bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cooperative Learning as an Approach to Pedagogy
Authors: Nolinske Terrie , Millis Barbara 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Lecture-based pedagogical approaches cannot adequately prepare students in professional and technical occupational therapy programs. Faculty members in other disciplines are turning to a well-known and well-researched teaching approach called cooperative learning, which is more carefully structured and defined than most other forms of small group learning. Cooperative learning includes several key principles: positive interdependence, individual responsibility, appropriate grouping, group maintenance, cooperative skills, and promotive (interaction) time. This article provides ideas for managing the classroom with cooperative learning activities and describes eight of them: Three-Step Interview, Roundtable, Think–Pair–Share, Structured Problem Solving, Send/Pass-a-Problem, Generic Question Stems, Double Entry Journal, and Dyadic Essay Confrontation. Each activity is applied to content embedded in professional and technical occupational therapy curricula. A cooperative learning approach to evaluating learning is also presented.
Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Deep Pressure on Children With Autism: A Pilot Study Evaluating the Efficacy of Grandin’s Hug Machine
Authors: Edelson Stephen M. , Edelson Meredyth Goldberg , Kerr David C. R. , Grandin Temple 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. One symptom common to many persons with autism is a high arousal or anxiety level. This study investigated the effects of deep pressure on arousal and anxiety reduction in autism with Grandin’s Hug Machine, a device that allows self-administration of lateral body pressure.
Method. Twelve children with autism were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (receiving deep pressure) or a placebo group (no receiving deep pressure but in the disengaged Hug Machine). All children received two 20-min sessions a week over a 6-week period. Arousal was measured behaviorally with the Conners Parent Rating Scale and physiologically with galvanic skin response (GSR) readings.
Results. Behavioral results indicated a significant reduction in tension and a marginally significant reduction in anxiety for children who received the deep pressure compared with the children who did not. Additionally, children in the experimental group, whose GSR measure decreased, on average, after deep pressure, were somewhat more likely to have higher GSR arousal a priori.
Conclusion. These preliminary findings support the hypothesis that deep pressure may have a calming effect for persons with autism, especially those with high levels of arousal or anxiety.
A Meta-Analysis of Research on Sensory Integration Treatment
Authors: Vargas Sadako , Camilli Gregory 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to find whether existing studies of treatment using sensory integration approaches support the efficacy of these approaches.
Method. With meta-analysis, the results of sensory integration efficacy research studies published from 1972 to the present were synthesized and analyzed. Sixteen studies were used to compare sensory integration effect with no treatment (SI/NT), and 16 were used to compare sensory integration effect with alternative treatments (SI/ALT). Overall average effect sizes, comparisons of the effect sizes for different dependent variables, and secondary factors associated with effect size variation were examined.
Results. The weighted average effect size of SI/NT studies was .29. However, there was a significant difference between the average effect sizes of the earlier studies (.60) and the more recent studies (.03). Of the outcome measures, larger effect sizes were found in the psychoeducational category (.39) and motor category (.40). Of SI/ALT studies, the average effect size was .09, not significantly different from zero.
Conclusion. Three central conclusions can be made. First, in the SI/NT comparison, a significant effect was replicated for sensory integration treatment effects in earlier studies, but more recent studies did not show overall positive effects. Second, larger effect sizes were found in psychoeducational and motor categories. Third, sensory integration treatment methods were found to be as effective as various alternative treatment methods.
Occupational Therapists’ Involvement With the Minimum Data Set in Skilled Nursing and Intermediate Care Facilities
Authors: Nelson David L. , Glass Lisa M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. The Minimum Data Set (MDS) is a comprehensive, federally mandated assessment for all residents of long-term-care facilities who receive reimbursement from Medicare or Medicaid. This study investigated the degree to which occupational therapists contribute to the MDS 2.0 process.
