bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐Term Clinicopathological Characteristics of Alpacas Naturally Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type Ib
Authors: Bedenice D. , Dubovi E. , Kelling C.L. , Henningson J.N. , Topliff C.L. , Parry N. 
Published: April 2011

Background:Substantial bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)‐related production losses in North American alpaca herds have been associated with BVDV type Ib infection.Objectives:To classify and differentiate the long‐term clinicopathological characteristics of BVDV type Ib infection of alpaca crias, after natural virus exposure. We hypothesized that persistently infected (PI) alpacas specifically demonstrate growth retardation, clinicopathological evidence of opportunistic infections, and early mortality.Animals:Thirty‐five crias naturally exposed to BVDV (18 acute, 3 chronic, 14 PIs), and 19 healthy cohort controls of 5 northeastern alpaca farms were prospectively evaluated over 2 years (September 2005–September 2008).Methods:Observational cohort‐control study.Results:Chronically (viremia >3 weeks) and PI crias demonstrated significantly lower birth weights, decreased growth rates, anemia, and monocytosis compared with control animals. Common clinical problems of PI alpacas included chronic wasting, diarrhea, and respiratory disease. Median survival of PI alpacas that died was 177 days (interquartile range, 555) with a case fatality rate of 50% within 6 months of life. Transplacental infection was confirmed in 82% (9/11) of pregnant females on 1 farm, resulting in the birth of 7 PI crias (7/10 deliveries; 1 animal was aborted). Mean gestation at the beginning and end of BVDV exposure was 64 and 114 days, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Natural BVDV type 1b infection during early pregnancy resulted in a high incidence of PI offspring. Although PI alpacas may have distinct clinical characteristics, verification of persistent viremia in the absence of endogenous, neutralizing antibodies is essential to differentiate persistent from chronic infection.
Spongy Degeneration with Cerebellar Ataxia in Malinois Puppies: A Hereditary Autosomal Recessive Disorder?
Authors: Kleiter M. , Högler S. , Kneissl S. , Url A. , Leschnik M. 
Published: April 2011

Background: There is a high incidence of hereditary degenerative diseases of the central nervous system in purebred dogs.Hypothesis: Cerebellar ataxia in Malinois puppies, caused by degenerative changes that predominate in cerebellar nuclei and the granular cell layer, is a hereditary disorder that is distinct from cerebellar cortical abiotrophies.Animals: Thirteen Malinois puppies with cerebellar ataxia.Methods: Retrospective study. Records of Malinois puppies with spongy degeneration of the cerebellar nuclei were analyzed including clinical signs, histopathological changes, and pedigree data.Results: Signs of cerebellar dysfunction were observed in puppies of both sexes from 5 different litters (1995–2009) of phenotypically normal parents. Clinical signs started before the age of 2 months and resulted in euthanasia of all puppies by the age of 13 weeks. Histopathology disclosed marked bilateral spongy degeneration of the cerebellar nuclei and vacuoles in the granular cell layer and foliate white matter of the cerebellum. In some puppies, discrete vacuoles in gray and white matter were present in other parts of the brain. Furthermore, spheroids and dilated myelin sheaths were observed. Pedigree data and segregation frequency support an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Malinois suffer from a hereditary spongiform degeneration that predominates in the cerebellum and causes an early onset of clinical signs with unfavorable prognosis. Future efforts should increase awareness among veterinarians and breeders and aim to identify underlying metabolic mechanisms and the affected genes.
Aglepristone Decreases Proliferation in Progesterone Receptor‐Positive Canine Mammary Carcinomas
Authors: Guil‐Luna S. , Sánchez‐Céspedes R. , Millán Y. , De Andrés F.J. , Rollón E. , Domingo V. , Guscetti F. , Martín de las Mulas J. 
