bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palatability, adherence and prescribing patterns of antiretroviral drugs for children with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Canada
Authors: Lin Daren , Seabrook Jamie A. , Matsui Doreen M. , King Susan M. , Rieder Michael J. , Finkelstein Yaron 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeTo assess the impact of perceived palatability of antiretroviral drugs on adherence to therapy of children infected by human immunodeficiency virus and on prescribing patterns by their caring physicians.MethodsDesign: Two arms—retrospective chart review and a cross‐sectional survey.Setting: Tertiary‐care pediatric human immunodeficiency virus clinic during a 17‐year period.Participants: Children with human immunodeficiency virus infection and physicians actively caring for children with human immunodeficiency virus infection in seven provinces in Canada were surveyed regarding their perception of the palatability of 8‐liquid and 15 non‐liquid antiretroviral medications and its effect on drug selection.Main Outcome Measure: Effect of taste preferences of antiretroviral drugs on adherence to treatment by infected children and on drug selection by their caring physicians.ResultsForty of 119 children (34%) refused at least once to an antiretroviral medication. In 5%, treatment was discontinued because of poor palatability. Ritonavir was the least palatable drug (50% of children; p = 0.01). Ritonavir use (OR 4.80 [95%CI 1.34–17.20]) and male gender (OR 7.25 [95%CI 2.30–22.90]) were independent predictors of drug discontinuation because of poor taste. Physicians also perceived liquid ritonavir as the least palatable (p = 0.01) and the most likely to be discontinued (p = 0.01). However, they commonly prescribed it as first‐line therapy (p = 0.06).ConclusionsA third of children infected with human immunodeficiency virus fail to adhere to their treatment because of poor drug taste. Physicians are aware of that, but this does not prevent them from selecting the least palatable drugs as first‐line therapy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
KDNP – A Lead Free Replacement for Lead Styphnate
Authors: Fronabarger John W. , Williams Michael D. , Sanborn William B. , Parrish Damon A. , Bichay Magdy 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEfforts directed towards creating new environmentally friendly replacements for existing primary explosives have resulted in development of potassium 5,7‐dinitro‐[2,1,3]‐benzoxadiazol‐4‐olate 3‐oxide (KDNP). The chemical and physical properties of this material have been investigated and it appears that KDNP is a suitable drop‐in replacement for lead styphnate in a variety of ordnance applications. KDNP is easily prepared, has excellent thermal stability and has safety and performance properties, which are equivalent to or exceed those for lead styphnate. KDNP has been qualified for military use per NAVSEAINST 8020.5C.
NMR study of size effects in relaxor PMN nanoparticles
Authors: Blinc Robert , Zalar Boštjan , Zupančič Blaž , Morozovska Anna N. , Glinchuk Maya D. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract93Nb ${1 \over 2}$ → −${1 \over 2}$ NMR line shape and spin–lattice measurements show that microcrystalline PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3 (PMN) powder is dynamically disordered at room temperature, whereas nanocrystalline PMN powder is orientationally frozen out and long‐range ordered at room temperature. The dynamical disorder of the microcrystalline powder results in a motional averaging of the anisotropic part of the 93Nb chemical shift tensor and second order quadrupole shift, whereas this averaging is absent in the nanocrystalline powder, resulting in a broader central line and a longer spin–lattice relaxation time. This seems to be the first observation of such size effects in a relaxor.
