bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Initial Human Papilloma Viral Load Implicates Worse Prognosis in Patients With Uterine Cervical Cancer Treated With Radiotherapy
Authors: Kim Joo-Young , Park Sohee , Nam Byung-Ho , Roh Ju-Won , Lee Chae Hyeong , Kim Yoon-Hee , Shin Hye-Jin , Lee Su-Kyoung , Kong Sun-Young , Seong Moon-Woo , Han Tae-Jin , Lee Me-Yeon , Cho Kwan Ho , Park Sang Yoon 
Published: September 2009

Purpose To evaluate whether human papillomavirus (HPV) viral load measured in cervical smear and HPV type 18 are associated with radiotherapy outcomes in uterine cervical cancer. Patients and Methods HPV DNA was semiquantitatively measured in the cervical smears of 169 radiotherapy patients. HPV viral load was classified as low or high according to median HPV DNA titer and examined for its prognostic value. The multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to adjust for covariates. A relapse-predicting model was constructed to classify three risk groups for disease-free survival (DFS), which were used for internal validation. Results Patients with lower HPV viral load showed worse DFS in univariate analysis. HPV type 18, younger patient age, stage group, nodal status, histologic grade, and histologic type were other prognostic factors for poor DFS. Among these factors, all except stage group were associated with HPV viral load. Multivariate analysis showed the strong influence of HPV viral load for poor DFS. The prognostic model developed using our outcome data performed well in predicting the risk of relapse. Conclusion Our data suggest that HPV viral load is a strong independent prognostic factor for DFS. HPV type 18 showed a significant relationship with poor radiotherapy outcome in univariate analysis, but not in multivariate analysis.
Municipal Governments’ Role in Averting Access Problems Associated with Market Reform
Authors: Bartholomée Yvette , Maarse Hans 
Published: September 2009

Background The 2006 health insurance legislation obligates each resident to purchase a basic health policy. If a person fails to purchase a basic health plan, (s)he is by implication uninsured. An assumption underpinning the new legislation is that consumers must take responsibility for themselves and can make informed choices. In the view of municipal governments, social security recipients in their community often are not comptent enough to do so and for that reason need support. The study investigates how municipal governments provided them with administrative support to prevent them becoming uninsured. Methods Empirical data for this research were collected by desk research. Results Municipal governments actively support social security recipients. Individual responsibility and consumer choice are good for the great majority of the population, but may entail problems for social security recipients. To avoid that they are uninsured or become a defaulter, municipal governments conclude a group contract with health insurers. There are clear indications that this strategy has been effective to reduce the number of uninsured people. Conclusion Health insurance legislation based on the principle of individual responsbility requires a policy to support social security recipients in society. Such a policy may imply restrictions to individual responsibility.
Test selection, adaptation, and evaluation: A systematic approach to assess nutritional influences on child development in developing countries
Authors: Prado Elizabeth L. , Hartini Sri. , Rahmawati Atik. , Ismayani Elfa. , Hidayati Astri. , Hikmah Nurul. , Muadz Husni. , Apriatni Mandri S. , Ullman Michael T. , Shankar Anuraj H. , Alcock Katherine J. 
Published: September 2009

BackgroundEvaluating the impact of nutrition interventions on developmental outcomes in developing countries can be challenging since most assessment tests have been produced in and for developed country settings. Such tests may not be valid measures of children's abilities when used in a new context.AimsWe present several principles for the selection, adaptation, and evaluation of tests assessing the developmental outcomes of nutrition interventions in developing countries where standard assessment tests do not exist. We then report the application of these principles for a nutrition trial on the Indonesian island of Lombok.SampleThree hundred children age 22–55 months in Lombok participated in a series of pilot tests for the purpose of test adaptation and evaluation. Four hundred and eighty‐seven 42‐month‐old children in Lombok were tested on the finalized test battery.MethodsThe developmental assessment tests were adapted to the local context and evaluated for a number of psychometric properties, including convergent and discriminant validity, which were measured based on multiple regression models with maternal education, depression, and age predicting each test score.ResultsThe adapted tests demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties and the expected pattern of relationships with the three maternal variables. Maternal education significantly predicted all scores but one, maternal depression predicted socio‐emotional competence, socio‐emotional problems, and vocabulary, while maternal age predicted socio‐emotional competence only.ConclusionFollowing the methodological principles we present resulted in tests that were appropriate for children in Lombok and informative for evaluating the developmental outcomes of nutritional supplementation in the research context. Following this approach in future studies will help to determine which interventions most effectively improve child development in developing countries.
