bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a cation-exchange methodology for marine toxicity identification evaluation applications
Authors: Burgess Robert M , Charles Judith B , Kuhn Anne , Ho Kay T , Patton Leslie E , McGovern Douglas G 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In phase I of a standard toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) six manipulations are used to characterize toxicity. The ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid addition manipulation is most often used to indicate toxicity caused by divalent metals. An alternative approach for characterizing/identifying metal toxicity is the use of cation-exchange chromatography. In this study, five cation-exchange media were compared to develop a method for using cation-exchange chromatography as part of a marine TIE. To be considered useful the cation-exchange media must meet the following criteria: (1) consistently (with minimal variability) extract and elute toxic concentrations of a mixture of metals spiked into seawater, (2) demonstrate negligible blank acute toxicity, and (3) function effectively with environmental samples. Two solid-phase extraction media met the criteria: Supelco's LC-WCX column and Alltech's Extract-Clean IC-Chelate column. In general, these columns were able to remove 80 to 100% of five metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) from spiked seawater, and 85 to 100% of metals could be eluted back into solution (except copper for which recovery was 65–75%). Columns functioned effectively with seawater spiked with metals concentrations approaching 600 μg/L and showed low intercolumn variability (coefficient of variation = 1.0–14%). For actual environmental samples, once column breakthrough was assessed, both columns reduced toxicity and metal concentrations in postcolumn samples. Further, reconstituted column eluates were as toxic as whole samples. The methodology described can be used to assist in the TIE characterization and identification of toxic metals in environmental samples.
Determining the effects of pollutants on soil faunal communities and trophic structure using a refined microcosm system
Authors: Parmelee Robert W , Phillips Carlton T , Checkai Ronald T , Bohlen Patrick J 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We used a refined microcosm technique to investigate the toxicity of copper, cadmium, malathion, and the polychlorinated biphenyl, Aroclor 1254, to trophic groups of soil nematodes and to the microarthropod community. Comparisons of changes in nematode abundance in control soils through time indicated that day 7 was the most appropriate time to sample the microcosms after chemical application. Nematode abundance was reduced after exposure to copper at 100 μg/g, with fungivore, bacterivore, and omnivore–predator nematodes being the most sensitive groups. Cadmium did not affect the nematode or microarthropod communities. Microarthropods were far more sensitive to malathion than were nematodes, and total microarthropod abundance was lower than controls at 400 μg/g. Prostigmatid mites and “other” arthropods were the most affected groups. Aroclor 1254 also had a greater negative impact on microarthropods than on nematodes. Total microarthropod abundance declined at 2,500 μg/g, with prostigmatid and oribatid mites exhibiting the highest susceptibility. Strong differential sensitivity between nematode and microarthropod communities indicates that both groups should be examined to fully evaluate the biological impact of chemicals on soils. We conclude that microcosms with field-collected soil microfaunal communities offer high resolution of the ecotoxicologic effects of chemicals in complex soil systems.
The effects of drilling muds on marine invertebrate larvae and adults
Authors: Raimondi Peter T , Barnett Arthur M , Krause Paul R 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A series of laboratory experiments tested the effects of drilling muds from an active platform off southern California on larvae and adults of marine invertebrates. Red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) were used to determine effects of drilling muds on fertilization, early development, survivorship, and settlement, and experiments on adult brown cup corals (Paracyathus stearnsii) tested effects on adult survivorship, viability, and tissue loss. Exposures to drilling muds did not have an effect on abalone fertilization or early development. However, several exposures to drilling muds resulted in weak, but significant, positive effects of drilling muds on settlement of competent larvae. In contrast, settlement of red abalone larvae on natural coralline algal crusts decreased with increasing concentrations of drilling muds. This suggests that drilling muds affect either the abalone's ability to detect natural settlement inducers, or they affect the inducer itself. Exposure of brown cup corals to concentrations of drilling muds adversely impacted their survivorship and viability. These effects were likely caused by increased tissue mortality of the coral polyps.
METIER (modular ecotoxicity tests incorporating ecological relevance) for difficult substances. 4. Test chamber for cladocerans in flow-through conditions
Authors: Diamantino Teresa C , Ribeiro Rui , Goncalves Fernando , Soares Amadeu M V M 
Published: March 2010

AbstractContinuous-flow systems in toxicity testing are advantageous because they introduce constant toxicant concentrations and constant food to the test organisms and continuously purge wastes. Therefore, continuous-flow systems are particularly useful in hazard assessment of substances that may readily be lost from test chambers (i.e., poorly water soluble, volatile, readily biodegradable or photodegradable, hydrolitically unstable compounds). Within METIER (Modular ecotoxicity tests incorporating ecological relevance), a European Union-funded project, a basic design for a standard flow-through exposure system was developed. This paper addresses the adaptation of the flow-through system for use with cladocerans, which involved designing a suitable test chamber and appropriate operation procedures. The sublethal toxicity of a reference compound (3,4-dichloroaniline) to Daphnia magna Straus was evaluated under both flow-through and semi-static conditions. Tests conducted under flow-through conditions provided a less sensitive measure of toxicity than under semi-static conditions. This result is probably a function of the higher food availability within the flow-through system. The no-observed-effect concentration for reproduction was the most sensitive endpoint and was 5 μg/L in the flow-through system and 2.5 μg/L in semi-static conditions.
Selenium sediment toxicity thresholds and derivation of water quality criteria for freshwater biota of western streams
Authors: Van Derveer William D , Canton Steven P 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Waterborne and sediment selenium (Se) data, in conjunction with selected physicochemical parameters, were collected from streams of the middle Arkansas River basin, Colorado, USA, to examine the factors affecting sediment Se accumulation in a lotic environment. An empirical model of dissolved-to-sediment Se transfer in western streams, as an interactive function of sediment organic carbon content (R2 = 0.78, p &lt; 0.001, n = 34), was developed and validated. Sediment Se and associated biological effects data were compiled from the literature, to provide an estimate of sediment Se concentration thresholds that have biological effects. Based on this preliminary analysis, sediment Se concentrations of 2.5 μg/g would be a threshold based on predicted effects and concentrations of 4.0 μg/g would be the observed threshold for fish and wildlife toxicity. The dissolved-to-sediment Se transfer model can be used to translate this type of sediment Se toxicity threshold to a site-specific chronic water-quality standard for western streams based on empirically derived sediment total organic carbon values.
Sublethal toxic effects of cyanobacteria and nonylphenol on environmental sex determination and development in Daphnia
Authors: Shurin Jonathan B , Dodson Stanley I 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In many cladoceran zooplankton, females divide their reproductive effort among females, males, and resting eggs depending on a suite of environmental conditions. Having alternative life-history strategies allows cladocerans such as Daphnia to achieve high reproductive rates asexually when conditions are favorable and to produce offspring sexually for survival when the environment becomes unsuitable. Because of their rapid reproduction, Daphnia and other cladocerans are useful model organisms in aquatic toxicology. Bioassays using Daphnia serve two functions, to estimate the ecosystem level risk posed by specific chemicals and to quickly detect contaminated waters. Bioassays examine effects in terms of life history features such as growth, survival, and asexual fecundity. We studied the effects of toxic stress on Daphnia galeata mendotae grown under conditions in which it produces female, male, and ephippial offspring. Fecundities in terms of the three types of offspring showed different sensitivities to chemical stress. The stressors were a toxic strain of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and nonylphenol, a plasticizer, which is a surfactant that interferes with endocrine function in vertebrates. Production of resting eggs and female offspring were affected in both experiments, but the experiments showed different dose responses. Production of males was less sensitive. Exposure to nonylphenol also produced a characteristic developmental abnormality at environmentally relevant concentrations. Life table analysis showed that stress during the sexual phase of the life cycle of Daphnia reduces short-term population growth and as well as affecting the stock of dormant individuals.
Long-term fate of crankcase oil in rainbow trout: A time- and dose-response study
Authors: Hellou Jocelyne , Warren William , Andrews Catherine , Mercer Graham , Payne Jerry F , Howse Douglas 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to waste crankcase oil, a recognized source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in urban runoff. Dietary exposure was to a mean concentration of 0, 3.5, 8.9, and 13 μg oil/g fish, and sampling took place after 3, 7, 11, and 15 weeks. The accumulation of compounds in muscle tissue, the elimination of bile metabolites, the activity of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) in liver, and morphometric variables were compared at the different concentrations and times of sampling. The concentration of fluorescing compounds in muscle displayed the best dose- and time-response pattern, whereas other biological, chemical, and biochemical responses were not as well defined. No correlation could be drawn between the concentration of PAH in the oil and the measured variables. The environmentally relevant concentrations used in the experiment show the importance of choosing broad and specific indicators of exposure in a multidisciplinary investigation and the need for further research in chemical and toxicologic areas.
Desorption kinetics of chlorobenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls: Sediment extraction with Tenax® and effects of contact time and solute hydrophobicity
Authors: Cornelissen Gerard , van Noort Paul C M , Govers Harrie A J 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A technique using Tenax TA® beads as “sink” for desorbed solute was employed to measure the kinetics of desorption of chlorobenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from laboratory-contaminated sediment. First-order rate constants of rapid and slow desorption were in the order of 10−1/h and 10−3/h, respectively. The rate constants of slow desorption correlate well with the molecular volumes of the compounds used and decrease between 2 and 34 d of equilibration. Slowly desorbing fractions increase with both increasing solute hydrophobicity and increasing equilibration time.
Estimating total body residues and baseline toxicity of complex organic mixtures in effluents and surface waters
Authors: Van Loon Willem M G M , Verwoerd Marcel E , Wijnker Femke G , van Leeuwen Cees J , van Duyn Piet , van deGuchte Cees , Hermens Joop L M 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Recently, a new procedure was developed to estimate total body residues (TBRs) in biota after exposure to complex mixtures of organic chemicals in water. The procedure is based on a simulation of bioconcentration using a hydrophobic phase and on the measurement of total molar concentrations on this hydrophobic phase via vapor pressure osmometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. In this paper, the results of the application of this procedure to effluents and surface water are presented. Estimated TBRs (TBRests) give information on the potential total bioaccumulation of complex mixtures. Moreover, using these estimated total body burdens, baseline toxicity effects can be predicted, including the contributions of chemicals with specific modes of action to the overall baseline toxicity. The advantage of the parameter TBRest is that it determines total molar concentrations of organic chemicals, including those chemicals that are usually not measured because they cannot be identified or because their concentrations are below the detection limits of individual compounds.
The uptake, distribution and metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during the parr-smolt transformation
Authors: Lemke M Anna , Kennedy Christopher J 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) uptake, distribution, and metabolism patterns were investigated from February to June during the transformation of freshwater coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) parr to smolts. At a BaP concentration of 5 μg/L, uptake rates increased significantly from 0.01 ± 0.000 μg/g/h in February to 0.04 ± 0.003 μg/g/h in May and declined to 0.035 ± 0.004 μg/g/h in June. Following a 24-h exposure to BaP, the highest percent of body burden of BaP was found in the liver, gills, skin, and bile. The proportion of BaP in the liver and gills increased in fish from February to May and declined in June, whereas the proportion of BaP in the bile continued to rise until June when it reached a maximum of 49% of the body burden. The percent body burden of BaP in tissues such as the stomach, intestine, visceral fat, muscle, and brain did not show significant changes through the duration of the study. An analysis of bile suggests that both coho salmon parr and smolts are capable of metabolizing BaP via phase I and II biotransformation reactions to glucuronide, sulfate, and other conjugated metabolites. No significant changes occurred in the proportions of metabolite classes during the parr–smolt transformation process.
Distribution of metals and accumulation of lead by different tissues in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.)
Authors: Pyatt F Brian , Pyatt Andrea J , Pentreath Vic W 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The concentrations of several metals in different body tissues of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.), collected from an uncontaminated environment, were measured by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Significant concentrations of the potentially toxic elements manganese, titanium, and copper were detected in all tissues, although they were not detectable in the water sampled at collection; bioaccumulation is thus evidenced. Highest concentrations of manganese and copper were present in the shell, while highest concentrations of titanium were present in the head and foot. Experimental snails were continuously exposed to lead chloride (lead at 5 ppm) for an experimental period of 3 weeks. Both elements were accumulated to different extents by the snail tissues but with high concentrations again in the head of the animals, and chloride also in the visceral hump. No significant alterations in the distribution of the other elements measured were observed in the lead chloride-exposed animals.
Effects of air pollution on cell membrane integrity, spectral reflectance and metal and sulfur concentrations in lichens
Authors: Garty Jacob , Cohen Yehudith , Kloog Nehama , Karnieli Arnon 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The fruticose lichen Ramalina duriaei is generally considered to be sensitive to air pollution. In the present study we sought to determine whether thalli of this lichen collected in a remote unpolluted site (the HaZorea Forest, northeast Israel) and transplanted to the Ashdod region (southwest Israel) could provide information on the quality of the air in this area. For this purpose, the concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni, Mn, Fe, S, Ca, Mg, Na, and K were determined in in situ thalli collected in the HaZorea Forest in March 1993 and in in situ and transplanted thalli retrieved in June 1993. The concentration of these elements in R. duriaei thalli was analyzed in comparison with physiological parameters such as the integrity of cell membranes, chlorophyll content, and alterations in reflectance responses from lichen thalli. Thalli transplanted to several industrial sites in the town of Ashdod for a period of 100 d accumulated high concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe, S, Mg, Na, Ca, and K. The concentration of S in thalli transplanted to the Ashdod region was found to correlate with damage caused to cell membranes and showed an inverse correlation with the chlorophyll content and with the reflectance response of the lichen. The electrical conductivity values corresponding to membrane integrity in the lichen thallus showed an inverse correlation with the ratio of chlorophyll a to pheophytin a, indicating the integrity of the photobiontic chlorophyll and with normalized-difference vegetation index values corresponding to the reflectance response of the thallus. The chlorophyll integrity correlated with the reflectance response. Magnesium accumulated in the lichen thalli in dusty sites and was found to correlate with damage caused to membranes.
Modulation of 2′-5′oligoadenylate synthetase by environmental stress in the marine sponge Geodia cydonium
Authors: Schröder Heinz C , Wiens Matthias , Kuusksalu Anne , Kelve Merike , Müller Werner E G 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Recently we established the presence of relatively high amounts of 2′-5′oligoadenylates (2′-5′A) and 2′-5′oligoadenylate synthetase (2′-5′A synthetase) in the marine sponge Geodia cydonium. Here we determined by applying radioimmunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatographical methods that the concentration of 2′-5′A and the activity of 2′-5′A synthetase change following exposure of G. cydonium tissue to environmental stress. The 2′-5′A content and the activity of 2′-5′A synthetase, present in crude sponge extract, increase by up to three-fold after treating sponge cubes for 2 h with natural stressors including heat shock (26°C), cold shock (6°C), pH shock (pH 6), and hypertonic shock and subsequent incubation for 18 h under ambient conditions (16°C). No response was observed after exposure of sponges to an alkaline (pH 10) or hypotonic environment. Similar changes have been found for the expression of heat shock protein HSP70 in G. cydonium. These results show that 2′-5′A in sponges may be useful as a novel biomarker for environmental monitoring.
Responses of carp hepatopancreatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and glutathione-dependent enzymes to organic pollutants—a field study
Authors: Machala Miroslav , Petřivalský Marek , Nezveda Karel , Ulrich Robert , Dušek Ladislav , Piačka Vladimír , Svobodová Zdenka 
Published: March 2010

AbstractModulations of hepatopancreatic activities of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and glutathione-dependent enzymes were investigated in carp collected in five ponds with different levels of contamination. The CYP1A-dependent 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity was markedly induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in the sediment at a total concentration of 0.9 mg/kg. Even a low organic contamination increased some of the glutathione-dependent enzymatic activities, namely cytosolic glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, ethacrynic acid and l,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane, and microsomal glutathione S-transferase. These parameters should be considered as potential tools for the biomonitoring of exposure to chemicals and/or impacts of exposure. An example of a multivariate cluster and discriminant analysis of the obtained analytical and biochemical data proved to be very effectiv tools for the characterization of the level of contamination.
Glutathione-dependent detoxifying enzymes in rainbow trout liver: Search for specific biochemical markers of chemical stress
Authors: Petřivalský Marek , Machala Miroslav , Nezveda Karel , Piačka Vladimír , Svobodová Zdenka , Drábek Petr 
Published: March 2010

AbstractActivities of trout liver microsomal glutathione S-transferase (GST) and a series of cytosolic glutathione-dependent detoxifying enzymes were determined after a single intraperitoneal treatment with phenobarbital, 2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane (p,p′-DDE), 2,3,-dimethoxynaphthoquinone (NQ), or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). This study aimed to find xenobiotic-specific parameters applicable as biochemical markers of the impacts of the prototypal xenobiotics. The effects of xenobiotics on cytosolic GST activities were substrate dependent. The rate of conjugation of p-nitrobenzyl chloride was significantly induced by higher doses of p,p′-DDE or NQ. The conjugation of ethacrynic acid was enhanced by phenobarbital, p,p′-DDE, and NQ (i.e., by xenobiotics that do not induce cytochrome P4501A forms). The GST activity against 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane was induced only by phenobarbital and by lower doses of p,p′-DDE. The cytosolic GST activity, measured with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as a substrate, was only weakly increased by phenobarbital, TCDD, higher doses of p,p′-DDE, or by NQ at the lowest dose of 1 mg/kg. Although the latter activity is frequently used as a biomarker in ecotoxicology, various factors (including its weak inducibility) indicate that this biochemical parameter is probably not a suitable indicator of contamination in fish. Similarly, cytosolic glutathione peroxidase was not affected by the prototypal xenobiotics and appeared to be an unsuitable bioindicator of oxidative impacts of the tested compounds. On the other hand, microsomal GST activity was nonspecifically increased by phenobarbital, NQ, TCDD, and high doses of p,p′-DDE. Glutathione reductase, another potential biomarker of oxidative stress, was induced by phenobarbital, NQ, and, to a lesser extent, p,p′-DDE; therefore it appeared to be a less sensitive indicator to the exposure to prototypal xenobiotics than the microsomal GST. We conclude that the increase of microsomal GST and cytosolic glutathione reductase activities could become useful biochemical markers of oxidative stress, while the induction of cytosolic GST activities toward ethacrynic acid and probably also toward p-nitrobenzyl chloride appear to hold promise as biochemical markers of specific impacts of p,p′-DDE and redox cycling quinones in trout liver.