bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The morphology and anatomy of the flowers of Mitragyna ciliata Aubr. et Pellegr. and Mitragyna stipulosa (D.C.) O. Kuntze
Authors: SHELLARD E J , WADE A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The morphology and detailed anatomy of the flowers of Mitragyna ciliata Aubr. et Pellegr. and Mitragyna stipulosa (D.C.) O. Kuntze have been described. Although the histological features are almost identical, the two species can be differentiated by the morphology of their calices.
Production of cardio-active substances by plant tissue cultures and their screening for cardiovascular activity
Authors: KAUL BALKRISHENA , WELLS PATRICK , STABA E JOHN 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Semi-purified extracts of six plant tissue cultures were examined for their effects on respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure in anaesthetized rabbits. Ammi visnaga, Cheiranthus cheiri, Digitalis lanata, and Urginea maritima evoked pronounced vasodilatation and bradycardia which ultimately resulted in the death of the animal.
A note on a series of decamethylenebis[(4-substituted amino)quinaldinium] salts with potent antibacterial properties
Authors: COX W A , LUNTS L H C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A number of decamethylenebis[4-(substituted amino)quinaldinium acetates] have been prepared and certain of these showed markedly increased antibacterial activity compared with the unsubstituted compound. Local therapeutic activity, assessed by mouse protection tests, reached a maximum in the C3–C6 range of the n-alkylamino-homologues, but increased activity was associated with increased toxicity.
Effects on the reproductive organs of feeding the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 to mice
Authors: GOLDHAMMER HELEN , McMANUS W R , OSBORN R A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A series of feeding experiments has shown Triton X-100 to induce cystic degeneration in the mouse ovary. Parallel experiments in ovariectomized mice revealed no evidence that Triton X-100 possesses oestrogenic activity. Long term exposure of female mice to this surfactant did not impair fertility.
The mechanism of the tranquillizing action of asarone from Acorus calamus Linn.
Authors: MENON M K , DANDIYA P C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Asarone, the active principle of the indigenous Indian plant Acorus calamus Linn., did not cause any change in the noradrenaline content of whole brain of rats. Unlike tetrabenazine, pretreatment with asarone failed to block the effect of reserpine on the spontaneous motor activity and ptosis of mice, as well as the conditioned avoidance response of trained rats. These findings show that, though in chemical structure asarone resembles a part of the reserpine molecule, its mechanism of action is different from this drug. In animals in which brain noradrenaline has been lowered by pretreatment with α-methyl-l-tyrosine, the effects of asarone, namely, hypothermia, potentiation of barbiturate hypnosis and specific blockade of conditioned avoidance response, were found to be markedly enhanced. It seems that the sedative effect of asarone is dependent on the depression of the ergotropic division of the hypothalamus.
Dual actions of some N-(1-phenylethyl)guanidines on the nictitating membrane of conscious cats
Authors: FIELDEN R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
After 6 hr, high doses (10 or 20 mg/kg) of some adrenergic neuron blocking drugs derived from N-(1-phenylethyl)guanidine produce relaxation of the nictitating membranes of conscious cats which is less than that produced by small doses (2.5 or 5 mg/kg). After 24 hr, there were marked responses to some drugs that had produced little effect after 6 hr. High doses of the drugs contract the nictitating membranes of cats treated with pempidine or (—)-N-(1-phenylethyl)guanidine; low doses do not. This contraction opposes the relaxation evoked by the adrenergic neuron blockade and could account for the anomalous dose-response relationships. The contraction may result from localized release of noradrenaline from the nictitating membrane.
Rhodexin A and rhodexoside in Ornithogalum umbellatum
Authors: SMITH J A , PATERSON G R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Two Kedde-positive compounds, isolated in crystalline form from bulbs of Ornithogalum umbellatum, were shown by their infrared and ultraviolet spectra to be cardenolides. Paper chromatographic analyses of the hydrolysates of these compounds indicated that both compounds contain sarmentogenin as the aglycone moiety, and that one is a rhamnoside while the other is the corresponding rhamnoside-glucoside. The identification of the monoglycoside as rhodexin A, i.e. sarmentogenin-α-L-rhamnoside, a glycoside previously isolated from Rhodea (Rohdea) japonica, was confirmed by comparison with an authentic sample. The diglycoside, an apparently new compound of composition sarmentogenin-rhamnose-glucose is designated rhodexoside.
