bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nixon Doctrine and the Yusin Reforms: American Foreign Policy, the Vietnam War, and the Rise of Authoritarianism in Korea, 1968–1973
Authors: Kwak Tae Yang 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPark Chung Hee presided over the Republic of Korea (ROK) longer than any other leader (1961–1979) and he remains the individual most responsible for defining the country's formative features. Having witnessed the worst excesses of Park's later years, many of the early scholars of Korean politics have characterized the whole of Park's long rule as a monolithic dictatorship. One of these pioneering scholars, Sungjoo Han, locates the moment of “the failure of Korean democracy” in 16 May 1961, the very day that Park and his co-conspirators seized control from Prime Minister Chang Myn through a military coup d'état. However, like the man himself, Park's career was complex and highly adaptive. Many historians now distinguish Park's rule into three distinct periods: the first and most tenuous years (1961–63) when he directed the government through a military junta, the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction; the middle years (1963–72) of elected presidential rule, referred to as the “Third Republic”; and the final years (1972–79) of dictatorial rule under the Yusin system, the “Fourth Republic.” In his early years, Park had begrudgingly adhered to a minimally democratic framework before finally turning to formal authoritarianism as the American war in Vietnam came to an end.
America in Indochina, 1957–1963: British Perceptions, Hopes, and Strategy
Authors: Nealis Meghan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBritish perceptions of the United States in Indochina between 1957 and 1963 were cautious and constructive. This article examines the perceptions of policymakers in Prime Minister Harold MacMillan's government and public opinion as expressed in the Times of London. British policymakers had basic doubts regarding American policy in Indochina, but Britain remained involved in the region after 1954 and agreed with the United States on defining the problem and on the broad methodological approach to the crisis. London wanted to ensure that Washington pursued the “right” policy in Indochina, that Britain utilized its expertise in post-colonial and counter-insurgency, and that the Anglo- American alliance maintained its importance for both countries. The study of these perceptions reveals some concerns which we would anticipate, but also shows that Britain respected the United States as a leader in the region and that it agreed with the United States on core issues.
Changing Minds: American Missionaries, Chinese Intellectuals, and Cultural Internationalism, 1919.1921
Authors: Dawley Evan N. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract1919 was a year of change and upheaval the world over. The Great Powers conferred at Versailles on the design of a New World Order, even as they faced instability and discontent at home. The newly formed Soviet Union continued to be wracked by civil war two years after the October Revolution, while its future adversary, the United States, was in the throes of a Red Scare and struggling to reconcile the opposing currents of isolationism and Wilsonian internationalism. Across the Pacific, Korean nationalists launched an uprising against the forces of Japanese imperialism on 1 March. Although this rebellion failed, it reflected the new anti-colonial spirit which seemed to be sweeping across Asia and Africa and which would trigger further uprisings before years end. All across the globe, it seemed, unrest, transformation, and revolution were in the air.
The Discourse of Anti-Americanism and Hollywood Movies: Film Import Controls in Japan, 1937–1941
Authors: Tosaka Yuji 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOCLC Online Computer Library Center In interwar Japan, urban middle-class audiences patronized Hollywood movies rather than domestic native films that should have appealed to them as native and culturally familiar. The rise of militant nationalism and cultural nativism fueled the growth of official movements that celebrated an indigenous Japanese essence and eschewed allegedly foreign, modern “contamination.” The alleged Americanizing influence of Hollywood cinema became an increasingly worrisome problem for Japanese officials beginning in the early 1930s. This article examines Japan's efforts to impose tighter restrictions on American films during the 1930s, culminating in a total ban on film imports following the onset of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937.
Union Theological Seminary and the Christian Church in China
Authors: Xu Yihua 
Published: March 2011

AbstractUnion Theological Seminary (Union) in New York City, established in 1836, has long been regarded as one of the best and most liberal Protestant theological seminaries in the United States. Served by prominent Christian theologians such as Harry Emerson Fosdick, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Paul Tillich, Union reached its peak development in the first half of the twentieth century, setting a standard of theological education in the United States and promoting the ecumenical movement around the world.
Introduction: Christianity in the History of U.S.-China Relations
Authors: Wang Dong 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis special volume comprises six original articles, each of which locates Christianity as an international and local issue reaching beyond an American-, or Chinese-, or missionary-centered history. By bringing lesser-known aspects of Christianity to bear on the story, the contributing scholars from the humanities and social sciences in North America, Asia, and Oceania address three major sets of questions.
