bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural Control of Stereotypic Limb Movements
Authors: Rossignol Serge 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Kinematics and Muscle ActivityHindlimb Locomotor MovementsForelimb Locomotor MovementsWalking at Different Speeds, Slopes, and DirectionsInterlimb CoordinationOther Stereotypic MovementsStereotypic Movements in Spinal AnimalsStereotypic Movements after Complete Spinal LesionsStereotypic Movements after Partial Spinal LesionsPharmacology of Stereotypic PatternsCentral Generation of Stereotypic PatternsLocomotionInterneuronsScratching and Paw ShakeOntogeny of Stereotypic MovementsCentral Pattern Generator(s)Afferent ControlsProprioceptive ControlCutaneous ControlMechanisms of Reflex ModulationSupraspinal ControlInitiation of LocomotionPosture and CorrectionsConcluding Remarks
Central Neural Control of Respiration and Circulation During Exercise
Authors: Waldrop Tony G. , Eldridge Frederic L. , Iwamoto Gary A. , Mitchell Jere H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:RespirationCirculationCentral Command MechanismsCentral Drive of LocomotionLocomotor Pattern GeneratorSupraspinal Locomotor SitesCentral Command Control of Respiration and Circulation in AnimalsCerebral CortexHypothalamic Locomotor RegionMesencephalic Locomotor RegionAmygdalaAwake, Exercising Animal StudiesShort‐Term PotentiationRespirationCentral Command Control of Respiration and Circulation in HumansRespirationCirculationInteractions Between Central Command and Peripheral FeedbackInteraction of Central Command with Cardiorespiratory ReflexesBaroreceptor ReflexHering‐Breuer ReflexChemoreceptor ReflexesConclusions
Lipid Metabolism in Muscle
Authors: Van Der Vusse Ger J. , Reneman Robert S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Supply and Cellular Uptake of Upids in Skeletal MusclesAlbumin‐Bound Fatty AcidsFatty Acids in Circulating LipoproteinsSkeletal Muscle Fatty Acid UptakeFatty Acid Metabolism in the Skeletal Muscle CellActivation and Oxidation of Fatty AcidsIntramuscular TriacylglycerolsSupply and Utilization of Upids During ExerciseAlbumin‐Bound Fatty Acids in Plasma during ExerciseCirculating Lipoprotein‐Triacylglycerols as a Potential Source of Fatty Acids during ExerciseContribution of Intramuscular Triacylglycerols to Fatty Acid Oxidation during ExerciseRelative Contribution of Various Sources of Lipids to Overall Fatty Acid Utilization during ExerciseGender Differences in Lipid Utilization during ExerciseEffect of Training on Skeletal Muscle Lipid UtilizationAdvantages of Enhanced Lipid Utilization by Trained Muscles during ExercisePossible Causes of Increased Lipid Consumption by Trained Muscles during ExerciseUtilization of Plasma‐Borne Fatty Acids by Trained MusclesCirculating Lipoproteins as an Additional Source of Lipids for Trained MusclesUtilization of Intramuscular Triacylglycerols in Endurance‐Trained MusclesRegulation of Fatty Acid Release from Intramuscular Triacylglycerols in Trained MusclesEffect of Diet on Muscle Lipid MetabolismHigh‐Carbohydrate vs. High‐Fat Diets in Relation to Physical PerformanceShift from Carbohydrate to Lipid Utilization by High‐Fat DietSource of Lipid for Muscles during High‐Fat Diet FeedingPossible Mechanisms Underlying Increased Muscular Lipid Utilization during High‐Fat FeedingInterrelationship Between Muscular Carbohydrate and Lipid MetabolismThe Glucose–Fatty Acid, or Randle, CycleThe Existence of the Randle Cycle in Skeletal MusclePossible Mechanisms Underlying the Glucose‐Fatty Acid Cycle in Skeletal MuscleA Role for Malonyl CoA in Fuel Selection in Skeletal Muscle CellsDefects in the Skeletal Muscle Fatty Acid Oxidative PathwayConcluding Remarks
Influence of Exercise on Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism
Authors: Rennie Michael J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:General Aspects of Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism in MuscleAmino Acid Transport and the Free Amino Acid PoolOutline of the Metabolism of Amino Acids in Muscle in Relation to ExerciseInterrelationship ofBCAA, Alanine, and Glutamine MetabolismThe Purine Nucleotide Cycle in MuscleAmino Acid Catabolism and Gluconeogenesis from Amino Acids in Liver and KidneyTraining Effects on the Capacities of Muscle Enzymes of Amino Acid MetabolismThe Effects of Contractile Activity on Ammonia Production and its Relation to the Free Amino Acid PoolAlterations of Muscle and Blood Amino Acid Concentrations during ExerciseProduction and Consumption of Amino Acids by Muscle during ExerciseEffects of Training on Amino Acid Metabolism during ExerciseInterrelationships between Working Muscle and the Viscera during ExerciseProtein Turnover During ExerciseEffects of Acute Contractile Activity on Protein TurnoverPostexercise Alterations in Muscle Protein SynthesisEffects of Habitual Exercise on Whole‐Body Protein TurnoverEffects of Immobilization and DisuseCollagen Turnover in MusclePhysical Activity and Protein RequirementsOutstanding Questions
Temperature Relationships: From Molecules to Biogeography
Authors: Somero George N. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Temperature Effects on Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Systems: Basic ConsiderationsTemperature Effects on ProteinsDeterminants of Thermal Sensitivities of Protein Structure and FunctionProtein Structural Stability and Adaptation TemperatureAdaptations in Enzyme Kinetic Properties Lead to Conservation of Metabolic Regulation and Rate of FunctionRate Compensation to Temperature Through Alterations in Enzyme ConcentrationThe Heat Shock ResponseMolecular Chaperones: Assistants in Protein Folding, Compartmentation, and RenaturationThe Heat Shock Response and Induced Thermal ToleranceAcclimatization‐Induced Differences in the Heat Shock ResponseInterindividual and Intertissue Differences in the Heat Shock ResponseEvolutionary, Interspecific Differences in the Heat Shock ResponseCellular Thermometers and Regulation ofHSPSynthesisCold Shock May Induce Stress ProteinsTemperature Effects on Lipids and Membrane‐Localized FunctionsTemperature Effects on Membrane Lipids: Changes in Phase and FluidityMembrane Fluidity and Compositional Changes Correlate With Effects on Membrane FunctionsHomeoviscous Adaptation: Occurrence and EfficacyAdaptation of Membrane Lipids: Regulation and Biophysical EffectsAdaptive Regulation of Depot and Membrane Lipid Fluidity in HibernatorsMembrane Lipids of Thermophilic ArchaebacteriaMembrane Adaptations Involving Extrinsic Factors: pH and SolutesCuticular Waxes: Regulation of Body Temperature and Control of Water LossEvaporative Cooling in InsectsTemperature–pH InteractionsTemperature Dependence of Body Fluid pH ValuesThe Imidazole Alphastat HypothesisFunctional Manifestations of the Advantages of Alphastat RegulationDeviations from Alphastat Regulation in Small Mammalian HibernatorsVariation in Alpha Imidazole among Species, Tissues, Histidyl Residues, and MethodologiesBiogeographical Implications of Temperature Adaptation
Of Membrane Stability and Mosaics: The Spectrin Cytoskeleton
Authors: Morrow Jon S. , Rimm David L. , Kennedy Scott P. , Cianci Carol D. , Sinard John H. , Weed Scott A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:The Red Cell Membrane SkeletonHow Does the Spectrin Membrane Skeleton Stabilize the Red Cell?The Trilayer Couple—Spectrin as A Membrane OrganizerComponents of the Erythrocyte Membrane SkeletonSpectrinActinAnkyrinProtein 4.1AdducinDematin (Protein 4.9)Pallidin (Protein 4.2)p55 (an Erythrocyte Membrane‐Associated Guanylate Kinase)StomatinTropomyosin and TropomodulinDynaminInteractions with PhospholipidsThe Spectrin Skeleton of Non‐Erythroid CellsSpatial and Temporal PolarizationProteins Interacting with Spectrin in Non‐Erythroid CellsCytoskeletal ElementsAdhesion ProteinsEvolving ConceptsConclusions: The Linked Mosaic Model
Microtubule Motors in Cell and Tissue Function
Authors: Sheetz Michael P. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Why Motors—and Where—in Tissues?Basic Cellular Motor MechanismsOrganization of Microtubules in TissuesOrganelle‐Motor ComplexesMicrotubule Motor StructureMechanism of Conversion ofATPEnergy into MotilitySummary
Regulated Exocytosis in Mammalian Secretory Cells
