bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward elevated agrobotics: Development of a scaled‐down prototype for visually guided date palm tree sprayer
Authors: Shapiro Amir , Korkidi Eran , Demri Amnon , Ben‐Shahar Ohad , Riemer Raziel , Edan Yael 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAgricultural operations at great heights are typically laborious, expensive, and dangerous for human workers. Spraying and pollinating date palm trees, for instance, is currently done manually by a team of several workers from a platform lifted 18 m or more above the ground. This method is extremely unsafe, and many accidents have occurred due to instability when the platform is in a lifted position. In this paper we present the concept of an autonomous field robot that will effectively and accurately spray and pollinate date clusters. A scaled‐down prototype has been designed and consists of a visually controlled robotic arm that guides the jet of a mounted sprayer directly to the date clusters completely autonomously and from a short distance. Rather than requiring an expensive dedicated platform, this robotic apparatus can be towed by a standard tractor operated by a single driver, with no human worker operating in the heights. This system can minimize risk of injury, significantly save manpower, and deliver the spray with maximum accuracy, thereby reducing chemical disposal. The spraying guidance system is based on a proportional controller that uses feedback from an image processing system combined with a small dead band. The system was modeled mathematically, and the effect of each component on overall performance was evaluated by simulation. Results were used for tuning the experimental system controller parameters. Experiments were performed to evaluate the tracking performance of the visually guided tracking system on a single tree and a 10‐m‐long runway at a distance of 6 m. These dimensions were inspired by the conditions at a typical orchard. During the experiment the sprayer was towed along the runway 19 times, during which the speed of the wagon was varied between 0.7 km/h (0.2 m/s) and 12 km/h (3.3 m/s). Experimental results indicate that up to a wagon ve1ocity of 1.25 m/s the tracking error was reasonably low and stayed below 10 deg from the center of the target (typical date spraying speed is 1.1 m/s). However, at higher speeds the tracking quality reduced progressively and some drift (i.e., accumulated error) was noticed in the pan axis due to image processing speed. The simulations and experiments with a scaled‐down prototype show feasibility of the presented method and demonstrate how this new approach facilitates more efficient high‐altitude agricultural robotics. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Beijing Airport Terminal 3
Authors: Manning Martin , Falter Holger , Henley Richard , Cross Paul , Asaoka Yasohiko , Kerry Jonathan , Dallard Pat , Kwok Michel , Ho Goman , Delaney Ronan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBetween October 2003 and July 2004, Arup, in a joint venture with the Dutch airport planners NACO and the architects Foster & Partners, designed the Terminal and Ground Transportation Centre needed for the 2008 Olympic games at Beijing Airport. Work commenced on site in March 2004 and ended almost four years later with the opening ceremony in February 2008. This was the team's third airport together, the forerunners being Stansted Airport, London, in the late 1980s and Chek Lap Kok Airport, Hong Kong, in the late 1990s. For each terminal the basic engineering diagram is similar.The design of airport terminals is predominantly influenced by functionality. Externally, they are constrained by the movements of land transportation systems on one side and aircraft on the other. Internally, large numbers of people and baggage must flow from entrances to departure gates or arrivals gates to exits. Both the non‐public areas, like the baggage‐handling facilities, and the public areas need column‐free spaces to provide maximum flexibility and unimpeded passenger flow.Forces in roofs and floors increase with the square of the span and result in large member sizes, but these must be limited because the overall height of airport facilities is restricted. Furthermore, a deep roof structure will impair the ability for natural light to pass through the roof into the building's interior. Both requirements can only be achieved with a carefully integrated design.Airport terminals are characterized by the fact that the climatic and other physical conditions for which they must be designed vary across the world. For example, whereas Chek Lap Kok had to withstand typhoon wind loads and is located in a subtropical climate, Beijing is in an active seismic zone and experiences large seasonal temperature fluctuations. However, they must be able to accommodate the same aeroplanes worldwide while exhibiting their own form with respect to geometry, modularity, repetition and the use of information technology in the design, analysis, specification and fabrication.Today, fabrication technology is changing rapidly thanks to the application of computerized analysis and fabrication methods in engineering. This in turn influences the structural concept and design. A manifestation of this is illustrated below.
