bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A randomized controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of professional oral care by dental hygienists
Authors: Sato T , Abe T , Ichikawa M , Fukushima Y , Nakamoto N , Koshikiya N , Kobayashi A , Yoda T 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Objectives: This study was designed to compare professional oral care (POC) by a dental hygienist with tooth brushing and mouth rinsing by patients themselves according to the instructions of a nurse (control).Methods: Forty patients were randomly assigned to either the POC group (n = 20) or control group (n = 20). The presence of plaque and bacteria was assessed clinically.Results: One patient in the POC group and three patients in the control group dropped out because of exacerbation of underlying disease or death. Plaque control record scores were significantly lower in the POC group than in the control group on the fifth hospital day and the day of discharge. There was no significant difference between the groups in the detection rate of Candida species; and nosocomial pathogens on either day.Conclusions: Professional oral care by a dental hygienist is more effective than tooth brushing and mouth rinsing by patients themselves according to the instructions of a nurse.
Legionella pneumophila contamination of a dental unit water line system in a dental teaching centre
Authors: Ma’ayeh SY , Al‐Hiyasat AS , Hindiyeh MY , Khader YS 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Objective:  This study aimed to evaluate the extent of Legionella pneumophila contamination in a dental unit water line (DUWL) at a Dental Teaching Centre in Jordan.Methods:  Ten dental units were sampled from each teaching clinic, namely conservative dentistry, periodontology and prosthodontics. Samples were collected from the air/water syringe, high‐speed hand piece and water cup filler. Sampling time was at the beginning of the working day (before the dental unit was used), after 2 min of flushing, and at midday.Results:  Legionella pneumophila counts ranged between 0 and 8.35 × 103 (CFU ml−1). Legionella pneumophila was detected in 86.7% of the dental units at the beginning of the working day, 40% after 2 min flushing and 53.3% at midday. The highest L. pneumophila counts were found at the beginning of the working day which were reduced by flushing the waterlines. The conservative dentistry clinic had the highest contamination level followed by the periodontology and prosthodontics clinics (P < 0.05). The rate of contamination can be ascribed to the dental procedures performed in the clinics, the degree of using the hand pieces, and water softening and heating.Conclusions:  The difficulty of completely eliminating micro‐organism contaminating water used for dental treatment and the resulting biofilm suggest that flushing of DUWL can be a first solution in reducing L. pneumophila counts, while the incorporation of a disinfection method is highly recommended. Water heating and softening should be considered in practicing dentistry as factors that may aid in L. pneumophila proliferation inside the DUWL.
Seasonal and annual variability in the quality of important forage plants on Banks Island, Canadian High Arctic
Authors: Larter Nicholas C. , Nagy John A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. In vitro acid‐pepsin digestibility (IVDMD), crude protein (CP), fibre, lignin, and energy content were measured for a variety of forage plants collected annually from Banks Island over five summers and three winters from 1993–1998.Summer samples were collected during mid‐June (start of growing season), mid‐July (peak of growing season), and mid‐late August (senescence). Winter samples were collected in early (November), mid‐ (February), and late‐ (April/May) winter. Samples, collected in areas of both high and low muskox density, included Carex aquatilis, unidentified Carex, Salixarctica, Dryasintegrifolia, Cassiope tetragona, Saxifraga spp., Astragalus spp., Oxytropis spp., lichen, and grass. Seasonal dynamics in forage quality during the growing season were similar to those reported elsewhere in the arctic and high arctic and were consistent across years. However, there were significant year effects in lignin, fibre, and energy content of forages and the crude protein (CP) content of C. aquatilis in winter, indicating annual differences in the quality of forage available to herbivores. The quality of forages on Banks Island was similar between areas subjected to different densities of muskox (ca. 1.6–1.9 versus 0.3 ‐ 0.4/km2) implying that quality was not affected by these grazing intensities. The Banks Island high arctic ecosystem supports an abundance of herbivores. It has been hypothesized that this is because forage quality and/or quantity are superior on Banks Island than elsewhere in the high arctic. Our results regarding forage quality are equivocal. Although the maximum CP content of forages from Banks Island was generally higher than reported elsewhere in the arctic and high arctic, CP content reported elsewhere fell within the interannual range reported from Banks Island. Fibre and energy content of forages from Banks Island were similar to slightly lower than elsewhere in the arctic and high arctic. Such comparisons must be considered in light of the interannual variability in quality we report.
