bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracheostomy in children: A population‐based experience over 17 years
Authors: Al‐Samri Mohammed , Mitchell Ian , Drummond Derek S. , Bjornson Candice 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIntroductionTracheostomy is a lifesaving intervention with numerous complications.ObjectivesWe describe the natural history of tracheostomy in children in a defined geographical area over a 17‐year period. Our primary aim is to stress the need for a consensus on pediatric tracheostomy care.MethodsThis retrospective study reviewed the charts of 72 children who had tracheostomy between January 1990 and January 2007. Indications for the procedure were divided into 3 groups: (1) upper airway obstruction at a well‐defined anatomic site (32 patients); (2) upper airway obstruction with a complex medical condition (24 patients); and (3) need for an access to the lower airway for long‐term ventilation and pulmonary care with normal airway anatomy (16 patients).ResultsThe most common indication for tracheostomy was upper airway obstruction due to subglottic stenosis (15 patients, 21%) or as part of a complex craniofacial syndrome (15 patients, 21%). The duration of intubation prior to tracheostomy and the duration of hospitalization after tracheostomy varied markedly. Tracheocutaneous fistulae complicated 15 of the 38 (37%) decannulated patients. Tracheostomy infection occurred in 90% of the patients and tracheal granulation in 56%. Eleven (15%) deaths occurred, 10 were due to the underlying medical illness and 1 to a mucous plug.ConclusionThe complications of tracheostomy in children are substantial. Surveillance and prompt interventions are necessary to overcome life‐threatening sequelae. A multidisciplinary (medical–surgical) approach provides better care for these highly vulnerable children. A consensus on pediatric tracheostomy care is needed. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:487–493. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term results of disodium etidronate treatment in pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis
Authors: Ozcelik Ugur , Yalcin Ebru , Arıyurek Macit , Ersoz Deniz Dogru , Cinel Guzin , Gulhan Bora , Kiper Nural 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare disease with alveolar microliths mainly composed of calcium phosphate. The gene responsible for the disease is SLC34A2, which encodes a type‐IIb sodium phosphate cotransporter, has been described recently. Treatment of this disease is not clearly defined. Disodium etidronate is a member of bisphonates and it has been administered in these patients due to its inhibitory effect on the precipitation of hydroxyapatite microcrystals. Here, clinical and radiological improvement of two patients with PAM who were treated with disodium etidronate for 9 and 11 years, respectively, are presented. The pathogenetic mechanism of this treatment on the genetic basis of disease is discussed. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:514–517. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of the herbal agent Pygeum africanum on cultured prostate stromal cells from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Authors: Quiles Maria T. , Arbós Maria A. , Fraga Antònia , de Torres Inés M. , Reventós Jaume , Morote Juan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrevious reports show that the herbal agent Pygeum africanum (PA) used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) inhibits proliferation of prostate stromal cells from BPH tissues. To determine underlying mechanisms, we compared proliferative and apoptotic responses to PA between BPH and non‐BPH prostate stromal cells with a focus on the specific reaction displayed by stromal cell subsets. An interaction of PA with growth factors and hormones was also investigated.METHODSPrimary prostate stromal cells from BPH/LUTS patients undergoing open prostatectomy (n = 3) and patients without benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) undergoing cystectomy (n = 3) were treated with PA. Cells were characterized by immunofluorescence. Sensitivity to PA was determined using proliferation assays. Apoptosis, transforming growth factor B1 (TGFB1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), vimentin, α smooth muscle actin (αSMA), and smoothelin expression were examined after PA treatment. Cell immunophenotype and proliferation were tested after incubating cells with PA plus either FGF2, TGFB1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or 17β‐estradiol (E2).RESULTSAntiproliferative potency and apoptosis induced by PA on stromal cells were increased in BPH versus non‐BPH cells. Apoptosis targeted αSMA+ cells, more abundant in BPH cells. Downregulation of TGFB1 expression was induced by PA. FGF2 increased cells sensitivity to PA. Incubation with other mitogenic factors like VEGF, DHT, and E2 decreased sensitivity to PA. Both TGFB1 and E2 blocked the antiproliferative activity of PA.CONCLUSIONSResults suggest that PA is antiproliferative and apoptotic on proliferative prostate fibroblasts and myofibroblasts but not on smooth muscle cells. Mechanisms of action include TGFB1 downregulation and inhibition of FGF2 specific signaling. Prostate 70: 1044–1053, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androgens regulate adenylate cyclase activity and intracellular calcium in stromal cells derived from human prostate