Spanning the River Rhine with a new cable‐stayed bridge
Authors: Löckmann Hans , Marzahn Gero A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper reports on the design and construction of the new bridge over the River Rhine being built near the cities of Wesel and Büderich, Germany, the “Niederrheinbrücke”.The paper outlines the design and bidding process as well as the construction of the new bridge, which will be the longest cable‐stayed bridge in Germany.The new Rhine crossing is only the second cable‐stayed bridge in Germany to use parallel strands (Suspa DSI) rather than steel wire ropes (locked coil ropes) and contributes to a new generation of cable‐stayed bridges in Germany.
Viaduct over the Nalón River in Spain – A new experience with ‘strict box’ composite bridges
Authors: Calzón Julio Martínez , Corral Álvaro Serrano , Jiménez Carlos Castañón , Navarro Miguel Gómez 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe motorway viaduct over the Nalón River is 1100 m long and 27 m wide. The longitudinal structural system consists of a single strict composite box that takes advantage of the different properties of structural steel and concrete, going beyond the double composite action systems already in use for a long time. The box girder is enlarged by means of composite trusses connected to the upper slab at both sides of the deck. Longitudinally, the structure can be divided into two sections:– a 660 m long curving approach section over the river plain– a 440 m long straight section crossing the riverbed. The central part of this section is a 124 m span rigid frame composed of a box girder with varying depth and two elegant piers, one on each side of the river.The bridge was constructed by launching from both abutments. The launching of the main section, due to the varying depth of the box girder in the main span, required longitudinal auxiliary elements in order to launch it in the same way as the spans of constant depth. A temporary pier was built in the middle of the river in order to reduce the cantilever in the main span to a moderate length. The viaduct construction was completed in May 2007.
Centner Footbridge bridges the gap between steel structural design and digital fabrication
Authors: Adriaenssens Sigrid , Ney Laurent , Bodarwe Eric , Dister Vincent 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Centner Footbridge at Verviers, Belgium, is a successful design and artifact that links structural optimization and digital steel plate cutting techniques. This steel structure is designed as a statically determinate beam and has a U‐profile in cross‐section. The webs serving as the safety barriers are assembled from 10 different steel plates that exhibit a laser‐cut aperture pattern. The aperture pattern and the steel plate thicknesses have been structurally optimized to deal with the maximum shear forces that occur. For construction purposes, the numerical FE analysis model was translated into a graphic digital model that serves as input data for the steel laser cutter. Once the laser has cut the aperture pattern, the plates are welded together and finished in the fabricator's workshop. The bridge was transported in one piece and installed overnight on site. Recently, the concept of the aperture patterned steel plates has also been successfully applied to other winning design projects. These designs demonstrate that the innovative link between structural optimization and digital steel cutting techniques offers a new and elegant solution for structural systems with a large variety of spans and shapes.
Analytical calculation model for unstiffened elements with nonlinear stress‐strain relationships under uniform compression
Authors: Niederegger Philipp , Knobloch Markus , Fontana Mario 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper presents an improved analytical calculation model for unstiffened elements with nonlinear stress‐strain relationships (e.g. aluminium and stainless steel) subjected to uniform in‐plane compression. The model takes material nonlinearity into account by means of the Ramberg‐Osgood constitutive law. It is based on the results of a numerical parametric study of the load‐carrying behaviour of unstiffened elements. A comparative study shows good agreement between test results and analytically determined strengths according to the new calculation model.
