bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tandem size exclusion chromatography‐Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of humic acids
Authors: Trubetskoj Oleg A. , Trubetskaya Olga E. , Afanasieva Gaida V. , Reznikova Olga I. , Hermosin Bernardo , Saiz‐Jimenez Cesareo 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHumic acids (HAs) from four soils were fractionated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) on Sephadex G‐75. Three fractions were obtained in all humic acids, collected and assayed by Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The unfractionated HA from each soil was used as reference. Each chromatographic fraction formed one electrophoretic zone corresponding closely to one band of the reference sample with some admixture of the fractions preceding or following. The results indicate that fractionation of HAs by tandem SEC‐PAGE can be successfully used for obtaining fractions of reduced polydispersity and different electrophoretic mobilities. Pyrolysis/methylation‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry of the full size preparations of HA and fractions with exactly defined molecular size and electrophoretic mobility showed a different distribution in humic components, mainly lipids, lignin derivatives and N‐containing compounds.
Agricultural suitability of degraded Acrisols and Lixisols of former tea lands in Sri Lanka
Authors: Botschek Johannes , Neu Anni , Skowronek Armin , Jayakody Ananda N. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPhysical and chemical soil degradation hinder the introduction of mixed cropping systems on former tea lands in the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka. For instance on two typical soil catenas soil properties such as texture, pH, acidity parameters, pedogenic oxides and available plant nutrients indicating fertility are presented. Obviously Al3+ occupies a larger part of the exchange complex and accounts for more soil acidity than H+. Al toxicity is hence a major restricting factor for plant growth in the area. The investigated data also permit an evaluation of soil erodibility and a soil fertility assessment according to the Fertility Capability Classification System (Sanchez et al., 1982). Agricultural measures to reduce soil acidity and cover the lime requirements of the soils are advised. Additional soil conservation measures should diminish soil erosion in order to improve the sustainability of the cropping systems.
Oxidation of methane and dehydrogenase activity in a Mollic Gleysol
Authors: Brzezińska Małgorzata , Kuzyakov Yakov , Włodarczyk Teresa , Stahr Karl , Stȩpniewski Witold 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIt was found that during a 4‐day incubation of a Mollic Gleysol with 352 μl 1−1 methane in the headspace, the rate of methane consumption declined exponentially from an initial value of 9.13 μmol kg−1 hour−1 (about 5% of total CO2 evolved) according to first‐order kinetics. The increase of dehydrogenase activity due to methane amendment did not exceed 15% of the control value and reached the maximum after two days of incubation.
Commentary on the postencephalitic cases of Dr. Kinnier Wilson
Authors: Burn David J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThree cases of postencephalitic parkinsonism that were originally described by Kinnier Wilson are reviewed and some general comments made upon their presentation. A differential diagnosis that might now be appropriate in the 21st Century is given, in the light of recent literature on the topic and so‐called “sporadic” cases. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
The Wilson films — Huntington's Chorea
Authors: Klein Christine 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWilson's Queen Square Case 9 with Huntington's chorea shows a 68‐year‐old man with mild to moderate generalized chorea, impaired fixation, and probable cognitive decline in keeping with a diagnosis of Huntington's disease (HD). An age of onset in the late sixties and a negative family history suggest a relatively small expanded trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene in the patient and reduced penetrance of an even shorter repeat allele in one of his parents. A highly sensitive and specific gene test has been offered worldwide for diagnostic testing of HD for almost two decades. This test, obviously unavailable at Wilson's times, became the historic frontrunner for guidelines of symptomatic, presymptomatic, and prenatal testing for an adult‐onset neurodegenerative disorder. Regarding treatment of HD, however, we are still awaiting the successful translation of research results into the development of effective cause‐directed, neuropreventive and neurorestaurative therapies. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
