bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the antisecretory effects of omeprazole when administered intravenously, as acid‐stable granules and as an oral paste in horses
Authors: HAVEN MICHELLE L. , DAVE K. , BURROW J. A. , MERRITT A. M. , HARRIS DEBORAH , ZHANG D. , HICKEY G. J. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe antisecretory activity of omeprazole on gastric acid when administered i.v., intragastrically orper os, was evaluated in 2 female and 3 castrated male horses. Each horse had been prepared with a chronic indwelling gastric cannula. A single i.v. administration of omeprazole (1.5 mg/kg bwt) was effective in abolishing basal and pentagastrin (PG)‐stimulated acid secretion. Once daily, nasogastric administration of omeprazole in acid‐stable granules for 5 days inhibited acid secretion in a dose‐ dependent manner: 57% (1.5 mg/kg bwt) and 98% (5.0 mg/kg bwt) reduction of PG‐stimulated acid secretion. The degree of inhibition was maintained over a 19 day treatment period with once daily dosing. A prototype oral paste formulation containing either acid‐stable omeprazole granules or uncoated omeprazole powder was equipotent when compared to a similar dosage of acid‐stable omeprazole granules administered by nasogastric tube. A dose‐dependent inhibition was seen with the oral paste formulation containing omeprazole powder: 55% (1.5 mg/kg bwt) and 77% (3.0 mg/kg bwt) reduction of PG‐stimulated acid secretion after 5 days. Therefore, a paste formulation of omeprazole powder may offer an effective, easily administered, once daily acid inhibitory treatment for gastric ulcer disease in horses.
Effect of omeprazole paste on gastric acid secretion in horses
Authors: DAURIO C. P. , HOLSTE J. E. , ANDREWS F. M. , MERRITT A. M. , BLACKFORD J. T. , DOLZ F. , THOMPSON D. R. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIn a multicentre trial, 13 cannulated horses were treated orally once daily with a paste that delivered omeprazole at a dose of 4 and 5 mg/kg bwt in a 2‐period crossover design to evaluate steady state gastric acid suppression. In each period, basal (unstimulated) and pentagastrin‐stimulated gastric output were evaluated at 5–8 h after 5 doses, at 13–16 h after 10 doses, and at 21–24 h after 15 doses. Baseline data for gastric acid secretion were collected once for each horse in the month prior to initiation of omeprazole treatment. The inhibition of gastric acid secretion relative to baseline values, following treatment with omeprazole, were calculated and expressed as per cent. Pharmacokinetic data were also collected in this trial. At 4 mg/kg bwt, the oral paste formulation of omeprazole inhibited both basal and pentagastrin‐stimulated gastric acid secretion by 99% at 5–8 h after treatment and by 83% (basal) and 90% (pentagastrin‐stimulated) at 21–24 h. Inhibition following the administration of omeprazole at a dose of 5 mg/kg bwt was not significantly greater than when given at 4 mg/kg bwt. The results from this study could possibly lead to the development of an effective and practical antisecretory treatment of ulcer disease in horses.
Safety of omeprazole paste in foals and mature horses
Authors: PLUE R. E. , WALL H. G. , DAURIO C. , ATTEBERY D. K. , COX J. L. , WALLACE D. H. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryOmeprazole has been shown to promote healing of spontaneously occurring gastric ulcers in horses when administered for 28 days at a dose of 4 mg/kg bwt/day and to prevent recurrence of ulcers in almost all horses when treatment is continued at a dose of at least 2 mg/kg bwt/day. The purpose of the 3 studies reported here was to 1) evaluate the evolution of potential effects of omeprazole paste (GastroGard)1, at a dose of 20 mg/kg bwt/day (5x the recommended dose) for 91 days in mature Thoroughbred horses; 2) evaluate the safety in young horses of omeprazole paste when dosed at 4 mg/kg bwt/day (1x), 12 mg/kg bwt/day (3x) or 20 mg/kg bwt/day (5x) for 91 days in Tennessee walking horse foals; and 3) evaluate the safety of omeprazole paste when dosed at 40 mg/kg bwt/day (10x) for 21 days in mature Thoroughbred horses. Within each study, horses were allocated randomly to the control or omeprazole paste treatment group. Clinical examinations, serum biochemistry and haematology were performed at regular intervals until necropsy at the end of the study. There were no treatment‐related clinical signs in any treated horse and serum biochemistry and haematology were normal. In conclusion, omeprazole paste is safe for use in horses as demonstrated in studies with foals and mature horses.