Beyond ETAG 002: U‐type Bonding Geometries for Structural Glazing
Authors: Hagl Anneliese 
Published: March 2009

AbstractConsecrated in the year 2000, the Herz‐Jesu Church in Munich features a glass façade with advanced, bonded loadbearing structures, Ref. [1]. The exterior of the church was built almost completely in glass, creating the timeless shape of a parallelepiped as shown in Figure 1. The structural framework to the glass façade consists of loadbearing glass beam elements with lengths of up to 6.72m bonded to stainless steel channels by silicone adhesives. This design – leading to a U‐type bonding geometry by joining the glass beams to the steel stringers of parallel‐flange channel‐type cross‐sections, see Figure 2 – required comprehensive experimental and theoretical investigations. Existing regulations such as the European guideline ETAG 002, Ref. [2], were not applicable due to their limited scope. Whereas ETAG 002 covers only simple two‐sided bonding geometries (explicitly excluding three‐sided bonding designs), the bonding used here is more complex geometrically, leading to significantly different mechanical characteristics.
Composite beam composed of steel and precast concrete (modularized hybrid system). Part III: Application for a 19‐storey building
Authors: Hong Won‐Kee , Park Seon‐Chee , Lee Ho‐Chan , Kim Jin‐Min , Kim Seung‐Il , Lee Seung‐Geun , Yoon Ki‐Joon 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe authors present an experimental and analytical investigation of the modularized hybrid system (MHS) that utilizes the composite structure described in previous studies, that of a wide steel flange and precast concrete. The objective of this paper was to introduce the application of the MHS structural system to a high‐rise building in which one additional floor was added while the overall building height was maintained. The 68‐m‐tall, 18‐storey steel building was redesigned to a 19‐storey building using the composite beams, which combine the merits of ductile steel and concrete components to withstand external loading while reducing floor height. The bottom flange of the steel beam is reinforced with concrete at a manufacturing plant, eliminating the use of temporary pour forms. The erection process of the composite beams is identical to that of traditional steel construction. This paper also describes more than 30 potential applications of high‐rise composite construction using the MHS frames. The advantages of the MHS are presented in terms of reduced structural steel tonnage and shortened construction schedules. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on seismic behaviour of a new hybrid structure with shaking table test and numerical analysis
Authors: Cheng Ming , Lu Xilin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a study on a hybrid high‐rise structure that has two structural systems: the main one is a mega‐frame consisted of mega‐columns, strengthened floors and the outrigger truss on the top; the secondary one consists of typical floors between the strengthened floors. Because of the complexity and innovation of the structural system, a detailed study, including shaking table test and numerical analysis, is needed to research the seismic property of the hybrid structure. First, a 1/50 shaking table model was tested by the State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering of Tongji University to obtain the frequencies of the free‐vibration modes and dynamic property of the model. Second, this paper used 3D finite element analysis software, named MIDAS, to build the numerical models. Two kinds of models were made to simulate the shaking table model and the prototype structure, respectively, and then a comparison between the analytical and experimental results was presented in this paper to verify the numerical models. In addition, the seismic behaviour of the prototype was analysed by the MIDAS. Finally, the structural system of the new hybrid structure was verified to be valid and applicable. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Where quants go wrong: a dozen basic lessons in commonsense for quants and risk managers and the traders who rely on them
Authors: Wilmott Paul 
Published: March 2009

