bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Injury from rape and consensual sexual intercourse: role of skin colour and time to exam
Authors: Sommers M S , Everett J S , Fargo J D 
Published: March 2011

Rape is a global health risk for women. We are exploring the role of skin colour in the management of rape injury.Aims(1) to estimate the prevalence of genital injury after consensual sexual intercourse (CSI); (2) to determine whether injury prevalence varies by ethnicity and skin colour; (3) to evaluate whether recent (≤24 h) CSI increases injury from baseline.MethodsA cross-sectional design was used for phase I (n=120) and repeated measures design for phase II (n=38). In phase I, participants underwent a forensic exam following CSI, and in phase II participants had a baseline exam, followed by CSI and a follow-up exam.ResultsIn phase I, 55% of the sample had ≤1 genital injury; percentages significantly differed for White (68%) and Black (43%) participants (p=.02). While ethnicity was a significant predictor of injury occurrence (OR=3.15; RR=2.94), skin colour confounded the original relationship between ethnicity and injury. In phase II, change in genital injury prevalence and frequency from exam 1 to 2 was modelled using logistic and negative binomial regression. Outcomes included specific injury type and observation of any injury during exam 2. Injury observed during examination 1 was the key predictor, adjusted for age, ethnicity, time since intercourse, duration of intercourse, degree of lubrication, frequency of intercourse, number of lifetime partners and skin colour. Results showed significant increases in redness as well as increased frequency of any external genital injury.ConclusionsThe rape forensic examination should be sensitive to skin colour, time since last intercourse, and baseline injury.
Home injury risks in homes of urban dwelling seniors and disabled persons
Authors: Shields W C , Stepnitz R L , McDonald E M , Gielen A C 
Published: March 2011

PurposeSeniors and disabled persons suffer disproportionate risks from fires, scalds and carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning compared to the general population. Little has been done to evaluate the presence of injury counter measures in the homes of these groups. This presentation shares observed behaviours and residents safety knowledge from household surveys conducted in an urban area prior to the implementation of a community intervention trial.MethodsHouseholds were randomly selected from twelve census tracks. A letter mailed to the home preceded an interview team who consented participants, conducted a survey including observations to confirm the presence of CO and smoke alarms and tested the hot water temperature.Results609 households completed the survey and observation. 196 households were occupied by an individual age 60 or older and/or a person with a physical disability. The typical respondent in this sample is a black (61%) female (71%) with a high school diploma or less (52%) and a per capita income of less than $25 000 (77%). Households with seniors or disabled persons were rarely observed to have recommended smoke alarm coverage (36%) or a working CO alarm (26%). Safe hot water temperature was present in 61% of homes. In bivariate analyses, no differences were found between homes with and without seniors or disabled persons or by income level. Additional results describing residents knowledge about safety behaviours will be presented.ConclusionsEffort is needed to promote the life-saving benefits of injury counter measures so that seniors and disabled persons can be adequately protected.
Community safety through partnership tasking
Authors: Mccall M , Hayes D 
Published: March 2011

Partner Agencies IncludeFife Community Safety PartnershipFife PoliceFire ServiceRSL'sVictim Support FifeNHS FifeFife Council Education/Social Work Service Environmental Services Housing and Local Services.The establishment of the Safer Neighbourhoods Tasking Group and the adoption of a multi-agency tasking approach, involving key local services, combined with effective community engagement has led to greatly improved community perceptions and begun to address the links between antisocial behaviour and longer term problems of health inequalities and community cohesion.Monthly meetings use a tasking approach, based on the police National Intelligence Model, to gather and manage information and make informed and effective decisions.Community and partnership intelligence is key to the tasking process. A tactical assessment document is produced containing data from all partner agencies.Allocated tasks cover a range of issues, including youth disorder, under age drinking, noise nuisance, neighbour nuisance, secondary fires and hate crime.The partnership tasking model encourages a move away from business as usual by providing effective joint approaches and early interventions to reduce the risk of problems escalating and by providing support to victims and offenders.OutcomesVandalism offences – 30% reductionSecondary fires – 23% reductionStreet disorder – 26% reductionAntisocial behaviour (ASB) offences – 9% reductionASB incidents – 30% reductionNoise nuisance incidents – 43% reductionPublic PerceptionRubbish and litter (down 38%)Graffiti and vandalism (down 35%)Assaults/attacks (down 33%)Young people hanging about (down 33%)Work is now underway to roll out the approach to other areas in Fife.
