bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intestinal infections in travellers
Authors: Geddes A. M. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisDiarrhoea caused by intestinal infections is the commonest symptom affecting travellers particularly those from developed countries with temperate climates who are visiting less advanced countries in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. It can be troublesome, embarrassing and sometimes incapacitating and has spoiled many holidays.The infections are almost invariably contracted from food or water although the primary source is usually man, frequently a food handler who is a faecal carrier of one or more pathogenic organisms and whose personal hygiene is inadequate. In many tropical countries human faeces (‘night soil’) is used to fertilise crops especially vegetables such as lettuce and if these are eaten uncooked or unwashed intestinal infection may result.Infective diarrhoea in travellers may be caused by bacteria, viruses or certain protozoal organisms. Bacterial aetiological agents include Salmonellae, Shigellae, Vibrio cholerae and also certain strains of Escherichia coli which are capable of producing enterotoxins. These enterotoxins are potent causes of diarrhoea in travellers. Recently recognised as a bacterial cause of intestinal infection in travellers are campylobacter species. The protozoa which cause travellers' diarrhoea are Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia, the latter organisms being a common cause of chronic diarrhoea in recent travellers. A number of recently recognised viruses have been associated with diarrhoea in travellers, the most notable being rotaviruses.The above micro-organism;, cause disease in the intestinal tract by different pathogenic mechanisms which are described in this paper.The prevention of travellers' diarrhoea, especially the use of chemoprophylaxis, is a controversial topic which is discussed.It has been estimated that approaching one thousand million people will travel annually on commercial airlines by the end of the present decade. Many will be transported to tropical and subtropical countries and it is, therefore, an opportune time to consider the present topic.
Communication and disease
Authors: Carter Ian D. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisBeing a healthy traveller involves communication in more than one sense of the word.Health administrations have a responsibility to prevent illness associated with international travel and trade without undue interference to these inevitable activities. Past experience of travel-associated disease transmission should determine epidemiologically justified and cost-effective preventive measures.The aeroplane transmits disease faster but should not become the scapegoat for travel-associated ill health. Viral influenza can spread rapidly because of air travel but the latter's role in transmission of diseases such as cholera and smallpox in the past or viral haemorrhagic fevers in the future may not be clear cut.Surveillance activities are essential to enable the earliest possible detection of disease because measures taken with the intention of keeping a disease out of a country cannot be foolproof. Frank and rapid exchange of information between national epidemiological services is essential for effective control of international spread of diseases.National health administrations have an obligation to provide travellers with reliable information. A specific programme co-opting the medical profession, travel agencies of every form and the media is necessary.The World Health Organisation should collaborate with national health administrations in the prevention of disease associated with travel.
Nutrition of red deer for meat production
Authors: Kay R. N. B. , Milne J. A. , Hamilton W. J. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisRed deer are now being farmed for meal production on an intensive scale. They are manageable, adaptable and healthy animals, and. with care and good nutrition, they become far more productive than wild deer.Their digestive efficiency resembles that of sheep. Productive activities caking and lactation, fattening and antler growth occur in summer when food is plentiful and depend on endocrine and metabolic cycles entrained by day length. Dietary energy needs of deer are similar to those of cattle but higher than those of sheep: however, because young deer store little fat, they produce lean meat as efficiently as sheep.Deer produce rich milk: the growth of sucking calves reflects the supply of nutrients available to their dams. In winter, calves benefit from shelter: nonetheless, their growth and appetite decline, even when day length is experimentally lengthened. While good nutrition improves winter growth, this is costly: furthermore, improved winter growth is followed by somewhat poorer growth during the succeeding summer. Slaughter of calves at 6 months of age rather than 16 months may allow greater efficiency of meat production.Deer carry 50%more muscle than sheep, much of it in their well-priced haunch. Cahes deposit little fat until half grown: adults lose their summer fat during the rut and winter. The lean character of venison well matches modern consumer requirements.
