bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Diamond Drill in Exploration for Oil and Gas
Authors: Charlewood G.H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Most wildcat wells are drilled with conventional oil well rigs. To reducecost of non-productive holes there is an increasing trend toward slim holes forexploration. It is suggested that a step further in this direction may be useof diamond drills.
In remote areas where cost of transportation is high; when targets, forexample pinnacle reefs, are relatively small and hard to pinpoint; whencontinuous core is an asset, the diamond drill may make economic sense. Onceproductive targets are encountered, conventional rigs become practical.
The advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and possible further adaptationof this normally "hard rock" tool in a "soft rock" environment arediscussed.

Introduction
The purpose of this presentation is to suggest avenues where the diamonddrill might be useful in exploration for oil and natural gas. The diamond drillis primarily a "hard-rock" tool and the problems of a "soft rock" environmentare different from those normally encountered by hard rock drillers.Nevertheless, under certain geological and geographical conditions the diamonddrill offers advantages which can be of economic interest to those engaged inthe search for oil and gas. This is particularly the case for stratigraphictests in remote areas.
Exploration for petroleum and natural gas and exploration for metals isconducted along the same general lines though the details vary widely. Photointerpretation, geophysics, and geological investigations indicate targetareas. Testing of these targets ultimately requires the use of drills.
Wildcat wells are drilled with essentially the same drill rigs as areproduction wells. Due to the high cost of wildcatting, considerable effort hasbeen expended to effect economies. One approach has been toward slim holedrilling. Realizing fully the limitations, it is suggested that a further stepin this direction might be through use of the diamond drill. Diamond drillshave been used successfully for stratigraphic tests in some areas and withsavings in cost of as much as 50 percent. Features of diamond drills throughwhich economies may be affected, compared to rotary rigs, include lower capitalcost, smaller crews, and lighter overall and unit weights.
Experience in Processing Core Analysis and Production Data with a Digital Computer
Authors: Smith O.J.E. , Kemp E.M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In 1959 Imperial Oil Limited began using an IBM-705 computer for reductionof core analysis data and for calculation of capacity distributions. In thefirst study, relatively small volumes of data were processed, and manualmethods were used to correct input data and to check computer output. It wasapparent that for larger studies it would be necessary to write additionalprograms, to sort, edit, and update input data, and to summarize output.
Early in 1960 a start was made computer processing of production andinjection histories. Using experience gained in dealing with large volumes ofcore analysis information, an integrated system of programs was first developedto generate accurate master data files. Extreme care in original planning mustbe exercised to obtain an efficient operation. Evolutionary build up of a dataprocessing system is technically difficult and wasteful of both manpower andmachine time.

