bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biogeography in the life and literature of John Muir: a ceaseless search for pattern
Authors: McDowall R. M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractJohn Muir has long been known as a significant figure in the history of conservation, including for promoting the recognition of the Yosemite Valley in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California as a national park by the American people and government. Muir is known particularly for his pivotal involvement in the establishment of the Sierra Club, one of North America’s leading conservation associations. His place in the history of biogeography has been largely unrecognized, although a reading of his books shows that there is a rich seam of innovative historical and ecological biogeographical ideas resulting from his many years living in the Sierras. Added to Muir’s interests in the Sierra Mountains and the Sierra Club were his explorations of the mountain ranges and forests of Alaska, as well as his near world‐wide travels to Europe, Asia, Africa, South America and the Pacific. The literature on biogeography has remained very largely isolated from Muir’s writing, a dissociation that the present paper seeks to remedy.
Association of allergic sensitization with infectious diseases burden in Roma and non‐Roma children
Authors: Michos Athanasios , Terzidis Agis , Kanariou Maria , Kalampoki Vasiliki , Koilia Christina , Giannaki Maria , Liatsis Manolis , Pangalis Anastasia , Petridou Eleni 
Published: June 2010

To cite this article: Michos A, Terzidis A, Kanariou M, Kalampoki V, Koilia C, Giannaki M, Liatsis M, Pangalis A, Petridou E. Association of allergic sensitization with infectious diseases burden in Roma and non‐Roma children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 243–248.AbstractThe hypothesis whether exposure to certain infections protects from atopy remains equivocal. To further investigate this, we compared serologic markers of infection and allergic sensitization prevalence in Roma children, who live under unfavorable hygienic conditions that facilitate the spread of infections, and non‐Roma children who live in the same area. Analyses included 98 Roma and 118 non‐Roma children. Serum IgG antibodies for 13 foodborne‐ airborne‐ and bloodborne infectious agents were determined, and a cumulative index of exposure was calculated by adding one point for each positive infection. Specific serum IgE to certain common food‐ and aero‐allergens was also tested. and positivity to any of them was defined as indication of atopy. Roma children were found significantly more seropositive for T. gondii, Hepatitis A, H. pylori, HSV‐1, CMV, and Hepatitis B (p < 0.0001). Non‐Roma children were found more seropositive for RSV and M. pneumonia (p < 0.0001). Regarding the overall prevalence of atopy or the specific IgE responses to the allergens tested, no statistically significant differences were found between Roma and non‐Roma children. A positive association of the cumulative index of exposure to infections with atopy was found in the non‐Roma children (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.08–1.75, p = 0.01) and in the total population (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.11–1.83, p = 0.01). Regarding the specific infectious agents tested, a statistically significant positive association of atopy with seropositivity was found for M. pneumoniae in the non‐Roma children (OR: 3.93, 95% CI: 1.39) as well as in the total population studied (OR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.32–6.07, p = 0.01). Despite the higher burden of exposure to the battery of the infectious agents tested among Roma children, no protective effect for allergic disease development was evident. On the contrary, a positive association of exposure to infections with evidence of atopy was found, especially evident in the non‐Roma children.
A neuronal substrate for a state‐dependent modulation of sensory inputs in the brainstem
Authors: Ray Didier Le , Juvin Laurent , Boutin Tanguy , Auclair François , Dubuc Réjean 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCentral networks modulate sensory transmission during motor behavior. Sensory inputs may thus have distinct impacts according to the state of activity of the central networks. Using an in‐vitro isolated lamprey brainstem preparation, we investigated whether a brainstem locomotor center, the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), modulates sensory transmission. The synaptic responses of brainstem reticulospinal (RS) cells to electrical stimulation of the sensory trigeminal nerve were recorded before and after electrical stimulation of the MLR. The RS cell synaptic responses were significantly reduced by MLR stimulation and the reduction of the response increased with the stimulation intensity of the MLR. Bath perfusion of atropine prevented the depression of sensory transmission, indicating that muscarinic receptor activation is involved. Previous studies have shown that, upon stimulation of the MLR, behavioral activity switches from a resting state to an active‐locomotor state. Therefore, our results suggest that a state‐dependent modulation of sensory transmission to RS cells occurs in the behavioral context of locomotion and that muscarinic inputs from the MLR are involved.
