bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic and environmental contributions to neonatal brain structure: A twin study
Authors: Gilmore John H. , Schmitt James Eric , Knickmeyer Rebecca C. , Smith Jeffrey K. , Lin Weili , Styner Martin , Gerig Guido , Neale Michael C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTwin studies have found that global brain volumes, including total intracranial volume (ICV), total gray matter, and total white matter volumes are highly heritable in adults and older children. Very little is known about genetic and environmental contributions to brain structure in very young children and whether these contributions change over the course of development. We performed structural imaging on a 3T MR scanner of 217 neonatal twins, 41 same‐sex monozygotic, 50 same‐sex dizygotic pairs, and 35 “single” twins—neonates with brain scans unavailable for their co‐twins. Tissue segmentation and parcellation was performed, and structural equation modeling was used to estimate additive genetic, common environmental, and unique environmental effects on brain structure. Heritability of ICV (0.73) and total white matter volume (0.85) was high and similar to that described in older children and adults; the heritability of total gray matter (0.56) was somewhat lower. Heritability of lateral ventricle volume was high (0.71), whereas the heritability of cerebellar volume was low (0.17). Comparison with previous twin studies in older children and adults reveal that three general patterns of how heritability can change during postnatal brain development: (1) for global white matter volumes, heritability is comparable to reported heritability in adults, (2) for global gray matter volume and cerebellar volume, heritability increases with age, and (3) for lateral ventricle volume, heritability decreases with age. More detailed studies of the changes in the relative genetic and environmental effects on brain structure throughout early childhood development are needed. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Power calculations for multicenter imaging studies controlled by the false discovery rate
Authors: Suckling John , Barnes Anna , Job Dominic , Brenan David , Lymer Katherine , Dazzan Paola , Marques Tiago Reis , MacKay Clare , McKie Shane , Williams Steve R. , Williams Steven C. R. , Lawrie Stephen , Deakin Bill 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used in brain imaging research (neuroimaging) to explore structural and functional changes across dispersed neural networks visible only via multisubject experiments. Multicenter investigations are an effective way to increase recruitment rates. This article describes image‐based power calculations for a two‐group, cross‐sectional design specified by the mean effect size and its standard error, sample size, false discovery rate (FDR), and size of the network (i.e., proportion of image locations) that truly demonstrates an effect. Minimum sample size (for fixed effect size) and the minimum effect size (for fixed sample size) are calculated by specifying the acceptable power threshold. Within‐center variance was estimated in five participating centers by repeat MRI scanning of 12 healthy participants from whom distributions of gray matter were estimated. The effect on outcome measures when varying FDR and the proportion of true positives is presented. Their spatial patterns reflect within‐center variance, which is consistent across centers. Sample sizes 3–6 times larger are needed when detecting effects in subcortical regions compared to the neocortex. Hypothesized multicenter studies of patients with first episode psychosis and control participants were simulated with varying proportions of the cohort recruited at each center. There is little penalty to sample size for recruitment at five centers compared to the center with the lowest variance alone. At 80% power 80 participants per group are required to observe differences in gray matter in high variance regions. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of model order selection in group PICA
