bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Search Engines, Online Archives, and the Right to Erasure (‘Right to be Forgotten’)
Authors: Katsirea Irini 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The right to erasure/right to be forgotten (RTE/RTBF) has been expansively interpreted in recent years from a tool to counteract search engines’ indelible digital memory to an instrument to reshape the ways in which the past is reflected in online press archives. This chapter examines the impact on press freedom of the RTE/RTBF, as this has been interpreted by the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Court of Human Rights, and national courts in Germany and the UK. It traces the trend of extending the RTBF from its original domain, the activity of search engine providers, to that of publishers of third-party websites, aided by the expansive scope of application of Article 17 GDPR. It identifies the ways in which the courts at both European and national level strike the balance between data protection and freedom of expression, and the factors that swing the pendulum one way or another. The chapter assesses whether the growing entanglement of online news archives in the strictures of data protection law prevents them from fulfilling their function, and undermines the right of the public to be informed.
Regulating Online Newspapers’ Video Content
Authors: Katsirea Irini 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Video content is a defining element of contemporary news media. It is important to illustrate stories, to render them more compelling, and to increase their shareability. Both social media and the newspapers’ homepage are exceptionally visual platforms. Given that a lot of traffic comes from them, it is necessary to adapt the content creation process to suit these environments. Adverts, especially programmatic ones, follow the audience. Videos are therefore particularly lucrative in terms of the advertising revenue they attract. The increasing appetite for online news video consumption has brought to the fore the porous boundaries between press and broadcasting. While print and broadcast news stem from news organizations with a historically disparate journalistic ethos and regulatory framework, their rapprochement around online news video poses a challenge to these hitherto entrenched divides. The Audiovisual Media Services Directive largely shelters news publishers from audiovisual style regulation as regards video content made available on their websites. Nonetheless, the threat of regulation looms large. This chapter will consider the EU legal framework for online newspapers’ video content before examining the creeping extension of media regulatory authorities’ purview over such content in Germany and the UK.
Instituting Catholic Modernity
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the momentous turn in Italian politics signaled by the writing of the Constitution (which came into effect in 1948). It foregrounds one specific aspect of the Constitution: the way in which the Italian citizen became symbolically coded as a “person” and not as an individual, inspired by Catholic principles. The focus is therefore not so much on the legal dimension of citizenship, or the social consequences of the formulations adopted; it is instead on the underlying semantics and the wider symbolic universe that came to underpin the legal dimensions, trying to give Italy not only an institutional skeleton but also a “spiritual” underpinning, sustained by personalist, Catholic philosophy.
Introduction
Authors: Bluestein Howard B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this first chapter, the basic physical principles of atmospheric thermodynamics and cloud formation are discussed. What clouds are composed of and how they grow are also described. Cloud classification and their appearance are presented, e.g., clouds may be classified also on the basis of certain aspects of their dynamics, that is, the forces that control them. One would expect that there is some relation between cloud dynamics and their appearance. Clouds that appear bubbly, like “heaps” of cloud material, such as the cumulus and the cumulonimbus, are “convective” in nature. Convective clouds are buoyant and transport heat vertically. Non-convective clouds are relatively flat, and are indicative of a stable atmosphere.
Buoyant Clouds
Authors: Bluestein Howard B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the nature of buoyancy is described along with clouds that are convective, often shallow, and do not produce precipitation. These clouds include stratocumulus, altocumulus and many of its varieties, and cumulus of varying depths, but most not extending throughout the depth of the troposphere. The chapter focuses on convective clouds that either do not grow very high and either do not produce any precipitation that reaches the ground, or do grow very high, but still do not produce precipitation at all, perhaps because it is too dry in the environment. The depth of shallow clouds tends to be much less than their width and they do not usually produce precipitation. It continues with consideration of “deep,” non-precipitating convective clouds, those that are taller than they are wide, but still do not produce any precipitation.
Clouds Influenced by Rotation
Authors: Bluestein Howard B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Clouds that owe their existence to rotating air columns on many spatial scales are described in this chapter. Small-scale features such as tornadoes, funnel clouds, and tubular clouds are detailed in addition to related phenomena such as dust devils, snow devils, and gustnadoes, and larger-scale “comma” clouds. The larger-scale vortices are visualized by cloud material being carried along in their flow and not because the dynamic pressure drop due to rotation is enough to bring the air to saturation, as it is for many of the small-scale vortices. It is rather the cooling due to the lift that is responsible for the hydrostatic pressure drop sufficient to produce clouds in these large-scale vortices. High-based funnel clouds and related phenomena and features in the eyewall of tropical cyclones are also documented.
