bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyvinylpyrrolidon. Ein Tausendsassa in der Chemie
Authors: Fischer Frank , Bauer Stephan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractVor genau 70 Jahren wurde PVP von Prof. Dr. Walter Reppe in der BASF erfunden und zum Patent angemeldet. Polyvinylpyrrolidon wurde zunächst als Blutplasmaersatzstoff im Zweiten Weltkrieg eingesetzt. Nach und nach fand es dann Anwendung in den unterschiedlichsten Branchen: Pharma‐, Kosmetik‐, Waschmittelindustrien. PVP kommt mittlerweile bei über 100 verschiedenen technischen Anwendungen zum Einsatz, zum Beispiel in Membranen, Klebestiften, Schmelzklebern, Hydrogelen und im Pflanzenschutz. Aufgrund seiner vielseitigen Eigenschaften – wie Wasserlöslichkeit, Film‐ und Komplexbildung, Kleb‐ und Bindekraft – sowie Dank seiner toxikologischen Unbedenklichkeit ist PVP eines der interessantesten technischen Spezialpolymere in der Chemie.
Das Gerbereimuseum in Enger
Authors: Schwedt Georg 
Published: December 2009

AbstractZwischen Teutoburger Wald und Wiehengebirge im Kreis Herford liegt die westfälische Stadt Enger (Stadtrecht seit 1719), die 948 erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wurde. Nach einer legendenhaften Überlieferung soll der Sachsenherzog Widukind (lebte im 8. Jahrhundert) in der Pfarrkirche sein Grab haben. In Enger befindet sich die seit 1740 betriebene Gerberei Sasse am Ufer des Bolldammbaches, die 1995 stillgelegt und nach 1998 (Gründung des “Vereins Gerbereimuseum Enger e.V.”) bis 2001 zu einem lebendigen Museum umgestaltet wurde. Es ist das einzige Gerbereimuseum mit Loh‐ und Chromgerberei in Deutschland am originalen Standort und im ursprünglichen Gebäude.
How to quantify iron in an aqueous or biological matrix: a technical note
Authors: Boutry Sébastien , Forge Delphine , Burtea Carmen , Mahieu Isabelle , Murariu Oltea , Laurent Sophie , Vander Elst Luce , Muller Robert N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIron oxide (nano)particles are powerful contrast agents for MRI and tags for magnetic cellular labeling. The need for quantitative methods to evaluate the iron content of contrast media solutions and biological matrixes is thus obvious. Several convenient methods aiming at the quantification of iron from iron oxide nanoparticle‐containing samples are presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibitory neurons in the anterior piriform cortex of the mouse: Classification using molecular markers
Authors: Suzuki Norimitsu , Bekkers John M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe primary olfactory cortex (or piriform cortex, PC) is attracting increasing attention as a model system for the study of cortical sensory processing, yet little is known about inhibitory neurons in the PC. Here we provide the first systematic classification of GABA‐releasing interneurons in the anterior PC of mice, based on the expression of molecular markers. Our experiments used GAD67‐GFP transgenic mice, in which gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐containing cells are labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP). We first confirmed, using paired whole‐cell recordings, that GFP+ neurons in the anterior PC of GAD67‐GFP mice are functionally GABAergic. Next, we performed immunolabeling of GFP+ cells to quantify their expression of every possible pairwise combination of seven molecular markers: calbindin, calretinin, parvalbumin, cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. We found that six main categories of interneurons could be clearly distinguished in the anterior PC, based on the size and laminar location of their somata, intensity of GFP fluorescence, patterns of axonal projections, and expression of one or more of the seven markers. A number of rarer categories of interneurons could also be identified. These data provide a road map for further work that examines the functional properties of the six main classes of interneurons. Together, this information elucidates the cellular architecture of the PC and provides clues about the roles of GABAergic interneurons in olfactory processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1670–1687, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Telencephalic binding sites for oxytocin and social organization: A comparative study of eusocial naked mole‐rats and solitary cape mole‐rats
