bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of Artificial Neural Networks to classify primate vocalizations: a pilot study on black lemurs
Authors: Pozzi Luca , Gamba Marco , Giacoma Cristina 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe identification of the vocal repertoire of a species represents a crucial prerequisite for a correct interpretation of animal behavior. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been widely used in behavioral sciences, and today are considered a valuable classification tool for reducing the level of subjectivity and allowing replicable results across different studies. However, to date, no studies have applied this tool to nonhuman primate vocalizations. Here, we apply for the first time ANNs, to discriminate the vocal repertoire in a primate species, Eulemur macaco macaco. We designed an automatic procedure to extract both spectral and temporal features from signals, and performed a comparative analysis between a supervised Multilayer Perceptron and two statistical approaches commonly used in primatology (Discriminant Function Analysis and Cluster Analysis), in order to explore pros and cons of these methods in bioacoustic classification. Our results show that ANNs were able to recognize all seven vocal categories previously described (92.5–95.6%) and perform better than either statistical analysis (76.1–88.4%). The results show that ANNs can provide an effective and robust method for automatic classification also in primates, suggesting that neural models can represent a valuable tool to contribute to a better understanding of primate vocal communication. The use of neural networks to identify primate vocalizations and the further development of this approach in studying primate communication are discussed. Am. J. Primatol. 72:337–348, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence of dietary differentiation among late Paleocene–early Eocene plesiadapids (Mammalia, primates)
Authors: Boyer Doug M. , Evans Alistair R. , Jernvall Jukka 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPlesiadapis cookei is an extinct relative of extant euarchontans (primates, dermopterans; scandentians), which lived in North America during the late Paleocene. P. cookei body mass has been estimated to be ∼2.2 kg, making it large compared with other species of its genus from North America, but similar to some from Europe. In particular, size as well as dental form similarities to P. russelli have been noted. However, it is thought that P. russelli evolved from P. tricuspidens, and into Platychoerops daubrei. Dental similarities among P. cookei, P. russelli, and P. daubrei have been hypothesized to reflect a more folivorous diet than utilized by P. tricuspidens. Here we test the hypothesis that P. cookei is more dietarily specialized than P. tricuspidens by quantifying functionally significant aspects of molar, premolar, and incisor forms. Casts of M2s and P4s of P. tricuspidens, P. cookei, and P. daubrei were microCT‐scanned. We measured the relief index and/or the complexity from surface reconstructions of scans. Results show that P. cookei has higher M2 relief and complexity than P. tricuspidens; P. daubrei exhibits the highest relief and complexity. Similarly, P. cookei has a more complex P4 than P. tricuspidens, whereas that of P. daubrei exhibits the highest complexity. Finally, the I1 of P. cookei resembles more the incisor of P. daubrei than that of P. tricuspidens. Because high relief and complexity of dentitions are related to fibrous plant diets in living mammals, these findings support the hypothesis that previously identified similarities among P. cookei, P. russelli and P. daubrei reflect a folivorous diet. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic integration of molar cusp size variation in baboons
Authors: Koh Christina , Bates Elizabeth , Broughton Elizabeth , Do Nicholas T. , Fletcher Zachary , Mahaney Michael C. , Hlusko Leslea J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMany studies of primate diversity and evolution rely on dental morphology for insight into diet, behavior, and phylogenetic relationships. Consequently, variation in molar cusp size has increasingly become a phenotype of interest. In 2007 we published a quantitative genetic analysis of mandibular molar cusp size variation in baboons. Those results provided more questions than answers, as the pattern of genetic integration did not fit predictions from odontogenesis. To follow up, we expanded our study to include data from the maxillary molar cusps. Here we report on these later analyses, as well as inter‐arch comparisons with the mandibular data. We analyzed variation in two‐dimensional maxillary molar cusp size using data collected from a captive pedigreed breeding colony of baboons, Papio hamadryas, housed at the Southwest National Primate Research Center. These analyses show that