bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La condamnation de Dreyfus à Rennes et l'opinion mondiale (2e partie)
Authors: Knobel Marc 
Published: March 2011

Le 9 septembre 1899, l'ex-capitaine Alfred Dreyfus est condamné, avec admissions de circonstances atténuantes, à dix ans de détention militaire par le Conseil de guerre de la 10e région de corps d'armée siégeant à Rennes. Ce jugement, applaudit par les nationalistes est vivement condamné par les révisionnistes. A l'étranger, la protestation est unanime, des manifestations s'organisent plus précisément en Italie, aux États-Unis et en Angleterre.
Lucie Dreyfus, reçoit des centaines de lettres, télégrammes et feuilles de pétition venues de nombreux pays. En étudiant cette correspondance, nous observons que les réactions de personnalités ou de gens inconnus oscillent entre l'indignation et la sagesse de ceux qui devinent ou espèrent une grâce très prochaine.
Prêtres et paroissiens au XVIIe siècle vus par Jean-Baptiste Thiers
Authors: Berge Marie-Claude 
Published: March 2011

Cette étude reprend trois ouvrages de ce curé français de la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle, dont le célèbre "Traité des Superstitions" (1679).
A travers cette étude on peut découvrir la façon dont un curé de campagne concevait sa mission, comment il considérait les paroissiens dans leurs relations avec l'Église, la vie professionnelle, les loisirs, comment lui apparaissaient les femmes...
En pleine période de Réforme Catholique, ce curé "militant", resté toute sa vie au contact du "paroissien de base", a pu confronter l'idéal issu du Concile de Trente et de la religion populaire.
Du mouchoir de Cholet au négoce mexicain : trois tentatives d'ascension sociale au temps de la révolution industrielle. (2e partie)
Authors: Chevalier Jean-Joseph 
Published: March 2011

Ayant échoué dans leurs entreprises industrielles (voir n° précédent des A.B.P.O.) Aimé Vinet et les frères Delhumeau tentent de recouvrer honneur et fortune dans le commerce mexicain. Leur maison de Mexico devient rapidement le noyau d'une micro-colonie choletaise.
Agissant pour le compte de maisons parisiennes, ils écoulent au Mexique, dans des conditions locales difficiles, des marchandises diverses proches de la pacotille.
L'expérience mexicaine ne satisfait pas les espoirs financiers attendus, contribue à la dispersion du réseau familial, à l'éclatement des foyers et à l'aigreur résignée des épouses restées en France.
Les Vinet et les Delhumeau apparaissent comme des cas exemplaires de tentatives vaines d'industrialisation et d'ascension sociale au temps de la révolution industrielle.
La liberté de la boulangerie à Rennes sous le Second Empire (2e partie)
Authors: Le brun Yvonne 
Published: March 2011

Liberté de la boulangerie et « Manutention civile » à Rennes.
La liberté de la boulangerie permit, en 1864, l'ouverture à Rennes de la « Manutention civile », boulangerie-minoterie industrielle, qui allait assurer à la population, par des prix moins élevés et par le jeu de la concurrence, du pain à bon marché. Pendant les années de crise frumentaire 1866-1868, la « Manutention civile » accrut ses possibilités de fabrication et de vente au détail, participa aux secours alimentaires, et parvint à contenir la hausse des prix du pain.
Le Galicianisme et l'EMSAV entre 1850 et 1945
Authors: Castro Xavier , Juana Jesus de 
Published: March 2011

The comparative history of the Galician movement and the Breton movement (Emsav) shows a number of similarities as regards their respective beginnings, evolution and environment, the influence of economie conditions, demographie and migratory movements, and the preassure from central government; hence, a similar process can be recognized for both the Galician and Breton movement.
Beginning with their common Celtic roots, their common geographical and cultural location on the Atlantic, at the "Finisterrae" of Europe, we can analyse and clarify the doctrinal fundations of the two nationalist movements, the slow process of recognizing their differences, the diverse tendencies and the different groups which have appeared throughout their history and the problems they face.
Le paysage métallurgique minier ancien au Sud-Est de l'Ille-et-Vilaine
Authors: Meuret Jean-Claude 
Published: March 2011

