bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of the olfactory responses of insect parasites to the food plant of their host
Authors: Thorpe W. H. , Caudle H. B. 
Published: June 2009

1.Pimpla ruficollisis a parasite of the pine shoot mothRhyacionia (Evetria) buolianaSchiff. (Eucosmidae) which emerges from its host a considerable time before the next generation of larvae are ready for oviposition. It seems that during this period the parasites leave the pine trees and feed on the flowers of certain Umbelliferae and probably other plants. Only after 3 or 4 weeks do they return to the pine trees where the shoots now contain larvae ready for egg laying.2. It has been shown by means of olfactometer experiments that during this first period of the adult life, the parasites are repelled by the odour of oil ofPinus sylvestris. At this time the ovaries are very small and are probably not ready for the production of eggs. After the third or fourth week of life the females become attracted by the oil ofP. sylvestrisand the ovaries are now relatively large.3. Since Geraniol is known to be a constituent of certain conifers, this substance was also tested. It was, however, found to be invariably repellent to the parasites.4. There is some evidence that conclusions reached as a result of experiments withP. ruficollisalso apply to the ophionine ichneumonidEulimneria rufifemur.
Experimental work on reproduction in the tsetse fly,Glossina palpalis
Authors: Mellanby Helen 
Published: June 2009

1. The reproductive cycle of the female fly was worked out at an average temperature of 24° C. The lowest egg of the right ovary develops first, and is ripe in 7 days. Ovulation never occurs earlier than the 8th day, and frequently later; it bears some relation to fertilization, for eggs in virgin females failed to ovulate for weeks. The first larva was produced in a variable time after fertilization (because of delayed ovulation), but the succeeding larvae were produced very regularly, with an average period of 9·9 days between them.2. Pupae produced in the laboratory usually weigh less than those collected in the field. The reason for this is nutritional, and flies must take large meals at the right stage in gestation to produce large pupae. It is impossible to ensure that this happens with all flies in the laboratory.3. Abortions are caused in captivity by flies obtaining too little blood. They may be induced in pregnant females by allowing them to take only small meals, when either an egg or a small larva is extruded. When these flies were properly fed later, they produced normal larvae.4. A constant temperature of 30° C. causes sterility in females. Ovaries develop abnormally, embryos fail to hatch from eggs, but young larvae (in the uteri) are not adversely affected.5. A constant temperature below 22° C. slows down the rate of development of the eggs in the ovaries and lengthens the larval period. Experiments at this temperature are complicated by inactivity of males, which leave many females unfertilized. The length of the combined embryonic and larval periods is 17½ days.6. Experiments performed outside in the laboratory compound suggest that the period between each larva in the field (during December in Uganda) will be about 13½ days (min. temp. 16° C.; max. temp. 27° C.).7. Flies appear to be able to breed equally well with relative humidities of 47, 88 and 100 per cent. In the drier air care must be taken with feeding, or the flies die from desiccation.8. A temperature of 20° C. can cause pregnant females to retain their larvae for an extra 12 hours, but not longer.
The morphology of the British Prostriata, with particular reference toIxodes hexagonusLeach. III
Authors: Arthur Don R. 
Published: June 2009

1. The spiracular plate is made up of three layers, (a) the outermost non-porose plate, which varies in thickness, being thicker where the (b) intermediate layer of pedicels fuses towards the outside, and thinner over the goblets. The innermost layer (c) is of even thickness, and corrugated.2. The ostium is bounded by the columella dorsally and by the lower lip ven-trally, both of which are continuous with the thickened antero-ventrally placed macula.3. The ostium opens into a subostial space which in turn passes into the atrium. The ventral and ventro-lateral walls are thrown into two folds about midway along, and then anteriorly and posteriorly merge to form a single lobe. The musculature associated with the atrium is described.4. On morphological grounds it appears that the ostium is incapable of opening and closing, and it is suggested that only opening muscles—the dorsal and ventral atrial muscles—are present.5. The distribution of the main tracheal trunks is described.6. Hailer's organ in the female ofI. hexagonusconsists of a trough and a capsule; the former bears six hairs divisible into types I–IV and the latter contains seven tapering sensillae. This pattern is applicable to both the male and the nymph: in the larva one type III sensilla is missing from the trough and only 4 sensory hairs are present in the capsule.7. A description of Haller's organ in the BritishIxodesspecies is given, and it is shown to be of systematic value.8. The status of species possessing ‘trough-nosed’ capsules is discussed, and the validity of giving such species generic rank does not appear to be justified. As far as the material investigated is concerned there seems little difference in the sexes, with the exception ofI. murisandI. loricatus, nor has any correlation been established between the structure of the organ and host specificity.
The identity of the larval nematodes found in the body muscles of the cod (Gadus callarias L.)
Authors: Grainger J. N. R. 
Published: June 2009

Larval nematodes occurring in cysts in the body musculature of Icelandic cod have been identified as belonging to Porrocaecum Raillet & Henry, 1912 (subgenus Terranova Leiper & Atkinson, 1914), probably P. decipiens Krabbe and Anisakis Dujardin, 1845. Identification was made possible by rearing them in vitro to the pre-adult condition. The experiments show that the following conditions are necessary for the moult to the pre-adult state; (1) a fairly high culture temperature (37° C.); (2) the presence of pieces of fish for 24 hr. towards the beginning of the culture period. 1 % pepsin, while it assists the hatching from the cysts, is not essential for the moult to the pre-adult condition. Experiments indicate that the moult takes place 3–5 days after fish has been supplied.The larvae and pre-adults of both genera are described. Samples of larvae from cod from Greenland and the Barents Sea probably consist only of Porrocaecum and Anisakis, but a sample from West Scotland contained only Porrocaecum. The significance of the moult to the pre-adult state is discussed.
The migration of Cercaria X Baylis (Strigeida) within the fish intermediate host
Authors: Erasmus David A. 
Published: June 2009

1. Studies, using serial sections and a method of numerical assessment of the, numbers of cercariae in the various tissues, have shown that cercarial entry occurs through the skin at any point along the length of the fish and also through the gills and pharynx in the head region. The distribution of penetration along the length of the body is not uniform but exhibits a marked concentration in the head region.2. As the time after infection increases, this initial unimodal distribution is maintained and becomes even more restricted.3. Nearly all the cercariae have localized in the eye 12–24 hr. after infection. The few that remain outside the eye after this period appear to be moribund and undergoing phagocytosis.4. The majority of migrating cercariae are present in connective tissue and muscle. Very few occur in the blood system and even fewer in the other organs of the body. The numbers in the blood system show a local anterior concentration in the blood vessels anterior to the heart and in the region of the gills. It seems probable that the blood system does not form the major route of migration.5. Entry into the eye may occur at any point.6. Cercarial migration causes extensive tissue damage, but this is fatal only when major blood vessels are perforated and severe internal haemorrhage results. Interference with the nervous system and lateral line system may be the cause of the orientation disturbances which are sometimes noted within 12 hr. after infection.7. It is suggested that migration through the tissues is achieved mainly by the action of the anterior spination and that the function of the penetration gland cells may be lubricatory and/or adhesive rather than lytic.8. The restricted tissue distribution during migration and the retention of an essentially unimodal distribution of cercariae along the length of the body through-out the whole period of migration suggest that localization in the lens is not achieved by chance migration.
Coleospora binucleata, gen.nov., sp.nov., a haplosporidian parasite found in Gonocephalum arenarium (Coleoptera)
Authors: Gibbs A. J. 
Published: June 2009

The haplosporidian described is found in the Malpighian tubules of the beetle Gonocephalum arenarium in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa.With the exception of the germination, which must take place in the digestive tract, the life cycle is completed within the Malpighian tubules. Studied over a period of several years, it has been found that the incidence of infection averages about 5 %.Six Malpighian tubules connect with the gut, and in an infected insect all six are almost always parasitized to the same degree and by the same forms of the parasite.
Eperythrozoon teganodes sp.nov. (Rickettsiales), parasitic in cattle
Authors: Hoyte H. M. D. 
Published: June 2009

Eperythrozoon teganodes is described from the blood of cattle. It is compared with, and is shown to be distinct from, E. wenyoni Adler & Ellenbogen, 1934. E. teganodes is a parasite of the plasma rather than of the erythrocyte. It occurs as fine rods and threads, rings, and rings with a rod or thread attached. (E. wenyoni adheres to the edge and the face of the erythrocyte, appearing as densely staining coccoids and faintly staining disks.) It is suggested that some highly polymorphic species of Eperythrozoon may prove to be a mixture of two or more species.I wish to thank Professor J. F. A. Sprent for his advice and for criticizing the manuscript, and Messrs J. Ballantyne, C. Boel and F. Mellis for technical assistance. The photographs were taken by Mr E. Hollywood of the Photographic Department of the University of Queensland. I am grateful to Dr D. W. Brocklesby for allowing me to examine his material. This work was aided by facilities and funds provided by the Rural Credits Fund of the Reserve Bank of Australia, and by the Queensland Dairymen's Organization.
The histochemical localization of leucine aminopeptidase in Ascaris lumbricoides
Authors: Lee D. L. 
Published: June 2009

1. Leucine aminopeptidase has been detected, histochemically, in the intestine, in the walls of the anterior part of the excretory canals and in the hypodermis of Ascaris lumbricoides.2. The possible significance of leucine aminopeptidase in the walls of the excretory canal is discussed.I wish to thank Dr Tate, in whose department this work was carried out, for his advice and encouragement during this investigation and Mr A. Page for technical assistance.
Strain variation in Entamoeba histolytica I. Correlation of invasiveness in rats with the clinical history and treatment of the experimental infections
Authors: Neal R. A. , Vincent Patricia 
Published: June 2009

1. Eleven strains of Entamoeba histolytica were isolated from contact carriers and all proved non-invasive to rats.2. Three strains from cases showing symptoms proved invasive to rats.3. The treatment of murine infection with non-invasive strains with emetine hydrochloride shows that most of them were successfully cured with six daily oral doses of 2 mg./kg., though one was not susceptible to this dose. Another proved refractory to 4 mg./kg.4. The results of previous work with kittens are discussed in the light of the present observations.
The filarial worms Dipetalonema digitatum and D. gracile in monkeys
Authors: Webber Winfrith A. F. , Hawking Frank 
Published: June 2009

1. Filarial worms were found in the peritoneal cavity of a monkey (Macaca speciosa) from Bengal. They were identified as Dipetalonema digitatum (Chandler, 1929).2. The microfilariae were unsheathed and showed a well-marked nocturnal periodicity in the blood.3. No development of the microfilariae was detected in Aëdes aegypti, A. albopictus, Anopheles quadrimaculatus or An. stephensi, but only a few mosquitoes were observed.4. Six female worms and one male were transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Ten weeks later microfilariae were found in the blood of the monkey and they persisted for at least 16 weeks.5. Filarial worms (Dipetalonema gracile) were discovered in the peritoneal cavity of a monkey (Cebus apella) from Brazil.6. The microfilariae were unsheathed and were found in the blood. They showed no periodicity.7. No development of the microfilariae was detected in Aëdes aegypti, A. albopictus, Anopheles maculipennis atroparvus or An. stephensi.8. No pathological lesions due to either of these worms were detected in the monkeys.
Membrane (contact) digestion in the three species of tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta, Hymenolepis microstoma and Moniezia expansa
Authors: Taylor E. W. , Thomas J. N. 
Published: June 2009

The presence of living tapeworm increases the rate of hydrolysis of starch by α-amylase in vitro. This effect indicates that ‘membrane digestion’ may be one function of the tegument of tapeworms. The effect varies with the surface area and region of the tapeworm. Fixed tapeworm pieces do not enhance starch hydrolysis. The results may provide evidence both for and against the current explanations of membrane digestion. Some possible mechanisms involved in membrane digestion in tapeworms are considered. The importance of membrane digestion in the physiology of gut parasites and the possibility of its wide occurrence are discussed.We wish to thank Dr J. Llewellyn for his criticism and advice during the preparation of this manuscript and for providing rats and mice infected with Hymenolepis. We also thank Dr R. A. Thornhill for examining some tapeworm tissue under the electron microscope; also Mr A. Wilson of the Meat Inspection Department of the Birmingham Meat Market for his unfailing co-operation.
Quantitative studies on the kinetics of establishment and expulsion of intestinal nematode populations in susceptible and immune hosts. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in the rat
Authors: Jarrett Ellen E. E. , Jarrett W. F. H. , Urquhart G. M. 
Published: June 2009

This paper describes the quantitative aspects of establishment and expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in the normal and immune rat. It is proposed that this helminth infection may be described in terms of four phases. These are: (1) loss phase 1 (LP1). A proportion of the infecting dose of larvae is immobilized or destroyed before or during the course of migration via the lungs to the intestine. (2) The plateau phase. The worm number remains static in the predilection site. (3) Loss phase 2 (LP2). This is analogous to the self-cure reaction and during this worms are expelled from the host by an immunological mechanism. The onset of the expulsion is sudden and the process is exponential. It continues at a steady rate until a threshold is reached. (4) Threshold phase. A small residual population of worms is not expelled and survives for a fairly prolonged period.The pattern is maintained in immune animals undergoing second or third infections but there are quantitative differences. With increasing number of infections LP1 becomes greater, the plateau phase is shortened and the expulsion rate of LP 2 increases. It is suggested that the rate coefficient of this phase is an accurate measure of the immune status of the animal. The threshold phase is of a similar order in first, second and third infections. These results are discussed with regard to their significance as a measure of the immune status of the host, their implication regarding the mechanism of helminth expulsion and their relevance to other helminth infections.The authors wish to thank the Agricultural Research Council and Allen and Hanburys Ltd. for the financial support which made this work possible. During this period Ellen E. Jarrett held a Horserace Betting Levy Board Scholarship.
The formation of the cuticular ridges in the larval pharynx of the blowfly (Calliphora vicina R.-D.)
Authors: Dowding Valerie M. 
Published: June 2009

A method for rearing blowfly larvae giving good synchronization of growth is described. Electron microscope studies showed that the lateral lamellae of the pharyngeal ridges each have a swelling at the tip, and that the lamellae from adjacent ridges are interdigitated in a regularly alternate pattern. Formation of the ridges in the second-instar larva begins 8 h before the moult when the four rows of partially syncytial epidermal cells lying beneath the floor of the pharynx begin to form nine dorsal projections. These lengthen and gradually take up the form of the ridges, the fine divisions which are the lateral lamellae being the last feature to develop. After a two-layered epicuticle has been formed the cytoplasm rapidly withdraws from the ridges leaving them, and the new floor of the pharynx, strengthened by a network of fibres. At the moult a further zonse of cuticle, showing parallel striations, is added to the base of the ridges. The lateral lamellae are epicuticular structures. The importance of the intracellular formation of cuticle is discussed.I should like to thank Dr P. Tate under whose supervision this work was carried out for helpful advice, and wish to acknowledge financial support from the Agricultural Research Council in the form of a Postgraduate Studentship.
The pathogenic effects of Eimeria praecox and E. acervulina in the chicken
Authors: Long P. L. 
Published: June 2009

Eimeria praecox produced less effect on body-weight gain and food consumption than E. acervulina. No deaths occurred and no weight loss followed infection with doses of oocysts up to 10. However, there was a depression of body-weight gain in birds infected with both species and changes in the permeability of the intestine were noted from as early as 3½ h after infection. This suggests that increased intestinal permeability is not the major factor in the greater pathogenicity of E. acervulina compared with E. praecox. Eimeria acervulina produced considerably greater effects on the host as evidenced by mortality, body weight gain and food consumption.I wish to thank Mr B. J. Millard and Mr M. Shirley for technical assistance and Dr B. M. Freeman for help with the statistics in Table 2.
The growth of an axenic strain ofEntamoeba invadensin different media
Authors: McConnachie Elspeth W. 
Published: June 2009

The growth of an axenic strain ofEntamoeba invadensin two media (Trypticase–liver broth and Trypticase–Panmede) is compared with that of a monobacterial strain in diphasic medium supplemented with starch. The axenic strain multiplied more slowly, and produced lower yields of amoebae than the monobacterial strain.Amoebae multiplied more rapidly and produced higher yields in Trypticase–liver broth than in Trypticase–Panmede.The effect of certain variations in the basic Trypticase–Panmede medium was investigated. Serum stimulated the growth of the axenic strain in Trypticase–Panmede, so that although the initial multiplication rate was not increased, the maximum yields of amoebae were increased to levels that varied according to the concentration of the serum.The multiplication of the axenic amoebae was depressed by procedures which probably aerated the medium.I thank Dr L. S. Diamond for axenic strain NIH:200 ofE. histolytica, and Professor E. Meerovitch for axenic strain PZ ofE. invadens. I am much indebted to Dr P. Whittlestone, of the Department of Animal Pathology, Cambridge, who examined cultures of strain N for the presence of mycoplasmata. The work was carried out while the author was a member of the scientific staff, Medical Research Council.
The ultrastructure of the adult stage ofTrichostrongylus colubriformisandHaemonchus placei
Authors: Smith Kenneth , Harness Eric 
Published: June 2009

The ultrastructure of the adult stage ofT. colubriformisandH. placeiwas studied. The cuticle of both nematodes was composed of (1) a membrane-bound layer, (2) external cortex, (3) inner cortex, (4) matrix, (5)–(7) three fibre layers, and (8) a basal lamella. Pear-shaped bodies embedded in the matrix layer inH. placeioccur, along the length of the animal, once per annulus. A thin hypodermis enlarged to form lateral, dorsal and ventral cords which contained hypodermal cells, nerves and excretory canals. The muscle cells were large and multilobular. Two sizes of myofilaments, present in the contractile part of the cell, conformed to the filament arrangement of obliquely striated muscle. The mouth, buccal cavity and oesophagus of the alimentary tract were lined with cuticle. The oesophagus contained gland cells, muscle cells and apical cells. The lumen of the intestinal cells of both species had a well-developed microvillar border. InH. placeieach microvillus was encircled by a ring of apparently spirally orientated vesicles or tubules.The authors are grateful to Dr D. W. Brocklesby for his help and advice. They would also like to thank Dr D. L. Lee and Dr W. G. MacMillan for helpful discussions.
The effects of drugs on worm expulsion in theNippostrongylus brasiliensisinfected rat: a discussion of the interpretation of drug action
Authors: Keller R. , Ogilvie Bridget M. 
Published: June 2009

In rats treated with compound 48/80 or histamine, worm expulsion was inhibited. Treatment with a histidine decarboxylase inhibitor accelerated worm expulsion. Treatment with compound 48/80 elevates histamine and histidine decarboxylase levels and reduces circulating reagin titres. These results show that histamine is not responsible for worm expulsion.Compounds such as isoprenaline and theophylline which increase cellular levels of cyclic 3′,5-AMP, prevented worm expulsion.It is concluded that the evidence that amines are involved in worm expulsion needs reassessing and that cellular release mechanisms in general may be affected by drugs thought to act solely on amine release. In particular, the release of effector substances from sensitized lymphocytes on contact with antigen may be affected by these treatments.The skilful technical assistance of Miss R. Keist and Miss I. Beeger is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Mr H. Berchtold, Biostatistisches Zentrum der Universität Zürich, for the statistical evaluation of the data.
Observations on the effect of the rediae of Fasciola hepatica on the lipid composition of the hepatopancreas of Lymnaea truncatula
Authors: Southgate V. R. 
Published: June 2009

In the uninfected hepatopancreas of L. truncatula 7·0–11·0% of the dry weight is lipid. Of the total lipid 60% is neutral lipid and 40% is phospholipid. Free fatty acid is the major neutral lipid component; triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, sterols and esterified sterols are also present. The phospholipids identified were phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, lyso-phosphatidyl choline and sphingomyelin. The fatty acids were analysed by gas chromatography. The major fatty acid is C16 (palmitic) and 60% of the total fatty acids are saturated.In the hepatopancreas of L. truncatula infected with the rediae of F. hepatica, but with the rediae removed, 5·4–9·4% of the dry weight is lipid. Of this total lipid 73% is neutral lipid and 27% is phospholipid. All the fractions of neutral lipid, except the fatty acids are smaller than in the uninfected hepatopancreas. The fatty acids show an increase of 38%. The same phospholipids identified in the uninfected hepatopancreas are present, but all the fractions show a decrease in amount with the exception of the phosphatidyl choline fraction, which is present in approximately equal amounts in both the uninfected and the infected hepatopancreas. The major fatty acid is palmitic acid.