bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of flexion and extension computed tomography with reconstruction in clearing the cervical spine in trauma patients: a pilot study
Authors: Wadhwa Rishi , Shamieh Samer , Haydel Justin , Caldito Gloria , Williams Mallory , Nanda Anil 
Published: January 2011

Object
As a result of spinal trauma, approximately 12,000 individuals become quadriplegic or paraplegic each year in the US. The cervical spine is the most frequently injured part of the spinal column, and approximately 60% of spinal cord injuries involve the cervical region. The cervical collar remains the best method of prehospital spinal stabilization. Following trauma, difficulty securing an airway, the shielding of life-threatening injuries, and pressure ulcers are just a few of the serious problems that may be encountered in patients placed in cervical collars. The authors' goal was to develop an efficient method of clearing the cervical spine, by incorporating flexion and extension CT scanning with reconstruction (FECTR) into a trauma protocol.

Methods
This prospective study reviewed consecutive patients evaluated by the neurosurgery and trauma services who underwent FECTR. Imaging studies were reviewed using the Picture Activating and Communication System. The incidence of injury detection was recorded, and detection of otherwise-missed cervical spinal injuries using FECTR and CT scanning were also recorded. This technique was also applied, without causing any new neurological complications, for comatose patients if the original CT showed no suspicion of unstable injury. The study end point was determination of the presence of cervical spinal column injury that would pose a threat of instability or injury to the patient.

Results
Seventy-seven consecutive patients who underwent FECTR were identified. Far superior visualization of the cervicothoracic junction was achieved compared with flexion-extension cervical spine radiographs. In this case series, the sensitivity and specificity, respectively, of both FECTR and CT were 80% and 98.6% for all radiographic abnormalities. More importantly, for clinically unstable injuries, FECTR had a sensitivity of 100%. The use of FECTR added approximately 10–12 minutes to the time required for CT scanning.

Conclusions
The authors' initial findings show FECTR to be a safe, effective, and efficient method of posttraumatic cervical spine clearance. In unconscious or obtunded patients, FECTR facilitates cervical spine clearance with a high degree of accuracy. A larger prospective study is needed to confirm these findings.
Association of the CC genotype of the regulatory BCL2 promoter polymorphism (−938C>A) with better 2-year survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Hindy Nicolai El , Bachmann Hagen S. , Lambertz Nicole , Adamzik Michael , Nückel Holger , Worm Karl , Zhu Yuan , Sure Ulrich , Siffert Winfried , Sandalcioglu I. Erol 
Published: January 2011

Object
Bcl-2 plays a key role in the downregulation of apoptosis and proliferation and leads to increased chemoresistance in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The authors investigated the role of a common regulatory single-nucleotide polymorphism (−938C>A), which is located in the inhibitory P2 promoter of BCL2.

Methods
Data from 160 patients suffering from GBM were retrospectively evaluated. Study inclusion criteria consisted of available DNA and, in patients still alive, a follow-up of at least 24 months. Results were analyzed with respect to the basic clinical data, type of surgical intervention (gross-total resection [GTR] versus stereotactic biopsy [SB]), adjuvant therapy, MGMT promoter methylation, and survival at the 2-year follow-up.

Results
At the 2-year follow-up, 127 (79.4%) of the 160 patients had died. Kaplan-Meier curves revealed a significantly higher rate of survival for homo- and heterozygous C-allele carriers (p = 0.031). In the GTR group, the survival rate was 47.1% for homozygous C-allele carriers, 32.0% for heterozygous C-allele carriers, and only 21.4% for homozygous A-allele carriers (p = 0.024). The SB group showed no genotype-dependent differences. Multivariable Cox regression revealed that the BCL2 (−938AA) genotype was an independent negative prognostic factor for 2-year survival in the GTR group according to the BCL2 (−938CC) genotype reference group (hazard ratio 2.50, 95% CI 1.14–5.48, p = 0.022).

