bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Chromatographic Approach to the Leaching of Fertilizer Salts in Soils
Authors: Thomas G. W. , Coleman N. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe chromatographic theory of J. E. Walter was employed in the prediction of K distribution in four North Carolina surface soils representing extremes in texture and cation‐exchange characteristics. The soils were made homoionic with respect to Ca, Al, or Na and packed in glass columns. A small volume of KCl solution was applied, then leached with water. K within the column was determined at 1‐inch intervals and compared with the distribution predicted by the chromatographic equation.In the cases of K‐Ca and K‐Al exchange an adaptation of the Gapon equilibrium constant combined with the Walter equation gave relatively good agreement with experimentally determined K distributions. K‐Na exchange did not behave as predicted unless the amount of K added was large in comparison to the amount of Na in the column.Cation‐exchange capacity was an additional factor which influenced the retention of K by soils. Calcium soils adsorbed more K than did Al soils but this was confounded with an increase in “effective” exchange capacity with Casaturation. In general, the K distribution was described quite reasonably by the equation, but K retention at the top of the columns was consistently lower than predicted by theory.
Characteristics and Genesis of Low Humic Latosols
Authors: Sherman G. Donald , Alexander L. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe soils belonging to the great soil group of Low Humic Latosols have developed on basic crystalline rock materials in a semiarid to subhumid climate of subtropical and tropical regions having a pronounced dry period. The soil profiles of this group are characterized by the development of a weak A1 horizon in a solum which is predominantly kaolin clay. The solum is uniform in its chemical and mineral composition. The kaolin group make up > 50% of the clay fraction, together with iron oxides and with small amounts of gibbsite.The silica/sesquioxide ratios of the clay fractions of the soils of the Low Humic Latosol group range from 1.1 to 1.7, with the majority of soils falling within the range of 1.30 to 1.55. The silica/alumina ratios range between 1.7 to 2.3, with an average of approximately 2.0.The physical properties of the soils of the Low Humic Latosol group are clays which have the physical properties characteristic of silty clay loams due to their high content of kaolin and iron oxide.
A Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Selected Brunizem, Reddish Prairie, Grumusol, and Planosol Soils Developed in Pre‐Pleistocene Materials
Authors: Jarvis N. L. , Ellis Roscoe , Bidwell O. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made of the role parent materials have played in determining the physical and chemical properties of four soil series of southeastern Kansas. The soils of this region are dominantly Brunizems; but Planosols, Grumusols, and Reddish Prairie soils also occur. These soils have developed in residuum and colluvium of sandstone, limestone, and shales. The soil series studied were the Taloka, Newtonia, Bates, and Summit—each sampled and studied in duplicate. The physical and chemical properties investigated were clay mineral composition, exchange capacity, total exchangeable cations, pH, percent organic matter, and particle size analysis.Qualitative and semiquantitative estimations were made of the minerals occurring in the clay fractions of the soils and underlying parent materials. The predominant clay mineral in the Taloka, Newtonia, and Bates soils is montmorillonitic, whereas interstratified illitic and montmorillonitic clays are predominant in the Summit soils. Smaller amounts of quartz, illitic, kaolinitic, and vermiculite minerals are present in many of the clay fractions of the soils. The clay mineral contents of the developed soil profiles and their underlying parent materials were compared to determine the extent to which the clay minerals in the soil have been altered by weathering.
Calcium Phosphate Fertilizers: IV. The Relation Between Solubility in Soils and Availability Coefficients of Dicalcium and Fused Tricalcium Phosphates
Authors: Bouldin D. R. , Sample E. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe availability coefficient indexes per unit of P of 2 granule sizes of fused tricalcium phosphate (FTP), anhydrous dicalcium phosphate (DCPA), and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) were measured with 3 soils in greenhouse experiments. Availability coefficient indexes increased as granule size was reduced. Per unit of geometric surface area, availability coefficient indexes increased in the order FTP < DCPA < DCPD for all 3 soils.The composition of solutions after 2 weeks' reaction between 1 g. soil and 1 g. of phosphate in 40 ml. of water was measured. The product of the concentration of P in these solutions and geometric surface area of the respective fertilizers explained 86% of the variation in availability coefficient indexes of the 6 fertilizers in the 3 soils.
