bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spray-Tank-Mix Compatibility of Manganese, Boron, and Fungicide: Solution pH and Precipitation1
Authors: Powell N. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Foliar application of manganese and boron mixed with pesticides in water solution is a common practice for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. This study was conducted to determine the compatibility of mixing manganese, boron, and leafspot fungicides using water from three sources. Spray mixtures of the chelated manganese salt of ethylene diamine tetra-acetate and the inorganic salts of manganese as manganese sulfate(TECMANGAMTM), manganese sulfate monohydrate, manganese chloride, and manganese nitrate were developed using deep-well water, shallow well water, or distilled water. Boron was added to these mixtures using boric acid or disodium octaborate tetrahydrate. In addition, all combinations were mixed with the leafspot fungicides chlorothalonil or cupric hydroxide plus sulfur. Mixtures were equivalent to recommended rates of manganese, boron, and fungicide applied to the foliage in 140 L ha-1 of spray volume. Measurements were made of solution pH and manganese remaining in solution after filtration. Development of precipitates was noted. In the deep-well water solution (pH = 8.0), addition of manganese sulfate, manganese sulfate monohydrate and manganese chloride caused precipitates to form. Manganese nitrate and chelated manganese solutions did not form precipitates. Addition of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate increased the tank-mix pH for all waters source, and caused increased precipitation of the manganese inorganic salts, but not the chelated manganese. Use of boric acid in the water lowered solution pH, and all manganese sources remained in solution. Spray-tank-mix pH was critical in keeping all manganese inorganic salts in solution. For all pH levels studied (pH 4.6 to 8.4) the chelated manganese remained in solution without formation of a precipitate. Chemical analyses of the filtrate showed that only 75 to 80% of the inorganic salts of manganese remained in solution with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, while 100% of the chelated manganese salt remained in solution. Inorganic salts of manganese and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate should not be mixed with chlorothalonil, and none of the manganese materials should be mixed with cupric hydroxide plus sulfur as a spray-tank-mixture for foliar application.
Interaction of 2,4-DB With Postemergence Graminicides
Authors: York Alan C. , Wilcut John W. , Grichar W. James 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted in North Carolina, Georgia, and Texas to determine if grass control is affected when postemergence-applied graminicides are mixed with 2,4-DB. Grass species evaluated included broadleaf signalgrass [Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash], goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.], johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.], large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], southern crabgrass [Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel.], and Texas panicum (Panicum texanum Buckl.). Mixing 2,4-DB with the graminicides reduced grass control 8 to 15% at five of 11 locations. The antagonism was not specific for a particular grass species or graminicide, and it was not restricted to grasses under adverse growing conditions. Applying the 2,4-DB 24 hours after graminicide application alleviated the antagonism. Applying the 2,4-DB 24 hours before the graminicides overcame the antagonism at three of the five locations.
Aflatoxin Contamination of Peanuts from Plants Drought Stressed In Pod or Root Zones1
Authors: Sanders T. H. , Cole R. J. , Blankenship P. D. , Dorner J. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Studies were conducted to investigate the separate roles of root stress and pod stress in pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination of peanuts. Pod and root zones were separated by a polystyrene barrier in a unique design and drought type conditions were applied either above or below the barriers. In the three year study, aflatoxin was consistently found in peanuts when pods were exposed to drought stress although roots of those plants were well watered. Generally, aflatoxin was not found in peanuts when pods were well watered although roots were subjected to drought stress conditions. Moisture content of Pod Maturity Profile classes was generally lower in root zone stress conditions especially in the immature classes. Moisture contents of mustard-colored pods in all classes were extremely low (&lt; 26%).
Comparative Response of Three Peanut Cultivars To Multiple Herbicide Applications1
Authors: Johnson W. Carroll , Colvin Daniel L. , Mullinix Benjamin G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field studies in 1990 and 1991 at Tifton, GA and Gainesville, FL evaluated the response of Florunner, Southern Runner, and NC 7 peanut to multiple herbicide applications. A split-split plot experimental design was used with peanut cultivars as main plots. Sub-plots were four levels of chloroacetamide herbicides applied sequentially preplant incorporated and at vegetative emergence. Sub-subplots were five postemergence herbicide treatments. All herbicides were applied at registered rates and times of application. There were no interactions between cultivars, choloracetamide, and/or postemergence herbicides for canopy width, yield, and grade of peanut. There were no interactions between chloroacetamide and postemergence herbicides for the same parameters. Main effects were the only sources of significant (P = 0.05) differences in the data. Based on these results, unusual precautions in using these herbicide combinations on these cultivars are not needed.
