bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining patterns of primary production from individual level traits
Authors: Leoni E. , Altesor A. , Paruelo J.M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractQuestion: Do species traits explain differences in productivity in grazed and ungrazed plots?Location: Río de la Plata grasslands, Uruguay (31°54′S, 58°15′W).Methods: In a greenhouse experiment, we measured the relative growth rate (RGR) of grasses with contrasting responses to grazing (increasers and decreasers). We performed six harvests at weekly intervals in order to calculate the RGR and assess 12 plant traits. We compared the RGR between increaser and decreaser species after 2 and 5 weeks using t‐tests. Linear and potential regression models were fitted to time versus natural logarithm of total dry biomass relationships. The RGR temporal trajectories of increaser and decreaser species were obtained from the derivatives of the best‐fit functions. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to sort species according to their traits.Results: The RGR of decreaser grasses was higher than that of increasers at the second week, while at the fifth week the opposite was observed. The RGR of decreasers dropped through time, while the RGR of increaser species was constant. The PCA separated increaser from decreaser species. The attributes related to increaser species were: high specific leaf area, tillering rate, green leaf rate, total leaf number, root weight ratio and leaf weight ratio; while those associated with decreaser species were: high dead biomass, senescence rate, reproductive biomass, leaf elongation rate and total biomass.Conclusions: Traits possessed by decreasers reduce light availability and increase the reproductive investment, explaining the drop in RGR. Specific differences in RGR seem to scale up to the ecosystem level and would explain the pattern in aboveground net primary production observed in the field under contrasting grazing regimes.
What Have Private Schools Done for (Some of) Us?
Authors: Green Francis , Machin Stephen , Murphy Richard , Zhu Yu 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Many parents in Britain make huge financial sacrifices to send their children to private schools. Are those sacrifices worthwhile? What return, if any, do they get? Do their children end up in better careers, earning more, than if they have been educated at the expense of the state? Francis Green, Stephen Machin, Richard Murphy and Yu Zhu examine who exactly benefits from the privileges of the Old School Tie.
Avalanche! Coming! Now! Close to the Borders of Unpredictability
Authors: Ramos Osvanny 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Earthquakes, evolution, avalanches—even something as simple as grains of sand tumbling down a pile: so many phenomena of nature seem to resist prediction. We still cannot tell when geological stresses will release themselves in a major quake or when the last extra grain of sand will make half the heap avalanche down. But have statisticians been looking in the wrong place? Or are these critical phenomena really inherently unpredictable? They are close to the borders, but still in predictable land, says Osvanny Ramos, one of the authors of an experiment to prove it.
The Megalithic Story of Professor Alexander Thom
Authors: Sixsmith Edmund 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Fifty years ago Alexander Thom, engineer, master surveyor and statistician, published a famous paper in a Royal Statistical Society journal and started a controversy. Our ancient ancestors, he said, had used a standard and astonishingly accurate measurement, the megalithic yard, to construct Stonehenge and hundreds of other megalithic monuments, all across northern Europe, and to align them as lunar observatories. Edmund Sixsmith rakes the ashes of Thom's intriguing claims.
A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Communication Interventions for Health Care Providers Caring for Patients in Residential Care Settings
Authors: McGilton Katherine S. , Boscart Veronique , Fox Mary , Sidani Souraya , Rochon Elizabeth , Sorin‐Peters Riva 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTObjectives:This systematic review will describe the theoretical grounding, components, duration, mode of delivery, and outcomes of communication interventions for health care providers delivering care in residential care settings and will evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions.Methods:We conducted a comprehensive literature search of multiple databases published from January 1985 to the first week of December 2007, supplemented by a hand search of the references in all relevant articles, to find studies that met the inclusion criteria. Intervention details were extracted, and the studies' validity was evaluated independently by two researchers using a standardized data collection form based onCooper and Hedges' (1994)approach to quality assessment.Results:Of the six studies that met the inclusion criteria (three randomized controlled trials, three quasi‐experimental designs), three used a theoretical framework to guide intervention design. Across the six studies, the most commonly used components were (1) cognitive (to teach staff about communication), (2) behavioral (including practice at the bedside), and (3) psychological (involving individualized feedback). Despite the studies' variability in methodological quality, their results indicated that communication interventions have a positive effect on staffs' knowledge and communication skills and on residents' agitation and challenging behaviors. However, none of the studies provided sufficient information on the duration of the intervention and on determining which interventions were most effective. This made it difficult to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the interventions' different components.Conclusion:Although communication training has been shown to have positive effects on staffs' communication knowledge and skills as well as on resident outcomes, future controlled intervention research is needed to assess the effectiveness of individual intervention components.
Lysosomal localization of GLUT8 in the testis – the EXXXLL motif of GLUT8 is sufficient for its intracellular sorting via AP1‐ and AP2‐mediated interaction
Authors: Diril Muhammed Kasim , Schmidt Stefan , Krauß Michael , Gawlik Verena , Joost Hans‐Georg , Schürmann Annette , Haucke Volker , Augustin Robert 
Published: June 2009

