bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of synthesised ecofriendly and biodegradable esters: fire resistance and lubricating properties
Authors: Nagendramma Ponnekanti , Kaul Savita , Bisht R. P. S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBiodegradable esters have been synthesised using Polyols such as 2‐methyl‐2‐n‐propyl 1,3‐propane diol, 2,2‐di methyl 1,3‐propane diol, 1,1,1‐[tris] hydroxyl methyl propane, 1,1,1‐[tris] hydroxyl methyl ethane and carboxylic acids (C6‐C12) both pure and their mixtures with indigenous ion exchange resin (Indion‐130) catalyst. The products were characterised for their physico‐chemical properties and were evaluated for their lubrication performance. These were then compared with VG‐22 grade fire resistant hydraulic fluids (FRHFs).The products were found to have good potential for use as a base stock for formulations as FRHF of VG‐22 grade. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(PEGDMA‐MAA) copolymeric micro and nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery
Authors: Tomar Lomas K. , Tyagi Charu , Lahiri Sitanshu S. , Singh Harpal 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPoly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) based micro and nanoparticles were prepared and evaluated as a carrier for oral delivery of insulin. PEGDMA was synthesized by esterification reaction of the PEG4000 with MAA in the presence of an acid catalyst. Particles of different size were prepared by emulsion polymerization reaction using different concentration of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) as an emulsifying agent. Synthesized copolymeric particle were characterized by attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, and acid value. The mean particle diameter of the polymeric micro and nanoparticles at various physiologically relevant pH values was measured using dynamic light scattering. Insulin loading efficiency of the particles was found to be directly proportional to the particle size and inversely proportional to the acid value of the particles. In vitro insulin release studies from various insulin loaded particles were performed by simulating the gastrointestinal tract conditions using HPLC. At pH 2.5, the release of insulin from polymeric particles was observed in the range of 5–8% while a significant higher release (20–35%) was observed at pH 7.4 during first 15 min of in vitro release. Largest size copolymeric particles of 8.3 µm also showed the highest efficiency to reduce the blood glucose level in diabetic rabbits. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and properties of new aromatic copolyesters containing phosphorous cyclic bulky groups
Authors: Vlad‐Bubulac Tachita , Hamciuc Corneliu 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA series of phosphorus‐containing copolyesters was prepared by polycondensation of 2‐(6‐oxido‐6H‐dibenz<c,e><1,2>oxaphosphorin‐6‐yl)‐1,4‐naphthalene diol, 1, or of an equimolecular amount of 1 and different bisphenols 2, such as 4,4′‐isopropylidenediphenol, 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol and 2,7‐dihydroxynaphthalene, with an aromatic diacid chloride containing two preformed ester groups 3, namely, terephthaloyl‐bis‐(4‐oxybenzoyl‐chloride). The copolyesters exhibited good thermal stability having the temperature of 5% weight loss above 380°C and char yield at 700°C in the range of 20–31.2%. The glass transition temperature was in the range of 136–147°C. The polymers exhibited thermotropic liquid crystalline behavior, as was observed with polarized optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray experiments. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
SYSTAT
Authors: Wilkinson Leland 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSYSTAT is a general‐purpose statistics package originally developed by Leland Wilkinson and now owned and developed by Cranes Software International, Bangalore, India. Its distinguishing features are a terse scripting language, a simple graphical user interface, a small footprint, accurate algorithms, and a comprehensive statistical graphics engine. Over the last 20 years, SYSTAT has had implementations of CP/M, DOS, Windows, Unix, and Macintosh operating systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Software for Computational Statistics > Software/Statistical Software
Effects of the Auxiliary Ligands on the Structures of Diphenate Complexes: From 1D Helical Chain to 2D Network
Authors: Gou Lei , Li Li , Li Jian‐Li , Fan Xiao‐Yong , Li Dong‐Lin 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTwo coordination polymers, [Cd(dpa)(L1)] (1) and [Cd(dpa)(L2)]·CH3CH2OH3 (2) (L1 = 2,6‐bis(1H‐benzimidazol‐2yl)‐pyridine, L2 = 2,2′‐(1,4‐butanediyl) bis (1H‐ benzimidazole) (L2), both of which contain helical chain subunits, were synthesized by the reaction of CdII salts and diphenic acid (H2dpa) with rigid, chelating and flexible, bridging auxiliary ligands, respectively. Compound 1 has a 1D helical chain structure, in which dpa2– as bridging ligand is responsible for the formation of the main framework and L1 as chelating ligand grafts on one side of the helical chain. This structure is further extended into a 3D supramolecular framework through two kinds of strong hydrogen bonding interactions. Compound 2 has a 2D structure, in which dpa2– bridges the CdII atoms into helical chains and L2 bridges the left‐ and right‐handed chains into a racemic layer with a [4,4] topology.
