bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic placement and evidence for horizontal transfer of Wolbachia in Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its parasitoid, Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Batista Philip D. , Keddie B. Andrew , Dosdall Lloyd M. , Harris Harriet L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is a global pest of cruciferous crops (Brassicaceae). It has developed resistance to virtually all known insecticides, and biological control has become an important management tool. In North America the parasitoid Diadegma insulare (Cresson) has been used successfully to reduce diamondback moth populations. We document the presence of the α-proteobacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia and its associated bacteriophage WO in P. xylostella and D. insulare and examine the phylogenetic relationships of Wolbachia and WO in both host species. Our results suggest that Wolbachia and WO have been horizontally transferred in this insect–parasitoid system in recent evolutionary history. Knowledge of the dynamics of Wolbachia in P. xylostella and D. insulare may be an important factor in future control of this pest in the field.
Sensory Processing Abilities of Children Who Have Sustained Traumatic Brain Injuries
Authors: Galvin Jane , Froude Elspeth H. , Imms Christine 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This study describes the sensory processing abilities of children ages 3–10 who sustained a moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).
METHOD. We used a prospective, descriptive study design with convenience sampling of 20 children who were admitted to a pediatric neurosurgical unit. Caregivers provided information regarding their child’s sensory processing abilities using the Sensory Profile (Dunn, 1999). We also collected demographic information related to the mechanism and severity of injury. Data were analyzed descriptively, and summary statistics were used to describe the Sensory Profiles of the children in comparison to normative data.
RESULTS. Proportionally more children with TBI than children in the normative sample demonstrated behaviors outside of the typical range in all sections of the Sensory Profile except for oral sensory processing.
CONCLUSION. These findings strongly support the need to include evaluation of sensory processing in any clinical assessment of children who have sustained TBI.
Benchmark Comparison of Outcomes for Clients With Upper-Limb Dysfunction After Stroke Using the Australian Therapy Outcome Measures for Occupational Therapy (AusTOMs–OT)
Authors: Unsworth Carolyn A. , Bearup Andrea M. , Rickard Kate J. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVES. The objective was to benchmark upper-limb outcomes for clients after stroke by confirming a local benchmark and comparing this benchmark with data from a prospective sample.
METHOD. Expert occupational therapists were surveyed to confirm benchmark sample data (n = 20). Treatment sample data (n = 20) were collected at three subacute units. Outcomes were recorded using the Australian Therapy Outcome Measures for Occupational Therapy Upper-Limb Use scale.
RESULTS. Results confirmed benchmark sample scores. Treatment sample participants were significantly younger than the benchmark sample; however, a two-way analysis of variance indicated that both samples improved to a similar degree.
CONCLUSION. Therapists at the facilities where the treatment was provided can feel confident that they are meeting benchmark standards and may strive in the future to achieve better outcomes. Further benchmarking studies are required to encourage therapists to evaluate their performance and implement strategies to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of practice.
Evaluating the Pressure-Reducing Capabilities of the Gel Pad in Supine
Authors: Thorne Sarah , Sauvé Katrine , Yacoub Christine , Guitard Paulette 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. Gel pads are commonly used by occupational therapists in acute care settings to reduce pressure on the coccyx and sacrum in supine. The purpose of this study was to determine the pressure-reducing capabilities of gel pads used in supine and the resultant potential impact on pressure ulcer management.
METHOD. A pressure-mapping system was used to measure interface pressures between the participant’s buttocks and the mattress, with and without the gel pad.
RESULTS. The gel pad did not have a significant effect on interface pressure for most participants. No obvious clinical indicators were identified.
CONCLUSION. Use of the gel pad is not recommended to decrease pressure in supine. Because potential adverse effects may result from using the gel pad in supine and no clinical indicators were identified to direct practice, use of the gel pad in supine is not recommended as an intervention for decreasing interface pressure.
