bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Correlation Between Nutrition Knowledge and Eating Behavior in an American School: The Role of Ethnicity
Authors: Pirouznia Mahshid 
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between nutrition knowledge and eating behavior of a sample of middle school children. The participants were 532 students in the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades from Shawnee Middle School in Lima, Ohio. The students were asked to a complete a questionnaire (CANKAP—Comprehensive Assessment of Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices), which measured nutrition knowledge and eating behavior, and is reproduced here. The data were coded and computer-analyzed using the SAS statistical program for analysis by frequency distribution, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson Correlation Coefficients. Data analysis provided the following results: Mean nutrition knowledge scores of sixth grade students (68.4) were higher than mean nutrition knowledge scores of seventh and eighth grade students (58.5 per cent). The relationship between nutrition knowledge and eating behavior was insignificant for sixth grade students, but significant for seventh and eighth grade students. Also, “Caucasians” had higher mean knowledge scores than “Other” ethnic groups combined. The students demonstrated knowledge about the cultural and psychological aspects of nutrition. However, they were not able to identify the food sources of nutrients or nutrient functions, and they did not use a daily food guide to choose foods, although they were aware of the importance of milk and vegetable consumption. Knowledge about nutrition and healthy eating behavior appears to be weak within this group, and it would be beneficial to promote a nutrition curriculum for students in middle schools.
An Advanced Artificial Intelligence Tool for Menu Design
Authors: Khan Abdus Salam , Hoffmann Achim 
Published: January 2012

The computer-assisted menu design still remains a difficult task. Usually knowledge that aids in menu design by a computer is hard-coded and because of that a computerised menu planner cannot handle the menu design problem for an unanticipated client. To address this problem we developed a menu design tool, MIKAS (menu construction using incremental knowledge acquisition system), an artificial intelligence system that allows the incremental development of a knowledge-base for menu design. We allow an incremental knowledge acquisition process in which the expert is only required to provide hints to the system in the context of actual problem instances during menu design using menus stored in a so-called Case Base. Our system incorporates Case-Based Reasoning (CBR), an Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique developed to mimic human problem solving behaviour. Ripple Down Rules (RDR) are a proven technique for the acquisition of classification knowledge from expert directly while they are using the system, which complement CBR in a very fruitful way. This combination allows the incremental improvement of the menu design system while it is already in routine use. We believe MIKAS allows better dietary practice by leveraging a dietitian's skills and expertise. As such MIKAS has the potential to be helpful for any institution where dietary advice is practised.
Health Benefits of Selected Global Breastfeeding Recommendations among Children 0–6 Months in Nigeria
Authors: Torimiro S.E.A. , Onayade A.A. , Olumese I. , Makanjuola R.O.A. 
Published: January 2012

The survey examined the appropriateness of selected global breastfeeding recommendations in an environment where the recommendations contradicted local knowledge and culture. Specifically, the survey assessed the implications of pre-lacteal feeding, feeding of colostrum, exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life and the use of feeding bottles for child health. Eligible mother-infant pairs were recruited for the survey by cluster sampling technique. Data was collected about the mother—infant pairs with the aid of a pre-designed questionnaire that sought information on the social and demographic characteristics of the mothers and infants, current breastfeeding practices and illnesses that the index infants had in the 2 weeks preceding the survey day. Information was canvassed from 2466 mother—infant pairs. All the infants were aged 0–6 months. Compliance with the selected recommendations were: 74.4% reported exclusive breastfeeding; 87.5% did not give pre-lacteal feeds, 78.3% were not using feeding bottles while 92.9 gave colostrum. Mothers who reported compliance with the recommendations also reported fewer episodes of the common signs of illnesses surveyed. The study confirmed the appropriateness and relevance of the selected recommendations in the study area.
Lipid Transport, Dietary Fats, and Endogenous Lipid Synthesis: Hypotheses on Saturation and Competition Processes
Authors: Visioli Francesco , Crawford Michael A , Cunnane Stephen , Rise Patrizia , Galli Claudio 
Published: January 2012

Plasma lipid concentrations are the net result of the balance between two opposite processes: the loading, i.e. the entry of new lipids into the plasma compartment through the ingestion (diet) and/or endogenous synthesis, and the unloading, i.e. energy utilization, incorporation into cell membranes, and storage. Even though many fatty acids are thought to be synthesized in the body, it appears as nearly all circulating fatty acids are, in fact, derived from the diet. In view of the wide dietary availabilty of such nutrients, the need to conserve energy likely minimizes endogenous synthesis. Consequently, the possibility exists to alter circulating the profile of fatty acids, including the “non essential” ones by dietary manipulations. In turn, a theory on the dietary vs endogenous contribution to circulating fatty acids, including those known as non-essential, is discussed based on critical interpretation of original data.
Working with Parents and Infants: A Psycho-Soma Integrative Approach
Authors: Sansone Antonella 
Published: January 2012