Safety, acceptability and endoscopic findings in foals and yearling horses treated with a paste formulation of omeprazole for twenty‐eight days
Authors: MURRAY M. J. , EICHORN EVELYN S. , HOLSTE J. E. , COX J. L. , STANIER W. B. , COOPER W. L. , COOPER VALERIE A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryA paste formulation of the H+,K+‐ATPase inhibitor omeprazole was evaluated in Thoroughbred foals and yearlings for its safety and acceptability. Twenty foals age 11–16 weeks and 20 yearling horses age 15–17 months were included and gastroscopic examinations performed 1–3 days before and at the end of each trial. Lesions were scored on a scale of 0 to 3 and animals allocated based on endoscopic lesion score and sex, with 4 animals in each of 5 replicates. Dosages of 4 mg omeprazole/kg bwt or sham treatment were administered once daily for 28 days, from a syringe graduated in 50 lb (22.68 kg) increments, the amount of paste administered being rounded up to the nearest corresponding weight in pounds. Acceptability of the paste or sham treatment was assessed and recorded by the individual administering the treatment on the basis of the tolerance or resistance to insertion of the syringe into the mouth, administration of the paste and if the paste was swallowed or actively expelled by the animal. Safety was determined on the basis of daily observation recordings and physical examination findings during and at the conclusion of the trial.Treatment was judged to have been accepted for all 420 doses of omeprazole paste and all 140 sham doses given to foals during the trial and for 418/420 doses of paste and all 140 sham doses given to yearlings. Two doses of paste were entirely rejected by yearlings.On the initial endoscopic examination, lesions were observed in the gastric squamous epithelial mucosa in 4 foals and 3 yearlings, and single small, superficial erosions were seen in the gastric glandular mucosa of 2 foals. On the second examination there were small, superficial erosions in the squamous mucosa in 3 foals and 2 yearlings, multi‐focal superficial erosions in 1 foal and 1 yearling, and 1 foal had large areas of erosion extending from themargo plicatustoward the dorsal fundus. No lesions in the glandular mucosa were seen in foals or yearlings. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) in lesion scores between the beginning and the end of the trials in the omeprazole‐treated or sham‐treated groups of foals or yearlings. A paste formulation of omeprazole, administered at a dose of 4 mg/kg bwt once daily for 28 days, was determined to be highly acceptable to the foals and yearlings we studied, and no adverse effects attributable to the medication were noted
Acceptability of a paste formulation and efficacy of high dose omeprazole in healing gastric ulcers in horses maintained in race training
Authors: VATISTAS N. J. , SNYDER J. R. , NIETO J. , THOMPSON D. , POLLMEIER M. , HOLSTE J. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryGastric ulceration has been found to occur in 80–90% of Thoroughbreds in active race training. Previously, variable success has been reported using mucosal surface protectants and H2receptor antagonist. Omeprazole, a substituted benzimidazole, has been shown to inhibit gastric acid secretion in both man and animals. Fourteen horses, in active race training and with endoscopic evidence of moderated to severe gastric ulceration were divided into 2 groups:Group 1(7 horses) were given placebo paste orally once daily for 28 days;Group 2(7 horses) received 1.54 g active omeprazole in the placebo once daily for 28 days. Logs detailing administration and acceptability of the paste, and the horse's feeding and training regime were maintained by the trainer of each horse. Endoscopic examination of the stomach occurred at the beginning of the trial, and at 13–17 days and 27–31 days following commencement of the trial. Those horses that were free of ulceration on Days 27–31 were reexamined on Days 35–49.Acceptability of the paste, whether with or without active omeprazole, was deemed excellent in all horses except on one occasion, when one horse swallowed the paste following initial mild reluctance. Of the horses given the placebo (Group 1), 3 were withdrawn after the 13–17 day endoscopic examination: 1 horse to be given a H2receptor antagonist, 1 horse was removed from training due to aryepiglottic entrapment and 1 horse had a greater than 10% fall in bodyweight from the start of the trial. Of the horses given active omeprazole (Group 2), one horses was relocated to another race track following the 13–17 day endoscopic examination. For the horses given placebo (Group 1), there was no change in the severity of ulceration. In contrast, the severity of ulceration in the horses given active omeprazole was significantly reduced at 13–17 days and 27–31 days. In 2Group 2horses, ulcers that had been completely eliminated subsequently returned when reexamined at 35–49 days. The results of this study suggest that omeprazole, employing a once daily dosing schedule, is effective at reducing the severity or eliminating gastric ulcers in Thoroughbreds in active race training.
