bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Inhibition of Spinal Cord Glutamate Transporters on Inflammatory Pain Induced by Formalin and Complete Freund's Adjuvant
Authors: Yaster Myron , Guan Xiaowei , Petralia Ronald S. , Rothstein Jeffery D. , Lu Wei , Tao Yuan-Xiang 
Published: January 2011

Background
Spinal cord glutamate transporters clear synaptically released glutamate and maintain normal sensory transmission. However, their ultrastructural localization is unknown. Moreover, whether and how they participate in inflammatory pain has not been carefully studied.

Methods
Immunogold labeling with electron microscopy was carried out to characterize synaptic and nonsynaptic localization of glutamate transporters in the superficial dorsal horn. Their expression and uptake activity after formalin- and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation were evaluated by Western blot analysis and glutamate uptake assay. Effects of intrathecal glutamate transporter activator (R)-(-)-5-methyl-1-nicotinoyl-2-pyrazoline and inhibitors (DL-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartate [TBOA], dihydrokainate, and DL-threo-β-hydroxyaspartate), or TBOA plus group III metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist (RS)-α-methylserine-O-phosphate, on formalin- and CFA-induced inflammatory pain were examined.

Results
In the superficial dorsal horn, excitatory amino acid carrier 1 is localized in presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane, and axonal and dendritic membranes at nonsynaptic sites, whereas glutamate transporter-1 and glutamate/aspartate transporter are prominent in glial membranes. Although expression of these three spinal glutamate transporters was not altered 1 h after formalin injection or 6 h after CFA injection, glutamate uptake activity was decreased at these time points. Intrathecal (R)-(-)-5-methyl-1-nicotinoyl-2-pyrazoline had no effect on formalin-induced pain behaviors. In contrast, intrathecal TBOA, dihydrokainate, and DL-threo-β-hydroxyaspartate reduced formalin-evoked pain behaviors in the second phase. Intrathecal TBOA also attenuated CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia at 6 h after CFA injection. The antinociceptive effects of TBOA were blocked by coadministration of (RS)-α-methylserine-O-phosphate.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that spinal glutamate transporter inhibition relieves inflammatory pain through activation of inhibitory presynaptic group III metabotropic glutamate receptors.
Designing a mobile system for lifelong learning on the move
Authors: Gu X. , Gu F. , Laffey J.M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe Life‐long Learning Initiative seeks to fulfil a variety of learning needs for Shanghai citizens. Given the popularity of mobile devices in Shanghai, the ability to provide learning in informal settings through mobile devices is a key objective and challenge of the Initiative. In order to learn how to develop usable learning content for lifelong learners on the move, a set of design principles from both pedagogical and usability concerns was identified. Next, a pilot system, based on the design principles, was developed to implement two prototype lessons. Five subjects were recruited to test each prototype lesson using a heuristic walkthrough method and a focus group meeting. Users' feedback showed that both the practical and the micro principles were valued as a method of integrating learning activity into informal settings in their daily lives. Audio was preferred as well. Technical usability concerns which are consistent with previous web experience were also identified. This research builds new knowledge about design principles for lifelong learning on the move and is a milestone in the development of the future learning resource bank for Shanghai citizens.
Cdc42/Rho GTPases in fungi: variations on a common theme
Authors: Harris Steven D. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryCdc42/Rho GTPases are universally important regulators of cellular morphogenesis. Whereas their functions are well characterized in budding yeast, they are only beginning to be understood in filamentous fungi. The recent systematic analysis of Cdc42, Rac1 and Rho function in Aspergillus niger provides the first global perspective on their respective roles in hyphal morphogenesis. Surprisingly, the partitioning of these roles between Cdc42 and Rac1 seems to vary even among related fungi. These observations highlight the variable use of a common signalling module in filamentous fungi.
Relief inversion triggered by subduction of an active spreading ridge: evidence from glacial morphology in Central Patagonia
Authors: Scalabrino Bruno , Ritz Jean‐François , Lagabrielle Yves 
Published: January 2011

