bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CEMENTED SHEAR-PLANES IN THE PLEISTOCENE MIDDLE SANDS OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE
Authors: Taylor B. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The origin of load-induced shear-planes in the Middle Sands is related to their stratigraphical position between the till sheets of the Main Irish Sea Glaciation and the Irish Sea Re-advance. Thin sections of the shear-planes show that they have undergone iron enrichment owing to differential capillarity.
HEAVY MINERALS IN THE MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE OF YORKSHIRE
Authors: Crampton C. B. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Heavy minerals in the Magnesian Limestone of Yorkshire have been separated, identified and their relative proportions ascertained. The mineral assemblage is reasonably constant throughout the limestone succession within the small area studied, and is characterized by abundant colourless zircon and monazite, green tourmaline, colourless garnet and amber rutile, with smaller amounts of anatase, amphiboles, pyroxenes, fluorite, epidote, topaz, staurolito and sphene.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BURNSALL-CRACOE DISTRICT AND ITS BEARING ON THE ORIGIN OF THE CRACOE KNOLL-REEFS
Authors: Black W. W. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The structures found in the Cracoe reef-limestones are considered in relation to those found in the overlying Bowland Shales and Grassington Grit, and also to those found in the district as a whole. Although there is evidence of widespread breaks in the succession, angular unconformity occurs only in the reef area proper, where Bowland Shales and Grassington Grit overlap against eminences of reef limestone within which “pre-shale” dips can be demonstrated. While it is not possible to prove conclusively whether these dips are tectonic or are original dips of deposition, the latter explanation is considered to be the most consistent with the evidence found within this restricted district and also with existing knowledge of Lower Carboniferous reef limestones as a whole.

It is concluded that an original knoll-reef topography, with original dips, was partly buried by Lower Bowland Shales which, however, lie with no disparity of dip on adjacent non-reef limestones; that intermittent uplift, with minor faulting, and with some erosion of reef limestones and of the limestones forming on the edge of the bank to the north, occurred in P
2
and early E
1
times with the formation of boulder beds in the Bowland Shales; that this erosion surface was completely buried by the deposition of the Upper Bow-land Shales and Grassington Grit; and that the whole of this succession was later folded and faulted during the Armorican earth movements.

Dips in the Bowland Shales due to differential compaction over the underlying irregular surface are likely to be present and to be of the order of 10–15 degrees at a maximum. Such dips have, however, been obscured by the later earth movements.
EPIGENETIC MINERALIZATION IN YORKSHIRE
Authors: Dunham K. C. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The lead-zinc-copper-fluorine-barium deposits of N.W. Yorkshire are discordant veins and associated replacements of epigenetic origin. A summary of previous ideas shows that the principle of stratigraphic control has been recognized from earliest times. The structural setting of the deposits on the Rigid Block and their relation to preferred horizons in the Viséan and Namurian rocks is described. After a review of current genetic hypotheses it is suggested that at the time of mineralization, an active circulation of deep groundwaters was augmented by juvenile waters from acidic magmatism in the crust or from still deeper levels. The possible roles of metamorphic and connate waters are considered.
MARINE BANDS OF ARNSBERGIAN AGE (NAMURIAN) IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN PORTION OF THE ASKRIGG BLOCK, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Wilson A. A. , Thompson A. T. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Cockhill Marine Band of earliest Arnsbergian (E
2
) age persists throughout the south-east quadrant of the Askrigg Block, and yields a large fauna, including the characteristic goniatite,
Cravenoceras cowlingense;
there is an increasing abundance of brachiopods towards the north. A new locality in the Mirk Fell Ironstone Series in Upper Swaledale yielding
C. cowlingense
is described. The Colsterdale Marine Beds of Arnsbergian age also persist throughout the area, two beds of shale being separated by the Colsterdale Limestone. The marine shales below the limestone vary locally in thickness, especially in the north where in Colsterdale thickening is accompanied by the appearance of a nuculid-gastropod fauna. Faunal characteristics of the marine beds are considered in terms of both lateral and chronological changes, and a case made out for a progressively deeper or more saline environment towards the southern margin of the Askrigg Block at the time of deposition of the upper part of the Colsterdale Marine Beds.
