bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drop impact and agglomeration under static powder bed conditions
Authors: Lee Andrew C. S. , Sojka Paul E. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe influence of impact conditions (reported in terms of Weber and Reynolds numbers) on nucleus formation was studied for single drops striking a static glass bead bed. Results from high speed images showed that the nucleation rate is not influenced by liquid physical properties (density, surface tension, viscosity) for drops that spread significantly (30 < We < 233). Results also showed that nucleus size is determined by how much liquid penetrates into the bed during drop spreading, so does depend on surface tension and liquid density. A corresponding analytical model, derived from first principles, predicts nucleus size to with 1.5% using only liquid physical and powder bed properties, plus the experimentally measured drop spreading behavior. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Health‐related quality of life in children and adolescents with stroke, self‐reports, and parent/proxies reports: Cross‐sectional investigation
Authors: Neuner Bruno , von Mackensen Sylvia , Krümpel Anne , Manner Daniela , Friefeld Sharon , Nixdorf Sarah , Frühwald Michael , deVeber Gabrielle , Nowak‐Göttl Ulrike 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective:Limited data are available on health‐related quality of life (HR‐QoL) in pediatric stroke survivors. The aim of the present study was to assess HR‐QoL by self‐assessment and parent/proxy‐assessment in children and adolescents who survived a first stroke episode.Methods:We investigated HR‐QoL in pediatric stroke survivors (71 preschool children [G1] and 62 school children/adolescents [G2]) and in 169 healthy controls. HR‐QoL was assessed in patients and parents/proxies with the generic KINDL‐R questionnaire exploring overall well‐being and 6 well‐being subdimensions (physical, psychological, self‐esteem, family‐related, friend‐related, and school‐related). In pediatric stroke survivors the neurological long‐term outcome was measured with the standardized Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure.Results:Of stroke survivors, 65% exhibited at least 1 neurologic disability. Pediatric stroke survivors reported lower overall well‐being compared with healthy controls. In G2 stroke patients, friend‐related well‐being respectively emotional well‐being was significantly reduced compared with healthy controls (73.0 vs 85.0 points; p < 0.001 respectively 80.2 vs 84.5 points; p = 0.049). Parents/proxies of both stroke survivors rated the overall well‐being and all subdimensions (except family‐related and school‐related well‐being in G1 and G2 stroke survivors and physical functioning in G2 stroke survivors) lower compared with parents/proxies of healthy children/adolescents. Overall well‐being was significantly reduced in children with moderate/severe neurological deficits compared with normal/mildly affected patients (75.5 vs 83.3 points, p = 0.01). Neonatal stroke survivors reported a significantly better neurological long‐term outcome compared to childhood stroke survivors (82.0 vs 75.0 points; p = 0.005).Interpretation:Pediatric stroke survivors compared with healthy controls are strongly affected regarding their overall well‐being and older children/adolescents regarding their well‐being with peers. Ann Neurol 2011;
Dopaminergic pathway reconstruction by Akt/Rheb‐induced axon regeneration
Authors: Kim Sang Ryong , Chen Xiqun , Oo Tinmarla F. , Kareva Tatyana , Yarygina Olga , Wang Chuansong , During Matthew , Kholodilov Nikolai , Burke Robert E. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective:A prevailing concept in neuroscience has been that the adult mammalian central nervous system is incapable of restorative axon regeneration. Recent evidence, however, has suggested that reactivation of intrinsic cellular programs regulated by protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTor) signaling may restore this ability.Methods:To assess this possibility in the brain, we have examined the ability of adenoassociated virus (AAV)‐mediated transduction of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) with constitutively active forms of the kinase Akt and the GTPase Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb) to induce regrowth of axons after they have been destroyed by neurotoxin lesion.Results:Both constitutively active myristoylated Akt and hRheb(S16H) induce regrowth of axons from dopaminergic neurons to their target, the striatum. Histological analysis demonstrates that these new axons achieve morphologically accurate reinnervation. In addition, functional reintegration into target circuitry is achieved, as indicated by partial behavioral recovery.Interpretation:We conclude that regrowth of axons within the adult nigrostriatal projection, a system that is prominently affected in Parkinson's disease, can be achieved by activation of Akt/mTor signaling in surviving endogenous mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons by viral vector transduction. ANN NEUROL 2011
