bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in Sand Jet Perforating
Authors: Dotson Thomas , Farr James , Findley Earle 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Sand jet perforating (SJP) is a process that uses high pressure fluid slurry to perforate tubulars and cement within an oil or gas well, and simultaneously extend a cavity into the reservoir. SJP has its origins in the 1960s with many large scale commercial successes in several international venues. While the SJP process was a technical success at that time, it was not an economic success. Few advancements in technology were attempted until the late 1990s. Advances in metallurgy have allowed major re-designs of sand jet perforating tools and jet orifices. These advances coupled with improvements in pump liner design have made SJP more cost effective today. The use of coiled tubing as a conveyance method further allows fluid pressures to be increased, and higher pressure limits make the SJP process even more effective. Newer modular SJP tool designs ensure near limitless re-configuration of coiled tubing conveyed plugs, packers, hold-down tools, perforation, and fracturing tools for simultaneous use during completion and work-over operations.
Applications for Sand Jet Perforating technology include perforation and re-perforation of vertical and horizontal oil and gas wells and perforation and treatment of coal bed methane wells. SJP can also be used in conjunction with other technologies such as fresh water and foam fracturing and for enhanced performance resulting from chemical injection and acidization. Sand Jet Perforating provides an alternative to widely accepted wire-line or tubing conveyed explosive methods used in most fields today. Hundreds of documented successes are available to confirm that SJP increases communication between well bore and reservoir more effectively with less formation damage and is accomplished in fewer round trips in and out of the well bore than more widely used perforating methods. Added benefits are realized as perforating and fracturing can be accomplished nearly simultaneously with a common work string.
Several papers and studies have recently been published that document the many benefits of Sand Jet Perforating, and recent demand for these services is increasing. This paper discusses the benefits of using Sand Jet Perforating tools and explains some new designs that suggest a broader range of uses.
Effects of High Process-Zone Stress in Shale Stimulation Treatments
Authors: Ramurthy Muthukumarappan , Barree Robert D. , Broacha Earuch , Longwell John D. , Kundert Donald P. , Tamayo Cristina 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Over the last few years shale plays across North America have received significant attention because of their revenue potential and the supplementary reserves they add to the U.S. natural-gas reserves. However, the flow capacity (i.e., permeability) of these shales is very low and, therefore, requires some sort of stimulation to make them economically viable. Problems during stimulation treatments can lead to "pressure outs" and screenouts. One of the main reasons that lead to "pressure outs" is high process-zone stress (PZS). With high PZS, the chance for pressuring out is higher than screenout (i.e., one can still flush the job at lower rates provided the sand has not settled in the wellbore). The purpose of this work is to show the effects of high PZS in shale stimulation treatments and the associated production from such zones.
Examples are presented from three shale wells in the Rocky Mountain region. Well A provides examples from the Gothic and Hovenweep shales, while Well B consists of an example from the Mancos shale. A Diagnostic Fracture-Injection Test (DFIT) was performed in the Gothic and Hovenweep shales before the stimulation treatment, and the results obtained point to very high PZS. History-match analysis of the Gothic and Upper or Main Hovenweep stimulation treatments using a grid-oriented, fully functional three-dimensional (3D) fracture simulator confirmed the same. Solutions are provided to overcome this effect and successfully "place" the stimulation treatment. However, the production associated with such high PZS zones is not very encouraging. Well A is temporarily abandoned because of poor production, and the Mancos shale well with high PZS (Well B) is one of the poor producers in the field. Finally, another example (Well C) from a successful Mancos test is also included in this work to show the difference in production between high- and low-PZS zones. This paper discusses methods for early identification of high-PZS shale zones to possibly avoid stimulation treatments in order to pay more attention to the low-PZS zones that require stimulation.
