bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MAXIMALITY, DUPLICATION, AND INTRINSIC VALUE
Authors: Walsh Sean Drysdale 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this paper, I develop an argument for the thesis that ‘maximality is extrinsic’, on which a whole physical object is not a whole of its kind in virtue of its intrinsic properties. Theodore Sider has a number of arguments that depend on his own simple argument that maximality is extrinsic. However, Peter van Inwagen has an argument in defence of his Duplication Principle that, I will argue, can be extended to show that Sider's simple argument fails. However, van Inwagen's argument fails against a more complex, sophisticated argument that maximality is extrinsic. I use van Inwagen's own commitments to various forms of causation and metaphysical possibility to argue that maximality is indeed extrinsic, although not for the mundane reasons that Sider suggests. I then argue that moral properties are extrinsic properties. Two physically identical things can have different moral properties in a physical world. This argument is a counterexample to a classical ethical supervenience idea (often attributed to G.E. Moore) that if there is identity of physical properties in a physical world, then there is identity in moral properties as well. I argue moral value is ‘border sensitive’ and extrinsic for Kantians, utilitarians, and Aristotelians.
MATTERING AND MECHANISM: MUST A MECHANISTIC UNIVERSE BE DEPRESSING?
Authors: White Heath 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThere is an intuition to the effect that, if human actions are explicable in scientific terms – that is, if mechanism holds – then our lives and actions do not matter. “Mattering” depends on successful intentional explanations of human actions. The intuition springs from an intuitive analogy between manipulation and mechanism: just as a manipulated agent's actions are not successfully explained in intentional terms, neither are the actions of a mechanistic agent. I explore ways to avoid the conclusion of this argument. Some of these ways are more promising than others, but all have non‐trivial philosophical consequences.
Theories of Skill and Class Structure
Authors: Penn R. D. 
Published: August 2011

