bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the benefit of flow constraints on the drifting invertebrate community of a regulated river
Authors: Patterson R. J. , Smokorowski K. E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe downstream effects of hydroelectric dam operations on the abundance and diversity of the macroinvertebrate drift community of a regulated river were compared to that of an unregulated river, longitudinally and across three seasons. The regulated river operated under minimum flow and ramping rate (rate of change of flow) restrictions resulting in a ‘modified peaking’ regime, which means the facility could still peak, but at a slower rate and may not reach maximum turbine flows in the short time typically required to respond to market energy demand. The unregulated river had no dams or other water control structures. There was a trend of increasing abundance and diversity with distance from the dam on the regulated river, with no discernable trend along the unregulated river. While feeding guild proportions did not vary along the unregulated river, within the regulated river feeding guild proportions changed longitudinally as scrapers and collector gatherers increased, and filterers and predators decreased with distance downstream. The regulated river had similar or higher abundance across all seasons, with lower diversity in the spring. Seasonal average discharge was found to be lowest in summer on both rivers, with the regulated river benefiting from a minimum flow to help maintain higher abundance and diversity. Overall, our examination of the drifting invertebrate community on a regulated river support that operational constraints associated with modified peaking regimes helped mitigate the typical negative effects associated with river regulation. Copyright © 2010 Crown in the right of Canada and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of reservoir management on abundance, condition, parasitism and reproductive traits of downstream mussels
Authors: Galbraith H. S. , Vaughn C. C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe large‐scale impoundment of rivers has led to global declines in freshwater mussel populations. It is important to understand the mechanisms underlying these declines to initiate an effective recovery strategy. We examined population traits of threeQuadrulaspecies (Quadrula pustulosa,Q. cylindricaandQ. quadrula) at three locations that were exposed to two different reservoir management regimes: releases that mimicked natural flow patterns and releases that were higher and colder in summer months than the natural system. We found lower mussel density, higher hermaphroditism and parasitism rates, and reduced body condition downstream of the dam with unnatural flow regimes. Sex ratios varied on a species and site basis. We found moreQuadrula cylindricafemales than males averaged across all three sampling sites whileQ. pustulosawas male biased across all sites and at site 1. We observed approximately equal sex ratios inQuadrula quadrula. Population disturbances downstream of the more naturally‐regulated dam were not as severe. Our data indicate that dam operation can have effects on a variety of mussel life history characteristics that may ultimately reduce population viability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship of thermoplastic starch crystallinity to plasticizer structure
Authors: Dai Hongguang , Chang Peter R. , Yu Jiugao , Geng Fengying , Ma Xiaofei 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe crystallinity of hydroxyalkylformamides‐platicized thermoplastic starch (HAFTPS) was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The HAFTPS crystallinity related to the structure of plasticizer hydroxyalkylformamides (HAF). If there was one H atom attaching to N atom of HAF, the corresponding HAFTPS only had VA crystallinity; if there was no H atom attaching to N atom of HAF, the corresponding HAFTPS had EH crystallinity due to the bulky plasticizer.