Malignant catarrhal fever of deer
Authors: Reid H. W. , Buxton D. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisMalignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is reviewed and recent findings described. It is defined as a fatal disease which affects many species of Bovidae and Cervidae, characterized by widespread necrosis and lymphoid cell proliferation and can be caused by at least two infectious agents. In Africa, a herpesvirus which infects its natural host, the wildebeest, without obvious symptoms causes substantial losses in cattle due to MCF. Elsewhere, the cause of MCF is unknown but circumstantial evidence implicates sheep as the source of infection. While cattle are infected only sporadically with this “sheep-associated” form ol disease, infection of farmed deer is common, representing the most serious disease threat to the industry.It is considered that infection of sheep and wildebeest with their respective agents operates to their advantage, causing no disease in their natural host, while transmission to other ungulates has fatal consequences, eliminating these potentially competitive species.Recent studies of the disease in deer and the transmission of MCF from deer to rabbits are described. The evidence suggests that the disease process involves a novel dysfunction of the immune system which results in a massive lymphoid proliferation and an atopic allergic response. It is considered that similar processes may also be involved as a component of other diseases of man and animals.
Rumen Function in Red Deer, Hill Sheep and Reindeer in the Scottish Highlands
Authors: Hobson P. N. , Mann S. O. , Summers R. , Staines B. W. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisRed deer, sheep and reindeer grazing on their normal hill ranges were examined at intervals over a period of four years. Samples from the digestive tract were taken at different seasons and processed in the field. The Red deer and reindeer were killed before samples were taken; rumen samples from the sheep were taken by stomach tube, but a number of animals were also killed at different seasons to correlate stomach tube and whole rumen samples. The animals sampled were representative of the general condition of the herds. Examinations were made for parasites and any pathological conditions. In most instances parasitic infections were slight. Apparent seasonal changes were found in the compositions of the diets. The Red deer and sheep ate principally heather and grass, the proportion of heather increasing in the winter. The reindeer ate mainly grass in the summer, with lichens and grass forming the winter diet, and these animals seemed to have a higher nutritional status in the winter than did the other two species. The weights of the animals and of their rumen contents, the concentrations of rumen ammonia and volatile fatty acid, and the rates at which different dietary components were fermented are recorded. Rumen fermentation was low in winter and the diets were generally inadequate for the animals. A lack of nitrogen seemed to be a major factor.Some data on caecal contents are also given.
Salmon Farming—An Industrial Research Approach
Authors: Young R. 
Published: December 2011

SYNOPSISThis paper describes an industrial research approach to fish farming and illustrates where appropriate how it differs from the research strategy employed by universities and governmental bodies. To illustrate this the Unilever experience of the establishment of salmon farming from a research concept to a production and marketing operation is discussed in detail. Three separate phases in the process of establishing industrial fish farming were undertaken and were entitled ‘Biological, Technological and Commercial’. The research programme involved in each of these phases is described in detail.The salmon farming cycle which was arrived at after the biological phase is described in detail. The technological phase involved the translation of this biological phase into a viable farming operation. This enabled a computerised cost model of the salmon farming process to be built. This identified the six or seven crucial areas which had to be improved if the enterprise was to be profitable—the commercial phase.To demonstrate the way the nature of the research programme has changed during the period 1968–76 a graph is given showing the main discipline involved in each year and how these have changed over that period.
Re-assessment of the conservation status of Malawi’s ‘Endangered’ Yellow-throated Apalis Apalis flavigularis
Authors: MZUMARA TIWONGE I. , HOCKEY PHILIP A. R. , RIDLEY AMANDA R. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryThe forest-associated Yellow-throated Apalis Apalis flavigularis is the only bird endemic to Malawi. The species is confined to three mountain massifs in the south of the country and is classified as globally ‘Endangered’. This study re-evaluates its conservation status by assessing its population size and habitat preferences on Mount Mulanje, where forest patches are threatened by illegal logging and an increasing frequency of uncontrolled fires. These fires also cause a proliferation of invasive plant species, especially the Himalayan yellow raspberry Rubus ellipticus. We surveyed the Yellow-throated Apalis in 41 forest patches during the breeding season. The apalises favoured forest edge habitat, occurring in forest patches as small as 0.01 ha. Their occurrence was positively correlated with the presence of R. ellipticus, although this relationship may be driven primarily by canopy architecture and the existence of an understorey shrub layer. At a conservative estimate, 7,900 Yellow-throated Apalises were calculated to be present in cedar forest habitat alone on Mount Mulanje. Given that the birds occurred in other native forests at the same altitude at densities of 8.6–10.9 birds ha-1, the true population size on Mount Mulanje alone is likely to approach or even exceed IUCN’s most optimistic estimate of the global population (10,000).
