bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Localized in vivo hyperpolarization transfer sequences
Authors: Mishkovsky Mor , Cheng Tian , Comment Arnaud , Gruetter Rolf 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn vivo localized and fully adiabatic homonuclear and heteronuclear polarization transfer experiments were designed and performed in the rat brain at 9.4 T after infusion of hyperpolarized sodium [1,2‐13C2] and sodium [1‐13C] acetate. The method presented herein leads to highly enhanced in vivo detection of short‐T1
13C as well as attached protons. This indirect detection scheme allows for probing additional molecular sites in hyperpolarized substrates and their metabolites and can thus lead to improved spectral resolution such as in the case of 13C‐acetate metabolism. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diverse roles of TGF‐β receptor II in renal fibrosis and inflammation in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Meng Xiao‐Ming , Huang Xiao Ru , Xiao Jun , Chen Hai‐yong , Zhong Xiang , Chung Arthur CK , Lan Hui Yao 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTGF‐β1 binds receptor II (TβRII) to exert its biological activities but its functional importance in kidney diseases remains largely unclear. In the present study, we hypothesized that TβRII may function to initiate the downstream TGF‐β signalling and determine the diverse role of TGF‐β1 in kidney injury. The hypothesis was examined in a model of unilateral ureteral obstructive (UUO) nephropathy and in kidney fibroblasts and tubular epithelial cells in which the TβRII was deleted conditionally. We found that disruption of TβRII inhibited severe tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the UUO kidney, which was associated with the impairment of TGF‐β/Smad3 signalling, but not with the ERK/p38 MAP kinase pathway. In contrast, deletion of TβRII enhanced NF‐κB signalling and renal inflammation including up‐regulation of Il‐1β and Tnfα in the UUO kidney. Similarly, in vitro disruption of TβRII from kidney fibroblasts or tubular epithelial cells inhibited TGF‐β1‐induced Smad signalling and fibrosis but impaired the anti‐inflammatory effect of TGF‐β1 on IL‐1β‐stimulated NF‐κB activation and pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression. In conclusion, TβRII plays an important but diverse role in regulating renal fibrosis and inflammation. Impaired TGF‐β/Smad3, but not the non‐canonical TGF‐β signalling pathway, may be a key mechanism by which disruption of TβRII protects against renal fibrosis. In addition, deletion of TβRII also enhances NF‐κB signalling along with up‐regulation of renal pro‐inflammatory cytokines, which may be associated with the impairment of anti‐inflammatory properties of TGF‐β1. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress: a new playER in tauopathies
Authors: Ferreiro Elisabete , Pereira Cláudia MF 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), which involves a set of protein signalling pathways and transcription factors that re‐establish homeostasis and normal ER function, adapting cells to ER stress. If this adaptive response is insufficient, the UPR triggers an apoptotic program to eliminate irreversibly damaged cells. Recent observations suggest that ER stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by the deposition of amyloid‐beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau in susceptible brain regions. Moreover, several studies demonstrate that Aβ induces UPR activation, which in turn promotes tau phosphorylation. In the study by Nijholt and colleagues, reported in the current issue of The Journal of Pathology, the association between UPR activation and tau pathology was investigated in the brain of patients diagnosed with sporadic or familial tauopathies in which Abeta deposits are absent. The authors described that increased levels of UPR activation markers are predominantly observed in neurons within the hippocampus, being correlated with early tau phosphorylation. These findings suggest that UPR activation, which occurs in an Abeta‐independent manner, is an early event during tau pathology and point to a functional crosstalk between these molecular mechanisms in tauopathies. A better understanding of UPR activation in tauopathies can thus contribute to the design of new therapeutic strategies with the purpose of promoting neuronal cell survival in these disorders. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
White Luminescent Polymers by Plasma Polymerized Iridium Complexes from 1,10‐Phenanthroline