The Christian Student Movement, YMCAs, and Transnationalism in Republican China
Authors: Keller Charles A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOn Monday, 9 December 1935, the morning stillness in the frozen fields northwest of Beiping (Beijing) was broken by the sounds of singing and chanting. Several hundred Chinese students from Yenching (Yanjing) and Tsinghua (Qinghua) Universities, many of them members of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) and the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), were marching into Beiping to express their outrage over the pending dismemberment of northeast China by the Japanese Army. Although the police forestalled the march by closing the city gates, several hundred other students from schools inside the city wall publicly vented their dissatisfaction with their government's failure to oppose Japanese imperialism. The “December Ninth Movement” (Yierjiu yundong) had begun. The patriotism of the students would eventually influence others in Chinese society, convincing them that national oblivion was near, and China would find the collective will to resist Japan for the next ten years.
Our Neighbors but Not Our Countrymen.: Christianity and the Chinese in Nineteenth-Century Victoria (Australia) and California
Authors: Welch Ian 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn the second half of the nineteenth century, the United States of America and the British colonies of settlement in Australia shared the experience of gold rushes and the arrival of large numbers of immigrants including the Chinese. In both countries, the long-term impact of European imperialist expansion from the sixteenth century and the Anglo-Saxon dominance of the nineteenth-century world was inseparable from a wealth of explanatory theories about ethnicity in which culture, religion, and race contributed to a major (if unsubstantiated) corpus of evidence shared by the Anglo-Americans. The discovery of gold in 1847 in California (Gum San, Chin Shan—Gold Mountain) was followed by the 1854 gold rush to Victoria, Australia (Dai Gum San, Hsin Chin Shan—New Gold Mountain). The similarity of names indicates how close the connection was in Chinese minds at the time. This paper discusses one little-known aspect of the triangular relationship between China, America, and Australia during the second half of the nineteenth century—attempts by Protestant Christians to evangelize the Chinese immigrants.
Were Christian Members of the Yenching Faculty Unique?: An Examination of the Life Fellowship Movement, 1919–1931
Authors: Wang Peter Chen-main 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe May Fourth Movement and the later Anti-Christian Movement of the 1920s posed severe challenges for the Christian church in Republican China. The major elements in that context—science, anti-imperialism, and nationalism—exerted a strong impact on the indigenous Christian community, causing its members, both individually and collectively, to reexamine their respective positions. Christian intellectuals and educators encountered difficulties in that they were obliged to accommodate the conflicting demands of science and Christianity, while also having to deal with the differing demands of loyalty both to the nation and to their religion, whether adopted or inherited, which seemed in the eyes of their contemporaries to be imbued with imperialist values. This latter problem was especially acute in the larger cities and on the campuses of Christian colleges which often became centers of anti-Christian sentiment.
Introduction: Looking Back at Yenching
Authors: Rosenbaum Arthur Lewis 
Published: March 2011

AbstractYenching’s closure in 1952 once served as evidence of its ultimate failure, but China’s commitment to modernization in the years after Mao Zedong’s death in 1976 alters our perspectives. Was the closure of Yenching the result of external factors beyond its control or of internal contradictions and flaws in the university? Did an imperfect strategy make failure inevitable or did the problem stem from inadequate implementation? One consequence of this reappraisal has been an analytic shift away from politically oriented narratives highlighting clashes between Chinese nationalism and Christian universities, student movements, and American efforts to transform China. Instead, attention has shifted to religious, cultural, and educational adaptations as representative of broader trends in globalization and modernization.
Reframing the Yenching Story
Authors: West Philip 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOne way to revisit and reframe the Yenching story is to imagine with a few bold strokes how the conflicting threads in that story are woven into the ironic twists and turns in twentieth-century Chinese-Western relations. Had it not been for the political collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911 and the cultural and spiritual vacuum created in its wake, core Chinese faculty at Yenching and many of the Yenching students might never have been attracted to liberal Christianity and the liberal arts. Had it not been for the extraterritorial protection under the unequal treaties going back to the days of the Opium War, it would not have been possible for the missionary educators to lead in introducing the liberal arts into China. Had it not been for the war with Japan and events leading up to it since World War I, followed later by the Chinese civil war, it would be difficult to explain to Western liberal ears how the patriotic passions of Yenching faculty and students could lead them to adapt as readily as they did to the Communist revolution.
