bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trans fatty acids in margarines marketed in Brazil: Content, labeling regulations and consumer information
Authors: Benincá Cristina , Zanoelo Everton Fernando , de Lima Luz Luiz Fernando , Spricigo Cinthia Bittencourt 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA set of 46 different trademarks of margarines produced in Brazil by eight different companies was investigated in terms of the national labeling requirements for trans fatty acids (TFA). Experimental measurements of the content of total saturated fatty acids, cis‐monounsaturated fatty acids, cis‐polyunsaturated fatty acids and total TFA by gas chromatography showed the reliability of the data listed on the nutrition facts panel, which were used as reference for this analysis. The results revealed that 50% of the manufacturers and 13% of all the investigated trademarks of margarines violated the current Brazilian labeling regulations. A group of 200 consumers categorized by age, sex and years of formal education was also questioned about the importance of nutrition labeling information and TFA. Approximately 33% of the consumers interviewed were not informed about the possible detrimental effects of TFA on human health. Individuals with longer years of formal education and those affected by coronary heart diseases attributed to the intake of TFA were most interested in reading the nutrition labeling.
Relationship of variables affecting separation following transesterification of vegetable oil
Authors: Hájek Martin , Skopal František 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe transesterification of vegetable oils (rapeseed and sunflower oils were used) by low‐molecular alcohol is the most‐used method of biodiesel production. A heterogeneous reaction mixture is formed by transesterification, containing ester and glycerol phases. Biodiesel is gained by the sedimentation of this mixture. We have studied how the separation conditions (independent variables: amount of added water, intensity and time of stirring, etc.) affect the quantity and the quality of both phases (dependent variables). The reaction mixture presents a multivariable system; therefore, the statistical method Plackett–Burman was used for planning the experiments. Multidimensional linear regression was used for the description of the relation between independent and dependent variables. A mathematical model describing this relationship was created for both types of oil.
Strategies for the Synthesis of Stemona Alkaloids
Authors: Alibés Ramon , Figueredo Marta 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe extracts of several plants of the Stemonaceae family have long been used in Asian countries against differentdiseases and for their antiparasitic properties. Significant constituents of these extracts are a series of structurally related secondary metabolites named Stemona alkaloids. All the Stemona alkaloids are polycyclic and contain multiple stereocenters. Most of them present a central pyrrolo[1,2‐a]azepine system and the majority also incorporate at least one α‐methyl‐γ‐butyrolactone substructure. Their challenging molecular architectures have motivated the development of new strategies for the construction of their skeletons, but only a small number of total syntheses have been published and they are still limited to quite a small number of targets. This microreview briefly examines most of the synthetic approaches to these alkaloids, according to the strategies devised to assemble their intricate structures, stressing the main similarities and differences encountered in the work developed by different laboratories, as well as the variations introduced along the synthetic route when pursuing different alkaloids through a common strategy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Efficient Synthesis of Vitamin E Amines
Authors: Mazzini Francesco , Netscher Thomas , Salvadori Piero 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA short and efficient synthesis of all VE amines (‐, ‐, ‐, ‐tocopheramines and ‐tocotrienamines) in enantiopure form is described. These amino analogues of natural vitamin E compounds (‐, ‐, ‐, ‐tocopherols and ‐tocotrienols) can be prepared by Pd‐catalyzed N‐arylation reactions on the corresponding triflates, synthesized under controlled conditions from the phenols. The benzophenone imine or benzylamine intermediates deliver the VE amines in high yield and purity after deprotection. The compounds prepared are key precursors of VE amides, which are of great interest in the search for new therapeutics with antitumoral activity.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Diagnostic utility of the Pittsburgh sleep Quality Index in memory clinics