Scaled Quantum Mechanical Force Fields for the Peroxynitrates. II. Fluorocarbonyl Peroxynitrate and Chlorocarbonyl Peroxynitrate.
Authors: Coronel Angelina C. , Fernández Lis E. , Varetti Eduardo L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe vibrational properties of fluorocarbonyl peroxynitrate, FC(O)OONO2 and chlorocarbonyl peroxynitrate, ClC(O)OONO2 were studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) methods. The obtained results served to revise the reported experimental spectra and their corresponding assignments. Subsequently, the revised data were used in the definition of scaled quantum mechanics (SQM) force fields for these peroxynitrates. A set of internal force constants was also calculated from such force fields.
Choice of Management of Southern Chinese BRCA Mutation Carriers
Authors: Kwong Ava , Wong Connie H. N. , Shea Catherine , Suen Dacita T. K. , Choi Catherine L. Y. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackgroundMutations in the BRCA genes confer greater risk of developing breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer. Families carrying the mutation can have intensive surveillance and take preventative measures. This is the first report on the uptake of such interventions in Chinese mutation carriers residing in Asia.MethodsBreast and ovarian cancer index patients and family members referred for genetic counselling and testing who are found to carry the BRCA mutations were included in this multicenter study.ResultsA total of 31 patients with breast and/or ovarian cancer were found to carry BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Forty‐one tested family members also carried the mutations. Of the females, 85.7% of the index patients opted for breast surveillance and 23.8% for prophylactic mastectomy. Of the family members, 82.4% chose breast surveillance and 17.7% had prophylactic mastectomy. The majority of index patients and family members preferred ovarian surveillance (84 and 82.4%). Amongst the index patients, 32% decided for prophylactic salpingo‐oophorectomy; 17.6% of the family members who did not have history of ovarian cancer decided to have prophylactic salpingo‐oophorectomy. All male index patients agreed to breast and prostate surveillance, including breast clinical examination and PSA monitoring. For those male family members found to be BRCA mutation carriers, 56.3% agreed to have breast surveillance and 66.7% agreed to have prostate surveillance. No index patient or family member agreed to any form of chemoprevention.ConclusionsChinese BRCA mutation carriers have a higher uptake of cancer surveillance than prophylactic surgery and have a lack of interest in the use of chemoprevention drugs.
Le principe de l’anonymat du donneur de gamètes à l’épreuve de son contexte. Analyse des conceptions juridiques de l’identité
Authors: Brunet L. 
