bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas Chromatography in Forensic Science
Authors: Zadora Grzegorz , Zuba Dariusz 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMaterials such as biological fluids and tissues, fire debris, car paints, and fibers are the most common evidential materials analyzed by forensic chemists and are characterized by a high degree of complexity. Developments in forensic science have introduced many vital crime‐solving techniques over the past decades. The introduction of gas chromatography (GC) has broadened the range of available tools, but more importantly, has improved the credibility of analytical findings by demonstrating a high separation power and high sensitivity. GC is often coupled with molecular detection methods such as mass spectrometry, or infrared spectrometry, making it a powerful tool in identification of a wide variety of chemical substances. Some recent applications of GC in the forensic sciences, including those in forensic toxicology, are presented in the article, which include alcohol and drugs in drivers, markers of alcohol abuse, volatiles and anesthetics, carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, other poisons, drug‐facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) and drug profiling, and more general application to criminalistics in areas such as fire debris, car paints, explosives, toners, fibers, inks, and fingermark analysis.
R
aman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science
Authors: Bartick Edward G. , Buzzini Patrick 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Though the Raman effect was discovered way back in 1928, Raman spectrometers have been extensively developed only over the last two decades, bringing them into a state of usefulness that had never been enjoyed before. This article describes the basic concepts of Raman spectroscopy compares to infrared (IR) spectroscopy in a manner similar to a vibrational molecular spectroscopic method of analysis and has differences that make the two methods complementary for obtaining chemical information from the same materials. The advantages and disadvantages of Raman compared with IR spectroscopy serve to make both methods to be considered when conducting chemical analysis of materials. The article describes how fibers, paints, drugs, explosives, etc. are being studied by Raman spectroscopy for forensic purposes.
Guanine‐Based Biogenic Photonic‐Crystal Arrays in Fish and Spiders
Authors: Levy‐Lior Avital , Shimoni Eyal , Schwartz Osip , Gavish‐Regev Efrat , Oron Dan , Oxford Geoff , Weiner Steve , Addadi Lia 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBiological photonic systems composed of anhydrous guanine crystals evolved separately in several taxonomic groups. Here, two such systems found in fish and spiders, both of which make use of anhydrous guanine crystal plates to produce structural colors, are examined. Measurements of the photonic‐crystal structures using cryo‐SEM show that the crystal plates in both fish skin and spider integument are ∼20‐nm thick. The reflective unit in the fish comprises stacks of single plates alternating with ∼230‐nm‐thick cytoplasm layers. In the spiders the plates are formed as doublet crystals, cemented by 30‐nm layers of amorphous guanine, and are stacked with ∼200 nm of cytoplasm between crystal doublets. They achieve light reflective properties through the control of crystal morphology and stack dimensions, reaching similar efficiencies of light reflectivity in both fish skin and spider integument. The structure of guanine plates in spiders are compared with the more common situation in which guanine occurs in the form of relatively unorganized prismatic crystals, yielding a matt white coloration.
Enhancement of Thermoelectric Figure‐of‐Merit by a Bulk Nanostructuring Approach
Authors: Lan Yucheng , Minnich Austin Jerome , Chen Gang , Ren Zhifeng 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRecently a significant figure‐of‐merit (ZT) improvement in the most‐studied existing thermoelectric materials has been achieved by creating nanograins and nanostructures in the grains using the combination of high‐energy ball milling and a direct‐current‐induced hot‐press process. Thermoelectric transport measurements, coupled with microstructure studies and theoretical modeling, show that theZTimprovement is the result of low lattice thermal conductivity due to the increased phonon scattering by grain boundaries and structural defects. In this article, the synthesis process and the relationship between the microstructures and the thermoelectric properties of the nanostructured thermoelectric bulk materials with an enhancedZTvalue are reviewed. It is expected that the nanostructured materials described here will be useful for a variety of applications such as waste heat recovery, solar energy conversion, and environmentally friendly refrigeration.
