bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A BHC-resistant Tick
Authors: Whitnall A. B .M. , Thorburn J. A. , McHardy W. M. , Whitehead G. B. , Meerholz F. 
Published: July 2009

An arsenic-resistant tick was first noticed in the East London district of South Africa in 1938–39. It was a strain of the one host blue tick, B. decoloratus. BHC was very toxic to the tick, as 50 p.p.m. of the gamma isomer killed adult females in in vitro experiments. Field results in 1946–47 were equally convincing. Weekly dippings in BHC washes containing 50 p.p.m. gamma isomer brought the arsenicresistant tick under control.In March 1948, BHC was found to be ineffective against blue ticks at “Burnside”, “Mistley” and “Gulu”, farms in the East London district. Later, ticks at “Tharfield” and “Elmhirst” in the Bathurst area survived regular weekly dippings in BHC preparations. In vitro experiments showed that adult female blue ticks taken from these localities could withstand high concentrations of gamma BHC, while females of the same species from other areas were readily killed. Not even 1,000 p.p.m. would give 100 per cent. control of ticks from resistant areas, and different sources of gamma BHC were equally ineffective. Laboratory experiments further indicated that the ticks were still arsenic-resistant. Indeed arsenic resistance appears to be associated with BHC resistance, as no BHC-resistant tick has been found that is not arsenic-resistant. The chlorinated cyclic hydrocarbons toxaphene and chlordane were ineffective against BHC-resistant ticks, but controlled BHC-sensitive ticks in the laboratory. DDT gave moderate in vitro results against both resistant and sensitive ticks.
The Arthropod Population of the Soil in some East African Pastures
Authors: Salt George 
Published: July 2009

A method is described for the extraction of arthropods from soil.Eleven soil samples from pastures in the neighbourhood of Moshi, Tanganyika, and at Kawanda, Uganda, yielded collections representing a population of 54,565 arthropods per sq. metre in the top 6 ins. of soil or, if three samples are adjusted in conformity with biological indications, of 38,417 per sq. metre.Nine soil samples from coffee and cassava plantations and from fallow ground gave collections representing a population of 24,423 arthropods per sq. metre in the top 12 ins. (in some cases 8 ins.) of soil.Twenty-five soil samples from a pasture near Cambridge, examined in a strictly comparable manner, gave collections representing a population of 90,238 arthropods per sq. metre in the top 6 ins. of soil.It appears that the arthropod population in the uppermost 6 ins. of East African pasture soil is much smaller than, and only about half as large as, that in an English pasture.The causes and consequences of the smaller arthropod population of tropical soil are briefly discussed, and a connection is suggested between the meagre arthropod (and earthworm) population and the large amount of ligneolis material found in the soil samples examined, This connection may also bear on the paucity of humus in some tropical soils.
The Termites of north-eastern Tanganyika; their Distribution and Biology
Authors: Kemp P. Belinda 
Published: July 2009

The distribution of termites in north-eastern Tanganyika is discussed in relation to eight zones delimited by contours and vegetation types. Some termites show very definite limits to their distribution; Hodotermes mossambicus (Hagen) and Amitermes lonnbergianus (Sjöstedt) are examples. The significance of this is discussed.There is a greater variety of Termitinae near the coast, while the subterranean termites are the more abundant in dry bushland. Some species are able to extend their distribution where gallery forest is found along the larger rivers. Two types of mountain forest are included in the region and extremely few termites are to be found within these.The distribution of termites observed on descending from the mountains to the plains is discussed and illustrated by a diagram. In addition, two methods of indicating the relative abundance of termites in the soil is described.
The Inherited Basis of Variation in the Hatching-response of Aëdes Eggs (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Gillett J. D. 
Published: July 2009

A stimulus is necessary for the hatching of eggs of Aëdes mosquitos, but, while many different kinds of change in the external environment may be adequate as hatching-stimuli, there is variation in the response of the eggs to any given one of them.Not only is there variation between species as regards behaviour of the eggs, but batches of eggs laid by different females in a single species may vary one from another and there is even variation of behaviour between the eggs laid in a single batch.The response of the eggs of A. aegypti (L.) has been studied here and evidence produced that both parents contribute to their hatching-behaviour. Egg behaviour has also been studied in two populations of this species, one originating from West Africa and the other from East Africa. In the former, only a very low proportion of the mature eggs (0–9%) responded to the daily application of a suitable stimulus over a short period, whereas in the latter the proportion of responders in the same period with the same stimulus was very much higher (46–100%). The next generation reared from each of these gave very similar results (0–11 and 65–100%, respectively), while reciprocal crosses between them gave a wide range of scatter (16–100 and 4–99%, respectively).
The Powers of Survival of Storage and Domestic Pests under Winter Conditions in Britain
Authors: Solomon M. E. , Adamson Betty E. 
Published: July 2009

