bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the quality of the ERA‐Interim ozone reanalyses: comparisons with satellite data
Authors: Dragani Rossana 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article presents an assessment of the quality of the ERA‐Interim ozone analyses produced by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. Ozone retrievals from a number of satellite instruments and an ad hoc generated mean total column ozone (TCO) reference are used to assess the quality of the ERA‐Interim ozone analyses during the period from January 1989 to December 2008. The ERA‐Interim TCO is typically within ±5 DU (about ±3%) from the TCO reference, while showing up to 2% lower values than the Ozone Monitoring Instrument TCO between 50°S and 50°N.Comparisons with SAGE, HALOE and (UARS and Aura) MLS data show consistent results both in the Tropics and Extratropics, with mean residuals typically within ±5% around 5 hPa and within ±10% in the region of the ozone mixing ration maximum at 10 hPa. However, the comparisons with POAM II and III show mean relative residuals ranging from a few percent in summer to about –40% in winter at high latitudes, partly confirming the known problems of accurately modelling the ozone field during the polar night. Mean residuals of about +10% (but up to +20% at times) and within ±20% are found both in the Tropics and Extratropics for all instruments near 30 hPa and in the lower stratosphere around 65 hPa, respectively.The quality of the ERA‐Interim ozone analyses is also compared with that of ERA‐40. The study shows that, until December 1995, the ERA‐Interim ozone analyses are in better agreement with the independent observations than their ERA‐40 equivalent in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, but slightly degraded on average in the middle stratosphere. With the start of the assimilation of GOME ozone profiles (January 1996 –December 2002), the agreement between the independent data and the co‐located ERA‐Interim analyses improves and exceeds that calculated for ERA‐40 also in the middle stratosphere. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
The history and development of the helium ion microscope
Authors: Economou Nicholas P. , Notte John A. , Thompson William B. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe helium ion microscope has recently emerged as a commercially available instrument. However, its roots go back more than 60 years to the development of the field ion microscope in Berlin, first reported in 1951. Over the intervening years, numerous researchers have pursued the development of a gas field ionization source with the goal of producing a suitable source for an ion microscope. This proved to be an elusive goal until early in this century when a number of discoveries led to a successful source, and shortly thereafter, an instrument fully able to exploit its advantages. Many individuals and many technical advances have come together to make this new class of microscope. The long history of this quest is reviewed along with the recent advances that led to the achievement of this milestone. A brief summary of the current status of the technology and its applications are given. SCANNING 33: 83–89, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antibody Covalent Immobilization on Carbon Nanotubes and Assessment of Antigen Binding
Authors: Venturelli Enrica , Fabbro Chiara , Chaloin Olivier , Ménard‐Moyon Cécilia , Smulski Cristian R. , Da Ros Tatiana , Kostarelos Kostas , Prato Maurizio , Bianco Alberto 
Published: May 2011

AbstractControlling the covalent bonding of antibodies onto functionalized carbon nanotubes is a key step in the design and preparation of nanotube‐based conjugates for targeting cancer cells. For this purpose, an anti‐MUC1 antibody (Ab) is linked to both multi‐walled (MWCNTs) and double‐walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) using different synthetic strategies. The presence of the Ab attached to the nanotubes is confirmed by gel electrophoresis and thermogravimetric analysis. Most importantly, molecular recognition of the antigen by surface plasmon resonance is able to determine similar Ab binding capacities for both Ab–DWCNTs and Ab–MWCNTs. These results are very relevant for the design of future receptor‐targeting strategies using chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes.