Peanut Control in Rotational Crops
Authors: York Alan C. , Jordan David L. , Wilcut John W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Volunteer peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) can reduce the effectiveness of crop rotation as a component in a peanut disease management program. Experiments were conducted in three states to evaluate peanut control with glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] or with herbicides commonly applied postemergence for broadleaf weed control in corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Two sequential applications were needed for acceptable control with corn and cotton herbicides. Greater than 80% control of peanut was achieved with dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) applied early postemergence (EPOST) followed by dicamba or ametryn [N-ethyl-N′-(l-methylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] applied late postemergence (LPOST). MSMA (monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid) applied EPOST followed by oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] + MSMA LPOST and fluometuron [N,N-dimethyl-N′-[3-trifluoromethyl) phenyl]urea] + MSMA applied EPOST followed by prometryn [N,N′-bis(1-methylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] + MSMA, cyanazine [2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile] + MSMA, lactofen {(±)-2-ethoxy-1-methyl-2-oxoethyl 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]- 2-nitrobenzoate} + MSMA, or oxyfluorfen + MSMA LPOST controlled peanut at least 80%. Single applications of glyphosate at 0.84 to 1.12 kg ae/ha controlled peanut at least 80% and were at least as efficacious as the same total rate of glyphosate applied sequentially.
Efficacy of Cyfluthrin, Cyfluthrin + Piperonyl Butoxide, and Cyfluthrin + Piperonyl Butoxide + Chlorpyrifos-Methyl as Protectants of Stored Peanuts1
Authors: Arthur Frank H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Inshell peanuts were treated with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 ppm cyfluthrin, each rate of cyfluthrin + 8.0 ppm piperonyl butoxide, and each rate of cyfluthrin + piperonyl butoxide + 25 ppm chlorpyrifos-methyl. After 10 months red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), populations in peanuts treated with 0.5 and 1.0 ppm cyfluthrin averaged 89.5 and 34.2 adults per 12.7 kg peanuts; populations in peanuts treated with 1.0 and 1.5 ppm cyfluthrin + piperonyl butoxide averaged 72.0 amd 41.5 adults per 12.7 kg peanuts. Populations in the remaining 8 treatments ranged from 0.5 to 7.2 adults. Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), populations remained low in all treatments. At 10 months the percentage of insectdamaged kernels from cracked pods ranged from 8.7 to 28.8% in the cyfluthrin and cyfluthrin + piperonyl butoxide treatments, while the percentage of damaged kernels was 4.4 to 6.1% in the 4 treatments with chlorpyrifos-methyl.
Diamond-shaped Seeding of Six Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Mozingo R. W. , Wright F. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Intrarow seed spacing of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has been studied extensively using conventional interrow widths. Modification of spatial arrangements of cultivars with different growth habits can result in optimizing yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of seeding in a diamond-shaped configuration on the yield, value, market grade, and plant growth of six peanut cultivars. A 3-year field study was conducted at the Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Suffolk, Virginia, using NC 7, VA 81B, NC 9, NC-V 11, VA-C 92R and Florigiant peanut. Plots were 1.82-m wide and 3.65-m long with diamond-shaped seed configurations of 15.2 × 15.2, 30.5 × 30.5, and 45.7 × 45.7 cm. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, split-plot design with cultivars the main plot and seed configurations the split-plot with four replications. Significantly taller main stems (39.4, 30.5, and 22.9 cm) and longer cotyledonary lateral branches (50.3, 48.0, and 45.5 cm) were recorded for the 15.2 × 15.2, 30.5 × 30.5, and 45.7 × 45.7-cm diamond-shaped seed configurations, respectively. The 15.2 × 15.2-cm seed configuration resulted in higher yield, value, sound mature kernels, and total kernels and lower percentage of other kernels. The 15.2 × 15.2, 30.5 × 30.5, and 45.7 × 45.7-cm seed configurations had yields of 5935, 5497, and 4874 kg ha-1 and values of 4192, 3804, and 3342 $ ha-1, respectively. Sound mature kernels were 69.7, 68.2 and 67.4% and total kernels were 73.2, 72.3, and 71.8% for the 15.2 × 15.2, 30.5 × 30.5, and 45.7 × 45.7-cm seed configurations, respectively. Percentages of other kernels were 1.7, 2.0, and 2.3 for the 15.2 × 15.2, 30.5 × 30.5, and 45.7 × 45.7-cm seed configurations, respectively. Significant cultivar by seed configuration interactions were obtained for yield and value. These results indicate peanut yields can be increased by selecting cultivars which respond to diamond-shaped seed configurations or more importantly that seeding rate and configuration should be matched to the cultivar selected.
