bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting and Removing Ascertainment Bias in Microsatellites from the HGDP-CEPH Panel
Authors: Eriksson Anders , Manica Andrea 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAlthough ascertainment bias in single nucleotide polymorphisms is a well-known problem, it is generally accepted that microsatellites have mutation rates too high for bias to be a concern. Here, we analyze in detail the large set of microsatellites typed for the Human Genetic Diversity Panel (HGDP)-CEPH panel. We develop a novel framework based on rarefaction to compare heterozygosity across markers with different mutation rates. We find that, whereas di- and tri-nucleotides show similar patterns of within- and between-population heterozygosity, tetra-nucleotides are inconsistent with the other two motifs. In addition, di- and tri-nucleotides are consistent with 16 unbiased tetra-nucleotide markers, whereas the HPGP-CEPH tetra-nucleotides are significantly different. This discrepancy is due to the HGDP-CEPH tetra-nucleotides being too homogeneous across Eurasia, even after their slower mutation rate is taken into account by rarefying the other markers. The most likely explanation for this pattern is ascertainment bias. We strongly advocate the exclusion of tetra-nucleotides from future population genetics analysis of this dataset, and we argue that other microsatellite datasets should be investigated for the presence of bias using the approach outlined in this article.
Genome Evolution in the Eremothecium Clade of the Saccharomyces Complex Revealed by Comparative Genomics
Authors: Wendland Jürgen , Walther Andrea 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We used comparative genomics to elucidate the genome evolution within the pre–whole-genome duplication genus Eremothecium. To this end, we sequenced and assembled the complete genome of Eremothecium cymbalariae, a filamentous ascomycete representing the Eremothecium type strain. Genome annotation indicated 4712 gene models and 143 tRNAs. We compared the E. cymbalariae genome with that of its relative, the riboflavin overproducer Ashbya (Eremothecium) gossypii, and the reconstructed yeast ancestor. Decisive changes in the Eremothecium lineage leading to the evolution of the A. gossypii genome include the reduction from eight to seven chromosomes, the downsizing of the genome by removal of 10% or 900 kb of DNA, mostly in intergenic regions, the loss of a TY3-Gypsy–type transposable element, the re-arrangement of mating-type loci, and a massive increase of its GC content. Key species-specific events are the loss of MNN1-family of mannosyltransferases required to add the terminal fourth and fifth α-1,3-linked mannose residue to O-linked glycans and genes of the Ehrlich pathway in E. cymbalariae and the loss of ZMM-family of meiosis-specific proteins and acquisition of riboflavin overproduction in A. gossypii. This reveals that within the Saccharomyces complex genome, evolution is not only based on genome duplication with subsequent gene deletions and chromosomal rearrangements but also on fungi associated with specific environments (e.g. involving fungal-insect interactions as in Eremothecium), which have encountered challenges that may be reflected both in genome streamlining and their biosynthetic potential.
Analyzing Business Issues—With Excel: The Case of Superior Log Cabins, Inc.
Authors: Convery Susan P. , Swaney Amy M. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT
This paper describes an instructional module developed for the principles of management accounting course to strengthen students' analytical problem-solving skills using spreadsheets. The module and all its components are presented first, followed by one of the four mini-cases used in a recent semester along with implementation guidance. The Analyzing Business Issues—with Excel (ABI-WE) mini-cases present a short business scenario, data related to the business issue, and a set of requirements to be completed using specific Excel functions from a directory of 40 covered in a semester. The mini-case itself is in Excel, so students can readily copy data into a solution worksheet. The primary focus is on analysis of the business issue using managerial accounting data, and the secondary learning objective is to develop an advanced level of expertise in selected spreadsheet functions; such as pivot tables, regression, if/then statements, V-lookup, conditional formatting, goal seek, and net present value.
The Effect of Distance and Tooth Structure on Laser Fluorescence Caries Detection
Authors: Markowitz K , Stenvall RM , Graye M 
Published: December 2011

