bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional brain‐electrical correlates of negative priming in the flanker task: Evidence for episodic retrieval
Authors: Gibbons Henning 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNegative priming (NP) refers to inefficient responding when previous distractors become targets. NP may reflect persisting inhibition of former distractors and/or retrieval of task‐inappropriate information from the primes. In an event‐related potential (ERP) study of the flanker task, NP was accompanied by reduced positivity in the P300 time range. The early portion of this effect was shared with a target‐repetition condition and hence may indicate retrieval processes cued by repeated stimuli. A subsequent N400‐like component was specific for NP and may reflect processing of the retrieved task‐inappropriate information. In addition, NP effects on the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) matched predictions of the episodic‐retrieval view. NP effects on P300, N400, and response‐locked LRP were stronger in participants with above‐median behavioral NP, confirming the significance of these ERP effects for NP. Overall, findings support episodic‐retrieval explanations of NP.
Different binding modes of tropeines mediating inhibition and potentiation of α1 glycine receptors
Authors: Maksay Gábor , Laube Bodo , Schemm Rudolf , Grudzinska Joanna , Drwal Malgorzata , Betz Heinrich 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTropeines are bidirectional modulators of native and recombinant glycine receptors (GlyRs) and promising leads for the development of novel modulatory agents. Tropisetron potentiates and inhibits agonist‐triggered GlyR currents at femto‐ to nanomolar and micromolar concentrations respectively. Here, the potentiating and inhibitory effects of another tropeine, 3α‐(3′‐methoxy‐benzoyloxy)nortropane (MBN) were examined by voltage‐clamp electrophysiology at wild type and mutant α1 GlyRs expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Several substitutions around the agonist‐binding cavity of the α1 subunit interface (N46C, F63A, N102A, R119K, R131A, E157C, K200A, Y202L and F207A) were found to reduce or eliminate MBN inhibition of glycine activation. In contrast, the binding site mutations Q67A, R119A and S129A which did not affect MBN inhibition abolished the potentiation of chloride currents elicited by low concentrations of the partial agonist taurine following pre‐incubation with MBN. Thus, potentiation and inhibition involve distinct binding modes of MBN in the inter‐subunit agonist‐binding pocket of α1 GlyRs. Homology modelling and molecular dynamics simulations disclosed two distinct docking modes for MBN, which are consistent with the differential effects of individual binding site substitutions on MBN inhibition and potentiation respectively. Together these results suggest that distinct binding modes at adjacent binding sites located within the agonist‐binding pocket of the GlyR mediate the bidirectional modulatory effects of tropeines.
The emerging role of epigenetic modifications and chromatin remodeling in spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Lunke Sebastian , El‐Osta Assam 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAs the leading genetic cause for infantile death, Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) has been extensively studied since its first description in the early 1890s. Though today much is known about the cause of the disease, a cure or effective treatment is not currently available. Recently the short chain fatty acid valproic acid, a drug used for decades in the management of epilepsy and migraine therapy, has been shown to elevate the levels of the essential survival motor neuron protein in cultured cells. In SMA mice, valproic acid diminished the severity of the disease phenotype. This effect was linked to the ability of the short chain fatty acid to suppress histone deacetylase activity and activate gene transcription. Since then, the study of different histone deacetylase inhibitors and their epigenetic modifying capabilities has been of high interest in an attempt to find potential candidates for effective treatment of SMA. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about use of histone deacetylase inhibitors in SMA as well as their proposed effects on chromatin structure and discuss further implications for possible treatments of SMA arising from research examining epigenetic change.
Olfactory receptors: G protein‐coupled receptors and beyond
Authors: Spehr Marc , Munger Steven D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSensing the chemical environment is critical for all organisms. Diverse animals from insects to mammals utilize highly organized olfactory system to detect, encode, and process chemostimuli that may carry important information critical for health, survival, social interactions and reproduction. Therefore, for animals to properly interpret and react to their environment it is imperative that the olfactory system recognizes chemical stimuli with appropriate selectivity and sensitivity. Because olfactory receptor proteins play such an essential role in the specific recognition of diverse stimuli, understanding how they interact with and transduce their cognate ligands is a high priority. In the nearly two decades since the discovery that the mammalian odorant receptor gene family constitutes the largest group of G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) genes, much attention has been focused on the roles of GPCRs in vertebrate and invertebrate olfaction. However, is has become clear that the ‘family’ of olfactory receptors is highly diverse, with roles for enzymes and ligand‐gated ion channels as well as GPCRs in the primary detection of olfactory stimuli.