Authors: Oliver Victoria L. , Anderson Carrie , Ventura Sabatino , Haynes John M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDIncreased smooth muscle tone is a significant component of benign prostatic hyperplasia, the onset of which correlates with age and declining serum testosterone levels. This study investigates the effects of androgens on key regulators of smooth muscle tone: intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in human cultured prostatic stromal cells (HCPSC).METHODSHCPSC were cultured in the absence or presence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 3, 30, and 300 nM) or testosterone (0.3–300 nM) alone or in the presence of flutamide (10 µM). Changes in [Ca2+]i were determined in FURA‐2AM (10 µM) loaded cells. Changes in cAMP were determined by Alpha Screen® assay.RESULTSUp to 32% of cultured cells exhibited spontaneous elevations of [Ca2+]i. The frequency of these elevations was reduced by nifedipine (10 µM), ryanodine (1 µM), and the adenylate cyclase inhibitor MDL 12,330A (20 µM). Compared to steroid‐free cells, a 3‐day incubation of cells with testosterone (only 3 nM) elevated basal, but not peak [Ca2+]i. In the presence of flutamide, all concentrations of testosterone tested elevated basal, but not peak [Ca2+]i. DHT (30 and 300, but not 3 nM) lowered peak and basal [Ca2+]i. Increased testosterone concentration dependently decreased resting cell cAMP (pIC50: 7.64 ± 0.29 nM).CONCLUSIONSThese findings demonstrate that some HCPSC have the ability to spontaneously and transiently elevate [Ca2+]i. The magnitude of these [Ca2+]i peaks, along with resting levels of calcium and cAMP, appear to be regulated by androgens. Prostate 70: 1222–1232, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Saporin toxin‐conjugated monoclonal antibody targeting prostate‐specific membrane antigen has potent anticancer activity
Authors: Kuroda Kenji , Liu He , Kim Sae , Guo Ming , Navarro Vincent , Bander Neil H. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDProstate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) provides an attractive target for monoclonal antibody targeted therapies in the treatment of prostate cancer (PC). In this study, we generated an immunotoxin by linking a humanized anti‐PSMA monoclonal antibody (hJ591) to the ribosome‐inactivating protein toxin saporin. The hJ591–saporin immunoconjugate was evaluated for antitumor activity against PC cells.METHODSPSMA‐positive cell lines, LNCaP and CWR22Rv1 and a PSMA‐negative cell line, PC‐3, were used in these experiments. The hJ591 was biotinylated and mixed with streptavidin–saporin (SAZAP). The binding ability of hJ591–SAZAP and the extent of internalization into the cells were tested. The viability of cells treated with hJ591–SAZAP was also examined and the apoptotic cells were measured. Lastly, the anticancer effect of hJ591–SAZAP was investigated in vivo.RESULTSThe binding ability of hJ591–SAZAP to PSMA was equivalent to that of unconjugated J591. Internalization of hJ591–SAZAP was clearly detected in PSMA‐positive, but not in PSMA‐negative cell lines. IC50 of hJ591–SAZAP was 0.14 nM, 1.99 nM, and more than 100 nM in LNCaP, CWR22Rv1, and PC‐3 cells, respectively. After 72 hr of hJ591–SAZAP treatment, the percentage of apoptotic cells was 60.29% and 40.73% in LNCaP and CWR22Rv1 cells, respectively, compared to 4.70% in PC‐3 cells. The hJ591–SAZAP also had anticancer activity in a LNCaP xenograft model.CONCLUSIONSOur findings show that hJ591–SAZAP conjugate has potent and selective antitumor effects on PSMA‐positive PC cells in vitro and in vivo. This study supports development of PSMA antibody–toxin conjugates for therapy of PC. Prostate 70:1286–1294, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) inhibits the telomerase activity and gene expression of prostate cancer cells