Proper Evaluation of Shale Gas Reservoirs Leads to a More Effective Hydraulic-Fracture Stimulation
Authors: Kundert Donald , Mullen Mike 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Shale-gas formations are currently being explored in the Rocky Mountain region from Montana to New Mexico. These shale-gas formations include the Cody, Hilliard, Baxter, Mancos, Gothic, Pierre, Lewis, and others. Whether the well is drilled vertically or horizontally, shale-gas wells need to be hydraulically fracture-stimulated to produce commercial amounts of natural gas. Because each shale play has unique attributes, a systematic approach to well construction, data collection, and prefrac diagnostics is an essential component in the quest for the most effective hydraulic-fracture stimulation and the best chance to achieve commercial gas production.
The first step in the process is a thorough understanding of the shale's petrophysical attributes. Coupling openhole wireline-log information with laboratory measurements of core or cutting samples provides a basis to calibrate the petrophysical model that describes essential geomechanical and geochemical characteristics of the shale. With a calibrated petrophysical log-analysis model, a basic openhole, wireline-log suite consisting of a gamma ray, porosity, and resistivity is a useful evaluation tool. The inclusion of additional wireline measurements, like the spectral gamma ray, microlog, dipole sonic, and electrical borehole-image logs, will further enhance the description of the shale. Core testing can determine Young's Modulus, Poisson's Ratio, Brinell hardness, total organic carbon, kerogen type, gas content, mineral composition, fluid sensitivity, and acid solubility. The end result of this mating of logs and core data is a model that provides an understanding of the mineralogy, mechanical rock properties, britteleness, organic content, and natural fractures of the shale.
The next component of the process is to use all the petrophysical analysis and tribal knowledge (current known information) to design the hydraulic-fracture treatment and select the completion intervals. Completion intervals are first selected on the basis of the brittle zones and the zones that will most likely serve as frac barriers. The selection and volumes of the appropriate fracturing fluid and proppant is based on the shale brittleness, geomechanical, and geochemical properties.
The final step is to close the loop by evaluating the overall effectiveness of the stimulation treatment. This is accomplished by doing a detailed postjob treatment-pressure analysis. Microseismic mapping during the hydraulic frac treatment is also a valuable technique to evaluate the effectiveness of the frac job.
The goal of this systematic process is to shorten the "ideal" frac learning cycle and provide a framework for moving into frontier areas and new shale plays.
Expanding Solutions for Unconventional Oil and Gas Recovery
Authors: Wallace Joe , Fritsch Jerry 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
A recent multi-well program in central Texas illustrates that conventional intent can produce unconventional opportunity. The aforementioned drilling campaign was in its second year of using solid expandable technology to attain a slimmer well profile in a series of high pressure/high temperature (HPHT) gas wells. The wellbore design included in a 6 x 7-5/8 in. solid openhole liner expanded across the Upper Bossier formation that enabled 14-3/4 in. surface casing while still reaching TD at ~15,000 ft with 4-1/2 in. casing.
This design improved the rate of penetration resulting in reduced overall drilling costs and in turn a savings of approximately $1M per well. Over 40 openhole systems had been successfully expanded by way of conventional installation when a process modification enhanced the already significant benefits of using solid expandable tubulars. Conventional installation usually requires underreaming or hole enlargement to expand and cement the liner. The hard rock formation and the swellable elastomers employed on the openhole system eliminated the need for underreaming or cementing. Zonal isolation was achieved by setting the elastomers at the shoe of the expandable liner. The operator estimated that by dispensing with these steps an additional four to six days of rig time was saved.
The current and future need for hydrocarbons has not diminished. This global demand is a main driver to develop more comprehensive downhole solutions. Every technical advantage is needed to help bring unconventional oil and gas plays within practical and economic reach. This paper explains how solid expandable tubulars have provided operators with a valuable tool to enhance drilling operations and mitigate wellbore challenges. This paper outlines the increasing and potential application realm of solid expandable tubulars and describes how incorporating these systems into the initial well design optimize the possibilities and potential of the technology.
