bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Aluminum Tolerance of Two Wheat Varieties Associated with Plant‐Induced pH Changes Around Their Roots
Authors: Foy C. D. , Burns G. R. , Brown J. C. , Fleming A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDifferential Al tolerance of Atlas 66 and Monon wheat varieties in nutrient solutions and in acid Bladen soil was attributed, at least in part, to plant‐induced differential pH changes around their roots.In nutrient solutions the Al‐sensitive Monon variety lowered the pH and the Al‐tolerant Atlas variety raised the pH, resulting in differences as large as 0.7 pH unit in the nutrient media. In acid Bladen soil this difference was much smaller, and a high root‐to‐soil ratio was necessary to produce observed pH differences that were significant. The factor responsible for higher Al‐tolerance of Atlas was not transferred to Monon in mixed cultures in Bladen soil. The evidence indicates that the layer of plant‐altered soil surrounding the roots was extremely thin.
Clay Mineralogy of a Sassafras Soil in New Jersey
Authors: Douglas Lowell A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe clay mineralogy of a Sassafras soil was studied. Illite was found to be the dominant clay mineral in the C horizon, and aluminum‐interlayered vermiculite was the dominant clay mineral in the A1 horizon. The weathering series: Illite → expanding‐vermiculite → vermiculite → aluminum‐interlayered vermiculite accounted for the major clay mineral alterations in this soil. The distribution of kaolinite suggested that kaolinite is being formed in the soil. Lepidocrocite was found in horizons containing large amounts of easily reducible iron.
Interpretation of Chloride and Nitrate Ion Distribution Patterns in Adjacent Irrigated and Nonirrigated Panoche Soils
Authors: Dyer Kenneth L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSalt profiles of sprinkler‐irrigated soils, with known crop histories, were compared with those of adjacent soils which had not been irrigated. The methods described offer, for some areas, new techniques for estimating salt movements toward the water table and for evaluating past performance of irrigation projects.Theoretical concentration curves obtained using van der Molen's application of the Glueckauf theory of chromatography were successfully fitted to CI‐ and NO3‐ concentration curves found in soils being leached under field conditions.The accumulation of Cl‐ in the soil profile was used in conjunction with Cl‐ concentration in the soil solution to obtain an independent estimate of moisture dissipated by evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration losses of sprinkler applied irrigation water were estimated by this method to range from 78 to 85% in the soils under investigation. Estimates of total applied irrigation water calculated from the accumulation of Cl‐ in the soil profile were in general agreement with estimates made from crop history.
Soil Anisotropy and Its Relation to Aggregate Stability
Authors: Cagauan B. , Uehara G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor kaolinitic soils containing more than 5% free iron oxide, variations in percentage aggregate stability can be related to soil anisotropy. Soil anisotropy, as used in this paper, refers to the degree of particle orientation. In thin sections, increasing parallel orientation of clay particles within soil aggregates allows increasing reaction of the soil material to polarized light. For soils having essentially identical mineralogies, the amount of light transmitted through crossed polarizers can be related to particle orientation or soil anisotropy. The amount of transmitted light, which is used to measure soil anisotropy, can be measured with a photometer. When percentage aggregate stability was plotted as a function of photometer readings, a significant curvilinear relation was found to exist between these two variables.
Depth to Fragipan in Cabot Silt Loam—Variability in a Characteristic Area
Authors: Bornstein Joseph , Bartlett Richmond J. , Howard Montague 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA drainage research projec thas been established at East Franklin, Vermont on a Cabot silt loam to study and improve interception drainage methods. To be able to interpret the resulting data with greater meaning it was necessary to determine the variability of depth to fragipan and the relations between this variability, the slope of the surface, and the thickness of the Ap horizon. Two methods of determining depth to the fragipan surface were used. The more feasible one, auger borings taken on a 100‐foot grid was evaluated for precision in relation to the method of examining drain trench walls. Thickness of Ap horizon and the depth to the fragipan surface were measured at 161 locations 2 feet apart along tile drain trenches. Fragipan surface at 143 points over the research area was located by the auger grid system.The mean depth of the Ap horizon was 7.4 inches and 83% of the measurements fell in the 6‐ to 9‐inch range. Of all fragipan depths, 74% were in the 11‐ to 17‐inch range. Mean depth by augering was 13.9 inches; along the trench profile it was 14.4 inches. In this area of Cabot silt loam, the lower boundary of the Ap and the fragipan surfaces generally follow surface slopes. The auger method data follow the trend of the measurements derived from the trench profile.
