bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical abstractness and elementary arithmetic
Authors: Campbell Jamie I. D. , Metcalfe Arron W. S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLike number representation, basic arithmetic seems to be a natural candidate for abstract instantiation in the brain. To investigate this, researchers have examined effects of numeral format on elementary arithmetic (e.g., 4+5 vs. four+five). Different numeral formats often recruit distinct processes for arithmetic, reinforcing the conclusion that number processing is not necessarily abstracted away from numeral format.
Numerical representations are neither abstract nor automatic
Authors: Cohen Dale J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this commentary, I support and augment Cohen Kadosh & Walsh's (CK&W's) argument that numerical representations are not abstract. I briefly review data that support the non-abstract nature of the representation of numbers between zero and one, and I discuss how a failure to test alternative hypotheses has led researchers to erroneously conclude that numerals automatically activate their semantic meaning.
The discussion of methodological limitations in number representation studies is incomplete
Authors: Orban Guy A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCohen Kadosh & Walsh (CK&W) discuss the limitations of the behavioral, imaging, and single-cell studies related to number representation in human parietal cortex. The limitations of the imaging studies are grossly underestimated, particularly those using adaptation paradigms, and the problem of establishing a link between single-cell studies and imaging is not even addressed. Monkey functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), however, provides a solution to these problems.
Symbolic, numeric, and magnitude representations in the parietal cortex
Authors: Rosenberg-Lee Miriam , Tsang Jessica M. , Menon Vinod 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe concur with Cohen Kadosh & Walsh (CK&W) that representation of numbers in the parietal cortex is format dependent. In addition, we suggest that all formats do not automatically, and equally, access analog magnitude representation in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). Understanding how development, learning, and context lead to differential access of analog magnitude representation is a key question for future research.
Beyond format-specificity: Is analogue magnitude really the core abstract feature of the cultural number representation?
Authors: Szűcs Dénes , Soltész Fruzsina , Goswami Usha 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe issue of abstractness raises two distinct questions. First, is there a format-independent magnitude representation? Second, does analogue magnitude really play a crucial role in the development of human mathematics? We suggest that neither developmental nor cultural studies support this notion. The field needs to redefine the properties of the core number representation as used in human arithmetic.
Non-abstract numerical representations in the IPS: Further support, challenges, and clarifications
Authors: Cohen Kadosh Roi , Walsh Vincent 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe commentators have raised many pertinent points that allow us to refine and clarify our view. We classify our response comments into seven sections: automaticity; developmental and educational questions; priming; multiple representations or multiple access(?); terminology; methodological advances; and simulated cognition and numerical cognition. We conclude that the default numerical representations are not abstract.
A shape memory alloy based tendon-driven actuation system for biomimetic artificial fingers, part II: modelling and control
Authors: Gilardi Gabriele , Haslam Edmund , Bundhoo Vishalini , Park Edward J. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYIn this paper, the dynamics and biomimetic control of an artificial finger joint actuated by two opposing one-way shape memory alloy (SMA) muscle wires that are configured in a double spring-biased agonist–antagonist fashion is presented. This actuation system, which was described in Part I, forms the basis for biomimetic tendon-driven flexion/extension and abduction/adduction of the artificial finger. The work presented in this paper centres on thermomechanical modelling of the SMA wire, including both major and minor hysteresis loops in the phase transformation model, and co-operative control strategy of the agonist–antagonist muscle pair using a pulse-width-modulated proportional-integral-derivation (PWM–PID) controller. Parametric analysis and identification are carried out based on both simulation and experimental results. The performance advantage of the proposed co-operative control is shown using the metacarpophalangeal joint of the artificial finger.
Evaluative processing of ambivalent stimuli in patients with schizophrenia and depression: A [15O] H2O PET study
Authors: KIM JAE-JIN , PARK HAE-JEONG , JUNG YOUNG-CHUL , CHUN JI WON , KIM HYE SUN , SEOK JEONG HO , KIM NAM WOOK , PARK IL HO , OH MAENG-GUN , LEE JONG DOO 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDecision making in an emotionally conflicting situation is important in social life. We aimed to address the similarity and disparity of neural correlates involved in processing ambivalent stimuli in patients with schizophrenia and patients with depression. Behavioral task-related hemodynamic responses were measured using [15O]H2O positron emission tomography (PET) in 12 patients with schizophrenia and 12 patients with depression. The task was a modified word-stem completion task, which was designed to evoke ambivalence in forced and non-forced choice conditions. The prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum were found to show increased activity in the healthy control group. In the schizophrenia group, activity in these two regions was negligible. In the depression group, the pattern of activity was altered and a functional compensatory recruitment of the inferior parietal regions was suggested. The prefrontal cortex seems to be associated with the cognitive control to resolve the conflict toward the ambivalent stimuli, whereas the cerebellum reflects the sustained working memory to search for compromise alternatives. The deficit of cerebellar activation in the schizophrenia group might underlie the inability to search and consider compromising responses for conflict resolution. (JINS, 2009,15, 990–1001.)
Diagnostic efficiency of demographically corrected Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III and Wechsler Memory Scale-III indices in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury and lower education levels
Authors: WALKER ALEXANDRA J. , BATCHELOR JENNIFER , SHORES E. ARTHUR , JONES MIKE 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDespite the sensitivity of neuropsychological tests to educational level, improved diagnostic accuracy for demographically corrected scores has yet to be established. Diagnostic efficiency statistics of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) and Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III) indices that were corrected for education, sex, and age (demographically corrected) were compared with age corrected indices in individuals aged 16 to 75 years with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 12 years or less education. TBI participants (n= 100) were consecutive referrals to an outpatient rehabilitation service and met careful selection criteria. Controls (n= 100) were obtained from the WAIS-III/WMS-III standardization sample. Demographically corrected indices did not provide higher diagnostic efficiency than age corrected indices and this result was supported by reanalysis of the TBI group against a larger and unmatched control group. Processing Speed Index provided comparable diagnostic accuracy to that of combined indices. Demographically corrected indices were associated with higher cut-scores to maximize overall classification, reflecting the upward adjustment of those scores in a lower education sample. This suggests that, in clinical practice, the test results of individuals with limited education may be more accurately interpreted with the application of demographic corrections. Diagnostic efficiency statistics are presented, and future research directions are discussed. (JINS, 2009,15, 938–950.)
Identification of genes for dimethyl sulfide production in bacteria in the gut of Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus)
Authors: Curson Andrew R J , Sullivan Matthew J , Todd Jonathan D , Johnston Andrew W B 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Phytoplankton are the primary producers of the sulfur-containing compatible solute dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). These cells are consumed by mesozooplankton, which, in turn, may be eaten by marine vertebrates. From the gut of one such animal, the Atlantic Herring Clupea harengus, we isolated strains of the γ-proteobacteria Pseudomonas and Psychrobacter that grew on DMSP as sole carbon source, and which produced the environmentally important sulfurous volatile dimethyl sulfide (DMS). In both bacterial genera, this ability was because of the previously identified gene dddD, which specifies an enzyme that liberates DMS from DMSP. DMS production was stimulated by pre-growth of cells on the substrate DMSP. This is the first identification of DMSP-degrading bacteria and their relevant genes in the gut microflora of any vertebrate.
5 Years of Experience Implementing a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Search and Destroy Policy at the Largest University Medical Center in the Netherlands
Authors: Vos Margreet C. , Behrendt Myra D. , Melles Damian C. , Mollema Femke P. N. , de Groot Woutrinus , Parlevliet Gerard , Ott Alewijn , Horst-Kreft Deborah , van Belkum Alex , Verbrugh Henri A. 
Published: August 2009

