bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Dinuclear Cobalt Complexes Containing Trimethylphosphine and Thiophenolato Ligands
Authors: Xu Xiaofeng , Jiao Guili , Sun Hongjian , Li Xiaoyan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBenzene‐1,2‐dithiol reacted with Co(PMe3)4 or Co(PMe3)4Me to afford a dinuclear complex Co2[C6H4(SS)]2(PMe3)4 (1). The cobalt complex Co2[C6H4(NH)S]2(PMe3)4 (2) was obtained from the reaction of 2‐aminothiolphenol with Co(PMe3)4Me. From Co(PMe3)3(CO)Cl and the lithium salt of 2‐aminothiolphenol or benzene‐1,2‐dithiol dinuclear complexes Co2[C6H4(NH)S](CO)2(PMe3)4 (3) or Co2[C6H4(SS)](CO)2(PMe3)4 (4) were obtained. The molecular structures of 1 and 4 show longer metal–metal distances [Co–Co: 2.6333(6) (1) and 2.5547(12) Å (4)] than those of 2 and 3 [Co–Co: 2.4720(5) (2) and 2.457(4) Å (3)]. The possible reaction mechanisms of these reactions are proposed.
Oxidative Stability of Lipids by Means of EPR Spectroscopy and Chemiluminescence
Authors: Szterk Arkadiusz , Stefaniuk Ireneusz , Waszkiewicz‐Robak Bożena , Roszko Marek 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the oxidation of selected vegetable oils (CLSO, CCSO, CBO) at accelerated oxidation rates. Several seldom used analytical methods were applied including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), spin trapping with α‐(4‐pyridyl‐1‐oxide)‐N‐tert‐butylnitrone (POBN) and 5,5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrroline‐N‐oxide (DMPO), Fe2+‐induced chemiluminescence, Rancimat tests, and the determination of conjugated diens at λ = 233 nm. The antioxidative properties of POBN and DMPO were also investigated. The time required for each method was determined. EPR spectrometry of trapped radicals generated during oxidation turned out to be the fastest method to determine oxidative stability. Chemiluminometric determination of oxidation kinetics showed that POBN has a very strong anti‐oxidative potential: it significantly (by 160–277%) lengthened the time to the chemiluminescence peak, as well as the induction time in the Rancimat test (by 110–140%). Photo‐oxidation studies showed that superoxide anion radicals are the main factor responsible for the oxidation of lipids in the investigated oils.
The ICRC's activities on the Indian subcontinent following partition (1947–1949)
Authors: Rey-Schirr Catherine 
Published: November 2010

In 1945, at the end of the Second World War, the British government clearly stated its intention of granting independence to India.The conflict between the British and the Indian nationalists receded into the background, while the increasing antagonism between Hindus and Muslims came to the fore. The Hindus, centred round the Congress Party led by Jawaharlal Nehru, wanted to maintain the unity of India by establishing a government made up of representatives of the two communities. The Muslims, under the banner of the Muslim League and its President, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, demanded the creation of a separate Muslim State, Pakistan. The problem was further complicated by the fact that the approximately 300 million Hindus, 6 million Sikhs and 100 million Muslims in British India were not living in geographically distinct regions, especially in Punjab and Bengal, where the population was mixed.
Mineral Cycling and Epiphytic Lichens: Implications at the Ecosystem Level
Authors: Knops J. M. H. , Nash Iii T. H. , Boucher V. L. , Schlesinger W. H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe nutrient contribution of lichens as litterfall in forests is discussed for a number of different ecosystems and it is hypothesized that lichens are important in capturing nutrients from wet deposition, occult precipitation, sedimentation, impaction and gaseous uptake. Most nutrients captured by these processes represent new nutrient inputs that would otherwise not be intercepted by the ecosystem. Part of these nutrients will be incorporated into lichen biomass and only become available upon death and decomposition, but a portion will be leached by precipitation and become deposited on the soil surface. Although quantifying nutrient sources, fluxes and pool sizes is a potentially complex task, we describe a simplified approach for determining whether lichens significantly affect the mineral cycling of a forest. Preliminary results for an oak woodland in California document that epiphytic lichens may reduce throughfall and alter throughfall chemistry.
