bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degradation of Spacecraft Materials in the Space Environment
Authors: Miller Sharon K.R. , Banks Bruce 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWhen we think of space, we typically think of a vacuum containing very little matter that lies between the Earth and other planetary and stellar bodies. However, the space above Earth's breathable atmosphere and beyond contains many things that make designing durable spacecraft a challenge. Depending on where the spacecraft is flying, it may encounter atomic oxygen, ultraviolet and other forms of radiation, charged particles, micrometeoroids and debris, and temperature extremes. These environments on their own and in combination can cause degradation and failure of polymers, composites, paints and other materials used on the exterior of spacecraft for thermal control, structure, and power generation. This article briefly discusses and gives examples of some of the degradation experienced on spacecraft and flight experiments as a result of the space environment and the use of ground and space data to predict durability.
Debris/Micrometeoroid Impacts and Synergistic Effects on Spacecraft Materials
Authors: Grossman E. , Gouzman I. , Verker R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn the last 40 years, the increased space activity created a new form of space environment of hypervelocity objects—space debris—that have no functional use. The space debris, together with naturally occurring ultrahigh velocity meteoroids, presents a significant hazard to spacecraft. Collision with space debris or meteoroids might result in disfunction of external units such as solar cells, affecting materials properties, contaminating optical devices, or destroying satellites. The collision normally results in the formation of additional debris, increasing the hazard for future missions. The hypervelocity debris effect is studied by retrieving materials from space or by using ground simulation facilities. Simulation facilities, which include the light gas gun and Laser Driven Flyer methods, are used for studying the materials degradation due to debris impact. The impact effect could be accelerated when occurring simultaneously with other space environment components, such as atomic oxygen, ultraviolet, or x-ray radiation. Understanding the degradation mechanism might help in developing materials that will withstand the increasing hazard from the space debris, allowing for longer space missions. The large increase in space debris population and the associated risk to space activity requires significant measures to mitigate this hazard. Most current efforts are being devoted to prevention of collisions by keeping track of the larger debris and avoiding formation of new debris.
Materials Challenges in Photovoltaic Energy Generation in Space
Authors: Zimmermann Claus G. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractVirtually all spacecraft employ photovoltaic energy conversion for continuous power generation. Compared to their counterpart on Earth, photovoltaic modules in the space environment face a unique set of performance requirements. Among the most demanding ones are the need to have the highest possible specific power output with regard to mass and surface area while showing as little degradation as possible under intense particle and ultraviolet radiation during lifetimes of up to 15 years. In addition, the thermomechanical stresses induced by temperature fluctuations up to 200°C are not to result in additional electrical degradation. This article briefly outlines the state-of-the-art design solution to meet these requirements before it focuses on current materials issues in two core areas: On the solar cell itself, which requires new materials systems and cell concepts to surpass the efficiency of the lattice-matched triple junction solar cell technology, and on materials issues concerning the encapsulation of solar cells for space use. Closely linked to these materials challenges are testing-related issues that arise in verifying the expected material behavior during extended periods in the space environment. These are discussed in conjunction with the materials challenges.
Materials Screening and Applications of Plasmonic Crystals
Authors: Odom Teri W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSurface plasmon polaritons are responsible for various optical phenomena, including negative refraction, enhanced optical transmission, and nanoscale focusing. Although many materials support plasmons, the choice of metal for most applications has been based on traditional plasmonic materials, such as Ag and Au, because there have been no side-by-side comparisons of different materials on well-defined, nanostructured surfaces. This article will describe how a multiscale patterning approach based on soft interference lithography can be used to create plasmonic crystals with different unit cell shapes—circular holes or square pyramids—which can be used as a platform to screen for new materials. The dispersion diagrams of plasmonic crystals made from unconventional metals will be presented, and the implications of discovering new optical coupling mechanisms and protein-sensing substrates based on Pd will be described. Finally, the opportunities enabled by this plasmonic library to dial into specific resonances for any angle or material will be discussed.
Macromolecular Templating for the Formation of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Structures
Authors: Kato Takashi , Sakamoto Takeshi , Nishimura Tatsuya 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBiominerals such as the nacre of shells, spicules of sea urchins, teeth, and bones are inorganic-organic hybrids that have highly controlled hierarchical and complex structures. These structures are formed in mild conditions, and the processes are controlled by macromolecular templates of proteins, peptides, and polysaccharides. Materials scientists can obtain ideas from the structures, properties, and formation processes of biominerals for use in creating synthetic, biomimetic materials. This article highlights bioinspired synthetic approaches to the development of organic/CaCO3hybrids using macromolecular templates. These hybrids have oriented, patterned, and 3D complex structures, as well as thin films with smooth surfaces. The structures are formed by templating synthetic and semisynthetic macromolecules. These materials have great potential for new functional materials.
Quantifying the Kinetics of Crystal Growth by Oriented Aggregation
Authors: Burrows Nathan D. , Yuwono Virany M. , Penn R. Lee 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOriented aggregation is a nonclassical crystal growth mechanism resulting in new secondary particles composed of crystallographically aligned primary crystallites. These secondary crystals often have unique and symmetry-defying morphologies, can be twinned, and can contain stacking faults and other significant defects. A wide range of materials, such as titanium dioxide, iron oxides, selenides and sulfides, and metal oxyhydroxides, are known to grow by oriented aggregation under certain conditions. Evidence for oriented aggregation also has been observed in natural materials. Over the last decade, reports of this crystal growth mechanism have appeared with increasing frequency in the scientific literature. The development of kinetic models aimed at improving our fundamental understanding as well as facilitating purposeful control over size, size distribution, and shape has ranged from simple dimer formation models to polymeric models and population balance models. These models have enabled detection and characterization of crystal growth by oriented aggregation using methods such as small-angle x-ray scattering, among others, in addition to transmission electron microscopy. As our fundamental understanding of oriented aggregation improves, novel and complex functional materials are expected to emerge. This article presents a summary of some recent results, methods, and models for characterizing crystal growth by oriented aggregation.
Bioinspired Hierarchical Crystals
Authors: Imai Hiroaki , Oaki Yuya 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn the sophisticated architectures of various biominerals, a multilevel hierarchy of lengths from nanometers to millimeters is commonly observed. In this article, superstructures composed of inorganic crystals associated with organic molecules from carbonate-based biominerals were identified and categorized as mesocrystals, which are composed of crystallographically oriented crystals. For the production of hierarchically structured mesocrystals, two strategies using self-organized growth with organic agents in aqueous solution systems were proposed. Arranged structures of micrometric and nanometric units were induced with an insoluble gel matrix and soluble adsorbable organic molecules, respectively. Consequently, bioinspired hierarchical crystals were successfully achieved by combining the matrix and soluble species.
Astromaterials Research of Comet Wild 2: Terameters to Nanometers
Authors: Brennan Sean 
Published: February 2011

AbstractStardust, a NASA sample return mission, safely landed in the Utah desert in January 2006 after a seven-year mission, bringing with it the first cometary material from a known parent source, Comet 81P/Wild 2. One of the mission goals is to determine the starting material of the solar system. By sampling a comet, which has spent most of the past 4.6 Gyr beyond the orbit of Neptune, we expect to measure material presumed to be unaffected by the ignition of the sun. The Stardust spacecraft swept through the tail of the comet, collecting hundreds of micron-sized particles from that stream into aerogel, a low-density silica foam. An international team of materials scientists have studied the mineralogy, petrology, and elemental and isotopic abundance of these materials. Our group has studied elemental abundance using an x-ray microprobe; the morphology of the particles was examined using an x-ray microscope, which enables nanotomography of the particles while encased in aerogel. The unexpected conclusions are that much of the material from this comet was formed near the sun, after its ignition, and soon thereafter transported to the outer reaches of the solar system. These results have changed the way astrophysicists think about solar system formation.
Materials from Renewable Resources
Authors: Eichhorn Stephen J. , Gandini Alessandro 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe drive for greater use of renewable materials is one that has recently gained momentum due to the need to rely less heavily on petroleum. These renewable materials are defined as such since they are derived from plant-based sources. Some renewable materials also offer properties that conventional materials cannot provide: hierarchical structure, environmental compatibility, low thermal expansion, and the ability to be modified chemically to suit custom-made applications. Nature's materials, particularly from plant- and animal-based polysaccharides and proteins, have hierarchical structures, and these structures can be utilized for conventional applications via biomimetic approaches. This issue begins with an article covering renewable polymers or plastics that can be used to generate block copolymers (where two polymers with specific functions are combined) as an alternative to conventional materials. Applications of renewable polymers, such as cellulose from plants, bacteria, and animal sources, are also covered. Also presented are the use of bacterial cellulose and other plant-based nanofibers for transparent electronic display screens and, in a wider sense, the use of cellulose nanofibers for composite materials, where renewable resources are required to generate larger amounts of material. Finally, this issue shows the use of biomimetic approaches to take the multifunctional properties of renewable materials and use these concepts, or the materials themselves, in conventional materials applications.
Displays from Transparent Films of Natural Nanofibers
Authors: Nakagaito Antonio Norio , Nogi Masaya , Yano Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOrganic light-emitting diodes bring a whole new level of image quality, power consumption, and very thin profiles to displays. In addition, with the appropriate choice of a flexible substrate, paper-like flexible displays that are lightweight, robust, and conformable can be produced. This will make it possible to roll or fold the displays for portability or incorporate them in clothing as wearable displays. Plastic substrates are considered prospective materials due to their inherent flexibility and optical qualities. However, one of the major drawbacks of plastics is the large thermal expansion. The thermal expansion of the substrate has to be compatible with those of the layers deposited on it, otherwise these layers will become strained and crack during the thermal cycling involved in the display manufacture. One of the proposed solutions to reduce the thermal expansion of plastics without appreciable loss in transparency is to reinforce them with nanofibers. These nanofibers are already available in enormous quantities in nature, in the form of cellulose, with the caveat that they have to be extracted properly. Here we present the methodologies required to obtain the cellulose nanofibers and to produce optically transparent composites for use in flexible displays.
Biomimetics and Biotemplating of Natural Materials
Authors: Paris Oskar , Burgert Ingo , Fratzl Peter 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNatural materials display a wealth of structures and fulfill a variety of functions. Hierarchical structuring is one of the keys to providing multifunctionality and to adapting to varying needs of an organism. As a consequence, the natural environment represents not only a direct and renewable source of useful materials, such as wood, plant fibers, or even proteins of pharmaceutical importance, but also an enormous “database” of structures with exceptional mechanical, optical, or magnetic properties. Rather than focusing on the direct use of natural materials, this article discusses the use of structures that appeared in evolution and have been implemented in artificial materials of an entirely different type and chemical composition. This may be done either by directly copying the structure (biotemplating) or by extracting the design principles encoded in them for the fabrication of novel bioinspired materials.
Measuring the Symptom Burden of Lung Cancer: The Validity and Utility of the Lung Cancer Module of the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory
Authors: Mendoza Tito R. , Wang Xin Shelley , Lu Charles , Palos Guadalupe R. , Liao Zhongxing , Mobley Gary M. , Kapoor Shitij , Cleeland Charles S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe conducted a study to establish the psychometric properties of a module of the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI) developed specifically for patients with lung cancer (MDASI-LC). The MDASI measures 13 common “core” symptoms of cancer and its treatment. The MDASI-LC includes the 13 core MDASI symptom items and three lung cancer–specific items: coughing, constipation, and sore throat. MDASI-LC items were administered to three cohorts of patients with lung cancer undergoing either chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Known-group validity and criterion (concurrent) validity of the MDASI-LC were evaluated using the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status and the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the module were adequate, with Cronbach coefficient α-values of 0.83 or higher for all module items and subscales. The sensitivity of the MDASI-LC to changes in patient performance status (disease progression) and to continuing cancer treatment (effects of treatment) was established. Cognitive debriefing of a subset of participants provided evidence for content validity and indicated that the MDASI core items and three additional lung cancer–specific items were clear, relevant to patients, and easy to understand; only two patients suggested additional symptom items. As expected, the item “sore throat” was sensitive only for patients receiving chemoradiotherapy. The MDASI-LC is a valid, reliable, and sensitive symptom-assessment instrument whose use can enhance clinical studies of symptom status in patients with lung cancer and epidemiological and prevalence studies of symptom severity across various cancer types.
Autologous Platelet‐Rich Fibrin in the Treatment of Mandibular Degree II Furcation Defects: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Sharma Anuj , Pradeep A.R. 
Published: February 2011

Background: Platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF), an intimate assembly of cytokines, glycan chains, and structural glycoproteins enmeshed within a slowly polymerized fibrin network, has the potential to accelerate soft and hard tissue healing. This double‐masked randomized study is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of autologous PRF in the treatment of mandibular degree II furcation defects compared with open flap debridement (OFD).Methods: Using a split‐mouth design, 18 patients with 36 mandibular degree II furcation defects were randomly allotted and treated either with autologous PRF and OFD or OFD. Plaque index, sulcus bleeding index, probing depth, relative vertical and horizontal clinical attachment level, gingival marginal level, and radiographic bone defect were recorded at baseline and 9 months postoperatively. Comparison between indices between the test and control groups was performed using the paired t test except for plaque index and sulcus bleeding index data, which used the χ2 test.Results: All clinical and radiographic parameters showed statistically significant improvement at the sites treated with PRF and OFD compared to those with OFD alone.Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, significant improvement with autologous PRF implies its role as a regenerative material in the treatment of furcation defects.
A New-Generation Ultra-Long-Acting Basal Insulin With a Bolus Boost Compared With Insulin Glargine in Insulin-Naïve People With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Heise Tim , Tack Cees J. , Cuddihy Robert , Davidson Jaime , Gouet Didier , Liebl Andreas , Romero Enrique , Mersebach Henriette , Dykiel Patrik , Jorde Rolf 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
Insulin degludec/insulin aspart (IDegAsp) is a soluble coformulation of the novel basal analog insulin degludec (IDeg: 70%) and insulin aspart (IAsp: 30%). We compared the safety and efficacy of IDegAsp, an alternative formulation (AF) (55% IDeg and 45% IAsp), and insulin glargine (IGlar) in insulin-naïve subjects with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral antidiabetic drugs.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In this 16-week, open-label trial, subjects (mean age 59.1 years, A1C 8.5%, BMI 30.3 kg/m2) were randomized to once-daily IDegAsp (n = 59), AF (n = 59), or IGlar (n = 60), all in combination with metformin. Insulin was administered before the evening meal and dose-titrated to a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) target of 4.0–6.0 mmol/L.

RESULTS
After 16 weeks, mean A1C decreased in all groups to comparable levels (IDegAsp: 7.0%; AF: 7.2%; IGlar: 7.1%). A similar proportion of subjects achieved A1C &lt;7.0% without confirmed hypoglycemia in the last 4 weeks of treatment (IDegAsp: 51%; AF: 47%; IGlar: 50%). Mean 2-h postdinner plasma glucose increase was lower for IDegAsp (0.13 mmol/L) and AF (0.24 mmol/L) than IGlar (1.63 mmol/L), whereas mean FPG was similar (IDegAsp: 6.8 mmol/L; AF: 7.4 mmol/L; IGlar: 7.0 mmol/L). Hypoglycemia rates were lower for IDegAsp and IGlar than AF (1.2, 0.7, and 2.4 events/patient year). Nocturnal hypoglycemic events occurred rarely for IDegAsp (1 event) and IGlar (3 events) compared with AF (27 events).

CONCLUSIONS
In this proof-of-concept trial, once-daily IDegAsp was safe, well tolerated, and provided comparable overall glycemic control to IGlar at similar low rates of hypoglycemia, but better postdinner plasma glucose control.
Jean, logothète du drome au 11e siècle
Authors: Le Léannec-Bavavéas Marie-Thérèse 
Published: February 2011

REB 60 2002 France p. 215-220
Marie-Thérèse Le Léannec-Bavavéas, Jean, logothète du drome au 11e siècle. — Cet article rassemble et édite les notes de cinq manuscrits qui ont été déposés dans l'église du Monastère de la Vierge de Skoutari par Jean, logothète du drome, au 11e siècle.
The Effect of Medication-related Support on the Quality of Life of Patients with Vasculitis in Relapse and Remission
Authors: CARPENTER DELESHA M. , KADIS JESSICA A. , DEVELLIS ROBERT F. , HOGAN SUSAN L. , JORDAN JOANNE M. 
Published: February 2011

Objective.Few studies have investigated whether the utility of social support for patients with a relapsing, remitting illness varies by activity level of the disease. Our goal was to determine whether disease status (relapse vs remission) moderates the effect of medication-related support from physicians and partners on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with vasculitis.Methods.Patients with vasculitis (n = 228) completed baseline measures of disease status and medication-related support and a 3-month followup measure of HRQOL (RAND 36-item health survey 1.0). We calculated 8 HRQOL dimensions: physical functioning, physical role limitations, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role limitations, and mental health. Bonferroni-corrected t tests compared the HRQOL of patients in relapse to patients in remission, and multivariate analysis of covariance determined whether disease status moderated the effect of medication-related support from physicians and partners on patient HRQOL. Wilks’ lambda assessed whether the support-by-disease status interaction terms were significant.Results.Relapsing patients reported significantly worse quality of life compared with nonrelapsing patients for every HRQOL dimension except physical role limitations. Disease status did not moderate the effect of physician (lambda = 0.48; p = 0.86) or partner (lambda = 1.51; p = 0.16) medication-related support on HRQOL, although greater physician and partner support predicted better HRQOL for all dimensions except bodily pain and vitality.Conclusion.Vasculitis patients experience compromised HRQOL but the magnitude of the compromise is greater for patients experiencing a relapse. Medication-related support from physicians and partners is beneficial for patients’ HRQOL regardless of disease status.
Evaluation of an Inter-Professional Educational Intervention to Improve the Use of Arthritis Best Practices in Primary Care
Authors: LINEKER SYDNEY C. , BELL MARY J. , BADLEY ELIZABETH M. 
Published: February 2011

Objective.To describe the evaluation of a community-based continuing health education program designed to improve the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), and to examine the results by discipline.Methods.The Getting a Grip on Arthritis©program was based on clinical practice guidelines adapted for the primary care environment (best practices). The program consisted of an accredited inter-professional workshop and 6 months of activities to reinforce the learning. Analyses compared best practice scores derived from responses to 3 standardized case scenarios (early and late RA; moderate knee OA) at baseline and 6 months post-workshop using the ACREU Primary Care Survey.Results.In total, 553 primary care providers (nurses/licensed practical nurses 30.9%, rehabilitation professionals 22.5%, physicians 22.5%, nurse practitioners 10.9%, other healthcare providers/non-clinical staff/students 13.1%) attended one of 27 workshops across Canada; 275 (49.7%) completed followup surveys. Best practice scores varied by discipline at baseline (p < 0.05) and improved for all 3 case scenarios, with nurse practitioners and rehabilitation therapists improving the most (p ≤ 0.05).Conclusion.Results suggest that inter-professional education may be an effective method for dissemination of guidelines and has potential to improve the delivery of arthritis care, particularly when nurse practitioners and rehabilitation therapists are involved in the care of patients.