bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Brimonidine Before LASIK With Femtosecond Laser-created Flaps for the Correction of Myopia: A Contralateral Eye Study
Authors: Rodríguez-Galietero Antonio , Martínez José Vicente González , Buey Ángeles Del , Bescós José Ángel Cristóbal 
Published: March 2010

PURPOSE:
To evaluate the changes in the incidence of subconjunctival hemorrhage, hyperemia, photophobia, flap displacements, and flap retractions in myopic patients who have undergone LASIK with an IntraLase 15-kHz femtosecond laser (intraLASIK) with or without the application of brimonidine tartrate 0.2% in one eye.

METHODS:
Two hundred eyes of 100 myopic patients were enrolled in this brimonidine tartrate fellow eye control study. These myopic patients were treated with the intraLASIK technique in both eyes. Only 1 eye was treated with brimonidine tartrate 0.2% 30 minutes before surgery. One day after surgery, subconjunctival hemorrhage, photophobia, and hyperemia were evaluated. Flap slippage and flap retractions were evaluated 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery.

RESULTS:
Of the 100 eyes treated with brimonidine tartrate before intraLASIK, 3 (3%) eyes showed subconjunctival hemorrhage. Complex hyperemia–photophobia was found in 8 (8%) of 100 eyes immediately after the surgery compared with non-brimonidine tartrate treated eyes (79% and 92%, respectively). Eyes treated with brimonidine showed no incidence of flap complications, whereas eyes not treated with brimonidine showed 11% flap retraction.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study suggests that brimonidine tartrate 0.2% administered before intraLASIK provides a reduction in the incidence of subconjunctival hemorrhage, hyperemia, and photophobia without increasing flap complications. [
J Refract Surg
. 2010;26:28–32.]
Conductive Keratoplasty for the Treatment of Astigmatism Induced by Corneal Trauma or Incision
Authors: Xu Wen , Ye Panpan , Yao Ke , Ma Jin , Xu Hesheng 
Published: March 2010

PURPOSE:To assess the efficacy, safety, and predictability of conductive keratoplasty for the treatment of corneal trauma/incision-induced hyperopic or compound astigmatism.METHODS:Thirteen eyes with corneal trauma/incision-induced astigmatism underwent conductive keratoplasty in this prospective study. The main outcome measures included distance uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), near UCVA, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), manifest refraction cylinder, keratometric astigmatism, manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), contrast sensitivity, glare sensitivity, intraocular pressure, tear break-up time, endothelial cell count, and pachymetry. Patients were followed 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively.RESULTS:Mean logMAR scores for distance UCVA, near UCVA, and BSCVA significantly improved from 0.87±0.31, 1.32±0.41, and 0.18±0.18, respectively, to 0.32±0.21, 0.59±0.21, and 0.08±0.11 (P⩽.05), respectively, 6 months after conductive keratoplasty. Mean manifest refraction cylinder, keratometric astigmatism, and MRSE significantly reduced from 4.12±2.86 diopters (D), 4.15±2.40 D, and 0.73±2.56 D, respectively, to 1.46±1.35 D, 1.66±1.44 D, and −0.52±0.99 D (P⩽.05), respectively, at 6 months postoperatively. Contrast sensitivity and glare sensitivity showed significant improvement at spatial frequencies of 1, 1.6, 2.5, 4, and 6.3 cycles per degree (P⩽.05). Surgically induced astigmatism calculated by vector analysis highly correlated to target induced astigmatism (P⩽.05). No severe complications occurred postoperatively.CONCLUSIONS:This study suggests that conductive keratoplasty is an effective and safe treatment for hyperopic or compound astigmatism after corneal trauma or incision. [J Refract Surg. 2010;26:33–42.]
Fast Evaluation of Equal-spaced Zernike Polynomial Expansion Samples
Authors: Sarver Edwin J. , Hall Max T. 
Published: March 2010

PURPOSE:
To develop a method to quickly calculate equal-spaced Zernike polynomial expansion samples on a rectangular or polar grid for analysis or display.

