bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Kurucz Elizabeth C. , Colbert Barry A. , Wheeler David 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide a general summary of the key value propositions evident in the research on the business case for corporate social responsibility (CSR), described as four general ‘types’ of the business case, or four modes of value creation. It then presents a critique of these approaches (including identifying some problems inherent in the construct of CSR itself) and offers some principles for constructing a ‘better’ business case. Its intent is not to conduct a thorough review of studies analyzing the relationship between CSR and financial performance, as that has been well done elsewhere. Rather it seeks to unearth assumptions underlying dominant approaches in an effort to build a more robust business case for CSR that can move beyond existing limitations.
Corporate Social Performance and Financial Performance
Authors: Orlitzky Marc 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The community of Business and Society scholars has been investigating the relationship between corporate social performance and corporate financial performance over thirty years. The typical conclusion, based on narrative reviews of this literature, is that the empirical evidence is too mixed to allow for any firm. In these reviews, poor measures and weak theory construction are often mentioned as causes of this apparent variability in findings. The assumption that this research stream is inconclusive has persisted until after the turn of the millennium. So, what may be required at this point is a critical examination of the evidence that seems to have motivated these conclusions. This article argues that certain types of literature reviews should be treated with caution. It proposes an alternative and uses this more rigorous methodology of literature reviews in order to assess the cumulative evidence on the core constructs.
Rethinking Corporate Social Responsibility and the Role of the Firm—On the Denial of Politics
Authors: Hanlon Gerard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article argues that corporate social responsibility (CSR) does not represent a challenge to business. On the contrary, it suggests that CSR represents a further embedding of capitalist social relations and a deeper opening up of social life to the dictates of the marketplace. Furthermore, it protests that CSR is not a driving force of change but rather an outcome of changes brought on by other forces. Most particularly, it is the result of a shift from a fordist to a post-fordist regime of accumulation at the heart of which is both an expansion and a deepening of wage relations. This article somewhat conveniently traces the (re)emergence of CSR as an issue beyond the academy from the 1990s whilst acknowledging the academic work on CSR carried out earlier (Carroll, 1979 or Owen, 2003 on the democratic push in CSR during the 1970s).
Much Ado about Nothing
Authors: van Oosterhout J. (Hans) , Heugens Pursey P. M. A. R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article refutes the underlying conceptual need for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the first place. All told, these critiques offer some serious challenges to the CSR field, although the conclusions reached by each of the contributors differ as to their degree of optimism or pessimism regarding its potential. The conceptual critique of the CSR concept is structured as follows. First, this article introduces some distinctions for evaluating CSR as an academic concept. It then sketches a short history of CSR concept formation, and elaborates on definitions and operationalizations of the CSR concept. Finding that CSR is problematic both theoretically and empirically, it proceeds to explore what—if any—role remains for the notion of CSR in business and society research. It concludes that it would be prudent for the field to dispense with the notion of CSR altogether.
Consumers as Drivers of Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Smith N. Craig 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article surveys the potential and limits of consumers in demanding socially responsible behavior through their decisions at the checkout. Corporate responsibility (CR) has never been more prominent on the corporate agenda and primarily because the business case is perceived to be much stronger. This article takes a critical look at the role of consumers in corporate attention to CR. It gives illustrative examples of ‘ethical consumerism’, survey data, and a theoretical rationale that supports the general idea that consumers care about issues of corporate responsibility. It also examines various marketer initiatives that reflect a belief in ethical consumerism, from cause-related marketing to ethical branding. It then turns to more theoretical treatments and empirical research findings on, first, consumer support for pro-social corporate conduct (‘positive ethical consumerism’) and, second, consumer punishment of CR failings, most notably in consumer boycotts (‘negative ethical consumerism’).
Corporate Social Responsibility, Government, and Civil Society
Authors: Moon Jeremy , Vogel David 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article examines the role of governments and civil society in shaping and encouraging corporate social responsibility (CSR). It begins by exploring the relationship between CSR and particular patterns of business–government–civil society relations. It then examines the patterns of business–government relations that are associated with CSR. It explores two basic models. One is the dichotomous view that posits that CSR and government are, by definition, mutually exclusive; accordingly, the scope of CSR is defined by the absence of regulation and public policy. The second posits that CSR is the relationship between market actors and governments. This article also investigates changes in business–government–civil society relations which explain the recent growth and development of CSR. Finally, it examines the ways in which governments have promoted CSR and the relationship between responsible public and private policies.