ZONAL CENTRIFUGATION OF SOLUBLE IMMUNE COMPLEXES
Authors: Hill R. J. , Steensgaard J. 
Published: August 2010

In an attempt to determine the distribution of soluble complexes formed when 131I‐labelled HSA reacts with fluorescein labelled anti‐HSA we have used zonal centrifugation in A sucrose gradient combined with a subsequent analysis of the cuts by radioactivity, fluorescence and polarization of fluorescence measurements. The method is both reproducible and sensitive, and has a potential advantage over other methods for separating soluble complexes in that the sedimentation coefficients as well as antibody ratio of the complexes can be determined on microgram quantities of sample.Using this method, we have been able to follow the dissociation of antigen‐antibody complexes with time, and to demonstrate the building up of large numbers of complexes at the equivalence zone. Full technical details of the method are given, together with suggestions for further improvements.
Twentieth‐Century Re‐Workings of the Victorian Novel
Authors: Moore Grace 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis essay offers an overview of recent critical studies of the neo‐Victorian novel alongside a discussion of revisions of Victorian writing from the 1880s to the present day. The piece seeks to examine some of the recent critical debates surrounding what Robin Gilmour has termed ‘using’ the nineteenth century. It will map the trajectory of these revisions from the late nineteenth century to the present day to consider how and why Victorian novels and cultural icons continue to be re‐worked, and what makes the Victorians such an attractive source for writers and artists.
Fasting Serum Leptin Level Correlates With Mid‐Arm Fat Area in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Fang Te‐Chao , Lee Chung‐Jen , Wang Chih‐Hsien , Liou Hung‐Hsiang , Hsu Bang‐Gee 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLeptin correlates with body fat content and plays a pivotal role in inflammatory response. This study aimed to investigate the relationships of fasting serum leptin levels and the anthropometric fat components among peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Fasting blood samples were obtained from 40 PD patients. Leptin levels were measured using a commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kit. Body weight (r = 0.424; P = 0.006), waist circumference (r = 0.352; P = 0.026), body mass index (BMI; r = 0.483; P = 0.002), body fat mass (r = 0.352; P = 0.026), high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP; r = 0.494; P = 0.001), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF; r = 0.505; P = 0.001), mid‐arm circumference (MAC; r = 0.471; P = 0.002), and mid‐arm fat area (MAFA; r = 0.564; P < 0.001) were positively correlated, while high density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol (r = −0.345; P = 0.028) was negatively correlated with fasting serum leptin levels among the PD patients. Multivariate forward stepwise linear regression analysis showed that MAFA (R2 = 0.318, P = 0.011) was the independent predictor of fasting serum leptin levels among the PD patients. In conclusion, fasting leptin level was positively associated with body fat composition (body weight, waist circumference, BMI, body fat mass, TSF, MAC, and MAFA) and hs‐CRP among PD patients, and MAFA was the independent predictor of fasting serum leptin levels among the PD patients.
PROCESSING OF LEGUMES: RESISTANT STARCH AND DIETARY FIBER CONTENTS
Authors: MAHADEVAMMA S. , THARANATHAN R.N. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT Resistant starch (RS) and dietary fiber contents of differently processed Bengal gram (chickpea), black gram, green gram and red gram (pigeon pea) dhals were determined. In traditionally cooked dhals, RS increased 1.6 to 9 fold, whereas pressure cooked dhals showed a 2.1 to 8 fold increase over that of uncooked dhals. Deep fat frying of a black gram food product resulted in a 3 fold increase in RS. Germination of the whole legumes resulted in only a small increase in RS; but the content of insoluble dietary fiber was higher. Pressure‐cooking of red gram dhal in the presence of additives showed considerable variation in the yield recovery of RS. Lactic acid and ascorbic acid, added after cooking, enhanced (>100%) RS; addition of hydrocolloids had only marginal effects; whereas addition of spice powder before cooking lowered RS, an effect similar to the one observed upon addition of oils/lipids.