UBQLN2/P62 cellular recycling pathways in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Fecto Faisal , Siddique Teepu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRecent findings highlight a pathologic and functional convergence in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with frontotemporal dementia (ALS‐FTD) at the level of protein recycling and disposal. Genes linked to rare cases of familial ALS and ALS‐FTD, like UBQLN2, OPTN, SQSTM1/p62, and VCP, may converge onto a unifying pathogenic pathway and thereby provide novel therapeutic targets common to a spectrum of etiologically diverse forms of ALS and ALS‐FTD. Interactions between these genes need to be further explored to understand their common molecular pathways. Future efforts should be directed toward generation and characterization of in vivo models to dissect the pathogenic mechanisms of ALS and ALS‐FTD and the role of protein degradation pathways, both centrally, at the cell body, and peripherally, at the level of the synapse. Such efforts will rapidly accelerate the discovery of new drugs that regulate accumulation of pathogenic proteins and their downstream consequences in ALS and ALS‐FTD and, possibly, other neurodegenerative diseases as well. Muscle Nerve, 2012
The Bayesian information criterion: background, derivation, and applications
Authors: Neath Andrew A. , Cavanaugh Joseph E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe Bayesian information criterion (BIC) is one of the most widely known and pervasively used tools in statistical model selection. Its popularity is derived from its computational simplicity and effective performance in many modeling frameworks, including Bayesian applications where prior distributions may be elusive. The criterion was derived by Schwarz (Ann Stat 1978, 6:461–464) to serve as an asymptotic approximation to a transformation of the Bayesian posterior probability of a candidate model. This article reviews the conceptual and theoretical foundations for BIC, and also discusses its properties and applications. WIREs Comput Stat 2012, 4:199–203. doi: 10.1002/wics.199This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bayesian Methods and Theory
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Information Theoretic Methods
Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Modeling Methods
Right hepatectomy with resection of caudate lobe and extrahepatic bile duct for hilar cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Endo Itaru , Matsuyama Ryusei , Taniguchi Koichi , Sugita Mitsutaka , Takeda Kazuhisa , Tanaka Kuniya , Shimada Hiroshi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractEn‐bloc liver resection with caudate lobectomy (segmentectomy 1) is the standard procedure for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Although its surgical mortality has been reduced below 5%, it is still a potentially hazardous operation. Complete tumor resection with negative surgical margins and safe reconstruction of bilio‐enteric continuity are two principles of the surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Surgeons must pay attention to the variation of the hilar structures including portal veins, hepatic arteries, and bile ducts. Three‐dimensional imaging is beneficial not only for understanding anatomical variations but also for preoperative simulations. Since the U‐point can be identified by both preoperative imaging and intraoperative inspection, it can be used as the landmark for the hepatectomy and the dissection point of the hilar plate. The hanging maneuver might be useful for both hepatic parenchymal dissection and bile duct dissection just right of the U‐point. For safe biliary reconstruction, stay sutures in the anterior wall and transanastomotic stents may be helpful.
What Undergraduate Factors Influence Medical Students When Making Their Choice of Post Graduate Career?
Authors: Yap C. , Rosen S. , Sinclair A.M. , Pearce I. 
Published: December 2011

