bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of stone chewing by outdoor sows on their teeth and stomachs
Authors: Davies Z. E. , Guise H. J. , Penny R. H. C. , Sibly R. M. 
Published: October 2010

Stone chewing is a common behaviour in outdoor sows, but its effects on their teeth and stomachs have not been investigated. Tooth wear and damage was assessed by examining the heads of 58 sows culled from outdoor units and 23 culled from indoor units. Tooth damage was found in 28 per cent of outdoor and 30 per cent of the indoor sows, and tooth wear affected 88 per cent of the outdoor and 91 per cent of the indoor sows. The outdoor sows were more prone to wear on the lower molars and premolars, a pattern of wear associated with stone chewing. The stomachs of 152 outdoor sows and 47 indoor sows were examined. Stones were found in 59 of the outdoor sows but in none of those kept indoors. There was no evidence that the presence of stones damaged the stomach, or that stone chewing affected the health of the sows. The teeth of the outdoor sows were worn, but probably not sufficiently to affect their ability to eat during their relatively short productive lives.
Intraocular pressure of juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) held in different positions
Authors: Chittick B. , Harms C. 
Published: October 2010

The intraocular pressure of 12 apparently healthy juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) was determined by applanation tonometry while the turtles were held in dorsoventral, ventrodorsal, and head‐down suspended positions. The median intraocular pressures were 5 mmHg (range 4 to 9 mmHg) in the dorsoventral position, 7 mmHg (range 5 to 12 mmHg) in the ventrodorsal position, and 23 mmHg (range 17 to 33 mmHg) in the suspended position.
Prevalence and public health significance of blemishes in cuts of Irish beef
Authors: Beechinor J. G. , Bloomfield F. J. , Buckley T. 
Published: October 2010

Between February 1999 and February 2000 more than 45,000 quarters of Irish beef cattle were examined for the presence of blemishes as they were cut into primal and subprimal cuts. A total of 2379 blemishes, either scars or cysts, were found. Eight of the scars and one cyst tested positive for residues of inhibiting substances.
Controlled study of the efficacy of clavulanic acid‐potentiated amoxycillin in the treatment of Chlamydia psittaci in cats
Authors: Sturgess C. P. , Gruffydd‐Jones T. J. , Harbour D. A. , Jones R. L. 
Published: October 2010

Twenty‐four specific pathogen‐free cats were inoculated with 3 x 103 infectious units of a field isolate of Chiamydia psittaci on to the corneal surface. Seven days later they were assigned randomly to three groups of eight and treated orally for 19 days with either clavulanic acid‐potentiated amoxycillin, doxycycline or a placebo. Both treated groups responded rapidly, with a marked reduction in isolation rates and clinical scores which were significantly lower than in the placebo group within two and four days, respectively. After two days the group treated with potentiated amoxycillin had a significantly lower isolation score than the group treated with doxycycline. Forty days after they were infected the clinical signs recurred in five of the eight cats treated with potentiated amoxycillin, but a four‐week course of potentiated amoxycillin resulted in a complete clinical recovery with no evidence of a recurrence for six months.
Ultrasonography of the teat canal in cows and sheep
Authors: Franz S. , Baumgartner W. , Hofmann‐Parisot M. , Windischbauer G. , Suchy A. , Bauder B. 
Published: October 2010

When the isolated teat of a cow was examined with an 8.5 MHz linear array transducer in a vertical plane, the teat canal appeared as a thin, white line, bordered on each side by parallel, thick, grey‐black bands. In a horizontal plane a comparable image was obtained. In a sheep, images of comparable quality were obtained with a 12 MHz transducer. Histological studies of the tissues whose removal led to the disappearance of this characteristic ultrasonographic appearance showed that it was associated with the stratified keratinised squamous epithelium with distinct papillae. The content of keratin in the stratum corneum was apparently responsible for the bright zone; the stratum lucidum was not visible, and the surrounding dark, less echoic area was associated with the stratum granulosum. Doppler echography in live animals confirmed this designation. The outer layers of the teat wall were more echogenic.
Studies of embryo transfer from cattle clinically affected by bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
Authors: Wrathall A. E. , Brown K. F. D. , Sayers A. R. , Wells G. A. H. , Simmons M. M. , Farrelly S. S. J. , Bellerby P. , Squirrell J. , Spencer Y. I. , Wells M. , Stack M. J. , Bastiman B. , Pullar D. , Scatcherd J. , Heasman L. , Parker J. , Hannam D. A. R. , Helliwell D. W. , Chree A. , Fraser H. 
Published: October 2010

