bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manual restraint of adult psychiatric inpatients: a literature review
Authors: STEWART D. , BOWERS L. , SIMPSON A. , RYAN C. , TZIGGILI M. 
Published: July 2009

Accessible summary

Information about the use of manual restraint to manage violent or challenging behaviour in psychiatric hospitals is relatively scarce. This review includes 45 studies of manual restraint of adult psychiatric inpatients, mostly from the UK.
Overall, the research suggests that manual restraint is used up to five times per month on an average ward, lasts for about 10 min and tends to involve patients being restrained face down on the floor. Manually restrained patients are young, male and detained under mental health legislation.
We conclude that more and better‐quality research is needed to improve knowledge of how manual restraint is used in response to different types of incident and in different types of ward/hospital.

AbstractRelatively little is known about the prevalence of manual restraint to manage violent or challenging behaviour in hospital psychiatric services or the circumstances of its use. This review identified 45 empirical studies of manual restraint of adult psychiatric inpatients, mostly from the UK. On average, up to five episodes per month of manual restraint might be expected on an average 20‐bed ward. Episodes last around 10 min, with about half involving the restraint of patients on the floor, usually in the prone position. Manually restrained patients tend to be younger, male and detained under mental health legislation. Staff value restraint‐related training, but its impact on nursing practice has not been evaluated. Research has tended to focus on official reports of violent incidents rather than manual restraint per se. Larger and more complex studies are needed to examine how manual restraint is used in response to different types of incident and in different service settings.
Uncovering sexual abuse: evaluation of the effectiveness of The Victims of Violence and Abuse Prevention Programme
Authors: DONOHOE J. 
Published: July 2009

Accessible summary

Discusses factors inhibiting open talk around a client's history of abuse including gender, age and diagnosis.
Evaluates the helpfulness of a training course designed to reduce and overcome these factors.
Aim of the evaluation is to help replicate the training nationally, following the positive impact found.

AbstractDespite the high prevalence of sexual abuse among users of mental health services, it appears that mental health professionals are frequently unaware of clients' abuse histories. In order to address this, a Mental Health Trusts Collaboration Project of nine trusts was formed, which piloted delivering the Department of Health's Victims of Violence & Abuse Prevention Programme one‐day education and training course regarding enquiring about histories of sexual abuse to various mental health practitioners. This hoped to educate practitioners in factors associated with victims and offenders, improve confidence and competence in asking about client's history of abuse and to increase awareness of the importance of asking. The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact of this course on mental health professionals' practice and attitudes in one of these nine trusts. It was found that since the delivery of the course, 44% (n= x) of professionals had been asking about abuse in 75–100% of cases. Gender, age and diagnosis of both the service users and the practitioners were all identified as factors potentially affecting practitioners' willingness to ask about abuse. Most importantly, 93% (n= x) of participants were found to feel they have the skills and knowledge to enquire about abuse and respond to disclosure in the appropriate way and 77% (n= x) of participants felt that this training had changed their clinical practice. The aim of this evaluation is to prove the effectiveness of the Department of Health's education and training course, which will help towards replicating the project nationally.
Elongator function depends on antagonistic regulation by casein kinase Hrr25 and protein phosphatase Sit4
Authors: Mehlgarten Constance , Jablonowski Daniel , Breunig Karin D. , Stark Michael J. R. , Schaffrath Raffael 
Published: July 2009

