bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Een nieuwe kijk op Franchoys Elaut (I589-I635)
Authors: Meijer Fred G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this article a newly researched biography and a fresh look at the small oeuvre of the Haarlem painter Franchoys Elaut - hitherto called 'Elout' in art-historical literature - are presented. Franchoys Elaut was born in August Ι589 into a family that had moved from Ghent to Haarlem, probably some five years earlier. Biographical research is complicated by the fact that between Ι585 and Ι698 ten or eleven persons of the same name, all members of the same family, were registered in Haarlem. Nothing is known about the painter's training and early activity. He may not have started out as a painter; his earliest known work dates from Ι627 (fig. 2), and was therefore painted when he was about thirty-eight. The following year, however, Samuel Ampzing praised Elaut's still lifes in his book about Haarlem. Also in Ι627 a Francois Elaut - probably the painter - was registered as a musketeer in a company of the civic guard and was a witness at the baptism of Frans Hals' son Reinier. In Ι628 Franchoys Elaut married Anneke Jans; daughters were baptised in Ι629 and Ι632. Our painter probably fell victim to the plague that afflicted Haarlem in Ι635: his burial is registered as having taken place on September 22 of that year and in the books of the Haarlem guild for Ι637 he is noted as 'dead'. Art-historical literature has always presented Elaut as a painter of still lifes only, but he produced works in other genres as well. In The Hague a 'tronie', a head of an old man, signed with his monogram and dated Ι632, has surfaced on two occasions (fig. 5). Two such works by Elaut appear to have been offered for sale in Haarlem as early as Ι63Ι, together with five still lifes by the artist. Additionally, two genre paintings in the manner of Dirck Hals, one of which is now in Munich, can be attributed to Franchoys Elaut (fig. 7). Both paintings are in keeping with Haarlem traditions of the time. Of the still lifes hitherto ascribed to Elaut, only two signed examples can be established securely as his work (figs. Ι and 2). These can be supplemented by two more still lifes, one of which- monogrammed and dated Ι630, but unfortunately in poor condition - surfaced quite recently (fig. 3). The other was on the market several times this century as a work by Pieter Claesz. (fig. 4). Both in his still lifes and genre pieces Franchoys Elaut showed himself to be an eager and able follower of the latest stylistic developments and an artist whose works, according to Ampzing's testimony, must have commanded a certain amount of respect in seventeenth-century Haarlem.
On Factors Influencing the Gas-Exchange in Fish
Authors: Punt A. , Jongbloed J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractI. Using a new method in which fishes were kept in their natural circumstances the metabolic rate of these was established by means of the diaferometer-technique. 2. The relation between the size of fish and the rate of gas-exchange per unit of body weight could be affirmed. The surface-area-law is discussed. 3. The influence of temperature is studied; the Q, 10 has probably a maximum value at optimum temperature. 4. The influence of CO2- and O2-pressure is discussed. Most fishes did not react at i oo % O2; at lower pressures a higher metabolic rate may be found, due to increased fidget of the animals. 5. Salt concentration probably is more important than pH of the water as to metabolic rate of fishes. 6. No results were obtained as to the influence of thyroxin and progesteron, added to the water, on the metabolism of Rhodeus amarus L.
On the Innervation of the Muscles in the Leg of the Lobster, Homarus Vulgaris Milne Edwards
Authors: Wiersma C.A.G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe innervation as described for the crayfishes has been confirmed in the lobster and it has been possible to extend the innervation scheme to more muscles. (Fig. 1). The innervation of the main and accessory flexors are described here for the first time in an Astacuran. As expected the main flexor is innervated by 4 motor fibers and 1 inhibitory one, the accessory flexor by 1 motor and 1 inhibitory fiber. The latter was shown to be a branch of the inhibitor which supplies the extensor and the bender. It has not been possible to show that the inhibitory fiber of the main flexor is likewise a branch from one of the other inhibitors. Though this was the case in all other species thus far fully investigated. The question arises therefore, whether a 4th inhibitor is present in the Astacura, or whether one of the inhibitors branches in the proximal part of the leg, before the ischiopodite. It is not possible to decide this question. It seems unlikely that the stretcher inhibitor would branch so early, as this fiber runs in the small bundle with the main flexor axons. Again, the branch to the accessory flexor of the "third" inhibitor may be taken as an indication that the latter is not involved. There remains the opener inhibitor, which in Panulirus does inhibit the main flexor, but which there does not cross to the thicker bundle. In order to decide whether 3 or 4 separate inhibitors are present it would be necessary to use the whole leg, a procedure which would kill the animal, and would even then, because of the inclusion of the place of autotomy, be difficult to perform. Because of the scarcity of the material this type of experiment was not tried.