Authors: Chang Chun‐Chih , Wang Ling‐Wei , Chen Yu‐Hsiang , Hwang Kuo‐Chu , Jou Jwo‐Huei , Chang Yee‐Shyi , Yang Arnold C.‐M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA novel approach of fabricating white phosphorescent polymers for light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) was successfully developed via processes of plasma polymerization and complex chelation. Direct injection of high concentrations of aromatic monomer, 1,10‐phenanthroline (Ph), into plasma reaction chamber allowed the polymerization to take place in high yields with excellent retention of desired monomer functionalities. Constructed by conjugated segments of various lengths in their backbones, the synthesized polymer emitted broad‐band photoluminescence spectra from 380 to 600 nm. Subsequent refluxing with the transition metal iridium (Ir) resulted Ir–polymer complexes that manifested broad‐band fluorescence from 400 to 600 nm and phosphorescence from 450 to 700 nm. The phosphorescent emissions were assigned to a combination of triplet ligand‐centered π–π* and metal‐to‐ligand (ML) charge transfer emissions. Between electrodes, the polymer–Ir complexes emanated full‐spectral white‐light emissions that are composed of ligand‐centered π–π* emission with maxima at 435 nm and ML charge transfer emission with maxima at 605 nm. The devices exhibited voltage‐stable white luminescence with the Commission Internationale de l'Enclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.25, 0.26), a maximum luminance efficiency of 7.44 cd · A−1, and a maximum luminance of 4 486 cd · m−2. This simple approach offers great potential for the synthesis and engineering of white organic LED phosphorescent materials.magnified image
Analysis of seasonal change for water conditions in Lake Hosenko, Japan, using ALOS AVNIR‐2 data
Authors: Kageyama Yoichi , Miura Kenichi , Nishida Makoto , Ishiyama Daizo 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis letter reports the development of a technique to understand the water conditions appearing in the Advanced Land Observing Satellite Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type‐2 (ALOS AVNIR‐2) data using fuzzy c‐means. Also, waters of Lake Hosenko, into which the Tamagawa hot spring flows, were analyzed because the lake contains amorphous iron hydroxide. On the basis of the experimental results for the months of September and May data obtained by the proposed method, it is found that seasonal differences in the water surface conditions of the lake are caused by the changes in the amount of water as well as the water temperature. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lead concentration in feces and urine of exposed rats by x‐ray fluorescence and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: Guimarães D. , Carvalho M. L. , Becker M. , von Bohlen A. , Geraldes V. , Rocha I. , Santos J. P. 
Published: December 2011

Measurements made in feces and urine of Wistar rats exposed to lead acetate (n = 20) in drinking water since the fetal period were compared with those obtained from a control group (n = 20) in order to assess the age influence on Pb excretion. The measurements were made in different collections of rats aging between 1 and 11 months. To determine the Pb content of the samples, total reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) were used for the urine samples and energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) was used for the feces.The results show high concentrations of Pb being eliminated from the organism by urine and feces in contaminated rats. Values vary from (600 ± 140) µg l−1 to (5 460 ± 115) µg l−1 in urine and from (4 500 ± 300) µg g−1 to (11 400 ± 3 300) µg g−1 in dry feces. The control rats show, in general, low lead concentrations or below detection limits. The fecal/urinary ratio was studied. It was shown to be about three to four orders of magnitude and positively correlated with time. It was verified in feces and urine that excretion decreases with the animal age and that this decrease is made by different levels of excretion. The excretions of Pb in urine and in feces are positively correlated.A good agreement was found between the results obtained with TXRF and ETAAS for urine samples. This work also stresses the suitability of these techniques in the study of Pb intoxication. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilization of Camelina Oil with Synthetic and Natural Antioxidants
