Appendix. Report on Specimens collected by Col. H. W. Feilden in Arctic Norway, etc.
Authors: Bonney T. G. 
Published: October 2009

In the following notes the specimens collected by Col. Feilden are grouped according to localities and arranged in the order of the dates on the labels.
(i) From Rock in place, Stor Tamsö, Porsanger Fiord, Norway.
(28.) A fine–grained, faintly speckled, light grey rock, apparently either a quartzose gneiss or quartz–schist, without strongly marked foliation. On examining a slice, quartz proves to be the dominant mineral. It occurs in rather. elongated irregularly–outlined grains, with borders of a different tint (with crossed nicols).A dark olive–brown biotite is present in both fair–sized flakes and tiny flakelets, with some felspar, but much less than one would expect from the macroscopic aspect of the rock; there are also a few small garnets, a little iron-oxide, and zircon. Macroscopically and microscopically the rock reminds me of some quartz–schists which I have collected near Braemar, Aberdeenshire, and in the neighbourhood of Clifden, Connemara.
Prof. T. G. Bonney on Specimens Collected by Nov. 1896,
(ii) Boulders from tundara in the neighbourhood of sviatoi nos, kola penisula.
(29.) A fine–grained reddish granite, rather rich in felspar and poor in mica (biotite and a little muscovite). Examination of the powder shows that some of the felspar is ferrite-stained, that microcline is present, and that the iron oxide probably is haematite.
(19, at Sviatoi Nos.) A moderately coarse, rather felspathic, reddish–coloured gneissoid granite; the biotite (not very abundant) exhibits a slightly linear arrangement. .A good deal of muscovite is seen on close examination with a lens; this also is found
On
Cycadeoidea gigantea
, a new Cycadean Stem from the Purbeck Beds of Portland
Authors: Seward A. C. 
Published: October 2009

The Isle of Portland has long been famous for the silicified Coniferous and Cycadean plants which occur in the surface-soils of Purbeck age. Buckland, Carruthers, and others have described the manner of occurrence and structure of the plant-remains from this horizon, and the fossil “crows' nests,” or short, thick stems of Cycads, have long been familiar to geologists. The plant which forms the subject of the following description was acquired by Dr. Woodward in 1895, and is now one of the most remarkable specimens in the Fossil Plant Gallery of the British Museum. It is probably the largest fossil Cycad hitherto recorded, and although the internal structure has been for the most part very imperfectly preserved, the cast of the stem is in some respects unusually complete. The specimen was found lying in a horizontal position in a bed of shaly clay, 2 feet thick, and about 17 feet higher in the Purbeck series than the Great Dirt-bed, from which most of the Portland plants have been obtained.
The position of the fossil is shown in fig. 1; the section is drawn from a photograph of the rock-face in one of Mr. Barnes's quarries close to St. George's Church on the west side of the old Portland Wide Street.
In Pl. I. the stem is represented about ⅛ natural size; it measures 1 metre 18·5 cm. At the base it is somewhat narrower and thinner, and the surface-features are less clearly shown than in the other
Geological and Petrographical Studies of the Sudbury Nickel District (Canada)
Authors: Walker T. L. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The town of Sudbury is situated in Northern Ontario, 442 miles from Montreal on the transcontinental line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. When this railway was constructed some eight or ten years ago, the name Sudbury was given to a small station which was afterwards selected for the eastern terminus of the branch railway that follows the northern shore of Lake Huron and crosses the St. Mary River at Sault Ste. Marie. It is about 40 miles from the north-eastern shore of Lake Huron.
Shortly after the construction of the railway, considerable deposits of chalcopyrite were discovered in the neighbourhood, and an American company was organized to work them. Thus it was thatCopper Fliff Mine was opened up for copper, although along with the chalcopyrite large quantities of nickeliferous pyrrhotite occurred. The pyrrhotite was considered worthless, as it was not known to contain nickel till the mine had been in operation for some little time, and sales had been made of the products. After the accidental discovery of the value of the pyrrhotite as a nickel ore, there was much prospecting in the district for nickel-deposits. This continued till 1891, by which time scores of nickel-deposits had been located. At that time the world'sannual consumption of metallic nickel was not more than 1500 tons, and hence it was a more difficult task to dispose of nickel properties at remunerative prices than it was to discover them. for this reason, prospecting for nickel was abandoned in this region, though
The Raised Beaches and Glacial Deposits of the Varanger Fiord
Authors: Strahan Aubrey 
Published: October 2009

