bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction Hardening of Spur Gearwheels Made from 42CrMo4 Hardening and Tempering Steel by Employing Spray Cooling
Authors: Rodman Dmytro , Krause Christian , Nürnberger Florian , Bach Friedrich‐Wilhelm , Haskamp Klaus , Kästner Markus , Reithmeier Eduard 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAs a rule, induction surface hardening is carried out industrially by employing polymer solutions since these ensure a more homogeneous quench than immersion cooling in water. Besides reproducing the quenching process, the intention here is to minimise the hardening defects and the distortions arising from the heat treatment. Polymer solutions also have a few disadvantages which include, among others, poor environmental compatibility and handleability. Quenching by means of spray cooling provides an effective alternative. The purpose of the current investigation is to substitute the polymer solution by a water‐air spray in induction hardening equipment for surface hardening spur gearwheels made of 42CrMo4 hardening and tempering steel. The suitability of spray cooling was assessed by means of hardness measurements, residual stress conditions, distortion measurements and by metallographic examinations. Based on the analyses currently carried out, it was possible to show that the two‐phase spray cooling represents an alternative quenching method which produces comparable component properties.
Microstructural Changes after Control Rolling and Interrupted Accelerated Cooling Simulations in Pipeline Steel
Authors: Sanchez‐Mouriño Nuria , Petrov Roumen , Bae Jin‐Ho , Kim Kisoo , Kestens Leo A.I. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe γ‐α transformation and final microstructure in pipeline steel was studied by carrying out a number of physical simulations of industrial hot rolling schedules. Particularly, the effect of the reheating temperature, deformation and cooling parameters on the transformation temperatures and final grain size were considered with a goal to obtain an appropriate thermo‐mechanical processing route which will generate appropriate microstructures for pipeline applications. The CCT diagram of the steel was derived experimentally by means of dilatometric tests. Hot torsion experiments were applied in a multi‐deformation cycle at various temperatures in the austenite region to simulate industrial rolling schedules. By variation of the reheating temperature, equivalent strain, and accelerated cooling, different types of microstructures were obtained. It was found that the deformation increases the transformation temperatures whereas the higher cooling rates after deformation decrease them. Post‐deformation microstructure consists of fine bainitic‐ferrite grains with dispersed carbides and small amount of dispersed martensite/austenite islands which can be controlled by varying the reheating temperature, deformation and post‐deformation cooling. The detailed microstructure characteristics obtained from the present work could be used to optimize the mechanical properties, strength and toughness of pipeline steel grades by an appropriate control of the thermo‐mechanical processing.
Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Simulations of Liquid Steel Infiltration in Ceramic Foam Structures. Part I: Fundamentals and Validation
Authors: Schwarze R. , Klostermann J. , Brücker Ch. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe infiltration of liquid TRIP steel into a porous zirconium dioxide foam ceramics is a possible production line for a new composite material. This composite is currently under investigation in a joint research project, which should explore the basic features and possible designs of the new material. The paper presents a pore‐scale model for the numerical simulation of the infiltration process. Such simulations should help to develop optimised production processes for the composite. The qualitative and quantitative performance of the model is evaluated by comparison of simulation results with data from corresponding water model experiments. Good agreement between the numerical and the experimental results is found.
The effects of annealing and acid hydrolysis on resistant starch level and the properties of cross‐linked RS4 rice starch
Authors: Song Ji‐Young , Park Jin‐Hee , Shin Malshick 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe effects of ANN prior to cross‐linking of non‐wx rice starches on a RS level and granular shape were investigated to apply them for a fat replacer with RS in a liquid food system. Acid hydrolysis and sonication were also evaluated to improve RS quality. The RS level was also compared with AOAC and P/G methods. The RS levels of CRS analyzed with the AOAC method were higher than those analyzed with the P/G method, but the differences in the RS level of CRS affected an ANN condition and starch content during cross‐linking. When ANN was conducted at 50°C for 12 h using the AOAC method, and starch content (40%) used in cross‐linking was at 45°C for 3 h, the highest RS level of CRS treated with ANN was 69.4% compared to 38.3% RS level of CRS without ANN. The 1 h acid hydrolysis (pH 4.0) of CRS treated ANN increased 114.5% of the RS level (79.4% compared to 69.4% in CRS treated ANN), regardless of which analytical methods were used. CRS granules remained the same as native ones with a polygonal shape and A type crystallinity even after being treated with ANN, and acid hydrolysis. The sonication before cross‐linking reaction increased the RS level and prevented increase in size from aggregating CRS granules.
