bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of TGF-β1, Not Regulatory T Cells, Impairs Antiviral Immunity in the Lung following Bone Marrow Transplant
Authors: Coomes Stephanie M. , Wilke Carol A. , Moore Thomas A. , Moore Bethany B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or bone marrow transplantation (BMT) as therapy for various malignancies or autoimmune diseases have an increased risk for infectious complications posttransplant, especially in the lung. We have used BMT in mice and murine gammaherpesvirus, γHV-68, to study the efficacy of adaptive immune responses post-BMT. Five weeks posttransplant, mice have fully reconstituted their hematopoietic lineages in both the lung and periphery. When challenged with virus, however, BMT mice have a reduced ability to clear lytic virus from the lung. Defective viral control in BMT mice is not related to impaired leukocyte recruitment or defective APC function. Rather, BMT mice are characterized by defective CD4 cell proliferation, skewing of effector CD4 T cells from a Th1 to a Th17 phenotype, and an immunosuppressive lung environment at the time of infection that includes overexpression of TGF-β1 and PGE2 and increased numbers of regulatory T cells. Neither indomethacin treatment to block PG synthesis nor anti-CD25 depletion of regulatory T cells improved antiviral host defense post-BMT. Transplanting mice with transgenic bone marrow expressing a dominant-negative TGF-βRII under the permissive CD4 promoter created mice in which effector CD4 and CD8 cells were unresponsive to TGF-β1. Mice with TGF-β1–nonresponsive effector T cells had restored antiviral immunity and improved Th1 responses post-BMT. Thus, our results indicate that overexpression of TGF-β1 following myeloablative conditioning post-BMT results in impaired effector T cell responses to viral infection.
Human TLRs 10 and 1 Share Common Mechanisms of Innate Immune Sensing but Not Signaling
Authors: Guan Yue , Ranoa Diana Rose E. , Jiang Song , Mutha Sarita K. , Li Xinyan , Baudry Jerome , Tapping Richard I. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTLRs are central receptors of the innate immune system that drive host inflammation and adaptive immune responses in response to invading microbes. Among human TLRs, TLR10 is the only family member without a defined agonist or function. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that TLR10 is most related to TLR1 and TLR6, both of which mediate immune responses to a variety of microbial and fungal components in cooperation with TLR2. The generation and analysis of chimeric receptors containing the extracellular recognition domain of TLR10 and the intracellular signaling domain of TLR1, revealed that TLR10 senses triacylated lipopeptides and a wide variety of other microbial-derived agonists shared by TLR1, but not TLR6. TLR10 requires TLR2 for innate immune recognition, and these receptors colocalize in the phagosome and physically interact in an agonist-dependent fashion. Computational modeling and mutational analysis of TLR10 showed preservation of the essential TLR2 dimer interface and lipopeptide-binding channel found in TLR1. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicate that, similar to TLR2/1, TLR2/10 complexes recruit the proximal adaptor MyD88 to the activated receptor complex. However, TLR10, alone or in cooperation with TLR2, fails to activate typical TLR-induced signaling, including NF-κB–, IL-8–, or IFN-β–driven reporters. We conclude that human TLR10 cooperates with TLR2 in the sensing of microbes and fungi but possesses a signaling function distinct from that of other TLR2 subfamily members.
Francisella Acid Phosphatases Inactivate the NADPH Oxidase in Human Phagocytes
Authors: Mohapatra Nrusingh P. , Soni Shilpa , Rajaram Murugesan V. S. , Dang Pham My-Chan , Reilly Tom J. , El-Benna Jamel , Clay Corey D. , Schlesinger Larry S. , Gunn John S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Francisella tularensis contains four putative acid phosphatases that are conserved in Francisella novicida. An F. novicida quadruple mutant (AcpA, AcpB, AcpC, and Hap [ΔABCH]) is unable to escape the phagosome or survive in macrophages and is attenuated in the mouse model. We explored whether reduced survival of the ΔABCH mutant within phagocytes is related to the oxidative response by human neutrophils and macrophages. F. novicida and F. tularensis subspecies failed to stimulate reactive oxygen species production in the phagocytes, whereas the F. novicida ΔABCH strain stimulated a significant level of reactive oxygen species. The ΔABCH mutant, but not the wild-type strain, strongly colocalized with p47phox and replicated in phagocytes only in the presence of an NADPH oxidase inhibitor or within macrophages isolated from p47phox knockout mice. Finally, purified AcpA strongly dephosphorylated p47phox and p40phox, but not p67phox, in vitro. Thus, Francisella acid phosphatases play a major role in intramacrophage survival and virulence by regulating the generation of the oxidative burst in human phagocytes.
INCIDENCE OF THE COD PARASITE LERNAEOCERA BRANCHIALIS L. IN THE NEW ENGLAND AREA, AND ITS POSSIBLE USE AS AN INDICATOR OF COD POPULATIONS
Authors: Sherman Kenneth , Wise John P. 
Published: March 2010