Classification of expansive attractors on surfaces
Authors: BARGE MARCY , MARTENSEN BRIAN F. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe prove the conjecture of F. Rodriguez Hertz and J. Rodriguez Hertz [Expansive attractors on surfaces. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.26(1) (2006), 291–302; MR 2201950(2006j:37049)] that every non-trivial transitive expansive attractor of a homeomorphism of a compact surface is a derived from pseudo-Anosov attractor.
Intra-national IR in Africa
Authors: LEMKE DOUGLAS 
Published: November 2010

AbstractScholars debate whether Eurocentric theories of International Relations (IR) offer useful explanations of African international politics. They also debate the applicability of Eurocentric theories of state making for understanding African state making in the post-colonial era. I argue that theories like realism and war-and-state-making appear inconsistent with African political reality because when IR scholars apply these theories to Africa, they study the wrong actors. The ‘right’ actors for understanding these theories include not only the official states IR scholars traditionally analyse, but also all of the autonomous political entities that control territory, possess military resources, and struggle to survive under anarchy. I substantiate my claims about the usefulness and necessity of expanding the roster of actors studied with an historical narrative of the first six years of Congo's independence. During this time six autonomous political entities, in addition to the one official state, warred with each other, allied with each other, and struggled to make states.
Plant assemblages from the Shafer Peak Formation (Lower Jurassic), north Victoria Land, Transantarctic Mountains
Authors: Bomfleur Benjamin , Pott Christian , Kerp Hans 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe Jurassic plant fossil record of Gondwana is generally meagre, which renders phytogeographic and palaeoclimatic interpretations difficult to date. Moreover, plant fossil assemblages mainly consist of impressions/compressions with rather limited palaeobiological and palaeoecological significance. We here present a detailed survey of new Early Jurassic plant assemblages from the Pliensbachian Shafer Peak Formation, north Victoria Land, Transantarctic Mountains. Some of the well-preserved fossils yield cuticle. The floras consist of isoetalean lycophytes, sphenophytes, several ferns, bennettitaleans, and conifers. In addition, three distinct kinds of conifer shoots and needles were obtained from bulk macerations. The composition of the plant communities is typical for Jurassic macrofloras of Gondwana, which underscores the general homogeneity of Southern Hemisphere vegetation during the mid-Mesozoic. Altogether, the plant fossil assemblages indicate humid and warm temperate conditions, which is in contrast to recent palaeoclimatic models that predict cool temperate climates for the continental interior of southern Gondwana during the Jurassic. However, there is no evidence for notable soil development or peat accumulation. The environmental conditions were apparently very unstable due to intense volcanic activity that resulted in frequent perturbation of landscape and vegetation, hampering the development of long-lived climax communities. Cuticles of bennettitaleans and conifers show xeromorphic features that may have been beneficial for growth in this volcanic environment.
Pattern of care and survival in older women with breast cancer in India
Authors: Yadav Budhi S. , Sharma Suresh C. , Menu G. , Mohmad A. , Patel Firuza D. , Nisar K. , Sushmita G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPurpose:To determine the pattern of care and survival in older patients with breast cancer.Methods:The study population included 228 women aged ≥60 years with breast cancer treated between 1992 and 2002. Analysis was done for surgery, radiotherapy (RT), chemotherapy and hormonal therapy. Outcomes studied were locoregional recurrence (LRR) distant metastases, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) using univariate and multivariate analyses. Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate DFS and OS.Results:Mastectomy was done in 208 (91%) patients and conservative breast surgery (CBS) only in 20 (9%) patients. Majority of the patients received adjuvant RT 179 (78.5%). Chemotherapy was given to 49 (21.5%) patients and hormones to 204 (89.5%) patients. LRR with or without distant metastases was 7% and distant metastasis rate was 19.3%. DFS at 10 years was 69%. With RT, DFS was 76% in patients aged <65 years and 73% in aged ≥65 years (p= 0.13). It was 73 and 86%, respectively, with chemotherapy (p= 0.041). DFS with hormones was 96% in patients aged ≥65 years and 79% in aged <65 years (p= 0.028). The OS was 74% at 10 years. RT improved OS in all patients. OS with chemotherapy was 94% in patients ≥65 years, and 82% in patients <65 years (p= 0.044). With hormonal therapy OS was 96% in patients aged ≥65 years and 78% in patients <65 years (p= 0.020).Conclusion:CBS rate and chemotherapy use is very low in elderly women with breast cancer in India. Adjuvant RT, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy offered a therapeutic advantage in these patients.
