bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Laboratory Method for testing Residual Insecticides against Anopheline Mosquitos
Authors: Reid J. A. 
Published: July 2009

Three interconnecting cages, the largest of which was about 2 feet square, were used in experiments with Anopheles vagus bred from wild-caught larvae.Variations in the arrangement of these cages showed that:1. The mosquitos are quiescent by day, if not disturbed, whether kept in the light or in darkness.2. If they are in complete darkness by night, as in a photographic darkroom, they fly vertically upwards. They will readily escape from a cage about one foot square, with a hold half an inch in diameter in the top, in their continued attempts to fly upwards.3. They are attracted by a dim light at night and will fly sideways or to a lesser extent slightly downwards, in opposition to the tendency to vertical upward flight. In this way they can pass through openings which they would miss if in complete darkness. Light will not cause them to fly vertically downwards.4. Anopheles maculatus is less responsive to light under these conditions, than A. vagus.Using A. vagus, tests were made of the toxicity and residual effect of DDT, BHC and Chlordane as wettable powders on plywood panels. The order of toxicity when fresh was found to be BHC, Chlordane, DDT; the order of the residual effectiveness was DDT, BHC, Chlordane.A considerable mortality occurred amongst mosquitos surviving the overnight tests with DDT and BHC, if they were kept for a further 48 housrs.A larger proportion of females was killed than of males, especially by DDT and Chlordane.BHC was shown to have a marked repellent effect, comparable with that of citronella, but whereas citronella repelled without killing, BHC repelled, but also caused a high subsequent mortality.A. maculatus was tested once against DDT, and once against BHC in the main series of tests, and was much more readily killed than A. vagus, presumably because of its weaker response to light causing it to remain longer in the main cage in contact with the treated panels.
On the Life History of Boriomyia (Hemerobius) nervosa, Fab. (Planipennia, Hemerobiidae).
Authors: Miles Herbert W. 
Published: July 2009

In October 1921, when banding fruit trees for Anthonomus pomorum, L., numbers of larvae of Boriomyia nervosa, Fab., were found spinning up in the bands. The numbers were such as to attract attention, and afforded an excellent opportunity for working out the life-history.The cocoons were rather coarsely made, very loose, and in the mesh could be seen numerous oil-like globules. The larvae lay in a characteristic curved position in the cocoons with the head bent forward until it rested on the underside of the thoracic segments, the legs being slightly folded inwards. They remained quiescent in the cocoons until the spring of 1922, when many specimens pupated in March.
The Life-history of Tectacoris lineola, F., and its Connection with Internal Boll Rots in Queensland
Authors: Ballard E. , Holdaway F. G. 
Published: July 2009

1. A general account is given of the habits and distribution of Tectacoris lineola, together with a description of the adult, and some remarks on the influence of weather conditions on mating.2. The eggs and the different instars are described, and the period of time occupied by each is given.3. The connection between Tectacoris lineola and boll rot incidence is established.4. A table is given illustrating the comparative effect of boll rots and bollworm damage in the past season (1924–1925) on the Cotton Research Farm.5. The effect of bug punctures on cotton seed and its infection with Fusarium moniliforme are briefly discussed.
Studies with Sweet Corn. The Frit Fly Problem
Authors: Haskell Gordon 
Published: July 2009

All varieties of sweet corn, in the seedling stage, are susceptible to frit fly attacks in England.Different open-pollinated, hybrid and inbred varieties differ in susceptibility to damage by frit, indicating a possible genetical basis for resistance. Some breeders have produced less susceptible types than others.Susceptibility is not associated with adaptability or maturity (i.e., comparative earliness when whole rows were ready for picking) of varieties but there is indication that seed origin is of some importance.Sowing sweet corn at different dates influences the severity of attack. Peaks vary according to variety and year but generally sowings late in May are preferable.Distribution of attack on a crop is at random, although there is a suggestion that plants in stringers from a central mass are mere damaged in the direction of the prevailing wind but there is no regular decrease in incidence with distance from the central mass.Methods of tackling the frit fly problem include growing sweet corn in frit free areas, timing sowing dates, using prophylactic measures and breeding more resistant strains on genetical principles.
Studies of the Responses of the FemaleAëdesMosquito. Part III. The Response ofAëdes aegypti(L.) to a Warm Body and its Radiation
Authors: Peterson D. G. , Brown A. W. A. 
Published: July 2009

