bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Domain Specifications of the Construct Tactile Defensiveness
Authors: Royeen Charlotte Brasic 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A comprehensive list of descriptors of behaviors associated with tactile defensiveness in elementary schoolchildren was compiled as a preliminary to subsequent psychometric measurement of tactile defensiveness. This, the first phase of scale development, was accomplished in the following manner. The construct tactile defensiveness was defined, and a variety of behaviors related to the domain of the construct were collected. The list of behaviors was submitted to an expert for review. Descriptors of statements a child might make based on the behaviors were generated. Then, the list of descriptors was edited, and the remaining descriptors were rated by a panel of experts according to the degree to which the descriptor was associated with tactile defensiveness. Logical and computer analyses of the descriptors’ ratings were performed. Of the 73 descriptors specified, two were dropped because of cultural bias and 24 were dropped because they were not rated by the experts as being associated with tactile defensiveness. This paper discusses the importance of the remaining list of 47 descriptors for subsequent research and delineates appropriate clinical use of those descriptors.
A Holistic Approach to Specialization
Authors: Slaymaker Jane Hoyt 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
There is a growing concern that extensive specialization in occupational therapy may so fragment the profession that it may be lost in the changes taking place in the delivery and payment of health care services. The early concepts of occupation and purposeful, developmentally appropriate activities are giving way in some settings to the use of highly specialized technologies. This article examines the trend of leaving occupational behaviors and adopting activity of a more technical nature and offers a conceptual model to preserve the traditional holistic approach to the practice of occupational therapy in today’s climate of specialization. The approach is seen as important to the viability of the profession in a modern competitive health care market.
Liberal Arts: The Foundation for Occupational Therapy Education
Authors: Yerxa Elizabeth J. , Sharrott Gerald 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapy lacks a consensus regarding its theory base, technical tools, contribution to society, ethical stance, and relationship to medicine. This study proposes steps to achieve a new consensus and to resolve the crisis focus on entry-level education. The proposed steps include (a) the critical assessment of the educational foundation for practice, (b) the recognition that a liberally educated occupational therapist can serve patients better and meet pressing societal needs, and (c) the pursuit of closer relationships with liberal arts colleges by occupational therapy academic departments. A “new breed” of occupational therapists, that is, therapists who are liberally educated, will be capable of thinking in broad categories and will be open to new ideas and aware of ethical implications; they will be familiar with principles, able to practice from a knowledge base, and prepared to improve the profession’s practice: they will possess the skills to be leaders.
Procedures for Designing an Occupational Therapy Consultation Contract
Authors: Dutton Rebecca 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists have been asked with increasing frequency to function as consultants, yet most of the research on consultation has been published in other fields. Issues that have been investigated include negotiating consultation sponsorship, conducting needs assessments, and evaluating the consultant’s effectiveness. For the purposes of our research the literature was used to generate a list of steps for designing a consultation package. The steps were then used in a six-month pilot contract to assess their usefulness for occupational therapy practice.
The Purdue Pegboard: Norms for 14- to 19-Year-Olds
Authors: Mathiowetz Virgil , Rogers Sandra L. , Dowe-Keval Mary , Donahoe Lori , Rennells Cheryl 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to collect normative data on the Purdue Pegboard, a test of finger dexterity, for individuals aged 14 to 19 years. Three trials were administered to 176 subjects from the seven-county Milwaukee area. Results indicated that females performed better than males on three out of four subtests, suburban subjects scored better than urban subjects on two of four subtests, and scores increased with age. The normative data collected provide a means of comparing a patient’s score with normal individuals of the same sex and age and aid in determining a patient’s need for therapy and in setting appropriate treatment goals.
Theories of Motivation in Occupational Therapy: An Overview
Authors: Sharrott Gerald W. , Cooper-Fraps Cynthia 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The motivational theories behind five theoretical approaches in occupational therapy that claim to be generic are explained. With the exception of the occupational behavior approach, the motivational perspectives are only implied features of the following other occupational therapy approaches discussed: object relations analysis, action consequence approach, recapitulation of ontogenesis, and developmental facilitation. These motivational explanations are developed and then applied to a case example. Finally, the occupational therapy approaches are analyzed in terms of the viability of their motivational perspectives to determine their adequacy as generic approaches for the profession.
