bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy Saving Technologies for Railway Traction Motors
Authors: Matsuoka Koichi , Kondo Minoru 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIt is very important to improve the efficiency of traction motors to save energy in electric trains. In addition, improving the efficiency is also important to realize a totally enclosed traction motor that requires less maintenance. Therefore, the use of high‐efficiency motors is expanding. Many of them are induction motors with high‐performance materials; e.g. low‐loss electrical steel sheets and low‐resistivity conductors. Meanwhile, some of them use permanent magnet synchronous motors, which have higher efficiency than induction motors. In this paper, we will review these recent technologies to improve the efficiency of traction motors and give examples of high‐efficiency traction motors in use in Japan. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Technologies for Saving Energy in Railway Operation: General Discussion on Energy Issues Concerning Railway Technology
Authors: Koseki Takafumi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractEarly technical history of electric supply to electric railways is briefly reviewed as an introduction to the following seven papers included in this special issue on technologies for saving energy in railway operation. Continuous power supply played a significant role in the early history of railway technologies. The variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) power electronic technology had also a substantial impact on railway traction systems after 1980s. VVVF technology made it possible to have more efficient drives, downsize rolling stocks, and develop regenerative brakes. Because detailed discussions on each technical development are presented in the following papers, the general remarks of those technologies made in this introduction provide logical links to the ideas presented in the accompanying articles. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Recent Energy Saving Technologies on Railway Traction Systems
Authors: Kondo Keiichiro 
Published: April 2010

AbstractEnergy saving technologies in the railway vehicle traction field can be mainly categorized into two domains: reducing loss and increasing the regenerative energy. Energy saving technologies for the traction equipment by the use of power converters with less loss and high‐efficiency permanent magnet synchronous motors are introduced. The regenerative brake related technologies are also presented as another measure to save the energy, including the improvement of the regenerative brake control and application of energy storage devices. It is concluded that the benefit of the energy saving technology is not only the energy saving itself but also downsizing traction equipments and reducing the maintenance work in the electrical railway system. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spectroscopic Analysis of the Effect of Magnetic Field on Low Current DC Vacuum Arc Plasma
Authors: Wanninayake W. M. R. R. , Kobayashi K. , Yanagidaira T. , Tsuruta K. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractEffects of a magnetic field on the characteristics of a low‐current DC vacuum arc plasma of less than 30 A were examined by arranging the electrodes in a straight line or perpendicularly. Two types of magnetic fields were applied to the gap by embedding a small column magnet inside the electrode and arranging a disc magnet at the back side of the electrode. The arc plasma forms a column depending on the magnetic field distribution and an anode spot is generated under strong magnetic field on the anode side. Spectroscopic analysis of emissions from cathode and anode showed that the cathode metal ions arrive at the anode and the anode metal ions arrive at the cathode along the magnetic field, but neutrals are not guided by the magnetic field and only a small part of the neutrals arrive at the opposite electrode in the perpendicular arrangement. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of Temperature and Crystallinity on Partial Discharge Resistance of Poly‐L‐lactic Acid
Authors: Ohki Yoshimichi , Miyata Kazuhiro 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPartial discharge (PD) resistance of biodegradable poly‐L‐lactic acid (PLLA) was examined at temperatures between room temperature and 70°C, namely at around the glass transition temperature of 57°C. The PD activity becomes more pronounced at temperatures above 60°C, reflecting that the permittivity increases in the rubber state. Furthermore, we have changed the crystallinity of PLLA by drawing or annealing thermally, and have examined its effect on the PD resistance. Although the depth eroded by a fixed period of PD degradation becomes shallower when the sample was crystallized by the drawing or the heat treatment, its reduction ratio is almost equal to the reduction ratio of PD activities due to the decrease in permittivity. Therefore, it is hard to assume that crystallization of PLLA improves its PD resistance to a unit amount of charge. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measuring Subcutaneous Fat Thickness in Humans Using Ultrasonic Waves
Authors: Uchiyama Takanori , Honda Masashi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMeasuring subcutaneous fat thickness provides valuable information regarding human health. The thickness is usually measured by magnetic resonance imaging or by ultrasonography; however, the equipment is expensive and limited to large medical institutions. In this study, we propose a simple method in which an ultrasonic pulse is shot into the skin; a reflected wave from a boundary between the subcutaneous fat and muscle is detected, which allows the thickness to be measured. The detection time of the reflected wave is calculated by a cross‐correlation method with the aid of a modeling technique of the reflected wave, and the subcutaneous fat thickness is estimated from the detection time. The proposed method was applied to the measurement of the subcutaneous fat thickness of the anterior thigh and the abdomen. The thickness estimated with the proposed method was compared with that measured with a B‐mode ultrasonic image. The differences in the thickness were less than or equal to 0.90 mm in the thigh and 2.0 mm in the abdomen when the thickness was less than 19 mm. However, the differences became slightly large when the thickness was around 30 mm or more. These values corresponded to the thickness of the abdomen of an overweight person. The proposed method could provide an inexpensive way to measure subcutaneous fat thickness. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High‐Speed and Wide‐Angle Deflection Optical MEMS Scanner Using Piezoelectric Actuation