Authors: Geier Rinat , Adler Shulamit , Rashid Gloria , Klein Ami 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDTelomerase, which lengthens telomeres, is normally down‐regulated in somatic cells and highly up‐regulated in dividing cells, such as malignant cells. Human prostate cancer is androgen dependent. Estrogens, including the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES), are used in prostate cancer treatment to reduce androgen levels via feedback inhibition of the hypothalamic release of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH‐RH). DES has also direct anticancer activities, such as apoptosis induction. We investigated in vitro the effect of DES on telomerase activity and on gene expression in the presence and absence of androgens. We used two prostate cancer cell lines: LNCaP (androgen dependent) and PC3 (androgen independent).METHODSLNCaP and PC3 cells were treated with 0.1–1,000 nM testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the presence of DES (25 or 50 µM). Cell telomerase activity and gene expression (mRNA) were measured.RESULTSLNCaP: As expected, testosterone and DHT significantly increased telomerase activity and gene expression. However, these effects were inhibited by DES. Contrary to expectations, the combination of DES and testosterone functioned synergistically leading to complete inhibition of telomerase activity. PC3: Testosterone and DHT did not affect telomerase activity and gene expression, whereas DES, in the absence or presence of the androgens, significantly inhibited telomerase activity.CONCLUSIONSIn the present study, we demonstrated the ability of DES to inhibit telomerase in prostate cancer cells. Androgens did not limit the inhibitory effect and even acted synergistically with DES in the LNCaP line. This phenomenon should be considered if telomerase inhibition is part of prostate cancer treatment. Prostate 70:1307–1312, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear roundness variance predicts prostate cancer progression, metastasis, and death: A prospective evaluation with up to 25 years of follow‐up after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Veltri Robert W. , Isharwal Sumit , Miller M. Craig , Epstein Jonathan I. , Partin Alan W. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDNuclear structure is often altered in cancer due to spatial rearrangements of chromatin organization via activation of oncogenes and other chromatin remodeling genes. Therefore, we evaluated the prognostic value of nuclear roundness variance (NRV) for prostate cancer (PCa) progression, metastasis and PCa‐specific death free survivals in a cohort of 116 men after radical prostatectomy (RP).METHODNRV was calculated for each case using the variance of the nuclear roundness from ∼150 nuclei captured at a magnification of 2,440× for each case in 1992–1993.

NRV data were merged with clinical, pathologic, and follow‐up data for all patients in 2009. Cox proportional hazards regression and Kaplan–Meier plots were employed to analyze the data.RESULTSMedian follow‐up time after RP for all patients was 19 years (range: 1–25 years, mean: 17 years), with ∼92% (107/116), 71% (82/116), and 47% (55/116) patients having ≥10, 15, and 20 years of follow‐up, respectively. NRV was the most significant parameter for prediction of all three outcomes and its concordance‐index (C‐Index) increased from progression (0.7080) to metastasis (0.7332) to PCa‐specific death (0.8090) free survival predictions. Of note, NRV C‐Index was significantly higher compared to Gleason Score C‐Index for metastasis (0.7332 vs. 0.6046; P = 0.027) and PCa‐specific death (0.8090 vs. 0.6336; P = 0.004) free survival predictions. However, the difference between NRV and Gleason Score C‐Indexes was not statistically significant for progression free survival prediction (0.7080 vs. 0.6463; P = 0.106).CONCLUSIONNRV is valuable nuclear structural feature that exceeds Gleason score to predict an aggressive phenotype of PCa. Prostate 70:1333–1339, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The flexible C‐terminal arm of the Lassa arenavirus Z‐protein mediates interactions with multiple binding partners
Authors: May Eric R. , Armen Roger S. , Mannan Aristotle M. , Brooks Charles L. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe arenavirus genome encodes for a Z‐protein, which contains a RING domain that coordinates two zinc ions, and has been identified as having several functional roles at various stages of the virus life cycle. Z‐protein binds to multiple host proteins and has been directly implicated in the promotion of viral budding, repression of mRNA translation, and apoptosis of infected cells. Using homology models of the Z‐protein from Lassa strain arenavirus, replica exchange molecular dynamics (MD) was used to refine the structures, which were then subsequently clustered. Population‐weighted ensembles of low‐energy cluster representatives were predicted based upon optimal agreement of the chemical shifts computed with the SPARTA program with the experimental NMR chemical shifts. A member of the refined ensemble was indentified to be a potential binder of budding factor Tsg101 based on its