bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Security by any other name: negative security, positive security, and a multi-actor security approach
Authors: HOOGENSEN GJØRV GUNHILD 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis article examines the challenges and contradictions between some of the leading conceptions of security within the field of International Relations (IR), from those stating that the concept can only be employed by the state with regard to immediate, existential threats, to those that see security as the foundation of social life or as a human good. This article continues a discussion that has taken place in theReview of International Studiesregarding the development of positive security, examining the potential use of the terms ‘negative’ and ‘positive’ security to bring clarity to these diverging security perspectives and to argue for a multi-actor security approach. It is argued that positive security perspectives, which rely on non-violent measures, ensure an emphasis upon context, values, and security practices that build trust, and by use of a multi-actor security model, shows the dynamics between state and non-state actors in the creation of security.
Peripheral Neuropathic Symptoms in Celiac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: David Shen Ting-Chin , Lebwohl Benjamin , Verma Himanshu , Kumta Nikhil , Tennyson Christina , Lewis Suzanne , Scherl Ellen , Swaminath Arun , Capiak Kristina M. , DiGiacomo Dan , Bosworth Brian P. , Thomas H. Brannagan , Green Peter H. R. 
Published: February 2012

Objectives
An association between celiac disease (CD) and peripheral neuropathy (PN) has been reported.

Methods
Patients with CD and/or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were recruited from the gastroenterology clinics at a medical center and local support groups. Control subjects without CD or IBD were recruited from the staff of the medical center as well as relatives and attendees at support groups. Each participant completed a survey that used two validated PN instruments to define and characterize PN.

Results
In the CD group, 38.9% met criteria for PN compared with 38.7% in the IBD group (P = 0.97) and 20.5% in the control group (P < 0.001). On multiple logistic regression, the odds of PN after adjusting for age, gender, diabetes, vitamin B12 deficiency, and cancer history were increased for CD (odds ratio, 2.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.82–3.47) and IBD (odds ratio, 2.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.85–4.18).

Conclusions
PN is more often found in patients with CD and/or IBD than in the general population.
Clinical and Imaging Findings in Three Patients With Advanced Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy Associated With Nerve Root Hypertrophy
Authors: Beydoun Said R. , Muir Jason , Apelian Rami G. , Go John L. , Lin Frank P. 
Published: February 2012

Objectives
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy is a treatable neuropathy that is challenging to diagnose and has a broad spectrum of presentations. We report the clinical, electrodiagnostic, and radiographic presentations in three patients whose workup revealed hypertrophic nerve roots.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the clinical, electrodiagnostic, and imaging data for patients diagnosed with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy over a 3-year period.

Results
All patients had features of proximal and distal neuropathy with progressive or recurrent courses. Diagnosis and management were significantly altered by the concomitant clinical findings and/or radiographic findings.

Conclusions
Our cases highlight the use of magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate for nerve root hypertrophy as an additional tool to electrodiagnostic testing in the setting of refractory or atypical neuropathy condition. Awareness of the radiographic features will assist in confirmation of the diagnosis, institution of the appropriate therapy, and prevention of inadequate or delay of treatment.
Electrically Silent Muscle Visible by Ultrasound
Authors: Walker Francis O. , MacDonald James A. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
A 65-year-old woman with multiple chronic cranial neuropathies had spinal accessory innervated muscles that were virtually invisible to electromyography. Ultrasound imaging revealed the extensive atrophy and increased echogenicity that corresponded to the thinness of the muscles and their loss of insertional activity. In patients with severe atrophy of trapezius or sternocleidomastoid muscles, ultrasound may help in identify chronically denervated muscle.
Matapax: An Online High-Throughput Genome-Wide Association Study Pipeline
Authors: Childs Liam H. , Lisec Jan , Walther Dirk 
Published: February 2012