Objective.TO evaluate the effectiveness of a rigorous search and destroy policy for controlling methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection or colonization.Design.Hospital-based observational follow-up study.Setting.Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, a 1,200-bed tertiary care center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.Methods.Outbreak control was accomplished by the use of active surveillance cultures for persons at risk, by the preemptive isolation of patients at risk, and by the strict isolation of known MRSA carriers and the eradication of MRSA carriage. For unexpected cases of MRSA colonization or infection, patients placed in strict isolation or contact isolation and healthcare workers (HCWs) were screened. We collected data from 2000–2004.Results.During the 5-year study period, 51,907 MRSA screening cultures were performed for 21,598 persons at risk (8,403 patients and 13,195 HCWs). By screening, it was determined that 123 (1.5%) of 8,403 patients and 31 (0.2%) of 13,195 HCWs were MRSA carriers. From the performance of clinical cultures, it was determined that 54 additional patients were MRSA carriers, resulting in a total of 177 patients carrying MRSA. Of the 177 patients carrying MRSA, 144 (81%) were primary patients, and 33 (19%) secondary Patients. The average number of nosocomial transmissions was 6.7 per year. The cumulative incidence of MRSA colonization among this group of patients was 0.10 cases per 100 admissions. Of 156 cases of MRSA colonization, 44 (28%) were acquired in a foreign healthcare institution, and 45 (29%) were acquired in other Dutch hospitals, 22 (47%) of which were acquired in a single hospital in our region. There were 16 cases (10%) that occurred in a nursing home and another 16 cases (10%) that fulfilled our definition of community-acquired MRSA colonization; there were 4 cases (3%) categorized as “other” and 31 cases (20%) for which the source of MRSA acquisition remained unknown. The basic reproduction rate was 10-fold less for patients isolated on admission, compared with those who were not. During the 5-year study period, 5 episodes of MRSA bacteremia occurred in which 4 patients died, an incidence rate of 0.28 cases of infection per 100,000 patient-days per year.Conclusion.Our results show that, during a rigorous search and destroy policy, a low incidence of MRSA in our medical center was continuously observed and that this policy most likely contributed to a very low nosocomial transmission rate.
Impact of an Antimicrobial Utilization Program on Antimicrobial Use at a Large Teaching Hospital A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Camins Bernard C. , King Mark D. , Wells Jane B. , Googe Heidi L. , Patel Manish , Kourbatova Ekaterina V. , Blumberg Henry M. 
Published: August 2009

