bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMMIGRATION AND NATIVISM IN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE: DEMOGRAPHY AND GLOBALIZATION VERSUS THE NATION-STATE
Authors: Hirschman Charles , Perez Anthony Daniel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews the immigration history of the United States as an illustration of the tensions between national identity and international migration. At various points throughout American history, there have been efforts to limit immigration in order to retain the historical national identity of the country. But the volume and diversity of this effort eventually led to an assimilationist, and subsequently to a pluralist, definition of American identity.
5 Finding a Voice
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
A rundown of the individual elements and artists that would join together to form the musical film. To create the songs, studios bought music publishers and hired songwriters to create lower-common denominator versions of Broadway and pop hits. Music arrangements and sound recording slowly improved, as did photography and editing. Two-color Technicolor was hugely popular, then became a liability through its limited palette and loss of quality control. The personnel drew from both stage veterans and film people: directors such as Lubitsch and Mamoulian, stage and opera stars like Jolson and Lawrence Tibbett, and silent-film performers with acceptable voices, such as Bebe Daniels and Gloria Swanson.
6 Dueling Mammies
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In the wake of The Jazz Singer and The Singing Fool arose the most risible musical genre of all: “mammy” films, tear-jerking musical melodramas forged with little flair or inspiration. Initially popular, they were the first musical films to wear out their welcome due to oversaturation and repetition. Among the participants: George Jessel, Maurice Chevalier, Morton Downey, Sophie Tucker, and Ted Lewis, appearing in films bearing such titles as Rainbow Man, Mother's Boy, Say It with Songs and, ominously, Is Everybody Happy?
8 Broadway Babies
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Partly in imitation of the successful Broadway Melody format, backstage musicals became the most popular type of early musical. While Warner Bros.' Gold Diggers of Broadway was a huge success, others veered too closely to the original These included Jolson rival Harry Richman in Irving Berlin's Puttin' on the Ritz, Erich von Stroheim in the strange Great Gabbo, and Jolson in Mammy. Other backstage elements included heartbreak, nightclub settings, songwriters, and gangsters. The overabundance of these films contributed to growing audience impatience with musicals in the spring of 1930.
10 Just Imagine
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Led by the smash hit of Fox's Sunny Side Up, starring Janet Gaynor, original musicals fared well in the early sound era. Such originals as Marianne tended to be more cinematic than the stage adaptations, although routine could also be the order of the day in such uninspired pieces as Honey and Tanned Legs. The most distinctive entries came near the end of the era: Fox's Just Imagine, a science-fiction musical comedy set in the future of 1930, and MGM's Madam Satan, a combination sex farce, operetta, and disaster epic directed by Cecil B. DeMille.
14 The March of Time
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Numerous factors accounted for the precipitous decline in musicals starting in mid-1930. The stock market crash and the Pathé studio fire in 1929 were dire omens, and the overabundance of backstage films and unsuitability of filmed revues and operettas played a prominent role. Songs were cut from a number of (former) musicals such as The Life of the Party, while some major projects were aborted shortly before shooting. Most calamitous was MGM's The March of Time, a lavish and shapeless revue that was tinkered with incessantly and finally abandoned, a symbol of the hubris and miscalculation of the era.
14 Behavior Between People: Emphasizing the “Act” in Interaction
Authors: Agnew Christopher R. , Kelly Janice R. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Behaviors involving others, whether in their initiation, their enactment, or their consequences, are of particular interest to social psychologists. Not surprisingly, behaviors featuring the intertwining of outcomes of actors can be a theoretical and measurement challenge. This chapter introduces a section of the book containing a number of chapters that focus on behavior, both broadly and specifically defined, and inter-individual processes. This section provides readers with a thorough sense of the many ways in which behavior is considered in social psychological theory and research. Each of the chapters highlights the complexities and the challenges inherent in the study of inter-individual behavior. At the same time, each reflects the genuine enthusiasm of those whose own scholarly motivation and actions push us closer to a more complete understanding of the underpinnings and nuances of behavior in its various forms.
18 Mind–Behavior Relations in Attachment Theory and Research
Authors: Shaver Phillip R. , Mikulincer Mario 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBuilding on the pioneering work of Bowlby on attachment theory, social psychological researchers have broadened the original focus of the theory to include more of an emphasis on adult relationships. In this chapter, the authors describe the reciprocal association between mental processes and behavior within attachment theory. Just as mental states of an individual guide behavioral enactment toward others, behaviors often give rise to changes in mental processes. The authors review Bowlby's notion of behavioral system, including its evolutionary roots and biological function. They also describe both normative features of the attachment system and individual differences in the functioning of the system that arise in response to exposure to differing experiences with others. The authors argue that relational experience can be characterized as a chain of mental states and observable behaviors, linked with reciprocal causal arrows. Viewed in this way, behavior can be seen as a vehicle between motivational states.