Clinical RelevanceDevices used to aid occlusal caries diagnosis are supposed to detect small lesions deep in the pit and fissure system. In detecting small occlusal caries, distance and tooth structure may separate the instrument and the carious lesion. In this study distance and tooth structure were found to reduce the ability of the DIAGNOdent to detect caries.
Anesthetic Efficacy of Combinations of 0.5 M Mannitol and Lidocaine With Epinephrine in Inferior Alveolar Nerve Blocks: A Prospective Randomized, Single-Blind Study
Authors: Wolf Ronald , Reader Al , Drum Melissa , Nusstein John , Beck Mike 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The purpose of this prospective, randomized, single-blind study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy of lidocaine with epinephrine compared to lidocaine with epinephrine plus 0.5 M mannitol in inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) blocks. Forty subjects randomly received an IAN block in 3 separate appointments spaced at least 1 week apart using the following formulations: a 1.8 mL solution of 36 mg lidocaine with 18 µg epinephrine (control solution); a 2.84 mL solution of 36 mg lidocaine with 18 µg epinephrine (1.80 mL) plus 0.5 M mannitol (1.04 mL); and a 5 mL solution of 63.6 mg lidocaine with 32 µg epinephrine (3.18 mL) plus 0.5 M mannitol (1.82 mL). Mandibular teeth were blindly electric pulp tested at 4-minute cycles for 60 minutes postinjection. No response from the subject to the maximum output (80 reading) of the pulp tester was used as the criterion for pulpal anesthesia. Mean percent total pulpal anesthesia was defined as the total of all the times of pulpal anesthesia (80 readings) over the 60 minutes. Pain of solution deposition and postoperative pain were also measured. The results demonstrated that 2.84 mL of lidocaine with epinephrine plus 0.5 M mannitol was significantly better than 1.8 mL of lidocaine with epinephrine for the molars and premolars. The 5 mL of lidocaine with epinephrine plus 0.5 M mannitol was statistically better than 1.8 mL of lidocaine with epinephrine and 2.84 mL of lidocaine with epinephrine plus 0.5 M mannitol for all teeth except the central incisor. Solution deposition pain and postoperative pain were not statistically different among the mannitol formulations and the lidocaine formulation without mannitol. We concluded that adding 0.5 M mannitol to lidocaine with epinephrine formulations significantly improved effectiveness in achieving a greater percentage of total pulpal anesthesia compared with a lidocaine formulation without mannitol for IAN block.
Croissance de la population et dynamique du peuplement au Sénégal depuis l'indépendance
Authors: Lericollais André , Roquet Dominique 
Published: December 2011

Le Sénégal compte un peu plus de 8 millions d'habitants (estimation 1994) pour une superficie de 196 722 km2, soit une densité moyenne de 41,3 habitants au km2. Cette population est en croissance rapide depuis plusieurs décennies. Elle est passée de 2,8 millions d'habitants en 1960 à 5 millions en 1976 et à plus de 8 millions en 1994, soit un taux de croissance annuel moyen d'environ 2,7 %. C'est une population jeune, 47,2 % de jeunes de moins de 15 ans, du fait d'une fécondité élevée et stable, 6 enfants en moyenne par femme en 1992. En revanche la mortalité reste forte, 18 %o, notamment chez les plus jeunes.
Les disparités sont grandes aussi bien en termes de densité que de croissance de population d'une région à l'autre. Elles le sont plus encore quand elles sont envisagées à l'échelle du département, de l'arrondissement ou de la communauté rurale. Elles illustrent le redéploiement de la population entre les différentes entités spatiales, conséquence de la mobilité de la force de travail. Les zones urbaines pèsent d'un poids de plus en plus important, contrairement aux régions rurales qui subissent de façon brutale les conséquences de la sécheresse des années 70-80. Cependant, les migrations internatio nales et l'importance de leur impact sur les économies locales doivent conduire à relativiser la signification des densités et de la croissance de la population dans certaines régions.
Le cimetière de Friedrichsfelde, construction d'un espace socialiste (des années 1880 aux années 1970)
Authors: Julien Élise , Vonau Elsa 
Published: December 2011

