bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing saltiness in emulsion based foods
Authors: Lad Mita , Hewson Louise , Wolf Bettina 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
The concept of enhancing saltiness perception in emulsions and a liquid food formulated with the emulsions (ambient vegetable soup) through increasing salt concentration in the continuous phase while retaining the fat content of the (aqueous continuous) product was evaluated. This was accomplished by increasing the droplet phase volume using duplex emulsion technology. Viscosity and droplet size distribution was measured. Saltiness evaluation was based on simple paired comparison testing (2-Alternate Forced Choice tests, BS ISO 5495:2007).

Results
Single and duplex emulsions and emulsion-based products had comparable mean oil droplet diameters (25 to 30 μm); however, viscosity of the duplex emulsion systems was considerably higher. Sensory assessment of saltiness of emulsion pairs (2AFC) indicated duplex technology enhanced saltiness perception compared to a single emulsion product at the same salt content (6.3 g/100 g) in both simple emulsions and the formulated food product (P = 0.0596 and 0.0004 respectively) although assessors noted the increased viscosity of the duplex systems. The formulated food product also contained pea starch particles which may have aided product mixing with saliva and thus accelerated tastant transport to the taste buds. Lowering salt content in the duplex systems (to levels of aqueous phase salt concentration similar to the level in the single systems) resulted in duplex systems being perceived as less salty than the single system. It appears that the higher viscosity of the duplex systems could not be “overruled” by enhanced mixing through increased droplet phase volume at lowered salt content.

Conclusions
The results showed that salt reduction may be possible despite the added technology of duplex systems increasing the overall measured viscosity of the product. The changes in viscosity behavior impact mouthfeel, which may be exploitable in addition to the contribution towards salt reduction. With a view to applying this technology to real processed foods, it needs to be tested for the product in question but it should be considered as part of a salt reduction tool box.
Fluoroscopically guided nose tube drainage of mediastinal abscesses in post-operative gastro-oesophageal anastomotic leakage
Authors: Xu Q Y , Yin G W , Chen S X , Jiang F , Bai X J , Wu J D 
Published: July 2012

Objective
The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the technical success rates and clinical effectiveness of fluoroscopically guided nose tube drainage of mediastinal abscesses and a nasojejunum feeding tube in post-operative gastro-oesophageal anastomotic leakage (GEAL).

Methods
From January 2006 to June 2011, 18 cases of post-operative GEAL with mediastinal abscesses after oesophagectomy with intrathoracic oesophagogastric anastomotic procedures for oesophageal and cardiac carcinoma were treated by insertion of a nose drainage tube and nasojejunum feeding tube under fluoroscopic guidance. We evaluated the feasibility of two-tube insertion to facilitate leakage site closure and complete resolution of the abscess, and the patients’ nutritional benefit was also evaluated by checking the serum albumin level between pre- and post-enteral feeding via the feeding tube.

Results
The two tubes were placed successfully under fluoroscopic guidance in 18 patients (100%). The procedure time for two-tube insertion ranged from 20 to 40 min (mean 30 min). 17 patients (94%) achieved leakage site closure after two-tube insertion and had a good tolerance of two tubes in the nasal cavity. The serum albumin level was significant, increased from pre-enteral feeding (2.49±0.42 g dl−1) to the post-enteral feeding (3.58±0.47 g dl−1) via the feeding tube (p&lt;0.001). The duration of follow-up ranged from 1 to 49 months (mean 19 months).

Conclusion
The insertion of nose tube drainage and a nasojejunum feeding tube under fluoroscopic guidance is safe, and it provides effective relief from mediastinal abscesses in GEAL after oesophagectomy. Moreover, our findings indicate that two-tube insertion may be used as a selective procedure to treat mediastinal abscesses in post-operative GEAL.

