bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SENSORY CHARACTERIZATION OF CHEMICAL COMPONENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR CARDBOARD FLAVOR IN WHEY PROTEIN
Authors: WHITSON M.E. , MIRACLE R.E. , DRAKE M.A. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTCardboard flavor is one of the most commonly described off‐flavors in whey proteins. The objective of this research was to identify volatile components that are likely sources of cardboard flavor in dried whey protein concentrate and isolates and characterize them by sensory analysis. Cardboard and brown paper samples (n = 5) soaked in deionized water and whey proteins with and without cardboard flavor were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and descriptive sensory analysis to select the potential contributors to cardboard flavor. Compounds were evaluated by trained sensory panelists using sniff jars, dose‐response experiments and whey protein models. Sensory analysis of the aroma of the chemical standards yielded no single compound exhibiting a cardboard aroma, suggesting that cardboard flavor does not result from one compound but a combination. A combination of compounds (pentanal, heptanal, nonanal, 1‐octen‐3‐one, dimethyl trisulfide) elicited cardboard flavor in whey protein previously deemed free of cardboard flavor.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study established that a combination of pentanal, heptanal, nonanal, 1‐octen‐3‐one and dimethyl trisulfide elicited cardboard flavor in whey protein and can be utilized as a training reference for identifying cardboard flavor. The direct association of specific lipid oxidation products with cardboard flavor in whey protein emphasizes the necessity to control lipid oxidation to reduce this off‐flavor in whey protein ingredients. These compounds could potentially be utilized to instrumentally monitor cardboard flavor in whey protein. Hexanal, while a major indicator for lipid oxidation, was not directly indicative of cardboard flavor in whey protein.
On Becoming a Statistician—A Qualitative View
Authors: Petocz Peter , Reid Anna 
Published: April 2010

Summary In this paper, we highlight some qualitative facets of the discipline of statistics and argue that a qualitative approach, in particular a qualitative methodology known as phenomenography, allows us to research important aspects of statistics pedagogy. We summarize several components of our recent research into students' conceptions of statistics, their learning of statistics, our teaching of statistics, and their perceptions of their future professional work. We have obtained this information on the basis of analyses of several series of interviews with students studying statistics, both as statistics majors and as service students. In each of these cases, the broadest views relate in some way to personal connection, growth, and change. In other words, they contain a strong ontological component—focusing on being or becoming a statistician—above and beyond the standard epistemological component—focusing on the knowledge required to do statistics. We discuss the importance of personal change in becoming a statistician, or an informed professional user of statistics, and investigate the pedagogical conditions under which such change is likely to occur.
Oronasal fistula as a complication of sarcoid disease: case report and review of the literature
Authors: George K. , Cascarini L. , Bentley R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAim:  To report a new intraoral manifestation of sarcoid disease and review the literature.Methods:  We present a case of oronasal fistulation as a previously unreported complication of sarcoid disease. A review of the literature was carried out to find documented cases of the oral manifestations of sarcoid disease. The types of intraoral lesions identified were recorded.Results:  Seventy‐two documented cases of oral sarcoid disease were identified. Soft tissue lesions were the most common, described as nodular or ulcerative and having a predilection for the buccal mucosa. Bony lesions presented as asymptomatic swellings, non‐healing tooth sockets or mobile teeth. As far as we are aware, there are no reported cases of an oronasal fistula occurring as a complication of sarcoid disease.Conclusion:  Sarcoidosis is a multisystem non‐caseating, granulomatous condition of unknown aetiology, most commonly presenting in young adults. Pulmonary and lymph node involvement are common and although oral lesions can occur, these are rare. This is a case report of a man in his 40s who presented with symptoms associated with an oronasal fistula through the hard palate, secondary to sarcoid disease. To our knowledge, this has not been reported previously in the literature.
The continuing search for Mycobacterium tuberculosis involvement in sarcoidosis: a study on archival biopsy specimens
Authors: Svendsen Claus Bo , Milman Nils , Rasmussen Erik Michael , Thomsen Vibeke Østergaard , Andersen Claus Bøgelund , Krogfelt Karen Angeliki 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIntroduction:  Increasing evidence indicates that mycobacteria may be involved in the aetiology and pathophysiology of sarcoidosis.Objectives:  To investigate the association between Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection and sarcoidosis.Methods:  Mediastinal lymph node biopsy specimens (formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded) from 52 Danish patients with sarcoidosis, 50 patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy of other non‐mycobacterial causes (negative controls) and 12 patients with histologically and/or culture‐verified mycobacteriosis (positive controls) were included in the study. Biopsy samples were analysed for the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by strand displacement assay and a subset of specimens were examined for bacterial rRNA by fluorescent in situ hybridisation using an eubacterial probe with general bacterial specificity (EUB338).Results:  One patient with sarcoidosis displayed a positive M. tuberculosis complex test. All negative controls were negative in the test and 5/12 patients with mycobacteriosis were positive in the test. We detected M. tuberculosis complex DNA in 10‐year‐old biopsy samples. Thirty‐six samples were tested with the eubacterial probe; of these, 67% were positive with no difference between patients and controls.Conclusion:  Our results do not support the hypothesis that M. tuberculosis complex infection is involved in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. However, we stress the importance of excluding mycobacteriosis in the diagnostic workup of sarcoidosis patients.Please cite this paper as: Svendsen CB, Milman N, Rasmussen EM, Thomsen VØ, Andersen CB and Krogfelt KA. The continuing search for Mycobacterium tuberculosis involvement in sarcoidosis: a study on archival biopsy specimens. Clin Respir J 2011; 5: 99–104.
