bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Input Constraints Handling in an MPC/Feedback Linearization Scheme
Authors: Deng Jiamei , Becerra Victor , Stobart Richard 
Published: July 2009

Input Constraints Handling in an MPC/Feedback Linearization SchemeThe combination of model predictive control based on linear models (MPC) with feedback linearization (FL) has attracted interest for a number of years, giving rise to MPC+FL control schemes. An important advantage of such schemes is that feedback linearizable plants can be controlled with a linear predictive controller with a fixed model. Handling input constraints within such schemes is difficult since simple bound contraints on the input become state dependent because of the nonlinear transformation introduced by feedback linearization. This paper introduces a technique for handling input constraints within a real time MPC/FL scheme, where the plant model employed is a class of dynamic neural networks. The technique is based on a simple affine transformation of the feasible area. A simulated case study is presented to illustrate the use and benefits of the technique.
Efficient Nonlinear Predictive Control Based on Structured Neural Models
Authors: Ławryńczuk Maciej 
Published: July 2009

Efficient Nonlinear Predictive Control Based on Structured Neural ModelsThis paper describes structured neural models and a computationally efficient (suboptimal) nonlinear Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm based on such models. The structured neural model has the ability to make future predictions of the process without being used recursively. Thanks to the nature of the model, the prediction error is not propagated. This is particularly important in the case of noise and underparameterisation. Structured models have much better long-range prediction accuracy than the corresponding classical Nonlinear Auto Regressive with eXternal input (NARX) models. The described suboptimal MPC algorithm needs solving on-line only a quadratic programming problem. Nevertheless, it gives closed-loop control performance similar to that obtained in fully-fledged nonlinear MPC, which hinges on online nonconvex optimisation. In order to demonstrate the advantages of structured models as well as the accuracy of the suboptimal MPC algorithm, a polymerisation reactor is studied.
Independence of Asymptotic Stability of Positive 2D Linear Systems with Delays of Their Delays
Authors: Kaczorek Tadeusz 
Published: July 2009

Independence of Asymptotic Stability of Positive 2D Linear Systems with Delays of Their DelaysIt is shown that the asymptotic stability of positive 2D linear systems with delays is independent of the number and values of the delays and it depends only on the sum of the system matrices, and that the checking of the asymptotic stability of positive 2D linear systems with delays can be reduced to testing that of the corresponding positive 1D systems without delays. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is demonstrated on numerical examples.
Simple Conditions for Practical Stability of Positive Fractional Discrete-Time Linear Systems
Authors: Busłowicz Mikołaj , Kaczorek Tadeusz 
Published: July 2009

Simple Conditions for Practical Stability of Positive Fractional Discrete-Time Linear SystemsIn the paper the problem of practical stability of linear positive discrete-time systems of fractional order is addressed. New simple necessary and sufficient conditions for practical stability and for practical stability independent of the length of practical implementation are established. It is shown that practical stability of the system is equivalent to asymptotic stability of the corresponding standard positive discrete-time systems of the same order. The discussion is illustrated with numerical examples.
Control Error Dynamic Modification as an Efficient Tool for Reduction of Effects Introduced by Actuator Constraints
Authors: Janiszowski Krzysztof 
Published: July 2009

Control Error Dynamic Modification as an Efficient Tool for Reduction of Effects Introduced by Actuator ConstraintsA modification of digital controller algorithms, based on the introduction of a virtual reference value, which never exceeds active constraints in the actuator output is presented and investigated for some algorithms used in single-loop control systems. This idea, derived from virtual modification of a control error, can be used in digital control systems subjected to both magnitude and rate constraints. The modification is introduced in the form of on-line adaptation to the control task. Hence the design of optimal (in a specified sense) digital controller parameters can be separated from actuator constraints. The adaptation of the control algorithm (to actuator constraints) is performed by the transformation of the control error and is equivalent to the introduction of a new, virtual reference value for the control system. An application of this approach is presented through examples of three digital control algorithms: the PID algorithm, the dead-beat controller and the state space controller. In all cases, clear advantages of transients are observed, which yields some general conclusions to the problem of processing actuator constraints in control.
Optimization Schemes For Wireless Sensor Network Localization
Authors: Niewiadomska-Szynkiewicz Ewa , Marks Michał 
Published: July 2009

