bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrafast study of charge generation in silole:fluorene mixed film for color selective organic photoconductive device
Authors: Fukuda Takeshi , Kobayashi Ryohei , Honda Zentaro , Kamata Norihiko , Mori Keita , Suzuki Yuu , Hatano Ken , Furube Akihiro 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTransient absorption characteristics of blue‐sensitive organic thin films were investigated via a femtosecond pump‐probe technique to estimate carrier kinetics. The most important finding is that the long‐lived absorbance at 3440 nm increased with increasing the concentration of 1,1‐dimethyl‐2,5‐bis(N,N ‐dimethylaminophenyl)‐3,4‐diphenylsilole (NMe2‐silole). This fact indicates photo‐excited carriers were dislocated in the organic layer, and the doping of NMe2‐silole is considered to be useful method to improve photoconductive characteristics of organic devices (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gas phase photocatalytic decomposition of alcohols with titanium dioxide nanotube arrays in high vacuum
Authors: Hattori Masashi , Noda Kei , Kobayashi Kei , Matsushige Kazumi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHydrogen production based on gas‐phase photocatalysis was investigated for platinized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube arrays (TNAs) in high vacuum. In the presence of ethanol of 10–6 Torr, H2 generated from the ethanol photodecomposition was successfully detected at a real‐time scale for anodized TNAs. In addition, it was found that longer nanotube arrays with upright geometry are desirable for increasing the amount of the H2 production. A mechanism of gas phase photocatalytic reforming for the TNAs, considered in this work, suggests that the selective deposition of Pt cocatalyst particles on the aperture parts of the nanotube arrays is necessary for efficient H2 production. This consideration was confirmed by the experimental result of the comparison of different Pt deposition methods: RF sputtering and photodeposition. These findings obtained in this study will be useful for designing new hydrogen reformers in the future (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of GaSb and InSb quantum dots on GaAs (311)A by droplet epitaxy
Authors: Kawazu T. , Noda T. , Mano T. , Ohmori M. , Akiyama Y. , Sakaki H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe have studied the growth of GaSb quantum dots (QDs) on GaAs (311)A surfaces by droplet epitaxy. By atomic force microscopic studies, it was found that smaller and denser GaSb QDs are formed on GaAs (311)A than (100). We also tried to grow InSb QDs by droplet epitaxy. On a GaAs (100) substrate, a large ring‐like structure is formed instead of a QD structure. In contrast, InSb QDs were successfully grown on a GaAs (311)A substrate. Photoluminescence properties of these QDs were also investigated. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural studies of the codeposited i ‐layer of ZnPc:C60p ‐i ‐n solar cells
Authors: Iketaki Kai , Kaji Toshihiko , Nakao Satoru , Hiramoto Masahiro 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe nanostructure of the codeposited i ‐layer of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc):C60 p ‐i ‐n solar cells has been investigated, including the molecular orientation of ZnPc. The nanostructure of the i ‐layer was controlled by changing the substrate temperature during codeposition of ZnPc and C60. At a substrate temperature of 60 °C, a short‐circuit current density of 11.8 mA/cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 2.7% are obtained under AM 1.5 simulated solar illumination at 100 mW/cm2. X‐ray diffraction reveals that ZnPc molecules form a regular π‐stacked structure in the i ‐layer. The π‐stacking direction is perpendicular to the hole transport direction in the i ‐layer thickness range from 150 to 300 nm. Therefore, the nanostructure of the codeposited i ‐layer is not necessarily suitable for hole transport to the electrode. However, the π‐stacking direction becomes parallel to the hole transport direction with increasing i ‐layer thickness from 300 to 900 nm. Thus, it is important to change the π‐stacking direction from perpendicular to parallel to the hole transport direction to increase the power conversion efficiency. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
XPS study of nitridation mechanism of GaAs (001) surface by RF‐radical source
Authors: Naritsuka Shigeya , Mori Midori , Takeuchi Yoshitaka , Monno Yohei , Maruyama Takahiro 
Published: November 2010

