bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Receptivity of African American Adolescents to an HIV‐Prevention Curriculum Enhanced by Text Messaging
Authors: Cornelius Judith B. , St. Lawrence Janet S. 
Published: April 2009

PURPOSE.  This study assessed African American adolescents’ receptivity to an HIV‐prevention curriculum enhanced by text messaging. DESIGN AND METHODS.  Two focus groups were conducted with 14 African American adolescents regarding how an HIV‐prevention curriculum could be enhanced for text messaging delivery. RESULTS.  The adolescents were receptive to the idea of text messaging HIV‐prevention information but wanted to receive a maximum of three messages per day during the hours of 4:00–6:00 p.m. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  By taking the findings of this study, nurses, other healthcare providers, and community‐based organizations can adapt evidence‐based interventions for text messaging delivery to individuals at high risk for HIV infection.
Three Intervention Models for Exploring Oral Health in Pregnant Minority Adolescents
Authors: Murphey Christina , Rew Lynn 
Published: April 2009

PURPOSE.  Maintaining oral health is important for pregnant minority adolescents and their offspring's present and future well‐being. The purpose of this article is to identify the scope of oral health problems and describe three models to guide pediatric nursing research and interventions related to oral health in pregnant minority adolescents. CONCLUSIONS.  Identifying and understanding the risks of poor oral health in pregnant minority adolescents will assist those who plan and provide care for this vulnerable population. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Utilizing more than one model or a combination of models may be necessary for improving oral health outcomes in this population.
THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WITH TREATED WASTEWATER ON “CHEMLALI” OLIVE OIL QUALITY
Authors: BEDBABIS SAIDA , PALESE ASSUNTA MARIA , ROUINA BÉCHIR BEN , RHOUMA ALI , GARGOURI KAMEL , BOUKHRIS MAKKI 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to study the effect of the irrigation with treated wastewater (TWW) on the quality parameters of “Chemlali” olive oil through two crop seasons (2004/2005 and 2006/2007). The results showed that irrigation with TWW did not affect the examined oil quality indices (free acidity, specific ultraviolet absorbance K232 and K270). During the two crop seasons, the mean values of these parameters are lower than the upper limits established for the best commercial olive oil quality designated as “Extra Virgin.” However, a significant increase of palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic and stearic acid contents was found in the 2006/2007 crop season in the plot irrigated with TWW as compared to the one treated with well water. In addition, a decrease of oleic acid and polyphenol content was observed at the end of experimental period. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe availability of fresh water is very scarce in the Middle East and North Africa. Yet consequently, good quality water is used to irrigate crops more sensitive to water shortage than olive trees. Brackish water or recycled wastewater can be used for irrigation, minimizing the exploitation of natural water resources. In Tunisia, treated wastewater (TWW) is commonly used to irrigate olive trees. The aim of the present study was to assess changes in quality characteristics (free acidity, specific ultraviolet absorbance K232 and K270, fatty acid composition and total phenolic compounds) of “Chemlali” olive oil obtained from trees irrigated with TWW.
FRACTURE BEHAVIOR AND MECHANISM OF PUFFED CEREAL DURING COMPRESSION
Authors: ROOPA B.S. , MAZUMDER PRITAM , BHATTACHARYA SUVENDU 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT Texture of puffed cereals was determined to develop an instrumental method and to provide a mechanism of compaction under compressive stress. A model solidlike puffed rice at different moisture contents (2.0–8.5%) was subjected to compression testing to determine the fracture/failure characteristics. The force–deformation curves showed three zones and two firmnesses during compression. The different textural parameters were sensitive to moisture content above 6%. The microstructure of puffed rice consisted of many closed air cells having thin cell walls (10–15 µm) while a compressed sample showed breaking of cell walls with simultaneous development of fracture lines. A mechanism of compaction or failure at macromolecular level for puffed rice has been proposed based on texture data and microstructure. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONThe acceptance of a snack food largely depends on the texture which in turn is related to fracture characteristics. The present paper offers a general method for determining the texture of snacks and similar brittle food products. The developed indices can describe the texture of a snack food. The mechanism of failure, developed in the present work, can also be applied for low‐density foods and for prediction of their behavior during compression.
New Molecular Detection Tools Adapted to Emerging Rhinoviruses and Enteroviruses
Authors: Tapparel Caroline , Cordey Samuel , Van Belle Sandra , Turin Lara , Lee Wai-Ming , Regamey Nicolas , Meylan Pascal , Mühlemann Kathrin , Gobbini Francesca , Kaiser Laurent 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT
Human rhinoviruses (HRV), and to a lesser extent human enteroviruses (HEV), are important respiratory pathogens. Like other RNA viruses, these picornaviruses have an intrinsic propensity to variability. This results in a large number of different serotypes as well as the incessant discovery of new genotypes. This large and growing diversity not only complicates the design of real-time PCR assays but also renders immunofluorescence unfeasible for broad HRV and HEV detection or quantification in cells. In this study, we used the 5′ untranslated region, the most conserved part of the genome, as a target for the development of both a real-time PCR assay (Panenterhino/Ge/08) and a peptide nucleic acid-based hybridization oligoprobe (Panenterhino/Ge/08 PNA probe) designed to detect all HRV and HEV species members according to publicly available sequences. The reverse transcription-PCR assay has been validated, using not only plasmid and viral stocks but also quantified RNA transcripts and around 1,000 clinical specimens. These new generic detection PCR assays overcame the variability of circulating strains and lowered the risk of missing emerging and divergent HRV and HEV. An additional real-time PCR assay (Entero/Ge/08) was also designed specifically to provide sensitive and targeted detection of HEV in cerebrospinal fluid. In addition to the generic probe, we developed specific probes for the detection of HRV-A and HRV-B in cells. This investigation provides a comprehensive toolbox for accurate molecular identification of the different HEV and HRV circulating in humans.
Human-Specific Modulation of Transcriptional Activity Provided by Endogenous Retroviral Insertions
Authors: Gogvadze Elena , Stukacheva Elena , Buzdin Anton , Sverdlov Eugene 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