AbstractQuants and risk managers keep making the same mistakes over and over again. Each time this happens the losses increase in value. A small amount of commonsense and some basic mathematics can stop this happening. However, this requires quants, risk man agers and their bosses to move their attention away from complexity towards robustness of models1. Copyright © 2009 Wilmott Magazine Ltd
The discrete gamma pool model
Authors: Jäckel Peter 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe propose a model for the dynamics of losses and spreads on portfolios for the purpose of pricing exotic variations of synthetic collateralised tranche obligations such as Loss Triggered Leveraged Super‐Senior notes, multi‐callable CDOs, and, by implication of the latter, options on forward starting CDOs. Also, we discuss how features such as the counterparty's right to deleverage upon a loss trigger event in a leveraged super senior can be understood as an embedded Bermudan swaption, and how this can be catered for in a numerical implementation. Copyright © 2009 Wilmott Magazine Ltd
5‐Aminotetrazolium 5‐Aminotetrazolates – New Insensitive Nitrogen‐rich Materials
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Miró Sabaté Carles 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIsomeric 5‐aminotetrazolate salts with the 1,4‐dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium (4) and the 1,3‐dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium (5) cations have been synthesized in high yields and purity by the metathesis reaction between silver 5‐aminotetrazolate (3) and a suitable tetrazolium iodide salt (1 and 2). In addition we synthesized the free acid 1,4‐dimethyl‐5‐iminotetrazole (7) by deprotonation of 1,4‐dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium iodide (1) using potassium hydroxide. 7 was alternatively used to synthesize 4. All three compounds (4, 5 and 7) were characterized using analytical and spectroscopic methods and the crystal structures of 4 and 7 were determined by low temperature X‐ray measurements (4: Monoclinic, P21/n, a = 6.7422(4) Å, b = 9.8362(5) Å, c = 13.0637(8) Å, β = 97.985(5)°, V = 857.95(9) Å3, 7: Triclinic, P\bar{1}, a = 6.256(1) Å, b = 6.773(1) Å, c = 6.773(1) Å, α = 102.24(3)°, β = 97.96(3)°, γ = 100.39(3)°, V = 271(3) Å3). Due to the interest of nitrogen‐rich compounds as energetic materials, the heats of formation of 4 and 5 were experimentally determined using bomb calorimetry and their validity was checked by means of quantum chemical calculations (MP2). Predicted detonation parameters for these materials are similar to commonly used energetic compounds and their low sensitivities make them interesting candidates as a new class of environmentally friendly insensitive ionic salts.
Preparation and Molecular Structure of a Cyclic Bisgermylene with two Lutidine Bridging Groups
Authors: Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Zabula Alexander V. , Pape Tania , Hupka Florian 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe cyclic tetraamine 2, prepared by the hydrogenation of tetraimine 1, was used for the preparation of the macrocyclic bisgermylene 3 with two lutidine bridging groups. The molecular structure determination of tetraamine 2 exhibits a Ci‐symmetric molecule in the solid state. The macrocyclic bisgermylene 3 shows weak intramolecular Ge···Ge and Ge···N interactions in the solid state.
with MII = Mn, Fe, Co, Cu: Four New Coordination Polymers based on 4,4′‐Bipyridine (4,4′‐bipy) and Acetylenedicarboxylate (ADC2–)
Authors: Stein Irena , Ruschewitz Uwe 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBy slow diffusion of 4,4′‐bipyridine (4,4′‐bipy) into a solution of a respective metal salt and acetylenedicarboxylic acid (H2ADC), single crystals of four new coordination polymers ∞1[MII(4,4′‐bipy)(H2O)4](ADC)·4H2O (MII = Mn, Fe, Co; P, Z = 1) (1–3) and ∞1[Cu(4,4′‐bipy)(H2O)4](ADC)·4H2O (C2/c, Z = 4) (4) were obtained. In all compounds octahedral MII(H2O)4N2 units are connected by 4,4′‐bipyridine ligands to form chain‐like polymers. In 4 these octahedra are elongated due to Jahn–Teller distortion. The acetylenedicarboxylate dianions are bound by hydrogen bonds to the ∞1[MII(4,4′‐bipy)2/2(H2O)4] chains to form a 3 D network. Surprisingly, the acetylenedicarboxylate dianions are not part of the first coordination sphere of the transition metal ions.
