bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of spirodiclofen susceptibility in field populations of European red mites, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), and the cross‐resistance pattern of a laboratory‐selected strain
Authors: Kramer Tina , Nauen Ralf 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Phytophagous mites such as the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), are serious pests in European fruit tree orchards, and a number of acaricides are frequently used to control them. Spirodiclofen (Envidor®) has been a commonly used acaricide for several years. In the present study, European field populations collected in 2009 and 2010 were checked for their susceptibility to spirodiclofen by using discriminating dose and full dose response bioassays.RESULTS: In 2009 and 2010, a total of 63 field populations (including winter eggs) of European red mites were collected in different European countries, and in several populations from south‐western Germany a shifting in susceptibility against spirodiclofen was observed. Full dose response bioassays on different developmental stages of field‐collected strains suggested an age‐dependent expression of resistance because eggs remain fully susceptible to spirodiclofen. Artificial selection with spirodiclofen of one of the field strains resulted in resistance ratios of > 7000. Synergism studies suggest a possible role of cytochrome‐P450‐dependent monooxygenases in spirodiclofen detoxification. Most of the other acaricides from different chemical classes displayed no or low cross‐resistance in a spirodiclofen‐selected strain.CONCLUSION: In order to preserve spirodiclofen as an important tool in spider mite resistance management, the efficacy situation should be continuously monitored, and it is suggested that spirodiclofen be alternated with acaricides coming from different mode‐of‐action classes. An observed age‐specific expression of resistance revealed full susceptibility of eggs, so targeting spirodiclofen particularly against eggs is likely to reduce the selection pressures imposed on other life stages. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Full optical phonon states and their dispersive spectra of a wurtzite GaN/AlGaN superlattice: Quantum size effect
Authors: Zhang L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe polar optical phonon states of four types of phonon modes including the interface optical (IO) modes, the propagating (PR) modes, the quasi‐confined (QC) phonon modes in well‐layer material (QCw), and the QC phonon modes in barrier‐layer material (QCB) in a wurtzite GaN/AlxGa1–xN superlattice (SLs) are investigated within the dielectric continuum model framework. The analytical phonon states of the four types of modes and their dispersive equations in the wurtzite GaN/AlxGa1–xN SL structures are obtained. Numerical calculations on the dispersive spectra of phonon modes and the quantum size effect are performed for a wurtzite GaN/Al0.15Ga0.85N SL. Results reveal that dispersive curves of phonon modes in SLs form a series of frequency bands. The behaviors of QCwmodes reducing to PR and IO modes are observed clearly. With the increase of well‐layer GaN widthd1of the SLs, the dispersion of the QCBmodes become weaker and weaker, and their frequency bands become narrower and narrower. But the PR, IO, and the QCwphonon modes become more dispersive, and the frequency bands of these modes become wider and wider asd1increases. The present theoretical scheme and numerical results are quite useful for analyzing the dispersive spectra of full phonon modes and their polaronic effect in wurtzite GaN/AlGaN SL structures.
Curie temperatures of the concentrated and diluted Kondo‐lattice model as a possible candidate to describe magnetic semiconductors and metals
Authors: Stier M. , Nolting W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe present a theory to model carrier mediated ferromagnetism in concentrated or diluted local moment systems. The electronic subsystem of the Kondo lattice model (KLM) is described by a combined equation of motion (EOM)/coherent potential approximation (CPA) method. Doing this we can calculate the free energy of the system and its minimum according to the magnetization of the local moments. Thus, also the Curie temperature can be determined and its dependence on important model parameters. We get qualitative agreement with the Curie temperatures' experimental values of Ga1–xMnxAs for a proper hole density.
