bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a DVD for women with diabetes: impact on knowledge and attitudes to preconception care
Authors: Holmes V. A. , Spence M. , McCance D. R. , Patterson C. C. , Harper R. , Alderdice F. A. 
Published: March 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 950–956 (2012)AbstractAims  To determine if an educational DVD increases knowledge and changes attitudes of women with diabetes towards preconception care.Methods  Ninety‐seven women with diabetes (Type 1, n = 89; Type 2, n = 8), aged 18–40 years, completed a pre‐DVD and post‐DVD intervention study by postal questionnaire. Beliefs and attitudes associated with preventing an unplanned pregnancy and seeking preconception care were assessed using a validated questionnaire; scales included benefits, barriers, personal attitudes and self‐efficacy. Knowledge of pregnancy planning and pregnancy‐related risks were assessed by a 22‐item questionnaire.Results  After viewing the DVD there was significant positive change in women’s perceived benefits of, and their personal attitudes to, receiving preconception care and using contraception: change in score post‐DVD viewing 0.7 (95% confidence interval 0.3, 1.2), P = 0.003, and 0.8 (0.3, 1.2), P = 0.001, respectively. The DVD significantly improved self‐efficacy, that is, self‐confidence to use contraception for prevention of an unplanned pregnancy and to access preconception care [3.3 (1.9, 4.7), P < 0.001], and significantly reduced perceived barriers to preconception care [−0.7 (−1.2, −0.2), P = 0.01]. Knowledge of pregnancy planning and pregnancy‐related risks increased significantly after viewing the DVD: mean increase was 37.6 ± 20.0%, P < 0.001, and 16.9 ± 21.2%, P < 0.001, respectively.Conclusions  This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a DVD in increasing knowledge and enhancing attitudes of women with diabetes to preconception care. This DVD could be used as a prepregnancy counselling resource to prepare women with diabetes for pregnancy.
Urinary markers of renal inflammation in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and normoalbuminuria
Authors: Cherney D. Z. I. , Scholey J. W. , Daneman D. , Dunger D. B. , Dalton R. N. , Moineddin R. , Mahmud F. H. , Dekker R. , Elia Y. , Sochett E. , Reich H. N. 
Published: March 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 1297–1302 (2012)AbstractAims  Patients with the highest albumin:creatinine ratio within the normal range are at an increased risk for developing microalbuminuria. The mechanistic basis for this is unknown, but may be related to renal inflammation. Our goal was to characterize the urinary excretion of cytokines/chemokines in normoalbuminuric adolescents with Type 1 diabetes to determine whether higher range normoalbuminuria is associated with evidence of renal inflammation.Methods  Forty‐two urinary cytokines/chemokines were measured in subjects who were screened for the Adolescent Type 1 Diabetes Cardio‐Renal Intervention Trial. Urinary cytokines/chemokines were compared across low (n = 50), middle (n = 50) or high (n = 50) albumin:creatinine ratio tertile groups.Results  At baseline, participants in the upper tertile were younger and had shorter diabetes duration compared with the other groups. Other clinical characteristics were similar. Urinary levels of interleukin 6, interleukin 8, platelet‐derived growth factor‐AA and RANTES differed across albumin:creatinine ratio tertiles, with higher values in patients in the middle and high tertiles compared with the lower tertile (ANCOVA P ≤ 0.01).Conclusions  Within the normal albumin:creatinine ratio range, higher urinary albumin excretion is associated with elevated urinary levels of inflammatory markers. Ultimately, this may provide mechanistic insights into disease pathophysiology and stratify the risk of nephropathy in Type 1 diabetes.
Evolution of the Burmese Vowel System
Authors: Hill Nathan W. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTibeto‐Burman historical linguistics has relied heavily on the spelling of Burmese and Tibetan words as found in standard modern dictionaries, at the expense of the earliest attested records. This examination of the development of the Burmese vowel system, in the light of early Burmese philological data and comparisons to Old Chinese and Old Tibetan, facilitates a refined understanding of Burmese historical phonology and the reconstruction of Tibeto‐Burman.