Observations on isoprenaline-induced myocardial necroses
Authors: LESZKOVSZKY G P , GÁL GY 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Isoprenaline hydrochloride in subcutaneous doses of 2 × 10 to 2 × 680 mg/kg caused histologically detectable, characteristic heart necroses. Pathological changes were dose-dependent. The degree of necrosis was assessed by a quantitative histological method based on counting the changed morphological elements. The heart necroses due to 2 × 40 mg/kg of isoprenaline were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with different monoamine oxidase inhibitors (iproniazid, a derivative of hydrazine and pargyline and E-250 of the non-hydrazine type, all at 7 × 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally); their severity was significantly increased by reserpine (7.5 mg/kg/48 hr subcutaneously) and guanethidine (2 × 30 mg/kg subcutaneously). In these effects an important role is attributed to respective changes in catecholamine levels.
Diffusion from gelatin-glycerin-water gels
Authors: NIXON J R , GEORGAKOPOULOS P P , CARLESS J E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effect of gelatin, glycerin and methylene blue concentration on the diffusion of a dye from gelatin-glycerin-water gels has been examined. The rate of diffusion depended on the pore size of the gel and on the viscosity of the interspace fluid. Except at very low concentrations of methylene blue, an aggregation factor must be added to those factors suggested by Friedman & Kraemer (1930) as controlling the rate of diffusion from gels.
Quantitative determination of physostigmine in solution
Authors: TEARE F W , TAYLOR D W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A chemical assay is described for the indirect determination of physostigmine (eserine) in solution. The method involves a chemical reaction between methylamine, a hydrolysis product of physostigmine, and carbon disulphide to form a dithiocarbamic acid which is subsequently titrated with a standard aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The alkaline hydrolysis of the physostigmine sample is carried out at room temperature using a closed system. The difference in the amount of methylamine found in a physostigmine hydrochloride solution before hydrolysis (blank) and after hydrolysis (sample) is indicative of the amount of intact alkaloid present. This indirect determination of methylamine makes it possible for the first time, to determine conveniently the amount of the alkaloid in solution in the presence of its degradation products.
Infrared identification of pharmaceutically important sulphonamides with particular reference to the occurrence of polymorphism
Authors: MESLEY R J , HOUGHTON E E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The infrared absorption spectra of sulphonamides, when compared with the spectra of Authentic Specimens, provide a simple and complete means of identification, provided the effects of polymorphism are excluded. Of 18 substances examined, twelve showed evidence of polymorphism. Limited solubility prevents the use of solution spectra, and specified solvent treatments, details of which are given, may therefore be necessary with these substances to ensure reproducible spectra.
Histidine decarboxylase in the stomach of the rat
Authors: RADWAN ABDALLA G , WEST G B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Two enzymes capable of decarboxylating l-histidine in vitro have been identified in rat and mouse stomach; one, located in the fundic portion, shows maximal activity at a pH value of 5.6, whilst the other, in the pyloric portion, requires a pH of 7.6 for optimal activity. The enzyme in rat fundus is stable when stored at low temperatures and is inhibited only slightly by benzene, α-methyldopa and α-methyl-histidine; the pyloric enzyme, on the other hand, is rapidly destroyed on storage at low temperatures, and is slightly stimulated by benzene but much inhibited by α-methyldopa and α-methylhistidine. Dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan compete with the substrate for the pyloric histidine decarboxylase but have no effect on the fundic enzyme. Starvation inhibits the activity of the fundic enzyme but has only a slight effect on the pyloric enzyme. It is concluded that the two enzymes in the stomach capable of forming histamine differ from the specific and non-specific histidine decarboxylases found in other tissues.
Influence of nicotine on the coronary circulation of the isolated heart of the cat
Authors: ROMERO T , TALESNIK J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Nicotine administered to the isolated perfused heart of the cat produces initial bradycardia followed by long-lasting tachycardia and enhancement of the strength of contractions. The coronary flow after a reduction shows a prolonged increase that continues after the heart hyperactivity has ceased. When nicotine was given after hexamethonium or after reserpine pretreatment, the cardio-stimulation disappeared and only reduction of the coronary flow was obtained. It is concluded that the complexity of the pharmacological effect of nicotine on the coronary flow of the isolated heart preparation depends on an indirect vasodilator action mediated by the heart stimulation due to liberation of intracardiac catecholamines and also on vasoconstriction due to a direct effect of the drug on the coronary vasculature.