X‐ray detectors based on Fe doped GaN photoconductors
Authors: Fu Kai , Yu Guohao , Yao Changsheng , Wang Guo , Lu Min , Zhang Guoguang 
Published: April 2011

AbstractX‐ray detectors based on Fe doped GaN photoconductors have been fabricated. The dark current Id and photocurrent Ip as a function of bias have been investigated and a large Ip/Id ratio of 180 at 200 V has been obtained in spite of optical quenching. The physical mechanism of the transient per‐ formance of the photoconductor has been studied through fitting the experimental data. The functions of photocurrent versus acceleration voltage and current of the X‐ray source have been measured and discussed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Local spatial biclustering and prediction of urban juvenile delinquency and recidivism
Authors: Izenman Alan J. , Harris Philip W. , Mennis Jeremy , Jupin Joseph , Obradovic Zoran 
Published: April 2011

AbstractUsing a novel database, ProDES, developed by the Crime and Justice Research Center at Temple University, this article investigates the relationship between spatial characteristics and juvenile delinquency and recidivism—the proportion of delinquents who commit crimes following completion of a court‐ordered program—in Philadelphia, PA. ProDES was originally a case‐based sample, where the cases were adjudicated in family court, 1994–2004. For our analysis, we focused attention on studying 6768 juvenile males from the data set. To address the difficult issue of nonstationarity in the data, we considered various two‐way clustering algorithms to group the juveniles into ‘types’ by way of the many variables that described the juveniles. Following different modeling scenarios, we applied the plaid biclustering algorithm in which a sequence of subsets (‘layers’) of both juveniles and variables are extracted from the data one layer at a time, but where overlapping layers are allowed. This type of ‘biclustering’ is a new way of studying juvenile‐offense data. We show that the juveniles within each layer can be viewed as spatially clustered. The layers were determined as descriptive tools to aid in identifying subsets of the data that could be useful in policy making. Statistical relationships of the variables and juveniles within each layer are then studied using neural network models. Results indicate that the methods of this paper are more successful in predicting juvenile recidivism in urban environments when different crimes are modeled as separate data sets rather than being pooled together as a single data set. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2011
An extension of the single threshold design for monitoring efficacy and safety in phase II clinical trials
Authors: Brutti P. , Gubbiotti S. , Sambucini V. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTan and Machin (biStat. Med. 2002; 21:1991–2012) introduce a Bayesian two‐stage design for phase II clinical trials where the binary endpoint of interest is treatment efficacy. In this paper we propose an extension of their design to incorporate safety considerations. At each stage we define the treatment successful and deserving of further study if the total number of adverse events is sufficiently small and the number of responders who simultaneously do not experience any toxicity is sufficiently large. Therefore, our criterion is based on the joint posterior probability that the true overall toxicity rate and the true efficacy‐and‐safety rate are, respectively, smaller and larger than conveniently pre‐specified target values. The optimal two‐stage sample sizes are determined specifying a minimum threshold for the above‐mentioned posterior probability, computed under the assumption that favorable outcomes have occurred. Besides describing the proposed design, we suggest how to construct informative prior scenarios and we also apply the reference algorithm to derive a non‐informative prior distribution. Finally, some numerical results are provided and a real data application is illustrated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the clinical meaningfulness of a treatment's effect on a time‐to‐event variable
Authors: Snapinn Steven , Jiang Qi 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe standard analysis of a time‐to‐event variable often involves the calculation of a hazard ratio based on a survival model such as Cox regression; however, many people consider such relative measures of effect to be poor expressions of clinical meaningfulness. Two absolute measures of effect are often used to assess clinical meaningfulness: (1) many disease areas frequently use the absolute difference in event rates (or its inverse, the number‐needed‐to‐treat) and (2) oncology frequently uses the difference between the median survival times in the two groups. While both of these measures appear reasonable, they directly contradict each other. This paper describes the basic mathematics leading to the two measures and shows examples. The contradiction described here raises questions about the concept of clinical meaningfulness. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Virus‐Based Nanoparticles with Inorganic Cargo: What Does the Future Hold?
