bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioural comparison of transgenic and control sheep: movement order, behaviour on pasture and in covered pens
Authors: Hughes B. O. , Hughes G. S. , Waddington D. , Appleby M. C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBecause of the evidence that growth hormone gene transfer in pigs and mice can result in widespread pathological changes and more general concerns that transgenesis techniques themselves may have deleterious effects, a study was undertaken to compare the behaviour of two populations of immature female sheep, one of transgenic and one of control animals. The gene transferred was that for human alpha-1 antitrypsin factor. In the first part of the study the behaviour of 25 transgenic (T) and 25 control (C) sheep was compared in three separate situations: competition for a limited quantity of supplementary concentrate, six categories of normal behaviour on pasture and movement order when driven through a crush. With two minor exceptions (idling and ‘other’ behaviour in focally sampled animals), none of the differences observed between the two populations was significant and in most cases the mean values observed for T and C sheep were very similar. In the second part 25 T and 25 C sheep (different individuals from those in part 1) were compared in straw-littered covered pens for both normal behaviour and competition for a complete diet provided in a trough. The only significant differences in the seven categories of normal behaviour were a lower incidence of idling and ‘other’ behaviour in T sheep. There was a difference between T and C sheep in their social interaction under very competitive conditions (the T sheep reached food less quickly). The behavioural differences found in this study were all slight. Overall, the findings suggest that the gene transferred had no detectable deleterious effects on the normal behaviour of immature animals.
The effects of dietary nitrogen sources and levels on rumen fermentation, nutrient degradation and digestion and rumen microbial activity by wether sheep given a high level of molasses
Authors: Yan T. , Offer N. W. , Roberts D. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with 3-week experimental periods was conducted with four wether sheep, each fitted with a permanent rumen cannula, to evaluate the effects of dietary protein sources and levels on fermentation and microbial activity in the rumen. Four complete diets were offered each containing (g/kg dry matter (DM)) molasses 248, grass silage 200 and barley straw 260. The control diet (C) also contained barley and soya-bean meal and the other three diets were supplemented with urea (CU), soya-bean meal (CS), and soya-bean meal and fish meal (CSF), respectively. This gave foods of similar concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME) and estimated fermentable ME (10·6 and 9·8 MJ/kg DM, respectively), but different levels (g/kg DM) of estimated effective rumen degraded dietary protein (ERDP) and digestible undegraded protein (DUP) (ERDP/DUP, 84/17, 109/17, 116/38 and 119/54 for diets C, CU, CS and CSF, respectively).No clinical symptoms of ill health in the animals due to the feeding of molasses were observed during the experiment. The average pH values of rumen liquors obtained at various sampling times post feeding for diets C, CU, CS and CSF were 6·40, 6·49, 6·62 and 6·47 (s.e.d. 0·06 P < 0·05) respectively and average ammonia-nitrogen concentrations were 63, 81, 90 and 113 mg/l (s.e.d. 14·9, P < 0·02) respectively. The average concentrations of total volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquor were similar across the four treatments. The molar proportions of propionate and butyrate were higher for the diet C than for the other three diets (P < 0·05), while acetate was lower (P < 0·05). Supplementing with true protein (P < 0·05), but not with urea (P > 0·05), increased the molar proportions of isobutyrate and isovalerate. Whole tract apparent digestibilities of DM and organic matter did not differ significantly across the four treatments, but neutral-detergent fibre apparent digestibility (0·677, 0·672, 0·716 and 0·728 (s.e.d. 0·017) g/kg DM for diets C, CU, CS and CSF respectively) and the proportions of hay DM that disappeared in the rumen during 24 h incubation (0·223, 0·238, 0·284 and 0·271 (s.e.d. 0·019) g/kg DM) were significantly lower for diets C and CU than CS and CSF (P < 0·05). Urinary excretion of purine derivative nitrogen was similar across the four treatments. The results obtained from the present study indicate that there were no significant differences in the microbial crude protein synthesis in the rumen when a diet containing molasses was supplemented with urea or true protein. However, the supplementation of this control diet with true protein, but not with urea, did stimulate the degradation of hay DM in the rumen and the digestion of dietary fibre in the whole tract.
