bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxic effects of bloody cerebrospinal fluid on cerebral endothelial cells in culture
Authors: Foley Patricia L. , Takenaka Katsunobu , Kassell Neal F. , Lee Kevin S. 
Published: May 2009

✓ The release of intracellular products from lysed blood cells is believed to play a critical role in the etiology of vascular pathology following intracerebral hemorrhage. The present studies investigated the effects of a mixture of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on bovine intracranial endothelial cells maintained in culture. The incorporation of 3H-leucine into endothelial cells was used as an index of cellular viability. Cerebrospinal fluid alone did not alter the incorporation of 3H-leucine into the cells. In contrast, CSF preincubated with blood for 3 days or longer prior to treatment elicited significant reductions in leucine incorporation. Treatment with CSF preincubated with blood for 5 to 7 days resulted in the rapid deterioration of the culture, with large numbers of cells detaching almost immediately. Concentrations of hemoglobin were elevated profoundly in mixtures of blood and CSF preincubated for periods longer than 3 days. The increases in hemoglobin concentration were related temporally to increases in the cytotoxic impact of the bloody CSF.
These findings suggest that factors released during the breakdown of blood exert a deleterious effect on intracranial endothelial cells. The time course of this effect is closely related to the development of vasospasm in humans following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Taken together, these observations are consistent with the hypothesis that intracellular blood products, particularly hemoglobin, contribute to vasospasm by directly compromising endothelial function.
Experimental intracerebral hemorrhage: relationship between brain edema, blood flow, and blood-brain barrier permeability in rats
Authors: Yang Guo-Yuan , Betz A. Lorris , Chenevert Thomas L. , Brunberg James A. , Hoff Julian T. 
Published: May 2009

✓ There have been few investigations of brain edema formation after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), despite the fact that mass effect and edema are important clinical complications. The present study was designed to investigate the time course for the formation and resolution of brain edema and to determine how changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability are temporally related to edema formation following ICH.Anesthetized adult rats received a sterile injection of 100µl of autologous blood into the caudate nucleus. Water and ion contents were measured immediately, at 4 and 12 hours, and daily to Day 7 (10 time points, six rats at each time) after experimental ICH. The water content of the ipsilateral basal ganglia increased progressively (p < 0.002) over the first 24 hours, then remained constant until after Day 5, when the edema began to resolve. Edema was most severe in the tissue immediately surrounding the hemorrhage; however, it was also present in the ipsilateral cortex, the contralateral cortex, and the basal ganglia. Measurements of local CBF (using [14C]-iodoantipyrine) and BBB permeability (using [3H]-α-aminoisobutyric acid) were obtained in separate groups of six to eight rats at various time intervals between 1 and 48 hours after ICH. Cerebral blood flow was reduced to 50% of control at 1 hour, returned to control values by 4 hours, but then decreased to less than 50% of control between 24 and 48 hours after ICH. The BBB permeability increased significantly prior to the occurrence of significant edema in the tissue surrounding the clot. However, BBB permeability in the more distant structures remained normal despite the development of edema.These results demonstrate a time course for the formation and resolution of brain edema following ICH similar to that observed during focal ischemia. Brain edema forms in the immediate vicinity of the clot as a result of both BBB disruption and the local generation of osmotically active substances and then spreads to adjacent structures. While local ischemia, due to the mass effect of the hemorrhage, may play a role in producing cytotoxic and vasogenic edema, the release of toxic substances from the clot should also be considered. Since edema is nearly maximal by 24 hours after ICH, therapy directed at reducing edema formation must be instituted within the 1st day.
Hormone receptors in initially excised versus recurrent intracranial meningiomas
Authors: Rubinstein Abraham B. , Loven David , Geier Abraham , Reichenthal Eli , Gadoth Natan 
Published: May 2009