Morphine withdrawal produces circadian rhythm alterations of clock genes in mesolimbic brain areas and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in rats
Authors: Li Su‐xia , Liu Li‐jing , Jiang Wen‐gao , Lu Lin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that clock genes are expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, other brain regions, and peripheral tissues. Various peripheral oscillators can run independently of the SCN. However, no published studies have reported changes in the expression of clock genes in the rat central nervous system and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after withdrawal from chronic morphine treatment. Rats were administered with morphine twice daily at progressively increasing doses for 7 days; spontaneous withdrawal signs were recorded 14 h after the last morphine administration. Then, brain and blood samples were collected at each of eight time points (every 3 h: ZT 9; ZT 12; ZT 15; ZT 18; ZT 21; ZT 0; ZT 3; ZT 6) to examine expression of rPER1 and rPER2 and rCLOCK. Rats presented obvious morphine withdrawal signs, such as teeth chattering, shaking, exploring, ptosis, and weight loss. In morphine‐treated rats, rPER1 and rPER2 expression in the SCN, basolateral amygdala, and nucleus accumbens shell showed robust circadian rhythms that were essentially identical to those in control rats. However, robust circadian rhythm in rPER1 expression in the ventral tegmental area was completely phase‐reversed in morphine‐treated rats. A blunting of circadian oscillations of rPER1 expression occurred in the central amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens core, and PBMCs and rPER2 expression occurred in the central amygdala, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens core, and PBMCs in morphine‐treated rats compared with controls. rCLOCK expression in morphine‐treated rats showed no rhythmic change, identical to control rats. These findings indicate that withdrawal from chronic morphine treatment resulted in desynchronization from the SCN rhythm, with blunting of rPER1 and rPER2 expression in reward‐related neurocircuits and PBMCs.
Inhibiting astrocytic activation: a novel analgesic mechanism of ketamine at the spinal level?
Authors: Mei Xiaopeng , Wang Wei , Wang Wen , Li Yunming , Zhang Hui , Wu Shengxi , Li Yunqing , Xu Lixian 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAlthough ketamine is widely used as an analgesic agent and has an anti‐allodynic effect on neuropathic pain, the underlying analgesic mechanisms are not fully explained by the modern ‘neuronal‐based’ theories. As emerging studies have focused on the critical role of spinal astrocytes in the pathological pain states, we have hypothesized that there exist some ‘astrocytes‐related’ mechanisms in the analgesic function of ketamine. In the present study, using the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) pain model, we investigated the anti‐nociceptive effects of intraperitoneal or intrathecal ketamine on SNL‐induced neuropathic pain response, meanwhile, we investigated the astrocytic activation after ketamine administration on SNL rats. Behavioral data showed that either intraperitoneal or intrathecal ketamine inhibited SNL‐induced allodynia, however, immunohistochemistry showed that SNL induced astrocytic activation was suppressed by intrathecal but not intraperitoneal ketamine. Using quantitative Western blot analysis, our report showed that intrathecal ketamine down‐regulated glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, suggesting inhibition of SNL‐induced astrocytic activation, which wasn’t influenced by intraperitoneal administration. We conclude that intraperitoneal ketamine could alleviate SNL‐induced neuropathic pain via the classical ‘neuronal‐based’ mechanisms, but in addition, ‘astrocytes‐related’ mechanisms were also important underlying the anti‐allodynic effect of intrathecal ketamine.