Background.Multidisciplinary antimicrobial utilization teams (AUTs) have been proposed as a mechanism for improving antimicrobial use, but data on their efficacy remain limited.Objective.To determine the impact of an AUT on antimicrobial use at a teaching hospital.Design.Randomized controlled intervention trial.Setting.A 953-bed, public, university-affiliated, urban teaching hospital.Patients.Patients who were given selected antimicrobial agents (piperacillin-tazobactam, levofloxacin, or vancomycin) by internal medicine ward teams.Intervention.Twelve internal medicine teams were randomly assigned monthly: 6 teams to an intervention group (academic detailing by the AUT) and 6 teams to a control group that was given indication-based guidelines for prescription of broad-spectrum antimicrobials (standard of care), during a 10-month study period.Measurements.Proportion of appropriate empirical, definitive (therapeutic), and end (overall) antimicrobial usage.Results.A total of 784 new prescriptions of piperacillin-tazobactam, levofloxacin, and vancomycin were reviewed. The proportion of antimicrobial prescriptions written by the intervention teams that was considered to be appropriate was significantly higher than the proportion of antimicrobial prescriptions written by the control teams that was considered to be appropriate: 82% versus 73% for empirical (risk ratio [RR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.24), 82% versus 43% for definitive (RR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.53-2.33), and 94% versus 70% for end antimicrobial usage (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.25-1.43). In multivariate analysis, teams that received feedback from the AUT alone (adjusted RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.27-1.48) or from both the AUT and the infectious diseases consultation service (adjusted RR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.64-3.19) were significantiy more likely to prescribe end antimicrobial usage appropriately, compared with control teams.Conclusions.A multidisciplinary AUT that provides feedback to prescribing physicians was an effective method in improving antimicrobial use.Trial Registration.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00552838.
Almost commuting unitaries with spectral gap are near commuting unitaries
Authors: Osborne Tobias 
Published: August 2009

Let

M

n

\mathcal {M}_n

be the collection of

n
×
n

n\times n

complex matrices equipped with operator norm. Suppose

U
,
V
∈

M

n

U, V \in \mathcal {M}_n

are two unitary matrices, each possessing a gap larger than

Δ
\Delta

in their spectrum, which satisfy

‖
U
V
−
V
U
‖
≤
ϵ

\|UV-VU\| \le \epsilon

. Then it is shown that there are two unitary operators

X
X

and

Y
Y

satisfying

X
Y
−
Y
X
=
0

XY-YX = 0

and

‖
U
−
X
‖
+
‖
V
−
Y
‖
≤
E
(

Δ
2

/

ϵ
)

