bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Decisions in Psychiatry Should Not Be Based On Risk Assessment
Authors: Ryan Christopher , Nielssen Olav , Paton Michael , Large Matthew 
Published: September 2010

Objective: Risk assessments that place patients in high or low risk categories have been widely adopted by mental health services in an attempt to reduce the harms associated with psychiatric disorders. This paper examines the effects of categorization based on the results of a risk assessment. Methods: The violence prediction instrument derived from the MacArthur Study of Mental Disorder and Violence was used to illustrate the nature and effects of risk assessment and the consequent categorization of patients. Results: The majority of patients categorized as being at high risk will not commit any harmful acts. Conclusions: Patients who are classified as high risk share the cost of efforts to reduce harm in the form of additional treatment and restrictions, although the majority will not go on to commit a harmful act. Clinical decisions made on the basis of risk assessment also divert resources away from patients classified as low risk, even though a significant proportion do go on to a commit harmful act. We argue that psychiatric professionals should discuss the risks of treatment and of non-treatment with patients (or with their substitute decision-makers) and should maintain a duty to warn about the consequences of not having treatment. However, assessment of risk of harm should not form the basis for clinical decision making. We should aim to provide optimal care according to the treatment needs of each patient, regardless of the perceived risk of adverse events.
Uncategorizable Is Still a Category: An Interview with Percival Everett
Authors: Stewart Anthony 
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Percival Everett does not worry about his profile as a novelist. His 2001 novel, Erasure, is his most well-known novel, an irony not lost on him. An African American who does not presume to write about “the African American experience,” Everett has received more attention for Erasure, which satirizes the relationship between race and the American publishing industry, among other subjects, than for any of his other novels. His varied interests are on display here as he speaks about how “uncategorizable” is still a category, the difference between being exotic and merely being out of place, and the distinction between Strom Thurmond hating black people and just liking white people more.
A Usable History for the Study of Television
Authors: Attallah Paul 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:This article examines the ways in which television is usually studied, and finds them wanting. The usual approach of putting television in opposition to film, while useful, contains numerous aporias and leads to particular types of questions. Additionally, it works best with American media and poorly with those in other countries. Finally, television's historical ties to film are often most appreciated when they highlight the tragedy of Hollywood's passing. In the case of Canada, the study of television has been hampered by its absorption into the narrative of cultural defence and into the rationale of the policy apparatus justified by that narrative. The article proposes, therefore, three avenues for the reform of television studies. The first is to attend to actual audience behaviour through theoretically informed empirical study. The second is to attend to the historical forms of the institutionalization of television within its specific contexts. The third is to abandon the narrative of cultural defence with its attendant focus on the policy apparatus in favour of a more nuanced evaluation of the entire constellation of discourses which make up the television institution.
Sputnik Reconsidered: Image and Reality in the Early Space Age
Authors: McQuaid Kim 
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Chroniclers regularly affirm that Russia's Sputniks produced popular crisis. More nuanced explanations argue that a preliminary “media riot” made cosmic space races an essential counterpart of earthly missile races in the public mind. Widespread public interest and political support for the US civilian space program during its formative years is presumed, as is the concept that space explorations were a key global determinant of US Cold War prestige. Such ideas are overdrawn. Contemporary analysts often studied to confirm what they already knew. Unattractive official findings were censored or ignored. Surveying all formerly secret and other opinion data about civilian space exploration from Sputnik 1 to the end of the Mercury program shows how space exploration advocates helped create elite panic regarding the Sputniks via selective reporting, while wider publics generally stayed indifferent to lunar and planetary missions. Elite panic, not mass panic, impelled the priorities and programs of the early space age.
“Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan”: Democratic Theory, Populism, and Philip Roth's “American Trilogy”
Authors: Abbott Philip 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:Populism, as both ideology and social movement, is nearly a universal, albeit sporadic, feature of all modern democratic political systems. Populism is also arguably the only example of an indigenous radical mass movement in America and, after the discredited state of socialism, the only continuing source of democratic protest. Yet populism does not enjoy a central place in democratic theory. In fact, many writers contend that when populism arises, it has a destabilizing effect on democratic regimes. Even when others attempt to credit populism, they acknowledge the existence of significant negative features. This essay reviews the contested status of populism and suggests a greater appreciation of its positive contribution to democratic theory can be reached through an analysis of Philip Roth's “American Trilogy.” Like Roth, students of populism place their assessments in the context of historical narratives. Thus, Roth's fictional recreations of post-war America can be compared to the analyses of “populist moments” in America as analyzed by both populist critics and defenders. Unlike most democratic theorists, however, Roth is willing to explore the nature and source of populist anger and its related expressions, and thus to expose its poignant dimensions. By appending Roth's insights, it is possible to ameliorate populism's contested status in democratic theory by acknowledging the positive role of emotion, properly understood, in political protest.
Growth and fitness components of wild × cultivated Sorghum bicolor (Poaceae) hybrids in Nebraska
Authors: Sahoo Lilyrani , Schmidt Jared J. , Pedersen Jeffrey F. , Lee Donald J. , Lindquist John L. 
Published: September 2010

• Premise of the study: Gene flow from crops to wild relatives has received considerable attention since the advent of genetically modified crops. Numerous researchers have found wild–crop hybrids to be nearly as fit as their wild parents, which suggests that crop genes may persist in wild populations. Components of the ecological fitness of cultivated sorghum, its wild relative, shattercane, and their hybrids have not been studied.• Methods: To assess the potential for gene introgression into shattercane, we crossed cultivated sorghum to a single inbred shattercane line to produce F1 hybrids and measured growth and several components of ecological fitness in relation to both parents in Nebraska, USA.• Key results: Germination of F1 seeds was similar to that of its shattercane parent except at high temperatures, where it was as sensitive as the sorghum parent. The F1 grew taller and produced more biomass than either parent, but the F1 leaf area index was intermediate. Fecundity of the F1 plant was similar to that of shattercane and much greater than that of cultivated sorghum.• Conclusions: Considering all data, the ecological fitness of shattercane × cultivated sorghum F1 hybrids may be equivalent to the wild shattercane parent, which suggests that crop genes that are either neutral or beneficial to shattercane would persist in populations within agroecosystems.
Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus Infection of the Thymus Interferes with T Lymphocyte Development
Authors: Vogel Annette B. , Haasbach Emanuel , Reiling Sarah J. , Droebner Karoline , Klingel Karin , Planz Oliver 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) cause severe disease in humans. Still, the basis for their increased pathogenesis remains unclear. Additionally, the high morbidity in the younger population stays inexplicable, and the recent pandemic H1N1v outbreak in 2009 demonstrated the urgent need for a better understanding about influenza virus infection. In the present study, we demonstrated that HPAIV infection of mice not only led to lung destruction but also to functional damage of the thymus. Moreover, respiratory dendritic cells in the lung functioned as targets for HPAIV infection being able to transport infectious virus from the lung into the thymus. The pandemic H1N1 influenza virus was able to infect respiratory dendritic cells without a proper transport to the thymus. The strong interference of HPAIV with the immune system is especially devastating for the host and can lead to lymphopenia. In summary, from our data, we conclude that highly pathogenic influenza viruses are able to reach the thymus via dendritic cells and to interfere with T lymphocyte development. Moreover, this exceptional mechanism might not only be found in influenza virus infection, but also might be the reason for the increased immune evasion of some new emerging pathogens.
