bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of severe hypertriglyceridemia in the hospital: A review
Authors: Schaefer Eric W. , Leung Alicia , Kravarusic Jelena , Stone Neil J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFor hospitalists, hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is more than cardiovascular risk. Severe HTG occurs when serum triglycerides rise above 1000 mg/dL, and it carries a risk of abdominal pain and pancreatitis. The etiology of severe HTG is usually a combination of genetic and secondary factors. A detailed history with attention to family history, medications, and alcohol consumption can often lead to the cause. Physical examination findings may stretch across multiple organ systems. Patients with severe HTG should be admitted to the hospital for aggressive medical therapy if they develop symptoms such as abdominal pain or pancreatitis. Asymptomatic patients with severe HTG who have significant short‐term risk for developing symptoms require urgent consultation that may lead to a brief hospitalization to address exacerbating factors. Treatment of severe HTG includes a combination of pharmacologic agents and a restriction on dietary triglyceride intake. If oral medications fail to adequately lower triglyceride levels, intravenous insulin and in rare cases therapeutic plasma exchange may be required. To prevent recurrent severe HTG, the patient should be counseled about adherence to long‐term medications and lifestyle changes. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Basal ganglia hyperintensity on T1‐weighted MRI in rendu–osler–weber disease
Authors: Oikonomou Anastasia , Chatzistefanou Alexandros , Zezos Petros , Mintzopoulou Paraskevi , Vadikolias Konstantinos , Prassopoulos Panos 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate possible central nervous system (CNS) involvement in Rendu–Osler–Weber (ROW) disease in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Three patients with symptomatic ROW disease underwent brain MRI. Brain MRI depicted in all three of them increased signal intensity on T1‐weighted images involving the globus pallidus and cerebral crura bilaterally. Laboratory studies of the two men showed iron deficiency anemia, while all three of them had normal liver function tests and increased manganese blood concentration. Gastroscopy and colonoscopy revealed a gastric and a cecal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the first one, while pulmonary and hepatic computed tomography (CT) angiography did not detect any intrahepatic shunts. Liver ultrasound in the second one revealed dilatation of intrahepatic artery branches consistent with intrahepatic shunts, while it was normal in the third patient. Chest radiographs were normal in all three patients. Pallidal T1 hyperintensity on T1‐weighted imaging may be a biomarker of manganese overload in ROW disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;426‐430. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A deflectable guiding catheter for real‐time MRI‐guided interventions
Authors: Bell Jamie A. , Saikus Christina E. , Ratnayaka Kanishka , Wu Vincent , Sonmez Merdim , Faranesh Anthony Z. , Colyer Jessica H. , Lederman Robert J. , Kocaturk Ozgur 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose:To design a deflectable guiding catheter that omits long metallic components yet preserves mechanical properties to facilitate therapeutic interventional MRI procedures.Materials and Methods:The catheter shaft incorporated Kevlar braiding. A 180° deflection was attained with a 5‐cm nitinol slotted tube, a nitinol spring, and a Kevlar pull string. We tested three designs: passive, passive incorporating an inductively coupled coil, and active receiver. We characterized mechanical properties, MRI properties, RF induced heating, and in vivo performance in swine.Results:Torque and tip deflection force were satisfactory. Representative procedures included hepatic and azygos vein access, laser cardiac septostomy, and atrial septal defect crossing. Visualization was best in the active configuration, delineating profile and tip orientation. The passive configuration could be used in tandem with an active guidewire to overcome its limited conspicuity. There was no RF‐induced heating in all configurations under expected use conditions in vitro and in vivo.Conclusion:Kevlar and short nitinol component substitutions preserved mechanical properties. The active design offered the best visibility and usability but reintroduced metal conductors. We describe versatile deflectable guiding catheters with a 0.057” lumen for interventional MRI catheterization. Implementations are feasible using active, inductive, and passive visualization strategies to suit application requirements. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:908–915. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetic and theoretical investigations of the S + NO2 reaction
