bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shadow Corrosion-Induced Bow of Zircaloy-2 Channels
Authors: Mahmood Sheikh T. , Cantonwine Paul E. , Lin Yang-Pi , Crawford Douglas C. , Mader E. V. , Edsinger K. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
For the past 10 years, the frequency of channel-control blade interference has been greater than before because of shadow corrosion-induced bow. Shadow corrosion-induced bow is caused by differential hydrogen concentration on channel sides adjacent to and away from the control blade. The differential hydrogen concentration is a result of increased shadow corrosion on the channel side adjacent to the control blade, hence the description of this mechanism as shadow corrosion-induced bow. Channel bow measurements and post-irradiation examinations (PIEs) confirmed that shadow corrosion-induced bow occurs independent of fluence gradient-induced bow. Specifically, bow of channels that experienced early-life control (i.e., shadow corrosion) was significantly greater than expected assuming only fluence gradient-induced bow. In addition, it was found that plants with smaller channel-to-channel gaps had greater channel bow, consistent with the gap dependence of shadow corrosion. PIE revealed that the elevated hydrogen concentrations in the metal were found only on those channel sides and elevations that experienced shadow corrosion. A model was developed that related this measured differential hydrogen to the observed channel bow that supports the increased volume of hydrides as the underlying cause. However, questions about the time/exposure dependence of shadow corrosion-induced bow remain. The PIE of shadow corrosion-induced bow at low exposure (one cycle) indicates that little shadow corrosion-induced bow occurs after the first cycle even though shadow corrosion is observed on the side adjacent to the control blade. The differentials in oxide thickness and hydrogen concentration between opposite channel sides are considerably less than those measured later in service lifetime (i.e., after additional cycles of operation). The data indicate that the larger differential hydrogen at high exposure/residence time is a result of a larger difference in oxide thickness and a corresponding increase in percent hydrogen pick up that developed at higher exposures/residence times.
Spread, Growth Parameters, and Reproductive Potential for Brown Flatsedge (Cyperus fuscus)
Authors: Bryson Charles T. , Carter Richard 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBrown flatsedge (Cyperus fuscus) is widely distributed in Europe, Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Mediterranean region of Northern Africa. It was apparently introduced into North America in the late 1800s and has steadily moved southward and westward. Brown flatsedge is reported new to Arkansas and Mississippi herewith. Field observations from early spring until frost were made between 2003 and 2007 from populations present at three sites: Chicot County, Arkansas, and Pearl River and Washington counties, Mississippi. Under natural field conditions, brown flatsedge plants germinated from late March and early April until frost. Inflorescences were observed in mid-May and seed production continued until frost. In field populations, the average numbers of scales per spikelet, inflorescences per plant, and spikelets per inflorescence were 15, 28, and 33, respectively. Greenhouse experiments were established in 2008 at Stoneville, MS, to determine growth parameters and the reproductive potential of brown flatsedge. In greenhouse experiments, by 10 wk after emergence (WAE), brown flatsedge plants were 30.2 cm tall and 63.9 cm in diameter, and dry weights were 1.4, 1.0, 2.0, 0.5, and 1.9 g for roots, culms, leaves, bracts, and inflorescences, respectively. Brown flatsedge culms and inflorescences appeared 5 WAE, and by 9 WAE all plants were producing seed. Brown flatsedge could pose a threat to natural plant communities and rice agriculture in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee, and Texas. Additional research is needed to determine seed longevity and ecological range potential, and to develop inexpensive and effective control methods.
Comparison of Subsurface and Foliar Herbicide Applications for Control of Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum)
Authors: Wersal Ryan M. , Madsen John D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractParrotfeather is an invasive, aquatic plant in the United States that is native to South America. It has impaired the use of water bodies throughout the United States and is difficult to control, despite using a variety of management techniques. Our objectives were to examine the efficacy of subsurface applications of seven herbicides labeled for aquatic use and to compare those applications to herbicides that can also be applied to emergent foliage. A replicated mesocosm study was conducted in 378-L (100-gal) tanks beginning in August 2007 and repeated during the same period in 2008. The maximum and half-maximum labeled rates of copper chelate, diquat, endothall, fluridone, triclopyr, and carfentrazone-ethyl were applied to the water column in designated mesocosms. The maximum labeled rate for foliar applications of diquat, triclopyr, and 2,4-D were used to compare treatment methods. Six weeks after treatment (WAT), copper, endothall, fluridone, and carfentrazone-ethyl did not achieve 90% control; in fact, control was less than 50% for each herbicide, and therefore, the herbicides were not considered efficacious for controlling parrotfeather. Diquat at all rates and application methods resulted in 70 to 90% biomass reduction. Triclopyr, with both the highest aqueous concentration and foliar application, resulted in an 84 and 86%, respectively, reduction in biomass at 6 WAT. The foliar application of 2,4-D was the only herbicide and application method that resulted in ≥ 90% biomass reduction of parrotfeather. In these studies, regrowth occurred in all tanks regardless of herbicide or treatment method, indicating multiple applications would be necessary to provide longer-term plant control. Future research should identify possible herbicide combinations or timing of applications to maximize treatment efficacy.
Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Eating Plan on Cardiovascular Risks Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Azadbakht Leila , Fard Nafiseh Rashidi Pour , Karimi Majid , Baghaei Mohammad Hassan , Surkan Pamela J. , Rahimi Majid , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad , Willett Walter C. 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE
To determine the effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating pattern on cardiometabolic risks in type 2 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A randomized crossover clinical trial was undertaken in 31 type 2 diabetic patients. For 8 weeks, participants were randomly assigned to a control diet or the DASH eating pattern.