AbstractHigh-throughput sequencing and genotyping methods are dramatically increasing the number of observable genetic intraspecies differences that can be exploited as genetic markers. In addition, automated phenotyping platforms and “omics” profiling technologies further enlarge the set of quantifiable macroscopic and molecular traits at an ever-increasing pace. Combined, both lines of technological advances create unparalleled opportunities to identify candidate gene regions and, ideally, even single genes responsible for observed variations in a particular trait via association studies. However, as of yet, this new potential is not sufficiently matched by enabling software solutions to easily exploit this wealth of genotype/phenotype information. We have developed Matapax, a Web-based platform to address this need. Initially, we built the infrastructure to support association studies in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) based on several genotyping efforts covering up to 1,375 Arabidopsis accessions. Based on the user-supplied trait information, associated single-nucleotide polymorphism markers and single-nucleotide polymorphism-harboring or -neighboring genes are identified using both the GAPIT and EMMA libraries developed for R. Additional interrogation is facilitated by displaying candidate regions and genes in a genome browser and by providing relevant annotation information. In the future, we plan to broaden the scope of organisms to other plant species as more genotype/phenotype information becomes available. Matapax is freely available at http://matapax.mpimp-golm.mpg.de and can be accessed using any internet browser.
Correcting the axial shrinkage of skeletal muscle thick sections visualized by confocal microscopy
Authors: JANÁČEK J. , KREFT M. , ČEBAŠEK V. , ERŽEN I. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryConfocal microscopy is a suitable method for measurements and visualization of skeletal muscle fibres and the neighbouring capillaries. When using 3D images of thick sections the tissue deformation effects should be avoided. We studied the deformation in thick sections of the rat skeletal muscle from complete stacks of images captured with confocal microscope. We measured the apparent thickness of the stacks and compared it to the slice thickness deduced from calibrated microtome settings. The ratio of both values yielded the axial scaling factor for every image stack. Careful sample preparation and treatment of the tissue cryosections with cold Ringer solution minimize the tissue deformation. We conclude that rescaling by the inverse of the axial scaling factor of the stack of optical slices in the direction of the microscope optical axis satisfactorily corrects the axial deformation of skeletal muscle samples.
A flight cylinder bioassay as a simple, effective quality control test for Cydia pomonella
Authors: Carpenter J. E. , Blomefield T. , Vreysen M. J. B. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAssessment of quality of the sterile male insects that are being mass‐reared for release in area‐wide integrated pest management programmes that include a sterile insect technique component is crucial for the success of these programmes. Routine monitoring of sterile male quality needs to be carried out both in the mass‐rearing facility and in the field. Simple bioassays that can be conducted in the laboratory and that would be surrogates for laborious field tests would be a very cost‐effective way of monitoring sterile male field performance. Simple flight cylinders were used to assess whether these could detect differences in quality of male codling moth Cydia pomonella. The number of male and female codling moths that flew out of the cylinders was influenced by cylinder diameter, cylinder height and number of hours following the initiation of the test. The flight cylinder bioassay was capable of detecting differences in quality of codling moths induced by irradiation when moths were shipped, but no differences were found in flight ability when the moths were not transported. The tests also confirmed that handling and shipment reduced quality more for irradiated than for non‐treated codling moth, and that insect quality was significantly influenced by larval rearing protocols. The flight cylinder bioassay was therefore successful in detecting differences in codling moth quality induced by various treatments that had been identified previously by more complex laboratory bioassays and field trials. Treatment differences were most likely detected when flight cylinders were 16 cm high.
Lymphoma, thymoma and the wooden man: stiff‐person syndrome post‐thymoma excision and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma remission
Authors: Tsai T. , McGrath R. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractStiff‐person syndrome (SPS) is an uncommon yet under‐diagnosed, neuromuscular disorder characterised by progressive muscle rigidity with superimposed painful muscle spasms triggered by tactile, auditory or emotional stimulation. We describe the world's first case report of typical SPS in a patient with previously excised thymoma and treated non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. This is of relevance because of the increasingly elucidated autoimmune aetiology of SPS.
Vaginal fluid creatinine for the detection of premature rupture of membranes
Authors: Zanjani Mansooreh S. , Haghighi Ladan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of vaginal fluid creatinine for the diagnosis of premature rupture of membranes (PROM).Material and Methods:  A total of 180 pregnant women were enrolled in the study. Group I (confirmed group) consisted of 60 women with a diagnosis of rupture of membranes confirmed by visualization of fluid passing from the cervical canal. Group II (suspected group) consisted of 60 women with a complaint of vaginal fluid leakage but without obvious amniotic fluid flowing from the cervix or vaginal pooling with negative nitrazine test. The control group (group III) consisted of 60 women without any complaint or complication. All patients were sampled for vaginal fluid creatinine by speculum examination. One‐way ANOVA, χ2, and Kruskal‐Wallis test, as well as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used.Results:  The mean vaginal fluid creatinine in groups I, II, and III were 1.74 ± 0.8, 0.45 ± 0.2 and 0.25 ± 0.1 mg/dL, respectively. The creatinine level was significantly higher in the confirmed group (group I) than in the other two groups (P < 0.0010). The optimal cut‐off value was 0.5 mg/dL with 96.7% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, and 96.8% negative predictive value.Conclusion:  Vaginal fluid creatinine determination for the diagnosis of PROM is reliable, simple, rapid and inexpensive.
Management of giant anal condyloma by wide local excision and anoplasty
Authors: Uribe N. , Rueda C. , López M. , Balciscueta Z. , Martín M. C. , JJ Terrádez , J Flores 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAim  Treatment of giant condyloma acuminatum, is controversial, especially in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive patients, owing to concern over wound healing, complications, risk of progression to carcinoma and a high recurrence rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome after extensive local excision with V–Y anoplasty.Method  Nine patients were identified from a prospective database, six of whom were HIV positive. All patients had a giant perianal condyloma acuminatum extending into the anal canal and perianal region, which required wide excision with V–Y reconstruction. Postoperative complications, recurrence and continence were all determined.Results  Nine patients were included (eight men, median age 40 years), six seropositive for HIV infection. A bilateral V–Y anoplasty was performed in six patients, and unilateral in two. There were no postoperative infections, graft failures or flap necrosis. The mean follow‐up was 92 (2–137) months. One patient developed local recurrence treated with excision under local anaesthesia.Conclusions  Extensive local surgery of giant perianal condyloma with anoplastic reconstruction gives good results even in HIV‐positive patients.
Alexy on Necessity in Law and Morals*
Authors: PATTERSON DENNIS 
Published: February 2012

