bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Duodenal availability of conjugated linoleic acids after supplementation to dairy cow diets
Authors: Pappritz Julia , Lebzien Peter , Meyer Ulrich , Jahreis Gerhard , Kramer Ronny , Flachowsky Gerhard , Dänicke Sven 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a lipid‐encapsulated CLA preparation on rumen metabolism and the actual post‐ruminal bioavailability of the applied CLA isomers. In the rumen, the CLA supplementation modified the molar proportions of VFA. In period CLA‐1 the rumen fermentation shifted toward more butyric acid at the expense of acetic acid. The highest CLA supplementation resulted in increased amounts of isobutyric, isovaleric, and valeric acid. The apparent ruminal digestibility of starch increased in period CLA‐2. The ruminal protein degradation was higher after CLA supplementation, while the efficiency of the use of the RDP for microbial protein synthesis declined. The duodenal flow of trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA amounted to 16 and 5% of the intake in periods CLA‐1 and CLA‐2, respectively. The transfer of trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA from duodenum into milk was 36 and 48% in periods CLA‐1 and CLA‐2, respectively. Overall, the observed effects of the supplementation of lipid‐encapsulated CLA on the parameters of rumen metabolism were negligible. The actual low post‐ruminal bioavailability of trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA suggest that most of the applied fat supplement was biohydrogenated.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Benzyl tert‐Butyl Sulfoxides
Authors: Syed Majid Khalil , Casey Mike 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEnantiomerically pure benzyl sulfoxides are effective tools for the formation of new C–C bonds with control of configuration at new stereogenic centres. The reaction of enantioenriched tert‐butyl tert‐butanethiosulfinate with benzyllithium derivatives, obtained by deprotonation of the corresponding toluene derivatives, gave a wide variety of benzyl tert‐butyl sulfoxides with complete inversion of configuration. The benzyl sulfoxides were deprotonated in situ, and addition of the electrophiles gave α‐substituted products with good diastereoselectivity.
Synthesis of Thiazoline–Oxazoline Ligands and Their Application in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: McKeon Seán C. , Müller‐Bunz Helge , Guiry Patrick J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA series of novel ligands incorporating oxazoline and thiazoline units were synthesized in high yield by employing a convergent route, in which the key step is a microwave‐assisted palladium‐catalyzed aryl amination. The new ligands were tested in the zinc‐catalyzed Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indole with trans‐β‐nitrostyrene, inducing enantiomeric excess values of up to 69 %. The complete series of these ligands was also applied to the chromium‐catalyzed Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi (NHK) allylation of benzaldehyde, affording enantiomeric excess values of up to 85 %. A crystal structure of the most successful ligand in this transformation bound to iron(III) was obtained and demonstrated a tridentate binding mode of the ligand. A transition state is proposed to account for the preferential formation of the (R)‐enantiomer in the NHK reaction.
Reduced Graphene Sheets Modified Electrodes for Electrochemical Detection of Sulfide
Authors: Qi Peng , Wan Yi , Zhang Dun , Wu Jiajia 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper describes a new electrochemical sensor based on reduced graphene sheets (RGSs) modified glassy carbon electrodes for rapid detection of sulfide. The morphology and electrochemical properties of the RGSs are characterized by atomic force microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The effects of the scan rates and pH are investigated to evaluate the oxidation processes. Analytical performances of RGSs modified electrodes for direct determination of sulfide in phosphate buffer solutions (PBSs) are also assessed. The RGSs are shown to be viable potential material for sulfide detection as shown by their electrochemical performance.
Ultrafast, efficient separations of large‐sized dsDNA in a blended polymer matrix by microfluidic chip electrophoresis: A design of experiments approach
Authors: Sun Mingyun , Lin Jennifer S. , Barron Annelise E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDouble‐stranded (ds) DNA fragments over a wide size range were successfully separated in blended polymer matrices by microfluidic chip electrophoresis. Novel blended polymer matrices composed of two types of polymers with three different molar masses were developed to provide improved separations of large dsDNA without negatively impacting the separation of small dsDNA. Hydroxyethyl celluloses with average molar masses of ∼27 kDa and ∼1 MDa were blended with a second class of polymer, high‐molar mass (∼7 MDa) linear polyacrylamide. Fast and highly efficient separations of commercially available DNA ladders were achieved on a borosilicate glass microchip. A distinct separation of a 1‐kb DNA extension ladder (200–40 000 bp) was completed in 2 min. An orthogonal design of experiments was used to optimize experimental parameters for DNA separations over a wide size range. We find that the two dominant factors are the applied electric field strength and the inclusion of a high concentration of low‐molar mass polymer in the matrix solution. These two factors exerted different effects on the separations of small dsDNA fragments below 1 kbp, medium dsDNA fragments between 1 and 10 kbp, and large dsDNA fragments above 10 kbp.
