bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contextual Neutralization of Vowel Length: Evidence from Dutch
Authors: Lahiri Aditi , Schriefers Herbert , Kuijpers Cecile 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Based on recent experimental studies of word-final devoicing in languages like German and Catalan which show production differences between the neutralized and nonneutralized consonants, it has been claimed that phonological neutralization is ‘incomplete’. It seems, however, that this claim is quite premature given that most studies have considered only the neutralizing phenomenon of word-final devoicing. In this paper, we examine a qualitatively different neutralizing phenomenon – the neutralization of vowel length in open syllables. We compared the duration of Dutch long vowels which are derived by an open-syllable lenghtening rule to those that are underlyingly long (cf. [da:len] < /dal+en/ vs. [ba:len] < /ba:l+en/). Our study shows that there is no difference in the duration between these vowels and that, at least, in this instance, contextual neutralization does lead to identical surface realization of distinct phonological segments.
Two Magnetic Methods for Articulatory Measurements
Authors: Panagos Georgios , Strube Hans Werner 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
We present two magnetic methods for measuring articulatory activities. Unlike previous methods, the magnetic fields are uniform. Three alternating magnetic fields induce voltages in two detectors, a magnetic potentiometer and a flat coil. Thus we are able to measure jaw and tongue movements during speech production. These methods are biologically safe. The miniaturized detectors do not disturb the speech movements. Some preliminary results are presented. These methods can also be applied for other kinds of vectorial distance measurement.
Influences of Contextual and Local Temporal Information on Perception of a Stop Consonant after [s]
Authors: Bailey Peter J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Much of the perceptual information for a stop consonant in an [s]-stop cluster inheres in temporal properties of the acoustic signal local to the period of low energy corresponding to stop closure. However, stop percepts in this context are also influenced by the rate of speech in a precursor phrase to which the cluster is appended. The two experiments in this paper attempt to explore the dissociability of these local and longer-term perceptual influences, and to investigate the interactions between them. The results of the experiments reveal a complex pattern of interactions which suggests that a simple distinction between segmental and suprasegmental temporal information for phonetic contrasts is unrealistic.
Labial Articulation Patterns Associated with Segmental Features and Syllable Structure in English
Authors: Macchi Marian 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The purpose of the work described here was to relate different types of phonological categories – like phonemic distinctive features and syllable boundaries – with articulatory parameters for lip and jaw height. The analysis is based on data for 2 talkers of American English, using the University of Tokyo X-ray microbeam system. We studied the articulatory realization of linguistic contrasts in syllable boundary location for the intervocalic labial stop consonant /p/ and the articulatory realization of intervocalic /p/ in the environment of phonemically different vowels. The /p/s in contrasts associated with the phonemic vowel environment (e. g., /p/ in /ipi/ versus /apa/) were realized in articulation by a constant lip pellet position, implemented by an inverse relation between jaw height and lip articulator height. The syllable structure contrasts (e. g., syllable-initial /p/ versus syllable-final /p/) were realized by jaw height differences, without any lip articulator difference. These results can be accounted for by describing the observable lip pellet position for /p/ as a function of two independent variables: a constant lip pellet goal, at the level of segmental vowel environment, plus a jaw height for a particular syllable structure.
Dynamic Information in the Identification and Discrimination of Vowels
Authors: Fox Robert Allen 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The dynamic theory of vowel perception emphasizes the importance of the consonant transitions in CVC syllables to the identification of the vowel itself. However, the dynamic theory is relatively vague in terms of what perceptual processes may be involved and it says nothing about the role of auditory and/or phonetic memory for such ‘dynamic events’. The present study created three synthetic [É­]-[ε] continua consisting of a [b Vb] full-syllable continuum, a silent-center continuum (which had over 72% of the medial vowel replaced by silence) and an isolated vowel continuum to specifically examine (1) the use of auditory and phonetic memory for dynamic acoustic cues and (2) the ability of listeners to track the trajectories of very brief formant transitions. Experiment 1 demonstrated that there were no significant differences among the three continua in terms of listener identifications but that the silent-center tokens demonstrated significantly lower within-category discriminations, perhaps because of degraded auditory representation. Experiment 2 required listeners to make cross-continuum vowel discriminations and showed that some degree of acoustic similarity was important – listeners were particularly poor at discriminating between the silent-center and vowel-only tokens. This suggests that listeners were not able to make discriminations on the basis of abstract vowel labels alone. Experiment 3 demonstrated that listeners could make quite accurate vowel identifications even when as little as 1 pitch period of acoustic energy signaled the consonant transitions in the silent-center tokens. Experiment 4 showed that listeners’ identifications of the silent-center stimuli were based on the formant changes in the transitions rather than their endpoint frequencies.
