bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manure- and Biosolids-Resident Murine Norovirus 1 Attachment to and Internalization by Romaine Lettuce
Authors: Wei Jie , Jin Yan , Sims Tom , Kniel Kalmia E. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT
The attachment of murine norovirus 1 (MNV) in biosolids, swine manure, and dairy manure to Romaine lettuce and internalization of this virus were evaluated. The MNV in animal manures had behavior similar to that of pure MNV; however, MNV in biosolids had significantly higher levels of attachment and internalization than pure MNV or MNV in manures. The incubation time did not affect the attachment of MNV in biosolids or manure. Confocal microscopy was used to observe MNV on lettuce after SYBR gold-labeled MNV was added directly to lettuce or after lettuce was submersed in labeled virus. MNV was observed on the lettuce surface, inside open cuts, and occasionally within stomata. In general, lettuce pieces with a long cut on the edge and short cuts on the stem was more likely to contain internalized MNV than intact lettuce pieces, as observed by confocal microscopy; however, while the difference was visible, it was not statistically significant. This study showed that the presence of MNV in biosolids may increase the risk of fresh produce contamination and that the MNV in open cuts and stomata is likely to be protected from sanitization.
Conversion of Glycerol to Poly(3-Hydroxypropionate) in Recombinant
Escherichia coli
Authors: Andreeßen Björn , Lange Alvin Brian , Robenek Horst , Steinbüchel Alexander 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

We have developed the conversion of glycerol into thermoplastic poly(3-hydroxypropionate) [poly(3HP)]. For this, the genes for glycerol dehydratase (
dhaB1
) of
Clostridium butyricum
, propionaldehyde dehydrogenase (
pduP
) of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium LT2, and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase (
phaC1
) of
Ralstonia eutropha
were expressed in recombinant
Escherichia coli
. Poly(3HP) was accumulated up to 11.98% (wt/wt [cell dry weight]) in a two-step, fed-batch fermentation. The present study shows an interesting application to engineer a poly(3HP) synthesis pathway in bacteria.
Toll-Like Receptor Stimulation Enhances Phagocytosis and Intracellular Killing of Nonencapsulated and EncapsulatedStreptococcus pneumoniaeby Murine Microglia
Authors: Ribes Sandra , Ebert Sandra , Regen Tommy , Agarwal Amit , Tauber Simone C. , Czesnik Dirk , Spreer Annette , Bunkowski Stephanie , Eiffert Helmut , Hanisch Uwe-Karsten , Hammerschmidt Sven , Nau Roland 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTToll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity that are expressed in microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain. TLR2, -4, and -9 are important in the responses againstStreptococcus pneumoniae, the most common agent causing bacterial meningitis beyond the neonatal period. Murine microglial cultures were stimulated with agonists for TLR1/2 (Pam3CSK4), TLR4 (lipopolysaccharide), and TLR9 (CpG oligodeoxynucleotide) for 24 h and then exposed to either the encapsulated D39 (serotype 2) or the nonencapsulated R6 strain ofS. pneumoniae. After stimulation, the levels of interleukin-6 and CCL5 (RANTES [regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted]) were increased, confirming microglial activation. The TLR1/2, -4, and -9 agonist-stimulated microglia ingested significantly more bacteria than unstimulated cells (P< 0.05). The presence of cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerizaton, blocked >90% of phagocytosis. Along with an increased phagocytic activity, the intracellular bacterial killing was also increased in TLR-stimulated cells compared to unstimulated cells. Together, our data suggest that microglial stimulation by these TLRs may increase the resistance of the brain against pneumococcal infections.
