bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensory responses to mechanically and chemically induced tendon pain in healthy subjects
Authors: Slaterl Helen , Gibsonl William , Graven‐Nielsenl Thomas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis investigation aimed to quantify and compare sensory responses to hypertonic saline‐induced pain in the tendoachilles and the common extensor tendon of the elbow. Healthy subjects (n =14; seven males) received in randomised order, injections of sterile saline (0.5 ml, 5.8% hypertonic or 0.9% isotonic saline) at each tendon bilaterally at two sessions separated by one week. Mechanical sensitivity (pressure pain threshold), muscle pain intensity (visual analogue scale; VAS area‐under‐curve, pain duration, peak pain) and pain distribution were assessed pre, immediately after and post saline injection. Hypertonic saline‐induced pain intensity (VAS area‐under‐curve, duration and peak) was significantly greater compared with control injections (P <0.001) and induced significantly greater VAS area (P <0.01) and longer pain duration (P <0.001) in tendoachilles compared with the common extensor tendon. Regardless of saline type and compared with pre and post injection, mechanical sensitivity increased significantly (P <0.01) immediately after injections at all injected tendon sites. Hypertonic saline‐induced referred pain was infrequent (tendoachilles: n =3 and common extensor tendon: n =4). Significant maximal force attenuation occurred immediately after hypertonic saline injections in both tendons (P <0.001) compared with control injections. The greater induced deep tissue pain and hyperalgesia demonstrated at tendoachilles compared with the common extensor tendon may relate to anatomical differences such as higher nociceptor density or increased vascular perfusion at the injection site. This translational tendon pain model may contribute to the further understanding of pain mechanisms in tendinopathic conditions.
Emergence, biodiversification and extinction of the chitinozoan group
Authors: GRAHN YNGVE , PARIS FLORENTIN 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChitinozoans are considered as reproductive bodies of marine invertebrates, called chitinozoophorans. These chitinozoophorans were most likely to have been small, pelagic or necto-pelagic, soft-bodied, probably wormlike animals, and judging from the size of chitinozoans, they probably measured from a few millimetres to a few centimetres in length. The chitinozoophorans most likely survived by grazing on phytoplankton. There is no evidence of a large colonization of the pelagic niche in the Cambrian, but from the Early Ordovician onward, this niche was exploited chiefly by graptolites and chitinozoophorans. Both groups inhabited nearshore and offshore habitats, but in contrast to the graptolites, the chitinozoans displayed their highest diversity at high latitude, in less distal (that is, upper and lower offshore) environments. The chitinozoan group evolved rapidly during the Ordovician and reached its maximum Ordovician diversity in the late Darriwilian. From the first occurrence of chitinozoans in early Tremadocian times, to the biodiversity crisis in latest Ordovician times, nearly 80 % of the morphological innovations took place. Until their extinction in the latest Devonian, chitinozoans survived through several biodiversity crises: in the early Late Ordovician, late Hirnantian, late Wenlock, earliest Emsian, and in the latest Frasnian (Kellwasser event). During the melting of the Hirnantian ice sheet, most Ordovician genera and species became extinct, but some genera extended beyond the boundary (e.g.Spinachitina,Belonechitina,Cyathochitina,Ancyrochitina). The Hirnantian glaciation was not directly responsible for the dramatic extinction of organic-walled microfossils, but it certainly accelerated the extinction of lineages that had already been weakened since the early to mid-Katian. The late Wenlock and earliest Emsian graptolite crises affected the chitinozoophorans to a lesser degree, and the latest Frasnian Kellwasser event did not greatly affect chitinozoophorans. The disappearance of the chitinozoan group at the end of the Famennian resulted from a combination of factors, for example, the chitinozoophorans probably no longer had the genetic potential for successful adaptations to successive drastic environmental changes (only one species is known from the latest Famennian), their usual niche was invaded by more efficient groups, and their usual food supply disappeared or was no longer sufficient. The latter factor is supported by the contemporaneous decline in phytoplankton.
A battery of 12 microsatellite markers for genetic analysis of theLeishmania(Viannia)guyanensiscomplex
Authors: ROUGERON V. , DE MEEÛS T. , HIDE M. , WALECKX E. , DEREURE J. , AREVALO J. , LLANOS-CUENTAS A. , BAÑULS A. L. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYWe used 12 microsatellite markers developed forLeishmania braziliensisto genotype 28 strains of the main species of theLeishmania guyanensiscomplex (i.e. L. guyanensisandL. panamensis) collected in Ecuador and Peru. The important heterozygote deficits observed in these populations are similar with the previous data obtained inL. braziliensisand raise again the debate on the reproductive mode of these protozoan parasites. The data showed genetic polymorphism and geographical differentiation giving information on population structure of theL. guyanensiscomplex. Regarding the two species, this study enhances again the debate on the taxonomic status of the different isolates belonging toL. guyanensiss.l. since the results showed substantial heterogeneity within this species complex. In conclusion, this study increases the number of available microsatellite loci forL. guyanensisspecies complex and raises fundamental biological questions. It confirms that microsatellite markers constitute good tools for population genetic studies on parasites of this complex.
