bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Productive infection of Piscirickettsia salmonis in macrophages and monocyte‐like cells from rainbow trout, a possible survival strategy
Authors: Rojas Verónica , Galanti Norbel , Bols Niels C. , Marshall Sergio H. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPiscirickettsia salmonis is the etiologic agent of the salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS), an endemic disease which causes significant losses in salmon production. This intracellular bacterium is normally cultured in salmonid epithelial cell lines inducing characteristic cytopathic effects (CPEs). In this study we demonstrate that P. salmonis is able to infect, survive, replicate, and propagate in the macrophages/monocytes cell line RTS11 derived from rainbow trout spleen, without inducing the characteristic CPEs and the host cells showing the same expression levels as non‐infected control cell. On the other hand, bacteria were capable of expressing specific proteins within infected cells. Infected macrophages cease proliferation and a fraction of them detached from the plate, transform to non‐adhesive, monocyte‐like cells with proliferative activity. Productive infection of P. salmonis into salmonid macrophage/monocyte cells in culture provides an excellent model for the study of host–pathogen interactions, almost unknown in the case of P. salmonis. Our results suggest that the infection of cells from the salmonid innate immune system without inducing an important cell death response should lead to the persistence of the bacteria and consequently their dissemination to other tissues, favoring the evasion of the first line of defense against pathogens. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 631–637, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution of the fibrinolytic pathway to hematopoietic regeneration
Authors: Heissig Beate , Ohki Makiko , Ishihara Makoto , Tashiro Yoshihiko , Nishida Chiemi , Gritli Ismael , Rosenkvist Jeanette , Hattori Koichi 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can differentiate and proliferate in response to hematopoietic stress (e.g., myelosuppression, infections, and allergic reactions), thereby ensuring a well‐regulated supply of mature and immature hematopoietic cells within the circulation and prompt adjustment of blood cell levels within normal ranges. The recovery of tissues and organs from hematopoietic stress (e.g., myelosuppression or ionizing irradiation) is dependent on two cell types: resident HSCs which repopulate the bone marrow (BM) cavity, and stromal cells. BM regeneration critically depends on the release of soluble factors from cells such as stromal cells, a process regulated by proteases. Two proteolytic systems, the fibrinolytic system and the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), have recently been shown to be involved in this process (Heissig B, 2007, Cell Stem Cell 1: 658–670). The plasminogen/plasmin system is mostly recognized for its fibrinolytic activity, but it is also involved in processes such as cell invasion, chemotaxis, growth factor activity modulation, and tissue remodeling. This review focuses on the role of plasmin and its activators as key players in controlling the hematopoietic stress response after myelosuppression (hematopoietic regeneration). Aspects of plasmin regulation, especially regulation of its ability to activate MMPs and the functional consequences of this enzyme activation, such as plasmin‐mediated release of biologically relevant cytokines from the matrix and cell surfaces, will be discussed. J. Cell. Physiol. 221: 521–525, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two types of organophosphate pesticides and their combined effects on heterotrophic growth rates in activated sludge process
Authors: Pai Tzu‐Yi , Wang Shun‐Cheng , Lin Ching‐Yuan , Liao Wan‐Chun , Chu Hsiao‐Hsing , Lin Tung‐Sheng , Liu Chun‐Chih , Lin Shu‐Wen 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Pesticides are sometimes non‐biodegradable and, moreover, toxic to microorganisms. If pesticides exceed the tolerance of microorganisms, failure of the activated sludge process (ASP) occurs. Therefore the effects of two types of organophosphate pesticides on heterotrophic growth rate constant in sludge from ASP were investigated. Oxygen uptake rate was employed to measure the rate constants.RESULTS: The results indicated that the value of heterotrophic growth rate constant decreased from 3.88 d−1 to 1.46 d−1 or by 62% when 0.5 mg L−1 of glyphosate was added. When adding 0.5 mg L−1 of malathion, the value of heterotrophic growth rate constant decreased to 1.33 d−1 or by 66%. The value of heterotrophic growth rate constant decreased to 1.98 d−1 or by 49% when 0.5 mg L−1 of pesticide combination (50% for each) was added.CONCLUSIONS: The inhibitory effects of glyphosate and malathion were in good agreement with non‐competitive inhibition kinetics, but pesticide combination did not follow non‐competitive kinetics. The inhibition coefficient values for glyphosate, malathion and their combination were 0.29, 0.29 and 0.58 mg L−1, respectively. For comparison, linear and exponential types of models were derived by regression. According to non‐competitive kinetics, and linear and exponential models, the inhibitory effects of glyphosate and malathion were almost consistent. Finally, the degree of inhibition was simulated using different types of model. It was found that the toxicity of the two pesticides agreed with the antagonism well. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Measurement of the overall volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in alkane‐aqueous dispersions