(

ϵ

Δ
2

)

1
6

\|U-X\| + \|V-Y\| \le E(\Delta ^2/\epsilon ) \left (\frac {\epsilon }{\Delta ^2}\right )^{\frac 16}

, where

E
(
x
)

E(x)

is a function growing slower than

x

1
k

x^{\frac {1}{k}}

for any positive integer

k
k

.
An Allelic Mutant Series of ATM3 Reveals Its Key Role in the Biogenesis of Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Proteins in Arabidopsis
Authors: Bernard Delphine G. , Cheng Youfa , Zhao Yunde , Balk Janneke 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette transporters of mitochondria (ATMs) are highly conserved proteins, but their function in plants is poorly defined. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has three ATM genes, namely ATM1, ATM2, and ATM3. Using a collection of insertional mutants, we show that only ATM3 has an important function for plant growth. Additional atm3 alleles were identified among sirtinol-resistant lines, correlating with decreased activities of aldehyde oxidases, cytosolic enzymes that convert sirtinol into an auxin analog, and depend on iron-sulfur (Fe-S) and molybdenum cofactor (Moco) as prosthetic groups. In the sirtinol-resistant atm3-3 allele, the highly conserved arginine-612 is replaced by a lysine residue, the negative effect of which could be mimicked in the yeast Atm1p ortholog. Arabidopsis atm3 mutants displayed defects in root growth, chlorophyll content, and seedling establishment. Analyses of selected metal enzymes showed that the activity of cytosolic aconitase (Fe-S) was strongly decreased across the range of atm3 alleles, whereas mitochondrial and plastid Fe-S enzymes were unaffected. Nitrate reductase activity (Moco, heme) was decreased by 50% in the strong atm3 alleles, but catalase activity (heme) was similar to that of the wild type. Strikingly, in contrast to mutants in the yeast and mammalian orthologs, Arabidopsis atm3 mutants did not display a dramatic iron homeostasis defect and did not accumulate iron in mitochondria. Our data suggest that Arabidopsis ATM3 may transport (1) at least two distinct compounds or (2) a single compound required for both Fe-S and Moco assembly machineries in the cytosol, but not iron.
A WD40 Repeat Protein fromMedicago truncatulaIs Necessary for Tissue-Specific Anthocyanin and Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis But Not for Trichome Development
Authors: Pang Yongzhen , Wenger Jonathan P. , Saathoff Katie , Peel Gregory J. , Wen Jiangqi , Huhman David , Allen Stacy N. , Tang Yuhong , Cheng Xiaofei , Tadege Million , Ratet Pascal , Mysore Kirankumar S. , Sumner Lloyd W. , Marks M. David , Dixon Richard A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWD40 repeat proteins regulate biosynthesis of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins (PAs), and mucilage in the seed and the development of trichomes and root hairs. We have cloned and characterized a WD40 repeat protein gene from Medicago truncatula (MtWD40-1) via a retrotransposon-tagging approach. Deficiency of MtWD40-1 expression blocks accumulation of mucilage and a range of phenolic compounds, including PAs, epicatechin, other flavonoids, and benzoic acids, in the seed, reduces epicatechin levels without corresponding effects on other flavonoids in flowers, reduces isoflavone levels in roots, but does not impair trichome or root hair development. MtWD40-1 is expressed constitutively, with highest expression in the seed coat, where its transcript profile temporally parallels those of PA biosynthetic genes. Transcript profile analysis revealed that many genes of flavonoid biosynthesis were down-regulated in a tissue-specific manner in M. truncatula lines harboring retrotransposon insertions in the MtWD40-1 gene. MtWD40-1 complemented the anthocyanin, PA, and trichome phenotypes of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transparent testa glabrous1 mutant. We discuss the function of MtWD40-1 in natural product formation in M. truncatula and the potential use of the gene for engineering PAs in the forage legume alfalfa (Medicago sativa).
Centrifugal lipodystrophy of the scalp presenting with an arch‐form alopecia: A 10‐year follow‐up observation
Authors: FUKUMOTO Daisuke , KUBO Yoshiaki , SAITO Minako , ARASE Seiji 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe describe a 10‐year follow‐up observation of progressive arch‐form alopecia caused by centrifugal lipodystrophy (CLD) in a Japanese boy. A 2.5‐year‐old boy developed a slightly depressed lesion demarcated by a horseshoe‐shaped erythematous border on his right neck, which then extended to the scalp. Four years later, arch‐form alopecia became apparent in the right temporal region along with an erythematous border. The arch‐form alopecia gradually expanded centrifugally, leaving a slight residual depression, but hair regrowth was seen within the area of alopecia. Histological examination of the erythematous border revealed non‐specific inflammatory changes in the subcutaneous fat. Magnetic resonance imaging findings revealed a loss of subcutaneous fat inside the lesion. The alopecia continuously extended until he was 12 years old, but, thereafter, expansion ceased and hair regrowth gradually occurred in the arch‐form alopecia. A linear non‐hairy lesion 5 cm in length still remained when he was 13 years old. CLD might involve the scalp and cause linear, arch‐form alopecia.
Individualized assessment and treatment program for alcohol dependence: results of an initial study to train coping skills
Authors: Litt Mark D. , Kadden Ronald M. , Kabela‐Cormier Elise 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTAims  Cognitive–behavioral treatments (CBT) are among the most popular interventions offered for alcohol and other substance use disorders, but it is not clear how they achieve their effects. CBT is purported to exert its beneficial effects by altering coping skills, but data supporting coping changes as the mechanism of action are mixed. The purpose of this pilot study was to test a treatment in which coping skills were trained in a highly individualized way, allowing us to determine if such training would result in an effective treatment.Design  Participants were assigned randomly to a comprehensive packaged CBT program (PCBT), or to an individualized assessment and treatment program (IATP). The IATP program employed experience sampling via cellphone to assess coping skills prior to treatment, and provided therapists with a detailed understanding of patients' coping strengths and deficits.Setting  Out‐patient treatment.Participants  A total of 110 alcohol‐dependent men and women.Measurements  Participants in both conditions completed experience sampling of situations, drinking and coping efforts prior to, and following, 12 weeks of treatment. Time‐line follow‐back procedures were also used to record drinking at baseline and post‐treatment.Findings  IATP yielded higher proportion of days abstinent (PDA) at post‐treatment (P < 0.05) than did PCBT, and equivalent heavy drinking days. IATP also elicited more momentary coping responses and less drinking in high‐risk situations, as recorded by experience sampling at post‐treatment. Post‐treatment coping response rates were associated with decreases in drinking.Conclusions  The IATP approach was more successful than PCBT at training adaptive coping responses for use in situations presenting a high risk for drinking. The highly individualized IATP approach may prove to be an effective treatment strategy for alcohol‐dependent patients.
Structural myocardial changes after coronary artery surgery
Authors: Eberhardt F. , Mehlhorn U. , Larosé K. , De Vivie E. R. , Dhein S. 
Published: August 2009

