bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Additional Comments on “An Essay on Contact Angle Measurements” by M. Strobel and C. S. Lyons
Authors: Montes Ruiz‐Cabello Francisco Javier , Rodríguez‐Valverde Miguel Angel , Cabrerizo‐Vílchez Miguel A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAfter the impact of the great review of M. Strobel and C. S. Lyons on contact angle measurements, we discuss some claims of the authors. The Wilhelmy method is not generally “the best technique for measuring the contact angle hysteresis” as the authors claimed. Otherwise, we think that, even though equilibrium contact angle is an “unattainable” angle, the most‐stable contact angle obtained from the system relaxation is experimentally accessible. The most‐stable contact angle is energetically significant for evaluating quantitatively the surface energy value of rough, chemically homogeneous surfaces from the Wenzel equation, and the average surface energy of smooth, chemically heterogeneous surfaces from the Cassie equation. The most‐stable contact angle, the advancing contact angle and the receding contact angles enable the thermodynamic description of the range of contact angle hysteresis and the distribution of metastable system configurations.
Ocean ensemble forecasting. Part I: Ensemble Mediterranean winds from a Bayesian hierarchical model
Authors: Milliff Ralph F. , Bonazzi Alessandro , Wikle Christopher K. , Pinardi Nadia , Berliner L. Mark 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA Bayesian hierarchical model (BHM) is developed to estimate surface vector wind (SVW) fields and associated uncertainties over the Mediterranean Sea. The BHM–SVW incorporates data‐stage inputs from analyses and forecasts of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and SVW retrievals from the QuikSCAT data record. The process‐model stage of the BHM–SVW is based on a Rayleigh friction equation model for surface winds. Dynamical interpretations of posterior distributions of the BHM–SVW parameters are discussed. Ten realizations from the posterior distribution of the BHM–SVW are used to force the data‐assimilation step of an experimental ensemble ocean forecast system for the Mediterranean Sea in order to create a set of ensemble initial conditions. The sequential data‐assimilation method of the Mediterranean forecast system (MFS) is adapted to the ensemble implementation. Analyses of sample ensemble initial conditions for a single data‐assimilation period in MFS are presented to demonstrate the multivariate impact of the BHM–SVW ensemble generation methodology. Ensemble initial‐condition spread is quantified by computing standard deviations of ocean state variable fields over the ten ensemble members. The methodological findings in this article are of two kinds. From the perspective of statistical modelling, the process‐model development is more closely related to physical balances than in previous work with models for the SVW. From the ocean forecast perspective, the generation of ocean ensemble initial conditions via BHM is shown to be practical for operational implementation in an ensemble ocean forecast system. Phenomenologically, ensemble spread generated via BHM–SVW occurs on ocean mesoscale time‐ and space‐scales, in close association with strong synoptic‐scale wind‐forcing events. A companion article describes the impacts of the BHM–SVW ensemble method on the ocean forecast in comparisons with more traditional ensemble methods. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A column model of moist convection: some exact equilibrium solutions
Authors: Lock A. M. , Norbury J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA radiative‐convective model for a moist single‐column atmosphere is presented. A test problem is considered in which exact, explicit analytical solutions are found by using a form for the saturation specific humidity that closely models that for Earth's atmosphere. Simple equations for the conservation of mass, energy, and moisture are solved with a new type of weak solution, where the fluid satisfies Lagrangian versions of these equations. A numerical method using a Lagrangian‐based hard convective adjustment step calculates solutions which converge to the analytical solutions as the vertical mesh size decreases, and is stable in time. When the thermodynamic paths followed by an ascending and descending parcel do not overlap in a potential temperature–pressure diagram, steady equilibrium solutions are found; otherwise, non‐equilibrium behaviour of the numerical solution occurs. This work suggests that it is useful to interpret column models in a Lagrangian sense as weak solutions of systems of partial differential equations. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
The temperature response to stratospheric water vapour changes