Effect of Gypsum and Starch on Water Movement and Sodium Removal from Solonetzic Soils in Illinois
Authors: Padhi U. C. , Odell R. T. , Fehrenbacher J. B. , Seif R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe improvement of solonetzic soils depends upon the replacement of excess exchangeable sodium and its removal by drainage. Gypsum and starch, both singly and in various combinations, were tested to determine their effect on water movement through and sodium removal from a solonetzic soil in Illinois. Significant amounts of leachate were collected and sodium was removed from columns of disturbed B2 horizon from a solonetzic soil treated with 8 tons/acre of gypsum and a combination of 8 tons of gypsum and 5 tons of starch/acre. There was less leachate and sodium removed by other treatments. Leaching and sodium removal were considerably reduced when the application rate of starch was raised to 10 tons/acre in combination with gypsum. This may be due to the low solubility of gypsum and the linkage between calcium and starch. Leachate and sodium removed were less from undisturbed cores 24 inches and 6 inches long than from columns of disturbed soil equivalent to the 6‐inch cores. Results were more variable from undisturbed soil cores than from disturbed soil columns. Results indicate that soil disturbance plus appropriate treatment, especially with gypsum, increase water percolation and sodium removal from these solonetzic soils. Starch was not effective.
Root Growth Through Porous Media Under Controlled Conditions II. Effect of Aeration Levels and Rigidity
Authors: Aubertin G. M. , Kardos L. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of four different compositions of aeration gases on the root growth of maize seedlings (Zea mays) grown in rigid and nonrigid systems of a given pore diameter was evaluated. Best root growth of maize seedlings occurred where the aerating gas contained 10% oxygen rather than 21%. Root growth at 5% oxygen and 21% oxygen were similar but at 2.5% oxygen root growth was markedly decreased. Adverse effects of the lowest oxygen concentration were magnified when the pore system was rigid. A comparison of various root parameters indicated that root volume, root length, and root weight were all significant indexes of root response to oxygen levels and rigidity. Differences in root weight appeared to reside in differences in weight per unit length rather than in weight per unit volume.
Aluminum in Soils: VI. Changes in pH‐Dependent Acidity, Cation‐Exchange Capacity, and Extractable Aluminum with Additions of Lime to Acid Surface Soils
Authors: Bhumbla D. R. , McLean E. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSurface soils differing in extractable aluminum and organic matter were limed at various rates, moist incubated, and analyzed for pH‐dependent acidity by extracting KCl‐leached soils with triethanolamine (TEA) buffered BaCl2 solution‐pH 8.2. The pH‐dependent acidity decreased markedly with rate of liming. Aluminum was extracted with 1n KCl and with 1n NH4OAc‐pH 4.8 using varying amounts of solution and extraction times. Increased amounts of KCl solution removed more Al from unlimed soils, and the pH‐dependent acidity decreased correspondingly. More Al was extracted with NH4OAc‐pH 4.8 than with KCl, and differences in pH‐dependent acidity of limed and unlimed soils were relatively less pronounced, especially in soils high in soluble Al. Prolonged leaching with NH4OAc‐pH 4.8 reduced these differences more. Cation‐exchange capacities (CEC) measured with NH4OAc‐pH 7 or with TEA buffered BaCl2‐pH 8.2 did not vary appreciably with rate of liming. In soils high in soluble Al, CEC measured by leaching with unbuffered salt solutions were much lower than those obtained with NH4OAc, but increased markedly with liming. The data suggest that acidity measured in KCl‐leached soils includes not only the weak acid H+ ions which become reactive or displaceable at higher pH, but also acidity related to organic‐complexed Al or hydroxy‐Al polymer.
