bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring the coracoclavicular distance with ultrasound—a new technique
Authors: Sluming V A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The distance between the clavicle and the coracoid process of the scapula is frequently assessed during the radiographic investigation of the acromioclavicular joint. This study defines an ultrasound technique (5 MHz real time linear array) for measuring the coracoclavicular distance, and determines its reliability and validity. A new ultrasonic technique was performed on 49 healthy subjects who had volunteered to participate in the study, having given signed, informed consent. The measuring endpoints for the coracoclavicular distance were the superior border of the clavicle and the superior border of the coracoid process. Three replicate scans were performed on each shoulder. The ultrasound measurements for 19 of the subjects were compared with the measurement obtained from a normal shoulder radiograph (which had previously been requested on clinical grounds). The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the limits of agreement method of analysis. The mean difference between the radiograph and ultrasound measurements was 0.38 mm. The limits of agreement (95% confidence intervals) were −0.57 (−0.97, −0.17) and 1.33 (0.93, 1.73). Intraoperator and interoperator reliability were evaluated with a multifactor ANOVA and gave p = 0.7 for intraoperator reliability and p = 0.5 for interoperator reliability. The mean of the coefficients of variation for the two operators was 1.84%. The average range for repeated trials (same operator, same subject) was 1.35 mm. The maximum differences in the averages for each operator was 1.2 mm. The ultrasound technique described is a reliable, accurate and valid technique for evaluating the coracoclavicular distance and may usefully supplement the routine radiographic examination of the shoulder in patients presenting for radiographic examination of the acromioclavicular joint.
Epidermoid cyst of the floor of the mouth: diagnostic imaging by sonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Turetschek K , Hospodka H , Steiner E 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Epidermoid and dermoid cysts are rare benign tumours which may occur anywhere in the body. About 7% of them are found in the head and neck region and only 1.6% are located within the oral cavity. Pre-operative imaging of these lesions provides important diagnostic and anatomical information with regard to the patient's therapeutic management. This case report describes imaging findings in a patient with an extensive epidermoid cyst located within the sublingual space.
Default display arrangements of images on PACS monitors
Authors: Strickland N H , Allison D J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Our hospital is currently installing one of the largest non-military hospital-wide picture archiving and communications systems (PACS) in the world [1, 2]. We are designing default modes for the display of images on PACS workstation monitors so that these can be implemented in future software releases. In this article we present the considerations and reasoning influencing our decisions upon how best to arrange and present the images from the various radiological modalities for ease of soft copy reporting.
The radiation exposure of the patient from stablexenon computed tomography
Authors: Seifert H , Blaß G , Leetz H-K , Voges M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
For stable-xenon computed tomography (CT), an X-ray examination for measurement of cerebral blood circulation in the brain, the radiation exposure of the patient was determined in order to estimate the risk of inducing cancer. Organ doses of brain, eyelenses, thyroid and gonads have been calculated using the measured air kerma free-in-air on the axis of rotation and organ-specific conversion factors calculated with the Monte Carlo method. Dose measurements with TLD-100 rods using a humanoid Alderson phantom were carried out for verification of the calculated organ doses. In the case of brain partially located in the region of primary radiation a mean organ dose of 39 mSv was calculated. The dose measurements showed dose equivalents between 6 and 68 mSv in different regions of the brain and consequently an inhomogeneous dose distribution. From an estimation of the radiation-induced risk using the effective dose of 1.6 mSv it follows that one additional fatal cancer per 12 500 stable-xenon CT examinations has to be expected. The organ doses of eyelenses and thyroid located in the region of scattered radiation are so low that biological effects are hardly to be expected. The calculated dose equivalents of 6.5 mSv and 0.5 mSv, respectively, are in good agreement with measurements. The organ dose of gonads amounted to less than 0.07 mSv.
Annular pancreas divisum—a report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: England R E , Newcomer M K , Leung J W C , Cotton P B 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Annular pancreas divisum is a rare congenital variant of pancreatic anatomy which may cause symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction and recurrent pancreatitis. It is diagnosed by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. We present two cases of this condition and review the literature.
Magnetic resonance imaging of endocrine tumours of the pancreas
Authors: Moore N R , Rogers C E , Britton B J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Seven patients who had functioning or non-functioning endocrine pancreatic tumours were investigated by magnetic resonance imaging. Combinations of fat suppressed T 1 weighted spin echo and gradient recalled echo (n = 7), T 2 weighted spin echo (n = 3) and gadolinium diethylamine triamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) enhanced fat suppressed T 1 images were acquired. Magnetic resonance imaging detected five of seven tumours prospectively (three of which were smaller than 10 mm) and a further 10 mm tumour retrospectively. Tumours were low signal on T 1 weighted images and showed enhancement after Gd–DTPA. On T 2 weighted images one tumour was hyperintense, and two were isointense with normal pancreas. Computed tomography, transabdominal ultrasound and angiography were performed in six patients but detected only one tumour each. Intraoperative palpation and ultrasound detected all tumours. If pre-operative imaging is required magnetic resonance imaging is the technique of choice to detect small endocrine pancreatic tumours.