Responsibility in the Supply Chain
Authors: Millington Andrew 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive overview of one of the main areas where corporate social responsibility issues have impacted upon firms across the globe, namely the supply chain. Although the legal obligations for social and environmental issues are increasingly devolved to suppliers, the role of lead firms in the development of ethical supply chain management (ESCM) has been the subject of considerable debate. This article focuses on two questions which are central to the development of ESCM. First, it looks at stakeholder pressure for ESCM and its implications for the involvement of lead firms in ESCM. Second, it considers the conditions under which lead firms will be able to influence suppliers and implement ESCM. It then reviews the impact of ESCM on social and environmental performance. Finally, it outlines the implications for the development of effective ESCM.
Globalization and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Scherer Andreas Georg , Palazzo Guido 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article analyzes the advent of globalization and delineates its impact on the corporation and its social responsibilities. It begins with an explanation of the concept of globalization. Next, it describes the traditional paradigm of corporate social responsibility (CSR) where the responsibilities of businesses are discussed vis-à-vis a more or less properly working nation-state system and a homogeneous moral. It describes the new situation of regulatory gaps in global regulation, an erosion of national governance, and a loss of moral and cultural homogeneity in the corporate environment. It also discusses the consequences of the post-national constellation with the help of two recent observations of business firms' behavior which call for a fresh view of the concept of CSR. Finally, it describes the necessary paradigm shifts toward a new politically enlarged concept of CSR in a globalized world.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Theories of Global Governance
Authors: Levy David L. , Kaplan Rami 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article develops a framework in which corporate social responsibility (CSR) represents the contested terrain of global governance. The rise of CSR is one of the more striking developments of recent decades in the global political economy. Calls for multinational corporations (MNCs) to demonstrate greater responsibility, transparency, and accountability are leading to the establishment of a variety of new governance structures—rules, norms, codes of conduct, and standards—that constrain and shape MNCs' behavior. CSR is thus not just a struggle over practices, but over the locus of governance authority, offering a potential path toward the transformation of stakeholders from external observers and petitioners into legitimate and organized participants in decision-making. This article points to two distinct perspectives on CSR; as a more socially embedded and democratic form of governance that emanates from civil society, or alternatively, as a privatized system of corporate governance that lacks public accountability.
Corporate Social Responsibility in a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Williams Cynthia A. , Aguilera Ruth V. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Comparative studies of corporate social responsibility (CSR) are relatively rare, certainly as contrasted with other related fields, such as comparative corporate governance or comparative corporate law. This is to be expected in a field, such as CSR that is still ‘emergent’. While theoretical perspectives on corporate social performance or stakeholder management have been developed over two decades, it is only in the last decade that businesses have begun to exhibit serious evidence of CSR in their strategic management and stakeholder social reporting. This article goes on to explore how CSR can reflect wider national business and governance systems, such as market structures and rules, institutional norms, and respective responsibilities of governments, corporations and other social actors. A particularly exposed role, most notably for multinational corporations from the global north, is emerging for corporations in developing countries.
Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Frederick William C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article argues that prospects for corporate social responsibility (CSR) are anchored in its early beginnings, in its ever-expanding acceptance as a legitimate business practice, and in the looming necessities and crises spawned by unprecedented global expansion of economic enterprise. CSR is an idea whose time has arrived, not just in the United States but wherever markets and corporate enterprise comprise the foundation of a society's economic endeavors. Unevenly developed and experienced across the grand arc of 21st century societies, CSR is infiltrating into corporate consciousness and corporate culture, finds expression in the workplace, sparks stakeholder involvement, molds company strategy, enriches the quality of community life, broadens business vision, and seeks to humanize economic enterprise wherever it is found. A cardinal principle of CSR's spread throughout the globe is that each society and each business firm shall find its own unique way of expressing and realizing CSR's core meaning.
Phase-dependent outbreak dynamics of geometrid moth linked to host plant phenology
Authors: Jepsen Jane U. , Hagen Snorre B. , Karlsen Stein-Rune , Ims Rolf A. 
Published: September 2009

Climatically driven Moran effects have often been invoked as the most likely cause of regionally synchronized outbreaks of insect herbivores without identifying the exact mechanism. However, the degree of match between host plant and larval phenology is crucial for the growth and survival of many spring-feeding pest insects, suggesting that a phenological match/mismatch-driven Moran effect may act as a synchronizing agent.
We analyse the phase-dependent spatial dynamics of defoliation caused by cyclically outbreaking geometrid moths in northern boreal birch forest in Fennoscandia through the most recent massive outbreak (2000–2008). We use satellite-derived time series of the prevalence of moth defoliation and the onset of the growing season for the entire region to investigate the link between the patterns of defoliation and outbreak spread. In addition, we examine whether a phase-dependent coherence in the pattern of spatial synchrony exists between defoliation and onset of the growing season, in order to evaluate if the degree of matching phenology between the moth and their host plant could be the mechanism behind a Moran effect.