Transport Anomalies in the Gaussian Core Model Fluid
Authors: Mausbach Peter , May Helge-Otmar 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In this study, we investigate the self-diffusion coefficient, the shear viscosity and the thermal conductivity of a single-component system interacting via a Gaussian core (GC) potential. The transport properties are studied by means of the Green-Kubo formulas calculated from molecular dynamics simulation. We show that, for certain state conditions, anomalous behaviour occurs for the diffusivity and the shear viscosity. Therefore, the Stokes-Einstein relation is violated for the GC fluid. We do not find anomalous behaviour for the thermal conductivity. We develop an equation of state for the deviation of the ideal gas pressure and we derive the excess entropy from this equation. Depending on the phase space region, the excess entropy also shows anomalous behaviour. We discuss recently developed scaling relationships between excess entropy and transport properties. Because the GC potential is bounded, these relationships do not work properly for the GC fluid. Using new empirical scaling relations we are able to fit the diffusion coefficient within one single master curve for the whole density and temperature range we have simulated. We were also able to find a single master curve for the viscosity, but only for state conditions where the classical Stokes-Einstein relation is valid.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations on the Glass-to-liquid Transition in High Density Amorphous Ice
Authors: Seidl Markus , Loerting Thomas , Zifferer Gerhard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
It is an open question whether high density amorphous (HDA) ice is a glassy material structurally related to an ultraviscous high density liquid (HDL) or a nanocrystalline material unrelated to a liquid. In order to shed light on this question we have performed molecular dynamics simulations on a HDA model system at a pressure of p ≈ 0.3 GPa using the COMPASS force field. After removing the irreversible structural relaxation effect by initial isobaric heating/cooling cycles, we observe a deviation from linearity in the density vs. temperature plot in the range 170 ± 15 K in subsequent cycles, which we attribute to the glass-transition temperature T
g. This assignment of T
g is corroborated by two independent methods, namely from a rapid increase in the diffusion coefficient at ≈169 K and a deviation from linearity at ≈174 K in an enthalpy versus temperature plot. The structure of the model system is in good agreement with the experimentally determined structure of HDA. We, thus, suggest that HDA may indeed be a low temperature structural proxy of an ultraviscous liquid HDL.
Understanding Static and Dynamic Heterogeneities in Confined Water
Authors: Stanley H. E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
We report recent efforts to understand the new MIT-Messina experimental discovery of a dynamic crossover at low temperatures in confined water. Preliminary calculations are not inconsistent with one tentative interpretation of this dynamic crossover as resulting from the system passing from the high-temperature high-pressure "HDL" side of the Widom line (where the liquid might display fragile behavior) to the low-temperature low-pressure "LDL" side of the Widom line (where the liquid might display strong behavior). The Widom line - defined to be the line in the pressure-temperature plane where the correlation length has its maximum - arises only if there is a critical point. Hence interpreting the MIT experiments in terms of a Widom line is of potential relevance to testing experimentally, for confined water, the liquid-liquid critical point hypothesis.