Latin Rhotacism: A Case Study in the Life cycle of Phonological Processes
Authors: Roberts Philip J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractRhotacism in Latin is a well‐known phonological generalisation which, in its paradigm cases, can be stated as a regular sound change of [s] to [r] between vowels. This change/rule is posited on the basis both of comparative evidence, e.g. *swesor > Latin soror‘sister’, and of paradigms in which final s alternates with medial intervocalic r, e.g. flos, floris‘flower’. It is possible, however, to cite a number of exceptions to the basic rule which, if one attempts to account for all of them in a synchronic grammar, amount to outright paradoxes. This paper presents a diachronic model of the progress of rhotacism through the expected life cycle of a phonological process, within the formalism of Stratal Optimality Theory, and demonstrates that this model can account for the exceptions to rhotacism as epiphenomena of the expected progress of the constraint ranking giving rise to it from phrase to word level, and from word to stem level. Finally, I argue that rhotacism became a systematic property of the lexicon, at which point it was subject to analogical extension, giving the paradigm levelling observed in e.g. honor, honoris‘honour’ (formerly honos, honoris).
The MONET trial: week 144 analysis of the efficacy of darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) monotherapy versus DRV/r plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, for patients with viral load < 50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL at baseline
Authors: Arribas JR , Clumeck N , Nelson M , Hill A , van Delft Y , Moecklinghoff C 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundIn the MONotherapy in Europe with Tmc114 (MONET) trial, darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) monotherapy showed noninferior efficacy vs. two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus DRV/r at the primary 48‐week analysis. The trial was continued to week 144 to assess the durability of the results.MethodsA total of 256 patients with viral load < 50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL on current highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for at least 6 months switched to DRV/r 800/100 mg once daily, either as monotherapy (n = 127) or with two NRTIs (n = 129). Treatment failure was defined as two consecutive HIV RNA levels above 50 copies/mL [time to loss of virological response (TLOVR)] by week 144, or discontinuation of study drugs.ResultsEighty‐one per cent of patients were male and 91% were Caucasian, and they had a median baseline CD4 count of 575 cells/uL. More patients in the DRV/r monotherapy arm had hepatitis C virus coinfection at baseline than in the control arm (18% vs. 12%, respectively). By week 144, the percentage of patients with HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL [intent to treat (ITT), TLOVR, switch = failure method] was 69% vs. 75% in the DRV/r monotherapy and triple therapy arms [difference = −5.9%; 95% confidence interval (CI) −16.9%, +5.1%]; by a strict ITT analysis (switches not considered failures), the percentage of patients with HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL was 84% vs. 83.5%, respectively (difference = +0.5%; 95% CI −8.7%, +9.7%). Twenty‐one and 13 patients had two consecutive HIV RNA results above 50 copies/mL in the DRV/r monotherapy arm and triple therapy arm, respectively, of whom 18 of 21 (86%) and 10 of 13 (77%) had HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL at week 144.ConclusionsIn this study, for patients with HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL at baseline, switching to DRV/r monotherapy showed noninferior efficacy to DRV/r plus two NRTIs in a strict ITT (switches not considered failures) analysis, but not in a TLOVR switch equals failure analysis.
The Recent Infection Testing Algorithm (RITA) in clinical practice: a survey of HIV clinicians in England and Northern Ireland
Authors: Garrett NJ , Lattimore S , Gilbart VL , Aghaizu A , Mensah G , Tosswill J , Murphy G , Delpech V 
Published: March 2012

ObjectivesIn order to estimate HIV incidence among high‐risk groups, in January 2009 the Health Protection Agency introduced the Recent Infection Testing Algorithm (RITA) in England and Northern Ireland (E&NI), currently the only regions to inform patients of RITA results. This survey of HIV specialists aimed to investigate the role of RITA in patient management and explore clinicians' views on its role in clinical practice and during partner notification.MethodsAn online questionnaire was distributed to HIV specialists via the British HIV Association membership email list in February 2011.ResultsForty‐two HIV specialists from 32 HIV centres responded to the survey among 90 centres enrolled in the programme (response rate 36%). Testing for recent infection was considered standard of care by 83% of respondents, 80% felt confident in interpreting results and 92% discussed results with patients, particularly in the context of a possible HIV seroconversion illness (96%) or when deciding when to start antiretroviral therapy (70%). A third (36%) of specialists were initially concerned that RITA results may cause additional anxiety among patients; however, no adverse events were reported. The majority (90%) felt that results could assist with contact tracing by prioritizing patients with likely recent infection. However, only a few centres have currently incorporated RITA into their HIV partner notification protocols.ConclusionsRITA has been introduced into clinical practice with no reported patient adverse events. Access to results at centre level should be improved. National guidance regarding use of RITA as a tool for contact tracing is required.
