bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of cell‐cycle regulators (cyclin D1, cyclin E, p27kip1, p57kip2) in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Lee Sang Hyuk , Lee Jong Kyu , Jin Sung Min , Lee Kyung Chul , Sohn Jin Hee , Chae Seung Wan , Kim Dong Hoon 
Published: January 2010

ObjectiveTo evaluate the expression of cell‐cycle regulators in papillary thyroid carcinoma in relation to lymph node metastatic features, and to determine whether immunohistochemical staining of cell‐cycle markers can predict lymph node metastasis.Study DesignCross‐sectional study of prior surgical specimens.SettingAcademic tertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsWe reviewed the clinical records of patients who had undergone surgery for thyroid cancer and follicular adenoma between January 2005 and May 2008 at our clinic. Among these cases, 92 patients, comprising 28 patients with follicular adenoma, 32 with papillary thyroid carcinoma without lymph node metastasis, and 32 with papillary thyroid carcinoma with lymph node metastasis, were selected randomly. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues from the 92 patients were immunohistochemically stained for cyclin D1, cyclin E, p27kip1, and p57kip2, and protein expression levels were quantified and compared among the groups.ResultsTumor specimens from the papillary thyroid carcinoma group had significantly higher expression levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin E, and cytoplasmic expression of p57kip2 than the other two groups (P < 0.05). In particular, all malignant cases expressed cyclin D1, and cytoplasmic p57kip2 was expressed only in malignant cases. Furthermore, differences in the grade of cyclin D1 expression according to lymph node metastasis were statistically significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionOur results suggest that immunohistochemistry of certain cell‐cycle regulators may be helpful in the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma, and that cyclin D1 in particular may be a useful marker for evaluating lymph node metastasis.
Safety and efficacy of carbomethylcellulose foam in guinea pig middle ear surgery
Authors: Antonelli Patrick J. , Sampson Edith M. , Lang Dustin M. 
Published: January 2010

ObjectiveCarbomethylcellulose (CMC) foam has been widely adopted to promote hemostasis and healing in sinus surgery. There has been interest in the use of CMC in middle ear surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of CMC foam for use in middle ear surgery.Study DesignProspective, controlled.SettingAcademic research laboratory.Subjects and MethodsAdult guinea pigs underwent experimental tympanoplasty followed by packing of the middle ear (n = 19 per group) with CMC, hyaluronic acid (HA), or gelatin sponge (GS). Auditory evoked brainstem response testing and otomicroscopy were performed before and serially for eight weeks after surgery. Tympanic membrane healing, hemostasis, and retention of packing material were assessed.ResultsAll tympanic membranes treated with CMC healed by week eight. Less postoperative bleeding was observed with CMC than with HA or GS. Surgery elevated auditory thresholds, at least temporarily, in all groups. However, CMC was associated with greater auditory threshold elevation (15‐25 dB) at eight weeks across all test frequencies relative to HA or GS (P < 0.01). Residual CMC and scarring were not found in the middle ear, indicating that the hearing loss was sensorineural. No head tilt posturing suggestive of vestibulopathy was seen.ConclusionCMC was associated with hearing loss and may be ototoxic. Therefore, CMC should not be used in human middle ears given the presence of several nontoxic alternative materials.
Chronisch obstruktive Lungenerkrankungen
Authors: Koczulla A. R. , Greulich T. , Vogelmeier C. 
Published: January 2010

Einleitung
Im Rahmen dieses Artikels werden die beiden wichtigen entzündlich chronisch obstruktiven Atemwegserkrankungen die Chronisch Obstruktive Lungenerkrankung (COPD) und das Asthma bronchiale vorgestellt. Beide Erkrankungen haben eine steigende Inzidenz weltweit. Krankenhausstatistiken weisen seit 1996 für alle obstruktiven Atemwegserkrankungen 2,7 Mio. Krankenhaustage in Deutschland auf, der weitaus größte Teil dürfte zu Lasten der COPD und ihrer Folgen gehen.