Constantly Changing Lives: Experiences of People With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Lexell Eva Månsson , Lund Maria Larsson , Iwarsson Susanne 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to gain an enhanced understanding of how people with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience their engagement in occupations. We interviewed 10 people and then analyzed the data gathered using the constant comparative method of grounded theory. The findings encompassed the core category “essentials of a constantly changing life,” showing that along a continuum of change, the participants experienced a decreasing engagement in occupations that forced them to continuously struggle to maintain engagement. This struggle changed them and required them to construct a different life than before. Our findings suggest that professionals working in MS rehabilitation need to broaden their repertoire of interventions relevant to conditions in clients’ social environment, with the intention of influencing those occupations that are individually most meaningful. Occupational therapists should focus on the client’s engagement in occupations and its consequences for the client’s life and self-identity.
Validity and Critical Driving Errors of On-Road Assessment for Older Drivers
Authors: Shechtman Orit , Awadzi Kezia D. , Classen Sherrilene , Lanford Desiree N. , Joo Yongsung 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVES. We examined the validity of our on-road driving assessment to quantify its outcomes.
METHOD. Older drivers (N = 127) completed a driving assessment on a standardized road course. Measurements included demographics, driving errors, and driving test outcomes; a categorical global rating score (pass–fail); and the sum of maneuvers (SMS) score (0–273).
RESULTS. There were significant differences in the SMS (F = 29.9, df = 1 p ≤ .001) between drivers who passed the driving test and those who failed. The SMS cutoff value of 230 points was established as the criterion because it yielded the most optimal combination of sensitivity (0.91) and specificity (0.87). The strongest predictors of failure were adjustment to stimuli and lane maintenance errors.
CONCLUSION. The SMS differentiated between passing and failing drivers and can be used to inform clinical decision making.
Impact of Partial Administration of the Cognitive Behavioral Driver’s Inventory on Concurrent Validity for People With Brain Injury
Authors: Duquette Josée , McKinley Patricia , Mazer Barbara , Gélinas Isabelle , Vanier Marie , Benoit Dana , Gresset Jacques 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVES. We sought to determine whether the partial administration of the Cognitive Behavioral Driver’s Inventory (CBDI) has a significant effect on its concurrent validity.
METHOD. Data were extracted from charts of clients with cerebrovascular accident or traumatic brain injury from three centers. The CBDI was administered either completely or partially (right and left perimetry or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised (WAIS–R; Wechsler, 1982; Picture Completion and Digit Symbol tests were not completed). Concurrent validity indicators were calculated for the CBDI and three different scenarios of partial administration of the CBDI.
RESULTS. Only 52% of the road test failures were predicted correctly by the completely administered CBDI. Nonadministration of the WAIS–R rarely modified the CBDI results. Omission of perimetry scores tended to increase the sensitivity and decrease the specificity (not significantly).
CONCLUSION. The CBDI should be used as a complement, not a substitution, for a road test. Partially administrating the CBDI, specifically excluding perimetry measures, can affect its concurrent validity.
Validation of a Test of Road Law and Road Craft Knowledge With Older or Functionally Impaired Drivers
Authors: Unsworth Carolyn A. , Pallant Julie F. , Russell Kay J. , Germano Carmela , Odell Morris 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The number of functionally impaired drivers being assessed is increasing the urgency to develop a standardized off-road driver assessment battery. We examined the validity of the Road Law and Road Craft Test (RLRCT) and a version of the Melbourne Slide Test to determine whether they should be included in the Occupational Therapy Driver Off-Road Assessment (OT–DORA) battery, which is under development.
METHOD. We conducted a file audit of 118 data sets with individual item scores for the RLRCT and Melbourne Slide Test.
RESULTS. The RLRCT test with one item removed provides clinicians with a valid indication of clients’ off-road driving skills. The Melbourne Slide Test added no new information over that provided by the RLRCT and can be excluded from the battery.