Published: February 2010

Résumé
L’ambition de cette étude est de proposer une lecture juridique qui puisse éclairer le débat passionné que suscite aujourd’hui le principe de l’anonymat des donneurs de gamètes. Ce principe, qui n’avait pas été remis en question depuis 1994, est en effet dénoncé par certains enfants nés d’une procréation médicalement assistée avec donneur et qui sont maintenant en âge de se manifester. L’impact de leur témoignage a été immédiatement sensible, et il a ainsi été proposé dans certains rapports officiels de lever l’anonymat sous certaines conditions. Pour comprendre comment le débat public s’est inversé de la sorte, il faut resituer la question de l’anonymat des donneurs de gamètes dans le prolongement d’évolutions moins visibles qui se sont manifestées dans le domaine du droit. En effet, les notions juridiques de filiation et d’identité ont été profondément reconfigurées avec le temps, et ces changements pèsent de tout leur poids dans le dossier de l’anonymat des donneurs de gamètes. Là où, hier, le droit se préoccupait de l’identification des individus à des fins politiques et sociales, aujourd’hui, il se soucie du sentiment d’identité de la personne et de son épanouissement personnel. Il faut prendre la mesure de ce changement survenu sous l’effet de l’orientation individualiste et égalitariste de la société. Le facteur déclenchant a été l’introduction de la preuve biologique dans le cadre des procès relatifs à la filiation. Mais l’attrait pour la vérité biologique, qui s’est répandue dans le droit de la filiation, s’est heurté à des situations volontairement construites sur le secret de l’ascendance biologique. La France admet en effet, depuis longtemps, qu’une femme puisse accoucher sans dévoiler son identité. L’impasse a été surmontée en dégageant une nouvelle notion juridique, celle d’origine personnelle. La loi permet aujourd’hui aux enfants nés sous X, dans certaines conditions, de demander l’identité de leur génitrice, sans que la connaissance de leur origine puisse affecter leur statut familial. La carrière de la notion d’origine personnelle prospère avec éclat sur la scène européenne et vient ainsi aiguiser le débat. Il est désormais reconnu, en droit interne comme en droit européen, que l’individu doit bénéficier d’un accès privilégié à ses origines personnelles. Le principe de l’anonymat des donneurs de gamètes peut-il rester à l’abri d’une telle (r)évolution ?
Web graph similarity for anomaly detection
Authors: Papadimitriou Panagiotis , Dasdan Ali , Garcia-Molina Hector 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWeb graphs are approximate snapshots of the web, created by search engines. They are essential to monitor the evolution of the web and to compute global properties like PageRank values of web pages. Their continuous monitoring requires a notion of graph similarity to help measure the amount and significance of changes in the evolving web. As a result, these measurements provide means to validate how well search engines acquire content from the web. In this paper, we propose five similarity schemes: three of them we adapted from existing graph similarity measures, and two we adapted from well-known document and vector similarity methods (namely, the shingling method and random projection based method). We empirically evaluate and compare all five schemes using a sequence of web graphs from Yahoo!, and study if the schemes can identify anomalies that may occur due to hardware or other problems.
Special commentary on the issue of reinfibulation
Authors: Cook Rebecca J. , Dickens Bernard M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPolicy on reinfibulation exposes the interface between individual or micro‐ethics and population‐wide or macro‐ethics. If, following childbirth, an infibulated woman requests reinfibulation, a gynecologist may respectfully advise her of its negative implications, but would not act in breach of ethical or usually legal requirements in undertaking the procedure. However, as a matter of health policy and professional responsibility, physicians should refuse to initiate infibulation, and advise their patients and communities that the procedure is harmful, not required by religious or other ordinance, and frequently if not always unlawful. Reinfibulation is not genital cutting (or “mutilation”) in itself, but when undertaken by a physician may appear to condone infibulation. This is contrary to medical professional ethics, which condemn medicalization of infibulation and generally of reinfibulation, even as a harm‐reduction strategy to spare women the risks of injury and infection from unskilled interventions.
Reproductive incompatibility among genetic groups of Bemisia tabaci supports the proposition that the whitefly is a cryptic species complex
Authors: Xu J. , De Barro P.J. , Liu S.S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe worldwide distribution and extensive genetic diversity of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci has long been recognized. However, whether B. tabaci is a complex species or a species complex has been a subject of debate. Recent phylogenetic analyses suggest that B. tabaci is a cryptic species complex composed of at least 24 morphologically indistinguishable species. Here, we conducted crossing experiments and demonstrated reproductive incompatibility among three of the 24 putative species. Our data and those of previously reported crossing experiments among various putative species of B. tabaci were collated to reveal the pattern of reproductive isolation. The combined results provide strong support to the proposition that B. tabaci is a cryptic species complex.
