bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation, Crystal Structure, Thermal Decomposition, and Explosive Properties of a Novel Energetic Compound [Zn(N2H4)2(N3)2]n: A New High‐Nitrogen Material (N = 65.60 %)
Authors: Wu Bi‐Dong , Yang Li , Wang Shi‐Wei , Zhang Tong‐Lai , Zhang Jian‐Guo , Zhou Zun‐Ning , Yu Kai‐Bei 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA new multi‐ligand coordination polymer of zinc(II) hydrazine azide, [Zn(N2H4)2(N3)2]n, was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and FT‐IR spectrum. Its crystal structure was determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis: triclinic, space group P$\bar{1}$, a = 0.4121(1) nm, b = 0.6281(1) nm, c = 0.7072(2) nm, α = 68.443(6)°, β = 89.360(11)°, γ = 89.197(9)°,V = 0.1702(1) nm3, Dc = 2.083 g·cm–3, Z = 1, R1 = 0.0316, wR2 [I > 2σ(I)] = 0.0780 and S = 0.998. The ZnII ion is hexacoordinated with two azido ligands by μ1‐azido bridges and four hydrazine molecules, which serve as bidentate ligands through the nitrogen atoms. The thermal decomposition mechanism of the title complex was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry‐derivative thermogravimetry (TG‐DTG) techniques. Under nitrogen atmosphere with a heating rate of 20 K·min–1, the thermal decomposition of the complex contained one main endothermic process and two main successive exothermic processes between 474 K and 648 K in the DSC curve. Its combustion heat was measured by oxygen bomb calorimetry. The non‐isothermal kinetics parameters were calculated by the Kissinger’s method, Ozawa‐Doyle’s method, pervasive integral method, and differential method, respectively. The sensitivity properties of [Zn(N2H4)2(N3)2]n were also determined with standard methods, which was very sensitive to external stimulus.
Nonconscious effects of peculiar beliefs on consumer psychology and choice
Authors: Kramer Thomas , Block Lauren 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIrrational or illogical beliefs are referred to variously as magical thinking, peculiar beliefs, superstitious beliefs, and half‐beliefs. We first distinguish the various terms according to their most common and relevant usage for consumer psychologists and define a conceptual structure for the roles of conscious and nonconscious processes associated with peculiar beliefs in decision‐making. We present a study that provides initial evidence of the effect of nonconscious, experiential processing on the impact of peculiar beliefs in a consumer auction‐based sales scenario. We also offer propositions that extend the theory on peculiar beliefs to their nonconscious effects on consumer psychology and choice.
Nutritional rehabilitation of mitochondrial aberrations in aplastic anaemia
Authors: He Ling , Miao Xiaoyan , Lv Guangyan , Yang Peiman , Wu Wenguo , Jia Li 
Published: December 2010

Aplastic anaemia (AA) is a disease characterised by bone marrow hypocellularity and peripheral blood pancytopenia. AA is also associated with mitochondrial aberrations. The present study was undertaken primarily to test the hypothesis that a nutrient mixture could affect the nutritional rehabilitation of mitochondrial aberrations in AA mice. BALB/c AA mice were induced by a combination of hypodermic injections of acetylphenylhydrazine (100 mg/kg), X-rays (2·0 Gy) and intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide (80 mg/kg). We treated these mice with nutrient mixture-supplemented diets in a dose-dependent manner (1445·55, 963·7, 674·59 mg/kg per d), and the effects of the nutrient mixture for mitochondrial rehabilitation were analysed in AA mice. Transmission electron microscopy showed that mitochondrial ultrastructural abnormalities in bone marrow cells, splenocytes and hepatocytes of the nutrient mixture groups were restored markedly, compared with the AA group. Mitochondrial membrane potentials of the nutrient mixture groups were increased remarkably. Western blot analysis also revealed that the nutrient mixture significantly inhibited cytochromecrelease of mitochondria in the AA group. Furthermore, the mitochondrial DNA content of the nutrient mixture groups was also increased. Our data suggest that the nutrient mixture may promote the rehabilitation of mitochondrial aberrations, and consequently protects against mitochondrial dysfunction in AA mice.