In order to test their ability to survive the winter in unheated buildings, 68 species of storage and domestic insect pests were exposed throughout one or more winters in wooden screens and various outbuildings at the Pest Infestation Laboratory, Slough, Bucks.Generally, cultures containing all developmental stages were exposed. The chief aim was to demonstrate some survival or else the complete failure of the culture; conclusionsabout single stages were added where possible.The ability or failure of a species to overwinter may be affected by the following factors, which are discussed: cold-hardiness, effects of previous conditions, differences between strains or races within a species, severity of the winter, length of period of exposure, moisture conditions, type of building, protection by materials in storage, biological heating of the immediate environment.The shortest experiment lasted 16 days, the majority for about six months.
Egg-production in the Mustard Beetle, Phaedon cochleariae (F.) in Relation to Diets of Mineral-deficient Leaves
Authors: Allen M. Delia , Selman Ireson W. 
Published: July 2009

Studies have been made of the effect of feeding adults of the Mustard Beetle, Phaedon cochleariae (F.), on diets of watercress leaves (Nasturtium officinale) taken from plants grown in water cultures of known nutrient composition.Significant reductions in egg-production were recorded when individual beetles were supplied with leaves deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or iron, as compared with the egg-production of the same beetles supplied with leaves from plants grown in complete-nutrient solution.A marked alteration in the rate of egg-production occurred within two or three days of changing the diet from “complete-nutrient” leaves to mineral-deficient leaves or vice versa.
The Insect Fauna of an empty Granary
Authors: Coombs C. W. , Freeman J. A. 
Published: July 2009

A survey of an empty granary was undertaken to assess the size and composition of itsinsect fauna, and the possible importance of such insects as a source of infestation of stored goods. The most important feature of the building in this connection was the presence of boarded-up cavities in the walls.Samples were taken at random from behind all walls, from parts of the grain-distributor system, and from certain other areas.Many grain pests were found associated with the residues. In the wall cavities large populations had been built up, reaching in one case over 2,000 insects in the food material behind a foot length of wall (the average concentration over all cavities examined was 266 insects per foot of wall).The largest populations were behind the north and south walls and, in general, the numbers of insects increased on descending the warehouse. The difference in size of population of the different walls and stories depended largely upon the volume and quality of the débris present in the cavities. The increase in numbers was due to increase in number of species and to increase in individuals of some species.
Changes in the neurosecretory cells, corpus cardiacum and corpus allatum during pregnancy in Glossina austeni Newst. (Diptera, Glossinidae)
Authors: Ejezie G. C. , Davey K. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe neurosecretory cells of the pars intercerebralis, the corpus cardiacum and the corpus allatum were examined in histological sections of Glossina austeni Newst. females fixed at daily intervals over the first two cycles of pregnancy. Two groups of neurosecretory cells corresponding to the lateral and median cells of other insects were recognised. The median neurosecretory cells were found to undergo cyclic changes of net synthesis and net release, which were correlated with ovulation and larviposition. The single ellipsoid corpus allatum undergoes cyclic changes in volume and histological appearance which are correlated with changes in the volume of the milk gland.
A method of age determination in Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) (Diptera, Calliphoridae) using cyclic changes in the female reproductive system
Authors: Vogt W. G. , Woodburn T. L. , Tyndale-Biscoe Marina 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe stage of egg formation and density of follicular relics enable Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) females to be sorted into 16 ovarian stages, covering the period from emergence to the beginning of the fourth ovarian cycle. The correspondence between the actual age of a fly and its stage of ovarian development was determined at constant temperatures. Where developmental delays were absent, “reproductive age” gave reliable estimates of actual age under both constant and fluctuating temperature regimes. In the field protein shortages and lack of oviposition sites may prolong the time required to complete each ovarian cycle, and flies will be older than their ovaries would indicate. In practice the ovarian stages described provide estimates of minimum age for L. cuprina females.
A revision of the north-western European species of theglomeratus-group ofApantelesFörster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
Authors: Nixon G. E. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe north-western European species of theglomeratus-groupofApantelesare revised. Sixty-four species are dealt with, of which twentythree are described as new. Two species,A. pieridis(Bouché) andA. pilicornisThomson, are lifted from synonymy. Host records are based mainly on reared specimens examined by the author.
Experiments in the Control of Tsetse fly. Part II
Authors: Lloyd Ll. , Lester H. M. O. , Taylor A. W. , Thornewill A. S. 
Published: July 2009

