bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SmartRE
Authors: Anand Ashok , Sekar Vyas , Akella Aditya 
Published: August 2009

Application-independent Redundancy Elimination (RE), or identifying and removing repeated content from network transfers, has been used with great success for improving network performance on enterprise access links. Recently, there is growing interest for supporting RE as a network-wide service. Such a network-wide RE service benefits ISPs by reducing link loads and increasing the effective network capacity to better accommodate the increasing number of bandwidth-intensive applications. Further, a networkwide RE service democratizes the benefits of RE to all end-to-end traffic and improves application performance by increasing throughput and reducing latencies.
While the vision of a network-wide RE service is appealing, realizing it in practice is challenging. In particular, extending single vantage-point RE solutions designed for enterprise access links to the network-wide case is inefficient and/or requires modifying routing policies. We present SmartRE, a practical and efficient architecture for network-wide RE. We show that SmartRE can enable more effective utilization of the available resources at network devices, and thus can magnify the overall benefits of network-wide RE. We prototype our algorithms using Click and test our framework extensively using several real and synthetic traces.
Estimating programming knowledge with Bayesian knowledge tracing
Authors: Kasurinen Jussi , Nikula Uolevi 
Published: August 2009

In this paper we present a concept for three-phase measuring method, which can be used to obtain data on student learning. The focus of this method lies on the technical aspects of learning programming, answering questions like which programming constructs students applied and how large portion of the students understood the concepts of programming language.
The model is based on three consecutive measurements, which are used to observe the student errors, applied programming structures and an application of a Bayesian learning model to determine the programming knowledge. So far the model has produced results which confirm prior knowledge on student learning, indicating that the concept is feasible for further development. Despite of the early development phase of the method, it offers a straightforward way for teacher to assess the course contents and student performance.
Developing classification criteria for programming tasks
Authors: Skupas Bronius , Dagiene Valentina , Revilla Miguel 
Published: August 2009

The Online Judge (http://icpcres.ecs.baylor.edu) is an on-line programming trainer created by University of Valladolid in 1995 with the aim of training users who participate in programming competitions. Currently this tool has over 64,000 users from many countries and more than 2,000 tasks.
In 2007 the project "Integrating On-line Judge into effective e-learning", funded by the European Commission under the Life Long Learning Programme (grant number 135221-LLP-1-2007-1-ES-KA3-KA3MP), was launched in order to satisfy the users' demand for greater pedagogic character and to facilitate the use of the Online Judge in courses of informatics in higher and secondary education.
The Online Judge has been maintaining a task database, which can be very useful for teaching algorithms at various levels. However it is not easy for teachers to find proper tasks which fit particular students. At the moment it is possible to weight task difficulty by the percentage of participants who provide correct solutions. It is impossible to find which topics or algorithms are required to solve tasks.
An attempt to classify the existing tasks by possible solution algorithms was started by the Online Judge members,
using a Wiki (http://www.algorithmist.com/index.php/Categories). However the process is ad hoc and needs systematic revision and analysis.
We are providing several schemas for classification of the tasks: (1) Categories proposed by task authors, e.g. by providing comments on the best solution. (2) Categories proposed by the Online Judge administrators, e.g. length of source code or time required for solving the task. This type of classification can only be done by the administrators as other users do not have any access to the solutions and statistical data. (3) Categories proposed by participants ranking the difficulty of solved tasks. (4) Categories proposed by teachers who have used the tasks for several years in their courses, e.g. task topics and difficulty.
To make an easier classification process we propose to develop a set of keywords or key phrases. Applying these key phrases to each task will provide more information to users.
Initial set of keywords and key phrases can include: (1) Theory or algorithms [1] needed to solve the task (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Number of Online Judge tasks classified by algorithms (2) Task difficulty, e.g. involves required knowledge, no mathematics, basic mathematics, no algorithms, no data structures, no abstract data structures, suitable for first year students, correct algorithm is not obvious, & (3) Recommending prior tasks that should be solved first. (4) Task type by solution output format, e.g. output is unambiguous, output is ambiguous, output is one number, & (5) Task type by source, e.g. Which competition or course proposed this task? Who is the author?