2 Generics and Concepts
Authors: Carlson Greg 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter points to the different uses of the terms “meaning” and “concept” in the literature that surrounds discussions of generic terms. It is usual in the linguistic and philosophical literature on the topic to take a truth‐conditional, “externalist” view as to what meaning is, while the psychological literature takes a mentalistic, “internalist” view. There is a similar conflict in how the term “concept” is used, with the philosophical literature favoring an “objective” sense (which might be cashed out independently of people, or maybe in terms of an interpersonal society in general) and the psychological and experimental literature employing a “subjective” sense of the term. This chapter considers what theorists might “want” from a theory of concepts and proceeds to show the ways that differing desires here lead to different accounts of the phenomena surrounding generics, even when the underlying data seem to be more or less the same.
9 On Using Count Nouns, Mass Nouns, andPluralia Tantum:
Authors: Wisniewski Edward J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter also asks about the conceptual basis of a mass/count distinction. One attitude is that the grammatical distinction is semantically unprincipled, such that children learn just that some nouns are count while others are mass, with no understanding of why there is such a syntactic distinction. Another is that the syntactic distinction is deeply based on a conceptual difference: when speakers use count nouns to refer to things, they implicitly have something in mind, common to all count nouns, that they are trying to communicate, and when they use a mass noun, they have something in mind, common to all mass nouns, that they are trying to communicate. These views are argued against, and instead the position is supported that the mass—count distinction is to a very large degree conceptually based, but that there are exceptions, some of which can be seen as caused by competing communicative functions of language.
Introduction
Authors: de Marneffe Peter 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Although prostitution is commonly characterized as a “victimless crime,” prostitution laws in some form can be justified as reducing the harm caused by prostitution. They can be justified this way even though most prostitution is voluntary or by choice and not all those who do it are harmed by it. Harm‐reduction is not the only argument for prostitution laws, but it is an important one, one that is worthy of careful theoretical consideration. Although this is a paternalistic argument, it can nonetheless justify prostitution laws in some form consistent with the fundamental principles of liberalism.
3 The Permissibility of Paternalism
Authors: de Marneffe Peter 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Although some paternalistic government policies are morally wrong, not all are. Even some “hard” paternalistic policies are morally justifiable. This position is consistent with a due respect for individual autonomy. J. S. Mill's arguments in On Liberty fail to provide good reasons to think that all paternalistic prostitution laws are unjustifiable. Recent academic critics of prostitution laws, Lars Ericsson, Martha Nussbaum, and David Richards, fail to give convincing grounds to oppose all paternalistic prostitution laws. The contractualist views of John Rawls and T. M. Scanlon provide no reason to believe that paternalism is always wrong. The cliché that “it is not the government's business to protect us against ourselves” is considered and rejected as a basis for opposing paternalistic prostitution laws.
Conclusion
Authors: de Marneffe Peter 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Paternalistic prostitution laws in some form are compatible with the fundamental principles of liberalism. Liberalism is characterized as a kind of political conception of justice that is committed to certain principles of liberty, opportunity, security, and equality before the law. Paternalistic prostitution laws in some form are compatible with all these principles on some defensible interpretation, and therefore compatible with liberalism.
The Six Days of Creation According to the Greek Fathers
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows what may be learned for readers of Genesis after Darwin by attending to the profound—often strange—ways in which Genesis was read long before Darwin, particularly by Greek-speaking Christians and Jews of the early centuries of the Common Era. Observing that the six days of creation (the Hexaemeron) provided a recurring focus for theological reflection, the suggestion is made that the fathers offer an understanding of the cosmos that is of abiding relevance. Characteristics of this understanding are a resistance to a deterministic account of the cosmos, attention to wonder at creation as God's gift, humility as the appropriate moral corollary, and a conviction of the wholeness and interconnectedness of all created things.
The Hermeneutics of Reading Genesis after Darwin
Authors: Briggs Richard S. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter looks at the issues occupying the interpretation of Genesis at the time of Darwin and notes that the impact of the discovery of ancient Near Eastern creation accounts came at more or less the same time as the impact of Darwin's writing. As a result, the interpretation of Genesis could operate within two completely different hermeneutical frameworks, neither of which was directly linked to the plain-sense concerns of the Genesis text. A variety of examples of interpreting Genesis in the light of ancient Near Eastern texts is explored, seeking to demonstrate that there is a variety of ways in which hermeneutical benefit may be derived from reading a text in the light of other concerns, and a similar case is then made with respect to the hermeneutics of reading Genesis after Darwin.
