bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the necessary complexity of modeling of the Polar Mesosphere Summer Echo Overshoot Effect
Authors: BIEBRICHER ALEXANDER , HAVNES OVE , BAST RADOVAN 
Published: January 2012

AbstractRecent numerical studies of the Polar Mesosphere Summer Echo (PMSE) Overshoot Effect predict the basic shape of the Overshoot Characteristic Curve (OCC) to undergo dramatic changes as the frequency of the radar decreases. Principally, this may render earlier modeling, which assumed near-instantaneous diffusion of electrons and ions, moot and exacerbate algebraic analysis of OCC obtained in the future with, e.g. the MORRO-radar (56 MHz) and a synchronized radio wave emitter, both at or near the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Scientific Association's site in Ramfjordmoen near Tromsø, Norway. Since, however, by far the most observational results on the PMSE Overshoot Effect have been assembled with the help of the Very High Frequency (VHF, 224 MHz) radar and the an Ultra High Frequency (UHF, 929 MHz) radar, both at the EISCAT site, we examine more closely whether near-instantaneous diffusion is a valid assumption for these particular frequencies. We show that, indeed, the earlier less complex and analytically more accessible model can still be considered sufficient for most, if not all, existing experimental data.
A continuous 293-year record of volcanic events in an ice core from Lambert Glacier basin, East Antarctica
Authors: Li R.X. , Xiao C.D. , Sneed S.B. , Yan M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDuring the 18th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-18, 2001–2002), a 102.18 m ice core was drilled at site LGB69 (70°50′06.6′′S, 77°04′28.9′′E, 1850 m a.s.l., accumulation rate 70 cm yr-1), located to the east of the Lambert Glacier basin. This ice core has been analysed for chemical composition. Based on the high definition of seasonal variations of major ions, the ice core was dated to cover 293 years (ad 1708–2001), with errors at the bottom end within ± 2 years. The non-sea salt SO42- time series provides a proxy for historical volcanic eruptions preserved in the core, and high non-sea salt SO42- concentrations are well correlated to some documented volcanic events, such as Tambora (ad 1815), Cosiguina (ad 1835), Krakatoa (ad 1883) and Tarawera (ad 1886).
Le rôle de la prosodie dans les premières constructions grammaticales: étude de cas d'un enfant français monolingue
Authors: MARTEL KARINE , DODANE CHRISTELLE 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTLa prosodie, qui fait l'objet d'une acquisition précoce chez le jeune enfant, pourrait contenir des indices (pauses, intonation, accentuation) susceptibles de faciliter la mise en place des premières combinaisons de deux mots et des premières relations syntaxiques. Nous proposons d'examiner les caractéristiques prosodiques des productions de Madeleine, entre 11 et 23 mois. L'analyse acoustique de 550 productions fait apparaître que les premiers mots apparaissent vers 12 mois de façon concomitante à la réalisation accrue de proto-mots bisyllabiques, produits avec des contours montants et montants-descendants, dont la forme temporelle se rapproche de la forme adulte. Les combinaisons de mots émergent ensuite, à partir de 18 mois, caractérisées par un contour d'intonation unique et modulé qui permet d'exprimer leurs liens de dépendance.
CATEGORIES IN THE MAKING: Assessing the role of semantics in the acquisition of noun and verb categories
Authors: ROSSI CAROLINE , PARISSE CHRISTOPHE 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTLittle is known about what guides children in their acquisition of grammatical categories. This paper investigates how semantic knowledge could be involved in discovering these categories, thus confronting two competing hypotheses: are semantic categories innate, or are they developed in a piecemeal fashion? We tested for regular associations between basic semantic dimensions and the development of the founding categories of noun and verb. Six perceptually based semantic dimensions (Parisse and Poulain, 2010), shared by nouns and verbs but potentially distinctive, are coded in the productions of three children aged 1;06 to 2;06. Our results suggest that semantic dimensions do not offer an entry into the early differentiation of noun and verb categories.
Rising grammatical awareness in a French-speaking child from 18 to 36 months: uses and misuses of possession markers
Authors: LEROY-COLLOMBEL MARIE , MORGENSTERN ALIYAH 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTChildren's awareness of grammar can be traced in the way they use and particularly misuse morphology and constructions in what Clark (2001) calls ‘emergent categories’. We focus our longitudinal study on a French speaking child's use of possession markers (Anaé,Paris Corpus), and her creative nonstandard productions (la poupée de moiforma poupée/my doll). We provide a detailed analysis of the ways in which she moves between a global strategy thanks to which she locates, identifies and uses whole blocks or constructions without analyzing them, and a more analytic strategy that parallels her progressive mastery of the semantic and syntactic complexity of grammatical morphemes.
The emergence of complex sentences in a French child's language from 0;10 to 4;01: causal adverbial clauses and the concertina effect
Authors: SEKALI MARTINE 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThis article tests Diessel's ‘integration’ path of development of adverbial clauses (cf. Diessel, 2004), with special focus on the acquisition of ‘causal’ adverbial clauses, in the context of the overall development of grammatical/semantic complexification in a French child's longitudinal corpus of spontaneous speech (Madeleine,Paris Corpus) from 10 months to 4;01 years old. Three main patterns are retrieved in the child's uses ofparce queconstructions in interactional contexts. Linguistic analysis of these constructions reveals a dynamic pattern of syntactic expansion, integration and diversification, here called theconcertina effect, which may provide an insight into the cognitive and pragmatic motives for syntax development in first language acquisition of French.
An adaptive epigenetic memory in conifers with important implications for seed production
Authors: Yakovlev Igor , Fossdal Carl Gunnar , Skrøppa Tore , Olsen Jorunn E. , Jahren Anne Hope , Johnsen Øystein 
Published: January 2012

