bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring effective items of physical function in slow walking speed and self‐reported mobility limitation in community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Kim Mi‐Ji , Yabushita Noriko , Tanaka Kiyoji 
Published: July 2011

Aim:  To examine gender differences in regards to the disagreement between walking speed and self‐reported mobility limitations, and, furthermore, to explore the items that affect each physical function task by comparing slow walking speed and self‐reported mobility limitation in community‐dwelling older adults.Methods:  The subjects consisted of 1381 community‐dwelling men and women aged 65–84 years who were classified into four categories according to a combination of mobility status measured by a slow walking speed (usual gait speed < 1.0 m/s) and self‐reported mobility limitation (difficulty walking 1 km). The physical function tests comprised one‐legged stance, tandem stance, functional reach, tandem walk, alternate step and five chair sit‐to‐stand.Results:  The prevalence of limitations increased more rapidly with age in women than in men for five mobility tasks (P < 0.001). The percent difference between slow walking speed and self‐reported mobility limitation was higher in women (24%) than men (19%). The multivariate logistic regression model showed that after adjusting for all covariates, the tandem walk, alternate step and five chair sit‐to‐stand were identified as effective physical function tests in regards to mobility status as measured by the difference between slow walking speed and self‐reported mobility limitation (P < 0.01).Conclusion:  Tandem walk, alternate step and five chair sit‐to‐stand are important effective items of physical function and permit good comparisons between slow walking speed and self‐reported mobility limitation in community‐dwelling older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 50–58.
Remogliflozin etabonate, a selective inhibitor of the sodium‐dependent transporter 2 reduces serum glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: Dobbins R. L. , O’Connor‐Semmes R. , Kapur A. , Kapitza C. , Golor G. , Mikoshiba I. , Tao W. , Hussey E. K. 
Published: July 2011

Aims: Remogliflozin etabonate (RE) is the pro‐drug of remogliflozin (R), a selective inhibitor of renal sodium‐dependent glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) that improves glucose control via enhanced urinary glucose excretion (UGE). This study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repeated doses of RE in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods: In a double‐blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial, subjects who were drug‐naïve or had metformin discontinued received RE [100 mg BID (n = 9), 1000 mg QD (n = 9), 1000 mg BID (n = 9)], or placebo (n = 8) for 12 days. Safety parameters were assessed, including urine studies to evaluate renal function. Plasma concentrations of RE and metabolites were measured with the first dose and at steady state. RE effects on glucose levels were assessed with fasting glucose concentrations, frequently sampled 24‐h glucose profiles and oral glucose tolerance tests.Results: No significant laboratory abnormalities or safety events were reported; the most frequent adverse events were headache and flatulence. Plasma exposure to RE and R were proportional to administered dose with negligible accumulation. Mean 24‐h UGE increased in RE treatment groups. Compared with the placebo group, 24‐h mean (95% CI) changes in plasma glucose were −1.2 (−2.2 to −0.3) (100 mg BID), −0.8 (−1.7 to 0.2) (1000 mg QD) and −1.7 (−2.7 to −0.8) mmol/l (1000 mg BID).Conclusions: Administration of RE for 12 days is well‐tolerated and results in clinically meaningful improvements in plasma glucose, accompanied by changes in body weight and blood pressure in subjects with T2DM.
Effects of intravesical onabotulinumtoxinA on bladder dysfunction and autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury: role of nerve growth factor
Authors: Elkelini Mohamed S. , Bagli Darius J. , Fehlings Michael , Hassouna Magdy 
Published: July 2011

Study Type – Aetiology (case control)Level of Evidence 3cWhat's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) and autonomic dysreflexia (AD) are common outcomes following spinal cord injury (SCI).In this study, we showed that onabotulinumtoxinA controlled NDO and AD in rats with T4‐SCI, and also provided a mechanism for the control of AS.OBJECTIVE
To assess the significance of onabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA) intravesical administration in blocking autonomic dysreflexia (AD) response induced by cystometrogram (CMG) after T4 spinal cord transection (SCT).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Female rats were stratified into three groups: a sham group; a SCT‐only group; and a SCT with onabotA treatment group. Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups: AD assessment, or nerve growth factor (NGF) assessment via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Three weeks after T4‐SCT, all groups were assessed. Arterial pressure and heart rate were measured during and after CMG.