Imbalance of the autonomic nervous system at night in women with gestational diabetes
Authors: Pöyhönen‐Alho M. , Viitasalo M. , Nicholls M. G. , Lindström B.‐M. , Väänänen H. , Kaaja R. 
Published: June 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 988–994 (2010)AbstractAims  Autonomic nervous system dysfunction is observed in Type 2 diabetes. As gestational diabetes is a potent risk factor of later Type 2 diabetes, we set out to determine whether autonomic nervous system imbalance could already be observed in women with this condition. Because activity of the sympathetic nervous system tends to be relatively stable in the nocturnal hours, we performed the study at night.Research design and methods  We studied 41 women with gestational diabetes, 22 healthy pregnant controls and 14 non‐pregnant controls. We assayed plasma noradrenaline at 24.00, 04.00 and 07.00 h and performed an overnight Holter recording for heart rate variability analysis. In addition, we assayed plasma adrenomedullin, a cardiovascular protective hormone.Results  Compared with non‐pregnant controls, plasma noradrenaline levels were increased at 04.00 and 07.00 h in the gestational diabetic (P = 0.003) and pregnant control (P = 0.002) groups, with no difference between them. Heart rate variability, very‐low‐frequency and low‐frequency power were lower in pregnant groups compared to the non‐pregnant controls. Heart rate variability remained unchanged between specified sampling times in the gestational diabetic group, in contrast to fluctuation seen in the control groups.Conclusions  Gestational diabetes, compared with normal pregnancy, seems not to be a state of overall sympathetic nervous system activation. At the heart level, however, an inhibitory effect on autonomic nervous system modulation was seen. Plasma noradrenaline and heart rate variability correlated well, supporting the use of this function in future studies of overall sympathetic activity during pregnancy.
Gibberellin‐associated cisgenes modify growth, stature and wood properties in Populus
Authors: Han Katherine M. , Dharmawardhana Palitha , Arias Reneé S. , Ma Cathleen , Busov Victor , Strauss Steven H. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryWe studied the effects on plant growth from insertion of five cisgenes that encode proteins involved in gibberellin metabolism or signalling. Intact genomic copies of PtGA20ox7, PtGA2ox2,Pt RGL1_1, PtRGL1_2 and PtGAI1 genes from the genome‐sequenced Populus trichocarpa clone Nisqually‐1 were transformed into Populus tremula × alba (clone INRA 717‐1B4), and growth, morphology and xylem cell size characterized in the greenhouse. Each cisgene encompassed 1–2 kb of 5′ and 1 kb of 3′ flanking DNA, as well as all native exons and introns. Large numbers of independent insertion events per cisgene (19–38), including empty vector controls, were studied. Three of the cisgenic modifications had significant effects on plant growth rate, morphology or wood properties. The PtGA20ox7 cisgene increased rate of shoot regeneration in vitro, accelerated early growth, and variation in growth rate was correlated with PtGA20ox7 gene expression. PtRGL1_1 and PtGA2ox2 caused reduced growth, while PtRGL1_2 gave rise to plants that grew normally but had significantly longer xylem fibres. RT‐PCR studies suggested that the lack of growth inhibition observed in PtRGL1_2 cisgenic plants was a result of co‐suppression. PtGAI1 slowed regeneration rate and both PtGAI1 and PtGA20ox7 gave rise to increased variance among events for early diameter and volume index, respectively. Our work suggests that cisgenic insertion of additional copies of native genes involved in growth regulation may provide tools to help modify plant architecture, expand the genetic variance in plant architecture available to breeders and accelerate transfer of alleles between difficult‐to‐cross species.