Semen from 13 bulls, eight with clinical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BsE), was used to artificially inseminate (AI) 167 cows with clinical BSE, and their resultant embryos were collected non‐surgically seven days after Al. The viable and non‐viable embryos with intact zonae pellucidae were washed 10 times (as recommended by the International Embryo Transfer Society) then frozen. Later, 587 of the viable embryos were transferred singly into 347 recipient heifers imported from New Zealand, and 266 live offspring were born of which 54.1 per cent had a BSE‐positive sire and a BSE‐positive dam. The recipients were monitored for clinical signs of BSE for seven years after the transfer, and the offspring were monitored for seven years after birth. Twenty‐seven of the recipients and 20 offspring died while being monitored but none showed signs of BSE. Their brains, and the brains of the recipients and offspring killed after seven years, were examined for BSE by histopathology, PrP immunohistochemistry, and by electron microscopy for scrapieassociated fibrils. They were all negative. In addition, 1020 non‐viable embryos were sonicated and injected intracerebrally into susceptible mice (20 embryos per mouse) which were monitored for up to 700 days, after which their brains were examined for spongiform lesions. They were all negative. It is concluded that embryos are unlikely to carry BSE infectivity even if they have been collected at the end‐stage of the disease, when the risk of maternal transmission is believed to be highest.
Pathological changes of renal tubular dysplasia in Japanese Black cattle
Authors: Sasaki Y. , Kitagawa H. , Kitoh K. , Okura Y. , Suzuki K. , Mizukoshi M. , Ohba Y. , Masegi T. 
Published: October 2010

Pathological studies were conducted on 91 Japanese Black cattle with a hereditary disease which induced growth retardation, long hooves and renal failure. In calves one to two months old, no gross abnormalities were observed in the kidneys, but microscopical examinations revealed immature epithelia which were arranged irregularly and not attached to the basement membranes in some proximal tubules. In animals three to 36 months old, the kidneys had shrunk perceptibly and had grey‐white radial streaks; microscopically they showed severe interstitial fibrosis with round‐cell infiltration in the outer zone of the medulla and cortex, and reductions in the numbers of glomeruli and tubules. In the fibrotic areas there were immature epithelia with an irregular arrangement, and the basement membrane of the tubules was thickened. It was concluded that renal tubular dysplasia was the primary lesion of the disease, and that interstitial fibrosis and reductions in the numbers of nephrons were secondary lesions.
Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of carprofen in the treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis
Authors: Lipscomb V. J. , Pead M. J. , Muir P. , AliAbadi F. S. , Lees P. 
Published: October 2010

Six medium to large breed dogs with osteoarthritis were treated with 2 mg/kg of racemic carprofen, mixed with their morning feed, daily for 28 days. The treatment significantly (P&#60;0.01) reduced their mean lameness score, measured on a visual analogue scale, and there was a trend (P=0.1 1) for the peak vertical forces exerted on a forceplate to be increased in the most severely affected limb. The plasma concentration‐time relationships of the S(+) and R(−) enantiomers were studied for 24 hours after the first dose and after seven days and 28 days. There were no significant differences between the mean pharmacokinetic parameters measured on the three occasions, suggesting that carprofen was not accumulated and that tolerance to the drug did not develop. Although the pharmacokinetic parameters of the S(+) and R(−) enantiomers were generally very similar, there were wide variations both between and within dogs.
Effect of electrocardiographic filters on the R‐amplitude of canine electrocardiograms
Authors: Dvir E. , Lobetti R. G. , Cilliers P. J. 
Published: October 2010

Lead II electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded in 88 dogs ranging in weight from 3 to 50 kg. A commercial direct‐writing electrocardiograph was used to record the ECGs, first with manual HUM filter (notch filter at 50/60 Hz) and EMG filter (cut‐off frequency of ‐3 dB at 35 Hz) on, immediately followed by a recording with both filters off. The mean (sd) reduction in R‐amplitude with the filters on was 53(18) per cent with a range from 22 to 100 per cent and a median value of 51 per cent. The R‐amplitude with the filters off was related to the R‐amplitude with the filters on, making it possible to correct for the effect of the filters. The reduction in R‐amplitude was inversely correlated with the weight of the dog and with the duration of the QRS‐complex. Other known changes induced by filters, such as the elimination of notches and the slurring of the junction between the QRS‐complex and the sT‐interval were also observed. The inverse relationship between the weight of the dog and the magnitude of the reduction in R‐amplitude by the filters indicates that ECG machines with different characteristics should ideally be used to record ECGs in dogs of different sizes.
Straelensiosis in dogs: a newly described nodular dermatitis induced by Straelensia cynotis
Authors: Net J‐L. , George C. , Rousselle S. , Theau V. , Longeart L. , Fain A. 
Published: October 2010

