bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Manual Polarograph
Authors: Jolliffe G O , Morton C 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A description is given of a potentiometric manual polarograph in which a cathode ray tuning indicator is used as a null point detector. The polarising voltage and the corresponding peak polarographic current are indicated, with an accuracy of ± 1 per cent., by the deflections of a voltmeter, the ranges being as follows: current, 0·00125 to 125 μA., first indication 10 μμA.; voltage, 125 mV. to 2·5 V., first indication 1 mV. By using the instrument in conjunction with a direct current potentiometer, the accuracy may be increased to ± 0·1 per cent. A circuit for obtaining derivative polarograms is included, and provision is also made for the use of the instrument in pH measurements with the aid of the glass electrode.
The Occurrence and Importance of Pyrogens
Authors: Whittet T D 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Pyrogen-free injections can be prepared without elaborate equipment if a good still and pure drugs are available and an adequate technique is followed. Serious results may follow the use of unsatisfactory materials or careless methods. It is suggested that the Pharmacopœia should include standards for pyrogen-free drugs which should become commercially available.
Rabbit Responses to Human Threshold Doses of A Bacterial Pyrogen
Authors: Dare J G , Mogey G A 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The scarcity and conflicting nature of the existing evidence on the relationship between effective doses of bacterial pyrogens in man and rabbit is pointed out. The dose/quantal response curve for man to a pyrogen prepared from P. vulgaris has been determined and the intravenous ED50 for this preparation is estimated to lie between 0·084 and 0·101 μg./kg. (P = 0·95). The dose/temperature response curves for the rabbit to the same pyrogen preparation, in a variety of different experimental circumstances, have been determined. The relative sensitivities of man and rabbit to this pyrogen have been calculated on a weight-for-weight basis. Taking as the criteria of pyrogenic response (a) a rise of 0·6° C. in the temperature of the rabbit and (b) shivering in man, it is found that the rabbit is one-third to 7 times as sensitive as man, depending on the experimental conditions. 5 The expected efficiencies of the B.P. and U.S.P. tests, in detecting a human ED5 of Pyrogen Test Preparation No. 1 in differing volumes of solution, have been calculated. 6 Some evidence that pyrogens may interact with other substances has been discussed.
Antazoline Hydrochloride, Tripelennamine Hydrochloride and Locomotor Activity
Authors: Baird James A , Boyd Eldon M 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Tripelennamine hydrochloride and antazoline hydrochloride were administered orally and subcutaneously, in amounts of from 1 mg./kg. body weight up to lethal doses, to albino rats assembled in Wahmann vertically-revolving drums for the recording of locomotor activity. Tripelennamine hydrochloride had a statistically insignificant effect upon locomotor activity, while antazoline hydrochloride depressed locomotor activity.
Factors Influencing the Activity of Thrombin Preparations
Authors: Bryce D Maxwell 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The nature of the relationship between thrombin concentration and clotting time is discussed. The rectilinear log:log relationship holds good generally. The effect of temperature on the rate of reaction in dilute plasma is found to be in agreement with the Arrhenius equation and a value for the “activation energy” is calculated. The temperature optimum for thrombin in plasma appears to be between 40° and 45° C. The general retarding effect of salts is noted, and the specific effect of calcium, barium, manganous and nickelous salts is noted and discussed. 5 The activity of thrombin in plasma may show complex dependence on the species of origin. 6 Glycerol retards coagulation, and arabinic acid accelerates it. There is a very marked interaction between the latter and calcium salts.
The Detection of the Alkaloids of Lupinus Termis in Viscera
Authors: Burden E H W J , Grindley D N , Mansour Riad 
Published: April 2011

Summary and Conclusions
An investigation of the properties of the alkaloids of the seeds of Lupinus termis, a common article of food in the Middle East, with the intention of detecting them chemically in toxicological specimens is described. The seeds are shown to contain a complex mixture of alkaloids. However, the colour reactions described are sufficiently specific to ensure identification in specimens, although their fate in the human body is unknown. A new modification of Jorissen's test for sparteine is described, making it sensitive to 0·1 mg.
