bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineral Content of South Dakota Bread Wheats: Extent and Nature1
Authors: Fine L. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn investigation of ash levels in South Dakota bread wheats was conducted to determine range of ash content normally encountered over the state and within a few years‘ time, and nature of cation constituents in ash which vary, and possible causes of ash variation. “High ash” wheats have experienced price discrimination at terminal markets for various reasons.Ash content was determined by electric furnace ignition and major base constituents by atomic absorption and flame emission techniques.Ash surveys using seed certification samples, extension fertilizer demonstration trials, and county variety trials showed maximal variations of 16% and 37% ascribable to variety and location effects, respectively. Wheat produced in variety ✕ fertilizer ✕ plant density experiments at 3 locations in 1969 and one in 1970, showed major ash differences to be due to variety, with lesser effects to N fertilizer and no consistent effects of plant density. The order of cationic abundance found was K > Mg > Na > Ca, with Na and Ca very minor, aggregating <0.10%. Additions of 67 and 134 kg N/ha significantly depressed total ash at two locations in 1969, but increased ash at one location in 1970. N additions significantly increased Mg content of ashes in both years of the experiment.In a group of 51 wheat samples from a reclamation experiment on a salt‐affected soil association, no relationship could be observed between wheat content of Mg and K and exchangeable or total extractable soil content of the same.
Radial Diffusion of Free Energy In Stem Phloem: An Experimental Study1
Authors: Molz Fred J. , Klepper Betty , Browning V. Douglas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rehydration of a water‐stressed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) stem was studied experimentally. The main objective of the experiments was to ascertain if a proposed diffusion theory can describe the dynamics of the rehydration process. Stem shrinkage was induced by allowing the soil‐root system of potted cotton plants to dry by evapotranspiration. Tension in the xylem was then released suddenly by severing the stem under distilled, degassed water, with the subsequent increase in stem diameter monitored with an LVDT. From the basic data of stem diameter vs time, fractional uptake curves for free energy were computed and compared with predictions derived from theory. The comparisons indicate that the theory is applicable at least to first order. The overall study illustrates the intimate involvement of the xylem and phloem as far as radial water exchange is concerned.
Forage Potential of Soybean Straw1
Authors: Gupta B. S. , Johnson D. E. , Hinds F. C. , Minor H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe nutritive value of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] straw was studied because of the vast acreage grown in the U.S. and the marked expansion scheduled for this crop in developing countries. Nutritive value was estimated on greenhouse and field‐grown plants and plant parts at various stages of maturity by using standard techniques of forage chemical analysis, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), and measuring intake and digestibility by ewes.Cell wall constituents (CWC) and lignin percentage of stems increased progressively from 643 and 10.5% at flowering to 79.4, and 21.5%, respectively, at maturity. Pods increased only up to 52.2% CWC and 8.6% lignin at maturity. The average figures for CWC, acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, and crude protein of the mature samples obtained behind a combine were 77.0, 60.0, 16.5 and 4.9%.Forage yields on hand.harvested, mature, field‐grown soybeans were 2262, 4419 and 4076 k.g/ha for ‘Wayne,’ ‘Dare,’. and ‘Hill’ cultivars. The average IVDMD was 25.8% for stems and 59.6% for pods from the mature field‐grown soybean straw.The average consumption of dry matter of a mature straw diet containing minerals and 8.5% soybean meal by 6‐ to 7‐year‐old ewes, was 19.8 g/day/kg live weight when ground and 16.7 when fed unground. Digestibility coefficients of unground and ground straw diets, as determined by the lignin ratio technique, averaged 35.9, 49.7, 27.3, 30.6, 50.6, 17.8 and 44.4, 51.2, 28.0, 42.9, 58.8, 21.7% for dry matter, crude protein, CWC, ADF, cellulose, and hemicellulose.
