bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual differences in the interpretation of text: Implications for information science
Authors: Morris Jane 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMany tasks in library and information science (e.g., indexing, abstracting, classification, and text analysis techniques such as discourse and content analysis) require text meaning interpretation, and, therefore, any individual differences in interpretation are relevant and should be considered, especially for applications in which these tasks are done automatically. This article investigates individual differences in the interpretation of one aspect of text meaning that is commonly used in such automatic applications: lexical cohesion and lexical semantic relations. Experiments with 26 participants indicate an approximately 40% difference in interpretation. In total, 79, 83, and 89 lexical chains (groups of semantically related words) were analyzed in 3 texts, respectively. A major implication of this result is the possibility of modeling individual differences for individual users. Further research is suggested for different types of texts and readers than those used here, as well as similar research for different aspects of text meaning.
Plant‐microbe symbioses: new insights into common roots
Authors: Lima Pedro T. , Faria Vitor G. , Patraquim Pedro , Ramos Alessandro C. , Feijó José A. , Sucena Élio 
Published: September 2009

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), a type of plant‐fungal endosymbiosis, and nodulation, a bacterial‐plant endosymbiosis, are the most ubiquitous symbioses on earth. Recent findings have established part of a shared genetic basis underlying these interactions. Here, we approach root endosymbioses through the lens of the homology and modularity concepts aiming at further clarifying the proximate and ultimate causes for the establishment of these biological systems. We review the genetics that underlie interspecific signaling and its concomitant shift in genetic programs for either partner. Also, through the comparative analysis of genetic modules shared by AM and nodulation symbioses, we identify fundamental nodes in these networks, suggesting the elemental steps that may have permitted symbiotic adaptation. Here, we show that this approach, allied to recent technical advances in the study of genetic systems architecture, can provide clear testable hypotheses for the advancement of our understanding on the evolution and development of symbiotic systems.
How depolymerization can promote polymerization: the case of actin and profilin
Authors: Yarmola Elena G. , Bubb Michael R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRapid polymerization and depolymerization of actin filaments in response to extracellular stimuli is required for normal cell motility and development. Profilin is one of the most important actin‐binding proteins; it regulates actin polymerization and interacts with many cytoskeletal proteins that link actin to extracellular membrane. The molecular mechanism of profilin has been extensively considered and debated in the literature for over two decades. Here we discuss several accepted hypotheses regarding the mechanism of profilin function as well as new recently emerged possibilities. Thermal noise is routine in molecular world and unsurprisingly, nature has found a way to utilize it. An increasing amount of theoretical and experimental research suggests that fluctuation‐based processes play important roles in many cell events. Here we show how a fluctuation‐based process of exchange diffusion is involved in the regulation of actin polymerization.
Belief versus acceptance: Why do people not believe in evolution?
Authors: Williams James D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDespite being an established and accepted scientific theory for 150 years, repeated public polls show that evolution is not believed by large numbers of people. This essay examines why people do not accept evolution and argues that its poor representation in some science textbooks allows misconceptions, established and reinforced in early childhood, to take hold. There is also a lack of up‐to‐date examples of evidence for evolution in school textbooks. Poor understanding by science graduates and teachers of the nature of science and incorrect definitions by them of key terminology, serve only to undermine efforts to improve public understanding of evolution. This paper has several recommendations, including the introduction of evolution to primary age children and a call to bring evolution back as the central tenet of biology.
Transgastric hybrid cholecystectomy
Authors: Dallemagne B , Perretta S , Allemann P , Asakuma M , Marescaux J 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
Clinical application of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery is under investigation. Preliminary results of transvaginal cholecystectomy in women and associated technical issues have been described. The technique and initial results of hybrid transgastric cholecystectomy are now reported.

Methods
Five patients aged 18–60 years with uncomplicated cholelithiasis underwent transgastric cholecystectomy in a prospective intention-to-treat study that included the option of transparietal assistance (hybrid technique) if needed. The gastrotomy was created under laparoscopic guidance through a 5-mm umbilical trocar, which also served to expose the gallbladder, clip the cystic pedicle and close the gastrotomy. Cholecystectomy was carried out using flexible instruments through the endoscope, alone or in combination with laparoscopic instruments.

Results
The procedure was successful in all patients with a median operating time of 150 (range 120–180) min. Transparietal assistance was necessary in all patients. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications.

Conclusion
Until technical issues have been resolved, a hybrid procedure with liberal use of transparietal assistance is the safest and most efficient approach for transgastric cholecystectomy. Further studies are essential to evaluate the role of this new approach.
