bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of adult feeding on female pre-calling period and ovarian development in a migratory moth, the Oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Han Er-ning , Gatehouse A. Gavin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFemale oriental armyworm moths, Mythimna separata (Walker), emerged without discernible oocytes in the ovarioles, and reproductive maturity, on the criterion of onset of calling behaviour, was associated with an intermediate stage of oocyte development. Ingestion of carbohydrate was required for completion of oocyte development in the majority of females although a proportion matured when allowed only water. Among females kept alone, these were exclusively moths from a strain selected for early onset of calling but, in the presence of a male, a few females from an unselected line also called and achieved oocyte maturation, without access to carbohydrate. Thus factors other than ovarian development apparently influence the commencement of calling. The absence of an effect of carbohydrate uptake on pre-calling period supports a previous conclusion that this trait is determined primarily by genetic components in this species. It is concluded that ingestion of carbohydrate is important for the attainment of reproductive maturity in M. separata but that it has a differential effect in early and later-calling genotypes. The implications of the results for the reproductive and migratory strategies of M. separata, an important agricultural pest, are discussed.
Arthropod community structures of rice ecosystems in the Philippines
Authors: Heong K.L. , Aquino G.B. , Barrion A.T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe arthropod community associated with irrigated rice grown in five sites in Luzon Island, Philippines, was analysed using guild categories. Phytophages and predators were predominant in all sites. The phytophage species were mainly Homoptera and dominated by Nephotettix virescens (Distant), N. nigropictus (Stål) (Cicadellidae), and Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Delphacidae). Predators were mainly Heteroptera with Microvelia douglasi atrolineata Bergoth (Veliidae), Mesovelia vittigera (Horváth) (Mesoveliidae), and Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter (Miridae) as the most abundant species. Spiders were the next dominant group with Pardosa pseudoannulata (Böesenberg & Strand) and three species of Tetragnatha the most common. Differences in species diversity between the sites were easily differentiated using diversity indices. The relative differences in arthropod abundance, species richness and diversity may be attributed to the median temperatures, cropping patterns, and diversity in crop stages and germplasm in the sites. Predator-Homoptera correlations were significant in all cases. High positive correlations were obtained for veliids, spiders and Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, in most sites.
Comparative transmission potential of three Mansonia spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) for filariasis in Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Chang Moh-Seng , Chan Kai-Lok , Ho Beng-Chuan , Hawley William A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSubperiodic filariasis (Brugia malayi) infections are endemic in the State of Sarawak, Malaysia, along the coastal villages and rural communities where the mosquitoes Mansonia bonneae Edwards, M. dives (Schiner) and M. uniformis (Theobald) are the main vectors. Two ecologically similar villages, Kampung Ampungan and Kampung Sebangkoi, were selected for comparison of the three Mansonia spp. in terms of their entomological baseline data, namely biting activity, survival and infective rates. Data obtained on their annual transmission potential (ATP), annual infective biting rate (AIBR) and vectorial capacity (C) showed M. bonneae to be the principal vector of B. malayi infections in Sarawak. Survival rates of M. bonneae and M. dives were estimated using both the exponential model of Macdonald which assumes an age-independent survival rate and the Gompertz model which assumes a decrease in the survival rate with advancing age of female mosquitoes.
The influence of host food plants on host recognition by four aphidiine parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Powell W. , Wright A.F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe attack rate of four parasitoids against different aphid species was investigated in the absence and presence of leaves from aphid food plants. The parasitoids used, Aphidius ervi Haliday, A. rhopalosiphi De Stefani, A. picipes (Nees) and Ephedrus plagiator Nees, varied in the extent of their host ranges. The presence of plant leaves significantly influenced the attack rate of A. ervi and A. rhopalosiphi, the two parasitoids with the most restricted host ranges, but did not appear to affect attack rates by the more polyphagous A. picipes and E. plagiator. Consideration of these results together with those from previous studies on the host preferences of laboratory populations of A. ervi and A. rhopalosiphi leads to the conclusion that genotype is probably determining the responses of individual parasitoids to semiochemicals involved in host recognition. It is proposed that field populations of oligophagous aphid parasitoids consist of a mixture of specialist and generalist individuals.
