bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex pheromone emission by female Stegobium paniceum (L.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) in relation to reproductive maturation and oviposition
Authors: Barratt B. I. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPheromone emission by female Stegobium paniceum (L.) was tested in the laboratory by measuring responses of males to filter paper discs that had been exposed to standardised air flow over females in a simple apparatus. Results indicated that although ether-extractable pheromone is present at eclosion, emission of pheromone is not appreciable until day 2 or 3 and does not reach a maximum until day 3 or 4. After mating, pheromone emission oscillates markedly for reasons not fully understood. Ovary maturation was monitored by dissection of females 0–5 days old; the first mature oocytes were found in the calyces on day 3. Synchrony between reproductive maturation and pheromone emission was thereby demonstrated. Copulatory behaviour and oviposition in relation to female mating history were studied. Virgin females produce a few infertile eggs during the latter part of their adult life; mated females produce far more, much earlier, but fecundity is reduced when a female is kept with another beetle, particularly a male. The significance of multiple mating was not ascertained since neither fecundity nor fertility was increased.
Uroplata lantanaeBuzzi & Winder (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae), a Potential biological control agent ofLantana camarain Australia
Authors: Winder J. A. , Harley K. L. S. , Kassulke R. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField studies were carried out between 1974 and 1978 on the hispineUroplata lantanaeBuzzi & Winder which feeds onLantana tiliaefoliaplants under shade in temperate climate areas of Paraná State, southern Brazil. The life-cycle from egg to adult took 48–54 days between October and January with only one generation a year. Adults fed by rasping leaves and larvae mined leaves, occasionally destroying up to 24% on individual plants. Adults colonised tall plants preferentially and chose to oviposit on the higher branches, which suffered significantly less leaf abscission. Greater numbers of all stages of the hispine were found on lantana plants around which a plant-free zone was created compared with those growing amongst other understorey plants. Larvae were parasitised by a complex of braconid, eulophid, chalcid and torymid parasitoids, with greater parasitisation occurring at lower branch heights. Multiple-choice host-specificity tests and field observations showed thatU. lantanaefed only onL. tiliaefoliaandL. camara. The effectiveness ofU. lantanaeas a biological control agent of lantana in Australia is discussed.
Infection of Strategus aloeus (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and other Dynastinae with Baculovirus oryctes
Authors: Lomer C. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdults of Strategus aloeus (L.) were shown to be capable of supporting Baculovirus oryctes replication. This was confirmed by serology and by restriction endonuclease analysis. Although bioassays were not performed, the quantity of virus produced was similar to that produced in Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) and should encourage further trials on the potential of this virus to control S. aloeus. Scapanes australis (Boisduval) and Papuana biroi Endrödi did not support adequate virus replication. Previous findings on the susceptibility of O. monoceros (Olivier) were confirmed.
The use of biochemical tests to identify multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms in field-selected populations of Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Hemingway J. , Jayawardena K. G. I. , Weerasinghe I. , Herath P. R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAnopheles subpictus Grassi in Sri Lanka is under selection pressure from both agricultural and public health insecticides. Agricultural selection pressure has produced larval specific carbamate resistance which appears to be correlated with high esterase activity. High esterase activity was found in both larvae and adults, but one of the larval elevated bands was not present in the adult, and two other adult bands were not found in the larvae. Broad spectrum organophosphate resistance was found in both the larvae and the adults and was associated with an increase in mixed-function oxidase activity. There was no evidence of an altered AChE mechanism in this population.
Population studies, physiological state and mortality factors of overwintering adult populations of females ofCulex pipiensL. (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Onyeka J. O. A. , Boreham P. F. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe biology of overwintering populations of adults ofCulex pipiensL. was studied between October 1977 and April 1980 in southern England. Data obtained from population studies showed that there was a rapid build-up at the beginning of hibernation in August, reaching a peak in late October-early November each year and gradually decreasing from December. Extensive movement both in and out and within the hibernation site occurred, with many individuals changing their locations or hibernacula during the course of hibernation. Studies on induced feeding showed that in the early months of hibernation (August-October) exposure to constant light for a minimum period of 12 days was required before the females would take a blood-meal. This period decreased during the course of hibernation. Observations on the physiological condition of hibernating females revealed that up to 90% of the population were inseminated. A few parous females entered hibernation shelters at the onset of winter but did not survive the winter. Furthermore, females used up about 80% of their fat food reserves during hibernation, while there was little or no change in the quantity of glycogen present. From an assessment of the impact of mortality factors on a population of known size, it was observed that exodus from the hibernation shelters accounted for about 30% reduction in the population size while depletion of food reserves and predation by spiders accounted for approximately 15 and 20% mortality, respectively.