Naturally Occurring Fixation of Cesium‐137 on Sediments of Lacustrine Origin
Authors: Lomenick T. F. , Tamura T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhite Oak Lake formerly served as a final settling basin for contaminated waste water discharged from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The site, which now serves as an ecological study preserve, covers an area of 44 acres and contains approximately 1,000,000 ft3 of contaminated sediment. The most abundant radionuclide present in the sediment of lacustrine origin is Cs137, 704 ± 35 curies. Concentrations of Cs137 on the sediment were observed to be as high as 77 × 10‐3 µc/g. More than 80% of the Cs137 is associated with the clay fraction of the material, which was found to be predominantly illite. Significant quantities of Cs137 were removed from the material only by treatment with strong acids. Studies of several selected clays showed illite to have a high affinity for Cs137 at levels of the same order of magnitude as those observed in lake bed sediment and that desorption is only accomplished after disruption of the lattice structure.
The Dickson and Zanesville Soils of Washington County, Arkansas: II. Micromorphology of Their Fragipans
Authors: Horn M. E. , Rutledge E. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe micromorphological features of fragipan horizons of a Dickson silt loam and a Zanesville silt loam were studied by means of thin sections of known orientation with respect to the soil surface. The features observed were classified according to the system developed by Brewer and co‐workers in Australia. Their abundance, particularly those classified as plasmic separations and concentrations, was found to be much greater in fragipan horizons than in overlying B subhorizons. Plasma aggregates are larger, more easily recognized, and separations more common (sepic fabric) in fragipans than in overlying horizons. In the latter, plasma aggregates are recognizable although small, and randomly distributed. The resultant fabric is basically asepic but an incipient sepic fabric exists in the subhorizon immediately overlying the fragipan where plasmic separations become more noticeable.The salient micromorphological feature of both soils is the striking increase in number and degree of development of illuviation cutans within their fragipan horizons. These cutans are associated with the void system and increase in thickness with depth. Corresponding increases in per cent clay content in the fragipans, however, are not of the magnitude expected from the observed increase in cutan development. This suggests that an important difference between fragipan and nonfragipan horizons is in the nature of clay arrangement (i.e., its plasmic structure) within the soil matrix rather than amount of clay.Conclusions are: (i) Brewer's classification provides a useful tool in this kind of study; (ii) micromorphology of the Dickson and Zanesville profiles are very similar except that the Dickson contains lithorelicts of chert whereas in the Zanesville they are siltstone or sandstone; and (iii) much of the silt in these soils can be accounted for through weathering of chert or siltstone. Further tentative conclusions are that fragipan brittleness and polygonal color pattern apparently result from the precipitation of iron oxides and clays through diffusion processes within the soil matrix associated with movements of water suspensions and solutions in the void system of the soil, and that fragipans in the soils studied have formed coincidentally with the rest of the solum and can be explained by processes of soil genesis in operation today.
Cryorthods of the Cook Inlet‐Susitna Lowland, Alaska
Authors: Rieger Samuel , DeMent James A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhysical and chemical properties of four Cryorthods (Podzols) developed in silty materials in the Cook Inlet‐Susitna Lowland of south central Alaska were studied. Intensity of development of the soils was directly related to precipitation rates. Cryorthods in the southern part of the Lowland appear to have developed from previously existing Cryandepts (Andos) following replacement of grasslands by forest. In the northern part, the loess was probably subject to podzolization immediately after its deposition.
Effects of Plastic Mulch on the Growth, Maturity, and Yields of Corn
Authors: Free G. R. , Bay Clyde 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSlit translucent plastic covers on field plots of two corn hybrids (Zea mays L.) on Honeoye silt loam in New York increased soil temperatures, rate of early growth, final grain yields, and percentage of dry matter in ears at harvest. The mean yields of shelled corn over a 3‐year period for corn hybrids, Cornell M‐10 and Robson 350, were increased by 1,456 and 896 lb/acre (26 and 16 bu/acre), respectively.When the plastic cover was not slit, but was sealed to the stalks to suppress evaporation and to prevent the entrance of rain, yields were at or above the 5,600‐lb/acre level (100‐bu/acre), and were consistently higher than yields for unmulched plots. Apparent use of soil moisture for crop production under the sealed treatment was about one–third of the total evapotranspiration from crop and soil under the bare or slit treatments.