Trap-catches, nutritional condition and the timing of activity of the tsetse fly Glossina longipennis (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Randolph Sarah E. , Rogers D.J. , Dransfield R.D. , Brightwell R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSamples of Glossina longipennis Corti, taken over four days in traps (baited with acetone, cow urine and octenol) at half-hourly intervals during their restricted activity periods at dusk and dawn, were analysed for their nutritional condition. For both sexes, trap catches were highest at the end of dusk, between 19.00 and 19.30 h, associated with a significant increase in numbers with the low haematin content characteristic of flies estimated to have fed more than 60 hours previously. Also, the mean fat content of these flies was significantly lower than that of those trapped earlier. There was considerable day-to-day variation in the numbers of flies trapped, and in the numbers of low haematin and low fat flies. It is concluded that the nutritional condition of the fly probably influences the timing of the onset of activity, but possibly the fly's approach to the trap.
The Oriental species ofHelopeltis(Heteroptera: Miridae): a review of economic literature and guide to identification
Authors: Stonedahl Gary M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe taxonomy of the Oriental species ofHelopeltisis revised and a review of the economic literature is given. An identification key is provided for the 14 recognized species, one of which,H. sulawesi, is described as new. A diagnosis and brief description is given for each species, as well as illustrations of useful taxonomic characters, information on distributions and host records, and a discussion of any known or suspected misidentifications. Lectotype designations are made for 13 nominal species and the following new synonymies are established:H. bradyiWaterhouse =H. ceylonensisDe Silva,syn. nandH. romundeiWaterhouse,syn. n;H. cinchonaeMann =H. brevicornisPoppius,syn. n.;H. clavifer(Walker) =H. australiaeKirkaldy,syn. nandH. nigerWalker,syn. n;H. cuneataDistant =H. elegansPoppius,syn. n;H. fasciaticollisPoppius =H. pallidusPoppius,syn. nandH. pallidicepsPoppius,syn. n;H. theivoraWaterhouse =H. oryxDistant,syn. nThe somewhat obscure synonymy ofH. theobromaeMiller underH. theivorais confirmed. Two subgenera are recognized and diagnosed:Afropeltissubgen. n(type speciesEucerocoris westwoodiWhite), including all African species of the genus, andHelopeltis sensu stricto, containing the Oriental and Australasian species.
Genetic variation in the Old World screw-worm fly,Chrysomya bezziana(Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Strong K.L. , Mahon R.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Old World screw-worm fly,Chrysomya bezzianaVilleneuve, occurs in Africa, the Middle East, Malaysia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, but it is not found in Australia. Introduction into Australia from any of these source areas would threaten the viability of much of the grazing industry in the northern part of the continent. Proposed control by the sterile insect release method (SIRM) would be compromised by the existence of sibling species withinC. bezziana.This study examines the degree of genetic differentiation throughout the extensive range of the fly to assess if the degree of geographic differentiation indicates the existence of sibling species and, allows identification of the source of any introduced flies. Electrophoretic analysis of 23 loci from samples collected in southern Africa, the Middle East, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea revealed 11 polymorphic loci. Overall, populations show remarkably little divergence given the geographic distribution of sample sites. None of the populations sampled were fixed for alternative electromorphs. There is no evidence from this study for the presence of sibling species withinC. bezziana.