Tillage and Fertilization of Corn Grown on Lespedeza Sod1
Authors: Adams W. E. , Morris H. D. , Giddens Joel , Dawson R. N. , Langdale G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLittle research information is available on optimum soil management for row crops grown in the southeastern U.S. on land planted for many years to soil‐conserving legumes. A 5‐year field investigation was conducted to determine the effect of tillage and fertility on the yield of corn (Zea mays L.) grown on Cecil soil previously planted to sericea lespedega (Lespedeza cuneata cum de cours. G. Don) for 10 years.Without fertilization, conventional planting produced an average of 608 kg/ha more corn than lister planting without soil preparation. At a high level of fertilization (134‐58‐112 kg/ha of N‐P‐K), tillage did not affect yields.Lister‐planted corn exhibited a stunted and chlorotic condition until 40‐ to 50‐days‐old. Neither lime nor micronutrients alleviated the problem of affected yield. Conventionally planted corn was not chlorotic or stunted.Sericea lespedeza residue was readily mineralized during a 203‐day incubation period in the laboratory. Mineralization of N was highest in soil mixed with leaves and lowest in soil mixed with stem residues.Corn yields were increased as much as 1,719, 947, and 734 kg/ha by N., P, and K, respectively, the first year following sod. A similar response was obtained for N for the average 5‐year yield, but no significant increase was obtained from P or K. The results indicate that optimum fertilization of corn grown following sericea does not differ significantly from that for continuous corn.
Effects of Clipping Height, Clipping Frequency, and Rates of Nitrogen on Yield and Energy Content of Coastal Bermudagrass
Authors: Ethredge Jerome , Beaty E. R. , Lawrence Roger M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn recent years the acreage in ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactyton (L) Pers.) has increased rather sharply in the southeastern United States. Traditionally, Coastal is grazed and fertilized with moderate levels (less than 100 kg/ha) of N. Usually forage yield data have been collected by mowing, which leaves a stubble of 6 cm or more high. Significant quantities of forage are not harvested. A serious question has arisen as to the validity of much of the research data when applied to utilization of Coastal by grazing.To secure research data that would relate Coastal production more effectively to grazing situations, an investigation was conducted over a 2‐year period as to the effects of intense, moderate, and lax defoliation on forage yields of Coastal bermudagrass. Forage yields were highest with the shortest clipping height, 0 cm, and lowest with the highest clipping height, 14 cm. Clipping height and N rate influenced production significantly, but clipping frequency had little effect on total yield. Tiller production indicated that all treatments maintained vegetative cover on the area.Early in the season large quantities of forage were available below 7 cm. Up to 1800 kg/ha of forage were available between 0 and 7 cm.Height of clipping did not appear to be important in the survival of Coastal bermudagrass and in the production of the maximum amount of usable energy. A low clipping height combined with a relatively short clipping frequency appear to be best.
Selenium Content of Field Crops Grown on Selenite‐Treated Soils1
Authors: Cary E. E. , Allaway W. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted to determine the potential for using soil application of Se to prevent Se deficiency in livestock and to determine how long a single application of Se might be effective. Sodium selenite was added to soil at rates of 2.24 and 4.48 kg/ha of Se in five different fields. The fields were cropped to corn (Zea mays L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and/or various forage crops for 4 years following application. Selenium concentrations in the crops over the 4 years were usually maintained at levels (>0.1 ppm Se) that would have protected animals that consumed these crops from Se‐deficiency diseases. The highest Se concentrations were below generally accepted limits for acute Se toxicity. Plant analysis appears to be more useful than soil analysis for monitoring this practice.
Effect of H2SO4 in High Sodium Irrigation Water on the Growth of Peas and Beans in Calcareous Soil1
Authors: Ryan J. , Miyamoto S. , Bohn H. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPreliminary experiments were conducted to evaluate the addition of H2SO4 to high Na water for the purpose of preventing or reducing plant uptake of Na by increasing the solubility of Ca. The addition of up to 4 meq/liter of H2SO4 to irrigation water containing 1 to 40 meq/liter of NaCl had no significant effect on the growth of peas (Pisum sativa) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) cropped twice in calcareous soils in greenhouse experiments. However, H2SO4 had an adverse effect at NaCl concentrations of 60 and 80 meq/liter. Sodium concentrations greater than 10 meq/liter appeared to decrease the yield of both plants. A leaching fraction of 0.3 ± 0.05 was maintained. The Na content of the plant material increased as the Na content of the irrigation water increased, but no reduction in Na content was observed with the H2SO4 treatment. The Ca content was not affected. The results suggest that this practice was ineffective at the H2SO4 concentration range studied.