Authors: Bronstein Lyudmila M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAn analysis of the accumulated knowledge on virus‐based nanoparticles (VNPs) consisting of virus protein capsids and inorganic cargo, such as nanoparticles (NPs), nanowires, and thin layers, is presented. Virus capsids (VCs) can serve either as templates or nanoreactors when inorganic materials are formed outside or inside VCs. The third possibility is when inorganic NPs nucleate the formation of VCs. The structural and mechanistic studies of VNP formation are paving the way to a better understating of virus structure and behavior, and these facilitate promising applications of VNPs in biomedical and materials research.
Covalent Immobilization of Aggregation‐Induced Emission Luminogens in Silica Nanoparticles Through Click Reaction
Authors: Mahtab Faisal , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Yu Yong , Liu Jianzhao , Yuan Wangzhang , Lu Ping , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNPs) with efficient light emission, colloidal stability, and size tunability are fabricated by one‐pot, two‐step Stöber and reverse microemulsion techniques. Tetraphenylethene (TPE)‐ and silole‐functionalized siloxanes are facilely synthesized by click reactions and their sol–gel reactions followed by reactions with tetraethoxysilane generate FSNPs with core–shell structures. The FSNPs are uniformly sized with smooth surfaces, and show high surface charges and hence excellent colloidal stability. UV irradiation of ethanol solutions of the FSNPs gives strong blue and green light at 474 and 486 nm in high fluorescence quantum yields, thanks to the novel aggregation‐induced emission attributes of the TPE and silole aggregates in the hybrid nanoparticles. The FSNPs are benign to living cells and function as fluorescent visualizers for intracellular imaging of HeLa cells.
Investigation of Plasmon Resonances in Metal Films with Nanohole Arrays for Biosensing Applications
Authors: Sannomiya Takumi , Scholder Olivier , Jefimovs Konstantins , Hafner Christian , Dahlin Andreas B. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBiosensing with nanoholes is one of the most promising applications of nanoplasmonic devices. The sensor properties, however, are complex due to coupled resonances through propagating and localized surface plasmons. This Full Paper demonstrates experimental and simulation studies on different plasmonic hole systems, namely various patterns of circular holes in gold films. In contrast to most previous work, here, the challenging situation of optically thin films is considered. The refractive‐index‐sensing properties, such as sensitive locations in the nanostructure and sensitive spectral features, are investigated. The multiple multipole program provides the complete field distribution in the nanostructure for different wavelengths. It is shown that the spectral feature most sensitive to refractive‐index changes is the extinction minimum, rather than the maximum. The results are consistent with theory for perfect electrical conductors. The spectral response is investigated for molecular adsorption at different positions inside or outside a hole. Furthermore, the optical properties of nanohole arrays with long‐range and short‐range order are compared and found to demonstrate remarkable similarities. Our results help to predict the resonance wavelengths of nanoholes with arbitrary patterns, including short‐range order. The results presented here are highly important since they extend and challenge several aspects of the current understanding of plasmon resonances in nanohole arrays. These theoretical models, simulation results, and experimental data together help provide the understanding necessary for the development of efficient biomolecular analysis tools based on metallic nanoholes.
Cellular Uptake, Intracellular Trafficking, and Cytotoxicity of Nanomaterials
Authors: Zhao Feng , Zhao Ying , Liu Ying , Chang Xueling , Chen Chunying , Zhao Yuliang 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe interactions of nanoparticles with the soft surfaces of biological systems like cells play key roles in executing their biomedical functions and in toxicity. The discovery or design of new biomedical functions, or the prediction of the toxicological consequences of nanoparticles in vivo, first require knowledge of the interplay processes of the nanoparticles with the target cells. This article focusses on the cellular uptake, location and translocation, and any biological consequences, such as cytotoxicity, of the most widely studied and used nanoparticles, such as carbon‐based nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and quantum dots. The relevance of the size and shape, composition, charge, and surface chemistry of the nanoparticles in cells is considered. The intracellular uptake pathways of the nanoparticles and the cellular responses, with potential signaling pathways activated by nanoparticle interactions, are also discussed.
