bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental Confidence in Making Overweight-Related Behavior Changes
Authors: Taveras Elsie M. , Mitchell Kathleen , Gortmaker Steven L. 
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Confidence is an important construct for behavioral change; higher levels of confidence, or self-efficacy, increase the likelihood that a person will change a health behavior even when faced with obstacles.
OBJECTIVE: To identify parent, child, and clinician characteristics associated with higher parental confidence in their ability to make overweight-related behavior changes for their family.
METHODS: We interviewed 446 parents of children, aged 2 to 12 years, with a BMI of ≥85th percentile and surveyed their pediatric clinicians (N = 75). The main outcome was parental confidence in their ability to make overweight-related behavior changes. We derived a continuous parental confidence score from 6 questions (Cronbach's α = 0.72) regarding parental confidence in limiting television viewing, removing televisions from children's bedrooms, reducing fast-food intake, reducing sugar-sweetened beverage intake, increasing physical activity, and improving overall eating patterns for their family. We used multiple linear regression to predict the effects of parent, child, and clinician characteristics on the parents' confidence scores.
RESULTS: The mean (SD) score on the parental confidence scale was 13.0 (3.5), and the range was 0.0 to 24.0. In multivariable analyses, parents who said their clinicians assessed their confidence (41%; β = 0.73 [95% confidence interval: 0.04–1.42]) or who said that their clinicians assessed their readiness to change (35%; β =0.80 [95% confidence interval: 0.10–1.49]) reported higher levels of confidence compared with parents whose clinicians did not assess confidence or readiness to change.
CONCLUSIONS: Clinician assessment of parental confidence and readiness to change was associated with higher parent confidence in making changes to keep their child from being overweight.
Influenza Virus Infection and the Risk of Serious Bacterial Infections in Young Febrile Infants
Authors: Krief William I. , Levine Deborah A. , Platt Shari L. , Macias Charles G. , Dayan Peter S. , Zorc Joseph J. , Feffermann Nancy , Kuppermann Nathan ,   for the Multicenter RSV-SBI Study Group of the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the risk of SBIs in febrile infants with influenza virus infections and compare this risk with that of febrile infants without influenza infections.PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, prospective, cross-sectional study during 3 consecutive influenza seasons. All febrile infants ≤60 days of age evaluated at any of 5 participating pediatric EDs between October and March of 1998 through 2001 were eligible. We determined influenza virus status by rapid antigen detection. We evaluated infants with blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and stool cultures. Urinary tract infection (UTI) was defined by single-pathogen growth of either ≥5 × 104 colony-forming units per mL or ≥104 colony-forming units per mL in association with a positive urinalysis. Bacteremia, bacterial meningitis, and bacterial enteritis were defined by growth of a known bacterial pathogen. SBI was defined as any of the 4 above-mentioned bacterial infections.RESULTS: During the 3-year study period, 1091 infants were enrolled. A total of 844 (77.4%) infants were tested for the influenza virus, of whom 123 (14.3%) tested positive. SBI status was determined in 809 (95.9%) of the 844 infants. Overall, 95 (11.7%) of the 809 infants tested for influenza virus had an SBI. Infants with influenza infections had a significantly lower prevalence of SBI (2.5%) and UTI (2.4%) when compared with infants who tested negative for the influenza virus. Although there were no cases of bacteremia, meningitis, or enteritis in the influenza-positive group, the differences between the 2 groups for these individual infections were not statistically significant.CONCLUSIONS: Febrile infants ≤60 days of age with influenza infections are at significantly lower risk of SBIs than febrile infants who are influenza-negative. Nevertheless, the rate of UTI remains appreciable in febrile, influenza-positive infants.
Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Suspected Child Victims of Sexual Assault
Authors: Girardet Rebecca G. , Lahoti Sheela , Howard Laurie A. , Fajman Nancy N. , Sawyer Mary K. , Driebe Elizabeth M. , Lee Francis , Sautter Robert L. , Greenwald Earl , Beck-Sagué Consuelo M. , Hammerschlag Margaret R. , Black Carolyn M. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Treponema pallidum, HIV, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection diagnosed by culture or by serologic or microscopic tests and by nucleic acid amplification tests in children who are evaluated for sexual victimization.METHODS: Children aged 0 to 13 years, evaluated for sexual victimization, who required sexually transmissible infection (STI) testing were enrolled at 4 US tertiary referral centers. Specimens for N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis cultures, wet mounts for detection of T vaginalis, and serologic tests for syphilis and HIV were collected and processed according to study sites' protocols. Nucleic acid amplification tests for C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae and serologic tests for HSV-2 were performed blinded to other data.RESULTS: Of 536 children enrolled, 485 were female. C trachomatis was detected in 15 (3.1%) and N gonorrhoeae in 16 (3.3%) girls. T vaginalis was identified in 5 (5.9%) of 85 girls by wet mount, 1 (0.3%) of 384 children had a positive serologic screen for syphilis, and 0 of 384 had serologic evidence of HIV infection. Of 12 girls who had a specimen for HSV-2 culture, 5 (41.7%) had a positive result; 7 (2.5%) of 283 had antibody evidence of HSV-2 infection. Overall, 40 (8.2%) of 485 girls and 0 of 51 boys (P = .02) had ≥1 STI. Girls with vaginal discharge were more likely to test positive for an STI (13 [24.5%] of 53) than other girls (27 [6.3%] of 432; prevalence ratio = 3.9; P &lt; .001), although 10 girls with STIs had normal physical examinations. Most girls (27 [67.5%]) with a confirmed STI had normal or nonspecific findings on anogenital examination.CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of each STI among sexually victimized children is &lt;10%, even when highly sensitive detection methods are used. Most children with STIs have normal or nonspecific findings on physical examination.
Premarital Sexual Intercourse Among Adolescents in an Asian Country: Multilevel Ecological Factors
Authors: Wong Mee-Lian , Chan Roy Kum-Wah , Koh David , Tan Hiok-Hee , Lim Fong-Seng , Emmanuel Shanta , Bishop George 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to assess personal and environmental factors associated with premarital sex among adolescents.
METHODS: We conducted a case-control study. Between 2006 and 2008, we recruited 500 adolescents who reported having engaged in voluntary sex for most recent sex. Five hundred control subjects were matched for age, gender, and ethnicity.
RESULTS: Independently significant factors for premarital sex among boys were pornography viewing (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 5.82 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.34–14.43]), lack of confidence to resist peer pressure (OR: 3.84 [95% CI: 2.27–6.50]), perception that more than one half of their friends had engaged in sex (OR: 3.37 [95% CI: 1.92–5.92]), permissiveness regarding premarital sex (OR: 3.41 [95% CI: 2.10–5.55]), involvement in gang activities (OR: 3.45 [95% CI: 1.66–7.15]), drinking (OR: 1.77 [95% CI: 1.07–2.94]), smoking (OR: 1.91 [95% CI: 1.14–3.20]), and living in low-cost housing (OR: 3.25 [95% CI: 1.64–6.43]). For girls, additional factors were previous sexual abuse (OR: 7.81 [95% CI: 2.50–24.41]) and dropping out of school (OR: 2.72 [95% CI: 1.32–5.61]), and stronger associations were found for lack of confidence to resist peer pressure (OR: 5.56 [95% CI: 2.94–10.53]) and permissiveness regarding premarital sex (OR: 6.25 [95% CI: 3.30–11.83]). Exposure to persons with HIV/AIDS or sexually transmitted infections in the media was negatively associated with sex for boys (OR: 0.27 [95% CI: 0.16–0.45]) and girls (OR: 0.24 [95% CI: 0.13–0.47]).
CONCLUSION: Sex education programs for adolescents must address social, media, and pornographic influences and incorporate skills to negotiate sexual abstinence.
Cancer Risk Among Children With Very Low Birth Weights
Authors: Spector Logan G. , Puumala Susan E. , Carozza Susan E. , Chow Eric J. , Fox Erin E. , Horel Scott , Johnson Kimberly J. , McLaughlin Colleen C. , Reynolds Peggy , Behren Julie Von , Mueller Beth A. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE: The risk of hepatoblastoma is strongly increased among children with very low birth weight (&lt;1500 g). Because data on very low birth weight and other childhood cancers are sparse, we examined the risk of malignancy with very low birth weight in a large data set.
