bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Representative Reporters? Examining Journalists' Ideology in Context*
Authors: Cooper Christopher A. , Johnson Martin 
Published: April 2009

Objective. We investigate the ideological orientations of U.S. statehouse journalists, asking whether reporters hold similar political ideologies to their audiences, and under what conditions reporter ideology diverges from audience ideology.Methods. We use an original survey of statehouse journalists, and employ both traditional OLS regressions and a heteroskedastic regression.Results. We find that reporters tend to reflect the political leanings of their audiences. Considering reporters in the context of the states they serve, we find that journalists who are racially and economically dissimilar from their constituents have less representative political predispositions than journalists who have characteristics similar to their readers.Conclusions. In the case of statehouse reporters, descriptive representation leads to substantive representation.
Phenotypic Bias and Ethnic Identity in Filipino Americans*
Authors: Kiang Lisa , Takeuchi David T. 
Published: April 2009

Objective. Links between phenotypes (skin tone, physical features) and a range of outcomes (income, physical health, psychological distress) were examined. Ethnic identity was examined as a protective moderator of phenotypic bias.Method. Data were from a community sample of 2,092 Filipino adults in San Francisco and Honolulu.Results. After controlling for age, nativity, marital status, and education, darker skin was associated with lower income and lower physical health for females and males. For females, more ethnic features were associated with lower income. For males, darker skin was related to lower psychological distress. One interaction was found such that females with more ethnic features exhibited lower distress; however, ethnic identity moderated distress levels of those with less ethnic features.Conclusions. Phenotypic bias appears prevalent in Filipino Americans though specific effects vary by gender and skin color versus physical features. Discussion centers on the social importance of appearance and potential strengths gained from ethnic identification.
Hemodialysis Versus Peritoneal Dialysis: A Case Control Study of Survival in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5
Authors: Maier Alexandra , Stocks Franziska , Pommer Wolfgang , Zidek Walter , Tepel Martin , Scholze Alexandra 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIt is still controversial whether the mode of dialysis or preexisting comorbidities may influence the prognosis of patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5. Therefore, we performed a prospective case control study to evaluate whether the mode of dialysis may influence outcome. We found 25 cases on peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment and 75 age and sex‐matched controls on hemodialysis (HD) treatment for more than 3 months. Analysis was by intention‐to‐treat. During the follow up of 58 months, 6 out of 25 patients (24%) died in the PD group, whereas in the HD group 26 out of 75 patients (35%) died (relative risk 0.69 [95% CI 0.32 to 1.49]; P = 0.46). Survival was not significantly different between the groups as indicated by Mantel‐Cox log‐rank test (hazard ratio 0.52 [95% CI 0.25 to 1.10]; P = 0.11). Multiple variable regression showed that age and diabetes mellitus, but not mode of dialysis, predicted death in patients with chronic kidney disease. It is concluded that age and comorbidities but not mode of dialysis are important to predict survival in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5.
Development of microsatellite markers for the dwarf bamboo species Sasa cernua and Sasa kurilensis (Poaceae) in northern Japan
Authors: KITAMURA KEIKO , SAITOH TOMOYUKI , MATSUO AYUMI , SUYAMA YOSHIHISA 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTen polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated from the dwarf bamboo species Sasa cernua and Sasa kurilensis. The applicability of these markers was confirmed by genotyping of open‐pollinated seeds and leaf samples from natural populations. Genotypes of seeds from each culm shared at least one allele from the maternal parent without contradiction. All 10 loci were polymorphic in S. cernua with 2–15 alleles (average HE = 0.532). Eight loci were polymorphic in S. kurilensis with 2–10 alleles (average HE = 0.532). These markers will be useful in detailing the extent of clonal and sexual reproduction in these species.
Partner‐Specific Adaptation in Dialog
Authors: Brennan Susan E. , Hanna Joy E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNo one denies that people adapt what they say and how they interpret what is said to them, depending on their interactive partners. What is controversial is when and how they do so. Several psycholinguistics research programs have found what appear to be failures to adapt to partners in the early moments of processing and have used this evidence to argue for modularity in the language processing architecture, claiming that the system cannot take into account a partner’s distinct needs or knowledge early in processing. We review the evidence for both early and delayed partner‐specific adaptations, and we identify some challenges and difficulties with interpreting this evidence. We then discuss new analyses from a previously published referential communication experiment (Metzing & Brennan, 2003) demonstrating that partner‐specific effects need not occur late in processing. In contrast to Pickering and Garrod (2004) and Keysar, Barr, and Horton (1998b), we conclude that there is no good evidence that early processing has to be be “egocentric,”“dumb,” or encapsulated from social knowledge or common ground, but that under some circumstances, such as when one partner has made an attribution about another’s knowledge or needs, processing can be nimble enough to adapt quite early to a perspective different from one’s own.
