bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long term patterns of use after initiation of oral antidiabetic drug therapy
Authors: Lamberts Egbert J. F. , Nijpels Giel , Welschen Laura M. C. , Hugtenburg Jacqueline G. , Dekker Jacqueline M. , Souverein Patrick C. , Bouvy Marcel L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe benefits of intensive and continuous antihyperglycemic drug therapy have been extensively described. Data on long‐term patterns and modifications of antihyperglycemic drug use are scarce however. Moreover randomized controlled studies may not reflect actual drug use in daily clinical practice.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to describe the longitudinal patterns of antidiabetic drug modifications after initiation of oral antidiabetic therapy in a large cohort of type 2 diabetes patients. The study will focus specifically on differences between patients who initiate treatment with metformin compared to patients who initiate treatment with sulfonylureas.MethodsAn observational study of longitudinal patterns of use and modification of oral antidiabetic drug therapy in 3323 patients who started with oral antidiabetic treatment between 1999 and 2007. Drug dispensing data were extracted from pharmacy information systems.ResultsThis study shows that changes in international guidelines recommending metformin as first choice initial drug therapy in all patients were rapidly followed by prescribers. Patients starting diabetes treatment with metformin showed fewer modifications to treatment compared to patients initiating treatment with sulfonylureas. After correction for duration of follow‐up, Cox regression analysis showed a hazard ratio of 0.84 for any modification in the metformin group compared to the sulfonylureas group.ConclusionsThis study shows that adherence to type 2 diabetes treatment guidelines for initial treatment is implemented on a large scale. Longitudinal patterns show that the majority of patients receive a small number of modifications to their drug regimen. Discontinuation rates were relatively low. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
End‐functional polymers, thiocarbonylthio group removal/transformation and reversible addition–fragmentation–chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization
Authors: Moad Graeme , Rizzardo Ezio , Thang San H 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis review focuses on processes for thiocarbonylthio group removal/transformation of polymers synthesized by radical polymerization with reversible addition‐fragmentation‐chain transfer (RAFT). A variety of processes have now been reported in this context. These include reactions with nucleophiles, radical‐induced reactions, thermolysis, electrocyclic reactions and ‘click’ processes. We also consider the use of RAFT‐synthesized polymers in the construction of block or graft copolymers, functional nanoparticles and biopolymer conjugates where transformation of the thiocarbonylthio group is an integral part of the process. This includes the use of RAFT‐synthesized polymers in other forms of radical polymerization such as atom transfer radical polymerization or nitroxide‐mediated polymerization, and the ‘switching’ of thiocarbonylthio groups to enable control over polymerization of a wider range of monomers in the RAFT process. With each process we provide information on the scope and, where known, indicate the mechanism, advantages and limitations. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of a site‐specific cleanup goal for PAHs in soil based on anthropogenic background levels
Authors: Graening Guy J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDuring removal of an industrial landfill in Folsom, California, fill material was excavated and processed through a mechanical screening plant to segregate soil from construction and demolition debris. The segregated soil was stockpiled and analyzed for a wide range of chemical groups to determine if the soil could be backfilled on‐site. The analytical results indicated many of the stockpiles had concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that exceeded US EPA Regional Screening Levels, and a large quantity of soil was initially classified as requiring off‐site disposal at considerable cost. Because PAHs are ubiquitous in urban settings and the landfill did not contain a significant source of PAHs, development of a site‐specific PAH cleanup goal was proposed to regulators. Cal/EPA guidance for using on‐site data to develop a background threshold for metals was applied to the development of the PAH cleanup goal. The Cal/EPA approach involves demonstrating whether the data belong to a single population or multiple populations based on data distribution tests and probability plots. This article explains the statistical and graphical methods that were used to demonstrate that the Cal/EPA approach was valid for PAHs and that the calculated cleanup level was consistent with published anthropogenic background levels of PAHs in California and across the United States. The site‐specific PAH cleanup goal enabled most of the soil to be backfilled on‐site, saving about $227,000 in transportation and disposal costs, and regulators subsequently approved unrestricted future use of the property. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comprehensive approach to plume stability