The class III sugar transport facilitator GLUT8 co‐localizes with the lysosomal protein LAMP1 in heterologous expression systems. GLUT8 carries a [D/E]XXXL[L/I]‐type dileucine sorting signal that has been postulated to retain the protein in an endosomal/lysosomal compartment via interactions with clathrin adaptor protein (AP) complexes. However, contradictory findings have been described regarding the subcellular localization of the endogenous GLUT8 and the adaptor proteins that interact with its dileucine motif. Here we demonstrate that endogenous GLUT8 is localized in a late endosomal/lysosomal compartment of spermatocytes and spermatids, and that the adaptor complexes AP1 and AP2, but not AP3 or AP4, interact with its N‐terminal intracellular domain (NICD). In addition, fusion of the GLUT8 NICD to the tailless lumenal domain of the IL‐2 receptor alpha chain (TAC) protein (interleukin‐2 receptor α chain) targeted the protein to intracellular membranes, indicating that its N‐terminal dileucine signal is sufficient for endosomal/lysosomal targeting of the transporter. The localization and targeting of GLUT8 show striking similarities to sorting mechanisms reported for lysosomal proteins. Therefore, we suggest a potential role for GLUT8 in the so far unexplored substrate transport across intracellular membranes. Structured digital abstract

MINT‐7035377: GLUT8 (uniprotkb:Q9JIF3) physically interacts (MI:0915) with AP2 (uniprotkb:P62944) by pull down (MI:0096)
MINT‐7035218: GLUT8 (uniprotkb:Q9JIF3) physically interacts (MI:0915) with AP1 (uniprotkb:O43747) by pull down (MI:0096)
MINT‐7035273: GLUT8 (uniprotkb:Q9JIF3) physically interacts (MI:0915) with AP1 (uniprotkb:P22892) by pull down (MI:0096)
MINT‐7035235: GLUT8 (uniprotkb:Q9JIF3) physically interacts (MI:0915) with AP1 (uniprotkb:Q8R525) by pull down (MI:0096)
MINT‐7035360: GLUT8 (uniprotkb:Q9JIF3) physically interacts (MI:0915) with AP2 (uniprotkb:Q9DBG3) by pull down (MI:0096)
MINT‐7035789, MINT‐7035807: lamp1 (uniprotkb:P11438) and GLUT8 (uniprotkb:Q9JIF3) colocalize (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416)
MINT‐7039929, MINT‐7039945: lamp2 (uniprotkb:P17047) and GLUT8 (uniprotkb:Q9JIF3) colocalize (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416)
Functional association of human Ki‐1/57 with pre‐mRNA splicing events
Authors: Bressan Gustavo C. , Quaresma Alexandre J. C. , Moraes Eduardo C. , Manfiolli Adriana O. , Passos Dario O. , Gomes Marcelo D. , Kobarg Jörg 
Published: June 2009

The cytoplasmic and nuclear protein Ki‐1/57 was first identified in malignant cells from Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Despite studies showing its phosphorylation, arginine methylation, and interaction with several regulatory proteins, the functional role of Ki‐1/57 in human cells remains to be determined. Here, we investigated the relationship of Ki‐1/57 with RNA functions. Through immunoprecipitation assays, we verified the association of Ki‐1/57 with the endogenous splicing proteins hnRNPQ and SFRS9 in HeLa cell extracts. We also found that recombinant Ki‐1/57 was able to bind to a poly‐U RNA probe in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In a classic splicing test, we showed that Ki‐1/57 can modify the splicing site selection of the adenoviral E1A minigene in a dose‐dependent manner. Further confocal and fluorescence microscopy analysis revealed the localization of enhanced green fluorescent protein–Ki‐1/57 to nuclear bodies involved in RNA processing and or small nuclear ribonucleoprotein assembly, depending on the cellular methylation status and its N‐terminal region. In summary, our findings suggest that Ki‐1/57 is probably involved in cellular events related to RNA functions, such as pre‐mRNA splicing. Structured digital abstract