Joint Action, Interactive Alignment, and Dialog
Authors: Garrod Simon , Pickering Martin J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDialog is a joint action at different levels. At the highest level, the goal of interlocutors is to align their mental representations. This emerges from joint activity at lower levels, both concerned with linguistic decisions (e.g., choice of words) and nonlinguistic processes (e.g., alignment of posture or speech rate). Because of the high‐level goal, the interlocutors are particularly concerned with close coupling at these lower levels. As we illustrate with examples, this means that imitation and entrainment are particularly pronounced during interactive communication. We then argue that the mechanisms underlying such processes involve covert imitation of interlocutors’ communicative behavior, leading to emulation of their expected behavior. In other words, communication provides a very good example of predictive emulation, in a way that leads to successful joint activity.
Conversation and Coordinative Structures
Authors: Shockley Kevin , Richardson Daniel C. , Dale Rick 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPeople coordinate body postures and gaze patterns during conversation. We review literature showing that (1) action embodies cognition, (2) postural coordination emerges spontaneously when two people converse, (3) gaze patterns influence postural coordination, (4) gaze coordination is a function of common ground knowledge and visual information that conversants believe they share, and (5) gaze coordination is causally related to mutual understanding. We then consider how coordination, generally, can be understood as temporarily coupled neuromuscular components that function as a collective unit known as a coordinative structure in the motor control literature. We speculate that the coordination of gaze and body sway found in conversation may be understood as a cross‐person coordinative structure that embodies the goals of the joint action system.
Social Connection Through Joint Action and Interpersonal Coordination
Authors: Marsh Kerry L. , Richardson Michael J. , Schmidt R. C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe pull to coordinate with other individuals is fundamental, serving as the basis for our social connectedness to others. Discussed is a dynamical and ecological perspective to joint action, an approach that embeds the individual’s mind in a body and the body in a niche, a physical and social environment. Research on uninstructed coordination of simple incidental rhythmic movement, along with research on goal‐directed, embodied cooperation, is reviewed. Finally, recent research is discussed that extends the coordination and cooperation studies, examining how synchronizing with another, and how emergent social units of perceiving and acting are reflected in people’s feelings of connection to others.
Contrasting the Social Cognition of Humans and Nonhuman Apes: The Shared Intentionality Hypothesis
Authors: Call Josep 
Published: April 2009

AbstractJoint activities are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, but they differ substantially in their underlying psychological states. Humans attribute and share mental states with others in the so‐called shared intentionality. Our hypothesis is that our closest nonhuman living relatives also attribute some psychological mechanisms such as perceptions and goals to others, but, unlike humans, they are not necessarily intrinsically motivated to share those psychological states. Furthermore, it is postulated that shared intentionality is responsible for the appearance of a suite of behaviors, including joint attention, declarative communication, imitative learning, and teaching, that are the basis of cultural learning and the social norms and traditions present in every human culture.
Experimental Semiotics: A New Approach for Studying Communication as a Form of Joint Action
Authors: Galantucci Bruno 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn the last few years, researchers have begun to investigate the emergence of novel forms of human communication in the laboratory. I survey this growing line of research, which may be calledexperimental semiotics, from three distinct angles. First, I situate the new approach in its theoretical and historical context. Second, I review a sample of studies that exemplify experimental semiotics. Third, I present an empirical study that illustrates how the new approach can help us understand the socio‐cognitive underpinnings of human communication. The main conclusion of the paper will be that, by reproducing micro samples of historical processes in the laboratory, experimental semiotics offers new powerful tools for investigating human communication as a form of joint action.
Cytologic examination of fine‐needle aspirates from mammary gland tumors in the dog: diagnostic accuracy with comparison to histopathology and association with postoperative outcome
Authors: Simon Daniela , Schoenrock Dorina , Nolte Ingo , Baumgärtner Wolfgang , Barron Ronnie , Mischke Reinhard 
Published: April 2009