RESULTS
After following the DASH eating pattern, body weight (P = 0.007) and waist circumference (P = 0.002) reduced significantly. Fasting blood glucose levels and A1C decreased after adoption of the DASH diet (−29.4 ± 6.3 mg/dl; P = 0.04 and −1.7 ± 0.1%; P = 0.04, respectively). After the DASH diet, the mean change for HDL cholesterol levels was higher (4.3 ± 0.9 mg/dl; P = 0.001) and LDL cholesterol was reduced (−17.2 ± 3.5 mg/dl; P = 0.02). Additionally, DASH had beneficial effects on systolic (−13.6 ± 3.5 vs. −3.1 ± 2.7 mmHg; P = 0.02) and diastolic blood pressure (−9.5 ± 2.6 vs. −0.7 ± 3.3 mmHg; P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS
Among diabetic patients, the DASH diet had beneficial effects on cardiometabolic risks.
The Influence of Glycemic Control on the Prognosis of Japanese Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty for Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: Takahara Mitsuyoshi , Kaneto Hideaki , Iida Osamu , Gorogawa Shin-ichi , Katakami Naoto , Matsuoka Taka-aki , Ikeda Masahiko , Shimomura Iichiro 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE
To reveal the influence of preoperative factors on the prognosis of patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for critical limb ischemia (CLI).

RESEACH DESIGN AND METHODS
We recruited 278 Japanese patients who underwent PTA for CLI between 2003 and 2009. The outcome measures were mortality and major amputation. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed.