Optimization Schemes For Wireless Sensor Network LocalizationMany applications of wireless sensor networks (WSN) require information about the geographical location of each sensor node. Self-organization and localization capabilities are one of the most important requirements in sensor networks. This paper provides an overview of centralized distance-based algorithms for estimating the positions of nodes in a sensor network. We discuss and compare three approaches: semidefinite programming, simulated annealing and two-phase stochastic optimization—a hybrid scheme that we have proposed. We analyze the properties of all listed methods and report the results of numerical tests. Particular attention is paid to our technique—the two-phase method—that uses a combination of trilateration, and stochastic optimization for performing sensor localization. We describe its performance in the case of centralized and distributed implementations.
Impact of Physical Therapist–Directed Exercise Counseling Combined With Fitness Center–Based Exercise Training on Muscular Strength and Exercise Capacity in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Taylor J. David , Fletcher James P. , Tiarks Jakesa 
Published: July 2009

Background
Assessing muscular strength (force-generating capacity) and exercise capacity in response to an intervention for people with type 2 diabetes is clinically important in the prevention of type 2 diabetes-related complications.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of physical therapist–directed exercise counseling combined with fitness center–based exercise training on muscular strength and exercise capacity in people with type 2 diabetes.

Design
This study was a randomized clinical trial.

Setting
The study was conducted on a university campus, with patient recruitment from the local community.

Patients
Twenty-four people with type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated to either a group that received physical therapist–directed exercise counseling plus fitness center–based exercise training (experimental group) or a group that received laboratory-based, supervised exercise (comparison group).

Intervention
The experimental group received physical therapist–directed exercise counseling on an exercise program and was provided access to a fitness center. The comparison group received the same exercise program as the experimental group while under supervision.

Measurements
For all participants, chest press, row, and leg press muscular strength (1-repetition maximum [in kilograms]) and exercise capacity (graded exercise test duration [in minutes]) testing were conducted at baseline and 2 months later.

Results
No significant differences in improvements in muscular strength were found for the chest press (adjusted mean difference=1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]=−5.5 to 7.8), row (adjusted mean difference=0.1; 95% CI=−9.0 to 9.1), or leg press (adjusted mean difference=2.7; 95% CI=−9.1 to 14.6) between the groups. No significant difference in improvement in exercise capacity (adjusted mean difference=0.2; 95% CI=−0.9 to 1.2) was found between the groups.

Limitations
Lack of group allocation blinding and the small sample size were limitations of this study.

Conclusions
The results suggest that physical therapist–directed exercise counseling combined with fitness center–based exercise training can improve muscular strength and exercise capacity in people with type 2 diabetes, with outcomes comparable to those of supervised exercise.
Adhesive Capsulitis: Establishing Consensus on Clinical Identifiers for Stage 1 Using the Delphi Technique
Authors: Walmsley Sarah , Rivett Darren A. , Osmotherly Peter G. 
Published: July 2009