Nano‐C60: A Novel, Effective, Fluorescent Sensing Platform for Biomolecular Detection
Authors: Li Hailong , Zhang Yingwei , Luo Yonglan , Sun Xuping 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWater‐soluble nano‐C60 can serve as a novel, effective, fluorescent sensing platform for biomolecular detection with high sensitivity and selectivity. In this paper, fluorescent detection of DNA and thrombin via nano‐C60 is demonstrated for the first time. The principle of the assay lies in the fact that the adsorption of the fluorescently labeled single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) probe by nano‐C60 leads to substantial fluorescence quenching. In the presence of a target, the biomolecular mutual interaction suppresses this quenching, signaling the existence of the target. This sensing system rivals graphene oxide but is superior to other carbon‐structure‐based systems. The present method can also achieve multiplex DNA detection and withstand the interference from human blood serum.
PPM compression without escapes
Authors: Fenwick P. M. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYA significant cost in PPM data compression (and often the major cost) is the provision and efficient coding of escapes while building contexts. This paper presents some recent, preliminary, work on a new technique for eliminating escapes in PPM compression, using bit‐wise compression with binary contexts. It shows that PPM without escapes can achieve averages of 2.5 bits per character on the Calgary Corpus and 2.2 bpc on the Canterbury Corpus, both values comparing well with accepted good compressors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agile methods for open source safety‐critical software
Authors: Gary Kevin , Enquobahrie Andinet , Ibanez Luis , Cheng Patrick , Yaniv Ziv , Cleary Kevin , Kokoori Shylaja , Muffih Benjamin , Heidenreich John 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe introduction of software technology in a life‐dependent environment requires the development team to execute a process that ensures a high level of software reliability and correctness. Despite their popularity, agile methods are generally assumed to be inappropriate as a process family in these environments due to their lack of emphasis on documentation, traceability, and other formal techniques. Agile methods, notably Scrum, favor empirical process control, or small constant adjustments in a tight feedback loop. This paper challenges the assumption that agile methods are inappropriate for safety‐critical software development. Agile methods are flexible enough to encourage the right amount of ceremony; therefore if safety‐critical systems require greater emphasis on activities, such as formal specification and requirements management, then an agile process will include these as necessary activities. Furthermore, agile methods focus more on continuous process management and code‐level quality than classic software engineering process models. We present our experiences on the image‐guided surgical toolkit (IGSTK) project as a backdrop. IGSTK is an open source software project employing agile practices since 2004. We started with the assumption that a lighter process is better, focused on evolving code, and only adding process elements as the need arose. IGSTK has been adopted by teaching hospitals and research labs, and used for clinical trials. Agile methods have matured since the academic community suggested almost a decade ago that they were not suitable for safety‐critical systems; we present our experiences as a case study for renewing the discussion. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analytical approach to free vibration analysis of multi‐outrigger–belt truss‐reinforced tall buildings
Authors: Malekinejad Mohsen , Rahgozar Reza 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYThis paper deals with a new and simple mathematical model that may be used to determine natural frequencies and mode shapes of a multistory building that consists of a framed tube, a shear core and multi‐outrigger–belt trusses. The effect of outrigger–belt truss and shear core on a framed tube was modeled as a concentrated moment placed at outrigger–belt truss location, which acted in opposite direction of the rotation created by lateral loads. The analysis is based on a continuum approach, in which a tall building structure may be replaced by an idealized cantilevered beam to model the building's structural characteristics. Energy method and Hamilton's principle have been used to develop the governing equations. After applying separation of variables method to time and space variables, the resulting eigensystem was solved to obtain the building's natural modes and frequencies of vibration. A computer program has been developed in MATLAB (Mathworks Inc., CA, USA) environment, and a numerical example has been solved to demonstrate the accuracy of this method. Results obtained from the proposed mathematical model give a good understanding of a structure's dynamic characteristics. The method is simple to use yet reasonably accurate and hence suitable for quick evaluations during preliminary design stages. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal trends in fetoplacental biochemical markers, uterine artery pulsatility index and maternal blood pressure during the first trimester of pregnancy