En raison des ressources de son sous-sol, le sud-est de l'Ille-et-Vilaine, tout comme les régions voisines de Loire-Atlantique et du Maine-et-Loire, a connu, avant les grosses forges, une importante activité métallurgique.
La recherche de l'or filonien, sans doute dès la Proto-histoire, est attestée par les aurières des Miaules.
Mais ce sont surtout l'extraction du fer en minières à ciel ouvert et l'activité des bas-fourneaux qui ont laissé des vestiges. Quatre exemples précis permettent d'analyser l'importance qu'eut le fer dans le paysage médiéval de cette région.
L'industrie drapière elbeuvienne sous la Révolution : hommes, techniques et produits
Authors: Becchia Alain , Concato Francis , Largesse Pierre 
Published: March 2011

A la fin de l'Ancien Régime, la manufacture d'Elbeuf présente un visage contrasté. Sous l'impulsion du pouvoir central, la réglementation a été assouplie, permettant ainsi une meilleure adaptation à l'évolution des marchés: Une amorce de diversification de la production est perceptible, de même qu'une timide mécanisation. En revanche, malgré une politique générale favorable à une certaine concurrence, les drapiers verrouillent toujours avec succès l'entrée de la profession.
La crise pré-révolutionnaire, durement ressentie à Elbeuf, n'a pris fin qu'avec les commandes de draps pour l'habillement des troupes qui, à partir de 1790, relancent son activité ; celle-ci atteint son maximum lors de la réquisition de l'ensemble des fabriques en 1794. Privée de ce stimulant, la ville retombe dès 1795 dans les difficultés. L'importance des achats militaires semble avoir eu pour conséquence d'ancrer durablement la draperie locale dans la production de draps, unis de qualité moyenne, orientation déjà amorcée à la fin de l'Ancien Régime. Parallèlement, l'abolition des corporations ouvre l'accès du textile à de nouvelles couches sociales. Une structure dualiste du patronat se met en place : d'un côté, un noyau de vieilles familles qui détiennent le pouvoir municipal ; de l'autre, une nébuleuse de petits fabricants aux carrières souvent éphémères.
14-18. Quelles traces de pacifisme dans l'Ille-et-Vilaine en Guerre ?
Authors: Mougenet Patrick 
Published: March 2011

Après le ralliement général à l'idée de guerre en 1914, quelle allait être l'attitude des populations d'Ille-et-Vilaine devant l'allongement du conflit et son cortège de lourdes et pénibles conséquences ?
La question mérite d'être posée au regard de l'hétérogénéité des populations impliquées dans le conflit et la ligne de conduite commune que leur impose cet état d'exception. Toutefois, si diverses soient-elles - le monde ouvrier, le monde rural, les femmes, les étrangers, les réfugiés etc... — et aussi dissemblables soient leurs aspirations, malgré l'étroite marge de liberté d'action et dépensée qui leur est laissée, à aucun moment on ne peut déceler chez ces populations, à quelques nuances près, un rejet sérieux, massif ou organisé de l'effort de guerre.
Nantes et le commerce atlantique : les relations avec Bilbao au XVIe siècle
Authors: Priotti Jean-Philippe 
Published: March 2011

Dans les pages qui suivent, il s'agit de « jauger » le trafic commercial entre Nantes et l'Espagne dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle, puis d'en faire l'analyse.
Il en ressort tout d'abord, la prépondérance de Bilbao en tant que foyer récepteur, port dont la vie marchande est fort mal connue pour cette époque.
Par ailleurs, les variations des exportations du havre breton vers l'Espagne, causées principalement par les guerres de religion, la course rochelaise ou la hausse des prix, permettent de mesurer l'impact de la conjoncture sur le commerce.
« Vox populi, vox regis ? » L'élection des maires de Tours aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles
Authors: Petitfrère Claude 
Published: March 2011

Several changes were made in the way that the mayors of Tours were selected during the last two centuries of the Old Regime. However, the most common method involved the election of three persons, at a «general assembly» comprising the elite of the population, among whom the king, or his delegate - the provincial governor - made the final choice. The aim of this study is to weigh up the influence of royal authority, on the one hand, against the wishes of the inhabitants, on the other.
In the great majority of cases (85 out of 96), the central government complied with the statutes. On 48 occasions the king simply confirmed the order of preference established by the municipal election, while in another 37 instances he selected the person who appeared in second or third place. The choice of an individual who had not met whith electoral approual, which indicated conflict between crown on town, was thus a rare event (a mere 11 occasions); the electoral assembly usually proposed the person who would accede to the mayoralty. Yet this is not to deny that the desire to please the king was a decisive factor in the vote, fort the marginalisation of merchants in favour of royal officials points in this direction. In such circumstances the monarchy had no need to overturn the choice of the electorale.
Small Molecule Pan-Dengue and West Nile Virus NS3 Protease Inhibitors
Authors: Cregar-Hernandez Lynne , Jiao Guan-Sheng , Johnson Alan T , Lehrer Axel T , Wong Teri Ann S , Margosiak Stephen A 
Published: March 2011