Background: Mammary tumors are the most common neoplasms in female dogs. Malignant tumors may carry a poor prognosis and necessitate surgery. Few data are available on the value of cytologic examination as a diagnostic or prognostic tool for mammary tumors in dogs.Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine whether cytologic findings in fine‐needle aspirate specimens of canine mammary tumors correlate with histopathologic results and whether the cytologic diagnosis is associated with postoperative outcome.Methods: In this prospective study, fine‐needle aspirate samples were obtained from 50 mammary tumors in 50 dogs. Results of cytologic and histopathologic examination were compared, using the histologic diagnosis as the reference method. Kaplan–Meier log rank analysis was used to evaluate univariate association of the cytologic diagnosis with duration of survival, local control, and metastasis‐free interval.Results: Adequate cytologic samples were obtained in 43/50 (86%) cases. The cytologic diagnosis correlated with the histologic diagnosis for benign and malignant tumors in 40/43 (93%) and 35/43 (81%) cases, respectively. Cytologic examination had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 96% for the diagnosis of malignancy. The cytologic diagnosis had significant univariate association with duration of survival (P=.016), recurrence‐free interval (P=.003), and metastasis‐free interval (P=.014).Conclusions: Cytologic examination of mammary tumors in the dog has satisfactory accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for the diagnosis of malignancy and is associated with postoperative outcome. Further studies on the diagnostic accuracy of cytology as well as multivariate analysis of its preoperative prognostic value in mammary tumors in the dog are warranted.
Influence of Age on Surfactant Isolated from Healthy Horses Maintained on Pasture
Authors: Christmann U. , Hite R.D. , Witonsky S.G. , Elvinger F. , Werre S.R. , Thatcher C.D. , Tan R.H.H. , Buechner‐Maxwell V.A. 
Published: April 2009

Background:Surfactant alterations are described in horses after exercise, anesthesia, and prolonged transport, in horses with recurrent airway obstruction, and in neonatal foals. The effect of horse age or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) sample characteristics on surfactant is unknown.Objectives:To evaluate surfactant phospholipid composition and function in healthy horses, and to investigate the influence of age and BALF sample characteristics on surfactant.Animals:Seventeen healthy horses 6–25 years of age maintained on pasture year‐round.Methods:BALF was collected by standard procedures and was assessed for recovery volume, nucleated cell count (NCC), and cytology. Cell‐free BALF was separated into crude surfactant pellet (CSP) and surfactant supernatant (Supe) by ultracentrifugation. Phospholipid and protein content were determined from both fractions. CSP phospholipid composition was analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light scatter detector. Surface tension of CSP was evaluated with a pulsating bubble surfactometer. Regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between age, BALF sample characteristics, and surfactant variables.Results:Results and conclusions were derived from 15 horses. Increasing age was associated with decreased phospholipid content in CSP but not Supe. Age did not affect protein content of CSP or Supe, or surfactant phospholipid composition or function. Age‐related surfactant changes were unaffected by BALF recovery percentage, NCC, and cytological profile.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Older horses have decreased surfactant phospholipid content, which might be because of age‐related pulmonary changes. Surfactant composition is unaffected by BALF sample characteristics at a BALF recovery percentage of at least 50%.
Possible Emergence of Drug‐Resistant Variants ofBabesia gibsoniin Clinical Cases Treated with Atovaquone and Azithromycin
Authors: Sakuma M. , Setoguchi A. , Endo Y. 
Published: April 2009

