bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Science Case for PILOT II: the Distant Universe
Authors: Lawrence J. S. , Ashley M. C. B. , Bunker A. , Bouwens R. , Burgarella D. , Burton M. G. , Gehrels N. , Glazebrook K. , Pimbblet K. , Quimby R. , Saunders W. , Storey J. W. V. , Wheeler J. C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPILOT (the Pathfinder for an International Large Optical Telescope) is a proposed 2.5-m optical/infrared telescope to be located at Dome C on the Antarctic plateau. The atmospheric conditions at Dome C deliver a high sensitivity, high photometric precision, wide-field, high spatial resolution, and high-cadence imaging capability to the PILOT telescope. These capabilities enable a unique scientific potential for PILOT, which is addressed in this series of papers. The current paper presents a series of projects dealing with the distant (redshift >1) Universe, that have been identified as key science drivers for the PILOT facility. The potential for PILOT to detect the first populations of stars to form in the early Universe, via infrared projects searching for pair-instability supernovae and gamma-ray burst afterglows, is investigated. Two projects are proposed to examine the assembly and evolution of structure in the Universe: an infrared survey searching for the first evolved galaxies at high redshift, and an optical survey aimed at characterising moderate-redshift galaxy clusters. Finally, a large-area weak-lensing survey and a program to obtain supernova infrared light-curves are proposed to examine the nature and evolution of dark energy and dark matter.
Ks-band, 2.14-µm Imaging of Southern Massive Star Formation Regions Traced by Methanol Masers
Authors: Longmore S. N. , Burton M. G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe present deep, wide-field, Ks-band (2.14-μm) images towards 87 southern massive star formation regions traced by methanol maser emission. Using point-spread function fitting, we generate 2.14-μm point source catalogues (PSCs) towards each of the regions. For the regions between 10° < l < 350° and |b| < 1, we match the 2.14-μm sources with the GLIMPSE point source catalogue to generate a combined 2.14- to 8.0-μm point source catalogue. We provide this data for the astronomical community to utilise in studies of the stellar content of embedded clusters.
Phase-Mixing and Dissipation of Standing Shear Alfvén Waves
Authors: Karami K. , Ebrahimi Z. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe study the phase mixing and dissipation of a packet of standing shear Alfvén waves localized in a region with non-uniform Alfvén background velocity. We investigate the validity of the exponential damping law in time, exp (–At3), presented by Heyvaerts & Priest (1983) for different ranges of Lundquist, S, and Reynolds, R, numbers. Our numerical results shows that it is valid for (R,S) ≥ 107.
Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Secular Vocal Performance in Early Wales
Authors: Macklin Christopher 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThere are many historical repertories of interest for which documentary evidence is scant. In such areas traditional models of musicological research, driven by notation, may be of limited use, and there is thus a need to develop alternative formulations for the relationship between the performance, the performer and the text. In this study, textual analysis and ethnographic comparisons of structurally similar performance cultures (namely, classical Greece and Rome and bardic traditions of south-eastern Europe and eastern Africa) are combined to examine one such tradition: the secular music of the bards of medieval and early-modern Wales. Contemporary accounts pertaining to this repertory are characterized by a systematic ambiguity in their description of speech and song, and a selective use of musical notation for instrumental but not vocal figuration. Comparisons with other musical cultures that share this ambiguity lead to the development of a model of performance that accounts for these textual features.
The impact of concurrent heart failure on prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Boudestein Laura C.M. , Rutten Frans H. , Cramer Maarten J. , Lammers Jan Willem J. , Hoes Arno W. 