CONCLUSION. The revised 14-item RLRCT should be included in the OT–DORA battery. Further research is required to develop the OT–DORA battery as a valid and reliable measure of off-road driver skill.
Occupational Therapists’ Capacity-Building Needs Related to Older Driver Screening, Assessment, and Intervention: A Canadawide Survey
Authors: Korner-Bitensky Nicol , Menon Anita , von Zweck Claudia , Van Benthem Kathy 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
BACKGROUND. Older driver safety is a growing concern. We identified capacity-building needs of occupational therapists related to older driver screening, assessment, and intervention.
METHOD. A Canadawide survey was undertaken involving 133 occupational therapists working with an older clientele. A standardized questionnaire elicited information regarding (1) actual practices related to older driver screening, assessment, and intervention; (2) perceived competence; and (3) need for continuing education.
RESULTS. Occupational therapists were twice as likely to use screening tools rather than in-depth assessments (n = 79 vs. n = 37). Only 25 occupational therapists offered on-road assessment, and even fewer offered retraining (n = 11). Occupational therapists more often felt very competent in domains related to screening as opposed to assessment, and most were interested in continuing education.
CONCLUSION. Driving services offered were primarily related to screening compared with assessment or intervention. Occupational therapists would benefit from driving-related professional training aimed at enhancing professional capacity in this arena.
Assessment of Driving Performance Using a Simulator Protocol: Validity and Reproducibility
Authors: Bédard Michel , Parkkari Marie , Weaver Bruce , Riendeau Julie , Dahlquist Mike 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
We examined the validity and reproducibility of simulator-based driving evaluations. In Study 1, we examined correlations among Trails A and B, demerit points for simulated drives, and simulator-recorded errors. With one exception, correlations ranged from .44 (p = .103) to .83 (p = .001). In Study 2, we examined correlations among Trail Making Test Part A, Useful Field of View, and demerit points for simulated drives; correlations ranged from .50 to .82 (all ps &lt; .001). The correlation between demerit points for on-road and simulated drives was .74 (p = .035). We examined reproducibility of simulator assessments using the playback function; intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from .73 to .87 (all ps &lt; .001). These results suggest that simulators could be used to facilitate the evaluation of fitness to drive.
Neonatal Rat Primary Microglia: Isolation, Culturing, and Selected Applications
Authors: Ni Mingwei , Aschner Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMicroglial cells elaborate trophic factors and cytokines and remove toxins and debris from the extracellular space in the central nervous system, acting analogously to peripheral macrophages. Over the past two decades, increased attention has been directed at the role of microglia, not only in normal physiology, but also in mediating neurotoxicity. Activation of microglia is inherent to multiple neurodegenerative disorders and exposure to toxic compounds. In large measure, these revelations have come about as a result of technologies that enable researchers to obtain high yield and purity primary cultures of rodent microglia. The mechanical isolation protocol discussed in this unit offers an economical method to isolate large amounts of microglia in a short and not too labor‐intensive manner. Most importantly, it ensures a high yield of cells with great reproducibility. Given the ever‐increasing importance of microglia to the field of neurotoxicology research, the ability to isolate large quantities of primary microglia makes it possible to investigate the role and mechanisms associated with microglial modulation of neurotoxicity. We provide a detailed description on the methods that are routinely used in our laboratory for the isolation and culture of microglia, with emphasis on the steps that are deemed most critical for obtaining pure and healthy cultures. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 43:12.17.1‐12.17.16. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Oxoammonium‐ and Nitroxide‐Catalyzed Oxidations of Alcohols
Authors: Bobbitt James M. , BrüCkner Christian , Merbouh Nabyl 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe discovery in 1959 of stable nitroxide‐based free radicals such as the prototypical 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) led to their use as electron spin resonance (ESR) spin labels in chemistry, biomedicine, and materials science. These nitroxides are prepared by the oxidation of secondary amines that contain no hydrogen atoms on the alpha‐carbons. The unique redox properties of nitroxides enable their use as oxidants in organic synthesis. The varied preparation and uses of oxoammonium salts as stoichiometric oxidants for alcohols are one subject of this review. Oxoammonium ions as oxidants for alcohols have a number of advantages, for example, the method is heavy‐metal free and some of the reactions can be performed in water or aqueous mixtures. A few side reactions are associated with these oxidations. The most serious is the fast reaction of the oxoammonium ion with free aminesThe several ways these oxidation reactions can be carried out are discussed in detail.They are: Oxidations using stoichimetric quantities of preformed oxoammonium salts carried out in either acidic, neutral, or basic conditions; reactions in which stoichiometric quantities of oxoammonium salts are generatedin situby disproportionation of a nitroxide in the presence of a strong acid; nitroxide‐catalyzed oxidations using a secondary oxidant; efficient nitroxide‐catalyzed oxidations of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids; and oxidations of primary alcohols or hemiacetals that can lead to lactones.