METHODS:
It is well known that a Zernike polynomial expansion can be converted into an equivalent rectangular or polar two-dimensional Taylor polynomial expansion. It is also known how to quickly calculate equal-spaced polynomial samples using difference equations. Using these two techniques, a software class was developed that provides fast evaluation of Zernike polynomial expansion samples on a rectangular or polar grid. To test the method, the time for the direct calculation of 10th order Zernike polynomial expansion was compared to the difference equation approach for a 1000×1000 sample grid.

RESULTS:
The direct calculation of the 10th order Zernike polynomial expansion required over 400 times more processing time than the difference equation technique for a 1000×1000 sample grid. The largest difference in calculated values between the two techniques was negligible, indicating 11 digits of accuracy when using double precision variables.

CONCLUSIONS:

The difference equation approach proves to be a fast and accurate method to calculate equal-spaced Zernike polynomial expansion samples on a rectangular or polar grid. This algorithm has application in both the analysis of optical systems and display of results. [
J Refract Surg
. 2010;26:61–65.]
Intraocular Omni-focal Lens With Increased Tolerance to Decentration and Astigmatism
Authors: Ben Yaish Shai , Zlotnik Alex , Raveh Ido , Yehezkel Oren , Belkin Michael , Zalevsky Zeev 
Published: March 2010

PURPOSE:
To measure the optical performance of an extended depth of focus (EDOF) intraocular lens (IOL), which provides an imaging solution for near, intermediate, and distance ranges, and to compare its optical performance to available bifocal IOLs with various extents of decentration and astigmatism aberrations.

METHODS:
A special profile that performs interference principle-based focal extension is engraved on the top of a monofocal rigid IOL. An optical bench based on the L&B eye model was used to test the performance in comparison with the bifocal AcrySof ReSTOR SA60D3 lens (Alcon Laboratories Inc).

RESULTS:
The imaging performances at near, intermediate, and distance ranges were mapped. Different decentration parameters and amount of astigmatism aberration were tested. In numerical simulations and the experimental bench, the EDOF IOL was demonstrated to have good visual acuity in near, intermediate, and distance ranges as well as reduced sensitivity to decentration of up to 0.75 mm and the capability of correcting astigmatism aberrations of up to 1.00 diopter.

CONCLUSIONS:

Extended depth of focus technology is capable of providing clear and focused vision at near, intermediate, and distance ranges. Its high quality imaging is obtained under large decentration conditions and residual astigmatism. This capability broadens the potential use of the technology beyond its application as a simultaneous multifocal lens. [
J Refract Surg
. 2010;26:71–76.]
Tachykinin Receptor Assays
Authors: Meini Stefania , Alberto Maggi Carlo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDescribed in this unit are methods for obtaining, preparing, and testing smooth muscle preparations bearing tachykinin receptors to study the agonist or antagonist properties of test compounds. Concentration‐response curves to agonists are constructed to measure their ability to produce smooth muscle contractions and thus evaluate the potency and efficacy of the agonists. Antagonists are tested for their ability to shift the agonist concentration‐response curve and to calculate their potency. Two different protocols are described for each of the three tachykinin receptors (NK1, NK2, and NK3). The NK1receptor assays use guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (GPI) and rat urinary bladder (RUB), the NK2receptor assays use isolated endothelium‐deprived rabbit pulmonary artery (RPA) and hamster trachea (HT), and the NK3receptor assays use GPI and rat portal vein (RPV).Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 48:4.10.1‐4.10.28. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In Vivo Pharmacodynamic Assays for M2and M3Muscarinic Receptors
Authors: Armstrong Scott , Steinfeld Tod , Pulido‐Rios M. Teresa , Hegde Sharath S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractM2and M3muscarinic receptor subtypes are attractive drug targets for the treatment of pulmonary and urological disorders. Described in this unit is an in vivo pithed rat assay for estimating agonist and antagonist potency at M2and M3receptors. In the pithed rat, the muscarinic agonist methacholine induces reduction in heart rate (bradycardia) and blood pressure (depressor response) through interaction with M2and M3receptors, respectively. The dissociation of the peripheral and central nervous system in the pithed rat preparation permits the direct assessment of compound effects on the heart and vasculature in the absence of cardiovascular reflexes. Estimates of antagonist potency can be reliably established by quantifying the shift in the agonist dose‐effect curve produced under appropriate equilibrium or non‐equilibrium conditions.Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 48:12.13.1‐12.13.10. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In Vitro Selection of RNA Aptamers to a Protein Target by Filter Immobilization
Authors: Hall Bradley , Arshad Seyed , Seo Kyunghyun , Bowman Catherine , Corley Meredith , Jhaveri Sulay D. , Ellington Andrew D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis unit describes the selection of aptamers from a pool of single‐stranded RNA by binding to a protein target. Aptamers generated from this selection experiment can potentially act as protein function inhibitors, and may find applications as therapeutic or diagnostic reagents. A pool of dsDNA is used to generate an ssRNA pool, which is mixed with the protein target. Bound complexes are separated from unbound reagents by filtration, and the RNA:protein complexes are amplified by a combination of reverse transcription, PCR, and in vitro transcription.Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 40:9.3.1‐9.3.27. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Molecular reconstruction of complex hydrocarbon mixtures: An application of principal component analysis
Authors: Pyl Steven P. , Van Geem Kevin M. , Reyniers Marie‐Françoise , Marin Guy B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThree methods for reconstruction of the detailed molecular composition of complex hydrocarbon mixtures, based on their global properties, are compared: a method based on the Shannon entropy criterion, an artificial neural network and a multiple linear regression model. In spite of the broad range of naphthas included in the training set, the application range of the last two methods proved to be limited. Principal component analysis allowed to identify their three‐dimensional ellipsoidal application range. In this subspace, the artificial neural network is more accurate than the multiple linear regression model and the Shannon entropy method. However, outside its application range, the performance of the neural network, as well as the regression model, decreases drastically. In contrast, the performance of the Shannon entropy method is not influenced by the characteristics of the considered naphtha, but rather depends on the number of available commercial indices. The Shannon entropy method yields comparable results to the artificial neural network, provided that a sufficient amount of distillation data is available to supply information on the carbon number distribution. Combining the reconstruction methods with a fundamental simulation model illustrates the necessity of having accurate feedstock reconstruction methods since they allow to capture the full power of fundamental simulation models for the simulation of industrial processes. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Hydrodynamics of cocurrent two‐phase flows in slanted porous media—Modulation of pulse flow via bed obliquity
Authors: Schubert Markus , Hamidipour Mohsen , Duchesne Carl , Larachi Faïçal 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA packed bed operated with descending gas–liquid cocurrent flows in slanted configuration to force trickle flow pattern to segregate due to gravity was studied, in addition to dependences to inclination angle of liquid saturation and pressure drop. Inception of pulse flow regime could take place regardless of inclination angle and the transition from segregated/trickle regime to pulse flow regime was experimentally determined. The Grosser et al. flow regime transition model was modified by considering only axial components of the gas and liquid superficial velocities to predict the slant‐dependent shifts in transition from segregated/trickle to pulse flow and was found to agree with experimental data. Pulse flow regime at different inclinations was characterized with respect to frequency, velocity, and shape of pulses. Bed obliquity was unveiled as a new artifice to pulse flow modulation with possible prospects for catalytic reactions requiring antagonistically high‐interaction regime mass transfer coefficients and partial catalyst wetting. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
The proinflammatory activity of recombinant serum amyloid A is not shared by the endogenous protein in the circulation
Authors: Björkman Lena , Raynes John G. , Shah Chandrabala , Karlsson Anna , Dahlgren Claes , Bylund Johan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveElevated serum levels of the acute‐phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) are a marker for active rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and SAA can also be found in the tissues of patients with active RA. Based on a number of studies with recombinant SAA (rSAA), the protein has been suggested to be a potent proinflammatory mediator that activates human neutrophils, but whether endogenous SAA shares these proinflammatory activities has not been directly addressed. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether SAA in the plasma of patients with RA possesses proinflammatory properties and activates neutrophils in a manner similar to that of the recombinant protein.MethodsNeutrophil activation was monitored by flow cytometry, based on L‐selectin shedding from cell surfaces. Whole blood samples from healthy subjects and from RA patients with highly elevated SAA levels were studied before and after stimulation with rSAA as well as purified endogenous SAA.ResultsRecombinant SAA potently induced cleavage of L‐selectin from neutrophils and in whole blood samples. Despite highly elevated SAA levels, L‐selectin was not down‐regulated on RA patient neutrophils as compared with neutrophils from healthy controls. Spiking SAA‐rich whole blood samples from RA patients with rSAA, however, resulted in L‐selectin shedding. In addition, SAA purified from human plasma was completely devoid of neutrophil‐ or macrophage‐activating capacity.ConclusionThe present findings show that rSAA is proinflammatory but that this activity is not shared by endogenous SAA, either when present in the circulation of RA patients or when purified from plasma during an acute‐phase response.
A petri nets‐based process planning system for wastewater treatment
Authors: Yao Albert W. L. , Ji Zhiming , Liao H. T. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIt is always challenging to simulate, debug or diagnose automated systems. The aim of this paper is to present the development of a convenient tool for reengineering the control system in a complicated industrial wastewater treatment plant. In this project, a PC‐based Human‐Machine Interface (HMI) in conjunction with Petri nets (PN) theory is adopted to develop and simulate the operational process for wastewater treatment. The resultant tool offers many advantages to the reality of the automated control world. It not only reduces the process reengineering time and the cost of error recovery, but also builds a panel of human interface for the process. The discrete event control sequence of wastewater treatment can be easily modeled and evaluated before its build‐up. Furthermore, this PN‐based system can be used as an online diagnostic tool when the wastewater treatment process is malfunctioning. That is, the presented PN tool provides an adequate means for offline process development, simulation, performance evaluation, and quick online process diagnosis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Perspectives on Synthetic Promoters for Biocatalysis and Biotransformation
Authors: Ruth Claudia , Glieder Anton 
Published: February 2010