Authors: Thompson Kristopher M. , Gao Yide , Marshall Paul 
Published: November 2011

AbstractGround state atomic sulfur was generated by 193‐nm laser photolysis of CS2 precursor in Ar bath gas, in the presence of a large excess of NO2 under pseudo‐first‐order conditions. Decays of S(3PJ) were monitored over 292–656 K and pressures of 14–535 mbar. No pressure dependence was observed, and the second‐order constants are summarized as k(T) = 1.9 × 10−11 exp(+4.1 kJ mol−1)/RT cm3 molecule−1 s−1, with a 95% confidence interval of ±7%. The potential energy surfaces for SNO2 and S(NO2)2 were explored using QCISD/6‐311G(d,p) theory for geometries and frequencies, followed by single‐point calculations based on coupled‐cluster theory and extrapolation of results with cc‐pV(T+d)Z and cc‐pV(Q+d)Z basis sets to the complete basis set limit. Corrections were made for scalar relativistic effects and core–valence correlation. A mechanism involving initial barrierless addition of S to the N atom in NO2, followed by fast dissociation to SO + NO, is consistent with the observed lack of pressure dependence and a Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus estimate of the dissociation rate of SNO2 compared to collisional stabilization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 90–99, 2012
A quantitative kinetic analysis of CO elimination from phenoxy radicals
Authors: Carstensen Hans‐Heinrich , Dean Anthony M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPhenoxy radicals are expected to play an important role in the thermal decomposition of lignin. At high enough temperatures, the dissociation to cyclopentadienyl radicals plus carbon monoxide dominates over bimolecular channels. While earlier experimental and theoretical studies agree on the mechanism, the experimental data suggest a substantially lower overall barrier than that found in theoretical studies. To address this discrepancy, we performed electronic structure calculations at the CBS‐QB3 level of theory and at a modified version of it to construct the relevant portion of the C6H5O potential energy surface (PES). The new results are in good agreement with previous studies. We then used the molecular information to calculate thermodynamic properties of the reactants and activated complexes, the high‐pressure rate constants, and the pressure dependence. Three different methods were employed for the last step: the quantum version of the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel/modified strong collision theory approach by Dean (J Phys Chem 1985, 89, 4600–4608), the stochastic treatment by Barker (Int J Chem Kinet 2001, 33, 232–245) using the MultiWell package, and the master equation program Unimol by Gilbert and coworkers. Theory of Unimolecular and Recombination Reactions. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications. All methods predict the experimentally determined phenoxy decomposition rate constant to be in the falloff region. This explains the almost 10 kcal mol−1 difference between reported activation energies and calculated barriers. Both the Lin and Lin (J Phys Chem 1986, 90, 425–431) and Frank et al. (Proc Combust Inst 1994, 25, 833–840) data can be reproduced within the assumed uncertainty limits without any adjustments of the PES. We also report on falloff behavior in the CO elimination from methyl‐, hydroxy‐, and methoxy‐substituted phenoxy radicals in the para position and compare it to that of the unsubstituted phenoxy radical. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 75–89, 2012
Molecular size dependent falloff rate constants for the recombination reactions of alkyl radicals with O2 and implications for simplified kinetics of alkylperoxy radicals
