bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Origin and Distribution of Loess in Southern Indiana
Authors: Caldwell R. E. , White J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil profile studies were made along two traverses extending from the Wabash River in a southeasterly direction across southern Indiana for the purpose of determining the distribution of loess in this area. The variation in thickness of the loess mantle with distance from the Wabash River, the assumed source, was measured, and equations of the curves showing the relationship were calculated. X‐ray diffraction studies were made of the medium and fine silt fractions of the A2 horizon of 10 profiles along the southern traverse. The ratio of the quartz/feldspar intensities was determined using sodium fluoride as an internal standard. The calcium, sodium, and potassium content of the medium silt fractions of these 10 horizons was determined by flame photometry. The equation for the curve fitted to points plotted along the northern traverse was Y = 122 − 47 log X, where Y is the depth of the loess in inches and X is the distance from the Wabash River in miles. The equation for the southern traverse was Y = 125 − 53 log X. The X‐ray diffraction studies indicate that the quartz/feldspar ratio may be used as an index of weathering. The correlation coefficients for the relationship between the quartz/feldspar ratio and distance from the Wabash River were 0.95 and 0.96 for the medium and fine silts, respectively. The results of the chemical determinations substantiated the findings of the X‐ray diffraction studies. It is concluded that loess was transported across southern Indiana for a distance of about 90 miles.
Tillage Studies with Corn on an Ohio Lakebed Clay Soil
Authors: Taylor George S. , Johnson W. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 3‐year tillage study with corn was conducted on Hoytville silty clay, an extensive soil in the old glacial lakebed which covers portions of Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan. The treatments were fall plowing, spring plowing at shallow and normal plow depths, spring plowing of wet soils, and surface tillage after spring plowing which gave two degrees of seedbed “fineness”.Treatment brought about a wide range of surface conditions on plots following alfalfa or corn. Fall and shallow plowing have usually resulted in fine seedbed and in rapid emergence. Coarse seedbeds and less rapid emergence were obtained by spring plowing at normal plow depths. Shallow and wet plowing resulted in lowest soil moisture contents. The treatments resulted in significant differences in soil porosities and nitrogen contents following alfalfa but not following corn. Following alfalfa, spring plowing at normal plow depths brought about highest soil porosities and greatest leaf nitrogen contents; while fall, wet, and shallow plowing were associated with lower porosities and nitrogen. The treatments had no effect on phosphorus contents and affected potassium contents only during a drouthy season.Corn yields were reduced during a drouthy season by spring plowing with maximum seedbed fitting, and by shallow and wet plowing. Lowest yields were obtained from the treatments which result in lowest soil moisture contents. There were no significant yield differences during 2 years of better rainfall distribution.
Thermodynamics of Zinc Adsorption on Calcite, Dolomite and Magnesite‐Type Minerals
Authors: Jurinak J. J. , Bauer Norman 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of zinc chloride on calcite, dolomite and Casubstituted magnesite crystals from aqueous solution is treated theoretically; and a standard adsorption process is thereby rigorously defined. The thermodynamic characteristics Δ F0θ, Δ H0θ and Δ S0θ are determined for this process by means of adsorption isotherm data at various temperatures with crystals of measured surface area.It is found that about 10% of the adsorption sites probably available on calcite are occupied by zinc when the equilibrium Zn++aq concentration is 0.90 × 10‐6 M at 25.1° C. The Ca‐magnesite shows a somewhat greater affinity for zinc ion than calcite, while dolomite is intermediate. The temperature coefficients of Δ F0θ are opposite in sign for calcite and the other two minerals. The resulting endothermic heats of adsorption of Zn++aq on the dolomite and the Ca‐magnesite (Δ H0θ = 8.21 ± 2.4 and 22.7 ± 5.9 kcal/mole at about 27° C, respectively), as well as the corresponding very large positive entropies of adsorption (Δ S0θ = 56 ± 8 and 106 ± 20 cal/deg × mole at about 27° C, respectively) indicate that Zn++aq is dehydrated when adsorbed by these two minerals. The known compatability of Zn++ with the MgCO3 crystal lattice is suggested as the reason for the strong interaction of this ion with the dolomite and Ca‐magnesite, relative to calcite.