A total of 4,519 cod, Gadus morhua L., from the coastal and offshore regions of New England were examined during June to December 1957 for the parasitic copepod, Lernaeocera branchialis L. Infestation decreased from north to south and inshore to offshore.The effect of infestation on the length‐weight relationship of cod was examined and found non‐significant. An examination of infestation selectivity by fish size also showed no significant differences.From the differential infestation rates, it is shown that four general groups of cod can be distinguished: those of the northern Gulf of Maine heavily infested, the moderately infested central and southern Gulf cod, the lightly infested Georges Bank population, and the southern New England group which is free of infestation. This supports previous unpublished tag return data, and indicates the usefulness of Lernaeocera for distinguishing various groups of cod.
THE UPTAKE AND RELEASE OF INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS BY DAPHNIA MAGNA STRAUS
Authors: Rigler F. H. 
Published: March 2010

Radio‐chemical and chemical studies of the uptake of inorganic phosphorus by Daphnia magna have shown that an apparent direct uptake of 2.2 ✕ 10−3 µg/animal/hr of PO4·P from solution is caused by epizootic bacteria, which depend on organic substrates in the water for their activities. It is not known whether or not this phosphorus is available to D. magna.D. magna loses inorganic phosphorus to the ambient medium at the rate of 8.4 ✕ 10 3 µg/animal/hr. Loss of phosphorus is independent of epizootic bacteria and production of feces. No loss of organic phosphorus was detected.Although the excretion of phosphatase by D. magna was confirmed, the regeneration of inorganic phosphorus due to hydrolysis of naturally‐occurring organic phosphorus compounds is negligible compared with the direct release of inorganic phosphorus by D. magna.
MEASUREMENTS OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN COASTAL SEA WATER USING A LARGE‐VOLUME PLASTIC SPHERE
Authors: McAllister C. D. , Parsons T. R. , Stephens K. , Strickland J. D. H. 
Published: March 2010

A free‐floating 20‐ft diameter thin transparent sphere, with its center 5.5 m below the sea surface, was filled with nutrient rich water filtered free from plants and animals and inoculated with a natural population of coastal phytoplankters. The resulting phytoplankton “bloom” was then studied in this well‐mixed water mass under near‐natural conditions of temperature and illumination with the minimum of complications arising from grazing, sinking or lateral transport of the plant cells.Daily measurements were made of temperature, light and photosynthesis and the water was analyzed for oxygen, carbon dioxide and all common micronutrients. The production of plant material was followed by cell counts and pigment values and by analyses for particulate carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbohydrate, protein and fat.The results have a bearing on nearly all aspects of marine primary productivity and are discussed in detail. In particular, the growth kinetics and chemical composition of a natural mixed crop have been related to the environment with the minimum of ambiguity. Growth was finally limited by nitrogen deficiency, although the plant biomass nearly doubled after nitrate became depleted, with a shift of metabolism to carbohydrate and fat synthesis. The composition of the plankton at various stages in a bloom is summarized by ratios involving carbon and chlorophyll a.Differences between the results for photosynthesis obtained by the oxygen and C14 method have emphasized the importance of knowing photosynthetic quotient values and possible unlabeled sources of plant carbon. During an initial period of low illumination there was strong evidence for heterotrophic growth.The principal species found in the “bloom” were Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira nordenskiöldii, T. rotula, Gyrodinium fulvum, Glenodinium danicum, Nitzschia delicatessima and Asterionella japonica. The last two grew very slowly and the two dinoflagellates only appeared after the nitrate was depleted.
THE VERTICAL VARIATION OF WIND‐DRIVEN CURRENTS IN LAKE MENDOTA1
Authors: Shulman Mark D. , Bryson Reid A. 
Published: March 2010

