bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viewpoint: were the riots political?
Authors: Angel Harry 
Published: January 2012

PurposeThe plethora of popular and social scientific accounts of the English riots of August 2011 have not only failed to distinguish between the events that “triggered” the initial disturbances and the underlying conditions which gave them impetus, they have also ignored the reality that while rioters may be apolitical, rioting is an inherently political phenomenon. This article endeavours to contextualize the riots by plotting the probabilistic connections between the trigger event and the underlying conditions which brought the riots to fruition.Design/methodology/approachThroughout, the article utilizes the form of the “essai” (essay) developed originally by Michel de Montaigne from 1580, which endeavours to link ideas in logical and original ways. The article draws upon recent research concerning the relationship between governmental austerity and social disorder and assesses whether, and to what extent, Durkheim's notion of anomie, Habermas's notion of “legitimation crises” and the idea at the heart of the Marxist dialect, of the transformation of quantity into quality have any explanatory power vis‐à‐vis the English riots of August 2011.FindingsThe article suggests that the riots should be understood and responded to as illustrations of crises in economic and political relations rather than simple problems of morality, culture, and the efficiency, or otherwise, of the criminal justice apparatus.Originality/valueThis paper could promote a more thoughtful debate.
Rotis not Riots: a feminist dialogue on the riots and their aftermath
Authors: Kelly Liz , Gill Aisha K. 
Published: January 2012

PurposeThe “Rotis not Riots” group is an online discussion forum formed during the August 2011 riots in England to facilitate feminist dialogue aimed at making sense of these unprecedented events.Design/methodology/approachThe founders use roti (a type of unleavened bread) as a symbol to focus attention on the importance of sharing different perspectives. This reflective paper draws on the group's exchanges, exploring: the complexity of the ways in which gender intersects with the riots and their aftermath; the role of consumerism and race; the ways in which the media has framed the riots in news stories; and the ways in which criminal justice system responses have been received by both the media and the general public.FindingsThe paper concludes by examining some of the group's ideas about how Britain might move forwards through responses that are constructive rather than punitive, aimed at ensuring that all citizens feel they have a stake in both their local community and British society as a whole.Originality/valueThe focus of this paper is on fostering positive collective action and dialogue that involves people of all ages and backgrounds.
Capital regulation, monetary policy and asymmetric effects of commercial banks' efficiency
Authors: Li Yong , Wang Mancang 
Published: January 2012

