bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Batfishes from the Eocene of Monte Bolca
Authors: CARNEVALE GIORGIO , PIETSCH THEODORE W. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBatfishes of the family Ogcocephalidae are derived lophiiform fishes characterized by having a dorsoventrally depressed body and a distinctive series of morphological features. A new genus and species of batfish,Tarkus squireigen. et sp. nov., is described from the Eocene (Ypresian) limestone of the celebrated locality of Monte Bolca, Italy. It is based on five well-preserved specimens that display a unique combination of characters (body moderately depressed; disk rounded in outline; caudal peduncle thick and stout; frontals with median groove for the illicium; teeth present on jaws and palate; illicial bone pitted and trilobate; body covered with thick slightly overlapping tubercles) that support its recognition as a new genus of the family Ogcocephalidae.Tarkusgen. nov. is also characterized by having distally branched pectoral-fin rays, a condition unique within the family, and by a peculiar structure of the axial skeleton, which possibly represents the plesiomorphic state for the ogcocephalids.Tarkusgen. nov. shows a certain degree of phenetic affinity with the extant shallow-water batfish generaHalieutaeaand (more particularly)Halieutichthys. The specimens of this taxon are the first articulated skeletal remains of the Ogcocephalidae ever recorded as fossils, also representing the oldest members of the family known to date. The general structure of the skeleton ofTarkusgen. nov. provides unambiguous evidence that the existence of the modern ogcocephalid body plan was already established in the early Eocene, and probably originated well before that period. Palaeoenvironmental considerations suggest thatTarkusgen. nov. was a tropical batfish that inhabited the inner-shelf palaeobiotopes of the central-western Tethys.
Intratympanic injection with dexamethasone for sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Tsai Y-J , Liang J-G , Wu W-B , Ding Y-F , Chiang R P-Y , Wu S-M 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjective:To investigate the efficacy of intratympanic steroid therapy in adults with sudden sensorineural hearing loss, and to analyse the factors associated with treatment outcome.Design:Retrospective study of patients undergoing intratympanic steroid injection for sudden sensorineural hearing loss between 1 January 2006 and 30 June 2007 at a teaching hospital in Taipei, Taiwan.Results:Patients who received intratympanic steroid therapy within seven days of disease onset achieved a significantly better response rate (76.1 per cent), compared with the delayed treatment group (50 per cent). The total response rate, after four steroid injections, was 68.9 per cent. Patients with low and mid-frequency hearing loss were more responsive to steroid treatment. Vertigo was a negative prognostic factor for recovery. There were no long-term sequelae of intratympanic steroid treatment.Conclusion:Intratympanic steroid injection may be a simple and effective treatment for patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
OLIVER CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE
Authors: Worden Blair 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTIt is often said that if Oliver Cromwell had lived longer the Puritan Revolution could have survived. The monarchical component of protectoral rule, and the protector's endeavours to broaden the base of his regime, are taken to have signalled a return towards normality and thus towards stability. That mood has been contrasted with the self-destruction of the revolution in the two years after Cromwell's death, a period of twilit anarchy which only the restoration of the Stuarts could end. That interpretation has its points but is misleadingly one-sided. The protectorate had frailties which it never overcame. It failed to live down its origins in the military coups of 1653. Those episodes affronted principles of civilian rule and parliamentary supremacy which commanded widespread support but which have been obscured by the ‘revisionist’ trend of parliamentary history. Though he aimed at ‘healing and settling’, the protector healed little and settled nothing. His attempts to woo mainstream opinion were unsuccessful. In so far as he won its compliance or tolerance, the achievement was conditional upon his readiness to submit to the principles of rule which his seizure of power had broken. It was a condition he could not or would not meet. By the end of his life, military obstruction to civilian and parliamentary rule had reduced his regime to paralysis, and had deepened the divisions between civilian and military aspirations that would soon bring down his successor and would destroy each of the fleeting regimes that followed.