AbstractNitridation mechanism of GaAs (001) surface is studied with systematically changing the nitridation temperature. Consequently, N1s spectrum is found useful to determine the degree of the nitridation. N1s spectrum consists of N‐Ga component and other component (denoted by component A). The N‐Ga component becomes a major component in the samples nitridated at high temperature especially without As supply. The thickness of nitridated layers was also estimated by the concentration of N atoms accumulated at the interface of GaAs/GaN/GaAs multilayers. It was changed from 1.3 to 6.6 ML with changing nitridation temperature from 346 to 571°C. The temperature dependence of the N‐Ga component coincides with the thickness of nitridated layers. This indicates that N atoms bonded with the Ga atoms during the nitridation stayed at the interface and formed a GaN thin layer by growing a GaAs capping layer on it. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interferometric detection of edge magnetoplasmons in AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures
Authors: Hashisaka Masayuki , Washio Kazuhisa , Kamata Hiroshi , Muraki Koji , Fujisawa Toshimasa 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe propose and demonstrate an interferometric detection scheme for edge magnetoplasmons (EMPs) propagating in two dimensional electron gas systems. Analogous to homodyne detection of electromagnetic wave in quantum optics, we apply reference microwaves to interfere with EMPs. Tuning the delay time, hence the phase, of the reference wave and analyzing the interference signal allow us to extract the amplitude and the phase of the original EMP at the detection point. The magnetic field dependence of the amplitude and the group velocity of EMPs are investigated by the detection scheme. This detection scheme is performed with a gate electrode as well as an Ohmic contact, which will be useful in evaluating spatial distribution of EMPs (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Propagation velocity of excitonic polaritons confined in GaAs thin films
Authors: Kojima Osamu , Watanabe Shingo , Kita Takashi , Wada Osamu , Isu Toshiro 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe report on the dependence of exciton‐polariton propagation on film thickness in GaAs thin films using a reflection‐type pump‐probe technique. The rise time of the transient signal under exciton excitation conditions increases with an increase in the film thickness. In order to reveal the origin of the change in signal rise time, we have compared the propagation velocities estimated from values of the signal rise time and effective film thickness with the calculated group velocity of the exciton‐polaritons in bulk GaAs crystals. The propagation velocities are almost consistent with the group velocity in the bulk crystals. Therefore, we conclude that the propagation of exciton‐polaritons in a confined system coincides with that in the bulk crystal (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Scintillation properties of transparent Lu3Al5O12 (LuAG) ceramics doped with different concentrations of Pr3+
Authors: Yanagida Takayuki , Fukabori Akihiro , Fujimoto Yutaka , Ikesue Akio , Kamada Kei , Kataoka Jun , Yokota Yuui , Yoshikawa Akira , Chani Valery 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTransparent ceramics of Pr‐doped (0.2 mol%, 0.6 mol%, 1 mol%, and 2 mol%) Lu3Al5O12 (LuAG) scintillators produced by the sintering method are discussed. These materials were cut to the specimens with physical dimensions of 5 × 5 × 2 mm3. Similar size specimens were also prepared from Czochralski grown Pr:LuAG single crystals to compare scintillation properties. Their transmittance and radio luminescence spectra were evaluated. All specimens were highly transparent in wavelength range above 300 nm, and intense Pr3+ 5d‐4f emission was detected around 310 and 370 nm under excitation with X‐ray. Under 137Cs γ‐ray is irradiation, 2 keV photo‐absorption peaks were also clearly observed in each sample. The Pr 0.6 mol% doped LuAG ceramics demonstrated highest light yield achievable among the ceramics, and it was half of that observed in the single crystals. Under pulse X‐ray excitation, the decay time constants became faster when Pr concentration increased, and. the fastest decay (∼5.7 ns time constant) was noticed in the 2 mol% doped ceramic. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quasiparticle band structure and optical properties of NH3BH3
Authors: Bheema Lingam Ch. , Ramesh Babu K. , Tewari Surya P. , Vaitheeswaran G. , Lebègue S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe quasiparticle band structure of the low temperature orthorhombic phase of NH3BH3 is studied by using the GW approximation. It is found that NH3BH3 is an insulator with a value of the band gap of 5.90 eV with GGA and of 9.60 eV with the GW approximation. Then, the optical properties of NH3BH3 are obtained by the calculation of the dielectric function, corrected by a scissor shift operation corresponding to the GW correction on the band gap. Also, the optical anisotropy in NH3BH3 is analyzed through the refractive index and static dielectric constants along the different crystallographic directions. Finally, it is found that the energy loss function has a prominent peak at 22.26 eV; at these frequencies (above 22.26 eV) NH3BH3 becomes transparent. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln, Bemessungsregeln für den Hochbau – Erläuterungen zur Struktur und Anwendung von DIN EN 1993‐1‐1