Systematic review of atraumatic splenic rupture
Authors: Renzulli P , Hostettler A , Schoepfer A M , Gloor B , Candinas D 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackgroundAtraumatic splenic rupture (ASR) is an ill defined clinicopathological entity.MethodsThe aim was to characterize aetiological and risk factors for ASR-related mortality in order to aid disease classification and treatment. A systematic literature review (1980–2008) was undertaken and logistic regression analysis employed.ResultsSome 632 publications reporting 845 patients were identified. The spleen was normal in 7·0 per cent (atraumatic–idiopathic rupture). One, two or three aetiological factors were found in 84·1, 8·2 and 0·7 per cent respectively (atraumatic–pathological rupture). Six major aetiological groups were defined: neoplastic (30·3 per cent), infectious (27·3 per cent), inflammatory, non-infectious (20·0 per cent), drug- and treatment-related (9·2 per cent) and mechanical (6·8 per cent) disorders, and normal spleen (6·4 per cent). Treatment comprised total splenectomy (84·1 per cent), organ-preserving surgery (1·2 per cent) or conservative measures (14·7 per cent). The ASR-related mortality rate was 12·2 per cent. Splenomegaly (P = 0·040), age above 40 years (P = 0·007) and neoplastic disorders (P = 0·008) were associated with increased ASR-related mortality on multivariable analysis.ConclusionThe condition can be classified simply into atraumatic–idiopathic (7·0 per cent) and atraumatic-pathological (93·0 per cent) splenic rupture. Splenomegaly, advanced age and neoplastic disorders are associated with increased ASR-related mortality.
DNA as genetic material: Revisiting classic experiments through a simple, practical class
Authors: Malagó Wilson , Soares‐Costa Andrea , Henrique‐Silva Flávio 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn 1928, Frederick Griffith demonstrated a transmission process of genetic information by transforming Pneumococcus. In 1944, Avery et al. demonstrated that Griffith's transforming principle was DNA. We revisited these classic experiments in a practical class for undergraduate students. Both experiments were reproduced in simple, adapted forms. Griffith's experiment was reproduced by mixing heat‐killed, ampicillin‐resistant E. coli with live ampicillin‐susceptible E. coli, followed by plating samples in the presence or absence of the antibiotic. Cells were also plated separately as controls. Avery's work was reproduced by treating a purified plasmid harboring the ampicillin resistance gene with DNase I. Treated and untreated plasmids were then used to transform E. coli cells, which were plated in culture media containing ampicillin. The students received a class guide for understanding and performing the experiments. The original articles by Griffith and Avery et al. were also provided, along with a list of questions to encourage a discussion on the experimental approach and results. The expected results were obtained and the students successfully revisited the classic experiments, which revealed that DNA is genetic material. The class was very well accepted, as indicated by students' evaluations. Thus, we presented a quick, inexpensive class involving important concepts, which can be easily reproduced in any laboratory with minor resources.
Development and validation of a UPLC‐UV method for the determination of daptomycin in rabbit plasma
Authors: Gikas Evagelos , Bazoti Fotini N. , Fanourgiakis Panagiotis , Perivolioti Efstathia , Roussidis Andreas , Skoutelis Athanasios , Tsarbopoulos Anthony 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDaptomycin (DPT) is a lipopeptide antibiotic with potent bactericidal activity in vitro against Gram‐positive bacteria, which has attracted the attention of the scientific community due to its unique mechanism of action and due to the immediate need for new antibiotics in the era of multidrug resistance. In order to assess its pharmacokinetics in rabbits a new analytical method has been developed and validated using ultra performance liquid chromatography in conjugation with ultraviolet detection for the quantitation of the antibiotic in rabbit plasma, using the internal standard methodology. The separation was achieved employing a C18 column with gradient elution using 0.1% aq. trifluoroacetic acid and methanol. The total analysis time was 2.5 min. The sample pretreatment employed protein precipitation with acetonitrile–methanol mixture and centrifugation. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, robustness, short‐term and freeze–thaw stability and was applied to the quantification of DPT in plasma samples obtained from rabbits treated with 25 mg kg−1 DPT. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urinary metabolic profiling of volatile organic compounds in acute exposed volunteers after an oil spill in Republic of Korea