Résumé Décidée en 1879, l’ouverture du cimetière de Friedrichsfelde à Berlin s’inscrit dans une politique municipale d’aménagement urbain : le cimetière est conçu à la fois comme un parc d’agrément et comme un lieu d’inhumation de toutes les catégories de citoyens. Accueillant ainsi de nombreux déshérités, il est rapidement assimilé à un « cimetière de pauvres ». L’enterrement de Wilhelm Liebknecht en 1900 puis celui des spartakistes en 1919 lui valent le qualificatif de « cimetière socialiste ». Malgré cette estampille durable, ce lieu cristallise de multiples usages qui se déclinent selon l’échelle espace-temps : cérémonie funéraire et commémoration politique, cortège populaire et rituel orchestré par l’appareil des partis. À partir de l’analyse des pratiques collectives qui se sont relayées à Friedrichsfelde, cet article se propose de décrypter les phénomènes à l’œuvre dans la construction d’un espace comme vecteur de mémoire.
Optimal Fiscal Policy when Agents Fear Government Default
Authors: Caprioli Francesco , Rizza Pietro , Tommasino Pietro 
Published: December 2011

Résumé Nous étudions la politique budgé taire d’ un État qui s’ est engagé à honorer le remboursement de sa dette, mais qui fait face à des agents qui craignent néanmoins un défaut de remboursement. Comme Marcet et Sargent [1989], nous supposons que les investisseurs utilisent les nouvelles informations à leur disposition pour modifier au fur et à mesure leur point de vue sur la crédibilité de la politique du gouvernement. Nous montrons que dans ce type d’ économie, et contrairement aux conclusions des modèles standard, la politique optimale consiste à mener une consolidation budgé taire à la suite d’ un choc négatif. JEL Code : E62, H63, D83
Public Debt Managers' Behaviour Interactions with Macro Policies
Authors: Hoogduin Lex , Öztürk Bahar , Wierts Peter 
Published: December 2011

Résumé Nous étudions l’évolution de la gestion de la dette publique, le comportement des gestionnaires de la dette publique et leur interaction avec la stabilité financière et la politique monétaire. Nous nous centrons sur la zone euro. L’estimation d’une fonction de réaction des gestionnaires de la dette montre que ces derniers réagissent aux variables suivantes : le niveau des taux d’intérêt dans le cadre de leur stratégie de minimisation du coût de la dette, la crise économique. L’accroissement de la dette à court terme des pays de la zone euro implique des risques financiers plus élevés et un renforcement des interactions entre la politique de gestion de la dette publique, la stabilité financière et la politique monétaire. La recommandation de politique économique que l’on peut faire est une plus grande transparence dans l’utilisation des actifs dérivés, ainsi qu’une gestion prudente de la dette. JEL Code : E62, E65, E52
Do Fiscal Imbalances Deteriorate Sovereign Debt Ratings ?
Authors: Afonso António , Gomes Pedro 
Published: December 2011

Résumé Nous utilisons les estimations de notation souveraine de Afonso, Gomes et Rother [2009, 2011] pour examiner que les déséquilibres budgétaires récents expliquent les notations souveraines des États. À l’aide de données macroéconomiques et budgétaires passées (jusqu’en 2009) et des projections jusqu’en 2012, nous calculons la note qui devrait être attribuée à un certain nombre de pays de l’ ocde . Ces notes reflètent effectivement les déséquilibres budgétaires, mais de manière non uniforme. Notre modèle révèle une forte hétérogénéité entre les pays. JEL Code : C23 ; E44 ; G15.
An unusual new genus of eurychoromyiine Lauxaniidae (Diptera)
Authors: Gaimari Stephen D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe unusual new Neotropical genus Exalla is described and illustrated, along with three new species, E. browni, E. macalpinei, and E. shewelli. A key to the species is provided. The species are known from wet montane rainforest habitats in Colombia and Ecuador at elevations above 1500m.
Response to Medication Dosing Alerts for Pediatric Inpatients Using a Computerized Provider Order Entry System
Authors: Fabrizio L. , Shaha S.H. , Magid S.K. , Perlman S.L. 
Published: December 2011

