bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrimination, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, and Social Indicators
Authors: Swepston Lee 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article has two focuses. The first is on the subject of indicators, the collection of objective information to measure the socioeconomic and rights situation of indigenous peoples. The international community has spent a good deal of time and effort exploring whether it is possible to construct indicators of performance on human rights, and on whether the indicators commonly used for assessing well-being for populations in general are well adapted to the situation of indigenous peoples, and there is by now a consensus that generally-applicable indicators are not adequate to describe the situation of indigenous and tribal peoples. The problems with constructing such indicators, and the current state of discussion, are outlined. The other part of the article notes that indicators concerning indigenous peoples are available in a certain number of countries. Even though they are not consistent between countries, and in some cases have not been collected long enough to demonstrate progress or the lack thereof, in every country where they are available they show that indigenous peoples are at the bottom of virtually every social indicator – poverty, health, economic participation and other fields. This lack of protection is closely tied to discrimination.
Marginality, Disempowerment and Contested Discourses on Indigenousness in Africa
Authors: Ndahinda Felix Mukwiza 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe present article discursively explores the contentiousness of indigenous identification and claims in Africa. In recent decades, a growing number of mainly hunter-gatherer and pastoralist communities have adopted a new form of identification as the indigenous peoples of Africa. Claimant communities have liaised with groups from other parts of the world – with an active support from indigenous rights advocates – in claiming special legal protection under the emerging (international) indigenous rights framework. Substantively, they seek redress for patterns of marginalization and dispossession. The present analysis discursively explores the sources and substance of indigenous identification and rights on the African continent. To avoid an oversimplification of complex socio-political and cultural realities, indigenous claims are examined against the backdrop of the multiple forms of expression of identity in the inherently plural African states. The analysis ultimately questions the suitability of the indigenous rights framework as the appropriate channel for efforts aimed at empowering claimant hunter-gatherer, pastoralist and other communities.
The Miscategorization of 'Forced Marriage' as a Crime against Humanity by the Special Court for Sierra Leone
Authors: Goodfellow Nicholas Azadi 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article considers the finding by the Appeals Chamber of the Special Court for Sierra Leone that forced marriage is a crime against humanity. While hailed as an evolution in the prosecution of gender-based crimes, the finding is legally and factually unsound. The Chamber's decision offends the principle of legality, specifically, non-retroactivity, the prohibition on analogy, and the requirement of specificity. In addition, the Chamber misconstrued the facts and law with regards to sexual slavery in distinguishing it from forced marriage. This article critically examines each element of the Chamber's decision that forced marriage satisfies the threshold requirements to qualify as a crime against humanity.
Defence Counsel Immunity at the Ad Hoc Tribunals
Authors: Zeegers Krit 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Statutes of the ad hoc Tribunals grant prosecutorial staff functional immunity, which aims to protect them against undue interference by states. Defence counsel, however, is not mentioned. As a result, it is unclear if counsel enjoy any such protection, and if so, what shape or form this may take. While the ad hoc Tribunals' Statutes are silent on this matter, the arrests of defence counsel in Croatia and Rwanda have forced the ICTY and ICTR to address this omission, which has generated a body of case law that will provide the starting point for this article. The different decisions can be classified into three distinct approaches, which will accordingly be scrutinized. This article will advocate a principled approach to defence counsel immunity, consisting of functional and personal immunity, as well as a principled approach to the waiver thereof. This will both ensure the necessary protection of an effective defence, while preventing these immunity arrangements to result in impunity.
Informal International Law-Making as a New Form of World Legislation?
Authors: Wessel Ramses A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLaw-making by formal, intergovernmental international organizations received abundant attention over the past years. The aim of the present contribution is to investigate whether the notion of 'word legislation' would also be appropriate in the case of 'informal international law-making'. It is argued that this could be the case when international public authority is exercised, in which case 'informal' rules have effects similar to domestic legislation.
Ciceronian Ius Gentium and World Legislation
Authors: Remer Gary 
Published: November 2011

AbstractOnly recently have world global institutions, like the United Nations Security Council, assumed the role of world legislator. The past few decades, however, have witnessed the appearance of grand normative theories of global law, the most significant recent example being John Rawls's The Law of Peoples (1999), in which Rawls applies many of the same (or similar) abstract, universalizable concepts that are found in his earlier works on political theory to global law and presents an "ideal theory" for a "Society of Peoples". Although I do not oppose full-blown theorizing about international lawmaking, I contend that a middle-range approach is a useful complement to a broad-range approach because of the incipient character of global law, and I further argue that Cicero's ius gentium, the law of nations, provides the basis for such a mid-range approach. Since ius gentium is connected to domestic law and values, it can accommodate the practical necessities of today's world legislation, i.e., necessities resulting from the absence of extensive, long-standing global legal norms and of international institutions to enforce world legislation. Ciceronian ius gentium, however, is not confined to domestic law. The link between Cicero's "law of nations" and his "natural law" points to the possibilities of a more progressive legal future, not yet realized.
