bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mathematical modeling of the synergistic interplay of radiotherapy and immunotherapy in anti-cancer treatments
Authors: Castorina Paolo , Castiglione Filippo , Ferini Gianluca , Forte Stefano , Martorana Emanuele , Giuffrida Dario 
Published: May 2024

IntroductionWhile radiotherapy has long been recognized for its ability to directly ablate cancer cells through necrosis or apoptosis, radiotherapy-induced abscopal effect suggests that its impact extends beyond local tumor destruction thanks to immune response. Cellular proliferation and necrosis have been extensively studied using mathematical models that simulate tumor growth, such as Gompertz law, and the radiation effects, such as the linear-quadratic model. However, the effectiveness of radiotherapy-induced immune responses may vary among patients due to individual differences in radiation sensitivity and other factors.MethodsWe present a novel macroscopic approach designed to quantitatively analyze the intricate dynamics governing the interactions among the immune system, radiotherapy, and tumor progression. Building upon previous research demonstrating the synergistic effects of radiotherapy and immunotherapy in cancer treatment, we provide a comprehensive mathematical framework for understanding the underlying mechanisms driving these interactions.ResultsOur method leverages macroscopic observations and mathematical modeling to capture the overarching dynamics of this interplay, offering valuable insights for optimizing cancer treatment strategies. One shows that Gompertz law can describe therapy effects with two effective parameters. This result permits quantitative data analyses, which give useful indications for the disease progression and clinical decisions.DiscussionThrough validation against diverse data sets from the literature, we demonstrate the reliability and versatility of our approach in predicting the time evolution of the disease and assessing the potential efficacy of radiotherapy-immunotherapy combinations. This further supports the promising potential of the abscopal effect, suggesting that in select cases, depending on tumor size, it may confer full efficacy to radiotherapy.
Efficacy of Shenglin decoction in preventing acute severe lymphocytopenia in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Deng Jiayao , Gong Cuicui , Xiao Qi , Xu Bo , Li Huakang , Wu Ziliang , Xiao Qian , Gu Pengxuan , Li Qiang , Li Bin , Wang Yue , Lin Bing , Xu Ke 
Published: May 2024

BackgroundDefinitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) followed by maintenance therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors offers the best chance of cure for patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A significant challenge in this regimen is the occurrence of acute severe lymphopenia (ASL), which can compromise treatment efficacy. Currently, there are no effective strategies for preventing and treating ASL. Shenglin decoction (SLD), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine formulation, has demonstrated preliminary efficacy in mitigating ASL. However, robust evidence from clinical trials and a clear understanding of its mechanism of action are still needed. This study aims to comprehensively assess the efficacy, safety, and underlying mechanisms of SLD in the prevention of ASL.MethodsThis prospective, dual-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial will enroll 140 stage III NSCLC patients. Participants will be randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to a control group or an experimental group. Both groups will undergo definitive CCRT. Alongside the commencement of CCRT, the experimental group will receive an additional oral SLD intervention for a duration of three months. The primary outcome is the incidence rate of ASL, defined as the proportion of patients who experience at least one instance of a total lymphocyte count falling below 0.5 × 10^9 cells/L within 3 months of initiating CCRT treatment. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of fecal samples to assess gut microbiota, as well as metabolomic analysis of fecal/blood samples, will be conducted to explore potential mechanisms.DiscussionThis study protocol aims to rigorously evaluate the efficacy and safety of SLD, as well as elucidate its mechanism of action in preventing ASL. Successful outcomes could establish SLD as an evidence-based intervention for ASL prevention in NSCLC patients undergoing CCRT.Trial RegistrationThe trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry (ChiCTR2300071788, https://www.chictr.org.cn/).
Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Preservative Effects of Cinnamaldehyde and Clove Oil in Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Fillets Stored at 4 °C
Authors: Ebirim Rosemary I. , Long Wilbert 
Published: May 2024