Many phenotypic differences exist between
Homo sapiens
and its closest relatives, chimpanzees, and these differences can arise as a result of variations in the regulation of certain genes common to these closely related species. Human-specific endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and their solitary long terminal repeats (LTRs) are probable candidates for such a role due to the presence of regulatory elements, such as enhancers, promoters, splice sites, and polyadenylation signals. In this study we show for the first time that HERVs can participate in the specific antisense regulation of human gene expression owing to their LTR promoter activity. We found that two HERV LTRs situated in the introns of genes
SLC4A8
(for sodium bicarbonate cotransporter) and
IFT172
(for intraflagellar transport protein 172) in the antisense orientation serve in vivo as promoters for generating RNAs complementary to the exons of enclosing genes. The antisense transcripts formed from LTR promoter were shown to decrease the mRNA level of the corresponding genes. The human-specific regulation of these genes suggests their involvement in the evolutionary process.
JNK and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways Contribute to Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection
Authors: Wei Li , Zhu Zhongwu , Wang Jing , Liu Jue 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTInfection with a wide variety of viruses often perturbs host cell signaling pathways including the Jun NH2-terminal kinase/stress-activated kinase (JNK/SAPK) and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK), which are important components of cellular signal transduction pathways. The present study demonstrated for the first time that porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), which is the primary causative agent of an emerging swine disease, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, can activate JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways in PCV2-infected PK15 cells. However, PCV2 at an early stage of infection, as well as UV-irradiated PCV2, failed to activate these two MAPK families, which demonstrated that PCV2 replication was necessary for their activation. We further found that PCV2 activated the phosphorylation of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK downstream targets c-Jun and ATF-2 with virus replication in the cultured cells. The roles of these kinases in PCV2 infection were further evaluated using specific inhibitors: the JNK inhibitor 1 for JNK1/2 and SB202190 for p38. Inhibition of JNK1/2 and p38 kinases by these specific inhibitors did result in significant reduction of PCV2 viral mRNA transcription and protein synthesis, viral progeny release, and blockage of PCV2-induced apoptotic caspase-3 activation in the infected cells. Taken together, these data suggest that JNK/SAPK and p38 MAPK pathways play important roles in the PCV2 replication and contribute to virus-mediated changes in host cells.
Monotypic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genotypes across the Uterine Cervix and in Blood Suggest Proliferation of Cells with Provirus
Authors: Bull Marta E. , Learn Gerald H. , McElhone Scott , Hitti Jane , Lockhart David , Holte Sarah , Dragavon Joan , Coombs Robert W. , Mullins James I. , Frenkel Lisa M. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