METHODS: We combined case-control data sets created by linking the cancer and birth registries of California, Minnesota, New York, Texas, and Washington states, which included 17672 children diagnosed as having cancer at 0 to 14 years of age and 57966 randomly selected control subjects. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association of cancer with very low birth weight and moderately low birth weight (1500–1999 g and 2000–2499 g, respectively), compared with moderate/high birth weight (≥2500 g), with adjustment for gender, gestational age, birth order, plurality, maternal age, maternal race, state, and year of birth.
RESULTS: Most childhood cancers were not associated with low birth weights. However, retinoblastomas and gliomas other than astrocytomas and ependymomas were possibly associated with very low birth weight. The risk of other gliomas was also increased among children weighing 1500 to 1999 g at birth.
CONCLUSIONS: These data suggested no association between most cancers and very low birth weight, with the exception of the known association of hepatoblastoma and possibly moderately increased risks of other gliomas and retinoblastoma, which may warrant confirmation.
Preventive Dental Care for Young, Medicaid-Insured Children in Washington State
Authors: Lewis Charlotte , Teeple Elizabeth , Robertson Andrea , Williams Alexis 
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Children from low-income families face barriers to preventive dental care (PDC) and are disproportionately affected by dental caries. The Access to the Baby and Childhood Dentistry (ABCD) program of Washington State is targeted to Medicaid-insured children &lt;6 years of age to improve their access to PDC.
OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that residing in an ABCD county improves the likelihood of receiving PDC and, to compare PDC use among young, Medicaid-insured children in Washington to national statistics.
METHODS: We extracted 2003 Washington Medicaid dental claims for continuously enrolled children ≤6 years of age. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify variables independently associated with ≥1 preventive dental visit (PDV) in 2003. For national comparison, we used the 2003 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS).
RESULTS: Among Medicaid-insured children ≤6 yrs of age from WA counties with ABCD program, 45% had at least 1 PDV compared with 36% from non-ABCD counties (P &lt; .001) and 37% of US children with continuous private insurance (P &lt; .001). There were significantly higher adjusted odds of a PDV for children from ABCD counties relative to non-ABCD counties (odds ratio: 1.30 [95% confidence interval: 1.05–1.60]).
CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed our hypothesis that residing in an ABCD county was associated with a higher likelihood of having ≥1 PDV in 2003. We also found that significantly more children in established ABCD counties received PDC compared with privately insured US children. These findings provide additional evidence that the ABCD program reduces disparities in dental care access among young, Medicaid-insured children in Washington and point to the importance of expanding the ABCD program to other states.
Continued Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Carriage in Young Children
Authors: Huang Susan S. , Hinrichsen Virginia L. , Stevenson Abbie E. , Rifas-Shiman Sheryl L. , Kleinman Ken , Pelton Stephen I. , Lipsitch Marc , Hanage William P. , Lee Grace M. , Finkelstein Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVES: The goals were to assess serial changes in Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes and antibiotic resistance in young children and to evaluate whether risk factors for carriage have been altered by heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7).
METHODS: Nasopharyngeal specimens and questionnaire/medical record data were obtained from children 3 months to &lt;7 years of age in primary care practices in 16 Massachusetts communities during the winter seasons of 2000–2001 and 2003–2004 and in 8 communities in 2006–2007. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and serotyping were performed with S pneumoniae isolates.
RESULTS: We collected 678, 988, and 972 specimens during the sampling periods in 2000–2001, 2003–2004, and 2006–2007, respectively. Carriage of non-PCV7 serotypes increased from 15% to 19% and 29% (P &lt; .001), with vaccine serotypes decreasing to 3% of carried serotypes in 2006–2007. The relative contribution of several non-PCV7 serotypes, including 19A, 35B, and 23A, increased across sampling periods. By 2007, commonly carried serotypes included 19A (16%), 6A (12%), 15B/C (11%), 35B (9%), and 11A (8%), and high-prevalence serotypes seemed to have greater proportions of penicillin nonsusceptibility. In multivariate models, common predictors of pneumococcal carriage, such as child care attendance, upper respiratory tract infection, and the presence of young siblings, persisted.
