bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Art as Orientation
Authors: Kreitman Norman 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhat is it that we lack in everyday life that causes us to value art so highly? This article argues that (almost) all values are to be understood in terms of a needs‐satisfaction system, and hence that the value of art can be understood only with reference to the state of the appreciator prior to engagement with the artwork. Aesthetic appreciation can be analysed as a process, which can be described in empirically based psychological terms, leading to a functional view of aesthetic experience as potentially enhancing the individual's orientation at sensory, cognitive, and interpersonal levels; our motivation is a special form of pleasure. Various objections are then considered, with particular attention to the role of pleasure in connection with tragedy; the relation of art to related cultural pursuits is also briefly indicated.
Epistemic Norms and Democracy: a Response to Talisse
Authors: Rydenfelt Henrik 
Published: October 2011

AbstractJohn Rawls argued that democracy must be justifiable to all citizens; otherwise, a democratic society is oppressive to some. In A Pragmatist Philosophy of Democracy (), Robert B. Talisse attempts to meet the Rawlsian challenge by drawing from Charles S. Peirce's pragmatism. This article first briefly canvasses the argument of Talisse's book and then criticizes its key premise concerning (normative) reasons for belief by offering a competing reading of Peirce's “The Fixation of Belief” (). It then proceeds to argue that Talisse's argument faces a dilemma: his proposal of epistemic perfectionism either is substantive and can be reasonably disagreed about or is minimal but insufficient to ground a democratic society. Consequently, it suggests that the Rawlsian challenge can only be solved by abandoning Rawls's own notion of reasonableness, and that an interesting alternative notion of reasons can be derived from Peirce's “Fixation.”
Determinants of social anxiety and social avoidance in psoriasis outpatients
Authors: Schneider G. , Heuft G. , Hockmann J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground  Psychological stressors can contribute to the first manifestation and to later exacerbations of psoriasis. As a result of the visible and disfiguring skin lesions, psoriasis patients often develop feelings of social anxiety and stigmatization and consecutive social avoidance, which can in turn affect employment and social activities and lead to psychological distress and impairment of quality of life. However, great differences regarding social anxiety and social avoidance can be observed between different individuals, even if their disfigurement appears comparable.Objective  We intended to assess the joint impact of disease severity, mood, coping strategies, perceived social support and personal resources on social anxiety and social avoidance in psoriasis outpatients.Methods  Forty‐nine psoriasis outpatients filled in self‐report questionnaires (Adjustment to Chronic Skin Diseases Questionnaire, Sense of Coherence scale, Social Support Questionnaire). The PASI score was assessed by the patients' dermatologist.Results  Social fear/avoidance showed a high and significant correlation to impairment in quality of life (0.58, P ≤ 0.001). In regression analysis, disease severity, feelings of helplessness and perceived social support jointly explained 74% of the variance of social anxiety/avoidance.Conclusions  Physicians treating patients with psoriasis must be aware of physical, psychological and social aspects of the disease and need to use a multidimensional approach.
Diet, morphology and performance in two chameleon morphs: do harder bites equate with harder prey?
Authors: Measey G. J. , Rebelo A. D. , Herrel A. , Vanhooydonck B. , Tolley K. A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEcologically induced morphological variation has been identified as a mainstay in evolutionary theory. Species that inhabit different habitats are likely to display morphological and functional differences related to the exploitation of different dietary resources available in each habitat within limits imposed by trade‐offs. Here, we examine two populations of theCapeDwarfChameleon,Bradypodion pumilum, from fynbos (heathland) and woodland to investigate whether head morphology and bite performance are related to diet within and between populations. Stomach contents are compared with prey availability to test whether chameleons are selective with respect to prey size, hardness and evasiveness. Our data show that for adult chameleons from the fynbos (Kogelberg;n= 44), mean and maximum prey size are tightly correlated with head morphology and performance. In woodland habitat (Stellenbosch;n= 52), only maximum prey size is correlated with head morphology and performance. Fynbos chameleons showed no preference with respect to prey hardness, while those from woodland ate less hard and/or sedentary prey than available, thus preferring items that were soft and/or evasive. Finally, fynbos chameleons have a diet of sedentary and/or evasive prey similar in proportions to that available. Our results suggest that diet is not directly related to selection on the head morphology and biting performance ofB. pumilumin woodland habitat, but that it may be important for selection in fynbos due to a reduction in overall prey availability.