✓ Intracranial meningiomas from 51 surgical patients consecutively treated during an 18-month period were evaluated for the presence of receptors to progesterone and estrogen. Thirty-eight patients underwent initial resection during this time and 13 underwent reoperation for recurrent disease. With positivity defined as receptor levels greater than 10 fmol/mg of cytosol protein, 84% of all the meningiomas were positive for progesterone receptors, whereas only 33% were positive for estrogen receptors. Among the recurrent meningiomas, 92% showed evidence of progesterone receptors and 54% of estrogen receptors; these figures were not significantly different from the corresponding incidence of 82% and 26%, respectively, among the initially excised tumors. However, the mean concentration of progesterone receptors in the recurrent tumor group was significantly higher when compared to the concentration in the initially excised group (p < 0.02).
Twenty meningiomas (39%) were considered to be radiation-induced, since they were removed from patients who had received scalp irradiation during childhood. The incidence and concentration of receptors in the radiation-induced tumors were generally comparable to those in the spontaneous meningiomas.
This study confirms previous reports of a high incidence of hormone receptors, mainly for progesterone, in meningiomas. In addition, it shows that in recurrent meningiomas these receptors persist and even increase. The results therefore support hormone treatment for nonresectable meningiomas, especially at recurrence.
Fractures of the C-2 vertebral body
Authors: Benzel Edward C. , Hart Blaine L. , Ball Perry A. , Baldwin Nevan G. , Orrison William W. , Espinosa Mary 
Published: May 2009

✓ Vertical C-2 body fractures are presented in 15 patients with clinical and imaging correlations that suggest the existence of a variety of mechanisms of injury. In these patients, clinical and imaging correlations were derived by: 1) defining the point of impact by clinical examination; 2) defining the point of impact by soft-tissue changes on cranial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging or computerized tomography (CT); 3) obtaining an accurate history of the mechanism of injury; and 4) spine imaging (x-ray studies, CT, and MR imaging) of the C-2 body fracture and surrounding bone and soft tissue.
The cases presented involve the region located between the dens and the pars interarticularis of the axis. Although these fractures are rarely reported, they are not uncommon. An elucidation of their pathological anatomy helps to further the understanding of the mechanistic etiology of upper cervical spine trauma.
A spectrum of mechanisms of injury causing upper cervical spine fractures was observed. The type of injury incurred is determined predominantly by the force vector applied during impact and the intrinsic strength and anatomy of C-2 and its surrounding spinal elements. From this clinical experience, two types of vertical C-2 body fractures are defined and presented: coronally oriented (Type 1) and sagittally oriented (Type 2). A third type of C-2 body fracture, the horizontal rostral C-2 fracture (Type 3), is added for completeness; this Type 3 fracture is the previously described Type III odontoid process fracture described by Anderson and D'Alonzo.
The validity of electrophysiological criteria used in selective functional posterior rhizotomy for treatment of spastic cerebral palsy
Authors: Steinbok Paul , Keyes Robert , Langill Lisa , Cochrane D. Douglas 
Published: May 2009

✓ Although selective functional posterior rhizotomy (SFPR) is an established procedure for the treatment of spasticity, the electrophysiological criteria used to define which posterior rootlets should be cut have not been standardized. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of the intraoperative electrophysiological criteria used to select posterior rootlets for sectioning in SFPR.
Intraoperative stimulation of posterior lumbosacral nerve roots and rootlets, using a 50-Hz stimulus at threshold intensity, was performed in five nonspastic children (controls) undergoing laminectomy for spinal cord untethering and in 32 spastic patients undergoing SFPR. Electromyographic responses were recorded in the upper and lower limbs, the neck, and the face. The pattern of sustained responses was assessed in detail in 17 additional patients who had previously undergone SFPR and in the five controls. Sustained responses with ipsilateral lower limb extrasegmental spread occurred in both spastic patients and the control group. Contralateral lower limb spread and suprasegmental spread to the upper limbs, neck, and face were found only in spastic children. Sustained responses with an incremental pattern were restricted to the spastic population and correlated well with the extent of contralateral and suprasegmental spread, whereas decremental patterns were not associated with contralateral spread.
It is concluded that contralateral and suprasegmental spread into the upper limbs, neck, and face, and incremental responses are probably valid criteria of abnormality.
In vitro studies of cytokine-mediated interactions between malignant glioma and autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Jachimczak Piotr , Schwulera Udo , Bogdahn Ulrich 
Published: May 2009