CONCLUSIONS: The virtual disappearance of vaccine serotypes in S pneumoniae carriage has occurred in young children, with rapid replacement with penicillin-nonsusceptible nonvaccine serotypes, particularly 19A and 35B. Except for the age group at highest risk, previous predictors of carriage, such as child care attendance and the presence of young siblings, have not been changed by the vaccine.
Paternal Depressive Symptoms During Pregnancy Are Related to Excessive Infant Crying
Authors: van den Berg Mijke P. , van der Ende Jan , Crijnen Alfons A. M. , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Moll Henriette A. , Mackenbach Johan P. , Hofman Albert , Hengeveld Michiel W. , Tiemeier Henning , Verhulst Frank C. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE: Excessive infant crying, or infantile colic, is a common and often stress-inducing problem for parents that can ultimately result in child abuse. From previous research it is known that maternal depression is related to excessive crying, but so far little is known about the influence of paternal depression.METHODS: In a prospective, population-based study, we obtained information on both maternal and paternal depressive symptoms at 20 weeks of pregnancy by using the Brief Symptom Inventory. Parental depressive symptoms were related to excessive crying in 4426 two-month-old infants. The definition of excessive crying was based on the widely used Wessel's criteria (ie, crying &gt;3 hours for &gt;3 days in the past week).RESULTS: After adjustment for depressive symptoms of the mother and relevant confounders, we found a 1.29 (95% confidence interval: 1.09–1.52) higher risk of excessive infant crying per SD of paternal depressive symptoms.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that paternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy might be a risk factor for excessive infant crying. This finding could be related to genetic transmission, interaction of a father with lasting depressive symptoms with the infant, or related indirectly through contextual stressors such as marital, familial, or economic distress.
Cardiac Safety of Methylphenidate Versus Amphetamine Salts in the Treatment of ADHD
Authors: Winterstein Almut Gertrud , Gerhard Tobias , Shuster Jonathan , Saidi Arwa 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVES: Safety concerns about central nervous system stimulants for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) include adverse cardiac effects. This study aimed to compare the risk for cardiac events in users of methylphenidate and amphetamine salts.
METHODS: A retrospective cohort design using claims data from the Florida Medicaid fee-for-service program representing a total of 2131953 children and adolescents was used. The analysis included all beneficiaries who were between 3 and 20 years of age, enrolled between July 1994 and June 2004, had at least 1 physician diagnosis of ADHD and were newly started on methylphenidate or amphetamine salts. Each month of follow-up was classified according to stimulant use into current use or former use. We defined cardiac events as first emergency department (ED) visit for cardiac disease or symptoms. Risk between current users of methylphenidate versus amphetamine salts and former users of drugs in these categories was compared by using a time-dependent Cox proportional hazard model that adjusted for differences in gender; race; age; year of the index date; disability; congenital anomalies; history of circulatory disease; history of hospital admission; and use of antidepressants, antipsychotics, and bronchodilators.
RESULTS: A total of 456 youth visited the ED for cardiac reasons during 52783 years of follow-up. After adjustment for differences in covariates, the risk for cardiac ED visits was similar among current users of methylphenidate or amphetamines. Periods of former use had a similar risk between youth with an exposure history to methylphenidate or amphetamine.
CONCLUSION: Exposure to methylphenidate and amphetamines salts showed similar risk for cardiac ED visits. Additional population-based studies that address manifestation of serious heart disease, especially after long-term use, dosage comparisons, and interactions with preexisting cardiac risk factors are needed to inform psychiatric treatment decisions.
