bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bread provisioning and retail dynamics in the southern Low Countries: the bakers of Leuven, 1600–1800
Authors: DEWILDE BRECHT , POUKENS JOHAN 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThe central argument of this article is that current historical research into early modern retail growth and practices has focused too narrowly on the retail of durables (perhaps with the exception of colonial groceries) and on retailers' guilds. The role of food-producing and/or food-retailing guilds hitherto has received less attention. Research into retail practices has not connected to an older (but still lively) research tradition in which the consumption of basic foodstuffs received the bulk of attention. We argue that if selling bread is approached as a ‘system of provision’, competing retail circuits and the different ways in which subsequent subsistence crises affected each of those circuits offer an additional explanation (next to well-documented changes in demand) for the inclusion of other basic provisions, colonial groceries, clothing, and even durables in the assortment of traditional food-producing and food-retailing guild masters, in this case the Leuven bakers.
An improved Greengenes taxonomy with explicit ranks for ecological and evolutionary analyses of bacteria and archaea
Authors: McDonald Daniel , Price Morgan N , Goodrich Julia , Nawrocki Eric P , DeSantis Todd Z , Probst Alexander , Andersen Gary L , Knight Rob , Hugenholtz Philip 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Reference phylogenies are crucial for providing a taxonomic framework for interpretation of marker gene and metagenomic surveys, which continue to reveal novel species at a remarkable rate. Greengenes is a dedicated full-length 16S rRNA gene database that provides users with a curated taxonomy based on de novo tree inference. We developed a ‘taxonomy to tree’ approach for transferring group names from an existing taxonomy to a tree topology, and used it to apply the Greengenes, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and cyanoDB (Cyanobacteria only) taxonomies to a de novo tree comprising 408 315 sequences. We also incorporated explicit rank information provided by the NCBI taxonomy to group names (by prefixing rank designations) for better user orientation and classification consistency. The resulting merged taxonomy improved the classification of 75% of the sequences by one or more ranks relative to the original NCBI taxonomy with the most pronounced improvements occurring in under-classified environmental sequences. We also assessed candidate phyla (divisions) currently defined by NCBI and present recommendations for consolidation of 34 redundantly named groups. All intermediate results from the pipeline, which includes tree inference, jackknifing and transfer of a donor taxonomy to a recipient tree (tax2tree) are available for download. The improved Greengenes taxonomy should provide important infrastructure for a wide range of megasequencing projects studying ecosystems on scales ranging from our own bodies (the Human Microbiome Project) to the entire planet (the Earth Microbiome Project). The implementation of the software can be obtained from http://sourceforge.net/projects/tax2tree/.
Measurement of the ground-state distributions in bistable mechanically interlocked molecules using slow scan rate cyclic voltammetry
Authors: Fahrenbach Albert C. , Barnes Jonathan C. , Li Hao , Benítez Diego , Basuray Ashish N. , Fang Lei , Sue Chi-Hau , Barin Gokhan , Dey Sanjeev K. , Goddard William A. , Stoddart J. Fraser 
Published: December 2011

In donor–acceptor mechanically interlocked molecules that exhibit bistability, the relative populations of the translational isomers—present, for example, in a bistable [2]rotaxane, as well as in a couple of bistable [2]catenanes of the donor–acceptor vintage—can be elucidated by slow scan rate cyclic voltammetry. The practice of transitioning from a fast scan rate regime to a slow one permits the measurement of an intermediate redox couple that is a function of the equilibrium that exists between the two translational isomers in the case of all three mechanically interlocked molecules investigated. These intermediate redox potentials can be used to calculate the ground-state distribution constants,
K
. Whereas, (i) in the case of the bistable [2]rotaxane, composed of a dumbbell component containing
π
-electron-rich tetrathiafulvalene and dioxynaphthalene recognition sites for the ring component (namely, a tetracationic cyclophane, containing two
π
-electron-deficient bipyridinium units), a value for
K
of 10 ± 2 is calculated, (ii) in the case of the two bistable [2]catenanes—one containing a crown ether with tetrathiafulvalene and dioxynaphthalene recognition sites for the tetracationic cyclophane, and the other, tetrathiafulvalene and butadiyne recognition sites—the values for
K
are orders (one and three, respectively) of magnitude greater. This observation, which has also been probed by theoretical calculations, supports the hypothesis that the extra stability of one translational isomer over the other is because of the influence of the enforced side-on donor–acceptor interactions brought about by both
π
-electron-rich recognition sites being part of a macrocyclic polyether.
Lidocaine Metabolites Inhibit Glycine Transporter 1
Authors: Werdehausen Robert , Kremer David , Brandenburger Timo , Schlösser Lukas , Jadasz Janusz , Küry Patrick , Bauer Inge , Aragón Carmen , Eulenburg Volker , Hermanns Henning 
Published: December 2011