PurposeOwing to the importance of the efficiency of commercial banks, the aim of this paper is to find the relationship between capital regulation, monetary policy and the asymmetric effects of the commercial banks' efficiency.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the paper makes a static profit model of commercial banks with double constraints and then makes a proposition with numeric simulation.FindingsIn this paper, the author finds it unreasonable to calculate the commercial banks' cost and profit efficiency by SFA (DEA) directly, as there is no evidence that indicates the linearity relationship among them. Hence, more complicated solutions should be introduced.Research limitations/implicationsThe rate of non‐performing loans (NPL) is inversely proportional to the commercial banks' cost and profit efficiency and capital adequacy ratio (CAR) and statutory reserve ratio (SRR) show a nonlinear relationship between commercial banks' cost and profit efficiency. Hence, the paper defines the different influences of commercial banks' efficiency imposed by CAR and SRR as the asymmetric effects of commercial banks' efficiency.Practical implicationsThe nonlinear relationship is found based on improved Kopecky and VanHoose, so excessive regulation has harmful effects on the commercial banks. The reasonable capital regulation and other prudential supervision measures should be emphasized.Originality/valueFirst, the paper gets its proposition through the improved KV model, which displays a new perception on analyzing this problem. Second, the nonlinear relationship is discovered by this new model and the empirical results show the nonlinear relationship further.
Soil carbon and nitrogen cycling and storage throughout the soil profile in a sweetgum plantation after 11 years of CO2‐enrichment
Authors: Iversen Colleen M. , Keller Jason K. , Garten Charles T. , Norby Richard J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIncreased partitioning of carbon (C) to fine roots under elevated [CO2], especially deep in the soil profile, could alter soil C and nitrogen (N) cycling in forests. After more than 11 years of free‐air CO2 enrichment in a Liquidambar styraciflua L. (sweetgum) plantation in Oak Ridge, TN, USA, greater inputs of fine roots resulted in the incorporation of new C (i.e., C with a depleted δ13C) into root‐derived particulate organic matter (POM) pools to 90‐cm depth. Even though production in the sweetgum stand was limited by soil N availability, soil C and N contents were greater throughout the soil profile under elevated [CO2] at the conclusion of the experiment. Greater C inputs from fine‐root detritus under elevated [CO2] did not result in increased net N immobilization or C mineralization rates in long‐term laboratory incubations, possibly because microbial biomass was lower in the CO2‐enriched plots. Furthermore, the δ13CO2 of the C mineralized from the incubated soil closely tracked the δ13C of the labile POM pool in the elevated [CO2] treatment, especially in shallower soil, and did not indicate significant priming of the decomposition of pre‐experiment soil organic matter (SOM). Although potential C mineralization rates were positively and linearly related to total SOM C content in the top 30 cm of soil, this relationship did not hold in deeper soil. Taken together with an increased mean residence time of C in deeper soil pools, these findings indicate that C inputs from relatively deep roots under elevated [CO2] may increase the potential for long‐term soil C storage. However, C in deeper soil is likely to take many years to accrue to a significant fraction of total soil C given relatively smaller root inputs at depth. Expanded representation of biogeochemical cycling throughout the soil profile may improve model projections of future forest responses to rising atmospheric [CO2].
Cyclic fatigue of Reciproc and WaveOne reciprocating instruments
Authors: Plotino G. , Grande N. M. , Testarelli L. , Gambarini G. 
Published: January 2012

Plotino G, Grande NM, Testarelli L, Gambarini G. Cyclic fatigue of Reciproc and WaveOne reciprocating instruments. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 614–618, 2012.AbstractAim  To evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance of Reciproc® and WaveOne® instruments in simulated root canals.Methodology  Two groups of 15 NiTi endodontic instruments of identical tip size of 0.25 mm were tested, group A; Reciproc® R25 and group B: WaveOne® primary. Cyclic fatigue testing was performed in a stainless steel artificial canal manufactured by reproducing the instrument’s size and taper. A simulated root canal with a 60° angle of curvature and 5‐mm radius of curvature was constructed for both the instruments tested. The centre of the curvature was 5 mm from the tip of the instrument and the curved segment of the canal was approximately 5 mm in length. The Reciproc® instruments were activated using the preset programme specific for the Reciproc® instruments, whilst the WaveOne® instruments were activated using the preset programme specific for the WaveOne® instruments. All instruments were rotated until fracture occurred and the time to fracture (TtF) and the length of the fractured tip were recorded and registered. Means and standard deviations of TtF and fragment length were calculated for each system and data were subjected to Student’s t‐test (P < 0.05).Results  A statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was noted between Reciproc® and WaveOne® instruments. Reciproc® R25 instruments were associated with a significant increase in the mean time to fracture when compared with primary WaveOne® instruments (130.8 ± 18.4 vs. 97.8 ± 15.9 s). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the mean length of the fractured fragments between the instruments.Conclusions  Reciproc® instruments were associated with a significantly higher cyclic fatigue resistance than WaveOne® instruments.
The upregulation of tumour necrosis factor‐α and surface antigens expression on macrophages by bisphenol A‐glycidyl‐methacrylate
Authors: Kuan Y.‐H. , Li Y.‐C. , Huang F.‐M. , Chang Y.‐C. 
Published: January 2012