POLLEN SPECTRA FROM THE INTERGLACIAL DEPOSITS AT KIRMINGTON, LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Watts W. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A deposit of silt and peat at Kirmington, Lincolnshire was formed under estuarine conditions during a temperate stage of an interglacial period. Pollen spectra from the peat are compatible with a Hoxnian (Penultimate) Interglacial age.
THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE CARADOC SERIES IN THE CROSS FELL INLIER
Authors: Dean W. T. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The rocks of the Caradoc Series in the Cross Fell Inlier have been re-examined and their faunas, almost exclusively of shelly type, collected systematically. As a result a fairly detailed correlation with the stages of the south Shropshire succession is now possible. Bancroft’s published results are re-assessed and many of his conclusions, including that of the correlation between the shelly and graptolitic faunas, considerably modified. Detailed faunal lists and maps are appended, and correlations with other Ordovician sucessions, including parts of Scandinavia, discussed. It is proposed that in the Knock-Dufton district the term “
Corona
Beds” should be confined to strata of Lower Longvillian age, and “Dufton Shales” used for beds ranging from Upper Longvillian to Pusgillian in age. The Caradoc strata near Melmerby are shown to be of Longvillian age and the name “Melmerby Beds” is proposed for them. The Pusgillian is equated, at least approximately, with the Zone of
Pleurograptus linearis,
and is believed to be older than the
Diacalymene
Beds, the lowest subdivision of the Ashgill Series. The Swindale or
Staurocephalus
Limestone of Swindale Beck is probably disconformable on the Dufton Shales there. The Ashgill Series near the head of Billy’s Beck is shown to be more fully developed than was thought, and the structural relations of the rocks there and nearby are discussed.
STRATIGRAPHIC MAPS FROM DATA OBSERVED AT OUTCROP
Authors: Krumbein W. C. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Stratigraphic mapping methods were developed largely for sub-surface studies, but the same techniques can be used with surface data where sections of the stratigraphic unit are available over an area instead of along a relatively narrow strip. The basic maps include a structure contour map and an isopach map to show the geometry of the stratigraphic unit, and one or more contour-type facies maps that show variations in rock composition. Interpretation of the maps is commonly aided by trend surface analysis that removes local fluctuations from the data and permits clearer examinations of the broad patterns of areal variation.
POST-GLACIAL EROSION OF THE NORTH YORKSHIRE COAST FROM THE TEES ESTUARY TO RAVENSCAR
Authors: Agar Rodmell 
Published: December 2009

Summary
This length of coast has been examined for physical evidence of the changes which have occurred in the past 10,000 years. The present rate of cliff foot recession has been determined by survey to average thirty feet per century for the bare shale foreshore and cliffs. The presence of cliff foot debris on the solid coast and glacial drift in the bays results in an average of about sixteen feet per century for cliff foot recession of the whole length of coast, and as active erosion has only reached the cliff top in certain stretches, the average erosion of the cliff top is about seven feet per century.
Knowledge of post-glacial sea-level variations has been applied to estimate erosion conditions applying in the past. The conclusion is reached that present conditions are exceptionally favourable for rapid erosion.
Early post-glacial marine erosion swept away the glacial drift blanket from the present sea-bed, then erosion of the solid cliff extended the wave-cut foreshore by an average of about seventy feet, this width having been cut down to its present level within the past thousand years.
The old cliff foot line, lying about seventy feet from the present cliff, is considered to be of Last (Eemian) Interglacial age.
A GRAVITY SURVEY OFF THE COAST OF NORTH-EAST ENGLAND
Authors: Bott M. H. P. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
During summer, 1959, seventy-five gravity measurements were made off the Durham coast, north-east England, using an underwater gravimeter. The Bouguer anomalies are interpreted as indicating the pattern of Lower Carboniferous sedimentation associated with the seaward extensions of the Ninety Fathom and Butterknowle Faults.