Cultural Mixture: Yenching Students and Missionary Christianity
Authors: Shi Jinghuan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractYenching University, one of the most influential institutions in Chinese education in the first half of the twentieth century, also was emblematic of Sino-American cultural interchanges. Its development in the late 1910s and the 1920s coincided with a strong upsurge in national sentiment and anti-Christian movements in China. When the Communist victory and the Korean War brought patriotic anti-American feelings to a peak, the university was deeply shaken and was forced to close its doors. Forty years after its closure, Yenching’s name still arouses memories and fierce unresolved controversies. Both strong critics and defenders of the school need to include the Yenching experience in any discussion of cultural activities between the United States and China in the twentieth century. Yenching is more than a historical interlude, for the Yenching experience sheds light on issues that may influence the future of educational and cultural interactions in Sino-American relations.
Introduction: Transnationalism, Race, and the Links between Asian and Asian American Studies
Authors: Wong K. Scott 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe three essays that comprise this section of this issue began as conference papers delivered at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association in January 2008, Washington, D.C. The panel was organized by Professor Samuel Yamashita of Pomona College, a longtime advocate of forging links between the fields of Asian Studies and Asian American Studies. In his usual gentle way, Sam Yamashita brought the panelists together, took care of the panel proposal, and then stepped aside and let these younger scholars take the floor. Over drinks after the panel, we all came to realize that Madeline Hsu and Catherine Ceniza Choy had both been students of Sam's as undergraduates. Charles Hayford approached Sam about creating a special issue of this journal based on the panel, and I, as the panel's discussant would serve as guest editor. Charles later suggested that we dedicate this issue to Sam as a token of our appreciation for his scholarship and mentorship. And we do so with great pleasure.
History of Three Mobilizations: A Reexamination of the Chinese Biological Warfare Allegations against the United States in the Korean War
Authors: Chen Shiwei 
Published: March 2011

AbstractChinese allegations that the United States used biological weapons against Chinese troops and Korean civilians is one of the most shocking episodes of the Korean War. While the Chinese government repeatedly reprimanded the U.S. government for its uncivilized combat behavior, the U.S. government vigorously issued denials, treating the charges as an extreme propaganda maneuver applied by China in that moment of military crisis, ideological fervor, and political passion. Since then, a huge amount of scholarship has been produced on the allegation.1 None, however, provided a persuasive conclusion on the incident, mainly due to the lack of reliable sources.
Race at the Center: The History of American Cold War Asian Adoption
Authors: Choy Catherine Ceniza 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, international and transracial adoption have become more prominent than ever before. Celebrity culture and mainstream television and film—for example, Angelina Jolie's adoption of a Cambodian boy, an Ethiopian girl, and most recently a Vietnamese boy, and the adoption of a Chinese baby girl by Kristin Davis's character Charlotte York at the conclusion of the iconic HBO sitcom “Sex and the City”—have reflected as well as disseminated new racial sensibilities regarding family formation to the general public. But these sensibilities are not as new as they seem. They have a history. This essay challenges the popular notion that international adoption is an unprecedented facet of current American multiculturalism by connecting it to the international adoption by families in the United States during the Cold War 1950s and 1960s of mixed-race children of Asian women and U.S. servicemen. While histories of adoption have located the origins of Asian international adoption in the post–World War II and post–Korean War periods,2 the original contribution of this essay is to emphasize and to critically explore how the analytical category of race is fundamental to understanding the demographics, discourses, and institutions of earlier Asian international adoption history.
Brokering Race, Culture, and Citizenship: Japanese Americans in Occupied Japan and Postwar National Inclusion
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMany problems are being solved here, because the nisei boys in uniform are cooperating to the utmost. We are spreading news of democracy … and many other good things of life, which the Japanese people … never knew about … We are planting the seeds for a New Japan under the kind surveillance of the U.S.
Recognition, Deference, and Respect: Generalizing the Lessons of an Asymmetric Asian Order
Authors: Womack Brantly 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAs many distinguished academics and officials have pointed out, the current rise of China is not a completely new phenomenon, but rather the return of China to a position of regional centrality and world economic share that were considered normal less than two hundred years ago.1 This fact underlines the importance of history in putting the present into perspective, and at the same time, to the extent that all history is history of the present, it requires a reevaluation of the structure of China's traditional relationships. Hitherto, China's place in modern social science has been in an exotic corner, a failed oriental despotism. To be sure, traditional China did collapse, and today's China is a different China rising in a different world. We might assume that China is rising now precisely because of its differences from traditional China, that it is the last step toward the end of history rather than a resonance with the past. However, the convenience of such an assumption makes it suspect. If China is simply the latest avatar of Western modernity, then it requires of the West some readjustment, but not rethinking. However, the only certainty about China's rise is that it is a complex phenomenon, and the convenience of constructions such as China-as-Prussia or China-as-Meiji Japan derives from their preemption of open-ended study rather than from their insight into complexity. To the extent that China is China, both past and present require reconsideration.
