bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early brain injury and plasticity: Reorganization and functional Recovery
Authors: Katušić Ana 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
One of the most remarkable observations in developmental neuroscience is the plasticity of the developing brain. Although recent findings suggest that the developing brain possesses substantial compensatory potential, the mechanisms of reorganization and its limitations remain largely unknown. This review includes studies elucidating the complexities of brain reorganization in response to early brain injury. It describes the factors influencing the pattern and degree of brain plasticity, provides insight into the patterns of reorganization in different brain systems and offers guidelines for clinicians in the field of neurorehabilitation. This knowledge is crucial in clinical work when designing the appropriate type and timing of interventions for children with early brain injuries
Human neurospheres: From stained sections to three-dimensional assembly
Authors: Monni Emanuela , Congiu Terenzio , Massa Denise , Nat Roxana , Diana Andrea 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Human neurospheres are free-floating spherical clusters generated from a single neural stem cell and comprising cells at different stages of maturation in the neuronal and glial lineages. Although recent findings have disproved the original idea of clonally derived neurospheres according to the paradigm of one stem cell — one neurosphere, they still represent a valid model for growing neural stem cell cultures in vitro. While the immunocytochemical approach to the identification of stem cells, progenitor cells, and mature cells has been extensively used, scant data are available about the ultrastructural arrangement of different cell types within the neurosphere. This paper provides, by means of scanning electron microscopy, some new insights into the three-dimensional assembly of human neurospheres, trying to correlate some parameters such as cell density, shape and growing strategies with the immunolocalization of some antigens such as nestin, GFAP, α-internexin and βIII-tubulin. The major findings from this study are: a) regardless of the stage of in vitro maturation, the growth of the spheres is the result of mitotic divisions producing the aspect of an irregular budding mechanism in the outermost layer look like; b) analysis of the volumetric composition of the inner core has revealed the presence of two alternative shape pattern (pyramidal vs rounded cells) possibly related to both the ongoing maturation stages and GFAP and internexin expression.
Effect of conventional and whole-tree clear-cutting on concentrations of some micronutrients in coniferous forest soil and plants
Authors: Grønflaten Lena , Steinnes Eiliv , Örlander Göran 
Published: March 2011

Effect of conventional and whole-tree clear-cutting on concentrations of some micronutrients in coniferous forest soil and plants
Increasingly intensive and mechanized clear-cutting may deplete the forest ecosystem of essential nutrients. A clear-cut area near Växjö, southern Sweden, was investigated for changes in Mn, Cu and Zn in soil (NH4NO3 extractable and HNO3 soluble) and wavy hair grass (Deschampsia flexuosa) after conventional (CC) and whole-tree clear-cutting (WTC). The soil samples were mostly iron podzols. The area consisted of four clear-cut sites, respectively 2, 4, 6 and 8 years old, and an uncut forest reference stand. Each of the clear-cuts was split in two parts representing WTC and CC sites. Manganese showed the most definite trends after clear-cutting, exhibiting higher extractable concentrations in Oe, Oa and E horizons (4-8 years after clear-cutting) and B horizons (6-8 years after clear-cutting). The increase of exchangeable Mn in the E (2-8 years) and B (4-8 years) horizons was particularly strong. Zn concentrations tended to fluctuate with time. There was a tendency to higher Mn and Zn concentrations in the humus layer especially 2 years after CC-treatment compared with WTC, whereas the opposite trend was apparent for Cu. Mn, Cu and Zn concentrations decreased in Deschampsia flexuosa 2 years after clear-cutting, possibly due to increased soil pH.
Factors affecting the accuracy of forest clear-cut area estimation on medium spatial resolution satellite winter images
Authors: Budenkova Julia 
Published: March 2011