Published: April 2011

Background: Progesterone receptor (PR) antagonist aglepristone (RU534) has been used successfully for pregnancy termination and therapy of pyometra, vaginal tumors, and mammary hyperplasia in bitches and queens. All of these conditions share with canine mammary carcinomas the expression of PR.Objectives: To study the effect of RU534 on proliferation and apoptosis in canine mammary carcinomas in relation to PR expression.Animals: Twenty‐seven nonspayed bitches with mammary carcinomas were treated with either 2 doses of 20 mg/kg RU534 (n = 22, RU534‐treated group) or oil placebo (n = 5, control group) on days 1 and 8.Methods: Tumor samples were collected before (day 1) and after (day 15) treatment for immunohistochemistry. PR expression, proliferation index (PI), and apoptotic index (AI) were determined using antibodies against PR, Ki67, and cleaved lamin A/C antigens, respectively. The effect of treatment on these parameters was analyzed.Results: Differential expression of PR between day 1 (59.1% PR‐positive tumors) and day 15 (36.4% PR‐positive tumors) was observed in RU534‐treated tumors exclusively. After RU534 treatment, mean PI was significantly decreased in PR‐positive but unchanged in PR‐negative RU534‐treated tumors. A reduction of ≥20% in PI was found in 61.5% of RU534‐treated tumors with PR expression. Conversely, no effect on AI was observed after RU534 treatment.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Neoadjuvant RU534 treatment had PR expression‐related inhibiting effects on proliferation of canine mammary carcinoma cells.
The Preparation of Sparingly Soluble Penicillin Salts
Authors: Vanderhaeghe H 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The preparation of sparingly penicillin salts with dialkylaminoalkyl benzoates has been investigated. Only the diethylaminoethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid has the same properties as diethylaminoethyl p-aminobenzoate (procaine). Phenylalanine esters (methyl to n-amyl) give sparingly soluble penicillin salts. The anomalies, described with different l-tyrosineesters, were not observed in this series.
The Local Anæsthetic ACtivity of 4-alkoxybenzoates
Authors: Vanderhaeghe H , Kolosy P , Claesen M 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A series of p-alkoxy benzoates of β-dimethylamino-, β-diethylamino-, β-(1-pyrrolidyl)-ethanoland of γ-diethylamino-; γ-(1-pyrrolidyl-)3 propanol has been prepared. Some pharmacological activities of those compounds have been investigated. A certain number of them show good local anæsthetic properties.
Veinlet Termination Number—Some Further Observations
Authors: Hall J P , Melville C 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Veinlet termination numbers for further species of commonly used medicinal leaves, both whole and coarsely ground, are presented. The relationship between veinlet termination number and the number of vein islets per 1 sq. mm. of leaf surface, and between veinlet termination number and leaf area are discussed.
A Comparative Study of the Spasmolytic Activities of Octaverine, Perparine and Papaverine
Authors: Goldberg A A , Shapero M 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A comparative study has been made of the toxicities and spasmolytic activities of papaverine and 2 synthetic analogues, octaverine and perparine. Octaverine and perparine have about one-half of the acute toxicity of papaverine, as shown by the combined LD50 figures, the minimum convulsive doses and the minimum doses required to diminish reflexes and establish lateral decubitus in mice. Octaverine is 4 times, and perparine twice, as active as papaverine in suppressing the spontaneous contractions of rat uterus. All 3 alkaloids have the same activity against barium chloride-induced spasm in isolated guinea-pig ileum. Octaverine and papaverine possess the same activity against spasm provoked by histamine or by pilocarpine; perparine has one-half of the activity of papaverine against histamine spasm and double the activity of papaverine against pilocarpine spasm. 5 Orally administerd papaverine has no action against histamine-induced bronchospasm in guinea-pigs; both octaverine and perparine possess a definite although small activity under comparable conditions.
The Ultra-Violet Spectrophotometric Assay of Alkaloids; Part II. Quinine and Strychnine
Authors: Bhattacharya Rabindra Nath , Ganguly Anil Kumar 
Published: April 2011

Summary and Conclusions
A simple ultra-violet spectrophotometric method for assay of mixed solutions of strychnine and quinine has been developed. Strychnine in solutions containing strychnine and quinine down to the ratio of 1:250 could be estimated within 1 per cent, of the actual quantity present. For ultra-violet spectrophotometric assay of strychnine and quinine it is imperative that the mixture should have little or no fluorescence under an ordinary ultra-violet lamp. For assay of the alkaloids in pharmaceutical preparations containing other ingredients, the bases are extracted and estimated as hydrochlorides. The accuracy of the method is largely dependent on the efficiency of such extractions.