Background
Lidocaine exerts antinociceptive effects when applied systemically. The mechanisms are not fully understood but glycinergic mechanisms might be involved. The synaptic glycine concentration is controlled by glycine transporters. Whereas neurons express two types of glycine transporters, astrocytes specifically express glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1). This study focuses on effects of lidocaine and its major metabolites on GlyT1 function.

Methods
The effects of lidocaine and its metabolites monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX), glycinexylidide, and N-ethylglycine on GlyT1 function were investigated in uptake experiments with [¹⁴C]-labeled glycine in primary rat astrocytes. Furthermore, the effect of lidocaine and its metabolites on glycine-induced currents were investigated in GlyT1-expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes.

Results
Lidocaine reduced glycine uptake only at toxic concentrations. The metabolites MEGX, glycinexylidide, and N-ethylglycine, however, significantly reduced glycine uptake (P < 0.05). Inhibition of glycine uptake by a combination of lidocaine with its metabolites at a clinically relevant concentration was diminished with increasing extracellular glycine concentrations. Detailed analysis revealed that MEGX inhibits GlyT1 function (P < 0.05), whereas N-ethylglycine was identified as an alternative GlyT1 substrate (EC₅₀ = 55 μM).

Conclusions
Although lidocaine does not function directly on GlyT1, its metabolites MEGX and N-ethylglycine [corrected] were shown to inhibit GlyT1-mediated glycine uptake by at least two different mechanisms. Whereas N-ethylglycine [corrected] was demonstrated to be an alternative GlyT1 substrate, MEGX was shown to inhibit GlyT1 activity in both primary astrocytes and in GlyT1-expressing Xenopuslaevis oocytes at clinically relevant concentrations. These findings provide new insights into the possible mechanisms for the antinociceptive effect of systemic lidocaine.
Review article: rifabutin in the treatment of refractory Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Gisbert J. P. , Calvet X. 
Published: December 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 209–221SummaryBackground  Even with the current most effective treatment regimens, a relevant proportion of patients will fail to eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection.Aim  To evaluate the role of rifabutin in the treatment of H. pylori infection.Methods  Bibliographical searches were performed in MEDLINE. Data on the efficacy of rifabutin‐containing regimens on H. pylori eradication were combined and meta‐analysed using the generic inverse variance method.Results  Rifabutin shows good in vitro activity against H. pylori. Mean H. pylori rifabutin resistance rate (calculated from 11 studies including 2982 patients) was 1.3% (95% confidence interval = 0.9–1.7%). When only studies including patients naïve to H. pylori eradication treatment were considered, this figure was even lower (0.6%). On the other hand, higher values of rifabutin resistance were calculated (1.59%) when only post‐treatment patients were considered. Overall, mean H. pylori eradication rate (intention‐to‐treat analysis) with rifabutin‐containing regimens (1008 patients) was 73% (67–79%). Respective cure rates for second‐line (223 patients), third‐line (342 patients) and fourth/fifth‐line (95 patients) rifabutin therapies were 79% (67–92%), 66% (55–77%) and 70% (60–79%) respectively. For treating H. pylori infection, almost all studies have administered rifabutin 300 mg/day; this dose seems to be more effective than 150 mg/day. The ideal length of treatment remains unclear, but 10‐ to 12‐day regimens are generally recommended. The mean rate of adverse effects was 22% (19–25%). Myelotoxicity is the most significant, although this complication was rare. Until now, all patients have recovered of leucopenia uneventfully in a few days, and there have been no reports of infection or other adverse outcomes related to it.Conclusion  Rifabutin‐containing rescue therapy constitutes an encouraging strategy after multiple (usually three) previous eradication failures with key antibiotics such as amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, tetracycline and levofloxacin.
Optimization approach to automatic first arrival picking for three‐component three‐dimensional vertical seismic profiling data
Authors: Blias Emil 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTA new, adaptive multi‐criteria method for accurate estimation of three‐component three‐dimensional vertical seismic profiling of first breaks is proposed. Initially, we manually pick first breaks for the first gather of the three‐dimensional borehole set and adjust several coefficients to approximate the first breaks wave‐shape parameters. We then predict the first breaks for the next source point using the previous one, assuming the same average velocity. We follow this by calculating an objective function for a moving trace window to minimize it with respect to time shift and slope. This function combines four main properties that characterize first breaks on three‐component borehole data: linear polarization, signal/noise ratio, similarity in wave shapes for close shots and their stability in the time interval after the first break. We then adjust the coefficients by combining current and previous values. This approach uses adaptive parameters to follow smooth wave‐shape changes. Finally, we average the first breaks after they are determined in the overlapping windows. The method utilizes three components to calculate the objective function for the direct compressional wave projection. An adaptive multi‐criteria optimization approach with multi three‐component traces makes this method very robust, even for data contaminated with high noise. An example using actual data demonstrates the stability of this method.
Family carer reactions and their related factors among Taiwanese with hospitalized relatives
Authors: Yeh Pi‐Ming , Chang Yuanmay 
Published: December 2011

