bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Christians, Jews, Journeys, and Salvation. Intertextuality and Inversion in Laish by Aharon Appelfeld and Crusade by Amos Oz
Authors: Shacham Chaya 
Published: May 2012

This article offers a comparative study of two Modern Hebrew novellas: Crusade (1971) by Amos Oz and Laish (1994) by Aharon Appelfeld (both works were written in Hebrew by writers who are Israel Literature Prize laureates). The study is based on revealing both the similarities and the distinct points of difference between these two works, which share similar details in their plot outline. In doing so I am trying to decipher the aim and purpose of the obvious ties woven between the latter novella and the early one that serves as its model.Both works tell about a caravan making its way from Europe to Jerusalem, encountering hardships and obstacles on the way. In Oz’s novella it is a Christian caravan on a crusade aiming to arrive at Jerusalem but never leaving the European continent; in Appelfeld’s work the story is of a Jewish caravan wandering for years on the soil of Europe on its way to the port of Galacz, aiming to leave Europe on the way to the Land of Israel.Both authors make their point by using covertly the image of the “Wandering Jew,” but differ about the conclusions that can be drawn from the encounter between that symbol and Jewish fate. In Crusade, by using the image of the Wandering Jew, Oz signals both Jewish weakness in exile and Christian religious fanaticism, the encounter between which is disastrous for the Jews. Oz thus points to what he perceives as an insoluble problem on account of its mythical roots.Appelfeld uses the image of the Wandering Jew quite differently and for another purpose. In Laish Appelfeld is producing “a realization of a metaphor,” so to speak, when he turns the entire Jewish caravan into the actual exemplification of the Wandering Jew.Contrary to Oz’s novella, where unequivocally there is no hope for the wandering Jew, who continues to symbolize the Jewish people in exile among the nations, the use of the myth of the Wandering Jew as frame and form in Laish is quintessentially dialectic. Therefore it also enables its deconstruction. In the hidden dialogue that takes place between Appelfeld’s novella and that of Oz, the latter’s work is in fact disputing with the earlier one trying to refute its deep pessimism. Although the caravan’s way in Laish is not a simple and easy one, the implications of the emergence of a “Zionist” solution, which in turn shatters the Christian “Wandering Jew” myth, hints at a real possibility of salvation.
Topical application of lipopolysaccharide into gingival sulcus promotes periodontal destruction in rats immunized with lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Yoshinaga Y. , Ukai T. , Kaneko T. , Nakatsu S. , Shiraishi C. , Kuramoto A. , Oshino K. , Ichimura I. , Hara Y. 
Published: May 2012

Yoshinaga Y, Ukai T, Kaneko T, Nakatsu S, Shiraishi C, Kuramoto A, Oshino K, Ichimura I, Hara Y. Topical application of lipopolysaccharide into gingival sulcus promotes periodontal destruction in rats immunized with lipopolysaccharide. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 674–680. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/SBackground and Objective: The causes of periodontitis are bacteria and the host immune system, but the role of the immune system in the onset and progression of periodontal disease is still unclear. Our previous report showed that the formation of an immune complex in the gingival sulcus induces periodontal destruction. This study was carried out to investigate how the immune system, particularly immunization, is involved in periodontal destruction.Material and Methods: Animals immunized intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used as the immunized group. The nonimmunized group received only phosphate‐buffered saline. LPS was applied daily onto the palatal gingival sulcus in both groups 1 d after the booster injection. Serum levels of anti‐LPS IgG were determined. Loss of attachment and the level of alveolar bone were histopathologically and histometrically investigated. RANKL‐bearing cells and the expression of C1qB were immunohistologically evaluated.Results: The serum levels of anti‐LPS IgG were elevated in the early experimental period in the immunized group. There were significant increases in loss of attachment, level of alveolar bone and the number of RANKL‐bearing cells in the immunized group. C1qB was observed in the junctional epithelium and adjacent connective tissue. The nonimmunized group showed similar findings at and after the time when the serum level of anti‐LPS IgG was elevated.Conclusion: Topical application of LPS as an antigen induced periodontal destruction when the serum level of anti‐LPS IgG was elevated in rats immunized with LPS. The presence of C1qB suggests that the formation of immune complexes is involved in this destruction.
