bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Race, Class and Gender Disparities in Clara Barton's Late Nineteenth-Century Disaster Relief
Authors: Moser Jones Marian 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This case study explores how civil society bodies developed to respond to US disasters in the context of the erratic nineteenth-century American state. It focuses on the American Red Cross, whose founder, Clara Barton, transplanted the Red Cross concept from its native Swiss soil to the US and changed the organisation's principal mission from assistance of wounded soldiers to disaster relief. Barton also transplanted the Geneva Conventions' ideal of 'neutrality' from the national fault lines of Europe to the social fault lines of the US. Just as the Conventions called for impartial medical assistance to wounded combatants regardless of national affiliation, Barton aimed to offer impartial medical and material aid to disaster sufferers regardless of race, gender or religion. This study comparatively examines the organisation's execution of these ideals in its response to two major US disasters, the 1889 Johnstown Flood in Pennsylvania, and the Sea Islands Hurricane in South Carolina. Late nineteenth-century social ideologies of class, race and gender shaped public perception of these events and consequently the degree and type of assistance offered to the survivors. While Barton's ideal of neutrality somewhat mitigated this disparity, she was unable to counter or escape the pervasive ideologies of difference that led to cruel inequalities in state and societal responses to disasters. This study suggests that civil society organisations cannot mitigate such inequalities when not supported by an egalitarian state, and that they work more effectively when supplementing rather than supplanting the state's emergency social welfare functions.
L'exploitation des hydrocarbures en mer du Nord et ses conséquences sur les littoraux
Authors: Carré François 
Published: January 2011

RÉSUMÉ
Cet article qui met à jour une étude parue en 1974 dans la même revue, s'attache surtout aux conséquences de l'exploitation des hydrocarbures sur les littoraux de la mer du Nord. Après avoir présenté les découvertes nouvelles faites de 1973 à 1970, Fauteur insiste sur la mise en valeur des gisements, qui caractérise la période actuelle, grâce à la pose de plusieurs conduites sous- marines. L'impact de cette exploitation sous-marine sur les littoraux est inégale, mais parfois assez forte, surtout en Grande-Bretagne, par l'installation de bases logistiques dans des ports préexistants (Aberdeen, Stavanger) et la dissémination d'industries annexes telles que les terminaux, les chantiers de construction de plates-formes, les raffineries et la pétro-chimie. Les littoraux du Nord, jusque là sous-industrialisés, se trouvent vigoureusement stimulés, tandis que de vieilles régions économiques peuvent être régénérées. Les bouleversements les plus importants se manifestent en Ecosse qui devient la province pétrolière du Royaume-Uni et qui est étudiée en détail.
Le massif granitique de Plouaret (Bretagne)
Authors: Garreau Jacques 
Published: January 2011

RESUME
Le massif granitique de Plouaret, situé dans le plateau du Trégor au Nord de la péninsule bretonne, mis en place entre 330 et 310 M. A., est formé par deux plutons associés. Après l'orogenèse hercynienne, les reliefs depuis le Mésozoïque ont été arasés. Les surfaces d'aplanissements ont été dénivelées par des mouvements tectoniques verticaux. L'auteur dans le cadre du levé d'une carte géologique montre l'intérêt de l'enquêle géographique.
Production et commerce des céréales en Deux-Sèvres ; Les nouvelles orientations
Authors: Bernard Gilles 
Published: January 2011

Le département des Deux-Sèvres, par sa position géographique, ne constitue pas un important foyer céréalier; puisque la partie centrale appartient au massif ancien et rappelle les productions vendéennes. Seules les plaines sédi- mentaires du Thouarsais et de l'arrondissement de Niort s'intègrent dans l'économie céréalière du Poitou-Char entes. La production de grains devient surtout le domaine des terres légères, les sols froids retournent à l'élevage. Cette orientation s'effectue parmi les exploitations, la rentabilité impose de grandes surfaces et les jeunes exploitants y trouvent une activité qui correspond à leur goût.
