bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical activity based professional development for teachers
Authors: Till Jude , Ferkins Lesley , Handcock Phil 
Published: February 2011

Objective: This study sought to investigate teachers’ perceptions of a physical activity-related professional development intervention. Design: Interview-based qualitative approach founded on the interpretive paradigm. Setting: Purposive selection of one high-rated independent, and one low-rated public primary school from Auckland, New Zealand. Method: A qualitative approach was used, incorporating a questionnaire used for purposive sampling and a total of eighteen semi-structured interviews with six teachers from two primary schools. Results: Participants highly valued the inclusion of all teachers in onsite professional development and felt supported by a strong, positive organizational culture. Conclusion: Participant teachers believed physical activity played an important role within the school setting, and recognized their role in the provision of opportunities for their students. However, they did not necessarily feel confident and competent to facilitate opportunities. A specific professional development intervention was introduced as one form of support to address this need. Teachers valued first-hand experience of professional development and reported particular enjoyment if they participated alongside their colleagues.
B Lymphocyte Subsets in Patients with Rhinoscleroma
Authors: Fusconi Massimo , Gallo Andrea , De Virgilio Armando , Natalizi Stefania , Greco Antonio , Zambetti Giampietro , de Vincentiis Marco 
Published: February 2011

ObjectiveTo identify the presence of B lymphocytes in the rhinoscleroma granulomas as a possible precursor of plasma cells, whose presence has always been described but whose role is still unclear.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingSapienza University of Rome.MethodsThe study was carried out on 6 patients (3 women, 3 men). The following parameters were examined for each patient: clinical manifestations, number of leukocytes, lymphocytes and lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+) in blood samples, time from the onset of symptoms, biopsies, and expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD20 antigens in tissue samples with immunohistochemical techniques.ResultsIn this study, the values of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets in venous peripheral blood are in line with previously reported data, whereas CD19+ lymphocyte cells tended to show an ambiguous behavioral pattern. In tissue samples, approximately one‐third of the T lymphocyte population showed a CD3+/CD8+ immunophenotype (cytotoxic/suppressor), and two‐thirds of the T lymphocytes expressed a CD3+/CD4+ immunophenotype (helper/inducer). The authors also identified an unexpected large amount of CD20+ non‐plasmacellular B cells in addition to the plasma cells usually detected in rhinoscleroma biopsies.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the presence of B lymphocytes in rhinoscleroma tissue. It is presumable that the mature B cells activated by antigenic stimulation of Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis are the precursors of the plasma cells typically found in the granuloma of rhinoscleroma.
Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Using a Suture Bridge Technique
Authors: Cho Nam Su , Lee Bong Gun , Rhee Yong Girl 
Published: February 2011

Background: Suture bridge repair has been recognized to have superior biomechanical characteristics, as shown in previous biomechanical studies. However, it is not clear whether the tendon heals better in vivo after suture bridge repair. Purpose: To evaluate the clinical results and repair integrity after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair using a suture bridge technique for patients with rotator cuff tears. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: One hundred twenty-three shoulders (120 patients) that underwent arthroscopic suture bridge repair for full-thickness rotator cuff tear were enrolled for this study. The mean duration of follow-up was 25.2 months (range, 16-34 months). The postoperative repair integrity was analyzed with use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 87 shoulders. According to the retear patterns on postoperative MRI, the cases were divided into type 1 (failure at the original repair site) or 2 (failure around the medial row). Results: At the last follow-up, the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) score improved from the preoperative mean of 13.2 points to 29.7 points ( P < .001). The rotator cuff was completely healed in 58 (66.7%) of the 87 shoulders, and there was a recurrent tear in 29 shoulders (33.3%). The incidence of retear tended to increase with age older than 60 years at the time of surgery ( P = .002). When there was a larger intraoperative tear, the rate of retear was also higher ( P = .002). When the severity of preoperative fatty degeneration of the cuff muscles was higher, there was a greater chance of a recurrent tear ( P < .001). The retear patterns on postoperative MRI in 29 shoulders with recurrent failures were classified as type 1 in 12 shoulders (41.4%) and type 2 in 17 shoulders (58.6%). The preoperative cuff tear size did not have an influence on retear patterns ( P = .236), but the percentage of type 1 retear increased with the severity of fatty degeneration or muscle atrophy ( P = .041, .023). Conclusion: Arthroscopic suture bridge repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tears led to a relatively high rate of recurrent defects. However, the mean 25-month follow-up demonstrated excellent pain relief and improvement in the ability to perform the activities of daily living, despite the structural failures. The factors affecting tendon healing were the patient’s age, the size and extent of the tear, and the presence of fatty degeneration in the rotator cuff muscle. The retear in cases with a suture bridge technique tended to be more frequently at the musculotendinous junction.
Comparison of Rotatory Stability After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Between Single-Bundle and Double-Bundle Techniques
Authors: Izawa Toshiaki , Okazaki Ken , Tashiro Yasutaka , Matsubara Hirokazu , Miura Hiromasa , Matsuda Shuichi , Hashizume Makoto , Iwamoto Yukihide 
Published: February 2011