Method. A 60-item survey developed for the study was mailed to 252 occupational therapists who worked in skilled nursing or intermediate care facilities throughout the United States, and 148 (59%) usable surveys were received. Test–retest reliability was assessed in a randomly selected subsample of 75, with a 73% rate of return. Fair to perfect reliability for individual items was found, with substantial overall mean reliability.
Results. Of the 148 respondents, 98% were familiar with and 90% were involved in the MDS process. Of the 22 MDS sections, the most involvement was with Section G, which includes subsections for dressing, eating, personal hygiene, toilet use, bathing, functional range of motion, functional rehabilitation potential, and change in activities of daily living function. The types of involvement varied from writing directly on the MDS to verbal or written reports to others responsible for writing on the MDS. Fewer than half of respondents reported contributions to MDS sections dealing with cognition, psychosocial well-being, mood or behavior, communication, vision, and activity pursuit patterns. Although most respondents were familiar with the Functional Independence Measure, they were more likely to be involved in the MDS process.
Conclusion. Even though the MDS is a comprehensive assessment, most respondents contributed only to the self-care parts of the MDS, with patterns of involvement lacking standardization across facilities
An Electromyography Study of Wrist Extension Orthoses and Upper-Extremity Function
Authors: Bulthaup Sharon , Cipriani Daniel J. , Thomas Julie Jepsen 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. This study examined the effect of commonly used long and short styles of commercially produced wrist extension orthoses on the activity of the proximal muscles of the shoulder and elbow and on wrist flexor and extensor muscle activity.
Method. While 17 women between 22 and 40 years of age (M = 26.6) performed a specified movement wearing each of the two styles of orthosis and without an orthosis, their motor unit recruitment of five proximal joint muscle groups, wrist extensors, and wrist flexors was measured by surface electromyography.
Results. Motor unit recruitment was significantly greater in both orthosis conditions for four of five proximal muscles and for wrist flexors. There were no significant differences between the short and long orthosis conditions for proximal muscle groups.
Conclusion. Wearing a wrist extension orthosis appears to place additional stress on the proximal joint musculature beyond that found without splint use. The study has implications for the prescription of wrist extension orthoses, especially for patients whose proximal joints are already compromised.
Perceptions of Occupational Therapists Regarding Postprofessional Education
Authors: Dickerson Anne E. , Wittman Peggy Prince 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine how occupational therapists perceive postprofessional education, specifically the reasons for pursuing or not pursuing graduate education, as well as to examine the factors that seem most important.
Method. Seven hundred and fifty members of the American Occupational Therapy Association who did not have advanced degrees were surveyed. Respondents were asked why they did or did not want to pursue postprofessional education and, for those respondents interested in graduate study, what factors were most important. The important factors were examined across the levels of age, years of experience, practice areas, and regions.
Results. Surveys were returned by 314 members (a response rate of 42%), with 22% indicating interest in postprofessional education and 78% indicating no interest. For reasons not to pursue postprofessional education, respondents indicated that they were not interested in returning to intensive coursework and that a higher degree would not help in the advancement of their career. The two major reasons for pursuing graduate education included personal development and to increase skills and knowledge. As age increased, interest in graduate school decreased; interest was highest in the 3–6 years of experience range. Practice-specific programs was the area of specialization most desired; other important factors were cost of program and clinical work emphasized.
Conclusion.Results suggested that a relatively low number of occupational therapists consider pursuing postprofessional education. Thus, if graduate education is essential for the advancement of the profession, emphasis must be on clarifying the need for and value of postprofessional education.
Development of a Functional Measure for Persons With Alzheimer’s Disease: The Disability Assessment for Dementia
Authors: Gélinas Isabelle , Gauthier Louise , McIntyre Maria , Gauthier Serge 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. This article describes the development of an assessment of functional disability for use with proxyrespondents of community-dwelling persons who have Alzheimer’s disease as well as a study testing its reliability.
Method. Panels composed of health care professionals and caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease were used to develop the Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD). Fifty-nine caregivers participated in the refinement of the content and the testing of reliability.
