bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Videoendoscopic evaluation of the upper respiratory tract in 93 sport horses during exercise testing on a high‐speed treadmill
Authors: FRANKLIN S. H. , NAYLOR J. R. J. , LANE J. G. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: Videoendoscopy of the upper respiratory tract (URT) during high‐speed treadmill exercise has proved to be invaluable in the assessment of URT dysfunction in racehorses. However, very little information exists regarding dynamic airway collapse in other sport horses used in nonracing equestrian disciplines.Objectives: To evaluate the videoendoscopic findings at rest and during exercise in a mixed population of sport horses referred for investigation of poor athletic performance and/or abnormal respiratory noise.Methods: Videoendoscopy of the upper airway was performed at rest and during high‐speed treadmill exercise in 93 horses.Results: Dynamic airway obstructions were diagnosed in 77% of horses and were frequently complex in nature. The most common forms of dynamic collapse included soft palate dysfunction (54%), dynamic laryngeal collapse (38%), axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (24%) and pharyngeal wall collapse (18%). In the majority of horses, no obvious abnormalities were identified at rest. Enforced poll flexion was found to be a contributing factor in 24% of cases.Conclusions: Dynamic obstructions of the URT were a common cause of poor performance and/or abnormal respiratory noise in sport horses referred for investigation of performance problems.Potential relevance: This study highlights the importance of videoendoscopic evaluation of the URT during exercise in horses utilised for equestrian sports where exercise during competition is submaximal in nature.
Dynamic pharyngeal collapse in racehorses
Authors: BOYLE A. G. , . MARTIN B. B. , DAVIDSON E. J. , DURANDO M. M. , BIRKS E. K. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReason for performing study: Dynamic pharyngeal collapse (PC) is a condition seen in racehorses that can be career‐ending.Objectives: To characterise and grade PC and describe the effects of PC on athletic performance.Methods: Medical records were reviewed for 828 horses, of which 49 (6%) records were identified as horses with a primary diagnosis of PC. Tapes of video‐endoscopy of the pharynx during exercise were reviewed. Each video recording was assigned a grade (0–4) reflecting the degree of PC and a classification for severity of upper airway obstruction. Earnings per race prior to diagnosis of PC were compared to earnings per race after diagnosis of PC for all horses, as well as performance index (PI). Available exercising arterial blood gases were reviewed for horses with PC.Results: There were 35 (80%) Thoroughbreds (TB), and 9 (20%) Standardbreds (STD). 32 (73%) had a history of making an upper respiratory noise. 4 (9%)grade 1PC, 8 (18%)grade 2PC, 26 (59%)grade 3PC, and 6 (14%)grade 4PC. Seven (16%) horses were classified as mild PC, 18 (41%) as low‐moderate PC, 14 (32%) as high‐moderate PC, and 5 (11%) as severe PC. Of 30 horses 11 had abnormally decreased PaO2and 8 horses had abnormally elevated PaCO2. A significant decrease was found in earnings per race prediagnosis when compared to post diagnosis earnings per race in horses ≥4 years of age (P = 0.003). A significant decrease was also observed for earnings per race prediagnosis when compared to post diagnosis earnings per race in horses withgrade 3PC (P = 0.03) No significant differences were observed in PI before or after diagnosis of PC.Conclusions: There was a trend for PC to be observed in more TB than STD, and more males than females compared to the general hospital population. Horses with PC significant had decreases in arterial oxygenation. Racing records after a diagnosis of PC in all horses ≥4 years of age suggesting that older horses have a guarded prognosis for continued success.Potential relevance: This study provides a classification system for dynamic pharyngeal collapse and suggests that older racehorses (≥4 years of age) diagnosed with PC and all horses withgrade 3PC have a poor prognosis for return to previous level of performance.