FOREIGN BODY DETECTION IN FOODS USING THE ULTRASOUND PULSE/ECHO METHOD
Authors: ZHAO BOSEN , JIANG YING , BASIR OTMAN A. , MITTAL GAURI S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT A “Foreign Body” (FB) is any undesirable piece of solid matter (metal, glass, stone, plastic) present in a food product. It is naturally desirable by the food industry that all FBs are detected and removed before they reach the customer. A FB detector was developed based on the ultrasound pulse/echo method. Unlike the time‐gating for flaw detection by nondestructive testing (NDT), a FB is detected by examining the amplitude ratios between the echoes from the container's outer and inner surfaces. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the ability of the proposed system to detect glass pieces in packed beverages and other foods.
SPICES AND HERBS: THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ITS DETERMINATION1
Authors: ZAIKA LAURA L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThroughout the years numerous investigations concerning the inhibition of microorganisms by spices, herbs, their extracts, essential oils and various constituents have been reported. Many of these materials possess significant antimicrobial activity, which in many cases is due primarily to a particular constituent. Interpretation and comparison of results of various studies is complicated by variations in the methodology used for the determination of antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity varies depending on the microorganism, the spice or herb and the test medium. These and other factors are examined in the light of their effect on the outcome of the test method.
IMPACT OF FOOD GRADE ANTIOXIDANTS ON PEANUT PODS AND SEEDS MYCOFLORA IN STORAGE SYSTEM FROM CÓRDOBA, ARGENTINA
Authors: PASSONE M.A. , BLUMA R. , NESCI A. , RESNIK S. , ETCHEVERRY M.G. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT A 5‐month (2005) study was conducted in Argentina to determine the effect of food‐grade antioxidants (butylated hydroxyanisole [BHA], butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT] and propyl paraben [PP]) alone and in mixtures on fungal spoilage from stored peanuts. Five experimental containers were filled with 200 kg of bulk peanuts. Four of them were treated with BHA (10 mM), BHA‐PP mixture (10 + 10 mM) and BHA‐PP‐BHT mixtures (10 + 5 + 10 mM) and (10 + 10 + 10 mM). Fungal counts from peanuts treated with binary and ternary mixtures were often significantly reduced. A total of 10,997 fungal isolates were identified from the control pod and seed tissues in the six samplings done compared to 5,164, 1,469, 1,217 and 1,228 fungi isolated from silos 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Ninety‐eight percent of all fungi isolated were Deuteromycetes and Ascomycetes. Fungal isolation was greater from pod (91.9%) than from seed tissues. The most common fungi identified included Penicillium, Aspergillus, Monascus, Eurotium and Fusarium spp. Isolation frequencies of Penicillium spp. from both peanut tissues treated with antioxidant mixtures were reduced about of 82.5%. Along the storage period, the reduction percentages of Aspergillus spp. counts by antioxidant mixtures were estimated in 74.5%. The fungal genus more sensitive to the antioxidants action was Fusarium spp.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThese results indicate that the application of food‐grade antioxidant mixtures, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)‐propyl paraben (PP) and BHA‐PP‐butylated hydroxytoluene, on peanuts for human consumption at storage level could preserve peanut quality by significant fungal reductions at the allowed exporting level.