Regional differences in pedal cyclist injuries in New Zealand: risk in scarcity?
Authors: Tin S Tin , Woodward A , Ameratunga S 
Published: March 2011

AimTo assess regional differences in the risks of traffic injuries to pedal cyclists that resulted in death or hospital inpatient treatment in relation to time spent cycling and time spent travelling in a carMethodsCycling injuries were identified from the Mortality Collection and the National Minimum Dataset. Time spent cycling and time spent travelling in a car/van/Ute/SUV as driver or passenger was computed from National Household Travel Surveys. There are sixteen census regions in New Zealand, some of which were combined for this analysis to ensure an adequate sample size, resulting in eight regional groups. Analyses were undertaken for 1996–1999 and 2003–2007.ResultsThe risk of injuries per million hours spent cycling varied widely across regions (ranging from 11 to 33 injuries during 1996–1999 and from 12 to 78 injuries during 2003–2007). The expected number of cycling injuries increased with increasing annual total time spent cycling but at a decreasing rate after adjusting for total time spent travelling in a car. The risk of cycling injuries decreased with increasing annual per capita time spent cycling. However, the risk increased with increasing annual per capita time spent travelling in a car. There was an inverse association between the injury risk and the ratio of time spent cycling to time spent travelling in a car.ConclusionThe findings indicate the ‘risk in scarcity’ effect for New Zealand cyclists, that is, the risk profiles of cyclists will worsen if less people use a bicycle and more use a car.
Is it true that children are not affected when motorcycle use increases?
Authors: Santikarn C 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundAll 11 countries of WHO South-East Asia (SEA) region have low or middle income. Motorcycle use is increasing and has become family vehicle with children as passengers. Due to scarcity of epidemiologic information, the pattern of transport accidents in children of hi-income country that majority is pedestrians, was taken as true for low and middle income countries by some experts. They hence believe that children are not affected when motorcycle use increases. This presentation aims to provide evidence from SEA countries that children are affected when motorcycle use increases and call for appropriate actions.MethodA template for secondary data collection was sent to all countries in the Region.ResultProportion of motorcycles among all registered vehicles in SEA countries except Bhutan, ranged from 50% to 80%. Thailand Sentinel Injury Surveillance 2003–2007 revealed a minimum range of 5065–5718 children injured from riding on motorcycle per year. One year data of two cities in India showed 73% of the child transport accident cases were injured while riding on motorcycles, 55% with head injuries. Sri Lanka data revealed that 34% of all child transport injuries were children riding on motorcycles. Children are affected when motorcycle use increases, especially in middle and low income country. These data are significant early warning sign of silent epidemic. Segregation of data by age in national information systems, appropriate standards, law and enforcement on child helmet, age for children to ride as passenger; and increase of eligible age for moped driving license are urgently needed.