Effects of omeprazole paste on healing of spontaneous gastric ulcers in horses and foals: a field trial
Authors: MacALLISTER C. G. , SIFFERMAN R. L. , McCLURE S. R. , WHITE G. W. , VATISTAS N. J. , HOLSTE J. E. , ERICCSON G. F. , COX J. L. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryA multicentre, blinded, randomised complete‐block, field trial was conducted with 140 horses and foals age 4 weeks‐28 years to determine if omeprazole paste is effective and safe in promoting healing of spontaneous gastric ulcers under a variety of field conditions and in different breeds and ages of horses. Horses in the study had gastric ulceration as determined by gastroscopy and were divided into replicates of 4 or 5 animals. One horse in each replicate was assigned randomly to receive an empty omeprazole syringe (sham‐dosed control) and the remaining horses received omeprazole paste once daily for 28 days. Gastroscopy was repeated at the end of the study. Horses treated with omeprazole had significantly (P<0.01) more improvement in ulcer scores at the end of the study compared with controls. Ulcers were improved in 32.4 and 99.0% of the control and omeprazole groups, respectively. Ulcers were completely healed in 8.9 and 86.7% of the control and omeprazole groups, respectively. Under typical field conditions, omeprazole was effective at enhancing healing of spontaneous gastric ulcers in horses of a variety of ages and breeds.
The effect of exercise on the distribution and manifestation of osteochondrotic lesions in the Warmblood foal
Authors: van WEEREN P. R. , BARNEVELD A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryOsteochondrosis (OC) in the horse has been defined as a disturbance in the process of endochondral ossification which is of multifactorial origin, becoming evident in a large number of joints. Exercise is one of the environmental factors that may influence the clinical manifestation of the disorder, but has never been thoroughly investigated. In this study we investigated the influence of exercise during the first 5 months on the development and distribution of OC lesions in foals of age 5 and 11 months.Forty‐three foals, all from sires having OC in either the femoropatellar or tibiotarsal joint, were reared to weaning at 5 months under similar conditions except for the type and amount of exercise. Fifteen foals remained at pasture, 14 were kept in box stalls and 14 foals were kept in the same box stalls but daily given an increasing number of gallop sprints. After weaning, 8 foals from each group were subjected to euthanasia. The remaining 19 animals were given identical light exercise regimen for an additional 6 months to euthanasia at 11 months. After euthanasia all major diarthrodial joints were inspected for macroscopic lesions. Histological sections were made from the lesions and from all distal tibial sagittal ridges. Lesions were scored according to severity on a scale of 0 to 4, and a total OC score per joint was calculated.In the 5 month group, lesions were found in all foals (mean number of lesions 5.5, range 1–14). Frequency was highest in the tibiotarsal (1.9 lesions/foal), the femoropatellar/femorotibial (1.0), the cervical intervertebral (1.0), and the metatarsophalangeal joints (0.6). At 11 months the prevalence of lesions had significantly decreased (mean number of lesions 3.1, range 0–7). This decrease was most evident in the femoropatellar/femorotibial joint, but was negligible in the tibiotarsal joint. Exercise did not significantly influence numbers of lesions, but at 5 months there was a tendency towards more severe lesions in the box‐rested foals. In the femoropatellar/femorotibial joint, lesions were found mainly in the femoral condyles of the box‐rested foals and at the lateral trochlear ridge of the femur in the trained foals.It is concluded that OC may become manifest in many joints. Many lesions regress and do not become clinically evident, making the number of horses with lesions at mature age into an underestimation of the total amount of animals that have suffered from the condition. The period during which a lesion develops and possibly regresses is limited and variable per site. Exercise at the level given in this study may have some influence on the appearance and the distribution of the lesions, but did not appear to have an aetiological role.