Identifying Migrant Communities: A Contextual Analysis of Grave Assemblages from Continental Late Roman Cemeteries
Authors: Swift Ellen 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTFocusing on late Roman bracelets, and also including other relevant material culture types, this paper brings together an examination of spatial distribution, distribution by site-type, and selected specific burial contexts to investigate provincial Roman material of non-local origin. Using this methodology, it is suggested that migrant communities can be identified at Krefeld-Gellep in the Rhineland — thus demonstrating that this type of multi-layered approach can assist in unravelling the complexity of the surviving evidence. The study also shows that a bias towards military sites/large towns is a distribution pattern typical of material originating from a different area of the Roman Empire.
Constrained motion planning for open-chain industrial robots
Authors: Antonelli Gianluca , Curatella Cataldo , Marino Alessandro 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYIn the industrial environment, several constraints affect the robot motion planning. These are imposed by manufacturing considerations, such as, e.g., to strictly follow a given path, or by physical constraints, such as, e.g., to avoid torque saturation. Among the others, limitation on the velocity, acceleration, and jerk at the joints is often required by the robot manufacturers. In this paper, a motion planning algorithm for open-chain robot manipulators that takes into account several constraints simultaneously is presented. The algorithm developed approaches the motion planning algorithm from a wide perspective, solving systematically the joint as well as the Cartesian motion, both for the point-to-point and the fly movements. The validation has been performed first by numerical simulations and then by experiments on two different industrial manipulators, with different size, with and without the presence of a payload, by imposing demanding trajectories where all the constraints have been excited.
Threat perception in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders
Authors: HENRY JULIE D. , VON HIPPEL COURTNEY , RUFFMAN TED , PERRY YAEL , RENDELL PETER G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt has been suggested that, relative to the other basic emotions, the perception of threat-related emotion is disproportionately impaired in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Yet research has not assessed how schizophrenia-spectrum disorders affect the ability to make direct appraisals of threat. In the present study, participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were compared with controls on two danger rating tasks that involved differentiating between faces and situations normatively judged to be either high or low in threat. It was also assessed whether danger ratings were related to clinical symptoms, as well as performance on an emotion recognition measure that depicted emotions in point-light animation (biological motion). While the two groups did not differ in their ability to differentiate high- from low-danger stimuli, or overall danger attributed to faces, overall danger attributed to situations was greater for the clinical group. The clinical group also showed a selective deficit recognizing fear on the bioemotion task, but only for the control group was recognition of threat-related emotions associated with danger ratings. These data are consistent with other evidence showing that there may be a disconnect between the usual processes used to make inferences regarding potential threat in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. (JINS, 2010, 16, 805–812.)
Time in Consciousness, Consciousness in Time
Authors: Cockburn David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper is a criticism of the idea that a notion of ‘phenomenal consciousness’ has a significant role to play in the attempt to understand how the experience of change is possible. Discussion of such experience must give a significant place to its public and private manifestations. How should we picture the relationship between the experience of change and its manifestations? While we cannotidentifythese, we need not conclude that ‘the seeing or hearing itself’ is something distinct from – something that has a nature that may be investigated quite independently of – any of its public or private manifestations. With that, we cannot grasp how time can be present in consciousness without reference to the fact that consciousness is located in time.
Phenomenal Holism
Authors: Dainton Barry 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAccording to proponents of ‘phenomenal holism’, the intrinsic characteristics of the parts of unified conscious states are dependent to some degree on the characteristics of the wholes to which they belong. Although the doctrine can easily seem obscure or implausible, there are eminent philosophers who have defended it, amongst them Timothy Sprigge. In Stream of Consciousness (2000) I found Sprigge's case for phenomenal holism problematic on several counts; in this paper I re-assess some of these criticisms. Recent experimental work suggests cross-modal perceptual interference may be far more prevalent than expected. I argue that although these results do lend support to phenomenal holism in one of its guises, they do not support the strong form of holism espoused by Sprigge. I then move on to consider the relevance and impact of certain gestalt-related considerations, and argue that these considerations at best establish that the stronger form of holism applies to some parts of some experiential states, but not to all parts of all states, as Sprigge claims. I then consider a more promising way forward for anyone who wishes to defend an across-the-board holism of the strong variety, arguing that what is required is a form of phenomenal interdependence that is rooted solely in phenomenal unity. I conclude by outlining a case for thinking that an interdependence of this sort is a quite general feature of unified conscious states.