Authors: Kalamatianos Theodosis , Faulkes Christopher G. , Oosthuizen Maria K. , Poorun Ravi , Bennett Nigel C. , Coen Clive W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAfrican mole‐rats provide a unique taxonomic group for investigating the evolution and neurobiology of sociality. The two species investigated here display extreme differences in social organization and reproductive strategy. Naked mole‐rats (NMRs) live in colonies, dominated by a queen and her consorts; most members remain nonreproductive throughout life but cooperate in burrowing, foraging, and caring for pups, for which they are not biological parents (alloparenting). In contrast, Cape mole‐rats (CMRs) are solitary and intolerant of conspecifics, except during fleeting seasonal copulation or minimal maternal behavior. Research on other mammals suggests that oxytocin receptors at various telencephalic sites regulate social recognition, monogamous pair bonding, and maternal/allomaternal behavior. Current paradigms in this field derive from monogamous and polygamous species of New World voles, which are evolutionarily remote from Old World mole‐rats. The present findings indicate that NMRs exhibit a considerably greater level of oxytocin receptor (OTR) binding than CMRs in the: nucleus accumbens; indusium griseum; central, medial, and cortical amygdaloid nuclei; bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; and CA1 hippocampal subfield. In contrast, OTR binding in the piriform cortex is intense in CMRs but undetectable in NMRs. We speculate that the abundance of OTR binding and oxytocin‐neurophysin‐immunoreactive processes in the nucleus accumbens of NMRs reflects their sociality, alloparenting behavior, and potential for reproductive attachments. In contrast, the paucity of oxytocin and its receptors at this site in CMRs may reflect a paucity of prosocial behaviors. Whether similarities in OTR expression between eusocial mole‐rats and monogamous voles are due to gene conservation or convergent evolution remains to be determined. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1792–1813, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of nitrergic neurons in the nervous system of the locust embryo
Authors: Stern Michael , Böger Nicole , Eickhoff René , Lorbeer Christina , Kerssen Ulrike , Ziegler Maren , Martinelli Giorgio P. , Holstein Gay R. , Bicker Gerd 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe followed the development of the nitric oxide‐cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO‐cGMP) system during locust embryogenesis in whole mount nervous systems and brain sections by using various cytochemical techniques. We visualized NO‐sensitive neurons by cGMP immunofluorescence after incubation with an NO donor in the presence of the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) activator YC‐1 and the phosphodiesterase‐inhibitor isobutyl‐methyl‐xanthine (IBMX). Central nervous system (CNS) cells respond to NO as early as 38% embryogenesis. By using the NADPH‐diaphorase technique, we identified somata and neurites of possible NO‐synthesizing cells in the CNS. The first NADPH‐diaphorase‐positive cell bodies appear around 40% embryogenesis in the brain and at 47% in the ventral nerve cord. The number of positive cells reaches the full complement of adult cells at 80%. In the brain, some structures, e.g., the mushroom bodies acquire NADPH‐diaphorase staining only postembryonically. Immunolocalization of L‐citrulline confirmed the presence of NOS in NADPH‐diaphorase‐stained neurons and, in addition, indicated enzymatic activity in vivo. In whole mount ventral nerve cords, citrulline immunolabeling was present in varying subsets of NADPH‐diaphorase‐positive cells, but staining was very variable and often weak. However, in a regeneration paradigm in which one of the two connectives between ganglia had been crushed, strong, reliable staining was observed as early as 60% embryogenesis. Thus, citrulline immunolabeling appears to reflect specific activity of NOS. However, in younger embryos, NOS may not always be constitutively active or may be so at a very low level, below the citrulline antibody detection threshold. For the CNS, histochemical markers for NOS do not provide conclusive evidence for a developmental role of this enzyme. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1157–1175, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical stress induces the unfolded protein response in olfactory sensory neurons