Disparities in stroke incidence contributing to disparities in stroke mortality
Authors: Howard Virginia J. , Kleindorfer Dawn O. , Judd Suzanne E. , McClure Leslie A. , Safford Monika M. , Rhodes J. David , Cushman Mary , Moy Claudia S. , Soliman Elsayed Z. , Kissela Brett M. , Howard George 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective:While black‐white and regional disparities in U.S. stroke mortality rates are well documented, the contribution of disparities in stroke incidence is unknown. We provide national estimates of stroke incidence by race and region, contrasting these to publicly available stroke mortality data.Methods:This analysis included 27,744 men and women without prevalent stroke (40.4% black), aged ≥45 years from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) national cohort study, enrolled 2003–2007. Incident stroke was defined as first occurrence of stroke over 4.4 years of follow‐up. Age‐sex–adjusted stroke mortality rates were calculated using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Wide‐Ranging Online Data for Epidemiological Research (WONDER) System.Results:There were 460 incident strokes over 113,469 person‐years of follow‐up. Relative to the rest of the United States, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of stroke in the southeastern stroke belt and stroke buckle were 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87–1.29) and 1.19 (95% CI, 0.96–1.47), respectively. The age‐sex–adjusted black/white IRRblack was 1.51 (95% CI, 1.26–1.81), but for ages 45–54 years the IRRblack was 4.02 (95% CI, 1.23–13.11) while for ages 85+ it was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.33–2.20). Generally, the IRRsblack were less than the mortality rate ratios (MRRs) across age groups; however, only in ages 55–64 years and 65–74 years did the 95% CIs of IRRsblack not include the MRRblack. The MRRs for regions were within 95% CIs for IRRs.Interpretation:National patterns of black‐white and regional differences in stroke incidence are similar to those for stroke mortality; however, the magnitude of differences in incidence appear smaller. ANN NEUROL 2011
Passive F+‐Oxidationsmittel ermöglichen die selektive reduktive Eliminierung hochvalenter Metallzentren in der Katalyse
Authors: Engle Keary M. , Mei Tian‐Sheng , Wang Xisheng , Yu Jin‐Quan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDie reduktive Eliminierung teils oder vollständig oxidierter Metallzentren ist ein wichtiger Schritt in einer Unzahl von C‐C‐ und C‐Heteroatom‐Bindungsbildungen. Eine Möglichkeit, anspruchsvolle reduktive Eliminierungen zu erleichtern, besteht in der Oxidation der Metallzentren durch Zwei‐Elektronen‐Oxidationsmittel (also von Mn zu Mn+2). Viele der für diese Umwandlung typischen Oxidationsmittel enthalten allerdings Sauerstoff‐, Stickstoff‐ oder Halogenatome — die sich anschließend an der reduktiven Eliminierung beteiligen könnten —, sodass ein Produktgemisch entstehen würde. In diesem Kurzaufsatz beschreiben wir die Untersuchungen zu einem neuartigen Lösungsansatz für dieses verbreitete Problem in der metallorganischen Chemie: die Verwendung von passiven F+‐Oxidationsmitteln sowie die jüngsten Anwendungen in PdII/PdIV‐ und AuI/AuIII‐Katalysen. Außerdem besprechen wir kurz ein seltenes Beispiel, in dem die Verwendung eines Ein‐Elektronen‐Oxidationsmittels zur Begünstigung einer selektiven reduktiven Eliminierung bei Palladium(II)‐katalysierten C‐H‐Funktionalisierungen gezeigt werden konnte; dies sehen wir als eine vielversprechende Richtung für zukünftige Anwendungen auf diesem Gebiet an.
Anatomical Sciences Education Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2011 Cover Image
Authors: Richardson April , Hazzard Matthew , Challman Sandra D. , Morgenstein Aaron M. , Brueckner Jennifer K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe University of Kentucky College of Medicine has established a presence in “Second Life” by developing a virtual anatomy laboratory. This virtual facility has a variety of stations and is being used in the educational programs in anatomy for undergraduate and health professional students. In the screen capture on the cover, avatars, representing instructors and students, are reviewing anatomy assignments during a session in the virtual laboratory. A description of this “Second life” virtual laboratory and its educational opportunities is found in the article by Dr. Richardson and her colleagues in the current issue of ASE.
