bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on type C influenza virus in the chick embryo
Authors: Jennings Roy , Freeman M. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of varying conditions of inoculation and incubation on the growth of type C influenza virus in the allantoic cavity of the developing chick embryo were investigated. It was found that the highest yields of both virus haemagglutinin and infectious virus were obtained following the inoculation of chick embryos at 8 days with subsequent incubation at 32° C. Using the chick embryo allantoic cavity for titration of infectious virus, growth curves of allantoically propagated virus under varying inoculation and incubation conditions were determined.
Interferon induction by influenza type C
Authors: Jennings Roy 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe presence of a heat-stable interferon-like inhibitor in allantoic and amniotic fluids collected from chick embryos infected with type C influenza virus was determined. This inhibitorwas characterized as an interferon and the ability of both live and ultra-violet-irradiated influenza type C virus to induce the substance was examined under various conditions.
Some consequences of the multiple infection of cell cultures by TRIC organisms
Authors: Blyth W. A. , Taverne Janice 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn BHK 21 cells infected with more than one TRIC organism the inclusions coalesce so that 30 hr. after infection only one inclusion per cell remains. Six hours after infection the cells are as susceptible to further infection as uninfected cells.
An unusual plaque variant of rubella virus
Authors: Gould Janine J. , Laurence Gwenneth D. , Butler M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn a comparative study of 24 different rubella virus strains, all but three formed small plaques in RK 13 cell cultures; of these one was the vaccine strain HPV-77, one was isolated from a congenitally infected infant, and the third was recovered from an adult who contracted severe rubella while handling this congenital strain. Whereas the plaque size of the vaccine strain was stable after further passage in cell culture, the plaque size of the other two rapidly diminished when the virus was passed in monkey kidney cells, and one of them was also reduced by passage in RK 13 cells. Cell culture passage of the typical small plaque strains did not result in altered plaque size.
Host specificities of RNA phages
Authors: Dennison Sheena , Hedges R. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYHost ranges of members of four groups of male-specific RNA coliphages were determined by plating on hosts carrying various derepressed plasmids. An RNA phage originally isolated onPseudomonas aeruginosafailed to form plaques on any of the strains ofEscherichia coli.
Contamination of an operating theatre by Gram-negative bacteria. Examination of water supplies, cleaning methods and wound infections
Authors: Thomas Mair E. M. , Piper Elizabeth , Maurer Isobel M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThis paper describes a search for Gram-negative bacteria in an operating theatre and the steps taken to reduce the level of environmental contamination.A high rate of infection in clean wounds prompted a bacteriological survey. Potential sources of infection found, and the measures employed are described in the hope that others may be encouraged to examine familiar equipment critically and to improve hygiene even in old premises.The choice, design, use and care of cleaning and sterilizing equipment were open to criticism. In particular, a currently popular floor-scrubbing machine provided a breeding ground for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and was distributing it in the theatre environment.
Detection of Bordetella pertussis antibodiesin human sera by complement-fixation and immunofluorescence
Authors: Bradstreet C. M. Patricia , Tannahill Agnes J. , Edwards Joan M. B. , Benson P. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe complement-fixation test, as commonly used in the diagnosis of viral infections, was studied for its possible application to the diagnosis of whooping cough and the detection of antibody following pertussis vaccination. The results were compared with those obtained in parallel immunofluorescence tests. CFTs were performed on sera from 41 patients with whooping cough (Bordetella pertussis isolated), 125 vaccinated persons, and 618 controls; parallel tests by IP were made on sera from 24 cases of whooping cough, 36 vaccinated persons and 37 controls. Results of both tests correlated closely and showed that titres of diagnostic significance were seldom found in control sera. They also showed that, in patients suffering from whooping cough, antibody in a single specimen or a rise in antibody between paired sera was almost always demonstrated. Titres in general were lower in infants less than 6 months of age. IgG antibodies were involved in both tests. Although the number of sera tested was small both tests appear to be reliable as means of demonstrating the presence of antibody formed during the course of infection and after vaccination.