Prenatal stress alters glutamatergic system responsiveness in adult rat prefrontal cortex
Authors: Fumagalli Fabio , Pasini Matteo , Frasca Angelisa , Drago Filippo , Racagni Giorgio , Riva Marco Andrea 
Published: April 2009

AbstractExposure to stress during gestation alters brain development resulting in permanent alterations that may increase susceptibility to subsequent cognitive or neuropsychiatric disorders. In this manuscript we examined the effects of prenatal stress on critical determinants of the glutamatergic synapse under basal conditions as well as in response to acute stress. The main finding of this work is that gestational stress altered the responsiveness of the glutamatergic system following a challenge at adulthood. In fact, while in control animals acute swim stress enhanced the phosphorylation levels of the NMDA receptor subunits NR‐1(Ser896) and NR‐2B(Ser1303) as well as the phosphorylation levels of α calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (Thr286), a crucial sensor of calcium fluctuations, prenatal stress prevented or attenuated such activation. This dynamic modulation is restricted to prefrontal cortex since no changes were observed in the hippocampus, in line with the different maturational profile of these brain regions. Changes were also observed in the phosphorylation of the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate subunit GluR‐1(Ser831) which, however, relied on the acute stress exposure and were independent of gestational stress. These effects point to a unique interference of chronic prenatal stress with the responsiveness of specific determinants of the glutamatergic synapse at adulthood in a region specific manner. The inability to mount an homeostatic glutamatergic response to subsequent stress at adulthood may impair the normal responses of the cell to challenging situations.
Enhanced antinociceptive response to intracerebroventricular kyotorphin inPept2null mice
Authors: Jiang Huidi , Hu Yongjun , Keep Richard F. , Smith David E. 
Published: April 2009

Abstractl‐Kyotorphin (l‐KTP), an endogenous analgesic neuropeptide, is a substrate for aminopeptidases and a proton‐coupled oligopeptide transporter, PEPT2. This study examined the CSF efflux, antinociceptive response, and hydrolysis kinetics in brain ofl‐KTP and its synthetic diastereomerd‐kyotorphin (d‐KTP) in wild‐type andPept2null mice. CSF clearance ofl‐KTP was slower inPept2null mice than in wild‐type animals, and this difference was reflected in greaterl‐KTP‐induced analgesia inPept2null mice. Moreover, dose‐response analyses showed that the ED50 ofl‐KTP inPept2‐deficient animals was one‐fifth of the value observed inPept2‐competent animals (4 vs. 21 nmol for null vs. wild‐type mice, respectively). In contrast, the ED50 ofd‐KTP was very similar between the two genotypes (9–10 nmol). Likewise, there was little difference between genotypes in slope factor or baseline effects ofl‐KTP andd‐KTP. The enhanced antinociceptive response tol‐KTP inPept2null mice could not be explained by differences in neuropeptide degradation as Vmax and Km values did not differ between genotypes. Our results demonstrate that PEPT2 can significantly impact the analgesic response to an endogenous neuropeptide by altering CSF (and presumably brain interstitial fluid) concentrations and that it may influence the disposition and response to exogenous peptide/mimetic substrates.
Treatment Outcomes for Toddlers with Behaviour Problems from Families in Poverty
Authors: Fox Robert A. , Holtz Casey A. 
Published: April 2009

Background:  Relatively few treatment studies address mental health issues in very young children. This study examined the effectiveness of a treatment program for toddlers whose behaviour problems were further complicated by living in poverty.Method:  An evidence‐based treatment program was adapted for use in the homes of 102 toddlers for an average of 12 weekly sessions.Results:  Significant improvements were found for the children’s behaviour problems and their compliance to parent requests.Discussion:  The inherent challenges in working with at‐risk families and the challenges in delivering mental health services for very young children living in poverty are discussed.
REVISION OF PENTAPHYLLUM DE KONINCK, 1872 (ANTHOZOA, RUGOSA)
Authors: FEDOROWSKI JERZY 
Published: April 2009

Abstract:  Lectotypes of Pentaphyllum armatum and P. caryophyllatum, both of De Koninck (1872) have been sectioned for the first time and are completely illustrated; both are preserved as silicified outer shells with inner structures dissolved. The morphology of the calices strongly suggests that they have different taxonomic positions. Thus, their synonymy, suggested by Schindewolf (1942), is rejected. P. armatum, selected as type species for the genus by Hinde (1890) possesses six, not five leading major septa. Consequently, all taxa except Hexalasma Soshkina, 1928, and perhaps Pseudocryptophyllum Easton, 1944, are unrelated to Pentaphyllum. It is proposed to restrict the name Pentaphyllum to the lectotype. The well established Cryptophyllum Carruthers, 1919, which includes P. caryophyllatum, is considered valid. In addition to a brief analysis of Lower Carboniferous corals included here in Cryptophyllum, a few specimens from the British Tournaisian are described and illustrated to show morphological variability of specimens from the same bed. Review of earlier studies on these types of corals, discussion on the difference between zaphrentoid and cryptophylloid early ontogeny and its bearing on taxonomy, and description of taxa, are also included.
