bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Randomized trial of standard methadone treatment compared to initiating methadone without counseling: 12‐month findings
Authors: Schwartz Robert P. , Kelly Sharon M. , O'Grady Kevin E. , Gandhi Devang , Jaffe Jerome H. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTAims  This study aimed to determine the relative effectiveness of 12 months of interim methadone (IM; supervised methadone with emergency counseling only for the first 4 months of treatment), standard methadone treatment (SM; with routine counseling) and restored methadone treatment (RM: routine counseling with smaller case‐loads).Design  A randomized controlled trial was conducted comparing IM, SM and RM treatment. IM lasted for 4 months, after which participants were transferred to SM.Setting  The study was conducted in two methadone treatment programs in Baltimore, MD, USA.Participants  The study included 230 adult methadone patients newly admitted through waiting‐lists.Measurements  We administered the Addiction Severity Index and a supplemental questionnaire at baseline, 4 and 12 months post‐ baseline. Measurements included retention in treatment, self‐reported days of heroin and cocaine use, criminal behavior and arrests and urine tests for heroin and cocaine metabolites.Findings  At 12 months, on an intent‐to‐treat basis, there were no significant differences in retention in treatment among the IM, SM and RM groups (60.6%, 54.8% and 37.0%, respectively). Positive urine tests for the three groups declined significantly from baseline (Ps < 0.001 and 0.003, for heroin and cocaine metabolites, respectively) but there were no significant group x time interactions for these measures. At least one arrest was reported by 30.6% of the sample during the year, but there were no significant between‐group effects.Conclusions  Limited availability of drug counseling services should not be a barrier to providing supervised methadone to adults dependent on heroin—at least for the first 4 months of treatment.
Sexual conflict in mammals: consequences for mating systems and life history
Authors: Aloise King Edith D. , Banks Peter B. , Brooks Robert C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSexual conflict theory suggests that male and female interests often diverge, causing selection to favour sex‐specific reproductive strategies that maximize the fitness of an individual at the expense of its mate. Sexually antagonistic selection can lead to conflicts over the timing and frequency of mating events, mate choice and the delivery of parental care.This antagonistic view of reproduction has received little attention in discussions of the evolution of mammalian mating systems. Reproduction in mammals, more than in other organisms, is characterized by asymmetry in parental investment between the sexes. This asymmetry provides opportunities for sexual conflict to manifest itself.We highlight the potential for sexual conflict in mammalian mating systems by exploring why males and females are selected to mate with multiple partners and by considering the shared characteristics of mammalian reproductive biology that may lead to predictable patterns of conflict over parental investment.The degree to which sexual conflict is realized as sexually antagonistic adaptations may vary between species, depending on the strength of selection for multiple mating, paternity assurance and the amount of parental care required.Empirical evidence of sexual conflict in mammalian species is needed. Available genomic and phylogenetic tools, and the identification of mating, placentation, lactation and parental care as likely sites of conflict, make mammals a natural choice for research. Understanding the factors that influence the magnitude of the conflict and the ways in which conflict shapes male and female adaptations and counter‐adaptations should be priorities.The integration of sexual conflict theory into models of mammalian life history evolution will unify developments in behavioural ecology, physiology, genetics and genomics. This multidisciplinary approach may reveal novel ways in which sexual conflict can operate, and increase understanding of evolution.
Magnetosome chains are recruited to cellular division sites and split by asymmetric septation
Authors: Katzmann Emanuel , Müller Frank D. , Lang Claus , Messerer Maxim , Winklhofer Michael , Plitzko Jürgen M. , Schüler Dirk 
Published: October 2011

SummaryMagnetotactic bacteria navigate along magnetic field lines using well‐ordered chains of membrane‐enclosed magnetic crystals, referred to as magnetosomes, which have emerged as model to investigate organelle biogenesis in prokaryotic systems. To become divided and segregated faithfully during cytokinesis, the magnetosome chain has to be properly positioned, cleaved and separated against intrachain magnetostatic forces. Here we demonstrate that magnetotactic bacteria use dedicated mechanisms to control the position and division of the magnetosome chain, thus maintaining magnetic orientation throughout divisional cycle. Using electron and time‐lapse microscopy of synchronized cells of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense, we confirm that magnetosome chains undergo a dynamic pole‐to‐midcell translocation during cytokinesis. Nascent chains were recruited to division sites also in division‐inhibited cells, but not in a mamK mutant, indicating an active mechanism depending upon the actin‐like cytoskeletal magnetosome filament. Cryo‐electron tomography revealed that both the magnetosome chain and the magnetosome filament are spilt into halves by asymmetric septation and unidirectional indentation, which we interpret in terms of a specific adaptation required to overcome the magnetostatic interactions between separating daughter chains. Our study demonstrates that magnetosome division and segregation is co‐ordinated with cytokinesis and resembles partitioning mechanisms of other organelles and macromolecular complexes in bacteria.
