bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mottle camouflage patterns in cuttlefish: quantitative characterization and visual background stimuli that evoke them
Authors: Chiao Chuan-Chin , Chubb Charles , Buresch Kendra C. , Barbosa Alexandra , Allen Justine J. , Mäthger Lydia M. , Hanlon Roger T. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Cuttlefish and other cephalopods achieve dynamic background matching with two general classes of body patterns: uniform (or uniformly stippled) patterns and mottle patterns. Both pattern types have been described chiefly by the size scale and contrast of their skin components. Mottle body patterns in cephalopods have been characterized previously as small-to-moderate-scale light and dark skin patches (i.e. mottles) distributed somewhat evenly across the body surface. Here we move beyond this commonly accepted qualitative description by quantitatively measuring the scale and contrast of mottled skin components and relating these statistics to specific visual background stimuli (psychophysics approach) that evoke this type of background-matching pattern. Cuttlefish were tested on artificial and natural substrates to experimentally determine some primary visual background cues that evoke mottle patterns. Randomly distributed small-scale light and dark objects (or with some repetition of small-scale shapes/sizes) on a lighter substrate with moderate contrast are essential visual cues to elicit mottle camouflage patterns in cuttlefish. Lowering the mean luminance of the substrate without changing its spatial properties can modulate the mottle pattern toward disruptive patterns, which are of larger scale, different shape and higher contrast. Backgrounds throughout nature consist of a continuous range of spatial scales; backgrounds with medium-sized light/dark patches of moderate contrast are those in which cuttlefish Mottle patterns appear to be the most frequently observed.
Safety Considerations and Potential Interactions of Vitamins: Should Vitamins Be Considered Drugs?
Authors: Rogovik Alexander L , Vohra Sunita , Goldman Ran D 
Published: December 2009

Objective: To examine adverse effects, adverse events, and potential interactions of vitamins in light of their current prevalence of use, and to discuss whether vitamins should be considered over-the-counter drugs or natural health products/dietary supplements. Data Sources: We performed a MEDLINE/PubMed search, explored 4 online databases (Medline Plus, Drug Digest, Natural Medicine Comprehensive Database, and the database of the University of Maryland), and examined reference lists of inclucted studies published from 1966 through October 2009. Study Selection and Data Extraction: The studies were reviewed, with an emphasis on randomized controlled clinical trials. We included articles with the most clinically important information with regard to adverse events and interactions. Data Synthesis: Vitamins are used by over one third of the North American population. Vitamins have documented adverse effects and toxicities, and most have documented interactions with drugs. While some vitamins (biotin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, vitamin B12, vitamin K) have minor and reversible adverse effects, others, such as fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, D), can cause serious adverse events. Two water-soluble vitamins, folic acid and niacin, can also have significant toxicities and adverse events. Conclusions: Our recommendation is that vitamins A, E, D, folic acid, and niacin should be categorized as over-the-counter medications. Labeling of vitamins, especially those intended for children and other vulnerable groups, should include information on possible toxicities, dosing, recommended upper intake limits, and concurrent use with other products. Vitamin A should be excluded from multivitamin supplements and food fortificants.
