bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of SiC Nanowires on the Mechanical and Oxidation Protective Ability of SiC Coating for C/C Composites
Authors: Yanhui Chu , Qiangang Fu , Hejun Li , Xiaohong Shi , Kezhi Li , Xue Wen , Gunan Shang 
Published: December 2011

To protect carbon/carbon (C/C) composites against oxidation, a SiC nanowire‐toughened SiC coating with homogeneously dispersed nanowires within the coating was successfully prepared on C/C composites by a simple and low cost two‐step technique of chemical vapor deposition and pack cementation. The SiC nanowires effectively increased the mechanical properties of the coating, decreased the size of the defects in the coating, and improved the oxidation protection effectiveness of the coating. The results showed that, after introducing the SiC nanowires, the hardness, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness of the SiC coating were increased by 5%, 19%, and 48%, respectively. The mass loss of the coated C/C samples was reduced from 8.10% to 5.21% after thermogravimetric analysis in air from 873 to 1773 K. Moreover, the mass loss of the SiC nanowire‐toughened SiC coated sample was only 14.33% and 2.68% after isothermal oxidation at 1173 K for 39 h and 1773 K for 44 h in air, whereas the mass loss of the pure SiC coated sample was up to 16.12% and 7.00% after isothermal oxidation at 1173 K for 15 h and 1773 K for 20 h in air.
Sampling Assumptions in Inductive Generalization
Authors: Navarro Daniel J. , Dry Matthew J. , Lee Michael D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractInductive generalization, where people go beyond the data provided, is a basic cognitive capability, and it underpins theoretical accounts of learning, categorization, and decision making. To complete the inductive leap needed for generalization, people must make a key ‘‘sampling’’ assumption about how the available data were generated. Previous models have considered two extreme possibilities, known as strong and weak sampling. In strong sampling, data are assumed to have been deliberately generated as positive examples of a concept, whereas in weak sampling, data are assumed to have been generated without any restrictions. We develop a more general account of sampling that allows for an intermediate mixture of these two extremes, and we test its usefulness. In two experiments, we show that most people complete simple one‐dimensional generalization tasks in a way that is consistent with their believing in some mixture of strong and weak sampling, but that there are large individual differences in the relative emphasis different people give to each type of sampling. We also show experimentally that the relative emphasis of the mixture is influenced by the structure of the available information. We discuss the psychological meaning of mixing strong and weak sampling, and possible extensions of our modeling approach to richer problems of inductive generalization.
Spontaneous progression of experimental peri‐implantitis at implants with different surface characteristics: An experimental study in dogs
Authors: Albouy, Jean‐Pierre , Abrahamsson Ingemar , Berglundh Tord 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAimTo analyse spontaneous progression of ligature‐induced peri‐implantitis at implants with different surface characteristics.Material and MethodsFour implants with similar geometry and with two different surface characteristics (turned/TiUnite; Nobel Biocare AB) were placed pairwise in one side of the mandible in five dogs, 3 months after tooth extraction. Experimental peri‐implantitis was initiated by placement of ligatures and plaque formation. The ligatures were removed when about 40% of the supporting bone was lost. After 6 months, block biopsies were obtained and prepared for histological analysis.ResultsThe amount of bone loss that occurred during the plaque accumulation period after ligature removal was significantly larger at implants with a TiUnite surface than at implants with a turned surface. The histological analysis revealed that the vertical dimensions of the lesion and the pocket epithelium and the apical extension of the biofilm were significantly larger at TiUnite implants than at turned implants.ConclusionIt is suggested that the implant surface characteristics influence progression of peri‐implantitis.
