bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of serological methods for the detection of B. abortus antibodies in sera from vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle
Authors: Heck F. C. , Williams J. D. , Crawford R. P. , Flowers A. I. 
Published: May 2009

A total of 4551 sera from 863 Strain 19 vaccinated and non-vaccinated adult cattle, independent of disease status, were tested by five serological methods to detect the presence of antibodies to B. abortus. Results from Standard Agglutination Tube (SAT), Buffered Brucella Antigen or card (CT), Complement Fixation (CF), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Rivanol (Riv) methods were compared.There was a 95% probability for agreement among CT negative sera, between serological methods, for all groups of vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle. The agreement between tests with Riv Positive sera, excluding the calfhood and adult vaccinated group tested by the CF method, was 91–100%. The probability of a serum which was serologically negative by other methods being Riv negative was 98%. The usefulness of serological results from Riv (≥ 1/50) tests for classifying the reactor status of cattle are of doubtful supplemental value to confirm card test positive results.Vaccination history is an important consideration when evaluating serological data on cattle sera particularly from SAT and CF methods.
Laboratory breeding of the European rabbit flea,Spilopsyllus cuniculi(Dale)
Authors: Vaughan J. A. , Coombs Mary E. 
Published: May 2009

A method is described for the laboratory breeding of the rabbit flea in which the immature stages are reared at constant temperature and humidity.Eggs are obtained by confining fleas taken from a rabbit and her nest shortly after parturition with two of her nestlings in an incubator for 24 h. The eggs are transferred to an artificial diet medium on which the immature stages are reared. On average a female flea produces 50 eggs during the first six days post-partum. At 25 °C, 95% of eggs hatched at 79% RH and 98% at 84% RH. Most eggs hatched on the third day after laying and hatching was completed by the fourth day. Significantly more fleas of both sexes were obtained when larvae were reared at 25 °C on a medium containing powdered 41B rodent diet than on one containing terrier meal. Both diets also contained yeast and dried rabbit blood. There was no significant difference between the numbers of fleas obtained at 79% RH and 84% RH. Significantly more fleas were also obtained when larvae were reared at 27 °C, 84% RH, than at 25 °C. Female fleas emerged sooner than males at both 27 °C and 25 °C. Fleas from the laboratory culture were heavier than those from wild nests. Female fleas were heavier than male fleas in both cases.
Comparison of antibody responses and virus shedding following administration of trivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccines prepared either in monkey kidney or human diploid cell substrates
Authors: Freestone D. S. , Kelly A. , Ferris R. , Simmons R. L. L. , Bowkerj C. , Letley E. , Bye C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNineteen (22·9%) of 83 sera collected before vaccination from adult volunteers aged 21–64 years were without neutralizing antibody to poliomyeitis at levels of 0·15 i.u./ml for types I and II and 0·1 i.u./ml for type III. Some correlations were found between the history of previous vaccination and the presence of antibody but these were not well defined.Vaccination with a single dose of trivalent oral polio vaccine elicited fourfold or greater antibody responses to one or more poliomyelitis types in 53 (63·9%) volunteers, the percentage antibody responses being inversely related to the titre of antibody present before vaccination. Types I, II or III poliomyelitis virus were recovered from 76·8 % of faecal samples collected 1 week after vaccination. The percentage recovery progressively declined thereafter until virus was recovered from 10·5 % of samples collected 6 weeks after vaccination.Type for type, the titres and percentages of antibody responses and virus shedding in faeces were similar following trivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccines whether prepared in monkey kidney or human diploid cell substrates. Some change in reproductive capacity temperature (r.c.t./40) marker was found in faecal isolates from volunteers vaccinated with monkey kidney and human diploid grown vaccines but no change in ‘d’ marker was found.
Studies on the effect of growth medium composition on the antigenicity ofMycoplasma bovis
Authors: Thorns C. J. , Boughton E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSerum proteins adsorbed from the culture medium were detected inMycoplasma bovisantigens, the number and type of proteins depending on the serum used in the medium. The α-globulins cross-reacted with α-globulins from different types of sera but the γ-globulins did not. The removal of non-specific medium antibodies by absorption showed that they affected the gel diffusion and growth precipitation tests, producing cross-reactions betweenM. bovis and M. bovigenitalium, but that the complement fixation, tube agglutination, and growth inhibition tests were not similarly affected. The presence of serum proteins in the antigens changed their specific reactivity in all the tests. The production of antibodies to serum proteins was increased by the use of an adjuvant, but it appeared that production of specific antibodies to the mycoplasmas was not.