Authors: Fröhlich András , O'Dea Grainne , Hackett Ritchie , O'Beirne David , Ni Eidhin Deirdre , Burke James 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCamelina oil was found to have a much lower Oil Stability Index and higher p‐anisidine rates in the oven storage test than either rapeseed or sunflower oils. Stabilization of camelina oil was evaluated with 21 food grade synthetic and natural antioxidants and antioxidant formulations, using both the Oil Stability Index (OSI) and the oven storage test. The Oil Stability Index of camelina oil was able to be increased above that of rapeseed oil with TBHQ and its formulation with citric acid, and above that of sunflower oil with EGC, EGCG, carnosic acid, propyl gallate, rosemary extract with ascorbyl palmitate or with gallic acid. para‐Hydroxyphenols were found to be more effective than ortho‐hydroxyphenols and monohydroxyphenols had no significant effect on the OSI. Good correlation (R2 = 0.96) was found between the stabilizing effect of ortho‐hydroxyphenols and the molarity of the phenyl hydroxyl groups per weight of antioxidant. The oven storage test carried out with six of the evaluated antioxidants indicated that p‐anisidine rates of camelina oil stabilized with commercial formulations of TBHQ with citric acid or rosemary extract with ascorbyl palmitate were about the same as that of sunflower oil, an almost 90% rate reduction when compared to camelina oil. Accordingly, camelina oils stabilized with TBHQ/citric acid and rosemary extract/ascorbyl palmitate formulations were more stable than rapeseed and sunflower oils, respectively in terms of OSI induction times and p‐anisidine rates.
Validating the Normative Value and Legal Recognition of the Principle of Equality of Arms in Criminal Proceedings in Botswana
Authors: Cole Rowland JV 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe principle of equality of arms is firmly entrenched in the jurisprudence of international tribunals, but hardly at all in domestic systems. This article argues for the principle to be applied in Botswana's adversarial system, as a way of ensuring procedural equality and enhancing fair trials. After examining the normative value of the principle, the article refers to a number of domestic jurisdictions that have applied the principle. It also examines the general acceptability of equality and fairness in Botswana case law. This represents a foundation for applying the principle in Botswana. The principle was developed by the European Court of Human Rights, creating its own concept of fairness in trials, irrespective of the position in domestic systems. Since the principle is of international origin, it is necessary to note that “judicial territoriality” and Botswana's dualist system do not pose obstacles to the application of the principle.
The Capability Approach: Insights for a New Poverty Focus
Authors: HICK ROD 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe concepts of poverty, social exclusion and deprivation are widely employed but often problematic. This paper discusses some problems with prominent interpretations of these concepts and how Amartya Sen's capability approach can provide a conceptual framework that can overcome these problems. It is argued that the capability approach can reflect the many ways that human lives are blighted and that it thus offers a promising framework for poverty analysis. Six insights for poverty analysis provided by the capability approach are discussed.
The on-line processing of unaccusativity in Greek agrammatism
Authors: PERISTERI ELENI , TSIMPLI IANTHI-MARIA , TSAPKINI KYRANA 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTWe investigated the on-line processing of unaccusative and unergative sentences in a group of eight Greek-speaking individuals diagnosed with Broca aphasia and a group of language-unimpaired subjects used as the baseline. The processing of unaccusativity refers to the reactivation of the postverbal trace by retrieving the mnemonic representation of the verb's syntactically defined antecedent provided in the early part of the sentence. Our results demonstrate that the Broca group showed selective reactivation of the antecedent for the unaccusatives. We consider several interpretations for our data, including explanations focusing on the transitivization properties of nonactive and active voice-alternating unaccusatives, the costly procedure claimed to underlie the parsing of active nonvoice-alternating unaccusatives, and the animacy of the antecedent modulating the syntactic choices of the patients.
The relationship between listening comprehension of text and sentences in preschoolers: Specific or mediated by lower and higher level components?