A distinctive nodular dermatitis induced by Straelensia cynotis, a newly described trombidioid larval mite which resides in hair follicles, was identified in 12 dogs living in France. They all had scattered, small (1 to 3 mm in diameter), pale, firm skin nodules, variable in distribution but always affecting the dorsal regions of the head and trunk; they were distributed over the whole body of seven of the dogs. The animals were otherwise healthy except for three severely infested fox terriers which had a decreased appetite, were lethargic, and whose skin nodules were painful to the touch. The nodules did not induce pruritus. The lesions usually began as erythematous papules which developed into firm pale nodules. The dermatitis resolved within two to 12 months. Topical acaricides were ineffective but the skin nodules regressed after treatments with systemic avermectins. Histologically, each nodule was composed of a dilated follicular ostium containing a well‐preserved larval mite, and showed a pseudoepitheliomatous follicular hyperplasia and an abundant perifollicular mucinosis. The larvae were identified as belonging to the genus Straelensia (Acari: Leeuwenhoekiidae). It was clearly established that the three fox terriers had become infested within a fox's den. The nymphs and adults of this species of mite are believed to live in foxes' dens; foxes are considered to be the natural host for the larval stage, and dogs a permissive but occasional host.
Survey of the stocking densities at which sheep are transported commercially in the United Kingdom
Authors: Warris P. D. , Edwards J. E. , Brown S. N. , Knowles T. G. 
Published: October 2010

A total of 6578 sheep carried in 74 vehicles to one slaughter plant were monitored, and stocking densities, in terms of m2 floor area available per 100 kg liveweight, were estimated from the dimensions of the vehicle pens and estimates of liveweight based on chest girth measurements. The observed stocking densities ranged from 0.29 to 2.00 m2 /100 kg liveweight, and the average density was 0.65 m2 /100 kg. One per cent of the sheep were carried at estimated stocking densities of less than 0.3 m2 /100 kg, 37 per cent at densities between 0.3 and 0.6 m2 /100 kg and 57 per cent at densities between 0.6 and 0.9 m2 /100 kg. Over 30 per cent of the animals in the survey were transported at densities higher than the working recommendations made by the Farm Animal Welfare Council.
Effects of housing practices on the development of foot lesions in dairy heifers in early lactation
Authors: Webster A. J. F. 
Published: October 2010

Measurements were made of sole haemorrhages and white line lesions in two groups of heifers which were either introduced to a cubicle house four weeks before they calved (group 1) or housed in a straw yard for eight weeks after calving and then moved into the cubicle house (group 2). The overall severity of the lesions was described by a cumulative score which defined the product of the severity and the area of the overall lesions in each animal. The lesions were scored on six occasions, from four weeks before to 24 weeks after parturition. Before parturition, sole lesions were absent or very small. By four weeks after calving, most of the animals had both types of lesion, but the differences between the two groups were small and statistically insignificant. There were no significant differences in the white line lesions between the two groups at any of the observations. There were, however, progressive, highly significant differences between the two groups in the severity of sole haemorrhages. By 12 weeks after calving, the median score for group 1 was 69 and that for group 2 was 11. In group 2, the sole haemorrhage score peaked at eight weeks but declined thereafter, even though these animals were moved into cubicles eight weeks after calving. By 12 weeks after calving, six of the 17 heifers in group 1 had sole ulcers but none of the 16 in group 2 had ulcers.
Effects of different us isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) on blood and bone marrow parameters of experimentally infected pigs
Authors: Halbur P.G. , Evans R. , Hagemoser W. A. , Pallares F. J. , Rathje J. A. , Paul P. S. , Meng X. J. 
Published: October 2010

