bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THREE NEW SPECIES OF APHIDS
Authors: Miller Forrest W. 
Published: January 2010

Color : Entire body light yellow tinged with pale green; legs pale yellow; wings hyaline.Measurements : Alate viviparae-Body length, 2.18 mm. ; width across eyes, .435 mm.; hind tarsi, . 115 mm.; antenna, 1.49 mm.-1.51 mm.; 111, .53 to .57 mm. ; IV, .30 to .34 mm. ; V, .33 to .35 mm. ; VI, .184 plus .I15 mm. ; cornicles, .023 mm. long. Cauda .06 mm. from neck, .115 mm. entire length.
THE BEES OF ALBERTA.—III
Authors: Cockerell T. D. A. 
Published: January 2010

Triepeolus helianthi Robertson. Lethbridge, Aug. 11 (G. A. Mail.) Described from Illinois, but known to be widely distributed.Triepeolus stricklandi n. sp.♀. Length about 8 mm.; black, including mandibles (except a dull red band in middle), antennae, tegulae (except red spot on outer side) and legs (except small joints of tarsi, which are red) ; eyes pale green, with a purplish suffusion below; pubescent markings pale cream-colour, pure white in region about antennae, the under side of abdomen without light markings; spurs black.
TWO NEW NEARCTIC SILVIUS (DIPTERA)
Authors: Pechuman L. L. 
Published: January 2010

Female. Length. 9.6 mm.Head. Frontoclypeus and cheeks grayish white pollinose with rather long white hairs which are quite dense below; a small area in center of frontoclypeus denuded; also two very small denuded areas on the lower portion of each cheek; front above antennae grayish white pollinose shading to yellowish brown toward the vertex; front and vertex with many long black hairs. Frontal callosity brownish black and somewhat shining; about one half width of front.
A REVISION OF THE GENUS CAMPTOPROSOPELLA HENDEL (DIPTERA, LAUXANIIDAE)
Authors: Shewell G. E. 
Published: January 2010

Yellow. Legs concolorous with body or else apices of all tarsi light brown. Wing veins yellow. Dimensions: Body 3—3.5 mms. Wing 3—3.25 mms.Front and face in profile the same as slossonae n. sp. with similar variation. Third antennal segment about twice as long as wide (1/2.0–1/2.3), infuscation subequal on both sides, covering apical fifth to third above and third to two thirds below. Arista with hairs arranged as in setipalpis n. sp. Infuscation of vertex roughly diamond-shaped, more or less pointed in front, longer than wide, not more than twice as long as triangle.
A CORRECTION IN THE TRYPHONINAE (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) IN DALLE TORRE'S CATALOGUS HYMENOPTERORUM
Authors: Bradley J. Chester 
Published: January 2010

C. G. de Dalle Torre (Catalogus hymenopterorum, vol. 3, p. 24) makes the following erroneous entry:“Plectiscus pleuralis (Cress.) Davis—♀—Am. New Jersey.Tryphon pleuralis Cresson, Proc. Entom. Soc. Philadelphia. III. 1864, p. 275 n. 5, ♀.Plectiscus pleuralis Davis, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc. xxiv. 1897, p. 245 ♀.”
THE USE OF OIL SPRAYS IN GRASSHOPPER CONTROL IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Buckell E. R. 
Published: January 2010

The use of oil sprays has proved of value in grasshopper control operations on the open range lands of British Columbia under certain specific conditions.Only when a species, such as Camnula pellucida (Scudder), which deposits it eggs in definite egg-beds which have heen definitely located and staked during the previous summer, or when nymphs or adults are concentrated in very large numbers in small depressions or, as in the case of Melanoplus mexicanus mexicanus (Saussure), on tall weeds, and when weather conditions are not favourable for poisoning, is the use of oil sprays justified as an adjunct to the regular poisoned bait campaign.
A METHOD OF MOUNTING SMALL BEETLE GENITALIA
Authors: Swank George R. 
Published: January 2010