Authors: Maycock A. C. , Shine K. P. , Joshi M. M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis study uses an analytical model, based on the cooling‐to‐space approximation, and a fixed dynamical heating model to investigate the structure of the stratospheric cooling that occurs in response to a uniform increase in stratospheric water vapour (SWV). At all latitudes, the largest cooling occurs in the lower stratosphere and decreases in magnitude with height. The cooling is strongly enhanced in the Extratropics compared to the Tropics. This is markedly different to the case of an increase in CO2, which causes maximum cooling near the stratopause and a small warming in the tropical lower stratosphere. The qualitative differences in the structure of the cooling can be explained by the smaller opacity of water vapour bands in the stratosphere compared to CO2. The small opacity means that the magnitude of the initial heating rate perturbation only decreases by a factor of four between the upper and lower stratosphere for a SWV perturbation. Therefore, to balance the heating rate perturbation, the largest temperature change is required in the lower stratosphere. Increasing the background concentration of SWV causes the water vapour bands to become more opaque. For a SWV perturbation applied to a background SWV concentration ≥30 ppmv, the heating rate perturbation and temperature change structurally resemble those from an increase in CO2. In the Extratropics, the lower height of the tropopause is found to cause the enhancement in the cooling at those latitudes. By controlling the depth of atmosphere which adjusts to the SWV perturbation, the tropopause height affects the net exchange of radiation between the layers in the stratosphere as they cool. The latitudinal gradient in upwelling infrared radiation at the tropopause and variations in the background temperature are found to have only a minor effect on the structure of the stratospheric temperature response to a change in SWV. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A theoretical study of the electronic structure of GaN nanorods
Authors: Kula Mathias , Ojamäe Lars 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe present a theoretical study of the evolution of the electronic structure of wurtzite GaN nanorods for different lengths (2.4–15.4 nm) in the [0001] direction and different diameters (0.97–2.25 nm). This study includes both a hybrid density functional theory study and a comparison with the k.p empirical band structure method. From the quantum chemical calculations, surface effects are found to be important. When these have been compensated for the electronic structure properties as a function of rod length or diameter approximately follow the trend expected from the quantum confinement effect. The k.p method predicts a similar behavior although deviations are apparent for smaller sizes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 112:1796–1802, 2012
Pipeline persistence: Examining the association of educational experiences with earned degrees in STEM among U.S. students
Authors: Maltese Adam V. , Tai Robert H. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAs the global economic crisis continues, sustaining the United States' position as a leader in research and development is a top concern of policy makers. Looking to increase the number of students pursuing degrees in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics), calls for improved mathematics and science education abound. We completed a two‐part analysis to assess the school‐based factors related to students choosing to complete a major in STEM. The results indicate that the majority of students who concentrate in STEM make that choice during high school, and that choice is related to a growing interest in mathematics and science rather than enrollment or achievement. These results indicate that the current policy focus on advanced‐level course taking and achievement as measures to increase the flow of students into STEM may be misguided. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 95:877–907, 2011
Discrete‐time semi‐Markov modeling of human papillomavirus persistence
Authors: Mitchell C. E. , Hudgens M. G. , King C. C. , Cu‐Uvin S. , Lo Y. , Rompalo A. , Sobel J. , Smith J. S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMulti‐state modeling is often employed to describe the progression of a disease process. In epidemiological studies of certain diseases, the disease state is typically only observed at periodic clinical visits, producing incomplete longitudinal data. In this paper we consider fitting semi‐Markov models to estimate the persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) type‐specific infection in studies where the status of HPV type(s) is assessed periodically. Simulation study results are presented indicating that the semi‐Markov estimator is more accurate than an estimator currently used in the HPV literature. The methods are illustrated using data from the HIV Epidemiology Research Study. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TiO2 Anatase Nanoparticle Networks: Synthesis, Structure, and Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Kubiak Pierre , Fröschl Thomas , Hüsing Nicola , Hörmann Ute , Kaiser Ute , Schiller Renate , Weiss Clemens K. , Landfester Katharina , Wohlfahrt‐Mehrens Margret 
Published: May 2011

AbstractNanocrystalline anatase TiO2 materials with different specific surface areas and pore size distributions are prepared via sol–gel and miniemulsion routes in the presence of surfactants. The samples are characterized by X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen sorption, transmission electron microscopy, and electrochemical measurements. The materials show a pure anatase phase with average crystallite size of about 10 nm. The nitrogen sorption analysis reveals specific surface areas ranging from 25 to 150 m2 g−1. It is demonstrated that the electrochemical performance of this material strongly depends on morphology. The mesoporous TiO2 samples exhibit excellent high rate capabilities and good cycling stability.
