bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The types of Tubercle Bacilli occurring in Tuberculosis of the Human Genito-urinary Tract
Authors: Eastwood A. , Griffith Fred 
Published: May 2009

Seventeen cases were examined, the disease affecting the genital organs in nine instances (seven testes, one salpinx, one prostate) and the urinary tract in eight.The bacilli obtained were of “human” type in fourteen cases and “bovine” in three.The three “bovine” cases were affections of the kidney in persons aged, respectively, 25, 19 and 20 years.
An Improved Method for the Concentration of Antitoxic Sera
Authors: Homer Annie 
Published: May 2009

The method for the concentration of antitoxic sera suggested in this communication and now being used in this laboratory, presents a further step towards the desired goal, viz. the preparation, on a commercial scale for general therapeutic use, of antitoxic sera with a minimal amount of attendant protein.In the concentration of sera on a large scale by the routine methods hitherto published the final products have shown a protein content of about 18 to 20 % with a potency per c.c. four to five times that of the original serum. The above described method yields, as a matter of routine, a final product with a protein content of about 17 to 19% and with a potency per c.c. as much as nine times that of the original serum. With the use of better processes the potency might be higher still.It is worth while to concentrate by this method plasma or sera in which the unitage is so low that hitherto they would have been discarded as having too low a potency for use even after concentration.The patient will receive a relatively higher percentage of antitoxic units per gram of protein than if the sera had been concentrated by other methods, for by this method the removal of 70% of the total proteins is ensured.The heat denaturation of the proteins during the prolonged heating of the serum and consequent diminution of protein relatively to antitoxin may serve to minimise troubles with serum sickness.
Flies and Typhoid
Authors: Nicoll William 
Published: May 2009

1. The chain of evidence incriminating the house fly as a disseminator of typhoid fever is at present fairly complete, but many of the links are weak and not thoroughly strengthened by experimentation.2. The bulk of experimental work has hitherto been done under highly unnatural and artificial circumstances and the results so obtained cannot be accepted unreservedly as giving a correct view of conditions in nature.3. The experiments described in the present paper show that flies can ingest typhoid bacilli from natural matter,i.e.human faeces and urine, and carry them for a certain period of time.4. There is no evidence to show that the typhoid bacilli multiply in the house fly. On the contrary the evidence goes to show that they are not adapted for prolonged life on or in the fly.5. It thus follows that the house fly is a purely mechanical carrier of the typhoid bacillus and is not a natural “host” in the strict sense of the term.6. Many bacilli closely resemblingB. typhosusin cultural characteristics appear to be natural or, at least, common inhabitants of the intestine of the house fly. These are extremely likely to be mistaken forB. typhosusunless the most stringent tests are employed.7. As might be expected there is evidence to show that a process of bacterial selection occurs in the fly's intestine. Some bacteria appear to flourish but others are rapidly eliminated. Among the latter must be numberedB. typhosus.I have to thank my colleagues at the Lister Institute, particularly Dr Ledingham, Dr Henderson Smith and Dr Petrie, for much valuable help and advice during the course of these investigations. To Prof. Bainbridge, Dr Arkwright, Dr Penfold and Dr Macalister my thanks are also due, inasmuch as they helped to smooth over many difficulties both theoretical and practical.
The Bacteriolytic Action of Gland Extracts on Tubercle Bacilli
Authors: Porter A. E. 
Published: May 2009

