bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of digestive and chewing efficiency and time spent eating and ruminating in sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) and red deer (Cervus elaphus)
Authors: Semiadi G. , Barry T. N. , Stafford K. J. , Muir P. D. , Reid C. S. W. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryArtificially reared sambar (tropical) deer and red (temperate) deer were confined indoors in metabolism cages and fed chaffed lucerne hay ad libitum for 4-week periods during summer and winter at Flock House Agricultural Centre, New Zealand, during 1992. Measurements were made of voluntary feed intake (VFI), apparent digestibility, faeces particle size distribution, eating and ruminating time and the rate of chewing during eating and ruminating. Red deer reduced VFI (kg DMI/day) markedly from summer to winter, associated with a reduction in the duration of each eating bout. Sambar deer slightly increased VFI over this time, associated with an increase in chewing frequency. Digestive efficiency was similar in both species, and the critical particle size for leaving the rumen was passage through a 1 mm sieve for both species. Time spent eating/g DMI was greater for sambar deer than for red deer during summer, but there was no difference during winter. Relative to red deer, sambar deer consistently spent more time ruminating/g DMI, and spent a greater proportion of total ruminating time as daytime ruminating and had more daytime ruminating bouts. Duration of each ruminating bout (min) was similar for the two deer species, but sambar deer had less chews/bolus ruminated but more rumination boli/h than red deer. Differences between sambar deer and red deer were more pronounced in ruminating than in eating behaviour, and sambar deer may have evolved a different rumination pattern to break down low-quality tropical forages more effectively.
Administration in suspension-form of n-alkane external markers for dry matter intake and diet selection studies
Authors: Marais J. P. , Figenschou D. L. , Escott-Watson P. L. , Webber L. N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYMilled grass particles were coated with n-alkanes and suspended in a xanthan gum solution. Experiments snowed that grass particles could be coated uniformly with alkanes by means of a rotary evaporator. Further experiments showed that the grass particles, in stable xanthan gum suspension, could be accurately dispensed. The coefficients of variation of the alkane content per dose delivered by means of a dosing gun and syringe were 2·6 and 2·3%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the concentration of faecal alkanes derived from alkanes dosed in suspension-form and alkanes placed directly into the rumen.
Some morphological characters and yield of broad bean (Vicia faba) as affected by pesticide treatments
Authors: El-Sayed S. F. , Badawi M. A. , Mahmoud I. M. , Motawa M. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo field experiments were conducted at Giza, Egypt in the winter seasons of 1990 and 1991, to study the effects of two fungicides (Dithane M45 and Saprol), two insecticides (Rogor and Pirimor), two acaricides (Tedifol and Comite) and two herbicides (Lancer and Cobex) on some morphological characters and yield of broad bean. The investigated pesticides were used at the recommended doses.All pesticidal treatments reduced the percentage of missing plants at harvest. They also, except Lancer, led to an increase in the total yield of green pods and dry seeds. Individual treatments of Saprol, Dithane M45 and Cobex significantly increased the number and weight of green pods/plant and yield of dry seeds/plant. The individual treatment by Pirimor or Rogor also led to an increment in yield of dry seeds/plant. Lancer proved to be toxic to broad bean plants, as it caused a reduction in the number of branches and plant productivity of green pods and dry seeds.
Dietary nitrogen and phosphorus depletion in cattle and their effects on liveweight gain, blood metabolite concentrations and phosphorus kinetics
Authors: Bortolussi G. , Ternouth J. H. , McMeniman N. P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn a 15-week animal-house experiment, 24 steers were offered one of six diets based on molasses andad libitumbarley straw. Three levels of dietary nitrogen (N) and three levels of dietary phosphorus (P), in factorial combination, were formulated by the addition of urea, formaldehyde-treated wheat gluten and monosodium orthophosphate. Food intake, liveweight gain, plasma metabolites and P kinetics were measured under dietary regimens similar to those experienced by cattle grazing Australia's northern semi-arid rangelands.The adverse effect of the low dietary N on both liveweight change and feed intake was greater and more immediate than that of the dietary P deficiency. The reduction in feed intake due to the P deficiency approached that caused by the N deficiency after 10 weeks. Under conditions of adequate dietary N, there was a trend for the effects of P deficiency on liveweight gain to be exacerbated. Dietary N and P deficiency reduced the concentrations of plasma urea-N and inorganic P respectively. Dietary N deficiency had no effect on cortical rib bone thickness but P deficiency markedly decreased bone thickness. Faecal endogenous loss of P and P absorption efficiency ranged from 9 to 21 mg/kg LW and 0·63 to 0·82 respectively for P intakes from 6 to 41 mg·kg LW. Faecal endogenous losses were closely related to dry matter intake and plasma inorganic P together. Dietary N deficiency affected the efficiency of absorption of P.The results of this experiment indicate that cattle consuming diets containing low levels of N and P require supplementary N and P in combination to avoid severe depletion since an increase in N intake alone exacerbated the P deficiency. The results are also discussed in relation to the published findings regarding P metabolism and the implications for the calculation of P requirements.
