bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suspended Sediment‐Phosphorus Relationships for the Inflow and Outflow of a Flood Detention Reservoir
Authors: Schreiber J. D. , Rausch D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCallahan Reservoir, located in an agricultural area near Columbia, Missouri, was studied for 3 years to determine the inflow and outflow suspended sediment phosphorus (P) and the solution P relationships. During the study, the mean inflow solution ortho‐P concentration was 0.085 mg/liter as compared with 0.041 mg/liter for the outflow. Concentrations of ortho‐P were highest in both the inflow and outflow during the fall and winter. As yearly suspended sediment concentrations decreased in both the inflow and outflow, due to lower runoff and sediment yields, solution ortho‐P (mg/liter), as well as sediment total, inorganic, organic, and exchangeable P concentrations (µg/g), increased. Similarly, as a result of coarse sediment deposition within the reservoir during individual storm events, outflow sediments were enriched in clay and had higher concentrations (µg/g) of total, inorganic, organic, and exchangeable P than inflow sediments. However, because of sediment deposition within the reservoir, outflow volume concentrations (mg/liter) of sediment total P decreased fourfold as compared with inflow sediments.
Applying Liquid Dairy Waste to Silt Loam Soils Cropped to Corn and Alfalfa‐Orchard Grass
Authors: Sutton A. L. , Nelson D. W. , Moeller N. J. , Hill D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree‐year and 2‐year field experiments were conducted to study the effects on crop yield and soil and plant composition of applying dairy slurry to Kokomo silt loam cropped to corn (Zea mays L.) and Crosby silt loam fallowed and subsequently planted to alfalfa (Medicago sativa)‐orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), respectively. Anaerobic dairy slurry (6.4 to 9.1% dry matter) was applied at rates 112, 224, and 336 metric tons/ha, providing an average of 304, 609, and 914 kg N/ha; 60, 121, and 181 kg P/ha; 293, 587, and 880 kg K/ha; and 61, 121, and 181 kg Na/ha, respectively, per year. A check treatment was also included.Maximum corn grain and silage production was obtained with the 224‐metric ton slurry rate. Plant composition was not affected by waste applications except total N levels in corn leaves increased with increasing waste rates during the second year. Except for NH4+‐N, the concentrations of soil constituents measured (NO3−‐N, P, K, Na, EC) were increased by waste applications, especially with the 224‐ and 336‐metric ton rates, compared to the check. Similarly, as compared to the check, all soil constituents measured were increased by waste applications on the fallow soil. One year of alfalfa‐orchard grass cropping, however, reduced the levels of all measured soil components except P and K to concentrations similar to or lower than the initial values. Alfalfa‐orchard grass growth was variable, but the 112‐metric ton application rate appeared to support maximum yields. In general, the concentrations of P and K in forage tissue tended to increase with increasing waste application rate. Under the climatic conditions of this study, annual dairy slurry applications of <224 metric tons/ha to soil cropped with corn and 112 metric tons/ha to fallow soil subsequently planted with alfalfa‐orchard grass had no detrimental effects on the chemical composition of two silt loam soils or on plant composition.
Retorted Oil Shale Effects on Soil Microbiological Characteristics
Authors: Hersman L. E. , Klein D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of retorted oil shale additions on the microbiological characteristics of surface soils were investigated in a laboratory study to evaluate possible effects of mixing of soils and retorted shales which might occur as a part of revegetation programs in areas disturbed by oil shale processing. Soils were mixed with retorted oil shale at 5, 10, and 25% addition levels, and compared with normal soil and retorted shale over a 2.5‐mo period, with evaluation of microbiological parameters carried out at 2‐week intervals. With retorted shale present at up to 10% by weight, no negative effects on oxygen uptake or on actinomycete and bacterial populations were noted, while significant reductions of nitrogen fixation rates, as measured by acetylene reduction, and of dehydrogenase activity, fungal populations, radioactive glucose mineralization, and ATP concentrations occurred, with nitrogen fixation being most affected by shale material. These studies suggest that nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation in surface soils may be especially sensitive to the presence of retorted oil shale. It would appear necessary to assure that sufficient surface soil is used to cover retorted oil shales to allow development and functioning of a diverse vegetation‐microbiological community in such a way that physical mixing or movement of water‐soluble retorted oil shale constituents into this surface soil layer would be minimized.