Unintentional covert motor activations predict behavioral effects: Multilevel modeling of trial‐level electrophysiological motor activations
Authors: Zayas Vivian , Greenwald Anthony G. , Osterhout Lee 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe present experiment measured an EEG indicator of motor cortex activation, the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), while participants performed a speeded category classification task. The LRP data showed that visually masked words triggered covert motor activations. These prime‐induced motor activations preceded motor activations by subsequent (to‐be‐classified) visible target words. Multilevel statistical analyses of trial‐level effects, applied here for the first time with electrophysiological data, revealed that accuracy and latency of classifying target words was affected by both (a) covert motor activations caused by visually masked primes and (b) spontaneous fluctuations in covert motor activations. Spontaneous covert motor fluctuations were unobserved with standard subject‐level (multi‐trial) analyses of grand‐averaged LRPs, highlighting the utility of multilevel modeling of trial‐level effects.
Fixed‐dose combinations for cough and common cold in India: an assessment of availability and rationality
Authors: Roy Vandana , Malhotra Rohit , Tayal Vandana , Bansal Abhishek , Gupta Kripa Shankar 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the number and composition of the various cough and cold formulations available in the Indian market and to study their pharmacological rationale over a period of 7 years. Data for the study was collected from an annual Drug Compendium entitled ‘THE DRUG TODAY’ of the years 2001, 2004, and 2007. Medications were assessed for total number, different formulations, and number of constituents present in each formulation, their pharmacological group and amount of each constituent per dose. Rationality of available preparations was assessed on a seven‐point scoring criteria. There are over thirteen hundred drug products for cough and cold in the Indian market, which is an increase of 71.2% from the year 2001. More than 90% of the preparations were fixed‐dose combinations (FDCs). Majority of the cough and cold preparations had 3–4 constituents. Many preparations contained more than one constituent of the same pharmacological group. Some preparations had constituents with opposing action. A wide variation in the amount of each constituent present per dose in different formulations was observed. The number of banned drug combinations for cough and cold showed an increase from 9 in 2001 to 27 in 2007. Rationality assessment of the FDC preparations revealed that most of the preparations were irrational and had no documented benefit in the treatment of common cold. Availability of such a large number of irrational FDCs for cough and cold requires serious review of the legal provisions in India for drug manufacturing and marketing.
Retrospective Study: Incidence of ionized hypocalcemia in septic dogs and its association with morbidity and mortality: 58 cases (2006–2007)
Authors: Luschini Maureen A. , Fletcher Daniel J. , Schoeffler Gretchen L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjective
–
To determine the incidence rate and prognostic significance of ionized hypocalcemia (iHCa) among septic dogs.Design
–
Retrospective studySetting
–
Veterinary teaching hospitalAnimals
–
Fifty‐eight septic dogs that were presented to Cornell University Hospital for Animals between January 2006 and December 2007.Procedure
–
Cases were diagnosed with sepsis if they exhibited 2 or more criteria of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a concurrent documented infectious focus. Cases were excluded if diagnosed with a concurrent illness reportedly associated with calcium derangements. Lowest, mean, and highest blood ionized calcium concentrations were recorded and statistically analyzed for an association with morbidity, as measured by duration of hospitalization and number of blood product transfusions, and outcome. In addition, the incidence rate of iHCa was recorded.Results
–
Of the 58 cases included in this study, iHCa was documented in 4 of 6 (67%) patients that died, 5 of 19 (26%) euthanized patients and 5 of 33 (15%) patients that survived to discharge, with an overall incidence of 24%. Dogs that died during hospitalization had more severe iHCa than patients that were discharged or euthanized as well as significantly lower mean ionized calcium concentrations than patients who were discharged. Severity of iHCa was also associated with a longer duration of hospitalization. The highest ionized calcium concentration was not associated with outcome.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
–
This study is the first to document the incidence of iHCa among septic dogs. Because both low mean ionized calcium and the lowest documented ionized calcium concentration are associated with poor outcome, it is likely that both the severity and duration of hypocalcemia are important in these patients. Further prospective studies investigating the prognostic significance, etiology and treatment of iHCa among septic veterinary patients are needed to better understand its role in sepsis.