Review of John R. Levison's, Filled with the Spirit Part III, Early Christian Literature Chapter 3, 'Filled with the Spirit and the Book of Acts'
Authors: Stronstad Roger 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Filled with the Spirit by John R. Levison is a highly original study of this theme in Israelite, Jewish, and early Christian literature. The following response to Levison's book focuses on Part III, Early Christian Literature, section 3, 'Filled with the Spirit and the Book of Acts' (pp 317365). Levison organizes his discussion under the topics, 'The Salience of a Slave-Girl', 'The Allure of Ecstasy at Pentecost', 'Speaking in Tongues', and 'Spirit and the Inspired Interpretation of Scripture'. Levison's methodology is a combination of a history of religions approach, intertextuality, and contextual exposition. According to the reviewer's assessment, Levison's approach to the subject paganizes those experiences which Luke portrays to be uniquely Judeo-Christian, profanes what Luke portrays to be an awe-inspiring sacred marvel, and humanizes what Luke portrays to be the mysterious or luminous tangible experiences of the Spirit.
Exploring Surface Biophysical-Climate Sensitivity to Tropical Deforestation Rates Using a GCM: A Feasibility Study*
Authors: Gotangco Castillo C. Kendra , Gurney Kevin Robert 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Deforestation perturbs both biophysical and carbon feedbacks on climate. However, biophysical feedbacks operate at temporally immediate and spatially focused scales and thus may be sensitive to the rate of deforestation rather than just to total forest-cover loss. Explored here is a method for simulating annual tropical deforestation in the fully coupled Community Climate System Model, version 3.0 (CCSM3) with the Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM) for testing biosphere climate sensitivity to “preservation pathways.” Two deforestation curves were simulated—a 10% deforestation curve with a 10% preservation target (DFC10-PT10) versus a 1% deforestation curve with a 10% preservation target (DFC1-PT10). During active deforestation, albedo, net radiation, latent heat flux, and climate variables were compared for time dependence and sensitivity to tropical tree cover across the tropical band and the Amazon basin, central African, and Southeast Asian regions. The results demonstrated the feasibility of modeling incremental deforestation and detecting both transient and long-term impacts, although a warm/dry bias in CCSM3–DGVM and the absence of carbon feedbacks preclude definitive conclusions on the magnitude of sensitivities. The deforestation rates produced characteristic trends in biophysical variables with DFC10-PT10 resulting in rapid increase/decrease during the initial 10–30 years before leveling off, whereas DFC1-PT10 exhibits gradual changes. The rate had little effect on biophysical and climate sensitivities when averaged over tropical land but produced significant differences at a regional level. Over the long term, the rates produced dissimilar vegetation distributions, despite having the same preservation target in both cases. Overall, these results indicate that the question of rates is one worth further analysis.
Creation of a Heat and Salt Flux Dataset Associated with Sea Ice Production and Melting in the Sea of Okhotsk
Authors: Nihashi Sohey , Ohshima Kay I. , Kimura Noriaki 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Sea ice formation, its transport, and its melting cause the redistribution of heat and salt, which plays an important role in the climate and biogeochemical systems. In the Sea of Okhotsk, a heat and salt flux dataset is created in which such sea ice processes are included, with a spatial resolution of ~12.5 km. The dataset is based on a heat budget analysis using ice concentration, thickness, and drift speed from satellite observations and the ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data. The salt flux calculation considers both salt supplied to the ocean from sea ice production and freshwater supplied when the ice melts. This dataset will be useful for the validation and boundary conditions of modeling studies. The spatial distribution of the annual fluxes shows a distinct contrast between north and south: significant ocean cooling with salt supply is shown in the northern coastal polynya region, while ocean heating with freshwater supply is shown in the south. This contrast suggests a transport of freshwater and negative heat by ice advection. The annual fluxes also show ocean cooling with freshwater supply in the Kashevarov Bank (KB) region and the central and eastern Sea of Okhotsk, suggesting the effect of warm water advection. In the ice melt season, relatively prominent ice melting is shown in the coastal polynya region, probably due to large solar heating of the upper ocean. This indicates that the polynya works as a “meltwater factory” in spring, contrasting with its role as an “ice factory” in winter. In the coastal polynya region, the spatial distribution of phytoplankton bloom roughly corresponds with the ice melt region.
