bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Great Transformation
Authors: Cook Steven A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of the American shift from prevention to transformation in the Middle East. After Saddam Hussein’s defeat in February 1991 and the fall of the Soviet Union later that year, the United States stood alone in the world with a surfeit of power. From the mid-1990s through the 2010s, Washington sought to use that power to remake the Middle East. As a result, it pursued the establishment of a Palestinian state, the overthrow of the regime in Iraq, and the Freedom Agenda, all in an effort to build more just, democratic, and prosperous societies in the region. The chapter demonstrates that while the goals of three American administrations were noble, the returns on America’s investment were meager at best.
Personal Sacrifice and the Value of Solidarity
Authors: Viehoff Juri 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
I first propose a twofold conceptual puzzle: (1) In virtue of which features are some self-sacrifices solidaristic? (2) In virtue of which features are self-sacrificial and non-self-sacrificial instances of solidarity part of a unified phenomenon? I then criticize two motivation-based solutions of what unifies sacrificial and non-sacrificial cases of solidarity. However, ‘content-based’ explanations cannot explain why some cases of self-sacrifice do not count as solidaristic. In response, I develop a functionalist alternative: solidarity is not about fostering ‘concern’ or establishing ‘community,’ but serves a ‘function’. It helps to mitigate conflicts between moral requirements and living an autonomous life. In solidarity, we build projects and relationships based on morality-given criteria. This offers a solution to the puzzle of non-solidaristic sacrifice: where self-interest diverges drastically from the course of action recommended by the moral cause, there is no way of realizing the described function and, therefore, one should not speak of solidarity.
The Cost of Belonging
Authors: Munoz-Dardé Véronique 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Solidarity plays a central role in political discourse. One’s sense of solidarity with others is essential to the political activities and associations which structure social and political life. But is solidarity, or fraternity, a value, as many suppose liberty and equality are? In answer, this article argues that the essentially partitive nature of solidarity rules out its playing a fundamental role in any ethical theory grounded on equal and universal respect. However, even if solidarity is not an intrinsic value, this is not to say that solidarity is not valuable. It is an important political ideal. One cannot embrace solely universal brotherly or sisterly love without giving up political life. The only ways that we have learned to be political agents is by finding solidarity with some against others. Solidarity expresses and structures the kinds of association needed to function well within a social and political setting.
Work during and after the Pandemic
Authors: Peters Susan E. , Wagner Gregory R. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented attention to work as a key factor in the health and well-being of workers, their families, and the communities in which they live. The pandemic has also highlighted the centrality of work to the social and economic vitality of nations. Every worker across every sector has been affected, but some more than others. This chapter discusses how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted and continues to impact work and working conditions with a focus on the United States. We explore changes in the workplace, workforce, organization of work, and the standards, policies, and practices that support worker health, safety, and well-being, highlighting those issues likely to remain important beyond the pandemic. The pandemic has resulted in incredible loss and tragedy, but the impact of the pandemic on work may not be exclusively problematic. To protect and improve worker safety, health, and well-being, policy makers, workers, and employers must anticipate and understand the forces driving changes in working conditions and the labor market and respond to them effectively. We therefore consider both the costs and potential benefits of pandemic-related changes on work, workplaces, and workers.
Housing Conditions in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Olascoaga Sebastián Sandoval , López César García , Rio Gabriela Zayas del , Arcaya Mariana C. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses housing conditions as determinants of COVID-19, including housing market-level conditions, such as gentrification, and unit-level conditions, such as overcrowding. It also addresses the ways in which COVID-19 affects housing markets, including housing prices, and risk of adverse housing outcomes, including eviction, for households. This chapter also explores financial factors and housing conditions, including maintenance of housing, rent freezes, eviction moratoriums, burden of rent, housing stability, publicly supported housing, and shelters. It is suggested that access to stable housing can improve health and reduce healthcare costs. In addition, this chapter explores the interactions between closures and adjustments due to COVID-19 increases in job insecurity, and housing insecurity and efforts to house the homeless to prevent transmission. The chapter concludes by reviewing potential housing interventions that could guard against COVID-19 and discusses the need to prepare for pandemic-induced housing market failures.