Authors: Sammeta Neeraja , McClintock Timothy S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMore than any other neuron, olfactory sensory neurons are exposed to environmental insults. Surprisingly, their only documented response to damaging stress is apoptosis and subsequent replacement by new neurons. However, they expressed unfolded protein response genes, a transcriptionally regulated defense mechanism activated by many types of insults. The unfolded protein response transcripts Xbp1, spliced Xbp1, Chop (Ddit3), and BiP (Hspa5) were decreased when external access of stressors was reduced by blocking a nostril (naris occlusion). These transcripts and Nrf2 (Nfe2l2) were increased by systemic application of tunicamycin or the selective olfactotoxic chemical methimazole. Methimazole's effects overcame naris occlusion, and the unfolded protein response was independent of odor‐evoked neuronal activity. Chemical stress is therefore a major and chronic activator of the unfolded protein response in olfactory sensory neurons. Stress‐dependent repression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl2 was absent, however, suggesting a mechanism for disconnecting the UPR from apoptosis and tolerating a chronic unfolded protein response. Environmental stressors also affect both the sustentacular cells that support the neurons and the respiratory epithelia, because naris occlusion decreased expression of the xenobiotic chemical transformation enzyme Cyp2a5 in sustentacular cells, and both naris occlusion and methimazole altered the abundance of the antibacterial lectin Reg3g in respiratory epithelia. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1825–1836, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embedded Phases: A Way to Active and Stable Catalysts
Authors: De Rogatis Loredana , Cargnello Matteo , Gombac Valentina , Lorenzut Barbara , Montini Tiziano , Fornasiero Paolo 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIndustrial catalysts are typically made of nanosized metal particles, carried by a solid support. The extremely small size of the particles maximizes the surface area exposed to the reactant, leading to higher reactivity. Moreover, the higher the number of metal atoms in contact with the support, the better the catalyst performance. In addition, peculiar properties have been observed for some metal/metal oxide particles of critical sizes. However, thermal stability of these nanostructures is limited by their size; smaller the particle size, the lower the thermal stability. The ability to fabricate and control the structure of nanoparticles allows to influence the resulting properties and, ultimately, to design stable catalysts with the desired characteristics. Tuning particle sizes provides the possibility to modulate the catalytic activity. Unique and unexpected properties have been observed by confining/embedding metal nanoparticles in inorganic channels or cavities, which indeed offers new opportunities for the design of advanced catalytic sytems. Innovation in catalyst design is a powerful tool in realizing the goals of more green, efficient and sustainable industrial processes. The present Review focuses on the catalytic performance of noble metal‐ and non precious metal‐based embedded catalysts with respect to traditional impregnated systems. Emphasis is dedicated to the improved thermal stability of these nanostructures compared to conventional systems.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Ruthenium Thin Films from an Amidinate Precursor
Authors: Wang Hongtao , Gordon Roy G. , Alvis Roger , Ulfig Robert M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRuthenium thin films are deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) from bis(N,N'‐di‐tert‐butylacetamidinato)ruthenium(II) dicarbonyl and O2. Highly conductive, dense, and pure thin films can be deposited when oxygen exposure, EO, approaches a certain threshold (Emax). When EO > Emax the film peels off due to the recombinative desorption of O2 at the film/substrate interface. Analysis by atomic probe microscopy (APM) shows that the crystallites are nearly free from carbon impurity (<0.1 at.‐%), while a low level of carbon (<0.5 at.‐%) is segregated near the grain boundaries. APM also shows that a small amount of O impurity (0.3 at.‐%) is distributed uniformly between the crystallites and the grain boundaries.