N‐arachidonyl‐glycine modulates synaptic transmission in superficial dorsal horn
Authors: Jeong Hyo‐Jin , Vandenberg Robert J , Vaughan Christopher W 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The arachidonyl‐amino acid N‐arachidonyl‐glycine (NAGly) is an endogenous lipid, generated within the spinal cord and producing spinally mediated analgesia via non‐cannabinoid mechanisms. In this study we examined the actions of NAGly on neurons within the superficial dorsal horn, a key site for the actions of many analgesic agents.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Whole cell patch clamp recordings were made from lamina II neurons in rat spinal cord slices to examine the effect of NAGly on glycinergic and NMDA‐mediated synaptic transmission.KEY RESULTS N‐arachidonyl‐glycine prolonged the decay of glycine, but not β‐alanine induced inward currents and decreased the amplitude of currents induced by both glycine and β‐alanine. NAGly and ALX‐1393 (inhibitor of the glycine transporter, GLYT2), but not the GLYT1 inhibitor, ALX‐5407, produced a strychnine‐sensitive inward current. ALX‐5407 and ALX‐1393, but not NAGly prolonged the decay phase of glycine receptor‐mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs). NAGly prolonged the decay phase of evoked IPSCs, although to a lesser extent than ALX‐5407 and ALX‐1393. In the presence of ALX‐1393, NAGly shortened the decay phase of evoked IPSCs. ALX‐5407 increased and NAGly decreased the amplitude of evoked NMDA‐mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results suggest that NAGly enhanced inhibitory glycinergic synaptic transmission within the superficial dorsal horn by blocking glycine uptake via GLYT2. In addition, NAGly decreased excitatory NMDA‐mediated synaptic transmission. Together, these findings provide a cellular explanation for the spinal analgesic actions of NAGly.
Fibrinogen estimates are influenced by methods of measurement and hemodilution with colloid plasma expanders
Authors: Fenger‐Eriksen Christian , Moore Gary W. , Rangarajan Savita , Ingerslev Jørgen , Sørensen Benny 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Measurement of plasma fibrinogen is often required in critically ill patients or massively bleeding patients being resuscitated with colloid plasma expander. This study aimed at evaluating different assays of plasma fibrinogen after in vitro dilution with commonly used plasma expanders and challenged the hypothesis that levels of fibrinogen are estimated significantly higher in plasma diluted with colloid plasma expander compared with isotonic saline.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Fibrinogen measurements were established in plasma samples each diluted in vitro to 30 or 50% with isotonic saline, hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4, and human albumin. Fibrinogen levels were assessed using an antigen determination, three photo‐optical Clauss methods, one mechanical Clauss method, a prothrombin‐derived method, and viscoelastic measurement through thromboelastometry.RESULTS: Measurement of fibrinogen levels was significantly different when performed on alternate analytical platforms. By 30 and 50% dilution with HES 130/0.4 coagulation analyzers using the photo‐optical Clauss methods significantly overestimated levels of fibrinogen. Dilution with human albumin did not affect fibrinogen levels except from one analyzer by 50% dilution level. Viscoelastic measurement of fibrin polymerization was reduced at both dilution levels and appeared to reflect the impairment of fibrin polymerization induced by HES 130/0.4 and to a lesser extent human albumin.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that different automated coagulation analyzers revealed significantly different levels of fibrinogen. The presence of colloid plasma expander gave rise to erroneous high levels of fibrinogen returned from some coagulation analyzers employing the method of Clauss.
Community‐acquired pneumonia in children: what’s old? What’s new?
Authors: Don Massimiliano , Canciani Mario , Korppi Matti 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCommunity‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) still remains a significant cause for childhood morbidity worldwide. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most important causative agent at all ages. Respiratory syncytial virus is common in young children, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in schoolchildren. Paediatric CAP is universally treated with antibiotics; amoxicillin is the drug of choice for presumably pneumococcal and a macrolide for presumably atypical bacterial cases. Because of globally increased resistances, macrolides are not safety for pneumococcal CAP. At present, available prospective research data on the epidemiology of paediatric CAP in western countries are from 1970s to 1980s; correspondingly, data on bacterial aetiology are mainly from 1980s to 1990s. Current concepts on pneumococcal aetiology are mostly based on poorly validated antibody assays. Most data on clinical characteristics in children’s CAP, as well as on antibiotic treatment come from developing countries, thus not being directly applicable in western communities. Recent viral studies have revealed the role of rhinoviruses, metapneumovirus and bocavirus in the aetiology of paediatric CAP. This review critically summarizes the available data on epidemiology, aetiology, clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of CAP in children, with special focus on the newest microbial findings, the age and applicability of the data and the need of new studies.