Validation of a portable equine metabolic measurement system
Authors: ART T. , DUVIVIER D. H. , van ERCK E. , de MOFFARTS B. , VOTION D. , BEDORET D. , LEJEUNE J. P. , LEKEUX P. , SERTEYN D. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: In equine sports medicine, VO2 has been measured exclusively with stationary systems, in laboratories equipped with a treadmill. Measurement during exercise in field conditions has not previously been reported because of the lack of portable equipment designed for horses.Objectives: A commercially available portable metabolic measurement system, based on breath‐to‐breath gas analysis and flow spirometry, was adapted to the horse's physiology and morphology (Cosmed K4b2 and Equimask)1 and its validity tested by (1) repeatability of the measures and (2) comparing metabolic data to those obtained by a reference method (RM).Methods: To test the reproducibility of the measurements, 5 healthy saddle horses were subjected twice at 2 day intervals to a similar submaximal standardised incremental exercise test on a treadmill. The same horses performed twice at one week interval an incremental treadmill test to fatigue: the oxygen consumption and ventilation were measured once with the K4b2 system and once with the RM. The metabolic and ventilatory data obtained with both systems were compared.Results: There was a good reproducibility of the metabolic measurements obtained by the K4b2 system at any workload. The VO2 obtained by both systems at any workload was not significantly different. However, the K4b2 expired fraction in CO2 (FETCO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were significantly lower at high and at maximal workloads. As a consequence, the values of the respiratory exchange ratio were too low and incompatible with normal physiological values.Conclusions: The good reproducibility of the metabolic and ventilatory measurements and the fact that the VO2 measurements at any workload were similar to the data obtained with the reference method suggested that this system may be used for comparison of repeated VO2 measurements in practical field conditions.Potential relevance: The K4b2 system could be used to improve knowledge of the energetic cost in different equine sports disciplines and offer the opportunity to undertake performance tests with genuine track conditions, on ridden or harnessed horses, rather than under laboratory conditions.
Oxygen consumption (V̇O2) during trotting on a 10% decline
Authors: HOYT D. F. , WICKLER S. J. , GARCIA S. F. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: Although there have been reports of oxygen consumption measurements of horses running on the level and incline, there are no measurements during decline locomotion. This may be due, in part, to the potential for muscle damage produced by eccentric contractions. In man, running on a 10% decline, V̇O2 decreased by 35% and stride frequency (SF) decreased by 3% when compared to level locomotion.Hypothesis: The rate of O2 consumption and SF would be decreased in horses on a 10% decline when compared to the level.Methods: Six horses (average 467 ± 68 kg) were acclimated to trotting on the level and decline prior to data collection. V̇O2 under moderate conditions was measured (using open flow respirometry) during trotting between 2.25 and 4.0 m/sec (at 0.25 m/sec increments) on a treadmill on the level and declined 10%. Stride frequencies were counted manually.Results: V̇O2 decreased (P<0.009) on the decline by an average of 45% (range 42–47%), and SF was 2.7% slower. The speed at which the minimum Cost of Transport occurs on the decline was faster than on the level. SF was reduced on the decline. No evidence of muscle soreness was noted in response to the downhill running.Conclusions and potential relevance: Downhill trotting, eccentric exercise, can be done safely in the horse and requires almost half the energetic costs as trotting on the level. It is not known whether this is the optimum downhill gradient or if the horse adjusts its preferred speed to accommodate downhill trotting.
Study of gelatin supplemented diet on amino acid homeostasis in the horse
Authors: COENEN M. , APPELT K. , NIEMEYER A. , VERVUERT I. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Gelatin supplementation is a common measure in an attempt to assist cartilage repair, but little scientific evidence exists to support its efficacy.Objectives:To investigate the effects of gelatin administration on post prandial homeostasis.Methods:Twelve Standardbred horses (mean 404 kg bwt) were fed a hay‐concentrate diet supplemented by soy bean meal and oil (control [C], n=6) or with the addition of 60 g gelatin/day (G, n = 6). The horses were trained by an alternate order of interval and prolonged exercise every second day. The velocities of the treadmill corresponding to 2 and 10 mmol lactate/l blood were derived from lactate curves during a standardised exercise test at the start and middle of the 64 day training period. Blood samples for amino acid analysis were obtained weekly at rest (2 h post prandial). In the second part of the training period, a post prandial sampling was conducted on a day without exercise (prior feeding up to 8 h post prandial). Plasma free amino acids (AA) were determined by HPLC.Results:The change from pre‐ to the training diet induced an increase in many AA during the total training period. At rest free glycine and proline in blood increased with gelatin supplementation during 7 days after the start of supplementation. The AA in plasma showed a post prandial curve with peak concentrations 2–3 h after feeding. Significant post prandial effects of gelatin intake were detectable for glycine, proline and arginine.Conclusions:The AA from gelatin are absorbed quickly and become available for AA metabolism.Potential relevance:It is evident that in the horse, gelatin influences the homeostasis of those amino acids required for cartilage synthesis. Further research is needed to elucidate the utilisation of those amino acids for the prevention or repair of cartilage damage.
Exercise response, metabolism at rest and digestibility in athletic horses fed high‐fat oats
Authors: LINDBERG J. E. , ESSÉN‐GUSTAVSSON B. , DAHLBORN K. , GOTTLIEB‐VEDI M. , JANSSON A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReason for performing study:High starch intakes increase the risk for metabolic disorders and therefore alternative feedstuffs are of interest. High‐fat oat varieties have a lower starch and higher energy content than regular oats and may therefore be useful in this context.Hypothesis:Feeding high fat oats causes no adverse effects on the response to exercise and that the total amount of oats offered could be reduced compared to feeding with regular oats.Methods:Twelve Standardbred trotters were fed regular oats (diet C), high‐fat oats (F), and a mixture (50:50) ofCandF(M), together with haylage (30:70), in a Latin square design trial. High‐fat oats replaced regular oats in a 0.9 to 1.0 ratio indiets FandM. On Day 18 in each 21 day experimental period, horses were subjected to a standardised near‐maximal treadmill exercise test with collection of blood samples and muscle biopsies before and after exercise. This was followed by a 3 day period of total collection of faeces and urine.Results:There were no significant effects of dietary treatments on bodyweight, heart rate, plasma lactate and glucose, or on muscle glycogen and lactate concentrations following exercise. However, plasma insulin was reduced during exercise ondiets FandMcompared to dietC. The total tract digestibility of dry matter, fat, protein, NDF and organic matter were higher fordiet Fthan fordiet C.Conclusion:High‐fat oats can replace regular oats in the diet of athletic horses without any adverse effects on metabolism and exercise response.Potential relevance:Due to the high energy content and a high digestibility of dietary components in high‐fat oats the daily allowance of oats can be reduced and thus the intake of starch.
Glycaemic and insulinaemic response of Quarter Horses to concentrates high in fat and low in soluble carbohydrates
Authors: ZEYNER A. , HOFFMEISTER C. , EINSPANIER A. , GOTTSCHALK J. , LENGWENAT O. , ILLIES M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Quarter Horses are particularly susceptible to polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM). Nutritional therapy and possibly prophylaxis includes fat‐supplemented diets whilst starch supply should be kept to a minimum.Objectives:To investigate the glycaemic and insulinaemic response of clinically normal Quarter Horses to concentrates high in fat and low in starch.Methods:Twelve Quarter Horses were studied. The precondition for inclusion in the study population was that the horses had not shown clinical signs of myopathy. The Quarter Horses were fed according to a 4 times 4 Latin square design haylage plus isocaloric concentrates based on barley and oats as control (CO), sugar beet pulp, grass meal and soybean oil (SB), rice bran and grass meal (RB) and rice bran, grass meal, sugar beet pulp and soybean oil (CP), each over 2 weeks after 1 week of adaptation. At the end of each period, 1 kg of concentrate was fed and blood sampled 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 300 min post prandial (ppr.). Creatine kinase (CK; 0 min ppr. only), glucose and insulin were analysed. Glycaemic and insulinaemic index was calculated from each concentrates area under the curve (AUC) relative to CO.Results:Rice bran containing concentrates were partially refused at the beginning of the trial periods. CK activity, and glucose and insulin patterns (ppr. mean, peak, AUC, index) were highest with CO (P<0.05). The correlation between glucose and insulin (P<0.001) ranged from r=0.570 (CO) to r = 0.364 (RB). Basal CK was highly correlated (P<0.001) to the mean ppr. plasma glucose.Conclusion:Rice bran, sugar beet pulp, grass meal and soybean oil are suitable to include in concentrates that induce low glycaemic and insulinaemic response. Its acceptance seems to be a question of habituation. Although the mechanism is not completely understood, glucose patterns and basal CK activity are highly positively correlated. Both were affected by the type of concentrate used.Potential relevance:Results support the suggestion that low‐starch and high‐fat feeding may be helpful not only in the nutrition of affected horses, but also to prevent future PSSM associated discomfort in particularly susceptible horses.
Effects on exercise response, fluid and acid‐base balance of protein intake from forage‐only diets in Standardbred horses
Authors: CONNYSSON M. , MUHONEN S. , LINDBERG J. E. , ESSÉN‐GUSTAVSSON B. , NYMAN G. , NOSTELL K. , JANSSON A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReason for performing study:High‐energy forage might be an alternative to concentrates for performance horses and such forage can be produced by an early cut. However, early cut forage is high in crude protein (CP), which may result in an excessive CP intake.Objectives:To investigate how CP intake affects nitrogen (N), fluid and acid‐base balance, and exercise response in horses fed high‐energy forage diets. The hypothesis was that high CP intake causes acidosis, and alters fluid balance and response to intensive exercise.Methods:Two forage‐only diets based on high‐energy grass forage were fed for 23 days in a crossover design to 6 Standardbred horses in racing condition. One forage diet provided a high (HP) CP (16.6%) intake and the other diet provided recommended intake (RP) of CP (12.5%) for racehorses. The horses had intensive exercise twice and slow exercise 1–3 times every week. At the beginning and end of each period, faeces and urine were collected for 48 and 72 h, respectively and analysed for dry matter, pH and N content. At Days 19 and 23 in each period 2 race‐like exercise tests were performed, a standardised treadmill test and a field test on a race track. Blood samples were taken before, during and after the tests and analysed for sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (CI), total plasma proteins (TPP), TCO2, urea, pH and lactate. The strong ion difference (SID) was calculated and heart rate and respiratory rate was also recorded.Results:There was a decrease in urinary pH and an increase in N excretion, blood urea, water intake, urine volume and faecal water content on the HP diet. Total water intake was higher than the increase in urinary and faecal water loss indicating increased evaporative losses on the HP diet. During the exercise tests there were no significant differences between diets in TPP, plasma lactate, blood Na, K, CI, TCO2, pH, SID and respiratory or heart rates.Conclusion:Feeding a forage‐only diet with a CP intake corresponding to 160% of the requirement caused an increase in N excretion within 36–48 h after the diet was introduced and alterations in fluid and acid base balance at rest.Potential relevance:The increased urine and probably also evaporative fluid losses suggest that feeding a HP diet will cause an unnecessary challenge for horses during prolonged exercise.
The effect of milk basic protein supplementation on bone metabolism during training of young Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: INOUE Y. , ASAI Y. , TOMITA M. , KURIBARA K. , KOBAYASHI M. , KANEKO M. , TOBA Y. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:In laboratory animals, man and cell culture experiments, milk basic protein was reported to suppress bone resorption and promote bone formation. However, no studies in horses have previously examined the effect of milk basic protein.Objectives:To evaluate the effect of milk basic protein supplementation on bone metabolism in young Thoroughbred horses in training.Methods:Twenty 2‐year‐old horses in training were used for 90 days in this study. The treatment group was fed a basal diet with 1 g of milk basic protein and the control group a basal diet only. Blood samples were collected on Days 0, 45 and 90 to determine serum calcium (Ca) and biochemical markers of bone metabolism. Radiographs were taken at the start and end of the study to determine radiographic bone aluminium equivalence (RBAE).Results:Serum osteocalcin (OC) was significantly higher at Day 45 after the beginning of the study in the treatment group compared to that in the control group. The treatment group showed a greater increase in the total RBAE change at the end of this study compared to that in the control group. However, there were no significant differences in serum Ca and carboxy‐terminal telopeptide oftype Icollagen (ICTP) between groups.Conclusions and potential relevance:These findings provide preliminary evidence that milk basic protein has an effect on bone formation in 2‐year‐old Thoroughbred horses in training. However, further studies in larger groups of horses are now required to substantiate our findings.
Effect of omeprazole on markers of performance in gastric ulcer‐free Standardbred horses
Authors: McKEEVER J. M. , McKEEVER K. H. , ALBEIRCI J. M. , GORDON M. E. , MANSO H. C. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:A large percentage of performance horses develop gastric ulcers and many of those horses are treated with omeprazole. Unfortunately, no data have been published on the effects of the drug on markers of performance in animals without ulcers.Hypothesis:Omeprazole would alter markers of aerobic and anaerobic performance.Methods:Ten unfit, healthy, ulcer free, Standardbred mares were administered either control (CON; oral apple sauce, 20 ml) or omeprazole (OP; oral paste, 4 mg/kg bwt s.i.d.) in a random crossover fashion with the investigators blind to the treatment. Treatments were administered for 7 days prior to performing an incremental exercise test (GXT) on a high‐speed treadmill. Endoscopic examinations were performed just prior to the trial to verify that the mares were ulcer‐free. During the GXT, the mares ran on a treadmill up a 6% grade to measure maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max), run time (RT), velocity at V̇O2max, maximal velocity (V̇max), packed cell volume (PCV), plasma lactate concentration (LA) and plasma protein concentration (TP). Measurements were recorded at rest, at the end of each 1 min step of the GXT and at 2 and 5 min post GXT. Data were analysed using ANOVA for repeated measures andttests for paired comparisons.Results:There was no effect (P>0.05) of omeprazole on V̇O2max; velocity at V̇O2max; RT; V̇max; 2 min recovery plasma LA. Nor were there any changes (P>0.05) in the relationship between treadmill speed and VO2, PCV, TP, or plasma LA.Conclusions:Omeprazole does not appear to improve physiological markers of performance in healthy, ulcer free horses.Potential relevance:These data may benefit various authorities responsible for deciding administration and timing policies of omeprazole as well as clinicians and horse owners.
Peritoneal concentrations of transforming growth factor beta in horses with colic
Authors: ARGÜELLES D. , CASTELJINS G. , CARMONA J. U. , ARMENGOU L. , CLIMENT F. , PRADES M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing the study: In man, peritoneal transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) is associated with peritoneal diseases and subsequent adhesion formation. No studies on plasma and peritoneal TGF‐β concentrations in horses with colic are available.Objectives: 1) To determine both plasma and peritoneal TGF‐β1 and TGF‐β3 concentrations in horses with different types of colic (not previously subjected to abdominal surgery); 2) to compare these concentrations according to the type of peritoneal fluid (transudate, modified transudate and exudate); and 3) to compare and correlate plasma and peritoneal concentrations of TGF‐β1 and TGF‐β3 and the types of peritoneal fluid according to the colic group and outcome.Methods: Peritoneal fluid and plasma samples from 78 horses with colic and 8 healthy horses were obtained. Patients were classified according to diagnosis (obstructions, enteritis, ischaemic disorders and peritonitis), peritoneal fluid analysis (transudate, modified transudate and exudate), and outcome (survivors and nonsurvivors). Plasma and peritoneal TGF‐β1 and TGF‐β3 concentrations were determined by ELISA. Data were analysed by parametric and nonparametric tests. P≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: Concentrations of peritoneal fluid TGF‐β1 were significantly (P = 0.01) higher in horses with peritonitis in comparison with all other colic groups and controls. Horses with ischaemic lesions had significantly (P = 0.01) higher concentrations of peritoneal TGF‐β1 in comparison with controls and the group of horses with obstructions. Peritoneal TGF‐β1 concentration also was significantly (P = 0.01) higher in exudates in comparison with transudates. Peritoneal TGF‐β1 and TGF‐β3 concentrations and plasma TGF‐β1 concentration were significantly increased in nonsurvivors compared to survivors (P = 0.001, P = 0.004 and P = 0.05, respectively).Conclusions: Peritoneal TGF‐β1 concentration was higher in horses with severe gastrointestinal diseases (ischaemic intestinal lesions and peritonitis), in horses with an altered peritoneal fluid (exudate), and in nonsurvivors.Potential relevance: Peritoneal TGF‐β concentration increases in horses with severe gastrointestinal disease as an anti‐inflammatory response.