bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wirebrush4SPAM: a novel framework for improving efficiency on spam filtering services
Authors: Pérez‐Díaz N. , Ruano‐Ordas D. , Fdez‐Riverola F. , Méndez J.R. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYThis paper introduces Wirebrush4SPAM, a plug‐in‐based C framework specifically designed for the development of fast spam filters by assembling different antispam schemes and techniques. Wirebrush4SPAM can be used to (i) build, execute and deploy simple spam filters and (ii) develop new techniques that can be easily combined and tested to achieve more accurate antispam models. To construct custom filters, programmers should manage three key concepts: filtering functions, parsers and event listeners. The main features of Wirebrush4SPAM include (i) a plug‐in‐based design, (ii) cache support for developing new plug‐ins, (iii) a smart filter evaluation heuristic for improving filter execution, (iv) configurable rule scheduling and (v) support for domain specific rules. Moreover, Wirebrush4SPAM is 10 times faster than SpamAssassin, which stands for the most popular and highly extensible framework for spam filtering. Wirebrush4SPAM is an open‐source project licensed under the terms of GNU lesser general public license and both source code and documentation are publicly available at http://www.wb4spam.org/. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of ionic liquids
Authors: Patel Divia Dinesh , Lee Jong‐Min 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIonic liquids have recently gained popularity in the scientific community owing to their special properties and characteristics. One of the reasons why ionic liquids have been termed “green solvents” is due to their negligible vapour pressure. Their use in electrochemical, biological and metal extraction applications is discussed. Wide research has been carried out for their use in batteries, solar panels, fuel cells, drug deliveries and biomass pretreatments. This work aims to consolidate the various findings from previous works in these areas.DOI 10.1002/tcr.201100036
Evaluation of intraoperative microwave coagulo‐necrotic therapy (MCN) for hepatocellular carcinoma: a single center experience of 719 consecutive cases
Authors: Takami Yuko , Ryu Tomoki , Wada Yoshiyuki , Saitsu Hideki 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackgroundHepatic resection (HRx) or radiofrequency ablation may be carried out as the first‐line treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, we have used intraoperative microwave ablation, named microwave coagulo‐necrotic therapy (MCN) as part of our strategy for the treatment of HCCs for more than 15 years. Here we describe the treatment outcomes achieved at our institution as a high‐volume center for microwave ablation.MethodsBetween July 1994 and December 2010, 719 consecutive patients received MCN as their initial therapy for HCC (mean tumor size 26.9 mm, mean number of lesions 2.51) at our institute. The therapeutic survival effect, local tumor progression, and overall recurrence were prospectively evaluated and statistically analyzed.ResultsThe 1‐, 3‐, 5‐, 7‐, and 10‐year overall survival rates of all 719 patients were 97.7, 79.8, 62.1, 45.3, and 34.1 %, respectively. Thirty percent of the patients had Child—Pugh class B cirrhosis and the 5‐year survival rate of these patients was 46.6 %. The 5‐year survival of patients with ≥4 lesions (n = 168) was 49.6 % and that of patients meeting the Milan criteria (n = 470) was 70.9 %. The 1‐, 3‐, 5‐, 7‐, and 10‐year overall survival rates for 390 patients treated with MCN who had ≥3 lesions with diameter ≥3 cm were 97.9, 85.1, 70.0, 57.1, and 43.0 %. No significant differences were found between the overall survival rates after MCN and the overall survival rates in 34 patients treated with HRx during the same period at our institute and under the same (P = 0.3592), nor were there any differences in disease‐free survival (P = 0.3496) and local recurrence rates between the MCN and HRx groups (P = 0.5926).ConclusionMCN is effective for the locoregional control of HCC, with results comparable to those of HRx. MCN should be considered as one of the first‐choice treatments for HCC, even for patients with poor liver function or multiple lesions.
