bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low temperature survival of post-eclosion stages of the potato rot nematode <i>Ditylenchus destructor</i> Thorne (Tylenchida&#x3A; Anguinidae)
Authors: Williams Ingrid H. , Mänd Marika , Ploomi Angela , Metspalu Luule , Vilponis Eha , Hiiesaar Külli , Kaart Tanel , Luik Anne 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe potato rot nematode, Ditylenchus destructor, may experience extreme environmental stress caused by freezing temperatures when overwintering in the field. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted in order to clarify overwintering strategies of the nematode. The current study aimed to examine the cold tolerance of this species in various aqueous environments as well as in plant tissues in order to determine its ability to survive 24 h exposure to subzero temperatures. Cold tolerance of adults and fourth-stage juveniles was significantly lower than that of younger juveniles. The lower lethal temperature of adults was –15°C. Although external ice formation affects all life stages, a few second-stage juveniles were able to survive temperatures as low as –30°C. The results expand the current understanding of freezing survival in the potato rot nematode and will lead to better comprehension of its ability to withstand subzero temperature conditions.
The effect of temperature on hatch and activity of second-stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne minor, an emerging pest in north-west Europe
Authors: Morris Karen S. , Horgan Finbarr G. , Downes Martin J. , Griffin Christine T. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Meloidogyne minor is a serious threat to turfgrass in north-west Europe, and has a broad host range that includes other economically important plants. The species was described only recently and little is known about its biology. This study examines the effect of temperature on hatch and motility of second-stage juveniles (J2), and records hatching from egg masses collected from golf greens in different seasons. Eggs were present throughout the year and a high percentage hatch (46-88%) was recorded when they were incubated at 20°C. When egg masses were incubated at constant temperatures, J2 hatched between 15 and 25°C, with limited hatch (<1%) at 10 and 30°C. The percentage hatch was lower at 15°C (43%) than at 20-25°C (63-76%). J2 hatched fastest at 23°C, with an average duration to hatching of 7 days compared to 17 days at 15°C. The range of temperatures at which J2 was active was broader than that at which they hatched. J2 were active from 4-30°C, with greatest activity between 15 and 25°C. The addition of grass root extract temporarily increased J2 activity at 10-20°C, but not at lower temperatures.
A microcosm experiment on the effects of permethrin on a free-living nematode assemblage
Authors: Sellami Badreddine , Boufahja Fehmi , Beyrem Hamouda , Aïssa Patricia , Dellali Mohamed , Mahmoudi Ezzeddine 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMicrocosms were used to assess the impact of permethrin on the abundance and diversity of free-living marine nematodes. The nematodes were exposed to three permethrin concentrations (50, 100 and 150 μg l–1), and the effects were examined after 25 days. The abundances of nematodes at all permethrin concentrations significantly exceeded those in the controls. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that responses of nematode species to permethrin treatments were varied: Pselionema sp., Prochromadorella neapolitana and Spirinia gerlachi were eliminated at the low dose and seemed to be species intolerant to permethrin; Trichotheristus mirabilis and Xyala striata, which increased with increasing contamination levels, seemed to be 'opportunistic' and/or 'resistant' species. Results showed significant differences between univariate measures of diversity of control nematodes and those from permethrin- contaminated microcosms, where all decreased significantly with increasing abundance of the most tolerant species to permethrin. The use of microcosms has allowed the effects of permethrin on nematodes to be assessed individually, which is not possible in the field.
Herman Trunk’s Cubist Crucifix: A Case Study
Authors: Fowler Cynthia 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
American modern artist Herman Trunk (1894–1963) serves as a noteworthy case study in a consideration of the relationship between religion and American modern art in the first half of the twentieth century. One of his few overtly religious works, Crucifix (c. 1930), stands out for its intriguing convergence of a most important Catholic subject with Cubist art. This essay examines Trunk’s Cubist Crucifix in relation to other Crucifix and Crucifixion paintings created around the same time period. Trunk’s Crucifix is unique among abstract paintings of religious subjects in the artist’s distinctive use of Cubism to create a quiet meditation on the crucified Christ. In some respects affirming the long tradition of Crucifix and Crucifixion paintings, Crucifix also counters those traditions to provide an alternative perspective on the Crucifix as a subject. Through his Crucifix painting, Trunk successfully brings together two traditions that historically have been viewed as diametrically opposed—Catholicism and Cubist abstraction—to produce a devotional image of the Crucifix as a form of veneration.