A study of practical‐moral knowledge in science teaching: Case studies in physical science classrooms
Authors: Salloum Sara , Abd‐El‐Khalick Fouad 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis study further extends a conceptual framework that explores science teaching as a “practice” not reducible to the application of formal knowledge, but as informed by teachers' practical‐moral knowledge. A hermeneutic model was developed to examine practical‐moral knowledgeindirectlyby investigating teachers' commitments, interpretations, actions, and dialectic interactions between them. The study also aimed to analyze teachers' actions in terms of their interpretations and commitments as they realize “internal goods” of their practice. Ethnographic case studies of three science teachers were conducted through classroom observation, in‐depth interviews and dialogues, and artifact analysis. A commitment of preparing students for national exams was common to the three teachers but was manifested differently in classroom practices. This commitment originated from interpretations about the duty of “good” teachers notletting students and schools down. Other emergent commitments were commitments: to conceptual understandings, to “challenge” learners, and to social modeling. We present each with associated interpretations and actions. The concepts of practical wisdom (phronesis) and gap closing are used to characterize teachers' practical knowledge and its development respectively. Implications for teacher education are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 929–951, 2010
Gene–environment interactions, folate metabolism and the embryonic nervous system
Authors: Ross M. Elizabeth 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFormation of brain and spinal cord requires the successful closure of neural ectoderm into an embryonic neural tube. Defects in this process result in anencephaly or spina bifida, which together constitute a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children, affecting all ethnic and socioeconomic groups. The subject of intensive research for decades, neural tube defects (NTDs), are understood to arise from complex interactions of genes and environmental conditions, though systems‐level details are still elusive. Despite the variety of underlying causes, a single intervention, folic acid supplementation given in the first gestational month, can measurably reduce the occurrence of NTDs in a population. Evidence for and the scope of gene‐environment interactions in the genesis of NTDs is discussed. A systems‐based approach is now possible toward studies of genetic and environmental influences underlying NTDs that will enable the assessment of individual risk and personalized optimization of prevention. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease
Halogenomercury Salts of Sterically Crowded Triazenides – Convenient Starting Materials for Redox‐Transmetallation Reactions
Authors: Hauber Sven‐Oliver , Woo Seo Jang , Niemeyer Mark 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDiaryl‐substituted triazenides Ar(Ar′)N3HgX [Ar/Ar′ = Dmp/Mph, X = Cl (2a), Br (3a), I (4a); Ar/Ar′ = Dmp/Tph, X = Cl (2b), I (4b) with Mph = 2‐MesC6H4, Mes = 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2, Tph = 2′,4′,6′‐triisopropylbiphenyl‐2‐yl and Dmp = 2,6‐Mes2C6H3] were synthesized by salt‐metathesis reactions in ethyl ether from the readily available starting materials Ar(Ar′)N3Li and HgX2. These compounds may be used for redox‐transmetallation reactions with rare‐earth or alkaline earth metals. Thus, reaction of 4b or 2b with magnesium or ytterbium in tetrahydrofuran afforded the triazenides Dmp(Tph)N3MX(thf) (5b: M = Mg, X = I; 6b: M = Yb, X = Cl) in good yield. All new compounds were characterized by melting point, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and for selected species by IR spectroscopy or mass spectrometry. In addition, the solid‐state structures of triazenides 2a, 2b, 3a, 4b, 5b and 6b were investigated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Synthesis of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes in a High Frequency Furnace
Authors: Müller Andreas , Jansen Martin 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAn alternative method for the synthesis of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is presented, which is based on the co‐evaporation of a pure graphite body and a metal catalyst (nickel). The graphite body is inductively heated in a high frequency furnace up to ~2400 °C. Characterization of the produced soot was performed using SEM, TEM and Raman spectroscopy techniques.
An algebraic characterisation of elementary net system (observable) state space
Authors: Pomello L. , Simone C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The paper proposes a characterisation of the state space ofan Elementary Net (EN) system in terms of a relational algebraic structure, called Local State Transformation (LST) algebra. The latter allows one to take into consideration in an explicit way local state transformations performed by the occurrence of events. A class of injective morphisms between LST algebras allows one to compare system behaviours at different levels of abstraction and to introduce a notion of preorder in the class of EN systems. This leads in a natural way to a notion of equivalence which preserves the system degree of concurrency, and whose equivalence classes have a unique (up to isomorphism) canonical representative which is minimal with respect to net elements. Moreover, the class of morphisms allows the definition of a notion of state observability and of a notion of equivalence between Observable Elementary Net Systems. All these notions provide the system designer with a set of useful tools for an incremental design process, in which the (concurrent and nondeterministic) control of the considered system need not be fixed ‘a priori’.
Deciding bisimilarity is
P
-complete
Authors: Balcázar José , Gabarró Joaquim , Sántha Miklós 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

In finite labelled transition systems the problems of deciding strong bisimilarity, observation equivalence and observation congruence are
P
-complete under many—one
NC
-reducibility. As a consequence, algorithms for automated analysis of finite state systems based on bisimulation seem to be inherently sequential in the following sense: the design of an
NC
algorithm to solve any of these problems will require an algorithmic breakthrough, which is exceedingly hard to achieve.