correspondence to the structure of the HIV‐1 Gag late domain when bound to Tsg101. Members of these ensembles were docked against the crystal structure of human eIF4E translation initiation factor. Two plausible binding modes emerged based upon their agreement with experimental observation, favorable interaction energies and stability during MD trajectories. Mutations to Z are proposed that would either inhibit both binding mechanisms or selectively inhibit only one mode. The C‐terminal domain conformation of the most populated member of the representative ensemble shielded protein‐binding recognition motifs for Tsg101 and eIF4E and represents the most populated state free in solution. We propose that C‐terminal flexibility is key for mediating the different functional states of the Z‐protein. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two‐dimensional polaron mass in ZnO quantum Hall systems
Authors: Imanaka Y. , Takamasu T. , Tampo H. , Shibata H. , Niki S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCyclotron resonance has been observed in ZnO heterostructures with dense two dimensional electron gas at a wide range of the sub‐millimeter wave up to 651 GHz. The typical carrier concentration of the sample is found to be higher than 1012 cm–2 from the Shubnikov de Haas oscillation measurement, and the quantum Hall effect has also been observed at high magnetic fields up to 25 T.The electron effective mass in the ZnO two dimensional system has just been determined as m* = 0.32 ± 0.01 m0 from the magnetic field dependence of the cyclotron resonance experiments. The obtained two dimensional mass is enhanced in comparison with the bare effective mass of three dimensional systems. It is partially due to the large electron‐phonon interaction in ZnO (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Initial studies on the occurrence of cyanobacteria and microcystins in Irish lakes
Authors: Mooney Karen M. , Hamilton John T. G. , Floyd Stewart D. , Foy Robert H. , Elliott Christopher T. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe report the results of a synoptic survey at 14 sites across the north of Ireland undertaken to determine the occurrence of cyanobacteria and their constituent microcystin cyanotoxins. Seven microcystin toxins were tested for, and five of which were found, with MC‐LR, MC‐RR, and MC‐YR being the most prevalent. Gomphosphaeria spp and Microcystis aeruginosa were the most dominant cyanobacterial species encountered. Together with Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae, these were the cyanobacteria associated with the highest microcystin concentrations. The occurrence of several microcystin toxins indicates that there may potentially be more than one cyanobacteria species producing microcystins at many sites. Total microcystin concentrations varied over three orders of magnitude dividing the sites into two groups of high (>1000 ngMC/μgChla, six sites) or low toxicity (<200 ngMC/μgChla, eight sites). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2010.
Quantitative somatosensory testing of subjects with chronic post‐traumatic headache: Implications on its mechanisms
Authors: Defrin Ruth , Gruener Hila , Schreiber Shaul , Pick Chaim G. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground: Chronic headache is one of the most prominent symptoms among subjects with traumatic head injury (THI). Despite the relatively high prevalence of chronic post‐traumatic headache (CPTHA) and its enormous effect on the already poor quality of life of subjects with THI, its mechanisms has not been studied in depth.Objective: To conducted quantitative somatosensory testing in THI subjects with and without chronic post‐traumatic headache (CPTHA) in order to shed light on the yet, unknown pathophysiology of CPTHA.Methods: THI subjects with and without CPTHA and healthy controls underwent thermal and mechanical threshold measurements in painful and pain‐free regions in the head and in their hands (a remote pain‐free region) and filled out and the post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) inventory. In addition, the THI and CPTHA filled out the Mc'Gill pain questionnaire (MPQ).Results: THI subjects with CPTHA had significantly higher thermal thresholds in both the head and hand indicating central damage to the pain and temperature system and in addition, a significantly lower pressure‐pain threshold in the head as well as more severe PTSD symptomatology than the pain‐free THI subjects and healthy controls.Conclusions: The sensory profile of subjects with CPTHA suggests that CPTHA may be a form of central pain. The cranial mechanical hyperalgesia may originate from peripheral tissue damage accompanying the THI. Psychological factors may contribute to the development, and maintenance of CPTHA in susceptible individuals.