Providing Occupational Therapy in an Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Affleck Anne T. , Lieberman Sheri , Polon Jan , Rohrkemper Kerry 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper includes information required for establishing and conducting an occupational therapy program in an intensive care unit. Three common problems in the intensive care unit are immobility and prolonged bed rest, sensory deprivation and stress, and prolonged mechanical ventilation. The resolution of these rehabilitation problems through occupational therapy intervention is addressed.
The Development of a Feeding Harness for an ALS Patient
Authors: Takai Valerie L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In treating patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis occupational therapists face an ever-changing disability for which they must select a wide range of assistive devices to maximize function in performance of activities of daily living. This case report emphasizes the significance of the patient’s contribution in the fabrication of equipment. The success of the feeding harness described depended as much on the process of its creation as on the enhanced function it gave the patient. The harness offered the patient a sense of hope and helpfulness in the face of a relentlessly progressive disease.
Cognitive Group: A Treatment Program for Head-Injured Adults
Authors: Lundgren Claude Coopersmith , Persechino Ellen Lipman 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The need for social interaction is frequently viewed as secondary to that of cognitive remediation in the rehabilitation of the head injured. This paper describes the Cognitive Group as an adjunct to individual occupational therapy treatment, designed specifically for inpatients, at Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation. The theoretical approach of the Cognitive Group is based upon Mosey’s developmental groups (A. C. Mosey, 1970. Three frames of reference for mental health. Thorofare, NJ: Charles B. Slack). The group’s format consists of structured cognitive activities in a controlled social environment. A sample week of group activities is included. We found a general trend of improvement in memory and social interaction skills among the 46 patients who participated in the program.
Recovery Potentials Following CNS Lesions: A Brief Historical Perspective in Relation to Modern Research Data on Neuroplasticity
Authors: Moore Josephine C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article begins with a brief historical account of our attempts to understand the brain by endlessly mapping out discrete structural and functional territories. These territorial or classical maps are then contrasted with the new metabolic maps, which show brain function and plasticity as it has never been conceptualized or visualized before. The new maps, along with more recent research in such areas as neuroplasticity, synaptogenesis, parallel processing, holistic brain functioning, sexual dimorphism, and individual differences, are giving our profession a solid scientific foundation on which to base many of the rehabilitation techniques used today in pediatrics, geriatrics, psychiatry, and physical disabilities.
Exhaler Class: A Multidisciplinary Program for High Quadriplegic Patients
Authors: DiPasquale Pamela A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Exhaler Class at Craig Hospital was developed to meet the physical, psychosocial, and educational needs of high quadriplegic patients. The class uses a multidisciplinary approach and includes exercise and educational sessions. To date, a total of 56 patients have participated in the 6-week program, and those surveyed rated the sessions as good both in content and presentation. An average increase in vital capacity of 0.5 L was observed in 20 patients surveyed.
Effects of Ankle-Foot Orthoses on Functional Motor Performance in a Child With Spastic Diplegia
Authors: Taylor Carole L. , Harris Susan R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A pilot case study examining the effects of inhibitive ankle-foot orthoses on functional motor performance in a child with spastic diplegia is presented. Both qualitative and quantitative changes occurred, lending support to the efficacy of inhibitive orthoses in improving motor performance in children with cerebral palsy.
Beliefs, Perspectives, and Activities of Psychosocial Occupational Therapy Educators
Authors: Barris Roann , Kielhofner Gary 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article reports on a descriptive survey study designed to provide information on the content of psychosocial occupational therapy courses, the professional beliefs of instructors, and relationships between their beliefs and decisions regarding course content. All currently accredited professional programs were surveyed; the data analysis was based on 64% of these programs. The survey found that despite a prevalent endorsement of occupational behavior theory, teaching practices were eclectic in terms of theoretical and skill emphases. This eclecticism appeared inconsistent with educators’ perceptions that a major problem facing practice in mental health is a lack of a unifying theory to define the direction of occupational therapy practice.
Organized Activity and the Adaptive Status of Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Duellman Marie K. , Barris Roann , Kielhofner Gary 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study examined one aspect of the hypothesis that the environment influences the adaptive status of elderly people. Specifically, it looked at the relationship between the amount of organized activities offered in three nursing homes and 44 residents’ perceptions of their roles in the present and future and their future time perspective. No relationship was found between future time perspective and the amount of activity offered; however, positive relationships existed between present and future roles and the amount of activity. The study supports the premise that when activity is available, individuals are likely to form and maintain images of themselves as actively engaging with their environment.