Automatic telangiectasia analysis in dermoscopy images using adaptive critic design
Authors: Cheng B. , Stanley R. J. , Stoecker W. V. , Hinton K. 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundTelangiectasia, tiny skin vessels, are important dermoscopy structures used to discriminate basal cell carcinoma (BCC) from benign skin lesions. This research builds off of previously developed image analysis techniques to identify vessels automatically to discriminate benign lesions from BCCs.MethodsA biologically inspired reinforcement learning approach is investigated in an adaptive critic design framework to apply action‐dependent heuristic dynamic programming (ADHDP) for discrimination based on computed features using different skin lesion contrast variations to promote the discrimination process. Lesion discrimination results for ADHDP are compared with multilayer perception backpropagation artificial neural networks.ResultsThis study uses a data set of 498 dermoscopy skin lesion images of 263 BCCs and 226 competitive benign images as the input sets. This data set is extended from previous research [Cheng et al., Skin Research and Technology, 2011, 17: 278]. Experimental results yielded a diagnostic accuracy as high as 84.6% using the ADHDP approach, providing an 8.03% improvement over a standard multilayer perception method.ConclusionWe have chosen BCC detection rather than vessel detection as the endpoint. Although vessel detection is inherently easier, BCC detection has potential direct clinical applications. Small BCCs are detectable early by dermoscopy and potentially detectable by the automated methods described in this research.
Development of Meso‐Scale Co‐Fired Ceramic Tape Axisymmetric Combustors
Authors: Sun Wei , Cai Guobiao , Donadio Nicholas , Kuo Bo‐han , Lee Jongguen , Yetter Richard A. 
Published: December 2011

Meso‐scale combustors for use in small chemical thrusters were fabricated from low temperature co‐fired ceramic (LTCC) and high temperature co‐fired ceramic (HTCC) tape technology, and operated with gaseous fuels and oxidizers. In contrast to previous research with tape technology where two‐dimensional planar geometries have been fabricated, the present combustors were cylindrical axisymmetric. Igniters that consist of metal wires or silver pastes were co‐fired with the ceramic bodies. Ignition and combustion phenomena were studied in combustors with different volumes and various fuels (H2, CH4, C2H2, and C2H4) with either oxygen or air. Various injection methods of the reactants were investigated to determine ignition criteria and flame stability. Reliable and restartable ignition was obtained in combustion chambers ranging from 16 to 104 mm3. Sustained and stable combustion longer than 600 s was achieved with hydrogen and oxygen under a wide range of equivalence ratios ranging from 0.1 to 1.0. Chemical composition analyses from the combustor exhaust plume were performed with a 64‐mm3 combustion chamber. Combustion efficiencies were determined to be higher than 95% for fuel‐lean conditions. However, the thermal efficiency of the 64 mm3 combustor was estimated to be considerably lower at about 40%.
REDUCING OPERATING COSTS IN FREEZING PROCESSES USING ASYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF SPRAYS
Authors: PILIPOVIK M.V. , RIVEROL C. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThis article outlines an alternative method for freezing food using liquid nitrogen. The freezing process is important to guarantee the quality of the frozen food. This article describes an alternative distribution of the sprays along tunnel. Recently, the interest in reducing the operating costs has been sharply increased due to economic crisis, especially in food industries. Also, this short article discusses several distributions of the amount of liquid nitrogen along the conveyor and its impact on the operating costs.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis work contributes an alternative method for spraying foods with a minimum quantity of nitrogen in order to reduce the operating costs and make the process more attractive for small‐scale industries.
IDENTIFYING DRIVERS OF LIKING FOR COMMERCIAL SPREADABLE CHEESES WITH DIFFERENT FAT CONTENT
Authors: BAYARRI SARA , MARTÍ MAR , CARBONELL INMACULADA , COSTELL ELVIRA 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work was to obtain information about how perceptible differences among commercial spreadable cheeses with different fat content affect consumer liking/disliking. Sensory profiles of six commercial samples, three with regular fat content and three with low‐fat content were determined using a trained panel (n = 10), and hedonic responses were obtained from a group of consumers (n = 106). Sensory variability among samples was mainly due to texture and flavor attributes. Three subgroups of consumers with different preference criteria were identified using cluster analyses: a small group of consumers (11%) for whom the variability in sensory attribute intensity among samples did not affect sample acceptability and two subgroups of consumers (39% and 50%) for whom certain sensory attribute intensity influenced hedonic scores. Partial least squares regression was used to determine the sensory factors driving liking/disliking for the latter two consumer subgroups.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSLow‐fat variants of spreadable cheeses are now on the market with different sensory properties and different success. The elimination or reduction of fat modifies the composition and structure of cheeses and alters the original balance among fat, protein, carbohydrates and moisture, often giving rise to perceptible changes in color, flavor and texture. Although, fat reduction may provide consumers with added‐value products, the different sensory characteristics of low‐fat cheese, compared to its full‐fat counterpart, may influence the consumer's response. Identifying the sensory attributes that drive liking/disliking of low‐fat cream cheeses, is a key issue guiding new‐product development, product improvement and optimization.