SummaryIn yeast, the role for the Elongator complex in tRNA anticodon modification is affected by phosphorylation of Elongator subunit Elp1. Thus, hyperphosphorylation of Elp1 due to inactivation of protein phosphatase Sit4 correlates with Elongator‐minus phenotypes including resistance towards zymocin, a tRNase cleaving anticodons of Elongator‐dependent tRNAs. Here we show that zymocin resistance of casein kinase hrr25 mutants associates with hypophosphorylation of Elp1 and that nonsense suppression by the Elongator‐dependent SUP4 tRNA is abolished in hrr25 or sit4 mutants. Thus changes that perturb the evenly balanced ratio between hyper‐ and hypophosphorylated Elp1 forms present in wild‐type cells lead to Elongator inactivation. Antagonistic roles for Hrr25 and Sit4 in Elongator function are further supported by our data that Sit4 inactivation is capable of restoring both zymocin sensitivity and normal ratios between the two Elp1 forms in hrr25 mutants. Hrr25 binds to Elongator in a fashion dependent on Elongator partner Kti12. Like sit4 mutants, overexpression of Kti12 triggers Elp1 hyperphosphorylation. Intriguingly, this effect of Kti12 is blocked by hrr25 mutations, which also show enhanced binding of Kti12 to Elongator. Collectively, our data suggest that rather than directly targeting Elp1, the Hrr25 kinase indirectly affects Elp1 phosphorylation states through control of Sit4‐dependent dephosphorylation of Elp1.
Nurturing scientific mutualism: A report from the ‘Young Microbiologists Mini‐Symposium on microbe signalling, organisation and pathogenesis’
Authors: Ryan Robert P. , Romeo Tony , De Keersmaecker Sigrid C. J. , Coulthurst Sarah J. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryIn April 2009, over one hundred microbiologists, primarily early career scientists, from 17 different countries met to discuss their work, under the broad heading of ‘Microbe signalling, organization and pathogenesis’. The meeting took place at University College Cork, Ireland and was supported by the British Council, Society for General Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, EMBO and others. The key and relatively unusual feature of this meeting was that it was specifically aimed to provide a platform for junior scientists to present their work to a broad audience. In this review, we have tried to summarize and highlight a number of particular areas covered during the meeting, including bacterial intracellular signalling and regulation; microbe–microbe communication; biogenesis; structure and transport of the bacterial cell envelope; and pathogenic versus probiotic microbe–host interactions. We draw attention to new findings, highlight unanswered questions and reveal the anticipated future directions of a variety of areas, as described in both oral and poster presentations. Overall, this meeting provided high‐quality science, with many intriguing findings being eloquently reported, in a setting that fostered interactions between diverse young and talented microbiologists.
Patient choice and evidence based decisions: The case of complementary therapies
Authors: Wye Lesley , Shaw Alison , Sharp Debbie 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective Current government policies simultaneously pursue the development of ‘patient‐led’ and ‘evidence‐based’ approaches to healthcare. The objective of this study was to explore how primary care clinicians and Primary Care Trust (PCT) managers balance these potentially competing tensions when considering popular, controversial treatments, like complementary therapies, in consultations (clinicians) or funding decisions (PCT managers).Setting and participants We selected two case sites where complementary therapies were offered on NHS premises in England. We interviewed 18 PCT managers and clinicians, conducted an observation of a PCT meeting on complementary therapies and collected documentary data from referral databases and service funding bids. All interviews were taped, transcribed and analysed thematically. Interview, observation and documentary data were used to compare reported beliefs and behaviour to observed and documented behaviour.Results The majority of clinicians and PCT managers claimed that research evidence guided their decisions; those who did not felt increasingly marginalized. However, discrepancies between reported and observed behaviour suggest that perceptions of research evidence, rather than fact based knowledge, predominated when considering complementary therapies.Conclusion In the case of NHS complementary therapy service provision, patient preference may be largely insignificant in clinician and PCT managerial decisions, with decisions based mainly on ‘evidence rhetoric’ devised from collectively agreed, unchallenged, tacit perceptions of research literature. If a patient‐led NHS is to become a reality, NHS professionals need to cede the power that they wield with evidence rhetoric and acknowledge the legitimacy of patient preferences, views and alternative sources of evidence.
BRCA2 alteration is important in clear cell carcinoma of the ovary
Authors: Goodheart MJ , Rose SL , Hattermann‐Zogg M , Smith BJ , De Young BR , Buller RE 
Published: July 2009

