bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Solvent‐ and Halide‐Free Oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Chishiro Takefumi , Kon Yoshihiro , Sato Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synergistically Integrated Nanoparticles as Multimodal Probes for Nanobiotechnology
Authors: Cheon Jinwoo , Lee Jae‐Hun 
Published: March 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Electronic Devices Based on Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrodes
Authors: Feldman Alina K. , Steigerwald Michael L. , Guo Xuefeng , Nuckolls Colin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficacy and Safety of Poly(γ‐glutamic acid) Based Nanoparticles (γ‐PGA NPs) as Vaccine Carrier
Authors: Nakagawa Shinsaku 
Published: March 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Predicting Hydrogen‐Bond Strengths from Acid—Base Molecular Properties. The pKa Slide Rule: Toward the Soution of a Long‐Lasting Problem
Authors: Gilli Paola , Pretto Loretta , Bertolasi Valerio , Gilli Gastone 
Published: March 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Complementary Structure‐Sensitive and Insensitive Catalytic Relationships
Authors: Van Santen Rutger A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Laser Fabrication and Spectroscopy of Organic Nanoparticles
Authors: Asahi T. , Sugiyama T. , Masuhara H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Pipeline processing: Mass transfer in the horizontal pipeline flow of solid‐liquid mixtures
Authors: Figueiredo O. , Charles M. E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractExperiments have been performed to determine mass transfer coefficients for the dissolution of sodium chloride particles carried as a “settling” suspension in a horizontal pipeline. The coefficients obtained for two sizes of particles, along with other coefficients available from the literature for different systems, have been correlated with an average deviation of only 7% by making use of Durand's equation for predicting pressure gradients for the flow of “settling” suspensions and the analogy between momentum and mass transfer.
Rigorous design of multipass exchangers when overall heat transfer coefficient is a parabolic function of temperature
Authors: Ramalho R. S. , Alabastro E. G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe “thermal effectiveness‐transfer unit” charts developed by the authors, for multipass exchangers, assume that the overall heat transfer coefficient varies as a parabolic function of temperature; their use can lead to greater accuracy in calculating heat transfer areas.
Turbulent flow properties of viscoelastic fluids
Authors: Sever F. A. , Metzner A. B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe abnormally high resistance of viscoelastic fluids to sudden deformations and to stretching may be expected to cause the structure of turbulent velocity fields in these systems to differ appreciably from those of Newtonian fluids. An analysis based on these considerations is presented and supported using friction factor data for three concentrations of a water soluble polymer. Pressure losses predicted by use of this correlation are within 15% or less of the experimental values, but as all dimensionless groups which influence the results were not varied independently, the correlation developed may not be universally applicable to all fluids. Suggestions for further and more more specific analyses are made.
Absorption of chlorine into still liquid in a simple stop‐cock type absorber
Authors: Takahashi Tetsvo , Hatanaka Masahide , Konaka Ryvsei 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRates of absorption of chlorine from the downwardfacing surface into still liquids of various solutions, such as hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride solution, sodium hydroxide solutions, and pure water, were measured at 25°C. and 1 atm. in a simple stop‐cock type absorber. It was found that the absorption rates followed Higbie's penetration theory for long contact times when the effects of free convection of the liquid near the gas‐liquid interface were negligible.Using this type of absorber, results suggest that diffusivity of the gaseous solute in liquid can be conveniently measured with only a small amount of absorbent, and, in addition, that kinetic studies on moderately slow gas‐liquid chemical reaction systems should be possible.
Particle liquid mass transfer in stirred tanks
Authors: Sykes P. , Gomezplata A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMass transfer coefficients were determined for 1/8 inch diameter spherical particles suspended in stirred aqueous iodine solutions. Particle density was adjusted to within 5% of the liquid density. For these particles, suspended in a covered and fully baffled vessel, the effect of impeller speed (200‐600 rpm), system Schmidt number (770‐11, 300) and impeller type (fan disk turbine, propeller and 45° paddle and turbine) on the mass transfer coefficient, was examined.A dimensionless group correlation using the impeller blade tip velocity represent the data with an average deviation of 8% and a maximum deviation of 27%.Nsh = 2 + 0.109

Because the particles used in the present study are considerably different from the tablets, beads and crystals that have been used previously, the coefficients of this study are a strict test of existing correlations. Partial agreement of coefficients and recent correlations was observed, but no single correlation can be recommended. Considerable discussion of the many aspects of Harriott's method of correlation also is presented.