Authors: Miyoshi Akira 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe recombination reactions of prototypical alkyl radicals (R) with O2, R + O2 → RO2, have been investigated theoretically by using the variational transition state theory and Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theory/master equation calculations based on the CASPT2(7,5)/aug‐cc‐pVDZ//B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) potential energy curves and B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) geometries and vibrational frequencies. The calculated high‐pressure limiting rate constants well reproduced the experimental room temperature rate constants for ethyl, i‐propyl, n‐butyl, s‐butyl, and t‐butyl radicals and were nearly the same for the same class of alkyl radicals, namely for primary (ethyl and n‐butyl) and for secondary (i‐propyl and s‐butyl) radicals. Hypothetical falloff calculations ignoring the subsequent dissociation/isomerization reactions of RO2 indicated that the low‐pressure limiting (LPL) rate constants increase monotonically and systematically with the size of the molecule and are almost identical for the same‐sized C4 alkyl radicals, n‐butyl, s‐butyl, and t‐butyl. With the extended calculations for 1‐hexyl (C6H13) and 2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl (C8H17)+ O2 based on the B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) calculations and estimated potential energy curves, class‐specific molecular size dependent falloff rate expression was proposed. The analysis of the unexpected behavior of the LPL rate constants for large alkyl radicals at high temperatures suggested the collapse of the assumption of the steady‐state dissociation or the Lindemann–Hinshelwood type of the mechanism. The analysis of the dissociation/recombination steady state suggested near‐Boltzmann distribution of RO2 in partial equilibrium with R + O2, which implies the possible simplification of the kinetic modeling by using the high‐pressure limiting rate constants for the subsequent reactions of RO2. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 59–74, 2012
Localization by nonlinear phase preparation and k‐space trajectory design
Authors: Witschey Walter R.T. , Cocosco Chris A. , Gallichan Daniel , Schultz Gerrit , Weber Hans , Welz Anna , Hennig Jürgen , Zaitsev Maxim 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA technique is described to localize MR signals from a target volume using nonlinear pulsed magnetic fields and spatial encoding trajectories designed using local k‐space theory. The concept of local k‐space is outlined theoretically, and this principle is applied to simulated phantom and cardiac MRI data in the presence of surface and quadrupolar gradient coil phase modulation. Phantom and in vivo human brain images are obtained using a custom, high‐performance quadrupolar gradient coil integrated with a whole‐body 3‐T MRI system to demonstrate target localization using three‐dimensional T‐weighted spoiled gradient echo, two‐dimensional segmented, multiple gradient encoded spin echo, and three‐dimensional balanced steady‐state free precession acquisitions. This method may provide a practical alternative to selective radiofrequency excitation at ultra‐high‐field, particularly for steady‐state applications where repetition time (TR) must be minimized and when the amount of energy deposited in human tissues is prohibitive. There are several limitations to the approach including the spatial variation in resolution, high frequency aliasing artifacts, and spatial variation in echo times and contrast. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On improving the speed and reliability of T2‐relaxation‐under‐spin‐tagging (TRUST) MRI
Authors: Xu Feng , Uh Jinsoo , Liu Peiying , Lu Hanzhang 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA T2‐relaxation‐under‐spin‐tagging technique was recently developed to estimate cerebral blood oxygenation, providing potentials for noninvasive assessment of the brain's oxygen consumption. A limitation of the current sequence is the need for long repetition time, as shorter repetition time causes an over‐estimation in blood R2. This study proposes a postsaturation T2‐relaxation‐under‐spin‐tagging by placing a nonselective 90° pulse after the signal acquisition to reset magnetization in the whole brain. This scheme was found to eliminate estimation bias at a slight cost of precision. To improve the precision, echo time of the sequence was optimized and it was found that a modest echo time shortening of 3.4 ms can reduce the estimation error by 49%. We recommend the use of postsaturation T2‐relaxation‐under‐spin‐tagging sequence with a repetition time of 3000 ms and a echo time of 3.6 ms, which allows the determination of global venous oxygenation with scan duration of 1 min 12 s and an estimation precision of ±1% (in units of oxygen saturation percentage). Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