Perception and Production of English Vowels by German Learners: Instrumental-Phonetic Support in Language Teaching
Authors: Barry William J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Results are presented from two experiments which examine the application of instrumental phonetic methods to the needs of the teacher of a foreign language. First, the use of a traditional psychophonetic test procedure as a diagnostic tool is demonstrated. Second, the effect of reading, imitation, and prompted recall on production is examined, and the implications for teaching and pronunciation monitoring discussed.
Naive Subjects’ Assignments of Stress Ranks
Authors: Slootweg A.M. , Rietveld A.C.M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In three experiments, it is investigated to what extent naive listeners agree in ranking the stress of syllables in Dutch words. Four factors influencing the scores are isolated: the position of the primary stress, the awareness of rhythmic patterns, a tendency to assign prominence to the initial syllable and a segmental factor which disallows prominence on syllables with schwa. As these factors oppose or strengthen each other, they explain fluctuations in the subjects’ agreement.
The Influence of Pre- and Postplosive Fundamental Frequency on /t/–/d/ Perception in German
Authors: van Dommelen Wim A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the dependence of segment perception on microprosodic perturbations of a macroprosodic intonation contour. The test paradigm involves tokens of the German word pair ‘leiten’/’leiden’, where the vowel and closure durations are simultaneously manipulated. A falling versus a flattish fundamental frequency contour during the diphthong is shown to bias phoneme judgements towards lenis. As regards variation of F₀ in the syllabic nasal (falling vs. flattish vs. rising) both falling and rising contours cause an increase in fortis judgements. Furthermore, variations of F₀ in the vowel and in the nasal do not interact. In view of the necessity to use LPC synthetic speech as a tool in F₀ manipulation, the potential artefact of LPC synthesis in these experiments on F₀-conditioned segment perception is also investigated. The use of a synthetic instead of a natural vowel quality shifts the phoneme boundary towards more lenis, though this effect is weak.
Effect of Speaking Rate on the Perception of Vowels
Authors: Gottfried Terry L. , Miller Joanne L. , Payton Paula E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Three experiments examined the conditions under which the speaking rate of a context sentence affects vowel identification. In these experiments, listeners identified the vowel in synthetic /b/-vowel-/t/ syllables that varied systematically in the duration (temporal), the formant frequencies (spectral), or both the duration and formant frequencies (temporal-spectral) of the steady-state portion of the syllable. These syllables were embedded in two synthetic sentence frames, one with the temporal characteristics of a natural fast sentence and one with those of a slow sentence. For two vowel distinctions that are specified in natural speech by both temporal and spectral characteristics, /I/-/i/ and /ε/-/æ/, listeners adjusted their identification of the vowels according to the sentence rate in all three conditions. Although there was a trend for the rate effect to be reduced in the temporal-spectral condition, the influence of sentential rate was never eliminated. By contrast, for a vowel distinction that is naturally specified primarily by spectral characteristics, /ε/-/ι/, there was no effect of sentence rate in any of the conditions. We conclude that when vowels are differentiated in natural speech by both temporal and spectral information, listeners obligatorily use the duration of the vowel to identify it and do so in relation to the rate of the sentence in which the vowel occurs.
Perception of ‘Voicing’ in Whispered Stops
Authors: Munro Murray J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Amplitude measurements of 32 whispered tokens of /p/ and /b/ produced in four vowel contexts revealed that whispered /b/ tended to have a steeper rise slope relative to the following vowel than did /p/. In a perceptual experiment, short (60-ms) whispered stop + vowel utterances were played to 8 listeners. Their identification scores were significantly above chance, but lower than what might be expected for stop + vowel stimuli produced with normal voicing. The pattern of identifications showed no relationship to the measured rise time differences.
The Relation between Phonetics and Phonology
Authors: Blumstein Sheila E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
It is the goal of this paper to consider how phonetics may interface with phonology. The role phonetics plays in phonological analysis is considered with respect to features, segments, phonological processes, and the abstractness of phonological solutions. Phonetic evidence is reviewed concerning the feature [strident] that questions the defining properties of this feature, its place in the distinctive feature framework, and its role in the analysis of natural classes for fricatives. The extent to which a sound segment is analyzed as a single unit or a cluster is considered with reference to prenasalized stops in Moru. The phonetic data are neutral with respect to the unitary or complex status of such segments, suggesting that the decision is more properly a phonological one. Phonetic evidence for the phonological process of neutralization is reviewed. Acoustic analysis of word-final devoicing in German, Polish and Catalan provides support for the reality of the process of neutralization in phonological solutions. Finally, phonetics helps provide a set of constraints or limiting conditions on the abstractness of phonological solutions. While phonetics cannot inform phonology about the appropriateness of a particular underlying form, there should be some phonetic transparency between the underlying form and its ultimate phonetic instantiation.