Integrase Inhibitors: A Novel Class of Antiretroviral Agents
Authors: Schafer Jason J , Squires Kathleen E 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE To review the pharmacology, efficacy, safety, and resistance profiles of the integrase inhibitors raltegravir and elvitegravir. DATA SOURCES A search of PubMed was conducted (2000-August 2009) using the following key words: raltegravir, MK-0518, elvitegravir, and GS-9137. Articles were evaluated for content and bibliographies were reviewed. Data available exclusively in abstracts from major infectious diseases and HIV conferences were also evaluated for inclusion. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Studies included were in vitro investigations; Phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials; retrospective analyses including case reports; and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations. DATA SYNTHESIS Raltegravir is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the management of HIV-1 infection in treatment-naïve or -experienced adults as part of an optimized combination regimen. When combined with other active agents, it has demonstrated similar virologic efficacy after 96 weeks to the combination of efavirenz, tenofovir, and emtricitabine in treatment-naïve patients. Unlike many antiretrovirals, raltegravir does not enter cytochrome P450 metabolism and instead undergoes glucuronidation. Elvitegravir is in the late stages of clinical development. A Phase 2 study has demonstrated virologic efficacy in treatment-experienced patients comparable to protease inhibitor-based regimens after 24 weeks. Boosting of elvitegravir through inhibition of CYP3A4 metabolism has been investigated and suggests a pharmacokinetic profile conducive to once-daily-dosing. Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials evaluating boosted elvitegravir are in process. The Phase 2 trial combines elvitegravir with a non-ritonavir boosting agent plus tenofovir/emtricitabine given once daily as a “quad-pill” formulation. The Phase 3 trial compares once-daily ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir with twice-daily raltegravir, each given with an optimized background regimen. Both integrase inhibitors are well tolerated and raltegravir has few drug-drug interactions. Resistance mutations have been identified in patients experiencing virologic failure and cross resistance between raltegravir and elvitegravir has been confirmed. CONCLUSIONS The integrase inhibitors provide a novel target for antiretroviral therapy and provide an option for patients harboring resistance to other antiretrovirals.
Fluconazole Prophylaxis in High-Risk Neonates
Authors: Reed Brent N , Caudle Kelly E , Rogers P David 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the literature regarding the use of fluconazole prophylaxis in high-risk neonates. DATA SOURCES Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (February 2001-August 2009) using the search terms fluconazole and prophylaxis, with limits for age group (ie, birth-18 y). Reference citations from identified articles were also reviewed. DATA SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All prospective and retrospective studies in English identified from MEDLINE were evaluated. DATA SYNTHESIS Critically ill neonates possess a number of risk factors that predispose them to fungal colonization with Candida spp. In many cases, colonization may progress to invasive systemic infections despite efforts aimed at early diagnosis and treatment. Because of its success among immunocompromised patients, fluconazole prophylaxis has been suggested as a possible approach for reducing the rates of both colonization and invasive fungal infections among at-risk neonates. To date, 4 prospective randomized controlled trials and 8 retrospective cohort studies have examined fluconazole prophylaxis in neonates. Although fluconazole prophylaxis appears to reduce the rates of colonization and invasive fungal infections, no trial in this review was able to demonstrate a significant difference in long-term morbidity or mortality. Concerns also remain regarding the adverse effects associated with prolonged exposure to fluconazole therapy. Lack of standardized study designs and treatment regimens also limit widespread recommendation for the use of fluconazole prophylaxis in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS While it may be beneficial for critically ill neonates with certain predisposing risk factors (eg, central venous access, sustained exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics, or units with significantly high incidence of invasive fungal infections), existing research does not support the use of fluconazole prophylaxis based on birth weight or gestational age alone. Multifactor analysis evaluating the effect of fluconazole prophylaxis is necessary to establish which neonates would benefit from this practice.
