bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metacarpal Fractures Associated with Pancarpal Arthrodesis in Dogs
Authors: Whitelock Richard G. , Dyce Jonathan , Houlton John E. F. 
Published: October 2010

Objective— To report the prevalence of third metacarpal bone fractures after dorsal plating for pancarpal arthrodeses in dogs and to identify predisposing factors.Study Design— Retrospective clinical study.Animals— Fifty‐four client‐owned dogs.Methods— Pancarpal arthrodesis was performed using dorsally applied 2.7‐ or 3.5‐mm bone plates. Medical records and radiographs were retrospectively evaluated to identify those dogs with metacarpal bone fractures after pancarpal arthrodesis and to determine the angle of arthrodesis, the percentage of the third metacarpal bone covered by the bone plate, and the percentage width of the bone occupied by the screw. Radiological evidence of arthrodesis at follow‐up examination 6 weeks postoperatively was recorded. Long‐term results were obtained by telephone follow‐up with the owners. All lame dogs were evaluated clinically and radiographically.Results— Metacarpal fractures occurred in 6 of 54 dogs. One of these dogs had a stress fracture of the third metacarpal 10 months after implant removal and was not included in the statistical analysis. Fractures occurred through the distal screw hole in four dogs and involved two metacarpal bones (III and IV) in two dogs. The median ratio of bone screw diameter‐to‐metacarpal bone diameter was the same for dogs with metacarpal bone fractures and those with no fractures (44%), and the median angles of arthrodesis were 8° and 7°. These values were not statistically significant. The percentage length of the metacarpal bone covered by the plate was 53% (no fracture) compared with 46% (fracture), and this difference was statistically significant (P= .035).Conclusions— Screw diameter was not implicated as a predisposing factor for metacarpal bone fracture in dogs undergoing pancarpal arthrodesis using a dorsally applied dynamic compression plate. The length of the metacarpal bone covered by the bone plate did affect the frequency of metacarpal fracture, with fewer fractures occurring when greater than 53% of the bone length was covered by the dynamic compression plate.Clinical Relevance— When performing pancarpal arthrodesis with a dorsally applied bone plate, it is recommended that at least 50% of the length of the third metacarpal bone should be covered by the plate.
Ionized and Total Serum Magnesium Concentrations in Feline Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: Wooldridge John D. , Gregory Clare R. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To measure the blood concentrations of total and ionized serum magnesium in feline renal transplant recipients and to determine if there was a correlation between these concentrations and the development of neurological disorders after renal transplantation.Study Design—Prospective clinical study.Animals—Fourteen client‐owned cats undergoing renal transplantation as a treatment for renal failure. Ten healthy adult cats were used to establish normal electrolyte concentrations.Methods—Total and ionized serum magnesium as well as potassium and ionized calcium concentrations were measured in 14 renal transplant recipients at five intervals: preoperatively; immediately postoperatively; and 24, 48, and 120 hours postoperatively. The mean values from all 14 cats over each time interval were compared with the normal range. The serum concentration of these electrolytes, particularly magnesium, was evaluated in relation to the occurrence of neurological complications.Results—Ninety‐four percent of all ionized serum magnesium concentrations measured in clinical patients were below normal. Ninety percent of all total serum magnesium concentrations were within the normal range, and no cats had abnormally low total serum magnesium concentrations at any time. All clinical patients were hypocalcemic at all intervals. Sixty‐six percent of all serum potassium concentrations were below normal. One cat in the study group experienced neurological problems, including seizures, in the immediate postoperative period. The signs appeared to be related to hypertension and responded to appropriate therapy. All electrolyte concentrations in this cat, including ionized magnesium, were within the same range of values as other clinical patients.Conclusions—Ionized serum magnesium concentrations are decreased in feline renal transplant recipients in the perioperative period; however, hypomagnesemia would not appear to be directly related to the development of neurological disorders. None of the study patients were hypomagnesemic when total serum magnesium concentrations were measured over the same intervals. In addition, ionized serum calcium concentrations and serum potassium concentrations are below normal in the perioperative period.Clinical Significance—The specific clinical significance of these abnormalities is unknown. It is possible that the profound weakness and depression that is commonly seen in feline renal transplant recipients in the immediate postoperative period may be improved by supplementation with these electrolytes. Further work is needed to understand the implications of these abnormalities.