Maternal psychological distress and injury in the first year of life
Authors: Spinks A B , Cameron C M , Scuffham R A , Scott R , Ng S K , McClure R 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundMany mothers of young children experience significant psychological distress which is associated with poor child health outcomes, including increased risk of injury. This research explores possible pathways through which maternal distress may influence injury occurrence in the first year of life.MethodThe Environments for Healthy Living Study enrols pregnant mothers in a peri-urban area of Australia. Enrolled mothers complete surveys at recruitment (approximately 36 weeks gestation) and at 12 months postbirth to elicit information related to social, behavioural and health outcomes.Results1112 pregnant mothers were enrolled in the first 2 years of the study, and 857 (77%) returned a follow-up survey after 1 year. Responses indicated that 148 (17%) infants suffered an injury requiring medical attention in the first year. Mothers categorised with moderate to high psychological distress according to the Kessler 6 rating scale were more likely to report an injury than non-distressed mothers (p=0.028). Infant injury risk was also elevated among younger mothers and those who reported their child was difficult to care for, lower baseline ratings of community satisfaction or changes in parenting burden since the birth. Maternal psychological distress levels were influenced by a large number of social and demographic variables including relationship status, paternal education level, neighbourhood satisfaction, perceived financial difficulties and parenting burden.ConclusionA number of personal, social and neighbourhood variables exist that may explain the demonstrated link between maternal psychological distress and injury in the first year of life.
Taking alcohol by deception: An analysis of ethanol concentration of paraga, an alcoholic herbal mixture and factors associated with its use among commercial drivers in an urban centre in Nigeria
Authors: Oluwadiya K S 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundParaga is a herbal mixture in alcoholic base that is widely consumed in Nigeria. Because of its perceived medicinal values, it is freely available to commercial drivers in motor parks and on the streets. This study purposes to evaluate the alcoholic concentration of paraga and to describe its use among commercial drivers. Insights from the study will be useful in developing evidence based policies to control its use.MethodSamples of paraga were obtained for analysis. The WHO students drug survey questionnaire was used to evaluate paraga use among 332 commercial drivers in Osogbo, Nigeria.ResultsThe alcohol by volume (ABV) content of the paraga samples ranged between 1.20% and 20.84%. 10 (35.7%) were comparable to beer in strength, 9 (32.1%) were weaker than beers, 6 (21.4%) were equivalent to wines while the last three were stronger than wine but weaker than distilled spirits. The prevalence of lifetime use for paraga was 56.6%; with current (1 month) use and past (1 year) use of 53.6% and 48.2% respectively. 184 (54.5%) had driven shortly after consuming alcohol in the past while 122 (36.7%) had actually seen people behaved drunkenly after consuming paraga. Only 44.7% of those currently taking paraga are willing to stop taking it.ConclusionParaga's ABV is comparable to the ABV of common alcoholic beverages. Like these beverages, access to paraga at motor parks should be restricted and drivers educated on its potentials for harmful effects.
Childhood injury prevention and safe community development in Vietnam
Authors: Ngoc L T T 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundIn Vietnam, injury is increasing and becomes the leading causes of mortality among hospitalised cases. Recently, Injury prevention and Safe community development is a concerned duty.ObjectiveInjury prevention and Safe community development.Design and subjectsCollecting data from 63 provinces nationwide.ResultsFrom 2005 to 2008, there were 25 childhood mortality cases per 100 000 children. Of which, there were 12 drowning cases, 6 traffic injury cases, 2 suicides and other causes such as poisoning, burning, falling, violence. In order to prevent childhood injury, Vietnam has implemented interventions especially safe community. Until 2008, 11 communes have designated as international safe communities and nearly 50 communes have designated as Vietnam safe communities.Conclusion and recommendationDrowning and Road traffic injury are leading causes of injury mortality of children aged from 0 to 19 year old. Injury prevention and safe community development plays an important role in childhood injury prevention.
The influence of limitation in activity of daily living and physical health on elderly suicidal ideation: results from survey of Kangbuk district, Korea
Authors: Lim D 
Published: March 2011

The influence of limitation in activity of daily living (ADL) and physical health on elderly suicidal ideation: results from survey of Kangbuk district, Korea.BackgroundStudying suicidal ideation (SI) has methodological advantages over examining completed suicide and may provide useful insight into suicidal behaviour. SI is not only strongly associated with mental disorder (particularly depression), but also disability. The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between elderly SI and disability in greater details.MethodsThe data were collected from 13 July 2009 to 19 July 2009. through the survey to 513 elderly persons over 65 years old who have lived in Kangbuk district, Korea. Nineteen questions were asked to assess SI, a set of questions identified ADL limitation, and usual physical health. A set of questions identified ADL limitation was scored. The more limit a daily living, the higher ADL limitation score.ResultsThere were statistically significant differences in the ADL limitation score and usual physical health according to SI. In suicidal group, ADL limitation score average, 28.06 was higher than in none suicidal group by 3.96 (t=–4.49, p<0.0001). ADL limitation score increased with the age, and female's ADL limitation score, 25.71 was higher than male by 4.79 (t=10.02, p=<0.0001).ConclusionsDisability is an important independent correlate of SI, particularly in older people. Preventive programs need to be considered for disabled older people.
