bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human physiology under high pressure: I. Effects of Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, and Cold
Authors: Case E. M. , Haldane J. B. S. 
Published: May 2009

We confirm the finding of Behnke,et al.(1935) that air at 8·6 atm. pressure has a somewhat intoxicating effect on human beings, and that this effect is due to nitrogen. The nitrogen effect reaches its maximum after about 3 min. There was no reduction of manual dexterity in the test used by us, but a considerable effect on performance of arithmetic, and on most practical activities. At 10 atm. these effects were somewhat enhanced, and manual dexterity was lowered in some cases. When helium or hydrogen was substituted for nitrogen there was no intoxication.3–4% of carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure caused no deterioration in manual or arithmetical skill, and in the two subjects tested, 6% of carbon dioxide caused no deterioration.When air containing about 0·4% of carbon dioxide, and therefore with a partial pressure of about 4%, was breathed at 10 atm., there was a marked deterioration in manual dexterity, and a good deal of confusion. When breathing carbon dioxide at partial pressures of 6·6–9·7% at 10. atm., eight subjects lost consciousness in 1–5 min., but some could tolerate partial pressures of over 8% for 5 min. or more. With half an hour's exposure to a partial pressure of 6–7% of carbon dioxide, one subject lost consciousness after 7 min. at 10 atm. pressure, and another nearly did so.We consider that the percentage of carbon dioxide in air at 10 atm. pressure should be kept below 0·3%. Exposure to high partial pressures of carbon dioxide at 10 atm. does not increase the liability to ‘bends’ or other symptoms due to rapid decompression.Immersion in water below 40° F. did not enhance the effects of high-pressure air, or of carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure, but somewhat enhanced those of high pressure and carbon dioxide together.In certain breathing apparatus the resistance became so great at 10 atm. as to be intolerable.Few subjects experienced serious trouble during compression, or during or after decompression. But one developed a unilateral pneumothorax.
Warm-stage observations on the initial development of the avian tubercle bacillus cultivated in embryo extract
Authors: Brieger E. M. , Fell Honor B. 
Published: May 2009

1. Avian tubercle bacilli were cultivated in centri- fuged embryo extract in large hanging-drop preparations.2. Small groups of individual bacilli were studied undisturbed on a warm stage for several days.3. The cultures grew very actively and several types of reproduction were observed, all of which were modifications of what was arbitrarily termed the ‘standard’ type.4. In the ‘standard’ life cycle, which was that most commonly seen, the bacillus elongates during the first 24 hr. to form a filament several times its original length; this divides repeatedly to form a bunch of 20–30 filaments which on the 2nd or 3rd day break down into short rods, which continue to multiply slowly by ordinary binary fission. If the bacilli are subcultivated in fresh embryo extract the cycle is repeated but not otherwise.5. Three forms of slow growth were seen: (a) The bacillus elongates, though very slowly, to form a long filament which does not divide. (b) The bacillus elongates to about twice its original length and then divides by simple binary fission, (c) The bacillus elongates and segments into short rods, but the intermediate stage of filamentous proliferation is greatly restricted.6. Bacilli floating freely in the surface film of the drop often form what we have termed a ‘raft’ colony. In this form of development elongation of the rods and filamentous proliferation occur, but the return to the original short form is gradual and incomplete. The organisms grow in one plane and are arranged in a tidy mosaic.7. The development of ‘mycelial’ forms was studied. A minority of the long filaments formed by the elongation of the rod-shaped bacilli do not break up into strings of daughter rods but continue to elongate rapidly into abnormally long threads; small buds appear at intervals along the thread and grow into primary branches on which secondary and tertiary branches form in the same way: finally a complex branching ‘mycelium’ is produced.8. The ‘standard’ life cycle appears to be characteristic of rapid initial growth. The wide differences between our results and those of Kahn are probably due, at least in part, to the different cultural conditions used in the two investigations.
Fluorine alopecia
Authors: Spira Leo 
Published: May 2009

