bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Envisioning futures for climate change policy development: Scenarios use in European environmental policy institutions
Authors: Bryson Jessica , Piper Jake , Rounsevell Mark 
Published: July 2010

AbstractScenario‐based exercises can contribute to policy debates on climate change responses, intended to help policy‐makers visualize future worlds and help guide and develop adaptive strategies. This study explores the use of scenarios by policy‐advisors within three institutions: the European Environment Agency, the European Commission and Scottish public bodies. Respondents pointed to different approaches to scenario identification and use as well as barriers to wider use of the method. A range of benefits of using scenarios was highlighted. Amongst the suggestions for better implementation offered by interviewees was the need for a scenario toolkit. An array of scenario systems (representing both climate change scenarios and socio‐economic scenarios) are being used by policy‐advisors and the paper concludes that the role for scenario exercises in planning and communications work derives from their capacity to develop imaginative thinking. Recommendations are proposed for improving practice. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Evaluation of CE methods for global metabolic profiling of urine
Authors: Ramautar Rawi , Toraño Javier Sastre , Somsen Govert W. , de Jong Gerhardus J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this study, the usefulness of noncovalently coated capillaries with layers of charged polymers is investigated to obtain global electrophoretic profiles of urinary metabolites covering a broad range of different compound classes in a highly repeatable way. Capillaries were coated with a bilayer of polybrene (PB) and poly(vinyl sulfonate) (PVS), or with a triple layer of PB, dextran sulfate (DS) and PB. The bilayer and triple layer coatings were evaluated at acidic (pH 2.0) and alkaline (pH 9.0) separation conditions, thereby providing separation conditions for basic and acidic compounds. A representative metabolite mixture and spiked urine samples were used for the evaluation of the four CE methods. Migration time repeatability (RSD<2%) and plate numbers (N, 100 000–400 000) were similar for the test compounds in all CE methods, except for some multivalent ions that may exhibit adsorption to oppositely charged coatings. The analysis of cationic compounds with the PB‐DS‐PB CE method at low pH (i.e. after the EOF time) provided a larger separation window and number of separated peaks in urine compared to the analysis with the PB‐PVS CE method at low pH (i.e. before the EOF time). Approximately, 600 molecular features were detected in rat urine by the PB‐DS‐PB CE‐MS method whereas about 300 features were found with the PB‐PVS CE‐MS method. This difference can be attributed to reduced comigration of compounds with the PB‐DS‐PB CE‐MS method and a related decrease of ion suppression. With regard to the analysis of anionic compounds by CE‐MS, in general analyte responses were significantly lower than that for cationic compounds, most probably due to less efficient ionization and to ion suppression effects caused by the background electrolyte. Hence, further optimization is required for the sensitive CE‐MS analysis of anionic compounds in body fluids. It is concluded that the selection of a CE method for profiling of cationic metabolites in urine depends on the purpose of the study. For high‐throughput analyses, the PB‐PVS CE‐MS method is favored whereas the PB‐DS‐PB CE‐MS method provides a more information‐rich metabolic profile, but at the cost of prolonged analysis time.
Disentangling incentives effects of insurance coverage from adverse selection in the case of drug expenditure: a finite mixture approach
Authors: Munkin Murat K. , Trivedi Pravin K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper takes a finite mixture approach to model heterogeneity in incentive and selection effects of drug coverage on total drug expenditure among the Medicare elderly US population. Evidence is found that the positive drug expenditures of the elderly population can be decomposed into two groups different in the identified selection effects and interpreted as relatively healthy with lower average expenditures and relatively unhealthy with higher average expenditures, accounting for approximately 25 and 75% of the population, respectively. Adverse selection into drug insurance appears to be strong for the higher expenditure component and weak for the lower expenditure group. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical treatment of macrocheilia
Authors: Pitanguy Ivo , Gonzalez Raul , Brentano Jane , Muller Paulo , Moore Thomas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe authors report 27 cases of macrocheilia, discussing each cause individually. They classify macrocheilia according to its etiology, emphasizing the importance of an accurate diagnosis in treating the disease. The operative technique indicated for each cause is discussed. The technique basically consists of a fusiform resection, which may include a larger or smaller amount of lip tissue depending on the disease process. The incision may be interrupted at the mid‐lip and W‐plasty or lateral Z‐plasties may be used to avoid the formation of dog ears.