Desizing of untreated cotton fabric with the conventional and ultrasonic bath procedures by immobilized and native α‐amylase
Authors: Şahinbaşkan Burcu Yılmaz , Kahraman Memet Vezir 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this work, starch‐sized, untreated 100% cotton plain woven fabric was treated with native and immobilized α‐amylase enzyme in two different system (conventional and ultrasonic bath procedures) and time (15 and 30 min). Weight loss, the amount of removed starch, tensile properties, contact angle, and scanning electron micrograph morphology were investigated. Sonification and treatment time enhance the desizing performance. Free enzyme, treatment time, and ultrasound brings about a significant increase in the starch‐size removal along with a decrease in the retained strength values, regardless of the used fabric. Immobilized enzyme can be use many times which enables to improve environment friendly pretreatment processes for the textile industry.
Wnt Signaling Regulates Symmetry of Division of Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Brain and in Response to Injury
Authors: Piccin David , Morshead Cindi M. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Neural stem cells comprise a small population of subependymal cells in the adult brain that divide asymmetrically under baseline conditions to maintain the stem cell pool and divide symmetrically in response to injury to increase their numbers. Using in vivo and in vitro models, we demonstrate that Wnt signaling plays a role in regulating the symmetric divisions of adult neural stem cells with no change in the proliferation kinetics of the progenitor population. Using BAT-gal transgenic reporter mice to identify cells with active Wnt signaling, we demonstrate that Wnt signaling is absent in stem cells in conditions where they are dividing asymmetrically and that it is upregulated when stem cells are dividing symmetrically, such as (a) during subependymal regeneration in vivo, (b) in response to stroke, and (c) during colony formation in vitro. Moreover, we demonstrate that blocking Wnt signaling in conditions where neural stem cells are dividing symmetrically inhibits neural stem cell expansion both in vivo and in vitro. Together, these findings reveal that the mechanism by which Wnt signaling modulates the size of the stem cell pool is by regulating the symmetry of stem cell division.
A momentum explanation for the unsatisfactory Betz model prediction in highly loaded wind turbines
Authors: Georgiou D. P. , Theodoropoulos N. G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe present study attempts to provide a direct explanation for the strong deviation between the predictions of the well‐known Betz model and the actual results for the performance of highly loaded wind turbines. The new model accounts for the inner and outer stream interaction (momentum and energy transfers) by reformulating the relevant one‐dimensional flow equations. This results in a very good prediction of the experimentally measured CT = f(a) relationship in ‘windmilling propeller’ tests. It is shown that although the maximum power coefficient is near that predicted by Betz, for rotor loadings beyond the ‘optimum’ point, this drops sharply (instead of remaining steady, near the CP = 0.5 value). Further analysis shows that the main contributor for this ‘efficiency’ degradation is the reduction in the mass flux through the turbine rotor, apparently because of the wake vortices that block its passage in the inner section. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrothermal In Situ Synthesis of a Novel Three‐dimensional Tetrazole Coordination Polymer with Manganese Ions
Authors: Wang Wei , Fu Da‐Wei , Xu Xiong‐Bin , Ye Qiong 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe hydrothermal reaction of benzotriazol‐1‐yl‐acetonitrile and Mn(ClO4)2·6H2O in the presence of NaN3 yielded almost colorless block‐shaped crystals of a novel three‐dimensional manganese coordination compound with benzotriazol‐1‐yl‐acetic acid and 1‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐ylmethyl)‐1H‐benzotriazole ligands, which were obtained by in situ hydrolysis and 2+3 cyclo‐additional reactions of the cyano group in Pyrex tube at 150 °C. In this compound azide, benzotriazol‐1‐yl‐acetic acid, and 1‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐ylmethyl)‐1H‐benzotriazole as multi‐dentate ligands coordinate to three crystallographically independent manganese atoms to form a novel three‐dimensional coordination polymer. Dielectric measurements show no dielectric anomaly within the temperature range of 120 K to 300 K.
Phenylimido Complexes of Technetium and Rhenium with Maleonitriledithiolate
Authors: Kuhn Bernd , Abram Ulrich 
Published: December 2010