BRCA2 has been shown to play a significant role in hereditary ovarian carcinoma. Several cases of clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the ovary containing BRCA2 mutations have been identified. We hypothesize that sequence variants of the BRCA2 gene are common in CCC of the ovary. Multiple methods were utilized to detect BRCA2 genetic alterations in a cohort of 13 ovarian CCC. These included an LOH analysis for copy number, real‐time and methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to probe for BRCA2 promoter methylation, in addition to protein truncation testing (PTT) gel screening for nonsense BRCA2 mutations, and finally direct gene sequencing to either confirm the nonsense mutations or to detect candidate missense mutations in the remaining tumor samples. Whenever a sequence variation was detected in a tumor sample, the corresponding region was sequenced from a blood sample to determine germline status. Seven BRCA2 sequence variations were identified in 6 of the 13 CCC (46%); three tumors contained an alteration in BRCA2 copy number. Only one subject carried a germline sequence variation that might alter BRCA2 function despite the fact that a family history of breast, ovarian or colon cancer was common in this population. The 5‐year disease‐specific survival probability for patients with a BRCA2 alteration is 87.5%, compared to only 40% for those patients without a BRCA2 alteration (p = 0.39).Alterations in BRCA2 gene sequence, copy number, or expression are extremely common in CCC and may contribute to a paradoxical better clinical outcome.
Eavesdropping on the Neighbourhood: Collared Pika (Ochotona collaris) Responses to Playback Calls of Conspecifics and Heterospecifics
Authors: Trefry Sarah A. , Hik David S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe acoustic environment, composed in part by the vocalizations of sympatric animals, is a major source of information and can be used to fine‐tune behavioural decisions. Active assessment of alarm calls within and between mammal species is not fully understood. We explored the behavioural responses of collared pikas to con‐ and heterospecific vocalizations, in order to determine whether they selectively attend to these calls. Pikas increased their vigilance after playback of alarm calls of heterospecific mammals (marmots and ground squirrels), but responded most strongly to conspecific calls. While responses to playback calls of their own, of neighbours and of a stranger did not differ, pikas did discriminate between individual callers in a habituation‐discrimination experiment. The ability to make use of information from different sources in their acoustic environment likely facilitates pikas’ behavioural decisions that affect foraging, predator avoidance and nepotism.
Striatal GPR88 expression is confined to the whole projection neuron population and is regulated by dopaminergic and glutamatergic afferents
Authors: Massart Renaud , Guilloux Jean‐Philippe , Mignon Virginie , Sokoloff Pierre , Diaz Jorge 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGPR88, an orphan G protein‐coupled receptor, was designated Strg/GPR88 for striatum‐specific G protein‐coupled receptor (K. Mizushima et al. (2000)Genomics, 69, 314‐321). In this study, we focused on striatal GPR88 protein localization using a polyclonal antibody. We established that the distribution of immunoreactivity in rat brain matched that of GPR88 transcripts and provided evidence for its exclusive neuronal expression. GPR88 protein is abundant throughout the striatum of rat and primate, with expression limited to the two subsets of striatal projection medium spiny neurons (MSNs) expressing preprotachykinin‐substance P or preproenkephalin mRNAs. Ultrastructural immunolabelling revealed the GPR88 concentration at post‐synaptic sites along the somatodendritic compartments of MSNs, with pronounced preference for dendrites and dendritic spines. The GPR88‐rich expression, in both striatal output pathways, designates this receptor as a potential therapeutic target for diseases involving dysfunction of the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson’s disease. Hence, we investigated changes of GPR88 expression in a model of Parkinson’s disease (unilateral 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats) following repeated L‐DOPA treatment. In dopamine‐depleted striatum, GPR88 expression was differentially regulated, i.e. decreased in striatopallidal and increased in striatonigral MSNs. L‐DOPA treatment led to a normalization of GPR88 levels through dopamine D1 and D2 receptor‐mediated mechanisms in striatopallidal and striatonigral MSNs, respectively. Moreover, the removal of corticostriatal inputs, by ibotenate infusion, downregulated GPR88 in striatopallidal MSNs. These findings provide the first evidence that GPR88 is confined to striatal MSNs and indicate that L‐DOPA‐mediated behavioural effects in hemiparkinsonian rats may involve normalization of striatal GPR88 levels probably through dopamine receptor‐mediated mechanisms and modulations of corticostriatal pathway activity.
Orexin/hypocretin signaling at the orexin 1 receptor regulates cue‐elicited cocaine‐seeking
