bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Twelve‐month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States
Authors: Kessler Ronald C. , Petukhova Maria , Sampson Nancy A. , Zaslavsky Alan M , Wittchen Hans‐Ullrich 
Published: August 2012

AbstractEstimates of 12‐month and lifetime prevalence and of lifetime morbid risk (LMR) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM‐IV‐TR) anxiety and mood disorders are presented based on US epidemiological surveys among people aged 13+. The presentation is designed for use in the upcoming DSM‐5 manual to provide more coherent estimates than would otherwise be available. Prevalence estimates are presented for the age groups proposed by DSM‐5 workgroups as the most useful to consider for policy planning purposes. The LMR/12‐month prevalence estimates ranked by frequency are as follows: major depressive episode: 29.9%/8.6%; specific phobia: 18.4/12.1%; social phobia: 13.0/7.4%; post‐traumatic stress disorder: 10.1/3.7%; generalized anxiety disorder: 9.0/2.0%; separation anxiety disorder: 8.7/1.2%; panic disorder: 6.8%/2.4%; bipolar disorder: 4.1/1.8%; agoraphobia: 3.7/1.7%; obsessive‐compulsive disorder: 2.7/1.2. Four broad patterns of results are most noteworthy: first, that the most common (lifetime prevalence/morbid risk) lifetime anxiety‐mood disorders in the United States are major depression (16.6/29.9%), specific phobia (15.6/18.4%), and social phobia (10.7/13.0%) and the least common are agoraphobia (2.5/3.7%) and obsessive‐compulsive disorder (2.3/2.7%); second, that the anxiety‐mood disorders with the earlier median ages‐of‐onset are phobias and separation anxiety disorder (ages 15–17) and those with the latest are panic disorder, major depression, and generalized anxiety disorder (ages 23–30); third, that LMR is considerably higher than lifetime prevalence for most anxiety‐mood disorders, although the magnitude of this difference is much higher for disorders with later than earlier ages‐of‐onset; and fourth, that the ratio of 12‐month to lifetime prevalence, roughly characterizing persistence, varies meaningfully in ways consistent with independent evidence about differential persistence of these disorders. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Axon reflex flare and quantitative sudomotor axon reflex contribute in the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy
Authors: Namer Barbara , Pfeffer Stefan , Handwerker Hermann O. , Schmelz Martin , Bickel Andreas 
Published: August 2012

IntroductionObjective diagnosis of small fiber impairment is difficult.MethodsWe used the quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) and axon‐reflex‐flare‐test in the foot and thigh of 46 patients with peripheral neuropathy to assess C‐fiber function in addition to conventional neurography and thermal threshold testing.ResultsIn all patients, small fiber impairment was suspected because of abnormal warmth detection thresholds (76% of all tested) and/or pain in the feet. A total of 83% had reduced axon‐reflex flare areas and 17% lower QSART scores. Patients with pure small fiber neuropathy had higher rates of reduced flare areas (87.5%) and sweating rates (25.5%). There was no difference between patients with and without pain regarding thermotesting and axon‐reflex testing.ConclusionsBoth axon‐reflex tests are helpful to identify objectively patients with small fiber impairment. Afferent and efferent C‐fiber classes can be impaired differently. These tests detect small fiber impairment, but they cannot differentiate between painful and nonpainful neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 47: 357–363, 2013
Stability of earth slopes. Part II: three dimensional analysis in closed‐form
Authors: Pantelidis Lysandros , Griffiths D.V. 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYA closed‐form stability analysis of earth slopes performed in 3D is proposed. The sliding surface is assumed spherical and treated as a rigid body allowing the internal state of stress to be ignored. The proposed closed‐formed solution (CFS) can be applied to both homogenous and non‐homogenous slopes of either simple or complex geometry and can also deal with any kind of additional loading. Although it is recognized that the critical failure surface is often non‐spherical, the CFS methodology for spheres described herein provides an objective tool for the evaluation of the assumptions made by other limit equilibrium methods including the role of intercolumn forces. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical analyses of acidization dissolution front instability in fluid‐saturated carbonate rocks
