bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic toxicity of chloride to freshwater species: Effects of hardness and implications for water quality guidelines
Authors: Elphick James R.F , Bergh Kelli D , Bailey Howard C 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Toxicity tests using nine freshwater species (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Pimephales promelas, Lumbriculus variegatus, Tubifex tubifex, Chironomus dilutus, Hyallela azteca, and Brachionus calyciflorus) were conducted to evaluate their sensitivity to chloride. Acute-to-chronic ratios (ACRs) from these tests indicate the ACR of 7.59 employed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in deriving its water quality guideline for chloride may be conservative; a revised ACR of 3.50 is presented here. The endpoints used to calculate the ACR included 24-h to 96-h median lethal concentrations (LC50s) for acute tests, and 48-h to 54-d inhibition concentration (ICx) values for growth or reproduction for chronic exposures. Data from the present chronic toxicity tests, and other investigators, were used to propose a water quality guideline for long-term exposure to chloride using a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach. The 5th percentile from the SSD was calculated as 307 mg/L and proposed as the water quality guideline. Cladocerans were the most sensitive species in the dataset. Ceriodaphnia dubia was used to evaluate the relationship between water hardness and sensitivity to chloride. A strong relationship was observed and was used to establish a hardness-related equation to modify the proposed water quality guideline on the basis of water hardness, resulting in values ranging from 64 mg/L chloride at 10 mg/L hardness to 388 mg/L chloride at 160 mg/L hardness (as CaCO3). These data suggest that current water quality guidelines for chloride may be overly conservative in water with moderate-to-high hardness, and may not be sufficiently protective under soft-water conditions. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:239–246. © 2010 SETAC
A regional mass balance of methylmercury in San Francisco Bay, California, USA
Authors: Yee Donald , McKee Lester J , Oram John J 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The San Francisco Bay (California, USA) is a water body listed as impaired because of Hg contamination in sport fish for human consumption, as well as possible effects on resident wildlife. A legacy of Hg mining in local watersheds and Hg used in Au mining in the Sierra Nevada (USA) has contributed to contamination seen in the bay, with additional more recent and ongoing inputs from various sources. Methylmercury is the species of Hg most directly responsible for contamination in biota, so better understanding of its sources, loads, and processes was sought to identify the best means to reduce impacts. A regional scale model of San Francisco Bay was developed to characterize major methylmercury inputs and processes. The model was used to evaluate the potential impact of uncertainties in estimates for methylmercury loading pathways and environmental processes, identify major data gaps, and explore management prospects for reducing methylmercury contamination. External loading pathways considered in the mass balance include methylmercury loads entering via atmospheric deposition to the bay surface, and discharges from the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta, local watersheds, municipal wastewater, and fringing wetlands. Internal processes considered include exchange between bed and suspended sediments and the water column, in situ production and demethylation, biological uptake, and losses via hydrologic transport to the ocean through the Golden Gate. In situ sediment methylation and demethylation were dominant sources and losses determining ambient steady-state concentrations in the model, with changes in external loads and export causing smaller changes. Better information on methylation and demethylation is thus most critical to improving understanding of methylmercury balances and management. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:88–96. © 2010 SETAC
Assessment of field-related influences on polychlorinated biphenyl exposures and sorbent amendment using polychaete bioassays and passive sampler measurements