AbstractRobert Alexy has built his original theory of law upon pervasive claims for “necessary” features of law. In this article, I show that Alexy's claims suffer from two difficulties. First, Alexy is never clear about what he means by “necessity.” Second, Alexy writes as if there have been no challenges to claims of conceptual necessity. There have been such challenges and Alexy needs to answer them if his project is to succeed.
The Biological Essence of Law
Authors: GOMMER HENDRIK 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper contends that law is in essence an evolutionary phenomenon that can, and indeed should, be studied in the light of biological mechanisms. Law can be seen as an extended phenotype of underlying genes. In addition, legal systems can be seen as congruous to genetic mechanisms. Properties of genes have an impact on legal systems in a fractal‐like manner. Hence, it is not surprising that notions of stability, replication, and reciprocity that are important in biological systems will also be important in legal systems. As a result legal systems can be constructed in a way that is congruent with the genetic advantage of group members. Law, exposure, and punishment can diminish deviant behaviour and restore balance. Law may not be particularly subject to natural selection, but it will certainly be built on the foundations of natural selection.
Identifying zones of phenetic compression in West Mediterranean butterflies (Satyrinae): refugia, invasion and hybridization
Authors: Dapporto Leonardo , Bruschini Claudia , Dincă Vlad , Vila Roger , Dennis Roger L. H. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAim  Distinct insular populations are generally considered important units for conservation. In island–mainland situations, unidirectional introgressive gene flow from the most abundant, typically continental, populations into the smaller island populations can erase native insular genetic units. As an indication of threat, the concept of phenetic slope is developed, a measure proportional to differentiation and to geographical proximity.Location  The Western Mediterranean, including the following islands: Sardinia, Sicily, Corsica, Balearics, circum‐Italian, circum‐Sicilian and circum‐Sardo‐Corsican archipelagos. Eastern Europe is included for comparison.Methods  Geometric morphometrics was applied to 2392 male genitalia of seven butterfly species groups. Geographic Information System techniques were used to depict the pattern in the distribution of morphotypes. The slope of variation in genital shape was computed to highlight geographical areas showing abrupt morphological changes. Correlation analyses were performed between the mean slope values across sea straits separating islands and nearest sources and ecological traits of the species that underlie their colonization and migration capacity.Results  Phenetic slope analysis has revealed that the strait of Messina and the northern Tyrrhenian Sea support particularly contrasting populations. In these areas, mean slopes for species also correlated with certain ecological traits of the species. Sardinia emerges as the most stable refugium for ancestral mediterranean populations.Main conclusions  There is strong support for the hypothesis that Italy has experienced invasion by populations from Eastern Europe with postglacial expansion of these populations across Italy. However, propagules are impeded from invading islands by the expanse of sea straits. Even so, sea straits are not invariably barriers. Our results suggest that wind direction in combination with habitat occupancy may have maintained ancestral insular populations in key locations distinguished by phenetic compression. We conclude that native insular populations acting as barriers to introgression in the areas showing particularly steep phenetic slopes deserve attention in conservation programmes.
Histopathologic features of alopecia areata incognito: a review of 46 cases
Authors: Miteva Mariya , Misciali Cosimo , Fanti Piero A. , Tosti Antonella 
Published: February 2012

