bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Iron‐based Multifunctional Catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: A Review
Authors: Abelló Sònia , Montané Daniel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe continuous increase in oil prices together with an increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has prompted an increased interest in the production of liquid fuels from non‐petroleum sources to ensure the continuation of our worldwide demands while maximizing CO2 utilization. In this sense, the Fischer–Tropsch (FT) technology provides a feasible option to render high value‐added hydrocarbons. Alternative sources, such as biomass or coal, offer a real possibility to realize these purposes by making use of H2‐deficient or CO2‐rich syngas feeds. The management of such feeds ideally relies on the use of iron catalysts, which exhibit the unique ability to adjust the H2/CO molar ratio to an optimum value for hydrocarbon synthesis through the water‐gas‐shift reaction. Taking advantage of the emerging attention to hybrid FT‐synthesis catalysts based on cobalt and their associated benefits, an overview of the current state of literature in the field of iron‐based multifunctional catalysts is presented. Of particular interest is the use of zeolites in combination with a FT catalyst in a one‐stage operation, herein named multifunctional, which offer key opportunities in the modification of desired product distributions and selectivity, to eventually overcome the quality limitations of the fuels prepared under intrinsic FT conditions. This review focuses on promising research activities addressing the conversion of syngas to liquid fuels mediated by iron‐based multifunctional materials, highlights their preparation and properties, and discusses their implication and challenges in the area of carbon utilization through H2/CO(+CO2) mixtures.
(NHC)Palladium Complexes from Hydroxy‐Functionalized Imidazolium Salts as Catalyst for the Microwave‐Accelerated Fluorine‐Free Hiyama Reaction
Authors: Peñafiel Itziar , Pastor Isidro M. , Yus Miguel , Esteruelas Miguel A. , Oliván Montserrat , Oñate Enrique 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPalladium acetate reacts with 1‐benzyl‐3‐(2‐hydroxy‐2‐phenylethyl)‐1H‐imidazolium chloride to give the corresponding bis(carbene)palladium(II) complex 5 [(NHC)2PdCl2] by direct metalation. The X‐ray diffraction structure of the complex is reported. In the presence of NaOH solution (50 % H2O, w/w) in air and under microwave irradiation, the bis(NHC)pallalium(II) complex 5 is an active precatalyst for the Hiyama coupling of aryl halides with trialkoxy(aryl)silanes, providing biaryls and heterobiaryls. For some deactivated aryl bromides and for aryl chlorides, the corresponding cross‐coupling reactions require tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as additive. The fluoride‐free Hiyama reactions are performed with low (NHC)palladium loadings (0.1 mol‐%). The active catalyst can also be prepared in situ from Pd(OAc)2 and the corresponding imidazolium salt 4.