Reproductive success of the threatened Reed ParrotbillParadoxornis heudeiin non-harvested and harvested reedbeds in the Yangtze River estuary, China
Authors: BOULORD ANTHONY , MEI ZHANG , TIAN-HOU WANG , XIAO-MING WANG , JIGUET FRÉDÉRIC 
Published: December 2011

SummaryUnderstanding the factors that affect the nesting success of threatened birds is essential in designing effective conservation strategies. Here we compare nesting success of the Reed ParrotbillParadoxornis heudeiin annually harvested and non-harvested reedbed habitats in the Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve in China, by recording the number of nestlings produced per nest and the causes of nest failure. We modelled daily nest survival rate (DSR) by considering the effects of harvesting, vegetation characteristics, year, date, advancement within the breeding season, nest age and nearest-nest distance, using the program MARK. Nest densities, but not the number of fledglings per nest, were significantly lower in harvested than non-harvested reedbed habitats. The best-fit DSR model estimated constant survival; none of the tested co-variables had significant effects. Moreover, harvesting did not affect the date of breeding initiation, likelihood of nest failure, or causes of nest failure, as vegetation cover was not significantly different between harvested and non-harvested reedbeds during the whole breeding season. Nest failure following adverse weather conditions was unusually common in harvested and non-harvested reedbeds, accounting for as many nest failures as depredation. However, comparisons with other studies suggest that deriving a conclusion on the impact of harvesting on nesting success is not straightforward and is probably linked to environmental characteristics affecting reed growth.
Leigh Hunt's Oriental Motifs – Abou Ben Adhem
Authors: Jones Russell 
Published: December 2011

On an October day in 1869 Lord Houghton, friend of Thackeray and Tennyson, appeared in the cemetery at Kensal Green, in West London. He was there to unveil a tomb memorial to the poet Leigh Hunt; this was surmounted by a bust, and bore the legend:It is not really surprising that place of honour on Leigh Hunt's tomb is taken by a quotation from “his exquisite little fable ‘Abou ben Adhem’” which “has assured him a permanent place in the records of the English language”,1 and whose “touch of glory, like a sacred flame on a clear and graceful altar, has captured the succeeding generations”.2 The poet himself, Leigh Hunt, regarded this poem as one of his best.3 It is recorded that a friend presented to him an illuminated copy of it, which he hung above his writing table.4
CREEPING FLOW PAST A POROUS APPROXIMATELY SPHERICAL SHELL: STRESS JUMP BOUNDARY CONDITION
Authors: SRINIVASACHARYA D. , KRISHNA PRASAD M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe creeping flow of an incompressible viscous liquid past a porous approximately spherical shell is considered. The flow in the free fluid region outside the shell and in the cavity region of the shell is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations. The flow within the porous annular region of the shell is governed by Brinkman’s model. The boundary conditions used at the interface are continuity of the velocity, continuity of the pressure and Ochoa-Tapia and Whitaker’s stress jump condition. An exact solution for the problem and an expression for the drag on the porous approximately spherical shell are obtained. The drag is evaluated numerically for several values of the parameters governing the flow.
Hidden and Visible Star Formation: new insights from Herschel
Authors: Buat V. , Giovannoli E. , Heinis S. ,   the HerMES team
Published: December 2011

AbstractHerschel opens a large field of investigations on the hidden star formation in galaxies. Combining UV and far-IR rest-frame data allows us to measure all the star formation in galaxies and to estimate the net dust attenuation. The analysis can be performed from the local universe using far-IR and GALEX surveys to high z (up to z < 2) by combining deep U data with the Herschel observations of the HerMES project.The calibration of dust attenuation, and then star formation rate, is reinvestigated. We present the results of the first analyses performed with Herschel data obtained in the Lockman and COSMOS fields as part of the HerMES project and discuss the reliability of dust attenuation corrections.