Authors: Sengupta Dola , Valentijn Jack A. , Jamieson James D. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Entry of Proteins into the Secretory PathwayMechanism of Sorting of Membrane and Secretory Proteins into the Secretory PathwayMechanism of Movement of Secretory Vesicles to the Plasma Membrane and Endocytic Vesicles from the Plasma MembraneMechanisms of Membrane Interactions on the Secretory PathwayTheSNAREHypothesis of Vesicular Targeting and Membrane FusionControl Proteins in ExocytosisThe Role of rab Proteins in Exocytosis and EndocytosisMembrane Retrieval Following Regulated Exocytosis
Regulation of Development: Differentiation and Morphogenesis
Authors: Kleinman Hynda K. , Bernfield Merton 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:The Cellular Processes of Determination and DifferentiationCell DeterminationCell DifferentiationGenes Regulate Determination and DifferentiationThe Process of MorphogenesisCell AdhesionChange in Cell ShapeLocalized Cell ProliferationLocalized Cell DeathStrategies of DevelopmentCell LineageCell InteractionsTissue InteractionsEffect of the Cellular Microenvironment on Morphogenetic BehaviorExtracellular Matrix ComponentsMatrix‐Associated Effectors of Cell BehaviorBiological Activities of Extracellular Matrix ComponentsPeptide Growth FactorsReparative Responses to Injury Analogous to Developmental Processes
Cellular Mechanisms During Mammalian Fertilization
Authors: Wassarman Paul M. , Florman Harvey M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:General IntroductionOogenesis and SpermatogenesisOogenesis: Primordial Germ Cells to EggsSpermatogenesis: Primordial Germ Cells to SpermatozoaFinal Preparation of Gametes for FertilizationEggs: “Meiotic Maturation”Regulatory Aspects of Oocyte MaturationSperm: “Capacitation”Sperm Activity StatesBinding of Sperm to EggsStructure of the Zona PellucidaIdentification of a Mammalian Sperm ReceptorOther Mammalian Sperm ReceptorsThe Acrosome ReactionAnatomy of the AcrosomeStages of ExocytosisFunctions of the Acrosome Reaction during FertilizationSite of the Acrosome ReactionMechanisms of the Acrosome ReactionInitiators of ExocytosisConclusionsSignaling at the Sperm Plasma MembraneMediators of Receptor‐Activated Second‐Messenger Production in SpermSecond‐Messenger ProductionCa2+and Ca2+ChannelsInternal pHDownstream Effectors of Receptor ActivationGamete Fusion and Cortical Granule ExocytosisCortical GranulesGamete Membrane Fusion and the Receptor QuestionFrom Oolemma to Cortical Granule—Signal Transduction Pathways
Peptide hormones regulating appetite—focus on neuroimaging studies in humans
Authors: Schloegl Haiko , Percik Ruth , Horstmann Annette , Villringer Arno , Stumvoll Michael 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn recent years, knowledge about hormonal feedback from the gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue has increased tremendously. Peptide hormones modulating hunger have been intensively studied, mostly in animals but increasingly also in humans. The first therapeutic agents, such as GLP‐1 analogues, are in successful clinical use for T2D and may beneficially affect hunger and reduce weight. Data from in vitro studies and animals provide detailed insight into regulatory mechanisms leading to peptide secretion and receptor bindings, as well as to the distribution of receptors involved in different parts of the body. With neuroimaging techniques human brain structures have been identified that play a role in hunger, satiety and eating behaviour. These include the primary gustatory (insular) and olfactory (pyriform) cortex and regions with a highly permeable blood‐brain barrier (hypothalamus, brain stem), which facilitates humoral input via gut peptides and leptin. In addition, cerebral networks involved in higher cognitive functions, especially those relevant to reward, pleasure and also addiction (ventral and dorsal striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), prefrontal cortex (PFC)) were shown to be involved. First indications of direct influences of peptide hormones on these networks have become available from neuroimaging studies administrating synthetic PYY, ghrelin and leptin. Insulin also appears to play an important role as a central satiety hormone, and evidence indicating the possibility of central insulin resistance in obesity is available. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of glycaemic control and glycaemic variability on mortality in patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure
Authors: Dungan Kathleen M. , Binkley Philip , Nagaraja Haikady N. , Schuster Dara , Osei Kwame 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackgroundDiabetes and CHF are common comorbidities in hospitalized patients but the relationship between glycaemic control, glycaemic variability, and mortality in patients with both conditions is unclear.MethodsWe used administrative data to retrospectively identify patients with a diagnosis of CHF who underwent frequent glucose assessments. TWMG was compared with other measures of glycaemic control and a time‐weighted measure of glycaemic variability, the glycaemic lability index. The outcome was hospital mortality.ResultsA total of 748 patients were included in the final analysis. Time‐weighted mean glucose was higher than unadjusted mean glucose (137 + /− 44.7 mg/dL versus 167 + /− 54.9, p < 0.001), due in part to shorter sampling intervals at higher glucose levels. Hypoglycaemia, defined as a glucose level < 70 mg/dL, occurred during 6.3% of patient‐days in survivors and 8.4% of patient‐days among nonsurvivors (p = 0.05). Time‐weighted mean glucose was similar (128 + /− 33.1 mg/dL versus 138 + /− 45.1 mg/dL) in nonsurvivors versus survivors, p = 0.19). However, relatively few patients had were significantly elevated readings. Median GLI was higher in nonsurvivors compared with that in survivors (18.1 versus 6.82, p = 0.0003). Increasing glycaemic lability index (odds ratio 1.32, 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.65), and hypoglycaemia (odds ratio 2.21, 95% confidence interval 1.07–4.65), were independently associated with higher mortality in logistic regression analysis. Respiratory failure was associated with mortality, but not standard deviation of glucose.ConclusionsFuture studies analysing glycaemic control should control for variable sampling intervals. In this analysis, glycaemic lability index was independently associated with increased mortality, independent of hypoglycaemia. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate these findings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulates synaptic chloride homeostasis in motoneurons of the rat spinal cord during neonatal development
Authors: Ostroumov Alexey , Simonetti Manuela , Nistri Andrea 
Published: November 2010

AbstractCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP‐regulated Cl− channel functional in neonatal rat spinal motoneurons. The present study investigated the developmental (P1–P8) expression of CFTR, its impact on motoneuron excitability and Cl− homeostasis in relation to canonical Cl− transporters. The Cl− outward transporter KCC2 gene was upregulated in females over males and increased from P1 to P8. The gene activities of the Cl− inward transporter NKCC1 and CFTR were positively correlated and grew between P1 and P8. P1 motoneuronal somata were immunopositive for CFTR whose expression later (P8) extended to cell processes. KCC2 immunopositivity outlined somata and cell processes at P1 and P8. Electrophysiological recording with sharp electrodes showed that the CFTR blocker glibenclamide increased motoneuron input resistance, suggesting functional CFTR in P1–P8 motoneurons. Whole cell patch‐clamping of spinal motoneurons to study CFTR contribution to postnatal synaptic Cl− regulation indicated that glibenclamide or the selective CFTR blocker diphenylamine‐2,2′‐dicarboxylic acid produced a negative shift in GABA/glycine reversal potential (EGABA/Gly) of spontaneously occurring synaptic events measured after block of excitatory transmission. A similar effect on EGABA/Gly was induced by the NKCC1 inhibitor bumetanide. A 3D reconstructed motoneuron model suggested that CFTR activity contributes to set the EGABA/Gly positive to the resting potential. The functional outcome of these Cl− mediated synaptic events depended not only on the postnatal age of the animal but also on their timing with respect to the excitatory synaptic signals. We propose that CFTR operated together with NKCC1 to produce depolarizing GABA/glycine mediated synaptic events. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71:253–268, 2011.
