bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allelic variations of RANKL/OPG signaling system are related to bone mineral density and in vivo gene expression
Authors: Takács István , Lazáry Áron , Kósa János P , Kiss János , Balla Bernadett , Nagy Zsolt , Bácsi Krisztián , Speer Gabor , Lakatos Péter 
Published: November 2009

ObjectiveReceptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand/osteoprotegerin (RANKL/OPG) signaling system plays a crucial role in the regulation of bone resorption. Polymorphic variations in the genes may have an influence on gene expression and bone metabolism. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the influence of RANKL/OPG allelic variations on the in vivo human gene expression of five genes, bone mineral density (BMD), and fracture incidence in Hungarian postmenopausal women.MethodsThree hundred and sixty postmenopausal women (61.6±7.9 years) were genotyped. All together, five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the two genes have been investigated. In addition, bone samples from 17 examined subjects were acquired for gene expression studies. Bone densities and fracture data have also been collected.ResultsAll two SNPs in OPG gene and three SNPs in RANKL gene showed correlation with BMD. Haplotype analysis of these genes gave similar results. The ‘CCT’ haplotype of RANKL promoter region, which was associated with decreased BMD, exhibited a significantly upregulated expression of RANKL mRNA, while the other haplotypes of RANKL or OPG 15 genes did not. No correlation between genetic variations and fracture data was found.ConclusionWe have demonstrated associations between RANKL and OPG haplotypes and BMD as well as between RANKL haplotypes and in vivo RANKL expression in a Hungarian postmenopausal population. Moreover, we have found a new RANKL haplotype associating with reduced BMD and increased in vivo RANKL expression in human bone tissue.
What Teachers Need to Know About the “New” Nonfiction
Authors: Gill Sharon Ruth 
Published: November 2009

The features of recent children's nonfiction picture books, a genre that is exploding in both quality and quantity, are described in this article. Recent nonfiction books were analyzed, and three trends were found: an emphasis on the visual; an emphasis on accuracy; and an engaging writing style. Suggestions are included for choosing and using nonfiction picture books in the classroom.في هذه المقالة تتم وصفة معالم كتب الأطفال الواقعية المصورة التي نشرت مؤخراً وهو نوع أدبي ينفجر من حيث الكمية والنوعية. وقد تم تحليل الكتب الواقعية المنشورة مؤخراً وقد وجدت ثلاث نزعات: تركيز على البصريات وتركيز على الدقة وأسلوب الكتابة الشيق. وتشمل المقالة اقتراحات لاختيار كتباً مصورة واستخدامها في غرفة الصف.本文介绍近今非小说图画书的特征，这类型的书籍无论在质与量上都在迅猛发展中。本文作者分析近今的非小说图画书后，发现三个趋势：强调视觉、强调准确性及引人入胜的写作风格。作者亦提供一些有关如何选择及如何在教室使用非小说图画书的建议。On décrit dans cet article les caractéristiques des livres illustrés qui ne sont pas des livres de fiction, un genre qui explose tant en qualité qu'en quantité. Après avoir analysé les livres qui ne sont pas des livres de fiction, trois tendances apparaissent: accent mis sur les aspects visuels; accent mis sur la précision; et style d'écriture incitatif. On inclut des suggestions relatives au choix de ces livres et pour leur utilisation en classe.В статье описаны особенности жанра, который становится все популярнее – детской нехудожественной литературы с иллюстрациями. Анализ выявил три тенденции последнего времени: упор на визуальный ряд, на достоверность содержания и на привлекательные для детского восприятия форму и стиль. Предложены рекомендации по выбору и использованию таких книг в учебном процессе.En este artículo se describen los elementos de un género que ha surgido recientemente con gran fuerza tanto en su cantidad como en su calidad: libros dibujados que no son novelescos dirigidos a niños. Se identificaron tres tendencias al analizar tales libros: un énfasis en el dibujo; un énfasis en la fidelidad; y un estilo atractivo de escribir. Se incluyen sugerencias sobre cómo escoger y usar tales libros en el aula.
