bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of the tip induced local anodic oxidation in the conductive atomic force microscopy of mixed phase silicon thin films
Authors: Vetushka Aliaksei , Fejfar Antonin , Ledinský Martin , Rezek Bohuslav , Stuchlík Jiří , Koöka Jan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe show that local currents observed by the Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (C‐AFM) of silicon thin films measured in ambient atmosphere are generally limited by surface oxide, either native or created by the measurement itself in a process of Local Anodic Oxidation (LAO), as evidenced by observed topographic changes of Si surface. The tip‐induced LAO changes the character of the local current maps in repeated scans or even in the first scan of a pristine surface. In particular, the oxidation of the neighboring scan lines leads to the appearance of grain edges as conductive rings. Finally, we have used brief HF acid etch to strip the oxide in order to restore the contrast in the C‐AFM maps of aged samples and we compare the observed local current levels to those observed in ultra‐high vacuum C‐AFM on in‐situ deposited samples (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Intensity dependence of quantum efficiency and photo‐gating effects in thin film silicon solar cells
Authors: Reynolds Steve , Main Charles , Smirnov Vladimir , Meftah Amjad 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSteady‐state photoconductivity measurements have been carried out on thin‐film silicon pin structures of i‐layer thickness typically 4 μm, where crystalline composition has been varied by adjustment of the silane concentration in the process gas. In amorphous and low‐crystallinity cells, strongly‐absorbed light incident from the p‐side at photon fluxes in excess of 1014 cm‐2 s‐1 produces strongly sub‐linear intensity dependence, ‘S’ shaped reverse current‐voltage curves and amplification of a second weakly‐absorbed beam, termed photogating. These effects are linked to the formation of space charge and attendant low‐field region close to the p‐i interface, as confirmed by computer simulation. More crystalline devices exhibit little or no such behaviour. At lower intensities of strongly‐absorbed light there is a markedly steeper increase in reverse current vs. voltage in low‐crystalline when compared to amorphous cells, particularly with light incident from the n‐side. This suggests the mobility‐lifetime product for holes is much larger in the former case, consistent with the higher hole mobilities reported in time of flight studies. Thus the prospect of composition‐dependent changes in mobility as well as defect density should be borne in mind when developing materials for application in microcrystalline silicon solar cells. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modelling convective processes during the suppressed phase of a Madden–Julian oscillation: Comparing single‐column models with cloud‐resolving models
Authors: Woolnough S. J. , Blossey P. N. , Xu K.‐M. , Bechtold P. , Chaboureau J.‐P. , Hosomi T. , Iacobellis S. F. , Luo Y. , Petch J. C. , Wong R. Y. , Xie S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe role of convective processes in moistening the atmosphere during suppressed periods of the suppressed phase of a Madden–Julian oscillation is investigated in cloud‐resolving model (CRM) simulations, and the impact of moistening on the subsequent evolution of convection is assessed as part of a Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Cloud System Study (GCSS) intercomparison project. The ability of single‐column model (SCM) versions of a number of state‐of‐the‐art climate and numerical weather prediction models to capture these convective processes is also evaluated. During the suppressed periods, the CRMs are found to simulate a maximum moistening around 3 km, which is associated with a predominance of shallow convection. All SCMs produce adequate amounts of shallow convection during the suppressed periods, comparable to that seen in CRMs, but the relatively drier SCMs have higher precipitation rates than the relatively wetter SCMs and CRMs. The relatively drier SCMs dry, rather than moisten, the lower troposphere below the melting level. During the transition periods, convective processes act to moisten the atmosphere above the level at which mean advection changes from moistening to drying, despite an overall drying effect for the column. The SCMs capture some essence of this moistening at upper levels. A gradual transition from shallow to deep convection is simulated by the CRMs and the wetter SCMs during the transition periods, but the onset of deep convection is delayed in the drier SCMs. This results in lower precipitation rates for these SCMs during the active periods, although much better agreement exists between the models at this time. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Secure and robust threshold key management (SRKM) scheme for ad hoc networks