Kuan Y‐H, Li Y‐C, Huang F‐M, Chang Y‐C. The upregulation of tumour necrosis factor‐α and surface antigens expression on macrophages by bisphenol A‐glycidyl‐methacrylate. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 619–626, 2012.AbstractAim  To evaluate the expression of tumour necrosis factor‐α and surface antigens by bisphenol A‐glycidyl‐methacrylate (BisGMA) on murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7.Methodology  Cytotoxicity was measured by tetrazolium bromide reduction assay. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α was analysed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Cell surface antigens were investigated by flowcytometry. Statistical analyses were performed using anova followed by the Bonferroni’s t‐test for multigroup comparisons.Results  BisGMA exhibited cytotoxicity to RAW264.7 in a dose‐dependent manner (P < 0.05) during 2‐h incubation period. BisGMA was found to increase TNF‐α secretion in a dose‐dependent manner (P < 0.05). In addition, CD11, CD14, CD45, CD54, CD40, CD80, and MHC II were significantly stimulated by BisGMA in a dose‐dependent manner (P < 0.05). However, MHC I expression was not affected by BisGMA (P > 0.05).Conclusions  Taken together, the ability of macrophages to induce an appropriate immune response when exposed to BisGMA has the potential to upregulate TNF‐α production and expression of surface antigens.
Quantitative analysis of compensatory and catch‐up growth in diverse taxa
Authors: Hector Katie L. , Nakagawa Shinichi 
Published: January 2012

Summary1. ‘Compensatory growth’ and ‘catch‐up growth’ are often used interchangeably to describe the faster than optimal growth that occurs following a period of dietary restriction in the development of many animals. Concerns about the statistical analysis of these studies have drawn attention to the risk of false detection in reports of compensatory and catch‐up growth.2. This study aims to quantify the degree to which these compensatory responses occur across the animal kingdom. In addition, this study distinguishes the two terms, ‘compensatory growth’ and ‘catch‐up growth’, to clarify the fitness consequences of rapid growth. Compensatory growth refers to a faster than usual growth rate, while catch‐up growth implies attainment of control size.3. Eight meta‐analyses and meta‐regression analyses were conducted on data extracted from 88 papers, including 11 taxonomic classes. The results confirmed that both growth tactics (i.e. compensatory and catch‐up growth) occur across a wide range of taxa and result in decreased direct fitness components.4. Importantly, the meta‐analytic methods used made it possible to identify the specific experimental techniques that most successfully promoted rapid growth after restriction and key differences in the responses of the four major groups (mammals, birds, fish and arthropods) to dietary restriction. Endotherms are more likely to show a compensatory growth response because of their determinate growth; in contrast, the indeterminate and saltatory growth tactics of fish and arthropods reduce the pressure to rapidly achieve a large size.5. Among the first meta‐analyses to be conducted in this field, this study provides valuable support for the premises of compensatory and catch‐up growth and also discusses weaknesses in experimental design, and possible solutions, in compensatory growth research. For example, we recommend conducting the experiment within the most linear phase of an animal’s growth to avoid analytical complications arising from size‐dependent growth, and our results indicate that dietary dilution more closely resembles quantitative restriction than clutch size and intermittent feeding restriction methods when normal quantitative restriction is not possible.
Benefiting from a migratory prey: spatio‐temporal patterns in allochthonous subsidization of an arctic predator
Authors: Giroux Marie‐Andrée , Berteaux Dominique , Lecomte Nicolas , Gauthier Gilles , Szor Guillaume , Bêty Joël 
Published: January 2012

