bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing of Raman spectroscopy as a non‐invasive tool for the investigation of glass‐protected pastels
Authors: Caggiani Maria Cristina , Colomban Philippe 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFive French pastels and a sanguine drawing dating from the 17th to the 20th century were studied by Raman spectroscopy. Different operative conditions were used: the pastels were investigated through their protective glass, and the results obtained were compared with those obtained after removing the glass and after sampling a micrometric particle of pigment. Different parameters (wavelengths, powers of excitation and objectives) were tested in order to assess the optimal procedure of analysis for this fragile work of art. The results obtained for black (carbons), yellow (chrome/cobalt yellow), red (lead oxide, vermillion, orpiment), brown (red lead and chrome yellow), blue (Prussian blue, lapis lazuli/ultramarine), green (mixture of above blue and yellow pigments) and white (calcite, lead white, anatase) pigments are presented and the consistency of the pigments' period of use with the dating proposed for each pastel is evaluated. In one of the pastels, the blackening of the carnation colour made of an unstable mixture of lead white, red lead and vermilion was studied. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation Between Crystallinity and Solar‐Cell Efficiency of the Low‐Bandgap Polymer PDDTP
Authors: Renz Joachim A. , Ashraf Raja Shahid , Erb Tobias , Shokhovets Sviatoslav , Gobsch Gerhard , Klemm Elisabeth , Hoppe Harald 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells consisting of PDDTP:PCBM blends have been investigated and optimized. The structural properties of the photoactive layers were studied by GID‐XRD, which revealed a pronounced response of photovoltaic parameters on the polymer crystallinity. In addition to P3HT, another donor polymer was found that develops crystalline domains upon annealing. We found a clear correlation between annealing time, power conversion efficiency, and polymer crystallinity. The PDDTP crystallization ability is a promising property. This is a first step toward the synthesis of low‐bandgap polymers, which likewise show the ability to form crystalline domains and may therefore lead to a substantial increase in efficiency.magnified image
Rendering Hyperbranched Polyglycerol Adjustably Thermoresponsive by Adamantyl Modification and Host/Guest Interaction
Authors: Sun Xiaoyi , Zhou Yongfeng , Yan Deyue 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA novel thermoresponsive polymer based on adamantyl‐terminated hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG‐AD) is reported. The hydroxy‐terminated hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) is functionalized by esterification of HPG with 1‐adamantanecarbonyl chloride. The resulting HPG‐AD shows interesting lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase transitions in aqueous solution, depending on polymer concentration and AD graft ratio. In addition, the LCST transition can be controlled by adding various amounts of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) by a host/guest interaction. The adjustable thermoresponsive behaviors are studied by UV‐vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering.magnified image
Synthesis of Poly(lactide)s with Modified Thermal and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Becker Jan M. , Pounder Ryan J. , Dove Andrew P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of poly(lactide)‐based materials is, in part, limited by their physical and mechanical properties. This article reviews the methods that have been employed to enable enhancement of the materials properties through synthetic manipulation of the polymer structure including block copolymer synthesis and modification of the lactide monomer structure, focusing on the application of ring‐opening polymerization. In turn the effect of these structural modifications on the properties of the resultant materials are reported.magnified image
Cell‐mediated Delivery and Targeted Erosion of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor‐Crosslinked Hydrogels
Authors: Kim Sung Hye , Kiick Kristi L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe have previously reported a novel polymeric delivery vehicle that is assembled via interaction between heparin and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Here, the cell‐responsiveness of this hydrogel—including the delivery of VEGF in response to VEGFR‐2 overexpressing PAE/KDR cells (porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAE) equipped with the transcript for the kinase insert domain receptor (KDR)), consequent erosion of the hydrogel matrix, and cellular response—are highlighted. The release of VEGF and hydrogel erosion reached 100% only in the presence of PAE/KDR. The [PEG‐LMWH/VEGF] hydrogel (PEG = poly(ethylene glycol), LMWH = low molecular weight heparin) correspondingly prompted increases in VEGFR‐2 phosphorylation and proliferation of PAE/KDR cells. This study proves that growth factor‐crosslinked hydrogels can liberate VEGF in response to specific receptors, causing gel erosion and desired cell responses. The promise of these approaches in therapeutic applications, including targeted delivery, is suggested.magnified image
Diketopyrrolopyrroles as Acceptor Materials in Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Karsten Bram P. , Bijleveld Johan C. , Janssen René A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the search of new electron acceptor, n‐type materials for organic solar cells that combine a strong absorption over a broad range with good electrical characteristics, the use of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivatives with low reduction potentials is explored. A series of small molecule DPP derivatives is presented and the compounds are tested as electron acceptors in combination with poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the donor material. Working photovoltaic devices are obtained that show a photoresponse in the wavelength region where the DPP molecules absorb. The best device shows a power conversion efficiency of 0.31% in simulated solar light, with a photon‐to‐electron conversion efficiency of ∼10% up to 700 nm. The efficiency seems to be limited by the coarse morphology of the blend.magnified image
Effect of Coordination on the Glucose‐Responsiveness of PEG‐b‐(PAA‐co‐PAAPBA) Micelles