A physical approach to segregation and folding of the Caulobacter crescentus genome
Authors: Dame Remus T. , Tark‐Dame Mariliis , Schiessel Helmut 
Published: October 2011

SummaryBacterial genomes are functionally organized. This organization is dynamic and globally changing throughout the cell cycle. Upon initiation of replication of the chromosome, the two origins segregate and move towards their new location taking along the newly replicated genome. Caulobacter crescentus employs a dedicated active partitioning (Par) system to move one copy of the parS centromere to the distal pole, while the other stays at the stalked pole. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Hong and McAdams describe studies on the speed of segregation of parS and regions up to 150 kb away. They show clear differences in segregation rates between parS and 50 kb flanking regions versus regions further away. To assess segregation rates the authors track fluorescent markers during movement using time‐lapse microscopy. The relation between genomic and physical distance of pairs of markers reflects how the genome is folded. This relation permits testing experimental data against models from polymer physics. Such models are helpful in understanding principles of genome folding. Although long used in studies on eukaryotes, this approach has rarely been applied to bacteria. Finally, the authors give the first direct evidence for a role of the bacterial chromatin protein HU in folding the genome in vivo.
Replication of the ERES:Golgi junction in bloodstream‐form African trypanosomes
Authors: Bangs James D. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThe biogenesis of the ER Exit Site/Golgi Junction (EGJ) in bloodstream‐form African trypanosomes is investigated using tagged markers for ER Exit Sites, the Golgi and the bilobe structure. The typical pattern is two EGJ in G1 phase (1 kinetoplast/1 nucleus, 1K1N) through S‐phase (2K1N), duplication to four EGJ in post‐mitotic cells (2K2N) and segregation of two EGJ to each daughter. Lesser cell percentages have elevated EGJ copy numbers in all stages, and blocking cell cycle progression results in even higher copy numbers. EGJs are closely aligned with the flagellar attachment zone (FAZ) indicating nucleation on the FAZ‐associated ER (FAZ:ER). Only the most posterior EGJ in each cell is in proximity to the bilobe, which is located at the base of the FAZ filament near the mouth of the flagellar pocket. These results indicate that EGJ replication in bloodstream trypanosomes is not tightly coupled to the cell cycle. Furthermore, segregation of EGJ is not obligately mediated by the bilobe, rather assembly of the EGJ on the FAZ:ER, which is coupled to the flagellar cytoskeleton, apparently ensures segregation with fidelity during cytokinesis. These findings differ markedly from procyclic‐form trypanosomes, and models highlighting these stage‐specific differences in EGJ biogenesis are proposed.