RESULTS
The prevalence of diabetes was 71%, and A1C was 7.0 ± 1.4%. The follow-up period was 90 ± 72 weeks, and 48 patients underwent major amputations and 89 died. The presence of diabetes in the whole population and A1C level in the diabetic population had no influence on morality; rather, mortality was associated with age (P = 0.007), impaired activities of daily living (P &lt; 0.001), hemodialysis (P &lt; 0.001), and albumin level (P = 0.010). In contrast, the presence of diabetes and A1C level had significant association with major amputation (P = 0.012 and P = 0.007, respectively). The quartile analysis showed that diabetic subjects with an A1C ≥6.8%, but not &lt;6.8%, had a significantly higher risk of major amputation than nondiabetic subjects. The adjusted hazard ratio of diabetes with A1C ≥6.8% was 2.907 (95% CI 1.606–5.264) (P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Diabetes with poor glycemic control is associated with major amputation, but not mortality, in CLI patients undergoing PTA. Prognostic indicators seem somewhat different between survival and limb salvage in the population.
Comparison of Outcomes Following Thrombolytic Therapy Among Patients With Prior Stroke and Diabetes in the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive (VISTA)
Authors: Mishra Nishant Kumar , Davis Stephen M. , Kaste Markku , Lees Kennedy R. ,   for the VISTA Collaboration
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE
The use of alteplase in patients who have had a prior stroke and concomitant diabetes is not approved in Europe. To examine the influence of diabetes and prior stroke on outcomes, we compared data on thrombolysed patients with nonthrombolysed comparators.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We selected patients with ischemic stroke on whom we had data on age, pretreatment baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (b-NIHSS), and 90-day outcome measures (functional modified Rankin score [mRS]) and neurological measures [NIHSS]) in the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive. We compared outcomes between thrombolysed patients and nonthrombolysed comparators in those with and without diabetes, those who have had a prior stroke, or both and report findings using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) test and proportional odds logistic regression analyses. We report an age-adjusted and b-NIHSS–adjusted CMH P value and odds ratio (OR).

RESULTS
Rankin data were available for 5,817 patients: 1,585 thrombolysed patients and 4,232 nonthrombolysed comparators. A total 1,334 (24.1%) patients had diabetes, 1,898 (33.7%) patients have had a prior stroke, and 491 (8%) patients had both. Diabetes and nondiabetes had equal b-NIHSS (median 13; P = 0.3), but patients who have had a prior stroke had higher b-NIHSS than patients who have not had a prior stroke (median 13 vs. 12; P &lt; 0.0001). Functional outcomes were better for thrombolysed patients versus nonthrombolysed comparators among both nondiabetic (P &lt; 0.0001; OR 1.4 [95% CI 1.3–1.6]) and diabetic (P = 0.1; 1.3 [1.05–1.6 ]) subjects. Similarly, outcomes were better for thrombolysed patients versus nonthrombolysed comparators among who have not had a prior stroke (P &lt; 0.0001; 1.4 [1.2–1.6 ]) and those who have (P = 0.02; 1.3 [1.04–1.6 ]). There was no interaction of diabetes and prior stroke with treatment (P = 0.8). Neurological outcomes were consistent with the mRS.

