bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing epidemiological trends of legionellosis in New Zealand, 1979–2009
Authors: GRAHAM F. F. , WHITE P. S. , HARTE D. J. G. , KINGHAM S. P. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThis study evaluated the spatio-temporal variation ofLegionellaspp. in New Zealand using notification and laboratory surveillance data from 1979 to 2009 and analysed the epidemiological trends. To achieve this we focused on changing incidence rates and occurrence of different species over this time. We also examined whether demographic characteristics such as ethnicity may be related to incidence. The annual incidence rate for laboratory-proven cases was 2·5/100 000 and 1·4/100 000 for notified cases. Incidence was highest in the European population and showed large geographical variations between 21 District Health Boards. An important finding of this study is that the predominantLegionellaspecies causing disease in New Zealand differs from that found in other developed countries, with about 30–50% of cases due toL. longbeachaeand a similar percentage due toL. pneumophilafor any given year. The environmental risk exposure was identified in 420 (52%) cases, of which 58% were attributed to contact with compost; travel was much less significant as a risk factor (6·5%). This suggests that legionellosis has a distinctive epidemiological pattern in New Zealand.
THE CURIOUS CAREER OF LIBERALISM IN INDIA
Authors: CHATTERJEE PARTHA 
Published: September 2011

There is a long-standing myth that the history of modern India was foretold at the beginning of the nineteenth century by British liberals who predicted that the enlightened despotic rule of India's new conquerors would, by its beneficial effects, improve the native character and institutions sufficiently to prepare the people of that country one day to govern themselves. Lord William Bentinck, a disciple of Jeremy Bentham, while presenting as governor-general his case for the opening up of India to European settlers, speculated on the possibility of “a vast change to have occurred in the frame of society . . . which would imply that the time had arrived when it would be wise for England to leave India to govern itself”, but added that such change “can scarcely be looked for in centuries to come”. The doctrinal basis within liberal theory for justifying a democratic country like Britain exercising despotic power in colonies such as Ireland and India was securely laid out by mid-century liberals such as John Stuart Mill. The project of “improvement” was revived at the end of the nineteenth century by Gladstonian liberals who inducted elite Indians into new representative institutions based on a very narrow franchise in preparation for some form of self-government. When power was ultimately transferred to the rulers of a partitioned subcontinent in 1947, the history of liberal progress in India was complete. The storyline was laid out, for instance, in Thompson and Garratt'sRise and Fulfilment of British Rule in Indiaor in Percival Spear's revised edition of the hugely successful textbook by Vincent Smith. Even nationalist Indian scholars adopted at least a part of this story, nowhere more so than in the histories of constitutional law which traced the foundations of the postcolonial Indian republic to the progressive expansion of liberal state institutions under British rule.
Results of the Regional Earthquake Likelihood Models (RELM) test of earthquake forecasts in California
Authors: Lee Ya-Ting , Turcotte Donald L. , Holliday James R. , Sachs Michael K. , Rundle John B. , Chen Chien-Chih , Tiampo Kristy F. 
Published: September 2011

The Regional Earthquake Likelihood Models (RELM) test of earthquake forecasts in California was the first competitive evaluation of forecasts of future earthquake occurrence. Participants submitted expected probabilities of occurrence of
M
≥4.95 earthquakes in 0.1° × 0.1° cells for the period 1 January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2010. Probabilities were submitted for 7,682 cells in California and adjacent regions. During this period, 31
M
≥4.95 earthquakes occurred in the test region. These earthquakes occurred in 22 test cells. This seismic activity was dominated by earthquakes associated with the
M
= 7.2, April 4, 2010, El Mayor–Cucapah earthquake in northern Mexico. This earthquake occurred in the test region, and 16 of the other 30 earthquakes in the test region could be associated with it. Nine complete forecasts were submitted by six participants. In this paper, we present the forecasts in a way that allows the reader to evaluate which forecast is the most “successful” in terms of the locations of future earthquakes. We conclude that the RELM test was a success and suggest ways in which the results can be used to improve future forecasts.
The genetic evaluation of crossbred pig populations for heterosis research by microsatellite markers
Authors: Jing-Hu Zhang , Yuan-Zhu Xiong , Chang-Yan Deng , Si-Wen Jiang , Ming-Gang Lei , Bo Zuo , De-Qun Xu , Jia-Lian Li , Feng-E Li , Rong Zheng 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe molecular genetic characteristics were evaluated, and the genetic effects of marker loci on heterosis of three traits (birth weight, BWT; average daily gain, ADG; and feed and meat ratio, FMR) were analysed in the experimental pig populations: Yorkshire (Y, n=34), Landrace (L, n=46) and Meishan (M, n=55); Yorkshire×Landrace (YL, n=32) and its reciprocal (LY, n=36), Yorkshire×Meishan (YM, n=82) and its reciprocal (MY, n=47), by 39 microsatellite markers selected from pig chromosomes SSC4, 6, 7, 8 and 13. The results indicated that observed alleles ranged from 2 to 6, average 4.13, observed heterozygosity varied from 0.39 (Y) to 0.58 (YM+MY) and average polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.33 (Y) to 0.5 (YM). There were two loci (sw2155 and sw1037) at which the alleles were fixed in Y and L, and there were three loci (sw2409, sw2454 and sw1691) at which the alleles were fixed in M. The results from heterozygosity and kinship analysis revealed an intrinsic genetic relationship among the seven populations. Furthermore, the results on genetic effect analysis indicate that several marker loci had a significant effect on heterosis of the three traits in the two different F1 crossbred populations (P⩽0.01), for example s0161, swr1130 and sw1856 for BWT, sw1856 and swr2036 for ADG, and sw1302 and swr2036 for FMR. The significant marker loci implied a deep genetic relationship between molecular marker loci and heterosis.
Persian Folksong Texts from Afghan Badakhshan
Authors: Slobin Mark 
Published: September 2011