Proteomic plasticity of two Eucalyptus genotypes under contrasted water regimes in the field
Authors: BEDON FRANK , VILLAR EMILIE , VINCENT DELPHINE , DUPUY JEAN‐WILLIAM , LOMENECH ANNE‐MARIE , MABIALANGOMA ANDRÉ , CHAUMEIL PHILIPPE , BARRÉ AURÉLIEN , PLOMION CHRISTOPHE , GION JEAN‐MARC 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTWater deficit affects tree growth and limits wood production. In an attempt to identify the molecular triggers of adaptation mechanisms to water deficit in Eucalyptus, we investigated protein expression patterns of two ecophysiologically contrasted Eucalyptus genotypes. They were grown in the field in either natural conditions or irrigated for 7 weeks during the dry season in the Republic of Congo. At the phenotypic level, genotype (G), treatment (T) and/or G × T interaction effects were observed for above‐ and below‐ground biomass‐related traits. At the molecular level, changes in protein abundance were recorded in leaves (acidic pH 4–7, and basic pH 7–11, proteomes) and stems (acidic proteome) using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE). One third of the detected protein spots displayed significant G, T and/or G × T effects, and 158 of them were identified by tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) analysis. Thus, several proteins whose molecular plasticity was genetically controlled (i.e. G × T effect) were revealed, highlighting adaptive mechanisms to water deficit specific to each genotype, namely cell wall modification, cell detoxification and osmoregulation. Transcript abundances corresponding to G × T proteins were also investigated by quantitative RT‐PCR. These proteins represent relevant targets to improve drought resistance in this ecologically and economically important forest tree genus.
Brain correlates of craving for online gaming under cue exposure in subjects with Internet gaming addiction and in remitted subjects
Authors: Ko Chih‐Hung , Liu Gin‐Chung , Yen Ju‐Yu , Chen Chiao‐Yun , Yen Cheng‐Fang , Chen Cheng‐Sheng 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate brain correlates of cue‐induced craving to play online games in subjects with Internet gaming addiction (IGA), subjects in remission from IGA and controls. The craving response was assessed by event‐related design of functional magnetic resonance images (fMRIs). Fifteen subjects with IGA, 15 in remission from IGA and 15 controls were recruited in this study. The subjects were arranged to view the gaming screenshots and neutral images under investigation of fMRIs. The results showed that bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), precuneus, left parahippocampus, posterior cingulate and right anterior cingulate were activated in response to gaming cues in the IGA group and their activation was stronger in the IGA group than those in the control group. Their region‐of‐interest was also positively correlated with subjective gaming urge under cue exposure. These activated brain areas represent the brain circuit corresponding to the mechanism of substance use disorder. Thus, it would suggest that the mechanism of IGA is similar to substance use disorder. Furthermore, the IGA group had stronger activation over right DLPFC and left parahippocampus than did the remission group. The two areas would be candidate markers for current addiction to online gaming and should be investigated in future studies.
Nutrient‐associated elongation and asymmetric division of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7942
Authors: Goclaw‐Binder Hagit , Sendersky Eleonora , Shimoni Eyal , Kiss Vladimir , Reich Ziv , Perelman Alexander , Schwarz Rakefet 
Published: October 2011

SummaryWhile tightly regulated, bacterial cell morphology may change substantially in response to environmental cues. Here we describe such changes in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942. Once maintained in stationary phase, these rod‐shaped organisms stop dividing and elongate up to 50‐fold. Increase in cell length of a thymidine‐auxotroph strain upon thymidine starvation implies that inhibition of DNA replication underlies cell elongation. Elongation occurs under conditions of limiting phosphorus but sufficient nitrogen levels. Once proliferative conditions are restored, elongated cells divide asymmetrically instead of exhibiting the typical fission characterized by mid‐cell constriction. The progeny are of length characteristic of exponentially growing cells and are proficient of further proliferation. We propose that the ability to elongate under conditions of cytokinesis arrest together with the rapid induction of cell division upon nutrient repletion represents a beneficial cellular mechanism operating under specific nutritional conditions.