Immunomodulation with IL-4Rα Antisense Oligonucleotide Prevents Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Mediated Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Ripple Michael J. , You Dahui , Honnegowda Srinivasa , Giaimo Joseph D. , Sewell Andrew B. , Becnel David M. , Cormier Stephania A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in infants worldwide. Severe RSV infections in infants cause bronchiolitis, wheeze, and/or cough and significantly increase the risk for developing asthma. RSV pathogenesis is thought to be due to a Th2-type immune response initiated in response to RSV infection, specifically in the infant. Using a neonatal mouse system as an appropriate model for human infants, we sought to determine whether local inhibition of IL-4Rα expression during primary RSV infection in the neonate would prevent Th2-skewed responses to secondary RSV infection and improve long-term pulmonary function. To reduce IL-4Rα expression, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) specific for IL-4Rα were administered intranasally to neonatal mice at the time of primary infection. Mice were initially infected with RSV at 1 wk of age and were reinfected at 6 wk of age. Administration of IL-4Rα ASOs during primary RSV infection in neonatal mice abolished the pulmonary dysfunction normally observed following reinfection in the adult. This ablation of pulmonary dysfunction correlated with a persistent rebalancing of the Th cell compartment with decreased Th2 responses (i.e., reduced goblet cell hyperplasia, Th2 cells, and cytokine secretion) and increased Th1 responses (i.e., elevated Th1 cell numbers and type I Abs and cytokines). Our data support our hypothesis that a reduction in the Th2 immune response during primary infection in neonates prevents Th2-mediated pulmonary pathology initially and upon reinfection and further suggest that vaccine strategies incorporating IL-4Rα ASOs may be of significant benefit to infants.
Lysophosphatidic Acid Inhibits CC Chemokine Ligand 5/RANTES Production by Blocking IRF-1–Mediated Gene Transcription in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells
Authors: Matsuzaki Shinichi , Ishizuka Tamotsu , Hisada Takeshi , Aoki Haruka , Komachi Mayumi , Ichimonji Isao , Utsugi Mitsuyoshi , Ono Akihiro , Koga Yasuhiko , Dobashi Kunio , Kurose Hitoshi , Tomura Hideaki , Mori Masatomo , Okajima Fumikazu 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid mediator that exerts a variety of biological responses through specific G-protein–coupled receptors (LPA1–LPA5 and P2Y5). LPA is thought to be involved in airway inflammation by regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory genes. Chemokines such as CCL5/RANTES are secreted from airway epithelium and play a key role in allergic airway inflammation. CCL5/RANTES is a chemoattractant for eosinophils, T lymphocytes, and monocytes and seems to exacerbate asthma. We stimulated CCL5/RANTES production in a human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B, with IFN-γ and TNF-α. When LPA was added, CCL5/RANTES mRNA expression and protein secretion were inhibited, despite the presence of IFN-γ and TNF-α. The LPA effect was attenuated by Ki16425, a LPA1/LPA3 antagonist, but not by dioctylglycerol pyrophosphate 8:0, an LPA3 antagonist. Pertussis toxin, the inhibitors for PI3K and Akt also attenuated the inhibitory effect of LPA on CCL5/RANTES secretion. We also identify the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) as being essential for CCL5/RANTES production. Interestingly, LPA inhibited IFN-γ and TNF-α–induced IRF-1 activation by blocking the binding of IRF-1 to its DNA consensus sequence without changing IRF-1 induction and its nuclear translocation. Ki16425, pertussis toxin, and PI3K inhibitors attenuated the inhibitory effect of LPA on IRF-1 activation. Our results suggest that LPA inhibits IFN-γ– and TNF-α–induced CCL5/RANTES production in BEAS-2B cells by blocking the binding of IRF-1 to the CCL5/RANTES promoter. LPA1 coupled to Gi and activation of PI3K is required for this unique effect.
Ectodomain Shedding Generates Neoepitopes on Collagen XVII, the Major Autoantigen for Bullous Pemphigoid
Authors: Nishie Wataru , Lamer Stephanie , Schlosser Andreas , Licarete Emilia , Franzke Claus-Werner , Hofmann Silke C. , Jackow Joanna , Sitaru Cassian , Bruckner-Tuderman Leena 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
As a type II transmembrane protein in basal keratinocytes, collagen XVII provides stable adhesion between epidermis and dermis in the skin. Its ectodomain can be shed from the cell surface, and autoantibodies in certain blistering diseases preferentially recognize the shed form. Major epitopes of collagen XVII are clustered within the juxtamembranous noncollagenous 16th A domain, and ectodomain shedding occurs within this region, suggesting that cleavage generates neoepitopes. However, the candidate cleavage sites have been controversial, and the mechanism of neoepitope generation is unclear. In this study, we investigated cleavage sites in the noncollagenous 16th A domain to understand the generation of neoepitopes and their pathological role. Polyclonal Abs recognizing the stretch Leu524-Gly532 preferentially reacted with the shed ectodomain, but not with the full-length form, indicating that a neoepitope was localized at this site. The neoepitope-specific Ab fixed complement and induced granulocyte-dependent dermal-epidermal separation in cryosections of normal human skin. The physiological cleavage sites were identified using mass spectrometry. N termini were found at Asp514, Leu524, Glu525, and Gly526, among which Asp514 and Glu525 were blocked by acetylation and pyroglutaminate. In silico prediction of B cell epitopes indicated that the antigenicity of the Leu524-Gly532 region increased substantially after shedding, regardless of the cleavage sites. Correspondingly, neoepitopes were found in the skin and blister fluids of patients with bullous pemphigoid, and bullous pemphigoid sera reacted with the peptide Leu524-Gly532. Taken together, these data demonstrate that physiological shedding of collagen XVII generates neoepitopes, which may serve as a target of blister-inducing autoantibodies.
