bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1 The Charters
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The earliest surviving original charters from the archive of Gorze, an abbey in early medieval Lotharingia, belong to the 11th century. However, the abbey's late 12th-century cartulary recorded the texts of 214 charters drawn from nearly every decade since Gorze's foundation in the mid-8th century. Forty of these charters were dated to the 8th, forty-six to the 9th, and thirty-seven to the 10th century. These charters provide evidence as to the size of the community, the background of its inmates, and the nature of its relationships with the bishops of Metz and the region's nobility.
9 St-Evre before the Reform: Continuity and Vigour
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The interpretation of Saint-Evre's history and the pattern of its reform is inseparably linked to the interpretation of a succession of episcopal charters and diplomata stretching through the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries which confirm and enumerate the lands pertaining to the abbey. The first is the restoration charter of Bishop Frothar of Toul, followed by Charles the Bald's confirmation of 869, Charles the Fat's of 885, Louis the Child's of 906, Bishop Gauzelin's restoration charter of 936, Otto I's confirmations of 947 and 965, and Conrad II's of 1026. Viewed as a group, the most notable characteristic of these documents is the repetition of the same list of lands and the precision with which they are enumerated. It is assumed that this continuity, contradicting the preambles of Gauzelin's restoration charters and later narrative sources, could not reflect the reality on the ground during this turbulent period.
14 Kings and Lay Abbots: The Royal Diplomata
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A series of three diplomata, granted by Arnulf, Zwentibold, and Charles the Simple, confirm the lands which pertained to the exclusive use of Saint-Maximin's religious community. They record a total of thirty-three places, twenty-one of which were situated in the diocese of Trier. Three possessions were named in the diocese of Metz: Borny, Bezange-la-Petite, and Lucy in the Seillgau. The most striking and extensive outlying groups were those in the diocese of Mainz. The three diplomata give no indication of the extent of the community's holdings in each place, but the extensive estates with numerous and often distant dependencies recorded at many of these places in Saint-Maximin's late 12th-century polyptych are most likely to have stemmed from donations, often of royal fisc, in the Merovingian and early Carolingian periods. The increasing fragmentation of villae in the Moselle region during the 9th century made their acquisition at a later date improbable.
The Rebellion of 1641 and the Evolution of the Confederate Catholics of Ireland
Authors: hAnnrachÁin Tadhg Ó 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Henry VIII's breach with Rome, culminating in his assumption of the Supreme Headship of the church of England followed by Ireland, inaugurated the Irish reformation. In 1541, Henry became the first English monarch to style himself King rather than Lord of Ireland. For the rest of the century, with the exception of a brief interlude under Mary in the 1550s, the official religion of the Irish kingdom was a form of Protestantism. Despite the now unchallenged supremacy of the Stuart state in Ireland, the official church nevertheless continued to make little headway in terms of converting the native population. Catholicism, increasingly influenced by post-tridentine reform, established itself securely as the religion of the majority of the population, although the Catholic community was itself divided by a number of factors. This chapter examines the Irish rebellion of 1641 and the evolution of the Confederate Catholics of Ireland.
Aboriginal Societies and the Common Law
Authors: McHugh P.G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book describes the encounter between the common law legal system and the tribal peoples of North America and Australasia. It is a history of the role of anglophone law in managing relations between the British settlers and indigenous peoples. That history runs from the plantation of Ireland and settlement of the New World to the end of the 20th century. The book begins by looking at the nature of British imperialism and the position of non-Christian peoples at large in the 17th and 18th centuries. It then focuses on North America and Australasia from their early national periods in the 19th century to the modern era. The historical basis of relations is described through the key, enduring, but constantly shifting questions of sovereignty, status and, more latterly, self-determination. Throughout the history of engagement with common law legalism, questions surrounding the settler-state's recognition — or otherwise — of the integrity of the tribe have recurred. These issues were addressed in many and varied imperial and colonial contexts, but all jurisdictions have shared remarkable historical parallels which have been accentuated by their common legal heritage. The same questioning continues today in the renewed and controversial claims of the tribal societies to a distinct constitutional position and associated rights of self-determination. The author examines the political resurgence of aboriginal peoples in the last quarter of the 20th century. A period of ‘rights-recognition’ was transformed into a second-generation jurisprudence of rights-management and rights-integration. From the 1990s onwards, aboriginal affairs have been driven by an increasingly rampant legalism.
