bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historic Inuit pottery in the eastern Canadian Arctic
Authors: Savelle James M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTPreviously unpublished information from John Ross's expedition of 1829–33 to the Canadian Arctic indicates that Netsilik Inuit at that time manufactured and used clay-based ceramic pots. Additional published ethnohistoric and ethnographic sources indicate that the Sadlermiut Inuit, and probably the Utkuhikjalik and Qaernerimiut Inuit, also possessed ceramic technology. Considered in conjunction with survival characteristics of pottery, this suggests that the Thule ceramic complex was not restricted to early stages of Thule culture (AD 1000–1200) in the Eastern Arctic, but, at least in some areas, continued through to the early Historic period.
The death of Petty Officer Evans
Authors: Falckh R. C. F. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTPetty Officer Evans was the first member of Captain Scott's party to die during the return journey from the South Pole in January-March 1912. His death has been ascribed to a combination of scurvy and exhaustion. This paper re-examines the evidence provided by Scott's and Wilson's diaries, and concludes that the primary cause of his death was anthrax, contracted from contact with the expedition ponies or their equipment.
Substantial changes in the coastline of Antarctica revealed by satellite imagery
Authors: Ferrigno J. G. , Gould W. G. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTNoaa Avhrr and Landsat MSS imagery acquired between January and November 1986 has shown substantial changes in the Antarctic coastline near the Filchner Ice Shelf, Larsen Ice Shelf and Thwaites Glacier. In the Filchner Ice Shelf area some 11,500 km of ice calved from mid-April onward. In the Larsen Ice Shelf area two large bergs calved between February and August. The combined volume of ice from these two events equals approximately three years' normal calving from the entire Antarctic coastline. In the Thwaites Glacier area several changes appear to have occurred at the base of Thwaites Iceberg Tongue and Thwaites Glacier Tongue.
Agricultural development in Alaska
Authors: Lewis Carol E. , Pearson Roger W. , Thomas Wayne C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDevelopment during approximately 200 years of agricultural activity in Alaska has been varied and generally inadequate. Four stages are here identified. During the period from Russian and early American colonization to the late 1880s production was largely for personal consumption. From 1898 to World War II federal intervention stimulated local commercial agriculture, and from the late 1940s to the late 1960s commercial production expanded. Since then a state- supported strategy to develop an export-based agriculture has been tried, but implementation has not been completed. Alaska remains a frontier which has yet to find a workable manner in which to implement a strategy for its agriculture.
Polar cap and other auroral events observed from Spitsbergen
Authors: Simmons D. A. R. , Henriksen K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA comprehensive visual and photographic record of a wide variety of auroral events was made from Spitsbergen during a prolonged period of clear weather that coincided with a remarkable resurgence in solar activity close to sunspot minimum. Using colour and interference-filter photography, the nature of the different auroral types was established and tentatively correlated with major flare events on the sun. At least three outstanding auroral substorms and three diffuse polar cap glows were generated by four large solar flares in the first half of February 1986. Many discrete polar cap aurorae were also observed in the same period.
Historic sites in the Ross Dependency, Antarctica
Authors: Harrowfield David L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOf 52 Antarctic sites and monuments of historic interest currently listed under Antarctic Treaty recommendations, 26 occur in the Ross Dependency, associated mostly with the expeditions of Scott and Shackleton. Many have recently been visited and a number of further sites, including several dating from Byrd expeditions, have been identified by New Zealand field parties. This article catalogues all Ross Dependency sites recorded to the end of 1987, and the current state of preservation of their artefacts, which are in the care of Antarctic Division, New Zealand DSIR.