Statins and fibrate target ClC‐1 – from side effects to CLC pharmacology
Authors: Zdebik Anselm A 
Published: April 2009

Lipid‐lowering drugs have been associated with severe adverse effects on skeletal muscle, including rhabdomyolysis. More common symptoms include cramps and myalgia. In this issue of the BJP, Pierno et al. find that two statins and fenofibrate, often used in combination, decrease function of the chloride channel member 1 of the mammalian CLC protein family of chloride channels and transporters in skeletal muscle by three distinct mechanisms. Other compounds have recently been shown to potently modulate the pharmacologically less well‐explored CLC protein family, which comprises chloride channels and chloride/proton antiporters. These findings may well lead to a new era of CLC protein pharmacology. British Journal of Pharmacology (2009) 156, 1204–1205; doi:10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2008.00083.x
A photogrammetric surveying method for field applications
Authors: Rieke‐Zapp Dirk H. , Rosenbauer Ralph , Schlunegger Fritz 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA photogrammetric method is presented for mapping rock outcrops and other objects in the field. Special attention was paid to simplifying the workflow and to minimising extra bulk and weight of the required equipment while maximising the accuracy of the survey. The minimum equipment needed for the surveys added less than 0·5 kg to the backpack of a field scientist, or as little as 0·2 kg assuming that a suitable camera was already part of the typical equipment carried in the field. Data acquisition in the field took less than 15 min, while image orientation and preparation for stereoviewing took less than 30 min even for a user with little training. Best results were accomplished taking two convergent images as well as three images parallel to the object of interest. Two test sites were surveyed with the method, covering volumes of 3·5 × 5 × 3 m3 and 18 × 20 × 5 m3, to identify the most accurate adjustment method. The maximum length measurement error (LME) was calculated for 28 and 78 distances in the smaller and larger volume, respectively, based on a comparison of the photogrammetric survey with an independent total station survey of the same signalised points. The maximum LME ranged between 0·005 and 0·002 m for the first test site where three cameras were tested, and was 0·021 m for the larger test site where only one camera was tested. The rmse values of the LMEs ranged between 0·003 and 0·001 m for the first and 0·010 m for the second test site, respectively. The smallest and lightest camera, a Ricoh GR Digital, yielded the most accurate results in object space when interior orientation was calibrated on the job. The Sigma SD14 did not require on‐the‐job calibration for accurate results and was the camera with the best geometric stability. The third camera evaluated, a Rollei d7 metric5, also yielded good results, but could not deliver the extra value that would be expected from a metric camera designed for photogrammetric surveys.
Determination of trajectories of metallic spheres settling in non‐newtonian fluids
Authors: Lichti Derek D. , Gumulya Monica M. , Horsley Richard R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA “videogrammetric” system to measure the trajectory of small metallic spheres falling through a slurry‐filled tank has been developed to support fluid dynamics research. The system used two low‐cost video cameras and a combination of commercially available and custom‐built software for the image acquisition, the measurement and tracking of the spheres in the imagery and the photogrammetric operations. After a review of relevant literature and a description of the system, this paper reports on an extensive testing regime conducted to gauge the performance of the system. The results show that it achieved object space coordinate precision and accuracy better than the required figure of 1 mm. Simulation‐based analyses, to quantify the sensitivity of refraction corrections in object space to the accuracy of the three refractive indices and distance parameters involved in the system, are also reported. The results of these tests demonstrated that some parameters need only be specified to about 56% of their true value whereas others must be accurate to better than 2%. Finally, results from two examples in sphere trajectory determination are presented and analysed.