Authors: Hamouid K. , Adi K. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSecuring Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANET) is a challenging task, notably due to the lack of an online infrastructure. In particular, key management in MANET is a problem for which many solutions have been proposed in literature. Unfortunately, these solutions are rather limited in terms of security and availability of keys. In this paper, we propose a secure, robust, and fully distributed scheme for public‐key certificate management in MANET. Our scheme, based on threshold cryptography, ensures that the private key of the certificate authority will not be revealed to an adversary, even if the number of compromised shareholders exceeds the threshold of vulnerability, thereby thwarting mobile‐adversary attacks. We describe SRKM in detail and, by using security analysis and simulations, show its effectiveness, robustness and security. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of functionalized aluminum compound petallike structure with superhydrophobic surface
Authors: Song Hao‐Jie , Shen Xiang‐Qian 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe petallike structures, similar to that of a lotus leaf, were directly fabricated on the surface of aluminum sheets by a simple one‐step solution‐immersion process. It was found that the width of the nanoflakes ranges from 20 to 500 nm, and the length of the flakes is about several micrometers. The wettability of the surface with a hierarchical structure was changed from superhydrophilicity to superhydrophobicity by chemical modification with perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PDES). The static contact angles (CAs) for water on both of the modified surfaces were larger than 150° , which was closely related to the chemical modification and hierarchical structure. Furthermore, the surfaces retained good superhydrophobic stability in long‐term storage as well, which should be critical to the application of aluminum materials in engineering. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
No Evidence for Clonal Selection Due to Lentiviral Integration Sites in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Winkler Thomas , Cantilena Amy , Métais Jean-Yves , Xu Xiuli , Nguyen Anh-Dao , Borate Bhavesh , Antosiewicz-Bourget Jessica E. , Wolfsberg Tyra G. , Thomson James A. , Dunbar Cynthia E. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Derivation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells requires the expression of defined transcription factors (among Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, Nanog, and Lin28) in the targeted cells. Lentiviral or standard retroviral gene transfer remains the most robust and commonly used approach. Low reprogramming frequency overall, and the higher efficiency of derivation utilizing integrating vectors compared to more recent nonviral approaches, suggests that gene activation or disruption via proviral integration sites (IS) may play a role in obtaining the pluripotent phenotype. We provide for the first time an extensive analysis of the lentiviral integration profile in human iPS cells. We identified a total of 78 independent IS in eight recently established iPS cell lines derived from either human fetal fibroblasts or newborn foreskin fibroblasts after lentiviral gene transfer of Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28. The number of IS ranged from 5 to 15 IS per individual iPS clone, and 75 IS could be assigned to a unique chromosomal location. The different iPS clones had no IS in common. Expression analysis as well as extensive bioinformatic analysis did not reveal functional concordance of the lentiviral targeted genes between the different clones. Interestingly, in six of the eight iPS clones, some of the IS were found in pairs, integrated into the same chromosomal location within six base pairs of each other or in very close proximity. Our study supports recent reports that efficient reprogramming of human somatic cells is not dependent on insertional activation or deactivation of specific genes or gene classes.
Understanding specific and nonspecific toxicities: a requirement for the development of dendrimer‐based pharmaceuticals
Authors: McNerny Daniel Q. , Leroueil Pascale R. , Baker James R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDendrimer conjugates for pharmaceutical development are capable of enhancing the local delivery of cytotoxic drugs. The ability to conjugate different targeting ligands to the dendrimer allows for the cytotoxic drug to be focused at the intended target cell while minimizing collateral damage in normal cells. Dendrimers offer several advantages over other polymer conjugates by creating a better defined, more monodisperse therapeutic scaffold. Toxicity from the dendrimer, targeted and nonspecific, is not only dependent upon the number of targeting and therapeutic ligands conjugated, but can be influenced by the repeating building blocks that grow the dendrimer, the dendrimer generation, as well as the surface termination. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 249–259This article is categorized under:

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
Diversity of patch structure in Central European forests: are tree diameter distributions in near‐natural multilayered Abies–Fagus stands heterogeneous?