Increased intravenous hydration of nulliparas in labor
Authors: Direkvand‐Moghadam Ashraf , Rezaeian Mohsen 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effects of intravenous hydration on the duration of active labor in nulliparous women also allowed unrestricted oral consumption of fluids.MethodsIn a randomized clinical trial 120 nulliparous women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies at term were randomly assigned to drink fluids at will and receive either no intravenous hydration (group 1) or a Ringer lactate solution at rates of 60 mL, 120 mL, or 240 mL per hour (groups 2–4) throughout active labor.ResultsThere were differences in duration for the active phase of the first stage of labor (252.3 ± 40.9 min in group 1 vs 206.7 ± 38.3 min in group 4; P < 0.001) and for the second stage (64.3 ± 13.9 in group 1 vs 49.8 ± 11.4 min in group 4; P = 0.01), but not for the third stage. The percentage of participants who needed labor augmentation with oxytocin was less when intravenous hydration was provided (53.3% in group 1 vs 20.0% in group 4; P = 0.02).ConclusionIntravenous hydration significantly decreased the duration of active labor and reduced the frequency of both prolonged labor and oxytocin administration in nulliparous women.http://www.irct.ir registration number: IRCT201105256575N2
The epidemiology and management of gynatresia in Lagos, southwest Nigeria
Authors: Ugburo Andrew O. , Fadeyibi Idowu O. , Oluwole Ayodeji A. , Mofikoya Bolaji O. , Gbadegesin Abidoye , Adegbola Omololu 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo document data from patients presenting with gynatresia at 2 tertiary health centers in Lagos, southwest Nigeria.MethodsIn a prospective, descriptive study, clinical history and physical examination data were collected for women who presented with gynatresia between January 2004 and January 2011. Ultrasonography results and abnormality at surgery were also documented. Where possible, the severity of stenosis and surgical outcome were assessed by published scales.ResultsForty‐seven patients were included in the study. Eight patients (17.0%) presented with congenital gynatresia, the commonest cause of which was Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome (4 patients, 50%). Thirty‐nine patients (83.0%) presented with acquired gynatresia, the main cause of which was herbal pessaries (30 patients, 76.9%). Herbal pessaries were used to treat fibroids (23 patients, 76.7%), uterovaginal prolapse (3, 10.0%), and infertility (2, 6.7%); and to procure abortion (2, 6.7%). The ages of the patients who used herbal pessary ranged from 18 to 50 years (mean 36.10 ± 1.24 years). Other causes of acquired gynatresia were birth injuries (6 patients, 15.4%), and female genital mutilation (2, 5.1%).ConclusionAcquired gynatresia was more common in Lagos than congenital gynatresia. The causes of acquired gynatresia are preventable and could be eliminated by health education.
Outcomes from a peer tutor model for teaching technology to older adults
Authors: WOODWARD AMANDA TOLER , FREDDOLINO PAUL P. , WISHART DONA J. , BAKK LOUANNE , KOBAYASHI RIE , TUPPER CAITLIN , PANCI JOHN , BLASCHKE-THOMPSON CHRISTINA M. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTA key component of social work ethics is social justice and equitable access to resources. Increasingly, this includes access to technology. This study addresses issues related to the ‘digital divide’ by testing a peer tutor model (Technology and Aging Project, TAP2) to teach adults aged 60 and older how to use information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as email, the internet, online chat rooms and discussion groups, internet-based support groups, and voice technology and webcams. Participants from the control group of a previous programme, TAP1 (N=19) participated in a six-month computer training programme. Six participants who had successfully completed the TAP1 training were selected to be peer tutors. Data were collected from tutors and learners at baseline, three months, six months and nine months (three months after the end of training). The current study reports on learner outcomes only. Measures include computer, social support, and mental health-related outcomes. Learners reported a significant and consistent increase over time in their confidence completing certain computer-related tasks and their overall use of ICTs. Mental health and social support outcomes did not change. Overall, the peer tutor model appeared to be at least as effective as the previous staff-directed model.
XXI.—Two Letters relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada. Communicated by Sir Henry Ellis, K.H. Sec. in a Letter to Capt. W. H. Smyth, Director
Authors: Ellis Henry 
Published: June 2012

I have copies of two very interesting documents to communicate to our Society, and I know not to whom they can be so appropriately addressed as to our Naval Director.One is a Letter from the Lords of the Council to the Lord Admiral of England, dated on the 25th of July, 1588, announcing that Queen Elizabeth had given order that in the county of Kent a good number of her best and choicest shot of the Trained Bands should be forthwith sent to the sea-side, that upon notice given from him they might be brought to double man the particular ships which were under his own command, and that of Lord Henry Seymour.