Predator–prey interactions: jaguar predation on caiman in a floodplain forest
Authors: Azevedo F. C. C. , Verdade L. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAdvances in the understanding of ecological factors determining predator–prey interactions have provided a strong theoretical background on diet preferences of predators. We examined patterns of jaguar predation on caiman in southern Pantanal, Brazil. We investigated factors affecting predation rates and vulnerability of caiman to predation by jaguars. We recorded 114 caiman mortality incidents. Predation accounted for 62.3% (n = 71) of all caiman found dead, while other causes of mortality (nonpredation) accounted for 37.7% (n = 43). We found that jaguars prey on a broad size range of caiman body and caiman predation was influenced by distance to forests. During dry seasons, 70% (n = 49) of deaths were due to predation, while 30% (n = 21) were due to nonpredation causes. However, we found no significant relationship between annual and monthly killings of caiman and rainfall totals by year and month (r = 0.130, r = −0.316). The annual flooding regime may be a more important factor influencing prey selection by jaguars. Although neotropical crocodilians are relatively well studied, their interactions with jaguars have been mostly ignored and should be prioritized in future studies.
Excitotoxicity‐induced endocytosis mediates neuroprotection by TAT‐peptide‐linked JNK inhibitor
Authors: Vaslin Anne , Naegele‐Tollardo Sonia , Puyal Julien , Clarke Peter G. H. 
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2011.07535.xAbstractExcitotoxicity and cerebral ischemia induce strong endocytosis in neurons, and we here investigate its functional role in neuroprotection by a functional transactivator of transcription (TAT)‐peptide, the c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor D‐JNKI1, against NMDA‐excitotoxicity in vitro and neonatal ischemic stroke in P12 Sprague–Dawley rats. In both situations, the neuroprotective efficacy of D‐JNKI1 was confirmed, but excessively high doses were counterproductive. Importantly, the induced endocytosis was necessary for neuroprotection, which required that the TAT‐peptide be administered at a time when induced endocytosis was occurring. Uptake by other routes failed to protect, and even promoted cell death at high doses. Blocking the induced endocytosis of D‐JNKI1 with heparin or with an excess of D‐TAT‐peptide eliminated the neuroprotection. We conclude that excitotoxicity‐induced endocytosis is a basic property of stressed neurons that can target neuroprotective TAT‐peptides into the neurons that need protection. Furthermore, it is the main mediator of neuroprotection by D‐JNKI1. This may explain promising reports of strong neuroprotection by TAT‐peptides without apparent side effects, and warns that the timing of peptide administration is crucial.
A dominance‐based approach to map risks of ecological invasions in the presence of severe uncertainty
Authors: Yemshanov Denys , Koch Frank H. , Barry Lyons D. , Ducey Mark , Koehler Klaus 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAim Uncertainty has been widely recognized as one of the most critical issues in predicting the expansion of ecological invasions. The uncertainty associated with the introduction and spread of invasive organisms influences how pest management decision makers respond to expanding incursions. We present a model‐based approach to map risk of ecological invasions that combines two potentially conflicting goals: (1) estimating the likelihood of a new organism being established at a given locale and (2) quantifying the uncertainty of that prediction.Location Eastern and central Canada.Methods Our methodology focuses on the potential for long‐distance, human‐assisted spread of invasive organisms. First, we used a spatial simulation model to generate distributions of plausible invasion outcomes over a target geographical region. We then used second‐degree stochastic dominance (SSD) criteria to rank all geographical locations in the target region based on these distributions. We applied the approach to analyze pathways of human‐assisted spread (i.e., with commercially transported goods) of the emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennisFairmaire), a major pest of ash trees in North America.Results The projected potential of the pest to establish at remote locations is significantly shaped by the amount of epistemic uncertainty in the model‐based forecasts. The estimates based on the SSD ranking identified major ‘crossroads’ through which the movement of the EAB with commercial transport is most likely to occur. The system of major expressways in Ontario and Quebec was confirmed as the primary gateway of the pest’s expansion throughout the Canadian landscape.Main conclusions Overall, the new approach generates more realistic predictions of long‐distance introductions than models that do not account for severe uncertainties and thus can help design more effective pest surveillance programmes. The modelling technique is generic and can be applied to assess other environmental phenomena when the level of epistemic uncertainty is high.
