bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selenocystis foliata (Ray) from Scolelepis fuliginosa Clpde. and its identity with Haplozoon sp.
Authors: Dibb M. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. The so-called parasitic dinoflagellate occurring in the gut of the polychaete worm Scolelepis fuliginosa Clpde. is described and is shown to be the sexual phase of the gregarine “Selenidium foliatum” Ray.2. The gametocytes (often very unequal) associate by their posterior ends while in situ. One remains attached and its epimerite is transformed into a foot-like organ serving to attach the gametocyst to the host throughout the rest of development. The gametocyst is elongate and pyriform (26−226 × 9−34 μ) and its formation involves very little alteration in the shape of the gametocytes. Solitary encystment also occurs.3. The first gametocytic nuclear division is described. Forerunners of the gamete nuclei are formed within the nuclear area of the gametocyte. Flagellated isogametes are formed. There is no residuum.4. The spores are spherical, averaging 8·5μ in diameter, the number depending on the size of the cyst enveloping them. When ripe, they contain four or eight spindle-shaped sporozoites 9·4−14 × 2−3·75μ and, in vivo, a central, spherical, refrigent residuum.5. A new genus Selenocystis is proposed for this organism, with S. foliata (Ray) as the type species. Although I have not found its asexual phase, the probability is that it may still be classified among the schizogregarines.
Morphological and taxonomic studies on mammalian trypanosomes
Authors: Hoare Cecil A. , Bennett S. C. J. 
Published: June 2009

An account is given of two aberrant strains of Trypanosoma evansi recovered from Sudanese camels.One of these—like the four other ones described in a previous paper—was totally akinetoplastic (= akinetonucleate) and has been kept under observation for eighteen months in the course of which the aberrant condition remained unchanged.The second strain was characterized by a wide fluctuation in the proportion of akinetoplastic forms which ranged from zero to over 70% at different periods of observation.The bearing of this fluctuation upon the production of akinetoplastic strains is discussed and it is concluded that these probably arise in nature either indirectly, through the inoculation by the insect vector of new hosts with trypanosomes lacking the kinetoplast, or directly, by the strain becoming totally akinetoplastic within the same host.From an analysis of the fluctuating strain it would appear that the variation in the proportion of akinetoplastic trypanosomes depends upon the following factors: (1) irregular division (without bipartition of the kinetoplast), which is the most important factor; (2) rate of reproduction of normal and aberrant individuals; (3) mortality rate of the different types of dividing and non-dividing forms.The primary cause of the disappearance of the kinetoplast could not be ascertained.
Studies on Trypanosoma avium Danilewsky 1885 I. Incidence in some birds of Hertfordshire
Authors: Baker J. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. A survey of 227 rooks (Corvus frugilegus frugilegus L.) and seventy jackdaws (C. monedula spermologus Vieill.) was conducted in Hertfordshire. The birds were examined by means of cultures of their peripheral blood, or (in the case of eleven rooks and one jackdaw only) bone-marrow, on N.N.N. medium. Twenty-seven rooks (11·9%) and six jackdaws (8·6%) were found to be infected.Some of the rooks were examined at a time of year when the trypanosomes are not present in the peripheral circulation; other rooks were examined in the first year of their life before adults of Ornithomyia avicularia (the vector of this parasite) were present. Ignoring birds of these two groups, twenty-six out of seventy-eight (33·3 %) adult rooks were found to be infected. This value probably approximates to the natural infection rate among adult rooks (and perhaps jackdaws).2. The trypanosome in question is a large spindle-shaped form, measuring an average of 48·2µ in length (excluding flagellum) and 5·5µ in width. There is a tapering aflagellar region extending 14·1µ (on the average) beyond the kineto-plast. This trypanosome is assigned to the species T. avium Danilewsky, 1885.
A revision of the hypoaspid mites associated with Myriapoda with descriptions of three new species of the subgenus Julolaelaps Berl. (Acarina: Laelaptidea)
Authors: Ryke P. A. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. A key to the laelaptid paraphages of Myriapoda is given.2. Hypoaspis (Hypoaspis) spirostrepti Oudms is transferred to the subgenus Jululadaps. J. rotundatus Berl. is regarded as a synonym of this species.3. Hypoaspis (Hypoaspis) indicus Vitzth. is regarded as a synonym of Julolaelaps luctator Berl.4. Hypoaspis (Coleolaelaps) amazon is figured.5. The subgenus Julolaelaps is defined and a key given to the species. The type species is figured.6. Three new species are described, namely Hypoaspis (Julolaelaps) peritremalis, H. (J.) myriapodalis and H. (J.) pararotundatus.7. A list of all the known species of Laelaptidae occurring on millipedes is given.
On the hatching of Nematodirus battus, with some remarks on N. filicollis
Authors: Christie M. G. 
Published: June 2009