Genetic Characterization of the Nucleotide Excision Repair System of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: LeCuyer Brian E. , Criss Alison K. , Seifert H. Steven 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is universally used to recognize and remove many types of DNA damage. In eubacteria, the NER system typically consists of UvrA, UvrB, UvrC, the UvrD helicase, DNA polymerase I, and ligase. In addition, when DNA damage blocks transcription, transcription-repair coupling factor (TRCF), the product of the
mfd
gene, recruits the Uvr complex to repair the damage. Previous work using selected mutants and assays have indicated that pathogenic
Neisseria
spp. carry a functional NER system. In order to comprehensively examine the role of NER in
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
DNA recombination and repair processes, the predicted NER genes (
uvrA
,
uvrB
,
uvrC
,
uvrD
, and
mfd
) were each disrupted by a transposon insertion, and the
uvrB
and
uvrD
mutants were complemented with a copy of each gene in an ectopic locus. Each
uvr
mutant strain was highly sensitive to UV irradiation and also showed sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide killing, confirming that all of the NER genes in
N. gonorrhoeae
are functional. The effect of RecA expression on UV survival was minor in
uvr
mutants but much larger in the
mfd
mutant. All of the NER mutants demonstrated wild-type levels of pilin antigenic variation and DNA transformation. However, the
uvrD
mutant exhibited higher frequencies of PilC-mediated pilus phase variation and spontaneous mutation, a finding consistent with a role for UvrD in mismatch repair. We conclude that NER functions are conserved in
N. gonorrhoeae
and are important for the DNA repair capabilities of this strict human pathogen.
Genome-Wide Transposon Mutagenesis Identifies a Role for Host Neuroendocrine Stress Hormones in Regulating the Expression of Virulence Genes inSalmonella
Authors: Spencer H. , Karavolos M. H. , Bulmer D. M. , Aldridge P. , Chhabra S. R. , Winzer K. , Williams P. , Khan C. M. A. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTBacterial sensing of environmental signals plays a key role in regulating virulence and mediating bacterium-host interactions. The sensing of the neuroendocrine stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) plays an important role in modulating bacterial virulence. We used MudJ transposon mutagenesis to globally screen for genes regulated by neuroendocrine stress hormones inSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium. We identified eight hormone-regulated genes, includingyhaK,iroC,nrdF,accC,yedP, STM3081, and the virulence-related genesvirKandmig14. The mammalian α-adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine reversed the hormone-mediated effects onyhaK,virK, andmig14but did not affect the other genes. The β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol had no activity in these assays. ThevirKandmig14genes are involved in antimicrobial peptide resistance, and phenotypic screens revealed that exposure to neuroendocrine hormones increased the sensitivity ofS. Typhimurium to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37. AvirKmutant and avirKmig14double mutant also displayed increased sensitivity to LL-37. In contrast to enterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli(EHEC), we have found no role for the two-component systems QseBC and QseEF in the adrenergic regulation of any of the identified genes. Furthermore, hormone-regulated gene expression could not be blocked by the QseC inhibitor LED209, suggesting that sensing of hormones is mediated through alternative signaling pathways inS. Typhimurium. This study has identified a role for host-derived neuroendocrine stress hormones in downregulatingS. Typhimurium virulence gene expression to the benefit of the host, thus providing further insights into the field of host-pathogen communication.
The dihydropyridine analogue cerebrocrast blocks both T-type and L-type calcium currents
Authors: Drígeľová Mária , Tarabová Bohumila , Duburs Gunars , Lacinová Ľubica 
Published: November 2009

Cerebrocrast is a novel lipophilic dihydropyridine derivative with potential neuroprotective and antidiabetic properties. We have analyzed its interaction with L-type (CaV1.2b) and T-type (CaV3.1) calcium channels using a whole-cell patch clamp in HEK 293 cells. Cerebrocrast inhibited current flux through both CaV1.2band CaV3.1 channels. In both cases, the drug was about 10-fold less effective than neutral dihydropyridines, but more efficient than the charged dihydropyridine amlodipine. IC50values for the CaV1.2bchannel were 586 ± 96 nmol/L and 178 ± 78 nmol/L at holding potentials of –80 mV and –50 mV, respectively. Approximately 50 µmol/L of cerebrocrast was needed to block 50% of the current amplitude in the CaV3.1 channel, but this inhibition was not facilitated by shifting the holding potential from –100 mV to –70 mV. Cerebrocrast did not alter current kinetics in either investigated channel, and the inhibition of calcium current was partly reversible or irreversible. In conclusion, the interaction of cerebrocrast with CaV3.1 lacked the typical characteristics of a state-dependent interaction, and voltage-dependent inhibition of CaV1.2bwas consistent with partial interaction with the inactivated state of the channel.