A Numerical Study of the Interaction between the Large-Scale Monsoon Circulation and Orographic Precipitation over South and Southeast Asia
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Chang Chih-Pei 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A regional climate model is used to simulate the summer monsoon onset in South and Southeast Asia during the year 2000 to explore the interaction between orographic precipitation and the large-scale monsoon circulation. In the control run, the model uses the U. S. Geological Survey topography data and simulates the observed monsoon onset reasonably well. In the sensitivity tests, mountains are removed within different regions south of the Tibetan Plateau. It is found that the Indochina Peninsula monsoon onset is closely related to the local wind–terrain–precipitation interaction, while the Indian monsoon onset is more controlled by the large-scale land–sea thermal contrast.
The sensitivity tests suggest two opposite effects of high terrain on the monsoon circulation and precipitation. When the terrain height is below the lifted condensation level (LCL), the low-level westerlies and the orographic precipitation weaken with increasing terrain height due to the surface drag effect. When the terrain height is above the LCL, the positive feedback associated with the diabatic forcing of orographic precipitation is dominant, and a large mountain height leads to heavier orographic precipitation and stronger low-level westerlies. The sensitivity tests also show that the impact of orographic precipitation in the Indochina Peninsula extends up to 30° longitude upstream and affects monsoon precipitation along the western coast of India.
Simple Models of Coastal-Trapped Waves Based on the Shape of the Bottom Topography
Authors: Sansón L. Zavala 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Solutions of barotropic coastal-trapped waves in the shallow-water context are discussed for different shapes of the bottom topography. In particular, an infinite family of topographic waves over continental shelves characterized by a shape parameter is considered. The fluid depth is proportional to xs, where x is the offshore coordinate and s is a real, positive number. The model assumes the rigid-lid approximation and a semi-infinite domain 0 ≤ x ≤ ∞. The wave structure and the dispersion relation depend explicitly on the shape parameter s. Essentially, waves over steeper shelves possess higher frequencies and phase speeds. In addition, the wave frequency is independent of the alongshore wavenumber k, implying a zero group velocity component along the coast. The advantages and limitations of this formulation, as well as some comparisons with other models, are discussed in light of numerical simulations for waves over arbitrary topography within a finite domain. The numerical calculations show that the frequency of the waves present a nondispersive regime at small wavenumbers (observed by several authors), followed by a constant value predicted by the analytical solutions for larger k. It is concluded that these frequencies can be considered as an upper limit reached by barotropic coastal-trapped waves over the infinite family of xs-bottom profiles, regardless of the horizontal and vertical scales of the system. The modification of the dispersion curves in a stratified ocean is briefly discussed.
Surface Circulation in the Solomon Sea Derived from Lagrangian Drifter Observations*
Authors: Hristova Hristina G. , Kessler William S. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Velocity measurements from satellite-tracked surface drifters collected between 1994 and 2010 are used to map the surface circulation in the Solomon Sea, the last passageway for waters of subtropical origin flowing northward toward the equator, where they replenish the Pacific warm pool. Pseudo-Eulerian statistics of the drifter observations show a strong seasonal cycle in both the mean circulation and the eddy kinetic energy in the region. The circulation is characterized by a strong northward flow from June to November (the season of strong southeasterly trade winds over the Solomon Sea) and a mostly southward flow with increased variability from December to May (when the winds over the sea are weak). The seasonal velocity signal has the largest magnitude narrowly along the double western boundary formed by the eastern coastlines of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, suggesting that direct wind driving with its much larger spatial scales is not the main influence. In addition, the surface circulation exhibits substantial interannual variability of magnitude comparable to that of the seasonal cycle with velocity and temperature anomalies consistent with changes in the western boundary current acting to compensate for the discharge and recharge of the Pacific warm pool during ENSO.
Interaction of human multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1) transporter with antineoplastic agents
Authors: Grottker Julia , Rosenberger Albert , Burckhardt Gerhard , Hagos Yohannes 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background: The transport of endogenous and exogenous organic cations across the plasma membrane of cells is mediated by multispecific organic cation transporters (OCTs), and the multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) transporters. MATE belongs to the SLC47 transporter family consisting of only two members, MATE1 and MATE2-K. MATE2-K is exclusively expressed in the kidney at the apical membrane of proximal tubular epithelial cells. MATE1 is highly expressed in the kidney, liver, skeletal muscle and also in adrenal glands, testes and heart. MATE1 exchanges organic cations against protons both in influx as well as in efflux modes.

Methods: Here, we examined the interaction of 25 antineoplastic agents with human MATE1. We generated stably transfected MATE1-HEK293 cells and determined the inhibition of MATE1-mediated [3H]1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP) uptake by the antineoplastic agents.

Results: We found a significant inhibition of MATE1-mediated MPP uptake by several antineoplastic agents and pH dependent IC50values for mitoxantrone (7.8 μM at pH 7.4 and 0.6 μM at pH 8.5) as well as for irinotecan (4.4 μM at pH 7.4 and 1.1 μM at pH 8.5), respectively.