Results. The DAD includes 40 items: 17 related to basic self-care and 23 to instrumental activities of daily living. It demonstrated a high degree of internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .96) and excellent interrater (N = 31, ICC = .95) and test–retest (N = 45, ICC = .96) reliability. In addition, it was found not to have gender bias.
Conclusion. This instrument may help clinicians and caregivers of the population with Alzheimer’s disease make decisions regarding the choice of suitable interventions.
The Effects of Occupational Therapy With Sensory Integration Emphasis on Preschool-Age Children With Autism
Authors: Case-Smith Jane , Bryan Teresa 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. Using single-subject research design, the effects of an occupational therapy intervention emphasizing sensory integration with five preschool children with autism were examined.
Method. In the AB design, nonengagement, mastery play, and interaction were measured, using videotape clips of each child’s free play in the preschool. Following a 3-week baseline, an occupational therapist provided one-on-one sessions and consultation to teachers for 10 weeks.
Results. When baseline and intervention phases were compared, four children demonstrated decreased frequency of nonengaged behavior, and three demonstrated increased frequency of mastery (goal-directed) play. Improvements in frequency of interaction were minimal.
Conclusion. The results support descriptions in the literature regarding the behavioral changes that children with autism can make when participating in intervention using a sensory integration approach.
Motor Performance Changes in Children Testing Positive for HIV Over 2 Years
Authors: Parks Rebecca A. , Danoff Jerome V. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. To determine the effect of HIV infection on the motor performance of children and preadolescents, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) was administered to see whether performance scores (raw and standard) would change with duration of the disease.
Method. Thirty-four children and preadolescents were tested on the BOTMP at initial diagnosis of HIV positive and again at 6-month intervals over a 2-year period for a total of five test sessions. The participants’ scores on the Gross, Fine, and Battery Composites, as well as eight individual subtests, were compared with those of children who were developing typically.
Results. Gross Composite and Battery Composite percentile scores were consistently 1 to 2 standard deviations below the means for the normal reference populations over the 2-year period. Fine Composite scores were closer than +.5 standard deviation to the mean for the normal reference population.
Conclusion. Gross motor function was more impaired than fine motor function in this sample of children and preadolescents who were HIV positive, and this pattern was unchanged after 2 years of infection. The BOTMP can be useful both to identify specific areas of motor deficits and to monitor changes in motor function over time after application of interventions.
Impact of Medicare Part D for Medicare‐age adults with arthritis: Prescription use, prescription expenditures, and medical spending from 2005 to 2008
Authors: Cheng Lung‐I , Rascati Karen L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of Medicare Part D on medication utilization, drug expenditures, and medical expenditures in patients with arthritis.MethodsThis was a retrospective study using a national sample of 2,484 Medicare‐eligible beneficiaries with arthritis from the pooled Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2005–2008 data. Quantile regression was used to estimate the following outcomes: 1) number of prescription fills, 2) total drug expenditures, 3) out‐of‐pocket (OOP) drug expenditures, 4) Medicare‐paid drug expenditures, 5) total medical expenditures (including all payments for inpatient/outpatient care, prescription drugs, and other medical services), 6) OOP medical expenditures, and 7) Medicare‐paid medical expenditures. For each outcome variable, the 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles were estimated, adjusting for demographics and comorbidity. All expenditures were inflation adjusted to 2008 dollars.ResultsFrom 2005 to 2008, the adjusted median annual number of prescription fills increased by 4.2 (14.6% change), from 28.4 to 32.6. The adjusted median OOP drug expenditures and OOP medical expenditures decreased by $151 (25.2% change) and $197 (17.3% change), respectively. The adjusted median Medicare‐paid drug and medical expenditures increased by $366 and $896 (39.5% change), respectively. The adjusted total prescription expenditures increased by $845 (25.3% change) at the 75th percentile and by $1,194 (22.0% change) at the 90th percentile. The adjusted total medical expenditures did not change significantly.ConclusionMedicare Part D resulted in increased medication utilization and significant reductions in OOP drug and OOP medical expenditures among beneficiaries with arthritis 3 years after its implementation. Part D was not associated with significant differences in total medical spending.
