bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stiffness and Bond Strength of Rubber-Filled Hinges
Authors: Gent A. N. , Chang Y-W. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The stiffness of rubber-filled hinges for small rotations of the hinge plates has been determined by finite element analysis (FEA). The rubber is assumed to be linearly elastic and virtually incompressible, and the hinge is assumed to be long enough for the rubber to be in a state of plane strain, i.e., prevented from any displacement parallel to the hinge. Results have been obtained for hinges of a wide range of unstrained angle, ranging from 5° up to 360°. The calculated stiffnesses for long hinges vary by over four orders of magnitude over this range. For small angles, an approximate solution has been obtained by direct analysis—it is in good agreement with the FEA solution for hinge angles up to about 40°. Experimental measurements on several rubber-filled hinges are also reported. The measured rotational stiffnesses are in satisfactory agreement with theoretical predictions. Because a rubber-filled hinge constitutes a possible test method for bond strength, conditions are derived for bond rupture as a hinge is strained open.
Determination of Dynamic Bulk Modulus of Elastomers Using Pressure Measurement
Authors: Holownia B. P. , James E. H. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A novel method of determining dynamic bulk modulus of elastomers, by measurement of pressure changes of the fluid in which the specimen is immersed, was successful in principle. The frequency range covered was between 100 Hz and 1200 Hz which was limited by the power of the oscillator used.
Some Forms of the Strain Energy Function for Rubber
Authors: Yeoh O. H. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
According to Rivlin's Phenomenological Theory of Rubber Elasticity, the elastic properties of a rubber may be described in terms of a strain energy function which is an infinite power series in the strain invariants I1, I2 and I3. The simplest forms of Rivlin's strain energy function are the neo-Hookean, which is obtained by truncating the infinite series to just the first term in I1, and the Mooney-Rivlin, which retains the first terms in I1 and I2. Recently, we proposed a strain energy function which is a cubic in I1. Conceptually, the proposed function is a material model with a shear modulus that varies with deformation. In this paper, we compare the large strain behavior of rubber as predicted by these forms of the strain energy function. The elastic behavior of swollen rubber is also discussed.
The Influence of Different Brass Pretreatments on Rubber-Metal Bonding: Investigated by Analytical Electron Microscopy
Authors: Kretzschmar T. , Hummel K. , Hofer F. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Brass samples (thin foils or plates) were pretreated either by etching with aqueous HC1 or by rubbing with emery cloth. A mixture of cis-l,4-polybutadiene with sulfur and N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazylsulfenamide was vulcanized in contact with the brass surfaces. The bonding layers were investigated by analytical electron microscopy (AEM). Two preparation techniques for AEM were used, namely cryo-ultramicrotomy to obtain cross sections (applied to foils), or separating ultrathin surface layers with an aqueous HCl/FeCl3 solution (applied to plates). Across the bonding layers, various crystallographic structures and chemical compositions were found, depending on the pretreatment of the brass.
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of SBR/BR Blends by Thermogravimetric Analysis
Authors: Amraee I. Amiri , Katbab A. A. , Aghafarajollah Sh 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to present a new method for analyzing SBR/BR blends in passenger tire tread compounds by thermogravimetric analysis. Since the base polymer of most tread compounds in passenger tires are normally either SBR or blend of SBR/BR, the importance of this method is self-explanatory.
Analysis of Power Requirements and Dispersion Quality in Batch Compounding Using a Dispersion Model for Single Agglomerates
Authors: Bohin Fabrice , Feke Donald L. , Manas-Zloczower Ica 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The extent of dispersion and torque requirements vary with processing time during the compounding of filled polymers in batch mixers. Starting with a model for the erosion of single agglomerates under simple shear flow conditions, equations have been developed that enable correlation and prediction of the evolution of both dispersion quality and mixing torque during the course of processing. There was an excellent agreement between the shape of predicted dimensionless torque curves and experimental results for silica-silicone rubber premixes. The model was also found useful in correlating results reported in the literature for the quality of dispersion of carbon black into natural rubber.
