bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The preliminary development and testing of a global trigger tool to detect error and patient harm in primary-care records
Authors: de Wet C , Bowie P 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Background
A multi-method strategy has been proposed to understand and improve the safety of primary care. The trigger tool is a relatively new method that has shown promise in American and secondary healthcare settings. It involves the focused review of a random sample of patient records using a series of “triggers” that alert reviewers to potential errors and previously undetected adverse events.

Aim
To develop and test a global trigger tool to detect errors and adverse events in primary-care records.

Method
Trigger tool development was informed by previous research and content validated by expert opinion. The tool was applied by trained reviewers who worked in pairs to conduct focused audits of 100 randomly selected electronic patient records in each of five urban general practices in central Scotland.

Results
Review of 500 records revealed 2251 consultations and 730 triggers. An adverse event was found in 47 records (9.4%), indicating that harm occurred at a rate of one event per 48 consultations. Of these, 27 were judged to be preventable (42%). A further 17 records (3.4%) contained evidence of a potential adverse event. Harm severity was low to moderate for most patients (82.9%). Error and harm rates were higher in those aged ⩾60 years, and most were medication-related (59%).

Conclusions
The trigger tool was successful in identifying undetected patient harm in primary-care records and may be the most reliable method for achieving this. However, the feasibility of its routine application is open to question. The tool may have greater utility as a research rather than an audit technique. Further testing in larger, representative study samples is required.
ON MODELINGModels of models
Authors: Dubberly Hugh 
Published: May 2009

Editor's note:

This forum presents models relevant to interaction design and service design. It describes the models, how they might be used, and why they matter. It also describes the models' origins and contrasts related models.

In its first year, forum articles described models of innovation process, design process (Analysis-Synthesis Bridge), customer experience cycle, learning in design and product development, the trend from a mechanical to a biological frame in design (era analysis), design research types (map), and interaction types (taxonomy).
However, none of the articles presented a model of models. We correct that oversight here.
Practical experience teaching embedded systems
Authors: Almeida Carlos 
Published: May 2009

The area of embedded systems and their interconnection is of utmost importance nowadays. The technological evolution, and widespread use, of small electronic devices with processing and communication capabilities, creates the potential for the development of new applications in several different domains. Areas such as industrial control, automotive, home automation, surveillance systems, sensor networks applied to the monitoring of wild life, environment, or buildings, are examples of such potential and ubiquity.
The importance of this area can not be ignored in an Electrical and Computer Engineering Course. It is important to make students able to master the technologies related to embedded systems, including "hands-on" experience developing and testing real systems, and dealing with specific application environments with low resources and close hard-ware/software interaction.
This paper describes the author's experience teaching a course of embedded systems in an Electrical and Computer Engineering Course.
Objective Reduction in Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization: Theory and Applications
Authors: Brockhoff Dimo , Zitzler Eckart 
Published: May 2009