Popular sovereignty, State autonomy, and private property
Authors: Przeworski Adam , Wallerstein Michael 
Published: January 2010

The legitimacy of modern democratic institutions rests on the ideal of popular sovereignty. The purpose of this paper is to examine the contemporary status of this ideal.Since space limitations do not permit discussion that would place the concept of popular sovereignty in its historical and intellectual context, we simply postulate a definition. People, by whom we mean individuals acting on the bases of their current preferences, are collectively sovereign if the alternatives open to them as a collectivity are constrained only by conditions independent of anyone's will. Specifically, people are sovereign to the extent that they can alter the existing institutions, including the state and property, and if they can allocate available resources to all feasible uses.
Palaeontinidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) from the Upper Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone of Germany and their phylogenetic significance
Authors: WANG BO , ZHANG HAICHUN , WAPPLER TORSTEN , RUST JES 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe Palaeontinidae (Insecta: Cicadomorpha) from the Upper Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone of Bavaria are revised. The diagnostic characters for three monotypic generaEocicadaOppenheim, 1888,ProlystraOppenheim, 1888 andArchipsycheHandlirsch, 1906 are reassessed based on newly discovered material.Beloptesis gigantea(Weyenbergh, 1874),B. oppenheimiHandlirsch, 1906,Limacodites mesozoicusHandlirsch, 1906, andProtopsyche braueriHandlirsch, 1906 are considered to be junior synonyms ofProlystra lithographicaOppenheim, 1888.Eocicada lameereiHandlirsch, 1908 is a junior synonym ofE. microcephalaOppenheim, 1888. A key to the species of Solnhofen Palaeontinidae is presented. Solnhofen Palaeontinidae and most Cretaceous Palaeontinidae most probably form a monophyletic group based on the following characters: costal area narrow, vein RA branching from stem R basally, vein ScP not fused with vein RA, clavus much reduced and hindwing smaller. Furthermore, Solnhofen Palaeontinidae are probably basal to Cretaceous Palaeontinidae by the mesonotum lacking distinct longitudinal carinae. A fast succession from early to more derived Palaeontinidae took place during Late Jurassic times. Early Palaeontinidae declined sharply in the Late Jurassic, probably owing to the rise of newly evolved insectivorous animals like early birds and mammals. Late Palaeontinidae with better flight ability survived and became a dominant insect group during latest Jurassic times.
Variation of axial and radial temperature in an expanded thermal plasma jet
Authors: BORA B. , KAKATI M. , DAS A. K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe distribution of temperature in an expanded thermal plasma jet is investigated by modified Langmuir probes. The validation of classical probe theory in the entire experimental chamber pressure range of 10–100 mbar is thoroughly established before the measurements. The average temperature of the plasma jet at the nozzle exit was also measured by calorimetric estimation of total heat loss from the plasma upstream of that point. A correlation is made using simple analytical expression in between the average temperature measured from the heat loss data and the centerline temperature at the nozzle exit measured by Langmuir probe. The profile parameter n for the radial distribution of temperature in a plasma jet is calculated for different operating current and gas flow rates.
Ion acoustic double layers forming behind irradiated solid objects in streaming plasmas
Authors: MILOCH W. J. , REKAA V. L. , PÉCSELI H. L. , TRULSEN J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSmall solid metallic objects in relative motion to thermal plasmas are studied by numerical simulations. We analyze supersonic motions, where a distinctive ion wake is formed behind obstacles. At these plasma drift velocities, ions enter the wake predominantly due to deflections by the electric field in the sheath around the obstacle. By irradiating the back side of the object by ultraviolet (UV) light, we can induce also an enhanced photo-electron population there. The resulting charge distribution gives rise to a pronounced local potential and plasma density well behind the object. This potential variation has the form of a three-dimensional ion acoustic double layer, containing also an ion phase space vortex. The analysis is supported also by one-dimensional numerical simulations to illustrate the importance of boundary conditions, Dirichlet and von Neumann conditions in particular.