Terra Nova, 23, 63–69, 2011AbstractThis study examines the response of the Central Patagonian Cordillera to the subduction of the active South Chile Ridge and the development of the asthenospheric slab window beneath Patagonia since the Pliocene. We investigated the eastern part of the Cordillera where the glacio‐volcanic piedmont is topographically inverted. Glacial morphology and associated deposits capping the top of these piedmonts reveal that during the Pliocene (after 3 Ma), glaciers were flowing to the east over a regional surface connecting the western Cordillera and the palaeo‐piedmont. N160‐trending normal faulting along the western edge of the inverted plateau disrupted the geomorphic surface after 3 Ma. At a regional scale, extensional tectonics is responsible for a relief inversion with a minimum value of 800 m. The timing of extensional tectonics is contemporaneous with the subduction of the spreading axis and the development of the slab window beneath Central Patagonia.
Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) photolyase repairs ultraviolet‐B‐induced CPDs in rice chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Takahashi Masaaki , Teranishi Mika , Ishida Hiroyuki , Kawasaki Junji , Takeuchi Atsuko , Yamaya Tomoyuki , Watanabe Masao , Makino Amane , Hidema Jun 
Published: January 2011

SummaryPlants use sunlight as energy for photosynthesis; however, plant DNA is exposed to the harmful effects of ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation (280–320 nm) in the process. UV‐B radiation damages nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA by the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), which are the primary UV‐B‐induced DNA lesions, and are a principal cause of UV‐B‐induced growth inhibition in plants. Repair of CPDs is therefore essential for plant survival while exposed to UV‐B‐containing sunlight. Nuclear repair of the UV‐B‐induced CPDs involves the photoreversal of CPDs, photoreactivation, which is mediated by CPD photolyase that monomerizes the CPDs in DNA by using the energy of near‐UV and visible light (300–500 nm). To date, the CPD repair processes in plant chloroplasts and mitochondria remain poorly understood. Here, we report the photoreactivation of CPDs in chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA in rice. Biochemical and subcellular localization analyses using rice strains with different levels of CPD photolyase activity and transgenic rice strains showed that full‐length CPD photolyase is encoded by a single gene, not a splice variant, and is expressed and targeted not only to nuclei but also to chloroplasts and mitochondria. The results indicate that rice may have evolved a CPD photolyase that functions in chloroplasts, mitochondria and nuclei, and that contains DNA to protect cells from the harmful effects of UV‐B radiation.
Verwertbarkeit des Phosphors aus Tricalciumphosphat bei laktierenden Ziegen
Authors: Gongnet G. P. , Rodehutscord M. , Pfeffer E. 
Published: January 2011

ZusammenfassungLaktierende Milchziegen wurden über 2 jeweils dreiwöchige Perioden unterhalb ihres Nettobedarfes an P versorgt. Die Tiere erhielten eine Ration aus NaOH‐aufgeschlossenem Stroh und Milchleistungsfutter (MLF), das entsprechend der Milchleistung zugeteilt wurde. In Periode 2 wurden dem MLF je kg T 1 g P aus Tricalciumphosphat (TCP) im Austausch gegen Futterkalk zugelegt. Während der jeweils letzten 7 Tage jeder Periode wurde die P‐Bilanz ermittelt. Zusätzlich wurde, beginnend 5 Tage vor der Umstellung, die Konzentration des anorganischen Phosphates (Pi) im Blutplasma der Tiere bestimmt. Die Tiere wiesen in beiden Versuchsperioden eine eindeutig negative P‐Bilanz auf, so daß die Voraussetzungen zur Bestimmung der Verwertbarkeit des P aus TCP gegeben waren. Die P‐Ausscheidungen in Milch, Kot und Harn waren durch die Zulage von TCP nicht beeinflußt. Allerdings waren der Futterverzehr wegen der geringeren Milchleistung in Periode 2 und damit auch die unvermeidliche P‐Ausscheidung mit dem Kot deutlich geringer. P aus TCP wurde im Mittel zu 65 % verwertet. Die Konzentration von Pi im Blutplasma stieg im Velaufe der Periode 2 kontinuierlich von 0,2 auf 0,47 mmol/1.SummaryAvailability of phoshorus from tricalcium‐phosphate to lactating goatsDuring two periods of 3 weeks each, lactating goats were fed diets based on NaOH‐treated straw and concentrates which did not cover their net requirements for phosphorus (P). Concentrates were supplied according to the individual milk yield. In the concentrate used in period 2, 1 g P/kg was supplied by tricalcium phosphate. Balance periods were performed during the last seven days of each period. Concentration of inorganic phosphate in blood plasma was determined. The P balance was negative in both period 1 and period 2. Therefore, the availability of P from tricalcium‐phosphate can be calculated. Phosphorus excretions with milk, faeces and urine were not influenced by the supplementation of P in period 2. However, dry matter and, as a consequence, inevitable losses of P were lower in period 2 when compared with period 1. Availability of P from tricalcium‐phosphate was 65 %. Concentration of inorganic phosphate increased continuously from 0.2–0.47 mmol/l during period 2.
Effect of salinomycin on in vitro caecal fermentation in pigs
Authors: Marounek M. , Savka O. G. , Skřivanová V. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe effect of salinomycin was investigated in anaerobic incubations of the pig caecal contents collected at slaughter, diluted with buffer and either supplied with starch or not. Salinomycin was present in cultures at 0, 2, 5 and 10 mg/l. In the whole range of concentrations that were tested, salinomycin significantly increased the production of propionate at the expense of acetate and butyrate. At 5 and 10 mg/l, these fermentation shifts were accompanied by a significant decrease of the total VFA, gas and methane production. The formation of molecular hydrogen which was low in control incubations without substrate (0.20 mmol/l), was increased in the salinomycin‐treated cultures with starch (1.30 mmol/l). Salinomycin tended to decrease the synthesis of microbial protein, but its effect was not significant. The metabolic hydrogen recovery was significantly increased in salinomycin‐treated cultures, indicating a partial inhibition of acetate formation from CO2 and H2.ZusammenfassungDer Einfluß von Salinomycin auf die caecale Fermentation in vitro bei Schweinen.Es wurde der Einfluß von Salinomycin auf einige Metabolite und die mikrobielle Proteinsynthese mit Hilfe der anaeroben Inkubation von Blinddarminhalt bei Mastschweinen untersucht. Die Schweine erhielten vor der Schlachtung Kraftfutter. Der Blinddarminhalt wurde mit Puffer verdünnt und unter Zusatz von 0, 2, 5 und 10 mg/l Salinomycin mit oder ohne Stärke als Substrat inkubiert. Der Zusatz von Salinomycin führte zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Propionat‐Konzentration auf Kosten von Acetat und Butyrat. Bei höherer Salinomycin‐Konzentration (5 und 10 mg/l) waren die unterschiedlichen Verhältnisse in den flüchtigen Fettsäuren von einer Verminderung der gesamten Produktion an flüchtigen Fettsäuren, Methan und Gärgasen begleitet. Die Entstehung von molekularem Wasserstoff, die bei der Inkubation ohne Stärke als Substrat niedriger (0, 20 mmol/l) lag, betrug mit Stärke und Salinomycin 1, 30 mmol/l). Der Zusatz von Salinomycin erniedrigte die Synthese von mikrobiellem Protein. Allerdings war dieser Effekt nicht signifikant.
Zum Einfluß verschiedener Fette auf die Konzentrationen der Schilddrüsenhormone im Plasma beim Schwein
Authors: Eder K. , Kirchgessner M. 
Published: January 2011

