bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emotion in the German Lutheran Baroque and the Development of Subjective Time Consciousness
Authors: BUTT JOHN 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis study examines some of the ways in which it was possible to understand emotion in Lutheran church music of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. It suggests that emotion related to music more through association and contextual factors than through a fixed relationship, thus explaining the ways in which musical passages and techniques could be taken from a secular context to serve a sacred purpose. With these factors in mind, it is possible to suggest ways in which a listener's likely emotional association with music can be harnessed through particular compositional procedures. Schütz's setting of part of the Song of Songs may well engage with the listener's consciousness over time, stretching it and reinforcing the ‘useful’ emotional associations that the sacred context might bring. The opening aria of Bach's cantata ‘Liebster Jesu, mein Verlangen’ achieves something similar over a longer span and with greater emotional intensity. Here there is the added sense of the believer finding, losing and then rediscovering the object of spiritual adoration. The music thus implies the potential alienation of the listener, something both supported and overcome through the very structuring of the music. Its repetitive ritornello process is sometimes hidden but always latent, thus playing on the potential for subconscious recognition. Together, these two examples suggest that music can be used as a powerful demonstration of the historical development of modern forms of consciousness as related to emotional states over time.
AestheticallyWarrantedEmotion andComposedExpressiveTrajectories inMusic
Authors: HATTEN ROBERT S. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTTheorists of music and emotion have come to recognise a wide range of aesthetic and non‐aesthetic situations in which music serves as a vehicle, or a trigger, or a catalyst, for emotional experience. In this essay I focus on aesthetically warranted emotions (AWEs) as real, measurable emotions that are directly motivated by stylistically competent interaction with composed expressive trajectories (CETs). Through a close interpretation of the exposition of the second movement of Mozart's Piano Sonata in F, K. 533, I explore five central issues: (1) the role of marked musical gestures and stylistically unmarked alternatives in reconstructing and interpreting CETs; (2) the affordance of prior emotional experience for an individual's complete cognitive understanding of CETs; (3) whether or not one need actually experience AWEs in order to cognitively understand and appreciate CETs; (4) whether emotional engagement need always be congruent with, or isomorphically constrained by, CETs in order to qualify as AWEs; and (5) the status of AWEs, and our cognition of them, as multi‐levelled and integrative, synthetic and emergent, and varying in intensity.
“Does This Doctor Speak My Language?” Improving the Characterization of Physician Non‐English Language Skills
Authors: Diamond Lisa C. , Luft Harold S. , Chung Sukyung , Jacobs Elizabeth A. 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveTo describe the initial impact of an organizational policy change on measurement of physician non‐English language proficiency.Study SettingMultispecialty health care organization in the San Francisco Bay Area.Study Design/Data CollectionIn response to preliminary findings suggesting that the organization's nonvalidated and undefined three‐category tool for physician self‐report of non‐English language proficiency levels was likely inadequate, the organization asked physicians to rate their non‐English language proficiency levels using an adapted Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) scale, a validated measure with five rating levels and descriptors. We then compared the self‐reported language proficiency on the original scale and the ILR for those physicians who completed both and used regression analysis to investigate physician characteristics potentially associated with a change in score on the old versus ILR scales.Principal FindingsSix months after the ILR scale was implemented throughout the organization, 75 percent (258/342) of physicians had updated their language proficiency ratings. Among clinicians who had previously rated themselves in the “Medical/Conversational” category, there were substantial variations in scores using the ILR scale. Physicians who spoke two or more non‐English languages were significantly more likely to lower their self‐reported proficiency when updating from the old scale to the ILR scale.ConclusionsThe organization was willing to adopt a relatively straightforward change in how data were collected and presented to patients based on the face validity of initial findings. This organizational policy change appeared to improve how self‐reported physician language proficiency was characterized.