This study aimed to evaluate cinnamaldehyde (CN) and clove oil (CO) effectiveness in inhibiting growth and killing spoilage and total aerobic bacteria when overlaid with catfish fillet stored at 4 °C. A 1.00 mL concentration of CO inhibited growth by 2.90, 1.96, and 1.96 cm, respectively, for S. baltica, A. hydrophilia, and total bacteria. Similarly, treatment with 1.00 mL of CN resulted in ZIB of 2.17, 2.10, and 1.10 cm, respectively, for S. baltica, A. hydrophilia, and total bacteria from catfish exudates. Total bacteria from catfish exudates treated with 0.50 mL CN for 40 min, resulted in a 6.84 log decrease, and treatment with 1.00 mL resulted in a 5.66 log decrease at 40 min. Total bacteria exudates treated with 0.50 mL CO resulted in a 9.69 log reduction at 40 min. Total bacteria treated with 1.00 mL CO resulted in a 7.69 log decrease at 7 days, while untreated pads overlaid with catfish resulted in ≥9.00 CFU/mL. However, treated absorbent pads with catfish at 7 days, using 0.50 mL and 1.00 mL CN, had a bacterial recovery of 5.53 and 1.88 log CFU/mL, respectively. Furthermore, CO at 0.50 mL and 1.00 mL reduced the bacteria count to 5.21 and 1.53 log CFU/mL, respectively, at day 7.
The Optimization of the One-Pot Synthesis of Au@SiO2 Core–Shell Nanostructures: Modification with Dansyl Group and Their Fluorescent Properties
Authors: Kowalska Agata , Adamska Elżbieta , Synak Anna , Grobelna Beata 
Published: May 2024

This work describes the optimization of the one-pot synthesis of fine core–shell nanostructures based on nanogold (Au NPs) and silica (SiO2). The obtained core–shell nanomaterials were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM and by the method of spectroscopes such as UV–Vis Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). In addition, the measurement of the zeta potential and size of the obtained particles helped present a full characterization of Au@SiO2 nanostructures. The results show that the influence of reagents acting as reducers, stabilizers, or precursors of the silica shell affects the morphology of the obtained material. By controlling the effect of the added silica precursor, the thickness of the shell can be manipulated, the reducer has an effect on the shape and variety, and then the stabilizer affects their agglomeration. This work provides also a new approach for Au@SiO2 core–shell nanostructure preparation by further modification with dansyl chloride (DNS–Cl). The results show that, by tuning the silica shell thickness, the intensity of the fluorescence spectrum of Au@SiO2–(CH2)3–NH–DNS nanocomposite is about 12 times higher than that of DNS–Cl.
Edytorial na powitanie
Authors: Strączek Bogumił 
Published: May 2024

Szanowni Czytelnicy, Drodzy Autorzy i Recenzenci, 5 stycznia 2024 r. Uchwałą Rady Instytutu Kulturoznawstwa i Dziennikarstwa Uniwersytetu Ignatianum w Krakowie zostałem powołany na stanowisko redaktora naczelnego Perspektyw Kultury. Decyzję o powierzeniu mi tej zaszczytnej i odpowiedzialnej roli przyjąłem z wielką radością i poczuciem głębokiej satysfakcji. Mam przy tym świadomość, że kierowanie czasopismem o prestiżowym i ugruntowanym w świecie akademickim tytule świadczy o ogromnym zaufaniu, jakim zostałem obdarzony. Wszystkim członkom Rady Instytutu bardzo dziękuję za oddany na mnie głos i zapewniam, że zrobię wszystko, aby kontynuować piękną tradycję czasopisma, które przez niespełna piętnaście lat swojego istnienia wniosło niebagatelny wkład przede wszystkim do nauk o kulturze i religii, ale także do innych dyscyplin nauk humanistycznych, m.in. historii, literaturo­znawstwa, polonistyki, sztuki czy antropologii kulturowej.
Strategie doboru źródeł osobowych przez dziennikarzy
Authors: Świerczyńska-Głownia Weronika , Wójcik Magdalena 
Published: May 2024

