bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Miscibility and Alignment Effects of Mixed Monolayer Cyanobiphenyl Liquid‐Crystal‐Capped Gold Nanoparticles in Nematic Cyanobiphenyl Liquid Crystal Hosts
Authors: Qi Hao , Kinkead Brandy , Marx Vanessa M. , Zhang Huai R. , Hegmann Torsten 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAgainst the rule: Liquid crystal hosts (5CB and 8CB) are doped with different thiol decorated gold nanoparticles (see figure). The “simple” hexanethiol and dodecanethiol capped nanoparticles (Au1 and Au2) are more compatible to the nematic cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals than nanoparticles capped simultaneously with alkylthiols and a nematic cyanobiphenyl thiol (Au3 and Au4).magnified imageThis study focuses on the miscibility of liquid crystal (LC) decorated gold nanoparticles (NPs) in nematic LCs. To explore if LC functional groups on the gold NP corona improve the compatibility (miscibility) with structurally related LC hosts, we examined mixtures of two LC hosts, 5CB and 8CB, doped at 5 wt % with different types of gold NPs. Four alkanethiol‐capped NPs were synthesized; two homogeneously coated with alkanethiols (Au1 with C6H13SH and Au2 with C12H25SH), and two that were additionally capped at a different ratio with a mesogenic cyanobiphenyl end‐functionalized alkanethiol HS10OCB (C6H13SH + HS10OCB for Au3 and C12H25SH + HS10OCB for Au4). Investigating these mixtures in the bulk for settling of the NPs, and in thin films using polarized optical microscopy (POM) between untreated glass slides as well as POM studies and electro‐optic tests in planar ITO/polyimide test cells, reveal that the alkanethiol capped NPs Au1 and Au2 are more compatible with the two polar cyanobiphenyl hosts in comparison to the NPs decorated with the cyanobiphenyl moieties. All NPs induce homeotropic alignment in 5CB and 8CB between untreated glass slides, with Au1 and Au2 showing characteristic birefringent stripes, and Au3 and A4 exhibiting clear signs of aggregation. In rubbed polyimide cells, however, Au3 and Au4 fail to induce homeotropic alignment and show clear signs of macroscopic aggregation.
Aqueous Networks and Toroids of Amphiphilic Block Copolymer with Non‐ionic Surfactants
Authors: Fu Jun , Kim Dong Ha , Knoll Wolfgang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNetwork formation: Comicellization of polystyrene‐block‐polyethylene oxide (PS–PEO) with non‐ionic surfactants leads to the formation of networks and chains of spheres. The aqueous network solutions are responsive to dilution, undergoing morphological transformations to cylinders with Y junctions and both two‐ and three‐dimensional toroids (see figure).magnified image
Three‐dimensional visualization of testis cord morphogenesis, a novel tubulogenic mechanism in development
Authors: Combes Alexander N. , Lesieur Emmanuelle , Harley Vincent R. , Sinclair Andrew H. , Little Melissa H. , Wilhelm Dagmar , Koopman Peter 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTestis cords are specialized tubes essential for generation and export of sperm, yet the mechanisms directing their formation, and the regulation of their position, size, shape, and number remain unclear. Here, we use a novel fluorescence‐based three‐dimensional modeling approach to show that cords initially form as a network of irregular cell clusters that are subsequently remodeled to form regular parallel loops, joined by a flattened plexus at the mesonephric side. Variation in cord number and structure demonstrates that cord specification is not stereotypic, although cord alignment and diameter becomes relatively consistent, implicating compensatory growth mechanisms. Branched, fused, and internalized cords were commonly observed. We conclude that the tubule‐like structure of testis cords arise through a novel form of morphogenesis consisting of coalescence, partitioning, and remodeling. The methods we describe are applicable to investigating defects in testis cord development in mouse models, and more broadly, studying morphogenesis of other tissues. Developmental Dynamics 238:1033–1041, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peripheral Functionalization of Subphthalocyanines (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 12/2009)
Authors: González‐Rodríguez David , Torres Tomás 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe cover picture shows new members of the subphthalocyanine family that were obtained by peripheral derivatization of this C3‐symmetrical macrocycle. The incorporation of novel functionalities onto these dyes provides wider versatility that could be exploited in artificial photosynthetic systems and other applied fields. Details are discussed in the article by D. González‐Rodríguez and T. Torres on p. 1871 ff.