This study is based on fieldwork undertaken in Badakhshān province of Afghanistan in 1968 for the purpose of collecting musical data. A summary of the basic musical styles and instruments current in the area can be found in the,author's Instrumental Music in Northern Afghanistan.The focus of the present article is the type of Persian verse set to music by the folk singers of Badakhshān. Principally, this includes a description of the texts of the most common folksong form of the region, the felak, drawn from singers of the Faizābād (central), Darwāz (northern), Shughnān (northeastern), Wākhān (eastern) and Keshrn (western) regions of Badakhshān province.
The Sale of Offices in Qajar Iran, 1858–1896
Authors: Sheikholeslami A. Reza 
Published: September 2011

Political systems which are able to develop share two general characteristics: first, they show an ability to assimilate political demands, and second, they sustain a dynamic integrity. The study of bureaucracy derives its importance from the essential role it plays in this dual process through its functions of recruitment of new elements on one hand, and socializing the new recruits and providing for the functioning of the system on the other.The sale of offices as a part of this system—maintenance mechanism will be studied here through its functions of recruitment and socialization. I will attempt to study the problem as a subsystem within the larger context of a patrimonial state, and as a natural extension of the concept of an office as a piece of property. Then, I will discuss the reasons for the increase of the sale of offices during the second half of the nineteenth century in Iran, the nature of the sale itself, and finally the effect of it on the Iranian political system.
Iran's Role in Cold War Revisionism
Authors: Doenecke Justus D. 
Published: September 2011

It has long been accepted, almost as a Cold War truism, that the first direct confrontation between Soviet Russia and the United States took place over Iran in February, 1946. According to the traditional picture of Cold War origins, Russia's refusal to evacuate her forces--together with her simultaneous efforts to establish a puppet regime in Azerbaijan and Kurdistan--tipped the West off as to her global intentions. America and Great Britain promptly registered protests within and outside the United Nations, and, in the first effort at containment, prevented direct Soviet penetration of the entire Middle East. After Iran, the West was forewarned. As a leading textbook notes, in pointing to Russia's reluctance to withdraw, “Soviet power was prepared to move into any position that the Western states were not willing to defend.”Most memoirs of American policy-makers stress that the United States had responded, and responded of necessity, to Russian incentive.
Towards A Social and Economic History of Eighteenth-Century Iran
Authors: Ricks Thomas M. 
Published: September 2011

Research in Iranian social and economic history is still relatively unknown. This situation is puzzling in view of the social and economic research in Arab and Turkish history, particularly from 1955 onwards. in the past ten years, social and economic research in these two areas of Middle East history have produced some excellent results. But similar research in Iranian history has not developed. This state of affairs is disappointing when we recall the words of Vladimir Minorsky in his "Foreword" to the Tadhkirat al-mulūk in 1943:The study of the Islamic period of the history of Iran--which alone covers thirteen centuries--is still in its infancy, not so much for want of useful outlines of single periods as because of the limited methods of research which were so long employed.
Urban Patterns in Pre-Safavid Isfahan
Authors: Golombek Lisa 
Published: September 2011

The splendour of Safavid Isfahan is no doubt proverbial. The landmarks that come to mind--the great Maydān-i Shāh with its stage perpetually set, the elegant Chahār Bāgh avenue, the graceful bridges slung across the Zayandah Rud--would make it appear as though the topography of Isfahan today, except for the old Jāmiᶜ, is a Safavid one. It is hard to believe, however, that the ages have not left a deeper mark, that the patterns of life generated in the pre-Safavid past did not affect profoundly the course of subsequent development.Consider for example the curious orientation of Shāh ᶜAbbās’ imperial centerpiece, the Maydān-i Shāh. The two imperial mosques built to the south and east of the Maydān, the Masjid-i Shāh and the Luṭfallah Mosque, awkwardly twist on their axes in order to face the proper direction for prayer, the qiblah.
The Development of Traditions of Book Illustration in Pre-Safavid Iran
Authors: Swietochowski Marie 
Published: September 2011