Water Transport and Purification in Nanochannels Controlled by Asymmetric Wettability
Authors: Chen Qinwen , Meng Lingyi , Li Qikai , Wang Dong , Guo Wei , Shuai Zhigang , Jiang Lei 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBiomimetic asymmetric nanochannels have recently attracted increasing attention from researchers, especially in the aspect of the asymmetric wettability (a hydrophilic–hydrophobic system), which can be utilized to control the wetting behavior of aqueous media and to offer a means for guiding water motion. By using molecular dynamics simulations, a design for a potentially efficient water filter is presented based on (n, n) single‐walled carbon nanotubes, where n = 6, 8, 10 and 12, asymmetrically modified with hydrophilic groups (carboxyl, ‐COOH) at one tip and hydrophobic groups (trifluoromethyl, ‐CF3) at the other. The reduced water density on the hydrophobic sides of the functionalized nanotubes are observed in both pure water and aqueous electrolyte solution, except for the functionalized (6, 6) tube, due to the change of dipole orientation of the single‐file water wire within it. The functionalized (8, 8) tube can significantly maintain the low water density on the hydrophobic side. Both (6, 6) and (8, 8) tubes have relatively high energy barriers at their tips for ion permeation, which can be obtained by calculating the potential of mean force. Such tip functionalization of a nanotube therefore suggests the great possibilities of water transport and filtration, dominated by asymmetric wettability. The functionalized (8, 8) tube could act as a nanofluidic channel for water purification, not only for ion exclusion but also as a stable water column structure.
Interobserver agreement in detailed prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease by telemedicine using four‐dimensional ultrasound with spatiotemporal image correlation
Authors: Adriaanse B. M. E. , Tromp C. H. N. , Simpson J. M. , Van Mieghem T. , Kist W. J. , Kuik D. J. , Oepkes D. , Van Vugt J. M. G. , Haak M. C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical accuracy of four‐dimensional (4D) echocardiography in the detailed prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) in a telemedicine setting.MethodsTen second‐trimester spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) volumes were sent to three observers in different tertiary care centers with expertise in 4D echocardiography. The 10 volumes were selected based on the type of diagnosis to cover a wide spectrum of CHD anomalies, and also included one normal fetal heart. Observers were asked to provide the diagnosis, the postprocessing modalities used and the time spent on examination, and to give a rating of the confidence for the diagnosis on a 5‐point Likert scale. They were free to consult other colleagues, including pediatric cardiologists, but were blinded to the prenatal diagnosis and the neonatal outcome. A diagnostic scoring system was used to evaluate different aspects of the heart defects. The results were compared with neonatal echocardiography or postmortem findings (‘gold standard’).ResultsIn two cases all observers correctly diagnosed all details of the volume datasets. The observer with the best performance reached perfect agreement in six cases and nearly perfect agreement in three. The volumes were most frequently studied by sectional planes and were analyzed in a median time of 11.0 (range, 2.5–30.0) min. The median confidence score was 4.0 (range, 1.0–5.0).ConclusionsIn a telemedicine setting using STIC volumes, fetal cardiac anomalies can be diagnosed correctly by an expert. However, details required for adequate counseling and planning of postnatal care may be missed. STIC by telemedicine is a promising modality, although not accurate enough for exclusive use in clinical decision making regarding treatment, prognosis or termination of pregnancy. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐trimester screening for large‐for‐gestational‐age infants
Authors: Plasencia W. , González Dávila E. , Tetilla V. , Padrón Pérez E. , García Hernández J. A. , González González N. L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the relationship between newborn birth weight and first‐trimester uterine artery (UtA) pulsatility index (PI), maternal characteristics, serum pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A), free β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) and fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness. We also examined the results of screening for large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA) neonates by an integrated first‐trimester approach incorporating these parameters.MethodsWe evaluated maternal characteristics, fetal NT, PAPP‐A, free β‐hCG and