Authors: FLORIT ELENA , ROCH MAJA , LEVORATO M. CHIARA 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTTwo studies explored the relation between listening comprehension of text and listening comprehension of sentences in preschoolers aged 4 to 5 years, 11 months. The first study analyzed this relationship taking into account the role of lower level components, namely, word knowledge and verbal working memory, as possible mediators. These components specifically accounted for listening text comprehension, whereas sentence comprehension did not. Given that sentences forming a text are not processed in isolation but in context, the second study explored the role of the ability to use linguistic context, a higher level component, in listening comprehension of text and sentences. Listening sentence comprehension was facilitated by the use of context, which accounted for individual differences in listening text comprehension. Overall, results showed that listening text comprehension is related to lower level as well as higher level components, whereas listening sentence comprehension does not play a specific role.
Variable “subject” presence in Australian Sign Language and New Zealand Sign Language
Authors: McKee Rachel , Schembri Adam , McKee David , Johnston Trevor 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis article reports the findings of parallel studies of variable subject presence in two closely related sign language varieties, Australian Sign Language (Auslan) and New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL). The studies expand upon research in American Sign Language (ASL) (Wulf, Dudis, Bayley, & Lucas, 2002) that found subject pronouns with noninflecting verbs to be more frequently unexpressed than expressed. The ASL study reported that null subject use correlates with both social and linguistic factors, the strongest of which is referential congruence with an antecedent in a preceding clause. Findings from the Auslan and NZSL studies also indicated that chains of reference play a stronger role in subject presence than either morphological factors (e.g., verb type), or social factors of age, gender, ethnicity, and language background. Overall results are consistent with the view that this feature of syntactic variation may be better accounted for in terms of information structure than sociolinguistic effects.
Variability in American English s-retraction suggests a solution to the actuation problem
Authors: Baker Adam , Archangeli Diana , Mielke Jeff 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAlthough formulated by Weinreich, Labov, and Herzog in 1968, the actuation problem has remained an unsolved problem in understanding sound change: if sound change is conceived as the accumulation of coarticulation, and coarticulation is widespread, how can some speech communities resist phonetic pressure to change? We present data from American English s-retraction that suggest a partial solution. S-retraction is the phenomenon in which /s/ is realized as an [ʃ]-like sound, especially when it occurs in an /stɹ/ cluster (‘street’ pronounced more like [ʃtɹit] than like [stɹit]). The speech of English speakers judgednotto exhibit s-retraction shows a large coarticulatory bias in the direction of retraction. Further, there is also substantial interspeaker variation in the extent of this bias. We propose that this interspeaker variation, coupled with the coarticulatory bias, facilitates the initiation of sound change. In this account, sound change begins when a listener accidentally interprets an extreme case of a phonetic effect as an articulatory target and then adjusts her own speech in response. This adoption of a new target requires phonetic variation that predates the change. Thus, sound change is predicted to be biased toward phonetic effects that exhibit interspeaker variability, and if sound change requires an accident that is rare, then sound change itself is correctly predicted to be rare as well.
Observational Studies of Pre-Stellar Cores and Infrared Dark Clouds
Authors: Caselli Paola 
Published: December 2011

AbstractStars like our Sun and planets like our Earth form in dense regions within interstellar molecular clouds, called pre-stellar cores (PSCs). PSCs provide the initial conditions in the process of star and planet formation. In the past 15 years, detailed observations of (low-mass) PSCs in nearby molecular cloud complexes have allowed us to find that they are cold (T < 10K) and quiescent (molecular line widths are close to thermal), with a chemistry profoundly affected by molecular freeze-out onto dust grains. In these conditions, deuterated molecules flourish, becoming the best tools to unveil the PSC physical and chemical structure. Despite their apparent simplicity, PSCs still offer puzzles to solve and they are far from being completely understood. For example, what is happening to the gas and dust in their nuclei (the future stellar cradles) is still a mystery that awaits for ALMA. Other important questions are: how do different environments and external conditions affect the PSC physical/chemical structure? Are PSCs in high-mass star forming regions similar to the well-known low-mass PSCs? Here I review observational and theoretical work on PSCs in nearby molecular cloud complexes and the ongoing search and study of massive PSCs embedded in infrared dark clouds (IRDCs), which host the initial conditions for stellar cluster and high-mass star formation.