Two-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography in the coronal plane for abdominal disease: its usefulness and comparison with conventional angiography
Authors: Miyazaki T , Yamashita Y , Shinzato J , Kojima A , Takahashi M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Using two-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (2D-TOF MRA) in the coronal plane, 54 cases of arterial disease and 46 cases of venous disease were evaluated. The results were compared with those of conventional angiography to establish their relative usefulness for diagnosing abdominal diseases. Using 2D-TOF MRA, relatively large vessels such as the splenic artery, the trunks of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and the renal artery were clearly visualized. However, smaller vessels such as the gastroduodenal artery, main hepatic artery, branches of the SMA and the renal artery were not clearly imaged. The diameters of stenotic arteries correlated well with their images on conventional angiography (r = 0.953). In the venous system, the splenic, renal and portal veins and the first branches of the portal vein bilaterally were clearly imaged. Veins, normal or abnormal, less than 5 mm in diameter were not clearly imaged using 2D-TOF MRA. 2D-TOF MRA in the coronal plane provided useful diagnostic information, especially regarding venous diseases, tumour thrombi in the portal vein, renal vein or inferior vena cava (IVC), collateral vessels or shunts, vascular malformations, and the relationships between the portal and hepatic veins. Limitations encountered in arterial disease did not interfere with evaluations of venous disease.
Selection of appropriate ultrasound methods for the estimation of fetal weight
Authors: Dudley N J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Many methods for fetal weight estimation have been proposed. Earlier formulae were derived solely by regression analysis but more recently formulae based on physical models have been developed. Some of these formulae are lengthy and difficult to use. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate a concise area based formula developed several years ago against popular and recently published formulae. Data from 388 patients over a 5 year period were collected from clinically required ultrasound scans performed within 10 days of delivery. Four of the seven formulae evaluated proved to be equally accurate over a broad range of birthweights (mean absolute deviations 245–249 g), including the area based formula and a circumference based formula derived from it. On the grounds of the number of terms, the precision of coefficients, the physical meaning and the greater accuracy of individual area measurements compared with those derived from circumference, the area based formula should be the method of choice.
A population study of the screening potential of assessment of trabecular pattern of the femoral neck (Singh index): the Chingford Study
Authors: Masud T , Jawed S , Doyle D V , Spector T D 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe trabecular pattern of the femoral neck (Singh index) has been used as a measure of osteopenia and fracture risk but the value of this method is controversial. This study assessed the usefulness of the Singh index (SI) by using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the “gold standard”. 659 Caucasian women (45–70 years) from an age–sex register of a general practice had their femoral neck and lumbar spine bone densities measured by DXA and had antero–posterior hip X-rays performed which were then categorized into six osteopenia grades using the SI method. The intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of this method was good (kappa = 0.64 and 0.61, respectively). The SI grades correlated significantly with body mass index (r = 0.35) and age (r = 0.17) (p &lt; 0.001). The mean femoral neck and lumbar spine bone densities were significantly higher with increasing SI grade even after adjustment for age and body mass index (p &lt; 0.001). The proportion of subjects below the fracture threshold (2 SD below mean peak bone mass) decreased with increasing SI grade, ranging from 100% in SI grade 2 to 16.8% in SI grade 6. There was, however, wide overlap of bone densities between the grades. Using the criteria “osteoporosis ≤ SI grade 4”, the sensitivity and specificity of the SI method diagnosing low bone mass was 35.1% and 90.0%, respectively. These data suggest that the SI is a reproducible tool which may detect differences in bone mass between populations or subgroups within populations, although caution should be used in classifying individual patients because of the wide variation in bone density. The method has a low sensitivity but a relatively high specificity in diagnosing low bone mass.