Making Sense of Phenomenal Unity: An Intentionalist Account of Temporal Experience
Authors: Kiverstein Julian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOur perceptual experiences stretch across time to present us with movement, persistence and change. How is this possible given that perceptual experiences take place in the present that has no duration? In this paper I argue that this problem is one and the same as the problem of accounting for how our experiences occurring at different times can be phenomenally unified over time so that events occurring at different times can be experienced together. Any adequate account of temporal experience must also account for phenomenal unity. I look to Edmund Husserl's writings on time consciousness for such an account.
Factors associated with late presentation of cancer: a limited literature review
Authors: Almuammar A. , Dryden C. , Burr J.A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO 2006), cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Deaths from cancer are projected to continue rising, with an estimated 9 million people dying from cancer in 2015 and 11.4 million dying in 2030 (WHO 2006). Delayed presentation or late diagnosis of cancer is associated with low survival. The aim of this review is to identify factors associated with delayed presentation of cancer that were reported by previous studies. Published studies which identified the most common factors attributed to the late presentation of cancer were reviewed. Publications were identified using MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), the Cochrane Library, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) and EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database) databases. A Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. A total of 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. A data extraction sheet was used to systematically record relevant factors. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria which identified factors associated with patients’ delay including patients’ knowledge, stress and fear, and nature of the disease. Other factors were attributed to health providers such as general practitioner (GP) experience, referral delay, and a younger age group being considered as low risk, so symptoms were missed.
Different irradiation machines and their effects on testes’ exposure levels and sex hormones profile in patients with rectal cancer
Authors: Ameri Ahmad , Sobhani Mehdi , Alidoosti Asadollah , Sharafi Ali Akbar , Arbabi Azim , Taslimi Farnaz , Fazlalizadeh Human 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjective: Complications of pelvic irradiation for rectal cancer have gained more attention because of increased survival of patients. The aim of this study was to compare testes doses when pelvis is irradiated using Cobalt 60 (Co60) for rectal cancer in comparison with linear accelerator (LINAC) and its effect on sex hormones levels.Materials and Methods: In a cohort study, 28 rectal cancer patients that were candidate to receive pelvic radiotherapy were recruited in the study consecutively. They were sequentially assigned to receive radiotherapy using Co60 teletherapy or LINAC. Serum sex hormones levels were measured before and 3–6 weeks after irradiation. Testes absorption doses were measured three times during whole course of irradiation in nine patients.Results: Testes doses in LINAC group were significantly lower than Co60 group (p < 0.001). Serum follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH ) levels increased after irradiation in both groups and there was not a significant relation between FSH and LH levels with treatment machine (p < 0.2 and p < 0.6, respectively). Serum testosterone level decreased significantly in Co60 group (p < 0.05) but not in LINAC group (p < 0.3).Discussion: It seems using LINAC for pelvic irradiation in patient with rectal cancer cannot prevent hormonal changes and we suggest using extra shield to decrease testes doses below the toxic levels.
Development of different K-band MEMS phase shifter designs for satellite COTM terminals
Authors: Farinelli P. , Bastioli S. , Chiuppesi E. , Di Maggio F. , Margesin B. , Colpo S. , Ocera A. , Russo M. , Pomona I. 
Published: July 2010

This work presents the design, manufacturing, and testing of three 5-bit K-band Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) phase shifters based on similar architectures (combination of switched line and loaded line) but employing different MEMS switch typologies (cantilevers and air bridges) and RF junctions (SP2T and SP4T). All devices have been monolithically manufactured on 200 µm thick high resistivity silicon substrate (4″) by using the Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) RF MEMS process. The performance of the different devices has been compared in order to identify the best configuration to be implemented in electronically steerable phased array antennas for satellite COTM (communication on the move) terminals. Excellent performances were measured for the dielectric-free pad RF MEMS switches as well as the single bits constituting the phase shifter. The three 5-bit devices show return losses better than 15 dB for all states, with average insertion loss of 3.5 dB for the clamped–clamped, SP2T-based design, 2.2 dB for the cantilever, SP2T-based device and 2.1 dB for the cantilever, SP4 T-based design. A low-cost Surface Mountable Technology (SMT) one-level package has been developed as well to allow the phase shifter integration into phased array antennas by using automatic surface mounting techniques. The design and simulation of the SMT package are also presented together with its measured RF performance.
