bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Post-Cretaceous Stratigraphy of Southern Nigeria
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: October 2009

The account given in the following pages, of the stratigraphy of the more recent deposits of Southern Nigeria, is the result of work carried out between the winter of 1903 and the summer of 1906.
Owing to the lamentable lack of fossils, and (I may add also) owing to the lack of time available for a lengthened search, that definiteness of conclusion which is desirable in regard to the age of given beds is wanting. Correlation from point to point is accordingly based on lithological resemblances, aided in places by the establishment of an unconformity.

The following is the stratigraphical succession, in descending order:

1.
Alluvium of rivers and lower terraces.

2.
Benin Sands.

3.
Ijebu Beds.

4.
Lignite Series.

Omitting the mangrove-swamps, almost universal on the South Nigerian coast, the traveller finds, on penetrating a certain distance into the hinterland, a great number of sandbanks, now in course of formation. Whether the river be great or small these sandbanks are, during the dry season, the prominent feature which imprints itself on the memory. Sometimes spreading out over almost the entire bed of the river, covered by a few inches of water; sometimes fringing the river-bank, and half overgrown with grass and reeds, rising step by step many feet above low-water level, a yellow glaring expanse a mile or more in length, these accumulations are a sad hindrance to travel.
Intermediate in age between these sandbanks and the
The Coral-Rocks of Barbados
Authors: Harrison John Burchmore 
Published: October 2009

The results of my extended, and in many places detailed, re-examination of the coral-rocks in the southern half of Barbados give no support to Prof. Spencer's theory of the existence of strata of the ‘Antigua Formation’ in that island. He claimed to have collected fossil corals from a certain knoll, which proved it, and other parts of the coral-rocks, to be of Oligocene age; but it is now shown that this knoll is in part made up of corals which, as stated by Prof. Gregory, ‘certainly show no evidence of any greater age than the Pleistocene.’ (P. 334.)
I have failed completely to find any signs of the widespread formation described in Prof. Spencer's paper as extending from Mount Misery to near Ragged Point, a distance in a south-easterly direction, as the crow flies, of about 11 miles, and dipping south-eastward at angles of from 12° to 20°. It is unlikely that I should not have detected some traces of a formation which, if dipping continuously for 11 miles at a mean angle of 15°, would be about 15,000 feet thick; while the facts that nowhere in the island does the combined thickness of the limestone and of its basal or Bissex Beds exceed 280 feet, and that the limestone is not traversed by faults, are fairly-conclusive evidence of the non-existence of such a formation.
I have shown that, wherever beds dipping at considerable angles occur in the limestone-strata in the district under discussion, their inclination, where not caused by
The Ochil Earthquakes of September 1900 to April 1907
Authors: Davison Charles 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
During the last two years, the district on the south side of the Ochil Hills, known as the ‘Hillsfoot District’ has been visited by a number of slight earthquakes, which, in their nature and frequency, bear some resemblance to those which made the name of Comrie so well-known in the preceding century. The stronger shocks are briefly described in the local and other newspapers; but the majority would no doubt have escaped record, had it not been for the interest taken in them by several gentlemen who reside in the district and who have kindly communicated to me the results of their observations. My thanks are especially due to Mr. W. H. Lindsay and Mr. T. J. H. Drysdale, of Menstrie; Mr. J. Dempster, of Airthrey; and Mr. Tyndall B. Johnstone, of Red Carr (Blairlogie), for many valuable lists of shocks. To Mr. Lindsay I am also indebted for introductions to several other observers, whose frequent notices have added much to the completeness of the record—to the Rev. J. Boyd, of Menstrie; Dr. W. L. Cunningham, of Alva; the Rev. Menzies Fergusson, of Logie; Mr. J. M. Morries, D.L., J.P., of Gogar; Mr. Alexander Scott, Jun., of Tillicoultry; Mr. R. D. Taylor, of Blairlogie; and the Rev. J. Williamson, of Alva. I have also to acknowledge the courtesy with which many observers in other places replied to my enquiries about the more prominent shocks.
Tbe list of earthquakes in the Ochil district before the year 1900 is evidently very incomplete.
Some Recent Discoveries of Palæolithic Implements.
Authors: Evans John 
Published: October 2009