The Effect of Parkinson's Disease on the Dynamics of On-line and Proactive Cognitive Control during Action Selection
Authors: Wylie Scott A. , Ridderinkhof K. Richard , Bashore Theodore R. , van den Wildenberg Wery P. M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractProcessing irrelevant visual information sometimes activates incorrect response impulses. The engagement of cognitive control mechanisms to suppress these impulses and make proactive adjustments to reduce the future impact of incorrect impulses may rely on the integrity of frontal–basal ganglia circuitry. Using a Simon task, we investigated the effects of basal ganglia dysfunction produced by Parkinson's disease (PD) on both on-line (within-trial) and proactive (between-trial) control efforts to reduce interference produced by the activation of an incorrect response. As a novel feature, we applied distributional analyses, guided by the activation–suppression model, to differentiate the strength of incorrect response activation and the proficiency of suppression engaged to counter this activation. For situations requiring on-line control, PD (n = 52) and healthy control (n = 30) groups showed similar mean interference effects (i.e., Simon effects) on reaction time (RT) and accuracy. Distributional analyses showed that although the strength of incorrect response impulses was similar between the groups PD patients were less proficient at suppressing these impulses. Both groups demonstrated equivalent and effective proactive control of response interference on mean RT and accuracy rates. However, PD patients were less effective at reducing the strength of incorrect response activation proactively. Among PD patients, motor symptom severity was associated with difficulties in on-line, but not in proactive, control of response impulses. These results suggest that basal ganglia dysfunction produced by PD has selective effects on cognitive control mechanisms engaged to resolve response conflict, with primary deficits in the on-line suppression of incorrect responses occurring in the context of a relatively spared ability to adjust control proactively to minimize future conflict.
Cortical Response to Task-relevant Stimuli Presented outside the Primary Focus of Attention
Authors: Houtkamp Roos , Braun Jochen 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Visual attention selectively enhances the neural response to a task-relevant item. But what happens when an item outside the primary focus of attention is also relevant to the task at hand? In a dual-task fMRI experiment, we studied the responses in retinotopically organized visual cortex in such a situation. Observers performed an attention-demanding task in the fovea while another, unmasked stimulus appeared in the visual periphery. With respect to this latter stimulus, observers attempted to perform either a less or a more attentionally demanding task. Both tasks increased the BOLD response to the peripheral stimulus. Behaviorally, however, only the less demanding task was performed well, whereas the demanding task was carried out near chance. What could explain the discrepancy between BOLD response and behavioral performance? A control experiment revealed that the report of the less demanding feature was severely disturbed by a mask. Moreover, the visual attributes queried by the demanding task had a significantly shorter iconic memory persistence. We conclude that, in the dual-task situation, the focus of attention initially remains with the foveal task, but subsequently shifts to the former location of the peripheral stimulus. Such a belated shift to a peripheral iconic memory (futile in one case, informative in the other) would reconcile the similar BOLD response with the disparate behavioral performance. In summary, our results show that an enhanced BOLD response is consistently associated with attentional modulation, but not with behavioral performance.