An outbreak of streptococcal infection in a chicken factory
Authors: Barnham M. , Kerby J. , Skillin J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA large outbreak of streptococcal skin infection occurred late in the summer of 1978 in a factory which undertakes the slaughter, preparation and packing of chickens. In all, 103 episodes of infection occurred in 82 workers from a total factory establishment of 347. The highest incidence of infection was in the packing department where there was an attack rate of 44 %. The routes of introduction of infection into and spread within the factory remain mostly unknown. Following the identification of cases and carriers and the institution of appropriate treatment and control measures the outbreak quickly declined. The responsible organism in the outbreak was Streptococcus pyogenes T-type 3/1 3/B3264, provisional M-type ‘R78/55’. This is the first poultry factory outbreak in England to be reported.
A comparative study of gram-negative aerobic bacilli in the faeces of babies born in hospital and at home
Authors: Feeney A. R. , Cooke E. M. , Shinebaum R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYExamination of the faeces of 50 babies born at home showed that bottle-fed babies carried significantly more Klebsiella, Proteus and Pseudomonas spp. and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli than did breast-fed babies. Bottle-fed babies born in hospital had a less mixed faecal flora than bottle-fed babies born at home. The possibility that bacterial contamination of home-prepared feeds may account for these differences requires investigation.
Klebsiellaspecies in hospital food and kitchens: a source of organisms in the bowel of patients
Authors: Cooke E. Mary , Sazegar Tahere , Edmondson A. S. , Brayson Janet C. , Hall Diana 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYHospital food was examined for the presence ofKlebsiellaspecies. Salads and cold meat were most frequently contaminated, often containing more than 103organisms per g.Klebsiellaspecies were also widely distributed in the kitchen environment which was considered, at least in part, to be the source of the organisms in food.By the use of serological and bacteriocin typing, intestinal carriage of strains ingested in food could be demonstrated.
Comparison of media and methods for countingClostridium perfringensin poultry meat and further-processed products
Authors: Adams B. W. , Mead G. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA Most Probable Number (MPN) method involving Differential Reinforced Clostridial Medium followed by streaking on Willis & Hobbs medium was com pared with direct plating of samples on Tryptose-Suiphite-Cycloserine agar with out egg yolk, and two forms of Oleandomycin-Polymyxin-Suiphadiazine-Per fringens agar, one being prepared from a commercial, dehydrated product.With skin samples taken from chicken carcasses at different stages of processing, the three direct plating media gave similar counts ofCl. perfringenswhereas results obtained with the MPN method were consistently lower.Although counts ofCl. perfringensfrom various further processed products were usually < 10/g, the three plating media showed similar specificity for this organism.All media supported good growth of reference strains ofClostridium perfringensbut it was founsi that physiologically similar species, includingCl. absonum, Cl. paraperfringens and Cl. perenne alsogrew uninhibited in these media and produced colonies identical with those ofCl. perfringens, thus indicating the need for confirmatory tests forCl. perfringenswhen examining natural samples.
Rubella antibody measured by radial haemolysis. Characteristics and performance of a simple screening method for use in diagnostic laboratories
Authors: Kurtz J. B. , Mortimer P. P. , Mortimer P. R. , Morgan-Capner P. , Shafi M. S. , White G. B. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA simple method for preparing radial haemolysis gels for rubella antibody screening is described. In use it gave clear zones of haemolysis when a standard serum was tested at dilutions down to 5·6 i.u./ml rubella antibody. In five lab oratories 8404 sera were screened by the method and the results were read by comparing zones of haemolysis with that of a standard serum diluted to contain 15 i.u./ml antibody. A zone ⋝ 15 i.u./ml, indicating immunity, was given by 7433 (88·4%) of the sera. No zone indicating susceptibility was seen with 748 (8·9%) sera. Small zones, < 15 i.u./ml standard, were given by 189 (2·2%) sera, and in only 34 cases (0·4%) did non-specific haemolysis interfere with the test readings. Further testing of the radial haemolysis negative and low positive sera by the haemagglutination inhibition test gave rise to some discrepant results which are discussed.