HIV testing in community settings in resource‐rich countries: a systematic review of the evidence
Authors: Thornton AC , Delpech V , Kall MM , Nardone A 
Published: March 2012

ObjectivesCommunity HIV testing represents an opportunity for diagnosing HIV infection among individuals who may not have contact with health services, especially in hard‐to‐reach groups. The aim of this review was to assess the evidence for feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of HIV testing strategies in community settings in resource‐rich countries.MethodsThe PubMed database was searched for English language studies of outreach HIV testing in resource‐rich countries. Studies were included if they reported one of the following outcome measures: uptake of testing; seropositivity; client acceptability; or provider acceptability.ResultsForty‐four studies were identified; the majority took place in the USA and targeted men who have sex with men. Uptake of HIV testing varied between 9 and 95% (in 14 studies). Seropositivity was ≥ 1% in 30 of 34 studies. In 16 studies the proportion of patients who received their test results varied from 29 to 100% and rapid testing resulted in a higher proportion of clients receiving their results. Overall, client satisfaction with community HIV testing was high. However, concern remained over confidentiality, professional standards and the need for post‐test counselling. Staff reported positive attitudes towards community testing.ConclusionsIn the majority of studies, the reported seropositivity was higher than 1/1000, the threshold deemed to be cost‐effective for routinely offering testing. Rapid testing improved the return of HIV test results to clients. HIV testing in outreach settings may be important in identifying undiagnosed infections in at‐risk populations, but appropriate data to evaluate these initiatives must be collected.
An analysis of patients' understanding of ‘routine’ preoperative blood tests and HIV screening. Is no news really good news?
Authors: Albrecht E , Frascarolo P , Meystre‐Agustoni G , Farron A , Gilliard N , Darling KEA , Cavassini M 
Published: March 2012

ObjectivesMany patients may believe that HIV screening is included in routine preoperative work‐ups. We examined what proportion of patients undergoing preoperative blood testing believed that they had been tested for HIV.MethodsAll patients hospitalized for elective orthopaedic surgery between January and December 2007 were contacted and asked to participate in a 15‐min computer‐assisted telephone interview (n = 1330). The primary outcome was to determine which preoperative tests patients believed had been performed from a choice of glucose, clotting, HIV serology and cholesterol, and what percentage of patients interpreted the lack of result communication as a normal or negative test. The proportion of patients agreeable to HIV screening prior to future surgery was also determined.ResultsA total of 991 patients (75%) completed the questionnaire. Three hundred and seventy‐five of these 991 patients (38%) believed incorrectly that they had been tested for HIV preoperatively. Younger patients were significantly more likely to believe that an HIV test had been performed (mean age 46 vs. 50 years for those who did not believe that an HIV test had been performed; P < 0.0001). Of the patients who believed that a test had been performed but received no result, 96% interpreted lack of a result as a negative HIV test. Over 80% of patients surveyed stated that they would agree to routine HIV screening prior to future surgery. A higher acceptance rate was associated with younger age (mean age 47 years for those who would agree vs. 56 years for those who would not; P < 0.0001) and male sex (
P < 0.009).ConclusionsMany patients believe that a preoperative blood test routinely screens for HIV. The incorrect assumption that a lack of result communication indicates a negative test may contribute to delays in HIV diagnoses.