Implementation of a lateral total body irradiation technique with 6 MV photons: The University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio experience
Authors: Mesa Francisco , Eng Tony Y. , Esquivel Carlos , Fuller Clifton D. , Papanikolaou Niko , Sosa Modesto 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPurpose: Total body irradiation (TBI) involves delivery of marrow-ablative or suppressive dose to the entirety of the marrow habitus. In its current practice, TBI often involves positioning the patient in an uncomfortable upright body position for extended periods of time while delivering radiation dose via anteroposterior/posterioanterior (AP/PA) fields. In an effort to maximize reproducibility and patient comfort, especially for paediatric patients, a supine lateral total body irradiation (LTBI) protocol was implemented as preparatory regimen for bone marrow transplant.Methods and Materials: One hundred and forty-five patient charts were reviewed. Patients were treated in supine position with hands clasped over the upper abdomen in a comfortable position. They were placed in a methylcrylate body box and irradiated with opposed lateral fields at extended distance of 350 cm to the midplane of the patient. Each field delivered 100 cGy with a midplane dose of 200 cGy per fraction. Dose regimes varied from 200 to 1,200 cGy total doses. Custom lead compensating filters were utilized. A 6 MV photon beam produced by a Varian Clinac 600c linear accelerator was applied. In vivo thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) readings were taken for anatomical regions of interest (ROI). TLDs were placed in each ROI under a 1.5-cm-thick bolus for maximum dose build-up.Results and Conclusion: The resulting data demonstrate a dosimetric variability of anatomical ROI from reference prescription dose of less than 3%. LTBI has been used for more than ten years in our institution and produced favourable results for more than 100 patients. We suggest this LTBI approach to facilitate successful treatment of children who require TBI while maintaining dose uniformity as recommended by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Report 17.
The effect of the carbon fibre insert for the Varian Exact™ couch on the attenuation and build-up of high energy photon beams
Authors: Wilson ML , Colley WP , Beavis AW 
Published: November 2010

AbstractCarbon fibre couch inserts are widely used in external beam radiotherapy to provide rigid and lightweight patient support. Carbon fibre is often perceived to be essentially radiotranslucent implying that it does not interfere with the radiation beam. However, there is evidence in the literature which suggests that this perception may not be appropriate, particularly at oblique angles of incidence. Furthermore, there is evidence indicating that the use of carbon fibre significantly reduces the skin sparing effect. In this study, the radiation attenuation and surface dose enhancement characteristics of the carbon fibre insert for the Varian ExactTM couch have been investigated. It was found that attenuation increased significantly with increasing angle of incidence, resulting in in-phantom dose reductions of up to 6% at 6 MV and 4% at 15 MV. It has been shown that it is possible to model couch attenuation on a commercial treatment planning system (Elekta CMS XiO) by including the carbon fibre insert in the planning computed tomography (CT) dataset. Finally, the carbon fibre insert was found to significantly increase skin dose to the patient. The skin dose was approximately three times as large when the couch insert was added to 6 and 15 MV photon beams. However, even with this substantial increase it is highly unlikely that the skin tolerance dose will be exceeded.
Directed epitope delivery across the
Escherichia coli
outer membrane through the porin OmpF
Authors: Housden Nicholas G. , Wojdyla Justyna A. , Korczynska Justyna , Grishkovskaya Irina , Kirkpatrick Nadine , Brzozowski A. Marek , Kleanthous Colin 
Published: November 2010

The porins OmpF and OmpC are trimeric β-barrel proteins with narrow channels running through each monomer that exclude molecules > 600 Da while mediating the passive diffusion of small nutrients and metabolites across the Gram-negative outer membrane (OM). Here, we elucidate the mechanism by which an entire soluble protein domain (> 6 kDa) is delivered through the lumen of such porins. Following high-affinity binding to the vitamin B
12
receptor in
Escherichia coli
, the bacteriocin ColE9 recruits OmpF or OmpC using an 83-residue intrinsically unstructured translocation domain (IUTD) to deliver a 16-residue TolB-binding epitope (TBE) in the center of the IUTD to the periplasm where it triggers toxin entry. We demonstrate that the IUTD houses two OmpF-binding sites, OBS1 (residues 2–18) and OBS2 (residues 54–63), which flank the TBE and bind with
K

d

s of 2 and 24 μM, respectively, at pH 6.5 and 25 ºC. We show the two OBSs share the same binding site on OmpF and that the colicin must house at least one of them for antibiotic activity. Finally, we report the structure of the OmpF-OBS1 complex that shows the colicin bound within the porin lumen spanning the membrane bilayer. Our study explains how colicins exploit porins to deliver epitope signals to the bacterial periplasm and, more broadly, how the inherent flexibility and narrow cross-sectional area of an IUP domain can endow it with the ability to traverse a biological membrane via the constricted lumen of a β-barrel membrane protein.