Upstream stimulatory factor‐2 mediates quercetin‐induced suppression of PAI‐1 gene expression in human endothelial cells
Authors: Olave Nélida C. , Grenett Maximiliano H. , Cadeiras Martin , Grenett Hernan E. , Higgins Paul J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe polyphenol quercetin (Quer) represses expression of the cardiovascular disease risk factor plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) in cultured endothelial cells (ECs). Transfection of PAI‐1 promoter‐luciferase reporter deletion constructs identified a 251‐bp fragment (nucleotides −800 to −549) responsive to Quer. Two E‐box motifs (CACGTG), at map positions −691 (E‐box1) and −575 (E‐box2), are platforms for occupancy by several members of the c‐MYC family of basic helix‐loop‐helix leucine zipper (bHLH‐LZ) proteins. Promoter truncation and electrophoretic mobility shift/supershift analyses identified upstream stimulatory factor (USF)‐1 and USF‐2 as E‐box1/E‐box2 binding factors. ECs co‐transfected with a 251 bp PAI‐1 promoter fragment containing the two E‐box motifs (p251/luc) and a USF‐2 expression vector (pUSF‐2/pcDNA) exhibited reduced luciferase activity versus p251/luc alone. Overexpression of USF‐2 decreased, while transfection of a dominant‐negative USF construct increased, EC growth consistent with the known anti‐proliferative properties of USF proteins. Quer‐induced decreases in PAI‐1 expression and reduced cell proliferation may contribute, at least in part, to the cardioprotective benefit associated with daily intake of polyphenols. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 720–726, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proanthocyanidins from the American Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) inhibit matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 activity in human prostate cancer cells via alterations in multiple cellular signalling pathways
Authors: Déziel Bob A. , Patel Kunal , Neto Catherine , Gottschall‐Pass Katherine , Hurta Robert A.R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProstate cancer is one of the most common cancers in the Western world, and it is believed that an individual's diet affects his risk of developing cancer. There has been an interest in examining phytochemicals, the secondary metabolites of plants, in order to determine their potential anti‐cancer activities in vitro and in vivo. In this study we document the effects of proanthocyanidins (PACs) from the American Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in DU145 human prostate cancer cells. Cranberry PACs decreased cellular viability of DU145 cells at a concentration of 25 µg/ml by 30% after 6 h of treatment. Treatment of DU145 cells with PACs resulted in an inhibition of both MMPs 2 and 9 activity. PACs increased the expression of TIMP‐2, a known inhibitor of MMP activity, and decreased the expression of EMMPRIN, an inducer of MMP expression. PACs decreased the expression of PI‐3 kinase and AKT proteins, and increased the phosphorylation of both p38 and ERK1/2. Cranberry PACs also decreased the translocation of the NF‐κB p65 protein to the nucleus. Cranberry PACs increased c‐jun and decreased c‐fos protein levels. These results suggest that cranberry PACs decreases MMP activity through the induction and/or inhibition of specific temporal MMP regulators, and by affecting either the phosphorylation status and/or expression of MAP kinase, PI‐3 kinase, NF‐κB and AP‐1 pathway proteins. This study further demonstrates that cranberry PACs are a strong candidate for further research as novel anti‐cancer agents. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 742–754, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Profiling the changes in signaling pathways in ascorbic acid/β‐glycerophosphate‐induced osteoblastic differentiation
Authors: Chaves Neto Antonio Hernandes , Queiroz Karla Cristiana , Milani Renato , Paredes‐Gamero Edgar Julian , Justo Giselle Zenker , Peppelenbosch Maikel P. , Ferreira Carmen Veríssima 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDespite numerous reports on the ability of ascorbic acid and β‐glycerophosphate (AA/β‐GP) to induce osteoblast differentiation, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in this phenomenon. In this work, we used a peptide array containing specific consensus sequences (potential substrates) for protein kinases and traditional biochemical techniques to examine the signaling pathways modulated during AA/β‐GP‐induced osteoblast differentiation. The kinomic profile obtained after 7 days of treatment with AA/β‐GP identified 18 kinase substrates with significantly enhanced or reduced phosphorylation. Peptide substrates for Akt, PI3K, PKC, BCR, ABL, PRKG1, PAK1, PAK2, ERK1, ERBB2, and SYK showed a considerable reduction in phosphorylation, whereas enhanced phosphorylation was observed in substrates for CHKB, CHKA, PKA, FAK, ATM, PKA, and VEGFR‐1. These findings confirm the potential usefulness of peptide microarrays for identifying kinases known to be involved in bone development in vivo and in vitro and show that this technique can be used to investigate kinases whose function in osteoblastic differentiation is poorly understood. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 71–77, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anti‐angiogenic therapy: Adapting strategies to overcome resistant tumors