Comparison of Fog Irrigation with Surface Irrigation in Corn Production1
Authors: Doss B. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater stress by plants during silking and ear development often affects the yield of corn (Zea mays L.). Water stress sometimes occurs during midday even with a relatively high soil water content. Field experiments were conducted for 3 years to determine the effect of fogging or mist irrigation alone, surface irrigation alone, and fogging plus surface irrigation on plant characteristics and grain and stover yields of corn. Plants received mist irrigation daily from 1000 until 1600 during silking and ear development. Surface irrigation was applied to maintain soil water at or above the 50% available level (0.8 bar) in the surface 60 cm of soil.An increase in grain yield was obtained in each of the 3 years with surface irrigation and in 2 of the 3 years with fogging or mist irrigation, but fogging in addition to surface irrigation did not increase grain yields above those for surface irrigation alone. Average grain yields for the 3 years were 6,200, 8,400, 9,200, and 9,500 kg/ha for no irrigation, fogging, surface, and fogging plus surface irrigation, respectively. Surface irrigation appears to be a much more efficient method of water application than fog irrigation since the amount applied as fog was almost twice the amount applied as surface irrigation.
Measurement of Foliage Height and its Relationship to Yields of Two Tropical Forage Grasses1
Authors: Whitney A. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDirect visual estimates of average foliage height based on a 28 ✕ 28 cm sampling area could be made at a rate of 7.5 readings/minute using a new device which utilized a plastic fresnel lens.Foliage height was estimated (5 readings/plot) for kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex. Chiov.) and pangola digitgrass (Digitaria decumbens Stent) swards which varied widely in yield due to different nitrogen and gibberellic acid treatments. Average foliage height explained 94% of the variation in dry matter yields in both cases, but the regression slope was different for the two grasses. Sampling error was low in relation to experimental error. The calculated number of samples required to estimate the mean foliage height was 8 to 9 samples/plot for estimates ±2 cm and 4/plot for ±3 cm (P = 0.95).This approach appears especially promising for estimating forage growth rates where nondestructive sampling is desired and where swards are variable, i.e. as in grazed paddocks.
Selective Smutgrass Control and Forage Quality Response in Bermudagrass‐Dallisgrass Pastures1
Authors: Smith James E. , Cole A. W. , Watson V. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSmutgrass (Sporobolus poiretii Roem and Schult.), a prevalent and increasingly serious weed problem in pasture areas of the southeastern United States, cannot be selectively controlled in swards containing desirable forage species with the available recommended procedures. Dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.)‐bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) pasture swards, the most prevalent type of pastures in our region, were selected for uniform infestation of smutgrass and treated with atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine] at 4.48 and 8.96 kg/ha; bromacil (5‐bromo‐3‐sec‐butyl‐6‐methyluracil) at 2.24 and 4.48 kg/ha; and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) at 2.24, 4.48, and 8.96 kg/ha in the fall of 1970 and 1971. From 83 to 97% smutgrass control was obtained with a single application of atrazine or bromacil with no more than 38% injury to bermudagrass and 28% injury to dallisgrass. Maximum smutgrass control obtained with MSMA application was 63% which also resulted in 89% dallisgrass control. Forage quality determinations in the spring following smutgrass control indicated that total forage was more acceptable when smutgrass was controlled.
Estimation of Organic Matter in Atlantic Coastal Plain Soils With a Color‐Difference Meter1
Authors: Page Norwood R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReflectance (L on L,aL,bL scale), determined with a color‐difference meter, was compared to the WalkleyBlack method as a measure of organic matter concentration in the surface horizons of 96 Coastal Plain soils. Reflectance values were highly correlated (r = 0.89) with soil organic matter (determined by the Walkley‐Black method) within the O to 5% range. On these soils, organic matter can be predicted from reflectance by the equation = 16.03 − 0.53X 4. 0.01X2. The procedure is faster and more economical than other methods for estimating soil organic matter.
