bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interferon-γ–Dependent Infiltration of Human T Cells into Neuroblastoma TumorsIn vivo
Authors: Reid Gregor S.D. , Shan Xiaochuan , Coughlin Christina M. , Lassoued Wiem , Pawel Bruce R. , Wexler Leonard H. , Thiele Carol J. , Tsokos Maria , Pinkus Jack L. , Pinkus Geraldine S. , Grupp Stephan A. , Vonderheide Robert H. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPurpose: To investigate the impact of interferon-γ–mediated upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I expression on tumor-specific T-cell cytotoxicity and T-cell trafficking into neuroblastoma tumors in vivo.Experimental Design: Restoration of major histocompatibility complex class I expression by interferon-γ treatment enhances killing of neuroblastoma cells. To understand the potential of this approach in vivo, we developed a novel model of neuroblastoma in which NOD/scid/IL2Rγnull immunodeficient mice are engrafted with both human T cells and tumor cells.Results: Here, we show enhanced killing of neuroblastoma cells by patient-derived, tumor-specific T cells in vitro. In addition, interferon-γ treatment in vivo induces efficient upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I expression on neuroblastoma tumor cells, and this is accompanied by significantly enhanced infiltration of T cells into the tumor. In a pilot clinical trial in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma, we similarly observed augmented T-cell trafficking into neuroblastoma nests in tumor biopsy specimens obtained from patients after 5 days of systemic interferon-γ therapy.Conclusions: Interferon-γ overcomes critical obstacles to the killing of human neuroblastoma cells by specific T cells. Together, these findings provide a rationale for the further testing of interferon-γ as an approach for improving the efficacy of T cell–based therapies for neuroblastoma and other major histocompatibility complex class I–deficient malignancies. In addition, we describe a model that may expedite the preclinical screening of approaches aimed at augmenting T-cell trafficking into human tumors. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(21):6602–8)
The Novel Expanded Porphyrin, Motexafin Gadolinium, Combined with [90Y]Ibritumomab Tiuxetan for Relapsed/Refractory Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Preclinical Findings and Results of a Phase I Trial
Authors: Evens Andrew M. , Spies William G. , Helenowski Irene B. , Patton David , Spies Stewart , Jovanovic Borko D. , Miyata Sarah , Hamilton Elizabeth , Variakojis Daina , Chen Jun , Naumovski Louie , Rosen Steven T. , Winter Jane N. , Miller Richard A. , Gordon Leo I. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPurpose: Therapeutic strategies to enhance the efficacy of radioimmunotherapy have not been explored. Motexafin gadolinium is a novel anticancer agent that targets redox-dependent pathways and enhances sensitivity of tumor cells to ionizing radiation.Experimental Design: We did preclinical studies examining motexafin gadolinium combined with rituximab and/or radiation in lymphoma cells. We subsequently completed a phase I clinical trial combining escalating doses of motexafin gadolinium concurrently with standard [90Y]ibritumomab tiuxetan for patients with relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.Results: In HF1 lymphoma cells, motexafin gadolinium and rituximab resulted in synergistic cytotoxicity (combination index, 0.757) through a mitochondrial-mediated caspase-dependent pathway, whereas cell death in Ramos and SUDHL4 cells was additive. Motexafin gadolinium/rituximab combined with radiation (1-3 Gy) resulted in additive apoptosis. Twenty-eight of 30 patients were evaluable on the phase I clinical trial. Median age was 65 years (47-87 years), and histologies were marginal-zone (n = 1), mantle-cell (n = 3), diffuse large cell (n = 6), and follicular lymphoma (n = 18). Of all patients, 86% were rituximab refractory. Therapy was well tolerated, and no dose-limiting toxicity was seen. Overall response rate was 57% [complete remission (CR), 43%], with median time–to–treatment failure of 10 months (1-48+ months) and median duration-of-response of 17 months. Of note, all responses were documented at 4 weeks. Furthermore, in rituximab-refractory follicular lymphoma (n = 14), overall response rate was 86% (CR, 64%), with a median time–to–treatment failure of 14 months (2-48+ months).Conclusions: This represents the first report of a novel agent to be combined safely concurrently with radioimmunotherapy. Furthermore, tumor responses with [90Y]ibritumomab tiuxetan/motexafin gadolinium were prompt with a high rate of CRs, especially in rituximab-refractory follicular lymphoma. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(20):6462–71)
Comparative Impact of Trastuzumab and Cyclophosphamide on HER-2–Positive Human Breast Cancer Xenografts
Authors: Francia Giulio , Man Shan , Lee Chyan-Jang , Lee Christina R. , Xu Ping , Mossoba Miriam E. , Emmenegger Urban , Medin Jeffrey A. , Kerbel Robert S. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Purpose: Metronomic chemotherapy is a minimally toxic and frequently effective new treatment strategy that is beginning to show promising phase II clinical trial results, particularly for metastatic breast cancer when combined with various molecularly targeted antitumor agents. Here, we assessed a treatment strategy that uses trastuzumab plus daily oral metronomic cyclophosphamide on metastatic Her-2–positive human breast cancer models.