Authors: Janssen Elisabeth M.-L , Oen Amy M.P , Luoma Samuel N , Luthy Richard G 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Field-related influences on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure were evaluated by employing caged deposit-feeders, Neanthes arenaceodentata, along with polyoxymethylene (POM) samplers using parallel in situ and ex situ bioassays with homogenized untreated or activated carbon (AC) amended sediment. The AC amendment achieved a remedial efficiency in reducing bioaccumulation by 90% in the laboratory and by 44% in the field transplants. In situ measurements showed that PCB uptake by POM samplers was greater for POM placed in the surface sediment compared with the underlying AC amendment, suggesting that tidal exchange of surrounding material with similar PCB availability as untreated sediment was redeposited in the cages. Polychlorinated biphenyls bioaccumulation with caged polychaetes from untreated sediment was half as large under field conditions compared with laboratory conditions. A biodynamic model was used to confirm and quantify the different processes that could have influenced these results. Three factors appeared most influential in the bioassays: AC amendment significantly reduces bioavailability under laboratory and field conditions; sediment deposition within test cages in the field partially masks the remedial benefit of underlying AC-amended sediment; and deposit-feeders exhibit less PCB uptake from untreated sediment when feeding is reduced. Ex situ and in situ experiments inevitably show some differences that are associated with measurement methods and effects of the environment. Parallel ex situ and in situ bioassays, passive sampler measurements, and quantifying important processes with a model can tease apart these field influences. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:173–180. © 2010 SETAC
Two Early Cretaceous fishes discovered from the most northern area of China: implications for the palaeobiogeography of the Jehol Biota
Authors: Xiao‐Bo Li , Mei‐Sheng Zhang , Yi‐Ni Wang 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFrom a newly discovered Early Cretaceous fossil site at the Sanlianhe Coal Mine in Tahe County, Heilongjiang Province, the most northern area in China, two freshwater fossil fish had been recovered. This paper reports their classifications and implications regarding the palaeobiogeography of the Jehol Biota. The fish assemblage consists of Yanosteus sp. (Acipenseriforms) and Sinamia sp. (Amiiformes). Both are important members of the well known Jehol Biota, and their occurrence supports the correlation of the Yiliekede Formation at Sanlianhe Coal Mine site with the Jiufotang Formation of West Liaoning. The remains of the Yanosteus sp. from this locality is the first known record of the genus other than in the Yan‐Liao area of China, and the specimens of Sinamia sp. is quite similar to what may be a new species of Sinamia from West Liaoning. The new fossil site represents the most northern site that is undoubtedly part of the extent of the Jehol Biota as currently understood. The northern Great Xing'an Range area is an important region that may link correlations between the Early Cretaceous continental biotas of China, Mongolia and Russia. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of new types of N,N‐disubstituted aminomethylspirophosphoranes
Authors: Prishchenko Andrey A. , Livantsov Mikhail V. , Novikova Olga P. , Livantsova Ludmila I. , Petrosyan Valery S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAminomethylation of several hydrospirophosphoranes and their derivatives, using chloro‐, alkoxy‐, and amino‐substituted methylamines of various structures, is proposed as the convenient method for the synthesis of new N,N‐disubstituted aminomethylspirophosphoranes. The unique reaction of aminomethylphosphonites with ethylene glycol also resulted in the aminomethylspirophosphoranes via the transesterification followed by the redox process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:515–520, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20642
Role of preoperative intact parathyroid hormone levels in predicting the likelihood of multiglandular disease in primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Kandil Emad , Carson Kathryn A. , Tufaro Anthony P. , Abdullah Obai , Alabbas Haytham , Dackiw Alan P. , Tufano Ralph P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground.Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy has become increasingly popular for the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism, but is not a feasible option for multiglandular disease. It has been suggested that preoperative intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels may predict multiglandular disease. We examined this hypothesis in patients who underwent surgical intervention for primary hyperparathyroidism at Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.Methods.We retrospectively reviewed 502 consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent parathyroidectomy. Multivariable logistic regression analysis assessed preoperative iPTH levels as a predictor of multiglandular disease and a positive sestamibi scan, after adjustment for age, sex, and race.Results.Preoperative iPTH levels were not significantly associated with a greater likelihood of multiglandular disease. However, sestamibi scan positivity was significantly more likely in patients with higher preoperative iPTH levels.Conclusion.Preoperative iPTH levels are not helpful in predicting multiglandular disease and should not be used to exclude a minimally invasive parathyroidecotomy for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Observed and simulated water and energy budget components at SCAN sites in the lower Mississippi Basin