Authors: Correia Leslie DC , Clarke Kim G 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: A reliable procedure for the determination of the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (KLa) in hydrocarbon–aqueous dispersions is critical to the assessment of oxygen transfer in hydrocarbon‐based bioprocesses. The pressure step procedure (PSP) and gassing out procedure (GOP) for KLa determination were evaluated in n‐C10–13 alkane–aqueous dispersions over agitation rates (600 to 1200 rpm) and alkane concentrations (up to 20%) typical of hydrocarbon‐based bioprocesses.RESULTS: KLa from the procedures diverged progressively as agitation increased, with KLa underprediction attenuated at high alkane. At 1200 rpm and 5% alkane, KLa from the GOP was underpredicted by 49%. Compared with KLa from the PSP, KLa from the PSP without nitrogen transport was the same, but KLa from the PSP without response lag (PSP‐lag) was underpredicted by approximately 50% at 1200 rpm. Moreover, KLa from the PSP‐lag was lower than KLa from the GOP, except at 1200 rpm and alkane concentration up to 5%.CONCLUSION: The PSP was superior to the GOP in alkane–aqueous dispersions, particularly at extreme agitation and low alkane concentrations. This was attributable to the probe response lag and the non‐uniformity of gas composition inherent in the GOP and independent of the rate of coincident nitrogen transport. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Ambient imaging mass spectrometry by electrospray ionization using solid needle as sampling probe
Authors: Chen Lee Chuin , Yoshimura Kentaro , Yu Zhan , Iwata Rikiya , Ito Hajime , Suzuki Hiroaki , Mori Kunihiko , Ariyada Osamu , Takeda Sen , Kubota Takeo , Hiraoka Kenzo 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAlthough being an atmospheric pressure ion source, electrospray ionization (ESI) has rarely been used directly for ambient imaging mass spectrometry because the sample has to be introduced as liquid solution through the capillary. Instead of capillary, probe electrospray ionization (PESI), which has been developed recently, uses a solid needle as the sampling probe, as well as the electrospray emitter, and has been applied not only for liquid solutions but also for the direct sampling on wet samples. Biological tissues are composed of cells that contain 70–90% water, and when the surface is probed by the needle tip, the biological fluid adhering to the needle can be electrosprayed directly or assisted by additional solvent added onto the needle surface. Here, we demonstrate ambient imaging mass spectrometry of mouse brain section using PESI, incorporated with an auxiliary heated capillary sprayer. The solvent vapor generated from the sprayer condensed on the needle tip, re‐dissolving the adhered sample, and at the same time, providing an indirect means for needle cleaning. The histological sections were prepared by fixation using paraformaldehyde, and the spatial analysis was automated by maintaining an equal sampling depth into the sample in addition to raster scan. Phospholipids and galactosylceramides were readily detected from the mouse brain section in the positive ion mode, and were mapped with 60 µm lateral resolution to form mass spectrometric images. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial variation of soil test phosphorus in a long‐term grazed experimental grassland field
Authors: Fu Weijun , Tunney Hubert , Zhang Chaosheng 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe spatial variation of soil test P (STP) in grassland soils is becoming important because of the use of STP as a basis for policies such as the recently EU‐introduced Nitrate Directive. This research investigates the spatial variation of soil P in grazed grassland plots with a long‐term (38 y) experiment. A total of 326 soil samples (including 14 samples from an adjacent grass‐wood buffer zone) were collected based on a 10 × 10 m2grid system. The samples were measured for STP and other nutrients. The results were analyzed using conventional statistics, geostatistics, and a geographic information system (GIS).Soil test P concentrations followed a lognormal distribution, with a median of 5.30 mg L–1and a geometric mean of 5.35 mg L–1. Statistically significant (p< 0.01) positive correlation between STP and pH was found. Spatial clusters and spatial outliers were detected using the local Moran's I index (a local indicator of spatial association) and were mapped using GIS. An obvious low‐value spatial‐cluster area was observed on the plots that received zero‐P fertilizer application from 1968 to 1998 and a large high‐value spatial‐cluster area was found on the relatively high‐P fertilizer application plots (15 kg ha–1y–1). The local Moran's I index was also effective in detecting spatial outliers, especially at locations close to