Influence of ω-amino-acids on blood pressure, catecholamine stores and the pressor response to physostigmine in the rat
Authors: Hedwall P R , Maiître L , Brunner H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effects of aliphatic ω-amino-acids of various chain lengths, i.e. glycine, Γ-aminobutyric acid, s̀-amino-valeric acid, δ-aminocaproic acid and 7-amino-oenanthic acid, on blood pressure and myocardial catecholamine stores in the renal hypertensive rat, and the pressor response to physostigmine in the normotensive rat were studied. The effects of the ω-amino-acids were compared with those of guanethidine and α-methyldopa. δ-Aminocaproic acid, like guanethidine and α-methyldopa, produced a fall in blood pressure, a decrease in catecholamine stores and inhibited the pressor response to physostigmine. GABA reduced blood pressure, but did not affect the other parameters. s̀-Amino-valeric acid reduced blood pressure and depleted catecholamine stores slightly, but did not inhibit the pressor response to physostigmine. The other ω-amino-acids were inactive.
The biotransformation of methadone in man: Synthesis and identification of a major metabolite
Authors: Beckett A H , Taylor J F , Casy A F , Hassan M M A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
After administration of methadone to man, only two basic urinary excretion products were detected, these were unchanged drug and 2-ethyl-1, 5-dimethyl-3, 3-diphenyl-1-pyrroline. The hydriodide of the latter was synthesized and its endocyclic alkene structure was confirmed from infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. This compound was shown to be identical with the hydriodide of the basic product formed by reaction of 1, 5-dimethyl-3, 3-diphenylpyrrolid-2-one with ethyl-lithium.
A note on the effects of 2, 4-diamino-5-phenylthiazole and 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine on morphine metabolism
Authors: Woo J T C , Gaff G A , Fennessy M R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Chromatographs of extracts of urine from patients receiving mixtures of morphine plus amiphenazole or morphine plus 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine (tha) have a spot which is due to a substance with properties similar to morphine-N-oxide. This spot was not present in urine of patients given morphine, amiphenazole or tha alone. Morphine-N-oxide may be a metabolite of morphine, and amiphenazole and tha may inhibit the further metabolism of morphine-N-oxide.
1-Allyl and 1-(3, 3-dimethylallyl) analogues of pethidine and its reversed ester
Authors: Casy A F , Simmonds A B , Staniforth D 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The preparation of some 1-allyl and 1-(3, 3-dimethylallyl)-4-phenylpiperidines related to pethidine and its reversed ester is described and the hot-plate activities in mice of these compounds reported. All six derivatives displayed morphine-like properties in mice, four being more potent (1·5–6 times) than morphine, but failed to act as analgesic antagonists in rats. The results are contrasted with the properties of similarly N-substituted fused-ring analgesics and differences discussed in terms of drug-receptor interaction modes.
Solubilization of griseofulvin by nonionic surfactants
Authors: Elworthy P H , Lipscomb F J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Four nonionic surfactants, Me[CH2]15·[OCH2·CH2]xOH where x = 10, 22, 45 and 60, and polyoxyethylene glycols 200, 400 and 1000 increased the solubility of griseofulvin over its value in water. Cetomacrogol micelles solubilize two molecules of griseofulvin per micelle. The site of solubilization seems likely to be the polyoxyethylene part of the micelles. The partial molal heats and entropies of solution decrease as surfactant or polyoxyethylene glycol concentration is increased.
A note on the stability of emulsions at high dilution
Authors: Shotton E , Davis S S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The behaviour of liquid paraffin-potassium laurate emulsions has been investigated at high dilution using the Coulter Counter, microelectrophoresis, and centrifugation. The results show that the state of the oil-water interface is dependent on emulsifier concentration below and above the critical micelle concentration.
The guinea-pig isolated vas deferens: A method for increasing sensitivity to drugs
Authors: Thoa N B , Maengwyn-Davies G D 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A preparation of the guinea-pig vas deferens was developed in which it was opened along its length. It was sufficiently sensitive to obtain reproducible dose-response curves to acetylcholine, noradrenaline, histamine, nicotine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and potassium chloride; it was more sensitive than the unopened vas deferens.