Levitated dust particles subjected to plasma jet
Authors: TICOŞ C. M. , JEPU I. , LUNGU C. P. , CHIRU P. , ZAROSCHI V. , LUNGU A. M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA dust crystal levitated in the sheath of a radio-frequency plasma is subjected to a pulsed plasma jet expelled from a minicoaxial gun. The dust particles, initially found at rest and self-organized in a 3-D structure, are dragged by the plasma jet for a short distance and come to rest when the action of the jet terminates. The trajectories of the microparticles are tracked in vertical and horizontal planes with a high-speed camera. From in situ observations of dust particle dynamics the dust acceleration is compared to numerical simulations.
Excitation of longitudinal waves in a degenerate isotropic quantum plasma
Authors: TSINTSADZE LEVAN N. , TSINTSADZE NODAR L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA dispersion equation, which describes the interaction of low-density electron beam with a degenerate electron quantum plasma, is derived and examined for some interesting cases. In addition to the instabilities similar to those for classical plasma, due to the quantum effect, a new type of instability is found. Growth rates of these new modes, which are purely quantum, are obtained. Furthermore, the excitation of Bogolyubov's type of spectrum by a strong electric field is discussed.
Ideology, affect, and socialization in language shift and revitalization: The experiences of adults learning Gaelic in the Western Isles of Scotland
Authors: McEWAN-FUJITA EMILY 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThe intertwined role of language ideologies and affect in language shift and revitalization can be understood by taking a language socialization perspective on local micro-level interaction between adult Gaelic learners and fluent Gaelic-English bilinguals. Seven adults living in the Western Isles were interviewed about their efforts to learn and speak Scottish Gaelic, a minority language spoken by 1–2% of Scotland’s population. Their negative affective stances in describing their interactions with local Gaelic-English bilinguals indicate that they were being socialized into an ideology of local Gaelic-English sociolinguistic boundaries: an “etiquette of accommodation” to English speakers and wariness about public Gaelic speaking. This socialized combination of ideology and negative affect reduces opportunities for Gaelic speaking, hindering both Gaelic learners’ efforts to become fluent speakers and their potential contribution to language revitalization. In contrast, however, the interviewees described “sociolinguistic mentors” who socialized them into a more inclusive vision of Gaelic speaking laden with positive affect.1
Orientation workspace analysis of a special class of the Stewart–Gough parallel manipulators
Authors: Cao Yi , Huang Zhen , Zhou Hui , Ji Weixi 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYThe workspace of a robotic manipulator is a very important issue and design criteria in the context of optimum design of robots, especially for parallel manipulators. Though, considerable research has been paid to the investigations of the three-dimensional (3D) constant orientation workspace or position workspace of parallel manipulators, very few works exist on the topic of the 3D orientation workspace, especially the nonsingular orientation workspace and practical orientation workspace. This paper addresses the orientation workspace analysis of a special class of the Stewart–Gough parallel manipulators in which the moving and base platforms are two similar semisymmetrical hexagons. Based on the half-angle transformation, a polynomial expression of 13 degree that represents the orientation singularity locus of this special class of the Stewart–Gough parallel manipulators at a fixed position is derived and graphical representations of the orientation singularity locus of this special class of the Stewart–Gough manipulators are illustrated with examples to demonstrate the result. Exploiting this half-angle transformation and the inverse kinematics solution of this special class of the Stewart–Gough parallel manipulators, a discretization method is proposed for computing the orientation workspace of this special class of the Stewart–Gough parallel manipulators taking limitations of active and passive joints and the link interference all into consideration. Based on this algorithm, this paper also presents a new discretization method for computing the nonsingular orientation workspace of this class of the manipulators, which not only can satisfy all the kinematics demand of this class of the manipulators but also can guarantee the manipulator is nonsingular in the whole orientation workspace, and the practical orientation workspace of this class of the manipulators, which not only can guarantee the manipulator is nonsingular and will never encounter any kinematic interference but also can satisfy the demand of the orientation workspace with a regular shape in practical application, respectively. Examples of a 6/6-SPS Stewart–Gough parallel manipulator of this special class are given to demonstrate these theoretical results.