Authors: Zhao Chongbin , Hobbs B. E. , Ord A. 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYThis paper presents an instability theory that can be used to understand the fundamental behavior of an acidization dissolution front when it propagates in fluid‐saturated carbonate rocks. The proposed theory includes two fundamental concepts, namely the intrinsic time and length of an acidization dissolution system, and a theoretical criterion that involves the comparison of the Zhao number and its critical value of the acidization dissolution system. The intrinsic time is used to determine the time scale at which the acidization dissolution front is formed, while the intrinsic length is used to determine the length scale at which the instability of the acidization dissolution front can be initiated. Under the assumption that the acidization dissolution reaction is a fast process, the critical Zhao number, which is used to assess the instability likelihood of an acidization dissolution front propagating in fluid‐saturated carbonate rocks, has been derived in a strictly mathematical manner. Based on the proposed instability theory of a propagating acidization dissolution front, it has been theoretically recognized that: (i) the increase of the mineral dissolution ratio can stabilize the acidization dissolution front in fluid‐saturated carbonate rocks; (ii) the increase of the final porosity of the carbonate rock can destabilize the acidization dissolution front, while the increase of the initial porosity can stabilize the acidization dissolution front in fluid‐saturated carbonate rocks; (iii) the increase of the mineral dissolution ratio can cause an increase in the dimensionless propagation speed of the acidization dissolution front; (iv) the increase of the initial porosity can enable the acidization dissolution front to propagate faster, while the increase of the final porosity can enable the acidization dissolution front to propagate slower in the acidization dissolution system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of protest scenario in the neural response to the supportive communication
Authors: Calatayud Daniel Pinazo , Barros‐Loscertales Alfonso , Peris Rosana , Ventura‐Campos Noelia , Avila Cesar 
Published: August 2012

People are capable of understanding the suffering of distant others and of their personal responsibility in this suffering. The communication of harm and self‐responsibility in the suffering of others leads to greater moral sensitivity. Two studies were carried out to test our hypotheses. In study 1, we analysed the emotional response to the scripts by using a correlational study. In study 2, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate brain activation associated with the communication of harm and self‐responsibility in a moral scenario on supportive communication. Direct comparison between donor and protest scenarios yielded a significant activation in the left amygdala usually associated with moral emotions. Responses in supportive communication scenarios show that donors can feel personally involved in a moral issue if they perceive the harm and their self‐responsibility. Our results suggest that the creation of a communications structure on the basis of social condemnation increases moral sensitivity to poverty.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probe Indentation: A Mesoscale Approach to Characterise Powder Systems: Experimental Investigation of Monomodel and Bimodal Diameter Distributions of Glass Spheres
Authors: Danby Matthew , Shrimpton John S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAn experimental study investigating a novel power characterisation method is investigated. The scope of this experimental work is to assess the feasibility, suitability and sensitivity of small scale probe indentation as a mechanism by which Discrete element method (DEM) may be calibrated. This meso–scale approach is chosen for investigation since it bridges the gap between the single‐particle methodologies of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and bulk measurements such as shear cell testing. Five different mono‐modal populations of glass bead and bi‐modal blends of these populations have been examined. The force‐displacement profile from a spherical probe was measured during indentation into a powder bed. Discernable differences in the resultant force‐profile are quantifiable and a mechanism has been proposed for the physical basis of these different characteristics.