Conclusions
These results suggested that the (−938C>A) polymorphism is a survival prognosticator as well as a marker for a high-risk group among patients with GBM who underwent GTR.
The Contribution of Discontinuous Rock-Mass Failure to Glacier Erosion
Authors: Addison Ken 
Published: January 2011

Geomechanical rock-mass properties control the response of bedrock to applied stresses and can be summarized in a linear Mohr-Coulomb equation, which defines the principal parameters determining failure. Nevertheless, in studying the erosion of bedrock by glacier ice, little attention has been paid to failure criteria though a coincidence of erosion all and forms with fracture systems at regional and local scales has been demonstrated. Few studies have analysed the precise nature of the fracture geometry, or proposed its mechanical impact in association with glacier ice.This investigation proposes that, since almost all bedrock possesses identifiable fracture systems, the properties of discontinuous rock mass (DRM) be regarded as defining primary conditions of stress and stability which are subsequently modified directly and indirectly by glacier ice. Consequent rock-mass failure modes are prescribed by discontinuity geometry and applied stresses, and evidence from North Wales confirms the validity of the theoretical treatment of rock-mass properties, and explains the accordance of landforms with structure.
Basal Stress Concentrations Due to Abrupt Changes in Boundary Conditions: A Cause for High Till Concentration at the Bottom of a Glacier
Authors: Hutter Kolumban , Olunloyo Vincent O.S. 
Published: January 2011

The existence of cold patches at the base of a glacier suggests that the sliding law will depend on these patches, which will essentially affect the viscosity constant. In a poly thermal glacier, such as a glacier which is cold in its lower part and temperate in its upper part, basal boundary conditions change from no-slip to viscous sliding. It is anticipated that the viscosity constant of this sliding law will depend on the distance from the transition line between cold and temperate ice.The mixed boundary conditions, namely no-slip where the ice is cold and viscous sliding where it is temperate, induce large stresses and velocity changes close to the transition line. In fact, it is shown that, for a Newtonian fluid and all investigated discontinuities of boundary data, square-root singularities of the stresses will develop at the transition line. Asymptotic expressions for the basal stresses are derived. The explicit forms of these asymptotic expansions depend on the form of the spatial dependence of the sliding law and, furthermore, on the numerical values of the viscosity coefficient. It is, moreover, argued that the stress concentrations are sufficiently pronounced to account for the removal of basal rock especially in regions of high cleavage concentrations, the details again depending upon the sliding coefficients.No mathematical details of the problem solved are presented as attention is focused on the physical processes.
Moraine In-Transit as Parent Material for Soil Development and the Growth of Valdivian Rain Forest on Moving Ice: Casa Pangue Glacier, Mount Tronador (Lat. 41°10's), Chile
Authors: Rabassa Jorge , Rubulis Sigfrido , Suarez Jorge 
Published: January 2011

Casa Pangue glacier is a regenerated valley glacier, covered by supraglacial moraine of variable thickness (1 to 3 m). Seven moraine in-transit arcs have originated from avalanches falling on the ice from the steep walls at the head of the valley. The debris has been relocated by glacier movement, and vegetation has become established on areas with sediment cover. Primitive soil has developed very rapidly, probably in less than 100 a. Chemical analysis of soil samples show that it is acid (pH 4.6 to 4.7), nitrogen and organic matter are absent, calcium content is low, and potassium content is high. Pedogenic processes are mostly related to intense chemical weathering, under conditions of more than 4 000 mm a−l of total precipitation.The plant communities established on the moraine are essentially similar to the Va1divian rain forest that characterizes the region. The most frequent tree is “coihue” (Nothofagus dombeyi), followed by “teniú“ (Weinmannia trichosperma) and “notro” (Embothrium coccineum). One specimen of N.dombeyi was found to be 18 m tall and 0.62 m in diameter; many others were taller than 12 m and reproduction was abundant. Dendrochronological analysis indicates a minimum age of 45 a for the oldest tree. Other plants found here are shrubs, some hemiparasitic and creeping plants, mosses, lichens, ferns, and fungi.Using air photographs of 1942, 1953, 1970, and our own oblique photographs of 1978, taken from the summit of a neighbouring peak 1 200 m above the glacier tongue, average surface velocity of the glacier tongue was estimated at 22.5 m a−l for the lower and intermediate sectors where the trees are growing. If the total length of the regenerated valley glacier is taken into account, the mean annual movement rate is 35.0 m a−l. If this value is extrapolated over the last 45 a, the trees have moved an average distance of at least 1 000 m in that time.The discovery of established communities (also observed at Río Blanco glacier, southwest of Mt Tronador) on moving ice constitutes an event not previously recorded in glaciological literature. Some significant aspects are discussed: time lapse for soil development on moraine deposits, primary plant succession on moraine deposits, the need of stable ground for plant colonization, the absolute validity of radiocarbon dating of glacier advances using fossil wood found within terminal moraines, and the validity of lichenometric techniques in deglaciated terrain.
The Tiskilwa Till, a Regional View of its Origin and Depositional Processes
Authors: Wickham Susan Specht , Johnson W. Hilton 
Published: January 2011