Published: November 2009

AimsTo compare prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with or without concomitant heart failure.Methods and resultsPatients aged 65 years or over with a general practitioner (GP)'s diagnosis of COPD but without a prior diagnosis of heart failure underwent an extensive diagnostic work‐up including echocardiography and pulmonary function tests in the period 2001–03. An expert panel then confirmed the presence or absence of COPD according to the GOLD criteria and (previously undiagnosed) heart failure according to the criteria of the ESC heart failure guidelines. This cohort of 405 patients was followed up for a mean duration of 4.2 (SD 1.4) years. The GP's electronic medical files relating to the participants, including any specialist letters, were scrutinized until April 2007 for information about drug use, exacerbations of COPD, pneumonia, hospitalizations, death, and cause of death. The mean age of patients at the start of the study was 73.0 (SD 5.3) years, and 54% were male. The presence of newly detected heart failure significantly increased all‐cause mortality independent of gender, age, history of ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, smoking, and cardiovascular drug use at baseline (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–3.6; P = 0.01).ConclusionHeart failure is a strong independent predictor of all‐cause mortality in patients with a diagnosis of COPD.
The effect of pre‐emptive use of minimal dose fentanyl on fentanyl‐induced coughing
Authors: Hung K.‐C. , Chen C.‐W. , Lin V. C.‐H. , Weng H.‐C. , Hsieh S.‐W. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryWe performed a randomised, double‐blind study to evaluate the effect of the pre‐emptive use of minimal dose intravenous fentanyl (25 μg) on the incidence of cough caused by a larger bolus of intravenous fentanyl. Six hundred patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups to receive either 0.5 ml saline 0.9% 1 min before administration of fentanyl 150 μg (3 ml), or pre‐emptive fentanyl 25 μg (0.5 ml) 1 min before administration of fentanyl 125 μg or 150 μg. The incidence of fentanyl‐induced cough was significantly lower in both pre‐emptive groups (7 (3.5%) for 125 μg fentanyl and 15 (7.5%) for 150 μg fentanyl) than in the saline group (37 (18.5%); p = 0.001). We conclude that pre‐emptive use of fentanyl 25 μg, administered 1 min before bolus injection of fentanyl (125 or 150 μg), can effectively suppress fentanyl‐induced cough.
HLA‐DR expression and differential trafficking of monocyte subsets following low to intermediate risk surgery*
Authors: Handy J. M. , Scott A. J. , Cross A. M. , Sinha P. , O’Dea K. P. , Takata M. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryReduced HLA‐DR expression on monocytes has been suggested as a predictive marker of immunosuppression following very high risk surgery, but there are few reports in lower risk surgery. In 32 patients undergoing low to intermediate risk surgery, blood samples were analysed by flow cytometry for HLA‐DR expression and numbers in both CD14high and CD14lowCD16+ monocyte subsets. The numbers of CD14high monocytes increased at 24 h (mean (SD), 5.0 (2.2) vs 7.6 (3.9) × 105 cells.ml−1; p < 0.01) while CD14lowCD16+ monocytes decreased (0.68 (0.36) vs 0.44 (0.36) × 105 cells.ml−1; p < 0.01). HLA‐DR expression was significantly reduced in both subsets by 24 h (mean (SD) fluorescent intensity 440 (310) vs 160 (130) for CD14high and 1000 (410) vs 560 (380) for CD14lowCD16+ subsets; p < 0.01). This reduction of monocyte HLA‐DR expression 24 h following lower risk surgery raises questions about the purported clinical utility of this biomarker as an early predictor of postoperative complications. Our results also suggest that surgery induces significant trafficking (i.e. mobilisation, margination and extravasation) of monocyte subsets, and that monocyte HLA‐DR depression is the result of a down‐regulatory phenomenon (decreased protein expression on each cell) rather than the differential trafficking of monocyte subsets.
Bispectral index during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a poor indicator of recovery. Two very different cases
Authors: Dumans‐Nizard V. , Hamada S. , Fischler M. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryWe report two cases of massive intra‐operative bleeding during lung transplantation requiring emergency cardiopulmonary bypass. In both cases the bispectral index dropped to 0, remained low for around 30 and 90 min respectively, and then returned to values consistent with a usual anaesthetic state (around 40). At the time bispectral monitoring provided some reassurance to the medical team about the adequacy of the resuscitation. However, this proved misleading since postoperative neurological recovery was favourable in one case but not in the other.