NGF was also extracted from the bladder and the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the T4 root and quantified by ELISA. In the onabotA‐treated group, 48 h before assessment, onabotA (1 mL, 20 U/mL in saline) was given using a urethral tube and was left indwelling for 30 min.
Univariate anova was used to analyse the data and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
RESULTS
The maximum voiding pressure and the number of uninhibited contractions were significantly lower in the group treated with intravesical onabotA than in the SCT‐only group.
Intravesical onabotA significantly blocked the dysreflexia response (high arterial pressure with bradycardia) induced by CMG after SCT.
Intravesical onabotA also significantly lowered NGF concentrations in the bladder and the T4 DRG segment.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of the present study showed that intravesical onabotA controls neurogenic detrusor overactivity and AD after SCT.
The findings shed light on the potential benefits of intravesical onabotA treatment in patients with spinal cord injury, and also provide a novel mechanism for the control of AD via a minimally invasive treatment modality.
Erectile dysfunction is predictive of all‐cause mortality in patients with prostate cancer treated with permanent interstitial brachytherapy
Authors: Bittner Nathan , Merrick Gregory S. , Galbreath Robert W. , Butler Wayne M. , Lief Jonathan H. , Allen Zachariah A. , Wallner Kent E. 
Published: July 2011

Study Type – Prognosis (individual cohort)Level of Evidence 2bWhat’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in prostate cancer patients. Pretreatment ED is a surrogate for vascular pathology. Aggressive treatment of medical co‐morbidity in prostate cancer patients may positively impact overall survival.OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the relationship between pre‐treatment erectile function and all‐cause mortality in patients with prostate cancer treated with brachytherapy.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
In all, 1279 consecutive patients with clinically localized prostate cancer and pre‐implant erectile function assessed by the International Index of Erectile Function‐6 (IIEF‐6) underwent brachytherapy.
Potency was defined as an IIEF‐6 score of ≥13 without pharmacological or mechanical support.
Patients were stratified into IIEF‐6‐score cohorts (≤12, 13–23 and 24–30).
The median follow‐up was 5.0 years.
RESULTS
The 8‐year overall survival (OS) of the study population was 85.1%.
The 8‐year OS for IIEF‐6scores ≤12, 13–23 and 24–30 were 78.0%, 92.8% and 91.4%, respectively (P < 0.001).
Cardiovascular events accounted for a significant portion of deaths in each IIEF‐6 group.
When combined with other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, an IIEF‐6 score of ≤12 had an additive effect on all‐cause mortality (IIEF‐6 score of ≤12 and less than two comorbidities vs two or more comorbidities were 18.2% and 32.1%).
CONCLUSIONS
A pre‐implant IIEF‐6score of ≤12 was associated with a higher incidence of all‐cause mortality.
Pre‐treatment erectile dysfunction is a surrogate for underlying vascular pathology, probably explaining the lower OS in this subset of patients.
Aggressive treatment of medical co‐morbidity is warranted to impactOS.
Delayed proximal ureteric stricture formation after complex partial nephrectomy
Authors: Reyes Jose M. , Canter Daniel J. , Sirohi Mohit , Simhan Jay , Smaldone Marc C. , Teper Ervin , Kutikov Alexander , Chen David Y.T. , Uzzo Robert G. 
Published: July 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?As the indications for nephron sparing surgery continue to evolve, so do the potential complications.This study examines a rare but likely underreported complication of nephron sparing surgery in order to better counsel and treat patients with complex renal tumours.OBJECTIVE
To report and review our incidence of delayed ureteric stricture (US) after complex nephron‐sparing surgery (NSS).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Using our institutional kidney cancer database, we identified 720 patients who underwent NSS from 1 January 2000 until 31 December 2010 and identified eleven (1.5%) patients with a delayed US.
Patient and tumour characteristics were reviewed.
