bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The parental bonding as predictive factor for the development of adult psychiatric disorders
Authors: Favaretto Ettore , Torresani Stefano 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYObjective— To asses the capacity of theParental Bonding Instrument(PBI) to discriminate between normal subjects and clinical samples and between with different psychiatric diagnosis.Design— The present paper analyzes the studies published between 1979 and 1995, which have used the PBI in normal subjects and clinical samples and have reported the respective means and standard deviations obtained on the two PBI dimensions: affection and control. Multiple comparisons were carried out between the mean scores of affection and control of: 1) samples with the same psychiatric diagnosis (intragroup comparison); 2) samples with different psychiatric diagnoses (intergroup comparison); 3) normal subjects and clinical samples.Results— Of the 46 studies with normal and clinical subjects, 23 studies were selected for the analysis, reporting means and standard deviations and specifying the diagnostic criteria. Samples with the same psychiatric diagnosis had similar affection and control scores. With the exception of bipolar affective disorders and avoidant personality disorders, the prevalent parental style was for all diagnostic groups the affectionless control style. Within the affectionless control style, the PBI discriminated between panic attacks, borderline personality and drug addiction but not between schizophrenia, unipolar depression and anxiety disorder. The PBI discriminated also between normal subjects samples and samples with anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, personality disorder and drug addiction respectively.Conclusion— The results confirm previous suggestions from single studies that the perceived parental style as measured by the PBI can be considered a good predictor for the presence of psychiatric disorders excluding panic attacks, avoidant personality disorders and unipolar affective disorders. Although the different diagnostic groups do not differ in their perceived parental style (affectionless control), significant differences between some diagnostic groups within this category suggest that the PBI might have some specificity as well.
Community attitudes towards mental illness and socio-demographic characteristics: an Italian study
Authors: Buizza Chiara , Pioli Rosaria , Ponteri Marco , Vittorielli Michela , Corradi Angela , Minicuci Nadia , Rossi Giuseppe 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYAim — To assess the association between socio-demographic characteristics and community attitudes towards mentally ill people. Method — We assessed a sample of 280 subjects, stratified for sex and age, which has identified using the electoral registers of Brescia. A letter was sent to everyone in order to introduce the future potential study participant to the topics of the public attitudes towards mental illness and it included an invitation to take part in the study. After, 280 subjects were contacted by telephone. Finally, 174 persons, who expressed their willingness to collaborate, were visited by a team of four trained interviewers. The instruments used were: a semi-structured interview; the Community Attitudes to the Mentally III (CAMI) inven-tory, which is composed by 40 statements, concerning the degree of acceptance of mental health services and mentally ill patients in the community; and the Fear and Behavioural Intentions (FABI) inventory, which is composed by 10 items, concerning fears and behavioural intentions towards mentally ill people. 106 subjects refused to participate. Results — Factor analysis of the CAMI revealed three components Physical distance and fear, Social isolation and Social responsibility and tolerance. Factor 1 is associated with: people >61 years old; people being divorced/widowed/living separated; people who haven't participated in social or volunteer activities. Factor 2 is associated with: people > 41 years old; people being schooled at a level that's higher than elementary level; unemployed people. Factor 3 doesn't present any associations. Conclusions — The results of this study outline the need to: a) promote interventions focused to improve the general attitude towards people with mental illness; b) to favour specific actions in order to prevent or eliminate prejudices in subgroups of the population.Declaration of Interest: in the last two years the authors have been paid by the IRCCS Centra San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli in Brescia (Italy), as employees and free professionals.
Distorsioni («bias») in epidemiologia analitica
Authors: Rocca Walter A. 