Soil pH, Excess Lime, and Chelating Agent on Micronutrients in Soybeans and Bush Beans1
Authors: Wallace A. , Mueller R. T. , Cha J. W. , Alexander G. V. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract‘Hawkeye’ (Fe‐chlorosis resistant) and ‘PI54619‐5‐I’ (Fechlorosis sensitive) soybeans (Glycine max L.) were grown with and without DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetate) in Yolo loam soil which had been amended (S or CaCO3) to give different soil pH values and to simulate high carbonate conditions in soil. The purpose was to study heavy metal relationships with the soil amendments including a synthetic chelating agent. Sulfur decreased yields, but CaCO3 did not. Sulfur consistently increased leaf concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, and Ni, but decreased leaf concentration of Mo. Manganese toxicity was evident when soil had been acidified with S. CaCO3 (pH 7.5) increased leaf concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Mo. PI54619‐5‐1 soybeans tended to contain lower levels of metals than did Hawkeye. DTPA, particularly at 50 ppm in soil, increased leaf concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, and Mo. It increased Ti in leaves for the PI54619‐5‐1 soybeans only. DTPA increased the concentration ratio of leaves to stems for Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, and Mo. The effect was most pronounced for Ni. However, S increased the micronutrient concentrations in both leaves and stems. In bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. ‘Improved tendergreen’) DTPA at soil pH 6 increased the leaf‐stem ratio of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Ni, but to a lesser extent than in soybeans.
Sulfuric Acid Applications to Calcareous Soils: Effects on Growth and Chlorophyll Content of Common Bermudagrass in the Greenhouse1
Authors: Ryan J. , Stroehlein J. L. , Miyamoto S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIron deficiency is often a serious problem in common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) grown on calcareous soils. This study was carried out in order to determine the effects of applications of sulfuric acid, an abundant material from the copper industry, on bermudagrass grown on calcareous iron‐deficient soils. Cave (Typic Paleorthid) and Stewart (Typic Nadurargid) soils were placed in pots and sulfuric acid was applied 1) to the soil surface, 2) mixed with the soil, 3) as a band, or 4) localized as spots prior to seeding. Ferrous sulfate, iron chelate (Fe‐EDDHA), and an iron‐bearing copper refining byproduct, “jarosite”, were included for comparison. The 93% H2O4 was the most effective material in increasing growth of the plant material by alleviating iron deficiency, the effect decreasing for the first four of seven harvests over a 1‐year period. There was no difference between H2SO4 application methods at equivalent rates. Surface‐applied H2SO4 increased chlorophyll concentrations in the plant with increasing rates but was not as effective as either FeSO4 7H2O or Fe‐EDDHA. Application of 3% H2SO4 in the irrigation water was as effective as these materials in alleviating chlorosis on a series of previously untreated pots. Results indicate that H2SO4 may be useful for treating iron‐deficient bermudagrass, a common turf and seed crop in the Southwest.
Subsoil Chiseling and Slip Plowing Effects on Soil Properties and Wheat Grown on a Stratified Fine Sandy Soil1
Authors: Kaddah M. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPositive crop growth response to deep tillage in sandy soils has been observed in Imperial Valley, California. Very little information is available, however, on the effect of different deep tillage operations and the possible causes of the beneficial effects of deep tillage. The present field study was conducted on a stratified fine sandy soil to evaluate the effect of subsoil chiseling and slip plowing to a depth of 90 cm on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and soil properties. Conventional soil disking to 20 cm depth was compared with two subsoil chiseling and two slip plowing treatments. Subsoil chiseling was on 1‐m centers in one and in two directions, and slip plowing was on 2‐m centers in one or two directions. The two directions of deep tillage were at right angles to each other.Significant increases in wheat yield resulted from deep tillage. Grain yield (metric tons/ha) were: 4.50 for disking; 5.15 for subsoil chiseling in two directions; 5.73 for slip plowing one direction; and 6.32 for slip plowing in two directions.Along the silts formed by the subsoil and slip plow as compared with areas between slits or areas disked only: (a) stratified sandy soil layers were more disturbed, (b) root and shoot growth and water intake rate were significantly increased, (c) soil strength was significantly decreased, and (d) bulk density decreased in some layers but not in others.Following subsoil chiseling and slip plowing of the fine sandy soils in Imperial Valley, reduction in soil strength apparently enhanced root penetration in the soil. More information is needed to clarify the effects of other factors such as bulk density changes, water movement and nutrient distribution in the soil profile.