Asymmetric Epoxidation of Electron‐Deficient Alkenes
Authors: Porter Michael J , Skidmore John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAsymmetric epoxidation reactions have the distinction of being among the first enantioselective transformations to be widely sued in organic synthesis. The Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation is arguably one of the most important methods for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched intermediates uses en route to a wide range of synthetic targets. To date most examples have employed electrophilic oxidizing agents and are thus applicable to electron‐neutral or electron‐rich double bonds. On the other hand alkenes substituted with electron‐withdrawing groups often react inefficiently with electrophilic oxidizing agents; such alkanes are more readily epoxidized using nucleophilic oxidants. The Weitz‐Scheffer epoxidation of alpha,beta‐unsaturated ketones to the corresponding epoxy ketones using basic hydrogen peroxide is the classical nucleophilic epoxidation reaction.This chapter considers the more general case of the conversion of an electron deficient alkene into the corresponding epoxide in an enantioselective fashion. Only methods based on chiral reagents or catalysts are covered. This review covers the literature to the end of 2005.
Highly Efficient Rhodium Catalysts for the Asymmetric Hydroformylation of Vinyl and Allyl Ethers using C1‐Symmetrical Diphosphite Ligands
Authors: Gual Aitor , Godard Cyril , Castillón Sergio , Claver Carmen 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHere, we describe the successful application of novel glucofuranose‐derived 1,3‐diphosphites in the rhodium‐catalysed asymmetric hydroformylation of vinyl acetate, 2,5‐dihydrofuran and 2,3‐dihydrofuran. In the hydroformylation of vinyl acetate, total regioselectivity and high ee (up to 73%) were obtained. When 2,3‐ and 2,5‐dihydrofuran were the substrates, total chemo‐ and regioselectivities were achieved together with ees up to 88%. These results correspond to the highest ee values reported to date in the asymmetric hydroformylation of these substrates. The HP‐NMR studies of the [RhH(CO)2(L)] species (L=15 and 17) demonstrated that both ligands coordinate to the Rh centre in an eq‐eq fashion. The complex [RhH(CO)2(15)] was detected as a single isomer with characteristic features of eq‐eq coordination. However, the broadening of the corresponding signals indicated that this species is rapidly interchanging in solution. In contrast, complex [RhH(CO)2(17)] was detected as a mixture of two conformational isomers at low temperature due to the greater flexibility of the monocyclic backbone of this ligand.