1. The hatching of N. battus under laboratory conditions was investigated. A high hatch of ripe eggs was obtained on exposure to constant temperatures in the approximate range 8–15° C., and very little hatching took place at temperatures outside this range.2. These, and other published results can be explained in terms of a hypothesis transferred from the study of the breaking of insect diapause. This hypothesis supposes that two processes underly the completion of hatching—a cold process with low temperature optimum and a warm process with a higher temperature optimum and which can only proceed as the cold process is completed.3. It is not easy to apply these findings directly to field events, but the attempt to do so leads to the suggestion that the apparent synchrony of hatching and the presence of susceptible lamb hosts in the north-east of the British Isles may be partly fortuitous, and that in slightly different climatic circumstances many eggs might hatch in the autumn or during the winter.I wish to thank Mr A. V. Cunningham of Threepwood, Galashiels, and Mr J. M. M. Cunningham of the Edinburgh School of Agriculture for their generous help in making sampling of their flocks possible, and Dr J. T. Stamp for advice on the presentation of this paper.
Studies on the adult and metacercaria ofHolostephanus lüheiSzidat, 1936
Authors: Erasmus David A. 
Published: June 2009

The metacercaria ofHolostephanus lüheiSzidat (1936) is described together with comments on both its linear and tissue distribution within the host (Gasterosteus aculeatusL.), host-parasite reaction and numbers of cysts in relation to the size of the fish.The adult ofHolostephanus lüheiSzidat (1936) (syn.H. bursiformisSzidat, 1936) obtained experimentally from the duck and pigeon, is re-described in detail. It is noted that this species is amphitypic and it is suggested thatH. dubius(Szidat, 1936) (syn.Cyanocotyloides Dubius, Szidat, 1936) should be reduced to synonymy withH. lühei.Grateful acknowledgement is expressed to Dr G. Dubois for his interest, advice and valuable opinions given in connexion with this study.
Epidemiology of coccidiosis (Eimeria spp.) in an experimental population of the Australian wild rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.)
Authors: Mykytowycz R. 
Published: June 2009

The epidemiology of coccidiosis involving Eimeria perforans, E. media, E. stiedae, E. irresidua, E. magna and E. piriformis was studied for a period of 35 months in a free-living population of wild rabbits, confined to an experimental enclosure.Relations between the seasonal fluctuations of the above species, on the one hand, and severity of infection and age and social status of hosts, on the other hand, based on the oocyst counts from 2326 faecal samples collected at regular monthly intervals, are indicated.Mortality within the population was analysed, and coccidiosis was found not to be responsible for the general mortality pattern.Thanks are due to Mr M. Dudzinski of the Division of Mathematical Statistics, C.S.I.R.O., Canberra for statistical analysis of the data. Mr H. McL. Gordon and Dr J. C. Boray of MacMaster Laboratories, C.S.I.R.O., Sydney, and Dr W. L. Nicholas, of the Australian National University, Canberra, read the manuscript and offered many helpful suggestions. Messrs E. R. Hesterman and D. Purchase of the Wildlife Survey Section, C.S.I.R.O., Canberra, provided valuable technical assistance.
Studies on tapeworm physiology
Authors: Smyth J. D. 
Published: June 2009