Introduction
Processing of core analysis and production data with a digital computerinvolves a multitude of simple calculations which would otherwise be performedusing desk machines. Computers are used to improve accuracy, and to facilitateprocessing large volumes of data.
The accuracy of computer calculations is, of course, directly dependent onthe accuracy of the input data. Once reliable input data records have beencompiled on tape, it is possible to carry out further reservoir engineeringcomputations. Master data tapes should carry sufficient information to satisfyall foreseeable future requirements.
Two fairly complex data processing systems have been developed by ImperialOil Limited to process production and core analysis data. The core analysissystem is used primarily to obtain averages of reservoir parameters and todefine stratification. The production system is used mainly to calculate dailyand cumulative production rates, and gas or water-oil ratios, for single wellsor groups of wells.
Unsteady State Gas Flow - Use of Drawdown Data in the Prediction of Gas Well Behavior
Authors: Flock D.L. , Aziz K. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The solutions on unsteady state gas flow in a radial system have beenreviewed to aid in the interpretation of drawdown data. It has been thepractice to evaluate the time and rate conversion constants directly orindirectly by using reservoir data. This paper presents a method of determiningthese constants from drawdown data.
A simplified approach to determine the time of stabilization for the variousboundary conditions is presented. An example problem illustrating the use ofthis theory appears in the Appendix.
Unsteady State Flow Equation
The solution of any unsteady-state flow problem involves -1, the continuityequation -2, the equation of state of the fluid -3, the equation of fluidmotion and -4, the boundary conditions. For Darcy flow of a gas in thehorizontal radial plane the equation is
(Equation i)
when the viscosity, compressibility and permeability to gas flow may beassumed constant and the medium is homogeneous. (Since Kg is assumedconstant subscript gwill be omitted from now on.)
By substituting in Equation (i) we may also write
(Equation ii)
Equations (i) &(ii) are non-linear differential equations and norigorous analytical solutions of these equations are available.
Equations (i) and (ii) may be normalized (made dimensionless). Equation (i)becomes
(Equation iii)
where if the pressure P, in the equation for t may be assumed constant atsome average value.
(Equation iv)
The clear distinction must be noted between Equations (iii) and (iv). Wehave reduced the non-linear differential Equation (ii) to a linear differentialEquation (iii) by defining a t which contains P assumed constant at P. Katzet al.have justified this assumption. If the assumption is justified, which at best can only result in approximate answers, then we may use all ofthe solutions obtained for liquid flow case by simply replacing P byP2. This has been done in many practical applications of the theoryof unsteady-state flow to gas reservoir problems.
Improved Primary Cementing Through Turbulent Flow Techniques
Authors: Greaves F.C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In an effort to secure better primary cementing, the industry has beendevoting considerable time to the study of turbulent flow cementing in recentmonths.
This paper presents a review of the theoretical calculations used inpredicting flow rates necessary to obtain turbulent flow during the cementingoperation and a study of the rates necessary in various annuli using some ofthe more common cementing blends.
In addition, the effects of recently developed additives on the rheologicalproperties of cementing materials are briefly discussed. The results of somefield applications are presented, which tend to indicate superior results usingthe turbulent flow technique.

Introduction
Although the quality of the cement sheath has been important since theinception of oilwell cementing, it is becoming much more so in the light ofrecent accelerating advances in well completion technology. With completionsbecoming more complex, the cement as well as the casing is subjected to moreand more rigourous treatment, making it imperative that a reliable primarycement job be obtained. Indeed, the success of many present stimulationproduction and secondary recovery practices depends directly upon the soundnessof the cement sheath.
It is obvious that the quality of the cement sheath is highly dependent uponthe amount of drilling mud displaced in the annulus by cement slurry. This wasrecognized as early as 1948 and experimental work was performed which revealedthat mud displacement was a function of the type of flow characteristics of thecementing slurry. It is now agreed that maximum displacement efficiency isachieved when the cement column is placed at rates sufficient to createturbulent flow. Although in the early stages of investigation the necessaryrates were in most cases unattainable due to inadequate pumping equipment, thispaper attempts to show that with modern cementing equipment and recentlydeveloped cement additives, the necessary rates are, in most cases, attainablewith very little difficulty.
Case History of a Supplemental Natural Water Drive; Stettler D-2 Pool
Authors: Craig R.K. , Lozanski W.R.E. 
Published: March 2010