Macroeconomic and institutional sources of environmental changes–the case of Israel's water sector
Authors: Margoninsky Yossi 
Published: April 2009

The paper examines the macroeconomic and institutional sources of environmental development in Israel's water sector, for example changes in drinking-water quality, sewage treatment and aquifer depletion trends.
It is shown that Israel's economic growth process was, by and large, accompanied by environmental improvements in the water sector; but it is the institutional approach which provides a cohesive explanation of how environmental changes took place. Implementing reforms in Israel's water sector without adequately addressing the institutional aspect might thus undermine the success of such plans.
Variations in male parenting behavior and physiology in the common marmoset
Authors: Ziegler Toni E. , Prudom Shelley L. , Zahed Sofia R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractInfant survival and wellbeing is dependent upon good parenting skills. In some species of primates, fathers are necessary to ensure both positive developmental and social outcomes for their offspring. Common marmosets and the related cotton‐top tamarin monkeys provide extensive paternal care of multiple offspring and are essential for infant survival. However, we have found significant variation in a father's motivation to respond to infant stimuli. Additionally, marmoset males who are experienced fathers are significantly more motivated to respond to infants and infant stimuli than adult males who have yet to be fathers. Expectant fathers appear to be preparing for their energetic role in infant care by responding with increases in multiple reproductive hormones and showing weight gain during their mate's pregnancy. Male marmosets have been shown to be hormonally responsive to scent signals. Males show increased testosterone shortly after smelling periovulatory scents and lower levels of testosterone following presentation of their own infant's scent. These two inverse testosterone responses combined indicate that paternal males have a flexible system of responding to socially relevant odor cues. Thus males can be ready to mate when their mate is fertile while continuing to be responsive to their infants when these two events occur simultaneously. A male's hormonal and physical responsiveness to parenting may be due to pair bonding between the male and his mate. Examining the variability between males in their behavioral, physical, and hormonal responses to their mate's pregnancy, and infant stimuli provides the means for determining the mechanisms of good parenting in fathers. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A genome screen of successful aging without cognitive decline identifies LRP1B by haplotype analysis
Authors: Poduslo S.E. , Huang R. , Spiro A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSuccessful aging without cognitive decline (SA) is apparent in those who escape age‐related illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease and dementia. To determine whether there are protective genotypes that increase the probability of successful cognitive aging, a genome‐wide screen was conducted on subjects who were 85 years of older, had MMSE scores >26, and had no major illnesses. SNP 500K microarrays were used. The data from the microarrays was analyzed versus that from Alzheimer's patients. Three SNPs in the gene for the low density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1B (LRP1B) had significant P values, after Bonferroni correction. Additional SNPs were analyzed in this very large gene. Haplotypes in intron 18 were significant for successful aging versus Alzheimer's patients; those haplotypes were not significant when Alzheimer's patients versus CEPH controls were analyzed. These results suggest that haplotypes in the gene LRP1B are significant/protective for successful aging without cognitive decline. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NRG1 gene in recurrent major depression: No association in a large‐scale case–control association study
Authors: Schosser A. , Cohen‐Woods S. , Gaysina D. , Chow P.C. , Martucci L. , Farmer A. , Korszun A. , Gunashinghe C. , Gray J. , Jones L. , Craddock N. , Owen M.J. , Craig I.W. , McGuffin P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) gene was initially implicated in schizophrenia (SZ) and has recently been associated with bipolar disorder (BPD) in two studies. An association with major depressive disorder (MDD) has not yet been investigated but is warranted in view of the genetic overlap between MDD and BPD. We have performed a large‐scale case–control study investigating the association between NRG1 polymorphisms and MDD, genotyping a selection of 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the NRG1 gene in a sample of 1,398 patients of White European ancestry with a diagnosis of MDD and 1,304 ethnically matched controls from three clinical sites in the UK. We found no single marker or haplotype associations that withstood correction for multiple testing. Our findings do not provide evidence that NRG1 plays a role in MDD or that this gene explains part of the genetic overlap with BPD. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fetal, infant, adolescent and adult phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome in prenatally androgenized female rhesus monkeys
