bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reinvestigation of the ambient cistern and its related arachnoid membranes: an anatomical study
Authors: Qi Song-tao , Fan Jun , Zhang Xi-an , Pan Jun 
Published: March 2011

Object
A precise understanding of the ambient cistern and its associated arachnoid membranes is helpful for accessing perimesencephalic lesions. However, few studies of the arachnoid membranes related to the ambient cistern have been published, and, additionally, some aspects of the ambient cistern also require further examination. The goal of this study was to reinvestigate and expound on the anatomical features of the cistern and membranes.

Methods
The ambient cisterns and its associated arachnoid membranes were examined in 20 adult cadaveric brains using an operative microscope.

Results
The perimesencephalic membrane is a set of inner arachnoid membranes surrounding the midbrain at the level of the tentorial incisura. It arises from the outer arachnoidal membranes covering the tentorial edge and the dorsum sellae and can be subdivided into anterior and posterior portions. The anterior membrane is actually the mesencephalic leaf of Liliequist membrane, which is divided into medial and lateral parts by the oculomotor nerve. The posterior membrane can be divided into horizontal and ascending parts. The ambient cistern is located above the perimesencephalic membrane and contains the anterior choroidal arteries, the posterior cerebral arteries, the basal vein, and sometimes the segments of the superior cerebellar arteries. It communicates with the carotid cistern, the interpeduncular cistern, the oculomotor cistern, the cerebellopontine and cerebellomesencephalic cistern, and the quadrigeminal cistern.

Conclusions
This study updates some information about the ambient cistern and its arachnoid membranes. The perimesencephalic membrane was identified and described in detail. The ambient cistern was verified to be a supratentorial cistern above the perimesencephalic membrane. The borders and contents of this cistern, as well as its relationship with adjacent cisterns, were also redefined.
Frequency of intracranial aneurysms in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension
Authors: Schievink Wouter I. , Maya M. Marcel 
Published: March 2011

Object
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a significant cause of new-onset daily persistent headache. A generalized connective tissue disorder also involving the intracranial arteries has been suspected in the population with SIH. Therefore, the authors reviewed angiographic studies for the presence of intracranial aneurysms in a group of patients with SIH.

Methods
Magnetic resonance angiography studies of the brain were performed in 93 patients with SIH (mean age 43 years, range 14–86 years) and in 291 controls (mean age 56 years, range 28–78 years).

Results
Intracranial aneurysms were detected in 8 (8.6%) of the 93 patients with SIH (95% CI 2.9%–14.3%). This incidence was higher than in the control population (3 (1.0%) of 291 (95% CI 0%–2.2%; p = 0.0007). In 7 patients the aneurysms were incidental, and in 1 patient SIH developed 5 weeks after an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Conclusions
In this retrospective case-control study, the frequency of intracranial aneurysms among patients with SIH was significantly higher than in the control population.
Endocrinological outcome after pituitary transposition (hypophysopexy) and adjuvant radiotherapy for tumors involving the cavernous sinus
Authors: Taussky Philipp , Kalra Ricky , Coppens Jeroen , Mohebali Jahan , Jensen Randy , Couldwell William T. 
Published: March 2011

Object
Stereotactic radiosurgery and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy are commonly used in the treatment of residual or recurrent benign tumors of the skull base and cavernous sinus. A major risk associated with radiosurgical or radiotherapy treatment of residual or recurrent tumors adjacent to normal functional pituitary gland is radiation of the pituitary, which frequently leads to the development of hypopituitarism. The authors have used a technique of pituitary transposition to reduce the radiation dose to the normal pituitary gland in cases of planned radiosurgical treatment of residual tumor within the cavernous sinus. Here, the authors analyze the long-term endocrinological outcomes in patients with residual and recurrent tumors who undergo hypophysopexy and adjuvant radiosurgical or conformal fractionated radiotherapy treatment.

Methods
Pituitary transposition involves placement of a fat graft between the normal pituitary gland and residual tumor in the cavernous sinus. A sellar exploration for tumor resection is performed, the pituitary gland is transposed from the region of the cavernous sinus, and the graft is interposed between the pituitary gland and the residual tumor. The residual tumor may then be treated with stereotactic radiosurgery or conformal fractionated radiation therapy. The authors evaluated endocrinological outcome, safety of the procedure, and postoperative complications in patients who underwent this procedure during a 7-year period.