Getting Parents and Children Off to a Strong Start in Reading
Authors: Imperato Frances 
Published: November 2009

In this article, a reading specialist tells her own story of making parental involvement work with kindergarten children in her school. Using a research‐based instructional routine that involves parents and children in repeatedly reading a rhythmical text followed by a brief activity involving letter learning, phonemic awareness, and phonics, this teacher‐researcher shares the results of her efforts to help young students become readers.في هذه المقالة تروي متخصصة في القراءة قصتها الخاصة بشأن جعل اشتراك الوالدين مفيداً لأولاد الروضة في مدرستها. وباستخدام نموذج تعليمي مبني على الأبحاث العلمية يضم الوالدين والأولاد في قراءة نص ذي الإقاع الموسيقي مراراً وتكراراً ويليها نشاط وجيز يوجد فيه تعلم الحروف وتوعية الصوتيات وطريقة تعليم العلاقة بين الكلمة ولفظها فإن هذه المؤلفة‐باحثة تقدم نتائج مساعيها كي تساعد الطلاب الصغار في تحسين قراءتهم.在本文中，一位阅读专家讲述她如何使家长的参与能帮助她的幼儿园学生学习。这位教师研究者使用一个研究性的教学常序，让家长与子女一起重复朗读一篇韵文，然后完成一个简短学习字母、音素意识及字母拼读的活动。她与读者分享她致力协助幼儿园学生成为阅读者的成果。Dans cet article, un spécialiste de la lecture raconte de quelle façon elle a impliqué les parents dans le travail avec les enfants dans son jardin d'enfants. Utilisant une procédure didactique basée sur la recherche qui implique les parents et les enfants dans une lecture répétée d'un texte rythmé suivie d'une brève activité qui implique l'apprentissage de lettres, la conscience phonémique, et la phonétique, ce chercheur‐enseignant offre les résultats de ses efforts pour aider les jeunes élèves à devenir lecteurs.Специалист по чтению делится успешным опытом по привлечению родителей к работе с их собственными детьми дошкольного возраста. Исследовательница действовала в русле научно обоснованного подхода, который предполагает совместное многократное чтение детьми и родителями ритмизованного текста и последующее выполнение заданий, связанных с запоминанием букв и различением звуков.En este artículo, una especialista en la lectura narra cómo ella logró hacer que los padres de los niños en un jardín de niños participaran en la enseñanza. Usando una rutina docente basada en la investigación que junta a los padres e hijos en la lectura repetida de textos rítmicos seguidos por actividades breves para aprender letras, darse cuenta de los fonemas, y la fonética, esta maestra‐investigadora comparte los resultados de sus esfuerzos para convertir a los estudiantes jóvenes en buenos lectores.
Facilitating Engagement by Differentiating Independent Reading
Authors: Kelley Michelle J. , Clausen‐Grace Nicki 
Published: November 2009

The authors provide teachers with a rationale for engaging students in independent reading using a differentiated approach. By profiling types of readers, sharing observational tools, and offering teaching suggestions for each type of reader the authors give practical suggestions to facilitate reading engagement and make independent reading more effective.يوفر المؤلفون للمعلمين عرضاً لأسباب تشغيل الطلاب في القراءة الانفرادية باستخدام طريقة متميزة. إذ يعطي المؤلفون اقتراحات عملية وظيفية لتسهيل إشغال القراءة وجعل القراءة الانفرادية أكثر فعالة باتخاذ نبذة عن أنواع القراء وعن اشتراك أدوات المراقبة وتوفير اقتراحات تعليمية لكل نوع من القراء.本文作者为教师提供使用差异性教学法带领学生投入独立阅读的理论基础。作者亦通过概述阅读者的类型、分享观测工具，以及为每一类型的阅读者作出教学建议的工作，来给予教师提供实用的建议，以促进学生投入阅读及使其独立阅读更有效。Les auteurs présentent aux enseignants une démarche pour que les élèves s'investissent de façon autonome dans la lecture avec une approche différenciée. En traçant des profils de types de lecteurs, en partageant des outils d'observation, et en fournissant des suggestions didactiques pour chaque type de lecteur, les auteurs apportent des suggestions pratiques pour faciliter l'investissement dans la lecture et rendre plus efficace la lecture autonome.Авторы предлагают научное обоснование для привлечения учащихся к независимому чтению на основе дифференцированного подхода. В статье классифицируются типы читателей, описывается инструментарий для наблюдения и даются практические предложения по работе с каждым типом читателя. Благодаря такому подходу повышается заинтересованность детей и независимое чтение становится более эффективным.Los autores les dan a los maestros un fundamento para lograr que los estudiantes lean por su propia cuenta usando un acercamiento diferenciado. Haciendo un perfil de los diferentes tipos de lectores, compartiendo instrumentos de observación, y ofreciendo sugerencias de cómo enseñarle a cada tipo de lector, los autores ofrecen sugerencias prácticas para facilitar la atención a la lectura y hacer más eficiente la lectura independiente.
