bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Weil-Felix Reaction in Typhus Fever
Authors: Cruickshank Robert 
Published: May 2009

(1)Statistical evidence cannot be deduced from such a small series of cases, but it would seem that the extent to which agglutinins for B. proteus X. 19 (Weil-Felix) were formed in the blood varied directly as the severity of the illness, since with the older and more ill patients a much higher dilution of serum agglutinated the organism at or near crisis than was the case with the younger patients, who were less acutely ill. An exception to this rule was met with in one case (Mrs E. R.), whose serum did not agglutinate the organism in a dilution beyond 1: 250, although she was the most severely ill of all the patients. It is possible that failure of agglutinin-formation resembles the absence of leucocytosis in the severely ill case of pneumonia and may be regarded as a bad prognostic feature.(2)A positive Weil-Felix reaction was not obtained before the fifth day of illness, nor in any case before the characteristic rash appeared, so that the reaction is of little value as a factor in the early diagnosis of typhus. Later, a reaction in which a dilution of the serum of 1: 50 agglutinates the organism may be regarded as diagnostic of typhus.(3)The Weil-Felix reaction remained positive for the longest period in those cases whose serum agglutinated in highest dilution, and in these patients a positive reaction (1: 25–1: 50) was still present nine to twelve weeks after infection, whereas in the milder cases, and in Mrs E. R., the reaction became negative in six to eight weeks from the onset of illness.(4)In view of this heterologous reaction in typhus, it is interesting to record that the Wassermann reaction obtained before crisis was positive in four out of six cases. It was still positive in two of the most severely ill patients a week after crisis, but was negative in all cases a week later.
The Antigens of the Cholera Group of Vibrios
Authors: Gardner A. D. , Venkatraman K. V. 
Published: May 2009

1. Previous work on the antigenic structure of the cholera group of vibrios is experimentally reviewed, and the data amplified and systematised.2. The cholera group is defined as consisting of vibrios with similar biochemical characters and having a common heat-labile antigenic component.3. The heat-stable antigens are divisible into:(a) A considerable number of specific antigens, best demonstrated by O sera and H-O suspensions, which serve as a basis of classification into O subgroups.(b) A non-specific component, demonstrable with O sera and O suspensions.4. The first subgroup contains all the standard cholera vibrios from central laboratories, and the majority of other epidemic strains. We consider that it represents the only class of vibrios known for certain to cause epidemic cholera.5. The races of this subgroup I are further divisible into two (or perhaps three) “types”, as established by Japanese workers, according to differences in their subsidiary O antigens.6. The haemolytic “El Tor” vibrios are serologically diverse. The term “El Tor” should, as Shousha suggests, be reserved for those that have the same specific O component as the standard cholera vibrios.7. For the identification of the undoubted cholera vibrios a standard subgroup I O serum is recommended in conjunction with the haemolytic test. The serum should contain both the main and the subsidiary antigens of the subgroup.8. As a working rule it is suggested that bacteriological proof of “cholera” or a cholera carrier should rest on the isolation of a non-haemolytic vibrio with the specific O antigen of subgroup I.The studies and observations on which this paper is based were conducted while one of us (K. V. V.) was holding a Fellowship of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation.Our thanks are due to Mr P. Bruce White for constant help and advice, and to the numerous bacteriologists in various lands who have kindly supplied us with cultures and sera.
Enzootic Psittacosis Amongst Wild Australian Parrots
Authors: Burnet F. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Psittacosis infection is enzootic amongst several of the common species of Australian parrots in the wild state. A large proportion of recently caught individuals ofPsephotus haematonotus, Trichoglossus(two species) andLeptolophus hollandicusare infected. In other genera, demonstrable infection is rare, but enlarged non-infective spleens probably indicative of past infection are common.2. The virus strains derived from wild Australian parrots appear to resemble closely those isolated from human and parrot infections in Europe and America.
An experiment on the nutritive value of winter-produced “summer” milk
Authors: Drummond J. C. , Singer Eleanor , Watson S. J. , Ferguson W. S. , Bartlett M. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. Two herds of cows were divided into two groups for winter feeding. One group was given the usual ration of hay, roots and “concentrates”, the other was fed on a similar diet in which part of the hay and concentrates was replaced by artificially dried grass.2. The carotene content of the butterfat in the control group fell steadily from 0·8 mg. per 100 g. of fat to about 0·2 mg. between October and March. That of the group to which dried grass was given did not fall below 0·5 mg. per 100 g. of fat.3. The milks from the two groups were employed in a nutritional investigation on the boys of two institutions. During a “fore-period” from July until the end of September, the boys received the ordinary milk of the herd as part of their diet. They were then divided into two groups which, during the experimental period from October until March received the “winter” or the dried grass “summer” milk respectively. Then followed an “after-period” during which all the boys received the mixed milk of the herds, then out at pasture. The composition of the basal diet of the boys at these institutions was known. Boys attending an elementary school in the vicinity of one institution were also investigated in a similar experiment but no details of their home diet were obtained.4. Excluding children whose records were incomplete there were 159 in the group on “winter” milk, and 163 in that receiving “summer” milk.5. Periodically records of height, weight, and chest measurement were made. All the boys were under medical supervision.6. Statistical examination of the results fails to show that the artificially produced “summer” milk exerted a beneficial effect detectable by the improvement in growth or general condition of health.7. The most probable explanation is that the basal diets of the two institutions were already adequate in respect to carotene and vitamin A.8. The variations exhibited by the records of the groups provide another example of the very great difficulty of eliminating or adequately controlling sources of error in a big-scale nutrition experiment of this type.
The Distribution of the Diphtheria Bacillus and the Bacillus of Hofmann in the Throats of “Contacts” and Normal Persons
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. Diphtheria bacilli have been found in a considerable proportion of persons who have come into contact with cases of diphtheria or with other infected persons.2. Such persons have been shown to be a grave danger to public health, especially when frequenting schools or institutions, and to constitute the usual channel by which the disease is spread.3. Very satisfactory results have followed on the isolation of convalescents from the disease and of infected “contacts,” where two or more consecutive negative examinations have been required before release.4. Carefully conducted investigations amongst healthy persons, who have not at a recent date been in contact with diphtheria cases or infected “contacts,” have shown that virulent diphtheria bacilli are very seldom (3 examples amongst 1511 persons) present in the mouths of the normal population. This fact renders the discovery and isolation of infected persons a practicable possibility and offers a fair prospect of discovering and isolating the majority of them in any outbreak.5. Diphtheria bacilli are usually distinguishable on morphological and cultural grounds, but whenever possible it is desirable that their virulence should be tested.6. The bacillus of Hofmann is innocuous to man, and is a very common organism in the mouths of the poorer classes. The distribution of this bacillus points to the conclusion that it is carried from mouth to mouth in the same way as the diphtheria bacillus, and therefore its widespread prevalence in schools attended by poorer children is significant, as showing how widely spread and uncontrollable an outbreak of diphtheria may become unless measures are early taken to deal with infected contacts.
Experimental Investigations on Framboesia Tropica (Yaws)
Authors: Castellani Aldo 
Published: May 2009