Authors: Abou‐Elseoud Ahmed , Starck Tuomo , Remes Jukka , Nikkinen Juha , Tervonen Osmo , Kiviniemi Vesa 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIndependent component analysis (ICA) of functional MRI data is sensitive to model order selection. There is a lack of knowledge about the effect of increasing model order on independent components' (ICs) characteristics of resting state networks (RSNs). Probabilistic group ICA (group PICA) of 55 healthy control subjects resting state data was repeated 100 times using ICASSO repeatability software and after clustering of components, centrotype components were used for further analysis. Visual signal sources (VSS), default mode network (DMN), primary somatosensory (S1), secondary somatosensory (S2), primary motor cortex (M1), striatum, and precuneus (preC) components were chosen as components of interest to be evaluated by varying group probabilistic independent component analysis (PICA) model order between 10 and 200. At model order 10, DMN and VSS components fuse several functionally separate sources that at higher model orders branch into multiple components. Both volume and mean z‐score of components of interest showed significant (P < 0.05) changes as a function of model order. In conclusion, model order has a significant effect on ICs characteristics. Our findings suggest that using model orders ≤20 provides a general picture of large scale brain networks. However, detection of some components (i.e., S1, S2, and striatum) requires higher model order estimation. Model orders 30–40 showed spatial overlapping of some IC sources. Model orders 70 ± 10 offer a more detailed evaluation of RSNs in a group PICA setting. Model orders > 100 showed a decrease in ICA repeatability, but added no significance to either volume or mean z‐score results. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The contrast dependence of the cortical fMRI deficit in amblyopia; a selective loss at higher contrasts
Authors: Hess Robert F. , Li Xingfeng , Lu Guangming , Thompson Benjamin , Hansen Bruce C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlthough there is general agreement that the fMRI cortical response is reduced in humans with amblyopia, the deficit is subtle and has little correlation with threshold‐based psychophysics. From a purely contrast sensitivity perspective, one would expect fMRI responses to be selectively reduced for stimuli of low contrasts. However, to date, all fMRI stimuli used in studies of amblyopia have been of high contrast. Furthermore, if the deficit is selective for low contrasts, one would expect it to reflect a selective M‐cell loss, because M‐cells have much higher contrast gain than P‐cells and make a larger contribution to the threshold detection of stimuli of low spatial and medium temporal frequencies. To test these two predictions, we compared % BOLD response between the eyes of normals and amblyopes for low‐ and high‐contrast stimuli using a phase‐encoded design. The results suggest that the fMRI deficit in amblyopia depends upon stimulus contrast and that it is greater at high contrasts. This is consistent with a selective P‐cell contrast deficit at a precortical or early cortical site. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surface vegetation controls on evapotranspiration from a sub‐humid Western Boreal Plain wetland
Authors: Brown S. M. , Petrone R. M. , Mendoza C. , Devito K. J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWetlands in the Western Boreal Plain (WBP) of North Central Alberta exist within a moisture‐deficit regime where evapotranspiration (ET) is the dominant hydrologic flux. As such these systems are extremely susceptible to the slightest climatic variability that may upset the balance between precipitation (P) and ET. Wetland ET is predominantly controlled by vegetation composition but may also vary due to moisture regimes and microclimatic factors. To address this variability in moisture regimes, ET was examined in a typical moraine‐wetland‐pond system of the WBP during the 2005 and 2006 snow‐free seasons. Closed dynamic chamber measurements were used to gather data on plant community‐scale actual evapotranspiration (ET) in an undisturbed natural bog with varying degrees of canopy cover surrounding a shallow groundwater‐fed pond. For the purposes of scaling plant community ET contributions to those of the wetland, potential ET (PETEQ) was measured using a Priestley–Taylor energy balance approach at three separate wetland sites with varying aspects surrounding the central pond, along with actual evapotranspiration using a roving eddy covariance (EC) tower. Growing season peak ET rates ranged from 0·2 mm/h to 0·6 mm/h depending on the location, vegetation composition and time period. Sphagnum contributions were the greatest early in the growing season, reaching peaks of 0·6 mm/h, while lichen sites exhibited the greatest late season rates at 0·4 mm/h. Thus, Sphagnum and other nonvascular wetland plant species control ET differently throughout the growing season and as such should be considered an integral part of the moisture and water balances within wetland environments at the sub‐landscape unit scale. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrochemistry of ice stream beds—evaporitic or microbial effects?