Surface Reactions of Clay Minerals
Authors: Mortland M. M. , Erickson A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of particle size of various clay minerals on the properties of cation exchange capacity, ethylene glycol retention, and gas adsorption were determined. The particle size of the clays was varied by limited ball‐milling procedures. Kind of exchangeable cation did not greatly affect the ethylene glycol retention by non‐expanding clays, but cations capable of undergoing fixation did affect the retention by montmorillonite. This indicated the effect of exchangeable cations, capable of fixation reactions, was to prevent solvation of the inner‐layer spaces of montmorillonite rather than a differential association between the cations and ethylene glycol. Ethylene glycol retention was not found to be a function of cation exchange capacity. Specific surface figures determined by ethylene glycol retention and by B.E.T. analysis, using ammonia adsorption, agreed fairly well for non‐expanding clay minerals but differed considerably for montmorillonite.
Availability of Nitrogen from Crop Residues during the First and Second Seasons After Application
Authors: Fribourg H. A. , Bartholomew W. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe availabilities of nitrogen in alfalfa tops, red clover tops, soybean straw, and oat hulls were compared at different rates of application with the availability of nitrogen from ammonium nitrate. The initial applications were made and evaluated on corn but the carry‐over effects in the second cropping season were measured with an indicator crop of oats.During the first cropping season, freshly cut alfalfa tops were more efficient in increasing corn yield than equivalent rates of application of red clover. Soybean straw had little or no influence on corn yield and oat hulls tied up soil nitrogen and resulted in decreases in corn yield. On the basis of pounds per acre of nitrogen applied, the mean efficiency of alfalfa in supplying nitrogen to the corn crop was only about 34% of that of ammonium nitrate.Nitrogen availability from the residues during the second growing season was not more than 7.5% of that originally contained in alfalfa and 3.5% of that contained in red clover. About 2% of the original nitrogen from soybean straw appeared to be available during the second cropping season, but none of the nitrogen from the oat hull applications. Only where large amounts of residue had been applied to corn the first season were the carry‐over effects measurable during the second season.
Soil Reactions at Various Depths as Influenced by Time Since Application and Amounts of Limestone
Authors: Brown B. A. , Munsell R. I. , Holt R. F. , King A. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLimestone at 2, 4, 8, and 16 tons on the surface of grassland in 1930, increased the pH to depths of 6, 12, 15, and 24 inches, respectively, by 1939. By 1953, the pH had increased to depths of 8, 10, 24, and 30 inches, respectively. The soil was a fine sandy loam, with 50% clay plus silt and had not been tilled since about 1895.The results 2 years after adding the limestone show that even the unusually high rates of limestone had not affected the pH values of the soil nearly as deeply as had much less limestone after longer lapses of time.The surface inch of soil had increased in acidity again 5 years after liming in the 1‐, 2‐, and 4‐ton plots, and 9 years after liming in the 8‐ and 16‐ton plots.The lime requirement and exchangeable base determinations corroborate the pH data.The results clearly show that it is possible to decrease the acidity of soils to depths far below where liming materials are actually placed. For a given soil and climate, rates and final depths of such penetrative effects depend on the amount of lime applied and on the lapse of time.
Correlation Between Plant Analyses and Soil Tests in New Mexico
Authors: Pack M. R. , Gomez R. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs part of a plant nutrient survey of New Mexico, samples of cotton leaves and alfalfa were collected from a wide variety of soils throughout the state. The soil was also sampled at each location. Within each set of samples (cotton and alfalfa) the following comparisons were made by means of correlation analysis: plant P with CO2‐soluble soil P, NaHCO3‐soluble soil P, H2O‐soluble soil P, and Bray's adsorbed soil P; plant N with total soil N and soil organic matter; and plant K with CO2‐soluble soil K. Significant positive correlations were found in all comparisons except those involving N. The degree of correlation was used as a basis for evaluating the different soil testing procedures.Of the four P tests that were tried, H2O‐soluble soil P showed the best correlation with plant P. There was a better correlation between the H2O‐soluble soil P and the NaHCO3‐soluble soil P than between the results of any other two of the soil P tests. Apparently, neither total soil N nor soil organic matter gives a reliable indication of the available N in New Mexico soils. The correlation between plant K and CO2‐soluble soil K was fair.