1. Monkeys are susceptible to yaws. The skin eruption in the monkeys I have experimented with (Semnopithecus priamus and Macacus pileatus) is, as a rule, confined to the seat of inoculation but the infection is general, as is proved by the presence of the Spirochaeta pertenuis in the spleen and lymphatic glands.2. Material obtained from persons suffering from yaws and apparently containing Spirochaeta pertenuis only is infective to monkeys.3. When the Spirochaeta pertenuis has been removed from this material by filtration, the latter becomes inert.4. The inoculation of blood from the general circulation and blood taken from the spleen of yaws patients into monkeys may give positive results.5. The inoculation of the cerebro-spinal fluid of yaws patients gives negative results.6. Monkeys successfully inoculated with yaws do not become immune for syphilis.7. Monkeys successfully inoculated with syphilis do not become immune for yaws.8. By means of the Bordet-Gengou reaction, it is possible to detect specific yaws antibodies and antigen.9. Yaws antibodies and antigen are entirely different from syphilitic antibodies and antigen.10. The presence of the Spirochaeta pertenuis in monkeys experimentally inoculated, as well as in yaws patients, is practically constant in the unbroken eruptive lesions; the Spirochaeta is frequently present in the spleen and lymphatic glands.11. Yaws is generally conveyed by actual contact, but under certain circumstances it may be conveyed by flies and possibly by other insects.
The Reliability of the Wassermann Test as Performed by Different Pathologists
Authors: Bigger Joseph W. 
Published: May 2009

A considerable degree of uniformity of results of the Wassermann test has been found among five pathologists.Certain differences (chiefly in the case of weakly positive sera) have, however, been noted. Their main source lies in the use of different methods and not in any lack of personal ability or care on the part of the worker.It is believed that the number of these could be greatly reduced by adopting a uniform method of performing the test and by standardising the details of the method.The supply of a standard antigen and haemolysin to pathologists is recommended.
The Anomalous Features of the Dick Reaction
Authors: McGibbon J. P. 
Published: May 2009