BAFF Receptor Signaling Aids the Differentiation of Immature B Cells into Transitional B Cells following Tonic BCR Signaling
Authors: Rowland Sarah L. , Leahy Katelyn F. , Halverson Regina , Torres Raul M. , Pelanda Roberta 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
BAFF is an important prosurvival cytokine for mature B cells. However, previous studies have shown that BAFFR is already expressed at the immature B cell stage, and that the prosurvival protein Bcl-2 does not completely complement the B cell defects resulting from the absence of BAFFR or BAFF. Thus, we hypothesized that BAFF also functions to aid the differentiation of nonautoreactive immature B cells into transitional B cells and to promote their positive selection. We found that BAFFR is expressed at higher levels on nonautoreactive than on autoreactive immature B cells and that its expression correlates with that of surface IgM and with tonic BCR signaling. Our data indicate that BAFFR signaling enhances the generation of transitional CD23− B cells in vitro by increasing cell survival. In vivo, however, BAFFR signaling is dispensable for the generation of CD23− transitional B cells in the bone marrow, but it is important for the development of transitional CD23− T1 B cells in the spleen. Additionally, we show that BAFF is essential for the differentiation of CD23− into CD23+ transitional B cells both in vitro and in vivo through a mechanism distinct from that mediating cell survival, but requiring tonic BCR signaling. In summary, our data indicate that BAFFR and tonic BCR signals cooperate to enable nonautoreactive immature B cells to differentiate into transitional B cells and to be positively selected into the naive B cell repertoire.
Adiponectin and Heme Oxygenase-1 Suppress TLR4/MyD88-Independent Signaling in Rat Kupffer Cells and in Mice after Chronic Ethanol Exposure
Authors: Mandal Palash , Roychowdhury Sanjoy , Park Pil-Hoon , Pratt Brian T. , Roger Thierry , Nagy Laura E. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease is mediated via activation of TLR4 signaling; MyD88-dependent and -independent signals are important contributors to injury in mouse models. Adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory adipokine, suppresses TLR4/MyD88-dependent responses via induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Here we investigated the interactions between chronic ethanol, adiponectin, and HO-1 in regulation of TLR4/MyD88-independent signaling in macrophages and an in vivo mouse model. After chronic ethanol feeding, LPS-stimulated expression of IFN-β and CXCL10 mRNA was increased in primary cultures of Kupffer cells compared with pair-fed control mice. Treatment of Kupffer cells with globular adiponectin (gAcrp) normalized this response. LPS-stimulated IFN-β/CXCL10 mRNA and CXCL10 protein was also reduced in RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with gAcrp or full-length adiponectin. gAcrp and full-length adiponectin acted via adiponectin receptors 1 and 2, respectively. gAcrp decreased TLR4 expression in both Kupffer cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages. Small interfering RNA knockdown of HO-1 or inhibition of HO-1 activity with zinc protoporphyrin blocked these effects of gAcrp. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to chronic ethanol feeding, with or without treatment with cobalt protoporphyrin, to induce HO-1. After chronic ethanol feeding, mice were sensitized to in vivo challenge with LPS, expressing increased IFN-β/CXCL10 mRNA and CXCL10 protein in liver compared with control mice. Pretreatment with cobalt protoporphyrin 24 h before LPS challenge normalized this effect of ethanol. Adiponectin and induction of HO-1 potently suppressed TLR4-dependent/MyD88-independent cytokine expression in primary Kupffer cells from rats and in mouse liver after chronic ethanol exposure. These data suggest that induction of HO-1 may be a useful therapeutic strategy in alcoholic liver disease.