1. A technique is described for the preparation of axenic cultures of protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus.2. Protoscolices removed aseptically from hydatid cysts are treated with 0·02% crystalline pepsin at pH 2·0 for 10 min. at 38°C. in order to remove (a) daughter cyst germinal membranes, and (b) dead or degenerating protoscolices.3. Protoscolices may be maintained for more than 100 days in a variety of media. These include media containing various proportions of some of the following: chick embryo extract, beef embryo extract, hydatid fluid, bovine amniotic fluid, Parker 199, bovine serum.4. 10–20 ml. of culture media was used at 38°C., either in roller tubes or shaken in a water-bath. Media were renewed every 48 hr.5. Protoscolices developed into cysts by two routes, either (a) by becoming vesicular, gradually growing in size, and finally becoming enclosed in a laminated envelope, or (b) by forming a ‘posterior bladder’ which became relatively enormous and ultimately absorbed the scolex region, the whole forming a cyst within an envelope as in (a).6. In the majority of media, after about 31–48 days' culture, a thin envelope was secreted which developed later into a thick laminated membrane.7. Cysts with laminated membranes ultimately underwent fatty degeneration and became cytologically abnormal.8. In the most successful experiments, cells or clusters of cells formed within the cysts and these may have represented the anlagen of the protoscolices.9. In no case was segmentation, or any other sign of strobilar development, obtained.10. These results show that the laminated membrane in E. granulosus is initially of parasite origin and not of host origin as believed by some workers to be the case.11. Since there is evidence from the literature that E. multilocularis does not form such an envelope in vitro, a clear developmental difference appears to exist between the two species.12. It is suggested that this difference offers an explanation for the formation of unilocular or multilocular cysts. Since E. granulosus secretes a laminated envelope, its development is limited to a single or unilocular type of cyst. In the case of E. multilocularis no such limitation occurs, so that the invasive multilocular type of cyst could more easily develop.
Ecological and life-history studies on a strigeid metacercaria (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae) from freshwater fishes of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Ganapati P. N. , Rao K. Hanumantha 
Published: June 2009

1. The ecological relationships and life history of a Diplostomulum type of strigeid metacercaria encountered in several fresh-water fishes of Andhra Pradesh are described.2. The development of the adult strigeid in the pond heron and cattle egret and structure and development of the miracidium have been traced.3. The adult individuals are identical with Diplostomum ketupanensis Vidyarthi, 1937. It is suggested that D. heronei described by Srivastava (1954) may be a synonym of D. ketupanensis.4. Attention is drawn to the possible relationship between D. heronei and the metacercaria Diplostomulum pigmentata Singh, 1956, which in its turn appears to be similar to the Diplostomulum in the present study.We thank Sri S. Nagaraja Rao of Fisheries Department, Andhra Pradesh, for his kind help and co-operation.
Plasmodium gallinaceum in tissue culture. Observations after one year of cultivation
Authors: de Oliveira M. Xavier , Meyer H. 
Published: June 2009

P. gallinaceum was cultivated in tissue cultures for 1 year. The cultures showed the same high-grade infection as has been observed previously with Toxoplasma and Trypanosoma cruzi, and made possible new observations upon the living parasite.It has not been possible to obtain in vitro the passage from the exo- into the endoerythrocytic form.The parasites can survive in tissue cultures, maintained at room temperature, for 23 days.Observations concerning the periodicity and the phases of the cycle in tissue cultures are being investigated.
Observations on the course of Eperythrozoon coccoides infections in mice, and the sensitivity of the parasite to external agents
Authors: Thurston June P. 
Published: June 2009

Non-splenectomized mice developed acute infections of Eperythrozoon coccoides after inoculation, but were then immune to re-infection. Splenectomy evoked acute infections that were heavier and longer in duration than the primary infection; during this phase, the parasites doubled in number in about 5 hr. The presence of splenic tissue transplanted subcutaneously did not prevent this evocation by splenectomy.The number of eperythrozoa decreased rapidly after the peak of infection had been reached, but no immune factor was detected in the blood. No immune factor or infection was transmitted from mother to offspring through the milk.Citrated blood remained infective for 11 days at 3° C., for 17 hr. at 16–17·7°C. and for 3 hr. at 37° C. It was not infective after 24 hr. at either 24° C. or 16–17·7°C., or after 5 hr. at 37° C. Parasitized blood was not infective after drying.Citrated blood was infective to mice when given by mouth, but was not infective when applied externally. Urine and faeces were non-infective.Eperythrozoa remained infective when infected blood was diluted with twice its volume of water and left for 24 hr. at 3° C. Phenol, 0·5%, rendered citrated blood non-infective in 1 hr. Neoarsphenamine, 0·1%, reduced the infectivity of citrated blood in 16 hr., and rendered it non-infective in 26 hr.Cortisone did not affect the course of infection of E. coccoides in mice when given subcutaneously, 1·0 mg. per 20 g. mouse, once daily for 6–9 days.Concurrent infection with Plasmodium berghei evoked relapses of E. coccoides during the terminal stages of the P. berghei infection.
The bacteria associated with Triatoma infestans and some other species of Reduviidae
Authors: Goodchild A. J. P. 
Published: June 2009