Consistency of fat mass–fat-free mass relationship across ethnicity and sex groups
Authors: Broyles Stephanie T. , Bouchard Claude , Bray George A. , Greenway Frank L. , Johnson William D. , Newton Robert L. , Ravussin Eric , Ryan Donna H. , Smith Steven R. , Katzmarzyk Peter T. 
Published: December 2010

The model developed by Forbes (1987) of how body fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) change during periods of weight loss or gain (Δ body weight (BW)) assumed that they change in relationship to a constantC = 10·4, where ΔFFM/ΔBW = 10·4/(10·4+FM). Forbes derivedCbased on aggregated, cross-sectional data from a small sample of women. The objective of the present study was to reanalyse the relationship described by Forbes and to explore whether this relationship is consistent across ethnicity and sex groups using cross-sectional data from a large sample of white and African-American men and women. Baseline data from white and African-American men and women aged 18–60 years, who participated in a clinical study at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center since 2001 and who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans, were available for analysis. To overcome differences in BMI distributions among the ethnicity-by-sex groups, a stratified random sample of participants was selected within each group such that numbers in each BMI category ( < 25, 25–29·9, 30–34·9, 35–39·9, 40+ kg/m2) were proportional to those within the group with the smallest sample size, yielding a sample of 1953 individuals. Linear regression models assessed the FM–FFM relationship across the four ethnicity-by-sex groups. The FM–FFM relationship varied little by ethnicity (P = 0·57) or by sex (P = 0·26). The constant describing the FM–FFM relationship was estimated to be 9·7 (95 % CI 9·0, 10·3). In conclusion, results from our large, biethnic sample of men and women found a FM–FFM relationship very close to that originally described by Forbes, absent of significant variability by ethnicity or sex.
Epidemiology of intestinal helminth parasites in stray dogs from markets in south-eastern Nigeria
Authors: Okoye I.C. , Obiezue N.R. , Okorie C.E. , Ofoezie I.E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA survey of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of stray dogs (Canis familiaris) was conducted at Obollo-Afor and Ekwulobia markets, in Enugu and Anambra States, south-eastern Nigeria, respectively, to determine the patterns of infection among dogs in different parts of south-eastern Nigeria. Faecal samples collected, using long forceps, from every dog encountered in the markets between June 2007 and December 2008 were analysed by the Kato–Katz technique. Out of 413 dogs examined in both markets, 217 (52.6%) were infected with at least one of five parasites (Toxocaraspp.,Dipylidium caninum,Ancylostoma caninum,Taeniaspp. andTrichuris vulpis). Overall faecal egg intensity of infection was 49.9 ± 58.7 eggs/g (epg). The prevalence of infection was comparable between the markets and between the male and female dogs, but varied significantly (P < 0.05) by age, decreasing from 78.9% in pups to 36.0% in adult dogs. The mean intensity pattern was similar to that of prevalence, decreasing from 86.7 ± 63.0 epg in pups to 22.1 ± 34.4 in adults. The most important individual parasite infection wasAncylostomaspp. (39.2%; 30.0 ± 41.2 epg) whileT. vulpiswas the least important (1.9%; 0.7 ± 5.4 epg). Generally, prevalence and intensity patterns of each parasite were also comparable between the markets and between sexes, but significantly (P < 0.05) age-dependent. The implications of these findings to public health in Nigeria and other endemic countries are discussed in relation to options for cost-effective control design and implementation.
The Stability and Consolidation of the Francoist Regime. The Case of Eastern Andalusia, 1936–1950
Authors: COBO ROMERO FRANCISCO , DEL ARCO BLANCO MIGUEL ÁNGEL , LÓPEZ TERESA MARÍA ORTEGA 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe stabilisation and longevity of Franco's regime can be explained by the interpenetration of society and the institutions of the ‘New State’ in three overlapping areas: firstly, in the sphere of the shared culture of the community of civil war victors; secondly, through repression, based on the decisive collaboration of those supporting Francoism, which cut short any possible opposition; thirdly, in the socio-economic sphere, where those making up the groups supporting the ‘New State’ would see their personal interests fulfilled. At the same time, the defeated would be ensnared in a maze of misery and silence, abandoning any political concerns and concentrating instead on survival. Accordingly, the regime proved able to win support from a broad range of social groups while also eliminating any signs of opposition.