Salt Concentration a Factor in the Availability of Phosphorus from Rock Phosphate as Revealed by the Growth and Composition of Alfalfa
Authors: Howe D. O. , Graham E. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study of the availability of phosphorus held in rock phosphate in relation to the soluble salt content of sandclay cultures was made. An effort was made to relate the availability of the phosphorus to the relative bonding energies of Putnam clay for calcium, magnesium, potassium, and hydrogen. Alfalfa was grown as the test crop. The less than 0.2 µ Putnam clay was brought to desired cation saturation by making the system unsaturated by treating the Na suspended clay with hydrogen‐Amberlite (IR‐120), electrodialyzing to reconcentrate, and then adding carbonates or hydroxides of Ca, Mg, and K. Trace elements and nitrogen as ammonium nitrate were added in small amounts. Phosphorus was added as either rock phosphate or phosphoric acid. Calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium salts were added. Calcium and magnesium salts were added in series at 0.010, 0.020, 0.041, 0.081, and 0.163 moles per liter and potassium and sodium salts at 0.020, 0.041, 0.081, and 0.163 moles per liter of soil water.The results showed all salts influenced the availability of phosphorus held in rock phosphate. However, calcium salts reduced phosphorus uptake with small reduction in plant yields. Variable effects on plant yields and phosphorus uptake resulted when magnesium salts were used. Potassium salts of different anions produced different degrees of response, with the first increments of the carbonate and sulfate giving a positive yield response while the chloride depressed growth and phosphorus uptake. Sodium sulfate gave a reduction in crop yields and phosphorus uptake indicating an influence of excessive sodium.
Potassium Release Characteristics of Several Soils from Ohio and New York
Authors: Garman William L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeventeen Ohio surface soils, 25 New York surface soils, and 21 New York subsoils were investigated. Potassium release characteristics were determined by continuous cropping and by four different chemical methods. A continuous leaching method employing the use of 0.01 N HCl gave the highest correlations with continuous cropping. Cumulative amounts of potassium removed by this leaching technique were plotted to produce a family of curves with specific characteristics for each great soil group. A measure of the rate of release of K from structural positions is indicated by the slope of the line drawn between the points plotted from 5 to 10 liters of leachate.Potassium release from both surface and subsoils followed the order of Brown Forest>Gray‐Brown Podzolic>Brown Podzolic>Podzol. The average K concentration in the last 5 liters (10 liters total) of leaching solution from surface soils was as follows: Brown Forest 0.31 ppm., Gray‐Brown Podzolic 0.12 ppm., Brown Podzolic 0.05 ppm., and Podzol 0.04 ppm.
An Investigation of Some of the Relationships between Copper, Iron, and Molybdenum in the Growth and Nutrition of Lettuce: I. Experimental Design and Statistical Methods for Characterizing the Response Surface
Authors: Hader R. J. , Harward M. E. , Mason D. D. , Moore D. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn studies involving the experimental determination of critical levels of plant nutrients and optimum rates of fertilizer application, the need for the consideration of joint effects of other nutrients has long been realized. Where such joint effects or interactions exist, characterization of the response surface is essential for the realistic evaluation of the responses. The use of the complete factorial experiment provides a means of estimating the response surface; but the number of treatment combinations required, especially where more than two nutrients or factors are involved, has often prohibited their use in field and greenhouse research.Where a polynomial model may be used to approximate a response surface, new experimental designs, known as the composite and rotatable designs, have been developed by Box and Hunter. In these designs, the treatment combinations are selected to allow estimation of the parameters of the model. These designs use considerably fewer treatment combinations for the experiment than required by the complete factorial arrangement. Other important advantages of those designs are discussed.The basis of construction of these designs is briefly discussed and some examples are presented. The details of statistical analysis are illustrated by the use of experimental data from a greenhouse experiment with lettuce.