Black Box Warning Contraindicated Comedications: Concordance Among Three Major Drug Interaction Screening Programs
Authors: Wang Lorraine M , Wong Maple , Lightwood James M , Cheng Christine M 
Published: December 2009

BACKGROUND Black box warnings represent the strongest safety warning that the Food and Drug Administration can issue for a marketed prescription drug. Some black box warnings recommend against coadministration of specific medications due to an increased risk for serious, perhaps life-threatening, effects. OBJECTIVE To determine the level of agreement in presence, clinical severity scores level of documentation ratings, and alert content among 3 leading drug interaction screening programs with regard to contraindicated comedications that are mentioned in black box warnings. METHODS We reviewed the prescribing information for currently marketed prescription drugs with a black box warning that mentioned a contraindicated drug combination. We selected the drug interaction databases Facts & Comparisons 4.0, MICROMEDEX DRUG-REAX, and Lexi-Comp Lexi-Interact to evaluate the interactions. Discrepancies in the inclusion of interactions and level of agreement in clinical severity scores and level of documentation ratings for each interaction were assessed, using descriptive statistics, Spearman's correlation coefficient, Kendall-Stuart Ö-c, and Cronbach's α. RESULTS We identified 11 drugs with black box warnings that contained information on 59 unique contraindicated drug combinations, only 68% of which were covered by any source. Lexi-Comp detected the most interactions (n = 29) and DRUG-REAX the least (n = 18). Only 3 drug combinations were detected and rated as contraindicated or potentially life-threatening in all 3 databases. The severity scores and level of documentation ratings varied widely. CONCLUSIONS There are discrepancies among major drug interaction screening programs in the inclusion, severity, and level of documentation of contraindicated drug combinations mentioned in black box warnings. Further studies could explore the implications of these inconsistencies, particularly with regard to the integration of black box warning information in clinical practice. Clinicians should consult multiple drug resources to maximize the potential for detecting a potentially severe drug interaction.
Implementation of a Closed-Loop Reporting System for Critical Values and Clinical Communication in Compliance with Goals of The Joint Commission
Authors: Parl Fritz F , O'Leary Mandy F , Kaiser Allen B , Paulett John M , Statnikova Kristina , Shultz Edward K 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground: Current practices of reporting critical laboratory values make it challenging to measure and assess the timeliness of receipt by the treating physician as required by The Joint Commission’s 2008 National Patient Safety Goals.Methods: A multidisciplinary team of laboratorians, clinicians, and information technology experts developed an electronic ALERTS system that reports critical values via the laboratory and hospital information systems to alphanumeric pagers of clinicians and ensures failsafe notification, instant documentation, automatic tracking, escalation, and reporting of critical value alerts. A method for automated acknowledgment of message receipt was incorporated into the system design.Results: The ALERTS system has been applied to inpatients and eliminated approximately 9000 phone calls a year made by medical technologists. Although a small number of phone calls were still made as a result of pages not acknowledged by clinicians within 10 min, they were made by telephone operators, who either contacted the same physician who was initially paged by the automated system or identified and contacted alternate physicians or the patient’s nurse. Overall, documentation of physician acknowledgment of receipt in the electronic medical record increased to 95% of critical values over 9 months, while the median time decreased to &lt;3 min.Conclusions: We improved laboratory efficiency and physician communication by developing an electronic system for reporting of critical values that is in compliance with The Joint Commission’s goals.
The South Millevaches Middle Carboniferous crustal melting and its place in the French Variscan belt
Authors: Faure Michel , Mezeme Eugène Be , Cocherie Alain , Melleton Jérémie , Rossi Philippe 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSeveral episodes of crustal melting are now well identified in the Variscan French Massif Central. Middle Devonian (ca 385-375 Ma) migmatites are recognized in the Upper and Lower Gneiss Units involved in the stack of nappes. Late Carboniferous migmatites (ca 300 Ma) are exposed in the Velay Massif only and Middle Carboniferous migmatites crop out in the Para-autochthonous Unit and southern Fold-and-Thrust Belt. In the SW part of the Massif Central, the South Millevaches massif exposes migmatites developed at the expense of ortho- and paragneiss. They form kilometer-sized septa within the foliated Goulles leucogranitic pluton, which is in turn intruded by the non-foliated Glény two micas granite pluton. Monazite grains extracted from these three rock-types have been dated by the EPMA chemical method. Three samples of migmatite yield a late Visean age (ca 337-328 Ma), the Goulles and Glény granitic plutons yield ages at 324-323 Ma and 324-318 Ma, respectively. These new results enlarge the evidence of a Middle Carboniferous crustal melting imprint that up to now was only reported in the eastern part of the French Massif Central, in the northern Cévennes and in the Montagne Noire axial zone. At the scale of the French Variscan massifs, the Visean crustal melting event is conspicuously developed since it is recognized from the Massif Armoricain (Vendée and south coast of Brittany) to the Central Vosges. This episode is synchronous with the huge thermal event responsible for the “Tuffs anthracifères” magmatism of the northern Massif Central and Vosges, and took place immediately after the last thickening phase recorded both in Montagne Noire and Ardennes, that is on the southern and northern outer zones of the Variscan Belt, respectively. However, the geodynamic significance of this major event is not fully understood yet.