The deviation of wind‐driven water currents from wind direction was examined as a function of depth in Lake Mendota utilizing the free‐drag method. The mean vector hodographs were obtained for various wind velocities. The relation of wind velocity to angular deflection was also obtained.The depth of frictional influence was empirically determined to be between 2 and 3.5 m and an improved relationship with wind speed was developed.Wind stress on the water surface was calculated by fitting Ekman and Rossby spirals to the hodographs and integrating the cross‐wind component from the surface to depth D. The proportionality of the stress to the wind velocity was determined and comparisons made with previous computations.
PLANKTON ENERGETICS OF RARITAN BAY
Authors: Patten Bernard 
Published: March 2010

Plankton production in Raritan Bay is described based on total chlorophyll data and two series of 24‐hr dark and light bottle differential oxygen experiments. Maximum chlorophyll (γ) recorded was 663 µg L‒1 in a bloom of Massartia rotundata. Utility of pigment data in estimating productivity or biomass is regarded as dubious: i) 17.3 × 106 chains of Skeletonema costatum once corresponded to only trace quantities of chlorophyll; ii) production occurred several times in absence of detectable chlorophyll.In the first (1957) series of experiments, gross production (π) at 1 ft ranged from 4.8 to 531.6 µg O2 L‒1 hr‒1. Ratios of πγ‒1 (when γ > 0) varied from ‒0.4 to 14.1 µg O2 L‒1 hr‒1 µg‒1. Respiration (ρρ) at 1 ft ranged from ‒49.1 to 230.8 µg O2 L‒1 hr‒1, and net production (π ‒ ρ) from ‒24.7 to 483.0.In the second (1959) series at a station 15 ft deep, chlorophyll in the whole water column varied from 14.68 to 173.14 µg cm ‒2 (mean 50.75). The range of π was 1.65– 13.90, of ρ 1.42–24.51, and of (π ‒ ρ) ‒14.63 to 4.53 cal cm‒2 day‒1. Compensation depths ranged from 0 to 6.3 ft (mean 3.0); compensation points varied from 37.1 to 315.7 cal cm‒2 day‒1 (mean 169.3). A model is developed which demonstrates that compensation is the critical variable in water mass metabolism, and that determination of this variable is the main reason for experimentation. Gross production per unit light intensity (I) at a given depth z, (πI‒1)z, ranged 0.3–828.6 µg O2 L‒1 cal‒1 cm‒2. Chlorophyll activity, (πI‒1 γ‒1)z, varied from 0.03 to 6.62 µg O2 L‒1 cal‒1 cm‒2 µg‒1. Total production in the water column relative to incident radiation, πo → z Io‒1, ranged from 0.17 to 1.78% (mean 0.88%). Production efficiency relative to amount of light in the water column, (πI‒1) o→z, was 0.96–28.71 cal kcal‒1 (mean 9.07 or 0.907%). Thermodynamic cost of energy procurement varied from 0.54 to 2.58 cal cal‒1 (mean 1.48), indicating a net energy loss during the study. It is concluded that even if this indicated dystrophy is widespread in the upper estuary, sufficient energy is probably introduced from Lower Bay in the form of standing planktonic biomass to bring the system into positive energy balance.
A PORTABLE PHOTOCELL FLUOROMETER FOR DILUTION MEASUREMENTS IN NATURAL WATERS1,2
Authors: Noble Vincent E. , Ayers John C. 
Published: March 2010

A portable fluorometer for use with a fluorescent dye tracer in field measurements of dilution rates in natural waters has been designed and tested. The unit is inexpensive, accurate. and reliable. It requires only a small amount of a–c power.The instrument has been used in a series of 24 measurements of the dilution rate in the surface waters of Little Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan. The dilution of a quantity of dye introduced into the Bay is given by: D(T) = rtT/t where T is the time in minutes, and t is a quantity expressing the dilution period of interest. The average value for the observed dilution ratio, under winds up to 10–12 mph, is (r10)av = 2 (i.e., an average dilution of x2 every 10 min) .
A STUDY OF THE INTERTIDAL FAUNA OF BARNSTABLE HARBOR, MASSACHUSETTS1
Authors: Sanders H. L. , Goudsmit E. M. , Mills E. L. , Hampson G. E. 
Published: March 2010