Authors: Iseki Takayuki , Okumura Mikio , Sugawara Takashi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA fast and wide deflection silicon‐resonant torsional optical scanner driven by a piezoelectric actuator has been developed and patented. The scanner is composed of a 1‐mm square mirror and two pairs of torsion beams and arms fabricated using microelectromechanical system (MEMS) processing of a silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) wafer. According to calculations, at the same resonant driving frequency, the maximum principal stress of this structure was about one‐third smaller than that of the usual structure having one pair of torsion beams. We achieved high frequency scanning of the optical beam with a large angular deflection up to 54° at 38 kHz with a 5 V peak‐to‐peak applied voltage using the bulk piezoelectric stack actuator, and up to 17° at 38 kHz with a 25 V peak‐to‐peak voltage using the unimorph actuator of a zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film. These results show that this scanner has the ability to perform the horizontal scanning for high‐resolution extended graphics array (XGA) or super extended graphics array (SXGA) laser display. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ANFIS: Self‐tuning Fuzzy PD Controller for Twin Rotor MIMO System
Authors: Mahmoud Thair S. , Marhaban Mohammad H. , Hong Tang S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis work presents a self‐tuning fuzzy PD controller for solving the control challenges of twin rotor MIMO system. The controller is made adaptive through output scaling factor adjustment of the updating factor, α. The value of α is calculated directly from a fuzzy rule base defined as error and change of error of the controlled variable. A combination of adaptive neural fuzzy inference system and fuzzy subtractive clustering method was used, where the objective was to improve its time response, while reducing its computational complexity. Simulation results show performance improvement in comparison with that of the previous method. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Non‐Model‐Based Estimation for Velocity and Acceleration by Adaptive Identification Method
Authors: Nomura Tatsuya , Kitsuka Yuta , Matsuo Takami 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe design of an ideal differentiator is a difficult and a challenging task. In this paper, we propose two types of differentiators to estimate the time derivative of an output signal. To begin with, a velocity estimator is proposed on the basis of the adaptive identification method and compared with the exact differentiator proposed by Levant. Then, an acceleration estimator is proposed with the nonpassifiable adaptive schemes. Finally, the proposed differentiators are applied to the estimation of the speed and acceleration of the mass–spring system. The simulation results show that the proposed differentiators are robust to additive noises. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An energy‐efficient link quality monitoring scheme for wireless networks
Authors: Zhu Hongsong , Li Xinrong , Xu Yongjun , Li Xiaowei , Liu Yan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractLink quality is one of the most important factors that affect the performance of wireless networks. In a densely deployed wireless network, continuous link quality monitoring consumes significant amount of energy and bandwidth at each node. In this paper, we propose a sensitivity model and a spatial correlation model that can be used to derive a set of deputy links to monitor, instead of monitoring all of the links in the network. The proposed scheme can improve energy efficiency of the link quality monitoring process. A greedy algorithm is presented to derive the deputy links set based on three different optimization objective functions. Performance of the proposed method is studied extensively and it is shown that the proposed method can save almost 90% energy in typical simulation scenarios than the method of monitoring all links. We also demonstrate that the energy consumption of the greedy deputy set‐based method is upper‐bounded. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational perspectives on cognitive development
Authors: Mareschal Denis 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article reviews the efforts to develop process models of infants' and children's cognition. Computational process models provide a tool for elucidating the causal mechanisms involved in learning and development. The history of computational modeling in developmental psychology broadly follows the same trends that have run throughout cognitive science—including rule‐based models, neural network (connectionist) models, ACT‐R models, ART models, decision tree models, reinforcement learning models, and hybrid models among others. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:Computer Science > Artificial IntelligencePsychology > Development and AgingPsychology > Reasoning and Decision Making
Molecular diagnostics for personal medicine using a nanopore