Occupational Therapy in Hospice Home Care: A Student Tutorial
Authors: Folts David , Tigges Kent , Weisman Tina 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The number of hospices in the United States has grown from 20 in 1978 to 1,500 in 1985. The projected need is for 4,000 to 5,000 new hospices to serve the terminally ill by the end of the century. As the hospice philosophy advocates a holistic approach (i.e., the amelioration of biological pain and physical symptoms, diagnostic honesty, and the maximization of the quality of life), occupational therapy, operating from an occupational behavior perspective, can contribute to maximizing the quality of life for the terminally ill patient. There is an urgent need to train occupational therapists to meet the potential demand inherent in the rapid growth of hospice care.
Because there are at the present time no formal course offerings on the treatment of the terminally ill hospice patient, this paper proposes a tutorial in the form of a five-phase model for an undergraduate independent study in hospice care. Certain principles of the model are illustrated through case studies.
Muscle Activity in the Spinal Cord–Injured During Wheelchair Ambulation
Authors: Harburn Karen L. , Spaulding Sandi J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Right shoulder complex muscles of nondisabled, paraplegic, and quadriplegic subjects were monitored with electromyography (EMG) during standardized wheelchair ambulation. It was shown that wheelchair ambulation required the recruitment of large amounts of available motor units in spinal cord–injured persons. Motor unit recruitments differed for the groups: recruitment was minimal for the nondisabled subjects, moderate for paraplegics, and often maximal for quadriplegics. In addition, large intra- and intergroup variabilities were found in the pattern of muscle recruitment during the standardized wheelchair ambulation movement.
The high variability shown in the muscle recruitment patterns of the normal individuals was unexpected, because the ambulation movement had been standardized as much as possible. The technique used to monitor muscle activity in this study reflects an example of how EMG can be employed to analyze activity during a movement. Using this technique one can objectively determine if assumptions about what is occurring in a muscle group during activity are correct.
Role Conflict in Occupational Therapy Student Parents
Authors: Menks Ferol A. , Tupper Lynne C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Surveys were conducted of occupational therapy curricula and of student parents who had a child or children less than 18 years old living with them. This was done to gather demographic data, to assess students’ level of involvement in student and professional activities, to examine extent and sources of role conflict and potential support systems, and to identify curricular modifications that might be helpful in attracting and retaining these students. Of 5165 occupational therapy students, 8.2% were identified as being parents of children less than 18 years old who were living with them. The curricula survey indicated a generally positive attitude towards these nontraditional students. Both the curricula respondents and student respondents indicated that additional resources in the areas of financial support, child care, support groups, and flexible part-time enrollment were needed. Students’ responses to the 15 role conflict situations revealed many good problem solving skills and adaptations.
Vehicular Transport Safety for the Child With Disabilities
Authors: Shaw Greg 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article reviews transport safety for the child with disabilities in vans, school buses, and automobiles. Because very little research has been done in this area, information about safety for children with disabilities has been extrapolated from information based on the nondisabled population. Commercially available car seats and harnesses, most of which are designed for the nondisabled child, can provide a high level of crash protection. Several available restraint systems are recommended.
Evaluating the Visual-Perceptual Skills of Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Menken Christine , Cermak Sharon A. , Fisher Anne 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills (TVPS) was used to determine if children with cerebral palsy demonstrated problems in visual perception on a motor-free visual perception test. Twenty-four children with cerebral palsy and 24 normal children, all of normal intelligence, were given the TVPS. Results showed that children with cerebral palsy attained significantly lower mean perceptual quotients than did the normal children. The TVPS appears to be a useful tool for the occupational therapist in evaluating visual perception in children with cerebral palsy.
Continuing Education for Health Professionals
Authors: Cook Harold L. , Beery Madeline , Sauter Suzanne V. H. , DeVellis Robert F. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Although continuing education in the health professions is an important endeavor, it has been largely neglected in the professional literature. Few studies have been done on (a) conceptual models to guide the design and implementation of continuing education and (b) the use of such models in continuing education. To fill this gap, two such models are described in this article: (a) instructional development and (b) community development. Combining and using these models can lead to more effective continuing education with more enduring effects. Principles to guide the implementation of these models are presented. An arthritis continuing education project based on the instructional and community development models is used to illustrate these principles. This continuing education project focused on occupational and physical therapists in clinical practice.