Authors: Hancock P. , Larner A. J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundSince sleep is important for physiological memory function, sleep disturbance may contribute to subjective memory complaints and objective memory impairments independent of brain pathology. We investigated the diagnostic utility of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) as an independent test to differentiate patients with and without dementia at the initial clinical diagnostic interview in dedicated memory clinics.MethodsPSQI was administered to consecutive new patient referrals to two memory clinics over a 2‐year period, independent of other tests (interview, neuropsychology, imaging) which were used to establish diagnoses according to standard diagnostic criteria (DSM‐IV), and results were compared.ResultsIn a cohort of 310 patients, 50% fulfilling clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia, PSQI scores and subscores showed suboptimal sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) and area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve for the diagnosis of dementia, and likelihood ratios were unimportant. However, the proportion of poor sleepers was significantly larger in the non‐demented as compared to the demented patient group.ConclusionsPSQI scores were suboptimal for dementia diagnosis using traditional diagnostic parameters, but were pragmatically useful in identifying non‐demented ‘memory complainers’ with poor sleep quality. This observation may have therapeutic implications for these patients. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human entorhinal gamma and theta oscillations selective for remote autobiographical memory
Authors: Steinvorth Sarah , Wang Chunmao , Ulbert Istvan , Schomer Donald , Halgren Eric 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCurrent source densities in different layers of the human entorhinal cortex (ER) were recorded using a linear array of 24 microelectrodes during three memory conditions: a remote autobiographical condition eliciting recollections of events that occurred 10 or more years ago in the participant's past, a semantic icon condition invoking the mental image of a well‐known object, and a semantic knowledge condition asking about general information. Our data demonstrate theta, gamma, and delta oscillations in left ER particularly for remote autobiographical memory. Gamma is predominant in hippocampally projecting layers during presentation of the memory cue, whereas theta is prolonged and dominant in cortically projecting layers during memory retrieval. Gamma interactions between ER and hippocampal formation (HF) may elicit an HF contribution to recall under influences relayed from the association cortex (AC). This contribution may then be relayed back to AC during retrieval of the memory orchestrated by theta interactions with ER. Accordingly, theta oscillations were recorded simultaneously in frontal and temporal cortices. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of hippocampal–neocortical interactions in the retrieval of episodic autobiographical memories across the entire life‐span of aged adults
Authors: Viard Armelle , Lebreton Karine , Chételat Gaël , Desgranges Béatrice , Landeau Brigitte , Young Alan , De La Sayette Vincent , Eustache Francis , Piolino Pascale 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that episodic autobiographical memories (EAMs) rely on a network of brain regions comprising the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and distributed neocortical regions regardless of their remoteness. The findings supported the model of memory consolidation, which proposes a permanent role of MTL during EAM retrieval (multiple‐trace theory or MTT) rather than a temporary role (standard model). Our present aim was to expand the results by examining the interactions between the MTL and neocortical regions (or MTL–neocortical links) during EAM retrieval with varying retention intervals. We used an experimental paradigm specially designed to engage aged participants in the recollection of EAMs, extracted from five different time‐periods, covering their whole life‐span, in order to examine correlations between activation in the MTL and neocortical regions. The nature of the memories was checked at debriefing by means of behavioral measures to control the degree of episodicity and properties of memories. Targeted correlational analyses carried out on the MTL, frontal, lateral temporal, and posterior regions revealed strong links between the MTL and neocortex during the retrieval of both recent and remote EAMs, challenging the standard model of memory consolidation and supporting MTT instead. Further confirmation was given by results showing that activation in the left and right hippocampi significantly correlated during the retrieval of both recent and remote memories. Correlations among extra‐MTL neocortical regions also emerged for all time‐periods, confirming the critical role of the prefrontal, temporal (lateral temporal cortex and temporal pole), precuneus, and posterior cingulate regions in EAM retrieval. Overall, this paper emphasizes the role of a bilateral network of MTL and neocortical areas whose activation correlate during the recollection of rich phenomenological recent and remote EAMs. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IL‐1β receptor blockade protects islets against pro‐inflammatory cytokine induced necrosis and apoptosis