Involvement of fractin in TGF‐β‐induced apoptosis in oligodendroglial progenitor cells
Authors: Schulz Ramona , Vogel Tanja , Mashima Tetsuo , Tsuruo Takashi , Krieglstein Kerstin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTransforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) induces apoptotic cell death during the development of the nervous system. We recently identified that TGF‐β induced apoptosis in oligodendroglial progenitor cells (primary cells as well as oligodendroglial cell line OLI‐neu) is characterized by down‐regulation of Bcl‐xl. In this report, we now focused on mechanisms that mediate TGF‐β dependent Bcl‐xl down‐regulation in oligodendroglial cells. We showed that the caspase‐specific cleavage product Fractin is produced in oligodendroglial cells during TGF‐β‐mediated apoptosis, which represents an early event of the cascade. Cleavage of actin into Fractin was dependent on functional actin and caspases, and occurred simultaneously with a Fractin‐Bcl‐xl‐interaction. This Fractin‐Bcl‐xl interaction indicated a connection between Bcl‐xl down‐regulation and Fractin appearance, since Bcl‐xl regulation was also dependent on caspases and functional actin, and an overexpression of Fractin induced a Bcl‐xl protein down‐regulation. Further analysis of Fractin‐Bcl‐xl interaction in other culture systems confirmed these data. In conclusion, we show that Fractin is not only an apoptotic marker, but has indeed a functional role in apoptotic signaling in oligodendrocytes. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Towards the Quantitative Prediction of the Phase Behavior of Polymer Solutions by Computer Simulation
Authors: Binder Kurt , Mognetti Bortolo Matteo , Macdowell Luis Gonzalez , Oettel Martin , Paul Wolfgang , Virnau Peter , Yelash Leonid 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe phase diagram of polymer solutions (cf. e.g. alkanes dissolved in supercritical carbon dioxide) is complicated, since there are four control parameters (temperature, pressure, monomer volume fraction, chain length of the polymer) and due to the interplay of liquid‐vapor transitions and fluid‐fluid unmixing. As a result very intricate phase diagram topologies can result. An attempt to develop coarse‐grained models that can deal with this task will be described. As usual, the polymers will be modelled as off‐lattice bead‐spring chains, where several chemical monomers are integrated into one effective bond, torsional degrees of freedom being disregarded. But also a coarse‐grained description of the solvent is needed: we show that using a simple point particle with a quadrupole moment and suitable Lennard‐Jones interaction yields a very good description of pure carbon dioxide (better than fully atomistic models with potentials from ab initio quantum chemistry calculations). The strength of the quadrupole moment is taken from experiment, and the Lennard‐Jones parameters are adjusted such that the experimental critical temperature and density is correctly reproduced. This procedure works for other solvents as well, such as benzene. The pure alkane phase diagram is also reproduced by similarly chosen Lennard‐Jones (LJ) potentials among the monomers, and the monomer‐carbon dioxide LJ parameters are chosen from Lorentz‐Berthelot mixing rules. These parameters are then used as input both for Monte Carlo calculations and approximate methods to calculate the equation of state, such as density functional and perturbation theory methods. Apart from the region close to critical points, where mean‐field type methods fail, the analytical calculations agree well with the simulations. The solvent model, in which quadrupolar interactions are explicitly considered, is important in order to obtain a fair agreement with mixture experimental results.
