bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Favourable effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on the late step of the cell division in a piezophilic bacterium, Shewanella violacea DSS12, at high‐hydrostatic pressures
Authors: Kawamoto Jun , Sato Takako , Nakasone Kaoru , Kato Chiaki , Mihara Hisaaki , Esaki Nobuyoshi , Kurihara Tatsuo 
Published: April 2011

SummaryShewanella violacea DSS12, a deep‐sea bacterium, produces eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as a component of membrane phospholipids. Although various isolates from the deep sea, such as Photobacterium profundum SS9, Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H and various Shewanella strains, produce EPA‐ or docosahexaenoic acid‐containing phospholipids, the physiological role of these polyunsaturated fatty acids remains unclear. In this article, we illustrate the physiological importance of EPA for high‐pressure adaptation in strain DSS12 with the help of an EPA‐deficient mutant (DSS12pfaA). DSS12pfaA showed significant growth retardation at 30 MPa, but not at 0.1 MPa. We also found that DSS12pfaA grown at 30 MPa forms filamentous cells. When an EPA‐containing phospholipid (sn‐1‐oleoly‐sn‐2‐eicosapentaenoyl phosphatidylethanolamine) was supplemented, the growth retardation and the morphological defect of DSS12pfaA were suppressed, indicating that the externally added EPA‐containing phospholipid compensated for the loss of endogenous EPA. In contrast, the addition of an oleic acid‐containing phospholipid (sn‐1,2‐dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine) did not affect the growth and the morphology of the cells. Immunofluorescent microscopic analysis with anti‐FtsZ antibody revealed a number of Z‐rings and separated nucleoids in DSS12pfaA grown at 30 MPa. These results demonstrate the physiological importance of EPA for the later step of Z‐ring formation of S. violacea DSS12 under high‐pressure conditions.
Effect of short‐term diphenhydramine administration on aqueous tear production in normal dogs
Authors: Montgomery Keith W. , Ledbetter Eric C. , Mohammed Hussni O. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjective  To perform a randomized, placebo‐controlled, masked clinical trial using a cross‐over design to determine the effect of oral diphenhydramine on aqueous tear production in normal dogs.Animals studied  Seventeen dogs with normal ophthalmic examinations.Procedures  Baseline tear production was established for each dog by performing Schirmer tear test I (STT I). Dogs received 20‐day treatment courses of both oral diphenhydramine and placebo solutions with a 10‐day washout period between treatment periods. Each dog was randomly assigned to receive diphenhydramine or placebo at the outset of the study. Measurements of STT I values were measured at regular intervals during the study and were conducted at the same time of day throughout the study to control for diurnal variations in tear production. The significance of the impact of diphenhydramine treatment on the quantity of aqueous tear production, as determine by STT results over time, was evaluated using regression analysis with appropriate transformation.Results  Statistical comparisons at each measurement time, including baseline measurements between control and treatment groups, revealed no significant differences. Mean STT I levels also did not differ significantly at any measurement time compared to baseline for treatment or control groups.Conclusions  Short‐term administration of oral diphenhydramine does not result in a significant decrease in aqueous tear production in normal dogs.
Outcomes of pharmacological management of nocturia with non‐antidiuretic agents: does statistically significant equal clinically significant?
Authors: Smith Ariana L. , Wein Alan J. 
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE• To evaluate the statistical and clinical efficacy of the pharmacological treatments of nocturia using non‐antidiuretic agents.PATIENTS AND METHODS• A literature review of treatments of nocturia specifically addressing the impact of alpha blockers, 5‐alpha reductase inhibitors (5ARI) and antimuscarinics on reduction in nocturnal voids.RESULTS• Despite commonly reported statistically significant results, nocturia has shown a poor clinical response to traditional therapies for benign prostatic hyperplasia including alpha blockers and 5ARI.• Similarly, nocturia has shown a poor clinical response to traditional therapies for overactive bladder including antimuscarinics.CONCLUSIONS• Statistical success has been achieved in some groups with a variety of alpha blockers and antimuscarinic agents, but the clinical significance of these changes is doubtful.• It is likely that other types of therapy will need to be employed in order to achieve a clinically significant reduction in nocturia.
