bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapists’ Perceptions About Making a Difference in Parent–Child Relationships in Early Intervention Occupational Therapy Services
Authors: Mayer Mary L. , White Barbara Prudhomme , Ward Judith D. , Barnaby Elizabeth M. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to better understand occupational therapists’ experiences of making a difference in parent–child relationships.
METHOD. In this qualitative, instrumental case study, occupational therapists working in early intervention were asked to reflect on and describe occasions in which they believed that they made a real difference in parent–child relationships. The primary investigator interviewed nine experienced pediatric occupational therapists.
RESULTS. All nine therapists highly valued the parent–child relationship and focused on these relationships in therapy. Eight themes emerged that described the therapists’ practice insights and methods by which the therapists facilitated the parent–child relationship.
CONCLUSION. The occupational therapists in this study reflected insights that resonate with the literature regarding the role of the parent–child relationship in the development of children. The authors raise the question about the adequacy of instruction at the pre-service level that prepares therapists to both assess and facilitate the parent–child relationship in early intervention.
Stigma and Its Management: A Pilot Study of Parental Perceptions of the Experiences of Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Segal Ruth , Mandich Angela , Polatajko Helene , Cook Joanne Valiant 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The findings of a small qualitative interview study with 8 parents of 6 children with developmental coordination disorder are reported. The parents discussed the social consequences of their children’s motor difficulties. The new International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health was used as a framework for the analysis of the interview transcripts. The analysis revealed that the parents believed that their children’s impairments restrict their participation in society. The interactions between impairment and participation are interpreted in the context of stigma and its management. The significance of occupational therapy interventions in the area of physical activity play to children’s social life is discussed.
The ADL Ability and Use of Technical Aids in Persons With Late Effects of Polio
Authors: Kling Catarina , Persson Anders , Gardulf Ann 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to describe functional performance in activities of daily living (ADL) and the use of technical aids among persons with late effects of polio.
METHOD. Abilities in ADL of 150 participants 20 to 82 years of age were assessed with the Sunnaas Index of ADL, and the participants’ use of technical aids was recorded.
RESULTS. The activities in which most participants were independent were eating, daily hygiene, and communication. Many needed technical aids, adaptation of their homes, or both to perform mobility-related activities and to dress or undress, take a bath or shower, cook, or manage toilet visits. In total, 86 (57%) used mobility aids such as canes, crutches, and walkers. Thirty-one (21%) used wheelchairs within or outside the home. Bath and shower aids were the most commonly used technical aids other than mobility aids. The activity where most participants depended on others was housework.
CONCLUSION. In spite of their disabilities, most participants performed well in many ADL, functioning independently by using technical aids and by living in an adapted environment.
Improving Mobility and Community Access in an Adult With Ataxia
Authors: Gillen Glen 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This case report summarizes the evaluation and treatment used to provide occupational therapy services to a man living with multiple sclerosis. Primary impairments included ataxia, paraparesis, and decreased endurance. The focus of this case study was on improving the client’s ability to use powered mobility to access the community despite severe ataxia.
A task-oriented approach was used as a frame of reference to guide the evaluation and intervention process. The primary goals of intervention were to control the degrees of freedom required for task participation and simultaneously increase postural stability, resulting in independent control of a power wheelchair. A combination of occupational therapy interventions is illustrated, including assistive technology, positioning, orthotic prescription, and adaptation of movement patterns.
Randomized Controlled Trials To Investigate Occupational Therapy Research Questions
Authors: Nelson David L. , Mathiowetz Virgil 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The randomized controlled trial (RCT) has become the most widely accepted research design for testing the efficacy of health care interventions. The purposes of this paper are to (a) introduce the essential elements of RCTs, and (b) discuss some of the special problems faced by occupational therapists in conducting and interpreting RCTs. The CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) statement is recommended as an introduction to the components of RCT quality. Problems pertinent to the study of the efficacy of occupational therapy and related interventions include the importance of: theory, background, and rationale; treatment fidelity; theory-based outcomes; management of non-masked (non-blinded) interventionists and participants; and multiplicity of statistical analyses. This paper can help practitioners judge the quality of an RCT, and it can help the profession work toward the development of a cadre of qualified researchers who can adapt the well-established methods of RCTs to the study of occupation-based interventions.