Temperature of the Rubber Wheel during Wear Testing on a Lambourn Abrader
Authors: Ramakrishnan R. , Kliman J. , Donovan J. A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Contact of a slipping rubber wheel with the grinding wheel during wear testing on a Lambourn abrader cools the rubber wheel in the contact zone because: (a) the relatively high thermal conductivity of the grindstone conducts the heat into the grindstone; and (b) there is little or no sliding, and therefore no heat generated by sliding. The temperature increase, measured on the rubber wheel outside the contact zone, results from compression and adhesional or tangential deformation hysteresis, and is not from sliding friction. Therefore, the temperature in the wear zone is only 5–10°C above the ambient, and does not simulate the temperature developed in a tire during use. These conclusions are based on real time infrared thermometry of a carbon black filled rubber wheel rotating against an alumina grindstone, a steel wheel and a HDPE wheel at slips ranging from 0 to 13.5% and speeds from 65 to 400 rpm.
Far-Infrared Studies of Polyisoprene Vulcanization
Authors: Hann C. J. , Kuhls G. H. , Hann G. L. , Gilpin R. K. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The distribution of crosslink types (i.e., monosulfidic, disutfidic, polysulfidic) in accelerated sulfur vulcanized rubber dramatically effects the performance properties. Chemical probe reagents have been used extensively to determine the distribution of various crosslink types. However, this technique of selectively cleaving the different types of crosslinks and then measuring the swelling of the rubber is time consuming and experimentally difficult. The utility of using Far IR analysis to make these measurements has been explored. Correlations of Far IR data with classical chemical probe data will be presented. To minimize complexity this initial probe is limited to simple model gum polyisoprene/sulfenamide/sulfur formulations representing “Conventional” and “Hi-Lo” vulcanizate categories.
Crosslink Reaction Mechanisms of Diene Rubber with Dicumyl Peroxide
Authors: González L. , Rodríguez A. , Marcos A. , Chamorro C. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The scope of this paper is to review peroxide curing of diene elastomers. At high dicumyl peroxide loading and high curing temperature, changes in the crosslinking mechanisms were observed. Both Abstraction of allylic hydrogen and addition to the double bond can act as mechanisms of crosslinking. IR spectroscopy reveals a significant decrease in double bonds, and a new relaxation at temperatures above the Tg of the elastomers is present.
Characterization and Performance Testing of Guayule Latex
Authors: Schloman W. W. , Wyzgoski F. , McIntyre D. , Cornish K. , Siler D. J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Physical and biological properties were determined for a preliminary production run of low-ammonia latex from guayule (GR latex). GR latex, and dipped films produced from compounded GR latex, contain none of the Hevea allergens known to elicit Type I systemic allergic reactions. The polymer phase of GR latex has a lower bulk viscosity and a higher resin content than that of NR. In addition, GR latex serum and rubber lack the activating components present in NR latex. As a result, GR latex cures more slowly and reaches a lower state of cure. The aged stress-strain properties of cured GR films are nonetheless similar to those of NR films.
Diffusion of Solvents in Polybutadiene Rubber Using Capillary Column Inverse Gas Chromatography
Authors: Faridi Niloufar , Duda J. L. , Danner Ronald P. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The capillary column inverse gas chromatography (CCIGC) method at infinite dilution of solvent was used to measure the diffusion and partition coefficients of cyclohexane, toluene, n-heptane, chloroform and methyl ethyl ketone in polybutadiene (BR, 95% cis). Experiments were performed over a temperature range of 0 to 70°C. Chromatographic data analysis was carried out in terms of the elution model described by Pawlisch and coworkers. Attempts to conduct experiments at temperatures below 0°C yielded erroneous results. At these low temperatures the high activity of the solvent causes the system to be far from the linear portion of the absorption isotherm or in some cases results in condensation in the capillary column. The Vrentas-Duda free-volume diffusion model was used to interpret and correlate the diffusion data obtained at infinite dilution of the solvent.