Keskmise ruumilise lahutusega talvistelt satelliidipiltidelt tehtavate lageraiealade pindalahinnangute täpsust mõjutavad faktorid
The aim of this paper was to investigate the influence of attributes, describing clear-cut patch size, age, shape, nearest neighbours and habitat conditions on classification results of medium spatial resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite images. The study area was Võru State Forest District in South-East Estonia and the satellite images used were made in late winter when the ground was covered with snow. Clear-cuts as significantly changed areas in forests were discerned from non-changed areas with thresholding of a two-date difference image. The results of the statistical analysis showed that clear-cut attributes had an influence on image classification results. The most influential variables (presented in decreasing order of significance) are the mean of clear-cut patch pixel values on the difference image, the relative boundary length with forest, the relative boundary length with coniferous forest and the clear-cut area to perimeter ratio. The age of clear-cut and habitat conditions had no statistically significant influence on classification results. The set of influential attributes remained the same when the classifications were performed on two more liberal and on two more conservative thresholding levels. Images in the visible and near infrared spectral region (Landsat TM bands 1-4) revealed appropriate for clear-cut mapping. The difference in the area of a single clear-cut patch represented in the forestry database to that classified from a Landsat TM image was about a sixth of the patch size. This implies the utility of medium resolution satellite images in clear-cut activity assessments in particular areas but not so much the applicability of these images for single patch area estimations.
Combining spatial and other objectives in forest design
Authors: Chen Bo , von Gadow Klaus 
Published: March 2011

Combining spatial and other objectives in forest design
The paper presents a forest planning model for Northern Germany with an objective function which includes an economic, even flow and spatial component. The spatial modeling approach followed in this analysis relies on specific geographic relations among neighboring stands, including the distance between stand centroids and the length of the common boundary between adjacent compartments. To our knowledge, this is a new and more realistic approach in spatial optimization when compared with earlier approaches. The geographic data are derived from a GIS system and stored in a database. The database also includes details of all management regimes and the corresponding objective function coefficients. The method is first applied in a relatively small forest with only 41 compartments. The Simulated Annealing algorithm is used to identify the optimum combination of management regimes. Solutions are presented for different objective function components. When the even flow and spatial components were added in the objective function, the economic objective was only moderately reduced. The method is then also applied using a bigger example, a forest with 591 compartments. The results, obtained within a reasonable processing time, were similar and, because of the large number of compartments, the even flow was perfectly balanced.
The radial growth of pine stands in changing environmental conditions
Authors: Pärn Henn 
Published: March 2011

Männipuistute radiaalkasvust muutuvates keskkonnatingimustes
The changes in the radial growth in two consecutive generations of pine stands was investigated. Two pure pine stands were selected for this study. The both stands were represented by two consecutive generations growing at the same location and in the same site conditions. For determining the differences in the radial growth of successive stand generations the constant cambial age method was used. In analysis the average tree ring widths of stands at age of 30, 40 and 50 years was compared. The analysis showed that the radial growth of the younger stands at present exceeded that of the stands of old age when young. The increased N deposition and elevated CO2 level during the second half of the last century may have some positive influence for the growth of the studied young stands. The average temperature of the winter months in 1950-2000 has increased by 1 °C compared to that in 1850-1900. Therefore it may be assumed that long-term continuous warming may cause the altered growth response of pines.
Assessment of changes in forest coverage based on historical maps
Authors: Raet Janar , Sepp Kalev , Kaasik Are 
Published: March 2011

Assessment of changes in forest coverage based on historical maps
Forest has always been an important natural resource. Issues related to forest reserve, coverage area, distribution pattern and status have been important to the forest, nature protection, as well as to environment management specialists. The present studies have proved that it is not easy to find a clear and simple answer to the above-mentioned essential issues. The indicators of the importance of the forest coverage or the coverage area at a certain period of time depend on the applied assessment methodology, primary source used, etc. The main objectives of this study were to analyze the possibilities of using historical maps for studying the formation and changes of the forest coverage in the longer timely retrospect. The continuity of the forests and the possibilities of defining the variation of the areas covered with forest and open landscape were studied at the test area using the map material covering 150-year period (reference years were 1850, 1949 and 2002). The results of the analyses show that it is possible to reconstruct partially the formation of the forest in some areas and it is possible to define the areas, which have been covered with forests for tens or hundreds of years. It is possible to analyze from which land use classes the present forest community has been formed of and define the age of it. At the same time, several methodological questions arise in connection with the interpretation of the map information of the materials of the 19th century and definition of the term "forest". For example, one problematic issue is the vague definition of the class "Buschland" which in present terms could have at the time of mapping been either agricultural land or already a young forest. The comparison carried out at the test area showed that the coverage rate of the present forest areas with the areas covered with forests or such vague areas in 1850 is 75%.
About the heritability influence to the growth performance in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) progeny trials
Authors: Kurm Malle , Kaur Ursula , Maaten Tiit , Kiviste Andres 
Published: March 2011

