bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of maternal probiotic-supplemented dietary counselling on pregnancy outcome and prenatal and postnatal growth: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Authors: Luoto Raakel , Laitinen Kirsi , Nermes Merja , Isolauri Erika 
Published: February 2010

The perinatal nutritional environment impacts upon the health and well-being of mother and child also in the long term. The aim of the present study was to determine the safety and efficacy of perinatal probiotic-supplemented dietary counselling by evaluating pregnancy outcome and fetal and infant growth during the 24 months' follow-up. Altogether, 256 women were randomised at their first trimester of pregnancy into a control and a dietary intervention group. The intervention group received intensive dietary counselling provided by a nutritionist and were further randomised, double-blind to receive probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosusGG andBifidobacterium lactisBb12; diet/probiotics) or placebo (diet/placebo). Firstly, probiotic intervention reduced the frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM); 13 % (diet/probiotics)v.36 % (diet/placebo) and 34 % (control);P = 0·003. Secondly, the safety of this approach was attested by normal duration of pregnancies with no adverse events in mothers or children. No significant differences in prenatal or postnatal growth rates among the study groups were detected. Thirdly, distinctive effects of the two interventions were detected; probiotic intervention reduced the risk of GDM and dietary intervention diminished the risk of larger birth size in affected cases;P = 0·035 for birth weight andP = 0·028 for birth length. The results of the present study show that probiotic-supplemented perinatal dietary counselling could be a safe and cost-effective tool in addressing the metabolic epidemic. In view of the fact that birth size is a risk marker for later obesity, the present results are of significance for public health in demonstrating that this risk is modifiable.
Analysis of developmental genetic effects from embryo, cytoplasm and maternal plant for oleic and linoleic acid contents of rapeseed
Authors: VARIATH M. T. , WU J. , ZHANG L. , SHI C. 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYThe genetic effects, including genetic main effects and genotype×environment (G×E) interaction effects, for oleic acid content (OAC) and linoleic acid content (LAC) at five different developmental times/stages were studied using unconditional and conditional genetic models for seed quantitative traits in diploid plants. The unconditional analysis results revealed that both OAC and LAC were simultaneously controlled by diploid embryo nuclear genes, cytoplasmic genes and diploid maternal plant nuclear genes and their G×E interaction effects. Effects on the embryo and cytoplasm were found to be more important for OAC at different developmental times while maternal effects, in combination with cytoplasmic effects, were more important for LAC at most development times. The conditional analysis revealed that the net effect from expression of maternal genes was more important for both traits at most developmental stages. The total narrow-sense heritability was high for both OAC and LAC, with general heritabilities being more visible for OAC and G×E interaction heritability being more important for LAC at most development times. The predicted genetic effects indicated that while most parents (with the exception of Youcai 601, Zhongyou 821 and Eyouchangjia) could be used for improving OAC of offspring, Double 20-4 was the most appropriate for improving LAC due to its better stability and positive values across environments at most development times.
Nonlinear modulation of ion-acoustic waves in two-electron-temperature plasmas
Authors: ESFANDYARI-KALEJAHI A. , KOURAKIS I. , AKBARI-MOGHANJOUGHI M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe amplitude modulation of ion-acoustic waves is investigated in a plasma consisting of adiabatic warm ions, and two different populations of thermal electrons at different temperatures. The fluid equations are reduced to nonlinear Schrödinger equation by employing a multi-scale perturbation technique. A linear stability analysis for the wave packet amplitude reveals that long wavelengths are always stable, while modulational instability sets in for shorter wavelengths. It is shown that increasing the value of the hot-to-cold electron temperature ratio (μ), for a given value of the hot-to-cold electron density ratio (ν), favors instability. The role of the ion temperature is also discussed. In the limiting case ν = 0 (or ν → ∞), which correspond(s) to an ordinary (single) electron-ion plasma, the results of previous works are recovered.
