bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Richter's Wagner: a new source for tempi in Das Rheingold
Authors: ALLIS MICHAEL 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDespite the number of musicological studies that have focused upon Wagner's theories of tempo modification, the basic speeds adopted in early performances of Wagner's music dramas have been more difficult to identify. This article focuses upon an important new source of information concerning Wagnerian performance – a list of metronome timings made by Edward Dannreuther at the first dress rehearsal of Das Rheingold at Bayreuth in July 1876. After considering the practical difficulties of tempo measurement, and briefly placing the broad implications of Dannreuther's timings in the context of Wagner's theories and practice, the dress rehearsal tempi are examined in more detail in terms of their potential for practical realisation in performance. Six readings of Das Rheingold from the recorded canon (Bodanzky, Furtwängler, Knappertsbusch, Solti, Karajan, Boulez) provide a suitable comparative perspective from which to discuss how these tempi might affect perceptions of physical distance, the nature of motifs related to characters or events, tempo relationships within a musical scene, and larger-scale tempo connections in Das Rheingold as a whole. In particular, the very quick tempi identified by Dannreuther (especially in relation to modern sensibilities) might encourage a reassessment of practical possibilities in the realisation of Wagner's scores, along with a reconsideration of Wagner's music and its meanings.I know of no conductor whom I could trust to perform my music correctly … on the evening of the final performance of Twilight of the Gods in Bayreuth … what … had reduced me to such despair … was my horror at realizing that my conductor [Hans Richter] – in spite of the fact that I consider him the best I know – was not able to maintain the correct tempo, however often he got it right, because – he was incapable of knowing why the music had to be interpreted in one way and not another. – For this is the very heart of the matter: anyone may succeed by chance at least once, but he is not aware of what he is doing, – for I alone could have justified it by means of what I call my school.1I am persistently returning to the question of tempo because, as I said before, this is the point at which it becomes evident whether a conductor understands his business or not.2
Soil moisture conditions affect the sensitivity ofBromus catharticusdormant seeds to light and the emergence pattern of seedlings
Authors: Mollard Federico P.O. , Insausti Pedro 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe soil moisture regime may affect dormancy of seeds and their sensitivity to signals that promote germination. We studied the effect of moisture regime on the sensitivity to light of dormantBromus catharticusseeds, and on the emergence pattern of seedlings. Seeds were incubated under continuously hydrated, continuously dehydrated, or fluctuating moisture regimes in a controlled environment (25°C, darkness) for 2 months. After moisture treatments, seeds were exposed to red or far-red light pulses, or to darkness, to determine germinability. In addition, grassland mesocosms with intact seed bank and vegetation were irrigated or subjected to a drought regime in a glasshouse at summer temperatures. After 2 months, the temperature was reduced to correspond to grassland temperatures in autumn; the canopy was removed and half of the mesocosms were covered with filters that exclude red light. Density ofB. catharticusseedlings was evaluated after 2 weeks. Dormancy decreased in continuously hydrated seeds but they still required red light for germination. In contrast, an important fraction of seeds that experienced continuously dehydrated or fluctuating moisture regimes germinated in darkness or after far-red light pulses. In the mesocosms that had experienced a soil drought, a higher density of seedlings emerged in the absence of red light than in the daily irrigated mesocosms. This indicates that a fraction ofB. catharticusseeds acquired the capability to germinate under the canopy, especially in the drought moisture regime. Results indicate that the soil moisture environment experienced during dormancy affects the sensitivity to light ofB. catharticusseeds, as well as the emergence pattern of seedlings.
Is Expressive Language Disorder an Accurate Diagnostic Category?
Authors: Leonard Laurence B. 
Published: May 2009

Purpose
To propose that the diagnostic category of “expressive language disorder” as distinct from a disorder of both expressive and receptive language might not be accurate.

Method
Evidence that casts doubt on a pure form of this disorder is reviewed from several sources, including the literature on genetic findings, theories of language impairments, and the outcomes of late talkers with expressive language delays. Areas of language that are problematic in production but not readily amenable to comprehension testing are also discussed.

Conclusions
The notion of expressive language disorder has been formalized in classification systems and is implicit if not explicit in the organization of many standardized tests. However, a close inspection of the evidence suggests that deficits in language expression are typically accompanied by limitations in language knowledge or difficulties processing language input. For this reason, the diagnostic category of expressive language disorder should be used with considerable caution. This view has implications for both research and clinical practice.