Authors: Podlaski Rafał 
Published: February 2010

AbstractNear‐natural multilayered Abiesalba Mill.–Fagus sylvatica L. forests form structural mosaics and consist of patches in different developmental stages and phases. Knowledge of the diversity of patch structure and adequate methods to describe the diameter structure is essential for modeling forest dynamics. The hypotheses tested in the study are that near‐natural multilayered stands are structurally heterogeneous (i.e., tree diameter (DBH) distributions of these stands are heterogeneous) and, that in these forests the finite‐mixture models are suitable for modeling the empirical DBH distributions. Diversity of patch structure was studied based on data collected from 33 sample plots. In multilayered stands, four groups of empirical DBH distributions were distinguished using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and correspondence analysis (CA). Stands investigated are structurally heterogeneous; 27% multilayered stands showed the slightly rotated sigmoid (SRS) type of empirical DBH distribution, 34% the distinctly rotated sigmoid (DRS) type, 18% the bimodal M‐shaped (BMS) type, and 21% the unimodal highly skewed (UHS) type. The gamma distribution, the two‐component mixture gamma model, and the two‐component mixture Weibull model were more flexible for the SRS type of DBH distributions. The average p‐values (Chi‐square test) for these theoretical distributions were 0.4712, 0.4718, and 0.4660, respectively. The two‐component mixture gamma model and the two‐component mixture Weibull model were a good choice for modeling the DRS, BMS, and UHS types of DBH distributions. The average p‐values (Chi‐square test) for these models ranged from 0.2684 to 0.4854. In near‐natural multilayered Abies–Fagus forest patches of different DBH distributions occur together. The empirical DBH distributions in these stands are characterized by irregular and complicated shapes and therefore are best approximated by finite‐mixture models.
Can balance exercise programmes improve balance and related physical performance measures in people with dementia? A systematic review
Authors: Suttanon Plaiwan , Hill Keith , Said Catherine , Dodd Karen 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This review presents the physical performance outcomes of randomised trials investigating exercise programmes that included balance exercise for older people with dementia. A systematic literature search through five computerised bibliographic databases until February 2009 was carried out. Of 1,038 potentially relevant published articles, only seven met the inclusion criteria and were extracted. Findings from the review for a total of 632 participants showed that almost all of the included studies addressed exercise or physical activities as the main intervention; however, only two of the studies focused on balance exercise. The effect size values varied from no effect (0.00) to a large effect (3.29) of the interventions for a range of physical performance outcome measures. Findings also suggest that it is feasible to conduct exercise programmes with older people with dementia. However, further studies with more specific exercise designed to improve balance performance in order to prevent falls are required for older people with dementia.
Lysophosphatidylcholine Containing Docosahexaenoic Acid at thesn‐1 Position is Anti‐inflammatory
Authors: Huang Long Shuang , Hung Nguyen Dang , Sok Dai‐Eun , Kim Mee Ree 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLysophosphatidylcholine is known to be a lipid mediator in various cellular responses. In this study, we examined the anti‐inflammatory actions of lysophosphatidylcholine containing docosahexaenoic acid esterified at thesn‐1 position. First, in RAW 264.7 cells, DHA‐lysoPtdCho suppressed the LPS‐induced formation of NO concentration‐dependently. However, ARA‐lysoPtdCho showed a partial suppression, and LNA‐lysoPtdCho had no significant effect. Additionally, DHA‐lysoPtdCho also reduced the level of TNF‐α or IL‐6, but not PGE2. In animal experiments, the i.v. administration of ARA‐lysoPtdCho (150 or 500 μg/kg) prevented zymosan A‐induced plasma leakage remarkably with a maximal efficacy (Emax) of 50%, in contrast to no effect with LNA‐lysoPtdCho. Remarkably, DHA‐lysoPtdCho suppressed zymosan A‐induced plasma leakage with an ED50value of 46 μg/kg and an Emax value of around 95%. Additionally, mechanistic studies indicated that the anti‐inflammatory action of DHA‐lysoPtdCho was partially related to the reduced formation of LTC4,TNF‐α, and IL‐6. When the interval time between lysoPtdCho administration and zymosan A challenge was extended up to 2 h, such a suppressive action of DHA‐lysoPtdCho was augmented, suggesting that a DHA‐lysoPtdCho metabolite is important for anti‐inflammatory action. In support of this, 17‐HPDHA‐lysoPtdCho showed a greater anti‐inflammatory action than DHA‐lysoPtdCho. Furthermore, a similar anti‐inflammatory action was also observed with i.p. administration of DHA‐lysoPtdCho or a 17(S)‐hydroperoxy derivative. Additionally, oral administration of DHA‐lysoPtdCho also expressed a significant anti‐inflammatory action. Taken together, it is proposed that DHA‐lysoPtdCho and its metabolites may be anti‐inflammatory lipids in vivo systems.