Multivisceral Resections in Pancreatic Cancer: Identification of Risk Factors
Authors: Burdelski Christoph M. , Reeh Matthias , Bogoevski Dean , Gebauer Florian , Tachezy Michael , Vashist Yogesh K. , Cataldegirmen Guellue , Yekebas Emre , Izbicki Jakob R. , Bockhorn Maximilian 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundThere is an assumption that multivisceral resections (MVRs) in patients with a pancreatic malignancy are associated with higher morbidity. The oncologic benefit, however, remains controversial.MethodsThe aim was to identify risk factors for complications in cases of MVR in patients with pancreatic cancer. Of 1099 patients who underwent major pancreatic resection at our institution between January 1992 and October 2008, a total of 55 were treated with an MVR involving resection of one or more additional organs. This group was compared with 154 patients who had palliative bypass surgery and 303 patients who underwent standard pancreatic head resection.ResultsMultivisceral resection patients had an overall higher incidence of major surgical complications (p < 0.001). In‐hospital mortality was comparable in all groups. Median survival after MVR was inferior to that after standard resection but was significantly better than that after palliative bypass. Univariate logistic regression analysis identified concomitant colon, kidney, and liver resections and any intraoperative transfusion as predictors of complications; in the multivariate analysis, only kidney resections and any intraoperative transfusion were confirmed predictors. In contrast, T status, kidney resection, resection of four or more organs, any postoperative transfusion, and intensive care unit stay of >2 days were identified as predictors of survival in the univariate Cox regression analysis; in the multivariate analysis, only the T status was confirmed. Median survival after MVR was 16 months, after palliative bypass 6 months, and after standard resection 18 months (p < 0.001).ConclusionsMultivisceral resections are technically feasible procedures with increased survival when compared to palliative bypass procedures. The incidence of postoperative complications was increased with kidney resection and when intraoperative transfusion was required.
Destabilization of free convection by weak rotation
Authors: Gelfgat A. Yu. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis study offers an explanation of the recently observed effect of destabilization of free convective flows by weak rotation. After studying several models where flows are driven by the simultaneous action of convection and rotation, it is concluded that destabilization is observed in cases where the centrifugal force acts against the main convective circulation. At relatively low Prandtl numbers, this counter-action can split the main vortex into two counter-rotating vortices, where the interaction leads to instability. At larger Prandtl numbers, the counter-action of the centrifugal force steepens an unstable thermal stratification, which triggers the Rayleigh–Bénard instability mechanism. Both cases can be enhanced by advection of azimuthal velocity disturbances towards the axis, where they grow and excite perturbations of the radial velocity. The effect was studied by considering a combined convective and rotating flow in a cylinder with a rotating lid and a parabolic temperature profile at the sidewall. Next, explanations of the destabilization effect for rotating-magnetic-field-driven flow and melt flow in a Czochralski crystal growth model were derived.
Why The Idea Of Purpose Won't Go Away
Authors: Midgley Mary 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBiologists' current habit of explaining each feature of human life separately through its evolutionary function – its assumed tendency to enhance each individual's reproductive prospects – is unworkable. It also sits oddly with these scientists' official rejection of teleology, since it treats all life as a process which does have an aim, namely, to perpetuate itself. But that aim is empty because it is circular.If we want to understand the behaviour of living things (including humans) we have to treat them seriously as subjects, creatures with needs, tendencies and directions of their own. The supposedly objective idea of a world of objects without subjects is an unprofitable fantasy.
Some theoretical perspectives on African popular music
Authors: Emielu Austin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPopular music occupies a dominant position in the musical landscape of contemporary Africa, yet academic study of popular music is still in its infancy in most parts of Africa. This may be due in part to the absence of theoretical frameworks that stimulate popular music discourses from the African perspective. This paper is an attempt to fill this lacuna. Based on a critical and qualitative analysis of data gathered from field situations, participant observation, interviews and published literary materials on the subject matter, the paper theorises that the creation of African popular music is characterised by two significant processes: indigenisation and syncretisation. The paper further states that African popular music is a socially responsive phenomenon, sustained through the interplay of cross-cultural and trans-national social dynamics. The paper therefore proposes ‘social reconstructionism’ as a new theoretical paradigm for the analysis of African popular music. The paper also suggests that the term ‘African pop’ should be adopted as a generic name for all popular music forms in Africa.