Authors: Vanderford Mindy 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article defines and presents a systematic approach to groundwater plume‐stability assessment. Qualitative and quantitative methods that have been used to assess plume stability at National Priority List sites undergoing optimization are reviewed. Example case studies are included to illustrate the advantages of combining multiple analysis methods. Relevant statistical methods include identifying normal data distributions, detection frequencies, coefficients of variation, individual well trends, and rates of change at individual monitoring locations. Trend estimates for total plume mass and center of mass provide a broader picture of plumewide processes. Deterministic methods, such as quantitative mass‐balance approaches, may be useful for larger plumes. Qualitative assessments include evaluations of the conceptual site model, source strength, attenuation mechanisms, and hydrogeology. Because groundwater plumes are always dynamic, the determination of plume stability has to include qualitative steps relating the rate and magnitude of change to the goals and objectives of the program and the time frame over which critical management decisions are to be made. The assessment of plume stability is, therefore, presented as a process that should involve both qualitative and quantitative steps for determining the acceptability of variability in groundwater contaminant concentrations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lessons learned from classroom training on natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents
Authors: Hadley Paul W. , Hill Steve R. , Ellis Dave , Major David W. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTechnology and information transfer are critical functions within the remediation industry. Researchers in the private sector, academia, and government all struggle to have their findings accepted and put to good use by the remediation industry at large but must work even harder to have their findings accepted and put into practice by state and federal regulators in the environmental agencies overseeing cleanups. Unfortunately, many technology and information transfer efforts fail to reach state and federal regulators, and even fewer achieve regulatory acceptance. A two‐year‐long campaign to deliver a training class on the natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater is one prominent example of very effective technology and information transfer. Several of the elements and aspects of that successful training class are presented and discussed in order to provide others with a proven and workable template. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment of mercury‐contaminated soils with activated carbon: A laboratory, field, and modeling study
Authors: Bessinger Brad A. , Marks Corinne D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA series of laboratory batch leaching tests was conducted to evaluate the performance of different activated carbons in stabilizing mercury in soils. Based on the results of these experiments, an amendment application rate of 5 percent powdered activated carbon (PAC) was selected for in situ field application at a former industrial facility. A geochemical model was also developed to simulate the interactions between mercury and activated carbon in vadose‐zone soils. Modeling was used to (1) better understand possible mercury sequestration mechanisms and (2) predict the in situ performance of PAC. Model results indicate dissolved mercury concentrations observed in batch tests are consistent with equilibrium partitioning of mercury between dissolved organic matter, soil organic matter, and PAC. Activated carbon is predicted to reduce dissolved mercury concentrations via two mechanisms: (1) the formation of stable mercury complexes on PAC surfaces and (2) the direct adsorption of dissolved organic matter that would otherwise be available for mercury dissolution. Study results demonstrate PAC effectiveness for site soils with mercury concentrations below 200 mg/kg. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ordered Mesoporous α‐Fe2O3 (Hematite) Thin‐Film Electrodes for Application in High Rate Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Authors: Brezesinski Kirstin , Haetge Jan , Wang John , Mascotto Simone , Reitz Christian , Rein Alexander , Tolbert Sarah H. , Perlich Jan , Dunn Bruce , Brezesinski Torsten 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHerein is reported the synthesis of ordered mesoporous α‐Fe2O3 thin films produced through coassembly strategies using a poly(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer as the structure‐directing agent and hydrated ferric nitrate as the molecular precursor. The sol–gel derived α‐Fe2O3 materials are highly crystalline after removal of the organic template and the nanoscale porosity can be retained up to annealing temperatures of 600 °C. While this paper focuses on the characterization of these materials using various state‐of‐the‐art techniques, including grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV–vis and Raman spectroscopy, the electrochemical properties are also examined and it is demonstrated that mesoporous α‐Fe2O3 thin‐film electrodes not only exhibit enhanced lithium‐ion storage capabilities compared to bulk materials but also show excellent cycling stabilities by suppressing the irreversible phase transformations that are observed in microcrystalline α‐Fe2O3.