1. This report continues the account of the experimental field work carried out by the Tsetse Investigation in Northern Nigeria from May 1926 up to the end of 1929.G. morsitansandG. tachinoidesare the tsetse concerned. The main object of this work was to attempt to control tsetse by the destruction of primary and secondary foci by the clearing of all fringing forest, the general woodland being left untouched. Two main experimental areas have been dealt with, the Sherifuri area described previously and the Matyoro experimental area.2. Methods of clearing and dealing with re-growth are described in detail. Records show that re-growth although very rapid the first year, then slows down to such an extent that it may not be economical to re-slash more often than every third year. The effect of clearing on tsetse was controlled by collecting fly week by week from certain fixed foci. These flies were dissected and the following factors noted : the sex proportion in the catch, the rate of catching, the state of nutrition, the proportion of very young flies, the blood content of the gut with classification of the kinds of blood found, and the trypanosome infection.WithG. morsitans, clearing of fringing forest only up to 800 yards from the collecting centre had no apparent effect on the wet season extension but at four miles it was reduced to one-sixth of its old figure.
Status of Economic Entomology in the British Solomon Islands
Authors: Lever R. J. A. W. 
Published: July 2009

The Solomon Islands lie to the east of New Guinea and consist of an archipelago a thousand miles in length and about half this distance in breadth. They are divided politically into the Northern Solomons (formerly German but now administered under Mandate by Australia), and the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. This latter lies roughly between five and twelve degrees south of the equator and is believed to have been united both to New Guinea and Australia from at least the Triassic to the early Tertiary. As there is now a deep sea between the archipelago and the two land-masses, the former falls into the ancient section of the continental islands of Wallace.The rainfall averages 150 inches, the maximum shade temperature has a mean of 90°F., and the relative atmospheric humidity averages 92 per cent.The Group consists of six large islands ranging from 60 to 120 miles in length and many smaller ones, including the isolated Santa Cruz group to the east. The main islands are composed of both coralline and volcanic (chiefly diorite) rocks and hence exhibit a wide range of soil-types from coralline sands and red clay to alluvium. Evidence of former extensive elevation is provided in raised coral-beaches. The islands are generally covered with jungle and densely wooded to their summits which rise in places to over 8,000 feet. An exception to this is the central and western portions of the northern coast of Guadalcanal, which consist of grass plains and undulating downland.
Eggs of some Ethiopian Anopheles Mosquitos
Authors: Gibbins E. G. 
Published: July 2009