The Political Economy of Governing ISPs in China: Perspectives of Net Neutrality and Vertical Integration
Authors: Hu Henry L. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractInternet service providers (ISPs) have played an important role in China's internet regulation regime. This article illustrates how ISPs are governed to serve the government's regulatory goals. This involves examining some of the most extraordinary and profound insights concerning internet governance: the theories of the layers principle, the end-to-end argument and the generative internet. Chinese ISPs have been dependent rather than neutral regulatory intermediaries of the government. Moreover, in addition to telecommunication carriers, the radio and television networks affiliated to the State Administration for Radio, Film and Television (SARFT) are to become a new type of ISP that is capable of choking the free spirit of the internet, as recently demonstrated by the far-reaching policy of “network convergence.” This article argues that the policy has the potential to drastically alter the structure and ecology of the internet in China.
Explaining Land Use Change in a Guangdong County: The Supply Side of the Story
Authors: Ping Yew Chiew 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe conversion of land to non-agricultural use in China has often been attributed to the demand for land arising from urbanization, that is, a growing urban population and the shift from agricultural to industrial activity. With a focus on Sihui 四会, a county in Guangdong, this study explains land use conversion from an alternative perspective: by looking at the supply of agricultural land for conversion and what determines this supply. It gives precedence to the role of the central actors in the process – local officials – and suggests that the extent to which agricultural land is converted for non-agricultural purposes is determined by an array of structural and agential factors, including the fiscal and land resources at the disposal of local officials, the incentive structure and macro-processes which influence their decision.
Mangrove ecosystem services and the potential for carbon revenue programmes in Solomon Islands
Authors: WARREN-RHODES KIMBERLEY , SCHWARZ ANNE-MAREE , BOYLE LINDA NG , ALBERT JOELLE , AGALO STEPHEN SUTI , WARREN REGON , BANA ANDREW , PAUL CHRIS , KODOSIKU RINGO , BOSMA WILKO , YEE DOUGLAS , RÖNNBÄCK PATRIK , CRONA BEATRICE , DUKE NORM 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYMangroves are an imperilled biome whose protection and restoration through payments for ecosystem services (PES) can contribute to improved livelihoods, climate mitigation and adaptation. Interviews with resource users in three Solomon Islands villages suggest a strong reliance upon mangrove goods for subsistence and cash, particularly for firewood, food and building materials. Village-derived economic data indicates a minimum annual subsistence value from mangroves of US$ 345–1501 per household. Fish and nursery habitat and storm protection were widely recognized and highly valued mangrove ecosystem services. All villagers agreed that mangroves were under threat, with firewood overharvesting considered the primary cause. Multivariate analyses revealed village affiliation and religious denomination as the most important factors determining the use and importance of mangrove goods. These factors, together with gender, affected users’ awareness of ecosystem services. The importance placed on mangrove services did not differ significantly by village, religious denomination, gender, age, income, education or occupation. Mangrove ecosystem surveys are useful as tools for raising community awareness and input prior to design of PES systems. Land tenure and marine property rights, and how this complexity may both complicate and facilitate potential carbon credit programmes in the Pacific, are discussed.
One Hundred Years of Railway Disasters and Recent Trends
Authors: Forsberg Rebecca , Björnstig Ulf 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIntroduction: Globally, railway transport is increasing steadily. Despite the adoption of diverse safety systems, major railway incidents continue to occur. Higher speeds and increased passenger traffic are factors that influence the risk of mass-casualty incidents and make railway crashes a reality that merits extensive planning and training.Methods: Data on railway disasters were obtained from the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), which maintains the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT). This descriptive study consists of 529 railway disasters (≥10 killed and/or ≥100 non- fatally injured) from 1910 through 2009.Results: The number of railway disasters, people killed, and non-fatally injured, has increased throughout the last hundred years—particularly during the last four decades (1970–2009), when 88% of all disasters occurred. In the mid-20th century, a shift occurred, resulting in more people being non-fatally injured than fatally injured. During 1970–2009, 74% of all railway disasters occurred in Asia, Africa, and South and Central America, combined. The remaining 26% occurred in Europe, North America, and Oceania, combined. Since 1980, railway disasters have increased, especially in Asia and Africa, while Europe has had a decrease in railway disasters. The number killed per disaster (1970–2009) was highest in Africa (n = 55), followed by South and Central America (n = 47), and Asia (n = 44). The rate was lowest in North America (n = 10) and Europe (n = 29). On average, the number of non-fatal injuries per disaster was two to three times the number of fatalities, however, in the African countries (except South Africa) the relation was closer to 1:1, which correlates to the relation found in more developed countries during the mid-20th century. The total losses (non-fatally and fatally injured) per disaster has shown a slight decreasing trend.Conclusions: Despite extensive crash avoidance and injury reduction safety systems, railway crashes occur on all continents, indicating that this type of incident must be accounted for in disaster planning and training. Better developed safety, crashworthiness, and rescue resources in North America and Europe may be factors explaining why the number of crashes and losses has stabilized and why the average number of people killed per disaster is lowest on these continents.