Inactivation of f2 coliphage in municipal effluent by the use of various disinfectants
Authors: Hajenian H. , Butler M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBromine chloride, chlorine and peracetic acid inactivated f2 coliphage in effluent but in order to achieve 99·99% inactivation the three disinfectants were required at about 1, 10 and 100 mg/l respectively. The activity of chlorine was halved by the presence of added organic matter, whereas bromine chloride and peracetic acid were very little affected. When a second successive dose of virus was added to the reaction mixture, the virus was inactivated only by peracetic acid despite the fact that in the chlorine-treated effluent residual chlorine was detected. The addition of a second dose of disinfectant inactivated residual virus in the same way as the first dose.
An investigation ofEncephalitozoon cuniculiin the wild rabbitOryctolagus cuniculusin Victoria, Australia
Authors: Cox J. C. , Pye D. , Edmonds J. W. , Shepherd Rosamond 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSera from 823 wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) collected from a number of geographic regions of Victoria, Australia over the past eight years were examined for antibodies toEncephalitozoon cuniculi, along with sera from 46 hares (Lepus europaeus) (Pallas) and 57 New Zealand wild rabbits. No sera were positive, implying that this common laboratory rabbit parasite is absent from wild rabbits in these areas. However, wild rabbits were found to be readily infected by the oral route with small numbers of tissue-culture-grown spores ofE. cuniculi. A possible explanation for the absence of encephalitozoonosis in wild rabbits is thatE. cuniculiinfection places them at a biological disadvantage for survival. The natural hygiene habit of wild rabbits may also significantly decrease post-natal infection.
Age–sex distribution ofToxoplasmaantibody in the South Australian population
Authors: Johnson Alan M. , Roberts Helen , McDonald P. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSera from 1071 patients in nine age categories were screened forToxoplasmaantibody by indirect immunofluorescence. Thirty per cent of the sera contained antibody at a titre ≥ 1/16. The percentage of sera containing antibody rose from 3% in the 6 months–5 years age group to a maximum of about 40% in the 31–40 years age group. It remained constant thereafter. Eleven per cent of the 84 sera withToxoplasmaantibody titres ≥ 1/128 hadToxoplasmaIgM titres ≥ 1/32. No significant difference was found in the possession of antibody between the sexes.
The dose at which neomycin and polymyxin B can be applied for selective decontamination of the digestive tract in mice
Authors: Emmelot C. H. , Waaij D. Van der 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYOral treatment of mice with various doses of neomycin or polymyxin B was performed in order to determine which dose caused substantial suppression of aerobic gram-negative rods. In addition the effect of the various doses on Streptococcus faecalis and on other factors of the colonization resistance (CR) of the digestive tract were studied. It was found that polymyxin B was effective in suppressing sensitive gram-negative bacteria following daily doses of 3·2 mg/ mouse, and that even extremely high daily doses of 9·7 mg/mouse did not affect the CR. Neomycin was effective in suppressing Enterobacteriaceae species following oral daily doses of 5·4 mg/mouse. With this dose, however, the CR was somewhat decreased which was also evidenced by the increased concentration of beta-aspartyiglycine in the faeces and the increased size (weight) of the caecum in these animals. Suppression of Sir. faecalis was seen from doses of 24 mg/mouse on.
Statistical analysis of comparative field trials of acute rodenticides
Authors: Huson L. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe present method of analysis of data from comparative field trials of acuterodenticides was compared with two alternative methods of analysis, using computer simulation techniques. One of the proposed alternative analyses, the use of post-treatment census takes as a percentage of pre-treatment census takes in an analysis of variance, was found to be more accurate, to avoid a theoretical difficulty associated with the present method, and is computationally much simpler.