A constant rounds group key agreement protocol without using hash functions
Authors: Zhang Hua , Wen Qiao‐yan , Zhang Jie , Li Wen‐min 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIt is important to encrypt and authenticate messages sent over networks to achieve security. Network users must therefore agree upon encryption keys and authentication keys. The authenticated Diffie–Hellman key agreement protocol is used to provide authentication in communication systems. In this paper we present a group key agreement protocol without using one‐way hash functions that are based on the DDH problem. The protocol achieves efficiency in both communication and computation aspects. We analyzed the security in the security model formalized by Bresson et al. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of electrode configuration in large GaInN light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Ochiai Wataru , Kawai Ryosuke , Suzuki Atsushi , Iwaya Motoaki , Amano Hiroshi , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFlip‐chip 1×1 mm2 GaInN‐based light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with an interdigitated electrode design were investigated. Two types of GaInN‐based LED having a 4‐line p‐electrode with a width of 160 μm and an 8‐line p‐electrode with a width of 50 μm were fabricated. The 8‐line device with a 50‐μm‐wide p‐electrode shows 20% higher output power at a forward current of 350 mA than the 4‐line device with a 160‐μm‐wide p‐electrode. The three dimensional simulation of the LED operation was conducted to clarify the origin of the difference in output power. From simulation results, the output power of the device with a 50‐μm‐wide 8‐line p‐electrode was estimated to be 10% higher than that of the device with a 160‐μm‐wide 4‐line p‐electrode. A large difference in current density between the middle and edge of each 160‐μm‐wide electrode is suggested. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
National corporate governance institutions and post‐acquisition target reorganization
Authors: Capron Laurence , Guillén Mauro 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe examine the characteristics of national systems of corporate governance to theorize about the nature of the shareholders' and employees' interests when it comes to reorganization, under the assumption that the firm is coalitional in nature. We argue that corporate governance institutions prevalent in both the host and the target country of the merging firms enable or constrain the ability of the acquirer to reorganize the target. Using a cross‐national dataset of corporate acquisitions and post‐acquisition reorganization, we found support for our predictions that stronger legal protection of shareholder rights in the acquirer country compared to the target country increases the acquirer's ability to restructure the target's assets and leverage the target's resources, while the protection of employee rights in the target country restricts the acquirer's ability to restructure the target's assets and redeploy resources to and from the target. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of a robust and energy efficient transmission scheduling protocol in single‐hop ad hoc networks
Authors: Jun Junghyon , Choi Young‐June , Bahk Saewoong 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA fully connected one‐hop ad hoc network constitutes a basic unit for managing self‐organizing networks such as IEEE 802.11 and 802.15.3 networks. Since energy efficiency is a critical issue in ad hoc networks, we develop an energy‐saving framework that includes scheduling for node‐to‐node direct communication. The scheduling is performed by a coordinator that is selected by some simple rule. We enhance IEEE 802.11 protocol by using our proposed framework, and analyze its energy efficiency in transmitting and receiving data. Through mathematical analysis, we confirm that our enhanced protocol significantly saves energy compared to the IEEE 802.11 protocol. We also investigate the robustness of our algorithm by covering the cases of uncooperative users, system malfunctioning, and channel errors. The numerical results confirm that our protocol works well under these hostile environments and maintains its advantage over the conventional scheme. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On strategy of the upcoming exploration phase in the North Caspian petroleum province
Authors: Volozh Yu.A. , Dmitrievskii A.N. , Leonov Yu.G. , Miletenko N.V. , Rovnin L.I. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This paper gives a review of oil and gas resource potential of the North Caspian petroleum province. A new potential for finding several giants and large-size discoveries exists, respectively, in the presalt and postsalt sequences. Recommendations for future directions in exploration targeting at postsalt deposits (Upper Permian–Triassic and Jurassic–Paleogene petroleum systems) are given. It is emphasized that, given adequate exploration techniques, the postsalt sequence may provide stable and commercial production for decades. Most of the prospects are located within nonlicensed area. Therefore, the future exploration activity will have to be implemented through special-purpose governmental projects, namely, state-funded integrated projects aiming at investigation of the individual petroleum regions and zones.