Reductive genome evolution, host–symbiont co-speciation and uterine transmission of endosymbiotic bacteria in bat flies
Authors: Hosokawa Takahiro , Nikoh Naruo , Koga Ryuichi , Satô Masahiko , Tanahashi Masahiko , Meng Xian-Ying , Fukatsu Takema 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Bat flies of the family Nycteribiidae are known for their extreme morphological and physiological traits specialized for ectoparasitic blood-feeding lifestyle on bats, including lack of wings, reduced head and eyes, adenotrophic viviparity with a highly developed uterus and milk glands, as well as association with endosymbiotic bacteria. We investigated Japanese nycteribiid bat flies representing 4 genera, 8 species and 27 populations for their bacterial endosymbionts. From all the nycteribiid species examined, a distinct clade of gammaproteobacteria was consistently detected, which was allied to endosymbionts of other insects such as Riesia spp. of primate lice and Arsenophonus spp. of diverse insects. In adult insects, the endosymbiont was localized in specific bacteriocytes in the abdomen, suggesting an intimate host–symbiont association. In adult females, the endosymbiont was also found in the cavity of milk gland tubules, which suggests uterine vertical transmission of the endosymbiont to larvae through milk gland secretion. In adult females of Penicillidia jenynsii, we discovered a previously unknown type of symbiotic organ in the Nycteribiidae: a pair of large bacteriomes located inside the swellings on the fifth abdominal ventral plate. The endosymbiont genes consistently exhibited adenine/thymine biased nucleotide compositions and accelerated rates of molecular evolution. The endosymbiont genome was estimated to be highly reduced, ∼0.76 Mb in size. The endosymbiont phylogeny perfectly mirrored the host insect phylogeny, indicating strict vertical transmission and host–symbiont co-speciation in the evolutionary course of the Nycteribiidae. The designation ‘Candidatus Aschnera chinzeii’ is proposed for the endosymbiont clade.
Positive Darwinian Selection And The Birth Of An Olfactory Receptor Clade In Teleost Fish
Authors: Hussain Ashiq , Saraiva Luis , Korsching Sigrun 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTrace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) in mammals recently have been shown to function as olfactory receptors. We have delineated the taar gene family in jawless, cartilaginous and bony fish (zero, two, and more than hundred genes, respectively). We conclude that taar genes are evolutionary much younger than the related OR and ORA/V1R olfactory receptor families, which are present already in lamprey, a jawless vertebrate. The two cartilaginous fish genes appear to be ancestral for two taar classes, each with mammalian and bony fish (teleost) representatives. Unexpectedly, a whole new clade, class III, of taar genes originated even later, within the teleost lineage. Taar genes from all three classes are expressed in subsets of zebrafish olfactory receptor neurons, supporting their function as olfactory receptors. Expression of most TAAR genes in 5dpf zebrafish is found restricted to olfactory epithelium (OE). The highly conserved TAAR1 (shark, mammalian and teleost orthologs) is not expressed in the olfactory epithelium and may constitute the sole remnant of a primordial, non-olfactory function of this family. Class III comprises three-fourths of all teleost taar genes, and is characterized by the complete loss of the aminergic ligand-binding motif, stringently conserved in the other two classes. Two independent intron gains in class III taar genes represent extraordinary evolutionary dynamics considering the virtual absence of intron gains during vertebrate evolution. The dN/dS analysis suggests both minimal global negative selection and an unparalleled degree of local positive selection as another hallmark of class III genes. The accelerated evolution of class III teleost taar genes conceivably might mark the birth of a new olfactory receptor gene family.