Multidrug resistance phosphoglycoprotein (ABCB1) expression in the guinea pig placenta: developmental changes and regulation by betamethasone
Authors: Kalabis Grazyna M. , Petropoulos Sophie , Gibb William , Matthews Stephen G. 
Published: November 2009

Placental ABCB1 plays an important role in fetal protection against xenobiotics in the maternal circulation. Limited evidence indicates that glucocorticoids regulate ABCB1 expression in other tissues. Since approximately 10% of pregnant women are treated with synthetic glucocorticoids for threatened preterm labour, the effects of synthetic glucocorticoids on placental ABCB1 are important. We hypothesized that placental levels of ABCB1 are reduced in late gestation in the guinea pig and that synthetic glucocorticoids downregulate ABCB1 production. There was a significant decrease in placental Abcb1 mRNA expression in late gestation. Treatment of guinea pigs with betamethasone (1 mg/kg) on gestational days 40/41 and 50/51 resulted in a significant decrease in placental Abcb1 mRNA and protein expression. No sex differences were observed. Understanding the regulation of ABCB1 function will facilitate the development of treatment strategies for human fetal protection against maternally derived endobiotics and xenobiotics.
Security in dynamic web content management systems applications
Authors: Vaidyanathan Ganesh , Mautone Steven 
Published: November 2009

Introduction

The processes behind corporate efforts to create, manage, publish, and archive Web information has also evolved using Web Content Management Systems (WCMS). WCMS allow teams to maintain Web content in a dynamic fashion through a user friendly interface and a modular application approach. This dynamic "on-the-fly" content creation provides Web site authors several advantages including access to information stored in databases, ability to personalize Web pages according to individual user preferences, and the opportunity to deliver a much more interactive user experience than static Web pages alone.
11
However, there are distinct disadvantages as well. Dynamically generating Web content can significantly impact Web server performance, reduce the scalability of the Web site and create security vulnerabilities or denial of service.
11
Organizations are adopting information technology without understanding such security concerns.
1
Moreover, as Mostefaoui
7
points out, even though many attempts have been made to understand the security architecture, a generic security framework is needed. Recent research amplifies the concerns and benefits of security in open source systems.
2
However, there is a need for organizations to understand how to evaluate these open source systems and this paper highlights how an evaluation technique in terms of security may be used in an organization to assess a short list of possible WMCS systems. This article focuses on security issues in WCMS and the objective is to understand the security issues as well as to provide a generic security framework.

The contributions of this paper are to:
1. Integrate the goals of security with eight dimensions of WCMS,
2. Specify how to secure the eight dimensions of WCMS,
3. Formulate a framework of security using this integrated view of security goals and security dimensions, and
4. Address the security of the Web architecture at WCMS software application level using the framework and evaluate security features in popular WCMS used in the industry.
A specification paradigm for the design and implementation of tangible user interfaces
Authors: Shaer Orit , Jacob Robert J.K. 