Environmental Effects on Galaxy Luminosity Functions in Clusters
Authors: Durret Florence , Adami Christophe , Laganá Tatiana F. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe formation and evolution of galaxies is strongly influenced by environment, particularly in clusters, where galaxy luminosity functions vary in shape with the dynamical state of the cluster (relaxed or in various stages of merging), with the photometric band considered and with the position in the cluster. We present here results concerning the optical GLFs in several relaxed and merging clusters.
Shaken, not Stirred: the Ancestry of the Starburst Galaxy NGC 253
Authors: Davidge T. J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNear-infrared images obtained with WIRCam are used to investigate the recent history of the starburst galaxy NGC 253. The distribution of stars in the disk is lopsided, with the projected density of young and intermediate age stars in the north east portion of the disk higher than on the opposite side of the galaxy. Bright AGB stars are also detected out to 15 kpc above the disk plane. Comparisons with models suggest that the extraplanar stars formed over a broad range of ages, suggesting that the disk of NGC 253 was disrupted by a tidal encounter.
Cold Dust and its Heating Sources in M 33
Authors: Komugi Shinya , Tosaki Tomoka , Kohno Kotaro , Tsukagoshi Takashi , Tamura Yoichi , Miura Rie , Onodera Sachiko , Kuno Nario , Kawabe Ryohei , Nakanishi Koichiro , Sawada Tsuyoshi , Ezawa Hajime , Wilson Grant W. , Yun Min S. , Scott Kimberly S. , Hughes David H. , Aretxaga Itziar , Perera Thushara A. , Austermann Jason E. , Tanaka Kunihiko , Muraoka Kazuyuki , Egusa Fumi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe have mapped the nearby face-on spiral galaxy M 33 in the 1.1 mm dust continuum using AzTEC on Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE). The preliminary results are presented here. The observed dust has a characteristic temperature of ~ 21 K in the central kpc, radially declining down to ~ 13 K at the edge of the star forming disk. We compare the dust temperatures with KS band flux and star formation tracers. Our results imply that cold dust heating may be driven by long-lived stars even nearby star forming regions.
H I Imaging Surveys: Gas and Galaxy Evolution in Different Environments
Authors: van Gorkom Jacqueline 
Published: December 2011

AbstractOur understanding of the formation and evolution of galaxies and the large scale structure has advanced enormously over the last decade, thanks to an impressive synergy between theoretical and observational efforts. While the growth of the dark matter component seems well understood, the physics of the gas, during its accretion, removal and/or depletion is less well understood. Increasingly large scale optical surveys are tracing out the cosmic web of filaments and voids and mathematical tools have been developed to describe these structures and identify galaxies in specific environments. H I imaging surveys begin to answer the question: how do galaxies get and lose their gas. The best evidence for ongoing gas accretion is found in the lowest density environments, while removal of gas in the highest density environments stops star formation and reddens the galaxies. Although current H I emission surveys are limited to redshifts less than 0.2, this is where the LSS is best defined and much can be learned in the local universe.
NRO Legacy Project: M33 all Disk Survey of Giant Molecular Clouds with NRO 45-m and ASTE 10-m telescopes
Authors: Kuno N. , Tosaki T. , Onodera S. , Miura R. , Muraoka K. , Komugi S. , Sawada T. , Nakanishi K. , Kohno K. , Kaneko H. , Hirota A. , Arimoto N. , Nakanishi H. , Kawabe R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe have conducted all disk imaging of M33 in 12CO(1-0) using the 45-m telescope at Nobeyama Radio Observatory. We present preliminary results of this project. The spatial resolution of ~ 80 pc is comparable to the size of GMCs. The identified GMCs show wide variety in star forming activity. The variety can be regarded as the difference of their evolutionary stage. We found that Kennicutt-Schmidt law breaks in GMC scale (~ 80 pc), although it is still valid in 1 kpc scale. The correlation between molecular gas fraction, fmol = Σ(H2)/Σ(HI+H2) and gas surface density shows two distinct sequences and shows that fmol tends to be higher near the center. We also made partial mapping 12CO(3-2) with ASTE telescope. These data show that the variation of physical properties of molecular gas are correlated with the GMC evolution and mass. That is, GMCs with more active star formation and more mass tend to have higher fraction of dense gas.