Proxy‐assisted P2P and multicast transmission schemes for layered‐video streaming over wireless networks
Authors: Kao Yung‐Cheng , Lee Chung‐Nan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis work describes the process of efficiently streaming a set of layered‐videos from a remote server via proxy of the base station to multiple heterogeneous and asynchronous clients in wireless networks, such as the WiMAX network, which are devices that request different layers of the video according to their profiles. The process focuses on that the transmission cost savings for cachingXlayers of a video are not only from requests onXlayers, but also from requests on layers that are lower thanXlayers. A set of proxy‐assisted transmission schemes are proposed for layered‐video streaming by integrating the proxy caching with reactive transmission schemes, peer‐to‐peer mesh networks and base station multicast capability. The optimal proxy prefix cache allocation is calculated for each transmission scheme to identify the cache layer and cache length of each video to minimize the aggregate transmission cost. Experimental results demonstrate that an adaptive proxy‐assisted transmission scheme can lead to significant transmission cost savings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transient expression of serotonin 5‐HT4receptors in the mouse developing thalamocortical projections
Authors: Slaten Erin R. , Hernandez Melissa C. , Albay Ricardo , Lavian Rachel , Janušonis Skirmantas 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe serotonin 5‐HT4receptor (5‐HT4‐R) is an unusually complex G‐protein coupled receptor that is likely to play important roles in brain development and that may underlie the comorbidity of central and peripheral abnormalities in some developmental disorders. We studied the expression of 5‐HT4‐Rs in the developing mouse forebrain at embryonic days 13, 15, 17, and at postnatal days 3 and 14 by using immunohistochemistry, tract tracing, and quantitative RT‐PCR. The developing thalamocortical projections transiently expressed 5‐HT4‐Rs in the embryonic brain and the 5‐HT4‐R expression in the forebrain changed from axonal to somatic around birth. From embryonic days 13–17, the forebrain mRNA levels of the 5‐HT4(a)‐R and 5‐HT4(b)‐R splice variants increased nine‐ and fivefold, respectively, whereas the levels of the 5‐HT4(e)‐R and 5‐HT4(f)‐R variants remained relatively low throughout the studied period of embryonic development. These results suggest that during development 5‐HT4‐R expression undergoes a dynamic regulation and that this regulation may be important for the normal development of sensory and limbic processing. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2010.
Molecular Rotors Based on the Boron Dipyrromethene Fluorophore
Authors: Benniston Andrew C. , Harriman Anthony , Whittle Victoria L. , Zelzer Mischa 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn order to examine how changes in the size of the rotary group affect the efficacy of molecular probes for monitoring changes in local viscosity, a boron dipyrromethene dyebearing a meso‐phenanthrene unit has been synthesized and fully characterized. 19F NMR spectroscopy, together with molecular modelling, indicates that the bulky phenanthryl unit cannot rotate completely around the connecting C–C linkage but can oscillate over a reasonably large dihedral angle. This situation is to be contrasted with the corresponding dye having a meso‐phenylene ring. The latter dye functions as a molecular probe for changes in viscosity of the surrounding solvent but remains essentially insensitive to changes in the polarity of the solvent. The opposite situation is found for the phenanthryl derivative, where a charge‐transfer state lies at higher energy than the emissive π,π* excited state but can be accessed thermally. The results are considered in terms of energy‐level diagrams taking into account rotational freedom. Photophysical properties are reported for both dyes in a range of solvents, and temperature‐dependent studies are described.
Distinct pathways to persuasion: The role of affect in message‐framing effects
Authors: van 't Riet Jonathan , Ruiter Robert A. C. , Werrij Marieke Q. , Candel Math J. J. M. , de Vries Hein 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHealth‐promoting messages can be framed in terms of the gains that are associated with healthy behaviour (gain frame) or the losses that are associated with unhealthy behaviour (loss frame). In the present research, we examined the role of positive and negative affect in the persuasive effects of gain‐ and loss‐framed health‐promoting information. Experiment 1 (N = 98) showed that gain‐framed information resulted in higher levels of information acceptance than loss‐framed information and that this effect was mediated by positive affect. The results of Experiment 2 (N = 129) showed that gain‐framed information resulted in higher levels of information acceptance and attitude, an effect that was again mediated by positive affect. In addition, loss‐framed information resulted in more negative affect than gain‐framed information and negative affect increased participants' intention to engage in the healthy behaviour. These results suggest that affect may be of great importance in the persuasion process and may be particularly helpful to explain the underlying mechanisms of message framing effects. The findings also suggest that gain‐ and loss‐framed messages offer distinct pathways to persuasion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial distribution and content of soil organic matter in an agricultural field in eastern Canada, as estimated from geostatistical tools