An account is given of the bacterial flora isolated from the blood-sucking Reduviid bugs, Triatoma infestans and T. protracta, and the predatory Reduviid, Sinea diadema. The micro-organisms which have been found in Triatoma spp. differ from that found in Rhodnius prolixus (Actinomyces rhodnii), in both specific identity and in their relation to the cells of the mid-gut. The symbiont occurring most frequently in T. infestans has been identified as a diphtheroid organism resembling Coryne-bacterium hofmannii, and sections show this organism inside vacuoles within some of the endothelial cells of the insect's intestine. The organism occurring in R. prolixus, on the other hand, cannot be found in this situation, but remains in the lumen of the gut. While the occurrence of the bacteria found in T. infestans in so intimate a connexion with the cells of its host seems to suggest a more highly organized state of affairs, T. infestans does not show the fixed association with one species of micro-organism which is shown by R. prolixus. Other bacteria occur commonly in T. infestans, although they do not occur in cell-vacuoles; and the range of bacterial types is so great that it seems unlikely that the species recorded in this paper are the only ones that may occur. The presence of these other bacteria may be due either to the anti-biotic action of the Corynebacterium sp. being weaker than that of A. rhodnii, or to masking of the anti-biotic action by the cell wall that encloses the organisms. The situation in R. prolixus shows clearly that a constant symbiotic association with a micro-organism can be maintained without the presence of specialized organs of the mycetome type.With regard to the predatory species, no general conclusion can be reached on the evidence so far available. Compared with the blood-sucking Reduviids, insects of this kind usually have powerful proteolytic enzymes secreted in the anterior mid-gut, while the same region of the blood-suckers is a simple storage and concentration sac, digestion taking place lower down the intestine. Thus the region of the gut where bacteria are found in blood-suckers might not be a favourable situation for them in predatory bugs. Hence it is perhaps significant that most of the few successful isolations from a predatory type were from the rectum of the insect. It is the usual opinion that insects with a predatory diet do not need bacterial symbionts, but the aim in examining the predatory Reduviidae has been to find out whether they show a condition which might have evolved into that found in their blood-sucking relatives. The search is still in progress for a rather unspecialized type of predatory Reduviid in which the salivary and anterior mid-gut digestion is less strongly developed than in those species which have been available for study up to the present.
A fine structural study on the merozoite of Eimeria tenella with special reference to the conoid apparatus
Authors: Mclaren Diane J. , Paget G. E. 
Published: June 2009

The ultrastructure of the merozoite of Eimeria tenella has been studied by means of electron microscopy. The first-generation merozoite is approximately 3·4 μm in length, and 1·2 μm in width, while the second-generation merozoite is approximately 10·5 μm in length and 1·5 μm in width.The cell wall of the merozoite consists of a double membrane, but at the anterior extremity the existence of a fluted collar gives the appearance of two narrow double membranes separated by a zone of less electron-dense material. Twenty-four surface fibrils are distributed around the periphery; they extend along the entire length of the organism and lie beneath the double limiting membrane.The anterior end of the merozoite is distinguished by a conoid apparatus which includes several components. A bulbiform outer annulus is invested by a fluted collar, and itself encloses an extrusible papilla. Two osmiophilic fibrils, the paired organelles, arise within the extrusible papilla and extend longitudinally into the cytoplasm. Twenty-four smaller fibrils, or toxonemes, also arise within the conoid and pass back into the main body of the organism.The cytoplasm of the merozoite includes mitochondria, glycogen, dense elliptical granules and endoplasmic reticulum, together with a definite Golgi complex. A nucleus is located in the posterior third of the organism and is enclosed by a perforated double membrane. At the posterior extremity the double membrane which bounds the organism is broken by a pore 700 A in diameter.Our sincere thanks are due to Mr P. Richmond for technical assistance, and we are grateful to the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Weybridge, for supplying the strain of Eimeria tenella.
Two new species of the sucking lice (Hoplopleuridae, Anoplura) from Rattus (Muridae, Rodentia) in Thailand
Authors: Kim Ke Chung 
Published: June 2009

