bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical‐NIR spectra of quasars close to reionization (z ∼ 6)
Authors: D'Odorico V. , Cupani G. , Cristiani S. , Maiolino R. , Molaro P. , Nonino M. , Cimatti A. , di Serego Alighieri S. , Fiore F. , Fontana A. , Gallerani S. , Giallongo E. , Mannucci F. , Marconi A. , Pentericci L. , Viel M. , Vladilo G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractX‐shooter, with its characteristics of resolution, spectral coverage and efficiency, provides a unique opportunity to obtain spectra of the highest‐redshift quasars (z ∼ 6) that will allow us to carry out successful investigations on key cosmological issues, from the details of the re‐ionization process, to the evolution of the first galaxies and AGNs. In this paper, we present the spectra of three z ∼ 6 quasars: one obtained during the commissioning of X‐shooter and two in the context of our ongoing GTO programme. Combining this sample with data in the literature, we update the value of the C IV cosmic mass density in the range 4.5 ≤ z ≤ 5, confirming the constant trend with redshift between 2.5 and 5 (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X‐shooter observations of QSO pairs
Authors: Cupani G. , D'Odorico V. , Cristiani S. , Viel M. , Vanzella E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObservations of quasar pairs represent a powerful tool in the study of the intergalactic medium, providing in particular information on the quasar radiative feedback not only along the line of sight, but also in the transverse direction. In this paper, we present the spectra of the four quasar pairs we observed so far with X‐shooter, and we discuss two individual spectra affected by the presence of a close quasar in the foreground (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Immunoprecipitation combined with microchip capillary gel electrophoresis: Detection and quantification of β‐galactosidase from crude E. coli cell lysate
Authors: Herwig Ela , Marchetti‐Deschmann Martina , Wenz Christian , Rüfer Andreas , Allmaier Günter 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA sensitive and selective analytical method for the determination and quantification of endogenous β‐galactosidase in crude E. coli cell lysates by immunoprecipitation combined with automated microchip capillary gel electrophoresis (IP‐MCGE) with laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) detection was developed. Total cell lysates were derivatized minimally with a fluorescence dye, incubated with anti‐β‐galactosidase antibodies, and the antigen/antibody complex was precipitated with protein G‐coated magnetic beads. After capturing the complex, it was eluted from the beads under denaturing conditions and loaded directly onto a multisample microchip for analysis. The effects of antibody selection and the importance of preclearing steps were studied in detail. For quantification, an external calibration through spiking pure β‐galactosidase into E. coli lysate was performed. Recovery rates of immunoprecipitation after spiking experiments and the amount of unknown endogenous β‐galactosidase in E. coli lysates were determined. As proof of principle, E. coli cultures grown on nutrition media with several glucose/lactose ratios were analyzed. Differences in the expression level of β‐galactosidase could be detected and measured with the developed method. Detected amounts of β‐galactosidase in different culture media correlated with the β‐galactosidase activities in these cultures.
Recent Advances in the Development of Dopamine D3Receptor Antagonists: a Medicinal Chemistry Perspective
Authors: Micheli Fabrizio 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDopamine (DA) D3receptor antagonism might play a significant role in different therapeutic areas. A high number of preclinical studies on DA D3receptor antagonists have shown efficacy in animal models of Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia and drug dependence. This Review covers the activities of medicinal chemists in this field over the last ten years towards the identification of truly selective compounds. Both primary and patent literature is reviewed here. Since the original discoveries, a clear trend towards the optimization of the developability properties of the new scaffold has clearly emerged with time, from both academic and industrial researchers. Examples of advanced leads from academia and industry are described. The latest potential therapeutic applications are reported too.
