bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Legal Perspective on Employee Participation
Authors: Patmore Glenn 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article examines a specific aspect of regulation: that covering indirect participation at the workplace through employee committees. The purpose of these committees is to provide representative consultation or structured communication between employee representatives and management. This form of participation is regulated through voluntary and collective agreements as well as through legislation. The article focuses on the regulation that institutionalizes consultation through workplace representatives. At the same time, though to a lesser extent, attention is given to the important relationships between employee representatives, managers, and trade unions. This article describes the spectrum of legal regulation, from legal rights, through voluntary entitlements, to prohibitions. It examines a brief history of each jurisdiction's legal arrangements and the legal and practical operation of its laws. The article also shows that the law has had both intended and unintended consequences, and that these have both advanced and defeated its purposes in various jurisdictions.
An Economic Perspective on Employee Participation
Authors: Marsden David , Cañibano Almudena 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe approach of this article is to look at participation against the canvas of the employment relationship, its organization, core processes, and their outcomes for organizational performance and social well-being. The article starts with a brief historical overview of developments over the past forty years because it is useful to set theories in their wider historical context: why people posed the questions they did at a particular time. It then reviews a selection of the major theoretical approaches that illustrate the broad tent which encompasses the ‘economic approach’. The article considers the diffusion and the ecology of participatory practices and how these have been interpreted. Next, it presents a partial survey of recent quantitative work on the performance effects of participatory practices updating that of Levine and Tyson. Finally, the article examines some of the conceptual problems posed by these studies.
Collective Bargaining as a Form of Employee Participation
Authors: Block Richard N. , Berg Peter 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to examine the differing rationales for collective bargaining in the United States and Europe, and how these rationales affect the nature of participation through collective bargaining. The article shows how the basis for collective bargaining in the United States has been the removal of impediments to economic efficiency caused by disputes over union recognition, while in Europe it has generally been industrial pluralism and worker rights. In the United States, given the economic rationale for collective bargaining, in situations in which collective bargaining is perceived as impairing economic efficiency the scope of participation through collective bargaining is narrowed. On the contrary, the pluralistic and worker rights rationale for collective bargaining in Europe has resulted in deep collective worker participation at all levels on a range of matters ranging from national policy to work scheduling.
Employee Participation Through Non‐Union Forms of Employee Representation
Authors: Kaufman Bruce E. , Taras Daphne G. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The distinctive approach considered in this article is indirect participation through forms of non-union employee representation (NER). NER has been practiced in industry for more than a century, with considerable diversity and variation both across countries and over time. This article defines NER and provides a thumbnail sketch of its historical evolution. It describes the various forms of NER and its alternative functions. The article then synthesizes these diverse forms and functions into four distinct models/strategies of NER (called the ‘four faces’ of NER). Furthermore, it provides a brief overview of theorizing on NER. The article surveys the recent empirical literature on NER, with an emphasis on evidence regarding NER's performance and strengths and weaknesses. It ends with a brief recapitulation of the main theme; that is, that NER exhibits great diversity in form, purpose, and outcome, and that sweeping generalizations are therefore hazardous.
Works Councils
Authors: Gumbrell‐McCormick Rebecca , Hyman Richard 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article focuses on works councils, adopting the definition of Rogers and Streeck. It is concerned with countries with generalized systems of representation – where participation structures exist largely independently of management wishes – and not with those where representative bodies may be established voluntarily through localized management initiatives. The article also limits attention to bodies with the capacity to discuss a broad agenda of employment- and work-related issues; this means, for example, that the statutory health and safety committees, which exist in many countries without works councils, are ignored. On this definition, works councils are almost exclusively a phenomenon of continental Western Europe, and the article discusses why this is the case. Its focus is specifically on national institutions; it does not examine the one instance of mandatory supranational structures: European Works Councils. Nor does the article consider board-level employee representation.
