bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of welding sequence on residual stress distributions in GTA welding of AA5251 plate
Authors: Kohandehghan A. R. , Serajzadeh S. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
In this paper, a thermo-mechanical model has been used to predict the temperature history and residual stress distribution in gas tungsten arc welding of AA5251 plates. This model has also been utilized to estimate the residual stresses under different welding sequences, while in the model the effect of temperature on material properties were taken into account. In order to verify the predictions, residual stresses within the welded samples and weld pool geometry were experimentally measured employing hole drilling and macro-examination of weld cross-section, respectively. The comparison between numerical and experimental data shows a reasonable agreement. The predictions show that the welding sequence has a major effect on maximum temperature and temperature distribution as well as stress and plastic strain distributions around the weld.
Craniovertebral junction abnormalities with hindbrain herniation and syringomyelia: regression of syringomyelia after removal of ventral craniovertebral junction compression
Authors: Menezes Arnold H. 
Published: November 2011

Object
Hindbrain herniation syndrome, or Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I), occurs frequently with craniovertebral junction (CVJ) abnormalities when there is reduction in the posterior fossa volume. Syringomyelia is often present. Posterior fossa dorsal decompression (PFDD) is typically performed but has adverse results when ventral bone abnormality exists. This paper presents the results of a prospective study on CVJ abnormalities in patients with CM-I and syringomyelia.

Methods
Between 1984 and 2008 (the MR imaging era), 298 patients with CVJ abnormalities and CM-I underwent ventral cervicomedullary decompression. Eighty-four patients had associated syringomyelia (15 with secondary invagination and 69 with primary basilar invagination, os odontoideum, or malunion of fractures). Of these 84 patients with CVJ abnormalities, CM-I, and syringomyelia, 46 had previously undergone PFDD, and 28 had previously undergone PFDD combined with fusion procedures or shunt placements. Of the 84 patients, a cervicothoracic syrinx was observed in 57, thoracic syrinx in 14, and holocord syrinx in 13. Studies included CT, MR imaging, and cine flow studies. All 298 patients who underwent ventral CVJ decompression had irreducible or partially reducible pathology. All 84 with syringomyelia showed brainstem dysfunction, lower cranial nerve symptoms, or myelopathy.

Results
Brainstem signs improved in 66 of the 84 patients, myelopathy improved in 58, and syringomyelia regressed in 64.

Conclusions
Neurological improvement and syringomyelia resolution can occur using only ventral cervicomedullary junction decompression in patients with basilar invagination and basilar impression. This is likely due to the relief of neural encroachment and reestablishment of CSF pathways.
Mortality of HIV-Infected Patients with or without Cancer: Comparison with the General Population in Italy
Authors: Galli Laura , Spagnuolo Vincenzo , Salpietro Stefania , Gianotti Nicola , Cossarini Francesca , Lazzarin Adriano , Castagna Antonella 
Published: November 2011

Background HAART has reduced mortality in HIV-infected patients; however, the risk of non-AIDS-related events has increased, including cancer. We compared mortality in HIV-infected patients with or without cancer with the general population in Italy. Methods Eligible patients were recorded in the San Raffaele Infectious Diseases Department database. The ratio of observed deaths to expected all-cause deaths (standardized mortality ratio [SMR]) was standardized for age and gender, and stratified by cancer occurrence or year of HIV infection (≤1998 or >1998). Expected all-cause deaths were obtained from the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Rome, Italy; 2002 data). Results Among 6,495 HIV-infected patients, contributing 75,171 person-years, the SMR was 6.0 (95% CI 5.7, 6.4); SMRs decreased as age increased. Mortality rates were significantly higher than the general population for patients with or without cancer (SMR=15.1 [95% CI 13.6, 16.7] and 4.8 [95% CI 4.5, 5.1], respectively). For patients with or without cancer, SMRs were higher in those aged <45 years than older patients. SMRs for patients with cancer were almost stable in those infected with HIV ≤1998 (15.3; 95% CI 13.7, 17.0) or >1998 (13.5; 95% CI 9.2, 19.1). Among patients with cancer diagnosed with HIV >1998, age-adjusted SMRs ranged from 216.0 (95% CI 43.4, 631.3) to 6.8 (95% CI 4.7, 9.7) in patients <30 years or ≥70 years, respectively. Conclusions Mortality in HIV-infected patients remains higher than the general population in Italy, with marked differences according to age, and cancer contributing to an increased excess of mortality.