Phonetics and Phonology: A Sociopsycholinguistic Framework
Authors: Dressler Wolfgang U. , Moosmüller Sylvia 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Our aim is to present a sociopragmatic framework for phonological behavior and to comprehend phonology as part of a social action (in the sense of Schütz). This approach enables us to connect sociology, psychology, phonology and phonetics. Phonological variation is no longer seen as a secondary parameter, but can be analyzed as an integral part of language behavior. First we present Natural Phonology, then results of our investigations: phonological and phonetic variation due to psychological parameters on the one hand, steps of analysis in predominantly sociophonological work on the other hand.
Testing the Universality of Phonological Generalizations with a Phonetically Specified Segment Database: Results and Limitations
Authors: Maddieson Ian 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Linguistic universals are prevalent patterns attributed to natural factors, either arising directly from human biology or from the ecology of language use. Phonological universals relating to segments can be studied using the UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database (UPSID). The nature of the data in this resource is described and some issues in interpreting cross-language uniformities and areal disparities are discussed. As an illustration, the modal number of vowel qualities in language inventories is shown to differ for the set of African languages in UPSID from those of other continents. This difference might be explicable as resulting from different ways of balancing various properties of phonological systems. But the correlation of this distribution with likely patterns of dispersion of ‘modern’ humans leaves open the possibility that the modal number of vowels in non-African languages reflects an inherited property of the parent of these languages.
Perception of Assimilation in Consonants Clusters:A Gestural Model
Authors: Byrd Dani 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The goal of this experiment was to examine the perceptual effects of gestural overlap or coproduction on the first consonant in a cluster. The experiment was conducted using synthetic speech stimuli containing [b#d] and [d#b] consonant clusters in two word phrases. The stimuli were synthesized using an articulatory speech synthesizer according to the linguistic gestural model of Browman and Goldstein. The influence of the relative places of constriction in the cluster and the complexity of the presentation environment are discussed. Two asymmetries with respect to gestural overlap were found. First, assimilation was more readily perceived when C<sub>1</sub> was an alveolar consonant than when C<sub>1</sub> was bilabial. Second, a two-word context encouraged the perception of anticipatory assimilation to a greater degree than an environment in which the second word had been truncated leaving only the acoustic effects of consonantal coproduction on the vowel offset. The results are discussed in terms of the linguistic gestural model with special reference to the application of this framework to the description of assimilation, multiply articulated consonants, and secondary articulations.
Speaking Fundamental Frequency Patterns of Japanese Women
Authors: Yamazawa Hideko , Hollien Harry 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this research was to obtain information on the speaking fundamental frequency (SFF) mean levels, variability and patterns of Japanese females and contrast them with those of Caucasian speakers of American English. To this end, 56 young women – 32 Japanese and 24 Americans – read standard passages in either or both the Japanese and English languages. It was found that the Japanese exhibited higher fundamental frequencies than did the Americans for all speaking conditions, and this contrast was statistically significant. Additionally -and unlike the American speakers – most Japanese women exhibited bimodal SFF distribution patterns. It is judged that the observed differences in level and distribution result primarily from differences in the structure of the two languages.
Phonological Primes: Features or Gestures?
Authors: Clements George N. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper addresses Browman and Goldstein’s claim that articulatory phonology is as adequate for capturing lexical contrasts and phonological patterns as it is for modeling articulator movements in speech production. It points out several respects in which articulatory phonology fails to express well-established phonological generalizations, such as the discrete nature of lexical contrasts and the hierarchical organization of features. It suggests than in some of these, at least, articulatory phonology could be revised in the direction of closer integration with phonological models without sacrificing its ability to account for phonetic data. Other problems may go deeper, reflecting Browman and Goldstein’s emphasis upon motor rather than cognitive aspects of phonological organization. However, they have offered strong support for the view that phonological and phonetic representations may be essentially congruent in structure.