Boundedly rational equilibrium and risk premium
Authors: He Xue‐Zhong , Shi Lei 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWhen people agree to disagree, the impact of the disagreement among agents on the market is the main concern of this paper. With the standard mean variance framework, this paper considers a market of two risky assets and two agents who have different preference and disagreement about the mean and variance/covariance of the asset returns. By constructing a consensus belief, the paper develops an concept of boundedly rational equilibrium (BRE) to characterize the market equilibrium and examines explicitly the impact of heterogeneity on the market equilibrium and risk premium when the disagreements among the two agents are mean preserved spreads of a benchmark homogeneous belief. It shows that, in market equilibrium, the biased mean preserved spreads in beliefs among the two agents have significant impact on the risk premium of the risky assets and market portfolio, and adding a riskless asset in the market magnifies the impact of the heterogeneity on the market. The results show that both optimism/pessemism and confidence/doubt can increase the market risk premium and reduce the riskfree rate.
HUMAN ENHANCEMENT AND SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
Authors: SPARROW ROB 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTI argue that the existence of sexual dimorphism poses a profound challenge to those philosophers who wish to deny the moral significance of the idea of ‘normal human capacities’ in debates about the ethics of human enhancement. The biological sex of a child will make a much greater difference to their life prospects than many of the genetic variations that the philosophical and bioethical literature has previously been concerned with. It seems, then, that bioethicists should have something to say about the choice between a male and a female embryo. Either, 1) parents have reason to choose boys over girls; (2) parents have reason to choose girls over boys; or, (3) parents have neither reason to choose girls over boys nor reason to choose boys over girls. Embracing either of the first two alternatives has strongly counterintuitive – and arguably morally repugnant – consequences. To motivate the third option we must either make reference to the idea of ‘normal human capacities’ or argue that parents should consider the interests of society when thinking about what sort of children they should bring into the world – an implication that should be extremely controversial in debates about the ‘new eugenics’. I conclude, then, that the idea of ‘normal human capacities’ is properly crucial to reasoning about the ethics of shaping future persons.
CULTURAL HISTORY, THE POSSIBLE, AND THE PRINCIPLE OF PLENITUDE1
Authors: SALMI HANNU 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTCultural historical research has deliberately challenged “historical realism,” the view that history is comprised entirely of observable actions that actually occurred, and instead has emphasized the historical significance of thoughts, emotions, and representations; it has also focused on the invisible, the momentary, and the perishable. These latter elements introduce the notion of the possible in history. This article examines the ways in which cultural history has approached the notion of the possible, as well as the methodological and theoretical implications of this approach. Its chief claim is that the idea of possibility is fundamental for the concept of culture and ineliminable from its historical study.The question of possibility is present in multiple ways in the study of history; it is important to distinguish among different levels of possibility. The possible may mean, for instance, what it is possible for historians to know about the past, or the possibilities open to historical agents themselves, or, indeed, the possibilities they perceived themselves as having even if these seem impossible from the point of view of the historian. The article starts with the first aspect and moves on toward the possibilities that existed in the past world either in fact or in the minds of those in the past.The article argues that the study of past cultures always entails the mapping of past possibilities. The first strand of the essay builds on the metaphor of the black hole and intends to solve one of the central problems faced by cultural historians, namely, how to access the horizon of the people of the past, their experience of their own time, especially when the sources remain silent. The second, more speculative strand builds on the notion of plenitude and is designed to open up avenues for further discussion about the concept of culture in particular.