UtA‐PI in 2097 singleton pregnancies at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation. Linear models based on quasi Akaike's Information Criterion were used to determine the best predictive model for fetal birth weight. The patient‐specific risk of delivering an LGA infant was derived from multiple logistic regression analysis and the performance of screening was determined by receiver–operating characteristics curve analysis.ResultsThe best predictive models for fetal birth weight included UtA‐PI, PAPP‐A, NT, parity, maternal age, smoking status, weight, height and free β‐hCG. In pregnancies delivering LGA newborns compared with non‐LGA pregnancies, PAPP‐A and NT thickness were significantly increased (P = 0.016 and 0.001, respectively) and UtA‐PI was significantly decreased (P = 0.011). A combination of maternal factors with PAPP‐A, fetal NT and UtA‐PI identified 34.4% of LGA newborns for a false‐positive rate of 10%.ConclusionsThis study showed an association between newborn birth weight and maternal factors, and first‐trimester PAPP‐A, β‐hCG, fetal NT and UtA‐PI. Together, these factors can be used to identify over a third of pregnancies that will deliver LGA infants. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of dysfunctional maternal venous hemodynamics in the pathophysiology of pre‐eclampsia: a review
Authors: Gyselaers W. , Mullens W. , Tomsin K. , Mesens T. , Peeters L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe venous compartment has an important function in regulation and control of cardiac output. Abnormalities of cardiac output have been found in early gestational stages of both early‐ and late‐onset pre‐eclampsia. The venous compartment also maintains the balance between circulating and non‐circulating blood volumes and regulates the amount of reserve blood stored in the splanchnic venous bed. It is well known that adaptive regulation of maternal blood volume is disturbed in pre‐eclampsia. Abnormal venous hemodynamics and venous congestion are responsible for secondary dysfunction of several organs, such as the kidneys in cardiorenal syndrome and the liver in cardiac cirrhosis. Renal and liver dysfunctions are among the most relevant clinical features of pre‐eclampsia.Doppler sonography studies have shown that the maternal venous compartment is subject to gestational adaptation, and that blood flow characteristics at the level of renal interlobar and hepatic veins are different in pre‐eclampsia compared with uncomplicated pregnancy. In comparison to late‐onset pre‐eclampsia, in early‐onset pre‐eclampsia venous Doppler flow abnormalities are more prominent and present up to weeks before clinical symptoms. This paper reviews the growing evidence that dysfunction of maternal venous hemodynamics is part of the pathophysiology of pre‐eclampsia and may perhaps be more important than is currently considered. Doppler sonography is a safe and easily performed method with which to study maternal venous hemodynamics. Therefore, exploring the role of maternal venous hemodynamics using Doppler sonography is an exciting new research topic for those who are interested in cardiovascular background mechanisms, as well as prediction and clinical work‐up of pre‐eclampsia. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of New Phases in the Cubic M3Te2O6X2 (M = Sr, Ba; X = Cl, Br) Structure Family
Authors: Stöger Berthold , Weil Matthias , Silich Konstantin A. , Olenev Andrey V. , Berdonosov Peter S. , Dolgikh Valery A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFour alkaline earth oxotellurate(IV) halides with common formula M3Te2O6X2 (M = Sr, Ba; X = Cl, Br) have been prepared as polycrystalline powders and/or in the form of single crystals. All compounds crystallize in the cubic space group Fd$\bar{3}$m with cell parameters a = 15.9351(4) Å for Sr3Te2O6Cl2 (single‐crystal X‐ray data), 16.052(5) Å for Sr3Te2O6Br2 (powder X‐ray data), 16.688(2) Å for Ba3Te2O6Cl2 (single‐crystal X‐ray data) and 16.8072(3) Å for Ba3Te2O6Br1.64Cl0.36 (single‐crystal X‐ray data). The results of the crystal structure analyses reveal a rigid ${3}\atop{{\infty}}$[M3Te2O6]2+ framework which can be described as being composed of regular octahedra of two types of chemically non‐bonded M6 octahedra that are capped by trigonal pyramidal [TeO3] anions located above every second face of one of the M6 octahedra. The halide X– anions are situated in the voids of the ${3}\atop{{\infty}}$[M3Te2O6]2+ framework. Dependent on the nature of the halogen, the anions show various kinds of occupational disorder which eventually led to a revision of the previous structure model of Ba3Te2O6Cl2. A comparative discussion with other structures of general formula M3Ch2O6X2 (M = divalent metal; Ch = Te, Se; X = Cl, Br) is presented.