International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 3. Injuries in the primary dentition
Authors: Malmgren Barbro , Andreasen Jens O. , Flores Marie Therese , Robertson Agneta , DiAngelis Anthony J. , Andersson Lars , Cavalleri Giacomo , Cohenca Nestor , Day Peter , Hicks Morris Lamar , Malmgren Olle , Moule Alex J. , Onetto Juan , Tsukiboshi Mitsuhiro 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTraumatic injuries to the primary dentition present special problems and the management is often different as compared with the permanent dentition. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed a consensus statement after a review of the dental literature and group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialities were included in the task group. In cases where the data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinion or majority decision of the task group. Finally, the IADT board members were giving their opinion and approval. The primary goal of these guidelines is to delineate an approach for the immediate or urgent care for management of primary teeth injuries. The IADT cannot and does not guarantee favorable outcomes from strict adherence to the guidelines, but believe that their application can maximize the chances of a positive outcome.
Daytime sleepiness, sleep disturbance and functioning impairment in bipolar disorder
Authors: Walz Julio C. , Magalhães Pedro V. , Reckziegel Ramiro , Costanzi Monise , Giglio Larriany , Kapczinski Flávio 
Published: May 2012

ObjectiveTo verify the prevalence and clinical impact of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in outpatients with bipolar disorder.MethodsEighty‐one outpatients with bipolar disorder and 79 healthy control subjects were recruited. Patients were required not to be acutely manic or depressed. We used the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Functioning Assessment Short Test to assess sleepiness, sleep problems and functioning, respectively.ResultsPatients had a higher prevalence of sleepiness (40%) than the control group (18%). Sleepiness and sleep disturbance had independent impacts on disability in the multivariable model.ConclusionsThis study suggests that EDS is a relevant clinical dimension in patients with bipolar disorder. It is a frequent symptom that often overlaps with other sleep disturbances. This study also reveals that once present it has the potential to increase functional impairment.
Perspectives on providing good access to dental services for elderly people: patient selection, dentists’ responsibility and budget management
Authors: Grytten Jostein , Holst Dorthe 
Published: May 2012

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00646.xPerspectives on providing good access to dental services for elderly people: patient selection, dentists’ responsibility and budget managementObjectives:  To suggest a model for organizing and financing dental services for elderly people so that they have good access to services.Background:  There are few studies on how dental services for elderly people should be organized and financed. This is surprising if we take into consideration the fact that the proportion of elderly people is growing faster than any other group in the population, and that elderly people have more dental diseases and poorer access to dental services than the rest of the adult population. In several countries, dental services are characterized by private providers who often operate in a market with competition and free price‐setting. Private dentists have no community responsibility, and they are free to choose which patients they treat.Material and methods:  Literature review and critical reasoning.Results:  In order to avoid patient selection, a patient list system for elderly people is recommended, with per capita remuneration for the patients that the dentist is given responsibility for. The patient list system means that the dentist assumes responsibility for a well‐defined list of elderly people.Conclusion:  Our model will lead to greater security in the dentist/patient relationship, and patients with great treatment needs will be ensured access to dental services.
