bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concrete ‘progress’: irrigation, development and modernity in mid-twentieth century Sind
Authors: HAINES DANIEL 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe idea of ‘developing’ Sind has been a lynchpin of government action and rhetoric in the province during the twentieth century. The central symbols of this ‘development’ were three barrage dams, completed between 1932 and 1962. Because of the barrages’ huge economic and ideological significance, the ceremonies connected with the construction and opening of these barrages provide a unique opportunity to examine the public presentation of state authority by the colonial and postcolonial governments. This paper investigates the way that ideas of ‘development’ and ‘modernity’ appeared in discourses connected with these ceremonies, in order to demonstrate that the idea of imposing ‘progress’ on a province considered ‘backward’ by the state administrators survived longer than the British regime which had introduced it. The paper begins with the historical links between water-provision and governance in Sind, before examining the way that immediate political concerns of the sitting governments were addressed in connection with the projects, demonstrating the ways in which very similar projects were cast as symbols of different political priorities. The last part of the paper draws out deeper similarities between the logic of these political expressions, in order to demonstrate the powerful continuity in ideologies of ‘progress’ throughout mid-twentieth century Sind.
To borrow or not to borrow: the use of English loanwords as slang on websites in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Diniz de Figueiredo Eduardo H. 
Published: November 2010

The use of English loanwords in different languages has been discussed from various perspectives by several scholars (e.g. Takashi, 1990; Kay, 1995; Takashi Wilkerson, 1997; Smead, 1998; Friedrich, 2002). Although this phenomenon has been regarded as enriching and/or creative by some (e.g. Crystal, 2003; Friedrich, 2002), it has encountered opposition in many parts of the world. Phillipson (1992: 7), for instance, views it ‘as a phenomenon that has offended users of other languages for more than a century.’ He explains how some governments (in France and Slovenia, for example) have adopted measures to prevent the use of loanwords from English. This issue of whether or not the incorporation of loanwords is offensive to the borrowing language became a topic of much debate in Brazil after Projected Law #1676/1999, which aims to limit the use of foreign words (mainly from English) in Brazilian Portuguese (hereafter, BP). As Rajagopalan (2005) explains, many popular movements, politicians, and traditional grammarians have expressed concern that BP is ‘under an imminent threat from English’ (101).Several linguists (e.g. Faraco, 2001) have opposed the proposition, based on issues such as linguistic prejudice and the lack of language expertise of the proponents and supporters of the projected law. Still, the proposition was approved by the Brazilian Senate in 2003. It now awaits further approval by the Chamber of Deputies before a final decision is made. One possible way of investigating whether loanwords are offensive to BP is to approach it from a linguistic perspective. Hence, in the present study, I explore the issue of borrowing by BP speakers through a linguistic analysis of loanwords from English that are currently used as slang in Brazil. The definition of slang used here is that proposed by Eble (1996: 11): ‘an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large.’
Weather variability and paediatric infectious gastroenteritis
Authors: ONOZUKA D. , HASHIZUME M. 
Published: November 2010

SUMMARYInvestigations of the relationship between weather variability and infectious gastroenteritis (IG) are becoming increasingly important in light of international interest in the potential health effects of climate change. However, few studies have examined the impact on children, despite the fact that children are considered particularly vulnerable to climate change. We acquired data about cases of IG in children aged <15 years and about weather variability in Fukuoka, Japan from 2000 to 2008 and used time-series analyses to assess how weather variability affected IG cases, adjusting for confounding factors. The temperature–IG relationship had an inverted V shape, with fewer cases at temperatures lower and higher than ~13°C. Every 1°C increase in temperature below the threshold (13°C) was associated with a 23·2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 16·6–30·2] increase, while every 1°C increase in temperature above the threshold (13°C) was associated with an 11·8% (95% CI 6·6–17·3) decrease in incidence. The increase in cases per 1% drop in relative humidity was 3·9% (95% CI 2·8–5·0). The percentage increase of IG cases was greatest in the 0–4 years age group and tended to decrease with increasing age. We found a progressive reduction in weather-related IG cases in children aged >4 years. Our results suggest that public health interventions aimed at controlling weather-related IG may be most effective when focused on young children.