Developing and Evaluating Community-Based Services Through Participatory Action Research: Two Case Examples
Authors: Taylor Renée R. , Braveman Brent , Hammel Joy 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Occupational therapy has a strong history of embracing concepts of client empowerment. However there is limited literature in the field on how to achieve empowerment, or on how to extend empowerment to the level of the community and social groups and services within it. This article discusses how concepts and strategies of participatory action research, an extension of empowerment theory, can be used to inform service development and evaluation in occupational therapy. The participatory action research approach is illustrated using two case examples of participatory action research programs for persons with chronic fatigue syndrome and individuals with autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). A critical analysis of the application of this approach to research and practice is provided. Finally, the paper identifies key principles of participatory action research that can be used to guide occupational therapy services and empower both individuals and communities.
Comparing Learning of Cooking in Home and Clinic for People With Schizophrenia
Authors: Duncombe Linda W. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to compare learning of a functional living skill in two contexts for individuals with long-term schizophrenia.
METHOD. Forty-four people with schizophrenia were matched on cognitive level. One of each pair was randomly designated to either a clinic or home cooking group, with the other assigned to the remaining group. Cooking skill was assessed using the Kitchen Task Assessment-Modified (KTA-M) both before and after the intervention. Learning for each group was analyzed using t tests. A multiple regression analysis to control for baseline differences was used to compare the learning of the two groups.
RESULTS. Participants in both groups scored significantly higher on the KTA-M after cooking lessons (t = 5.57, df = 21, p &lt; .0001—clinic; t = 7.81. df = 21, p &lt; .0002—home) reflecting learning of cooking skill; there was no statistically significant difference in scores on the KTA-M between the two groups based on where the learning took place (β = −1.8, df = 42, p &lt; 0.23). Qualitative differences between the learning environments provide suggestions for teaching functional living skills to this population.
CONCLUSIONS. Learning new skills in the home was not better than learning in the clinic for people with schizophrenia in this study. Further research on the effect of context on learning for people with cognitive dysfunction and schizophrenia is recommended.
Prevalence of Parents’ Perceptions of Sensory Processing Disorders Among Kindergarten Children
Authors: Ahn Roianne R. , Miller Lucy Jane , Milberger Sharon , McIntosh Daniel N. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This study is the first to systematically examine estimated rates of sensory processing disorders using survey data. Parents of incoming kindergartners from one suburban U.S. public school district were surveyed using the Short Sensory Profile, a parent-report screening tool that evaluates parents’ perceptions of functional correlates of sensory processing disorders (McIntosh, Miller, Shyu, & Dunn, 1999a). A total of 703 completed surveys were returned, which represents 39% of the kindergarten enrollment (n = 1,796) in the district for the 1999–2000 school year. Of the 703 children represented by the surveys, 96 children (13.7% of 703) met criteria for sensory processing disorders based upon parental perceptions. A more conservative prevalence estimate of children having sensory processing disorders based on parental perceptions was calculated by assuming that all non-respondents failed to meet screening criteria. This cautious estimate suggests that based on parents’ perceptions, 5.3% (96 of 1796) of the kindergarten enrollment met screening criteria for sensory processing disorders. These percentages are consistent with hypothesized estimates published in the literature. Findings suggest a need for rigorous epidemiological studies of sensory processing disorders.
The Effect of Seated Positioning Quality on Typical 6- and 7-Year-Old Children’s Object Manipulation Skills
Authors: Smith-Zuzovsky Natalie , Exner Charlotte E. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of optimal seated positioning in individually fitted furniture versus suboptimal seated positioning in standard classroom furniture on typical 6- and 7-year-old children’s object manipulation skills as measured by the In-hand Manipulation Test (IMT).
METHOD. An experimental research design was used to compare IMT performance of two groups of 20 children. One group was positioned in standard, too-large classroom furniture that did not support an optimal seated position, and one group was positioned optimally in furniture fitted to each child for tabletop activities, which allowed for hip flexion to 90°, and foot placement on the floor, and the table to be at flexed elbow height.
RESULTS. Independent groups’ t tests indicated that children who were optimally positioned performed significantly better (t = −2.77, df = 38, p &lt; .01) than children who were tested in the too-large standard classroom furniture. The difference between groups was greater on the more difficult object manipulation items (t = −3.29, df = 38, p = .001) than on the easier items (t = −1.38, df = 38, p = .08). Age and gender may have differentially affected the results.
CONCLUSION. The study’s results suggest that the fit of furniture relative to the child’s size may have a significant impact on a young, typical child’s object manipulation skills. Complex hand skills, such as those involving in-hand manipulation with stabilization, appear to be more affected by the quality of the child’s seated position than are simpler, more well-established skills. Findings suggest that test administrators should strive to test young children in the most optimal seated position possible, particularly when the test involves complex hand skills. Further study is needed to assess the impact of the fit of furniture on hand skills in children with disabilities and on children’s performance of other tasks.