Control of the Solid‐State Chiral Optical Properties of a Supramolecular Organic Fluorophore Containing 4‐(2‐Arylethynyl)‐Benzoic Acid
Authors: Nishiguchi Noriaki , Kinuta Takafumi , Nakano Yoko , Harada Takunori , Tajima Nobuo , Sato Tomohiro , Fujiki Michiya , Kuroda Reiko , Matsubara Yoshio , Imai Yoshitane 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe solid‐state chiral optical properties of a 4‐(2‐arylethynyl)‐benzoic acid/amine supramolecular organic fluorophore can be controlled by changing the arylethynyl group of the achiral 4‐(2‐arylethynyl)‐benzoic acid component molecule rather than the chirality of the amine component molecule.
Externalities Awareness in Anticommons Dilemmas Decreases Defective Behavior
Authors: Dhont Kristof , Van Hiel Alain , De Cremer David 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThe present paper explores the effect of the salience of collective consequences of opportunistic behavior in commons and anticommons dilemmas. Making this type of externalities salient was expected to increase the awareness of the conflict between collective and personal interests, especially in the anticommons dilemma. The results of a vignette study (Study 1, N = 100) and a laboratory experiment (Study 2, N = 55) confirmed our hypotheses, revealing more opportunistic behavior in the anticommons than in the commons dilemma when externalities were not made salient, while no significant dilemma effect was obtained when the externalities were made salient. Moreover, the results of Study 2 demonstrated that the dilemma effect on cooperation was mediated by externalities awareness. The positive effects of increments in externalities awareness on cooperation are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of postconditioning on mitochondrial dysfunction in experimental aortic cross-clamping
Authors: Charles A-L , Guilbert A-S , Bouitbir J , Goette-Di Marco P , Enache I , Zoll J , Piquard F , Geny B 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Background
Cross-clamping of the aorta during abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery induces muscle ischaemia with resultant morbidity. This study tested whether ischaemic postconditioning would decrease mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle by reducing oxidative stress.

Methods
Three groups (9 rats each) underwent surgery, including a control group without ischaemia and an ischaemia–reperfusion group that had 3 h ischaemia induced by aortic clamping and collateral vessel ligation, followed by 2 h of reperfusion. The third group had ischaemia for 3 h then underwent postconditioning comprising three short intervals of ischaemia–reperfusion at the onset of reperfusion. Activity of complexes I, II, III and IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain was monitored in gastrocnemius muscle, along with oxidative stress measured by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining and antioxidant defence determined by measurement of glutathione levels.

Results
Ischaemia–reperfusion alone caused a significant reduction in maximal oxidative capacity (−31·8 per cent; P = 0·002), activity of complexes II, III and IV (−34·5 per cent; P = 0·007) and complex IV activity (−30·6 per cent; P = 0·039). It also increased reactive oxygen species (DHE staining increased to 223·1 per cent of control value; P = 0·027) and reduced antioxidant defence (glutathione level − 28·6 per cent; P = 0·039). Postconditioning counteracted these deleterious effects by increasing mitochondrial complex I, II, III and IV activities, restoring muscle DHE staining and preserving glutathione content.

Conclusion
Ischaemic postconditioning protects skeletal muscle mitochondria against ischaemia–reperfusion injury by reducing oxidative stress and preserving antioxidant defence in an experimental model. Mitochondrial protection to reduce reperfusion injury in clinical vascular surgery may be warranted.