Authors: Mitchell Dianne C. , Bryan Brad A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHealthy cells, as well as benign and malignant tumors, depend upon the body's blood supply to bring in oxygen and nutrients and carry away waste products. Using this property against tumors, anti‐angiogenic therapy targets the tumor vasculature with the aim of starving the tumor, and has demonstrated exceptional clinical efficacy against a number of tumors. This review discusses the current state of knowledge regarding anti‐angiogenic therapies presently available to patients, and garners from both preclinical and clinical literature the benefits and side effects associated with anti‐angiogenic therapies, the unfortunate mechanisms of acquired resistance to these novel therapeutics, and highlights promising next generation anti‐angiogenics that may overcome the limitations encountered with first generation therapies. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 543–553, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluid shear stress‐induced JNK activity leads to actin remodeling for cell alignment
Authors: Mengistu Meron , Brotzman Hannah , Ghadiali Samir , Lowe‐Krentz Linda 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFluid shear stress (FSS) exerted on endothelial cell (EC) surfaces induces actin cytoskeleton remodeling through mechanotransduction. This study was designed to determine whether FSS activates Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of active JNK relative to the actin cytoskeleton in ECs exposed to different FSS conditions, and to evaluate the effects of active JNK on actin realignment. Exposure to 15 and 20 dyn/cm2 FSS induced higher activity levels of JNK than the lower 2 and 4 dyn/cm2 flow conditions. At the higher FSS treatments, JNK activity increased with increasing exposure time, peaking 30 min after flow onset with an eightfold activity increase compared to cells in static culture. FSS‐induced phospho‐JNK co‐localized with actin filaments at cell peripheries, as well as with stress fibers. Pharmacologically blocking JNK activity altered FSS‐induced actin structure and distribution as a response to FSS. Our results indicate that FSS‐induced actin remodeling occurs in three phases, and that JNK plays a role in at least one, suggesting that this kinase activity is involved in mechanotransduction from the apical surface to the actin cytoskeleton in ECs. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 110–121, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective activation of specific PKC isoforms dictating the fate of CD14+ monocytes towards differentiation or apoptosis
Authors: Lin Yuan‐Feng , Leu Sy‐Jye , Huang Huei‐Mei , Tsai Yu‐Hui 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this study, phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate (PMA) at low concentrations (<10 nM; L‐PMA) induces the differentiation of CD14+ monocytes into monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDMs) while PMA at high concentrations (>100 nM; H‐PMA) causes the apoptosis of these cells. The pre‐treatment with Go6976 (a PKC‐α/β1 selective inhibitor), not anilinemonoindolylmaleimide [a PKC‐β inhibitor (PKC‐β inh.)], significantly (P < 0.05) reduces the L‐PMA‐induced generation of MDMs in the cultured CD14+ monocytes. On the other hand, either of the above two PKC inhibitors is capable of suppressing the H‐PMA‐induced apoptosis of CD14+ monocytes. However, only the inclusion of PKC‐β inh., not Go6976, prevents the cells from serum deprivation‐induced cell apoptosis. Although the membrane translocation of conventional PKC‐α, β1, and β2 isoforms was observed in the H‐PMA‐treated CD14+ monocytes, only PKC‐β2 exhibits a mitochondrial translocation activity among those PKCs responsive to H‐PMA treatment. Moreover, the activation of DEVD‐dependent caspases (DEVDase) was also detected in the H‐PMA‐treated CD14+ monocytes, indicating the involvement of a caspase‐dependent signaling pathway in the H‐PMA‐induced cell apoptosis of CD14+ monocytes. Together with our previous findings that the selective activation of PKC‐α or PKC‐β1 induces the differentiation of CD14+ monocytes into MDMs or dendritic cells (MoDCs), respectively, the results in this study further demonstrate that PKC‐β2 activation is responsible for relaying the apoptotic signal to intrinsic mitochondria‐dependent caspase signaling cascades in the CD14+ monocytes. It is likely that the selective activation of specific PKC isoforms provides a new strategy to manipulate the differential cell fate commitment of multipotent CD14+ monocytes towards apoptosis or differentiation into MDMs, MoDCs, and other cell types. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 122–131, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mass Transfer Rate with Liquid Ion Exchangers. The Role of Interfacial Chemical Reactions in the Extraction Kinetics by Dinonylnaphthalenesulphonic Acid and Trilaurylammonium Salts