Steel buckling‐restrained braced frames with single and dual corner gusset connections: seismic tests and analyses
Authors: Chou Chung‐Che , Liu Jia‐Hau , Pham Dinh‐Hai 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThe design of a three‐story buckling‐restrained braced frame (BRBF) with a single‐diagonal sandwiched BRB and corner gusset was evaluated in cyclic tests of a one‐story, one‐bay BRBF subassembly and dynamic analyses of the frame subjected to earthquakes. The test focused on evaluating (1) the seismic performance of a sandwiched BRB installed in a frame, (2) the effects of free‐edge stiffeners and dual gusset configurations on the corner gusset behavior, (3) the frame and brace action forces in the corner gusset, and (4) the failure mode of the BRBF under the maximum considerable earthquake level. The subassembly frame performed well up to a drift of 2.5% with a maximum axial strain of 1.7% in the BRB. Without free‐edge stiffeners, the single corner gusset plate buckled at a significantly lower strength than that predicted by the specificationof American Institute of Steel Construction (2005). The buckling could be eliminated by using dual corner gusset plates similar in size to the single gusset plate. At low drifts, the frame action force on the corner gusset was of the same magnitude as the brace force. At high drifts, however, the frame action force significantly increased and caused weld fractures at column‐to‐gusset edges. Nonlinear time history analyses were performed on the three‐story BRBF to obtain seismic demands under both design and maximum considerable levels of earthquake loading. The analytical results confirmed that the BRB and corner gusset plate achieved peak drift under cyclic loading test. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detecting nanoparticulate silver using single-particle inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry
Authors: Mitrano Denise M. , Lesher Emily K. , Bednar Anthony , Monserud Jon , Higgins Christopher P. , Ranville James F. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The environmental prevalence of engineered nanomaterials, particularly nanoparticulate silver (AgNP), is expected to increase substantially. The ubiquitous use of commercial products containing AgNP may result in their release to the environment, and the potential for ecological effects is unknown. Detecting engineered nanomaterials is one of the greatest challenges in quantifying their risks. Thus, it is imperative to develop techniques capable of measuring and characterizing exposures, while dealing with the innate difficulties of nanomaterial detection in environmental samples, such as low-engineered nanomaterial concentrations, aggregation, and complex matrices. Here the authors demonstrate the use of inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, operated in a single-particle counting mode (SP-ICP-MS), to detect and quantify AgNP. In the present study, two AgNP products were measured by SP-ICP-MS, including one of precisely manufactured size and shape, as well as a commercial AgNP-containing health food product. Serial dilutions, filtration, and acidification were applied to confirm that the method detected particles. Differentiation of dissolved and particulate silver (Ag) is a feature of the technique. Analysis of two wastewater samples demonstrated the applicability of SP-ICP-MS at nanograms per liter Ag concentrations. In this pilot study, AgNP was found at 100 to 200 ng/L in the presence of 50 to 500 ng/L dissolved Ag. The method provides the analytical capability to monitor Ag and other metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in fate, transport, stability, and toxicity studies using a commonly available laboratory instrument. Rapid throughput and element specificity are additional benefits of SP-ICP-MS as a measurement tool for metal and metal oxide engineered nanoparticles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:115–121. © 2011 SETAC
Two‐dimensional imaging of spontaneous ultra‐weak photon emission from the human skin: role of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Prasad Ankush , Pospišil Pavel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn the human skin, reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced continuously during oxidative metabolic processes (cellular respiration, oxidative burst) are essential for various cellular processes such as defense against infection, cellular signaling and apoptosis. On the other hand, when the formation of ROS exceeds a capacity of the non‐enzymatic and the enzymatic antioxidant defense system, ROS cause the damage to the human skin known to initiate premature skin aging and skin cancer. In this study, two‐dimensional spontaneous ultra‐weak photon emission from the human skin has been measured using a highly sensitive charged coupled device (CCD) camera. It is demonstrated here that two‐dimensional ultra‐weak photon emission from the human skin increases with the topical application of exogenous ROS in the following order: hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) < superoxide anion radical (O2•–) < hydroxyl radical (HO•). We propose here that the two‐dimensional ultra‐weak photon emission can be used as a non‐invasive tool for the spatial and temporal monitoring of oxidative stress in the human skin. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Deliberate manipulation of the surface hydrophobicity of an adsorbent for an efficient purification of a giant molecule with multiple subunits
Authors: Zhao Lan , Liu Yongdong , Huang Yongdong , Li Xiunan , Wang Yinjue , Li Yan , Ma Guanghui , Su Zhiguo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is often an inevitable step for a satisfying purification in giant vaccine molecules production. But great mass and activity loss associated with poor purity often occur simultaneously. In this paper, high purity and high bioactivity recovery for the HIC process of hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg) purification were achieved through manipulation of surface hydrophobicity of the adsorbent. Spacer arm length and ligand density were regulated, respectively, through which the interaction between the vaccine and the adsorbent was manipulated deliberately. It was found even in a narrow scope, varying spacer arm length and ligand density resulted in purification factor changing from 1 to 96.5, and rHBsAg recovery from 3 to 91%. The optimal purification performance was achieved when the spacer arm was C8 and the ligand density was 9.2 μmol/g suction‐dried wet gel with an average distance of ligands of 3.6 nm. This deliberate regulation strategy represents a new approach of improving purification of giant multi‐subunit proteins.