Summary
Objective: Medication dosing errors are of particular concern in hospitalized children. Avoidance of such errors is essential to quality improvement and patient safety. Computerized provider order entry (CPOE) systems with clinical decision support (CDS) have the potential to reduce medication errors. The objective of this study was to evaluate provider response to the dosing alerts in a CPOE system with CDS for pediatric inpatients and to identify differences in provider response based on clinician specialty.
Patients and methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of all medication dosing alerts over a 1-year period (January 1 through December 31, 2008) for all pediatric inpatients at Hospital for Special Surgery. Alerts were analyzed with respect to medication dosing, prescriber, and action taken by the prescriber after the alert was triggered (i.e., accepted suggested change, ignored recommendation/overrode, or cancelled the order).
Results: During the study period, 18,163 medication orders were placed and 1,024 dosing alerts were fired. Overdosing of medications accounted for 91% of the alerts and underdosing 9%. The pediatric-trained providers ignored more alerts and cancelled fewer orders than the non-pediatric-trained providers (p<0.001). Both groups changed the order similarly based on CDS recommendations.
Conclusions: Differences in response to CDS were found between pediatric-trained and non-pediatric-trained providers caring for pediatric patients; however, both groups changed orders based on CDS similarly. CPOE with built-in CDS may be of particular value when providers with different specialties and types of training are caring for pediatric patients.
Viability of the probiotic bacteria L. acidophilus in dairy products
Authors: Koreňová Janka 
Published: December 2011

A number of health benefits have been claimed for probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus. Because of the potential health benefits, these organisms are increasingly incorporated into dairy foods. Viability of probiotic bacteria is important in order to provide health benefits. However, many studies have shown low viability of probiotics in market preparations. This study cover selective enumeration and survival of probiotic bacteria L. acidophilus in some dairy drinks. L. acidophilus was found in the range from 106 to 107 CFU.g-1 in five types of fermented milk products containing probiotic cultures. Two investigated products were up to standard according to Regulation of Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Health of Slovak Republic.
Monitoring of genetic diversity in farmed deer populations using microsatellite markers
Authors: Maršálková Lenka , Belej Ľubomí­r , Bajzí­k Pavol , Pokorádi Jaroslav 
Published: December 2011