JOINTS IN THE WHIN SILL AND ASSOCIATED SEDIMENTS IN UPPER TEESDALE, NORTHERN PENNINES
Authors: Spears D. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
In both the Whin Sill and the associated sediments in Upper Teesdale most of the joints belong to two vertical sets intersecting approximately at right angles. This system is very similar to that described by Dunham (1933) in the sedimentary rocks of Weardale. Both are believed to have originated after the intrusion of the sill, owing to the relaxation of stresses upon uplift. The nature of the joints and their relationship to the mineralization of the area are also briefly discussed.
CLAVIRADIX, A NEW GENUS OF THE FAMILY PALAEOCORYNIDAE FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS OF COUNTY DURHAM
Authors: Ferguson J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A new genus and three new species of the family Palaeocorynidae Duncan and Jenkins 1869, from the Carboniferous (Lower Namurian) shales of Stanhope, County Durham, are described and figured. Previous literature is reviewed and the difficulties of classification discussed.
THE EROSION SURFACES OF EAST LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Straw Allan 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Five dissected erosion surfaces in the Lincolnshire Wolds are described, ranging between 550 and 80 feet O.D., and a lower well-preserved wave-cut platform is shown to underlie the Marsh to the east. The age and origin of these features and the drainage are discussed.
The Humber fault and the Audleby monocline are believed to have strongly influenced the development of the surfaces and evolution of the drainage in the northern Wolds. It is suggested that these structures are younger than the summit surface and were formed about the end of the Pliocene period.
EROSION SURFACES IN THE FOREST OF BOWLAND
Authors: Moseley F. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Geomorphological studies, including field work and cartographic analysis, indicate both a relation between geological structure and topography, and the presence of former erosion surfaces, these two characteristics being super-imposed on each other.
The alternations of Namurian sandstones and shales, together with a dominance of gentle dips is conducive to the formation of dip slopes, anti-clinal hills and synclinal valleys with resulting similarity between structure contour and topographic maps. In contrast, field mapping and new methods of cartographic analysis indicate two major and one minor erosion surfaces, which cut across structural features.
It is concluded that a polycyclic landscape has evolved, with inclined and undulating erosion surfaces largely of subaerial origin, which have become locally adjusted to geological structure both during their formation and subsequent to uplift. The highest surface (the Bowland Surface) ranges from 1200 to 1700 feet O.D. and at the time of formation consisted of undulating hills. Below this is the Wyresdale Surface which rises from 420 to about 1000 feet O.D. and, it is thought, formerly comprised a series of shallow valleys incised into the Bowland Surface. This surface is itself strongly dissected, with recent valleys incised into it so that it essentially forms the higher relatively gentle slopes of valley-in-valley systems.
A third, still lower surface descending to about 250 feet O.D. has been recognized (the Lower Wyresdale Surface), similar in form and origin to the Wyresdale Surface. Although the greater part of these surfaces is considered to be of subaerial origin there is some suggestion that the lower two were affected by marine erosion in the extreme west, where they are at their lowest.
THE BASE OF THE NAMURIAN AND OF THE MILLSTONE GRIT IN NORTH-EASTERN ENGLAND
Authors: Johnson G. A. L. , Hodge B. L. , Fairbairn R. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

During the last few years evidence has been accumulating which has indicated that the junction between the Lower and Upper Carboniferous, the Viséan–Namurian junction, lies in the vicinity of the Great Limestone at the base of the Upper Limestone Group. The zonal evidence for the position of this boundary is reviewed and five new goniatite records from this part of the succession are described. Two have a direct bearing on the boundary problem—
Cravenoceras leion
Bisat, the basal goniatite of the Namurian, from the shales above the Great Limestone at Greenleighton quarry, Northumberland, and
Cravenoceras
aff.
malhamense
(Bisat) from the shales above the Little Limestone in Swinhope Burn, East Allendale. The base of the Namurian is now shown almost certainly to lie between the Four Fathom Limestone and the Great Limestone; the base of the latter is shown to be the nearest suitable mapping horizon for the base of the Millstone Grit Series.
THE JET ROCK SERIES AND THE ALUM SHALE SERIES OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST
Authors: Howarth M. K. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Detailed stratigraphical descriptions are given of the foreshore inter-tidal exposures and undercliff sections of the Jet Rock Series and Alum Shale Series which stretch from Port Mulgrave to Ravenscar on the north Yorkshire coast. Comparisons and correlations are made between the main development of these beds to the north-west of the Peak Fault at Ravenscar and the completely different development exposed in a single outcrop immediately south-east of the fault.