Authors: Wang Beilei , Ma Rujiang , Liu Gan , Liu Xiaojun , Gao Yaohua , Shen Junyang , An Yingli , Shi Linqi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPoly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(acrylic acid) (PEG‐PAA) is modified by 3‐aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) with different modification degrees, such as PEG114‐b‐(PAA0.37‐co‐PAAPBA0.63)170, PEG114‐b‐(PAA0.23‐co‐PAAPBA0.77)170 and PEG114‐b‐(PAA0.02‐co‐PAAPBA0.98)170. Micelles self‐assembled from these three copolymers possess glucose‐responsiveness at varying pH values. Micelles self‐assembled from PEG114‐b‐(PAA0.37‐co‐PAAPBA0.63)170 have glucose‐responsiveness at the physiological pH (7.4), endowing them with potential applications in the treatment of diabetes. 11B magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (11B MAS NMR) analysis indicates that interactions between PAAPBA segments and PAA segments induce boron changes from the trigonal planar form to the tetrahedral form, resulting in glucose‐responsiveness of PEG114‐b‐(PAA0.37‐co‐PAAPBA0.63)170 micelles at pH 7.4.magnified image
Biomimetic Mussel Adhesive Inspired Clickable Anchors Applied to the Functionalization of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles
Authors: Goldmann Anja S. , Schödel Christine , Walther Andreas , Yuan Jiayin , Loos Katja , Müller Axel H. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe functionalization of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with dopamine‐derived clickable biomimetic anchors is reported. Herein, an alkyne‐modified catechol‐derivative is employed as the anchor, as i) the catechol‐functional anchor groups possess irreversible covalent binding affinity to Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and ii) the alkyne terminus enables further functionalization of the nanoparticles by the grafting‐onto approach with various possibilities offered by ‘click’ chemistry. In the present work, azido‐end group functionalized Rhodamine and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are utilized to coat the iron oxide nanoparticles to make them fluorescent and water soluble.magnified image
Multifunctional Poly(2‐oxazoline) Nanoparticles for Biological Applications
Authors: Kempe Kristian , Vollrath Antje , Schaefer Hendrik W. , Poehlmann Tobias G. , Biskup Christoph , Hoogenboom Richard , Hornig Stephanie , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNew multifunctional copoly(2‐oxazoline) nanoparticles were prepared for cell studies. The polymer contains double‐bond side chains as potential reaction sites for “thio”‐click reactions as well as a fluorescein label covalently bound to the polymer backbone. Using the nanoprecipitation technique, spherical nanoparticles of 200–800 nm were obtained. Confocal laser scanning microscopy measurements revealed the cellular uptake of the nanoparticles.
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Dopamine transporter SPECT: How to remove subjectivity?
Authors: Scherfler Christoph , Nocker Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractClinical criteria enable accurate and reliable diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes when cardinal clinical features are fully developed. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) investigating the striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) status have been suggested to increase the diagnostic accuracy in uncertain parkinsonian syndromes such as isolated tremor symptoms not fulfilling essential tremor criteria, as well as drug‐induced, vascular and psychogenetic parkinsonism. Several approaches for the analysis of the striatal DAT distribution have been tested for their ability to analyze and quantify SPECT images. Visual assessment of DAT binding and semiquantitative analysis using region of interests have been recommended by Nuclear Medicine Associations to be incorporated in the routine work‐up of DAT‐SPECT. Besides these observer dependent approaches, fully automated image‐analysis techniques have been validated in the clinical setting. Their potential as tools to improve the diagnostic accuracy in patients presenting with parkinsonian features is reviewed here. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Callosal tissue loss in multiple system atrophy—A one‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Minnerop Martina , Lüders Eileen , Specht Karsten , Ruhlmann Jürgen , Schimke Nicole , Thompson Paul M. , Chou Yi Y. , Toga Arthur W. , Abele Michael , Wüllner Ullrich , Klockgether Thomas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMultiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease not only affecting the basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum, and intermediolateral cell columns of the spinal cord but also the cerebral cortex. Clinically, cerebellar (MSA‐C) and parkinsonian variants of MSA (MSA‐P) are distinguished. We investigated 14 MSA patients (10 MSA‐C, 4 MSA‐P, men: 7, women: 7; age: 61.1 ± 3.3 years) and 14 matched controls (men: 7, women: 7; age: 58.6 ± 5.1 years) with voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) to analyze gray and white matter differences both at baseline and at follow‐up, 1 year later. Baseline comparisons between patients and controls confirmed significantly less gray matter in MSA in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, and significantly less white matter in the cerebellar peduncles and brainstem. Comparisons of tissue‐loss profiles (i.e., baseline versus follow‐up) between patients and controls, revealed white matter reduction in MSA along the middle cerebellar peduncles, reflecting degeneration of the ponto‐cerebellar tract as a particularly prominent and progressive morphological alteration in MSA. Comparisons between baseline and follow‐up, separately performed in patients and controls, revealed additional white matter reduction in MSA along the corpus callosum at follow‐up. This was replicated through additional shape‐based analyses indicating a reduced callosal thickness in the anterior and posterior midbody, extending posteriorly into the isthmus. Callosal atrophy may possibly reflect a disease‐specific pattern of neurodegeneration and cortical atrophy, fitting well with the predominant impairment of motor functions in the MSA patients. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Mit Licht Tumoren auf der Spur
Authors: Schlücker Sebastian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOptische Methoden wie die oberflächenverstärkte Raman‐Streuung halten Einzug in der biomedizinischen Diagnostik. Biofunktionalisierte Nanopartikel kombiniert mit Laseranregung weisen selektiv und hochempfindlich Zielmoleküle nach.