A case of refractory adult‐onset Still’s disease treated with anakinra
Authors: LAHIRI Manjari , TENG Gim‐Gee 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAdult‐onset Still’s disease (AOSD) often presents both a diagnostic and a therapeutic challenge. We report a 40‐year‐old Chinese woman, in whom multiple adjustments of drug combinations were required before successful control of the patient’s disabling symptoms. The patient failed multiple therapies including non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoid, methotrexate (MTX), cyclosporine, leflunomide and infliximab. Treatment was complicated by hyperglycemia, glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis, worsening hypertension and vaginal candidiasis. She suffered recurrent hospitalisation for active disease, developed carpal joint erosions and lost her employment over the course of 1 year. In view of refractoriness to multiple conventional therapies, anakinra was initiated in combination with MTX with a rapid and sustained improvement in clinical and laboratory parameters over 12 months. However, radiographic damage ensued despite aggressive therapies.
Pararenal retroperitoneal Castleman’s disease mimicking systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: KIM Ki‐Jo , CHO Chul‐Soo , CHOI Jin‐Jung 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA 41‐year‐old man diagnosed initially as probable systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) visited our hospital complaining of a persistent painful oral ulcer and multiple spots like coffee beans on his trunk. Antibodies except for anti‐dsDNA and anti‐histone antibodies and other serologies were negative. Conventional cytotoxic and immunomodulatory agents did not have any effect on these lesions. Computed tomography for evaluating persistent dry cough incidentally showed a huge mass in the left mid‐retroperitoneum. Surgical treatment was done and the final diagnosis was Castleman’s disease (CD). CD is a relatively rare disorder characterized by a massive non‐malignant tumor of lymphoid tissues, with unknown etiology. It commonly presents as a localized soft tissue mass within the mediastinum or neck, and rarely in the retroperitoneal space. Since some cases of CD may share systemic, immune and histopathologic features of autoimmune disease, exact diagnosis is difficult to make based on the clinical and laboratory clues alone. We report herein an unusual case with pararenal retroperitoneal CD mimicking SLE.
Retinopathy due to antimalarial drugs in patients with connective tissue diseases: are they so innocent? A single center retrospective study
Authors: KOBAK Senol , DEVECI Hulya 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIntroduction:  Antimalarial medications are basal active drugs used for the treatment of various rheumatological conditions. Their common side‐effects include eye damage.Aim:  The aim of this study is to determine the safety of antimalarial medications used for rheumatological conditions and the incidence of retinopathy.Material and methods:  Eighty‐five patients with rheumatological conditions, who were followed in our rheumatology clinics between 2005 and 2009 while under chloroquine (CQ) and/or hydroxychloroquine (HQ) treatment were included in the study. Indirect ophthalmoscopic examination with 90 dioptry lens, frontal segment examination and macular visual area test were applied to all patients. Severity of retinopathy was evaluated as mild initial defect in the macula, or severe visual area loss.Results:  Retinopathy findings were detected in 21 out of 85 patients (24.7%). Of these patients, 12 had mild initial defects while nine had severe visual area loss. Of 21 patients, eight were on HQ and 13 were on CQ treatment. Of the patients seen with findings of retinopathy, 17 had comorbid hypertension (HT) and six had diabetes mellitus (DM). Patients receiving CQ are under higher risk compared to those on HQ treatment (P = 0.001). Patient age, disease duration, HT and DM presence had no statistically significant effect on retinopathy development (P = 0.144, P = 0.305, P = 0.258, P = 0.395, respectively).Conclusion:  The incidence of retinopathy among patients using antimalarial medications as observed in this study was relatively high. Based on these results, it is essential to emphasize the importance of close monitoring in patients receiving antimalarial medications and evaluation of visual findings before treatment initiation.