Abstract[Tc(NPh)Cl3(PPh3)2] or [Re(NPh)Cl3(PPh3)2] react with two equivalents of Na2mnt (mnt2– = 1,2‐dicyanoethene‐1,2‐dithiolate) with formation of anionic complexes of the composition [M(NPh)(mnt)2]–. The products can be isolated as large red blocks of their AsPh4+ salts. The complex anions contain square‐pyramidal coordinated metal atoms with the phenylimido ligands in apical positions. The M–N–C bonds are almost linear. A similar phenylimido complex with an additional amino group was synthesized from [Re(NC6H4‐4‐NH2)Cl3(PPh3)2]. The presence of such substituents may allow coupling of the metal complexes to biomolecules such as peptides, proteins, or sugars, provided the M=N bonds are sufficiently stable against hydrolysis.
Three New cpt‐Metal Complexes Displaying 0D, 1D, and 3D Topology Structures
Authors: Song Jiang‐Feng , Zhou Rui‐Sha , Zhang Jia , Xu Chun‐Yan , Li Yan‐Bing , Wang Biao‐Bing 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThree new cpt‐metal complexes of different topology structures were synthesized by solvothermal methods [Hcpt = 4‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐1,2,4‐triazole]. The structure of [Mn(cpt)2·2H2O] (1) is essentially 0D monomeric, but extended into a 2D supramolecular network through cross‐linking hydrogen bonds. In [Cu(cpt)(OH)·2H2O]·2H2O (2), the hydroxo groups as well as cpt ligands join the copper ions into an infinite polymeric [Cu(μ‐cpt)(μ‐OH)] chain, which is interconnected into a 3D supramolecular network with different oriented channels by 1D water chains. The complex [Zn(cpt)2]·0.5DMF·CH3CH2OH (3), which crystallizes in a 3D open framework with fourfold interpenetrated diamondoid network topology, represents the first 3D structure based on cpt anions. The structure differences demonstrate that the reaction metal ions have an important effect on the structures of these complexes.
Structure and Magnetic Properties of A μ‐Phenoxido‐bridged Dinuclear Cobalt(II) Complex
Authors: Lin Shuang‐Yan , Xu Gong‐Feng , Zhao Lang , Tang Jinkui , Liu Gui‐Xia 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA new dinuclear cobalt(II) complex [Co2L2Cl2(CH3OH)2] (1), where HL = 3‐[(furan‐2‐ylmethylimino)methyl]‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methylbenzaldehyde, derived from the in situ condensation of 2,6‐diformyl‐4‐methylphenol with furfurylamine, was prepared and structurally and magnetically characterized. Single crystal X‐ray structural determination reveals that the structure consists of centrosymmetric dinuclear units with each CoII ion in a slightly distorted octahedral environment. Lines’ model, which in principle can theoretically separate in spin‐only and orbital contribution, was used to fit the variable temperature susceptibility (2–300 K), suggesting an intramolecular antiferromagnetic interaction between the cobalt(II) ions.
Phenotypic responses of Spartina anglica to duration of tidal immersion
Authors: Li Hongli , Lei Guangchun , Zhi Yingbiao , Bridgewater Peter , Zhao Lei , Wang Yu , Deng Zifa , Liu Yuhong , Liu Fude , An Shuqing 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAlthough Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard continues to be invasive in many countries, this species has experienced a drastic decline in coastal China over the last decade. We hypothesize that changes in the duration of tidal immersion were responsible for this decline because the elevation of the S. anglica‐dominated area in coastal China has increased greatly over the last decade. We examined the effects of the duration of simulated tidal immersion and plant material provenance on growth, asexual reproduction, biomass accumulation, and allocation (percent of above‐ground biomass to total biomass) of S. anglica in a greenhouse experiment. The provenance of S. anglica did not significantly affect any traits measured except for height, stalk diameter, and leaf area. However, all traits were affected by the duration of immersion. Plants grown under 6 h of immersion were taller and had more leaves, more roots, and larger leaf area than those under 2, 4, 8, and 10 h of immersion. Asexual traits and biomass of the plants grown under 6 h of immersion were significantly larger than those under other immersion durations. The results suggested that S. anglica benefits from tidal immersion and decreasing duration of tidal immersion may have resulted in the decline of the S. anglica populations in coastal China. Thus, controlling the duration of tidal immersion may be an effective way of controlling invasiveness of this species elsewhere in the world.
Jatropha Diterpenes: a Review
