bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN UNUSUAL NEW SPECIES OF NEOACARUS (ACARI: PARASITENGONA: NEOACARIDAE) FROM A LAKE IN ONTARIO
Authors: Smith Ian M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMale and female adults of Neoacarus lacus n. sp. are described. This species is unique among Neoacaridae in that male adults possess 5 or 6, rather than 3, pairs of genital acetabula, and the adults inhabit a shallow eutrophic lake rather than the interstitial habitat in a stream bed.
BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF BUD MINING SAWFLIES, PLERONEURA SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: XYELIDAE), ON WHITE FIR IN THE CENTRAL SIERRA NEVADA OF CALIFORNIA: I. LIFE CYCLES, NICHE UTILIZATION, AND INTERACTION BETWEEN LARVAL FEEDING AND TREE GROWTH
Authors: Ohmart C. P. , Dahlsten D. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe previously unknown biologies of three species of bud mining sawflies occurring in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains are compared. All three species oviposit in the buds of white fir, Abies concolor, but in different parts of the bud. Each has a different ovipositional posture as well. The first instar of each species mines the bud in a characteristic manner; later instar larval behavior is not distinguishable. The larvae cannot be separated morphologically, but the adults are easily recognized by their genitalia. At moderate population levels competition does not appear to be a major limiting factor even though the three species occupy the same niche. The feeding of Pleroneura aldrichi, P. koebelei, and P. lutea appears to have little if any effect on the host tree.
EFFECT OF DENSITY ON HOST–PARASITE INTERACTIONS BETWEENHYPERA POSTICA(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ANDBATHYPLECTES ANURUS(HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Latheef M. A. , Yeargan K. V. , Pass B. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effect of density on host–parasite interactions betweenHypera postica(Gyllenhal) andBathyplectes anurus(Thomson) was studied in a caged system in the laboratory. There was no significant relationship between proportion of hosts parasitized and host density. The frequency distribution of the parasite’s eggs approximated the Poisson distribution in 83% of the cases. There was a quadratic relationship between number of superparasitized hosts and parasite density. However, no significant correlation between proportion superparasitized and host density was detected. The Nicholsonian area of discovery was inversely related to parasite density with a strong mutual interference constant of −.467.
PREVENTING AND TERMINATING PUPAL DIAPAUSE INATHRYCIA CINEREA(DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)
Authors: Wylie H. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPupal diapause inAthrycia cinerea(Coq.), a larval parasite of bertha armyworm,Mamestra configurataWalk., was usually prevented if the parasite larvae were reared at 25°C, but not if they were reared at 20°C. Mature larvae of the parasite were more sensitive than younger larvae to this temperature effect. Diapause incidence inA.cinereaat 20°C was not reduced by using only young parent females for oviposition; by rearing the parent females at a high temperature (25°C) and long day (16 h) prior to and during oviposition; by using host larvae that had been light-programmed for non-diapause; or by increasing the photoperiod, to which the parasite larvae were exposed, from 12 to 16 h. Termination of pupal diapause was accelerated by low temperature; at least 24 weeks at 2 °C were required to synchronize adult emergence.
FLUE-CURED TOBACCO LOSSES CAUSED BY THE TOMATO HORNWORM, MANDUCA QUINQUEMACULATA (LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE), AT VARIOUS INFESTATION LEVELS IN ONTARIO
Authors: Cheng H. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractStudies on the flue-cured tobacco losses caused by the natural tomato hornworm, Manduca quinquemaculata (Haworth), were conducted in the field at Delhi, Ont., during 1973, 1974, and 1975. The feeding habits of the larval stage were observed and data on the subsequent damage to tobacco were recorded Two to six leaves per plant, depending on leaf size, were unmarketable due to damage caused by one hornworm larva. The most severe damage by the larva was due to destruction of terminal buds.The tobacco yield was significantly related, negatively, to the tomato hornworm infestation levels. All infestation levels influenced quantitative tobacco losses, but no qualitative differences were apparent when compared with the yield in the insect-free plots. Maximum yield losses occurred at the highest level of infestation. There were no significant differences in yield losses per larva among the infestation levels or among the years. The average yield reduction per larva for all of the population densities and years was 0.70 oz of cured leaves. A prediction equation to establish the relationship between hornworm infestation levels and tobacco yield losses was calculated. A theoretical economic-injury level for the tomato hornworm on tobacco in Ontario was established.
