bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maxillofacial cone beam computed tomography: essence, elements and steps to interpretation
Authors: Scarfe WC , Li Z , Aboelmaaty W , Scott SA , Farman AG 
Published: February 2012

AbstractMaxillofacial cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is one of the most significant advances in dental imaging since rotational panoramic radiography. While the acquisition of CBCT data is technically simple, numerous parameters should be considered so that CBCT imaging is performed appropriately and ‘task specific’. This involves an understanding of not only exposure (e.g. geometric and software parameters to minimize patient dose, while sustaining diagnostic image quality) but also image formatting options to maximize image display. CBCT images contain far more detailed information of the maxillofacial region than do panoramic or other 2‐D images and necessitate a thorough knowledge of the 3‐D anatomy of the region and considerations of variability in the range of the anatomically normal. These principles, procedures and protocols, together with the interpretation of CBCT images form the basis of best practices in maxillofacial CBCT imaging.This communication aims to provide: (1) an overview of the fundamental principles of operation of maxillofacial CBCT technology; (2) an understanding of ‘task specific’ equipment, image selection and image display modes; and (3) a systematic methodology for sequencing interpretation of CBCT images.
Is there a role for the use of volumetric cone beam computed tomography in periodontics?
Authors: du Bois AH , Kardachi B , Bartold PM 
Published: February 2012

AbstractVolumetric computed cone beam tomography offers a number of significant advantages over conventional intraoral and extraoral panoramic radiography, as well as computed tomography. To date, periodontal diagnosis has relied heavily on the assessment of both intraoral radiographs and extraoral panoramic radiographs. With emerging technology in radiology there has been considerable interest in the role that volumetric cone beam computed tomography might play in periodontal diagnostics. This narrative reviews the current evidence and considers whether there is a role for volumetric cone beam computed tomography in periodontics.
Application of cone beam computed tomography in oral and maxillofacial surgery
Authors: Ahmad M , Jenny J , Downie M 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn the past decade, the utility of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images in oral and maxillofacial surgery has seen continuous increase. However, CBCT images are not always able to replace other imaging modalities. Based on the current published knowledge, this paper discusses advantages and limitations of CBCT images in the diagnosis and surgical planning of dentoalveolar procedures, odontogenic cysts, benign and malignant tumours, inflammatory changes, orthognathic surgery, maxillofacial trauma, sinus disorders, and systemic and osseous conditions that manifest in the maxillofacial area. This paper also suggests alternative imaging modalities when CBCT images are not adequate for surgical planning.
Clinical and pathological progression of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis to hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yasui Kohichiroh , Hashimoto Etsuko , Tokushige Katsutoshi , Koike Kazuhiko , Shima Toshihide , Kanbara Yoshihiro , Saibara Toshiji , Uto Hirofumi , Takami Shiro , Kawanaka Miwa , Komorizono Yasuji , Okanoue Takeshi ,   The Japan NASH Study Group
Published: February 2012

