bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Anthropology of the Malay Peasantry: Critical Reflections on Colonial and Indigenous Scholarship
Authors: Ibrahim Zawawi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThere has been a continuous anthropological interest in the Malay peasantry for the past 70 years. This has resulted in a rich theoretical and empirical literature. This article offers a critical genealogical account of knowledge production spanning some four generations of anthropologists. The first two generations were dominated by Western anthropologists — notably Raymond Firth and Michael Swift — working in the context of late colonialism. The latter two generations were represented by indigenous scholars who consciously dealt with the intellectual legacies of the past while, at the same time, opening up new research vistas. Using a close reading of some of the key anthropological texts produced on the Malay peasantry, as well as an analysis of the institutionalisation of professional anthropology in Malaysia, the article discusses the tensions of inter-generational continuities and ruptures. While acknowledging the enormous debt that many indigenous scholars clearly owed to their Western mentors it is argued that there emerged a qualitative break with the past during the late 1970s and 1980s. This saw indigenous anthropologists grappling with post-peasantry studies and opening up new fields of inquiry to do with larger issues of agrarian change, capitalist modernity, ideational formation and contemporary politics.
A Question of Honour: Why the Taliban Fight and What to Do About It
Authors: Atran Scott 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAfghanistan is not like Iraq. What may work well in Iraq, or elsewhere, may not be a wise policy in Afghanistan. The original alliance between the Taliban and Al-Qaeda was largely one of convenience between a poverty-stricken national movement and a transnational cause that brought material help. Unlike Al-Qaeda, the Taliban are interested in their homeland, not ours. The Taliban know how costly keeping Qaeda can be. Even if the Taliban took control of Afghanistan it is not clear that Al-Qaeda would be welcome again. Afghanistan and the tribal areas of Pakistan must be dealt with on their own terms. There’s a good chance that enough of the factions in the Taliban coalition would decide for themselves to disinvite their troublesome guest if we contained them by maintaining pressure without trying to subdue them or hold their territory, intervening only when we see movement to help Al-Qaeda or act beyond the region. We’re winning against Al-Qaeda and its kin in places where anti-terrorism efforts are local and built on an understanding that the ties binding terrorist networks today are more cultural and familial than political or ideological.
A twelfth century Scottish treatise : the ordo 'Ulpianus de edendo'
Authors: Gouron André 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe treatise on procedure Ulpianus de edendo was written between 1168 and 1185. Its author was a Scottish churchman who also made the formulary, given by the ms. London, Brit. Libr., Harley 2355, for a lawyer in a case of a pars ecclesiae. The work borrows from Placentinus' Summa Codicis, but not by purely mechanical ways. Its style is clear, always logical, and often axiomatic, far from Bolognese traditions. The glosses, as furnished by several manuscripts, support the hypothesis of influences of the Ulpianus among English writings, maybe from the Lincoln school.
Stephanus on the condictio de bene depensis (ο απο καλο&upsi; &delta;απα&nu;&eta;&mu;α&tau;ο&sigmav; κο&nu;&delta;&iota;κ&tau;&iota;κ&iota;ο&sigmav;)
Authors: de Jong Hylkje 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn the middle of the 6th century A.D. the antecessor Stephanus taught the codification of Emperor Justinian, explaining the Latin text of the Digest in Greek. In particular, he discussed the condictiones from D. 12,1 in detail. From fragment 11,2 it would appear that Stephanus introduced a specific name for the condictio, namely ο απο καλο&upsi; &delta;απα&nu;&eta;&mu;α&tau;ο&sigmav; κο&nu;&delta;&iota;κ&tau;&iota;κ&iota;ο&sigmav;. This name refers to the facts of the casus. Only when ο δαν&epsi;&iota;α&kappa;ο&sigmav; &kappa;ονδ&iota;&kappa;&tau;&iota;&kappa;&iota;ο&sigmav; cannot be granted to the bona fide borrower, ο απο καλο&upsi; &delta;απα&nu;&eta;&mu;α&tau;ο&sigmav; κο&nu;&delta;&iota;κ&tau;&iota;κ&iota;ο&sigmav; can be granted by virtue of justice and equity. For this to apply it is necessary, however, that the money lent has been spent.
'Flemish law' in Central Germany
Authors: Lück Heiner 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn the general context of 12th- and 13th-century migrations in Europe, several communities from the Low Countries settled in central Germany, in territories now divided between the Länder Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. Many of these settlements were concentrated in the region between Berlin and Wittenberg, still known today as the Fläming (from Flamen, German for Flemings, but also a generic name for populations from the Low Countries); the settlements also include areas around Burg and Magdeburg, a few localities around Leipzig and Naumburg, and the Goldene Aue, near the Kyffhäuser Hills. The law in those Flemish-Dutch settlements can to some extent be traced back through local customs and place-names, as well as through references in charters granting a distinctive legal status to the colonists. Characteristic features of the legal migration are the equal division of property after death and the terms Schulze and Schultheiß, which may in some cases go back to Netherlandish origins and influences.
The concept of dispensation : theological approaches to the excercise of papal power (13th – 14th centuries)