Public Health Communication in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: McCloud Rachel , Bekalu Mesfin Awoke , Viswanath K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on COVID-19 and public health communications, including trust in public health communications and the “war” on the media. The authors write from a social determinants perspective, using Viswanath’s communication inequalities framework, which emphasizes disparities in people’s access to and consumption of media. Communication influences at the cultural, societal, and political levels and their impacts on COVID-19-related beliefs, knowledge, and behaviors are emphasized. Particular attention is focused on the role of social media (Facebook, Twitter) in disseminating alternative narratives about the pandemic. In addition, this chapter describes ongoing challenges in vaccinating the public due to vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccine sentiment. The authors provide recommendations for health communicators on how to address communication inequalities and combat mis- and disinformation to successfully disseminate trustworthy, clear, and actionable information.
The Consequentialist Attempt to Accommodate Partiality
Authors: Jeske Diane 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The consequentialist is often charged with offering an inadequate moral theory insofar as it is a theory that cannot justify our practice of partiality toward our intimates and our considered judgment that such partiality is justified—this is the partiality objection to consequentialism. This chapter presents the main moves in the debate between consequentialists and their critics who claim that the former are unable to adequately respond to the objection from partiality, with a focus on the strategic response and the indirect consequentialist response. It is argued that none of these responses is adequate because they focus on the practice of partiality rather than on the fundamental status of reasons to care for intimates.
My Friend or My Friendship?
Authors: Jeske Diane 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter defends the Non-Value-Based Relationships View of reasons of intimacy against both the Individuals View and the Value-Based Relationships View. The Non-Value-Based Relationships View grounds those reasons directly on our special relationships, while the Individuals View bases them on the person with whom we are intimate, and the Value-Based Relationships View grounds them on the value of the relationships. It is argued that only the Non-Value-Based Relationships View offers an account that adequately captures the agent-relativity of reasons of intimacy. It is also shown that recent attempts on the part of advocates of the Individuals View to appeal to relationships as intensifying or modifying already existing reasons are not successful.
Warriors into Citizens: The Re-education ofThumos
Authors: Balot Ryan K. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn addition to addressing the citizens’ ingrained acquisitiveness, the Athenian aspires to transform their attachment to a destructive model of thumos, which is unmoored from intelligence, justice, and moderation. He will cultivate thumos and direct it toward peace and justice. He rendered military exercises less toxic by embedding them within religious rituals. He also proposed to “pacify” common meals and to institute common meals for women, who would, as in Callipolis, receive military training. The Athenian’s account of surveillance, punishment, and judgment strives to elevate thumos, making it a richer, more rationally reflective element of the citizens’ souls. By means of their watchfulness, citizens encourage one another to live up to the city’s standards of virtue. Adequate care for others in this way requires that citizens’ thumoeidetic energies be appropriately informed by practical reason.
Displacing and Disciplining Muslims in India’s Burgeoning Hindu Rashtra
Authors: Truschke Audrey 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Since the 2019 general Indian elections, Hindu nationalists have accelerated their agenda to transform the constitutionally secular nation of India into an ethnonationalist state intolerant of religious minorities. This chapter surveys three major developments in this ongoing transition: the 2019 state policy changes regarding Kashmir, the late 2019 Citizenship Amendment Act, and the February 2020 Delhi riots. These three case studies vary significantly in terms of their locations and the specific communities involved, though the events occurred within a tight timeframe. Stretching across all three areas is Hindu nationalists’ penchant for the use of force and coercion to achieve their aims at the expense of Muslim communities. The chapter situates each case study against the overlapping backdrops of Hindu supremacy and Islamophobia, arguing that Hindu nationalists deploy these intertwined frameworks in contemporary India with dangerous results for the nation’s largest religious minority.
The Aptness Alternative
Authors: Haufe Chris 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter spells out an alternative vision to the notion that a warranted inductive scientific inference is one that increases the probability of the inference’s truth. It begins by looking at a range of arguments for why the acquisition of truth, even significant truth, is not necessarily profitable from a scientific perspective. Instead, it argues that inductive projection is projection about how the research community is likely to approach the classification of a given phenomenon. Because classification is made on the basis of analogy, we should look for our sense of inductive warrant in whatever it is that confers warrant upon warranted analogies. That warrant-conferring property is aptness. Analogies and metaphors are apt when they are accurate, when they give salient properties their due, and when they facilitate further research.