Overview of German, Nazi, and Holocaust medicine
Authors: Cohen Jr. M. Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAn overview of German, Nazi, and Holocaust medicine brings together a group of subjects discussed separately elsewhere. Topics considered include German medicine before and during the Nazi era, such as advanced concepts in epidemiology, preventive medicine, public health policy, screening programs, occupational health laws, compensation for certain medical conditions, and two remarkable guidelines for informed consent for medical procedures; also considered are the Nuremberg Code; American models for early Nazi programs, including compulsory sterilization, abusive medical experiments on prison inmates, and discrimination against black people; two ironies in US and Nazi laws; social Darwinism and racial hygiene; complicity of Nazi physicians, including the acts of sterilization, human experimentation, and genocide; Nazi persecution of Jewish physicians; eponyms of unethical German physicians with particular emphasis on Reiter, Hallervorden, and Pernkopf; eponyms of famous physicians who were Nazi victims, including Pick and van Creveld; and finally, a recommendation for convening an international committee of physicians and ethicists to deal with five issues: (a) to propose alternative names for eponyms of physicians who exhibited complicity during the Nazi era; (b) to honor the eponyms and stories of physicians who were victims of Nazi atrocities and genocide; (c) to apply vigorous pressure to those German and Austrian Institutes that have not yet undertaken investigations to determine if the bodies of Nazi victims remain in their collections; (d) to recommend holding annual commemorations in medical schools and research institutes worldwide to remember and to reflect on the victims of compromised medical practice, particularly, but not exclusively, during the Nazi era because atrocities and acts of genocide have occurred elsewhere; and (e) to examine the influence of any political ideology that compromises the practice of medicine. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hemocytes of the cochineal insect: ultrastructure
Authors: Caselín‐Castro Sandra , Llanderal‐Cázares Celina , de Jesús Méndez‐Gallegos Santiago , Ramírez‐Cruz Arturo , de la Cruz Hernández‐Hernández Fidel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractUsing transmission electron microscopy, light microscopy (Giemsa May‐Grumwald), and the Periodic Acid‐Schif (PAS) and Sudan Black B staining techniques, hemocytes in the hemolymph of adult female Dactylopius coccus were characterized. The following, in order of abundance, were found: granulocytes, plasmatocytes, prohemocytes, and oenocytoids. Granulocytes varied in size with granulations in the cytoplasm, a large quantity of mitochondria, rugose endoplasmatic reticulum, ribosomes and vesicles, central or exocentric, spherical and occasionally lobulate nucleus. Plasmatocytes were polymorphic with irregularities in the plasma membrane; cytoplasm contained mitochondria, rugose endoplasmatic reticulum and vesicles, and exocentric, spherical, or irregular nucleus. In both types of hemocytes, scant polysaccharides and lipids were found. Prohemocytes were small and spherical with homogeneous cytoplasm and large exocentric nuclei. Oenocytoids were oval or irregular with dense homogeneous cytoplasm and elongated exocentric nuclei. The percentages of granulocytes on different days (d 1 and 10) during the life of the adult female were significantly different, as were those of plasmatocytes on d 30 and 50 and prohemocytes on d 1 and 50. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LiDAR‐derived Local Relief Models – a new tool for archaeological prospection
Authors: Hesse Ralf 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLocal relief models (LRM) are proposed as a new tool for archaeological prospection. A data processing approach is presented which produces LRM from LiDAR‐derived high‐resolution digital elevation models (DEMs). The LRM represents local, small‐scale elevation differences after removing the large‐scale landscape forms from the data. The LRM greatly enhances the visibility of small‐scale, shallow topographic features irrespective of the illumination angle and allows their relative elevations as well as their volumes to be measured directly. This makes the LRM an improved basis for spatially extensive archaeological prospection over a wide range of landscapes. The LRM raster map of local positive and negative relief variations can be used for the mapping and prospection of archaeological features such as burial mounds, linear and circular earthworks, sunken roads, agricultural terraces, ridge and furrow fields, kiln podia and mining/quarrying sites. This approach is currently being used in a project aimed at the complete archaeological mapping and prospection of the state Baden‐Württemberg (Germany), covering an area of 35 751 km2. The goal of the project is the verification and extension of the existing archaeological data base. An object‐based local relief vector layer is produced as a by‐product; however, due to the common amalgamation of natural and anthropogenic features this cannot be used efficiently for archaeological prospection at present. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.