ZusammenfassungZiel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, den Einfluß verschiedener Fette auf die Konzentrationen der Schilddrüsenhormone zu untersuchen. Dazu erhielten neun nicht‐gravide Sauen in einem Versuch mit drei Versuchsperioden eine Grundration auf energetischem Erhaltungsniveau und eine Zulage an (I) Rindertalg, (II) Olivenöl oder (III) Sojaöl in einer täglichen Menge von 250 g über einen Zeitraum von zwei Wochen. Der Versuch war entsprechend eines Cross‐over Designs so ausgelegt, daß jedes Tier jedes Fett einmal erhielt. In den dreiwöchigen Zwischenperioden wurde nur die Grundration gefüttert. Blutproben wurden im Nüchternzustand nach Beendigung der Versuchsperioden gewonnen und die Konzentrationen an Thyroxin (T4) und Trijodthyronin (T3) im Plasma bestimmt. Die Konzentrationen des gesamten und freien T4 im Plasma wurden durch die Art des Fettes nicht beeinflußt. Die Konzentrationen an T3 waren hingegen nach Zulage von Rindertalg signifikant niedriger als nach Zulage von Olivenöl oder Sojaöl; zwischen Olivenöl und Sojaöl ergaben sich hingegen keine Unterschiede. Diese Befunde deuten insgesamt darauf hin, daß die Art der aufgenommen Fettsäuren den Stoffwechsel der Schilddrüsenhormone beeinflußt.SummaryThe effect of dietary fats on plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones in the pigThe intention of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary fats on plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones. Therefore, nine non‐gravid female pigs were fed a ration based on the energy requirement for maintenance and the test fat (beef tallow, olive oil or soybean oil) in amounts of 250 g per day during a period of two weeks. According to a cross‐over design, each animal received each fat once. Between the two experimental periods all the animals were fed the basal rations without addition of fat for three weeks. Blood samples were drawn at the end of each experimental period after the pigs were fasted for 12 h and the concentrations of thyroxine and tri‐iodothyronine in plasma were determined. The concentrations of total and free thyroxine in plasma were not influenced by the type of fat. In contrast, there was an effect, dependent upon the type of fat, on the concentration of tri‐iodothyronine in plasma. The tri‐iodothyronine concentrations were lower after feeding beef tallow than after feeding soybean oil or olive oil; soybean oil and olive oil caused similar concentrations of tri‐iodothyronine. In conclusion, the results of the study indicate that the type of fat influences the metabolism of thyroid hormones.
Effect of supplementary microbial phytase to a maize‐soya diet on the availability of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc: in vitro dialysability in comparison with apparent absorption in growing rats
Authors: Rimbach G. , Walter A. , Most E. , Pallauf J. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe effect of increasing levels of microbial phytase (0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 PU/kg diet) supplemented to a maize–soya diet (5.0 g Ca, 3.0 g P, 1.2 g Mg, 24 mg Zn per kg diet) on the availability of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc was studied in vitro and in vivo. In vitro availability tests were carried out after simulated peptic and pancreatic digestion using an equilibrium dialysis system. The apparent absorption of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc was measured in growing albino rats. The supplementation of microbial phytase significantly improved calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc dialysability in vitro. However, the apparent absorption of calcium and magnesium remained unchanged by the phytase supplementation in growing rats. For phosphorus and zinc a significant correlation between in vitro and in vivo data was evident, but the response of microbial phytase to the availability of phosphorus and zinc was higher in vitro than in vivo.ZusammenfassungEinfluß mikrobieller Phytasezulagen zu einer Mais‐Soja‐Diät auf die Verfügbarkeit von Calcium, Phosphor, Magnesium und Zink ‐ in vitro‐Dialysierbarkeit im Vergleich zur scheinbaren Absorption bei wachsenden RattenDer Einfluß gestaffelter Zulagen mikrobieller Phytase (0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 PU je kg Diät) zu einer Mais‐Soja‐Diät (5,0 g Ca, 3,0 g P, 1,2 g Mg, 24 mg Zn je kg Diät) wurde auf die Verfügbarkeit von Calcium, Phosphor, Magnesium und Zink in vitro und in vivo untersucht. Die in vitro‐Verfügbarkeit von Calcium, Phosphor, Magnesium und Zink wurde mittels Equilibriumdialyse nach simulierter peptischer und pankreatischer Digestion ermittelt und mit der scheinbaren Absorption bei wachsenden Ratten verglichen. Zulagen an mikrobieller Phytase führten zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Dialysierbarkeit von Calcium, Phosphor, Magnesium und Zink in vitro. Die scheinbare Absorption von Calcium und Magnesium wachsender Ratten wurde durch Phytasezulagen kaum beeinflußt. Bezüglich Phosphor und Zink bestand eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen den in vitro‐ und in vivo‐Ergebnissen, wobei unter in vitro‐Bedingungen eine deutlichere Steigerung der Phosphor‐ und Zinkdialysierbarkeit zu verzeichnen war.
Candida in der Dermatologie: Candida in dermatology
Authors: Seebacher Claus 
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Summary.

