bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coupled air‐sea interaction patterns and surface heat‐flux feedback in the Bay of Biscay
Authors: Esnaola G. , Sáenz J. , Zorita E. , Lazure P. , Ganzedo U. , Fontán A. , Ibarra‐Berastegi G. , Ezcurra A. 
Published: May 2012

The coupled variability of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and atmosphere‐ocean surface heat fluxes over the Bay of Biscay (Eastern North Atlantic) has been analyzed. Daily surface heat fluxes from different meteorological reanalyses are combined with a high resolution reconstructed satellite SST data set by means of Lagged Maximum Covariance Analysis (MCA). Lagged MCA is applied at different spatial scales. Its results are interpreted within the framework of Hasselmann's stochastic climate model. The surface heat‐flux feedback on SST is confirmed to be generally negative. No clear relation is found between the first MCA expansion series and the leading Sea Level Pressure (SLP) patterns. However, a clear relation is found between the second expansion series and the leading SLP Principal Component (PC) when the atmosphere leads the ocean. Spatial patterns of anomalies of the SST and of the SST tendency are found to be related by a 4 day lag. The same reconstructed satellite SST and reanalysis heat fluxes are combined to estimate the feedbacks related to the surface heat fluxes. The traditional procedure used to compute the surface heat‐flux feedbacks from monthly data is adapted for daily data. High resolution maps of the heat‐flux feedback are derived for the annual and seasonal cases for the Bay of Biscay. Feedbacks related to turbulent (latent and sensible heat) fluxes are shown to dominate over the radiative ones. Special attention is paid to small‐scale features present in both Lagged Covariance patterns and surface heat‐flux feedback estimates.
Tracer transport during the Arctic stratospheric final warming based on a 33‐year (1979‐2011) tracer equivalent latitude simulation
Authors: Allen Douglas R. , Douglass Anne R. , Nedoluha Gerald E. , Coy Lawrence 
Published: May 2012

During the 2011 stratospheric final warming (SFW), a large anticyclone rapidly encompassed the pole, displacing the polar vortex and establishing strong summer easterlies. Tracer Equivalent Latitude (TrEL) maps indicate low latitude air was transported by the anticyclone into the summer polar vortex. MLS nitrous oxide was anomalously high throughout the following summer, confirming the TrEL results. A 33‐year (1979–2011) TrEL simulation at 850 K potential temperature reveals a number of similar low‐TrEL events, which are often, but not always, associated with Frozen‐In Anticyclone (FrIAC) formation. The summertime TrEL values are highly correlated with zonal wind speed in the polar stratosphere following the SFW, suggesting that strong post‐SFW circulation favors polar trapping of low‐TrEL air. The 2011 event, classified as a large‐scale FrIAC, was unusual in having the lowest TrEL values and the strongest easterly vortex within the past three decades.
Joint inversion of Rayleigh wave phase velocity and ellipticity using USArray: Constraining velocity and density structure in the upper crust
Authors: Lin Fan‐Chi , Schmandt Brandon , Tsai Victor C. 
Published: May 2012

Rayleigh wave ellipticity, or H/V ratio, observed on the surface is particularly sensitive to shallow earth structure. In this study, we jointly invert measurements of Rayleigh wave H/V ratio and phase velocity between 24–100 and 8–100 sec period, respectively, for crust and upper mantle structure beneath more than 1000 USArray stations covering the western United States. Upper crustal structure, in particular, is better constrained by the joint inversion compared to inversions based on phase velocities alone. In addition to imaging Vs structure, we show that the joint inversion can be used to constrain Vp/Vs and density in the upper crust. New images of uppermost crustal structure (<3 km depth) are in excellent agreement with known surface features, with pronounced low Vs, low density, and high Vp/Vs anomalies imaged in the locations of several major sedimentary basins including the Williston, Powder River, Green River, Denver, and San Juan basins. These results demonstrate not only the consistency of broadband H/V ratios and phase velocity measurements, but also that their complementary sensitivities have the potential to resolve density and Vp/Vs variations.