Introduction
Development History
The Stettler D-2 (Nisku) pool is located in Township 38, Range 20, west ofthe fourth meridian, and, as shown in Figure1, lies approximately 140miles southeast of Edmonton, Alberta. The pool was discovered in 1949 by thedrilling of Canadian Gulf N.J. Ellis No.4, located in Lsd. 4–10–38–20 W/4.Deepening of this well led to the discovery of the D-3 pool, in which the wellwas initially completed. Figure2 is a plan view of the location of theD-2 reservoir relative to the D-3 reservoir.
Development of the D-2 pool since 1949 has established a productive area of5,970 acres, defined by ninety commercial wells and approximately twenty dryholes. The pool has a length of five miles, a breadth of three miles and agross pay thickness of up to 108 feet, with a pool average of 63 feet. Theaverage well depth is 5,200 feet. Figure3 is an isopach of the grossNisku oil pay. There was no evidence of a gas cap overlying the oil pool.
Development drilling was essentially completed by 1956. Subsequent tounitization in May, 1957, five wells were drilled and six D-3 wells weredual-completed. Six wells in the northwest corner of the field, BASU 15–20,16–20, 13–21, 4–28, 1–29 and 2–29, were added to the unit in February,1960.
Geology
The Nisku formation is a biostromal reef structure, draped over the Leduc(D-3) bioherm. The stratigraphy is illustrated in Figures4, 5 and 6, which are geological cross sections of the field. The D-2 may be classifiedinto two components. The upper sub-member, which varies from a thickness of 30feet at the crest to 100 feet on the flanks, is an evaporitic sequence ofprimary anhydrite and dolomite and forms the caprock.
Education for the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Flock D.L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Since 1930, petroleum engineering educators have faced the problem of theeducation of engineers for the petroleum industry. An essential balance had tobe maintained between competing and, sometimes, conflicting elements of thiseducation. The basic sciences, the fundamentals of engineering, the humanitiesand the specialized petroleum engineering courses had to be constantlyevaluated and assigned their proper proportions in the whole programme.Naturally, the design of the early curricula reflected to a large extent thedominant interests of the petroleum industry during those years; but eventuallycoherent and homogeneous petroleum engineering curricula evolved.
For about a decade after World War II these programmes were favourablyreceived, both by the students and the petroleum industry. But recent atomicdevelopment and the changing needs of industry have resulted in decreasedinterest and decreased enrollment in the petroleum discipline. Educators mustkeep up with the times. Chance and innovation must be accepted; education forpetroleum engineers must not only bring itself up to date, but must, ifpossible, prepare for a constantly changing world. The solutions discussed inthis paper primarily revolve about what might be classed as the two-degreeplan. So far these ideas have been favourably received.

Introduction
Since 1957, engineering enrollments in some Universities in North Americahave sharply decreased. The petroleum engineering student, in particular, isapparently becoming almost extinct. Can industry do without him? It appearsnot; he is still needed and will be needed needed in the future. But hisnumbers continue to dwindle, and the resulting problems of engineeringeducators and industry are still unsolved.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the problems of educators andindustry concerning this development and suggest a solution. Many men inindustry have no firsthand knowledge of the basic content of petroleumengineering curricula. The principle objectives and historical developments ofpetroleum engineering are reviewed in an attempt to define dearly theactivities of the petroleum engineer in the industry.
Thermal Cracking of Athabasca Oil-Sands Oil Part 1. - Changes in Some Properties of the Oil and its Components
Authors: Pasternack D.S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Partial thermal cracking of virgin Athabasca oil-sands oil at atmosphericpressure with simultaneous removal of distillate, followed by filtration, removes all extraneous mineral matter as well as the smallamounts ofcoke produced during the thermal cracking. A study was made of the filtratesand of fractions from the filtrates in order to gain an insight into some ofthe complex changes which occur in the oil during thermal cracking.
The changes which occur in molecular weight, ultimate composition, B.t.u.value, specific gravity and penetration during thermal cracking of the Athabasca oil are illustrated. In addition, it is shown that portions of theasphaltene material (designated as varsol- or kerosene-insolubles) from somefiltrates have interesting characteristics. For example, on heating at 1,022°F, these insolubles form honeycomb-like structures which represent volumeexpansions as great as 200 to 300 times. Some of these structures may be cutwith a knife without crumbling. Also, the formation of these honeycombs is, under certain conditions, sensitive to prior oxidation of the insolubles atelevated temperatures and to other factors. Furthermore, on mixing theinsolubles with dry Drumheller subbituminous B coal (a non-caking coal) in theratio of only 1 part of insolubles to 11 parts of coal, and carbonizing rapidlyat 1,022°F, a fairly hard lump is obtained which is similar in hardness to thatproduced by similarly carbonizing an unconsolidated mixture of the dry Drumheller coal and dry Crowsnest Pass caking coal in a ratio of 1:1.

