bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sparse and optimal acquisition design for diffusion MRI and beyond
Authors: Koay Cheng Guan , Özarslan Evren , Johnson Kevin M. , Meyerand M. Elizabeth 
Published: April 2012

Purpose: Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in combination with functional MRI promises a whole new vista for scientists to investigate noninvasively the structural and functional connectivity of the human brain—the human connectome, which had heretofore been out of reach. As with other imaging modalities, diffusion MRI data are inherently noisy and its acquisition time‐consuming. Further, a faithful representation of the human connectome that can serve as a predictive model requires a robust and accurate data‐analytic pipeline. The focus of this paper is on one of the key segments of this pipeline—in particular, the development of a sparse and optimal acquisition (SOA) design for diffusion MRI multiple‐shell acquisition and beyond.Methods: The authors propose a novel optimality criterion for sparse multiple‐shell acquisition and quasimultiple‐shell designs in diffusion MRI and a novel and effective semistochastic and moderately greedy combinatorial search strategy with simulated annealing to locate the optimum design or configuration. The goal of the optimality criteria is threefold: first, to maximize uniformity of the diffusion measurements in each shell, which is equivalent to maximal incoherence in angular measurements; second, to maximize coverage of the diffusion measurements around each radial line to achieve maximal incoherence in radial measurements for multiple‐shell acquisition; and finally, to ensure maximum uniformity of diffusion measurement directions in the limiting case when all the shells are coincidental as in the case of a single‐shell acquisition. The approach taken in evaluating the stability of various acquisition designs is based on the condition number and the A‐optimal measure of the design matrix.Results: Even though the number of distinct configurations for a given set of diffusion gradient directions is very large in general—e.g., in the order of 10232for a set of 144 diffusion gradient directions, the proposed search strategy was found to be effective in finding the optimum configuration. It was found that the square design is the most robust (i.e., with stable condition numbers and A‐optimal measures under varying experimental conditions) among many other possible designs of the same sample size. Under the same performance evaluation, the square design was found to be more robust than the widely used sampling schemes similar to that of 3D radial MRI and of diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI).Conclusions: A novel optimality criterion for sparse multiple‐shell acquisition and quasimultiple‐shell designs in diffusion MRI and an effective search strategy for finding the best configuration have been developed. The results are very promising, interesting, and practical for diffusion MRI acquisitions.
Photoacoustic tomography and fluorescence molecular tomography: A comparative study based on indocyanine green
Authors: Wang Bo , Zhao Qing , Barkey Natalie M. , Morse David L. , Jiang Huabei 
Published: April 2012

Purpose:Both photoacoustic tomography (PAT) and fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) can be used for molecular imaging when contrast agents are administrated. The goal of this work is to comparatively evaluate the performance of reflection‐mode PAT and FMT in common phantom when indocyanine green (ICG) was used as a contrast agent.Methods:Reflection‐mode PAT and FMT systems were developed. Target embedded in a background phantom with different ICG concentration, size, and depth location was examined. Comparisons were made in terms of target morphology, spatial resolution, and sensitivity between the two modalities.Results:Phantom results showed that PAT and FMT gave different image morphology. PAT offered higher spatial resolution, while FMT provided higher sensitivity. Thus, improved target detection could be achieved by correlating the complementary information obtained from the two modalities.Conclusions:The combination of high resolution PAT and high sensitivity FMT will provide a more complete range of pathology spectra for more reliable target detection, suggesting a potentially better diagnostic tool when this combination coupled with the administration of ICG as contrast agent is applied to clinical problems in the future.
INT6/EIF3E Interacts with ATM and Is Required for Proper Execution of the DNA Damage Response in Human Cells
Authors: Morris Christelle , Tomimatsu Nozomi , Richard Derek J. , Cluet David , Burma Sandeep , Khanna Kum Kum , Jalinot Pierre 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Altered expression of the INT6 gene, encoding the e subunit of the translational initiation factor eIF3, occurs in human breast cancers, but how INT6 relates to carcinogenesis remains unestablished. Here, we show that INT6 is involved in the DNA damage response. INT6 was required for cell survival following γ-irradiation and G2–M checkpoint control. RNA interference–mediated silencing of INT6 reduced phosphorylation of the checkpoint kinases CHK1 and CHK2 after DNA damage. In addition, INT6 silencing prevented sustained accumulation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) at DNA damage sites in cells treated with γ-radiation or the radiomimetic drug neocarzinostatin. Mechanistically, this result could be explained by interaction of INT6 with ATM, which together with INT6 was recruited to the sites of DNA damage. Finally, INT6 silencing also reduced ubiquitylation events that promote retention of repair proteins at DNA lesions. Accordingly, accumulation of the repair factor BRCA1 was defective in the absence of INT6. Our findings reveal unexpected and striking connections of INT6 with ATM and BRCA1 and suggest that the protective action of INT6 in the onset of breast cancers relies on its involvement in the DNA damage response. Cancer Res; 72(8); 2006–16. ©2012 AACR.