Sleep quality under mild hypoxia in men with low hypoxic ventilatory response
Authors: Hoshikawa Masako , Uchida Sunao , Ganeko Masashi , Sumitomo Junya , Totoki Masatsugu , Kojima Takuto , Nakamura Yukiko , Kawahara Takashi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe present study evaluated whether slow‐wave sleep and whole‐night delta power of the non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) decrease during sleep at a simulated altitude of 2000 m, and whether such changes related to measures of hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). This study consisted of two parts; in the first, HVR was measured in 41 subjects and each seven subjects with the lowest or the highest HVR were selected for the subsequent sleep study. In the second part, polysomnogram, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and respiratory events are recorded on the selected subjects under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia decreased SpO2 and increased respiratory disturbances for both groups. The low HVR group, but not the high HVR group, showed decreases in the whole‐night delta power of NREM sleep EEG under hypoxia. On the other hand, two subjects in the high HVR group, who showed relatively high apnoea indices, also showed lower SpO2 nadirs and decreases in the whole‐night delta power under hypoxia. These results suggest that acute hypoxia equivalent to that at a 2000 m altitude decreases slow‐wave sleep in individuals that show low HVR. However, low HVR may not be the only, but one of some factors that decrease the whole‐night delta power under hypoxia. Therefore, it was not sufficient to identify individuals likely to be susceptible to deteriorated sleep quality at a simulated altitude of 2000 m only using the HVR test. Other factors, which relate to respiratory instabilities, should be taken into consideration to identify them.
Relative age‐related participation and dropout trends in German youth sports clubs
Authors: Wattie Nick , Tietjens Maike , Cobley Stephen , Schorer Jörg , Baker Joseph , Kurz Dietrich 
Published: May 2012

AbstractRelative age describes a youth's age within their age group cohort. Compared to relatively younger peers, relatively older youth in an annual age group cohort have been found more likely to be selected to sports teams, and to receive higher grades in education. This study examined the influence of youth sport participants’ relative age on participation and dropout. Using data from the 1995 German Youth Sport Survey (N total=2612), comparisons (stratified by gender and sport type) were made between the relative age of current and former participants. Analyses also considered the type of school youths were enrolled in while exploring the influence of relative age on sport participations. No relative age effects for dropout emerged among males in team or individual sport contexts. Female dropouts were more likely to be relatively older (Q1, ORadjusted: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.34–0.80; Q2, ORadjusted: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.36–0.84; Q3, ORadjusted: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.39–0.89), an effect that was mirrored among ‘artistic’ sport participants. Boys and girls in schools that were for children of higher academic proficiency were more likely to be currently participating in sport. Findings suggest that relative age‐related dropout effects may be context sensitive and different for males and females. For the most part, relative age did not appear to have any relationship with dropout in this sample, with some notable exceptions for females. Overall, factors such as the type of school youths were enrolled in appear to be a more salient influence on sport participation than relative age.
Study of an active hybrid gap surface plasmon polariton waveguide with nanoscale confinement size and low compensation gain
Authors: Rao Ruijian , Tang Tiantong 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
A silicon-based hybrid gap surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waveguide consisting of an active InP/GaInAsP/InP double heterostructure layer, a silver cladding with a rectangular bump and a gap between them is presented. Based on this waveguide, all the SPP waveguides and even the SPP components share a common planar active medium layer in the whole photonic integration circuit chip, so not only can both the waveguide structure width and the mode lateral confinement width be of nanoscale simultaneously, but optical pumping can also be easily realized for compensating the propagation loss of all the SPP waveguides and components. By means of thickening the active GaInAsP layer and thinning the gap, the threshold gain coefficient is reduced to an achievable range and the mode confinement size is dropped to the nanoscale. Numerical simulation suggests that when the gap size is 50 nm × 10 nm and the GaInAsP height is 350 nm, by adjusting the metal bump height, the effective mode area is

at λ0 = 1550 nm and the full-width at half-maximum of the Poynting vector magnitude is 66 nm and the threshold gain coefficient is 158.5 cm−1 or 850.9 cm−1 for different Ag permittivities coming from two sources.