Graphene Growth via Carburization of Stainless Steel and Application in Energy Storage
Authors: Gullapalli Hemtej , Mohana Reddy Arava Leela , Kilpatrick Stephen , Dubey Madan , Ajayan Pulickel M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA modified version of the carburization process, a widely established technique used in the steel industry for case hardening of components, is used for the growth of graphene on stainless steel. Controlled growth of high‐quality single‐ and few‐layered graphene on stainless steel (SS) foils through a liquid‐phase chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique is reported. Reversible Li intercalation in these graphene‐on‐SS structures is demonstrated, where graphene and SS act as electrode and current collector, respectively, providing very good electrical contact. Direct growth of an active electrode material, such as graphene, on current‐collector substrates makes this a feasible and efficient process for developing thin‐film battery devices.
Therapeutic Strategies for Epiphrenic Diverticula: Systematic Review
Authors: Zaninotto Giovanni , Portale Giuseppe , Costantini Mario , Zanatta Lisa , Salvador Renato , Ruol Alberto 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMost patients with epiphrenic diverticula are asymptomatic. When dysphagia or regurgitation is limited and respiratory complaints are absent, these patients usually can live with the diverticulum left in place. Fewer than one‐third of the diverticula produce symptoms severe enough to seek medical attention or to warrant surgery. The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the therapeutic strategies for epiphrenic diverticula—from a nonsurgical alternative such as endoscopic dilatation for symptomatic patients unfit for surgery, to the traditional approach of surgical resection (left thoracotomy), and finally to the minimally invasive techniques (thoracoscopy, laparoscopy) used more recently. Whatever treatment and approach are used for the patient with epiphrenic diverticula, a tailored protocol always involves detailed study of the esophageal morphology and function.
A Confidant Support and Problem Solving Model of Divorced Fathers’ Parenting
Authors: DeGarmo David S. , Forgatch Marion S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis study tested a hypothesized social interaction learning (SIL) model of confidant support and paternal parenting. The latent growth curve analysis employed 230 recently divorced fathers, of which 177 enrolled support confidants, to test confidant support as a predictor of problem solving outcomes and problem solving outcomes as predictors of change in fathers’ parenting. Fathers’ parenting was hypothesized to predict growth in child behavior. Observational measures of support behaviors and problem solving outcomes were obtained from structured discussions of personal and parenting issues faced by the fathers. Findings replicated and extended prior cross‐sectional studies with divorced mothers and their confidants. Confidant support predicted better problem solving outcomes, problem solving predicted more effective parenting, and parenting in turn predicted growth in children's reduced total problem behavior T scores over 18 months. Supporting a homophily perspective, fathers’ antisociality was associated with confidant antisociality but only fathers’ antisociality influenced the support process model. Intervention implications are discussed regarding SIL parent training and social support.