Effect of Tree Spacing and Understory Vegetation on Water Use in a Pumice Soil
Authors: Barrett James W. , Youngberg C. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater use in a pumice soil in central Oregon increased significantly with increased density of a sapling ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) stand.Study plots were thinned to 62, 125, 250, 500, and 1,000 trees/acre and replicated six times. Soil moisture measurements were begun 2 years after thinning and continued for three successive growing seasons. Soil moisture was measured with a neutron probe at three permanent stations on each plot at 3‐week intervals during the summer.Total amount of water use was 1.6 times greater on plots containing 1,000 trees/acre than on plots containing 62 trees/acre. Moisture use on plots where understory vegetation was allowed to develop normally was 45% greater than on plots where vegetation was removed. Soil in the area is a Regosol developed in dacite pumice, approximately 7,300 years old, from the eruption of Mount Mazama (Crater Lake).
Effect of Drying on Volcanic Ash Soils in Chile
Authors: Schalscha E. B. , Gonzalez C. , Vergara I. , Galindo G. , Schatz A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAir drying produces significant irreversible changes in volcanic ash soils. Air‐dried samples with clay texture in the field appear to have sandy texture according to laboratory analyses. Air‐drying also markedly affects cation‐exchange capacity, soluble P, and soluble Fe. The nature and extent of changes in the latter two properties vary with different methods of analysis. Air‐drying decreases the pH slightly. These results show that mechanical and chemical analyses of volcanic ash soils more accurately indicate field conditions when samples contain moisture at field capacity.
The Effect of Lime on the Phosphate Potential and Resin‐Extractable Phosphate in Five Acid Soils
Authors: Taylor A. W. , Gurney E. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe equilibrium phosphate concentrates in five acid soils showed little change on the addition of excess calcium carbonate, but the amounts of phosphate extracted on shaking with anion exchange resin increased significantly with rising pH. Liming apparently effects some alteration in the soil phosphates, perhaps by causing more phosphate to be adsorbed in a readily removable form.
The Movement of Sulfate Salts in Soils
Authors: Swoboda A. R. , Thomas G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe movement of potassium sulfate in columns of calcium‐saturated Cecil soil was studied. The desorption by hydrolysis of adsorbed SO42‐ ions was found to influence the distribution of other ions in the columns. Leaching with 10.4 inches of water caused only slight hydrolysis of adsorbed SO42‐ and adsorbed cations. Excessive leaching with 104 and 207 inches of distilled water caused considerable hydrolysis and displacement of adsorbed SO42‐ as well as K+ and Ca2+.The amount of hydrolysis in columns of calcium‐saturated Yolo soil which does not adborb SO42‐ was found to be much lower than in the Cecil soil columns.Soil profiles taken from central Piedmont of Virginia showed substantially the same distribution of SO42‐ as found in laboratory columns. The highest concentration of Mg2+ always was found to occur at the same depth as a maximum concentration of SO42‐.
Calcium Requirement for Penetration of Subsoils by Primary Cotton Roots
Authors: Howard D. D. , Adams Fred 
Published: July 2010

AbstractShort‐term, split‐root experiments were conducted with cotton seedlings (Gossypium hirsutum) in which the upper portion of the root medium was a sandy loam surface soil and the lower portion was either a nutrient solution or a subsoil material at various Ca levels. The Ca required in subsurface media for penetration was dependent upon the Ca/total‐cation ratio rather than the Ca concentration per se. The Ca requirement was apparently the same in soil solutions in situ as in nutrient solutions, namely, between Ca/total‐cation ratios of 0.10 and 0.15 in all cases. Critical levels of exchangeable Ca were equal in Norfolk and Dickson subsoils when Ca was expressed as a ratio of Ca to total exchangeable cations even though the clay fraction of Norfolk is kaolinite while the clay fraction of Dickson is vermiculite with some montmorillonite. Norfolk subsoil at pH 5.0 and Dickson subsoil at pH 4.6, as obtained from the field, contained adequate Ca for normal growth of primary cotton roots.