By the kind courtesy of Mr. Worthington G. Smith, F.L.S., of Dunstable, I am enabled to call attention to some recent discoveries of palæolithic implements on the southern borders of Bedfordshire and in the north-western part of Hertfordshire.
Mr. Worthington Smith's remarkable discoveries of implements and of a palæolithic floor at Caddington, not very far from Dunstable, are well known and have been fully recorded in his excellent and profusely-illustrated book ‘Man, the Primeval Savage’ published in 1894—a summary of which I gave in the second edition of my ‘Ancient Stone-Implements,’ which appeared in 1897.
The original surface of the ground at some of the Caddington brick-fields was as much as 550 to 590 feet above the Ordnance-datum; but at Kensworth, about 2 miles to the west of Caddington, Mr. Smith found a palæolithic implement upon the surface at an elevation of 760 feet. Quite recently an excellent ovate
implement (5 × 3⅝ inches), black and lustrous, was found by a Dunstable school-boy at the surface on Blow Downs at an elevation of 600 feet. The exact position is slightly to the south of ‘Little John's Wood,’ as shown on the 6-inch Ordnance-Survey Map of Bedfordshire. It is far from any existing stream, and the ground slopes away from the direction of the Ver.
On a Deep Channel of Drift at Hitchin (Hertforbshire).
Authors: Hill William 
Published: October 2009

1. I
ntroduction
.

Deep channels filled with Drift occurring in Scotland and in the North of England have long been noticed by geologists, and more recently the existence of similar buried valleys has been discovered in the East of England. In 1890 Mr. W. Whitaker drew attention to a deep channel of Drift in the valley of the Cam; and in 1898 Dr. A. Irving recorded a great depth of Drift in the valley of the Stort.
It has long been known that a considerable thickness of Drift covers the Chalk immediately to the south of Hitchin, wells and road-cuttings indicating that deposits of sand, gravel, or Boulder-Clay were at least 60 feet thick in certain localities; a boring at Messrs. Lucas & Co.'s brewery at Hitchin in the year 1831 was carried to a depth of 466 feet, passing through 3 feet of soil and 77 feet of sand. But the Chalk is so frequently seen that an exceptional thickness of Drift was unsuspected.
During the last few years five borings have been made in the neighbourhood of Hitchin, all of which have disclosed a greater thickness of Drift than was expected. They happen to have been made in a line running about north and south nearly at right angles to the outcrop of the Chalk, the southernmost being 3 miles south of Hitchin, and the northernmost 4 miles north of the town. The object of this paper is to record these borings, which, with other evidence, seem to point
On a Formation Known as ‘Glacial Beds of Cambrian Age’ in South Australia
Authors: Basedow H. , Iliffe J. D. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Some 8 miles south of Adelaide a typical exposure of the conglomerate is bounded on the east by a series of alternating quartzitic and argillaceous bands of rock, comprising the central and western portions of a fan-fold, partly cut off by a fault. Further evidence of stress in this margin is given in the fissility, pseudo-ripple-marks, contortion and fracture, and obliteration of bedding in the quartzite-bands, and in the pinching-out of them into lenticles and false pebbles. On the west side the conglomerate is bounded by the ‘Tapley's-Hill Clay-Slates,’ and there is evidence from the nature of the junction-beds that the conglomerate itself is isoclinally folded. In that portion of the conglomerate which is adjacent to its confines, ‘boulders’ of quartzite are apparently disrupted portions of quartzite-bands, since these are in alignment with the truncated portions of bands still existing, and are of similar composition. The Authors are not at present in a position to account for the presence in the conglomerate of boulders of rocks foreign to the beds that border the conglomerate, or of such as possess markings comparable to glacial striæ, by their theory of differential earth-movements; but they consider that a boulder-bed subjected to lateral pressure would probably lend itself to the production of ‘false pebbles,’ through the disruption of intercalated hard bands within itself or on its boundaries.