The results obtained point to a consistent relationship between lipolytic activity and bacteriolytic power on tubercle bacilli.The least bactericidal extract was lung extract; the most powerful was pancreas extract.Liver, thymus and lymphatic glands were strongly bactericidal.Other organs, suprarenal glands, pig and cat spleen, human and cat kidney, human and ox brain, ox thyroid, cat lung, ox bone marrow and ox pituitary glands were found to be bactericidal to a lesser degree.The human skin extract examined for bactericidal properties was fatty and cloudy in appearance and exceptionally rich in esterases1.Even if exceptional in its esterase activity this sample of skin bears out the relationship between lipolysis and bacteriolysis of tubercle bacilli in a striking way, as it was also extremely bactericidal.No difference was noticed between bovine and human tubercle bacilli in susceptibility to any gland extract examined.Other acid-fast bacilli, though on the whole less susceptible than tubercle bacilli to the influence of these extracts, were bacteriolysed by them. They were also killed by one lung extract (pig's) which contained an unusually large amount of olein lipase and which had no effect on tubercle bacilli.I wish to express my thanks to Dr W. Cramer for his kind advice and encouragement, to Dr Cobbett for his kindly criticism, to Professor Shennan and Dr Miller for human material, and to Dr Wang for several strains of tubercle bacilli.The expenses of this Research were met in part by a grant from the Earl of Moray Trust.
A Comparison of Meningococci found in the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid and Naso-Pharynx in Twenty-five cases
Authors: Canti R. G. 
Published: May 2009

In twenty-five consecutive cases in which nasopharyngeal cultures have been made from patients suffering from bacteriologically proved cerebro-spinal meningitis, meningococci have been obtained.A striking similarity between the organisms from the two sites has been shown to exist for not only are they of the same agglutinable type but in the majority of instances individual peculiarities of agglutination have corresponded. The closeness of relation has been further demonstrated by the carbohydrate reaction in one case in which the unusual property of bleaching glucose litmus broth to a yellow colour was possessed by both organisms. Nevertheless, in a certain number of instances, though organisms of a different agglutinable type have not been isolated, as by other workers, there have been found certain minor variations of agglutination. That most if not all of these variations are due to alteration of the agglutinable capacity of one of the organisms seems probable, as in the six cases where most marked difference existed (Nos. 1, 3 and 24 of Type I and Nos. 15, 16 and 18 of Type II) the chances of the other alternative, namely that a second infection had happened in each case to be of the same agglutinable type, are remote.In the twenty-five cases the proportion of the types present has been shown to agree with that found by other workers during the same period. Seven of the infections (28 per cent.) have been due to Type I and eighteen (72 per cent.) to Type II.Ten of the cases have occurred in children under the age of two years, and the proportion of the two types among them has been approximately the same as among older patients.The writer is indebted to the members of the staff of St Bartholomew's Hospital for permission to publish their cases, and gratefully acknowledges the encouragement and assistance of Professor Andrewes at whose instigation these investigations were conducted.
On some Non-specific Reactions of Mallein
Authors: Südmersen H. J. , Glenny A. T. 
Published: May 2009

1. Many horses immunised against other bacteria or bacterial products will give a large local reaction to mallein, but this is usually not associated with a rise in temperature. In the case of horses injected with diphtheria toxin, the size of the swelling appears to related to the degree of immunity attained. This point has not yet been established in the case of horses immunised against other bacterial products.2. This local reaction disappears rapidly and can thus be distinguished from the reaction in the case of glandered horses.3. In the few cases when a rise in temperature took place (3 cases out of 56) the curve was markedly different from that obtained in the case of glandered animals.4. Other bacterial products react similarly to mallein upon immune horses.
Cultivation of the Trypanosome found in the Blood of the Gold-fish
Authors: Thomson John D. 
Published: May 2009