Synthesis of TiO2 nanorings and nanorods on TCO substrate by potentiostatic anodization of titanium powder
Authors: Li M. , Liu Y. , Wang H. , Ye Qihong , Shen H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractVarious TiO2 nanostructures, such as nanorings, nanorods were synthesized via potentiostatic anodization of titanium powder under different conditions. The morphology of the obtained TiO2 nanostructures can be easily tuned by varying applied voltage. The crystal structure, compositional information and morphological structures were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and field emission scanning electronic microscopy (FESEM). XRD and XPS analysis confirmed the anodization products were TiO2. A possible formation mechanism was suggested on the basis of the shape evolution of TiO2 nanostructures observed by FESEM. The results revealed that the applied voltage played an important role in the formation of various nanostructures. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stability of ruthenium nanoparticles synthesized by solvothermal method
Authors: Nandanwar S. U. , Chakraborty M. , Mukhopadhyay S. , Shenoy K. T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOne of the major obstacles to the synthesis of nanoparticles and nanocatalyst is the stability of particles. In the present study, polymer stabilized ruthenium nanoparticles were synthesized by solvothermal method using solutions of ruthenium chloride in ethylene glycol in presence of poly(N ‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) (PVP) as a stabilizing agent. Stability of nanoparticles was studied by varying different parameters e.g. PVP/RuCl3 molar raio, RuCl3 concentration, reaction temperature and time and expressed in terms of particle size and size distribution. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis revealed the presence of metallic clusters with a uniform size of about 20‐65 nm. Dispersion destabilisation of colloidal nanoparticles was detected by Turbiscan. Polymer stabilized ruthenium nanoparticles were dispersed on γ‐alumina to prepare uniformly disperse Ru/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst by mechanical strirring and sonication. Inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES), X‐Ray powder diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the supported catalyst. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Circuit and system design for an 860–960 MHz RFID reader front‐ends with Tx leakage suppression in 0.18 − µm CMOS technology
Authors: Javidan Javad , Atarodi S. Mojtaba , Luong Howard C. 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents an RF Front‐END for an 860–960thinspaceMHz passive RFID Reader. The direct conversion receiver architecture with the feedback structure in the RF front‐end circuit is used to give good immunity against the large transmitter leakage and to suppress leakage. The system design considerations for receiver on NF and IIP3 have been discussed in detail. The RF Front‐END contains a power amplifier (PA) in transmit chain and receive front‐end with low‐noise amplifier, up/down mixer, LP filter and variable‐gain amplifier. In the transmitter, a differential PA with a new power combiner is designed and fabricated in a 0.18‐µm technology. The chip area is 2.65 mm × 1.35 mm including the bonding pads. The PA delivers an output power of 29 dBm and a power‐added efficiency of 24% with a power gain of 20 dB, including the losses of the bond‐wires. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Definition of leukocyte subsets in primate central nervous system by polychromatic flow cytometry
Authors: Bischoff Tanja , Stahl‐Hennig Christiane , Mätz‐Rensing Kerstin , Koutsilieri Eleni , Sopper Sieghart 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHaematopoietic immune cell populations play an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous neurological disorders. To better understand the function of resident mononuclear phagocytes and migrating leukocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), the definition of these populations in healthy individuals is crucial. Therefore, the composition of CNS‐associated leukocytes, isolated from macaque brain tissue, was assessed using multicolor flow cytometry. We established a combination of antibodies directed against nine different antigens that enabled a precise classification of all major immune cell populations in a single tube. Macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), B and T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells were differentiated in CNS and peripheral blood. Additionally, microglia cells were detected in the brain. Using this antibody combination also allowed the