Experimental Design: Treatments were initiated on orthotopic transplanted primary tumors as well as established visceral metastatic disease of two independent Her-2–positive breast cancer models, both independently derived from the human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Outcome was assessed by noninvasive measurements of tumor cell–secreted human choriogonadotropin in the urine as a surrogate marker of relative tumor burden, or by whole body bioluminescent imaging, in addition to prolongation of survival.
Results: Orthotopic primary tumors responded to trastuzumab monotherapy with significant growth delays, whereas minimal antitumor effect was observed when mice with metastatic disease were treated. Nevertheless, trastuzumab showed a benefit in this latter setting when combined with metronomic low-dose cyclophosphamide as assessed by prolongation of survival. This benefit was similar to trastuzumab plus maximum tolerated dose cyclophosphamide, but was associated with lesser toxicity.
Conclusions: Trastuzumab combined with metronomic cyclophosphamide may be an effective long-term maintenance strategy for the treatment of Her-2–positive metastatic breast cancer. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(20):6358–66)
Increased Ectonucleotidase Expression and Activity in Regulatory T Cells of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Mandapathil Magis , Szczepanski Miroslaw J. , Szajnik Marta , Ren Jin , Lenzner Diana E. , Jackson Edwin K. , Gorelik Elieser , Lang Stephan , Johnson Jonas T. , Whiteside Theresa L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPurpose: Regulatory T cell (Treg) frequency and activity are increased in cancer patients and play a major role in tumor escape. Although disease progression is favored by the presence of Treg, mechanisms used by Treg to suppress antitumor immunity are unknown. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 are expressed in Treg and convert ATP into immunosuppressive adenosine. In this study, the involvement of the adenosinergic pathway in Treg-mediated suppression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients was evaluated.Experimental Design: HNSCC patients with an active disease (n = 19) and patients with no evident disease after therapy (n = 14) were studied. Ectonucleotidase expression on CD4+ T cells and CD4+CD25high Treg was evaluated by flow cytometry and compared with normal controls. Ectonucleotidase activity was also compared within these three groups. The data were analyzed for associations of ectonucleotidase expression/function with disease stage.Results: The percentages and expression levels of CD39 and CD73 in CD4+ T cells and Treg were greater in HNSCC than in normal controls and highest in patients with no evident disease. Patients' Treg hydrolyzed ATP at higher rates and produced higher levels of adenosine than normal controls' Treg. The increased frequency and enzymatic activity of CD4+CD39+ cells corresponded to increased adenosine-mediated suppression of effector T cells, which was partly inhibited by ARL67156, an ectonucleotidase inhibitor, and by ZM241385, a selective A2a/A2b receptor antagonist.Conclusions: CD39+ Treg frequency and adenosine-mediated suppression are significantly increased in HNSCC patients. The adenosinergic pathway is involved in Treg-mediated immunosuppression in cancer and its attenuation could be a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for patients with HNSCC. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(20):6348–57)
Overexpression of Prostate-Specific TMPRSS2(exon 0)-ERG Fusion Transcripts Corresponds with Favorable Prognosis of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Hermans Karin G. , Boormans Joost L. , Gasi Delila , van Leenders Geert J.H.L. , Jenster Guido , Verhagen Paul C.M.S. , Trapman Jan 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Purpose: To gain insight in the mechanism and clinical relevance of TMPRSS2-ERG expression in prostate cancer, we determined the specific characteristics of fusion transcripts starting at TMPRSS2 exon 1 and at a more upstream and less characterized exon 0.