MINT‐7041074: Ki‐1/57 (uniprotkb:Q5JVS0) physically interacts (MI:0915) with SF2P32 (uniprotkb:Q07021) by two hybrid (MI:0018)
MINT‐7041232: Ki‐1/57 (uniprotkb:Q5JVS0) physically interacts (MI:0915) with SFRS9 (uniprotkb:Q13242) by pull down (MI:0096)
MINT‐7041203: P80‐Coilin (uniprotkb:P38432) and Ki‐1/57 (uniprotkb:Q5JVS0) colocalize (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416)
MINT‐7041217: SMN (uniprotkb:Q16637) and Ki‐1/57 (uniprotkb:Q5JVS0) colocalize (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416)
MINT‐7041189: SC‐35 (uniprotkb:Q01130) and Ki‐1/57 (uniprotkb:Q5JVS0) colocalize (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416)
MINT‐7041169: NPM (uniprotkb:P06748) and Ki‐1/57 (uniprotkb:Q5JVS0) colocalize (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416)
MINT‐7041249: Ki‐1/57 (uniprotkb:Q5JVS0) physically interacts (MI:0915) with SFRS9 (uniprotkb:O60506) by pull down (MI:0096)
MINT‐7041065: Ki‐1/57 (uniprotkb:Q5JVS0) physically interacts (MI:0915) with SFRS9 (uniprotkb:Q13242) by two hybrid (MI:0018)
MINT‐7041069: Ki‐1/57 (uniprotkb:Q5JVS0) physically interacts (MI:0915) with YB1 (uniprotkb:P67809) by two hybrid (MI:0018)
MINT‐7041079: Ki‐1/57 (uniprotkb:Q5JVS0) physically interacts (MI:0915) with HNRPQ (uniprotkb:O60506) by two hybrid (MI:0018)
MINT‐7041087: Ki‐1/57 (uniprotkb:Q5JVS0) physically interacts (MI:0218) with HNRPQ3 (uniprotkb:O60506‐1), HNRPQ2 (uniprotkb:O60506‐2) and HNRPQ‐1 (uniprotkb:O60506‐3) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)
The ferredoxin‐NADP+ reductase/ferredoxin electron transfer system of Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Balconi Emanuela , Pennati Andrea , Crobu Danila , Pandini Vittorio , Cerutti Raffaele , Zanetti Giuliana , Aliverti Alessandro 
Published: June 2009

In the apicoplast of apicomplexan parasites, plastidic‐type ferredoxin and ferredoxin‐NADP+ reductase (FNR) form a short electron transport chain that provides reducing power for the synthesis of isoprenoid precursors. These proteins are attractive targets for the development of novel drugs against diseases such as malaria, toxoplasmosis, and coccidiosis. We have obtained ferredoxin and FNR of both Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum in recombinant form, and recently we solved the crystal structure of the P. falciparum reductase. Here we report on the functional properties of the latter enzyme, which differ markedly from those of homologous FNRs. In the physiological reaction, P. falciparum FNR displays a kcat five‐fold lower than those usually determined for plastidic‐type FNRs. By rapid kinetics, we found that hydride transfer between NADPH and protein‐bound FAD is slower in the P. falciparum enzyme. The redox properties of the enzyme were determined, and showed that the FAD semiquinone species is highly destabilized. We propose that these two features, i.e. slow hydride transfer and unstable FAD semiquinone, are responsible for the poor catalytic efficiency of the P. falciparum enzyme. Another unprecedented feature of the malarial parasite FNR is its ability to yield, under oxidizing conditions, an inactive dimeric form stabilized by an intermolecular disulfide bond. Here we show that the monomer–dimer interconversion can be controlled by oxidizing and reducing agents that are possibly present within the apicoplast, such as H2O2, glutathione, and lipoate. This finding suggests that modulation of the quaternary structure of P. falciparum FNR might represent a regulatory mechanism, although this needs to be verified in vivo. Structured digital abstract