High‐Speed Tracking of Murine Cardiac Stem Cells by Harmonic Nanodoublers
Authors: Magouroux Thibaud , Extermann Jerome , Hoffmann Pernilla , Mugnier Yannick , Le Dantec Ronan , Jaconi Marisa E. , Kasparian Christelle , Ciepielewski Daniel , Bonacina Luigi , Wolf Jean‐Pierre 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPotassium niobate nonlinear nanoparticles are used for the first time to monitor the evolution of embryonic stem cells (ESC) by second harmonic microscopy. These particles feature the complete absence of photo‐bleaching and unlimited excitation wavelength flexibility. The potential of this approach is made evident for tissue‐regeneration studies and applications, by capturing a high‐speed movie of ESC‐derived cardiomyocytes autonomously beating within a cluster. Time‐resolved data are analyzed to retrieve 3D information of the contraction pattern at the cellular level.
Impact of ovulation and implantation timing on first‐trimester crown–rump length and gestational age
Authors: Mahendru A. A. , Daemen A. , Everett T. R. , Wilkinson I. B. , McEniery C. M. , Abdallah Y. , Timmerman D. , Bourne T. , Lees C. C. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the impact of ovulation and implantation timing on first‐trimester crown–rump length (CRL) and the derived gestational age (GA).MethodOne hundred and forty‐three women who were trying to conceive were recruited prospectively. The timing of ovulation and implantation and the ovulation to implantation (O–I) interval were established in 101 pregnancies using home urinary tests for luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin. In 71 ongoing pregnancies, GA determined by measurement of fetal CRL at 10–14 weeks' gestation was compared with GA based on ovulation and implantation day. First‐trimester growth was determined by serial ultrasound scans at 6–7, 8–9 and 10–14 weeks.ResultsThe median ovulation and implantation days were 16 and 27, respectively, with an O–I interval of 11 days. GA estimated from CRL at 10–14 weeks was on average 1.3 days greater than that derived from ovulation timing. CRL Z‐score was inversely related to O–I interval (ρ = −0.431, P = 0.0009). There was no significant relationship between CRL growth rate and the difference between observed CRL and expected CRL based on GA from last menstrual period (ρ = 0.224, P = 0.08).ConclusionsEarly implantation leads to a larger CRL and late implantation to a smaller CRL at 10–14 weeks, independent of CRL growth rate. Implantation timing is a major determinant of fetal size at 10–14 weeks and largely explains the variation in estimates of GA in the first trimester derived from embryonic or fetal CRL.
Computerized assessment of placental calcification post‐ultrasound: a novel software tool
Authors: Moran M. , Higgins M. , Zombori G. , Ryan J. , McAuliffe F. M. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTObjectivesPlacental calcification is associated with an increased risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The subjectivity of current ultrasound methods of assessment of placental calcification indicates that a more objective method is required. The aim of this study was to correlate the percentage of calcification defined by the clinician using a new software tool for calculating the extent of placental calcification with traditional ultrasound methods and with pregnancy outcome.MethodsNinety placental images were individually assessed. An upper threshold was defined, based on high intensity, to quantify calcification within the placenta. Output metrics were then produced including the overall percentage of calcification with respect to the total number of pixels within the region of interest. The results were correlated with traditional ultrasound methods of assessment of placental calcification and with pregnancy outcome.ResultsThe results demonstrate a significant correlation between placental calcification, as defined using the software, and traditional methods of Grannum grading of placental calcification. Whilst correlation with perinatal outcome and cord pH was not significant as a result of small numbers, patients with placental calcification assessed using the computerized software at the upper quartile had higher rates of poor perinatal outcome when compared with those at the lower quartile (8/22 (36%) vs 3/23 (13%); P = 0.069).ConclusionThese results suggest that this computerized software tool has the potential to become an alternative method of assessing placental calcification. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Offshore wind turbine maintenance access: a closed‐form probabilistic method for calculating delays caused by sea‐state
Authors: Feuchtwang Julian , Infield David 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTOffshore wind energy is fast developing and with it a growing understanding of the challenge to maintain high levels of turbine availability and to keep down maintenance costs. Loss of turbine availability is, of course, related to component failure rate but is also highly dependent on access to the turbine, and this in turn reflects the wind and sea conditions occurring at the site as well as the operational limits of the vessels and plant being used.A computational approach has been developed on the basis of probability calculations, enabling very fast estimates to be made of offshore access probabilities and expected delays. These can be used directly to explore the impact of different parameters such as key component reliability, time to repair and access constraints at specific offshore sites. The methodology used is derived and explained in detail. Different numerical techniques are available to calculate the probability distributions and their parameters as required by the methodology. These are presented and contrasted. Example applications of the methodology are provided for two specific sites that provide a degree of validation and also allow comparison of the different numerical approaches to probability distribution identification. It is shown that the accessibility calculated using the developed method is believable in the context of operational access data for the sites in question. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exclusive elemental diet impacts on the gastrointestinal microbiota and improves symptoms in patients with chronic pouchitis
Authors: McLaughlin S.D. , Culkin A. , Cole J. , Clark S.K. , Tekkis P.P. , Ciclitira P.J. , Nicholls R.J. , Whelan K. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Background: Treatment resistant chronic pouchitis causes significant morbidity. Elemental diet is effective treatment for Crohn's disease. Since pouchitis shares some similarities to Crohn's disease we hypothesised that elemental diet may be an effective treatment.