Combined effects of climate and land‐use change on the future of humid tropical forests
Authors: Asner Gregory P. , Loarie Scott R. , Heyder Ursula 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNew deforestation and selective logging data and climate change projections suggest that biodiversity refugia in humid tropical forests may change more extensively than previously reported. However, the relative impacts from climate change and land use vary by region. In the Amazon, a combination of climate change and land use renders up to 81% of the region susceptible to rapid vegetation change. In the Congo, logging and climate change could negatively affect the biodiversity in 35–74% of the basin. Climate‐driven changes may play a smaller role in Asia‐Oceania compared to that of Latin America or Africa, but land use renders 60–77% of Asia‐Oceania susceptible to major biodiversity changes. By 2100, only 18–45% of the biome will remain intact. The results provide new input on the geography of projected climate change relative to ongoing land‐use change to better determine where biological conservation might be most effective in this century.
The distribution of close conjugate algebraic numbers
Authors: Beresnevich Victor , Bernik Vasili , Götze Friedrich 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe investigate the distribution of real algebraic numbers of a fixed degree that have a close conjugate number, with the distance between the conjugate numbers being given as a function of their height. The main result establishes the ubiquity of such algebraic numbers in the real line and implies a sharp quantitative bound on their number. Although the main result is rather general, it implies new estimates on the least possible distance between conjugate algebraic numbers, which improve recent bounds obtained by Bugeaud and Mignotte. So far, the results à la Bugeaud and Mignotte have relied on finding explicit families of polynomials with clusters of roots. Here we suggest a different approach in which irreducible polynomials are implicitly tailored so that their derivatives assume certain values. We consider some applications of our main theorem, including generalisations of a theorem of Baker and Schmidt and a theorem of Bernik, Kleinbock and Margulis in the metric theory of Diophantine approximation.
Some complements to the Lazard isomorphism
Authors: Huber Annette , Kings Guido , Naumann Niko 
Published: June 2010

AbstractLazard showed in his seminal work (Groupes analytiques p-adiques, Publ. Math. Inst. Hautes Études Sci. 26 (1965), 389–603) that for rational coefficients, continuous group cohomology of p-adic Lie groups is isomorphic to Lie algebra cohomology. We refine this result in two directions: first, we extend Lazard’s isomorphism to integral coefficients under certain conditions; and second, we show that for algebraic groups over finite extensions K/ℚp, his isomorphism can be generalized to K-analytic cochains andK-Lie algebra cohomology.
An Exact
Three-Dimensional Beam Element With Nonuniform Cross
Section
Authors: Jafari M. , Mahjoob M.
J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In this paper, the exact stiffness matrix of curved beams with nonuniform cross section is derived using direct method. The considered element has two nodes and 12 degrees of freedom, with three forces and three moments applied at each node. The noncoincidence effect of shear center and center of area is also considered in this element. The deformations of the beam are due to bending, torsion, tensile, and shear loads. The line passing through center of area is a general three-dimensional curve and the cross section properties may change arbitrarily along it. The method is extended to deal with distributed loads on the curved beams. The stiffness matrix of some selected types of beams is determined by this method. The results are compared (where possible) with previously published results, simple beam finite element analysis and analytic solution. It is shown that the determined stiffness matrix is exact and that any type of beam can be analyzed by this method.
Oligochlorophens Are Potent Inhibitors of
Bacillus anthracis
Authors: Foss Marie H. , Weibel Douglas B. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

Bacterial cytoskeletal proteins are an emerging set of targets for antibiotic development. This paper describes oligochlorophen analogs based on the monomer 4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol as antimicrobial agents against
Bacillus anthracis
. The most potent analogs have a MIC of 160 to 320 nM against
B. anthracis
and may target the cytoskeletal protein FtsZ.
B. anthracis
develops resistance to the oligochlorophens at a rate of 4.34 × 10
−10
per generation, which is ∼10-fold lower than that of commercial antibiotics used to treat this human pathogen.