Objectives: To determine what factors final year medical students consider when deciding upon their future post graduate career and to what extent each factor influences their decision. Methods: 150 final year medical students were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire relating to factors relating to their future career choice. Students were asked to rate each factor according to the level of importance or influence it exerted when choosing a post graduate career. A simple visual analogue scale from 1 to 10 was utilised with 10 being most influential. Results: The most significant factors influencing final year medical students in their career choice were clinical mentors and specialty themed PBL cases with scores of 6.8 and 6.5 out of a maximum of 10. Clinical exposure exerted the weakest influence with a mean score of 2.5. Conclusion: Various factors influence the future career choice of final year medical students to a differing extent. In order to promote Urology as a favourable career choice in this cohort, a concerted and coherent effort should be made at national level to engage medical students and promote the specialty.
Prognostic Implication of the Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis Pattern on Perfusion Lung Scan
Authors: Charest Mathieu , Armanious Shadia 
Published: December 2011

Purpose Findings not associated with thromboembolic disease on routine perfusion lung scan may sometimes have particular clinical significance. We wanted to assess the clinical importance and overall survival after the recognition of a lymphangitic carcinomatosis pattern on perfusion lung scan. Case report We report a case of lymphangitic carcinomatosis pattern on perfusion lung scan performed in a previously healthy patient who had rapid progressive course and died the next day. Method A Medline search of case reports that describes either lymphangitic carcinomatosis or tumour microemboli on perfusion lung scan. Results There were a total of 32 patients identified in 21 articles from various countries, including our case. The studied perfusion pattern was reported more often in female patients (81%) was associated with a progressive history of dyspnea (69%) and normal or mild findings on chest radiograph (58%). Of the 29 patients with available outcome data, 79% (23/29) had a progressive course after the lung scan interpretation. In 18 of these 23 cases, the actual interval of survival was given: 67% of these patients (12/18) died within the first month. Discussion A lymphangitic carcinomatosis perfusion pattern on scintigraphic imaging is associated with a poor prognosis. Nuclear medicine physicians should be aware of this association and that raising the suspicion for a metastatic process may make a difference in the treatment plan of these patients.
Employment and Development in six Poor Arab States: Syria, Jordan, Sudan, South Yemen, Egypt, and North Yemen
Authors: Birks J. S. , Sinclair C. A. 
Published: December 2011

The Arab region is generally thought of as wealthy, being the recipient of a large income from oil. In reality, oil wealth is confined to a small minority of states and peoples; most of the region's population are poor.This paper discusses the employment pattern and future problems of the six poorest countries of the Arab region: Syria, Jordan, Sudan, South Yemen (Peoples' Democratic Republic of Yemen), Egypt, and North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic).
Economic Policy and Class Structure in Syria: 1958–1980
Authors: Ahsan Syed Aziz-al 
Published: December 2011

It is indeed an interesting endeavor to investigate the impact of economic policies on social stratification. Doing so enables us to see to what extent economic policies bring changes in class structure in a society. We take the case of Syria to study its economic policies and their accompanying impact on the evolving pattern of the Syrian elite from the late 1950s to the early 1980s and then look at accompanying impact on class structure.The two poles or aspects of this paper are (1) economic policies themselves and (2) their impact on class structure. The question that we are going to raise in the first pole is the following: what is the nature of the economic policies? This refers to land reforms, industrial and commercial reforms, and foreign trade controls.
Auditory brainstem evoked responses in hyperlipidaemia: effect of various lipid fractions on auditory function
Authors: Thakur J S , Mohindroo N K , Vasanthalakshmi M S , Kashyap N , Azad R K , Sharma D R 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the effect of different lipid fractions on auditory brainstem evoked responses in hyperlipidaemia.Method:We conducted a single institution (medical college), prospective, cross-sectional study of 25 hyperlipidaemic patients and 25 normolipidaemic controls, all with a normal hearing threshold on pure tone audiometry. Brainstem evoked response audiometry results were recorded in both groups. The hyperlipidaemic group were further divided into two subgroups, based on the serum value of each lipid fraction: those with less than and those with greater than the mean serum value. These two subgroups were further compared with the control group.Results:The hyperlipidaemic and normolipidaemic groups had statistically significant differences for all audiometry waves apart from the wave I and the III–V interpeak latencies. The subgroups had a statistically significant difference in brainstem evoked responses. We found a statistically significant association between low-density lipoproteins and many waveforms in the hyperlipidaemic group.Conclusion:We found that low-density lipoproteins were significantly associated with many waveforms in hyperlipidaemic patients. Thus, low-density lipoproteins may be important in auditory dysfunction.
Note on the Trophic Relationships of the Stauromedusa Haliclystus Antarcticus from Subantarctic South Georgia
Authors: Davenport John 
Published: December 2011