Background:There is no well‐established treatment strategy forBabesia gibsoniinfection. A new therapeutic protocol using atovaquone (ATV) and azithromycin (AZM) has been proposed, but there is concern about the possible induction of relapse and the emergence of ATV‐resistant variants after treatment.Objective:To evaluate the clinical use of combination therapy with ATV and AZM as a first‐line treatment of clinicalB. gibsoniinfection in dogs, and to investigate the emergence of ATV‐resistant variants.Animals:EightB. gibsoninaturally infected dogs showing signs of acute onset of disease.Methods:Retrospective case study. Eight clinical cases received combination therapy with ATV and AZM at Kagoshima University Veterinary Teaching Hospital during 2007–2008, and their clinical courses and clinicopathological parameters were evaluated. In addition, alterations in thecytochrome b(CYTb) gene ofB. gibsoniwere analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing techniques.Results:All of the dogs responded well to the treatment, with rapid improvement in their clinical condition and hematological parameters. However, 5 of the 8 dogs relapsed after treatment. Analysis of theCYTbgene strongly suggested the emergence of ATV‐resistant variants after treatment.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:The combination of ATV and AZM can be used as a first‐line treatment for dogs with babesiosis, but relapses occur. Attention should be paid to the possible in vivo selection of drug‐resistant variants.
Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus‐Infected and Feline Leukemia Virus‐Infected Cats
Authors: Gleich S. , Hartmann K. 
Published: April 2009

Background:Hematological and biochemical values in cats naturally infected by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) or feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are not completely documented.Objective:Report differences in laboratory values between FIV‐ or FeLV‐infected and noninfected and between FIV‐ and FeLV‐infected cats.Animals:Three thousand seven hundred and eighty client‐owned cats tested for FIV and FeLV.Methods:Retrospective study. Evaluation of clinicopathologic changes in cats with defined FIV and FeLV status and for which laboratory data were available.Results:FIV‐infected cats were more likely to be neutropenic (odds ratio [OR]=3.6, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.1–6.2,P< .0001) and had lower serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase than control cats; serum total protein (8.1 ± 1.1 versus 7.6 ± 1.3 g/dL,P< .001) and γ‐globulin concentrations (2.2 ± 1.1 versus 1.7 ± 1.3 g/dL,P< .001) were higher than in uninfected cats. Compared with controls, FeLV‐infected cats had a higher risk of anemia (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 2.4–6.0,P< .0001), thrombocytopenia (OR = 5.0, 95% CI 3.0–8.4,P< .0001), neutropenia (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 2.1–6.1,P< .0001), lymphocytosis (OR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.6–4.8,P= .0002), and lower erythrocyte counts (6.13 ± 2.95 × 103versus 8.72 ± 2.18 × 103/μL,P< .001), thrombocyte counts (253.591 ± 171.841 × 103versus 333.506 ± 156.033 × 103/μL,P< .001), hematocrit (28.72 ± 12.86 versus 37.67 ± 8.90%,P< .001), hemoglobin and creatinine concentration.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Hematologic abnormalities are common in FeLV‐infected but not in FIV‐infected cats. Clinicopathologic abnormalities are less frequent in FIV‐infected cats and might reflect an unspecific immunologic response.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis in Pug Dogs
Authors: Young B. D. , Levine J. M. , Fosgate G. T. , De Lahunta A. , Flegel T. , Matiasek K. , Miller A. , Silver G. , Sharp N. , Greer K. , Schatzberg S. J. 
Published: April 2009