The Appearance of the Medicean Moons in 17thCentury Charts and Books—How Long Did It Take?
Authors: Mendillo Michael 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGalileo's talents in perspective andchiaroscurodrawing led to his images of the Moon being accepted relatively quickly as the naturalistic portrayal of a truly physical place. In contrast to his resolved views of the Moon, Galileo saw the satellites of Jupiter as only points of light (as with stars). He thus used star symbols inSidereus Nuncius(1610) for the moons, in constrast to an open disk for Jupiter. In this paper, I describe methods used in subsequent decades to portray objects that could not be seen in any detail but whose very existence challenged the scholastic approach to science. Within fifty years, the existence of the moons was such an accepted component of astronomy that they were depicted in the highly decorative “textbook”Atlas Coelestis seu Harmonia Macrocosmicaby Andreas Cellarius (1660). Other symbolic methods, ranging from the routine to the dramatic, were used in subsequent centuries to portray the moons. Actual photographs using ground-based telescopes were not possible until the 20thcentury, just years before cameras on spaceflight missions captured the true details of the Medicean Stars.
Modern exploration of Galileo's new worlds
Authors: Johnson Torrence V. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFour hundred years ago Galileo turned his telescope to the heavens and changed the way we view the cosmos forever. Among his discoveries in January of 1610 were four new ‘stars’, following Jupiter in the sky but changing their positions with respect to the giant planet every night. Galileo showed that these ‘Medicean stars’, as he named them, were moons orbiting Jupiter in the same manner that the Earth and planets revolve about the Sun in the Copernican theory of the solar system. Over the next three centuries these moons, now collectively named the Galilean satellites after their discoverer, remained tiny dots of light in astronomers' telescopes. In the latter portion of the twentieth century Galileo's new worlds became important targets of exploration by robotic spacecraft. This paper reviews the history of this exploration through the discoveries made by the Galileo mission from 1995 to 2003, setting the stage for on-going exploration in the new century.
Aurora on Jupiter: A Magnetic Connection with the Sun and the Medicean Moons
Authors: Chakrabarti Supriya , Galand Marina 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObservational astronomy began in Padova four hunderd years ago, when Galileo Galilei pointed a newly invented instrument towards Jupiter. After only one week of observations he discovered four moons circling Jupiter. In the intervening four centuries, technical progress in instrumentation and novel observational approaches have revealed much about the connection between these Medicean moons with Jupiter, none more revealing than the auroral emissions. In this paper we review observations of ultraviolet aurora made by earth-orbitting spacecraft as well as those that flew by the Jovian system.
Io's Escaping Atmosphere: Continuing the Legacy of Surprise
Authors: Schneider Nicholas M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe discovery of Io and her fellow Medicean Stars clearly altered the course of science as a whole. It is equally clear that the discovery of Io's tidal heating has altered the course of planetary science. One of the most directly observable consequences of Io's tidal heating is the prodigious escape of a ton per second of volcanically-supplied gases. I will review how studies of Io's escaping atmosphere since 1972 have advanced our deep understanding of Io itself, and helped formulate our perspective on planetary evolution in our solar system and beyond.
The planets and our culture a history and a legacy
Authors: Clarke Theodore C. , Bolton Scott J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis manuscript relates the great literature, great art and the vast starry vault of heaven. It relates the myths of gods and heroes for whom the planets and the Medicean moons of Jupiter are named. The myths are illustrated by great art works of the Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo periods which reveal poignant moments in the myths. The manuscript identifies constellations spun off of these myths. In addition to the images of great art are associated images of the moons and planets brought to us by spacecraft in our new age of exploration, the New Renaissance, in which we find ourselves deeply immersed.
