bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘head’ and ‘body’ races of Pediculus humanus L.
Authors: Busvine J. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. Measurements were made of the head length, head width, total body length, antenna length, length and breadth of 3rd antennal segment of head and body lice from natural infestations. In all measurements (except the last) the means were significantly different for. the two forms, but in all cases there was considerable overlap.2. Head lice reared continuously on the body for forty-three generations (over 2 years) did not change systematically in size. Body lice reared under similar conditions were likewise constant.3. There was a highly significant difference between mean measurements of all the samples of head lice reared for up to 2 years on the body when compared with body lice reared for a similar period in the same way. The means for lice worn 24 hr. per day were less than those worn 12 hr. per day in both strains. An experiment showed that this is probably due to a difference in average temperature.4. The mean live weights of head and body strains were even more distinct than linear dimensions on the several occasions when these were recorded.5. Measurements of the dimensions of the opercula of the eggs of the two races and the numbers of air cells in them were distributed in the same way as the body measurements: that is, distinct means but overlapping individuals.6. Ventral abdominal muscles in wild head lice are typically confined to segment 5. (The forty specimens examined adhered to this rule.) In wild body lice, muscles are usually also present in segment 4 as well.7. Hybrids (female body x male head louse) were fertile for several generations. In size, the F1 generation was intermediate, but the F2 and F3 generations became identical with the body louse strain.8. Eggs of the body louse strain hatched at the same time as those of the head strain, but the body strain reached a significantly higher percentage hatch.9. The times of moulting during development were studied in both races in relation to differing opportunities to feed (24, 12, 6 and 3 hr. per day). The two strains showed very similar reactions in regard to speed of development, but throughout there was a higher pre-imaginal mortality in the head strain.10. Head lice were shown to be considerably more susceptible to starvation than body lice.11. If adults of the two strains are mixed, there is no tendency towards homogeneous mating. Of the mixed matings, those between body louse males and head louse females are much more common than the reverse.12. Female head lice show a slight difference in their egg-laying preferences when offered a choice of hair, voile and tape.My thanks are due to Prof. P. A. Buxton, F.R.S., for a number of helpful suggestions based on his extensive knowledge of louse biology and to Dr J. O. Irwin for critical comments on the statistical issues.
An essentially synthetic liquid medium for Entamoeba histolytica
Authors: Hansen Eder L. , Anderson Hamilton H. 
Published: June 2009

An essentially synthetic medium has been developed for the cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica in association with organism t. It consists of buffered saline solution containing trace minerals, twelve amino acids, ten synthetic vitamins of the B complex, nucleic acid, cholesterol and rice starch. Cultures have been carried continuously in this medium for a period of eleven months.We are greatly indebted for materials used in this study to the following: Drs M. S. Dunn, J. J. Eiler, D. M. Greenberg, L. D. Greenberg, E. E. Howe, H. D. Lightbody, H. S. Loring, H. Molitor, E. D. Stewart and E. L. R. Stokstad.The authors wish to acknowledge the valuable advice and material aid provided by Drs Gladys Emerson and Gilberto G. Villela during the initial phase of this study.
Cultivation of Trypanosoma cruzi in tissue cultures: a four-year study
Authors: Meyer H. , Oliveira M. Xavier De 
Published: June 2009

Trypanosoma cruzi is easily cultivated in tissue cultures of chick embryos, but it was not possible to infect chicks with trypanosomes cultivated for more than 2 years in chicken cells.The trypanosome cycle takes place in one cell unit.The number of trypanosomes formed in one cycle depends on the volume of the host cell.The transformation of the leishmania form into the flagellate form begins when the cell is full of parasites, and occurs in 12–24 hr.The intracellular trypanosome, immediately after the crithidia form, is broad and short, the thin form probably being a later phase of the evolution of the parasite.Division of the adult trypanosome, or mating between the thin and broad forms, was never seen.At the beginning of the infection the cells with-stand the parasites and continue to proliferate, but finally they are destroyed.
On larvae and nymphs of some species of Palestinian Hyalomma
Authors: Feldman-Muehsam B. 
