bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Permeability Change during CO2 Injection in Carbonate Aquifers: Experimental Study
Authors: Mohamed I. M. , He J. , Nasr-El-Din H. A. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Chemical interactions between CO2/brine/rock can cause formation damage during CO2 injection. These interactions can affect injectivity during EOR operations, as well as affect storage capacity and seal integrity, which are primary concerns during CO2 sequestration. These interactions and the degree of impact are affected by several parameters, including pressure, temperature, brine salinity, CO2 injection rate, and rock characteristics.
Carbonic acid generated from dissolution of CO2 in the formation brine can dissolve carbonate rock. Concurrently, calcium concentration increases in the brine may cause calcium carbonate to reprecipitate. This paper addresses the effects of the formation temperature, and CO2 injection rate on the precipitation and the relative impact of dissolution and precipitation on well performance.
A core flood study was conducted using carbonate rock under various temperatures and injection rates. Core effluent samples were collected and the concentration of calcium was measured as the primary indicator of reactivity.
Results showed that CO2 injection increased core permeability at high temperature and injection rate. And the permeability of the inlet part of the core always increases, while the permeability of the rest of the core always decreases.
Health Hazard Profiles: A Field Guide to Oil & Gas Service Industry Occupational Health and Hygiene
Authors: Hinton J. J. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The occupational health and hygiene aspects of activities and tasks associated with the Oil and Gas Service Industry have been assessed and placed into field-friendly Health Hazard Profiles to guide HSE practitioners in their recognition and management of the health aspect of HSE in their workplaces. Traditionally, the health aspect of the workplace has lagged behind the safety and environmental aspects. And, most HSE professionals are either skilled in safety or environment, with few having industrial hygiene skills or formal training. As a result, many times the occupational health and hygiene aspects of the workplace do not receive the attention workers may deserve. Baker Hughes and the University of Texas - School of Public Health initiated formal Health Hazard Assessments of processes and activities common to the Oil and Gas Service Industry. The results of these professional assessments were condensed into a series of Health Hazard Profiles; user-friendly field guides to assist the local HSE practitioner in effectively addressing the occupational health aspects of the workplace.
Example Health Hazard Profiles demonstrate the effectiveness of these summaries as a field-guide for HSE practitioners, as well as tabulations of occupational hygiene aspects and exposure potentials associated with such common processes and tasks as: machining, electroplating, parts washing, well completion, pressure pumping, product blending, wireline, honing, mud mixing, etc. The use of Health Hazard Profiles has proven to be a cost-effective way to render professional health and hygiene guidance to equip the HSE practitioner with practical guidance to control and manage the occupational health aspect of the workplace. The Health Hazard Profiles have been demonstrated to be an effective means to level the attention of HSE to health, instead of having it remain focused on safety or the environment.
Safety Management Programs and Standardized Application Equipment Minimize Risks of Nonconventional Chemical Usage
Authors: Horaska D. D. , San Juan C. M. , Bonnivier B. M. , Dickinson A. L. , Conaway J. L. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Acrolein (2-propenal) is a highly effective microbiocide and sulfide scavenger that has been commercially available since 1960 and has been widely used in the oil and gas production industry. Acrolein is a liquid product supplied in and applied from specialized containers, eliminating potential releases from transfers between tanks. The acrolein containers are built to comply with international transportation regulations. This paper will cover the development of a safety management program and standardization of application equipment that allow the usage of acrolein for applications with a risk comparable to, or in some cases lower than, conventional chemical products.
Standardized operating procedures, closed-system application equipment (verified by industrial hygiene monitoring), and redundant safety devices are built into the system to prevent chemical exposures or misapplications. Applications are performed by trained and certified personnel who have completed a specific competency evaluation under field conditions. A detailed and customized safety management program is completed and implemented for each application with extensive client participation.
This paper will cover the core of the safety management program, which focuses on developing site-specific elements including process safety information, process hazard analysis, operating procedures, employee and contractor training, applicator competency and field evaluation, pre-startup safety reviews, management of change, and emergency planning and response procedures. A safety audit program is also implemented to ensure the completed safety management program complies with each element. Audits are conducted at the actual location during the course of the chemical application.
A strong safety management program and standardized application system have proven to reduce personnel and environmental risks by lowering the potential for misapplications or equipment failures. These systems have allowed successful treatment programs on numerous global production assets. To validate this, a series of case histories will be presented that highlight the best practices that enable the safe application of acrolein.