Responses of Persons With Dementia To Challenges in Daily Activities: A Synthesis of Findings From Empirical Studies
Authors: Nygård Louise 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this study was to obtain a better understanding of strategies initiated and used in response to problems in performing daily occupations by persons with dementia in a mild to moderate stage.
METHODS. The results from seven in-depth, qualitative studies conducted by the author and coworkers describing such response strategies were analyzed and synthesized using aggregated analysis. Synthesized categories describing different types of response behavior were identified and the variations within them investigated.
RESULTS. In general, the strategies used by persons with mild to moderate dementia were intuitively employed and characterized as “common sense behavior.” The main goal of the strategies was understood as retaining a sense of control and mastery over everyday life matters. It is argued that the users implicitly or explicitly experienced a need to adapt; further exploration of how awareness of ability and disability in daily life occupation may be experienced and expressed in persons with dementia seems important.
CONCLUSION. Findings suggest that therapists and caregivers be open to detecting and supporting the response strategies used by persons with dementia as long as they appear to be useful from the perspective of the individual rather than strictly from an efficacy point of view.
Allocation of Rehabilitation Services: Who Gets a Home Evaluation
Authors: Neufeld Stewart , Lysack Cathy 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to (a) identify and describe the subpopulation of rehabilitation inpatients who receive specialized occupational therapy home evaluation services, and (b) examine these data for evidence of inequalities in access to services based on patient gender, race, age, and health insurance status.
METHOD. An archival review was conducted of all inpatient admissions (7,871) to a large urban rehabilitation hospital between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1998. We had complete data on 7,791 of these patients of whom 6,038 were eligible to receive a home evaluation. Patient demographic data and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) data were obtained in electronic form from the hospital information system.
RESULTS. Analysis showed that 12.4% (749/6038) of eligible inpatients received an in-home evaluation, and those who did were significantly more dependent (as measured by the FIM) than those who did not (p &lt; 0.0001). We found no evidence of inequalities in access to this specialized rehabilitation service on the basis of gender, race, age, and type of medical insurance after controlling for level of functional independence.
CONCLUSIONS. This study found no evidence of inequalities in the allocation of home evaluation services. However, it raises the larger question of how we determine whether inequalities exist. A proper assessment of inequalities in service provision requires that we know the principles by which these services should be allocated and have appropriate measures of the application of these principles. For programmatic and policy reasons, more research is needed to develop well-defined principles of resource allocation, and adequate measures of their impact so we can know whether resources and services are distributed in the way we intend.
Balassa-Samuelson and Wage, Price and Unemployment Dynamics in the Spanish Transition to EMU Membership
Authors: Juselius Katarina , Ordóñez Javier 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper provides an empirical investigation of the wage, price and unemployment dynamics that have taken place in Spain during the last two decades. The aim of this paper is to shed light on the impact of the European economic integration on Spanish labour market and the convergence to a European level of prosperity. We found that the Balassa-Samuelson effect, product market competition, and capital liberalization have been the main driving forces in this period. The adjustment dynamics show that Spanish inflation has adjusted in the long run to the European purchasing power parity level (as measured by the German price level) corrected for the Balassa-Samuelson effect. In the medium run this long-run convergence was achieved by two types of Phillips curve mechanisms; one where the inflation/unemployment trade-off was triggered off for different levels of the interest rate and real wage costs, another one where the trade-off was a function of the real exchange rate and the interest rate. Excess wages and/or increasing cost levels in the tradable sector led to higher unemployment rather than higher prices. Thus, much of the burden of adjustment was carried by unemployment in this period.