Gene Duplication and Hypermutation of the Pathogen Resistance Gene SNC1 in the Arabidopsis bal Variant
Authors: Yi Hankuil , Richards Eric J 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The bal defect in the Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia strain was spontaneously generated in an inbred ddm1 (decrease in DNA methylation 1) mutant background in which various genetic and epigenetic alterations accumulate. The bal variant displays short stature and curled leaves due to the constitutive activation of defense signaling. These bal phenotypes are metastable and phenotypic suppression is evident in more than one-third of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-treated bal M1 plants. The semidominant bal allele maps to the RPP5 (recognition of Peronospora parasitica 5) locus, which includes a cluster of disease Resistance (R) genes, many of which show an increase in steady-state expression levels in the bal variant. Here, we report that activation of RPP5 locus R genes and dwarfing in the bal variant are caused by a 55-kb duplication within the RPP5 locus. Although many RPP5 locus R genes are duplicated in the bal variant, the duplication of SNC1 alone is necessary and sufficient for the phenotypic changes in the bal variant. Missense mutations in the SNC1 gene were identified in all three phenotypically suppressed EMS-treated bal lines investigated, indicating that the high-frequency phenotypic instability induced by EMS treatment is caused by a genetic mechanism. We propose that the high degree of variation in SNC1-related sequences among Arabidopsis natural accessions follows the two-step mechanism observed in the bal variant: gene duplication followed by hypermutation.
Pharmacogenetic Analysis Reveals a Post-Developmental Role for Rac GTPases inCaenorhabditis elegansGABAergic Neurotransmission
Authors: Locke Cody J , Kautu Bwarenaba B , Berry Kalen P , Lee S Kyle , Caldwell Kim A , Caldwell Guy A 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe nerve-cell cytoskeleton is essential for the regulation of intrinsic neuronal activity. For example, neuronal migration defects are associated with microtubule regulators, such as LIS1 and dynein, as well as with actin regulators, including Rac GTPases and integrins, and have been thought to underlie epileptic seizures in patients with cortical malformations. However, it is plausible that post-developmental functions of specific cytoskeletal regulators contribute to the more transient nature of aberrant neuronal activity and could be masked by developmental anomalies. Accordingly, our previous results have illuminated functional roles, distinct from developmental contributions, for Caenorhabditis elegans orthologs of LIS1 and dynein in GABAergic synaptic vesicle transport. Here, we report that C. elegans with function-altering mutations in canonical Rac GTPase-signaling-pathway members demonstrated a robust behavioral response to a GABAA receptor antagonist, pentylenetetrazole. Rac mutants also exhibited hypersensitivity to an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, aldicarb, uncovering deficiencies in inhibitory neurotransmission. RNA interference targeting Rac hypomorphs revealed synergistic interactions between the dynein motor complex and some, but not all, members of Rac-signaling pathways. These genetic interactions are consistent with putative Rac-dependent regulation of actin and microtubule networks and suggest that some cytoskeletal regulators cooperate to uniquely govern neuronal synchrony through dynein-mediated GABAergic vesicle transport in C. elegans.
Exact Tests for Hardy–Weinberg Proportions
Authors: Engels William R 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Exact conditional tests are often required to evaluate statistically whether a sample of diploids comes from a population with Hardy–Weinberg proportions or to confirm the accuracy of genotype assignments. This requirement is especially common when the sample includes multiple alleles and sparse data, thus rendering asymptotic methods, such as the common χ2-test, unreliable. Such an exact test can be performed using the likelihood ratio as its test statistic rather than the more commonly used probability test. Conceptual advantages in using the likelihood ratio are discussed. A substantially improved algorithm is described to permit the performance of a full-enumeration exact test on sample sizes that are too large for previous methods. An improved Monte Carlo algorithm is also proposed for samples that preclude full enumeration. These algorithms are about two orders of magnitude faster than those currently in use. Finally, methods are derived to compute the number of possible samples with a given set of allele counts, a useful quantity for evaluating the feasibility of the full enumeration procedure. Software implementing these methods, ExactoHW, is provided.
CaBi4Ti4O15 thin film deposition on electroplated Platinum substrates using a sol-gel method
Authors: Saito Takeyasu , Hirota Yuichiro , Ooyanagi Mariko , Okamoto Naoki , Kondo Kazuo , Yoshimura Takeshi , Fujimura Norifumi 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTCaBi4Ti4O15 growth on different Platinum substrates was carried out through a sol-gel method. Higher crystallization temperature and 20% excess Bi decreased pyrochlore contents in the CaBi4Ti4O15 films. Repetition through coating, calcination and crystallization decreased void formation on the surface. C-axis oriented thin film could be grown on sputtered platinum substrates with low Pt (200) orientation. On electroplated Pt substrates, (119) oriented CaBi4Ti4O15 thin film was grown, suggesting surface roughness of Pt substrates is a crucial factor for orientation control of sol-gel derived CaBi4Ti4O15 thin film.