Background: Controversy persists as to whether double-bundle reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has any clinical advantage over single-bundle reconstruction. Several studies have used subjective and nonquantitative manual tests to evaluate the rotatory stability of the knee. The authors have developed a method to quantitate the rotatory stability of the ACL-deficient knee using open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hypothesis: Anatomic double-bundle reconstruction restores rotatory stability significantly better than does single-bundle reconstruction. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Twenty-three consecutive patients treated with the single-bundle reconstruction (group S) and 25 consecutive patients treated with the anatomic double-bundle reconstruction (group D) were evaluated. Both reconstruction procedures were performed using hamstring tendon autografts. The Slocum anterolateral rotatory instability (ALRI) test was performed 1 year after surgery using open MRI. To assess rotatory stability, we measured the difference in anterior tibial translation between medial and lateral compartments in the sagittal plane and defined this difference as the ALRI value. In addition, clinical examinations consisting of the Lysholm knee score, Tegner activity score, KT-2000 arthrometer anterior translation examination, and the pivot-shift test were carried out. Results: The mean side-to-side difference in ALRI values was significantly less ( P < .001) in double-bundle reconstruction (mean, 1.2 mm) than in single-bundle reconstruction (mean, 4.1 mm). The mean side-to-side difference in KT-2000 arthrometer measurements was significantly less ( P = .014) in double-bundle reconstruction (mean, 1.2 mm) than in single-bundle reconstruction (mean, 2.6 mm). The difference in the incidence of positive pivot-shift tests between group S (43%) and group D (16%) did not reach the level of statistical significance ( P = .058). No significant differences in Lysholm score or Tegner score between the groups were observed. Conclusion: The rotatory stability of anatomic double-bundle reconstruction was significantly better than the rotatory stability of single-bundle reconstruction.
A retrospective analysis of the effect of patient-specific factors on voriconazole concentrations in oncology patients
Authors: Lombardi Lindsey R , Miano Todd A , Davis Jennifer L , Morgan Steven C , Goldstein Steven C , Vardhanabhuti Saran , Mitra Nandita , Vozniak J Michael 
Published: February 2011