Pharmacological Studies in the Apocynaceous Genus Aspidosperma Mart. & Zucc. Aspidosperma Oblongum A.DC
Authors: Banerjee J N , Lewis J J 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The bark of Aspidosperma oblongum A.DC. contains alkaloids which antagonise the actions of acetylcholine, histamine, barium and adrenaline, and reverse the actions of the latter. The alkaloids markedly depress the isolated heart's action and change the electrocardiogram pattern.
The Stability of Solutions of Sodium Phenobarbitone
Authors: O'Reilly W J , Wright S E 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The estimation of phenobarbitone by titration in anhydrous pyridine solution with sodium methylate is not affected by phenylethylacetylurea. The rate and extent of decomposition of sodium phenobarbitone in different strength aqueous solutions at various temperatures has been followed for periods up to 35 days. The results indicate a more rapid rate of decomposition than has been found previously, and confirm the necessity for avoiding the storage of phenobarbitone solutions for long periods at room temperature.
Preferential Crystallisation of one Stereoisomer from Solutions of Atropine Sulphate in Ethanol
Authors: Rosenblum E I , Taylor W S 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Atropine and l-hyoscyamine sulphates crystallise from ethanol solution as alcoholates. The solubility of l-hyoscyamine alcoholate is considerably lower than that of the atropine compound, which may account for the “spontaneous resolution” of the latter. The direction of optical rotation of crystals from deliberately seeded atropine sulphate solutions follows that of the seeds.
The Leucocyte Response in the Rabbit to Pyrogen from Proteus Vulgaris; Part I. Mononuclear and Temperature Responses
Authors: Dawson Mary , Todd J P 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Rabbit leucocyte response to a freeze-dried pyrogen from Proteus vulgaris was investigated and differential counts were carried out. The relative percentage of small lymphocytes fell, the maximum fall occurring about three hours after injection. The fall was expressed as a percentage of the initial level. At the high dose level injected, the small lymphocyte percentage fall had a coefficient of variation of 20 per cent, and the temperature rise a coefficient of 39 per cent. At the two lower dose levels the responses were of equal variability. The small lymphocyte response remained quantitative over the three doses studied but the temperature response failed to distinguish between the middle and high doses chosen.
Morphine Derivatives with Antianalgesic Action
Authors: Green A F , Ruffell G K , Walton E 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A series of N-alkyl substituted derivatives of morphine has been synthesised and examined for analgesic and antianalgesic action. Several of these compounds have shown powerful antianalgesic activity, N-propylnormorphine and the diacetyl and dipropionyl derivatives of N-allylnormorphine (nalorphine) being about as active as nalorphine.
Observations on Dithiols and the Distribution of Lead in Rabbits
Authors: Adam K R , Weatherall M 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The influence of several dithiols on the acute distribution and excretion of lead salts has been studied in rabbits. Dimercaprol glucoside and 1:2-dimercaptopropionic acid were substantially more effective than dimercaprol in promoting the excretion of lead in the urine. 1:3-dimercaptopropanol and 1:4-dimercaptoerythritol were not more effective than dimercaprol. After dimercaprol glucoside the lead remaining in the body was distributed more uniformly than in the control animals. 5 After a tenfold increase in the dose of lead inequalities in the distribution were exaggerated. Dimercaprol and dimercaprol glucoside caused a bigger absolute increase in the urinary excretion of lead after this dose than after the smaller dose of lead. Relatively to the dose of lead, they were less effective. 6 The mechanism underlying these changes is discussed and a simple theory is put forward to account for them.