THE INSTITUTIONALISATION OF ART IN EARLY VICTORIAN ENGLAND
Authors: Smith Charles Saumarez 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThis article explores the political and intellectual circumstances which led to the efflorescence of cultural institutions between the foundation of the National Gallery in 1824 and the National Portrait Gallery in 1856: the transformation of institutions of public culture from haphazard and rather amateurish institutions to ones which were well organised, with a strong sense of social mission, and professionally managed. This transformation was in part owing to a group of exceptionally talented individuals, including Charles Eastlake, Henry Cole and George Scharf, accepting appointment in institutions to foster the public understanding of art. But it was not simply a matter of individual agency, but also of coordinated action by parliament, led by a group of MPs, including the Philosophical Radicals. It was much influenced by the example of Germany, filtered through extensive translation of German art historical writings and visits by writers and politicians to Berlin and Munich. It was also closely related to the philosophy of the utilitarians, who had a strong belief in the political and social benefits of the study of art. Only the Royal Academy refused the embrace of state control.
‘FACTS NOTORIOUS TO THE WHOLE COUNTRY’: THE POLITICAL BATTLE OVER IRISH POOR LAW REFORM IN THE 1860s
Authors: Crossman Virginia 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on the campaign to reform the Irish poor law in the 1860s. Debate on poor law reform highlighted fundamental divisions over the principles underlying the New Poor Law as well as widespread dissatisfaction with the poor law system in Ireland particularly within the Catholic community. Led by the leading Catholic cleric, Archbishop Paul Cullen, critics of the Irish poor law sought to lessen reliance on the institution of the workhouse and to expand outdoor relief thus bringing the system closer to its English model. The poor law authorities supported by the Irish landed elite fought successfully to maintain the limited and restrictive nature of the system fearful of the consequences of extending local discretion. The paper reveals the contested nature of poor relief both in principle and in practice, and the centrality of social issues to Irish political debate in decades after the Great Famine.
Suicide
Authors: Holland R. F. 
Published: November 2010

I am concerned with the subject as an ethico-religious problem. Is suicide all right or isn't it; and if it isn't, why not?The question should not be assumed to be susceptible of an answer in the way the question whether arsenic is poisonous is susceptible of an answer (which would be the answer to the question). Moreover in the case of arsenic the question what it is, and the question whether it is poisonous, are separable questions: you can know that arsenic is poisonous without having analysed its nature. But to know or believe that suicide is objectionable is to have analysed its nature or construed its significance in one way rather than another.
On Talking Philosophy with Children
Authors: Matthews Gareth B. 
Published: November 2010

When our oldest daughter, Sarah, was four years old the family kitten, Fluffy, contracted fleas. There ensued a primitive ritual of flea extermination that touched off the following discussion:Sarah: ‘Daddy, how did Fluffy get fleas?’Me: ‘Oh, I suspect she was playing with a cat that already had fleas. The fleas on that cat jumped off on to Fluffy.’Sarah (after a moment's reflection): ‘And how did that cat get fleas?’Me (warming to the regress): ‘Oh, probably from another cat.’Sarah (impatiently now): ‘But, Daddy, it can't go on and on like that forever. The only thing that goes on and on like that forever is numbers.’
Proficiency with tense and aspect concordance: children with SLI and their typically developing peers
Authors: OWEN AMANDA J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractChildren with SLI have difficulty with tense and agreement morphology. This study examined the proficiency of these children and their typically developing peers with the coordination of tense and aspect markers in two-clause sentences. Scenarios designed to elicit past tense were presented to five- to eight-year-old children with SLI (n=14) and their normally developing age- and MLU-matched peers (n=24) to examine the omission of tense markers in complex sentences (Owen, 2010). Responses with overt tense/aspect morphology in both clauses were recoded for how similar the use of tense and aspect was across the two clauses. Tense and aspect concordance was high across both sentence types, but aspect-only mismatches were more common than tense mismatches. The three groups of children did not differ from each other on any comparisons. Coordination of temporal information in sentences with more than one time marker does not appear to be especially difficult for these children.