Advances in knowledge
Directive drainage of mediastinal abscesses in post-operative GEAL may be an effective treatment.
Influence of sulphate source on Portland cement hydration
Authors: Tang Fulvio J. , Gartner Ellis M. 
Published: July 2012

Synopsis Cements were synthesized by blending a Type I low alkali Portland cement clinker with sulphate salts. A quantitative X-ray diffraction method was developed to measure the rate at which the C3A and C4AFphases in these cements were consumed in pastes hydrated at 23°C. The initial high rate of aluminate phase consumption was influenced significantly by the rate of solubility of the sulphate source, and especially the rate at which it released CaSO4 into solution. Interground gypsum was far more effective than interblended gypsum in controlling aluminate hydration. Better control of the initial aluminate hydration generally led to higher 28-day paste strengths.
The viscometric examination of cement pastes with interrupted helical impellers
Authors: Gill S. M. , Banfill P. F. G. 
Published: July 2012

Synopsis The use of an interrupted helical impeller is known to prevent the occurrence of sedimentation during viscometric examination of cement pastes up to a water/cement ratio of 1·0. This feature is used to advantage in the study of time-dependent structural changes. Tests on high alumina cement pastes show that turbulence is likely to occur at Reynolds numbers exceeding 13 which leads to errors in the quantitative determination of yield stress and plastic viscosity. Guidance on the selection of an impeller for a particular cement paste is given so that flow is non-turbulent and quantitative analysis of the flow curves is justified.
A study of the effects of saccharide retarders on Portland cement hydration using trimethylsilylation
Authors: Dunster A. M. , Parsonage J. R. 
Published: July 2012

Synopsis A structural and mechanistic study using trimethylsilylation to investigate the effects of saccharide retarders and starch on the formation of C-S-H gel showed that sucrose delayed hydration and setting. At a low concentration (1 m mol/li), however, an acceleration of initial set was observed. The onset of silicate anion condensation, calcium hydroxide precipitation, and final set occurred almost simultaneously once the poisoning effect of sucrose had been overcome. The superiority of cellobiose over sucrose as a retarder was attributed to its better calcium solubilizing ability, and the poor performance of starch was due to the low solubility of its alkaline degradation products. Although the kinetics of hydration are altered, the silicate anion distribution of C-S-H at a given degree of hydration is unaffected.
Dis-moi comment tu filmes — et comment tu montes — tes dialogues et je te dirai quel genre de film tu réalises
Authors: Baetens Jan 
Published: July 2012

Le présent article se propose d’analyser le jeu dutwo-shotet du champ-contrechamp dans une scène dialoguée tirée des quatre films suivants :It Happened One Night,Bringing Up Baby,OrlandoetThe Color Purple. Son propos est triple : montrer que la manière de filmer un dialogue peut ne pas se réduire à l’enchaînement traditionnel « two-shot+ champ-contrechamp » ; indiquer que l’interprétation traditionnelle de ces deux types de plans que proposent les théoriciens du montage invisible (two-shot= plan d’ensemble ouestablishing shot, champ-contrechamp = action) est parfois insuffisante ; suggérer, essentiellement à des fins didactiques, que le dialogue filmé peut fonctionner, surtout dans la perspective d’une didactique de l’analyse du cinéma, comme une sorte de modèle réduit du film qui l’incorpore.
Le concept de « développement professionnel » en enseignement : approches théoriques
Authors: Uwamariya Angélique , Mukamurera Joséphine 
Published: July 2012

Appliqué au domaine de l’enseignement, le concept de développement professionnel est généralement flou et prend divers sens suivant les théories en présence. Les chercheurs ne s’entendent pas sur l’appellation, le contenu et les limites des étapes du développement professionnel. S’agit-il d’une simple traversée de stades successifs, valable pour tous ? S’agit-il d’un acquis assuré automatiquement par l’évolution personnelle ou l’approche basée sur le soutien externe ? S’agit-il d’un phénomène dynamique qui se réalise dans un contexte bien particulier, en fonction des défis auxquels l’enseignant fait face durant toute sa carrière ? Dans ce texte, nous entendons contribuer à clarifier le concept et le domaine du développement professionnel en enseignement dans deux perspectives théoriques : la perspective développementale et la perspective de la professionnalisation.
Les Premières Nations et la Guerre de la Conquête (1754-1765)
Authors: Delâge Denys 
Published: July 2012