Objective. To identify patient-specific factors significantly associated with voriconazole exposure. Design, setting, and participants. Retrospective, single center at an academic medical center. Consecutive, adult oncology inpatients who received voriconazole by mouth and had at least one voriconazole level over a 14-month period. Voriconazole was ordered for 292 patients during the study period, a level was obtained in 41 patients. Nine patients were excluded; the study population was comprised of 32 patients. Methods and results. Univariate and multivariable regression analyses were utilized to predict the patient-specific factors significantly associated with level. A total of 36 levels meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria were performed in 32 patients. Sixty percent of levels (22/36) were between 1 and 5.5 µg/mL. Data were available to calculate a Child Pugh score for 66% (21/32) of patients. Using multivariable linear regression, three covariates were found to be statistically significant: age, international normalized ratio (INR), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Three outliers were notable in the ALP category, when removing the three individuals from the model, only an increasing INR remains significantly associated with increasing voriconazole level ( p = 0.0093). No correlation was found with trough level and Child Pugh score. Conclusions. Sixty percent of voriconazole trough levels were between 1 and 5.5 µg/mL (range 0.1–7.4 µg/mL), only increasing INR was significantly associated with rising voriconazole level. Increasing Child Pugh score was not associated with increasing level. More investigation is warranted into the usefulness of the Child Pugh score for guidance of dose modifications in non-cirrhotic patients with acute hepatic injury.
Telomeric damage in early stage of chronic lymphocytic leukemia correlates with shelterin dysregulation
Authors: Augereau Adeline , T'kint de Roodenbeke Claire , Simonet Thomas , Bauwens Serge , Horard Béatrice , Callanan Mary , Leroux Dominique , Jallades Laurent , Salles Gilles , Gilson Eric , Poncet Delphine 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Cells of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) are characterized by short telomeres despite a low proliferative index. Because telomere length has been reported to be a valuable prognosis criteria, there is a great interest in a deep understanding of the origin and consequences of telomere dysfunction in this pathology. Cases of chromosome fusion involving extremely short telomeres have been reported at advanced stage. In the present study, we address the question of the existence of early telomere dysfunction during the B-CLL time course. In a series restricted to 23 newly diagnosed Binet stage A CLL patients compared with 12 healthy donors, we found a significant increase in recruitment of DNA-damage factors to telomeres showing telomere dysfunction in the early stage of the disease. Remarkably, the presence of dysfunctional telomeres did not correlate with telomere shortening or chromatin marks deregulation but with a down-regulation of 2 shelterin genes: ACD (coding for TPP1; P = .0464) and TINF2 (coding for TIN2; P = .0177). We propose that telomeric deprotection in the early step of CLL is not merely the consequence of telomere shortening but also of shelterin alteration.
Chromatin-modifying agents promote the ex vivo production of functional human erythroid progenitor cells
Authors: Chaurasia Pratima , Berenzon Dmitriy , Hoffman Ronald 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Presently, blood transfusion products (TPs) are composed of terminally differentiated cells with a finite life span. We have developed an ex vivo–generated TP composed of erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) and precursors cells. Several histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) were used in vitro to promote the preferential differentiation of cord blood (CB) CD34+ cells to EPCs. A combination of cytokines and valproic acid (VPA): (1) promoted the greatest degree of EPC expansion, (2) led to the generation of EPCs which were capable of differentiating into the various stages of erythroid development, (3) led to epigenetic modifications (increased H3 acetylation) of promoters for erythroid-specific genes, which resulted in the acquisition of a gene expression pattern characteristic of primitive erythroid cells, and (4) promoted the generation of a TP that when infused into NOD/SCID mice produced mature RBCs containing both human adult and fetal globins as well Rh blood group Ag which persisted for 3 weeks and the retention of human EPCs and erythroid precursor cells within the BM of recipient mice. This ex vivo–generated EPC-TP likely represents a paradigm shift in transfusion medicine because of its potential to continue to generate additional RBCs after its infusion.
Toll-like receptors and microbial exposure: gene–gene and gene–environment interaction in the development of atopy
Authors: Reijmerink N.E. , Kerkhof M. , Bottema R.W.B. , Gerritsen J. , Stelma F.F. , Thijs C. , van Schayck C.P. , Smit H.A. , Brunekreef B. , Postma D.S. , Koppelman G.H. 
Published: February 2011