Morphological variation and wear in teeth of Canadian and Greenland Inuit
Authors: Cruwys E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDental models of 649 Canadian Inuit from Hall Beach and Igloolik, and both models and skull dentitions of 782 Greenland Inuit (323 from the east coast, 459 from the west coast), were examined for (a) presence or absence of four specific morphological variants considered by various authors to indicate racial affinities (shovel-shaped incisors, cusp of Carabelli, Eskimo tubercle and protostylid on molars and premolars), and (b) amount of wear. Dental models of contemporary British and British-Asian subjects were studied for comparison. Both living and skeletal Greenland material was from people known to have followed a traditional Inuit lifestyle, with little or no contact with the Western world. Canadian material was from a population in transition between traditional and Western ways of life, eating both native and Western foods. Morphological variation was considered in the context of genetic affinities of the populations to each other and to other groups of Central Asian origin. Tooth wear was examined in relation to diet, lifestyle and health.
Henry Wemyss Feilden, naturalist on HMSAlert1875–1876
Authors: Levere Trevor H. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCapt Henry Wemyss Feilden RA, an amateur naturalist with particular interests in ornithology, was appointed by the Royal Society of London to serve as one of two naturalists with the British Arctic Expedition of 1875–76, which wintered off northern Ellesmere Island under the command of Capt G. S. Nares RN. Feilden took part in several sledging journeys, and made important collections and observations, especially on the geology and biology of the region.
90° South: Antarctic expedition 1986–87
Authors: McIntyre Neil 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn the austral summer 1986–87, the 75th anniversary of Amundsen's conquest of the South Pole, a sledging party of four from a private expedition, 90° South, set out to retrace his route. This was the culmination of five years of preparations, in which sufficient international support was raised to enable the expedition to reach Antarctica and operate independently, using its own ship, MV Aurora… The expedition's Twin Otter aircraft, flying from New Zealand, staged a unique refuelling operation on an iceberg within the pack ice 160 km from the Balleny Islands. Establishing a temporary base at Bay of Whales, Ross Ice Shelf, on 5 December 1986, the expedition used its aircraft to set up supply depots 220 km apart along the route to the pole. The sledging party with two teams of Greenland huskies crossed the ice shelf and ascended the Axel Heiberg Glacier to the polar plateau, reaching their fourth depot in 86°S in late January. Some 400 km short of the Pole, lack of time compelled the party to return to rendezvous with the ship. Glaciological investigations included the formation of icebergs from the Ross Ice Shelf, and collection of ground truth data to help in evaluating remote sensing data. The team also set up a commemorative plaque close to Amundsen' s cairn on Mount Betty.
New records of vascular plants from Heard Island
Authors: Scott J. J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractEight species of vascular plants were previously known from subantarctic Heard Island. Three additional species, Montia fontana, Ranunculus biternatus and Poa annua, were discovered during the 1986 austral summer. Details of their habitat and known distribution on the island, and their possible means of arrival, are discussed.
Economic status and role of hunters in a modern Inuit village
Authors: Smith Thomas G. , Wright Harold 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe cash revenues and imputed incomes from country food harvests were calculated from interviews with eight full-time hunting and ten wage-earning Inuit for 1984 at Holman, Northwest Territories. Using a substitution value of Can$10.56/kg ($4.79/lb) for country food harvests, the combined income (cash + imputed food value) of the two groups was very similar. Full-time hunters produced country food at $1.01/kg ($0.46/lb). while wage earners spent $5.7 I/kg ($2.59/lb) on their harvest. Full-time hunters harvested surpluses of food which would feed another fourpeople outside their immediate family. Wage earners ended the year with almost twice the cash balance of full-time hunters, whose main monetary revenuecomes from guiding trophy hunters. The precarious cash economy of the full-time hunters who provide a significant part of the food for the village should be a subject of concern and attention when considering the future well-being of the northern economy.