Propionic Acid as a Hay Preservative1
Authors: Knapp W. R. , Holt D. A. , Lechtenberg V. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn search of a method to prevent quality deterioration in hay stored before it is adequately cured, propionic acid was added to hay at baling time. Its effectiveness as a preservative was evaluated. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay was baled at 32.4% moisture. Immediately after baling, propionic acid was applied to the bales at rates of 0.02, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0% of the weight of the hay. The hay was then covered with polyethylene for 48 hours. Temperatures were recorded for 3 weeks following treatment. Samples were taken at baling and after 2 months in storage.All of the untreated hay became moldy, heated to ≥ 55 C, and showed significant losses in dry matter, carbohydrates, in vitro dry matter disappearance, and in vitro cell wall disappearance during storage. Total N, ammonium N, and acid detergent fiber N concentrations increased in control and treated hay during storage.Hay treated with < 1% propionic acid underwent storage changes similar to those occurring in untreated hay and was not effectively preserved. The 1% acid rate inhibited molding and heating and reduced dry matter loss during storage from 15.1 to 7.6%. Decrease in in vitro dry matter and cell wall disappearance during storage was least with 1% acid treatment. Acid treatment reduced loss of in vitro cell wall disappearance. These results indicate that propionic acid may have value for preserving incompletely cured hay if it is applied at rates of ≥ 1%.
Chloride Accumulation Near Corn Roots Under Different Transpiration, Soil Moisture, and Soil Salinity Regimes
Authors: Sinha B. K. , Singh N. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe magnitude of 36Cl accumulation around roots of corn (Zea mays L.) plants exposed to low, medium, and high transpiration rates was studied in laboratory experiments using Tulewal loamy sand (a Typic Ustochrept) salinized to ECe of 3 and 6 m mhos/cm with sodium chloride. Radioautographs and quantitative measurements of 36Cl in high transpiration treatment showed the highest concentration of the element in regions closest to the root. At high transpiration rates the chloride content of the soil close to the roots increased while the same soil showed a decrease in the chloride content when the plants were exposed to low transpiration treatment. Chloride concentrations in the ‘apparent free space’ and soil close to the roots was two to three times that in the bulk soil, depending upon the amount of water transpired/unit root length. At higher transpiration rates, salt accumulation increased with greater soil moisture content but was either unaffected or decreased closer to the rootsoil interface, when the transpiration rate was low. The results indicate that the salinity tolerance limits of plants would be greatly influenced by the prevailing evaporative demand.
Susceptibility of Alfalfa Cultivars to Triazine Herbicides1
Authors: Harvey R. G. , Rohweder D. A. , Fawcett R. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhile simazine [2‐chloro‐4,5‐bis(ethylamine)‐s‐triazine] has been used for several years to control perennial broadleaf weeds in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), it occasionally fails to provide adequate weed control, or causes crop injury. Other triazine herbicides have been shown to provide more reliable weed control but also may injure the crop. Consequently, this study was conducted to determine which triazine herbicide was least injurious to alfalfa and if alfalfa cultivars differed in their susceptibilities to the herbicides. Included in the study were five alfalfa cultivars and the herbicides atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine], cyanazine [2‐chloro‐4‐ (1‐cyano‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐ethylamino‐s‐triazine], secbumeton (2‐sec‐butylamino‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐methxy‐s‐triazine) and simazine.The cultivars were established on silt loam (Typic Argin‐doll Fine‐Silty Mixed Mesic) and loamy sand (Typic Udipsament Sandy‐Mixed) soils. Results of tests conducted on both soils indicated that the ‘Vernal,’ ‘Saranac,’ and ‘Iroquois’ cultivars had the greatest yield potential under Wisconsin conditions, but when expressed as a percentage of yield in untreated plots, the ‘Tempo’ cultivar was injured least by the herbicides. The ‘DuPuits’ cultivar, while initially responding to the triazine herbicides much like the other cultivars, exhibited greater injury after overwintering. Initial injury to the Vernal cultivar on the silt loam soil was greatest from atrazine, secbumeton, and cyanazine, but recovery was nearly complete by the spring following treatment. On the loamy sand soil, however, atrazine and high rates of simazine produced the greatest initial injury, and injury to the Vernal cultivar persisted through the following spring.