variation in maxillary molar cusp size is heritable and sexually dimorphic. We also estimated additive genetic correlations between cusps on the same crown, homologous cusps along the tooth row, and maxillary and mandibular cusps. The pattern for maxillary molars yields genetic correlations of one between the paracone–metacone and protocone–hypocone. Bivariate analyses of cuspal homologues on adjacent teeth yield correlations that are high or not significantly different from one. Between dental arcades, the nonoccluding cusps consistently yield high genetic correlations, especially the metaconid–paracone and metaconid–metacone. This pattern of genetic correlation does not immediately accord with the pattern of development and/or calcification, however these results do follow predictions that can be made from the evolutionary history of the tribosphenic molar. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paternity and social rank in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) from the Budongo Forest, Uganda
Authors: Newton‐Fisher Nicholas E. , Thompson Melissa Emery , Reynolds Vernon , Boesch Christophe , Vigilant Linda 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe analyzed patterns of paternity and male dominance rank in the Sonso community of wild East African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Budongo Forest, Uganda. Our major objective was to determine whether and how social rank influenced paternity success. We successfully genotyped 52 individuals at up to nine microsatellite loci, using DNA extracted from fecal samples. Of 24 offspring analyzed, we identified sires for 21. Paternity success was significantly correlated with social rank, with alpha males siring a disproportionate number of offspring. However, both middle‐ and low‐ranking males also fathered offspring, and the priority‐of‐access model provided a relatively poor prediction of which males would be successful and under what circumstances. The concentration of paternities among only seven males and the tendency for high‐ranking males to sire offspring of multiparous females suggest that both individual variation in male quality and the resource value of particular females may be mediating factors. In comparison with other chimpanzee studies, our results support the hypothesis that larger male cohort size reduces the ability of the alpha male to monopolize females, though within our study, male number did not affect the success of the alpha. Successful sires were not necessarily those who achieved the highest mating success with the females whose offspring they sired, but were those who demonstrated higher investment by spending significantly more time in association with these females. Finally, we estimate extra‐group paternity at 0–5%, supporting other evidence that the community serves as the primary reproductive unit in chimpanzees. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synanthropic primates in Asia: Potential sentinels for environmental toxins
Authors: Engel Gregory , O'Hara Todd M. , Cardona‐Marek Tamara , Heidrich John , Chalise Mukesh K. , Kyes Randall , Jones‐Engel Lisa 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMacaques are similar to humans both physiologically and behaviorally. In South and Southeast Asia they are also synanthropic, ecologically associated with humans. Synanthropy with humans raises the possibility that macaques come into contact with anthropogenic toxicants, such as lead and mercury, and might be appropriate sentinels for human exposures to certain toxic materials. We measured lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) levels and characterized the stable isotopic compositions of δ15N and δ13C in hair from three groups of free‐ranging macaques at the Swoyambhu temple in Kathmandhu, Nepal, an urban population that has abundant contact with humans. Hair lead levels were significantly higher among young macaques and differed among the three groups of macaques that were sampled. Hair Hg levels were low. No statistical association was found between stable isotopic compositions (δ15N and δ13C) and Pb and Hg levels. Our data did not find evidence that lead levels were associated with diet. We conclude that, in this population of macaques, behavioral and/or physiologic factors may play a significant role in determining exposure to lead. Chemical analysis of hair is a promising, noninvasive technique for determining exposure to toxic elements in free‐ranging nonhuman primates. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RNA‐mediated neurodegeneration in repeat expansion disorders