Dr. A.
Strattan
considered the first paper to be lucid and convincing account of an extremely-interesting series of deposits. The association of schistose rocks and slates with
The Origin of the Pillow-Lava near Port Isaac in Cornwall
Authors: Reid Clement , Dewey Henry 
Published: October 2009

The volcanic mass which we are about to describe occupies a definite horizon in the Upper Devonian, in the part of North Cornwall lying between Padstow and Bodmin Moor. We propose to confine our remarks to this limited area; for the point with which we deal is merely the mode of origin of this particular eruptive rock. Our views may, or may not, be applicable to other pillow-lavas; but the subject is so beset with difficulties, that we prefer to confine our attention to a limited region, where cliff-sections are exceptionally fine and inland quarries are also clear. We will not deal with the question of correlation, even with neighbouring areas.
The volcanic rocks near Port Isaac were noticed by De la Beche in 1839. He mentions the vesicular character of some of them, and suggests that they were contemporaneous with the slates in which they occur. He does not allude to their peculiar structure.
In 1848 Nicholas Whitley noticed and figured the peculiar concentric structure,
‘as if it had rolled down a declivity and become partially cooled during its progress, and then consolidated into the rock which it now constitutes; in fact, much like the ends of bales of cloth piled one on another.
He speaks of the centre of each circle being generally composed of a nodule of crystallized gypsum, and compares this structure with that of some of the Vesuvian lavas.
The petrological characters of these rocks were described in 1878 by J. A. Phillips, who gave
The St. David's-Head ‘Rock-Series’, Pembrokeshire
Authors: Elsden James Vincent 
Published: October 2009

1. I
ntroduction
.

In a former paper, communicated to this Society, I gave a general description of the St. David's-Head intrusions. On that occasion I expressed the opinion that this area would repay a more detailed investigation, and I have since made a systematic examination of these rocks, both in the field and in the laboratory, confining my attention to the two large parallel intrusions forming the St. David's-Head and Carn-Llidi masses respectively. With the exception of the general account given in my former paper, these rocks do not appear to have been previously described in any detail. Several distinct types of rock occur in these masses, and it is the purpose of this paper to discuss their differences with the object of examining the problem of their origin. Briefly, the main point to be determined is whether these are to be regarded as an igneous complex, or whether they constitute a ‘rock-series,’ derived from a common magma by some process of differentiation.
The two intrusions take the form of vertical sills intruded between almost perpendicular shales of Arenig age. They are composed of at least four types of rock, which, although closely allied, present marked mineralogical differences, often easily distinguishable in the field. There is a dark, basic variety, typically seen in parts of Cam Llidi, Carn Llidi Bechan, Carn Hen, and occasionally at Pen Lledwen and in parts of the St. David's-Head mass. This melanocratic type is moderately coarse in grain. It stands in conspicuous contrast to a leucocratic
The Geological Structure of the St. David's Area (Pembrokeshire).
Authors: Green John Frederick Norman 
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
.

There is probably no district in Wales with regard to the geology of which such serious divergencies of opinion exist as the neighbourhood of St. David's. The only rocks upon which authorities are in any way agreed are the sedimentary Lower Cambrian deposits, which form the geological datum-line for the area; and differences exist even here, as to whether they include contemporaneous tuffs, and as to the composition of the basal conglomerate and sandstone. With regard to the age of the various acid and basic tuffs, the basic igneous rocks, the quartz-porphyries, and the granitoid rock of St. David's, relatively to the Cambrian and
inter se
, entire disagreement exists throughout.

The interpretations of the sequence fall, however, into two main groups, associated respectively with the names of Dr. Hicks and Sir Archibald Geikie. The former is, on the whole, supported by Prof. Bonney, Prof. McKenny Hughes, and the late J. F. Blake, who were all well acquainted with the district; and the conclusions arrived at by Sir Archibald Geikie and Dr. B. N. Peach have been confirmed after careful examination by Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan.
The problem may be simplified by eliminating one point of disagreement. The late Dr. Hicks considered that the tuff's, sheets, and dykes could be divided into two unconformable series, termed by him Arvonian (earlier) and Pebidian. No other observer has confirmed this hypothesis, and, in order to avoid prolixity, it is proposed not to make any special reference to it. Eliminating, then, this
The High-Level Platforms of Bodmin Moor and their Relation to the Deposits of Stream-Tin and Wolfram.
Authors: Barrow George 
Published: October 2009