Chemical Aspects of Rubber Reinforcement by Fillers
Authors: Wolff Siegfried 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
For decades, the rubber industry, and the tire industry in particular, have been using mainly carbon blacks as reinforcing fillers. Since their structure and specific surface area can be varied over a wide range, carbon blacks are capable of meeting a wide range of different requirements. Even today, we are unable to exert a specific influence on the third component of reinforcement, the “surface activity” (surface energy) of carbon blacks. This problem and new, more stringent tire performance requirements lend new significance to the need for further carbon black research and development. Silicas, which were developed during the nineteen forties and fifties, were mainly used in shoe soling materials. Specific surface area and structure of the silicas were constantly adjusted to meet new requirements in this area. As our knowledge of the reinforcing mechanism of silicas in rubber increased, the benefits and drawbacks of silicas in rubber, in comparison to carbon blacks, became more and more apparent. The challenge to improve their reinforcing effect was then taken up. Since the beginning of the nineteen seventies, the chemical industry has concentrated on developing silanes for the rubber industry. The significance of the formation of covalent rubber-to-filler bonds for rubber reinforcement was recognized, and ways and means for the optimum and most efficient use of silicas and silanes were found, in a long and difficult process. During the past ten years, research and development efforts were dominated by the demand for increasing abrasion resistance, improving wet traction, and achieving the lowest possible rolling resistance. The combined use of silicas and silanes opened up new possibilities for meeting the requirements of the tire industry. After first adapting silanes to the silicas available, research and development efforts have recently been focused on adjusting the silicas to the silanes in order to achieve optimum effectiveness of this reinforcing system. All in all, a process seems to have been initiated in the tire industry which aims at using the silica/organosilane system to much greater advantage.
Studies of Polymer Properties via Inverse Gas Chromatography
Authors: Li Bincai(Pun Choi) 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Gas Chromatosraphy (GC) using a polymer as the stationary phase to reveal the properties of the polymer — known as Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC) — is in contrast to conventional GC where gaseous components in the mobile phase are separated and studied. Figure l(a) and l(b) are schematic diagrams showing the arrangement of apparatus in a gas Chromatograph for IGC. The column is filled with packings consisting of thin layer of polymer coated onto an inert support, typically Chromosorb W, Chromosorb G (70 ∼ 80 mesh, acid washed and dimethyldichlorosilane treated), or Teflon. The carrier gas, such as N2, H2, or He, acts as the mobile phase. The solvent, injected as a sharp pulse and vaporized immediately into the carrier gas stream at the entrance of the column, is called the probe. As the probe is carried forward, it is partitioned between the mobile gas phase and the stationary polymer phase. The time required to elute the probe through the column is called the retention time (elution is monitored in the detector and reflected on the recorder or integrator as a peak maximum). The corresponding amount of carrier gas needed is called the retention volume. The detector for the probe may be a thermal conductivity cell (TCD) or flame ionization detector (FID). When an FID is used, the flow of gas is diverted to the flow meter before it reaches the detector as shown in Figure l(b). Some notes on the experimental techniques will be discussed in Section IX. GC has been classified into Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) and Gas-Solid Chromatography (GSC) according to whether the stationary phase is a liquid or a solid, respectively. In IGC, the process is GLC when the temperature of the polymer under investigation is far above its glass transition temperature Tg. The retention is due to absorption of the solvent vapor into the polymer bulk (an amorphous polymer above Tg is viewed as a liquid). When the temperature of the polymer is well below its Tg, the process is GSC and the retention mechanism becomes adsorption of the vapor onto the polymer surface. We shall initially discuss the GLC of polymers and then extend our discussions to GSC. Important applications of IGC to polymer research have been the studies of the thermodynamics of polymer-solvent and polymer-polymer interactions via GLC.
