bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generic Distinguishing Characteristics and Stratigraphic Ranges of Fossil Corallines: An Update
Authors: Kundal P. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Corallines or coralline algae are carbonate secreting and strongly calcified red algae of the order Corallinales of division Rhodophyta. Architecturally, the corallines have two groups, the nongeniculate and geniculate coralline forms. Corallines are used as a potential tool for paleoecology, paleoenvironments and paleobathymetry. Coralline algae are builder of porous and permeable carbonate reservoir rocks for hydrocarbon and reefs rich in hydrocarbon. The old approach, ca. prior to 1977, of taxonomy of fossil coralline genera has been replaced by the modern approach that established during the last decade using certain distinguishing features such as arrangement of basal filaments, cell fusions, conceptacle perforations and orientation of filaments around conceptacles of living corallines. The earliest confirmed fossil record of coralline algae is from the Hauterivian (Early Cretaceous) and from the Hauterivian to the Pleistocene 9 nongeniculate coralline genera, namely Distichoplax, Lithophyllum, Lithoporella, Lithothamnion, Mesophyllum, Neogoniolithon, Phymatolithon, Spongites and Sporolithon and 7 geniculate genera, viz. Amphiroa, Arthrocardia, Calliarthron, Corallina, Jania, Metagoniolithon and Subterraniphyllum having different stratigraphic ranges are unequivocally known as fossils. After 1977, we do not have a comprehensive publication giving the generic distinguishing characteristics and stratigraphic ranges of both nongeniculate and geniculate corallines. The present paper gives an update of distinguishing characteristics of fossil coralline algal genera and their stratigraphic ranges.
The effect of a non-zero Lagrangian time scale on bounded shear dispersion
Authors: Spydell Matthew S. , Feddersen Falk 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPrevious studies of shear dispersion in bounded velocity fields have assumed random velocities with zero Lagrangian time scale (i.e. velocities are$\delta $-function correlated in time). However, many turbulent (geophysical and engineering) flows with mean velocity shear exist where the Lagrangian time scale is non-zero. Here, the longitudinal (along-flow) shear-induced diffusivity in a two-dimensional bounded velocity field is derived for random velocities with non-zero Lagrangian time scale${\tau }_{L} $. A non-zero${\tau }_{L} $results in two-time transverse (across-flow) displacements that are correlated even for large (relative to the diffusive time scale${\tau }_{D} $) times. The longitudinal (along-flow) shear-induced diffusivity${D}_{S} $is derived, accurate for all${\tau }_{L} $, using a Lagrangian method where the velocity field is periodically extended to infinity so that unbounded transverse particle spreading statistics can be used to determine${D}_{S} $. The non-dimensionalized${D}_{S} $depends on time and two parameters: the ratio of Lagrangian to diffusive time scales${\tau }_{L} / {\tau }_{D} $and the release location. Using a parabolic velocity profile, these dependencies are explored numerically and through asymptotic analysis. The large-time${D}_{S} $is enhanced relative to the classic Taylor diffusivity, and this enhancement increases with$ \sqrt{{\tau }_{L} } $. At moderate${\tau }_{L} / {\tau }_{D} = 0. 1$this enhancement is approximately a factor of 3. For classic shear dispersion with${\tau }_{L} = 0$, the diffusive time scale${\tau }_{D} $determines the time dependence and large-time limit of the shear-induced diffusivity. In contrast, for sufficiently large${\tau }_{L} $, a shear time scale${\tau }_{S} = \mathop{ ({\tau }_{L} {\tau }_{D} )}\nolimits ^{1/ 2} $, anticipated by a simple analysis of the particle’s domain-crossing time, determines both the${D}_{S} $time dependence and the large-time limit. In addition, the scalings for turbulent shear dispersion are recovered from the large-time${D}_{S} $using properties of wall-bounded turbulence.
The use of albendazole and diammonium glycyrrhizinate in the treatment of eosinophilic meningitis in mice infected withAngiostrongylus cantonensis
Authors: Li Y. , Tang J.-P. , Chen D.-R. , Fu C.-Y. , Wang P. , Li Z. , Wei W. , Li H. , Dong W.-Q. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAngiostrongylus cantonensis(A. cantonensis) infection causes eosinophilic meningitis in humans. Eosinophilia and a Th2-type immune response are the crucial immune mechanisms for eosinophilic meningitis. CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells (Treg) are involved in the pathogenesis ofA. cantonensis. Diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DG) is a compound related to glycyrrhizin (GL), a triterpene glycoside extracted from liquorice root. We investigated the curative effects and probable mechanisms of therapy involving a combination of albendazole and DG in BALB/c mice infected withA. cantonensis, and compared these with therapy involving albendazole and dexamethasone. We analysed survival time, body weight, signs, eosinophil numbers, immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin-5 (IL-5), and eotaxin concentrations, numbers and Foxp3 expression of CD4+CD25+Treg, worm recovery and histopathology. The present results demonstrated that the combination of albendazole and DG could increase survival time more efficiently and relieve neurological dysfunction; decrease weight loss, eosinophil numbers, concentrations of IgE, IL-5 and eotaxin, the number and expression of Foxp3 of CD4+CD25+Treg; and improve worm recovery and histopathology changes in treated animals, compared with the combination of albendazole and dexamethasone. The observations presented here suggest that the albendazole and dexamethasone combination could be replaced by the combination of albendazole and DG.