Przedmiot artykułu stanowią strategie doboru źródeł osobowych przez dziennikarzy. Celem jest określenie różnic w sposobach i kryteriach doboru osób reprezentujących tzw. autorytety poznawcze i ekspertów w świetle teorii P. Wilsona. Przeprowadzono badania opierające się na kwestionariuszu ankiety na grupie dziennikarzy związanych z obszarem kultury zatrudnionych w redakcjach radiowych, telewizyjnych oraz serwisach internetowych. W rezultacie przeprowadzonych badań określono ścieżki doboru autorytetów poznawczych i ekspertów na użytek pracy dziennikarskiej oraz wystosowano propozycję udoskonalenia tych procesów.
تأثير إضافة النتروجين و البوتاسيوم الى التربة و بالرش في تراكم المادة الجافة وتراكيز النتروجين في المجموع الخضري لنبات الحنطة Triticum aestivum L
Authors: م.م.أوراس محي طه  
Published: May 2024

أﺠرﻴت ﺘﺠرﺒﺔ ﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ارﺸدﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘرﺒـﺔ رﺴـوﺒﻴﺔ ذات ﻨﺴـﺠﺔ ﻤزﻴﺠـﺔ طﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﻏرﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ
اﻟﻤوﺴـم اﻟﺸـﺘوي . 2005 - 2004 ﻟﺘﺤدﻴـد أﻓﻀـﻝ ﺘرﻛﻴـز ﻨﺘروﺠﻴﻨـﻲ و ﺒوﺘﺎﺴـﻲ ﻴرﺸـﺎن ﺒـﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ
اﻟﻤﺠﻤوع اﻟﺨﻀري ﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻨطﺔ ﺼﻨف إﺒﺎء 95 - ﻓـﻲ ﻤرﺤﻠﺘـﻲ اﻟﺒطـﺎن و اﻟﺘزﻫﻴـر وﻤﻛﻤـﻼن
ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻤﻴد اﻷرﻀﻲ وﺘﺄﺜﻴرﻫﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘ ارﻛم اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ و اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌوﻴﺔ ﻟﺘوزﻴﻊ ﺘ ارﻛﻴز اﻟﻨﺘروﺠﻴن

ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻤوع اﻟﺨﻀري ﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻨطﺔ.
ﻨﻔـذت ﺘﺠرﺒــﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺒﺘﺼــﻤﻴم اﻟﻘطﺎﻋـﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻤــﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺸـﻴﺔ ٬ RCBD إذ ﺘﻀــﻤﻨت أرﺒــﻊ
ﺘ ارﻛﻴــز ﻟﻠﻨﺘــروﺠﻴن ﻫــﻲ 6000 ٬ 5000 ٬ 4000 ٬ 0 } ﻤﻠﻐــم N .ﻟﺘــر 1- ﺒﺼــورة ﺴــﻤﺎد اﻟﻴورﻴــﺎ
( N % 46 ) { ٬ وأرﺒـﻊ ﺘ ارﻛﻴــز ﻟﻠﺒوﺘﺎﺴــﻴوم ﻫـﻲ 1500 ٬ 1000 ٬ 500 ٬ 0 } ﻤﻠﻐــم K .ﻟﺘــر 1- ﺒﺼــورة
ﺴﻤﺎد ﻛﺒرﻴﺘﺎت اﻟﺒوﺘﺎﺴﻴوم ٬{ ( K % 41.50 ) ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋن ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ اﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴدﻴﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺘرﺒـﺔ
وﺒﺜﻼﺜـﺔ ﻤﻛـر ارت . و أظﻬـرت اﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﻔـوق اﻟﺘﻐذﻴـﺔ اﻟورﻗﻴـﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴـﻤﺎد اﻟﻨﺘروﺠﻴﻨـﻲ واﻟﺒوﺘﺎﺴـﻲ
ﻤﻌﻨوﻴــﺎ ﻓــﻲ زﻴــﺎدة ﺘــ ارﻛم اﻟﻤــﺎدة اﻟﺠﺎﻓــﺔ و اﻟﻨﺴــﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌوﻴــﺔ ﻟﺘ ارﻛﻴــز اﻟﻨﺘــروﺠﻴن ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻤــوع

اﻟﺨﻀري ﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻨطﺔ ﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ اﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴدﻴﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺘرﺒﺔ .
P-chromophore stability of Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3 under Braga & Defelipo or Murphy & Riley dosing methods
Authors: Pogorzelski Denison Queiroz , Santos Wedisson Oliveira , Pimentel Gabriel Grossi , Ballotin Fabiane Carvalho , Matias Patricia Cardoso , Vergütz Leonardus 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT
The performance of colorimetric methods for P quantification has been overlooked by researchers for decades. We investigated the performance of two blue colorimetric methods for P quantification, Braga and Defelipo (B&D) and Murphy and Riley (M&R), using two commonly soil P extractants, Mehlich-1 (M1) and Mehlich-3 (M3). Specifically, we evaluated the color development time and its stability in different soil extractant solution proportions (1:1 or 1:4 v/v), the optimum wavelength, limits of detection, and element quantification. Our results indicate that M3 leads to lower limits of detection and quantification for both colorimetric methods, particularly for B&D. For M1, the volumetric ratio (1:1 or 1:4) did not influence color development and both B&D and M&R methods showed a fast color development. However, B&D showed greater color stability (from 5 to 600 min) and an optimum wavelength of 711 nm, while M&R was stable from 27 to 600 min an optimum wavelength of 889 nm. For M3 soil extractant, there are important issues, such as M&R being unstable and B&D presenting slow color development. In addition, the spectral profile obtained from soil extractant was different from the one obtained by the calibration curve without soil for both M&R and B&D. Therefore, the adoption of original methods on P quantification in M3 extracting solution represents a potential source of error, leading to wrong P fertilizer recommendations. Thus, the best option for P quantification in M3 extracts seems to be the use of Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES).
Ruy Madsen Barbosa um Expert do Movimento da Matemática Moderna?
Authors: Jandrey Diogo Ferreira , Santos Edilene Simões Costa dos 
Published: May 2024