Aim:  Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to examine the clinical and pathological course of how NASH progresses to HCC.Methods:  In this retrospective multicenter study conducted in Japan, we examined 19 patients (53% female), who had been previously diagnosed with histologically proven NASH and developed HCC during the follow‐up period. The median age of the patients at the time of initial diagnosis of NASH was 65 years.Results:  NASH progressed to HCC after a median follow‐up period of 3.8 years (range: 0.5–11.6 years). All patients had been identified as having HCC during screening, which included 12 patients assessed by ultrasound, four patients assessed with computerized tomography, two patients that underwent serum des‐γ‐carboxy prothrombin testing and one patient that underwent serum α‐fetoprotein testing. The median diameter of HCC tumors was 1.8 cm (range: 0.8–3.0 cm). The majority of patients (n = 13; 68%) presented with only one HCC tumor. The stage of liver fibrosis was significantly more advanced at the time of diagnosis of HCC than at the time of initial diagnosis of NASH, whereas there were no significant differences in the degree of steatosis.Conclusion:  Screening for HCC with imaging is necessary not only in NASH patients with advanced fibrosis, but also in those with less advanced forms of fibrosis, particularly if they are old men. Liver fibrosis progresses to a more advanced stage during the development of HCC in NASH patients.
Small colon obstruction by an ovarian pedicle as an acquired condition in a foal
Authors: Pilati N. , Masciarelli A. E. , Werner L. A. , Sprayberry K. A. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryThis report describes the clinical course and the surgical findings in a 7‐day‐old foal referred for signs of abdominal pain. The foal underwent abdominal celiotomy due to the degree of pain unresponsive to medical treatment and, upon exploration, an ovarian pedicle was found to be wrapped around the small colon. The lesion was corrected, the foal recovered well from anaesthesia, and a 4 month follow‐up revealed no other signs of abdominal pain or complications.
Two horses with thoracic lymphoma diagnosed using thoracoscopic biopsy
Authors: Lee W. L. , Tennent‐Brown B. S. , Barton M. H. , Almy F. S. , Uhl E. W. , Howerth E. W. , Reis J. L. , Linnenkohl W. L. , Peroni J. F. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryThis report describes the use of thoracoscopy in 2 horses to obtain anantemortemdiagnosis of thoracic lymphoma. The first horse in this report presented for assessment of weight loss and fever of unknown origin. The second presented with a history of upper respiratory tract noise and coughing during exercise. Although a strong clinical suspicion of neoplasia existed, a definitiveantemortemdiagnosis of thoracic lymphoma was not made in either case until biopsy samples obtained during standing thoracoscopy were examined.
Complex Physiology and Compound Stress Responses during Fermentation of Alkali-Pretreated Corn Stover Hydrolysate by an Escherichia coli Ethanologen
Authors: Schwalbach Michael S. , Keating David H. , Tremaine Mary , Marner Wesley D. , Zhang Yaoping , Bothfeld William , Higbee Alan , Grass Jeffrey A. , Cotten Cameron , Reed Jennifer L. , da Costa Sousa Leonardo , Jin Mingjie , Balan Venkatesh , Ellinger James , Dale Bruce , Kiley Patricia J. , Landick Robert 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

The physiology of ethanologenic
Escherichia coli
grown anaerobically in alkali-pretreated plant hydrolysates is complex and not well studied. To gain insight into how
E. coli
responds to such hydrolysates, we studied an
E. coli
K-12 ethanologen fermenting a hydrolysate prepared from corn stover pretreated by ammonia fiber expansion. Despite the high sugar content (∼6% glucose, 3% xylose) and relatively low toxicity of this hydrolysate,
E. coli
ceased growth long before glucose was depleted. Nevertheless, the cells remained metabolically active and continued conversion of glucose to ethanol until all glucose was consumed. Gene expression profiling revealed complex and changing patterns of metabolic physiology and cellular stress responses during an exponential growth phase, a transition phase, and the glycolytically active stationary phase. During the exponential and transition phases, high cell maintenance and stress response costs were mitigated, in part, by free amino acids available in the hydrolysate. However, after the majority of amino acids were depleted, the cells entered stationary phase, and ATP derived from glucose fermentation was consumed entirely by the demands of cell maintenance in the hydrolysate. Comparative gene expression profiling and metabolic modeling of the ethanologen suggested that the high energetic cost of mitigating osmotic, lignotoxin, and ethanol stress collectively limits growth, sugar utilization rates, and ethanol yields in alkali-pretreated lignocellulosic hydrolysates.
A Unique Chromosomal Rearrangement in the Cryptococcus neoformans var.
grubii
Type Strain Enhances Key Phenotypes Associated with Virulence
Authors: Morrow Carl A. , Lee I. Russel , Chow Eve W. L. , Ormerod Kate L. , Goldinger Anita , Byrnes Edmond J. , Nielsen Kirsten , Heitman Joseph , Schirra Horst Joachim , Fraser James A. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT

The accumulation of genomic structural variation between closely related populations over time can lead to reproductive isolation and speciation. The fungal pathogen
Cryptococcus
is thought to have recently diversified, forming a species complex containing members with distinct morphologies, distributions, and pathologies of infection. We have investigated structural changes in genomic architecture such as inversions and translocations that distinguish the most pathogenic variety,
Cryptococcus neoformans
var.
grubii
, from the less clinically prevalent
Cryptococcus neoformans
var.
neoformans
and
Cryptococcus gattii
. Synteny analysis between the genomes of the three
Cryptococcus
species/varieties (strains H99, JEC21, and R265) reveals that
C. neoformans
var.
grubii
possesses surprisingly few unique genomic rearrangements. All but one are relatively small and are shared by all molecular subtypes of
C. neoformans
var.
grubii
. In contrast, the large translocation peculiar to the
C. neoformans
var.
grubii
type strain is found in all tested subcultures from multiple laboratories, suggesting that it has possessed this rearrangement since its isolation from a human clinical sample. Furthermore, we find that the translocation directly disrupts two genes. The first of these encodes a novel protein involved in metabolism of glucose at human body temperature and affects intracellular levels of trehalose. The second encodes a homeodomain-containing transcription factor that modulates melanin production. Both mutations would be predicted to increase pathogenicity; however, when recreated in an alternate genetic background, these mutations do not affect virulence in animal models. The type strain of
C. neoformans
var.
grubii
in which the majority of molecular studies have been performed is therefore atypical for carbon metabolism and key virulence attributes.