Understanding the dynamics and spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) within the body, including within the female genital tract with its central role in heterosexual and peripartum transmission, has important implications for treatment and vaccine development. To study HIV-1 populations within tissues, we compared viruses from across the cervix to those in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) during effective and failing antiretroviral therapy (ART) and in patients not receiving ART. Single-genome sequences of the C2-V5 region of HIV-1
env
were derived from PBMC and three cervical biopsies per subject. Maximum-likelihood phylogenies were evaluated for differences in genetic diversity and compartmentalization within and between cervical biopsies and PBMC. All subjects had one or more clades with genetically identical HIV-1
env
sequences derived from single-genome sequencing. These sequences were from noncontiguous cervical biopsies or from the cervix and circulating PBMC in seven of eight subjects. Compartmentalization of virus between genital tract and blood was observed by statistical methods and tree topologies in six of eight subjects, and potential genital lineages were observed in two of eight subjects. The detection of monotypic sequences across the cervix and blood, especially during effective ART, suggests that cells with provirus undergo clonal expansion. Compartmentalization of viruses within the cervix appears in part due to viruses homing to and/or expanding within the cervix and is rarely due to unique viruses evolving within the genital tract. Further studies are warranted to investigate mechanisms producing monotypic viruses across tissues and, importantly, to determine whether the proliferation of cells with provirus sustain HIV-1 persistence in spite of effective ART.
Notch1, Notch2, and Epstein-Barr virus–encoded nuclear antigen 2 signaling differentially affects proliferation and survival of Epstein-Barr virus–infected B cells
Authors: Kohlhof Hella , Hampel Franziska , Hoffmann Reinhard , Burtscher Helmut , Weidle Ulrich H. , Hölzel Michael , Eick Dirk , Zimber-Strobl Ursula , Strobl Lothar J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe canonical mode of transcriptional activation by both the Epstein-Barr viral protein, Epstein-Barr virus–encoded nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2), and an activated Notch receptor (Notch-IC) requires their recruitment to RBPJ, suggesting that EBNA2 uses the Notch pathway to achieve B-cell immortalization. To gain further insight into the biologic equivalence between Notch-IC and EBNA2, we performed a genome-wide expression analysis, revealing that Notch-IC and EBNA2 exhibit profound differences in the regulation of target genes. Whereas Notch-IC is more potent in regulating genes associated with differentiation and development, EBNA2 is more potent in inducing viral and cellular genes involved in proliferation, survival, and chemotaxis. Because both EBNA2 and Notch-IC induced the expression of cell cycle–associated genes, we analyzed whether Notch1-IC or Notch2-IC can replace EBNA2 in B-cell immortalization. Although Notch-IC could drive quiescent B cells into the cell cycle, B-cell immortalization was not maintained, partially due to an increased apoptosis rate in Notch-IC–expressing cells. Expression analysis revealed that both EBNA2 and Notch-IC induced the expression of proapoptotic genes, but only in EBNA2-expressing cells were antiapoptotic genes strongly up-regulated. These findings suggest that Notch signaling in B cells and B-cell lymphomas is only compatible with proliferation if pathways leading to antiapototic signals are active.
Indications for computed tomography (CT-) diagnostics in proximal humeral fractures: a comparative study of plain radiography and computed tomography
Authors: Bahrs Christian , Rolauffs Bernd , Südkamp Norbert P , Schmal Hagen , Eingartner Christoph , Dietz Klaus , Pereira Philippe L , Weise Kuno , Lingenfelter Erich , Helwig Peter 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Background
Precise indications for computed tomography (CT) in proximal humeral fractures are not established. The purpose of this study was a comparison of conventional radiographic views with different CT reconstructions with 2 D and 3 D imaging to establish indications for additional CT diagnostics depending on the fractured parts.