MINT‐7042675: PfFNR (genbank_protein_gi:46361180) and PfFNR (genbank_protein_gi:46361180) bind (MI:0408) by comigration in sds page (MI:0808)
MINT‐7043503: PfFNR (genbank_protein_gi:46361180) and PfFNR (genbank_protein_gi:46361180) bind (MI:0408) by molecular sieving (MI:0071)
MINT‐7043886, MINT‐7051941: PfFd (uniprotkb:Q8IED5) and PfFNR (genbank_protein_gi:46361180) enzymaticly react (MI:0414) by enzymatic studies (MI:0415)
MINT‐7051926: PfFNR (genbank_protein_gi:46361180) and PfFd (uniprotkb:Q8IED5) enzymaticly react (MI:0414) by biophysical (MI:0013)
Arabidopsis ATPase family gene 1‐like protein 1 is a calmodulin‐binding AAA+‐ATPase with a dual localization in chloroplasts and mitochondria
Authors: Bussemer Johanna , Chigri Fatima , Vothknecht Ute C. 
Published: June 2009

Members of the AAA+‐ATPase superfamily (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) are found in all kingdoms of life and they are involved in very diverse cellular processes, including protein degradation, membrane fusion or cell division. The Arabidopsis genome encodes approximately 140 different proteins that are putative members of this superfamily, although the exact function of most of these proteins remains unknown. Using affinity chromatography on calmodulin‐agarose with chloroplast proteins, we purified a 50 kDa protein encoded by AT4G30490 with similarity to the ATPase family gene 1 protein from yeast. Structural analysis showed that the protein possesses a single AAA‐domain characteristic for members of the AAA+‐ATPase superfamily and that this contains all features specific to proteins of the ATPase family gene 1‐like subfamily. In vitro pull‐down as well as cross‐linking assays corroborate calcium‐dependent binding of the protein to calmodulin. The calmodulin binding domain could be located to a region of 20 amino acids within the AAA‐domain in close proximity to the Walker A motif. Our analysis further showed that the protein is localized in both mitochondria and chloroplasts, further supporting the incorporation of both endosymbiotic organelles into the calcium‐signaling network of the cell. Localization of the same calmodulin‐binding protein into mitochondria and chloroplasts could be a means to provide a coordinated regulation of processes in both organelles by calcium signals. Structured digital abstract

MINT‐7046712:VDAC (uniprotkb:Q9SRH5) and AFG1L1 (uniprotkb:Q8L517) colocalize (MI:0403) by cosedimentation through density gradients (MI:0029)

MINT‐7046498:Calmodulin (uniprotkb:P62157) physically interacts (MI:0915) with AFG1L1 (uniprotkb:Q8L517) by pull down (MI:0096)
MINT‐7046508, MINT‐7046696:Calmodulin (uniprotkb:P62157) binds (MI:0407) to AFG1L1 (uniprotkb:Q8L517) by pull down (MI:0096)
MINT‐7046532:Calmodulin (uniprotkb:P62157) and AFG1L1 (uniprotkb:Q8L517) bind (MI:0407) by cross‐linking studies (MI:0030)
The Endothelial–Erectile Dysfunction Connection: An Essential Update
Authors: Costa Carla , Virag Ronald 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The endothelial monolayer plays a crucial role in the vasodilation and hemodynamic events involved in erection physiology. Due to its relevant functions, a close link has been established between endothelial integrity and erectile dysfunction (ED). Endothelial dysfunction is induced by the detrimental actions of vascular risk factors (VRFs), identified as common correlates for the development of cardiovascular disease and ED. It is currently recognized that ED is the early harbinger of a more generalized vascular systemic disorder, and, therefore, an evaluation of endothelial health in ED patients should be of prime relevance. Several noninvasive methods for endothelial function assessment have been proposed, including the Penile Nitric Oxide Release Test (PNORT).

Aim
To highlight the most recent gathered knowledge on basic and clinical mechanisms underlying loss of cavernosal endothelial function promoted by VRFs and to discuss local and systemic methods for endothelial function assessment in ED individuals, focusing on the PNORT.

Main Outcome Measures
A complete revision on the novel basic and clinical links between endothelial and ED.

Methods
A systematic review of the literature regarding the aforementioned issues.