✓ The humoral interactions between three malignant glioma early-passage cell cultures andin vitrointerleukin (IL)-1α- and IL-2-activated autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC's) were investigated, employing standard and modified (separated by permeable membranes) mixed lymphocyte tumor cell (MLTC) cultures. In modified MLTC's, glioma cells clearly inhibit proliferation of PBMC's (up to 60%), whereas lymphokine-activated PBMC's enhance glioma cell growth up to 12-fold, as determined by3H-thymidine incorporation assays. Glioma cells produce both stimulatory (IL-6) and inhibitory proteins (transforming growth factor-β) for PBMC's. Lymphokine-activated PBMC's secrete IL-1α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α, which may modulate glioma cell proliferation.None of these cytokines stimulated glioma cells as intensely as modified MLTC systems. These observations indicate thatin vitrolymphokine-activated PBMC's, although suppressed by humoral glioma-derived factors, may enhance glioma cell proliferation with soluble factors secreted into the culture medium. The authors conclude that glioma-lymphocyte growth regulatory networks include stimulatory and inhibitory factors from both cell populations, which may modulate tumor progression. These observations may have relevance for adoptive immunotherapy in patients with gliomas.
Coccidioidomycosis brain abscess
Authors: Mendel Ehud , Milefchik Eric N. , Amadi Jamshid , Gruen Peter 
Published: May 2009

✓ Coccidioidomycosis is an infection originating in the San Joaquin Valley of southern California, but is now seen with increasing frequency throughout southern California and the southwestern United States. A central nervous system involvement is usually manifested as meningitis.
The authors present the case of a young man with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis who developed a brain lesion that proved to be a coccidioidal abscess. This manifestation may now be more frequently seen and therefore should be included in the differential diagnosis of any patient presenting with a brain mass who is from an area in which this disease is endemic.
Effects of head elevation on intracranial hemodynamics in patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts
Authors: Higashi Sotaro , Futami Kazuya , Matsuda Hiroshi , Yamashita Junkoh , Hashimoto Masaaki , Hasegawa Mitsuhiro , Tokuda Kazuhiko , Hassan Mahmood , Hisada Kinichi 
Published: May 2009

✓ The present study was performed to investigate the effects of head elevation on intracranial hemodynamics in patients with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts. The series included 35 hydrocephalic patients and five individuals without hydrocephalus who were used as controls. The hydrocephalic patients were divided into three groups: 15 patients who received VP shunts with a differential-pressure valve (DP group); 11 who received VP shunts with a variable-resistance valve (VR group), and 13 hydrocephalic patients (Hyd group) who had not received shunts (four underwent VP shunts later).
The cerebral blood flow (CBF) of patients in the supine and upright positions was measured by technetium-99m hexamethylpropylenamine oxide (HMPAO) single-photon emission computerized tomography in each patient, using the subtraction technique. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was taken as the difference between the mean arterial blood pressure and ventricular fluid pressure, both referenced to the level of the foramen of Monro. The patients' heads were elevated stepwise from supine to upright. Percent changes of the mean CBF in the upright position (%ΔmCBFupr) were 24.9% ± 4.3% (mean ± standard error of the mean) in the DP group, 6.2% ± 2.7% in the VR group, 3.5% ± 2.6% in the Hyd group, and 4.5% ± 2.2% in the control group. Patients in the DP group showed a pathological increase in CPP with head elevation, whereas those in the Hyd and VR groups showed a physiological decrease in CPP. Three patients with differential-pressure valves, whose %ΔmCBFupr was markedly high, developed low-intracranial pressure syndrome. In conclusion, shunted patients with a DP valve showed pathological intracranial hemodynamics in the upright position. This pathological hemodynamic stress in patients with long-standing differential-pressure valve implantation may induce pathological changes in the brain such as subependymal gliosis.
Antibiotic-impregnated Calcium Sulfate Use in Combat-related Open Fractures
Authors: Helgeson CPT Melvin D. , Potter MAJ Benjamin K. , Tucker CPT Christopher J. , Michael Frisch LTC H. , Shawen LTC Scott B. 
Published: May 2009