Aspects of the population dynamics of adults of Haematobia thirouxi potans (Bezzi) (Diptera: Muscidae) in southern Africa
Authors: Fay H. A. C. , Doube B. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractChanges in adult populations of Haematobia thirouxi potans (Bezzi) were studied in Hluhluwe Game Reserve, Natal, South Africa, between October 1981 and May 1983. While there were no unequivocal seasonal changes in fly abundance, population increases were recorded late spring–early summer and mid–late autumn. Of the two measures of fly abundance, namely the number of flies that emerged from dung pads almost free of other fauna and counts of flies from culled buffalo (Syncerus caffer), the former was correlated with the proportion of nulliparous females in the population (r = 0·82). While the average female completed a minimum of 2·7 ovarian cycles, up to 78% of females during winter were in the 4th or subsequent cycle. The size of flies collected from buffalo and from dung pads showed an overall reduction during the study period and was an important factor in both survival and fecundity. Differences in the preference of flies for buffalo over an Afrikander-Shorthorn cross heifer, were manifested in the sex ratio and proportions of nulliparous females and fed flies.
Mechanized extraction of arthropods from cattle dung
Authors: Sutherst R. W. , Macqueen A. , Kelley B. M. , Stegeman D. A. , Asher K. G. , Tozer R. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEcological, population and community studies of arthropod fauna inhabiting dung require large-scale quantitative data to produce statistically adequate results. A mechanized extraction technique is described which recovers fauna accurately and rapidly from large numbers of cattle dung pads. The equipment comprises a motor-driven paddle which agitates the dung sample in a bucket with fine mesh panels inlaid into its walls and through which is passed a continuous flow of water. An electric motor drives five such units simultaneously. Most dipteran puparia and adult arthropods float on water and are recovered following the washing. Puparia are recovered manually, while mites and adult beetles are extracted from the floating debris with heat in modified Berlese-Tullgren funnels. The wash bucket and its drained contents are then immersed in a flotation vat through which a sodium carbonate solution is recirculated. Insect eggs and larvae are floated off into sieves and rinsed before preservation. The resulting samples are fixed and preserved in 70% ethanol for later identification and counting. The procedure recovered 70–90% of most types and stages of dung fauna. Up to 25 complete dung pads can be processed per day with a team of three people.
Phenacoccus gossypiiTownsend & Cockerell,P. madeirensisGreen and some related mealybug species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Williams D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe identity ofPhenacoccus gossypiiTownsend & Cockerell is established as a local species in Mexico and southern USA. AlthoughP. madeirensisGreen was described from Madeira and is recorded from much of the African mainland, it was probably introduced from tropical America. It is now known to be common on many crop and ornamental plants in North and South America where it has often been mistaken forP. gossypii. Both species are redescribed and illustrated, and their range of variation is discussed.P. grenadensisGreen & Laing andP. harbisoniPeterson are synonymized withP. madeirensis. A related species,P. baccharidissp. n., is described from Brazil, andP. sphaeralceaesp. n. is described from Arizona.P. hurdiMcKenzie is redescribed and is now recorded from an extensive area in southern USA and Mexico. All five species have numerous dorsal multilocular pores and are included in a key to 15 related species in North and South America.
Avermectins in insect control and biology: a review
Authors: Strong L. , Brown T. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn a variety of laboratory and field experiments, avermectins have been tested against some 84 species of insects in ten orders, most of which are pests of livestock or horticultural crops or are of general nuisance value. This work is reviewed, comparing doses used, methods of application, and responses of the insects. Avermectins (abamectin and ivermectin) are toxic to almost all insects examined, although tolerance varies and death can be uncommonly slow, taking 24 h to 30 days. There is a marked absence of information on physiological processes that are affected by the pesticides, although at the cellular level they are thought to disrupt receptors for y-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid in the central nervous system and muscular system. At high doses, treated insects are progressively immobilized, and although initially many can move when stimulated, this ability becomes lost. Some show a disturbed water balance and become distended with fluid, while others show disruption of moulting and metamorphosis. Feeding inhibition is commonly observed at sub-lethal doses. Avermectins affect many aspects of reproduction including mating behaviour, egg development, oviposition and egg hatching. The possibility is raised that these diverse disturbances are not all due to disruption of neuromuscular or central nervous system synapses, and the need for work in this area is stressed. Field studies have shown ivermectin to be most valuable in eradicating insect pests of livestock, but the use of abamectin against horticultural pests has produced less impressive results. The limited work on non-target species is discussed, and attention is drawn to some possible environmental consequences of excreted ivermectin on dung-breeding insects.