Outdoor mapping and localization using satellite images
Authors: Dogruer C. U. , Koku A. B. , Dolen M. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYRecently, satellite images of most urban settings has become available on the internet. In this study, a novel mapping and global localization approach, which uses these images, is proposed for outdoor mobile robots operating in urban environment. The mapping of large-scale outdoor environments is done by employing the satellite images acquired by remote sensing technology, and then a map-based approach, that is, Monte Carlo localization is used for localization. The novelty of proposed method is that it uses standard equipment present on almost all autonomous robots and satellite images thus it acts as an alternative to GPS data in urban environments. Extensive field tests are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed approach.
A linear optimal tracker designed for omnidirectional vehicle dynamics linearized based on kinematic equations
Authors: Tu Kuo-Yang 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYIt is difficult to design controllers for the complicated dynamics of omnidirectional vehicles steered by multiple wheels with distributed traction force. In this paper, the dynamic model of a three-wheel omnidirectional vehicle, which is linearized to simplify controller design, is developed. The conditions of making its dynamics linear are derived first. Then, a strategy of planning wheel velocities to satisfy these conditions is proposed. Consequently, three-wheel omnidirectional vehicle can be easily treated by classical linear control theories. Finally, a linear optimal tracker is designed to control the omnidirectional vehicle for desired movement trajectories. In particular, the dynamic model includes the motors installed in the three-wheel omnidirectional vehicle, making it a practical model. Three kinds of vehicle trajectories illustrate the planning of wheel trajectories for linearizing the vehicle dynamics, and simulations demonstrate the performance of the linear optimal tracker. In addition, experimental results of a practical three-wheel omnidirectional vehicle are also included.
The role of calcium channel blockers in the treatment of women with preeclampsia
Authors: Lewis R , Belfort M , Sibai B 
Published: January 2010

Preeclampsia was originally known as a process whereby an unknown “toxin” was responsible for a variety of responses. While this toxin has yet to be determined, many theories have prevailed as to the appropriate therapy for this condition.Recently, antihypertensive therapy has become increasingly regarded as an important component of the medical management of women with preeclampsia. Initially, the ideal therapy for peripartum acute hypertensive emergencies was felt to be a smooth muscle relaxant and the most commonly prescribed agent was hydralazine. This drug was felt to be beneficial because of its action on vascular smooth muscle, decreasing vasospasm. Outside of the United States diazoxide was also used for this purpose, although this drug has been replaced because of the high incidence of fetal distress. Another agent that was frequently used was α-methyldopa which was initially considered to be the treatment of choice in the treatment of patieats with moderate and severe preeclampsia. Recently, α-methyldopa has been reserved for the outpatient management of gestational hypertension, especially in women with mild preeclampsia or chronic hypertension.
Voltage-gated calcium channels inPleurodelesoocytes: classification, modulation and functional roles
Authors: Ouadid-Ahidouch Halima 
Published: January 2010

SummaryIn unfertilisedPleurodelesoocytes, two distinct types of high voltage-activated Ca2+channels are expressed: a slowly inactivating Ca2+channel and a transient one. The first is dihydropyridine-sensitive and is referred to as the L-type Ca2+channel. The transient channel is highly sensitive to Ni2+. Phosphorylation through protein kinases G and A facilitates and inhibits the L-type Ca2+channel respectively. The transient type channel is insensitive to stimulation by protein kinases (A and G). The functional expression of L-type and transient Ca2+channels is modulated by the two maturation seasons. The transient Ca2+currents are only observed during the resting season, while the L-type current is observed either alone during the breeding season or in association with the transient current during the resting season. Moreover, the current density of the L-type Ca2+channel is much greater during the breeding season than the resting season. Thus, the wide distribution of L-type Ca2+channels inPleurodelesoocytes during the two seasons suggests that the roles of these channels may be important in the regulation of the maturation process.