Aluminum in Soils: III. A Comparison of Extraction Methods in Soils and Clays
Authors: McLean E. O. , Heddleson M. R. , Post G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of eight Ohio soils initially representing a wide range of extractable Al were moist‐equilibrated for 3 months with increasing increments of both H2SO4 and Ca(OH)2. Al was then extracted, using five salt solutions. Previously dialyzed bentonite, Putnam, and illite clays were extracted of their accumulated (and added) Al by direct treatment with salt solutions and by removal with cation‐exchange resin (Dowex 50‐8X, 20 mesh).With low soil pH, NaCl, BaCl2, and NH4OAc at pH 4.8, all extracted comparable amounts of Al from the initialy more acid soils. However, soils less highly weathered initaly but made acid with H2SO4, released more Al to BaCl2 than NH4OAc at pH 4.8. With soil pH values above 5, more Al was removed by NH4OAc at pH 4.8 than either NaCl or BaCl2. Relatively little Al was obtained by extracting with either NH4OAc at pH 7.0 or triethanolamine + BaCl2 (Mehlich) solution regardless of soil pH. On the basis of extractability and solubility of Al and the possible effects on clay crystal stability, NH4OAc at pH 4.8 appeared to be superior as an extractant to the unbuffered neutral salts and to those buffered at pH 7.0 or above.The extractable Al appeared to be largely exchangeable, since the amounts removed did not exceed the CEC of the soils whether 0.4 to 1.2 symmetry (S) concentration of H2SO4 was added, or 13 to 28 S of AlCl3 were equilibrated with the soils.NH4OAc at pH 4.8, NaCl, and BaCl2 all extracted comparable amounts of Al from the acid clays and the resin after contact with the clays. In clays without Al added, more Al was extracted from Putnam with salt solutions than from the other clays; but less was extracted from it with resin. In contrast, much more Al was removed with resin from illite than from the other clays, and much more than with salts. The contents of extractable Al in bentonite and Putnam clays prepared from H‐resin and Ca‐resin increased with time but continued essentially equal in value, whether it was an H‐ or Ca‐clay.The relative amounts of Al obtained from the resin by the various extractants depended upon the clay with which it had been equilibrated. Symmetry values for various cations showed the relative bonding of the cations by the resin was Al > Ca ≥ Ba > K > Na ≥ NH4 > H.
Characterization and Genetic Study of a Dennis and a Parsons Soil
Authors: Fanning Carl D. , Gray Fenton 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Dennis series is comprised of deep, well‐drained Prairie soils developed in slightly acid to neutral, silty, and clayey shales of the Pennsylvanian Age. Dennis develops in materials of intermediate texture on gently sloping, erosional uplands, whereas Parsons, a Prairie Planosol, develops in more clayey beds on gentle slopes and flats. They occur naturally associated and extensively in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri.A modal profile of each series was sampled in detail. Morphological, chemical, physical, and clay mineralogical studies were made on each subhorizon. The clay was separated into two fractions: 2 to 0.1µ (coarse clay) and < 0.1µ (fine clay). Analyses were made for ethylene glycol retention, nonexchangeable K, cation exchange capacity, differential thermal, and X‐ray diffraction. Computations were made for clay mineral composition.Results show several times as much fine clay as coarse clay. In the Dennis the maximum clay accumulation occurs from 26 to 31 inches and in the Parsons from 22 to 28 inches. In the Dennis, coarse clay gradually decreases with horizonation and weathering, whereas in Parsons, it accumulates. Montmorillonitic‐type minerals dominate the fine clays of both profiles while kaolinitic and illitic types are dominant in the coarse clays.