AbstractConifers are evolutionarily more ancient than their angiosperm counterparts, and thus some adaptive mechanisms and features influenced by epigenetic mechanisms appear more highly displayed in these woody gymnosperms. Conifers such as Norway spruce have very long generation times and long life spans, as well as large genome sizes. This seemingly excessive amount of genomic DNA without apparent duplications could be a rich source of sites for epigenetic regulation and modifications. In Norway spruce, an important adaptive mechanism has been identified, called epigenetic memory. This affects the growth cycle of these trees living in environments with mild summers and cold winters, allowing them to adapt rapidly to new and/or changing environments. The temperature during post-meiotic megagametogenesis and seed maturation epigenetically shifts the growth cycle programme of the embryos. This results in significant and long-lasting phenotypic change in the progeny, such as advance or delay of vital phenological processes of high adaptive value, like bud break and bud set. This phenomenon is not only of important evolutionary significance but has clear practical implications for forest seed production and conservation of forest genetic resources. The underlying molecular mechanism that causes the ‘memory’ in long-lived woody species is currently under investigation. Here we summarize the information related to epigenetic memory regulation in gymnosperms, with special emphasis on conifers. The molecular mechanism behind this is still unknown but transcriptional changes are clearly involved. Epigenetic regulation may be realized through several mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodelling, small non-coding RNAs and transposable element regulation, of which non-coding RNAs might be one of the most important determinants.
Techniques of reading and textual layout in ancient Greek texts
Authors: Battezzato Luigi 
Published: January 2012

This proverb, attributed to Menander in a Byzantine collection, points to the simple paradox of reading: readers are able to see both the shape of letters and the meaning conveyed by them. How does mind get from visual recognition to the recognition of meaning? The step sounds incredibly simple when we make it, but becomes exceedingly complex to explain. Strangely enough, the step is not executed in the same way for all languages and scripts.The ability to recognise shapes must be assisted by the interpreting activity of specific parts of the brain. A famous nineteenth-century medical case tells the story of a ‘French Businessman and amateur musician who woke up one day to discover that he could barely read a word’; as a consequence of a stroke, he could ‘no longer read words, name colours, or read musical notes, despite having completely intact vision’ (Wolf (2008) 171). Vision is thus a necessary but not sufficient requisite for reading.Different systems of writing make use of different parts of the brain. Another case tells us yet again about a businessman ‘proficient in Chinese and English’ who ‘suffered a severe stroke in the posterior areas.
Economic growth and the politics of entitlement
Authors: Osborne Robin 
Published: January 2012