spatial‐cluster areas. To obtain a reliable and stable spatial structure, semivariogram of soil‐P data was produced after elimination of spatial outliers. A spherical model with a nugget effect was chosen to fit the experimental semivariogram. The spatial‐distribution map of soil P was produced using the kriging interpolation method. The interpolated distribution map was dominated by medium STP values, ranging from 3 mg to 8 mg L–1. An evidently low‐P‐value area was present in the upper side of the study area, as zero or short‐term P fertilizer was applied on the plots. Meanwhile, high‐P‐value area was located mainly on the plots receiving 15 kg P ha–1y–1(for 38 y) as these plots accumulated excess P after a long‐term P‐fertilizer spreading. The high‐ or low‐value patterns were in line with the spatial clusters. Geostatistics, combined with GIS and the local spatial autocorrelation index, provides a useful tool for analyzing the spatial variation in soil nutrients.
Some Holocene palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental perspectives on Arctic/Subarctic climate warming and the IPCC 4th Assessment Report
Authors: MacDonald Glen M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe IPCC 4th Assessment Report (FAR) is considered in light of Holocene palaeo‐records of Arctic and Subarctic land temperatures and the response of the boreal forest–tundra boundary to past and present warming. The palaeo‐records appear to support and amplify some of the conclusions in FAR and raise questions about others. Comparison of the FAR estimates for late 21st‐century warming with Arctic and Subarctic palaeoclimatic records suggests that anticipated future warming will be unprecedented compared to earlier Holocene warming including the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) and subsequent Medieval Warm Period (MWP). Annual warming and winter warming will likely be greater than during earlier periods in the Holocene, but summer temperatures projected by FAR may approximate or not far exceed the summer warming of the HTM. The geographically synchronous pattern of 21st‐century warming projected by FAR will differ from the observed geographic variability in the timing of the HTM, particularly in the western Arctic. Further palaeo‐record syntheses are required to fully delineate the similarities and differences between the HTM and the projected conditions of the 21st century. In addition, palaeo‐records suggest that the Arctic and Subarctic climate may be sensitive to relatively small changes in solar irradiance and understanding the potential effects of natural variations in irradiance on the future climate of the Arctic and Subarctic remains a question deserving further research. FAR mapped estimates of a significant northward displacement of boreal forest and woodland due to warming imply that boreal forest or woodland will displace tundra as far north as the Arctic coastline by AD 2100. In Eurasia the estimated AD 2100 location of the tree line appears to approximate the HTM location. In North America an advance of forest to the coastline on the north slope of Alaska, central Canada and northern Quebec would far outdistance the relatively limited northward advances of boreal forest during the HTM. However, rates of tree species advance and subsequent forest development based on palaeo‐records and currently observed tree line advances raise questions about the likelihood that northward migration and subsequent increases in the population sizes of boreal tree species could occur rapidly enough to establish continuous forest and woodland as far north as the Arctic coastlines of Eurasia and North America by AD 2100. Determining potential rates of northward advance of the northern forests requires further ecological and palaeoecological investigations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of the absolute Raman scattering cross section of the 1584‐cm−1 band of benzenethiol and the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering cross section enhancement factor for femtosecond laser‐nanostructured substrates
Authors: Aggarwal R. L. , Farrar L. W. , Diebold E. D. , Polla D. L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe absolute Raman scattering cross section (σRS) for the 1584‐cm−1 band of benzenethiol at 897 nm (1.383 eV) has been measured to be 8.9 ± 1.8 × 10−30 cm2 using a 785‐nm pump laser. A temperature‐controlled, small‐cavity blackbody source was used to calibrate the signal output of the Raman spectrometer. We also measured the absolute surface‐enhanced Raman scattering cross section (σSERS) of benzenethiol adsorbed onto a silver‐coated, femtosecond laser‐nanostructured substrate. Using the measured values of 8.9 ± 1.8 × 10−30 and 6.6 ± 1.3 × 10−24 cm2 for σRS and σSERS respectively, we calculate an average cross‐section enhancement factor (EF) of 0.8 ± 0.3 × 106. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seeking the perfect customer experience: a case study of British Telecom
Authors: Ojiako Udechukwu , Maguire Stuart 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

In order to construct an understanding of best practices in customer‐focused change, this study investigates how customer‐oriented strategies facilitate the enhancement of service experience.