The effects of iodine on the biological activities of myxoviruses
Authors: Apostolov K. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYLugol's solution destroys the biological activities of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) after 15 s incubation at 37 °C. The rates of inactivation are slower at lower temperatures and at acid pH. At 4 °C and pH 5·8, the functions associated with the virus membrane, (haemolysis (HL), cell fusion and infectivity) are inactivated within 32 min, while haemagglutination (HA) and neuraminidase (N) are resistant to inactivation for serval hours. Adjustment of NDV, Sendai and influenza A virus allantoic harvests to pH 5·8 and subsequent treatment with undiluted Lugol's solution (pH 5·8) for 15 min has a minimal effect on HA but results in complete loss of infectivity. It is suggested that iodination could be a useful method for vaccine production with membrane-bound viruses. It is postulated that the separation and dissociation of the membrane-associated properties of paramyxoviruses from the glycoprotein functions is due to the higher affinity of iodine for the lipids. Iodine could react with the carbon–carbon double bond (C=C) of the unsaturated fatty acids. This could lead to a change in the physical properties of the lipids and membrane immobilization.
A milk-borne outbreak of Campylobacter infection
Authors: Porter Ian A. , Reid Thomas M. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYCampylobacter jejuni was isolated from the stools of 148 patients with symptoms and 57 symptomless subjects, and from a milk sock filter, following an outbreak of enteritis associated with consumption of unpasteurized milk. The incubation period rantged from 2–11 days with a peak at 5 days. There were no secondary cases. The attack rate was around 50% Cases occured in all age groups but were maximal in the 1–10 age group. Recovery from symptoms was complete in the majority in less than 1 week. No long term excretors were indentified. There were no differences between culture positive individuals, with or without symptoms, in age or sex distribution or duration of excretion.
Experimental infection of the bovine udder with Campylobacter coli/jejuni
Authors: Lander K. P. , Gill K. P. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFive quarters of the udders of two lactating cows were infected by intramammary inoculation with Campylabacter coli/jejuni in doses ranging from 2·6 colony-forming units (c.f.u.) to 3·8 × 109 c.f.u. The infected quarters developed clinical mastitis and the campylobacters were reisolated in large numbers from the milk. The milk from the uninfected quarters, and blood and faeces remained free of the organisms. The campylobacters could only be isolated by incubation of culture plates in a microaerobic atmosphere. The results showed that C. coli/jejuni can cause mastitis in the cow and that the bovine udder is a potential source of C. coli/jejuni in raw milk.
The response of institutionalized Down's syndrome subjects to enterovirus infections
Authors: Hawkes R. A. , Philbrook Susan C. , Boughton C. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn a study comparing the responses of institutionnalized Down's syndrome (DS) and non-Down's (ND) inmates to enterovirus infections, the frequency of wild enteric viruses and the excreation patterns of oral polio vaccine (OPV) viruses were similar in both groups. Antibody titres developed to poliovirus types 2 nad 3 following vaccination were similar in DS and ND and ND vaccinees, but the responses to type I virus was signifcantly less in DS vaccinees. As judged by the development of poliovirus antibody in non-vaccinees, the spread of virus from OPV-immunized to unimmunized subjects in the institution was not noticeably different in DS and ND subjects.An unexpected finding was that the excretion patterns of all three serotypes of poliovirus were strikingly similar for each individual to individual. The similarity of excreation occurred despite wide differences within an individual in the titres of neutralizing serum antibodies to the three serotypes. It is suggested that the rate at which a given individual eliminates enteroviruses may be largely determined by factors, the activities of which atre not reflected in serum antibody titres.
Application of serological typing to the investigation of outbreaks ofClostridium perfringensfood poisoning, 1970–1978
Authors: Stringer M. F. , Turnbull P. C. B. , Gilbert R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSerological typing was used as an epidemiological tool in the investigation of 524 outbreakes ofClostridium perfringensfood poisoning in the United Kingdom and 37 outbreaks in other countries.Five thousand five hundred and fifty-four (77%) of 7245 strains ofC. perfringensassociation 561 outbreaks were typable with the 75 Food Hygiene Laboratory antisera; in 354 (63%) of these outbreaks were typable with the 75 Food Hygiene Laboratory antisera; in 354 (63%) of these outbreaks a specific serotype was established as being responsible for the outbreak.An assessment is made of the ability of two additional sets of antisera, prepared against 34 American and 34 Japanese strains ofC. perfringens, to increase the number of strains which can be typed. The extent of cross-reaction between the three sets of antisera was determined and the results are discussed in relation to the source and history of the type strains.