Cultural and Religious Reversals in Clint Eastwood’s Gran Torino
Authors: Roche Mark W. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Clint Eastwood’s Gran Torino is one of the most fascinating religious films of recent decades. Its portrayal of confession is highly ambiguous and multi-layered, as it both mocks confession and recognizes the enduring importance of its moral core. Equally complex is the film’s imitation and reversal of the Christ story. The religious dimension is interwoven with a complex portrayal and evaluation of multicultural America that does not shy away from unveiling elements of moral ugliness in American history and the American spirit, even as it provides a redemptive image of American potential. The film reflects on the shallowness of a modern culture devoid of tradition and higher meaning without succumbing to an idealization of pre-modern culture. The film is also Eastwood’s deepest and most effective criticism of the relentless logic of violence and so reverses a common conception of Eastwood’s world-view.
Built back better? Housing reconstruction after the Tsunami disaster of 2004 in Aceh
Authors: Kitzbichler Stephan 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Tsunami disaster on the morning of December 26th, 2004 caused thousands of casualties and created enormous destruction in the twelve affected countries around the Indian Ocean. The hardest hit region was the conflict ridden province of Aceh in Indonesia, with an estimated 165,000 people dead or missing and around 15 percent of the surviving population made homeless (see BRR 2005).
The Tsunami catastrophe was followed by — at least for developing countries — an unprecedented scale of relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction operations. A multitude of actors from all over the world took action in the affected areas and contributed to the rebuilding of the devastated areas, following a “build back better” policy. In the light of the huge number of people made homeless, one of the most prominent aspects of the reconstruction process was housing, where about 130,000 reconstruction homes were built in Aceh alone after the disaster (see UNORC-IAS 2009).
This paper discusses the housing reconstruction approach based on a case study in a Tsunami affected village on the north-east coast of Aceh. In conclusion this case demonstrates the benefits of more participation in reconstruction.
Sociology and Communism: Coming to Terms with a Discipline’s Past
Authors: Fleck Christian , Fleck Christian , Hess Andreas 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
In this introduction we provide a brief overview over the various periods of the sociological engagement with communism. We argue that the relationship has often been an uneasy, in some cases even a highly questionable one. However, on occasion the discipline also produced some decent research on the subject of communism. We conclude that it is still a long way to a proper sociology of communism worthy of the name.
Prediction and Prophecy in Communist Studies
Authors: Outhwaite William , Outhwaite William , Ray Larry 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Contrary to Popper’s classic article with this title, it can be argued that the principal failure of Western analyses of communism was not the failure to predict the collapse of most of the communist regimes in and around 1989 but more a failure of prophecy, in the sense of a more speculative theory of the contradictions of those regimes and their unsustainability.
The reasons can be found in the polarisation between overblown theories of totalitarianism and excessively bland comparative approaches couched in terms of the, then popular, theories of industrial society and, often, convergence. There were also methodological reasons arising from the positivist shibboleths of factual documentation, with the consequence that dubious statistics were considered better than none, and value-freedom.
The Social Roles of Polish Sociologists after 1945
Authors: Bielecka-Prus Joanna 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
In this article I discuss the social roles of Polish sociologists in the period between 1945 and 1989. Sociologists in Poland are assumed to have constituted a heterogeneous group representing various attitudes towards the political system. Over time, they defined their intellectual role in public discourse differently. This picture remains incomplete without consideration of some crucial aspects: whether there were ways in which sociologists neutralized their participation in building the regime; and the techniques used for evasion and “legal criticism” of the system. The analysis is based on my comments of well-known sociologists published in the press and in books. Issues discussed include the function of sociology, the role of sociologists in a socialist country, and the position of sociology among other sciences and political doctrines.
An Empathetic Psychological Perspective of Police Deadly Force Training
Authors: Broomé Rodger E. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Police officers must be able to make an accurate appraisal of a lethal encounter and respond with appropriate force to mitigate the threat to their own lives and to the lives of others. Contemporary police deadly force training places the cadet in mock lethal encounters, which are designed to simulate those occurring in the real lives of law enforcement officers. This Reality Base Training (RBT) is designed to provide cadets with experiences that require their reactions to be within the law, policies and procedures, and ethics while undergoing a very stressful, emotional, and physically dynamic situation (Artwohl & Christensen, 1997; Blum, 2000; Grossman, 1996; Miller, 2008; Murray, 2006). Three police cadets provided written accounts of their deadly force training experiences in the RBT format. The descriptive phenomenological psychological method was used to analyze the data and to synthesize a general psychological structure of their experiences. The results reveal the perceptions, thoughts, feelings and behaviors reflecting the role of consciousness and psychological subjectivity in the participants’ understandings and decision-making in the simulated situations.