Authors: Danesi Pier R. , Chiarizia Renato 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKinetics and interfacial tension studies concerning the liquid cation exchanger dinonylnaphthalene sulphonic acid (HD) and the liquid anion exchangers trilauryl‐ammonium chloride and nitrate (TLAHCI and TLAHNO3), performed in the laboratory, are reviewed. The interfacial tension studies have shown that, due to the very strong surface active properties of these compounds, even at very low bulk organic concentrations, the interfacial plane gets completely saturated with a strongly adsorbed monomolecular layer of the exchanger. The structure of the interface is such that the ion‐exchange group faces the aqueous phase while its organic part is completely immersed in the organic diluent. Extraction kinetic experiments performed with a quiescent interface cell (Lewis cell) as a function of the stirring speed, interfacial area and volume of the phases have shown that (a) a region always exists where the extraction kinetics is independent of the stirring speed and (b) the exchange kinetics is directly proportional to the interfacial area and inversely proportional to the volume of the phases. These two facts, together with the knowledge of the interfacial structure of the exchanger, are a strong indication that interfacial chemical reactions can have a predominant effect in determining the extraction kinetics. Experiments performed at relatively high stirring speeds of the phase as functions of the chemical composition of the system have produced a set of interfacial chemical reactions which completely describe the kinetics of the liquid ion‐exchange process. This set of reactions consists basically of the following steps: (a) formation of an interfacial complex between the interfacially adsorbed molecules of ion‐exchanger and the metal cation or complex present in the aqueous solution, (b) replacement at the interface of the interfacial complex with bulk organic molecules of the ion‐exchanger; this process, with a rate which is proportional to the organic concentration of the exchanger, occurs through the reaction with bulk molecules of the extractant, and (c) the reverse steps occur when organic to water transfer takes place. By applying the stationary condition to the interfacial complex its concentration has been evaluated and a rate expression derived which has led to the calculation of the rate constants of the chemical reactions. The following metal ions have been studied experimentally: Fe+3, Eu+3, Ce+3, Gd+3, Tm+3 with HD; FeCln3‐n with TLAHCI and Pu(NO3)n4‐n with TLAHNO3. By using the derived rate expressions and rate constants, distribution laws have been obtained to calculate equilibrium distribution data in good agreement with experimental results.
Estimates of the Properties of Liquids
Authors: McGowan John C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn equation which relates the volume term (V=M/(ρL‐ρg)) of unassociated liquids to pressure P and temperature T has been obtained by the combination of (a) 03V(∂I/∂V)P→0=Tx‐T for the effect of temperature on V at low (atmospheric) pressure and (b) ‐ V(∂P/∂V)T = Px Vx/6/V6 p→0+9(P‐p) for the effect of pressure on volume at constant temperature. In the equations, p is the vapour pressure; pL the density of the liquid and pg the vapour density. Often pg can be neglected compared with pL and p is small compared with the large pressures required to affect the densities of liquids appreciably. There are three constants: Tx, Px, which equals 4.455 × 109 N m2, and Vx which can be calculated by the addition of atomic values for all the atoms in the molecule and subtraction of a value (6.56 × 106 m3 mol1) for each bond. When V approximates to M/ρL, the molar volume, the equation can be integrated to give the work and heat of isothermal compression. The viscosity of a liquid is related to the work of compression and solubilities in a liquid to the work required to bring the solute to the compressibility of the liquid. Many relationships can be derived and can be used to estimate properties of unassociated liquids.
