bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of iron and zinc foliar applications on rice plants and their grain accumulation and grain nutritional quality
Authors: Yuan Ling , Wu Lianghuan , Yang Chunlei , Lv Qian 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Foliar sprays of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) fertilisers are known to be an effective way to improve Fe and Zn concentrations in rice grain. However, results can differ significantly among different rice cultivars and/or types of foliar fertiliser. In this study, several Fe‐rich rice cultivars were used to identify an effective foliar fertiliser for optimal Fe and Zn enrichment of rice grain.RESULTS: Foliar Fe amino acid (Fe‐AA) fertiliser significantly improved the Fe concentration in brown rice of most cultivars. Compared with the control, the average Fe concentration in all tested cultivars was increased by 14.5%. The average Fe concentration was increased by 32.5% when 1% (w/v) nicotianamine (NA) was added to Fe‐AA, while the average Zn concentration was increased by 42.4% when 0.5% (w/v) ZnSO4 · 7H2O was added to Fe‐AA.CONCLUSION: The results suggested that NA at a suitable concentration added to Fe‐AA fertiliser could accelerate Fe accumulation in rice grain. A relatively low concentration of ZnSO4 · 7H2O added to Fe‐AA significantly increased Fe and Zn accumulation in rice grain. The study identified some useful foliar fertilisers for enhancing the levels of Fe and Zn in selected Fe‐rich rice cultivars. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
New revised FIGO 2008 staging system for endometrial cancer produces better discrimination in survival compared with the 1988 staging system
Authors: Kato Tatsuya , Watari Hidemichi , Endo Daisuke , Mitamura Takashi , Odagiri Tetsuji , Konno Yousuke , Hosaka Masayoshi , Kobayashi Noriko , Todo Yukiharu , Sudo Satoko , Takeda Mahito , Dong Peixin , Kaneuchi Masanori , Kudo Masataka , Sakuragi Noriaki 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to analyze the stage migration and survival of endometrial cancer by the revised FIGO 2008 staging system compared with the 1988 staging system.MethodsA total of 355 patients with endometrial cancer, who underwent complete surgical staging, were enrolled. We compared the surgical stages and survival by FIGO 1988 staging system with those by FIGO 2008 staging system.Results2008 FIGO staging system resulted in an increase of stage I patients and decrease of stage II and IIIa patients. The 5‐year overall survival (OS) rates for patients with 2008 FIGO stage IA and IB disease were 98.2% and 91.9%, respectively (P = 0.004). Five‐year OS rate of new stage II (82.6%) was significantly worse than that of new stage IA (98.2%, P = 0.003). Patients with positive washing cytology alone revealed a 5‐year OS rate similar to that of patients with new stage IIIA disease (96.2% vs. 90.9%, respectively; P = 0.53). The 5‐year OS rate for patients with stage IIIC1 disease was improved compared with that for patients with stage IIIC2 disease (85.7% vs. 63.0%, respectively; P = 0.08).ConclusionNew revised FIGO 2008 staging system for endometrial cancer produced better discrimination in OS outcomes compared with the 1988 system. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106: 938–941. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ECO‐GEOMORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES WITHIN GRASSLANDS, SHRUBLANDS AND BADLANDS IN THE SEMI‐ARID KAROO, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Dickie J. A. , Parsons A. J. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTVegetation type and cover play an important role in the operation of geomorphological processes by controlling runoff and sediment dynamics. In drylands, land degradation is particularly sensitive to these eco‐geomorphic interactions. Although many geomorphological studies of land degradation focus on the change in hydrological response as a function of vegetation cover, few have investigated how the autogenic response of plants may influence the susceptibility of soil to erosion through a change of soil resources. This study investigates the hypothesis that shrub communities possess greater soil parameter heterogeneity compared with grasslands and assesses how these different scales of heterogeneity can influence the susceptibility of soil to erosion.Soil samples were taken from seven 60 m × 60 m plots within grasslands, shrublands and badlands situated in the Sneeuberg uplands of the central Karoo. One hundred and eight samples per plot were analysed for bulk density, organic matter, pH, conductivity and available sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus. Geostatistical analyses determined that the grassland landscape was largely homogenous in its distribution of soil parameters, whereas shrublands demonstrated an increase in heterogeneity. Periodicity in the semi‐variograms indicated that regular patterns across the landscape were evident for all parameters and thus likely to represent the differences between shrub and intershrub regions, areas of high and low erodibility. More pronounced patterns were identified in the badlands. This indicates that, if the conditions are right, changes in plant‐soil interactions caused by soil parameter redistribution in shrubland landscapes can exacerbate erosion, leading to further degradation in the form of badlands. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EVIDENCE FOR LAND DEGRADATION FROM AEOLIAN SEDIMENT IN THE WEST‐CENTRAL FREE STATE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Holmes P. J. , Thomas D. S. G. , Bateman M. D. , Wiggs G. F. S. , Rabumbulu M. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTEvidence for historical and recent/contemporary aeolian activity in the west‐central Free State Province, South Africa, is here reviewed, synthesised and supplemented by new data. The evidence is derived from three sources, namely lunette dunes and their capping sediments, fence‐line dunes and buried fences, and contemporary dust entrainment. Prior to settlement by farmers of European origin during the 18th and 19th centuries, this grassland biome supported significant populations of native herbivores and carnivores. Human impact was limited to grazing of cattle and small stock by indigenous inhabitants of the region, with limited subsistence agriculture. The first Europeans to inhabit these grasslands were itinerant trekboers, who hunted game and drove cattle. Subsequent to permanent settlement by farmers in the 19th century, the area was surveyed, title was acquired and commercial agriculture was introduced, further impacting on the environment. There is currently evidence in the landscape that this human impact may have led to enhanced aeolian activity. This paper reviews such evidence.Numerous pans (playas) occur in the area, with sand/clay lunette dunes typically occurring on their downwind margins. At most sites, the lunettes are unconformably capped by sand. Optically stimulated luminescence dates from dunes at five localities reveal a suite of ages between 580 and 60 years, suggesting renewed aeolian sediment mobility in historic times. Further evidence for sediment mobility, which suggests dune building post ca. 1880, was derived from buried barbed‐wire fences and recent fence‐line dunes, which border land currently under the plough. Finally, there is evidence of mobile dust derived from dust traps used to monitor aeolian sediment mobility on agricultural land, as well as at a pan site. It is proposed that historic and current land‐use practices have contributed to sediment mobility and, by implication, may promote land degradation in the area. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RANGE DEGRADATION AND LAND TENURE CHANGE: INSIGHTS FROM A ‘RELEASED’ COMMUNAL AREA OF EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Bennett J. E. , Palmer A. R. , Blackett M. A. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIn South Africa, the relative extent of range degradation under freehold compared with communal tenure has been debated. This study presents findings from a ‘released’ communal area, where a former freehold farm was transferred to communal ownership in 1976 and compares this with an ecologically similar farm still under freehold tenure. Analysis of historical aerial photographs demonstrated an increase of 21·5 per cent in shrub abundance at the communal site after change from freehold tenure (1975–1985), but a slight decline of 0·3 per cent in the years preceding the change (1968–1975). Conversely, at the freehold site, shrub abundance declined by 12·8 per cent over the period 1968 to 2004. Field measurements revealed significantly (p < 0·05) greater frequency of both woody and dwarf shrubs under communal tenure as well as significantly lower basal cover for all ground vegetation. Mean point to tuft distance values were also significantly lower at the communal site for both grasses and all ground vegetation. However, mean range condition score was significantly (p = 0·03) higher at the communal site because of the significantly (p = 0·01) greater frequency ofThemeda triandra. We conclude that although the communal site does show some evidence of vegetation degradation relative to the freehold farm, range productivity has not declined in the short term, suggesting that more permanent range degradation at the site has been limited. A more conclusive evaluation of the link between tenure change and range degradation will require longer‐term research at released sites, including measurement of established degradation indicators such as soil erosion. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase‐sensitive inversion recovery for myocardial T1 mapping with motion correction and parametric fitting
Authors: Xue Hui , Greiser Andreas , Zuehlsdorff Sven , Jolly Marie‐Pierre , Guehring Jens , Arai Andrew E. , Kellman Peter 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe assessment of myocardial fibrosis and extracellular volume requires accurate estimation of myocardial T1s. While image acquisition using the modified Look‐Locker inversion recovery technique is clinically feasible for myocardial T1 mapping, respiratory motion can limit its applicability. Moreover, the conventional T1 fitting approach using the magnitude inversion recovery images can lead to less stable T1 estimates and increased computational cost. In this article, we propose a novel T1 mapping scheme that is based on phase‐sensitive image reconstruction and the restoration of polarity of the MR signal after inversion. The motion correction is achieved by registering the reconstructed images after background phase removal. The restored signal polarity of the inversion recovery signal helps the T1 fitting resulting in improved quality of the T1 map and reducing the computational cost. Quantitative validation on a data cohort of 45 patients proves the robustness of the proposed method against varying image contrast. Compared to the magnitude T1 fitting, the proposed phase‐sensitive method leads to less fluctuation in T1 estimates. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why Immigration Detention is Unique