Este artigo apresenta um estudo sobre a temática de expert. O personagem cuja trajetória profissional foi analisada é Ruy Madsen Barbosa, professor e membro do GEEM, que ministrou cursos, palestras e escreveu diversos livros, com base no conceito de expert, formulamos a seguinte questão: Que indícios nos permite considerar Ruy Madsen Barbosa um expert? Nosso objetivo foi analisar a trajetória pessoal e profissional do professor Ruy, suas contribuições ao GEEM, participações em palestras e cursos, produções de conhecimentos e sistematização de saberes. O referencial teórico-metodológico utilizado é o conceito de expert, desenvolvidos pelos grupos ERHISE e GHEMAT/BRASIL. Alguns resultados obtidos nesse artigo nos levam a inferir que Ruy Madsen Barbosa foi um dos pioneiros no ensino de matrizes no ensino secundário; foi um produtor de saberes, sistematizados em seus manuais e; foi convidado, como grupo, pela Secretaria de Educação do Estado de São Paulo a elaborar uma proposta de ensino.
Most quantifiers have many meanings
Authors: Ramotowska Sonia , Haaf Julia , Van Maanen Leendert , Szymanik Jakub 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate, by means of a computational model, how individuals map quantifiers onto numbers and how they order quantifiers on a mental line. We selected five English quantifiers (few, fewer than half, many, more than half, and most) which differ in truth conditions and vagueness. We collected binary truth value judgment data in an online quantifier verification experiment. Using a Bayesian three-parameter logistic regression model, we separated three sources of individual differences: truth condition, vagueness, and response error. Clustering on one of the model’s parameter that corresponds to truth conditions revealed four subgroups of participants with different quantifier-to-number mappings and different ranges of the mental line of quantifiers. Our findings suggest multiple sources of individual differences in semantic representations of quantifiers and support a conceptual distinction between different types of imprecision in quantifier meanings. We discuss the consequence of our findings for the main theoretical approaches to quantifiers: the bivalent truth-conditional approach and the fuzzy logic approach. We argue that the former approach neither can explain inter-individual differences nor intra-individual differences in truth conditions of vague quantifiers. The latter approach requires further specification to fully account for individual differences demonstrated in this study.
Adaptive forgetting speed in working memory
Authors: de Jong Joost , Wilhelm Sophia , Akyürek Elkan G. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWorking memory is known to be capacity-limited and is therefore selective not only for what it encodes but also what it forgets. Explicit forgetting cues can be used effectively to free up capacity, but it is not clear how working memory adaptively forgets in the absence of explicit cues. An important implicit cue that may tune forgetting in working memory is the passage of time. When information becomes irrelevant more quickly, working memory should also forget information more quickly. In three delayed-estimation experiments, we systematically manipulated how probing probability changed as time passed on after encoding an item (i.e., the “probing hazard”). In some blocks, probing hazard decreased after encoding an item, requiring participants to only briefly retain the memory item. In other blocks, the probing hazard increased or stayed flat, as the retention interval was lengthened. In line with our hypothesis, we found that participants adapted their forgetting rate to the probing dynamics of the working memory task. When the memory item quickly became irrelevant (“decreasing” probing hazard), forgetting rate was higher than in blocks where probing hazard increased or stayed flat. The time course of these adaptations in forgetting implies a fast and flexible mechanism. Interestingly, participants could not explicitly report the order of conditions, suggesting forgetting is implicitly sped up. These findings suggest that implicit adaptations to the temporal structure of our environment tune forgetting speed in working memory, possibly contributing to the flexible allocation of limited working memory resources.
A MIRI Search for Planets and Dust around WD 2149+021
Authors: Poulsen Sabrina , Debes John , Cracraft Misty , Mullally Susan E. , Reach William T. , Kilic Mukremin , Mullally Fergal , Albert Loic , Thibault Katherine , Hermes J. J. , Barclay Thomas , Quintana Elisa V. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The launch of JWST has ushered in a new era of high-precision infrared astronomy, allowing us to probe nearby white dwarfs for cold dust, exoplanets, and tidally heated exomoons. While previous searches for these exoplanets have successfully ruled out companions as small as 7–10 Jupiter masses (M
Jup), no instrument prior to JWST has been sensitive to the likely more common sub-Jovian-mass planets around white dwarfs. In this paper, we present the first multiband photometry (F560W, F770W, F1500W, F2100W) taken of WD 2149+021 with the Mid-Infrared Instrument on JWST. After a careful search for both resolved and unresolved planets, we do not identify any compelling candidates around WD 2149+021. Our analysis indicates that we are sensitive to companions as small as ∼0.5 M
Jup outwards of 1.″263 (28.3 au) and ∼1.0 M
Jup at the innermost working angle (0.″654, 14.7 au) at 3 Gyr with 5σ confidence, placing significant constraints on any undetected companions around this white dwarf. The results of these observations emphasize the exciting future of sub-Jovian planet detection limits by JWST, which can begin to constrain how often these planets survive their host stars' evolution.
New records of amphibians from Ha Tinh Province, Vietnam
Authors: Dau Vinh , Pham Cuong , Nguyen Truong Quang , Thai Toan , Tran Anh , Pham Anh 
Published: May 2024