Nanoreaktoren, Nanokapseln und Nanobomben
Authors: Landfester Katharina 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolymere Nanopartikel und Nanokapseln lassen sich über Miniemulsionen darstellen. Der Vorteil dieses Prozesses liegt darin, dass die entstehenden Polymere und Polymerstrukturen nicht oder nur sehr schwer über andere Heterophasenpolymerisationen zugänglich sind.
Warum Papier löchrig wird
Authors: Potthast Antje , Henniges Ute , Banik Gerhard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCellulose wird als Hauptbestandteil von Papier und Textilien seit Jahrtausenden verwendet. Restaurierung und Konservierung wertvoller historischer cellulosischer Objekte gehen mit Neuerungen in der Cellulosechemie und ‐analytik Hand in Hand.
Tetrazole für den sicheren Knall
Authors: Klapötke Thomas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHochenergetische, aber kinetisch hinreichend stabile Verbindungen sind die Grundlage für nichtnukleare Explosivstoffe. Seit der Erforschung des Nitroglycerins durch Alfred Nobel arbeiten Chemiker an der Synthese noch leistungsfähigerer, aber auch sicherer und umweltverträglicherer Explosivstoffe.
Die Georg‐Manecke‐Stiftung
Authors: Zörlein Caroline 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInnerhalb der letzten 15 Jahre hat die Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker sechs Stiftungen eingerichtet, die sie treuhänderisch verwaltet. Diese unselbständigen gemeinnützigen Stiftungen fördern mit Auszeichnungen und Stipendien den wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchs auf unterschiedlichen Gebieten der Chemie.
Modeling individuals' behavior: Evaluation of a policymaker's tool
Authors: Gustman Alan L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWith a continuous decline in the cost of manipulating data and a continuous increase in the richness of data banks, policymakers have increasing opportunities to build and apply so‐called microsimulation models—models that attempt to simulate the behavior of the individuals in a large population under a specified program. The efforts of the Department of Labor to use a model in evaluating proposed changes in the unemployment insurance system point up both the power and the weaknesses of such models. Any user who applies these models without attempting to understand which of their strengths and weaknesses are most important for analyzing the problem at hand is asking for trouble. Easy to use or not, these models are not user‐friendly.
Using knowledge for control in fragmented policy arenas
Authors: Weiss Janet A. , Gruber Judith E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnalysts and researchers typically value knowledge for its contributions to the wisdom of policy action. Policymakers, however, typically value knowledge for its contributions to the exercise of political control. Our research on flows of knowledge among federal, state, and local education agencies documents how knowledge may increase the effectiveness of various control strategies. In these cases, knowledge is not intended to enhance rationality; it may or may not. It is intended to enhance control, and it does. Knowledge for control is particularly useful to policymakers who seek to intervene in policy arenas characterized by fragmented authority and widely dispersed resources.
The politics of french nuclear development
Authors: Fagnani Jeanne , Moatti Jean‐Paul 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFrance has evolved a nuclear energy policy markedly different from that of the United States and other technologically advanced western nations. The roots of the difference lie in French governmental processes which allow French officials to impose policy in the face of resistant public opinion, in the convergent economic interests of the French nuclear industry and labor, and in the French aspirations for technological achievement. But economic factors—rather than political ones—are obliging France to reduce its plans for future growth of the industry.
