bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Randphänomene in der mittelalterlichen Kultur
Authors: Stolz Michael 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This article explores phenomena of marginality in different areas of medieval culture. The introduction explains medieval concepts of the “margin”. In the first part, the author analyzes the tension between the “centre” and the “margin” as found in medieval conceptions of the world such as labyrinths and the mappae mundi. Secondly, he examines the interdependency of social and textual marginalization as it occurs in the 14th century Hausbuch of Michael de Leone. The third part of the article is dedicated to the Munich manuscript of Wolframs von Eschenbach Titurel, a text situated on the margins of the famous Parzival-novel both in terms of its physical location and also its poetic thought. The survey of these examples shows that margins often refer to the centre of cultural constellations despite their allegedly subsidiary role.
Von der Marginalisierung zur Kriminalisierung – Die Ausgrenzung mobiler Bevölkerungselemente in der spätmittelalterlichen Eidgenossenschaft
Authors: Landolt Oliver 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
In the course of the late Middle Ages, vagrant people (and in particular those who were poor and needy) increasingly came to be regarded as a burden by the resident communities of the area of modern Switzerland, a phenomenon with parallels elsewhere in Europe. This is especially apparent in the harsher penal actions applied to them; most cases for communal high justice concerned foreign delinquents. Alongside the gradual development of Switzerland from complex confederate network to structured state, the Tagsatzung, the diet and therefore central institution of towns and cantons, played an important role in the development of defence mechanisms against the vagrant poor. Even though the Tagsatzung as an institution was relatively weak, it was the place where political decision makers met and exchanged ideas, not least about poverty and welfare. Joint federal decisions relating to the defence against the vagrant poor can be found from 1470 onwards. This is also where the principle of welfare according to place of provenience was first propagated. However, constant reissues of the defence mechanisms against the foreign poor suggest that the decisions of the diet were not very effective.
Marginalization and the Jews in Late Medieval Germany
Authors: Bell Dean Phillip 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Marginalization has emerged as a powerful and central theme in the history of Germany in the later Middle Ages. In many ways, Jews appear to have been the quintessential marginalized people – the victims of restrictive legislation, theological demonization, expulsions, violent attacks, and pogroms. Recent scholarship suggests that the position of the Jews in late medieval and early modern Germany may be more complex, and at times more constructive, than once thought. This article, therefore, suggests that the notion of marginalization can be usefully applied not only to the issue of Jewish and Christian relations but also to the internal dynamics of the late medieval German Jewish community itself. Considering who was marginalized, for what reasons, and in what ways can tell us a great deal about the needs and concerns of late medieval Jews and Jewish communities.
Am Rande, am Boden, verstummt – Zur Marginalisierung von Unglauben und „heidnischer“ Philosophie in der mittelalterlichen Kunst
Authors: Tammen Silke 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This paper deals with visual constructions of Christian, clerical and monastic identities via images of triumph over representatives of pagan or heretical beliefs. The main interest lies in the tension and symbiosis between a central dominating figure and a marginalized figure, powerless but still visible, embodying anxieties about inner Christian conflicts and changes of belief and knowledge.
Marginale Zauberspruchüberlieferung im frühen Mittelalter
Authors: Haeseli Christa M. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Old High German spells are among the earliest texts in the German vernacular. At first, they were passed on as marginal entries in theological manuscripts. Based on two representative examples, the Merseburger Cod. 136, and the Trierer Hs 40/1018 8°, the relationships between the spells, other marginalia, and the main text shall be explored with regard to their content and function. The question arises whether and to what extent the formal positioning on the margins of the manuscripts equates to a marginalisation in terms of content. This is of particular interest in view of the fact that the relationship between incantations and the Christian canon had always been a precarious one. In contrast to earlier research, which tended towards strict demarcation of the magical-pagan spells from the Christian main texts, this paper will explore the idea that the marginalia might function as a kind of performative frame. Thus, in the sense of Derrida’s understanding of the parergon, the spells are at the same time set apart from the (canonical) main text, yet also resemble it. This would implicate that, despite the genuine relationship between main text and marginalia, the relationship remained one of tension.
Theban Priestly and Governmental Offices and Titles in the Libyan Period
Authors: Broekman Gerard 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
On the basis of biographical and genealogical information, mainly from Theban statues and funeral equipments, the author investigates the extent to which the most influential and/or frequently attested offices accumulate in the hands of certain individuals or families in Thebes during the Libyan Period. It appears that beside combinations of offices that in some way structurally belong together there are instances in which different offices that also occur separately accumulate in the hands of certain functionaries or specific families, notably the families of the Third and Fourth Prophets of Amun, some of whom occupy those offices for several generations.
Prevalence of Skin Lesions in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: A Marker for Presymptomatic Diagnosis?
Authors: Burger Bettina , Cattani Nadja , Trueb Swantje , Lorenzo Rosaria , Albertini Mauro , Bontognali Emanuele , Itin Christoph , Schaub Nathalie , Itin Peter H. , Heinimann Karl 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background and Aims.
Benign skin tumors such as lipomas, fibromas, and epidermal cysts are among the extracolonic manifestations of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Readily detectable by inspection, they could serve as presymptomatic diagnostic markers to identify FAP patients. We therefore prospectively determined the prevalence of cutaneous lesions in genetically confirmed adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutation carriers and assessed their potential usefulness in the identification of FAP patients.