Comment désigner cette guerre en Amérique opposant Français, Amérindiens, Britanniques de 1754 à 1765 ? Guerre de Sept Ans (1756-1763) selon sa durée en europe ? French indian War du point de vue des Britanniques ? Guerre de la Conquête selon celui des Canadiens ? Quelle période ? Les guerriers des Premières Nations ont combattu pour la défense de leurs pays contre l’invasion européenne de 1754 à 1765, c’est-à-dire, après la défaite française, encore cinq ans sous le leadership de Pontiac.
Au cours du conflit, la majorité des nations se sont rangées du côté des Français jugés moins menaçants et capables de les soutenir. Les tensions furent néanmoins nombreuses entre alliés. Pour vaincre les Français dont la force tenait à leur alliance avec les Amérindiens, les Britanniques ont travaillé avec succès à briser celle-ci. La participation amérindienne à cette guerre fut majeure : raids de frontières, petite guerre, embuscades, rôles d’éclaireurs et d’espions. Les guerriers ont toujours refusé leur intégration dans les troupes et la manière européenne de faire la guerre. ils ont été 1200 à 1800 à défendre Québec en 1759. Les sources distinguent régulièrement troupes régulières d’une part et, de l’autre, « Canadiens et Sauvages ». Les Canadiens ont combattu l’envahisseur avec la dernière énergie. Une identité canadienne a émergé et la proximité physique et culturelle avec les Amérindiens en constitue un trait certain. Cela fut source de tensions pour les conquis placés dans l’œil du vainqueur dont la tradition était celle de l’apartheid, non pas du métissage. enfin, si les Canadiens furent conquis, les Amérindiens ne le furent pas, cependant leur position dans le rapport de force s’en trouva grandement affaiblie.
Spectacles douloureux, exhibitions malsaines. Présentations et représentations de la mort à Paris au xixe siècle
Authors: Désile Patrick 
Published: July 2012

Tenant pour acquis que le thème central du cinéma d’horreur est la mort, l’auteur s’interroge sur le contexte de son émergence en examinant (dans les limites du domaine français) des spectacles qui lui sont antérieurs et dont la mort était l’objet. Le xixe siècle a connu, à côté d’innombrables représentations, des spectacles de présentation de la mort. L’exposition publique à la Morgue et les exécutions capitales étaient offertes à une large fréquentation ; des récits accompagnaient ces visions. Mais le cinéma d’horreur ne constitue pas pour autant leur prolongement par d’autres moyens. L’auteur expose en effet un processus plus complexe. Le regard sur la mort change au cours du siècle. À partir des années 1870 s’amorce un processus d’occultation. L’exposition à la Morgue cesse en 1907 ; l’abolition de la peine de mort est envisagée en 1908. Pourtant, dans le même temps, le cinéma montre des scènes d’exécutions. Quand les décapitations, un temps suspendues, reprennent spectaculairement en 1909, elles sont, semble-t-il, filmées. Mais toute projection de scène d’exécution est aussitôt interdite : c’est la naissance de la censure cinématographique en France. Le spectacle de la décapitation réelle est dès lors tabou au cinéma. C’est qu’il peut être considéré comme spectacle de l’horreur par excellence, pour plusieurs raisons que l’examen de l’imaginaire de la décapitation fait apparaître.
Le « bouleversement intime »
Authors: Gallichan Gilles 
Published: July 2012