Hydrogen Solubility and Diffusion in Austenitic Stainless Steels Studied with Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Yagodzinskyy Y. , Todoshchenko O. , Papula S. , Hänninen H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHydrogen solubility and diffusion in austenitic stainless steels, namely AISI 310, AISI 301LN and AISI 201, are studied with thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) after electrochemical potentiostatic hydrogen pre‐charging. Temperature dependencies of hydrogen desorption for all studied steels manifest a complex main peak caused by hydrogen releasing from the steel lattice by diffusion. Depending on the steel and heating rate the peak is situated from 350 to 500 K and its shape reflects a specific of hydrogen diffusion in stainless steels, which are multicomponent alloys. Analysis of the TDS curves is based on the hydrogen diffusion model taking into account trapping of hydrogen atoms in the energetically deep interstitial positions in the steel crystal lattice. Diffusion coefficient of hydrogen and its total content after the same charging procedure are obtained from the TDS curves and compared for the studied steels.
Carbon‐Induced Ordering in Manganese‐Rich Austenite — A Density‐Functional Total‐Energy and Chemical‐Bonding Study
Authors: von Appen Jörg , Dronskowski Richard 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDensity‐functional theory‐based total‐energy calculations have been performed in order to discover possible local atomic ordering effects in manganese‐rich austenite phases. For manganese contents of 25 and 50% we found a thermochemical driving force that should lead to a manganese enrichment of the immediate proximity of the carbon atom. The energy lowers almost linearly from a pure iron‐ to a pure manganese‐coordinated carbon atom with an energy difference between the two M6 octahedra (M = Fe, Mn) of ca. 0.34 eV (33 kJ/mol) for both antiferromagnetic and nonmagnetic structures. This very effect and the energy differences are almost independent of (a) the manganese concentration, (b) the carbon concentration, and (c) the magnetic state. A comprehensive bonding analysis yields that the effect is caused by the destabilization of the carbon atom's surrounding metal–metal bonds which come out larger for iron than for manganese. The size of the energy differences indicate a strong tendency for carbon‐induced short‐range ordering.
Experimental Determination and Simulation of Annealing Textures in Cold Rolled TWIP and TRIP Steels
Authors: Barrales‐Mora L.A. , Lü Y. , Molodov D.A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe annealing textures of a Fe‐0.3%C‐22%Mn TRIP steel and a Fe‐0.6%C‐22%Mn TWIP steel were experimentally determined. The results showed that these alloys have an almost identical texture after recrystallization. In general, the recrystallization textures showed low intensities and a dependency on annealing temperature. The samples annealed at high temperatures exhibited a random texture whereas samples annealed at lower temperature showed at least a weak texture. Due to the low SFE of the metals, we surmise that the nucleation at shear bands contributed to the randomization of the recrystallization texture. It was found that grains with Q orientation grow in volume by a factor of 30 compared to deformed state. A 3D cellular automaton was utilized for the simulation of recrystallization in order to study the impact of different nucleation mechanisms on annealing texture. The simulations showed that at least 70% of nucleation has to occur at shear bands to account for the observed randomization of the texture. In order to reproduce the weak texture of samples annealed at lower temperatures, 30% of the nuclei at shear bands needed to be either Q or Goss oriented. A more detailed analysis is necessary to also reproduce the minor texture components.