Methods
In a prospective diagnostic study in two level 1 trauma centers, 44 patients with proximal humeral fractures were diagnosed with conventional X-rays (22 AP + axillary views, 22 AP + scapular Y-views) and CT (multi-planar reconstruction (MPR) and maximum intensity projection (MIP)) with 2 D and 3 D imaging. 3 observers assessed the technical image quality, the assessment of the relevant anatomical structures (2-sample-t-test) and the percentage of the osseous overlap of the proximal humerus (Welch-test) using a scoring system. The quality of the different diagnostic methods was assessed according to the number of fractured parts (Bonferroni-Holm adjustment).

Results
There was significantly more overlap of the fractured region on the scapular Y-views (mean 71.5%, range 45–90%) than on axillary views (mean 56.2%, range 10.5–100%). CT-diagnostics allowed a significantly better assessment of the relevant structures than conventional diagnostics (p < 0.05) independently of the fracture severity (two-, three-, and four-part fractures).

Conclusion
Conventional X-rays with AP view and a high-quality axillary view are useful for primary diagnostics of the fracture and often but not always show a clear presentation of the relevant bony structures such as both tuberosities, the glenoid and humeral head. CT with thin slices technology and additional 3 D imaging provides always a clear presentation of the fractured region. Clinically, a CT should be performed – independently of the number of fractured parts – when the proximal humerus and the shoulder joint are not presented with sufficient X-ray-quality to establish a treatment plan.
Expression of GIMAP1, a GTPase of the immunity-associated protein family, is not up-regulated in malaria
Authors: Saunders Amy , Lamb Tracey , Pascall John , Hutchings Amanda , Dion Carine , Carter Christine , Hepburn Lucy , Langhorne Jean , Butcher Geoffrey W 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundGIMAP (GTPase of the immunity-associated protein family) proteins are a family of putative GTPases believed to be regulators of cell death in lymphomyeloid cells. GIMAP1 was the first reported member of this gene family, identified as a gene up-regulated at the RNA level in the spleens of mice infected with the malarial parasite,Plasmodium chabaudi.MethodsA monoclonal antibody against mouse GIMAP1 was developed and was used to analyse the expression of the endogenous protein in tissues of normal mice and in defined sub-populations of cells prepared from lymphoid tissues using flow cytometry. It was also used to assess the expression of GIMAP1 protein after infection and/or immunization of mice withP. chabaudi. Real-time PCR analysis was employed to measure the expression ofGIMAP1for comparison with the protein level analysis.ResultsGIMAP1 protein expression was detected in all lineages of lymphocytes (T, B, NK), in F4/80+splenic macrophages and in some lymphoid cell lines. Additional evidence is presented suggesting that the strong expression by mature B cells of GIMAP1 and other GIMAP genes and proteins seen in mice may be a species-dependent characteristic. Unexpectedly, no increase was found in the expression of GIMAP1 inP. chabaudiinfected mice at either the mRNA or protein level, and this remained so despite applying a number of variations to the protocol.ConclusionThe model of up-regulation of GIMAP1 in response to infection/immunization withP. chabaudiis not a robustly reproducible experimental system. The GIMAP1 protein is widely expressed in lymphoid cells, with an interesting increase in expression in the later stages of B cell development. Alternative approaches will be required to define the functional role of this GTPase in immune cells.
Motor performance in five-year-old extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survivors: a population-based study
Authors: Nijhuis-van der Sanden Maria WG , van der Cammen-van Zijp Monique HM , Janssen Anjo JWM , Reuser Jolanda JCM , Mazer Petra , van Heijst Arno FJ , Gischler Saskia J , Tibboel Dick , Kollée Louis AA 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is a cardio-pulmonary bypass technique to provide life support in acute reversible cardio-respiratory failure when conventional management is not successful. Most neonates receiving ECMO suffer from meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), sepsis or persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPH). In five-year-old children who underwent VA-ECMO therapy as neonates, we assessed motor performance related to growth, intelligence and behaviour, and the association with the primary diagnosis.