Published: October 2011

RiassuntoQuesto articolo descrive i più comuni tipi di distorsione («bias») che si possono incontrare in studi di epidemiologia analitica. Le distorsioni vengono presentate in relazione al disegno degli studi di coorte o caso-controllo. Per questa ragione, nella prima parte dell'articolo, vengono brevemente illustrati i concetti elementari del disegno e la terminologia degli studi di coorte e caso-controllo. Vengono distinti due gruppi principali di distorsioni: le distorsioni df selezione (o di campionamento) e le distorsioni di misura (o di raccolta deirinformazione). Negli studi di coorte, la principale distorsione di selezione è quella dei non partecipanti allo studio; la principale distorsione di misura è quella del sospetto diagnostico. Negli studi caso-controllo, le principali distorsioni di selezione sono: la distorsione prevalenza-incidenza, la distorsione del ricovero ospedaliero e la distorsione dei non partecipanti; le principali distorsioni di misura sono: la distorsione del ricordo, la distorsione deH'informazione familiare e la distorsione del sospetto di esposizione. Alcune di queste distorsioni possono essere prevenute o minimizzate mediante appropriate strategic di disegno dello studio.Parole chiavedistorsioni, epidemiologia, metodi, studio di coorte, studio caso-controllo.SummaryThis article describes the most common types of bias encountered in analytic epidemiologic studies. Bias is presented in relation to the design of cohort and case-control studies. Therefore, in the firstpart of the article, the basic design concepts and the terminology of cohort and case-control studies are briefly illustrated. Two major groups of bias are described: selection (or sampling) bias and measurement (or data collection) bias. In cohort studies, the most important selection bias is the non-respondent bias; the most important measurement bias is the diagnostic suspicion bias. In case-control studies, the most important selection biases are the incidence-prevalence bias, the admission rate (Berksonian) bias, and the non-respondent bias; the most important measurement biases are the recall bias, the family information bias, and theexposure suspicion bias. Some of these biases may be prevented or minimized by appropriate design strategies.
The impact on the international literature of the scientific production of Italian researchers, in the disciplines «psychiatry» and «psychology». A bibliometric evaluation
Authors: Bignami Giorgio , Girolamo Giovanni De , Fava Giovanni A. , Gaston Alberto , Morosini Pier Luigi , Pasquini Paolo , Pastore Vincenzo , Tansella Michele 
Published: October 2011

SummaryObjective— The aim of the study was to present the results of a citation analysis concerned with the impact of Italian researchers and institutions in psychiatry and psychology upon the international scientific community.Method— The analysis has been performed using a database of theInstitute for Scientific Information(ISI). All scientific papers which were published between 1981 and 1998 in psychiatric and psychological journals included in theScience Citation Index(SCI) and theSocial Sciences Citation Index(SSCI) were considered. The most cited Italian papers, authors and institutions are reported, as well the most frequently utilised journals.Results— Publications concerned with neuropsychology, psychopharmacology and biological psychiatry were the most cited. This prevalence also affected theranking of the most cited authors, even though, in this case, research groups in disciplines such as clinicalpsychology and epidemiological psychiatry appeared to be strong. The four most productive Italian Universities were characterized by the presence of both a School of Medicine and a School of Psychology. TheJournal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry and Psychopharmacologywere the most frequent vehicles of scientific communication.Conclusions— The results entail important implications for Italian research in psychology and psychiatry. On a general level, these analyses appear to be helpful for monitoring scientific production by granting agencies and for comparing different individual researchers. On a more specific level the analysis has identified the leading trends in research of Italian psychiatry and psychology.