Influence of row spacing on growth, light and water use by sorghum
Authors: McGowan M. , Taylor H. M. , Willingham J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYGrain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) was grown in Texas in 1985 at a constant population density of c. 6·6 plants/m2 in rows 0·5, 1·0 and 1·5 m apart and with the soil profile at field capacity at planting time. Dry matter production and yield were least at the widest spacing, principally because of a reduction in number of tillers. Dry matter accumulation was in direct proportion to the amount of light intercepted and largely independent of spacing between rows, with a conversion coefficient of 1·71 g dry matter/MJ energy intercepted. The most widely spaced crop used less water but not in proportion to the extent that ground cover was reduced. Water use efficiency was also less in the most widely spaced crop, probably because of heat advection from the bare soil between rows.
The effect of liming on heavy metal concentrations in wheat, carrots and spinach grown on previously sludge-applied soils
Authors: Hooda P. S. , Alloway B. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYLiming is often recommended to minimize the plant uptake of potentially toxic elements from sludgeamended soils. In outdoor experiments conducted during 1989–91 in a rural location, near Brentwood (UK), wheat, carrots and spinach were grown on soils from a wide range of sites previously amended with heavy applications of sewage sludge. The objective of these studies was to examine the effect of liming on the accumulation of sludge-borne metals in the crop plants. The results showed that liming the soils to pH 7 prior to sowing significantly reduced metal concentrations in carrots and spinach, although the reduction appeared to be greater for Cd, Ni and Zn than for Cu and Pb. The wheat crop was grown on soils which had been limed 2 years previously, and the average pH of these soils was 6·5 compared to a pH value of 5·95 in the unlimed soils. This comparatively small pH difference between limed and unlimed soils (6·50–5·95) generally had little influence on metal contents in wheat.These results suggested that maintaining the soil at pH 7 is better than pH 6·5 for minimizing the accumulation of potentially toxic elements from soils which have received relatively high levels of sludge application over many years. The data for winter wheat suggested either that metal uptake into the grain was not sensitive to differences in soil pH or that a relatively small residual effect of past liming was not high enough to reduce metal uptake.
Cohesion in colloidal soils
Authors: Hardy F. 
Published: March 2009

1. Experiments in which were measured the resistances to (a) transverse breaking, (b) crushing, and (c) parting under tensile pull of standard blocks of soil prepared in different ways and under particular moisture conditions are described and discussed.2. The soils examined comprised three highly colloidal siliceous soils containing amounts of calcium carbonate ranging from 7·2 to 0·2 percent., and two red lateritic soils.3. The most significant results were obtained by employing, in a special tenacity apparatus, granular test-blocks, prepared by moistening sieve-graded dry soil packed into rectangular moulds. The results thus obtained are believed to furnish a reliable measure of the cohesiveness of soil colloidal matter, especially in soil blocks that have previously been brought to constant moisture content in a humidifier. The method of preparation simulates the effect of rain in causing the “running together” of colloidal soil particles.4. The relative cohesiveness of the soils examined appears to follow the same order as their rates of settling from aqueous suspension. This observation strengthens the view that cohesiveness in colloidal soils is to a certain extent due to chemical forces that depend on the presence of active atoms or atomic groups possessing powerful fields of residual affinity, although probably film tension also plays a part.
Minerals of carcass soft tissue and bone of serially slaughtered cattle as affected by biological type and management
Authors: Nour A. Y. M. , Thonne M. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryMineral concentrations of soft tissue and bone were measured in carcasses from cattle slaughtered serially across a wide weight range. Seventy-four small framed Angus steers and 71 Holstein steers were selected to represent diverse mature types. Cattle were individually fed ad libitumeither a maize grain or maize silage diet, housed inside a barn or in outside pens and slaughtered over five weights within breed. After slaughter, a half-carcass was separated into soft tissue (lean and fat) and bone. Tissues were ground, freeze-dried and K, P, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were measured. Concentrations of minerals were analysed by covariance analysis, using carcass weight as a covariate.The relationships between carcass weight and concentrations of all soft tissue minerals except Na and Zn were not affected by diet, breed or type of housing. Concentration of Na decreased with increasing carcass weight and at a slower rate in soft tissue of grain-fed cattle than in soft tissue of silage-fed cattle. Concentration of Zn increased with increased carcass weight in Angus, while in Holsteins it decreased. Soft tissue of Angus and Holsteins had similar concentrations of Fe and Mn. Holsteins had higher concentrations of the other minerals in soft tissue than Angus, possibly because they were at an earlier stage of maturity at the same carcass weight. Carcass weight had no effect on K, Ca, Fe or Cu content of soft tissue.Diet influenced concentrations of P, Ca and Na in bone and affected the relationship of bone Fe to carcass weight. Due to their later stage of maturity at the same carcass weight, Angus had less K and more Ca, Na and Zn in bone than Holsteins. Carcass weight had no influence on K, P, Mg, Na, Cu or Mn content of bone.These data provide baseline values for future studies, show that breed mature size differences in mineral concentrations of soft tissue and carcass bone may exist and that diet may influence concentration of soft tissue Na and some bone minerals.