Facial nerve outcomes in functional vestibular schwannoma surgery: less than total tumour excision significantly improves results
Authors: Martin T P C , Fox H , Ho E-C , Holder R , Walsh R , Irving R M 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectives:To determine the implications of a functional approach to vestibular schwannoma surgery, with facial nerve function prioritised higher than total tumour excision.Study design:A case–control study in a tertiary referral neurotology clinic.Patients:A ‘functional’ surgical group treated after April 2007 (n = 44, mean cerebellopontine angle dimension 27 mm), and an ‘excisional’ surgical group matched for tumour size, treated from 1997 to April 2007 (n = 115).Intervention:Change to more functional surgical approach.Main outcomes measured:Primary outcome: facial nerve status. Secondary outcome: tumour recurrence in less-than-total tumour excision.Results:Facial nerve preservation: 77 per cent House–Brackmann grade I–II in functional group at 12 months, versus 57 per cent grade I–II in excisional group (p = 0.027). Tumour recurrence: 1 per cent in total excision group, 2 per cent in near-total group and 40 per cent in sub-total group.Conclusion:A functional approach to vestibular schwannoma surgery improves facial nerve preservation outcomes and reduces the requirement for facial nerve rehabilitative interventions. Tumour recurrence rates are low in near-totally excised lesions but significant if only sub-total excision is achieved.
Predicting persistent alcohol problems: a prospective analysis from the Great Smoky Mountain Study
Authors: Copeland W. E. , Angold A. , Shanahan L. , Dreyfuss J. , Dlamini I. , Costello E. J. 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundRates of alcohol disorders peak in late adolescence and decrease substantially into the mid-20s. Our aim was to identify risk factors that predict alcohol problems that persist into the mid-20s.MethodData are from the prospective, population-based Great Smoky Mountains Study (GSMS; n=1420), which followed children through late adolescence and into young adulthood. Alcohol persisters were defined as subjects with an alcohol disorder (abuse or dependence) in late adolescence (ages 19 and 21 years) that continued to meet criteria for an alcohol disorder at the mid-20s assessment.ResultsThe 3-month prevalence of having an alcohol disorder (abuse or dependence) decreased markedly from late adolescence into the mid-20s. A third of late adolescents with an alcohol disorder continued to meet criteria for an alcohol disorder in young adulthood (37 of 144 who met criteria in late adolescence). Risk factors for persister status included multiple alcohol abuse criteria during late adolescence but no alcohol dependence criteria. Risk factors for persister status also included associated features of alcohol dependence such as craving alcohol and drinking to unconsciousness. Persister status was also associated with depression, cannabis dependence and illicit substance use, but not with other psychiatric disorders. More than 90% of late adolescents with three or more of the risk factors identified met criteria for a young adult alcohol disorder.ConclusionsSymptoms of alcohol abuse, not dependence, best predict long-term persistence of alcohol problems. The set of risk factors identified may be a useful screen for selective and indicated prevention efforts.
Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake in China
Authors: Zhang Z. , Ran M.-S. , Li Y.-H. , Ou G.-J. , Gong R.-R. , Li R.-H. , Fan M. , Jiang Z. , Fang D.-Z. 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundThe Wenchuan earthquake was a catastrophic earthquake in China. The aim of this study is to explore longitudinally the rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake, and to identify independent predictors of PTSD.MethodPTSD and depression symptoms among adolescents at 6, 12 and 18 months after the Wenchuan earthquake were investigated using the PTSD Checklist Civilian Version and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Subjects in this study included 548 high school student survivors in a local boarding high school.ResultsThe rates of PTSD symptoms were 9.7%, 1.3% and 1.6% at the 6-, 12- and 18-month follow-ups, respectively. BDI scores were found to be the best predictor of severity of PTSD at 6, 12 and 18 months. Gender was another variable contributing significantly to PTSD at 6 and 12 months after the earthquake. In the 12-month follow-up, home damage was found to be a predictor of severity of PTSD symptoms. Being a child with siblings was found to be a predictor of severity of PTSD symptoms at 12 and 18 months after the earthquake.ConclusionsPTSD symptoms changed gradually at various stages after the earthquake. Depression symptoms were predictive of PTSD symptoms in the 18-month follow-up study. Other predictors of PTSD symptoms included female gender and being a child with siblings. The results of this study may be helpful for further mental health interventions for adolescents after earthquakes.