Introduction
The dehydration of Virgin oil recovered from the Athabasca oil sands byeither the hot-water-washing processor the cold-water-washing processreveals the presence of relatively large amounts of clay, silt and very finesand, the actual amounts depending on the particular experimental conditions.
Consequently, interest heretofore has centred on the yields and quality of thedistillates produced from the oil.
Simulation of the Alcohol-Slug Process Using the "Cell Model"
Authors: Donohue D.A.T. , Nielsen R.F. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The similarity of the mechanism of miscible displacement to the functioning of packed columns has led to suggestions that the "theoretical plate" concept might be a useful mathematical model for the simulation of miscible displacement processes. Such a model would rest on the assumption that the porespace of a linear porous medium is equivalent to a certain number of "plates"or cells and that, in each cell, only a fraction of the fluid volume ismovable. During displacement, the movable volume from each cell moves on toeach succeeding cell, establishing equilibria with the respective stationary volumes.
When two phases are present in the model, relative phase mobilities, as governed by viscosities and phase saturations, will affect the movable fractionin each cell. If, in addition, there is interphase transfer of material, the equilibrium condition for each cell is governed by the amounts and mutual solubilities of the components. While the procedure is quite general, thepresent study is confined to various ternary water-hydrocarbon-alcohol systems.To expedite computations, general mathematical relations were developed for thebinodal curves and tie lines. These were necessary to obtain the phase volumes and compositions for any over-all cell composition. Expressions for phasemobility ratios as functions of saturations were also used. The validity of the model has been demonstrated by comparisons of efflux histories for alcohol displacements of oil and water as obtained from the model and from laboratory experiments.

Introduction
It has been known for some time that a sufficient volume of certain lower alcohols will effectively displace all or most of the oil and water contacted in an oil-water porous medium system. As alcohols are considerably more expensive than equal volumes of recovered oil, an economically successful process requires that only a finite volume or slug of alcohol displace the oil and water.
Sour Gas Processing - West Whitecourt Plant
Authors: Neidermayer A. , Morrow J.R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The West Whitecourt Project represents a scheme devised to obtain production from three sour gas reservoirs, to optimize hydrocarbon condensate recoveries and to coincidently produce sulphur consistent with market demand. Considerables our gas processing experience has been obtained in two and one-half years of Windfall Pilot Cycling Plant operations and an additional two years ofoperations in the enlarged West Whitecourt Plant. The installation of over12,000 BHP for the compression of extremely sour gases has indicated the attainment of a fair degree of compressor dependability, with due consideration to compressor material selection and design, modified operating techniques, and scheduled maintenance and repair programs. Unique plant design features include refrigeration of the sour gas stream prior to sweetening, the installation of asolid desiccant adsorption unit on the residue gas stream, and dehydration ofthe stabilization units' 50 per cent H2S, 190°F overhead vapours with a solid desiccant unit. Corrosion, resulting either directly or indirectly from sour gases in the process streams, has been maintained within tolerablelimits using appropriate corrosion-resistant materials, material stress relieving, optimum operating techniques and corrosion inhibitors.