1. A warm object is more attractive to the female yellow-fever mosquito than a cooler object, such that the numbers touching a ball warmed to 100° or 110°F. were twice as great as those touching a ball 20°F. cooler. This attractiveness was reversed when the temperature of the warmer ball reached 120°F.2. This response is eliminated by the insertion of an air-tight window of thallium bromoiodide, despite the fact that it allows almost all of the radiation to filter through. It is therefore concluded that heat convection, which is eliminated by the air-tight window, is the factor which makes a warm object attractive to the mosquito.3. The several faces of a warm cube, differing in their radiant emissivity but identical as to surface temperature, exhibited attractancies toAëdeswhich were not significantly different one from another (except in the case of black enamel, which will be explained in a later paper). These results may be interpreted to indicate that radiation plays no part in the attraction of the mosquitos to the warm face.4. It is concluded that the failure of Parker (1948) to obtain a positive response ofAëdesmosquitos to a warm dry object was due to the fact that his apparatus allowed only the radiant heat but not the convective heat to reach the insects.5 Since the response ofAëdes aegyptito heat is eliminated by a window transparent to infra-red radiation, the theory of olfaction proposed by Beck and Miles (1947) evidently has no application to this species of mosquito.
Control of Humidity with Potassium Hydroxide, Sulphuric Acid, or other Solutions
Authors: Solomon M. E. 
Published: July 2009