Published: June 2009

The taxonomy of larval and nymphal stages of H. savignyi, H. detritum, H. marginatum, H. dromedarii and the nymph of H. aegyptium are described.The material for the first four species was obtained from laboratory-bred specimens. The bionomics of these species was studied in the laboratory. Their behaviour under natural conditions still remains to be studied.
Notes on the biology of the copepod Mytilicola intestinalis Steuer
Authors: Grainger J. N. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. The free-swimming larvae of Mytilicola intestinalis can develop in theabsence of external food. Approximate figures are given for the duration of the free-living and early parasitic stages.2. Four of the twenty-one samples of Mytilus edulis collected from various parts of Ireland were infected with Mytilicola intestinalis. All the four mussel beds found to be infected were in the neighbourhood of ports.3. 72·0% of the Mytilicola which were found inhabited the part of the recurrent intestine which is embedded in the digestive gland.4. There is a significant correlation between mussel length and number of Mytilicola per mussel.5. There is a significant decrease in the numbers of Mytilicola per mussel between November to December and May to June. It is almost certain that this represents a real decrease in the copepod population, especially in the mussels larger than 55 mm., due to a death-rate which is sufficient to more than offset the increment due to new infection during November to January. In certain chosen size groups of mussels there is also an apparent decrease as a result of mussel growth in the summer, a time when new infection is very small.6. In the 50–69 mm. mussel group the number of adult Mytilicola per mussel was lowest in September. The number of immature stages was highest in November and December and lowest from May to August. Egg-bearing copepods were found through out the year. There was an excess of males in the adult population throughout the year.The writer is very indebted to the various people who assisted in collecting mussel samples especially the Irish Sea Fisheries Association; to Miss M. Davidson, B.A., who made a bacteriological examination of a mussel sample; to Dr J. P. Harding for informing him of the specimens of Mytilicola intestinalis in the British Museum collection; and to Prof. J. Brontë Gatenby and Dr J. D. Smyth of Trinity College, Dublin (where this work was carried out), for their suggestions and advice.
Experimental production of pure mixed strains of Entamoeba histolytica
Authors: Neal R. A. 
Published: June 2009

1. Dobell's observations on the production of pure mixed strains of Entamoeba histolytica have been repeated and confirmed.2. It has been demonstrated that the method devised by Rao did not sterilize the cysts of E. histolytica but merely killed all non-sporing organisms, while the spores of all spore-forming bacteria were unaffected.
Impaired cAMP and Rac 1 Signaling Contribute to TNF‐α‐induced Endothelial Barrier Breakdown in Microvascular Endothelium
Authors: SCHLEGEL NICOLAS , WASCHKE JENS 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTObjective: In sepsis, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) contributes to endothelial barrier breakdown. The involvement of Rho A/rho kinase signaling has recently been challenged. Here, we tested the role of cAMP and Rac 1 signaling. Materials and Methods: For this study, we took in vivo measurements of hydraulic conductivity in postcapillary mesenteric venules of adult rats. Measurements of transendothelial electrical resistence (TER), fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran flux, Western blotting, immunostaining, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay–based measurements of cAMP levels and Rho‐GTPase activity in human microvascular endothelial cells. Results: TNF‐α disrupted endothelial barrier functions in vivo and in vitro. Under these conditions, Rho A activity was significantly increased, whereas Rac 1 activity was decreased and Cdc42 was unaltered. Moreover, cAMP levels were reduced. Rho kinase inhibition, using Y27632, did not prevent TNF‐α‐induced barrier breakdown. In contrast, preincubation with forskolin and rolipram (F/R) to increase cAMP and cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 to activate Rac 1 and Rho A abolished TNF‐α‐induced barrier breakdown in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, inactivation of Rac 1 was blocked by F/R‐mediated increase of cAMP, whereas Rho A activation was only partially inhibited. Conclusion: Our data indicate that decrease of cAMP and Rac 1 inactivation, rather than Rho A activation, contribute to TNF‐α‐induced endothelial barrier breakdown in vivo and in vitro.