Effects of Tillage and Fertilization on Persistence of Crude Oil Contamination in an Alaskan Soil
Authors: Mitchell W. W. , Loynachan T. E. , Mc Kendrick J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe persistence of Prudhoe Bay crude oil was evaluated with cereal plantings over a 4‐year period on field plots at Palmer, Alaska, oiled at 10 and 20 liters/m2 with tillage and fertilization as treatments. Following the field study soil was removed for greenhouse evaluations and analyses.Tilling aided water infiltration on the oiled plots in the field. Oiled plots without tillage or fertilization produced negligible growth during the first three growing seasons and very poor growth (< 10% coverage) in the fourth year. In the first year, only the 10‐liter tilled plots provided tangible growth, about one‐tenth that of the unoiled plots. The 20‐liter plots required both treatments to produce growth in the second and third years, while either treatment sufficed for the 10‐liter plots, with growth still much reduced from the controls. Oil decomposition was sufficiently advanced in the fourth year to permit over 75% coverage on the tilled 10‐liter plots, about 50% coverage on the tilled and fertilized 20‐liter plots, and about 25 to 40% coverage on the tilled, unfertilized 20‐liter and on the fertilized, untilled 10‐liter plots. Annual weeds were mostly unsuccessful in invading the oiled plots until the fourth year.Greenhouse studies with oiled, fertilized soil removed from the field in the fourth year showed that tillage benefited growth of barley and bromegrass in the surface layer but was detrimental to growth in the 10‐ to 15‐cm layer. Laboratory analyses corroborated the greater contamination of the deeper layers from the tilled plots. Field moisture levels were highly negatively correlated with residual oil contents, thus emphasizing the droughty effects of oil contamination. Residual oil contents of 13.5% completely inhibited germination of barley and brome, while levels under 7.5% allowed germination but reduced shoot heights. Decreasing levels of residual oil with increasing depth of tilled soil did not result in significantly greater plant growth. Beneficial degradation of oil may be retarded at depths in the soil, thus prolonging its phytotoxic effects. Tillage is best delayed to allow volatilization and some weathering to occur.
Contamination of Great Smoky Mountains Trout Streams by Exposed Anakeesta Formations
Authors: Bacon J. R. , Maas R. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnakeesta formations, prevalent geologic deposits in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), when exposed to air and water release an acid and heavy metal containing leachate into several GSMNP streams, rendering them virtually lifeless. Anakeesta pyrite affecting Beech Flats Creek was exposed during the construction of U.S. Highway 441, while exposures affecting Alum Cave Creek and Walker Prong are naturally occurring.The road cut on U.S. 441 at Beech Flats Creek acts as point source of various contaminants. The acidity increases 100‐fold (pH 6.7 to 4.7) in the several hundred meters where the stream flows through a road cut fill area. Manganese and zinc were the main metallic ions introduced at the road cut. The zinc increased from 6 to nearly 200 ppb and the manganese increased from an undetectable level to over 250 ppb. Seasonal variations below the road show a high concentration near 500 ppb in the summer to a low concentration near 100 ppb in the winter for both manganese and zinc. Both manganese and zinc showed the dilution effect expected going downstream away from the road cut. Alum Cave Creek and Walker Prong showed much lower levels of manganese and zinc and no point source could be located.The results of the present study should prove useful to National Park personnel in making management decisions. This is especially important in view of several proposed new roads in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
Preferential Clay Mineral Erosion from Watersheds in the Maumee River Basin
Authors: Rhoton F. E. , Smeck N. E. , Wilding L. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRunoff sediments and soil surface horizons from five small watersheds were characterized for clay mineralogy, particle size distribution, cation exchange capacity, and amorphous and free iron oxide content. The objective was to determine if preferential transport of clay minerals from these watersheds was occurring.Clay mineralogical analysis indicated runoff sediments contained higher concentrations of illite and expandables with lower concentrations of vermiculite and quartz relative to watershed soils. The differences were attributed to preferential transport of fine clays from the soil surface.Runoff sediments contained an average of 18.4% more clay than soil surface horizons. Additionally, the total clay fraction of sediments contained an average of 10.1% more fine clay. Cation exchange capacity increased from 41 meq/100 g for soil clay fractions to 46 meq/100 g for sediment clay fractions due to the increased fine clay content. Both amorphous and free iron oxide contents were lower in the clay fractions of runoff sediments than in the clay fractions of soil Ap horizons.