A high proportion of young men in this country suffer from premature baldness. Alopecia is not a disease entity but one of the outstanding features of chronic fluorine poisoning (fluorosis). It is frequently associated with dystrophies of other organs of ectodermal origin, namely, those of the skin and its other appendages, the teeth and nails. Since all these organs are regulated by the parathyroid glands, it is concluded that alopecia, too, is produced by fluorine acting through the medium of these endocrine glands. By its ability to precipitate the calcium content of the body, fluorine may lay the foundation for alopecia already in intra-uterine life, or produce it at any time after birth.The action of fluorine is closely similar to that of thallium. There is ample evidence to show that in both fluorosis and chronic thallium poisoning the vegetative nervous system is vitally involved.Toxic alopecia due. to fluorine is preventable.
Studies on the effect of penicillin upon Gram-negative bacteria. Penicillin-sulphonamide synergy
Authors: Stewart G. T. 
Published: May 2009

The effect of penicillin alone, and with sulphonamide upon various Gram-negative bacteria, has been investigated.S. typhi, S. paratyphiB and strains ofProteus vulgariswere inhibited by penicillin in concentrations of 8–20 units/c.c. Certain coliforms were inhibited by 30–128 units.Organisms which were inhibited to some extent by penicillin and sulphonamide acting separately were inhibited under experimental conditions at lower concentrations when both agents acted together. The mechanism of this reaction has been discussed.A proportion of the insensitive coliform strains were identified as penicillinase producers.
Morphological appearances of various stages in B. proteus and coli
Authors: Klieneberger-Nobel Emmy 
Published: May 2009

It has been shown that in all cultures of B. proteus and B. coli a large-cell type with two to four ‘chromosomes’ develops first and produces, after a few hours of growth, by sudden subdivision the smallest unit, a generation of small cells, each with one nuclear structure only. This cell type, singly or in filaments, persists until the end of the growing period. On a ‘swarming plate’ of B. proteus a number of these biphasic growing periods may follow each other.‘Fusion cells’, in which the chromatinic structures have contracted into a longitudinally arranged bar, are formed when young cultures are stored in the cold.
A new bacterial variant: the non-motile H form
Authors: Hirsch Willy 
Published: May 2009

From the faeces of a carrier a strain ofSalm. paratyphiB was grown repeatedly which—even under conditions most favourable for bacterial motility—was completely non-motile despite its being richly flagellated and optimally Hagglutinable. The strain has in all subcultures, so far, for more than 1 year retained its peculiarity, viz. absence of the motor function of the flagella which morphologically and serologically appears to be normally developed.This new bacterial variant, the non-motile H form, is considered to be the result of a loss variation which—possibly related to a somatic degradation of the bacilli—affects the genetic factor responsible for the function or the development of the centre for the motility of the flagella.
An account of the health of nurses at Westminster Hospital from July 1943 to July 1946
Authors: Cowen E. D. H. 
Published: May 2009