La défaite de la France devant l’Allemagne nazie en juin 1940 a provoqué un choc douloureux au Québec. L’Église catholique a voulu rappeler à ses ﬁdèles les « péchés » de la France républicaine et laïque, quelques esprits étroits se sont réjouit du fait que la Grande-Bretagne serait désormais la cible d’Hitler, mais, surtout, la très grande majorité des Québécois ont été atterrés en apprenant cette nouvelle. Les malheurs de la France ont été ressentis avec une empathie particulière qui traduisait les liens profonds unissant les deux peuples, malgré une séparation ofﬁcielle de 175 ans. Les Québécois ont réagi comme si la chute de la vieille France réactualisait celle de la Nouvelle-France ; une capitulation ancienne, mais toujours rivée dans la mémoire collective. Cet article résume les circonstances et les principaux événements ayant entouré les premiers mois de guerre et l’invasion allemande de mai et juin 1940.
Stereophotogrammetry of the perineum during vaginal delivery
Authors: Zemčík Robert , Karbanova Jaroslava , Kalis Vladimir , Lobovský Libor , Jansová Magdalena , Rusavy Zdenek 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze deformation of the perineum during normal vaginal delivery in order to identify clinical steps that might be beneficial when executing manual perineal protection.MethodsThe present prospective study at Charles University Hospital, Pilsen, Czech Republic, enrolled 10 primiparous women at term undergoing non‐instrumental vaginal delivery assisted by the same obstetrician between September 2009 and September 2010. A modified hands‐poised technique performed concurrently with stereophotogrammetry was used to analyze and quantify perineal deformation and strain at the final stage of delivery.ResultsThe highest tissue strain (mean, 177%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 106.3–248.5) was in a transverse direction and occurred at the level of the fourchette (i.e. 1 cm was transversely stretched and deformed to 2.77 cm during the final stage of vaginal delivery). This strain was more than 4 times higher than the maximum anteroposterior strain (mean, 43%; 95% CI, 28.6–57.4).ConclusionOn the basis of these stereophotogrammetry data, a technique of perineal protection executed by fingers of the posterior (right) hand can be proposed. Further experimental and clinical studies are needed to evaluate whether this technique might assist in reducing obstetric perineal trauma.
Spontaneous fetal reduction and early pregnancy complications in multiple pregnancies following in vitro fertilization
Authors: Oloyede Olufemi A. , Iketubosin Faye , Bamgbopa Kehinde 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the incidence of spontaneous pregnancy reduction and early pregnancy complications among multiple pregnancies conceived via in vitro fertilization (IVF).MethodsSpontaneous pregnancy reduction was assessed among multiple pregnancies conceived after IVF treatment in a private assisted reproduction center in Lagos, Nigeria, between January 2008, and June 2011. The pregnancies were diagnosed at 6–8 weeks of gestation by ultrasound scan, which was repeated at 11–14 weeks to determine the incidence of spontaneous reduction.ResultsThe incidence of multiple pregnancies was 35.2%. There were 11 (20.0%) twin, 6 triplet (10.5%), and 2 quintuplet (3.6%) pregnancies. Spontaneous reduction occurred in 9 (47.7%) of these pregnancies, including 15.8% of twins, 21% of triplets, and 10.5% of quintuplets. Spontaneous reduction was significant among triplets and quintuplets (P < 0.05). Six women (31.5%) older than 36 years had spontaneous reduction (P < 0.05). Vaginal bleeding occurred in 3 (15.5%) women, 2 (66.7%) of whom had spontaneous abortion. In all instances of monochorionic placentation, spontaneous reduction resulted in spontaneous abortion.ConclusionThe incidence of spontaneous reduction among multiple pregnancies conceived after IVF was high. Vaginal bleeding was a warning sign of eventual abortion. Early pregnancy complications were fewer among pregnancies with dichorionic and trichorionic placentation.
KORA-Studie: Ergebnisse aus 20 Jahren Gesundheitsforschung in Augsburg
Authors: Kirchberger Inge , Meisinger Christa 
Published: July 2012

Einleitung
KORA (Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg) ist eine seit 1996 bestehende Forschungsplattform für bevölkerungsbezogene Gesundheitssurveys. Das Spektrum der Studien, die auf den KORA Daten basierend durchgeführt wurden, reicht von bevölkerungsbezogenen epidemiologischen Datenanalysen z.B. zu Herzinfarkt und Diabetes mellitus, über Studien zur Identifikation von Risikofaktoren einschließlich Risikomarkern und genetischen Faktoren, bis hin zu Studien zur Versorgungsforschung.
Variations in amenable mortality: a comparison of sixteen high-income nations
Authors: Nolte Ellen , McKee Martin 
Published: July 2012

Summary
There has been growing interest in the comparison of health system performance within and between countries. Yet, identifying practical and understandable ways to make these comparisons remains challenging. Health systems are complex, with multiple functions, so any framework must use a range of indicators to capture their different aspects. A fundamental issue relates to how to attribute population health outcomes to activities in the health system. Amenable mortality has been suggested as one way to address this.
Wie werden ambulant behandelte Tumorpatienten zuhause versorgt? Eine versorgungsepidemiologische Studie
Authors: Räbiger Jutta , Kies Sabine 
Published: July 2012