The role of calcium in neurohumoral and neurohormonal extrusion processes
Authors: Simpson Lance L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
CALCIUM is a divalent cation, ubiquitous in its biological occurrence, important in its physiological significance. It is an ion of particular interest to investigators of neural and neuro-effector systems. Reviews have appeared that cite the role of calcium in excitation-contraction coupling of striate muscle (Sandow, 1965) and in the maintenance of the nerve membrane during nervous transmission (Abood, 1967). The intention of this review will be to summarize the various experimental evidences that implicate calcium in its role as a necessary factor in the processes of neurohumoral and neurohormonal extrusion. The diversity of physiological foci considered has meant that the discussion could not feasibly cite all primary references. Consequently, an attempt has been made, when applicable, to note recent and well prepared reviews.
Lack of inter-action between propranolol and mebanazine
Authors: Barrett A M , Cullum Valerie A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
It has been suggested that treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors should be withdrawn 2 weeks before commencing treatment with an adrenergic β-receptor blocking drug e.g. propranolol. Experiments in anaesthetized cats have failed to unmask any undesirable property of propranolol following amine oxidase inhibition. Furthermore, combined treatment with both types of drug reduced the cardiovascular responses to intravenous tyramine and amphetamine. The pressure response to intraduodenal tyramine was no greater in animals treated with both drug types compared with that in cats receiving amine oxidase inhibitor alone, whereas the tachycardia was much reduced.
The effect of some non-ionic surfactants and a polyoxyethylene glycol on the dissolution rate of griseofulvin
Authors: Elworthy P H , Lipscomb F J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Measurements of the dissolution rate of griseofulvin in water, four non-ionic surfactants, and a polyoxyethylene glycol have been made. These results are analysed in terms of a zero order rate constant (k1) for transfer of the drug from the crystal to the bulk of the solution, and a first order constant (k2) for the reverse process. Surfactants greatly increase the dissolution rate, increasing k1 and decreasing k2. Polyoxyethylene glycol is not so effective as the surfactants at increasing dissolution rates. In an attempt to interpret k1 and k2, it appears that both chemical and transport processes are involved in the dissolution, the presence of surfactant decreasing the energy change for transferring griseofulvin molecules from the crystal to the solution.
Potentiation by cocaine and 3,3-di(p-aminophenyl)-propylamine (TK 174) of the effect of isoprenaline and noradrenaline on isolated strips of cat spleen
Authors: Leszkovszky G P , Tardos L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Contractions of cat isolated spleen strips by noradrenaline and isoprenaline are brought about by interaction with α-adrenergic receptors. The effect of isoprenaline cannot be diminished by in vivo reserpine pretreatment. The effects of both noradrenaline and isoprenaline are potentiated by cocaine and by a new diphenyl-propylamine derivative TK 174 [3,3-di(p-aminophenyl)propylamine]. Noradrenaline is potentiated more by TK 174 than by cocaine while the reverse is seen with isoprenaline. These results suggest that beside the inhibition of noradrenaline uptake another factor may be involved in the mechanism of action of cocaine, and to a lesser extent of TK 174.
A note on the blockade of uptake of noradrenaline by 4-chloro-αα-dimethylphenethylaminopropan-2-one in rodents
Authors: Lippmann W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
4-Chloro-αα-dimethylphenethylaminopropan-2-one blocked uptake of [3H]noradrenaline in the heart, had no effect on the endogenous levels of catecholamines or 5-hydroxytryptamine in the heart, brain or adrenals and decreased the [3H]noradrenaline-depleting activity of metaraminol, but not reserpine, in rodents. The compound appears to act by interfering with the active transport of noradrenaline through the nerve cell membrane.
Central hypotensive effect of α-methyldopa
Authors: Henning M , Van Zwieten P A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In cats under chloralose anaesthesia l-α-methyldopa (20 mg/kg) was infused for 1 hr into the left vertebral artery. One to 3 hr after the end of the infusion a gradual and significant lowering of mean arterial blood pressure was observed. The dopamine and noradrenaline contents of the brain were significantly reduced while brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and heart noradrenaline concentrations remained normal. The same low dose of l-α-methyldopa infused into a systemic vein did not affect the blood pressure. However, brain dopamine and noradrenaline were depleted to the same extent as observed after infusion into the vertebral artery. Intravenous infusion of a large dose of l-α-methyldopa (200 mg/kg) did not significantly alter mean arterial blood pressure but lowered brain dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels. No effect on heart noradrenaline was observed. Infusion of saline or the d-isomer of α-methyldopa (20 mg/kg) into the vertebral artery had no effect on blood pressure or tissue monoamines.