Enhanced Expression and Purification of Fungal Galactose Oxidase in Escherichia coli and Use for Analysis of a Saturation Mutagenesis Library
Authors: Deacon Sarah E. , McPherson Michael J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractGalactose oxidase (GO) displays broad primary alcohol substrate specificity and so offers potential for engineering new substrate specificity by directed evolution. Producing variant libraries of sufficient complexity ideally requires expression of functional protein in a host such as Escherichia coli. Wild‐type GO is produced by the fungus Fusarium graminiarum and is expressed poorly in E. coli. We introduced silent mutations within codons 2–7 of the mature GO coding sequence to enhance GO translation and have combined these with other expression‐enhancing mutations. We selected the best E. coli host strain, autoinduction medium, induction temperature, harvest time and cell lysis procedure to produce active recombinant GO. Although normally secreted by the fungus, we have expressed GO in the cytoplasm of E. coli and have used a C‐terminal Streptag II sequences for single‐step affinity purification. This resulted in purification of 240 mg of functional GO per litre of shake flask culture. We have generated a saturation mutagenesis library at residue Cys383, known to influence substrate binding, and have used the optimised expression conditions to purify and characterise the resulting enzymes.
Design and Control of a Fully Thermally Coupled Distillation Column Modified from a Conventional System
Authors: Hwang K. S. , Kim B. C. , Kim Y. H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA modified fully thermally coupled distillation column is proposed, with utilization of the existing distillation columns of the conventional system, and its control scheme is suggested here. The proposed distillation system is applied to a benzene‐toluene‐xylene (BTX) separation process, of which the system design and control performance evaluation are conducted using the HYSYS software. The performance of the suggested 3 × 3 control is examined in the set‐point tracking of product specification and the regulation for the changes of feed flow and composition. The pairings of three proportional‐integral control loops are the reflux flow and the specification of overhead product, the prefractionator vapor flow and that of the side product, and the vapor boil‐up rate and that of the bottom product. The multi‐variable controllability using various indices is investigated for the proposed control scheme, and the controllability is compared with that of the cross‐pairing between the control loops of the side and bottom products.
Indirect Synthesis of Bis(2‐PhInd)ZrCl2Metallocene Catalyst, Kinetic Study and Modeling of Ethylene Polymerization
Authors: Ahmadjo S. , Arabi H. , Nekoomanesh M. , Mortazavi S. M. M. , Zohuri G. , Ahmadi M. , Bolandi S. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBis(2‐phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride (bis(2‐PhInd)ZrCl2) catalyst was synthesized via the preparation of bis(2‐phenylindenyl)zirconium dimethyl (bis(2‐PhInd)ZrMe2) followed by chlorination to obtain the catalyst. Performance of the catalyst for ethylene polymerization and its kinetic behavior were investigated. Activity of the catalyst increased as the [Al]:[Zr] molar ratio increased to 2333:1, followed by reduction at higher ratios. The maximum activity of the catalyst was obtained at a polymerization temperature of 60 °C. The rate‐time profile of the reaction was of a decay type under all conditions. A general kinetic scheme was modified by considering a reversible reaction of latent site formation, and used to predict dynamic polymerization rate and viscosity average molecular weight of the resulting polymer. Kinetic constants were estimated by the Nelder‐Mead numerical optimization algorithm. It was shown that any deviation from the general kinetic behavior can be captured by the addition of the reversible reaction of latent site formation. Simulation results were in satisfactory agreement with experimental data.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Pilot‐Plant‐Scale Two‐Phase Separators
Authors: Pourahmadi Laleh A. , Svrcek W. Y. , Monnery W. D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTwo computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling approaches, the discrete phase model (DPM) and the combination of volume of fluid (VOF) and DPM, are developed to simulate the phase separation phenomenon in four pilot‐plant‐scale separators. The incipient vapor phase velocity, at which liquid droplet carryover occurs, and separation efficiency plots are used as criteria for evaluating the developed CFD models. The simulation results indicate that the VOF‐DPM approach is a substantial modification to the DPM approach in terms of the predicted separation efficiency data and diagrams. CFD simulation profiles demonstrate that all the separators are essentially operating at a constant pressure. The CFD results also show that mist eliminators may operate more efficiently in horizontal separators than in vertical separators.
Analysis of Methanol Production from Biomass Gasification
Authors: Feng W. , Ji P. , Chen B. , Zheng D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA biomass‐based methanol production process was investigated. The process consists of a biomass gasifier, steam reformer, and methanol synthesis reactor as the main units. Reactors were simulated by applying the kinetic models previously developed and the process was analyzed based on the simulation results. The key parameters, the equivalence ratio in biomass gasification, the temperature in steam reforming, and the recycle of hydrogen in methanol synthesis were identified. These parameters affect the methanol production. The process analysis indicates that the optimal combinations of the parameters can greatly enhance the methanol production and the thermodynamic efficiency. Finally, the elemental analysis for carbon and hydrogen along the process was carried out.