CONCLUSIONS
Outcomes from thrombolysis are better among patients with diabetes and/or those who have had a prior stroke than in control subjects. Withholding thrombolytic treatment from otherwise-eligible patients may not be justified.
Photocarrier transport in 2D macroporous silicon structures
Authors: Karachevtseva L. , Onyshchenko V. , Sachenko A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe mechanisms of photocarrier transport through a barrier in the surface space-charge region (SCR) of 2D macroporous silicon structures have been studied at photon energies comparable to that of the silicon indirect band-to-band transition. It was found that the photoconductivity relaxation time was determined by the light modulation of barrier on the macropore surface; as a result, the relaxation itself obeyed the logarithmic law. The temperature dependence of the photoconductivity relaxation time was determined by the thermionic emission mechanism of the current transport in the SCR at temperatures T > 180 K, and by the tunnel current flow at T < 100 K, with temperature-independent tunnelling probability. The photo-emf was found to become saturated or reverse its sign to negative at temperatures below 130 K because of light absorption due to optical transitions via surface electronic states close to the silicon conduction band. In this case, the surface band bending increases due to the growth of a negative charge of the semiconductor surface. The equilibrium electrons in the bulk and photoexcited holes on the macropore surface recombine through the channel of multistage tunnel recombination between the conduction and valence bands.
Propagation of surface plasmon polaritons through gradient index and periodic structures
Authors: Váry T. , Markoš P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe study propagation of surface electromagnetic waves along a metallic surface covered by various layered dielectric structures. We show that strong radiative losses, typical for scattering of a surface wave, can be considerably suppressed when a single dielectric step is substituted by gradient index or periodic layered structure.
Dependence of nonlinear refractive index of ZnSe on Be and Mg content
Authors: Derkowska B. , Firszt F. , Marasek A. , Sahraoui B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe values of the nonlinear refractive index n2 and the two-photon absorption coefficient β of ternary and quaternary ZnSe-based mixed crystals were extracted from the standard backward degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM) and nonlinear transmission measurements at 532 nm, respectively. Studied crystals were grown by the modified high-pressure Bridgman method. We found that the value of the nonlinear refractive index n2 for Zn0.79Be0.21Se is higher than that for Zn0.80Mg0.20Se. However, the opposite behaviour was found in the case of two-photon absorption coefficient β for these compounds. We also found that the values of the nonlinear refractive index n2 and the two-photon absorption coefficient β for Zn0.83Be0.04Mg0.13Se are about five times lower and three times higher than that for Zn0.80Mg0.13Se, respectively. In the case of ternary ZnSe-based crystals we noticed that the value of the nonlinear refractive index n2 decreases with increasing Mg or Be content. However, the value of the two-photon absorption coefficient β increases with increasing Mg or Be content.
The overlap technique versus end‐to‐end approximation technique for primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Rygh Astrid Betten , Körner Hartwig 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective. To compare the outcome of end‐to‐end approximation versus the overlap technique for primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture (OASR) at 12 month follow‐up. Design. Prospective, randomized controlled study. Setting. University hospital. Sample. One hundred and twenty‐eight patients with grade 3b, 3c or 4 OASR were randomized; 119 (end‐to‐end 60, overlap 59) received the allocated treatment. We obtained information concerning fecal incontinence from 101 (85%) patients. Methods. The obstetric team on call performed the repairs. Wexner score, endoanal ultrasound (EAUS), and manometry were used to evaluate anal sphincter function at 12 months post‐surgery. Main outcome measures. Primary outcome was incidence of solid stool leakage at least once a week. Secondary outcomes were flatus incontinence, Wexner score, external anal muscle defect examined by EAUS, and anal manometry results. Results. One patient in the end‐to‐end group and none in the overlap group reported leakage of solid stool once a week or more. Fourteen patients in the end‐to‐end group and 10 in the overlap group reported flatus incontinence (p = 0.48). Mean Wexner score was similar in both groups, 2.4 versus 2.2. One patient in the end‐to‐end group and none in the overlap group had a Wexner score >10 (severe anal incontinence) (NS). External sphincter defect was found in 2/46 in the end‐to‐end group compared to 0/41 in the overlap group (NS). Anal manometry findings were similar in both groups. Conclusion. The overlap repair was not superior to the approximation technique with regard to fecal incontinence at 12 months.
Hybrid biofunctional nanostructures as stimuli-responsive catalytic systems
Authors: Marten Gernot U , Gelbrich Thorsten , Schmidt Annette M 
Published: September 2010

A novel active biocatalytic reaction system is proposed by covalently immobilizing porcine pancreas trypsin within the thermoresponsive polymer shell of superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles.Active ester-functional nanocarriers suitable for the immobilization of amino functional targets are obtained in a single polymerization step by grafting-from copolymerization of an active ester monomer from superparamagnetic cores. The comonomer, oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, has excellent water solubility at room temperature, biocompatibility, and a tunable lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in water. The phase separation can alternatively be initiated by magnetic heating caused by magnetic losses in ac magnetic fields.The immobilization of porcine pancreas trypsin to the core–shell nanoparticles results in highly active, nanoparticulate biocatalysts that can easily be separated magnetically. The enzymatic activity of the obtained biocatalyst system can be influenced by outer stimuli, such as temperature and external magnetic fields, by utilizing the LCST of the copolymer shell.
Patient Self-Medication with ASA 81 mg
Authors: Taylor Jeff , Evans Charity , Blackburn David , Semchuck William 
Published: September 2010