High‐Resolution Spectroscopic Mapping of the Chemical Contrast from Nanometer Domains in P3HT:PCBM Organic Blend Films for Solar‐Cell Applications
Authors: Wang Xiao , Zhang Dai , Braun Kai , Egelhaaf Hans‐Joachim , Brabec Christoph J. , Meixner Alfred J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA high‐resolution near‐field spectroscopic mapping technique is successfully applied to investigate the influence of thermal annealing on the morphology of a poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and [6,6]‐penyl‐C61 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) blend film. Based on the simultaneously recorded morphological and spectroscopic information, the interplay among the blend film morphology, the local P3HT:PCBM molecular distribution, and the P3HT photoluminescence (PL) quenching efficiency are systematically discussed. The PL and Raman signals of the electron donor (P3HT) and acceptor (PCBM) are probed at an optical resolution of approximately 10 nm, which allows the chemical nature of the different domains to be identified directly. In addition, the local PL quenching efficiency, which is related to the electron transfer from P3HT to PCBM, is quantitatively revealed. From these experimental results, it is proposed that high‐resolution near‐field spectroscopic imaging is capable of mapping the local chemical composition and photophysics of the P3HT:PCBM blends on a scale of a few nanometers.
A replication of the RIRD strategy to decrease vocal stereotypy in a student with autism
Authors: Liu‐Gitz Lan , Banda Devender R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis study was conducted to decrease vocal stereotypy in a student with autism. Results of functional analysis indicated that vocal stereotypy was maintained by automatic reinforcement. We used the Response Interruption and Redirection (RIRD; Ahearn, Clark, & McDonald, 2007) strategy to decrease the vocal behavior. An ABAB design was used. Results indicated that the RIRD intervention successfully reduced the target behavior. Results are discussed and implications for practice are provided. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of agent‐based system for bioprocess description and process improvement
Authors: Gao Ying , Kipling Katie , Glassey Jarka , Willis Mark , Montague Gary , Zhou Yuhong , Titchener‐Hooker Nigel J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractModeling plays an important role in bioprocess development for design and scale‐up. Predictive models can also be used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing to assist decision‐making either to maintain process consistency or to identify optimal operating conditions. To predict the whole bioprocess performance, the strong interactions present in a processing sequence must be adequately modeled. Traditionally, bioprocess modeling considers process units separately, which makes it difficult to capture the interactions between units. In this work, a systematic framework is developed to analyze the bioprocesses based on a whole process understanding and considering the interactions between process operations. An agent‐based approach is adopted to provide a flexible infrastructure for the necessary integration of process models. This enables the prediction of overall process behavior, which can then be applied during process development or once manufacturing has commenced, in both cases leading to the capacity for fast evaluation of process improvement options.The multi‐agent system comprises a process knowledge base, process models, and a group of functional agents. In this system, agent components co‐operate with each other in performing their tasks. These include the description of the whole process behavior, evaluating process operating conditions, monitoring of the operating processes, predicting critical process performance, and providing guidance to decision‐making when coping with process deviations. During process development, the system can be used to evaluate the design space for process operation. During manufacture, the system can be applied to identify abnormal process operation events and then to provide suggestions as to how best to cope with the deviations. In all cases, the function of the system is to ensure an efficient manufacturing process. The implementation of the agent‐based approach is illustrated via selected application scenarios, which demonstrate how such a framework may enable the better integration of process operations by providing a plant‐wide process description to facilitate process improvement. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Functionalization of cellulose acetate fibers with engineered cutinases
Authors: Matamá Teresa , Araújo Rita , Gübitz Georg M. , Casal Margarida , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the present work, we describe for the first time the specific role of cutinase on surface modification of cellulose acetate fibers. Cutinase exhibits acetyl esterase activity on diacetate and triacetate of 0.010 U and 0.007 U, respectively. An increase on the hydroxyl groups at the fiber surface of 25% for diacetate and 317% for triacetate, after a 24 h treatment, is estimated by an indirect assay. Aiming at further improvement of cutinase affinity toward cellulose acetate, chimeric cutinases are genetically engineered by fusing the 3′‐end coding sequence with a bacterial or a fungal carbohydrate‐binding module and varying the linker DNA sequence. A comparative analysis of these genetic constructions is presented showing that, the superficial regeneration of cellulose hydrophilicity and reactivity on highly substituted cellulose acetates is achieved by chimeric cutinases. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