The Genus Polypterus (Bichirs): A Fish Group Diverged at the Stem of Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)
Authors: Takeuchi Masaki , Okabe Masataka , Aizawa Shinichi 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONAxis and germ-layer formations are central issues in vertebrate embryology that can be examined in the zebrafish, Xenopus, chick, and mouse. An intriguing question is how the mechanisms that existed in an ancestral vertebrate have been modified during vertebrate evolution. A major stream of vertebrates (Osteichthyes) evolved in two monophyletic lineages: the Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii. The zebrafish is a well-known and well-studied teleost fish highly derived in the actinopterygian lineage, ray-finned fishes. The early cleavage pattern of teleosts is meroblastic, in contrast to the holoblastic cleavage seen in amphibians, which diverged early in the sarcopterygian lineage. There are many differences in the molecular and cellular mechanisms of embryogenesis between teleosts and amphibians or actinopterygians and sarcopterygians, including the differences in bauplan (body plan). However, the lineage leading to the teleost fishes has undergone a whole-genome duplication before their radiation, which may have also caused changes in molecular usage independent of the teleost bauplan. Polypterus diverged from all other actinopterygians ~400 million years ago (Mya) during the Devonian period, soon after the divarication of an ancestral bony fish into Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii. Polypterus is thus uniquely well suited for studies assessing the ancestral state or bauplan of Osteichthyes and Actinopterygii, as well as the divergence of embryogenetic processes in teleosts and amphibians.
Construction and Characterization of Adenovirus Vectors
Authors: Ross P. Joel , Parks Robin J. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONGenetically modified adenoviruses (Ads) make attractive vectors for the delivery of exogenous DNA to mammalian cells for basic science and gene therapy applications. Ad vector production consists of (1) cloning a transgene into an infectious plasmid by in vivo recombination in bacteria, (2) rescuing and propagating the vector in complementing cells, and (3) purifying the vector. All of this can be accomplished using commercially available reagents, plasmids, and cell lines. First-generation Ads have a large cloning capacity (5-14 kbp) and efficiently transduce a wide range of both quiescent and proliferating cell types. They are readily propagated to produce high-titer stocks (1011-1013 vector particles from a 3-L culture). Furthermore, Ads rarely integrate into the host genome and are relatively safe. However, Ad vector production typically takes 4-6 wk, and promiscuous host-cell transduction can occur in vivo. Furthermore, immune responses against viral proteins encoded by the vector backbone can occur, which limits the duration of transgene expression in vivo. Regardless of these limitations, Ad remains one of the more versatile and efficient gene delivery systems. Here, we discuss methods for the generation, propagation, purification, and characterization of first-generation Ad vectors.
Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization of Bichir (Polypterus) Embryos
Authors: Takeuchi Masaki , Okabe Masataka , Aizawa Shinichi 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONAxis and germ-layer formations are central issues in vertebrate embryology. An intriguing question is how the mechanisms that existed in an ancestral vertebrate have been modified during vertebrate evolution. A major stream of vertebrates (Osteichthyes) evolved in two monophyletic lineages: the Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii. There are many differences in the molecular and cellular mechanisms of embryogenesis between teleosts (actinopterygians) and amphibians (sarcopterygians), including the differences in bauplan (body plan). Polypterus diverged from all other actinopterygians ~400 million years ago (Mya) during the Devonian period, soon after the divarication of an ancestral bony fish into Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii. Polypterus is thus uniquely well suited for studies assessing the ancestral state or bauplan of Osteichthyes and Actinopterygii, as well as the divergence of embryogenetic processes in teleosts and amphibians. This protocol describes a method for in situ hybridization in Polypterus embryos.
Dissection of Larval and Pupal Wings from the African Butterfly Bicyclus anynana
Authors: Brakefield Paul M. , Beldade Patrícia , Zwaan Bas J. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a procedure for the dissection of larval and pupal wings from the African butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Dissected pupal wings can be used subsequently for in situ hybridization or for immunohistochemistry. They can also be analyzed with stereomicroscopy to study scale maturation and pigment deposition.
Constant Volume Respirometry in the African Butterfly Bicyclus anynana
Authors: Brakefield Paul M. , Beldade Patrícia , Zwaan Bas J. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes the use of constant volume respirometry to measure CO2 production by the African butterfly Bicyclus anynana. The instrument used is the TR-2 system from Sable Systems International. In this setup, dry CO2-free air is sequentially pumped through 16 sealed chambers. The CO2 produced by the butterflies is subsequently measured with an infrared CO2 detector. CO2 production (μL/ h) by individual butterflies is an index of the resting metabolic rate (RMR). The RMR of each individual is corrected for weight, preferably after removal of water and fat mass, to allow comparison of the RMRs among individuals.