Methods
In a prospective population-based study (n = 224) 174 five-year-old survivors born between 1993 and 2000 and treated in the two designated ECMO centres in the Netherlands (Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen and Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center Rotterdam) were invited to undergo follow-up assessment including a paediatric assessment, the movement assessment battery for children (MABC), the revised Amsterdam intelligence test (RAKIT) and the child behaviour checklist (CBCL).

Results
Twenty-two percent of the children died before the age of five, 86% (n = 149) of the survivors were assessed. Normal development in all domains was found in 49% of children. Severe disabilities were present in 13%, and another 9% had impaired motor development combined with cognitive and/or behavioural problems. Chi-squared tests showed adverse outcome in MABC scores (P < 0.001) compared with the reference population in children with CDH, sepsis and PPH, but not in children with MAS. Compared with the Dutch population height, body mass index (BMI) and weight for height were lower in the CDH group (P < 0.001). RAKIT and CBCL scores did not differ from the reference population. Total MABC scores, socio-economic status, growth and CBCL scores were not related to each other, but negative motor outcome was related to lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores (r = 0.48, P < 0.001).

Conclusions
The ECMO population is highly at risk for developmental problems, most prominently in the motor domain. Adverse outcome differs between the primary diagnosis groups. Objective evaluation of long-term developmental problems associated with this highly invasive technology is necessary to determine best evidence-based practice. The ideal follow-up programme requires an interdisciplinary team, the use of normal-referenced tests and an international consensus on timing and actual outcome measurements.
Changing from Syllable-Rhythm to Word-Rhythm: Parallels between Danish and Northern Alemannic
Authors: Schrambke Renate 
Published: April 2009

SummaryLanguages and dialects can change from one prosodic category to another, causing thereby phonetic and phonological changes. This happened in Danish as well as in Northern Alemannic when both changed their basic rhythm from a more syllable-based system to a more word-based one. The consequences of this transition were very similar, some even identical. This article focuses on these similarities comparing the development of the plosive sounds as well as the assimilation ofnd>nin Danish and in a small area of Northern Alemannic in the transition area to Rhenish Franconian. Furthermore some of the changes that have taken place in a wider area of Northern Alemannic are discussed such as the deletion of word final vowels (apocope), the introduction of the glottal stop, the linkingnin hiatus position as well as phonetic assimilation across word boundaries.
Continuous and Short Fiber Reinforced Composite in Root Post-Core System of Severely Damaged Incisors
Authors: Garoushi Sufyan , Vallittu Pekka K , Lassila Lippo V.J 
Published: April 2009

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to determine the static load-bearing capacity of endodontically treated maxillary incisors restored with post-core complex made of experimental fiber composite resin (FC) and complete crown made of particulate filler composite (PFC). Further aim was to evaluate the effect of FC resin on the failure mode of the restoration.

Material and Methods:
The experimental composite resin (FC) was prepared by mixing 22.5 wt% of short E-glass fibers (3 mm in length) and 22.5 wt% of semi-interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) resin with 55 wt% of silane treated silica fillers. Thirty extracted sound upper central incisors were used. Twenty teeth were prepared by cutting the clinical crown 2 mm above the cemento-enamel junction horizontally. Restorations were made by two techniques (n=10). Group A (control group) contained samples of sound incisor teeth. Group B had teeth restored using glass fiber post (everStick, Stick- Teck) and PFC (Filtek Z250, 3M-ESPE) to build up core and complete crown. In Group C, the teeth were restored with FC as post-core and complete crown of PFC. The root canals were prepared and posts were cemented with a dual cure resin cement. The restorations were polymerized with a hand-light curing unit. All restored teeth were stored in water at room temperature for 24 h before they were statically loaded with speed of 1.0 mm/min until fracture. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (p=0.05). Failure modes were visually examined.

Results:
ANOVA revealed that restored incisors (Group B and C) had a statistically significantly lower load-bearing capacity (p<0.05) than the control group. Restorations made from FC post-core and PFC coverage (Group C) gave force value of 363 N (112 SD), which was higher than the value of Group B (211 N, 50 SD).

Conclusions:
Within the limitations of this study, the teeth restored with experimental fiber composite post-core demonstrated higher load bearing capacity than those with fiber post and PFC core.