Production of Sugar Beets Following Winter Green Manure Cropping in California: I. Nitrogen Nutrition, Yield, Disease, and Pest Status of Sugar Beets
Authors: Williams W. A. , Ririe David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLeguminous and nonleguminous winter green manure crops were grown in two field experiments and followed by sugar beets as a test crop. The latter were fertilized with several levels of nitrogen. The legume, purple vetch, made approximately 80 pounds of nitrogen per acre available to the succeeding crop as indicated by the response in sugar production and beet petiole analysis for nitratenitrogen. The nonlegume, barley, depressed sugar production from unfertilized sugar beets by making some soil nitrogen unavailable. The trend of the petiole nitrate‐nitrogen content as influenced by the green manures and fertilization was observed through the season and was found to be closely related to the sucrose content of the beets at harvest.
The Distribution of Nonextractable Phosphorus in Some Gray‐Brown Podzolic, Brunizem, and Planosol Soil Profiles
Authors: Bauwin George R. , Tyner Edward H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSubstantial amounts of phosphorus, which resists solution in conventional phosphorus fractionation solvents, are found in many soils. In this report, the insoluble phosphorus fraction is termed nonextractable phosphorus.The distribution of nonextractable phosphorus in the horizons of four Illinois soil‐type sequences developed on Peorian loess was studied. The relative proportion of the total soil phosphorus occurring in nonextractable form in the various soil horizons was B > A > C.The very low content of nonextractable phosphorus found in the parent loessial C horizons, and the greater and variable nonextractable phosphorus contents found in the A and B horizons of soils developed on Peorian loess, suggested that the synthesis of nonextractable phosphorus forms in soils was related to weathering and soil development processes. No relation between degree of soil maturity and level of nonextractable phosphorus was apparent for the A horizons; however, a very significant increase in the nonextractable phosphorus content of the B horizons was found to occur with increasing soil maturity, particularly from the early through the medial stages of development. It was concluded that the accumulations of nonextractable phosphorus observed were associated with soil development processes.
The Use of Aqua Ammonia in the Hawaiian Sugar Industry: II. Injection Studies
Authors: Humbert R. P. , Ayres A. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe shift from solid forms of nitrogen fertilizer to aqua ammonia has resulted in an annual saving to the Hawaiian sugar industry in excess of $1,000,000. Where reasonably good water distribution is obtained, aqua is successfully applied in the irrigation stream. Results of 35 tests show an average decrease in nitrogen content of 21% as ammoniated irrigation water flows from the head to the tail of 200‐foot furrows. About 20% of the decrease was found by tests in plastic lined furrows to be due to volatilization. Ammonia applied in the irrigation water is retained in the top few inches of soil. It is rapidly nitrified, and is then carried downward by subsequent irrigation.Laboratory studies of aqua ammonia applied directly to the surface of acid soils showed losses up to 15%. In alkaline soils where application rates exceed the ammonia saturation capacity of the soil, volatilization losses can exceed 50% even when placed at depths of 4 inches.On the unirrigated plantations, aqua is applied by injection at rates of 60 to 200 pounds of N per acre either with the seed at planting, or near the stools at ratooning. Laboratory and field studies show, that at the high concentrations of ammonia obtained by injection, nitrification is retarded. This minimizes loss by leaching and results in effective utilization of the applied nitrogen.
Fragipan Horizons in New York Soils: I. General Characteristics and Distribution
Authors: Carlisle F. J. , Knox E. G. , Grossman R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFragipans are dense, brittle subsoil horizons that appear to be indurated when dry, but the apparent induration disappears upon moistening. They are genetic soil horizons that have developed from many different parent materials. Fragipans have a wide geographic distribution, and they have been found below A‐B horizon sequences characteristic of several great soil groups, and as a component of Low Humic Gley profiles. Properties of fragipans are closely related to texture of the soil material and the natural drainage of the soil. Fragipans are generally less permeable to water than the horizons above or below. Root penetration into these pans is very limited.