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL OF 16 EXPERIMENTAL COMPOUNDS AS SOIL INSECTICIDES
Authors: Harris C. R. , Turnbull S. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effectiveness of 16 experimental compounds as soil insecticides was assessed under laboratory conditions. Chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and dieldrin were included as standard insecticides. Spectrum of activity as contact insecticides was determined using 24–48 h nymphs of the field cricket, Acheta pennsylvanicus (Burmeister), 24–48 h onion maggot adults, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), third stage darksided cutworms, Euxoa messoria (Harris), northern corn rootworm adults, Diabrotica longicornis (Say), and honeybees, Apis mellifera L. First stage crickets were used to assess the biological activity of experimental compounds relative to soil type, moisture, and temperature and also their volatility in moist sand and persistence of biological activity over a 48 week period. All of the insecticides showed broad spectrum contact activity. Twelve showed fair to very good potential in soil. Four insecticides, Shell WL 24794 (O,O-dimethyl-S-1-[3-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolyl)] ethyl phosphorodithioate), Shell WL 25735 (O-[2-chloro-1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl) vinyl] O-methyl methylphosphonothioate), Shell WL 26738 (O-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl] O-methyl ethylphosphonothioate), and chlorpyrifos-methyl showed good potential. Two others, Counter® (S-[(tert-butylthio) methyl] O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate) and Shell WL 24073 (O-[2-chloro-1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl) vinyl] O-methyl ethylphosphonothioate) were considered to have very good potential as soil insecticides.
CHAETOPHLEPSIS NASELLENSIS, A DIPTEROUS PARASITOID OF THE WESTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Medley Richard D. , Carolin V. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPreserved material from 1962 field studies provided information on the habits and morphology of the tachinid parasitoid Chaetophlepsis nasellensis Reinhard. Parasitization of the larvae of the western hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hulst), continues over a 30- to 40-day period. Maggots issue from the host larvae and drop to the ground to pupate. The pupae normally overwinter, with adults emerging the following spring or summer. The early first-instar larva differs markedly from the late first-instar. The three instars can be distinguished on the basis of body length and the structure and form of the buccopharyngeal apparatus. The first and third larval instars and the puparium are distinctive enough to permit easy identification during studies of the western hemlock looper and associated loopers.
BIOLOGY OF THE CORN LEAF APHID, RHOPALOSIPHUM MAIDIS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Foott W.H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThere was no evidence that the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), can overwinter in southwestern Ontario. An alate with a small colony of nymphs was found on 26 April, indicating that migration from the south starts early in the spring. Early migrants colonized winter barley, but not winter oats, rye, or wheat. Colonization on field corn did not occur until over a month after plant emergence. Only small numbers of alatae initiated infestations on corn and the large variation in size of aphid infestations observed at pollination was due to differences in the longevity and fecundity of these few early attackers. The whorl leaves which enclosed the tassel before pollination provided a very favorable environment for rapid development of the aphids. Trapping of alatae in yellow pans of water at the periphery of a corn field in the fall showed that a minimum temperature of 13°C was required for flight. At a constant temperature of 25.5°C and a light:dark photoperiod of 14:10 h, the average prereproductive, reproductive, and postreproductive periods for 29 aphids were 5.9, 15.8, and 9.6 days, respectively. The average number of nymphs produced/female was 68.2.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A PREDACIOUS RED WOOD ANT, FORMICA OBSCURIPES (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE), FROM MANITOBA TO EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Finnegan R. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe important species of predacious ants in Europe and North America belonging to the Formica rufa L. group, and their association with forest insects, is discussed. The absence of desirable species in Quebec is stated, and a brief description of an aggressive western North American species (F. obscuripes Forel) is given. The method used in collecting large colonies of this species in Manitoba, of transportation to Quebec, and of the eventual release and establishment is described. It is concluded that F. obscuripes is increasing in number in Quebec, and should be considered as permanently established.
STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS FOR THE DESCRIPTION AND SYNTHESIS OF PREDATOR–PREY SYSTEMS
Authors: Curry Guy L. , DeMichele Don W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this paper, a stochastic analysis approach for predator–prey systems modeling is developed. The states of the system are assumed to have a natural probabilistic variation. Elements of queueing theory are used to describe these variations and to obtain both the transient and steady-state results for the system. The predator is considered analogous to a service facility and the prey as customers to be served. The Holling disk equation and mantid–fly experiments are analyzed by this approach. The method provides a framework for a straightforward synthesis of the system components and is readily generalized for multiple predator systems. Furthermore, hunger and other behavioral aspects can be easily incorporated into the mathematical analysis.
POST-ATTACK INJECTION OF SILVISAR 510 (CACODYLIC ACID) IN SPRUCE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) INFESTED TREES
Authors: Frye R. H. , Schmid J. M. , Lister C. K. , Buffam P. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPost-attack injections of full- and half-strength Silvisar 510 (cacodylic acid) appear to inhibit populations of Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) more effectively than quarter- and tenth-strength dilutions. Arsenic concentrations in the phloem were highest in the full-strength treatments and progressively decreased in the lesser strength treatments. Arsenic concentrations in the phloem were generally highest just above the frill while concentrations at 20 ft and higher above the frill were significantly lower than those just above the frill. Arsenic concentrations in the needles were highest in the full- and half-strength treatments and decreased progressively in the lesser strength treatments. Concentrations in the needles were essentially equal in the upper and lower portions of the crown. Arsenic concentrations in the soil were not affected by the treatments.
EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURES ON MORTALITY OF HIBERNATING CODLING MOTH LARVAE AND FERTILITY OF SURVIVING ADULTS (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Hagley E. A. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMortality of hibernating codling moth larvae from the Georgian Bay area and the Niagara peninsula of southern Ontario was not affected after exposure to temperatures as low as −16.7°C for 48 h. One hundred per cent mortality occurred at −20.0°C after pre-conditioning the larvae for several weeks by exposure to gradually decreasing temperatures. In neither area were the minimum winter temperatures low enough nor of sufficient duration to significantly affect larval mortality. There was no effect on pupal or adult survival or on the fecundity and fertility of surviving adults following exposure of larvae to low temperatures.
LONG TERM STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AERIAL APPLICATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS – ACEPHATE COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Morris O. N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis (Dipel® 36B) mixed with a sublethal concentration of acephate (Orthene®) (O, S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate), an organophosphorous insecticide, was applied at 2.35–14 l./ha to white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) trees infested with spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). The treatment rate was 20 Billion International Units of B. thuringiensis (B.t.) activity with or without 42 g of active ingredient of acephate/ha.The ground deposit of the standard Dipel wettable powder formulation was 12% of emitted volume compared with 21–32% for the Dipel 36B flowable. The viability of B.t. spores was drastically reduced after 1 day of weathering but a high level of biological activity by the spore–crystal complex persisted for up to 20 days post-spray due probably to crystal activity.The addition of about 10% of the recommended operational rate of acephate to the B.t. suspension increased larval mortality by 34% when applied at 4.7 l./ha. Reductions in budworm populations were 97–99% in B.t. + acephate plots and 86–90% in B.t. alone plots.Plots with moderate budworm densities of up to 27 larvae/100 buds on white spruce and 36/100 on balsam fir were satisfactorily protected from excessive defoliation in the year of spray by B.t. with or without acephate. Plots with higher population densities were not satisfactorily protected based on the branch sample examination but aerial color photographs indicated good protection to the top third of the trees. Population declines were greater and defoliation and oviposition were lower in the treated plots than in the untreated checks 1 year later without further treatment. Two years later the larval population densities in all plots were low but the density was twice as high in the untreated check as in the treated plots, indicating long term suppression by the treatments. Defoliation was negligible in all plots.The treatments had no deleterious effect on spruce budworm parasitism. The data indicate that the integrated approach using Bacillus thuringiensis – chemical pesticide combinations is a viable alternative to the use of chemical pesticides alone in spruce budworm control. Large scale testing is now warranted.