Background: Dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome are caused by infections with any of the four serotypes of the dengue virus (DENV), and are an increasing global health risk. The related West Nile virus (WNV) causes significant morbidity and mortality as well, and continues to be a threat in endemic areas. Currently no FDA-approved vaccines or therapeutics are available to prevent or treat any of these infections. Like the other members of Flaviviridae, DENV and WNV encode a protease (NS3) which is essential for viral replication and therefore is a promising target for developing therapies to treat dengue and West Nile infections. Methods: Flaviviral protease inhibitors were identified and biologically characterized for mechanism of inhibition and DENV antiviral activity. Results: A guanidinylated 2,5-dideoxystreptamine class of compounds was identified that competitively inhibited the NS3 protease from DENV(1–4) and WNV with 50% inhibitory concentration values in the 1–70 μM range. Cytotoxicity was low; however, antiviral activity versus DENV-2 on VERO cells was not detectable. Conclusions: This class of compounds is the first to demonstrate competitive pan-dengue and WNV NS3 protease inhibition and, given the sequence conservation among flavivirus NS3 proteins, suggests that developing a pan-dengue or possibly pan-flavivirus therapeutic is feasible.
Clinical spectrum and outcomes of neonatal candidiasis in a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Ariff Shabina , Saleem Ali Faisal , Soofi Sajid Bashir , Sajjad Reema 
Published: March 2011

Introduction: Candidal infections are a serious problem in neonatal intensive care units, increasing morbidity and mortality in low birth weight infants in addition to escalating health-care costs. Studies exploring the epidemiology of candidiasis in developing country hospitals are rare. This retrospective case-control study aimed to evaluate epidemiology and risk factors associated with candidiasis in a neonatal intensive care unit in Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology: Cases (neonates (age < 28days, (n = 45) with NICU discharge diagnosis of candidal sepsis or candidemia between January 1996 and December 2006 were matched with controls (newborns with discharge diagnoses other than the above during the same study period) for gender, gestational age, and admission within 72 hours of admission of an index case. Risk factors were identified and clinical course and outcomes (discharge disposition) described. P-value and match-adjusted odds ratios were calculated. Results: A frequency of 0.9% candidemia was documented in the NICU. The incidence was highest (46%) in VLBW (< 1500gm). C. albicans was the leading causative organism (55%), and neonatal risk factors identified were mechanical ventilation (> 7 days), positive bacterial culture, and duration of hospitalization of > 7 days. Conclusions: Prolonged ventilation, positive bacterial blood culture, and prolonged duration of NICU stay were the major risk factors associated with newborn fungal sepsis in our center. Presence of antenatal care was a significant protective factor in our subset of neonatal population.
Pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus outbreak among boarding school pupils in Madagascar: compliance and adverse effects of prophylactic oseltamivir treatment
Authors: Rajatonirina Soatiana , Heraud Jean-MicheI , Randrianasolo Laurence , Razanajatovo Norosoa , Ramandimbisoa Tombo , Ratsitorahina Maherisoa , Richard Vincent 
Published: March 2011