Approximate groups and doubling metrics
Authors: SANDERS TOM 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe develop a version of Freĭman's theorem for a class of non-abelian groups, which includes finite nilpotent, supersolvable and solvable A-groups. To do this we have to replace the small doubling hypothesis with a stronger relative polynomial growth hypothesis akin to that in Gromov's theorem (although with an effective range), and the structures we find are balls in (left and right) translation invariant pseudo-metrics with certain well behaved growth estimates.Our work complements three other recent approaches to developing non-abelian versions of Freĭman's theorem by Breuillard and Green, Fisher, Katz and Peng, and Tao.
Zeroes of the spectral density of the periodic Schrödinger operator with Wigner–von Neumann potential
Authors: NABOKO SERGUEI , SIMONOV SERGEY 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe consider the Schrödinger operator α on the half-line with a periodic background potential and the Wigner–von Neumann potential of Coulomb type: csin(2ωx + δ)/(x + 1). It is known that the continuous spectrum of the operator α has the same band-gap structure as the free periodic operator, whereas in each band of the absolutely continuous spectrum there exist two points (so-called critical or resonance) where the operator α has a subordinate solution, which can be either an eigenvalue or a “half-bound” state. The phenomenon of an embedded eigenvalue is unstable under the change of the boundary condition as well as under the local change of the potential, in other words, it is not generic. We prove that in the general case the spectral density of the operator α has power-like zeroes at critical points (i.e., the absolutely continuous spectrum has pseudogaps). This phenomenon is stable in the above-mentioned sense.
New concepts: development of a survivorship programme for patients with a functionally univentricular heart
Authors: Goldberg David J. , Dodds Kathryn , Rychik Jack 
Published: December 2011

AbstractChildren with functionally univentricular hearts are now surviving into their third and fourth decades of life. Although survival alone is a remarkable achievement, a lot must still be done to improve the quality and duration of life after the Fontan operation. Challenges that may be faced by these patients include the impact of the Fontan operation on the liver and the density of bone, protein-losing enteropathy, and plastic bronchitis. Paediatric cardiologists are familiar with the haemodynamic issues inherent in Fontan physiology; however, training in cardiology is often not sufficient to give us a complete understanding of the pathophysiology of the complications or of the options for treatment. Collaboration with other subspecialists including gastroenterologists, endocrinologists, and pulmonologists is essential in order to provide the rigorous and nuanced care that our patients need and deserve. A clinic in which a patient can see multiple subspecialists, and in which the subspecialists, as a group, can discuss each patient, can provide a unique and valuable service for patients with a functionally univentricular heart.
Intermediate-term outcomes after paediatric cardiac extracorporeal membrane oxygenation – what is known (and unknown)
Authors: Costello John M. , Cooper David S. , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Chai Paul J. , Kirsch Roxanne , Rosenthal Tami , Dalton Heidi J. , Graziano Joseph N. , Quintessenza James A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in infants and children with cardiac disease who develop refractory cardiogenic shock, cyanosis, or cardiac arrest is increasing. Early mortality in children with cardiac disease who require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation remains an important issue, as only 40% of cannulated patients survive to discharge from the hospital. However, it is encouraging that 90% children who are discharged alive from the hospital after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are still alive at intermediate-term follow-up. Surviving patients are at risk for long-term dysfunction of multiple organ systems related to their underlying cardiac disease, non-cardiac comorbidities, treatment-related complications, and exposure to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Among the most important acute complications related to support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is injury to the central nervous system, which may contribute to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. All of these factors, in turn, influence quality of life. Many survivors remain medically complex related to their underlying cardiac disease, comorbidities, and sequelae of complications acquired over their lifetime. Neurological morbidity clearly plays an important role in approximately one-third of survivors, with significant deficits in approximately 10%. The limited data about quality of life data that are available for survivors of cardiac extracorporeal membrane oxygenation suggests that approximately 15–30% of survivors have at least moderately decreased quality of life. Overall, published data support the ongoing use of support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children with acute cardiac failure, most of whom would die without it. However, programmatic efforts to improve the selection of patients and the preservation of the function of end organs during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are clearly needed in order to improve long-term outcomes.
Investment regionalism in Asia: new directions in law and policy?