The Origins of Elected Strongmen
Authors: Frantz Erica , Kendall-Taylor Andrea , Wright Joe 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Since the end of World War II, democracies typically fell apart by coup d’état or through force. Today, however, they are increasingly eroding at the hands of democratically elected incumbents, who seize control by slowly chipping away at democratic institutions. To better understand these developments, this book examines the role of personalist political parties, or parties that exist primarily to further their leader’s career as opposed to promote a specific policy platform. Using original data capturing levels of personalism in the parties of democratically elected leaders from 1991 to 2020, this book shows that the rise of personalist parties around the globe is facilitating the decline of democracy. Personalist parties lack the incentive and capacity to push back against a leader’s efforts to expand executive power. As such, leaders backed by personalist parties are more likely to succeed in their efforts to dismantle institutional constraints on their rule. Such attacks on state institutions, in turn, reverberate throughout society, deepening political polarization and weakening supporters’ commitment to democratic norms of behaviour. In these ways, ruling party personalism erodes horizontal and vertical constraints on a leader, ultimately degrading democracy and raising the risk of democratic failure.
Prioritizing Global Responsibilities
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This book examines how states should prioritize their global responsibilities. States face multiple ongoing and emerging challenges, from climate change to global disease, mass atrocities to forced displacement, humanitarian crises to entrenched global poverty, and are constrained by material and political limits to the amount of resources that they can devote to these issues. How should states decide which issues to prioritize and which crises to address? To answer this question, the book proposes a two-level account of just prioritization that aims to be both philosophically sound and practically relevant. It assesses several potential prioritization principles, including diversification, culpability, urgency, disadvantage, and national interest, and argues that states should prioritize issues where they can assist most effectively and where they can help those who are most underprivileged.
Introducing Intentionality
Authors: Horowitz Amir 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 explicates the concept of intentionality as a concept of a weakly relational property (like that of solubility in water) that relates mental states and (paradigmatically) external entities (whether they exist or not). Intentionality is directedness to standard objects (in contrast to mental ones or Meinongian ones), whereas content is directedness to such objects as possessing properties. The chapter argues against non-relational views of intentionality and then shows that, due to this relational character, intentionality cannot be primitive, but must be reducible to something non-intentional. At the same time, it cannot be understood in terms of (short-armed) functional roles. In this context, an argument against the notion of non-referential narrow content is suggested. The chapter presents formulations of intentional realism and of the version of intentional anti-realism that the book defends, both in metaphysical terms and in terms of content ascriptions.
Social Solidarity with Animals
Authors: Kymlicka Will , Donaldson Sue 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
While there are many examples of humans showing ‘solidarity with’ animals, some commentators have denied that there can be ‘solidarity among’ humans and animals—that is, the sort of solidarity that involves a sense of ‘we-ness’ among participants in a shared norm-governed social world. This chapter defends the possibility—and indeed necessity—of social solidarity particularly in human relations with domesticated animals. It reviews three broad ways that political theorists have interpreted the ethics of social solidarity—rooted respectively in ideas of a scheme of cooperation, a moral covenant, and an intergenerational cultural community—and argues that in each case, domesticated animals can and should be seen as participants in the ‘ethical community’. Indeed, considering the case of domesticated animals can help illuminate the strengths and weaknesses of these different accounts of social solidarity.
Solidarity with Animals at Work
Authors: Coulter Kendra 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Spaces of work and economic activity cause the most significant and widespread harm to animals so are particularly significant when thinking about how to both understand and promote solidarity with animals. This chapter begins by establishing what ‘animals at work’ means and then reestablishes the importance of the concept of interspecies solidarity as both a process and goal. It expands on earlier analyses and suggests that the principles of equity and care offer complementary and compelling guidance and impetus to deepen and enrich the application of the concept of solidarity. There are three levels within which these ethical priorities can be translated into meaningful, material changes: the interpersonal, the organizational, and the governmental/legislative (or, the micro, meso, and macro level). Some workplace contexts are ethically indefensible and should be replaced through just humane jobs transitions. Others have more positive potential, and, in these cases, interspecies solidarity could result in meaningful changes.