Authors: Abbott David H. , Tarantal Alice F. , Dumesic Daniel A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOld World monkeys provide naturally occurring and experimentally induced phenotypes closely resembling the highly prevalent polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women. In particular, experimentally induced fetal androgen excess in female rhesus monkeys produces a comprehensive adult PCOS‐like phenotype that includes both reproductive and metabolic dysfunction found in PCOS women. Such a reliable experimental approach enables the use of the prenatally androgenized (PA) female rhesus monkey model to (1) examine fetal, infant and adolescent antecedents of adult pathophysiology, gaining valuable insight into early phenotypic expression of PCOS, and (2) to understand adult pathophysiology from a mechanistic perspective. Elevated circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) levels are the earliest indication of reproductive dysfunction in late gestation nonhuman primate fetuses and infants exposed to androgen excess during early (late first to second trimester) gestation. Such early gestation‐exposed PA infants also are hyperandrogenic, with both LH hypersecretion and hyperandrogenism persisting in early gestation‐exposed PA adults. Similarly, subtle metabolic abnormalities appearing in young nonhuman primate infants and adolescents precede the abdominal adiposity, hyperliplidemia and increased incidence of type 2 diabetes that characterize early gestation‐exposed PA adults. These new insights into the developmental origins of PCOS, and progression of the pathophysiology from infancy to adulthood, provide opportunities for clinical intervention to ameliorate the PCOS phenotype thus providing a preventive health‐care approach to PCOS‐related abnormalities. For example, PCOS‐like traits in PA monkeys, as in PCOS women, can improve with better insulin–glucose homeostasis, suggesting that lifestyle interventions preventing increased adiposity in adolescent daughters of PCOS mothers also may reduce their risk of acquiring many PCOS‐related metabolic abnormalities in adulthood. Am. J. Primatol. 71:776–784, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Advanced compounding: Extrusion of polypropylene nanocomposites using the melt pump
Authors: Kracalik Milan , Laske Stephan , Gschweitl Michael , Friesenbichler Walter , Langecker Günter Rüdiger 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA melt pump was assembled into the compounding line to ensure both sufficient time for diffusion process of polymer chains into the silicate gallery and sufficient mechanical shear energy for exfoliation of clay layers. The melt pump in front of the open co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder controls the throughput rate and the residence time, whereas the screw speed and screw geometry in the extruder determine the mechanical shear energy applied on the compound. Due to melt pump employment, the melt in metering zone can be accumulated, which results in higher mixing efficiency. It was found that using the melt pump leads to up to two times higher residence time and, consequently, higher level of material reinforcement as investigated by extensional rheology. Different melt pump adjustments, screw geometries, and screw speeds were tested and their effect on processing characteristics and material reinforcement was investigated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A polythiophene derivative with dioctyloxyltriphenylamine‐vinylene conjugated side chain: Synthesis, hole mobility, and photovoltaic property
Authors: Wan Meixiu , Sang Guangyi , Zou Yingping , Tan Songting , Li Yongfang 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA new polythiophene derivative with dioctyloxyl triphenylamine‐vinylene (DOTPAV) conjugated side‐chain, DOTPAV‐PT, was synthesized by the Stille coupling method and characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The polymer DOTPAV‐PT is soluble in common organic solvents and possesses good thermal stability with 5% weight loss temperature of 310°C. The weight‐average molecular weight of DOTPAV‐PT is 8.0 K with a polydispersity index of 1.24. The hole mobility of the polymer determined from space‐charge‐limited current model was 1.25 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1. The bulk heterojunction polymer solar cell with the configuration of ITO/PEDOT : PSS/polymer : PCBM (1 : 1)/Ca/Al was fabricated, and the power conversion efficiency of the device was 0.16% under the illumination of AM1.5, 100 mW cm−2. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and characterization of self‐healing microcapsules with poly(urea‐formaldehyde) grafted epoxy functional group shell
