bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Action of the Systemic Insecticide Systox, on Aphids
Authors: David W. A. L. , Gardiner B. O. C. 
Published: July 2009

The work described in this paper has been carried out with two proprietary samples, designated Systox 50 emulsion and E 1059, of a systemic insecticide of which the active ingredient, subsequently referred to throughout as Systox, is a mixture of O,O-diethyl O-ethylmercaptoethyl thiophosphate and its isomer, O,O-diethyl S-ethylmercaptoethyl thiophosphate.The samples were tested against Aphids for contact and systemic action.It is concluded that, as a contact insecticide against Aphis fabae Scop, on broad beans, Systox is about equitoxic with paraoxon and so more toxic than schradan and dimefox.Systox is readily absorbed by the roots of broad bean and cabbage plants from soil, sand and aqueous solutions and the translocated material is very effective as an insecticide against A. fabae on broad bean, and Myzus persicae (Sulz.) and Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) on cabbage.Applied in this way, Systox is more effective than schradan, dimefox and paraoxon, and about equal to the most toxic compound previously tested, sodium fluoroacetate.An experiment by the cut tap-root technique confirms these conclusions. A dose of 1 mg. of Systox per kg. of fresh bean-plant tissue gave a complete kill of A. fabae by the 10th day. The same amount of sodium fluoroacetate had previously been shown to give a complete kill in three days.The plants were carefully watched for signs of damage during the tests. It was concluded that there was a considerable margin between the insecticidally effective and the phytotoxic concentrations.Systox is also translocated from older to younger leaves of bean and cabbage plants and it may reach concentrations sufficient to kill the Aphids feeding on the untreated leaves. This effect was more consistently obtained in the broad bean than in cabbage plants. In both cases, however, the results were variable.Solutions of Systox exert a direct fumigant action on Aphids, but there is little evidence that toxic material is transpired by treated plants.
The Action of the Systemic Insecticide Systox, on Pieris brassicae (L.) and Phaedon cochleariae (F.)
Authors: David W. A. L. , Gardiner B. O. C. 
Published: July 2009

The mixture of O, O-diethyl O-ethlmercaptoethyl thiophosphate and O, O-diethyl S-ethylmercaptoethyl thiophosphate, known as Systox, which has been previously tested against Aphids, has now been tested as a systemic insecticide against the eggs and larvae of Pieris brassicae (L.) and the eggs, larvae and adults of Phaedon cochleariae (F.).Systox is toxic by direct contact to all stages of these insects but is much less effective in this way than diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (paraoxon).As a systemic insecticide applied to the roots of teh host-plant, Systox again acts on all stages of the insects (except the eggs of Phaedom), but, compared with the dose which killed Aphids, about twice as much is required to kill Phaedon larvae and between 20 and 100 times as much to kill Pieris larvae, depending on the method employed.When applied systemically Systox, like paraoxon, can prevent the emergence of Pieris larvae from the eggs.
Observations on the Incidence of Trypanosomes in Glossina palpalis (R.-D.) in Sierra Leone
Authors: Squire F. A. 
Published: July 2009

Observations were made in Sierra Leone from September 1949 to November 1951 on the incidence of trypanosomes in Glossina palpalis (R.-D.), in continuation of those previously reported that began in September 1948. Flies were dissected; trypanosomes found to be restricted to the proboscis were classed as Trypanosoma vivax and those found also or only in the mid-gut as T. congolense. None of the flies had infected labial glands. The whole data are presented for the sexes separately by months.The existence of a marked seasonal variation in the incidence of T. vivax in G. palpalis is confirmed. The highest rates of infection occured in the months of heavy rain, and there was a significant inverse correlation between the monthly means of infection rate and of hours of sunshine. The cause is unknown, but possible explanations are discussed.The older the fly, as judged by its appearance, the greater the rate of infection by both species of trypanosme; the virtual absence of infection in the youngest group of flies does not support the theory that they can only be infected when very young.In the case of T. vivax, but not in that of T. congolense, females flies were more heavily infected than males. This may be due to larger food intake by the females, or to males, because of their more active life, appearing to be older than they are.