Low Rates of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance in a Well-Monitored Cohort in South Africa on Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Wallis Carole L , Papathanasopolous Maria A , Fox Matthew , Conradie Francesca , Ive Prudence , Orrell Catherine , Zeinecker Jennifer , Sanne Ian , Wood Robin , McIntyre James , Stevens Wendy ,   the CIPRA-SA project 1 study team, Badal-Faesen Sharlaa , Botile Mildred , Choonilal Nastassja , Gelant Sharlaa , Grab Janet , Graham Veronica , Hafejee Najma , Hamber Lynda , Harduth Sindesh , Hendricks Johean , Herman Colleen , Hero Mellissa , Kaplan Richard , Killa Nicola , Klemp Daniella , Laher Faisel , Mabiletsa Thandi , Madlala Zanele , Mafukuzela Ntombekaya , Mahlatsi Bontle , Marias Helgard , Mfundisi Nomakhaya , Motloba Buang , Moyo Cindy , Mtshizana Mcebisi , Ncana Lundi , Newell Kevin , Palmer Sean , Pearce Deborah , Potts Mary-Ann , Radebe Daphne , Reyneke Anne , Segeneco Anna , Sekgale Jennifer , Steyn Jan , Thebe Pinky , Truter Handre , van Niekerk Diederik , Verheye-Dua Frieda , Voges Karlien , Woolgar) Helen , Maartens Gary , Spencer David , van der Horst Charles , Ingram Charlotte , Glencross Debbie 
Published: November 2011

Background The emergence of complex HIV-1 drug resistance mutations has been linked to the duration of time patients are on a failing antiretroviral drug regimen. This study reports on resistance profiles in a closely monitored subtype C infected cohort. Methods A total of 812 participants were enrolled into the CIPRA-SA ‘safeguard the household’ study, viral loads were determined at 12-weekly intervals for 96 weeks. Virological failure was defined as either a <1.5 log decrease in viral load at week 12 or two consecutive viral load measurements of >1,000 RNA copies/ml after week 24. Regimens prescribed were in line with the South African roll-out programme (stavudine, lamivudine, efavirenz or nevirapine). Viral RNA was extracted from patients with virological failure, and pol reverse-transcriptase PCR and sequence analysis were performed to determine drug-resistant mutations. Results Virological failure was observed in 83 participants on the first-line regimen during the study period, of which 61 (73%) had HIV-1 drug-resistant mutations. The M184V mutation was the most frequent ( n=46; 65%), followed by K103N (46%) and Y181C (21%). Thymidine analogue mutations were infrequent (1%) and Q151M was not observed. Conclusions Drug resistance profiles were less complex than has been previously reported in South Africa using the same antiretroviral drug regimens. These data suggest that frequent viral load monitoring limits the level and complexity of resistance observed in HIV-1 subtype C, preserving susceptibility to second-line options.
Primary echinococcal cyst in the axillary region
Authors: Ozsoy Mustafa , Keles Celalettın , Kahya Mumtaz , Keles Gonul 
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Human hydatid disease is a parasitic infection caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus. It has worldwide distribution and is endemic in many countries, especially the Mediterranean region. It most commonly affects the liver and lungs although multi-organ involvement has been observed in 20-30% of patients. Case report: A 45-year-old woman presented to a gynaecologist because of a mass in the axillary region. Her mother and her two sisters were undergoing treatment for breast cancer. In her examination, a hard, semi-mobile, painless mass was found that was approximately 3 cm in diameter. Axillary ultrasonography showed lymphadenopathy. No abnormality was found in mammographic examination of either breast, or in abdominal ultrasonography and chest X-ray. Occult breast cancer was suspected but when the mass was excised for pathological examination the biopsy showed a hydatid cyst with germinative membranes. Subsequent lung, abdomen and brain tomography scans, whole body bone scintigraphy and hydatid serology, including indirect haemagglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were negative. For these reasons an isolated axillary hydatid cyst was diagnosed. Conclusion: Parasitic cysts should be considered in endemic areas in patients presenting with a soft tissue mass in the axillary region. Imaging methods should be planned to include this possibility.
Effect of Australia's Walk to Work Day Campaign on Adults' Active Commuting and Physical Activity Behavior
Authors: Merom Dafna , Miller Yvette , Lymer Sharyn , Bauman Adrian 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To determine whether Australia's Walk to Work Day media campaign resulted in behavioral change among targeted groups. Methods. Pre- and postcampaign telephone surveys of a cohort of adults aged 18 to 65 years (n = 1100, 55% response rate) were randomly sampled from Australian major metropolitan areas. Tests for dependent samples were applied (McNemar χ2 or paired t-test). Results. Among participants who did not usually actively commute to work was a significant decrease in “car only” use and an increase in walking combined with public transport. Among those who were employed was a significant increase in total time walking (+16 min/wk; t [780] = 2.04, p < .05) and in other moderate physical activity (+l20 min/wk; t [1087] = 4.76, p < .005), resulting in a significant decrease in the proportion who were “inactive” (χ2 (1) = 6.1, p < .05). Conclusion. Although nonexperimental, the Walk to Work Day initiative elicited short-term changes in targeted behaviors among target groups. Reinforcement by integrating worksite health promotion strategies may be required for sustained effects.