1. DECENTERING HISTORY: LOCAL STORIES AND CULTURAL CROSSINGS IN A GLOBAL WORLD
Authors: DAVIS NATALIE ZEMON 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThis essay was first presented at the 2010 Ludwig Holberg Prize Symposium in Bergen, Norway, where I, as the prize recipient, was asked to describe my work and its import for our period of globalization. The essay first traces the interconnected processes of “decentering” history in Western historiography in the half century after World War II: the move to working people and “subaltern classes”; to women and gender; to communities defined by ethnicity and race; to the study of non‐Western histories and world or global history, in which the European trajectory is only one of several models. Can the historian hold onto the subjects of “decentered” social and cultural history, often local and full of concrete detail, and still address the perspectives of global history? To suggest an answer to this question, I describe my own decentering path from work on sixteenth‐century artisans in the 1950s to recent research on non‐European figures such as the Muslim “Leo Africanus” (Hasan al‐Wazzan). I then offer two examples in which concrete cases can serve a global perspective. One is a comparison of the literary careers of Ibn Khaldun and Christine de Pizan in the scribal cultures on either side of the Mediterranean in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. The other is the transmission and transformation of practices of divination, healing, and detection from Africa to the slave communities of Suriname in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
4. MEDITERRANEAN HISTORY AS GLOBAL HISTORY
Authors: ABULAFIA DAVID 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTMediterranean history, and the history of other closed seas, is seen here as the experience of those who traversed the sea and arrived as decentered aliens on the other side. Mainly these have been men, with merchants generally as pioneers who introduced the goods, ideas, and religion of one region to another. From antiquity onwards, port cities such as Carthage, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Livorno acted as links among the three continents facing the Mediterranean, and visitors from other lands were sometimes free to roam, sometimes ghettoized.
1. CONSTRUCTING A SELECTIONIST PARADIGM
Authors: Stuart‐Fox Martin 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTIn his latest contribution to the application of Darwinian evolutionary thinking to the social sciences, W. G. Runciman conceives of human behavior as resulting from three levels of selection—biological, cultural, and social. These give rise, respectively, to evoked, acquired, and imposed patterns of behavior. The biological level is hardly controversial, but to draw a distinction between separate cultural and social selective processes is more problematic. Runciman takes memes to be the variants competitively selected at the cultural level and the practices constituting rule‐governed roles to be the variants competitively selected at the social level—thus preserving separate spheres of research for anthropology and sociology. It is not clear, however, what drives cultural and social evolution. Nor are the three levels theoretically well integrated. The book's strength lies in the numerous examples provided of how the application of selectionist theory illuminates and enriches sociological and historical explanations and contributes to the construction of historical narrative.
CALIFORNIA IRREDENTA
Authors: CHYTRY JOSEF 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTKevin Starr's Golden Dreams is the culmination to some forty years of scholarship on the unfolding theme of a “California Dream,” that imaginal component to the growth of the self‐identity and increasing international economic power of the most populous state in the American Union. Indeed, the period 1950–1963 that the book meticulously covers forms in many ways the most imposing manifestation of that Dream. This essay reviews the central features of Starr's account, particularly the infrastructural foundations in transportation, water supply, and higher education realized by a triumvirate of California governors, both Republican and Democrat, who regarded themselves as nonpartisan members of the “Party of California”; the expansion of California's major cities: Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Francisco; the characteristics of the Silent Generation and the culture of “cool Jazz” that dominated the period; as well as the rise of dissident elements among environmentalists, minorities, and Beats, that foretold the protest period of the 1960s. This essay then asks whether Starr has avoided the larger implications of his own narrative that California from this period on had become in most respects a putative nation‐state in its own right. From the global impact of its major media industry—Hollywood—to the continued advances of its economic clout throughout the rest of the century as at times the fifth largest economic entity in the world, California may need to be increasingly regarded as a world civilization in itself rather than as a regional civilization to which Starr's historical narrative has so far constricted it.
BETWEEN GENOCIDE AND “GENOCIDE”
Authors: Lang Berel 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe two books discussed here join a current pushback against the concept (thus also against claims for the historical occurrence) of genocide. Nichanian focuses on the Armenian “Aghed” (“Catastrophe”), inferring from his view of that event's undeniability that “genocide is not a fact” (since all facts are deniable). May's critique assumes that groups don't really—“objectively”—exist, as (by contrast) individuals do; thus, genocide—group murder—also has an “as if” quality so far as concerns the group victimized. On the one hand, then, uniqueness and sacralization; on the other hand, reductionism and diffusion. Alas, the historical and moral claims in “defense” of both genocide and “genocide” survive.