PRC2 Complexes with JARID2, MTF2, and esPRC2p48 in ES Cells to Modulate ES Cell Pluripotency and Somatic Cell Reprograming
Authors: Zhang Zhuo , Jones Amanda , Sun Chiao-Wang , Li Chao , Chang Chia-Wei , Joo Heui-Yun , Dai Qian , Mysliwiec Matthew R. , Wu Li-Chen , Guo Yahong , Yang Wei , Liu Kaimao , Pawlik Kevin M. , Erdjument-Bromage Hediye , Tempst Paul , Lee Youngsook , Min Jinrong , Townes Tim M. , Wang Hengbin 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex two (PRC2) has been implicated in embryonic stem (ES) cell pluripotency; however, the mechanistic roles of this complex are unclear. It was assumed that ES cells contain PRC2 with the same subunit composition as that identified in HeLa cells and Drosophila embryos. Here, we report that PRC2 in mouse ES cells contains at least three additional subunits: JARID2, MTF2, and a novel protein denoted esPRC2p48. JARID2, MTF2, and esPRC2p48 are highly expressed in mouse ES cells compared to differentiated cells. Importantly, knockdowns of JARID2, MTF2, or esPRC2p48 alter the level of PRC2-mediated H3K27 methylation and result in the expression of differentiation-associated genes in ES cells. Interestingly, expression of JARID2, MTF2, and esPRC2p48 together, but not individually, enhances Oct4/Sox2/Klf4-mediated reprograming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into induced pluripotent stem cells, whereas knockdown or knockout of JARID2, MTF2, or esPRC2p48 significantly inhibits reprograming. JARID2, MTF2, and esPRC2p48 modulate H3K27 methylation and facilitate repression of lineage-associated gene expression when transduced into MEFs, and synergistically stimulate the histone methyltransferase activity of PRC2 in vitro. Therefore, these studies identify JARID2, MTF2, and esPRC2p48 as important regulatory subunits of PRC2 in ES cells and reveal critical functions of these subunits in modulating PRC2's activity and gene expression both in ES cells and during somatic cell reprograming.
Adult Human Müller Glia Cells Are a Highly Efficient Source of Rod Photoreceptors
Authors: Giannelli Serena G. , Demontis Gian Carlo , Pertile Grazia , Rama Paolo , Broccoli Vania 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
There is growing evidence that Müller glia cells (MGCs) might act as regenerative elements in injured retinas of fishes and amniotes. However, their differentiation potential in humans is yet unknown. We isolated Müller glia from adult human retinas and propagated them in vitro revealing for the first time their ability to differentiate into rod photoreceptors. These results were also confirmed with mice retinas. Here, we describe conditions by which human MGCs adopt a rod photoreceptor commitment with a surprising efficiency as high as 54%. Functional characterization of Müller glia-derived photoreceptors by patch-clamp recordings revealed that their electrical properties are comparable to those of adult rods. Interestingly, our procedure allowed efficient derivation of MGC cultures starting from both injured and degenerating and postmortem human retinas. Human transplanted Müller glia-derived photoreceptors integrate and survive within immunodeficient mouse retinas. These data provide evidence that Müller glia retains an unpredicted plasticity and multipotent potential into adulthood, and it is therefore a promising source of novel therapeutic applications in retinal repair.
Concise Review: Vascular Stem Cells and Tumor Angiogenesis
Authors: Melero-Martin Juan M. , Dudley Andrew C. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Solid tumors are complex “organs” of cancer cells and a heterogeneous population of hematopoietic cells, mesenchymal cells, and endothelial cells. The cancer stem cell model proposes that tumor growth and progression is driven by rare populations of cancer stem cells; however, nontumor-forming stem and progenitor cells are also present within the tumor microenvironment. These adult stem cells do not form tumors when injected into experimental animals, but they may augment tumor growth through juxtacrine and paracrine regulation of tumor cells and by contributing to neovascularization. Thus, cancer cells may actively co-opt nontumor-forming stem cells distally from the bone marrow or proximally from nearby tissue and subvert their abilities to differentiate and maintain tissue growth, repair, and angiogenesis. This review will cover the roles of nontumor-forming vascular stem cells in tumor growth and angiogenesis.