BackgroundAdhesive capsulitis often is difficult to diagnose in its early stage and to differentiate from other commonly seen shoulder disorders with the potential to cause pain and limited range of movement.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to establish consensus among a group of experts regarding the clinical identifiers for the first or early stage of primary (idiopathic) adhesive capsulitis.DesignA correspondence-based Delphi technique was used in this study.MethodsThree sequential questionnaires, each building on the results of the previous round, were used to establish consensus.ResultsA total of 70 experts from Australia and New Zealand involved in the diagnosis and treatment of adhesive capsulitis completed the 3 rounds of questionnaires. Following round 3, descriptive statistics were used to screen the data into a meaningful subset. Cronbach alpha and factor analysis then were used to determine agreement among the experts. Consensus was achieved on 8 clinical identifiers. These identifiers clustered into 2 discrete domains of pain and movement. For pain, the clinical identifiers were a strong component of night pain, pain with rapid or unguarded movement, discomfort lying on the affected shoulder, and pain easily aggravated by movement. For movement, the clinical identifiers included a global loss of active and passive range of movement, with pain at the end-range in all directions. Onset of the disorder was at greater than 35 years of age.ConclusionsThis is the first study to use the Delphi technique to establish clinical identifiers indicative of the early stage of primary (idiopathic) adhesive capsulitis. Although limited in differential diagnostic ability, these identifiers may assist the clinician in recognizing early-stage adhesive capsulitis and may inform management, as well as facilitate future research.
Onyx embolization of carotid-cavernous fistulas
Authors: Elhammady Mohamed Samy , Wolfe Stacey Quintero , Farhat Hamad , Moftakhar Roham , Aziz-Sultan Mohammad Ali 
Published: July 2009

Object
The authors conducted a study to determine the safety and efficacy of embolization of carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) with the ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, Onyx.

Methods
They prospectively collected data in all patients with CCFs who underwent Onyx-based embolization at their institution over a 3-year period. The type of fistula, route of embolization, viscosity of Onyx, additional use of coils, extent of embolization, procedural complications, and clinical follow-up were recorded.

Results
A total of 12 patients (5 men and 7 women who were age 24–88 years) underwent embolization in which Onyx was used. There were 1 Barrow Type A, 1 Type B, 3 Type C, and 7 Type D fistulas. Embolization was performed via a transvenous route in 8 cases and a transarterial route in 4 cases. Onyx 34 was used in all but 2 cases: a direct Type A fistula embolized with Onyx 500 and an indirect Type C fistula embolized with Onyx 18. Adjuvant embolization with framing coils was performed in 7 cases. All procedures were completed in a single session. Immediate fistula obliteration was achieved in all cases. Clinical resolution of presenting symptoms occurred in 100% of the patients by 2 months. Neurological complications occurred in 3 patients. One patient developed a complete cranial nerve (CN) VII palsy that has not resolved. Two patients developed transient neuropathies—1 a Horner syndrome and partial CN VI palsy, and 1 a complete CN III and partial CN V palsy. Radiographic follow-up (mean 16 months, range 4–35 months) was available in 6 patients with complete resolution of the lesion in all.

