bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The full genome sequence of three strains of Jamestown Canyon virus and their pathogenesis in mice or monkeys
Authors: Bennett Richard S , Nelson Jacob T , Gresko Anthony K , Murphy Brian R , Whitehead Stephen S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Background
Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), family Bunyaviridae, is a mosquito-borne pathogen endemic in the United States and Canada that can cause encephalitis in humans and is considered an emerging threat to public health. The virus is genetically similar to Inkoo virus circulating in Europe, suggesting that much of the northern hemisphere contains JCV or similar variants.

Results
We have completed the sequence of three isolates of JCV collected in geographically diverse locations over a 57 year time span. The nucleotide identity for the three strains is 90, 83, and 85% for the S, M, and L segments respectively whereas the percent identify for the predicted amino acid sequences of the N, NSS, M poly, GN, NSM, GC, and L proteins was 97, 91, 94, 98, 91, 94, and 97%, respectively. In Swiss Webster mice, each JCV isolate exhibits low neuroinvasiveness but high infectivity. Two of the three JCV isolates were highly neurovirulent after IC inoculation whereas one isolate, JCV/03/CT, exhibited low neurovirulence. In rhesus monkeys, JCV infection is accompanied by a low-titered viremia, lack of clinical disease, but a robust neutralizing antibody response.

Conclusions
The first complete sequence of JCV is reported for three separate isolates, and a relatively high level of amino acid sequence conservation was observed even for viruses isolated 57 years apart indicating that the virus is in relative evolutionary stasis. JCV is highly infectious for mice and monkeys, and these animals, especially mice, represent useful experimental hosts for further study.
Mutation of putative N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in Japanese encephalitis Virus Premembrane and Envelope proteins enhances humoral immunity in BALB/C mice after DNA vaccination
Authors: Zhang Yu , Chen Puyan , Cao Ruibing , Gu Jinyan 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Swine are an important host of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The two membrane glycoproteins of JEV, prM and E, each contain a potential N-linked glycosylation site, at positions N15 and N154, respectively. We constructed plasmids that contain the genes encoding wild-type prME (contain the signal of the prM, the prM, and the E coding regions) and three mutant prME proteins, in which the putative N-linked glycosylation sites are mutated individually or in combination, by site-directed mutagenesis. The recombinant plasmids were used as DNA vaccines in mice. Our results indicate that immunizing mice with DNA vaccines that contain the N154A mutation results in elevated levels of interleukin-4 secretion, induces the IgG1 antibody isotype, generates greater titers of anti-JEV antibodies, and shows complete protection against JEV challenge. We conclude that mutation of the putative N-glycosylation site N154 in the E protein of JEV significantly enhances the induced humoral immune response and suggest that this mutant should be further investigated as a potential DNA vaccine against JEV.
Validation of the Arab Youth Mental Health scale as a screening tool for depression/anxiety in Lebanese children
Authors: Mahfoud Ziyad , Abdulrahim Sawsan , Taha Madeleine Badaro , Harpham Trudy , El Hajj Taghreed , Makhoul Jihad , Nakkash Rima , Kanj Mayada , Afifi Rema 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundEarly detection of common mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety, among children and adolescents requires the use of validated, culturally sensitive, and developmentally appropriate screening instruments. The Arab region has a high proportion of youth, yet Arabic-language screening instruments for mental disorders among this age group are virtually absent.MethodsWe carried out construct and clinical validation on the recently-developed Arab Youth Mental Health (AYMH) scale as a screening tool for depression/anxiety. The scale was administered with 10-14 year old children attending a social service center in Beirut, Lebanon (N = 153). The clinical assessment was conducted by a child and adolescent clinical psychiatrist employing the DSM IV criteria. We tested the scale's sensitivity, specificity, and internal consistency.ResultsScale scores were generally significantly associated with how participants responded to standard questions on health, mental health, and happiness, indicating good construct validity. The results revealed that the scale exhibited good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86) and specificity (79%). However, it exhibited moderate sensitivity for girls (71%) and poor sensitivity for boys (50%).ConclusionsThe AYMH scale is useful as a screening tool for general mental health states and a valid screening instrument for common mental disorders among girls. It is not a valid instrument for detecting depression and anxiety among boys in an Arab culture.
2D-electrophoresis and multiplex immunoassay proteomic analysis of different body fluids and cellular components reveal known and novel markers for extended fasting
Authors: Bouwman Freek G , de Roos Baukje , Rubio-Aliaga Isabel , Crosley L Katie , Duthie Susan J , Mayer Claus , Horgan Graham , Polley Abigael C , Heim Carolin , Coort Susan LM , Evelo Chris T , Mulholland Francis , Johnson Ian T , Elliott Ruan M , Daniel Hannelore , Mariman Edwin CM 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundProteomic technologies applied for profiling human biofluids and blood cells are considered to reveal new biomarkers of exposure or provide insights into novel mechanisms of adaptation.MethodsBoth a non-targeted (classical 2D-electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry) as well as a targeted proteomic approach (multiplex immunoassay) were applied to investigate how fasting for 36 h, as compared to 12 h, affects the proteome of platelets, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), plasma, urine and saliva collected from ten healthy volunteers.ResultsBetween-subject variability was highest in the plasma proteome and lowest in the PBMC proteome. Random Forests analysis performed on the entire dataset revealed that changes in the level of the RhoGDI2 protein in PBMC and plasma ApoA4 levels were the two most obvious biomarkers of an extended fasting. Random Forests (RF) analysis of the multiplex immunoassay data revealed leptin and MMP-3 as biomarkers for extended fasting. However, high between-subject variability may have masked the extended fasting effects in the proteome of the biofluids and blood cells.ConclusionsIdentification of significantly changed proteins in biofluids and blood cells using a non-targeted approach, together with the outcome of targeted analysis revealed both known and novel markers for a 36 h fasting period, including the cellular proteins RhoGDI2 and CLIC1, and plasma proteins ApoA4, leptin and MMP-3. The PBMC proteome exhibited the lowest between-subject variability and therefore these cells appear to represent the best biosamples for biomarker discovery in human nutrigenomics.
Systematic analysis of secreted proteins reveals synergism between IL6 and other proteins in soft agar growth of MCF10A cells
Authors: Van Huffel Sofie C , Tham Jill M , Zhang XiaoQian , Lim KohPang , Yang ChunXuan , Tan YikLoo , Ong Felicia , Lee Ian , Hong WanJin 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Introduction
Breast cancer, the most common malignancy in women, still holds many secrets. The causes for non-hereditary breast cancer are still unknown. To elucidate any role for circulating naturally secreted proteins, a screen of secreted proteins' influence of MCF10A cell anchorage independent growth was set up.