on infection of the skin
immunological reactions with skin alterations as a result of Candida infection or colonization in the mouth and/or intestine.

Case reports describe typical situations of napkin dermatitis, intertriginous candidosis, the intrauterine Candida infection of the foetus, Candida granuloma, Candida folliculitis and Candida paronychia. In the second part results of investigations of patients suffering from psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and urticaria are presented. There were no differences in the colonization with Candida albicans and in the level of Candida antibody titres between patients and a healthy control group.
Candidosen im Orointestinaltrakt unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Ösophagus: Orointestinal candidosis with special regard of the oesophagus
Authors: Bernhardt Jorn 
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Die orointestinalen Candidosen sind hauptsächlich im oralen und ösophagealen Bereich lokalisiert. Die Soorösophagitis ist nicht nur bei AIDS‐ Patienten, sondcrn auch bei Patienten intensivmedizinischer Stationen mit entsprerhenden Risikofaktoren zu linden. Bei 124 dieser Patienten wurde cine obere Intestinoskopie durchgeführt. Eine Candida‐Ösophagitis konnte 6mal nachgewiesen werden, 2mal fand sich ein gastraler Candida‐Befall. Der Apache‐II‐Score aller Patienten lag bei 26,7, bei den Patienten mit Candida‐Befall bei 29,5. Einen signilikanten Anstieg der Candida‐Antikörpertiter wiesen 59 der 124 Patienten (47,6%) auf, darunter alle Patienten mit Candida‐Ösophagitis. Vermutlich lagen hier auch Mykosen anderer Lokalisation vor. Es fand sich eine Korrelation des Schweregrades des Mukosabefalls und der mikroskopischen Invasivitätszeichen.Summery. Orointestinal mycoses are localized mainly in the oral cavity and in the oesophagus. Candida oesophagitis is not only found in AIDS‐patients, also in patients of risk admitted to intensive care units. Upper intestinoscopies were made in 124 patients. Oesophageal candidosis was found in 6 patients, two of them had also Candida plaques in the stomach. The patients of the intensive care unit had an Apache‐II‐score of 26,7, those with Candida oesophagitis were 29,5. A significant increase in Candida antibodies was observed with 59 of 124 patients (47,6%), including all patients with oesophageal candidosis. Obviously also Candida infections of other localisations must be suspected. There was a correlation between the severity of endoscopic aspects and the invasiveness observed microscopically.
Lifestyle and health promoting behaviours in Jordanian subjects without prior history of coronary heart disease
Authors: Eshah Nidal F. 
Published: January 2011