Headache in Young Children in the Emergency Department: Use of Computed Tomography
Authors: Lateef Tarannum M. , Grewal Mandeep , McClintock William , Chamberlain James , Kaulas Himanshu , Nelson Karin B. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to determine whether computed tomographic (CT) scans led to better acute care of young children with headache presenting the emergency department (ED).METHODS: We examined the records of 364 children 2 to 5 years of age who presented with headache to a large urban ED between July 1, 2003, and June 30, 2006. By reviewing initial history and examination findings, we first identified patients with secondary headaches (ie, with readily identifiable explanations such as ventriculoperitoneal shunts, known brain tumors, or acute illnesses, such as viral syndromes, fever, probable meningitis, or trauma). Charts for the remaining patients were reviewed for headache history, neurologic examination findings, laboratory and neuroimaging results, final diagnosis, and disposition.RESULTS: On the basis of initial history and physical examination results, 306 children (84%) had secondary headaches. For 72% of those children, acute febrile illnesses and viral respiratory syndromes accounted for the headaches. Among the 58 children (16%) who had no recognized central nervous system disease or systemic illness at presentation, 28% had CT scans performed. Of those, 1 scan yielded abnormal results, showing a brainstem glioma; the patient demonstrated abnormal neurologic examination findings on the day of presentation. For 15 (94%) of 16 patients, the CT scans did not contribute to diagnosis or management. For 59% of children with apparently primary headaches, no family history was recorded.CONCLUSION: For young children presenting to the ED with headache but normal neurologic examination findings and nonworrying history, CT scans seldom lead to diagnosis or contribute to immediate management.
Do Stimulants Protect Against Psychiatric Disorders in Youth With ADHD? A 10-Year Follow-up Study
Authors: Biederman Joseph , Monuteaux Michael C. , Spencer Thomas , Wilens Timothy E. , Faraone Stephen V. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the effect of stimulant treatment in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the subsequent development of comorbid psychiatric disorders. We tested the association between stimulant treatment and the subsequent development of psychiatric comorbidity in a longitudinal sample of patients with ADHD.
METHODS: We conducted a case-control, 10-year prospective follow-up study into young-adult years of youth with ADHD. At baseline, we assessed consecutively referred white male children with (n = 140) and without (n = 120) ADHD, aged 6 to 18 years. At the 10-year follow-up, 112 (80%) and 105 (88%) of the children in the ADHD and control groups, respectively, were reassessed (mean age: 22 years). We examined the association between stimulant treatment in childhood and adolescence and subsequent comorbid disorders and grade retention by using proportional hazards survival models.
RESULTS: Of the 112 participants with ADHD, 82 (73%) were previously treated with stimulants. Participants with ADHD who were treated with stimulants were significantly less likely to subsequently develop depressive and anxiety disorders and disruptive behavior and less likely to repeat a grade compared with participants with ADHD who were not treated.
CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence that stimulant treatment decreases the risk for subsequent comorbid psychiatric disorders and academic failure in youth with ADHD.
Health Status and Behavioral Outcomes for Youth Who Anticipate a High Likelihood of Early Death
Authors: Borowsky Iris Wagman , Ireland Marjorie , Resnick Michael D. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between adolescents' perceived risk for dying and their involvement in risk behaviors is unknown. We sought to determine the proportion of US youth who anticipate a high likelihood of early mortality and relationships with health status and risk behaviors over time.
METHODS: We analyzed data from times 1 (1995), 2 (1996), and 3 (2001–2002) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a nationally representative sample of youth in grades 7 through 12. The relationship between perceived risk for premature mortality and health behaviors/outcomes was assessed by using bivariate and multivariate analyses.
RESULTS: At time 1, 14.7% of the 20594 respondents reported at least a 50/50 chance that they would not live to age 35. In adjusted models, illicit drug use, suicide attempt, fight-related injury, police arrest, unsafe sexual activity, and a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS predicted early death perception at time 2, time 3, or both (adjusted odds ratios: 1.26–5.12). Conversely, perceived early mortality at time 1 predicted each of these behaviors and outcomes, except illicit drug use, at time 2 or time 3, most strongly a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS (adjusted odds ratios: 7.13 [95% confidence interval: 2.50–20.36]).
CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent involvement in risk behaviors predicted a belief in premature mortality 1 and 7 years later. Reciprocally, adolescents' perceived risk for early death predicted serious health outcomes, notably a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in young adulthood. Given its frequency and influence on behavior and health, adolescents' perceived risk for early death should be incorporated into psychosocial assessments and interviews.