1. The trypanosome of the gold-fish has been successfully cultivated on the medium of McNeal and Novy.2. Preparatory to division in culture, the original trypanosome as found in the blood of the fish assumes a somewhat tadpole-like appearance, the endoplasm and its contained structures being collected together in the swollen posterior end. The kineto-nucleus now lies close to, and alongside of, the tropho-uncleus, and the latter has become swollen and loose in structure with its chromatin broken up into chromidia. The anterior third or more of the trypano-some undergoes little or no change in form and does not take part in division. It is thus easily seen how the product of the preliminary division comes to have a Crithidia-like appearance.3. The product of this preliminary division—Crithidia-like by the relative position of kineto-and tropho-nuclei—is capable of freely multiplying.According to Brumpt it is in the Crithidia-like form that free multiplication of the eel trypanosome first takes place in the stomach of Hemiclepsis. It may well be that in this case also the Crithidia-like form is arrived at by steps such as are here figured and described.4. Crithidia-like forms are found at all stages of the culture and along with them at various stages other forms where the body is elongated and the kineto-nucleus still close to the tropho-nucleus, and yet other forms where the kineto-nucleus until true trypanosome-like forms are reached.5. These trypanosome-like forms (resembling mammalian trypanosomes rather than those of the fish from which they are derived) are most numerous in the later stages of the culture.
A “reversion” phenomenon in Bacterial Fermentation
Authors: Ledingham J. C. G. 
Published: May 2009

Two strains of B. dysenteriae isolated from cases of asylum dysentery, were found to be readily agglutinable with stock Flexner-Y serum but serum prepared from the one had only a feeble action on the other. Absorption experiments revealed a like specificity. They differed in certain particulars in their action on certain carbohydrate media, and the attempt was made to obtain, by various procedures, variants from each strain giving fermentation reactions as alike as possible.In the course of this work, an interesting and probably hitherto undescribed type of variation was met with, viz. the capacity exhibited by one strain which fairly promptly fermented the substance employed (isodulcite), of throwing off variants having no action on the substance. These variants appeared as white papillae on the surface of the original red ancestor and the description and analysis of this “reversion” process form the main interest of this paper. Though a fairly close approximation in fermentation characters was realised by selection of variants from each of the original strains, little or no approximation was apparent in respect of the serological affinities of these final variants.
Recent Advances in the Differentiation of Lactose-fermenting (Gas-producing) Bacilli with special reference to the Examination of Water and Food Products
Authors: Wood Denys R. 
Published: May 2009

1. Investigation by American bactriologists have shown that the lactose-fermenting (gas-producing) bacilli can be divided into two main types distinguishabel by the methyl-red and Voges-Proskauer reactions.2. The methyl-red- Voges-Proskauer + type are shwon to be rare in human and animal faeces, more common in surface water, milk and sewage, and the predominant type in soil and grain, and to be more resistant than the methyl-red + Voges-Proskauer-type.3. Investigations by the author of this paper confirm their findings as regards human and animal faeces, water, milk and grain. An investigation of the types present in soil is being undertaken and it is hoped to publish an account of this later. Already the “M.R.—” type has been found to predominate in four out of six samples of soil.4. In the present investigation organisms of the “M.R.—” type were found in 66 samples of water out of a total of 200 containing lactose-fermenters, and in 41 samples containing this type no evidence of recent contamination could be adduced by the search for organisms of the “M.R.+” type ofStreptococci. Judgment of the water was therfore liable to modifiction in 20% of these samples by the recognition of this type.5. Twenty-nineout of the 66 samples containing organisms of the “M.R.—” type were from sources of good repute, most of them from public supplies.6. The presence of lactose-formenters of the “M.R.—”“V.P.+” type must be regarded with considerable less disfavour than the presence of “M.R.+” “V.P.—” organisms, and the application of tests for the recognition of these types is impotant. It is suggested that these tests should be included in all routine examinations of water and food products.In conclusion I have pleasue in acknowledging my indebtedness to Dr. W.G.Savage for calling my attention to the reserches of American bacteriologist and for many valuable suggestions he has made in connection with this work.
Studies on the Action of Electrolytes on Bacteria. Part I. The Action of Monovalent and Divalent Salts on the Conductivity of Bacterial Emulsions
Authors: Shearer C. 
Published: May 2009