Jainism, Solidarity, and Animals
Authors: Donaldson Brianne 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
While ‘solidarity’ is not a technical term in the ancient India-based canon of the Jain tradition, for over 2500 years practitioners have attempted to coexist nonviolently within a universe overflowing with sentient life. This chapter explores foundations for considering the concept of human–animal solidarity from a Jaina perspective, including its framework of universal sentience with karmic difference, as well as reciprocal suffering and the Jain response of carefulness. Moreover, the tradition’s account of the interchangeability of life forms and conditional human exceptionalism expressed through nonviolence offer a valuable comparison with contemporary debates on ‘political solidarity’ with more-than-human others. In spite of Jainism’s specific context and worldview, its radical commitment not to harm other living beings warrants serious consideration within contemporary scholarship on human–animal–ecological solidarity.
Optimism
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the notion of optimism. It takes an important step towards developing a version of the problem of systemic evil which poses a challenge to a variety of people, including many atheists and other non-theists as well as traditional theists. First, the chapter discusses the origin of the term ‘optimism’ and its philosophical background. It then formulates optimism in reference to the axiological value of the world rather than the moral status of actions. By discussing Leibniz’s version of optimism and its alternatives, the chapter reaches a minimal form of optimism called ‘modest optimism’. It then argues that there are philosophical and psychological reasons to think that most atheists/non-theists (as well as traditional theists) would endorse modest optimism.
Disgust
Authors: Heath J. M. F. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The judgement of taste is often first and foremost a judgement of distaste or disgust; correspondingly, Clement’s rhetoric in Paed. II–III dwells on disgusting or repellent images of Alexandrian social life. Scholarship on disgust emphasizes its pedagogical significance, because it is a powerful, visceral response that is both biologically and socially grounded. Clement theorizes not the emotion itself, but the rhetorical techniques on which it depends, and he interprets them as distinctive marks of the Pedagogue’s style, which Christianises a style of rhetoric that is manifestly drawn from Classical tradition. We can see how he creatively imitates and participates in this pedagogical voice in Paed. II–III, where he develops a rhetoric of comic disgust, which also provides a negative counterpart to the positive theological images of relationship to God that were presented in Paed. I.
Society
Authors: Heath J. M. F. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Bourdieu interpreted taste as fundamentally social, but for him this was a matter of relationship between dominant and dominated social classes. Clement also has a strong social emphasis, but his thinking about social formation is civic in orientation, building on thinking about the politeia in Classical philosophy, Judaism, and earlier Christian tradition. Since the political aspect of Clement’s project has not been well recognized, the first task of the chapter is to establish that there is a significant strand of such interest that threads throughout it, from the Protrepticus through the Paedagogus and the Stromateis. After this, the chapter turns to a more detailed account of the political rhetoric and vision of the Paedagogus, highlighting its characteristic rhetorical topoi and guiding concerns, and showing how Clement transforms philosophical, sophistic, and scriptural discourse in his interpretation of the Christian politeia. The chapter concludes with a discussion of why Bourdieu’s model of class ‘distinction’ is inadequate for Clement’s vision of Christian socio-political difference.
Variations on Territorial Control
Authors: De la Calle Luis , Sánchez-Cuenca Ignacio 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Case studies give us a broader lens to investigate the adoption of terrorism. Thanks to them, the strategic thinking of the armed groups and how they cope with the constraints of the underground can be examined. The case studies are an important complement to the previous quantitative analysis, highlighting the rebels’ decision-making process as well as the links between asymmetry, control, and tactics. This chapter exploits variation across armed groups with regard to territorial control. Three groups that offer variation on their level of territorial control are compared: a fully underground organization (Tupamaros); an underground group that enjoyed a safe haven or sanctuary (ETA); and an insurgency which, despite seizing territory, often used terrorist tactics (the Shining Path). These illustrations show that the decision for rebels to pick a particular ‘warfare toolkit’ was largely conditional on the balance of power between the contenders.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: De la Calle Luis , Sánchez-Cuenca Ignacio 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The state of the literature on terrorism changed dramatically during the 2000s, when the 9/11 attacks, plus the availability of datasets on terrorism, increased exponentially the interest in the topic. Unfortunately, most of the new research had shaky theoretical and empirical foundations. The contribution of this book is examined under this light. The internal consistency and the unifying power of the understanding of terrorism as underground violence are emphasized. The conclusions also insist on the testable consequences that follow from the proposed conceptualization. The book closes with some proposals for a future research agenda. These refer to the study of clandestinity and territorial control, rebels’ transition from one stage to another, their use of different tactics and targets, recruitment and rebel survival, and, finally, a state’s choice of terrorist tactics.