Drawing on a single case of a mother-infant difficult relationship, I shall consider the inseparability of psyche and soma and the embodiment of psychosomatic health and illness. A dualistic perspective prevents acknowledging that the mother's concerns, conflicts and mental state can obstruct the milk flow and affect the infant's feeding pattern, the mother-infant relationship and the infant's health. The aim of psychotherapists and all those with a professional concern for parents and infants should be that of understanding the positive value of a symptom and facilitating the mind integration with the soma.
The Declaration of Nutrition, Health, and Intelligence for the Child-To-Be: Adapted from the Declaration of Olympia on Nutrition and Fitness, 28-29 May 1996 in Ancient Olympia, Greece, an Article by Artemis P. Simopoulos, MD, The Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, Washington, DC, USA
Authors: Katzen-Luchenta Jan 
Published: January 2012

The Declaration of Nutrition, Health, and Intelligence for the Child-to-be is an urgent cry from the unborn child for a life-span of nutrients for physical and mental wellness. It is a proclamation of paramount importance for everyone involved in child development: parents, health professionals, teachers, government agencies, all producers of food – and children, so they may learn how to feed themselves well. The Declaration of Olympia on Nutrition and Fitness, 1996, came from a group of nutritional scientists and medical doctors to commemorate the Olympic Games' 100th anniversary. They based it on the health principles of Hippocrates: genetics, the age of the individual, the powers of various foods, and exercise. Following today's vast wealth of nutritional research and expressing it with my teaching experience, I have revitalized the Declaration of Olympia by writing from the heart of the little learner and the hope of the child-to-be. The nutrients implicated in healthy reproduction and lifelong health include B vitamins, particularly B1, B6, folate, B12; antioxidants, particularly vitamins C and E; minerals such as iron, zinc, magnesium, selenium, iodine, and copper; and essential fatty acids, particularly DHA. These nutrients also lower the risk of neural tube defects; autism, dyslexia, Down's syndrome; childhood cancers, obesity, and defective fetal cell membranes associated with maternal diabetes. Our metabolism is hugely influenced also by activity and by affection. Today's foods are often processed beyond the cells' recognition and can result in neurological and physical morbidity and mortality. A diet of unprocessed free-range animals and seafood; legumes, deep-colored vegetables and fruits; nuts, seeds, and whole grains, germ and bran, reinstates nutritional potency.
Contamination Risk of Water Quality on Fisheries and Aquatic Life of Tigris River reach in Mosul City/Noth Iraq
Authors: Al-Salim Taha Hussein 
Published: January 2012

Considerable attention is now being paid to the use of rivers and lakes for such purposes as fishing, aquatic life and esthetical enjoyment. A study of the water quality of the Tigris River in Mosul city, North Iraq, was carried out in order to assess the chemical composition and suitability for fisheries and aquatic life. Laboratory analysis of 9 water samples for three sites within the rivers reach were performed in order to obtain the chemical concentration of Ca, Na, Mg, HCO3, SO4, Cl, NO3, NO2, TDS and pH. Certain ions may be lethal to fish and other aquatic lifeforms when present at levels near or below the limit given by public water supplies. Copper, zinc and aluminum, which are not among the metals for which limits are prescribed for public water supply, are toxic to fish and many other species of aquatic life. Concentration of chemical constituents in water samples vary spatially and temporarily. The chemical analysis of the water samples was compared with the standard guideline values as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for fisheries and aquatic life. Three samples from the right bank of the river fell within the poor quality type for water. While the other samples from the left side and the deepest part of the river fell within the high quality type water.
Dietary Structure and Renal Stone Disease
Authors: Blacklock Norman J. 
Published: January 2012

Renal stone disease - calcium oxalate stone of the kidney - appears as much a disease of Western civilisation as diabetes, coronary thrombosis, appendicitis and gallstones. The epidemiology shows a significant increase in incidence in the developed world within the past one hundred years but there have been interruptions in the progression of increase in times of war. There is other evidence that it afflicts the affluent society. Any ‘geographical’ pattern tends to reflect sociological circumstances. The relationship with affluence most likely incriminates dietary habit. The observed effect of certain characteristics of a Westernised diet, i.e the high animal protein, refined carbohydrate and reduced fibre consumption, on the urinary electrolyte pattern are all shown to increase the risk factors for calcium oxalate crystallisation.
Your Teeth All Your Life
Authors: Barlow Kenneth 
Published: January 2012