Authors: Lee Jeongae , Kim Min‐hwa , Ha Mina , Chung Bong Chul 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTheHerbei Spiritoil spill occurred in western Korea. A large number of people who participated in the cleanup tasks of the contaminated area were exposed to crude oil component. We developed a method to monitor volatile organic compound (VOC) metabolites in urine, and evaluate the acute exposure caused by the oil spill in exposed volunteer workers (n= 100, 20.7 ± 2.1 years, mean ± SD). Acidified urine samples were extracted by SPE, derivatized with trimethylsilyl, and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Calibration curves were found to be linear from 3 to 1000 ng/mL (r2> 0.993). Accuracy was over 82.4%, and precision was less than 24.8%. Using this method, the VOC metabolites, except hippuric acid, were present at higher levels in the urine samples of volunteers after cleanup work. The levels of mandelic acid (MA) andtrans,trans‐muconic acid (t,t‐MU) were increased significantly (p< 0.001). The exposure effect was greater in women than in men. The effect of smoking was analyzed in all exposed and non‐exposed groups, with non‐smokers showing increased MA andt,t‐MU levels related to exposure. The present method was reliable to determine VOC metabolites in urine and could be useful for biomonitoring of acute exposure effects of VOCs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐accidental injury and bone fragility disorders: the need for a multidisciplinary perspective
Authors: Onyon Clare , Rabb Leigh , Debelle Geoff 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA case is presented of a child who was initially diagnosed with osteogenesis imperfecta following a skull fracture. However, she later presented with multiple fractures and soft tissue injuries which were considered to be due to non‐accidental injury. It can be perplexing distinguishing accidental and non‐accidental injury in children where a bone fragility disorder has been suspected. A combination of a careful review of the history, a thorough examination and expert review of the radiology is imperative. DNA testing can be helpful. Multidisciplinary case review, taking into account the social history and any concerns professionals have about the family, is invaluable in informing a difficult diagnosis. In this context, there is a definite role for other agencies in challenging the diagnosis or exclusion of non‐accidental injury. Professionals should be willing to challenge the exclusion of non‐accidental injury when such exclusion is not evidence based. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of socioeconomic status on prostate cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
Authors: Rapiti Elisabetta , Fioretta Gerald , Schaffar Robin , Neyroud‐Caspar Isabel , Verkooijen Helena M. , Schmidlin Franz , Miralbell Raymond , Zanetti Roberto , Bouchardy Christine 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of socioeconomic disparities on prostate cancer presentation, treatment, and prognosis in Geneva, Switzerland, in which healthcare costs, medical coverage, and life expectancy are considered to be among the highest in the world.METHODS:This population‐based study included all patients diagnosed with invasive prostate cancer among the resident population between 1995 and 2005. Patients were divided into 3 socioeconomic groups according to their last known occupation. Compared were patient and tumor characteristics and treatment patterns between socioeconomic groups. Cox multivariate regression analysis was used to assess and explain socioeconomic inequalities in prostate cancer‐specific mortality.RESULTS:Compared with patients of high socioeconomic class, those of low socioeconomic class were more often foreigners, were found less frequently to have screen‐detected cancer, were found to have a more advanced stage of disease at diagnosis, and less often had information regarding disease characteristics and staging. These patients underwent prostatectomy less frequently and were more often managed with watchful waiting. The risk of dying as a result of prostate cancer (hazards ratio [HR]) in patients of a low versus high socioeconomic status was increased 2‐fold (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.5‐2.6). After adjustment for patient and tumor characteristics and treatment, the mortality risk was no longer found to be significantly increased (HR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8‐1.6).CONCLUSIONS:In the current study, patients of low socioeconomic class were found to be at increased risk of dying as a result of their prostate cancer. This increased mortality is largely attributable to delayed diagnosis, poor diagnostic workup, and less invasive treatments in these individuals. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
A probabilistic approach for earthquake potential evaluation based on the load/unload response ratio method
Authors: Yu Huai‐Zhong , Zhu Qing‐Yong 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPrevious studies indicate that the occurrence of a large earthquake might be predicted by anomalous temporal increase of the load/unload response ratio (LURR), which was often defined as the ratio of Benioff strain of small earthquakes released during loading and unloading time periods, corresponding to earth tide‐induced Coulomb failure stress change on optimally oriented faults. The conventional LURR anomalous evaluation usually sets a critical LURR value, above which an earthquake may occur. In this paper a probabilistic approach for the evaluation of earthquake potential based on the LURR method is developed. In the approach, the occurrence probability of a future earthquake is quantitatively evaluated by assessing the confidence level of LURR anomaly associated with its stochastic distribution. As retrospective studies, we apply the approach to investigate the time series of LURR prior to the 50M>6.3 earthquakes that occurred in the Chinese mainland and the 21M>6.0 earthquakes in southern California over the past 30 years, and find high correlation between the confidence level of the LURR anomalies and the occurrence of the large earthquakes. We then depict all the high peaks that appeared in the LURR time series, and evaluate the earthquake occurrence rate as a function of the confidence level. The research results show considerable promise that our probabilistic approach may provide a useful tool to evaluate quantitatively the occurrence possibilities of future earthquakes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imidazoline‐N‐oxyl: A DFT Study of Its Protonation Reaction