Eshah NF. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 27–35 Lifestyle and health promoting behaviours in Jordanian subjects without prior history of coronary heart disease Modern styles of living and the accelerated pace of life could direct people to adopt unhealthy lifestyles. Globally, literature indicates that the percentages of people who adopt healthy lifestyle behaviour (HLB) are disappointing. This study aimed to identify the level of adoption of HLB in Jordanian subjects and to compare the sociodemographic and self‐reported clinical history based on the HLB adoption level. Cross‐section descriptive study was conducted and Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile‐II was used to reflect subjects' adoption of HLB. Through convenience sampling 260 subjects were enrolled; 50% had excess weight, 30% were current smokers, 53% had never had their cholesterol assessed. Findings revealed that subjects were not adopting HLB regularly. Women, married, educated, young subjects and having higher income subjects had higher HLB adoption level. Health‐promotion programmes are urgently needed for this community and sociodemographic variables have to be considered throughout preparation, implementation and evaluation phases of such programmes.
Citrullinaemia type I: A common mutation in the Pacific Island population
Authors: Glamuzina Emma , Marquis‐Nicholson Renate , Knoll Detlef , Love Donald R , Wilson Callum 
Published: January 2011

Aim:  The aim of this study was to develop and apply a mutation screening protocol for the ASS1 gene in order to confirm the diagnosis of citrullinaemia type I in neonates with elevated citrulline on expanded newborn screening (E‐NBS).Methods:  Three patients with an elevated citrulline level were identified via routine E‐NBS between January and October 2008. Analysis of the ASS1 gene using a polymerase chain reaction and sequencing‐based method was successfully applied to all three patients, together with a rapid mutation‐specific detection method. Their clinical progress was followed for 16–22 months.Results:  All three patients were homozygous for a previously reported missense mutation, c.787G>A (p.Val263Met), associated with a mild or asymptomatic clinical course.Conclusions:  As a consequence of E‐NBS, an increasing number of neonates with elevated citrulline of uncertain clinical significance are being identified. Rapid sequence analysis of the ASS1 gene can be used to confirm citrullinaemia type I and, increasingly, to infer phenotypic severity. Homozygosity for the same mutation was found in all three patients despite non‐consanguinity and variable Pacific Island origin. These data suggest that this mutation may be relatively prevalent in these ethnic groups and imply a possible founder effect.
Stability and sterility of diluted enoxaparin under three different storage conditions
Authors: Summerhayes Robyn , Chan Maria , Ignjatovic Vera , Prankerd Richard , Monagle Paul 
Published: January 2011

Aim:  This study assessed whether enoxaparin sodium diluted to a concentration of 20 mg/mL for clinical use with 0.9% sodium chloride remained stable and sterile for up to 43 days under three different storage conditions.Methods:  Enoxaparin dilutions in polypropylene syringes were stored under three different controlled conditions of temperature and light: (i) room temperature (22–26°C) under natural light; (ii) room temperature (22–26°C) in the dark; and (iii) controlled refrigeration (2–8°C) in the dark. A weekly assay of anti‐Xa and anti‐IIa activity was undertaken to determine if the diluted enoxaparin preparations retained anticoagulant activity, thus remaining suitable for clinical application.Results:  Our findings indicate that diluted enoxaparin, when stored under the tested varied conditions of light and temperature, retained greater than or equal to 90% of baseline anticoagulant activity for anti‐Xa and anti‐IIa effect for up to 43 days.Conclusions:  The study results are significant for families, in that they suggest that at least a month's supply of enoxaparin could be dispensed at a time, reducing the frequency of patients/families returning for supply and providing a more convenient service for paediatric patients.