Roof Coatings for Reducing Warehouse Condensation Potential1
Authors: Smith John S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
White ceramic roof coatings were found to be significantly better than galvanized sheet metal in reducing the solar heat gain on roof panels like those used for the roof of a farmers stock peanut warehouse. However, the ceramic coatings were not better than a white acrylic latex paint in reducing solar heat gain. After four years of testing, there was no apparent difference in the durability of the ceramic coatings or paint. The ceramic coatings were reputed to have good thermal insulating properties, but these were not apparent in the study. The maximum mean two-hour temperature during the study occurred on September 14, 1991 with the galvanized control panel reaching a high of 69.3 C. The ceramic coated and painted panels due to their solar radiation reflective properties were approximately 19 C cooler than the galvanized control and approximately 14 C warmer than ambient temperature.
Development of a Large-Scale Field System for Screening Peanut for Resistance to Preharvest Aflatoxin Contamination1
Authors: Holbrook C. Corley , Matheron Michael E. , Wilson David M. , Anderson William F. , Will M. Elizabeth , Norden Alan J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Preharvest aflatoxin contamination (PAC) of peanut occurs under prolonged periods of drought and heat stress. Evaluation of peanut germplasm may identify valuable sources of resistance to PAC, but will require a large scale screening system. The objective of this research was to develop a large-scale field system for screening peanut germplasm for resistance to PAC at Yuma, Arizona. Yuma is located in a desert and has great potential as a site for evaluating germplasm for resistance to PAC. Field studies were conducted in 1990 to determine if aflatoxin contamination would occur in drought stressed peanuts grown at Yuma. Aflatoxin levels up to 2,260 ppb were observed, however, 52% of the plots escaped contamination and the coefficient of variation (C.V.) were unacceptably large. During testing at Yuma in 1990 it was noted that drought stressed plants died quickly due to the rapid exhaustion of soil moisture. A subsurface irrigation system was installed in 1991 to alleviate this problem and allow for an extended period of drought stress in the pod zone. Results for 1991 showed a greatly increased mean aflatoxin contamination, a 50% reduction in the C.V., and a virtual elimination in the occurrence of escapes. A study was conducted in 1992 to compare plots with and without subsurface irrigation to determine if the differences observed between 1990 and 1991 were due to the use of subsurface irrigation. The use of subsurface irrigation in 1992 increased the mean contamination by over 100%, reduced the C.V. by over 50%, and reduced the percentage of escapes by over 90%.
Estimated Impact of Various Consumer and Policy Factors on Peanut Product Consumption1
Authors: Carley D. H. , Fletcher S. M. , Zhang P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
After reaching 585,000 mt of shelled peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) used in peanut butter and snack peanuts in 1989, use has decreased. In a national survey consumers agreed strongly that peanuts were good tasting, a good source of protein, and could be part of a balanced diet. Less than one-half agreed that peanuts are a healthy snack and are low in saturated fat. When thinking of snack foods, peanuts were placed low on the list of preferences.
In policy discussions, price is mentioned as the factor that may inhibit consumption growth. Retail price data on peanut butter and peanut snacks indicated a wide range in prices among cities, among stores within cities, and among brands.