Baseline intrinsic flammability of Earth’s ecosystems estimated from paleoatmospheric oxygen over the past 350 million years
Authors: Belcher Claire M. , Yearsley Jonathan M. , Hadden Rory M. , McElwain Jennifer C. , Rein Guillermo 
Published: December 2010

Atmospheric oxygen (O
2
) is estimated to have varied greatly throughout Earth’s history and has been capable of influencing wildfire activity wherever fuel and ignition sources were present. Fires consume huge quantities of biomass in all ecosystems and play an important role in biogeochemical cycles. This means that understanding the influence of O
2
on past fire activity has far-reaching consequences for the evolution of life and Earth’s biodiversity over geological timescales. We have used a strong electrical ignition source to ignite smoldering fires, and we measured their self-sustaining propagation in atmospheres of different oxygen concentrations. These data have been used to build a model that we use to estimate the baseline intrinsic flammability of Earth’s ecosystems according to variations in O
2
over the past 350 million years (Ma). Our aim is to highlight times in Earth’s history when fire has been capable of influencing the Earth system. We reveal that fire activity would be greatly suppressed below 18.5% O
2
, entirely switched off below 16% O
2
, and rapidly enhanced between 19–22% O
2
. We show that fire activity and, therefore, its influence on the Earth system would have been high during the Carboniferous (350–300 Ma) and Cretaceous (145–65 Ma) periods; intermediate in the Permian (299–251 Ma), Late Triassic (285–201 Ma), and Jurassic (201–145 Ma) periods; and surprisingly low to lacking in the Early–Middle Triassic period between 250–240 Ma. These baseline variations in Earth’s flammability must be factored into our understanding of past vegetation, biodiversity, evolution, and biogeochemical cycles.
Structural basis of flocculin-mediated social behavior in yeast
Authors: Veelders Maik , Brückner Stefan , Ott Dimitri , Unverzagt Carlo , Mösch Hans-Ulrich , Essen Lars-Oliver 
Published: December 2010

In the budding yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, self-recognition and the thereby promoted aggregation of thousands of cells into protective flocs is mediated by a family of cell-surface adhesins, the flocculins (Flo). Based on this social behavior
FLO
genes fulfill the definition of “greenbeard” genes, which direct cooperation toward other carriers of the same gene. The process of flocculation plays an eminent role in the food industry for the production of beer and wine. However, the precise mode of flocculin-mediated surface recognition and the exact structure of cognate ligands have remained elusive. Here, we present structures of the adhesion domain of a flocculin complexed to its cognate ligands derived from yeast high-mannose oligosaccharides at resolutions up to 0.95 Å. Besides a PA14-like architecture, the Flo5A domain reveals a previously undescribed lectin fold that utilizes a unique
DcisD
calcium-binding motif for carbohydrate binding and that is widely spread among pro- and eukaryotes. Given the high abundance of high-mannose oligosaccharides in yeast cell walls, the Flo5A structure suggests a model for recognition, where social non-self- instead of unsocial self-interactions are favored.
Whispering-gallery mode resonators for highly unidirectional laser action
Authors: Wang Qi Jie , Yan Changling , Yu Nanfang , Unterhinninghofen Julia , Wiersig Jan , Pflügl Christian , Diehl Laurent , Edamura Tadataka , Yamanishi Masamichi , Kan Hirofumi , Capasso Federico 
Published: December 2010

Optical microcavities can be designed to take advantage of total internal reflection, which results in resonators supporting whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) with a high-quality factor (Q factor). One of the crucial problems of these devices for practical applications such as designing microcavity lasers, however, is that their emission is nondirectional due to their radial symmetry, in addition to their inefficient power output coupling. Here we report the design of elliptical resonators with a wavelength-size notch at the boundary, which support in-plane highly unidirectional laser emission from WGMs. The notch acts as a small scatterer such that the Q factor of the WGMs is still very high. Using midinfrared (
λ
∼ 10 μm) injection quantum cascade lasers as a model system, an in-plane beam divergence as small as 6 deg with a peak optical power of ∼5 mW at room temperature has been demonstrated. The beam divergence is insensitive to the pumping current and to the notch geometry, demonstrating the robustness of this resonator design. The latter is scalable to the visible and the near infrared, thus opening the door to very low-threshold, highly unidirectional microcavity diode lasers.
Visualizing key hinges and a potential major source of compliance in the lever arm of myosin
Authors: Brown Jerry H. , Senthil Kumar V. S. , O’Neall-Hennessey Elizabeth , Reshetnikova Ludmila , Robinson Howard , Nguyen-McCarty Michelle , Szent-Györgyi Andrew G. , Cohen Carolyn 
Published: December 2010

We have determined the 2.3-Å-resolution crystal structure of a myosin light chain domain, corresponding to one type found in sea scallop catch (“smooth”) muscle. This structure reveals hinges that may function in the “on” and “off” states of myosin. The molecule adopts two different conformations about the heavy chain “hook” and regulatory light chain (RLC) helix D. This conformational change results in extended and compressed forms of the lever arm whose lengths differ by 10 Å. The heavy chain hook and RLC helix D hinges could thus serve as a potential major and localized source of cross-bridge compliance during the contractile cycle. In addition, in one of the molecules of the crystal, part of the RLC N-terminal extension is seen in atomic detail and forms a one-turn alpha-helix that interacts with RLC helix D. This extension, whose sequence is highly variable in different myosins, may thus modulate the flexibility of the lever arm. Moreover, the relative proximity of the phosphorylation site to the helix D hinge suggests a potential role for conformational changes about this hinge in the transition between the on and off states of regulated myosins.
MU2A—reconciling the genome and transcriptome to determine the effects of base substitutions
Authors: Garla Vijay , Kong Yong , Szpakowski Sebastian , Krauthammer Michael 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Next-generation sequencing technologies enable the identification of sequence variation in the genome and transcriptome. Differences between the reference genome and transcript libraries complicate the determination of the effect of genomic sequence variants on protein products; similarly, these differences complicate the mapping of sequence variants found in transcripts to their respective genomic position. We have developed MU2A, a publicly available web service for variant annotation that reconciles differences between the genome and transcriptome, enabling the rapid and accurate determination of the effects of genomic variants on protein products, and the mapping of variants detected in transcripts to genomic coordinates. The MU2A web service is available at http://krauthammerlab.med.yale.edu/mu2a. We have released MU2A as open source, available at http://code.google.com/p/mu2a/.
Contact: michael.krauthammer@yale.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Cytoscape 2.8: new features for data integration and network visualization
Authors: Smoot Michael E. , Ono Keiichiro , Ruscheinski Johannes , Wang Peng-Liang , Ideker Trey 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Summary: Cytoscape is a popular bioinformatics package for biological network visualization and data integration. Version 2.8 introduces two powerful new features—Custom Node Graphics and Attribute Equations—which can be used jointly to greatly enhance Cytoscape's data integration and visualization capabilities. Custom Node Graphics allow an image to be projected onto a node, including images generated dynamically or at remote locations. Attribute Equations provide Cytoscape with spreadsheet-like functionality in which the value of an attribute is computed dynamically as a function of other attributes and network properties.
Availability and implementation: Cytoscape is a desktop Java application released under the Library Gnu Public License (LGPL). Binary install bundles and source code for Cytoscape 2.8 are available for download from http://cytoscape.org.
Contact: msmoot@ucsd.edu
When the Web meets the cell: using personalized PageRank for analyzing protein interaction networks
Authors: Iván Gábor , Grolmusz Vince 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Enormous and constantly increasing quantity of biological information is represented in metabolic and in protein interaction network databases. Most of these data are freely accessible through large public depositories. The robust analysis of these resources needs novel technologies, being developed today.
Results: Here we demonstrate a technique, originating from the PageRank computation for the World Wide Web, for analyzing large interaction networks. The method is fast, scalable and robust, and its capabilities are demonstrated on metabolic network data of the tuberculosis bacterium and the proteomics analysis of the blood of melanoma patients.
Availability: The Perl script for computing the personalized PageRank in protein networks is available for non-profit research applications (together with sample input files) at the address: http://uratim.com/pp.zip
Contact: grolmusz@cs.elte.hu.