This paper notes an increased interest in issues of skill and class structure evident amongst both Marxist and non-Marxist sociologists. It examines three questions in this area. Firstly, what theories are available to sociologists? How adequate are they, particularly for an understanding of trends in manual work in Britain? Finally, what improvements can be suggested? Two dominant grand-theoretical approaches, post-industrialism and Marxism, are analysed Post-industrialist theories of ‘skilling’ are rejected as empirically implausible and Marxist versions of ‘deskilling’ rejected on theoretical and empirical grounds. None the less, a secular decline in levels of training as measured by length of apprenticeships is noted, but the question of deskilling requires further research. A model of the relationships of skilled trades unions and capitalist employers under different local labour market conditions is suggested which, despite its simplicity, incorporates marked improvements upon the Marxist models that have been popular recently. In particular, it is strongly argued that an image of an asymmetric balance of forces adds considerably to an understanding of the variable relations between capital and skilled labour in Britain.
TEST OF THE CONVERGENCE HYPOTHESIS ALLOWING FOR CROSS‐SECTIONAL DEPENDENCE
Authors: OH KEUN‐YEOB , EVANS PAUL 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA large empirical literature has investigated whether per capita output converges around a common trend across national and regional economies. The methods used in this literature assume no cross‐sectional dependence even though it is likely to be present and might be important in practice. Chang has devised a promising method of testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels with cross‐sectional dependence. We apply her method to test whether convergence takes place across three samples of economies: 15 advanced industrial countries; a broader group of 57 countries; and the 48 contiguous US states. We find evidence of convergence for the 15 advanced industrial economies but no evidence of convergence across either the broad group of countries or the US states.
WELFARE COST OF INFALTION IN A NEW KEYNESIAN MODEL
Authors: TEO WING LEONG , YANG PO CHIEH 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe study the welfare cost of inflation in a new Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. Nominal prices and wages are subjected to Taylor‐style adjustments in the benchmark model. We find that the welfare cost of inflation in a new Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is much higher than its counterpart in a real business cycle model. We also find that the welfare cost of inflation increases linearly with the inflation rate with the introduction of monopolistic competition but rises faster as the inflation rate increases with the introduction of nominal rigidity. Alternative price and wage setting schemes, such as Rotemberg and Calvo‐style adjustments would yield welfare costs of moderate inflation that are 2–10 times higher.
EFFECT OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE
Authors: QU BAOZHI , ZHANG YIFAN 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis paper augments the model of Andreoni and Levinson by analyzing the effect of income distribution on the inverted U‐shaped relationship between some forms of pollution and income, the so‐called ‘environmental Kuznets curve’. In a context in which pollution abatement technology shows increasing returns to scale and an inverse U‐shaped pollution–income path is present, this study demonstrates the existence of a majority voting equilibrium, and concludes that the inverted U‐shaped relationship is between median income and environmental degradation rather than between per capita income and environmental degradation. Our results suggest that an increase in equality in income distribution improves environmental quality and social efficiency. The implication of the model for the empirical estimation of environmental Kuznets curves is examined using a panel data set of 36 countries over a 20‐year period. Estimation results using different models show that income distribution might be an important factor in the empirical estimation of these curves.
POPULATION AGEING, CAPITAL INTENSITY AND LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: GUEST ROSS 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis paper analyses the implications of population ageing for the capital intensity of output and, therefore, labour productivity. Population ageing leads to sectoral shifts in demand for goods and services. If such shifts occur between goods that differ in their capital intensity, there will be a change in the average capital intensity of the economy and, therefore, in average labour productivity. In order to gauge the magnitudes of such effects, the present paper reports simulations of a calibrated model with two final goods and two intermediate goods, using data for two Pacific Rim countries for comparison: the United States and Australia. The data for these countries suggest that population ageing will, on average, shift expenditure towards goods with a relatively high capital intensity. The magnitude of the increase in labour productivity according to the simulations is likely to be small, but perhaps not trivial: in the order of 1–4% per annum by 2050. This might partially offset the negative effect of ageing on living standards.
Isolated lateral thalamic infarction: the role of posterior cerebral artery disease
Authors: Kwon J. Y. , Kwon S. U. , Kang D‐W. , Suh D. C. , Kim J. S. 
Published: August 2011

Background and purpose:  Lateral thalamic infarction (LTI) is usually caused by small vessel disease (SVD), i.e., occlusion of the deep perforator. However, focal atherosclerotic posterior cerebral artery disease (PCAD) may produce LTI via thrombotic occlusion of the perforator. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of PCAD in LTI and differences in clinical and imaging findings between LTIs associated with PCAD and SVD.Methods:  We retrospectively evaluated 58 consecutive patients with isolated LTI who underwent diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and MR angiography (MRA) within 7 days after stroke onset. Patients were divided into two groups: those with PCAD and those with SVD. Clinical syndromes were divided into pure sensory stroke (PSS) and sensory stroke plus (SS‐plus), i.e., the concomitant presence of motor dysfunction or ataxia. Clinical and imaging findings were compared between these two groups.Results:  Of the 58 patients, 13 (22.4%) had PCAD. PSS was more frequently associated with SVD than with PCAD (57.8% vs. 23.1%, P = 0.032). Initial DWI lesion volume (cm³) was significantly larger in PCAD than in patients with SVD (0.38 ± 0.13 vs. 0.33 ± 0.22, P = 0.025). Among the 23 patients (39.7%) who underwent follow‐up DWI, patients with PCAD showed a significantly greater increase in subacute lesion volume than those with SVD (P = 0.019). Although National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores did not differ at admission (P = 0.185), they were significantly higher at discharge in PCAD than in patients with SVD (P = 0.012).Conclusions:  Our data suggest that PCAD is an important cause of LTI, being related to SS‐plus, larger lesion volume, and worse clinical outcomes.
Sleep disturbances in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
Authors: Smits B. W. , Westeneng H.J. , van Hal M. A. , van Engelen B. G. , Overeem S. 
Published: August 2011