Relationships between ovulation rate, prenatal survival and litter size in French Large White pigs
Authors: Blasco A. , Gogué J. , Bidanel J. P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe relationship between total number born (TNB), ovulation rate (CL) and prenatal survival was analysed in a French Large White population. The left ovary had a significantly (P < 0·01) higher ovulation rate (7·9) than the right ovary (6·9). Prenatal survival showed an ovum wastage of 35 or 37% depending on whether referred to total number born or number born alive. No differences between parities were found in these traits. There was a negative relationship between ovulation rate at both sides (v = −0·34). There was a negative relationship between CL and prenatal survival (r = −0·37), a low correlation between CL and TNB (i = 0·19), and a high positive correlation between prenatal survival and TNB (i = 0·82). Litter size showed a quadratic relationship with ovulation rate, and the individual variation for each class of ovulation rate was found to be high. The relationship between prenatal survival and ovulation rate was found to be linear, and a high individual variation for each class of litter size was also found. The relationships between prenatal survival and litter size were quadratic, but depended much less on individual variation.
Assessment of blood neutrophil oxidative burst activity in dairy cows during the period of parturition
Authors: Moreira da Silva F. , Burvenich C. , Massart Leën A. M. , Brossé L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBovine blood neutrophil oxidative burst activity, the total leukocyte count and its differentiation, as well as progesterone, glucose and cortisol levels were studied on 10 cows from 1 week prior to calving until 8 weeks after parturition.From day –7 before parturition a decrease in the metabolic oxidative burst activity of neutrophils was observed, reaching the lowest value 3 days after calving (0·28 (s.e. 0·06) nmol/l H2O2per min 106 neutrophils) (P<0·01). Thereafter, values increased with a maximum of activity 26 days after parturition (0·57 (s.e. 0·05) nmol/H202 per min per 106 neutrophils). At the end of the experiment the neutrophils H2O2-productionwas comparable to values observed on day–7.The maximum total leukocyte count was observed on the day of parturition (8, 108 (s.e. 370) leukocytes per /A blood) (P<0·01) returning to normal levels about 3 weeks after calving. Lymphocytes and neutrophils showed a trend analogous to that of the total leukocytes. Eosinophils and monocytes did not change during the entire period. With the rapid increase of circulating neutrophils observed on the calving day, a marked left shift was observed with a maximum number of immature neutrophils (48·6%) observed on day +3 (1477 (s.e. 242) immature neutrophils per fjl blood) (P<0·01), reaching normal values about 4 weeks after parturition.A significant increase (F < 0·01) of plasma glucose was found on the day of parturition (91·4 (s.e. 6·8) mg per 100 ml plasma), while the levels of cortisol reached their maximum 3 days after calving (22·05 (s.e. 8·46) nglml plasma).Progesterone levels averaged 4·07 (s.e. 1·21) jigll 7 days before calving, declining precipitously to 0·06 (s.e. 0·45) Hg/l 3 days after calving (F < 0·01), remaining very low for a period of about 3 weeks. Minimum and maximum anoestrus post-partum were 22 and 57 days, respectively.Despite great hormonal variation observed in the peripartum period, no significant correlation was found between measured hormones and the oxidative burst activity of neutrophils.