Authors: Silverman Stephanie J. , Massa Evelyne 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIn this editorial introduction, we provide a context for our special issue by outlining the major approaches and issues related to immigration detention in liberal, democratic states. We are concerned that there is no commonly accepted definition of detention, and so we endeavour to provide one here. Beyond the need for greater conceptual clarity, we suggest that a pressing question is why immigration detention is continuously expanding despite mounting evidence that the practice harms people, does not deter irregular immigrants, and fails to ensure more efficient and effective immigration and asylum determination systems. We introduce the major themes from each contribution and explain how they both address this question and initiate new ones. Collectively, these papers demonstrate that immigration detention is embedded in, and essential for, wider immigration and penal apparatuses; yet, it also operates by its own logics, which in turn shape population boundaries in new ways both within and beyond the sovereign state. We conclude that immigration detention warrants special critical attention and a more robust research agenda. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative Analysis of FeMo Alloys using Lithium Tetraborate Fusion Technique by X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Authors: Jung Sung‐Mo , Mun Hong‐Deuk 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA quantitative analysis method of molybdenum in FeMo alloys by X‐ray spectrometry using borate fusion technique was proposed. Homogeneous glass disks were prepared under the following conditions: lithium tetraborate as flux with sample dilution (1:33), with the addition of lithium nitrate (LiNO3) as oxidizer by slow heating from 888 to 1123 K for 45 min followed by fusion at 1273 K for 3 min in an O2‐blowing atmosphere. The complete pre‐oxidation of FeMo alloys by adding oxidizer and by employing O2‐supplying apparatus was ascribed to the reproducible preparation of homogeneous fused glass disks. Nine FeMo standard materials were employed to establish the XRF calibration curves for Mo and Fe. The calibration curves were used in the quantitative analysis of standard materials and unknown plant samples with satisfactory precision and accuracy, considering the matrix effects and line overlap corrections. It is believed that the newly proposed method of preparing fused glass disks of FeMo alloys employing an automated fusion system can replace the conventional preparation requiring the labor intensive and time consuming procedure.
Energy‐based excitation control of doubly‐fed induction wind generator for optimum wind energy capture
Authors: Song H.H. , Qu Y.B. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTA novel nonlinear energy‐based excitation controlling strategy for variable‐speed doubly‐fed induction wind generator (DFIWG) is proposed in this paper. From the consideration of physical nature and energy flow of the DFIWG, the mechanical subsystem and the electromagnetical subsystem of the DFIWG first have their port‐controlled Hamiltonian (PCH) realization. Then taking advantage of the feedback interconnection between the subsystems, the entire PCH model of the DFIWG is established. On the basis of this model, the excitation control for the generator speed adjustment is achieved by energy shaping design with the purpose of optimum wind energy capture. Finally, simulation results via MATLAB/Simulink (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach for wind speeds in different operating stages. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review of recent offshore wind power developments in china
Authors: Liu T. Y. , Tavner P. J. , Feng Y. , Qiu Y. N. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTRapid wind power development in China has attracted worldwide attention. The huge market potential and fast development of wind turbine manufacturing capacity are making China a world leader in wind power development. In 2010, with the newly installed wind power capacity and the cumulative installed capacity, China was ranked first in the world. In 2009, China also constructed and commissioned its first large offshore wind farm near Shanghai.Following earlier papers reviewing the state of China's onshore wind industry, this paper presents a broader perspective and up‐to‐date survey of China's offshore wind power development, making comparisons between the developments in the rest of the world and China, to draw out similarities and differences and lessons for the China offshore wind industry.The paper highlights six important aspects for China's offshore wind development: economics, location, Grid connection, technological development, environmental adaptation and national policies.The authors make recommendations for mitigating some outstanding issues in these six aspects for the future development of China's offshore wind resource. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Dimeric [V2O4F6]4– Vanadium Oxide‐Fluoride Anion in Na2(M(H2O)2)(V2O4F6) (M = Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+)
Authors: Donakowski Martin D. , Vinokur Anastasiya I. , Poeppelmeier Kenneth R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThree new vanadium oxide‐fluoride phases, Na2(M(H2O)2)(V2O4F6) (M = Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+), were prepared by hydrothermal techniques in hydrofluoric acid. The compounds contain the dioxo vanadium fluoride dimeric anion: [V2O4F6]4–. The harder (Na+) and softer (M = Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+) cations coordinate to the harder fluoride and softer oxide anions, respectively. In contrast to monoxo vanadium fluorides, the dioxo vanadium fluoride exhibits an increased nucleophilicity of the oxide anions. This increased nucleophilicity allows the anion to bond covalently with late transition metals to form 2D layers that contain both an early transition metal (V5+) and a late transition metal (Co2+, Ni2+, or Cu2+).