A sensitive and efficient isoenzyme technique for small arthropods and other invertebrates
Authors: Easteal Simon , Boussy Ian A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn electrophoretic method for the study of enzyme variation, which uses cellulose acetate sheets with an agar overlay for staining, the use of a very good general purpose buffer (citric-aminopropyldiethanol amine) and the use of sodium azide as a bacteriocide to allow long term storage of chemicals as solutions are described. Tests are reported of the technique onTetranychus urticaeKoch,Aedes aegypti(L.) and several species ofDrosophila. The results demonstrate that the technique offers sensitivity equal to or greater than starch or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and that it is applicable to very small organisms, allowing either the testing of single individuals for large numbers of enzymes or the testing of fewer enzymes under different electrophoretic conditions (i.e. to detect cryptic variation under a single condition). The technique is efficient of time and materials, and safer than conventional methods.
Food quality and foraging response by the subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus shiraki (isoptera: rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Waller Deborah A. , Fage Jeffery P. La 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn previous laboratory studies, it was demonstrated that baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) diets eliminated a critical gut protozoan, Pseudotrichonympha grassii, from Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. The present authors surveyed field colonies of C. formosanus confined within baldcypress trees growing in a river in Louisiana and found P. grassii was present. Termites inhabiting baldcypress trees preferred pine (Pinus) and rejected baldcypress in choice tests in the field. Significantly more termites were recruited to baits when twice as much pine was offered, indicating that C. formosanus adjusted its foraging response to resource amount. In laboratory tests, sound baldcypress sapwood and heartwood depressed survival and gut protozoan counts in C. formosanus, but baldcypress infected with the basidiomycete fungus Rigidoporus sp. and an unidentified imperfect species was favourable for the termites and their symbionts. These results suggest an important role for microbial modification in termite host selection.
Acclimation to, and recovery from, low temperatures in scottish clones ofmyzus persicae(sulzer) andaulacorthum solani(kaltenbach) (hemiptera: aphididae) susceptible and resistant to organophosphates
Authors: Pozarowska Barbara J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAcclimation had a beneficial effect on Scottish clones of Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) as seen in enhanced reproduction and development at 5°C, compared with non-acclimated clones at this temperature. In contrast, not all Myzus persicae (Sulzer) clones tested benefited. When reared at 5°C for a second generation, both species had slower nymphal development and M. persicae also had less efficient adult reproduction (a longer pre-reproductive period and reduced fecundity) compared with the first generation. Both species demonstrated a high capacity for recovery from low temperatures, A. solani being the better of the two. In general however, the ability of clones to survive, reproduce and develop at low temperatures or upon transfer to high temperatures, was variable and was not related to annual cycle, origin or organophosphorus resistance. These differing responses support previous results and are suggested as being an efficient means of ensuring variability in aphid populations surviving after winter.
Aspects of migration and colonization of the coconut palm by the coconut mite, Eriophyes guerreronis (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae)
Authors: Moore D. , Alexander L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMigration and colonization of the coconut palm by Eriophyes guerreronis (Keifer) was studied in St Lucia in the West Indies. Mites were not found in unfertilized flowers but were present within a few weeks of fertilization. Nuts remained vulnerable to colonization for a number of months, and mites were present on nuts for up to 13 months. Protection of nuts for the first few months after fertilization is of most importance. On the tree, much migration could be due to mites walking in large numbers across nut surfaces, and they could move from one inflorescence to another if the two were in contact. Increased nut damage appeared to encourage mite migration.
Morphological discrimination of a tobacco-feeding form from Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and a key to New World Myzus (Nectarosiphon) species
Authors: Blackman R. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMultivariate techniques, principally the method of canonical variates, were used to investigate morphological variation within and between populations of the group of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) from North and South America, Europe, Africa and Asia. The scores on the first canonical variate of samples from tobacco in North America, the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, Africa and Sri Lanka all grouped consistently when compared with samples from other host-plants, even after aphids from tobacco had been reared for up to seven years on a non-tobacco host. Thus there is a widely-distributed tobacco-adapted form, closely related to M. persicae but with its own characteristic morphology. Morphological discriminants are given for the recognition of apterous and alate viviparae of this tobacco form, which is given the name M. nicotianae sp. n. Both M. persicae and M. nicotianae have 2n = 12, and both are frequently heterozygous for apparently the same autosomal translocation, which they must have acquired independently. M. nicotianae is presumably isolated from M. persicae by being permanently parthenogenetic. In Japan and Central Asia, however, aphids of the M. persicae group on tobacco can produce sexual morphs; the taxonomic status of these latter populations is still unclear. Multivariate comparison of European and North American populations of dark green aphids of the M. persicae group with 13 or 14 chromosomes in somatic cell nuclei instead of the normal 12, led to the conclusion that these all belong to one morphologically variable taxon, M. antirrhinii (Macchiati). Keys are provided to the apterous and alate virginoparae of the species of the M. persicae group in America.