The action of univalent and bivalent salts on bacteria in affeting the conductivity of thick emulsions of the meningococcus andB. colidemonstrates the important fact, that they alter the conductivity of these germs in the living condition, in a very definite manner. In this alteration, the predominant part is played by the cat-ion.All monovalent cat-ions, with the exception of the H-ion, such as those of Na, K, Li, Rb, produce a rapid increase in conductivity or a fall in resistance. In its early stages this increase in conductivity is readily reversible in these solutions. If allowed to follow its due course, however, it leads finally to death in about two hours, when the bacterial cells no longer offer any resistance to the passage of the ions. The conductivity of the emulsion then becomes that of the fluid in which the emulsion has been suspended.Bivalent cat-ions and the H-ion, on the other hand, at first produce a slight fall in conductivity or an increase in resistance, followed, swecondly, by an irreversible increase in conductivity which is slow and gradual resulting finally in death after 48 or more hours. This is shown by the car-ions of Ca, Sr, Ba, and Cd.In a balanced solution such as sea-water, blood plasma, Ringer's solution, van't Hoff's solution, where a certain quantity of CaCl2antagonises a larger amount of NaCl and KCl, the conductivity of bacterial emulsions undergoes no change, but remains constant.Dead in distinction to living bacteria offer little resistance to the passage of ions of a solution. It would seem the relativity high resistance of the bacterial cell is due to some condition present in the living and absent in the dead state.It has been shown by experiments on animals that the condition of increased conductivity of the cell is coupled with a loss of virulence in the case of some pathogenic bacteria. It is not clear from these experiments if this is due to the actual death of the germs in a monovalent salt solution, or to a detoxicating action of these solutions on the germs. It would seem there is some evidence for believing that the latter takes place, as the lost lethal power returns in the presence of a small trace of Ca. In bivalent salt solutions no loss of toxicity takes place. It has been pointed out that the action of monovalent and bivalent salts on bacteria offers a new explanation of certain experiments with gas gangrene organisms, where it is at present considered that the action of the salts are on the tissues of the animal and not on the bacteria.
The Wassermann Test in Patients affected with Malaria in the Tropics
Authors: Hehewerth F. H. , Kop W. A. 
Published: May 2009

With regard to the influence of malarial infection on the Wassermann test some controversy prevails:Wassermann and Lange (1913) refer to Meyer and Bonfiglio who, working in Italy, obtained a positive reaction in 80 per cent. of the cases where the blood contained parasites; in some of their cases positive reactions were obtainable for several months after the disappearance of fever and parasites. For this reason Wassermann and Lange advise to put every case, coming from a malaria-infected country and showing a positive reaction, under quinine treatment and to repeat the test after a lapse of six weeks.
Clinical investigation of Xerophthalmia and Dystrophy in Infants and Young Children (Xerophthalmia et Dystrophia Alipogenetica)
Authors: Bloch C. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. There are fats which are indispensable for children because they contain specific bodies, essential for normal growth.2. If these lipoid bodies, termed “fat soluble A bodies” by McCollum, are absent from the food for a long time, an inhibition of growth will occur and the conditions which I have termed Dystrophia alipogenetica will finally appear. This condition involves a great susceptibility and lowered resistance to all infections and often leads to xerosis of the conjunctivae and corneae associated with night blindness. The xerosis has a great tendency to result in keratomalacia. In its first stage xerophthalmia resembles a slight conjunctivitis; the children develop photophobia, their eyes are red and there is a slight secretion.3. Xerophthalmia generally occurs in spring, the time when growth is at its maximum.4. The disease is most frequent amongst the children of the poorest country folk and is always due to an unsuitable artificial diet, generally the replacing of whole milk partly or completely by centrifuged milk, butter milk or concoctions of flour. It may appear in children who have received whole milk and cream, but in that case the milk and cream have been boiled for too long a time or have been subjected to other kinds of drastic treatment which have destroyed the specific lipoid bodies.5. Xerophthalmia is easily when recognised in time. The best treatment is cod liver oil, but whole milk and probably cream, butter, eggs and other fats containing the specific lipoid bodies are also curative. It is important to remember that these foods should only be subjected to the ordinary short boiling.6. The disease is fairly common in Denmark, apparently more so than in other countries. It is, for instance, practically unknown in Sweden and Norway. According to Mori's statistics it used to be rare in Germany. The reason for its being so frequent in Denmark is probably partly due to the fact that this country exports most of its dairy produce, especially butter.7. Many of the cases of blindness and leucoma attributed to eye complaints during infancy, are perhaps due to xerophthalmia. Of late it has been said that blindness amongst children in Denmark is increasing while gonorrhoeal ophthalmia in new born infants at the maternity hospital is decreasing. Ophthalmo-blenorrhoea has been the cause of blindness in very few of the recent admissions to the blind institute, all of which supports my contention that xerophthalmia is the actual cause of the large number of blind children in Denmark.
Malaria in England: with Special Reference to the Role of Temperature and Humidity
Authors: Gill C. A. 
Published: May 2009