Production of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Lines from Maturing Oocytes by Direct Conversion of Meiosis into Mitosis
Authors: Fulka Helena , Hirose Michiko , Inoue Kimiko , Ogonuki Narumi , Wakisaka Noriko , Matoba Shogo , Ogura Atsuo , Mosko Tibor , Kott Tomas , Fulka Josef 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
ESCs are most commonly derived from embryos originating from oocytes that reached metaphase II. We describe here a novel approach where ESCs with all pluripotency parameters were established from oocytes in which metaphase I was converted, from the cell cycle perspective, directly into metaphase II-like stage without the intervening anaphase to telophase I transition. The resulting embryos initiate development and reach the blastocyst stage from which the ESC lines are then established. Thus, our approach could represent an ethically acceptable method that can exploit oocytes that are typically discarded in in vitro fertilization clinics. Moreover, our results also indicate that the meiotic cell cycle can be converted into mitosis by modulating chromosomal contacts that are typical for meiosis with subsequent licensing of chromatin for DNA replication.
Sur8/Shoc2 Involves Both Inhibition of Differentiation and Maintenance of Self-Renewal of Neural Progenitor Cells via Modulation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling
Authors: Moon Byoung-San , Kim Hyun-Yi , Kim Mi-Yeon , Yang Dong-Hwa , Lee Jong-Min , Cho Kyoung-Won , Jung Han-Sung , Choi Kang-Yell 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Sur8/Shoc2 is a scaffold protein that regulates the Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. However, the roles of Sur8 in cellular physiologies are poorly understood. In this study, Sur8 was severely repressed in the course of neural progenitor cell (NPC) differentiation in the cerebral cortex of developing rat embryos. Similarly, Sur8 was also critically reduced in cultured NPCs, which were induced differentiation by removal of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Sur8 regulation occurs at the protein level rather than at the mRNA level as revealed by both in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses. The role of Sur8 in NPC differentiation was confirmed by lentivirus-mediated Sur8 knockdown, which resulted in increased differentiation, whereas exogenous expression of Sur8 inhibited differentiation. Contrastingly, NPC proliferation was promoted by overexpression, but was suppressed by Sur8 knockdown. The role of Sur8 as an antidifferentiation factor in the developing rat brain was confirmed by an ex vivo embryo culture system combined with the lentivirus-mediated Sur8 knockdown. The numbers and sizes of neurospheres were reduced, but neuronal outgrowth was enhanced by the Sur8 knockdown. The Ras-ERK pathway is involved in Sur8-mediated regulations of differentiation, as the treatment of ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitors blocks the effects of Sur8. The regulations of NPCs' differentiation and proliferation by the Ras-ERK pathway were also shown by the rescues of the effects of bFGF depletion, neuronal differentiation, and antiproliferation by epidermal growth factor. In summary, Sur8 is an antidifferentiation factor that stimulates proliferation for maintenance of self-renewal in NPCs via modulation of the Ras-ERK pathway.
History of climate modeling
Authors: Edwards Paul N. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe history of climate modeling begins with conceptual models, followed in the 19th century by mathematical models of energy balance and radiative transfer, as well as simple analog models. Since the 1950s, the principal tools of climate science have been computer simulation models of the global general circulation. From the 1990s to the present, a trend toward increasingly comprehensive coupled models of the entire climate system has dominated the field. Climate model evaluation and intercomparison is changing modeling into a more standardized, modular process, presenting the potential for unifying research and operational aspects of climate science.WIREs Clim Change2011 2 128–139 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.95This article is categorized under:Climate, History, Society, Culture > Technological Aspects and IdeasClimate Models and Modeling > Knowledge Generation with Models
The closed‐loop implementation of the open‐loop stackelberg solution in the linear quadratic problems
Authors: Tecuceanu G. , Popeea C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe present paper deals with the Stackelberg solution of the basic LQ bicriteria dynamic optimization problem. It is shown that the two‐point boundary value problem involved in the LQ Stackelberg optimization problem has a Hamiltonian structure. Considering this remarkable structural property, an efficient numerical method for solve it, is presented.The closed‐loop implementation of the open‐loop Stackelberg strategies is obtained by solving a standard differential Riccati equation associated to an extended ordinary LQ optimization problem (by increasing the system state with an additional multiplier). The proper closed‐loop implementation depending only on the system state is possible if a certain differential matrix equation has a continuous solution.