IMPORTANCE
The fungal pathogen
Cryptococcus
is a major cause of mortality among the immunocompromised population, primarily in AIDS patients of sub-Saharan Africa. Most research into the particular variety of
Cryptococcus
responsible for the vast majority of infections,
Cryptococcus neoformans
var.
grubii
, is performed using the type strain isolated in 1978 from a Hodgkin’s disease patient from North Carolina. We have determined that this particular isolate contains a chromosomal translocation that directly interrupts two genes, which all descendants of this strain from various research laboratories appear to possess. Disruption of these two genes affects multiple virulence factors of
Cryptococcus
, particularly the ability to grow at human body temperature, which could have wide-ranging implications for molecular genetic studies and virulence assays using this important strain.
Traditional Chinese Medicine Patterns and Recommended Acupuncture Points in Infertile and Fertile Women
Authors: Birkeflet Oddveig , Laake Petter , Vøllestad Nina 
Published: February 2012

Background Acupuncture is rooted in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and emphasises individualised treatment according to TCM patterns. Eight TCM patterns are regarded as typical for female infertility. There are no empirical data comparing these patterns in fertile and infertile women. Objective To identify and compare the TCM patterns and recommended acupuncture points in infertile and fertile women. The hypothesis that infertile and fertile women should differ in occurrence of TCM patterns described as typical for infertility was examined. Methods A cross-sectional study examined the distribution of TCM patterns and acupuncture points among 24 infertile and 24 fertile women. TCM patterns and points proposed by two acupuncturists were analysed. The odds ratio was used as the effect measure. Results Three patterns were found in more than 92% of the women. Five patterns occurred more frequently among infertile (p≤0.03), and four among fertile (p≤0.02) women. Only three of the eight patterns assumed typical for infertile women were more common among infertile women. Two of the eight patterns were more common among fertile women. Acupuncture points KI3, LI3 and SP6 were chosen for almost all women, whereas CV4, CV3 and ST29 were chosen more often for infertile women (p<0.03), and SP3 more often for fertile women (p<0.001). Conclusion The data indicate that the presence of some, and the absence of other, TCM patterns are associated with infertility. These results are not consistent with the assumed associations between eight specific patterns and infertility, as maintained by TCM textbooks.
The Effect of Electroacupuncture and Tramadol on Experimental Tourniquet Pain
Authors: Musial Frauke , Choi Kyung-Eun , Gabriel Tim , Lüdtke Rainer , Rampp Thomas , Michalsen Andreas , Dobos Gustav 
Published: February 2012

Objectives The hypoalgesic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) was directly compared with the analgesic effect of pharmacological interventions using the submaximum effort tourniquet technique (SETT). Methods 125 healthy subjects (mean age 24.44±4.46 years; 62.4% female, 37.6% male) performed SETT at baseline and under one of five experimental conditions (n=25 per group): EA (2 Hz with burst pulses in alternating one-phase-square wave pulses; burst length 180 μs, burst frequency 80 Hz, stimulation time/pulse width 3 s), tramadol (50 mg), ibuprofen (400 mg), placebo pill or non-treatment control. EA was performed at LI4 and LI10 contralaterally with stimulation beginning 20 min before SETT and lasting throughout SETT. The pharmacological interventions were given in a double-blind design 1 h before the SETT assessment. Results Subjects showed a hypoalgesic effect of the opiate and of the EA for subjective pain rating (EA p=0.0051; tramadol p=0.0299), and pain tolerance index (time/rating) (EA p=0.043; tramadol p=0.047) analysed using analysis of covariance. More subjects reached the strict time limit of 30 min (analysed by logistic regression and adjusted OR as a post-hoc analysis) under EA compared with most other experimental conditions. Only EA and tramadol were not significantly different (95% Wald confidence limits: non-treatment control vs EA 0.011 to 0.542; placebo pill vs EA 0.009 to 0.438; ibuprofen vs EA 0.021 to 0.766; tramadol vs EA 0.065 to 1.436). Conclusion In a laboratory setting, an EA procedure was as effective as a single dose of an orally administered opiate in reducing experimentally induced ischaemic pain.
Medical emergency team calls in the radiology department: patient characteristics and outcomes
Authors: Ott Lora K , Pinsky Michael R , Hoffman Leslie A , Clarke Sean P , Clark Sunday , Ren Dianxu , Hravnak Marilyn 
Published: March 2012