Background: Alopecia areata (AA) incognito represents a variant of AA characterized by acute diffuse hair thinning. Dermoscopy shows yellow dots and short regrowing hairs. The differential diagnosis with telogen effluvium (TE) and androgenetic alopecia may be difficult.Methods: In order to establish histopathological criteria for the diagnosis of AA incognito, we evaluated retrospectively 92 specimens (46 horizontal and 46 vertical) of 46 patients diagnosed with AA incognito within 1 year. All specimens were assessed for 20 features, including hair counts and follicular ratios. The numbers were compared with 46 control specimens, consisting of 21 cases of TE and 25 cases of androgenetic alopecia.Results: The following main criteria are proposed: (a) preserved number of follicular units and decreased number of terminal follicles; (b) increased number of telogen structures (mean count of 37%) with presence of at least one telogen germinal unit or/and one small telogen follicle (c) decreased terminal:vellus ratio (mean ratio of 3.3 : 1) and (d) dilated infundibular openings.Conclusion: Two histopathologic clues for AA incognito include the presence of dilated infundibular openings and small basaloid aggregates of cells with round, irregular or polygonal shape, lack of hair shaft and no apoptosis in the outer root sheath, corresponding to small telogen follicles.Miteva M, Misciali C, Fanti PA, Tosti A. Histopathologic features of alopecia areata incognito: a review of 46 cases.
Ventilatory response to exercise does not evidence electroencephalographical respiratory‐related activation of the cortical premotor circuitry in healthy humans
Authors: Jutand L. , Tremoureux L. , Pichon A. , Delpech N. , Denjean A. , Raux M. , Straus C. , Similowski T. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAimThe neural structures responsible for the coupling between ventilatory control and pulmonary gas exchange during exercise have not been fully identified. Suprapontine mechanisms have been hypothesized but not formally evidenced. Because the involvement of a premotor circuitry in the compensation of inspiratory mechanical loads has recently been described, we looked for its implication in exercise‐induced hyperpnea.MethodsElectroencephalographical recordings were performed to identify inspiratory premotor potentials (iPPM) in eight physically fit normal men during cycling at 40 and 70% of their maximal oxygen consumption (O2max). Relaxed pedalling (0 W) and voluntary sniff manoeuvres were used as negative and positive controls respectively.ResultsVoluntary sniffs were consistently associated with iPPMs. This was also the case with voluntarily augmented breathing at rest (in three subjects tested). During the exercise protocol, no respiratory‐related activity was observed whilst performing bouts of relaxed pedalling. Exercise‐induced hyperpnea was also not associated with iPPMs, except in one subject.ConclusionWe conclude that if there are cortical mechanisms involved in the ventilatory adaptation to exercise in physically fit humans, they are distinct from the premotor mechanisms activated by inspiratory load compensation.
Induction of Protective Immunity against Eimeria tenella, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria acervulina Infections Using Dendritic Cell-Derived Exosomes
Authors: del Cacho Emilio , Gallego Margarita , Lee Sung Hyen , Lillehoj Hyun Soon , Quilez Joaquin , Lillehoj Erik P. , Sánchez-Acedo Caridad 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT

This study describes a novel immunization strategy against avian coccidiosis using exosomes derived from
Eimeria
parasite antigen (Ag)-loaded dendritic cells (DCs). Chicken intestinal DCs were isolated and pulsed
in vitro
with a mixture of sporozoite-extracted Ags from
Eimeria tenella
,
E. maxima
, and
E. acervulina
, and the cell-derived exosomes were isolated. Chickens were nonimmunized or immunized intramuscularly with exosomes and subsequently noninfected or coinfected with
E. tenella
,
E. maxima
, and
E. acervulina
oocysts. Immune parameters compared among the nonimmunized/noninfected, nonimmunized/infected, and immunized/infected groups were the numbers of cells secreting T
h
1 cytokines, T
h
2 cytokines, interleukin-16 (IL-16), and Ag-reactive antibodies
in vitro
and
in vivo
readouts of protective immunity against
Eimeria
infection. Cecal tonsils, Peyer's patches, and spleens of immunized and infected chickens had increased numbers of cells secreting the IL-16 and the T
h
1 cytokines IL-2 and gamma interferon, greater Ag-stimulated proliferative responses, and higher numbers of Ag-reactive IgG- and IgA-producing cells following
in vitro
stimulation with the sporozoite Ags compared with the nonimmunized/noninfected and nonimmunized/infected controls. In contrast, the numbers of cells secreting the T
h
2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were diminished in immunized and infected chickens compared with the nonimmunized/noninfected and the nonimmunized/infected controls. Chickens immunized with Ag-loaded exosomes and infected
in vivo
with
Eimeria
oocysts had increased body weight gains, reduced feed conversion ratios, diminished fecal oocyst shedding, lessened intestinal lesion scores, and reduced mortality compared with the nonimmunized/infected controls. These results suggest that successful field vaccination against avian coccidiosis using exosomes derived from DCs incubated with Ags isolated from
Eimeria
species may be possible.
Variation of Second Cancer Risk by Family History of Retinoblastoma Among Long-Term Survivors
Authors: Kleinerman Ruth A. , Yu Chu-ling , Little Mark P. , Li Yi , Abramson David , Seddon Johanna , Tucker Margaret A. 
Published: February 2012

Purpose To evaluate the risk of second cancer (SC) in long-term survivors of retinoblastoma (Rb) according to classification of germline mutation, based on family history of Rb and laterality. Patients and Methods We assembled a cohort of 1,852 1-year survivors of Rb (bilateral, n = 1,036; unilateral, n = 816). SCs were ascertained by medical records and self-reports and confirmed by pathology reports. Classification of RB1 germline mutation, inherited or de novo, was inferred by laterality of Rb and positive family history of Rb. Standardized incidence ratios and cumulative incidence for all SCs combined and for soft tissue sarcomas, bone cancers, and melanoma were calculated. The influence of host- and therapy-related risk factors for SC was assessed by Poisson regression for bilateral survivors. Results We observed a relative risk (RR) of 1.37 (95% CI, 1.00 to 1.86) for SCs in bilateral survivors associated with a family history of Rb, adjusted for treatment, age, and length of follow-up. The risk for melanoma was significantly elevated for survivors with a family history of Rb (RR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.23 to 7.16), but risks for bone or soft tissue sarcomas were not elevated. The cumulative incidence of SCs 50 years after diagnosis of bilateral Rb, with adjustment for competing risk of death, was significantly higher for survivors with a family history (47%; 95% CI, 35% to 59%) than survivors without a family history (38%; 95% CI, 32% to 44%; P = .004). Conclusion Rb survivors with bilateral disease and an inherited germline mutation are at slightly higher risk of an SC compared with those with a de novo germline mutation, in particular melanoma, perhaps because of shared genetic alterations.