The Jet Rock Series and Alum Shale Series belong to the Falciferum and Bifrons Zones respectively of the Upper Lias. The area discussed is the type area for the subdivisions of the Falciferum Zone, and an area of some importance for the subdivisions of the Bifrons Zone. On the basis of 1450 ammonites belonging to forty-six species collected from known horizons, the stratigraphical sequence and ranges of the species are given, and from these details of the subzonal divisions are deduced. The generic classification of the Dactylioceratidae is discussed in the light of this stratigraphical knowledge of the large number of Yorkshire species.
THE PALAEOECOLOGY OF CARBONIFEROUS PEATS BASED ON THE MIOSPORES AND PETROGRAPHY OF BITUMINOUS COALS
Authors: Smith A. H. V. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The lack of ecological data concerning the vegetation of the peat deposits and adjoining areas in the Carboniferous period is a limiting factor in the use of spores for stratigraphical purposes. For this reason, a petrological and palynological investigation of a number of coal seams containing crassidurain, in the Yorkshire Coalfield, was undertaken. The results show four distinct assemblages of miospores, each assemblage being more or less associated with coal of a distinctive petrographic type. Their vertical sequence is similar in the different seams. The succession culminates in the crassidurain, above which, under favourable conditions, the sequence is reversed. The peats producing this sequence are considered to be autochthonous in origin although a partly allochthonous coal type is also recognized.
Existing theories, which do not take account of palynological evidence, attribute the petrographic differences in the humic coals to varying degrees of aerobic decomposition controlled by environmental factors such as degree of drainage, or depth of water covering the peat surface at the time of deposition. They do not satisfactorily explain all the new evidence. The possibility that at least part of the sequence, and particularly the crassidurain, was the result of climatic factors is suggested.
DIAGENETIC FABRICS IN THE AVONIAN LIMESTONES OF DERBYSHIRE AND NORTH WALES
Authors: Orme G. R. , Brown W. W. M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Detailed fabric studies of the Avonian limestones of Derbyshire and North Wales have revealed complex diagenetic histories, and have shown that fibrous calcite commonly results from the late modification of an originally fine mosaic. The development of this fabric also produces certain types of pseudobreccias. Grain diminution, resulting from the recrystallization of crinoid ossicles and cementation fabrics, has also been observed in these rocks.
The limestones exhibit a variety of cavities which owe their present fabrics to a complex of processes, and in some cases to modification by diagenetic fibrous calcite development. The complexity of diagenetic histories, the caution necessary in their interpretation, and the effects of diagenesis on field classifications are emphasized by these studies.
JAROSITE FROM MEAL BANK QUARRY, INGLETON, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Hodson Frank , Cosgrove M. E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The mineral jarosite is reported associated with decomposed pyrite in fireclay below the coal seam in Viséan limestones at Meal Bank quarry, Ingleton, Yorkshire. The chemical composition of two samples of the jarosite is given and the mineral is illustrated by electron microscope photographs.
THE ACKLINGTON DYKE—A PROTON MAGNETOMETER SURVEY
Authors: Robson D. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Acklington Dyke, a tholeiitic dolerite in north-west Northumberland, is a member of the Tertiary Mull swarm and is intruded into Lower Old Red Sandstone lavas and Lower Carboniferous sediments. It was surveyed for fifteen miles from Hophills Nob in Roxburghshire to Alwinton in Northumberland by means of a proton magnetometer which is a highly sensitive instrument and capable of rapid manipulation. The dyke has been cut by numerous faults, chiefly trending between 040 and 050 degrees, and has been shifted by almost all; in most cases the movement is sinistral. The latest movement occurred after the phase of dyke intrusion which was probably of Lower Miocene age. Southwards the Outer Pennine Fault on the edge of the Alston Block is known to be Tertiary; it is suggested that the Craven and Dent faults as well may have been involved in the same Tertiary transcurrent movements that shifted the Acklington Dyke in Northumberland.