The Etymology of the Avestan Hapax bix∂δra - and the Exegesis of Vidēvdād 19.21
Authors: Milizia Paolo 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAn analysis of Vidēvdād 19.21 based on comparison with other Avestan passages allows the conclusion to be drawn that the hapax bix∂δ ra - is used as a designation for the gōmēz, the cow's urine employed as a means of purification in the cleansing rite of the barašnom. Accordingly, a new etymological hypothesis is proposed: the noun bix∂δra- is the reflex of a PIE *bhik-tro- 'instrument of purification' (derived from a root *bheig- 'to purify') which can be directly compared with the derivational base of the Greek adjective α&phis;&inodot;&kappa;&tau;&ogr;&ogr;&sigmav;'impure' recorded by Hesychius. As suggested by Eric P. Hamp, Greek α&phis;&ogr;&inodot;&beta;α&nu;&tau;&ogr;&sigmav; “impure,” and &phi;&ogr;&icirc;&beta;&ogr;&sigmav;, epithet of Apollo, can be traced back to the same root by positing that these forms contain a suffix with initial -u-.
The Rebellion of 1416: Recontextualizing an Ottoman Social Movement
Authors: Salgırlı Saygın 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper reconsiders the Rebellion of 1416, formerly known as Sheikh Bedreddin’s Rebellion. The rebellion, probably the largest in Ottoman history, began in 1416 and took place on two fronts—the western coast of Anatolia and the Zagora region of Bulgaria. This paper departs from the common approaches to the rebellion, which have focused on the persona of Sheikh Bedreddin and the impact of his heterodox formulation of Islam. It reexamines the rebellion in relation to the material conditions of the period, in the search for a clearer picture, albeit perhaps not a definitive one.
Financial Development of the Waqfs in Konya and the Agricultural Economy in the Central Anatolia (Late Sixteenth-Early Seventeenth Centuries)
Authors: Orbay Kayhan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis study examines the financial history of threewaqfs (those of Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî, Sadreddîn-i Konevî, and Selîm II) in Konya through their account records covering the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. These waqfs (charitable foundations) had large agricultural holdings, and their financial developments consequently reflect the local agricultural conditions in central Anatolia. This analysis of the waqf account books deals with the short-term financial difficulties resulting from harvest failures and increasing grain prices. The widespread Celâlî rebellions seem to have caused agricultural crisis and the financial decline of waqfs in the early seventeenth century.
Cultural and Conceptual Contributions of Beiruti Merchants to the Nahḍa
Authors: Zachs Fruma 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe contention of this article is that some cultural emphases shift in response to changing socio-economic realities, in order to serve specific socio-economic interests. This paper examines, through the prism of the cultural activities and ideologies of some Beiruti merchants, their contribution to the process of the Arabicnahḍa, enlarging on their conceptual endowment to the process of modernization. The paper sheds new light on several aspects of the merchants’ cultural contribution by emphasizing the strong link they forged between culture and economy, focusing on the merchants’ activities and writings, especially those of Salīm Bustrus, here presented as a case study.
Hindutva, Mythistory, and Pseudoarchaeology
Authors: Humes Cynthia Ann 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis essay elucidates ideologically-inspired interpretations of the South Asian archeological record, particularly by those calledHindutvādins, and those who write about (and against) them. I first survey briefly the chief points in the history of archaeology in examining the Indus Valley Civilization. Next, I describe some of the major controversies that reflect claims of Hindutva pseudoarchaeology in the South Asian context. Throughout, I illustrate the increasingly virulent interactions between Hindutva proponents, indigenist theorists, and academic interpreters, and what these debates foretell of the future of Indus Valley studies.
Grounding Faith at Glastonbury: Episodes in the Early History of Alternative Archaeology
Authors: Stout Adam 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAlternative archaeology is often treated as a very modern phenomenon, but a great deal depends on what is meant by “alternative.” New research into the post-Reformation history of one small Somerset town suggests that the symbolic freight attached to the idea of Glastonbury shifted dramatically several times, reflecting changing frameworks of belief in the wider world and their relationship to political realities. “Alternative” and “mainstream” swapped places several times, and each time their narratives were played out in the physical remains of the Abbey.