An Examination of the Ravello Profile — A Neuropsychological Test Battery for Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Stedal Kristin , Frampton Ian , Landrø Nils Inge , Lask Bryan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Ravello Profile test battery was developed to ensure a consistent methodology when researching neuropsychological functioning in anorexia nervosa (AN). To date, 157 patients with AN have been assessed with the full Ravello Profile. The present review is the first study to systematically investigate the tests included in the battery. Fifteen experimental studies, comparing AN patients with healthy control participants on at least one of the Ravello Profile tests, were identified, and effect sizes were calculated. Three of the tests, Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT) and Trail Making Test (TMT), were meta‐analysed, and the pooled standardized effect size was significant for all three tests (0.25, −0.68 and 0.49, respectively). Patients with AN performed significantly better than healthy control participants on assessment of verbal fluency (VFT) and worse on tests of visual memory (RCFT) and set‐shifting (TMT). The Ravello Profile test battery appears to consist of tests that are appropriate for assessing characteristic neuropsychological profiles specific in AN. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The problem of control and the role of home–host ties in explaining multinationals' foreign operations, competitiveness, and performance
Authors: Rangan Subramanian , Drummond Aldemir 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe existing multinational enterprise (MNE) literature has focused on capabilities and value creation challenges, including related to cultural and other distance. To better understand heterogeneity in the foreign country performance of MNEs, however, we need to go beyond the global strategy challenges of capabilities and coordination. Specifically, we need to explore MNEs' value capture challenges abroad and attend to control as a chronic dilemma that is inadequately addressed by internalization. In operating in foreign host countries, MNEs are chronically exposed to two types of largely uninsurable discretion: sovereign discretion of host governments and delegated discretion of host country employees, partners, suppliers, and such. The problem in the first case relates to power; and in the second it relates to information. Power and information are the sine qua non of effective control. Control is a prerequisite for anticipated value capture, which influences the extent of MNEs' capability transfer, input localization, and output adaptation in a given host country. Transfer, localization, and adpatation are the essence of host country value creation, which influences competitiveness and performance there. Accordingly, beyond differences in MNE capabilities, heterogeneity in access to credible power and reliable information in a focal host country predicts heterogeneity in MNEs' competitiveness and relative performance there. This is why and how heterogeneity in macro‐level home–host ties (HHTs) explains durable performance differences among foreign MNEs operating in a focal host country. In terms of global strategy research and practice, this turns the spotlight on macro‐level HHTs, nonmarket strategy, and, eventually, focused internationalization. It also argues for more microfoundations research on the limits and actual control benefits of internalization.
Permeability to inter‐ and intrafirm knowledge flows: the role of coordination and hierarchy in MNEs
Authors: Anand Jaideep 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMultinational enterprises (MNEs) actively participate in both inter‐ and intrafirm knowledge flows. But what distinguishes intrafirm knowledge flows from those across firms? Are they essentially the same with ‘more of it’ going on intrafirm, or is there a fundamental qualitative difference between the two? This research sheds light on this issue by empirically comparing the evolution of intra– and interfirm knowledge flows using patent citations. Specifically, I study the integration of greenfield and acquired subsidiaries in the external and internal contexts of the firm over time. Not only is the development of intrafirm knowledge flows affected by the greater coordination within the firm, the existence of hierarchy enables asymmetric knowledge flows within the firm. Consequently intrafirm knowledge flows in contrast to interfirm flows, can be one‐sided and not conditioned by reciprocity. In terms of practical implications, these results reveal that acquired subsidiaries become less connected with external knowledge over time, indicating that they achieve greater internal integration at the expense of their external integration. The evolution of greenfield units does not reveal such an internal‐external trade‐off. This study suggests major differences between the mechanisms of intra‐ and interfirm knowledge flows, and highlights the role of coordination and hierarchy as key determinants of intrafirm knowledge flows, MNE strategies, and innovation.
Internationalization revisited: the big step hypothesis
Authors: Pedersen Torben , Shaver J. Myles 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe refine internationalization theory by hypothesizing that international expansion is a discontinuous process characterized by an initial ‘big step.’ Firms have to build an infrastructure (e.g., architecture, management systems, and mind‐set) to support international operations the first time they venture abroad, and subsequent international operations are able to leverage this infrastructure. Thus, we hypothesize that the internationalization process is characterized by: (1) firms taking a long period to make their first international investment; and (2) firms taking shorter but constant periods for subsequent investments. We examine the international expansion activities of 176 Danish firms and find support for these arguments.