discrimination of functionally different subsets among the distinct immunocyte populations, for example, CD8 positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes. About 95% of the leukocytes in the brain are microglia cells. Two additional myeloid cell populations, CD14 positive macrophages and CD11c‐positive DCs, were also identified. In contrast to blood, where macrophages are more abundant, DCs outnumbered macrophages in the brain. Among lymphocytes, proportions of CD20 positive B lymphocytes were decreased, and T lymphocytes as well as NK cells were increased in brain compared to blood. Significant changes were also detected for macrophage and T‐cell subpopulations. The nonexclusive expression of certain surface makers on different cell populations demanded a simultaneous classification of all intrathecal immune cells. Knowing their exact composition offers new insights on interaction and regulation in inflammatory processes and will be instrumental to monitor alterations in the course of neurological diseases. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
On the quantification of intracellular proteins in multifluorescence‐labeled rat brain slices using slide‐based cytometry
Authors: Reinert Anja , Mittag Anja , Reinert Tilo , Tárnok Attila , Arendt Thomas , Morawski Markus 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn several brain regions, a subpopulation of neurons exists being characterized by the expression of a peculiar form of extracellular matrix, a so‐called perineuronal net (PNN). We have previously shown that the PNN can bind large amounts of iron due to its polyanionic charge. Because free iron can generate reactive oxygen species thus being potentially toxic, the PNN may have a protective function by “scavenging” this free iron. Because of this ability, we have hypothesized that PNN‐related neurons have an altered iron‐specific metabolism.Thus, to compare the intracellular concentrations of iron containing proteins, specifically, the iron storage protein ferritin H between neurons with and without a PNN, we have used slide‐based cytometry with image‐based threshold‐boundary cell detection on brain sections. In tissue sections, the integrity of the extracellular matrix, especially the characteristic PNNs, is preserved, which is necessary for the identification of the two neuronal subpopulations. A multilabeling approach was chosen to select neurons (neuronal marker NeuN), to classify the neurons according to their subtype (matrix marker Wisteria floribunda agglutinin), and to quantify the protein concentration (protein marker).Using this novel method, we were able to detect a relative difference in protein concentration as low as 12% between the two subpopulations of neurons in the neuronal population of the rat parietal cortex. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Bioactivation antioxidant and transglycating properties of N‐acetylcarnosine autoinduction prodrug of a dipeptide L‐carnosine in mucoadhesive drug delivery eye‐drop formulation: powerful eye health application technique and therapeutic platform
Authors: Babizhayev Mark A. 
Published: March 2011

A considerable interest in N‐acetylcarnosine ocular drug design for eye health is based on clinical strategies to improve ocular drug delivery through metabolic enzymatic activation. Human biology aspects of ocular N‐acetylcarnosine deacetylation during its pass through the cornea to the aqueous humor and dipeptide hydrolyzing enzymes are characterized. Novel approaches to ocular drug delivery increasing intraocular bioavailability of N‐acetylcarnosine biologically activated metabolite carnosine become an integral development ensuring prolonged retention of the medication in the mucoadhesive precorneal area and facilitating transcorneal penetration of the natural dipeptide with the corneal promoters.A comprehensive list of techniques for peptide drug design, synthesis, purification, and biological analyses was considered: liquid chromatography (LC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectroscopy, and spectrophotometry. The antioxidant activity of therapeutics‐targeted molecules was studied in aqueous solution and in a lipid membrane environment. A deglycation therapeutic system was developed involving removal, by transglycation of sugar or aldehyde moieties from Schiff bases by histidyl‐hydrazide compounds or aldehyde scavenger L‐carnosine. Clinical studies included ophthalmoscopy, visual acuity (VA), halometer disability glare tests, slit‐image, and retro‐illumination photography.N‐acetylcarnosine 1% lubricant eye drops are considered as an auto‐induction prodrug and natural ocular redox state balance therapies with implications in prevention and treatment of serious eye