Summary1. Flows of nutrients and energy across ecosystem boundaries have the potential to subsidize consumer populations and modify the dynamics of food webs, but how spatio‐temporal variations in autochthonous and allochthonous resources affect consumers’ subsidization remains largely unexplored.2. We studied spatio‐temporal patterns in the allochthonous subsidization of a predator living in a relatively simple ecosystem. We worked on Bylot Island (Nunavut, Canada), where arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopusL.) feed preferentially on lemmings (Lemmus trimucronatusandDicrostonyx groenlandicusTraill), and alternatively on colonial greater snow geese (Anser caerulescens atlanticusL.). Geese migrate annually from their wintering grounds (where they feed on farmlands and marshes) to the Canadian Arctic, thus generating a strong flow of nutrients and energy across ecosystem boundaries.3. We examined the influence of spatial variations in availability of geese on the diet of fox cubs (2003–2005) and on fox reproductive output (1996–2005) during different phases of the lemming cycle.4. Using stable isotope analysis and a simple statistical routine developed to analyse the outputs of a multisource mixing model (SIAR), we showed that the contribution of geese to the diet of arctic fox cubs decreased with distance from the goose colony.5. The probability that a den was used for reproduction by foxes decreased with distance from the subsidized goose colony and increased with lemming abundance. When lemmings were highly abundant, the effect of distance from the colony disappeared. The goose colony thus generated a spatial patterning of reproduction probability of foxes, while the lemming cycle generated a strong temporal variation of reproduction probability of foxes.6. This study shows how the input of energy owing to the large‐scale migration of prey affects the functional and reproductive responses of an opportunistic consumer, and how this input is spatially and temporally modulated through the foraging behaviour of the consumer. Thus, perspectives of both landscape and foraging ecology are needed to fully resolve the effects of subsidies on animal demographic processes and population dynamics.
Mitochondrial phylogeography of the Holarctic Parnassius phoebus complex supports a recent refugial model for alpine butterflies
Authors: Todisco Valentina , Gratton Paolo , Zakharov Evgeny V. , Wheat Christopher W. , Sbordoni Valerio , Sperling Felix A.H. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAim  Our study provides a description of the mitogenetic structure of alpine butterflies of the Parnassius phoebus complex throughout their Holarctic distribution. Our analyses extend and reassess population history models for alpine butterflies under an explicit calibration of their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) substitution rate.Location  Mountain ranges of the Holarctic region.Methods  A fragment (824 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was sequenced in 203 samples (72 locations), and combined with previously available COI sequences (499 samples), to obtain full coverage of the Holarctic distribution of the P. phoebus complex. A global species distribution model (SDM) was calculated by the maximum entropy (Maxent) approach, allowing assignment of samples into geographically consistent ‘operational’ units. Phylogenetic and coalescent methods were applied to describe the global mitogenetic structure and estimate population genetics parameters. Geological and palaeoecological evidence was used for internal calibration and validation of a COI substitution rate.Results  Eurasian (including Alaskan) and North American populations form two distinct mitochondrial clades. The mitochondrial time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of the North American clade was estimated at less than 125 ka, and the TMRCA of the Eurasian–Alaskan clade at less than 80 ka, except for a single divergent sequence from Mongolia. Pairwise divergence times between all geographical units within each continent date well within the last 100 ka, and most likely, the last 50–10 ka.Main conclusions  In contrast with its currently scattered distribution within each of Eurasia and North America, the mitogenetic structure of the P. phoebus complex in both continents is shallow and weak, and shows no evidence of geographical structure dating back earlier than the last glacial cycle. We argue that mtDNA data are consistent with recent (Würm/Wisconsin) range expansion across each of the two continents and with persistent glacial long‐range gene flow which ceased during the Holocene. We propose that P. phoebus may represent a model for Holarctic alpine invertebrates with moderate dispersal abilities in that its genetic structure at a continental scale reflects extensive connectivity during the most recent glacial phases.
Clinical outcomes associated with screening and referral for depression in an acute cardiac ward
Authors: Ski Chantal F , Page Karen , Thompson David R , Cummins Robert A , Salzberg Mike , Worrall‐Carter Linda 
Published: January 2012