Cependant la défaillance de la coopération dans le système commercial empêche une rénovation plus profonde du milieu agricole. Les négociants, par la proximité des débouchés avec les aliments du bétail, supplantent les coopératives, qui deviennent des organismes difficiles à gérer. Ainsi, l'esprit coopératif, né des transformations agricoles de la fin du siècle dernier, traverse une grave crise.
Le Limousin peut-il être une surface acyclique déformée et disséquée ?
Authors: Flageollet Jean-Claude 
Published: January 2011

RÉSUMÉ
L'interprétation du relief du Limousin : « un socle à inselbergs flexuré », proposée par Cl. Klein à partir de l'exemple des Monts d'Ambazac et de Saint- Goussaud, est critiquée et refusée car elle n'est en accord ni avec le détail de la morphologie ni avec la nature et l'âge des alluvions présentes en certains secteurs des plateaux.
Le second mariage d'Andronic II Palaiologos
Authors: Failler Albert 
Published: February 2011

REB 57 1999 France p. 225
Albert Failler, Le second manage d'Andronic II Palaiologos. — The second marriage of Andronicus II Paleologus, to Yolande-Irene of Montferrat, took place in 1284. Contrary to what has been thought, neither the History of George Pachymeres nor any other source mentions the new empress' coronation, though it must have followed shortly upon the wedding. The dates of birth of the couple's seven children remain problematic.
Local Inactivation of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate in Lymph Nodes Induces Lymphopenia
Authors: Sensken Sven-Christian , Nagarajan Manju , Bode Constantin , Gräler Markus H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) initiates T and B cell exit from lymphoid tissues by activating the S1P1 receptor on lymphocytes. To define the mechanistic details of this ligand–receptor interaction, the biological activity of the S1P-blocking Ab Sphingomab was investigated. Treatment of mice with Sphingomab resulted in blood B and T cell lymphopenia. Although Sphingomab blocked S1P1-mediated calcium flux and receptor downregulation by S1P in vitro, plasma from Sphingomab-treated mice demonstrated a 4-fold increase in S1P concentration and largely retained its stimulating activity on S1P receptors. Plasma-borne S1P was obviously not sufficiently inactivated by Sphingomab to account for the observed lymphopenia. Therefore, we addressed the local S1P-blocking activity of Sphingomab in spleen and peripheral lymph nodes (pLNs) as a potential cause of PBL depletion. Transwell chemotaxis assays revealed the migration of freshly isolated splenocytes, but not pLN cells to S1P. However, chemotaxis of pLN cells was regained after culture in S1P-low medium, and pLN cells isolated from Sphingomab-treated mice also revealed enhanced chemotaxis to S1P, indicating substantial local inactivation of S1P in pLN after Sphingomab treatment. We conclude that treatment with the S1P-blocking Ab Sphingomab induces lymphopenia by inactivating S1P locally in pLN and not systemically in plasma. Consequently, the presence of local S1P amounts in secondary lymphoid organs contributes to B and T cell egress.
La comunicación en las organizaciones del tercer sector
Authors: Durán Bravo Patricia , Fernández Fuentes María Belén 
Published: February 2011

Las organizaciones del Tercer Sector favorecen el desarrollo social debido a su capacidad de producir capital humano y capital social en una sociedad (Putman, 2001). Esto implica un cambio positivo en las relaciones de individuos, grupos e instituciones en una sociedad, con la finalidad de alcanzar el bienestar social. A nivel mundial las expectativas sobre la capacidad de respuesta a los problemas sociales y la transparencia de las OTS van en incremento. En México, esta problemática es más compleja, ya que es necesario enfrentar la escasa profesionalización, el bajo nivel de transparencia y rendición de cuentas y una débil cultura de la participación en la sociedad civil organizada (ITAM 2010). Ante esto, es necesario señalar que el desarrollo de la sociedad civil organizada dependerá en gran medida de su capacidad comunicar sus valores a la sociedad mexicana y lograr un cambio social y cultural. Por lo que, las OTS deben tomar iniciativas estratégicas que refuercen la confianza y la reputación; con donantes públicos y privados cada vez más exigentes en sus criterios para seleccionar proyectos y conceder recursos; con una sociedad poco participativa; y finalmente, con problemáticas sociales cada vez más complejas.