The raised beaches of the Varanger Fiord have frequently been noticed. Though readily recognized all round Northern Norway, they are particularly well developed on the less precipitous coasts formed by the Gaisa rocks. In the immediate neighbourhood of Vadsö, the long slopes leading up to the moorlands of the interior can be seen from the sea to be diversified by a succession of terraces, too numerous to count, and lying one above the other up to a height of nearly 300 feet above the present shore. On closer examination these terraces are found to consist of shingle and sand, piled up here and there into characteristic beach-ridges, and enclosing behind them a number of shallow lakes or peat-bogs. Where the form of the ground permits they extend a considerable distance inland, and change the character of a large tract of country.
Though in every locality that I visited some of the intermediate beaches were more pronounced than others, I was not able to trace on such banks for more than a short distance, or to show that they occurred at the same level in different parts of the fiord. They seem rather to have been due to wave-action having been more energetic first in one place, then in another, as the form of the coast varied with the change of level. On the other hand, the upper limit of the
series of beaches could be traced without difficulty, and, so far as I saw, contoured the hills
around the fiord
Izalco and other Volcanoes in Central America
Authors: Gosling A. 
Published: October 2009

It may not be wholly devoid of speculative interest to learn that the volcano of Izalco, in the Republic of Salvador, which has been in active eruption for over one hundred years, suddenly ceased to be so in the early days of December 1896.
Izalco, rightly named ‘the Beacon of Central America,’ is one of the most recent and interesting volcanoes in that part of the world; and I venture to quote some remarks respecting it which I contributed in January of last year to the North American Review:—

Nowhere on this planet, the island of Java, perhaps, excepted, are volcanoes so numerous and of such varied and eccentric conformation as in Guatemala. The most notable are Agua and Fuego, respectively 12,310 and 13,976 feet in height. During last century the former vomited forth volumes of igneous matter, beneath which lies buried the old Spanish city of Ciudad Vieja. Guatemala la Antigua, the former capital and seat of government under a Spanish viceroy, with its hundreds of fine churches and religious establishments, was, upwards of a hundred years ago, totally destroyed by earthquakes caused by the sudden and terrible activity of Fuego. Of recent years seismic disturbance has been of such rare occurrence in Guatemala that houses of two or three stories have replaced the low and substantial structures of former times, built to withstand the much-dreaded violence of the
tierra mota
.

‘In the Republic of Salvador, a volcano of recent formation, named Izalco, by whose
agency the capital, San Salvador
Coal: a New Explanation of its Formation; or the Phenomena of a New Fossil Plant considered with reference to the Origin, Composition, and Formation of Coal-beds
Authors: Gresley W. S. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

The Author argues that the brilliant black laminæ in coal and materials similar to those that form these laminæ, which are found in earthy coals, shales, and clays, point to the former existence of an aquatic plant, having the general shape of the modern
Platycerium alcicorne
, which grew in place. He believes that much coal was formed by this aquatic ‘coal-plant,’ which grew amongst the mechanical sediments and the débris of the terrestrial vegetation that accumulated on the floors of sheets of water.
On the Nature and Origin of the Rauenthal Serpentine
Authors: Raisin Catherine A. 
Published: October 2009

