bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Kosovo Advisory Opinion and UNSCR 1244 (1999): A Declaration of ‘Independence from International Law’?
Authors: KOHEN MARCELO G. , DEL MAR KATHERINE 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article focuses on the reasoning employed by the International Court of Justice in its Advisory Opinion rendered on 22 July 2010 with respect to the most formidable legal impasse of the accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence: the lex specialis that applied at the critical date, and which the Court affirmed continues to apply to Kosovo, as established by the United Nations Security Council in its Resolution 1244 (1999). The Court's analysis of the applicable lex specialis is questionable. Its analysis was coloured by the narrow approach it took to answering the question it was asked to address. It queried an unambiguous factual qualification made by the General Assembly, and it disregarded factual qualifications made by the Secretary-General, his Special Representative, and indeed all relevant actors. It failed to uphold the legally binding provisions of Security Council Resolution 1244, and it did not qualify as unlawful or invalid an act of a subsidiary body of the Security Council that was undertaken in excess of authority and contrary to the fundamental provisions of that Resolution. The resolute conclusion of the majority of the Court that the unilateral declaration of independence did not violate international law seems to read as a declaration of ‘independence from international law’.
Self-Determination, Secession, and Dispute Settlement after the Kosovo Advisory Opinion
Authors: WILDE RALPH 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis piece provides critical analysis of some of the broader consequences of what is potentially suggested by certain findings in the 2010 Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on ‘Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo’. The focus is on consequences for disputes generally, and disputes relating to self-determination and secession in particular, in either case including disputes that have been made subject to a Security Council-imposed settlement process. In the first place, the piece considers the relatively specific suggestion that sub-state groups are free to unilaterally terminate a Security Council-imposed process aimed at enabling the resolution of a dispute concerning their aspirations to external self-determination, without this termination having to comply with the principles of justice and international law. In the second place, the piece considers the relatively broad suggestion that the act of any sub-state group of declaring independence and seceding from the state within which it is located, without the consent of that state or any other international legal sanction, is likewise not regulated by international law.
The Advisory Opinion on Kosovo: An Opportunity Lost, or a Poisoned Chalice Refused?
Authors: HANNUM HURST 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe ICJ's Advisory Opinion adopted a very narrow approach to the question posed by the General Assembly, but its basic response – that Kosovo's declaration of independence did not violate general international law – was correct. While it might have been preferable if the Court had given more guidance regarding the contemporary scope of self-determination, neither supporters nor opponents of Kosovo's independence gained much from the opinion. No definitive conclusion about Kosovo's status can be drawn without agreement between Pristina and Belgrade, and outsiders should avoid prejudging or interfering in that outcome.
Balancing Effectiveness and Fairness in the Redesign of the Climate Change Regime
Authors: VIÑUALES JORGE E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSince its modern inception in the 1960s, international environmental law (IEL) has faced three main challenges: (i) justifying the need for an international regulation of environmental issues (legitimacy); (ii) finding mechanisms to ensure compliance with IEL (effectiveness); and (iii) distributing equitably the benefits and burden of environmental protection (fairness). While it is nowadays possible to say that the legitimacy of IEL is no longer in question, the need to respond to challenges (ii) and (iii) has never been more pressing. This is particularly the case in the context of the redesign of the climate change regime (CCR), as the responses to (ii) and (iii) may conflict with each other. Industrialized countries who historically contributed the most to the artificial increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere have been matched, and even surpassed, in their level of GHG emissions by countries such as China, India, or Brazil, who are now being pressed to undertake real emissions-reduction commitments. Historically, however, none of these latter benefited from the emission laxity characterizing the nineteenth century and most of the twentieth century to further their development. While imposing specific emissions-reduction commitments on them would seem unfair, such commitments are nevertheless critical for the effectiveness of the regime both directly and indirectly (as without such commitments, industrialized countries may be reluctant to join or uphold a regime). The purpose of this article is to spell out in an orderly analytical manner the types of issue that must be addressed in seeking a balanced solution. This type of analysis can be conducted from several perspectives. The most directly relevant disciplines to deal with fairness considerations are admittedly ethics and political philosophy, and there is indeed a growing literature on climate fairness. Although this literature is briefly surveyed, the article focuses on the fairness dimensions of the existing legal arrangements or those currently being negotiated. There is a considerable gap between the theoretical approaches to climate fairness and the manner in which considerations of fairness operate in practice. This gap is mainly due to the need to account for political considerations or, in other terms, to balance fairness with political effectiveness. When such considerations are taken into account, the picture that emerges is quite different. The CCR is not built upon a single approach to fairness. Rather, fairness considerations are integrated through a patchwork of criteria used to distribute different objects (burden of emission reductions, emission rights, contribution to financial and technological assistance, and access to such assistance) among different actors situated at different levels.
