bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cervical column morphology in patients with skeletal open bite
Authors: Sonnesen L , Kjær I 
Published: September 2010

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Sonnesen L, Kjær IObjectives –  To examine and compare the cervical column morphology in adult patients with skeletal open bite with the cervical column morphology of an adult control group with neutral occlusion and normal craniofacial morphology.Design –  A retrospective case–control study.Setting and Sample Population –  Thirty‐eight open bite patients, 27 women, aged 17–39 years, and 11 males, aged 18–40 years were compared with 21 controls, 15 females, aged 23–40 years, and six males aged 25–44 years from profile radiographs.Outcome measure –  From each individual a visual assessment of the cervical column and angular measurements of the craniofacial dimensions were performed on profile radiographs.Results –  In the open bite group 42.1% had cervical column body fusion, and 13.2% had posterior arch deficiency. The fusion always occurred between C2 and C3. Cervical column deviations occurred significantly more often in the open bite group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Associations were found between fusions of the cervical column and maxillary retrognathia (p < 0.05), large maxillary inclination (p < 0.05) and large cranial base angle (p < 0.05). Associations were also found between posterior arch deficiency and maxillary retrognathia (p < 0.05) and cranial base angle (p < 0.05). The craniofacial parameter most important for the fusions and posterior arch deficiency was the maxillary retrognathia (p < 0.01, R 2 = 0.20; p < 0.05, R 2 = 0.26, respectively).Conclusion –  New associations between skeletal open bite and cervical column deviations are described. It is suggested that this knowledge is incorporated in future diagnostic and orthodontic treatment planning.
Treatment results and long‐term stability of anterior open bite malocclusion
Authors: Remmers D , Van’t Hullenaar RWGJ , Bronkhorst EM , Bergé SJ , Katsaros C 
Published: September 2010

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Remmers D, Van’t Hullenaar RWGJ, Bronkhorst EM, Bergé SJ, Katsaros CObjectives –  To evaluate treatment results and long‐term stability of anterior open bite malocclusion and to identify predictive factors for both treatment results and their stability.Design –  Retrospective study.Setting and Sample Population –  The Department of Orthodontics and Oral Biology at the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands. Fifty‐two patients with an anterior open bite.Methods –  Lateral cephalograms and dental casts were analysed at: start of treatment (Ts), end of treatment (T0), 2 and at least 5 years after the end of treatment (T2 and T5, respectively). A standard cephalometric analysis was performed, while the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index was used to evaluate the occlusion.Results –  The mean PAR reduction at T0 was 74%, but decreased to 56% at T5. The mean overbite (OB) increased from −3.2 mm (± 1.9) at Ts to 0.4 mm (± 1.1) at T0, 0.1 mm (± 1.6) at T2 and 0.2 mm (± 1.8) at T5. Thirty‐seven patients (71%) had a positive OB at T0, but the bite opened again in 10 of these patients (27%) from T0 to T5. Forty‐four per cent of our patients had an open bite at T5. No pre‐treatment variables could predict these changes.Conclusion –  Treatment response and long‐term stability of the anterior open bite was found to be rather poor. This has to be taken into consideration when planning treatment of open bite patients. Prediction of open bite closure at the end of active treatment or at the follow‐up was not possible.
Five year follow‐up of mandibular distraction osteogenesis on the dentofacial structures of syndromic children
Authors: Gürsoy S , Hukki J , Hurmerinta K 
Published: September 2010

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Gürsoy S, Hukki J, Hurmerinta KObjectives –  To determine long‐term treatment outcomes of mandibular distraction osteogenesis (DO) in syndromic children with severely hypoplastic lower jaws.Design –  Descriptive clinical study.Setting and Sample Population –  Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Centre, Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital. Ten children (mean age 7.6 years) with various syndromes (craniofacial microsomia, Treacher Collins syndrome, Nager syndrome).Subjects and Methods –  Ten growing children with severely retrognathic lower jaws were distracted with an extraoral bicortically fixed DO device (mean, 34 days) followed by a consolidation period (mean, 9 weeks). Orthodontic treatment was performed pre‐ and/or postoperatively with fixed or functional appliances (mean 14 months).Outcome Measure –  The landmarks on standard lateral cephalometric X‐rays were digitized and angular and linear measurements were compared using Student’s t‐test to assess changes in pre‐distraction, post‐distraction, post‐consolidation and 1 year follow‐up. Long‐term follow‐up (2 and 5 years) was interpreted according to mean values.Results –  The measurements of SNB, ANB, facial convexity angle, overjet and overbite, and soft tissue facial profile showed significant correction of the mandibular retrognathia and malocclusion. The mandibular divergence decreased and mandibular, corpus, and ramus lengths remained stable during the consolidation period. The regression of mandibular measurements towards pre‐distraction values was observed in skeletal and dental parameters and soft tissue profiles during the first postoperative year and continued during the 2‐ to 5‐year follow‐up period. The achieved mandibular corpus and ramus lengthening was stable while the mandible displayed considerable posterior rotation but no further growth. Orthodontic treatment could not overcome the regression of mandibular measurements to their original values. The maxilla continued its normal growth during the long‐term follow‐up. Two patients had tracheostomies, but the tube was removed from both during or immediately after distraction.Conclusion –  Excellent short‐term structural results of mandibular DO are not stable during the growth of syndromic children because of restricted mandibular growth. Thus, a re‐evaluation of DO timing in the improvement of facial aesthetics must be considered. However, mandibular DO in children with severe airway problems is recommended.