Authors: Todd Peter K. , Paulson Henry L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMost neurodegenerative disorders are thought to result primarily from the accumulation of misfolded proteins, which interfere with protein homeostasis in neurons. For a subset of diseases, however, noncoding regions of RNAs assume a primary toxic gain‐of‐function, leading to degeneration in many tissues, including the nervous system. Here we review a series of proposed mechanisms by which noncoding repeat expansions give rise to nervous system degeneration and dysfunction. These mechanisms include transcriptional alterations and the generation of antisense transcripts, sequestration of mRNA‐associated protein complexes that lead to aberrant mRNA splicing and processing, and alterations in cellular processes, including activation of abnormal signaling cascades and failure of protein quality control pathways. We place these potential mechanisms in the context of known RNA‐mediated disorders, including the myotonic dystrophies and fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome, and discuss recent results suggesting that mRNA toxicity may also play a role in some presumably protein‐mediated neurodegenerative disorders. Lastly, we comment on recent progress in therapeutic development for these RNA‐dominant diseases. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:291–300
Novel peptide from spider venom inhibits P2X3 receptors and inflammatory pain
Authors: Grishin Eugene V. , Savchenko Ganna A. , Vassilevski Alexander A. , Korolkova Yuliya V. , Boychuk Yaroslav A. , Viatchenko‐Karpinski Viacheslav Y. , Nadezhdin Kirill D. , Arseniev Alexander S. , Pluzhnikov Kirill A. , Kulyk Vyacheslav B. , Voitenko Nana V. , Krishtal Oleg O. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractP2X3 purinoreceptors expressed in mammalian sensory neurons play a key role in several processes, including pain perception. From the venom of the Central Asian spider Geolycosa sp., we have isolated a novel peptide, named purotoxin‐1 (PT1), which is to our knowledge the first natural molecule exerting powerful and selective inhibitory action on P2X3 receptors. PT1 dramatically slows down the removal of desensitization of these receptors. The peptide demonstrates potent antinociceptive properties in animal models of inflammatory pain. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:680–683
Relationship between atrophy and β‐amyloid deposition in Alzheimer disease
Authors: Chételat Gaël , Villemagne Victor L. , Bourgeat Pierrick , Pike Kerryn E. , Jones Gareth , Ames David , Ellis Kathryn A. , Szoeke Cassandra , Martins Ralph N. , O'Keefe Graeme J. , Salvado Olivier , Masters Colin L. , Rowe Christopher C. ,   Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle Research Group
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveElucidating the role of aggregated β‐amyloid in relation to gray matter atrophy is crucial to the understanding of the pathological mechanisms of Alzheimer disease and for the development of therapeutic trials. The present study aims to assess this relationship.MethodsBrain magnetic resonance imaging and [11C]Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)‐positron emission tomography scans were obtained from 94 healthy elderly subjects (49 with subjective cognitive impairment), 34 patients with mild cognitive impairment, and 35 patients with Alzheimer disease. The correlations between global and regional neocortical PiB retention and atrophy were analyzed in each clinical group.ResultsGlobal and regional atrophy were strongly related to β‐amyloid load in participants with subjective cognitive impairment but not in patients with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer disease. Global neocortical β‐amyloid deposition correlated to atrophy in a large brain network including the hippocampus, medial frontal and parietal areas, and lateral temporoparietal cortex, whereas regional β‐amyloid load was related to local atrophy in the areas of highest β‐amyloid load only, that is, medial orbitofrontal and anterior and posterior cingulate/precuneus areas.InterpretationThere is a strong relationship between β‐amyloid deposition and atrophy very early in the disease process. As the disease progresses to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease clinical stages, pathological events other than, and probably downstream from, aggregated β‐amyloid deposition might be responsible for the ongoing atrophic process. These findings suggest that antiamyloid therapy should be administered very early in the disease evolution to minimize synaptic and neuronal loss. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:317–324
Luminescent chiral organoboron 8‐aminoquinolate‐coordination polymers
