bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical and Chemical Behavior and Environmental Acceptability of Stabilized Scrubber Sludge and Fly Ash in Seawater
Authors: Duedall IW , Roethel FJ , Seligman JD , Oakley SA , Parker JH , O'Connors HB , Woodhead PMJ , Roberts BK , Mullen H , Chezar B 
Published: March 2009

Flue gas desulfurization sludges and fly ash pose a major disposal problem for coal-burning power plants. Disposal of stabilized, blocklike forms of these wastes in the ocean in the form of a reef is an alternative being studied at the Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook, N.Y.
In laboratory experiments, physical integrity studies and components species leaching rates indicate that, in general, stabilization was found to maintain the strength of the blocks and minimize trace metal leachings in aerobic seawater over prolonged exposure.
In field studies, which are in progress, nine blocks (0.028 m3) of stabilized scrubber sludge and fly ash were placed in approximately 6 m of water in Conscience Bay near Long Island Sound. Within 3 weeks after placement of the coal waste reef and the control structure, a heavy crop of attached plants and animals were observed growing on both reefs. The organisms attached to the coal waste reef showed no elevation in heavy metals in relation to the heavy metal composition of organisms attached to the concrete control.
Offshore Filtration Testing and Analysis of Seawater for Oil-Field Injection
Authors: Cappi JB , Blagden HR 
Published: March 2009

A high rate media-type filter developed for water injection applications has been tested on a 4000 BWPD (barrels of water per day) pilot plant to gather data on water quality achievable on equipment practical for offshore oil production installations. This work has been spread over 13 offshore locations around the world in seven different seas that represent a wide variety of water types, levels of suspended solids, temperatures, and depths.
The test procedures and analytical techniques used on these trials are described together with the filtering characteristics of various seawaters. Analysis included Coulter Counting, core testing, millipore tests, gravimetric, turbidity, and residual chlorine.
Monitoring Acrolein in Naturally Occurring Systems
Authors: Kissel CL , Brady JL , Guerra AM , Meshishnek MJ , Rockie BA , Caserio FF 
Published: March 2009

Acrolein is an important biocide and sulfide scavenger for oil-field systems. Acrolein monitoring procedures usually involve both concentration and performance determinations. These procedures can provide useful information only when meaningful methods are employed.
Acrolein concentrations may be determined analytically by derivatization methods such as m-aminophenol fluorescence and dinitrophenylhydrazine colorimetry. Derivatization methods can be used only in special situations because numerous interferences are usually present. Direct analytical methods such as ultraviolet spectroscopy and differential pulse polarography are generally more useful. An analytical method should be used only after careful studies have shown it to be reliable, suitable, and parallel to the desired performance in the given application.
In most cases, monitoring acrolein is best done by determining its performance in each specific application. When used as a biocide, acrolein is more accurately evaluated by standard American Petroleum Institute (API) procedures than by present adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) methods. Growth in aerobic plates and anaerobic culture tubes is normally absent at typical use concentrations even though ATP readings generally register low kills. Acrolein appears to alter the mechanism of light emission by ATP.
When used to scavenge sulfides, acrolein performance is best evaluated by a sulfide specific ion electrode, because results can be misleading when determined by lead or methylene blue colorimetry. This conclusion was obtained when colorimetric methods were compared with the data from sulfide specific ion electrode determinations calibrated against lead perchlorate titrations.
Instrumented Impact Measurements on Some Polymers
Authors: Rieke JK 
Published: March 2009

Instrumented impact of polymeric materials as a function of temperature and in sheet form is a useful tool for characterizing the toughness behavior of the materials in end-use applications.
The methods employed are fast and provide more information than do the classical determinations such as the Izod and Gardner impact tests. Examples of how the load-time and energy-time traces can be used in conjunction with temperature studies to determine ductile-brittle transition behavior will be illustrated.
In addition, the effect of fabrication and flow patterns on impact response and the effect of specimen thickness on impact are discussed.
The Need for More Descriptive and Meaningful Physical Data on Plastic Materials
Authors: Pang FS , Isaacs JL 
Published: March 2009

During the past few years, plastics have become the major structural materials for most of the new small electrical appliance products. Thus, when the decision is made to develop a new product, a plastics material screening process will be followed, where a list of material performance requirements (processing included) will be generated, based on the expected product performance, and then matched with currently available commercial grades of plastics.
Unfortunately the plastic material physical data furnished by the supplier are not adequate. They are either too general, use wrong sample preparation method, or do not give a meaningful description of the plastic material properties from processing to end-product performance. The new General Electric plastic iron and drip coffeemaker products are two typical examples which are used to illustrate that there is a definite need for making available to the end user more descriptive and meaningful physical performance data.
International Activities of Committee A-9
Authors: Weston PL 
Published: March 2009