ESTIMATION OF EGG POPULATIONS OF THE CLOVER ROOT CURCULIO, SITONA HISPIDULA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN KENTUCKY ALFALFA AND RED CLOVER FIELDS,
Authors: Ng Y. S. , Latheef M. A. , Pass B. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSampling techniques for estimating egg populations of the clover root curculio, Sitona hispidula (F.), were developed in alfalfa and red clover fields in Kentucky. An appropriate sample unit was a 3 × 3 in. (7.6 × 7.6 cm) area of plants and the soil beneath it to a depth of 4–5 in. (10.2–12.7 cm). This was processed by a flotation technique. The spatial disposition of the eggs conformed to a clumped pattern in both fields. The variation of 88 to 93% in log variances was accounted for by the variation in log means. There were no significant differences in dispersion pattern between the two crops. Variance analysis revealed that block and plot differences were rarely significant but the interquadrat variance predominated. The number of samples required to estimate the population with specified level of significance and margin of error was inversely proportional to population density.
NOTES ON A PINE-FEEDING BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA LAMBERTIANA PONDEROSANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN THE COLORADO ROCKIES
Authors: Stevens Robert E. , Borg Thomas K. , Thatcher T. O. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChoristoneura lambertiana ponderosana Obraztsov is commonly found infesting its main host, Pinus ponderosa Laws., in Colorado. It is also known from Wyoming, South Dakota, and Montana. Pinus flexilis James is a host in Montana, and in Colorado ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. cryptopodum Hawksworth and Wiens, is also utilized as a food plant. Adults fly and oviposit in midsummer; newly hatched larvae overwinter in hibernacula and emerge in the spring to feed on new foliage. Pupation takes place in the feeding area. There is one generation per year.
GENETIC INSECT CONTROL: CHROMOSOME REARRANGEMENTS ISOLATED USING A SIMPLE SYSTEM IN THE ONION MAGGOT, HYLEMYA ANTIQUA (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Reid J.A. Keith , McEwen F.L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA method for the direct isolation of useful genetic strains was shown effective in the onion maggot. This method circumvents the extensive preliminary investigations called for by current concepts in genetic population control. From genomes treated with 1.5 kr of gamma radiation, the system showed that 17% of those tested carried chromosomal rearrangements potentially useful in genetic population reduction.
TRAIL-LAYING BEHAVIOUR OF THE CARPENTER ANT,CAMPONOTUS PENNSYLVANICUS(HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Authors: Hartwick E. B. , Friend W. G. , Atwood C. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCamponotus pennsylvanicus(De Geer) workers concentrate their foraging efforts in the vicinity of a new food source. Experiments with artificial “trees” confirm that these ants lay chemical trails when they locate food and under other circumstances. Marks left by ants travelling over smoked paper indicate that the trail consists of a series of streaks, sometimes variable in length, and that ants following trails make regular alternate deviations. Trails are laid extensively in the immediate vicinity of food. A trail is not reinforced by all gorged workers passing over it.The trails activate other workers and provide a means of orientation but are clearly non-directional. A bioassay with various organs indicated that the hind gut is the source of the trail substance.When a strong direct light is available, attention to trails dwindles and ants eventually use light orientation to reach the food, often following more direct routes at that time. Physical contact between workers may activate them but provides no directional information and may lead to temporary disorientation.