Experimental Design: We used quantitative PCR analysis to investigate expression of wild-type TMPRSS2(exon 0) and TMPRSS2(exon 1) and of ERG fusion transcripts. Expression was tested in normal tissue samples, in prostate cancer cell lines and xenografts, and in fresh-frozen clinical prostate cancer samples (primary tumors and recurrences). Expression in clinical samples was correlated with disease progression.
Results: TMPRSS2(exon 0) and TMPRSS2(exon 1) transcripts were similarly androgen regulated in prostate cancer cell lines, but the expression levels of TMPRSS2(exon 1) were much higher. Comparison of expression in different tissues showed TMPRSS2(exon 0) expression to be much more prostate specific. In androgen receptor–positive prostate cancer xenografts, TMPRSS2(exon 1) transcripts were expressed at similar levels, but TMPRSS2(exon 0) transcripts were expressed at very variable levels. The same phenomenon was observed for TMPRSS2-ERG fusion transcripts. In clinical prostate cancers, the expression of TMPRSS2(exon 0)-ERG was even more variable. Expression of TMPRSS2(exon 0)-ERG transcripts was detected in 55% (24 of 44) of gene fusion–positive primary tumors but only in 15% (4 of 27) of gene fusion–positive recurrences and at much lower levels. Furthermore, in primary tumors, expression of TMPRSS2(exon 0)-ERG transcripts was an independent predictor of biochemical progression-free survival.
Conclusion: The expression of TMPRSS2(exon 0)-ERG fusion transcripts in prostate cancer is associated with a less-aggressive biological behavior. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(20):6398–403)
A Phase I Dose-Escalation Study of Danusertib (PHA-739358) Administered as a 24-Hour Infusion with and without Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in a 14-Day Cycle in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Cohen Roger B. , Jones Suzanne F. , Aggarwal Charu , von Mehren Margaret , Cheng Jonathan , Spigel David R. , Greco F. Anthony , Mariani Mariangela , Rocchetti Maurizio , Ceruti Roberta , Comis Silvia , Laffranchi Bernard , Moll Jurgen , Burris Howard A. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Purpose: This study was conducted to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the i.v. pan-aurora kinase inhibitor PHA-739358, danusertib, in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Experimental Design: In part 1, patients received escalating doses of danusertib (24-hour infusion every 14 days) without filgrastim (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, G-CSF). Febrile neutropenia was the dose-limiting toxicity without G-CSF. Further dose escalation was done in part 2 with G-CSF. Blood samples were collected for danusertib pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Skin biopsies were collected to assess histone H3 phosphorylation (pH3).
Results: Fifty-six patients were treated, 40 in part 1 and 16 in part 2. Febrile neutropenia was the dose-limiting toxicity in part 1 without G-CSF. Most other adverse events were grade 1 to 2, occurring at doses ≥360 mg/m2 with similar incidence in parts 1 and 2. The maximum tolerated dose without G-CSF is 500 mg/m2. The recommended phase 2 dose in part 2 with G-CSF is 750 mg/m2. Danusertib showed dose-proportional pharmacokinetics in parts 1 and 2 with a median half-life of 18 to 26 hours. pH3 modulation in skin biopsies was observed at ≥500 mg/m2. One patient with refractory small cell lung cancer (1,000 mg/m2 with G-CSF) had an objective response lasting 23 weeks. One patient with refractory ovarian cancer had 27% tumor regression and 30% CA125 decline.
Conclusions: Danusertib was well tolerated with target inhibition in skin at ≥500 mg/m2. Preliminary evidence of antitumor activity, including a partial response and several occurrences of prolonged stable disease, was seen across a variety of advanced refractory cancers. Phase II studies are ongoing. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(21):6694–701)
DNA Ploidy Cytometry Testing for Cervical Cancer Screening in China (DNACIC Trial): a Prospective Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Tong Hua , Shen Rong , Wang ZhuMing , Kan YanJing , Wang YiQuan , Li FengShan , Wang FuZhou , Yang Jie , Guo XiRong ,   for the Mass Cervical Cancer Screening Regimen Group (MACREG)
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Purpose: This randomized, controlled trial was designed to determine whether the DNA cytometry testing is superior to the conventional cytologic testing for mass cervical cancer screening.