Method: Seven pouchitis patients (with ulcerative colitis) were studied. All had active pouchitis with a pouch disease activity index (PDAI) ≥ 7. Exclusion criteria were recent NSAIDs, antibiotics or probiotics. Sufficient elemental diet to achieve energy requirements was provided. Flexible-pouchoscopy was performed, and the Cleveland Global Quality of Life score (CGQoL), Pouch Disease Activity Index (PDAI) and BMI were recorded at baseline and following 28 days of elemental diet. Faecal samples were also collected at these time points and analysed for major bacterial groups using culture independent fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Data were analysed using Wilcoxon's signed-rank test.
Results: Following 28 days of exclusive elemental diet, median stool frequency decreased from 12 to 6 per day (p = 0.028), median clinical PDAI decreased from 4 to 1 (p = 0.039). There was no significant difference in quality of life scores or PDAI before and following treatment. There was a trend towards an increase in the concentration of Clostridium coccoides–Eubacterium rectale (median 7.9 to 8.5 log10/g, p = 0.08) following exclusive elemental diet.
Conclusion: Treatment with four weeks elemental diet appeared to improve the symptoms of chronic pouchitis in some patients but is not an effective strategy for inducing remission. Although a potential symptom modifier, elemental diet cannot be recommended for the routine treatment of active pouchitis.
Flexible ring flapping in a uniform flow
Authors: Kim Boyoung , Huang Wei-Xi , Shin Soo Jai , Sung Hyung Jin 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAn improved version of the immersed boundary (IB) method for simulating an initially circular or elliptic flexible ring pinned at one point in a uniform flow has been developed. The boundary of the ring consists of a flexible filament with tension and bending stiffness. A penalty method derived from fluid compressibility was used to ensure the conservation of the internal volume of the flexible ring. At$\mathit{Re}= 100$, two different flapping modes were identified by varying the tension coefficient for a fixed bending stiffness, or by changing the bending coefficient for a fixed tension coefficient. The optimal tension and bending coefficients that minimize the drag force of the flexible ring were found. Visualization of the vorticity field showed that the two flapping modes correspond to different vortex shedding patterns. We observed the hysteresis property of the flexible ring, which exhibits bistable states over a range of flow velocities depending on the initial inclination angle, i.e. one is a stationary stable state and the other a self-sustained periodically flapping state. The Reynolds number range of the bistability region and the flapping amplitude were determined for various aspect ratios$a/ b$. For$a/ b= 0. 5$, the hysteresis region arises at the highest Reynolds number and the flapping amplitude in the self-sustained flapping state is minimized. A new bistability phenomenon was observed: for certain aspect ratios, two periodically flapping states coexist with different amplitudes in a particular Reynolds number range, instead of the presence of a stationary stable state and a periodically flapping state.