Some Observations on the Effect of Different Drying Methods on the Glycoside Content of the Leaves of Digitalis Lanata
Authors: Dash R M , Frith M L 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A batch of leaves of Digitalis lanata was dried by 5 different methods. The leaf samples were extracted and the digilanid B and C content estimated by paper chromatography and fluorescence photography. A comparative estimate indicating the decomposition of digilanid A was also made. The digilanids were decomposed least in leaves which were dried at a low temperature in vacuo, although sun-drying was equally effective for the preservation of digilanid C.
The Colorimetric Estimation of Gitoxigenin in Presence of Digitoxigenin
Authors: Tattje D H E 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A new reagent, consisting of a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid, syrupy phosphoric acid and ferric chloride is recommended for the colorimetric estimation of gitoxigenin in presence of digitoxigenin. Various experiments showed that the most favourable results are achieved if the composition is the following:—concentrated sulphuric acid, 37·5 per cent, w/w; syrupy phosphoric acid (85 per cent.), 62·5 per cent. w/w; and hydrated ferric chloride, 0·050 per cent. w/w. The red colour originating from the interaction of this reagent with gitoxigenin must be measured at 5750 Å. The extinction of the colour obtained with gitoxigenin is approximately 80 times as great as that of an equal quantity of digitoxigenin and keeps a constant value for at least 2 hours.
The Relationship Between the Infra-Red Absorption Spectra of Some 5:5′-Substituted Barbituric Acids and Their Pharmacological Activity
Authors: Price W C , Bradley J E S , Fraser R D B , Quilliam J P 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The infra-red spectra of a number of barbiturates classified according to the duration of their activity in depressing the central nervous system have been recorded in the range of the carbonyl frequencies. An analysis of the bands obtained has been made and their relation to the bonds derived. It is found that the longer acting drugs tend to have a band system at slightly higher frequencies. This indicates slightly lower polarities and greater fat-solubility, which is suggested as being a possible contributory cause to the duration of their activity.
Phenol as the Preservative in Insulin Injections
Authors: Sykes G , Hooper Margaret C 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Acid conditions enhance the antibacterial properties of phenol such that a 0·2 per cent, solution at pH 3 behaves similarly to a 0·5 per cent. solution at neutral pH values; it does not behave in this way to moulds. 0·2 per cent, of phenol is, therefore, a suitable bacteriostatic for insulin and globin insulin injections at pH 3. Because of the antibacterial properties of protamine, 0·2 per cent. of phenol is also a suitable bacteriostatic to add to protamine zinc insulin injection.
An Investigation into the Effects of 2:2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-1:1-dichloroethane (D.D.D.) on the Mouse Adrenal Cortex
Authors: D'Arcy P F 
Published: April 2011

Summary
White male mice maintained on a diet containing 0·1 per cent, of 2:2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-1:1-dichloroethane and mice injected subcutaneously thrice weekly with an oily solution at a dosage of 20 mg./100 g. of body weight, for periods up to 6 weeks failed to exhibit a significantly decreased response to cold stress as compared with the untreated controls. The drug did not significantly decrease the adrenal weights of the treated groups.
Comparative Studies of Methods of Evaluating Antibacterial Substances: Part I. Evaluation of Bacteriostatic Action
Authors: Cook A M 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Three methods of measuring bacteriostasis have been examined; dilution of the bacteriostatic agent with a liquid culture medium, incorporation of the agent in a solid medium, and a counting method. A fair degree of correlation has been shown to exist between the first two methods. The counting method has given support to Price's6 hypothesis that there is no real difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions.
The Estimation of Bactericidal Activity from Extinction Time Data
Authors: Berry H , Bean H S 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A new method for the determination of extinction time data is described. The method has been employed for the disinfection of Bact. coli by aqueous solutions of phenol over a range of concentrations and death times ranging from 2 to over 100 minutes. The use of extensive replication, short sampling intervals, and constant sample volumes withdrawn immediately after inoculation of the bactericide are among the chief features of the technique. Estimates of the mean extinction time obtained from the data are of reproducibility within limits sufficiently close to invalidate other extinction time methods, and are of comparable value with those obtained by the use of any other techniques. 5 The method has been satisfactorily applied to systems containing water-insoluble phenols solubilised in solutions of soaps (Berry and Bean9) where clumping of the test organisms might completely invalidate other methods of estimation of bactericidal activity.