“Click” Immobilization on Alkylated Silicon Substrates: Model for the Study of Surface Bound Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Li Yan , Santos Catherine M. , Kumar Amit , Zhao Meirong , Lopez Analette I. , Qin Guoting , McDermott Alison M. , Cai Chengzhi 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe describe an effective approach for the covalent immobilization of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to bioinert substrates via CuI‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The bioinert substrates were prepared by surface hydrosilylation of oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) terminated alkenes on hydrogen‐terminated silicon surfaces. To render the OEG monolayers “clickable”, mixed monolayers were prepared using OEG‐alkenes with and without a terminal alkyne protected by a trimethylgermanyl (TMG) group. The mixed monolayers were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elliposometry and contact angle measurement. The TMG protecting group can be readily removed to yield a free terminal alkyne by catalytic amounts of CuI in an aqueous media. This step can then be combined with the subsequent CuAAC reaction. Thus, the immobilization of an azide modified AMP (N3‐IG‐25) was achieved in a one‐pot deprotection/coupling reaction. Varying the ratio of the two alkenes in the deposition mixture allowed for control over the density of the alkynyl groups in the mixed monolayer, and subsequently the coverage of the AMPs on the monolayer. These samples allowed for study of the dependence of antimicrobial activities on the AMP density. The results show that a relative low coverage of AMPs (∼1.6×1013 molecule per cm2) is sufficient to significantly suppress the viability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while the surface presenting the highest density of AMPs (∼2.8×1013 molecule per cm2) is still cyto‐compatible. The remarkable antibacterial activity is attributed to the long and flexible linker and the site‐specific “click” immobilization, which may facilitate the covalently attached peptides to interact with and disrupt the bacterial membranes.
Selection of G‐Quadruplex Folding Topology with LNA‐Modified Human Telomeric Sequences in K+ Solution
Authors: Pradhan Devranjan , Hansen Lykke H. , Vester Birte , Petersen Michael 
Published: January 2011

AbstractG‐rich nucleic acid oligomers can form G‐quadruplexes built by G‐tetrads stacked upon each other. Depending on the nucleotide sequence, G‐quadruplexes fold mainly with two topologies: parallel, in which all G‐tracts are oriented parallel to each other, or antiparallel, in which one or more G‐tracts are oriented antiparallel to the other G‐tracts. In the former topology, all glycosidic bond angles conform to anti conformations, while in the latter topology they adopt both syn and anti conformations. It is of interest to understand the molecular forces that govern G‐quadruplex folding. Here, we approach this problem by examining the impact of LNA (locked nucleic acid) modifications on the folding topology of the dimeric model system of the human telomere sequence. In solution, this DNA G‐quadruplex forms a mixture of G‐quadruplexes with antiparallel and parallel topologies. Using CD and NMR spectroscopies, we show that LNA incorporations can modulate this equilibrium in a rational manner and we establish a relationship between incorporation of LNA nucleotides in syn and/or anti positions and the shift of the equilibrium to obtain exclusively the parallel G‐quadruplex. The change in topology is driven by a combination of the C3′‐endo puckering of LNA nucleotides and their preference for the anti glycosidic conformation. In addition, the parallel LNA‐modified G‐quadruplexes are thermally stabilised by about 11 °C relative to their DNA counterparts.
Electron‐Accepting Dithiarubicene (Emeraldicene) and Derivatives Prepared by Unprecedented Nucleophilic Hydrogen Substitution by Alkyllithium Reagents
Authors: Mohebbi Ali Reza , Wudl Fred 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBy understanding the role of DMF as a hydride source via a Pd‐catalyzed reaction and switching to CH3CN solvent, an efficient route for the synthesis of emeraldicene and some new substituted derivatives is reported with potential application in organic electronics. Additionally, the nucleophilic alkylation of emeraldicene 4 a with alkyllithium reagents provides monosubstituted compounds 7 a and 7 b, the latter crystallizing in columnar stacks, with π–π overlap between adjacent molecules in the stack.