Humanitas as Discriminating Factor in the Educational Writings of Erasmus and Luther
Authors: Faber Riemer A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBetween 1520 and 1530 Desiderius Erasmus published several treatises on education in which he provides practical advice about subjects worthy of study and the ideological assumptions which support it. Drawing special attention to his understanding of the natural capabilities of humanity, this article seeks to illustrate the relation between one of Erasmus's theological premises and his promotion of classical culture. During the same period Martin Luther wrote three influential educational tracts and also engaged Erasmus in a debate over the freedom of the will, which forced both the Christian humanist and the Wittenberg reformer to express clearly their understandings of humanity in its natural state. A comparison of their divergent theological positions reveals a fundamental difference in their views of education and its value. Whereas Erasmus justifies the study of ancient secular authors by means of his positive notion of humanitas, Luther subordinates education to the theological rediscoveries of the Wittenberg reformation. The article concludes that further comparative studies of various theological presuppositions and the educational programs they support will advance the understanding of the connections between the ideals and the realities of schooling in sixteenth-century Europe.
The Reformed Church and Education During the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic
Authors: Groenendijk Leendert F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFrom the very first, the Dutch Reformed Church addressed the issue of education. If the people were to be confessionalized in a Reformed direction, then the place to start was with the young. Its greatest concern was to ensure elementary education for boys and girls in the vernacular. The Reformed primary schools were expected to impart reading and writing skills, and, above all, to instill the Reformed faith by means of school catechization. The Reformed Church continually urged the government to banish all "papist" schools and to appoint only Reformed teachers. This essay discusses two major opportunities (namely, the Synod of Dort and the Treaty of Munster) to strengthen the positions of the Reformed schools and of the Reformed Church in the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic. For several reasons the Reformed "public" Church never became the church of all. School catechization was in all probability not the hoped-for popularizer of the Reformed faith.
Grenzenlos Reformiert: Theologie Am Bremer Gymnasium Illustre (1528-1812)1
Authors: Janse Wim 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEducation played a crucial role in the intellectual, socio-political, and religious developments that were part of the confessionalization processes in northwestern Germany. Particularly Bremen with its Gymnasium Illustre (1528-1812) developed into an educational stronghold, notably in theology and law. After Bremen's adoption of the Reformed confession in 1562 and more so under its prolific rectors Matthias Martinius, Ludwig Crocius, and Gerhard Meier in the seventeenth century, the Academy supplied hundreds of theologians and clergymen to Reformed churches and institutions throughout Europe. Molded by reform humanists of the Strasbourg and Zurich stamp, the Reformed character of the Gymnasium never lost its moderate, irenic bias. With this northern German flavor of the Reformed confession, the polychromy of Protestantism as well as of confessionalism in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe was enriched with yet another nuance.
Luther, Bucer, and Calvin On Psalms 8 and 16: Confessional Formation and the Question of Jewish Exegesis
Authors: Pak G. Sujin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis essay sets forth a case study of the use of the biblical commentary for confessional formation through an examination of the significant differences between Lutheran and Reformed exegeses of Psalms 8 and 16 by looking at the commentaries of Luther, Bucer, and Calvin. Furthermore, it investigates the variations within the Reformed tradition itself through a comparison and contrast of Calvin and Bucer's interpretations of Psalms 8 and 16. Three main questions become prominent in the comparison and contrast of these three exegetes: the questions of a Christological-prophetic reading versus a historical reading, the use of Jewish exegesis, and the teachings found in these psalms — whether these are teachings concerning Trinity and the two natures of Christ (Luther) or teachings for the society of the saints (Bucer) or teachings on God's providence (Calvin). The varying answers to these three questions demonstrate some of the distinctive elements of Lutheran and Reformed confessional identities.
Trickle Down Spirituality? Dilemmas of the Elizabethan Jesuit Mission
Authors: Scully Robert E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the face of many difficulties, especially mounting opposition from the Elizabethan government, Jesuits on the mission in England and Wales had to make some hard decisions about how to allocate their limited human and financial resources. In particular, with regard to the social landscape, the missioners came to realize that the gentry were, as a whole, more open to Catholic evangelization than many other groups. Moreover, they had the prestige and material resources to lend the missioners a sizable measure of protection and outreach. Due to the hierarchical nature of early modern society, winning over the gentry usually opened many doors. This increased the possibility of confirming in their faith or converting not only the Catholic gentry's families and friends, but also their servants, tenants, and others. Overall, although this focus on the world of the gentry inevitably limited the potential scope of the mission, it probably also helped to insure its survival and at least some measure of success.