Nutrient Balance Involving Phosphorus, Iron, and Zinc
Authors: Watanabe F. S. , Lindsay W. L. , Olsen S. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn (Zea mays L.) and pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were used as test crops to study the interactions between P, Fe, and Zn in a calcareous solution culture. The addition of Zn to the intermediate Fe level accentuated Fe deficiency symptoms and depressed the yield of corn. This adverse effect on yield was not related to the Fe concentration in the plant but was associated with a decreased Fe/Zn ratio. In this study the antagonistic effect of Zn on Fe was manifested by reduced yields as the ratio of Fe/Zn in the tissue decreased below 1.5. Addition of Fe corrected this adverse effect on yield.By increasing the P at the intermediate Fe level the yield first increased; then P‐induced Fe deficiency symptoms appeared, accompanied by a depression in yield. This phenomenon was not associated with change in Fe concentration but was related to high P concentration in the plant tissue, which resulted in a P/Fe ratio > 60. The addition of Fe did not change the Fe concentration but corrected the depression in yield. A P/Zn concentration ratio > 300 resulted in a slight depression in yield in the presence of an adequate supply of Fe. The depression in yield associated with the antagonistic effect of Zn on Fe and P on Fe and Zn, although manifested on corn, was not found with pinto bean at the concentration levels studied.
Loess Distribution in Southeastern Illinois and Southwestern Indiana
Authors: Fehrenbacher J. B. , White J. L. , Ulrich H. P. , Odell R. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTotal loess (predominantly Peorian loess) thickness in southeastern Illinois and southwestern Indiana ranged from somewhat less than 40 inches to more than 300 inches, and the thinning rate of the loess was a linear function of the logarithm of the distance from the source. Peorian loess was present throughout the area, but Farmdale loess was present in significant amounts only in extreme southern Illinois and in extreme southwestern Indiana. Loveland loess was present sporadically beyond the limit of Illinoian glaciation. In the Wabash basin, loess thickens to the south as the valley becomes wider, the loess‐receiving landscapes become older, and the sediments in the valley become more silty. West‐northwest winds were important in the loess deposition of this region, but deposition of loess by easterly and southwesterly winds in the lower Wabash and Ohio river basins was shown to be more important than has been previously noted.
A Comparison of the Characteristics of the Ped Faces and Ped Interiors in the B Horizon of a Chestnut Soil
Authors: Heil R. D. , Buntley G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe structure units or peds, within the B horizon of the Chestnut soil studied, appear to be centers around which the differential distribution of many of the morphologic, chemical, and physical characteristics are oriented. The differential distribution of organic carbon, total nitrogen, particle size, clay skins, free calcium carbonate, and soluble and extractable cations on the ped faces and in the ped interiors, suggest that the ped faces comprise a profile developing under a microclimate that is somewhat more humid than is the macroclimate of the profile site, while the peds interiors comprise a profile developing under a microclimate that is somewhat more arid than is the macroclimate of the profile site. These relationships seem to indicate that the profile of the ped faces represents a higher stage in the known developmental sequence of soils than does that of the profile of the ped interiors. The ped face profile appears to be diagnostic of the direction of genetic intergradation within the macroprofiles. The results of this study suggest that the peds function as “unit cells” of soil genesis in the profile studied.
Requirements for Achieving and Maintaining Uniformly Low Salt in a Saline Soil
Authors: Robinson C. W. , Kemper W. D. , Golus H. M. , Schumaker G. , Pugh W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe amount of irrigation necessary to limit salinity in the plant root zone to concentrations equal to or less than 8 mmho/cm was computed from the consumptive use, rainfall, and salinity of the irrigation water, assuming completely homogeneous plots. Heterogeneity of infiltration rates within plots required that the amount of water applied be 10 to 20% higher than in the theoretical homogeneous case in order to maintain adequate salt removal. Irrigation at 30% higher than the need for the homogeneous case resulted in reduced yields and reduced N content of wheatgrass in areas of high infiltration within the plots. Irrigation at 6% higher than necessary for the homogeneous case resulted in accumulation of salts in areas of low infiltration.