Use of Nonblack Fillers in Tire Compounds
Authors: Waddell Walter H. , Evans Larry R. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A variety of nonblack fillers are used in the rubber components of tires. Calcium carbonate, clay, precipitated silica, talc and titanium dioxide are used in white sidewall compounds to impart desired physical properties and appearance. Precipitated silica can be used in black sidewall compounds, including nonstaining EPDM black sidewalls, to significantly improve tear strength, cut-growth resistance and resistance to ozone aging. Precipitated silica is used extensively in wire coat compounds in conjunction with resorcinol and methylene donating resins, and can be used with organocobalt salts to improve adhesive properties, tear strength and cut-growth resistance. Calcium carbonate, clay, mica and talc are found in innerliner compounds, and precipitated silica can be used. Precipitated silica is used in the treads of off-the-road tires such as earthmover tires, in order to improve tear strength and cut-growth resistance. Clay and talc can be used in tire treads. Precipitated silica is also used in the treads of tires of vehicles used for highway driving, such as passenger cars and trucks, in order to reduce the rolling resistance and increase the wet traction of the tire. It is necessary to modify the surface of precipitated silica with a bifunctional organosilane coupling agent in order to maintain tire treadwear for highway vehicles. Figures 16 and 17 are pictorial summaries of the use of nonblack fillers and the benefits of using precipitated silica in the various components of tire compounds, respectively.
Furnace Carbon Black Characterization: Continuing Saga
Authors: Gerspacher M. , O'Farrell C. P. , Nikiel L. , Yang H. H. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A summary of the latest efforts to characterize carbon black and the latest findings using state-of-the-art scientific instrumentation is presented. Over the years, advanced studies of furnace carbon black formation and characterization have helped the rubber technologist to better predict the performance of the end product (i.e., a tire) but still today these characteristics are not totally sufficient and more work is necessary to better define and describe the exact nature of carbon black produced using the furnace process.
Strength of Sulfur-Linked Elastomers
Authors: Chun H. , Gent A. N. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Fracture energies have been determined for tearing through a sheet of a polysulfide elastomer, and for peeling apart two sheets bonded together with sulfur interlinks. Measurements were made over wide ranges of rate of crack propagation and test temperature. By shifting curves at various temperatures along the rate axis, using shift factors aT calculated from the “universal” form of the WLF equation, master curves were obtained for tear and peel energy vs. rate of tear or peel at the glass transition temperature Tg about −55°C. These master curves of strength vs. effective rate of crack propagation at Tg were closely similar to those obtained previously for several hydrocarbon elastomers: BR, SBR and EPR; interlinked with C-C bonds. Thus, under comparable test conditions the strength of the present polysulfide elastomer with sulfur crosslinks is similar to that for hydrocarbon elastomers with C-C crosslinks. The question then arises: Why are sulfur-vulcanized elastomers stronger in common experience than peroxide-cured ones? Possible reasons are discussed.
Origin of Characteristic Properties of Natural Rubber—Synergistic Effect of Fatty Acids on Crystallization of cis-1,4-Polyisoprene: I, Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Authors: Kawahara Seiichi , Nishiyama Naoyuki , Kakubo Takashi , Tanaka Yasuyuki 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The influence of stearic acid, linoleic acid and their methylesters on crystallization of synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene was investigated at the isothermal crystallization temperature of −25°C by means of differential scanning calorimetry and dilatometry. The overall crystallization rate of cis-1,4-polyisoprene increased in step with increasing stearic acid content, while the glass transition temperature of cis-1,4-polyisoprene did not change with the additive level. The addition of 1 wt % stearic acid or methyl stearate showed an acceleration effect on the initial crystallization of the polymer, while 1 wt % linoleic acid or methyl linoleate suppressed the initial crystallization. Coexistence of stearic acid and linoleic acid or stearic acid and methyl linoleate in cis-1,4-polyisoprene gave rise to a dramatic increase in the overall crystallization rate of the polymer. The characteristic properties of natural rubber were revealed to be related to the specific ratio of miscible fatty acids to immiscible fatty acids in natural rubber.