Authors: Kuhlmann Ulrike , Froschmeier Bernadette , Euler Mathias 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDer Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Bemessung von Stahlbauwerken nach neuer EN 1993‐1‐1. Durch die Gegenüberstellung der alten Bemessungsregeln nach DIN 18800 und der neuen nach EN 1993‐1‐1 soll vor allem auf die Gemeinsamkeiten beider Normenwerke hingewiesen werden. An verschiedenen Stellen werden detaillierte Hinweise zum Hintergrund einzelner Festlegungen gegeben, um das Verständnis zu erleichtern und Sicherheit in deren Anwendung zu gewährleisten. Gegenstand dieses Beitrages sind die Grundlagen der Bemessung nach EN 1993‐1‐1, die Wahl der Imperfektionen und Berechnungsverfahren für die Tragwerksberechnung, die Bestimmung der Querschnittsklasse und die Querschnittsbemessung (ohne Stabilitätsgefahr). Der Beitrag ist Teil einer Beitragsserie in diesem Stahlbau‐Heft zur EN 1993.General rules and rules for building – explanations on structure and application of DIN EN 1993‐1‐1. This article gives an overview of the design of steel structures according to EN 1993‐1‐1. By comparison of DIN 18800 and EN 1993‐1‐1 common design rules are pointed out. For a better understanding and the safety of application detailed remarks on the background are given for particular rules. This article covers the basics of design according to EN 1993‐1‐1, the choice of imperfections and methods of global analysis, the classification of cross sections and the cross sectional verification (without stability matters). It is part of a series of articles in this issue dealing with EN 1993.
Note on optimizing environmental enrichment: a study of fennec fox and zoo guests
Authors: Watters Jason V. , Miller Jessica T. , Sullivan Timothy J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEnvironmental enrichment is widely used to stimulate animal time budgets that seem more natural and diverse than those of unenriched animals. Uncertainty of reward is a suggested means to maintain enrichment's efficacy. Foraging tasks are widely applied in zoo animal enrichment, yet few rely on the logic of optimal foraging theory to help maintain animal motivation. We applied a foraging strategy to zoo housed fennec foxes as enrichment. We varied only the probability of when and where food would occur in the animals' exhibit. Our methods increased behavioral diversity, animal activity, and stimulated guest interest in the exhibit. Zoo Biol 30:647–654, 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modular Training in Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery Maximizes Training Opportunities without Clinical Compromise
Authors: Hemandas Anil , Flashman Karen G. , Farrow Jill , O’Leary Daniel P. , Parvaiz Amjad 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackgroundLaparoscopic surgery is increasingly proposed as the gold standard technique for colorectal resections and is offered to greater numbers of patients. To meet the rising service demands, more trainees and established consultants need to learn the technique. We sought to establish whether it is feasible and safe to train on a large proportion of patients without adversely affecting clinical outcome or smooth running of clinical service.MethodsBetween September 2006 and July 2008, four senior trainees of the Wessex Specialist Registrar training rotation were involved in training in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Major colorectal resections were separated into clearly defined modules for training purposes. Right and left hemicolectomies each comprised two modules, and low anterior resection comprised three modules. Prospective data on consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery were collected. Data included type of surgery, module of procedure performed by trainee or trainer, body mass index (BMI), conversion rates, median operative time, complications, length of hospital stay, and mortality.ResultsDuring the study period 227 colorectal resections were attempted laparoscopically. Of these, 216 (96%) proved suitable for training and 97% were completed laparoscopically. Some 23% of patients were American Society of Anesthesiologists score (ASA) ≥3; 35% had a BMI ≥28; 38% had a history of previous laparotomy. Trainees performed 96% (142/148) of right hemicolectomy modules, 99% (154/156) of left hemicolectomy modules, and 67% (128/192) of rectal resection modules. Each trainee was competent to do right and left hemicolectomy at the end of the training period. Four patients (2%) required further surgery for postoperative complications. Of the procedures completed by the trainees, 155/171 (91%) cancer resections were potentially surgically curative, and R0 resections were achieved in 99%. The readmission rate was 10% (22/216) and median length of hospital stay was 4 days. Postoperative mortality was zero.ConclusionsUsing a modular approach it is possible to provide effective training during almost all laparoscopic colorectal resections while achieving good clinical outcomes for the patients.