Identification of Vertical Profiles of Reflectivity for Correction of Volumetric Radar Data Using Rainfall Classification
Authors: Kirstetter Pierre-Emmanuel , Andrieu Hervé , Delrieu Guy , Boudevillain Brice 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Nonuniform beam filling associated with the vertical variation of atmospheric reflectivity is an important source of error in the estimation of rainfall rates by radar. It is, however, possible to correct for this error if the vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR) is known. This paper presents a method for identifying VPRs from volumetric radar data. The method aims at improving an existing algorithm based on the analysis of ratios of radar measurements at multiple elevation angles. By adding a rainfall classification procedure defining more homogeneous precipitation patterns, the issue of VPR homogeneity is specifically addressed. The method is assessed using the dataset from a volume-scanning strategy for radar quantitative precipitation estimation designed in 2002 for the Bollène radar (France). The identified VPR is more representative of the rain field than are other estimated VPRs. It has also a positive impact on radar data processing for precipitation estimation: while scatter remains unchanged, an overall bias reduction at all time steps is noticed (up to 6% for all events) whereas performance varies with type of events considered (mesoscale convective systems, cold fronts, or shallow convection) according to the radar-observation conditions. This is attributed to the better processing of spatial variations of the vertical profile of reflectivity for the stratiform regions. However, adaptation of the VPR identification in the difficult radar measurement context in mountainous areas and to the rainfall classification procedure proved challenging because of data fluctuations.
Formation Mechanism of Huge Coastal Polynyas and Its Application to Okhotsk Northwestern Polynya
Authors: Kawaguchi Yusuke , Nihashi Sohey , Mitsudera Humio , Ohshima Kay I. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
This paper investigates the formation mechanism of broad coastal polynyas beyond 100 km in offshore width. It is known that two regimes for wind-driven polynya opening exist: one is a convergent regime at the polynya edge in which inner frazil ice catches up with outer consolidated ice, whereas the other is a divergent regime in which the consolidated ice drifts offshore faster than the frazil ice at the edge. In this study, the authors focus on the latter, divergent polynya-edge regime. Because in the divergent regime the polynya possibly evolves without bound, they consider a thermal growth for inner frazil ice to find a finite solution of offshore width. Then, the authors investigate responses of the polynya opening for various wind angles ϕ from the offshore direction from the viewpoint of the polynya-edge regimes. At first, the authors estimate the deviation angle and wind factor for the frazil and consolidated ice based on each momentum balance, because sea ice motion driven by wind varies depending on the ice thickness due to relative effect of the Coriolis force. It was found that, when the surface wind deviates leftward about 10° or greater from offshore, the divergent regime at the polynya edge generates a great polynya evolution. Otherwise, the convergent regime takes place yielding small offshore extent. These theoretical results were verified for the Okhotsk northwestern polynya using thin-ice-thickness data derived from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25) surface wind. The data show that the polynya development distinctively changes at ϕ ∼ 0°, and the largest width is shown in the leftward wind angle of ϕ = 0°–30°. This clear relationship between the surface wind angle and the offshore extent of polynya nicely supports the theory.
Rapid Mixed Layer Deepening by the Combination of Langmuir and Shear Instabilities: A Case Study
Authors: Kukulka Tobias , Plueddemann Albert J. , Trowbridge John H. , Sullivan Peter P. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Langmuir circulation (LC) is a turbulent upper-ocean process driven by wind and surface waves that contributes significantly to the transport of momentum, heat, and mass in the oceanic surface layer. The authors have previously performed a direct comparison of large-eddy simulations and observations of the upper-ocean response to a wind event with rapid mixed layer deepening. The evolution of simulated crosswind velocity variance and spatial scales, as well as mixed layer deepening, was only consistent with observations if LC effects are included in the model. Based on an analysis of these validated simulations, in this study the fundamental differences in mixing between purely shear-driven turbulence and turbulence with LC are identified. In the former case, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) production due to shear instabilities is largest near the surface, gradually decreasing to zero near the base of the mixed layer. This stands in contrast to the LC case in which at middepth range TKE production can be dominated by Stokes drift shear. Furthermore, the Eulerian mean vertical shear peaks near the base of the mixed layer so that TKE production by mean shear flow is elevated there. LC transports horizontal momentum efficiently downward leading to an along-wind velocity jet below LC downwelling regions at the base of the mixed layer. Locally enhanced vertical shear instabilities as a result of this jet efficiently erode the thermocline. In turn, enhanced breaking internal waves inject cold deep water into the mixed layer, where LC currents transport temperature perturbation advectively. Thus, LC and locally generated shear instabilities work intimately together to facilitate strongly the mixed layer deepening process.