Forty million years of Antarctic glacial history yielded by Leg 119 of the Ocean Drilling Program
Authors: Hambrey Michael J. , Larsen Birger , Ehrmann Werner U. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDuring Leg 119 of the Ocean Drilling Program, between December 1987 and February 1988, six holes were drilled in the Kerguelen Plateau, southern Indian Ocean, and five in Prydz Bay at the mouth of the Amery Ice Shelf, on the East Antarctic continental shelf. The Prydz Bay holes, reported here, form a transect from the inner shelf to the continental slope, recording a prograding sequence of possible Late Paleozoic to Eocene continental sediments of fluvial aspect, followed by several hundred metres of Early Oligocene (possibly Middle Eocene) to Quaternary glaciallydominated sediments. This extends the known onset of large-scale glaciation of Antarctica back to about 36–40 million years ago, the sedimentary record suggesting that a fully developed East Antarctic Ice Sheet reached the coast at Prydz Bay at this time, and was more extensive than the present sheet. Subsequent glacial history is complex, with the bulk of sedimentation in the outer shelf taking place close to the grounding line of an extended Amery Ice S helf. However, breaks in the record and intervals of no recovery may hide evidence of periods of glacial retreat.
Stomach contents of autumn-feeding marine vertebrates from Hornsund, Svalbard
Authors: Lydersen Christian , Gjertz Ian , Weslawski Jan Marcin 
Published: October 2009

AbstractStomachs of 171 vertebrates (two species offish, eight of birds and twoof seals) from Hornsund, Svalbard, were collected between 7 September and 5 October 1984. Arctic cod Boreogadus saida and the amphipod Pamthemisto libellula were the main prey species of black guillemots Cepphus grylle, little auks Alle alle, puffins Fratercula arctica, Brunnich's guillemots Uria lomvia, kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla and ringed seals Phoca hispida. Fulmars Fulmarus glacialis preyed mainly on the squid Gonatusfabricii and the polychaete Nereis irrorata. Eiders Somateria mollissima preyed mainly on bivalves and on the amphipod Gammarellus homari. G. homari and Gammarus oceanicus were the most important prey species of striped snailfish Liparis liparis, while shorthorn sculpin Myoxocephalus scorpius mainly preyed upon G. homari and Anonyx sarsi. Glaucous gulls LOTUS hyperboreus took many different prey including birds and tundra plants. Only one bearded seal Erignathus barbatus stomach with content was available for this study.
Sovereignty, tribal government, and the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Amendments of 1987
Authors: Morehouse Thomas A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractContemporary dimensions of a conflict over the political powers of Alaska Natives and their relationship to the larger society were set by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of 1971. This granted land and money to Alaska Natives, established corporations to use these assets, and ensured that the land and the corporations would remain under Native control until at least 1991. Under 1987 amendments to ANCSA, Congress extended these special protections indefinitely. Leaders of the tribal government movement in Alaska tried unsuccessfully to use the amendments to gain increased political power and federal recognition of Native tribes and tribal governments. They were opposed by federal authorities, Alaska's US senators, the State of Alaska, non-Native political interest groups, and Native leaders of the ANCSA corporations. Although stalled in this instance, the drive toward tribal government, or ‘sovereignty’, in Alaska remains a viable political movement. It is part of a continuing evolution of Native politics which in its modern form began with land claims and now includes a much broader concern for political claims of sovereignty, or inherent self-governing powers. In pursuing this course, however, tribal leaders will need to focus more on specific requirements for Native security and welfare than on general claims of sovereignty, and avoid direct confrontations with powerful opponents.
Particulate organic matter in shelf waters of Prinsesse Astrid Kyst, Antarctica
Authors: Dhargalkar Vinod K. , Bhosle Narayan B. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractParticulate matter collected at a single station in waters off the ice shelf of Prinsesse Astrid Kyst (70°S, 11°E), Antarctica, during the austral summer January–February 1986 was analyzed for organic content. Phytoplankton biomass represented by chlorophyll α varied from 0.051 to 3.1 μg dm-3. Values for constituent fractions ranged as follows: adenosine triphosphate 0.33 to 1.81 μg dm-3, particulate organic carbon 305 to 1850 μg dm-3, particulate carbohydrates 8 to 176 μg dm-3, particulate proteins 22 to 132 μg dm-3and particulate lipids 8 to 209 μg dm-3. Large variation in values suggested patchy distribution. The likely presence of degraded carbon argues in favour of an active microbial community in these waters
The Scoresby ship mirage of 1822
Authors: Lehn W.H. , Rees W.G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA very clear mirage observed by Scoresby in the Greenland Sea shows an inverted ship floating above the horizon. This mirage can be mathematically reconstructed using a linear image diagram. Scoresby's description is here re-examined: anew set of essential assumptions is distilled from his report, and an ‘exact’ reproduction of the mirage is obtained to match these conditions.