This paper explores a conceptual strategic approach for the effective delivery of customer‐focused change. This approach is based on principles originating from a case study of a customer experience program instituted by British Telecommunications plc (BT).

There is an urgent need to enhance the experience of UK telecommunications customers, especially as these companies now recognize the relationship between exploitation of core organizational competencies and customer experience enhancement.

This paper has implications for all organizations concerned with the retention of existing customers and the acquisition of new customers in a dynamic business environment.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of seed moisture content on flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) milling and milled product characteristics
Authors: Schorno Anton L , Manthey Frank A , Hall Clifford A 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Research was conducted to determine the effect of seed moisture content on flaxseed milling and milled product characteristics. Flaxseed with 55, 80, and 105 g kg−1 moisture contents were milled on a centrifugal cutting mill (CCM) configured with a 0.475 and 9.5 kg min−1 feed rate; a hammer mill configured with a blunt hammer face, 0.35 kg min−1 feed rate, 3.1 mm screen, and 2,795 m min−1 hammer tip speed; and a hammer mill configured with a sharp hammer face, 0.35 kg min−1 feed rate, 2.7 mm screen, and 3,870 m min−1 hammer tip speed.RESULTS: Fine‐particle fraction (≤600 µm) yield was greater from flaxseed with 55 than with 105 g kg−1 moisture content. Surface lipid content correlated positively with fine‐particle yield (r = 0.82, P = 0.01). At each moisture level, the surface lipid extracted from the fine‐particle fraction was greater with 9.5 than 0.475 kg min−1 configuration of CCM and tended to be greater with the blunt than with the sharp hammer configuration of the hammer mill.CONCLUSION: Results indicated that flaxseed was more difficult to mill to a fine particle size at high than at low moisture content regardless of the mill configuration. Enhanced lipid oxidation was not detected in freshly milled flaxseed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Amphiphilic Polymer Nanoparticles: Characterization and Assessment as New Drug Carriers
Authors: Dutta Pranabesh , Shrivastava Saurabh , Dey Joykrishna 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAn amino‐acid‐based hydrophobically modified biocompatible copolymer, poly[(sodium N‐acryloyl‐L‐valinate)‐co‐(N‐octylacrylamide)] was synthesized and characterized. Techniques such as fluorescence probes, DLS, and TEM were used to investigate its aggregation behavior in aqueous solution. The copolymer was observed to form micellar aggregates having diameters in the nanometer range in aqueous solution (pH = 8) through inter‐chain hydrophobic association. This behavior was found to be similar to that of poly[(sodium N‐acryloyl‐L‐valinate)‐co‐(N‐dodecylacrylamide)]. The compact micellar nanostructures were observed to be stable with respect to changes of pH and temperature. The encapsulation and release of griseofulvin, a hydrophobic model drug, was studied.magnified image
Spontaneous Deposition of FITC‐Labeled Dextran into Covalently Assembled (PGMA/PAH)4 Microcapsules
Authors: Feng Zhiqiang , Gao Changyou , Shen Jiacong 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSpontaneous deposition of fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled dextran (FITC‐dextran) in covalently assembled poly(glycidyl methylacrylate) (PGMA)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) microcapsules was studied and its mechanism was proposed. Incubation of the microcapsules in the FITC‐dextran solution resulted in strong fluorescence emission from the capsule interiors. The deposition was found to be molecular weight ($\overline M _{\rm w}$) dependent and the number of capsules filled with FITC‐dextran was increased along with the $\overline M _{\rm w}$ of FITC‐dextran. Furthermore, the correlation between the deposited substances and the charged species in the capsules was explored quantitatively through UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy.magnified image