Evaluating government performance during consular emergencies: Toward an analytical framework
Authors: Tindall Karen , ‘t Hart Paul 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
When consular emergencies happen – in which a considerable number of nationals are affected by a disaster while abroad – it is not clear what affected citizens and their relatives can and cannot expect from their government. Meanwhile, governments have to contend with issues of distance and the inability to exercise their authority on-the-ground. In such complex, multi-actor and often multi-national settings, one cannot measure governmental emergency management by the same yardsticks used to assess domestic emergency management performance. This article develops an evaluation framework that is tailored to large-scale consular emergencies. We operationalise six key response functions into indicators, which provide a more nuanced perspective on governments’ performance in an emergency. The relevance of the framework is illustrated with reference to case study vignettes from British, Swedish and Australian responses to three major consular emergencies: the 2002 Bali bombings, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, and 2006 evacuations from war-stricken Lebanon.
Motivic connectiveK-theories and the cohomology of A(1)
Authors: Isaksen Daniel C. , Shkembi Armira 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe make some computations in stable motivic homotopy theory over Spec ℂ, completed at 2. Using homotopy fixed points and the algebraicK-theory spectrum, we construct over ℂ a motivic analogue of the realK-theory spectrumKO. We also establish a theory of motivic connective covers over ℂ to obtain a motivic version ofko. We establish an Adams spectral sequence for computing motivicko-homology. TheE2-term of this spectral sequence involves Ext groups over the subalgebraA(1) of the motivic Steenrod algebra. We make several explicit computations of theseE2-terms in interesting special cases.
The composition and spatial distribution of scavenging hyperbenthos in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong
Authors: Morton Brian , Lee Christine N.W. 
Published: May 2011

Baited traps with a 5 mm diameter opening were deployed 9 cm off the seabed in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong. In contrast to analogous studies from boreal waters, lysianassoids accounted for 0.5% of the total number of trapped hyperbenthos. Species of Tisbe (Copepoda: Tisbidae), Ceradocus (Gammaridea: Melitidae), Nebalia (Leptostraca: Nebaliacea), unidentified benthic ostracods, Neanthes cricognatha (Polychaeta: Nereidae) and a species of Lepidepecreum (Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea) were caught in a decreasing order of numerical importance. A spatial segregation of trapped fauna was identified between the reserve's shallow Lobster Bay (<–2 m Chart Datum (CD)) and deeper-waters (between –6 and–17 m CD) outside it. Ceradocus sp. monopolized the trapped fauna in the former area, while the other species were caught almost exclusively from the latter. Insignificant Ceradocus sp. catch differences between baited and control traps suggested that they functioned only as ‘habitat traps’ for this species. Almost all other organisms attracted to the bait were hyperbenthic scavengers. Their absence from the shallows might be due to the coarser and lower organic contents of the sediments, also related to faster flow rates here. Finally, we confirm that in subtropical Hong Kong, lysianassid amphipods are not as significant hyperbenthic scavengers as they are in boreal waters.