Stream-based HAZOP: A More Effective HAZOP Method
Authors: Duhon H. J. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) is probably the most commonly applied process hazard analysis method. As such, HAZOPs are a very important tool for improvement of process safety. But HAZOPs are not as effective as they should be. Duhon and Sutton (SPE 120735, 2010) identified many reasons why we don’t learn all we should from HAZOPs. These insights suggest a path towards a more effective HAZOP process.
The process described here differs from the standard HAZOP process in several important ways. The most important difference is the definition of stream-based nodes rather than equipment-based nodes. In a stream-based node, a stream is followed from its inception to its logical conclusion. This is especially useful when considering flow deviations, because a flow disruption in any part of the stream affects all parts or at least all downstream parts of the stream. These stream-based nodes are much larger than typical equipment-based nodes and hence overcome the tendency of HAZOPs to create tunnel vision.
HAZOPs are supposed to evaluate operability, but that can’t be done effectively without reviewing the operating procedures or at least discussing how the system will be operated. There is no point in a typical HAZOP, because small nodes are selected, in which the procedures can be effectively introduced. Stream-based nodes provide a natural bridge to the procedures. High level operating procedures can be introduced during the stream-based node discussion providing an opportunity to do a Process HAZOP and a Procedure HAZOP simultaneously. A Procedure HAZOP often provides more insight than the Process HAZOP.
Another important difference is the use and ordering of guidewords. HAZOPs typically consider ‘flow’, ‘pressure’, ‘temperature’ and ‘level’ guidewords. But most pressure, temperature and level deviations are caused by flow deviations. Considering all four guidewords results in duplicated effort and tedium. The process described here avoids the duplication.
Integrating Upstream, Midstream and Downstream Environmental, Health and Safety Procedures to Maximize the Implementation of an EHS Management System in a Joint Venture
Authors: Guevara M. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The oil and gas industry have been successfully incorporating environmental, health and safety (EHS) as management systems (MS) for more than two decades. This integrated approach has been widely recognized to improve success, reduce cost, and facilitate administration of the three areas, among other benefits. Nevertheless, there are still challenges and barriers to implement truly integrated procedures associated to the EHS MS in different operations within the oil and gas industry.
This paper describes the process to revise, consolidate, integrate and implement the complete set of environmental, health and safety procedures in a Joint Venture (JV) in South America. The JV included exploration, drilling, production, pipeline, upgrading and port facilities. Due to several factors more than one EHS MSs and hundreds of redundant and overlapping procedures were developed during the first years of construction, commissioning and early operation. This paper describes the methods and activities conducted to develop companywide integrated EHS MS and associated procedures. The new EHS MS procedures covered upstream, midstream and downstream operations.
The process described in the paper can be used to assist the design and implementation of integrated EHS management system in small/middle size oil and gas companies, joint ventures, merged smaller independent companies or units, as well as integrated operations of major oil and gas companies that include upstream, midstream and/or downstream activities.
The main benefits of this process can be summarized in the following items:
Integrated EHS Management System procedures to support its implementation in upstream, middlestream and downstream operations. Increased the level of ownership and compliance with EHS procedures, as representatives from the line/operations were involved and had a fundamental role in the development of the new procedures. Originally identified barriers related to the differences between upstream and downstream operations were overcome by recognizing that similarities were greater than differences. The integration procedures was considered to generate cost saving for the JV.
Managing Environmental & Safety Performance as a Corporate Value - Key Lessons to be Learned from a CCPS Benchmarking Initiative
Authors: Bhatnagar Vivek , Smith Andrew , Berger Scott 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
In 2008, the Center for Chemical Process Safety published recommended lagging and leading indicators of Process Safety performance. These indicators enable companies to track progress of their process safety efforts and monitor trends in performance. While these metrics can help companies compare their performance in regard to incident frequency and severity, comparison at the leading indicator level is more difficult without first establishing a deeper comparison of company activities which lead to the resulting indicators. At the time, there was no way for companies to formally compare how their respective activities drive performance.
Formal benchmarking provides an opportunity for a company/site/unit to compare how it is performing and to compare its tools/techniques to those of other companies. By recognizing how other companies’ practices may lead to improved performance, the benchmarking participant can identify leveraged improvement opportunities.