An intensive investigation of 6 localities on the intertidal flats of Barnstable Harbor, Mass., was undertaken during the summer of 1959. The number of animals ranged 7,000– 355,000/m2. The total dry weight varied from 17.6–60.2 g/m2. A less detailed study was carried out on the same stations during the summer of 1960. A total of 82 species were collected during the 2‐year period.Stomach contents of 234 individuals representing 36 species showed that many of the forms considered to be carnivorous are, in reality, omnivores obtaining most of their food as deposit‐feeders. This explains why many of these species are present in such large numbers. With the exception of molluscs and crustaceans, the supposed carnivores, selective, and non‐selective deposit‐feeders can each be divided into three groups with respect to stomach contents: 1) Smaller species with only diatoms, detritus, and sand grains in the gut; 2) Intermediate‐sized species with these components plus fragments of macroalgae and occasional animal remains; 3) Larger species with conspicuous animal remains in the gut in addition to all the other components.Despite the fact that the sediment at 5 of the stations consisted almost entirely of fine sand with very little organic matter, most of the biomass (78%) was made up of animals that are primarily deposit‐feeders. The presence or absence of large populations of deposit‐feeders in sandy sediments was correlated with the stabiltiy of the sediment surface; in unstable sediments, as indicated by ripple marks, the standing crops were small; in stable sediments where the ripple marks were absent, dense concentrations of benthic diatoms and dinoflagellates were found which provide the major food source for the large biomass of deposit‐feeders. The chlorophyll readings obtained from the sediments were about intermediate between the highest values reported for sea water and a rich terrestrial environment.Observations were made on the natural history of the three dominant species: Gemma gemma, Glymenella torquata, and Glycera dibranchiata.
ON CIRCULATION, PHOSPHATE‐PHOSPHORUS CONTENT, AND ZOOPLANKTON VOLUMES IN THE UPPER PART OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN1
Authors: Reid Joseph L. 
Published: March 2010

The circulation of the Pacific Ocean may be considered to consist of two high‐latitude cyclonic gyres, two subtropical anticyclonic gyres, and a series of subequatorial zonal flows in alternate directions. The phosphate‐phosphorus at the surface is related to the surface divergence and is high in the cyclones, low in the anticyclones, and high in regions of coastal and equatorial upwelling. The PO4‐P at 100 m is related to the depth of the pycnocline and is also high in the cyclones and low in the anticyclones, and high at the equator and at the poleward edges of the equatorial countercurrents. The zooplankton volume is distributed very much as is the PO4‐P, particularly that at 100 m. It is also low in the anticyclones and high in the cyclones, at the equator and at the poleward edges of the equatorial countercurrents. At the center of the subarctic cyclone, however, zooplankton is only moderate, but PO4‐P concentration is high both at the surface and at 100 m. It is suggested that the surface divergence is too rapid for zooplankton to accumulate in the center of the cyclone, even though reproduction and growth may be prolific.In the California Current zooplankton volume appears to vary inversely with temperature, and an area of minimum volume and maximum temperature is found near the tip of Baja California. It is speculated that this indicates a change from subarctic to subequatorial species. This, and the close relation of the plankton volume to the system of gyres, suggests that the gyres may represent the principal plankton communities.
DIURNAL CHANGES IN SHALLOW AQUATIC HABITATS
Authors: Bamforth Stuart S. 
Published: March 2010

Diurnal changes were studied at different times of the year in a variety of Louisiana ponds, swamps, ditches and streams by the following procedure. Collections were made between 0500 and 0600 and between 1500 and 1600 on one day, and at the same times several days later. Each sample was analyzed chemically and biologically. The times chosen measure the approximate high and low values of dissolved substances in the daily chemical cycle. The extent of change in chemical factors and plankton indicated the degree and role of oxidative processes in a shallow habitat, and provided a measure for comparing different habitats.Plankton populations, predominantly protozoa, often changed during the day, and sometimes changed significantly within 2 hr after sunrise. The conditions and organisms found in shallow habitats may thus depend upon the time of sampling.
ROLE OF DETRITUS IN THE PRODUCTIVITY OF A ROCK‐OUTCROP COMMUNITY IN A PIEDMONT STREAM
Authors: Nelson Daniel J. , Scott Donald C. 
Published: March 2010