Can we explain regional abundance and road‐kill patterns with variables derived from local‐scale road‐kill models? Evaluating transferability with the European polecat
Authors: Barrientos Rafael , de Dios Miranda Juan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAim  We evaluated the transferability of variables previously found to have a significant effect on European polecat Mustela putorius road‐kills at a local scale (i.e. 50 m around location points) when we extrapolate them to a large scale [Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 100 km2] in a neighbouring area.Location  Andalusia, south Spain. We carried out our study in 821 of the 985 UTM 100 km2 cells included in this region.Methods  The units of the different variables were adapted to the new scale. We used data from the Spanish Atlas survey to obtain the abundance of the different species and GIS data for the rest of the variables. We controlled the spatial autocorrelation by incorporating spatial filters obtained with Spatial Eigenvector Mapping into multiple regression analyses. We used AIC criteria and the best subset procedure to investigate the relationship between the selected variables and species abundance, and road‐kill occurrence.Results  The best subset procedure provided two models that explained 40% of variation in polecat abundance and eleven models that explained around 25% of variation in road‐kills. The main explanatory factor for polecat abundance was the abundance of other carnivores, whereas polecat abundance was the main factor for road‐kills. In both cases, rabbit abundance was the second most important explanatory variable.Main Conclusions  Our findings highlight the possibility of partially explaining the abundance and road‐kill patterns at a large scale based on significant variables from local‐scale models. Mitigation measures to reduce polecat fatalities should combine actions at different scales. Routes that cross carnivore hotspots, including those of polecats, and areas with important populations of rabbits, should be avoided during road planning. When these routes are unavoidable, local‐scale mitigation measures must be implemented.
Evaluation of transient elastography for fibrosis assessment compared with large biopsies in chronic hepatitis B and C
Authors: Verveer Claudia , Zondervan Pieter E. , ten Kate Fibo J. W. , Hansen Bettina E. , Janssen Harry L. A. , de Knegt Robert J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundFibrosis determines prognosis and management in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C (CHB and CHC). Transient elastography (TE) is a promising non‐invasive method to assess fibrosis. We prospectively studied the performance of TE compared to histology and also whether there are differences between CHB and CHC. Only large biopsies (≥25 mm) were used.MethodsWe included 241 patients with CHB (n = 125) and CHC (n = 116), of whom we acquired 257 liver biopsies, all preceded by elastography. We correlated liver stiffness with fibrosis stage according to the METAVIR system, inflammation (Histology Activity Index), steatosis and iron. The impact of gender, age, body mass index, alcohol, alanine aminotransferase levels, platelet count, viral load and genotype on liver stiffness was evaluated.ResultsThe AUROC's for F ≥ 2 were 0.85 for CHB and 0.76 for CHC. AUROC's for F ≥ 3 were 0.91 for CHB and 0.87 for CHC and 0.90 and 0.91 for F4 for CHB and CHC respectively. For F ≥ 2 the cut‐off value was 6.0 kPa for CHB and 5.0 kPa for CHC. The cut‐off values for ≥F3 were 9.0 and 8.0 kPa for CHB and CHC, respectively, and 13.0 kPa for F4 in both CHB and CHC patients. Besides inflammation, all other remaining factors do not influence liver stiffness.ConclusionFor the diagnosis of fibrosis stages F ≤ 2 TE is suboptimal, and inflammation may induce higher values. For stages F ≥ 3 TE performance is good and equal in both CHB and CHC patients.