Distribution, habitat use, and implications for the conservation of the globally threatened Azure-rumped TanagerTangara cabanisiin Guatemala
Authors: EISERMANN KNUT , ARBEITER SUSANNE , LÓPEZ GERARDO , AVENDAÑO CLAUDIA , DE LEÓN LUX JOSUÉ 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe Azure-rumped TanagerTangara cabanisiis a globally threatened species restricted to the Pacific slope mountains of western Guatemala and Chiapas, Mexico. We studied the habitat use of this tanager on the southern slope of Atitlán volcano, department Suchitepéquez, Guatemala, applying distance sampling along transects in humid broadleaf forest and coffee plantations. The tanager was recorded in both habitat types, but encounter rates were significantly greater in broadleaf forest. The estimated density of tanagers in forest at 1,400–1,900 m was 33–93 birds km−2. Tanagers were recorded mainly in the upper vegetation strata of forest and shade coffee plantations. In coffee plantations tanagers used mainly tall solitary trees or the canopy of shade trees, which were dominated byIngaspp. The number of observations of feeding tanagers inFicus aurea(Moraceae) indicated a high importance of this food source. The density ofF. aureatrees and the encounter rate of tanagers were positively correlated. From 1987 to 2009 tanagers have been recorded at nine topographic units and a total of 16 sites in Guatemala, in the departments of San Marcos, Quetzaltenango, Sololá, Suchitepéquez, and Chimaltenango. We analysed the available habitat for tanagers in the potential area of distribution (1,170 km2), ranging from 900 to 1,900 m altitude and from the Mexican border in the West to the municipality of Pochuta in the East. Broadleaf forest covers 250 km2or 21% of the potential area of distribution, and coffee plantations cover 800 km2or 68%. Assuming that population density in prime habitat throughout the potential distribution range is similar to our study area at Atitlán volcano, total tanager population in Guatemala is estimated to be 8,250–23,250 birds. Our findings support the maintenance of the IUCN Red List status of Endangered EN B1a+b(ii,iii,v). To enhance the available habitat for Azure-rumped Tanager, we propose alterations in the shade management of coffee plantations, supported by incentives and certification programmes.
Report from The International Society for Nomenclature of Paediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: cardiovascular catheterisation for congenital and paediatric cardiac disease (Part 1 – Procedural nomenclature)
Authors: Bergersen Lisa , Everett Allen Dale , Giroud Jorge Manuel , Martin Gerard R. , Franklin Rodney Cyril George , Béland Marie Josée , Krogmann Otto Nils , Aiello Vera Demarchi , Colan Steven D. , Elliott Martin J. , Gaynor J. William , Kurosawa Hiromi , Maruszewski Bohdan , Stellin Giovanni , Tchervenkov Christo I. , Walters Henry Lane , Weinberg Paul , Jacobs Jeffrey Phillip 
Published: February 2011

AbstractInterventional cardiology for paediatric and congenital cardiac disease is a relatively young and rapidly evolving field. As the profession begins to establish multi-institutional databases, a universal system of nomenclature is necessary for the field of interventional cardiology for paediatric and congenital cardiac disease. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the efforts of The International Society for Nomenclature of Paediatric and Congenital Heart Disease to establish a system of nomenclature for cardiovascular catheterisation for congenital and paediatric cardiac disease, focusing both on procedural nomenclature and on the nomenclature of complications associated with interventional cardiology. This system of nomenclature for cardiovascular catheterisation for congenital and paediatric cardiac disease is a component of The International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code. This manuscript is the first part of a two-part series. Part 1 will cover the procedural nomenclature associated with interventional cardiology as treatment for paediatric and congenital cardiac disease. This procedural nomenclature of The International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code will be used in the IMPACT Registry™ (IMproving Pediatric and Adult Congenital Treatment) of the National Cardiovascular Data Registry®of The American College of Cardiology. Part 2 will cover the nomenclature of complications associated with interventional cardiology as treatment for paediatric and congenital cardiac disease.