Methods of preparing solutions of graded density for the accurate control of atmospheric relative humidity are described, and some pitfalls in their use and in the use of saturated salt solutions are indicated.For graded solutions of potassium hydroxide and of sulphuric acid, data from the International Critical Tables or more recent sources are used as the basis of tables giving the concentrations (wt.%) and densities corresponding to relative humidities in steps of 5 per cent. R.H. Sources of similar data for calcium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and glycerol solutions are given.As an addition to the compilation of the available data on humidities in contact with various saturated salt solutions by O'Brien (1948), some more recent figures are quoted.
Predatory arthropods in cabbage terraces under different conditions in the Cordillera Region of Luzon, Philippines
Authors: Basedow Th. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPredatory arthropods on cabbage terraces were studied by square flooding and by pitfall trapping in January 1992, following a transect through the Cordillera Region of Luzon, with decreasing numbers of insecticidal sprays per year. Predator numbers were sampled along this transect per 4 m2and with 15 pitfall traps per site. The dry biomass of predators was also measured. The four sites studied were classified as two pairs, one with high input of insecticides and low predator numbers, low biomass and diversity, the other with low insecticidal input and high predator numbers, high biomass and diversity. The number of ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) genera per 15 pitfall traps increased along the transect, showing that ants might be used as indicators of the insecticidal intensity for growing vegetables in the Luzon Cordillera Region. Compared with Europe, the potential abundance and diversity of predators in the Philippines proved to be very high. The reasons for the large differences between sites concerning abundance and diversity of predators are discussed, together with conclusions drawn from the findings presented.
Incidence of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its natural enemies on smallholder crops in Kenya
Authors: van den Berg H. , Cock M. J. W. , Oduor G. I. , Onsongo E. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSmallholder crops (sunflower, maize, sorghum and cotton) were grown in experimental plots at seven sites, representing different agricultural zones of Kenya, over four seasons. Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (formerly Heliothis armigera) only occasionally achieved population densities sufficient to cause obvious damage to the crops, and was virtually absent from the coastal sites. At the inland sites, infestation and mortality levels varied greatly. Information is presented on the incidence of H. armigera, and the identity, distribution and frequency of its common parasitoids and (potential) predators, sampled in the experimental plots. Trichogrammatoidea spp., egg parasitoids, and Linnaemya longirostris (Macquart), a tachinid late-larval parasitoid, were the most common parasitoid species, but total percentage parasitism was rather low. Of the large complex of predators, only anthocorids and ants (predominantly Pheidole spp., Myrmicaria spp. and Camponotus spp.) were sufficiently common and widespread to be of importance in suppressing H. armigera. The abundance of predators fluctuated widely between sites, but anthocorids were most abundant at the western sites.
The influence of slow release PVC resin pheromone formulations on the mating behaviour and control of the cotton bollworm complex (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae and Noctuidae) in Pakistan
Authors: Chamberlain D. J. , Ahmad Z. , Attique M. R. , Chaudhry M. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractComparisons of infestation and damage levels by the cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Earias vittella (Fabricius) and E. insulana (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were made in cotton fields treated with pheromones + insecticide, insecticides only, and untreated control plots, in Pakistan during the 1991 cotton season. Early to mid season control of these three pests by mating disruption in the pheromone + insecticide treated plots meant that an average reduction of 3.5 applications of insecticides was achieved when compared with the insecticide only treated plots to control the cotton pest complex. Night observations showed that there were far fewer adult moths visible in the pheromone + insecticide treated plots than in insecticide only treated plots. Adults of both sexes were much less active and did not mate as frequently as adults in the insecticide only plots.
Resource partitioning between two species of Ceutorhynchus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Echium plantagineum in a Mediterranean habitat
Authors: Forrester Guy J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo weevil species, Ceutorhynchus geographicus (Goeze) and C. larvatus Schultze, feed on Echium plantagineum (Boraginaceae) in southern France. This paper shows that they do not compete for resources in the host's native environment. Niche overlaps of the two weevils were measured using the proportional overlap measure and Morisita's original index. The two species showed significant overlap in niche requirements during the egg and early larval stage. During the final two larval instars, larvae feed on different parts of the plant, C. geographicus in the tap root and C. larvatus in the root crown. Spatial separation in niche requirements is augmented by a temporal separation, C. larvatus emerging in the field about one month earlier than C. geographicus. In Europe and in Australia, to which E. plantagineum has been introduced and has become a serious weed, the host-plant has an extended germination period during the autumn. The differences in emergence times of the two species mean that their niches are separated both in time and in space. Should the two species be released into Australia they would not compete for resources. They may, however, be able to displace other species of the stemfeeding guild that are also proposed as candidates for the biological control of E. plantagineum.
The use of multiple regression via principal components in forecasting early season aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) flight
Authors: Howling G. G. , Harrington R. , Clark S. J. , Bale J. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Rothamsted Insect Survey has kept records of aerial aphid activity using suction traps since 1965. Previous work has shown that, for certain species, there is a linear relationship between the date of first record in the trap each year and the mean temperature during the preceding winter. This paper describes and evaluates a more complex technique which relates the date of first record to a range of weather variables over 28 winter time periods. The technique uses principle components analysis to remove correlations between weather variables before these are regressed on the date of first record. Data from 1966 to 1988 inclusive are used to generate models to predict the date of first record of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) at Rothamsted, and the predictive values of models using both simple and multiple regression are assessed using data from 1989 to 1992. The accuracy of the multiple regression models was no greater than that of the simple regression models during these years. However, the multiple regression approach identified relationships with other variables for time periods when the correlation with mean temperature was weaker and may therefore be more widely applicable.
Effect of plant nitrogen and silica on the bionomics ofSesamia calamistis(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Sétamou M. , Schulthess F. , Bosque-Pérez N. A. , Thomas-Odjo A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effects of nitrogen and silica application to maize plants on various aspects of the bionomics of the maize stem borer,Sesamia calamistisHampson, were studied in the laboratory. Increasing nitrogen doses significantly increased larval survival (from 18.7% (control) to 37.3% at 2.25 g N/plant), larval weight (from 49.0 mg (control) to 99.5 mg at 2.25 g N/plant), and female fecundity (from 77 eggs per female (control) to 365 eggs per female at 1.69 g N/plant). A significant, positive relationship was found between moth fecundity and female pupal weight. Nitrogen had no effect on larval and pupal developmental time but increased adult longevity. Intrinsic rate of increase, rm, and the net reproductive rate, Ro, were positively related to leaf and stem nitrogen, while generation time, G, was negatively related. Silica had the opposite effect from nitrogen on larval survival. Increasing silica supply reduced ultimate larval survival from 26.0% (control) to 4.0% at 0.56 g Si/plant. Immature developmental time, larval and pupal weight, pupal survival, female fecundity, egg viability and adult longevity ofS. calamistiswere not affected by silica application.
The Culicidae of Sardinia and Corsica (Diptera)
Authors: Aitken Thomas H. G. 
Published: July 2009