Dialysis Vascular Access Management by Interventional Nephrology Programs at University Medical Centers in the United States
Authors: Vachharajani Tushar J. , Moossavi Shahriar , Salman Loay , Wu Steven , Dwyer Amy C. , Ross Jamie , Dukkipati Ramanath , Maya Ivan D. , Yevzlin Alexander S. , Agarwal Anil , Abreo Kenneth D. , Work Jack , Asif Arif 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe development of interventional nephrology has undoubtedly led to an improvement in patient care at many facilities across the United States. However, these services have traditionally been offered by interventional nephrologists in the private practice arena. While interventional nephrology was born in the private practice setting, several academic medical centers across the United States have now developed interventional nephrology programs. University Medical Centers (UMCs) that offer interventional nephrology face challenges, such as smaller dialysis populations, limited financial resources, and real or perceived political “turf” issues.” Despite these hurdles, several UMCs have successfully established interventional nephrology as an intricate part of a larger nephrology program. This has largely been accomplished by consolidating available resources and collaborating with other specialties irrespective of the size of the dialysis population. The collaboration with other specialties also offers an opportunity to perform advanced procedures, such as application of excimer laser and endovascular ultrasound. As more UMCs establish interventional nephrology programs, opportunities for developing standardized training centers will improve, resulting in better quality and availability of nephrology‐related procedures, and providing an impetus for research activities.
Hospital‐Admitted Injury Attributable to Alcohol
Authors: Miller Ted R. , Spicer Rebecca S. 
Published: October 2011

Background:  Primary data collection has established that alcohol causes injuries treated in the emergency department. No comparable data exist for injuries admitted to hospital. Data on the injury risks of heavy drinkers relative to other drinkers also are sparse.
Methods:  We estimated (i) whether regular heavy drinkers have higher hospitalized injury risks than other people when alcohol‐negative and (ii) how much hospitalized injury risk of regular heavy drinkers and other drinkers rises when alcohol‐positive. We combined national alcohol consumption data with alcohol metabolism rates to estimate hours spent alcohol‐positive versus alcohol‐negative during a year for heavy drinkers versus other people. A literature review provided hospitalized nonfatal injury rates for these groups by alcohol involvement.
Results:  Relative to other alcohol‐negative people aged 18 and older, heavy drinkers have an estimated relative risk of hospitalized injury of 1.4 when alcohol‐negative and 4.3 when alcohol‐positive. Others have an estimated relative risk of 1.0 when alcohol‐negative and 6.8 when alcohol‐positive. Thus, alcohol greatly raises injury risk. The excess risk patterns persist for a wide range of sensitivity analysis values. Of hospitalized injuries, an estimated 21% are alcohol‐attributable including 36% of assaults.
Conclusions:  Drinking alcohol is a major cause of hospitalized injury. Heavy drinkers lead risky lifestyles. They tolerate alcohol better than most drinkers, but their injury risks still triple when they drink. Our approach to attribution is a valuable complement to more costly, more precise approaches that rely heavily on primary data collection. It works for any severity of injury. Applying it only requires an existing alcohol consumption survey plus data on alcohol involvement in targeted injuries.