Authors: Smith Rachel J. , See Ronald E. , Aston‐Jones Gary 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe orexin/hypocretin system has recently been implicated in reward‐processing and addiction. We examined the involvement of the orexin system in cue‐induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine‐seeking by administering the orexin 1 receptor antagonist SB‐334867 (SB) or the orexin 2 receptor antagonist 4‐pyridylmethyl (S)‐tert‐leucyl 6,7‐dimethoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline (4PT) prior to reinstatement testing. Male Sprague Dawley rats self‐administered cocaine in 2‐h sessions for 10 days, followed by extinction training. Reinstatement of cocaine‐seeking was elicited by presentation of tone + light cues previously paired with cocaine infusions. SB (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) dose‐dependently decreased cue‐induced reinstatement of cocaine‐seeking without significantly affecting responding during late extinction. 4PT (10 and 30 mg/kg) did not significantly alter cue‐induced reinstatement. In separate experiments, the highest doses of SB and 4PT had no significant effect on established cocaine self‐administration, and 4PT reduced spontaneous activity in a locomotor test to a greater extent than SB. Finally, SB (30 mg/kg) had no effect on the acquisition of cocaine‐paired cues during a Pavlovian cocaine‐stimulus conditioning session in the operant chamber. Pretreatment with SB prior to the Pavlovian acquisition session had no effect on subsequent cue‐induced reinstatement of cocaine‐seeking elicited by those cues. However, pretreatment with SB prior to a second reinstatement session in the same animals significantly attenuated the expression of cue‐induced reinstatement. These results show that orexin transmission at the orexin 1 receptor, but not the orexin 2 receptor, is necessary for the reinstatement of cocaine‐seeking elicited by drug‐paired cues and that orexin signaling is not critical for cocaine reinforcement or cocaine‐stimulus conditioning.
Chemical communication between regenerating motor axons and Schwann cells in the growth pathway
Authors: Vrbova Gerta , Mehra Neeraj , Shanmuganathan Harei , Tyreman Neil , Schachner Melitta , Gordon Tessa 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThere are receptors on denervated Schwann cells that may respond to the neurotransmitters that are released from growth cones of regenerating motor axons. In order to ascertain whether the interaction of the transmitters and their receptors plays a role during axon regeneration, we investigated whether pharmacological block of the interaction would reduce the number of motoneurons that regenerate their axons after nerve section and surgical repair. Peripheral nerves in the hindlimbs of rats and mice were cut and repaired, and various drugs were applied to the peripheral nerve stump either directly or via mini‐osmotic pumps over a 2–4‐week period to block the binding of acetylcholine to nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs: α‐bungarotoxin, tubocurarine, atropine and, gallamine) and binding of ATP to P2Y receptors (suramin). In rats, the nicotinic AChR antagonistic drugs and suramin reduced the number of motoneurons that regenerated their axons through the distal nerve stump. In mice, suramin significantly reduced the upregulation of the carbohydrate HNK‐1 on the Schwann cells in the distal nerve stump that normally occurs during motor axon regeneration. These data indicate that chemical communication between regenerating axons and Schwann cells during axon regeneration via released neurotransmitters and their receptors may play an important role in axon regeneration.
The determinants of corporate sustainability performance
Authors: Artiach Tracy , Lee Darren , Nelson David , Walker Julie 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper investigates the factors that drive high levels of corporate sustainability performance (CSP), as proxied by membership of the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index. Using a stakeholder framework, we examine the incentives for US firms to invest in sustainability principles and develop a number of hypotheses that relate CSP to firm‐specific characteristics. Our results indicate that leading CSP firms are significantly larger, have higher levels of growth and a higher return on equity than conventional firms. Contrary to our predictions, leading CSP firms do not have greater free cash flows or lower leverage than other firms.
Modelling Regime‐Specific Stock Price Volatility*
Authors: Alexander Carol , Lazar Emese 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSingle‐state generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models identify only one mechanism governing the response of volatility to market shocks, and the conditional higher moments are constant, unless modelled explicitly. So they neither capture state‐dependent behaviour of volatility nor explain why the equity index skew persists into long‐dated options. Markov switching (MS) GARCH models specify several volatility states with endogenous conditional skewness and kurtosis; of these the simplest to estimate is normal mixture (NM) GARCH, which has constant state probabilities. We introduce a state‐dependent leverage effect to NM‐GARCH and thereby explain the observed characteristics of equity index returns and implied volatility skews, without resorting to time‐varying volatility risk premia. An empirical study on European equity indices identifies two‐state asymmetric NM‐GARCH as the best fit of the 15 models considered. During stable markets volatility behaviour is broadly similar across all indices, but the crash probability and the behaviour of returns and volatility during a crash depends on the index. The volatility mean‐reversion and leverage effects during crash markets are quite different from those in the stable regime.
Learning to talk: community support and views of parents from socially disadvantaged families
Authors: Lees Janet , Stackhouse Joy , Grant Gordon 
Published: July 2009