Revolving door laws and state public utility commissioners
Authors: Law Marc T. , Long Cheryl X. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of revolving door regulations – laws that restrict the post‐government employment opportunities of public sector workers – on the characteristics of state public utility commissioners. We find that commissioners from states with revolving door regulations have less expertise, serve shorter terms, and are less likely to be subsequently employed by the private sector, compared with their counterparts from states without revolving door laws. These findings suggest that revolving door regulations may have costly unintended consequences.
Characterization of the Volatility of Flavor Compounds in Alcoholic Beverages through Headspace Solid‐Phase Microextraction (HS‐SPME) and Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Khio Shuh‐Wen , Cheong Mun‐Wai , Zhou Weibiao , Curran Philip , Yu Bin 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  The volatility of flavor compounds (10 distinctive esters commonly found in alcoholic beverages) was characterized using headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) analysis combined with mathematical modeling. The impacts of extrinsic factors (extraction time and temperature) and intrinsic parameters (ethanol content and concentration of these flavor compounds) were evaluated on their influences. From extraction profiles, different kinetic behaviors of flavor compounds revealed that volatility is influenced by chemical natures (that is, molecular weight and physicochemical properties). Moreover, volatility was also found to be interrelated with extraction temperature and absorption/adsorption on the fiber's surface. Through mathematical modeling, the kinetic constants of these volatile compounds were computed, and their release profiles were determined. Finally, it was observed that an increase of ethanol (a competitive interference compound to flavor compounds) could decrease the extraction efficiency. Our studies indicated that this approach might be a rapid and practical method that would provide a better understanding of flavor release behavior from alcoholic beverages.Practical Application:  The proposed approach may provide a simple and fast method in predicting the performance of key aroma esters in different alcoholic beverages. It could also be a practical way in quality control during the production of alcoholic beverage by monitoring key aroma esters.
Characterization of Monofloral Honeys with Multivariate Analysis of Their Chemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Sant’Ana Luiza D’O. , Sousa Juliana P. L. M. , Salgueiro Fernanda B. , Lorenzon Maria Cristina Affonso , Castro Rosane N. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  Various bioactive chemical constituents were quantified for 21 honey samples obtained at Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, Brazil. To evaluate their antioxidant activity, 3 different methods were used: the ferric reducing antioxidant power, the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging activity, and the 2,2′‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazolin)‐6‐sulfonate (ABTS) assays. Correlations between the parameters were statistically significant (−0.6684 ≤ r ≤−0.8410, P < 0.05). Principal component analysis showed that honey samples from the same floral origins had more similar profiles, which made it possible to group the eucalyptus, morrão de candeia, and cambara honey samples in 3 distinct areas, while cluster analysis could separate the artificial honey from the floral honeys.Practical Application:  This research might aid in the discrimination of honey floral origin, by using simple analytical methods in association with multivariate analysis, which could also show a great difference among floral honeys and artificial honey, indicating a possible way to help with the identification of artificial honeys.