RELATIONSHIP OF WATER ACTIVITY TO CONE CRISPNESS AS ASSESSED BY POSITIONAL RELATIVE RATING
Authors: GOERLITZ CHRISTINE D. , HARPER W. JAMES , DELWICHE JEANNINE F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT The current industry standard for the assessment of ice cream cone crispness is a relatively complex instrumental measurement that more directly measures hardness than crispness. The objective of this research was to identify a simpler instrumental measure that corresponds to the consumer perception of crispness in ice cream cones. Uniform cone pieces were equilibrated to three different water activity (Aw) levels and 50 untrained judges rated crisp intensity of the pieces at each Aw level twice on a 10‐point line scale using positional relative rating. Significant differences in perceived crispness between the three different Aw levels were found for two different cone types. No significant difference was found between replications. Correlation coefficients between perceived crispness and Aw were r = −0.999 (P < 0.01) for two different cones types. These findings suggest that Aw is a simple instrumental measure of crispness in sugar cones.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study contained two key findings. First, they show that water activity is highly correlated with the consumer perception of cone crispness, making it an excellent way to monitor crispness over time and from batch to batch. Second, these findings confirm that, as has been previously shown with model systems, positional relative rating reduces variability across replications when used with actual products. It also demonstrates that it can be used effectively with untrained consumers.
TOTAL POLYPHENOL CONTENT AND PERCEIVED ASTRINGENCY OF YERBA MATE “ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS” INFUSIONS
Authors: TAMASI O.P. , FILIP R. , FERRARO G. , CALVIÑO A.M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT The relation of total polyphenol content and dynamical astringency was investigated on infusions of yerba mate (YM) (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hilaire), a mild stimulant beverage habitually consumed in South America. YM is a heterogeneous mixture of leaves and small sticks giving place to the types with sticks (YM‐S) and without sticks (YM‐L) according to the composition. Phytochemical and sensory analysis on three brands of each YM type were performed in order to know if there are differences between types and among brands of the same type. Total polyphenol content, determined by spectrophotometry in six YM infusions at 5% w/v, showed that chlorogenic acid levels were higher for two brands of the YM‐L type. Time–intensity (TI) curves revealed that infusions prepared with YM‐S lowered their maximal perceived astringency. Neither the type nor the brand of YM assessed affected temporal parameters of astringency TI curves. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSDynamic sensory analysis showed its effectiveness to reflect differences in astringent perception of infusions of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hilaire); the presence of sticks in this commodity lowered maximum intensity of astringency. No significant differences were found between these infusions for the remaining time–intensity parameters evaluated.
SENSORY ANALYSES OF NORWAY LOBSTER TREATED WITH DIFFERENT ANTIMELANOSIS AGENTS
Authors: GÓMEZ‐GUILLÉN M.C. , LÓPEZ‐CABALLERO M.E. , MARTÍNEZ‐ÁLVAREZ O. , MONTERO P. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT Several antimelanosis formulations were used to compare the sensorial quality loss of fresh Norway lobster during ice‐chilled storage, by applying a designed grading system based on an overall sensory score (quality index). A first experiment was conducted with Norway lobster treated conventionally with a commercial sulfite‐based product. A subsequent experiment was done using known concentrations of sulfites and 4‐hexylresorcinol (4‐HR). The presence of antimelanotics was responsible for a limited perception of changes in melanosis and yellow/greenish discolorations in the head during the first 7 days of storage, especially in the lots treated with 4‐HR. Norway lobster treated with 4% commercial sulfites was considered unacceptable at around 9 days of storage. However, 4‐HR‐based formulations delayed the rejection point up to day 13 and 14 when using concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1% of 4‐HR, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSA simple and practical grading system is proposed, based on the assignment of demerit points to several quality attributes of raw Norway lobster during chilled storage. The presence of antimelanotics is responsible for a limited perception of visual changes related to freshness loss; thus, odor is a main quality indicator, highly differentiated as compared to the other sensory attributes. In this context, the shelf life has been proved to be increased by the addition of 4‐hexylresorcinol as antimelanotic agent, instead of the more conventional sulfites.