SOAP2: an improved ultrafast tool for short read alignment
Authors: Li Ruiqiang , Yu Chang , Li Yingrui , Lam Tak-Wah , Yiu Siu-Ming , Kristiansen Karsten , Wang Jun 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Summary: SOAP2 is a significantly improved version of the short oligonucleotide alignment program that both reduces computer memory usage and increases alignment speed at an unprecedented rate. We used a Burrows Wheeler Transformation (BWT) compression index to substitute the seed strategy for indexing the reference sequence in the main memory. We tested it on the whole human genome and found that this new algorithm reduced memory usage from 14.7 to 5.4 GB and improved alignment speed by 20–30 times. SOAP2 is compatible with both single- and paired-end reads. Additionally, this tool now supports multiple text and compressed file formats. A consensus builder has also been developed for consensus assembly and SNP detection from alignment of short reads on a reference genome.
Availability: http://soap.genomics.org.cn
Contact: soap@genomics.org.cn
Inhibition of membrane Ca2+-ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by mating pheromone α-factor in vitro
Authors: Hiraga Kazumi , Tahara Hidetaka , Taguchi Nobuhisa , Tsuchiya Eiko , Fukui Sakuzo , Miyakawa Tokichi 
Published: June 2009

Summary
Plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was solubilized and partially purified by calmodulin-affinity chromatography. The activity of Ca2+-ATPase isolated from MATa cells was inhibited by physiological concentrations of the mating pheromone α-factor in a dose-dependent manner. The enzyme prepared from a receptor-deficient sterile mutant cells (Δste2) was similarly inhibited by α-factor, but the enzyme from MATα cells was resistant to the mating pheromone. We suggest that the inhibition may be involved in the α-factor-induced increase of Ca2+ uptake reaction of MATa cells.
The development of specific rRNA-derived oligonucleotide probes for Haemophilus ducreyi, the causative agent of chancroid
Authors: Rossau Rudi , Duhamel Maddy , Jannes Geert , Decourt Jean Luc , Van Heuverswyn Hugo 
Published: June 2009

Summary
Part of a ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) cistron of Haemophilus ducreyi was enzymically amplified using conserved primers within the rRNA molecules, cloned in a plasmid vector, and sequenced. From the nucleotide sequence, eight oligonucleotides complementary to different regions in the 16S and 23S rRNA molecules were selected, chemically synthesized, and used as hybridization probes. Hybridization experiments with at least 41 H. ducreyi strains and 13 or 14 non-H. ducreyi strains revealed that all eight oligonucleotide probes were highly reliable and completely specific for H. ducreyi strains. Comparisons of 16S rRNA sequences confirm that H. ducreyi is a member of the Pasteurellaceae though not closely related to other species in this family.
Characterization of the temperate actinophage ϕA7 DNA and its deletion derivatives
Authors: Diaz Luis A. , Hardisson Carlos , Rodicio M. Rosario 
Published: June 2009

SummaryA restriction map of ø A7 DNA (46·7 kb) was established for nine endonucleases (Bc/I,ClaI,EcoRI,EcoRV,HpaI,PvuI,SacII,SphI andXbaI) which cut the phage genome up to 11 times. There were no sites forBamHI,Bg/II,HindIII,PstI,PvuII,SacI orSa/I. ø A7 DNA, circularized through its cohesive ends, could integrate into the genome of severalStreptomyceshosts, to form stable lysogens. Integration occurred by recombination between unique attachment sites on the phage (attP) and the host (attB) genomes. TheattPsite has been located on the ø A7 restriction map. Deletion mutants of ø A7 DNA were obtained by selecting for pyrophosphate- or EDTA-resistant clones. The deletions occurred either near the left-hand end of the conventional restriction map, or about 18 kb from the right-hand end, close to, but not affecting the uniqueSacII site. Together, the deletions defined at least 7·9 of DNA (16·9% of the phage genome) non-essential for plaque formation. ø A7 DNA was introduced intoS. lividansprotoplasts by liposome-assisted transfection. Since the phage does not adsorb to intact cells of this strain, and therefore does not form plaques, an overlay ofS. antibioticusspores was used to detect the infectious progeny released by the protoplasts. Using this technique, ø A7 could be introduced intoS. antibioticuswith an efficiency of about 6 × 106p.f.u. per μg DNA (equivalent to 3 × 10-4p.f.u. per DNA molecule).
Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase complex from bakers’ yeast: purification of a proteolytically activated form
Authors: Londesborough John , Vuorio Outi 
Published: June 2009

Summary
A protein of about 800 kDa with trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) activity was purified from bakers’ yeast. This TPS/P complex contained 57, 86 and 93 kDa polypeptides. The 86 and 93 kDa polypeptides both appeared to be derived from a polypeptide of at least 115 kDa in the native enzyme. A TPS-activator (a dimer of 58 kDa subunits) was also purified. It decreased the Michaelis constants for both UDP-glucose (three-fold) and glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) (4·5-fold), and increased TPS activity at 5 mm-UDP-glucose/10 mm-G6P about three-fold. It did not affect TPP activity. The purification of TPS/P included an endogenous proteolytic step that increased TPS activity about three-fold and abolished its requirement for TPS-activator, but did not change TPP activity. This activation was accompanied by a decrease of some 20 kDa in the molecular mass of a cluster of SDS-PAGE bands at about 115 kDa recognized by antiserum to pure TPS/P, but by no change in the 57 kDa band. Phosphate inhibited TPS activity (K
i about 5 mm), but increased TPP activity about six-fold (K
a about 4 mm). Phosphate (6 mm) stimulated the synthesis of trehalose from G6P and UDP-glucose and decreased the accumulation of trehalose 6-phosphate.
Nitrogen-regulated transcription and enzyme activities in continuous cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: ter Schure Eelko G. , Silljé Herman H. W. , Raeven Leon J. R. M. , Boonstra Johannes , Verkleij Arie J. , Verrips C. Theo 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARY
Variations in the transcription of nitrogen-regulated genes and in the activities of nitrogen-regulated enzymes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied by changing the carbon and nitrogen fluxes. S. cerevisiae was grown in continuous culture at various dilution rates (D) under nitrogen limitation with NH4Cl as sole nitrogen source. With an increase in D from 0.05 to 0.29 h-1, both the glucose and the ammonia flux increased sixfold. The activities of the two ammonia-incorporating enzymes, NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADPH-GDH) and glutamine synthetase (GS), encoded by GDH1 and GLN1, respectively, increased with increasing D, while the activity of the glutamate-degrading enzyme, NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD-GDH), decreased. Surprisingly, no changes were observed in the transcription of GDH1 and GLN1; however increased D was accompanied by an increase in GAP1 transcription. At the metabolite level, the increase in the glucose and nitrogen flux did not result in changes in the intracellular 2-oxoglutarate, glutamate or glutamine concentrations. It is shown that growth on ammonia alone is not sufficient to cause repression of GAP1 and GLN1 transcription and that the regulation of GAP1 transcription and both NADPH-GDH and GS activity is not an on/off switch, but is gradually modulated in correlation with the ammonia concentration.
Manipulation of intracellular glycerol and erythritol enhances germination of conidia at low water availability
Authors: Hallsworth John E. , Magan Naresh 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARY
The insect pathogens Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces farinosus can be effective biocontrol agents when relative humidity (RH) is close to 100%. At reduced water availability, germination of propagules, and therefore host infection, cannot occur. Cultures of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and P. farinosus were grown under different conditions to obtain conidia with a modified polyol and trehalose content. Conidia with higher intracellular concentrations of glycerol and erythritol germinated both more quickly and at lower water activity (aw) than those from other treatments. In contrast, conidia containing up to 235.7 mg trehalose g-1 germinated significantly (P < 0.05) more slowly than those with an equivalent polyol content but less trehalose, regardless of water availability. Conidia from control treatments did not germinate below 0.951-0.935 aw (. 95.1-93.5% RH). In contrast, conidia containing up to 164.6 mg glycerol plus erythritol g-1 germinated down to 0.887 aw (. 88.7% RH). These conidia germinated below the water availability at which mycelial growth ceases (0.930-0.920 aw). Germ tube extension rates reflected the percentage germination of conidia, so the most rapid germ tube growth occurred after treatments which produced conidia containing the most glycerol and erythritol. This study shows for the first time that manipulating polyol content can extend the range of water availability over which fungal propagules can germinate. Physiological manipulation of conidia may improve biological control of insect pests in the field.
