bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motional Stark Effect Spectra Simulations for Wendelstein 7‐X
Authors: Reimer R. , Dinklage A. , Geiger J. , Hobirk J. , Reich M. , Wolf R. , ASDEX Upgrade  , Wendelstein 7‐X Teams  
Published: July 2010

AbstractSimulations of motional Stark effect (MSE) spectra for Wendelstein 7‐X (W7‐X) are reported. While contributing to experimental equilibrium reconstruction in general, the measurements aim at the detection of small deviations of vacuum fields, such as the diamagnetic effect. For the diagnostic beam on W7‐X, the expected plasma β implies a diamagnetic effect as low as 3%. A data model for the measurement has been developed for the application to W7‐X. The model includes polarisation effects and the beam attenuation to estimate the required signal dynamics. The model has been applied to ASDEX Upgrade data (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Overview of Experimental Results from the WEGA Stellarator
Authors: Otte M. , Laqua H.P. , Chlechowitz E. , Drewelow P. , Glaubitz M. , Marsen S. , Müller E. , Podoba Y. , Schacht J. , Stange T. , Steffen F. , Wagner F. , Wolf R. , Zhang D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA progress report on recent experiments in the WEGA stellarator is given dedicated to diagnostic development – especially for the 0.5 T operation of 28 GHz ECR heated plasmas – and magnetic field line visualization experiments in the vacuum field. Furthermore, results from transport and turbulence studies in the plasma edge and first measurements inside magnetic islands are presented with the help of 1D and 2D Langmuir probe arrays. Additionally, the prototype installation of the Wendelstein 7‐X control system is under continuous tests and further development at WEGA (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Flow Velocity Measurements Using ChERS in the HSX Stellarator
Authors: Briesemeister A. , Zhai K. , Anderson D. T. , Anderson F.S. B. , Lore J. , Talmadge J. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA Charge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy (ChERS) system has been used to measure the velocity, density, and temperature profiles of fully stripped carbon impurities in the Helically Symmetric eXperiment (HSX). Velocity measurements have been obtained by reversing the magnetic field between sets of shots in order to reverse the plasma flow velocity. This essentially doubles the Doppler shift of the measured photons. It also eliminates the need to accurately determine the exact wavelength of the unshifted emission line which can depend on plasma conditions. Because two viewing angles are used for each radial location, the velocity magnitude and direction can be determined. The intrinsic velocity is found to move primarily in the direction of quasihelical symmetry with a peak velocity ∼20 km/s. The velocity increases with increasing ECRH power (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Equilibrium and Stability of Current‐Carrying Discharges in the Non‐Axisymmetric CTH Experiment
Authors: Hanson J. D. , Knowlton S. F. , Stevenson B. A. , Hartwell G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDetailed knowledge of the experimental plasma equilibrium is becoming as important for stellarators as it is for tokamaks, but reconstruction of magnetic flux surfaces from magnetic measurements is more difficult in the three‐dimensional geometry of stellarators than in axisymmetric configurations. We report the first reconstructions of experimental stellarator equilibria with the V3FIT [1] code. We also introduce the signal effectiveness, and describe initial studies of density‐driven disruption in current‐carrying stellarator plasmas. At low vacuum transform, disruptions can be triggered at a plasma density comparable to the Greenwald limit, but disruption signatures disappear as the vacuum rotational transform is raised above 0.1 (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Energetic‐Particle‐Driven Instabilities in General Toroidal Configurations
Authors: Spong D.A. , Breizman B.N. , Brower D.L. , D'Azevedo E. , Deng C.B. , Konies A. , Todo Y. , Toi K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEnergetic‐particle driven instabilities have been extensively observed in both tokamaks and stellarators. In order for such devices to ultimately succeed as D‐T fusion reactors, the super‐Alfvénic 3.5 Mev fusion‐produced alpha particles must be sufficiently well confined. This requires the evaluation of losses from classical collisional transport processes as well as from energetic particle‐driven instabilities. An important group of instabilities in this context are the discrete shear Alfvén modes, which can readily be destabilized by energetic particles (with velocities of the order of vAlfvén) through wave‐particle resonances. While these modes in three‐dimensional systems have many similarities to those in tokamaks, the detailed implementation of modeling tools has required development of new methods. Recent efforts in this direction will be described here, with an emphasis on reduced models (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Drift Stabilisation of Ballooning Modes in an Inward‐Shifted LHD Configuration