Environmental and genetic factors contribute to atopy development. High microbial exposure may confer a protective effect on atopy. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) bind microbial products and are important in activating the immune system.To assess whether interactions between microbial exposures and genes encoding TLRs (and related genes) result in atopy, genes, environmental factors and gene–environment interactions of 66 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 12 genes (TLR 1–6,9and10,CD14,MD2, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) andDectin-1), and six proxy parameters of microbial exposure (sibship size, pets (three different parameters), day-care and intrauterine and childhood tobacco smoke exposure) were analysed for association with atopic phenotypes in 3,062 Dutch children (the Allergenic study).The presence of two or more older siblings increased the risk of developing high total immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels at different ages. This risk increased further in children aged 1–2 yrs carrying the minor allele ofTLR6SNP rs1039559. Furthermore, novel two- and three-factor gene–gene and gene–environment interactions were found (e.g. between sibship size, day-care andLBPSNP rs2232596).Larger sibship size is associated with increased total IgE levels. Furthermore, complex two- and three-factor interactions exist between genes and the environment. TheTLRsand related genes interact with proxy parameters of high microbial exposure in atopy development.
Are interferon-γ release assays useful for diagnosing active tuberculosis in a high-burden setting?
Authors: Ling D.I. , Pai M. , Davids V. , Brunet L. , Lenders L. , Meldau R. , Calligaro G. , Allwood B. , van Zyl-Smit R. , Peter J. , Bateman E. , Dawson R. , Dheda K. 
Published: February 2011

Although interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) are intended for diagnosing latent tuberculosis (TB), we hypothesised that in a high-burden setting: 1) the magnitude of the response when using IGRAs can distinguish active TB from other diagnoses; 2) IGRAs may aid in the diagnosis of smear-negative TB; and 3) IGRAs could be useful as rule-out tests for active TB.We evaluated the accuracy of two IGRAs (QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-tube (QFT-GIT) and T-SPOT®.TB) in 395 patients (27% HIV-infected) with suspected TB in Cape Town, South Africa.IGRA sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) were 76% (68–83%) and 42% (36–49%) for QFT-GIT and 84% (77–90%) and 47% (40–53%) for T-SPOT®.TB, respectively. Although interferon-γ responses were significantly higher in the TBversusnon-TB groups (p<0.0001), varying the cut-offs did not improve discriminatory ability. In culture-negative patients, depending on whether those with clinically diagnosed TB were included or excluded from the analysis, the negative predictive value (NPV) of QFT-GIT, T-SPOT®.TBand chest radiograph in smear-negative patients varied between 85 and 89, 87 and 92, and 98% (for chest radiograph), respectively. Overall accuracy was independent of HIV status and CD4 count.In a high-burden setting, IGRAs alone do not have value as rule-in or -out tests for active TB. In smear-negative patients, chest radiography had better NPV even in HIV-infected patients.
Screening for activatingEGFRmutations in surgically resected nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Sriram K.B. , Tan M.E. , Savarimuthu S.M. , Wright C.M. , Relan V. , Stockwell R.E. , Clarke B.E. , Duhig E.E. , Yang I.A. , Bowman R.V. , Fong K.M. 
Published: February 2011

The clinical applicability of screening surgically resected nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumour tissue and serum for activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation is unknown. Furthermore, the comparative accuracy of inexpensiveEGFRmutation tests, mutant-enriched (ME)-PCR and high-resolution melt (HRM) has not been determined.Lung tumour DNA from 522 surgically resected stage I–IV NSCLC and matched serum DNA from a subset of 64 subjects was analysed forEGFRmutations in exons 19 and 21 using ME-PCR and HRM. Additionally, 97 subjects had previousEGFRDNA sequencing data available for comparison.ME-PCR and HRM detectedEGFRmutations in 5% (27 out of 522) of tumour samples. Compared to DNA sequencing, ME-PCR had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 99%, while HRM had 100% sensitivity and specificity. Six subjects withEGFRmutation tumours had matched serum, where ME-PCR detected mutations in three samples and HRM in two samples. In the cohort of never-smoker subjects, those withEGFRmutated tumours had worse survival compared with wild-type tumours (30versus49 months; p=0.017).ME-PCR and HRM have similar accuracy in detectingEGFRmutations but the prognostic implications of the mutations in resected NSCLC warrants further study.
Unusual applications of noninvasive ventilation
Authors: Ambrosino N. , Guarracino F. 
Published: February 2011