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to describe the implementation of a depression screening and referral tool in two cardiac wards of a major metropolitan public hospital. The tool consisted of two sections: (1) screening for depression risk (Cardiac Depression Scale‐5) and (2) consequential referral actions.Background.  Prior research has shown that depression in patients with heart disease is associated with significantly impaired quality of life, decreased medication adherence, increased morbidity and increased use of healthcare services.Design.  A prospective in‐patient study design.Method.  A consecutive sample of 202 patients admitted to either the cardiac medical (n = 145) or surgical (n = 57) wards of a major Melbourne metropolitan hospital were recruited into the study over an 18‐week period.Results.  Just over half (54%) of the patients were identified as ‘at risk’ of depression. Of these, 19% were assessed as moderate risk and 35% high risk. Of those patients, 91% had the risk score documented in their medical history, 90% had engaged in discussions with clinicians regarding their risk score, 85% had their risk score communicated formally to the medical team and 25% were formally referred for appropriate follow‐up – significantly more than prior to implementation of the screening and referral tool.Conclusions.  By providing a formalised mechanism for detecting depression, documented screening and referral rates improved for those with comorbid depression and heart disease affording an opportunity for early intervention. These findings support a move towards integrated approaches to screening of depression to become standard practice in the acute cardiac setting.Relevance to clinical practice.  Such mechanisms also have the potential to initiate the development of new models of care that acknowledge the complexity of comorbid depression and heart disease and provide pathways from speciality to primary care which integrate the physical and psychosocial domains inclusive of screening, referral, systematic monitoring and streamlined behavioural and physical care.
Realistic plant species losses reduce invasion resistance in a California serpentine grassland
Authors: Selmants Paul C. , Zavaleta Erika S. , Pasari Jae R. , Hernandez Daniel L. 
Published: January 2012

Summary1. The majority of experiments examining effects of species diversity on ecosystem functioning have randomly manipulated species richness. More recent studies demonstrate that realistic species losses have dramatically different effects on ecosystem functioning than those of randomized losses, but these results are based primarily on microcosm experiments or modelling efforts.2. We conducted a field‐based experiment directly comparing the consequences of realistic and randomized plant species losses on invasion resistance and productivity in a native‐dominated serpentine grassland in California, USA. The realistic species loss order was based on nested subset analysis of long‐term presence/absence data from our research site and reflects differing species sensitivities to prolonged drought.3. Biomass of exotic invasive plant species was inversely related to native species richness in the realistic loss order. In contrast, invader biomass was consistently low across species richness levels in the randomized species loss order, with no effect of native species richness on invader biomass among randomized assemblages. Although total above‐ground plant biomass increased with soil depth (a proxy for resource availability) in both realistic and randomized assemblages, soil depth influenced invader biomass only in the randomized assemblages.4. Synthesis. Our results illustrate that the functional consequences of realistic species losses can differ distinctly from those of randomized species losses and that incorporation of realistic species loss scenarios can increase the relevance of experiments linking biodiversity and ecosystem functioning to conservation in the face of anthropogenic global change.
Maternal effects alter natural selection on phytochromes through seed germination
Authors: Donohue Kathleen , Barua Deepak , Butler Colleen , Tisdale Tracy E. , Chiang George C. K. , Dittmar Emily , Rubio de Casas Rafael 
Published: January 2012

Summary1. Phytochromes regulate seed germination in response to light and temperature, and different phytochromes contribute to germination under different environmental conditions.2. UsingArabidopsis thalianamutants with different combinations of non‐functional phytochromes, we tested which phytochromes contribute to germination and other life‐history traits under field conditions and whether that contribution changes with seed‐maturation temperature. We also quantified natural selection on phytochrome variants through their influence on seed germination.3. We found that some phytochromes contributed to germination under field conditions and that the phytochrome that contributed most strongly depended on seed‐maturation temperature. Specifically, when seeds were matured under warm temperature,phyAandphyEnull plants had the most strongly reduced germination, withphyAnot able to germinate late in the season. In contrast, when seeds were matured under cool temperature,phyBnulls had the most reduced germination, and effects of thephyAmutation were apparent only on aphyBbackground.4. These effects on germination translated to effects on total lifetime fitness, such that selection on phytochromes that contributed to germination sometimes depended on seed‐maturation conditions.5. Synthesis.Natural selection on phytochromes occurs through their effects on seed germination, and maternal effects alter phytochrome contributions to germination. Therefore, maternal effects can alter natural selection on phytochromes. The results demonstrate a novel role of maternal effects in contributing to variable natural selection on specific genes associated with plant responses to climatic conditions.