Authors: Wortelboer E. J. , Koster M. P. H. , Kuc S. , Eijkemans M. J. C. , Bilardo C. M. , Schielen P. C. J. I. , Visser G. H. A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess trends in levels of biochemical markers, uterine artery (UtA) pulsatility index (PI) and maternal blood pressure changes over time and study their relationships in uncomplicated first‐trimester pregnancies.MethodsThe study population comprised 86 women with singleton pregnancies. In each woman, a blood sample was collected at 6–7, 8–9, 10–11 and 12–13 weeks' gestation. At the same visit blood pressure was measured and ultrasound examination was performed to measure the crown–rump length and Doppler flow velocity waveform patterns of both UtAs. Serum concentrations of pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A), free β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG), A disintegrin and metalloprotease domain‐containing protein‐12 (ADAM‐12), placental protein‐13 (PP‐13) and placental growth factor (PlGF) levels were measured in thawed specimens using an automated time‐resolved fluorescence assay. Summary curves were created to describe normal ranges and trends over time. The data were analyzed with a linear mixed model with the log‐transformed marker values as dependent variables. This allowed for flexible modeling of patterns over time.ResultsSixty‐eight pregnancies had an uneventful outcome, with the birth of an appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age (AGA) infant. In these pregnancies serum PAPP‐A, ADAM‐12, PP‐13 and PlGF levels increased with gestational age. The UtA‐PI decreased and the mean arterial blood pressure remained constant. There were no significant correlations between maternal age, birth‐weight percentile, gender and blood pressure and any of the biochemical markers. The serum markers were highly correlated with each other except for β‐hCG. A negative correlation was found between most biomarkers and UtA‐PI, especially from 10 weeks onwards. Serum concentrations of ADAM‐12 and PP‐13 were lower in a small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) subgroup born at term (n = 6), the former statistically significantly (P = 0.031), the latter non‐significantly (P = 0.054), whereas UtA‐PI was significantly higher (P = 0.02). Biomarker concentrations in 12 women delivering a large‐for‐gestational age infant did not differ from those delivering AGA neonates.ConclusionThere is a relationship between biochemical markers of early placentation and downstream resistance to flow in the UtAs in low‐risk uncomplicated pregnancies, indicating differences in placentation. In a small series of SGA infants born at term we could demonstrate differences as compared to normal pregnancies, with potential value for screening. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation
Authors: Akler G. , Tamir A. , Malinger G. , Yagel S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) are caused by abnormal communications between pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins. They are most often congenital, and may occur as isolated lesions or part of complex congenital syndromes. We describe a case of PAVM in a 16‐week‐old fetus. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case to be described in the literature of diagnosis, at such an early gestational age, of PAVM with the shunt found between the main pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrapartum sonographic imaging of fetal head asynclitism
Authors: Ghi T. , Youssef A. , Pilu G. , Malvasi A. , Ragusa A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAnterior asynclitism was suspected on digital examination of a laboring woman with late arrest of dilatation and no evidence of fetal head progression. Clinical examination revealed a fixed non‐engaged fetal head (station − 1), with a transverse posterior sagittal suture. A static three‐dimensional volume was obtained by translabial ultrasound, offline analysis of which confirmed the clinical diagnosis of anterior asynclitism. Owing to the posterior twisting of the head towards the sacrum, the midline echo could only be obtained by cutting the volume with an oblique line, the direction of which was not perpendicular to the pubis as expected in cases of synclitic head. The sonographic appearance of the midline echo approaching the sacrum in a non‐engaged transverse fetal head strongly supports the clinical suspicion of anterior asynclitism. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.