Field observations on the Culicidaeof Sardinia and Corsica were undertaken in 1944, during the period 1946 to 1950, and again in 1952. A total of 52 species are recorded as being present, 46 of which are known from Corsica and 35 (exclusive of Dixinae) from Sardinia. The faunal list of the latter island has been increased by 20 new records and that of Corsica by three. The total number of species by genus is as follows:Dixa(7),Chaoborus(3),Anopheles(12),Uranotaenia(1),Culiseta(6),Orthopodomyia(1),Taeniorhynchus(2),Aëdes(12), andCulex(8).The previously unknown male ofTaeniorhynchus buxtoniEdwards is described from Sardinian material.Culiseta litorea(Shute), heretofore known only from England, was found in two localities in Sardinia.Aëdes vittatus(Bigot) was rediscovered in Corsica, 83 years after its original description.Keys are given to subfamilies, genera and species. Critical notes on species differentiation are included and biological characteristics briefly discussed.
Notes on the Discovery and Biology of Glossina brevipalpis Newst. in the Mosso Region (Urundi)
Authors: Berghe L. Van den , Lambrecht F. L. 
Published: July 2009

Glossina brevipalpis Newst. is recorded for the first time in Ruanda-Urundi, where it has been found in the riverine forest of the upper Malagarasi river in the south-east of the territory.Resting places of both male and female flies have been found to be on tree trunks, between six and twelve feet up, in heavily shaded riverine thickets.The species is clearly crepuscular. It is suggested that the male's habit of resting on paths toward sunset is due to thermotropism rather than to phototropism, or that it may be related to passage of game.Numerous puparia have been found in a late-dry-season breeding ground; these have hatched readily.The animals encountered near the habitat of G. brevipalpis.Infections by trypanosomes have been found in proboscis, gut and salivary glands, but experiments on transmission of these trypanosomes from the wild flies to goat, guineapig and rabbit have thus far failed. Research is at present being carried on to determine the nature of the trypanosomes, of which there are probably several.
Quantities of Food eaten by the Desert Locust,Schistocerca gregaria(Forsk.), in Relation to Growth
Authors: Davey P. M. 
Published: July 2009

The weight of fresh grass eaten bySchistocerca gregaria(Forsk.) on each day of its development from hatching until maturation of the adults was investigated. Hoppers in all instars ate on the average about one gram per gram body-weight per day on the middle days of the instars and the adults ate approximately half-a-gram per gram body-weight each day. The percentage of food assimilated, calculated from the dry faeces and estimated dry weight of food eaten, falls from about 78 in the first to 35 in the fifth instar. There were some indication that the food consumption per hopper increases with the number of hoppers per cage.The weight of wheat bran eaten by hoppers was also investigated. The amount eaten by hoppers on the middle day of the first instar is approximately the same, in relation to their body weight, as that eaten per day just before and just after moulting by those in the fourth and fifth instars. More is eaten in the middle of these instars.Measurements of weights and lengths of males and females in the hopper instars and of the weights of adults showed that in the course of their development females become progressively heavier and larger than males. The weight of a newly-hatched hopper is about 10 mg.; a female fledgling weighs about 2 gm. and a male 1·5 gm. Hoppers are approximately 1 cm. long on hatching, and males on reaching maturity are about 4·5 cm. long and females about 5.0 cm.
Glossina palpalis fuscipes Newst. in Lake-side and in Riverine Forest
Authors: Glasgow J. P. 
Published: July 2009