Six critical aspects of the twenty CCPS Risk-Based Process Safety elements are described. The elements are Process Safety Culture, Compliance with Standards, Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis, Asset Integrity and Reliability, Management of Change, and Measures and Metrics. Future programs will cover the other elements. The paper describes how the program was developed. Later, it discusses some key lessons learned and their significance as they pertain to the upstream E&P industry.
The E&P industry continues to encounter new frontiers and environmental pressures that are changing and challenging how we do business. Increasingly, environmental and safety performance is becoming a source of corporate value, especially as the oil and gas industry plays a key role in addressing some of most important HSE issues of our time. The E&P industry therefore needs better tools to capture and share its HSSE performance. The CCPS process safety benchmarking initiative will provide many key lessons for the future.
Cumulative Impacts of Shale-Gas Water Management: Considerations and Challenges
Authors: Arthur J. D. , Coughlin B. J. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Exploration, drilling and production of shale gas plays such as the Barnett, Marcellus, Fayetteville, and Haynesville have transformed the unconventional gas industry. These and other existing and developing plays have had significant positive economic impacts to many regions, created tens of thousands of jobs, and have generated royalty and tax payments to a variety of state and local governments as well as many individuals. At the core of shale gas development are two key technologies: horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Techniques used to hydraulically fracture horizontal wells completed in shale reservoirs often require three to seven million gallons of water per well. The rapid development of shale gas across the country has resulted in a substantial discussion of water issues such as the impacts of water withdrawal, and disposal of produced water. Because of the rapid increase in shale gas development, the concerns about these issues have focused more and more on cumulative impacts of these activities. This paper will explore the considerations and challenges involved when examining the potential cumulative impacts from different water sourcing options, including low-quality water sources, and from different ways of managing produced water, such as underground injection, treatment through commercial and public treatment facilities, disposal and reuse. Basin-specific situations and factors will be discussed.
Experimental and Analytical Study of Microscopic Displacement Mechanisms of MIOR in Porous Media
Authors: Afrapoli M. Shabani , Nikooee E. , Alipour S. , Torsaeter O. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Pore network models are powerful tools for modeling processes and phenomena occurring in porous media. These models take the advantage of capturing a realistic representation of phenomena leading to a better understanding of pore scale processes. For processes like Microbial Improved Oil Recovery (MIOR) that incorporate numerous interconnected physical and biochemical factors, a prior knowledge of the underlying mechanisms is required. A pore network model, though small, can be implemented as a platform to understand the interactions between these acting mechanisms. In the present study, a pore network is constructed based on images of small regions of a glass micromodel. The model attempts to account for microbial growth and bio-surfactant production and their effect on flow characterization within the network. The authors have previously carried out a number of visualization experiments in a transparent pore network model to study the pore scale behavior of an alkane oxidizing bacterium, Rhodococcous sp 094, suspended in brine. Dodecane and an oxidizing bacterium were examined for evaluating the performance of microbial flooding in glass micromodels.
Observations showed the effects of bacteria on remaining oil saturation, allowing us to propose the active mechanisms and also to address the problem of network morphology alteration due to microbial growth. The present work studies displacement mechanisms of an oil phase displaced by a water phase containing bacteria from the pore network modeling viewpoint. It is focused on the characterization of post MIOR morphology change for two phase flow. Consequently a methodology for incorporating major aspects of MIOR, including interfacial tension reduction, wettability alteration and profile modification into a pore network framework is introduced and developed with experimentally obtained mechanisms.
Visceral Adipocyte Hypertrophy is Associated With Dyslipidemia Independent of Body Composition and Fat Distribution in Women
Authors: Veilleux Alain , Caron-Jobin Maude , Noël Suzanne , Laberge Philippe Y. , Tchernof André 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE
We assessed whether subcutaneous and omental adipocyte hypertrophy are related to metabolic alterations independent of body composition and fat distribution in women.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Mean adipocyte diameter of paired subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue samples was obtained in lean to obese women. Linear regression models predicting adipocyte size in both adipose tissue depots were computed using body composition and fat distribution measures (n = 150). In a given depot, women with larger adipocytes than predicted by the regression were considered as having adipocyte hypertrophy, whereas women with smaller adipocytes than predicted were considered as having adipocyte hyperplasia.