Laparoscopic Antireflux Surgery in Patients with Throat Symptoms: A Word of Caution
Authors: Ratnasingam Dharmendran , Irvine Tanya , Thompson Sarah K. , Watson David I. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackgroundA subset of patients undergoing laparoscopic fundoplication presents with atypical throat symptoms, and the benefit of surgery in these patients is debated. These patients can present with throat symptoms alone or in combination with typical reflux symptoms. We evaluated the clinical outcome in these patients and compared their outcomes with a larger group of patients who did not have throat symptoms before fundoplication.MethodsOutcome data for 893 consecutive patients who underwent a laparoscopic fundoplication from January 2002 to June 2008 were collected prospectively and managed on a database. Ninety‐three patients with atypical throat symptoms were identified, and divided into subgroups with (n = 66) and without (n = 27) typical reflux symptoms (heartburn and/or regurgitation), and outcomes were compared with patients (n = 800) who didn’t have throat symptoms. Symptoms were assessed with analog symptom scores for heartburn and dysphagia, as well as satisfaction with the surgical outcome. Case records for patients with throat symptoms were also reviewed to obtain more detail about specific throat symptoms and their resolution.ResultsCough was the commonest atypical symptom, followed by sore throat. Heartburn scores improved following surgery in all patient groups. Dysphagia was more common 3 months after surgery in patients without throat symptoms, although there were no differences for dysphagia at later follow‐up. Following surgery satisfaction scores were highest in patients with atypical throat symptoms who also had typical reflux symptoms, and the scores were lowest in patients who only had atypical throat symptoms. Nearly twice as many patients who had throat and reflux symptoms reported improvement or resolution of symptoms, compared to patients who only had throat symptoms.ConclusionsFundoplication achieves a good outcome in patients with atypical throat symptoms who also report typical symptoms of reflux. However, surgeons should be cautious about operating on the subgroup of patients with objective evidence of gastroesophageal reflux who describe throat symptoms but do not report heartburn or regurgitation. In this subgroup, expectations of a good outcome should be minimized.
Chemical Compositions of Oils from Several Wild Almond Species
Authors: Moayedi Ali , Rezaei Karamatollah , Moini Sohrab , Keshavarz Behnam 
Published: November 2010

AbstractChemical compositions of oils extracted from three wild almond species [Amygdalus scoparia from Beyza, Iran (AZ); A. scoparia from Borazjan, Iran (AJ), and A. hausknechtii from the Firuzabad region, (AH)] and a domestic species, A. dulcis from Estahban, Iran (AD), as a reference, were investigated. Total oil content ranged from 44.4% in AJ to 51.4% in AD. Saponification numbers were in the range of 173.5 (for AJ) to 192.9 for AD. Oxidative stability, total phenolic contents and total wax contents were found to be within the ranges 11.7–14.0 h, 33.9–43.2 and 2.05–2.53%, respectively. The main monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) was oleic acid ranging from 66.7% for AH to 69.7% for AZ. The only polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was linoleic acid ranging from 18.2% for AZ to 23.0% for AD. The major saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid. MUFA contents and MUFA to PUFA ratio in the oils from wild almond species as well as those in the domestic one were found at higher levels than those in the common vegetable oils such as soybean, various nut oils, and also those from the seeds of pomegranate, grape, date and sesame. Oils from wild almond species investigated here are rich in oleic acid and can be considered as potential vegetable oils in the human diet.