Assessment of endothelial function as a marker of cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: KHAN Faisel 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe endothelium is a major regulator of cardiovascular function and maintains an atheroprotective role through several mechanisms, including vasodilatation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, having anticoagulant and profibrinolytic effects, and having an anti‐inflammatory effect. Early changes in the normal functioning of the endothelium are key initiating factors in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. These changes are present well before the presentation of clinical symptoms. Thus, researchers have focused much attention on developing methods for reliable non‐invasive testing of endothelial function to allow early detection and monitoring and progression of subclinical atherosclerosis. To date, there is a wide range of methods in use to assess endothelial function, each with its own advantages and limitations. Ideally, the tests should be non‐invasive to allow repeated measurements and be applicable in normal healthy subjects and also in children. Given the wide range of regulatory functions of the endothelium, it is not surprising that there is no single measure of endothelial function that provides all the necessary information regarding vascular integrity in different vascular beds. Therefore, a combination of tests examining different components of the vascular system is more appropriate. Since patients with rheumatoid arthritis have increased mortality due to cardiovascular disease, assessment of endothelial function could prove to be useful tools in the identification and monitoring of cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this review is to give a brief overview of some of the commonly used techniques for assessment of endothelial function, and in particular on those that have been used in studies of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Primary malignant melanoma in the oesophagus of a foal
Authors: Caston S. S. , Fales‐Williams A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA 2‐month‐old filly was evaluated for severe colic. Ultrasound, abdominocentesis and physical examination findings prompted an abdominal exploratory surgery. Perforation of the stomach was discovered during the surgery. The filly was humanely subjected to euthanasia under anaesthesia andpost mortemexamination was performed. In addition to gastric and duodenal ulceration, a thickened, black area of the proximal oesophagus was discovered. Histopathology of the lesion revealed primary malignant melanoma. Although rare, primary melanoma can occur in noncutaneous locations.
Minimax State/Residual-Energy Constrained Shapers for Flexible Structures: Linear Programming Approach
Authors: Vossler Matthew , Singh Tarunraj 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The focus of this paper is on the design of shaped profiles subject to transient state constraints and terminal energy limits. The issue of robustness to modeling errors is addressed by formulating a minimax optimization problem in a linear programming framework, permitting the generation of near-globally optimal shaped profiles. To illustrate the proposed technique, a deflection-limited/residual energy constrained, controller design for flexible structures undergoing rest-to-rest maneuvers will be presented. Techniques for improving robustness by the addition of state sensitivity equations, which increases the robustness in the vicinity of the nominal model, are explored. Results for the benchmark oscillator illustrate the benefit of the proposed approach over traditional designs.
Four‐dimensional intensity‐modulated radiation therapy planning for dynamic tracking using a direct aperture deformation (DAD) method
Authors: Gui Minzhi , Feng Yuanming , Yi Byongyong , Dhople Anil Arvind , Yu Cedric 
Published: April 2010

Purpose:Planning for the delivery of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to a moving target, referred to as four‐dimensional (4D) IMRT planning, is a crucial step for achieving the treatment objectives for sites that move during treatment delivery. The authors proposed a simplistic method that accounts for both rigid and nonrigid respiration‐induced target motion based on 4D computed tomography (4DCT) data sets.Methods:A set of MLC apertures and weights was first optimized on a reference phase of a 4DCT data set. At each beam angle, the apertures were morphed from the reference phase to each of the remaining phases according to the relative shape changes in the beam's eye view of the target. Three different planning schemes were evaluated for two lung cases and one pancreas patient: (1) Individually optimizing each breathing phase; (2) optimizing the reference phase and shifting the optimized apertures to other breathing phases based on a rigid‐body image registration; and (3) optimizing the reference phase and deforming the optimized apertures to the other phases based on the deformation and translation of target contours. Planning results using scheme 1 serves as the “gold standard” for plan quality assessment; scheme 2 is the method previously proposed in the literature; and scheme 3 is the method the authors proposed in this article. The optimization results were compared between the three schemes for all three cases.Results:The proposed scheme 3 is comparable to scheme 1 in plan quality, and provides improved target coverage and conformity with similar normal tissue dose compared with scheme 2.Conclusions:Direct aperture deformation method for 4D IMRT planning improves upon methods that only consider rigid‐body motion and achieves a plan quality close to that optimized for each of the phases.