Increasing the Health Promotion Practices of Workplaces in Australia with a Proactive Telephone-Based Intervention
Authors: Daly Justine , Licata Milly , Gillham Karen , Wiggers John 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. The aim of this study was to explore the potential effectiveness of a proactive telephone-based intervention in increasing workplace adoption of health promotion initiatives. Methods. A telephone-based direct marketing strategy was used to contact a sample of Australian workplaces to encourage the adoption of health promotion initiatives. Workplaces were offered free services and resources designed to facilitate adoption of health promotion initiatives. Results. A total of 227 (71%) workplaces provided informed consent to participate in both baseline and 4-year follow-up surveys. Significant increases were evident for seven of the eight health promotion initiatives. Discussion. The findings of this study suggest that a proactive telephone-based intervention has the potential to be effective in increasing the prevalence of health promotion initiatives across a range of health topics in a large population of workplaces. Given the capacity to reach an entire population of workplaces, this approach represents a promising means of achieving the established potential of workplace health promotion.
Reliability and Validity of a Single-Item Measure of Job Satisfaction
Authors: Dolbier Christyn L. , Webster Judith A. , McCalister Katherine T. , Mallon Mark W. , Steinhardt Mary A. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To investigate the reliability and validity of a single-item overall job satisfaction measure. Methods. Public agency employees (n = 745) were surveyed regarding job satisfaction, work, personality, and health variables. The single-item measure underwent the following analyses: correction for attenuation formula to estimate minimum reliability; correlations with multiple-item job satisfaction, work, personality, and health measures to determine concurrent validity, construct validity, and specific relevance to health promotion; and logistic regression to determine the predictability of turnover intention. Results. For the single-item measure the minimum reliability estimate was high, all correlational tests for validity were significant, logistic regression indicated substantial predictability of turnover intention, and correlations with the health measures were significant. Discussion. These results are consistent with other studies and support the psychometric properties of this single-item overall job satisfaction measure. Limitations of the study and its implications for worksite health promotion are discussed.
Relationships between Behavioral Risk Factors and Dental Care Costs in a Japanese Worksite
Authors: Chikamoto Yosuke , Igarashi Isao , Yamada Rina 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To identify the magnitude of dental care costs and examine the relationship between behavioral risk factors and dental care costs in a Japanese corporation. Design. A one-time cross-sectional design was used with each employee as a unit of analysis. Setting. The setting was a large Japanese corporation where Japan's standard health care insurance, including dental care coverage, was provided for all employees. Subjects. A full-time employee population of 6543 was included. Seventy-six percent were men, and the majority were white-collar workers. Measures. Data were available on dental care costs and self-reported behavioral dental care risk, including smoking and oral self-care, obtained from the company's annual physical checkups in the 2000 fiscal year. Dichotomous variables of expenditures for employees having no dental claims and those having high claims defined as 90th percentile or above were created. Results. The dental care costs made up approximately 24.3% of the health care costs. Thirty-five percent of the employees were smokers. Employees who were at least 40 years old and employees who were women were associated with the likelihood of using dental care services (odds ratio [OR] = 1.622 and 0.783, respectively), and no behavioral risk was associated. The likelihood of incurring high dental care costs was associated with smoking when including all employees in addition to those who used any dental care services (OR = 1.315 and 1.386, respectively). Conclusions. This study suggests the relationships of smoking as well as age and sex to dental care costs in an employer setting. To provide a strong case for health promotion in Japan, future research should address critical issues such as reliable and valid risk measurement and the use of longitudinal designs and intervention studies.
Predictors of Fat Intake Behavior Differ between Normal-Weight and Obese WIC Mothers
Authors: Chang Mei-Wei , Baumann Linda C. , Nitzke Susan , Brown Roger L. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To determine whether predictors of fat intake behavior were the same for normal-weight and obese WIC mothers when applying the PRECEDE-PROCEED model and to identify predictors for each group. Design. Proportional stratified convenience sampling. Subjects. Five hundred eighty-one nonpregnant, black and white normal-weight (n = 180) or obese (n = 401) women. Settings. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children in six counties in southern Wisconsin. Measures. The independent variables were predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors. Predisposing factors included beliefs in diet and health, beliefs in diet and body shape, health concerns in food choice, health concerns in nutrition, and eating habits. Enabling factors were cost of food, availability of time to prepare food, and accessibility to purchase food. Reinforcing factors were weight control intentions, sensory appeal, and mood. The dependent variable was fat intake behavior. Structural equation modeling was performed. Results. When controlling for covariates, certain factors affecting fat intake behavior differed between the normal-weight and the obese groups. For the normal-weight group, only reinforcing factors were positively associated with fat intake behavior. For the obese group, reinforcing and enabling, but not predisposing, factors were positively associated with fat intake behavior. Conclusions. Interventions to modify low-income women's fat intake behavior might benefit from targeting behavioral predictors that differ with body size. Messages that emphasize weight control intentions, sensory appeal, and mood are likely to affect both normal-weight and obese women. Information about cost of food, availability of time to prepare food, and accessibility to purchase food is likely to be more effective with obese women.