Subsidizing the affluent: The case of medical education
Authors: Lee Robert H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractState and federal funds are important sources of revenue for medical schools, and a strong case can be made for public support for these institutions. Although the federal role is more widely known, the states in fact provide the bulk of direct support for medical training. The nature of aid from the two sources differs in significant ways. Most federal aid supports research or patient care, but much of state aid goes to support unconditional tuition subsidies. The primary beneficiaries of these subsidies are relatively affluent nonminority students who are beginning lucrative careers in the medical field—careers that would be lucrative even if no subsidies were provided. Nor does it appear that general subsidies are needed to attract poor and minority applicants. While targeted loans and scholarships to individuals may be justified, general tuition subsidies are not.
State support under the new federalism
Authors: Luce Thomas , Pack Janet Rothenberg 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe new federalism will reduce total intergovernmental revenues to local governments. The reduction will be due to both the transfer to the states of much of the federal aid which previously flowed directly to local governments and reductions in total federal aid levels. Pass‐through requirements on the shifted aid will not affect this general result but may soften the impact in many states. Because of differences in the extent to which state governments substitute federal pass‐through aid for state aid from own‐source revenues and in the degree to which different sources of revenues are treated differently by the states, local revenue reductions will vary greatly from state to state. The losses for local governments will range from 100% of the shifted aid in some states to as little as 15–20% in others.
Planning science and technology policy
Authors: Hollick Ann L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLong‐range policy planning for international scientific and technological affairs has been hindered by a variety of problems. One is the overall crisis‐response nature of foreign policymaking and another is the difficulty of developing technical information needed for sound forecasts. Within the State Department the record of attempts to establish systematic planning amply demonstrates the problems. Nevertheless, a number of key conclusions can be drawn from the few successful experiments in policy planning: An effective planning staff should combine the skills of both foreign policy specialists and scientists; planners should be closely familiar with, but not involved in, operations; the planning role requires consistent support from senior officials; the power to influence budgets significantly strengthens the planning function.
Coping with transborder penetration: The politics of television
Authors: Quester George H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInternational conflicts are brewing over the transmission of television signals across international boundaries. The dispute is illustrative of an increasing range of cases in which the actions of one national economy penetrate deeply into another, and in which national interests and national values conflict. In this instance, the opposition to such signals stems not only from authoritarian regimes but also from democratically elected governments. The U.S. government defends such transmissions on the basis of strongly held U.S. values, including the concept of maximum choice for viewers and the fear that regulation of an entertainment medium may lead the way to government censorship. U.S. commercial interests are also involved. The conflict promises to grow more acute in time; yet the U.S. government finds it extremely difficult to agree on mitigating measures with other nations in areas of policy such as television, that is, areas that entail both domestic and foreign considerations.
Understanding political risk in investment planning
Authors: Bodde David L. , Lewis David L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn 1982, the Congress authorized $11 billion to modernize the nation's air traffic control system—one of the largest infrastructure investments since the building of the interstate highway system. Although this investment appears to offer a large and robust return, the economic results depend strongly on productivity gains through system consolidation. It is uncertain what balance the Congress will strike between the long‐term, widely shared benefits of greater productivity and the immediate job losses from system consolidation. This risk can be included in the calculus of expected return through Monte Carlo analysis. When this is done, the expected return drops very close to the 10% hurdle rate that the government often uses for such projects. This method of integrating political risk can be applied to any investment, public or private, for which political action joins the customary economic and technical uncertainties in affecting the outcome.
Economics and politics of deregulation
Authors: Vietor Richard H. K. , Davidson Dekkers L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Access Charge Plan, a marginal‐cost pricing system for long‐distance telephone sewice, was devised by the Federal Communications Commission in 1982 to facilitate the transition from regulated monopoly to competition. In little more than a year after the plan was proposed, as the plan's distributive and competitive impacts were recognized by a host of stakeholders and political interests, a flood of opposition different from the system that had previously existed, nevertheless continued to reflect some of the objectives of the past regime, including subsidies to residential users and some shelter for AT&T's principal competitors. The strength of the political process that produced these modifications was due part to elements in the original FCC proposal that were not essential to its central purpose. swamped the initiative. What emerged, although distinctly different from the system that had previously existed, nevertheless continued to reflect some of the objectives of the past regime, including subsidies to residential users and some shelter for AT&T's principal competitors. The strength of the political process that produced these modifications was due part to elements in the original FCC proposal that were not essential to its central purpose.
Mediating science‐intensive policy disputes
Authors: Ozawa Connie P. , Susskind Lawrence 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPublic policy disputes involving complex scientific issues usually entail conflicts not only over those scientific issues, but also over the distribution of gains and losses. The presence of scientific or technical dimensions to a dispute should not be allowed to mask underlying distributional considerations. On the other hand, science‐intensive disputes require special attention. Merely resolving distributional conflicts without incorporating the best scientific judgment will produce unwise and potentially dangerous results. The usual adversarial approach that characterizes the handling of such disputes by agencies and courts is less than ideal for creating an understanding of scientific evidence or the resolution of scientific differences. A process of mediation, already applied in a number of significant cases, offers strong promise as a superior approach.