Authors: Marmursztejn Elsa 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn the wake of studies showing that medieval intellectual production, far from confining itself to distinct faculties or disciplines, resulted from a constant circulation of knowledge, this paper analyzes the relations between theology and law through the controversial case of the dispensation from the vow of chastity, between ca. 1215 and ca. 1315. Focusing on the different aspects of the compelling power of the vow, the possibility to make up for it or to change it and the papal power of dispensation in spite of the particular dignity of the vow and the decretal forbiding any dispensation from it, the reflexion of canonists and theologians shows the interweaving of their disciplines, the changes of some individual positions and the absence of expected solidarities.
The state of emergency in the Weimar Republic Legal disputes over Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution
Authors: de Wilde Marc 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe article analyzes the debate on 'constitutional dictatorship' that took place at the first annual conference of the Association of German Constitutional Lawyers in Jena in 1924. In their keynote lectures, Carl Schmitt and Erwin Jacobi argued that Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution authorized the President of the Reich to derogate from the rule-of-law provisions of the constitution if this was necessary to save its 'political substance'. Advocating a 'doctrine of derogation', they implicitly criticized one of the main methodological assumptions of legal positivism, i.e., that legal norms and politics, law and power, had to remain strictly separated. They thereby set the stage for the emerging 'conflict of methods and directions' that was to haunt German jurisprudence in subsequent years.
Better than a sack full of Latin: Anticlericalism in the Middle Dutch Dit es de Frenesie
Authors: Jongenelen Bas , Parsons Ben 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article offers the first substantial survey of the Middle Dutch satire Dit es de Frenesie since the work of C.P. Serrure in the mid nineteenth century. It contests much of the conventional wisdom surrounding De Frenesie, challenging the poem's usual classification as an early boerde or fabliau. Instead it is argued that the text is an experimental work, which blends together elements of several satiric traditions without committing itself to any one. The implications of this maneuver and others within the text are considered, revealing the poem's clear sympathy with the newly educated and articulate laity. De Frenesie itself is appended in both the original Middle Dutch and an English verse translation.
Remonstrant-Counter-Remonstrant Debates: Crafting a Principled Defense of Toleration after the Synod of Dordrecht (1619–1650)
Authors: Voogt Gerrit 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe debate about toleration occasioned by the condemnation, exile and later return of the Remonstrant leaders during and after the Truce in the Dutch Revolt has often been noted but not examined in detail. Based on the plethora of pamphlets and tracts for and against toleration that these years produced, this article analyzes the arguments and motivations for religious coexistence and freedom of conscience formulated by Simon Episcopius, Johannes Uytenbogaert, and other Remonstrants, in constant polemic interaction with their Contra-Remonstrant opponents. In the course of the debate the Erastian role of the magistrate was hollowed out and the importance of religious inclusion emphasized, but with the understanding that absent a reconciliation with their Gomarist counterparts, the pluriform reality existing within the Dutch Republic should be maintained and safeguarded. Accused of a sectarianism incongruent with their former position, the Remonstrant protagonists were compelled to develop a principled defense of their request for the free practice of their faith as well as of their refusal to tolerate the intolerant. Accused of licentiousness, they reluctantly formulated their own restrictive creedal formula. They presented the unmolested presence in the Republic of various sects as an enriching rather than a nefarious situation, rejected dogmatism and the monopolizing of truth, and argued plausibly that the freedom of conscience guaranteed by the 1579 Union of Utrecht is meaningless unless it include the freedom to practice one's faith.
Divine Poetry? Early Modern European Orientalists on the Beauty of the Koran
Authors: Loop Jan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article discusses Western attitudes to the style of the Koran from the sixteenth to the late eighteenth century. The subject is of particular interest because the question of the Koran's aesthetic value is ultimately linked with the Islamic belief that the inimitable beauty of Muhammad's revelation is the very proof of its divine origin (i'jāz al-Qur'ān). Given the apologetic function of this doctrine in Islamic theology, many early modern European orientalists, from Theodor Bibliander to Ludovico Marracci, criticised the style. Some of the arguments presented were remarkably persistent and can be followed up to the present day. This article also shows, however, that since the end of the seventeenth century scholars such as Andreas Acoluthus, George Sale and Claude-Etienne Savary had developed a more favourable attitude to the Koranic style, while, at the end of the eighteenth century, the Prophet Muhammad was seen as an inspired genius and the Koran as an example of 'divine poetry'.
A kernel-based spatio-temporal surveillance system for monitoring influenza-like illness incidence
Authors: Martinez-Beneito Miguel A , Botella-Rocamora Paloma , Zurriaga Oscar 
Published: June 2010