Global strategy and the collaboration of MNEs, NGOs, and governments for the provisioning of collective goods in emerging markets
Authors: Boddewyn Jean , Doh Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe global business environment is increasingly characterized by dynamic collaborations among public as well as private for‐profit and not‐for‐profit actors for the provision in emerging markets of such local public goods as health, education, transportation, and utilities whose supply has received scant attention in international business research. Drawing from, and expanding on, transaction‐cost economics and institutional theory, we analyze the choice of collaborative arrangements among the three parties for the local supply of these public goods—here, called a ‘collective goods’ via contracting, alliance, internationalization or assistance—the latter a governance mode hitherto overlooked in transaction‐cost economics but essential in dealing with collective goods and nonmarket actors. We discuss the implications of these arrangements for multinational enterprise nonmarket strategies within the realm of global strategy.
Cell of origin fails to predict survival in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma treated with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Gu Keni , Weisenburger Dennis D , Fu Kai , Chan Wing C , Greiner Timothy C , Aoun Patricia , Smith Lynette M , Bast Martin , Liu Zhongfen , Bociek R. Gregory , Bierman Philip J , Armitage James O , Vose Julie M 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDiffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) includes two prognostically important subtypes, the germinal center B‐cell (GCB) and the non‐GCB types. The aim of this study was to evaluate immunohistochemical approaches for predicting the survival of patients with DLBCL following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT). We identified 62 patients with DLBCL who either had an initial complete remission (17 patients) or received salvage chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory disease (45 patients), followed by AHSCT. Tissue microarrays were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies against GCET1, CD10, BCL6, MUM1, FOXP1 and LMO2. Using the Hans algorithm, we classified 50% of the cases as GCB type, whereas the Choi algorithm classified 58% as GCB type and LMO2 was positive in 69%. However, no significant differences were found in the 5‐year overall or event‐free survivals using any of these approaches. In conclusion, cell of origin fails to predict survival of DLBCL patients treated with AHSCT. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weaknesses and Challenges of Primary Healthcare System in Iran: A Review
Authors: Moghadam Mahmoud Nekoei , Sadeghi Vahideh , Parva Sahar 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYWhile the primary healthcare (PHC) services in Iran were appropriate to the needs of the population in the late 1970s and 1980s, the changing burden of disease and shifting demand patterns have rendered the existing PHC system no longer suitable for meeting current and emergent needs. This has serious implications for the PHC system in Iran, which has clearly succeeded in addressing high levels of communicable diseases, maternal deaths and infant mortality, but appears less well prepared to address the emerging challenges of noncommunicable diseases (NCD).We conducted a systematic review of the available literature in the past 10 years related to the PHC system in Iran to assess its weaknesses and challenges.This paper categorizes PHC system weaknesses from the studied articles into two groups: (i) those related to the key functions of PHC, and (ii) others, which refer to health system weaknesses existing with the current PHC model.Iran can draw on international experience and evidence regarding interventions, which can be used to develop an effective and responsive PHC system designed to address current and emerging needs, in particular the NCD burden. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enzymatic large‐scale production of biodiesel
Authors: Nielsen Per Munk , Rancke‐Madsen Anders 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEnzymatic production of biodiesel has been the subject of intensive research over the last 5‐10 years. When comparing the economy of enzymatic and chemical produced biodiesel important factors include yield, flexibility in feedstock, value of by‐products, recovery costs for alcohol as well as the cost of enzyme, enzyme lifetime, reaction time are important factors. By 2009 large‐scale enzymatic biodiesel was considered to be cost effective [1]. Since then development work has further improved the technology which is now ready for the market. We have developed a full enzymatic two‐step process for converting oils to biodiesel, and a pretreatment unit which can be installed in an existing chemical biodiesel plant to enable it to process high free fatty acid feedstocks.
Oligo(glycerol) Methacrylate Macromonomers
Authors: Thomas Anja , Wolf Florian K. , Frey Holger 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLinear, protected ω‐methoxy oligo(glycerol) methacrylate (OGlyPMA) macromonomers are synthesized via anionic ring‐opening polymerization of ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether (EEGE) followed by termination with methacrylic acid anhydride ( = 3–11, PDI < 1.30). The covalently bound methacrylate moiety allows the homopolymerization of OGlyPMA as well as copolymerization with low molecular weight comonomers. In homopolymerizations, macromonomers are polymerized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) yielding well‐defined graft polymers ( = 20 000–30 000 g mol−1). Acidic hydrolysis of the protecting groups releases water‐soluble polyhydroxy‐functional structures. First results on the copolymerization with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) are given in the final part of this work.