LINEAR ORTHOGONALITY PRESERVERS OF HILBERT BUNDLES
Authors: LEUNG CHI-WAI , NG CHI-KEUNG , WONG NGAI-CHING 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA ℂ-linear map θ (not necessarily bounded) between two Hilbert C*-modules is said to be ‘orthogonality preserving’ if 〈θ(x),θ(y)〉=0 whenever 〈x,y〉=0. We prove that if θ is an orthogonality preserving map from a full Hilbert C0(Ω)-module E into another Hilbert C0(Ω) -module F that satisfies a weaker notion of C0 (Ω) -linearity (called ‘localness’), then θ is bounded and there exists ϕ∈Cb (Ω)+ such that 〈θ(x),θ(y)〉=ϕ⋅〈x,y〉 for all x,y∈E.
Lantibiotic-related research and the application thereof.
Authors: Healy B. , O'Mahony J. , Hill C. , Cotter P. D. , Ross R. P. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Since the 1925 discovery that strains of Escherichia coli can retard the growth of neighbouring bacteria, the study of bacteriocins has continuously evolved. During the intervening period, a large and heterogeneous collection of these antimicrobial peptides has been isolated from a myriad of sources and numerous investigations have been carried out with a view to harnessing their potency. The most thoroughly investigated class of bacteriocins, the lantibiotics, is the main focus of this review. These antimicrobial peptides inhibit many human and animal pathogens. They have been the focus of considerable efforts to maximize the potential of existing lantibiotics, identify new and better lantibiotics from nature and utilize bioengineering-based approaches to further improve upon existing well-characterized compounds.
Antimicrobial peptides in plants.
Authors: Kaas Q. , Westermann J. C. , Henriques S. T. , Craik D. J. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of plant antimicrobial peptides. It mainly focuses on one particular class of plant defence peptides, namely the cyclotides, which have been discovered over the last decade in plants from the Rubiaceae, Violaceae and Cucurbitaceae families. Cyclotides have a head-to-tail cyclized peptide backbone and a cystine knot motif formed from their six conserved cysteine residues, which makes them exceptionally stable. This chapter describes their isolation and characterization, structure and biosynthesis, and applications. The structural stability of cyclotides makes them excellent scaffolds for the engineering of novel therapeutic proteins. Advances in methods for the production of cyclotides and their potential clinical applications are also described.
Non-membrane targets of antimicrobial peptides: novel therapeutic opportunities?
Authors: Cho JuHyun Cho JuHyun , Kim SunChang Kim SunChang 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

The emergence and rapid spread of multiresistant bacteria necessitates every effort to develop new classes of antibiotics with novel targets and modes of action. One potential source of novel antibiotics is the cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which constitute an important component of the innate immune system in a variety of organisms. Most AMPs exert their activity by interacting with bacterial membranes, thus perturbing their permeability. However, an increasing number of peptides are being described that translocate across the bacterial membranes and act on intracellular targets in bacteria. These non-membrane-active AMPs have been shown to bind and inactivate intracellular biopolymers such as nucleic acids and proteins without destroying or remaining attached to the bacterial membranes. As such, they have emerged as viable candidates for the treatment of human infections. In this chapter, we focus on the six well-characterized, non-membrane-active AMPs (buforin II, PR-39, indolicidin, apidaecin, drosocin and pyrrhocoricin) and discuss whether binding of these peptides to their intracellular targets correlates with bacterial cell death. The potential exploitation of these peptides as human therapeutics is also discussed.
Quantum dynamics of a three-spin-qubit system
Authors: Nguyen Van Hop 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The quantum dynamics of a system of three interacting identical spin-qubits with the XY Heisenberg exchange interaction between two nearest-neighbour spin-qubits is studied in the Markovian approximation with respect to the interaction between this system and the environment. A Lindblad formula with two physical mechanisms of the decoherence is used. Two different cases are considered simultaneously: three spin-qubits interact with three district baths of excitations or with one and the same common bath of excitations. The systems of rate equations are solved in the first-order approximation with respect to the small constants of decoherence.