In the Safavid period the concepts of miniature painting, already fully established in the Timurid period, still prevailed with certain modifications and changes in emphasis. Timurid painting in its turn had expanded and refined an art which had developed in the course of the fourteenth century into the “kind of painting,” as Dūst Muḥammad wrote in the mid-sixteenth century, “which is current at the present time.” Although Persian miniature painting achieved its first stage of maturity under the Jalā'irid sultans in the second half of the fourteenth century, the development was uneven. During the Jalā'irid and subsequent Timurid periods illustrations were produced which were markedly different from each other not only in concept and purpose but also in their stage of artistic development and degree of sophistication.The study of the various factors that influenced the development of the art of the book in Iran is a vast subject.
Religion in Safavid Persia
Authors: Nasr Hossein 
Published: September 2011

The Safavid period marks a definite turning point in the history of Persia and the beginning of a new phase in the history of Islam in that country. Yet, despite its distinct character and the break it seems to display with respect to the centuries preceeding it, there is definitely a long religions and intellectual history which prepared the ground for the sudden establishment of a Shiᶜite order in Persia and the transformation of the country into a predominantly Shiᶜite area. There are several centuries of growth of Shiᶜite theology and jurisprudence, the development of Sufi orders with Shiᶜite tendencies and the establishment of Shiᶜite political power--albeit of a transient character--all preceeding the Safavid period.As far as Shiᶜite thought is concerned, the advent of the Mongols and the destruction of the major centers of Sunni political power in Western Asia enabled Shiᶜism to flower in Persia more than ever before, culminating in the establishment of Shiᶜism as state religion for a brief period under Sulṭān Muḥammad Khudābandah.
Isfahan, the old; Isfahan, the New
Authors: Shirazi Bagher 
Published: September 2011

The fact that has put Isfahan among the lasting cities and guaranteed its survival has undoubtedly been the permanent co-existence of the old and the new. The confrontation of old and new has brought about that necessary dynamism which has caused its growth, expansion and enrichment. Isfahan's favorable location in the central Iranian plateau and its plentitude of water and fertile land drew particular attention to it in times of political and cultural movements that have more often been constructive than destructive.As far as we know, with the onset of Islam there occurred a new phenomenon that can be characterized by urban settlement and Isfahan began its dynamic development. This was also the time when local authorities, attempting to become autonomous, tried to create cities outside the borders of Mesopotamia raking with Baghdad. In the region of Isfahan, the first Islamic nucleus was established in fehe southern neighborhood of Yahūdiyyah and in a village called Khushīnān. As settlements began to grow around this new nucleus, the first real center of a town called “Isfahan” was formed at the juncture of the new and the old settlements.
Private Life and Public Face: Cultural Continuities in the Domestic Architecture of Isfahan
Authors: Gulick John 
Published: September 2011

Modern Middle Eastern cities, from Afghanistan to Morocco, have, in addition to an almost limitless variety of detail, some general characteristics in common. These common features include among many other things, the narrow, twisting, often dead-end alleys on which the houses in the older quarters are typically located. These houses are inward-oriented to a degree that contrasts markedly and in many ways with “western” urban dwellings. These alleys and houses are an integral part of a complex whole that also includes mosques, shrines, madrasahs, bathhouses and bazaars.Other general characteristics of modern Middle Eastern cities are the new wide streets for automotive traffic that form networks around the old quarters and often are cut through them as well. Visually, these new streets and the new buildings that accompany them often contrast so sharply with the old that many people are tempted to assume the existence of radically different cultural patterns among their respective inhabitants, radical differences that are isomorphic with the differences in street patterns and architecture.
Predicting Urban Growth in Iran: A Dynamic Model
Authors: Laudor Charles R. , Tabriztchi Sirousse 
Published: September 2011

In developing as in advanced economies, the pace of urbanization has continued to accelerate with the result that many less developed countries are experiencing problems in their urbanized areas which are quite similar to the advanced economies. In Iran, increased oil revenues which have aided in overall economic expansion have created differential growth rates in industries with different impacts on urban, as against rural growth, bringing along specific urban problems which require special consideration.In Tehran, as in the major growth centers of other developing countries, population was growing at an annual rate of 6.6 percent in the period 1966-1969. Since 1969, the natural rate of growth has somewhat decreased but still remains at the high plateau of 6.1 percent per annum. As a consequence of this rapid rise in the population, the number of inhabitants of Tehran reached a level of 3.9 million in 1972, according to Iranian Plan and Budget Organization estimates.
Forced Migration in Iran During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Perry John R. 
Published: September 2011