Methods.
Whole-skin examination was performed in 56 adult APC mutation carriers, compared with a control group (n = 116). In addition, FAP patients were investigated for the presence of congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE), an established clinical marker for FAP, and a detailed review of medical records was performed.

Results.
Nearly half of all FAP patients (48.2%) had at least one FAP-associated skin lesion, compared with one third (34.5%) of controls. Only multiple lipomas and combined skin lesions were significantly more prevalent in APC mutation carriers. CHRPE was observed in 22 (43.1%) of 51 FAP patients, including 14 (37.8%) of 37 individuals with APC mutations outside the CHRPE-associated region between codons 311 and 1465.

Conclusions.
Despite a significantly higher prevalence of multiple lipomas, occurring at younger age, and combined skin lesions in APC mutation carriers, the low diagnostic sensitivity of FAP-associated skin lesions precludes their use as markers for FAP in clinical practice. Based on our findings, the common CHRPE-associated region should be extended to APC codons 148-2043.
Intraclonal Complexity in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Fractions Enriched in Recently Born/Divided and Older/Quiescent Cells
Authors: Calissano Carlo , Damle Rajendra N. , Marsilio Sonia , Yan Xiao-Jie , Yancopoulos Sophia , Hayes Gregory , Emson Claire , Murphy Elizabeth J. , Hellerstein Marc K. , Sison Cristina , Kaufman Matthew S. , Kolitz Jonathan E. , Allen Steven L. , Rai Kanti R. , Ivanovic Ivana , Dozmorov Igor M. , Roa Sergio , Scharff Matthew D. , Li Wentian , Chiorazzi Nicholas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe failure of chemotherapeutic regimens to eradicate cancers often results from the outgrowth of minor subclones with more dangerous genomic abnormalities or with self-renewing capacity. To explore such intratumor complexities in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), we measured B-cell kineticsin vivoby quantifying deuterium (2H)-labeled cells as an indicator of a cell that had divided. Separating CLL clones on the basis of reciprocal densities of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) and cluster designation 5 (CD5) revealed that the CXCR4dimCD5bright(proliferative) fraction contained more2H-labeled DNA and hence divided cells than the CXCR4brightCD5dim(resting) fraction. This enrichment was confirmed by the relative expression of two cell cycle-associated molecules in the same fractions, Ki-67 and minichromosome maintenance protein 6 (MCM6). Comparisons of global gene expression between the CXCR4dimCD5brightand CXCR4brightCD5dimfractions indicated higher levels of pro-proliferation and antiapoptotic genes and genes involved in oxidative injury in the proliferative fraction. An extended immunophenotype was also defined, providing a wider range of surface molecules characteristic of each fraction. These intraclonal analyses suggest a model of CLL cell biology in which the leukemic clone contains a spectrum of cells from the proliferative fraction, enriched in recently divided robust cells that are lymphoid tissue emigrants, to the resting fraction enriched in older, less vital cells that need to immigrate to lymphoid tissue or die. The model also suggests several targets preferentially expressed in the two populations amenable for therapeutic attack. Finally, the study lays the groundwork for future analyses that might provide a more robust understanding of the development and clonal evolution of this currently incurable disease.
Energies, Landé g-factors, and lifetimes for some excited levels of doubly ionized lanthanum
Authors: Karaçoban Betül , Özdemir Leyla 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Using the relativistic Hartree-Fock (HFR) method developed by Cowan, we calculated the energy levels, Landé g-factors, and lifetimes for nd (n = 5–25), ns (n = 6–24), ng (n = 5–25), nf (n = 4–22), and np (n = 6–25) excited levels of doubly ionized lanthanum (La III, Z = 57). We compared the results with previously reported calculations and experiments.
Proteomic analysis of tumor tissue in CT-26 implanted BALB/C mouse after treatment with ascorbic acid