RESULTS
Median (range) tumour size and RENAL nephrometry score was 4.1 (2–7.2) cm and 10p (4–11p), respectively.
There were eight of 10 solitary tumours (80%) located in the lower or mid‐pole of the kidney.
There were eight of 11 patients with delayed US (72.7%) who experienced a postoperative urinary leak.
There were two of 11 (18.2%) patients who experienced a postoperative retroperitoneal haemorrhage, with one of these patients requiring selective embolization.
All US were in the upper third of the ureter and were diagnosed at a minimum of 10 weeks postoperatively (median 154 days, range 70–400 days).
CONCLUSIONS
US formation is an uncommon and under‐reported event after complex NSS.
Risk factors appear to include tumour complexity, imperative indications, mid‐ or lower pole location, postoperative urinary leak and haemorrhage.
Although uncommon, postoperative US can occur after NSS for complex renal masses, necessitating patient counselling and diligent postoperative surveillance.
Experiences of the Great East Japan Earthquake March 2011
Authors: Yamamoto A. 
Published: July 2011

YAMAMOTO A. (2011) Experiences of the Great East Japan Earthquake March 2011. International Nursing Review58, 332–334Written just 5 weeks after the Great East Japan Earthquake of 11 March 2011, this personal account provides new lessons for disaster nursing. Expecting aid to reach a major widespread disaster area within 3 days is optimistic, and survivors may have to exist on extremely limited resources for very much longer. Even in a country as well prepared as Japan, material and human resources after March 11 were stretched to their limits. The nuclear accident dimension created great anxiety especially among pregnant women and mothers of young children.
The effects of weight loss strategies on gastric emptying and appetite control
Authors: Horner K. M. , Byrne N. M. , Cleghorn G. J. , Näslund E. , King N. A. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThe gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in the improved appetite control and weight loss in response to bariatric surgery. Other strategies which similarly alter gastrointestinal responses to food intake could contribute to successful weight management. The aim of this review is to discuss the effects of surgical, pharmacological and behavioural weight loss interventions on gastrointestinal targets of appetite control, including gastric emptying. Gastrointestinal peptides are also discussed because of their integrative relationship in appetite control. This review shows that different strategies exert diverse effects and there is no consensus on the optimal strategy for manipulating gastric emptying to improve appetite control. Emerging evidence from surgical procedures (e.g. sleeve gastrectomy and Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass) suggests a faster emptying rate and earlier delivery of nutrients to the distal small intestine may improve appetite control. Energy restriction slows gastric emptying, while the effect of exercise‐induced weight loss on gastric emptying remains to be established. The limited evidence suggests that chronic exercise is associated with faster gastric emptying, which we hypothesize will impact on appetite control and energy balance. Understanding how behavioural weight loss interventions (e.g. diet and exercise) alter gastrointestinal targets of appetite control may be important to improve their success in weight management.
Could the mechanisms of bariatric surgery hold the key for novel therapies?: report from a Pennington Scientific Symposium
Authors: Tam C. S. , Berthoud H.‐R. , Bueter M. , Chakravarthy M. V. , Geliebter A. , Hajnal A. , Holst J. , Kaplan L. , Pories W. , Raybould H. , Seeley R. , Strader A. , Ravussin E. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryBariatric surgery is the most effective method for promoting dramatic and durable weight loss in morbidly obese subjects. Furthermore, type 2 diabetes is resolved in over 80% of patients. The mechanisms behind the amelioration in metabolic abnormalities are largely unknown but may be due to changes in energy metabolism, gut peptides and food preference. The goal of this meeting was to review the latest research to better understand the mechanisms behind the ‘magic’ of bariatric surgery. Replication of these effects in a non‐surgical manner remains one of the ultimate challenges for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. Promising data on energy metabolism, gastrointestinal physiology, hedonic response and food intake were reviewed and discussed.