Discussions of economic growth in antiquity have been primarily concerned with whether or not it occurred. Can we, from the array of unsystematic and often random information we have about individual and community wealth, and in the face of our very considerable ignorance about even such basic matters as population levels, find ways of measuring either aggregate orper capitagrowth? The second focus of scholarly energy has been on how growth might have been achieved, on levels of productivity and what limited them, on how institutions might have impeded or facilitated growth, and on the degree to which barriers may have been deliberately removed over time and growth consciously encouraged. This paper is not directly interested in either of those sets of questions. It is interested in who wanted growth in the first place.The default assumption in discussions of growth often seems to be, at least implicitly, that it is brought about either by need or by greed. The desire of individuals to satisfy their needs more fully leads to an increase in, at the very least, aggregate productivity, and might be expected inevitably to drive growth from the supply side. The desire of individuals to increase their consumption drives growth from the demand side. The default assumptions tend to stop there, as ifwhat counts as need is absolute, a matter of a certain minimum number of calories or ‘wheat equivalent’ a day, and as if greed is simply part of human nature.
Individual tree branch‐level simulation of light attenuation and water flow of threeF. sylvatica L. trees
Authors: Bittner S. , Legner N. , Beese F. , Priesack E. 
Published: January 2012

A leaf stomatal conductance model was combined with a hydrological tree and soil water flow model and a spatially explicit three‐dimensional canopy light model. The model was applied to single, old‐growthFagus sylvaticaL. trees, and the measured daily values of stem sap flux could be reproduced with a normalized root mean square error of 0.10 for an observation period of 32 days in the summer of 2009. The high temporal resolution of the model also makes it possible to simulate the diurnal dynamics of transpiration, stem sap flux, and root water uptake. We applied new data‐processing algorithms to information from terrestrial laser scans to represent the canopies of the functional‐structural model. The high spatial resolution of the root and branch geometry and connectivity makes the detailed modeling of the water usage of single trees possible and allows for the analysis of the interaction between single trees and the influence of the canopy light regime on the water flow inside the xylem. In addition to the laser scans of the observed trees, the model needs tree‐species‐specific physiological input parameters, which are easy to obtain. The model can be applied at various sites and to different tree species, allowing the up‐scaling of the water usage of single trees to the total transpiration of mixed stands.
Vocal Tract Representation in the Recognition of Cerebral Palsied Speech
Authors: Rudzicz Frank , Hirst Graeme , van Lieshout Pascal 
Published: January 2012

PurposeIn this study, the authors explored articulatory information as a means of improving the recognition of dysarthric speech by machine.MethodData were derived chiefly from the TORGO database of dysarthric articulation (Rudzicz, Namasivayam, & Wolff, 2011) in which motions of various points in the vocal tract are measured during speech. In the 1st experiment, the authors provided a baseline model indicating a relatively low performance with traditional automatic speech recognition (ASR) using only acoustic data from dysarthric individuals. In the 2nd experiment, the authors used various measures of entropy (statistical disorder) to determine whether characteristics of dysarthric articulation can reduce uncertainty in features of dysarthric acoustics. These findings led to the 3rd experiment, in which recorded dysarthric articulation was directly encoded into the speech recognition process.ResultsThe authors found that 18.3% of the statistical disorder in the acoustics of speakers with dysarthria can be removed if articulatory parameters are known. Using articulatory models reduces phoneme recognition errors relatively by up to 6% for speakers with dysarthria in speaker-dependent systems.ConclusionsArticulatory knowledge is useful in reducing rates of error in ASR for speakers with dysarthria and in reducing statistical uncertainty of their acoustic signals. These findings may help to guide clinical decisions related to the use of ASR in the future.
Enabling high-temperature nanophotonics for energy applications
Authors: Yeng Yi Xiang , Ghebrebrhan Michael , Bermel Peter , Chan Walker R. , Joannopoulos John D. , Soljačić Marin , Celanovic Ivan 
Published: January 2012