While studying some of the smaller coccinellid beetles a method of mounting the genitalia has been developed which can probably be applied to many other groups with slight modifications.Wilson (1930) has given a somewhat similar method for removing the genitalia from the beetle without the complete destruction of the specimen and mounting them in cardboard rectangles.
NEW RECORDS OF ODONATA FROM MANITOBA
Authors: Walker E. M. 
Published: January 2010

Since the writer's list of the Odonata of Manitoba was published, six species have been added to the fauna of this province and the ranges of some of the species already listed have been considerably extended. Most of these new records are based on the following collections:1. Forty-four specimens from Churchill, on the coast of Hudson Bay (58°50' N. Lat.), collected in 1936 by Mr. H. Elliott McClure and submitted for identification to the writer by Professor B. Elwood Montgomery of Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. All of these with the possible exception of one species were taken on July 18 and are labelled “Bush.”
NEW DESCRIPTIONS OF LARVAE OF FOREST INSECTS; II, ANOMOGYNA (LEPIDOPTERA, PHALAENIDAE)
Authors: Brown A. W. A. , McGuffin W. G. 
Published: January 2010

Antepenultimate Instar. Head width 1.4 mm. Body about 13 mm. long and 2 mm. wide. Crochets on first abdominal proleg number 14 to 16.Penultimate Instar. Head width 1.7 to 2.0 mm. Body from 15 to 17 mm. long and about 2.5 mm. wide; ground colour medium to dark green, the moderately broad white dorsal line separated from the slightly broader white subdorsal lines by twice its width in ground colour; white patches, more conspicuous in anterior segments, immediately distad of each seta alpha; spiracular line dark green, subspiracular line white with a fringe of yellow.
NEW DESCRIPTIONS OF LARVAE OF FOREST INSECTS, IV, HERCULIA, TORTRIX, AND ARGYROTAENIA (LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALIDAE AND TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Brown A. W. A. , McGuffin W. C. 
Published: January 2010

Penultimate Instar. Head width 1.4 to 1.7 mm. Body length about 7 mm. Otherwise similar to ultimate instar.Ultimate Instar. Head width 1.7 to 1.9 mm. Body about 17 mm. long and 2.5 mm. in width; fusiform in general shape, each segment divided by a transverse fold into a broader anterior and narrower posterior portion; skin closely covered with minute hexagonal pits; ground colour light greyish-brown, with five well-defined longitudinal lines, as follows: a narrow dark grey middorsal line fading posteriorly, two wide grey-brown subdorsal lines, and two interrupted brown supraspiracular lines; oblique outfolded ridges in subspiracular position, separated by deep, infolded wrinkles, which are darkly pigmented and bear irregularly scattered pits, one series of these wrinkles forming a fine interrupted suprapodal line, the venter light brown.
TORTRICID NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS
Authors: McDunnough J. 
Published: January 2010