The surgical anatomy of the radial nerve and the triceps aponeurosis
Authors: Chaudhry Tahseen , Noor Saqib , Maher Ben , Bridger John 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe radial nerve passes around the posterior aspect of the humerus where it is prone to injury in both humeral fractures and surgical exploration of this region. We examined 55 cadaveric limbs to determine whether the exact position of the radial nerve could be reliably predicted on the basis of superficial anatomical markings. We found that when there is considerable variability in the position of the nerve in relation to the lateral epicondyle, the nerve consistently passed adjacent to the lateral border of the triceps aponeurosis at a distance of 22–27 (±2) mm. It was never found to be closer than 13 (±1) mm to the aponeurosis. The lateral border of the triceps aponeurosis is easy to identify and our findings may help avoid iatrogenic injury to the radial nerve during exploration. Clin. Anat. 23:222–226, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging study of the long extracranial extension of the inferior petrosal sinus with MSCT
Authors: Zhang W.G. , Ye Y.Y. , Chen J.H. , Chen R. , Kuang L.Q. , Li X. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the anatomic route of Long‐Inferior Petrosal Sinuses (IPS) with multi‐slice spiral computed tomography, and to provide referenced evidence for the interventional preoperative evaluation for the diagnosis and treatment of skull base and sellar lesions. The route of Long‐IPS and its confluence with the internal jugular vein (IJV) and the connection level of 12 IPS were shown with multi‐planar reconstruction and curved multi‐planar reconstruction, and the IPS length was determined. Combining the results of continuous multi‐slice scanning, the diameters of the IPS at the initial segment in the jugular foreman and middle segment and the confluence segment of the IPS‐IJV junction level were determined. The mean length of the Long‐IPS was 66.2 ± 17.5 mm, and the length was over 60 mm on eight sides and its peak value 100 mm. The mean diameters of the IPS were 2.4 mm ± 0.7 mm, 2.1 mm ± 0.4 mm, and 2.1 mm ± 0.5 mm at the initial, middle, and confluent segments, respectively. Their diameters were equal to or greater than 2 mm at the connection level on eight sides. Furthermore, the diameter was greater than 1.6 mm at the middle and initial segments. The Long‐IPS might be used as a route to the intra‐cranial IPS. MSCT is helpful for showing the route and variation of the IPS and could be an effective method for preoperative evaluation of the IPS. Clin. Anat. 23:160–167, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Possible nociceptive structures in the sacroiliac joint cartilage: An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Szadek Karolina M. , Hoogland Piet V.J.M. , Zuurmond Wouter W.A. , De Lange Jaap J. , Perez Roberto S.G.M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe sacroiliac joint (SI joint) is a known source of low back pain. In the absence of validated physical signs and imaging studies, the diagnosis of SI joint pain can be secured by positive response to SI joint intra‐articular infiltration with local anesthetics. The current anatomical and histological knowledge concerning intra‐articular structures of the sacroiliac joint is insufficient to explain the efficacy of this infiltration. Consequently, this study was undertaken to detect the intra‐articular presence of substance P and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) positive nerve fibers, providing indirect evidence of nociceptive innervation of the SI joint. Free‐floating sections, obtained from iliac and sacral cartilage and subchondral bone of the SI joint and adjacent ligamentous tissue, of 10 human cadavers were studied immunohistochemically. Tissue of nine human cadavers showed the presence of substance P and CGRP immunoreactivity in the superficial layer of sacral and iliac cartilage, and the surrounding ligamentous structures. Subchondral bone reacted weakly to the antisera used. These findings support the view that the SI joint may be capable of intra‐articular nociception and may explain the positive response to the intra‐articular deposition of local anesthetic. Clin. Anat. 23:192–198, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical variations in the level of origin of the sigmoid colon from the descending colon and the attachment of the sigmoid mesocolon