XXIst International Congress of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
Authors: Newby Paul R. T. , Aplin Paul , Buckley Simon J. , Chandler Jim H. , Drummond Jane E. , Holland David A. , Lavender Samantha J. , Miller Pauline E. , Mills Jon P. , Mills Henny , Stewart Walker A. , Woodsford Peter A. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract The XXIst International Congress of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing was held at the Beijing International Convention Centre, China, from 3rd to 11th July 2008. Reports are given on the Congress as a whole, including the General Assembly, some Technical Commission activities and the Congress Exhibition. Papers from the Congress are published in Volume XXXVII of the
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences.
Telmisartan attenuates progression of steatohepatitis in mice: role of hepatic macrophage infiltration and effects on adipose tissue
Authors: Kudo Hiroshi , Yata Yutaka , Takahara Terumi , Kawai Kengo , Nakayama Yasuhiro , Kanayama Masami , Oya Takeshi , Morita Seiichi , Sasahara Masakiyo , Mann Derek A. , Sugiyama Toshiro 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackground/Aims: Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. However, its therapeutic strategy has not been established. Recently, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, telmisartan (Tel), has received a great deal of attention as a therapeutic tool for metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and mechanisms of Tel on a murine NASH model.Methods: C57BL/6 mice were fed a methionine‐ and choline‐deficient high‐fat diet (MCDHF) or a standard diet with/without the administration of Tel (10 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks.Results: MCDHF feeding induced marked steatohepatitis with macrophage infiltration. Tel attenuated liver steatosis with decreased hepatic triglycerides (P<0.05) and fibrogenesis with decreased type I collagen and transforming growth factor‐β1 mRNA expressions (P<0.05). Tel also suppressed the infiltration of macrophages into the liver and decreased hepatic monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and its receptor (CC‐chemokine receptor 2; CCR2) mRNA expressions, especially CCR2. In vitro, Tel suppressed CCR2 expression, which was induced by low‐density lipoprotein. The size of adipocyte in visceral fat tissue was reduced with an increased serum adiponectin concentration in the Tel group.Conclusions: In this study, we revealed that Tel attenuated steatohepatitis progression by suppressing the macrophage infiltration into the liver. Tel also affected the reduction of adipocyte size and elevation of serum adiponectin. Tel might serve as a new therapeutic strategy for NASH.
Ophthalmoplegia With Migraine in Adults: Is It Ophthalmoplegic Migraine?
Authors: Lal Vivek , Sahota Preeti , Singh Paramjeet , Gupta Amod , Prabhakar Sudesh 
Published: April 2009

Objective.— Ophthalmoplegic migraine (OM) is a rare disorder characterized by recurrent oculomotor nerve palsy in children, following migraine headaches. We report 62 adults, seen consecutively, who developed acute ophthalmoplegia with severe attacks of migraine over a 10‐year (1996‐2005) period. An overwhelming majority of these patients had an antecedent worsening in severity of migraine headaches, before the ophthalmoplegic attack.Methods.— Sixty‐two patients, aged 15‐68 years, with an acute attack of OM underwent detailed clinical, biochemical, and neuroradiological evaluation.Results.— There were 62 patients with 86 attacks of OM. Whereas 48 patients had a single attack, 14 had 2 or more attacks, fulfilling the International Headache Society criteria for probable and definite OM, respectively. At presentation, isolated abducens, oculomotor, and trochlear nerve involvements were seen in 35 (56.5%), 21 (33.9%), and 5 (8.1%) patients, respectively. One patient had simultaneous involvement of 3rd and 6th nerves. Fifty‐one (82.3%) patients exhibited an antecedent worsening in severity of migraine, before developing ophthalmoplegia during (59/95.2%) or within 24 hours (3/4.8%) of a severe migraine attack, respectively. Detailed biochemistry and cranial neuroimaging were normal. No case had any nerve enhancement. Use of steroids hastened recovery (P < .05).Conclusion.— We conclude: (1) OM in adults is characterized by single attacks of ophthalmoplegia in a great majority of patients; and (2) 6th nerve involvement occurs commonly. Our results indicate that moving OM to the chapter on cranial neuralgias in the second edition of the International Headache Classification may be premature, since nerve palsy occurred during a severe migraine attack in all patients.