Projecting the Future Diabetes Population Size and Related Costs for the U.S.
Authors: Huang Elbert S. , Basu Anirban , O'Grady Michael , Capretta James C. 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE
We developed a novel population-level model for projecting future direct spending on diabetes. The model can be used in the federal budget process to estimate the cost implications of alternative policies.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We constructed a Markov model simulating individuals' movement across different BMI categories, the incidence of diabetes and screening, and the natural history of diabetes and its complications over the next 25 years. Prevalence and incidence of obesity and diabetes and the direct spending on diabetes care and complications are projected. The study population is 24- to 85-year-old patients characterized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and National Health Interview Survey.

RESULTS
Between 2009 and 2034, the number of people with diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes will increase from 23.7 million to 44.1 million. The obesity distribution in the population without diabetes will remain stable over time with ∼65% of individuals of the population being overweight or obese. During the same period, annual diabetes-related spending is expected to increase from $113 billion to $336 billion (2007 dollars). For the Medicare-eligible population, the diabetes population is expected to rise from 8.2 million in 2009 to 14.6 million in 2034; associated spending is estimated to rise from $45 billion to $171 billion.

CONCLUSIONS
The diabetes population and the related costs are expected to at least double in the next 25 years. Without significant changes in public or private strategies, this population and cost growth are expected to add a significant strain to an overburdened health care system.
De-intercalation of ethidium bromide and propidium iodine from DNA in the presence of caffeine
Authors: Piosik Jacek , Wasielewski Kacper , Woziwodzka Anna , Śledź Wojciech , Gwizdek-Wiśniewska Anna 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCaffeine (CAF) is capable of interacting directly with several genotoxic aromatic ligands by stacking aggregation. Formation of such hetero-complexes may diminish pharmacological activity of these ligands, which is often related to its direct interaction with DNA. To check these interactions we performed three independent series of spectroscopic titrations for each ligand (ethidium bromide, EB, and propidium iodine, PI) according to the following setup: DNA with ligand, ligand with CAF and DNA-ligand mixture with CAF. We analyzed DNA-ligand and ligand-CAF mixtures numerically using well known models: McGhee-von Hippel model for ligand-DNA interactions and thermodynamic-statistical model of mixed association of caffeine with aromatic ligands developed by Zdunek et al. (2000). Based on these models we calculated association constants and concentrations of mixture components using a novel method developed here. Results are in good agreement with parameters calculated in separate experiments and demonstrate de-intercalation of EB and PI molecules from DNA caused by CAF.
A complex case of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 with Metastatic Parathyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Kalavalapalli Shyam , Talapatra Indrajit , Connell Ian 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
We describe below a patient with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN type 1) who presented with features of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. However, the actual diagnosis of Parathyroid Carcinoma was delayed until metastases to the lung were discovered. She was also found to have Pituitary Macro adenoma with Silent Acromegaly, with no clinical features whatsoever. She underwent transphenoidal hypophysectomy with postoperative radiotherapy. However, the disease process remained biochemically active necessitating commencement of somatostatin analogues. There is also a tumour at the head of the pancreas which at present is non functional with normal gut hormone profile and normal 24 hour urinary 5-hydroxyl indole acetic acid (5-HIAA) excretion assay. Our case highlights the pitfalls in diagnosing the parathyroid carcinoma due to lack of initial proper histological features. The diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma was based on histologically confirmed metastases to the lungs. We also discuss below the entity called Silent Acromegaly where patients have biochemically and/or histologically confirmed growth Hormone (GH) excess with no clinical features suggesting Acromegaly. We discuss the benefits of somatostatin analogues in indirectly controlling the rest of the tumours in MEN1 and hypothesise the same for metastatic parathyroid carcinoma. Metastatic parathyroid carcinoma with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is extremely rare. Our case highlights the complexities of managing MEN1 with metastatic parathyroid carcinoma and the dilemmas in dealing with the various aspects of the care.