Bacteriuria in a Scottish island community. A comparison of chemical and cultural tests for bacteriuria applied in remote surroundings
Authors: Calvert F. R. , Hawthorne V. M. , Mann P. G. , Sandys G. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFour hundred and thirty-eight overtly healthy adults on Tiree were screened for bacteriuria by dip-inoculum culture and a tetrazolium reductase test.Dip-inoculum culture affords a simple and effective means of providing a service in quantitative urine bacteriology for communities remote from a laboratory.The pattern of bacteriuria on Tiree is much the same as in other communities surveyed. Criteria are discussed for assessing the sensitivity of the tetrazolium test in terms of quantitative urine culture.
Salmonellas on pig farms and in abattoirs
Authors: Lee J. A. , Ghosh A. C. , Mann P. G. , Tee G. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSalmonella infection on two pig farms and its relation to infection in pigs at slaughter was studied. On the first farm feed ingredients were mixed on the farm, and these included fish meal which was found to be contaminated with salmonellas. The feed was pumped to pigs in liquid form. There was a high salmonella isolation rate at slaughter when the contaminated fish meal was fed hi liquid feed, but it was significantly lower when no fish meal was fed to the pigs examined at slaughter. In some instances the same serotypes were found in fish meal and pig excreta on the farm and in caecal contents of the pigs at slaughter. No serotype was repeatedly isolated from any source and it appeared that the serotypes were not able to establish themselves in the pigs. It is concluded that infection found at slaughter originated on the farm where fish meal introduced and maintained infection. There was an opportunity for salmonellas to have multiplied in the liquid feed for several hours each day.On a second farm environmental conditions were similar, but feed was given in the form of ready-made pellets and nuts. Salmonellas were not isolated from the feed. At slaughter there was a significantly lower isolation rate than on the first farm.
Survival ofSalmonella typhiin sea-water
Authors: Nabbut Nassim H. , Kurayiyyah Fahd 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe bactericidal activity of natural sea-water onS. typhiis due to the combined effect of pH, salinity, toxic ions, presence of competitor and predator marine organisms, unidentified heat-labile toxic substances and competition for the limited food supply. Sea-water subjected to filtration and autoclaving lost the major part of its bactericidal activity. It is concluded that predators and competitors contribute significantly to the rapid death ofS. typhiin raw sea-water. The addition of peptone decreases the bactericidal activity of sea-water. The fluctuations in the total number of competitors and predators in sea-water together with the fluctuations in the concentration of heavy metal ions may be affected by various factors. Such fluctuations are probably responsible for the variable bactericidal action of different sea-water samples.Bathing in sewage-polluted sea-water carries with it a health risk in spite of the excessive dilution of pathogenic micro-organisms in the sea and the rapid self-purification process of sea-water. The natural purifying processes are incapable of coping with massive pollution problems and should not be relied on as the sole protection offered to users of sea-water.
Toxoplasma antibodies in the sera of immigrants to the United Kingdom from Asia and East Africa
Authors: Dodge J. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSera from 203 Asian immigrants to the United Kingdom were examined for toxoplasma antibodies. The antibody titres were not significantly different from those found in the indigenous population although there was some indication that a higher domestic animal–human contact in Asia was associated with a higher positivity rate.
Macquarie Island: the introduction of the European rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) as a possible vector for myxomatosis
Authors: Sobey W. E. , Adams K. M. , Johnston G. C. , Gould L. R. , Simpson K. N. G. , Keith K. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe European rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) was first released on Macquarie Island in December 1968. The flea has survived and bred on the island and about 30% of the rabbits sampled from the original release area in January 1972 were flea-infested.