Fetal Face
Authors: Singh Kuldeep 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT
This article discusses normal facial anatomy and the facial abnormalities, which can be diagnosed by 2D and 3D ultrasound. As the neonatal face is so visible one has to do a careful survey of the fetal face with all possible modalities to enhance the sonographer's expertise. Facial anomalies can be the tip of an iceberg with the diagnosis prompting evaluation for chromosomal abnormalities.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Fetal Neural Axis
Authors: Tomar Sakshi 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT
The central nervous system is probably the first organ system to be investigated in utero by diagnostic ultrasound. Anencephaly was the first congenital anomaly to be recognized by this technique before viability. Since then, the investigation of the fetal neural axis has steadily remained a central issue of antenatal sonography. Such an interest is explained by a number of reasons. CNS anomalies are frequent and often have a severe prognosis. In many cases they have a genetic background: consequently a large number of couples are at risk and warrant antenatal diagnosis. Modern high resolution ultrasound equipment yields a unique potential in evaluating normal and abnormal anatomy of the fetal neural axis beginning at very early stages of development.
Role of Color Doppler in the Diagnosis of Extracardiac Fetal Abnormalities
Authors: Praveen TLN , Surekha P 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT
Color Doppler is useful in evaluating fetal cardiac abnormalities and in assessing fetal hemodynamics in a hypoxic fetus. Color Doppler is extremely useful in evaluating extracardiac fetal abnormalities.
The Use of Ultrasound in Natural Disasters
Authors: Loaiza Jose Leonardo 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT
During the tragedy in Haiti, I accidentally had the opportunity to perform a couple of ultrasounds that really made a difference for the patients I saw. In the next article I will share my unforgettable story that made me aware of the sum importance to learn about the use of these devices in those scenarios. I hope that my story will help the experts in ultrasound and the companies that build them, to develop guidelines and workshops to get knowledge in this wonderful piece of technology that I believe should be called the stethoscope of the future.
The Potential of Transvaginal Three-dimensional Color/Power Doppler Ultrasound in Detection of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Honemeyer Ulrich , Mathias Jawahar , Aduh Prosper 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer in men and the third most common cancer in women worldwide. The recent decline of CRC in the USA has been attributed to successful development of screening programs. In the last 20 years, endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) has become the primary method for locoregional staging of rectal cancer. Transvaginal sonography (TVS), with a high-frequency probe, obtains excellent image resolution of deep pelvic organs. TVS not only enables diagnosis and treatment in gynecology, infertility, and early pregnancy but also has the potential to detect other structural abnormalities within its reach, such as neoplasm of the rectosigmoid. Three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound (3D PD) can depict the morphology of the vessel tree of tumors, and thus help to discriminate between benign and malignant neoplasm. In this case of a 42-year-old patient, an adnexal mass was diagnosed by TVS. Three-dimensional ultrasound gave topographic evidence of sigmoid colon tumor. Spectral Doppler and 3D PD diagnostic criteria of tumor vasculature, demonstrated in this neoplasm, were highly suspicious of malignancy. TVS diagnosis initiated endoscopic histological verification of adenocarcinoma of the sigma and timely surgical intervention.