Towards the end of 1931 a study of the eggs of Anopheles mosquitos was commenced, primarily with a view to establishing any characters in the egg which may prove useful in differentiating closely allied species, and in particular those suspected of being concerned in the transmission of malaria.The eggs of ten species of Anopheles are described and figured below : mauritianus var. ziemanni, Grünb., implexus, Theo., pharoensis, Theo., theileri var. hancocki, Edw., christyi, N. & C., gambiae, Giles (costalis, Theo.), transvaalensis, Carter, funestus, Giles, marshalli, Theo., and moucheti, Evans. Of these the writer has had the opportunity of examining specimens of Anopheles gambiae and funestus from four different regions in Uganda, namely, Kampala (3,900 ft.), Jinja (3,800 ft.), Mbale (4,000 ft.) and Fort Portal (5,100 ft.), and no local variations were observed. The eggs of two species dealt with in this paper have been previously figured by workers in other parts of the world. Edwards (1921) reproduced a drawing by Patton of the eggs of Anopheles gambiae (costalis) from Arabia, and Theodor (1924) published a drawing of those of A. pharoensis from Palestine. Both illustrations show eggs which in general structure are very similar to those of the same species in Uganda ; the sculpture of the membrane is not figured. Individual variation within the eggs of a single adult was found to be constant in the case of A. marshalli, the three forms figured being represented in each of the three batches examined.
The distribution of some Rastrococcus spp. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on mango in India
Authors: Narasimham A. Uma , Chacko M.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe distribution of Rastrococcus spp. within mango trees (Mangifera indica) was studied at Bangalore, India. Population densities of R. invadens Williams, R. iceryoides (Green) and R. mangiferae (Green) were significantly higher on the abaxial leaf surface compared with the adaxial surface. Mealybug density was also higher from ground level up to 2 m compared with above 2 m. Significant variations in Rastrococcus spp. populations among trees and species composition per tree were observed. As populations built up on leaves, migration to other leaves occurred, more predominantly in R. mangiferae than in R. invadens. As the population of R. iceryoides increased on leaves, migration to twigs occurred.
The development of suppression tactics for Biprorulus bibax (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) as Part of an integrated pest management programme in citrus in inland South-eastern Australia
Authors: James David G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSuppression tactics for the citrus stink bug pest, Biprorulus bibax Breddin, were developed and implemented during 1987–1992 in four lemon orchards in southern New South Wales, Australia. Tactics were based on introduction and conservation of natural enemies (principally egg parasitoids), physical or chemical treatment of overwintering populations and strategic low rate applications of a selective insecticide. Estimated adult populations of 10–35,000/1.5 ha and 70–90% fruit damage in untreated crops were reduced to <500/1.5 ha and <5%, respectively, following full implementation of the management programme. Integrated management of B. bibax removes the need for broad-spectrum insecticides to control this pest and lessens the risk of disruption to biological control of other citrus pests.
Two new Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of economic importance from China
Authors: LaSalle John , Huang Dawei 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo new species of Eulophidae, which are potential biological control agents of economically important pests, are described from China. Aprostocetus prolixussp. n. (Tetrastichinae) is an egg-parasitoid of Apriona germarii (Hope) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), and Hyssopus grossorissp. n. (Eulophinae) is a larval parasitoid of Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rottenburg) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). The species Elachertus pallidus Askew is transferred to Hyssopus, comb. n.
The plant-louseLeuronota calycophyllisp. n. (Homoptera, Psylloidea), a pest on the timber speciesCalycophyllum spruceanum(Rubiaceae) in Peru
Authors: Burckhardt Daniel , Couturier Guy 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLeuronota calycophyllisp. n. attacks experimental plantations of the high-quality timberCalycophyllum spruceanumin Peru. Adults, larvae and the damage on the host are described and illustrated. Adults differ from other congeners in the absence of genal processes and in the structure of the genitalia. The host ofL. calycophylliis unusual for psylloids: rubiacious hosts are otherwise known only from the four members of the PalaearcticTrioza galiiFörster group and the TaiwaneseSynpsylla wendlandiaeYang.
Computer modelling of the migration of Simulium damnosum sensu lato (Diptera: Simuliidae) across the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) area of West Africa
Authors: Johnson C.G. , Johnson R.P.C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe number of wind-borne female Simulium damnosum Theobald sensu lato migrating across territory devoid of breeding populations (the Onchocerciasis Control Programme, OCP) were monitored daily at widely separated sites downwind. The seasonal curves of numbers recorded each day were remarkably similar in pattern at each site with little blurring (although numbers lessened as distance from source increased). The uniformity suggests that each daily batch of S. damnosum moved downwind en bloc with but a small proportion of laggards. To test this hypothesis, model curves were generated, with different proportions of daily laggards, from the data at each sampling site and compared by chi-squared tests with the observed curve at the next site downwind. It was found that, in general, those models that most closely resembled the downwind curves were those with the smallest proportion of laggards. Other aspects of the migration were also considered, notably the factors affecting loss of numbers as distance increased and the interaction between laggards and loss where it was shown that the greater the proportion of laggards the greater will be the daily loss.
An experimental study of the peridomestic distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: Quinnell Rupert J. , Dye Christopher 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva), the vector of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL), is much more abundant in animal sheds than in houses on Marajó Island, Pará State, Brazil. This difference in abundance is known not to reflect host preference. We show here that it also cannot be explained in terms of variable trapping efficiency, or insecticide application, and we exclude animal sheds as important daytime resting sites. In experimental sheds, the number of L. longipalpis increased markedly with the openness of the walls, though artificially large aggregations of flies could be generated in closed houses by using caged flies and hosts as attractants. We conclude that L. longipalpis tend to congregate at sites outdoors, including animal sheds, because these are the places where leks can most easily form on abundant, stationary (sleeping) and accessible hosts. These results help to explain why the seroprevalence of Leishmania chagasi infection is generally much higher among dogs than humans. They also indicate that human exposure to sandfly bites varies with the quality of house construction.
Observations on the autumn migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and other pests in east central China
Authors: Riley J. R. , Reynolds D.R. , Smith A.D. , Rosenberg L.J. , Xia-nian Cheng , Xiao-xi Zhang , Guo-min Xu , Ji-yi Cheng , Ai-dong Bao , Bao-ping Zhai , Hai-kou Wang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRadar, aerial netting and ground sampling were used to study the autumn migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) in Jiangsu Province in east central China. Emigration of macropterous adults increased from late August until late September as the main rice crop matured and was harvested. In early and mid September, the resulting windborne migrations carried the planthoppers mainly towards the west, although the migration directions ranged (within the western sector) from south to north. By late September, however, displacements were predominantly to the south-west on the then prevailing north-east monsoon winds: migration was particularly rapid when the north-easterlies were reinforced by typhoons. Although in late September such movements to more southerly latitudes are essential for the survival of the planthoppers' progeny, we found no definite evidence for preferential emigration on winds blowing towards the south. There were, however, indications that when winds towards the north occurred, the duration of migratory flight was curtailed. Irrespective of any possible preference for migration on northerlies, a large proportion of the N. lugens population would normally be carried in an adaptive southwards direction, because the advent of the north-east monsoon occurs at a time when the number of flight-ready planthoppers approaches its peak.