High Bird Species Diversity in Structurally Heterogeneous Farmland in Western Kenya
Authors: Mulwa Ronald K. , Böhning‐Gaese Katrin , Schleuning Matthias 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTropical ecosystems are globally important for bird diversity. In many tropical regions, land‐use intensification has caused conversion of natural forests into human‐modified habitats, such as secondary forests and heterogeneous agricultural landscapes. Despite previous research, the distribution of bird communities in these forest‐farmland mosaics is not well understood. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of bird diversity and community turnover in a human‐modified Kenyan landscape, we recorded bird communities at 20 sites covering the complete habitat gradient from forest (near natural forest, secondary forest) to farmland (subsistence farmland, sugarcane plantation) using point counts and distance sampling. Bird density and species richness were on average higher in farmland than in forest habitats. Within forest and farmland, bird density and species richness increased with vegetation structural diversity,i.e.,were higher in near natural than in secondary forest and in subsistence farmland than in sugarcane plantations. Bird communities in forest and farmland habitats were very distinct and very few forest specialists occurred in farmland habitats. Moreover, insectivorous bird species declined in farmland habitats whereas carnivores and herbivores increased. Our study confirms that tropical farmlands can hardly accommodate forest specialist species. Contrary to most previous studies, our findings show that structurally rich tropical farmlands hold a surprisingly rich and distinct bird community that is threatened by conversion of subsistence farmland into sugarcane plantations. We conclude that conservation strategies in the tropics must go beyond rain forest protection and should integrate structurally heterogeneous agroecosystems into conservation plans that aim at maintaining the diverse bird communities of tropical forest‐farmland mosaics.
Transfer, Attachment, and Formation of Biofilms by Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Meat‐Contact Surface Materials
Authors: Simpson Beauchamp Catherine , Dourou Dimitra , Geornaras Ifigenia , Yoon Yohan , Scanga John A. , Belk Keith E. , Smith Gary C. , Nychas George‐John E. , Sofos John N. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Studies examined the effects of meat‐contact material types, inoculation substrate, presence of air at the liquid–solid surface interface during incubation, and incubation substrate on the attachment/transfer and subsequent biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7 on beef carcass fabrication surface materials. Materials studied as 2 × 5 cm coupons included stainless steel, acetal, polypropylene, and high‐density polyethylene. A 6‐strain rifampicin‐resistant E. coli O157:H7 composite was used to inoculate (6 log CFU/mL, g, or cm2) tryptic soy broth (TSB), beef fat/lean tissue homogenate (FLH), conveyor belt‐runoff fluids, ground beef, or beef fat. Coupons of each material were submerged (4 °C, 30 min) in the inoculated fluids or ground beef, or placed between 2 pieces of inoculated beef fat with pressure (20 kg) applied. Attachment/transfer of the pathogen was surface material and substrate dependent, although beef fat appeared to negate differences among surface materials. Beef fat was the most effective (P < 0.05) inoculation substrate, followed by ground beef, FLH, and TSB. Incubation (15 °C, 16 d) of beef fat‐inoculated coupons in a beef fat homogenate (pH 4.21) allowed the pathogen to survive and grow on coupon surfaces, with maximal biofilm formation observed between 2 and 8 d of storage and when air was present at the liquid–solid interface. The results indicated that the process of fabricating beef carcasses may be conducive to the attachment of E. coli O157:H7 onto meat‐contact surfaces and subsequent biofilm formation. Furthermore, it is recommended that substrates found in beef fabrication settings, rather than laboratory culture media, be used in studies designed to investigate E. coli O157:H7 biofilm development and control in these environments.Practical Application:  Findings of this study provide knowledge on the effect of type of beef carcass fabrication surface material, fabrication‐floor fluids and residues, and incubation conditions on attachment/transfer and subsequent biofilm formation by E. coli O157:H7. The results highlight the importance of thoroughly cleaning soiled surfaces to remove all remnants of beef fat or other organic material that may harbor or protect microbial contaminants during otherwise lethal antimicrobial interventions.
Optimizing the Orosensory Properties of Model Functional Beverages: The Influence of Novel Sweeteners, Odorants, Bitter Blockers, and Their Mixtures on (+)‐Catechin
Authors: Gaudette Nicole J. , Pickering Gary J. 