Nijmegen paediatric CDG rating scale: a novel tool to assess disease progression
Authors: Achouitar Samira , Mohamed Miski , Gardeitchik Thatjana , Wortmann Saskia B. , Sykut‐Cegielska Jolanta , Ensenauer Regina , de Baulny Hélène Ogier , Õunap Katrin , Martinelli Diego , de Vries Maaike , McFarland Robert , Kouwenberg Dorus , Theodore Miranda , Wijburg Frits , Grünewald Stephanie , Jaeken Jaak , Wevers Ron A. , Nijtmans Leo , Elson Joanna , Morava Eva 
Published: May 2011

AbstractCongenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of clinically heterogeneous inborn errors of metabolism. At present, treatment is available for only one CDG, but potential treatments for the other CDG are on the horizon. It will be vitally important in clinical trials of such agents to have a clear understanding of both the natural history of CDG and the corresponding burden of disability suffered by patients. To date, no multicentre studies have attempted to document the natural history of CDG. This is in part due to the lack of a reliable assessment tool to score CDG's diverse clinical spectrum. Based on our earlier experience evaluating disease progression in disorders of oxidative phosphorylation, we developed a practical and semi‐quantitative rating scale for children with CDG. The Nijmegen Paediatric CDG Rating Scale (NPCRS) has been validated in 12 children, offering a tool to objectively monitor disease progression. We undertook a successful trial of the NPCRS with a collaboration of nine experienced physicians, using video records of physical and neurological examination of patients. The use of NPCRS can facilitate both longitudinal and natural history studies that will be essential for future interventions.
End‐of‐life opioid administration on neonatal and pediatric intensive care units: Nurses' attitudes and practice
Authors: Gartenl Lars , Daehmlowl Steffen , Reindll Tobias , Wendtl Anke , Münchl Annette , Bührerl Christoph 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectives: (1) To compare caregivers attitudes on the use of end‐of‐life opioid analgesia in neonatal (NICU) and pediatric (PICU) intensive care units. (2) To investigate actual opioid administration to DR (delivery room), NICU and PICU patients in various end‐of‐life situations.Methods: (1) Administration of an anonymous self‐report questionnaire survey to nurses of 2 level III NICUs and 3 PICUs, presenting 5 hypothetical NICU and PICU patients in end‐of‐life situations. (2) Retrospective chart review of all deaths at the above mentioned DRs (served by NICU staff), NICUs and PICUs during the years 2008–2009.Results: There was no difference between NICU and PICU nurses in self‐proclaimed opioid administration in dying NICU or PICU patients with signs of pain (about 80%) or distress (about 65%). 35.0% of NICU and 44.5% of PICU nurses favoured opioid administration with the implicit aim of active intentional ending of life. Shortening of life as an adverse effect of end‐of‐life opioid analgesia was acceptable for the majority of PICU (94.5%) and NICU (87.0%) nurses. The rate of dying infants who actually had received opioids was similar in NICUs (41/74, 55.4%) and PICUs (40/68, 58.8%). In contrast, none of the neonates (n =24) who died under primary comfort care in the DR received opioids.Conclusions: End‐of‐life opioid administration to primary comfort care patients in the DR differs fundamentally from NICU or PICU handling of dying patients. Once patients are admitted to an intensive care unit, practice and attitudes towards end‐of‐life opioid administration are similar in NICUs and PICUs.
Knowledge about emergency contraception among family‐planning providers in urban Ghana
Authors: Creanga Andreea A. , Schwandt Hilary M. , Danso Kwabena A. , Tsui Amy O. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the theoretical and practical knowledge about emergency contraception (EC) among family‐planning (FP) providers in Ghana and to examine the association between FP providers’ theoretical and practical knowledge.MethodsData on 600 FP providers were collected through a census of facilities offering FP services in Kumasi, Ghana, in 2008. Nested linear multivariate regression analysis was used to identify sociodemographic, facility‐related, and work‐related variables associated with FP providers’ theoretical and practical knowledge about EC.ResultsOn average, FP providers gave 4.1 correct answers to the 11 questions assessing theoretical knowledge and 5.6 correct answers to the 8 questions assessing their practical ability to provide EC. The FP providers seemed to learn provision‐related aspects through practice without having a particularly good theoretical knowledge on EC as a contraceptive method. The health sector in which FP providers worked, their education and having received EC‐specific training, the number of services offered, and the number of women seen during a week were all significant correlates of both theoretical and practical knowledge about EC. The 2 knowledge domains were significantly and positively associated.ConclusionThere is need to improve knowledge about EC among FP providers in Ghana through in‐service training.