Embodied Attitude Change: A Self‐Validation Perspective
Authors: Briñol Pablo , Petty Richard E. , Wagner Benjamin C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractOur behavior can change what we like and dislike. Although it seems clear that we might like something more when we smile (versus frown), or when we nod our heads (versus shake), it is important to understand the processes responsible for these changes in evaluation. It might be that agreement behaviors such as smiling and nodding work as cue, make us think about everything in a positive light, or it might be that they encourage us not to think much about the information we receive. This review describes the basic processes underlying embodied change, highlighting the role of a recently discovered meta‐cognitive process (called self‐validation) by which bodily responses can validate or invalidate (instead of changing) our thoughts. This new mechanism can account for some already established outcomes in embodied persuasion (e.g., more persuasion with smiling than frowning), but by a different process than postulated previously (smiling increases confidence in thoughts), as well as for some new findings (e.g., more persuasion for low than high powerful postures; more self‐confidence when performing doubtful postures).
Increased Frequency of Low‐Magnitude Floods in New England1
Authors: Armstrong William H. , Collins Mathias J. , Snyder Noah P. 
Published: December 2011

Armstrong, William H., Mathias J. Collins, and Noah P. Snyder, 2012. Increased Frequency of Low‐Magnitude Floods in New England. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 306‐320. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00613.xAbstract:  Recent studies document increasing precipitation and streamflow in the northeastern United States throughout the 20th and early 21st Centuries. Annual peak discharges have increased over this period on many New England rivers with dominantly natural streamflow – especially for smaller, more frequent floods. To better investigate high‐frequency floods (<5‐year recurrence interval), we analyze the partial duration flood series for 23 New England rivers selected for minimal human impact. The study rivers have continuous records through 2006 and an average period of record of 71 years. Twenty‐two of the 23 rivers show increasing trends in peaks over threshold per water year (POT/WY) – a direct measure of flood frequency – using the Mann‐Kendall trend test. Ten of these trends had p < 0.1. Seventeen rivers show positive trends in flood magnitude, six of which had p < 0.1. We also investigate a potential hydroclimatic shift in the region around 1970. Twenty‐two of the 23 rivers show increased POT/WY in the post‐1970 period when comparing pre‐ and post‐1970 records using the Wilcoxon rank‐sum test. More than half of these increases have p < 0.1, indicating a shift in flow regime toward more frequent flooding. Region wide, we found a median increase of one flood per year for the post‐1970 period. Because frequent floods are important channel‐forming flows, these results have implications for channel and floodplain morphology, aquatic habitat, and restoration.
Host tracking or cryptic adaptation? Phylogeography ofPediobius saulius(Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the highly invasive horse‐chestnut leafminer
Authors: Hernández‐López Antonio , Rougerie Rodolphe , Augustin Sylvie , Lees David C. , Tomov Rumen , Kenis Marc , Çota Ejup , Kullaj Endrit , Hansson Christer , Grabenweger Giselher , Roques Alain , López‐Vaamonde Carlos 
Published: December 2011

AbstractClassical biological control is often advocated as a tool for managing invasive species. However, accurate evaluations of parasitoid species complexes and assessment of host specificity are impeded by the lack of morphological variation. Here, we study the possibility of host races/species within the eulophid waspPediobius saulius, a pupal generalist parasitoid that parasitize the highly invasive horse‐chestnut leaf‐mining mothCameraria ohridella. We analysed the population genetic structure, host associations and phylogeographic patterns ofP. sauliusin Europe using the COI mitochondrial gene. This marker strongly supports a division into at least five highly differentiated parasitoid complexes, within two of which clades with differing degrees of host specialization were found: a Balkan clade that mainly (but not only) attacksC. ohridellaand a more generalist European group that attacks many hosts, includingC. ohridella. The divergence in COI (up to 7.6%) suggests the existence of cryptic species, although this is neither confirmed by nuclear divergence nor morphology. We do not find evidence of host tracking. The higher parasitism rates observed in the Balkans and the scarcity of the Balkan–Camerariahaplotypes out of the Balkans open the possibility of using these Balkan haplotypes as biological control agents ofC. ohridellaelsewhere in Europe.