Strategies for stabilizing superoxide dismutase (SOD1), the protein destabilized in the most common form of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Auclair Jared R. , Boggio Kristin J. , Petsko Gregory A. , Ringe Dagmar , Agar Jeffrey N. 
Published: November 2010

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disorder characterized by the death of both upper and lower motor neurons and by 3- to 5-yr median survival postdiagnosis. The only US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for the treatment of ALS, Riluzole, has at best, moderate effect on patient survival and quality of life; therefore innovative approaches are needed to combat neurodegenerative disease. Some familial forms of ALS (fALS) have been linked to mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). The dominant inheritance of mutant SOD1 and lack of symptoms in knockout mice suggest a “gain of toxic function” as opposed to a loss of function. A prevailing hypothesis for the mechanism of the toxicity of fALS-SOD1 variants, or the gain of toxic function, involves dimer destabilization and dissociation as an early step in SOD1 aggregation. Therefore, stabilizing the SOD1 dimer, thus preventing aggregation, is a potential therapeutic strategy. Here, we report a strategy in which we chemically cross-link the SOD1 dimer using two adjacent cysteine residues on each respective monomer (Cys111). Stabilization, measured as an increase in melting temperature, of ∼20 °C and ∼45 °C was observed for two mutants, G93A and G85R, respectively. This stabilization is the largest for SOD1, and to the best of our knowledge, for any disease-related protein. In addition, chemical cross-linking conferred activity upon G85R, an otherwise inactive mutant. These results demonstrate that targeting these cysteine residues is an important new strategy for development of ALS therapies.
DUST EMISSION AND STAR FORMATION IN STEPHAN'S QUINTET
Authors: Natale G. , Tuffs R. J. , Xu C. K. , Popescu C. C. , Fischera J. , Lisenfeld U. , Lu N. , Appleton P. , Dopita M. , Duc P.-A. , Gao Y. , Reach W. , Sulentic J. , Yun M. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT
We analyze a comprehensive set of MIR/FIR observations of Stephan's Quintet (SQ), taken with the Spitzer Space Telescope. Our study reveals the presence of a luminous (L
IR ≈ 4.6 × 1043 erg s-1) and extended component of infrared dust emission, not connected with the main bodies of the galaxies, but roughly coincident with the X-ray halo of the group. We fitted the inferred dust emission spectral energy distribution of this extended source and the other main infrared emission components of SQ, including the intergalactic shock, to elucidate the mechanisms powering the dust and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission, taking into account collisional heating by the plasma and heating through UV and optical photons. Combining the inferred direct and dust-processed UV emission to estimate the star formation rate (SFR) for each source we obtain a total SFR for SQ of 7.5 M
☉ yr-1, similar to that expected for non-interacting galaxies with stellar mass comparable to the SQ galaxies. Although star formation in SQ is mainly occurring at, or external to the periphery of the galaxies, the relation of SFR per unit physical area to gas column density for the brightest sources is similar to that seen for star formation regions in galactic disks. We also show that available sources of dust in the group halo can provide enough dust to produce up to L
IR ≈ 1042 erg s-1 powered by collisional heating. Though a minority of the total infrared emission (which we infer to trace distributed star-formation), this is several times higher than the X-ray luminosity of the halo, so could indicate an important cooling mechanism for the hot intergalactic medium (IGM) and account for the overall correspondence between FIR and X-ray emission. We investigate two potential modes of star formation in SQ consistent with the data, fueled either by gas from a virialized hot IGM continuously accreting onto the group, whose cooling is enhanced by grains injected from an in situ population of intermediate mass stars, or by interstellar gas stripped from the galaxies. The former mode offers a natural explanation for the observed baryon deficiency in the IGM of SQ as well as for the steep L
X–T
X relation of groups such as SQ with lower velocity dispersions.