Turn right or turn left? Heuristic of adhering to the direction of destination
Authors: Yang Jisien , Schwaninger Adrian 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIt has been found that humans not only tend to avoid the middle routes and prefer the peripheral routes among multiple choices, but also rely on the ‘initial segment strategy’ to select the route. In this paper, we propose a new heuristic which humans apply during route selection: Participants prefer the route whose initial direction lies in the direction of their final destination, while avoiding the route whose initial direction does not. Four maps were designed. The pathways, on different maps, constituted a parallelogram, a rectangle and a square. Pedestrians were instructed to select a route from an origin to a destination on one of the maps. The results confirm the application of the newly proposed heuristic. Other possible factors, such as handedness, route angles and occurrence of turns were excluded. Moreover, the heuristics of deferring decision and relying on initial straightness are not supported. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antifouling Coatings: Recent Developments in the Design of Surfaces That Prevent Fouling by Proteins, Bacteria, and Marine Organisms
Authors: Banerjee Indrani , Pangule Ravindra C. , Kane Ravi S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe major strategies for designing surfaces that prevent fouling due to proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms are reviewed. Biofouling is of great concern in numerous applications ranging from biosensors to biomedical implants and devices, and from food packaging to industrial and marine equipment. The two major approaches to combat surface fouling are based on either preventing biofoulants from attaching or degrading them. One of the key strategies for imparting adhesion resistance involves the functionalization of surfaces with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or oligo(ethylene glycol). Several alternatives to PEG‐based coatings have also been designed over the past decade. While protein‐resistant coatings may also resist bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm formation, in order to overcome the fouling‐mediated risk of bacterial infection it is highly desirable to design coatings that are bactericidal. Traditional techniques involve the design of coatings that release biocidal agents, including antibiotics, quaternary ammonium salts (QAS), and silver, into the surrounding aqueous environment. However, the emergence of antibiotic‐ and silver‐resistant pathogenic strains has necessitated the development of alternative strategies. Therefore, other techniques based on the use of polycations, enzymes, nanomaterials, and photoactive agents are being investigated. With regard to marine antifouling coatings, restrictions on the use of biocide‐releasing coatings have made the generation of nontoxic antifouling surfaces more important. While considerable progress has been made in the design of antifouling coatings, ongoing research in this area should result in the development of even better antifouling materials in the future.
Multicomponent Synthesis of Peptide‐Sugar Conjugates Incorporating Hexafluorovaline
Authors: Bellucci Maria Cristina , Volonterio Alessandro 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe development of new methods for linking sugars to peptides or proteins is an active area of research because natural glycopeptides or neoglycoconjugates play important roles in biology and medicine and are indispensable tools for probing several biological processes. Herein we report a novel one‐pot, three‐component process for the synthesis of peptide‐urea conjugates incorporating a hexafluorovaline residue under very mild conditions and high yields using commercially available starting materials such as carbodiimides, α‐amino acid derivatives and 4,4,4‐trifluoro‐3‐trifluoromethylcrotonic acid. The reaction has been exploited for the synthesis of a library of structurally diverse peptide‐sugar conjugates incorporating hexafluorovaline through a four‐component, one‐pot sequential process by generating the carbodiimides in situ from easily accessible sugar containing azides and commercial available isocyanates through the Staudinger (aza‐Wittig) reaction.
Occupations and industries in France at high risk for pleural mesothelioma: A population‐based case–control study (1998–2002)
Authors: Rolland Patrick , Gramond Celine , Lacourt Aude , Astoul Philippe , Chamming's Soizick , Ducamp Stephane , Frenay Catherine , Galateau‐Salle Françoise , Ilg Anabelle Gilg Soit , Imbernon Ellen , Le Stang Nolwenn , Pairon Jean Claude , Goldberg Marcel , Brochard Patrick ,   for the PNSM Study Group
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackgroundOccupational exposure to asbestos, widely used in various industries for decades, is the most important risk factor for pleural mesothelioma. We report here the ranking of occupations and industries in France at high risk for this cancer among men and women.MethodsA population‐based case–control study, conducted from 1998 to 2002, included 462 cases (80.3% men) and 897 controls. Data were collected in face‐to‐face interviews with a standardized questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each occupation and industry; subjects never employed in each category were the reference.ResultsFor men, risks were high for several occupations and industries. Besides the expected high risks for non‐metallic mineral product makers and manufacturing asbestos products, occupations such as plumbers (OR = 5.57, 95% CI: 2.90–10.69), sheet‐metal workers, welders, metal molders, coremakers, and cabinetmakers were also at high risk. Elevated risks were found in the industries of shipbuilding (OR = 9.13, 95% CI: 5.20–16.06) and construction, but also in the manufacturing of metal products, chemicals, and railroad and aircraft equipment. The results for women showed increased but not significant risks in several occupational activities.ConclusionsThis report provides new insight into the epidemiology of mesothelioma, confirming risks for occupational activities reported earlier and pointing out risks in activities never previously reported. It offers guidance to authorities for the compensation of asbestos victims and for prevention in at‐risk activities still involving asbestos‐containing products. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:1207–1219, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.