Results
Risk factor-associated cavernosal endothelial dysfunction is mostly induced by unifying mechanisms, including oxidative stress and impaired endothelial nitric oxide functional activities, which present clinically as ED. Several techniques to evaluate endothelial dysfunction were revised, with advantages and limitations debated, focusing on our detailed expertise using the PNORT method.

Conclusions
The established endothelial–erectile dysfunction connection was thoroughly revised, from basic mechanisms to the clinical importance of endothelial dysfunction assessment as diagnosis for generalized vascular disease. Further studies are required to disclose efficient approaches to repair disabled endothelium and both restore and prevent endothelial dysfunction.
Male Dyspareunia Due to Short Frenulum: The Suture-Free, “Pull and Burn” Method
Authors: Gyftopoulos Kostis 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe presence of a short frenulum is a common cause for dyspareunia in males, often resulting in painful intercourse and trauma to the frenulum. Most of the described techniques use sutures that may sever the frenular artery and lead to meatal stenosis or leave skin tags that create a poor cosmetic result.AimThe aim of this study is to describe the “pull and burn” method for the correction of a short frenulum with respect to the anatomy of the glans penis.MethodsThe procedure was performed on 127 young adults presenting with dyspareunia due to short frenulum. Local anesthesia was achieved by application of eutectic mixture of local anesthetic (EMLA) for 15–20 minutes. The point of maximum tension was cut by diathermy and a controlled vertical tear was made on the frenulum by applying gentle but firm retraction on the glans. Minor bleeding was sealed with diathermy. Personal hygiene was advised and no local antiseptics or antibiotics were further used.Main Outcome MeasuresAchievement of adequate anesthesia with EMLA cream, use of sutures, complications of the procedure, and final cosmetic and functional result.ResultsThe application of EMLA for 15–20 minutes was sufficient for local anesthesia. Only one patient with very thick frenulum required further lignocaine infiltration. No sutures were applied except in two cases (1.6%), in which a wide and thick frenulum required approximation of the tear edges for a better cosmesis. At 3 months follow up, no inflammation or meatal stenosis were noted. One patient required further release of a scarry frenulum. Functional and cosmetic results were excellent in all cases.ConclusionsThe “pull and burn” method is an easy, bloodless, and sutureless procedure for the correction of a short frenulum. Local anesthesia with EMLA is satisfactory, the procedure respects the glans anatomy, and preserves the frenular artery, achieving an excellent functional and cosmetic result.
The influence of class II transactivator and interleukin‐6 polymorphisms on the production of antibodies to donor human leucocyte antigen mismatches in renal allograft recipients
Authors: Martin J. , Worthington J. , Harris S. , Martin S. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe influence of polymorphisms in the CIITA and IL‐6 genes on donor‐specific human leucocyte antigen antibody production was investigated in a cohort of renal transplant recipients and their donors. CIITA and IL‐6 single nucleotide polymorphisms were found to be associated with donor‐specific human leucocyte antigen antibody production post‐transplantation.
The Role of Imagistic Simulation in Scientific Thought Experiments
Authors: Clement John J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractInterest in thought experiments (TEs) derives from the paradox: “How can findings that carry conviction result from a new experiment conducted entirely within the head?” Historical studies have established the importance of TEs in science but have proposed disparate hypotheses concerning the source of knowledge in TEs, ranging from empiricist to rationalist accounts. This article analyzes TEs in think‐aloud protocols of scientifically trained experts to examine more fine‐grained information about their use. Some TEs appear powerful enough to discredit an existing theory—a disconfirmatory purpose. In addition, confirmatory and generative purposes were identified for other TEs. One can also use details in transcript data, including imagery reports and gestures, to provide evidence for a central role played by imagistic simulations in many TEs, and to suggest that these simulations can generate new knowledge using several sources, including the “extended application” of perceptual motor schemas, implicit prior knowledge, and spatial reasoning operations, in contrast to formal arguments. These sources suggest what it means for TEs to be grounded in embodied processes that can begin to explain the paradox above. This leads to a rationalistic view of TEs as using productive internal reasoning, but the view also acknowledges the historical role that experience with the world can play in forming certain schemas used in TEs. Understanding such processes could help provide a foundation for developing a larger model of scientific investigation processes grounded on imagistic simulation (Clement, 2008).