Introduction: In October 2009, the first outbreak of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus in Madagascar occurred at a school in Antananarivo. Among the first 12 cases, five were reported in boarding pupils at the school. The school closed 10 days into the outbreak. Mass oseltamivir prophylactic treatment was used to contain the outbreak. This study aimed to determine the transmission of infection among boarding school pupils and to evaluate the adverse effects of oseltamivir chemoprophylactic treatment and their impact on compliance. Methodology: After conducting an initial investigation of the outbreak we administered a questionnaire to 132 boarders who were present after the school re-opened. Questions addressed symptoms of influenza-like illness, compliance with chemoprophylaxis, and adverse effects. Results: Of 59 boarders, 20 (45.0%) had confirmed pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection. Among the asymptomatic boarders, compliance with oseltamivir chemoprophylaxis was moderate: 56.2% took the full 10-day course, and 66.9% completed at least seven days. In contrast, among symptomatic boarders, only two did not take the full course of oseltamivir. Fifty percent of the boarders receiving oseltamivir experienced symptoms such as fatigue (38.7%), difficulty concentrating (22.6%) and headaches (19.4%). Bad compliance was not associated with adverse effects. Conclusion: Since the symptoms of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus were generally mild, the burden of adverse effects must be considered when deciding on mass oseltamivir chemoprophylaxis among teenagers.
Determining Fresnel reflection coefficients in 3D half‐space geometry by GPR multistatic data
Authors: Solimene Raffaele , D’Alterio Antonietta , Soldovieri Francesco 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with a procedure for retrieving Fresnel reflection coefficients of a half‐space medium starting from measurements collected under a reflection mode multistatic configuration. In particular, the procedure consists in inverting a linear integral operator that links the reflected field measurements and the Fresnel reflection coefficients.This contribution extends our previous work already developed for 2D scalar configurations. Here, we consider a 3D source and accordingly a dyadic representation of the reflection coefficient. Accordingly, the corresponding inverse problem amounts to solving a vector problem with a dyadic unknown. The amount of data necessary to solve the inverse problem is achieved by collecting different Cartesian components of the reflected field. Accordingly, the reconstruction problem is cast as the inversion of several scalar integral equations, which provides the transverse electric and magnetic Fresnel reflection coefficients as functions of the angle of incidence. Synthetic examples dealing with the case of a homogeneous half‐space soil are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed procedure.
Discontinuous Galerkin time‐domain method for GPR simulation of conducting objects
Authors: Diaz Angulo L.D. , Alvarez J. , Garcia S.G. , Rubio Bretones A. , Gomez Martin R. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper we describe the discontinuous Galerkin time‐domain method and apply it to the simulation of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) problems in 3D. The method is first validated with analytical solutions and we show its superior behaviour when compared to the classical finite‐difference time‐domain method, widely employed in GPR simulation.
Antigen Is Required for Maturation and Activation of Pathogenic Anti-DNA Antibodies and Systemic Inflammation
Authors: Venkatesh Jeganathan , Yoshifuji Hajime , Kawabata Daisuke , Chinnasamy Prameladevi , Stanevsky Anfisa , Grimaldi Christine M. , Cohen-Solal Joel , Diamond Betty 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies and systemic inflammation that results in part from dendritic cell activation by nucleic acid containing immune complexes. There are many mouse models of lupus, some spontaneous and some induced. We have been interested in an induced model in which estrogen is the trigger for development of a lupus-like serology. The R4A transgenic mouse expresses a transgene-encoded H chain of an anti-DNA Ab. This mouse maintains normal B cell tolerance with deletion of high-affinity DNA-reactive B cells and maturation to immunocompetence of B cells making nonglomerulotropic, low-affinity DNA-reactive Abs. When this mouse is given estradiol, normal tolerance mechanisms are altered; high-affinity DNA-reactive B cells mature to a marginal zone phenotype, and the mice are induced to make high titers of anti-DNA Abs. We now show that estradiol administration also leads to systemic inflammation with increased B cell-activating factor and IFN levels and induction of an IFN signature. DNA must be accessible to B cells for both the production of high-affinity anti-DNA Abs and the generation of the proinflammatory milieu. When DNase is delivered to the mice at the same time as estradiol, there is no evidence for an abrogation of tolerance, no increased B cell-activating factor and IFN, and no IFN signature. Thus, the presence of autoantigen is required for positive selection of autoreactive B cells and for the subsequent positive feedback loop that occurs secondary to dendritic cell activation by DNA-containing immune complexes.
An Anti-Inflammatory Role for Carbon Monoxide and Heme Oxygenase-1 in Chronic Th2-Mediated Murine Colitis