Urdu in Devanagari: Shifting orthographic practices and Muslim identity in Delhi
Authors: Ahmad Rizwan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn sociolinguistics, Urdu and Hindi are considered to be textbook examples of digraphia—a linguistic situation in which varieties of the same language are written in different scripts. Urdu has traditionally been written in the Arabic script, whereas Hindi is written in Devanagari. Analyzing the recent orthographic practice of writing Urdu in Devanagari, this article challenges the traditional ideology that the choice of script is crucial in differentiating Urdu and Hindi. Based on written data, interviews, and ethnographic observations, I show that Muslims no longer view the Arabic script as a necessary element of Urdu, nor do they see Devanagari as completely antithetical to their identity. I demonstrate that using the strategies of phonetic and orthographic transliteration, Muslims are making Urdu-in-Devanagari different from Hindi, although the difference is much more subtle. My data further shows that the very structure of a writing system is in part socially constituted. (Script-change, Urdu, Urdu-in-Devanagari, Hindi, Arabic script, Devanagari, orthography, transliteration)*
Lending a hand: Competence through cooperation in Nepal's Deaf associations
Authors: Hoffmann-Dilloway Erika 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSince forming contacts with international Deaf associations promoting an ethnolinguistic model of Deafness, members of Nepal's Deaf associations define Deafness by competence in Nepali Sign Language rather than audiological status. By analyzing the ideological and interactional processes through which homesigners are incorporated into Nepali Deaf social life, this article explores the effects of local beliefs about the nature of language, personhood, and competence on this model of Deafness. Due to former linguistic isolation, many homesigners are constrained in their ability to acquire Nepali Sign Language and, in social contexts where ideological conceptions of language use highlight individual competencies, would not be included in a Deaf social category. However, Nepali conceptions of socially distributed personhood contribute to a focus on the dialogically emergent dimensions of semiosis. As a result, recognition as a competent signer in this context can depend less on individual cognitive ability than on social collaboration. (d/Deaf, sign language, competence, language ideologies)*
Inalienability in social relations: Language, possession, and exchange in Amazonia
Authors: Ball Christopher 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article describes inalienability in the Wauja (Arawak) language in the context of Brazilian Upper Xinguan culture. Wauja grammar encodes a distinction between alienable and inalienable possession that marks kin, body parts, and other terms and that largely but not perfectly overlaps with a local cultural category of emblematic possessions. I analyze how grammatical and cultural aspects of inalienable possession combine in discourse and exchange to contribute to the social identities of possessors. I present an ethnographic account of the role of inalienability in Wauja grammar and discourse in the disruption and repair of social relationships between groups in Upper Xinguan ritual. I argue for a mutually reinforcing relationship between grammatical categories and sociocultural meaning. I suggest that attention to language and possession, in addition to language and identity, is important for cross culturally comparative sociolinguistic analysis of such connections. (Inalienable possession, grammatical categories, discourse, exchange, Upper Xingu, Wauja (Arawak), ethnolinguistic identity)*
Monarchy and Mass Communication: Antiocha.d.362/3 Revisited
Authors: Van Hoof Lieve , Van Nuffelen Peter 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThea.d.362/3 crisis in Antioch is usually interpreted as an economic or ideological crisis, and Julian'sMisopogonas a ‘festive satire’ or ‘edict of chastisement’. This article situates the root of the problem in a crisis of communication: Julian's failure to communicate publicly as expected in a situation that was tense because of the food shortage led to a short-circuit between emperor and subjects. Whilst theMisopogonis Julian's extraordinarypost-factumattempt to explain away this failure of ritualized communication on his part, Libanius’ speeches on the topic seek to give a positive twist to the extraordinary nature of Julian's reply, which posed serious problems for emperor, city, and sophist alike.
Pointwise convergence for cubic and polynomial multiple ergodic averages of non-commuting transformations
Authors: CHU QING , FRANTZIKINAKIS NIKOS 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe study the limiting behavior of multiple ergodic averages involving several, not necessarily commuting, measure-preserving transformations. We work on two types of averages, one that uses iterates along combinatorial parallelepipeds, and another that uses iterates along shifted polynomials. We prove pointwise convergence in both cases, thus answering a question of I. Assani in the former case, and extending the results of B. Host and B. Kra, and A. Leibman in the latter case. Our argument is based on some elementary uniformity estimates of general bounded sequences, decomposition results in ergodic theory, and equidistribution results on nilmanifolds.
Co-induction in dynamical systems
Authors: DOOLEY ANTHONY H. , ZHANG GUOHUA 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIf a countable amenable group G contains an infinite subgroup Γ, one may define, from a measurable action of Γ, the so-called co-induced measurable action of G. These actions were defined and studied by Dooley, Golodets, Rudolph and Sinelsh’chikov. In this paper, starting from a topological action of Γ, we define the co-induced topological action of G. We establish a number of properties of this construction, notably, that the G-action has the topological entropy of the Γ-action and has uniformly positive entropy (completely positive entropy, respectively) if and only if the Γ-action has uniformly positive entropy (completely positive entropy, respectively). We also study the Pinsker algebra of the co-induced action.