Preparation of Novel Hydroxyapatite/Yttria‐Stabilized‐Zirconia Gradient Coatings by Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Lin Dong‐Yang , Zhao Yu‐Tao 
Published: September 2010

AbstractGradient hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings are prepared on Ti6Al4V substrates and consist of different proportions of HA and yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ). Their surface morphology, cross‐sectional structure and phase composition are investigated. The surface morphology is coarse and uneven with well‐distributed concaves. The coatings become crystalline after post‐treatment in water vapor. The structure of the atomic (Ti, Ca, P, Zr etc) intermixed zone in the interfacial field indicates that there is a diffusion layer (∼3–5.0 µm) between the coating and the substrate. The coating is found to be bioactive and nontoxic. The coating has a much‐higher binding strength than monolithic‐HA coatings.
pH Tunable Fluorescent Calcium Phosphate Nanocomposite for Sensing and Controlled Drug Delivery
Authors: Banerjee Shashwat S. , Roy Mangal , Bose Susmita 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this work, a novel pH sensitive calcium phosphate (CaP) nanocomposite capable of performing multiple tasks of controlled drug delivery, and simultaneous sensing by change in the fluorescence was fabricated. The nanocomposite was synthesized by encapsulating alendronate (AD) drug in CaP and modifying the surface with a fluorescent rhodamine B (RDB) dye. The multifunctional nanocomposite demonstrated high loading capacity for AD, excellent pH‐tunable AD release and optical sensing behavior, and good aqueous dispersity. Analysis by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis revealed that RDB modified CaP/AD (RDB‐CaP/AD) nanocomposite had average dimensions of 21 nm × 44 nm and mean hydrodynamic size of 55 nm. The feasibility of CaP/AD nanocomposite for controlled drug delivery by pH responsive release was demonstrated by in vitro study at two different pH, 5.0 and 7.4. Furthermore, CaP/AD loaded with fluorescent RDB showed pH tunable fluorescence property, which can help in tracking the active state of the particle and give measurable indication of the drug delivery. In vitro study with osteoclast precursor cells, RAW 264.7 confirmed that CaP/AD nanocomposite significantly reduced the activity of osteoclast cells. The present study demonstrates that the fabricated multifunctional RDB‐CaP/AD nanocomposites can serve as an effective drug delivery vehicle capable of controlled drug release and sensing, simultaneously.
Ultrathin Electronic Composite Sheets of Metallic/Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes Embedded in Conjugated Block Copolymers
Authors: Sung Jinwoo , Huh June , Choi Ji‐Hyuk , Kang Seok Ju , Choi Yeon Sik , Lee Geun Tak , Cho Junhan , Myoung Jae‐Min , Park Cheolmin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractUltrathin composite films consisting of mixtures of metallic (m‐) and semiconducting (s‐) single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with a conjugated block copolymer are developed from a solution‐based process. The electronic properties of the films are precisely controlled from metallic to semiconducting to insulating. The tunability of the electronic composite sheets is mainly attributed to (1) the efficient dispersion of SWNTs with a conjugated block copolymer in solution, (2) the control of the number of nanotubes by centrifugation, and (3) the individually networked deposition of SWNTs embedded in the conjugated block copolymer on the target substrate by spin‐coating. A highly reliable field‐effect transistor with a networked composite film is realized with a specific range of tube density and a high on/off current ratio of approximately 106 which resulted from the Schottky barriers evolved between the individual m‐ and s‐SWNTs in the network. There is also great freedom when choosing both the gate dielectrics and source‐drain electrodes for transistors containing the composite films. Furthermore, the fabricated electronic composites are highly transparent, flexible, and chemically robust and thus, they can be conveniently micropatterned by photolithography, as well as by unconventional transfer printing techniques.