Synthesis of Photoisomerizable Block Copolymers by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Huang Chih‐Feng , Chen Wei , Russell Thomas P. , Balazs Anna C. , Chang Feng‐Chih , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA series of polystyrene‐block‐poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) (PS‐b‐PnBMA) diblock copolymers (di‐BCPs) with an azobenzene moiety [trans‐4‐methacryloyloxyazobenzene (MOAB)] in the PnBMA segment was prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). P(nBMA‐co‐MOAB) macroinitiators were prepared by activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) ATRP. The MOAB was slightly more reactive than nBMA, resulting in a weak gradient fashion of copolymer. The macroinitiators were subsequently chain‐extended with styrene. Acceleration of the ATRP rate was observed in the presence of a reducing agent. P(nBMA‐co‐MOAB)‐b‐PS di‐BCPs were obtained with relatively narrow molecular weight distributions ($\overline M _{\rm w}$/$\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 1.16–1.49) and the molecular weights were in good agreement with the theoretical values. The efficiency of photoisomerization of the MOAB units was above 80%. DSC traces showed a single Tg suggesting the block copolymers were miscible before UV irradiation. After UV irradiation, the X‐ray reflectivity measurements showed the beating of two frequencies, indicating the formation of island‐hole structure.magnified image
Preparation of a Poly(furfuryl alcohol)‐Coated Highly Porous Polystyrene Matrix
Authors: Lépine Olivier , Birot Marc , Deleuze Hervé 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHighly porous PS/DVB monoliths were prepared by polymerisation of the continuous phase of a high internal phase emulsion. To improve the mechanical properties of these brittle materials, the monoliths were placed in the presence of FA vapours and the adsorbed monomer was polymerised by heating to create a coating onto the matrix surface. The influence of the coating on the material porous structure was investigated by SEM, mercury intrusion porosimetry and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analyses. The progressive increase in PFA content induced a porosity decrease and a modification of the pore distribution. The more pronounced effect of the coating was the remarkable improvement in the material mechanical properties.magnified image
Well‐Controlled Microcellular Biodegradable PLA/Silk Composite Foams Using Supercritical CO2
Authors: Kang Dong Jin , Xu Deng , Zhang Zhen Xiu , Pal Kaushik , Bang Dae Suk , Kim Jin Kuk 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPLA biodegradable composites reinforced with various silk fibroin powder contents (0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 wt.‐%) were prepared by solution processing technique using CH2Cl2 as solvent. After that the composites and virgin PLA were foamed by using supercritical CO2. The influence of silk contents on PLA/silk fibroin powder composite foams were investigated by using SEM, XRD and DSC. Compared with PLA foam, the composite foams exhibited a reduction in cell size and increase in cell density at high silk content. With an increase in saturation temperature and pressure, the cell size was increasing and both the cell density and foam density were decreased simultaneously.magnified image
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Polyurethane Composites Based on Hybrid Inorganic/Organic Phosphazene‐Containing Microspheres
Authors: Zhou Yubo , Huang Xiaobin , Kang Xiaoqi , Fu Jianwei , Zhu Yan , Tang Xiaozhen 
Published: August 2009

AbstractNovel polyurethane (PU) composites were prepared, based on hybrid inorganic/organic phosphazene‐containing microspheres. The FT‐IR spectra have shown that the microspheres have been linked with PU matrix. The microstructure of the composites is investigated by SEM. In comparison with PU, the glass transition temperatures and thermal stability of the composites are increased. The results from tensile testing of the composites have indicated that tensile strength is improved and elongation at break is almost invariable. The investigation on the surface properties of the composites showed that the water contact angles are obviously increased by adding 2 and 4 wt.‐% microspheres to the matrix.magnified image