Prologue: Stephen Dedalus's Hell
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter explores the evaporation, in effect, of real assent to beliefs in the afterlife, especially in hell. Starting from the author's personal experiences of Catholicism before Vatican II, it goes on to consider whether in the modern world such beliefs are inevitably entertained with ironic overtones. The hell sermons in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce are of exceptional interest here, for Joyce is able to deploy irony toward a boy's belief in hell, and the Catholic traditions that stand behind it, while holding back from satire.
1 After Lives
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis is a brief survey of beliefs about an after life from the earliest times. No one or two formulae can capture the structure or motives of such beliefs. Many beliefs in a future existence go with extreme pessimism about what form it might take (e.g. the ancient Sumerians, Homeric Greeks). Belief in post‐mortem existence may arise not from hopes individuals have for themselves, but in fear of the continued existence after death of others—as in ghost cultures and animism. The chapter touches very briefly on ideas of Plato, Lucretius, Aquinas, Spinoza, and Nietzsche to suggest that philosophical accounts of belief in survival have no tendency to converge.
10 Heaven: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Israel
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter explores the development of ideas of the afterlife amongt the ancient Egyptians, Mesopotamians, and Jews, including accounts of ascents to heaven. The Mesopotamian earthly paradise (“Dilmun”) and its difference from the Jewish paradise is described. The philosophical Judaism of Philo of Alexandria is outlined. There follows discussion of images of heaven in the sayings and parables of Jesus, and in particular the idea that heaven is within us. St. Paul's account of the spiritual, risen body is discussed, and St. John's account of the descent of the heavenly Jerusalem.
11 Bodies Fleshly and Spiritual
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTwo opposing accounts of heaven and the risen body are discussed—the materialist account of Irenaeus, and the elaborate theory of the spiritual risen body and its properties of Augustine. In Augustine there is a curious mixture of a vision of the risen body that is virtually allegorical—that sees the body's existence as subsumed within the community of believers—and a continued attempt to explain it in a semi‐literal way. The chapter ends with a discussion of the Muslim paradise, and of accusations, mostly brought by Christians, that it is a paradise of the senses. The Muslim vision of paradise is discussed through an account of some hadith, and some attempts at allegorical interpretation of the sensual descriptions are noticed.
13 Celestial Pleasures: Renaissance and Reformation Heavens
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe contemplative heaven of Dante soon gave way to heavens that allowed a greater variety of human and sensuous pleasures. Voyagers tried to rediscover the earthly paradise. The chapter examines the humanist heaven of the Renaissance humanist, Lorenzo Valla, which vigorously insists on the need for individual, human delights, and the intellectual heavenly pleasures of Erasmus. Luther's earthy, if philosophically unsophisticated, vision of the next life is evoked, as is the attempt by St. Francis de Sales to charm his readers into heaven.
Introduction
Authors: de Kuijper Mia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter lays out the logic and the structure of the book. The book follows a trajectory that begins by examining the underlying causes of change of our economic environment and that does not stop until readers have a firm grasp on the right strategic and investment steps to take in the new business world: a world that will merge as a result of the changes brought about by the falling cost of information. The introduction explains that the framework that the book has developed for creating extraordinary returns is consistent with the emergence of perfect information and with the economics of perfect economics. Many of the parts of the economics of perfect information are developed over the course of the book. For instance the book establishes the economic validity of three lessons that the author observed from practical business experience—as an executive at PepsiCo, Royal/Dutch Shell and AT&T, as a senior investment banker, as a strategy consultant and as an entrepreneur—but that would have been considered heresies in traditional mainstream economics. These three heresies are: aspiring to achieve extraordinary returns in a world of perfect information; asserting that profit power is an economic concept, that it can be wielded ethically and reliably in a competitive setting, and that it can improve returns for others as well. And thirdly, daring to reveal that, contrary to mainstream economic doctrine, perfect information does not bring about perfect markets; even worse, that perfect information is the source of an entire new class of market failures or imperfections.