Free tools and resources for Brazilian Portuguese speech recognition
Authors: Neto Nelson , Patrick Carlos , Klautau Aldebaro , Trancoso Isabel 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
An automatic speech recognition system has modules that depend on the language and, while there are many public resources for some languages (e.g., English and Japanese), the resources for Brazilian Portuguese (BP) are still limited. This work describes the development of resources and free tools for BP speech recognition, consisting of text and audio corpora, phonetic dictionary, grapheme-to-phone converter, language and acoustic models. All of them are publicly available and, together with a proposed application programming interface, have been used for the development of several new applications, including a speech module for the OpenOffice suite. Performance tests are presented, comparing the developed BP system with a commercial software. The paper also describes an application that uses synthesis and speech recognition together with a natural language processing module dedicated to statistical machine translation. This application allows the translation of spoken conversations from BP to English and vice versa. The resources make easier the adoption of BP speech technologies by other academic groups and industry.
THE LIMITS OF POSSIBILITY IN ENGLAND'S LONG REFORMATION
Authors: BATES LUCY 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTInterpretations that solely emphasize either continuity or controversy are found wanting. Historians still question how the English became Protestant, what sort of Protestants they were, and why a civil war dominated by religion occurred over a hundred years after the initial Reformation crisis. They utilize many approaches: from above and below, and with fresh perspectives, from within and without. Yet the precise nature of the relationship of the Reformation, the civil war, the interregnum and the Restoration settlement remains controversial. This review of recent Reformation historiography largely validates the current consensus of a balance of continuity and change, pressure for further reform and begrudging conformity. Yet ultimately it argues that continuity must form the foundation for any interpretation of the Reformation, for controversial or dramatic alterations to the status quo only made sense to contemporaries in the context of what had come before. Challenging ideas, like challenging individuals, did not exist in a vacuum devoid of historical context. The practical limits of possibility, constrained largely by the established norms and procedures, shaped the course of English Reformation. As such, practicality seems a unifying and central theme for current and future investigations of England's long Reformation.
NEWSPAPERS, POLITICS, AND ELECTIONS IN COLOMBIA, 1830–1930
Authors: POSADA-CARBÓ EDUARDO 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThis article examines the major role that newspapers played in Colombia, as central components of its political system, between 1830 and 1930. After some introductory remarks, the first section offers a general characterization of the Colombian press during the period, underlining its volatile existence, its national significance despite limited readership levels, and its overwhelming political nature in the hands of partisan editors. The second section analyses the political role of the press, by focusing on the crucial electoral functions performed by newspapers in launching candidates and providing them with platforms, serving as party organs, and measuring the amount of public support for candidates and parties. The article also explores the extent to which the press played a wider democratic role in supporting the suffrage, in instructing voters about rights and duties, and, by doing so, in forming an enduring sense of citizenship.
Popular perceptions of Galileo
Authors: Sobel Dava 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAmong the most persistent popular misperceptions of Galileo is the image of an irreligious scientist who opposed the Catholic Church and was therefore convicted of heresy–was even excommunicated, according to some accounts, and denied Christian burial. In fact, Galileo considered himself a good Catholic. He accepted the Bible as the true word of God on matters pertaining to salvation, but insisted Scripture did not teach astronomy. Emboldened by his discovery of the Medicean Moons, he took a stand on Biblical exegesis that has since become the official Church position.
The slow growth of humility
Authors: Owen Tobias , Bolton Scott 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGalileo's stunning discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter forced the over throw of the Earth-centered cosmology that had dominated astronomy for centuries. Such a fundamental transformation of the Western World's view of its importance in the cosmos could be expected to produce some humility in society. However, the deep desire for our uniqueness continues to struggle with the astronomical evidence.
Atmospheric moons Galileo would have loved
Authors: Atreya Sushil K. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn the spirit of the symposium and the theme of the session of this presentation, “Our solar system after Galileo, the grand vision,” I review briefly a relatively recently discovered phenomenon in the solar system – existence of atmospheres on certain moons, including Io, one of the four moons Galileo discovered four centuries ago. The origin of such atmospheres is discussed, and comparisons are made between various gassy moons.