Co‐Implantation of Carbon and Protons: An Integrated Silicon Device Technology Compatible Method to Generate the Lasing G‐Center
Authors: Berhanuddin Dilla D. , Lourenço Manon A. , Gwilliam Russell M. , Homewood Kevin P. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe optically active carbon related G‐center is attracting great interest because of evidence that it can provide lasing in silicon. Here a technique to form the G‐center in silicon is reported. The carbon G‐center is generated by implantation of carbon followed by proton irradiation. Photoluminescence measurements confirm the controlled formation of high levels of the G‐center that, importantly, completely dominates the emission spectrum. Unlike previous methods of introducing the G‐center the current approach significantly is truly fully compatible with standard silicon ULSI (ultralarge scale integration) technology.
A Twisting Donor‐Acceptor Molecule with an Intercrossed Excited State for Highly Efficient, Deep‐Blue Electroluminescence
Authors: Li Weijun , Liu Dandan , Shen Fangzhong , Ma Dongge , Wang Zhiming , Feng Tao , Xu Yuanxiang , Yang Bing , Ma Yuguang 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn an organic electroluminescent (EL) device, the recombination of injected holes and electrons produces what appears to be an ion‐pair or charge‐transfer (CT) exciton, and this CT exciton decays to produce one photon directly, or relaxes to a low‐lying local exciton (LE). Thus the full utilization of both the energy of the CT exciton and the LE should be a pathway for obtaining high‐efficiency EL. Here, a twisting donor‐acceptor (D‐A) triphenylamine‐imidazol molecule, TPA‐PPI, is reported: its synthesis, photophysics, and EL performance. Prepared by a manageable, one‐pot cyclizing reaction, TPA‐PPI exhibits deep‐blue emission with high quantum yields (90%) both in solution and in the solid state. Fluorescent solvatochromic experiments for TPA‐PPI solutions show a red‐shift of 57 nm (3032 cm−1) from low‐polarity hexane (406 nm) to high‐polarity acetonitrile (463 nm), accompanied by the gradual disappearance of the vibrational band in the spectra with increased solvent polarity. The photophysical investigation and DFT analysis suggest an intercrossed CT and LE excited state of the TPA‐PPI, originating from its twisting D‐A configuration. This is a rare instance that a CT‐state material shows highly efficient deep‐blue emission. EL characterization demonstrates that, as a deep‐blue emitter with CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.11), the performance of a TPA‐PPI‐based device is rather excellent, displaying a maximum current efficiency of >5.0 cd A−1, and a maximum external quantum efficiency of >5.0%, corresponding to a maximum internal quantum efficiency of >25%. The effective utilization of the excitation energy arising from materials with intercrossed‐excited‐state (LE and CT) characters is thought to be beneficial for the improved efficiency of EL devices.
Mechanism for Efficient Photoinduced Charge Separation at Disordered Organic Heterointerfaces
Authors: van Eersel Harm , Janssen René A. J. , Kemerink Martijn 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDespite the poor screening of the Coulomb potential in organic semiconductors, excitons can dissociate efficiently into free charges at a donor–acceptor heterojunction, leading to application in organic solar cells. A kinetic Monte Carlo model that explains this high efficiency as a two‐step process is presented. Driven by the band offset between donor and acceptor, one of the carriers first hops across the interface, forming a charge transfer (CT) complex. Since the electron and hole forming the CT complex have typically not relaxed within the disorder‐broadened density of states (DOS), their remaining binding energy can be overcome by further relaxation in the DOS. The model only contains parameters that are determined from independent measurements and predicts dissociation yields in excess of 90% for a prototypical heterojunction. Field, temperature, and band offset dependencies are investigated and found to be in agreement with earlier experiments. Whereas the investigated heterojunctions have substantial energy losses associated with the dissociation process, these results suggest that it is possible to reach high dissociation yields at low energy loss.