Many primative peoples have had teeth free from dental decay and have kept them for a lifetime. They had well formed dental arches and, consequently, were free from what we recognise as orthodontic problems. However, as such people changed their diets (largely by the consumption of white flour and sugar) so they experienced dental decay, often on a considerable scale. Many children whose parents have changed their diet for as little as ten years have serious orthodontic problems. They have crowded teeth and malaligned jaws and are more prone to dental caries.
A Food Policy for the Third World
Authors: Aubert Claude 
Published: January 2012

The meaning and implication of a global approach to food production are considered, and the futility of attempting to apply any policy to the Third World in disregard of polices applied to industrialised countries. To illustrate this interdependance of the patterns of production and consumption in industrial and in developing countries, the ingredients of a typical French meal are examined. The polices that ought to be applied to the Third World are not in themselves difficult. A few concrete examples of successful application of the principles of organic agriculture are based on observations made during a tour of some countries in West Africa. The present need is for further experimental work to confirm such findings and to adapt techniques to different regional conditions. Where it is sought to apply such knowledge, the human factor must not be neglected, nor should one underestimate the willingness of peasent societies to learn new techniques once their confidence has been gained.
The Generation of Cancer: Initiation, promotion, progression and the multiple influences of the environment
Authors: Stoddart R. W. 
Published: January 2012

Carcinogenesis is a multi-stage process, conventionally divided into initiation, promotion and progression. Most carcinogens are initiators, but promoters may be equally important environmental factors in the development of cancers. The environment can also influence the pathways by which carcinogens are activated and targeted onto particular tissues and the mechanisms by which carcinogenic injury is corrected or eliminated. Despite recent studies on the mechanisms of promotion, progression is imperfectly understood, but agents (possibly including promoters) acting at this stage might influence the rate of emergence of clinical malignancy from pre-malignancy.
Sucrose and Idiopathic Renal Stone
Authors: Blacklock Norman J. 
Published: January 2012

Idiopathic renal stone comprises more than SO per cent of kidney stone disease. Whilst the incidence rate in the Western World is high, that in Africa south of the Sahara is very low. Epidemiological studies point to a dietary aetiology as the basis for stone formation in the kidney. A number of dietary constituents increase the urinary risk factors for stone formation and one of these is sucrose. The sucrose effect is exaggerated when it is consumed in certain forms. There is also the evidence that a third of a normal population responds in an exaggerated manner in respect of an increased excretion of urinary risk factors when sucrose is consumed and this phenomenon has been noted in over 70 per cent of idiopathic stone formers. In studying the mechanism of this, insulin was found to influence distal renal tubular function to increased calcium excretion. Stone formers with an exaggerated urinary risk factor response to sucrose were found to have abnormally high and sustained blood levels of insulin following a standard glucose test meal. Where sucrose or sucrose products are in abundance, quite apart from its effect in increasing urinary risk factors in the population in general, there is particular vulnerability of a significant sub group within the population with this type of insulin response. Sucrose furthermore is known to induce nephrocalcinosis in the kidney of the rodent and similar calcific lesions have been found in the kidney substance of man and these have been observed to begin to appear within the first decade of life. Sucrose has also been observed in man to increase the excretion rate of an enzyme which is identified with renal tubular cell damage.
Sugars Consumption of Northumbrian Children Aged 11–14 Years
Authors: Hackett A F. , Rugg-Gunn A. J. , Appleton D. R. 
Published: January 2012

In order to investigate the relationships between diet and tooth decay the authors recently completed the first longitudinal study of diet and dental caries increment in children. 405 children initially aged 11.5 years each recorded their intake of foods and drinks for a total of 15 days over a period of 2 years. This is a review of some of the findings. The evidence implicating consumption of sugars in the causation of dental caries is both diverse and overwhelming (Rugg-Gunn, 1983). Of the 30 or so observational studies relating diet and dental caries in children, all except one have been cross-sectional in design. Such a design is unsatisfactory in older children at least because there is little reason why a lifetime's caries experience should be related to a single estimate of dietary intake. In addition there have been few reports of the food intake in general, and sugars intake in particular, of children in the UK. A longitudinal survey of intake could indicate how choice of foods changes with age and if repeated could show how preferences change over time. The National Food Survey has provided some information on food acquisition (not consumption) over the past 40 years (Derry and Buss, 1984). Unfortunately, besides not estimating consumption this survey does not include foods bought and consumed away from the home such as confectionery and soft drinks. Furthermore, this survey collects data by household and so information for age and sex specific groups is not available. Comments regarding sugars consumption amongst children must be derived from data collected from properly designed dietary surveys of defined groups of individuals. Such knowledge of what children eat is essential to the planning of effective health education campaigns. In order to contribute to the understanding of the relationship between diet and caries in children and to contribute to health education a longitudinal study was undertaken which had the following aim: to rank some defined dietary factors either singly or in combination in the order in which they explain the dental caries increment of over 400 children.
RAG: RNA-As-Graphs database—concepts, analysis, and features
Authors: Gan Hin Hark , Fera Daniela , Zorn Julie , Shiffeldrim Nahum , Tang Michael , Laserson Uri , Kim Namhee , Schlick Tamar 
Published: January 2012