Stabilization analysis and implementation for MIMO NCS with time‐varying delays
Authors: Xia Yuanqing , Liu Xiaopeng , Liu Guo‐Ping , Rees David 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the design of output feedback controllers for a class of maximum input maximum output networked control systems (NCSs). In view of NCSs with many independent sensors and actuators, a discrete‐time model with multiple time‐varying delays is proposed. By constructing a novel Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, a new less conservative stability criterion is developed in terms of linear matrix inequality. On the basis of the obtained stability condition, a static output feedback controller can be designed by applying an iterative algorithm. Both simulation and practical experiment results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatigue Damage Evolution in Ultrafine‐Grained Interstitial‐Free Steel
Authors: Niendorf Thomas , Canadinc Demircan , Maier Hans Jürgen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe current work presents the crack propagation behavior in ultrafine‐grained (UFG) interstitial‐free (IF) steel, and in particular, focuses on the damage evolution in UFG IF steel under cyclic loading. The current results indicate that equal‐channel angular pressing (ECAP) has a major influence on the cyclic deformation response of the UFG IF steel, such that the failure and the crack path depend on the inclination plane during ECAP. Furthermore, the UFG IF steel demonstrates significant notch sensitivity in comparison to its coarse‐grained counterpart. This is attributed to the ultrafine grains with a large volume fraction of high‐angle grain boundaries, where glide of dislocations is hindered and the resulting internal stresses increase the stress concentration further in the presence of a pre‐existing notch.
Mapping Lattice Spacing and Composition in Biological Materials by Means of Microbeam X‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Paris Oskar , Aichmayer Barbara , Al‐Sawalmih Ali , Li Chenghao , Siegel Stefan , Fratzl Peter 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMany biological materials and in particular biomineralized tissues exhibit structural and compositional gradients at several length scales. Nanostructural features varying at the micrometer scale can be imaged by employing synchrotron radiation based small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering combined with microbeam scanning. In particular, the lattice distortions caused by a substituted atoms within a crystal structure can be mapped by evaluating the corresponding shifts of Bragg reflections. As we demonstrate here by reviewing three examples of mineralized biological tissues, this approach delivers valuable complementary information to chemical imaging (e.g., X‐ray fluorescence imaging). Specifically, we show that strontium is incorporated in the hydroxyapatite crystal structure of human bone after osteoporosis treatment with Sr ranelate. Moreover, we discuss how local magnesium gradients within two different calcite phases in the tip of the sea urchin tooth may relate to the excellent mechanical properties and the self sharpening ability of this exceptional grinding tool. Finally, we show how this method allows drawing conclusions about the stability of the amorphous calcium carbonate in the cuticle of the American Lobster by determining the magnesium concentration after crystallization induced by an in situ heat treatment.
Large‐Scale Synthesis of Bi‐layer Graphene in Strongly Coupled Stacking Order
Authors: Luo Zhiqiang , Yu Ting , Shang Jingzhi , Wang Yingying , Lim Sanhua , Liu Lei , Gurzadyan Gagik G. , Shen Zexiang , Lin Jianyi 
Published: January 2011

AbstractLarge‐scale synthesis of single‐layer graphene (SLG) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has received a lot of attention recently. However, CVD synthesis of AB stacked bi‐layer graphene (BLG) is still challenging. Here, we report synthesis of BLG homogeneously at large scale by thermal CVD. The 2D Raman band of CVD BLG splits into four components, suggesting splitting of electronic bands due to strong interlayer coupling. The splitting of electronic bands in CVD BLG is further evidenced by the study of near infrared absorption and carrier dynamics are probed by transient absorption spectroscopy. UV photoelectron spectroscopy invesigation also indiates CVD BLG possesses different electronic structures to those of CVD SLG. The growth mechanism of BLG is found to be related to catalytic activity of the copper (Cu) surface, which is determined by the purity of Cu foils employed in the CVD process. Our work shows that strongly coupled or even AB stacked BLG can be grown on Cu foils at large scale, which is of particular importance for device applications based on their split electronic bands.