Authors: Skidmore Mark , Tranter Martyn , Tulaczyk Slawek , Lanoil Brian 
Published: January 2010

AbstractRecently, new data have been acquired on the chemical composition of waters within the glacial till beneath the Kamb Ice Stream (KIS, formerly Ice Stream C) and the Bindschadler Ice Stream (BIS, formerly Ice Stream D), two of the arteries of ice loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS). We compare this water chemistry with basally stored subglacial waters from Arctic and Alpine glaciers and the only other measurements of sub‐ice sheet chemistry to date, that emerging from beneath Law Dome near Casey Station, SW Antarctica, during a jökulhlaup. We find that the chemistries pose significant questions about the hydrology and biogeochemistry of ice sheet beds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epigenetic inactivation and tumor suppressor activity of HAI‐2/SPINT2 in gastric cancer
Authors: Dong Wenjie , Chen Xiaobing , Xie Jing , Sun Pinghu , Wu Yunlin 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activator inhibitor type 2 (HAI‐2/SPINT2) encodes Kunitz‐type protease inhibitor that regulates HGF activity. Inspection of the human HAI‐2/SPINT2 locus uncovered a large and dense CpG island within the 5′ region of this gene. Analysis of cultured human gastric tumor lines indicated that HAI‐2/SPINT2 expression is either undetectable or in low abundance in several lines; however, enhanced gene expression was measured in cells cultured on the DNA demethylating agent 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine. Bisulfite DNA sequencing confirmed the densely methylated HAI‐2/SPINT2 promoter region. Forced expression of HAI‐2/SPINT2 induced cell apoptosis, suppressed anchorage independent growth in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. We investigated HAI‐2/SPINT2 aberrant methylation in patients with gastric cancer. The HAI‐2/SPINT2 methylation was found preferentially in cancerous tissues (30 of 40, 75%) compared with nontumor tissues (no methylation was detected), indicating that this aberrant characteristic is common in gastric malignancies. In conclusion, epigenetic inactivation of HAI‐2/SPINT2 is a common event contributing to gastric carcinogenesis and may be a potential biomarker for gastric cancer.
Distribution of carbon‐14 labeled C60 ([14C]C60) in the pregnant and in the lactating dam and the effect of C60 exposure on the biochemical profile of urine
Authors: Sumner Susan C. J. , Fennell Timothy R. , Snyder Rodney W. , Taylor George F. , Lewin Anita H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the distribution of [14C]C60 in the pregnant rat and fetuses, and in the lactating rat and offspring. Pregnant rats were dosed on gestation day (gd) 15 and lactating rats were dosed on postnatal day (pnd) 8 via tail vein injection with a suspension of ∼0.3 mg [14C]C60 kg−1 body weight prepared in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), or with PVP alone. Tissues were collected at 24 and 48 h after dosing. The largest portion of the administered dose was detected in the liver (∼43%, pregnant dam; ∼35%, lactating dam) and lung (∼25%, lactating dam). Radioactivity (∼6%) was distributed to the reproductive tract, placenta and fetuses of the pregnant dam. Lactating rats had radioactivity distributed to the milk (3140 dpm g−1 tissue, 24 h; 1620 dpm g−1 tissue, 48 h), and to the pups' GI tract (2.8%, 24 h; 4.4% 48 h) and liver (<1%). Blood radioactivity was significant at 24 h (14–19%) and at 48 h (7%) after dosing; largely accounted for in the plasma fraction. Less that 4% of the dose was recovered in the maternal spleen, heart, brain, urine or feces. Metabolomics analysis of urine indicated that dams exposed to [14C]C60 had decreased metabolites derived from the Krebs cycle and increased metabolites derived from the urea cycle or glycolysis, as well as alterations in the levels of some sulfur‐containing amino acids and purine/pyrimidine metabolites. This study demonstrated that [14C]C60 crosses the placenta and is transmitted to offspring via the dam's milk and subsequently systemically absorbed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modified paraffin wax for improvement of histological analysis efficiency
Authors: Lim Jin Ik , Lim Kook‐Jin , Choi Jin‐Young , Lee Yong‐Keun 
Published: January 2010

AbstractParaffin wax is usually used as an embedding medium for histological analysis of natural tissue. However, it is not easy to obtain enough numbers of satisfactory sectioned slices because of the difference in mechanical properties between the paraffin and embedded tissue. We describe a modified paraffin wax that can improve the histological analysis efficiency of natural tissue, composed of paraffin and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) resin (0, 3, 5, and 10 wt %). Softening temperature of the paraffin/EVA media was similar to that of paraffin (50–60°C). The paraffin/EVA media dissolved completely in xylene after 30 min at 50°C. Physical properties such as the amount of load under the same compressive displacement, elastic recovery, and crystal intensity increased with increased EVA content. EVA medium (5 wt %) was regarded as an optimal composition, based on the sectioning efficiency measured by the numbers of unimpaired sectioned slices, amount of load under the same compressive displacement, and elastic recovery test. Based on the staining test of sectioned slices embedded in a 5 wt % EVA medium by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson trichrome (MT), and other staining tests, it was concluded that the modified paraffin wax can improve the histological analysis efficiency with various natural tissues. Microsc. Res. Tech. 73:761–765, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A convenient synthesis of novel N‐dichloroacetyl‐1,3‐oxazolidine