The Association of Health Insurance and Disease Impairment with Reported Asthma Prevalence in U.S. Children
Authors: Coker Tumaini R. , Kaplan Robert M. , Chung Paul J. 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveTo test the hypotheses that reported asthma prevalence is higher among insured than uninsured children and that insurance‐based differences in asthma diagnosis, treatment, and health care utilization are associated with disease severity.Data SourcesNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2008.Study DesignWe used multivariate logistic regression to examine the relationship between insurance and asthma symptom severity with asthma diagnosis, treatment, and acute care utilization.Principal FindingsIn multivariate analysis, insured children had greater odds of reporting a current diagnosis of asthma than uninsured children (odds ratio [OR] = 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.47–2.94). When interactions between insurance and asthma impairment were included, insurance was associated with greater odds of diagnosis among children with intermittent (OR = 4.08, 95% CI: 1.57–10.61), but not persistent, symptoms. Among children with intermittent symptoms, insurance was associated with inhaled corticosteroid use (OR = 4.51, 95% CI: 1.18–17.24) and asthma‐related acute care utilization (OR = 5.21, 95% CI: 1.21–23.53); these associations were nonsignificant among children with persistent symptoms.ConclusionBeing insured increases only the likelihood that a child with intermittent, not persistent, asthma symptoms will receive an asthma diagnosis and control medication, and it may not reduce acute care utilization. Although universal insurance may increase detection and management of undiagnosed childhood asthma, theorized cost savings from reduced acute care utilization might not materialize.
The Sensitivity of Adverse Event Cost Estimates to Diagnostic Coding Error
Authors: Wardle Gavin , Wodchis Walter P. , Laporte Audrey , Anderson Geoffrey M. , Ross Baker G. 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveTo examine the impact of diagnostic coding error on estimates of hospital costs attributable to adverse events.Data SourcesOriginal and reabstracted medical records of 9,670 complex medical and surgical admissions at 11 hospital corporations in Ontario from 2002 to 2004. Patient specific costs, not including physician payments, were retrieved from the Ontario Case Costing Initiative database.Study DesignAdverse events were identified among the original and reabstracted records using ICD10‐CA (Canadian adaptation of ICD10) codes flagged as postadmission complications. Propensity score matching and multivariate regression analysis were used to estimate the cost of the adverse events and to determine the sensitivity of cost estimates to diagnostic coding error.Principal FindingsEstimates of the cost of the adverse events ranged from $16,008 (metabolic derangement) to $30,176 (upper gastrointestinal bleeding). Coding errors caused the total cost attributable to the adverse events to be underestimated by 16 percent. The impact of coding error on adverse event cost estimates was highly variable at the organizational level.ConclusionsEstimates of adverse event costs are highly sensitive to coding error. Adverse event costs may be significantly underestimated if the likelihood of error is ignored.
Lessons from genome‐wide association studies findings in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: MORAES Clayton F. , LINS Tulio C. , CARMARGOS Einstein F. , NAVES Janeth O. S. , PEREIRA Rinaldo W. , NÓBREGA Otávio T. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with a complex genetic background. Recent genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have placed important new contributors into the genetic framework of early‐ and late‐onset forms of this dementia. Besides confirming the major role of classic allelic variants (e.g. apolipoprotein E) in the development of AD, GWAS have thus far implicated over 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms in AD. In this review, we summarize the findings of 16 AD‐based GWAS performed to date whose public registries are available at the National Human Genome Research Institute, with an emphasis on understanding whether the polymorphic markers under consideration support functional implications to the pathophysiological role of the major genetic risk factors unraveled by GWAS.
Powder Processing Effects on the Rapid Low‐Temperature Densification of ZrB2–SiC Ultra‐High Temperature Ceramic Composites Using Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Walker Luke S. , Pinc William R. , Corral Erica L. 
Published: October 2011

Investigating the powder processing effects on a ZrB2–25 vol% SiC ceramic composite densified using spark plasma sintering (SPS) allows for identification of densification mechanisms and enables a reduction in sintering temperature to a minimum of 1650°C. Attrition milling (AM) and ball milling (BM) were investigated as processing methods to produce a fine and coarse powder densified using SPS with or without a tube furnace preheat treatment. Ceramics formed from AM and BM powders contain 1.66 wt% oxygen contamination, primarily ZrO2 and SiO2, and 0.35 wt% oxygen contamination as SiO2, respectively. Heat treatment slightly reduces oxygen contamination but has significant impacts on the densification mechanisms. Without heat treatment, powder coarsening dominates the initial sintering process in the SPS inhibiting densification until ~1350°C. After heat treatment, sintering and densification is enabled at low temperature, 1000°C–1100°C. The densification of ZrB2–SiC composites can be broken into a two‐step process with phase 1 as the sintering step based on powder surface area reduction and phase 2 as a forging step where high‐temperature creep and pressure eliminate porosity after the primary grains have formed. A time–temperature‐density plot illustrates the change in densification mechanism used to fully densify ZrB2–SiC composites in SPS.