Pooled week 96 results of the phase III DUET‐1 and DUET‐2 trials of etravirine: further analysis of adverse events and laboratory abnormalities of special interest
Authors: Girard P‐M , Campbell TB , Grinsztejn B , Hartikainen J , Rachline A , Nijs S , Witek J 
Published: March 2012

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to investigate the frequency and severity of adverse events (AEs) and laboratory abnormalities of interest over 96 weeks of treatment with etravirine or placebo in the pooled TMC125 DUET (Demonstrate Undetectable viral load in patients Experienced with ARV Therapy) trials.MethodsTreatment‐experienced, HIV‐1‐infected patients randomly received etravirine 200 mg twice a day (bid) or placebo, plus a background regimen. The frequency and severity of neuropsychiatric, rash, hepatic and lipid AEs were analysed; frequencies were also adjusted for total patient‐years of exposure (PYE).ResultsA total of 599 and 604 patients received etravirine and placebo, respectively (median treatment duration 96.0 and 69.6 weeks, respectively). There was no significant difference between the treatment groups in the frequency of neuropsychiatric AEs. However, a significant difference in the frequency of rash was observed (20.5% vs. 11.8%, respectively; P < 0.0001); rash was generally mild to moderate in severity; the rate of discontinuation because of rash was low (2.2% vs. 0% in the etravirine and placebo groups, respectively). The frequency of hepatic AEs was low and similar between the treatment groups (8.7% vs. 7.1%, respectively; P = 0.3370); hepatic enzyme levels did not increase over time. Lipid‐related laboratory abnormalities and changes over time in lipid levels were generally comparable between treatment groups. Adjusting for treatment exposure, the frequency of AEs remained similar between treatment groups, with the exception of rash [13.7 vs. 9.3 per 100 PYE; relative risk (95% confidence interval) 1.48 (1.02–1.95)].ConclusionsThe frequency of AEs of interest was generally similar between the treatment groups, both overall and when adjusted for treatment exposure, with the exception of rash which was more frequent in the etravirine group.
Rasch analysis of items from two self‐report measures of motor function: determination of item difficulty and relationships with children’s ability levels
Authors: STOUT JEAN L , GORTON GEORGE E , NOVACHECK TOM F , BAGLEY ANITA M , TERVO RAYMOND C , BEVANS KATHERINE , TUCKER CAROLE A 
Published: March 2012

Aim  The aim of this article was to determine item measurement properties of a set of items selected from the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ) and the Pediatric Outcome Data Collection Instrument (PODCI) using Rasch analysis, and to explore relationships between the FAQ/PODCI combined set of items, FAQ walking scale level, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels, and the Gait Deviation Index on a common measurement scale.Method  Rasch analysis was performed on data from a retrospective chart review of parent‐reported FAQ and PODCI data from 485 individuals (273 males; 212 females; mean age 9y 10mo, SD 3y 10mo) who underwent first‐time three‐dimensional gait analysis. Of the 485 individuals, 289 had a diagnosis of cerebral palsy (104 GMFCS level I, 97 GMFCS level II, 69 GMFCS level III, and 19 GMFCS level IV). Rasch‐based person abilities and item difficulties based on subgroups defined by the FAQ walking scale level, Gait Deviation Index, and the GMFCS level were compared.Results  The FAQ/PODCI item set demonstrated necessary Rasch characteristics to support its use as a combined measurement scale. Item groupings at similar difficulty levels were consistent with the mean person abilities of subgroups based on FAQ walking scale level, Gait Deviation Index, and GMFCS level.Interpretation  Rasch‐derived person ability scores from the FAQ/PODCI combined item set are consistent with clinical measures. Rasch analysis provides insights that may improve interpretation of the difficulty of motor functions for children with disabilities.
