bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the Shear Strength of an Expansive Soil by Combining a Filter Paper Method and Direct Shear Tests
Authors: Bai F. Q. , Liu S. H. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The measurement of the shear strength of unsaturated soils in terms of two independent stress state variables is usually difficult, expensive, and time-consuming. This paper presents a proposal to combine a filter paper method and a conventional direct shear test to obtain this measurement. The feasibility of this approach is illustrated through tests on an expansive soil. First, the filter paper method is used to establish the soil-water characteristic curve of the soil, and a series of conventional direct shear tests is subsequently conducted to measure the shear strength of the soil. The matric suction of the soil at failure is estimated from the soil-water characteristic curve based on the water content of the soil tested. The test results show that the failure envelopes of the expansive soil are nonlinear on the shear strength versus the matric suction plane for different net normal stresses. The unsaturated shear strength parameter ϕb is equal to the effective friction angle ϕ′ when the soil is close to being saturated, and ϕb decreases as the soil becomes drier. The combined method proposed in this paper may be a practical technique for analyzing the shear strength of unsaturated soils in terms of two independent stress state variables because it can be conducted in most geotechnical laboratories.
A Comparison of Density-Based and Modulus-Based In Situ Test Measurements for Compaction Control
Authors: Meehan Christopher L. , Tehrani Faraz S. , Vahedifard Farshid 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This paper presents and compares the results from a series of in situ density-based and modulus-based compaction control tests that were conducted during construction of a coarse-grained soil embankment. To simulate current construction practices as closely as possible, these in situ tests were performed on an embankment that was constructed and compacted by a vibratory smooth drum roller in a series of lifts. During construction of the test embankment, the compaction process was monitored using the nuclear density gauge device and a number of alternative modulus-based devices, including the lightweight deflectometer, the dynamic cone penetrometer, and the soil stiffness gauge. Comparison of the in situ test results illustrates that point-to-point variability in measured values is quite common for each of these test devices, to varying degrees for the different devices that were examined. Consistent increases in measured soil properties from pass-to-pass of the compactor are considered critical for proper control of the compaction process, with some devices faring better than others in this area of performance. The measured modulus values correlated poorly to the nuclear density gauge dry unit weights, and also correlated poorly with other measured moduli when the results from different devices were compared. This lack of agreement was likely caused by a variety of factors including: variations in the magnitude of strain and rate of strain application between the different modulus-based devices, variations in the tested volume between the different devices, and variations in the local moisture content and matrix suction conditions. Finally, the effect of soil moisture content was shown to be critically important when interpreting the results from modulus-based tests, and the utility of multiple regression analyses was explored for including this effect.
A Comparative Study on the Shear Behavior of an Interlayer Material Based on Laboratory and In Situ Shear Tests
Authors: Xu Ding-Ping , Feng Xia-Ting , Cui Yu-Jun , Jiang Ya-Li , Huang Ke 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
In order to evaluate the overall stability of the underground powerhouse at the future Baihetan hydropower station in China, the shear strength of a weak intercalation soil in the host rock has been investigated via in situ direct shear and laboratory shear tests. A comparative study was performed based on the two test results. It has been observed that both tests show elastic perfect-plastic behavior. A significant heterogeneity of the samples has been identified under both laboratory and field conditions. The samples’ disturbance seems to be a less important factor than the samples’ variability. The size effect has been evidenced by the friction angle obtained in the laboratory on small samples, which is greater than that obtained in the field on larger samples. The clay fraction has been found to be an important factor; its increase reduces the friction angle and increases the cohesion. Without considering some particular data due to the soil heterogeneity, a negligible effect of the initial degree of saturation has been identified. Comparisons between the results of the field tests and those from the laboratory tests show good consistency in terms of the effects of the clay fraction and the initial degree of saturation, indicating a relatively secondary effect of the sample size and variability.
Apparatus for Constant Rate-of-Strain Consolidation of Slurry Mixed Soils
Authors: Sample Kristin M. , Shackelford Charles D. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
A constant rate-of-strain (CRS) consolidation apparatus was developed to allow testing of slurry mixed soils prepared within 102-mm (4-in) inner diameter acrylic columns with varying lengths using a laboratory mixing apparatus. The laboratory mixing apparatus was previously developed to mimic the mixing process associated with the use of slurries containing bentonite and granular zero-valent iron (ZVI) for in situ remediation at sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents. Example consolidation results are provided for specimens of dry sand mixed with bentonite-ZVI slurry with lengths of 305 mm (12 in), 457 mm (18 in), or 610 mm (24 in). After mixing, all of the specimens except for the 610-mm specimen were consolidated directly within the same columns to minimize sampling disturbance. The 610-mm specimen was sectioned into thirds before consolidation testing to evaluate effects of vertical heterogeneity. As expected, all specimens were highly compressible, with maximum (large) strains ranging from 10.7 % to 48.0 %. For specimens prepared and tested within the same columns, the effects of differences in column length and strain rate were minor. The CRS testing apparatus offered a convenient, rapid (&lt; 3 day), and economical approach for evaluating the consolidation behavior of the bentonite-ZVI slurry mixed sand.