Circulating CD52 and CD20 levels at end of treatment predict for progression and survival in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab (FCR)
Authors: Alatrash Gheath , Albitar Maher , O’Brien Susan , Wang Xuemei , Manshouri Taghi , Faderl Stefan , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Burger Jan , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Lerner Susan , Keating Michael J. , Wierda William G. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryCD52 and CD20 antigens are important therapeutic targets for the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) alemtuzumab and rituximab respectively. Circulating CD52 (cCD52) and CD20 (cCD20) have prognostic utility in lymphoid malignancies. The efficacy of mAb therapy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) may be adversely affected by cCD52 or cCD20. In this report, blood and bone marrow (BM) cCD52 and cCD20 were measured at response assessment in previously treated (N = 235) patients with CLL who received fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR). Univariate and multivariate statistical models evaluated correlations of pre‐ and response variables with progression‐free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Response variables included 1996 National Cancer Institute‐Working Group (NCI‐WG) response, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGHV) in BM, and cCD52 and cCD20 levels (blood and BM) at response assessment. Using multivariate analysis, response blood and BM cCD52, blood cCD20, and NCI‐WG response were significant independent predictors of PFS. At the time of response assessment, BM cCD52 correlated with OS in univariate analysis. cCD52 and cCD20, therefore appear useful in predicting survival and may be important for monitoring patients following salvage FCR (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, rituximab) therapy. These data further indicate that plasma may be a good target to evaluate for minimal residual disease using cCD52/cCD20 levels.
Antigen receptor gene rearrangements reflect on the heterogeneity of adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) with implications of cell‐origin of ALL subgroups – a UKALLXII study
Authors: Rai Lena , Casanova Anouska , Moorman Anthony V. , Richards Sue , Buck Georgina , Goldstone Anthony H. , Fielding Adele K. , Foroni Letizia 
Published: November 2009

SummaryCytogenetic and molecular investigations of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) have identified the existence of distinct clinical subgroups. Molecular monitoring of clonal Immunoglobulin and T cell receptor (IG/TR) gene rearrangements has become an important tool in stratification of therapy of ALL. In order to determine whether certain features of the patient‐specific rearrangements could hold further prognostic clues or provide information on the cell of origin of ALL, a comprehensive analysis of structural and biological features (V gene usage, coding frame and mutational status and complementarity‐determining region ‐III length) of 473 IG/TR rearrangements identified in 229 adults with ALL was carried out. Distinct variable‐gene usage profiles were identified between ALL subgroups, particularly for patients positive for BCR‐ABL1 compared to MLL‐AFF1 positive leukaemias; suggesting that the former is derived from a more mature B progenitor. Interestingly, occurrence of TRGV1‐TRGV8 was prognostic for better event‐free survival (31% at 4 years with vs. 0% at 4 years without, P = 0·05). The heterogeneity in clinical outcome is suggested by the basic molecular processes of antigen receptor gene rearrangements as shown in this work.
The minimal clinically important difference in allergic rhinitis
Authors: Barnes M. L. , Vaidyanathan S. , Williamson P. A. , Lipworth B. J. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryBackground
When presented with results from clinical measurements or research findings, clinicians must first make an interpretation of their importance, not only in statistical terms, but also the ‘clinical importance’ given the size of the change observed. To do this, they require an understanding of the relationship between their outcome measures, and the patient's perception of change. The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) illustrates this relationship by calculating the smallest change in a given outcome that is meaningful to a patient. There are few reports of calculated MCIDs in the Rhinology literature.Objective
To calculate MCIDs for common subjective and objective outcome measures in allergic rhinitis (AR).Methods
Nine randomized, blinded, placebo‐controlled clinical trials in intermittent and persistent AR (pooled subjects, n=204) were analysed using anchor‐ and distribution‐based approaches, applying regression and meta‐analysis techniques.Results
MCIDs were obtained for the Mini Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire: 0.4 units, peak nasal inspiratory flow: 5 L/min and total nasal symptoms score: 0.55 units. Nasal NO measurement changes had no correlation with patient perceptions of benefit.Conclusion
Estimates of MCIDs were obtained for common subjective and objective rhinological outcomes. MCIDs can and should be applied by physicians interpreting research findings, as well as researchers reporting their findings. We can then be confident that our changes in practice will be of perceptible benefit to the patient. Cite this as: M. L. Barnes, S. Vaidyanathan, P. A. Williamson and B. J. Lipworth, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 242–250.