‘Fill Full the Mouth of Famine’: Voluntary Action in Famine Relief in India 1896–1901
Authors: BREWIS GEORGINA 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis paper considers non-governmental famine relief in India during 1896–1898 and 1899–1901. It details the efforts of a broad spectrum of middle-class Indians, Christian missionaries, British non-officials and off-duty civil servants who were drawn into voluntary service on semi-official committees which were responsible for distributing record sums raised through international appeals. It also explores the extension of relief work by independent agencies in the 1890s. The paper considers evolving British attitudes to indigenous relief methods and the sometimes fraught relations between government and voluntary agencies. It suggests that voluntary famine relief activities during the 1890s mark a transition from traditional religious philanthropy to organised social service. Voluntary relief at this time differed from earlier responses to famine hunger because it was marked by fundraising, co-operation with other agencies and the personal service of volunteers. In conclusion, it is shown that participation in relief in the 1890s inspired a new generation of educated Indians to channel their nationalism into practical social service after 1900.
Molecular detection ofBabesiaspp. and other haemoparasitic infections of cattle in Maputo Province, Mozambique
Authors: MARTINS TIAGO M. , NEVES LUÍS , PEDRO OLÍVIA C. , FAFETINE JOSÉ M. , DO ROSÁRIO VIRGÍLIO E. , DOMINGOS ANA 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYMolecular detection ofBabesiaspecies in apparently healthy cattle within an endemic region was carried out in order to determine the prevalence of carriers and the geographical distribution ofBabesia bigeminaandBabesia bovisin Maputo Province, Mozambique. Samples from 477 animals at 5 localities were analysed using 2 techniques, the semi-nested hot-start PCR and the reverse line blot (RLB) assay. With the semi-nested hot-start PCR, detection ofB. bigeminaranged between 30% and 89%, and ofB. bovisbetween 27% and 83%. The RLB assay was comparatively less sensitive in this study and detection ofB. bovisranged from 0% to 17%, andB. bigeminawas not detected at all by this technique. Analysis of new sequences of the 18S rRNA gene revealed that the currentB. bigeminaRLB probe is not specific for the identification of isolates in Mozambique. The RLB assay, however, resulted in the detection of 8 other haemoparasite species belonging to the generaBabesia,Theileria,AnaplasmaandEhrlichia. 18S rRNA gene sequences from theTheileriaspp. were identified, and a phylogenic tree constructed with these sequences yielded a heterogeneousT. mutans-like group. In conclusion, infection withB. bigeminaandB. bovisis endemic in Maputo Province, but rates of transmission vary. Furthermore, mixed infections with the haemoparasites responsible for several tick-borne diseases in cattle are common in Mozambique.
Pathways for the influx of molecules into cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni during skin penetration
Authors: THORNHILL J. A. , McVEIGH P. , JURBERG A. D. , KUSEL J. R. 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYIt has been observed that fluorescent membrane-impermeant molecules can enter the cercariae as they penetrate mouse skin. The hypothesis to be tested was that such molecules, which included Lucifer Yellow and a variety of fluorescent dextrans, entered the parasite through the nephridiopore and excretory tubules as well as through the surface membrane. FITC-labelled poly-L-lysine (molecular weight 10 kDa), added at 4°C during syringe transformation, was found to enter the nephridiopore and labelled the excretory bladder and sometimes the excretory tubules. This finding indicates that macromolecules (10 kDa) can enter the nephridiopore. It was found that linoleic acid (a normal constituent of skin) greatly stimulated uptake of Lucifer Yellow and dextrans into the excretory/subtegumental region of 2-h-old schistosomula. This correlated with an increased uptake of membrane-impermeant propidium iodide at 37°C. Since increased uptake of propidium iodide occurs when membranes become permeable, the surface membrane could also be a pathway of transport of the membrane-impermeant molecules into the schistosomulum.
Experimental infection of two South American reservoirs with four distinct strains ofTrypanosoma cruzi