Background:The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) are not well documented.Objectives:To describe common MRI features of NME, to compare the MRI features to histopathologic findings, and to determine whether or not MRI lesions are predictive of survival time.Animals:Eighteen Pugs with NME.Methods:Retrospective MRI case study of Pugs identified by a search of medical records at 6 veterinary institutions. Eighteen dogs met inclusion criteria of histopathologically confirmed NME and antemortem MRI exam. MRI lesions were characterized and compared with histopathology with the kappa statistic. Survival times were compared with MRI findings by use of Mann‐WhitneyU‐tests and Spearman's ρ.Results:Twelve of 18 lesions were indistinctly marginated with mild parenchymal contrast enhancement. Prosencephalic (17/18) lesion distribution included the parietal (16/18), temporal (16/18), and occipital (16/18) lobes. There were cerebellar (4/18) and brainstem (3/18) lesions. Asymmetric lesions were present in both gray and white matter in all dogs. Falx cerebri shift was common (11/18), and 6 dogs had brain herniation. Leptomeningeal enhancement was present in 9/18 dogs. A moderate positive association was found between parenchymal contrast enhancement and both necrosis (κ= 0.45;P= .045) and monocytic inflammation (κ= 0.48;P= .025). Higher MRI lesion burden was correlated with longer time from disease onset to MRI (P= .045). MRI lesion burden did not correlate to survival time.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Asymmetric prosencephalic grey and white matter lesions with variable contrast enhancement were consistent MRI changes in Pugs with confirmed NME. While not pathognomonic for NME, these MRI characteristics should increase confidence in a presumptive diagnosis of NME in young Pugs with acute signs of neurologic disease.
Reproducibility of Airway Responsiveness in Horses Using Flowmetric Plethysmography and Histamine Bronchoprovocation
Authors: Nolen‐Walston R. D. , Kuehn H. , Boston R. C. , Mazan M. R. , Wilkins P. A. , Bruns S. , Hoffman A. M. 
Published: April 2009

Background:Inflammatory airway disease has a high prevalence in horses, but is often a diagnostic challenge. Flowmetric plethysmography and histamine bronchoprovocation (FP/HBP) is a simple and effective tool for diagnosis, but reproducibility of these measurements made over time has not been established.Hypothesis:We hypothesize that the measurement of airway responsiveness in horses using FP/HBP is consistent over both short and long periods of time.Animals:Twenty‐nine healthy adult horses from 2 university herds.Methods:In this prospective experimental study, airway responsiveness was determined in each horse at day 0 (baseline [BL]) with FP/ HBP, using PC35 (provocative concentration of histamine needed to increase Δflowby 35%) as a measure of airway responsiveness. Each horse was re‐tested 1–4 weeks after BL (short‐term [ST]) and again at 3–12 months after BL (long‐term [LT]).Results:In the ST period, 23/27 (85%) of the horses had a PC35 that was within 1 doubling concentration of histamine of their BL value, with a mean change of 0.52 doubling concentrations (95% CI 0.26–0.79, range 0–2.06). For the LT data, 19/26 (73%) of horses were within 1 doubling concentration of their BL value, with a mean change of 0.81 doubling concentrations (95% CI 0.45–1.17, range 0.14–3.10). There was no significant difference in reproducibility between the 2 groups of subjects.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Repeated measurements of airway responsiveness obtained with FP/HBP show acceptable reproducibility over time periods up to a year. However, caution must be used when testing horses when ambient air temperature is low.
Type Synthesis of
Linkage-Driven Self-Adaptive Fingers
Authors: Birglen Lionel 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
This paper aims at providing a method to synthesize mechanical architectures of self-adaptive robotic fingers driven by linkages. Self-adaptive mechanisms are used in robotic fingers to provide the latter with the ability to adjust themselves to the shape of the object seized without any dedicated electronics, sensor, or control. This type of mechanisms has been known for centuries but the increased capabilities of digital systems have kept them in the shadows. Recently, because of the lack of commercial and industrial success of complex robotic hands, self-adaptive mechanisms have attracted much more interest from the research community and several prototypes have been built. Nevertheless, only a handful of prototypes are currently known. It is the aim of this paper to present a methodology that is able to generate thousands of self-adaptive robotic fingers driven by linkages with two and three phalanges. First, potential kinematic architectures are synthesized using a well-known technique. Second, the issue of proper actuation and passive element(s) selection and location is addressed.