The influence of birth weight, rate of weight gain and final achieved height and sex on the development of osteochondrotic lesions in a population of genetically predisposed Warmblood foals
Authors: van WEEREN P. R. , van OLDRUITENBORGH‐OOSTERBAAN MARIANNE M. SLOET , BARNEVELD A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe influence of inherent variables (sex, birth weight, final achieved height, monthly weight gain rates and osteochondrosis (OC) status of the parents) on the occurrence of osteochondrotic lesions in the femoropatellar and tarsocrural joints in a group of foals was investigated as part of a research project aimed at the study of the development of osteochondrosis and the influence of exercise on the development of the musculoskeletal system in Warmbloods. The foals were genetically predisposed to develop OC, being offspring of sires that all had radiographically proven OC in either the femoropatellar or the tarsocrural joint. In the mare population the incidence of femoropatellar OC was 16% and of OC in the tarsocrural joint 7%.Foals (n = 43) were weighed at birth, and thence every second week until euthanasia at 5 (n = 24) or 11 (n = 19) months. Height at the withers was taken twice, at birth and at euthanasia. Weight gain rates were calculated for months 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9 and 11 and for the entire 5 or 11 month period. Osteochondrosis status of the parents in the 2 joints with respect to the distal tibial sagittal and lateral femoral trochlear ridges was determined radiographically. In all foals, radiographs were taken from the same sites prior to euthanasia. After euthanasia the joints were examined macroscopically and histologically for the presence of osteochondrotic lesions and classified as OC positive (OC+) or negative (OC‐).No influence of sex on the prevalence of OC in either of the joints could be established. Also, no relationship between the prevalence of tarsocrural OC and any of the growth variables was found. Foals positive for femoropatellar OC had a significantly higher weight gain rate in the third and fifth month. Animals killed at 11 months that were OC+ in the femoropatellar joint had a significantly higher weight gain rate over the 11 month period, weighed more at 11 months, and were taller at the withers and at the croup than non affected animals. Offspring of tarsocrural OC‐ parents did not have a lower number of lesions in this joint than foals of which at least one of the parents was affected, but no foals that were offspring of femoropatellar OC‐ parents themselves showed lesions.It was concluded that, in this selected group, sex had no influence on the occurrence of OC lesions. Even in this relatively homogenous group weight gain rate affected the occurrence of lesions in the femoropatellar joint, but not in the tarsocrural joint. This corresponds with the different time‐frames in which the lesions develop in the various joints and with the existence of windows of ‘susceptibility’.
Changes in proteoglycan metabolism in osteochondrotic articular cartilage of growing foals
Authors: van den HOOGEN BIANCA M. , van de LEST C. H. A. , van WEEREN P. R. , van GOLDE L. M. G. , BARNEVELD A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIn osteochondrosis (OC) the process of endochondral ossification is impaired. Proteoglycans form one of the major components of the extracellular matrix of cartilage and are able to bind calcium. For this reason, proteoglycans are thought to play an important role early in the mineralisation process and may, therefore, be important in the pathogenesis of OC. To investigate possible differences in proteoglycan metabolism, normal and osteochondrotic articular‐epiphyseal cartilage was harvested from the hock and stifle joints of 43 foals age 5 and 11 months. The samples were cultured as explants in which 35S‐[sulphate]‐incorporation, release of newly synthesised and endogenous proteoglycans and content of DNA and proteoglycans were measured ex vivo and after a 4 day period of serum stimulation.In osteochondrotic cartilage of foals age both 5 and 11 months synthesis of proteoglycans was less stimulated by serum than in normal cartilage. Furthermore, only in the foals age 11 months, ex vivo proteoglycan production was decreased and an increase in the turnover of newly synthesised proteoglycans was detected in osteochondrotic cartilage, without a change in release of endogenous proteoglycans. The reduced response to serum stimulation in osteochondrotic cartilage indicates that osteochondrotic chondrocytes are less vital. The increase in turnover of newly synthesised proteoglycans reflects a change in composition of the proteoglycan pool. Considering the late changes in proteoglycan synthesis, an aberrant proteoglycan synthesis pattern is more likely to be a sequence than a primary cause of the impaired endochondral ossification of osteochondrotic lesions.