Staphylococcal infection in an intensive-care unit, and its relation to infection in the remainder of the hospital
Authors: Harris D. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA survey of the staphylococcal infections occurring in a general hospital over a period of four and a half years showed that multiple-resistant strains of phage type 77 were endemic in the medical and surgical wards. Strains of this phage type were uncommon among patients attending the casualty department, and those found were usually either fully sensitive to antibiotics or resistant to benzyl-penicillin only. Regular monitoring of patients admitted to the intensive-care unit showed that 58 % of staphylococcal infections in such patients were present at the time of admission to the unit. Although the wards thus constituted a significant reservoir of infection for the intensive-care unit, there was no evidence to suggest that the return of patients from the unit to the wards was responsible for the transfer of infection in the opposite direction. The possibility of reducing the numbers of multiple-resistant staphylococci in the general wards, by the screening of all new admissions for the presence of tetracycline-resistant strains, appears to be impracticable in this area.
Preservation of Staphylococcus aureus with unstable antibiotic resistance by drying
Authors: Annear D. I. , Grubb W. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYCultures of Staphylococcus aureus showing unstable resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin, lincomycin and penicillin have been preserved by drying. Particular attention has been paid to organisms showing linked resistance to pairs of these antibiotics. Recoveries of viable cells from the desiccates was high and the proportion of resistant and sensitive cells was maintained both during storage and during heating. The preservation of the organisms on ceramic beads stored in air over silica gel promises to be an effective and convenient method for maintaining staphylococcal desiccates during studies of unstable antibiotic resistance.
Two community outbreaks of human infection with Yersinia enterocolitica
Authors: Asakawa Yutaka , Akahane Sousuke , Kagata Naoko , Noguchi Masateru , Sakazaki Riichi , Tamura Kazumichi 
Published: May 2009

SummaryTwo outbreaks of human infection with Yersinia enterocolitica in Shizuoka, Japan are described. This is the first report of community outbreaks of infection with this organism in Japan, and possibly in the world. All the strains isolated in each outbreak belonged to 0 antigen group 3, biotype 4, of the species. Despite much effort, the source and mode of spread of the infection were not established.
Isolation, ultrastructure and antigenicity ofMycoplasma gallisepticummembranes
Authors: Levisohn Sharon , Razin Shmuel 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe cell membrane ofMycoplasma gallisepticumwas isolated by lysing the cells with digitonin. Chemical and density-gradient analyses and electron microscopy showed the isolated membranes to be relatively free of cytoplasmic contaminants. The density of the membranes exceeded that of other mycoplasma membranes, indicating a higher protein content. Small vesicular extensions seen in the sectioned membranes were interpreted as empty blebs.The isolated membranes, but not the cytoplasmic fraction, elicited in chickens the production of growth-inhibiting, agglutinating and haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies toM. gallisepticumin titres resembling those obtained by injection of whole cells. The peak of the serological response varied with the serological test employed. The rapid slide-agglutination test became positive as early as 3 days after the first injection of only 50 μg. of membrane protein. The haemagglutination-inhibition antibody titre reached its peak at about 10 days after the first injection, while that of the growth-inhibiting antibodies was reached only at about 25 days. The addition of adjuvant to the membrane antigen did not improve the production of the growth-inhibiting antibodies in chickens, but it produced some improvement in rabbits. Our results support the thesis that the chief immunogens ofM. gallisepticumreside in the cell membrane of this organism.
Transfer of Staphylococcus aureus via nurses' uniforms
Authors: Hambraeus Anna 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe contamination of gowns and uniforms worn in a burns unit and the transfer of patient's staphylococci by means of nurses' uniforms was investigated. The median values of staphylococci found on gowns and jackets worn during a routine nursing procedure were 3·0 × 104 and 1·4 × 103 respectively. From the results of model nursing experiments it appeared as if the fraction of staphylococci transferred from a patient's room to the air in a receiving room was 4 to 10 times less when protective gowns were worn than when no gowns were worn. The corresponding transfer directly to the model ‘patient’ was 100 times less. The protection afforded by a gown seemed mainly to be due to protection against contamination of the uniform worn underneath when nursing a burned patient. The discrepancy between the transfer of an airborne particle tracer and Staph. aurats-carrying particles earlier found in the ward could be explained by the dispersal of Staph. aureus from nurses' clothing.