Authors: Cooper W. A. , Brocher L. , Graves J. P. , Cooper G. A. , Narushima Y. , Watanabe K. Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA drift‐magnetohydrodynamic theory is applied to a background anisotropic pressure equilibrium state to generate a drift corrected ballooning mode equation. The ratio of the mode frequency to the hot particle drift frequency constitutes the critical expansion parameter. The fast particles thus contribute weakly to the instability driving mechanism and also to the diamagnetic drift stabilisation. This equation is used to model the inward‐shifted Large Helical Device (LHD) configuration. In the single‐fluid limit, a weakly ballooning unstable band that encompasses a third of the plasma volume develops in the core of the plasma at low 〈βdia 〉 that becomes displaced towards the edge of the plasma at the experimentally achieved 〈βdia 〉 ≃ 5%. Finite diamagnetic drifts (mainly due to the thermal ions) effectively stabilise these ballooning structures at all values of 〈βdia 〉. The validity of the large hot particle drift approximation is verified for hot to thermal ion density ratios that remain smaller than 2% (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mononuclear Copper(I) Complexes Containing Redox‐Active 1,2‐Bis(aryl‐imino)acenaphthene Acceptor Ligands: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Tuneable Electronic Properties
Authors: Kern Thomas , Monkowius Uwe , Zabel Manfred , Knör Günther 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of pseudo‐tetrahedral copper(I) complexes carrying bis(imino)acenaphthene (BIAN) ligands as acceptor subunits and various phosphane derivatives was prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, X‐ray crystallography and spectroscopic techniques. The electronic spectra of the compounds are dominated by low‐lying metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions which could be systematically modified by different substituent patterns at the diimine acceptor subunit and by variations of the electron donating properties and bite angles of the phosphane moiety. A qualitative model based on frontier‐orbital overlap arguments is introduced to describe the observed variations in optical spectra, excited state energies, solvatochromic behaviour, charge transfer character, and extent of electronic coupling following moderate changes in orbital mixing. Due to their readily tuneable properties and the potential of the BIAN ligands to reversibly store up to four redox equivalents, these systems are of considerable interest for the development of novel multi‐electron transfer photosensitizers which are based on the abundant and environmentally benign transition metal copper.
Synthesis of Functionalized Triazatriangulenes for Application in Photo‐Switchable Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Kubitschke Jens , Näther Christian , Herges Rainer 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious triazatriangulenes are synthesized by nucleophilic attack at the central C atom of triazatriangulenium ions. The molecular functions, especially azobenzenes, are fixed via an ethynyl linker by in situ deprotection of trimethylsilylalkynes. The structure of two of these molecules is further investigated by X‐ray crystallography. The photo‐induced trans/cis‐isomerization of the azobenzene substituted derivatives is analyzed in solution and shows great promise for the preparation of switchable functionalized monolayers, as the triazatriangulenes are known for their self‐assembly on gold surfaces.1
Water‐Soluble Palladium Nanoparticles: Click Synthesis and Applications as a Recyclable Catalyst in Suzuki Cross‐Couplings in Aqueous Media
Authors: Mejías Nereida , Pleixats Roser , Shafir Alexandr , Medio‐Simón Mercedes , Asensio Gregorio 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new PEG‐tagged material, which was prepared by a threefold copper‐catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition (click chemistry), was found to act as an efficient stabilizer for palladium nanoparticles. The newly formed material proved to be active as a recyclable catalyst in Suzuki coupling; the presence of polyether chains allowed for the catalytic runs to be conducted in aqueous media.
Covalent Bonds on Activated Carbon
Authors: López de la Torre M. Dolores , Melguizo Guijarro Manuel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis microreview presents a concise overview of the different synthetic approaches that have been applied to activated carbons over the years, with particular attention paid to the most recent contributions to achieving stable covalent linkage on their surfaces. The method of choice for covalent immobilization of molecules on carbon surfaces has been the creation of functional groups such as carboxylic acid, acyl halide, lactone and hydroxy groups on a surface through chemical reactions. The molecules or fragments of choice to be introduced are then tethered or covalently anchored to the reactive surface.