Seventy five‐week‐old, crossbred, caesarean‐derived, colostrum‐deprived pigs were randomly divided into five groups of 14 pigs and assigned one of five treatments: the intranasal inoculation of 105.7TCID5O of one of four plaque‐purified isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (VR2385, VR2431, ISU‐984 and ISU‐22), or uninfected cell culture and media. Haematological variables were measured for 21 days and bone marrow was analysed when the pigs were killed three, seven, 10, 21 or 28 days after the inoculation. The PRRsv‐infected pigs had non‐regenerative anaemia and markedly increased myeloid:erythroid ratios from three to 21 days after inoculation. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in the severity of the anaemia induced by the four PRRSV isolates; the most highly pneumovirulent strains (VR2385, ISU‐984 and ISU‐22) induced more severe anaemia than the least virulent isolate (VR2431). The anaemia induced by PRRSV was probably due to a direct or indirect effect on erythroid precursor cells in the bone marrow.
Evaluation of glucose as a cryoprotectant for boar semen
Authors: De los Reyes M. , Saenz L. , Lapierre L. , Crosby J. , Barros C. 
Published: October 2010

Fertility parameters of boar spermatozoa were evaluated in vitro, after freeze‐thawing the semen in three different extenders containing permeable and non‐permeable cryoprotectants: A (111‐OmM Tris, 31.4mM citric acid, 185.0mM glucose, 20 per cent egg yolk, 3 per cent glycerol and 100 iu/ml penicillin G); B (200mM Tris; 70.8mM citric acid, 55.5mM glucose, 20 per cent egg yolk, three per cent glycerol and 100 iu/ml penicillin G); C (200mM Tris, 70.8mM citric acid, 55.5mM fructose, 20 per cent egg yolk, 3 per cent glycerol and 100 iu/ml penicillin G). The freeze‐thawing techniques were the same for each extender. Eight ejaculates from four boars were obtained; the sperm‐rich fraction of each ejaculate was extended in each of the three media at a final concentration of 400 × 106 sperm/ml, loaded into 0.5 ml straws and frozen at a rate of 30°C/minute to ‐ 196°C. The straws were thawed at 60°C for eight seconds. Sperm motility, acrosomal integrity and in vitro sperm penetration through the zona pellucida of gilt oocytes matured in vitro were evaluated. The motility of unfrozen spermatozoa was 93.1 per cent compared with 60.7 per cent, 48.2 per cent and 35 per cent for sperm frozen in extenders A, B and C respectively; these values were all significantly different (P<0.05). There was no significant decline in sperm motility after incubation for 30 minutes in extender A, but there were significant decreases in sperm motility after 30 minutes of incubation in B and C. The percentage acrosomal integrities were 97.2 per cent for the control and 45.5 per cent, 30.3 per cent and 16.8 per cent for the frozen‐thawed spermatozoa in extenders A, B and C respectively. The results of the in vitro penetration assay were 80.7 per cent when using control spermatozoa, and 42.2 per cent, 18.4 per cent and 3.3 per cent when using frozen‐thawed spermatozoa in extenders A, B and C respectively
Investigation of QT‐interval dispersion in the electrocardiogram of 81 dogs
Authors: Dennis S. G. , Summerfield N. J. , Boswood A. 
Published: October 2010

QT‐interval dispersion (QT dispersion) is a marker of the inhomogeneity of ventricular repolarisation. In human beings an increase in QT dispersion has been linked to sudden death and arrhythmias in several cardiac diseases. In dogs it has yet to be evaluated, and this study aimed to establish a normal reference range for QT dispersion and to assess the effects of cardiac disease upon it. Ten‐lead ECGS were recorded from 81 dogs at two hospitals; satisfactory traces were obtained from 68 dogs, 32 of them normal and 36 with cardiac disease. The mean (sd) QT dispersion was 20.8 (18.2 ms) and the mean heart rate‐corrected QT dispersion was 26.1 (23.6 ms). There was no significant effect of cardiac disease. The accuracy of the results may be questioned owing to the identification of several potential errors in the measurements.
Serum haptoglobin concentration as a marker of clinical signs in finishing pigs
Authors: Petersen H. H. , Dideriksen D. , Christiansen B. M. , Nielsen J. P. 
Published: October 2010