Melting Points with Decomposition and the Heat Stability of Atropine Sulphate
Authors: Rosenblum E I , Taylor W S 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Decomposition melting points are affected mainly by rate and time of heating, and this has been illustrated for atropine sulphate. In two series of tests on atropine sulphate, m.pts. following the B.P. technique were more concordant than those carried out according to the U.S.P. The results were less divergent with experienced analysts, but, even with the B.P. technique, considerable replication is desirable to ensure a reliable figure. The sulphates of these ester-alkaloids appear to be more heat-sensitive than the hydrobromides and hydrochlorides. 5 The “heat stability” of decomposable substances may give a useful indication of purity.
The Estimation of Barbituric Acid Derivatives in Biological Material for Medico-Legal Purposes
Authors: McCallum Norman E W 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A method is described for the estimation of barbiturates in biological material. The method avoids the extraction of substances giving undesirable blank values inherent in chloroform-sodium hydroxide extraction procedures. The method simplifies the spectrophotometric determination of those procedures using sodium hydroxide as the vehicle for the barbiturate in the spectrophotometer. The percentage recovery is about 90 per cent, and thus avoids, in forensic determinations, mathematical calculations for material which is not actually measured.
Derivatives of Succinimide, Glutarimide, Thiazolidinedione and Methanol, and some Miscellaneous Compounds
Authors: Marshall P G , Vallance D K 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The anticonvulsant activity of some derivatives of succinimide, glutarimide, thiazolidinedione, and methanol, and of some miscellaneous compounds has been investigated. Earlier work on the activity of some derivatives of succinimide has been confirmed. The most promising compounds appear to be methylpentynol (methyl-ethyl-ethinyl carbinol), methyl-n-propyl ethinyl carbinol, and α-methyl-α-phenyl-glutarimide. The last-named is to be the subject of more detailed investigation.
The Spectrophotometric Determination of Vitamin D in Pharmaceutical Preparations: Part I. Solution of Calciferol. B.P
Authors: Rogers A R 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A method is described for the colorimetric determination of calciferol in solution of calciferol B.P. The effect of the absorption due to the solvent oil on that produced by calciferol is eliminated by a graphical extrapolation procedure.
A Study of the Pharmacopœial Method for the Preparation of Solution of Chloroxylenol
Authors: Lloyd John B , Clegg Barbara W 
Published: April 2011

Summary
In preparing routine batches of solution of chloroxylenol, a wide variation from batch to batch has been observed in the volume of oleic acid required to adjust the soap solution to the official end-point. Investigation has shown this to be due to the masking of the colour change of bromothymol blue in yellow solutions. The disappearance of the pink colour of phenolphthalein is more readily observed, and from a curve showing the relationship between the pH value and the volume of oleic acid added, it is possible to calculate what further volume is required to reach the official end-point, or for that matter any other desired point. During the course of the work, experimental evidence has been obtained to show that indicators do not provide a reliable guide to the pH value of soap solutions, and that solution of chloroxylenol may be much more alkaline than would be expected from the colour which it gives with bromothymol blue. A formula and method of preparation is given for a product of constant and reproducible composition, which is less alkaline than the official preparation, paler in colour, and less likely to darken on storage. Its bactericidal activity is not affected by the change.
A Rheological Study of the Effect of Bentonite on Heated Emulsions
Authors: Axon Arnold 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The rotational viscometer having a variable speed drive can be used to give a viscosity curve expressed in fundamental units. Two viscosity curves which will characterise the consistency of a pharmaceutical cream base, at a given temperature, can be obtained in a reasonable time for control purposes. The consistency of autoclaved emulsions prepared with and without bentonite has been determined quantitatively and the results tabulated. Emulsions prepared without bentonite showed shear-rate thinning both before and after autoclaving. 5 A change in type of viscosity from shear-rate thinning to uniform plastic flow occurred when an emulsion containing bentonite was autoclaved. 6 The entire viscosity curve is necessary to characterise shear-rate thinning whereas uniform plastic flow can be characterised by two factors: “plastic viscosity” and yield value.