The International Organization for Standards (ISO) was formed in 1949 to establish organizational working procedure and working groups to formulate international test standards for materials. In this work national government agencies have contributed largely to the ISO program (one notable exception being the United States.) Recent expansion has been in product performance, air quality, and reference materials. The ISO is organized via a council formed by three elected officers and 14 member organizations. An executive committee handles administrative duties and a general assembly of all member organizations is the working body. An appointed Secretary-General is the chief executive of ISO. A plenary meeting held every three years constitutes the ISO working meeting.
ISO standards are originated as working documents from a small working group or task group. Upon approval by a subcommittee the document becomes a draft proposal and is given an identification number. After approval by the technical committee, the proposal becomes a draft international standard (DIS). This document is published as an international standard after ratification by 75 percent of the general assembly voters. At present there are 160 active ISO technical committees, 550 subcommittees and over 1000 working groups or task groups. The ferroalloys technical committee (TC 132) functions in three subcommittee areas: SC-1 Sampling, SC-2 Chemical Analyses, and SC-3 Specifications. As of 1980, twenty-seven proposed standards for ferroalloys are in various stages of development.
Appropriate Use of Titanium in Process and Process Equipment Design
Authors: Hulswitt CE 
Published: March 2009

The versatility of titanium is all too frequently overlooked because process and mechanical designers fail to design processes and equipment with judicious use of material as a criterion.
Too often heat exchangers, first, are oversized and, second, use heavier-gage tubing and plate materials than required.
Detaclad material is used in vessels when solid titanium would be appropriate and less expensive. In turn, solid titanium is sometimes specified when conditions warrant a less-expensive loose linear construction.
Proper use of reinforcing rings is too often disregarded in vessel design. The extra material costs thus incurred can result in other less desirable materials being substituted for titanium.
Proper heat exchanger, reactor, and column design can be accomplished by using commonly available design criteria and common sense.
The heat-exchanger surface area can and should be optimally designed. Similarly, reactors and various mass transfer columns can and should be designed to minimize wall thickness or minimal use of titanium while providing the required contact time and suitable length/diameter ratios.
Perhaps the most important consideration is the appropriate use of titanium in energy conservation. Many titanium heaters and coolers can be replaced by all-titanium inter-changers with almost amazing payouts and long-term dollar and energy savings.
Crime and Economic Development
Authors: Burnette C 
Published: March 2009

The lack of secure environments for business and industry presents a substantial obstacle to the economic revitalization of major American cities. Both existing and new investment is endangered and reduced by the unacceptable risks to personal safety and property found in older urban areas. Although essential to the protection of industrial capacity and goods, improved building security must be accompanied by: protection for the work force on the way to and from work; security for parked motor vehicles; security from arson and vandalism; and security of a psychological nature if workers with the needed skills are to be attracted to work within the older areas of the city that are most in need of economic development.
This form of security is highly dependent on the configuration of the overall environment, on sightlines, traffic layout, illumination, public services, entrapment patterns, work schedules, and public attitudes as well as on appropriate and reliable security programs, hardware, and systems. Of special importance is the design of urban industrial and commercial environments which promote positive patterns of human behavior and psychological security while frustrating criminal behavior. The potential for this approach has been indicated for multi-family residences by Newman, Cooper, Fowler, and others but has not been applied to the very grave problems of security for industrial and commercial activity in older urban areas.
The Special Session on Industrial and Commercial Security Through Environmental Design was organized to explore this approach, to discuss its implications for policy and program within concerned government agencies, and to identify avenues for research and demonstration projects which directly address the problem. To accomplish these goals the session was organized in a manner different from other sessions at this symposium. An illustrated presentation by the session chairman outlined the problem and the potentials of the approach. This was followed by commentary and discussion from an invited panel of distinguished Federal officials representing agencies having an interest in the issues of economic development, commerce, urban policy, and crime prevention. This paper conceptualizes the approach, presents the outcome of the panel discussions, and outlines appropriate research initiatives. Research program outlines and an executive summary have been also prepared.
Background Correction Used with a High-Resolution Spectrometer for Plasma Emission Spectrochemical Analysis
Authors: Zander AT 
Published: March 2009