Experimental Evaluation of Four Methods of Progressive Venous Attenuation in Dogs
Authors: Youmans K. Ruth , Hunt Geraldine B. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To determine the most effective and reliable method for progressive attenuation of single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs.Study Design—The effects of the four treatments on femoral vein diameter and histology were compared with controls.Animals—Fourteen healthy adult dogs.Methods—Twenty‐eight canine femoral veins were subjected to sham surgery (4), partial attenuation using silk (5), cellophane banding (6), ameroid constrictor implantation (5), and intravascular thrombogenic coils (8). Changes in vein diameter were evaluated at weekly intervals using venography. After 6 weeks, the dogs were humanely euthanatized, and histopathology was performed on the femoral veins.Results—Only cellophane and ameroid constrictors produced progressive and permanent vein attenuation. Ameroid constrictors produced complete occlusion within 14 days in four of five veins and by 21 days in the fifth vein. Cellophane banding produced slow progressive (but not complete) attenuation in five of six veins. Complete occlusion was demonstrated in four of eight veins after thrombogenic coil implantation; however, recanalization occurred in all but one dog. Perivascular silk did not produce significant progressive attenuation.Conclusions—Ameroid constrictors produced rapid occlusion of femoral veins. Cellophane banding resulted in slower attenuation. Thrombogenic coils produced attenuation, but this was not sustained in many cases. Silk did not promote ongoing attenuation.Clinical Relevance—Both ameroid constrictor implantation and cellophane banding show promise for progressive attenuation of single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs. Because rapid occlusion was seen with ameroid constrictors, however, cellophane banding maybe a safer technique in animals with increased hepatic vascular resistance. Further evaluation of both treatments in clinical cases is warranted.
Complete Biceps Brachii Tenotomy to Facilitate Internal Fixation of Supraglenoid Tubercle Fractures in Three Horses
Authors: Bleyaert Helga F. , Madison John B. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To describe a method for internal fixation of supraglenoid tubercle fractures in conjunction with complete tenotomy of the biceps brachii tendon.Animals—Three horses, ranging in age from 8 months to 2 years and weighing from 300 to 400 kg.Methods—Fractures were repaired by open reduction‐internal fixation using bone screws placed in lag fashion and complete tenotomy of the biceps brachii tendon.Outcome—All three horses were sound for their intended use with a good cosmetic result 6 months after surgery.Conclusions—Complete transection of the biceps brachii tendon facilitates supraglenoid tubercle fracture repair by reducing tensile forces exerted on the supraglenoid tubercle. Complete tenotomy does not appear to preclude return to a successful athletic career.
Osteosarcoma at the Site of Bone Infarction Associated with Total Hip Arthroplasty in a Dog
Authors: Marcellin‐Little Denis J. , DeYoung David J. , Thrall Donald E. , Merrill Christine L. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To report the occurrence of medullary bone infarction in both femoral canals after bilateral total hip arthroplasty (THA) and the subsequent unilateral development of an osteosarcoma at the site of bone infarction.Study Design—Clinical report.Animal Population—An 8‐month‐old neutered male Samoyed dog.Methods—Serial physical and radiographic examinations performed at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years after THA. Bone biopsy specimens of the right distal femoral metaphysis were taken 5 years after THA, and a complete necropsy was performed at the time of euthanasia.Results—Bilateral medullary bone infarction was visible in the femoral canals 1 year after THA and remained visible on subsequent evaluations. An osteosarcoma developed in the right distal femoral metaphysis at the site of infarction, 5 years after THA, and was found to have metastasized widely throughout the body.Conclusion—Bone infarction may occur in the femoral canal after canine THA.Clinical Relevance—Bone infarction may be a predisposing factor for the development of osteosarcoma in the femora of dogs with THAs.