One virus, one lesion—individual components of CIN lesions contain a specific HPV type
Authors: Quint Wim , Jenkins David , Molijn Anco , Struijk Linda , van de Sandt Miekel , Doorbar John , Mols Johann , Van Hoof Christine , Hardt Karin , Struyf Frank , Colau Brigitte 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn 20–40% of cervical intra‐epithelial neoplasia (CIN) and in 4–8% of cervical carcinoma tissue specimens, multiple HPV genotypes have been detected. Whole tissue section (WTS) PCR does not determine how the individual types relate causally to complex and multiple CIN. Our objective was to determine whether laser capture micro‐dissection (LCM) with HPV PCR genotyping (LCM‐PCR) could accurately recover type‐specific HPV DNA from epithelial cells in individual areas of CIN and normal epithelium, and whether one or more viruses are present in one lesion. For that, histologically selected samples of CIN and normal epithelium were isolated by LCM and analysed by the SPF10 PCR/LiPA25 (version 1) HPV genotyping system for 25 HPV genotypes. HPV genotypes detected in 756 areas of CIN (grade 1, 2 or 3) by LCM‐PCR were compared with results obtained by WTS‐PCR in 60 cases (74 biopsies). We showed that when a single HPV type is detected by WTS‐PCR, that type was almost always (94%; 29/31) recovered by LCM‐PCR from CIN. When multiple HPV types were present by WTS‐PCR, their distribution within histological sections could be mapped by LCM‐PCR. Association of a single HPV type with a discrete area of CIN was found for 93% (372/399) of LCM fragments analysed by PCR. We found colliding CIN lesions associated with separate HPV types and only 62% (61/99) of HPV types detected by WTS‐PCR were found in CIN by LCM‐PCR. Therefore, the LCM‐PCR technique was found very accurate for high‐resolution HPV genotyping and for assigning an individual HPV type to an area of CIN. At LCM level, in cervical biopsy sections with multiple HPV infections, the relation between HPV types and CIN lesions is often complex. Almost every HPV type found in CIN by LCM‐PCR is associated with a biological separate independent CIN lesion—one virus, one lesion. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences in metabolic effects of twice daily versus multiple daily insulin injections in children with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Abid N , Porter L , Day E , Krone N , Högler W , Kirk J , Shaw N , Barrett T 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe aimed to compare children started on twice daily injections (BD) versus multiple daily injections (MDI) from diagnosis, using HbA1c and weight gain as outcome measures.In our unit, newly diagnosed children were started on BD insulin until 2005 when we changed to MDI. Those on BD were offered a change‐over to MDI. We collected data on HbA1c and body mass index standard deviation score (BMI SDS) between 2003 and 2009 at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and those who changed from BD to MDI and after 12 months.Eighty‐eight (45 female) children were started on BD insulin (group 1), 29 (10 female) were started on MDI (group 2), and 36 (20 female) children were started on BD and then changed to MDI (group 3). The mean HbA1c at baseline and 12 months was: group 1 – 11.4%, 9.1% (p<0.001); group 2 – 11.5%, 7.9% (p<0.001); and group 3 – 8.9%, 9.2% (p=NS). The mean improvement at 12 months in HbA1c was better in group 2 compared to group 1 (3.6% vs 2.3% [p<0.001]). Mean BMI SDSs at baseline and 12 months were: group 1 – 0.41, 0.90 (p<0.001); group 2 – 0.28, 0.56 (p=0.04); and group 3 – 0.8, 0.8 (p=NS). The difference in BMI SDS at 12 months between group 1 and group 2 (0.34) was not statistically significant.It was concluded that MDI from diagnosis results in better glycaemic control and a trend towards less weight gain at 12 months than BD. Children who start on BD and then switch to MDI after 12 months do not show the same benefit. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons.