Discussion on “Stress Concentration Ratio of Model Stone Columns in Soft Clays” by Fattah, M., Shlash, K., and Al-Waily, M., Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1, Paper ID GTJ 103060
Authors: Hamidi Babak 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The authors state that “Most researchers consider the stone column to behave as a pile. Therefore, the criteria proposed for defining the failure load of the pile can be adopted for stone columns.” The writer does not agree with this statement.
Application of a Hydraulic Gradient Technique for Modeling the Uplift Behavior of Piles in Sand
Authors: Leshchinsky Dov , Vahedifard Farshid , Meehan Christopher L. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
A scale modeling technique is presented for simulating the uplift behavior of piles in sand, which satisfies stress and strain similitude with full-scale prototypes. A hydraulic gradient approach was used to increase the body forces in the scale model tests, until the stresses became representative of reasonable field-scale conditions. The associated model scaling laws that are used with this technique are presented and discussed. Eight pile pullout tests were conducted, at varying magnitudes of hydraulic gradient; one of these tests was conducted on a pile instrumented with strain gages. From the results of this study, it was concluded that the hydraulic gradient technique can be effectively applied to induce reasonable prototype stresses in a scale model, allowing for reasonable simulation of the uplift behavior of piles in sand. The hydraulic gradient technique was found to be particularly sensitive to the distribution of the hydraulic gradient in the soil profile, which is not surprising, given the nature of the scaling laws for this particular modeling technique. Analysis of the results from the pile instrumented with strain gages indicated that (1) very little shear stress was mobilized in the upper 25 % of the pile, even at applied uplift loads approaching the ultimate pullout force; (2) the largest amount of shear stress for each applied uplift force was typically mobilized at a point somewhere between 60 % and 80 % of the length of the pile; and (3) at failure, the mobilized shear stress distribution was clearly not triangular, as is postulated by commonly used pile uplift design approaches. Post-failure investigations conducted after the completion of each pullout test indicated that the failure shear surface in each of the model tests developed along the pile-soil interface.
A Modified Triaxial Apparatus for Measuring the Stress Path-Dependent Water Retention Curve
Authors: Ng Charles W. W. , Lai C. H. , Chiu C. F. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This article reports a modified triaxial apparatus for measuring the stress path-dependent water retention curve (SDWRC) of unsaturated soils under isotropic and deviatoric stress conditions. In this modified triaxial apparatus, an open-ended, bottle-shaped inner cell is installed together with a differential pressure transducer to measure the total volume change of a specimen accurately for the correct determination of the degree of saturation of an SDWRC. Details of the calibration and test procedures are described and discussed. Some test results from compacted samples of a completely decomposed tuff, i.e., silt of low plasticity, are also presented in order to demonstrate the key features of the modified apparatus.
Laboratory Evaluation Method for the Functional Performance of Total Knee Replacements
Authors: Walker Peter S. , Glauber Samuel M. , Wang Haoting 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
In activities of daily living, the normal anatomic knee moves through a range of flexion of up to 155°, and at all angles there are ranges of laxity in both the anterior-posterior direction and internal-external rotation. The ideal situation is that after a total knee replacement (TKR), the knee moves in a similar way, providing normal kinematics, stability, and freedom of motion. Our goal was to formulate a simple standard testing method for evaluating proposed new TKR designs or existing designs that would relate to clinical performance. We developed a Desktop Knee Machine with which combinations of forces and moments were applied to knee models at a range of flexion angles while the neutral path of motion and the laxities about the neutral path were measured. In order to develop and demonstrate the method, three representative TKR types were modeled using computer-assisted design software, and then stereolithographic (SLA) models were made for testing. Different combinations of loads and flexion angles were applied so as to represent a full spectrum of activities and positions. The magnitudes of the forces were less than what would occur in vivo due to the limitations of SLA models, but they were chosen to reach the laxity limits of the TKR models tested. It was concluded that the testing method was a valid and efficient means of comparing the kinematic characteristics of different TKR designs and providing possible indicators of clinical performance.
ASTM F2624-07—Evaluating an Alternate Fixture for Testing Extra Discal Motion Preserving Implants
Authors: Anderson M. C. , Lissy C. J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
ASTM F2624-07 prescribes applying flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation moments to test and evaluate extra discal motion preserving implants (EDMPI). The standard provides a suggested laterally oriented construct (LOC) for conducting flexion/extension (FE) testing. The suggested construct does not have a fixed center of rotation (COR). An alternate set of fixtures to conduct FE testing using a vertically oriented construct (VOC) with a fixed COR is presented. Testing was conducted to quantify the loads applied to an EDMPI using both types of fixtures, quantify shear loading applied to the actuator, determine whether results are frequency dependent, and evaluate whether the fixtures can differentiate between EDMPI using a measure of displacement amplitude. A miniature load cell was mounted to both fixtures to quantify load applied to an EDMPI during testing at several different applied loads or torques and at two testing frequencies (2 Hz and 5 Hz). Lateral actuator shear was measured using a dial indicator. The load cell was replaced with cylindrical test specimens made of stainless steel, titanium, polyether ether ketone, or a polyethylene cable slipped inside a polyurethane tube, and the testing repeated. Results indicated that both fixtures generated similar tensile/compressive loads at an EDMPI. The LOC fixture generated more actuator shear than the VOC. Using a VOC fixture rather than the LOC suggested in ASTM F2624-07 in FE testing may be a reasonable alternative for certain types of devices.
Historical Survey on Ecolabeling Efforts and Criteria for Green Inert or Other Ingredients: EPA Design for the Environment
Authors: Lindner G. , Kaziska A. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
In addition to the active ingredient, pesticide formulations typically contain surfactants, solvents, diluents, fillers, adjuvant substances, and utility additives such as foam control agents. Over the past several decades, innovations in pesticide formulation have yielded accelerated evolution toward reduced environmental impact and improved sustainability. These provide the key benefits of what are considered “greener” formulations. An example of how this approach manifests in the marketplace is end product ecolabeling as practiced in the consumer products industry. A review of a 2010 global survey of certifying organizations is included in order to provide perspective on how criteria and standards can vary. The range of materials available that might offer either or both the desired reductions in environmental impact and/or improved sustainability varies based on the definition of “green” applied. Important aspects to consider include selecting a definition, deciding which ingredients to use, screening replacements for non-green or less green ingredients, and measuring performance against appropriate benchmarks. Various criteria can be applied in order to define targets for “greener” inert ingredients. The Environmental Protection Agency’s Design for Environment program (DfE) focuses on individual ingredients in addition to formulations. For materials offering similar performance, the underlying chemical, toxicological, or environmental data affect selection. DfE utilizes a third-party ingredient review system (by National Sanitation Foundation [NSF] International and ToxServices) and database (CleanGredients, as managed by GreenBlue) that can provide a basis on which to select materials for evaluation and development as part of formulating safer pesticides with reduced environmental impact and greater sustainability.
Characterization of the Master Curve Based Fracture Toughness of ORNL TSE5 Steel and Unirradiated and Irradiated ASTM A203D 3.5 % Ni Steel by the IGCAR Procedure
Authors: Sreenivasan P. R. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) procedure for predicting the master curve (MC) reference temperature T0 has been further validated via its application to ORNL thermal shock experiment (TSE) 5 steel, an A508 Cl.2 steel that has been widely characterized in the literature. The procedure also was applied to ASTM A203D 3.5% Ni steel tested at IGCAR in virgin and irradiated states. The IGCAR procedure involves the application of the inverse Wallin strain rate equation to TQSchdy, the dynamic reference temperature obtained from Charpy tests using the modified Schindler procedure corresponding to a stress intensity factor rate of ∼106 MPa√m.s−1. A direct correlation of TQSchdy to T0 is also used. The larger of the estimates from these two, namely, TQSchW, provides an accurate and acceptably conservative estimate of the reference temperature TQ-est for steels with TQSchdy ≤ 60°C; for steels with TQSchdy&gt;60°C, TQ-est=the larger of TQSchW and TQM2. The value of TQ-est obtained via the IGCAR procedure is termed TQ-IGC. Mostly, TQM2 gives the most conservative estimate, and TQBT (based on the value of TD obtained from instrumented Charpy V-notch impact tests) has a tendency toward accuracy, provided a robust estimate of TD can be obtained (which is not always the case). The IGCAR procedure was compared with two other conservative lower-bound (LB) procedures (Schindler-LB and Merkle-LB procedures), and it was shown that the IGCAR procedure with a 1% MC provides an LB curve without the difficulties involved in using the more tortuous calculations necessary for applying the Schindler- and Merkle-LB procedures. For the irradiated A203D steel, the shift in the estimated T0 was ΔTQ-IGC=340°C.
Influence Analysis of Application-Specific Phenomena on the Creep-Fatigue Life of Turbine Housings of Turbochargers
Authors: Laengler F. , Mao T. , Scholz A. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The turbine housing of a turbocharger is exposed to extensive cyclic thermo-mechanical loading. This leads to multiaxial stress states with local plastifications, so that the design of the turbine housing becomes a major challenge in ensuring the guaranteed lifetime in relation to the high-temperature behavior of the materials. In a first step, a phenomenological lifetime approach in conjunction with a constitutive material model applied in a preceding finite-element analysis was developed and validated for application on the casting materials Ni-resist D5S and vermicular cast iron GJV. The present study deals with the adaption for turbine housing design together with the more detailed analysis of application-specific phenomena to improve the description of both the deformation behavior and the creep-fatigue damage behavior. The influence of different strain rates, mean strain conditions, and aging has been evaluated. Moreover, a critical plane approach has been investigated to handle multiaxial stress and strain states. A more accurate damage ratio is derived by use of specimens subjected to characteristic thermo-mechanical load conditions, which leads to an improved estimation of the cycle number until crack initiation on critical component positions.
Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Behavior of A36 Steel using ASTM Load-Reduction and Compression Precracking Test Methods
Authors: Newman J. C. , Ziegler B. M. , Shaw J. W. , Cordes T. S. , Lingenfelser D. J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Eccentrically-loaded single-edge crack tension, ESE(T), specimens made of A36 structural steel were tested over a wide range in stress ratios (R=0.1 and 0.7) in laboratory air. Two test methods were used: (1) ASTM Standard E647 load-reduction method and (2) compression precracking. After compression precracking (CP), three different loading sequences were used: (1) constant amplitude (CPCA), (2) load reduction (CPLR), and (3) constant stress-intensity factor (CPCK). The crack-compliance method was used to determine that the specimens had no residual stresses; and that the effects of tensile residual stresses from compression precracking dissipated in about 2 compressive plastic-zone sizes. Agreement was found between the A36 and TC-128B steel ΔK-rate data tested at both low and high stress ratio (R) conditions. At R=0.1 loading, the CPCA and CPLR tests generated lower thresholds and faster rates than using the standard ASTM load-reduction method. All load-reduction tests exhibited an accumulation of debris at the crack front near threshold conditions. A crack-closure analysis was preformed to calculate the effective stress-intensity factor range (ΔKeff) against rate using measured 1 % offset (OP1) values for all R=0.1 tests. The ΔKeff-rate data correlated well with the high-R results.
2010 Review of Neutron and Non-neutron Nuclear Data
Authors: Holden N. E. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The results of a review and evaluation of neutron and non-neutron nuclear data published in the scientific literature over the past three years are presented. The status of new chemical elements is examined. Ten elements have had their atomic weight and uncertainty replaced by interval values of upper and lower bounds. Data on revised values for the isotopic composition of the elements are reviewed and new recommended values are presented for germanium. Radioactive half-lives are reviewed and latest values presented which include measurements on nuclides of interest and very long-lived nuclides such as double beta decay, double electron capture, long-lived alpha decay, and long-lived beta decay. The latest information and the status on the evaluation of atomic masses are discussed. Data from new measurements on the very heavy elements (trans-meitnerium elements) are discussed and tabulated. Data on various recent neutron cross-section and resonance integral measurements are also discussed and the latest measurements are tabulated in both cases. The JENDL-4.0 and ENDF/B-VII.1 nuclear data libraries are discussed. A new initiative on the existence and importance of isotopes is presented.
Uncertainties of Responses Calculated with a “Tuned” Library: Geometrical and Algebraic Insights
Authors: Perel R. L. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The standard American evaluated nuclear data library ENDF/B-VII was “tuned” based on simple measured critical assemblies. This tuning was not done according to a fully defined mathematical algorithm, such as the adjustment algorithm. In this work, we investigate how tuning affects the uncertainties (covariances) of the cross-section libraries. First, we analyze what happens to cross-section uncertainties as a result of adjustment. The effect of adjustment on the uncertainties is geometrically demonstrated for simple cases. For those parts of the sensitivities of the assembly to be calculated that are parallel to the sensitivities of the assemblies on which adjustment was based, there is significant reduction in the uncertainties. For orthogonal parts, there is no change in the uncertainties. These findings are algebraically proven based on the adjustment algorithm. Then we analyze the differences between tuned libraries and adjusted libraries. We conclude that for tuned libraries, the uncertainties in the direction of sensitivities on which adjustment or tuning were based are improved, similar to the improvement for an adjusted library. However, the displacement of the nominal values of the library parameters to their tuned value, instead of their adjusted value, adds an additional uncertainty. This additional uncertainty is typically small in the direction that was improved by adjustment. The magnitude of the additional uncertainty in perpendicular directions depends on the particular details of the tuning performed.