Relationships between Rigidity and Particle Size Distribution
Authors: Grossman Robert B. , Cline Marlin G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwenty‐four fragipan horizons were studied to determine the relationships between rigidity and particle size distribution. Objective consistence measurements, using relatively unaltered clods, were related to various textural components. Fourteen of the horizons were relatively sandy (sandy loams and light loams) and 10 were silty (silt loams).The measurement of consistence involved: (1) shaping clods by hand into rough cylinders approximately 40 mm. long and 25 mm. in diameter; (2) encasing the upper and lower surfaces of each clod in plaster of paris to form smooth, parallel bearing surfaces; and (3) crushing the clods by the slow application of an axial stress and recording the maximum stress withstood per unit of crosssectional area over which the stress was applied. Mean values of 25 to 40 clods from each horizon were used in analyses of the data.Rigidity was found to be highly correlated with percent total clay. It was concluded that clay was a principle bonding agent among primary particles, that very fine sand or silt may be equally effective as a matrix within which such clay bonding may occur, and that clay may act either as a bonding agent or as an agent of structural development and consequent weakness, depending upon its amount and distribution within the soil mass. The data do not suggest a special role for ultra‐fine clay.
Field and Laboratory Studies of the Lufkin Soil, a Planosol
Authors: Kunze G. W. , Oakes H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Lufkin soil is an extreme type of clay pan Planosol found in a warm‐temperature humid climate and is developed in moderately clayey sediments of deltaic and marine origin. It occupies mainly, smooth erosional upland with gradients dominantly less than 2%. The solum is composed of a relatively thin A1 horizon with an erratically developed thin, vesicular A2 resting abruptly on a dense subsoil of clay loam to clay texture.Analyses were made on four profiles for particle size distribution, pH, organic matter, cation‐exchange capacities, exchangeable cations, surface area, and mineral composition.The < 2µ fraction in the B21 horizons was found to range from 35 to 48%. The largest amount of fine clay (< 0.2µ) occurred in the B21 horizons. Montmorillonite dominated the clay raction in all profiles investigated. Relatively large amounts of exchangeable sodium and magnesium are reported for the lower portions of each soil profile.It is believed that eluviation of the fine clay from the A horizons with subsequent accumulation in the B horizon (illuviation) and clay formation in combination with the relatively large amounts of exchangeable sodium and possibly magnesium, plus a swelling type clay, are responsible for development of the clay pan, but which was the more important is not known.
Influence of Continuous Cropping on the Fixation and Release of Potassium in Three Pennsylvania Soils
Authors: Grissinger E. , Jeffries C. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe fixation and release of potassium by three Pennsylvania soils was studied under greenhouse conditions using ryegrass as the indicator crop. The soils studied were representative of the two types of clay mineral distributions determined by a previous mineralogical survey of the soils of Pennsylvania.The potassium fixed by the soils during the greenhouse experiment was measured two ways: the fixation of exchangeable potassium as nonexchangeable, and the fixation of acid soluble potassium as acid insoluble. The amounts of potassium fixed as nonexchangeable and as acid insoluble potassium were approximately the same. The potassium fixed under moist greenhouse conditions was less than that fixed by repeated wetting and drying the soils at 75°C. The difference in the potassium fixation capacities of the soils was related to the physical characteristics of the vermiculite contained in the respective soils.The release of potassium by the soils during the greenhouse experiment was again measured two ways: the release of acid insoluble potassium as acid soluble, and the release of acid soluble potassium as exchangeable. The best indicator of the rate of release of potassium was the acid soluble potassium. The different rates of release of potassium by the soils were related to the hydrous mica content and were responsible for the significant differences in the ryegrass yield of the three soils.