Conclusions
Onyx is a liquid embolic agent that is effective in the treatment of CCFs but not without hazards. Postembolization cavernous sinus thrombosis and swelling may result in transient compressive cranial neuropathies. The inherent gradual polymerization properties of Onyx allow for casting of the cavernous sinus but may potentially result in deep penetration within arterial collaterals that can cause CN ischemia/infarction. Although not proven, the angiotoxic effects of dimethyl sulfoxide may also play a role in postembolization CN deficits.
A New Series of Quadrupolar Type Two‐Photon Absorption Chromophores Bearing 11, 12‐Dibutoxydibenzo[a,c]‐phenazine Bridged Amines; Their Applications in Two‐Photon Fluorescence Imaging and Two‐Photon Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Velusamy Marappan , Shen Jiun‐Yi , Lin Jiann T. , Lin Yi‐Chih , Hsieh Cheng‐Chih , Lai Chin‐Hung , Lai Chih‐Wei , Ho Mei‐Lin , Chen Yu‐Chun , Chou Pi‐Tai , Hsiao Jong‐Kai 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA new series of quadrupolar type two‐photon absorption (2PA) chromophores 3–9 bearing a core arylamine‐[a,c]phenazine‐arylamine motif are synthesized in high yields. Palladium‐catalyzed Stille coupling and CN coupling reactions are utilized to prepare target chromophores. Detailed characterization and systematic studies of these molecules, including absorption and fluorescence emission, are conducted. These compounds are found to exhibit very large 2PA cross section values, for example, ∼7000 GM at 800 nm for 8 in toluene. Two‐photon‐induced fluorescence imaging is successfully demonstrated in vitro using compound‐8‐encapsulated silica nanoparticles with excellent bio‐compatibility. In combination with the capability of both one‐ and two‐photon singlet‐oxygen sensitizations, this nanocomposite demonstrates its promising potential in dual functionality toward two‐photon fluorescence imaging and two‐photon photodynamic therapy.
Three‐Dimensional Bulk Heterojunction Morphology for Achieving High Internal Quantum Efficiency in Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Jo Jang , Na Seok‐In , Kim Seok‐Soon , Lee Tae‐Woo , Chung Youngsu , Kang Seok‐Ju , Vak Doojin , Kim Dong‐Yu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHere, an investigation of three‐dimensional (3D) morphologies for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films based on regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) is reported. Based on the results, it is demonstrated that optimized post‐treatment, such as solvent annealing, forces the PCBM molecules to migrate or diffuse toward the top surface of the BHJ composite films, which induces a new vertical component distribution favorable for enhancing the internal quantum efficiency (ηIQE ) of the devices. To investigate the 3D BHJ morphology, novel time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectroscopy studies are employed along with conventional methods, such as UV‐vis absorption, X‐ray diffraction, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy studies. The ηIQE of the devices are also compared after solvent annealing for different times, which clearly shows the effect of the vertical component distribution on the performance of BHJ polymer solar cells. In addition, the fabrication of high‐performance P3HT:PCBM solar cells using the optimized solvent‐annealing method is reported, and these cells show a mean power‐conversion efficiency of 4.12% under AM 1.5G illumination conditions at an intensity of 100 mW cm−2.
Photovoltaics Based on Hybridization of Effective Dye‐Sensitized Titanium Oxide and Hole‐Conductive Polymer P3HT
Authors: Jiang Ke‐Jian , Manseki Kazuhiro , Yu You‐Hai , Masaki Naruhiko , Suzuki Kazuharu , Song Yan‐lin , Yanagida Shozo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHere, the fabrication of quasi‐solid‐state TiO2/dye/poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) solar cells is reported, in which the dyes with oleophilic thienyl groups were employed and ionic liquid (IL), 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (EMIm) containing lithium bis(trifluromethanesulfone)amide (Li‐TFSI) and 4‐tert‐butylpyridine (t‐BP) are assembled with dyed TiO2 surfaces. One of the devices gave a high conversion efficiency of up to 2.70% under 1 sun illumination. The excellent performance is ascribed to successful molecular self‐organization at interface of the dye molecules and P3HT, and to the efficient charge separation and diffusion acquired by introduction of the IL coupled with Li‐TFSI and t‐BP.
Hybrid Nanoparticle/Organic Devices with Strong Resonant Tunneling Behaviors
Authors: Zheng Tianhang , Choy Wallace C. H. , Sun Yuxiu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA hybrid nanoparticle/organic device consisting of small molecule organic semiconductors and Ag nanoparticles is reported. The single device exhibits unusual properties of organic resonant tunneling diode (ORTD) at low driving voltage region and offers light emission at high voltage. For ORTD, a strong negative differential resistance behavior is demonstrated at room temperature. The current resonance with the peak‐to‐valley current ratio of over 4.6 and narrow linewidth of only ∼1.4 V is achieved. A detailed operating mechanism of the charging and emission modes is proposed, which can be discussed in terms of the strong charge‐trapping effect of Ag nanoparticles. The repeatable operations of hybrid device show the mutual influences between two modes and the light emission properties of the ORTD are also discussed.