The threat of pandemics has made influenza surveillance systems a priority in epidemiology services around the world. The emergence of A-H1N1 influenza has required accurate surveillance systems in order to undertake specific actions only when and where they are necessary. In that sense, the main goal of this article is to describe a novel methodology for monitoring the geographical distribution of the incidence of influenza-like illness, as a proxy for influenza, based on information from sentinel networks. A Bayesian Poisson mixed linear model is proposed in order to describe the observed cases of influenzalike illness for every sentinel and week of surveillance. This model includes a spatio-temporal random effect that shares information in space by means of a kernel convolution process and in time by means of a first order autoregressive process. The extrapolation of this term to sites where information on incidence is not available will allow us to visualise the geographical distribution of the disease for every week of study. The following artcile shows the performance of this model in the Comunitat Valenciana’s Sentinel Network (one of the 17 autonomous regions of Spain) as a real case study of this methodology.
Human γδ T lymphocytes induce robust NK cell–mediated antitumor cytotoxicity through CD137 engagement
Authors: Maniar Amudhan , Zhang Xiaoyu , Lin Wei , Gastman Brian R. , Pauza C. David , Strome Scott E. , Chapoval Andrei I. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells are innate effector lymphocytes that control the growth of major histocompatibility complex class I negative tumors. We show here that γδ T lymphocytes, expanded in vitro in the presence isopentenylpyrophosphate (IPP), induce NK cell–mediated killing of tumors that are usually resistant to NK cytolysis. The induction of cytotoxicity toward these resistant tumors requires priming of NK cells by immobilized human immunoglobulin G1 and costimulation through CD137L expressed on activated γδ T lymphocytes. This costimulation increases NKG2D expression on the NK-cell surface, which is directly responsible for tumor cell lysis. Moreover, culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells with zoledronic acid, a γδ T lymphocyte activating agent, enhances NK-cell direct cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tumors. Our data reveal a novel function of human γδ T lymphocytes in the regulation of NK cell–mediated cytotoxicity and provide rationale for the use of strategies to manipulate the CD137 pathway to augment innate antitumor immunity.
poolMC: Smart pooling of mRNA samples in microarray experiments
Authors: Kainkaryam Raghunandan M , Bruex Angela , Gilbert Anna C , Schiefelbein John , Woolf Peter J 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
Typically, pooling of mRNA samples in microarray experiments implies mixing mRNA from several biological-replicate samples before hybridization onto a microarray chip. Here we describe an alternative smart pooling strategy in which different samples, not necessarily biological replicates, are pooled in an information theoretic efficient way. Further, each sample is tested on multiple chips, but always in pools made up of different samples. The end goal is to exploit the compressibility of microarray data to reduce the number of chips used and increase the robustness to noise in measurements.