Authors: Wang Rongguo , Li Haiyan , Hu Honglin , He Xiaodong , Liu Wenbo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMicrocapsules were prepared by in situ polymerization technology with poly(urea‐formaldehyde) (PUF)‐grafted γ‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane (KH560) copolymer as a shell material and dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) as core materials. The aim was to improve the interfacial bond between microcapsules and epoxy matrix in composites through the epoxy functional group in KH560. The microcapsulating mechanism was discussed and the process was explained. The morphology and shell wall thickness of microcapsules were observed by using scanning electron microscopy. The size of microcapsules was measured using optical microscope and the size distribution was investigated based on data sets of at least 200 measurements. The chemical structure and thermal properties of microcapsules were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectra, and thermogravimetric analysis. Results indicted that the PUF‐graft KH560 microcapsules containing DCPD can be synthesized successfully; the epoxy functional group was grafted on the wall material. The microcapsule size is in the range of 40–190 μm with an average of 125 μm. The wall thickness of microcapsules sample is in the range of 2–5 μm and the core content of microcapsules is about 60%. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Ranking the key parameters of immersion precipitation process and modeling the resultant membrane structural evolution
Authors: Bazarjani M. Seifollahi , Mohammadi N. , Ghasemi S. M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractKey parameters coupling with the instantaneous nucleation concept (ie, the Big Bang analogy) was used to model immersion precipitation process. The merits of the acquired model were verified via comparing its predictions with experimental results of two well‐prepared and characterized cellulose acetate (CA) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes. A morphology predictable map, ΔPη−1 versus ϕ1, was constructed, where ΔP, η and ϕ1 are osmotic pressure difference between nonsolvent and dope solution, dope viscosity and intruded nonsolvent volume fraction into the dope, respectively. The phase separation map, ΔPη−1 (proportional with apparent system diffusivity with the unit of time−1) versus ϕ1 showed three regimes which, at least qualitatively, depicted the correct morphological evolution trends of the studied systems. Phase separation in regime one of CA membrane with the longest delayed time or lowest ΔPη−1, led to bead‐like morphology. CA membrane with the shortest elapsed time or highest ΔPη−1, separated to finger‐like morphology in regime three. Finally, phase separation in the intermediate regime of CA membrane, ended up to sponge‐like morphology. Phase separation time scales of the PAN membranes versus intruded nonsolvent into the dope solution were located in finger‐like region of the CA membrane, which its downward transition lowered the fingers population. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of chemically modified chitosan with 2,5‐dimercapto‐1,3,4‐thiodiazole and its adsorption abilities for Au(III), Pd(II), and Pt(IV)
Authors: Li Fei , Bao Changli , Zhang Jianhui , Sun Qi , Kong Weiwei , Han Xinyi , Wang Ying 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA new chemically modified chitosan hydrogel with 2,5‐dimercapto‐1,3,4‐thiodiazole (CTS‐DMTD) has been synthesized. The structure of CTS‐DMTD was confirmed by elemental analysis and FTIR. It was found that adsorption capacities were significantly affected by the pH of solution, with optimum pH values of 3.0 for Au(III), 2.0 for Pd(II) and Pt(IV). The saturated adsorption capacities were 198.5 mg/g for Au(III), 16.2 and 13.8 mg/g for Pd(II) and Pt(IV), respectively. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm adsorption models were applied to analyze the experimental data. The results showed that adsorption isotherms of Pd(II) and Pt(IV) could be well described by the Langmuir equation. The adsorption kinetic investigations indicated that the kinetic data correlated well with the pseudo‐second‐order model. The recovery experimental data showed that CTS‐DMTD had a higher affinity toward Au(III), Pd(II), and Pt(IV) in the coexistence system containing Cu(II), Fe(III), Cd(II), Ni(II), Mg(II), and Zn(II). The studies of desorption were carried out using various reagents and the optimum effect was obtained using thiourea. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009