The Two Trends of Transparency
Authors: de Kuijper Mia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractChapter 3 introduces transparency and discusses the two inevitable trends that are unleashed by the falling cost of information, namely the emergence of perfect information and interdependent decision making. This chapter maps out the effects of the first inevitable trend, namely the emergence of perfect information on markets, contracts, etc., and addresses the benefits that result from wiping out imperfect information and its ill economic effects (e.g. the lemon problem, cheating, moral hazard).
3 Neuropathology of Aging
Authors: Dickstein Dara L. , Morrison John H. , Hof Patrick R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by extensive, yet selective, neuron death in the cerebral neocortex leading to dramatic decline in cognitive abilities and memory. A more modest disruption of memory occurs frequently in normal aging, in humans and in animal models. Significant neuron death does not appear to be the cause of such age-related memory deficits, but in AD, hippocampal and long association corticocortical circuits are devastated. Evidence from rodent and nonhuman primate models reveals that these same circuits exhibit subtle age-related changes in neurochemical phenotype, dendritic and spine morphology, and synaptic integrity that correlate with impaired function. Molecular alterations of synapses, such as shifts in expression of excitatory receptors, also contribute to these deficits. These brain regions are also responsive to circulating estrogen levels. Interactions between reproductive senescence and brain aging may affect cortical synaptic transmission, implying that certain synaptic alterations in aging may be reversible. As such, integrity of spines and synapses may reflect age-related memory decline, whereas the loss of select cortical circuits is a crucial substrate for functional decline in AD.
9 Genetics and Imaging in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Bookheimer Susan Y. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe pathological changes that give rise to Alzheimer's disease (AD) begin years and potentially decades before disease onset. This is well demonstrated using a range of in vivo imaging tools including PET, structural MRI, and functional MRI. In particular, individuals with a genetic risk for AD show similar PET and MRI abnormalities as do Alzheimer's subjects, though to a lesser extent. Studying subjects with a genetic risk for AD prior to the onset of clinically significant memory loss adds to our understanding of the pathological processes leading to AD and may distinguish between those likely to develop the disease and those experiencing normal age-related brain changes. This chapter reviews the major genetic risk factors for AD and discusses the range of imaging abnormalities associated with genetic risk and early manifestations of AD.
14 Amyloid Imaging and (What is “Normal”?) Aging
Authors: Klunk William E. , Mathis Chester A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOne thing that has become clear from amyloid imaging studies is how early the full burden of plaques accumulate, often by the time a patient first develops symptoms. This finding brings with it the challenge to define the earliest evidence of plaque accumulation, and this is very likely to be in the clinically unimpaired elderly. We will then need to understand the full significance of asymptomatic brain β-amyloidosis. Does it lead to sub-clinical cognitive deficits? Does it lead to Alzheimer's disease (AD)? If good anti-amyloid therapies can be developed, should they be started at this preclinical stage? Perhaps most importantly, if amyloid deposition can be reversed at this early stage, can AD be prevented? The current paradigm of diagnosing and treating AD during the clinically symptomatic period may not lead us to the treatment success we desire and a new paradigm for the treatment during pre-symptomatic period of AD seems to be required. Amyloid imaging may have its most important application in the detection and longitudinal follow-up of this prodromal state. It may lead to a new definition of what is “normal” aging.
15 Differential Diagnosis of Dementia Using Functional Neuroimaging
Authors: Salmon Eric , Collette Fabienne , Garraux Gaëtan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFunctional neuroimaging in neurodegenerative dementias provides 3D representations of brain activity that are relatively characteristic of the underlying phenotypic distribution of cerebral lesions. They are not specific for a given brain pathology and the heterogeneity of brain diseases must always be considered. However, when methodologies are optimized, the values for sensitivity, specificity, and early diagnostic accuracy approach 80%. A lot of studies have shown that Alzheimer's disease can be distinguished from depression, vascular dementia or frontotemporal dementia, and Lewy body dementia when two techniques are used. General recommendations are to rely on multiple key regions and to combine different neuroimaging techniques to make a differential diagnosis among dementias.