Developmental changes in intrinsic excitability of principal neurons in the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body
Authors: Rusu Silviu I. , Borst J. Gerard G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe calyx of Held synapse is a giant axosomatic synapse that has a fast relay function within the sound localization circuit of the brainstem. In the adult, each principal neuron of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is contacted by a single calyx terminal. In rodents, the calyx of Held synapse forms around the third postnatal day (P3). Here, we studied the developmental changes in the intrinsic excitability of the principal neurons during the first postnatal week by making whole‐cell recordings from brainstem slices. In slices from P0–1 rats, about 20% of the principal neurons were spontaneously active, whereas after P3, no spontaneously active cells were observed. Already at P0, principal neurons received both glutamatergic and GABAergic/glycinergic inputs. The occurrence of spontaneous action potentials depended upon the presence of spontaneous glutamatergic inputs; summation of only a few quanta was enough to reach action potential threshold. The main cause for this high excitability was a high resting membrane resistance, which decreased at least four‐fold during the first postnatal week. A relatively slow decay of synaptic currents and a relatively depolarized membrane potential may have contributed as well. We conclude that the decrease in the excitability of principal neurons in the MNTB matches the increase of the strength of the synaptic inputs resulting from the formation and maturation of the calyx of Held synapse during the first postnatal week. This decrease in excitability will make it progressively more difficult for non‐calyceal inputs to trigger action potentials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 284–295, 2011
Nonclassical Ruthenium Silyl Dihydride Complexes TpRu(PPh3)(η3‐HSiR3H) [Tp = Hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate]: Catalytic Hydrolytic Oxidation of Organosilanes to Silanols with TpRu(PPh3)(η3‐HSiR3H)
Authors: Lee Ting Yan , Dang Li , Zhou Zhongyuan , Yeung Chi Hung , Lin Zhenyang , Lau Chak Po 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAn X‐ray crystallographic study showed that it is more appropriate to describe the complexes TpRu(PPh3)“H2SiR3” as TpRu(PPh3)(η3‐HSiR3H), a static structure containing H···Si···H bonding rather than a highly fluxional pair ofσ‐silane hydride species TpRu(PPh3)(Ha)(η2‐HbSiR3) [rlhar2] TpRu(PPh3)(Hb)(η2‐HaSiR3). One of the complexes was used for the catalytic hydrolytic oxidation of organosilanes to silanols. A mechanism, which does not involve the usual oxidative addition of silane to the metal center to form the silyl hydride species, is proposed, which is supported by theoretical calculations.
Microencapsulation of extra‐virgin olive oil by spray‐drying: Influence of wall material and olive quality
Authors: Calvo Patricia , Hernández Teresa , Lozano Mercedes , González‐Gómez David 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEncapsulation is a process by which small particles of core products are packaged within a wall material to form microcapsules. One common technique to produce encapsulated products is spray‐drying which involves the conversion of liquid oils in the form of an emulsion into dry powders. Emulsification conditions, wall components, and spray‐drying parameters have been optimized for the microencapsulation of different extra‐virgin olive oils. To achieve this goal, the influences of emulsion conditions have been evaluated for different wall components such as proteins (sodium caseinate and gelatin), hydrocolloids (Arabic gum), and hydrolyzed starches (starch, lactose, and maltodextrin). In addition, for each of the tested conditions the ratio of wall solid‐to‐oil and spray‐drying parameters were as well optimized.The microencapsulation effectiveness was determined based on process yield and the ratio between free and encapsulated oil (microencapsulation efficiency). Highest encapsulation yields were achieved when gelatin, Arabic gum and maltodextrin and sodium caseinate and maltodextrin were used as encapsulation agents and the ratio of wall solid‐to‐oil was 1:4 and 1:2, respectively. Under these conditions, 53% of oil was encapsulated. The influence of olive oil quality in the microencapsulation process was evaluated in terms of fatty acids profile alteration after the microencapsulation process.
The Reaction of Carboxylic Acid Esters with RfMgBr: A Convenient Synthesis of Perfluoroalkyl Ketones
Authors: Xue Can , He Guangke , Fu Chunling , Xue Liqin , Lin Zhenyang , Ma Shengming 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAn efficient method for the preparation of the synthetically attractive perfluoroalkyl ketones through the reaction of readily available alkenoates, alkynoates, or regular carboxylic esters with perfluoroalkyl Grignard reagents at –70 to –60 °C in diethyl ether with moderate to good yields was developed. The reaction stopped at the ketone stage, with no further reaction to form the tertiary alcohols being observed. DFT calculations confirmed that the perfluoroalkyl‐substituted ketones are less electrophilic as compared to ordinary ketones.
Generation and characterization of a specific polyclonal antibody against the mouse serotonin receptor 1A: A state‐of‐the‐art recommendation on how to characterize antibody specificity
Authors: Heo Seok , Lubec Gert 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA series of different antibodies against serotonin receptor 1A (5HT1A_R) have been reported although only limited information on the specificity of these antibodies and the antigens recognized is available. Herein, we characterized reactivity of an antibody by a gel‐based proteomics method that should represent a model how antibodies may be defined in the future. An antibody against the 5HT1A_R was generated, used for immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting on blue‐native gels containing a 5HT1A_R complex. The 5HT1A_R was isolated from tissue and was defined by nano‐LC‐ESI‐MS/MS. A single band on the native gel and a single spot representing the denatured receptor in the 3rd dimensional step of gel electrophoresis was detected. Immunoprecipitation revealed a single band for the denatured 5HT1A_R. Herein, a procedure is proposed to characterize an antibody by the use of a robust method unambiguously identifying and characterizing the antigen, 5HT1A_R, from mouse whole brain.