A New Iguanodontian Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation, Nakhon Ratchasima in Northeastern Thailand
Authors: SHIBATA Masateru , JINTASAKUL Pratueng , AZUMA Yoichi 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:Here we report a new iguanodontian dentary found from the Lower Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation, Nakhon Ratchasima, northeast Thailand. A unique character, which is an elongated and flat shape of the dentary ramus, makes it possible to assign the specimen to the new genus of non‐hadrosaurid iguanodontian, Ratchasimasaurus suranareae gen. et sp. nov. R. suranareae shows both primitive and derived characters, such as a caudally inclined coronoid process and alveolar trough with a primitive crown impression, and a derived buccal shelf between tooth row and coronoid process. The discovery of a new iguanodontian from the Indochina Terrene, considering that the previously reported “Probactrosaurus‐like” iguanodontian, points out a great diversity of this group in the late Early Cretaceous in Thailand, and corresponds to the Asian iguanodontian diversity at that time.
A New Brachyceran Family Origoasilidae Fam. Nov. from the Late Mesozoic of China (Insecta: Diptera)
Authors: ZHANG Kuiyan , YANG Ding , REN Dong 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:Lower brachyceran flies are abundant in the Late Mesozoic of China. Many extant and extinct members of that have been found in Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Hebei and Shandong provinces. A new family, Origoasilidae fam. nov., belonging to the lower Brachycera, is built based on a new specimen from the Yixian Formation and is a representative of the Jehol Biota. The new endemic Mesozoic family possesses several unique characters in the wing. The relationship among the Origoasilidae fam. nov. and relative known lower brachyceran flies has been discussed.
Carbon and Oxygen Stable Isotope Values and Microfossils at 41.4–4.5 ka BP in Tai Co, Tibet, China, and Their Paleoclimatic Significance
Authors: ZHENG Mianping , LIU Junying , MA Zhibang , WANG Hailei , MA Nina 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:Two sedimentary sections were measured at Tai Co (Co means lake in Tibetan) in western Tibet, China. The two sections are almost all composed of clay carbonate beds except in their lower parts where there are carbonized plants at >10 cm depths and dark‐colored carbonate clay and clay at 50–70 cm depths, yielding abundant gastropods, ostracods, and charophytes. The carbon and oxygen stable isotope values of carbonate, ostracods, and charophytes and ecological features of microfossil communities indicate the following climatic change in the area from 41.4 to 4.5 ka BP: at 41.4–26.2 ka BP, the climate was relatively wet; at 26.2–25.5 ka BP, it was slightly warm‐dry; at 25.5–22.5 ka BP, it was warm‐wet; at 22.5–21.0 ka BP, it was slightly cold‐wet; at 20.5–17.5 ka BP, it became cold abruptly and slightly wet, implying the climate of the last glacial maximum; at 17.5–16.0 ka BP, it was slightly cold‐dry; at 16.0–11.8 ka BP, it was slightly warm‐wet; at 11.8–10.4 ka BP, it was relatively cold‐dry, roughly equivalent to the climate of the Younger Dryas, and at 10.4 ka BP, the temperatures began to rise again; at 10.4–9.4 ka BP, it was slightly warm‐wet; at 9.4–8.5 ka BP, there occurred short warm‐wet oscillations; at 8.5–7.9 ka BP, it was slightly dry‐cold, representing a strong temperature‐lowering and drying event in the postglacial stage; at 7.8–6.3 ka BP, it was slightly warm‐wet; at 6.3–4.5 ka BP, the climate tended to be cold‐dry. 4.5 ka BP recorded the maximum aridity since the late part of the late Pleistocene.