Conclusions: We suggest that hMATE1 could play a role in chemosensitivity of tumor cells. In addition, hepatic and renal MATE1 could potentially be involved in drug-drug-interactions as well as in drug metabolism and excretion during chemotherapy.
The number of conjugacy classes in pattern groups is not a polynomial function
Authors: Halasi Zoltán , Pálfy Péter P. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A famous open problem due to Graham Higman asks if the number of conjugacy classes in the group of n × n unipotent upper triangular matrices over the q-element field can be expressed as a polynomial function of q for every fixed n. We consider the generalization of the problem for pattern groups and prove that for some pattern groups of nilpotency class two the number of conjugacy classes is not a polynomial function of q.
Centralizers in Ã
2 groups
Authors: Robertson Guyan 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Let Γ be a torsion-free discrete group acting cocompactly on a two dimensional euclidean building Δ. The centralizer of an element of Γ is either a Bieberbach group or is described by a finite graph of finite cyclic groups. Explicit examples are computed, with Δ of type Ã
2.
Compactifications of a representation variety
Authors: Martin Benjamin M. S. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Let F be a finitely generated group and let G be a linear algebraic group over an algebraically closed field k. Let R(F, G) be the variety of representations of F in G. Given a finite set of generators Δ for F, we define a compactification RΔ(F, ) of R(F, G). The compactification depends on the choice of generators. If F′ is another finitely generated group with a finite set of generators Δ′ and ϕ : F′ → F is a homomorphism, then there is an induced morphism of varieties ϕ
# : R(F, G) → R(F′, G). We prove that if ϕ(Δ′ ∪ {1}) ⊆ Δ ∪ {1}, then ϕ
# extends to a morphism from RΔ(F, ) to RΔ′ (F′, ). We study the morphisms arising in this way from a group extension 1 → N → F → Q → 1.
Wear Simulation of Total Disc Arthroplasties: Sensitivity to Device Design and Test Parameters
Authors: Hyde Philip , Vicars Rachel , Fisher John , Hall Richard 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The challenges of measuring in vivo total disc replacement (TDR) kinematics are well recognized, meaning that it is difficult to establish appropriate input conditions for wear simulation. Therefore it is desirable to ascertain the sensitivity of implant wear in vitro to perturbations of the kinematics and other testing parameters. It has previously been demonstrated in other metal-on-polyethylene joint replacements that cross-shear strongly influences wear rate. This study investigates this phenomenon by altering the phasing of the inputs by making the lag in the flexion-extension and lateral bend displacements zero. Further, the effect of an additional anterior-posterior shear, which has been reported in vivo, was investigated for two different TDR designs using an extra load or displacement input in addition to those prescribed by the standard ISO 18192-1. Altering the standard ISO 18192-1 waveform phasing significantly reduced the mean wear rate of the constrained polyethylene disc. The addition of an anterior-posterior input showed no significant change in the rate of wear for the constrained TDR but was increased for the unconstrained device. These data demonstrate the strong dependency of the wear in these types of joints to the input conditions as well as the devices design parameters. Hence, these factors should be given prime consideration when designing both the device itself and the assessment regime in which the construct is to be tested.
Analytical approximation of the transition density in a local volatility model
Authors: Pagliarani Stefano , Pascucci Andrea 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
We present a simplified approach to the analytical approximation of the transition density related to a general local volatility model. The methodology is sufficiently flexible to be extended to time-dependent coefficients, multi-dimensional stochastic volatility models, degenerate parabolic PDEs related to Asian options and also to include jumps.
Potassium-induced alleviation of salinity stress in Brassica campestris L.
Authors: Umar Shahid , Diva Iram , Anjum Naser , Iqbal Muhammad , Ahmad Iqbal , Pereira Eduarda 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Salinity is an important abiotic factor that adversely affects major agricultural soils of the world and hence limits crop productivity. An optimum mineral-nutrient status of plants plays critical role in determining plant tolerance to various stresses. A pot experiment was conducted on mustard (Brassica campestris L.) to study the protective role of added potassium (K, 40 mg kg−1 soil) against salinity-stress (0, 40 and 80 mM NaCl)-induced changes in plant growth, photosynthetic traits, ion accumulation, oxidative stress, enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants at 30 days after sowing. Increasing NaCl levels decreased the growth, photosynthetic traits and the leaf ascorbate and glutathione content but increased the leaf ion accumulation and oxidative stress, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In contrast, K-nutrition improved plant growth, photosynthetic traits, activity of antioxidant enzymes and the ascorbate and glutathione content, and reduced ion accumulation and oxidative stress traits in the leaves, more appreciably at 40 mM than at 80 mM NaCl. The study illustrates the physiological and biochemical basis of K-nutrition-induced NaCl tolerance in mustard as a means to achieving increased crop productivity in a sustainable way.