The Tiskilwa Till Member of the Wedron Formation represents deposition by basal melt-outin the marginal area of the Laurentide ice sheetduring the Woodfordian (late-Wisconsinan) in Illinois. Distinctive characteristics include: a very thick, homogeneous till; relatively little ablation till; red color; sandy texture; illite content that is relatively low withrespect to other Woodfordian tills; and the presence of discontinuous basal zones of differing composition.Erosion and entrainment of debris from both distant and local source areas are evident in the Tiskilwa Jill. Basal thermal regime is suggested as a major controlling factor on the location of the zones of entrainment. The debris was homogenized en route to the margin and eventually was deposited as basal melt-out till near the margin. Deposition occurred within an interval of 6 ka or more during the first half of the Woodfordian.
Deformation of Subglacial Sediments and its Implications (Abstract only)
Authors: Boulton G. S. 
Published: January 2011

Field experiments have shown that unlithified sediments beneath a glacier may undergo strong shear deformation in response to the movement of the overlying glacier, and that much of the forward movement of the glacier may be contributed by this mechanism. Mathematical analysis of the physics of this process suggests that it can be very important in glaciers underlain by deformable sedimentsTwo- and three-dimensional patterns of subglacial sediment deformation are analysed in response to both irregularities on a sub-sediment rock bed and grain-size inhomogeneities within the sediment itself. The results of a modeling exercise show that drumlin fields may develop from subglacial deformation and that the form and size of the drumlin depend primarily on ice velocity, effective stress, sediment strength properties, and time.Characteristic structures are described which are believed to reflect this process, and allow it to be recognized in areas of Quaternary glaciation.Subglacial sediment deformation has an important effect on glacier dynamics, and icesheet reconstructions using this as a boundary condition are presented for the Laurentide and European ice sheets at 20 ka BP.
Ignatius of Smolensk and the Late Byzantine Monasteries of Thessaloniki
Authors: Rautman Marcus L. 
Published: January 2011

REB 49 1991 France p. 143-169
M. L. Rautman, Ignatius of Smolensk and the Late Byzantine Monasteries of Thessaloniki. — The «Description of Thessaloniki», written by the Russian pilgrim Ignatius of Smolensk c. 1405, is one of the earliest accounts by medieval travelers to the late Byzantine city and an important witness to its ecclesiastical landscape. Recently published documents and study of the surviving monuments permit a reappraisal of the text within the architectural and historical context of early 15th- century Thessaloniki. This analysis clarifies certain implicit limitations of the pilgrim's account and illustrates the problems of medieval topographic research.
La continuation de l'«Histoire ecclésiastique» d'Eusèbe par Gélase de Césarée
Authors: Nautin Pierre 
Published: January 2011

REB 50 1992 France p. 163-183
P. Nautin, La continuation de l'« Histoire ecclésiastique» d'Eusèbe par Gélase de Césarée. — Dans sa notice sur l'Histoire ecclésiastique de Gélase de Césarée (Bibl. 89), Photius donne seulement le titre du Prologue. On en a toujours conclu qu'il n'avait connu que cette partie de l'ouvrage. Le présent article étudie les différentes méthodes utilisées dans l'antiquité pour continuer un ouvrage déjà existant. L'une d'elles consistait à ajouter simplement des feuillets au manuscrit de l'œuvre ancienne, et dans ce cas l'auteur nouveau ne mettait pas de titre aux pages ajoutées. C'est cette méthode qu'a employée Gélase de Césarée : il n'a fait que donner une édition augmentée de l'Histoire d'Eusèbe. Par la même occasion, on répare deux omissions commises dans l'édition, par ailleurs excellente, de Théodore le Lecteur parue dans le Corpus de Berlin (GCS).
Contribution à l'étude de la famille Antiochos
Authors: Loukaki Marina 
Published: January 2011