Results
Hypophysopexy has been used in 34 patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (19), functional pituitary adenomas (8), chordomas (2), meningiomas (2), chondrosarcoma (1), hemangiopericytoma (1), or hemangioma (1) involving the sella and cavernous sinus. Follow-up (radiographic and endocrinological) has been performed yearly in all patients. Two patients experienced postoperative endocrine deficits before radiosurgery (1 transient), but none of the patients developed new hypopituitarism during the median 4-year follow-up (range 1–8 years) after radiosurgery or fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy.

Conclusions
The increased distance between the normal pituitary gland and the residual tumor facilitates treatment of the tumor with radiosurgery or radiotherapy and effectively reduces the incidence of radiation injury to the normal pituitary gland when compared with historical controls.
Le rôle de la France après les indépendances
Authors: Bat Jean-Pierre 
Published: March 2011

Résumé Si la France s’est officiellement retirée du continent africain après la décolonisation, elle est restée liée à ses anciennes colonies par des accords de défense. À travers la coopération, la présence et l’intervention militaire, mais aussi le renseignement, elle a maintenu des liens privilégiés. À travers le personnage de Foccart et la cellule africaine de l’Élysée, Jean-Pierre Bat analyse la politique de sécurité française en Afrique et démystifie le « système Foccart ».
Preparation of C5‐Functionalized Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs)
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Østergaard Michael E. , Hrdlicka Patrick J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRelative to conventional locked nucleic acids (LNAs), C5‐functionalized LNAs with small entities at the C5‐position display markedly higher (1) duplex thermostability with complementary single‐stranded DNA/RNA targets, (2) target specificity, and (3) 3′‐exonuclease stability. C5‐Functionalized LNAs carrying a polarity‐sensitive fluorophore enable sensitive and efficient discrimination of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) under non‐stringent conditions. This unit describes protocols for chemical synthesis of an LNA uridine diol and corresponding C5‐functionalized LNA uridine phosphoramidites. A procedure for incorporation of C5‐functionalized LNA uridine phosphoramidites into oligodeoxyribonucleotides by automated DNA synthesis is also described. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 44:4.43.1‐4.43.22. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of Stable Aminoacyl‐tRNA Analogs
Authors: Chemama Maryline , Fonvielle Matthieu , Lecerf Maxime , Mellal Dénia , Fief Hélène , Arthur Michel , Etheve‐Quelquejeu Mélanie 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAminoacyl‐tRNAs have important roles in a variety of biological processes. Here, we describe the synthesis of stable aminoacyl‐tRNA analogs containing 1,4‐substituted 1,2,3‐triazole rings. The procedure involves (i) copper‐catalyzed cycloadditions of 3′‐or 2′‐azido‐adenosine and alkynes, (ii) coupling between the resulting triazole‐deoxyadenosine derivatives and a deoxycytidine phosphoramidite, and (iii) the enzymatic ligation of the 2′‐ or 3′‐triazole‐dinucleotides with a 22‐nt RNA microhelix that mimics the acceptor arm of tRNA. Each nucleoside and nucleotide intermediate was characterized by MS spectrometry and 1H, 31P, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and the tRNA‐analogs were assayed for inhibition of FemXWv, an alanyl‐transferase essential for the formation of the peptidoglycan network of Gram‐positive bacterial pathogens. The low IC50 values obtained (2 to 4 µM) indicate that the five‐membered triazole rings acted as an isosteres of esters and can be used for the design of stable aminoacyl‐tRNA analogs. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 44:4.44.1‐4.44.33. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Self‐Assembled Nanometer‐Scale Magnetic Networks on Surfaces: Fundamental Interactions and Functional Properties
Authors: Carbone Carlo , Gardonio Sandra , Moras Paolo , Lounis Samir , Heide Marcus , Bihlmayer Gustav , Atodiresei Nicolae , Dederichs Peter Heinz , Blügel Stefan , Vlaic Sergio , Lehnert Anne , Ouazi Safia , Rusponi Stefano , Brune Harald , Honolka Jan , Enders Axel , Kern Klaus , Stepanow Sebastian , Krull Cornelius , Balashov Timofey , Mugarza Aitor , Gambardella Pietro 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNanomagnets of controlled size, organized into regular patterns open new perspectives in the fields of nanoelectronics, spintronics, and quantum computation. Self‐assembling processes on various types of substrates allow designing fine‐structured architectures and tuning of their magnetic properties. Here, starting