The Alkaloids of Duboisia Leichhardtii: Butropine and Valtropine
Authors: Rosenblum Edward Ivan , Taylor Walter Seward 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Two new alkaloids, butropine (iso-butyryltropeine) and valtropine (d-α-methylbutyryltropeine) have been found in the leaves of Duboisia leichhardtii. They may occur in quantity comparable with that of the hyoscine. The two bases have been separated by vacuum fractionation, and by fractional extraction of an ether solution with aqueous acid. They form well defined crystalline salts. n-Butyryl, isobutyryl and isovalerytropeines have been synthesised, and the m.pts. of a number of their salts are recorded.
Pharmacological Studies in the Apocynaceous Genus Aspidosperma Mart. and Zucc. Aspidosperma Album (Vahl) R. Ben. and Aspidosperma Megalocarpon Muell. Arg
Authors: Banerjee J N , Lewis J J 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The alkaloids of the barks of Aspidosperma album and Aspidosperma megalocarpon non-specifically antagonise the actions of acetylcholine, histamine and barium. An in vitro anti-amœbic action has been shown. There is no evidence of reversal of the pressor effects of adrenaline. The A. album alkaloids potentiate the pressor response to adrenaline in the spinal cat.
The Preparation of Two Bis-Diazo Dyes for Intravenous Injection
Authors: Grainger H S , Carr Thelma , Somers G F 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Aqueous solutions of vital red and trypan red can be sterilised by autoclaving for 30 minutes at 10 lb. without a change in colour or an increase in toxicity. Solutions should be clarified by filtration through a No. 5/3 sintered glass filter or by centrifuging. Loss of dye can occur through incomplete solution or by adsorption to the glass filter. The concentration of the dye in the final solution should be determined colorimetrically and suitably adjusted prior to autoclaving in the final containers.
A Comparison of the Bronchodilator Activities of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline: A Proposed Procedure for the Biological Assay of Adrenaline Solutions Containing Noradrenaline
Authors: Lu F C , Allmark M G 
Published: April 2011

Summary
For the study of the comparative bronchodilator activities of adrenaline, noradrenaline and aminophylline a method has been described using the tracheal chain of guinea-pigs. The method has been found to yield data suitable for proper statistical treatment. The results from assays on different solutions of the same substance have been found to be accurate as well as precise. On the other hand, the ratios of the bronchodilator activities of different substances, while being precise, vary significantly in different experiments; the possible mechanism responsible for such differences have been discussed. The mean of the estimates from a group of assays, however, appears to give a fairly reliable result. The mean bronchodilator activity of noradrenaline in terms of adrenaline has been found to be from 5·0 to 10·3 per cent, in the different groups of these experiments, and that of aminophylline has been found to be 0·054 per cent. The method described herein, used in conjunction with the blood pressure method, seems to be suitable for the assay of adrenaline solutions containing 10 or 20 per cent, of noradrenaline.
On the Metabolism of Some Aromatic Nitrocompounds by Different Species of Animal; Part I. Some Factors Influencing the Elimination of 4: 6 dinitro-o-cresol from the Blood of the Rat
Authors: King E , Harvey D G 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Elimination rates of dinitro-o-cresol from the blood of hooded rats have been determined under normal and abnormal (high environmental temperature, metabolic depressant) conditions. The effects of varying the methods of administration and of obtaining the blood have also been studied. Seventeen values of b ranged from — 0·010 to — 0·022. Elimination rates are faster when dinitro-o-cresol is administered by intraperitoneal injection than by mouth or by inhalation of an ærosol, and when blood is obtained by cardiopuncture rather than by tail bleeding. Sudden application of high environmental temperatures to animals poisoned by dinitro-o-cresol caused a slight slowing of the elimination rate. Acclimatisation for 7 days under the same conditions resulted in a faster elimination rate.