diseases that involve pathways of continuous oxidative damage to ocular tissues(cataracts, primary open‐angle glaucoma, age‐related macular degeneration) and sight‐threatening glycosylation processes (diabetic retinopathy and consequent visual impairment) important for public health. The results of the study document that the therapeutic benefit in clinical trials is associated with the bioactivation universal antioxidant and transglycating properties of N‐acetylcarnosine acting as the ophthalmic prodrug of L‐carnosine, and depends on the nature of the specific drug delivery lubricant eye‐drop formulation applied as the topical solution.The research highlights findings in N‐acetylcarnosine prodrug activation, transport mechanisms, drug‐to‐drug interactions, and formulations in order to unlock the optimization of complicated ocular pharmacology of N‐acetylcarnosine. Patented N‐acetylcarnosine lubricant eye‐drop formula was marketed as numerous human biological brands reaching important distribution networks on over 550 000 bottles sold.Nature Does Nothing Uselessly.‐AristotleCopyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tim‐1 stimulation of dendritic cells regulates the balance between effector and regulatory T cells
Authors: Xiao Sheng , Zhu Bing , Jin Hulin , Zhu Chen , Umetsu Dale T. , DeKruyff Rosemarie H. , Kuchroo Vijay K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe show that the T‐cell immunoglobalin mucin, Tim‐1, initially reported to be expressed on CD4+ T cells, is constitutively expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) and that its expression further increases after DC maturation. Tim‐1 signaling into DCs upregulates costimulatory molecule expression and proinflammatory cytokine production, thereby promoting effector T‐cell responses, while inhibiting Foxp3+ Treg responses. By contrast, Tim‐1 signaling in T cells only regulates Th2 responses. Using a high‐avidity/agonistic anti‐Tim‐1 antibody as a co‐adjuvant enhances the immunogenic function of DCs, decreases the suppressive function of Tregs, and substantially increases proinflammatory Th17 responses in vivo. The treatment with high‐ but not low‐avidity anti‐Tim‐1 not only worsens experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in susceptible mice but also breaks tolerance and induces EAE in a genetically resistant strain of mice. These findings indicate that Tim‐1 has an important role in regulating DC function and thus shifts the balance between effector and regulatory T cells towards an enhanced immune response. By understanding the mechanisms by which Tim‐1 regulates DC and T‐cell responses, we may clarify the potential utility of Tim‐1 as a target of therapy against autoimmunity, cancer, and infectious diseases.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Pure‐Phase Copper Silicate Na2Cu2Si4O11·2H2O with Ammonia as Complexing Agent
Authors: Jiang Qizhou , Shi Qi , Xu Hong , Li Jinping , Dong Jinxiang 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPure‐phase copper silicate, Na2Cu2Si4O11·2H2O (AV‐23), was synthesized hydrothermally by starting with a molar ratio of CuO:3.2SiO2:3.02Na2O:4.57NH3:146H2O. To avoid the formation of polycrystalline CuO, aqueous ammonia was used as complexing agent. The inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy ICP‐AES, XRD, and SEM measurements of the precursors indicated that the sequence in which the starting materials are added can effectively adjust the competition between precipitation and complexation, and consequently the alkali balance in the solution, as copper is present in the form of both Cu(OH)2 and [Cu(NH3)4]2+. This adjustment optimizes the distribution of the precursor, which influences the morphology of Cu(OH)2. The kinetics of the crystallization is thus affected in such a way that prevents the formation of impure phases.
Influence of Tip Size on Single Yeast Cell Imaging Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Nagamine Kuniaki , Takahashi Yasufumi , Ino Kosuke , Shiku Hitoshi , Matsue Tomokazu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe influence of the tip reaction on the substrate generation/tip collection mode SECM imaging of a single yeast cell was investigated by using various sizes of probe electrodes in µm–nm scales because the tip reaction would disturb the concentration profile of intracellular enzyme reactant formed around the cell. GC mode measurements of a single yeast cell were performed using a dual mediator system with lipophilic menadione and hydrophilic ferricyanide. We found downscaling of the tip size enabled quantitative SECM imaging of a single cell in GC mode without disturbing the concentration profile of the mediator formed around the cell by the tip reaction.