Quality of life assessment: validation of the Italian version of the WHOQOL-Brief
Authors: Girolamo Giovanni De , Rucci Paola , Scocco Paolo , Becchi Angela , Coppa Francesco , D'Addario Angela , Daru Elisabetta , Leo Diego De , Galassi Lorella , Mangelli Lara , Marson Chiara , Neri Giovanni , Soldani Linda 
Published: October 2011

SummaryObjective – To test the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the WHOQOL-BRIEF (e.g., construct and internal validity, concorrent validity with the MOS SF-36 and test-retest reliability). The WHOQOL-BRIEF is a 26-items self-report instrument which assesses four domains assumed to represent the Quality Of Life (QOL) construct: physical domain, psychological domain, social relationships domain and environment domain, plus two facets for assessing overall QOL and general health. Methods – Data have been collected in three sites (Bologna, Modena and Padua), located in the North of Italy, in the framework of the international WHOQOL project. According to the study design, the sample had to include about 50% males and 50% females, 50% of subjects below and 50% above the age of 45, all in contact with various health services. A subsample has been re-interviewed after 2-3 weeks in order to study test-retest reliability. After the WHOQOL-BRIEF, most subjects have also been administered the MOS-SF36 in order to test the concurrent validity between these two instruments. Results – The instrument was administered to 379 subjects (1/6 healthy and 1/6 sick), chosen to be representative of a variety of different medical conditions. Seventy patients, wTio displayed stable health conditions, have been reassessed after 2-3 weeks to study test-retest reliability. The WHOQOL-BRIEF domains has shown good internal consistency, ranging from 0.65 for the social relationships domain to 0.80 for the physical domain; it has been able to discriminate between in- and out-patients and between the two age groups considered in the present study (<45, ≥45 years). Only physical and psychological domains were found to discriminate between healthy and ill subjects. No gender differences in the mean scores for the four domains were found. Concurrent validity between the WHOQOL-Brief and the MOS-SF-36 was satisfactory, and specific for the physical and psychological health domains. Test-retest reliability values were also good, ranging from 0.76 for the environment domain to 0.93 for the psychological domain. Conclusions – This study shows that the WHOQOL-BRIEF is psychometrically valid and reliable, and that it is also potentially useful in discriminating between subjects with different health conditions in clinical settings.
Giving information and involving in treatment: what do psychiatrists think? A review
Authors: Paccaloni Monica , Moretti Francesca , Zimmermann Christa 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYAims– A narrative review of studies on the psychiatrists’ opinion about the information process and the factors that may influence the extent to which patients are informed and involved in the information process.Methods– A literature review, without restrictions of time, was carried out using Medline and Psychlnfo databases.Results– Twenty three studies of interest were identified. The diagnosis of depression, anxiety and substances abuse are comunicated in a high percentage of cases; while the diagnosis of schizophrenia and other psychotic disordes are often concealed to patients. As far as pharmacological treatment is concerned, psychiatrists are more inclined to communicate those side effects which from their point of view are considered as less stressfull for the patient. No studies refer to the comunication of prognosis. The reasons adduced by psychiatrists for informing or not informing regard the etiology and the validity of some psychiatric diagnoses, the cognitive difficulties of patients, worries about stigmatizing or damaging patients.Conclusions– The choice to involve patients in treatment should be made from the prospective of promoting patient's well being rather than to depend on psychiatrists' communication difficulties, prejudices or on a habit of a paternalistic relationship style.Declaration of Interest: none of the three authors has had any interest or received any form of support, including that from drug companies and honoraria for lectures and consultancies, potentially in conflict with this scientific work
Nature, niche and nurture: the role of social experience in trasforming genotype into phenotype
Authors: Eisenberg Leon 
Published: October 2011

RIASSUNTONature e nurture (genetica ed ambiente) hanno rapporti di reciprocità, non di opposizione. La prole eredita dai genitori, insieme ai geni, i genitori stessi, gli amici, i luoghi dove vivere. La nicchia ontogenica rappresenta un collegamento cruciale tra genitori e figli, un contenitore delle opportunità della vita. Lo sviluppo è allo stesso tempo un processo sociale, psicologico e biologico. Se, come psichiatri, accettassimo di essere solo distributori di pillole, oppure psicoterapeuti che mettono tutti i loro pazienti su di un letto di Procuste, ciascuno ritenendo di seguire l'unica strada che porta alia salute mentale, verremmo meno ai doveri che abbiamo verso i nostri pazienti e perderemmo la nostra integrita di medici.