Program morphisms
Authors: Burton C. T. P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
An algebraic view of recursive definitions is presented, extending an already familiar analogy with homomorphisms. A notion of simulation of one recursive definition by another is then defined. This leads to a particular approach to verification and transformation, which places emphasis on the arrows between programs, rather than the programs themselves. These arrows are the program morphisms of the title. Examples are given, together with certain extensions of the idea. Also indicated is a methodology which can lead to the discovery of program morphisms and new equivalent versions of a given program.
Machine checked proofs of the design of a fault-tolerant circuit
Authors: Bevier William R. , Young William D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

We describe a formally verified implementation of the “Oral Messages” algorithm of Pease, Shostak and Lamport
J. ACM
(1980)
27
, 228–234;
ACM TOPLAS
(1982)
4
, 382–401. An abstract implementation of the algorithm is proved to achieve interactive consistency in the presence of faults. This abstract characterisation is then mapped down to a hardware level implementation which inherits the fault-tolerant characteristics of the abstract version. All steps in the proof were checked with the Boyer-Moore theorem prover. A significant result of this work is the demonstration of a fault-tolerant device that is formally specified and the development of an implementation proved correct with respect to this specification. A significant simplifying assumption is that the redundant processors behave synchronously. We also describe a mechanically checked proof that the Oral Messages algorithm is “optimal” in the sense that no algorithm which achieves agreement via similar message passing can tolerate a larger proportion of faulty processors.
Re‐conceptualizing Risk in Genetic Counseling: Implications for Clinical Practice
Authors: Austin Jehannine C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractRisk communication is an important component of genetic counseling. However, many authors have noted that after genetic counseling, subjective risk frequently does not match the objective risk provided by the counselor. This inevitably leads to the conclusion that the risk communication process was not “effective”. There has been much discussion about how this problem can be better addressed, such that our clients recall numeric risks more accurately after genetic counseling. This article draws on the risk and probability literature from other fields (including psychology, economics, philosophy and climate change) to deconstruct the concepts of “risk” and risk perception to attempt to expand upon and develop thought and discussion about and investigation of the risk communication process in genetic counseling.
ALEXANDER GEDDES AT THE LIMITS OF THE CATHOLIC ENLIGHTENMENT
Authors: GOLDIE MARK 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTIn the closing decades of the eighteenth century, Alexander Geddes (1737–1802) pressed Catholicism and the Enlightenment to the limits of their tolerance. A Catholic priest, he fled the censure of his Scottish superiors and settled in England, where he became a spokesman for the Catholic laity in their controversies with the hierarchy, and mingled in radical Protestant circles among the ‘Rational Dissenters’. In three domains, he appalled his contemporaries. First, Geddes prepared a new version of the Bible, which threatened to undermine the integrity of revelation, and offered mythopoeic accounts of the Old Testament that influenced Blake and Coleridge. Second, he embraced ‘ecclesiastical democracy’, denouncing papal and episcopal authority and proclaiming British Catholics to be ‘Protesting Catholic Dissenters’. Third, he applauded French republicanism, and adhered to the Revolution long after Edmund Burke had rendered such enthusiasm hazardous. Geddes was an extreme exponent of the Catholic Enlightenment, yet equally he was representative of several characteristic strands of eighteenth-century Catholicism, which would be obliterated in the ultramontane revanche of the following century.
WHAT WAS THE FIRST AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE?
Authors: VERNON ELLIOT , BAKER PHILIP 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThis article examines the origins of the first Agreement of the people: a draft written constitution presented to the general council of the New Model Army on 28 October 1647. It argues that the Agreement was a document that emerged from concerns amongst some of the soldiery and their civilian allies that the terms of a projected settlement with Charles I, The heads of the proposals, would betray the political programme advanced in the army's earlier public statements, especially its Declaration, or, representation of 14 June 1647. As such, this article moves away from the traditional narrative of seeing the Agreement as a Leveller manifesto that was authored in a deliberate attempt to infiltrate the army, and thereby asks fresh questions about the political networks and the programme behind the document. What emerges is a picture of the post-first Civil War political scene that integrates parliamentary manoeuvrings with City of London politics and the public and private affairs of a politicized army. As a result, the article sheds new light on aspects of the constitutional crisis of the later 1640s.