Neural Correlates of Species-typical Illogical Cognitive Bias in Human Inference
Authors: Ogawa Akitoshi , Yamazaki Yumiko , Ueno Kenichi , Cheng Kang , Iriki Atsushi 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The ability to think logically is a hallmark of human intelligence, yet our innate inferential abilities are marked by implicit biases that often lead to illogical inference. For example, given AB (“if A then B”), people frequently but fallaciously infer the inverse, BA. This mode of inference, called symmetry, is logically invalid because, although it may be true, it is not necessarily true. Given pairs of conditional relations, such as AB and BC, humans reflexively perform two additional modes of inference: transitivity, whereby one (validly) infers AC; and equivalence, whereby one (invalidly) infers CA. In sharp contrast, nonhuman animals can handle transitivity but can rarely be made to acquire symmetry or equivalence. In the present study, human subjects performed logical and illogical inferences about the relations between abstract, visually presented figures while their brain activation was monitored with fMRI. The prefrontal, medial frontal, and intraparietal cortices were activated during all modes of inference. Additional activation in the precuneus and posterior parietal cortex was observed during transitivity and equivalence, which may reflect the need to retrieve the intermediate stimulus (B) from memory. Surprisingly, the patterns of brain activation in illogical and logical inference were very similar. We conclude that the observed inference-related fronto-parietal network is adapted for processing categorical, but not logical, structures of association among stimuli. Humans might prefer categorization over the memorization of logical structures in order to minimize the cognitive working memory load when processing large volumes of information.
Neural Mechanisms of Verb Argument Structure Processing in Agrammatic Aphasic and Healthy Age-matched Listeners
Authors: Thompson Cynthia K. , Bonakdarpour Borna , Fix Stephen F. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractProcessing of lexical verbs involves automatic access to argument structure entries entailed within the verb's representation. Recent neuroimaging studies with young normal listeners suggest that this involves bilateral posterior peri-sylvian tissue, with graded activation in these regions on the basis of argument structure complexity. The aim of the present study was to examine the neural mechanisms of verb processing using fMRI in older normal volunteers and patients with stroke-induced agrammatic aphasia, a syndrome in which verb, as compared to noun, production often is selectively impaired, but verb comprehension in both on-line and off-line tasks is spared. Fourteen healthy listeners and five age-matched aphasic patients performed a lexical decision task, which examined verb processing by argument structure complexity, namely, one-argument [i.e., intransitive (v1)], two-argument [i.e., transitive (v2)], and three-argument (v3) verbs. Results for the age-matched listeners largely replicated those for younger participants studied by Thompson et al. [Thompson, C. K., Bonakdarpour, B., Fix, S. C., Blumenfeld, H. K., Parrish, T. B., Gitelman, D. R., et al. Neural correlates of verb argument structure processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 1753–1767, 2007]: v3 − v1 comparisons showed activation of the angular gyrus in both hemispheres and this same heteromodal region was activated in the left hemisphere in the (v2 + v3) − v1 contrast. Similar results were derived for the agrammatic aphasic patients, however, activation was unilateral (in the right hemisphere for three participants) rather than bilateral, likely because these patients' lesions extended to the left temporo-parietal region. All performed the task with high accuracy and, despite differences in lesion site and extent, they recruited spared tissue in the same regions as healthy subjects. Consistent with psycholinguistic models of sentence processing, these findings indicate that the posterior language network is engaged for processing verb argument structure and is crucial for semantic integration of argument structure information.
Mandatory Processing of Irrelevant Fearful Face Features in Visual Search
Authors: Fenker Daniela B. , Heipertz Dorothee , Boehler Carsten N. , Schoenfeld Mircea A. , Noesselt Tömme , Heinze Hans-Jochen , Duezel Emrah , Hopf Jens-Max 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFaces expressing fear may attract attention in an automatic bottom–up fashion. Here we address this issue with magneto-encephalographic (MEG) recordings in subjects performing a demanding visual search combined with the presentation of irrelevant neutral or fearful faces. The impact of the faces' emotional expression on attentional selection was assessed by analyzing the N2pc component—a modulation of the event-related magnetic field response known to reflect attentional focusing in visual search. We observed that lateralized fearful faces elicited an N2pc approximately between 240 and 400 msec in ventral extrastriate cortex that was independent of the N2pc reflecting target selection in visual search. Despite their clear influence on neural processing, fearful faces did not significantly influence behavioral performance. To clarify this discrepancy, we further performed an MEG experiment in which the demands of the search task were reduced. Under those conditions, lateralized fearful faces elicited an N2pc response that was again independent of the N2pc response to the search target. Behavioral performance was, however, influenced in a significant manner, suggesting that for behavioral effects to appear, sufficient attentional resources need to be left unoccupied by the search task—a notion put forward by the perceptual load theory. Our observations are taken to indicate that irrelevant fearful faces influence attentional processing in extrastriate visual cortex in an automatic fashion and independent of other task-relevant attentional operations. However, this may not necessarily be echoed at the behavioral level as long as task-relevant selection operations exhaust attentional resources.