A G4MP2 theoretical study on the gas phase enthalpies of formation for various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other C~10~ through C~20~ unsaturated hydrocarbons
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya 
Published: September 2011

AbstractGas phase enthalpies of formation at 298.15 and 1 atm (Δ~f~H~(g),298K~) were calculated using the atomization approach at the G4MP2 composite method level of theory for 86 polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other C~10~ through C~20~ unsaturated hydrocarbons. Where available, good agreement with prior experimental data and/or high level theoretical estimates was obtained. Linear regressions between semiempirical MNDO, MNDO-d, AM1, PM3, RM1, and PM6 estimated Δ~f~H~(g),298K~ and the corresponding G4MP2 values were employed to obtain G4MP2 corrected semiempirical Δ~f~H~(g),298K~ for a suite of 156 C~11~ through C~42~ unsaturated hydrocarbons and PAHs.
The high-resolution crystal structure of periplasmicHaemophilus influenzaeNAD nucleotidase reveals a novel enzymatic function of human CD73 related to NAD metabolism
Authors: Garavaglia Silvia , Bruzzone Santina , Cassani Camilla , Canella Laura , Allegrone Gianna , Sturla Laura , Mannino Elena , Millo Enrico , De Flora Antonio , Rizzi Menico 
Published: September 2011

Haemophilus influenzae is a major pathogen of the respiratory tract in humans that has developed the capability to exploit host NAD(P) for its nicotinamide dinucleotide requirement. This strategy is organized around a periplasmic enzyme termed NadN (NAD nucleotidase), which plays a central role by degrading NAD into adenosine and NR (nicotinamide riboside), the latter being subsequently internalized by a specific permease. We performed a biochemical and structural investigation on H. influenzae NadN which determined that the enzyme is a Zn2+-dependent 5′-nucleotidase also endowed with NAD(P) pyrophosphatase activity. A 1.3 Å resolution structural analysis revealed a remarkable conformational change that occurs during catalysis between the open and closed forms of the enzyme. NadN showed a broad substrate specificity, recognizing either mono- or di-nucleotide nicotinamides and different adenosine phosphates with a maximal activity on 5′-adenosine monophosphate. Sequence and structural analysis of H. influenzae NadN led us to discover that human CD73 is capable of processing both NAD and NMN, therefore disclosing a possible novel function of human CD73 in systemic NAD metabolism. Our data may prove to be useful for inhibitor design and disclosed unanticipated fascinating evolutionary relationships.
Modeling Regional Variation in Riverine Fish Biodiversity in the Arkansas–White–Red River Basin
Authors: Schweizer Peter E. , Jager Henriette I. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe patterns of biodiversity in freshwater systems are shaped by biogeography, environmental gradients, and human‐induced factors. In this study, we developed empirical models to explain fish species richness in subbasins of the Arkansas–White–Red River basin as a function of discharge, elevation, climate, land cover, water quality, dams, and longitudinal position. We used information‐theoretic criteria to compare generalized linear mixed models and identified well‐supported models. Subbasin attributes that were retained as predictors included discharge, elevation, number of downstream dams, percent forest, percent shrubland, nitrate, total phosphorus, and sediment. The random component of our models, which assumed a negative binomial distribution, included spatial correlation within larger river basins and overdispersed residual variance. This study differs from previous biodiversity modeling efforts in several ways. First, obtaining likelihoods for negative binomial mixed models, and thereby avoiding reliance on quasi‐likelihoods, has only recently become practical. We found the ranking of models based on these likelihood estimates to be more believable than that produced using quasi‐likelihoods. Second, because we had access to a regional‐scale watershed model for this river basin, we were able to include model‐estimated water quality attributes as predictors. Thus, the resulting models have potential value as tools with which to evaluate the benefits of water quality improvements to fish.