Effects of pentoxifylline duringSchistosoma mansoniinfection in Swiss mice: an analysis of worm burden, fecundity and liver histopathology
Authors: Mati V.L.T. , Freitas R.M.C. , Melo A.L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe short-term effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on granulomatous lesions duringSchistosoma mansoniinfection in Swiss mice were evaluated. Drug administration was initiated 42 and 140 days post-infection (DPI) for the acute and chronic infection groups, respectively. Treatment was carried out daily with 200 mg/kg (subcutaneous route) of the drug for five consecutive days. Recovery of parasites and tissues was performed at 49 DPI and 147 DPI, respectively. Liver histological analysis showed a decrease in the inflammatory reaction and fibrous content of the granulomas studied, and a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in their mean diameter was observed in the groups of rodents treated with PTX in acute and chronic infection, when compared to their respective control groups. However, no alteration in the number ofS. mansonirecovered from the portal system was observed, and egg-laying kinetics was not notably modified by PTX treatment, and the immature stage distribution ofS. mansonieggs showed minor intrinsic variations with no statistical differences in the parameter second-stage/female/g among untreated mice and treated mice in acute and chronic infections, respectively, when evaluated by intestinal oograms. Data obtained indicate probable immunomodulatory effects of PTX in murine schistosomiasis both in acute and chronic infection.
Revisiting coupled Shukla–Varma and convective cell mode in classical and quantum dusty magnetoplasmas
Authors: MASOOD W. , MIRZA ARSHAD M. , NARGIS SHAHIDA 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe coupled Shukla–Varma (SV) and convective cell mode is revisited in classical and quantum dusty magnetoplasmas. It is shown that the inclusion of electron thermal effects modifies the original coupled SV and convective cell mode. It is also discussed how the quantum effects can be incorporated in the coupled SV and convective cell mode.
New or interesting Chapsa and Topeliopsis species (Ascomycota: Ostropales) from Argentina
Authors: MESSUTI María Inés , CODESAL Patricia L. , MANGOLD Armin , LÜCKING Robert , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten 
Published: January 2010

AbstractChapsa rubropruinosa Messuti & Codesal collected in Argentina is described as new to science. The species is characterized by a thin thallus, apothecia with a pigmented disc, and transversely septate, hyaline, non-amyloid to faintly amyloid ascospores with thin cell walls. Chapsa minor is recorded for the first time from South America. The new combination Topeliopsis lomatiae (Messuti, Lumbsch & Vězda) Messuti & Mangold is proposed.
A survey of thelotremoid lichens (Ascomycota: Ostropales) in subantarctic regions excluding Tasmania
Authors: LUMBSCH H. Thorsten , DIVAKAR Pradeep K. , MESSUTI Marìa Inés , MANGOLD Armin , LÜCKING Robert 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThelotremoid lichens (Ostropales, Ascomycota) with a trentepohlioid photobiont in Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, the South Island of New Zealand, and subpolar islands of the southern Hemisphere are studied. Twenty-five species are accepted, with three species described as new to science: Melanotopelia blepharostoma Lumbsch & Divakar, Topeliopsis athallina Lumbsch & Mangold and Topeliopsis patagonica Mangold & Lumbsch. The new combination Topeliopsis novae-zelandiae (Szatala) Lumbsch & Mangold is proposed.