ObjectiveWe sought to identify the characteristics of patients who experience medical emergency team calls in the radiology department (MET-RD) and the relationship between these characteristics and patient outcomes.Design/participantsRetrospective review of 111 inpatient MET-RD calls (May 2008–April 2010).SettingAcademic medical centre with a well established MET system.MeasurementsThe characteristics of patients before, during and after transport to radiology were extracted from medical records and administrative databases. These characteristics were compared between patients with good and poor outcomes.Main resultsThe majority of patients who experience MET-RD calls had a Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥4 and were from non-intensive care units (60%). Almost half (43%) of MET-RD calls occurred during patients' first day in hospital. Patients commonly arrived with nasal cannula oxygen (38%), recent tachypnoea (28%) and tachycardia (34%). A minority (16%) fulfilled MET call criteria in the 12 h before the MET-RD. MET-RD etiologies were cardiac (41%), respiratory (29%) or neurological (25%), and occurred most frequently during CT (44%) and MRI (22%) testing. Post MET-RD, the majority of patients (70%) required a higher level of care. Death before discharge (25%) was associated with need for cardiovascular support prior to RD transport (p=0.02), need for RD monitoring (p=0.02) and need for heightened RD surveillance (p=0.04).ConclusionsThe majority of patients who experienced MET-RD calls came from non-intensive care units, with comorbidities and vital sign alterations prior to arrival at the RD. Risk appeared to be increased for those requiring CT and MRI. These findings suggest that prior identification of a subset of patients at risk of instability in the RD may be possible.
CYCLIC CODES THROUGH B[X], $B[X;\frac{1}{kp}Z_{0}]$ AND $B[X;\frac{1}{p^{k}}Z_{0}]$: A COMPARISON
Authors: SHAH TARIQ , DE ANDRADE ANTONIO APARECIDO 
Published: March 2012

It is very well known that algebraic structures have valuable applications in the theory of error-correcting codes. Blake [Codes over certain rings, Inform. and Control 20 (1972) 396–404] has constructed cyclic codes over ℤm and in [Codes over integer residue rings, Inform. and Control 29 (1975), 295–300] derived parity check-matrices for these codes. In [Linear codes over finite rings, Tend. Math. Appl. Comput. 6(2) (2005) 207–217]. Andrade and Palazzo present a construction technique of cyclic, BCH, alternant, Goppa and Srivastava codes over a local finite ring B. However, in [Encoding through generalized polynomial codes, Comput. Appl. Math. 30(2) (2011) 1–18] and [Constructions of codes through semigroup ring [Formula: see text] and encoding, Comput. Math. Appl. 62 (2011) 1645–1654], Shah et al. extend this technique of constructing linear codes over a finite local ring B via monoid rings [Formula: see text], where p = 2 and k = 1, 2, respectively, instead of the polynomial ring B[X]. In this paper, we construct these codes through the monoid ring [Formula: see text], where p = 2 and k = 1, 2, 3. Moreover, we also strengthen and generalize the results of [Encoding through generalized polynomial codes, Comput. Appl. Math.30(2) (2011) 1–18] and [Constructions of codes through semigroup ring [Formula: see text]] and [Encoding, Comput. Math. Appl.62 (2011) 1645–1654] to the case of k = 3.
ROLE OF DISEASE PROPAGATION IN MIGRATORY BIRD POPULATION
Authors: GAO SHUJING , DING YUMIN , XIE JIANPING 
Published: March 2012