Experimental Design: After approval by the institutional ethics review boards from three separate screening centers, a total of 23,993 Chinese women ages 20 to 65 years were randomly assigned into one of the two groups: a DNA cytometry testing group (11,999 women) and a cytologic testing group (11,994 women). Each woman underwent the other testing after first attending the assigned screening test. Women with positive results after assigned testing additionally underwent colposcopy and human papillomaviruses detections, and those with cervical precancerous or cancerous lesions received appropriate treatment. Sensitivity and specificity estimates were adjusted for verification bias. Analyses were by intention to treat and per protocol ways.
Results: In the cytometric DNA testing group, cervical cancer was diagnosed in 40 subjects, compared with 24 subjects in the cytologic testing group [hazard ratio for the detection of advanced cancer in the DNA cytometry testing group, 0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.27-0.60]. The sensitivity of the DNA cytometry testing for cervical cancer was 91.7% (95% CI, 64.3-95.8), whereas the sensitivity of cytologic testing was 44.5% (95% CI, 25.2-61.3; P = 0.008). The specificity was 54.1% (95% CI, 31.6-69.0) for DNA cytometry testing and 70.6% (95% CI, 46.8-82.5; P = 0.003) for cytologic testing. The sensitivity of both tests used together was 100%, and the specificity was 91.8%. A total of 187 subjects reported mild to severe adverse events after treatment with positive results in 319 women.
Conclusions: Our results highlight the benefit of the DNA cytometry testing strategy in mass cervical cancer screening with greater sensitivity and positive predicted value than the conventional cytologic testing in developing settings. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(20):6438–45)
Reconstitution of Amphiregulin–Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinomas Activates PTHrP Gene Expression and Contributes to Cancer-Mediated Diseases of the Bone
Authors: Gilmore Jennifer L. , Gonterman Ryan M. , Menon Keshav , Lorch Gwendolen , Riese David J. , Robling Alex , Foley John 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Parathyroid hormone–related protein (PTHrP) is the causative factor of the paraneoplastic syndrome humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) and it also contributes to osteolytic metastases, both of which are common complications of squamous carcinomas of the lung. Inhibition of autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling has been shown to reduce plasma calcium and PTHrP concentrations in two lung squamous cell carcinoma xenograft models of HHM. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which EGFR is activated and stimulates PTHrP gene expression in lung squamous carcinoma cell lines. Amphiregulin (AREG) was the only EGFR ligand that could be consistently detected in conditioned media from the SCC lines, and reduction of its expression either by siRNA or by precipitating antibody reduced PTHrP mRNA expression as effectively as EGFR-targeted inhibition. Using siRNA knockdown or inhibitors to upstream regulators of AREG shedding including TACE, Src/Lck, and Gi/o, also reduced PTHrP mRNA expression. We determined that blockade of autocrine AREG-EGFR signaling does not affect PTHrP mRNA stability. Of the three PTHrP promoters (P1, P2, and P3), P1 mRNA could be reduced by nearly 100% with an EGFR inhibitor, and both epidermal growth factor and AREG stimulated P1 mRNA by ∼5-fold. Finally, ectopic expression of EGFR in a receptor-low but AREG-expressing cell line increased PTHrP mRNA levels in vitro, and induced the capability to cause HHM and rapid osteolytic growth in vivo. Taken together, we provide evidence that AREG stimulation of EGFR results in high levels of PTHrP gene expression, contributing to cancer-associated bone pathology. (Mol Cancer Res 2009;7(10):1714–28)
Acquired Resistance to Combination Treatment with Temozolomide and ABT-888 Is Mediated by Both Base Excision Repair and Homologous Recombination DNA Repair Pathways
Authors: Liu Xuesong , Han Edward K. , Anderson Mark , Shi Yan , Semizarov Dimitri , Wang Gang , McGonigal Thomas , Roberts Lisa , Lasko Loren , Palma Joann , Zhu Gui-dong , Penning Thomas , Rosenberg Saul , Giranda Vincent L. , Luo Yan , Leverson Joel , Johnson Eric F. , Shoemaker Alexander R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMany established cancer therapies involve DNA-damaging chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Gain of DNA repair capacity of the tumor represents a common mechanism used by cancer cells to survive DNA-damaging therapy. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear enzyme that is activated by DNA damage and plays a critical role in base excision repair. Inhibition of PARP represents an attractive approach for the treatment of cancer. Previously, we have described the discovery and characterization of a potent PARP inhibitor, ABT-888. ABT-888 potentiates the activity of DNA-damaging agents such as temozolomide (TMZ) in a variety of preclinical models. We report here the generation of HCT116 cells resistant to treatment with TMZ and ABT-888 (HCT116R cells). HCT116R cells exhibit decreased H2AX phosphorylation in response to treatment with TMZ and ABT-888 relative to parental HCT116 cells. Microarray and Western blot studies indicate that HCT116R cells have decreased PARP-1 and elevated Rad51 expression levels. HCT116R cells are dependent on Rad51 for proliferation and survival, as shown by inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis upon treatment with Rad51 small interfering RNA. In addition, HCT116R cells are more resistant to radiation than the parental HCT116 cells. Our study suggests that cancer cells upregulate the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway to compensate for the loss of base excision repair, which may account for the observed resistance to treatment with TMZ and ABT-888. (Mol Cancer Res 2009;7(10):1686–92)
Looking Forward, Looking Back
Authors: Ong Michael K. , Mangione Carol M. , Romano Patrick S. , Zhou Qiong , Auerbach Andrew D. , Chun Alein , Davidson Bruce , Ganiats Theodore G. , Greenfield Sheldon , Gropper Michael A. , Malik Shaista , Rosenthal J. Thomas , Escarce José J. 