Rapid simultaneous determination of multiple pesticide residues in traditional Chinese medicines using programmed temperature vaporizer injection–fast gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry
Authors: Du Gang , Song Yuelin , Wang Yitao 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA fast gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) using large volume injection with programmed temperature vaporizer in solvent vent mode (PTV‐LVI‐SV) was developed for the trace determination of multiple pesticide residues in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Experimental conditions of PTV‐LVI‐SV injection were optimized by central composite design. The optimized result was that initial temperature was held at 40°C for 39 s, vent flow rate was set at 45 mL/min and vent pressure was held at 0 psi for 36 s, injection volume was 10 μL. Furthermore, the quick and effective QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method was performed to extract and purify pesticide residues in TCMs. The prepared samples were analyzed with GC‐MS in the selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). The lowest LOD was 4 μg/kg for some pesticides. The recoveries were checked by spiking samples with pesticides at 25, 50 and 250 μg/kg. The average recoveries of most pesticides were from 80 to 118%. The result indicated that QuEChERS and PTV‐LVI‐SV GC‐MS method was a rapid and sensitive analysis technique for the determination of multiple pesticide residues in TCMs.
A FRAMEWORK FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF LAND DEGRADATION IN THE DRYLANDS: A CASE STUDY OF SOMALIA
Authors: Omuto C. T. , Balint Z. , Alim M. S. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTLand degradation is a gradual, negative environmental process that is accelerated by human activities. Its gradual nature allows degradation to proceed unnoticed, thus reducing the likelihood of appropriate and timely control action. Presently, there are few practical frameworks to help countries design national strategies and policies for its control. The study presented here developed a framework for the national assessment of land degradation. This framework is envisaged to support governments in formulating policies on land degradation. It uses time‐series remote sensing data to identify the rate and extent of land degradation, local experts to identify prevalent degradation types and drivers of the degradation and field observations to validate the overall assessment. Its simplicity, use of freely downloadable input data and self‐triangulation of the assessment methods make it suitable for rapid assessment of land degradation on a national scale. It was tested in Somalia, where it exhibited accuracy greater than 60 per cent when assessing land degradation. This framework is relevant for designing national strategies and policies that address land degradation and provides an opportunity for accurate identification of areas to target with comprehensive local assessment. Testing of the framework in Somalia showed that about one‐third of the country was degraded because of loss of vegetation cover, topsoil loss and to the decline of soil moisture. Overgrazing, excessive tree cutting and poor agronomic practices in agricultural areas were identified as the primary drivers of the country's land degradation. These drivers are encouraged by the prevailing communal land tenure practices, poor governance and civil war. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Europäische Bildverarbeitungsindustrie wieder auf Wachstumskurs
Authors: Breyer Andreas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSchneller als sogar von den Unternehmen selbst erwartet hat sich die Bildverarbeitungsindustrie in Europa von den Folgen der globalen Finanz‐ und Wirtschaftkrise erholt. Dies zeigt die aktuelle EMVA‐Studie „European Vision Technology Market Statistics 2011”︁. Erstmals enthält die Studie einen Branchenreport über die dynamische Bildverarbeitungsbranche in Frankreich.