Looks much like a very small melanosticta Wlshm.Palpi with basal portion of second joint and entire third joint blackish, otherwise largely creamy, especially largely creamy, especially beneath. Head and collar dull brownish. Thorax largely blackish with apical half of patagia creamy, tipped with brown. Primaries with basal and median areas predominantly blackish, overlaid with an admixture of whitish, brown and leaden-colored scaling, the latter most noticeable on inner margin at base.
Abortion Counseling
Authors: Geller Pamela A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Induced abortion is the deliberate termination of a pregnancy and is subcategorized into therapeutic and elective.
Therapeutic abortion
is performed following medical advisement in order to save the life of the pregnant woman, preserve the woman's physical or mental health, prevent the birth of a child with a congenital disorder that would be fatal or associated with significant morbidity, or selectively reduce the number of fetuses to lessen health risks associated with multiple conceptions.
Elective abortion
is the termination of a pregnancy performed for any other reason.
Acculturation
Authors: Okazaki Sumie 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Acculturation is commonly understood as a process of change that results from prolonged cultural contact. The anthropologists Redfield, Linton, and Herskovits (1936) defined acculturation as “those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous firsthand contact, with subsequent changes in the original culture patterns of either or both groups” (p. 149). The modern concept of acculturation traces its disciplinary roots to anthropology and sociology, where scholars sought to understand the effects of cultural contacts arising from various forms of colonization, immigration, and modernization taking place during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Achievement Need
Authors: Pang Joyce S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Achievement Need (
n
Ach) is a recurrent concern to excel or to do better at a task for the intrinsic satisfaction of doing better. It is measured using nondeclarative measures such as the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), or more commonly using the Picture Story Exercise (PSE; McClelland, Koestner, & Weinberger, 1989). McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, and Lowell (1953) created the content‐coding system for
n
Ach that includes major coding subcategories for the presence of a wish, need, or goal related to competition with a standard of excellence, for positive emotional reaction after a successful achievement outcome, and for reference to a unique accomplishment.
Addiction
Authors: McCrady Barbara S. , Glynn Lisa Hagen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Addiction is a term widely used to indicate any type of excessive repetitive involvement with an activity or substance, and colloquially it is applied as readily to exercise, eating chocolate, and computer gaming as to alcohol, methamphetamine, or heroin use. Such broad use of the term detracts from its technical value, and thus in this entry
addiction
will be used to refer only to substance use disorders.
Adult Intellectual Development
Authors: Schaie K. Warner 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Why do some individuals retain their behavioral competence well into advanced old age, whereas others show early decline? This question has long been a central topic in the psychology of adult development and aging. Five central questions and relevant research findings address this issue: (1) Does intelligence change uniformly through adulthood or are there different life‐course ability patterns? (2) At what age is there a reliably detectable decrement in ability, and what is the magnitude of that decrement? (3) What are the patterns of generational differences, and what are their magnitudes? (4) What accounts for individual differences in age‐related changes in adulthood; and (5) Can cognitive decline in old age be reversed?
Advertising Psychology
Authors: Pfeiffer Bruce E. , Kardes Frank R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Consumer psychologists utilize psychological concepts to understand, influence, and predict consumer behavior. Of these concepts, the study of attitude formation and change are of particular interest. Marketers use a wide variety of advertisements to attempt to persuade consumers to buy their products and services. These “ads” can be classified in terms of the type of attitude they are designed to change and in terms of consumers' regulatory focus (Kardes, 2005). People regulate themselves or control their behavior by focusing on information that is most relevant to their goals.
Affiliation Need
Authors: Chapman Stephanie G. , Schwartz Jonathan P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Theorists of personality and social psychology have long speculated about the processes involved in motivating individuals toward relationships with others. In the 1930s Henry Murray (1893–1988) and his multidisciplinary team at Harvard University studied the personality traits of 51 young men and produced one of the first major systematic studies of human personality. Stemming from this research was the landmark
Explorations in Personality
(Murray, 1938), which cataloged more than 20 human motives or “needs,” one of which was the need for affiliation (
n
Aff). Murray's research program in personality formed the basis for several early personality tests, including the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT; Morgan & Murray, 1935), which assesses a dimension of need affiliation.
Aggression
Authors: Vitale Jennifer E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe most widely accepted definitions of aggression define it as behavior that is intended to injure another individual, physically or psychologically. Within this definition, a number of important subtypes are identified. First, a distinction is made between hostile or reactive aggression, which is aggression arising from feelings of anger or hostility, and instrumental aggression, which is aggression that arises in service of goal attainment (e.g., armed robbery).