Authors: De Lannoy Gabriëlle J. M. , Ufford Julie , Sahoo Alok K. , Dirmeyer Paul , Houser Paul R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLand surface models are typically constrained by one or a few observed variables, while assuming that the internal water and energy partitioning is sensitive to those observed variables and realistic enough to simulate unobserved variables. To verify these assumptions, in situ soil climate analysis network (SCAN) observations in the Lower Mississippi Basin (2002–2008) are analysed to quantify water and energy budget components and they are compared to Community Land Model (CLM3·5) simulations. The local soil texture is identified as a major indicator for water storage characteristics and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index shows potential as a drought indicator in summer months. Both observations and simulations indicate a regime where, except in some summer months, evapotranspiration controls soil moisture. CLM simulations with different soil texture assignments show discharge sensitivity to soil moisture, but almost no impact on evapotranspiration and other energy balance components. The observed and simulated water budgets show a similar partitioning. However, the SCAN observed water balance does not close because of precipitation measurement errors, unobserved irrigation, lack of specific storage change measurements and errors in the computed actual evapotranspiration. The simulated heat flux partitioning differs from that ‘observed’, with a larger (resp. smaller) fraction of net radiation being used by latent (resp. sensible) heat flux, and unobserved freeze and thaw events. The comparison between observations and model simulations suggests that a consistent observation collection for multiple variables would be needed to constrain and improve the full set of land surface variable estimates. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field sensitivity distribution of macroinvertebrates for phosphorus in inland waters
Authors: Struijs Jaap , De Zwart Dick , Posthuma Leo , Leuven Rob SEW , Huijbregts Mark AJ 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The magnitude of ecological damage caused by elevated phosphorus concentrations (CP) in Dutch inland waters is expressed as the fraction of disappeared macroinvertebrate genera. We used field observations of species occurrence from 1980 to 2005 that were stored in the Limnodata Neerlandica to derive the presence of 867 aquatic macroinvertebrate genera in the water column of freshwater bodies with total phosphorus (Ptot) concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 40 mg/L. At concentrations &gt; 0.3 mg/L, which is considered to cause nutrient enrichment of freshwater bodies, the disappeared fraction (DF) of macroinvertebrate genera can be described as a logistic function of the CP: DF = 1/(1 + 4.07/C P1.11). The logistic function suggests that half of the macroinvertebrate genera that potentially occur in the freshwater column in the Netherlands would disappear at a CP = 3.5 mg/L. This field-based effect expression resembles the cumulative sensitivity distribution function for a toxic substance based on the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) concept and exposure data. Whereas an SSD for a toxic chemical is derived from laboratory sensitivity data for a small number of species, our DF is derived from field observations of many macroinvertebrate genera at numerous CP levels. By applying this damage function to measured phosphorus in the rivers Rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt, we found that the observed CP values in 1975 imply diversity losses of 15% for the Rhine and Meuse, and 20% for the Scheldt. For 2000, the calculated diversity losses are 3% (Rhine), 6% (Meuse), and 9% (Scheldt). The cumulative genera sensitivity distribution function for phosphorus from national freshwater monitoring data can be applied in various environmental screening systems, such as multistress impact assessment of surface waters, and in life cycle impact assessment of products. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:280–286. © 2010 SETAC
Tamoxifen‐loaded folate‐conjugate poly[(p‐nitrophenyl acrylate)‐co‐(N‐isopropylacrylamide)] sub‐microgel as antitumoral drug delivery system