Articulatory Actions within a Phonological System and the Resulting Complexity of Speech Signals
Authors: Scully Celia 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The importance of overlapping coordinated gestures in achieving the auditory goals of speech is considered. Articulatory synthesis can help our understanding of the coordination problems and the variety of solutions found by real speakers. The time required to perform specific essential gestures, such as abduction-adduction of the vocal folds for fricatives, imposes strong timing constraints. In different speech sequences different articulators act as the duration-determining factor (DDF). Timing variability needs to be modelled also. Further experimentation is needed to determine whether increased speaking rate more nearly retains constant phase or constant absolute durational separation of articulatory events and whether or not some gestures can disappear under the relaxed auditory criteria of a casual style of speech. Two examples are presented, from the Leeds articulatory modelling, of the ways in which the phonological system of the language interacts with the processes and constraints of the speech production system to yield context-dependent variation for individual phonemes.
A Multidimensional Scaling Study of Voice Quality in Females
Authors: Pausewang Gelfer Marylou 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In this study, a multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis was performed to investigate perceptual discrimination by listeners among normal female voices. Speech pathologists and untrained listeners rated the similarity of all possible pairings of 20 female voices presented in sentences. MDS analyses were performed on these data. To interpret the resulting dimensions, listeners additionally evaluated each voice on each of 17 rating scales. For each listener group, the normalized and averaged perceptual ratings were correlated with MDS stimulus coordinates for the 20 voices. This procedure resulted in a five-dimensional solution which best explained the speech pathologists’ similarity-dissimilarity judgements, with the following perceptual correlates for each dimension: (1) perceived pitch, (2) perceived loudness, (3) perceived age and duration of the speakers’ stimulus sentence, (4) perceived variability, and (5) perceived quality. The untrained listeners’ judgements were best explained by a two-dimensional solution. Comparisons with other MDS studies were made, and the need for new acoustic measures was discussed.
The Effects of Semantic Context on Voicing Neutralization
Authors: Charles-Luce Jan 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The present study examined regressive voice assimilation in Catalan in an attempt to determine a systematic explanation of complete versus incomplete voicing neutralization. Two types of contexts were constructed. In one type, semantic information was present to bias the meaning of target words. In the other type, no semantic information was present. The results showed that vowel duration distinguished underlying voicing in the neutral context only. The results suggest that neutralization occurs when semantic information is present, but that a voicing contrast is realized when it is absent.
The Durations of Syllable-Final Nasals and the Mora Hypothesis in Japanese
Authors: Sato Yumiko 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This study investigates durational differences in syllable-final nasals in Japanese, English, and Korean, and examines the mora hypothesis in Japanese. The phenomenon that syllable-final nasals are longer when followed by a voiced consonant than when followed by a voiceless consonant was observed in languages of different timing categories, i. e. Japanese (moratimed), Korean (syllable-timed), and English (stress-timed). However, syllable-final nasals in Japanese (the mora nasal /n/) are set apart with respect to the moraic status: syllable-final nasals (moraic) are clearly differentiated in duration from syllable-initial nasals (non-moraic).
The Phonetic Interpretation of Tone in Igbo
Authors: Liberman Mark , Schultz Michael , Hong Soonhyun , Okeke Vincent 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This article presents a preliminary study of the phonetic interpretation of tone in Igbo, a Kwa language of southeastern Nigeria. The experimental method varies the speaker’s pitch range orthogonally with variation in tonal material, and fits a model to measurements of maxima and minima in the resulting Fo contour. A new interpretation of downstep is proposed as a result.
‘Speaker’ and ‘Speech’ Characteristics: A Deductive Approach
Authors: Carré René 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In this paper, a deductive approach to the study of vocal tract characteristics, vowel, vowel-to-vowel and vowel-consonant-vowel productions is presented. The distinctive region model, deduced from acoustic theory, is used to develop this approach. The model is characterized by simplicity and efficiency in its handling of the articulatory-acoustic relation. Vowel systems can be explained by means of this approach. A tentative study on the predictability of vowel-to-vowel characteristics is also presented. The obtained results suggest that the human communication system is driven by physical laws of the real world.
Glottal Stops and Glottalization in German
Authors: Kohler K.J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper presents the results of an auditory and instrumental investigation into glottal stops and glottalization as boundary markers in German colloquial read speech of a North German non-dialect variety. It also reports on the occurrence of glottal stops and glottalization, outside the domain of word and morpheme boundaries, as reduction phenomena of supraglottal stop articulations. Finally, these sound features are discussed as elements in an articulatory phonology of connected speech in German, providing insights into the general theory of human speech production.