An analysis of the medical condition of 223 entrants to the nursing profession is attempted, with particular reference to 161 such nurses examined in accord with the recommendations of the King Edward's Hospital Fund for London (1943). This is followed by a short-term medical follow-up on these nurses by clinical examination, weight records, and ancillary tests. Of the total number of entrants eight (3·6 %) were rejected on medical grounds, and four (2·5 %) of the 161 were rejected on the findings of the initial examination.An analysis of the sixty-five (29 %) nurses lost to the profession in their first year of service shows that 70 % had attempted an uncongenial vocation. It is suggested that vocation selection tests should be tried in attempting to lessen this costly drain of recruits. This figure of 29 % is no higher than the peacetime figure found by the Lancet Commission (Athlone Report, 1938).An analysis of the illnesses of the nursing staff at Westminster Hospital during 3 years from 1 July 1943 to 30 June 1946 is presented, nearly 60 % of the illnesses being accounted for by respiratory tract infection and cutaneous sepsis. It has been shown that illness of more than 50 days in duration accounts for only 5 % of attacks of illness, but practically 30 % of the time lost through illness. It is suggested that such illness should be differentiated in analyses, from illnesses of shorter duration. A comparison of illnesses in staff nurses and student nurses follows; the figures suggest a lower morbidity rate in staff nurses, but the number of staff nurses is so small that the author cannot state that this has been demonstrated.A comparison table between previous illness surveys and the present figures is presented which demonstrates a decreasing number of attacks of illness per nurse over the last 20 years in this country, probably due to better basic conditions of life.A similar but international comparison applied to respiratory tract infection and cutaneous sepsis demonstrates that the former accounts for about 40 % of all the attacks of illness in this country and internationally. The previous figures for Great Britain, however, are exceptional in showing a much higher incidence of sepsis than elsewhere; this has not been substantiated by the present survey.Figures for the amount of time lost per year through sepsis, tonsillitis and catarrhal disease are compared with those of Branson (1933) of 20 years ago, and perhaps illustrate the beneficial effect of surgery in cutaneous sepsis, and of sulphonamides in tonsillitis, as against the negligible therapeutic advances in catarrhal disease. The amount of tonsillitis sustained by nurses in the children's ward is shown as being out of proportion to the number of nurses employed.Finally suggestions are made for promoting the health of nurses, which include: (i) the provision of a ‘welfare officer’ in the nurses' home; (ii) illness allowance proposals; (iii) remarks on the technique of ‘reporting sick’; (iv) staffing children's ward with senior nurses only.
Epidemic respiratory infection in a rural population with special reference to the influenza A epidemics of 1933, 1936–7 and 1943–4
Authors: Pickles W. N. , Burnet F. M. , McArthur Norma 
Published: May 2009

A statistical study has been made of the records of respiratory infection in a portion of Wensleydale, Yorkshire, over the period 1933–46, which included three major English influenza A epidemics and one B epidemic.Each of these epidemics is recognizable in the Yorkshire records. When the incidence in the eight groups of villages comprising the district is compared there is a significant negative correlation between incidence in 1933 and 1936–7, which is taken as indicating the persistence of group immunity following an influenza A epidemic for 4 years.There was a significant positive correlation between the incidence of the 1943–4 (A) and 1945–6 (B) epidemics.
The occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease in the hedgehog under natural conditions
Authors: McLauchlan J. D. , Henderson W. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. The occurrence under natural conditions of foot-and-mouth disease in the hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus, is reported in connexion with outbreaks of the disease among farm stock in Norfolk during the summer of 1946.2. Foot-and-mouth disease may be fatal in the hedgehog which decreases the chance of finding affected animals and of revealing the existence of the disease.3. In this series of outbreaks it seemed probable that affected hedgehogs were responsible in some instances for spreading the disease to cattle and the possible role of the hedgehog in the epidemiology of the disease is discussed.
A bacteriological study of dried whale meat with particular reference to the presence of clostridia
Authors: Robinson R. H. M. , Pugh A. M. , Selbie F. R. 
Published: May 2009

The numbers and types of bacteria in thirty-nine samples of dried whale meat of the 1946–7 and 1947–8 Antarctic whaling seasons have been investigated.The total number of bacteria was low for this type of product and there were about equal numbers of clostridia and aerobic bacteria.A detailed examination of the clostridia present showed that they were of types commonly found in material from mammalian sources.NoClostridiumpathogenic to the mouse was found, although some cultures on prolonged incubation killed mice by ammonia poisoning. Ammonia poisoning was produced by injection of cultures and never by oral administration.
The protective action of some amino-acids against the effect of heat on complement
Authors: Gordon J. 
Published: May 2009