Breakfast frequency inversely associated with BMI and body fatness in Hong Kong Chinese children aged 9–18 years
Authors: So H. K. , Nelson E. A. S. , Li Albert M. , Guldan G. S. , Yin J. , Ng P. C. , Sung R. Y. T. 
Published: May 2011

The present study assessed the relationship between breakfast frequency and measures of obesity in Hong Kong Chinese children aged 9–18 years. A total of 11 570 children (50 % boys) underwent anthropometric measurements and completed a simple self-administered dietary behaviour questionnaire. Their parents completed a questionnaire providing demographic information. Breakfast frequency was assessed by a single question, ‘How many days over the past week did you have breakfast?’ Children were categorised into three groups: skippers (ate breakfast 0–2 times/week); semi-skippers (ate breakfast 3–4 times/week); non-skippers (ate breakfast 5–7 times/week), to assess all associated characteristics. Of the 3644 primary and 7926 secondary school students, 8 % (8·7 % of boys and 6·9 % of girls) and 14 % (14 % of boys and 15 % of girls), respectively, were breakfast skippers. The prevalence of obesity among breakfast skippers, semi-skippers and non-skippers was, respectively, 9·8, 10·6 and 3·8 % (P < 0·001) for primary school students and 3·9, 3·1 and 2·4 % (P < 0·001) for secondary school students. The 12 % of Hong Kong children aged 9–18 years who skipped breakfast had higher BMI, BMIz-scores and percentage of body fat (PBF) than their counterparts. The dose effects of breakfast frequency (unstandardised regression coefficient,P < 0·001) on BMI and PBF were, respectively, − 0·125 kg/m2and − 0·219 % for boys and − 0·165 kg/m2and − 0·353 % for girls, adjusting for physical activity per additional breakfast meal per week. Further study is recommended to elucidate whether regular breakfast consumption may have a role in the prevention of childhood obesity.
Creditor-Focused Corporate Governance: Evidence from Mergers and Acquisitions in Japan
Authors: Mehrotra Vikas , van Schaik Dimitri , Spronk Jaap , Steenbeek Onno 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMergers in Japan have the dubious distinction of not creating wealth for shareholders of target firms, in sharp contrast to what occurs in much of the rest of the world. Using a sample of 91 mergers from 1982 through 2003 we document several distinctive features of the merger market in Japan: Mergers tend to be countercyclical and appear to be driven chiefly by creditor concerns. In particular, where the merging firms share a common main bank, we find that merger gains are lower. Overall, our results point to a market that is distinctly less shareholder focused than that in the U.S., and a market where creditors play an important, perhaps dominant, role in corporate governance.
Foreign body aspiration and language spoken at home: 10-year review
Authors: Choroomi S , Curotta J 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjective:To review foreign body aspiration cases encountered over a 10-year period in a tertiary paediatric hospital, and to assess correlation between foreign body type and language spoken at home.Study design and method:Retrospective chart review of all children undergoing direct laryngobronchoscopy for foreign body aspiration over a 10-year period. Age, sex, foreign body type, complications, hospital stay and home language were analysed.Results:At direct laryngobronchoscopy, 132 children had foreign body aspiration (male:female ratio 1.31:1; mean age 32 months (2.67 years)). Mean hospital stay was 2.0 days. Foreign bodies most commonly comprised food matter (53/132; 40.1 per cent), followed by non-food matter (44/132; 33.33 per cent), a negative endoscopy (11/132; 8.33 per cent) and unknown composition (24/132; 18.2 per cent). Most parents spoke English (92/132, 69.7 per cent; vs non-English-speaking 40/132, 30.3 per cent), but non-English-speaking patients had disproportionately more food foreign bodies, and significantly more nut aspirations (p = 0.0065). Results constitute level 2b evidence.Conclusion:Patients from non-English speaking backgrounds had a significantly higher incidence of food (particularly nut) aspiration. Awareness-raising and public education is needed in relevant communities to prevent certain foods, particularly nuts, being given to children too young to chew and swallow them adequately.