Methods
To systematically screen secreted proteins for their capacity to transform mammalian breast epithelial cells, a soft agar screen of MCF10A cells was performed using a library of ~ 470 secreted proteins. A high concentration of infecting viral particles was used to obtain multiple infections in individual cells to specifically study the combined effect of multiple secreted proteins.

Results
Several known breast cancer factors, such as Wnt, FGF and IL were retained, as well as factors that were previously unknown to have a role in breast cancer, such as paraoxonase 1 and fibroblast growth factor binding protein 2. Additionally, a combinatory role of Interleukin 6 with other factors in MCF10A anchorage-independent growth is demonstrated.

Conclusion
The transforming effect of combinations of IL6 with other secreted proteins allows studying the transformation of mammary epithelial cells in vitro, and may also have implications in in vivo studies where secreted proteins are upregulated or overexpressed.
Arterial hyperoxia and in-hospital mortality after resuscitation from cardiac arrest
Authors: Bellomo Rinaldo , Bailey Michael , Eastwood Glenn M , Nichol Alistair , Pilcher David , Hart Graeme K , Reade Michael C , Egi Moritoki , Cooper James D ,   the Study of Oxygen in Critical Care (SOCC) Group
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Introduction
Hyperoxia has recently been reported as an independent risk factor for mortality in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. We examined the independent relationship between hyperoxia and outcomes in such patients.

Methods
We divided patients resuscitated from nontraumatic cardiac arrest from 125 intensive care units (ICUs) into three groups according to worst PaO2 level or alveolar-arterial O2 gradient in the first 24 hours after admission. We defined 'hyperoxia' as PaO2 of 300 mmHg or greater, 'hypoxia/poor O2 transfer' as either PaO2 < 60 mmHg or ratio of PaO2 to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2 ) < 300, 'normoxia' as any value between hypoxia and hyperoxia and 'isolated hypoxemia' as PaO2 < 60 mmHg regardless of FiO2. Mortality at hospital discharge was the main outcome measure.