Authors: Schwarznau Alice , Hanson Matthew S. , Sperger Jamie M. , Schram Brian R. , Danobeitia Juan S. , Greenwood Krista K. , Vijayan Ashwanth , Fernandez Luis A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPro‐inflammatory cytokines (PIC) impair islet viability and function by activating inflammatory pathways that induce both necrosis and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to utilize an in vitro rat islet model to evaluate the efficacy of a clinically approved IL‐1 receptor antagonist (Anakinra) in blocking PIC induced islet impairment. Isolated rat islets were cultured for 48 h ± PIC (IL‐1β, IFNγ, and TNFα) and ±IL‐1ra then assayed for cellular integrity by flow cytometry, MAPK phosphorylation by proteome array, and gene expression by RT‐PCR. Nitric oxide (NO) release into the culture media was measured by Griess reaction. Islet functional potency was tested by glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and by transplantation into streptozotocin‐induced diabetic NOD.scid mice. Rat islets cultured with PIC upregulated genes for NOS2a, COX2, IL6, IL1b, TNFa, and HMOX1. IL‐1ra prevented the PIC induced upregulation of all of these genes except for TNFa. Inhibition of PIC induced iNOS by NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (NMMA) only blocked the increased expression of HMOX1. IL‐1ra completely abrogated the effects of PIC with respect to NO production, necrosis, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, GSIS, and in vivo potency. IL‐1ra was not effective at preventing the induction of necrosis or apoptosis by exogenous NO. These data demonstrate that Anakinra is an effective agent to inhibit the activation of IL‐1β dependent inflammatory pathways in cultured rat islets and support the extension of its application to human islets in vitro and potentially as a post transplant therapy. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 341–347, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrin αvβ3 upregulates integrin‐linked kinase expression in human ovarian cancer cells via enhancement of ILK gene transcription
Authors: Lössner Daniela , Abou‐Ajram Claudia , Benge Anke , Aumercier Marc , Schmitt Manfred , Reuning Ute 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe previously showed that integrin αvβ3 overexpression and engagement by its ligand vitronectin increased adhesion, motility, and proliferation of human ovarian cancer cells. In search of differentially regulated genes involved in these tumor biological events, we previously identified the integrin‐linked kinase (ILK) to be under control of αvβ3. In the present investigation we demonstrated significantly upregulated ILK protein as a function of αvβ3 in two ovarian cancer cell lines, OV‐MZ‐6 and OVCAR‐3, and proved co‐localization at the surface of αvβ3‐overexpressing cells adherent to vitronectin. Increase of ILK protein was reflected by enhanced ILK promoter activity, an effect, which we further characterized with regard to transcriptional response elements involved. Abrogation of NF‐κB/c‐rel or p53 binding augmented ILK promoter activity and preserved induction by αvβ3. The AP1‐mutant exhibited decreased promoter activity but was also still inducible by αvβ3. Disruption of the two DNA consensus motifs for Ets proteins led to divergent observations: mutation of the Ets motif at promoter position −462 bp did not significantly alter promoter activity but still allowed response to αvβ3. In contrast, disruption of the second Ets motif at position −85 bp did not only lead to slightly diminished promoter activity but also, in that case, abrogated ILK promoter induction by αvβ3. Subsequent co‐transfection studies with ets‐1 in the presence of the second Ets motif led to additional induction of ILK promoter activity. Taken together, these data suggest that ets‐1 binding to the second Ets DNA motif strongly contributes to αvβ3‐mediated ILK upregulation. By increasing ILK as an important integrin‐proximal kinase, αvβ3 may promote its intracellular signaling and tumor biological processes arising thereof in favor of ovarian cancer metastasis. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 367–375, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and properties of macroporous superabsorbent composite
Authors: Qi Xiaohua , Liu Mingzhu , Chen Zhenbin , Zhang Fen , Zhao Lu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA fast swelling macroporous superabsorbent composite was prepared by the copolymerization of partially neutralized acrylic acid, 2‐acryloylamino‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid (AMPS), and attapulgite (APT) using N, N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (NNMBA) and trihydroxymethyl propane glycidol ether as crosslinking agents. For fast swelling rate (SR), sodium bicarbonate, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were introduced into the reaction system as foaming agent and stabilizers. Furthermore, the copolymer was surface‐crosslinked with glycerine and sodium silicate, and then blended with aluminum sulfate and sodium carbonate. The influences of the amount of NNMBA, trihydroxymethyl propane glycidol ether, PEG, CMC and sodium bicarbonate, and reaction temperature on water absorbence both under atmospheric pressure and load, and on the SR were investigated. The water absorbence of the sample in 0.9 wt% NaCl aqueous solution under atmospheric pressure and certain load (P ≈ 2 × 103 Pa) could reach 54 and 8 g.g−1, respectively, and the SR could reach 0.471 ml g−1 s−1. The excellent strength, resilience, and the dispersion of swollen hydrogel were also observed for the sample. Moreover, the surface morphology of macroporous superabsorbent composite was characterized using scanning electron microscope. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Yangian symmetry, S‐matrices and Bethe ansatz for the AdS5 × S5 superstring
Authors: de Leeuw M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe discuss the relation between the recently derived bound state S‐matrices for the AdS5× S5 superstring and Yangian symmetry. We will study the relation between this Yangian symmetry and the Bethe ansatz. In particular we can use it to derive the Bethe equations for bound states.