Myocardial expression of FOXO3a–Atrogin‐1 pathway in human heart failure
Authors: Galasso Gennaro , De Rosa Roberta , Piscione Federico , Iaccarino Guido , Vosa Carlo , Sorriento Daniela , Piccolo Raffaele , Rapacciuolo Antonio , Walsh Kenneth , Chiariello Massimo 
Published: November 2010

AimsSeveral studies have shown that muscle mass loss is an important pathogenic issue in heart failure (HF). Atrogin‐1 is a F‐box protein selectively expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue, which plays a pivotal role in muscle wasting regulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of Atrogin‐1 and the molecular pathway involved in Atrogin‐1 regulation in human HF.Methods and resultsCardiac tissue from patients with HF (HF group: n = 10) or with normal left ventricular function (control group: n = 9) was studied by western blot and real time‐PCR analysis. Linear regression analysis between patients left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and Atrogin1 or its regulator Forkhead box O 3a (Foxo3a) myocardial expression was performed to test correlations between protein expression and LVEF. Western blot analysis revealed that the myocardial expression of Atrogin‐1 in the HF group was 2.5‐fold increased compared with controls (P = 0.007). Accordingly, Atrogin‐1 mRNA was 1.5 higher than in controls (P = 0.003). The expression of Foxo3a and its up‐stream regulator AKT were also measured. Western blot analysis demonstrated in the HF group a 2.56‐fold reduction of AKT phosphorylation and a 3.32‐fold increase of Foxo3a as compared with controls (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively). Finally, linear regression showed a significant relationship between Foxo3a or Atrogin‐1 expression and LVEF (R = 0.976, P < 0.0001 and R = 0.895, P = 0.003, respectively).ConclusionOur results suggest that in human HF, the activity of AKT decreases, with activation of Foxo3a and induction of Atrogin‐1, thereby leading to a molecular state that favours heart muscle loss and left ventricular dysfunction.
Genome-Wide Computational Function Prediction of Arabidopsis Proteins by Integration of Multiple Data Sources
Authors: Kourmpetis Yiannis A.I. , van Dijk Aalt D.J. , van Ham Roeland C.H.J. , ter Braak Cajo J.F. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAlthough Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is the best studied plant species, the biological role of one-third of its proteins is still unknown. We developed a probabilistic protein function prediction method that integrates information from sequences, protein-protein interactions, and gene expression. The method was applied to proteins from Arabidopsis. Evaluation of prediction performance showed that our method has improved performance compared with single source-based prediction approaches and two existing integration approaches. An innovative feature of our method is that it enables transfer of functional information between proteins that are not directly associated with each other. We provide novel function predictions for 5,807 proteins. Recent experimental studies confirmed several of the predictions. We highlight these in detail for proteins predicted to be involved in flowering and floral organ development.
Effects of Auron‐Misheil‐Therapy in human in vitro skin models
Authors: SCHEELE Jürgen , MAPPES Marion , DORN Annette , NIAZI Faiz 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAuron‐Misheil‐Therapy (AMT) is currently under development as an anticancer treatment. The aim of the present study was the identification of possible effects and properties of AMT with regard to human skin. The study consisted of three experimental phases. Phase 1 assessed the effects of AMT on the viability of 2‐D evaluated and accredited cell cultures of three cell types of human skin, namely: keratinocytes, melanocytes and fibroblasts. Three separate assays were used in this phase. Phase 2 was designed to clarify the effects of AMT on cell viability to investigate the mode of action of AMT. Two possible modes of action were investigated: proliferation inhibition and apoptosis. There was one assay to assess proliferation, and two independent assays to assess apoptosis. The third phase assessed the effects of AMT on two different types of 3‐D skin models, an ex vivo model and a de novo reconstituted model. In the phase 1 tests, reduction of cell viability by AMT was demonstrated in all three cell types. In phase 2, the cell proliferation assay showed decreased proliferation rates in the presence of AMT in three out of four cell populations. In phase 3, histochemical investigations with 3‐D models indicated that AMT induces desquamation, most likely as the result of apoptosis of epidermal cells. The experiments generally showed that AMT does not harm human skin at concentrations up to 3%.