Proposal for a simple mechanism to encourage capital investment in electricity generation capacity: illusion or reality?1
Authors: Chaton Corinne , Hermon Florence , Pignon Virginie 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMarket prices make it possible to realise returns on capital investments in the electricity sector, but these prices may not necessarily be politically or socially acceptable. As a result, explicit or implicit price caps may be established. If these caps are effective, they may result in loss of income and therefore discourage investors. To remedy this problem, several mechanisms have been proposed and put into place. The goal of this paper is not to perform an analysis of these initiator mechanisms for capital investment but, rather, to study an alternative. We show that this conceptually simple mechanism, which appears to correspond to the desires of producers and suppliers, is actually an illusion. Admittedly, the mechanism allows a single producer (or multiple producers with the same production mix) to recover its (their) costs despite the price cap. However, it does not allow certain technologies to be profitable. As a result, producers may be reluctant to invest in these technologies. This reluctance is more significant with the introduction of risk. The mechanism creates a distortion, moving money from peak to base technologies. Furthermore, it is not simple to implement.
Development of a high‐throughput microsphere‐based molecular assay to identify 15 common bloodmeal hosts of Culex mosquitoes
Authors: THIEMANN T. C. , BRAULT A. C. , ERNEST H. B. , REISEN W. K. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFor vectorborne infections, host selection by bloodfeeding arthropods dictates the interaction between host and pathogen. Because Culex mosquitoes that transmit West Nile virus (WNV) feed both on mammalian and avian hosts with varying competence, understanding the bloodfeeding patterns of these mosquitoes is important for understanding the transmission dynamics of WNV. Herein, we describe a new microsphere‐based assay using Luminex xMAP® technology to rapidly identify 15 common hosts of Culex mosquitoes at our California study sites. The assay was verified with over 100 known vertebrate species samples and was used in conjunction with DNA sequencing to identify over 125 avian and mammalian host species from unknown Culex bloodmeals, more quickly and with less expense than sequencing alone. In addition, with multiplexed labelled probes, this microsphere array identified mixed bloodmeals that were difficult to discern with traditional sequencing. The microsphere set was easily expanded or reduced according to host range in a specific area, and this assay has made it possible to rapidly screen thousands of Culex spp. bloodmeals to extend our understanding of WNV transmission patterns.
Decellularization of porcine corneas and repopulation with human corneal cells for tissue‐engineered xenografts
Authors: Yoeruek Efdal , Bayyoud Tarek , Maurus Christine , Hofmann Johanna , Spitzer Martin S. , Bartz‐Schmidt Karl‐Ulrich , Szurman Peter 
Published: December 2011

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the potential use of decellularized porcine corneas (DPCs) as a carrier matrix for cultivating human corneal cells in tissue engineering.Methods:  Corneal cells were isolated from human corneoscleral rims. Porcine corneas were decellularized using hypotonic tris buffer, ethylene diamine tetra‐acetic acid (EDTA, 0.1%), aprotinin (10 KIU/ml) and 0.3% sodium dodecyl sulphate. Haematoxylin–eosin (HE) and 4,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) staining were performed to confirm removal of the corneal cells. Quantitative analysis was performed to determine levels of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) using DNA Purification Kit (Fermentas, St. Leon‐Rot, Germany). Alcian blue staining was carried out to analyse the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Corneal stromal cells were injected into the DPCs; limbal corneal epithelial cells and corneal endothelial cells were seeded onto the anterior and posterior surfaces of the DPCs, respectively. Evaluation was undertaken at days 14 and 30. The phenotypical properties of the cultivated corneal cells were investigated using Immunolocalization of type I collagen, keratocan, lumican, cytokeratin 3 (AE5) and type VIII collagen.Results:  Haematoxylin–eosin and DAPI staining showed efficient elimination of porcine corneal cells, whereas alcian blue confirmed gross preservation of the ECM. The quantitative analysis of the DNA content showed a significant reduction (mean before decellularization: 75.45 ± 13.71 ng/mg; mean after decellularization: 9.87 ± 2.04 ng/mg, p < 0.001). All three types of corneal cells were efficiently cultured and expanded on the DPCs.Conclusions:  Decellularized porcine corneas might serve as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of the cornea, possibly providing xenogenic substrate for corneal transplantation.