How many satellites have been discovered in the Solar System after Galileo?
Authors: Pozhalova Zhanna , Lupishko Dmitrij 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBy the beginning of 2010 the total number of natural satellites and multiple systems in the Solar System was equal to 350, including: 168 satellites of large planets, 119 multiple asteroids (including main-belt and near-Earth asteroids, Mars-crossers and Jupiter Trojan asteroids) and 63 multiple transneptunian and Kuiper-belt objects. Meanwhile, we cannot count precisely how many moons in total have been discovered to date due to the deficiency of accepted definitions.
Changes in sensitivity of Cercospora beticola populations to sterol‐demethylation‐inhibiting fungicides during a 4‐year period in northern Greece
Authors: Karaoglanidis G. S. , Loannidis P. M. , Thanassoulopoulos C. C. 
Published: November 2010

From 1996 to 1999, single‐lesion isolates of Cercospora beticola, the cause of sugar beet leaf‐spot disease, were obtained from sugar beet fields with different histories of use of the sterol‐demethylation‐inhibiting (DMI) fungicides, flutriafol and difenoconazole in Amyndeon, Imathia and Serres in northern Greece. Fields were sampled twice per year, before and after the within‐season exposure of fungal populations to applications of DMI fungicides. The sensitivity to flutriafol and difenoconazole of 150 isolates of C. beticola per sampling site and sampling period was determined. In areas with a history of prolonged DMI use, sensitivity to both fungicides decreased gradually over the study period, suggesting directional selection on a polygenically controlled character. The size of the shift in a particular year seemed to depend on which fungicide was applied during that year in the fields, suggesting only partial cross‐resistance between flutriafol and difenoconazole. Within the Serres population there was a significant correlation (r = 0·57) between sensitivities to flutriafol and difenoconazole. Decreased sensitivity was the result of the selection of less sensitive strains during the spraying periods. The frequency of such strains significantly increased through the years and finally reached values of 32% for both flutriafol and difenoconazole in the Serres population and 20 and 16%, respectively, in the Imathia population, at the end of 1999. The high frequency of less sensitive strains in the Serres population was related to a slight decline in DMI field performance in this area during that year. However, the frequency of the less sensitive strains was not stable. The sensitivity assays carried out early in each season, before the DMI spray applications, showed that the mean sensitivities of the populations were significantly higher (P < 0·05) than those of the previous autumn. These changes were mainly the result of a significant decline in frequency of the less sensitive strains, indicating that such strains have either reduced saprophytic survival ability during the overwintering period or lower competitive ability in the absence of DMI treatments.
Argyrophilic grains of Braak: occurrence in dendrites of neurons containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein
Authors: Tolnay M. , Mistl C. , Ipsen S. , Probst A. 
Published: November 2010

M. Tolnay, C. Mistl, S. Ipsen and A. Probst (1998) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology24,53–59Argyrophilic grains of Braak: occurrence in dendrites of neurons containing hyperphosphorylated tau proteinBraak's argyrophilic grains (ArGs) are spindle‐shaped neuropil structures originally found in patients afflicted with adult onset dementia. We recently observed that tau protein is hyperphosphorylated in most nerve cells in areas rich in ArGs, suggesting that these grains may be a morphological expression of tau protein pathology in local neurons. The aim of this study was therefore to determine in three cases with ArGs whether grains are associated with individual neurons containing hyperphosphorylated tau. A combination of Gallyas silver staining and AT8 immunocytochemistry was used. AT8 is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes tau in a phosphorylation‐dependent manner. Up to 80% of pyramidal cells of sector CA1 showed diffuse AT8 staining of their cell bodies and dendrites. Most grains were freely scattered throughout the neuropil. However, some were clearly located in side‐branches of apical dendrites of AT8 immunoreactive pyramidal neurons. Dendritic branches often formed bush‐like ramifications containing clusters of ArGs. Other dendrites consisted of a single stump containing one or two large grains at their tips. Spheroidal enlargements of dendritic branches, with a size corresponding to ArGs, were also found in Golgi Cox preparations of cases with ArGs but not in Alzheimer's disease cases or in controls. Our results show that some ArGs are formed within dendrites of neurons whose most obvious pathology is a diffuse hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein. Furthermore, morphology of dendrites containing grains suggests that a process of progressive shrinkage of dendrites is taking place in neurons bearing ArGs.