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Cardiac energy metabolism is disturbed in Fabry disease and improves with enzyme replacement therapy using recombinant human galactosidase A
Authors: Machann Wolfram , Breunig Frank , Weidemann Frank , Sandstede Jörn , Hahn Dietbert , Köstler Herbert , Neubauer Stefan , Wanner Christoph , Beer Meinrad 
Published: December 2010

AimsIn vitro studies have shown impairment of energy metabolism in cardiac fibroblasts from Fabry patients. A recent in vivo study reported an association between cardiac energy metabolism and increased myocardial mass in Fabry patients. We therefore assessed possible disturbances of cardiac energy metabolism in Fabry patients by in vivo 31P‐MR‐spectroscopy. Additionally, the effect of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) on cardiac energetics was tested.Methods and resultsTwenty‐three patients (41 ± 9 years; 10 females) with genetically proven Fabry disease were examined with a 1.5 T Scanner, and compared with an age‐matched healthy control group. Eight patients underwent ERT and had follow‐up examinations after 3 and 14 months. The high‐energy phosphate molecules phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were quantified in localized 31P‐spectra by SLOOP (spectral localization with optimum point spread function). Cine‐ and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) studies were also performed. When compared with healthy controls, Fabry patients demonstrated reduced PCr‐ (6.1 ± 1.9 vs. 8.8 ± 2.6 mmol/kg; P = 0.003) and ATP concentrations (3.9 ± 1.5 vs. 4.6 ± 1.0 mmol/kg; P = 0.048). During ERT, PCr concentrations increased (7.1 ± 1.5 mmol/kg vs. 6.1 ± 1.9; P < 0.05) and left ventricular mass decreased (215 ± 55 vs. 185 ± 45 g; P = 0.012). Disturbances in cardiac energetics were not correlated to the presence or absence of cardiac fibrosis on LGE.ConclusionCardiac energy metabolism is disturbed in Fabry disease; this may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Fabry cardiomyopathy. Enzyme replacement therapy ameliorates energetic depression.
First Report of Phytophthora ramorum Causing Shoot Dieback on Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) in Norway
Authors: Herrero M. L. , Toppe B. , Brurberg M. B. 
Published: December 2010

In the annual Norwegian Phytophthora ramorum survey in 2009, wild bilberry samples, collected during September and October in a semimanaged park (arboretum) in the southwest coast of Norway, tested positive in a P. ramorum-specific real-time PCR test (1). Necrotic lesions were observed in shoot tips, branching points, and around leaf abscission scars. The lesions were of variable dimensions. In the samples collected in October, some lesions were confluent and completely covered some shoots. After direct detection on plant material, P. ramorum was isolated from necrotic lesions of the stems on semiselective media PARP (corn meal agar amended with pimaricin, ampicillin, rifampicin, and pentacloronitrobenzene) (2). The isolates were identified by the production of abundant chlamydospores on agar and deciduous, semipapillate sporangia that is characteristic of P. ramorum (3). Sexual structures were not observed. Three pure cultures obtained from different plant samples also tested positive for P. ramorum by the specific real-time PCR test (1). All positive samples were found in close vicinity of infected rhododendron plants. In this location, P. ramorum had already been detected on rhododendron in 2005. A pathogenicity test was performed with two isolates from bilberry and one from rhododendron. Wild asymptomatic bilberry plants were collected at the end of June in the forest around Oslo. Two shoot tips with 6 to 10 leaves each and one small part of a branch with several shoots and immature berries were used for testing each isolate. The inoculations were made by dipping the shoots in a zoospore suspension (2 to 3 × 104 zoospores ml–1) for 1 min. Inoculated material was placed in moist incubation chambers and incubated at room temperature (19 to 24°C). Controls were obtained by dipping shoots in sterile water. After 2 days, lesions were observed on leaf laminae from all the shoots inoculated with the three different isolates. After 4 days, severe petiole necroses were observed and leaves abscised easily from the stems. Symptoms on the stems were observed in the apical part or areas around the nodes. Some shoots were almost completely necrotic. Heavy sporulation was observed on the berries. P. ramorum was reisolated from leaves and stems of inoculated shoots for all the isolates. P. ramorum was not recovered from control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. ramorum on bilberry in Norway. References: (1) K. L. Hughes et al. Phytopathology 96:975, 2006. (2) M. E. Kannwischer and D. J. Mitchell. Phytopathology 68:1760, 1978. (3) S. Werres et al. Mycol. Res.105:1155, 2001.