Authors: Sheikh Shehzad Z. , Hegazi Refaat A. , Kobayashi Taku , Onyiah Joseph C. , Russo Steven M. , Matsuoka Katsuyoshi , Sepulveda Antonia R. , Li Fengling , Otterbein Leo E. , Plevy Scott E. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a significant environmental factor in the human inflammatory bowel diseases, remarkably, conferring protection in ulcerative colitis. We previously demonstrated that a prominent component of cigarette smoke, CO, suppresses Th17-mediated experimental colitis in IL-10−/− mice through a heme oxygenase (HO)-1–dependent pathway. In this study, homeostatic and therapeutic effects of CO and HO-1 were determined in chronic colonic inflammation in TCR-α–deficient (−/−) mice, in which colitis is mediated by Th2 cytokines, similar to the cytokine milieu described in human ulcerative colitis. TCRα−/− mice exposed to CO or treated with the pharmacologic HO-1 inducer cobalt protoporphyrin demonstrated amelioration of active colitis. CO and cobalt protoporphyrin suppressed colonic IL-1β, TNF, and IL-4 production, whereas IL-10 protein secretion was increased. CO induced IL-10 expression in macrophages and in vivo through an HO-1–dependent pathway. Bacterial products regulate HO-1 expression in macrophages through MyD88- and IL-10–dependent pathways. CO exposure and pharmacologic HO-1 induction in vivo resulted in increased expression of HO-1 and IL-10 in CD11b+ lamina propria mononuclear cells. Moreover, induction of the IL-10 family member IL-22 was demonstrated in CD11b− lamina propria mononuclear cells. In conclusion, CO and HO-1 induction ameliorated active colitis in TCRα−/− mice, and therapeutic effects correlated with induction of IL-10. This study provides further evidence that HO-1 mediates an important homeostatic pathway with pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects in different experimental models of colitis and that targeting HO-1, therefore, is a potential therapeutic strategy in human inflammatory bowel diseases.
P2Y6 Agonist Uridine 5′-Diphosphate Promotes Host Defense against Bacterial Infection via Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1–Mediated Monocytes/Macrophages Recruitment
Authors: Zhang Zhi , Wang Ziqiang , Ren Hua , Yue Miaomiao , Huang Kan , Gu Hongjie , Liu Mingyao , Du Bing , Qian Min 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are important messengers involved in series crucial physiological functions through the activation of P2 purinergic receptors. The detailed function and mechanism of the P2Y family in regulating immune response against invaded pathogens still remains unknown. In this study, the activation of purinoreceptor P2Y6 by UDP was found to play a crucial role in promoting host defense against invaded bacteria through monocytes/macrophages recruitment. The expression level of P2Y6 was much higher than other purinoreceptors in RAW264.7 cells, bone marrow macrophages, and peritoneal macrophages determined by real-time PCR. The supernatant of UDP (P2Y6-specific agonist)-treated RAW264.7 cells exhibited direct chemotaxis to monocytes/macrophages in vitro through Boyden Chambers assay. Meanwhile, the releasing of MCP-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) was enhanced obviously by UDP both in mRNA and protein level. Furthermore, the activation of P2Y6 receptor by UDP also promotes ERK phosphorylation and AP-1 activation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in RAW264.7 cells. This UDP-induced activation could be inhibited by P2Y6 selectivity antagonist (MRS2578), MEK inhibitor (U0126), and MCP-1 blocking Ab, respectively. Moreover, i.p. injection with UDP resulted in a more efficacious clearance of invaded Escherichia coli and lower mortality in peritonitis mouse model. Together, our studies demonstrate that P2Y6 receptor could be a novel mediator in upregulating innate immune response against the invaded pathogens through recruiting monocytes/macrophages.
Characterization of Chicken Mda5 Activity: Regulation of IFN-β in the Absence of RIG-I Functionality
Authors: Karpala Adam J. , Stewart Cameron , McKay Jim , Lowenthal John W. , Bean Andrew G. D. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
In mammals, Mda5 and RIG-I are members of the evolutionary conserved RIG-like helicase family that play critical roles in the outcome of RNA virus infections. Resolving influenza infection in mammals has been shown to require RIG-I; however, the apparent absence of a RIG-I homolog in chickens raises intriguing questions regarding how this species deals with influenza virus infection. Although chickens are able to resolve certain strains of influenza, they are highly susceptible to others, such as highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Understanding RIG-like helicases in the chicken is of critical importance, especially for developing new therapeutics that may use these systems. With this in mind, we investigated the RIG-like helicase Mda5 in the chicken. We have identified a chicken Mda5 homolog (ChMda5) and assessed its functional activities that relate to antiviral responses. Like mammalian Mda5, ChMda5 expression is upregulated in response to dsRNA stimulation and following IFN activation of cells. Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated knockdown of ChMda5 showed that ChMda5 plays an important role in the IFN response of chicken cells to dsRNA. Intriguingly, although ChMda5 levels are highly upregulated during influenza infection, knockdown of ChMda5 expression does not appear to impact influenza proliferation. Collectively, although Mda5 is functionally active in the chicken, the absence of an apparent RIG-I–like function may contribute to the chicken’s susceptibility to highly pathogenic influenza.