The Assay of Tincture of Digitalis and of the Glycosides of Digitalis Purpurea
Authors: Brindle Harry , Rigby Gerald , Sharma Shri Nath 
Published: April 2011

Summary
8 samples of tincture of digitalis have been compared chemically and biologically with a tincture prepared from the standard preparation of digitalis. The results of the frog assays do not agree with those of the chemical assays using the 3:5-dinitrobenzoic acid reagent. A new method for the decolourisation of tinctures of digitalis has been investigated. The tincture is passed through an alumina column which adsorbs the pigments, and the eluate can be directly assayed with the Kedde reagent. The total time taken for decolourisation is at the most 5 minutes and the loss of colour-producing active constituents—presumably due to adsorption on the alumina is less than 10 per cent. The constituents of 9 samples of tincture of digitalis have been identified by paper partition chromatography.
Observations on the Ageing of Digitalis Tinctures
Authors: Fish F , Todd J P 
Published: April 2011

Summary and Conclusions
It has been confirmed that saponin has no effect on the results of the “overnight” frog method of assay for digitalis. The loss of potency during storage of digitalis tinctures is a real loss of cardiac activity in frogs, since it is shown by an intravenous method of assay. This method detects 20 to 30 per cent, loss of potency during 12 months storage as compared with up to 60 per cent, loss as shown by the lymph sac method of assay. A chemical assay based on the Keller-Kiliani colour reaction does not indicate loss of strength in digitalis tinctures during storage. Tinctures prepared from stabilised digitalis leaf are not stable on storage. 5 Digitoxin in ethanolic (70 per cent.) solution is stable on storage. 6 In aged tinctures of digitalis loss of potency to frogs appears to be due to hydrolysis of primary glycosides to secondary glycosides without further breakdown to genins.
Synthetic Analgesics: Stereochemical Considerations
Authors: Beckett A H , Casy A F 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The evidence is presented for the probability of the activity exhibited by analgesics and their antagonists being due to their association with a specific receptor surface. The configurations of those isomers exhibiting nearly all the activity of certain racemic mixtures are identical, and related to that of D-(–)-alanine; the stereochemical requirements of analgesics are considered. Active analgesics are shown to have structures which enable them to present similar surfaces to allow of their association with a proposed “analgesic receptor surface,” the essential features of which are described. A number of essential structures are outlined as prerequisites for compounds designed as analgesics.
The Chemistry of Aristolochia Spp.: Part I. The Petrol-Soluble Fraction from Aristolochia reticulata
Authors: Stenlake J B , Williams W D 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The light petroleum-soluble fraction from a batch of Aristolochia reticulata has been examined and found to contain the following:
A ketonic oil, consisting of at least 2 unidentified components. A crystalline lactone, C15H20O2, m.pt. 110·5° to 111° C, designated aristolactone. A bicyclic monoterpene, which has been tentatively identified as (–)-Δ4-carene. A mixture of esters, which on saponification yields (–)-borneol formic acid and an unidentified cyclic unsaturated acid, C10H16O2. 5 A bicyclic sesquiterpene, C15H24, designated reticulene.
Antitussive and Other Pharmacological Properties of the Diethylaminoethoxyethyl Ester of αα-Diethylphenylacetic Acid, (OXELADIN)
Authors: David A , Leith-Ross Fiona , Vallance D K 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The diethylaminoethoxyethyl ester of αα-diethylphenylacetic acid (oxeladin) appears to possess similar antitussive activity to carbetapentane and to be slightly less active than codeine phosphate. Sensory nerve endings in the trachea and bronchial tree are not the site of action. The acute toxicity is not significantly different from that of carbetapentane. The ester is two to four times as toxic as codeine phosphate, according to species and route of administration. It has local anaesthetic properties, being approximately twice as active as procaine hydrochloride by the guinea pig intracutaneous wheal test. Only excessive amounts appear to have a constipating effect in normal mice. A spasmolytic effect has been demonstrated with the isolated guinea pig ileum and isolated rabbit duodenum. It has, however, a spasmogenic effect on the jejunum of the anaesthetised cat. Intravenous injection in the anaesthetised cat produced a transient fall in blood pressure of the same magnitude as that produced by codeine phosphate. It has been administered to rats over a prolonged period with no untoward effect on the growth rate and the haemopoietic system.