A Prospective Outcomes Study of Meniscal Allograft Transplantation
Authors: LaPrade Robert F. , Wills Nicholas J. , Spiridonov Stanislav I. , Perkinson Scott 
Published: July 2010

Background: Symptomatic early-onset chondromalacia often develops after a meniscectomy in the affected knee compartment. The role of meniscal transplantation in reducing pain and improving function in patients with prior ipsilateral meniscectomy is still being defined. Hypothesis: Patients with symptomatic early-onset chondromalacia of the knee after ipsilateral meniscectomy will have improved clinical outcomes after meniscal transplantation. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: All patients who underwent meniscal allograft transplantation between July 2003 and December 2006 were prospectively followed. The indications for surgery were unicompartmental knee pain and postactivity effusions after total or near-total meniscectomy in patients with closed physes. High-field magnetic resonance imaging (1.5-T or 3-T magnets) was used to assess the articular cartilage of the affected compartment. The meniscal transplantations were performed with an arthroscopically assisted technique. Modified Cincinnati knee and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective and IKDC objective outcome scores were obtained on all patients preoperatively and postoperatively to evaluate patients’ outcomes. Results: Forty patients with an average age of 25 years and a body mass index of 25.4 were included. After an average final follow-up of 2.5 years, IKDC subjective scores increased significantly from 54.5 to 72.0 ( P < .001). Modified Cincinnati knee scores increased from 55.2 to 75.3 ( P < .001). The preoperative IKDC objective scores measuring effusion improved significantly from 6 A (normal), 29 B (nearly normal), and 5 C (abnormal), when compared with the postoperative scores of 33 A (normal) and 1 B (nearly normal) ( P < .01). Five patients sustained tears of their meniscal transplants and underwent partial meniscectomies of the transplant graft. Conclusion: The results confirm that meniscal transplantation significantly reduces pain, decreases activity-related effusions, and improves function in patients with prior meniscectomy; however, the long-term chondroprotective effects remain unknown.
Inflammation is Present in Early Human Tendinopathy
Authors: Millar Neal L. , Hueber Axel J. , Reilly James H. , Xu Yinghua , Fazzi Umberto G. , Murrell George A. C. , McInnes Iain B. 
Published: July 2010

Background The cellular mechanisms of tendinopathy remain unclear particularly with respect to the role of inflammation in early disease. The authors previously identified increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in an early human model of tendinopathy and sought to extend these studies to the cellular analysis of tissue. Purpose To characterize inflammatory cell subtypes in early human tendinopathy, the authors explored the phenotype and quantification of inflammatory cells in torn and control tendon samples. Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Torn supraspinatus tendon and matched intact subscapularis tendon samples were collected from 20 patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Control samples of subscapularis tendon were collected from 10 patients undergoing arthroscopic stabilization surgery. Tendon biopsy samples were evaluated immunohistochemically by quantifying the presence of macrophages (CD68 and CD206), T cells (CD3), mast cells (mast cell tryptase), and vascular endothelium (CD34). Results Subscapularis tendon samples obtained from patients with a torn supraspinatus tendon exhibited significantly greater macrophage, mast cell, and T-cell expression compared with either torn supraspinatus samples or control subscapularis-derived tissue (P < .01). Inflammatory cell infiltrate correlated inversely (r = .5; P < .01) with rotator cuff tear size, with larger tears correlating with a marked reduction in all cell lineages. There was a modest but significant correlation between mast cells and CD34 expression (r = .4; P < .01) in matched subscapularis tendons from shoulders with supraspinatus ruptures. Conclusion This study provides evidence for an inflammatory cell infiltrate in early mild/moderate human tendinopathy. In particular, the authors demonstrate significant infiltration of mast cells and macrophages, suggesting a role for innate immune pathways in the events that mediate early tendinopathy. Clinical Relevance Further mechanistic studies to evaluate the net contribution and hence therapeutic utility of these cellular lineages and their downstream processes may reveal novel therapeutic approaches to the management of early tendinopathy.