The use of group cognitive behaviour therapy in a routine acute inpatient setting
Authors: Bazzoni Alessandro , Morosini Pierluigi , Polidori Gabriella , Rosicarelli Maria Laura , Fowler David 
Published: October 2011

RIASSUNTOScopo– Lo scopo di questo lavoro è di descrivere un modello di intervento di gruppo di tipo cognitivo comportamentale applicato in condizioni di routine a pazienti psicotici acuti durante il ricovero in un Servizio Psichiatrico di Diagnosi e Cura (SPDC) e di riportare le prime valutazioni di efficacia.Disegno– Il disegno dello studio è di tipo pre–post. E'stato fatto un confronto delle variabili in studio tra il 1997 e il 1998, anno in cui è stata introdotta la Terapia Cognitivo Comportamentale (TCC) di gruppo.Setting–SPDC, S. Filippo Neri di Roma, 1998.Principali misure utilizzate– Sono state valutate e confrontate le seguenti variabili: riammissioni, trattamenti sanitari obbligatori, episodi di violenza, contenzioni fisiche, fughe dal reparto. E'stata anche accertata l'opinione dei pazienti nell'ultimo trimestre del 1998.Risultati– Al gruppo di TCC hanno partecipato 385 pazienti (79% dei pazienti ammessi), ognuno dei quali ha partecipato in media a 4 sessioni. Il 59% dei pazienti che ha preso parte al gruppo aveva una diagnosi di schizofrenia o di disturbo paranoideo. Rispetto al 1997 i Trattamenti Sanitari Obbligatori (TSO) complessivi sono diminuiti di 1/3, le riammissioni di 1/3 e i TSO nelle riammissioni di 3/4 (p<0.05), gli episodi di violenza di più della metà (p<0.001), le contenzioni fisiche e gli allontanamenti dal reparto non autorizzati sono praticamente scomparsi. L'opinione dei pazienti sull'utilità dell'intervento di gruppo è stata molto favorevole.Conclusioni– E'probabile, anche se non certo, che i miglioramenti riscontrati siano dovuti all'intervento in esame. La maggior parte dei pazienti ricoverati ha trovato utile partecipare al gruppo e alcuni hanno chiesto di poter continuare a frequentarlo anche dopo la dimissione. Questi risultati preliminari sono molto promettenti e ci auguriamo che costituiscano uno stimolo affinché questo intervento possa essere applicato e valutato in altri SPDC.
Financial literacy around the world: an overview
Authors: LUSARDI ANNAMARIA , MITCHELL OLIVIA S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn an increasingly risky and globalized marketplace, people must be able to make well-informed financial decisions. New international research demonstrates that financial illiteracy is widespread in both well-developed and rapidly changing markets. Women are less financially literate than men, the young and the old are less financially literate than the middle-aged, and more educated people are more financially knowledgeable. Most importantly, the financially literate are more likely to plan for retirement. Instrumental variables estimates show that the effects of financial literacy on retirement planning tend to be underestimated. In sum, around the world, financial literacy is critical to retirement security.
Financial literacy and retirement planning in the United States
Authors: LUSARDI ANNAMARIA , MITCHELL OLIVIA S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe examine financial literacy in the US using the new National Financial Capability Study, wherein we demonstrate that financial literacy is particularly low among the young, women, and the less-educated. Moreover, Hispanics and African-Americans score the least well on financial literacy concepts. Interestingly, all groups rate themselves as rather well-informed about financial matters, notwithstanding their actual performance on the key literacy questions. Finally, we show that people who score higher on the financial literacy questions are much more likely to plan for retirement, which is likely to leave them better positioned for old age. Our results will inform those seeking to target financial literacy programmes to those in most need.
The President's Page: Science and the public
Authors: Newell Homer E. 