Agonists at GPR119 mediate secretion of GLP‐1 from mouse enteroendocrine cells through glucose‐independent pathways
Authors: Lan H , Lin HV , Wang CF , Wright MJ , Xu S , Kang L , Juhl K , Hedrick JA , Kowalski TJ 
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The G protein‐coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) mediates insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells and glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) release from intestinal L cells. While GPR119‐mediated insulin secretion is glucose dependent, it is not clear whether or not GPR119‐mediated GLP‐1 secretion similarly requires glucose. This study was designed to address the glucose‐dependence of GPR119‐mediated GLP‐1 secretion, and to explore the cellular mechanisms of hormone secretion in L cells versus those in β cells.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH GLP‐1 secretion in response to GPR119 agonists and ion channel modulators, with and without glucose, was analysed in the intestinal L cell line GLUTag, in primary intestinal cell cultures and in vivo. Insulin secretion from Min6 cells, a pancreatic β cell line, was analysed for comparison.KEY RESULTS In GLUTag cells, GPR119 agonists stimulated GLP‐1 secretion both in the presence and in the absence of glucose. In primary mouse colon cultures, GPR119 agonists stimulated GLP‐1 secretion under glucose‐free conditions. Moreover, a GPR119 agonist increased plasma GLP‐1 in mice without a glucose load. However, in Min6 cells, GPR119‐mediated insulin secretion was glucose‐dependent. Among the pharmacological agents tested in this study, nitrendipine, an L‐type voltage‐dependent calcium channel blocker, dose‐dependently reduced GLP‐1 secretion from GLUTag cells, but had no effect in Min6 cells in the absence of glucose.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Unlike that in pancreatic β cells, GPR119‐mediated GLP‐1 secretion from intestinal L cells was glucose‐independent in vitro and in vivo, probably because of a higher basal calcium tone in the L cells.
Centralized Research Recruitment—Evolving a Local Clinical Research Recruitment Web Application to Better Meet User Needs
Authors: Dwyer‐White Molly , Doshi Aalap , Hill Mary , Pienta Kenneth J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract Recruiting volunteers into clinical research remains a significant challenge for many clinical research study teams, thus the Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research (MICHR) at the University of Michigan developed UMClinicalStudies (http://www.UMClinicalStudies.org)—a Web application that links the community to a single gateway for clinical research. UMClinicalStudies (formerly named “Engage”) is an integral piece of MICHR’s efforts to increase clinical research participation in order to advance medical discoveries. Despite the initial success of the application, barriers to research participation remain, including the applications accessibility for potential research volunteers and study team members. In response, new initiatives were instigated to identify user needs, in order to broaden the ability to simultaneously assist researchers in recruitment activities, while also aiding potential volunteers in the exploration of and participation in clinical research opportunities. To do this, improvements to the interface and functionality were identified and implemented for both the public and the research audiences through extensive system analysis, and through the application of human computer interactivity processes, resulting in significant improvements in usability and ultimately research volunteerism, indicating that utilizing such technology is pivotal in reaching broader audiences for clinical trial participation. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 363–368
Assessment of LMNA Copy Number Variation in 58 Probands with Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Norton Nadine , Siegfried Jill D. , Li Duanxiang , Hershberger Ray E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract The contribution of copy number variation (CNV) to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is unknown. However, estimates have suggested that CNVs could constitute 15% of mutations underlying Mendelian disease. This is of particular relevance to DCM, where only approximately 35% of genetic cause has been identified. We have previously reported 19 point mutations in LMNA, the gene encoding Lamin A/C, in a cohort of 324 unrelated DCM probands (5.9%), making it the most common genetic cause of DCM. Recently a large deletion was reported in LMNA in 1 of 25 DCM probands. To further assess the contribution of CNVs in LMNA cardiomyopathy, we used Multiplex Ligation Probe Amplification (MLPA) to screen for large deletions and duplications in 58 DCM probands negative for point mutations in LMNA. Despite excellent quality control and robust MLPA results, our study failed to identify any deletions or duplications. We conclude that at least for LMNA, point mutations are the major source of DCM causation. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 351–352
CTSA‐IP: A Solution to Identifying and Aggregating Intellectual Property across the NIH Clinical Translational Science Award (CTSA) Consortium of Biomedical Research Institutes
Authors: Hazard Mike , Steele Scott , Wang Dongwen , Pearson Thomas , Scheideler Mark , Dewhurst Steve 
Published: October 2011