Contrast‐Induced Nephropathy: A Review Focusing on X‐ray and CT Applications and the Iso‐Osmolar Controversy
Authors: Uder M. , Heinrich M. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryAfter administration of contrast media the incidence of acute renal failure requiring dialysis is low. Clinical studies on contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) therefore use a relative or absolute increase in serum creatinine as a surrogate marker. However, there is no generally accepted threshold for increases in creatinine. The lack of consistency in the definition of CIN makes it difficult to compare trials. The serum creatinine level is also only a poor marker of renal function. Increases in serum creatinine after contrast examination are associated with increased mortality, morbidity and longer hospital stays. However, such correlations have been shown only for coronary interventions. Not all cases of renal failure following cardiac angiography are necessarily related to the contrast medium, as in these patients there are several other reasons for loss of renal function. There are no studies showing a correlation between patient outcome and CIN after intravenous administration of contrast media. While the pathophysiology of CIN is not yet completely understood, it most certainly involves the interplay of multiple factors. It is highly likely that direct tubular toxicity of the CM contributes to the aetiology, whereas the role of the physicochemical properties of CM may have been over‐interpreted. There is an ongoing controversy as to whether the iso‐osmolar CM iodixanol is better tolerated by the kidneys than low‐osmolar CM (LOCM). Some randomized trials have demonstrated benefits of this substance. However, to date meta‐analyses and registry studies have not shown a consistent picture. In the last few months some randomized trials have been published which have not found an advantage of iodixanol over LOMC, whether administered intra‐arterially or intravenously.
Aorto‐Peripheral MDCT Angiography: Implications for Contrast Medium Delivery
Authors: Wildberger J. E. , Mahnken A. H. , Seidensticker P. R. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe overall iodine load is the key determinant for the imaging of solid organs. For CTA studies, however, injection duration and particularly the iodine delivery rate (IDR; given in g iodine/s) are the determining factors for the quality of the bolus. An optimized contrast injection is mandatory to achieve high quality CT scans with homogeneous attenuation and high contrast throughout the entire data‐set.
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
Authors: Thomsen H. S. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryFor more than 10 years it has been believed that gadolinium‐based contrast agents in doses used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are relatively safe with regard to acute non‐renal and renal adverse reactions and delayed reactions. However, recent observations have shown that it may not be the case in patients with reduced renal function as gadolinium‐based contrast agents may trigger the development of fibrosis in all parts of the body so‐called nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). Its primary predilection is the skin. Unrelated to the development of NSF, contrast‐induced nephropathy may occur after administration of gadolinium‐based contrast agents. The current review updates the recent developments regarding the severe delayed reaction. However, the fear of NSF should not lead to a denial of a well‐indicated enhanced MRI examination.
The Added Value of a Dedicated Cardiac CT Scanner for the Assessment of Coronary Calcium
Authors: Greuter M. J. W. , Groen J. M. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe amount of coronary calcium is generally used as an indicator for risk stratification of patients with (suspected) coronary artery disease. Orginally, electron beam tomography (EBT) was used to image the amount of coronary calcium and quantification was performed by the Agatston score. Risk stratification has been validated on large patients populations using the EBT scanner in combination with this scoring method. While EBT scanners become more and more obsolete nowadays, these scanners are being replaced by multi‐detector computer tomography (MDCT) systems and dedicated cardio scanners like dual source computer tomography (DSCT). However, in order to used the calcium score obtained from a patient scan on these systems, it must be demonstrated to be accurate, clinically relevant and reproducible. In this study we compared the infiuence of cardiac motion on the calcium score for a 64‐slice MDCT scanner and for an EBT and a DSCT systems. A moving cardiac phantom was used and the measured Agatston scores were compared on these three systems as a function of heart rate, calcification density and slice thickness. The results show that DSCT is approximately 50% less susceptible to cardiac motion than 64‐slice MDCT and that the susceptibility is further reduced by using a smaller slice thickness. At a slice thickness of 3.0 mm DSCT and 64‐slice MDCT show similar results, however, at a slice thickness of 0.6 mm DSCT gives the best approximation of the calcium score on EBT in comparison to 64‐slice MDCT.