Direct contact heat transfer between two immiscible liquids during vaporisation
Authors: Prakash C. B. , Pinder K. L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA cine‐photographic technique was used to study the evaporation of single droplets of furan, cyclopentane and isopentane rising in water. Measurements were possible over a range from zero to 10% evaporation. The best correlation of the data for the three systems over the measurable range of parameters was:

All the data was fitted by this equation to within ± 20%.A second correlation with a slightly larger variance

because of the manner in which the density ratio term varies with % evaporation, was recommended for extrapolation to higher percentage evaporations.
Contro'le dcun réacteur par action anticipée pour une réaction chimique du deuxième ordre au moyen 'une calculatrice analogique
Authors: Ruel El M. , Cloutier Leonce 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA feedforward control system for a CSTR has been constructed and studied theoretically and experimentally.The critical frequency of this control system is greater than the one for a feedback system. For all types of variations, the control of the reactor is improved. At low frequencies, the advantages of this type of control over the feedback system becomes rather negligible.
Distribution of ultrasonic cavitation intensities in a liquid system
Authors: Weber M. E. , Chon W. Y. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMeasurements of the intensity of ultrasonic cavitation using a thermocouple probe are reported for an ultrasound frequency of 21.5 keps in water in both flat and round bottom tubes. The highest intensities were obtained when the flat bottom tube was located in the coupling fluid at a distance of one‐half wavelength above the transducer. The axial intensity profiles showed several local maxima.
Explorations of surface and cavity properties on the nucleate boiling of carbon tetrachloride
Authors: Preckshot George W. , Denny Vernon E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNatural convection and pool boiling heat transfer were observed on centrally heated, flat superfinished nickel surfaces using thoroughly degassed, spectroscopic grade carbon tetrachloride at 0.5, 1, and 1.5, atm. pressure. Three distinct modes of natural convective circulation were observed and surface superheats as high as 125°F. were recorded.Single and multiple cylindrical cavities (0.0002 to 0.001 inch in diameter) served as active nuclei. Each cavity exhibited characteristic ebullition and disarming temperature excesses which were indicative of critical internal geometries.
Mass transfer between liquids in cocurrent pipeline flow
Authors: Watkinson A. P. , Cavers S. D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMass transfer between n‐butanol and water has been studied in cocurrent pipeline flow. Phase NTU's correlated with individual phase velocities, and also depended on the input ratio of the two phases and the contactor length. Mass transfer stage efficiencies varied from near zero to essentially 100%. End effects were large. Pressure drop data agreed with the correlation of Charles and Lilleleht. The pipeline contactor showed contactor effectiveness and energy requirements similar to those of other experimental liquid‐liquid extraction devices.
Optimization of a reaction and heat exchange system with recycle
Authors: Pacey W. C. , Rvstin A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractData obtained from an operating plant involving a gas phase reaction and heat exchange system has been correlated using a multiple regression program. The results of the regression analysis have been incorporated in a mathematical model of the plant which can determine the steady state optimum conditions for the major process variables.This approach to optimization has been successfully employed on an existing vinyl chloride plant where significant gains in production have been obtained, and a more thorough understanding of process variables has been acquired.
Some general observations on tubular reactor stability
Authors: Luss Dan , Amundson Neal R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA sufficient condition under which a tubular reactor with axial diffusion is globally stable is derived by use of the maximum principle for parabolic equations. It is shown that by use of some topological concepts the asymptotic stability of a steady state can be determined without the necessity of performing any computations. If a unique steady state exists it is asymptotically stable. If three steady states exist, the high and low temperature steady states are asymptotically stable, while the intermediate one is unstable.
On the two‐derative method of optimization
Authors: Smith W. R. , Missen R. W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Two‐Derivative Method of optimization, recently described by Methot, Cloutier and Cholette, has been shown to be a special case of the Newton‐Raphson Method, and results when the matrix of second derivatives is assumed to be diagonal. Examples are given to illustrate that the Two‐Derivative Method may diverge if a convergence forcer is not used. A simple form of forcer is shown to improve convergence, and it is suggested that a forcer should always be used with this method.
The diffusion of carbon dioxide in organic liquids
Authors: Davies G. A. , Ponter A. B. , Craine K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMethods of predicting gas‐liquid diffusion coefficients are reviewed. A study has been made on the diffusion of carbon dioxide into a range of organic liquids and hydrocarbon mixtures over a sixty fold range of solvent viscosity. All available models for predicting diffusion coefficients were tested. It is shown that the data presented are best fitted by Arnold's equation.Until more exact models to represent the liquid state are available this affords a reliable method for correlating gas‐liquid diffusion data.