Herbage yields of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) accessions in a humid tropical environment as affected by pruning management
Authors: Cobbina J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwelve accessions of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.) were grown on an Alfisol in a humid ecozone in Nigeria in 1989. At 4 and 8 months after planting (MAP), the primary growth was cut to determine the effect of age at first pruning on stump survival and coppice regrowth, and also on total herbage yield in a 12-month pruning cycle. It was clear that a height of 3 m or more is adequate for pigeonpea to receive its first cut with only 10% stool mortalities. Cutting the primary shoot at 8 MAP (in the dry season) ensured greater stump survival and also stimulated rapid coppice shoot regrowth, indicating the advantage of coppicing in the dry season and also at maturity. The total leaf and wood dry matter (DM) production in a 12-month cycle is greatest if the primary shoot was first cut at 8 MAP. This suggests that allowing the trees to become established is beneficial in the pruning management of pigeonpea. Accessions 11563 and 11575 have the ability to produce 7 t/ha of leaf DM from two prunings when first cut at 8 MAP, and significantly outperformed the local variety. The study revealed that pigeonpea does not coppice well and its biomass yields are much lower than that of Leucaena leucocephala.
Diet-induced variation in acetate metabolism of ovine perirenal adipose tissuein vitro
Authors: Scollan N. D. , Jessop N. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSixteen Blackface wether lambs (25–27 kg) were fed for 9 weeks on diets based on either barley (B) or sugarbeet pulp (S), with either a low or high protein content. A constant amount of metabolizable energy (ME) was given at twice maintenance level. At one stage the animals were fed frequently and blood was sampled over a 24 h period. Plasma was assayed for acetate, glucose and insulin. After slaughter, the metabolism of acetate to CO2and lipid was investigated in perirenal adipocytesin vitro.Frequent feeding helped to achieve near-steady-state conditions. Carbohydrate source influenced plasma acetate (P< 0·08) but not glucose or insulin. Level of protein in the diet influenced plasma acetate, higher concentrations of acetate were associated with lower levels of protein (P< 0·01). Acetate oxidation and incorporation into lipid was influenced by the concentrations of acetate, glucose and insulin in the incubation media (P< 0·001). Acetate oxidation was influenced by carbohydrate source (P< 0·05), whereas level of protein in the diet affected acetate incorporation into lipid (P< 0·05).These results show how the balance of nutrients provided to a ruminant for metabolism may influence selected plasma parameters and the metabolism of acetate by adipose tissue, which may help to explain the reduced efficiency of ME utilization from more fibrous diets.
Assessment of the proportion of chemical fat in the bodies of live sheep
Authors: Guerra J. C. , Thwaites C. J. , Edey T. N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe ability of subjectively assessed body condition scores, direct measurements of backfat depth, and an objective body condition index (based on the size/weight relationship), to predict the proportion of chemical fat in the body of the live sheep was investigated in three groups of Merino ewes. All three techniques possessed a similar, and practically acceptable ability to predict the proportion of chemical fat in the fleece-free empty body. However, both live weight and fleece-free empty body weight possessed similar predictive powers, and the method of choice in any particular situation could thus be determined by the availability of weighing facilities and the need for speed, objectivity and for minimizing interference with the experimental animals.
Investigations into the intensive system of grassland management.
Authors: Watson S. J. 
Published: March 2009

It is possible to make ensilage of high digestibility from grass in a tower silo. The loss by drainage is negligible and can in all probability be avoided entirely.The losses due to fermentation are not high and the final product is a highly nutritious foodstuff.The fact that all the silage with the exception of the uppermost layer, which was not expected to be used for feeding but merely as a protective layer, has been fed and was eaten readily is proof of the ease with which grass silage of high feeding value can be made in a tower silo if adequate precautions are taken.