Arnold Bloom's legacy today: the art of medicine in an evidence‐based world
Authors: Shaw K 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe 13th Arnold Bloom Lecture was delivered by Professor Ken Shaw at the Diabetes UK Annual Professional Conference, London ExCeL Centre, 30 March 2011Ken Shaw was Senior Registrar to Arnold Bloom at the Whittington Hospital, London, 1973–1974The name of Arnold Bloom is recorded on the Diabetes UK Roll of Honour which aims to acknowledge people who have played an exceptional role in the history of diabetes
Evaluating advection/transport schemes using interrelated tracers, scatter plots and numerical mixing diagnostics
Authors: Lauritzen P. H. , Thuburn J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAtmospheric tracers are often observed to be functionally related, and these relations can be physically or chemically significant. It is therefore highly desirable that the transport schemes used in chemistry and chemistry‐climate models should not disrupt such functional relations in unphysical ways through numerical mixing or, indeed, unmixing. Here, diagnostics are proposed that quantify numerical mixing by a transport scheme for a single tracer, two tracers that are nonlinearly related, and three (or more) tracers that add up to a constant. For the two‐tracer test, the question of how physically reasonable the numerical mixing is can be addressed by using scatter/correlation plots. Truncation errors will, in general, result in scatter points deviating from the preexisting functional curve and thereby introduce numerical mixing between the tracers. The proposed diagnostics quantify the mixing in terms of the normalized distances between the pre‐existing functional curve and scatter points, and divide it into three categories: real mixing and two types of spurious numerical unmixing. For the three‐tracer test, we quantify, in terms of standard error norms, how nearly a transport scheme can preserve the sum by transporting the individual tracers.The mixing diagnostics do not require the knowledge of the analytical solution to the transport problem for the individual tracers. However, using an idealized flow field and spatial distributions facilitates the use of the mixing diagnostics in transport scheme development. Hence we propose to exercise the new mixing diagnostics using an idealized but highly deformational analytical flow field. Example results using the CSLAM (Conservative Semi‐LAgrangian Multi‐tracer) scheme are presented. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A Novel and Highly Efficient Photocatalyst Based on P25–Graphdiyne Nanocomposite
Authors: Wang Shuo , Yi Luoxin , Halpert Jonathan E. , Lai Xiaoyong , Liu Yuanyuan , Cao Hongbin , Yu Ranbo , Wang Dan , Li Yuliang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTitania nanoparticles (P25) are successfully chemically bonded with graphdiyne (GD) nanosheets by a facile hydrothermal treatment, to form a novel nanocomposite photocatalyst. The as‐prepared P25–GD nanocomposite exhibits higher photocatalytic activity for degrading methylene blue under UV irradiation than not only P25 and P25–carbon nanotube composite but also the current well‐known P25–graphene composite photocatalysts. Moreover, P25–GD also shows considerable visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic activity, since the formation of chemical bonds between P25 and GD effectively decreases the bandgap of P25 and extends its absorbable light range. The photocatalytic activity of P25–GD can be adjusted by changing the content of GD in composites and the optimized value is about 0.6 wt%. Such a nanocomposite photocatalyst might find potential application in a wide range of fields including air purification and waste water treatment.
Sciatic nerve repair by acellular nerve xenografts implanted with BMSCs in rats xenograft combined with BMSCs
Authors: Jia Hua , Wang Ying , Tong Xiao‐Jie , Liu Gui‐Bo , Li Qi , Zhang Li‐Xin , Sun Xiao‐Hong 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAcellular nerves possess the structural and biochemical features similar to those of naive endoneurial tubes, and have been proved bioactive for allogeneil graft in nerve tissue engineering. However, the source of allogenic donators is restricted in clinical treatment. To explore sufficient substitutes for acellular nerve allografts (ANA), we investigated the effectiveness of acellular nerve xenografts (ANX) combined with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) on repairing peripheral nerve injuries. The acellular nerves derived from Sprague‐Dawley rats and New Zealand rabbits were prepared, respectively, and BMSCs were implanted into the nerve scaffolds and cultured in vitro. All the grafts were employed to bridge 1 cm rat sciatic nerve gaps. Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10 per group): ANA group, ANX group, BMSCs‐laden ANA group, BMSCs‐laden ANX group, and autologous nerve graft group. At 8 weeks post‐transplantation, electrophysiological study was performed and the regenerated nerves were assayed morphologically. Besides, growth‐promoting factors in the regenerated tissues following the BMSCs integration were detected. The results indicated that compared with the acellular nerve control groups, nerve regeneration and functional rehabilitation for the xenogenic nervetransplantation integrated with BMSCs were advanced significantly, and the rehabilitation efficacy was comparable with that of the autografting. The expression of neurotrophic factors in the regenerated nerves, together with that of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the spinal cord and muscles were elevated largely. In conclusion, ANX implanted with BMSCs could replace allografts to promote nerve regeneration effectively, which offers a reliable approach for repairing peripheral nerve defects. Synapse, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.