Host recognition and acceptance behaviour in two aphid parasitoid species: Aphidius ervi and Aphidius microlophii (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Pennacchio F. , Digilio M.C. , Tremblay E. , Tranfaglia A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe host preference and acceptance behaviour of populations of Aphidius ervi Haliday and A. microlophii Pennacchio & Tremblay from southern Italy was investigated. In no host-choice conditions, A. ervi females showed significantly higher attack and oviposition rates on the natural host Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) than on the non-host aphid Microlophium carnosum (Buckton)(Homoptera: Aphididae). In contrast, A. microlophii, which specifically parasitizes M. carnosum in the field, attacked both aphid species. However, dissections showed that oviposition of A. microlophii occurred only in a few of the attacked Acyrthosiphon pisum and was significantly less frequent than in M. carnosum. These results were confirmed in experimental host-choice conditions, suggesting that Aphidius microlophii oviposition is possibly regulated by a host haemolymphatic kairomone. Hybrids obtained by crossing A. ervi females with A. microlophii males attacked and oviposited in both aphid species, suggesting that these behavioural events have a strong genetic basis. The oviposition into host or non-host aphids did not elicit an immune defence reaction. The presence of the host's food-plant had no evident close-range effects on parasitoid attack and oviposition in non-host aphids. Aphidius microlophii reared on the non-host aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum produced a significant higher number of mummies after a few generations, suggesting a possible role of larval and early adult conditioning in the host selection process. These results, together with those from previous studies, suggest that Aphidius ervi is best considered as a complex of differentiated populations, characterized by a varying degree of genetic divergence.
The parasitoids of the African white rice borer,Maliarpha separatellaRagonot (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Polaszek A. , Fitton M.G. , Bianchi G. , Huddleston T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA key is provided for the recognition of the hymenopterous parasitoids of the African white rice borer,Maliarpha separatellaRagonot, a pest of rice in Africa and Madagascar. Five species are described as new: Braconidae:Chelonus maudaeHuddleston,Rhacanotus carinafusPolaszek; Ichneumonidae:Prisfomerus bullisFitton,Prisfomerus carisFitton,Venturia jordanaeFitton. The following synonyms are proposed:Goniozus indicusMuesebeck,G. natalensisGordh andG. proceraeRisbec are synonymized withGoniozus indicusAshmead.Phanerotorna majorBrues is synonymized withPhanerotoma saussureiKohl. Lectotypes are designated forGoniozus proceraeRisbec,Rhaconotus scirpophagaeWilkinson andGarouella ovicidaRisbec. The known distributions, biologies and alternative hosts of each parasitoid are provided, and their use as biological control agents or components of integrated pest management programmes are discussed.
The biology of Culiseta morsitans and Culiseta litorea (Diptera: Culicidae) in England
Authors: Service M.W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlthough Culiseta morsitans (Theobald) is a common Holarctic mosquito very little is known about its biology so many aspects of its life-history were studied, mainly in southern England, from 1964–1987. More limited observations were made in the south on the coastal Culiseta litorea (Shute). Both species laid an average of 109 eggs as an egg raft deposited on wet mud and leaf litter. At high humidities C. morsitans eggs can remain unhatched and viable for many months. Populations of both species overwinter as fourth instar larvae, pupation occurs in April and adults start emerging in early May. The adult season lasts until September or October. Both species feed principally on birds. Serological tests, however, on blood-engorged females show that a few feed on humans, although none has been caught in human bait collections. Light-traps are not very effective in sampling adults, although a few were caught in them, as they were in non-attractant suction traps. The relative sizes of adult populations of both species were monitored in most years from 1964–1980 on Brownsea Island, Poole Harbour, England, and showed a marked decline in the proportions of C. litorea, but there was a resurgence of this species after eight years, when the population again crashed.
A technique for initiating cutaneous myiasis (flystrike) on sheep
Authors: Steiner E.C. , Harrington S.A. , Watson K.V. , Monzu N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA technique for initiating artificial strikes on sheep using eggs or larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) under controlled conditions is described. A liver based implant provides protein for initial larval development. The technique has been found to produce viable strikes more reliably than other currently-used methods for the purpose of screening insecticides in controlled experiments.
Toxicity of some pesticides to Eretmocerus debachi (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), an important parasitoid of Parabemisia myricae (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Uygun Nedim , Sengonca Cetin , Ulusoy Mehmet R. , Kersting Ulrich 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effects of nine pesticides commonly used in citrus orchards were tested on adults, larvae and pupae of the parasitoid Eretmocerus debachi Rose & Rosen in the laboratory. All pesticides caused immediate mortality to adult parasitoid females and significant losses in efficiency, if applied to larvae of E. debachi in its host Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana). Only the fungicide captan and the insecticide Mercathion (malathion) were slightly harmful and harmless to the parasitoid larva. Gramoxone (paraquat), Dursban 4 (chlopyrifos-ethyl), Mercathion and Supracide (methidathion) were harmful to E. debachi pupae, while five other pesticides were only moderately harmful or harmless.