AbstractActing on the transcriptional level, synthetic promoters have been useful tools for controlling gene expression and have applications in many fields. Here, we discuss synthetic promoters and libraries in regard to current and future applications in the field of biocatalysis or biotransformation. We also focus on synthetic promoter design principles and distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic destinations. The natural toolboxes available for tuneable gene expression and the regulation of enzyme function are limited and primarily host specific. Synthetic biology offers generally applicable concepts and quick implementation. Smart alternatives to transcriptional regulation enrich the engineer's tool box for optimizing industrial enzyme production and host‐cell physiology for whole‐cell processes. Industrially applicable, tuneable enzyme cascades and artificial circuits for iterative up‐ and down‐regulation will soon be achieved.
Adenosyl Radical: Reagent and Catalyst in Enzyme Reactions
Authors: Marsh E. Neil G. , Patterson Dustin P. , Li Lei 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAdenosine is undoubtedly an ancient biological molecule that is a component of many enzyme cofactors: ATP, FADH, NAD(P)H, and coenzyme A, to name but a few, and, of course, of RNA. Here we present an overview of the role of adenosine in its most reactive form: as an organic radical formed either by homolytic cleavage of adenosylcobalamin (coenzyme B12, AdoCbl) or by single‐electron reduction of S‐adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) complexed to an iron–sulfur cluster. Although many of the enzymes we discuss are newly discovered, adenosine's role as a radical cofactor most likely arose very early in evolution, before the advent of photosynthesis and the production of molecular oxygen, which rapidly inactivates many radical enzymes. AdoCbl‐dependent enzymes appear to be confined to a rather narrow repertoire of rearrangement reactions involving 1,2‐hydrogen atom migrations; nevertheless, mechanistic insights gained from studying these enzymes have proved extremely valuable in understanding how enzymes generate and control highly reactive free radical intermediates. In contrast, there has been a recent explosion in the number of radical‐AdoMet enzymes discovered that catalyze a remarkably wide range of chemically challenging reactions; here there is much still to learn about their mechanisms. Although all the radical‐AdoMet enzymes so far characterized come from anaerobically growing microbes and are very oxygen sensitive, there is tantalizing evidence that some of these enzymes might be active in aerobic organisms including humans.
Stabilization of the Charge‐Separated States of Covalently Linked Zinc Porphyrin–Triphenylamine–[60]Fullerene
Authors: El‐Khouly Mohamed E. , Han Ki‐Jong , Kay Kwang‐Yol , Fukuzumi Shunichi 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSpectroscopic, redox, computational, and electron transfer reactions of the covalently linked zinc porphyrin–triphenylamine–fulleropyrrolidine system are investigated in solvents of varying polarity. An appreciable interaction between triphenylamine and the porphyrin π system is revealed by steady‐state absorption and emission, redox, and computational studies. Free‐energy calculations suggest that the light‐induced processes via the singlet‐excited porphyrin are exothermic in benzonitrile, dichlorobenzene, toluene, and benzene. The occurrence of fast and efficient charge‐separation processes (≈1012 s−1) via the singlet‐excited porphyrin is confirmed by femtosecond transient absorption measurements in solvents with dielectric constants ranging from 25.2 (benzonitrile) to 2.2 (benzene). The rates of the charge separation processes are much less solvent‐dependent, which suggests that the charge‐separation processes occur at the top region of the Marcus parabola. The lifetimes of the singlet radical‐ion pair (70–3000 ps at room temperature) decrease substantially in more polar solvents, which suggests that the charge‐recombination process is occurring in the Marcus inverted region. Interestingly, by utilizing the nanosecond transient absorption spectral technique we can obtain clear evidence about the existence of triplet radical‐ion pairs with relatively long lifetimes of 0.71 μs (in benzonitrile) and 2.2 μs (in o‐dichlorobenzene), but not in toluene and benzene due to energetic considerations. From the point of view of mechanistic information, the synthesized zinc porphyrin–triphenylamine–fulleropyrrolidine system has the advantage that both the lifetimes of the singlet and triplet radical‐ion pair can be determined.
Effect of Optical Absorbance on the Raman Spectra of Ce0.9Tb0.1O2−δ Solid Solution
Authors: Guo Ming , Lu Jiqing , Bi Qingyuan , Luo Mengfei 
Published: February 2010