Report from The International Society for Nomenclature of Paediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: cardiovascular catheterisation for congenital and paediatric cardiac disease (Part 2 – Nomenclature of complications associated with interventional cardiology)
Authors: Bergersen Lisa , Giroud Jorge Manuel , Jacobs Jeffrey Phillip , Franklin Rodney Cyril George , Béland Marie Josée , Krogmann Otto Nils , Aiello Vera Demarchi , Colan Steven D. , Elliott Martin J. , Gaynor J. William , Kurosawa Hiromi , Maruszewski Bohdan , Stellin Giovanni , Tchervenkov Christo I. , Walters Henry Lane , Weinberg Paul , Everett Allen Dale 
Published: February 2011

AbstractInterventional cardiology for paediatric and congenital cardiac disease is a relatively young and rapidly evolving field. As the profession begins to establish multi-institutional databases, a universal system of nomenclature is necessary for the field of interventional cardiology for paediatric and congenital cardiac disease. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the efforts of The International Society for Nomenclature of Paediatric and Congenital Heart Disease to establish a system of nomenclature for cardiovascular catheterisation for congenital and paediatric cardiac disease, focusing both on procedural nomenclature and the nomenclature of complications associated with interventional cardiology. This system of nomenclature for cardiovascular catheterisation for congenital and paediatric cardiac disease is a component of The International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code. This manuscript is the second part of the two-part series. Part 1 covered the procedural nomenclature associated with interventional cardiology as treatment for paediatric and congenital cardiac disease. Part 2 will cover the nomenclature of complications associated with interventional cardiology as treatment for paediatric and congenital cardiac disease.
Shared environments: a multilevel analysis of community context and child nutritional status in Bangladesh
Authors: Corsi Daniel J , Chow Clara K , Lear Scott A , Rahman M Omar , Subramanian SV , Teo Koon K 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe goal of the present study was to examine the influence of community environment on the nutritional status (weight-for-age and height-for-age) of children (aged 0–59 months) in Bangladesh. In addition, we tested the association between specific characteristics of community environments and child nutritional status.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingThe data are from the nationally representative 2004 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey.SubjectsRespondents were ever-married women (aged 15–49 years) and their children (n5731), residing in 361 communities. Child nutritional outcomes are physical measurements of weight-for-age and height-for-age insdunits. We considered the following attributes of community environments potentially related to child nutrition: (i) community water and sanitation infrastructure; (ii) availability of community health and education services; (iii) community employment and social participation; and (iv) education level of the community.ResultsMultilevel regression analysis showed that the spatial distribution of maternal and child covariates did not entirely explain the between-community variation in child nutritional status. The education level of the community emerged as the strongest community-level predictor of child height-for-age (highestv. lowest tertile,β= 0·18 (se0·07)) and weight-for-age (highestv. lowest tertile,β= 0·21 (se0·06)). In the height-for-age model, community employment and social participation also emerged as being statistically significant (highestv. lowest tertile,β= 0·13 (se= 0·06)).ConclusionsThe community environment influences child nutrition in Bangladesh, and maternal- and child-level covariates may fail to capture the entire influence of communities. Interventions to reduce child undernutrition in developing countries should take into consideration the wider community context.
Upper Ordovician (Sandbian–Katian) graptolite and conodont zonation in the Yangtze region, China
Authors: Xu Chen , Bergström Stig M. , Yuandong Zhang , Goldman Dan , Qing Chen 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThe graptolite and conodont biostratigraphy of the latest Darriwilian, Sandbian and early and middle Katian succession on the Yangtze Platform is reassessed based on numerous new fossil collections and previously published data. At least at some localities, the lowermost Miaopo Formation is of pre-Nemagraptus gracilis Zone age (uppermost Pygodus serra and lowermost P. anserinus conodont zones). The rest of this formation (except for the uppermost part, which lacks diagnostic graptolites) has a diverse graptolite fauna of the N. gracilis Zone. The uppermost part of the Miaopo Formation contains few biostratigraphically diagnostic graptolites but the occurrence of conodonts of the Baltoniodus alobatus Subzone of the Amorphognathus tvaerensis Zone suggests equivalence with part of the Climacograptus bicornis graptolite Zone. The conodont succession of the Datianba Formation is virtually identical with that of the Miaopo Formation, confirming that these units are coeval. The lowermost part of the overlying non-graptolitic Pagoda Formation represents the upper A. tvaerensis Zone, and its upper part represents the A. superbus Zone. The occurrence of Dicellograptus elegans in the overlying Chientsaokou Formation (equivalent to the Linhsiang Formation in Yangtze Gorges region) suggests equivalence with the Pleurograptus linearis Zone in Scotland, which is consistent with the relatively non-diagnostic conodont fauna in these Chinese units. The biostratigraphic data are in good agreement with the δ13C chemostratigraphy and permit the establishment of precise correlations with the Baltoscandic and North American successions.
Late Ordovician trilobites from the Karagach Formation of the western Tarbagatai Range, Kazakhstan
Authors: Ghobadi Pour Mansoureh , McCobb Lucy M. E. , Owens Robert M. , Popov Leonid E. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTTwo trilobite faunas of late Ordovician (Sandbian and Katian) age are described from the siliciclastic Karagach Formation, western Tarbagatai Range, eastern Kazakhstan. They comprise 15 families and 24 genera and include the new taxa Agerina acutilimbata sp. nov., Birmanites akchiensis sp. nov., Dulanaspis karagachensis sp. nov. and Kimakaspis kovalevskyi gen. et sp. nov. Most of the Karagach Formation yields graptolites characteristic of the Diplograptus foliaceus [multidens] Biozone, which are associated with the older trilobite fauna; the uppermost part, which is the source of the younger trilobite fauna, contains Orthograptus quadrimucronatus and Dicranograptus hians which suggest a younger age, equating with the lowermost Ensigraptus caudatus Biozone, and the base of the Katian Stage. Most of the trilobite genera in both faunas have a wide geographical distribution in the late Ordovician, although Dulanaspis and Sinocybele are characteristic of low latitude eastern peri-Gondwanan faunas.