Christology and duplex hominis beatitudo: Re‐sketching the Supernatural Again
Authors: RICHES AARON 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThomas Aquinas's doctrine of duplex beatitudo is problematic for theologians who want to read his conception of human nature as integrally ordered to the visio divina. The doctrine seems rather to support a duplex ordo– a tidy parallelism of existent human ‘ends’, one discretely ‘natural’ and the other discretely ‘supernatural’. Is this in fact the case? Does the doctrine of duplex beatitudo commit the theologian to a bifurcated anthropology? Or is it possible to reconcile the doctrine with a more paradoxical anthropology which understands the human being as naturally ordered to a supernatural end that nevertheless exceeds the attainable power of human nature? This article offers a christological reading of the doctrine of duplex beatitudo. The article proposes a tensive distinction in unity of the twofold beatitude according to the Chalcedon paradox: inconfuse, immutabiliter, indivise, inseparabiliter.
Circulating nitric oxide products do not solely reflect nitric oxide release in cirrhosis and portal hypertension
Authors: Afzelius Pia , Bazeghi Nassim , Bie Peter , Bendtsen Flemming , Vestbo Jørgen , Møller Søren 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Background: Patients with cirrhosis often develop a systemic vasodilatation and a hyperdynamic circulation with activation of vasoconstrictor systems such as the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), and vasopressin. Increased nitric oxide (NO) synthesis has been implicated in the development of this state of vasodilation and pulmonary dysfunction including increased exhaled NO concentrations. Circulating metabolites (NOx) may affect the systemic and pulmonary NO‐generation. However, the relations of these abnormalities to the haemodynamic changes remain unclear.
Aims: The aims of the present study were to measure changes in exhaled NO in relation to circulating NOx, RAAS, and haemodynamics.
Methods: Twenty patients (eight child class A and 12 class B patients) underwent a liver vein catheterization with determination of splanchnic and systemic haemodynamics. Circulating NOx and exhaled NO were determined in the supine and sitting positions and related to haemodynamics, RAAS and lung diffusing capacity (DLCO). Eight matched healthy individuals served as controls.
Results: All patients with cirrhosis had portal hypertension. We found no significant difference in exhaled NO between patients and controls and no changes from the supine to the sitting position. Exhaled NO in the patients correlated significantly with plasma volume, heart rate and DLCO. NOx concentrations were not significantly increased in the patients. NOx correlated with portal pressure and haemodynamic indicators of vasodilatation, but not with exhaled NO concentrations.
Conclusion: In patients with moderate cirrhosis, exhaled NO is normal. Circulating NOx do not seem to reflect pulmonary and systemic NO release, but NOx seems to reflect systemic and splanchnic haemodynamic changes in cirrhosis.
Conceptual relevance of new‐onset epilepsy
Authors: Pohlmann‐Eden Bernd 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThe definitions of “first seizure” and “new‐onset epilepsy” are arbitrary and rather simple for use to describe the beginning of a complex brain disease in which seizures are only one symptom. A diligent study of early stages in epilepsy including detailed clinical information, psychiatric comorbidities, sophisticated advanced neuroimaging, and timely functional brain tests may provide a better understanding of epileptogenesis. The goal will be to understand the process of evolution to chronic epilepsy and eventually to prevent refractory epilepsy.
Neuroimaging predictors of AED resistance in new‐onset epilepsies
Authors: Cendes Fernando 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThe best prognostic factors in early‐onset epilepsies are the response to the first antiepileptic drug (AED) trial, age at seizure onset, number of seizures prior to treatment, and the presence of a lesion or abnormal neurologic examination. However, early and adequate response to AED is most likely an epiphenomenon reflecting the nature of underlying epileptogenicity, which may be defined as a complex interaction of underlying pathology, genetics, and environment. Patients with the same type of epileptogenic lesion, for example, hippocampal sclerosis, may have a varying response to AED. Modern neuroimaging, in particular quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques may be helpful to better understand this complex interaction of factors leading to refractoriness. Patients who respond well to AEDs have no or minor MRI abnormalities, and among those with underlying lesions there is an inverse correlation between outcome and the extent of MRI‐defined neuronal damage outside the main lesion, which may be undetectable by visual analyses of routine MRI. The extent of neuronal damage appears to be related to the severity of initial precipitating injuries, probably interacts with genetic factors, and may progress over time when seizures are uncontrolled. The presence and extent of abnormalities detected by quantitative MRI may also be helpful to guide AED withdrawal in those patients who are seizure free for >2 years. Combined MRI measures may have potential clinical value for predicting AED response in near future.