Amino Acid Analysis
Authors: Rutherfurd Shane M. , Gilani G. Sarwar 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAmino acid analysis is used to determine the amino acid content of amino acid–, peptide‐ and protein‐containing samples. With minor exceptions, proteins are long linear polymers of amino acids connected to each other via peptide bonds. The first step of amino acid analysis involves hydrolyzing these peptide bonds. The liberated amino acids are then separated, detected, and quantified. The method was first developed by Moore, Stein and coworkers in the 1950s using HCl acid hydrolysis, and, despite considerable effort by many workers, the basic methodology remains relatively unchanged. This unit provides an overview and strategic planning for amino acid analysis, discussing a range of methodologies and issues. In addition, several common methods used for analysis of L‐amino acids are described in detail, including: HCl acid hydrolysis, performic acid oxidation for methionine and cysteine analysis, base hydrolysis for tryptophan analysis, analysis of free amino acids, and analysis of reactive lysine. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 58:11.9.1‐11.9.37. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Photograph‐induced memory errors: When photographs make people claim they have done things they have not
Authors: Henkel Linda A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPhotographs can serve as valuable memory aids but can also contribute to memory inaccuracies. The present studies examine whether photographs can make people claim they performed an action that they did not in fact perform. Participants performed and imagined performing various actions (e.g. break the pencil, open the envelope) and later viewed photographs of actions in their completed states or read the names of the actions without an accompanying photograph. Results showed that participants were more likely to falsely claim to have performed actions that they did not actually perform after having seen a photograph of the completed action. When items were not imagined at all, such photograph‐induced memory errors increased with the number of presentations of the photographs. Actions falsely claimed as performed were rated with high confidence. These findings suggest that photographs can mislead people as to what they did or did not do. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical formation, characterization and properties of polycarbazole
Authors: Raj V. , Madheswari D. , Mubarak Ali M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPolycarbazole (PCz) was synthesized by chemical polymerization of carbazole in acetonitrile medium using ammonium persulfate as oxidant. The selection of solvent, concentration of the monomer, composition of the solvent, polymerization time, temperature, and pH were optimized to obtain better quality and yield of the polycarbazole. The synthesized polycarbazole was characterized by various techniques such as UV–Visible, FTIR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, COSY, NOESY, and XRD spectroscopy. The solubility of the polycarbazole was tested in various solvents. The thermodynamic stability of the polycarbazole was examined by DSC and TGA‐DTA analysis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Surface modification of silica, titania, and zinc oxide micro particles with epoxidized soybean oil for preparation of polystyrene composite films
Authors: Alemdar Neslihan , Karagoz Bunyamin , Erciyes A. Tuncer , Bicak Niyazi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA novel and convenient procedure is presented for bilayered encapsulation of silica, ZnO, and TiO2 microparticles using highly adhesive unsaturated polyester, poly (2‐hydroxy propylene maleate) (PHM) and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO). Thus, adsorption of PHM onto the particle surfaces from acetone solution (under sonication) and followed curing at 180°C resulted in self crosslinking of the polyester layer by thermally induced addition of its free‐hydroxy groups to the maleate double bonds. The adsorption of the polyester onto particle surfaces was demonstrated to obey typical Langmuir isotherms. The oil was tethered onto particle surfaces through residual hydroxy groups of the crosslinked polyester layer at 180°C. Thermo gravimetrical analyses (TGA), FTIR spectra, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the oil‐modified pigments clearly indicated presence of organic layers (26.4–37.3% w/w) with 0.1–0.15 μm thicknesses. The resulting organically modified particles were demonstrated to give fairly stable and homogenous dispersions in concentrated polystyrene solutions. Those dispersions were employed for preparing nearly transparent cast films on glass substrates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the freestanding films did not show any phase separation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of polylactic acid and its copolymers