Describing Teacher–Student Interactions: A Qualitative Assessment of Teacher Implementation of the 7th Grade keepin’ it REAL Substance Use Intervention
Authors: Pettigrew Jonathan , Miller-Day Michelle , Shin YoungJu , Hecht Michael L. , Krieger Janice L. , Graham John W. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractVariations in the delivery of school‐based substance use prevention curricula affect students’ acquisition of the lesson content and program outcomes. Although adaptation is sometimes viewed as a lack of fidelity, it is unclear what types of variations actually occur in the classroom. This observational study investigated teacher and student behaviors during implementation of a middle school‐based drug prevention curriculum in 25 schools across two Midwestern states. Trained observers coded videos of 276 lessons, reflecting a total of 31 predominantly Caucasian teachers (10 males and 21 females) in 73 different classes. Employing qualitative coding procedures, the study provides a working typology of implementation patterns based on varying levels of teacher control and student participation. These patterns are fairly consistent across lessons and across classes of students, suggesting a teacher‐driven delivery model where teachers create a set of constraints within which students vary their engagement. Findings provide a descriptive basis grounded in observation of classroom implementation that can be used to test models of implementation fidelity and quality as well as impact training and other dissemination research.
Examination of the Cooray‐Rubinstein (C‐R) formula for a mixed propagation path by using FDTD
Authors: Zhang Qilin , Li Dongshuai , Fan Yanfeng , Zhang Yuanyuan , Gao Jinge 
Published: June 2012

In this paper we extend the Cooray‐Rubinstein (C‐R) formula into a mixed propagation path (vertically stratified conductivity) and estimate the lightning horizontal electric fields over the mixed path, and we have examined its accuracy at distances of 100 m to 1000 m from the lightning channel by using finite difference time domain (FDTD). When the ground conductivity near the observation point is less than that near the strike point, it is noted that the C‐R formula predicts a satisfactory accuracy in the initial several microseconds after the beginning of the return stroke. However, when the ground conductivity near the observation point is larger than that near the strike point, the initial negative excursion predicted by the C‐R formula is underestimated, and the error increases with the increase of the difference between the two sections conductivity.
Alfvén‐cyclotron instability with singly ionized helium: Linear theory
Authors: Gary S. Peter , Liu Kaijun , Chen Lunjin 
Published: June 2012

The Alfvén‐cyclotron anisotropy instability is driven by a sufficiently large proton temperature anisotropyT⊥/T∥ > 1 where ⊥ and ∥ denote directions perpendicular and parallel, respectively, to the background magnetic field Bo. Here kinetic linear theory for a magnetized, homogeneous, collisionless plasma is used to study this instability at propagation parallel to Boin the presence of a relatively tenuous, relatively cool, isotropic, singly ionized helium component. A sufficiently dense helium component splits the Alfvén‐cyclotron instability into two branches: a proton cyclotron branch at frequencies above the helium cyclotron frequency but below the proton cyclotron frequency, and a helium‐ion cyclotron branch at frequencies less than the helium ion cyclotron frequency. If the helium ions are much cooler than the protons and are sufficiently dense, the helium‐ion cyclotron branch can become unstable at wavelengths considerably shorter than the unstable waves of the proton cyclotron branch, favoring excitation of enhanced fluctuations which resonate with geomagnetically trapped electrons of energies between 500 keV and 2 MeV.
An observationally based evaluation of cloud ice water in CMIP3 and CMIP5 GCMs and contemporary reanalyses using contemporary satellite data
Authors: Li J.‐L. F. , Waliser D. E. , Chen W.‐T. , Guan B. , Kubar T. , Stephens G. , Ma H.‐Y. , Deng M. , Donner L. , Seman C. , Horowitz L. 
Published: June 2012

We perform an observationally based evaluation of the cloud ice water content (CIWC) and path (CIWP) of present‐day GCMs, notably 20th century CMIP5 simulations, and compare these results to CMIP3 and two recent reanalyses. We use three different CloudSat + CALIPSO ice water products and two methods to remove the contribution from the convective core ice mass and/or precipitating cloud hydrometeors with variable sizes and falling speeds so that a robust observational estimate can be obtained for model evaluations. The results show that for annual mean CIWP, there are factors of 2–10 in the differences between observations and models for a majority of the GCMs and for a number of regions. However, there are a number of CMIP5 models, including CNRM‐CM5, MRI, CCSM4 and CanESM2, as well as the UCLA CGCM, that perform well compared to our past evaluations. Systematic biases in CIWC vertical structure occur below the mid‐troposphere where the models overestimate CIWC, with this bias arising mostly from the extratropics. The tropics are marked by model differences in the level of maximum CIWC (∼250–550 hPa). Based on a number of metrics, the ensemble behavior of CMIP5 has improved considerably relative to CMIP3, although neither the CMIP5 ensemble mean nor any individual model performs particularly well, and there are still a number of models that exhibit very large biases despite the availability of relevant observations. The implications of these results on model representations of the Earth radiation balance are discussed, along with caveats and uncertainties associated with the observational estimates, model and observation representations of the precipitating and cloudy ice components, relevant physical processes and parameterizations.