Assessment of weight changes during and after pregnancy: practical approaches
Authors: Amorim Amanda R. , Linné Yvonne , Kac Gilberto , Lourenço Paulo M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe usefulness of routine prenatal weight measurements in predicting pregnancy outcomes is still a controversial issue. Comparisons among studies and the interpretation of research findings are complicated due to the variety of indicators applied to express maternal weight changes during and after pregnancy. A review of literature was conducted to clarify the definitions and examine the strengths and limitations of methods for measuring gestational weight gain (WG) and postpartum weight changes. The reasons for weak correlations or non‐significant associations between gestational WG and maternal and neonatal outcomes were probably owing to poor quality of obstetrics records and selection of wrong indicators to compute gestational WG. The choice of an indicator depends on clinical and research purpose, availability and reliability of data and cost. Considering the health implication of gestational WG, it is necessary to take into account the measurements used as initial and final weight, accuracy of gestational age estimation and the inclusion of fetal weight as part of maternal WG. Regardless of the indicators used to compute the weight changes after delivery, attention is drawn to the approach for designating prepregnancy weight, the time frame of postpartum weight measurements and the use of overlapping variables, which results in bias (part–whole correlation). It is necessary to address criticisms on the accuracy of prenatal weight measurements and the way of expressing the maternal weight changes during and after pregnancy in order to have reliable results from research.
Feeding patterns of underweight children in rural Malawi given supplementary fortified spread at home
Authors: Flax Valerie L. , Ashorn Ulla , Phuka John , Maleta Kenneth , Manary Mark J. , Ashorn Per 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFortified spread (FS), containing dry food particles embedded in edible fat, offers a convenient means for nutrition rehabilitation. To describe how caregivers feed FS to their undernourished children at home, and how FS use affects other feeding patterns, we conducted a longitudinal observational study in rural Malawi. Sixteen 6‐ to 17‐month‐old underweight children (weight‐for‐agez‐score < −2.0; −3.0 < weight‐for‐heightz‐score < 0) received FS for 12 weeks. Twelve‐hour observations were conducted before supplementation and during weeks 1, 4, 8 and 12 of FS use. FS was fed to children about two times per day; each serving was 15–20 g. The spread was first used mainly alone as a between‐meal snack, and then became integrated into the typical complementary feeding pattern by being mixed with porridge. Introduction of FS reduced the number of plain porridge meals, but did not decrease the total number of meals or breastfeeds per day and did not change the daily mean time caregivers spent on feeding. Children accepted the FS well, but more FS was wasted when it was offered mixed with porridge than when given alone (23.6% vs. 1.2%, 95% CI for the difference 13.2% to 31.6%). FS supplementation is feasible for community‐based nutrition interventions in Malawi because it easily becomes part of the feeding routine, does not replace other foods and does not take extra caregiver time. To limit wastage, caregivers should be advised to serve FS plain or to mix it with only a small quantity of porridge.
Breast is no longer best: promoting normal infant feeding
Authors: Berry Nina J. , Gribble Karleen D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe recent release of new growth charts by the World Health Organization (WHO) heralds a fresh understanding of what constitutes normal infant growth and development. The Multicenter Growth Reference Study that underpins these new growth standards ‘establish[es] breastfed infants as the normative model for growth and development’. This is in contrast to past practice, which treated breastfeeding as the optimal, rather than the normal, way to feed babies. This idealization of breastfeeding has been counterproductive, because it has reinforced a perception that formula feeding is the standard way of feeding babies. It is, therefore, suggested that breastfeeding promotion and education programmes should abandon the ‘breast is best’ message in favour of messages that normalize breastfeeding, and that future research ought to use infants breastfed according to WHO recommendations as the norm reference or control group in every instance.
Methodological challenges when monitoring the diet of pregnant women in a large study: experiences from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)
Authors: Meltzer Helle Margrete , Brantsæter Anne Lise , Ydersbond Trond A. , Alexander Jan , Haugen Margaretha ,   The MoBa Dietary Support Group
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe aim of this article is to describe the main methodological challenges in the monitoring of dietary intake in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), a pregnancy cohort aiming to include 100 000 participants. The overall challenge was to record dietary patterns in sufficient detail to support future testing of a broad range of hypotheses, while at the same time limiting the burden on the participants. The main questions to be answered were: which dietary method to choose, when in pregnancy to ask, which time period should the questions cover, which diet questions to include, how to perform a validation study, and how to handle uncertainties in the reporting. Our decisions were as follows: using a semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (in use from 1 March 2002), letting the participants answer in mid‐pregnancy, and asking the mother what she has eaten since she became pregnant. The questions make it possible to estimate intake of food supplements, antioxidants and environmental contaminants in the future. Misreporting is handled by consistency checks. Reports with a calculated daily energy intake of <4.5 and >20 MJ day−1 are excluded, about 1% in each end of the scale. A validation study confirmed that the included intakes are realistic. The outcome of our methodological choices indicates that our FFQ strikes a reasonable balance between conflicting methodological and scientific interests, and that our approach therefore may be of use to others planning to monitor diet in pregnancy cohorts.