Employee Share Ownership
Authors: Kaarsemaker Eric , Pendleton Andrew , Poutsma Erik 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Employee share ownership involves employees acquiring shares in their employer so that they become shareholders. It takes a variety of forms, some of which may have greater significance and effects than others. The extent to which employees possess profit sharing, information, and participation rights varies considerably. This variety means that generalizations about employee share ownership have to be made with caution, as becomes evident in this article. The article provides more details of the various types of employee share ownership plans, before providing information on the incidence of employee share ownership. It examines the factors associated with the use of employee share ownership plans by companies (‘determinants’). The article also reviews the extensive literature on the effects of employee share ownership on attitudes, behaviour, and performance.
Labour Union Responses to Participation in Employing Organizations
Authors: Gall Gregor 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article provides a multilayered theorization of labour unionism's relationship to participation in order to provide the basis for examining unions' experience of, and response to, participation. This requires an exposition of the broad parameters of the relationship between labour unionism and participation before examining the conceptual implications of these parameters. In doing so, participation is defined broadly as the reality, rhetoric, and aspiration of worker involvement in task determination as well as contributing to higher-level, decision-making processes concerning the employment relationship, enterprise, and markets, whether coming from workers, employers, or states. This then concerns, with varying degrees of depth and breadth, direct and indirect participation at different levels of employing organizations and over an array of subjects. In essence, the focus of the article is on bilateral arenas of engagement between workers and employer representatives that are not formally and conceptually predicated on the involvement of any third parties.
Employee Voice and Mutual Gains
Authors: Lewin David 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article focuses on employee voice in non-union enterprises. It provides a brief review of the literature on employee voice and mutual gains that focuses on how they are linked. The article summarizes the evidence, including a new source of evidence, about the incidence of alternative dispute-resolution (ADR) systems and practices in (US-based) non-union enterprises. Furthermore, it draws on a sample of such enterprises to estimate the extent to which employees actually exercise voice under these ADR systems and practices. The article then analyses the survey, interview, and archival data drawn from four of these non-union enterprises to document and assess the extent to which employee exercise of voice under these enterprises’ ADR systems and practices result in mutual gains to employer and employee. Finally, it summarizes the main conclusions of this study and derives certain implications for a broadened theoretical perspective on employee voice and mutual gains.
Participation Across Organizational Boundaries
Authors: Marchington Mick , Timming Andrew R. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The recent growth of inter-organizational contracting poses a significant threat to the traditional conception of employment. Where organizational boundaries overlap, it no longer makes sense to think of the employment relationship as a contract between a single employer and an employee. This article seeks to articulate the implications of this paradigm shift from the perspective of participation in organizations. It distinguishes between direct and indirect participation as the organizing framework. The article analyses how direct and indirect participation operate across organizational boundaries at multi-employer workplaces. It offers a brief discussion of how subcontracting within multi-employer sites has blurred boundaries and disordered hierarchies within and between organizations that work together on a commercial contract at the same workplace. The article also examines direct and indirect participation in the context of these organizational forms. It ends with a brief discussion of the implications of these issues for future research.
Public Policy and Employee Participation
Authors: Budd John W. , Zagelmeyer Stefan 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Employee participation is frequently seen as a private issue for organizations and their employees. Employee participation programmes can generate positive externalities with benefits for more than the corporate bottom line; similarly, the lack or repression of various forms of employee participation can cause harm through negative externalities that spillover into families, communities, and nations. When seen in this light, it becomes clear that employee participation is more than a private affair. Rather, it raises important issues for public policy through governmental regulation of the employment relationship. This article discusses the rationales for public policy interventions in the domain of employee participation and describes various policies that policymakers in Europe, the United States, and elsewhere are using or can use to promote forms of employee participation which benefit not only organizations but also workers and their families and communities.
Corporate Governance and Employee Participation
Authors: Gospel Howard , Pendleton Andrew 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article examines the role and extent of employee participation in the main areas of corporate governance. It becomes apparent that there are considerable differences between countries in governance institutions and practices. Many of these differences hinge on the role of employees in the governance process. The article provides an overview of the main practitioner and academic perspectives on governance, highlighting differences in the role accorded to employees. It outlines the broad national and comparative perspectives to provide some context for the subsequent discussion of more specific aspects of employee involvement. The article also identifies the main elements of corporate governance systems: the involvement of owners, the role of governing boards, information flows and transparency, the remuneration of managers, and the market for corporate control. All these are addressed with reference to the actual and potential participation of employees. In the last section, some broad conclusions are drawn.