Deer (Cervidaei) belong to the most important species used as farmed animals. We focused on assesing the genetic diversity among five deer populations. Analysis has been performed on a total of 183 animals originating from Czech Republic, Hungary, New Zealand, Poland and Slovak Republic. Genetic variability were investigated using 8 microsatellite markers used in deer. Statistical data of all populations we obtained on the basis of Nei statistics, using by POWERMARKER 3.23 programme. Graphical view of relationships among populations and individuals in the populations was obtained using the Dendroscope software. Molecular genetic data combinated with evaluation in statistical programmes could lead to a complex view of populations and diffrences among them.
Brief Report: A phase IIa, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of apilimod mesylate, an interleukin‐12/interleukin‐23 inhibitor, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Krausz Sarah , Boumans Maria J. H. , Gerlag Danielle M. , Lufkin Joelle , van Kuijk Arno W. R. , Bakker Alian , de Boer Maarten , Lodde Beatrijs M. , Reedquist Kris A. , Jacobson Eric W. , O'Meara Michael , Tak Paul P. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of apilimod mesylate, an oral interleukin‐12 (IL‐12)/IL‐23 inhibitor, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsWe performed a phase IIa, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled proof‐of‐concept study of apilimod, in combination with methotrexate, in 29 patients with active RA (3:1 ratio of apilimod‐treated to placebo‐treated patients) in 3 stages. Patients received apilimod 100 mg/day or placebo for 4 weeks (stage 1) or 8 weeks (stage 2). In stage 3, patients received apilimod 100 mg twice a day or placebo for 8 weeks, with an optional extension of 4 weeks. Clinical response (Disease Activity Score in 28 joints [DAS28] and American College of Rheumatology [ACR] criteria) was assessed throughout; synovial tissue samples collected at baseline and on day 29 (stages 1 and 2) or day 57 (stage 3) were stained for cellular markers and cytokines for immunohistochemistry analysis.ResultsWhile only mild adverse events were observed in stages 1 and 2, in stage 3, all patients experienced headache and/or nausea. Among apilimod‐treated patients (100 mg/day), there was a small, but significant, reduction in the DAS28 on day 29 and day 57 compared with baseline. ACR20 response was reached in only 6% of patients on day 29 and 25% of patients on day 57, similar to the percentage of responders in the placebo group. Increasing the dosage (100 mg twice a day) did not improve clinical efficacy. Consistent with clinical results, apilimod did not have an effect on expression of synovial biomarkers. Of importance, we also did not observe an effect of apilimod on synovial IL‐12 and IL‐23 expression.ConclusionOur results do not support the notion that IL‐12/IL‐23 inhibition by apilimod is able to induce robust clinical improvement in RA.
Integrated smart feeder/shuttle transit service: simulation of new routing strategies
Authors: Ceder Avishai (Avi) 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYThe idea of designing an integrated smart feeder/shuttle service stemmed from the need to overcome the problem of using an excessive number of cars arriving and parking at a train station within the same time span. This problem results in high parking demand around the train station. Moreover, some potential train riders will, instead, use their cars and hence become a party to increasing the traffic congestion. This work develops a new idea of an integrated and innovative feeder/shuttle system with new operating and routing concepts. The fulfilled objectives are as follows: (i) to construct and examine different operating strategies from both the user and operator perspectives; (ii) to examine different routing models and scenarios; and (iii) to construct a simulation tool for (i) and (ii). Ten different routing strategies are examined, with all the combinations of fixed/flexible routes, fixed/flexible schedules, a unidirectional or bidirectional concept, and shortcut (shortest path) and/or short‐turn (turnaround) concepts. These strategies are investigated by employing a simulation model specifically developed and constructed for this purpose. This simulation model is used in a case study of Castro Valley in California in which the feeder/shuttle service is coordinated with the Bay Area Rapid Transit service, and the 10 routing strategies are compared in regard to four fleet‐size scenarios. One of the interesting results found is that the fixed‐route and flexible‐route concepts are comparable in performance measures when applying a combination of operating strategies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonparametric estimation for cumulative duration of adverse events
Authors: Wang Jixian , Quartey George 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAnalysis of adverse events (AE) for drug safety assessment presents challenges to statisticians in observational studies as well as in clinical trials since AEs are typically recurrent with varying duration and severity. Routine analyses often concentrate on the number of patients who had at least one occurrence of a specific AE or a group of AEs, or the time to occurrence of the first event. We argue that other information in AE data particularly cumulative duration of events is also important, particularly for benefit‐risk assessment. We propose a nonparametric method to estimate the mean cumulative duration (MCD) based on the nonparametric cumulative mean function estimate, together with a robust estimate for the variance of the estimate, as in Lawless and Nadeau (1995). This approach can be easily used to analyze multiple, overlapped and severity weighted AE durations. This method can also be used for estimating the difference between two MCDs. Estimation in the presence of censoring due to informative dropouts and/or a terminal event is also considered. The method can be implemented in standard softwares such as SAS. We illustrate the use of the method with a numerical example. Small sample properties of this approach are examined via simulation.
Advances in Switchable Supramolecular Nanoassemblies
Authors: Fenske Tassilo , Korth Hans‐Gert , Mohr Andreas , Schmuck Carsten 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSupramolecular nanoassemblies are gaining increasing importance as promising new materials with considerable potential for novel and promising applications. Within supramolecular nanoassemblies the connectivity of the monomeric units is based on reversible noncovalent interactions, like van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonding, or ionic interactions. As the strength of these interactions depends on the molecular surrounding, the formation of nanoassemblies in principle can be controlled externally by changing the environment and/or the molecular shape of the underlying monomer. This way it is not only possible to switch the self‐assembly on or off, but also to change between different aggregation states. In this minireview we present some recent selected approaches to supramolecular stimuli‐responsive nanoassemblies.