Purpose: Low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is an important therapy for decreasing cardiac events in patients at risk. The initiation of ASA therapy should involve physician assessment, but some people may choose to self-medicate. The purpose of this project was to determine the percentage of people taking ASA 81 mg without the recommendation of their doctor, as well as to estimate the proportion of users exhibiting an objective indication for daily use of ASA 81 mg, based on survey responses indicating the presence of established cerebrovascular disease (stroke or mini-stroke), coronary heart disease (CHD) (heart attack or prevention surgery), a CHD risk equivalent (diabetes) or at least 2 risk factors for CHD (age, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol or positive family history). Methods: A 1-page survey was distributed to purchasers of ASA 81 mg at 52 community pharmacies in Saskatchewan. Respondents were asked who led them to start taking ASA for heart health and were asked for information on their age and health history. Estimates were made of the proportion of users exhibiting an objective indication for daily use of ASA 81 mg, defined as the presence of either established cerebrovascular disease (stroke or mini-stroke), coronary heart disease (CHD) (heart attack or prevention surgery), a CHD risk equivalent (diabetes) or at least 2 risk factors for CHD (age, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol or positive family history). Results: Of the 481 respondents whose surveys were suitable for analysis, 417 (86.7%) were engaged in doctor-supervised care. Conversely, 13.1% did not seek a physician's advice prior to the initiation of therapy. Of the 69 respondents who were taking ASA but did not meet the indications for its use, the majority claimed to have started therapy based on the recommendation of a health care professional. Conclusion The use of ASA without physician intervention is of serious concern. In this study of Saskatchewan citizens, up to 13.1% did not involve their doctor for initiation of therapy, potentially exposing them to unnecessary risk.
The Effect of US Pharmaceutical Drug Importation on the Canadian Pharmaceutical Supply
Authors: Shepherd Marv 
Published: September 2010

Background and objectives: For over a decade, many US politicians have advocated that the US allow personal and commercial drug importation. Currently, the only entities that can legally import a pharmaceutical in the US are pharmaceutical manufacturers. Our objective was to compare the number of prescriptions dispensed in Canada with the US and estimate the effect US drug importation from Canada will have on the Canadian drug supply. Methods: A model was created to measure the potential effect on the Canadian drug supply. The model uses the number of US prescriptions being sourced from Canada and the number of prescriptions dispensed in Canada in 2007 as the baseline. The number of days to exhaust the 2007 Canadian drug supply was calculated. Results: The model found that if 10% of the US prescriptions were filled from Canadian sources (manufacturer, wholesale or retail), Canada's 2007 drug supply would be exhausted in 224 days. If the demand from the US reached 20%, the 2007 supply would be exhausted in 155 days. The model was redone focusing on brand name drugs, with generic drugs removed. It was found that with a US demand of 10% and 20%, the 2007 Canadian supply for brand name drugs would be exhausted in 268 and 201 days, respectively. Conclusion: US drug importation is a threat to Canada's drug supply. Even if the US demand were 10%, Canada would need to dramatically increase manufacturing, triple drug importation, or most likely control or halt pharmaceutical shipments to the US.
Temporal Association of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Parainfluenza Pediatric Hospitalizations and Hospitalized Cases of Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
Authors: WEISS PAMELA F. , KLINK ANDREW J. , LUAN XIANQUN , FEUDTNER CHRIS 
Published: September 2010

Objective.To determine if hospitalizations for specific infectious exposures are associated with hospital admissions for Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP).Methods.We conducted a retrospective cohort study using administrative data of children admitted to 40 children’s hospitals between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2008. We examined the association of standardized rates of group A ß-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABS), Staphylococcus aureus, parainfluenza, influenza, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated hospital admissions with standardized rates of HSP hospital admissions on a month by month basis using autoregressive moving average process models to account for temporal autocorrelation and clustering by hospital.Results.Among the 3,132 admissions for HSP observed over the 7-year study period, hospital admissions were most frequent September through April, but with substantial variability between hospitals for each month. Accounting for these month by month differences within each hospital, the rate of HSP admissions in a given month increased significantly as the standardized rates of GABS (p = 0.01), S. aureus (p < 0.01), and parainfluenza (p = 0.03) admissions increased.Conclusion.Our results demonstrate a local month by month temporal association between hospitalization for GABS, S. aureus, and parainfluenza and hospitalization for HSP. Future investigations will be required to determine causality.