XIX.—Observations on the Celtic Megaliths, and the contents of Celtic Tombs, chiefly as they remain in the Channel Islands, by Frederick Collings Lukis, M.D. In a Letter to the Viscount Mahon, President
Authors: Lukis Frederick Collings 
Published: June 2012

Few of the structural works of former years require more patient and careful investigation than those generally attributed to the Celtic People.It is very remarkable that, while some classical writers have alluded to their religious rites and ceremonies, they scarcely notice the stone structures, and are silent on their sepulchres and modes of burying the dead.
X. Observations on the Figures of Anacreon and his Dog, as represented upon some Greek Fictile Vases in the British Museum. By Samuel Birch, Esq., F.S.A., Assistant Keeper of the Antiquities in the British Museum
Authors: Birch Samuel 
Published: June 2012

The various fictile Græco-Italian vases found northward of Rome, as well as those of Southern Italy, are decorated with subjects, the interest of which is chiefly mythological.If the legends of the Iliad, the traditions of the Poets of the Epic Cycle, and the narratives of the return of the Greeks from the Siege of Troy, be placed without the pale of history, there are but few vases representing subjects which can be considered historical.
XXIII. Letter from M. Octave Delepierre, Secretary of the Belgian Legation, Honorary F.S.A., to Sir Henry Ellis, Secretary, communicating a Document preserved among the Records of West Flanders, relating to the carved Stalls of Melrose Abbey Church
Authors: Delepierre Octave 
Published: June 2012

I venture to submit to you a Document which may perhaps offer some interest to the Society of Antiquaries.Unable to show my gratitude for the honour they have conferred upon me, in admitting a stranger amongst them, by any work of great length, because it is very hazardous to write on scientific subjects in a foreign language, I will try, notwithstanding, to prove that I am not entirely unworthy of the favour done me. Having been occupied for six years in researches among the old records and charters of Flanders, I have collected a good number of documents relating to the connexion which existed formerly between England and my Country. If it were agreeable to the Society of Antiquaries, I could send you, from time to time, Copies of these Documents. I have now the honour of submitting to you one of them, on the carved Stalls of the ancient church of Melrose Abbey in Scotland.
XI. “Itinerarium Johannis Regis Angliæ.” A Table of the Movements of the Court of John King of England, from his Coronation, May 27th, A.D. 1199, to the end of his Reign: selected from the Attestations of Records preserved upon the Rolls in the Tower of London, by Thomas Duffus Hardy, Esq. F.S.A. Communicated in a Letter to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary
Authors: Hardy Thomas Duffus 
Published: June 2012

Should you consider the enclosed Paper to be of sufficient interest, and worthy of the attention of the Society of Antiquaries, you will oblige me by presenting it to them.Though during the reign of King John several events transpired of sufficient importance to render it highly interesting, our historians have taken but little labour to clear that period from the obscurity in which it is involved. My endeavour in this is to dissipate the clouds which have so long overshadowed this portion of our history:“Clara—præpandere lumina menti,Res quibus occultas penitus convisere possis.”I shall commence by noticing some particulars, which will, I flatter myself, render it alike valuable to the Historian and the Antiquary.
Coupling between Greenland blocking and the North Atlantic Oscillation pattern
Authors: Davini P. , Cagnazzo C. , Neale R. , Tribbia J. 
Published: June 2012

Through the adoption of a bidimensional blocking index based on geopotential height, it is shown that the blocking frequency over Greenland is not only a key element in describing the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, but it also operates as an essential element in modulating its pattern. When Greenland blocking is lower than average, the first Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) of the 500 hPa geopotential height over the Euro‐Atlantic region no longer resembles the NAO. Moreover, the typical trimodal variability observed in the Atlantic eddy‐driven jet stream is reduced to a bimodal variability. Consistent with this result, we link the eastward displacement of the NAO pattern observed in recent years to the decreasing frequency of Greenland Blocking. Considering the large bias seen in the simulated blocking frequency in climate models, such strong coupling might have important consequences in the analysis of the NAO in climate simulations.