Many-objective problems represent a major challenge in the field of evolutionary multiobjective optimization—in terms of search efficiency, computational cost, decision making, visualization, and so on. This leads to various research questions, in particular whether certain objectives can be omitted in order to overcome or at least diminish the difficulties that arise when many, that is, more than three, objective functions are involved. This study addresses this question from different perspectives. First, we investigate how adding or omitting objectives affects the problem characteristics and propose a general notion of conflict between objective sets as a theoretical foundation for objective reduction. Second, we present both exact and heuristic algorithms to systematically reduce the number of objectives, while preserving as much as possible of the dominance structure of the underlying optimization problem. Third, we demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed objective reduction method in the context of both decision making and search for a radar waveform application as well as for well-known test functions.
Prior Information Biases Stimulus Representations during Vibrotactile Decision Making
Authors: Preuschhof Claudia , Schubert Torsten , Villringer Arno , Heekeren Hauke R. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Neurophysiological data suggest that the integration of prior information and incoming sensory evidence represents the neural basis of the decision-making process. Here, we aimed to identify the brain structures involved in the integration of prior information about the average magnitude of a stimulus set and current sensory evidence. Specifically, we investigated whether prior average information already biases vibrotactile decision making during stimulus perception and maintenance before the comparison process. For this purpose, we used a vibrotactile delayed discrimination task and fMRI. At the behavioral level, participants showed the time-order effect. This psychophysical phenomenon has been shown to result from the influence of prior information on the perception of and the memory for currently presented stimuli. Similarly, the fMRI signal reflected the integration of prior information about the average vibration frequency and the currently presented vibration frequency. During stimulus encoding, the fMRI signal in primary and secondary somatosensory (S2) cortex, thalamus, and ventral premotor cortex mirrored an integration process. During stimulus maintenance, only a region in the intraparietal sulcus showed this modulation by prior average information. Importantly, the fMRI signal in S2 and intraparietal sulcus correlated with individual differences in the degree to which participants integrated prior average information. This strongly suggests that these two regions play a pivotal role in the integration process. Taken together, these results support the notion that the integration of current sensory and prior average information is a major feature of how the human brain perceives, remembers, and judges magnitude stimuli.
Tactile Temporal Processing in the Auditory Cortex
Authors: Bolognini Nadia , Papagno Costanza , Moroni Daniela , Maravita Angelo 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Perception of the outside world results from integration of information simultaneously derived via multiple senses. Increasing evidence suggests that the neural underpinnings of multisensory integration extend into the early stages of sensory processing. In the present study, we investigated whether the superior temporal gyrus (STG), an auditory modality-specific area, is critical for processing tactile events. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied over the left STG and the left primary somatosensory cortex (SI) at different time intervals (60, 120, and 180 msec) during a tactile temporal discrimination task (Experiment 1) and a tactile spatial discrimination task (Experiment 2). Tactile temporal processing was disrupted when TMS was applied to SI at 60 msec after tactile presentation, confirming the modality specificity of this region. Crucially, TMS over STG also affected tactile temporal processing but at 180 msec delay. In both cases, the impairment was limited to the contralateral touches and was due to reduced perceptual sensitivity. In contrary, tactile spatial processing was impaired only by TMS over SI at 60–120 msec. These findings demonstrate the causal involvement of auditory areas in processing the duration of somatosensory events, suggesting that STG might play a supramodal role in temporal perception. Furthermore, the involvement of auditory cortex in somatosensory processing supports the view that multisensory integration occurs at an early stage of cortical processing.
Adoption in Han China
Authors: de Crespigny Rafe , Brown Miranda 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe investigate surviving legal statutes regarding inheritance and descriptions of adoption from the Han dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE), asking to what extent there was consensus among the literate elite about the rules for adoption. We argue that, in contrast to later periods, there is little evidence for the existence of any single set of classical prescriptions. Instead, the Han ruling elite had at their disposal a variety of legitimate strategies for deciding whether to and how to incorporate outsiders into the household. Such strategies involved different parties, contrasting principles, and diverging rationales. Nous examinons les statuts juridiques qui portent sur les successions, aussi bien que les descriptions d'adoption, avec le but d'établir jusqu'à quelle mesure il existait pendant la dynastie Han (206 av. J.-C.-220 ap. J.-C.) un consensus sur des règles d'adoption auprès des élites lettrées. On soutient, qu'à la différence des périodes ultérieures, on ne trouve peu de trace d'un ensemble unique de préscriptions classiques. Les élites de l'époque Han disposaient d'une variété de stratégies différentes pour décider si et de quelle façon ils pouvaient intégrer des étrangers dans la famille. De telles stratégies suivaient des règles et des systèmes de logiques plutôt divergents.
A new black-bellied snake (Pseudoxyrhophiinae: Liophidium) from western Madagascar, with notes on the genus Pararhadinaea
Authors: Franzen Michael , Jones Julia , Raselimanana Achille , Nagy Zoltán , D'Cruze Neil , Glaw Frank , Vences Miguel 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
We describe Liophidium maintikibo, a new species of pseudoxyrhophiine snake
from the dry deciduous forest of Kirindy, western Madagascar. The new
species is related to Liophidium therezieni but differs by a lower number of
ventral scales and several details of colouration. Its ventral scales have a
large central black patch which is missing from the subcaudals. This
predominantly black ventral side is similar to that of another enigmatic
Malagasy snake, Pararhadinaea melanogaster, for which we here present
evidence for two new locality records, Ankarana and Daraina in northern
Madagascar. The phylogenetic relationships of P. melanogaster (the sole
representative of a monotypic genus) have so far not been clarified.
Similarities to Liophidium maintikibo may indicate affinities to Liophidium,
but P. melanogaster differs from this new species by a lower number of
ventrals, subcaudals, number of maxillary teeth and by a different dorsal
colouration.
Moses in the Passover Haggadah
Authors: Avioz Michael 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis essay tries to uncover the reason for the omission of Moses from the Passover haggadah. According to my interpretation, the editors of the haggadah expressed an opinion on an issue which already occupied the authors of the Biblical stories. Integrating Moses' name intensively in the haggadah may have blurred the viewpoint that wishes to attribute miracles solely to God.
Transferability of Management Innovation to Africa
Authors: Mamman Aminu , Baydoun Nabil , Adeoye Bolanle 
Published: May 2009