In the south-west of Cornwall the ancient marine platform, of Pliocene age, rises to a height of 430 feet above the sea, and its upper limit is a steep slope, often a bluff. In the same area the uplift of this platform has led to the deepening and cutting-back of the larger valleys, giving rise to a steepening of slopes in the lower part of the banks. This feature becomes less marked as the valleys are ascended, and in the case of the River Camel it disappears altogether at a distance of 22 miles from the sea. Above this point the river-banks and also the ground above them, now much over 430 feet high, retain in the main the same angle of slope as that which they had in Pliocene times, though of course they have been lowered to some extent by denudation.
The retention of the characters of the older scenery is naturally most marked in the still higher grounds about the watershed of the River Camel, part of which includes Davidstow Moor. This moor also forms the gathering-ground of the Inney (a tributary of the Tamar); and, if the watershed be crossed and the valley of this river descended, the features just noted will be met with in reverse order, as that area is approached within which the denudation of post-Pliocene times has produced its most characteristic effects.
Of the older topography thus partly destroyed by post-Pliocene denudation, the most striking feature in the higher part of the
The Basic Intrusion of Bartestree, near Hereford.
Authors: Reynolds Sidney Hugh 
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
, and
Field
-
Relations
.

The field-relations of the basic intrusion of Lowe's-Hill Quarry near Bartestree were fully described by Murchison, but, although the dyke has been several times mentioned by later geologists no detailed account has yet been given of its structure. The dyke is of considerable interest, both from its own character and from the alteration to which it gives rise in the Old Red Sandstone. It has a thickness of about 35 feet, and strikes in an east-north-easterly direction through the Old Red marls and sandstones which here lie almost horizontally. As represented in the 1-inch Geological-Survey map, the dyke has a length of about half a mile, striking across the road which leads southwestwards from Bartestree, and extending from about the middle of Tidnor Wood on the south-west to near Bartestree Convent on the north-east. At present, however, the only exposures are at Lowe's-Hill Quarry and for a short space immediately to the south-west. No trace of trap could be found west of the road; and, although fairly abundant débris occurs in Tidnor Wood, it appears to be derived entirely from Old-Red-Sandstone rocks.
The Lowe's-Hill rock, though not now worked, has formerly been largely quarried; and a long cutting has resulted, the sides of which are formed by Old Red sandstone and marl, while the trap is exposed at the end.

(
a
) North of the trap.—On the northern side of the cutting, an undulating line, fairly easily followed up the face of the cliff, marks the edge
On the Fossiliferous Silurian Rocks of the Southern Half of the Tortworth Inlier.
Authors: Reed Frederick Richard Cowper , Reynolds Sidney Hugh 
Published: October 2009

1. I
ntroduction
.

In the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for 1901 (vol. lvii, pp. 267–84 & pis. x-xi) is a paper by one of us, in collaboration with Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan, dealing with the igneous rocks and the associated sedimentary deposits of the Tortworth Inlier. The present communication may be regarded as, to some extent, supplementary to the above. Full references to the earlier work on the district having been given in the paper just mentioned, they will not be repeated here.
The field-work has been carried out by one of us (S. H. R.); the identification of the fossils, involving the re-examination of the various public and private collections, by the other (F. R. C. R.).
The expense of the work, which has involved the digging of a number of trenches and the opening-up of a series of old quarries, has been lightened latterly by means of a grant from the British Association for the Advancement of Science. We are much indebted to the landlords, the Earl of Ducie, Earl Fitzhardinge, and Sir George Jenkinson, Bart., for their kindness in facilitating these excavations. We desire also to thank Mr. J. Harle, Lord Ducie's agent, and Mr. J. Peter, Lord Fitzhardinge's agent, for help and information.
The Llandovery rocks crop out along an area generally from 1 to 2 miles wide, which follows the general trend of the Carboniferous Limestone rim of the Bristol Coalfield, and stretches in a north-westerly direction from Charneld Green to the neighbourhood of
Notes on the Geology of Burma.
Authors: Dalton Leonard V. 
Published: October 2009