Aging, Physiological and Behavioral Concomitants of
Authors: Edelstein Barry A. , Goodie Jeffrey L. , Martin Ronald R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Aging is accompanied by many physiological changes, with behavioral and psychological concomitants. To illustrate, we describe selected age‐related physiological changes in two sensory systems (vision and hearing) and in the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems, and we review the resulting effects of these changes on behavioral and psychological phenomena. Readers should note that many of these changes are not inevitable consequences of aging.
A
insworth,
M
ary
D
.
S
alter (1913–1999)
Authors: Brown Sheldon S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Mary Ainsworth received a B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. (1939) from the University of Toronto. She was appointed Assistant Professor at University of Toronto (1946), Professor at Johns Hopkins University (1963), Commonwealth Professor at University of Virginia (1975), and was an Emeritus Professor after 1984. Ainsworth devoted a lifetime of research to the study of infant‐mother relationships. She introduced a 20‐minute, controlled laboratory technique called the “strange situation,” which provides a widely used measure of child‐mother attachment.
Alpha Rhythms
Authors: Sand Trond 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Ensembles of synchronously active cortical neurons generate electromagnetic field potentials that can be measured by electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG). The alpha frequency band is defined to be between 8 and 13 Hz (Berger, 1929). The classical alpha rhythm is prominent at electrodes overlying the occipital (visual) cortex and to a lesser extent over the posterior temporal and parietal areas. Alpha rhythm occurs in a condition of relaxed wakefulness with eyes closed. The alpha rhythm disappears gradually during drowsiness, and different types of alpha activity appear in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
Ambivalence
Authors: McGregor Ian 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The quest for unified thought is a consistent theme in philosophical and psychological traditions. Ancient Greeks from Pythagoras to Plato equated optimal well‐being with absence of psychological conflict. Plato famously depicted virtue as arising from reason's skill at harnessing the potentially opposing “horses” of the will (spiritual versus sensual). Classic psychological theory and research on ambivalence emphasizes the neuroses that can arise from being of two minds and feeling torn between opposing inclinations. For example, Freud claimed that ambivalent feelings about sex or aggression caused neurotic feelings and reactions, and his contemporary, Eugen Bleuler, extended this view to position ambivalence as the primary basis for mental disorders.
American Psychological Association
Authors: Pickren Wade E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In July 1892, G. Stanley Hall (1844–1924) met with a small group of men to discuss the possibility of organizing a psychological association. Hall and the group elected 31 individuals, including themselves, to membership, naming Hall as the first president. In organizing a disciplinary society, psychologists were following the lead of new scholarly and scientific disciplines like physiology, political science, and history. This was the time in America's history when many of the disciplines were establishing their identity and defining themselves. This was part of a reorganization of American knowledge production, reflecting a division of intellectual labor similar to the division of manufactory labor. Like its fellow disciplines, the new psychology grew and prospered as it responded to the needs of American society.
American Psychosomatic Society
Authors: Lovallo William R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFounded in 1942, the American Psychosomatic Society (APS) was one of the first medical societies to be dedicated to the integration of biology, psychology, and social factors in medicine. This integration grew out of an understanding that the state of the mind could influence the health of the body, as shown by twentieth‐century physiologists, including Walter Cannon. Psychosomatic concepts also grew out of observations by psychoanalysts of patients who had physical symptoms that were not explained by purely medical causes. Drawing upon these insights, the APS was formed through the work of a New York Academy of Medicine committee headed by Dr. Helen Flanders Dunbar, a pioneer trained in medicine and religion, who compiled a bibliography of the “psychosomatic” medical literature, published in 1935 as “Emotions and Bodily Changes.” In 1936, the Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation began financial support for psychosomatic studies and, along with the National Health Council in 1939, underwrote the publication of a new journal,Psychosomatic Medicine. The APS was subsequently formed as a medical society and held its first Annual Meeting in New York in 1942.
Amnesia
Authors: Keane Margaret M. , Verfaellie Mieke 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Our current understanding of amnesia owes much to the study of the patient HM, who in 1953, at the age of 26, underwent bilateral removal of structures in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) for treatment of intractable epilepsy. The surgery was largely successful in controlling his seizures, and it did not affect his sense of personal identity, his general fund of knowledge, or his social skills, but it left him with a global amnesia—he had a profound impairment in the ability to form new memories for events and information that he encountered after his surgery (Corkin, 1984). Thus, for example, he could not remember the plot of a movie he saw recently, could not recall what he ate at his last meal, and could not recognize the names or faces of new acquaintances. In the laboratory, HM showed profound impairments in recalling or recognizing recently presented lists of words, pictures, and other stimuli. He also showed impaired recall of events prior to his surgery, but could retrieve memories from his early life, prior to about age 16. With insights gleaned from studies of HM and subsequently from other amnesic individuals, we have achieved a more complete understanding not only of the amnesic syndrome, but also of the functional and neural architecture of normal human memory.