Since the establishment of the Vu Quang National Park in 2002 in Ha Tinh Province, central Vietnam, several surveys on the amphibian fauna have been undertaken in this protected area. In 2009, Nguyen et al. provided a list of 23 amphibian species from Vu Quang National Park. In addition, a new species was described in 2021 from the National Park, namely Vietnamophryne vuquangensis.
As a result of our field surveys in 2013 and 2023, a total of 29 species of amphibians was recorded from the Vu Quang National Park. Six of them are recorded for the first time from Ha Tinh Province, comprising three species of Megophryidae, one species of Dicroglossidae, one species of Ranidae and one species of Rhacophoridae. In addition, we provide morphological data and ecological notes on the aforementioned species.
Variation in ground-dwelling arthropod communities across differently managed infiltration basins
Authors: Farhang Shayan , Duffy Dan , Seymoure Brett 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
As urbanisation continues to increase, terrestrial arthropod diversity declines. Urban green spaces represent unique opportunities to preserve arthropod diversity in urban environments. We quantify how ground-dwelling arthropod communities vary both seasonally and across three differently maintained stormwater infiltration basins in Ellisville, Missouri, United States of America. One basin was routinely mowed, a second was mowed only seasonally, and a third was intentionally planted to attract pollinators and was not mowed during this study. We expected higher plant diversity to correlate with higher arthropod diversity. Therefore, we expected the unmowed basin to have the highest levels of arthropod diversity and abundance and the mowed basin to have the lowest. Four collection periods spanned spring, early summer, late summer, and fall. During each collection period, five pitfall traps were placed throughout each basin for 48 hours. In total, 5686 specimens were collected and identified, representing 59 families. Arthropod communities did not vary across basins or collection dates, largely contrasting with existing literature. The results of this study do not indicate that different mowing regiments in infiltration basins will affect the ground-dwelling arthropod communities at a family level, although the effect on species-level diversity remains to be investigated.
Efficacy of Pre-emptive Infiltration of Dexmedetomidine with a Local Anaesthetic on Postoperative Pain in Maxillofacial Trauma Management under General Anaesthesia: A Prospective Study
Authors: Salahudheen Ameera , Haidry Naqoosh , Ahmad Shamshad , Choudhary Shivendra , Mokhtar Ejaz Ahmad , Shivhare Peeyush 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Pre-emptive analgesia aims to reduce post-operative pain and the need for analgesics. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist with sedative and analgesic properties. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of pre-emptive infiltration of DEX combined with local anaesthetic (2% lignocaine with adrenaline) in managing post-operative pain in maxillofacial trauma patients undergoing open reduction and internal fixation procedures, as compared to pre-emptive infiltration of placebo (saline) with the same local anaesthetic.

Materials and Methods:
Forty-two participants of maxillofacial trauma with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score of more than 4 were included in this double-blinded randomised controlled trial. Group DL (Dexmedetomidine with local anaesthetic) received dexmedetomidine (DEX) with local anaesthesia while group PL (placebo with local anaesthetic) received placebo with local anaesthesia. Participants were evaluated for the time taken for the first rescue analgesic, total doses of fentanyl taken by the patient in the first 24 h, post-operative pain (VAS) at 6, 12, 16 and 24 h, post-operative side effects and analysed.

Results:
The DL group had a significantly longer time to first rescue analgesic compared to the PL group. Surgeons in the DL group reported higher satisfaction and better surgical field visibility. Post-operative VAS scores were lower in the DL group at 6 and 12 h, with a median score of 1 at 16 and 24 h.

Discussion:
Pre-emptive DEX infiltration is effective in reducing post-operative pain and opioid consumption in maxillofacial trauma cases undergoing open reduction and internal fixation. This approach can enhance patient comfort and improve surgical outcomes without significant risks.
Survival and risk analysis of patients with COVID-19 in Iran
Authors: Mottaghipoor F , Heidari Z , Sami R , Memarzadeh H , Saghaeiannejad Isfahani S 
Published: May 2024

Objective:
To evaluate the risk factors of death caused by COVID-19 in Iran.

Methods:
This study was a retrospective cohort study from February 20, 2020, to August 22, 2022, in the hospitals in Isfahan, Iran. The data were collected through a researcher-made checklist. To determine the risk factors of the death, logistic regression and Cox regression models were used. For each variable, the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were also reported.

Results:
1885 Patients were included. The age of deceased persons was significantly higher than that of the surviving persons. The risk of death for the age group above 60 years was about 14 times higher than that of people aged 19-35 years [95% CI: 14.41 (2.02-102.99), P<0.01]. Hypertension [95% CI: 1.92 (1.47-2.5), P<0.01], diabetes [95% CI: 1.62 (1.23-2.13), P<0.001], and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [95% CI: 1.92 (1.47-2.50), P<0.01] were also risk factors of mortality.

Conclusions:
This study reveals that the mortality rate due to COVID-19 is associated with old age, longer hospitalization in the ICU, increased length of stay, and comorbidities of high blood pressure, diabetes, and chronic pulmonary disease.