Compact integrated slot array antennas for the 79 GHz automotive band
Authors: Pettersson Lars , Cheng Shi , Salter Michael , Rydberg Anders , Platt Duncan 
Published: July 2010

This paper presents two compact slot array antennas for the 79 GHz automotive band integrated into a 28 µm thick benzocyclobutene (BCB) substrate attached to a 325 µm thick 5–20 Ω cm bulk resistivity silicon wafer. The two antennas are a transmit (TX) 1 × 8 slot array antenna with a size of 1 × 23 mm and a receive (RX) 8 × 8 slot array antenna with a size of 15 × 23 mm. Promising performance has been measured with the TX and RX subarray antennas (gain >4 dBi) with good matching to 50 Ω (RL > 10 dB) in the frequency range 70–90 GHz. By using a metal cavity, mounted on the back of the antenna, potential parallel plate or cavity modes could be reduced and the gain could also be increased by 2 dB. The measured and the simulated results are consistent.
A new nonlinear HEMT model for AlGaN/GaN switch applications
Authors: Callet Guillaume , Faraj Jad , Jardel Olivier , Charbonniaud Christophe , Jacquet Jean-Claude , Reveyrand Tibault , Morvan Erwan , Piotrowicz Stéphane , Teyssier Jean-Pierre , Quéré R. 
Published: July 2010

We present here a new set of equations for modeling the I–V characteristics of Field Effects Transistors (FETs), particularly optimized for AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. These equations describe the whole characteristics from negative to positive breakdown loci, and reproduce the current saturation at high level. Using this model enables to decrease the modeling process duration when a same transistor topology is used for several applications in a T/R module. It can even be used for switches design, which is the most demanding application in terms of I–V swing. Moreover, particular care was taken to accurately model the first third orders of the current derivatives, which is important for multione applications. We also focused on an accurate definition of the nonlinear elements such as capacitances for power applications. There are 18 parameters for the main current source (and six for both diodes Igsand Igd). This can be compared to Tajima's equations-based model (13 parameters) or to the Angelov model (14 parameters), which only fit the I–V characteristics for positive values of Vds. We will detail here the model formulation, and show some measurements/modeling comparisons on both I–V, [S]-parameters and temporal load-pull obtained for a 8 × 75 μm GaN HEMT, with 0.25 μm gate length.
Comprehension of the Communicative Intent Behind Pointing and Gazing Gestures by Young Children with Williams Syndrome or Down Syndrome
Authors: John Angela E. , Mervis Carolyn B. 
Published: July 2010

PurposeIn this study, the authors examined the ability of preschoolers with Williams syndrome (WS) or Down syndrome (DS) to infer communicative intent as expressed through gestures (pointing and eye-gaze shift).MethodParticipants were given a communicative or noncommunicative cue involving pointing or gaze shifting in the context of a hiding game. Each child completed 4 conditions formed by crossing Communicative Style (communicative vs. noncommunicative) and Gesture (point vs. gaze shift).ResultsAt the group level, children in both groups located the toy significantly more often than expected by chance in the communicative condition but performed at chance in the noncommunicative condition. Children in both groups were more likely to infer communicative intent when pointing rather than gaze shifting was used. Individually, despite significantly lower developmental quotient and language standard scores, significantly more children with DS than with WS successfully used the experimenter’s communicative gestures.ConclusionsAt the group level, preschoolers with WS or DS were able to comprehend the communicative intent expressed by pointing and gazing gestures in a tabletop task. Children with DS evidenced significantly stronger pragmatic skills than did children with WS, providing further evidence that children with WS have more difficulty with sociocommunication than expected for chronological age or cognitive/language ability.
The Effects of Literate Narrative Intervention on Children With Neurologically Based Language Impairments: An Early Stage Study
Authors: Petersen Douglas B. , Gillam Sandra Laing , Spencer Trina , Gillam Ronald B. 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThis study investigated the effect of a literate narrative intervention on the macrostructural and microstructural language features of the oral narratives of 3 children with neuromuscular impairment and co-morbid receptive and expressive language impairment.MethodThree children, ages 6-8 years, participated in a multiple baseline across participants and language features study. The 3 participants engaged in 10 individual literate narrative intervention sessions following staggered baseline trials. Assessment probes eliciting picture- and verbally prompted narratives were recorded and analyzed.ResultsAll three children demonstrated gains in the use of story grammar (macrostructure) and causality (microstructure), with moderate to large effect sizes based on percentage of nonoverlapping data points. Gains were seen in both picture-prompted narratives that were the direct focus of intervention and in verbally prompted narratives that served as a measure of generalization. Other features of microstructure not explicitly targeted during intervention increased in the narratives produced by the participants. Additionally, follow-up data collected 8 months after intervention indicated the maintenance of some skills over time.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that literate narrative intervention may be useful for improving children’s functional use of narrative macrostructure and microstructure, including literate language.