Part of a multimethod ethnographic study that aimed to explore the knowledge of local parents concerning children learning to talk is described. The study was carried out with parents from several different ethnic and language groups in a socially disadvantaged part of Sheffield, a large city in the northeast of England.In the phase of the study reported here, parents (either English, Urdu/Punjabi and Arabic speakers) took part in interviews, as well as contributing to the validation of the project. This study found that parents from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds living in this socially disadvantaged area, believed learning to talk to be very important and that family, community, including faith community, and professionals, have roles in promoting learning to talk. They indicated that local community groups, including faith communities, could play a positive role in supporting and developing their knowledge.This paper will be of interest to those seeking innovative ways to support parents in socially excluded communities, particularly parents of children learning to talk, and so contribute to better outcomes for children, families and communities. It also contributes to our understanding of the development of parental knowledge about learning to talk in socially disadvantaged communities.
Soft X‐ray spectromicroscopy of nickel sorption in a natural river biofilm
Authors: HITCHCOCK A. P. , DYNES J. J. , LAWRENCE J. R. , OBST M. , SWERHONE G. D. W. , KORBER D. R. , LEPPARD G. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractScanning transmission X‐ray microscopy (STXM) at the C 1s, O 1s, Ni 2p, Ca 2p, Mn 2p, Fe 2p, Mg 1s, Al 1s and Si 1s edges was used to study Ni sorption in a complex natural river biofilm. The 10‐week grown river biofilm was exposed to 10 mg L−1 Ni2+ (as NiCl2) for 24 h. The region of the biofilm examined was dominated by filamentous structures, which were interpreted as the discarded sheaths of filamentous bacteria, as well as a sparse distribution of rod‐shaped bacteria. The region also contained discrete particles with spectra similar to those of muscovite, SiO2 and CaCO3. The Ni(II) ions were selectively adsorbed by the sheaths of the filamentous bacteria. The sheaths were observed to be metal rich with significant amounts of Ca, Fe and Mn, along with the Ni. In addition, the sheaths had a large silicate content but little organic material. The metal content of the rod‐shaped bacterial cells was much lower. The Fe on the sheath was mainly in the Fe(III) oxidation state. Mn was found in II, III and IV oxidation states. The Ni was likely sorbed to Mn–Fe minerals on the sheath. These STXM results have probed nano‐scale biogeochemistry associated with bacterial species in a complex, natural biofilm community. They have implications for selective Ni contamination of the food chain and for developing bioremediation strategies.