Background:  Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a relatively common mitochondrial disorder. In addition to extraocular muscle weakness, various other organs can typically be affected, including laryngeal and limb muscles, cerebrum, cerebellum, and peripheral nerves. Given this multi‐organ involvement, patients are likely to be prone to sleep disturbances. Here, we determined the nature, prevalence, and determinants of sleep disturbances in CPEO.Methods:  We used validated questionnaires for various sleep disorders and possible determinants such as mood and anxiety, and we performed ambulant polysomnography (PSG) in 20 patients with genetically confirmed CPEO.Results:  Three quarters of patients reported nocturnal sleep dysfunction. Thirty‐five percent of patients fulfilled the criteria for restless legs syndrome, 30% excessive daytime sleepiness, and 70% significant periodic limb movements. PSG recordings revealed several indicators of a disrupted sleep architecture. Obstructive sleep disordered breathing was present in only one patient. However, four patients had an increased central sleep apnea index, all of whom had a polymerase gamma‐1 mutation and a SANDO phenotype (sensoric atactic neuropathy, dysarthria, ophthalmoplegia). Physical examination and questionnaire outcomes were poor predictors of PSG results.Conclusion:  Several specific sleep disturbances are part of the phenotype of CPEO. Given that the disease is otherwise incurable, symptomatic treatment of sleep disturbances may be an important tool to improve quality of life. Therefore, patients with CPEO should be actively screened for sleep disorders, with a low threshold to perform PSG.
A longitudinal twin study on the association between ADHD symptoms and reading
Authors: Greven Corina U. , Rijsdijk Frühling V. , Asherson Philip , Plomin Robert 
Published: August 2011

Background:  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading disability commonly co‐occur because of shared genetic risk factors. However, the stability and change of these genetic influences and the predictive relationships underlying this association longitudinally remain unclear.Methods:  ADHD symptoms and reading were assessed as continuous dimensions in a UK general population sample of approximately 7,000 twin pairs. Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms and teacher ratings of reading were obtained at two ages: middle childhood (ages 7–8 years) and early adolescence (ages 11–12 years). Cross‐lagged quantitative genetic analyses were applied.Results:  ADHD symptoms and reading significantly predicted each other over time. However, ADHD symptoms were a significantly stronger predictor of reading than vice versa. Inattentive and hyperactive‐impulsive symptoms of ADHD both contributed to the prediction of reading, but inattentiveness was a significantly stronger predictor. Furthermore, ADHD symptoms and reading were highly heritable, and their association was primarily attributable to shared genetic influences. Despite notable genetic innovation for each trait, genetic factors involved in the association of ADHD symptoms and reading over time were highly stable.Conclusions:  ADHD symptoms may put children at increased risk for reading problems and vice versa. Moreover, enduring genetic mechanisms appear to be important in the association of ADHD symptoms and reading over time.
Correlates of schizophrenia spectrum disorders in children and adolescents cared for in community settings
Authors: Nugent Katie L. , Daniels Amy M. , Azur Melissa J. 
Published: August 2011