The variation of nucleate boiling of toluene with liquid velocity and subcooling
Authors: Andrews D. G. , Al‐Shahristani H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA detailed study of the variation of the boiling curve with degree of subcooling and liquid velocity has been made for toluene at atmospheric pressure. It is shown that the effect of these two parameters on the nucleate boiling curve is quite complex, but by no means non‐existent, as is often assumed. Mention has been made of the possible bearing of the results on selection of a boiling mechanism.
A theoretical treatment of catalyst decay
Authors: Wojciechowski B. W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA theoretical treatment of the decay of activity in aging catalysts is presented. In this treatment it is assumed that catalyst activity is a function of time‐on‐stream only and on the basis of this assumption the behavior of static bed catalytic reactors is studied. From these considerations it is deduced that there are three distinguishable types of behavior in decaying catalysts. These types are described in terms of their characteristic behavior and it is shown how the performance of certain rapidly decaying catalysts can be optimized in plant operation.
Reciprocating flow ion exchange part II: Application to saline water softening
Authors: Hunter R. F. , Simmons P. J. , Tan K. S. , Spinner I. H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe “hardness” components in sea water can be considerably reduced by means of a new economical fixed bed technique called “Reciprocating Flow Ion Exchange”, when used in conjunction with a closed cycle exchanger‐evaporator system.Removal of 87.9% of the calcium and 54.5% of the magnesium in sea water has been obtained with an overall flow rate of 5.0 U. S. g. p. m./sq. ft. Results from bench scale and a 5,000 g. p. d. pilot plant were identical. The virtually continuous cyclic steady‐state process requires a small amount of exchanger (0.5 to 2% of the usual ion exchange methods, such as conventional fixed beds or fluidized beds).The effects of variation in operating parameters are discussed.
Critical fluid velocity and power requirement for the startup of a capsule pipeline
Authors: Figueiredo O. , Charles M. E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe pipeline transport of solids in the form of capsules appears to have advantages over the conventional slurry operation. One of the problems which must be faced, however, is the startup of a capsule pipeline which has been temporarily shut down. Data are presented for the fluid velocity and pressure gradient which were required to initiate movement of 3‐in. long cylindrical capsules equally spaced at various linear concentrations on the bottom of a 1‐in. diameter model pipeline. The specific gravity of the capsules ranged from 1.40 to 8.44 and capsule diameter to pipe diameter ratio ranged from 0.247 to 0.868.For a given set of capsules, the critical fluid velocity passed through a minimum, and the critical pressure gradient passed through a maximum, at a linear concentration of about 60–65%. The critical power consumption, however, was only slightly dependent on linear concentration. For a given linear concentration, the critical power requirement increased concomitantly with capsule specific gravity.
Heat transfer to spheres in a confined plasma jet
Authors: Kvbanek G. R. , Chevalier P. , Gauvin W. H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn experimental study was conducted with a 40 kw. direct‐current nitrogen plasma jet confined in an 8.00‐in. i.d. graphite chamber. The heat transfer rates were determined at a test section located 10.5‐in. below the entry of the jet to water‐cooled 0.625 and 1.000‐in. diameter spheres at temperature differences of up to 5,000°f. and over the Reynolds number ranges of 600 to 4,300. The data were correlated in terms of the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers, with gas properties taken at the bulk temperature. The high intensity of turbulence increased the heat transfer rates to above most of those previously reported, and Reynolds number exponents typical of turbulent systems were obtained.
Effectiveness factors for heat transfer in fluidized beds
Authors: Petrovic Louis J. , Thodos George 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRates of heat transfer associated with the evaporation of water from the surface of porous particles into air were measured for both packed and fluidized beds. Direct measurements of the temperature on the surface of these particles permitted the calculation of the heat transfer coefficient, hg, for both packed and fluidized bed systems. An effectiveness factor, χ, has been introduced to account for the non‐plug flow characteristics of fluidized beds. This quantity has been used to define the rate of particle to gas heat transfer as follows

where (δt)m represents the log‐mean temperature difference across the bed and hg b is the heat transfer coefficient at the initiation of two phase fluidization defined as the “bubble point”. An analysis of the experimental measurements indicates that

where g represents the ratio of the heat transfer factor of the fluidized bed to that corresponding at the bubble point of this bed. This effectiveness factor has also been related to the void fraction ratio as follows

where ϵt, and ϵp, are the void fractions of the fluidized bed and its corresponding packed bed arrangement. This equation applies for ϵt/ϵp > 1.22.