Moving Beyond Recognition: Aboriginal Governance in the Turbulent 1990s
Authors: McHUGH P.G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the emergence during the 1990s of governance as a major issue for the post-recognition jurisprudence of aboriginal rights. It shows that the exercise of self-determination occurred at a number of levels, from the governmental, pan-tribal, inter-tribal, and intra-tribal and, in limited urban settings, extra-tribal. As the practice of self-determination grew and was accompanied by the injection of settler-state resources, aboriginal relations juridified. Aboriginal affairs acquired a deepening and broadening legalism, giving rise to a paradox: the more self-determining aboriginal groups became, the more law was involved in the management of their affairs. Instead of being used instrumentally against them, law was now being used instrumentally by and for them towards a full range of purposes. That those purposes varied and were subject to dispute within aboriginal culture, often in highly combustible ways, signalled the extent to which the principle had been reawakened.
Aboriginal Sovereignty and Status in the ‘Empire(s) of Uniformity’
Authors: McHUGH P.G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Through the 17th and most of the 18th centuries, the formal pattern of British relations with non-Christian societies carried strong residual traces of a medieval and personalized approach to the nature of sovereign authority. This was expressed through an underlying jurisdictionalism by which British authority over non-Christians was based upon treaty, protocol and suchlike relations with those people. Essentially this approach recognized and worked through the political authority of the non-Christian polity. In the late 18th and 19th centuries, however, a new, modern approach towards sovereign authority emerged and was applied to tribal peoples. This chapter describes that transition.
Aboriginal Societies and International Law: A History of Sovereignty, Status, and Land
Authors: McHUGH P.G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows how, after World War II, international and municipal legal systems transformed into a more complex and juridified conception where law increasingly modified and curbed the exercise of settler-state authority over aboriginal peoples. In both the international and municipal systems the legal pattern was one of growing settler-state accountability for its management of aboriginal affairs. At the most general level, these systems witnessed an increasing legal recognition and accommodation of the claims of aboriginal peoples. The applicability of those international norms to some populations in Asia, Africa, and South America remained contentious. However there was never any doubt of their relevance to the aboriginal societies of North America and Australasia. State practice in those jurisdictions was — and to a significant extent remains — an influential factor in the normative development of international law.
7 Adversarial Experts
Authors: REDMAYNE MIKE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the criticisms and reforms that might be applied to adversarial experts. It presents several criticisms of adversary expertise. It agrees with Wigmore in saying that cross-examination is the greatest legal engine ever invented for the discovery of truth. It also enumerates several negative points of cross-examination, as well as bias and adversarial system.
Language and German Disunity
Authors: Stevenson Patrick 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book investigates the history of national disunity in Germany since the end of the Second World War from a linguistic perspective: what was the role of language in the ideological conflicts of the Cold War and in the difficult process of rebuilding the German nation after 1990? The first part of the book explores the ways in which the idea of ‘the national language’ contributed to the political tensions between the two German states and to the different social experiences of their citizens. It begins by showing how the modern linguistic conflict between east and west in Germany has its roots in a long tradition of debates on the relationship between language and national identity. The book then describes the use of linguistic strategies to reinforce the development of a socialist state in the GDR and argues that they ultimately contributed to its demise. The second part considers the social and linguistic consequences of unification. The book discusses the challenges imposed on East Germans by the sudden formation of a single ‘speech community’ and examines how conflicting representations of easterners and westerners — for example, in personal interactions, the media and advertising — have hindered progress towards national unity.
The Discursive Construction of Difference
Authors: STEVENSON PATRICK 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the ways in which (perceptions of) language use and reflections on language are more directly instrumental in constructing and negotiating different kinds of eastern and western identities. It is organized as follows. Section 5.1 discusses personal narratives in which individuals reconstruct their experience of the past and reflect on the role of language in their lives. Section 5.2 explores the ways in which internalized images of ‘eastern talk’ and ‘western talk’ are activated in interaction through contextualization cues. Section 5.3 then further develops the question of perceptions by analyzing how images of eastness and westness are variably realized in the course of personal interaction and in public discourses.
Collective modes
Authors: DOBBS E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Having developed his theory of a Fermi liquid to account for the properties of liquid 3He, Landau predicted that at sufficiently low temperatures a new form of sound, called zero sound, would propagate. This chapter describes the theoretical basis for both longitudinal and transverse zero sound, together with an account of the experimental evidence for their existence. It also comments on a third collective mode in liquid 3He, spin waves.