Moisture and vegetation controls on decadal‐scale accrual of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in restored grasslands
Authors: O'BRIEN SARAH L. , JASTROW JULIE D. , GRIMLEY DAVID A. , GONZALEZ‐MELER MIQUEL A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRevitalization of degraded landscapes may provide sinks for rising atmospheric CO2, especially in reconstructed prairies where substantial belowground productivity is coupled with large soil organic carbon (SOC) deficits after many decades of cultivation. The restoration process also provides opportunities to study the often‐elusive factors that regulate soil processes. Although the precise mechanisms that govern the rate of SOC accrual are unclear, factors such as soil moisture or vegetation type may influence the net accrual rate by affecting the balance between organic matter inputs and decomposition. A resampling approach was used to assess the control that soil moisture and plant community type each exert on SOC and total nitrogen (TN) accumulation in restored grasslands. Five plots that varied in drainage were sampled at least four times over two decades to assess SOC, TN, and C4‐ and C3‐derived C. We found that higher long‐term soil moisture, characterized by low soil magnetic susceptibility, promoted SOC and TN accrual, with twice the SOC and three times the TN gain in seasonally saturated prairies compared with mesic prairies. Vegetation also influenced SOC and TN recovery, as accrual was faster in the prairies compared with C3‐only grassland, and C4‐derived C accrual correlated strongly to total SOC accrual but C3‐C did not. High SOC accumulation at the surface (0–10 cm) combined with losses at depth (10–20 cm) suggested these soils are recovering the highly stratified profiles typical of remnant prairies. Our results suggest that local hydrology and plant community are critical drivers of SOC and TN recovery in restored grasslands. Because these factors and the way they affect SOC are susceptible to modification by climate change, we contend that predictions of the C‐sequestration performance of restored grasslands must account for projected climatic changes on both soil moisture and the seasonal productivity of C4 and C3 plants.
Volumetric analysis of root fillings using spiral computed tomography: an in vitro study
Authors: Anbu R. , Nandini S. , Velmurugan N. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim  To analyse volumetrically using spiral computed tomography (SCT) the efficacy of various techniques to fill root canals.Methodology  Root canals in 40 maxillary central incisors were instrumented with K‐files to size 60 and the volume of the canal measured using SCT. The teeth were divided into four groups of 10 each and root filled by lateral compaction, Thermafil, Obtura II and System B techniques, respectively. AH plus was used as sealer with all techniques. The filled volume in each canal was measured using SCT and the percentage of obturated volume (POV) was calculated. The data were statistically analysed using Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U‐test.Results  The four groups were comparable in canal volume. The overall POV was 80.4%, 93.3%, 84.8% and 93.7% for lateral compaction, Thermafil, Obtura II and System B, respectively (P < 0.05).Conclusion  The greatest POV was obtained with System B and Thermafil. Voids were seen in all root fillings.
Influence of the shape of artificial canals on the fatigue resistance of NiTi rotary instruments
Authors: Plotino G. , Grande N. M. , Cordaro M. , Testarelli L. , Gambarini G 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim  To investigate the influence of the trajectory of NiTi rotary instruments on the outcome of cyclic fatigue tests.Methodology  Ten ProFile and Mtwo instruments tip size 20, taper 0.06 and tip size 25, taper 0.06 were tested in two simulated root canals with an angle of curvature of 60° and radius of curvature of 5 mm but with different shape. Geometrical analysis of the angle and radius of the curvature that each instrument followed inside the two different artificial canals was performed on digital images. The instruments were then rotated until fracture at a constant speed of 300 rpm to calculate the number of cycles to failure (NCF) and the length of the fractured fragment. Mean values were calculated and analysed using two different multivariate linear regression models and an independent sample t‐test.Results  The shape of the artificial root canal used in cyclic fatigue studies influenced the trajectory of the instrument. This difference is reflected by the NCF measured for the same instrument in the different artificial root canals and by the impact of the type of canal on both the NCF (St.β = 0.514) and fragment length (St.β = −0.920).Conclusions  Small variations in the geometrical parameters of the curvature of an instrument subjected to flexural fatigue could have a significant influence on the results of fatigue tests.