Epitaxial Lanthanide Oxide based Gate Dielectrics
Authors: Osten H. Jörg , Laha Apurba , Fissel Andreas 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMany materials systems are currently under consideration as potential replacements for SiO2 as the gate dielectric material for sub-0.1 μm CMOS technology. We present results for crystalline gadolinium oxides on silicon in the cubic bixbyite structure grown by solid source molecular beam epitaxy. On Si(100), crystalline Gd2O3 grows usually as (110)-oriented domains, with two orthogonal in-plane orientations. Layers grown under best vacuum conditions often exhibit poor dielectric properties due to the formation of crystalline interfacial silicide inclusions. Additional oxygen supply during growth improves the dielectric properties significantly. Layers grown by an optimized MBE process display a sufficiently high-K value to achieve equivalent oxide thickness values < 1 nm, combined with ultra-low leakage current densities, good reliability, and high electrical breakdown voltage. A variety of MOS capacitors and field effect transistors has been fabricated based on these layers. Efficient manipulation of Si(100) 4° miscut substrate surfaces can lead to single domain epitaxial Gd2O3 layer. Such epi-Gd2O3 layers exhibited significant lower leakage currents compared to the commonly obtained epitaxial layers with two orthogonal domains. For capacitance equivalent thicknesses below 1 nm, this differences disappear, indicating that for ultrathin layers direct tunneling becomes dominating. We investigated the effect of post-growth annealings on layer properties. We showed that a standard forming gas anneal can eliminate flatband instabilities and hysteresis as well as reduce leakage currents by saturating dangling bond caused by the bonding mismatch. In addition, we investigated the impact of rapid thermal anneals on structural and electrical properties of crystalline Gd2O3 layers grown on Si with different orientations. The degradation of layers can be significantly reduced by sealing the layer with amorphous silicon prior to annealing.
Influence of Nodulizer Type on the Quality of Solder Ball
Authors: Guo Xiaoxiao , Yan Yanfu , Zhang Wei , Feng Lifang , Wang Miaohui 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA solder ball is the key material of the bump fabrication in the BGA and μBGA high integrated packaging. The nodulizer type is the main factor to affect the quality of the solder ball. In the paper the solder balls are fabricated by the fine wire cutting–remelting method. The influence of different nodulizers on the real sphericity and the surface appearance of the solder balls are investigated. Results show that, the real sphericity of the 63Sn37Pb solder balls is maximum and the surface quality of the solder balls is the best compared with the engine oil, heavy oil and silicon oil when the arachis oil is used as the nodulizer.
Influence of DSS-8 on the remineralisation of Dentine
Authors: Hsu Chia-Chan , Hagerman Elizabeth Marie , Chung Hsiu-Ying , Shi Wenyuan , Yang Jenn-Ming , Wu Ben 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDental remineralization may be achieved by mediating the interactions between tooth surfaces with free ions and biomimetic peptides. We recently developed octuplet repeats of aspartate-serine-serine (DSS-8) peptide, which occurs in high abundance in naturally occurring proteins that are critical for tooth remineralization. In this paper, we evaluated the possible role of DSS-8 in dentin remineralization. Human dentin specimens were demineralized, exposed briefly to DSS-8 solution, and then exposed to concentrated ionic solutions that favor remineralization. Dentin nano-mechanical behaviors, hardness and elastic modulus, at various stages of treatment were determined by nanoindentation. The phase, microstructure and morphology of the resultant surfaces were characterized using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, variable pressure scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Nanoindentation results show that DSS-8 remineralization effectively improves the mechanical and elastic properties of native dentin. Moreover, the hardness and elastic modulus for the DSS-8 treated dentin were significantly higher than surfaces remineralized without DSS-8.