Authors: Madiba T.E. , Haffajee M.R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe origin of the sigmoid colon is considered constant as is the V‐shaped attachment of the sigmoid mesocolon attachment. This study was undertaken to establish anatomical variations in the level of origin of the sigmoid colon (590 autopsies; 403 Africans, 91 Indians, and 96 Whites), and the shape of the attachment of the sigmoid mesocolon (211 autopsies, 127 Africans, 47 Indians, and 37 Whites) in different population groups. The low‐level origin was significantly less common among Africans compared with the other population groups (P = 0.003) and the high‐level origin was significantly more common in Africans (P = 0.003). A midlevel origin was similar in all three groups. The shape of the mesocolon attachment was either straight (94), inverted U‐shaped (79), or inverted V‐shaped (38). The straight shape was more common in Whites (Whites vs. African and Indian P = 0.003), and the U‐shape more common in Africans (African vs. Whites P = 0.042). The distribution of the V‐shape was similar. There are anatomical variations in the level of origin of the sigmoid colon from the descending colon as well as in the shape of the attachment of its mesocolon. These variations are population based. Clin. Anat. 23:179–185, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The anatomical basis of venographic filling defects of the transverse sinus
Authors: Strydom M.A. , Briers N. , Bosman M.C. , Steyn S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObstruction of the intracranial dural venous sinuses would result in an increase in intracranial dural venous pressure. This intracranial hypertension is not only the result of poor cerebral venous drainage but also life threatening. The aim of this study was to identify the structures, which may show signs of potential venographic filling defect qualities, including trabeculae/septa (also described as “fibrous bands”) and arachnoid granulations, which ultimately can lead to increased intracranial dural sinus venous pressure. A total of 102 cadavers and living patients were used for the study. Fifty‐three percent of the subjects presented with structures in their transverse sinuses that could be potential venous filling defects. Thirty percent of the subjects presented with arachnoid granulations in the right transverse sinus, which were found to be significantly dominant (Chi‐square; p < 0.05). The study also revealed the presence of 1 to 5 septa in 29.4% of the subjects. The septa were found to be more dominant in the central (30%) and lateral (22%) thirds of the right transverse sinuses, while the central third of the left transverse sinus proved to be the least dominant occurring site (8%). In general, the right transverse sinus is highly more significantly dominant in septal occurrence (Chi‐square; p < 0.01) than the left transverse sinus. We conclude from the statistical evidence that the right transverse sinus demonstrates significantly more potential venographic filling defects than the left sinus and submit that this information may assist in management options for patients diagnosed with idiopathic intracranial hypertension as well as direct future research. Clin. Anat. 23:153–159, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Band Structure of CaUO4 from First Principles
Authors: Matar S. F. , Demazeau G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: EuI2, a Low‐Temperature Europium(II) Iodide Phase.
Authors: Krings Michael , Wessel Michael , Dronskowski Richard 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Flux Growth and Structure of Two Compounds with the EuIn2P2 Structure Type, AIn2P2 (A: Ca and Sr), and a New Structure Type, BaIn2P2.
Authors: Rauscher Japheth F. , Condron Cathie L. , Beault Tanya , Kauzlarich Susan M. , Jensen Newell , Klavins Peter , MaQuilon Samuel , Fisk Zachary , Olmstead Marilyn M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Compound of (NH4)2SnP4O13 with High Proton Conductivity in Both Dry and Humid Atmospheres as Electrolyte for Intermediate Temperature Fuel Cells.
Authors: Wang Haibo , Tealdi Cristina , Huang Kelong , Stimming Ulrich , Chen Liquan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid State Synthesis, Structure and Transport Properties of Compositions in the CaRu1‐xTixO3‐δ System.
Authors: Vashook V. , Nitsche D. , Vasylechko L. , Rebello J. , Zosel J. , Guth U. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Al‐Rich Region of the Al—Ni—Cr Alloy System Below 900 °C.
Authors: Grushko B. , Kowalski W. , Pavlyuchkov D. , Mi S. , Surowiec M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Interaction of the Components in Dy—Ni—‐Sn Ternary System and Crystal Structure of New Compounds.
Authors: Romaka V. V. , Rogl P. , Romaka L. , Melnychenko N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Synthesis of H2O2 from H2 and O2 over Gold, Palladium, and Gold—Palladium Catalysts Supported on Acid‐Pretreated TiO2.
Authors: Edwards Jennifer K. , Ntainjua N Edwin , Carley Albert F. , Herzing Andrew A. , Kiely Christopher J. , Hutchings Graham J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Al—Mo Intermetallic Powders by Solid—Liquid Reaction Ball Milling.
Authors: Chen Ding , Cai Jianguo , Fang Jianjun , Chen Zhenhua 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Family of Ln2TeO6 Compounds (Ln: Y, La, Sm and Gd): Characterization and Synthesis by the Pechini Sol—Gel Process.
Authors: Llanos Jaime , Castillo Rodrigo , Barrionuevo Daniel , Espinoza Dario , Conejeros Sergio 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chains of trans‐Edge Connected [ZM4] Tetrahedra (Z = N and O) in the Lanthanide Nitride Chlorides Ln2NCl3 and Na2Ln4ONCl9 (Ln: La—Nd).
Authors: Schurz Christian M. , Schleid Thomas 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.