BackgroundPostoperative contractile dysfunction or ‘myocardial stunning’ has been described after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In the present study we sought to determine if and to what extent clinical, structural and histochemical evidence of myocardial changes associated with stunning could be found in patients after CABG and cold crystalloid cardioplegia.Materials and methodsLeft ventricular (LV) biopsies were obtained from CABG patients (n = 10) prior to and at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). These biopsies were immunostained for the inducible heat‐shock protein 70 (HSP‐70i), intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and actin. ATP was measured by bioluminescence.ResultsBiopsies pre‐CPB showed no evidence of myocardial damage as HSP‐70i was absent and a regular actin cross‐striation pattern and only constitutive ICAM‐1‐expression were present. After CPB we found significantly increased HSP‐70i and ICAM‐1 levels as well as a deranged actin cross‐striation pattern with a widening of actin bands. ATP levels declined from 10 mmol L−1 pre‐CPB to 4.9 mmol L−1 after CPB. Correspondingly, coronary sinus effluent showed a significant lactate production. Although, cardiac function determined by transoesophageal echocardiography did not deteriorate, significant inotropic support was necessary to maintain cardiac output.ConclusionsOur results present clinical and structural evidence of ‘myocardial stunning’ after CABG and cold crystalloid cardioplegia. Increased HSP‐70i and ICAM‐1 expression, as well as a deranged actin cross‐striation pattern, might be structural markers to determine ‘myocardial stunning’ in clinical settings.