Femtosecond laser ablation of dentin
Authors: Alves S , Oliveira V , Vilar R 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The surface morphology, structure and composition of human dentin treated with a femtosecond infrared laser (pulse duration 500 fs, wavelength 1030 nm, fluences ranging from 1 to 3 J cm−2) was studied by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The average dentin ablation threshold under these conditions was 0.6 ± 0.2 J cm−2 and the ablation rate achieved in the range 1 to 2 µm/pulse for an average fluence of 3 J cm−2. The ablation surfaces present an irregular and rugged appearance, with no significant traces of melting, deformation, cracking or carbonization. The smear layer was entirely removed by the laser treatment. For fluences only slightly higher than the ablation threshold the morphology of the laser-treated surfaces was very similar to the dentin fracture surfaces and the dentinal tubules remained open. For higher fluences, the surface was more porous and the dentin structure was partially concealed by ablation debris and a few resolidified droplets. Independently on the laser processing parameters and laser processing method used no sub-superficial cracking was observed. The dentin constitution and chemical composition was not significantly modified by the laser treatment in the processing parameter range used. In particular, the organic matter is not preferentially removed from the surface and no traces of high temperature phosphates, such as the β-tricalcium phosphate, were observed. The achieved results are compatible with an electrostatic ablation mechanism. In conclusion, the high beam quality and short pulse duration of the ultrafast laser used should allow the accurate preparation of cavities, with negligible damage of the underlying material.
Analysis of mitochondrial DNA in Bolivian llama, alpaca and vicuna populations: a contribution to the phylogeny of the South American camelids
Authors: Barreta J. , Gutiérrez‐Gil B. , Iñiguez V. , Saavedra V. , Chiri R. , Latorre E. , Arranz J. J. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryThe objectives of this work were to assess the mtDNA diversity of Bolivian South American camelid (SAC) populations and to shed light on the evolutionary relationships between the Bolivian camelids and other populations of SACs. We have analysed two different mtDNA regions: the complete coding region of the MT‐CYB gene and 513 bp of the D‐loop region. The populations sampled included Bolivian llamas, alpacas and vicunas, and Chilean guanacos. High levels of genetic diversity were observed in the studied populations. In general, MT‐CYB was more variable than D‐loop. On a species level, the vicunas showed the lowest genetic variability, followed by the guanacos, alpacas and llamas. Phylogenetic analyses performed by including additional available mtDNA sequences from the studied species confirmed the existence of the two monophyletic clades previously described by other authors for guanacos (G) and vicunas (V). Significant levels of mtDNA hybridization were found in the domestic species. Our sequence analyses revealed significant sequence divergence within clade G, and some of the Bolivian llamas grouped with the majority of the southern guanacos. This finding supports the existence of more than the one llama domestication centre in South America previously suggested on the basis of archaeozoological evidence. Additionally, analysis of D‐loop sequences revealed two new matrilineal lineages that are distinct from the previously reported G and V clades. The results presented here represent the first report on the population structure and genetic variability of Bolivian camelids and may help to elucidate the complex and dynamic domestication process of SAC populations.
The effect of CYP3A inhibitors and inducers on the pharmacokinetics of telaprevir in healthy volunteers
Authors: Garg Varun , Chandorkar Gurudatt , Yang Yijun , Adda Nathalie , McNair Lindsay , Alves Katia , Smith Frances , van Heeswijk Rolf P. G. 