Einleitung
Chemo- und Strahlentherapie sind mit z.T. erheblichen Nebenwirkungen für die ohnehin belasteten Tumorpatienten verbunden. Das hier vorgestellte Forschungsprojekt ist der Frage nachgegangen, welche Versorgungsbedarfe onkologische Patienten entwickeln, die ambulant eine Chemo- und /oder Strahlentherapie erhalten, und wie die Patienten zuhause versorgt werden. Wenige Patienten (20%) erhalten eine professionelle Behandlungspflege, die Mehrzahl wird (nur) von Angehörigen, Nachbarn oder Freunden versorgt. Die Versorgungssituation scheint insb. für ältere Menschen unzureichend zu sein, die allein leben bzw. deren Partner selbst hilfsbedürftig ist.
What really happened with pneumonia mortality in Finland in 2000–2008?: a cohort study
Authors: MANDERBACKA K. , ARFFMAN M. , LYYTIKÄINEN O. , SAJANTILA A. , KESKIMÄKI I. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYThis cohort study examines trends in pneumonia mortality in Finland and the effects of a WHO recommendation restricting the registering of pneumonia as the underlying cause of death (COD) for several chronic diseases. All cases having pneumonia in any COD fields in 2000–2008 were extracted from the COD statistics. We examined trends in underlying-cause pneumonia mortality where pneumonia was also the immediate COD. Results are presented as age-specific and age-standardized rates. In the study period 2000–2008, there were 90 626 deaths with pneumonia in COD fields, while the underlying-cause pneumonia mortality rate decreased from 32 to 6/100 000 person-years. Immediate-cause pneumonia was less often chosen as underlying-cause towards 2008 suggesting an effect from changing coding practices. Changes in coding practices need to be considered when comparing different countries or time periods in pneumonia mortality.
Sperm-mediated gene transfer: effect on bovine in vitro embryo production
Authors: Simões Renata , Nicacio Alessandra Corallo , Binelli Mario , de Paula-Lopes Fabiola Freitas , Milazzotto Marcella Pecora , Visintin José Antonio , D'Ávila Assumpção Mayra Elena Ortiz 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe technique of sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) can be used to delivery exogenous DNA into the oocyte. However, it has low repeatability and produces inconsistent results. In order to optimize this technique, it is necessary to study the mechanism by which DNA enters the sperm cell and integrates in the sperm genome. Furthermore, studies must focus in the maintenance of sperm cell viability and function. The aim of this study was to evaluate different SMGT protocols of sperm electroporation or capacitation (CaI) aiming to maintain sperm viability in the production of bovine embryos in vitro. Frozen–thawed semen was divided in two experimental groups (electroporation or CaI) and one control group (non-treated cells). For the electroporation method, five different voltages (100, 500, 750, 1000 or 1500 V) with 25 μF capacitance were used. For CaI treatment, combinations of two CaI concentrations (250 nM or 500 nM), two incubation periods of sperm cells with CaI (1 or 5 min) and two incubation periods that mimicked time of sperm cell interaction with exogenous DNA molecules (1 or 2 h) were evaluated. According to our data, electroporation and CaI treatments do not prevent sperm penetration and oocyte fertilization and can be an alternative method to achieve satisfactory DNA delivery in SMGT protocols.
Priority setting in health care: from arbitrariness to societal values
Authors: BATIFOULIER PHILIPPE , BRADDOCK LOUISE , LATSIS JOHN 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:This paper develops an account of the normative basis of priority setting in health care as combining the values which a given society holds for the common good of its members, with the universal provided by a principle of common humanity. We discuss national differences in health basket in Europe and argue that health care decision-making in complex social and moral frameworks is best thought of as anchored in such a principle by drawing on the philosophy of need. We show that health care needs are ethically ‘thick’ needs whose psychological and social construction can best be understood in terms of David Wiggins's notion of vital need: a person's need is vital when failure to meet it leads to their harm and suffering. The moral dimension of priority setting which operates across different societies’ health care systems is located in the demands both of and on any society to avoid harm to its members.
REVISION REVISITED
Authors: HORSTEN LEON , LEIGH GRAHAM E. , LEITGEB HANNES , WELCH PHILIP 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article explores ways in which the Revision Theory of Truth can be expressed in the object language. In particular, we investigate the extent to which semantic deficiency, stable truth, and nearly stable truth can be so expressed, and we study different axiomatic systems for the Revision Theory of Truth.
Civil–military relations in natural disasters: a case study of the 2010 Pakistan floods
Authors: Madiwale Ajay , Virk Kudrat 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn 2010, Pakistan was struck by devastating floods, the latest in a series of disasters to strike the country in recent years. As it had during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the Pakistan military played a significant operational and co-ordination role in the humanitarian response that followed. Its role raised important questions about civil–military relations between humanitarian actors and national (as opposed to international) militaries. This article looks at the interaction between the humanitarian community and the Pakistan military in responding to the 2010 floods in order to identify key successes and challenges. It also highlights a number of issues that emerged in the context of Pakistan but that may also be relevant to civil–military relations – particularly between the humanitarian community and the national military of an affected state – in other natural disaster and complex emergency settings.