THE “STALACTITIC” BARYTES OF DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Ford T. D. , Sarjeant W. A. S. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The composition, nature and history of working of brown “stalactitic” barytes of Derbyshire are discussed. This mineral was worked near Arborlow around 1832 for ornamental purposes. The form is shown to be pseudo-stalactitic botryoidal and the deposit has probably originated by precipitation from warm solution in an open cavity. The brown colour is considered to result from a small percentage of iron. An occurrence of white to grey barytes of similar form at Masson Hill, Matlock, is described and comparison is made with other forms of Derbyshire barytes. The “stalactitic” deposits may have formed as a result of secondary hydrothermal activity at relatively low temperatures.
POTASSIUM-ARGON AGE PATTERN OF THE BRITISH CALEDONIDES
Authors: Brown P. E. , Soper N. J. , Miller J. A. , York D. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The results of over 160 potassium–argon age determinations on Moine and Dalradian rocks are summarized. Histograms reveal a strong Moine peak at about 425 million years and a spread down to 570 million years; in the Dalradian the peak is at 435 million years (possibly influenced by geographical sampling bias) and the spread to 490 million years. Interpretation of the age pattern is discussed on the basis of (a), a rapid cooling hypothesis in which the Moine and Dalradian areas are considered to have been affected by an orogenic-metamorphic event about 425 million years ago and (b), a slow cooling hypothesis in which the spread of ages younger than about 460 million years in the combined Moine and Dalradian pattern is considered to reflect late-orogenic cooling. The merits of both hypotheses are considered in relation to the known polyphase orogenic-metamorphic history of the Caledonides. An assessment is made of the geological and radiometric evidence bearing upon the putative Pre-Cambrian metamorphisms of the Moine and Dalradian areas.
PROLECANITINA FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS OF NORTH DEVON
Authors: Prentice J. E. , Thomas J. M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Protocanites
cf.
lyoni
(Meek and Worthen) from below the Codden Hill Chert confirms a Iα (Tournaisian) horizon. A
Merocanites
from the Codden Hill Chert and Bampton Limestones is compared with
M. similis
Crick, whose specific identity is maintained; these indicate zone II (that is, below B
2
) horizon.
Prolecanites hesteri
and
Pronorites cyclolobus
in the Bampton and Westleigh limestones indicate a IIIα (B
2
—P
1a
) and IIIα—IIIβ (that is, P
1a
—P
1d
) age respectively.
MACROCELL STRUCTURE AND ENTEROLITHIC VEINS IN BRITISH PURBECK GYPSUM AND ANHYDRITE
Authors: West I. M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A nodular structure, here termed “macrocell structure”, is commonly associated with enterolithic veins in the British Purbeck gypsum and anhydrite. The veins and the macrocell structure preceded the brecciation that gave rise to the Broken Beds and were present in early secondary anhydrite. Both structures probably originated when primary gypsum was undergoing compaction before the lithification of the associated marl, and have not resulted from the hydration of anhydrite. A sequence of diagenesis for Purbeck calcium sulphate with macrocell structure is established, comparable to that previously elaborated for the calcium sulphate with net-texture. Similar features are present in other evaporite deposits.
THE SEDIMENTATION AND PALAEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE OLD RED SANDSTONE OF ANGLESEY, NORTH WALES
Authors: Allen J. R. L. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Old Red Sandstone is not less than 1,645 feet thick and comprises four lithological formations. Each formation is recognized as a major sedimentary facies and is interpreted from a knowledge of modern sediments and sedimentary processes. The lowest facies, of conglomerates and pebbly sandstones, lies diachronously above the gently sloping base of the Old Red Sandstone. The next up comprises siltstones and caliche-like carbonate mineral beds. Overlapping earlier beds, the third facies which dominates the succession comprises numerous cycles of conglomerate, sandstone and siltstone. Rapidly alternating sandstones and siltstones make up the highest facies. These facies are considered to represent piedmont, playa, stream and lacustrine deposition respectively. The Old Red Sandstone probably accumulated in a valley whose axis sloped south-eastward. Palaeontological evidence is lacking, but indirect evidence is consistent with an early Lower Old Red Sandstone age. The beds probably belong to the southern British development of the Old Red Sandstone, rather than to the Midland Valley (Scotland) province as was formerly believed.