Mutations in the glycerol kinase gene restore the ability of a ptsGHI mutant of Bacillus subtilis to grow on glycerol
Authors: Wehtje Christina , Beijer Lena , Nilsson Rune-Pär , Rutberg Blanka 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARY
Although glycerol is not taken up via the phosphotransferase system (PTS) in Bacillus subtilis, some mutations that affect the general components of the PTS impair the ability of cells to grow on glycerol. Five revertants of a pts deletion mutant that grow on glycerol were analysed. They were shown to carry mutations in the glycerol kinase gene. These are missense mutations located in parts of the glpK gene that could encode regions important for the activity of glycerol kinase. The results strongly suggest that the main effect of the PTS on glycerol utilization in B. subtilis is mediated via glycerol kinase.
Typing of Staphylococcus aureus strains by PCR-amplification of variable-length 16S-23S rDNA spacer regions: characterization of spacer sequences
Authors: Grtler Volker , Barrie Helen D. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARY
To develop a rapid and accurate method of typing large numbers of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, the spacer region C of the rRNA operon [1391-507 (16S-23S)] was enzymically amplified from 322 strains. When the products were separated by denaturing PAGE, 15 variable-length rrn alleles were demonstrated, ranging in size from 906 to 1223 bp. The variable-length HpaII-digested region C [(region E; 1446-196 (16S-23S)] amplification products were cloned into M13mp18RF to sequence separate variable-length alleles. A total of 17 region E inserts were sequenced, aligned and divided into nine alleles by length (938-1174) and sequence properties. The 16S-23S spacer rDNA varied in length (303-551 bp) and in properties; three alleles contained a tRNAlle gene alone, two alleles contained a tRNAlle and a tRNAAla gene, and four alleles lacked tRNA genes. The sequences of two alleles showed less than 1% variation when isolated from two or three S. aureus strains. The 48 penicillin-and methicillin-sensitive strains were divided into 26 ribotypes; in contrast, the 274 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains were divided into nine ribotypes (A-I) with 97% typing as either ribotype A or B (rrnL was missing in B). The sequence conservation of the rrn operons argues for the use of the 16S-23S spacer region as a stable and direct indicator of the evolutionary divergence of S. aureus strains.
Spread of injectate after ultrasound‐guided subcostal transversus abdominis plane block: a cadaveric study
Authors: Barrington M. J. , Ivanusic J. J. , Rozen W. M. , Hebbard P. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryUltrasound‐guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block can be performed using a subcostal technique. This technique was simulated using dye injection in cadavers in order to determine segmental nerve involvement and spread of injectate using either single or multiple‐injection techniques. Dye most commonly spread to affect T9 and T10 nerves with the single injection technique and T9, T10 and T11 with multiple injections. The median (IQR [range]) spread of dye was 60 (36–63 [32–78]) cm2 using the single‐injection technique and 90 (85–96 [72–136]) cm2, in the multiple‐injection technique, and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.003). These results indicate that ultrasound‐guided subcostal TAP block will involve nerve roots T9, T10 and T11 and that a multiple‐injection technique may block more segmental nerves and increase spread of injectate.
Dental caries in cerebral palsied individuals and their caregivers' quality of life
Authors: Rodrigues dos Santos M. T. B. , Bianccardi M. , Celiberti P. , De Oliveira Guaré R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjective  To study the correlation between caries experience in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) and the quality of life of their primary caregivers.Materials and methods  Sixty‐five non‐institutionalized individuals, presenting CP, aged 2–21 years old, were evaluated for caries experience. Their respective caregivers aged 20–74 years old answered the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) health survey and Independence Measure for Children. Fifty‐eight non‐disabled individuals (ND group), aged 2–21 years old, and their respective caregivers, aged 25–56 years old, were submitted to the same evaluation process as the CP group.Results  Primary caregivers of CP individuals exhibited significantly lower scores than the ND group in all subscales of the SF‐36 health survey questionnaire: physical functioning, physical role, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role and mental health. The CP group presented significantly higher values for the Decayed, Missed and Filled (DMF‐T) index than the ND group and a significant negative correlation was obtained between the SF‐36 and DMF‐T index.Conclusion  The results suggest that caregivers of CP individuals exhibited worse quality of life than those of the non‐disabled. A negative correlation exists between caries experience of CP individuals and their caregivers' quality of life.