Authors: Blanco M. Dolores , Guerrero Sandra , Benito Marta , Teijón César , Olmo Rosa , Muñíz Enriqueta , Katime Issa , Teijón José M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFolate‐conjugate poly[(p‐nitrophenyl acrylate)‐co‐(N‐isopropylacrylamide)] sub‐microgel (F‐SubMG) was loaded with tamoxifen (TMX) to obtain low (9.0 ± 0.4 μg TMX/mg F‐SubMG) and high (112.0 ± 15.0 μg TMX/mg F‐SubMG) load TMX‐loaded F‐SubMGs. Maximum in vitro drug release (77 ± 2% to 90 ± 2% of loaded TMX) took place between 47 and 168 h. The cytotoxicity of unloaded F‐SubMGs in MCF‐7 and HeLa cells was low; although it increased for high F‐SubMG concentration. The administration of 10 μM TMX by TMX‐loaded F‐SubMGs was effective on both cellular types. Cell uptake of F‐SubMGs took place in both cell types, but it was larger in HeLa cells because they are folate receptor positive. After subcutaneous administration (2.8 mg TMX/kg b.w.) in Wistar rats, F‐SubMGs were detected at the site of injection under the skin, and a significant amount of them were included inside adipocytes. Signs of rejection were not observed after 60 days of injection. Pharmacokinetic study showed an increase in mean residence time of TMX and 4‐hydroxytamoxifen (4‐OHTMX), as well as a metabolite ratio (MR = AUC4OHTMX/AUCTMX) nine times larger, when TMX was administered by drug‐loaded F‐SubMGs. Since 4‐OHTMX is a more potent (at least 100‐fold higher) antiestrogen than TMX, administration of TMX‐loaded F‐SubMGs can be considered an advantage. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Effect of cleidocranial dysplasia‐related novel mutation of RUNX2 on characteristics of dental pulp cells and tooth development
Authors: Xuan DongYing , Sun Xi , Yan YuXia , Xie BaoYi , Xu PingPing , Zhang JinCai 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is an autosomal‐dominant disorder caused by a lack of function of one or more alleles of the RUNX2 gene. Mutations of the RUNX2 gene were analyzed in a family with CCD, and a novel nonsense mutation was identified, c. 1096G > T, p.E366X, which was predicted to cause a number of potential dysfunctions. Western blot analysis showed that the novel mutation created a shortened protein product, which lost 155 aa in the C‐terminal domain. The mutant protein was detected to be localized mostly in the cytoplasm, not in the nucleus, which demonstrated that transport of the RUNX2 protein into the nucleus was disturbed by the p.E366X mutation. For the first time, RUNX2+/m dental pulp cells (DPCs) were isolated from two permanent incisors of the CCD patient. Compared to RUNX2+/+ controls, RUNX2+/m DPCs presented an impeded progression from the G1 to the S phase in the cell cycle, a lower rate of proliferation, weaker ability of calcification, and distinct ultrastructure. More interestingly, the ultrastructural analysis and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EDS) analysis showed that the CCD tooth exhibited insufficient mineralization of enamel and dentin. This study suggests that the truncated RUNX2 mutant protein may be responsible for the alterations of RUNX2+/m DPCs, and RUNX2 gene may be involved in dental development by affecting the cell growth and differentiation, which provides new insights into understanding of dental abnormalities in CCD patients. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 1473–1481, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glycogen synthase kinase‐3β indirectly facilitates interferon‐γ‐induced nuclear factor‐κB activation and nitric oxide biosynthesis
Authors: Kai Jui‐In , Huang Wei‐Ching , Tsai Cheng‐Chieh , Chang Wen‐Teng , Chen Chia‐Ling , Lin Chiou‐Feng 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEither glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‐3β or nuclear factor (NF)‐κB regulates interferon (IFN)‐γ‐induced nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis; however, the inter‐regulation between GSK‐3β and NF‐κB is unknown. We have previously shown that IFN‐γ‐activated GSK‐3β negatively regulates Src homology‐2 domain‐containing phosphatase (SHP) 2 to facilitate Janus kinase (Jak) 2‐signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 activation. Because Jaks‐IFN‐inducible dsRNA‐activated serine–threonine protein kinase (PKR) axis signaling is essential for IFN‐γ‐activation of NF‐κB, in this study we investigate the potential mechanism for GSK‐3β‐facilitated NF‐κB activation in IFN‐γ‐stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages. Pharmacological inhibitors of GSK‐3β or NF‐κB signaling, such as the inhibitor of κB (IκB) kinase β (IKKβ) and IκBα, inhibited IFN‐γ‐induced inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and thus NO biosynthesis. Inhibiting GSK‐3β decreased IFN‐γ‐induced NF‐κB phosphorylation (Ser536) and activation. The upstream regulators for GSK‐3β activation, including okadaic acid‐sensitive protein phosphatase and proline‐rich tyrosine kinase 2, were also important for IFN‐γ‐induced IκBα phosphorylation (Ser32) and degradation. Under IFN‐γ stimulation, Jak2–PKR axis signaling induced IκBα inactivation as well as iNOS/NO biosynthesis. It is notable that inhibiting GSK‐3β caused SHP2‐mediated dephosphorylation of PKR (Thr446), IKKβ (Ser180), and NF‐κB (Ser536). Taken together, we provide the first evidence to demonstrate that GSK‐3β indirectly facilitates IFN‐γ‐induced NF‐κB activation by inhibiting SHP2, in turn activating the PKR–IKKβ–IκBα axis signaling pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 1522–1530, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The pelvic kidney of male Ambystoma maculatum (Amphibia, urodela, ambystomatidae) with special reference to the sexual collecting ducts
Authors: Siegel Dustin S. , Sever David M. , Aldridge Robert D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis study details the gross and microscopic anatomy of the pelvic kidney in male Ambystoma maculatum. The nephron of male Ambystoma maculatum is divided into six distinct regions leading sequentially away from a renal corpuscle: (1) neck segment, which communicates with the coelomic cavity via a ventrally positioned pleuroperitoneal funnel, (2) proximal tubule, (3) intermediate segment, (4) distal tubule, (5) collecting tubule, and (6) collecting duct. The proximal tubule is divided into a vacuolated proximal region and a distal lysosomic region. The basal plasma membrane is modified into intertwining microvillus lamellae. The epithelium of the distal tubule varies little along its length and is demarcated by columns of mitochondria with their long axes oriented perpendicular to the basal lamina. The distal tubule possesses highly interdigitating microvillus lamellae from the lateral membranes and pronounced foot processes of the basal membrane that are not intertwined, but perpendicular to the basal lamina. The collecting tubule is lined by an epithelium with dark and light cells. Light cells are similar to those observed in the distal tuble except with less mitochondria and microvillus lamellae of the lateral and basal plasma membrane. Dark cells possess dark euchromatic nuclei and are filled with numerous small mitochondria. The epithelium of the neck segment, pleuroperitoneal funnel, and intermediate segment is composed entirely of ciliated cells with cilia protruding from only the central portion of the apical plasma membrane. The collecting duct is lined by a highly secretory epithelium that produces numerous membrane bound granules that stain positively for neutral carbohydrates and proteins. Apically positioned ciliated cells are intercalated between secretory cells. The collecting ducts anastomose caudally and unite with the Wolffian duct via a common collecting duct. The Wolffian duct is secretory, but not to the extent of the collecting duct, synthesizes neutral carbohydrates and proteins, and is also lined by apical ciliated cells intercalated between secretory cells. Although functional aspects associated with the morphological variation along the length of the proximal portions of the nephron have been investigated, the role of a highly secretory collecting duct has not. Historical data that implicated secretory activity concordant with mating activity, and similarity of structure and chemistry to sexual segments of the kidneys in other vertebrates, lead us to believe that the collecting duct functions as a secondary sexual organ in Ambystoma maculatum. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An experimental and computational investigation on the fragmentation behavior of enaminones in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Guo Cheng , Wan Jieping , Hu Nan , Jiang Kezhi , Pan Yuanjiang 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe dissociation pathways of protonated enaminones with different substituents were investigated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) in positive ion mode. In mass spectrometry of the enaminones, ArCOCHCHN(CH3)2, the proton transfers from the thermodynamically favored site at the carbonyl oxygen to the dissociative protonation site at ipso‐position of the phenyl ring or the double bond carbon atom adjacent to the carbonyl leading to the loss of a benzene or elimination of C4H9N, respectively. And the hydrogendeuterium (H/D) exchange between the added proton and the proton of the phenyl ring via a 1,4‐H shift followed by hydrogen ring‐walk was witnessed by the D‐labeling experiments. The elemental compositions of all the ions were confirmed by ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance tandem mass spectrometry (FTICR‐MS/MS). The enaminones studied here were para‐monosubstituted on the phenyl ring and the electron‐donating groups were in favor of losing the benzene, whereas the electron‐attracting groups strongly favored the competing proton transfer reaction leading to the loss of C4H9N to form a benzoyl cation, Ar‐CO+. The abundance ratios of the two competitive product ions were relatively well‐correlated with the σp+ substituent constants. The mechanisms of these reactions were further investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.