Authors: ROELLIG DAWN M. , McMILLAN KATHERINE , ELLIS ANGELA E. , VANDEBERG JOHN L. , CHAMPAGNE DONALD E. , YABSLEY MICHAEL J. 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYTrypanosoma cruzi(Tc), the causative agent of Chagas disease, is a diverse species with 2 primary genotypes, TcI and TcII, with TcII further subdivided into 5 subtypes (IIa–e). This study evaluated infection dynamics of 4 genetically and geographically diverseT. cruzistrains in 2 South American reservoirs, degus (Octodon degus) and grey short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica). Based on prior suggestions of a genotype-host association, we hypothesized that degus (placental) would more readily become infected with TcII strains while short-tailed opossums (marsupial) would be a more competent reservoir for a TcI strain. Individuals (n=3) of each species were intraperitoneally inoculated withT. cruzitrypomastigotes of TcIIa [North America (NA)-raccoon (Procyon lotor) origin], TcI [NA-Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana)], TcIIb [South America (SA)-human], TcIIe (SA-Triatoma infestans), or both TcI and TcIIa. Parasitaemias in experimentally infected degus peaked earlier (7–14 days post-inoculation (p.i.)) compared with short-tailed opossums (21–84 days p.i.). Additionally, peak parasitaemias were higher in degus; however, the duration of detectable parasitaemias for all strains, except TcIIa, was greater in short-tailed opossums. Infections established in both host species with all genotypes, except for TcIIa, which did not establish a detectable infection in short-tailed opossums. These results indicate that both South American reservoirs support infections with these isolates from North and South America; however, infection dynamics differed with host and parasite strain.
Copulation enhances resistance against an entomopathogenic fungus in the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor
Authors: VALTONEN TERHI M. , VIITANIEMI HEIDI , RANTALA MARKUS J. 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYEcological immunology is based upon the notion that activation and use of the immune system is costly and should thus be traded off against other energy-demanding aspects of life history. Most of the studies on insects that have examined the possibility that mating results in trade-offs with immunity have shown that mating has immunosuppressive effects. The connection between mating and immunity has traditionally been investigated using indirect measures of immunity. However, studies that have assessed the effects of mating on the resistance against real pathogens have had conflicting results. A previous study on Tenebrio molitor showed that copulation decreases phenoloxidase activity in the haemolymph, and concluded that copulation corrupts immunity in this species. In the present study we tested whether mating also affects the ability of T. molitor to resist the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. Interestingly, we found that mating enhanced resistance against the fungal infection and that the effect was stronger on males than females. Furthermore, we found that male beetles were overall more susceptible to the fungal infection than were females, indicating an immunological sex difference in immunity. Our study highlights the importance of the use of real pathogens and parasites in immuno-ecological studies.
Influence of the pseudophyllidean cestode Schistocephalus solidus on oocyte development in the threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus
Authors: HEINS D. C. , BROWN-PETERSON N. J. 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to investigate the means by which Schistocephalus solidus might reduce annual fecundity in female threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) through processes of oocyte development. Histological examinations of specimens from one lake in Alaska in 2000 and 2001 were used to analyse the effects of S. solidus on recruitment of primary growth oocytes into vitellogenesis, atresia of vitellogenic oocytes, and the interspawning interval. The ratio of primary growth to late secondary growth (late vitellogenic) oocytes was significantly greater (P<0·01) among infected fish than uninfected ones in early-season samples from 2000 and 2001, revealing a decrease in recruitment of oocytes from primary growth into vitellogenic oocytes among infected females. The difference was marginally non-significant (P=0·087) in a mid-season sample from 2001 due to reductions in the entire pool of vitellogenic (early and late secondary growth) oocytes recruited prior to the spawning season in this determinate-fecundity species. Atresia among all vitellogenic oocytes was low and did not differ between infected and uninfected females. Histological estimations of the interspawning interval using post-ovulatory follicles showed no significant differences between infected and uninfected fish, suggesting that the number of spawnings in stickleback females each spawning season is unaffected by S. solidus infection. Thus, annual fecundity appears to be reduced only through recruitment of oocytes into vitellogenesis.
Spinner, ‘Die Reihe’, and Thematicism. Notes towards a thirteenth question
Authors: Drew David 
Published: February 2010