The Effect of Oxygen Diffusion Rate and Applied Fertilizer on the Growth, Yield, and Chemical Composition of Peas
Authors: Cline R. A. , Erickson A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe growth and nutrient uptake of pea plants were studied over a range of rates of oxygen supply and fertilizer levels. Oxygen diffusion rates, which varied from very low to those adequate for plant growth, as determined by platinum electrode techniques, were obtained by varying the depth of water table.Three fertilizer rates were used to determine the extent to which fertilization might alleviate low oxygen supply. Nutrient uptake was measured by chemical analysis of roots and tops of the plants.At very low oxygen diffusion rates, fertilizer had little effect on growth. Increasing the rate of O2 diffusion from 15 × 10‐8 g. cm.‐2 min.‐1 to 72 × 10‐8 g. cm.‐2 min.‐1 increased growth and nutrient uptake. High and medium fertilizer rates partially but not completely reduced the effects of low oxygen supply.
Inhibition of Root Growth and Cation Uptake by Antibiotics
Authors: Norman A. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMicrobial products of an antibiotic nature produced in the rhizosphere may affect root growth and development. Twenty newer antibiotics have been tested to determine their activity in repressing elongation of roots of cucumber and growth of barley roots as measured by weight changes. Potency in repressing root elongation was found in most; 7 caused 50% repression at concentrations < 10 µg. per ml. Effects on conversion of barley seed endosperm to roots were demonstrated at similar but not identical concentrations. Effects on cation accumulation by excised 5‐day‐old barley roots were studied using various antibiotic concentrations in 10‐3M K2SO4. In no case was uptake found to be more sensitive than growth, and, with 4 of the 5 antibiotics studied, significant repression of uptake was observed only at concentrations many fold greater than those repressing growth.
A Method for Measuring Short‐Term Nutrient Absorption by Plants: III. Nitrogen
Authors: DeMent J. D. , Stanford George , Hunt C. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRoots of intact, N‐deficient oat plants proliferated rapidly in contact with both N‐fertilized and unfertilized soils, and recovery in top growth of 10 to 40 mg. of N applied as (NH4)2SO4 ranged from 67 to 38.5% after 7 days. Recovery by whole plants (tops + roots) ranged from 93 to 62%. During the same period, uptake from ureaform was about one‐third that of the soluble sources.No differences in uptake from NaNO3, (NH4)2SO4, and urea in 7 days were found. Since selective absorption of NO3‐ and NH4+ ions by oat plants was not apparent under the experimental conditions, this crop is regarded as a suitable one for evaluating relative potential availability of N sources and factors influencing N uptake by the short‐term method.N uptake from fertilizer with time described a sigmoid curve. The moisture equivalent was approximately the soil moisture level at which maximum N uptake occurred from Hartsells fine sandy loam and Webster silty clay loam. A highly significant linear correlation (r = 0.98) was found between N content of whole plant and tops based on combined analysis of data obtained with 2 soils, 3 N sources, 3 uptake periods, and 4 levels of N.
Distribution and Characteristics of Loessial Soil Parent Material in Northwestern Oregon
Authors: Theisen Arthur A. , Knox Ellis G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField study, mechanical analysis, and X‐ray diffraction analysis (of fine silt) were used to identify as loess a silty deposit bordering the Columbia River near Portland, Oregon. The loess material is 65 to 75% silt and pale brown. It commonly overlies reddish brown clay derived from Columbia River basalt. Quartz and feldspars were found in fine silt of the loess. Only quartz was positively identified in fine silt of the underlying material from basalt. Thinning with distance from the Columbia River and also from a point north of Portland indicates that the loess source was a former Columbia River floodplain, particularly the wide area north of Portland. Vertical discontinuities in particle size distribution and mineralogy, not coinciding with genetic horizons, suggested the existence of more than one period of loess deposition.
Some Tests of the Similar Media Concept of Capillary Flow: II. Flow Systems Data
Authors: Wilkinson G. E. , Klute A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrevious work by the authors showed that a set of five sand fractions prepared by dry‐sieving and ranging in size from 104 to 250µ were essentially similar media on the basis of total porosity, moisture characteristic and capillary conductivity data. In the present work these same sand fractions were used in three kinds of flow systems. One was a system for drainage of an initially saturated column of the medium with a water table at the bottom. The drainage rate was measured. Another was a combined vertical infiltration and “field capacity” case in which water was allowed to penetrate the initially dry material to a scaled depth and then the supply of water was removed. Measurements of the rate of advance of the wetting front and moisture tension at a scaled position in the column were made. The third flow system involved drainage of a saturated column, followed by infiltration of a scaled amount of water and redistribution of the water in the column. The data from this sequence involved the hysteresis behavior of the porous media. Outflow and tension data from the three flow systems show that the similar media theory is valid.