Background: This study examined the prevalence and correlates of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) among a national sample of 9006 children.Methods:  Clinician‐assigned diagnoses were used to divide the sample into two groups: children with SSD and children with other Axis I disorders.Results:  Three percent of the sample had a SSD diagnosis. African American (OR=1.71, 95% CI: 1.11, 2.65) and Hispanic race/ethnicity (OR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.31, 2.94), a greater number of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses (three diagnoses, OR=2.22, 95% CI: 1.49, 3.31), a history of attempting suicide (OR=1.45; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.02), and past residential treatment (OR=1.59; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.28) were all associated with increased odds of SSD diagnosis.Conclusions:  Although schizophrenia spectrum disorders in youth are rare, children with these disorders present with a distinct risk profile that may inform service planning and delivery and assist in identifying individuals early in the course of their illness.
Societal transformations for a sustainable economy
Authors: Jackson Tim 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis paper explores some social aspects of the transition to a sustainable economy. Starting from basic premises of ecological limits and social justice, the author examines the complex relationship between income and human well‐being and argues that the rich world has a responsibility to “make room for growth” where it matters most in terms of improved well‐being; that is, in the poorest nations. The paper argues that this cannot be achieved simply through efficiency improvements or material “decoupling”. A simple scenario analysis is used to illustrate the heroic nature of the assumptions that decoupling can achieve global carbon targets. Even if such assumptions are technically justifiable, economic incentives and social logic conspire against technological improvements of this magnitude. Instead, there is a need for profound transformation of the economic system itself, for which the rich nations must take a primary responsibility. This transformation has implications for incentive structures, ownership patterns, investment portfolios, the organisation of financial markets, and the structure of economic activities and for expectations of economic growth. It also demands a new economics, informed by a broader — and more realistic — vision of human nature.
Shaping agricultural innovation systems responsive to food insecurity and climate change
Authors: Brooks Sally , Loevinsohn Michael 
Published: August 2011

AbstractClimate change and variability present new challenges for agriculture, particularly for smallholder farmers who continue to be the mainstay of food production in developing countries. Recent global food crises have exposed the structural vulnerability of globalized agri‐food systems, highlighting climate change as just one of a complex set of environmental, demographic, social and economic drivers generating instability and food insecurity, the impacts of which disproportionately affect poorer groups in marginal environments. Rather than search for single causes, there is a need to understand these changes at a systemic level. Improved understanding of and engagement with the adaptive strategies and innovations of communities living in conditions of rapid change provides an appropriate starting point for those seeking to shape agricultural innovation systems responsive to food insecurity and climate change. This paper draws lessons from selected country experiences of adaptation and innovation in pursuit of food security goals. It reviews three cases of systems of innovation operating in contrasting regional, socio‐economic and agro‐ecological contexts, in terms of four features of innovation systems more likely to build, sustain or enhance food security in situations of rapid change: (i) recognition of the multifunctionality of agriculture and opportunities to realize multiple benefits; (ii) access to diversity as the basis for flexibility and resilience; (iii) concern for enhancing capacity of decision makers at all levels; and (iv) continuity of effort aimed at securing the well‐being of those who depend on agriculture. Finally, implications for policymakers and other stakeholders in agricultural innovation systems are presented.
The policy challenges for green economy and sustainable economic development
Authors: Barbier Edward 
Published: August 2011

AbstractGreen growth, the promotion of energy efficiency and clean energy technologies and sustainable development are frequently viewed as complementary goals by international policymakers. This paper argues that green growth will not ensure sustainable economic development as long as global ecosystem degradation and loss means that the world continues to face worsening problems of ecological scarcity — the loss of myriad benefits, or “services”, as these systems are exploited for human use and activity. Overcoming this problem requires addressing further sustainability and funding challenges. The sustainability challenge is to overcome a vast array of market, policy and institutional failures that prevents recognition of the economic significance of this scarcity. The funding challenge is to bridge the shortfall between the global benefits that humankind receives from ecosystems and what we are willing to pay to maintain and conserve them. Improving economic and scientific analysis of ecological scarcity, valuing the loss in benefits, and translating the implications into policy are the key steps for addressing the sustainability challenge. Exploring and implementing a range of innovative financing mechanisms, from international payments for ecosystem services to financial and currency transactions taxes to international financing facilities are possibilities for alleviating the funding challenge.
Caries experience of institutionalized elderly and its association with dementia and functional status
Authors: Philip P , Rogers C , Kruger E , Tennant M 
Published: August 2011