Lateralized Frontal Eye Field Activity Precedes Occipital Activity Shortly before Saccades: Evidence for Cortico-cortical Feedback as a Mechanism Underlying Covert Attention Shifts
Authors: Gutteling Tjerk P. , van Ettinger-Veenstra Helene M. , Kenemans J. Leon , Neggers Sebastiaan F. W. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
When an eye movement is prepared, attention is shifted toward the saccade end-goal. This coupling of eye movements and spatial attention is thought to be mediated by cortical connections between the FEFs and the visual cortex. Here, we present evidence for the existence of these connections. A visual discrimination task was performed while recording the EEG. Discrimination performance was significantly improved when the discrimination target and the saccade target matched. EEG results show that frontal activity precedes occipital activity contralateral to saccade direction when the saccade is prepared but not yet executed; these effects were absent in fixation conditions. This is consistent with the idea that the FEF exerts a direct modulatory influence on the visual cortex and enhances perception at the saccade end-goal.
Some new and known species of the subfamily Lordellonematinae Siddiqi, 1969 (Qudsianematidae: Dorylaimida)
Authors: Ahmad Wasim , Baniyamuddin Md , Mushtaq Peerzada 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFour new and four known species of the subfamily Lordellonematinae are described. Lordellonema paraporosum sp. n. has a 0.61-0.64 mm long body, cuticle distinctly striated, lateral body pores indistinct, 20-23 ventral body pores distributed throughout body length, 2-3 dorsal body pores located anterior to nerve ring, lip region distinctly offset, angular, odontostyle 14-15 μm long, cardia with three glands and short conoid tail. Lordellonema macrodorum sp. n. has a 1.1-1.2 mm long body, inner layer of cuticle with distinct striations and separated from outer layer, body pores indistinct, lip region broad, offset by deep constriction, odontostyle 22-23 μm long, short conoid cardia with a thin disc, transverse vulva, amphidelphic genital system and short conoid tail. Sicorinema bashirjanae sp. n. has a 1.21-1.38 mm long, slender, body, distinctly striated cuticle, 8-9 μm long odontostyle, pore-like vulva, mono-opisthodelphic female genital system with short anterior uterine sac, and short conoid, minutely rounded, tail. Moshajia ladakhiensis sp. n. has a 1.5-1.8 mm long body, lip region offset by depression, 12.5-13.5 μm long odontostyle, amphidelphic genital system and short, conoid, bluntly rounded, tail. Poronemella is considered a junior synonym of Lordellonema and P. porifer and P. amini are transferred as L. porifer comb. n. and L. amini comb. n. In the nature of its outer and inner layer of cuticle, odontostyle and pharynx, Latocephalus lunulatus fits better under the genus Sicorinema rather than Latocephalus and is transferred herein as S. lunulatum comb. n. Lordellonema amini comb. n., and M. cultristyla and M. idiophora are reported and redescribed for the first time since their original descriptions. Poronemella shamimi is transferred to Lordellonema as L. shamimi comb. n. and P. divulgata is transferred to Crassolabium as C. divulgata comb. n. Diagnoses of all three genera are given together with keys to species.