Abnormal regional spontaneous neural activity in treatment‐refractory depression revealed by resting‐state fMRI
Authors: Wu Qi‐Zhu , Li Dong‐Ming , Kuang Wei‐Hong , Zhang Ti‐Jiang , Lui Su , Huang Xiao‐Qi , Chan Raymond C.K. , Kemp Graham J. , Gong Qi‐Yong 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTreatment‐refractory depression (TRD) represents a large proportion of the depressive population, yet has seldom been investigated using advanced imaging techniques. To characterize brain dysfunction in TRD, we performed resting‐state functional MRI (rs‐fMRI) on 22 TRD patients, along with 26 matched healthy subjects and 22 patients who were depressed but not treatment‐refractory (NDD) as comparison groups. Results were analyzed using a data‐driven approach known as Regional Homogeneity (ReHo) analysis which measures the synchronization of spontaneous fMRI signal oscillations within spatially neighboring voxels. Relative to healthy controls, both depressed groups showed high ReHo primarily within temporo‐limbic structures, and more widespread low ReHo in frontal, parietal, posterior fusiform cortices, and caudate. TRD patients showed more cerebral regions with altered ReHo than did NDD. Moderate but significant correlations between the altered regional ReHo and measures of clinical severity were observed in some identified clusters. These findings shed light on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying TRD and demonstrate the feasibility of using ReHo as a research and clinical tool to monitor persistent cerebral dysfunction in depression, although further work is necessary to compare different measures of brain function to elucidate the neural substrates of these ReHo abnormalities. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharyngoesophageal diverticulum resembling a thyroid nodule on ultrasound
Authors: Singaporewalla Reyaz M. , Mukherjee Jagat J. , Thamboo Thomas P. , Cheah Wei K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackgroundUltrasound is routinely used in evaluating thyroid nodules and performing fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Occasionally, nonthyroidal lesions can mimic thyroid nodules on imaging and get wrongly aspirated.MethodsA 63‐year‐old woman was reported to have an incidental left thyroid “nodule” on neck ultrasound scan. It was isoechoic with a surrounding hypoechoic rim and contained tiny foci of echogenicity. Similar findings were noted in a second surgeon‐performed ultrasound scan.ResultsAn ultrasound‐guided FNAC showed abundant squamous cells, bacteria, and vegetable cells with no evidence of thyroid cells or colloid. The suspicion of a pharyngoesophageal diverticulum was confirmed on barium swallow. She remained asymptomatic with no increase in size at 6 months follow‐up.ConclusionA pharyngoesophageal diverticulum can be mistaken for a posteriorly placed “thyroid nodule” on ultrasound scan if the subtle differentiating signs are missed. An awareness of this condition is important to avoid unnecessary needle biopsies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
A novel biomimetic composite scaffold hybridized with mesenchymal stem cells in repair of rat bone defects models
Authors: Xu Caixia , Su Peiqiang , Wang Yingjun , Chen Xiaofeng , Meng Yongchun , Liu Chang , Yu Xinbing , Yang Xuhui , Yu Weihua , Zhang Xiuming , Xiang Andy Peng 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this study, thein vivobone‐regenerative potential of a novel bioactive glass‐collagen‐hyaluronic acid‐Phosphatidylserine (BG‐COL‐HYA‐PS) composite scaffold hybridized with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was investigated in a rat bone defect model. HrGFP‐labeled MSCs were cultured for 2 weeks on the BG‐COL‐HYA‐PS scaffold before implantation into the defect. A cell‐free scaffold and an untreated defect were used as controls. The regeneration process was evaluated by histology, X‐ray, and mechanical rigidity experiments at different time points post‐implantation. The results revealed that BG‐COL‐HYA‐PS scaffold exhibited a low inflammatory response and foreign body response within 3 weeks. At week 6, those responses disappeared following the resorption of scaffolds and the formation of new bone. Compared with the pure scaffold or empty group, the introduction of MSCs into the porous scaffold dramatically enhanced the efficiency of the new bone formation and biomechanical property of the femur. In addition, the transplanted MSCs could survive for up to 3 weeks or longer. The results demonstrated that the BG‐COL‐HYA‐PS scaffold was biocompatible and osteoconductive and the transplanted MSCs with the scaffold enhanced the healing of the bone defect. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