The role of magnetoencephalography in “nonlesional” epilepsy
Authors: Funke Michael E. , Moore Kevin , Orrison Jr William W. , Lewine Jeffrey David 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThe surgical management of neocortical epilepsy is challenging because many patients are without obvious structural lesions, or lesions are small and easily overlooked during routine clinical interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Even when functional imaging data suggest focal epileptiform pathology, in the absence of a concordant structural lesion, invasive monitoring is often required to confirm that an appropriate surgical target has been identified. This study sought to determine the extent to which knowledge of magnetoencephalography (MEG) data can augment the MRI‐based detection of structural brain lesions. MRI and whole‐head MEG data were obtained from 40 patients with neocortical epilepsy. As a result of MEG data, 29 cases were sent for MRI reevaluation. In seven of these cases, MEG‐guided review led to specification of now clear, but previously unidentified, lesions. There were two additional cases for which follow‐up high‐resolution imaging did not confirm structural abnormalities. In patients with neocortical epilepsy, MEG is a useful adjunct to MRI for the identification of structural lesions.
The methylation hypothesis: Do epigenetic chromatin modifications play a role in epileptogenesis?
Authors: Kobow Katja , Blümcke Ingmar 
Published: July 2011

SummaryAny structural brain lesion can provoke epilepsy, although onset and progression of seizures as well as response to antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment remain difficult to predict in each patient. Tremendous work has focused on the development of new AED compounds with the intention to treat seizures. However, these efforts have not yet discovered a “magic bullet” that cures epilepsy in every patient or modifies disease progression. With the “methylation hypothesis” we propose that epigenetic mechanisms play a pivotal role in epileptogenesis in patients with structural lesions. “Epigenetics” is defined as information that is heritable during cell division other than the DNA sequence itself, that is, DNA methylation or histone tail modifications, which can produce lasting alterations in chromatin structure and gene expression. They are increasingly recognized as fundamental regulatory processes in central nervous system development, synaptic plasticity, and memory, and also play a role in neurologic disorders such as schizophrenia and spinal muscular atrophy. The methylation hypothesis suggests that seizures by themselves can induce epigenetic chromatin modifications, thereby aggravating the epileptogenic condition. The impact of the methylation hypothesis for new‐onset epilepsy will be discussed. Unravelling of epigenetic pathomechanisms will also open new strategies to identify molecular targets for pharmacologic treatment in epilepsies.
Unveiling epileptogenic lesions: The contribution of image processing
Authors: Bernasconi Andrea , Bernasconi Neda 
Published: July 2011

SummaryMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a pivotal component in the investigation of patients with any form of epilepsy because of its unmatched ability in visualizing structural brain pathology. The MRI signature of newly diagnosed epilepsy is not yet fully defined, mainly because of the lack of a cohesive methodology to evaluate structural changes in the early stages of the disease. By revealing subtle lesions that previously eluded visual inspection in patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy, quantitative computer‐assisted image analysis has clearly demonstrated increased sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy compared to conventional techniques. Therefore, the application of image processing methods in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy promises to reduce the trial–error period in potential surgical candidates, provide solid biomarkers for monitoring the disease and identifying treatment responders. A clearer understanding of brain pathology at the early stages of the disorder will help clinicians to develop better criteria for identifying patients who are at risk of secondary brain damage and for timely intervention that achieves seizure control.
Language reorganization in early onset temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Federico Paolo 
Published: July 2011

SummaryBehavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have consistently shown abnormalities of language function or cortical organization in patients with well‐established temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, whether these changes are present in new‐onset TLE has not been studied to date. Studying such changes in new‐onset TLE would provide valuable insight into the timing and factors that affect language deficits in TLE and may unmask fundamental differences in brain organization in persons who have TLE and those who do not.