1. Glycine, alanine, and several isomers of alanine, DL-glutamic acid and DL-aspartic acid, when added to fresh guinea-pig serum and allowed to stand on the bench for half an hour, will protect the complement of this serum from destruction by heating at 55 and 56° C. for half an hour, but most of the complement activity is destroyed by heating at 57° C. and it is completely destroyed at 58° C. after half an hour.2. Derivatives of glycine do not have any protective effect.3. Various substances of high molecular weight, that might be described as ‘protective colloids’ do not have any protective effect.4. How these amino-acids when added to serum alter the heat-lability of the complement is not understood.
The origin of urinary antibodies
Authors: Naylor G. R. E. , Caldwell R. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. Antibodies to the flagellar antigens of salmonellae are frequently present in the urine of Egyptians.2. In many individuals, who are not urinary carriers but have schistosomiasis and have received T.A.B. vaccine, these urinary antibodies are derived from the plasma due to exudation or bleeding into the urinary tract.3. In urinary enteric carriers, the urinary antibodies are due, at least in part, to the local production or release of antibodies within the urinary tract, as shown by the ratios of urine titre to serum titre with different H suspensions.4. The production of antibodies within the urinary tract is considered to be an example of production or liberation of antibody by cells at, or close to, the site of infection.
Transmission of haemolytic streptococci
Authors: Rubbo Sydney D. , Benjamin Mary 
Published: May 2009

1. A study of factors involved in the transmission of haemolytic streptococci has been made by experiments with healthy carriers and individuals whose upper respiratory passages were contaminated withChromobacterium prodigiosum.2. The following conclusions were reached: (a) Expulsion of haemolytic streptococci in droplet spray is determined by the nature of the expiratory activity (Fig. 1), the concentration of the organism in the saliva (Table 3) and the volume of salivary flow (Fig. 6).(b) Droplets and droplet-nuclei are less important vehicles of transmission because of the extremely low content of haemolytic streptococci in them (Figs. 2–5)(c) Dust particles carrying haemolytic streptococci and liberated by agitation of handkerchiefs more effectively pollute the air than violent expiratory activities (Figs. 4 and 5).(d) Hands and clothing readily become contaminated by heavy nasal carriers (Table 4) and the former serve as the principal means of contaminating the environment and other individuals.3. A diagram showing probable mechanisms of transmission is given (Fig. 7) in which hand contact is represented as a more important pathway of spread than air-borne dust which, in turn, is more important than either droplets or droplet-nuclei.
The interaction of tetanus toxin and antitoxin
Authors: Cinader B. , Weitz B. 
Published: May 2009

Tetanus antitoxic horse sera were fractionated with sodium sulphate and by electrophoretic separation. The activity of the native serum and of fractions was determinedin vivoin the mouse and guinea-pig andin vitroby the flocculation method. All the sera and fractions showed several zones of flocculation. The flocculation optimum corresponding to the toxin-antitoxin complex was selected by absorption of antitoxin to the floccules. The distribution of activity amongst the electrophoretic components of the native serum was computed from electrophoretic analysis, refractive increment measurements and assays of the activity of the electrophoretically pure fractions.In all the sera examined the antitoxin was associated with both β- and γ-globulin. The γ-globulin antitoxin had a shorter flocculation time and a higherin vivo/in vitroratio than β-globulin. Thein vivo/in vitroratio of γ-globulin was two to three times that of β-globulin antitoxin, its exact value depending on the toxin concentration against which the antitoxin was measured. The avidity of γ-globulin antitoxin was greater than that of β-globulin antitoxin judged by two independent ‘dilution’ tests, namely a comparison of the mouse unitage using two concentrations of toxin and a comparison of the values obtained with one concentration of toxin in the mouse and in the guinea-pig. Thein vivovalues of the various antitoxins varied with the toxin employed in the test.During the first course of immunization in a horse the γ-globulin antitoxin rose to a constant value; β-globulin antitoxin increased to a still higher value later in the course. The avidity of the serum, as measured by the two ‘dilution’ ratios, also increased during immunization.
Epidemiology of canicola fever
Authors: McIntyre W. I. M. , Seiler H. E. 
Published: May 2009

The results of an investigation into the incidence of canicola fever amongst owners of dogs infected with L. canicola is described.Visits were made to forty-six households in which infected dogs lived. Altogether 137 household contacts were examined and blood samples from 99 or 72·3 % were tested for agglutination against L. canicola. All the sera proved negative.A detailed classification of the kinds and conditions of housing and of householders is given.Some of the difficulties in explaining the relationship between the disease in dogs and man are discussed; the results of the present survey and the experience with some reported cases of human canicola fever show that there is great variation in the risk of infection to owners and others hving in the same house with diseased dogs.Some other source of infection common to man and dog is possible.It is recommended that in the light of present knowledge greater attention should be paid to the preventive aspect and that more propaganda should be directed to make dog owners aware of the possibilities of infection and of the importance of observing hygienic principles when handling dogs and particularly when dealing with dejecta.
Studies on respiratory infection: I. The influence of particle size on respiratory infection with anthrax spores
Authors: Druett H. A. , Henderson D. W. , Packman L. , Peacock S. 
Published: May 2009

Experiments to determine the role of particle size in the infectivity of anthrax spores are described. Clouds of homogeneous particles were produced. The mortality-dosage curves for guinea-pigs and monkeys are given for clouds of various particle sizes. Data are given on the effect of time in the concentration-time relationship. The results are compared with those recorded by other workers on the relationship of particle size to respiratory retention.Infectivity was highest with single-spore clouds, falling off as particle size increased. Reasons are given for attributing this effect to difference in site of deposition of different-sized particles.
The respiratory retention of bacterial aerosols: experiments with radioactive spores
Authors: Harper G. J. , Morton J. D. 
Published: May 2009

The distribution of inhaled bacterial aerosols has been studied in guinea-pigs, monkeys and mice, using Bacillus subtilis spores labelled with radiophosphorus. Particle sizes from about 1 to 12μ have been used.The guinea-pig shows the expected change of distribution with particle size; the proportion retained in the head increases with increased particle size. The figures correspond closely with those for man. Monkeys show similar results but are more irregular.The subsequent fate of the retained particles has been studied and accords with what is known about ciliary removal.The work is intended to link with parallel investigations of respiratory infection in closely similar conditions, and its implications are discussed in a paper on that subject (Druett et al. 1953).
Routine Methods of Shellfish Examination with References to Sewage Pollution
Authors: Johnstone James 
Published: May 2009

(1) At present no public authority possesses legal power to deal with the question of the contamination of shellfish.(2) It is not sufficient to test shellfish exposed for sale in a market or shop. These may have been contaminated subsequent to removal from the fishery; and multiplication of the contained bacteria may have taken place. The results of such analyses may lead to unjustifiable condemnation of a laying. It is essential that a topographical examination should be made and that samples for analysis should be taken from the laying itself.(3) In the case of natural shellfish beds there is so much variability in the conditions with regard to the susceptiblity to pollution that a fairly large number of the animals must be examined. The labour of the analyses is therefore so great that the development of some simple routine test for faecal contamination is most desirable. Since most desirable. Since most natural shellfish layings are situated within the “sewage zone”, and therefore contain B. coli, quantitative results are essential.(4) There are considerable differences in practial routine work in regard to the methods of isolation of intestinal organisms from shellfish; and aslo with respect to the number and nature of the reactions necessary for the identification of B. coli. It is desirable that some generally recognised series of tests should be uniformly adopted by bacteriologists engaged in such work. Further, different micro-organisms, possibly of varying degrees of significance as indicators of faecal contamination, may have been confused. There is possibly some variation in cultural characters in B. coli, and investigation of this variability is desirable. Investigation of the changes in cultural reactions undergone by intestinal organisms when entering the sea, or the tissues of marine shellfish, is also very desirable.(5) Remedial measures other than the simple closure of a contaminated laying might be suggested. It is possible to subject the shellfish to treatment which will cause them to clean themselves of contained sewage bacteria. The source of the pollution may be removed; and sterilisation of the shellfish may be practised.