The farmer's share of the retail price of a jar of peanut butter averages 26%. Retail prices increased 39 cents per 510 g jar from 1984 to 1992, while the farm value of the peanuts increased seven cents. Decreasing the support price for peanuts by $250 per 907 kg, decreases the farm value of peanuts in a jar of peanut butter from 56 cents to 35 cents. The decrease would result in an increase in peanut butter use of about five percent or about 35,000 mt. Price may be only one of several factors impacting consumption trends.
Endothelial Cells Augment the Suppressive Function of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells: Involvement of Programmed Death-1 and IL-10
Authors: Bedke Tanja , Pretsch Leah , Karakhanova Svetlana , Enk Alexander H. , Mahnke Karsten 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBlood endothelial cells (ECs) act as gatekeepers to coordinate the extravasation of different T cell subpopulations. ECs express defined panels of adhesion molecules, facilitating interaction with blood circulating T cells. In addition to the mere adhesion, this cellular interaction between ECs and transmigrating T cells may also provide signals that affect the phenotype and function of the T cells. To test the effects of ECs on regulatory T cells (Treg) we set up cocultures of freshly isolated murine Treg and primary ECs and assessed the phenotype and function of the Treg. We show that Treg upregulate programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor expression, as well IL-10 and TGF-β secretion after contact to ECs. These changes in phenotype were accompanied by an increased suppressive capacity of the Treg. Blockade of the PD-1 and/or the IL-10 secretion in the in vitro suppression assays abrogated the enhanced suppressive capacity, indicating relevance of these molecules for the enhanced suppressive activity of Treg. In aggregate, our data show, that ECs increase the immunosuppressive potential of activated Treg by upregulation of PD-1 and stimulation of the production of high levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. Therefore, one can speculate that Treg during transendothelial transmigration become “armed” for their suppressive function(s) to be carried out in peripheral tissues sites.
Depletion of Dendritic Cells Enhances Susceptibility to Cell-Free Infection of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 in CD11c-Diphtheria Toxin Receptor Transgenic Mice
Authors: Rahman Saifur , Manuel Sharrón L. , Khan Zafar K. , Wigdahl Brian , Acheampong Edward , Tangy Frederic , Jain Pooja 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with two immunologically distinct diseases: HTLV-1–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and adult T cell leukemia. The genesis of these diseases is believed to be associated with the route (mucosa versus blood) and mode (cell-free versus cell-associated) of primary infection as well as the modulation of dendritic cell (DC) functions. To explore the role of DCs during early HTLV-1 infection in vivo, we used a chimeric HTLV-1 with a replaced envelope gene from Moloney murine leukemia virus to allow HTLV-1 to fuse with murine cells, which are generally not susceptible to infection with human retroviruses. We also used a CD11c-diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mouse model system that permits conditional transient depletion of CD11c+ DCs. We infected these transgenic mice with HTLV-1 using both cell-free and cell-associated infection routes in the absence and presence of DCs. The ablation of DCs led to an enhanced susceptibility to infection with cell-free but not cell-associated HTLV-1 in both CD4 and non-CD4 fractions, as measured by the proviral load. Infection with cell-free virus in the absence of DCs was also found to have increased levels of Tax mRNA in the non-CD4 fraction. Moreover, depletion of DCs significantly dampened the cellular immune response (IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells) against both cell-free and cell-associated virus. These results uniquely differentiate the involvement of DCs in early cell-free versus late cell-associated infection of HTLV-1 and highlight a significant aspect of viral immunopathogenesis related to the progression of adult T cell leukemia and HTLV-1–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis after the initial infection.
Ethanol Upregulates Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper Expression and Modulates Cellular Inflammatory Responses in Lung Epithelial Cells
Authors: Gomez Marla , Raju Sammeta V. , Viswanathan Anand , Painter Richard G. , Bonvillain Ryan , Byrne Patrick , Nguyen Doan H. , Bagby Gregory J. , Kolls Jay K. , Nelson Steve , Wang Guoshun 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Alcohol abuse is associated with immunosuppressive and infectious sequelae. Particularly, alcoholics are more susceptible to pulmonary infections. In this report, gene transcriptional profiles of primary human airway epithelial cells exposed to varying doses of alcohol (0, 50, and 100 mM) were obtained. Comparison of gene transcription levels in 0 mM alcohol treatments with those in 50 mM alcohol treatments resulted in 2 genes being upregulated and 16 genes downregulated by at least 2-fold. Moreover, 0 mM and 100 mM alcohol exposure led to the upregulation of 14 genes and downregulation of 157 genes. Among the upregulated genes, glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) responded to alcohol in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, GILZ protein levels also correlated with this transcriptional pattern. Lentiviral expression of GILZ small interfering RNA in human airway epithelial cells diminished the alcohol-induced upregulation, confirming that GILZ is indeed an alcohol-responsive gene. Gene silencing of GILZ in A549 cells resulted in secretion of significantly higher amounts of inflammatory cytokines in response to IL-1β stimulation. The GILZ-silenced cells were more resistant to alcohol-mediated suppression of cytokine secretion. Further data demonstrated that the glucocorticoid receptor is involved in the regulation of GILZ by alcohol. Because GILZ is a key glucocorticoid-responsive factor mediating the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions of steroids, we propose that similar signaling pathways may play a role in the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of alcohol.
Tumor-Primed, In Vitro-Activated CD4+ Effector T Cells Establish Long-Term Memory without Exogenous Cytokine Support or Ongoing Antigen Exposure
Authors: Wang Li-Xin , Plautz Gregory E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Tumor-reactive T cells can be primed in vivo, then activated in vitro to provide numerical expansion and uniform acquisiton of effector phenotype and function. Adoptive transfer of effector T cells mediates complete regression of established tumors in animal models. Some experimental models indicate that extensive in vitro proliferation of T cells inhibits efficacy and that central memory T cells (TCM) provide greater activity than effector memory T cells (TEM). Clinical studies also demonstrate that persistence of adoptively transferred T cells is associated with therapeutic response, thus identifying that conditions to maximize effector cell numbers yet retain memory function are important. In this article, we demonstrate that adoptive transfer of in vitro activated effector CD4+ T cells into tumor-free congenic mice mediates rejection of tumor challenge 9 mo later, at which time T cells re-express activation markers and undergo rapid proliferation at tumor sites. Analysis of the phenotype of memory cells in lymphoid tissues following adoptive transfer shows high CD44 expression with heterogeneous expression of CD62L, indicating a mixture of TEM and TCM phenotypes. Memory cells were sorted into two subsets based on CD62L expression levels and then activated in vitro. Although TEM cells proliferated more rapidly, TEM and TCM cells acquired effector phenotype and function. These data indicate that controlled in vitro expansion of tumor-reactive T cells for adoptive immunotherapy also provides a competent memory response.
High-Throughput Screening for TLR3–IFN Regulatory Factor 3 Signaling Pathway Modulators Identifies Several Antipsychotic Drugs as TLR Inhibitors
Authors: Zhu Jianzhong , Smith Kevin , Hsieh Paishiun N. , Mburu Yvonne K. , Chattopadhyay Saurabh , Sen Ganes C. , Sarkar Saumendra N. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
TLR3 is one of the major innate immune sensors of dsRNA. The signal transduction pathway activated by TLR3, upon binding to dsRNA, leads to the activation of two major transcription factors: NF-κB and IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 3. In an effort to identify specific chemical modulators of TLR3–IRF3 signal transduction pathway, we developed a cell-based readout system. Using the IFN-stimulated gene 56 promoter-driven firefly luciferase gene stably integrated in a TLR3-expressing HEK293 cell line, we were able to generate a cell line where treatment with dsRNA resulted in a dose-dependent induction of luciferase activity. A screen of two pharmacologically active compound libraries using this system identified a number of TLR3–IRF3 signaling pathway modulators. Among them we focused on a subset of inhibitors and characterized their mode of action. Several antipsychotic drugs, such as sertraline, trifluoperazine, and fluphenazine, were found to be direct inhibitors of the innate immune signaling pathway. These inhibitors also showed the ability to inhibit IFN-stimulated gene 56 induction mediated by TLR4 and TLR7/8 pathways. Interestingly, they did not show significant effects on TLR3-, TLR7-, and TLR8-mediated NF-κB activation. Detailed analysis of the signaling pathway indicated that these drugs might be exerting their inhibitory effects on IRF3 via PI3K signaling pathway. The data presented in this study provide mechanistic explanation of possible anti-inflammatory roles of some antipsychotic drugs.