Making and Keeping Friends
Authors: Harrison Hannah M. , Greca Annette M. La 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Childhood friendships help children develop fundamental social, cognitive, communication, and emotional skills. Parents play an important role in organizing opportunities for children to develop friendships. They also coach children in the social skills necessary to make and keep friends. This chapter describes these roles during three different developmental stages: early childhood, middle childhood, and the teenage years. The chapter also gives advice on how to help children who may struggle with making friends at each developmental stage.
Insurgent Fandom
Authors: Jack Max 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Insurgent Fandom investigates a youth subculture you’ve never heard of called ultra. The most dedicated soccer fans who sing, wave flags, and light marine flares to support their respective teams on the field, ultras also critique the capitalistic tendencies of professional sport and question the legitimacy of the authorities who make the rules. In spite of public misperceptions of ultras as hooligans, Max Jack argues that ultras’ performative style of support in the stadium is in part a form of protest informed by their constant friction with the state, the mainstream media, and the commercial priorities of sports’ governing bodies. Because of this conflict with authority, fandom for ultras takes on a collective social life in which the game on the field often becomes a secondary concern. With political implications extending past the realm of sports, ultras have even become key actors in some of the most significant mass protests of the twenty-first century—including those in Cairo (2011), Istanbul (2013), and Kiev (2013). Embracing a politic of dissent at the heart of crowd action, Insurgent Fandom casts a light upon the apparatuses of governance that aim to mitigate the potentially inflammatory dispositions of the hardcore fans while examining stadia as a breeding ground for alternative social and political possibilities.
The Politics of Platform Regulation
Authors: Gorwa Robert 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
As digital platforms have become more integral to not just how we live, but also to how we do politics, the rules governing online expression, behavior, and interaction created by large multinational technology firms—popularly termed ‘content moderation,’ ‘platform governance,’ or ‘trust and safety’—have increasingly become the target of government regulatory efforts. This book provides a conceptual and empirical analysis of the important and emerging tech policy terrain of ‘platform regulation.’ How, why, and where exactly is it happening? Why now? And how do we best understand the vast array of strategies being deployed across jurisdictions to tackle this issue? The book outlines three strategies commonly pursued by government actors seeking to combat issues relating to the proliferation of hate speech, disinformation, child abuse imagery, and other forms of harmful content on user-generated content platforms: convincing, collaborating, and contesting. It then outlines a theoretical model for explaining the adoption of these different strategies in different political contexts and regulatory episodes. This model is explored through detailed case study chapters—driven by a combination of stakeholder interviews and new policymaking documents obtained via freedom of information requests—looking at policy development in Germany, Australia and New Zealand, and the United States.
Introduction
Authors: Gorwa Robert 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by defining key terms—platform governance, content moderation, and platform regulation. It outlines the book’s core research questions (understanding the factors informing why platform regulation emerges under certain conditions, as well as the character that this regulation takes), and presents the institutionalist approach that underlies the book’s argument. It summarizes the empirical approach of the book, including the more than 75 stakeholder interviews conducted with stakeholders in industry, government, and civil society, as well at the approach for obtaining new government policy documents via freedom of information request. It concludes with an outline of the book’s chapters.
Governance by Platforms
Authors: Gorwa Robert 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the relevant literature that this book contributes to, discussing emerging work on governance in digital media, political communication, and `internet studies’ circles, as well as the larger body of relevant scholarship in global governance that deals with corporate actors. It begins by outlining the lineage of the term ‘platform,’ and providing a detailed typology of different types of platform business models. The following section discusses how platform firms with different business models can all be said govern generally along three broad lines—through their design, rule-making, and gatekeeping. The chapter concludes by identifying some key emerging institutional and organizational trends in how platform firms, facing growing public and policy pressure internationally, have begun governing their services more exhaustively.
Territorial Anxieties
Authors: Toal Gerard 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the state territorial concerns and anxieties of world powers that resulted in the prioritization of their territorial security dilemmas over those of the planet as a whole. Concerns primarily revolve around borders, territorial integrity, access to vital resources, and security of flows. The territorial behavior of world powers stems from power structures operated by modernizing elites with an interest in securing and fortifying their position. The chapter cites that the territorial security dilemmas of world powers often predominate over all other understandings of security threats. It mentions how the divergence of territories only deepens in relation to the consequences of climate breakdown.