Results
Of 12,108 total patients, 1,285 (10.6%) had hyperoxia, 8,904 (73.5%) had hypoxia/poor O2 transfer, 1,919 (15.9%) had normoxia and 1,168 (9.7%) had isolated hypoxemia (PaO2 < 60 mmHg). The hyperoxia group had higher mortality (754 (59%) of 1,285 patients; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 56% to 61%) than the normoxia group (911 (47%) of 1,919 patients; 95% CI, 45% to 50%) with a proportional difference of 11% (95% CI, 8% to 15%), but not higher than the hypoxia group (5,303 (60%) of 8,904 patients; 95% CI, 59% to 61%). In a multivariable model controlling for some potential confounders, including illness severity, hyperoxia had an odds ratio for hospital death of 1.2 (95% CI, 1.1 to 1.6). However, once we applied Cox proportional hazards modelling of survival, sensitivity analyses using deciles of hypoxemia, time period matching and hyperoxia defined as PaO2 > 400 mmHg, hyperoxia had no independent association with mortality. Importantly, after adjustment for FiO2 and the relevant covariates, PaO2 was no longer predictive of hospital mortality (P = 0.21).

Conclusions
Among patients admitted to the ICU after cardiac arrest, hyperoxia did not have a robust or consistently reproducible association with mortality. We urge caution in implementing policies of deliberate decreases in FiO2 in these patients.
Paradoxical role of CD16+CCR2+CCR5+ monocytes in tuberculosis: efficient APC in pleural effusion but also mark disease severity in blood
Authors: Balboa Luciana , Romero María M , Basile Juan I , Sabio y García Carmen A , Schierloh Pablo , Yokobori Noemí , Geffner Laura , Musella Rosa M , Castagnino Jorge , Abbate Eduardo , de la Barrera Silvia , Sasiain María C , Alemán Mercedes 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe role of CD16– and CD16+ Mo subsets in human TB remains unknown. Our aim was to characterize Mo subsets from TB patients and to assess whether the inflammatory milieu from TB pleurisy modulate their phenotype and recruitment. We found an expansion of peripheral CD16+ Mo that correlated with disease severity and with TNF-α plasma levels. Circulating Mo from TB patients are activated, showing a higher CD14, CD16, and CD11b expression and Mtb binding than HS. Both subsets coexpressed CCR2/CCR5, showing a potential ability to migrate to the inflammatory site. In tuberculous PF, the CD16+ subset was the main Mo/MΦ population, accumulation that can be favored by the induction of CD16 expression in CD16– Mo triggered by soluble factors found in this inflammatory milieu. CD16+ Mo in PF were characterized by a high density of receptors for Mtb recognition (DC-SIGN, MR, CD11b) and for lipid-antigens presentation (CD1b), allowing them to induce a successful, specific T cell proliferation response. Hence, in tuberculous PF, CD16+ Mo constitute the main APC population; whereas in PB, their predominance is associated with the severity of pulmonary TB, suggesting a paradoxical role of the CD16+ Mo subset that depends on the cellular localization.
Prepubertal Glucocorticoid Status and Pubertal Timing
Authors: Shi Lijie , Wudy Stefan A. , Buyken Anette E. , Maser-Gluth Christiane , Hartmann Michaela F. , Remer Thomas 
Published: March 2011

Context:
Whether prepubertal glucocorticoid status impacts on the timing of puberty is not clear.

Objective:
The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between prepubertal glucocorticoid status and early or late pubertal markers, independent of adrenarchal and nutritional status.

Design and Participants:
Prospective cohort study of healthy Caucasian children (n = 111, 56 boys) who provided both 24-h urine samples and weighed dietary records 1 and 2 yr before the start of pubertal growth spurt [age at take-off (ATO)].

Measurements:
Major urinary glucocorticoid and androgen metabolites determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis were summed to assess daily overall cortisol (ΣC21) and adrenal androgen secretion; urinary free cortisol and cortisone measured by RIA were summed (UFF+UFE) as an indicator of potentially bioactive free glucocorticoids.