Stauromedusae are cnidarians that have attracted relatively little ecological study, especially in the southern hemisphere. They are Scyphozoa that develop directly from the scyphistoma, and each consists of a calyx and a more or less distinct aboral peduncle that attaches to the substratum by an adhesive disc. The animals are mobile on the substratum, but have no pelagic phase. The present note originates from observations made on stauromedusae living in intertidal and shallow subtidal waters at Husvik Harbour, South Georgia (54°11′S 38°40′W) in early 1994. The species concerned was identified from Kramp (1961), Carlgren (1930) and Pfeffer (1889) as Haliclystus antarcticus Pfeffer, 1889. This species has attracted little previous study. The most detailed anatomical description was given by Carlgen (1930), while distributional details are given in O'Sullivan (1982) who followed Pfeffer (1889); at present there is no evidence that the species occurs other than at South Georgia.Medusae were found on two substrata. Large animals (~30mm high, inconspicuous dark brown in colour) were found on the underside of boulders at extreme low spring tide level in a bay on the north of Husvik Harbour about 1·2 km from the whaling station and close to Brain Island. Locally they were common, often being close enough to touch one another. Smaller animals (pink-orange in colour; cryptic on the macroalga) were found attached to the brown macroalga Desmarestia menziesii J. Aghardh (Phaeophyceae) collected at low-water spring tide level from Kanin Point on the southern shore of the harbour. Medusae on boulders were briefly emersed on particularly low tides: they collapsed, hanging from the peduncle, when out of water, but did not risk desiccation as their habitat was wet and not exposed to the sun.
Brand Marks on the Starfish,Asterina Pectinifera
Authors: Kurihara Takeo 
Published: December 2011

Various marking techniques have been used in ecological studies of starfish as well as other benthic animals (Nielsen, 1992). They include the attachment of tags (Feder, 1955), staining with dye (Hancock, 1958), inscription with sharp pencil (Scheibling, 1980), and branding (T.K, unpublished data). These methods have been used in mark-recapture surveys over durations of several days in order to study the diurnal activity rhythmn (Burla et al., 1972), movement after displacement (Pabst & Vicentini, 1978), and feeding and movement rates (Keesing & Lucas, 1992). However, these marking techniques on starfish have never been quantitatively evaluated for their durability and detrimental effects on the starfish.Accordingly, in the present study, brand marks onAsterina pectinifera(Müller & Troschel) were examined in the laboratory in terms of their durability and impact on mortality and growth. For Echinodermata, branding has been used mainly on Holothuroidea likeStichopus japonicus(Arakawa, 1990). However, it can also be used for starfish to identify individuals by marking patterns on the body (T.K., unpublished data). The present study tested the effects on the growth and mortality ofA. pectinifera. It also examined the durability of brands for distinguishing individuals of a branded group from individuals of an unbranded group, and the durability for identifying individuals with specific coded brand marks.Two hundred starfish were collected in Maizuru Bay (35°29′N 135°22′E) in September 1995, and the size was measured. The five arms of each individual were measured from the centre of the disc to the arm tip (mm) to determine the mean radius (R0).
A Note on the Status of Indigenous Species of Sea Horse
Authors: Maidment-Garrick Neil 
Published: December 2011

The status of the two indigenous species of sea horse, the British sea horse (spiny sea horse) (Hippocampus ramulosus) and the European sea horse (short snouted sea horse) (Hippocampus hippocampus) are not exactly known. The British Sea Horse Survey has been set out to identify sites and populations around the British Isles.The native British sea horses Hippocampus ramulosus Leach and Hippocampus hippocampus Linnaeus are thought to be facing an uncertain future but not from collecting as in tropical species used in the Chinese medicine trade, but from direct interference with their habitat. It was therefore proposed that a survey be carried out to find the extent of their ranges and populations and whether they required protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act.In the description of the two species for the survey it was decided to use size and presence or absence of appendages on the dorsal region to identify species. Relative snout to head ratios were not used as it was felt that this had to be discouraged as it would have meant handling the animals and the subsequent stress involved was not acceptable to an animal that is easily stressed.
Ethylacetate extracts from the gorgonian coral Subergorgia reticulata reduce larval settlement of Balanus (=Amphibalanus) reticulatus and Pinctada martensii and spore germination of Ulva linza, U. lactuca and Gracilaria tenuistipitata
Authors: Yan T. , Cao W.H. , Liu S.S. , Yang J. , Xie E.Y. , He M.X. , Zhang S. 
Published: December 2011