yeh p.‐m. & chang y. (2012) Family carer reactions and their related factors among Taiwanese with hospitalized relatives. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(10), 2195–2206.AbstractAim.  The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among family carer reactions and their related factors among Taiwanese with hospitalized relatives.Background.  In Taiwan, most hospitalized patients have relatives or foreign labourers with them 24 hours a day. Limited research has focused on the reactions of family members who provide care for hospitalized relatives.Methods.  A cross‐sectional, correlation design was used. A convenience sample of 200 primary carers of hospitalized patients diagnosed with cancer, stroke, and enduring illness was recruited between 2009 and 2010. Data were collected by structured questionnaires.Results.  The findings indicate that participants with a moderate level of family support experienced a moderate impact on health and finances, but a high impact on schedule. Family carers’ health status and work time were significantly different between, before and after serving as a carer. The multiple regression model variables accounted for 40·1% of the total family carer reaction variance. Three factors were found to predict significantly greater impact on a family carer: (1) lower scores of caregiving knowledge, (2) increasing patient’s activities of daily living dependency and (3) lack of family support.Conclusion.  It is vital for nurses not only to assess patients’ activities of daily living, but also to assess family carers’ knowledge of caregiving and the patient’s existing family support in developing a plan of care that reduces negative impact on family carers.
Reproductive conflicts in polyandrous and polygynous ant Formica sanguinea
Authors: HAAPANIEMI K. , PAMILO P. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe occurrence of multiple reproductives within an ant colony changes the balance between indirect fitness benefits and reproductive competition. We test whether the number of matings by an ant queen (polyandry) correlates negatively with the number of reproductive queens in the colony (polygyny), whether the patrilines and matrilines differ in their contribution to the sexual and worker progeny and whether there is an overall reproductive skew. For these aims, we genotyped both worker and sexual offspring from colonies of the ant Formica sanguinea in three populations. Most colonies were monogynous, but eight (11%) were polygynous with closely related queens. Most queens in the monogynous colonies (86%) had mated with multiple males. The effective paternity was lower than the actual number of mates, and the paternity skew was significant. Furthermore, in some monogynous colonies, the patrilines were differently represented in the worker pupae and sexual pupae produced at the same time. Likewise, the matrilines in polygynous colonies were differently present in worker pupae and male offspring. The effective number of matings by a queen was significantly lower in polygynous colonies (mean me = 1.68) than in monogynous colonies (means 2.06–2.61). The results give support to the hypotheses that polyandry and polygyny are alternative breeding strategies and that reproductive competition can lead to different representation of patrilines and matrilines among the sexual and worker broods.
Functional genomics of trypanosomatids
Authors: CHOI J. , EL‐SAYED N. M. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryThe decoding of the Tritryp reference genomes nearly 7 years ago provided a first peek into the biology of pathogenic trypanosomatids and a blueprint that has paved the way for genome‐wide studies. Although 60–70% of the predicted protein coding genes in Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major remain unannotated, the functional genomics landscape is rapidly changing. Facilitated by the advent of next‐generation sequencing technologies, improved structural and functional annotation and genes and their products are emerging. Information is also growing for the interactions between cellular components as transcriptomes, regulatory networks and metabolomes are characterized, ushering in a new era of systems biology. Simultaneously, the launch of comparative sequencing of multiple strains of kinetoplastids will finally lead to the investigation of a vast, yet to be explored, evolutionary and pathogenomic space.
Variations of plasma leptin in show horses during a work season
Authors: Amato C. , Martin L. , Dumon H. , Jaillardon L. , Nguyen P. , Siliart B. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryLeptin is an adipocytokine mainly expressed by adipose tissue. Secretion of leptin in healthy animals is closely related to fat mass and metabolic activity. The aim of this study was to investigate plasma leptin variations, in relation to nutritional and exercise parameters in adult show horses during a work season. EDTA‐blood samples were taken at rest from 37 Iberian horses. Body weight, body condition score and fat percentage determined by ultrasonic measurement of rump fat thickness were measured. Plasma leptin was determined with a multi‐species RIA kit. Linear mixed effects model was used to assess relationship between plasma leptin and other biological parameters. Plasma leptin concentration was <12.6 ng/ml (mean = 2.8 ± 1.6 ng/ml) and was significantly higher during training periods (p < 0.0001) (4.5 ± 1.7 ng/ml) than in show periods (2.0 ± 1.1 ng/ml), despite a significant increase (p < 0.0001) in energy intake. The body weight remained almost constant. The plasma leptin concentrations were significantly affected by exercise (p < 0.0001), body weight (p = 0.04) and BCS (p < 0.0001), but were not affected by percentage of fat. In conclusion, the marked decrease in leptin values observed during a period of intense (i.e. excessive) exercise could result from an adaptation to cumulative alterations in energy balance, to exercise per se or to a combination of both.
Pro patria et spes gentis: military medicine, paediatric surgery and those who care for children
Authors: Pearn John 
Published: December 2011