Authors: Chenesseau Sandrine , Ferré Nicolas , Marque Sylvain R. A. , Siri Didier 
Published: September 2009

AbstractImidazoline‐based nitroxides are developed as pH probes. Their pKa values vary over a wide range (from 1 to 11), depending on the substituents attached to the five‐membered cyclic nitroxide. Density functional calculations using the PBE1PBE method at the 6‐31+G(d,p) level, combined with natural bond orbital (NBO), frontier molecular orbital (FMO), geometry, Mulliken charge, and thermodynamic analyses, are carried out to disclose the effects involved in the changes in pKa. The studies show that the decrease of seven pKa units from pyrrolidine (11) to imidazoline‐N‐oxyl 8 is due to the inductive electron‐withdrawing capacity of the nitroxyl group. On the other hand, by combining both the inductive and mesomeric electron‐withdrawing capacities of the NO2 group with delocalization of the lone pair on the amino N atom of the π system of the vinyl linker, the pKa of 4.5 of 8 was increased by around three units to 7.8 for 1/2.
On the ν1/2 ν2 Resonance in the Complex of Carbon Dioxide with Dimethyl Ether
Authors: Herrebout Wouter A. , Nagels Nick , van der Veken Benjamin J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractInfrared and Raman spectra of solutions in liquid argon and krypton containing dimethyl ether or its fully deuterated isotopomer and 12CO2 or 13CO2 are investigated. The spectra lead to new data on the ν1/2 ν2 resonances appearing in the complex of CO2 with the ether. The experimental data, and their interpretation, is supported by MP2/6‐311++G(2d,2p) calculations of the cubic and quartic force constants and of the first and higher order dipole moment derivatives required for the modelling of the Fermi and Darling‐Dennison resonances observed.
Properties of InAs co‐doped ZnO thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Elanchezhiyan J. , Shin B. C. , Lee W. J. , Park S. H. , Kim S. C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractInAs co‐doped ZnO films were grown on sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The grown films have been characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Hall effect measurements, Atomic force microscope (AFM) and Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) in order to investigate the structural, electrical, morphological and elemental properties of the films respectively. XRD analysis showed that all the films were highly orientated along the c‐axis. It was observed from Hall effect measurements that InAs co‐doped ZnO films were of n‐type conductivity. In addition, the presence of In and As has been confirmed by Energy dispersive X‐ray analysis. AFM images revealed that the surface roughness of the films was decreased upon the co‐doping. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Diabetes in Japan: a review of disease burden and approaches to treatment
Authors: Neville Susan E. , Boye Kristina S. , Montgomery William S. , Iwamoto Kazuya , Okamura Masato , Hayes Risa P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn recent years there has been rapid growth in diabetes in Japan which now is one of the nations most affected by the worldwide diabetes epidemic. Diabetes has been identified as a healthcare priority by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW). Type 1 diabetes is rare in Japan, and type 2 diabetes predominates in both adults and children. The growth in diabetes is due to increases in the number of people with type 2 diabetes associated with increased longevity and lifestyle changes. Approximately 13.5% of the Japanese population now has either type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. This high prevalence of type 2 diabetes is associated with a significant economic burden, with diabetes accounting for up to 6% of the total healthcare budget. The costs of diabetes are increased in patients with co‐morbidities such as hypertension and hyperlipidaemia and in patients who develop complications, of which retinopathy has the highest cost. Costs increase with increasing number of complications. Current guidelines from the Japan Diabetes Society (JDS) recommend a target HbA1c of 6.5% for glycaemic control. This is achieved in approximately one third of patients with type 2 diabetes, and Japanese patients typically have lower HbA1c than patients in Western countries (e.g. US, UK). Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes have better adherence with diet and exercise recommendations than their peers in Western countries. Sulfonylureas have been the most widely prescribed first‐line treatment for type 2 diabetes, although there is increasing use of combination therapy and of insulin. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.