Behavioural and physiological responses of sheep of different breeds to supplementary feeding, social mixing and taming, in the context of transport
Authors: Hall S. J. G. , Kirkpatrick S. M. , Broom D. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThree experiments investigated differences between sheep breeds in response to supplementary feeding and very close confinement with familiar and unfamiliar sheep; and differences between individuals in response to a taming procedure prior to transport in a trailer. The first two experiments were with a mixed flock of Clun Forest lambs and crossbred lambs from Orkney. An initial tendency to feed with others of the same breed diminished over 3 weeks. Responses of heart rate and salivary cortisol concentration when one sheep (the visitor) was penned in an enclosure of 1 m2 with three other sheep of the same or the other breed (the trio group), did not depend on whether the visitor and the trio group were of the same or different breed. Clun Forest sheep showed little response while Orkney sheep showed increased heart rate and some elevation of salivary cortisol concentration. In the third experiment, 34 Beulah Speckled Face ewes were divided into two groups one of which was subjected to a taming procedure over a period of 3 weeks. Response of salivary cortisol concentration to subsequent journeys of 2h in a livestock trailer did not differ between tamed and untamed sheep. There were individual differences in the response to taming and this was correlated with the cortisol response during transport, in that those sheep which responded most to taming showed the least elevation during transport.
Responses in the growth of body components of finishing lambs to additional metabolizable energy supplied from either grass silage or concentrates
Authors: Steen R. W. J. , Johnston S. D. , Kilpatrick D. J. , Chestnutt D. M. B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTwo experiments involving 213 finishing lambs were carried out to examine the responses in growth rate and carcass composition to the addition ofmetabolizable energy (ME) to a mixed diet in theform ofeither grass silage concentrate. In the second experiment the performance of lambs offered silage only was also compared at equal intake with the performance of lambs given mixed diets. On average the silages contained 224 g dry matter (DM) per kg; 148 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM; 86 g ammonia-nitrogen per kg total nitrogen and 723 g digestible organic matter per kg DM. Concentrates were based on barley and soya-bean meal and contained 181 g CP per DM. Responses in carcass weight gain when additional ME was added to mixed silagelconcentrate diets in theform ofgrass silage and concentrates were 9·2 and 10·2 (s.e. 0·90) gIM] respectively in experiment 1 and 9·8 and 10-(s.e. 0·33) g/MJ respectively in experiment 2, and responses in energy retention in experiment 2 were 0·34 and 0-(s.e. 0·012) MJ/M] respectively. However carcass gain and energy retention sustained by a silage only diet were only 0·67 and 0·70 respectively of those sustained by a high-concentrate diet at the same ME intake. The diet did not significantly affect body or carcass composition.
Effects of growth hormone administration on the body composition and hormone levels of genetically fat sheep
Authors: Francis S. M. , Jopson N. B. , Littlejohn R. P. , Stuart S. K. , Veenvliet B. A. , Young M. J. , Suttie J. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCoopworth sheep selected for low (lean) or high (fat) backfat have large differences in plasma GH profiles. Fat genotype ram lambs (5 months old) were treated with growth hormone (GH) to simulate the plasma GH profiles of lean sheep and investigate whether exogenous GH could modify carcass fatness. For 77 days, bovine GH was administered at 25 Uglkg live weight per day either as a single, daily subcutaneous bolus (fat bolus) or via portable pulsatile infusion pumps (fat pump) which delivered GH solution at 90-min intervals into a jugular catheter. Measurements of body composition were made by computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonic scanning during the trial, with linear carcass measurements and proximate analysis undertaken at the end of the experiment.Before treatments began, mean plasma GH levels were lower (P< 0·01) in fat control (0·34 ugll) than in lean lambs (1·1 μg/l). Several weeks after the start of the trial, mean plasma GH had increased in both fat bolus (1·2 μg/l) and fat pump (0·45 μg/l) treatment lambs with major changes in the pulsatility relative to the fat control lambs. Although these changes were maintained in the fat bolus lambs, by the end of the trial there was no significant difference in mean plasma GH between fat pump and fat control sheep. Throughout the trial, plasma 1GF-1 levels were higher in fat bolus, fat pump and lean lambs than in fat control lambs. Analysis of body composition data over the GH treatment period revealed that the slope of the allometric equation for total fat relative to empty body weight was lower in the fat bolus lambs (1·07) than in the lean lambs (1·50) with fat control and fat pump treatment lambs intermediate (1·30 and 1·36, respectively). Subcutaneous fat was later maturing in lean lambs than in fat control and bolus treatment lambs when regressed against total fat, with the fat pump treatment lambs being intermediate. Linear carcass measurements revealed changes due to GH administration in the distribution of subcutaneous fat and eye muscle dimensions.It is concluded that sheep from the fat genotype show physiological responses to exogenous GH. Increasing plasma GH levels of fat sheep increased plasma IGF-1 and had variable effects on carcass fatness. The change in body composition may be affected by the mode of administration of exogenous GH.