Super under‐actuated multi‐fingered mechanical hand with modular self‐adaptive gear‐rack mechanism
Authors: Zhang Wenzeng , Che Demeng , Liu Hongbin , Ma Xiande , Chen Qiang , Du Dong , Sun Zhenguo 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present recent work designing a mechanical robotic hand for self‐adaptive grasping, human‐like appearance, which can be used in a humanoid robot. Conventional robotic devices are relatively complex, large, cumbersome and difficult to be installed in a humanoid robot arm. Under‐actuated robot hands use less motors to drive more rotating joints, thus to simplify the mechanical structure, decrease the volume and weight and finally lower the difficulty of control and the cost.Design/methodology/approachA novel under‐actuated finger mechanism is designed, which is based on a gear‐rack mechanism, spring constraint and an active sleeve middle phalanx. The principle analyses of its self‐adaptive grasp and end power grasping are given. A new multi‐fingered hand named as TH‐3R Hand is designed based on the finger.FindingsThe design finger mechanism can be used in a robotic hand to make the hand obtain more degrees of freedom (DOF) with fewer actuators, and good grasping function of shape adaptation, decrease the requirement of control system. TH‐3R Hand has five fingers, 15 DOF. All fingers are similar. TH‐3R Hand has many advantages: it is simple in structure, light in weight, easy to control and low in cost. TH‐3R Hand can passively adapt different shapes and sizes of the grasped object. Experimental studies have demonstrated the self‐adaptation in grasping of the finger.Research limitations/implicationsThe implication of this research is that under‐actuated robotic hands are appropriate for the missions of grasping different objects. The limitation of the research to date is that issues of sensors, control, and communication have not yet been addressed.Practical implicationsKey technologies of the under‐actuated finger and TH‐3R Hand, with self‐adaptive grasping, human‐like appearance and low‐cost lightweight, are feasible. These technologies have the potential to make a significant impact.Originality/valueThese results present a self‐adaptive under‐actuated grasp concept and a humanoid robotic hand with under‐actuated gear‐rack mechanism.
Unintended consequences of race‐based segmentation strategies
Authors: Davidson Edith F. 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the pitfalls and potentials of segmentation decisions based on the visible demographic variable of race.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes as its approach a review of assumptions and values of use of race as a marketing segmentation strategy, but places them against the inherent dangers that could be overlooked in a retail environment. The paper's purpose is to note the misuse of the planning tool of segmentation.FindingsDealing with race‐driven decisions could create an unwelcome or even segregating situation with potential for customer loss or even discrimination. The business needs to understand how to attract and retain customers of all types.Originality/valueIt is easy to forget that people of any type could be valued customers, and no store should, intentionally or otherwise, desire to discourage some customers at the expense of gaining others.
Mandated change gone wrong? A case study of law‐based school reform in South Africa
Authors: Bisschoff Tom 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThis paper aims to explore and describe the limits of recent law‐based school reform in South Africa from an education management perspective.Design/methodology/approachThe research design consists of a qualitative, investigative, descriptive and contextual design which Merriam would classify as a basic or generic design type.FindingsThe findings revealed specific problems associated with recent mandated changes in South African schools. These were classified as categories (themes) within the research design and described in detail: lack of local skills capacity at school and district levels; the “knowing and doing” gap; the tensions created by legal issues between teachers and learners; too many changes too rapidly; bureaucratic red tape; top‐down approach; contextual factors.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper explored the problems associated with mandated changes in South African schools in one province. The sample is very limited and therefore further study is needed to fully understand the lack of implementation in the 25,139 public schools country wide.Originality/valueThis paper recognises the seminal work done by De Mitchell and Fossey on the limits of law‐based school reform but adds illumination on the lack of implementation of mandated changes within the South African context.
An application of Six Sigma methodology to turnover intentions in health care
Authors: Tolga Taner Mehmet , Sezen Bulent 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to show how the principles of Six Sigma can be applied to the high turnover problem of doctors in medical emergency services and paramedic backup.Design/methodology/approachSix Sigma's define‐measure‐analyse‐improve‐control (DMAIC) is applied for reducing the turnover rate of doctors in an organisation operating in emergency services. Variables of the model are determined. Explanatory factor analysis, multiple regression, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Gage R&R are employed for the analysis.FindingsPersonal burnout/stress and dissatisfaction from salary were found to be the “vital few” variables. The organisation took a new approach by improving its initiatives to doctors' working conditions. Sigma level of the process is increased. New policy and process changes have been found to effectively decrease the incidence of turnover intentions. The improved process is gained, standardised and institutionalised.Originality/valueThis study is one of the few papers in the literature that elaborates the turnover problem of doctors working in the emergency and paramedic backup services.