Cross‐National Variation in Representation Rights and Governance at Work
Authors: Frege Carola , Godard John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article focuses on the differences between the United States and Germany. These two nations are viewed as representative of distinctive varieties of capitalism, and they have very different representation rights and institutional norms accounting for these varieties. The contribution of this article is to address the reasons for this variation and why it persists in view of such pressures. It begins by briefly describing cross-national differences in representational rights and in organizational governance structures associated with these rights (or lack thereof). The article then addresses various explanations that have or can be advanced to explain this variation and why it persists. Next, based on these explanations, it adopts a historical-institutionalist perspective to explore the historical basis of this variation.
Employee Participation in Developing and Emerging Countries
Authors: Wood Geoffrey 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWork and employment relations vary not only according to individual strategic choices by managers, and actions and responses by employees, but also by the social and economic context. Development is a complex and multifaceted process of structural transformation, including economic and social changes. While a common distinction is often drawn between nations who have attained a degree of socio-economic development characterized by certain levels of income, productivity, investment, formal employment, technological deployment and a range of human capital indicators, the latter category is an extremely broad one in itself. It may encompass ‘emerging market’ nations such as Brazil and South Africa, and nations where economic activity centres around the production of unprocessed or semi-processed primary commodities, with only limited downstream industrial development. This article primarily focuses on this second category, although some attention is also devoted to the case of ‘emerging markets’.
Political Science
Authors: Coen David , Grant Wyn , Wilson Graham 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
What does political science as a discipline contribute to the understanding of the relationship between business and government? The field has long been a stepchild within the discipline with many fewer practitioners than the study of fields such as voting behavior, political parties, or legislatures. And yet, the relatively small number of political scientists involved in the field has generated at least four distinct debates on business and government. The first debate ironically concerns claims that the study of politics has relatively little to contribute to understanding business and government. In a highly influential book published four decades ago, the then prominent American political scientist, Charles Lindblom, argued that markets constituted a prison that robbed democratic governments of effective choice.
Law and Business
Authors: Shaffer Gregory 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article puts business center stage as a means to understand law. Law consists of systems of rules, standards, and procedures that social institutions create and apply. These social institutions may be public or private. The rules, standards, and procedures that they create provide a framework in which business strategizes and operates. Business, in turn, uses law as a resource to advance and defend business aims. This article assesses the reciprocal interaction of business and law. Law helps constitute business by recognizing business organizational forms, and business helps constitute law.
Varieties of Capitalism and Business
Authors: Hancké Bob 
Published: May 2010

Abstract“Varieties of Capitalism” (VoC) approaches the question of business and state relations from a different angle, which allows for a combination of empirical range and analytical sharpness. Diversity within capitalism follows from the institutional solutions to the perennial information and coordination problems that firms face. Since such institutional solutions come in a limited number of discrete blocks, only a handful of them can be coherent enough to survive. This article first presents the basic outline and the main criticisms of VoC, and, based on that review and debate, explores three key dimensions of modern capitalist economies that influence business–state relations: the nature of business networks, cross-class coalitions between labor and capital, and the role of the state. That discussion leads to a revised typology of VoC which pays more attention to relations between the state and different coalitions of producer groups. The final section concludes.
The Global Firm
Authors: Crouch Colin 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Three potential resolutions exist in the political theory literature to the problem of how to subject the giant firm to political science analysis. Under pluralist theory, the existence of high levels of competition in both economy and polity prevent concentrations of either economic or political power, and thereby limit or even cancel out any undue influence exercised by particular firms. Under neo-corporatist theory, firms exercise their political influence through formally constituted associations. This both maintains a level playing field among firms, at least within the sectors represented by an association, and makes transparent the way in which influence is exercised. In the theory of international political economy (IPE), the firm is treated more seriously, but is seen as a simple economic actor maximizing its profits, exercising political influence only in order to achieve that goal. This last comes closest to confronting issues of political analysis raised by the giant firm, but does so by “importing” economic theory into political analysis.