Protection by ethanol against the toxic effects of monofluoroethanol and monochloroethanol
Authors: Peterson D I , Peterson J E , Hardinge M G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Ethanol protects rats and monkeys against fatal doses of monofluoroethanol and monochloroethanol. In rats treated with ethanol the LD50 for fluoroethanol was found to be more than 20 times that in unprotected animals, for chloroethanol it was about 4 times greater. In monkeys too, the lethal effects of these compounds are diminished by treatment with ethanol.
Anethole and fenchone in the developing fruits of Foeniculum vulgare Mill
Authors: Betts T J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The anethole and fenchone content of the developing fruits of bitter and sweet varieties of Foeniculum vulgare Mill, (fennel) has been assayed by gas chromatography over three seasons. Anethole continuously increases in both varieties to about 22 mg/100 fruits. Fenchone is present at all stages of development of both varieties, and continuously increases to about 10 mg and 2 mg/100 fruits in the bitter and sweet varieties respectively. Greater oil yields from the bitter fruit are thus due to their higher fenchone content and lower weight.
Recovery of noradrenaline in adrenergic axons of rat sciatic nerves after reserpine treatment
Authors: Dahlström Annica , Häggendal Jan 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The recovery of noradrenaline in adrenergic axons of the rat sciatic nerve after a single dose of reserpine (10 mg/kg i.p.) has been studied in unligated nerves and nerves ligated for 6 h. In unligated nerves the recovery at 24 h after reserpine was about 14% of normal. The noradrenaline content then slowly rose to reach about normal concentrations 6–7 days after reserpine injection. In nerves ligated 6 h before death, about 8·0 ng of noradrenaline accumulated proximal to the ligation in normal animals. At 6 and 12 h after reserpine about 4% of normal amounts of noradrenaline were found. Thereafter the amount of accumulated noradrenaline rapidly increased to about normal levels on day 2 after reserpine. At this time the content in unligated nerves was only about 45% of normal unligated nerve. On days 3–5 after reserpine, supranormal accumulations of noradrenaline were found (statistically highly significant), having a maximum at day 4 of about 145% of normal. At this time the noradrenaline content in unligated nerve was only about 80% of normal. The results may indicate an increased synthesis and increased rate of downtransport of amine storage granules during the early recovery phase after reserpine. This phenomenon may be part of a feed-back mechanism operating after depletion of the transmitter in the nerve terminals.
Some effects of dihydroergocristine and of phentolamine mesylate on renal function in rats
Authors: Lockett Mary F , Stuart D L , Wadley Rosalie , Goss A R , Siddiqui H H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Single injections of dihydroergocristine (dhe) (25, 50 and 100 μg, i.p.) did not depress the systemic arterial pressure but antagonized the pressor effects of (-)-noradrenaline (100 μg, s.c.) in unanaesthetized rats. The effects of these doses of dhe on water diuresis were minimal: slight K retention, a rise in urinary Na:K and a slight but significant fall in the clearance of p-aminohippuric acid were noted. Single injections of phentolamine mesylate (10, 20 and 40 μg, i.p.) greatly depressed systemic arterial pressure and reduced the glomerular filtration rate and p-aminohippuric acid clearance and the excretion of water and Na proportionately, but markedly. The Na:K in the urine rose. Chemical denervation of the kidneys either with dhe, 32 μg, or phentolamine, 2 mg, thrice daily for 5–7 days decreased, but for 14 days increased, the juxtaglomerular index of the kidneys. Parallel changes were found in the extractable renin. Continued treatment with dhe (32 μg thrice daily for 2 weeks) raised, and hyperduric adrenaline (250 μg twice daily for 1 week) lowered the stores of growth hormone in the adenohypophysis. Continued treatment with dhe, 32 μg thrice daily produced antidiuresis and retention by the third day lasting to the fifth. This condition had reversed by the eighth day.