Audit of an inpatient liaison psychiatry consultation service
Authors: Lyne John , Hill Michelle , Burke Patricia , Ryan Martina 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine an audit that was performed of all patients referred to a liaison psychiatry inpatient consultation service which sought to establish a baseline for demographics, type of referral, and management of referrals, with a view to introducing improved evidence‐based treatments. It also aims to examine timeliness of response to referrals benchmarked against published standards.Design/methodology/approachAll inpatient referrals to a liaison psychiatry service were recorded over a six‐month period, including demographics, diagnosis, management and timeliness of response to referrals. The data were retrospectively analysed and compared against international standards.FindingsA total of 172 referrals were received in the six months. Commonest referral reasons included assessments regarding depressive disorders (23.8 per cent), delirium/other cognitive disorders (19.2 per cent), alcohol‐related disorders (18.6 per cent), anxiety disorders (14.5 per cent), and risk management (12.2 per cent). Evidence‐based practices were not utilised effectively for a number of different types of presentations. A total of 40.1 per cent of referrals were seen on the same day, 75.4 per cent by the end of the next day, and 93.4 per cent by the end of the following day.Practical implicationsUse of a hospital protocol for management of delirium may improve outcomes for these patients. Evidence‐based techniques, such as brief intervention therapies, may be beneficial for referrals involving alcohol dependence. Referrals were seen reasonably quickly, but there is room for improvement when compared with published standards.Originality/valueThis paper provides valuable information for those involved in management of liaison psychiatry consultation services, providing ideas for development and implementation of evidence based practices.
Integrated communications: from one look to normative consistency
Authors: Torp Simon 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to show the diversity within integrated communication and to demonstrate how its scope has been broadened to include virtually everything an organization says and does and everyone who is affected by the organization's existence and activities. In the most ambitious interpretations of the concept the integration endeavour extends from the external integration of visual design to the internal integration of the organization's culture and “soul”.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on a critical and thematic reading of the integrated marketing communication (IMC) field. The review covers both theorists and practitioners and those who are in between: theoretical practitioners and practical theorists, since all parties contribute to the creation of the field and the phenomenon that are the object of analysis in this paper. The focus is on semantic and conceptual development in relation to the range and scope of integrated communication.FindingsThe ideal of integration in connection with marketing communication is not new. The analysis shows that the IMC field is marked by great diversity and disagreement. The ideal scope of integration has expanded. An attempt is made to “map” various approaches and perspectives within the IMC field, based on the distinctions between opponents versus advocates and theoretical versus non‐theoretical.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper makes the claim that in many interpretations of the concept integrated communication is focused on control. It does not seek to demonstrate how more dialogical perspectives might be developed within the framework of integrated communication.Originality/valueThe focus in this paper is on the semantic and conceptual development in relation to the range and scope of integrated communication. It usefully asks, how far does the organization's effort at integration extend, and how deeply is it supposed to enter the individual's life: what, in short, is the extent of integrated communication's intervention and influence and outreach.
Influence of solution acidity on composition, structure and electrical parameters of Ni‐P alloys
Authors: Pruszowski Z. , Kowalik P. , Cież M. , Kulawik J. 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to characterize electrical parameters of amorphous Ni‐P resistive layers used for fabrication of precise resistors.Design/methodology/approachNi‐P resistive layers were produced by the chemical process in water solution using Ni2 +  and H2PO2− ions. The paper presents the results of the studies concerning the influence of bath acidity and conditions of thermal stabilization on the structure and temperature coefficient of resistance of Ni‐P alloy.FindingsThe temperature coefficient of resistance of amorphous Ni‐P layers was found to depend significantly on the parameters of chemical metallisation process. It was stated that the changes of through‐casing resistivity versus the acidity of technological solution have roughly parabolic characteristics.Originality/valueIn this paper, it was at first explained how the changes of the structure of Ni‐P resistive layers depend on their temperature coefficient of capacitance.
Polymer‐metal nano‐composite films for thermal management
Authors: Carlberg Björn , Wang Teng , Liu Johan , Shangguan Dongkai 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a novel nanostructured polymer‐metal composite film providing continuous all‐metal thermally conductive pathways, intended to meet future performance requirements on thermal interface materials (TIMs) in microelectronics packaging applications.Design/methodology/approachPorous polymer structures with a thickness of approximately 100 μm were manufactured using electrospinning technology. Pressure‐assisted infiltration of low‐melting temperature alloy into the porous polymeric carrier resulted in the final composite film. Thermal performance was evaluated using an accurate and improved implementation of the ASTM D5470 standard in combination with an Instron 5548 MicroTester. Finally, a brief comparative study using three current state‐of‐the‐art commercial TIMs were carried out for reference purposes.FindingsComposite films with continuous all‐metal thermally conductive pathways from surface to surface were successfully fabricated. Thermal resistances down to 8.5 K mm2 W−1 at 70 μm bond‐line thickness were observed, corresponding to an effective thermal conductivity of 8 W m−1 K−1, at moderate assembly pressures (200‐800 kPa), more than twice the effective thermal conductivity of the commercial reference materials evaluated.Originality/valueA unique high‐performance nanostructured polymer‐metal composite film for TIM applications with the potential to meet the microelectronics industry's future demands on thermal performance and cost efficiency is presented.