This article presents our experience with the use of antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate in the management of comminuted open fractures with a bony defect caused by combat-related blast injuries and high-energy wounds.
Calcium sulfate was used 19 times in 15 patients (17 fractures) as a bone graft substitute and a carrier for antibiotics. The anatomic sites of the graft were as follows: 6 calcanei, 1 midfoot, 1 metatarsal, 5 tibiae, 3 femorae, and 1 humerus. The average number of procedures prior to grafting was 6.2 (range, 2–10; median, 6) with grafting performed at an average 28 days after injury (range, 9–194 days; median, 14 days). Average radiographic follow-up of 12 fractures not requiring repeat grafting or amputation was 8.5 months (range 1–19 months; median, 7 months), and all of these fractures demonstrated clinical and radiographic evidence of fracture healing and consolidation. Four patients subsequently underwent 5 transtibial amputations: 2 for persistent infection, 1 when the patient changed his mind against limb salvage acutely, and 2 for severe neurogenic pain. Including the 2 amputations for persistent infection, 4 patients (22.2%) required further surgical management of infection. Three patients (17.6%) subsequently developed heterotopic ossification at the graft site, which required surgical excision.
Antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate is effective in treating severe, contaminated open fractures by reducing infection and assisting with fracture union.
Under‐reporting of compensable mesothelioma in Alberta
Authors: Cree Marilyn W. , Lalji Munira , Jiang Bei , Carriere Keumhee C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackgroundWhen combined with a history of occupational asbestos exposure, mesothelioma is often presumed work‐related. In Canada, workers diagnosed with mesothelioma caused by occupational asbestos exposure are often eligible for compensation under provincial workers' compensation boards. Although occupational asbestos exposure causes the majority of mesothelioma, Canadian research suggests less than half of workers actually apply for compensation. Alberta's mandatory reporting requirements may produce higher filing rates but this is currently unknown. This study evaluates Alberta's mesothelioma filing and compensation rates.MethodsDemographic information on all mesothelioma patients diagnosed between 1980 and 2004 were extracted from the Alberta Cancer Board's Cancer Registry and linked to Workers' Compensation Board of Alberta claims data.ResultsAlberta recorded a total of 568 histologically confirmed mesothelioma cases between 1980 and 2004. Forty‐two percent of cases filed a claim; 83% of filed claims were accepted for compensation.ConclusionsPatient under‐reporting of compensable mesothelioma is a problem and raises larger questions regarding under‐reporting of other asbestos‐related cancers in Alberta. Strategies should focus on increasing filing rates where appropriate. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:526–533, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homocysteine as a predictor of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Oulhaj Abderrahim , Refsum Helga , Beaumont Helen , Williams Jonathan , King Elizabeth , Jacoby Robin , Smith A. David 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectiveModerately elevated levels of plasma total homocysteine are associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. We have tested whether baseline concentrations of homocysteine relate to the subsequent rate of cognitive decline in patients with established Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsIn 97 patients with AD, 73 pathologically‐confirmed, we analysed the decline of global cognitive test scores (CAMCOG) over time from the first assessment for at least three 6‐monthly visits up to a maximum of 9.5 years (in total 689 assessments). Non‐linear mixed‐effects statistical models were used.ResultsBaseline homocysteine levels showed a concentration‐response relationship with the subsequent rate of decline in CAMCOG scores: the higher the homocysteine, the faster the decline. The relationship was significant in patients aged < 75 years who had not suffered a prior stroke. For example, in patients aged 65 years with a baseline homocysteine of 14 µmol/L, the decline from a CAMCOG score of 88 to a score of 44 occurred 19.2 (95% CI 6.8, 31.6) months earlier than in patients with a baseline homocysteine of 10 µmol/L.ConclusionsRaised homocysteine concentrations within the normal range among the elderly strongly relate to the rate of global cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer disease. Plasma homocysteine can readily be lowered by B‐vitamin treatment and trials should be carried out to see if such treatments can slow the rate of cognitive decline in relatively young patients with Alzheimer disease. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Updating the skin sensitization in vitro data assessment paradigm in 2009