Pärilikkuse mõjust hariliku männi (Pinus sylvestris L.) kasvuomadustele järglaskatsetes
The progeny trials of the Scots pine founded in Järvselja Training and Experimental Forest District in 1966 and 1967 by E. Pihelgas were analysed to estimate the heritability of height and diameter characteristics, and also the dependence of progeny properties on the plus tree and single tree phenotype. The data set consists of 513 height and 3707 breast height diameter measurements of 39-and 40-years-old progenies of 40 mother trees. The analysis was carried out with the SAS package, Release 9.1, mainly with ANOVA tools implemented SAS/MIXED procedure. Heritability h2 was calculated from the mother tree and residual variance components assuming a limited number of father trees for each progeny. Using the REML estimation procedures, the heritability of the stem height was found approximately equal to 1 and it was 0.19 for the DBH. Considering the mother tree characteristics, the age was significantly correlated with the progeny height.
Chemical characteristics of soils in Scots pine forests of Cladina and Vaccinium vitis-idaea site types on coastal dunes of Baltic Sea
Authors: Mandre Malle , Tilk Mari , Kõresaar Priit 
Published: March 2011

Chemical characteristics of soils in Scots pine forests of Cladina and Vaccinium vitis-idaea site types on coastal dunes of Baltic Sea
The coastal dunes of Southwest Estonia have been undergoing a process of stabilisation and are today covered predominantly with Scots pine forests. For the investigation of soils on dunes sampling sites were selected according to topographical positions and forest site types: two sites in Cladina and two sites in Vaccinium vitis-idaea site types on dunes of different heights. The prevailing soils on dunes are Gleyic Podzols, which are generally poor in humus, water and mineral nutrients. Great differences in soil chemical components were found on the foots, slopes and tops of the dunes depending on the height of the dune. The study showed that the concentration of macronutrients (N, K, Ca, Mg) in soil decreased from the foot towards the top. On the other hand, a serious decrease in the nutrient concentration from the O horizon to the BC horizon was typical of the dunes. The soils were generally acidic, with the pH of 3.4-5.5 in the studied sampling sites. The soils were more acidic on the foots of the dune and in the O and A horizons.
Drought tolerance of Scots pine in diverse growth conditions on a dune estimated on the basis of carbohydrates and chlorophyll fluorescence in needles
Authors: Klõšeiko Jaan , Tilk Mari 
Published: March 2011

Drought tolerance of Scots pine in diverse growth conditions on a dune estimated on the basis of carbohydrates and chlorophyll fluorescence in needles
Variation in the needle carbohydrate concentrations in Scots pine along the height profile on a forested dune in south-western Estonia were measured in spring. To assess the tolerance of trees, carbohydrate concentrations were compared with shoot morphology and photosystem II quantum efficiency (chlorophyll fluorescence). To test a potential effect of drought events on trees, chlorophyll fluorescence was measured in needles after drying and recovery, and dependcies of the treatment effects on the location on the dune were looked for. Water concentration in detached needles was reduced by a partial drying in laboratory. Needles were recovered by an addition of water. Carbohydrate concentrations were rather constant irrespective of shoot morphology and the tree location on the dune. The reduction in the photosynthetic efficiency, observed after the treatment, depended on the site. The results indicated that trees growing at lowest relative heights on the dune were potentially more vulnerable to drought than other trees on the dune at relative height of 5 to 25 m.
Variability of bryophytes and lichens on a forested coastal dune Tõotusemägi in Southwestern Estonia
Authors: Kösta Helen , Tilk Mari 
Published: March 2011