Functional traits of alien plants across contrasting climatic and land‐use regimes: do aliens join the locals or try harder than them?
Authors: Tecco Paula A. , Díaz Sandra , Cabido Marcelo , Urcelay Carlos 
Published: November 2009

Summary 1 Two main views have been put forward to explain whether coexisting alien and resident plant species should show converging or diverging functional attributes. According to the ‘try‐harder’ hypothesis, successful aliens should differ from resident species with traits that allow them to deal better with the local conditions than resident species. On the other hand, the ‘join‐the‐locals’ hypothesis stresses the importance of filtering by environmental factors and predicts strong functional trait similarities between alien and native species, especially among the dominants. 2 On the basis of a functional trait comparison between native and alien species of central‐western Argentina across five contrasting ecosystems and four land‐use regimes, we tested these hypotheses over a broad range of habitats. We built a data set with common measurement methods and biogeographical factors but strongly varying environmental conditions, ranging from mesic to extremely dry, and from nearly pristine to heavily disturbed. 3 When considering all species together, the main trend of variation in trait syndromes was between acquisitive (tender, large leaves, with high specific area) and conservative (tough, small leaves, with low specific area and low nutrient content). Although both native and alien species appeared to be well spread across the whole range of trait variation, woody alien species showed a significantly more acquisitive set of attributes (higher specific leaf area, larger and thinner leaves, lower wood density) than native species. No significant difference was detected between herbaceous alien and native species. These general trends were maintained under contrasting climatic and land‐use conditions. 4 Synthesis. The patterns detected for herbaceous species were in line with the ‘join‐the‐locals’ hypothesis. In contrast, those found for woody species, with woody alien species showing more acquisitive attributes than native species in more resource‐rich habitats, provide partial support for the ‘try‐harder’ hypothesis. Overall, our findings reinforce the idea that a universal suit of attributes is unlikely to explain alien plant distribution. They also stress the need for caution when mixing major life‐forms in comparative plant trait analysis.
Drivers of lowland rain forest community assembly, species diversity and forest structure on islands in the tropical South Pacific
Authors: Keppel Gunnar , Buckley Yvonne M. , Possingham Hugh P. 
Published: November 2009

Summary 1. Testing the comparative strength and influence of age and area of islands, proximity of source propagules and disturbances on community assembly, species diversity and vegetation structure has proved difficult at large scales. The little‐studied rain forests in the Tropical South Pacific (TSP) provide a unique study area to investigate determinants of community dynamics, with islands varying in age, isolation, area and cyclone frequency. We tested the effects of biogeographical factors and cyclone frequency on the species composition, species diversity and forest structure of old‐growth rain forest using 1‐ha inventory plots on 12 islands between New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. 2. As predicted by the General Dynamic Model of Oceanic Island Biogeography, the biogeographical variables of archipelago age and island area are the most important factors affecting species richness and diversity, with older and larger islands having higher richness and diversity. There is no significant effect of cyclone frequency on species diversity. 3. The theory that diversity drives endemism is not supported in this system as endemism is not correlated with species diversity. Instead, age and isolation of an island best explain patterns of endemism, with the latter suggesting dispersal limitations between archipelagos. 4. Proximity to source area influences species composition of lowland tropical rain forests in the TSP, which is also supported by a strong correlation between geographic distance and floristic similarity. Vector‐fitting onto non‐metric multidimensional scaling suggests that archipelago age and cyclone frequency may, in addition to proximity to source area, influence species composition. This implies that a species’ tolerance to cyclones affects its abundance at different cyclone frequencies. 5. Synthesis. Both biogeographical variables (island area and isolation) and cyclone frequency appear to affect community assembly in lowland rain forests in the TSP. While species are hence not ecologically equivalent, interspecific ecological differences do not seem to affect the overall patterns of species diversity, which are mostly determined by biogeographical variables, as predicted by the neutral theory.