The nascent field of high-temperature nanophotonics could potentially enable many important solid-state energy conversion applications, such as thermophotovoltaic energy generation, selective solar absorption, and selective emission of light. However, special challenges arise when trying to design nanophotonic materials with precisely tailored optical properties that can operate at high-temperatures (> 1,100 K). These include proper material selection and purity to prevent melting, evaporation, or chemical reactions; severe minimization of any material interfaces to prevent thermomechanical problems such as delamination; robust performance in the presence of surface diffusion; and long-range geometric precision over large areas with severe minimization of very small feature sizes to maintain structural stability. Here we report an approach for high-temperature nanophotonics that surmounts all of these difficulties. It consists of an analytical and computationally guided design involving high-purity tungsten in a precisely fabricated photonic crystal slab geometry (specifically chosen to eliminate interfaces arising from layer-by-layer fabrication) optimized for high performance and robustness in the presence of roughness, fabrication errors, and surface diffusion. It offers near-ultimate short-wavelength emittance and low, ultra-broadband long-wavelength emittance, along with a sharp cutoff offering 4∶1 emittance contrast over 10% wavelength separation. This is achieved via
Q
-matching, whereby the absorptive and radiative rates of the photonic crystal’s cavity resonances are matched. Strong angular emission selectivity is also observed, with short-wavelength emission suppressed by 50% at 75° compared to normal incidence. Finally, a precise high-temperature measurement technique is developed to confirm that emission at 1,225 K can be primarily confined to wavelengths shorter than the cutoff wavelength.
Local partnerships: blowing in the wind of national policy changes
Authors: Haynes Gill , Lynch Sarah 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDrawing on data from a three‐year study (2008–2011) of partnerships of schools and colleges delivering the 14–19 Diplomas in England, this article examines how the dynamics of local partnerships were shaped by a contradictory policy landscape in which some policies strongly promoted collaborative working whilst others reinforced competition between institutions. Semi‐structured interviews with 136 Diploma consortium leads and case studies of 30 Diploma consortia were undertaken. Most partnerships founded in direct response to government demands for collaboration were strategically and operationally less effective than those that had been formed earlier as a positive, dynamic response to locally identified interests/needs and had evolved over time. When key levers towards collaboration were removed by the new UK Coalition government (2010) and new policies restated the arguments for institutional autonomy and competition between institutions, the fragility of the ‘enacted’ partnerships became immediately apparent. Although members of Diploma consortia with a history of effective partnership working remained committed to the principle of collaboration, other policy developments such as the introduction of the English Baccalaureate and the recommendations of the Wolf Review on vocational education contributed to uncertainty about whether partnership working could, or indeed should, be sustained.
A Comparison of Epidural Analgesia and Traditional Pain Management Effects on Survival and Cancer Recurrence after Colectomy
Authors: Cummings Kenneth C. , Xu Fang , Cummings Linda C. , Cooper Gregory S. 
Published: January 2012

Background
Cancer recurrence after surgery may be affected by immunosuppressive factors such as surgical stress, anesthetic drugs, and opioids. By limiting exposure to these, epidural analgesia may enhance tumor surveillance. This study compared survival and cancer recurrence rates for resection of colorectal cancer between patients who received perioperative epidurals and those who did not.

Methods
The linked Medicare-Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to identify patients ages 66 yr or older with nonmetastatic colorectal cancer diagnosed between 1996 and 2005 who underwent open colectomy. Recurrence was defined as chemotherapy 16 months or more after surgery and/or radiation 12 months or more after surgery. Patients were followed for at least 4 yr. To account for hospital effects, overall survival was estimated via marginal Cox regression. Recurrence was estimated by conditional logistic regression.

Results
A cohort of 42,151 patients, of whom 22.9% (n = 9,670) had epidurals at the time of resection, was identified. 5-yr survival was 61% in the epidural group and 55% in the nonepidural group. There was a significant association between epidural use and improved survival (adjusted Cox model hazard ratio = 0.91, 95% CI = [0.87, 0.94]). Adjusting for covariates, there was no significant reduction of recurrence in the epidural group (odds ratio = 1.05, 95% CI = [0.95, 1.15]). Several covariates, including blood transfusion, were predictive of mortality and cancer recurrence.