Analysis of Variance
Authors: Cardinal Rudolf N. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was initially developed by R. A. Fisher, beginning around 1918, and had early applications in agriculture. It is now a dominant and powerful statistical technique used extensively in psychology. In ANOVA, a dependent variable is predicted by a mathematical model comprising one or more predictor variables, which may be categorical (factors) or quantitative and continuous (covariates; regressors). The model's best prediction is calculated by minimizing the sum of the squared residuals (errors, or deviations from the model's prediction). Having done this, the proportion of variance in the dependent variable accounted for by each predictor is assessed statistically, testing the null hypotheses that the mean of the dependent variable does not vary with the predictor(s); good predictors account for a large proportion of the variance, compared to unpredicted (error) variance, and poor predictors account for a small proportion. ANOVA allows the effects of predictors to be assessed in isolation, but it also allows the assessment of interactions between predictors (effects of one predictor that depend on the values of other predictors).
Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Keel Pamela K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Anorexia nervosa is a mental disorder defined by deliberate self‐starvation resulting in body weight below a minimum level necessary for health. In current diagnostic systems, such as the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM‐IV‐TR; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000), additional features include an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, misperception or undue influence of weight or shape on self evaluation or denial of the seriousness of low weight, and, in postmenarcheal females, loss of three consecutive menstrual cycles. Of note, no definition provides a single threshold by which to evaluate low weight. In the DSM‐IV‐TR, weight less than 85% of that expected is provided as an example for diagnosis.
Anthropomorphism
Authors: Kwan Virginia S. Y. , Johnson Kathryn , Neel Becca , Cohen Adam B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAnthropomorphism is the attribution of humanlike characteristics to real or imagined nonhuman agents. The word anthropomorphism derives from Greek and, literally translated, means humanlike (ánthrpos) in shape or form (morphos). In our daily lives, we do not have different languages to describe humans versus nonhumans. Therefore, humanlike characteristics are often used in a metaphorical sense to facilitate understanding (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). For example, we might say our car refuses to start, but this does not require that we actually think the car has ill intentions. Nevertheless, anthropomorphism may have important psychological and social ramifications. In some cases, anthropomorphic agents may be thought of as actual persons in the lives of those for whom they are real. These personified agents may be deemed to have rights, responsibilities, or the potential for social interactions.
Anxiety
Authors: Otto Michael W. , Calkins Amanda W. , Hearon Bridget A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAnxiety is a future‐oriented emotional state characterized by a sense of apprehension, worry, and lack of control of one's own affective response. Anxiety should be differentiated from fear, a distinct and basic emotion that is best conceptualized as a primitive alarm in response to present danger. In contrast, anxiety is concerned with future threat, and although feelings of apprehension predominate, the emotional state of anxiety may be accompanied by a diffuse mix of shame, guilt, excitement, anger, or sadness. Anxiety tends to be a motivating force. It leads people to both intensify and narrow the focus of their attention to the perceived source of threat. If channeled into constructive activity, anxiety can be the source of motivation for problem solving, creativity, or other forms of adaptive change. However, anxiety may also interfere with performance. This is especially true for stronger feelings of anxiety and for more complex tasks where less‐aroused states may be required for careful evaluation or problem solving.
Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Antony Martin M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Anxiety Disorders are among the most prevalent of psychological disorders, affecting up to 20% of the population. The key features shared by anxiety disorders include excessive or unrealistic fear and anxiety, avoidance of feared objects and situations, and excessive attempts to reduce discomfort or to protect oneself from potential threat. In addition, for an anxiety disorder to be diagnosed, the person has to report clinically significant distress over having the anxiety symptoms, or the symptoms have to cause significant interference in the individual's life. Indeed in severe cases, people with anxiety disorders may be unable to work, develop relationships, or even leave their homes. Anxiety disorders often pose an enormous burden on society. For example, they often lead to lower work productivity and considerable increases in health care utilization (Kessler, Ruscio, Shear, & Wittchen, 2009).