Curative Migration in Rubber Compounds Containing Brominated Poly(Isobutylene-co-4-Methylstyrene)
Authors: Dias Anthony J. , Galuska Alan A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Blends of elastomers are widely used throughout the rubber industry. Blends are frequently used to get a balance of properties which cannot be achieved through the use of a single elastomer. For example, poly(isobutylene-co-4-bromomethylstyrene) can be blended with highly unsaturated general purpose rubbers to impart unique barrier or dynamic properties and enhanced oxidative stability. The final properties of such a blend are the result of a complex series of compounding, mixing and curing stages. These stages profoundly impact the homogeneity of the mixed components which include: the polymers, the filler, and the curatives. It is important to develop tools to monitor the changes which occur during compounding. This paper details the application of static secondary ion time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (ToF-SSIMS) imaging to simultaneously map polymer phase information with specific chemical information. The paper will highlight the utility of ToF-SSIMS for the study of the chemical and physical changes occurring during elastomer compounding. Blends of poly(isobutylene-co-4-bromomethylstyrene) and general purpose rubbers were compounded with typical cure systems and studied under a variety of mixing conditions.
Interaction between Carboxylated Nitrile Rubber and Precipitated Silica: Role of (3-Aminopropyl)Triethoxysilane
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sumanda , De P. P. , Tripathy D. K. , De S. K. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
On the basis of measurements of bound rubber and physical properties and the results of Monsanto rheometer, dynamic mechanical and infrared spectroscopic studies, it is observed that strong rubber-filler interaction occurs between XNBR and precipitated silica filler. During molding, XNBR was found to be crosslinked by the filler surface through the formation of primary bonds. The coupling agent, namely (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane facilitates the formation of rubber-filler bonds at the expense of filler-filler networks, leading to improved dispersion and enhanced degree of crosslinking.
Electrostriction of Rubber Sheets
Authors: Ma Y. , Reneker D. H. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Electrostriction coefficients were measured for sheets of five commercially important rubbers. The rubbers, polychloroprene, polyisoprene, chlorobutyl, nitrile, and chlorosulfonated polyethylene, were formulated and cured in a way ordinarily used for rubber applications. The electrostriction coefficients were in the range of 0.2 to 1.4×10−17m2/V2, which is approximately 50 times larger than the electrostriction coefficients reported for the higher modulus polymers used in fibers, films and structures. The electrostriction was measured perpendicular to the sheet, with the electric field in the same direction. All the rubbers contracted along the direction of the electric field as the magnitude of the field increased. Mechanical constraints at the surfaces of the sheets were shown to affect the measured values of the electrostriction coefficients. Relaxation measurements showed that the electrostriction coefficients increased at longer measurement times. Corrections were made for the relatively small decrease in the thickness of the samples due to the attractive electrostatic force between the electrodes. Thermal expansion effects were reduced to negligible levels by choosing samples with high electrical resistivity, and by using short measurement times.
Particle Size Distribution of SBR and NBR Latexes by UV-VIS Turbidimetry near the Rayleigh Region
Authors: Llosent Mario A. , Gugliotta Luis M. , Meira Gregorio R. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This paper deals with data treatment problems that arise when turbidimetry is employed to estimate the particle size distribution (PSD) of soft polymer latexes with low diameter limits around 40 nm. Scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering were used as comparison techniques. Industrial latexes of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) were investigated. The data treatment involved the use of Mie's Model to obtain an average diameter and/or the complete PSD. For estimating the complete PSD, a least squares optimization (with an imposed distribution shape) and a numerical deconvolution procedure (without assumptions on the distribution shape) were attempted. A synthetic example was solved to investigate the limits of the applied numerical methods. For the polymer refractive index functions, Cauchy's Law was used — and its adequate adjustment proved essential for good turbidimetric estimations. A reasonable agreement between the turbidity measurements and the other independent estimations was verified. For the SEM observations, the soft latexes were hardened by irradiation before observation, but negligible diameter variations were detected.