Poly(L‐lactic acid) metal organic framework composites: optical, thermal and mechanical properties
Authors: Elangovan Dhayalan , Yuzay Isinay E , Selke Susan E M , Auras Rafael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBiodegradable composites based on poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were developed. PLLA without and with the addition of 1, 3 and 5 wt% MOFs was melt compounded in a microextruder. The optical, physical, thermal, mechanical and thermomechanical properties of the composites were evaluated. The Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet and colorimetric studies showed selected absorption at particular wavelengths due to the presence of copper and benzene belonging to the MOFs. The dynamic mechanical analysis results revealed that the heat deflection temperature, storage modulus and loss modulus of the PLLA–MOF composites did not significantly change compared with the neat PLLA samples. However, a significant decrease in the brittleness of the PLLA–MOF composite was found as evidenced by an increase of 15% in Izod impact strength and 170% in elongation at break. Overall, the brittleness of the PLLA–MOF composite sample decreased as the amount of MOF in the PLLA increased. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Basis set dependence of phosphate frequencies in density functional theory calculations
Authors: Rudbeck Maria 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe addition of extravalence, polarization and diffuse functions, were studied in order to conclude how they affect the PO stretching frequencies of several biological relevant phosphate molecules. The results show that the polarization and the diffuse functions have opposite effects on the frequencies: the polarization functions downshift while the diffuse functions upshift the frequencies. The effect of the valence functions was more difficult to interpret. The effect of the conductor‐like screening model (CPCM)‐continuum model was also studied. The results show that the CPCM‐continuum model has a substantial effect on the frequencies for these small molecules. The continuum model's efficiency is mainly due to its effect on the geometries and not on the frequencies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
The use of pattern participants relationships for integrating patterns: a controlled experiment
Authors: Kamal Ahmad Waqas , Avgeriou Paris , Zdun Uwe 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYArchitectural patterns are often applied in combination with related patterns within software architectures. The relationships among architectural patterns must be considered when applying a combination of patterns into a system; for example the way the Model‐View‐Controller uses the Observer pattern to implement the change propagation mechanism needs to be carefully designed. However, effective integration of architectural patterns within software architectures remains a challenging task. This is because the integration of any two architectural patterns can take several forms. Furthermore, existing pattern languages define generic and abstract relationships between architectural patterns without going into detail about associations among the participants of architectural patterns. In this paper, we propose to address the pattern integration issue by discovering and defining a set of pattern participants relationships that serve the purpose of effectively integrating architectural patterns. Our findings are validated through a controlled experiment, which provides significant evidence that the proposed relationships support inexperienced designers in integrating patterns. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating the Need for Neck Lymphadenectomy in Submucosal Esophageal Cancer Using Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide‐Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Clinical Validation Study
Authors: Motoyama Satoru , Ishiyama Koichi , Maruyama Kiyotomi , Narita Komei , Minamiya Yoshihiro , Ogawa Jun‐ichi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundIn cases of thoracic esophageal cancer, multidirectional lymphatic flow from the tumor means that lymph node metastasis can occur in an area extending from the neck to the abdomen. To validate a method for limiting the performance of three‐field lymphadenectomy only to patients who need it, we carried out a prospective study in which superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)‐enhanced lymphatic mapping was used to determine whether to perform neck lymph node dissection in patients with submucosal thoracic esophageal cancer.MethodsA total of 22 patients with clinically submucosal thoracic squamous cell esophageal cancer, without neck lymph node metastasis, were enrolled. SPIO was endoscopically injected into the peritumoral submucosal layer, after which its appearance in lymph nodes in the neck was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neck lymph nodes were then dissected based on the SPIO‐enhanced MRI lymphatic mapping.ResultsInflux of SPIO into lymph nodes was detected in 21 patients (95% detection rate). SPIO flowed to the neck in 8 (36%) patients. Influx of SPIO into neck lymph nodes was unilateral in five patients and bilateral in three patients, and the lymph nodes were dissected accordingly. A cancer‐involved node was identified in two of those patients. In 14 patients, we did not dissect neck nodes. Patients were followed up for 6 to 47 months. The neck lymph node recurrence rate was zero, and the overall recurrence rate was 5%.ConclusionsSPIO‐enhanced lymphatic mapping may be useful for estimating the need for three‐field lymphadenectomy with neck dissection.