Main Outcomes:
The main outcomes included ATO, age at peak height velocity, age at menarche/voice break, ages at Tanner stage 2 for breast (girls) and genital (boys) development, and pubic hair.

Results:
In girls ΣC21, but not UFF+UFE, was associated with pubertal markers after adjusting for overall adrenal androgen, urinary nitrogen, and body fat. Girls with higher ΣC21 (fourth quartile) reached ATO 0.7 yr (P = 0.01) and menarche 0.9 yr later (P = 0.006) than girls with lower ΣC21 (first quartile). The ΣC21 tended to be also positively associated with age at Tanner stage 2 for breast (P = 0.1), Tanner stage 2 for pubic hair (P = 0.1), and age at peak height velocity (P = 0.06). In boys, neither the ΣC21 nor UFF+UFE was related to pubertal timing.

Conclusion:
An individually higher prepubertal glucocorticoid secretion level, even in physiological range, appears to delay early and late pubertal timing of healthy girls, particularly their onset of pubertal growth spurt and menarche.
Indigeneity, Sovereignty, and the Law: Challenging the Processes of Criminalization
Authors: Cunneen Chris 
Published: April 2011

The processes of criminalization lay the foundation for creating significant disadvantage among Indigenous people across the former settler societies of Australia, New Zealand, and North America. Yet the massive incarceration of Indigenous people has not resulted in ensuring the safety of individuals within Indigenous communities. Imposed criminal justice systems have not ensured the maintenance of social order in Indigenous communities. This essay explores the relationship between Indigenous sovereignty and Indigenous overrepresentation in the criminal justice system.
Throughout Australia, the United States, Canada, and New Zealand, Indigenous communities continue to exercise authority or have at least attempted to develop localized methods of dealing with problems of social disorder. Indigenous practice has provided us with the opportunity and the necessity to rethink the possibilities of a postcolonial relationship between criminal justice institutions and Indigenous communities. The essay argues that the recognition of Indigenous claims to governance offer the possibility of new ways of thinking about criminal justice responses to entrenched social problems like crime.
Value of T2-weighted MR imaging in differentiating low-fat renal angiomyolipomas from other renal tumors
Authors: Choi Hyuck Jae , Kim Jeong Kon , Ahn Hanjong , Kim Choung-Soo , Kim Mi-Hyun , Cho Kyoung-Sik 
Published: March 2011

Backgound Accurate preoperative diagnosis of fat scanty angiomyolipomas is an important clinical issue. By evaluating the low signal intensity of angiomyolipomas in MR T2-weighted images the diagnostic accuracy can be elevated. Purpose To retrospectively assess the usefulness of T2-weighted MR imaging for differentiating low-fat angiomyolipomas (AMLs) from other renal tumors. Material and Methods We retrospectively evaluated 71 patients with surgically proven renal masses (10 AMLs, 57 renal cell carcinomas [RCCs], and four oncocytomas), all of which showed no visible fat as well as gradual enhancement patterns on contrast-enhanced CT. Signal intensity was measured in each renal mass and in the spleen on T2-weighted images, and each signal intensity ratio (SIR) was calculated; SIR values were then compared in the AML and non-AML groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the two parameters for differentiating the two groups. Results The SIR values (77 ± 24% vs. 162 ± 79%, p = 0.002) were significantly lower in the AML than in the non-AML group. The area under the ROC curve was 0.926 for SIR. The sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of AMLs were 90% and 90.2%, using SIR cut-off of 92.5%. Conclusion Signal intensity measurements on T2-weighted MR images can differentiate AML from non-AML in the kidney.
Ultrasonographic findings of medullary thyroid cancer: differences according to tumor size and correlation with fine needle aspiration results
Authors: Choi Nami , Moon Won-Jin , Lee Jeong Hyun , Baek Jung Hwan , Kim Dong Wook , Park Sun-Won 
Published: March 2011