Published: May 2012

This paper is dedicated to the memory of colleague and friend, Dr. Samson Agboola, who recently passed away.Abstract:  The use of flavor‐modifying strategies are important to improving the sensory profile of some excessively bitter and astringent functional ingredients, such as (+)‐catechin (CAT). Two bitter blockers (ß‐cyclodextrin [CYCLO], homoeriodictyol sodium salt [HED]), two sweeteners (sucrose [SUC], rebaudioside A [REB]), and two odorants (vanillin [VAN], black tea aroma [TEA]) were assessed for their efficacy at modifying the bitterness and astringency of CAT in model aqueous solutions. The intensity of oral sensations elicited by CAT was determined in duplicate in binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures of these stimuli by a trained panel (n= 15) using a 15 cm visual analogue scale. Overall, bitterness and astringency were most effectively reduced by ternary solutions containing CYCLO + REB or CYCLO + SUC (68%, 60%, and 45%, 43% for bitterness and astringency, respectively). Odorants were not effective at modifying the bitterness or astringency of CAT. We conclude that the use of select bitter blockers and sweeteners may be of value in optimizing the flavor and acceptance of functional food and beverages fortified with phenolic compounds.Practical Application:  (+)‐Catechin is a bitter‐tasting plant‐derived health‐promoting phenolic compound of interest to functional food and beverage manufacturers. We investigated the efficacy of bitter blockers, plant‐based sweeteners, and odorants in decreasing the bitterness and astringency elicited by (+)‐catechin. Some of these additives, both alone and in combination, reduced bitterness and astringency, and may therefore assist in optimizing the flavor and consumer acceptance of some phenolic‐based functional foods and beverages.
Cassava Starch‐Based Films Plasticized with Sucrose and Inverted Sugar and Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals
Authors: da Silva Jania B.A. , Pereira Fabiano V. , Druzian Janice I. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Bionanocomposites films of cassava starch plasticized with sucrose and inverted sugar and reinforced by cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were prepared by solution casting method incorporating 0.1 to 5 wt% of eucalyptus CNCs. The nanocrystals were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, whereas the bionanocomposites properties were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, tensile measurements, water solubility, swelling behavior, and water activity (aw). The water resistance properties (solubility and swelling behavior) of the nanocomposites were enhanced with the addition of cellulose nanofillers. These results were explained in terms of the high crystallinity of the nanocrystals and the formation of a rigid network with the nanofillers, which provide physical barriers to the permeation of water within the hydrophilic cassava matrix. The addition of CNCs in the bionanocomposites decreases aw linearly, reaching values below 0.5 (for CNCs concentration higher than 4 wt%), a reference value for no microbial proliferation for food product design. The presence of small concentrations of CNCs (0.1–0.3 wt%) also effectively increased the maximum tensile strength (more than 90%) and elastic modulus (more than 400%), indicating the formation of a suitable percolation network in this concentration range. Because the cellulose nanofillers enhanced the mechanical and water stability properties of the nanocomposites, the obtained results in this work may be applied to the development of biodegradable packaging or coatings to enhance shelf life of food products.Practical Application:  The main drawbacks of using starch‐based polymers as packaging or coating in the food industry are their low mechanical properties and inherent water sensitivity. This study demonstrates that cellulose nanocrystals can be used to: (i) obtain better mechanical properties (increasing the tensile strength and modulus more than 90% and 400%, respectively; (ii) enhance the water stability and (iii) water activity of starch‐based films. These results indicate that the obtained environmentally friendly nanocomposites in this work can be used to the development of films or coatings to enhance the shelf life of food products.
Formation of β‐Cyclodextrin Inclusion Enhances the Stability and Aqueous Solubility of Natural Borneol
Authors: Su Jianyu , Chen Jianping , Li Lin , Li Bing , Shi Lei , Chen Ling , Xu Zhenbo 
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  The aims of this study were to optimize the preparation conditions of natural borneol/β‐cyclodextrin (NB/β‐CD) inclusion complex by ultrasound method, and to investigate its improvement of stability and solubility. The complex was characterized by different various spectroscopic techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results demonstrate that NB could be efficiently loaded into β‐CD to form an inclusion complex by ultrasound method at a molar ratio of 1 : 1 and mass ratio of 1 : 6. The complex exhibited different physicochemical characteristics from that of free NB. Typically, formation of β‐CD inclusion significantly enhanced the stability and aqueous solubility of NB.Practical Application:  Natural borneol (NB) has the potential to be widely used in the fields of medical and functional food, due to its specificity. However, the disadvantages of unstability in the preparation and storage process due to its easy sublimation and the low water solubility limit its application. This research provides an effective way to improve the solubility and stability of NB by preparing NB/β‐CD inclusion complex. Furthermore, theoretical basis is also provided for the application development of NB.