Motivation Understanding RNA's structural diversity is vital for identifying novel RNA structures and pursuing RNA genomics initiatives. By classifying RNA secondary motifs based on correlations between conserved RNA secondary structures and functional properties, we offer an avenue for predicting novel motifs. Although several RNA databases exist, no comprehensive schemes are available for cataloguing the range and diversity of RNA's structural repertoire. Results Our RNA-As-Graphs (RAG) database describes and ranks all mathematically possible (including existing and candidate) RNA secondary motifs on the basis of graphical enumeration techniques. We represent RNA secondary structures as two-dimensional graphs (networks), specifying the connectivity between RNA secondary structural elements, such as loops, bulges, stems and junctions. We archive RNA tree motifs as ‘tree graphs’ and other RNAs, including pseudoknots, as general ‘dual graphs’. All RNA motifs are catalogued by graph vertex number (a measure of sequence length) and ranked by topological complexity. The RAG inventory immediately suggests candidates for novel RNA motifs, either naturally occurring or synthetic, and thereby might stimulate the prediction and design of novel RNA motifs. Availability The database is accessible on the web at http://monod.biomath.nyu.edu/rna Contact schlick@nyu.edu
Health Action to Meet Contemporary Challenges
Authors: Shiva Mira 
Published: January 2012

While India has made rapid strides in building its medical manpower and medical service, yet many of the major health problems are far from being controlled. Although earlier Health problems have not been resolved, newer threats to health through misguided development are getting superadded. The major health threats today are the denial of minimal sustenance base, such as adequate food and water to an increasing number of people. The rapidly increasing uncontrolled chemicalization of body and environment is another health hazard. Experience has shown that health needs cannot be satisfied merely by expansion of the medical industry. Health care work would have to involve an attempt to arrest the growing threats to health and survival, and rebuilding of the ecological base, to ensure provision of basic needs to all. These efforts would be towards a new economics, because they include radical shifts in food agriculture policy, resources use policy, industrial policy etc and can only be guided by a deep sense of social justice and human concern. Contemporary health care work has increasingly to involve those who are already looking for alternatives e.g. those involved in ecology movements, feminist movement, peace and civil rights groups, those involved in alternative education, agriculture, health care journalism. Priority has to be given and strategies evolved to help add a health dimension, to various health or non health work and initiatives already existing, with a special effort to safeguard the traditional health care knowledge systems from total disintegration. Grass root level feed back should constitute an essential pre-requisite for any (health) policy formulation and its implementation.
Nitrate Levels in Edible Wild Herbs and Vegetables Common in Jordan
Authors: Takruri H.R. , Humeid M.A. 
Published: January 2012

Forty six selected species of wild edible herbs and vegetables common in Jordan were collected from their natural growing places; twelve of them were collected from more than one location. The nitrate contents of the edible parts, and in some cases non-edible parts, were determined using the cadmium reduction method. The nitrate level varied widely ranging from 29 mg/kg in the leaves of tetragonolbus ( Tetragonolobus Paluestinus) to 6743 mg/kg in star fenugreek ( Trigonella Stellata). With the exception of the families of Araceae and Cruciferae, there was a wide variation in the nitrate concentrations within the species of each family. In general, the nitrate content of the stems was higher than that of the leaves which in turn was higher than that of the roots and bulbs. The same species collected from irrigated (presumably fertilized) farms were generally of higher nitrate content than those collected from pasture, forest or non-irrigated farms. However, many of the studied plants remain of relatively high nitrate content regardless of where they were grown.
A Speculative Discussion of Some Problems Arising from the Use of Ammonium Nitrate Fertiliser on Acid Soil
Authors: Stockdale Thomas 
Published: January 2012

Some personal farming experiences are described, and attention is drawn to four anomalies associated with the use of ammonium nitrate. These can be explained if the changes that took place in the formulation of fertilisers around 1960 have led to acidic soils becoming depleted in calcium, and if crops growing in high nitrogen conditions take up their nitrogen as ammonium. It is concluded that the fertiliser recommendations that have been formulated at Rothamsted are unsuitable for use upon acidic soils in wetter parts of the UK because they result in the soil becoming excessively anaerobic so that the balance of nutrients becomes unsuitable for optimal plant and animal growth.