Effect of dietary fermentable fibre from pressed sugar-beet pulp silage on ammonia emission from slurry of growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Canh T. T. , Schrama J. W. , Aarnink A. J. A. , Verstegen M. W. A. , van't Klooster C. E. , Heetkamp M. J. W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary fermentable fibre on the pH and ammonia emission from slurry of growing-finishing pigs. Commercial crossbred barrows with initial body weight of 45 kg were used. Pigs were housed in two climate chambers. Twelve groups of 14 barrows were assigned to one of four diets. The diets differed in the content of fermentable fibre by adjusting the amount of sugar-beet pulp silage (SBPS). The control diet contained no SBPS. In the other three diets tapioca was replaced with three levels (50, 100 and 150 g/kg dry matter (DM)) of SBPS. After a 13-day adaptation period, the slurry was collected in a slurry channel for 7 days. A sample of this slurry was placed in a laboratory system to measure the pH and ammonia emission for a period of 7 days.The total volatile fatty acid (VTA) and DM concentration of the slurry increased as tapioca was replaced by SBPS. The ammonium concentration was not influenced by SBPS. For each 50 g/kg increase of SBPS, the pH of the slurry decreased by 0·45 units and ammonia emission decreased approximately by 0·15.It is concluded that increasing the level of fermentable fibre in the diet of growing-finishing pigs increases slurry VFA concentration. This consequently decreases the pH and ammonia emission from the slurry.
Konsum von Cannabis, Ecstasy und Amphetaminen: Gibt es einen suchtspezifischen Hilfebedarf?
Authors: Tossmann Peter 
Published: September 2010

<B>Ziel:</B> Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage nach dem suchtspezifischen Hilfebedarf von Konsumenten von Cannabis, Ecstasy und Amphetaminen. </P><P> <B>Methodik:</B> Mit Hilfe eines Erhebungsinstruments wurden in städtischen und ländlichen Regionen des Freistaats Sachsen N=437 aktuelle Konsumenten illegaler Drogen befragt. Die Rekrutierung der Stichprobe erfolgte durch Interviewerinnen, die teilweise institutionelle, teilweise öffentliche Zugänge nutzten. </P><P> <B>Ergebnisse:</B> Obwohl ein vergleichsweise hoher Anteil aktueller Konsumenten von Cannabis, Ecstasy und Amphetaminen eine substanzspezifische Abhängigkeit nach DSM-IV aufwies, nutzen nur wenige untersuchte Personen entsprechende Hilfen. Dies wird vor allem mit vergleichsweise kleinen subjektiven Belastungen durch suchtspezifische Problemlagen begründet. </P><P> <B>Schlussfolgerungen:</B> Zielgruppennahe Maßnahmen der Sekundärprävention und der Frühintervention sollten entwickelt und evaluiert werden.