The effect of preadministration ofCorynebacterium parvumon the protection afforded by heat-killed and acetone-killed vaccines against experimental mouse typhoid
Authors: Cronly-Dillon Sujatha 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMice given an intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mg.Corynebacterium parvum(dry weight) before vaccination with heat-killed (HK) or acetone-killed (AK)Salmonella typhimuriumvaccine and later challenged intraperitoneally withS. typhimuriumstrain 1566, showed a statistically significant increase in mortality when compared with mice that had received onlyC. parvumbut no vaccine. They also showed a higher mortality rate than mice receiving only HK or AK vaccine or mice that had received no vaccine before challenge. Prior administration ofC. parvumto mice that are vaccinated with HK or AK vaccine appears to make them more susceptible to an intraperitoneal challenge withS. typhimurium. This was more apparent with HK vaccine than with AK vaccine.
Skin scales among airborne particles
Authors: Clark R. P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe air from a house and garden in a rural area has been sampled and the size distributions of the airborne particles have been determined. The particle concentrations are shown to be generally higher indoors. Changes in the particle concentration during various activities in a small room have been shown to be greatest for particles larger than 3 μm. diameter. Stereoscan microscopic observation has shown that many of the airborne particles in rooms and some from those in outside air appear to be scales of desquamated skin. The presence of protein in many of these particles complements the microscopic observations.
Swine vesicular disease: virological studies of experimental infections produced by the England/72 virus
Authors: Burrows R. , Mann J. A. , Goodridge D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPigs exposed to relatively small amounts of virus by intradermal inoculation of the feet or by skin scarification developed clinical disease. Large amounts of virus were recovered from samples taken from the nose, mouth, pharynx, rectum and the prepuce or vagina during the first week of infection and smaller amounts during the second week. Virus was recovered from the faeces of most animals 16 days after infection and from one animal for 23 days. Pigs in contact with inoculated animals were killed at intervals before the appearance of clinical disease. The distribution and amounts of virus in various tissues indicated that infection had most likely gained entry through the skin or the epithelia and mucosae of the digestive tract. Some pigs acquired subclinical infections in which no virus excretion was detected and no transmission of infection to susceptible pigs took place over a period of 5 weeks.
A virological study of post-vaccinal encephalitis
Authors: Terzin A. L. , Mašlć M. , Vuković B. , Mudrić V. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn the province of Voyvodina 18 cases of post-vaccinal encephalitis have been recorded, three of which were fatal.The estimated morbidity rate was 0·6 per 105 after revaccination, and 3·9 per 105 after primary vaccination. The virological studies described, as well as other findings referred to in this report, are consistent with the possibility of an autoimmune aetiology of the post-vaccinal encephalitis cases observed.
Recent trends in human salmonellosis in England and Wales: the epidemiology of prevalent serotypes other than Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Lee J. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn the period 1960–70 meat and poultry products caused over 70% of successfully investigated outbreaks of human salmonellosis. The number of human incidents of salmonellosis declined from 1960 to 1966, but then more than doubled between 1966 and 1971. This increase was mainly due to a threefold increase of incidents of salmonella serotypes other than Salmonella typhimurium. The serotypes which increased most and contributed significantly to this trend were S. enteritidis, S. panama, S. Stanley, S. virchow, S. Agona, S. 4,12:d:- and S. indiana.Strong evidence exists that these serotypes have a path of infection from animal feedingstuffs to the pig and poultry animal reservoirs to pork and poultry foods to man. Cattle appear to be a less important source than pigs and poultry and this may be because the nature and content of their feed is different.The importance of the control of the pig and poultry reservoirs of salmonella infections is stressed and a significant role of animal feedingstuffs in the maintenance of these reservoirs strongly suggested.