The measurement of lactate threshold in resistance exercise: a comparison of methods
Authors: de Sousa Nuno Manuel Frade , Magosso Rodrigo Ferro , Pereira Guilherme Borges , Leite Richard Diego , Arakelian Vivian Maria , Montagnolli Arlindo Neto , Perez Sérgio Andrade , Baldissera Vilmar 
Published: April 2011

SummaryResistance incremental tests (IT) make it possible to determine critical metabolic and cardiovascular changes, such as the lactate threshold (LT). Different methods are frequently used to improve the exactness of LT identification. The objective of the study was to identify LT by four different methods (visual inspection, log–log, algorithmic adjustment and QLac) during resistance exercise and to evaluate which methods present more precision. Twelve men performed a maximal IT on the leg press at relative intensities of 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% of 1RM with 1‐min stages. During the 2‐min interval between stages, capillary blood was collected for blood lactate analysis. LT was detected using each of the four methods. The intensity of LT by visual inspection method was 26·9 (5·2)% of 1RM, adjustment algorithmic method was 27·8 (3·6)% of 1RM, log–log method was 23·3 (3·5)% of 1RM and QLac method was 31·6 (9·8)% of 1RM, with significant difference only between log–log and QLac methods. Bland and Altman analysis shows better concordance for visual inspection versus adjustment algorithmic methods. The visual inspection, algorithmic and log–log methods detected the LT at the same intensity. The mathematical models, specially the algorithmic method, provide more precision.
Cannabinoid CB1 receptors transactivate multiple receptor tyrosine kinases and regulate serine/threonine kinases to activate ERK in neuronal cells
Authors: Dalton George D , Howlett Allyn C 
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSESignalling networks that regulate the progression of cannabinoid CB1 receptor‐mediated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) activation in neurons are poorly understood. We investigated the cellular mechanisms involved in CB1 receptor‐stimulated ERK phosphorylation in a neuronal cell model.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHMurine N18TG2 neuronal cells were used to analyse the effect of specific protein kinase and phosphatase inhibitors on CB1 receptor‐stimulated ERK phosphorylation. The LI‐COR In Cell Western assay and immunoblotting were used to measure ERK phosphorylation.KEY RESULTSThe time‐course of CB1 receptor‐stimulated ERK activation occurs in three phases that are regulated by distinct cellular mechanisms in N18TG2 cells. Phase I (0–5 min) maximal ERK phosphorylation is mediated by CB1 receptor‐stimulated ligand‐independent transactivation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Phase I requires Gi/oβγ subunit‐stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase activation and Src kinase activation and is modulated by inhibition of cAMP‐activated protein kinase A (PKA) levels. Src kinase activation is regulated by the protein tyrosine phosphatases 1B and Shp1. The Phase II (5–10 min) rapid decline in ERK phosphorylation involves PKA inhibition and serine/threonine phosphatase PP1/PP2A activation. The Phase III (>10 min) plateau in ERK phosphorylation is mediated by CB1 receptor‐stimulated, ligand‐independent, transactivation of multiple RTKs.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe complex expression of CB1 receptor‐stimulated ERK activation provides cellular selectivity, modulation of sensitivity to agonists, and coincidence detection with RTK signalling. RTK and PKA pathways may provide routes to novel CB1‐based therapeutic interventions in the treatment of addictive disorders or neurodegenerative diseases.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐7
Cyclopeptide RA‐V inhibits angiogenesis by down‐regulating ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HUVEC and HMEC‐1 endothelial cells
Authors: Yue Grace GL , Fan Jun‐Ting , Lee Julia KM , Zeng Guang‐Zhi , Ho Tina WF , Fung Kwok‐Pui , Leung Ping‐Chung , Tan Ning‐Hua , Lau Clara BS 