Background Complete initial tumor resection is a key prognostic factor in patients with medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs), hence precise preoperative diagnosis is very important. Thyroid ultrasonography (US) is a first-line modality and can lead to the appropriate next diagnostic procedure. Purpose To evaluate the US characteristics of MTCs, to evaluate whether or not there is a difference in US findings according to tumor size, and to correlate the US findings with fine needle aspiration (FNA) results. Material and Methods Thirty patients with 36 MTCs who had a preoperative US and a MTC diagnosis based on surgery were included. The US findings of each nodule were retrospectively analyzed in terms of size, internal content, shape, margin, echogenicity of solid portions, the presence of calcifications, the type of calcifications, and the presence of a halo by two radiologists. Each lesion was classified as suspiciously malignant, indeterminate, or probably benign according to known US criteria. The FNA results for the 28 MTCs were reviewed from the cytology reports. Results The lesion size varied from 5.7–90.0 mm (mean 22.4 ± 14.4 mm). The predominate US findings included solid internal content (91.7%), round-to-oval shape (63.9%), smooth margins (52.8%), hypoechogenicity (72.2%), and micro- or macro-calcifications (61.1%). Twenty-six nodules (72.2%) were classified as suspiciously malignant, and 10 nodules (27.8%) were classified as indeterminate. Of the 27 MTCs classified as suspiciously malignant, 21 MTCs (77.8%) had micro- or macro-calcifications, which was the most common malignant feature. MicroMTCs (≤1 cm) had spiculated margins more frequently than macroMTCs (66.7% vs. 13.3%; P = 0.014) and macroMTCs (>1 cm) had smooth margins more frequently than microMTCs (63.4% vs. 0%; P = 0.006). Twenty-one MTCs with positive FNA results showed smooth margins and a larger size more frequently than seven MTCs with negative FNA results (66.7% vs. 14.3%; P = 0.029; mean diameter, 24.28 ± 13.45 mm vs. 11.74 ± 4.73 mm, P = 0.004, respectively). Conclusion Based on US, the majority of MTCs can be classified as suspiciously malignant due to the presence of micro- or macro-calcifications. Small MTC size (≤ 10 mm) and a smooth margin may be factors predicting false-negative FNA results.
Continued Use of Trastuzumab Beyond Disease Progression in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network: Should We Practice Ahead of the Evidence?
Authors: Wong Yu-Ning , Ottesen Rebecca A. , Hughes Melissa E. , Niland Joyce C. , Theriault Richard , Edge Stephen B. , Blayney Douglas , Weeks Jane C. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Background.
The role of continued trastuzumab after progression in women with human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2+ metastatic breast cancer is controversial. Controlled clinical trials that establish a benefit from continued trastuzumab have been difficult to complete.

Methods.
In the National Comprehensive Cancer Center Network (NCCN) Breast Cancer Outcomes Database, we identified women treated with trastuzumab for metastatic or relapsed HER-2+ breast cancer at eight NCCN centers who subsequently progressed. Patients were eligible for this analysis if they initiated treatment at an NCCN institution between July 1997 and December 2004, received trastuzumab-containing treatment, and progressed while on therapy. We calculated the proportion of patients who received trastuzumab after progression, and in a multivariate analysis assessed the association of patient and provider characteristics with continued trastuzumab therapy.

Results.
Our final cohort consisted of 218 women who experienced disease progression while on trastuzumab-containing therapy. Of these, 168 (77%) continued trastuzumab. Of these, 36 patients (17%) received therapy as part of a clinical trial. The only factors significantly associated with continuation of trastuzumab beyond progression were the presence of bone metastases and more recent year of development of progressive disease.

Conclusions.
Prior to the availability of any high-quality evidence supporting this practice, over three quarters of patients treated with trastuzumab for HER-2+ metastatic breast cancer at eight NCCN centers continued therapy beyond progression. Further work is needed to understand how physicians adopt new treatments when there is ambiguity surrounding their benefit.
Role of Avastin for Treatment of Central Nervous System Radiation Necrosis
Authors: Jing Wu  , Victor A. Levin  
Published: April 2011

Avastin for Treatment of Central Nervous System Radiation Necrosis	<p>Radiation therapy continues to be a common therapy for most primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors, tumors that metastasize to the CNS, and tumors of the head and neck. Radiation injury is an inevitable side effect in many of these cases. Understanding the pathophysiology and clinical manifestation of different stages of radiation injury is crucial for developing methods to maximally mitigate radiation injury. In this chapter, we discuss the classification of radiation injury and emphasize the potential mechanisms of radiation necrosis. More importantly, our clinical experience and ongoing clinical studies of treatment for radiation necrosis are discussed. Hopefully, these efforts will substantially assist the field of treatment of radiation necrosis to move forward.