Ices in Starless and Starforming Cores
Authors: Öberg Karin I. , Boogert A. C. Adwin , Pontoppidan Klaus M. , van den Broek Saskia , van Dishoeck Ewine F. , Bottinelli Sandrine , Blake Geoffrey A. , Evans Neal J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIcy grain mantles are commonly observed through infrared spectroscopy toward dense clouds, cloud cores, protostellar envelopes and protoplanetary disks. Up to 80% of the available oxygen, carbon and nitrogen are found in such ices; the most common ice constituents – H2O, CO2 and CO – are second in abundance only to H2 in many star forming regions. In addition to being a molecular reservoir, ice chemistry is responsible for much of the chemical evolution from H2O to complex, prebiotic molecules. Combining the exisiting ISO, Spitzer, VLT and Keck ice data results in a large sample of ice sources (~80) that span all stages of star formation and a large range of protostellar luminosities (<0.1–105 L⊙). Here we summarize the different techniques that have been applied to mine this ice data set on information on typical ice compositions in different environments and what this implies about how ices form and evolve during star and planet formation. The focus is on how to maximize the use of empirical constraints from ice observations, followed by the application of information from experiments and models. This strategy is used to identify ice bands and to constrain which ices form early during cloud formation, which form later in the prestellar core and which require protostellar heat and/or UV radiation to form. The utility of statistical tests, survival analysis and ice maps is highlighted; the latter directly reveals that the prestellar ice formation takes place in two phases, associated with H2O and CO ice formation, respectively, and that most protostellar ice variation can be explained by differences in the prestellar CO ice formation stage. Finally, special attention is paid to the difficulty of observing complex ices directly and how gas observations, experiments and models help in constraining this ice chemistry stage.
Spectral Line Surveys of Evolved Stars
Authors: Cernicharo J. , Agúndez M. , Guélin M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe observation of evolved stars in selected evolutionary stages allow us to track the evolution of the physical properties and chemical composition of the matter that is being returned to the interstellar medium during these last stages of the life of stars. While the dust component can be characterized through the observation of the spectral energy distribution in the infrared part of the spectrum, spectral line surveys carried out in a wide spectral band provide the best probe of the physical properties and chemical composition of the gas phase. In this lecture we review the different line surveys carried out toward these objects and their impact in our understanding of the chemical complexity evolution in the circumstellar envelopes around evolved stars.
Chemistry of the Solar System Revealed in the Interiors of the Giant Planets
Authors: Lunine Jonathan I. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe giant planets of our solar system contain a record of elemental and isotopic ratios of keen interest for what they tell us about the origin of the planets and in particular the volatile compositions of the solid phases. In situ measurements of the Jovian atmosphere performed by the Galileo Probe during its descent in 1995 demonstrate the unique value of such a record, but limited currently by the unknown abundance of oxygen in the interior of Jupiter–a gap planned to be filled by the Juno mission set to arrive at Jupiter in July of 2016. Our lack of knowledge of the oxygen abundance allows for a number of models for the Jovian interior with a range of C/O ratios. The implications for the origin of terrestrial water are briefly discussed. The complementary data sets for Saturn may be obtained by a series of very close, nearly polar orbits, at the end of the Cassini-Huygens mission in 2016-2017, and the proposed Saturn Probe. This set can only obtain what we have for Jupiter if the Saturn Probe mission carries a microwave radiometer.
An Overview of Comet Composition
Authors: Bockelée-Morvan Dominique 
Published: December 2011

AbstractComets are made of ices, organics and minerals that record the chemistry of the outer regions of the primitive solar nebula where they agglomerated 4.6 Gyr ago. Compositional analyses of comets can provide important clues on the chemical and physical processes that occurred in the early phases of Solar System formation, and possibly in the natal molecular cloud that predated the formation of the solar nebula. This paper presents a short review of our present knowledge of the composition of comets. Implications for the origin of cometary materials are discussed.