Hydrogen and Calcium Ion Ratios in Dilute Equilibrium Solutions as Related to Cation Saturation
Authors: Webster G. R. , Harward M. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil samples were collected from field experiments so as to obtain a range in (Ca + Mg) saturation and pH for each soil type. The effects of equilibrating media were studied by comparing water and 0.01M CaCl2, each at 0.0003 and 0.0108 atm. partial pressure of CO2. Linear relationships were found for pH − ½ p(Ca + Mg) in the equilibrium solution vs. (Ca + Mg) saturation of the samples. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.84 to 0.94 and were higher in every case than for pH of suspension vs. (Ca + Mg) saturation. The highest correlation was obtained with samples equilibrated in H2O and at the higher partial pressure of CO2. It was also noted that some soils equilibrated in water at the higher level of CO2 released Ca and Mg to solution more readily than other soils at the same degree of cation saturation. The fact that samples equilibrated in H2O revealed differences between soils in amounts of Ca + Mg released, whereas, samples equilibrated in CaCl2 solutions did not, was regarded as an important advantage for studying ion ratios in H2O solutions. Grouping of soils on the basis of their clay mineral content did not materially improve the correlations. The clay minerals in the soils studied were fairly similar, mostly vermiculite, kaolinite and chlorite, probably in differing amounts.
Forms of Phosphorus and Fixation in Soils
Authors: Cho Chai Moo , Caldwell A. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA determination of the main forms of P, P fixation, and a comparison of several methods of determining available P were made on several Minnesota soils.Inorganic and organic forms of P were characterized and the inorganic fraction was further subdivided into aluminum phosphate, iron phosphate and calcium phosphate. Fractionation data of the inorganic P showed that iron and aluminum phosphates were abundant in acid soils while calcium phosphate was abundant in alkaline soils. In soils having a pH near 7, all three forms of inorganic phosphorus were about equally distributed, though slightly more iron and aluminum than calcium phosphate was present. Organic P agreed, in general, with the content of soil organic matter, but some deviation was noted.The capacity of the soils to “fix” P from added KH2PO4 was observed. It was found that the P‐fixing capacity of soils increased with departure from a pH near neutrality.Bray No. 1 and 2, NaHCO3, citric acid, Morgan's, and water‐solubility methods of determining available P were compared. Available P in the soils varied greatly depending upon the extraction procedure used. Generally the amounts of available P as determined by methods employing strong acids were higher than those using weak acids. Correlation analysis was carried out on forms of P and the amount of P as determined by the various quick methods.
Aluminum in Soils: IV. The Role of Aluminum in Soil Acidity
Authors: Heddleson M. R. , McLean E. O. , Holowaychuk N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of soils representing a wide range of pH and extractable Al were treated with increments of acid and base and incubated for 3 months. The extractable Al and exchange acidity were measured. Samples were also treated with increments of AlCl3 and measurements of extractable Al and exchange acidity again made. Various resin titrations were made in order to compare the reaction of TEA with both Al and H, and to observe the acid properties of Al ions.An increase in both extractable Al and exchange acidity was found following treatment of soils with acid. The increase was much greater in mildly acid soils than in highly acid samples. The increase in extractable Al and exchange acidity was generally of the same order of magnitude. Acid, strongly weathered soils were found to adsorb much less Al than did neutral, less weathered soils treated with increments of AlCl3. Apparently Al was near equilibrium in acid soils but not in mildly acid or neutral samples.Al resin was shown to titrate similar to a weak acid while H resin titration more nearly resembled a strong acid. Titration of Al resin with KOH in absolute alcohol indicated that hydrolysis was necessary for Al to exhibit acid properties. Results show that soil acidity is composed of both H and Al and that measurement of acidity by TEA measures at least part of the Al.