Evaluation of a Technique to Occlude the Internal Carotid Artery of Horses
Authors: Cheramie Hoyt S. , Pleasant R. Scott , Robertson John L. , Moll H. David , Carrig Colin B. , Freeman David E. , Jensen Mary E. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To evaluate an occlusion technique for the internal carotid artery of horses using an intravascular, detachable, self‐sealing, latex balloon distally and ligatures proximally.Study Design—Experimental study.Animals—Six healthy adult horses.Methods—In each horse, the left internal carotid artery was occluded by placement of an intravascular, detachable, self‐sealing, latex balloon distally and two ligatures proximally. Radiographs were taken on days 2, 5, 10, and 30 after surgery to evaluate balloon inflation and position. Endoscopic examination of the left guttural pouch was performed 10 days after surgery to evaluate the integrity of the internal carotid artery and surrounding tissues. At 30 days, the left and right, common, internal, and external carotid arteries were examined grossly and then processed for histologic evaluation.Results—Immediate and long‐term occlusion of the left internal carotid artery was achieved in all horses. The surgical procedure was technically straightforward and no intraoperative or postoperative complications were encountered. The balloons remained inflated and in their original position throughout the study. Maturing to mature, organized thrombi were present in the left internal carotid artery in all horses at 30 days. The cerebral arterial circle and common carotid artery were patent at their junctions with the internal carotid artery in all horses.Conclusions—Use of an intravascular, detachable, self‐sealing, latex balloon distally and ligatures proximally is an effective technique for occluding the internal carotid artery of horses.Clinical Relevance—This technique may be useful for prevention of fatal hemorrhage in horses with lesions of the internal carotid artery.
Surgical Treatment of Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis in Dogs
Authors: Danielsson Fredrik , Sjöström Lennart 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To study the epidemiology, clinical findings, and long‐term outcome of surgical treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS) in dogs.Study Design—Retrospective study.Sample Population—131 client‐owned dogs with DLSS.Methods—The medical records of dogs with DLSS treated by dorsal laminectomy and dorsal fenestration were reviewed. The clinical diagnosis had been verified by diskography, epidurography or myelography, or a combination thereof.Results—The German shepherd breed was over‐represented (56.5%), and males were more often affected than females (2:1). Historically, reluctance or pain when jumping, rising from a prone position, or climbing stairs (92.4%) and signs of pain or stiffness during extensive physical activity (85.5%) were the most frequent concerns. The most common physical and neurologic examination findings were pain in the lumbosacral area during hyperextension (97.7%) and on direct digital palpation (84.7%). A total of 93.2% of the dogs were improved clinically within the follow‐up period (mean 26 ± 17 months). Recurrence of clinical signs resembling DLSS was reported by the owner or diagnosed by clinical examination in 17.6% of the dogs with a mean onset of signs at 18 ± 13 months postoperatively.Conclusions—Surgical treatment of DLSS with dorsal laminectomy and fenestration generally resulted in good to excellent clinical outcome.
Desmotomy of the Accessory Ligament of the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon in the Horse with Use of a Tenoscopic Approach to the Carpal Sheath
Authors: Southwood Louise L. , Stashak Ted S. , Kainer Robert A. , Wrigley Robert H. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To describe a tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath for desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon.Study Design—The surgical procedure was developed with use of normal forelimbs from equine cadavers and experimental horses.Animals or Sample Population—Twelve equine cadaveric forelimbs, 4 forelimbs from 2 horses anesthetized for terminal surgical laboratories, and 10 forelimbs from five experimental horses were used.Methods—The limbs were positioned lateral side up with the carpus slightly flexed. After distention of the carpal sheath, a portal was made approximately 2 cm proximal to the distal radial physis for arthroscope insertion. An instrument portal was made approximately 0.2 cm proximal to the distal radial physis. After flexion of the limb to 90°, the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon was palpated and desmotomy was performed. Cadaveric limbs were dissected to confirm complete desmotomy. Experimental horses were monitored for short‐ (perioperative) and long‐ (4 weeks) term postoperative complications.Results—A tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath provided adequate surgical access to the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon for desmotomy. Most of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon could be easily seen within the sheath, except for the proximal 2 cm that could be readily palpated and subsequently transected. Important technical considerations were location of the arthroscope portal, adequate sheath distention, limb flexion to 90°, and desmotomy location. It was beneficial, but apparently not essential, to avoid the proximal perforating vessel. Postoperatively, some horses had swelling but were not lame and had normal range of motion of the carpus.Conclusions—Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon could be performed by using a lateral tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath.Clinical Relevance—Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon by using a tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath is an alternative technique to the medial incisional approach.