Pore‐Filling of Spiro‐OMeTAD in Solid‐State Dye Sensitized Solar Cells: Quantification, Mechanism, and Consequences for Device Performance
Authors: Ding I‐Kang , Tétreault Nicolas , Brillet Jérémie , Hardin Brian E. , Smith Eva H. , Rosenthal Samuel J. , Sauvage Frédéric , Grätzel Michael , McGehee Michael D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this paper, the pore filling of spiro‐OMeTAD (2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)9,9′‐spirobifluorene) in mesoporous TiO2 films is quantified for the first time using XPS depth profiling and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. It is shown that spiro‐OMeTAD can penetrate the entire depth of the film, and its concentration is constant throughout the film. We determine that in a 2.5‐µm‐thick film, the volume of the pores is 60–65% filled. The pores become less filled when thicker films are used. Such filling fraction is much higher than the solution concentration because the excess solution on top of the film can act as a reservoir during the spin coating process. Lastly, we demonstrate that by using a lower spin coating speed and higher spiro‐OMeTAD solution concentration, we can increase the filling fraction and consequently the efficiency of the device.
The health of Arctic populations: Does cold matter?
Authors: Young T. Kue , Mäkinen Tiina M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe objective of the study was to examine whether cold climate is associated with poorer health in diverse Arctic populations. With climate change increasingly affecting the Arctic, the association between climate and population health status is of public health significance. The mean January and July temperatures were determined for 27 Arctic regions based on weather station data for the period 1961–1990 and their association with a variety of health outcomes assessed by correlation and multiple linear regression analyses. Mean January temperature was inversely associated with infant and perinatal mortality rate, age‐standardized mortality rate from respiratory diseases, and age‐specific fertility rate for teens and directly associated with life expectancy at birth in both males and females, independent of a variety of socioeconomic, demographic, and health care factors. Mean July temperature was also associated with infant mortality and mortality from respiratory diseases, and with total fertility rate. For every 10°C increase in mean January temperature, the life expectancy at birth among males increased by about 6 years and infant mortality rate decreased by about 4 deaths/1,000 livebirths. Cold climate is significantly associated with higher mortality and fertility in Arctic populations and should be recognized in public health planning. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body size estimation of small‐bodied humans: Applicability of current methods
Authors: Kurki H.K. , Ginter J.K. , Stock J.T. , Pfeiffer S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBody size (stature and mass) estimates are integral to understanding the lifeways of past populations.Body size estimation of an archaeological skeletal sample can be problematic when the body size or proportions of the population are distinctive. One such population is that of the Holocene Later Stone Age (LSA) of southern Africa, in which small stature (mean femoral length = 407 mm,n= 52) and narrow pelves (mean bi‐iliac breadth = 210 mm,n= 50) produce a distinctive adult body size/shape, making it difficult to identify appropriate body size estimation methods. Material culture, morphology, and culture history link the Later Stone Age people with the descendant population collectively known as the Khoe‐San. Stature estimates based on skeletal “anatomical” linear measures (the Fully method) and on long bone length are compared, along with body mass estimates derived from “morphometric” (bi‐iliac breath/stature) and “biomechanical” (femoral head diameter) methods, in a LSA adult skeletal sample (n= 52) from the from coastal and near‐coastal regions of South Africa. Indices of sexual dimorphism (ISD) for each method are compared with data from living populations. Fully anatomical stature is most congruent with Olivier's femur + tibia method, although both produce low ISD. McHenry's femoral head body mass formula produces estimates most consistent with the bi‐iliac breadth/staturemethod for the females, although the males display higher degrees of disagreement among methods. These results highlight the need for formulae derived from reference samples from a wider range of body sizes to improve the reliability of existing methods. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Search for Infectious Causes of Human Cancers: Where and Why (Nobel Lecture)
Authors: zur Hausen Harald 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSlightly more than 20 % of the global cancer burden can currently be linked to infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. In this Review the reasons for their relatively late discovery are analyzed, and epidemiological observations that may point to an involvement of additional infectious agents in specific human cancers are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on hematopoietic malignancies, breast and colorectal cancers, as well as basal cell carcinomas of the skin and lung cancers in nonsmokers.