Authors: Mirsaidov Utkur M. , Wang Deqiang , Timp Winston , Timp Gregory 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSemiconductor nanotechnology has created the ultimate analytical tool: a nanopore with single molecule sensitivity. This tool offers the intriguing possibility of high‐throughput, low cost sequencing of DNA with the absolute minimum of material and preprocessing. The exquisite single molecule sensitivity obviates the need for costly and error‐prone procedures like polymerase chain reaction amplification. Instead, nanopore sequencing relies on the electric signal that develops when a DNA molecule translocates through a pore in a membrane. If each base pair has a characteristic electrical signature, then ostensibly a pore could be used to analyze the sequence by reporting all of the signatures in a single read without resorting to multiple DNA copies. The potential for a long read length combined with high translocation velocity should make resequencing inexpensive and allow for haplotyping and methylation profiling in a chromosome. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 367–381This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices
Generalization of one‐dimensional material models for the finite element method
Authors: Freund M. , Ihlemann J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe concept of representative directions is intended to generalize one‐dimensional material models for uniaxial tension to complete three‐dimensional constitutive models for the finite element method. The concept is applicable to any model which is able to describe uniaxial loadings, even to those for inelastic material behavior without knowing the free energy. The typical characteristics of the respected material class are generalized in a remarkable similarity to the input model. The algorithm has already been implemented into the finite element systems ABAQUS and MSC.MARC considering several methods to increase the numerical efficiency. The implementation enables finite element simulations of inhomogeneous stress conditions within technical components, though the input model predicts uniaxial material behavior only.
Effect of temperature history on the mechanical behaviour of a filler‐reinforced NR/BR blend: literature review and critical experiments
Authors: Amin A.F.M.S. , Lion A. , Höfer P. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe influence of the temperature history on the Mullins effect, its recovery behaviour and the rate dependence is experimentally investigated using NR/BR (NR: natural rubber, BR: polybutadiene rubber) rubber blend. The crystallization which occurs in rubber during long term storage below the melting temperature has been taken into account to interpret the experimental data. To study the influence of low temperatures and large deformations on the Mullins effect, cyclic strain‐controlled processes are applied under different temperatures. The softened specimens are subjected to a sequence of heating, cooling, and conditioning processes in order to study the influence of the temperature history on healing, melting, and recrystallization. The results indicate the existence of a threshold temperature: if the specimen temperature is larger than this threshold, a nearly complete recovery of the material occurs within finite time, while any temperature below this limit will be too small for healing. The temperature dependence of both the healing and the Mullins effect in rubber with different degrees of crystallinity is resolved by considering the melting and recrystallization rates. The rate dependence of the blend is investigated under different temperatures via monotonic and cyclic tension tests at different strain rates and relaxation tests. The experimental data suggests a decrease in the strain rate sensitivity at higher temperatures.
The Impact of Western Physicians on the Modernization of Turkish Surgery and Medicine, 1827–1936
Authors: Bilsel Yilmaz , Bektas Hasan , Tilki Metin 
Published: April 2010

AbstractEfforts of modernizing the Ottoman Empire and society started during the 19th century. Initially reforms have been limited by institutions such as the armed forces, faculty of engineering and medicine. For this reason, a large number of western physicians invited to state to take prestigious positions in its few existing medical schools and other state establishments, in particular help with reforming its higher education. After the establishment of young Turkish Republic, western forms of science, medicine, art and literature penetrated the culture and continued to flourish. This article brings to light the efforts of these surgeons, and physicians and tells about their contributions to surgery and medicine in Turkey.
Correction versus bedding: Wheelchair pressure distribution measurements in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Lampe Renée , Mitternacht Jürgen 
Published: April 2010

Purpose Most children with cerebral palsy classification Levels IV and V in the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) are unable to walk and, therefore, spend almost all day in a sitting position in their wheelchairs. As a result of the spastic muscle contraction, malpositions of joints or a scoliosis develop, which require a decision to be made on whether to correct the posture or simply find the best soft bedding position. Methods The distribution of pressure on the seat while sitting in a wheelchair was measured with a pressure distribution measuring mat. The different distribution patterns were analyzed. Results Pressure distribution measurement allows to find a compromise between posture correction and soft bedding. Additionally, pressure-reducing seats were examined on their effectiveness. We also focused our measurements and data analyses on recognizing the causes for pain. Sometimes, the origin of the problems and pain of children in wheelchairs is not clear. Conclusions Using the above-mentioned measuring equipment, the causes of these problems can be detected much more easily than just by clinical examination. The pressure measuring mat can help to optimize the seating position for the spastically handicapped children and adapt technical aids. Examples demonstrate the most frequently occurring problems of these children in their wheelchairs which are typical for neuro-orthopedic diseases.