Unintentional injuries among children in a low-income country: result form the largest population-based survey in Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury S M , Rahman A , Mashreky S R , Giasuddin S , Svanström L , Horte L G , Rahman F 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionUnintentional childhood injuries are recognised as a major public health problem globally, but little is known about their patterns in most low-income countries including Bangladesh. However, no specific intervention has yet been developed to address the issue in Bangladesh.ObjectivesObjectives of the paper are to explore the magnitude and distribution of unintentional injuries among Bangladeshi children (<18 years). Methodology: A cross sectional survey was conducted during 2003 (January – December) in 12 randomly selected districts and Dhaka Metropolitan City of Bangladesh. Nationally representative data were collected from 171 366 households comprising of 351 651 children of under 18 years. Information includes the number of deaths and illness at the household in the preceding year. Verbal autopsy and verbal diagnosis form was used to determine the cause of mortality and morbidity respectively.ResultsThere were 351 651 children in the study, of which 5577 had one or more injuries in the past 1 year. Drowning was the leading cause of injury mortality in children over 1 year of age and falls was the leading cause of injury morbidity. Incidence of unintentional injuries was significantly higher among boys (95% CI 1994.9 to 2157.8) than girls (95% CI 968.7 to 1085.8) while rural children were the most vulnerable group. Home and its premises was the most common place for the injury incidence.ConclusionThe result of the study could be an insight to the policy makers and public health planners for developing realistic and effective strategies to address the issue.
The Performances of the Glasgow coma scale, the Revised Trauma Score, the Triage Revised Trauma Scores and the Kampala Trauma Score in predicting mortality in the accident and emergency ward of a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria
Authors: Oluwadiya K S , Popoola S O , Oginni L M 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundCountries with no formal prehospital care system have a high inter-hospital referral rate with patients being referred late to tertiary hospitals. Objective is to determine which of the four trauma scores is most useful in predicting mortality and to determine the optimal cut-off point for predicting mortality for each score.MethodologyIn a prospective study, all patients with severe trauma (ISS>16) presenting in the Accident and Emergency were included in the study. The scores were calculated using standard methodologies. Their ability to discriminate between survivors and non-survivors in the casualty was compared using the receiver operative characteristic (ROC) curves.ResultsThere were 12 (6.5%) deaths among the 186 patients included in the study. The area under the curve (AUC) of each of the scores were: Kampala Trauma Score (KTS)=0.914, Revised Trauma Score (RTS)=0.883, the Triage Revised Trauma Scores (tRTS)=0.881 and Glasgow coma scale (CGS)=0.880. Pairwise comparison of the scores did not show any significant difference in the performances of the scores. The various optimal cut-off point for discriminating between survivors and non-survivors for the scores were: KTS=12, RTS=5.7, tRTS=9 and GCS=9.ConclusionWhile the KTS and the RTS performed better than the CGS in predicting mortality in the casualty, this performance was not statistically significant. We therefore suggest that, because of its widespread usage and ease of use, the CGS should be used by hospitals in deciding which patient to refer to tertiary hospitals. Patients with CGS scores of ≤9 should be transferred to tertiary centres; and those already in tertiary centres should be admitted to the ICU for special care
Development and field-testing of training module on the administration of safe-settings assessment tools
Authors: Guevarra J P , Basilio J A , Albornoz R , Go J J 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThree assessment tools for the home, school and community were developed by the Philippines National Technical Working Group on Child Injury Prevention. Before these tools can be utilised by the parents, teachers and community leaders, respectively, there is a need to develop the training module and field test it so that identified end-users can use these tools effectively.ObjectivesTo develop the training module on the administration of safe-settings assessment tools; and to field test the training module.MethodologyTraining module development, consultations with the Technical Working Group and field testing of the training module in Central Luzon, Philippines were done.ResultsFrom November 2008 to February 2009, development of the training module on the administration of safe-settings assessment tools was done. After consultations with various stakeholders, the training module was revised and field-tested in March, 2009 in Tarlac City, Philippines.Field-testing revealed that there were some concepts that could not easily be understood by the intended users. Participants did not easily capture the essence of too many statistical data so the manner of presentation of statistical data was revised. Graphics were also improved to depict the local scenario. Instructions on how to accomplish the safe-settings assessment tools were also improved using simple terms which can easily be understood by those who will use the instruments.ConclusionField-testing proved to be a very important component in materials development. Input from end-users must be obtained to ensure utility of training materials.