Ethylacetate extract of the gorgonian coral Suberogorgia reticulata was obtained and its effects on the larval settlement by acorn barnacle Balanus (=Amphibalanus) reticulatus and pearl oyster Pinctada martensii and spore germination of green algae Ulva linza and U. lactuca and red alga Gracilaria tenuistipitata was assessed in this study. Results showed that no larval settlement or spore germination occurred at the dose of 100 μg cm−2. Both larval settlement and spore germination were significantly inhibited by the extract at doses of 1 μg cm−2 for B. reticulatus, 0.1 μg cm−2 for U. linza and U. lactuca, and 0.01 μg cm−2 for P. martensii and G. tenuistipitata. It could be concluded that the gorgonian coral S. reticulata may produce bioactive substances with a broad spectrum of activity against a range of marine sessile organisms including macroalgae and invertebrates.
A new species of Dahmsopottekina (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Huntemanniidae) from the western Mediterranean deep sea
Authors: Sevastou Katerina , Corgosinho Paulo Henrique Costa , Martínez Arbizu Pedro 
Published: December 2011

A new species of the genus Dahmsopottekina is described from the Mediterranean Sea. Dahmsopottekina guilvardi sp. nov. was collected from abyssal habitats at a depth range of 2340–2850 m. Like its congeners, the new species has a vermiform habitus, a highly transformed P1 in both sexes and a plough-like rostrum in the female. Dahmsopottekina guilvardi sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeneric species by the combination of a fused basis and endopodite in P1 of both sexes and the absence of an endopodite in P2–P4 of the female. Dahmsopottekina guilvardi sp. nov. is the second record of a harpacticoid species after its congener D. peruana in which the basis and endopodite of a leg other than the P5, namely the P1, are fused. Furthermore, the new species is the only one among Dahmsopottekina species with a 1-segmented P1 exopodite in the male. Similar to its congeners, D. guilvardi sp. nov. is strongly sexually dimorphic. This is evident through the morphology of most of the cephalic appendages and the reduction of P2–P6 in the female. The results of the present study support the observation that Dahmsopottekina species are sparsely distributed and highly endemic. Nevertheless, our results do not agree with the statement of considerably larger females as the length variability between females is greater than between the two sexes. Despite the morphological characters of the species commensurate with a burrowing mode of life, its presence in sediment traps suggests that D. guilvardi sp. nov. is an active ‘swimmer’.
REINTERPRETING RAWLS'STHE LAW OF PEOPLES
Authors: Wellman Christopher Heath 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this article I argue that critics of John Rawls's The Law of Peoples wrongly presume that Rawls sought to offer a comprehensive theory of global justice, when he meant more minimally to respond to a specific practical problem: “How can we eliminate the great evils of human history?” I concede that my reading is not uniformly supported by all aspects of the text, but The Law of Peoples is a rich and complex work that does not univocally recommend any single reading, and my construal squares with Rawls's own description of the project. More importantly, my interpretation is recommended by the principle of charity, insofar as it provides Rawls with plausible responses to the commonly-voiced objections. In other words, if Rawls is understood as offering a comprehensive theory of global justice, then many of the standard criticisms appear quite damning. But if his aim is the more modest one of recommending how liberal (and decent) societies might permissibly organize their foreign policies so as to help eliminate unjust war, oppression, religious persecution and the denial of liberty of conscience, starvation, poverty, genocide and mass murder, then Rawls's book is not problematic in the ways that so many have supposed.