LA‐ICP‐MS Zircon U‐Pb Geochronology of the Fine‐grained Granite and Molybdenite Re‐Os Dating in the Wurinitu Molybdenum Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: LIU Cui , DENG Jinfu , KONG Weiqiong , XU Liquan , ZHAO Guochun , LUO Zhaohua , LI Ning 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:The Wurinitu molybdenum deposit, located in Honggor, Sonid Left Banner of Inner Mongolia, China, is recently discovered and is considered to be associated with a concealed fine‐grained granite impregnated with molybdenite. The wall rocks are composed of Variscan porphyritic‐like biotite granite and the Lower Ordovician Wubin'aobao Formation. LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U‐Pb dating of the fine‐grained granite reveals two stages of zircons, one were formed at 181.7±7. 4 Ma and the other at 133.6±3.3 Ma. The latter age is believed to be the formation age of the fine‐grained granite, while the former may reflect the age of inherited zircons, based on the morphological study of the zircon and regional geological setting. The Re‐Os model age of molybdenite is 142.2±2.5 Ma, which is older than the diagenetic age of the fine‐grained granite. Therefore the authors believe that the metallogenic age of the Wurinitu molybdenum deposit should be nearly 133.6±3.3 Ma or slightly later, i.e., Early Cretaceous. Combined with regional geological background research, it is speculated that the molybdenum deposits were formed at the late Yanshanian orogenic cycle in the Hingganling‐Mongolian orogenic belt, belonging to the relaxation epoch posterior to the compression and was associated with the closure of the Mongolia‐Okhotsk Sea.
Geochemistry and Provenance of Maastrichtian Clastic Rocks in the Dikmendede Formation of Orhaniye in Kazan‐Ankara‐Turkey Region
Authors: OZKAN Ali Mujdat , AYAZ‐BOZDAG Ayla 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:An integrated petrographic and geochemical study of the sandstones of the Maastrichtianaged in the Orhaniye (Kazan‐Ankara‐Turkey) was carried out to obtain more information on their provenance, sedimentological history and tectonic setting. Depending on their matrix and mineralogical content, the Maastrichtian sandstones are identified as lithic arenite/wacke. The Dikmendede sandstones derived from types of provenances, the recycled orogen and recycled transitional. The chemical characteristics of the Dikmendede sandstones, i.e., fairly uniform compositions, high Th/U ratios (>3.0), negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* 0.72–0.99) and Th/Sc ratios (mostly less than 1.0), favor the OUC (old upper continental crust) provenance for the Dikmendede sandstones. The SiO2/Al2O3, Th/Sc (mostly <1.0) and La/Sc (<4.0) ratios are; however, slightly lower than typical OUC, and these ratios may suggest a minor contribution of young arc‐derived material. The rare earth element (REE) pattern, and La/Sc versus Th/Co plot suggests that these sediments were mainly derived from felsic source rocks. The Dikmendede sandstones have high Cr (123–294 ppm) and Ni (52–212 ppm) concentrations, Cr/Ni ratio of 1.93, and a medium correlation coefficient between Cr and Ni and corresponding medium to high correlation of both (Cr and Ni, respectively) elements with Co. These relationships indicate a significant contribution of detritus from ophiolitic rocks. As rare earth element data are available for the Dikmendede sandstones, the Eu/Eu* is compared with LaN/YbN. Samples plot in the area of overlapping between continental collision, strike‐slip and continental arc basins. The predominantly felsic composition of the Dikmendede sandstones is supported by the REE plots, which show enriched light REE, negative Eu anomaly and flat or uniform heavy REE. The Dikmendede sandstones have compositions similar to those of the average upper continental crust and post‐Archean Australian shales. This feature indicates that the sediments were derived mainly from the upper continental crust. The Dikmendede sandstones have chemical index of alteration (CIA) values of 28–49, with an average of 40 indicating a low degree of chemical weathering in the source area. The compositional immaturity of the analyzed sandstone samples is typical of subduction‐related environments, and their SiO2/Al2O3 and K2O/Na2O ratios and Co, Sc, Th and Zr contents reflect their oceanic and continental‐arc settings. The Dikmendede sandstones were developed as flysch deposits derived from mixed provenance in a collision belt.