Egypt’s Uzbek Mirror: Muḥammad al-Mansī Qandīl’s Post-Soviet Islamic Humanism
Authors: Litvin Margaret 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This article interrogates the post-Soviet Central Asian setting of Egyptian writer Muḥammad Mansī Qandīl’s novel Qamar ʿalā Samarqand (2004). Unusually for an Arabic literary work set in the post-Soviet space, Qamar expresses no nostalgia for Communist ideals. Instead it uses Uzbekistan as a double mirror for Nasser- and Sadat-era Egypt, grimly exposing life under authoritarian rule and also, more remarkably, conjuring an alternative humanist utopia based not in socialism but in the mythopoetic and spiritual resources of the classical Islamic tradition. Heavily expurgated at first and later republished in full, Qamar illustrates the richness of the Arab-Soviet cultural nexus and the continuing provocativeness of the literary works it has inspired.
The Performative in Ilyās Khūrī’s Bāb al-Shams
Authors: Head Gretchen 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This article focuses on Ilyās Khūrī’s engagement of performative aspects within his 1998 novel Bāb al-Shams (The Gate of the Sun).The novel utilizes different forms of the performative—the most transparent being oral narrative, but also video representations, television appearances, Jean Genet’s essay-turned-play Quarte heures à Chatila, and street performances—to show the collapse of nationalist myths in Beirut’s Palestinian refugee camps and to comment on the near impossibility of collective historical memory under the difficult conditions prevailing in the Palestinian diaspora. The failure of the epic genre in the context of the Shatila camp is the failure of the nationalist project and of historical memory; with the camp’s inhabitants severed from both their land and their history, nationalist myths based on ideals of heroism cannot hold, the collective memory is acutely compromised and Palestine becomes little more than a simulacrum. The logical result of the narrator’s failed epic cycle is a dislocation on the part of the camp’s inhabitants from authentic forms of representation. The Palestinian experience is performed through the tools of modern media—video cassettes, television programs and Western theatre—by which the residents of Shatila lose both whatever remaining connections to Palestine they may have held as well as their ability to build a collective memory for their own history as an exiled community. The way in which the 1982 Shatila massacre is remembered and performed takes on particular importance. The only hope Khūrī offers is through a street performance which allows Shatila’s residents the chance for reconnection to the tradition and an alternative to the simulacra by which they find themselves surrounded.
Rabīʿ Jābir’s Bayrūt Trilogy: Recovering an Obscured Urban History
Authors: Hayek Ghenwa 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
How does a generation without personal memory begin to grapple with its urban past in a nation that has silenced its memories? Moreover, how are symbolic sites of memory recovered and represented by such a generation? Much recent scholarship on post-war Lebanon has studied the memory culture of the decades following the declared end of civil war in 1990. This scholarship deals with the implications of Lebanon’s ‘amnesiac’ political culture on the social and political landscape. In the meantime, Lebanon—and especially Beirut’s—urban landscape has been altered beyond recognition by post-war reconstruction, mostly by private real estate holding companies, the most notorious of which is Solidere. In the early 2000s, as Solidere’s activity picked up speed, a slew of historical novels about Lebanon and especially Beirut was published in both Arabic and French. In this article, I will focus exclusively on the strategies of urban commemoration in Rabīʿ Jābir’s trilogy. I argue that the genre of historical fiction is used in these novels to re-create the downtown life of Beirut in and around Martyrs’ Square from the 19th and early 20th century, a commemoration of a cityscape and an urban lifestyle that its author recreates using the tools of the archive (documents, bibliographies, etc.). This post-memorial fiction—here, I use Marianne Hirsch’s definition of postmemory as “second-generation memories of cultural and collective traumas and experience” (22)—attempts to recover Beirut’s repressed Ottoman urban history, and to re-write Solidere’s narrative of the city center. By intertwining downtown Beirut’s past with its present, in a clever back-and-forth palimpsestic act that superimposes the historical city upon the present city—site of capitalist consumption—Jābir’s novels map out the old upon the new, and thus refuses the erasure of the ancient city by its newest urbanists. In Jābir’s novels, a new, contestatory commemorative narrative of Beirut’s history and—more significantly, its present—emerges.
The Pentecostal Movement among Bulgaria’s Gypsies
Authors: Atanasov Miroslav 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Pentecostal Movement among Bulgaria’s Gypsies discusses the Pentecostal movement among the most marginalized ethnic group on the European continent — the Roma, more widely known as ‘Gypsies.’ This movement started about sixty years ago, but continues to be a powerful force of impact among this people. It has transformed the Roma communities in positive and constructive ways and advanced their integration into society. The article begins by introducing the Roma as a minority and briefly explores the historical relationship between them and Christianity. It reviews Roma Pentecostalism as an international phenomenon impacting these socially stigmatized people wherever they live. It gives some of the movement’s historical highlights in Europe, focusing on Bulgaria where the author’s field research took place. It outlines the main factors contributing to its phenomenal growth and reviews some of the important changes the movement has brought about in the Roma communities and culture.