Chatterjee considered a predator–prey model with avian migration in the migration prey population [S. Chatterjee, Alternative prey source coupled with prey recovery enhance stability between migratory prey and their predator in the presence of disease, Nonlinear Anal. Real World Appl. 11 (2010) 4415–4430]. In this paper, we modify and analyze the model by taking time dependent parameters and the general functional response into consideration. The conditions for the persistence of the system and the extinction of the disease are obtained. The global attractivity of the system is also studied. By numerical simulations, we find that the qualitative behavior of the system independent on the choice of the functional response. Moreover, it is observed that the infection rate, recruitment rate and the predation rate play a vital role in predicting the behavior of the dynamics.
Facies controlled porosity evolution of the Neoproterozoic Upper Bhander Sandstone of Western India
Authors: Majid Aabiroo , Ahmad A. H. M. , Bhat G. M. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The Upper Bhander Sandstone is dominantly composed of quartzarenites. The basal and top portions are sandstones, with the middle section comprising thinly bedded shales with interlayer silt and sandstone units. The sandstone units are composed of several varieties of quartz, feldspar, micas, rock fragments and heavy minerals. The Upper Bhander Sandstone was deposited in a transgressive phase and later modified by tidal processes and wave- and storm-dominated processes in a tide-influenced Barrier Beach Complex of the shallow marine environment. This study reveals that, during mechanical compaction, a rearrangement of grains took place and point and long contacts were formed. The early silica cementation and shallow burial resulted in high primary porosity. This phase was followed by chemical compaction and the replacement of silica cement by iron cement (Fe-cement) under the deep burial phase of these sandstones. Dissolution of Fe-cement and feldspars resulted in secondary porosity development. Quartz overgrowths are better developed on coarse- to medium-sized grains than on fine-sized grains. These observations suggest a progressive compaction, which initiated at the sediment–water interface and continued till deep burial diagenesis in a rapidly subsiding basin. The existing optical porosity of the Upper Bhander Sandstone is 4% and the minus cement porosity is 18%.
Late Neoproterozoic to Early Palaeozoic evolution and hydrocarbon prospectivity of the NW Tarim Basin, China
Authors: Turner Sebastian A. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Recent contraction in the NW Tarim Basin, China, has exhumed a thick (2–3 km) sequence of Upper Neoproterozoic to Lower Palaeozoic sediments that provide a unique insight into the early evolution of the basin. The sedimentary sequence was examined in outcrop and consists of a lower, 500-m-thick fluvial–lacustrine clastic and volcanic succession, conformably overlain by a 2000-m-thick shallow marine carbonate succession which records a major rifting event that initiated in the Late Neoproterozoic. This rifting event probably corresponds to the break-up of East Gondwana and the separation of the Tarim Block from a conjugate margin equivalent in NW Australia. The generation and infilling of rift basins creates a number of potential hydrocarbon plays, although analysis of individual play elements indicates a relatively high risk, despite the prevalence of hydrocarbons derived from the same rift sequence elsewhere in the basin.
Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Create a Permissive Microenvironment for Myeloma Development: A New Stromal Role for Wnt Inhibitor Dkk1
Authors: Fowler Jessica A. , Mundy Gregory R. , Lwin Seint T. , Edwards Claire M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe rapid progression of multiple myeloma is dependent upon cellular interactions within the bone marrow microenvironment. In vitro studies suggest that bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) can promote myeloma growth and survival and osteolytic bone disease. However, it is not possible to recreate all cellular aspects of the bone marrow microenvironment in an in vitro system, and the contributions of BMSCs to myeloma pathogenesis in an intact, immune competent, in vivo system are unknown. To investigate this, we used a murine myeloma model that replicates many features of the human disease. Coinoculation of myeloma cells and a BMSC line, isolated from myeloma-permissive mice, into otherwise nonpermissive mice resulted in myeloma development, associated with tumor growth within bone marrow and osteolytic bone disease. In contrast, inoculation of myeloma cells alone did not result in myeloma. BMSCs inoculated alone induced osteoblast suppression, associated with an increase in serum concentrations of the Wnt signaling inhibitor, Dkk1. Dkk1 was highly expressed in BMSCs and in myeloma-permissive bone marrow. Knockdown of Dkk1 expression in BMSCs decreased their ability to promote myeloma and the associated bone disease in mice. Collectively, our results show novel roles of BMSCs and BMSC-derived Dkk1 in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma in vivo. Cancer Res; 72(9); 2183–9. ©2012 AACR.