REB 50 1992 France p. 185-205
Marina Loukaki, Contribution à l'étude de la famille Anliochos. — S'appuyant sur les renseignements fournis par les textes et les sceaux, l'auteur recherche les traces de la famille byzantine des Antiochoi à travers les siècles de l'époque byzantine. Le patronyme apparaît déjà au 11e siècle, et les membres de la famille appartenaient, à cette époque à l'aristocratie militaire. Au 12e siècle, des Antiochoi s'allièrent à la famille impériale des Comnènes, aux familles des Phorbènoi et des Kastamonitès. Aux 13e et 14e siècles, les Antiochoi sont attestés seulement en Eubée, au service de la famille latine des Ghisi. Au 15e siècle, cependant, les Antiochoi réapparaissent dans le milieu impérial.
L'achèvement des Regestes des actes patriarcaux
Authors: Failler Albert 
Published: January 2011

REB 50 1992 France p. 249-263
A. Failler, L'achèvement des Hegestes des actes patriarcaux. — Le fascicule VII et dernier des Hegestes des actes patriarcaux est paru en mai 1991, un an après la mort de son principal artisan, Jean Darrouzès. Il contient les regestes des années 1410-1453, suivis des Tables générales des sept fascicules. A l'occasion de l'achèvement de cet ouvrage monumental de près de 3000 pages, il n'est pas sans intérêt de revenir sur la genèse et l'étendue du projet initial pour signaler les modifications qu'il a subies en cours de route et montrer le but et les caractéristiques de la compilation.
The land and taxation in the reign of Alexios I Komnenos: the evidence of Theophylakt of Ochrid
Authors: Harvey Alan 
Published: January 2011

REB 51 1993 France p. 139-154
A. Harvey, The land and luxation in the reign of Alexios I Komnenos : the evidence of Theophylakt's of Ochrid. — Theophylakt's evidence has to be interpreted in comparison with the more detailed information provided by the archives of the Athonite monasteries. The fiscal reassessments ordered by Alexios Komnenos were intended to increase tax revenues and only a very few, highly privileged landowners like Lavni could escape the impact of these measures. In spite of Theophylakt's impressive range of contacts, he had great difficulty in restraining fiscal officials, because he was not confronting isolated abuses by individual officials, but a concerted imperial policy.
A New Look at the Byzantine Sanctuary Barrier
Authors: Walter Christopher 
Published: January 2011

REB 51 1993 France p. 203-228, 4 pl.
Ch. Walter, A New Look al the Byzantine Sanctuary Barrier. — Profiting from the numerous studies of the subject published over the last two decades, the author attempts to establish with more precision what was the purpose of the Byzantine sanctuary barrier. While it effectively prevented the laity from entering the sanctuary and even from observing what took place there, it was also intended to be the focal point of lay piety. The lower icons were accessible to the laity for veneration. The icons on the architrave or epistyle were destined to nourish their meditation during the celebration of the liturgy. The Deësis recalled the necessity of the intercession of the saints. The Twelve Feasts provided a selection from the redemptive acts of Christ's life, analogous to the mysteries of the Roman Catholic rosary. Thus the purpose of the imagery of the sanctuary barrier was primarily to respond to the needs of lay devotion. It had its specific function independent of the programmes developed on the walls of Byzantine churches.
Les émirs turcs à la conquête de l'Anatolie au début du 14e siècle
Authors: Failler Albert 
Published: January 2011