Standing at the Crossroads: The Battle for the Heart and Soul of Pentecostalism
Authors: Alexander Kimberly Ervin 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This address, delivered at the 40th annual meeting of the Society for Pentecostal Studies in Memphis, Tennessee (March 12, 2011), examines the present state of Pentecostalism and Pentecostal studies through an analogy with American indigenous blues music. Seeing Pentecostalism at a significant juncture, the address seeks to call Pentecostals and Pentecostal scholars to a consideration of what is essential to Pentecostal scholarship. Proposed is a conversational model of scholarship characterized by: 1) an openness to what the Spirit is saying and/or doing in other theologies or movements; 2) commitment to a Pentecostal way of doing theology in the Spirit; 3) interdisciplinary approaches; 4) a commitment to narrative and experience over dogma and proposition; and 5) an openness to hearing the visionary work of young scholars.
Adaptive thermogenesis of the liver in a tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) during cold acclimation
Authors: Zhang Lin , Wang Rui , Zhu Wan-long , Liu Peng-fei , Cai Jin-hong , Wang Zheng-kun , Sivasakthivel S. , Lian Xiao 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Environmental cues play important roles in the regulation of an animal's physiology and behavior. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that ambient temperature was a cue to induce adjustments in body mass, energy intake and thermogenic capacity, associated with the role of the liver for adaptive thermogenesis in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri), a unique species of small mammals in the Oriental realm. Many targets were measured, such as the state 3 and the state 4 of mitochondrial respiration, the protein content of mitochondria of the liver in T. belangeri under prolonged cold acclimation (5±1°C, 12L : 12D light cycle) during different times [0 d (control), 7 d, 14 d, 21 d, 28 d]. We found the total protein, mitochondrial protein, and the state 3 and the state 4 of mitochondrial respiration of the liver greatly increased by 39.9%, 39.3%, 84.9% and 181.1% after 28 d in T. belangeri when exposed to cold, as compared with the controls, respectively. Thus, the liver plays a key role in the adaptive thermogenesis during cold acclimation in tree shrews; we believed that evidence from the physiological ecology is equally supportive of the island origin of tree shrews, T. belangeri.
Research in Religion on the Political Agenda A Swiss National Research Programme on Religion and Its Implications
Authors: Morgenthaler Christoph , Plüss David , Sterkens Carl 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This introductory article for this special issue of the Journal of Empirical Theology, sketches the political and societal context in which the Swiss National Research Programme on “Religion, State, and Society” was developed and gives a general overview of this research programme. First, it introduces recent developments in Switzerland’s religious landscape and illustrates their relevance for the development of a broad state-funded research programme on religion. The authors reflect on Switzerland’s understanding of religious neutrality which has been both questioned and reactivated due to increased religious plurality in Switzerland. While interdisciplinary approaches open new possibilities for research on religion, theology seems to be perceived as manifesting an ‘ecclesiastical captivity’. Consequently, theology clearly plays a secondary role in interdisciplinary research programmes. The impending marginalisation of theology, even in the realm of its main research competence, is forcing theological disciplines to position themselves in a new way.
Effects of different land-use on grasshopper diversity in lac agroecosystems
Authors: Chen Youqing , Chen Yanlin , Li Qiao , Chen Zhen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe describe grasshopper (Acridoidea) diversity in differentially used lac ecosystems located in Lüchun County, Yunnan Province, China. Grasshoppers were sampled by sweep netting in 13 plots, representing four land utilization ecosystems: 1) secondary natural lac forest occurred from afforestation of lac plantations (3 plots); 2) lac plantations (3 plots); 3) crop lands (3 plots); and 4) agricultural paddy fields (4 plots). A one-year sampling effort yielded 1,385 acridids, representing 31 species in five families. Grasshopper abundance and richness were correlated to plant resources, which, in turn, correlated to land utilization. Local grasshopper assemblages were reasonable indicators of habitat differences, although they were not consistent with land utilization intensity. In term of grasshopper biodiversity conservation and economic development, the lac agroecosystem, which is composed by lac plantations, paddy fields and crop lands, most likely is the better choice for a balanced approach between conservation and development in mountainous areas of southwest China than any of the any of those areas by themselves because this combination of land use maintains the highest number of species and allows human farming activities.