Extractive distillation employing a dissolved salt as separating agent
Authors: Cook Roger A. , Fvrter William F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA process of extractive distillation, employing a dissolved salt rather than a liquid solvent as separating agent, was studied on a pilot plant scale. Aqueous ethanol was fractionated in a 12‐tray, bubble cap column with potassium acetate present in the liquid phase. Even relatively small concentrations of salt eliminated the azeotrope. An overhead product completely free of separating agent was obtained directly from the column. A technique is described for metering salt at a steady rate, and for achieving rapid solution of the salt in the reflux stream.
Power‐law fluids flow through multiparticle system
Authors: Yu Y. H. , Wen C. Y. , Bailie R. C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA study on the flow of power‐law fluids through a multi‐particle system including both fixed bed and fluidized bed is presented. Equations for the pressure drop, the minimum fluidization velocity, and the bed expansion are obtained by extending the Blake‐Kozeny's equation for the pressure drop through packed beds to power‐law fluids. Bed expansion equations are also obtained by extending the Richard‐son‐Zaki's theory for the drag force in a multiparticle suspension to power‐law fluids. These equations are compared with experimental data.
Some electrical effects in an aluminum/propane/oxygen flame jet at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Brzvstowski T. A. , Keshavan R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThree electrical effects in an approximately stoichiometric propane‐oxygen flame seeded with aluminum powder were studied: a) increase in flame current caused by the addition of aluminum, b) effect of transverse electrical field on the rate of aluminum oxide deposition onto a solid surface, c) effect of the field on the rate of heat transfer to a flat plate immersed in the flame. The maximum field was limited by breakdown to about 450 v/cm. It appears that the oxide deposition rate and the heat transfer rate can be influenced by relatively small electric fields.
The heat and mass transfer from a fluid sphere at large reynolds and peclet number
Authors: Winnikow S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnalytic expressions have been derived for the steady rate of heat or mass transfer from a fluid sphere in uniform motion at large Reynolds and Peclet number. The solution is applicable to cases where both phase resistances are of the same order of magnitude, or when the resistance of one phase is negligible.The analysis has shown that if finite values of fluid viscosity and density are considered the transfer rates are considerably less than those obtained from the ideal fluid model.The maximum flux for a fluid sphere occurs near the equatorial plane and in this respect its behavior differs significantly from a solid sphere.
Dissolution of carbon steel scrap in hydrochloric acid
Authors: Rigg Tyson 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe dissolution of carbon steel in hydrochloric acid has been investigated from the point of view of large scale manufacture of ferrous chloride. It has been found that the rate of dissolution at 95°c. can be represented by the equationR = k ([HCl] + 0.58 [FeCl2)0.45where k varies with the physical and chemical nature of the steel. The activation energy varies with the particular experimental conditions over the range 12.0 to 18.1 K.cal/ mole. The rate of reaction is not influenced by agitation. The mechanism of the dissolution process is discussed together with practical aspects and pilot plant results.
Boiling heat transfer from a rotating horizontal cylinder
Authors: Nicol A. A. , Mclean J. T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBoiling heat transfer from a horizontal copper cylinder rotating on its axis in water has been investigated. An increase in heat transfer coefficient wag obtained over the entire range of rotational speeds with a maximum occurring at 150 rpm.The results were correlated in terms of the factors influencing the boiling mechanism, which differed above and below the critical speed.Below 150 rpm the effects of rotation were correlated by the inclusion of a Weber‐Reynolds number term in the boiling equation of Lienhard (1), and above 150 rpm the same basic boiling equation was modified to include a Froude Number.
On the conditions for stability of falling films subject to surface tension disturbances; the condensation of binary vapors
Authors: Ford J. D. , Missen R. W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractExamination of available experimental information, including that on condensation of binary vapors, indicates that the Marangoni effect provides a consistent interpretation of falling film behavior, when surface tension disturbances are important. Criteria provided by the Marangoni effect are: d/db 0 for stability, where is surface tension and b film thickness, and d/db > 0 for instability; the latter is evidently a necessary but not sufficient condition. Methods are given for evaluating the sign of d/db in terms of the product of two factors, one characteristic of the system and one of the operation.