A Seat for Premature Infants
Authors: Stap Laura J. , Reinhart P. Ann 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Premature infants may benefit from short periods of supported sitting for position change, to facilitate the development of head control, to help with feeding and respiration, and to decrease intracranial pressure. This paper describes a seat designed for premature infants weighing 900 g to 2,000 g and made from thermoplastic material. The seats have been used with 30 infants with varying medical conditions.
Evaluating the Client With Physical Disabilities for Wheelchair Seating
Authors: Taylor Susan Johnson 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Positioning through wheelchair seating allows many severely physically disabled individuals to use their motor skills to access technical aids. In the last 10 years, many products relating to wheelchair seating have been developed and are now being used.
This article outlines evaluation and prescription guidelines that lead to the accompanying recommendations for seating. Categories for matching disability type/severity to seating methods are presented.
A Program for Improving Energy Conservation Behaviors in Adults With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Furst Gloria Platt , Gerber Lynn H. , Smith Cynthia C. , Fisher Susan , Shulman Barbara 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper presents the design and evaluation of an occupational therapy program developed at the National Institutes of Health for teaching energy conservation and joint protection to adults with rheumatoid arthritis. An existing model for educational diagnosis in health education was used to identify program, behavioral, and educational objectives for the new program. The use of this model resulted in measurable objectives, which were used as outcome measures in the randomized research evaluation of the new program. The dependent variables measured were activity-of-daily-living status, psychosocial adjustment to illness, knowledge, disease activity, pain, and fatigue. None were significantly different after the intervention. The independent variables measured included components of balancing rest and physical activity. After 3 months, a greater percentage of the subjects receiving the workbook-based occupational therapy program than those receiving traditional occupational therapy demonstrated an application of the behaviors the intervention was designed to change.
Effects of Adaptive Seating Devices on the Eating and Drinking of Children With Multiple Handicaps
Authors: Hulme Janet Bower , Shaver Jay , Acher Sandra , Mullette Leslie , Eggert Connie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of adaptive seating on oral-motor functioning as it relates to eating and drinking in 11 children with multiple handicaps between the ages of 1 and 4 years. An assessment instrument with a behavioral base was used for the seven direct observations of each child’s motor behavior. During the first and last visit the parent or guardian filled out a pre– and post–equipment questionnaire. Evaluations were conducted every 6 weeks beginning 3 months before and ending 6 months after the receipt of the seating devices. An analysis of variance was used to analyze rating scale score data. A nonparametric sign test was used for the analysis of yes/no data. Other data were analyzed for frequencies and central tendencies. Sitting posture and head alignment during eating and drinking improved significantly. A significant increase in the frequency with which liquid and food was retained in the mouth was noted. A significant number of children progressed from bottle to cup drinking and from eating blended to chopped or cut-up food. The present research extends beyond case study and retrospective study reports to support the efficacy of the use of adaptive seating devices by children with multiple handicaps.
Functional Hand Evaluations: A Review
Authors: McPhee Scott D. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Describing hand prehension patterns in the context of functional hand evaluations may not provide the therapist or surgeon with an accurate portrayal of a patient’s capabilities. Although dexterity involves both static and dynamic components of hand usage, most descriptions of prehension patterns study the static phase alone. Hand use is a function of anatomic integrity, mobility, strength, sensation, coordination, age, sex, mental status, disease or trauma, and the condition of other proximal extremity joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist). In this study, various descriptions of hand prehension patterns were reviewed and 11 functional hand evaluations were analyzed. The purpose was to see if the descriptions and the evaluations have common elements. The conclusions are that there are no common elements, that no hand function evaluation is appropriate for all types of patients, and that such evaluations should consist of tasks representative of everyday functional activities.
Using Sensorimotor Integrative Treatment With Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Huff Donna M. , Harris Sonia C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Thirty-four mentally retarded, institutionalized adults were subjects in a study of the effects of sensorimotor integrative treatment procedures on sensorimotor development. The 25 subjects in the experimental group received group sensorimotor integrative treatment in addition to regular institutional programming; the 9 subjects in the control group received only the regular institutional programming. The Sensorimotor Performance Analysis was used to test sensorimotor performance of all subjects four times during the 12-month study. Results showed that both the experimental group and the control group made gains in sensorimotor development, with no significant differences between groups. The findings indicate that treatment procedures for improving sensorimotor development of the mentally retarded adult need further examination so that appropriate modalities can be developed. Periodic reassessment of the client following completion of treatment is suggested because of possible delays in improvement of sensorimotor development.