Urgent issues in replenishment of hydrocarbon mineral and raw materials base in present-day Russia
Authors: Prischepa O.M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The article deals with current problems of exploitation and pre-exploitation measures in oil and gas resource replenishment in Russia. Specific procedures are proposed to be taken at different levels of state administration for improving the efficiency of reserves replenishment. The public private partnership is suggested as one of the effective means to solve the problem. The level of the state’s involvement in funding and management during regional exploration and prospecting survey is discussed. A systemic approach and a set of criteria for assessing the exploration success rate (at different stages) are recommended for use by the state, as subsurface owner, and for operating companies. In addition, several recommendations and action-oriented proposals are given for preparation of licensing programs that will ensure the preset rates of oil and gas reserves replenishment in the region.
Oxidation in Soils, and its connexion with Fertility.
Authors: Russell Edward J. 
Published: March 2009

The phenomena attending the absorption of oxygen by soils have been investigated by Déherain and Demoussy, and also by Wollny. An account of the work of the French chemists can be found in the Annales Agronomiques. Their method was to place the soils under examination in a closed tube holding about 100 c.c. and kept at constant temperature, then after a certain time to extract the gases and determine the carbon dioxide present. This was taken to be a measure of the amount of oxidation. The general results they obtained are as follows:1. The quantity of carbon dioxide produced increases with the temperature to about 65°C., and then decreases. At higher temperatures (above 90°) it increases again.
Studies of the Changes occurring in Heated Soils
Authors: Pickering Spencer Umfreville 
Published: March 2009

The water extracts obtainable from soils are of constant composition as regards organic matter when the time allowed for the extraction varies from 20 to 320 minutes, the temperature from 7° to 23°, and the proportions from 5 to 10 of soil to 100 of water. The inorganic matter is not affected by the time, but is by the temperature and proportions.The increase in soluble matter produced by heating a soil, and the accompanying toxic qualities towards the germination of seeds in it, is gradually reduced by exposing these soils in a moist condition to the air, even under aseptic conditions, but is not reduced, when the soils are kept moist in the absence of air. The destruction of the toxic substance is probably, therefore, due to oxidation.Unheated soils, or soils heated only to a low temperature, exhibit on keeping an increase in soluble matter; this occurs whether air is admitted or not, and this change, therefore, is probably not an oxidation process: the substance formed, moreover, in such cases appears to have little or no toxic action on germination. This increase of soluble matter, due to the formation of a non-toxic substance, is preceded by a preliminary diminution of soluble matter, precisely similar to the diminution of toxic matter occurring continuously in the more highly heated soils: such toxic matter, therefore, appears to be present in all soils, whether heated or not, though, in the latter case, it is present in such small quantities that it soon becomes completely oxidised.Air-dried soils, heated and unheated, when kept for some months show an appreciable reduction in soluble constituents, and also in toxic properties (where such properties were originally present), closely similar to the reduction exhibited by moist soils kept in air for about ten days.
The Interpretation of Experimental Results
Authors: Wood T. B. , Stratton F. J. M. 
Published: March 2009

Attention is drawn to the need for caution in interpreting experimental results.Frequency curves are discussed, chiefly from the point of view of their bearing on the legitimacy of averaging results.The method of calculating probable error is described and its meaning explained.The application of probable error methods to questions of sampling for analysis, to field experiments and to feeding experiments, are illustrated by instances.The probable error of one animal on a fattening ration is found to be about 14 per cent, of the live-weight increase produced, from which it is calculated that to obtain a precision of 10 per cent, in an ordinary feeding experiment 29 animals must be fed on each ration.The probable error of field experiments is investigated by two independent methods, and found to be about 5 per cent, of the crop. This figure is shown to be independent of the size of the plot employed, provided this is acre or larger. A table is given showing the number of duplicate plots which must be employed to give any desired precision in the result.It is also suggested that accurate results may be obtained by employing large numbers of very small plots, even as small as one square yard. This method is useful for nursery work in testing the cropping power of new varieties of cereals where very little seed is available.