Authors: Lee Jihye , Lee Gunsup , Park Jin , Lee Sukchan , Yeom Chang-Hwan , Na Byungjo , Park Seyeon 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTumor establishment and penetration consists of a series of complex processes involving multiple changes in gene expression and protein modification. Proteome changes of tumor tissue were investigated after intraperitoneal administration of a high concentration of ascorbic acid in BALB/C mice implanted with CT-26 cancer cells using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Eighteen protein spots were identified whose expression was different between control and ascorbic acid treatment groups. In particular, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 1, nucleophosmin, latexin, actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5, M2-type pyruvate kinase, vimentin, tumor protein translationally-controlled 1, RAS oncogene family Ran, plastin 3 precursor, ATPase, Rho GDT dissociation inhibitor β, and proteasome activator subunit 2 expression were quantitatively up-regulated. The increase in the level of these proteins was accompanied by an increase in mRNA level. The cytoskeleton protein actin, vimentin, and tumor protein translationally-controlled 1 showed quantitative expression profile differences. A change in actin cytoskeleton distribution, functionally relevant to the proteome result, was observed after treatment with ascorbic acid. These results suggest a previously undefined role of ascorbic acid in the regulation of cytoskeleton remodeling in tumor tissues.
Microbial and enzymatic hydrolysis of tannic acid: influence of substrate chemical quality
Authors: Chávez-González Mónica , Contreras-Esquivel Juan , Prado-Barragán Lilia , Rodríguez Raúl , Aguilera-Carbo Antonio , Rodríguez Luis , Aguilar Cristóbal 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTannic acid is commonly employed as the main component in culture media for the selection of tannase-producing strains. In biotechnological processes it is the favorite substrate used to induce the tannase enzyme in both solid and submerged culture for microbial and/or enzymatic production of gallic acid. However, the results found in literature are inconsistent notwithstanding the strict control of all parameters that rule the bioprocesses. The present work, for the first time, reveals the importance of differences in the quality and chemical profile of tannic acid from different suppliers and their influence on the fungal and enzymatic hydrolytic pattern obtained when it is used as a substrate. A degree of hydrolysis between 64.7 % and 100 % has been determined in different tannic acid samples. The specific growth rate of 0.712 h−1, 0.792 h−1, 0.477 h−1, 0.536 h−1 for Jalmek®, Faga Lab®, Division Food®, and Riedel de Häen®, respectively, was obtained at the concentration of 80 g L−1 of each of the tannic acids.
Antioxidant potential and authenticity of some commercial fruit juices studied by EPR and IRMS
Authors: Vedeanu Nicoleta , Magdas Dana , Bolojan Laura , Damian Grigore 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAntioxidant status of foods, plant, or fruit products is generally characterized by means of spectroscopic methods. Methods like HPLC, UV-VIS, or MS spectroscopy are used to understand the chemical and physical properties of different samples, and also EPR spectroscopy seems to be a valuable tool to characterize antioxidant activity of juice beverages. In this technique, certain antioxidants present in fruit juices interact with free radicals interrupting the chain reaction that can possibly damage essential molecules. Recording the EPR signal decay caused by the reaction with a natural or artificial reducing agent, it is possible to draw conclusions about the antioxidant capability of materials. IRMS is a powerful tool to distinguish between an authentic fruit juice and a juice obtained by concentrate dilution. This technique allows also the detection of commercial C4 cane or corn derived sugar syrups in C3 fruit juices. In the present study, four commercial fruit juices were investigated using stable isotope measurements (oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon) and EPR measurements in order to check the correct labeling in the Romanian markets and to compare antioxidant activity of the studied juices and the reference. It was proven that the number of paramagnetic species decreases in time with different reaction rates and this was correlated with the antioxidant activity of the studied juices. Stable isotope ratio measurements have demonstrated that the fruit juices studied were reconstructed from concentrates with tap water, according to their label.
Validation of the Revised Physical Therapist Clinical Performance Instrument (PT CPI): Version 2006
Authors: Roach Kathryn E. , Frost Jody S. , Francis Nora J. , Giles Scott , Nordrum Jon T. , Delitto Anthony 
Published: December 2011