Glossina palpalis fuscipes Newst. was studied in lake-side forest in north-east Lake Victoria and in riverine forest on the Kuja river, which runs into Lake Victoria. Climatic records are given. Trees counts were made in fifty acres of lake-side forest.Populations of G. palpalis exhibit long-term fluctuations which are not annual and not related to season. On the lake shore, the density of G. palpalis is roughly correlated with the width of the forest, being least where the forest is narrow. In a block 2,200 yeards along the shore by 100 yards wide (this was the widest forest studied) the population was 4,600 non-teneral males. The mean catch along the 2,200 yards of shore was 78 non-teneral males. Calculated on an area basis, this is more than ten times the population which would be inferred from the same catch of G. morsitans or G. swynnertoni. The mean death-rate in this isolated block was 26 per cent. per week, and the mean length of life was 27 days.Analysis of catches indicates that riverine G. palpalis are always more hungry than those on the lake shore, for the percentages of tenerals, of females, and of males attacking, are all higher on the river. Catches from a boat produce more females but fewer males than land catches. Carrying a screen produced more females on some occasions, but not on others, the discrepancy being unexplained.
An Investigation of the Distribution and Field Habits of the Varied Carpet Beetle, Anthrenus verbasci (L.) (Col., Dermestidae) in Britain, with comparative Notes on A. fuscus Ol. and A. museorum (L.)
Authors: Woodroffe G. E. , Southgate B. J. 
Published: July 2009

Conclusions concerning the distribution and field habits of Anthrenus verbasci (L.), A. fuscus Ol. and A. museorum (L.), are based upon the results of three surveys.The first survey comprised the collection of adults of Anthrenus from attractive flowers, e.g., hogweed, Heracleum sphondylium, in various localities furing June and July. This showed that:—A. Verbasci occurred in large numbers only in the suburban areas of south-east England, extending also to the west along the south coast.A. fuscus was generally distributed in all types of locality in the south reaching a peak abundance in the vicinity of farms. Its members diminished rapidly towards the north.A. museorum occurred in small numbers only, often accompanying A. fuscus.The second survey comprised the collection of larvae from natural habitats and included results from an earlier survey of certain birds' nests. This showed that:—A. verbasci was characteristically an inhabitant of dry birds' nests.A. fuscus was usually found feeding on dead insects around spiders' webs, under the bark of trees, etc.A. museorum occurred in small numbers in company with A. fuscus.The habitat difference between A. verbasci and A. fuscus was sharply defined. Only very rarely was one sspecies found in the habitat typical of the other.
Notes on African Chalcidoidea
Authors: Ferrière Ch. 
Published: July 2009

Eurytoma verbena, sp. n.♀♂. Black ; abdomen sometimes a little reddish on the sides. Antennae dark brown ; pedicel slightly yellow below. Wings whitish, with the veins very clear yellow. Legs with coxae and femora black, the latter sometimes a little reddish ; tibiae red in the middle, often mixed with black, especially at the hind tibiae ; knees, base and tip of tibiae, and the tarsi whitish.♀. Head rugulose, face covered with white ciliae, with a carina between the base of antennae and the clypeus, and weaker striae diverging from the mouth. Antennal furrow rather deep, bordered by a carina and reaching almost to the median ocellus. Cheeks as long as half the length of the eyes, finely rugulose. Antennae inserted in the middle of the face ; scape short, reaching very little beyond the top of the antennal furrow ; pedicel not longer than broad ; annelli very small ; funicle joints longer than broad, the 1st almost twice, the 2nd about 1·5 times longer than broad, the following gradually shorter.Thorax more strongly sculptured than the head, reticulate. Scutellum protruding a little above the postscutellum, which is hidden, and the propodeon ; this latter, seen from the side, has the posterior margin almost vertical. Mesopleurae finely punctate, with some short horizontal striae ; episternum transversely striate, but the striae not reaching to the hind margin, along which it is punctate, like the mesopleurae.