The Effect of Ultra-Violet Irradiation on Cardenolides
Authors: Silberman H , Thorp R H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Solutions of digoxin, digoxigenin and digitoxigenin in ethanol were subjected to ultra-violet irradiation in the absence of oxygen. Chromatographic analysis showed that the starting material was transformed into several other compounds some of which may be intermediate in the reaction. Cardiotonic activity was absent from the irradiated material. There was no longer the characteristic unsaturated lactone ring of the cardenolides after irradiation. Upon analysis a crystalline compound isolated from irradiated digoxigenin corresponded to the original molecule with an added molecule of water.
Cellular Constituents. Major and Minor Metals in Normal and Abnormal Tissues
Authors: Bergel F , Everett J L , Martin J B , Webb J S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Assessment of the usefulness of emission spectrography for comparative analyses of six elements, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo and Zn, in rat liver has been made. It has uncovered the presence or absence of differences in the concentrations of these metals in livers between age groups, animals on different diets, pregnant animals and male animals with normal, regenerating and tumourous organs. A discernible trend in concentrations of certain elements from the embryonic tissue to that of the adult animal emerged. In some instances the abnormal and regenerating materials appeared to carry lower or higher amounts of the element compared with normal livers. With molybdenum, the livers of embryonic, newborn and young animals had low concentrations, slowly increasing; the results obtained with older animals formed a higher level rugged plateau.
Separation of the Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary from a Crude Extract by Electrochemical Means
Authors: James G W L , Garraway D B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Pressor and oxytocic activities were separated from a crude extract of pig posterior pituitary tissue using a continuous electrophoretic technique. Both voltage and rate of application were kept constant. The material obtained during the first 24 hours was discarded; collections could then be made for up to 7 days. With a Whatman No. 2 filter paper, a rate of feed of 3·5 ml. of crude extract in 24 hours and 400 V., pooled activities had about 5 per cent of contamination.
The Assay of Acetylcholine on the Superfused Frog Rectus Muscle
Authors: Ahmed A , Taylor N R W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method of superfusion for assaying acetylcholine on the eserinised frog rectus muscle applying each dose in a volume of 0·2 ml. is described. The sensitivity of the superfused preparation is compared with that of the preparation in a 5 ml. bath and is 10 to 20 times more sensitive than the bath preparation. Results of 10 parallel assays (2 + 2) suggest that the method of superfusion gives a reliable and accurate assay of acetylcholine.
Synthetic Analogues of Adrenal Cortical Hormones: Some 6:7:8:9-Tetrahydro-4:5-Benzindanes
Authors: Cowell D B , Mathieson D W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
6:7:8:9-Tetrahydro-1-oxo-4:5-benzindane and its 3‘-methoxy analogue have been synthesised from 1-oxotetralin and 1-oxo-6-methoxytetralin. Side chains typical of cortical hormones have been built up by known methods via the intermediate ethynyl alcohols: 1-acetoxy-1-glycollyl-6:7:8:9-tetrahydro-4:5-benzindane has thus been produced. In the case of the corresponding methoxy analogue, ring expansion probably occurs to furnish the corresponding “homo” compound—a substituted hydrophenanthrene.
The action of basic reagents on 2-cyano-6-methoxy-2-methyl-1-oxotetralin leads to ring fission and the formation of γ(2-carboxy-5-methoxyphenyl)α-methylbutyronitrile.
Observations on the Effect of Sulphur Dioxide in Blackcurrant Syrup on the Development of Aneurine Deficiency in Rats
Authors: Lockett Mary F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Sulphur dioxide, 350 p.p.m., administered orally in blackcurrant syrup, once daily, in a dose of 0·5 ml./150 g. body weight, failed to influence the rate of growth of aneurine deficient rats.