Authors: Ye Fei , Yang Lei , Li Haitao , Fu Ying , Xu Weijun 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
magnified imageA short and efficient route of synthesis and structural characterization of a series of novel N‐dichloroacetyl‐1,3‐oxazolidine derivatives has been developed. These new compounds characterized of the disubstitution at position 2 by alkyl, cycloalkane, and phenyl were synthesized in good yields via a sequential procedure involving condensation and acylation. All the compounds are characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and element analysis. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Synthesis and herbicidal activity of O,O‐dialkyl N‐[2‐(5,7‐dimethyl‐[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐2‐yloxy)benzoxyl]‐1‐amino‐1‐substitutedbenzyl phosphonates
Authors: Tang Wu , Shi De‐Qing 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
magnified imageA series of novel 1,2,4‐triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine derivatives containing an α‐amino phosphonate moiety 5 were designed and synthesized by the multi‐step reactions. Their structures were clearly confirmed by spectroscopic data (IR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR, MS) and elemental analysis, compound 5b was further determined by X‐ray diffraction crystallography. The results of preliminary bioassay indicated that some of the title compounds 5 possessed moderate herbicidal activities against dicotyledonous plants (Brassica campestris L) at the concentration of 100 mg/L. For example, compound 5i possessed 92.0% inhibitory activity against B. campestris L and showed better activity than that of the commercialized herbicide Bispyribac‐sodium; however, compounds 5 displayed weak herbicidal activity at the concentration of 10 mg/L. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Facile synthesis and herbicidal activity of novel multisubstituted pyridine derivatives
Authors: Ren Qingyun , Mo Wenyan , Gao Ling , He Hongwu , Gu Yucheng 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
magnified imageKetene N,S‐acetals reacted with β‐ketoesters in the presence of Zn(NO3)2 · 6H2O as catalyst, in ethanol solvent, giving 6‐alkylsulfanylpyridines 4 in good yields without complicated purification procedures. Oxidization of compounds 4 with aqueous hydrogen peroxide in the presence of catalytic sodium wolframate led to the formation of 6‐alkylsulfonylpyridine derivatives 5, which could be further derivatized in the 6‐position by nucleophilic reactions with phenols or amines to give multisubstituted pyridine compounds 8. Bioassays indicated that some of the compounds of the type 8 have good herbicidal activity at a dose of 100 mg/L on the roots of oil rape and barnyard grass. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Microwave‐assisted synthesis and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of 3‐{3‐(s‐aryl and s‐heteroaromatic)acryloyl}‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one derivatives
Authors: Ajani Olayinka O. , Nwinyi Obinna C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstractmagnified imageThe exploration of potential utilization of microwaves as an energy source for heterocyclic synthesis was herein investigated using condensation of 3‐acetylcoumarin (1) with aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes to afford the corresponding aromatic chalcones (2a,2b,2c,2d,2e,2f,2g,2h,2i,2j) and heteroaromatic chalcones (3a,3b,3c,3d,3eand4a,4b,4c,4d,4e), respectively, in good to excellent yield within 1–3 min. The chemical structures were confirmed by analytical and spectral data. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity and 3‐{3‐(4‐dimethylaminophenyl)acryloyl}‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one (2i) was discovered to be the most active at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 7.8 μg/mL. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
One‐pot three‐component synthesis of tetrasubstituted N—H pyrroles from secondary propargylic alcohols, 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds and tert‐butyl carbamate
Authors: Cadierno Victorio , Gimeno José , Nebra Noel 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