DISTRIBUTION, SURVIVAL, AND INTRA-TREE MOVEMENT OF LATE-INSTAR BIRCH CASEBEARER LARVAE ON WHITE BIRCH (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE)
Authors: Raske A. G. , Bryant D. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe number of the birch casebearer larvae, Coleophora fuscedinella Zeller, within white birch crowns, Betula papyrifera Marsh., decreased 70% from overwintered survivors to about 50% pupae in the population. Within a crown, the highest number occurred in the outer shell and lowest in the inner. Casebearer numbers, weighted by the number of leaf clusters, were highest in the inner shell and lowest in the outer. Among crown quarters, both unweighted and weighted numbers were generally highest in the middle two crown quarters, lowest in the bottom quarter, and variable in the top quarter.Peaks in immigration and emigration of larvae among crown strata occurred first when third and again when fourth instar larvae were most abundant. Immigration consisted only of intra-tree crawling, but emigration consisted of intra-tree crawling, removal by predation, and larvae leaving the tree to pupate on ground vegetation.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MICROBIAL NUMBERS AND DROPLET SIZE IN AERIAL SPRAY APPLICATIONS
Authors: Morris O. N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractExperiments were designed to determine the actual number of spores and crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) and of nuclear polyhedral virus and entomopoxvirus deposited at ground level per unit area and to determine any change in spore:crystal ration following aerial application in forested plots.The results indicate that: (1) The estimation of B.t. aerial spray deposits by the commonly used agar plate method grossly underestimates the deposit rates of active ingredient. The tracer dye method more accurately estimates deposit rates for both B.t. and entomopathogenic viruses. As a dye 0.1% Erio Acid Red XB is recommended. (2) The relationship between drop size and the number of spores and crystals or virus inclusion bodies/drop is curvilinear. This relationship probably holds true regardless of spray volume rate. All visible spray deposits at ground level contained some active ingredient. (3) With B.t. sprays the sporexrystal ratio emitted from the aircraft is not changed upon target impact.
EVALUATION OF PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING WITHIN-SPOT POPULATIONS OF ATTACKING ADULT DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Pulley Paul E. , Foltz John L. , Coulson Robert N. , Martin William C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPopulation data collected from 132 trees during a 3-year period were used to simulate spots of K trees (1≤ k ≤ 50) infested by the attacking adult stage of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman. The total number of beetles on the K trees was then estimated by sampling k trees (1≤ k ≤ 10). The k trees were chosen at random and by selecting those of largest diameter and largest infested area. Within-tree populations were estimated at two levels of precision and within-spot populations were then estimated by scaling the sum of the k within-tree estimates according to the proportion of the tree numbers, tree diameters, or infested phloem areas included in the sample. The various combinations of tree selection, within-tree precision, and scaling produced 10 procedures which were evaluated for bias, precision, and cost as estimators of within-spot populations. Bias was calculated as the mean of the proportional errors in estimating the true numbers, and the standard deviation of the proportional errors was used as a measure of precision.The procedures in which trees were randomly selected provided unbiased estimates of the within-spot populations. Selecting the largest trees tended to overestimate the true number with the bias diminishing to zero as k → K. However, separate analyses of trees sampled on the same date within actual spots showed no reason to reject the hypothesis of no difference in beetle density (insects/diameter and insects/area) between the largest and smallest trees.When k = K = 1, the precision of all within-spot estimators was equivalent to the precision of the within-tree estimate. For larger k = K, the precision improved approximately as √(K). No attempt was made to derive functional relationships of precision for k < K. For each procedure, precision improved as k → K. Sampling the k trees at two sample heights (3.5 and 6.5 m, 4–100 cm2 disks/height) was more precise than single level sampling (4 disks at 5 m), but equally precise estimates could be obtained by single level sampling of just one or two additional trees in the spot. Random selection of the k trees with scaling by the number of infested trees was the least precise of the estimating procedures; scaling by diameter and by infested surface area increased the precision. Best precision was obtained by selecting the k trees of greatest infested phloem area, but selecting the largest diameter trees was nearly as precise. The least costly procedure for obtaining a desired level of precision consists of selecting the k trees of largest diameter and extracting 4 disks/tree at 5 m.