Authors: Jung Yu Kyung , Kim Tae Yong , Park Si Jae , Lee Sang Yup 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPolylactic acid (PLA) is a promising biomass‐derived polymer, but is currently synthesized by a two‐step process: fermentative production of lactic acid followed by chemical polymerization. Here we report production of PLA homopolymer and its copolymer, poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐lactate), P(3HB‐co‐LA), by direct fermentation of metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. As shown in an accompanying paper, introduction of the heterologous metabolic pathways involving engineered propionate CoA‐transferase and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase for the efficient generation of lactyl‐CoA and incorporation of lactyl‐CoA into the polymer, respectively, allowed synthesis of PLA and P(3HB‐co‐LA) in E. coli, but at relatively low efficiency. In this study, the metabolic pathways of E. coli were further engineered by knocking out the ackA, ppc, and adhE genes and by replacing the promoters of the ldhA and acs genes with the trc promoter based on in silico genome‐scale metabolic flux analysis in addition to rational approach. Using this engineered strain, PLA homopolymer could be produced up to 11 wt% from glucose. Also, P(3HB‐co‐LA) copolymers containing 55–86 mol% lactate could be produced up to 56 wt% from glucose and 3HB. P(3HB‐co‐LA) copolymers containing up to 70 mol% lactate could be produced to 46 wt% from glucose alone by introducing the Cupriavidus necator β‐ketothiolase and acetoacetyl‐CoA reductase genes. Thus, the strategy of combined metabolic engineering and enzyme engineering allowed efficient bio‐based one‐step production of PLA and its copolymers. This strategy should be generally useful for developing other engineered organisms capable of producing various unnatural polymers by direct fermentation from renewable resources. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 161–171. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
20‐year prospective follow‐up study of specialized treatment for adolescents who offended sexually
Authors: Worling James R. , Litteljohn Ariel , Bookalam David 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMost follow‐up investigations of the effectiveness of specialized treatment for adolescents who have offended sexually have not included a comparison group. Furthermore, the average length of most previous studies is approximately 5 years. This investigation is a 10‐year extension of our prospective, 10‐year follow‐up study of specialized treatment (Worling & Curwen, 2000). Recidivism data (criminal charges) were collected from a national database for 148 adolescents who had offended sexually. Adolescents were between 12 and 19 years of age (M = 15.5; SD = 1.5) at assessment, and the follow‐up interval spanned from 12 to 20 years (M = 16.23; SD = 2.02). Relative to the comparison group (n = 90), adolescents who participated in specialized treatment (n = 58) were significantly less likely to receive subsequent charges for sexual, nonsexual violent, and nonviolent crimes. These data add to the growing body of research supporting the effectiveness of specialized treatment for individuals who have offended sexually. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pre‐adolescent gender differences in associations between temperament, coping, and mood
Authors: De Boo Gerly M. , Spiering Mark 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRelationships between temperament, coping, depressive and aggressive mood in 8–12‐year‐old boys (n = 185) and girls (n = 219) were investigated, with a focus on gender differences. Children completed two self‐report questionnaires: the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire‐Revised and Children's Coping Strategies Checklist‐Revised1. Comparing boys and girls on three temperament dimensions, positive affectivity, negative affectivity and effortful control, girls scored higher than boys on the first two dimensions. Girls also scored higher than boys on avoidant coping and depressive mood. For both boys and girls, aggressive and depressive mood were predicted by negative affectivity. Coping did not add towards this prediction. Gender specific models of temperament, coping and depressive mood were tested. For girls, both effortful control and active problem solving, accounted for the variability in depressive mood. For boys, only effortful control accounted for variance in depressive mood. Results showed that gender specific vulnerability to depression in girls is apparent before adolescence and can be linked to temperament and coping. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message:

Pre‐adolescent girls are more vulnerable to depression than boys. Interventions focussing on self‐control, emotion regulation and active coping are tailored towards vulnerabilities in temperament and coping in girls.