“Forced migration” is defined for the purposes of this study as the transportation of a considerable number of a population group (whether nomadic or sedentary), normally in family units and accompanied by livestock and chattels, to be permanently resettled in a region remote from their home; and undertaken as an act of policy by the ruler or his agents. It does not refer to attempts to sedentarize nomads on lands adjacent to their pastures, or to simple dispossession of lands without alternative provision.Examples of forced migration have been noted in Iran and its imperial appendages from the earliest to the most recent times, chiefly as punishment of stubborn opponents or refractory subjects by a vigorous, centralizing monarch.
City Councillors and the Dilemma of Representation: The Case of Isfahan
Authors: Schulz Ann 
Published: September 2011

A decade ago, amidst general enthusiasm for nation-building activities, Samuel Huntington raised the question of whether political institutions might not decay as well as grow. Although he provided but a few guidelines to symptoms of institutional decay, he did introduce a healthy measure of skepticism into the literature on political development. This skepticism is particularly warranted in the case of representative institutions.Throughout much of the Middle East, the life of both political parties and legislatures at the national level have tended to be more formal than real. Institutionbuilding has been attempted at the local level, too, although local politics has received far less attention from students of comparative politics. This essay discusses the roles of political representatives at the local level and the impact of the political milieu upon the way in which these roles are shaped and interpreted by their occupants.
The Azerbaijani ˓Āshiq and His Performance of a Dāstān
Authors: Albright Charlotte F. 
Published: September 2011

In cities, towns, and villages throughout Iranian Azerbaijan ˓āshiqs (professional poet-musicians) entertain audiences in coffee houses and at weddings. ˓Āshiqs compose and perform songs in a variety of poetic forms. The longest of these forms is the oral narrative poem called the dāstān in the Azeri dialect of Turkish. In his presentation of these tales, the ˓āshiq observes a standard protocol, yet within this established format, he has room to improvise, to stretch some segments of his entertainment or to cut other parts short. It is this flexibility within the framework of an established presentation format that keeps these oral narrative poems from growing stale in the mind of the performer and in the perception of the audience.This paper will briefly describe the ˓āshiq, his training and performance. Then, one segment of a dāstān will be analyzed to show what its components are, and how they can be manipulated by the performer.
U.S. Military Missions To Iran, 1943–1978: The Political Economy of Military Assistance
Authors: Ricks Thomas M. 
Published: September 2011

“Aid to Iran is not recommended primarily because Iran needs economic aid, but because it offers the most effective means of forcing the Iranians in spite of themselves to put their house in order.” Mr. McGhee to the Secretary of State, UM D-97, April 21, 1950 in Foreign Relations of the United States: 1950, Volume V (Washington, D.C., 1978), p. 516.“The largest, most pervasive source of technical assistance, on manpower problems was the United States foreign aid program, both civilian and military. There was hardly an agency or program of the Iranian Government concerned with training or education that did not have its Point IV experts or U.S. contract group.” George Baldwin, Planning and Development in Iran (New York, 1967), p. 145.“Taken on balance, all U.S. foreign assistance is ultimately military or paramilitary in nature, even its ostensibly economic aid: it is designed primarily to enable foreign countries to support a military superstructure capable of saving the United States the cost of having to provide military service with its own armed forces.” Michael Hudson, “The Political Economy of Foreign Aid,” in The Myth of Aid, by Denis Goulet and Michael Hudson (New York, 1971), p. 80.
Early hospital care of severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Protheroe R. T. , Gwinnutt C. L. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryHead injury is one of the major causes of trauma‐related morbidity and mortality in all age groups in the United Kingdom, and anaesthetists encounter this problem in many areas of their work. Despite a better understanding of the pathophysiological processes following traumatic brain injury and a wealth of research, there is currently no specific treatment. Outcome remains dependant on basic clinical care: management of the patient’s airway with particular attention to preventing hypoxia; avoidance of the extremes of lung ventilation; and the maintenance of adequate cerebral perfusion, in an attempt to avoid exacerbating any secondary injury. Hypertonic fluids show promise in the management of patients with raised intracranial pressure. Computed tomography scanning has had a major impact on the early identification of lesions amenable to surgery, and recent guidelines have rationalised its use in those with less severe injuries. Within critical care, the importance of controlling blood glucose is becoming clearer, along with the potential beneficial effects of hyperoxia. The major improvement in outcome reflects the use of protocols to guide resuscitation, investigation and treatment and the role of specialist neurosciences centres in caring for these patients. Finally, certain groups are now recognised as being at greater risk, in particular the elderly, anticoagulated patient.You can respond to this article at http://www.anaesthesiacorrespondence.com