An echelle grating spectrometer can be configured in a straightforward fashion to provide short-range scanning. With this capability, the instrument enables observation of the wavelength regions a few spectral bandwidths on either side of an analyte line for the investigation of suspected spectral interferences. Acquisition of scan data of this sort can simplify the decision of whether or not to use some type of background correction procedure. Various background correction approaches are available with this short-range wavelength scan capability.
The characteristics of a high-resolution echelle grating polychromator which has dynamic background correction capabilities is described. Its use for the elimination or alleviation of a number of suspected and verified cases of spectral interferences is examined.
Status of Continuous Monitoring in Central Stations
Authors: Noll DE 
Published: March 2009

The high level of sophistication required for the continuous monitoring of water quality in central stations follows from the need to produce ultrapure steam. Although there may not be agreement on the precise levels of contamination that are tolerable in steam, there is concensus that the levels are extremely low—so low, in fact, that it is questionable whether commercially available instrumentation has been adequate for the job.
During the past 5 years or so, the disastrous consequences of caustic and sodium chloride in steam have been emphasized over and over, yet many central stations do not take advantage of the instrumentation that is available for monitoring these contaminants.
Once the steam requirements are established, the specifications for boiler water and feedwater follow in order. This paper outlines several monitoring schemes for the complete utility plant cycle which employ the best monitoring equipment currently available and discusses some of the reasons that improved instrumentation is required.
The author points out that there are frequently alternative methods for detecting contamination in condensate and describes how the most sensitive monitoring device is selected in each case.
Quantification of Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate Transport in Power-Generating Systems
Authors: Willhite TB , Sawochka SG , Pearl WL 
Published: March 2009

In the performance of several chemistry monitoring programs for pressurized water reactors sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), integrating sampling devices are employed to concentrate low-level impurities present in the power-generation cycle. The devices employ a conventional Millipore membrane for collection of filterable species and separate cation and anion ion-exchange columns for ionic species. The preparation for the ion-exchange columns involves resin pretreatment aimed at complete regeneration of resins, and in situ regeneration to ensure resin cleanliness and uniformity following column assembly.
To complement and expand on results from the integrating ion-exchange columns, ion chromatography and specific ion electrode techniques were employed during short-term studies. These alternative techniques allow transient conditions to be monitored, whereas the integrated sampling system is deficient in this respect. Sodium, chloride, and sulfate concentrations determined with the different techniques were compared, and agreement was considered adequate for achieving program goals.
Continuous Conductivity Monitoring of Anions in High-Purity Water
Authors: Lane RW , Sollo FW , Neff CH 
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the continuous and accurate monitoring of electrical conductivity of anions in feedwater and turbine condensate by two new instruments, a Feedwater Analyzer and a Condensate Reboiler. As has been pointed out, the advantages of this testing technique are that carbon dioxide and ammonia interferences are eliminated, the conductivity is measured at constant temperature, and increased sensitivity to anions is attained by measuring the conductivity of anions in the acidic and more conductive form. Design changes in this equipment have made possible more accurate conductivity measurement in the range of 0.01 to 0.1 S/cm at atmospheric boiling water temperature. This results in increased sensitivity of measurement, so that 1 to 5 ppb of Cl− + SO=4 can be determined.
An advantage is shown in that low levels of 0.01 to 0.05 mg/litre of carbon dioxide (CO2) have a lower conductivity at atmospheric boiling temperature than at room temperature (25°C). More accurate cation conductivity results may therefore be expected by measurement at atmospheric boiling water temperature than by degassing with nitrogen.
By including pH measurements along with conductivity and temperature measurements at room temperature, it is shown that ammonia and carbon dioxide of this two-component system may be calculated. Calculated ammonia and carbon dioxide results are shown not to be appreciably affected by the presence of 10 ppb chloride or more. The presence of 100 ppb total organic carbon (TOC) (as acetic acid) in steam condensate is also shown to have a negligible effect on the calculated ammonia and carbon dioxide results above 3 to 4 μS/cm.
Determination of Trace Chlorine and Oxidants in Seawater by Differential Pulse Polarography
Authors: Washinger G , Kark P 
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a rapid and reliable technique for the determination of chlorine and other oxidants in power plant and industrial cooling waters, with particular emphasis on seawater systems. The analytical work is based upon the standard technique of chlorine and oxidant reduction by phenylarsine oxide. Excess phenylarsine oxide is detected quantitatively and nondestructively by differential pulse polarography and has a detection limit of less than 5 ppb chlorine equivalent.
The procedures described in this paper are shown to be applicable for the analysis of total residual chlorine. However, extension of the principle to other types of oxidant determination under different conditions of pH and catalyst should be straightfoward.
Specimen Size Effects in Fracture Toughness Testing of Heterogeneous Ceramics by the Notch Beam Method
Authors: McKinney KR , Rice RW 
Published: March 2009