Horwitz et al. (2006: 807) have argued that ‘the debate regarding convergence/divergence perspectives in the cross-cultural diffusion of human resource management (HRM) practices is a somewhat simplistic one.’ The authors are of the view that because convergent similarity of HRM practice exists at a nominal level, the notions of hybridization and crossvergence are better in explaining HRM practices and their diffusion across countries. While the authors focused on exploring explanations of the differences in HRM practices, the article provocatively challenges researchers and experts to explore the question of whether Multinational Companies (MNCs) should adapt Human Resource Management Innovation (HRMI) and if so, why? And how? The main aim of this article is to investigate the following questions: (a) Given that MNCs transfer HRMI to developing countries, which policy should guide the transfer (polycentric or ethnocentric?); and (b) Given that host-country nationals (HCNs) are not passive recipients of HRMI, what are the implications of the policy (polycentric or ethnocentric) for MNCs? The result of our investigation and the review of literature suggest that the MNCs’ performance management (PM) policies are partially ethnocentric, but the practice, as perceived by some HCNs (employees), is polycentric. For example, some HCNs perceive some degree of nepotism and patronage in the system. Also, many felt that their line managers were biased against them. Similarly, a significant number of HCNs felt that their views are not taken into account during PM review and they do not receive feedback from their managers. The implications of the findings are then discussed.
Trust and Learning as Moderators in Achieving Global Supply-Chain Competitiveness
Authors: Chatterjee Samir Ranjan 
Published: May 2009