A case‐control study of 340 finishing pigs aged 10 to 25 weeks in 15 commercial Danish pig herds was carried out to investigate serum haptoglobin concentration as an objective marker of clinical signs of disease. Pigs with different clinical signs were matched to control pigs without clinical signs with respect to herd, pen, estimated weight and gender, and each pig was subjected to a standard clinical examination. In 86 of the case‐control pairs, the rectal temperature was also recorded. There was a significantly higher mean haptoglobin concentration in the serum of lame pigs (P&#60;0.0001), pigs with respiratory disease (P=0.0004), pigs with tail or ear bites (P=0.0004) and pigs with diarrhoea (P=0.02). Similarly, a higher mean rectal temperature was recorded in lame pigs (P&#60;0.0001), pigs with respiratory disease (P=0.002) and pigs with tail or ear bites (P=0.0003). There was a significant but low correlation between rectal temperature and haptoglobin concentration in serum (P=0.003, r=0.20). The area under the receiver‐operating‐characteristic curve was between 0.67 and 0.78 for the different clinical signs. The maximum simultaneous levels of sensitivity (0.61 to 0.71) and specificity (0.61 to 0.77) of serum haptoglobin for the different clinical signs were obtained at a cut‐off value of 1.1 mg/mi. At a cut‐off value of 1.8 mg/ml, the sensitivity decreased to 0.31 to 0.60, and the specificity increased to 0.82 to 0.86. It was not possible to define a cut‐off value which classified individual pigs according to their clinical signs.
Attempts to transmit porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by aerosols under controlled field conditions
Authors: Trincado C. , Dee S. , Otake S. , Pijoan C. , Jacobson L. , Rossow K. 
Published: October 2010

An experimental infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was established in 150 five‐month‐old pigs housed in a fan‐ventilated finishing facility, the infected barn. To determine whether air exhausted from the wall fans contained infectious PRRSV, a trailer containing 10 four‐week‐old PRRsv‐naive sentinel pigs was placed 10 m from the building from day 3 after the 150 pigs were infected until day 10. To connect the two airspaces, one end of an opaque plastic tube, 15 m in length and 5 cm in diameter, was fastened to the wall fan of the infected barn, and the other end was placed inside the trailer. Air from the building was exhausted into the trailer 24 hours a day for seven consecutive days and PRRSV infection was monitored in the infected pigs and the sentinel pigs. Air samples were collected from the infected barn and the trailer. PRRSV infection was detected in the infected pigs three and seven days after they were infected, but not in the sentinel pigs. All the air samples were negative for PRRSV by PCR, virus isolation and a pig bioassay.
Effect of injecting collagenase into the uterine artery during a caesarean section on the placental separation of cows induced to calve with dexamethasone
Authors: Guérin P. , Badinand F. , Bosc L. , Thiébault J. J. , Delignette‐Muller M. L. , Ménézo Y. 
Published: October 2010

A caesarean section was performed on 30 cows before normal term and 16 to 20 hours after the induction of parturition with dexamethasone. During the surgical procedure, 20,000 U of bacterial collagenase was injected into the uterine artery of 15 of the cows. The average periods of retention of the fetal membranes were 40 hours in the treated cows and 114 hours in the control cows (P<0.001). At 36 hours after the surgery six of the treated cows (40 per cent) but all 15 of the control cows had retained fetal membranes. The collagenase‐treated cows showed no abnormal clinical signs during the 10 days after the operation.
Effects of four anaesthetic protocols on the neurological and cardiorespiratory variables of puppies born by caesarean section
Authors: Luna S. P. L. , Cassu R. N. , Castro G. B. , Teixeira Neto F. J. , Silva J. R. , Lopes M. D. 
Published: October 2010

Twenty‐four bitches which had been in labour for less than 12 hours were randomly divided into four groups of six. They all received 0.5 mg/kg of chlorpromazine intravenously as premedication, followed 15 minutes later by either 8 mg/kg of thiopentone intravenously (group 1), 2 mg/kg of ketamine and 0.5 mg/kg of midazolam intravenously (group 2), 5 mg/kg of propofol intravenously (group 3), or 2.5 mg/kg of 2 per cent lidocaine with adrenaline and 0.625 mg/kg of 0.5 per cent bupivacaine with adrenaline epidurally (group 4). Except for group 4, the bitches were intubated and anaesthesia was maintained with enflurane. The puppies' heart and respiratory rates and their pain, sucking, anogenital, magnum and flexion reflexes were measured as they were removed from the uterus. The puppies' respiratory rate was higher after epidural anaesthesia. In general the puppies' neurological reflexes were most depressed after midazolam/ketamine, followed by thiopentone, propofol and epidural anaesthesia.