Reading Genesis 1–3 in the Light of Modern Science
Authors: Wilkinson David 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The first chapters of Genesis have been enrolled into scientific creationism by some Christian groups or completely rejected by some scientists for their lack of relevance to the concerns of scientific cosmology. Yet the theological themes of the origin of the universe, the observed order of nature, the question of human significance, and the experience of awe which leads to worship go beyond a biblical literalism and find significant resonances in the questions raised by modern science. This chapter explores such themes in the relationship of the biblical text and modern science. It further suggests that the battles of the Darwinian controversies may free us for a deeper and more authentic dialogue between the text of Genesis and the discoveries of evolutionary cosmology and biology.
All God’s Creatures
Authors: Clough David 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines what the text of Genesis means for the discernment of continuities and discontinuities between human beings and other animals. It argues that, in the light of post-Darwinian understandings of evolution, human-separatist positions that establish a qualitative theological distinction between human and nonhuman animals on the grounds of Genesis texts are untenable. Because no satisfactory human-separatist theological account can be given, differences between human beings and other creatures must be understood theologically as differences in degree rather than kind. The chapter concludes that to absolutize the distinction between human and nonhuman creation is unnecessary, leads to incoherence in systematic theology, and is ethically perilous.
“Male and Female He Created Them” (Genesis 1:27)
Authors: Barton Stephen C. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Beginning with Darwin's almost religious awe at the wonder of natural selection, this chapter moves to an account of the ambiguous legacy of Darwin's views on gender, including the support they offered to a Victorian separate-spheres ideology and to theories and practices associated with Social Darwinism, such as eugenics. It then considers the wider history of gender before and after Darwin, running from the classical tradition through the biblical tradition, Hellenistic Judaism, and early Christianity to the universalizing tendencies of modernity and the postmodern destabilizing of gender in the interests of identity politics as represented by Judith Butler. A final section reflects on the possibility of reading and practicing "male and female" well in the light of this discomforting narrative. A Christological and eschatological hermeneutics is offered as a contribution to performing gender in ways that begin to do justice to the body's grace.
Propriety and Trespass
Authors: Davis Ellen F. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Contrary to the popular view, the first chapters of Genesis do not attempt to instruct us about the process by which the species came into being ("the origin of species"), but rather about the relations that obtain, or should obtain, among them. In the context of reading Genesis after Darwin, it is noteworthy that the theme of eating is central in Genesis 1 and 3, for an important part of Darwin's legacy is the understanding that food chains are the means whereby all creatures are bound together with one another and with the earth itself. Further, we learn from Darwin that, for each species, survival is a matter of propriety. That is, it depends upon behavior that observes the limits of a particular place within the larger web of life. This chapter focuses on what the opening chapters of the Bible suggest about the divine provision of food for all creatures, the intended role of humans, and the tendency of the human species to violate the limits. Contributions to the exegetical conversation come from contemporary agrarian writers (e.g., Wendell Berry, Wes Jackson, Norman Wirzba), who argue compellingly that industrial agriculture represents an unsustainable disruption of the food chains that sustain humans and numberless other creatures.
3 Representation
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter defends an interpretation of Spinoza's theory of representation, the obscurity of which in Spinoza might otherwise present a problem for our understanding of how passions represent objects and so lead to error. In response to arguments by Wilson and Della Rocca, it is argued that Spinoza takes an idea of imagination to represent an external object in virtue of a causal relationship between that object and the affection in the human body that is identical to the idea. Representation is thus an extensional notion in Spinoza in the sense that it does not restrict the thought content of an idea. Nevertheless, Spinoza does characterize the thought content of ideas of imagination: human minds imagine external objects “as present” to them.
5 The Striving to Persevere in Being &#x2028;and Psychological Egoism
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter introduces Spinoza's theory of conatus or striving. It is argued that, despite a number of important historical precedents in Descartes, Hobbes, and the Stoics, Spinoza's theory is highly distinctive. One attractive interpretation, due principally to Curley, is that Spinoza's claim that we strive to persevere in being amounts to a kind of psychological egoism on which we all consciously desire, as much as we can, to persevere in being. The chapter raises questions about psychological egoism; about the relation between human desire and the affects, which are changes in the power of striving; and about the relation between perseverance and the affects in the ends of human desire.