The C-terminal domain of the neutral amino acid transporter SNAT2 regulates transport activity through voltage-dependent processes
Authors: Zhang Zhou , Zander Catherine B. , Grewer Christof 
Published: February 2011

SNAT (sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter) 2 belongs to the SLC38 (solute carrier 38) family of solute transporters. Transport of one amino acid molecule into the cell is driven by the co-transport of one Na+ ion. The functional significance of the C-terminus of SNAT2, which is predicted to be located in the extracellular space, is currently unknown. In the present paper, we removed 13 amino acid residues from the SNAT2 C-terminus and studied the effect of this deletion on transporter function. The truncation abolished amino acid transport currents at negative membrane potentials (&lt;0 mV), as well as substrate uptake. However, transport currents were observed at positive membrane potentials demonstrating that transport was accelerated while the driving force decreased. Membrane expression levels were normal in the truncated transporter. SNAT2Del C-ter (13 residues deleted from the C-terminus) showed 3-fold higher apparent affinity for alanine, and 2-fold higher Na+ affinity compared with wild-type SNAT2, suggesting that the C-terminus is not required for high-affinity substrate and Na+ interaction with SNAT2. The pH sensitivity of amino acid transport was retained partially after the truncation. In contrast with the truncation after TM (transmembrane domain) 11, the deletion of TM11 resulted in an inactive transporter, most probably due to a defect in cell surface expression. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the C-terminal domain of SNAT2 is an important voltage regulator that is required for a normal amino acid translocation process at physiological membrane potentials. However, the C-terminus appears not to be involved in the regulation of membrane expression.
Photodissociation of N2O: Potential energy surfaces and absorption spectrum
Authors: Schinke R. 
Published: February 2011

The ultraviolet photodissociation of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\rm N_2O$\end{document}N2O is studied by wave packet calculations using global three-dimensional potential energy surfaces for the two lowest 1A′ states. The incorporation of all internal degrees of freedom in the dynamics calculations is essential for a realistic treatment. The room-temperature absorption cross section is well reproduced, including the weak vibrational structures. Classical periodic orbits show that the latter can be attributed to large-amplitude NN stretch motion combined with strong excitation of the bend. Weakening of the NN bond toward the N + NO channel is the necessary prerequisite. The temperature dependence of the calculated cross section is significant, as expected for a dipole-forbidden transition of a linear molecule; but it is not as strong as observed experimentally [G. S. Selwyn and H. S. Johnston, J. Chem. Phys. 74, 3791 (1981)]. This shortcoming is due to an apparent underestimation of the (0,1,0) hot band absorption. On the other hand, the calculations yield reasonable predictions of the ratios of bending-state resolved absorption cross sections, σ(0, 1, 0)/σ(0, 0, 0) and σ(0, 2, 0)/σ(0, 0, 0), measured at 204 nm [H. Kawamata et al. J. Chem. Phys. 125, 133312 (2006)].
Free-energy cost for translocon-assisted insertion of membrane proteins
Authors: Gumbart James , Chipot Christophe , Schulten Klaus 
Published: February 2011

Nascent membrane proteins typically insert in a sequential fashion into the membrane via a protein-conducting channel, the Sec translocon. How this process occurs is still unclear, although a thermodynamic partitioning between the channel and the membrane environment has been proposed. Experiment- and simulation-based scales for the insertion free energy of various amino acids are, however, at variance, the former appearing to lie in a narrower range than the latter. Membrane insertion of arginine, for instance, requires 14–17 kcal/mol according to molecular dynamics simulations, but only 2–3 kcal/mol according to experiment. We suggest that this disagreement is resolved by assuming a two-stage insertion process wherein the first step, the insertion into the translocon, is energized by protein synthesis and, therefore, has an effectively zero free-energy cost; the second step, the insertion into the membrane, invokes the translocon as an intermediary between the fully hydrated and the fully inserted locations. Using free-energy perturbation calculations, the effective transfer free energies from the translocon to the membrane have been determined for both arginine and leucine amino acids carried by a background polyleucine helix. Indeed, the insertion penalty for arginine as well as the insertion gain for leucine from the translocon to the membrane is found to be significantly reduced compared to direct insertion from water, resulting in the same compression as observed in the experiment-based scale.