I.
Historical
.

It is the object of this paper to present the results of geological expeditions in the Irawadi valley carried out by my uncle Mr. W. H. Dalton, F.G.S., and myself in the season of 1904–1905, and by myself alone in 1905–1906, and to correlate these observations with those made by previous writers, thus summarizing our present knowledge of the geology of Burma generally and of the Tertiary System of that country in particular.
Dr. Fritz Nœtling in 1895 reviewed the work done on the geology of Burma before that date, pointing out the remarkably-accurate hypothetical arrangement of the rocks of Burma made by Buckland in 1828, and the absence of subdivision of the Tertiary System previous to W. Theobald's paper on Lower Burma in 1873. In this summary the ‘Axial Group’ of Theobald is referred to as certainly not of Triassic age—a statement controverted by later examination of the fossils of the Arakan Yoma and other parts of Lower Burma—although found true in the sense that the group is a complex one (as we now know), and neither Triassic nor Cretaceous alone, but assignable to both of these. While Dr. Nœtling's paper thus reviews the greater number of the works published on the geology of Burma, and in particular those relating to the Tertiary of the better-known regions of the Irawadi basin, there are certain other papers to which it is necessary to refer here, as they deal with the outlying districts. Of these the earliest is that
Plant-containing Nodules from Japan, considered structurally in their Relation to the ‘Coal-Balls’ and ‘Roof-Nodules’ of the European Carboniferous
Authors: Stopes Marie C. 
Published: October 2009

The
nodules of which the geological nature is described in this paper are of interest and importance, chiefly because of the plant and animal fossils which they include. The plant-petrifactions are of a type unknown from the Mesozoic; these I am describing in a botanical paper in conjunction with Prof. Fujii, of which we hope the first part will be ready for publication in a few months.

A critical study of the structure and mode of formation of the plant-containing nodules, though a special branch of geological work, is of some value to the students of plants, and in the case of the Carboniferous nodules seemed to repay fully the labour which it entailed. Hence the present short comparative study of the Cretaceous nodules was undertaken.
Recent work on the structure of the Carboniferous nodules brought out decisively what had been spoken of in a general way, namely, the importance of the association of marine organisms with the coals and associated rocks in which they were formed. It also showed that it is when saturated with sea-water that plants seem to staud the best chance of petrifaction, and that only under marine conditions do ‘ coal-balls’ occur in the coals. As it is in the coal-balls that such storehouses of tissue-petrifactions are to be found, they are of particular importance to the plant-anatomist. This led me to search for marine coals of ages other than Carboniferous, in the course of which a valuable suggestion, followed by specimens, was made by
The Lahat ‘Pipe’: A Description of a Tin-ore Deposit in Perak (Federated Malay States)
Authors: Scrivenor John Brooke 
Published: October 2009

The
Kinta District of Perak, chief of the four Federated Malay States (Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, and Pahang), has, for many years, been famous as a producer of tin-ore. By far the greater proportion of the ore has been derived from detrital deposits ; but exceptions to the rule have been afforded by certain mines where the tin-ore (cassiterite) has been won from the crystalline limestone that forms, in part at any rate, the floor of the Kinta Valley. The deposits worked were briefly mentioned in my ‘Report of Progress’ in 1907. Since then more information has been gathered, and it is my purpose in this paper to describe the most remarkable of all the deposits that have been yet found in the Kinta Limestone. This is known in Perak as the Lahat ‘Pipe.’

The only description of the limestone tin-ore deposits of Kinta known to me is by :Mr. R. A. F. Penrose, Jun. He remarks that the tin-ore is associated with large quantities of iron-pyrites, arsenical pyrites, smaller quantities of chalcopyrite and bornite, and some rhodochroisite (
op
.
cit
. p. 147).

Outside the Federated :Malay States the stanniferous deposits in limestone have been cited as examples of cassiterite occurring without tourmaline. I have in my mind particularly the discussion on Mr. D. A. MacAlister's paper ‘ Tin & Tourmaline ’ read before the Geological Society in 1903.
Outside the Federated Malay States, again, only one case is known of tin-ore in limestone being worked commercially. This is near the