To cite this article

Int J Dent Hygiene 10, 2012; 122–127  DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2011.00525.xPhilip P, Rogers C, Kruger E, Tennant M. Caries experience of institutionalized elderly and its association with dementia and functional status.Abstract:  Objectives:  The aim of this study was to assess the caries experience of the elderly residing in residential aged care facilities in Perth, Western Australia, and its association with dementia and functional status.Methods:  Oral examinations were conducted in a sample of institutionalized aged persons. This study was carried out over a period of 7 years, between 2002 and 2008.Results:  A total of 205 residents were examined. The mean decayed, missing and filled teeth index score was 25.9 for all residents. Residents with dementia did not have significantly different levels of caries experience than those without. The mean number of active caries and retained decayed roots, however, was higher among residents with dementia. There was a significant difference in the mean number of active decay and carious retained roots among residents based on their Activities of Daily Living Oral Health score and their status of assistance received with brushing.Conclusion:  Caries experience among the institutionalized elderly is associated with disability, and oral care is lacking among the institutionalized elderly in this study. Appropriate preventive measures (as well as interventional activities) should be undertaken to control oral disease among residential aged care residents.
Distribution of human leucocyte antigen‐A, ‐B and ‐DR alleles and haplotypes at high resolution in the population from Jiangsu province of China
Authors: Qin Qin P. , Su F. , Xiao Yan W. , Xing Z. , Meng P. , Chengya W. , Jie S. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryThe frequencies of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐A, ‐B and ‐DRB1 alleles and haplotypes were statistically analysed among 3238 donors from Chinese Marrow Donor Program (CMDP) Jiangsu Branch. All donors were typed using polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐based typing (PCR‐SBT) method or polymerase chain reaction–reverse sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probe (PCR‐rSSOP) method. As a result, a total of 46 A, 85 B and 51 DRB1 alleles were found in Jiangsu population. The first three frequent alleles in HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐DRB1 loci respectively were A*11:01(16.52%), A*24:02(15.10%) and A*02:01(13.02%); B*13:02(11.60%), B*46:01(8.89%) and B*58:01(7.12%); and DRB1*07:01(15.78%), DRB1*09:01(15.26%) and DRB1*15:01(9.76%). The top two frequent A‐B‐DRB1 haplotypes were A*30:01‐B*13:02‐DRB1*07:01(8.87%) and A*02:07‐B*46:01‐DRB1*09:01(2.79%); the top three A‐B haplotypes were A*33:03‐B*58:01‐DRB1*03:01(2.59%), A*30:01‐B*13:02(9.92%) and A*33:03‐B*58:01(5.48%); the top two B‐DRB1 haplotypes were B*13:02‐DRB1*07:01(10.23%) and B*46:01‐DRB1*09:01(4.61%); the top two A‐DRB1 haplotypes were A*30:01‐DRB1*07:01(8.96%) and A*33:03‐DRB1*13:02(3.95%). These findings provided useful information in the study of genetics and anthropology in Chinese Han population. It also served as a basic guide for selection of future donors in CMDP Jiangsu Branch.
Nurse practitioners’ inability to prescribe buprenorphine: Limitations of the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000
Authors: O’Connor Alane B. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPurpose: To identify the limitations of the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 (DATA 2000) and to discuss the merits of one possible solution: granting nurse practitioners (NPs) the authority to prescribe buprenorphine.Data sources: The DATA 2000 and related literature.Conclusions: Abuse of prescription opioid medications is a significant economic and public health burden. Buprenorphine is a highly effective medication that is used in the outpatient treatment of opioid‐dependent patients. However, the DATA 2000 permits only physicians to prescribe this medication, substantially reducing patient access to potentially life‐sustaining treatment.Implications for practice: Like diabetes and cardiovascular disease, addiction is a chronic condition that can be treated with lifestyle modifications, patient education, and appropriate medication. NPs are highly effective caregivers to patients with chronic disease. Granting NPs prescriptive authority for buprenorphine will improve access to treatment and patient outcomes. It will also enhance NP autonomy and authority, especially in states in which NPs practice independently.