Microstructural evolution and some mechanical properties of nanosized yttrium oxide dispersion strengthened 13Cr steel*
Authors: Nguyen Van Tich , Doan Dinh Phuong , Tran Tran BaoTrung , Luong Van Duong , Nguyen Van An , Phan Anh Tu 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels, manufactured by a mechanical alloying method, during the past few years, appear to be promising candidates for structural applications in nuclear power plants. The purpose of this work is to elaborate the manufacturing processes of ODS 13Cr steel with the addition of 1.0 wt% yttrium oxide through the powder metallurgy route using the high energy ball mill. Microstructural analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and hardness testing have been used to optimize the technological parameters of milling, hot isostatic pressing and heat-treatment processes. The steel hardness increases with decreasing particle size of 13Cr ODS steel. The best hardness was obtained from more than 70 h of milling in the two tanks planetary ball mill or 30 h of milling in the one tank planetary ball mill and hot isostatic pressing at 1150 °C . The particle size of the steel is less than 100 nm, and the density and hardness are about 7.3 g
cm
−3 and 490 HB, respectively.
CdS sensitized ZnO electrodes in photoelectrochemical cells*
Authors: Dang Tran Chien , Pham Duy Long , Nguyen Huu Lam , Pham Van Hoi 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
In this work, ZnO nanocrystalline thin films were obtained by evaporating Zn films using a thermal evaporation technique and then thermal treatment. The results show that after annealing at 300, 350, 400 and 450 °C for 6 h, the obtained ZnO thin films have macro-structures. The results show that at an annealing temperature of 450 °C, the ZnO thin film has the best optical properties for photo-electrodes. The incorporation of cadmium sulfide (CdS) into ZnO macro-structure thin films was investigated. A CdS thin film was vacuum-deposited onto the pre-deposited ZnO film by the thermal evaporation technique. The obtained ZnO and ZnO/CdS bilayer films were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The ZnO/CdS bilayer film was used in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell as a working electrode and a platinum electrode as a counter electrode. The electrolyte solution contained 1 M KCl and 0.1 M
Na
2
S. The results show that the cell with the ZnO/CdS bilayer electrode had significantly improved photoelectric properties in comparison with that of the pure ZnO thin films. The best thickness of the CdS thin film deposited on ITO/ZnO substrates was around 70 nm.
Chemical synthesis and characterization of palladium nanoparticles
Authors: Nguyen Viet Long , Nguyen Duc Chien , Hirata Hirohito , Ohtaki Michitaka , Hayakawa Tomokatsu , Nogami Masayuki 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This work presents the results of the successful preparation of Pd nanoparticles by the polyol method and the proposed techniques of controlling their size and shape. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) stabilized Pd nanoparticles of various shapes with the largest sizes in the forms of octahedrons (24 nm), tetrahedrons (22 nm) and cubes (20 nm) have been obtained by alcohol reduction in ethanol with the addition of a hydrochloric acid catalyst. Moreover, PVP–Pd nanoparticles of well-controlled spherical shapes have also been prepared by a modified polyol method. PVP–Pd nanoparticles of cubic, octahedral, tetrahedral and spherical shapes with well-controlled size achieved by using ethylene glycol (EG) as reductant and various inorganic species were also fabricated. In particular, Pd nanorods with sizes of 47 nm and 16 nm formed due to the anisotropic growth mechanism of Pd nanoparticles were found. At the same time, tetrahedral particles of sharp shapes of 120 nm and 70 nm sizes have been observed. A high concentration of inorganic species was used to control the size and shape of the Pd nanoparticles, leading to the appearance of various irregular sizes and shapes. There was evidence of the very sharp corners and edges of tetrahedral and octahedral Pd nanoparticles or others that were formed in the clustering and combination of the seeds of smaller particles.