Prospects for using odour-baited trees to control tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Vale G. A. , Wilcox J. , Abson J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField studies in Zimbabwe elucidated the responses of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen to natural and artificial trunks of trees baited with odours of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol and phenols. The numbers of tsetse electrocuted in flight near the base of the trunk increased 2–12 times when the trunk was shortened from 7.2 m to 0.9 m and its diameter was increased from 25 cm to 5 m, when the base was coloured blue or black to contrast with the upper trunk, or when the upper trunk was separated from the base by a gap of 2.7 m. A swarm flying near short trunks was more compact than near tall trunks. Electrocuting grids to catch alighting tsetse indicated that only about 20% of the attracted tsetse alighted on the base of the trunk, whether this was blue or blue/black. Since there is presently no apparent means of cost-effectively avoiding the inhibitory effects of tall trunks, the use of odour-baited trees as baits for tsetse control seems uneconomical.
A new species of Lydella (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Mexico with a discussion of the definition of the genus
Authors: Woodley Norman E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFollowing the discovery of Lydella jaliscosp. n. (from Jalisco, Mexico), a parasite of the Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), the limits of the genus Lydella Robineau-Desvoidy have been widened to include Diatraeophaga Townsend syn. n., Metoposisyrops Townsend syn. n., and Metagonistylum Townsend syn. n. All species regarded as belonging to Lydella are listed, with L. minense (Townsend) comb. n., L. oryzae (Townsend) comb. n., L. scirpophagae (Chao & Shi) comb. n., L. sesamiae (Mesnil) comb. n., and L. striatalis (Townsend) comb. n.
The microhabitat ofCulicoides impunctatus(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) larvae in Scotland
Authors: Blackwell A. , Young M. R. , Mordue W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSoil samples were taken from two transects (total 63 sampling points; 25 cm quadrats) representing theBetula pubescens(Betulaceae) woodland, rush-pasture and peat-based mire vegetation of the west coast and Highlands of Scotland, in an attempt to relate soil and vegetation features to the occurrence ofCulicoides impunctatusGoetghebuer larvae. The covers of vegetation groups were recorded at each sample site and soil wetness was assessed on an arbitrary scale.Culicoidesspp. larvae were extracted from half of each sample and stored for subsequent identification ofC. impunctatuslarvae, while the remaining half was used for analysis of soil pH and organic content (loss on ignition, LOI). Correspondence analysis (using DECORANA) separated the sample sites and vegetation groups and the ordination axes were significantly correlated with the density ofC. impunctatuslarvae, soil organic content and soil wetness index. Simple regression analyses revealed that the density ofJuncus acutiflorus/J. articulatus(Juncaceae) and soil wetness index were positively related to the overall variation inC. impunctatuslarval density. The wetness index had the strongest relationship and this remained the case in step-wise multiple regression. There was no relationship between larval density and soil pH. This information on the specific microhabitat preferences of the larvae could aid colonization attempts of this dominantly important species of biting midge in the UK.
Homoptera associated with the ants Crematogaster clariventris, Pheidole megacephala and Tetramorium aculeatum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on cocoa in Ghana
Authors: Campbell C.A.M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPopulation densities of honeydew-producing Homoptera were assessed on mature upper-Amazon cocoa (Theobroma cacao) (Sterculiaceae) trees with combinations of the ants Crematogaster clariventris Mayr, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius) and Tetramorium aculeatum (Mayr). Interactions were found between combinations of the three ant species and the abundance of Homoptera attended for honeydew. Crematogaster clariventris primarily attended Stictococcus sjostedti Cockerell (Stictococcidae), and less frequently Waxiella sp. nr zonata (Newstead) (Coccidae). Pheidole megacephala attended mealybugs, mainly Planococcoides njalensis (Laing), and Planococcus citri (Risso) (both Pseudococcidae). Tetramorium aculeatum was negatively associated with honeydew-producing Homoptera only when it was the sole dominant ant. Where T. aculeatum co-existed with either one, or both, of the other ant species, it had little influence on the abundance of the honeydew-producing Homoptera they attended, including the mealybug vectors of cocoa swollen shoot virus. Ant-attended Homoptera were more numerous on trees solely dominated by their attendant ants than on trees where two or all three ant species co-occurred. By contrast, the non-ant-attended psyllid Mesohomotoma tessmanni (Aulmann) was least common on trees with a single dominant ant species, and was most abundant on trees foraged by all three ant species.