Bilateral Laparoscopic Ovariectomy in Standing Mares: 22 Cases
Authors: Hanson Christopher A. , Galuppo Larry D. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To describe a technique for laparoscopic bilateral ovariectomy in standing mares and report the outcome of 22 clinical cases.Study Design—Prospective study.Animals or Sample Population—A total of 22 mares between 4 and 23 years of age, weighing between 360 and 600 kg.Methods—Mares with normal ovaries, as determined by palpation per rectum, were restrained in standing stocks and sedated with detomidine (0.01 to 0.02 mg/kg intravenously [IV]) and butorphanol (0.01 to 0.02 mg/kg IV). The laparoscope and instrument insertion sites were infiltrated with 2% lidocaine before incision. One laparoscope portal and two instrument portals were located in each paralumbar fossa. Ovariectomy was accomplished by intracorporeal dissection and ligation of the ovarian pedicles. The two instrument portals in each flank were ultimately connected resulting in a 4 to 5 cm laparotomy to facilitate ovarian removal.Results—No major operative or postoperative complications occurred. Minor complications included incomplete hemostasis of an ovarian pedicle with a single ligature (three mares), transient inappetence, pyrexia and incisional infection. Owner satisfaction and cosmetic results were considered excellent.Conclusions—Standing laparoscopic ovariectomy appears to eliminate many of the potential complications associated with traditional surgical methods for ovariectomy and avoids the risk of general anesthesia.Clinical Relevance—This technique requires minimal laparoscopic instrumentation and will provide surgeons with an alternative approach for bilateral ovariectomy in mares.
Biomechanical Comparison of Two Plating Techniques for Fixation of Acetabular Osteotomies in Dogs
Authors: Hardie R. J. , Bertram J. E. A. , Todhunter R. J. , Trotter E. J. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To compare the failure properties of a 5‐hole, 2.7‐mm curved acetabular plate (AP) to a 5‐hole, 3.5‐mm reconstruction plate (RP) when applied to acetabular osteotomies.Study Design—Cadaver study.Animals or Sample Population—Pelves of 8 mature, large‐breed dogs.Methods—A 5‐hole, 2.7‐mm AP and a 5‐hole, 3.5‐mm RP were contoured and applied to the dorsal acetabulum of each pelvis. A central acetabular fracture was simulated after plate application by a transverse osteotomy with a fine saw. Each acetabulum was loaded in a weight‐bearing direction. A load‐deformation curve was produced for each construct, and biomechanical properties of the AP and RP were compared with the Student's pairedt‐test. APvalue of < .05 was considered significant.Results—For the AP and RP composite respectively, the mean ± SD maximum load to failure was 2,721 ± 632 N and 2,488 ± 800 N, the stiffness was 4.8 ± 1.8 N/m and 5.3 ± 1.9 N/m, and the energy absorbed was 15.1 ± 5.2 Nm and 16.3 ± 8.3 Nm. None of these differences was statistically significant.Conclusions—Both fixation techniques provided comparable strength, stiffness, and energy absorbed under the loading conditions of this study.Clinical Relevance—Because of the relative ease of application, the 2.7‐mm curved AP may be the practical choice for acetabular fracture repair in large dogs.