Published: October 2009

Background—Recent studies have found substantial variation in hospital resource use by expired Medicare beneficiaries with chronic illnesses. By analyzing only expired patients, these studies cannot identify differences across hospitals in health outcomes like mortality. This study examines the association between mortality and resource use at the hospital level, when all Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized for heart failure are examined.Methods and Results—A total of 3999 individuals hospitalized with a principal diagnosis of heart failure at 6 California teaching hospitals between January 1, 2001, and June 30, 2005, were analyzed with multivariate risk-adjustment models for total hospital days, total hospital direct costs, and mortality within 180-days after initial admission (“Looking Forward”). A subset of 1639 individuals who died during the study period were analyzed with multivariate risk-adjustment models for total hospital days and total hospital direct costs within 180-days before death (“Looking Back”). “Looking Forward” risk-adjusted hospital means ranged from 17.0% to 26.0% for mortality, 7.8 to 14.9 days for total hospital days, and 0.66 to 1.30 times the mean value for indexed total direct costs. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were −0.68 between mortality and hospital days, and −0.93 between mortality and indexed total direct costs. “Looking Back” risk-adjusted hospital means ranged from 9.1 to 21.7 days for total hospital days and 0.91 to 1.79 times the mean value for indexed total direct costs. Variation in resource use site ranks between expired and all individuals were attributable to insignificant differences.Conclusions—California teaching hospitals that used more resources caring for patients hospitalized for heart failure had lower mortality rates. Focusing only on expired individuals may overlook mortality variation as well as associations between greater resource use and lower mortality. Reporting values without identifying significant differences may result in incorrect assumption of true differences.
The cannabinoid CB1 receptor is involved in the anxiolytic, sedative and amnesic actions of benzodiazepines
Authors: García-Gutiérrez María S , Manzanares Jorge 
Published: October 2009

Previous studies in our laboratory showed that cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice (CB1-/-) presented increased anxiety-like behaviours that did not respond to the anxiolytic actions of benzodiazepines. These results suggest that the pharmacological effects of benzodiazepines may involve the participation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of alprazolam and the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 on behavioural assays (light—dark box test, neurological severity score and step-down inhibitory avoidance test) and on the functional activity of the CB1 receptor (WIN-55,212-stimulated [35S] guanosine triphosphate (GTP) γ binding autoradiography). The administration of alprazolam (40 μg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) decreased anxiety-like behaviours in the light—dark box test and significantly reduced WIN-55,212-stimulated [35S]GTPγ binding autoradiography in the amygdala and in the CA1 field of the hippocampus, but was without effects on CA2, CA3 and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. The administration of AM251 (3 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked the anxiolytic action of alprazolam (40 μg/kg, i.p.), significantly reduced the sedative (ataxia, neurological severity score in the 0.5 cm bar) and the amnesic actions (short time term memory (1 h after electric shock)) of alprazolam (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Taken together, these findings revealed that cannabinoid CB1 receptor plays a pivotal role in the pharmacological actions of benzodiazepines. Furthermore, these results suggest that blockade of cannabinoid CB1 receptors may be useful in the treatment of patients with problems related to the consumption of benzodiazepines. Further clinical trials are needed to test this hypothesis.