AbstractChildren and military medicine have many links. On humanitarian and disaster deployments, the surgery of war has increasingly seen children as the focus of clinical salvage. When Romans spoke of children, they used the phrase ‘spes gentis’–‘the hope of the race’. In modern times, there developed a synergy, in the context of defensive war, that its prosecution depended not only on the defence of territory but also on its hopes for continuation of people and culture, into the future. In the 19th century, in Australia, several regiments had the motto ‘Pro Aris et Focis’–‘For the Defence of Hearth and Home’. Hearth implies the family and that implies children. From the point of view of an attending military clinician, the centrum of all medical care is the patient himself, and that centrality is reflected equally in the helplessness of a bomb‐blast or gunshot victim as it is in the vulnerability of a sick or injured infant or child. The life and service of Major General Rupert Downes (1885–1945), whom the Downes Memorial Lecture commemorates, reflected this nexus. His career was that of a national leader in military medicine and that of paediatric surgery. The 2011 Rupert Downes Lecture explores and documents the extraordinary corpus of service of Australian paediatric surgeons and their contributions to military medicine from the 19th to the 21st centuries.
Effect of pregnancy on emtricitabine pharmacokinetics
Authors: Stek AM , Best BM , Luo W , Capparelli E , Burchett S , Hu C , Li H , Read JS , Jennings A , Barr E , Smith E , Rossi SS , Mirochnick M 
Published: December 2011