Ultrasound in the evaluation of osteoporosis: a comparison with bone mineral density at distal radius
Authors: Gnudi S , Malavolta N , Ripamonti C , Caudarella R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
It is proven that, from a technical point of view, ultrasound transmission velocity (UTV) measurement can easily be taken at the distal end of the radius. The reproducibility of UTV is good (coefficient of variation 0.3% intraoperator and 0.5% interoperator). 248 normal and 65 osteoporotic women were then studied to establish the range of UTV values and to compare the ability of UTV and bone mineral density (BMD) measurement, taken at the same skeletal sites, to detect osteoporotic fragility. Osteoporosis was defined by the presence of atraumatic vertebral fractures on an X-ray of the spine. Ultrasound velocity averaged 1570.5±43.3 m s−1 in normal and 1519.2±15.2 m s−1 in osteoporotic women; the difference is also statistically significant (p&lt;0.01) for BMD. Both BMD and UTV decline after menopause and are significantly correlated with age. A weak correlation (r=0.68) was found between UTV and BMD; this supports the thesis that ultrasound velocity measures bone mass as well as other fragility components of bone distinct from the decrease of mass. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that UTV discriminates between normal and osteoporotic patients at least as well as radial BMD, indicating that UTV is a new available diagnostic modality which can be used to screen osteoporotic subjects.
Maxillofacial biomodelling—preliminary result
Authors: Yau Y Y , Arvier J F , Barker T M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A new technique of manufacturing three-dimensional (3D) hard tissue biomodels is described. The models, derived from computed tomography data, were constructed by a computer-controlled manufacturing device known as stereolithography apparatus (SLA). Selected cases of patients with facial deformities were presented to illustrate clinical applications of the SLA biomodelling. Physical demonstration of the bony internal anatomy in these patients promoted better conceptualization of the disease process, allowing optimal input into the management decision, pre-operative planning and choice of surgical technique with a consequent reduction in operating time and potential reduction in peri-operative morbidity. Limitations of the solid modelling technique include cost, a lengthy production time which renders it unsuitable for emergency cases, and radiation exposure of the patient. With wider use and further technological development, these drawbacks will be minimized. The 3D SLA biomodels may in future become an adjunct, not only to maxillofacial surgery, but also to other medical specialities.
Comparison of light reflection rheography with ascending venography in the diagnosis of lower limb deep venous thrombosis
Authors: Abbott G T , Diggory R T , Harris I 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A prospective evaluation of light reflective rheography (LRR) in the diagnosis of acute lower limb deep venous thrombosis (DVT) has been conducted by the comparison of rheographic changes with ascending venography. LRR reliably predicts the absence of DVT, but cannot accurately detect its presence. It is suggested that the technique may be used for surveillance but should not replace venography as a method for establishing the diagnosis of DVT.
Comparisons between three dual-energy X-ray absorptiometers used for measuring spine and femur
Authors: Tothill P , Fenner J A K , Reid D M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Lunar, Hologic and Norland dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanners have been compared for measurements of spine and femur bone density. Precision was not greatly different in realistic phantoms and volunteer subjects. Most clinical therapeutic trials are concerned with measuring changes of bone mineral, and interchangeability in this context was examined using phantoms of spine and femur in which changes of bone mineral density (BMD) were simulated. With each instrument the measured changes were closely linear. For the spine the biggest difference of slope between instruments was 15%. For the femur, in all areas of interest, the differences of slope were less than 10%. It is concluded that the three instruments can be satisfactorily used in multicentre clinical trials to investigate changes in bone mineral. 12 volunteers were measured with each scanner. There were significant mean differences between each pair of instruments, suggesting different calibration criteria. More importantly, those mean differences had appreciable standard deviations (SDs), in proportional terms from 3% to 10%. When the measurements were related to reference ranges and expressed in terms of age-matched normal values the mean biases disappeared, but the SDs did not improve. Results from different manufacturers' apparatus are not interchangeable for studying individual patients. Measurements from the phantoms were used to cross-calibrate the scanners. Those from the variable spine phantom predicted the in vivo ratio within 4%, but this was no better than measurements of the unmodified phantom alone. Results using the European Spine Phantom were less satisfactory. No phantom provided an adequate cross-calibration for femur measurements.
Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with penile carcinoma
Authors: de Kerviler E , Ollier P , Desgrandchamps F , Zagdanski A M , Attal P , Teillac P , Frija J , Le Duc A , Laval-Jeantet M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the role of pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with and without contrast enhancement, in patients with penile carcinoma. Nine patients with a penile cancer were studied. The staging of the tumours was performed by clinical examination, MRI and surgery, according to the TNM classification. Six patients had primary tumours, of clinical stage Tl (n= 1) and T2 (n= 5). Three other patients had been previously treated and presented with a local recurrence of clinical stage T2. Surfacecoil MRI was performed at 0.5 T with T 1 weighted sequences before and after gadolinium-DOTA, and T 2 weighted sequences. MRI results were compared with the clinical and surgical findings. T 1 weighted sequences did not clearly demonstrate the margins of the tumours. T 2 weighted sequences were the more useful in five patients, whereas contrast enhanced T 1 weighted sequences allowed better delineation of the lesions in only three patients. Therefore, an imaging protocol should include spin echo T 2 weighted sequences. Clinical examination correctly staged six of nine tumours; MRI, seven of nine tumours and the combination of both examinations, eight of nine tumours. MRI provided good evaluation of tumoral invasion into the penile shaft.