Characterisation and parasitic habits of a root-lesion nematode from chrysanthemum in Iran and its relationship to Pratylenchus pseudocoffeae
Authors: Deimi Abbas Mohammad , De Luca Francesca , Vovlas Nicola , Troccoli Alberto 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA population of the amphimictic root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus pseudocoffeae is reported infecting chrysanthemum in glasshouses and open fields in Mahallat Town, Markazi province, central Iran. This population shares similar morphological features with P. pseudocoffeae from Japan and also has the same D3 sequences as a population from Florida (no molecular data are available for the type Japanese population). The Iranian population of P. pseudocoffeae is characterised by a labial region with two (60%) or three annuli (40%), stylet ca 16 μm long, presence of males, vulva at 80% of body, oval spermatheca and subhemispherical tail with smooth terminus. Morphologically, P. pseudocoffeae from Iran resembles P. coffeae, from which it differs in a divided face vs smooth and flat in P. coffeae. However, the morphological and biological characters of P. pseudocoffeae are more closely related to those of P. gutierrezi and the related undescribed species K1 and K2 from coffee in Costa Rica and Guatemala, respectively, from which it differs by the shorter stylet and shape of tail tip. In contrast, the comparison of molecular characteristics, including ITS-RFLP patterns and sequences of the D3 region between P. pseudocoffeae from Iran and other related species, indicates a close relationship between P. pseudocoffeae and P. hexincisus and P. agilis, in spite of the fact that the latter two species are not amphimictic and lack males and functional spermatheca. In Iran, P. pseudocoffeae causes root lesions, distinct necrosis and large cavities within the cortical parenchyma, resulting in stunting of chrysanthemum stands. The detection of P. pseudocoffeae in Iran is a new country record and also represents the second detection of this species outside Japan.
Variation in hatch among pathotypes of the potato cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, in response to potato root diffusate from Solanum spp. I. Preliminary assessments to establish optimal testing conditions
Authors: Turner Susan J. , Fleming Colin C. , Moreland Brendan P. , Martin Trevor J.G. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) hatch in response to the presence of root
diffusate produced by host plants. Potato root diffusate (PRD) contains
hatching factors that stimulate differential hatch between the two PCN
species (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida) throughout the growing
season. In order to clarify the role of PRD in wild potato clones resistant
to PCN, a series of trials established optimal test conditions using a range
of PCN populations on a representation of Solanum species (Solanum
sanctae-rosae, S. sparsipilum, S. gourlayi, S. acaule, S. oplocense).
Dilution tests showed that half strength PRD consistently stimulated highest
levels of nematode hatch. PCN populations were treated with PRD collected
weekly throughout the trials, mimicking the natural release of chemical
stimulants from growing potato roots. Whilst the G. rostochiensis Ro1
population showed no variation in hatch, other populations displayed
differences in hatch in the presence of the different Solanum PRD. This may
reflect the different coevolutionary histories of nematodes and their
Solanum hosts in South America.
Family context for emotional recovery in internationally adopted children
Authors: Palacios Jesús , Román Maite , Moreno Carmen , León Esperanza 
Published: August 2009

English The context for emotional recovery was analysed in 30 Spanish parents adopting from Russia and a comparison group. The adopted children’s attachment disorders improved significantly after adoption. Adoptive parents showed a more sophisticated and optimistic reflective functioning about their children and their parenting experience. French Le contexte du rétablissement affectif a été analysé chez 30 couples de parents espagnols adoptant des enfants en provenance de Russie et comparé avec celui d’un groupe témoin. Les troubles de l’attachement chez les enfants adoptés se sont améliorés significativement après l’adoption. Les parents adoptifs ont montré un des capacités de réflexion plus sophistiquées et optimistes à propos de leurs enfants et de leur expérience d’éducation. Spanish El contexto de la recuperación emocional se analizó en 30 adoptantes en Rusia y en un grupo de comparación. Los trastornos de apego mejoraron de forma significativa tras la adopción. Los adoptantes mostraron una visión más sofisticada y optimista de sus hijos y de su propia experiencia como padres.