The Coordinated Eastern Arctic Experiment: SPRI sea-ice studies
Authors: Williams R. G. , Davis N. R. , Moore S. C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDuring March and April 1989 a two-man team from the Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) took part in the oceanography ice camp phase of the Office of Naval Research-sponsored Coordinated Eastern Arctic Experiment (CEAREX). The aim of the experiment was to measure with strainmeters and tiltmeters the interaction between oceanic internal waves and sea ice. Arrays of these instruments were deployed to measure horizontal strain and vertical tilt fields continuously over a 29-day period. The resulting time series show quite clearly internal wavelike activity indicating that a strong coupling mechanism exists. Other interesting phenomena are evident in the data with timę-scales varying from seconds to several days.
Frederick Cook's polar journey: a reconstruction
Authors: Osczevski Randall J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe data used by Dr Frederick A. Cook in support of his claim to have reached the North Pole on 21 April 1908 are reinterpreted to support a hypothesis that Cook did not reach the Pole, that his journey towards the Pole lasted only one week, and thathe subsequently discovered and visited Meighen Island. This reconstruction explains how Dr Cook could have made observations of ice conditions and drift, and of an ice island, without having travelled far out on the Arctic Ocean. A possible reason for his failure to announce discovery of Meighen Island is also offered.
Fluctuations in populations of Adélie penguins at Cape Bird, Antarctica
Authors: Wilson Kerry-Jayne 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe results of a monitoring study of three Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) rookeries at Cape Bird (77° 13'S, 166°28'E), Antarctica, are presented. Occupied nests were counted immediately after egg laying in most years between 1965 and 1970, and annually from 1974 to 1987. The population has not shown the degree of stability that might be expected of a long-lived species with a low reproductive rate, twice deviating significantly from a mean value of about 37,500 pairs. In the censused rookeries numbers dropped by about 16% in 1967 and a further 30% in 1968. The 1968 decline was attributed to extensive fast ice, but numbers were unaffected in two subsequent years with similar ice conditions. After eight years of relative stability around the pre-1967 level, a period of rapid growth began in 1982 and 1983. The total of 54,000 pairs in 1987, the last year for which numbers are available, was the highest ever counted at Cape Bird. These results stress the need for caution when using bird populations to detect man-induced changes in the marine environment.
A Newfoundland floating factory whaling expedition
Authors: Dickinson A. B. , Sanger C. W. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractModern shore station whaling spread from Norway to Newfoundland in 1896 with development of the Cabot Steam Whaling Co Ltd. Their success stimulated formation of a second company, the Newfoundland Steam Whaling Co Ltd, which in 1908 mounted a pelagic expedition to hunt in both hemispheres, particularly from the South Orkney and South Shetland Islands and off northern Labrador. The expedition was a failure, and Newfoundland whaling remained a totally shore-based industry until cessation in 1972.
Environmental effects of human activities on King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica
Authors: Harris Colin M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractKing George Island, largest of the South Shetland Islands, is the site of nine scientific stations of different nationalities operating within the Antarctic Treaty System. Following a recent visit by the author to assess environmental and management issues, this article (the first of two) updates the status of developments on the island and outlines problems, real and potential.which have arisen from scientific activities, tourism, vehicles, use of fuels and waste disposal. It is concluded that existing management practices have not been adequate to deal with these problems and new approaches are required.