Cannabispsychosen – Vom eigenständigen Krankheitsbild zum Komorbiditätsmodell
Authors: Caspari Dieter , Wobrock Thomas 
Published: September 2010

<B>Ziel:</B> Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklung von Konzepten zu psychotischen Störungen bei Cannabiskonsumenten und diskutiert insbesondere die Zusammenhänge zwischen Cannabiskonsum und schizophrenen Störungen. </P><P> <B>Methode:</B> Ein Rückblick über relevante Arbeiten zur Thematik zeigt, dass die psychiatrische und psychopathologische Beschäftigung mit Cannabis und seinen Wirkungen in Deutschland eine lange Tradition hat, die bis zum Anfang des letzten Jahrhunderts zurückreicht. Nach Beginn der Drogenwelle in Deutschland Ende der sechziger Jahre des letzten Jahrhunderts wurde den psychotischen Störungen bei Drogenkonsumenten vermehrt Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. </P><P> <B>Ergebnisse:</B> Nach ersten empirischen Untersuchungen wurde das Konzept einer Drogen- und speziell Cannabispsychose eingeführt. Als Folge von psychopathologischen Vergleichs- und klinischen Verlaufsuntersuchungen etablierte sich im Weiteren für die längerdauernden psychotischen Störungen zunehmend das Modell der Komorbidität von schizophrenen Störungen und Cannabismissbrauch. </P><P> <B>Schlussfolgerung:</B> Letztlich verstärkten klinische, experimentelle und vor allem epidemiologische Untersuchungen der letzten Jahre die Hinweise darauf, dass Cannabis als eigenständiger Risikofaktor für schizophrene Erkrankungen anzusehen ist.
Deutsche Übersetzung des WHO ASSIST Screening-Fragebogens
Authors: Schütz Christian G. , Daamen Marcel , van Niekerk Corinna 
Published: September 2010

<B>Fragestellung:</B> Bisher gibt es für den deutschsprachigen Raum noch kein etabliertes Instrument, das ein umfassendes Screening des Substanzkonsums in allen verbreiteten Substanzkategorien erlaubt. Die Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) hat einen standardisierten Fragebogen zur schnellen und einfachen Erfassung von Suchtmittelkonsum und seiner negativen Auswirkungen entwickelt, den »Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test« ((WHO ASSIST). Während der WHO ASSIST bereits in mehrere Sprachen übersetzt wurde (z. B. spanisch, portugiesisch), lag eine deutsche Version bislang nicht vor. </P><P> <B>Methodik:</B> Der Fragebogen wurde nach Vorgaben der WHO ins Deutsche übersetzt, und die Tauglichkeit der Übersetzung an Patienten aus der Allgemeinmedizin und einer Suchtstation praktisch überprüft. </P><P> <B>Ergebnisse:</B> Die Pilotuntersuchung zeigte, dass die Übersetzung grundsätzlich praktikabel ist. Anschließende Kurzbefragungen zur Verständlichkeit der Items erlaubten es, die Formulierungen an einigen Stellen weiter zu verbessern. </P><P> <B>Schlussfolgerungen:</B> Mit dem deutschen WHO ASSIST liegt nun ein Screening-Fragebogen zur parallelen Erfassung des Suchtmittelkonsums in allen wichtigen Substanzkategorien vor. Als nächster Schritt ist eine direkte Überprüfung der psychometrischen Eigenschaften der deutschen Version notwendig. Die Vorbefunde aus internationalen Studien lassen gute Reliabilitäts- und Validitätswerte erwarten.
Are Smokers in primary health care motivated to change?