The Impact of Molecular Orientation on the Photovoltaic Properties of a Phthalocyanine/Fullerene Heterojunction
Authors: Rand Barry P. , Cheyns David , Vasseur Karolien , Giebink Noel C. , Mothy Sébastien , Yi Yuanping , Coropceanu Veaceslav , Beljonne David , Cornil Jérôme , Brédas Jean‐Luc , Genoe Jan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe anisotropy inherent to many planar organic molecules leads to a high sensitivity of various fundamental processes to the orientation of molecules within films and at heterojunctions. Such processes include absorption, charge and exciton transport, energy levels, and charge transfer, all of which are critical to organic solar cell operation. Here,an in‐depth study of bilayer cells consisting of a donor/acceptor interface between zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and fullerene (C60) is conducted and devices with the typically deposited standing up (edge‐on) orientation are compared to those with ZnPc lying flat (face‐on). The face‐on ZnPc‐based device allows for an increase in all solar cell parameters, substantially increasing power conversion efficiency from 1.5% to 2.8%. Spectrally resolved photocurrent measurements reveal a >50% increase in ZnPc signal, from which only 12% is accounted for by the increase in absorption associated with the face‐on orientation. The increase in internal quantum efficiency is accounted for via an improved charge transfer. The results of this study indicate that proper consideration of the orientation between donor and acceptor needs to be taken in order to fully optimize the numerous processes required for photovoltaic energy conversion.
3‐Mercaptopropionic Acid–Ce(IV) Redox Couple for Preparing Cross‐Linked Gels with Moderate Swelling Ratios
Authors: Özeroglu Cemal , Özduganci Ceyda 
Published: April 2012

Abstract3‐Mercaptopropionic acid–Ce(IV) redox couple has been demonstrated to be useful for cross‐linking polymerization of acrylamide (AAm) with N,N′‐methylene bis(acrylamide) (MBAA). Effects of the cross‐linker ratio, acid concentration, and Ce(IV) molar ratios on swelling behavior of the resulting hydrogels have been studied. These experiments show that increasing cross‐linker content has greatly reduced the equilibrium swelling ratios as expected. Interestingly, the increase in the Ce(IV) concentration (nCe(IV)=nMPA) has resulted in a decrease in the swelling ratio. Because the thiol group in 3‐mercaptosuccinic acid acts as a cross‐linking agent, more cross‐linking occurs with an increase in the Ce(IV) concentration and Ce(III) forming in the cross‐linking polymerization reaction of AAm with MBAA may provide the formation of intermolecular complexes between amide groups in polymer chains; the swelling equilibrium ratio and swelling rate decrease with an increase in their concentrations in the cross‐linking polymerization reaction of AAm with MBAA. Kinetics and equilibrium swelling values have been discussed in terms of reaction parameters. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E241–E248, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21270
Structural and Dielectric Properties of CdS Nanoparticle Embedded Polyurethane Nanocomposite Samples
Authors: Gaur M. S. , Indolia Ajay Pal , Kumar Purushottam , Thanganathan UMA 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe polymer nanocomposite samples have been prepared by solution embedding of CdS nanoparticles in polyurethane (PU). The structural properties have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). SEM and AFM images represent the dispersion of CdS nanoparticles in a polymer matrix. The permittivity of nanocomposite samples increases with temperature due to formation of new dipoles or accumulation of charge carriers in a nanoparticle‐‐polymer interface. The increase in permittivity with temperature can be attributed to the heat‐assisted dipole moment. Furthermore, it has been observed that permittivity is the function of nanoparticle concentration, temperature, and frequency. The high concentration of nanoparticles lowers permittivity with frequency. The positive and negative tangential loss has been observed in PU‐‐CdS nanocomposite samples. The negative loss phenomenon could be understood in terms of a local space charge separation. The phase transition of PU and PU‐‐CdS nanocomposites has been studied by using a thermally stimulated discharge current technique. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E274–E286, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21273