How the Past Shapes the Present: Five Ways in Which History Affects China's Contemporary Foreign Relations
Authors: Harding Harry 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe history of China's foreign relations is an interesting and controversial topic in its own right, as the essays in this special issue so amply demonstrate. But it is also central to an understanding of China's contemporary international relations. The history of China's foreign relations is not just a chronicle of the past, but also a set of facts and ideas and images that are alive in the minds of policy-makers and the public today, thereby shaping the present and future of China's relationship with the rest of the world.
Tribute, Asymmetry, and Imperial Formations: Rethinking Relations of Power in East Asia
Authors: Hevia James L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn organizing the conference “History and China's Foreign Relations, ” John Wills set two difficult tasks for the participants. The first was to consider the role of the academy in U.S. policy-making toward China and surmise whether academics were more influential in John Fairbank's day than today. The second involved a consideration of the models or theoretical constructs used for characterizing China's relations with other countries. Although there is much to say about the relation between area studies and the state, my focus will be on the latter topic, models and theories of foreign relations.
Impetus for Immigration Reform: Asian Refugees and the Cold War
Authors: Davis Michael G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHistorians of foreign relations rarely consider the issue of immigration policy to be part of their field. Yet, immigration policy has much relevance for the study of the history of recent American foreign policy. The standards by which one nation chooses to admit immigrants can have an important effect on the sensitivities and attitudes of another nation, as was demonstrated in the tension that marked U.S.-Japanese relations after passage of the Asian Exclusion Act in 1924. Moreover, the movement of refugees escaping persecution, war, oppression, discrimination, and natural disasters can have an impact, both positive and negative, on a “receiving” nation’s economy, society, and political stability. In the recent history of the United States, debates over immigration policy have been guided in large part by foreign policy concerns. This is particularly true when considering the postwar debate between the executive branch and Congress about opening America’s doors to Asians.
Anglo-American Rivalry for Military Aviation in Southern China in the 1930s
Authors: Xu Guangqiu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn the 1930s, the Nationalist government in Nanking faced two major problems: warlord rebellions and Japan’s invasion. Established in 1928, the Nationalist government led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek exerted power in North China after suppressing the rebellions in that area in 1930, but the local governments in South China maintained their own armies and bases largely directed against this central government. Political divisions and tensions persisted. In May 1931, the Canton authorities rebelled against the Nationalist government, and a new full-scale civil war seemed imminent. The Manchurian Incident and subsequent invasion and occupation of Manchuria by the Japanese Army served to bolster national patriotism against Japan and, in response to public pressure, the Nanking and Canton governments held a series of peace conferences. The Canton government was forced to abolish its “Nationalist Government,” yet Kwangtung and Kwangsi Provinces remained functionally independent of Nanking until 1936.
Mao Zedong’s Perception of the World in 1968–1972: Rationale for the Sino-American Rapprochement
Authors: Cheng Joseph Y. S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe leaders of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) have always been aware that every development in this world affects their country, and they are constantly analyzing and reacting to these developments. The importance of this analysis has already been discussed by John Gittings; and it is this constant analysis that is responsible for the evolution of the PRC leadership’s perceptions of the world on which the foreign policy framework of the PRC is based. Naturally, in this sense, the PRC’s foreign policy is continuously changing because the world is evolving. On the other hand, different interpretations of various developments and different views on priorities may give rise to debates within the PRC leadership. This is particularly so because, as Michael Yahuda pointed out, the authoritative conceptualizations of world developments serve as a very important basis in the foreign policymaking of the PRC.
Foreword
Authors: Iriye Akira , Cohen Warren I. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis is an extremely useful bibliography. It lists over two thousand important studies of American–East Asian relations—diplomatic, military, economic, social, and cultural. Anyone interested in these topics will find here a reliable guide to the literature. Charles Hayford, the general editor, and his associates are all scholars who have themselves contributed to the maturing of the study of American–East Asian relations, and they have performed an invaluable service in producing such a carefully crafted volume.