Genetic Analysis of Water Use Efficiency in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at the Leaf Level
Authors: This Dominique , Comstock Jonathan , Courtois Brigitte , Xu Yunbi , Ahmadi Nourollah , Vonhof Wendy M. , Fleet Christine , Setter Tim , McCouch Susan 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Carbon isotope discrimination (∆13C) is considered as an index of leaf-level water use efficiency, an important objective for plant breeders seeking to conserve water resources. We report in rice a genetic analysis for ∆13C, leaf structural parameters, gas exchange, stomatal conductance, and leaf abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations. Doubled haploid and recombinant inbred populations, both derived from the cross IR64 × Azucena, were used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis following greenhouse experiments. ∆13C QTLs on the long arms of chromosomes 4 and 5 were colocalized with QTLs associated with leaf blade width, length, and flatness, while a QTL cluster for ∆13C, photosynthesis parameters, and ABA was observed in the near-centromeric region of chromosome 4. These results are consistent with phenotypic correlations and suggest that genetic variation in carbon assimilation and stomatal conductance contribute to the genetic variation for ∆13C in this population.
Predation by beetles (Carabidae, Staphylinidae) on eggs and juveniles of the Iberian slugArion lusitanicusin the laboratory
Authors: Hatteland B.A. , Grutle K. , Mong C.E. , Skartveit J. , Symondson W.O.C. , Solhøy T. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractArion lusitanicushas become a major pest species in western Norway in the last few years. This species originates from southern Europe but has been spread by humans over large parts of central and northern Europe during recent decades. Slugs have traditionally been controlled by the use of molluscicides; but, as these may have serious ecological side effects, biological control of slugs is highly desirable. Potential biological control agents include nematodes, gastropods and arthropods. In laboratory experiments, we tested whether five common predator beetles would feed on eggs and juveniles ofA. lusitanicus. The speciesCarabus nemoralis,Nebria brevicollis,Pterostichus melanariusandPterostichus niger(Carabidae) as well asStaphylinus erythropterus(Staphylinidae) were tested, of which onlyP. melanariushas been tested onA. lusitanicuspreviously.Nebria brevicollisdid not feed on slug eggs or newly hatched slugs, but the remaining four species all killed and ate a large proportion of the eggs and hatchlings offered. BothP. melanariusandP. nigeralso destroyedA. lusitanicuseggs and hatchlings under conditions emulating those in the field. Prey size choice experiments were conducted by feedingC. nemoralis,P. nigerandS. erythropteruson different sizes ofA. lusitanicus.Carabus nemoraliswas also given a choice between two slug species,A. lusitanicusandDeroceras reticulatum. A significant preference for slugs smaller than one gram was evident forC. nemoralis, while the other beetles struggled much more to overcome the mucus of juvenile slugs. No significant preference was found betweenA. lusitanicusandD. reticulatumas prey forC. nemoralis. We also discuss the feasibility of biological control ofA. lusitanicususing beetle predators.