A randomized, double-blind, parallel group trial of iomeprol, iohexol and iopamidol in intravenous urography
Authors: Harding J R , Bertazzoli M , Spinazzi A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the safety, tolerance, and diagnostic efficacy of iomeprol 350 mg I ml−1, iohexol 350 mg I ml−1, and iopamidol 370 mg I ml−1 in 90 adult patients undergoing intravenous urography. Radiographs obtained 5, 10 and 15 min after contrast injection were blindly graded for quality on a four point scale as: 0, non-diagnostic; 1, diagnostic but of limited quality; 2, diagnostic and of good quality; 3, fully diagnostic and of very good quality. The sum of these scores indicated the overall diagnostic quality (0–4, non-diagnostic; 4–8, diagnostic; 9–12, good or excellent). Contrast tolerability was evaluated by discomfort (heat or pain) associated with injection of the test compounds, and patients were monitored and questioned for adverse experiences. The quality of the individual radiographs was assessed as diagnostic and good or fully diagnostic and very good in most cases, with no significant differences between the three study groups, and overall scores were predominantly good or excellent (p = 0.55). All adverse reactions were transient and non-serious, and most of them were reported as mild in intensity. There were no significant differences between the three groups for heat sensation (p = 0.29). Pain at the injection site was reported only in the iohexol group (p = 0.104). It is concluded that iomeprol 350 mg I ml−1 is at least as safe and effective as iohexol 350 mg I ml−1 or iopamidol 370 mg I ml−1 when used for intravenous urography.
Ultrasound guided aspiration of symptomatic supraspinatus calcific deposits
Authors: Bradley M , Bhamra M S , Robson M J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
11 consecutive patients with shoulder pain were referred from the shoulder clinic for plain radiography. Supraspinatus calcific deposits were suspected after other causes of shoulder pain had been eliminated by clinical examination and local anaesthetic tests. Radiographs confirmed calcific deposits in all 11 shoulders and all deposits were shown by ultrasound to be lying in the supraspinatus tendon. Using a free-hand ultrasound guidance technique, a 19 G needle was passed percutaneously into all 11 shoulders in an attempt to aspirate the deposit. Six patients experienced immediate pain relief or relief on the same day, whilst four others were pain free at the 2 weeks follow-up clinic. One patient who was thought to have a co-existing supraspinatus tear diagnosed by the scan was symptomatically unchanged.
Brain metastases from papillary carcinoma thyroid
Authors: Jyothirmayi R , Edison J , Nayar P P , Nair M K , Rajan B 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Papillary carcinoma, the commonest thyroid malignancy, has a good prognosis and low incidence of distant metastases. Brain metastasis is extremely rare with a frequency of 0.1–5% in reported series. The clinical details of two cases of histologically proven brain metastases from papillary thyroid cancer treated in our centre are presented. In one patient, the lesion was in the cerebellar hemisphere, and in the other, the frontal lobe. Also presented is a review of the literature of this unusual clinical presentation.
Intrinsic radiosensitivity as a predictor of patient response to radiotherapy
Authors: West C M L 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This article reviews the available literature on intrinsic radiosensitivity as a predictor of patient response to radiotherapy. Results have been summarised for tumour, fibroblast and lymphocyte radiosensitivity where results have been correlated with clinical data. Suggestions are made for the possible way forward in this area of radiobiology.
Interval cancers in the National Health Service Breast Screening Programme
Authors: Johnson A E , Shekhdar J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The National Health Service (NHS) Breast Screening Programme defines objectives with acceptable and, where possible, achievable standards. This paper examines the problem of interval cancers. Slopes due to shrinkage of primary breast cancers in response to primary systemic therapy are used as surrogates for growth slopes. From the distribution of these slopes the proportion of tumours which might reach particular sizes in any time interval may be estimated. For specific differences in size between screen and clinical detection levels the number of interval cancers which could appear in 1, 2 and 3 years after screening is estimated. The justification for these predictions is evaluated. The literature in relation to growth is reviewed; we add three growth slopes from our own measurements. The range of volume doubling times and volume halving times is the same whereas the mean value derived from the literature is about 90 days in contrast to only 26 days for inferred growth rates. Because of the difficulties inherent in the measurement of growth, it is concluded that the literature defines the left half of a distribution; the right hand side is completed by shrinkage data. The observed rates for interval cancers from different sources vary widely; there is an underlying assumption that interval cancers are an index of failure. These calculations suggest that there is an irreducible minimum of interval cancers, which will depend upon the screening interval and the size at which tumours are detected. The interval cancers will contain more poorly differentiated tumours. The anticipated achievable standards appear to be over optimistic.