Introduction.
The general origin of the rock serpentine as a metamorphosed peridotite is now usually admitted since the investigations, which have hecome classic, of Profs. Tschermak, Sandberger, Bonney, and other later observers. An exception is made, however, for certain masses by some geologists. One of the most interesting of these is that described as the Rauenthal serpentine. The hypothesis which was put forward by Weigand in 1875 was that this did not originate from a peridotite, that it is indeed a metamorphosed rock, but is the result of the metamorphosis of part of a gneiss. The investigation of the genesis of this rock thus has a bearing on an important general petrological question. Exception was taken to the conclusions of Herr Weigand by Prof. Bonney from the study of microscopic slices. In consequence of this, on my return journey from Switzerland in 1895, I turned aside to visit the Rauenthal, and brought back a few specimens, with the idea that they might be useful in the further examination of the question which I hoped that Prof. Bonney intended to make. As, however, it was not possible for him to
visit the locality himself for some time, he asked me to continue the investigation, which I did
in the summer of 1896, spending about a fortnight in the district. From the numerous specimens
then collected, many slides have been prepared, the inferences from which seem entirely to
corroborate the views formed on the spot. I have been able fortunately to submit
Notes on some Volcanic and other Rocks, which occur near the Baluchistan-Afghan Frontier, between Chaman and Persia
Authors: McMahon C. A. , McMahon A. H. 
Published: October 2009

While engaged, in the deserts south of the Helmand River, in the delimitation of the boundary between Afghanistan and Baluchistan, I made a small collection of such rock-specimens and fossils as I thought were characteristic of the geology of the country. I regret to say that I am not myself a geologist, else my collection would have been perhaps a more methodical one, and would probably have been supplemented by notes on the positions and surroundings of the specimens collected, and on other points of geological interest. I say perhaps, because even if I had been the most learned of geologists I doubt whether political and other duties would have allowed me time to do more than I did. At any rate my collection would not have been a larger one, for the simple fact that, owing to long marches and want of water and food, our transport-camels were almost unfit for work, and the mortality among them rendered it a matter of difficulty for us to carry even the necessaries of life.
Turning now to the physical geography of the country, one finds in it various natural phenomena on a gigantic scale, the study of which I venture to think may throw light on similar phenomena seen elsewhere on a smaller scale. I t is a country almost un-inhabited by man, where man has left nature to do as she pleases undisturbed. If you look at the map (P1. XVIII), you see high mountain-ranges fringing it on the
On the Origin of some of the Gneisses of Anglesey
Authors: Callaway Charles 
Published: October 2009

The comparative ages of the subdivisions of the schistose and gneissic rocks of Anglesey have been discussed with very varied conclusions, but these discrepancies have been in great part the result of the unsettled state of opinion on the subject of metamorphism. The former belief that the granite was of metamorphic origin, and that a parallel-structure necessarily indicated an original sedimentation, could not fail to mislead the stratigraphical geologist. It is therefore requisite that the genesis of the respective rocks should be determined before attempting to revise the old classifications.
Before entering upon my task, I wish to indicate briefly the present state of our knowledge of the Archæan (pre-Cambrian) rocks of Anglesey. Dr. H. Hicks, F.R.S., divided them into three groups:—Dimetian (granite), Arvonian (hälleflinta), and Pebidian (schistose), these divisions being named in ascending order. I have never been able to define more than two systems, an older one, which, to avoid theory, I simply designated as ‘Gneissic’ and a newer one, which I described as ‘Slaty,’ and provisionally identified with the Pebidian. The Rev. J. F. Blake, F.G.S., admits the pre-Cambrian age of all these rocks, but he describes them as one continuous series, which he calls ‘Monian.’ Prof. T. G. Bonney, F.R.S., also regards the crystalline schists as Archæan, but Sir A. Geikie, F.R.S., and Prof. T. McK. Hughes, F.R.S., place some of the less altered schists at a higher horizon. The pre-Cambrian age of the bulk of the granitic, gneissic, and schistose rocks of Anglesey may therefore
II. Petrology
Authors: Raisin C. A. 
Published: October 2009