Age and depositional environment of the Sainte-Anne Formation (Armorican Massif, France): the oldest (Emsian) evidence for mountain erosion in the Variscan belt
Authors: Ducassou Céline , Strullu-Derrien Christine , Ballevre Michel , Dabard Marie-Pierre , Gerrienne Philippe , Lardeux Hubert , Robin Cécile 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe palaeogeography of the internal zones of the Variscan belt during the early stages of the convergence remains unclear. Sedimentary sequences that recorded the denudation of an early relief have generally been removed by erosion. In the Chalonnes area (southeast of the Armorican Massif), the reefal carbonates of the Chalonnes Formation (Fm) are overlain by the immature, poorly-sorted sandstones of the Sainte-Anne Fm. This formation is characterised by the occurrence of gravity flow deposits and contains immature and poorly sorted sandstones with a large amount of plant debris and lithic fragments, suggesting a depositional environment in a delta front dominated by floods. A revision of the palaeoflora content allows to assign an Emsian age to the Sainte-Anne Fm. Lithic fragments are mainly of sedimentary and volcanic origin, suggesting moderate erosion level of the source area. Palaeocurrent data indicate a southern origin for the sediments. These features collectively demonstrate that the Sainte-Anne Fm is the record of the erosion of a continental area located farther south, and experiencing incipient tectonic uplift during the Emsian. The Sainte-Anne Fm could represent therefore the earliest record in France of the very first stages of the Variscan orogeny.
Geophysical constraints and model of the “Saxothuringian and Rhenohercynian subductions – magmatic arc system” in NE France and SW Germany
Authors: Edel Jean-Bernard , Schulmann Karel 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCorrelation of geophysical and geological data with the western margin of the Bohemian massif, re-interpretation of the ECORS-DEKORP deep seismic sections, transformations and 3 D modelling of gravimetric and magnetic maps allow to define sequentional Saxothuringian and Rhenohercynian Paleozoic subduction systems in NE France and SW Germany where only 10% of the Early Paleozoic basement is outcropping. Two 35 km spaced and NE-SW trending gravity highs associated with SE dipping reflectors are interpreted as the western continuation of the Teplá Devonian paleo-subduction zone of the Saxothuringian ocean and Early Carboniferous underthrusting of the Saxothuringian passive margin, thereby defining the Saxothuringian subduction system in west Europe. South-eastwards dipping reflectors beneath the Moho are interpreted as witnesses of the Early Carboniferous subduction of the Rhenohercynian ocean. The suture is marked by the gravity high in the phyllite zone of the southern Rhenish Massif. Gravity lows in the SE of gravity highs and weak ondulating reflectors are interpreted in terms of crystalline bulges in the hangingwalls of sutures. The numerous highly magnetic anomalies correspond to magmatic bodies emplaced in the time-range 335–330 Ma, along NW dipping and sinistral normal faults. Located in the hangingwall of the Rhenohercynian subduction zone, this wide magmatic arc trends obliquely with respect to the Saxothuringian subduction system, which is almost obliterated by the wide front of magmatic bodies.