Background
Based on changes in core physical therapy documents and problems with the earlier version, the Physical Therapist Clinical Performance Instrument (PT CPI): Version 1997 was revised to create the PT CPI: Version 2006.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to validate the PT CPI: Version 2006 for use with physical therapist students as a measure of clinical performance.

Design
This was a combined cross-sectional and prospective study.

Methods
A convenience sample of physical therapist students from the United States and Canada participated in this study. The PT CPI: Version 2006 was used to collect CPI item–level data from the clinical instructor about student performance at midterm and final evaluation periods in the clinical internship. Midterm evaluation data were collected from 196 students, and final evaluation data were collected from 171 students. The students who participated in the study had a mean age of 24.8 years (SD=2.3, range=21–41). Sixty-seven percent of the participants were from programs in the United States, and 33% were from Canada.

Results
The PT CPI: Version 2006 demonstrated good internal consistency, and factor analysis with varimax rotation produced a 3-factor solution explaining 94% of the variance. Construct validity was supported by differences in CPI item scores between students on early compared with final clinical experiences. Validity also was supported by significant score changes from midterm to final evaluations for students on both early and final internships and by fair to moderate correlations between prior clinical experience and remaining course work.

Limitations
This study did not examine rater reliability.

Conclusion
The results support the PT CPI: Version 2006 as a valid measure of physical therapist student clinical performance.
Raymond Carver in the Viewfinder
Authors: Dobozy Tamas 
Published: December 2011

Abstract: This paper examines the use of photography in Raymond Carver, both in the short story, “Viewfinder,” and in the biographical photo-essay, Carver Country, as a metaphor for the political implications of the author's aesthetic. Beginning with a consideration of the claims made in Carver Country, the essay examines the scholarship on Carver's politics, especially class politics, and then brings this discussion to bear on photography in general, and the Polaroid photograph in particular, in “Viewfinder,” to argue that Carver's work offers a utopian subjectivity in defiance of the capitalist norms that oppress his characters.
Development and characterization of microsatellites in Torreya jackii (Taxaceae), an endangered species in China
Authors: Li Jian‐Hui , Jiao Jing , Jiang Kai , Li Yuan‐Yuan 
Published: December 2011