Effect of Disk Fenestration on Sagittal Kinematics of the Canine C5‐C6 Intervertebral Space
Authors: Macy Nicholas B. , Les Clifford M. , Stover Susan M. , Kass Philip H. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To determine the effect that ventral intervertebral disk fenestration has on the sagittal range of motion about the C5‐C6 intervertebral space.Study Design—A repeated measures in vitro mechanical study of spinal range of motion under controlled loading conditions before and after fenestration.Sample Population—A total of 10 canine cervical vertebral specimens (C4‐C7) collected from clinically normal animals within 12 hours of euthanasia.Methods—Specimens were loaded as cantilever beams fixed at C7. Weights (1 to 5 kg) were progressively applied to C4 to produce flexion or extension in the sagittal plane. Radiographs were taken at each load, 3 times before and 3 times after fenestration of the C5‐C6 disk. The positions of radiodense markers embedded in the vertebrae were used to calculate flexion and extension angles and range of motion.Results—Range of motion (difference between flexion and extension) and flexion and extension angles (individually) significantly increased after fenestration (P< .0001).Conclusion—Ventral fenestration produces sagittal instability of the C5‐C6 disk space.Clinical Relevance—In surgical fusion of caudal cervical intervertebral spaces in dogs, radiographically normal disks adjacent to the affected space are often fenestrated to facilitate distraction before surgical stabilization. This study shows that ventral fenestration produces instability of a caudal cervical intervertebral space in the model used. Such instability may contribute to the development of the secondary instability (“domino lesions”) seen in some surgically treated dogs.
Effect of Ischemia and Reperfusion on Neutrophil Accumulation in Equine Microvascular Tissue Flaps
Authors: Scott W. Michael , Fowler J. David , Matte Gilbert , Allen Andrew L. , Wilkinson A. A. , Bailey Jeremy V. , Fretz Peter B. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—To investigate neutrophil accumulation after ischemia and reperfusion (IR) in microvascular tissue flaps in horses.Study Design—Randomized controlled experiment.Sample Population—A total of 8 horses between 1 and 10 years of age, 4 of each sex.Methods—Control and experimental myocutaneous island flaps based on the superficial branch of the deep circumflex iliac vessels were dissected on each horse. Atraumatic vascular clamps were applied to the pedicle of the experimental flap for 90 minutes and then removed to allow reperfusion. Based on the assumption that rapid infiltration of neutrophils into affected tissues is a hallmark of IR injury, radiolabeled autogenous leukocytes were used to indirectly quantify neutrophil accumulation in flap tissues. Labeled leukocytes were administered through a jugular catheter 30 minutes before flap reperfusion. Biopsies were collected from each flap over a 6 hour postischemia time period; in group 1 (n = 4) from 0 to 6 hours postischemia, and in group 2 (n = 4) from 24 to 30 hours postischemia. Biopsies were examined scintigraphically and histologically for evidence of neutrophil infiltration.Results—All control flaps survived and 6 of 8 experimental flaps survived. There was no significant evidence of acute neutrophil infiltration into flap tissues after reperfusion in either group.Conclusions—The results of this study suggest that equine myocutaneous flap tissues can survive a 90‐minute ischemic period and reperfusion. No significant evidence of the occurrence of IR injury in flap tissues was found.Clinical Relevance—The reasons for the previously reported failures of equine free tissue transfer remain uncertain, but they do not appear to be caused by neutrophil mediated injury associated with ischemia and reperfusion.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Leighton Robert L. 
Published: October 2010

To the editor:
During the preparation of an article on the repair of rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs, I made a survey of the members of the American College of Veterinary Surgery in active practice with a special interest in orthopedics. They were asked to specify their preferences for treatment of this condition in small (under 16 kg) and large dogs.A total of 111 replies were obtained. Repair in small dogs was to a great extent achieved by lateral suture stabilization by using a variety of materials such as fishing line, multifilament nonabsorbable suture, and stainless steel wire. Lateral extracapsular techniques were also used in large dogs; however, the tibial plateau leveling osteotomy was also used frequently. The data are summarized as follows: