bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General and specific measures in organizational behavior research: Considerations, examples, and recommendations for researchers
Authors: Judge Timothy A. , Kammeyer‐Mueller John D. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryDeliberation over and relative preference for general or specific (broad or narrow) constructs has long been an important issue in organizational behavior research. In this article, we provide a review of this general issue and some specific recommendations for researchers. We begin by discussing whether the general versus specific issue is an important debate and by discussing other underlying issues (the role of researcher preferences, distinction between reflective and formative indicators, and distinction between constructs and measures of constructs). Building on Chen's (this issue) analysis of core self‐evaluations, we first discuss how the general–specific debate has progressed in core self‐evaluations research. We then discuss three other important areas in which this debate has played out: intelligence, five‐factor model of personality, and job attitudes. Finally, we offer a framework to help guide decisions about whether to utilize general measures, specific measures, or both and conclude by providing recommendations for the use of general and specific measures in organizational behavior research. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term‐fertilization effects on soil organic carbon, physical properties, and wheat yield of a loess soil
Authors: Yang Xueyun , Li Pingru , Zhang Shulan , Sun Benhua , Xinping Chen 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe large dryland area of the Loess Plateau (China) is subject of developing strategies for a sustainable crop production, e.g., by modifications of nutrient management affecting soil quality and crop productivity. A 19 y long‐term experiment was employed to evaluate the effects of fertilization regimes on soil organic C (SOC) dynamics, soil physical properties, and wheat yield. The SOC content in the top 20 cm soil layer remained unchanged over time under the unfertilized plot (CK), whereas it significantly increased under both inorganic N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK) and combined manure (M) with NPK (MNPK) treatments. After 18 y, the SOC in the MNPK and NPK treatments remained significantly higher than in the control in the top 20 cm and top 10 cm soil layers, respectively. The MNPK‐treated soil retained significant more water than CK at tension ranges from 0 to 0.25 kPa and from 8 to 33 kPa for the 0–5 cm layer. The MNPK‐treated soil also retained markedly more water than the NPK‐treated and CK soils at tensions from 0 to 0.75 kPa and more water than CK from 100 to 300 kPa for the 10–15 cm layer. There were no significant differences of saturated hydraulic conductivity between three treatments both at 0–5 and 10–15 cm depths. In contrast, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in the MNPK plot was lower than in the CK plot at depths of 0–5 cm and 10–15 cm. On average, wheat yields were similar under MNPK and NPK treatments and significantly higher than under the CK treatment. Thus, considering soil‐quality conservation and sustainable crop productivity, reasonably combined application of NPK and organic manure is a better nutrient‐management option in this rainfed wheat–fallow cropping system.
Laser‐Raman and atomic force microscopy assessment of the chlorococcalean affinity of problematic microfossils
Authors: Kremer Barbara , Bauer Michael , Stark Robert W. , Gast Norbert , Altermann Wladyslaw , Gursky Hans‐Jürgen , Heckl Wolfgang M. , Kazmierczak Józef 
Published: July 2011

AbstractOrganic‐walled microfossils of uncertain origin, classified to an informal group named acritarchs, are most commonly interpreted as the resting cysts of marine eukaryotic phytoplankton. Some acritarchs have recently been interpreted as vegetative cells of chlorococcalean green algae, based on internal bodies that have been interpreted as their asexual reproductive structures (spores). To verify this interpretation, we applied confocal Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study the ultrastructure and nanostructure of exceptionally preserved acritarchs with internal bodies from the early Silurian cherts (ca 430 Ma‐old) of Frankenwald (Germany). Three‐dimensional Raman mapping showed the spatial distribution of carbonaceous material and other minerals in the walls of the analysed internal bodies and confirmed that these structures are comparable with spores of chlorococcalean microalgae. Our findings document therefore the oldest thus far known vegetative cells of sporulating green algae. The combination of confocal Raman and AFM techniques yielded detailed information about the nanostructure and fossilisation mode of the mineralised organic walls of both the central vesicles and the enclosed spore‐like bodies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational polymorphism of the antidiabetic drug chlorpropamide
Authors: Ayala A. P. , Caetano M. W. C. , Honorato S. B. , Mendes Filho J. , Siesler H. W. , Faudone S. N. , Cuffini S. L. , Martins F. T. , da Silva C. C. P. , Ellena J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this paper, the main features of Raman spectroscopy, one of the first choice methods in the study of polymorphism in pharmaceuticals, are presented taking chlorpropamide as a case of study. The antidiabetic drug chlorpropamide (1‐[4‐chlorobenzenesulphonyl]‐3‐propyl urea), which belongs to the sulfonylurea class, is known to exhibit, at least, six polymorphic phases. These forms are characterized not only by variations in their molecular packing but also in their molecular conformation. In this study, the polymorphism of chlorpropamide is discussed on the basis of Raman scattering measurements and quantum mechanical calculations. The main spectroscopic features that fingerprint the crystalline forms are correlated with the corresponding crystalline structures. Using a theoretical approach on the energy dependence of the conformers, simulated molecular torsion angles are plotted versus the formation energy, which provides a satisfactory agreement between the torsion angles at the energy minima and the experimental values observed in the different solid forms of chlorpropamide. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of chromium minerals in the 4th–3rd century BC China? A preliminary study of a bronze Pan unearthed from Jiuliandun Graves, Hubei Province, central southern China
Authors: Luo Wugan , Li Tao 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA bronze Pan (water vessel), dating back to the 4th–3rd century BC, was excavated at Jiuliandun in Hubei Province, central southern China, in 2002. The Pan attracts wide attention among the Chinese archaeologists and conservators for its uniqueness in style and color, which turns out to be due to a black‐brown film of about 1 mm thickness. In the present work, a combined use of X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), micro‐Raman, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to determine both chemical and physical compositions of the Pan's film.The results are summarized as follows: (1) The film, as XRF analysis indicates, has high concentrations of chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe); (2) Both Raman and XRD analyses suggest that the element Cr probably exists in the film mainly in the form of chromium oxide (Cr2O3). Raman analysis also implies the presence of PbCrO4·PbO in the film; (3) XRD analysis suggests that the element Fe exists in the film in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4).Based on these analytical results and Chinese historical records, we propose that, as early as in the 3rd century BC, people in central southern China might have discovered and intentionally used chromium minerals for bronze surface treatment (such as coating). The source of chromium minerals used in this period was likely Cr‐spinel minerals from meteorites. More work remains to be done to test the possibility of using Cr‐spinel minerals for bronze production and decoration. Other issues, such as the possibility of forming a chromium‐rich film during the underground burial, also need to be solved. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rocket salad (Diplotaxis and Eruca spp.) sensory analysis and relation with glucosinolate and phenolic content
Authors: Pasini Federica , Verardo Vito , Cerretani Lorenzo , Caboni Maria Fiorenza , D'Antuono Luigi Filippo 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Salad crops of the Brassicaceae family, such as Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Eruca vesicaria, commonly referred to as ‘rocket salads’, have attracted considerable interest as culinary vegetables because of their strong flavour and their content of putative health‐promoting compounds. Among such compounds, glucosinolates and phenolics are well‐known phytochemicals with an important role also in determining the characteristic flavour of these species. In this study, to identify potentially high‐value rocket salads, 37 cultivated types were examined for sensory characters and their relations with glucosinolate and phenolic contents, which ranged from 0.76 to 3.03 g kg−1 dry weight (DW) and from 4.68 to 31.39 g kg−1 DW, respectively.RESULTS: The perception of bitter taste was significantly affected by specific glucosinolates, namely progoitrin/epiprogoitrin and dimeric glucosativin. Aroma intensity was negatively related to glucoalyssin content, whereas pungency was significantly related to total glucosinolate content. Kaempferol‐3‐(2‐sinapoyl‐glucoside)‐4′‐glucoside was positively and significantly related to all flavour trait perceptions. Aroma intensity, pungency, crunchiness and juiciness were positively related to typical rocket salad flavour perception through a prominent direct effect.CONCLUSION: Aroma intensity, pungency, crunchiness and juiciness were strong determinants of overall rocket salad flavour perception. Visual traits also characterised sensory components. Bitterness, usually considered a negative flavour trait, was moderately perceived in the examined material, without negatively affecting typical flavour perception. In the range of the examined material, glucosinolate content did not contrast with typical flavour, demonstrating that good taste and putative health‐promoting properties may coexist. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Counter‐current chromatographic method for preparative scale isolation of picrosides from traditional Chinese medicine Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora
Authors: Chen Zhe , Wu Jianbing , Shen Wei , Liu Pei , Cao Yi , Lu Yanbin 
Published: July 2011

AbstractApocynin, androsin, together with picroside I, II and III from crude extracts of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora were isolated by means of high‐speed counter‐current chromatography (CCC) combining elution‐extrusion (EE) and cycling‐elution (CE) approach. The EECCC took full advantages of the liquid nature of the stationary phase for a complete sample recovery and extended the solute hydrophobicity window, while CECCC showed its unique advantage in achieving effective separation of special compounds through preventing stationary phase loss. In the present work, the biphasic liquid system composed of n‐hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:2:1:2, v/v/v/v) was used for separation of apocynin and androsin, ethyl acetate/n‐butanol/water/formic acid (4:1:5:0.005, v/v/v/v) for picroside I, II and III. However, due to the extremely similar K values (K1/K2≈1.2), picroside I and III were always eluted together by several biphasic solvent systems. In this case, the CECCC exhibited great superiority and baseline separated in the sixth cycle using ethyl acetate/water (1:1, v/v) as biphasic liquid system. Each fraction was analyzed by UPLC‐UV and ESI‐MS analysis, and identified by comparing with the data of reference substances. Compared with classical elution, the combination of EE and CE approach exhibits strong separation efficiency and great potential to be a high‐throughput separation technique in the case of complex samples.
Evaluation of matrix effects in analysis of estrogen using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Nguyen Hien P. , Li Li , Nethrapalli Imam S. , Guo Ningning , Toran‐Allerand C. Dominique , Harrison David E. , Astle C. Michael , Schug Kevin A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMatrix effects of different biological samples, including phosphate‐buffered saline–bovine serum albumin (PBS‐BSA), gelded horse serum, mouse serum, and mouse brain, were investigated for the determination of 17α‐ and β‐estradiol using derivatization with dansyl chloride prior to LC‐MS/MS. Matrix effects were evaluated based on the slopes of regression lines plotted from results obtained in biological matrices versus pure standard solutions. Such plots indicate the enhancement or suppression of signal based on the presence of a particular biological fluid for a particular method. The matrix effects from PBS‐BSA were similar to those of mouse serum. In contrast, analyses performed from horse serum and mouse brain yielded significant ion suppression, especially for 17β‐estradiol. Precipitation during derivatization was observed when pre‐concentrated samples were processed with ethyl acetate as an extraction solvent. This was overcome with the use of methyl tert‐butyl ether; however, matrix effects from this preparation were still present, evidenced by signal suppression and poor linearity in the standard curve. This work affirms that caution should be taken in the transfer of methods for use with different biological matrices, especially in the case where surrogate matrices are necessary for calibration purposes.
Optimization of micro‐HPLC peak focusing for the detection and quantification of low hepcidin concentrations
Authors: Mansion François , Chiap Patrice , Houbart Virginie , Crommen Jacques , Servais Anne‐Catherine , Fillet Marianne 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMicro‐high‐performance liquid chromatography is a miniaturized, economic and ecological chromatographic system allowing the use of reduced size chromatographic columns. Coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, this technique can be used to detect and quantify low concentrations of peptides. In this study, hepcidin was used as the model compound and analysed using octadecylsilica stationary phase by means of a gradient elution mode at a flow rate of 4 μL/min. Several parameters were studied to optimize peak focusing. Using the methodology of experimental design, the mobile‐phase gradient conditions and the sample composition were optimized in order to maximize the sensitivity and minimize retention time. Stability of the target peptide in solution was also demonstrated.
Hydrophilic diol monolith for the preparation of immuno‐sorbents at reduced nonspecific interactions
Authors: Gunasena Dilani N. , El Rassi Ziad 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA polar organic polymer monolith (M1) was introduced for performing immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) at reduced nonspecific interactions. The M1 monolith was prepared by the in situ polymerization of glyceryl methacrylate (GMM) and pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA). Through its surface diol groups, M1 provided the functionalities to immobilize antibodies. Anti‐haptoglobin antibody was used as the model antibody to study the overall behavior of the immuno monolith M1 in terms of its binding to the antigen and to evaluate its nonspecific binding with other proteins, especially the high‐abundance human serum proteins. To better assess the suitability of M1 for IAC, other immuno monoliths were prepared and compared with the immuno monolith M1. Two monoliths were of the traditional ones: copolymers of (i) glycidyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) and (ii) GMM and EDMA, referred to as M2 and M3, respectively. A fourth monolith involving the copolymerization of N‐(3‐aminopropyl)methacrylamide hydrochloride and EDMA (M4) was introduced to allow the site‐directed immobilization of antibodies. Owing to its hydroxyl groups, the M1 exhibited negligible nonspecific hydrophobic interactions with proteins. On the other hand, M4 exhibited extensive electrostatic interactions, while the M2 and to a lesser extent M3 exhibited hydrophobic interactions.
Dextran‐Based Polycations: Thermodynamic Interaction with Water as Compared With Unsubstituted Dextran, 1 – Volumetric Properties and Light Scattering
Authors: Morariu Simona , Eckelt John , Wolf Bernhard A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDextran and random dextran‐based copolymers containing different molar fractions f of charged units are studied in aqueous solution and in the pure state. The specific volumes of the solutions decrease linearly with increasing weight fraction of the polymer. Extrapolation to the pure state yields information on the hypothetical liquid polymers, exhibiting a pronounced minimum at f ≈ 0.1. A similar dependence is also observed for the pure solid polymers; however, the specific volumes at low f are considerably larger and at high f are slightly smaller. These differences are discussed in terms of the non‐equilibrium structures formed during sample preparation. The thermal expansivities of the solutions pass through a maximum at f ≈ 0.1. Light scattering shows that the thermodynamic quality of water has a minimum at f ≈ 0.1.magnified image
Fluorene‐Containing Poly(ester imide)s and their Application to Positive‐Type Photosensitive Heat‐Resistant Materials
Authors: Hasegawa Masatoshi , Tominaga Azumi 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPoly(ester imide)s (PEsIs) were prepared from fluorene (FL)‐containing ester‐linked tetracarboxylic dianhydrides and various diamines. The PEsI films achieved excellent combined properties: very high Tg's exceeding 300 °C in some cases, relatively low water absorption, good thermoplasticity, and excellent solubility in common aprotic organic solvents [even when rigid diamines such as p‐phenylenediamine and trans‐1,4‐cyclohexanediamine (CHDA) were used]. In particular, the PEsI film obtained from CHDA also displayed good optical transparency owing to inhibited charge‐transfer interactions. The partial incorporation of the FL‐containing unit into a colorless polyimide system with an extremely low dielectric constant enabled us to form a fine positive‐tone pattern by a photolithograghic technique.magnified image
Magnetoactive Humic‐Based Nanocomposites
Authors: Pomogailo Anatolii D. , Kydralieva Kamila A. , Zaripova Anar A. , Muratov Vladimir S. , Dzhardimalieva Gulzhian I. , Pomogailo Svetlana I. , Golubeva Nina D. , Jorobekova Sharipa J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSummary: We have elaborated several approaches for the preparation of magneto‐active nano‐hybrid composites, including i) ex situ method, which consists of the precipitation of magnetic particles from Fe(II) and Fe(III) salts followed by their incorporation into the humic acids matrix and ii) a chemical precipitation method in situ where the magnetic particles are grown within the humic acids matrix. It was proven that adsorption of humic acids on the magnetic particle surface leads to an enhanced electrostatic and steric stabilization of particles, due to the absorbed layer of highly charged macromolecular compounds. The sorbents under study were found to reveal a high sorption capacity towards uranyl ions. Using the adsorption isotherm, in the linear form of the Langmuir equation, the adsorption parameters were estimated. The results obtained show that the adsorption of uranyl ions by the magneto‐active nanocomposite is enhanced in comparison with the free HA.
Modulation of the Physicochemical Properties of Heteropolynuclear Assemblies Containing Lanthanide Ions and 2,2′‐oxydiacetate
Authors: Kremer Carlos , Torres Julia , Peluffo Florencia , Pintos Valentina , Suescun Leopoldo , Faccio Ricardo , Mombrú Alvaro W. , Domínguez Sixto 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSummary: This work focuses on the polynuclear complexes formed by a lanthanide ion (Ln), a bivalent cation (M) and oxydiacetate (oda) as bridging ligand, with general formula [Ln2M3(oda)6(H2O)6] · xH2O. The complexes can adopt more than one polymorphic structure, being the hexagonal (P6/mcc) and cubic (Fd3c) the most noticeable, as determined by x‐ray powder diffraction. The influence of Ln and M on the solid‐state structure is discussed. In addition, potentiometric studies are performed to support the existence of polynuclear species in solution.
Refractory Metal‐Containing Polymers and Nanocomposites: Preparation and Properties
Authors: Dzhardimalieva Gulzhian I. , Pomogailo Svetlana I. , Golubeva Nina D. , Pomogailo Anatolii D. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSummary: Novel polymers containing refractory metal in the main chain or side chains can be prepared. An attractive approach is polymerization of the Hf (Ta, Nb)‐monomers with (meth)acrylate, fumarate or monomethylmethacrylate ethyleneglycol groups, synthesized for the first time in this study. New types of hafnium (tantalum, niobium)‐containing nanocomposites are prepared by combining polymer synthesis and controlled thermolysis. The composition and structure of the synthesized metal‐containing precursors and thermolysis products are determined by elemental analysis, IR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction and TEM analysis.
Eine schwimmende Sinneszelle
Authors: Friedrich Benjamin M. , Kaupp U. Benjamin 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAngetrieben von regelmäßigen Wellenbewegungen ihrer Geißel schwimmen Seeigelspermien entlang von gekrümmten Schwimmbahnen in Spirallinien. Dies erlaubt es den Spermien, eine chemische Fährte aufzunehmen und die Eizelle zu orten. Dabei verarbeitet das Spermium ein chemisches Signal der Eizelle mit einer ähnlichen “Hardware” wie sie Nervenzellen verwenden. Entsprechend steuert das Spermium seine Schwimmbahn. Ein einfaches geometrisches Prinzip ermöglicht eine robuste Navigation. Auch viele andere Mikroschwimmer verwenden es.
Atomix – handliche Festkörperphysik
Authors: Ucke Christian , Schlichting Hans Joachim 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDer frankokanadische Künstler François Dallegret entwickelte 1966 ein einfaches, jetzt wieder erhältliches Modell namens Atomix, mit dem sich atomar‐kristalline Strukturen wie die hexagonale Gitterstruktur, Stapelfehler, Korngrenzen und Leerstellen spielerisch erzeugen und anschaulich demonstrieren lassen. Darüber hinaus lassen sich elektrostatische Effekte beobachten.
Präparation eines ultrakalten Designeratoms
Authors: Serwane Friedhelm , Jochim Selim 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn Experimenten am Physikalischen Institut der Universität Heidelberg ist es gelungen, mit ultrakalten Atomen ein einstellbares Wenigteilchensystem, gewissermaßen ein “Designeratom”, zu realisieren. Dieses System kann dazu beitragen, grundlegende Bausteine der Materie wie Atome und Kerne, welche ebenso aus wenigen Fermionen zusammengesetzt sind, besser zu verstehen.
Informationsaustausch am Quantenlimit
Authors: Ritter Stephan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractQuantenspeicher für Photonen sind eine Voraussetzung für die Übertragung von Quanteninformation über weite Distanzen und damit sowohl für die Quantenkryptographie als auch für Netzwerke aus Quantencomputern. Am Max‐Planck‐Institut für Quantenoptik in Garching haben wir jetzt Quanteninformation von einem Photon auf ein einzelnes Atom übertragen, dort abgespeichert und anschließend in Form eines neuen Einzelphotons wieder ausgelesen.
Wie das Knacken in den Geiger‐Zähler kam
Authors: Korff Sebastian 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDas Elektronenzählrohr, auch Geiger‐Müller‐Zählrohr oder kurz Geiger‐Zähler genannt, ist einfach ausgedrückt ein Apparat, der radioaktive Strahlung detektieren kann. Er ist nicht zuletzt nach den Ereignissen in Fukushima oder dem diesjährigen 25. Jahrestag der Katastrophe in Tschernobyl im gesellschaftlichen Gedächtnis präsent und wird stets mit dem Begriffscluster der Radioaktivität verbunden. Den ersten funktionsfähigen Prototyp baute Walter Müller im Frühjahr 1928 unter der Leitung von Hans Geiger an der Christian‐Albrechts Universität Kiel.