Cascading predator control interacts with productivity to determine the trophic level of biomass accumulation in a benthic food web
Authors: Eriksson Britas Klemens , Rubach Anja , Batsleer Jurgen , Hillebrand Helmut 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLarge‐scale exploitation of higher trophic levels by humans, together with global‐scale nutrient enrichment, highlights the need to explore interactions between predator loss and resource availability. The hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems suggests that top–down and bottom–up control alternate between trophic levels, resulting in a positive relationship between primary production and the abundance of every second trophic level. Specifically, in food webs with three effective trophic levels, primary producers and predators should increase with primary production, while in food webs with two trophic levels, only herbivores should increase. We provided short‐term experimental support for these model predictions in a natural benthic community with three effective trophic levels, where the number of algal recruits, but not the biomass of gastropod grazers, increased with algal production. In contrast, when the food web was reduced to two trophic levels by removing larger predators, the number of algal recruits was unchanged while gastropod grazer biomass increased with algal production. Predator removal only affected the consumer‐controlled early life‐stages of algae, indicating that both the number of trophic levels and the life‐stage development of the producer trophic level determine the propagation of trophic cascades in benthic systems. Our results support the hypothesis that predators interact with resource availability to determine food‐web structure.
The Surface Activity of Borate Surfmers with Different Hydrophobic Chain Length and Their Mixing Effect with Hexadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide
Authors: Liang Zhengyong , Ma Lijuan , Lü Chunxu , Zhai Yujia 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe effect of different chain length, solution pH and inorganic salt addition on the surface activity of synthesized borate surfmers in aqueous solution was investigated through the surface tension method. Much emphasis was laid on the mixing effect of the borate surfmers with cetyl or hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The results showed that the synthesized borate surfmers possess excellent surface activity with a minimum solution γCMC of 28.6 mN·m−1 (pH = 7, 298 K). The surface activity of the borate surfmers tended to enhance with the increase in the hydrophobic chain length and solution pH. Meanwhile, the inorganic salt addition had no obvious impact on it. The effect of chain length on the mixed system was demonstrated through regular solution theory. The synergistic interaction between borate surfmers and CTAB was studied. The chain growth favored the increase in |βm| of the mixed system, indicating a strengthening interaction of the two components.
Tibial tubercle fractures in children with intra-articular involvement: Surgical tips for technical ease
Authors: Howarth William R. , Gottschalk Hilton P. , Hosalkar Harish S. 
Published: October 2011

Background Tibial tubercle fractures often occur in athletic adolescents close to skeletal maturity. These fractures can present with marked displacement of the apophysis, intra-articular extension, and associated soft tissue injuries, such as tibial meniscal ligament tears. Here, we present our surgical technique which focuses on recreating the meniscal–articular relationship (using suture anchors) in severely displaced fractures. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all tibial tuberosity fractures treated with this technique over the last 2.5 years. Fractures with a minimum of a 12-month follow-up post-fixation were identified. Clinical records and radiographs were reviewed. Data included patient age, gender, involved side, injury classification (modified Ogden), mechanism of injury, treatment, return to activity, and complications. Results Six patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean age at time of surgery was 14.9 (range 13.2–16.8) years. All patients were male and the mean follow-up period was 14 (12–26) months. Range of motion was started at 4 weeks post-operatively in a hinged knee brace, and return to sports occurred at an average of 3.75 months postoperatively (range 3–5 months). No evidence of growth disturbance of the proximal tibia or recurvatum at final follow-up was evident. Conclusion We speculate that patients who sustain a tibial tubercle avulsion fracture types III or V will likely have intra-articular pathology, specifically capsular avulsion or coronary ligament disruption. By utilizing suture anchors, our technique emphasizes renewing the anatomic articular environment to ensure better long-term results and maintaining these active individuals in sports.