Characterization of Exchange Reactions of Strontium or Calcium on Four Clays
Authors: Heald Walter R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo a series of calcium or strontium saturated clays suspended in 50 symmetry concentrations of the saturating ion, variable amounts of Sr85Cl2 or Ca45Cl2 were added. From the radiochemical analysis of the clay at equilibrium, the amount of exchange was determined.Plotting the data as [Cation‐Clay]/[Cation‐Solution] vs. [Cation‐Clay] yielded a curved line composed of at least two adsorption isotherms. This is interpreted to mean two independent sites of adsorption or that two mass action equations are necessary to describe the system.Following the cation desorbed by tracer technique resulted in almost identical curves as when the adsorbing cation was followed. This evidence showed that no precipitation or reaction other than the one described took place. Also, the sites were shown to be independent by introducing a third cation such as barium. Barium ions at an appropriate concentration prevented the adsorption of the cation being studied on the “tight site” but had no effect on the adsorption of the cation on “loose site.”The two sites were separated graphically and labeled “tight” and “loose” sites according to the bonding energies for the cation being studied. An apparent equailibrium constant was calculated from the slope of the “loose site.” The slope of the “tight site” could not be determined accurately enough to calculate an equilibrium constant, being less than 1% of the exchange capacity. Strontium is adsorbed more tightly than calcium on either site, but the difference becomes less as the exchange capacity of the clay decreases.It was necessary to define the data in terms of two mass action equations if the exchange reaction is to be stoichiometric at either site. Using one equation to compare the adsorption of Sr and Ca resulted in considerable hysteresis, largely due to the influence that the sites have on each other.
Influence of Long‐Time Fertility Management Practices on Chemical and Physical Properties of a Fargo Clay
Authors: Young R. A. , Zubriski J. C. , Norum E. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory phases of a study to evaluate the effectiveness of various long‐time management practices in maintaining fertility of Fargo clay are reported. Soil samples which had been taken at the beginning of the trial in 1913 and those taken in 1952 and 1953 were used for chemical analyses. Physical measurements were made on samples taken from 1954 to 1956. Analyses included total N, organic C, pH, cation‐exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, extractable and organic P, nitrification capacity, aggregation and aggregate stability by wet‐sieving, porosity, density, and hydraulic conductivity. Soil organic C and N declined 27% in check plots and 20% in residue or manure plots. Phosphorus‐treated plots suffered slightly greater loss than similar plots without P. Lime had no effect. C/N ratio did not change. Nitrification capacity correlated with total N content. Extractable P declined appreciably in check plots, less in residue and manure plots, and increased in P‐treated plots. Organic P losses were similar to those of organic carbon. In all plots, CEC declined slightly. pH increased slightly in nonlimed plots and moderately in limed plots. Physical measurements did not reveal any important differences in structural properties of Fargo clay that could be related to past management practices.
Worm‐Worked Soils of Eastern South Dakota, Their Morphology and Classification
Authors: Buntley G. J. , Papendick R. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil survey field mapping of Brookings County, South Dakota, showed extensive areas of soils with nearly complete destruction of zonal profile horizonation as the result of mixing by intensive worm‐working. These worm‐worked profiles have moderately thick, black, recognizable A1 horizons, grading through completely mixed horizons of B2 with A1, A1 with B2, B3ca with B2, B2 with B3ca, or other combinations of horizons, before grading into the comparatively unmixed parent material. Laboratory analyses were made on some of these profiles in conjunction with the survey and with this study. Field studies were later extended, through the use of transects, to the surrounding areas of South Dakota. From these transect studies the area of occurrence of these soils was delineated. Worm‐worked soils were found in Wisconsin tills ranging from Iowan through Mankato in age and also in Wisconsin loess mantling the Iowan and Tazewell tills. These profiles resemble in some characteristics the “thick” or “fat” Chernozem of Europe. The name “Vermisol” is suggested to represent a more specific group classification for grassland soils displaying the unique profile characteristics associated with intensive worm‐working.