Authors: Mabit Lionel , Bernard Claude 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSoil erosion induces soil redistribution within the landscape and thus contributes to the spatial variability of soil quality. This study complements a previous experimentation initiated by the authors focusing on soil redistribution as a result of soil erosion, as indicated by caesium‐137 (137Cs) measurements, in a small agricultural field in Canada.The spatial variability of soil organic matter (SOM) was characterized using geostatistics, which consider the randomized and structured nature of spatial variables and the spatial distribution of the samples. The spatial correlation of SOM (in percentages) patterns in the topsoil was established taking into account the spatial structure present in the data. A significant autocorrelation and reliable variograms were found with a R2 ≥ 0·9, thus demonstrating a strong spatial dependence.Ordinary Kriging (OK) interpolation provided the best cross validation (r2 = 0·35). OK and inverse distance weighting power two (IDW2) interpolation approaches produced similar estimates of the total SOM content of the topsoil (0–20 cm) of the experimental field, i.e. 211 and 213 tonnes, respectively. However, the two approaches produced differences in the spatial distribution patterns and the relative magnitude of some SOM content classes.The spatialization of SOM and soil redistribution variability – as evidenced by 137Cs measurements – is a first step towards the assessment of the impact of soil erosion on SOM losses to recommend conservation measures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Little Ice Age glaciers in the Balkans: low altitude glaciation enabled by cooler temperatures and local topoclimatic controls
Authors: Hughes P.D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMoraine ridges are present in the highest cirques of the Durmitor massif in Montenegro and post‐date the widespread Pleistocene moraines of this area. Lichenometry suggests that at least eight glaciers were present in the 19th century and correlate with the culmination of the Little Ice Age in the European Alps. Cooler temperatures combined with local topoclimatic controls, including windblown and avalanching snow as well as shading, were crucial for the formation and survival of these glaciers below the regional equilibrium–line altitude. The resultant regional equilibrium line altitude (ELA) was positioned close to the highest peaks between 2400 and 2500 m, with local controls such as avalanche, windblown snow and shading depressing the ELA in the northern cirques to 2130–2210 m. This ELA position was very low for this latitude and lower than for most glaciers in the European Alps at any time during the Holocene, and even equivalent to many Alpine glaciers during the Younger Dryas. Today, one glacier still survives in Montenegro, in a deep northeast‐facing cirque characterized by the largest combined areas of potential avalanche and windblown snow. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fully Aromatic Copolyethers for High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Daletou M. K. , Geormezi M. , Pefkianakis E. K. , Morfopoulou C. , Kallitsis J. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNew aromatic polyethers containing diphenylpyridine, phosphinoxide and tetramethyl‐biphenyl units have been synthesised employing various comonomers' ratios affording a complete series of soluble high molecular weight copolymers. Their properties in respect to their potential as electrolytes for high temperature PEM fuel cells were thoroughly investigated. All materials exhibit excellent film forming properties and mechanical integrity, high thermal and oxidative stability in combination with the ability to absorb phosphoric acid resulting in conductivities in the range of 10–2 S cm–1. A discussion on the effect of the chemical structure on the properties is also depicted herein.
Electrical stimulation induces calcium‐dependent release of NGF from cultured Schwann cells
Authors: Huang Jinghui , Ye Zhengxu , Hu Xueyu , Lu Lei , Luo Zhuojing 
Published: December 2009

AbstractProduction of nerve growth factor (NGF) from Schwann cells (SCs) progressively declines in the distal stump, if axonal regeneration is staggered across the suture site after peripheral nerve injuries. This may be an important factor limiting the outcome of nerve injury repair. Thus far, extensive efforts are devoted to modulating NGF production in cultured SCs, but little has been achieved. In the present in vitro study, electrical stimulation (ES) was attempted to stimulate cultured SCs to release NGF. Our data showed that ES was capable of enhancing NGF release from cultured SCs. An electrical field (1 Hz, 5 V/cm) caused a 4.1‐fold increase in NGF release from cultured SCs. The ES‐induced NGF release is calcium dependent. Depletion of extracellular or/and intracellular calcium partially/ completely abolished the ES‐induced NGF release. Further pharmacological interventions showed that ES induces calcium influx through T‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels and mobilizes calcium from 1, 4, 5‐trisphosphate‐sensitive stores and caffeine/ryanodine‐sensitive stores, both of which contributed to the enhanced NGF release induced by ES. In addition, a calcium‐triggered exocytosis mechanism was involved in the ES‐induced NGF release from cultured SCs. These findings show the feasibility of using ES in stimulating SCs to release NGF, which holds great potential in promoting nerve regeneration by enhancing survival and outgrowth of damaged nerves, and is of great significance in nerve injury repair and neuronal tissue engineering. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.