The collect-ion of specimens sent by Capt. Lyons includes many rocks of similar class, but I have given short notes of all, as they represent a district on which no petrological information is available, and they show some variations. I have to thank Prof. Bonney for much kind help in my investigation.
In order to avoid repetition, the specimens have been grouped petrologically. Those in Groups vii & ix come from the ‘schistose’ area, but the majority are from the areas marked by Capt. Lyons as ‘crystalline rocks,’ among which only one specimen (Group viii) is sedimentary. The ‘crystalline’ districts may be described as (1) the ‘Southern’ (around Murrat), and the ‘Western’ (around Jebel Raft) separated by the southern tract of ‘schistose’ rocks; (2) an ‘Eastern’ district beyond the schistose outcrops just mentioned, extending over the watershed to the head of the Wadi Allaki. Of the crystalline rocks, those which bear most distinct signs of modification are treated first.
(i) Gneiss.

(18
1
: Murrat, from the Southern area). Of this only one specimen occurs; it is jointed, and has a rather fragmental aspect.—
Microsc
. The original constituents are often reconstituted. The quartz forms a clear mosaic enclosing minute zircons and other prisms. The clustered felspar-crystals or grains (sometimes plagioclase and somewhat idiomorphie) are altered, and may be bordered by minute mica; and a small amount of a green, rather dichroic, altered biotite occurs with some ferrite. The rock is a fine-grained biotite-gneiss, which appears to be granitic in its origin, probably somewhat
The Mollusca of the Chalk Rock: Part II
Authors: Woods Henry 
Published: October 2009

Introduction.
The first part of this paper, dealing with the Cephalopoda, Gasteropoda, and Scaphopoda, appeared in the preceding volume of this Journal. In the present communication I propose to consider the Lamellibranchia, and to discuss the relations and distribution of the fauna of the Chalk Rock and the conditions under which that fauna lived.
The Lamellibranchs are represented by a larger number of species than either the Cephalopoda or the Gasteropoda, but, on account of the imperfect manner in which their remains are preserved, greater difficulty has been found in studying them than was the case with the groups considered in Part I. Again, there is evidence of the existence of forms other than those herein described, but the specimens now at my disposal are not sufficiently good for determination. I shall hope, after more collecting has been done, to be able to supplement this work, and shall be grateful for any opportunity of examining specimens from this zone.
For further assistance I must again thank the gentlemen mentioned in Part I., particularly Mr. Jukes-Browne, Mr. E. T. Newton, Mr. G. C. Crick, and Mr. R. M. Brydone.
II. Class LAMELLIBRANCHIA.
Family Nuculanidæ, Stoliczka.
Genus Nuculana, Link, 1807

[=
Leda
, Schumacher, 1817].
On Augite-diorites with Micropegmatite in Southern India
Authors: Holland Thomas H. 
Published: October 2009

Prior to the great outburst of Deccan trap at the close of the Cretaceous period, there were two principal periods of volcanic activity in Peninsular India. One of these is indicated by the contemporaneous traps of the Dharwars—the oldest of our recognized Transition systems—and the other by the lava-flows of the Cuddapah system, whose precise position in the stratigraphical succession remains, on account of the complete absence of fossils, still undetermined. As a result of the great earth-movements which affected the strata of Peninsular India previous to the deposition of the Cuddapah system, the igneous rocks of Dharwar age have been greatly metamorphosed, and in this respect they stand in striking contrast to the Cuddapah traps, since the eruption of which the Peninsula of India has been remarkably free from geological disturbances. It is evidently in consequence of this remarkable freedom, both from extreme changes of level and the crushing effects of earth-movements, that rocks as old as the Cuddapahs have their original delicate structures, and primary constituents so susceptible as olivine and augite, preserved with striking freshness.
The numerous dykes of basic igneous rocks which break through the ‘pyroxene-granulites’ and gneisses of the Madras Presidency, and which, for reasons that need not now be stated, are regarded as the dyke-representatives of the Cuddapah lava-flows, vary in composition from very basic olivine-augite norites approaching saxonites, through augite-norites, to augite-diorites with micro-pegmatite. Detailed descriptions of these and the peculiar hemi-crystalline and vitreous varieties, which form the selvages of the larger masses
The Gravels and Associated Deposits at Newbury
Authors: Richards E. Percy 
Published: October 2009