RESULTS
Women characterized by omental adipocyte hypertrophy had higher plasma and VLDL triglyceride levels as well as a higher total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio compared with women characterized by omental adipocyte hyperplasia (P &lt; 0.05). Conversely, women characterized by subcutaneous adipocyte hypertrophy or hyperplasia showed a similar lipid profile. In logistic regression analyses, a 10% enlargement of omental adipocytes increased the risk of hypertriglyceridemia (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 4.06, P &lt; 0.001) independent of body composition and fat distribution measures. A 10% increase in visceral adipocyte number also raised the risk of hypertriglyceridemia (adjusted OR 1.55, P &lt; 0.02). Associations between adipocyte size and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were not significant once adjusted for adiposity and body fat distribution.

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that omental, but not subcutaneous, adipocyte hypertrophy is associated with an altered lipid profile independent of body composition and fat distribution in women.
Effects of 34 Risk Loci for Type 2 Diabetes or Hyperglycemia on Lipoprotein Subclasses and Their Composition in 6,580 Nondiabetic Finnish Men
Authors: Stančáková Alena , Paananen Jussi , Soininen Pasi , Kangas Antti J. , Bonnycastle Lori L. , Morken Mario A. , Collins Francis S. , Jackson Anne U. , Boehnke Michael L. , Kuusisto Johanna , Ala-Korpela Mika , Laakso Markku 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE
We investigated the effects of 34 genetic risk variants for hyperglycemia/type 2 diabetes on lipoprotein subclasses and particle composition in a large population-based cohort.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study included 6,580 nondiabetic Finnish men from the population-based Metabolic Syndrome in Men (METSIM) study (aged 57 ± 7 years; BMI 26.8 ± 3.7 kg/m2). Genotyping of 34 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) for hyperglycemia/type 2 diabetes was performed. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure particle concentrations of 14 lipoprotein subclasses and their composition in native serum samples.

RESULTS
The glucose-increasing allele of rs780094 in GCKR was significantly associated with low concentrations of VLDL particles (independently of their size) and small LDL and was nominally associated with low concentrations of intermediate-density lipoprotein, all LDL subclasses, and high concentrations of very large and large HDL particles. The glucose-increasing allele of rs174550 in FADS1 was significantly associated with high concentrations of very large and large HDL particles and nominally associated with low concentrations of all VLDL particles. SNPs rs10923931 in NOTCH2 and rs757210 in HNF1B genes showed nominal or significant associations with several lipoprotein traits. The genetic risk score of 34 SNPs was not associated with any of the lipoprotein subclasses.

CONCLUSIONS
Four of the 34 risk loci for type 2 diabetes or hyperglycemia (GCKR, FADS1, NOTCH2, and HNF1B) were significantly associated with lipoprotein traits. A GCKR variant predominantly affected the concentration of VLDL, and the FADS1 variant affected very large and large HDL particles. Only a limited number of risk loci for hyperglycemia/type 2 diabetes significantly affect lipoprotein metabolism.
Evidence Linking Hypoglycemic Events to an Increased Risk of Acute Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Johnston Stephen S. , Conner Christopher , Aagren Mark , Smith David M. , Bouchard Jonathan , Brett Jason 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE
This retrospective study examined the association between ICD-9-CM–coded outpatient hypoglycemic events (HEs) and acute cardiovascular events (ACVEs), i.e., acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting, revascularization, percutaneous coronary intervention, and incident unstable angina, in patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data were derived from healthcare claims for individuals with employer-sponsored primary or Medicare supplemental insurance. A baseline period (30 September 2006 to 30 September 2007) was used to identify eligible patients and collect information on their clinical and demographic characteristics. An evaluation period (1 October 2007 to 30 September 2008) was used to identify HEs and ACVEs. Patients aged ≥18 years with type 2 diabetes were selected for analysis by a modified Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set algorithm. Data were analyzed with multiple logistic regression and backward stepwise selection (maximum P = 0.01) with adjustment for important confounding variables, including age, sex, geography, insurance type, comorbidity scores, cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes complications, total baseline medical expenditures, and prior ACVEs.

RESULTS
Of the 860,845 patients in the analysis set, 27,065 (3.1%) had ICD-9-CM–coded HEs during the evaluation period. The main model retained 17 significant independent variables. Patients with HEs had 79% higher regression-adjusted odds (HE odds ratio [OR] 1.79; 95% CI 1.69–1.89) of ACVEs than patients without HEs; results in patients aged ≥65 years were similar to those for the entire population (HE OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.65–1.92).

CONCLUSIONS
ICD-9-CM–coded HEs were independently associated with an increased risk of ACVEs. Further studies of the relationship between hypoglycemia and the risk of ACVEs are warranted.