Published: May 2012

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Telaprevir is a hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor for the treatment of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C in adult patients with compensated liver disease. In vitro studies indicated that CYP3A was the major cytochrome P‐450 (CYP) isozyme involved in the metabolism of telaprevir. It is important to understand the potential for drug–drug interactions of telaprevir when it is co‐administered with CYP3A inhibitors or inducers.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• CYP3A inducers, rifampicin and efavirenz, can reduce telaprevir exposure to varying degrees based on their potency. After a single dose, telaprevir exposure is increased when ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, is co‐administered. However, at steady‐state, telaprevir exposure is less likely to be affected by CYP3A inhibitors.AIM To evaluate the effects of ketoconazole, rifampicin and efavirenz on the pharmacokinetics of telaprevir in healthy volunteers.METHOD Results from three clinical studies are described. (1) Volunteers received a single 750 mg dose telaprevir with and without a single 400 mg dose ketoconazole. (2) Volunteers received (a) 1250 mg telaprevir followed by three 750 mg doses given every 8 h and (b) four 1250 mg telaprevir doses given every 8 h, with a single 400 mg dose ketoconazole given with the fourth dose of telaprevir. (3) Volunteers received either a single 750 mg dose telaprevir with or without 600 mg once daily rifampicin, or 750 mg every 8 h telaprevir with and without 600 mg once daily efavirenz.RESULTS A single 400 mg dose of ketoconazole increased single dose telaprevir exposure: the geometric least‐squares mean ratio (GLSMR, with 90% confidence limits) was 1.24 (1.10, 1.41) for Cmax and 1.62 (1.45, 1.81) for AUC(0,∞). However, after multiple doses of telaprevir, there was no discernible effect of ketoconazole on telaprevir exposure. Co‐administration of rifampicin at steady‐state markedly reduced single dose telaprevir exposure with GLSMRs of 0.14 (0.11, 0.18) for Cmax and 0.08 (0.07, 0.11) for AUC(0,∞), whereas efavirenz had a smaller effect on telaprevir exposure when both drugs were co‐administered at steady‐state, with GLSMRs of 0.91 (0.81, 1.02) for Cmax, 0.53 (0.44, 0.65) for Cmin, and 0.74 (0.65, 0.84) for AUC(0,8 h).CONCLUSION CYP3A inducers, rifampicin and efavirenz, can reduce telaprevir exposure to varying degrees based on their potency. The effect of ketoconazole as an inhibitor of telaprevir metabolism is more pronounced after a single dose of telaprevir than after repeated administration.
The pharmacokinetics of darexaban are not affected to a clinically relevant degree by rifampicin, a strong inducer of P‐glycoprotein and CYP3A4
Authors: Groenendaal Dorien , Strabach Gregory , Garcia‐Hernandez Alberto , Kadokura Takeshi , Heeringa Marten , Mol Roelof , Eltink Charlotte , Onkels Hartmut 
Published: May 2012

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Darexaban is an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor developed as an antithrombotic for several indications. Several other new oral anticoagulants are metabolized via CYP3A4 and transported by P‐glycoprotein, displaying clinically relevant drug interactions with rifampicin and ketoconazole.• Darexaban is almost entirely metabolized to darexaban glucuronide, which is the main active moiety. In vitro, CYP3A4 metabolism is not involved in the formation or metabolism of darexaban glucuronide; and darexaban, but not darexaban glucuronide, is a P‐glycoprotein substrate in vitro.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• The study shows that rifampicin does not affect the pharmacokinetic profiles of darexaban glucuronide and darexaban to a clinically relevant degree, suggesting that the potential for drug−drug interactions between darexaban and CYP3A4 or P‐glycoprotein‐inducing agents is low.• This study was carried out to confirm the susceptibility of darexaban/darexaban glucuronide to CYP3A4 and P‐glycoprotein induction in vivo in humans.AIMS We investigated the effects of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the direct clotting factor Xa inhibitor darexaban (YM150) and its main active metabolite, darexaban glucuronide (YM‐222714), which almost entirely determines the antithrombotic effect.METHODS In this open‐label, single‐sequence study, 26 healthy men received one dose of darexaban 60 mg on day 1 and oral rifampicin 600 mg once daily on days 4−14. On day 11, a second dose of darexaban 60 mg was given with rifampicin. Blood and urine were collected after study drug administration on days 1−14. The maximal plasma drug concentration (Cmax) and exposure [area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to time of quantifiable measurable concentration; (AUClast) or AUClast extrapolated to infinity (AUC∞)] were assessed by analysis of variance of PK. Limits for statistical significance of 90% confidence intervals for AUC and Cmax ratios were predefined as 80−125%.RESULTS Darexaban glucuronide plasma exposure was not affected by rifampicin; the geometric mean ratio (90% confidence interval) of AUClast with/without rifampicin was 1.08 (1.00, 1.16). The Cmax of darexaban glucuronide increased by 54% after rifampicin [ratio 1.54 (1.37, 1.73)]. The plasma concentrations of darexaban were very low (<1% of darexaban glucuronide concentrations) with and without rifampicin. Darexaban alone or in combination with rifampicin was generally safe and well tolerated.CONCLUSIONS Overall, rifampicin did not affect the PK profiles of darexaban glucuronide and darexaban to a clinically relevant degree, suggesting that the potential for drug−drug interactions between darexaban and CYP3A4 or P‐glycoprotein‐inducing agents is low.
Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: outcome in a 20‐year cohort
Authors: Toze Cynthia L. , Dalal Chinmay B. , Nevill Thomas J. , Gillan Tanya L. , Abou Mourad Yasser R. , Barnett Michael J. , Broady Raewyn C. , Forrest Donna L. , Hogge Donna E. , Nantel Stephen H. , Power Maryse M. , Song Kevin W. , Sutherland Heather J. , Smith Clayton A. , Narayanan Sujaatha , Young Sean S. , Connors Joseph M. , Shepherd John D. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryThe curative potential of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo HSCT) in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia CLL is established, with a demonstrated role for graft‐versus‐leukaemia and less certainty for other factors in determining outcome. The first two decades of CLL patients proceeding to allo HSCT at the Leukaemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program of British Columbia (n = 49 consecutive, 1991–2009) were studied to clarify factors predicting outcome. The donor was related in 29 (59%) and unrelated in 20 (41%). Conditioning was reduced‐intensity in 27 (55%) and myeloablative in 22 (45%). Thirty‐one of 49 patients survive with median follow‐up of 5 years (0·2–15). Cumulative incidence of non‐relapse mortality; complete remission (CR); clearance of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) abnormality and progression at 10 years was 36%; 69%; 55% and 22%. Overall survival (OS) was 63% at 2 years; 55% at 5 years and beyond. Factors predicting OS (P value by log rank <0·05) were: comorbidity index <3, FISH rank (Dohner) and 17p deletion, alemtuzumab pre‐HSCT, achievement of CR post‐HSCT, donor chimerism >90%, clearance of FISH abnormality post‐HSCT and absence of high‐grade (3–4) graft‐versus‐host disease. Results from this province‐wide, two‐decade cohort demonstrated that a substantial proportion of patients with high‐risk CLL become long term disease‐free survivors.
What does anti‐Müllerian hormone tell you about ovarian function?
Authors: Anderson Richard A. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryThe measurement anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) is leading to new insights into ovarian function. AMH is produced by small growing follicles, thus is distinct from ovulation and is a step closer to being able to assess the true ovarian reserve. AMH is measureable from birth to near the menopause, with a peak in the mid‐20s. Changes in adolescence are likely to lead to new understanding of ovarian maturation at puberty. AMH is becoming a routine test in assisted conception, reflecting a decline in the primordial follicle pool during the later reproductive years, and also identifying women at risk of over‐response. Thus, its relationship with the ovarian reserve changes from an inverse one in the first quarter century to a positive one thereafter as both decline in parallel. AMH does not vary significantly across the menstrual cycle, but it is not fully gonadotrophin‐independent, showing delayed changes consistent with the site of production from smaller growing follicles. There is considerable interest, both professional and public, in its ability to predict remaining reproductive lifespan, which clinically may be of value in the assessment of ovarian reserve following damage, for example postchemotherapy or ovarian surgery. AMH is markedly increased in polycystic ovarian syndrome and may be of diagnostic value. The considerable promise of AMH measurement is ahead of the robustness of the data in allowing clinical interpretation in most contexts, but it is clear that it will in the future offer novel opportunities for the assessment of ovarian function in health as well as disease.