pH effect on the synthesis, shear properties, and homogeneity of iron‐crosslinked hyaluronic acid‐based gel/adhesion barrier
Authors: Isayeva Irada , Sarkar Das Srilekha , Chang Andrew , DeFoe Jacqueline , Luu Hoan‐My Do , Vorvolakos Katherine , Patwardhan Dinesh , Whang Joyce , Pollack Steven 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIron‐crosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogel (FeHA) has been used to reduce postsurgical adhesions in patients undergoing open, gynecological surgery. The performance of FeHA gel as an adhesion barrier device is influenced by many factors, including the physicochemical gel properties, which, in turn, depend on the chemistry and conditions of the device manufacturing. In this work, we demonstrate the effect of reaction pH on rheology and homogeneity of FeHA gels formulated in house and also compare the viscoelastic properties of FeHA gels with that of uncrosslinked HA solution of similar HA concentration and ionic strength. Dynamic mechanical analyses provide evidence that the reaction of HA with Fe(III) ions leads to the formation of “weak” gels. The viscoelastic properties and homogeneity of FeHA gels vary depending on the pH at which crosslinking was initiated. When solution pH, at the start of crosslinking, varied between 1.5 and 3, the low‐shear rate viscosity of FeHA varied between 10,000 and 40,000 cPoise (10–40 Pa s). The highest steady‐state shear viscosity and viscoelasticity were measured when pH was around 2.6, which is similar to the pH‐dependent viscoelasticity of pure HA solution. Initiating HA crosslinking at pH ≤ 3 led to relatively homogenous solutions, while crosslinking higher pH > 3 caused instantaneous gel precipitation and inhomogeneities. Sensitivity of FeHA gel properties to small variations in reaction pH clearly supports the need for a tight manufacturing control during medical device fabrication. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Chondro/osteoblastic and cardiovascular gene modulation in human artery smooth muscle cells that calcify in the presence of phosphate and calcitriol or paricalcitol
Authors: Shalhoub V. , Shatzen E.M. , Ward S.C. , Young J‐I. , Boedigheimer M. , Twehues L. , McNinch J. , Scully S. , Twomey B. , Baker D. , Kiaei P. , Damore M.A. , Pan Z. , Haas K. , Martin D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVitamin D sterol administration, a traditional treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism, may increase serum calcium and phosphorus, and has been associated with increased vascular calcification (VC). In vitro studies suggest that in the presence of uremic concentrations of phosphorus, vitamin D sterols regulate gene expression associated with trans‐differentiation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to a chondro/osteoblastic cell type. This study examined effects of vitamin D sterols on gene expression profiles associated with phosphate‐enhanced human coronary artery SMC (CASMC) calcification. Cultured CASMCs were exposed to phosphate‐containing differentiation medium (DM) with and without calcitriol, paricalcitol, or the calcimimetic R‐568 (10−11–10−7 M) for 7 days. Calcification of CASMCs, determined using colorimetry following acid extraction, was dose dependently increased (1.6‐ to 1.9‐fold) by vitamin D sterols + DM. In contrast, R‐568 did not increase calcification. Microarray analysis demonstrated that, compared with DM, calcitriol (10−8 M) + DM or paricalcitol (10−8 M) + DM similarly and significantly (P < 0.05) regulated genes of various pathways including: metabolism, CYP24A1; mineralization, ENPP1; apoptosis, GIP3; osteo/chondrogenesis, OPG, TGFB2, Dkk1, BMP4, BMP6; cardiovascular, HGF, DSP1, TNC; cell cycle, MAPK13; and ion channels, SLC22A3 KCNK3. R‐568 had no effect on CASMC gene expression. Thus, SMC calcification observed in response to vitamin D sterol + DM may be partially mediated through targeting mineralization, apoptotic, osteo/chondrocytic, and cardiovascular pathway genes, although some gene changes may protect against calcification. Further studies to determine precise roles of these genes in development of, or protection against VC and cardiovascular disease are required. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 911–921, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidative stress enhances AP‐1 and NF‐κB‐mediated regulation of β2‐Glycoprotein I gene expression in hepatoma cells
Authors: Chiu Wen‐Chin , Chen Chun‐Jung , Lee Tzong‐Shyuan , Chen Zit‐Jie , Ke Pei‐Hsin , Chiang An‐Na 
Published: July 2010