Moo-Cow! Mummy! More! How Do Children Learn so Many Words?
Authors: McMurray Bob 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLearning the words of your language is a huge challenge for children. In particular, it is a challenge of scale. At least 40,000 words have to be learnt. At 18 months a child's vocabulary starts to explode. How do they do it? Bob McMurray says it is all to down to statistics.
Risedronate, the BBC and Me
Authors: Bland Martin 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Risedronate is a drug used to reduce fractures in women with osteoporosis. The story of the Sheffield Risedronate trial made national news when one of the clinical researchers, Aubrey Blumsohn, dissociated himself from the trial because he was refused access to the data he had helped to collect. Later, some of that data turned up. Here Martin Bland describes how he came to analyse the data on behalf of the BBC, what he found and what happened next.
Playing and resisting: rethinking young people's reading cultures
Authors: Kendall Alex 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this paper I will argue that while young adult readers may often be represented through ‘othering’ discourses that see them as ‘passive’, ‘uncritical’ consumers of ‘low‐brow’, ‘throw‐away’ texts, the realities of their reading lives are in fact more subtle, complex and dynamic. The paper explores the discourses about reading, identity and gender that emerged through discussions with groups of young adults, aged between 16 and 19, about their reading habits and practices. These discussions took place as part of a PhD research study of reading and reader identity in the context of further education in the Black Country in the West Midlands. Through these discussions the young adults offered insights into their reading cultures and the ‘functionality’ of their reading practices that contest the kinds of ‘distinction[s]’ that tend to situate them as the defining other to more ‘worthy’ or ‘valuable’ reading cultures and practices. While I will resist the urge to claim that this paper represents the cultures of young adult readers in any real or totalising sense I challenge the kinds of dominant, reductive representations that serve to fix and demonise this group and begin to draw a space within which playfulness and resistance are alternatively offered as ways of being for these readers.
Txt msg n school literacy: does texting and knowledge of text abbreviations adversely affect children's literacy attainment?
Authors: Plester Beverly , Wood Clare , Bell Victoria 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper reports on two studies which investigated the relationship between children's texting behaviour, their knowledge of text abbreviations and their school attainment in written language skills. In Study One, 11–12‐year‐old children provided information on their texting behaviour. They were also asked to translate a standard English sentence into a text message and vice versa. The children's standardised verbal and non‐verbal reasoning scores were also obtained. Children who used their mobiles to send three or more text messages a day had significantly lower scores than children who sent none. However, the children who, when asked to write a text message, showed greater use of text abbreviations (‘textisms’) tended to have better performance on a measure of verbal reasoning ability, which is highly associated with Key Stage 2 (KS2) and 3 English scores. In Study Two, children's performance on writing measures was examined more specifically. Ten to eleven‐year‐old children were asked to complete another English to text message translation exercise. Spelling proficiency was also assessed, and KS2 Writing scores were obtained. Positive correlations between spelling ability and performance on the translation exercise were found, and group‐based comparisons based on the children's writing scores also showed that good writing attainment was associated with greater use of textisms, although the direction of this association is nor clear. Overall, these findings suggest that children's knowledge of textisms is not associated with poor written language outcomes for children in this age range.
Kindergarten reading and writing curricula in the European Union
Authors: Tafa Eufimia 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine whether the current literacy programmes in European Union kindergarten curricula support and enhance young children's reading and writing development. This study investigated whether the kindergarten curricula of 10 European countries: Britain, Belgium, France, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain and Sweden set appropriate goals for young children's acquisition of literacy, provide methodological guidelines that support children's active engagement in reading and writing activities, provide a print‐rich classroom environment, emphasise the communicative nature of reading and writing and use play in the learning process. The comparative data analysis showed that European kindergarten curricula seem to support and enhance young children's reading and writing development, and that early literacy acquisition is based on the principles of the new perspective of the emergence of literacy.
Metaphors, discourse and identity in adult literacy policy
Authors: Taylor Nina 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper discusses the metaphors and discourses employed in the current Skills for Life Strategy in terms of the identity of potential adult literacy learners. It argues that metaphors and discourses are necessarily value laden and reflect the beliefs of those with authority to influence others. The current Strategy, it is argued, is based on a discourse of deficit, outcomes and employability that positions adult literacy learners as ‘depersonalised others’.