SamplingAnopheles arabiensis, A. gambiae sensu latoandA. funestus(Diptera: Culicidae) with CDC light-traps near a rice irrigation area and a sugarcane belt in western Kenya
Authors: Githeko A.K. , Service M.W. , Mbogo C.M. , Atieli F.A. , Juma F.O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCDC (Communicable Disease Center) light-traps were compared with human-bait collections as an alternative method for sampling malaria vectors in two villages of western Kenya. The numbers ofAnopheles funestusGiles andAnopheles gambiae sensu latoGiles in CDC light-trap collections were significantly correlated to the numbers caught in human-bait collections, but inAnopheles arabiensisPatton the two collections were not significantly correlated. Most of the female vectors collected in the traps were unfed. Parity ofA. arabiensiscollected in CDC light-traps (44.3%) was significantly lower than the rate obtained from females caught on human-bait (54.5%). Although CDC light-traps provide a cheap and convenient method for collecting vectors, further studies should nevertheless be undertaken to determine the influence of species-specific variation in the sizes and age-structure of collections because such variations can affect the epidemiological interpretation of the data.
Analysis of the components of ‘electric nets’ that affect their sampling efficiency for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Griffiths Nigel , Brady John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe efficiency of electrocuting devices currently used for sampling tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) and similar insects, was studied in Zimbabwe by recording approaches, kills, and escapes, with video. The kill rate of an electrified netting screen increased with the discharge frequency of the device up to 200 Hz (ca the highest practicable frequency) reaching ca 90% at best. The same kill rate was achieved by an electrified black cloth target. However, ‘two-choice’ comparisons of electric nets and their components showed avoidance by the tsetse of the black mosquito netting between the electric wires, and even of the electric wires on their own, though probably not of the black metal frame that supported them. The proportion of tsetse avoiding a standard electric net was ca 27% in full sun, ca 40% in shade, implying an overall sampling efficiency of, at best, ca 65% at the optimum 200 Hz discharge rate in sunshine, and ca 40–50% with the 67 Hz nets used currently in Africa. Potential for improvements therefore lies mainly in reducing the visibility of the nets; suggestions are offered.
Distribution and sampling of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in maize and sorghum on the Kenya coast
Authors: Overholt W. A. , Ogedah K. , Lammers P.M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe seasonal occurrence and spatial distribution of the crambine stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) were investigated in maize, Zea mays, and sorghum, Sorghum bicolor, fields at the Kenya coast. During the vegetative growth stage, small-sized larvae were typically found behind leaf sheaths and in whorls in maize and sorghum. In reproductive and senescent maize, small-sized larvae were also found feeding in ears. Later immature life stages were located predominantly in stems in sorghum, and in the stems and ears in maize. Density and variance estimates of small, medium-, and large-sized larvae and pupae in maize and sorghum were fitted to Taylor's power law which provided significant regressions in all cases. The between-plant distribution was aggregated in all life stages. In maize, the distribution remained aggregated through the larval and pupal life stages, but in sorghum the distribution became progressively less aggregated as insects aged. The relationship of C. partellus density to the proportion of plants infested also suggested aggregation. Optimal sample sizes were determined for both binomial and enumerative sampling plans at two levels of precision, and a discussion is included on the relationship of optimal sample sizes to economic injury levels. Additionally, a presence/absence sequential sampling plan is proposed.