from a description of fundamental magnetic interactions at the nanoscale, we review recent experimental approaches to fabricate zero‐, one‐, and two‐dimensional magnetic particle arrays with dimensions reduced to the atomic limit and unprecedented areal density. We describe systems composed of individual magnetic atoms, metal‐organic networks, metal wires, and bimetallic particles, as well as strategies to control their magnetic moment, anisotropy, and temperature‐dependent magnetic behavior. The investigation of self‐assembled subnanometer magnetic particles leads to significant progress in the design of fundamental and functional aspects, mutual interactions among the magnetic units, and their coupling with the environment.
Surface‐Confined Self‐Assembly of Di‐carbonitrile Polyphenyls
Authors: Klyatskaya Svetlana , Klappenberger Florian , Schlickum Uta , Kühne Dirk , Marschall Matthias , Reichert Joachim , Decker Régis , Krenner Wolfgang , Zoppellaro Giorgio , Brune Harald , Barth Johannes V. , Ruben Mario 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis Feature Article reports on the controlled formation and structure‐functionality aspects of vacuum‐deposited self‐assembled organic and metal‐organic networks at metal surfaces using ditopic linear and nonlinear molecular bricks, namely di‐carbonitrile polyphenyls. Surface confined supramolecular organization of linear aromatic molecules leads to a fascinating variety of open networks. Moreover, cobalt‐directed assembly of the same linear linkers reveals highly regular, open honeycomb networks with tunable pore sizes representing versatile templates for the organization of molecular guests or metal clusters and the control of supramolecular dynamers. In addition, the 2D nanopore organic networks act as arrays of quantum corrals exhibiting confinement of the surface‐electronic states of the metallic substrate. A reduction of the linker symmetry leads to the formation of disordered, glassy coordination networks, which represent a structural model for amorphous materials.
All‐Carbon Nanotube‐Based Flexible Field‐Emission Devices: From Cathode to Anode
Authors: Jeong Hee Jin , Jeong Hae Deuk , Kim Ho Young , Kim Jun Suk , Jeong Seung Yol , Han Joong Tark , Bang Dae Suk , Lee Geon‐Woong 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe fabrication of a flexible field‐emission device (FED) using single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) network films as the conducting electrodes (anode and cathode) and thin multi‐walled CNT/TEOS hybrid films as the emitters is reported. P‐type doping with gold ions and passivation with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) made the SWNT network film highly conductive and environmentally stable, and hence a good alternative to conventional indium tin oxide electrodes. CNT/TEOS hybrid emitters showed high current density, low turn‐on field, and long‐term emission stability, compared with CNT emitters; these characteristics can be attributed to the TEOS sol, acting both as a protective layer surrounding the nanotube tip, and as an adhesive layer enhancing the nanotube adhesion to the substrate. All‐CNT‐based flexible FEDs fabricated by this approach showed high flexibility in field emission characteristics and extremely bright electron emission patterns.
Molecular Stacking Induced by Intermolecular C–H···N Hydrogen Bonds Leading to High Carrier Mobility in Vacuum‐Deposited Organic Films
Authors: Yokoyama Daisuke , Sasabe Hisahiro , Furukawa Yukio , Adachi Chihaya , Kido Junji 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSimple bottom‐up fabrication processes for molecular self‐assembly have been developed for the construction of higher‐order structures using organic materials, and have contributed to maximization of the potential of organic materials in chemical and bioengineering. However, their application to organic thin‐film devices such as organic light‐emitting diodes have not been widely considered because simple fabrication of a solid film containing an internal self‐assembly structure has been regarded as difficult. Here it is shown that the intermolecular C–H···N hydrogen bonds can be simply formed even in vacuum‐deposited organic films having flat interfaces. By designing the molecules containing pyridine rings properly for the intermolecular interaction, one can control the molecular stacking induced by the intermolecular hydrogen bonds. It is also demonstrated that the molecular stacking contributes to the high carrier mobility of the film. These findings provide new guidelines to improve the performance of organic optoelectronic devices and open up the possibilities for further development of organic devices with higher‐order structures.
Internally Referenced Remote Sensors for HF and Cl2 Using Reactive Porous Silicon Photonic Crystals