(1) The study of the meteorological circumstances prevailing in the United Kingdom confirms the conclusions reached in India that the combined influence of temperature and humidity plays an important part in determining the conditions necessary for the transmission of malaria.(2) The part assigned to temperature and humidity points to the conclusion that the period of active infection in England is ordinarily limited to the months of July and August.(3) The part attributed to temperature accounts for the geographical distribution of the endemic area of malaria in the British Isles and explains its limitation to certain parts of England.(4) The combined influence of temperature and humidity appears to afford an explanation of the precise location of the endemic centres of malaria within the above area.(5) The part assigned to temperature and humidity elucidates certain points in connexion with the endemiology of malaria in England, and it offers an explanation of the conditions known as “Malaria sine Paludism” and “Paludism sine Malaria.”(6) The part played by the meteorological factors throws light on the past history of malaria in England and it helps to explain its gradual decline.
Duration of Passive Immunity. Part III
Authors: Glenny A. T. , Hopkins Barbara E. 
Published: May 2009

1. The course of disappearance of passive immunity in rabbits injected with diphtheria antitoxin obtained from goats, men, guinea-pigs and cows, consists of the same three phases that follow the injection of horse serum.2. The rabbits examined were more responsive to goat, human and guinea-pig serum than to horse and cow serum.3. The course of disappearance of passive immunity in rabbits, horses and guinea-pigs injected with homologous antitoxin, consists of Phases A and B only, and Phase B is far slower than when heterologous serum is injected into rabbits.4. Sheep and goats eliminate antitoxin obtained from a horse at a very slow rate, and Phase C is hardly detectable.5. Natural immunity of horses to diphtheria toxin is gradually acquired by a number of increasing responses to external stimuli.
The Atmosphere of the Underground Electric Railways of London: A Study of its Bacterial Content in 1920
Authors: Forbes J. Graham 
Published: May 2009

1. The bacterial content of the air of the Underground Railways, when the average of all results of the bacteriological investigations is taken, does not numerically compare unfavourably with the outside air of London.2. The ratio of the number of organisms growing at room temperature appears to be about 14 for railway air to 10 outside air. For those growing at body temperature the ratio is considerably higher, namely 2 to 1 respectively. The mean per litre, for room temperature organisms, is about 9 in railway air, 6·3 in the outside air; for body temperature organisms 4·6 for railway air, 2·2 for outside air.3. The bacterial content of platform air, except on the City and South London Railway, would appear to be higher than that of carriage air; the total mean for platform air being 52 and for carriage air 42·8 organisms per 5 litres, or a ratio of 16·4 and 13·5 respectively to 10 of the open air. The higher proportion in platform air is generally speaking to be accounted for by the greater amount of draught and dust disturbance.4. The ratios of the total bacterial content of railway carriage air and carriage and platform air on the six lines to open air are estimated in the following proportions: