bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘We, the Congolese, we cannot trust each other’. Trust, norms and relations among traders in Katanga, Democratic Republic of Congo1
Authors: Rubbers Benjamin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCongolese traders in Katanga claim that they cannot trust their peers, customers, and employees. Existing literature about social capital in Africa does not enhance our understanding, as it tends to consider trust as depending on the degree of social knowledge. In the Congo, social proximity does not exclude suspicion, nor does social distance necessarily prevent trust. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this article aims at developing a more detailed framework. It studies how Congolese traders negotiate two key norms for the building of economic trust – property and reciprocity – with non‐relatives, distant relatives, and close relatives.
Young people's time use and maternal employment in the UK1
Authors: Mullan Killian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper analyses the relationship between young people's time use and maternal employment in the United Kingdom (UK). Two dimensions of young people's time use are important for understanding the impact of maternal employment. The first of these is family context. This concerns the time young people are near their parents or not. The second relates to young people's activity patterns. Combining information from both dimensions is necessary to provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of maternal employment on young people's time use. The paper demonstrates that young people's time use is associated with maternal employment both in terms of activity patterns and family context. Young people with employed mothers spend more time alone with a father, and more time with neither parent. More specifically, young people with mothers employed fulltime (FT) spend significantly more time watching TV than those whose mothers are not employed, especially when they are not near any parents. There is a negative association between FT maternal employment and the time young people spend in achievement‐related activities, concentrated in time when alone with a mother. Unlike time in leisure activities or time watching TV, time in achievement‐related activities when in the presence of a father does not increase to compensate for the loss in time spent in achievement‐related activities when alone with a mother.
The young Lipset on the iron law of oligarchy: a taste of things to come1
Authors: McGovern Patrick 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLipset's ‘Democracy in Private Government’ was a remarkable publication for three reasons. It was his first attempt to challenge Michels' ‘iron law of oligarchy’ and would lead to a programme of research that that would culminate with the publication of the widely admired classic study Union Democracy. Second, the inspiration for this work came from Lipset's student days when he was a socialist activist trying to understand why leftist governments often failed to carry out substantial programmes of social reform. Third, although it was one of his earliest publications it bears all the hallmarks of the work that would subsequently make Lipset a giant of political sociology: the enthusiasm for classic sociological problems; the appreciation of history; and the ingenious use of the small n comparative approach. Finally, I would argue that Lipset's study of democracy within private government represents a missed opportunity for sociology though there are signs that this is being rectified in recent years.
When was secularization? Dating the decline of the British churches and locating its cause1
Authors: Bruce Steve , Glendinning Tony 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDating the decline of Christianity in Britain has a vital bearing on its explanation. Recent work by social historians has challenged the sociological view that secularization is due to long‐term diffuse social processes by asserting that the churches remained stable and popular until the late 1950s and that the causes of decline lie in the social and cultural changes associated with the 1960s. We challenge this interpretation of the evidence. We also note that much of the decline of the churches is explained not by adult defection but by a failure to keep children in the faith. Given the importance of parental homogamy for the successful transmission of religious identity, the causes of decline in one generation may well lie in the experiences of the previous generation. We focus on the disruptive effects of the 1939–45 war on family formation and use survey data to argue for a staged model of decline that is compatible with the conventional gradual view of secularization.
Expression and cell localization of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and TrkB during zebrafish retinal development
Authors: Germanà A. , Sánchez‐Ramos C. , Guerrera M. C. , Calavia M.G. , Navarro M. , Zichichi R. , García‐Suárez O. , Pérez‐Piñera P. , Vega Jose A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling through TrkB regulates different aspects of neuronal development, including survival, axonal and dendritic growth, and synapse formation. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the functional significance of BDNF and TrkB in the retina, the cell types in the retina that express BDNF and TrkB, and the variations in their levels of expression during development, remain poorly defined. The goal of the present study is to determine the age‐dependent changes in the levels of expression and localization of BDNF and TrkB in the zebrafish retina. Zebrafish retinas from 10 days post‐fertilization (dpf) to 180 dpf were used to perform PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Both BDNF and TrkB mRNAs, and BDNF and full‐length TrkB proteins were detected at all ages sampled. The localization of these proteins in the retina was very similar at all time points studied. BDNF immunoreactivity was found in the outer nuclear layer, the outer plexiform layer and the inner plexiform layer, whereas TrkB immunoreactivity was observed in the inner plexiform layer and, to a lesser extent, in the ganglion cell layer. These results demonstrate that the pattern of expression of BDNF and TrkB in the retina of zebrafish remains unchanged during postembryonic development and adult life. Because TrkB expression in retina did not change with age, cells expressing TrkB may potentially be able to respond during the entire lifespan of zebrafish to BDNF either exogenously administered or endogenously produced, acting through paracrine mechanisms.
FLEXURE OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES UNDER THEIR OWN WEIGHT AND SOME MODES OF SUPPORT AND CONSEQUENT PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ERRORS
Authors: Oswal H. L. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYIt has been shown in this article that neither the flexure of photographic plates nor the photogrammetric errors arising therefrom are negligible. Modes of support (a), (b) and (c) shown in Fig. 2 have been studied in some detail. Model, orientation and aerotriangulation errors arising from flexure under these modes have been investigated and methods of eliminating or reducing them have been given.
PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS IN AIR PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Brock G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA review of progress and the present technical status in air photography. While the pioneering developments were on sound lines, scientific investigation gave a better understanding of fundamentals and paved the way for the advance to present higher standards. Advances in lenses and emulsions are considered and future prospects discussed. It is stressed that attention must be given to image movements of all kinds if potentially higher resolving‐power is to be realised in practice. Improvements are seen to be necessary in several directions, e.g. film flattening in the camera, filter glass transmission, processing equipment and film distortion. It is pointed out that while full advantage should continue to be taken of possibilities offered by other technologies, e.g. electronic printing aids, as a recording medium for air survey photography has unique qualities and is unlikely to be replaced.
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AS A GUIDE TO GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS
Authors: Latter J. H. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryGeological reconnaissance calls for topographical maps. Where none are available, as was the case in the areas in the Solomon Islands where the author was working, the geologist may spend much time trying to provide his own. Aerial photographs not only enable topographical maps, of not very high but sufficient accuracy, to be made rapidly but also, especially under stereoscopic examination, are able to provide a large amount of guidance to the geologist on the ground. Four examples are given showing typical aerial photographs and the information derived from them, with some notes on the reliability found by subsequent work on the ground.
DETERMINATION OF POSITION OF A POINT‐OBJECT BY TRIANGULATION IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
Authors: Groves G. V. , Owen G. , Thorpe M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA theory is presented for determining the position of an aerial point‐object from observations of its direction from several ground‐stations. The criterion under which the position coordinates are determined is that the sum of the squares of the perpendicular distances of the object from the various observed directions to it should be a minimum. The statistical distribution of the observations is considered, and the theory developed for estimating the standard deviations of the object's coordinates. The relevant equations have been programmed for evaluation by the Pegasus electronic computer.
METHODS OF SOLUTION OF THE ADJUSTMENT OF A BLOCK OF AERIAL TRIANGULATION
Authors: Miles M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper sets out the problem of the least‐square adjustment of a block of aerial triangulation by simultaneous solution of the normal equations and goes on to discuss two possible methods of solving the normal equations by an iterative process. In conclusion the article examines the advantages of an approximate iterative solution based on the peculiar regularity of an aerial triangulation.
THE WILLIAMSON F49 MARK 4 AIR SURVEY CAMERA
Authors: Odle J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe camera is a further development of an existing type with greatly improved photogrammetric performance so that the photography can be used with first‐order plotting machines. A new lens provides minimal distortion, high resolution and greatly improved marginal illumination. An entirely new shutter provides high speeds and efficiency. Laboratory results and preliminary survey trials indicate image quality and location standards of the same order as established existing cameras.
THE USE OF AIRBORNE INSTRUMENTS IN THE DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION ELEMENTS
Authors: SCHERMERHORN W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper outlines the history of the development of various auxiliary instruments which can help in the determination of the elements of absolute orientation. The recent work of Dr. H. G. Jerie on height precision is summarised and results of tests carried out with air photography linked to auxiliary instrumental data are presented.
THE ANALYTICAL ORIENTATION OF A LUNAR MODEL
Authors: Proctor D. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn analytical relative orientation of a stereo‐pair of photographs was computed in an unusual system of co‐ordinates. The disparity in the widely mismatched photographs, their tilts and narrow angles subtended resulted in a rather weak solution from which sections of the lunar surface have been plotted. The results were not good but were better than expected. The main outcome of the work is a, probably unique, demonstration of the versatility of analytical photogrammetry.
An Australian View
Authors: Benson M. L. , Sims W. G. , Hildebrandt G. , Kenneweg H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere appears to be some confusion as to the behaviour of false colour film when used for photo‐interpretation in forestry studies. The authors, working in Australia, call for a critical examination of the value of this film type. Their plea has prompted a statement, based on European experience, which forms the second section of the paper.
DETERMINING AND PRESENTING THE THIRD DIMENSION OF A CITY CENTRE: A PHOTOGRAMMETRIC APPROACH
Authors: Lo C. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe heights of buildings in the city centre of Glasgow have been measured by photogrammetric methods. A comparison of the heighting accuracy with ground checks obtained by the use of a reducing telemeter indicates the possibilities of achieving accurate results by means of photogrammetric instruments and methods. An attempt to present the third dimension of the city on paper has also been made with the Stereosimplex He and the Perspektomat coupled together to form a drawing system. It is hoped that this approach can be further developed so that it will be of use to town planners, urban geographers and others with an interest in the rapid collection of accurate data about cities.
REMINISCENCES OF A ROVING PHOTOGRAMMETRIST
Authors: Rogers R. T. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe author reminisces upon a career of almost 40 years as a practising surveyor photogrammetrist, both as a Royal Engineer officer and as a director of a commercial survey organisation. The reminiscences include service with the Survey of India, war time operations in the Middle East and South East Asia Command, and commercial surveys of all types in developing countries. Professional service with international surveying and photogrammetric organisations is also mentioned, with particular reference to the fraternal aspects of international photogrammetry.
POINT TRANSFER FROM ONE PHOTOGRAPH TO ANOTHER
Authors: Eden J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments are described which compare point transfer from one photograph to another by stereoscopic and non‐stereoscopic procedures. It is shown that, whereas it may be possible to achieve very high accuracies by both methods, the former method is more dependent for its accuracy on a high observer skill and is also more prone to occasional mistakes in identification.
THE DETERMINATION OF INTERIOR ORIENTATION ELEMENTS OF CLOSE RANGE CAMERAS WITHOUT CONTROL POINTS
Authors: Bhatti M. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA novel method of calibration of non‐topographic cameras is described, involving a simple three dimensional test object for photography at short object distances. The position of the camera with respect to the test object is resected at the same time as the computation of values of the interior orientation elements.
ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHY APPLIED TO THE PLANNING OF STONEHOUSE NEW TOWN
Authors: Clark W. A. S. , Richardson F. A. B. , Draffan D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDistinct benefits have been obtained from the use of orthophotography in the initial planning of Scotland's sixth new town, to be located at Stonehouse, 29 km south east of Glasgow, due to a comprehensive approach to the mapping requirements. This paper discusses some of the details of the orthophotomapping project.RésuméL'orthophotographie s'est révélée d'un usage fort intéressant pour les études d'implantation de la sixième ville nouvelle d'Écosse (Stonehouse, 29 km au S.E. de Glasgow). On discute quelques aspects du projet d'orthophotoplan.ZusammenfassungDeutliche Vorteile ergaben sich aus der Anwendung der Differentialent‐zerrung bei der Vorplanung für Schottlands 6. neue Stadt, die in der Nähe von Stonehouse, 29 km südöstlich von Glasgow liegen soll, infolge der umfassenden Befriedigung der Anforderungen an die Kartenherstellung. Im Artikel werden einige Details des Orthophotokarten‐Projektes diskutiert.
AN EXPERIMENT IN MULTISPECTRAL AIR PHOTOGRAPHY FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Authors: Hampton J. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe recognition of subsurface soil disturbances that have no surviving surface displacement often depends on an anomalous growth of the crop that overlies them. These disturbances are sometimes evidences of man's past activities. The very slight differentials of colour and height in growing crops are frequently difficult to record through a normal film and filter combination. In order to test the capacity of the multispectral technique, a four camera sensor was flown over archaeological sites in central southern England in the summer of 1970. Known sites were used in various geological settings, producing growth marks of differing characteristics. The sensor included the near infrared and this showed distinct advantages at the early stages of cereal growth.
HENRY GEORGES FOURCADE
Authors: Adams L. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper gives an account of the life of Dr. H. G. Fourcade and describes his pioneer photogrammetric achievements.RésuméBiographie du Dr. H. G. Fourcade; description de ses recherches en matière de photogrammétrie.ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird ein Bericht über das Leben von Dr. H. G. Fourcade und seine Pionierleistungen auf dem Gebiet der Photogrammetrie gegeben.
MULTIBAND PHOTOGRAPHY FOR SOIL SURVEY IN BRECKLAND, EAST ANGLIA
Authors: Evans R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn late May/early June and mid‐July 1971, panchromatic and multiband photographs were taken of a locality in Breckland, East Anglia. Panchromatic and red waveband photographs are of similar value for interpreting and mapping soils and are far superior to photographs exposed to the blue and the green wavebands. Photographs exposed in July are more useful than those exposed in June but are best taken in March and April when most land has been ploughed. In July, near infrared photographs emphasise differences in growth within crops which are related to differences in depth of sand over sand‐chalk drift. The multiband signature technique appears to have little application for soil mapping and classification but further investigation is needed, particularly in the field, of those factors which govern image response.RésuméFin mai, début juin, et à la mi‐juillet 1971 ont été prises des photos panchromatiques et multicanales d'une localité située dans le Breckland (est de l'Angleterre). On a constaté que les photographies panchromatiques et celles prises dans la bande rouge étaient d'un interêt égal quant à l'identification de la nature des sols et à leur cartographie; il n'en n'est pas de même pour celles prises dans les bandes bleues et vertes qui leur sont dans ce type d'étude très inférieures. La prise de vue doit être effectuée en juillet, de préférence, en juin, mats mieux encore en mars et avril après les labours. Les prises de vues de juillet en proche infra‐rouge mettent en évidence les différences de hauteurs des moissons dues aux variations de l'épaisseur de la couche superficielle de sable du bane sable‐craie. Les prises de vue en plusieurs canaux et les techniques d'exploitation actuelles ne semblent pas d'un très grand intérêt pour la cartographie et la classification des sols, du moins tant que n'auront pas été accomplis des progrès décisifs dans l'étude des facteurs qui induisent la réponse‐image.ZusammenfassungEnde Mai, Anfang Juni und Mitte Juli 1971 wurden panchromatische und multispektrale Photos eines Gebietes in Breckland, Ostanglia, aufgenommen. Panchromatische und infrarote Bilder sind für die Interpretation und Kartierung etwa gleichbedeutend und Aufnahmen im blauen und grünen Bereich des Spektrums weit überlegen. Die im Juli aufgenommenen Bilder sind gegenüber den Junibildern günstiger, aber am besten sind Aufnahmen im März und April, wenn das meiste Ackerland gepflügt wird. Im Juli werden durch Infrarotphotos Wachstumsdifferenzen bei Cetreide sichtbar gemacht, die aus Tiefenunterschieden des Sandes über Kalksandschichten resultieren. Die multispektrale Aufzeichnung scheint für die Kartierung und Klassifizierung von Boden geringe Bedeutung zu haben, jedoch sind weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich, besonders hinsichtlich der Faktoren, die die Bildaufzeichnung beeinflussen.
CONTROL FOR AERIAL TRIANGULATION
Authors: Newby P. R. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe article describes an experiment in which a production block of aerial triangulation, observed by the method of independent models, was repeatedly computed using differing amounts and configurations of control. The block was recomputed to investigate the effects of control errors, of dispensing with the tie strips and of applying different weights to control and tie points. The connexion between the quality of the join of individual models and that of the adjusted block was also investigated.RésuméOn décrit une série d'essais effectués sur un bloc de production de triangulation aérienne analytique traité par la méthode des modèles indépendants, destinés àétudier l'influence du nombre et de la configuration des points du canevas d'appui, l'effet d'erreurs sur les points d'appui, l'effet des bandes transversales, et du choix des poids pour les points d'appui et de liaison. On a aussi examiné la corrélation entre la qualityé de l'enchaînement des modèles individuels et celle du bloc compensé.ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines Versuchs, bei dem ein Aerotriangulationsblock aus der Produktion, der nach der Methode der unabhängigen Bildpaare beobachtet worden war, wiederholt bei verschiedenen Anzahlen und Anordnungen von Passpunkten berechnet wurde. Die Berechnungen erfolgten zur Abschätzung der Einflüsse von Passpunktfehlern. Weiter wurde der Anschluss zu Nachbarstreifen und die Anwendung verschiedener Gewichte für Pass‐ und Verbindungspunkte untersucht. Desgleichen wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der Qualität des Zusammenschlusses einzelner Modelle und der des ausgeglichenen Blockes untersucht.