Contemplative Science, Education and Child Development: Introduction to the Special Section
Authors: W. Roeser Robert , Zelazo Philip David 
Published: May 2012

AbstractContemplative science is a transdisciplinary project aimed at understanding the effects of various kinds of mental and physical training (such as mindfulness meditation and tai chi) on the body, brain, and mind at different stages of the lifespan. As such, the goals of contemplative science are to create new knowledge regarding human plasticity and to generate new forms of human services that optimize development. This Special Section introduces readers to new applications of contemplative science in the areas of child development and education. Collectively, the articles explore the prospects for designing age‐appropriate forms of secular contemplative trainings that scaffold the development of executive function, emotion regulation, empathy, and compassion in children, adolescents, and the adults who serve them in educational settings alike.
Photochemically Inactivated Hepatitis B Virus Promotes Upregulation of Th1‐Type Cytokines
Authors: Liu Xiaoying , Zhao Xiaoyan , Wang Xun , Zhang Jingjing , Huang Yuwen , Mo Qin , Qian Kaicheng , Zhu Yongming 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPhotochemical virus inactivation technology is widely used to improve the safety of blood products. However, the process by which this inactivation occurs and the resulting immunogenicity of treated viruses remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to explore the effects of two photochemical inactivation methods (methylene and riboflavin, MP and RP) on hepatitis B virus (HBV) immunogenicity. Inactivated HBV were incubated with PBMC from six healthy donors. Culture supernatants were collected at 0, 24 and 72 h for the analysis of HBsAg and HBeAg expression using ELISA. Cytokine expression was analyzed at 72 h using ELISA. Costimulatory and cell adhesion molecule mRNA expression was analyzed at 24 h by RT–PCR. No significant changes in HBsAg and HBeAg were detected following MP. However, the secretion of TNF‐α and IFN‐γ was upregulated. Expression of CD80, CD86, ICAM2 and LFA3 mRNA was also upregulated. In contrast, although RP did not significantly alter HBsAg expression, a reduction in HBeAg expression was observed. Furthermore, no upregulation of cytokines and intracellular molecule expression was observed following RP. These data indicate that the immunogenicity of HBV is retained following MP, and the inactivation of HBV could upregulate the Th1‐type cellular immune responses, which may play significant roles in the antiviral process.
Fluence Rate‐Dependent Photobleaching of Intratumorally Administered Pc 4 Does not Predict Tumor Growth Delay
Authors: Baran Timothy M. , Foster Thomas H. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe examined effects of fluence rate on the photobleaching of the photosensitizer Pc 4 during photodynamic therapy (PDT) and the relationship between photobleaching and tumor response to PDT. BALB/c mice with intradermal EMT6 tumors were given 0.03 mg kg−1 Pc 4 by intratumor injection and irradiated at 667 nm with an irradiance of 50 or 150 mW cm−2 to a fluence of 100 J cm−2. While no cures were attained, significant tumor growth delay was demonstrated at both irradiances compared with drug‐only controls. There was no significant difference in tumor responses to these two irradiances (P = 0.857). Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to monitor the bleaching of Pc 4 during irradiation, with more rapid bleaching with respect to fluence shown at the higher irradiance. No significant correlation was found between fluorescence photobleaching and tumor regrowth for the data interpreted as a whole. Within each treatment group, weak associations between photobleaching and outcome were observed. In the 50 mW cm−2 group, enhanced photobleaching was associated with prolonged growth delay (P = 0.188), while at 150 mW cm−2 this trend was reversed (P = 0.308). Thus, it appears that Pc 4 photobleaching is not a strong predictor of individual tumor response to Pc 4‐PDT under these treatment conditions.