Measuring Air Pollutant Uptake by Plants: Nitrogen Dioxide
Authors: Rogers Hugo H. , Jeffries Harvey E. , Witherspoon Augustus M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDirect kinetic determinations of the uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) by selected plant species under various conditions were made using continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) techniques. Second‐order rate constants with respect to exposure concentration and leaf area were obtained for corn [Zea mays (L.) ‘Pioneer Brand 3369A’], soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Davis’], loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), and white oak (Quercus alba L.). Mean rate constants in units of 10−3 dm−2 min−1 were: corn, 9.3; soybean, 13.6; loblolly pine, 13.7; and white oak, 2.8. On a mass basis, rates would be 3.5, 5.1, 5.2, and 1.1 × 10−2 µg dm−2 min−1 pphm−1 (pphm = parts per hundred million), respectively. Uptake rate constants remained the same over 5‐hour exposure periods within the exposure concentration range of 0 to 58 pphm. The NO2 uptake increased as the level of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increased. This effect of light was linearly correlated with the inverse of total diffusive resistance. Varying the level of tissue nitrogen (N) did not influence NO2 uptake even though the leaves were smaller and chlorotic at the lower levels of tissue N. Photolysis of NO2 occurred in controlled environment rooms under artificial light; the mean k1 for photolysis was 0.03 min−1.
Nitrate Production from Chemically Treated Sewage Sludges in Soil
Authors: Beauchamp E. G. , Soon Y. K. , Moyer J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemicals such as Ca(OH)2, Al2(SO4)3, and FeCl, are used to precipitate and prevent phosphorus from escaping in effluents from sewage plants in Ontario. Since such chemicals affect the characteristics of anaerobically digested sludges, incubation experiments were conducted to determine if the nitrate production in soil treated with these sludges was also affected.Nitrate production of six anaerobically digested sewage sludges differed considerably when incubated with soil but not in a manner related to the chemical treatment of the sewage. Reduced nitrate production from whole sludge from one source was possibly attributable to relatively high lipid and petroleum hydrocarbon contents. With the exception of this sludge, 17 to 30% of the sludge N was nitrified in 16 weeks under laboratory conditions. Nitrate production lag periods of 2 weeks or more were observed with whole sludges. The lag period, if present, when reconstituted sludges (ammonium and soluble organic N removed) were incubated with soil was < 1 week with the exception of the one sludge which probably had high lipid and petroleum hydrocarbon contents. Incubation of reconstituted sludges in soil resulted in 29 to 32% nitrification of the organic N during the first 16 weeks. Nitrate production was relatively rapid in the early part of the 49‐week incubation period but slowed substantially later.
The Effects of Fluometuron on a Salt Marsh Ecosystem
Authors: Allen J. D. , Davis D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA salt march on Sapelo Island, Georgia, dominated by a mono‐specific stand of spartina (Spartina alterniflora Loisel) was treated with fluometuron [1,1‐dimethyl‐3‐(α,α,α‐trifluoro‐m‐tolyl)urea]. Treatments were: spraying once each year with 90,000 ppm; spraying 30 times (twice each day for 5 consecutive days in 3 consecutive months) with 1,000, 100, 10, 1, or 0 ppm; or flooding 30 times (frequency as described above) with 100 or 0 ppm. One‐half of each plot was re‐treated in the same manner the second year while the other half was left untreated. Effects on spartina, periwinkle snails (Littorina irrorata Say), and horse mussels (Gukensia demissus Dillwyn) were measured 4 mo after the first treatment. Only spraying once with 90,000 ppm fluometuron or 30 times with 1,000 ppm significantly reduced fresh weight, dry weight, or number of shoots of spartina and re‐treatment the second year at the same rates did not increase the effect. The spartina on the plots treated the first year but not retreated the second year recovered completely. One year after the last of 30 sprayings with 1,000 ppm or 1 spraying with 90,000 ppm, there were significant levels of fluometuron residue in the spartina harvested from these plots.Flooding 30 times with 100 ppm of fluometuron did not significantly decrease the total fresh or dry weight of spartina, but did cause visible injury symptoms and did decrease the number of shoots. Flooding 30 times with 100 ppm was nearly as toxic as spraying 30 times with 1,000 ppm. Neither flooding nor spraying adversely affected the number or weight of snails. The snails were not confined to the plots but fluometuron residues in them reflected the treatment rates so migration into or out of plots must have been minimal. Flooding with 100 ppm fluometuron did not adversely affect the mussels.