Authors: PEKKANEN SAADIA 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAlthough Asian regionalism has commanded much attention from academics and policymakers, it has largely been restricted to the trade and financial realms. This paper focuses specifically on the scope and limits of ‘investment regionalism’ involving Asia. A combination of regional foreign direct investment (FDI) stakes and international socialization patterns has led Asian actors to mark investments as a key issue in their regionalism strategy overall. As elsewhere, they too have moved toward a mode of governance favoring the formal legalization of investments in terms of the precision, obligation, and delegation of rules. Already the endeavors of both the middle and dominant economies in the region have shifted from just concluding Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) and investment-related chapters in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) to designing region-wide investment agreements and initiatives by-and-for Asian countries. Although the legal effectiveness of this rule-making change will play out in the long run in and across Asian societies, the more immediate policy implication relates to its potential impact on the evolution of Asian regionalism as a whole.
Exceptional divisors that are not uniruled belong to the image of the Nash map
Authors: Lejeune-Jalabert Monique , Reguera Ana J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe prove that, ifXis a variety over an uncountable algebraically closed fieldkof characteristic zero, then any irreducible exceptional divisorEon a resolution of singularities ofXwhich is not uniruled, belongs to the image of the Nash map, i.e. corresponds to an irreducible component of the space of arcs$X_\infty^{\mathrm{Sing}}$onXcentred in SingX. This reduces the Nash problem of arcs to understanding which uniruled essential divisors are in the image of the Nash map, more generally, how to determine the uniruled essential divisors from the space of arcs.
Reasons why armed groups choose to respect international humanitarian law or not
Authors: Bangerter Olivier 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe decision to respect the law – or not – is far from automatic, regardless of whether it is taken by an armed group or a state. Respect for international humanitarian law (IHL) can only be encouraged, and hence improved, if the reasons used by armed groups to justify respect or lack of it are understood and if the arguments in favour of respect take those reasons into account. Among the reasons for respecting the law, two considerations weigh particularly heavily for armed groups: their self-image and the military advantage. Among the reasons for non-respect, three are uppermost: the group's objective, the military advantage, and what IHL represents according to the group.
Age of onset of mental disorders and use of mental health services: needs, opportunities and obstacles
Authors: de Girolamo G. , Dagani J. , Purcell R. , Cocchi A. , McGorry P. D. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose of review.In this review, we provide an update of recent studies on the age of onset (AOO) of the major mental disorders, with a special focus on the availability and use of services providing prevention and early intervention.Recent findings.The studies reviewed here confirm previous reports on the AOO of the major mental disorders. Although the behaviour disorders and specific anxiety disorders emerge during childhood, most of the high-prevalence disorders (mood, anxiety and substance use) emerge during adolescence and early adulthood, as do the psychotic disorders. Early AOO has been shown to be associated with a longer duration of untreated illness, and poorer clinical and functional outcomes.Summary.Although the onset of most mental disorders usually occurs during the first three decades of life, effective treatment is typically not initiated until a number of years later. There is increasing evidence that intervention during the early stages of disorder may help reduce the severity and/or the persistence of the initial or primary disorder, and prevent secondary disorders. However, additional research is needed on effective interventions in early-stage cases, as well as on the long-term effects of early intervention, and for an appropriate service design for those with emerging mental disorders. This will mean not only the strengthening and re-engineering of existing systems, but is also crucial the construction of new streams of care for young people in transition to adulthood.
Effect of planetary boundary layer schemes on the development of intense tropical cyclones using a cloud‐resolving model
Authors: Kanada Sachie , Wada Akiyoshi , Nakano Masuo , Kato Teruyuki 
Published: December 2011

We studied the role of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in intensity and inner core structure of extremely intense tropical cyclones (TC) using a 2 km mesh nonhydrostatic atmospheric model (NHM2) developed for operational use by the Japan Meteorological Agency. To investigate the effects of the PBL on simulated TCs, we used four PBL schemes: level 2.5 and level 3 Mellor‐Yamada‐Nakanishi‐Niino closure schemes, a nonlocal scheme, and the Deardorff‐Blackadar scheme. The numerical results indicated that the subgrid‐scale mixing length determined by the PBL scheme plays a critical role in the determination of maximum TC intensity and inner core structure, even when the same expressions are provided for surface roughness lengths and the air‐sea momentum and heat transfer coefficients. Different vertical eddy‐diffusivity coefficient values derived from the PBL schemes cause differences in the TC intensity, inner core structure, and the relationship between maximum wind speed (MWS) and central pressure (CP). In particular, large vertical eddy diffusivities in lower layers (height <300 m) lead to large heat and water vapor transfers, resulting in extremely intense TCs accompanied by an upright, contracted eyewall structure. We also conducted numerical experiments using a 5 km mesh nonhydrostatic atmospheric model (NHM5) and the same PBL schemes to investigate the effect of horizontal resolution on simulated TCs. The NHM5 was insufficient to accurately represent the MWS or CP of an extremely intense TC, suggesting that NHM2 is required to simulate an extremely intense TC characterized by an upright, contracted eyewall structure.