Excitation of Rat Cerebellar Golgi Cells by Ethanol: Further Characterization of the Mechanism
Authors: Botta Paolo , Simões de Souza Fabio M. , Sangrey Thomas , De Schutter Erik , Valenzuela C. Fernando 
Published: October 2011

Background:  Studies with rodents suggest that acute ethanol exposure impairs information flow through the cerebellar cortex, in part, by increasing GABAergic input to granule cells. Experiments suggest that an increase in the excitability of specialized GABAergic interneurons that regulate granule cell activity (i.e., Golgi cells [GoCs]) contributes to this effect. In GoCs, ethanol increases spontaneous action potential firing frequency, decreases the afterhyperpolarization amplitude, and depolarizes the membrane potential. Studies suggest that these effects could be mediated by inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase. The purpose of this study was to characterize the potential role of other GoC conductances in the mechanism of action of ethanol.Methods:  Computer modeling techniques and patch‐clamp electrophysiological recordings with acute slices from rat cerebella were used for these studies.Results:  Computer modeling suggested that modulation of subthreshold Na+ channels, hyperpolarization‐activated currents, and several K+ conductances could explain some but not all actions of ethanol on GoCs. Electrophysiological studies did not find evidence consistent with a contribution of these conductances. Quinidine, a nonselective blocker of several types of channels (including several K+ channels) that also antagonizes the Na+/K+ ATPase, reduced the effect of ethanol on GoC firing.Conclusions:  These findings further support that ethanol increases GoC excitability via modulation of the Na+/K+ ATPase and suggest that a quinidine‐sensitive K+ channel may also play a role in the mechanism of action of ethanol.
Fixed Prosthodontic Rehabilitation in a Wear Patient with Fabry's Disease
Authors: Bidra Avinash S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFabry's disease is an uncommon X‐linked metabolic disorder that leads to abnormal accumulation of glycosphingolipids in the body resulting in a variety of systemic disorders. Few reports have addressed dental findings and management of these patients. This clinical report describes the fixed prosthodontic rehabilitation of an adult male patient with Fabry's disease, who presented with generalized severe wear of the dentition. In addition to numerous systemic morbidities, the patient also presented with intraoral angiokeratomas, telangiactasias, anterior diastemata, bimaxillary prognathism, and other oral findings known to be prominent in these patients. The patient was managed by an interdisciplinary team of dental specialists in close coordination with his nephrologist. The prosthodontic treatment included restorations on all teeth, except mandibular anterior teeth, and the patient was restored with a partial group function scheme of occlusion. At the 3.5‐year follow‐up appointment, the patient's oral health and integrity of the restorations remained stable. This is the first clinical report describing the prosthodontic management of a patient with Fabry's disease. Unique features related to this patient's fixed prosthodontic treatment include accommodation to complex medical problems, management of maxillary diastemata, and choice of occlusal scheme.
Full‐Mouth Rehabilitation of a Patient with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Clinical Report
Authors: Guo Juanli , Reside Glenn , Cooper Lyndon F. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition caused by stomach acid regurgitating into the esophagus or oral cavity, often causing heartburn. Tooth erosion and wear are common oral manifestations of GERD. This clinical report describes the full‐mouth rehabilitation of a patient with over 30 years of GERD, causing wear of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, along with complications associated with past restorations. Full‐mouth rehabilitation of natural teeth in conjunction with dental implants was selected as the treatment option. Ideal occlusal design and optimal esthetics, along with reinforcement of oral hygiene, ensure a favorable prognosis.
Interim Prosthetic Phase of Multidisciplinary Management of Cleidocranial Dysplasia: “The Bronx Approach”
Authors: Berg Robert W. , Kurtz Kenneth S. , Watanabe Ikuya , Lambrakos Anthony 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis case report presents treatment of two patients with the usual characteristics of Cleidocranial Dysostosis. A multidisciplinary approach using the disciplines of prosthodontics, orthodontics, and oral surgery was effected. Exfoliation of the patient's deciduous teeth and failure of permanent anterior tooth eruption led to emotional, social, and self‐esteem issues in both patients. Due to the psychosocial issues confronting these two patients, esthetics was addressed prior to active intervention with orthodontics and after some surgical intervention. The use of two interim overdenture prostheses with magnetic retention is described.