Thermoforming of Film‐Based Biomedical Microdevices
Authors: Truckenmüller Roman , Giselbrecht Stefan , Rivron Nicolas , Gottwald Eric , Saile Volker , van den Berg Albert , Wessling Matthias , van Blitterswijk Clemens 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFor roughly ten years now, a new class of polymer micromoulding processes comes more and more into the focus both of the microtechnology and the biomedical engineering community. These processes can be subsumed under the term “microthermoforming”. In microthermoforming, thin polymer films are heated to a softened, but still solid state and formed to thin‐walled microdevices by three‐dimensional stretching. The high material coherence during forming is in contrast to common polymer microreplication processes where the material is processed in a liquid or flowing state. It enables the preservation of premodifications of the film material. In this progress report, we review the still young state of the art of microthermoforming technology as well as its first applications. So far, the applications are mainly in the biomedical field. They benefit from the fact that thermoformed microdevices have unique properties resulting from their special, unusual morphology. The focus of this paper is on the impact of the new class of micromoulding processes and the processed film materials on the characteristics of the moulded microdevices and on their applications.
Superaligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays, Films, and Yarns: A Road to Applications
Authors: Jiang Kaili , Wang Jiaping , Li Qunqing , Liu Liang , Liu Changhong , Fan Shoushan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA superaligned carbon nanotube (CNT) array is a special kind of vertically aligned CNT array with the capability of being converted into continuous films and yarns. The as‐produced CNT films are transparent and highly conductive, with aligned CNTs parallel to the direction of drawing. After passing through volatile solutions or being twisted, CNT films can be further condensed into shrunk yarns. These shrunk yarns possess high tensile strengths and Young’s moduli, and are good conductors. Many applications of CNT films and shrunk yarns have been demonstrated, such as TEM grids, loudspeakers, touch screens, etc.
Disease Stage Characterization of Hepatorenal Fibrocystic Pathology in the PCK Rat Model of ARPKD
Authors: Mason Stephen B. , Liang Yun , Sinders Rachel M. , Miller Caroline A. , Eggleston‐Gulyas Tracy , Crisler‐Roberts Robin , Harris Peter C. , Gattone Vincent H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRenal cysts in a 25 week male PCK kidney. See Mason et al., on page 1279, in this issue.
Protective Effect of Resveratrol on Acute Lung Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Mice
Authors: Cao Quan , Jing Changwen , Tang Xinyi , Yin Ye , Han Xiao , Wu Wenxi 
Published: January 2011

AbstractResveratrol, a phytoalexin found in a range of plant products, may exert a variety of pharmacological activities. In this study, we investigated the effect of resveratrol on acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo, and we found that the pretreatment with resveratrol can effectively protect mice against LPS‐induced ALI. Mice were pretreated with 1 mg/kg resveratrol for 3 days before challenging with a dose of 15 mg/kg LPS. The histological result showed that resveratrol can suppress the edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and alveolar structure damage of lungs in ALI mice, and a decrease in the lung W/D ratio was also observed in mice with resveratrol pretreatment. Additionally, resveratrol markedly decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines, including IL‐1β and MIP‐1α and prevented the release of nitric oxide (NO) through inhibiting the expression of inducible NO synthase in lung tissues. Furthermore, the pretreatment with resveratrol suppressed the nuclear translocation of NF‐κB in lung tissues, which may be partly responsible for its effect on the ALI. In conclusion, the results presented here may suggest resveratrol as a potential therapeutic agent for treating ALI in the future. Anat Rec, , 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐Related Changes of the Oligodendrocytes in Rat Subcortical White Matter
Authors: Chen Lin , Lu Wei , Yang Zhengwei , Yang Shu , Li Chen , Shi Xiaoyan , Tang Yong 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe age‐related changes, of the oligodendrocytes in rat subcortical white matter, were investigated in this study. The oligodendrocytes in subcortical white matter were labeled with anti‐2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase antibody (anti‐CNPase antibody, a specific marker of oligodendrocytes). The total number of CNPase+ cells was estimated with an unbiased stereological technique, the optical fractionator. In this study, we found that the total number of CNPase+ cells in the young male rats and aged male rats was 14.4 ± 1.2 × 106 and 9.0 ± 1.0 × 106, respectively. The total number of the CNPase+ cells in the subcortical white matter of aged rats was significantly decreased by 37.5% when compared to young male rats. This study demonstrated that there was an aged‐related decrease of the oligodendrocytes in subcortical white matter. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.