The strength of regional spatial synchrony in defoliation and the pattern of defoliation spread were both highly phase-dependent. The incipient phase of the outbreak was characterized by high regional synchrony in defoliation and long spread distances, compared with the epidemic and crash phase. Defoliation spread was best described using a two-scale stratified spread model, suggesting that defoliation spread is governed by two processes operating at different spatial scale. The pattern of phase-dependent spatial synchrony was coherent in both defoliation and onset of the growing season. This suggests that the timing of spring phenology plays a role in the large-scale synchronization of birch forest moth outbreaks.
Troglomorphism, trichobothriotaxy and typhlochactid phylogeny (Scorpiones, Chactoidea): more evidence that troglobitism is not an evolutionary dead‐end
Authors: Prendini Lorenzo , Francke Oscar F. , Vignoli Valerio 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe scorpion family TyphlochactidaeMitchell, 1971is endemic to eastern Mexico and exclusively troglomorphic. Six of the nine species in the family are hypogean (troglobitic), morphologically specialized for life in the cave environment, whereas three are endogean (humicolous) and comparably less specialized. The family therefore provides a model for testing the hypotheses that ecological specialists (stenotopes) evolve from generalist ancestors (eurytopes) and that specialization (in this case to the cavernicolous habitat) is an irreversible, evolutionary dead‐end that ultimately leads to extinction. Due to their cryptic ecology, inaccessible habitat, and apparently low population density, Typhlochactidae are very poorly known. The monophyly of these troglomorphic scorpions has never been rigorously tested, nor has their phylogeny been investigated in a quantitative analysis. We test and confirm their monophyly with a cladistic analysis of 195 morphological characters (142 phylogenetically informative), the first for a group of scorpions in which primary homology of pedipalp trichobothria was determined strictly according to topographical identity (the “placeholder approach”). The phylogeny of Typhlochactidae challenges the conventional wisdom that ecological specialization (stenotopy) is unidirectional and irreversible, falsifying Cope’s Law of the unspecialized and Dollo’s Law of evolutionary irreversibility. Troglobitism is not an evolutionary dead‐end: endogean scorpions evolved from hypogean ancestors on more than one occasion.© The Willi Hennig Society 2009.
Computer‐delivered interventions to reduce college student drinking: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Carey Kate B. , Scott‐Sheldon Lori A. J. , Elliott Jennifer C. , Bolles Jamie R. , Carey Michael P. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTAims  This meta‐analysis evaluates the efficacy of computer‐delivered interventions (CDIs) to reduce alcohol use among college students.Methods  We included 35 manuscripts with 43 separate interventions, and calculated both between‐group and within‐group effect sizes for alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related problems. Effects sizes were calculated for short‐term (≤5 weeks) and long‐term (≥6 weeks) intervals. All studies were coded for study descriptors, participant characteristics and intervention components.Results  The effects of CDIs depended on the nature of the comparison condition: CDIs reduced quantity and frequency measures relative to assessment‐only controls, but rarely differed from comparison conditions that included alcohol‐relevant content. Small‐to‐medium within‐group effect sizes can be expected for CDIs at short‐ and long‐term follow‐ups; these changes are less than or equivalent to the within‐group effect sizes observed for more intensive interventions.Conclusions  CDIs reduce the quantity and frequency of drinking among college students. CDIs are generally equivalent to alternative alcohol‐related comparison interventions.
Reactivity to images in health and irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: CARRUTHERS H. R. , MORRIS J. , TARRIER N. , WHORWELL P. J. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryBackground  We have been using a medical artist to record and paint the images patients have of their irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and have hypothesized that the reaction to such images might differ in health and IBS, which could have practical implications for future research.Aim  To examine reactivity to images in health and IBS.Methods  Twelve paintings of IBS were shown to 70 patients to determine the four most evocative images. The spontaneous response to these images and four ‘non‐IBS painful’ and four neutral paintings was assessed in another 100 IBS patients and 100 controls. The prompted reaction in terms of whether an image evoked the notion of pain, bloating or discomfort and to what degree was also recorded.Results  Four images depicting bloating and pain scored the highest. These IBS images triggered significantly different reactivity between patients and controls in terms of their spontaneous and prompted responses. Even ‘non‐IBS painful’ and neutral images resulted in exaggerated and frequently significantly different responses in patients than in controls.Conclusions  Visual hypersensitivity appears to be another manifestation of the tendency of IBS patients to react adversely to a variety of endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Identifying how individuals relate to different images might also give useful insights into understanding gastrointestinal symptoms.