Review article: a cardiologist's view of the risks and benefits of cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors, aspirin and other non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs
Authors: BONNET J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryCyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors are very interesting drugs, capable of inhibiting the main source of inflammatory prostaglandins in the joint while also avoiding gastrointestinal complications.Unfortunately, double‐blind studies have clearly demonstrated that cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 agents increase cardiovascular risk. This phenomenon appears to be a class effect although it seems to be less pronounced with celecoxib. These adverse cardiovascular events are mainly due to an elevated thrombotic risk and are possibly linked to the increase in blood pressure. The decision about whether to continue with cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 treatment can only be undertaken after consideration of both the cardiovascular risk and the gastrointestinal risk of an individual patient.In contrast, low‐dose aspirin continues to be the simplest and most effective way to prevent cardiovascular disease. However, the increased risk of adverse gastrointestinal events associated with aspirin use, such as gastrointestinal bleeding and intracerebral bleeding, must not be forgotten. Ideally, the prescription of low‐dose aspirin should be avoided for low cardiovascular risk patients and reserved for those patients with high or intermediate cardiovascular risk. In these patients, the risk of gastrointestinal events should prompt the prescription of a gastroprotectant, such as a proton‐pump inhibitor, to be taken concomitantly, which will help avoid the significant problem of non‐compliance in high cardiovascular risk patients.
Review article: low‐dose aspirin, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and cyclo‐oxygenase inhibitors – balancing risks and benefits
Authors: CHAN F. K.‐L. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of patients using aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular events and also other non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, including cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors, for the treatment of arthritis. However, aspirin and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are associated with an increase in gastrointestinal risk. Recent studies have shown that cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors, and possibly non‐selective non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, increase the cardiovascular risk.In patients taking aspirin, the ‘gold standard’ therapy to reduce gastrointestinal risk is concomitant therapy with a gastroprotective agent, such as a proton‐pump inhibitor. Other gastroprotective agents, such as misoprostol, while equally effective may be associated with a higher proportion of adverse events. Helicobacter pylori infection has been shown to increase the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with low‐dose aspirin. Emerging data suggest that the eradication of H. pylori reduces the gastrointestinal risk of high‐risk aspirin users. Other antiplatelet agents such as clopidogrel that were thought to be non‐ulcerogenic have been widely used as alternatives to aspirin. However, recent studies have shown that clopidogrel induces an unacceptably high rate of ulcer bleeding in high‐risk patients.When prescribing non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs therapy, treatment needs to be individualized according to the patients’ gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risk factors.
SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY IN THE GORBACHEVERA: A POST‐REALIST EXPLANATION OF STATE ACTION
Authors: Ballard E. Peny 
Published: August 2010

Understanding the general principles of state action and the practice of governments is a necessary basis for attempts to refine theory or to extend the analysis to non‐state actors. Approaches using new concepts may be able to supplement, enrich, or extend a basic theory of state action, but they cannot substitute for it.Robert Keohane (1986, 159)
SOCS proteins causing trouble in insulin action
Authors: Lebrun P. , Van Obberghen E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFirst discovered as inhibitors of cytokine signalling, the suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins have appeared, over recent years, as potent repressors of other signalling pathways including the one induced by insulin. SOCS‐1 and SOCS‐3 have been extensively studied both in vitro and in vivo in the context of insulin action. It has been shown that these two SOCS members are able to inhibit the insulin signalling pathway by three different mechanisms: (1) inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins because of competition at the docking site on the insulin receptor (IR), (2) induction of the proteasomal degradation of the IRS and (3) inhibition of the IR kinase. A key feature of the SOCS proteins is that they are induced regulators. Indeed, expression of SOCS proteins is virtually absent in basal conditions, but is rapidly and robustly induced in response to several stimuli such as hormones, cytokines and growth factors. A significant correlation between SOCS‐3 expression and insulin resistance has been demonstrated in vivo. Interestingly, the level of SOCS‐3 expression is strikingly enhanced in insulin‐sensitive tissues from both patients and animal models with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. While it remains to be established whether the increased expression of SOCS is a cause or a consequence of insulin resistance, a large body of observations supports a role for SOCS proteins in the disease process found in states with insulin resistance.