Authors: Devappa Rakshit K. , Makkar Harinder P. S. , Becker Klaus 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTerpenes are the largest group of phytochemicals that exhibit diverse functions in mediating antagonistic and beneficial interactions in, and among, organisms. For many years the abundance and distribution of terpenoid compounds in plants have benefitted both nature and human civilization. Jatropha species, belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, are a rich source of terpenoid compounds. Among the terpenes, diterpenoid compounds have dominated the research area in Jatropha species with respect to their novel chemical structures and medicinal values. The present review describes the chemistry and biological activities of an array of Jatropha diterpenes. The diterpenes isolated from Jatropha species belongs to rhamnofolane, daphnane, lathyrane, tigliane, dinorditerpene, deoxy preussomerin and pimarane skeletal structures. Among the 68 diterpenes collated in this review, the biological activity of compounds varied distinctly—the majority of the diterpenes exhibited cytotoxic, antitumor and antimicrobial activities in vitro. To name a few, jatrophone, spruceanol and jatrophatrione exhibited antitumor properties against P338 lymphocytic leukemia and japodagrol against KB carcinoma cells. Whereas, curcusone B exhibited anti‐invasive effects against cholangiocarcinoma cells. The phorbol esters (Jatropha factor C1–C6) and Jatropherol exhibited insect deterrent/cytotoxic properties. Many diterpenes (jatrophalactam, faveline derivatives, multifolone, curcusone, jatrophone derivatives etc.) showed in‐vitro cytotoxic activity, while japodagrin, jatrogrossidione derivatives and jatropholone derivatives exhibited antimicrobial activities. Jatropha diterpenoids having a wide spectrum of bioactivity could form lead compounds or could be used as templates for the synthesis of new compounds with better biological activity for utilization in the pharmaceutical industries.
The Biodegradabilities of Different Oil‐Based Fatliquors
Authors: Luo Zhaoyang , Xia Chunchun , Fan Haojun , Chen Xin , Peng Biyu 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe biodegradabilities of different oil‐based fatliquors derived from rape oil, fish oil, castor oil or mineral oil variants were investigated by evaluating the respiration curves, BOD5/COD values, COD (chemical oxygen demand) and TOC (total organic carbon) removal ratios. Simultaneously, degradation kinetics of the fatliquors were also studied. The results indicated that the BOD5/COD values and the COD and TOC removal ratios of all the natural oil based products are higher than 0.45 and 85%, respectively, implying that all of them are biodegradable. The mineral oil based fatliquors have lower than 0.2 and 10% values, showing unbiodegradable characteristics and were used as the control. The biodegradability order is castor oil > fish oil > rape oil > mineral oil product. Further study indicated that the differences in biodegradability result from the varying fatty acid composition (such as ricinoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids). The higher the active group content, the more beneficial for modification reactions and result in a higher biodegradation rate. The degradation kinetics studies revealed that the degradation rate constants (k) of castor oil, fish oil and rape oil products are 0.87, 0.84 and 0.81 d−1 for the sulfated fatliquor, and 0.95, 0.93, 0.85 d−1 for the oxidized–sulfited fatliquors, respectively; indicating that the overall degradation rate followed the same trend as the biodegradability order where castor oil > fish oil > rape oil, whether the fatliquors underwent modification as sulfated or oxidized–sulfited.
Nano-enabled Biological Materials
Authors: Alicea Bradly 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis talk is an attempt to define a new field called “Nano-enabled Biological Tissues”. As such, this talk serves as a review of both the theoretical underpinnings and relevant recent results.The presentation is divided into several parts:* in the first section (slides 3-4), the concept of nano-enabled tissues are introduced as a complex system that can be engineered at multiple scales.* the second section (slides 5-12) contains three essential ingredients to achieve the technological vision. Current examples of each ingredient are introduced separately.* in the third section (slides 13-17), additional essential ingredients are considered. This includes strategies for system construction (top-down vs. bottom-up), and additional tools for functionality such as computational intelligence.
On asymptotic stability of ground states of NLS with a finite bands periodic potential in 1D
Authors: Cuccagna Scipio , Visciglia Nicola 
Published: December 2010