Fertility and Climatic Adaptations in Siberian Grasshoppers
Authors: Rubtzov I. A. 
Published: July 2009

Summary1. The number of egg-tubes and the number of eggs in each tube varies in accordance with the food and the climatic and microclimatic conditions of each habitat. The majority of Siberian grasshoppers have adaptations in the ovaries which enable them to take full advantage of the available heat.2. In the species possessing 10 or more egg-tubes, their number varies in different parts of the distribution area. It decreases towards the centre of the area with increasing warmth and dryness, and increases towards the colder and more humid margins of that area (e.g., in the Far East and in Western Europe).3. The potential fertility is more or less stable in different species of grasshoppers, and in the species studied it fluctuates between 84 and 388 eggs per female.4. There is no correlation between the potential fertility and the abundance of the species in nature, for the greatest fertility is met with in those species which occur but rarely. The injurious (i.e., very numerous) grasshoppers have a medium, or somewhat less than a medium, potential fertility.5. The actual fertility is greatly dependent on the environment and has a wide range of fluctuation.6. Lack of food in reservations was observed to lower the fertility of grasshoppers by 30–40 per cent. The parasites (Blaesoxiphaspp.,Mermisspp.) greatly reduce the degree of fertility of the Siberian grasshoppers. However, the percentage of infestation by these parasites is low, but in the reservations it is somewhat higher than outside. Thus, the actual fertility in reservations is rather lower than outside.7. The outbreaks of the Siberian grasshoppers are determined by the climatic and microclimatic conditions. The fluctuations in fertility never have any real importance in causing the outbreaks. Lack of food, parasites, predators and diseases are of minor importance; among the latter the main factors are the diseases of the egg-pods, which again depend on the microclimate.
Varying durations of arrested oocyte development in relation to migration in the African armyworm moth, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Page W. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe rate of oocyte development in Spodoptera exempta (Walker) was investigated in the laboratory and in the field in Kenya. Stages and rates of development were examined in relation to moth size and timing of mating and oviposition. The stage of oocyte development was established by measuring the widths of the second or third oocyte at the distal end of one ovariole. Data from moths of known age showed that oocytes were partially developed at eclosion and that a linear progression in development occurred up to 30 h after emergence, by which time the oocytes had reached approximately half their mature size. Oocyte development continued unbroken in some moths up to the time of oviposition on the second night after emergence, whilst the remainder arrested oocyte development for a varying number of days. Mating occurred after midnight, but only once the oocytes had reached a certain size, irrespective of whether development was continuous or arrested. In the latter case, this stage was reached immediately after development resumed. Oviposition usually occurred the night after mating, mainly around midnight and with a second peak towards dawn. The dawn peak derived from mature moths which mated and oviposited on the same night. It is suggested that moths arrest oocyte development to minimize wing loading during migration and that, since moths stay in arrested development for varying lengths of time (thought to be genetically regulated), dispersal is greatly enhanced.
Preliminary spray trials of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus as a control agent for the brown-tail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: Kelly P. M. , Sterling P. H. , Speight M. R. , Entwistle P. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA spray trial of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) as an insecticide for Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.) is described. The trial was carried out indoors in the spring on third-instar larvae emerging from overwintering nests onto small potted hawthorn trees (Crataegus sp.); the equipment used was the Turbair Fox Ultra Low Volume Sprayer. Dosages applied ranged from equivalents of 1 × 1011 to 1 × 1013 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per hectare. Infection was first detected in samples of live larvae after ten days and indicated rates of infection consistently lower than the final mortality attained. Larvae began to die of NPV infections 11 days after spraying, and mortality due to the virus ceased after ca 20 days; most larvae died in the fourth instar. Over the range of virus doses from 1 × 1011 to 5 ×10 12 PIB/ha mortality levels rose with dose, to a maximum of over 90%. Increasing the dosage to 1 × 1013 PIB/ha elicited no further increase in mortality. This preliminary trial suggests that the virus has considerable potential as a control agent, and field trials are, therefore, in progress.