Published: October 2011

Scientific societies today are wrestling with questions of how to convey better to the public the significance and role of science in modern society. The need, which is so strongly felt today, to make clear the practical importance of science arises from widespread questioning and expressed doubts about the kinds and levels of scientific research that public funds should support, doubts that find tangible expression in shrinking budgets for basic research.This crisis of confidence in science, and in technology as well, comes at a time when their contributions to human progress and welfare have been the most outstanding in human history. There is a wealth of examples from the past to show the tremendous value of science and technology to our country and to the world. A steady increase in health, longevity, and in our standard of living stems directly from the practical use of scientific knowledge. It is confusing, therefore, to scientists who feel justly proud of their work and their substantial contributions to the advancement of mankind, to find their contributions so sorely questioned. There has naturally arisen within the scientific community a series of soulsearching debates and a continuing lament over the sorry plight of science today.
Solar power from space
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Four major U.S. corporations are now working together to investigate the feasibility of large‐scale satellite systems that would harness the abundant energy of the sun for use on earth. Such systems would represent a useful alternative to the energy production methods presently being studied to meet our future needs. An agreement to study the concept was signed today by representatives from the consulting firm of Arthur D. Little, Inc. (program planning), Grumman Aerospace Corporation (systems engineering), Raytheon Company (microwave systems), and Spectrolab Division, Textron, Inc. (solar cell arrays).The four companies have developed a basic concept that envisions a satellite with a large area of solar cells that would convert the sun's radiation into electricity. This energy would be transformed to microwaves and transmitted to earth, where a receiving station would convert the incoming microwaves into dc electricity at a very high efficiency.
Infrared telescope to scan center of Milky Way
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Last August the largest telescope ever flown above the earth was sent aloft from the National Balloon Launch Facility at Palestine, Texas, to take a long hard look into the heart of our own galaxy.Carried to an altitude of some 95,000 feet by a 250‐foot‐diameter helium‐filled balloon, the telescope is designed to search out and study the strange, and so far unexplained, sources of far‐infrared radiation at the center of the Milky Way.
Satellite surveys Earth's resources
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The new Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) will make available the experimental data that hopefully will lead to management of the world's resources on a global scale. The data will be used for accurate assessment of earth‐surface characteristics, such as water and snow, detailed features of the terrain, and soil and vegetative types.The system uses proven technologies in physics and natural science to measure surface phenomena by remote sensing of special infrared heat singularities and by both color and black and white video photography. The results will be a bank of synoptic images of the resources of the earth's surface. These images will provide a basis for the development of resources management techniques by scientists and officials in both industry and government.
Seminar on Heat and Mass Transfer
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The International Center for Heat and Mass Transfer is organizing a seminar on Heat and Mass Transfer in the Environment of Vegetation to be held in Trogir, Yugoslavia, August 26–30, 1974. The seminar will be an opportunity for cross‐disciplinary communication between heat and mass transfer specialists and workers in soil physics, micrometeorology, crop physiology, hydrology and physical ecology.The timing of the seminar has been planned to follow the International Soil Science Conference to be held in Moscow from August 12–20, to allow interested scientists to combine their attendance of this conference with that of the seminar.
Institute offers advanced study of atmospheres
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Scientists from five European countries, England, Canada, and the United States have organized a Summer Advanced Institute on Physics and Chemistry of Atmospheres to be held July 29–August, 9, 1974, at the University of Liège, Belgium. The institute is sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, the Defense Nuclear Agency, and Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory.The purpose of the institute is to present and adequately discuss experimental and theoretical results of current research and to help educate graduate and postdoctoral students and new researchers in the physical and chemical phenomena of atmospheres. The two‐week institute will offer about 40 one‐hour lecture periods, with adequate time for discussions, in which attention will be focused on multidisciplinary research bearing on important problems of the future and the identification of significant areas of agreement and disagreement. Courses will include structure and composition of the atmosphere, experimental measurements in the atmosphere and interpretation, physical processes, laboratory measurements of relevant rate coefficients, and atmospheres of other planets.