Search for superfluidity in mixtures
Authors: DOBBS E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Bardeen, Cooper, Schrieffer (BCS) showed that a Fermi fluid with an attractive interaction between its quasiparticles would, at sufficiently low temperature Tc, form an s-state superfluid of Cooper pairs having equal and opposite spin and momentum. The BCS theory was successful in explaining the occurrence of superconductors such as aluminium, lead, and tin. This theory for the fermions in a metal applied equally to the fermions (3He quasiparticles) in dilute solutions of 3He in superfluid 4He. The holy grail of the study of 3He in 4He is the discovery of a pairing transition between the 3He quasiparticles. This chapter outlines some of the calculations made on the elusive Tc for dilute 3He in 4He, followed by a summary of experimental attempts to find Tc.
BCS superfluids
Authors: DOBBS E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter introduces the theory of superfluid 3He. It begins with a summary of the BCS theory of superconductivity, which is the basis for the development of the most complex theory of superfluid 3He. This is followed by the Ginzburg–Landau theory that is only valid for superfluids at temperatures near their transition temperature, Tc. A discussion of spin-triplet pairing leads to the identification of the B phase with the Balian–Werthamer state and the A phase with the Anderson–Morel state.
Multiple phases
Authors: DOBBS E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of applying a magnetic field to the A and B phases of superfluid 3He. The first section describes the distortions of the energy gap in the B phase, producing changes in the spin susceptibility and enabling transitions to the A phase to be measured as functions of field and pressure. The second section describes the discovery of the unique properties of the small A1 phase. Finally, modern measurements of the Ginzburg–Landau free energy β-parameters by several methods are compared, and conclusions are drawn.
Lattice dynamics
Authors: DOBBS E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter outlines the development of a theory of solid helium as a quantum solid. First, it discusses the important differences between the environment of an atom in a classical solid like argon with those of a helium atom in a quantum solid. This is followed by a review of the calculations made for the static and dynamic properties of solid helium in its ground state during the last thirty years. The results of these theories for the volume dependence of the ground-state energy, pressure, and compressibility of 3He are compared with experimental results for both b.c.c. to h.c.p. phases. The difficult problem of calculating the stability of three phases of solid 3He, and hence predicting the transformations from b.c.c. to h.c.p. and h.c.p. to f.c.c. is discussed, and results are compared with those for solid argon and 4He.
Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics
Authors: Hilborn Robert C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book introduces the full range of activity in the rapidly growing field of nonlinear dynamics. Using a step-by-step introduction to dynamics and geometry in state space as the central focus of understanding nonlinear dynamics, this book includes a thorough treatment of both differential equation models and iterated map models (including a detailed derivation of the famous Feigenbaum numbers). It includes the increasingly important field of pattern formation and a survey of the controversial question of quantum chaos. Important tools such as Lyapunov exponents, fractal dimensions, and correlation dimensions are treated in detail. Several appendices provide a detailed derivation of the Lorenz model from the Navier-Stokes equation, a summary of bifurcation theory, and some simple computer programs to study nonlinear dynamics. Each chapter includes an extensive, annotated bibliography.
The Universality of Chaos
Authors: Hilborn Robert C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The many universal features of nonlinear behaviour took the scientific and mathematics worlds by surprise. For the period-doubling route to chaotic behaviour, the famous Feigenbaum numbers provide quantitative, universal features that link entirely different nonlinear systems. Self-similarity is introduced as another universal feature in state space. The chapter also discusses the crucial importance of computers and, in particular, computer graphics in the historical development of chaos theory and nonlinear dynamics.
Dynamics in State Space: One and Two Dimensions
Authors: Hilborn Robert C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The description of nonlinear behaviour using state space techniques is introduced in this chapter by examining systems with one or two dynamical variables, that is, the state spaces have one or two dimensions. The important notions of attractors, fixed points, limit cycles, bifurcations, and stability are introduced using simple models. For systems described by differential equations, the behaviours in one and two-dimensional state spaces are quite limited due to the ‘no-intersection theorem’ for deterministic systems. Models described in this chapter are the (linear) simple harmonic oscillator and the Brusselator chemical reaction model. Taylor series expansions allow us to characterize the stability of behaviour near fixed points and limit cycles. Poincare sections are introduced as a way of reducing the effective dimensionality of systems displaying limit cycles. Bifurcation theory characterizes the sudden changes in behaviour that can occur for nonlinear systems as their parameters are changed.