Variability of bryophytes and lichens on a forested coastal dune Tõotusemägi in Southwestern Estonia
Bryophytes and lichens are important in all dry land ecosystems due to their ability to colonize different substrates which are not suitable for vascular plants. They have an important role in vertebrates and invertebrate's food chain and function as a habitat for invertebrates. Nitrogen and carbon cycles in the forest depend greatly on the local bryophyte and lichen flora. The aim of present study was to investigate the frequency and variety of different species of bryophytes and lichens on the forested sand dune Tõotusemägi. The study was carried out on a 183 m long transect running on the western slope of the dune. Identification of bryophyte and lichen species was carried out and zonality of forest ground vegetation was demonstrated. Species were observed on the ground, on litter, on stumps and on trees. On the slope, 26 bryophyte species and 38 lichen species were registered. Dominating bryophyte species were Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt., Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp., Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw., Polytrichum piliferum Hedw, Dicranum polysetum Sw., Dicranum scoparium Hedw. Dominating lichen species were Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl., Cladina arbuscula (Wallr.) Hale & W. L. Culb., Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad, Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. Dominating species of epiphytic lichens were Hypogymnia physodes (l.) Nyl., Parmelia sulcata Taylor, Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf, Parmeliopsis ambigua (Wulfen) Nyl. and Imshaugia aleurites (Ach.) S. L. F. Meyer. On the slope of the dune 12 different ground vegetation zones were distinguished. Bryophyte species characteristic for humid habitats and tolerant to shade were observed on foot of the dune. This may be caused by a stream flowing nearby which creates a more moist and nutrient rich habitat. The top area of the dune is open to direct UV radiation, therefore lichens and only some bryophyte species tolerant to dryness were observed.
Growth response of young Scots pines to needle loss assessed from productive foliage
Authors: Kurkela Timo , Drenkhan Rein , Vuorinen Martti , Hanso Märt 
Published: March 2011

Growth response of young Scots pines to needle loss assessed from productive foliage
The amount of productive foliage was assessed with the help of the relative significance of each annual needle set in their contribution to the growth of young Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris). The number of needles in the subsequent needle sets was studied retrospectively in twelve-year-old stand, and the worst needle loss years were detected. The growth rate of trees was compared with the number of needles in the annual needle sets and with the loss of needles from the assessed productive foliage. Needles in the 4th and older needle sets remaining in the trees were interpreted as useless or less important if their amount did not correlate with the growth. The second and third needle sets supported both radial and height growth. Most variation in the needle loss during 1999-2002, caused mainly by summer drought and by fungal needle cast due to Lophodermium seditiosum, occurred in the third annual needle set. Decrease in both radial and height increments in relation to the needle loss were apparent in the total material for 1997-2004, but needle loss reduced the annual growth significantly only in two-three years inside that period.
Forest development on Kihnu Island and the role of the human factor in it
Authors: Meikar Toivo 
Published: March 2011

Kihnu saare metsade areng ja inimfaktori osa selles
Of the total area of Kihnu Island (16.38 km2), 26% is under a 420-ha pine forest growing on sandy soils and dunes. The forest was estimated to cover about 130 ha (8%) in the early 19th century and 180 ha (11%) in 1949. In 1829-1935 the island's forest was managed predominantly by means of clear cuttings of 1.1 ha in size. Thereafter, it was treated as protection forest. In parallel with clear cutting, clear-cut areas and bare sandy zones were afforested where necessary. Altogether, 210 ha of forest plantations were established in 1829-1949. Intensive forest management and collateral use of forest (grazing on woodlands, gathering of forest litter) led to the impoverishment of the forest soils and stand diversity and deterioration of the forest growth conditions. In the last 75 years the island's forest has effectively enjoyed the status of protection forest, and its area has increased due to shrinking farming activity.
Growth Differences in the Progeny Trials of the Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
Authors: Kurm Malle , Kiviste Andres , Kaur Ursula , Maaten Tiit 
Published: March 2011

Kasvuomaduste erinevused hariliku männi (Pinus sylvestris L.) järglaskatsetes
The progeny trials of Scots pine founded in Järvselja Training and Experimental Forest District in 1967 and 1968 by E. Pihelgas were analysed to estimate the dependence of progeny growth variables on mother tree or mother stand origin and age. Our progeny data set consists of 4622 DBH and 486 height measurements of the 41- and 42-year-old progeny trials. In 2008 and in 1995 all trees of the progeny trial were callipered and height of nine sample trees was measured on each plot. The analysis was carried out with the SAS/GLM procedure. It was proved that height of inland-originated progeny stands was significantly higher than height of progeny stands originated from maritime regions. Plus-tree progeny stands exceeded single tree and mixture-of-seeds progeny stands in height, diameter, basal area and volume.
New woodland beetle species (Coleoptera) in Estonian fauna
Authors: Süda Ilmar 
Published: March 2011

Metsamardikate (Coleoptera) uued liigid Eestis
The article presents faunistic data on 85 species of Coleoptera new to the Estonian fauna. Most of the material has been collected within the framework of various research and monitoring projects carried out in Estonian nature reserves (1998-2009). A new type of trunk window trap, designed by the author in 2004 mainly for monitoring purposes, has been successfully used. 17 of the 85 species are new for the fauna of whole Baltic region: Pseudeuglenes pentatomus (Ths.) (Aderidae), Caenocara subglobosum (Muls. & Rey), Xyletinus tremulicola Y. Kangas (Anobiidae), Choragus sheppardi Kirby (Anthribidae), Cryptocephalus saliceti Zebe (Chrysomelidae), Dirrhagofarsus attenuatus (Mäklin), Hylis cariniceps (Rtt.), Microrhagus emyi (Rouget) (Eucnemidae), Gnathoncus communis (Marseul) (Histeridae), Notolaemus unifasciatus (Latr.) (Laemophloeidae), Agathidium discoideum Er. (Leiodidae), Anisoxya fuscula (Ill.) (Melandryidae), Mordellistena neuwaldeggiana (Pz.) (Mordellidae), Ripidius quadriceps Abeille de Perrin (Rhipiphoridae), Lissodema cursor (Gyll.) (Salpingidae), Aphodius quadrimaculatus (L.) (Scarabaeidae) and Eutheia schaumii Kiesw. (Scydmaenidae). One of the species, Caenocara subglobosum (Muls. & Rey) (Anobiidae), is new for the whole Northern Europe. Specimens of this species were collected from eastern and southern Estonia: most were caught in window traps but some also emerged from the collected fruiting bodies of Common Puffball (Lycoperdon perlatum). For 21 new species, Estonia lies on the northern edge of their range. Three of these, Triphyllus bicolor (F.), Mycetophagus ater (Rtt.) and Glischrochilus grandis (Tournier) that were collected from 6-10 sites, have a wider distribution in Estonia. Two species, Xyletinus tremulicola Y. Kangas (Anobiidae) and Stephanopachys linearis (Kug.) (Bostrichidae), have been listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. Two new species (Lymantor aceris (Lindemann) and Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratz.)) were also added to the list of Estonian bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae).
The first reported outbreak of the great web-spinning pine-sawfly, Acantholyda posticalis (Mats.) (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae), in Estonia
Authors: Voolma Kaljo , Pilt Enn , Õunap Heino 
Published: March 2011

Nõmme-võrgendivaablase (Acantholyda posticalis (Mats.), Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) esmakordne hulgisigimine Eestis
The great web-spinning pine-sawfly, Acantholyda posticalis (Matsumura 1912) (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae), is a common and widespread species, occurring throughout the pine forests of Europe and Asia. In the recorded history of forest entomology of Estonia, no mass outbreaks of this species have been reported before. In 2008, an outbreak of A. posticalis was recorded on the island of Saaremaa, Estonia. About 250 hectares of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands growing on sandy soils were defoliated. In 2009, no flight of A. posticalis was observed, the larvae remain in diapause in soil. An overview about distribution and outbreaks of A. posticalis is given and its impact on pine stands is discussed.