Carbon Formation on Unsupported and Supported Nickel Catalysts
Authors: Figueiredo José L. , Trimm David L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies have been made of the kinetics of carbon deposition on supported nickel catalysts used for steam reforming. Comparison with results obtained with nickel foils show that the support has little effect on the rate of deposition, except that hydrogen did not affect the kinetics of the process on supported catalysts. This is explained in terms of the initial production of nickel crystallites, which are then carried with the growing carbon by a process of diffusion of carbon through the nickel. Calculations show that this diffusion process may well involve the formation of an intermediate carbide.
Oxidation of sulphide in kraft black liquor and green liquor by residual oxygen in flue gas during precarbonation
Authors: Veeramani Hariharan , Johanson Lennart N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKraft black liquor/green liquor was continuously recirculated in a column (diameter 100 mm, height 450 mm) packed with 16‐mm polypropylene Pall rings countercurrent to a gas stream containing N2 and O2 (O2–3.7%). The concentration of sulphide in the green liquor was not affected by oxygen in the gas; the latter, however, completely oxidised the sulphide in kraft black liquor over an 8 h recirculation period.
Fly ash and granulated blast‐furnace slag as ‘stabilisers’ of portland cements with added periclase
Authors: Gaze Marianne E. , Smith Michael A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne method proposed for utilisation of high‐magnesia Portland cements involves the addition of active siliceous admixtures such as fly ash or ground granulated blastfurnace slag. This addition enables otherwise unsound cements to pass the ASTM autoclave test (C151–74a) for expansion of Portland cement. Cements were made from an OPC, magnesia (2 and 3%) and varying proportions (0–70%) of fly ash or ground granulated slag. The expansions of pastes made from the cements stored at 50°C were measured over periods of 3 and 4 years, respectively. The cements were also subjected to the ASTM autoclave test. The results of the autoclave test support the view that expansion in the autoclave is to some extent related to the strength of the matrix, and best results were obtained with CaO:SiO2 ratios of about 1.25 corresponding to formation of large quantities of 1.1 nm tobermorite. However, it has been shown that even a high strength matrix cannot stabilise too much free magnesia either in the autoclave or at 50°. Slag was less effective than fly ash in producing a reduction in autoclave expansion although results at 50° were comparable. This work on cements with added periclase suggests that the stabilisation of ‘normal’ high magnesia cements, in both the autoclave and under more normal conditions, with any practical level of stabiliser addition, will depend on factors such as the ‘blocking effect’ described by Rosa, and the dilution effects of stabiliser addition being sufficient to reduce the effective free magnesia content to the small amount which the strength of the matrix can control.
Studies on the composition of some distillate waxes
Authors: Agrawal Krishna M. , Joshi Girish C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStructural composition of two distillate waxes obtained from Ankleshwar crude oil tank bottoms have been determined using physical properties correlations, high temperature g.l.c., 1H‐n.m.r. and 13C‐Fourier transform n.m.r. spectroscopy. Both waxes seem to contain predominantly n‐paraffins.
Alkaline pulping of mixed reed and bagasse
Authors: Saleh Tharwat M. , El‐Ashmawy Ahmed E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChopped reed stalks and depithed bagasse were pulped in alkaline media separately and in admixtures. Almost all paper‐making characteristics of pulps were improved under milder cooking conditions, with 14% alkali and 120°C being optimum. When part of the NaOH was substituted by Na2S, at 21% sulphidity, little or no effect was observed at the optimum conditions. When reed and bagasse were pulped in admixtures of equal proportions, mixed pulps showed the good inherent properties of both reed and bagasse fibres with improved tensile, burst and tear strength. The mixed soda reed‐bagasse pulps were produced on a mill scale and showed the same trend of properties.