Authors: Hoch Eva , Höfler Michael , Sonntag Holger , Franke Annett , Mühlig Stephan , Wittchen Hans-Ulrich 
Published: September 2010

Sind Raucher in der primärärztlichen Versorgung veränderungsmotiviert? <span class="fett">Ziel:</span> </p><ol> <li>Erfassung der Veränderungsbereitschaft aus der Sicht von Patienten und Ärzten in der primärärztlichen Versorgung;</li> <li>Verknüpfung dieser Daten mit soziodemografischen und klinischen Variablen.</li> </ol><p> <span class="fett">Methodik:</span> Die Daten wurden in einer repräsentativen zweistufigen epidemiologischen Stichtagserhebung gewonnen (Stufe I: Charakterisierung von 889 Hausärzten; Stufe II: Stichtagserhebung bei 7.418 aktuellen Rauchern aus einer Stichprobe von 28.707 Patienten von 889 Hausärzten mittels eines Patientenfragebogens und einer Beurteilung durch den Arzt). </p><p> <span class="fett">Ergebnisse:</span> 64 % der aktuellen Raucher befanden sich im Stadium der Absichtslosigkeit, 28 % im Stadium der Absichtsbildung, 7 % im Stadium der Vorbereitung. Die Ärzte beurteilten 11 % der Raucher als veränderungsbereit, 80 % davon befanden sich jedoch nicht im Stadium der Vorbereitung. </p><p> <span class="fett">Schlussfolgerungen:</span> Eine Ausweitung des methodischen und konzeptuellen Rahmens ist notwendig, um die Diskrepanzen zwischen den Patienten- und Ärzteratings hinsichtlich Veränderungsmotivation und Assoziationsmustern mit biosozialen Variablen zu erklären.
Juristische Grundlagen der Unterbringung alkohol- und drogenabhängiger Straftäter in Entziehungsanstalten nach § 64 StGB
Authors: Weimer Joachim 
Published: September 2010

<span class="fett">Ziel:</span> Das deutsche Strafrecht verbindet mit der Unterbringung suchtkranker Rechtsbrecher in Entziehungsanstalten sowohl repressive Strafziele wie auch das präventive Bemühen, künftige Straftaten zu verhindern. Zahlreiche Probleme mit der Handhabung des § 64 StGB haben seit 1990 zu zahlreichen richterlichen Entscheidungen geführt, die zusammengefasst werden sollen. </p><p> <span class="fett">Methodik:</span> Nach einem Abriss der geschichtlichen Entwicklung werden anhand der neueren Rechtsprechung die Regeln und Prinzipien des Maßregelrechts, das Gerichtsverfahren, die Voraussetzungen in Bezug auf das Suchtverhalten und die Bedeutung der Prognosegutachten zusammengefasst. </p><p> <span class="fett">Ergebnisse:</span> In den letzten Jahren wurden von der Rechtsprechung zahlreiche Fragen geklärt: Die Voraussetzungen für eine Unterbringung in einer Entziehungsanstalt, die angestrebten Ziele, Durchführung und Beendigung der Maßnahme. Große Bedeutung kommt den Prognosegutachten zu, die vor einer Unterbringung bzw. Ablehnung oder ihrer Beendigung von meist psychiatrischen Sachverständigen zu erstellen sind. Für diese Gutachten fehlen bislang Mindeststandards hinsichtlich der methodischen und inhaltlichen Ausgestaltung.
Die disziplinarische Beendigung einer ambulanten Methadon-Substitution: Die Praxis der Methadonambulanz Bochum als Beispiel des Qualitätsmanagements
Authors: Elsner Heinrich 
Published: September 2010

<span class="fett">Fragestellung:</span> Wenn eine ambulante Substitutionsbehandlung nicht mehr fortgeführt werden kann aus »disziplinarischen« Gründen, wird sie auf der Basis eines medizinischen Qualitätsmanagements, also lege artis, beendigt werden müssen. Die Anforderungen an dieses Vorgehen sind in den Richtlinien der Bundesärztekammer deutlich formuliert: Die Betroffenen müssen die Chance eines »geordneten Entzugs« bekommen. Aus diesen beiden Bedingungen folgt, dass für die »disziplinarische Beendigung« die notwendigen Therapie-Schemata vorgehalten werden müssen. </p><p> <span class="fett">Methodik, Ergebnisse, Schlussfolgerungen:</span> Der folgende Artikel sichtet vorhandene Literatur, stellt das disziplinarische Abdosierungsschema der Methadon-Ambulanz Bochum vor, und will zur offenen Diskussion dieses »heiklen« Themas auffordern.