Authors: Tokoro Yuichiro , Nagai Atsushi , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe have successfully synthesized optically active organoboron aminoquinolate‐based coordination polymers bearing the chiral side chain derived from L‐alanine, and studied their optical behavior by UV–vis and photoluminescence spectroscopies. Higher absolute quantum yields (ΦF) of the obtained polymers, measured by integrating sphere method, were observed with electron‐withdrawing substituent (ΦF = 0.80) than with electron‐donating substituent (ΦF = 0.52). The circular dichroism (CD) study in the mixed solvents of CHCl3 and DMF showed that the secondary structures of the obtained polymers were stabilized by hydrogen‐bonding interaction in the side chain. From concentration dependence on the CD spectra, the chirality of the obtained polymers originated from the nature of one molecule. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of bubble growth in a limited amount of liquid
Authors: Xu Xingming , Zhao Guoqun , Li Huiping 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this study, we examined the growth of a spherical bubble in a limited amount of liquid by using a finite‐element‐based numerical simulation method. The bubble growth was assumed to be controlled by both momentum and mass transfer. A truncated power‐law constitutive equation was used to describe the rheology of the melt. The gas inside the bubble followed the ideal gas law. The gas concentration at the bubble surface obeyed Henry's law. A computer code was programmed to solve the equations with the Galerkin method. A backward Euler scheme was used to discretize time. Grids were remeshed after each incremental time step to ensure the accuracy of the numerical results. The bubble growth process was simulated with the code. The numerical results, such as the instantaneous bubble size, gas pressure inside the bubble, and gas concentration profile in the liquid, were predicted. The influences of the liquid volume, initial gas pressure, temperature, and rheology of the melt on bubble growth were also studied. The results of the bubble growth simulation in this study were in satisfactory agreement with others' work. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effects of crosslinking modification on the O2/N2 separation characteristics of poly(phenyl sulfone)/poly(bisphenol A‐co‐4‐nitrophthalic anhydride‐co‐1,3‐phenylenediamine) blend membranes
Authors: Weng Tzu‐Hsiang , Tseng Hui‐Hsin , Wey Ming‐Yen 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA series of blend membranes of poly(phenyl sulfone) (PPSU) with poly(bisphenol A‐co‐4‐nitrophthalic anhydride‐co‐1,3‐phenylenediamine) (PBNPI) were prepared through a solution casting method. This was done to examine the permeation characteristics of oxygen and nitrogen. The effect of the PPSU/PBNPI ratio on the membrane structure and O2/N2 separation performance were investigated. The results show that the permeability increased remarkably with the content of PPSU, whereas the selectivity decreased slightly. To enhance the selectivity of O2/N2, the blend membranes were further crosslinked with a p‐xylylenediamine agent via the immersion method. According to the Fourier transform infrared analysis, the NH group was formed on the imide group of PBNPI. Therefore, we suggest that during the crosslinking modification, the PBNPI served as a crosslinkable polymer; this resulted in increased crosslinking efficiency with PBNPI content. The high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction and melting point method results show that crosslinking modification improved the selectivity with an acceptable loss in permeability along with increased crystallinity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Relationship between structure and rheological, mechanical and thermal properties of polylactide/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites
Authors: Zaidi Lynda , Bruzaud Stéphane , Bourmaud Alain , Médéric Pascal , Kaci Mustapha , Grohens Yves 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMelt‐state and solid state mechanical properties and thermal stability of polylactide layered silicate nanocomposites elaborated by melt intercalation were studied as a function of clay content. Wide angle X‐ray scattering results, transmission electron microscopy observations, and rheological measurements indicated that the clay was finely distributed in the polylactide matrix. Contrary to nonlinear mechanical properties, thermal and linear mechanical properties were shown to increase with increasing clay fraction. The nanoindentation measurements confirm the significant increase of linear mechanical properties previously observed by tensile tests. The good correlation of linear mechanical properties at the macrometric and nanometric scales is explained by the high dispersion degree of the nanofiller in the biodegradable polymer matrix. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Durchstanzen von Flachdecken bei hohen Stützenlasten