Abstractβ2‐Glycoprotein I (β2‐GPI), also known as apolipoprotein H, is a plasma glycoprotein with poorly defined gene regulation. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of oxidative stress in β2‐GPI gene regulation and determine the essential transcription element regulating β2‐GPI expression. We demonstrate that expression of β2‐GPI at the protein and mRNA levels was significantly elevated in Huh7 and HepG2 cells treated with 100 µM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). To address the transcriptional mechanism of H2O2‐mediated β2‐GPI gene regulation, several promoter constructs were cloned and characterized by deletion assays. A region spanning from −2141 to −1419 (relative to the transcription start site), which contains two activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) sites (AP1‐2 and AP1‐3) and one nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB) site was found to be the main target site for up‐regulation of β2‐GPI promoter activity by oxidative stress. In addition, we found that H2O2 stimulation enhanced the nuclear translocation of AP‐1 and NF‐κB subunits. Using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, it was confirmed that nuclear protein binding to the AP1‐2, AP1‐3, and NF‐κB sites was increased in Huh7 cells treated with H2O2. Knockdown of the c‐Jun, c‐Fos, p65, and p50 genes using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) further confirmed that AP‐1 and NF‐κB play an essential role in the H2O2‐induced β2‐GPI expression. Overall, these findings provide new insight suggesting that multiple cis‐elements in the β2‐GPI promoter work cooperatively to regulate β2‐GPI expression in cells under oxidative stress. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 988–998, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit both endogenous and exogenous MMPs via secreted TIMPs
Authors: Lozito Thomas P. , Tuan Rocky S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to be perivascular, occupying a prime location for regulating vessel stability. Here, we focused on the MSC‐contribution of key regulators of the perivascular niche, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, the TIMPs. Despite secretion of active forms of MMPs by MSCs, MMP enzyme activity was not detected in MSC‐conditioned medium (MSC‐CM) due to TIMP‐mediated inhibition. By means of bifunctional‐crosslinking to probe endogenous MMP:TIMP interactions, we showed MMP‐2‐inhibition by TIMP‐2. MSCs also inhibited high levels of exogenous MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 through TIMP‐2 and TIMP‐1, respectively. Furthermore, MSC‐CM protected vascular matrix molecules and endothelial cell structures from MMP‐induced disruption. MSCs remained matrix‐protective when exposed to pro‐inflammatory cytokines and hypoxia, countering these stresses with increased TIMP‐1 expression and augmented MMP‐inhibition. Thus, MSCs are revealed as robust sources of TIMP‐mediated MMP‐inhibition, capable of protecting the perivascular niche from high levels of MMPs even under pathological conditions. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 385–396, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of urbanization and climate change on surface runoff of the Brussels Capital Region: a case study using an urban soil–vegetation–atmosphere‐transfer model
Authors: Hamdi Rafiq , Termonia Piet , Baguis Pierre 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study describes the use of a state‐of‐the‐art urban parameterization (the Town Energy Balance scheme, TEB) to examine how the surface runoff of the Brussels Capital Region (BCR) responded to historical urbanization (1960–1999) and how it will respond in cases of climate changes and/or future urbanization. Key for this study is that both energy and water balances are resolved and interact through the evaporative term. Historical urbanization of BCR is estimated from changes in impervious surface area using remote sensing imagery and future climate is modelled using data from two members of the European project PRUDENCE. Results show that (1) a change could be detected in the annual series of cumulative surface runoff, high flow and the frequency of flood events when imperviousness exceeds 35%. (2) Climate change has a greater impact on low flows than urbanization. (3) In terms of high flow and annual cumulative runoff, historical urbanization and the precipitation increase scenario have approximately the same increasing trend. However, during summertime when floods happen frequently in the BCR, the average contribution of urbanization is four times greater than that due to the increase in precipitation in terms of the cumulative runoff ratio. (4) The assumed 10% increase in imperviousness in the BCR is able to counteract the increase in evapotranspiration due to warmer climate predictions. (5) When combining the effect of future urbanization (+20% of imperviousness) and precipitation scenario together, the increase in high flow is exacerbated. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society