Abstract One of the objectives of the Consortium of Institutions with Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSAs) is to enhance technology transfer among the CTSAs and with public and private sector partners. Clinical and Translational Sciences Award Intellectual Property (CTSA‐IP; http://www.CTSAIP.org) is a web‐based, open access IP search tool that aggregates and promotes technologies from member institutions of the National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) CTSAs consortium. Its ultimate aim is to stimulate collaborative research activity by encouraging the formation of public‐private partnerships with CTSA institutions and the NIH. First launched in 2009, CTSA‐IP has grown rapidly and met its first objectives of developing wide member institution participation and site usage. This communication will discuss the strategy employed in the initiative of aggregating IP across institutional boundaries, the promise that lies therein, as well as the challenges encountered and lessons learned in promoting CTSA‐wide engagement. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 328–331
Cellular Proliferative Response to Cardiac Troponin‐I in Patients with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Lappé Jason M. , Pelfrey Clara M. , Cotleur Anne , Tang Wai Hong Wilson 
Published: October 2011

Abstract Background: Approximately 20% of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (iDCM) have autoantibodies (AAbs) specific to cardiac troponin‐I (cTnI). However, there has been no work evaluating active cellular autoimmunity. We aimed to identify a cTnI‐stimulated cellular autoimmune response and to correlate our findings with cTnI AAb production.Methods: Samples were obtained from stable ambulatory iDCM patients and healthy controls. Peripheral blood monocytes were incubated with cTnI, and cellular proliferation was measured using flow cytometry. AAbs against cTnI were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: A positive cellular proliferative response to cTnI was identified in 20.5% (9/44) patients with iDCM and 5.7% (2/35) of healthy controls (p < 0.05). Positive cTnI AAbs were identified in 20% (7/35) of healthy controls and 13.6% (6/44) of patients with iDCM (p = NS). The presence of cTnI AAbs did not correlate with a positive cellular proliferative response. However, patients with iDCM who had an AAb response to cTnI were less likely to be taking a statin (p < 0.05).Conclusions: A cellular autoimmune response to cTnI is demonstrated in a subset of patients with iDCM. However, the presence of a cellular response did not correlate with the presence of AAbs to the same antigen. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 317–322
Evaluating Research Mentors Working in the Area of Clinical Translational Science: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Meagher Emma , Taylor Lauren , Probsfield Jeff , Fleming Mike 
Published: October 2011

Abstract The goal of this paper is to review the evaluation of mentors with a focus on training new investigators in clinical translational science. These scholars include physicians and Ph.D. scientists who are generally assistant professors in clinical departments. This white paper is one of a series of articles focused on the programmatic elements of effective mentoring practices and the “current state of the art.” Evaluating mentor performance and providing formative feedback can lead to stronger mentoring and ultimately lead to increased success of new clinical and translational investigators. While there is general agreement that mentor evaluation can be helpful, the process is difficult. Trainees are reluctant to share negative experiences and to rate their mentors. Mentors are not sure they want to be evaluated. Program leaders are not sure how to effectively use the information. This white paper provides mentees, mentors, and program leaders with new perspectives on mentor evaluation and ideas for future research. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 353–358
Expression of Neuropeptide Y, Substance P, and Their Receptors in the Right Atrium of Diabetic Patients
Authors: Ejaz Asma , LoGerfo Frank W. , Khabbaz Kamal , Pradhan Leena 
Published: October 2011

Abstract Objective: To investigate the expression of neuropeptides and their receptors that play a role in cardiac homeostasis in the right atrium of nondiabetic and diabetic patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery.Background: The cardioactive neuropeptides and their receptors investigated in this study were Neuropeptide Y (NPY), and its receptors, NPY Receptor1 (NPY1R), NPY Receptor2 (NPY2R), NPY Receptor5 (NPY5R) and Substance P (SP) and its receptor, Neurokinin1R (NK1R).Methods: The gene and protein expression of NPY, NPY1R, NPY2R, NPY5R, SP and NK1R from the atrial tissue of 10 nondiabetic and diabetic patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was assessed by Q‐RTPCR, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and ELISA.Results: Gene expression of NPY2R, NPY5R, preproTachykinin A (SP gene), and NK1R and their respective protein expression were significantly reduced whereas that of NPY and NPY1R were unchanged in the right atrium of diabetic patients compared to nondiabetic patients.Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the expression of neuropeptides and their receptors in the diabetic heart is significantly impaired, and may be the link between neuropathy and cardiac complications. Further studies are warranted to delineate pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with dysregulation of the cardiac neuropeptide system and the relationship to cardiac complications in diabetes. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 346–350