Authors: Basketter David A. , Kimber Ian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractApproaches to the interpretation of guinea pig skin sensitization data for both hazard identification and potency assessment have been understood for many years. More recently, the local lymph node assay has to a large extent replaced the earlier guinea pig assays, not least because it provides a more clearly defined and transparent means of identifying hazard, and the ability to measure relative skin sensitization potency. However, beginning in 2009 there will be considerable pressure replace all in vivo assays for skin sensitization with alternative approaches that do not require the use of animals (in vitro and/or in silico methods). As there is a common view that multiple assays will be needed to achieve complete replacement of the in vivo tests, a strategy for the integration of the available data will be required. There has been at least one previous attempt to develop a framework that would provide for integration of relevant information from different sources to reach informed decisions about skin sensitization potential and potency. It is timely now, in the light of recent developments and initiatives, to revisit this paradigm with a view to developing recommendations for modification and refinement. In addition to this, the need for performance standards and an agreed ‘gold standard’ dataset against which to validate both alternatives and new prediction models is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro maturation of “biotube” vascular grafts induced by a 2‐day pulsatile flow loading
Authors: Huang Haiying , Zhou Yue‐Min , Ishibashi‐Ueda Hatsue , Takamizawa Keiichi , Ando Joji , Kanda Keiichi , Yaku Hitoshi , Nakayama Yasuhide 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAutologous vascular tissues with a small diameter, “biotubes,” were developed in vivo using a novel concept in regenerative medicine, “in‐body tissue architecture technology.” The effect of pulsatile flow in vitro was investigated on the structural and functional properties of the biotubes. Silicone rods (diameter, 3.0 mm; length, 35.0 mm), used as molds, were embedded into dorsal subcutaneous spaces of Wister rats. After 4 weeks, the autologous tubular tissues formed around the rods were harvested. Some tissues were incubated for 2 days under pulsatile flow simulating conditions in the human arteries with small caliber (wall shear stress (WSS), 15.5–77.3 dyn/cm2; circumferential stress (CS), 0.6–4.5 × 105 dyn/cm2). Upon flow loading, the sparse, randomly oriented collagen fibers in the biotubes became dense and oriented in the regular circumferential direction. Compliances (β values) of the control (ca. 30) and flow‐loaded (ca. 20) biotubes were equivalent to that of the human coronary arteries and femoral arteries, respectively. Further, upon flow loading, the burst pressure significantly increased from ca. 1000 mmHg to ca. 1800 mmHg, along with the α‐SMA‐positive cell ratio. Pulsatile flow loading in vitro for 2 days could induce biotube maturation in terms of collagen structures and mechanical properties. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Three‐dimensional power Doppler sonography in the diagnosis of a cystic sacrococcygeal teratoma mimicking a meningomyelocele: A case report
Authors: Sugitani Maiko , Morokuma Seiichi , Hidaka Nobuhiro , Kinoshita Yoshiaki , Taguchi Tomoaki , Tsukimori Kiyomi , Wake Norio 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSacrococcygeal teratomas have been diagnosed prenatally on sonograms as masses of cystic, solid, or mixed echogenicity from the sacral area and protruding through the perineum or buttocks. However, a cystic sacrococcygeal teratoma may be misdiagnosed as an anterior sacral meningomyelocele, especially when presenting as a posterior cystic mass. We report a case in which three‐dimensional power Doppler imaging was helpful for making a correct prenatal diagnosis of a type 1 cystic sacrococcygeal teratoma, which mimicked a meningomyelocele. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009