7 Consciousness and Desire
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSpinoza is best regarded, not as a psychological egoist but as a kind of psychological hedonist. Bondage to passion is in part a person's inability to recognize the means to perseverance. It is argued in the chapter, however, that the most severe problem associated with bondage is a failure to recognize that laetitia, or joy, the affect that human minds associate with the ends of their desires, is obtained only where the power of a mind's striving to persevere in being increases. In such cases, we may seek ends altogether different from perseverance. Bondage, then, presents human minds with two tasks: to develop from self-knowledge a conscious desire to persevere in being, and to attain the means the means to perseverance.
8 Descriptions of the Good
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter defends an interpretation of two accounts of value from the first half of the Ethics. The Providential Account from the Appendix to Part 1 of the Ethics is presented as an account of the meaning of ‘good’ that is false but that people often hold and have a natural disposition to hold. Desire Satisfaction and Hedonic accounts, from Ethics 3p9s and 3p39s respectively, are projective theories: they do not characterize people's understanding of ‘good’ but only describe the sorts of things that people find good. People always find what they desire and associate with laetitia to be good, but, as the Providential Account shows, they do not often understand the good in these terms.
3 True Places
Authors: Herron John P. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the life of Robert Marshall. Marshall dedicated his career to expanding the application of the natural sciences, especially his field of forestry. He recognized the primary flaw in progressive conservation: emphasizing nature's use made all questions of nature's value economic. He pushed scientists to understand the larger implications and social significance of their work. Most Americans knew nature only through limited personal experience. But like Clarence King, Robert Marshall believed that scientific study provided a unified and more complete picture of social relations and of the importance of nature to social health. The ideal product of such study was the modern American, an individual who understood that better living came through intimate contact with the natural world. Broadcasting this message on a wide scale would occupy the rest of his life.
5 The Biological Century
Authors: Herron John P. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the life of Rachel Carson. In late summer of 1929, 22-year-old Rachel Carson arrived at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. A recent graduate of the Pennsylvania College for Women, Carson came to the MBL as a “beginning investigator”, to study reptilian nerve systems. By the time Carson left Woods Hole, biology and its social implications were well known. When Carson established herself as natural scientist, her role as a scientist defined her social position. Her scientific credibility was (and often still is) debated, an issue greatly affected by the contemporary politics of gender, but her acceptance of the social responsibility of the scientist was not. Promoting a socially engaged understanding of natural science was something she had anticipated and prepared for much of her life.
6 Poetic Revolutions
Authors: Herron John P. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion of the life of Rachel Carson. Human interaction with the nonhuman world was at the foundation of Carson's environmental vision. Her childhood nature writing, for example, focused on her ordinary surroundings. During her collegiate training, her scientific knowledge of nature increased, but analysis predicated on personal experience, on the beach and in the tide pools, was still most rewarding. Carson expected natural scientists to reveal the social uses of American biology. Her critics, however, labeled her a “generalist” and a “popularizer” and relegated her vision of natural science to the domain of the amateur.
2Li理/Coherence
Authors: Angle Stephen C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLi is a difficult term, sometimes translated as “principle” or “pattern,” that lies at the center of Neo-Confucian philosophizing. Building on the insights of Willard Peterson, Brook Ziporyn, and other scholars, the chapter argues that li means “the valuable and intelligible way that things fits together,” and chooses “coherence” as the best short translation of li. The chapter draws not only on Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming, but also on other Neo-Confucians like Zhang Zai and Luo Qinshun. P.J. Ivanhoe's important arguments concerning the influence of Huayan Buddhism on Neo-Confucianism are both developed and critiqued. The chapter examines li's combination of subjective and objective dimensions, including the way that li is partly constituted by human purposes. Other topics include the ontological status of li, its causal role, and its simultaneous unity and multiplicity. The chapter concludes by showing that once li is understood as coherence, the question of how it can be both descriptive and prescriptive—which has long bedeviled interpreters, some of them worried by Hume's distinction between “is” and “ought”—is readily answered.
Introduction
Authors: Ker James 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The introduction argues that an examination of Seneca's death will demonstrate both the centrality of Seneca in Western thinking about death and the centrality of the death scene in the tradition on Seneca's life and various works. It explains the three distinct forms of representation through which Seneca's death is here analyzed: the historical narratives (Part I; Chapters 1–2), the writings of Seneca on death, especially in the consolations, tragedies, and letters (Part II; Chapters 3–6), and the tradition of reception in both word and image (Part III; Chapter 7). It also explains how these three forms of representation are considered together in three concluding case studies on the themes of forced suicide, Seneca's image, and the ruined villa (Part IV; Chapters 8–10).