An investigation of flavivirus infections of cattle in Zimbabwe Rhodesia with particular reference to Wesselsbron virus
Authors: Blackburn N. K. , Swanepoel R. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA three-part epidemiological investigation was made on flaviviruses:1. As a preliminary to tests on cattle sera from the field, the antigenic cross-reactivity of Wesselsbron, Spondweni, Usutu, Banzi, West Nile and yellow fever flaviviruses was studied in antisera prepared in guinea pigs. As described earlier for flaviviruses, sera were found to be highly cross-reactive in haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) tests, less cross-reactive in complement-fixation (CF) tests and were virtually monospecific in microneutralization (NT) tests in Vero cell cultures.2. Infection with Wesselsbron (WSL) virus produced mild febrile illness and viraemia in 5 out of 6 newborn calves, 3 out of 4 pregnant heifers and 3 out of 4 ewes. One heifer produced a weak calf which died soon after birth with WSL antibodies in its serum, indicating that infection had occurred in utero. The 3 other heifers produced healthy calves which lacked antibody in pre-colostral serum. Pathological changes occurred in the foetus in 2 out of 3 pregnant ewes and the ewe produced a healthy lamb which had antibodies to WSL virus in pre-colostral serum.Unlike the situation in guinea pigs, cattle sera were monospecific for WSL virus in CF tests, but sheep sera cross-reacted with Banzi and yellow fever viruses. Re-infection of the cattle with Banzi, West Nile, Spondweni and Usutu viruses failed to induce marked antibody responses. The results suggest that antibodies to WSL virus in cattle sera from the field can be distinguished from those induced by other flaviviruses by quantitative serologial tests.3. HAI antibodies to WSL virus were detected in 2648/14395 cattle sera tested over 11 years from 1967 to 1978 in the course of investigation of abortion, infertility and other diseases. Results of quantitative HAI, CF and NT tests with six flaviviruses on 409 selected sera confirmed that infection was due to WSL virus. Serological evidence failed to implicate WSL virus as a cause of abortion in cattle. In a prospective study, abortion occurred in only one out of 21 heifers observed to gain WSL infection during pregnancy in the field, but abortion also occurred in five out of 207 heifers which did not become infected with WSL. No histopathological lesions diagnostic of WSL disease were observed in 1998 specimens from cattle, sheep and goats examined over 44 months prior to October 1972, and WSL virus was isolated once, from the organs of a cow, out of 2106 specimens from cattle sheep and goats tested virologically over six years from October 1972 to September 1978. HAI antibodies to WSL virus were detected in one out of 374 sera from aborted cattle foetuses. It was concluded that WSL virus is not an important cause of disease in cattle, despite widespread occurrence of infection.
A study on bacteriocin typing of avian strains ofPasteurella multocida
Authors: Mushin Rose 
Published: May 2009

SummaryIn two groups, each containing 56Pasteurella multocidastrains of avian origin, the percentage of multicin-producing strains was 80·4 and 71·4. In two groups containing 46 and 58 isolates tested for sensitivity to multicins, 82·6% and 62·1% respectively were listed as indicators.P. multocidastrains producing bacteriocins were active on a range of 1–33 indicators. A preliminary multicin typing system was set up with the use of eight selected indicators; 52% of multicin-producing strains acted on one indicator only.P. multocidaserotypes and serologically un-typable strains were subdivided into multicin types.
Prophylactic non-absorbable antibiotics in leukaemic patients
Authors: King Kathleen 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA regimen of oral non-absorbable prophylactic antibiotics (kanamycin–vanco–mycin–nystatin) was given to nine severely neutropaenic leukaemic patients on cytotoxic therapy (11 courses), in conjunction with isolation procedures. An appreciable decrease in faecal organisms, especially anaerobes, was apparent after 48 h of commencing the course, and most bacteria had disappeared from the stool after five days. There were three episodes of septicaemia, all with enteric organisms, whilst on these antibiotics; one proved fatal. The emergence of resistance to aminoglycosides in faecal flora, notablyKlebsiella, in 6/11 courses constituted a major problem in the use of such prophylaxis.