Kinetic Behavior of Phosphate Sorption by Acid, Sandy Soil
Authors: Fiskell J. G. A. , Mansell R. S. , Selim H. M. , Martin F. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe time dependency of phosphate sorption‐desorption in fertilized soil is particularly important to the efficiency with which plant roots absorb applied phosphorus from the soil solution. In this study, phosphorus sorption by two acid, sandy soils was measured with time using a laboratory batch technique for a range of initial phosphorus concentrations in solution. A comparison of experimental data with results calculated using a two‐site sorption‐desorption model showed that for contactimes > 1 hour the observed phosphorus sorption in both these sandy soils could be described by assuming rapid and slow reversible reactions to occur simultaneously at two separate types of sorption sites. However, for shorter contact times (< 1 hour) the 2‐site model did not describe the P sorption adequately. The orders of the forward reactions at the rapid and slow sorption sites were fractional and first‐order, respectively, with regard to the P concentration in solution. For a given soil, one set of rate coefficient values was sufficient to describe the solution phase concentration of P for several different initial concentrations.
Loss of Fluometuron in Runoff Water
Authors: Wiese A. F. , Savage K. E. , Chandler J. M. , Liu L. C. , Jeffery L. S. , Weber J. B. , La Fleur K. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe amount of fluometuron [1,1‐dimethyl‐3‐(α,α,α‐trifluoro‐m‐tolyl)urea] in runoff water under different environmental conditions was determined in the southern U.S. and Puerto Rico. In Mississippi, Puerto Rico, and Texas, runoff water was collected from soil sprayed with 4.4 kg/ha of fluometuron each year for 3 years. Tests were conducted in Tennessee for 2 years and in North and South Carolina for 1 year. Water samples were collected in 4‐ by 10‐m plots, and 1 m downslope. Initial runoff was produced with sprinkler irrigation immediately after herbicide application at all locations except Tennessee and South Carolina which relied on rainfall. Later in the season, water was sampled from two additional runoff events of either irrigation or rainfall. A total of 32 runoff events were sampled at the 6 locations. The level of fluometuron in water caught 1 m downslope from treated areas during the first runoff averaged 0.30 ppm and was highest (0.87 ppm) in Puerto Rico. Fluometuron concentration in subsequent events was much lower than in the first runoff events. Average loss of fluometuron in 1 cm of runoff was <1% of applied fluometuron. Only 2% of applied fluometuron was lost in the situation producing the highest concentration in runoff water. Level of fluometuron in runoff water was directly related to slope. Results of this study indicate that fluometuron concentrations in runoff from treated fields are such that nontarget species should not be adversely affected.
Microbial Mobilization of Calcium and Magnesium in Waterlogged Soils
Authors: Silverman M. P. , Munoz E. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMicrobial mobilization of Ca and Mg was studied in 12 California soils amended with 0.5% glucose solution and incubated in air and anaerobically for 2 weeks under waterlogged conditions in the laboratory. Incubation in air resulted in a decrease of 1 to 2 units in the pH of soil solutions relative to control soils incubated without glucose. This was accompanied by 2.4‐ to 29.4‐fold increases in the Ca content and 0.7‐ to 41‐fold increases in the Mg content of soil solutions. A similar decrease in pH was observed under anaerobic incubation as well as 2.7‐ to 15.3‐fold increases in the Ca content and 1.5‐ to 47‐fold increases in the Mg content of soil solutions.The rates of Ca and Mg release differed in soils incubated in air or under anaerobic incubation. In air the quantities of Ca and Mg in soil solutions increased for the first 3 to 10 days, then decreased. Under anaerobic incubation Ca and Mg concentrations either reached maximal values in 7 to 10 days with no subsequent decrease, or continued to increase for the duration of the experiments. The changes under anaerobic and air incubation conditions may be attributed to microbial production of a variety of organic metabolites from glucose which may be responsible for the release of Ca and Mg from exchange sites and other mineral reservoirs. These metabolic products probably are relatively stable under anaerobic incubation but become susceptible to subsequent biodegradation in the presence of air.