We consider a nonlinear Schrödinger equation

i

u

t

−

h

0

u
+
β
(

|

u

|

2

)
u
=
0
,
(
t
,
x
)
∈

R

×

R

,

\begin{equation*} iu_{t} -h_{0}u + \beta ( |u|^{2} )u=0 , (t,x)\in \mathbb {R}\times \mathbb {R}, \end{equation*}

with

h

0

=
−

d

2

d

x

2

+
P
(
x
)

h_{0}= -\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}} +P(x)

a Schrödinger operator with finitely many spectral bands. We assume the existence of an orbitally stable family of ground states. Exploiting dispersive estimates in Cuccagna (2008), Cuccagna and Visciglia (2009), and following the argument in Cuccagna (to appear) we prove that under appropriate hypotheses the ground states are asymptotically stable.
First Report of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Infecting Cowpea in China
Authors: Dai F. M. , Zeng R. , Chen W. J. , Lu J. P. 
Published: December 2010

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a devastating pathogen of tomato that causes significant yield losses in many tropical and subtropical regions (1). In China, this virus was first found in 2006 on tomato in Shanghai (2). In October 2008, chlorotic yellow leaves of cowpea (Vigna sinensis) were observed in Qingpu, Shanghai, China with 15 to 20% incidence in plants in high tunnels. Large populations of whiteflies were observed in association with the diseased cowpea. The disease agent was transmitted to cowpea (and tomato) by whiteflies, which resulted in chlorotic yellow leaves on cowpea (yellow leaf curl symptoms on tomato) that were identical to those observed in the field. On the basis of the suspected insect vector, symptomology, and severe epidemics of tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) in Shanghai in recent years, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus was suspected as the causal agent. Total DNA was extracted from four symptomatic cowpea samples. PCR was performed with specific primers V416 (5′-CAAGGCACAAACAAGCGACG-3′) and C1287 (5′-CTCAACTTCCGAATTTGGACGAC-3′) to amplify a 872-bp DNA fragment of the viral coat protein (CP) gene and an amplicon of the expected size was obtained in all four samples but not from healthy leaf samples. The PCR products were sequenced and the sequences were identical among samples. Primers TYLCV-F (5′-CAGGAGGCAGCCAAGTATGAG-3′) and TYLCV-R (5′-ACTAATGCCTGTTCYTTCATTCC-3′) (Y = C or T/U) were designed on the basis of the sequence (Accession No. HM804856) and reported (Accession No. FM163463) CP gene to amplify the full-length viral DNA of cowpea isolate (CN:SH:Cowpea:08). The sequence was determined to be 2,781 nucleotides long (Accession No. GU434143). A comparison of the sequence with those in GenBank shows that the cowpea isolate has the highest nucleotide sequence identity (99%) with TYLCV isolate XH2 from tomato in Xinghua, Jiangsu, China (Accession No. GU111505). To our knowledge, this is the first report of TYLCV infecting cowpea in China and also the first report in the world. References: (1) H. Czosnek and H. Laterrot. Arch. Virol. 142:1391, 1997. (2) J. B. Wu et al. Plant Dis. 90:1359, 2006.