A rock outcrop community in a typical southern Piedmont stream was studied to determine its trophic structure and productivity. Podostemum ceratophyllum was the primary producer component of the community and also provided a place of attachment and shelter for a rheophilic fauna consisting largely of insects. The primary consumer organisms derived 66% of their energy from allochthonous organic matter consisting largely of leaf material. Productivity by phytoplankton in the river water was insignificant as was respiration in the shifting sand bottom. The river behaved as a heterotrophic stream because of suspended organic detritus in the water. A higher and more variable quantity of particulate detritus was present in the water during summer than winter. This seasonal difference was attributed to stream discharge—stream bed relationships and a more rapid decomposition of organic fragments at higher summer temperatures.The net annual productivities, determined by the cropping method, in cal/cm2 for trophic groups were: Podostemum 434, filter feeders 16.8, herbivores 6.51, detritus feeders 1.68, herbivore and detritus feeders 2.78 (total primary consumer 27.8), and carnivore 3.66. The turnover of biomass increased with increasing productivity by individual species but this relationship does not hold true for all communities. A comparison of trophic level production efficiencies and productivities in several communities suggests there are self‐regulating mechanisms in natural communities which function between producer and consumer groups. Community stability is an important factor for the realization of maximum productivity in flowing water environments.A theory of stream succession has been proposed which is based on the graded stream concept.
ACCLIMATION TO TEMPERATURE IN THE MARINE COPEPOD, CALANUS FINMARCHICUS (GUNNER.)
Authors: Hahow K. 
Published: March 2010

Acclimation of oxygen consumption to three experimental temperatures (4, 10, and 20°C) was studied in the pelagic copepod, Calanus finmarchicus (Gunner.). Oxygen consumption, when corrected for dry weight differences, reached minimal levels at the three temperatures after the unfed animals had been kept in the laboratory for periods up to three days. Those maintained at 4°C achieved their lowest rate in the shortest time.Overshoot of oxygen uptake was demonstrated when copepods were exposed to sudden temperature change. Oxygen consumption fell to a steady rate 6–8 hr after an increase of 5°C.Acclimated curves of respiration with superimposed acutely determined curves were constructed for Calanus collected in the spring and in the summer. From these curves it appears that the copepods do not acclimate to temperatures outside their seasonal temperature range but are able to compensate for temperature changes in the vicinity of the temperature of the water from which they are collected.
IMPREGNATION OF GLASS SURFACE AGAINST SORPTION OF PHOSPIIATE TRACES
Authors: Hassenteufel W. , Jagitsch R. , Koczy F. F. 
Published: March 2010

During work on the uptake of phosphate ions by clays and other minerals in sea water, using such low concentrations as between 30 and 2,000 mg P/m3, the phosphate adsorption on a variety of plastics and glass had to be examined. It was found that at the pH‐range between 7.5 and 8 a considerable uptake of phosphate ions takes place.Phosphate adsorption on polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride was found to be about 3 times as high as the adsorption on glass under comparable experimental conditions. Even Teflon resin adsorbed phosphate ions, but apparently at a slower rate than glass and the plastics examined.The impregnation of glass with Desicote was inefficient, but treatment of our glass equipment with 0.5 to 1% hydrofluoric acid either in 2 n hydrochloric acid or in distilled water finally prevented the uptake of any considerable amounts of phosphate. Prevention of adsorption of other anions by this treatment is likely.
LIGHT INJURY AND INHIBITION IN ANTARCTIC FRESHWATER PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Goldman Charles R. , Mason David T. , Wood Brian J. B. 
Published: March 2010

Inhibition and injury of the photosynthetic mechanism resulting from high light intensities in the 24‐hr Antarctic summer daylight were studied using C14 in two small lakes on Cape Evans, Ross Island. The diel rates of carbon fixation were completely out of phase with light intensity, the effect being more pronounced at the surface than at depth. This inhibition could be quantitatively reduced by exposing the plankton to incident light passing a graded series of neutral density filters. A maximum rate was found at 20% of incident photosynthetic light at noon (0.10 langley/min), while photosynthetic efficiency in another experiment had decreased down to 0.06 langley/min close to the previous midnight. The effect of temperature increase upon the photosynthetic uptake in highly inhibited plankton was investigated, and a Q10 of about 7 determined. Benthic and noninhibited phytoplankton both had an average Q10 of about 2. A brief sunlight exposure of plankton kept in dim artificial light brought about a reversible depression of photosynthetic rate.The ecological importance of these results to phytoplankton production under the severe Antarctic conditions is discussed.