The potential of metabolomics for Leishmania research in the post-genomics era
Authors: SCHELTEMA RICHARD A. , DECUYPERE SASKIA , T'KINDT RUBEN , DUJARDIN JEAN-CLAUDE , COOMBS GRAHAM H. , BREITLING RAINER 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYThe post-genomics era has provided researchers with access to a new generation of tools for the global characterization and understanding of pathogen diversity. This review provides a critical summary of published Leishmania post-genomic research efforts to date, and discusses the potential impact of the addition of metabolomics to the post-genomic toolbox. Metabolomics aims at understanding biology by comprehensive metabolite profiling. We present an overview of the design and interpretation of metabolomics experiments in the context of Leishmania research. Sample preparation, measurement techniques, and bioinformatics analysis of the generated complex datasets are discussed in detail. To illustrate the concepts and the expected results of metabolomics analyses, we also present an overview of comparative metabolic profiles of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Leishmania donovani clinical isolates.
Bloodstream form trypanosome plasma membrane proteins: antigenic variation and invariant antigens
Authors: SCHWEDE ANGELA , CARRINGTON MARK 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYTrypanosoma bruceiis exposed to the adaptive immune system and complement in the blood of its mammalian hosts. The aim of this review is to analyse the role and regulation of the proteins present on the external face of the plasma membrane in the long-term persistence of an infection and transmission. In particular, the following are addressed: (1) antigenic variation of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), (2) the formation of an effective VSG barrier shielding invariant surface proteins, and (3) the rapid uptake of VSG antibody complexes combined with degradation of the immunoglobulin and recycling of the VSG.
Nuestro expediente: La Cruz Roja, la Media Luna Roja y la Comunicación
Authors: Revista La 
Published: January 2010

El mundo contemporáneo vive una ingente paradoja. Comprobamos que hay una mayor interdependencia de las sociedades humanas y de los problemas que se plantean; pero, al mismo tiempo, esas sociedades se caracterizan por la más grande diversidad, sea como el reflejo de las crecientes diferencias en el desarrollo de los países sea como resultado de las aspiraciones de los individuos y de las comunidades a afirmar su identidad. El objetivo, cuando finaliza el siglo XX, es formar una verdadera solidaridad humana que disminuya las disparidades y desigualdades, respetando las diferencias y las identidades.La comunicación, expresión de toda sociedad, concebida como relación de individuo a individuo, o como medio de informar y de educar, ha de desempeñar un primordial cometido para difundir el saber, permitir que las comunidades se comprendan mejor y, por ende, disminuir las tensiones, así como para facilitar la libre expresion de persona a persona, de grupo a grupo, para salvaguardar la integridad cultural de unos y de otros.Estas ideas, transferidas al Movimiento Internacional de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja, demuestran que desde hace mucho tiempo hay una verdadera «solidaridad de imagen» entre sus diversos componentes y que, más allá de las diferencias ideológicas y culturales inherentes a un movimiento universal, se requiere una identidad, una especificidad del Movimiento basadas en sus Principios Fundamentales y en su misión humanitaria.Pero no es suficiente comprobar la solidaridad humana ni enorgullecerse pasivamente de la especificidad del Movimiento.
Niños-combatientes prisioneros
Authors: Dutli María Teresa 
Published: January 2010

Las formas de violencia que caracterizan a los conflictos armados actuales tienen por resultado el aumento del número de víctimas entre la población civil, especialmente los niños que, a causa de su vulnerabilidad, son los más afectados. La participatión de los niños en las hostilidades es, asimismo, un fenómeno inquietante, cuya gravedad justifica la creciente preocupación de la comunidad internacional.Hasta la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en los conflictos se enfrentaban, sobre todo, ejércitos regulares. Los niños han desempeñado un papel en los movimientos de resistencia en Europa; han sido deportados, detenidos, enviados a campos de concentratión, desde la aparición, sobre todo, de los nuevos tipos de conflicto, en los que se enfrentan los ejércitos regulares y la guerrilla. Vemos demasiado a menudo, en los escenarios de las hostilidades, a muchachos que apenas han salido de la niñez llevando armas y dispuestos a utilizarlas sin discernimiento. Están en peligro de muerte no sólo el niño que participa en las hostilidades, sino también las personas que son su bianco, a causa de su comportamiento inmaduro y emotivo.