Introduction
The Windfall Field, located about 20 miles west of the town of Whitecourt, Alberta, was discovered in 1955. This was followed shortly thereafter by the discovery of the Pine Creek and Beaver Creek fields, 25 miles southwest of Windfall. Figure 1 shows the proximity of the fields to the towns of Whitecourt and Edson and other key transportation arteries of the West White court Project. All discoveries were on a million-acre block of leases held jointly by Canadian Fina Oil, Ltd., Hudson's Bay Oil & Gas Company and PanAmerican Petroleum Corporation. Early in 1958, construction of the Windfall Pilot Cycling Plant began, and this plant was started up in July of 1959. Itwas designed to process 30 MMcf/D of Windfall well effluent, stabilize there covered liquids to produce a condensate product and reinject the gases back into the reservoir.
The Use of Capsules for Solids Transmission in Pipelines
Authors: Kruyer J. , Ellis H.S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Investigations are being carried out at the Research Council of Alberta intothe possibility of using long-distance pipelines to move commodities in theform of long trains of cylinders or spheres. One of the most interestingdiscoveries of the laboratory investigations of this type of transport is thatthese forms, called capsules, with diameters close to that of the inside of thepipe, nearly always move faster than the average liquid velocity in the pipe.The reason for this is that the capsules occupy a region in the pipe where theliquid velocities are higher than the average liquid velocity. The density ofthe capsules has surprisingly little effect on their velocity relative to theliquid. The added pressure gradient in a pipeline due to the presence of acapsule train is proportional to the volumetric concentration of the capsulesand increases with capsule density, but does not increase or decreaseappreciably with liquid velocity. One important advantage that capsuletransport has over slurry transport is that pumping power is generally lower -except for slurries with very small particle sizes. Theoretical studies havebeen made, and numerical analyses have been used to predict the behaviour ofcapsules transported by a liquid in a pipeline. The experimental results thusfar have been obtained with laboratory-scale pipelines. Scaleup experiments arein progress to enable predictions to be made about the performance of capsulesin commercial lines.

Introduction
Pipelines have been used for several decades to move liquids over longdistances. The low cost of long-distance transport of liquids and gases bypipeline, which approaches that of surface transport by water, has in recentyears accounted for the construction of a large number of slurry pipelines in Europe and the Americas - ref. (1) to (9) - conveying a great variety ofdifferent materials. Further development of solids pipelining is foreseen, particularly in the United States and Canada, where railway freight rates oftenfar exceed production costs and tend to exclude western producers from nationalas well as international markets (2).
The Combustion Recovery Process - Principles and Practice
Authors: Dingley A.J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
It has long been recognized that increasing the temperature of oil-in-placein a reservoir is a means of increasing the recovery obtainable from low-gravity oil accumulations. However, the combustion recovery process was notfield-tested until 1952. Since then, the process has enjoyed increasing popularity, and, to date, some hundred projects have been started.
The reservoir mechanics of a combustion drive are complex, involving, asthey do, a fluid displacement, a heat transfer and a chemical reaction. Air isinjected continuously into the oil-bearing formation, and the oil around theinjection wellbore is ignited. This ignition can be achieved spontaneously, when the oil oxidizes rapidly, or it can be induced by pre-heating the air to ahigh temperature just prior to its entering the formation. A common displacement/combustion front is then moved through the reservoir toward theproducing wells. This process is known as forward combustion. In the reverse combustion process, oil around the production wells is ignited and the combustion front is moved counter current to the air injection.
When considering the applicability of the combustion recovery process to aspecific reservoir, the first step should be the rough estimation ofperformance based on data from various correlations of reservoir and fluid properties. If this is encouraging, laboratory burning tests should then becarried out. These consist of packing a steel tube with core material containing reservoir fluids in their correct proportions. A burning front is passed through this pack. Data obtained from this experiment enable the fuel deposit and unit air requirement to be calculated.
The areal sweep efficiency likely to be achieved in the reservoir can be obtained from potentiometric model data. The fuel deposit data obtained in the laboratory enable the displacement efficiency to be calculated, and so, having estimated the invasion efficiency, it is possible to calculate the oil recovery from the swept zone. The average oil displacement rate can then be calculated by relating the unit oil recovery, the unit air requirement and the air injection rate. The injection pressure requirement for a given air injectionrate can be estimated from flow formulae. However, the best method is to run an injection test in the field.