Factors affecting the yield and quality of milk. II. Variations in successive lactations
Authors: Glen J. , M'Candlish Andrew C. 
Published: March 2009

1. Milk and butterfat production rise to about the sixth lactation, but beyond the fifth lactation the increase may be neglected.2. The lactation of maximum production may be taken as the fifth which corresponds to 7 years of age.3. Beyond the fifth lactation the milk and butterfat yields vary irregularly but show a downward tendency.4. The fat yield shows either a fall or only a very small increase in the second lactation.5. The fat percentage is highest in the first lactation, drops markedly in the second, remains fairly steady for a few lactations, though with a slight downward tendency, and then falls off in the higher lactations.6. Results obtained by applying correction factors for either age or lactation are quite comparable and choice in the method to be used will depend largely on the original data available.
The influence of a low and high calcium diet on the development and chemical composition of the skeleton in swine
Authors: Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

(1) The skeletons of young pigs on a ration composed mainly of cereal grains but with the addition of cod-liver oil show a very distinct lack of calcification, the percentage of ash being about 12 per cent. lower than in the bones of normal animals.(2) Calcification of the bones proceeds up to maturity. A difference of about 360 gm. tricalcic phosphate was found between the same mature bones of normal and calcium-deficient animals.(3) The ratio of lime to phosphate is almost the same in the different bones of the same individual as well as in the normal and rachitic bones of swine. The main characteristic of the bones in low-calcium rickets is a low-ash content, but the composition of the ash is normal.
Variation in harvest index of maize (Zea mays) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown in a marginal rainfall area of Kenya
Authors: Pilbeam C. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYMaize (Zea mays L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown in five seasons, beginning in the long rains 1990 and ending in the short rains 1992, at Kiboko, Kenya under a range of different management conditions (N fertilization, irrigation, population density and intercropping). Seed weight was plotted against total dry weight to determine harvest index for both crops. For bean the intercept of this relationship for each experiment, with one exception, was not significantly different from zero, so that the slopes of the regressions were the harvest indices. Harvest indices for bean varied more between seasons (0·38–00·85) than from the effects of management practices (00·53–0·71). Over all seasons and treatments, the index for bean did not vary systematically with crop weight, and averaged 0·50. By contrast, a similar analysis for maize over all seasons and treatments, showed that the harvest index varied with crop dry weight, approaching an asymptotic value as dry weight increased. The regression intercepts for the different experiments were significantly different from each other, and in three cases differed significantly from zero. Therefore, although the slopes for the different experiments were parallel, they did not always represent the harvest index.
Transfers of detainees: legal framework,non-refoulementand contemporary challenges
Authors: Droege Cordula 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe article outlines the legal framework that governs transfers of individuals, and in particular the international law principle ofnon-refoulementand other obstacles to transfers. The author addresses some of the new legal and practical challenges arising in detention and transfers in the context of multinational operations abroad and analyses the contemporary practice of transfer agreements.
Cosmic-Ray Detection Based on Gray-Scale Morphology of Spectroscopic CCD Images
Authors: Zhu Jia , Zhu Zhangqin , Wang Chong , Ye Zhongfu 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDetection of cosmic-ray hits is important because of their disturbing effects on image processing. An algorithm based on gray-scale morphology to detect cosmic-rays in single spectroscopic CCD images is presented in this paper. Based on the morphological differences between cosmic-ray hits and spectra, the operations of erosion and dilation are used to deal with images successively, with appropriate structuring elements. Points of cosmic-ray hits can be detected by analyzing the variation between data pre- and post-operation. Examples of the algorithm are given at the end of this paper, with several groups of both simulated LAMOST images and observed SDSS images to show its performance.
High‐Sensitivity Detection of Fruit Tree Viruses Using Bacterial Magnetic Particles
Authors: Chen Ji‐Feng , Li Ying , Wang Zhen‐Fang , Li Ji‐Lun , Jiang Wei , Li Shao‐Hua 
Published: March 2009

Abstract Prunus necrotic ring spot virus (PNRSV) and grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) were detected by fluoroimmunoassay using bacterial magnetic particles (BMPs), and a double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS‐ELISA). For the fluoroimmunoassay, fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled anti‐PNRSV antibody or anti‐GFLV antibody was conjugated onto BMPs of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR‐1. With this method, a very low minimum antigen concentration (1 × 106 dilution of the original sample concentration) could be detected. Using DAS‐ELISA, the minimum antigen detection concentration was the original sample concentration. Thus, comparing these two methods, a BMP‐based method could increase the sensitivity up to six orders of magnitude (106) higher than an ELISA‐based method of detection PNRSV and GFLV.