Characteristics of Wheat Grown with Sewage Sludge Placed at Different Soil Depths
Authors: Kirkham M. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study was done to determine the effect on plant growth and elemental uptake when sludge was applied in a layer below the surface rather than on the surface. Sludge was placed at different depths in columns of a clay loam soil (Udertic Paleustolls). Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. ‘Ponca’) was grown in the columns.When sludge was placed at the 0‐ to 2‐cm depth (surface application), dry weight of shoots was 2.4 times more than when sludge was placed at the 18‐ to 20‐cm depth. Root growth was prolific in the vicinity of sludge layers at the 18‐ to 20‐cm depth, but total root weight in columns was about the same with sludge placed at either depth. Soil water content was lower in columns with better plant growth, probably because of greater transpiration. Dilute‐acid (0.05N HCl + 0.25N H2SO4) extractable concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd) in soil were lower when sludge was at the 18‐ to 20‐cm depth than when sludge was at the 0‐ to 2‐cm depth. Concentrations of Cu and Cd were highest in shoots of plants in columns with surface‐applied sludge. Highest concentrations of Cu and Cd in the roots occurred when sludge was at the 18‐ to 20‐cm depth rather than at the surface. Relatively small concentrations of Cu and Cd in roots were transferred to the shoots. The results showed that for maximum dry matter production, sludge should be surface‐applied. For minimal transfer of heavy metals from roots to shoots, sludge should be layered below the surface of the soil.
Elemental Composition of Barley and Ryegrass Grown on Acid Soils Amended with Scrubber Sludge
Authors: Walker W. J. , Dowdy R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA greenhouse study assessed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and ryegrass (Secale cereale L.) growth on two acid soils amended with scrubber sludge from a coal‐fired, power‐generating plant. The scrubber sludge was the residue from flue gas desulfurization, which included unburned airborne particulates (fly ash). The feasibility of using this material as a soil amendment was investigated since both the source, low‐sulfur western coal, and the process by which this material was generated differ markedly from fly ashes used in many reported studies. Of particular interest were the effects of scrubber sludge applications on boron and selenium concentrations of barley and ryegrass.Soils used were a coarse sand, Typic Hapludalf (pH = 4.8), and a silt loam, Udorthentic Haploboroll (pH = 5.7). Scrubber sludge application rates ranged from 0 to 100 g sludge/kg soil. Dry matter production for 6 weeks of growth was depressed for barley and ryegrass when applications exceeded 12.5 g sludge/kg soil. Soil pH increased from 4.8 to 7.2 in the coarse sand and from 5.7 to 7.6 in the silt loam by applications of 100 g sludge/kg soil.Yield reductions for barley and ryegrass were attributed to high concentrations of tissue B, which ranged from 12 µg/g on control treatments to 150 and 2,000 µg/g on soils receiving 6.25 and 100 g sludge/kg soil, respectively. Tissue Se increased with added sludge, while Mn and Zn contents decreased, without reaching toxic or deficiency levels, respectively. Tissue Cd, Cu, P, and Pb levels fluctuated from soil to soil and crop to crop without approaching deficiency or toxicity levels.
Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide on Algae
Authors: Wodzinski Richard S. , Alexander Martin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhotosynthetic activity of Anabaena flos‐aquae in a soil suspension at an initial pH of 4.9 was almost totally eliminated after 3 days of exposure to 5.0 ppm (µl/liter) NO2, at which time the pH had fallen to 3.9. In contrast, A. flos‐aquae in soil suspensions at an initial pH of 6.0 was not inhibited after 3 days by 5.0 ppm NO2, but the activity was reduced by half in the presence of 15.0 ppm NO2; the pH was 6.5 and 5.8, respectively, in the NO2‐treated samples on day 3. Photosynthesis by the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Ankistrodesmus falcatus in soil suspensions at an initial pH of approx 4.2 was not appreciably affected by 15.0 ppm of NO2 after 3 days, at which time the pH had fallen below 4.0. The high levels of NO2 and low pH values required for toxicity suggest that blue‐green and green algae probably will not be affected directly by NO2 in polluted air.