1. I
ntroduction
and R
emarks
on the G
eneral
G
eology
of the D
istrict
.

The observations recorded here were taken during the progress of the main-drainage works at Newbury in 1894. Pressure of work greatly curtailed my opportunities; nevertheless I trust that my notes, though not of so much value as I could wish, will be of use to geologists who are systematically studying our drifts and other gravel-deposits.
The strata which I have examined may be apportioned into four groups, as follows :—

(1)
Pre-Glacial Southern Drift.

(2)
Glacial (?) Drift.

(3)
A lower and an upper Palæolithic River-gravel.

(4)
Neolithic peat, loam, and shell-marl.

The Kennet Valley at Newbury is about 2 miles wide, broad and fertile, with flat water-meadows over the peat, stretches of cornland and firm pasture upon the river-gravel terraces, while woods clothe the low parallel hills which continuously enclose the valley.
River-gravels rest upon the Chalk-with-flints in the middle of the valley at Newbury; but a few miles down stream both the valley and the hills are formed in Eocene strata.

2. T
he
P
re
,-G
lacial
D
rift
.

The first-mentioned gravel in the above list occurs in wide regular layers over the Tertiary rocks in the district, and produces the heathy commons, on each side of the valley, occupying an average level of 440 feet above O.D. This gravel was said to be probably ‘Southern Drift’ by the late Sir Joseph Prestwich, in his ‘Westleton’ papers. The
Some Igneous Rocks in North Pembrokeshire
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: October 2009

The acid rocks which form the subject of the bulk of the following notes are situated at the eastern end of the Prescelly Hills in North Pembrokeshire. Although igneous rocks differing from these do occur to a large extent, their petrological interest is not great, and the mention made of them will be brief. The Prescelly range has a general trend in an easterly and westerly direction, and may be considered as extending roughly from near the village of Rosebush—noteworthy for its slate-quarries—to the village of Crymmych, some 7 miles to the west. The slates of the country are coloured on the Geological Survey maps as Llandeilo; and it is unfortunate that the difficulty of finding fossils prevents much further and more definite information being added.
Although apparently organisms are sometimes found in the Rosebush slate-quarries, neither my endeavours nor those of the men employed in the place Were successful during my visit.
About 1¼ mile west of Crymmych, however, a few fragmentary fossils were obtained.
An Account of the Portraine Inlier (Co. Dublin)
Authors: Gardiner C. I. , Reynolds S. H. 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

The coast of County Dublin is well known for the variety and interest of the rocks exposed along it, but there is probably no part of it more interesting than that in the neighbourhood of the village of Portraine, some 14 miles north of Dublin itself. Here occurs an inlier of pre-Devonian rocks which prove the occurrence in the district, during Bala times, of much volcanic action and of reef-building corals. The interest attaching to the rocks and the difficulty of interpreting their meaning are increased by the great amount of disturbance which has gone on and has given rise to extensive developments of conglomerate-like beds.
Volcanic rocks, which are certainly of the same age as those at Portraine, and coarse conglomerates, occur on Lambay Island, some 3 miles out to sea, and we hope to give some account of these at no distant date.
We were led to examine the beds at Portraine from a wish to compare them with the Bala Beds occurring in the neighbourhood of Kildare, which we described last year.
The Portraine area has, perhaps, hardly received so much attention from geologists as it deserves. The first description is that given by H. B. Medlicott; a brief account is given by G. V. Du Noyer, in the Memoirs of the Irish Geological Survey, the memoir including a list of some fifty fossils determined by W. H. Baily; later Prof. Cole writes of the area in his articles on ‘County Dublin, Past and Present’