Recombination is suppressed over a large region of the rainbow trout Y chromosome
Authors: Phillips R. B. , DeKoning J. J. , Ventura A. B. , Nichols K. M. , Drew R. E. , Chaves L. D. , Reed K. M. , Felip A. , Thorgaard G. H. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryThe previous genetic mapping data have suggested that most of the rainbow trout sex chromosome pair is pseudoautosomal, with very small X‐specific and Y‐specific regions. We have prepared an updated genetic and cytogenetic map of the male rainbow trout sex linkage group. Selected sex‐linked markers spanning the X chromosome of the female genetic map have been mapped cytogenetically in normal males and genetically in crosses between the OSU female clonal line and four different male clonal lines as well as in outcrosses involving outbred OSU and hybrids between the OSU line and the male clonal lines. The cytogenetic maps of the X and Y chromosomes were very similar to the female genetic map for the X chromosome. Five markers on the male maps are genetically very close to the sex determination locus (SEX), but more widely spaced on the female genetic map and on the cytogenetic map, indicating a large region of suppressed recombination on the Y chromosome surrounding the SEX locus. The male map is greatly extended at the telomere. A BAC clone containing the SCAR (sequence characterized amplified region) Omy‐163 marker, which maps close to SEX, was subjected to shotgun sequencing. Two carbonyl reductase genes and a gene homologous to the vertebrate skeletal ryanodine receptor were identified. Carbonyl reductase is a key enzyme involved in production of trout ovarian maturation hormone. This brings the number of type I genes mapped to the sex chromosome to six and has allowed us to identify a region on zebrafish chromosome 10 and medaka chromosome 13 which may be homologous to the distal portion of the long arm of the rainbow trout Y chromosome.
Multiple maternal origins of native modern and ancient horse populations in China
Authors: Lei C. Z. , Su R. , Bower M. A. , Edwards C. J. , Wang X. B. , Weining S. , Liu L. , Xie W. M. , Li F. , Liu R. Y. , Zhang Y. S. , Zhang C. M. , Chen H. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryTo obtain more knowledge of the origin and genetic diversity of domestic horses in China, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D‐loop sequence diversity from nine horse breeds in China in conjunction with ancient DNA data and evidence from archaeological and historical records. A 247‐bp mitochondrial D‐loop sequence from 182 modern samples revealed a total of 70 haplotypes with a high level of genetic diversity. Seven major mtDNA haplogroups (A–G) and 16 clusters were identified for the 182 Chinese modern horses. In the present study, nine 247‐bp mitochondrial D‐loop sequences of ancient remains of Bronze Age horse from the Chifeng region of Inner Mongolia in China (c.4000–2000abp) were used to explore the origin and diversity of Chinese modern horses and the phylogenetic relationship between ancient and modern horses. The nine ancient horses carried seven haplotypes with rich genetic diversity, which were clustered together with modern individuals among haplogroups A, E and F. Modern domestic horse and ancient horse data support the multiple origins of domestic horses in China. This study supports the argument that multiple successful events of horse domestication, including separate introductions of wild mares into the domestic herds, may have occurred in antiquity, and that China cannot be excluded from these events. Indeed, the association of Far Eastern mtDNA types to haplogroup F was highly significant using Fisher’s exact test of independence (P = 0.00002), lending support for Chinese domestication of this haplogroup. High diversity and all seven mtDNA haplogroups (A–G) with 16 clusters also suggest that further work is necessary to shed more light on horse domestication in China.
Molecular analysis of carbohydrate N‐acetylgalactosamine 4‐O sulfotransferase 8 (CHST8) as a candidate gene for bovine spongiform encephalopathy susceptibility
Authors: Morina R. , Knorr C. , Haase B. , Leeb T. , Seuberlich T. , Zurbriggen A. , Brem G. , Schütz E. , Brenig B. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryEndogenous prion proteins (PrP) play the central role in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The carbohydrate N‐acetylgalactosamine 4‐O sulfotransferase 8 (CHST8) promotes the conversion of the cellular PrPC into the pathogenic PrPd. Six sequence variants within the CHST8 gene were identified by comparative sequencing and genotyped for a sample of 623 animals comprising bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)‐affected and healthy control cows representing German Fleckvieh (German Simmental), German Holstein (Holstein‐Friesian) and Brown Swiss. Significant differences in the allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies between BSE‐affected and healthy cows indicate an association of sequence variant g.37254017G>T with the development of the disease in Brown Swiss cattle.