Maternal tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency: The course of two pregnancies and follow‐up of two children in a mother with 6‐pyruvoyl‐tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency
Authors: Giżewska M. , Hnatyszyn G. , Sagan L. , Cyryłowski L. , Żekanowski C. , Modrzejewska M. , Nestorowicz B. , Kubalska J. , Walczak M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryNo reports are available about the course of pregnancies in women with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiencies or the effects of treatment with BH4, l‐dopa/carbidopa and 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐OHTrp) on fetal development. We present for the first time the case of a mother with late‐diagnosed mild form of 6‐pyruvoyl‐tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) deficiency, the course of her two subsequent pregnancies and clinical evaluation with follow‐up of two offspring. In both pregnancies neurotransmitter precursors, as well as BH4 dosages were increased proportionally to the mother's weight gain. To prevent maternal phenylketonuria (MPKU) syndrome, special attention was paid to increasing BH4 dosages. Both pregnancies were complicated by threatened premature labour, by the mother's nicotinism and additionally, in the first pregnancy, by gestational diabetes mellitus and vaginitis. The first child was born in the 31st week of pregnancy with the symptoms of moderate intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and brain malformation in the form of right sided closed‐lip schizencephaly with absence of septum pellucidum. Although the girl demonstrates mild left‐sided hemiparesis, her psychological development at the age of 8 years is above average. The second child was born in the 37th week of pregnancy without brain anomalies and at the age of 5 years his psychomotor development is appropriate for the age. As the cause of brain malformations resulting in physical impairment in the first child is unknown, more data are essential to verify conclusions about the influence of the mother's BH4 deficiency and the safety of her treatment for fetal development.
The developing and restructuring superior cervical ganglion of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellusvar.albina)
Authors: Toscano Cauê Pereira , de Melo Mariana Pereira , Matera Júlia Maria , Loesch Andrzej , Ribeiro Antonio Augusto Coppi Maciel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPost‐natal development comprises both maturation (from newborn to adult) and ageing (from adult to senility) and, during this phase, several adaptive mechanisms occur in sympathetic ganglia, albeit they are not fully understood. Therefore, the present study aimed at detecting whether post‐natal development would exert any effect on the size and number of a guinea pig's superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons. Twenty right SCGs from male subjects were used at four ages, i.e. newborn (7 days), young (30 days), adult (7 months) and old animals (50 months). Using design‐based stereological methods the volume of ganglion and the total number of mononucleate and binucleate neurons were estimated. Furthermore, the mean perikaryal volume of mononucleate and binucleate neurons was estimated using the vertical nucleator. The main findings of this study were a combination of post‐natal‐dependent increases and decreases in some variables: (i) 27% increase in ganglion volume, (ii) 24% and 43% decreases in the total number of mono and binucleate neurons, respectively, and (iii) 27.5% and 40% decreases in the mean perikaryal volume of mono and binucleate neurons, respectively. Despite the fall in neuron numbers found here, post‐natal development is not only associated with neuron loss, but also embraces other structural adaptive mechanisms, which are discussed in this paper.
Indulgence as self‐reward for prior shopping restraint: A justification‐based mechanism
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Anirban , Johar Gita Venkataramani 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis research investigates the effects of refraining from a purchase temptation at one point in time on choices made at a subsequent opportunity to purchase or consume a tempting product. Four experiments involving scenarios and real decisions demonstrate that the salience of restraint at a prior impulse buying opportunity causes consumers to reward themselves subsequently by choosing indulgence over non‐indulgence. We show that indulgence is likely to increase only when prior restraint is salient and hence can be used as a justification. As expected, an index of reasons for vs. against buying mediates the relationship between prior impulse purchase decision and indulgent choice. In further support of the mechanism, we find that prior indulgence can have the same effect as prior restraint, if the prior indulgence is made justifiable. Finally, we show that prior shopping restraint can increase indulgence without a corresponding increase in self‐esteem. These findings extend our understanding of self‐regulation and demonstrate that everyday consumer decisions such as responses to impulse buying opportunities can have consequential downstream effects.