3D Spectroscopic Surveys of Late-Type Nearby Galaxies in the Optical
Authors: Amram Philippe 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTwo classes of spectro-imagers are available, the first one, usually based on grisms, allows to cover intermediate fields of view and wide spectral ranges (decreasing when the spectral resolution increases) while the second one, usually based on tunable filters (like Fabry-Perot), is generally able to cover larger fields of view but on narrow spectral ranges (also depending on the spectral resolution). Both families of instrument have access to low or high spectral resolution and are used in seeing limited conditions for observing nearby galaxies. Spectro-imagers provide data cubes consisting of a spectrum for each spatial sample on the sky. From these spectra, using both emission and absorption lines, combined with the continuum emission, the history of the stars and the interstellar medium in nearby galaxies, encoded in different physical quantities, such as chemical abundances, kinematics properties, is deciphered. Only a few surveys of galaxies using spectro-imagers have been led up to now and mainly using 4-m class or smaller telescopes. This includes the case of nearby late-type galaxies surveyed in the optical. Two large surveys of some 600 galaxies each have just been launched, one on the Magellan 6m telescope (CGS) and the other one on the William Herschel 4.2m telescope (CALIFA). Surveys containing a smaller number of galaxies have been conducted elsewhere, for instance on the WIYN and Calar Alto 3.5m telescopes (the DiskMass survey, 146 galaxies); on the ESO and CFHT 3.6m telescopes (CIGALE, 269 galaxies); on the OHP 1.92m telescope (GHASP, 203 galaxies); on the mont Mégantic 1.6m telescope (107 galaxies) and on the San Pedro Mártir 2.1m telescope (79 galaxies). Other programs surveying less then 50 galaxies have been also led, like VENGA, SAURON, PINGS or GHaFaS. The scientific drivers of these surveys are broad, they span from the study of the structural properties, star formation histories, AGN content, to mass profiles and uncertainties in rotation-curve decompositions, nature and formation of bulges and disks components.
The Study of Barred Spiral Galaxies with Integral-Field Units
Authors: Robert Carmelle , Cantin Simon , Brière Élaine , Rousseau-Nepton Laurie , Drissen Laurent 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIntegral-Field Units have been used to describe the morphology in numerous continuum and line wavebands of a sample of barred spirals galaxies (some of which known as starbursts and LINERs) and to characterize their gas and stellar populations. The central region of eight galaxies was studied with OASIS and an iterative technique developed to separate superposed stellar populations. Young populations, responsible for nebular emission lines, are found in nuclear structures. Older stellar components are mostly uniformly distributed. The mass distribution of the different populations indicates a long sequence of burst events over the whole galaxy history. An activity of the type composite/transition region is often seen over the whole central region. SpIOMM was also used to map the emission lines over the entire disk of one of these galaxies. Among other results, it confirms the peculiar line ratio.
SpIOMM and SITELLE: Wide-field Imaging FTS for the Study of Galaxy Evolution
Authors: Drissen Laurent , Bernier Anne-Pier , Robert Carmelle ,   the SpIOMM & SITELLE team
Published: December 2011

AbstractSpIOMM, a wide-field Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer attached to the Mont Mégantic 1.6-m telescope, is capable of obtaining the visible spectrum of every source of light in a 12 arcminute field of view, with a spectral resolution ranging from R = 1 (wide-band image) to R = 25 000, resulting in 1.7 million spectra with a spatial resolution of one arcsecond. SITELLE will be a similar instrument attached to the Canada-France-Hawaii telescope, and will be in operation in early 2013. We present a short description of these instruments and illustrate their capabilities to study nearby galaxies with the results of a data cube of M51.