How good are we at fine needle aspiration cytology?
Authors: Carr S , Visvanathan V , Hossain T , Uppal S , Chengot P , Woodhead C J 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectives:To determine the accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology conducted within a standard ENT out-patients service (rather than a one-stop neck lump clinic), and also to assess the value of ultrasound guidance during fine needle aspiration cytology.Design:Retrospective study of all patients undergoing fine needle aspiration cytology of a neck lump, from 2005 to 2008 in Leeds teaching hospitals.Main outcome measures:Accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology, compared with the corresponding histology report of the original surgical specimen, and non-diagnostic fine needle aspiration cytology rates with and without ultrasound.Results:Fine needle aspiration cytology yielded the following respective sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rates: 85, 91 and 87 per cent for lymph nodes; 80, 93 and 89 for salivary glands; and 52, 80 and 69 for thyroid. The proportion of non-diagnostic procedures was 28 per cent, both with and without ultrasound guidance.Conclusion:Cytologist-led fine needle aspiration cytology would have reduced the time to diagnosis and the number of clinic visits per patient. Fine needle aspiration cytology was accurate for predicting malignancy in salivary gland and lymph node lesions, and for diagnosing lymph node pathology. Study results did not support the use of ultrasound guidance during fine needle aspiration cytology.
Telomerase inhibition alters telomere maintenance mechanisms in laryngeal squamous carcinoma cells
Authors: Chen W , Chen S M , Yu Y , Xiao B K , Huang Z W , Tao Z Z 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground and purpose:Telomere length must be maintained throughout cancer cell progression and proliferation. In most tumours, telomerase activity maintains telomere length. Therefore, telomerase is a target for cancer treatments. However, some cancer cells maintain telomere length through an alternative mechanism termed ‘alternative lengthening of telomeres’. To determine how telomerase inhibition relates to the initiation of the alternative lengthening of telomeres pathway, we investigated telomerase activity and telomere maintenance in Hep-2 cells with and without reduced telomerase activity.Materials and methods:We investigated telomerase activity levels in a normal Hep-2 cell line and in residual cells following telomerase inhibition treatment. Additionally, we looked for expression of a marker protein for the alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanism.Results and conclusions:In the residual cells, telomerase activity was eliminated. However, these cells had higher levels of the alternative lengthening of telomeres biomarker, suggesting an alternative mechanism for telomere maintenance following telomerase inhibition. These results could have a major impact on the design of new cancer treatments.
Pressure injection demonstrates points of weakness in the posterior nasal arteries
Authors: Chiu T W , Shaw Dunn J 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjective:To test the hypothesis that potential sites of weakness within normal nasal arteries, when stressed, contribute to the mechanism of epistaxis, we ‘stress-tested’ nasal arteries in unfixed cadaveric heads, using pressure injection of feeding arteries.Materials and methods:Indian ink with latex was injected into maxillary arteries under high pressure (620 mmHg). Stepwise dissection was carried out and areas showing ink leakage were examined. Control heads were injected at standard embalming pressures (375 mmHg).Results:Ink leakage was found in all heads injected at higher pressure, and was restricted to the nasal mucosa. Histological examination of leakage points demonstrated vessel disruption consistent with dissecting aneurysm formation.Discussion:Results showed that high pressure injection caused leakage from arteries in the posterior nose; the distribution of leakage points was consistent with many clinical investigations. The lesions produced were comparable with our best histopathological model of epistaxis, i.e. dissecting aneurysm formation. This suggests that pre-existing weaknesses in the arterial configuration may exist.
Epistaxis: prospective evaluation of bleeding site and its impact on patient outcome
Authors: Supriya M , Shakeel M , Veitch D , Ah-See K Wong 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectives:To assess impact of site of idiopathic epistaxis on adult patient management and its association with patient demographics and co-morbidities.Method:The site of epistaxis, patient data, their management and outcomes prior to discharge was recorded prospectively for 100 consecutive eligible adult patients.Result:Fifty three patients had anterior and 47 patients had a posterior site of bleeding. The site of epistaxis was not related to the patient s age, medical condition or medication.Conclusion:Most patients with epistaxis can be controlled with nasal cauterisation. However, patients with posterior epistaxis are more likely to need hospital admission, are twice as likely to require nasal packing, and stay in hospital longer. There appears to be no link between the site of epistaxis and patient factors.