No Escape from Ethnicity? Confessions of an Accidental CNN Pundit
Authors: Subotic Jelena 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAs a political scientist with expertise in human rights and the Balkans, I was invited to provide critical commentary and analysis of Kosovo's declaration of independence in February 2008 for CNN International. I offered an analysis rooted in the understanding and interpretation of international law, foreign policy, and domestic politics of Serbia and Kosovo. While I was not surprised that my analysis was not popular in Serbia—after all, I did argue that the independence of Kosovo was legitimate—I was surprised at the level of ethnic intensity and the broad-based hostile reaction to my CNN appearance in Serbia. This article first documents the harassment campaign I experienced. I then conduct textual analysis of the hate mail and online postings to offer insights about ethnicity's relation to identity, gender, and political analysis in the public sphere. I conclude by discussing how identities of researchers—as crafted by themselves and others—help define analytical tools we use in scholarly inquiry.
Assessing Student Learning Outcomes in United States Government Courses
Authors: Champney Leonard , Edleman Paul 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis study employs the Solomon Four-Group Design to measure student knowledge of the United States government and student knowledge of current events at the beginning of a U.S. government course and at the end. In both areas, knowledge improves significantly. Regarding knowledge of the U.S. government, both males and females improve at similar rates, those with higher and lower GPAs improve at similar rates, and political science majors improve at similar rates to non-majors. Regarding current events, males and females improve at similar rates. However, those with higher GPAs and political science majors improve more than others.
Vitamin D deficiency is endemic in Middle Eastern sportsmen
Authors: Hamilton Bruce , Grantham Justin , Racinais Sebastien , Chalabi Hakim 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveWhile vitamin D deficiency is well recognized in Middle Eastern women as a result of cultural norms of remaining covered, Middle Eastern men are an under-reported group. Vitamin D is now known to have multiple effects, including an impact on muscle function, thereby increasing the relevance for sportsmen. The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in young male Middle Eastern athletes.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingQatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.SubjectsNinety-three Middle Eastern men presenting to hospital for an annual screening undertook a blood test to evaluate their vitamin D status.ResultsNinety-one per cent of athletes were found to be deficient in 25(OH)D (serum concentration <20 ng/ml). Athletes with severe deficiencies were significantly younger than those with less marked deficiency. A subset of athletes underwent bone mineral density assessment and 59 % were shown to have at least oneZ-score less than −1; despite this, however, no athletes reported a stress fracture. There was no correlation between 25(OH)D concentration and sunlight exposure, skin coverage and skin colouring.ConclusionsThe study revealed that 25(OH)D deficiency is very common among otherwise healthy Middle Eastern male athletes. Given the potentially significant long- and short-term effects of 25(OH)D deficiency, serum 25(OH)D evaluation should be part of the routine assessment in this region.
Without order, anything goes? The prohibition of forced displacement in non-international armed conflict
Authors: Willms Jan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAt first glance, merely the ‘ordering’ of displacement seems to be prohibited in non-international armed conflict. However, after interpreting Article 17(1) AP II and Rule 129(B) of the ICRC Customary Law Study with particular regard to State practice and opinio juris, the author concludes that these norms prohibit forced displacement regardless of whether it is ordered or not. On the other hand, the ICC Elements of Crimes for the crime of forced displacement under Article 8(2)(e)(viii) ICC Statute require an order. It remains to be seen whether the ICC adopts that interpretation in its jurisprudence.
Humanitarian assistance to migrants irrespective of their status – towards a non-categorical approach
Authors: Linde Thomas 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHumanitarian organizations dealing with migrants have long prioritized such people according to legal and institutional categories, therefore focusing on those fleeing conflict, violence or persecution. In a departure from this tradition, it was recommended at the 30th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent that the Movement should take an inclusive approach towards addressing the humanitarian dimension of migration, irrespective of the status of the migrants of concern. This article discusses the shift towards such an approach, and how it has been implemented in the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies' migration policy.