Many Dimensions and Multifractals
Authors: Hilborn Robert C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores generalizations of fractal dimensions and correlation dimensions (generalized dimensions) that allow us to characterize more complex dynamics. These concepts are somewhat more sophisticated than those explored in the previous chapter but their exploration is worthwhile because they are closely related to the theory of statistical mechanics and thermodynamics with many analogies that link these subjects to dynamics. Embedding schemes are used to generate state spaces from time series recorded from numerical work or from experiments. In favourable circumstances it is sufficient to build the embedding space from the time series of a single dynamical variable. The calculation of correlation dimensions is used to illustrate these procedures. The Kaplan–Yorke conjecture links the (average) Lyanpunov exponents of a system to the dimension of its state space attractor. Sets of unstable periodic orbits can be used to characterize chaotic behaviour. Connections with partition functions in statistical mechanics, wavelet analysis and q-calculus are introduced.
Pattern Formation and Spatiotemporal Chaos
Authors: Hilborn Robert C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
When a dynamical system has significant spatial extent, its nonlinear dynamics can lead to the spontaneous formation of spatial patterns. Such systems provide models for how nature might have developed ordered, spatial structures from disordered states. Examples are given from fluid flow, transport models, coupled-oscillator modes, cellular automata, transport models, and reaction-diffusion systems. Diffusion-limited aggregation, viscous fingering, and dielectric breakdown provide further examples of pattern formation. Fractal structures make another appearance in this new context. This chapter also explores the somewhat controversial topic of self-organized criticality which has been put forward as an explanation for the occurrence of fractal structures in nature.
THE NUCLEAR LANDSCAPE
Authors: Casten R. F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter surveys the nuclear landscape to display a few typical patterns of nuclear spectra as well as some of the systematic changes in these patterns over sequences of nuclei. The goal is to let the reader see exactly what kinds of data characterize atomic nuclei and nuclear structure and are the most useful as tests of various nuclear models. Nuclear data refer to the vast, varied, and rich reservoir of information about atomic nuclei — from the deuteron to the actinides — obtained by a wide range of techniques. The simplest information is the mass of atomic nuclei. A more useful form for these is nuclear binding energies, which focus on the interactions between nucleons in the nucleus when the masses of the individual nucleons are subtracted. Still more useful (in many cases) are nucleon separation energies, or the energy required to remove the last, outermost nucleons from the nucleus.
EXOTIC NUCLEI AND RADIOACTIVE BEAMS
Authors: Casten R. F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a new field of study in nuclear structure: the study of exotic nuclei with radioactive nuclear beams (RNBs). Exotic nuclei refer to beta-unstable nuclei with extreme ratios of proton to neutron number — on both the proton and neutron rich sides of stability. Exotic can also refer to extremes of mass number, namely, the heaviest (superheavy) nuclei that can be bound by the nuclear force. RNBs are beams of unstable nuclei produced in new generations of accelerators that are opening up these new horizons of the nuclear chart to study. The extent of existing knowledge of nuclei is first reviewed, after which the main production methods for RNBs are described including the projectile fragmentation method and the isotope separator-on-line method. The chapter concludes with both generic and specific discussions of the nuclear physics opportunities presented by the study of exotic nuclei.
Quantized thermal conductance of acoustic phonons in nanowires
Authors: Blencowe M.P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the fundamental upper limit that quantum mechanics places on the thermal conductance of nanoscale width, suspended dielectric wires, known as the Landauer formula for the thermal conductance. A derivation of the Landauer thermal conductance formula is first given by solving for the phononic energy current flowing down an elastically isotropic suspended wire joining two heat reservoirs with slightly different temperatures. An overview is then given of the various experimental attempts to measure the Landauer thermal conductance, beginning with pioneering work of Wybourne and coworkers in the early eighties, and culminating in the first successful measurement by Schwab and coworkers in 2000. The conclusion briefly discusses further possible experimental directions and also discusses the universal, i.e. materials and particle statistics independent, nature of the Landauer thermal conductance.
Path integrals, FP method and BRS transformation
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter explains the path integral formalism, specifically the Faddeev–Popov method for quantizing gauge theories and the BRS transformations. Section 3.1 presents Feynman's idea of formulating quantum mechanics as a sum of particle trajectories (paths). Section 3.2 generalizes this approach to scalar fields with self-interaction and calculates the Green functions in a perturbative way. Section 3.3 introduces the Grassman algebra to define PI for fermionic systes. Sections 3.4 and 3.5 explain the Abelian- and non-Abelian field case, respectively, focusing on the occurrence of the Faddeev–Popov ghosts which play — together with the BRS transformation in Section 3.6 — an important role in the treatment of anomalies.