Results
A theoretical framework to perform smart pooling of mRNA samples in microarray experiments was established and the software implementation of the pooling and decoding algorithms was developed in MATLAB. A proof-of-concept smart pooled experiment was performed using validated biological samples on commercially available gene chips. Differential-expression analysis of the smart pooled data was performed and compared against the unpooled control experiment.

Conclusions
The theoretical developments and experimental demonstration in this paper provide a useful starting point to investigate smart pooling of mRNA samples in microarray experiments. Although the smart pooled experiment did not compare favorably with the control, the experiment highlighted important conditions for the successful implementation of smart pooling - linearity of measurements, sparsity in data, and large experiment size.
High prevalence of reflux esophagitis among upper endoscopies in Chinese patients with chronic liver diseases
Authors: Li Bing , Zhang Bin , Ma Jun Wei , Li Peng , Li Lei , Song Yun Ming , Ding Hui Guo 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
Reflux esophagitis (RE) is increasing in prevalence in China. There are very few studies on the prevalence and factors related to RE in patients with chronic liver diseases. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of RE by endoscopy in patients with chronic liver diseases and the possible related predictors of RE.

Methods
A total of 1,280 patients with chronic liver disease and 29 patients with acute hepatitis A or E were prospectively evaluated. There were 879 and 401 patients with liver cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis, respectively. RE was classified by endoscopy according to the Los Angeles classification scheme.

Results
RE was diagnosed in 36.4% (469/1280) of the chronic liver disease patients, which was significantly higher than in the acute hepatitis patients (10.3% [3/29], P < 0.001). RE accounted for 43.0%, 9.7%, and 60.2% of patients with liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis(mild and medium), and liver failure, respectively. A high prevalence of RE existed in patients with liver failure and/or Child B and C liver cirrhosis, with typical symptoms of RE in 21.3% of the patients (100/469). There was a significant relationship between gender, age, ascites, and RE.

Conclusions
The high prevalence of RE among upper endoscopies of patients with severe chronic liver disease was demonstrated. Asymptomatic RE was more common in cirrhotic and liver failure patients. The role of RE in variceal bleeding, however, needs to be demonstrated.
A phase 2, randomized, double-blind safety and pharmacokinetic assessment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis with motavizumab and palivizumab administered in the same season
Authors: Fernández Pilar , Trenholme Adrian , Abarca Katia , Griffin M Pamela , Hultquist Micki , Harris Brian , Losonsky Genevieve A ,   the Motavizumab Study Group
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important pathogen causing annual epidemics of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants worldwide. High-risk infants currently receive RSV prophylaxis with palivizumab, a humanized RSV monoclonal antibody (MAb). In preclinical in vitro and in vivo (cotton-rat model) studies, motavizumab, a new RSV MAb, was shown to have greater anti-RSV activity than palivizumab. Motavizumab is currently under review for licensing approval. Since both MAbs may be available concurrently, this study evaluated their safety and tolerability when administered sequentially during the same RSV season.

Methods
Between April 2006 and May 2006, 260 high-risk infants were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to receive monthly intramuscular injections: 2 doses of motavizumab followed by 3 doses of palivizumab (M/P); 2 doses of palivizumab followed by 3 doses of motavizumab (P/M); or 5 doses of motavizumab (control). Adverse events (AEs, serious AEs [SAEs]), development of antidrug antibody (ADA), and serum drug trough concentrations were assessed.