Beam‐centric algorithm for pretreatment patient position correction in external beam radiation therapy
Authors: Bose Supratik , Shukla Himanshu , Maltz Jonathan 
Published: April 2010

Purpose:In current image guided pretreatment patient position adjustment methods, image registration is used to determine alignment parameters. Since most positioning hardware lacks the full six degrees of freedom (DOF), accuracy is compromised. The authors show that such compromises are often unnecessary when one models the planned treatment beams as part of the adjustment calculation process. The authors present a flexible algorithm for determining optimal realizable adjustments for both step‐and‐shoot and arc delivery methods.Methods:The beam shape model is based on the polygonal intersection of each beam segment with the plane in pretreatment image volume that passes through machine isocenter perpendicular to the central axis of the beam. Under a virtual six‐DOF correction, ideal positions of these polygon vertices are computed. The proposed method determines the couch, gantry, and collimator adjustments that minimize the total mismatch of all vertices over all segments with respect to their ideal positions. Using this geometric error metric as a function of the number of available DOF, the user may select the most desirable correction regime.Results:For a simulated treatment plan consisting of three equally weighted coplanar fixed beams, the authors achieve a 7% residual geometric error (with respect to the ideal correction, considered 0% error) by applying gantry rotation as well as translation and isocentric rotation of the couch. For a clinical head‐and‐neck intensity modulated radiotherapy plan with seven beams and five segments per beam, the corresponding error is 6%. Correction involving only couch translation (typical clinical practice) leads to a much larger 18% mismatch. Clinically significant consequences of more accurate adjustment are apparent in the dose volume histograms of target and critical structures.Conclusions:The algorithm achieves improvements in delivery accuracy using standard delivery hardware without significantly increasing total treatment session duration. It encourages parsimonious utilization of all available DOF. Finally, in certain cases, it obviates the need of a robotic couch having six DOF for the correction of patient displacement and rotations.
Contrast‐enhanced spectral mammography with a photon‐counting detector
Authors: Fredenberg Erik , Hemmendorff Magnus , Cederström Björn , Åslund Magnus , Danielsson Mats 
Published: April 2010

Purpose:Spectral imaging is a method in medical x‐ray imaging to extract information about the object constituents by the material‐specific energy dependence of x‐ray attenuation. The authors have investigated a photon‐counting spectral imaging system with two energy bins for contrast‐enhanced mammography. System optimization and the potential benefit compared to conventional non‐energy‐resolved absorption imaging was studied.Methods:A framework for system characterization was set up that included quantum and anatomical noise and a theoretical model of the system was benchmarked to phantom measurements.Results:Optimal combination of the energy‐resolved images corresponded approximately to minimization of the anatomical noise, which is commonly referred to as energy subtraction. In that case, an ideal‐observer detectability index could be improved close to 50% compared to absorption imaging in the phantom study. Optimization with respect to the signal‐to‐quantum‐noise ratio, commonly referred to as energy weighting, yielded only a minute improvement. In a simulation of a clinically more realistic case, spectral imaging was predicted to perform approximately 30% better than absorption imaging for an average glandularity breast with an average level of anatomical noise. For dense breast tissue and a high level of anatomical noise, however, a rise in detectability by a factor of 6 was predicted. Another improvement was found to be within reach for an optimized system.Conclusions:Contrast‐enhanced spectral mammography is feasible and beneficial with the current system, and there is room for additional improvements. Inclusion of anatomical noise is essential for optimizing spectral imaging systems.
A signature dissimilarity measure for trabecular bone texture in knee radiographs
Authors: Woloszynski T. , Podsiadlo P. , Stachowiak G. W. , Kurzynski M. 
Published: April 2010

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to develop a dissimilarity measure for the classification of trabecular bone (TB) texture in knee radiographs. Problems associated with the traditional extraction and selection of texture features and with the invariance to imaging conditions such as image size, anisotropy, noise, blur, exposure, magnification, and projection angle were addressed.Methods:In the method developed, called a signature dissimilarity measure (SDM), a sum of earth mover's distances calculated for roughness and orientation signatures is used to quantify dissimilarities between textures. Scale‐space theory was used to ensure scale and rotation invariance. The effects of image size, anisotropy, noise, and blur on the SDM developed were studied using computer generated fractal texture images. The invariance of the measure to image exposure, magnification, and projection angle was studied using x‐ray images of human tibia head. For the studies, Mann–Whitney tests with significance level of 0.01 were used. A comparison study between the performances of a SDM based classification system and other two systems in the classification of Brodatz textures and the detection of knee osteoarthritis (OA) were conducted. The other systems are based on weighted neighbor distance using compound hierarchy of algorithms representing morphology (WND‐CHARM) and local binary patterns (LBP).Results:Results obtained indicate that the SDM developed is invariant to image exposure (2.5–30 mA s), magnification, noise associated with film graininess and quantum mottle , blur generated by a sharp film screen, and image size . However, the measure is sensitive to changes in projection angle , image anisotropy , and blur generated by a regular film screen. For the classification of Brodatz textures, the SDM based system produced comparable results to the LBP system. For the detection of knee OA, the SDM based system achieved 78.8% classification accuracy and outperformed the WND‐CHARM system (64.2%).Conclusions:The SDM is well suited for the classification of TB texture images in knee OA detection and may be useful for the texture classification of medical images in general.