Key factors affecting the spring emergence of pea moth (Cydia nigricana)
Authors: Thöming G. , Saucke H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe hypothesis that spring emergence of the pea moth Cydia nigricana is regulated by environmental factors, particularly photoperiod and temperature, was examined in this study. A long-term field study was conducted in two distinct pea-growing areas in Hesse and Saxony, Germany. Strong correlations between the flight phenology of pea moth in spring and air temperature, soil temperature, solar radiation and day length were demonstrated for three consecutive years. In laboratory experiments, we elucidated the interaction of different photoperiod-temperature regimes, verifying cumulative day-degree data in relation to pea moth emergence rates in the field. C. nigricana temperature sensitivity is apparently initiated by long day conditions with a critical day length of about 14 h L:D. The overall results contribute to the theory that photoperiod and temperature interact as regulatory cues for spring emergence of C. nigricana. The findings are discussed in terms of the development of predictive models and decision support systems for pea moth control.
What love has to do with it: An attachment perspective on pair bonding and sexual behavior
Authors: Zayas Vivian , Ram Daphna 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDel Giudice proposes that short-term mating strategies are adaptive for attachment-avoidant men. We argue that this model (1) does not apply to the majority of avoidant men (fearful-avoidants); (2) is based on limited evidence that the remaining subset of avoidant men (dismissing-avoidants) engage in short-term mating strategies; and (3) disregards the importance of pair bonding even for dismissing-avoidants.
Investigation of risk factors for Salmonella on fattening-turkey farms
Authors: FEATHERSTONE C. A. , REICHEL R. , SNOW L. C. , DAVIES R. H. , CHRISTIANSEN K. H. , CARRIQUE-MAS J. J. , EVANS S. J. 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYA cross-sectional study into risk factors for Salmonella was undertaken using data gathered from 252 fattening turkey flocks in the UK. The data was derived from the EU baseline survey conducted during 2006 and 2007, in addition to a voluntary questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression models identified significant risk factors for Salmonella spp. and Salmonella Typhimurium. A decreased risk of Salmonella spp. infection was associated with a history of intestinal illness in the sampled flock (OR 0·17), the use of wood shavings as litter (OR 0·21), use of disinfectant in the cleaning process (OR 0·25), incineration of dead birds on farm (OR 0·29), seasonal production (OR 0·31), farm staff also working with cattle (OR 0·31), and the presence of pigs on neighbouring farms (OR 0·38). The risk of isolating Salmonella spp. varied according to the company from which the poults were sourced. A reduced risk of S. Typhimurium infection was associated with the use of wax blocks to control rodents (OR 0·09), using mains water (OR 0·19) and having a Salmonella test programme (OR 0·23). An increased risk of S. Typhimurium infection was associated with storage of items around the turkey house (OR 5·20), evidence of mice (OR 4·71) and a soil surface surrounding the turkey house (OR 2·70). This study therefore identifies a number of important practical measures which can be implemented by farmers and veterinarians within the turkey industry to assist in the control of salmonellosis at the farm level.
Surface-coupled proton exchange of a membrane-bound proton acceptor
Authors: Sandén Tor , Salomonsson Lina , Brzezinski Peter , Widengren Jerker 
Published: February 2010

Proton-transfer reactions across and at the surface of biological membranes are central for maintaining the transmembrane proton electrochemical gradients involved in cellular energy conversion. In this study, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy was used to measure the local protonation and deprotonation rates of single pH-sensitive fluorophores conjugated to liposome membranes, and the dependence of these rates on lipid composition and ion concentration. Measurements of proton exchange rates over a wide proton concentration range, using two different pH-sensitive fluorophores with different p
K

a

s, revealed two distinct proton exchange regimes. At high pH (> 8), proton association increases rapidly with increasing proton concentrations, presumably because the whole membrane acts as a proton-collecting antenna for the fluorophore. In contrast, at low pH (< 7), the increase in the proton association rate is slower and comparable to that of direct protonation of the fluorophore from the bulk solution. In the latter case, the proton exchange rates of the two fluorophores are indistinguishable, indicating that their protonation rates are determined by the local membrane environment. Measurements on membranes of different surface charge and at different ion concentrations made it possible to determine surface potentials, as well as the distance between the surface and the fluorophore. The results from this study define the conditions under which biological membranes can act as proton-collecting antennae and provide fundamental information on the relation between the membrane surface charge density and the local proton exchange kinetics.