Conclusion
Authors: Toal Gerard 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into the unfolding emergency brought by climate change. Large sections of the international community are aware of the seriousness of climate change, but the world’s most powerful states remain attached to the existing hierarchies of power and privileged narratives. Geopolitics is one of many drivers of climate breakdown due to its expansion of capitalist relations of production to the ends of the Earth, alongside military force and weapon technologies. The chapter clarifies that the dominance of capitalist modernity over human civilization is not inevitable, as it can be reformed and reimagined. It considers the possibility of a sustainable future.
Russian Strategic Narratives and the War in Ukraine
Authors: Oates Sarah , Ramsay Gordon Neil 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers the nature and meaning in the shift of Russian strategic narratives by Russian President Vladimir Putin from long-standing narratives to more mythic anti-Ukrainian conspiracies on the eve of the 2022 invasion. This demonstrates that tracking narratives can provide useful signals in understanding planned military actions from Russia. In addition, the chapter demonstrates that Russian conspiracy stories about Nazism in Ukraine found little engagement from the mainstream media, but that this type of Russian propaganda is most likely to enter the U.S. through conspiracy websites on the far right. Finally, the chapter analyzes how the long-standing Russian complaint that NATO threatens Russian sovereignty found traction in the West through a qualitative review of The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Post.
How Memory Typically Changes with Age
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 reviews how memory typically changes with age, that is, in older adults without mild cognitive impairment or any other memory diagnoses. In everyday life, the most common memory changes that older adults notice are remembering names, numbers, what they were just about to do, and where they put something. The memory processes that are most affected by age are encoding and retrieval, with relatively little change in storage. On memory tests, the types of memory that generally decline with normal aging are prospective memory, associative memory, and recent memory. Memory types that don’t change as much with age are remote memory, procedural memory, and semantic memory.
Cognitive Screening
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 18 explains cognitive screening tests, which are short tests of thinking skills designed to check whether cognitive decline is present. These tests typically screen basic attention and memory skills and provide an overall score. A passing score is one that is at, or above, the established cut-off. Scoring below the cut-off indicates cognitive decline may be present, and more investigation is necessary. Health factors, such as mild hearing loss or depressive mood, must be considered because they can influence performance on these screening tests. The score on a cognitive screening test alone does not rule in or rule out the presence of mild cognitive impairment or dementia.
Specialists You May Be Referred To
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 19 describes the different specialists to whom a family doctor may refer their patient once they have identified possible cognitive decline. These specialists include neuropsychologists, who understand how behavior tells us about how well the brain is working, as well as medical doctors such as a geriatrician, psychiatrist, and a neurologist. Any one of the specialists are a good starting point for a referral when it comes to further investigation of mild cognitive impairment. If access to a specialist is not possible, there is still plenty that can be done, with the support of the family doctor, to slow cognitive decline.
Resources for Taking Charge of Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 32 provides practical information about resources for taking charge of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to help you live well as you continue to age. Sometimes it can be hard to know what might be useful, where to get started on finding it, and how to get access to the right kind of support. Strategies are described for finding information from trusted sources. Also included is advice on how to move forward in terms of taking the right steps to get any needed services. The aim of this chapter is to help older adults with MCI make choices and take action to get access to resources that are personally meaningful and beneficial to their health and wellness.
Exercise: Jog Your Memory
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 37 sets the stage for the following three chapters by describing how exercise is measured, and how it is defined. Measures of heart rate, calorie expenditure, and maximum oxygen use are described. Then, whether exercise is defined as a planned activity with the purpose of improving or maintaining health, or simply as any form of physical activity is considered. Readers are encouraged to lead an active life, even if it does not include what people normally call exercise. A study example from the author’s lab, showing that those who do more housework have larger brains, is used as an example.
Exercise Your Way to Better Brain Health
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 39 discusses health considerations before starting a new exercise plan, and how much exercise people should aim for. The importance of consulting with your doctor before you exercise if you have certain heart or lung conditions or arthritis is emphasized. Readers are encouraged to complete a short questionnaire to determine if they are ready to start or change their exercise plan, or if they should consult with their doctor first. Next, the amount of exercise people should be aiming for is introduced. People should be getting 2.5 to 5 hours of moderate-intensity physical activity, or 1 hours, 15 minutes to 2.5 hours of vigorous physical activity a week. This should be combined with strength training and balance activities, particularly among older adults with balance issues. Readers are encouraged to start slowly, and to listen to their body for signs of injury. Finally, when readers are not exercising, they are encouraged to be active and not sedentary.