• Premise of the study: Polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed in Torreya jackii, an endangered species in China, to provide markers for further studies on the genetic diversity of this species.• Methods and Results: Eight polymorphic loci and one monomorphic locus were developed and characterized in four T. jackii populations (Xianju, Songyang, Pujiang, and Tonglu) from Zhejiang Province, China. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to eight across 80 T. jackii individuals. At the eight polymorphic loci, the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.150 to 1.000 and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.185 to 0.796.• Conclusions: The microsatellite loci developed and characterized in this study will facilitate future analyses of the genetic diversity of T. jackii. Such information will aid in designing strategies to conserve this currently endangered species.
Racial Differences in Knee Osteoarthritis Pain: Potential Contribution of Occupational and Household Tasks
Authors: ALLEN KELLI D. , CHEN JIU-CHIUAN , CALLAHAN LEIGH F. , GOLIGHTLY YVONNE M. , HELMICK CHARLES G. , RENNER JORDAN B. , SCHWARTZ TODD A. , JORDAN JOANNE M. 
Published: December 2011

Objective.We examined whether occupational and household tasks contributed to differences in pain between African Americans and whites with radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA).Methods.Participants from the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project self-reported the frequency (often/always vs never/seldom/sometimes) of performing 9 occupational tasks involving lower extremity joint loading at their longest job (N = 868) and current job (N = 273), as well as 8 household tasks ever performed (N = 811) and currently being performed (N = 767). The associations of the numbers of occupational or household tasks with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale were first examined in simple linear regression models. If significantly associated with greater pain, each of these was included in adjusted linear regression models to examine whether the association of race with pain remained statistically significant.Results.African Americans reported significantly greater WOMAC pain scores than whites. Exposures to more occupational tasks at the longest job and the current job were associated with greater WOMAC pain scores (p < 0.01). The association of race with greater pain scores remained statistically significant when controlling for occupational tasks at the longest job, but was reduced by 26% and no longer significant when controlling for the number of current occupational tasks. Exposures to an increasing number of household tasks were associated with lower pain scores and were not further analyzed.Conclusion.Current performance of physically demanding occupational tasks contributed to racial differences in pain severity among individuals with knee OA. Better workplace policies to accommodate OA-related limitations may help to reduce racial differences in pain.
Clinically Relevant Outcomes Based on Analysis of Pooled Data from 2 Trials of Duloxetine in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: HOCHBERG MARC C. , WOHLREICH MADELAINE , GAYNOR PAULA , HANNA SYLVIA , RISSER RICK 
Published: December 2011

Objective.To determine response with duloxetine versus placebo in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee using the Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials-Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OMERACT-OARSI) responder index and other clinically relevant outcomes including minimal clinically important improvement (MCII) and patient acceptable symptom state (PASS) for pain and function.Methods.Data were pooled from two 13-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials comparing duloxetine 60 to 120 mg/day with placebo in patients with symptomatic OA of the knee. Treatment response was determined according to the OMERACT-OARSI responder index, ≥ 30% pain reduction, ≥ 50% pain reduction, and MCII and PASS for pain and function. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers NCT00433290 and NCT00408421)Results.Duloxetine-treated patients were 33% more likely to experience an OMERACT-OARSI response than placebo-treated patients [p < 0.001, number needed to treat (NNT) = 6]. A significantly greater percentage of duloxetine-treated patients, compared with placebo-treated patients, reported ≥ 30% improvement in pain from baseline to endpoint (p < 0.001, NNT = 5) and ≥ 50% improvement in pain relative to baseline (p < 0.001, NNT = 7). The duloxetine-treated patients were also more likely to fulfill MCII criteria for pain (p < 0.001, NNT = 6) and function (p < 0.001, NNT = 7), and to achieve PASS for pain (p < 0.001, NNT = 6) and function (p = 0.009, NNT = 9). More duloxetine-treated patients compared with placebo-treated patients experienced ≥ 1 treatment-emergent adverse event (p = 0.003, number needed to harm = 8).Conclusion.Significantly more patients receiving duloxetine than placebo achieved an OMERACT-OARSI response, improvements in pain and function exceeding the level accepted as MCII, and reached PASS. Results support the clinical relevance of outcomes of prior duloxetine studies in symptomatic OA of the knee.