The variation of apparent KIc with crack length is being studied using a variety of commercial ceramic materials. Test methodology is much the same as has been used in the past for natural rock (notched bend test). Where sufficiently definitive data have been obtained, each material showed decreasing KIc with decreasing crack length with all values falling below KIc determined using constant K specimens (double torsion or constant-moment-arm tests).
Included in the study was soda-lime glass because it was anticipated that no size effect would occur. Large variations (a factor of two) did occur, however, differing in that all values were above constant K specimen KIc. Post-mortem fracture surface examination revealed problems that can occur where a specimen-wide sharp crack is not achieved before testing.
Precursors of Laboratory Rock Failure
Authors: Rowell GA , Brady BT , Yoder LP , Hanson DR 
Published: March 2009

A series of laboratory tests was initiated at the Bureau of Mines to investigate the relevance of brittle rock failure in the laboratory to large-scale failures, such as rock bursts and roof falls in mines. Various parameters that could exhibit anomalous behavior prior to failure were monitored during uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. These parameters included load, moments (corresponding to tilt measurements), seismicity, electromagnetic (EM) radiation, surface charge differential, and confining pressure (during triaxial tests). These variables were recorded for only a few milli-seconds prior to and during failure.
Our results indicate that laboratory failure of brittle rocks, such as granites and quartzites, must be studied in the microsecond time scale prior to failure; otherwise, laboratory failure appears to be a single catastrophic failure with little or no relevance to large-scale failures. Studied on the microsecond time scale, anomalous activity was observed in the last 10 ms prior to failure. During triaxial compression tests, a large pressure drop was observed just prior to failure, indicating that a criterion for failure may be the violation of the law of mechanical stability.
Low-Gradient Permeability Testing of Fine-Grained Marine Sediments
Authors: Silva AJ , Hetherman JR , Calnan DI 
Published: March 2009

A back-pressured consolidation system has been modified to allow direct permeability measurements of fine-grained, low-permeability soils and marine sediments. The system allows for high back pressures (3100 kPa), axial flow in either direction with fresh or saltwater permeants, constant head tests at low gradients, and falling head tests. Low-gradient tests are conducted with a static head or with falling head methods, and high gradients are maintained with a sensitive air-pressure control system. The unit can also be used to study temperature effects in the range of 2 to 200°C.
The apparatus and procedures are described, and a summary of test results is presented. Results of low-gradient constant head tests have agreed very well with falling head tests. Coefficient of permeability values in the range of 10−6 to 10−9 cm/s have been measured. No evidence of a threshold gradient has been indicated at higher void ratios approximating in situ conditions, but small threshold gradients were observed at relatively low void ratios.
Impermeabilization of a 300-Hectare Cooling Pond
Authors: Auvinet G , Espinosa J 
Published: March 2009

The project of the 1200 MW Rio Escondido Thermoelectric Plant, now under construction in northern Mexico, includes a 300-hectare (750-acre) cooling pond. The entire reservoir will be created by building a circumferential embankment and developing the total storage requirement above the natural ground level. The makeup water will be obtained at a high cost from the Rio Grande by means of a 30-km-long aqueduct with a maximum capacity of 2.5 m3/s. Severe restrictions were put on the allowable seepage.
This paper describes the geotechnical investigations performed for evaluation of the subsoil permeability and the final solution adopted: a clay liner compacted according to a nonstandard procedure. The results obtained in the laboratory and in a full-scale test pond (50 by 50 m) are also presented. During this study the limitations of some accepted tests were put in evidence, and some new techniques were developed.
Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Partially Saturated Soils
Authors: Hamilton JM , Daniel DE , Olson RE 
Published: March 2009

Increased interest in protection of the environment has led to a need to be able to predict long-term movement of moisture, and contaminants, in the vicinity of shallow land disposal sites for various toxic and radioactive wastes. The advantages of locating potential sites in arid regions has led to a need to develop means for predicting moisture movements in fairly dry, partially saturated soils and for measurements of the hydraulic conductivities of such soils.
A technique was developed in which thermocouple psychrometers and the instantaneous profile method were used to measure conductivities of soils with suctions as high as 80 atm. For one clay of low plasticity, the conductivity dropped from about 10−7 cm/s when saturated to almost 10−12 cm/s for degrees of saturation of the order of 30 percent. Measured conductivities were used in a finite element solution to Darcy's equation to predict final water content profiles. The predicted and measured profiles compared well, which suggests that the measured conductivities were tolerably accurate. Based on data presented, the proposed technique seems promising for conductivity measurements in clays with degrees of saturation between about 30 and 90 percent and in sands with 5 to 50 percent saturation.