Trust and learning are emerging as the two most critical competitive elements in a range of global industries. Rapid global growth as well as the building of indigenous capabilities through investments, alliances, innovations, human capital development and learning characterize these industries. This article outlines some of the recent developments in the automobile component manufacturing industry in India and China as illustrations of this trend. The auto-component sectors in China and India show the emergence of a large number of dynamic local and global players with breathtaking competitive agility. This dynamism is a stark contrast to the picture of a moribund industry during the protective and regulatory regime only a decade and half ago. The auto-component manufacturing sector has successfully shifted away from the era of ‘contract’ and ‘catalogue’ mindset to ‘network’ and ‘innovation’ mindset and could be a good model for others to follow. As China and India adopt very different ‘strategic intent’ in developing their auto industries, similarity in their emphasis on acquiring competitive agility through trust and learning provides unmistakable evidence of convergence. This article argues that the strategies underpinning the success have been built more upon the strategic thinking in soft areas of supply chain relationships. The roles of transnational assemblers and component suppliers as well as indigenous manufacturers and component suppliers have been redefined in a way very different from the standardized and typical strategies of multi-domestic ‘localization’ and ‘glocalization’.
Identification of TWSG1 as a second novel erythroid regulator of hepcidin expression in murine and human cells
Authors: Tanno Toshihiko , Porayette Prashanth , Sripichai Orapan , Noh Seung-Jae , Byrnes Colleen , Bhupatiraju Ajoy , Lee Y. Terry , Goodnough Julia B. , Harandi Omid , Ganz Tomas , Paulson Robert F. , Miller Jeffery L. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In thalassemia and other iron loading anemias, ineffective erythropoiesis and erythroid signaling molecules are thought to cause inappropriate suppression of a small peptide produced by hepatocytes named hepcidin. Previously, it was reported that the erythrokine GDF15 is expressed at very high levels in thalassemia and suppresses hepcidin expression. In this study, erythroblast expression of a second molecule named twisted gastrulation (TWSG1) was explored as a potential erythroid regulator of hepcidin. Transcriptome analyses suggest TWSG1 is produced during the earlier stages of erythropoiesis. Hepcidin suppression assays demonstrated inhibition by TWSG1 as measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in dosed assays (1-1000 ng/mL TWSG1). In human cells, TWSG1 suppressed hepcidin indirectly by inhibiting the signaling effects and associated hepcidin up-regulation by bone morphogenic proteins 2 and 4 (BMP2/BMP4). In murine hepatocytes, hepcidin expression was inhibited by murine Twsg1 in the absence of additional BMP. In vivo studies of Twsg1 expression were performed in healthy and thalassemic mice. Twsg1 expression was significantly increased in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver of the thalassemic animals. These data demonstrate that twisted gastrulation protein interferes with BMP-mediated hepcidin expression and may act with GDF15 to dysregulate iron homeostasis in thalassemia syndromes.
In utero transplantation of adult bone marrow decreases perinatal lethality and rescues the bone phenotype in the knockin murine model for classical, dominant osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Panaroni Cristina , Gioia Roberta , Lupi Anna , Besio Roberta , Goldstein Steven A. , Kreider Jaclynn , Leikin Sergey , Vera Juan Carlos , Mertz Edward L. , Perilli Egon , Baruffaldi Fabio , Villa Isabella , Farina Aurora , Casasco Marco , Cetta Giuseppe , Rossi Antonio , Frattini Annalisa , Marini Joan C. , Vezzoni Paolo , Forlino Antonella 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAutosomal dominant osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) caused by glycine substitutions in type I collagen is a paradigmatic disorder for stem cell therapy. Bone marrow transplantation in OI children has produced a low engraftment rate, but surprisingly encouraging symptomatic improvements. In utero transplantation (IUT) may hold even more promise. However, systematic studies of both methods have so far been limited to a recessive mouse model. In this study, we evaluated intrauterine transplantation of adult bone marrow into heterozygous BrtlIV mice. Brtl is a knockin mouse with a classical glycine substitution in type I collagen [α1(I)-Gly349Cys], dominant trait transmission, and a phenotype resembling moderately severe and lethal OI. Adult bone marrow donor cells from enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgenic mice engrafted in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tissues differentiated to trabecular and cortical bone cells and synthesized up to 20% of all type I collagen in the host bone. The transplantation eliminated the perinatal lethality of heterozygous BrtlIV mice. At 2 months of age, femora of treated Brtl mice had significant improvement in geometric parameters (P < .05) versus untreated Brtl mice, and their mechanical properties attained wild-type values. Our results suggest that the engrafted cells form bone with higher efficiency than the endogenous cells, supporting IUT as a promising approach for the treatment of genetic bone diseases.
Stable gene transfer and expression in cord blood–derived CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by a hyperactive Sleeping Beauty transposon system
Authors: Xue Xingkui , Huang Xin , Nodland Sonja E. , Mátés Lajos , Ma Linan , Izsvák Zsuzsanna , Ivics Zoltán , LeBien Tucker W. , McIvor R. Scott , Wagner John E. , Zhou Xianzheng 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Here we report stable gene transfer in cord blood-derived CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells using a hyperactive nonviral Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposase (SB100X). In colony-forming assays, SB100X mediated the highest efficiency (24%) of stable Discosoma sp red fluorescent protein (DsRed) reporter gene transfer in committed hematopoietic progenitors compared with both the early-generation hyperactive SB11 transposase and the piggyBac transposon system (1.23% and 3.8%, respectively). In vitro differentiation assays further demonstrated that SB100X-transfected CD34+ cells can develop into DsRed+ CD4+CD8+ T (3.17%-21.84%; median, 7.97%), CD19+ B (3.83%-18.66%; median, 7.84%), CD56+CD3− NK (3.53%-79.98%; median, 7.88%), and CD33+ myeloid (7.59%-15.63%; median, 9.48%) cells. SB100X-transfected CD34+ cells achieved approximately 46% engraftment in NOD-scid IL2γcnull (NOG) mice. Twelve weeks after transplantation, 0.57% to 28.96% (median, 2.79%) and 0.49% to 34.50% (median, 5.59%) of total human CD45+ cells in the bone marrow and spleen expressed DsRed, including CD19+ B, CD14+ monocytoid, and CD33+ myeloid cell lineages. Integration site analysis revealed SB transposon sequences in the human chromosomes of in vitro differentiated T, B, NK, and myeloid cells, as well as in human CD45+ cells isolated from bone marrow and spleen of transplanted NOG mice. Our results support the continuing development of SB-based gene transfer into human hematopoietic stem cells as a modality for gene therapy.
Early defects in human T-cell development severely affect distribution and maturation of thymic stromal cells: possible implications for the pathophysiology of Omenn syndrome
Authors: Poliani Pietro Luigi , Facchetti Fabio , Ravanini Maria , Gennery Andrew Richard , Villa Anna , Roifman Chaim M. , Notarangelo Luigi D. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThymocytes and thymic epithelial cell (TEC) cross-talk is crucial to preserve thymic architecture and function, including maturation of TECs and dendritic cells, and induction of mechanisms of central tolerance. We have analyzed thymic maturation and organization in 9 infants with various genetic defects leading to complete or partial block in T-cell development. Profound abnormalities of TEC differentiation (with lack of AIRE expression) and severe reduction of thymic dendritic cells were identified in patients with T-negative severe combined immunodeficiency, reticular dysgenesis, and Omenn syndrome. The latter also showed virtual absence of thymic Foxp3+ T cells. In contrast, an IL2RG-R222C hypomorphic mutation permissive for T-cell development allowed for TEC maturation, AIRE expression, and Foxp3+ T cells. Our data provide evidence that severe defects of thymopoiesis impinge on TEC homeostasis and may affect deletional and nondeletional mechanisms of central tolerance, thus favoring immune dysreactive manifestations, as in Omenn syndrome.