Left ventricular reverse remodelling, long‐term clinical outcome, and mode of death after cardiac resynchronization therapy
Authors: Foley Paul W.X. , Chalil Shajil , Khadjooi Kayvan , Irwin Nick , Smith Russell E.A. , Leyva Francisco 
Published: November 2010

AimsTo determine whether reverse left ventricular (LV) remodelling relates to long‐term outcome, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), mode of death, and symptomatic response after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).Methods and resultsThree hundred and twenty‐two patients with heart failure (HF) [age 69.2 ± 10.7years (mean ± standard deviation)] underwent a clinical assessment and echocardiography before and at a maximum of 9.1 years (median: 36.2 months) after CRT device implantation. Left ventricular reverse remodelling (≥15% reduction in LV end‐systolic volume) predicted survival from cardiovascular death (HR: 0.57, P = 0.0066), death from any cause (HR: 0.59, P = 0.0064), death from any cause/hospitalizations for MACE (HR: 0.67, P = 0.0158), and death from pump failure (HR: 0.45, P = 0.0024), independent of beta‐blocker use, HF aetiology, gender, baseline NYHA class, and atrial rhythm. Left ventricular reverse remodelling did not predict sudden cardiac death. At 1 year, the symptomatic response rate (improvement by ≥1 NYHA classes or ≥25% increase in walking distance) was 86% in survivors and 76% in non‐survivors (P = NS). Left ventricular reverse remodelling did not predict symptomatic response and the symptomatic response did not predict clinical outcome.ConclusionLeft ventricular reverse remodelling is an independent predictor of clinical outcome for up to 5 years after CRT device implantation. Pump failure, rather than sudden cardiac death, is primarily responsible for this association. Left ventricular reverse remodelling, however, does not predict a symptomatic response. There is discordance between the symptomatic response to and the survival benefit of CRT.
Missing saiga on the taiga
Authors: KUHN TYLER S. , MOOERS ARNE Ø. 
Published: November 2010

Conservation biologists understand that linking demographic histories of species at risk with causal biotic and abiotic events should help us predict the effects of ongoing biotic and abiotic change. In parallel, researchers have started to use ancient genetic information (aDNA) to explore the demographic histories of a number of species present in the Pleistocene fossil record (see, e.g. Shapiro et al. 2004). However, aDNA studies have primarily focused on identifying long‐term population trends, linked to climate variability and the role of early human activity. Population trends over more recent time, e.g. during the Holocene, have been poorly explored, partly owing to analytical limitations. In this issue, Campos et al. (2010a) highlight the potential of aDNA to investigate demographic patterns over such recent time periods for the compelling and endangered saiga antelope Saiga tatarica (Fig. 1). The time may come when past and current demography can be combined to produce a seamless record. The critically endangered saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica). (a) Photo courtesy of B. Buuveibaatar and the Wildlife Conservation Society. (b) Photo courtesy of Pavel Sorokin.image
Effect of subsequent pregnancies on the risk of developing diabetes following a first pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes: a population‐based study
Authors: Retnakaran R. , Austin P. C. , Shah B. R. 
Published: November 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 287–292 (2011)AbstractAims  Women with gestational diabetes mellitus have a high risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, secondary to post‐partum progression of the chronic pancreatic ß‐cell defect that underlies their presenting with dysglycaemia in pregnancy. Insulin‐sensitizing therapy can decrease this risk of Type 2 diabetes, partly by offloading the secretory demand placed on the ß‐cells. Conversely, however, it is not known whether the considerable secretory demands posed by the physiologic insulin resistance of a subsequent pregnancy could accelerate the progression to Type 2 diabetes. Thus, we sought to determine whether subsequent pregnancies are associated with the risk of developing diabetes following gestational diabetes.Methods  Using a population‐based administrative database, we identified all women in Ontario, Canada, whose first pregnancy was between April 2000 and March 2007 and was complicated by gestational diabetes (n = 16 817). This cohort was followed for a median 4.5 years for subsequent pregnancies and the development of diabetes.Results  During follow‐up, 2731 women (16.2%) developed diabetes. Gestational diabetes recurred in 41.5% of subsequent pregnancies. Interestingly, after covariate adjustment, a subsequent pregnancy was associated with a reduced risk of diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.68, 95%CI 0.60–0.76; P < 0.0001). Specifically, whereas each subsequent gestational diabetes pregnancy was associated with a modestly increased risk of diabetes (adjusted HR = 1.16, 95%CI 1.01–1.34; P = 0.03), each non‐gestational diabetes pregnancy was associated with a significantly reduced risk of diabetes (adjusted HR = 0.34, 95%CI 0.27–0.41; P < 0.0001).Conclusions  A subsequent pregnancy is not necessarily associated with an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes following gestational diabetes. Instead, the absence of recurrent gestational diabetes in a subsequent pregnancy may identify a lessened risk of developing Type 2 diabetes in this high‐risk patient population.