A Late Medieval Reaction to Thierry of Chartres’s (d. 1157) Philosophy: The Anti-Platonist Argument of the Anonymous Fundamentum Naturae
Authors: Albertson David 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
An anonymous manuscript from the fourteenth or early fifteenth century, recently discovered, apparently transmitted Thierry of Chartres’s philosophical theology to Nicholas of Cusa around 1440. Yet the author of the treatise is not endorsing Thierry’s views, as both Cusanus and modern readers have assumed, but in fact is writing in order to refute them. Curiously the author never mentions Thierry’s best known triad of unitas, aequalitas and conexio. But a careful comparison of the structure of the author’s argument to Thierry’s extant works shows that the author was nevertheless quite familiar with the Breton master’s writings. The reatise’s author offers an incisive critique of Thierry’s theory of “four modes of being” and rejects two of the modes in particular. From this new perspective, the manuscript can be valued as the first known evidence of Thierry of Chartres’s late medieval reception.
Duns Scotus on the Natural Will
Authors: González-Ayesta Cruz 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Does Duns Scotus identify the natural will with the affectio commodi? This identification has become the standard view. In this paper, I will challenge this view through an analysis of some key texts. The main thesis of the paper is that Scotus allows for two scenarios related to the will’s dual affections. The first is the real situation of the created will: the will is a free potency and possesses two affections. The second is a hypothetical case; Scotus suggests the fictive case of a will that only possesses the affectio commodi. Accordingly, it can be concluded that: (i) when considering the will in its real condition, both affections belong to the will’s free appetite; (ii) in the hypothetical case the natural will, the intellectual appetite and the affectio commodi are all identified; (iii) in the real condition of the will, the natural will is a passive inclination to receive perfection.
The Role of Creation in Enūma eliš
Authors: Seri Andrea 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe seven tablets of Enūma eliš, “The Chaldean Genesis,” contain multiple creations artfully woven in a story that has the god Marduk as the hero. Most creation accounts found in Enūma eliš are reminiscent of earlier traditions. Former narratives as well as related themes and motives are adopted and adapted by means of intentional alterations to suit the purpose of the new text. In this paper I study the ways in which various creations are included, tailored, and arranged to promote Marduk’s position as the head of the Babylonian pantheon.
From (Theogonic) Mythos to (Poetic) Logos: Reading Pindar’s Genealogical Metaphors after Freidenberg
Authors: Maslov Boris 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper analyzes the use of kinship categories to refer to personified (hypostasized) concepts in Ancient Greek literature, with particular emphasis on Pindar. This device serves to include an abstract concept within a genealogy that is dominated by divinities or quasi-religious entities. Comparing the use of this device in Hesiod, Plato, and Pindar, I suggest that, before the emergence of properly analytic categories within the philosophical discourse, genealogical metaphor served as the most important means of concept formation available to Ancient Greeks. In particular, Pindar’s use of genealogical metaphors points to a productive encounter between image and concept. In this context, I review the neglected work of the Soviet Classicist Olga Freidenberg, who put forward a theory of poetic metaphor as a transitional phenomenon between mythological image and philosophical concept, and discuss the differences between the method of historical poetics employed by Freidenberg and the idealist paradigm that informs the better known work by Hermann Fränkel, Bruno Snell, and Wilhelm Nestle on the shift from “mythos” to “logos” in early Greek thought and literature.
From “Kingship in Heaven” to King Lists: Syro-Anatolian Courts and the History of the World
Authors: Bachvarova Mary R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractI examine the literary and conceptual background of a Hurro-Hittite ritual calling on divinized royal ancestors (dšarrena), characters from Hurro-Hittite song, members of the Sargonic dynasty, a variety of kings from far-off lands, and the “lord of Hatti” (KUB 27.38). I show that the ritual provides a unique glimpse of the complex Near Eastern tradition telling the history of the world from its beginning. The ritual also helps us to understand how historical memory informed ritual behaviors that legitimated the kingship of regional rulers, allowing them access to the distant past and connecting them to world events. Overall, thešarrenaritual suggests that the histories of the divine and human worlds were linked into a single master narrative by the middle of the second millennium BCE.
“Born from the Earth”: The Political Uses of an Athenian Myth
Authors: Forsdyke Sara L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper analyzes the evolution of Athenian myths of their origins from the eighth century to the fourth century BCE. The analysis shows that Athenian myths of origins changed in emphasis and significance according to political needs. In the earliest period (c.800–480 BCE), the Athenians emphasized their descent from earthborn kings who were nurtured by Athena. In this way, the Athenians laid claim to the territory of Attica and to a place in the panhellenic cultural landscape through their connection to Athena. By the mid-fifth century, Athenian myths of origins shifted emphasis in order to stress Athenian superiority over the other Greeks, especially their chief rivals, the Spartans. At this time, the Athenians adopted a new term to describe their origins, namely autochthony. Through this term, the Athenians emphasized their continuous habitation of the territory of Attica, in opposition to those cities (especially Sparta) whose population had emigrated from elsewhere. By the fourth century BCE, the myth changed emphasis again. At this time the Athenians focused on their common birth from the same mother (earth) as a way of affirming the principle of political equality among citizens following the restoration of democracy after the bloody oligarchic revolutions of the late fifth century.