Selective elimination of Enterobacteriaceae species from the digestive tract in mice and monkeys
Authors: van der Waaij D. , Berghuis-de Vries J. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn mice and in monkeys, ‘selective’ elimination of Enterobacteriaceae species from the digestive tract of animals with a sensitive flora was accomplished by oral treatment with nalidixic acid (1 mg./g. body weight in mice and 0·4 mg./g. body weight in monkeys). During treatment, the concentration of enterococci (and also of Candida albicans in the monkey) remained unaltered. This indicates that the fraction of the anaerobic microflora which is responsible for the colonization resistance of the digestive tract is not affected by the treatment. An important consequence seems to be, that elimination of yeast and fungi with fungistatic drugs can be started at the same time as elimination of Enterobacteriaceae is attempted.
Virus isolations from patients in general practice, 1961–71
Authors: Higgins P. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDuring the period 1961–71 of 1785 viruses isolated from patients in the general population 503 (28%) were rhinoviruses, 465 (26%) influenza viruses, 248 (14%) enteroviruses, 234 (13%) herpes simplex virus, 132 (7%) parainfluenza viruses, 129 (7%) adenoviruses and 49 (3%) respiratory syncytial virus. Also isolated were 18 strains of mumps virus, 7 coronaviruses and 295 streptococci of groups A, C or G.Fluctuations were observed in the frequency with which respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus type 2, and the adenoviruses were isolated over the 10-year period.Influenza viruses types A and B, parainfluenza viruses types 1 and 2, respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses types 3, 4, 6, 7 and 21, and many enteroviruses were all associated with outbreaks.Infections with influenza viruses A and B and parainfluenza viruses types 1 and 2 came during the winter, whereas those with parainfluenza virus type 3, enteroviruses, and rhinoviruses were more frequently seen in the summer and early autumn.
Interactions of TRIC agents with macrophages: effects on lysosomal enzymes of the cell
Authors: Taverne Janice , Blyth W. A. , Ballard R. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTwo changes were observed in the acid phosphatase of macrophages that had ingested infective TRIC organisms: the proportion of extralysosomal enzyme rose, while the total amount in the cells fell. Both effects were directly related to the number of organisms ingested and increased with time. When macrophages were inoculated with more than 50 organisms per cell, changes were obvious within a few hours; with 2–10 organisms per cell changes were detectable only after 18 hr. or more. Enzyme appeared in the culture medium as the amount in the cells decreased. Ingestion of organisms killed by heat or treated with antibody did not induce such changes. In infected BHK-21 cells, no changes in acid phosphatase were detected at any stage of the developmental cycle of the organism.
The growth of salmonellas on cooked cured pork
Authors: Akman M. , Park R. W. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYWith the use of streptomycin-resistant mutants to facilitate recovery, 5 strains of 4 species ofSalmonellawere shown to grow rapidly at 22° C. on low salt ham even from an inoculum of 10–20 organisms.S. pullorumdid not grow well. All 6 strains ofSalmonellasurvived but did not grow on ‘high salt ham’. We conclude that cooked ham containing approximately 2·8 g. NaCl/100 g. H2O once infected is more likely to give rise to food poisoning than is ham with the higher salt content traditionally used.
Determination of the colonization resistance of the digestive tract of individual mice
Authors: van der Waaij D. , Berghuis J. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIt has been shown that it is possible to investigate the colonization resistance in individual mice by determining the concentration of a certain contaminant (S.R.-E. coli) in the faeces during the first 4 days after contamination. Experimental contamination is contra-indicated in many cases such as in individuals with decreased resistance to infection. Particularly in this group, the value of the colonization resistance should be determined. It appeared to be possible to determine the colonization resistance in such individuals by quantitative biotyping of the Enterobacteriaceae species in the faeces on several consecutive days.
A study of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains by complement fixation: II. A comparison of tube and microplate tests for the differentiation of strains
Authors: Forman A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSeveral foot-and-mouth disease virus strains were examined by complement-fixation tests in microplates and in tubes. It was established that the two systems are comparable, although greater reproducibility is obtained with tube tests. While microplate tests are a satisfactory method for the differentiation of strains, tube tests provide a more precise method for the identification of small antigenic differences.