Published: November 2009

Tangible interaction shows promise to significantly enhance computer-mediated support for activities such as learning, problem solving, and design. However, tangible user interfaces are currently considered challenging to design and build. Designers and developers of these interfaces encounter several conceptual, methodological, and technical difficulties. Among others, these challenges include: the lack of appropriate interaction abstractions, the shortcomings of current user interface software tools to address continuous and parallel interactions, as well as the excessive effort required to integrate novel input and output technologies. To address these challenges, we propose a specification paradigm for designing and implementing Tangible User Interfaces (TUIs), that enables TUI developers to specify the structure and behavior of a tangible user interface using high-level constructs which abstract away implementation details. An important benefit of this approach, which is based on User Interface Description Language (UIDL) research, is that these specifications could be automatically or semi-automatically converted into concrete TUI implementations. In addition, such specifications could serve as a common ground for investigating both design and implementation concerns by TUI developers from different disciplines.
Thus, the primary contribution of this article is a high-level UIDL that provides developers from different disciplines means for effectively specifying, discussing, and programming a broad range of tangible user interfaces. There are three distinct elements to this contribution: a visual specification technique that is based on Statecharts and Petri nets, an XML-compliant language that extends this visual specification technique, as well as a proof-of-concept prototype of a Tangible User Interface Management System (TUIMS) that semi-automatically translates high-level specifications into a program controlling specific target technologies.
A Temporal Model of Speech Production
Authors: Bell-Berti Fredericka , Harris Katherine S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Existing models of speech production and coarticulation have failed to account for observations of real speech because they have considered timing to be a by-product of articulatory events instead of an integral organizing parameter of the speech motor plan. The model offered here considers time and timing relationships to be intrinsic to speech motor organization and the units of speech to be inherently dynamic gestures rather than static vocal tract configurations or invariant commands to the articulators.
Interarticulator Programming in Obstruent Production
Authors: Löfqvist Anders , Yoshioka Hirohide 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Most work on speech motor control has been devoted to the spatial and temporal coordination of articulatory movements for successive units, segments or syllables, in the speech chain. An intrasegmental temporal domain has generally been lacking in speech production models, but such a domain is necessary at least for certain classes of speech sounds, e.g., voiceless obstruents, clicks, ejectives. The present paper examines the nature of laryngeal-oral coordination in voiceless obstruent production in different languages using the combined techniques of electromyography, transillumination and fiberoptic filming of the larynx together with aerodynamic and palatographic records for information on supralaryngeal articulations. The results suggest that laryngeal articulatory movements are organized in one or more continuous opening and closing gestures that are precisely coordinated with supralaryngeal events according to the aerodynamic requirements of speech production.
Some Effects of Speaking Rate on Phonetic Perception
Authors: Miller Joanne L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper reviews a series of studies on the effects of variation in speaking rate on phonetic perception, in particular, on the identification of /b/ and /w/ in syllable-initial position. The major finding of these studies was that in a variety of tasks listeners adjusted for speaking rate when using the duration of the initial formant transitions to distinguish between /b/ and /w/: At slower rates of speech, a longer transition was needed to hear /w/ rather than /b/, and conversely at faster rates of speech. This effect occurred when rate was specified by the duration and acoustic-phonetic structure of the syllable containing the target consonant and, to a more limited extent, when it was specified by the duration of a subsequent syllable. Moreover, the influence of syllable duration on the processing of transition duration was also evident in young, prearticulate infants, suggesting that at least the rudiments of a system that provides perceptual constancy across rate is part of the linguistic endowment of the infant.
Temporal Information Processing in Speech Perception
Authors: Ventsov Anatoli V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
For a set of formal rules for the phonetic interpretation of speech during its perception one should have data concerning a possible structure and parameters of a subjective mechanism for processing temporal information, from segmenting the speech signal to making phonetic decisions. At present such data cannot be found in the literature. An attempt has been made to find out more about some parts of the subjective mechanism of duration measurement and comparison by studying the perception of tempo changes in short sound sequences. Running or ‘momentary’ tempo is shown to be the feature of tempo change perception, and possible procedures for its detection have been tested. A computational technique for getting the quantitative parameters of the mechanism is briefly described.
Declination: Construct or Intrinsic Feature of Speech Pitch ?