Passage to India: Jesuit Spiritual Economy between Martyrdom and Profit in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Županov Ines G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Historians today seem to agree that passions for spices and for acquisition of objects and territories from the late fifteenth century fuelled the “mercantile revolution” on a global scale. This article will argue that spirituality and commercial enterprise worked together to produce material objects, some of exceptional artistry. These artifacts, books, sculptures, paintings, and the attractive narratives written about or around them sparked spiritual enthusiasm wherever they reached their audience and became fundraising tools for further spiritual conquest and for creation of new material objects. In this case, I will trace the career of one particular Jesuit missionary, Marcello Mastrilli, who invented his own life and future martyrdom with a series of printed books and works of art, all marked by Mastrilli’s spiritual energy and his ability to fill the Jesuit purse.
Turning Points in Multilateral Trade Negotiations on Intellectual Property1
Authors: Crump Larry , Druckman Daniel 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Application of a turning points analysis to detailed chronologies of events that transpired prior to and during two matched cases of multilateral intellectual property rights (TRIPS) negotiations yields useful lessons for understanding negotiation process and effective negotiator behavior. The unfolding negotiation process is traced in the GATT Uruguay Round and prior to and during the WTO Doha Ministerial. Departures from earlier trends in the chronologies merit special attention. A departure is defined as a clear and self-evident change from earlier events or patterns in the form of an impactful decision taken by one or more parties. By coding the causes (precipitants) and effects (consequences) of the departures, we perform a turning points analysis. The turning points analysis, composed of three-part sequences, reveals the triggers and impacts of departures during the extended TRIPS negotiation process. The analyses will allow a comparison of the patterns that unfolded during the two phases of TRIPS negotiations, which will highlight the breakthroughs that occurred during the Uruguay Round and the crises that emerged later, prior to and during the Doha Ministerial. Improving the effectiveness of multilateral trade negotiations depends in part on understanding how critical turning points emerge.
Improving the Effectiveness of Multilateral Trade Negotiations: A Practitioner’s Perspective on the 2008 WTO Ministerial Meeting
Authors: Ahnlid Anders 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The informal WTO ministerial meeting in July 2008 brought the long stalled Doha Round to the verge of a breakthrough. The reason for its final failure was substantive and not related to the negotiating procedures, which previously had contributed to meager results and failures in the round. The meeting was conducted using procedures that ensured a considerable amount of trustworthiness, transparency and legitimacy, which in turn contributed to effectiveness in the process. Thus, the meeting solved many, albeit not all, outstanding issues on the path towards agreement on so-called modalities for agriculture and industrial products, which in turn would have been necessary for a final successful conclusion of the Round. The 2008 July negotiations demonstrated that complex large-scale multilateral negotiations can be handled procedurally in an acceptable and successful way. The article advances a neglected interpretation of the July meeting, and provides lessons for both future WTO negotiations and multilateral negotiations in other policy areas.
Strategies and Success in Litigation and Negotiation in the WTO
Authors: Agius Maria F. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article analyzes linkages between litigation in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) and negotiation in multilateral trade rounds and develops a typology of links that can occur between the two processes. These include creating conditions where bargaining is informed by law, influencing the agenda-setting and creating momentum for negotiation on key issues, and affecting the status quo from which negotiations proceed by influencing interpretation of trade rules in the DSB. The purpose is to test whether poor and inexperienced states that are disadvantaged in negotiations can improve their bargaining power in negotiation rounds by pursuing legal proceedings, to see whether links can be exploited for strategy-making to promote the interests of these states, and to discuss how the WTO as an international organization benefits from their empowerment. The strategies suggested in this article could improve the commitment and active participation of relatively non-influential member states. This could be conducive to perceptions of the WTO as a legitimate organization and to a more constructive climate for effective negotiations.
Privatized Military Firms’ Impunity in Cases of Torture: A Crime of Humanity?
Authors: Serralvo Jose 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Over the past few years privatized military firms (PMFs) have allegedly committed all kind of war crimes, including torture. Prisoners’ abuses at Abu Ghraib or indiscriminate firing against civilian vehicles to the rhythm of Elvis Presley’s “Runaway Train” are but a couple of examples of the excesses revealed by the public media. Nonetheless, members of PMFs have hardly been held accountable. “Lawlessness” and “weak laws” have been blamed for these striking cases of impunity. Emphasizing the crime of torture, this article explores the legal framework applicable to PMFs, both from a domestic and an international perspective, and sheds light on ways in which these alleged crimes could be investigated, prosecuted, and tried. The article concludes by questioning the reasons behind the impunity of members of a PMF, even in cases in which their military counterparts were tried and condemned.