The adult and two nymphal stages of Hoplopleura kitti sp.nov. from Rattus berdmorei Blyth, and the adult stage of Polyplax pricei sp.nov. from Rattus niveiventer Hodgson are described and illustrated.I thank Dr K. C. Emerson, 2704 N. Kensington Street, Arlington, Virginia 22207 for making these specimens available to me for this study. I am grateful to Dr Edwin F. Cook of the University of Minnesota for reading the manuscript.
Cestodes from Bermuda fishes and an account ofAcompsocephalum tortum(Linton, 1905) gen.nov. from the lizard fishSynodus intermedius(Agassiz)
Authors: Rees Gwendolen 
Published: June 2009

Of 414 Bermuda fishes belonging to 58 species 69 belonging to 20 species were infested with adult or larval cestodes. Five species of adult and five species of larval cestodes were recovered. There are 18 new host records and seven new records for Bermuda. Four of the adult cestodes were found in the cub sharkCarcharinus platyodon(Poey). Larval cestodes were found in 66 individuals of 18 species of fishes mainly groupers and rock fishes from the outer reefs and deep water where sharks abound. It is suggested that the restriction of cestodes of Bermuda fishes is due to the isolation of the fishes into the deep water population of the outer reefs and beyond and the shallow water population of the inner reefs.Acompsocephalum tortum(Linton) was the only cestode from a teleostSynodus intermedius(Agassiz). It has been included in a new family in the Pseudophyllidea but has affinities, also, with the Spathebothridea. It is described and its significance relative to the evolution of the strobilate cestodes is discussed.
Monogenea of the subfamily Heteronchocleidinae, Price, 1968 (Dactylogyridae) from African freshwater fish
Authors: Paperna Ilan 
Published: June 2009

Three new species of dactylogyrid monogeneans with three anchors are described: two of them, Eutrianchoratus magnum and E. minutus, from Ophiocephalus obscurus, and Heteronchocleidus ctenopomae from the anabantid Ctenopoma kingsleyae, all from south Ghana.Analysis of the variation in the morphological patterns of the anchors and the bars in the known species of the Heteronchocleidinae suggests gradual specialization from an ancyrocephaliid type with two pairs of anchors to types with three anchors arranged in triangular symmetry.Heteronchocleidinae occur on both ophiocephaliid and anabantiid fish in Southeast Asia as well as in West Africa.
Immunological variation between two strains of Eimeria acervulina
Authors: Joyner L. P. 
Published: June 2009

Two strains of Eimeria acervulina were compared. The more recently isolated strain had a higher reproductive potential and produced slightly longer oocysts. Otherwise both strains conformed to the characteristics of the species.The two strains were not immunologically identical and birds which were solidly immune to one strain would support a degree of infection with the other.Acknowledgements are due to Mr C. C. Norton for technical assistance and to Dr Helen Hein who provided access to experimental data prior to publication and discussed some aspects of the results. The statistical calculations were carried out by Miss N. Hebert.
Serum factors inRaja radiatatoxic toAcanthobothrium quadripartitum(Cesoda: Tetraphyllidea), a parasite specific toR. naevus
Authors: McVicar A. H. , Fletcher Thelma C. 
Published: June 2009

Acanthobothrium quadripartitum, a tapeworm parasitic in the intestine ofRaja naevus, is not found in the closely relatedR. radiata. The tapeworm survivesin vitrofor over 24 h in fresh serum from the natural host, but fresh serum fromR. radiatais extremely toxic; about 80% are killed within 2 h with the formation of a characteristic external precipitate. The toxicity of freshR. radiataserum was abolished by procedures known to inactivate complement and restored by the addition of fresh serum from the natural hostR. naevus. This observation suggests that both species of ray possess a similar complement system in fresh serum but onlyR. radiatacontains a natural serum antibody toxic toA. quadripartitum. No toxicity could be demonstrated inR. radiatamucousin vitro, probably due to the serum factors being present in low concentrations.The results are discussed in relation to the observed inability ofA. quadripartitumto survive in the intestine ofR. radiata.