Business and Political Parties
Authors: Wilson Graham , Grant Wyn 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Although it is conventional in political science to distinguish between political parties and interest groups, in practice the distinction is less clear. The conventional definitions suggest that political parties seek to capture power; interest groups aspire to influence public policy. Even the names of political parties make it obvious, however, that in practice this distinction is not absolute. The linkage in the UK between Labour parties and unions is usually clear. In the United States, the Minnesota branch of the Democratic Party is still called the Democratic Farm Labor Party. Farmers' parties used to be fairly common although as in the Swedish case they have generally adopted labels that are more encompassing such as, to continue the Swedish example, the Center Party. Parties do not call themselves “The Business Party” but are often described as such. What does this mean? On what basis is it reasonable to identify a party as the business party? There are a number of different indicators that can be used.
Business Representation in Washington, DC
Authors: Werner Timothy , Wilson Graham 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Several broad generalizations about the nature of business representation in Washington would command general agreement. First, business representation is organizationally fragmented and competitive. Second, there is no hierarchical relationship between business organizations. Third, peak and trade organizations are not the only source of business representation in Washington. Large corporations increasingly have their own “in-house” lobbyists in a governmental affairs unit; although, this trend varies by industry and firm size, there was a marked increase between 1991 and 2001 across industries in the emphasis firms placed upon hiring in-house lobbyists. Fourth, business groups are often part of short-lived coalitions that can link businesses with other types of organizations or pit one group of businesses against another.
European Business–Government Relations
Authors: Coen David 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn making the claim for a unique European business–government relationship this article sets out in the first part of the issue, which is about why firms located to Brussels and how they and EU institutions learned to play a specific lobbying game. In so doing the article describes how the creation of the single market and the concurrent increases in regulatory competencies of the Commission and the increasing fiscal and monetary convergence of member states reduced the ties to home capital lobbying and incentives for individual lobbying of the EU. Having identified what motivated lobbying of the EU and the creation of government affairs offices in Brussels, the first section attempts to explain how best practice and lobbying norms emerged over time—especially as interest group overloading created a more competitive political environment and pressure on EU institutions to manage interest group representation via the creation of an elite pluralist process of fora and consultations. The second part assesses how large firms have organized their political affairs functions and developed increasingly sophisticated government and EU affairs offices in Brussels.
Business Politics in Latin America
Authors: Schneider Ben Ross 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article proceeds in several steps to analyze business politics in Latin America. The second section briefly reviews a general conceptual framework that distinguishes the sources of business preferences as well as a range of ways that business influences policy-makers. The third section takes these analytic building blocks and incorporates them into an examination of the dynamic, strategic interaction between business and government. This section develops the portfolio analysis of the range of political investments that business in Latin America typically employs, including lobbying, campaign finance, business associations, personal networks, and corruption.
Japanese Business–Government Relations
Authors: Hamada Yukihiko 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article first reviews major explanations of the Japanese business–government model. Where it departs from general treatment of participation of business interests, it especially focuses on large Japanese multinational firms' lobbying strategies within the policy-making process. Then, in order to highlight the nature of the Japanese business–government model, the pattern of Japanese business lobbying is explained in detail, with special attention to firms' preferences for collective lobbying through their business associations and their lobbying instruments. In addition, the article refers to the development of Japanese business interests in the US and Europe, and points out the enduring national business culture among Japanese firms in the age of globalization.
International Regulators and Network Governance
Authors: Camerra‐Rowe Pamela , Egan Michelle 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article explores the rise of international regulation, the creation of transnational networks, and their implications for business and national governments. The article is divided into five parts. First, it examines the impact of globalization on business and the dilemmas it creates for business and governments. Second, it explores the wide range of formal and informal ways that business and government have sought to regulate the international economy. Third, it examines explanations for various types of global governance. Fourth, it analyzes some of the issues raised by global governance including enforcement issues, democratic legitimacy, and accountability to the public. Finally, the article concludes with some suggestions for future research.