Hormones, growth factors and other plasma variables in relation to osteochondrosis
Authors: van OLDRUITENBORGH‐OOSTERBAAN MARIANNE M. SLOET , MOL JAN A. , BARNEVELD A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryOsteochondrosis (OC) is a multifactorial disorder with endocrinological dysfunction and mineral imbalance having a role in pathogenesis. The present study focused on a possible relationship between insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I), insulin‐like growth factor II (IGF‐II), parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25‐dihydroxy‐vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), cortisol, copper, zinc, calcium, ionised calcium, magnesium and phosphorus and 5 differentpostmortemand radiographical osteochondrosis scores of hock and ***stifle joints in foals age 0–11 months. Osteochondrosis‐positive foals showed a significantly lower IGF‐I activity than osteochondrosis‐negative foals. PTH, 1,25(OH)2D, cortisol, copper, zinc and calcium also showed significant differences between osteochondrosis‐positive and osteochondrosis‐negative foals.
Influence of different exercise levels and age on the biochemical characteristics of immature equine articular cartilage
Authors: BRAMA P. A. J. , TEKOPPELE J. M. , BANK R. A. , van WEEREN P. R. , BARNEVELD A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThis study aimed to examine whether biochemical characteristics of juvenile articular cartilage are changing during the first yearpost partumand whether they can be influenced by exercise at young age.Water, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), DNA, total collagen, hydroxylysine and hydroxylysylpyridinoline (HP) content were measured in articular cartilage of 43 foals that were subdivided into 3 groups (n = 15, 14 and 14) which were subjected to different exercise regimens from one week after birth to age 5 months. At the age of 5 months all foals were weaned and 8 foals were selected randomly from each exercise group and subjected to euthanasia. The remaining foals (n = 19) were grouped and subjected to a similar exercise regimen for an additional 6 months. Differences were tested by student'sttest (P<0.01).No effect of exercise on the water or DNA content was found. GAG content increased with increasing exercise in the 5 months group. These differences had disappeared after 6 months of similar exercise. No influence of exercise could be demonstrated on any of the collagen parameters. When comparing 5 months with 11 months group, all parameters except hydroxylysine changed significantly during these 6 months. Water, DNA and GAG content decreased during maturation. Collagen and HP content increased.It is hypothesised that juvenile equine articular cartilage may be seen as a dynamic, continuously remodelling tissue that is gradually taking on the biochemical characteristics it will have during the rest of the life of the animal. Moderate exercise does not influence the collagen component of the extracellular matrix. It has a beneficial, but reversible, effect on the glycosaminoglycan component.
Effect of exercise on the proteoglycan metabolism of articular cartilage in growing foals
Authors: van den HOOGEN BIANCA M. , van den LEST C. H. A. , van WEEREN P. R. , van GOLDE L. M. G. , BARNEVELD A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIn this study, the effect of different exercise regimens on proteoglycan metabolism of articular cartilage was examined in 43 newborn foals randomly divided into 3 groups: a) box‐rest, b) box‐rest with training and c) free pasture exercise. They were subjected to these exercise regimens from ages 1 week to 5 months and at 5 months, 24 foals (8 from each group) were sacrificed to assess short‐term exercise effects. The remaining 19 foals were subjected to the same regimen of light exercise for an additional 6 months before being sacrificed to evaluate possible long‐term effects. Articular cartilage explants were cultured and proteoglycan synthesis, bothex vivoand after 4 days of serum stimulation, release of endogenous and newly synthesised proteoglycans, and DNA‐and GAG contents were measured to determine the metabolic state of the cartilage.Cartilage metabolic parameters in the box‐rest group at 5 months indicated a retardation in development of the cartilage but, after an additional 6 months, this retardation had almost completely disappeared. The training regimen induced an increase in proteoglycan synthesis at 5 months in cartilage that was, however, accompanied by an increase in proteoglycan release. In the training group at the long‐term, the ability of cartilage to increase proteoglycan synthesis when stimulated was severely reduced. We consider this extra proteoglycan synthesis capacity of great importance to repair small injuries and hence as essential to prevent an early onset of degenerative disorders such as osteoarthritis. Therefore, although extrapolation ofin vitrodata to thein vivosituation always should be done with the utmost care, it is concluded that pasture exercise is best for the development of healthy cartilage resistant to injury and other exercise protocols may carry harmful long‐term effects.