High Level of Gastrointestinal Nosocomial Infections in the German Surveillance System, 2002–2008
Authors: Spackova Michaela , Altmann Doris , Eckmanns Tim , Koch Judith , Krause Gerard 
Published: November 2010

Objective.Surveillance of nosocomial infections (NIs) is well established in many countries but often does not include gastrointestinal infections. We sought to determine the proportion of NIs among all hospitalized cases for the 4 most prevalent types of gastrointestinal infections in Germany.Methods.We analyzed all notifications of laboratory-confirmed or epidemiologically linked gastrointestinal infections due to norovirus, rotavirus,Salmonellaspecies, andCampylobacterspecies reported to the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin, Germany, from 2002 through 2008. Infections were considered nosocomial if disease onset was more than 2 days after hospitalization for norovirus, rotavirus, andSalmonellainfection and more than 5 days after hospitalization forCampylobacterinfection.Results.During the study period, 710,725 norovirus, 394,500 rotavirus, 395,736Salmonella, and 405,234Campylobactergastrointestinal infections were reported. Excluding cases for which nosocomial status could not be determined, we identified 39,424 (49%) of 80,650 norovirus, 11,592 (14%) of 83,451 rotavirus, 3,432 (8%) of 43,348Salmonella, and 645 (2%) of 33,503Campylobactergastrointestinal infections as definite nosocomial cases. Multivariate analysis confirmed higher risk of gastrointestinal NIs for patients aged more than 70 years (relative risk [RR], 7.0 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 6.7–7.2];P< .001) and residents of western states (RR, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.2–1.3];P< .001) and lower risk for female patients (RR, 0.9 [95% CI, 0.9–0.9;P< .001). Yearly NI proportions remained stable except for norovirus.Conclusions.The investigated gastrointestinal NIs in Germany do not show a clear trend, but they are at high level, revealing potential for public health action and improvement of hospital infection control mainly among older patients. National prevalence studies on gastrointestinal NIs would be of additional value to give more insight on how and where to improve hospital infection control.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL STUDY OF THE PROPAGATION OF PLANETARY WAKE AND THE INDICATION OF GAP OPENING IN AN INVISCID PROTOPLANETARY DISK
Authors: Muto Takayuki , Suzuki Takeru K. , Inutsuka Shu-ichiro 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT
We analyze the physical processes of gap formation in an inviscid protoplanetary disk with an embedded protoplanet using a two-dimensional local shearing-sheet model. The spiral density wave launched by the planet shocks and the angular momentum carried by the wave is transferred to the background flow. The exchange of the angular momentum can affect the mass flux in the vicinity of the planet to form an underdense region, or gap, around the planetary orbit. We first perform weakly nonlinear analyses to show that the specific vorticity formed by shock dissipation of the density wave can be a source of mass flux in the vicinity of the planet and that the gap can be opened even for low-mass planets unless the migration of the planet is substantial. We then perform high-resolution numerical simulations to check analytic consideration. By comparing the gap-opening timescale and type I migration timescale, we propose a criterion for the formation of underdense region around the planetary orbit that is qualitatively different from previous studies. The minimum mass required for the planet to form a dip is twice as small as previous studies if we incorporate the standard values of type I migration timescale, but it can be much smaller if there is a location in the disk where type I migration is halted.