Bounding reward measures of Markov models using the Markov decision processes
Authors: Buchholz Peter 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYFor a Markov reward process, where upper and lower bounds for the transition rates and rewards are known, a new approach to bound the expected reward is presented. Based on a previous paper where sharp bounds have been defined for the problem, but only an inefficient and unstable algorithm is proposed, this paper presents algorithms to compute the bounds by interpreting the problem as a Markov Decision Process. In this way, the well known value and policy iteration algorithms can be adopted to compute reward bounds in a stable and fairly efficient way. Different numerical techniques are presented for computing the reward bounds. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast multilevel methods for Markov chains
Authors: Sterck Hans De , Miller Killian , Treister Eran , Yavneh Irad 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThis paper describes multilevel methods for the calculation of the stationary probability vector of large, sparse, irreducible Markov chains. In particular, several recently proposed significant improvements to the multilevel aggregation method of Horton and Leutenegger are described and compared. Furthermore, we propose a very simple improvement of that method using an over‐correction mechanism. We also compare with more traditional iterative methods for Markov chains such as weighted Jacobi, two‐level aggregation/disaggregation, and preconditioned stabilized biconjugate gradient and generalized minimal residual method. Numerical experiments confirm that our improvements lead to significant speedup, and result in multilevel methods that are competitive with leading iterative solvers for Markov chains. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On eigenvalue distribution of constraint‐preconditioned symmetric saddle point matrices
Authors: Bergamaschi Luca 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThis paper is devoted to the analysis of the eigenvalue distribution of two classes of block preconditioners for the generalized saddle point problem. Most of the bounds developed improve those appeared in previously published works. Numerical results onto a realistic test problem give evidence of the effectiveness of the estimates on the spectrum of preconditioned matrices. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical Solution of Markov Chains
Authors: Benzi Michele 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThis special issue contains a selection of papers from the Sixth International Workshop on the Numerical Solution of Markov Chains, held in Williamsburg, Virginia on September 16–17, 2010. The papers cover a broad range of topics including perturbation theory for absorbing chains, bounding techniques, steady‐state and transient solution methods, multilevel algorithms, preconditioning, and applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comment on ‘Preconditioning of matrices partitioned in 2 Œ 2 block form: Eigenvalue estimates and Schwarz DD for mixed FEM’ by Owe Axelsson, Radim Blaheta
Authors: Cao Zhi‐Hao 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYIn this note, we discuss the inverse representations of regularized saddle point matrices and point out that some conclusions given by Axelsson and Blaheta in [Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications, 2010,17:787–810 ] are not true.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preconditioning for partial differential equation constrained optimization with control constraints
Authors: Stoll Martin , Wathen Andy 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYOptimal control problems with partial differential equations play an important role in many applications. The inclusion of bound constraints for the control poses a significant additional challenge for optimization methods. In this paper, we propose preconditioners for the saddle point problems that arise when a primal–dual active set method is used. We also show for this method that the same saddle point system can be derived when the method is considered as a semismooth Newton method. In addition, the projected gradient method can be employed to solve optimization problems with simple bounds, and we discuss the efficient solution of the linear systems in question. In the case when an acceleration technique is employed for the projected gradient method, this again yields a semismooth Newton method that is equivalent to the primal–dual active set method. We also consider the Moreau–Yosida regularization method for control constraints and efficient preconditioners for this technique. Numerical results illustrate the competitiveness of these approaches. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of robust‐optimal controllers with low trajectory sensitivity for uncertain Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model systems using differential evolution algorithm
Authors: Chen Shinn‐Horng , Ho Wen‐Hsien , Chou Jyh‐Horng , Lin Ming‐Hsiu 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYBy integrating the robust stabilizability condition, the orthogonal‐function approach (OFA) and the Taguchi‐sliding‐based differential evolution algorithm (TSBDEA), an integrative computational approach is presented in this paper to design the robust‐optimal fuzzy parallel‐distributed‐compensation (PDC) controller with low trajectory sensitivity such that (i) the Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model system with parametric uncertainties can be robustly stabilized, and (ii) a quadratic finite‐horizon integral performance index for the nominal TS fuzzy model system can be minimized. In this paper, the robust stabilizability condition is proposed in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Based on the OFA, an algebraic algorithm only involving the algebraic computation is derived for solving the nominal TS fuzzy feedback dynamic equations. By using the OFA and the LMI‐based robust stabilizability condition, the robust‐optimal fuzzy PDC control problem for the uncertain TS fuzzy dynamic systems is transformed into a static constrained‐optimization problem represented by the algebraic equations with constraint of LMI‐based robust stabilizability condition; thus, greatly simplifying the robust‐optimal PDC control design problem. Then, for the static constrained‐optimization problem, the TSBDEA has been employed to find the robust‐optimal PDC controllers with low trajectory sensitivity of the uncertain TS fuzzy model systems. A design example is given to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed new integrative approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.