Crystallographic and activity‐based evidence for thumb flexibility and its relevance in glycoside hydrolase family 11 xylanases
Authors: Pollet Annick , Vandermarliere Elien , Lammertyn Jeroen , Strelkov Sergei V. , Delcour Jan A. , Courtin Christophe M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEnzyme intramolecular mobility and conformational changes of loops in particular play a significant role in biocatalysis. In this respect, the highly conserved thumb loop of glycoside hydrolase family (GH) 11 xylanases is an intriguing and characteristic structural element, of which the true dynamic nature and function in catalysis is still unknown. Crystallographic analysis of the structure of a Bacillus subtilis xylanase A mutant, found as a dimer in an asymmetric unit, revealed that the thumb region can adopt an extended conformation, which is stabilized in the crystal lattice through intermolecular contacts. In contrast to the closed thumb conformation of GH11 xylanases and the previously observed small conformational changes upon substrate binding, a relocation of the tip of the thumb of more than 15 Å was observed. Site‐directed mutagenesis of five thumb residues, including putative hinge point residues, and enzyme kinetics assays showed that Arg112, Asn114, and Thr126 play a role in the open‐close thumb movement. Replacement of Arg112 by glycine or proline caused a strong decrease of turnover numbers and elevated Michaelis constants on xylan. Mutant N114P hindered thumb movement, provoking a fourfold decrease of turnover numbers and a sharp rise in Michaelis constants, whereas the proline mutant of Thr126 displayed an increase in specific activity. The observation that extensive thumb opening is possible combined with the kinetic data suggests that the thumb plays a crucial role in both binding of substrate and release of product from the active site. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The link between policy and practice in science education: The role of research
Authors: Fensham Peter J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPolicy has been a much neglected area for research in science education. In their neglect of policy studies, researchers have maintained an ongoing naivete about the politics of science education. In doing so, they often overestimate the implications of their research findings about practice and ignore the interplay between the stakeholders beyond and in‐school who determine the nature of the curriculum for science education and its enacted character. Policies for education (and science education in particular) always involve authority and values, both of which raise sets of fascinating questions for research. The location of authority for science education differs across educational systems in ways that affect the role teachers are expected to play. Policies very often value some groups in society over others, as the long history of attempts to provide science for all students testifies. As research on teaching/learning science identifies pedagogies that have widespread effectiveness, the policy issue of mandating these becomes important. Illustrations of successful policy to practice suggest that establishing conditions that will facilitate the intended implementation is critically important. The responsibility of researchers for critiquing and establishing policy for improving the practice of science education is discussed, together with the role research associations could play if they are to claim their place as key stakeholders in science education. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 93:1076–1095, 2009
Role of plasma lipoproteins in the transport of the soyabean isoflavones
daidzein and daidzein-7-O-β-d-glucoside
Authors: Rüfer Corinna E. , Kulling Sabine E. , Möseneder Jutta , Winterhalter Peter , Bub Achim 
Published: March 2009

Isoflavone intake is associated with various properties beneficial to human health which
are related to their antioxidant activity, for example, to their ability to increase LDL
oxidation resistance. However, the distribution of isoflavones among plasma lipoproteins
has not yet been elucidated in vivo. Therefore, the objective of the
present study was to investigate the association between daidzein (DAI) and lipoproteins
in human plasma upon administration of the aglycone and glucoside form. Five men aged
22–30 years participated in a randomised, double-blind study in cross-over
design. After ingestion of DAI and
daidzein-7-O-β-d-glucoside (DG) (1 mg DAI
aglycone equivalents/kg body weight) blood samples were drawn before isoflavone
administration as well as 1, 2, 3, 4·5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24 and 48 h
post-dose. Concentrations of DAI in the different lipoprotein fractions (chylomicrons,
VLDL, LDL, HDL) and in the non-lipoprotein fraction were analysed using isotope dilution
capillary GC/MS. The lipoprotein fraction profiles were similar for all subjects and
resembled those obtained for plasma in our previously published study. The lipoprotein
distribution based on the area under the concentration–time profiles from
0 h to infinity in the different fractions were irrespective of the administered
form: non-lipoprotein fraction (53 %) > LDL (20 %) > HDL
(14 %) > VLDL (9·5 %) > chylomicrons
(2·5 %). Of DAI present in plasma, 47 % was associated to
lipoproteins. Concentrations in the different lipoprotein fractions as well as in the
non-lipoprotein fraction were always higher after the ingestion of DG than of DAI. Taken
together, these results demonstrate an association between isoflavones and plasma
lipoproteins in vivo.
Breeding cattle for increased adaptability to tropical and subtropical environments
Authors: Bonsma Jan C. 
Published: March 2009

An adapted animal is one in perfect harmony with its environment. Of all the interrelated factors influencing the environment, climate is probably the most important, affecting not only the vegetation and parasitical fauna but likewise the density of human population, its needs and culture.A study of the climatological influence on animals must be comprehensive and include species, breeds and types within breeds, land as well as aquatic animals, both steppe and mountain animals, and existing animals as well as those of historical importance. The climatology with which the animal breeder is concerned aims at establishing the influence of climate, with its constantly recurring phases, upon the animal (in this case the bovine). The reaction of any animal to a particular external environmental stimulus is closely correlated with the animal's efficiency of production.
The influence of environment and maturity on total carotenoids in carrots
Authors: Booth V. H. , Dark S. O. S. 
Published: March 2009

1. A study has been made of the effect of conditions of growing and of maturity on the concentration of total carotenoids (t.c.) in the root of the carrot, Daucus carota L.2. Carotene comprised nearly 90% of the total carotenoids in all categories of carrot roots except the very small seedlings. Hence t.c. concentration may be used as an index of carotene concentration.3. In order to develop their full t.c. concentration by autumn, carrot varieties with normal t.c. values must be sown before the end of May. High-carotene varieties must be sown at least a month earlier. ‘Stecklings’ grown from summer-sown seeds and examined in spring had only about a third of their fully mature t.c. value.