Fear of suffocation alters respiration during obstructed breathing
Authors: Pappens Meike , Smets Elyn , Van Den Bergh Omer , Van Diest Ilse 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe aimed to investigate whether fear of suffocation predicts healthy persons' respiratory and affective responses to obstructed breathing as evoked by inspiratory resistive loads. Participants (N = 27 women, ages between 18 and 21 years) completed the Fear of Suffocation scale and underwent 16 trials in which an inspiratory resistive load of 15 cmH2O/l/s (small) or 40 cmH2O/l/s (large) was added to the breathing circuit for 40 s. Fear of suffocation was associated with higher arousal ratings for both loads. Loaded breathing was associated with a decrease in minute ventilation, but progressively less so for participants scoring higher on fear of suffocation when breathing against the large load. The present findings document a potentially panicogenic mechanism that may maintain and worsen respiratory discomfort in persons with fear of suffocation.
Neural mechanisms underlying the orienting response to subject's own name: An event‐related potential study
Authors: Tateuchi Toshihiko , Itoh Kosuke , Nakada Tsutomu 
Published: March 2012

AbstractNeural processes underlying the orienting response (OR) to subject's own name (SON) were investigated using the oddball paradigm. Subjects were presented with SON, subject's parent's name, and unfamiliar persons' names while they played a video game and ignored the auditory stimuli. A P3a‐like frontal positivity (P440, 440 ms) indexing OR was elicited by SON only when it was the rare stimulus and its amplitude decreased with the repeated presentation of SON. Preceding the P440, SON consistently elicited an early frontal negativity (SON negativity, 170–270 ms), including when SON was the high‐probability stimulus, and unlike the P440, this negativity did not habituate. These results conform to the hypothesis that early preattentive processing of speech sounds distinguishes SON from other names irrespective of short‐term stimulus context, and that this culminates in an OR only when SON is evaluated as being contextually meaningful.
The worldwide maritime network of container shipping: spatial structure and regional dynamics
Authors: DUCRUET CÉSAR , NOTTEBOOM THEO 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPort and maritime studies dealing with containerization have observed traffic concentration and dispersion throughout the world. Globalization, intermodal transportation, and technological revolutions in the shipping industry have resulted in both network extension and rationalization. However, lack of precise data on inter‐port relations prevent the application of wider network theories to global maritime container networks, which are often examined through case studies of specific firms or regions. In this article, we present an analysis of the global liner shipping network in 1996 and 2006, a period of rapid change in port hierarchies and liner service configurations. While we refer to literature on port system development, shipping networks, and port selection, the article is one of the only analyses of the properties of the global container shipping network. We analyse the relative position of ports in the global network through indicators of centrality. The results reveal a certain level of robustness in the global shipping network. While transhipment hub flows and gateway flows might slightly shift among nodes in the network, the network properties remain rather stable in terms of the main nodes polarizing the network and the overall structure of the system. In addition, mapping the changing centrality of ports confirms the impacts of global trade and logistics shifts on the port hierarchy and indicates that changes are predominantly geographic.
Recession and international corporate mobility
Authors: SALT JOHN , WOOD PETER 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe international mobility of MNE personnel has been increasing in recent years both through traditional forms of expatriation and short‐term assignments and through business travel. These overall ‘portfolios of mobility’, however, have been complemented by intensified virtual communication and growing localization of recruitment in developing production and market regions. In this article, we report on a return survey of the impacts of the 2008 recession on the mobility portfolios of a sample of UK‐based MNEs and consider how far it has affected established trends. We begin by reviewing evidence from recent large‐scale surveys on corporate staff mobility. We then focus on how the relationship between established business goals and global mobility strategies was rebalanced within individual companies as the recession took hold. Our evidence indicates the widely variable effects of recession, strongly affecting operations in some parts of the world, but making little, if any, change elsewhere. In many cases, corporate restructuring or the increased focus on emerging markets were already reshaping mobility portfolios. Diversification and flexibility have underlain the development of these portfolios over the last decade. The recession has accelerated several processes already under way, including a shift towards alternatives to traditional assignments and the closer incorporation of new and emerging markets into mobility systems. It has also allowed companies to drive through changes that might otherwise have been more contentious, such as reducing the financial incentives for assignment.