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEAnti‐angiogenic agents have recently become one of the major adjuvants for cancer therapy. A cyclopeptide, RA‐V, has been shown to have anti‐tumour activities. Itsin vitroanti‐angiogenic activities were evaluated in the present study, and the underlying mechanisms were also assessed.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHTwo endothelial cell lines, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC‐1), were used. The effects of RA‐V on the proliferation, cell cycle phase distribution, migration, tube formation and adhesion were assessed. Western blots and real‐time PCR were employed to examine the protein and mRNA expression of relevant molecules.KEY RESULTSRA‐V inhibited HUVEC and HMEC‐1 proliferation dose‐dependently with IC50values of 1.42 and 4.0 nM respectively. RA‐V inhibited migration and tube formation of endothelial cells as well as adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins. RA‐V treatment down‐regulated the protein and mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐2. Regarding intracellular signal transduction, RA‐V interfered with the activation of ERK1/2 in both cell lines. Furthermore, RA‐V significantly decreased the phosphorylation of JNK in HUVEC whereas, in HMEC‐1, p38 MAPK was decreased.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSRA‐V exhibited anti‐angiogenic activities in HUVEC and HMEC‐1 cell lines with changes in function of these endothelial cells. The underlying mechanisms of action involved the ERK1/2 signalling pathway. However, RA‐V may regulate different signalling pathways in different endothelial cells. These findings suggest that RA‐V has the potential to be further developed as an anti‐angiogenic agent.
How to Optimize Drug Delivery in Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Awdishu Linda , Bouchard Josée 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDrug dosing in the setting of acute kidney injury (AKI) is complicated by several factors such as pharmacokinetic changes in renal failure, inaccuracy of renal estimating equations in this setting, lack of therapeutic drug monitoring capability for most drugs, and use of extracorporeal renal replacement. Pharmacokinetic changes include decreases in protein binding and drug metabolism. Renal estimating equations most often overestimate renal clearance in AKI. Additionally, it is well recognized that some drugs are significantly cleared by extracorporeal therapy. Patients with AKI are therefore at risk for adverse outcomes of drug therapy. It has been reported that approximately half of patients with reduced renal clearance receive drug doses that are 2.5 times higher than the recommended maximum dose. To ensure efficacy and prevent toxicity, therapeutic drug monitoring is highly recommended. However, in the absence of drug monitoring, adequate concentrations can only be inferred from clinical response. A clinician must weigh the risks and benefits of possible over‐dosing or under‐dosing based on the therapeutic index of the drug and the clinical situation. This article will review the important factors to consider for drug dosing in patients with AKI receiving continuous renal replacement therapy and sustained low‐efficiency dialysis.
Renal Replacement Therapy in Special Settings: Extracorporeal Support Devices in Liver Failure
Authors: Cerdá Jorge , Tolwani Ashita , Gibney Noel , Tiranathanagul Khajohn 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHepatorenal syndrome (HRS) type I is a unique form of acute kidney injury resulting from renal vasoconstriction in the setting of systemic and splanchnic arterial vasodilation in patients with end‐stage liver disease. The only definitive treatment currently available is liver or liver–kidney transplantation. The goal of extracorporeal support (ECS) systems in HRS is to bridge eligible liver failure patients to transplantation or functional recovery by means of detoxification, assistance with biosynthesis of key metabolic products, and regulation of inflammation. ECS systems in liver disease can be divided into two broad categories: cell‐based and noncell‐based systems. While cell‐based systems aim to provide functions similar to those of normal hepatocytes, noncell‐based systems do not incorporate tissue; they provide detoxification utilizing membranes and adsorbents. There are no standard guidelines for the application of ECS systems. Published studies are too small and show considerable differences in primary indication, primary endpoint, and treatment protocols for “intervention” and “standard” treatment groups. This article reviews the available evidence regarding the optimal use of ECS devices in HRS, makes evidence‐based practice recommendations, and delineates key questions for future studies.