Features of Sandy Debris Flows of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin and Its Oil and Gas Exploration Significance
Authors: LI Xiangbo , CHEN Qilin , LIU Huaqing , WAN Yanrong , WEI Lihua , LIAO Jianbo , LONG Liwen 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:Sandy debris flow is a new genetic type of sand bodies, which has gained much attention in recent years and its corresponding theory is proved to be a significant improvement and even partial denial to the “Bouma Sequence” and “turbidite fan” deep‐water sedimentary theories to some point. Oil exploration researchers are highly concerned with sandy debris flows for its key role in controlling oil and gas accumulation processes. In this article, by applying sandy debris flows theory and combining a lot work of core, outcrop observation and analysis plus seismic profile interpretation, we recognized three types of sedimentary gravity flows that are sandy debris flows, classic turbidites and slumping rocks in chang‐6 member of Yanchang Formation in the deep‐water area of central Ordos Basin. Among the three types, the sandy debris flows are the most prominent and possesses the best oil bearing conditions. On the contrary, the classic turbidites formed by turbidity currents are limited in distribution; therefore, previous Yanchang Formation deep‐water sedimentary studies have exaggerated the importance of turbidite currents deposition. Further study showed that the area distribution of deep water gravity flow sand bodies in Yanchang Formation were controlled by the slope of the deep‐water deposits and the flows had vast distribution, huge depth and prevalent advantages for oil forming, which make it one of the most favorable new areas for Ordos Basin prospecting.
Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities in Iraq: The Chaldo‐Assyrian Case
Authors: Hanish Shak 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article discusses the issue of ethnic minorities, specifically the Chaldo‐Assyrians in Iraq. It gives a historical background, present demography, and points out group locations, mainly in Nineveh Province. It proposes a possible solution to the issue by suggesting autonomy for the group as crucial to its security and survival. It also presents a counter‐argument for autonomy. The article discusses the attitude of the Arabs and the Kurds to such proposals and compares Iraq and Kurdistan's constitutions in regard to minorities' rights. Finally, the author assesses if autonomy is a realistic approach to solve the Chaldo‐Assyrian problem in Iraq.
Just War and Terrorism: A New Policy Perspective
Authors: Stewart Kerry 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe idea of terrorism as policy in any policy discussion is abhorrent in most academic circles. The fact is, however, if one removes the emotion attached to the use of terrorism and approaches it as a tool it can be placed in several models used by policymakers today. For many centuries the concept of “just war” has been discussed by philosophers, policymakers, and warriors. When standards have been established that those engaged in conflict can use to determine whether or not an action is considered “just.” How did Christianity in particular move from emphasizing love (agapē, caritas) to the acceptance of waging war? This problem was dealt with when the law of war was included in discussion of natural law theory.
β-Elemene induces apoptosis as well as protective autophagy in human non-small-cell lung cancer A549 cells
Authors: Liu Jing , Hu Xue-Jun , Jin Bo , Qu Xiu-Juan , Hou Ke-Zuo , Liu Yun-Peng 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Objectives
β-Elemene, a novel traditional Chinese medicine, has been shown to be effective against a wide range of tumours. In this study, the antitumour effect of β-elemene on human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells and the mechanism involved have been investigated.

Methods
Cell viability and apoptosis were measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Protein expression was assayed by Western blotting. Autophagy was evaluated under fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.

Key findings
β-Elemene inhibited the viability of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. This suppression of cell viability was due to the induction of apoptosis. Further study showed that β-elemene inhibited the activity of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K1 signalling pathway, and at the same time it triggered a robust autophagy. The autophagy was characterized by the accumulation of punctate LC3 dots in the cytoplasm, morphological changes, and the increased levels of LC3-II as well as Atg5-Atg12 conjugated proteins. Inhibition of autophagy with chlorochine significantly enhanced the antitumour effect of β-elemene.

Conclusions
Our data indicated that β-elemene inhibited the activity of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K1 signalling pathway in human NSCLC A549 cells, which resulted in apoptosis as well as protective autophagy. A combination of β-elemene with autophagy inhibitor might be an effective therapeutic option for advanced NSCLC.