Bilingual speech and language ecology in Greek Thrace: Romani and Pomak in contact with Turkish
Authors: Adamou Evangelia 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article examines the influence of language ecology on bilingual speech. It is based on first-hand data from two previously undocumented varieties of Romani and Pomak in contact with Turkish in Greek Thrace; in both cases Turkish is an important language for the community's identity. This analysis shows how the Romani-Turkish “fused lect” was produced by intensive and extensive bilingualism through colloquial contact with the trade language, Turkish. In addition, it shows how semi-sedentary Pomak speakers had limited, institutional contact with Turkish, resulting in more traditional codeswitching and emblematic lexical borrowings. (Language contact, bilingual speech, fused lect, language ecology, Pomak, Romani, Turkish, Greece)*
MESOAMERICAN ETHNOHISTORY
Authors: Berdan Frances F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractResearch in Mesoamerican ethnohistory has made great strides over the past few decades. Innovations and refinements in the field follow several themes, including increased availability and more sophisticated interpretations of pictorial codices, the bringing to light of additional documentary materials and their translations, an increase in research on colonial life, a continuing interest in the Spanish conquest itself, and the development of particularly useful interpretations and perspectives from anthropology, history, and art history. Building on these themes, ethnohistory is in a position to further develop documentary analyses and text translations, encourage multidisciplinary and comparative research endeavors, and generate more sophisticated models for understanding culture change.
Reproduction of Inflectional Markers in French-Speaking Children With Reading Impairment
Authors: St-Pierre Marie-Catherine , Béland Renée 
Published: April 2010

PurposeChildren with reading impairment (RI) experience difficulties in oral and written production of inflectional markers. The origin of these difficulties is not well documented in French. According to some authors, acquisition of irregular items by typically developing children is predicted by token frequency, whereas acquisition of regular items is predicted by type frequency. The authors hypothesized that acquisition of inflectional markers in French depends on the distribution of irregular, invariable, and regular (transparent) items within a grammatical category.MethodFifteen children with RI age matched with 15 children with typical reading development repeated and read aloud sentences containing adjectives inflected for gender and verbs inflected for number. Inflected adjectives and verbs were matched for token frequency and phonological complexity, whereas distribution of invariable, transparent, and irregular items differed within each grammatical category.ResultsResults show higher error rates in the RI group, who produced more errors in reading than repetition, and more errors on inflected verbs than adjectives. Error distribution varied with the proportion of invariable, irregular, and transparent items within each grammatical category, confirming the authors' hypothesis.ConclusionThe authors concluded that morphological difficulties of children with RI group originated from a delay in extracting systematicity in verb and adjective inflectional marking.
An experimental and theoretical study of the mixing characteristics of a periodically reoriented irrotational flow
Authors: Metcalfe Guy , Lester Daniel , Ord Alison , Kulkarni Pandurang , Rudman Murray , Trefry Mike , Hobbs Bruce , Regenaur-Lieb Klaus , Morris Jeffery 
Published: April 2010

The minimum-energy method to generate chaotic advection should be to use an irrotational flow. However, irrotational flows have no saddle connections to perturb in order to generate chaotic orbits. To the early work of Jones & Aref (Jones & Aref 1988
Phys. Fluids
31
, 469–485 (
doi:10.1063/1.866828
)) on potential flow chaos, we add periodic reorientation to generate chaotic advection with irrotational experimental flows. Our experimental irrotational flow is a dipole potential flow in a disc-shaped Hele-Shaw cell called the
rotated potential mixing
flow; it leads to chaotic advection and transport in the disc. We derive an analytical map for the flow. This is a partially open flow, in which parts of the flow remain in the cell forever, and parts of it pass through with residence-time and exit-time distributions that have self-similar features in the control parameter space of the stirring. The theory compares well with the experiment.