REB 52 1994 France p. 69-112
A. Failler, Les émirs turcs à la conquête de l'Anatolie au début du 14e siècle. — Dans le chapitre 9 du livre XI de son Histoire, Georges Pachymérès énumère les noms des chefs turcs qui menaçaient la frontière orientale de l'empire byzantin au début du 14e siècle : c'étaient Amourios, Atman (Osman), Atinès, Halisyras, Mantachias, Salampaxis, Alaïs, Amèramanès, Lamisès, Sphondylès, Pagdinès. A cette liste, il faut ajouter six autres noms, dont la mention est dispersée à travers les derniers livres de l'Histoire : Amourès, Atarès, Mélèk Isaac, Mélèk Masour, Sasan, Solymampax. Près de la moitié de ces noms sont connus uniquement grâce à l'historien byzantin. Le but de l'article est de rassembler les données des sources sur chacun de ces dix-sept noms, pour essayer, à partir de là, d'identifier les chefs turcs qui portaient ces noms et d'indiquer l'origine et l'action de chacun d'eux.
Layer‐by‐Layer Fabrication of Covalently Crosslinked and Reactive Polymer Multilayers Using Azlactone‐Functionalized Copolymers: A Platform for the Design of Functional Biointerfaces
Authors: Buck Maren E. , Lynn David M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe report a method for modulating the physicochemical properties of surfaces that is based on the reactive layer‐by‐layer fabrication of covalently crosslinked thin films using azlactone‐functionalized copolymers. We demonstrate that copolymers containing different molar ratios of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2‐vinyl‐4,4‐dimethylazlactone (VDMA) can be alternately deposited with poly(ethyleneimine) to assemble covalently crosslinked thin films. Characterization using ellipsometry demonstrates that, in general, film growth and thickness decrease as the content of reactive, azlactone functionality in the copolymer used to assemble the film decreases. Reflective infrared spectroscopy experiments demonstrate that films fabricated from MMA:VDMA copolymers contain residual azlactone functionality and that these reactive groups can be exploited to modify film‐coated surfaces. Fabricating films from MMA:VDMA copolymers containing different compositions permitted modulation of the density of reactive groups within the films and, thus, the extent to which the films are functionalized by exposure to small molecule amines. For example, functionalization of MMA:VDMA copolymer films with the small molecule D‐glucamine resulted in films with water contact angles that varied with the composition of the copolymer used to fabricate the film (e.g., as the azlactone content in the film increased, glucamine‐modified films became more hydrophilic). We demonstrate further that treatment of copolymer‐containing films with glucamine resulted in changes in the numbers of mammalian cells that grow on the surfaces of the films. Our results suggest the basis of methods that could be used to modulate or tune the density of chemical and biological functionality presented on surfaces of interest in a variety of fundamental and applied contexts.
Synthesis of Photopolymerizable Hydrophilic Macromers and Evaluation of Their Applicability as Reactive Resin Components for the Fabrication of Three‐Dimensionally Structured Hydrogel Matrices by 2‐Photon‐Polymerization
Authors: Berg Albrecht , Wyrwa Ralf , Weisser Jürgen , Weiss Thomas , Schade Ronald , Hildebrand Gerhard , Liefeith Klaus , Schneider Bernd , Ellinger Renate , Schnabelrauch Matthias 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTwo‐photon polymerization (2‐PP) is a promising new photolithographic technique to fabricate three‐dimensional (3D), micro‐ and nano‐structured tissue engineering scaffolds from photopolymerizable monomers. Although various photo resins are known for the use in 2‐PP, there is currently a need for photo‐curable monomers processable by 2‐PP to generate biocompatible 3D‐structured hydrogel materials for soft or cartilage tissue regeneration. In the present work hydrophilic methacrylate monomers and macromers based on synthetic poly(glycerine) and poly(ethylene glycol) urethanes as well as on the biopolymers dextran and hyaluronan is prepared. The photopolymerization behavior of these substances are investigated and formed hydrogel networks are studied with regard to their mechanical properties, cytocompatibility, and hydrolytic degradation. Based on these examinations simple 3D model structures are fabricated from these photo‐curable monomers and macromers by 2‐PP. It is shown that both the synthetic monomers and the dextran methacrylate macromer are efficient 2‐PP starting materials whereas the hyaluronan methacrylate can be used for 2‐PP only in combination with suitable water‐soluble co‐monomers. No cytotoxic effects are found in preliminary chondrocyte cultivation experiments on 2‐PP‐fabricated scaffolds but initial cell adhesion on the hydrophilic scaffold surfaces is rather low and has to be further improved to apply these structures in tissue engineering.
Rigid pyridyl substituted NHC ligands, their Pd(0) complexes and their application in selective transfer semihydrogenation of alkynes
Authors: Warsink Stefan , Bosman Suzanne , Weigand Jan J. , Elsevier Cornelis J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of an air‐stable series of Pd0 complexes with unsymmetric bidentate N‐pyridine N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands has been described. The carbenes were generated by synthesis of the silver(I) complexes from the imidazolium salts, followed by transmetallation of the C‐N ligands to obtain the target electron‐rich zerovalent palladium compounds. The bidentate coordination behaviour of the ligands was confirmed by 1H, 13C NMR and X‐ray spectroscopy. The complexes are active precatalysts for the selective transfer semihydrogenation of alkynes to Z‐alkenes, with selectivities up to 99%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.