An experimental study of early stage survival of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton
Authors: Kyi Aung , Zalucki Myron P. , Titmarsh Ian J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe pattern and cause of mortality of the early stages of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on cotton was investigated in both field and glasshouse situations for two seasons. In 1987, egg losses were high (32–88%) over days 1–3 following oviposition, more so from the lower than upper leaf surface. The mortality of first instar larvae was 93–100% over days 4–5 following oviposition, and losses were higher from seedling stage than squaring cotton. Wind, rain (or watering), aerial predators, dispersal of first instar larvae, and host plant effects (including leaf orientation) were important mortality factors. In 1988 trials, egg losses over days 1 to 3 after oviposition on plants in glasshouse and field situations, respectively, were 0–1% and 5–6% due to changing leaf orientation alone; 4–22% and 16–32% due to rain/watering and changing leaf orientation combined; 14–31% and 12–31% for wind and changing leaf orientation combined; and 4–38% and 23–52% for the combination of wind, rain/watering and changing leaf orientation. Mortality of first instar larvae on day 4 was 32% and 29% on plants in glasshouse and field, respectively, from which the action of such mortality factors had been excluded. Mortality on plants with changing leaf orientation alone was 30% and 68%, with rain/watering and changing leaf orientation combined 48% and 74%; with wind and changing leaf orientation combined 40% and 63%; and with all factors combined 45% and 69%, respectively. The highest losses (of eggs) occurred on day 1 after oviposition, and similarly for first instar larvae on day 4, which coincided with hatching.
Temperature preference in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
Authors: Lazzari Claudio R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe thermal preference of adults of the reduviid bug Triatoma infestans (Klug) was investigated along a temperature gradient by means of video recording. The preferred temperature varied with a daily rhythm, reaching the highest value at the onset and the lowest at the end of the dark phase. The daily range of preferred temperatures depended on the starvation level. After feeding it was about 28–29°C, and after 12 days of starvation 25–26°C. The number of eggs laid showed a bimodal pattern, with maxima at 29°C and 26°C. Along a gradient of relative humidity, the bugs were always found around 40% r.h.
Population phenology of whitefringed weevil, Graphognathus leucoloma (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in pasture in a Mediterranean-climate region of Australia
Authors: Matthiessen J. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn undisturbed annual pasture in a Mediterranean-climate region of Australia adults of the whitefringed weevil, Graphognathus leucoloma (Boheman), were present from summer to early winter (December–June), with upsurge in numbers of first instar larvae only occurring after the rains began in April. The G. leucoloma population was predominantly first instar larvae in high abundance throughout the winter period (May–August). Larval growth, with high mortality, occurred in the spring period (September–January). The survival of eggs during the dry summer when adults were most abundant, although only at times of unseasonal rainfall, indicated that low larval recruitment at that time resulted primarily from the absence of high-quality legume food essential for oogenesis. It was inferred that most larvae arose from heavy oviposition by the few adults present in autumn when rainfall germinated annual legumes. A steady year-round abundance of late-instar larvae indicated that not all individuals completed their development in the one year.
Sampling lepidopterous pests on maize in West Africa
Authors: Schulthess F. , Bosque-Pérez N. A. , Gounou S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe spatial distribution of five lepidopterous pests, Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae), Eldana saccharina Walker (Pyralidae), Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Noctuidae), Mussidia nigrivenella (Ragonot) (Pyralidae), and Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Tortricidae), on maize in West Africa is described using Taylor's power law and the relationship of proportion of infested plants to the mean density. All five species showed a highly aggregated distribution, with Taylor's indices of aggregation ranging between 1.23 for C. leucotreta and 1.52 for Sesamia calamistis. Enumerative and binomial sampling plans that incorporate Taylor's power law are proposed to estimate mean densities of S. calamistis, C. leucotreta and the species complex consisting of E. saccharina, M. nigrivenella and Spodoptera exempta which showed similar spatial distributions, with a predefined reliability level.
DNA fingerprinting to study spatial and temporal distributions of an aphid,Schizaphis graminum(Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Shufran Kevin A. , Black William C. , Margolies David C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe length of the intergenic spacer in the rRNA cistron varied within and among individuals ofSchizaphis graminum(Rondani). Spacer lengths did not vary among offspring of a single maternal lineage (clone). The intergenic spacer was used as a molecular fingerprinting probe on individual aphids and to study spatial and temporal distributions of clones. A spatially nested sampling design was used in wheat and sorghum to estimate numbers of clones among aphids on leaves, among leaves on plants, among plants in fields, among fields in counties, among counties, and among dates. Each level of nesting added a level of clonal diversity to the entire population. 82.3% of the total population diversity was found among aphids on one sorghum leaf. Sampling additional leaves increased diversity slightly (5.4%), whereas plants (0.9%), fields (0.6% to 3.6%), and counties (1.2%) added very little. Sample dates contributed the highest increase in diversity (11%). Diversity rose and fell in wheat along with aphid numbers but remained constant in sorghum. Little variation in Mahalanobis distances could be explained by geographic distances. No genotypes were unique to any field, county, crop, or year. Kansas populations are made up of a large mixture of genetically diverse clones that recolonize wheat and sorghum each year. Sampling many plants, fields, or counties is an ineffective way to increase clonal diversity. Plant breeders developing crop resistance toS. graminumcan expect plant entries to be exposed to most of the genetic diversity present in Kansas populations regardless of location.
Responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited trees
Authors: Vale G. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField studies in Zimbabwe elucidated how trees might be enhanced as baits for controlling Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen. Catches from electrocuting devices at the bases of trees were near nil when sampling tsetse flies landing on the trunk but much greater when sampling them flying within 1 m of the trunk. Catches increased 5–8 times when 2 m2 of the trunk were blackened and given odour of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-n-propyl phenol and 4-methyl phenol, but were still only ca. 30% of the catches from an odour-baited, free-standing, 1 × 1 m screen of black cloth. The upright trunk of real and model trees hindered their attractiveness but leaves and branches 5 m above ground had no clear effect. Real and artificial stumps of trees were as effective as the screen if they were 1 m2, compact and sharply outlined. The practical and biological implications of the results are discussed, with particular reference to the use of insecticide-treated netting with modified tree stumps as baits for control.
Avermectin residues in sheep and cattle dung and their effects on dung-beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) colonization and dung burial
Authors: Wardhaugh K. G. , Mahon R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractData from dung-baited pitfall traps show that dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) do not discriminate against dung from sheep or cattle treated with avermectin. On the contrary, for a period post-treatment, dung from animals treated with avermectin attracted more beetles than dung from untreated animals. This effect was more marked with cattle dung than with sheep dung. The period of enhanced attractiveness of sheep dung was restricted to dung produced during the first day after treatment, whereas with cattle dung, the effect was still evident in faeces produced 25 days after treatment. Cattle dung produced from 3–25 days post-treatment caused 100% mortality in newly hatched larvae of the bushfly,Musca vetustissimaWalker (Diptera:Muscidae). In dung of day 35, mortality was 93.6%. Dung collected from sheep from 1–6 days after treatment also caused 100% mortality of fly larvae, but by day 28, no toxic effects were detectable. Field observations on the colonization of cattle pats confirmed the enhanced attractiveness of dung from treated animals and suggested that departure rates from treated dung were lower than those from untreated dung. Treated pats supported higher beetle populations than untreated pats and burial was more rapid. The potentially serious implications of the enhanced attractiveness of avermectincontaminated dung are discussed in relation to the survival of dung beetle communities.
Colony dispersion and nesting habits of the ants, Dolichoderus thoracicus and Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in relation to their success as biological control agents on cocoa
Authors: Way M. J. , Khoo K. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn mixed cocoa-coconut palm plantations in Malaysia the palm spadices provide large, stable nesting sites for Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) in contrast to impermanent sites on cocoa and on the ground. D. thoracicus and the arboreal leaf-nesting Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) both benefit from the mixed system which also provides a more stable food supply from honeydew-producing Homoptera. A scoring method showed that about 50–200 O. smaragdina or 200–2000 D. thoracicus on a cocoa tree can protect it effectively from Helopeltis theobromae Miller (Hemiptera: Miridae). The relatively greater efficiency of O. smaragdina as a biological control agent is associated with its actively dispersive predatory behaviour in contrast to the localized concentration of D. thoracicus workers at sites such as cocoa pods where it tends honeydew-producing Homoptera, and where it acts largely by deterring H. theobromae. Despite its biological control potential, the painfully biting O. smaragdina, unlike D. thoracicus, is normally considered unacceptable to plantation staff. Nevertheless it should be recognized as valuable in integrated pest management of cocoa pests especially where D. thoracicus is difficult to establish.
Studies in West Pakistan on the biology of one Nitidulid species and two Coccinellid species (Coleoptera) that attack scale insects (Hom., Coccoidea)
Authors: Ahmad Rafiq 
Published: July 2009

One Nitidulid species,Cybocephalus semiflavusChamp, and two Coccinellid species,Chilocorus nigritus(F.) andSimmondsius pakistanensisRafiq Ahmad & Ghani, commonly attack Diaspididae in West Pakistan. The known distribution and prey of each species are reviewed, and new records from West Pakistan given. The immature stages are described.The development ofCybocephalus semiflavusfrom egg to adult was completed in 37–41 days atc. 26°C. Mating occurred 3–5 days after emergence and oviposition began 3–6 days later, 15–69 eggs being laid. An individual adult could consume up to 47 Diaspidid eggs daily, but all Diaspidid stages were attacked. In the field the predator persisted at low prey densities, but onAonidiella orientalis(Newst), the preferred prey, its population rose in proportion to that of its prey.The development ofS. pakistanensistook 32–41 days from egg to adult atc. 24°C when fed onA. orientalisandQuadraspidiotus perniciosus(Comst). Mating was 8–11 days after emergence and oviposition began 6–11 days later, 153–242 eggs being laid. An individual could consume up to 35Leucaspis coniferarum(Hall & Williams) daily. The predator was abundant during April-May, but later its effect was limited byTetrastichus epilachnae(Giard).Atc. 24°CChilocorus nigrituscompleted development from egg to adult in 33–40 days. Mating was 4–7 days after emergence, and oviposition began 8–13 days later, 228–351 eggs being laid.C. nigritusattacked several species of Diaspidids, an individual consuming up to 41 scales daily. The adults congregated on banyan trees during November-March in the coastal area and during September-June in the foothills, but dispersed to scale-infested plants at other times of year.
Esterase variation and squash induction in B-type Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Byrne Frank J. , Bedford Ian D. , Devonshire Alan L. , Markham Peter G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to study esterase variation in a population of B-type Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). A total of six esterases was identified within an overall B-type pattern. However, both qualitative and quantitative variation in some of these esterases gave three clearly defined phenotypes. One of these lacked esterase E0.14 which until now has been the key band used to classify B-type strains electrophoretically. A strain homozygous for the E0.14 null allele (B-Null) retained the ability to induce squash silverleaf, a plant physiological disorder which hitherto has only ever been associated with whitefly strains possessing this band.
Pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Cahill Matthew , Byrne Frank J. , Gorman Kevin , Denholm Ian , Devonshire Alan L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEleven strains of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), including a laboratory susceptible strain, were bioassayed as adults with three organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, three pyrethroids and one OP/pyrethroid combination. The contemporary strains were from diverse geographical areas and hosts and included examples of the A-, B-, and non-B-biotypes. All recent collections were multi-resistant to these insecticides which have been used extensively for their control. The patterns of cross-resistance for the OPs were clear but less so for the pyrethroids. All populations that resisted profenofos and cypermethrin also resisted the combination of profenofos and cypermethrin. Although the importance of selection pressure on levels of resistance was not easily quantifiable the highly selected populations exhibited the highest levels of resistance. The significant within, as well as between, biotype variation in resistance factors clearly indicated that insecticide resistance and biotype were not directly related. The roles of acetylcholinesterase sensitivity and general esterase activity in resistance to OPs and pyrethroids are discussed.
Clonal variability in the response of Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) to resistant and susceptible wheat
Authors: Caillaud Claudia M. , Dedryver C.A. , Di Pietro J.P. , Simon J.C. , Fima F. , Chaubet B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe development and reproduction of 60 clones of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), collected in the Rennes Basin, were compared on a resistant Triticum monococcum (Linnaeus) line (Tm44) and a susceptible Triticum aestivum (Linnaeus) cultivar (Arminda). All clones had lower larval survival and mean fecundity when reared on Tm44 in comparison with Arminda. They all performed equally well on Arminda whereas there was a marked and continuously distributed variation in performance parameters among clones maintained on Tm44. The plant species, from which clones originated, significantly affected aphid performances on resistant Tm44. A more detailed experiment was carried out with four clones, shown to differ in their level of fitness on Tm44. Their performances were compared on resistant (Tm44 and Tm46) and susceptible (Tm47 and Arminda) wheat genotypes. On the basis of larval development time and intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm), two types of response were distinguished among the four clones: clones Sa1 and Sa39 appeared to be less affected by Tm44 and Tm46 resistance than Sar2 and Sa48. Moreover, Tm46 was much less resistant to clone Sal than was Tm44. These results are discussed in relation to the origins of the variation in performance of S. avenae on resistant wheat, and their implications in plant breeding for resistance to S. avenae.
The phenology ofBemisia tabaci(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) populations on cassava in southern Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Fishpool L. D. C. , Fauquet C. , Fargette D. , Thouvenel J.-C. , Burban C. , Colvin J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPopulation phenologies of the whitefly,Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), in young cassava crops in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa, are described for three field seasons. Populations of all stages were consistently greatest 6–12 weeks after the crop was planted. The number of adults on plants as well as on attractive and non-attractive sticky traps displayed cycles of buildup and decline each year, the periodicity of these cycles corresponding to the generation time ofB. tabaciunder field conditions. Adult population declines were probably caused by emigration from the crop. Rainfall was negatively correlated with both nymph and adult populations, possibly due to reduced oviposition after rain.B. tabaciis the vector of African cassava mosaic geminiviruses (ACMV) and the observedB. tabacipopulation trends fit well with the pattern of ACMV buildup in the crop.