The performance of the motorcycle rider behaviour questionnaire among commercial motorcycle riders in Nigeria
Authors: Sunday O Kehinde 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundRecently, motorcycle use as a mode of transportation had increased tremendously. The motorcycle rider behaviour questionnaire (MRBQ) has been used among British motorcycle riders. We sought to determine its performance among Nigerian motorcycle riders (CM).MethodWe adapted and administered the MRBQ to 500 CMs in Osogbo, Nigeria using two trained interviewers. Findings The mean age was 27 years (Range=17–70) and the mean riding experience was 4.72 years (range=1–19 years). 110 (22%) had been involved in a crash before while 124 (24.8) had been involved in 1-6 traffic violations in the past. Using Principal Component Analysis, the five-factor structure of the original MRBQ condensed to four, which accounted for 32.5% of the variance. Factor 1 (control/safety) consisted of 4 safety and 5 control variables which accounted for 10.5% of the variance. Factor 2 (stunt) accounted for 8.6% and it comprised five stunt variables. Factor 3 (error) accounted for 8.0% of the variables and consisted of four error variables while factor 4 (seed/impatience) accounted for 5.4% and consisted of speed variables. Six variables did not load under any factor. General linear model showed that speed/impatience, experience, alcohol use and motorcycle usage were the only significant predictors of crash liability Conclusion The performance of MRBQ in the Nigerian CMs population is different from its performance among British riders. The paper will discuss possible ways in which findings from this study can help in formulating policies directed at reducing motorcycle crashes
Incidence of children left unattended in hot cars in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Killian J J , Water M , Stokes M , Hallett L 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionKidsafe Victoria, as part of the Child Accident Prevention Foundation, is the leading non-government, charitable, organisation dedicated to preventing unintentional child injuries and deaths and resulting disabilities. This is achieved through awareness campaigns, education programs, research, advocacy and environmental, legislative and behaviour change.BackgroundIn summer, temperatures inside a parked car can double outside temperatures in a matter of minutes, with a car interior being as much as 30–40°C hotter than outside. Yet parents often make the decision to leave their child in the car to run a quick errand. This can lead to dehydration or even death, as young children are not able to regulate their body temperature as well as adults. In most states in Australia, it is against the law to leave a child unattended in a vehicle.ObjectiveTo identify the number of children being left unattended in hot cars in Victoria, Australia using existing research and collating new data.ResultsStatistics from a singular motoring organisation in Victoria showed that between 2008 and 2009, 1543 children needed rescuing from a locked car. Results from a study collating more comprehensive data will be discussed.Future ImplicationsThis study forms part of an ongoing educational campaign raising awareness of the dangers of leaving children in cars, especially on a hot day. Integration of the findings from the components of this study will provide strong evidence to inform future campaigns regarding legislative and policy changes to help protect children.