Transient Proliferation of Proanthocyanidin-Accumulating Cells on the Epidermal Apex Contributes to Highly Aluminum-Resistant Root Elongation in Camphor Tree
Authors: Osawa Hiroki , Endo Izuki , Hara Yukari , Matsushima Yuki , Tange Takeshi 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is a harmful element that rapidly inhibits the elongation of plant roots in acidic soils. The release of organic anions explains Al resistance in annual crops, but the mechanisms that are responsible for superior Al resistance in some woody plants remain unclear. We examined cell properties at the surface layer of the root apex in the camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) to understand its high Al resistance mechanism. Exposure to 500 μm Al for 8 d, more than 20-fold higher concentration and longer duration than what soybean (Glycine max) can tolerate, only reduced root elongation in the camphor tree to 64% of the control despite the slight induction of citrate release. In addition, Al content in the root apices was maintained at low levels. Histochemical profiling revealed that proanthocyanidin (PA)-accumulating cells were present at the adjacent outer layer of epidermis cells at the root apex, having distinctive zones for cell division and the early phase of cell expansion. Then the PA cells were gradually detached off the root, leaving thin debris behind, and the root surface was replaced with the elongating epidermis cells at the 3- to 4-mm region behind the tip. Al did not affect the proliferation of PA cells or epidermis cells, except for the delay in the start of expansion and the accelerated detachment of the former. In soybean roots, the innermost lateral root cap cells were absent in both PA accumulation and active cell division and failed to protect the epidermal cell expansion at 25 μm Al. These results suggest that transient proliferation and detachment of PA cells may facilitate the expansion of epidermis cells away from Al during root elongation in camphor tree.
Rare material in academic libraries
Authors: Potter Susan , Holley Robert P. 
Published: October 2010

PurposeThis paper aims to summarize the importance of rare materials for academic libraries, including developments since the arrival of the internet and the effects of declining library budgets.Design/methodology/approachThe authors reviewed the literature on the subject coupled with their experiences with collection development.FindingsCollecting rare materials remains important for scholarly research, though harder to justify during a period of budget stringency. Academic libraries should discover creative ways to discover and add rare materials to their collections. Rare materials require special expertise in their acquisition, processing, storage, and use. Digitization is making rare materials more accessible but cannot substitute for the use of the originals in all cases.Practical implicationsThe authors provide a summary of recent thought on the status of rare materials in academic libraries – for libraries that include such collections or for those interested in increasing their holdings of rare materials.Originality/valueThe paper provides a summary of recent trends in collecting rare materials in academic libraries.
A pragmatic model for evidence‐based guideline development in hospitals
Authors: Turner Tari , Harris Claire , Green Sally 
Published: October 2010

PurposeExisting methods of development of evidence‐based guidelines are time‐consuming, resource‐intensive and require extensive skills in systematic reviewing. These factors act as barriers to development of evidence‐based guidelines in hospitals. The aim of this paper is to revise the existing method of development of evidence‐based guidelines to create a new pragmatic model that was feasible in hospital settings.Design/methodology/approachThe model consists of eight steps: scope, prioritise, search, appraise, draft, consult, disseminate and update. These steps largely parallel the established guideline development process, but suggest more focused, pragmatic methods.FindingsThe “prioritise” step is a new step. Other differences include: guideline development by an individual or small group rather than a large multidisciplinary group; searching for evidence for only a limited number of priority decision points rather than for all decision points; searching only in a limited number of sources likely to provide high quality research rather than searching very broadly; searching only for high‐quality research which is less open to bias rather than searching for all forms of research evidence; including only research evidence which can be easily accessed in full text, rather than investing time in tracking down research which is difficult to obtain; and only involving consumers in guideline development where an existing mechanism for consumer involvement exists.Originality/valueThis new, pragmatic guideline development model aims to overcome the substantial barriers to guideline development in hospital settings. This model needs to be tested to determine if it is feasible and produces guidelines that are trustworthy.