Editorial: Special Issue of 8th World Congress of Chemical Engineering (WCCE 8) Symposium on Process Design
Authors: Mostoufi Navid , Sotudeh-Gharebagh Rahmat , Loney Norman W 
Published: December 2009

The 8th World Congress of Chemical Engineering (WCCE 8) Symposium on Process Design, held on August 23-27, 2009 in Montreal, Canada, offered a unique opportunity to focus on a comprehensive participation and learning experience over the full range and diversity of methods in the broad fields of process modeling and their use for design, simulation, optimization and control of chemical processes. The major themes of the symposium are categorized into the following themes of the congress:	Energy 	Green Processing 	New Materials 	BiotechnologyAuthors of selected papers accepted for presentation in the Process Design symposium were invited to submit the full papers to be considered for publication in the journal of Chemical Product and Process Modeling (http://www.bepress.com/cppm). The papers that successfully passed the reviewing process of the journal are now published in the WCCE8 special issue of the journal.
Hyperglycemia During Total Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Pasquel Francisco J. , Spiegelman Ronnie , McCauley Megan , Smiley Dawn , Umpierrez Denise , Johnson Rachel , Rhee Mary , Gatcliffe Chelsea , Lin Erica , Umpierrez Erica , Peng Limin , Umpierrez Guillermo E. 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE
To determine the effect of total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-induced hyperglycemia on hospital outcome.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study determined whether blood glucose values before, within 24 h, and during days 2–10 of TPN are predictive of hospital complications and mortality.

RESULTS
Subjects included a total of 276 patients receiving TPN for a mean duration of 15 ± 24 days (±SD). In multiple regression models adjusted for age, sex, and diabetes status, mortality was independently predicted by pre-TPN blood glucose of 121–150 mg/dl (odds ratio [OR] 2.2, 95% CI 1.1–4.4, P = 0.030), 151–180 mg/dl (3.41, 1.3–8.7, P = 0.01), and &gt;180 mg/dl (2.2, 0.9–5.2, P = 0.077) and by blood glucose within 24 h of &gt;180 mg/dl (2.8, 1.2–6.8, P = 0.020). A blood glucose within 24 h of &gt;180 mg/dl was associated with increased risk of pneumonia (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.4–7.1) and acute renal failure (2.3, 1.1–5.0).

CONCLUSIONS
Hyperglycemia is associated with increased hospital complications and mortality in patients receiving TPN.
Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy, HDL Cholesterol, and Smoking Correlate With Arterial Stiffness Markers Determined 18 Years Later in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Prince Catherine T. , Secrest Aaron M. , Mackey Rachel H. , Arena Vincent C. , Kingsley Lawrence A. , Orchard Trevor J. 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE
To examine the relationship between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and pulse waveform analysis (PWA) measures of arterial stiffness in a childhood-onset type 1 diabetes population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Cardiac autonomic nerve function was measured in the baseline examination of the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes by heart rate variability (R-R interval) during deep breathing and expressed as expiration-to-inspiration (E/I) ratio. Other cardiovascular and diabetes factors were also assessed. PWA was performed using SphgymoCor Px on 144 participants at the 18-year follow-up examination. Univariate and multivariate analyses for associations between baseline nerve function and other cardiovascular and diabetes-related factors were performed for augmentation index (AIx), augmentation pressure (AP), and subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR), a surrogate marker of myocardial perfusion.

RESULTS
E/I ratio correlated negatively with both AIx (r = −0.18, P = 0.03) and AP (r = −0.32, P &lt; 0.001) and positively with SEVR (r = 0.47, P &lt; 0.001) univariately. Lower baseline E/I ratio, HDL cholesterol, and a history of smoking were associated with higher follow-up (18 years later) AIx and AP and lower SEVR in multivariate analyses. Higher baseline HbA1 was also associated with higher AP and lower SEVR multivariately.

CONCLUSIONS
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is associated with increased arterial stiffness measures and decreased estimated myocardial perfusion in those with type 1 diabetes some 18 years later. This association persists after adjustment for potential confounders as well as for baseline HbA1, HDL cholesterol, and smoking history, which were also associated with these PWA measures.