Conclusion
This large cohort study found that epidural use is associated with improved survival in patients with nonmetastatic colorectal cancer undergoing resection but does not support an association between epidural use and decreased cancer recurrence.
TherolBGene Suppresses Reactive Oxygen Species in Transformed Plant Cells through the Sustained Activation of Antioxidant Defense
Authors: Bulgakov Victor P. , Gorpenchenko Tatiana Y. , Veremeichik Galina N. , Shkryl Yuri N. , Tchernoded Galina K. , Bulgakov Dmitry V. , Aminin Dmitry L. , Zhuravlev Yuri N. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe rolB (for rooting locus of Agrobacterium rhizogenes) oncogene has previously been identified as a key player in the formation of hairy roots during the plant-A. rhizogenes interaction. In this study, using single-cell assays based on confocal microscopy, we demonstrated reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rolB-expressing Rubia cordifolia, Panax ginseng, and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cells. The expression of rolB was sufficient to inhibit excessive elevations of ROS induced by paraquat, menadione, and light stress and prevent cell death induced by chronic oxidative stress. In rolB-expressing cells, we detected the enhanced expression of antioxidant genes encoding cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. We conclude that, similar to pathogenic determinants in other pathogenic bacteria, rolB suppresses ROS and plays a role not only in cell differentiation but also in ROS metabolism.
Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a thermostable DNA ligase from the archaeonThermococcus sibiricus
Authors: Petrova T. E. , Bezsudnova E. Y. , Dorokhov B. D. , Slutskaya E. S. , Polyakov K. M. , Dorovatovskiy P. V. , Ravin N. V. , Skryabin K. G. , Kovalchuk M. V. , Popov V. O. 
Published: January 2012

DNA ligases join single-strand breaks in double-stranded DNA by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond between adjacent 5′-phosphate and 3′-hydroxyl termini. Their function is essential to maintain the integrity of the genome in DNA replication, recombination and repair. A recombinant ATP-dependent DNA ligase from the hyperthermophilic anaerobic archaeonThermococcus sibiricuswas expressed inEscherichia coliand purified. Crystals were grown by vapour diffusion using the hanging-drop method with 17%(w/v) PEG 4000 and 8.5%(v/v) 2-propanol as precipitants. A diffraction experiment was performed with a single crystal, which diffracted X-rays to 3.0 Å resolution. The crystal belonged to space groupP212121, with unit-cell parametersa = 58.590,b= 87.540,c= 126.300 Å.
A process‐based approach to modelling impacts of climate change on the damage niche of an agricultural weed
Authors: Stratonovitch Pierre , Storkey Jonathan , Semenov Mikhail A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPredicting the impact of climate change on the damage niche of an agricultural weed at a local scale requires a process‐based modelling approach that integrates local environmental conditions and the differential responses of the crop and weed to change. A simulation model of the growth and population dynamics of winter wheat and a competing weed, Sirius 2010, was calibrated and validated for the most economically damaging weed in UK cereals, Alopecurus myosuroides. The model was run using local‐scale climatic scenarios generated by the LARS‐WG weather generator and based on the HadCM3 projections for the periods 2046–2065 and 2080–2099 to predict the impact of climate change on the population dynamics of the weed and its effect on wheat yields. Owing to rising CO2 concentration and its effect on radiation use efficiency of wheat, weed‐free wheat yields were predicted to increase. The distribution of the weed was predicted to remain broadly similar with a possible northward shift in range. Local‐scale variation in the impact of climate change was apparent owing to variation in soil type and water holding capacity. The competitive balance was shifted in favour of the deeper rooted crop under climate change, particularly on sites with lighter soils, owing to more frequent and severe drought stress events. Although the damage niche of A. myosuroides was predicted to reduce under climate change, it is likely that weeds with contrasting physiology, such as C4 species, will be better adapted to future conditions and pose a more serious threat.