Arctic and sub-Arctic soil emissions: possible implications for global climate change
Authors: Christensen Torben 
Published: October 2009

AbstractClimate models predict a substantial warming at high latitudes following the enhanced greenhouse effect caused by anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and various other trace gases. Arctic and sub-Arctic soils contain large amounts of organic carbon that could be made increasingly available for decomposition in a wanner climate due to deepening of the biologically-active layer and increased thermokarst erosion. This produces the potential for increased emissions of CO2 and CH4 from tundra areas and thus positive (enhancing) feedback effects on the greenhouse effect. From being a net absorber of CO2 the global tundra areas could become a net source of up to 1.25 Gt C yr1 as a result of the predicted warmer and dryer conditions during the thaw period. CH4 is at least 21 times more effective as a greenhouse gas than CO2. How the CH4 balance in the tundra will respond to climate change is therefore very important but also much less certain. Estimates of total present CH4 emissions from northern wetlands vary greatly, ranging from 2.4 to 106 Tg CH4 yr1 and little is known about the mechanisms controlling the flux. There are indications, however, that if the tundra becomes wetter under warming, CH4 emissions would probably increase. If it becomes dryer, the emissions could cease or even turn the tundra into a sink for atmospheric CH4, partly due to increasing microbial consumption of CH4 in the soil. There is an urgent need for more research into the processes controlling the CH4 flux in Arctic and sub-Arctic soils.
Organochlorine residues in moss and lichen samples from two Antarctic areas
Authors: Focardi S. , Gaggi C. , Chemello G. , Bacci E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractLevels of some chlorinated hydrocarbon residues (HCB, HCH isomers, p,p'-DDT and related compounds, PBC congeners) in lichen and moss from Kay Island, Ross Sea, Antarctica, are reported and compared with data from similar species collected on Antarctic Peninsula. The role of the cold remote areas in the global circulation of these contaminants is briefly discussed.
Life in the Antarctic sea ice zone
Authors: Hempel Gotthilf 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSeasonal ice of the Southern Ocean, occupying some 15 x 106 km2, supports a distinctive biota based on algae that live on, within and immediately beneath the ice floes. How this annually-forming habitat recruits its biota, and the fate of the biota after the ice thaws in late summer, are little-known. Studies in the Weddell Sea in 1984–88 have shown that the seasonal ice is important as the wintering substrate of krill Euphausia superba which, together with other zooplankton and fish, supports a large breeding population of seals and penguins. Clearly a key habitat in the economy of the Southern Ocean, this seasonal ice is likely to be vulnerable to small climatic changes.
Environmental management on King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica
Authors: Harris Colin M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis paper proposes management responses to problems perceived in an earlier paper on King George Island (Polar Record 27(162): 193–204, 1991). Available management instruments and barriers to solutions are reviewed, and new management approaches and tools postulated. The category of Antarctic Protected Area (APA) is proposed for areas needing special protection, with sub-designations of Natural, Scientific and Historic Reserves. Multiple-use Planning Areas (MPAs) are endorsed for areas of high use needing local and regional planning, including station environs, but with sub-designations Environmentally Sensitive Areas, Scientific Research Sites and Facilities Areas. Both APAs and MPAs will require management plans: APAs will be accessible only by entry permit. Also recommended are a scientific and logistic register, scheduled meetings among station commanders, development of an internationally coordinated regional scientific strategy, and an environmental information system. To manage tourism a commercial tourism licence system and tourist levy are recommended, with the industry controlled under management plans developed for APAs and MPAs, plus general Treaty provisions. Workload arising from these revisions would necessitate the Committee on Environmental Protection in the forthcoming Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, with a permanent Treaty secretariat. This framework, requiring a multinational approach to management more sophisticated than has so far been achieved under the Antarctic Treaty, would improve and coordinate management throughout Antarctica.