About one-fourth of the cases in a series of 160 patients suffering from scarlet fever appeared to be Dick-negative in the acute stage of the disease.Throughout the illness there was a progressive decrease in the number of positives and in the intensity of the reactions, till in the second week two-thirds and in the fourth week nine-tenths of the total cases were negative. Almost 90 per cent, of the original positives showed this characteristic loss of the Dick-positive state. It would appear that this change occurs less readily in young children. Fluctuations in the reaction during the course of the illness are very uncommon, if indeed they occur at all.Of eleven cases which failed to show the above change two relapsed. In the other 149 cases no relapses occurred.Pseudo-reactions are uncommon. Two examples have been described. It is suggested that the use of heated filtrate may be unsatisfactory and that the mechanism of these reactions requires further study.Some of the anomalous features of the Dick reaction have been briefly discussed. In the opinion of the writer these difficulties have been exaggerated, and they do not in themselves form sufficient grounds for concluding that the test is fallacious.On the evidence at present available one must continue to regard scarlet fever as a specific toxaemia. The allergic conception of the disease is less convincing.
The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Lathyrus Peas
Authors: Stockman Ralph 
Published: May 2009

A watery extract of lathyrus peas and various salts isolated from them exert a marked action on the brain and spinal cord.The salts are organic and inorganic phosphoric acid compounds, all of them having an essentially similar action, but differing in toxicity and in their local irritating effect.Moderate doses cause torpor and depression, larger doses clonic-tonic spasms.The action is probably a direct one and not indirect through causing a drop in the blood calcium.
On histamine in cotton dust, and in the blood of cotton workers
Authors: Haworth E. , MacDonald A. D. 
Published: May 2009

Crystalline histamine picrate and hydrochloride have been prepared from cotton dust. The melting-points and crystalline structure found are in agreement with those obtained by other workers.The blood histamines in sixty-five card-room workers have been estimated and compared with the figures found in 103 students and eighteen elderly chronic bronchitics. The figures for the three groups are shown in distribution figures, and the card-room workers have, on an average, a higher blood histamine than both groups of controls. It has, however, to be admitted that the differentiation of card-room asthma from other respiratory diseases on the basis of the level of blood histamine cannot be guaranteed in individuals.
The filtration and centrifugation of the viruses of rabbit fibroma and rabbit papilloma
Authors: Schlesinger M. , Andrewes C. H. 
Published: May 2009

The diameter of the virus of rabbit fibroma has been estimated by filtration through graded membranes to be about the same as that of vaccinia (125–175 mµ) and by centrifugation to be 126–141 mµ.That of the rabbit papilloma virus appeared by filtration to be 23–35 mµ and by centrifugation 32–50 mµ.
Physical and emotional periodicity in women
Authors: McCance R. A. , Luff M. C. , Widdowson E. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. The day-to-day records over a period of 4–6 months of 167 normal women's physical changes and subjective phenomena have been collected by a new method. These women submitted data from 780 complete menstrual cycles. In addition, a smaller group submitted data which have been used for physical changes only. One woman's individual record of certain phenomena was obtained over a period of 8 years.2. The average length of the menstrual cycle was 27·8 days with a standard deviation of 3·4 days. Some individual's cycles were characteristically short or long, regular or irregular. No woman menstruated with complete regularity (measured in days) over a period of 6 months. Twenty-three per cent of the menstrual periods began between 7.30 and 9.30 a.m., and the average duration of the flow was about 4·5 days.3. Records from one case of intermenstrual, probably ovulatory, bleeding were obtained over a period of 6 months (Chart 2).4. The periodicity of each subjective phenomenon as shown by the combined results has been recorded graphically, and these figures themselves constitute a summary of the results. Thus for fatigue, abdominal pain, backache, headache, breast changes, sexual feeling and intercourse, depression, elation, tendency to cry, irritability, intellectual capacity and tension see Figs. 5–19. Individual data of interest have been discussed in the light of the combined results.
Further researches on bactericidal mists and smokes
Authors: Twort C. C. , Baker A. H. 
Published: May 2009

In Out original paper on germicidal aerosols (Twort, Baker, Finn & Powell, 1940) it was shown that the most satisfactory results were obtained with a solution of 10% hexyl resorcinol in propylene glycol together with a little alkali and wetting agent, the mixture being mechanically atomized into mist particles of appropriate size. Although it was confirmed by other workers that a high degree of lethal effectiveness on air-borne bacteria was achieved by the above procedure, objections were raised to its use in practice at the moment on the grounds that:(1) The germicide base was difficult to obtain.(2) The solvent was only manufactured in America, and not in bulk there.(3) The mechanical apparatus advocated involved the use of metals now required for the making of war weapons.
The labile antigens of Shigella dysenteriae Shiga
Authors: Shelubsky M. , Olitzki L. 
Published: May 2009