A New Channel for Health Promotion: Building Trade Unions
Authors: Barbeau Elizabeth M. , Goldman Roberta , Roelofs Cora , Gagne Joshua , Harden Elizabeth , Conlan Kathleen , Stoddard Anne , Sorensen Glorian 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. Labor unions are a largely unevaluated channel for health promotion interventions for working class populations, who are at increased risk for smoking and poor diet. We conducted qualitative and quantitative research to understand the meaning and function of union membership in workers' lives and applied this information to health promotion intervention design. Methods. Cross-sectional data included a survey conducted with a nationally representative sample of unionized construction workers (n = 1109; 44% response rate), and 16 focus groups (n = 88) conducted in multiple regions around the country. Results. The vast majority of survey respondents held strongly positive views of their union. Focus group findings revealed the meaning of the union in members' daily lives, how members view information from the union, and their perceptions of the union's limitations. Conclusions. The findings provide a compelling rationale for considering unions as a channel for health promotion interventions.
The Healthy Hawaii Initiative: A Social Ecological Approach Promoting Healthy Communities
Authors: Nigg Claudio , Maddock Jay , Yamauchi Jessica , Pressler Virginia , Wood Betty , Jackson Susan 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. The tobacco settlement has provided the opportunity for the state of Hawaii to implement the Healthy Hawaii Initiative (HHI), targeting smoking, poor nutrition and physical inactivity. The purpose of this paper is to describe and document preliminary findings. Methods. The social ecological model is translated into practice through school and community grants to create systems, environmental and policy changes, teacher training on health and physical education standards, continuing education for the medical community in behavioral health, and a public education campaign. A comprehensive evaluation provides ongoing feedback for program improvement and progress on the effects of psychosocial mediators, behaviors, and long-term chronic diseases. Results and Discussion. Preliminary process results presented here are promising. The components are thought to interact synergistically to bring about behavior changes statewide. The HHI is one example of how to implement a multilevel initiative to target the three major behavioral determinants of chronic disease (tobacco use, physical inactivity, and poor nutrition) and build healthier communities.
Textual Analysis of Tobacco Editorials: How are Key Media Gatekeepers Framing the Issues?
Authors: Smith Katherine Clegg , Wakefield Melanie 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. The news media's potential to promote awareness of health issues is established, and media advocacy is now an important tool in combating tobacco use. This study examines newspaper editors' perspectives of tobacco-related issues. Design. This study presents a textual analysis of tobacco-related editorials. The data consist of editorials on tobacco from a sample of 310 U.S. daily newspapers over the course of 1 year (2001). Data were sampled from a random one-third of the days per month, yielding 162 editorials for analysis. A qualitative textual analysis was conducted. Each editorial was coded for theme, position, and frame. We analyzed the topics gaining editorial attention and the arguments made to support various perspectives. Results. Editorials discussed a variety of both positive and negative news events, largely conveying support for tobacco-control objectives. Various organizing frames were used—supporting policy interventions, condemning the industry, highlighting individual rights, and expressing general cynicism were most prevalent. Conclusion. Editors largely promoted tobacco-control efforts, particularly policy advances. There was, however, little coverage of key issues such as health effects and addiction—perhaps because they are no longer perceived to be contentious. Advocates should seek to address this area and minimize the cynicism of key media gatekeepers to avoid undermining policy and individual change efforts.
Relationships between Smoking Behavior and Readiness to Change Physical Activity Patterns in a Community in Japan
Authors: Akamatsu Rie , Nakamura Masakazu , Shirakawa Taro 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To examine the relationship between readiness to change exercise behavior and smoking behavior, stratified by gender. Methods. A cross-sectional survey of those inhabitants of Hikami, Japan, who were 30 years of age or older (n = 11,708). The response rate was 82.1%. Chi-squared tests and analysis of variance were used to evaluate differences in characteristics by smoking behavior, and the odds ratio (OR) was calculated to examine the relationship while controlling for possible confounding factors such as age, body mass index, and health consciousness. Results. Even when controlling for confounding factors, the relationship between the two behaviors differed according to gender. Among males, ex-smokers were more likely to be motivated to exercise (OR, 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], .95–1.36), whereas among females, smokers were more likely to be motivated to exercise (OR, .40; 95% CI, .34–.48). Discussion. Despite some limitations, the findings suggest that gender should be used as a stratification variable when discussing the relationship between smoking and exercise behaviors.