Authors: Ruminski Anne M. , Barillaro Giuseppe , Chaffin Charles , Sailor Michael J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRemote detection of reactive analytes using optical films constructed from electrochemically prepared porous Si‐based photonic crystals is demonstrated. Porous Si samples are prepared to contain either surface oxide or surface Si‐H species, and analyte detection is based on irreversible reactions with HF(aq) or Cl2(g) analytes, respectively. HF dissolves silicon oxide from the porous matrix, causing an irreversible blue‐shift in the resonance peak of the photonic crystal. Cl2 reacts with the native Si‐H species present on the surface of as‐etched porous Si to generate reactive silicon halides that evaporate from the surface and/or react with air to convert to silicon oxide. Either Cl2‐related process reduces the net refractive index of the material that is detected as a blue shift in the spectrum. With sufficient analyte concentrations or exposure times, the spectral blue shifts are visible to the unaided eye. A portion of the porous nanostructure is filled with inert polystyrene, which acts as an internal spectral reference. The polymer fiducial protects that portion of the sensor from attack by the corrosive analytes. Reflectance spectra from both the polymer‐filled and the unfilled, reactive porous layers are acquired simultaneously. The fiducial marker also allows elimination of artifacts associated with shifts of the resonance peak upon changing the angle of incidence of the optical probe. Theoretical angle‐resolved spectra (transfer matrix method) show a good match with the experimental data. High‐temperature air or room‐temperature ozone oxidation reactions are used to prepare the HF‐reactive surface, and it is found that the ozone oxidation reaction produces a greater sensitivity to HF (LLOD of 0.1% HF in water).
A Versatile Method for the Reductive, One‐Pot Synthesis of Bare, Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Magnetite Nanoparticles
Authors: Yathindranath Vinith , Rebbouh Leila , Moore David F. , Miller Donald W. , van Lierop Johan , Hegmann Torsten 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA biocompatible, reliable, and particularly versatile synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) is presented that uses iron(III) acetylacetonate Fe(acac)3 as an iron precursor and sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. Both the reaction temperature and the concentration of the reducing agent have considerable effects on the IONP size. These dependencies can be used to prepare IONPs ranging in size from 5 to 8 nm, as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Synthesis at room temperature or with higher sodium borohydride concentrations always resulted in smaller particle sizes. Powder X‐ray diffraction patterns show the presence of an iron oxide phase with a cubic unit cell and allow for the determination of the lattice parameters and average crystallite sizes for all synthesized IONPs. Transmission Mössbauer spectroscopy shows that the as‐synthesized IONPs are pure magnetite (Fe3O4) and is further used to elucidate the reaction pathway by analyzing iron intermediates formed prior to nanoparticle formation and precipitation. TEM and high‐resolution TEM reveal quasi‐spherical shapes and lattice fringes for most IONPs. With only minor modifications of the synthesis procedure, this versatile, one‐pot synthesis is proven to be suitable for the production of bare (uncoated) IONPs, IONPs with hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol), L‐arginine, and L‐glutamic acid coatings, as well as IONPs with hydrophobic coatings such as oleic acid. All coated IONPs were characterized by FT‐IR spectroscopy. In addition, the bare IONPs could easily be modified post‐synthesis with a suitable capping agent using ultrasonication. To verify the biocompatibility of the IONPs, in vitro cytotoxicity studies were carried out on bare IONPs with intestinal (Caco2) and liver epithelial (HepG2) cell cultures using an 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Phase contrast microscopy after hematoxylin‐eosin staining showed the intact morphology of the Caco2 and HepG2 cells treated with IONPs.
Comparison of the Operation of Polymer/Fullerene, Polymer/Polymer, and Polymer/Nanocrystal Solar Cells: A Transient Photocurrent and Photovoltage Study