Authors: Guidotti Roberto , Ruiz Miguel Fernández , Muttoni Aurelio 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSollen Hochbauten eine flexible Raumnutzung erlauben, stellen Systeme aus Stahlbeton‐Flachdecken und Stützen eine wirtschaftliche und effiziente Lösung dar. Die Stützen dieser Bauten werden häufig aus hochfestem Beton vorfabriziert und stark bewehrt, um hohe Normalkräfte mit minimalen Querschnitten aufnehmen zu können. Der oft aus normalfestem Beton bestehende Deckenteil, der zwischen den übereinanderstehenden Stützen liegt, wird dabei ganz beträchtlichen Druckbeanspruchungen ausgesetzt. Zudem erfährt die Deckenplatte um die Stütze eine starke Querkraftbeanspruchung, so dass der Durchstanzwiderstand maßgebend werden kann. Der vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht die Interaktion zwischen den vertikalen Druckbeanspruchungen in der Deckenplatte und dem Durchstanzwiderstand mit Hilfe einer Versuchsreihe an sechs Plattenausschnitten (3,00 x 3,00 x 0,25 m) unter verschiedenen Lastkombinationen. Aufgrund der Versuchsresultate wird ein einfaches Bemessungsmodell vorgestellt. Dieses Modell basiert auf dem Ansatz der DIN 1045‐1 für den Durchstanzwiderstand von Decken ohne Querbewehrung, die einer horizontalen Druckspannung ausgesetzt sind (z. B. Vorspannung). Die mit dem Modell errechneten Resultate stimmen gut mit jenen der Versuche überein – sowohl beim Widerstand wie bei der beobachteten Bruchart.Interaction between column loading and punching shear strength in flat slabs without transverse reinforcementFlat slabs supported by columns are cost efficient solutions for high‐rise buildings. To reduce the cross section of the columns, the columns are typically precast with high strength concrete and include large amounts of longitudinal reinforcement. On the contrary, the slab between columns is typically cast‐in‐place with normal strength concrete. Thus, the slab is subjected in the support region of the columns to large transverse compressive stresses, which may exceed its uniaxial compressive strength. In addition, the flat slab around the column region has to carry large shear stresses, which may potentially lead to punching shear failures. In this paper, the interaction between column loads and shear forces in the support region of a flat slab is investigated by means of an experimental programme consisting of 6 slabs without transverse reinforcement (3.0 x 3.0 x 0.25 m). The flexural reinforcement of the slab was varied as well as the ratio between the column loads and the applied shear forces. On the basis of these results, a theoretical model based on the punching shear approach of DIN 1045‐1 is presented. This model accounts for the compressive stresses in the support region due to column loads and for the potential increase of punching shear strength due to it. A very good agreement between the test results and the theoretical model is obtained both in terms of strength and observed failure modes.
The effect of biothiol on UV irradiated α‐lipoic acid
Authors: Wada Naoki , Wakami Hirotaka , Konishi Tetsuya , Matsugo Seiichi 
Published: December 2009

Abstractα‐Lipoic acid (LA) and its reduced form dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) are well known as strong antioxidants. LA has the characteristic distorted five membered 1,2‐dithiolane ring, which is quite vulnerable to UV irradiation. The UV induced decomposition of LA and the effect of the following addition of biothiols to the photoirradiated solution of LA were investigated by UV‐vis spectrometry and 1H NMR spectral analysis. The mechanism of UV irradiated LA decomposition was proposed based on the results obtained from NMR and GPC measurements.
Radicicol‐mediated inhibition of Bcr‐Ab1 in K562 cells induced p38‐MAPK dependent erythroid differentiation and PU.1 down‐regulation
Authors: Morceau Franck , Buck Isabelle , Dicato Mario , Diederich Marc 
Published: December 2009

AbstractConstitutive tyrosine kinase activity of the breakpoint cluster region (Bcr)‐Abl fusion protein is characteristic of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). As resistance against Imatinib a Bcr‐abl inhibitor used in CML, was described, Heat shock protein (Hsp90) became an alternative target as inhibition of Bcr‐Abl‐Hsp90 complex leads to proliferation arrest. Here, we used natural product Radicicol (Rad), a macrocyclic antifungal, as an Hsp90 inhibitor to investigate the effect of Bcr‐Ab1 inactivation on erythroid gene expression and subsequently on the transcription factors involved in their regulation. We showed that all erythroid genes studied were over‐expressed after Rad treatment while Bcr‐Abl expression was inhibited. Specific transcription factor NF‐E2 was induced in Rad‐treated cells as well as GATA‐1 cofactors Friend of GATA (FOG)1 and SP1, whereas PU.1 was downregulated. Moreover, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibition prevented Rad‐mediated differentiation of K562 in correlation with decreased γ‐globin expression and suppression of Rad‐mediated inhibition of PU.1. In conclusion, our results show that Radicicol leads to Bcr‐Abl inactivation via Hsp90 inhibition inducing reactivation of the erythroid program in K562 cells.