The use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure, cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), community-acquired pneumonia and weaning/post-extubation failure is considered common in clinical practice. Herein, we review the use of NIV in unusual conditions.Evidence supports the use of NIV during fibreoptic bronchoscopy, especially with high risks of endotracheal intubation (ETI), such as in immunocompromised patients. During transoesophageal echocardiography as well as in interventional cardiology and pulmonology, NIV can reduce the need for deep sedation or general anaesthesia and prevent respiratory depression induced by deep sedation. NIV may be useful after surgery, including cardiac surgery, and, with a lower level of evidence, in patients with pulmonary contusion.NIV should not be considered as an alternative to ETI in severe communicable airborne infections likely to progress to ARDS. NIV is being used increasingly as an alternative to ETI in end-stage symptomatic patients, especially to relieve dyspnoea. The role of assisted ventilation during exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients is still controversial.NIV should be applied under close monitoring and ETI should be promptly available in the case of failure. A trained team, careful patient selection and optimal choice of devices, can optimise outcome of NIV.
Experimental infection of hamsters with avian paramyxovirus serotypes 1 to 9
Authors: Samuel Arthur S , Subbiah Madhuri , Shive Heather , Collins Peter L , Samal Siba K 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) are frequently isolated from domestic and wild birds throughout the world and are separated into nine serotypes (APMV-1 to -9). Only in the case of APMV-1, the infection of non-avian species has been investigated. The APMVs presently are being considered as human vaccine vectors. In this study, we evaluated the replication and pathogenicity of all nine APMV serotypes in hamsters. The hamsters were inoculated intranasally with each virus and monitored for clinical disease, pathology, histopathology, virus replication, and seroconversion. On the basis of one or more of these criteria, each of the APMV serotypes was found to replicate in hamsters. The APMVs produced mild or inapparent clinical signs in hamsters except for APMV-9, which produced moderate disease. Gross lesions were observed over the pulmonary surface of hamsters infected with APMV-2 & -3, which showed petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages, respectively. Replication of all of the APMVs except APMV-5 was confirmed in the nasal turbinates and lungs, indicating a tropism for the respiratory tract. Histologically, the infection resulted in lung lesions consistent with bronchointerstitial pneumonia of varying severity and nasal turbinates with blunting or loss of cilia of the epithelium lining the nasal septa. The majority of APMV-infected hamsters exhibited transient histological lesions that self resolved by 14 days post infection (dpi). All of the hamsters infected with the APMVs produced serotype-specific HI or neutralizing antibodies, confirming virus replication. Taken together, these results demonstrate that all nine known APMV serotypes are capable of replicating in hamsters with minimal disease and pathology.
Mechanisms of resistance and susceptibility to experimental visceral leishmaniosis: BALB/c mouse versus syrian hamster model
Authors: Nieto Ana , Domínguez-Bernal Gustavo , Orden José A , De La Fuente Ricardo , Madrid-Elena Nadia , Carrión Javier 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSeveral animal models have been established to study visceral leishmaniosis (VL), a worldwide vector-borne disease affecting humans and domestic animals that constitutes a serious public health problem. BALB/c mice and Syrian hamsters are the most widely used experimental models. In this paper, we summarize the advantages and disadvantages of these two experimental models and discuss the results obtained using these models in different studies of VL. Studies using the BALB/c mouse model have underscored differences between the liver and spleen in the course of VL, indicating that pathological evaluation of the visceral organs is essential for understanding the immune mechanisms induced byLeishmania infantuminfection. The main goal of this review is to collate the relevant literature onLeishmaniapathogenesis into a sequence of events, providing a schematic view of the main components of adaptive and innate immunity in the liver and spleen after experimental infection withL. infantum or L. donovani. This review also presents several viewpoints and reflections about some controversial aspects ofLeishmaniaresearch, including the choice of experimental model, route of administration, inoculum size and the relevance of pathology (intimately linked to parasite persistence): a thorough understanding of which is essential for future VL research and the successful development of efficient control strategies forLeishmania spp.