Corner separation effects for normal shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions in rectangular channels
Authors: Burton D. M. F. , Babinsky H. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractExperiments are conducted to examine the mechanisms behind the coupling between corner separation and separation away from the corner when holding a high-Mach-number ${M}_{\infty } = 1. 5$ normal shock in a rectangular channel. The ensuing shock wave interaction with the boundary layer on the wind tunnel floor and in the corners was studied using laser Doppler anemometry, Pitot probe traverses, pressure sensitive paint and flow visualization. The primary mechanism explaining the link between the corner separation size and the other areas of separation appears to be the generation of compression waves at the corner, which act to smear the adverse pressure gradient imposed upon other parts of the flow. Experimental results indicate that the alteration of the $\lambda $-region, which occurs in the supersonic portion of the shock wave/boundary layer interaction (SBLI), is more important than the generation of any blockage in the subsonic region downstream of the shock wave.
The dynamics of three-dimensional liquid bridges with pinned and moving contact lines
Authors: Dodds Shawn , Carvalho Marcio S. , Kumar Satish 
Published: August 2012

AbstractLiquid bridges with moving contact lines are relevant in a variety of natural and industrial settings, ranging from printing processes to the feeding of birds. While it is often assumed that the liquid bridge is two-dimensional in nature, there are many applications where either the stretching motion or the presence of a feature on a bounding surface lead to three-dimensional effects. To investigate this we solve Stokes equations using the finite-element method for the stretching of a three-dimensional liquid bridge between two flat surfaces, one stationary and one moving. We first consider an initially cylindrical liquid bridge that is stretched using either a combination of extension and shear or extension and rotation, while keeping the contact lines pinned in place. We find that whereas a shearing motion does not alter the distribution of liquid between the two plates, rotation leads to an increase in the amount of liquid resting on the stationary plate as breakup is approached. This suggests that a relative rotation of one surface can be used to improve liquid transfer to the other surface. We then consider the extension of non-cylindrical bridges with moving contact lines. We find that dynamic wetting, characterized through a contact line friction parameter, plays a key role in preventing the contact line from deviating significantly from its original shape as breakup is approached. By adjusting the friction on both plates it is possible to drastically improve the amount of liquid transferred to one surface while maintaining the fidelity of the liquid pattern.
Effect of ration size on fillet fatty acid composition, phospholipid allostasis and mRNA expression patterns of lipid regulatory genes in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)
Authors: Benedito-Palos Laura , Calduch-Giner Josep A. , Ballester-Lozano Gabriel F. , Pérez-Sánchez Jaume 
Published: August 2012

The effect of ration size on muscle fatty acid (FA) composition and mRNA expression levels of key regulatory enzymes of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism have been addressed in juveniles of gilthead sea bream fed a practical diet over the course of an 11-week trial. The experimental setup included three feeding levels: (i) full ration until visual satiety, (ii) 70 % of satiation and (iii) 70 % of satiation with the last 2 weeks at the maintenance ration. Feed restriction reduced lipid content of whole body by 30 % and that of fillet by 50 %. In this scenario, the FA composition of fillet TAG was not altered by ration size, whereas that of phospholipids was largely modified with a higher retention of arachidonic acid and DHA. The mRNA transcript levels of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferases, phosphatidylethanolamineN-methyltransferase and FA desaturase 2 were not regulated by ration size in the present experimental model. In contrast, mRNA levels of stearoyl-CoA desaturases were markedly down-regulated by feed restriction. An opposite trend was found for a muscle-specific lipoprotein lipase, which is exclusive of fish lineage. Several upstream regulatory transcriptions were also assessed, although nutritionally mediated changes in mRNA transcripts were almost reduced to PPARα and β, which might act in a counter-regulatory way on lipolysis and lipogenic pathways. This gene expression pattern contributes to the construction of a panel of biomarkers to direct marine fish production towards muscle lean phenotypes with increased retentions of long-chain PUFA.