Results
Most children received all 5 doses (246/260 [94.6%]) and completed the study (241/260 [92.7%]). While overall AE rates were similar (mostly level 1 or 2 in severity), SAEs and level 3 AEs occurred more frequently in the M/P group (SAEs: 22.9% M/P, 8.4% P/M, 11.8% motavizumab only; level 3 AEs: 15.7% M/P, 6.0% P/M, 6.5% motavizumab only). This trend in AE rates occurred before and after switching from motavizumab to palivizumab, suggesting a cause other than the combined regimen. Frequencies of AEs judged by the investigator to be related to study drug were similar among groups. Two deaths occurred on study (both in the M/P group, before palivizumab administration); neither was considered by the site investigator to be related to study drug. Mean serum drug trough concentrations were comparable among groups; ADA detection was infrequent (5.1% or less of any group).

Conclusions
The conclusions drawn from this study are limited by the small sample size per group. However, within this small study, overall AE rates, serum drug trough concentrations, and development of ADA associated with administering motavizumab and palivizumab sequentially to high-risk children appear comparable to administering motavizumab alone during the same RSV season.

Trial Registration
clinicaltrials.gov NCT00316264
Association between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risk in Chinese Youth Independent of Age and Pubertal Stage
Authors: Kong Alice PS , Choi Kai-Chow , Li Albert MC , Hui Stanley SC , Chan Michael HM , Wing YK , Ma Ronald CW , Lam Christopher WK , Lau Joseph TF , So Wing Yee , Ko Gary TC , Chan Juliana CN 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundChildhood and adolescence are critical periods of habit formation with substantial tracking of lifestyle and cardiovascular risk into adulthood. There are various guidelines on recommended levels of physical activity in youth of school-age. Despite the epidemic of obesity and diabetes in China, there is a paucity of data in this regard in Chinese youth. We examined the association of self-reported level of physical activity and cardiovascular risk in Hong Kong Chinese youth of school-age.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2007-8 in a school setting with 2119 Hong Kong Chinese youth aged 6-20 years. Physical activity level was assessed using a validated questionnaire, CUHK-PARCY (The Chinese University of Hong Kong: Physical Activity Rating for Children and Youth). A summary risk score comprising of waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and lipids was constructed to quantify cardiovascular risk.ResultsIn this cohort, 21.5% reported high level of physical activity with boys being more active than girls (32.1% versus 14.1%, p < 0.001). Regression analysis showed physical activity level, sex and pubertal stage were independently associated with cardiovascular risk score.ConclusionSelf-reported level of physical activity is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese youth after adjusting for sex and pubertal stage.
Recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (rMED) with homozygosity for C653S mutation in the DTDST gene - Phenotype, molecular diagnosis and surgical treatment of habitual dislocation of multilayered patella: Case report
Authors: Hinrichs Timo , Superti-Furga Andrea , Scheiderer Wolf-Dieter , Bonafé Luisa , Brenner Rolf E , Mattes Thomas 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is one of the more common generalised skeletal dysplasias. Due to its clinical heterogeneity diagnosis may be difficult. Mutations of at least six separate genes can cause MED. Joint deformities, joint pain and gait disorders are common symptoms.

Case Presentation
We report on a 27-year-old male patient suffering from clinical symptoms of autosomal recessive MED with habitual dislocation of a multilayered patella on both sides, on the surgical treatment and on short-term clinical outcome. Clinical findings were: bilateral hip and knee pain, instability of femorotibial and patellofemoral joints with habitual patella dislocation on both sides, contractures of hip, elbow and second metacarpophalangeal joints. Main radiographic findings were: bilateral dislocated multilayered patella, dysplastic medial tibial plateaus, deformity of both femoral heads and osteoarthritis of the hip joints, and deformity of both radial heads. In the molecular genetic analysis, the DTDST mutation g.1984T > A (p.C653S) was found at the homozygote state. Carrier status was confirmed in the DNA of the patient's parents. The mutation could be considered to be the reason for the patient's disease. Surgical treatment of habitual patella dislocation with medialisation of the tibial tuberosity led to an excellent clinical outcome.

Conclusions
The knowledge of different phenotypes of skeletal dysplasias helps to select genes for genetic analysis. Compared to other DTDST mutations, this is a rather mild phenotype. Molecular diagnosis is important for genetic counselling and for an accurate prognosis. Even in case of a multilayered patella in MED, habitual patella dislocation could be managed successfully by medialisation of the tibial tuberosity.