Studies in the inheritance of Disease-Resistance
Authors: Biffen R. H. 
Published: March 2009

On crossing immune and susceptible varieties the resulting offspring is susceptible.On self-fertilization these susceptible individuals produce immune and susceptible descendants in the proportion of one of the former to three of the latter. The degree of susceptibility is variable.Where the degree of susceptibility differs in the two parents the hybrid resembles the more susceptible parent in that respect. Among the descendants of such hybrids the two degrees of susceptibility appear in the usual Mendelian ratio of one slightly to three very susceptible individuals.The relatively immune forms breed true to this characteristic in the succeeding generations.Immunity is independent of any discernible morphological character, and it is practicable to breed varieties morphologically similar to one another, but immune or susceptible to the attacks of certain parasitic fungi.
The Distribution of the Overhead Electrical Discharge Employed in Recent Agricultural Experiments
Authors: Jørgensen I. , Priestley. J. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. It is shown that the strength of the discharge from an overhead wire network at a high potential is a variable quantity depending on the mobility of the carriers of the electricity and on the velocity of the wind. Attention has been drawn to the presence of radio-active disintegration products which may possibly be a complicating factor in the effect of the discharge upon plant growth.2. The maximum current density of the discharge in some experimental stations, where the apparatus is constructed after the pattern of the Agricultural Electric Discharge Co., is of the order 10–11amp./cm.23. Measurements of potential gradient and of current density agree in showing that the effect of the discharge is not limited to the area under the wires. This is of importance as control and electrified areas have usually been placed close together in field experiments. Some account is given of the distribution of the discharge under various weather conditions.4. Methods are discussed by which the control area may perhaps be kept under more normal electrical conditions in spite of the proximity of the overhead discharge wires. The results of some of the tentative efforts in this direction which were made at Dumfries during 1913 are briefly discussed.
Some soils of the Southern Island of New Zealand with special reference to their lime requirements
Authors: Wild Leonard John 
Published: March 2009

1. The Hutchinson-MacLennan method for determining the lime requirements of soils, when practised under suitable standard conditions, gives more reliable indications than are obtainable by the ordinary methods of chemical analysis.2. The method gives indications which appear to be uniformly in excess of the actual requirement of the soil for lime as judged by economic standards: hence a correcting value seems advisable.3. The correcting value for the soils of Canterbury Plains is about 0·10%.4. The greater acidity and higher lime requirement of soils of the Southland Plains appears to be due to a combination of lack of natural under-drainage and high rainfall, which prevents aeration and oxidation of organic matter, so that “sour” humus accumulates in the soil.
On the perchlorate method for the estimation of potassium in soils, fertilisers, etc.
Authors: Page H. J. 
Published: March 2009

(1) It is shown that the presence of chloric acid in the perchloric acid used for the estimation of potassium in soils, fertilisers, and plant material, by Davis's method (l) gives rise to very erratic and erroneous results. Every sample of perchloric acid should, therefore, be tested for freedom from chloric acid before being used for the estimation of potassium.(2) Results are quoted which indicate that in the application of Neubauer's method of treatment of the soil extract to a soil deficient in carbonates, it is sufficient to add only 0·1 gm. of calcium carbonate to the extract instead of the 0·5 gm. generally used. A considerable economy of perchloric acid is thereby effected.
The effect of temperature, water content and composition of the atmosphere on the viability of carrot, onion and parsnip seeds in storage
Authors: Gane R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYCertain vegetable seeds show such a marked loss of viability on storage that they are generally useless after 1–2 years storage under average commercial conditions; the most valuable seeds which store particularly badly are parsnip, onion and carrot. Storage experiments were therefore designed and set up to show the effect of the following factors on the viability of the seeds:(a) The water content as determined by the humidity of the atmosphere in which the seeds were stored.(b) Atmospheric conditions, viz. ventilated air, unventilated air and nitrogen.(c) Temperature.