An Explanation of the Essential Publicity of Practical Reasons
Authors: Ayars Alisabeth 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis chapter argues that practical reasons are essentially public in the following sense: If R is a reason for X to Φ, then R is necessarily a reason for other people not to interfere with X’s Φ-ing. It derives the Publicity Thesis from an independently motivated non-cognitivist account of normative judgment. If the non-cognitivist view is correct, anyone who judges that R is a reason for X to Φ is committed by the nature of normative judgment to regarding R as a reason for others not to interfere. Hence practical reasons must be regarded as public by anyone who thinks about them.
Why Plan-Expressivists Can’t Pick Up the Moral Slack
Authors: Shea Margaret 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter raises two problems for plan-expressivism concerning normative judgments about non-corealizable actions: actions which cannot both be performed. First, plan-expressivists associate normative judgment with an attitude which satisfies a corealizability constraint, but this constraint is (in the interpersonal case) unwarranted, and (in the intrapersonal case) warranted only at the price of a contentious normative premise. Alisabeth Ayars (2022) holds that the pair of judgments ‘A should φ’ and ‘B should ψ’ is coherent only if one believes that A can φ while B ψs. But this is false. Both Allan Gibbard (2003) and Ayars hold that the pair of judgments ‘A should φ’ and ‘A should ψ’ is coherent only if one believes that A can φ and ψ. But this assumes possibilism. Second, the chapter demonstrates, cases involving interpersonal non-corealizability prompt judgments about what multiple agents should do which—contra Gibbard—are not plausibly associated with any planning subject.
Corruption According to Accounts for Foreigners
Authors: Ergene Boğaç A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines accounts composed between the late sixteenth and early nineteenth centuries primarily for Western audiences. It shows how the authors of these texts considered predatory practices in the Ottoman polity in relation to their backgrounds, audiences, political worldviews, and genre-specific expectations. One contribution of the chapter is to demonstrate the wide variation in the ways in which the accounts characterized Ottoman corruption. While some saw the relevant practices as appalling and outrageous, others considered them comparable to European patterns. The chapter also highlights the ethnographic material in the accounts concerning legal and bureaucratic processes not well represented in the native sources. Thus, many relevant observations in these texts complement our impressions of state-society relations, prevalent patterns of abuse, and how various parties resisted oppressive extractive pressures by state agents.
Gifts as Bribes
Authors: Ergene Boğaç A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 focuses on the vague relationship between gifts and bribes. The discussion is informed by the anthropological research on gift exchange and reciprocity, and the historical scholarship focused on Ottoman and broader Middle Eastern contexts. Drawing on insights from these fields, the chapter resists the inclination to distinguish gifts and bribes in the premodern Ottoman society in black-and-white terms. While such attempts to separate gifts from bribes did exist then and continue to exist in modern scholarship, the chapter insists that the shared (economic, political) functions that gifts and bribes served often eclipsed their distinctive qualities in practice. In the Ottoman context, calling an exchange a “gift” or a “bribe” in a mutually exclusive way may have often reflected judgments about the performative aspects of the act or stemmed from the subjective positions of the actors using these labels.
A pgr5 suppressor screen uncovers two distinct suppression mechanisms and links cytochrome b6f complex stability to PGR5
Authors: Penzler Jan-Ferdinand , Naranjo Belén , Walz Sabrina , Marino Giada , Kleine Tatjana , Leister Dario 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5) is thought to promote cyclic electron flow, and its deficiency impairs photosynthetic control and increases photosensitivity of photosystem (PS) I, leading to seedling lethality under fluctuating light (FL). By screening for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) suppressor mutations that rescue the seedling lethality of pgr5 plants under FL, we identified a portfolio of mutations in 12 different genes. These mutations affect either PSII function, cytochrome b6f (cyt b6f) assembly, plastocyanin (PC) accumulation, the CHLOROPLAST FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATASE1 (cFBP1), or its negative regulator ATYPICAL CYS HIS-RICH THIOREDOXIN2 (ACHT2). The characterization of the mutants indicates that the recovery of viability can in most cases be explained by the restoration of PSI donor side limitation, which is caused by reduced electron flow to PSI due to defects in PSII, cyt b6f, or PC. Inactivation of cFBP1 or its negative regulator ACHT2 results in increased levels of the NADH dehydrogenase-like complex. This increased activity may be responsible for suppressing the pgr5 phenotype under FL conditions. Plants that lack both PGR5 and DE-ETIOLATION-INDUCED PROTEIN1 (DEIP1)/NEW TINY ALBINO1 (NTA1), previously thought to be essential for cyt b6f assembly, are viable and accumulate cyt b6f. We suggest that PGR5 can have a negative effect on the cyt b6f complex and that DEIP1/NTA1 can ameliorate this negative effect.