Optimization of a permeation‐based microfluidic direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC)
Authors: Erickson Evan M. , Mitrovski Svetlana M. , Gewirth Andrew A. , Nuzzo Ralph G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA design for a passive, air‐breathing microfluidic fuel cell utilizing formic acid (FA) as a fuel is described and its performance characterized. The fuel cell integrates high surface area platinum (cathode) and palladium–platinum (anode) alloy electrodes within a PDMS microfluidic network that keeps them fully immersed in a liquid electrolyte. The polymer network that comprises the device also serves as a self‐supporting membrane through which FA and oxygen are supplied to the alloy anode and cathode, respectively, by passive permeation from external sources. The cell is based on a planar form‐factor and in its operation exploits FA concentration gradients that form across the PDMS membrane. These latter gradients allow the device to operate stably, producing a nearly constant limiting power density of ∼0.2 mW/cm2, without driven laminar flow of fluids or the incorporation of an in‐channel separator between the anodic and the cathodic compartments. The power output of this elementary device in air is subject to electrolyte mass transport impacts, which can be reduced for a given design rule by decreasing the internal ohmic resistance of the cell. The results suggest that operational stability can be improved by decreasing the kinetic losses imposed on the cathode side of the cell due to FA crossover and modalities for doing so, such as by increasing the efficiency of fuel capture at the anode.
Chip gel electrophoresis as a tool for study of matrix metalloproteinase 9 interaction with metallothionein
Authors: Zitka Ondrej , Krizkova Sona , Huska Dalibor , Adam Vojtech , Hubalek Jaromir , Eckschlager Tomas , Kizek Rene 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play numerous roles in physiological and pathological processes including cancer. Interactions of MMPs with other zinc‐binding proteins are of great interest mainly from the point of view of the participation of these proteins in carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to utilize chip gel electrophoresis for investigation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (gelatinase B, MMP‐9) interactions with collagen. The interaction was observed and the effect of temperature was tested. We further focused on the study of activation of MMP‐9 by the presence of zinc‐binding proteins called metallothioneins (MT). We confirmed the basic presumption of the activation of MMP‐9 by the presence of MT similar to the temperature effect. Moreover, we chose the method of differential pulse voltammetry Brdicka reaction to verify our results. It can be concluded that the activity of MMP‐9 was higher in the presence of MT in comparison with the experimental collagen(type I)‐MMP‐9 mixture in vitro.
Controls on slope‐to‐channel fine sediment connectivity in a largely ice‐free valley, Hoophorn Stream, Southern Alps, New Zealand
Authors: Beel Casey R. , Orwin John F. , Holland Peter G. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThere has been little work to date into the controls on slope‐to‐channel fine sediment connectivity in alpine environments largely ice‐free for most of the Holocene. Characterization of these controls can be expected to result in better understanding of how landscapes “relax” from such perturbations as climate shock. We monitored fine sediment mobilization on a slope segment hydrologically connected to a stream in the largely ice‐free 8·3 km2 Hoophorn Valley, New Zealand. Gerlach traps were installed in ephemeral slope channels to trap surficial material mobilized during rainfall events. Channel sediment flux was measured using turbidimeters above and below the connected slope, and hysteresis patterns in discharge‐suspended sediment concentrations were used to determine sediment sources. Over the 96 day measurement period, sediment mobilization from the slope segment was limited to rainfall events, with increasingly larger particles trapped as event magnitude increased. Less than 1% of the mass of particles collected during these events was fine sediment. During this period, 714 t of suspended sediment was transported through the lower gauging station, 60% of it during rainfall events. Channel sediment transfer patterns during these events were dominated by clockwise hysteresis, interpreted as remobilization of nearby in‐channel sources, further suggesting limited input of fine sediment from slopes in the lower valley. Strong counterclockwise hysteresis, representing input of fine sediment from slope segments, was restricted to the largest storm event (JD2 2009) when surfaces in the upper basin were activated. The results indicate that the slopes of the lower Hoophorn catchment are no longer functioning as sources of fine sediment, but rather as sources of coarse material, with flux rates controlled by the intensity and duration of rainfall events. Although speculative, these findings suggest a shift to a coarse sediment dominated slope‐to‐channel transfer system as the influence of pre‐Holocene glacial erosion declines. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.