Our data suggest that there are four different thermolabile antigens in S. dysenteriae (Shiga) appearing in different combinations in the five variants described. These antigens are:1. The agglutination-inhibiting factor ‘I’, found in variants 1 and 3, which is a typical surface antigen.2. A precipitinogen, ‘N’, probably identical with the neurotoxin, found in variants 1, 2 and 5.3. A labile precipitinogen, ‘A’, in the extracts of variants 1 and 2, occurring in the deeper layers of the bacterial cell.4. An additional precipitinogen, ‘B’, found in extracts of variants 1, 2, 3 and 4. It differs from the other labile antigens as its combining- and immunizing-powers are not destroyed by heating at 100° C. for 2 hr.
Combined pertussis-diphtheria prophylactic antigens: An experimental study to determine the specific immunizing value of these antigens used in combination
Authors: Ordman David , Grasset E. 
Published: May 2009

1. Experiments in laboratory animals are described, which were made to determine the specific antibody production following injections of diphtheria and pertussis antigens separately or in combination.2. Agglutinins to H. pertussis vaccine were not increased or otherwise changed by combining H. pertussis vaccines with either diphtheria anatoxine or A.P.T.3. A striking enhancement of diphtheria antitoxin production occurred when diphtheria prophylactics were used combined with pertussis vaccine. Such improvement in antitoxin production was most marked in the case of diphtheria anatoxine, but was also shown following the use of A.P.T. in combination with pertussis vaccine.4. Diphtheria anatoxine combined with H. pertussis vaccine gave no better antitoxin response than did a.p.t. alone.
Seven-year study of pneumococcus type incidence in the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow
Authors: Guthrie K. J. , Montgomery George L. 
Published: May 2009

This paper records the results of systematic pneumococcus typing over a 7-year period in children from 4 days to 12 years of age in the R.H.S.C., Glasgow. Strains typed include those from respiratory tract lesions, from pus in middle ears, meninges, joints, serous sacs and miscellaneous purulent foci. A series of strains from normal throats serves for comparison.The constant prevalence year by year of types 6, 19, 1 and 23 in all types of disease is striking. On dividing the cases into those under and over 2 years, the incidence of type 1 in the older children is four times that in the younger group. Conversely in those over 2 the incidence of the higher types (21–32) is only half that in the younger patients. No other significant difference in type distribution is observed on comparing the two age groups. Group IV pneumococci are commonly carried in the healthy nasopharynx, and are potential pathogens in young children in whom broncho pneumonia is generally an endogenous infection. There is evidence that the same type of pneumococcus frequently invades the entire respiratory tract and the middle ears. Only thirty of our cases were in the neonatal period and the apparent immunity of the newborn to the pneumococcus is discussed.
Temporary and chronic carriers of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi B
Authors: Vogelsang Th. M. , Bøe Johs 
Published: May 2009

1. In a material consisting of 417 cases of typhoid fever and 1055 cases of paratyphoid B investigated over a period of 28 years, infection with S. typhi was found to be considerably more serious than infection with S. paratyphi B. In childhood and among young folk the S. paratyphi B mortality was low, but in the age group over 30 it reached 5%. But even in childhood infection with S. typhi gave a mortality of 8·5%, rising at a higher age to 16%.2. Of the 1387 patients surviving the infections 13·3% were found to be excreters during convalescence, 11% being temporary and 2·3 % being chronic carriers.3. Of the temporary carriers, 7·9% were faecal and 3·7 % were urinary carriers. The percentage of temporary excreters was approximately the same for the typhoid and paratyphoid B patients—40% were men and 60% were women. The number of temporary carriers rose with the patients' age, and in the age group over 30 years, about 15% were temporary carriers in the case of both infections.4. Of the temporary carriers, only one-tenth discharged the specific germ for more than 4 weeks after the cessation of the illness. After an interval of 3 months, it is most exceptional for the carrier state to cease spontaneously. We may, therefore, feel justified in fixing this interval as the dividing line between the temporary and the chronic carrier state.5. Of the typhoid patients 3·3%, and of the paratyphoid B patients 1·9%, became chronic carriers. Thirty-one of them were faecal and only one was a urinary excreter. There was only one child found to be a chronic typhoid carrier. Chronic carriers were also rare among young folk, and the incidence of this state rose much with age, as many as twelve of the total of thirty-two chronic carriers being over the age of 50. Eleven of these twelve were women, five being typhoid and six being paratyphoid B carriers.6. Most of the chronic carriers have been kept under control for a long time. The only chronic typhoid carrier to recover spontaneously was a woman, aged 52. Cholecystectomy was performed on fourteen chronic carriers. In all the cases in which the carrier state had lasted for at least a year, gall-stones and chronic cholecystitis were found, and the specific germ was obtained in pure culture from the gall-bladder. A woman who had continued to discharge S. typhi for more than 1½ years after the operation, ceased to do so after this interval. The object of the operation was not achieved in one case.