Authors: Li Zhe , Gao Feng , Greenham Neil C. , McNeill Christopher R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe utilize transient techniques to directly compare the operation of polymer/fullerene, polymer/nanocrystal, and polymer/polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells. For all devices, poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is used as the electron donating polymer, in combination with either the fullerene derivative phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) in polymer/fullerene cells, CdSe nanoparticles in polymer/nanocrystal cells, or the polyfluorene copolymer poly((9,9‐dioctylfluorene)‐2,7‐diyl‐alt‐[4,7‐bis(3‐hexylthien‐5‐yl)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole]‐2,2‐diyl) (F8TBT) in polymer/polymer cells. Transient photocurrent and photovoltage measurements are used to probe the dynamics of charge‐separated carriers, with vastly different dynamic behavior observed for polymer/fullerene, polymer/polymer, and polymer/nanocrystal devices on the microsecond to millisecond timescale. Furthermore, by employing transient photocurrent analysis with different applied voltages we are also able to probe the dynamics behavior of these cells from short circuit to open circuit. P3HT/F8TBT and P3HT/CdSe devices are characterized by poor charge extraction of the long‐lived carriers attributed to charge trapping. P3HT/PCBM devices, in contrast, show relatively trap‐free operation with the variation in the photocurrent decay kinetics with applied bias at low intensity, consistent with the drift of free charges under a uniform electric field. Under solar conditions at the maximum power point, we see direct evidence of bimolecular recombination in the P3HT/PCBM device competing with charge extraction. Transient photovoltage measurements reveal that, at open circuit, photogenerated charges have similar lifetimes in all device types, and hence, the extraction of these long‐lived charges is a limiting process in polymer/nanocrystal and polymer/polymer devices.
Reduction of Tungsten Oxide: A Path Towards Dual Functionality Utilization for Efficient Anode and Cathode Interfacial Layers in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Vasilopoulou Maria , Palilis Leonidas C. , Georgiadou Dimitra G. , Douvas Antonios M. , Argitis Panagiotis , Kennou Stella , Sygellou Labrini , Papadimitropoulos Georgios , Kostis Ioannis , Stathopoulos Nikos A. , Davazoglou Dimitris 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHere, we report on the dual functionality of tungsten oxide for application as an efficient electron and hole injection/transport layer in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). We demonstrate hybrid polymer light‐emitting diodes (Hy‐PLEDs), based on a polyfluorene copolymer, by inserting a very thin layer of a partially reduced tungsten oxide, WO2.5, at the polymer/Al cathode interface to serve as an electron injection and transport layer. Significantly improved current densities, luminances, and luminous efficiencies were achieved, primarily as a result of improved electron injection at the interface with Al and transport to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the polymer, with a corresponding lowering of the device driving voltage. Using a combination of optical absorption, ultraviolet spectoscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photovoltaic open circuit voltage measurements, we demonstrate that partial reduction of the WO3 to WO2.5 results in the appearance of new gap states just below the conduction band edge in the previously forbidden gap. The new gap states are proposed to act as a reservoir of donor electrons for enhanced injection and transport to the polymer LUMO and decrease the effective cathode workfunction. Moreover, when a thin tungsten oxide film in its fully oxidized state (WO3) is inserted at the ITO anode/polymer interface, further improvement in device characteristics was achieved. Since both fully oxidized and partially reduced tungsten oxide layers can be deposited in the same chamber with well controlled morphology, this work paves the way for the facile fabrication of efficient and stable Hy‐OLEDs with excellent reproducibility.
Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Oxidative Allylation: A New Approach for the Synthesis of Homoallylic Alcohols and Amines Directly from Alcohols
Authors: Srivastava Vishnu P. , Patel Rajesh , Yadav Lal Dhar S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new approach for the synthesis of homoallylic alcohols and amines directly from alcohols via one‐pot sequential oxidation–Barbier reaction and oxidation–condensation–Barbier reactions, respectively, is reported. The protocol involves the one‐pot ferric chloride‐catalyzed oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes with chloramine‐T followed by indium‐mediated Barbier allylation with allyl bromide to afford homoallylic alcohols in 70–90% overall yields. The ferric chloride‐catalyzed condensation of aldehydes and oxidation by‐product p‐toluenesulfonamide followed by indium‐mediated Barbier‐type allylation of the resulting aldimines with allyl bromide affords homoallylic amines in 60–80% overall yields in the same reaction vessel. The present work demonstrates a new one‐pot approach toward homoallylic alcohol and amine synthesis directly from alcohols.