magnified imageSeveral tetrasubstituted NH pyrroles, functionalized with ester or ketone groups at C‐3 position, were prepared by one‐pot coupling of secondary propargylic alcohols with 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds and tert‐butyl carbamate, via in situ deprotection of the corresponding pentasubstituted N‐Boc pyrroles. The three‐component coupling process was promoted by the combined use of the 16‐electron ruthenium(II) catalyst [Ru(η3‐2‐C3H4Me)(CO)(dppf)][SbF6] (dppf = 1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
The top 10 infectious disease pitfalls that hospitalists can avoid
Authors: Paige Neil M. , Vazirani Sondra S. , Graber Christopher J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractInfectious diseases are commonly encountered by hospitalists in their day‐to‐day care of patients. Challenges involved in caring for patients with infectious diseases include choosing the correct antibiotic, treating patients with a penicillin allergy, interpreting blood cultures, and caring for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The evidence‐based pearls in this article will help hospitalists avoid common pitfalls in the recognition and treatment of such disorders and guide their decision about when to consult an infectious diseases specialist. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:42–45. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Early prediction of septic shock in hospitalized patients
Authors: Thiel Steven W. , Rosini Jamie M. , Shannon William , Doherty Joshua A. , Micek Scott T. , Kollef Marin H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Hospitalized patients who develop severe sepsis have significant morbidity and mortality. Early goal‐directed therapy has been shown to decrease mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock, though a delay in recognizing impending sepsis often precludes this intervention.OBJECTIVE:To identify early predictors of septic shock among hospitalized non‐intensive care unit (ICU) medical patients.DESIGN:Retrospective cohort analysis.SETTING:A 1200‐bed academic medical center.PATIENTS:Derivation cohort consisted of 13,785 patients hospitalized during 2005. The validation cohorts consisted of 13,737 patients during 2006 and 13,937 patients from 2007.INTERVENTION:Development and prospective validation of a prediction model using Recursive Partitioning And Regression Tree (RPART) analysis.METHODS:RPART analysis of routine laboratory and hemodynamic variables from the derivation cohort to identify predictors prior to the occurrence of shock. Two models were generated, 1 including arterial blood gas (ABG) data and 1 without.RESULTS:When applied to the 2006 cohort, 347 (54.7%) and 121 (19.1%) of the 635 patients developing septic shock were correctly identified by the 2 models, respectively. For the 2007 patients, the 2 models correctly identified 367 (55.0%) and 102 (15.3%) of the 667 patients developing septic shock, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:Readily available data can be employed to predict non‐ICU patients who develop septic shock several hours prior to ICU admission. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:19–25. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile colitis: An observational study and review of the literature
Authors: Abougergi Marwan S. , Broor Apoorv , Cui Wei , Jaar Bernard G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Clostridium difficile colitis (CDC) is the most common cause of hospital‐acquired diarrhea. The increase in the incidence and fatality rate of CDC over the past decade has stimulated a search for new therapies, including intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). We report our experience with IVIG for the treatment of 21 patients with severe CDC.METHOD:Retrospective review of patients with severe CDC who received IVIG between July 2002 and April 2006 at a teaching hospital. The existing literature on IVIG infusion for severe CDC was also reviewed.RESULTS:Twenty‐one of 1230 patients with CDC were treated with IVIG. The mean age was 68 (range, 35–98) years, with mean hospital stay of 23 (range, 9–64) days. Conventional treatment was used for an average of 8 (range, 1–25) days before IVIG infusion. All patients had evidence of pancolitis (radiologically) or ileus (clinically). The mean Acute Physiological Assessment and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score was 25 (range, 6–39) at day 1 of IVIG infusion. Nine patients (43%) survived their hospitalization with colitis resolution while 12 (57%) died. One patient developed pulmonary edema after IVIG infusion. Symptoms resolved after an average of 10 (range, 2–20) days for survivors. Two patients underwent urgent colectomy.CONCLUSIONS:This is the largest case series describing IVIG use for patients with severe CDC and the one with the highest mortality rate to date. The use of IVIG in this setting does not seem to benefit all patients. Benefit appears to depend on the extent of systemic involvement. Further studies are needed before adopting IVIG as routine treatment for severe CDC. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:E1–E9. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.