AbstractConcentration of oxygen vacancies, optical absorption and microstructure of Ce0.9Tb0.1O2−δ material under different atmospheres (O2, He and H2) and temperatures are characterized by in situ X‐ray diffraction, in situ Raman spectroscopy and confocal microscopy. In this paper, we focus on how the change in optical absorption of the sample significantly affects the observed Raman information (peak intensity and the variation rule of oxygen vacancy concentration) under in situ conditions. With increasing temperature, the optical absorption of the sample decreases because of the release of oxygen and consequent changes of the microstructure. The decline in the optical absorption enables the Raman laser to increase its sampling depth, therefore, the deeper layer phonons in the structure are also sampled and contribute to the Raman scattering when the same excitation laser line is used. A more pronounced effect is observed when 514 nm laser line is used rather than 785 nm excitation, because both Tb and oxygen vacancies are enriched on the surface of the material and the 514 nm light provides surface information, while 785 nm light provides almost complete information on the sample.
Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions in Aqueous Media: Green and Sustainable Syntheses of Biaryls
Authors: Polshettiwar Vivek , Decottignies Audrey , Len Christophe , Fihri Aziz 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCarbon–carbon cross‐coupling reactions are among the most important processes in organic chemistry, and Suzuki–Miyaura reactions are among the most widely used protocols for the formation of carbon–carbon bonds. These reactions are generally catalyzed by soluble palladium complexes with various ligands. However, the use of toxic organic solvents remains a scientific challenge and an aspect of economical and ecological relevance. This Review will summarize various recently developed significant methods by which the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling was conducted in aqueous media, and analyzes if they are “real green” protocols.