Expression and delivery of tetanus toxin fragment C fused to the N‐terminal domain of SipB enhances specific immune responses in mice
Authors: Jang Jung Im , Kim Jin Seok , Eom Jeong Seon , Kim Hyeon Guk , Kim Bae Hoon , Lim Sangyong , Bang Iel‐Soo , Park Yong Keun 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTLive attenuated bacteria can be used as a carrier for the delivery of foreign antigens to a host's immune system. The N‐terminal domain of SipB, a translocon protein of the type III secretion system of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, is required for secretion and outer membrane localization. In the present study, vaccine plasmids for antigen delivery in which the non‐toxic tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFC), which contains a T cell epitope, is fused to the N‐terminal 160 amino acids of SipB were developed. It was found that the recombinant proteins are secreted into the culture media and localized to the bacterial surface. TTFC‐specific antibody responses are significantly increased in mice orally immunized with attenuated S. Typhimurium BRD509 strains carrying TTFC delivery plasmids. When the TTFC delivery cassettes were introduced into a low copy vector, the plasmid was stably maintained in the BRD509 strain and induced an immune response to the TTFC antigen in mice. These results suggest that expression and delivery of heterologous antigens fused to the N‐terminus of SipB enhance the induction of antigen‐specific immune responses, and that the N‐terminal domain of SipB can be used as a versatile delivery system for foreign antigens.
An environmental epigenetic study of ADRB2 5′‐UTR methylation and childhood asthma severity
Authors: Fu A. , Leaderer B. P. , Gent J. F. , Leaderer D. , Zhu Y. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryBackgroundBeta‐2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) is the primary target of both short‐ and long‐acting beta‐agonist asthma medications.
ADRB2 5′‐UTR methylation changes in blood have the potential to act as a surrogate biomarker of responsiveness to beta‐agonist treatment and childhood asthma severity.ObjectiveTo study the association between
ADRB2 5′‐UTR methylation, NO
2 exposure and childhood asthma severity.MethodsWe compared
ADRB2 5′‐UTR methylation levels in blood between 60 children with mild asthma and 122 children with severe asthma using methylation‐specific PCR. We also investigated potential joint effects between NO
2 exposure and
ADRB2 5′‐UTR methylation.ResultsWe found a significant association between intermediate (OR: 4.11, 95% CI: 1.58–10.73) and high levels (OR: 7.63, 95% CI: 3.02–19.26) of
ADRB2 methylation and severe childhood asthma. In addition, we found a significant association between indoor exposure to NO
2, an air pollutant and known asthmogen, and severe asthma among children exhibiting high
ADRB2 methylation (OR: 4.59, 95% CI: 1.03–20.55) but no association among children exhibiting low levels of
ADRB2 methylation (OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.01–14.13).Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThese findings support the potential use of
ADRB2 5′‐UTR methylation as a biomarker of both asthma severity and risk for NO
2‐associated asthma exacerbations in children, and present the first evidence of an epigenetic link between an important environmental exposure and childhood asthma severity.
Long‐term variability and rainfall control of savanna fire regimes in equatorial East Africa
Authors: Nelson David M. , Verschuren Dirk , Urban Michael A. , Hu Feng Sheng 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFires burning the vast grasslands and savannas of Africa significantly influence the global carbon cycle. Projecting the impacts of future climate change on fire‐mediated biogeochemical processes in these dry tropical ecosystems requires understanding of how various climate factors influence regional fire regimes. To examine climate–vegetation–fire linkages in dry savanna, we conducted macroscopic and microscopic charcoal analysis on the sediments of the past 25 000 years from Lake Challa, a deep crater lake in equatorial East Africa. The charcoal‐inferred shifts in local and regional fire regimes were compared with previously published reconstructions of temperature, rainfall, seasonal drought severity, and vegetation dynamics to evaluate millennial‐scale drivers of fire occurrence. Our charcoal data indicate that fire in the dry lowland savanna of southeastern Kenya was not fuel‐limited during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Late Glacial, in contrast to many other regions throughout the world. Fire activity remained high at Lake Challa probably because the relatively high mean‐annual temperature (~22 °C) allowed productive C4 grasses with high water‐use efficiency to dominate the landscape. From the LGM through the middle Holocene, the relative importance of savanna burning in the region varied primarily in response to changes in rainfall and dry‐season length, which were controlled by orbital insolation forcing of tropical monsoon dynamics. The fuel limitation that characterizes the region's fire regime today appears to have begun around 5000–6000 years ago, when warmer interglacial conditions coincided with prolonged seasonal drought. Thus, insolation‐driven variation in the amount and seasonality of rainfall during the past 25 000 years altered the immediate controls on fire occurrence in the grass‐dominated savannas of eastern equatorial Africa. These results show that climatic impacts on dry‐savanna burning are heterogeneous through time, with important implications for efforts to anticipate future shifts in fire‐mediated ecosystem processes.