Chronic Toxicity of Bread Additives to Rats
Authors: Graham W Donald , Teed H , Grice H C 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Bread containing 50 times the normal concentration of chlorine dioxide, propyl gallate and butylated hydroxyanisole, polyoxyethylene (8) monostearate, or sodium propionate as 75 per cent, of the diet for 1 year did not harmfully affect growth or mortality of rats. The high concentrations of polyoxyethylene (8) monostearate, sodium propionate, antioxidants and chlorine dioxide had no detectable effect on organ weights or on histopathology of the tissues. No evidence was obtained that the simultaneous presence of high concentrations of more than one potential toxicant in the diet led to any synergistic action.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone as a Drug Retardant: Part III. Effect on Sodium p-Aminosalicylate
Authors: Graham W Donald , Teed H 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Polyvinylpyrrolidone at 40 per cent, concentration in the injected material effectively lowered the maximum blood level of p-aminosalicylate when the drugs were given together intravenously to rabbits or intraperitoneally to rats. 2. The duration of retention in the blood stream of significant amounts of the intravenously injected p-aminosalicylate was not influenced by polyvinylpyrrolidone. When the combined drugs were given intraperitoneally appreciable blood levels persisted longer in the presence of 20 or 40 per cent, of polyvinylpyrrolidone.
A Specific Method for the Determination of Morphine
Authors: Pride R R A , Stern E S 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The iodic acid-ammonium-carbonate-nickel salt reaction has been adapted for the routine spectrophotometric determination of morphine; the method is sensitive down to about 0·005 per cent, of morphine in solution and 0·03 per cent, of morphine can be determined with an accuracy within ± 2 per cent. Of the bases occurring with morphine in nature only pseudo-morphine interfered weakly and the method has been used for the rapid determination of morphine in opium and poppy capsule. The factors affecting the formation of the green complex are briefly discussed.
The Routine Determination of the Antacid Efficiency of Aluminium Hydroxide Gels
Authors: Clemow P R , Lowry J W 
Published: April 2011

Summary
In vitro methods for assessing the therapeutic value of antacids have been discussed in relation to the routine evaluation of aluminium hydroxide gels. Experiments based on these tests and the conclusions drawn from the discussion have been carried out with a view to establishing a suitable routine test. A form of test has been given in detail and limits have been suggested.
On the Metabolism of Some Aromatic Nitrocompounds by Different Species of Animal: Part II. The Elimination of Various Nitro-Compounds from the Blood of Different Species of Animal
Authors: Lawford D J , King E , Harvey D G 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Four aromatic nitro-compounds have been studied, and it has been found that they are eliminated from 4 species of laboratory animals in the following descending order of speed: p-nitrophenol &gt; 2:4:dinitrophenol &gt; 2:4-dinitro-α-naphthol &gt; 4:6-dinitro-o-cresol. In the 4 species of animals employed the eliminating efficiency in descending order of speed is mouse &gt; rabbit &gt; guinea-pig &gt; rat. A few experiments on West African monkeys reveals that the elimination rates of the 4 substances are of the same order as for the rat. A comparison of the ratios of the LD50 values and of the elimination rates indicates that the LD50 values are much closer numerically than are the elimination rates. The latter exhibit some divergence.
An in vivo Method for the Assay of Heparin
Authors: Jorpes J Erik , Blombäck Margareta , Blombäck Birger 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The anticoagulant activity of heparin has been assayed in sheep, by giving small consecutive doses intravenously at intervals of 4 hours, and determining the coagulation time 4 minutes after injection. A curve is plotted, using doses of a standard heparin varying in strength by 10 to 20 per cent. This is followed by 1 or 2 injections of the unknown heparin in suitable doses. The figures found agree, with a margin of a few per cent., with the theoretical ones. The fresh whole-blood method, using ox blood in vitro, is found to give figures identical with those obtained with the in vivo method. The unreliability of the methods using artificial systems with citrated plasma or salted whole blood, including the U.S.P. XIV method, is discussed. An in vivo method is devised as a reference technique in assaying heparin.
Alkaloid Biogenesis: Part III. The Production of Biosynthetic Radioactive Hyoscine and Meteloidine
Authors: Evans W C , Partridge M W 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The production of biosynthetic radioactive hyoscine and meteloidine in Datura ferox after injection of glycine-2-14C is described. The major part of the radioactive carbon is concentrated in the tropane residues.