Authors: Cohen A. , Collier R. , ’t Hart J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Declination is taken as the focus of studying pitch phenomena from an acoustic, physiological and perceptual point of view. It is shown that originally declination was no more than a theoretical construct to account for the interpretation of acoustic F₀ recordings. Recently, psycholinguistic considerations have enhanced the domain of application so as to account for this phenomenon. The literature is reviewed and the authors take issue over the various claims put forward by others, such as the dominance of the topline over the baseline approach, and the amount of pre-programming involved in declination, as manifested in its slope and in linguistically determined resetting.
Swedish Prosody
Authors: Gårding Eva 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The paper summarizes project work on Swedish accents and intonation. One major goal was the development of a generative model for intonation. The input of the model is a text with markings for word and sentence prosody and dialect. The output is a realistic intonation contour. The model was first set up for statement intonation in isolated sentences from five prototype dialects. It was later applied to interrogative intonation, to transitional forms between the prototype dialects, to Greek and French intonation and to prosodic transfer in a foreign accent.
Does the Closed Syllable Determine the Perception of ‘Momentary Tempo’?
Authors: Pompino-Marschall Bernd , Piroth Hans-Georg , Tilk Klaus , Hoole Philip , Tillmann Hans G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Recent investigations on the perception of the temporal course ol speech have dealt with stress-beat phenomena and isochrony and also with ‘momentary tempo’. In our attempts to reproduce and modify some of the experiments undertaken by Ventsov on ‘momentary tempo’ we came to the conclusion that statements on ‘momentary tempo’ cannot be formulated in terms of closed syllable duration or vowel onset to vowel onset interval either, but rather in terms of an articulatory theory similar to the one proposed by Menzerath and de Lacerda using the notion of ‘point of Koartikulation’.
Parameter Interaction in the Perception of French Plosives
Authors: van Dommelen Wlm A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This investigation takes as its point of departure observations on the production of French fortis versus lenis plosive consonants. In a series of perception tests the role of different parameters in the fortis versus lenis distinction found in production (e.g. duration of the pre-consonantal vowel, the consonantal closure, voicing during the closure and intensity of the consonantal release noise) was investigated. Apart from durational and intensity parameters, vowel quality differences (depending on the fortis versus lenis character of the following consonant) are also shown to play a part in phoneme identification. Furthermore it is shown that in obstruent clusters like /tp, dp/ versus /tg, dg/ not only do phonetic parameters like those mentioned above influence perception, but that also the phonemic identity of /p/ versus /g/ as fortis versus lenis contributes to the hearers’ decision about the identity of the first consonant in the cluster. Phonetic as well as contextual factors are shown to interact in a complex manner. Implications of the results for speech perception theory are discussed.
Some Suprasegmental Contours in French Two-Year-Old Children’s Speech
Authors: Allen George D. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Six 2-year-old French (Aix-en-Provence) children were tape-recorded as they identified 46 pictures with polysyllabic names (e.g., éléphant, tracteur). Approximately 200 utterances were then analyzed for fundamental frequency (Fo) contours over the word, peak intensity (I) differences between the last two syllables, and absolute and relative nuclear vowel durations (D) between the last two syllables. The principal findings were: (1) falling Fo contours outnumbered rising by about 2.5: 1; (2) rising Fo contours were somewhat narrower, on the average, than falling; (3) nearly half of the I contours were essentially level, and 84% involved differences of 6 dB or less; (4) the final vowel was, on the average, longer than the penultimate vowel by a ratio of about 1.6:1, or an absolute difference of about 70 ms; (5) Fo and I were moderately correlated, with wide rising and falling Fo being associated with wide rising and falling I contours, respectively; (6) there was a similar, though statistically weaker, relationship between Fo and D contours; and (7) there was essentially no statistical relationship between I and D contours. These findings show that French 2-year-olds are influenced by the prosodic shape of their parents’ language yet are also under the control of presumably universal speech production constraints.