Reproduction and seedling establishment of Picea glauca across the northernmost forest‐tundra region in Canada
Authors: Walker Xanthe , Henry Gregory H.R. , McLeod Katherine , Hofgaard Annika 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe northern boundary of boreal forest and the ranges of tree species are expected to shift northward in response to climate warming, which will result in a decrease in the albedo of areas currently covered by tundra vegetation, an increase in terrestrial carbon sequestration, and an alteration of biodiversity in the current Low Arctic. Central to the prediction of forest expansion is an increase in the reproductive capacity and establishment of individual trees. We assessed cone production, seed viability, and transplanted seedling success of Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss. (white spruce) in the early 1990s and again in the late 2000s at four forest stand sites and eight tree island sites (clonal populations beyond present treeline) in the Mackenzie Delta region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Over the past 20 years, average temperatures in this region have increased by 0.9 °C. This area has the northernmost forest‐tundra ecotone in North America and is one of the few circumpolar regions where the northern limit of conifer trees reaches the Arctic Ocean. We found that cone production and seed viability did not change between the two periods of examination and that both variables decreased northward across the forest‐tundra ecotone. Nevertheless, white spruce individuals at the northern limit of the forest‐tundra ecotone produced viable seeds. Furthermore, transplanted seedlings were able to survive in the northernmost sites for 15 years, but there were no signs of natural regeneration. These results indicate that if climatic conditions continue to ameliorate, reproductive output will likely increase, but seedling establishment and forest expansion within the forest‐tundra of this region is unlikely to occur without the availability of suitable recruitment sites. Processes that affect the availability of recruitment sites are likely to be important elsewhere in the circumpolar ecotone, and should be incorporated into models and predictions of climate change and its effects on the northern forest‐tundra ecotone.
High arctic heath soil respiration and biogeochemical dynamics during summer and autumn freeze‐in – effects of long‐term enhanced water and nutrient supply
Authors: Christiansen Casper T. , Svendsen Sarah H. , Schmidt Niels M. , Michelsen Anders 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn High Arctic NE Greenland, temperature and precipitation are predicted to increase during this century, however, relatively little information is available on the role of increased water supply on soil CO
2 efflux in dry, high arctic ecosystems. We measured soil respiration (Rsoil) in summer and autumn of 2009 in combination with microbial biomass and nutrient availability during autumn freeze‐in at a dry, open heath in Zackenberg, NE Greenland. This tundra site has been subject to fully factorial manipulation consisting of increased soil water supply for 14 years, and occasional nitrogen (N) addition in pulses. Summer watering enhanced Rsoil during summer, but decreased Rsoil in the following autumn. We speculate that this is due to intensified depletion of recently fixed plant carbon by soil organisms. Hence, autumn soil microbial activity seems tightly linked to growing season plant production through plant‐associated carbon pools. Nitrogen addition alone consistently increased Rsoil, but when water and nitrogen were added in combination, autumn Rsoil declined similarly to when water was added alone. Despite several freeze‐thaw events, the microbial biomass carbon (C) remained constant until finally being reduced by ~60% in late September. In spite of significantly reduced microbial biomass C and phosphorus (P), microbial N did not change. This suggests N released from dead microbes was quickly assimilated by surviving microbes. We observed no change in soil organic matter content after 14 years of environmental manipulations, suggesting high ecosystem resistance to environmental changes.