X-ray Scattering Studies to Investigate Triple-shape Capability of Polymer Networks Based on poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) Segments
Authors: Wagermaier Wolfgang , Hofmann Dieter , Kratz Karl , Behl Marc , Lendlein Andreas 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe super-molecular structure and morphology of shape-memory polymers (SMP) have an evident influence on the shape-memory effect (SME). More detailed information on these structure-function relations during the dynamic processes of programming and shape recovery are required to better understand the SME.
Here we explore whether wide and small angle x-ray scattering (WAXS, SAXS) in combination with deformation experiments can help to characterize and better understand the respective materials super-molecular structure (spatial organization of chain segments in crystalline and non-crystalline regions, characterized by parameters such as crystallinity, crystallite-sizes, domain-sizes and -arrangements) and its changes upon varying mechanical loads and temperature increase as stimulus. Multiphase polymer networks based on poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate), whose molecular structures allow formation of at least two separated domains, were investigated using WAXS and SAXS, to describe the respective super-molecular structures and morphologies and their development during cyclic, thermomechanical tensile tests reproducing key features of shape-memory programming and recovery.
The creation of the triple-shape capability for this AB polymer network system is performed by a one-step process, which is similar to a conventional dual-shape programming process. It could be shown via SAXS that a long period between crystalline domains exists for these polymer networks. The value of this long period changes by some nanometers as a consequence of programming and the resulting elongation of the respective sample. Further insights could be obtained by investigating WAXS diffraction peaks, detected at different steps during the thermomechanical treatment. It could be shown that crystal sizes in this polymer system remain unaffected by the programming process, while the crystallization of the stretched samples during the cooling process leads to a spatial rearrangement (preferential orientation) of crystalline domains.
Periinsular hemispherotomy in children with stroke-induced refractory epilepsy
Authors: Scavarda Didier , Major Philippe , Lortie Anne , Mercier Claude , Carmant Lionel 
Published: September 2009

Object
Ischemic cerebral vascular accidents (CVAs) in children result in epilepsy in 25% of patients, which is refractory in 7% of cases. Repeated seizures worsen the global and cognitive prognosis of these patients. To evaluate the prognosis of epilepsy and cognitive development in children with refractory seizures following a CVA, the authors retrospectively studied the effectiveness of periinsular hemispherotomy in the treatment of these patients.

Methods
Between March 1995 and November 2007, 8 children who suffered from stroke-induced refractory epilepsy underwent a periinsular hemispherotomy. All patients' charts were reviewed in a retrospective manner. Age at the time of the CVA, imaging studies, cause of the ischemic event, onset of the first seizure, patient's handedness, the extent of the parenchymal damage, electroencephalography findings, type of epileptic seizures, number of seizures per day, number of antiepileptic medications, preoperative neuropsychological evaluation, and surgical outcome with regard to the patient's seizure activity were analyzed.

Results
There were 7 boys and 1 girl in this study. The mean age at stroke was 23 months (range birth–5 years). The mean age at onset of epilepsy was 22 months (range 0–60 months). The mean age at the time of the hemispherotomy was 7 years (range 54–130 months). The average delay prior to the hemispherotomy was 5 years and 3 months (range 23–115 months). Prior to surgery, the average number of seizures per day was 35 (range 5–100). The average number of antiepileptic medications introduced before the hemispherotomy was 8 (range 6–12). Six patients required only 1 surgical intervention and 2 necessitated 2 separate operations:1 underwent a 2-staged hemispherotomy and the other underwent a prior callosotomy. There were no reported surgical complications in this series. Seven children are seizure free. However, the remaining child, after a 3.5-year disease-free interval, has recently started having seizures. No child demonstrated an improvement in neuropsychological evaluation.

Conclusions
The periinsular hemispherotomy must be considered an alternative in the therapeutic approach to stroke-induced pediatric refractory epilepsy. It is effective in controlling seizure activity. The authors believe the delay before hemispherotomy must be shortened in children with post-CVA refractory epilepsy.