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to describe emtricitabine pharmacokinetics during pregnancy and postpartum.MethodsThe International Maternal Pediatric and Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT), formerly Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG), study P1026s is a prospective pharmacokinetic study of HIV‐infected pregnant women taking antiretrovirals for clinical indications, including a cohort taking emtricitabine 200 mg once daily. Intensive steady‐state 24‐hour emtricitabine pharmacokinetic profiles were performed during the third trimester and 6–12 weeks postpartum, and on maternal and umbilical cord blood samples collected at delivery. Emtricitabine was measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry with a quantification limit of 0.0118 mg/L. The target emtricitabine area under the concentration versus time curve, from time 0 to 24 hours post dose (AUC0‐24), was ≥7 mg h/L (≤30% reduction from the typical AUC of 10 mg h/L in nonpregnant historical controls). Third‐trimester and postpartum pharmacokinetics were compared within subjects.ResultsTwenty‐six women had pharmacokinetics assessed during the third trimester (median 35 weeks of gestation) and 22 postpartum (median 8 weeks postpartum). Mean [90% confidence interval (CI)] emtricitabine pharmacokinetic parameters during the third trimester vs. postpartum were, respectively: AUC: 8.0 (7.1–8.9) vs. 9.7 (8.6–10.9) mg h/L (P = 0.072); apparent clearance (CL/F): 25.0 (22.6–28.3) vs. 20.6 (18.4–23.2) L/h (P = 0.025); 24 hour post dose concentration (C24): 0.058 (0.037–0.063) vs. 0.085 (0.070–0.010) mg/L (P = 0.006). The mean cord:maternal ratio was 1.2 (90% CI 1.0–1.5). The viral load was <400 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL in 24 of 26 women in the third trimester, in 24 of 26 at delivery, and in 15 of 19 postpartum. Within‐subject comparisons demonstrated significantly higher CL/F and significantly lower C24 during pregnancy; however, the C24 was well above the inhibitory concentration 50%, or drug concentration that suppresses viral replication by half (IC50) in all subjects.ConclusionsWhile we found higher emtricitabine CL/F and lower C24 and AUC during pregnancy compared with postpartum, these changes were not sufficiently large to warrant dose adjustment during pregnancy. Umbilical cord blood concentrations were similar to maternal concentrations.
New initiative, old problem: classroom assistants and the under‐valuation of women's work
Authors: Gilbert Kay , Warhurst Chris , Nickson Dennis , Hurrell Scott , Commander Johanna 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTCentred on classroom assistants in Scotland, this article examines the process by which an occupation dominated by female workers becomes under‐valued. The qualitative data reveals the cognitive errors made by the key actors—government, employers and unions in this process.
Frequency and prognostic value of D alloantibodies after D‐mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation after reduced‐intensity conditioning
Authors: Worel Nina , Böhm Alexandra , Rabitsch Werner , Leitner Gerda , Mitterbauer Margit , Kalhs Peter , Mayr Wolfgang R. , Schwartz Dieter , Greinix Hildegard T. 
Published: December 2011

BACKGROUND: Due to the fact that the ABO and D system is inherited independently from the HLA system, approximately 40% of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) are performed across the blood group barrier. Reports on the development of de novo anti‐D in patients undergoing reduced‐intensity conditioning (RIC) followed by D‐mismatched allogeneic HSCT are rare. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of anti‐D alloimmunization after D‐mismatched HSCT following RIC and its prognostic impact on transplant outcome.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Forty patients with hematologic diseases who underwent D‐mismatched HSCT were retrospectively analyzed: 19 D− patients with a D+ donor and 21 D+ patients with a D− donor. Routine serologic testing for blood group typing and antibody screening was performed by a column agglutination method every time when transfusion of red blood cell units was requested and in the posttransplantation course to demonstrate establishment of donor ABO type and to detect alloimmunization.RESULTS: After a median serologic follow‐up of 21 (range, 0 to 73) months after HSCT, anti‐D was identified in 2 of 21 (10%) D+ patients receiving a D− transplant, 23 and 34 months after HSCT. None of the 19 D− patients with a D+ donor developed an anti‐D.CONCLUSION: We observed an infrequent de novo anti‐D formation that is more likely in D+ recipients of D− grafts. However, the development of anti‐D does not normally impair the transplant outcome and is not of clinical relevance in the posttransplant course.