1. Not repudiated; but shelved for better times or lost in worse. The question, however, was imprecise; and it allowed Spinner's many-enveloped reply to escape from the period between 1936 and 1941 (the year of the op. 2 string quartet).2. Snapshots of opp. 1–28 have always shown the same immaculate flower-beds; row upon row. Such views seldom invite questions concerning the uprooted groundsel and convolvulus. Although closer inspection reveals that many of the works with opus numbers are still unpublished and unperformed, even that discovery may not prompt urgent questions about the development of a composer whose published works are all, to varying extents, rooted in Webernian precept. For instance, one might assume from a glance at the published scores of opp. 3–4 that the unpublished opp. 1–2 could safely be taken for granted (and that the 1941 revision of op. 1 brought it ‘in line’ with the rest). One would be wrong.
New Music in Austria Since 1945
Authors: Cerha Gertraud 
Published: February 2010

Vienna, they say, is synonymous with music. Worldwide public opinion, responding to the New Year's Day Concert and the Vienna Boys’ Choir, confirms it.Confronted by the multifarious political and economic scandals of recent times, the Austrian Minister for Education and the Arts has declared that our art and culture is the only ‘export’ to have survived intact. But as far as 20th-century music is concerned, its ‘export’ has received little official encouragement. Apart from a 1972 ballet production by Aurel Miloss with music by Schoenberg, and a performance of Gottfried von Einem's Kabale und Liebe at the 1977 Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, our National Opera has presented no contemporary work outside Austria since 1945, nor any work by the Second Viennese School. Nor does any contemporary Austrian music appear on the touring schedules of the Vienna Philharmonic, as it used to (on a modest scale) in the 1950's; and works of the Schoenberg school are only played when conductors like Abbado, Zubin Mehta, or Christoph von Dohnanyi insist.
‘A London Symphony’ and ‘Tono-Bungay’
Authors: Arblaster Anthony 
Published: February 2010

SHORTLY BEFORE HIS DEATH in 1958 Vaughan Williams told Michael Kennedy, who was already committed to writing the composer's ‘musical biography’, that the coda or Epilogue to the final movement of his A London Symphony had a link with the end of H.G. Wells's novel Tono-Bungay, in which London is evoked as the book's narrator and central character passes down the Thames through the city to the open sea. ‘For actual coda see end of Wells's Tono Bungay’ was the composer's laconic advice. Kennedy then quotes two short passages from the final chapter of Tono-Bungay, and these have since become a standard point of reference for other writers on the symphony. They have appeared in record sleeve and programme notes, and in other places, such as Hugh Ottaway's BBC Music Guide to the Vaughan Williams Symphonies. The most frequently quoted passage is the following:Light after light goes down. England and the Kingdom, Britain and the Empire, the old prides and the old devotions, glide abeam, astern, sink down upon the horizon, pass—pass. The river passes—London passes, England passes…
The ‘Beautiful’ in Music Today
Authors: Lachenmann Helmut 
Published: February 2010

In 1948, Pierre Boulez ended one of his articles thus: ‘I have a horror of dealing in words with what is so prettily called the aesthetic problem. Besides, I don't want to make this article any longer; I prefer to turn back to my MS paper.’That attitude was to become characteristic of young avant-garde composers in the 1950's. A new world of sonic and temporal experience had been sighted from the standpoint of Webern's serial technique—a world centred on the organization of sound-material. Amid the bustle of striking camp and heading for the new Promised Land, the question of Beauty was not merely out of place; it was downright suspect. For it involved those criteria and taboos, value judgements and ideals, on whose ruins everyone was then standing. And yet—as Boulez's pronouncement show—a belief in the possibility of proceeding (yet again!) from neutral ‘sound-values’ involved a secret dialectic with the aesthetic considerations that had ostensibly been excluded from the discussion.
Notation—Interpretation, Etc.
Authors: Cardew Cornelius 
Published: February 2010

1—What follows is notes, made at various stages and on a variety of topics. Few of these remarks make any pretence to completeness, and I have not attempted to fill in the gaps and ‘cover’ any particular field thoroughly. Few of these remarks follow on from one to the next, so they may be read at random.Perhaps it will be helpful to imagine in what rôles the various remarks are made; whether as composer, listener, interpreter, critic, publicity man, or simply theoretician. I have discussed only those things which concern, or have concerned me directly (and this may be taken as an apology).
Massine's Return
Authors: Brahms Caryl 
Published: February 2010

As far back as I am willing to admit that I remember, Leonide Massine, dancer, choreographer, innovator, has been the question-mark of the Ballet Russe. I find that already in 1936 I was writing in “Footnotes to the Ballet”:“Massine is a stylist unrivalled by any dancer of his time…he has a faculty for getting the very best out of his partners, so that when he is dancing in a ballet the whole work becomes suddenly a live, important thing…something of the quality of the great stylist that is Massine the Dancer lies like a patina upon the surface of the roles he has created for himself, so that though other dancers inflect and modify them, the role remains the clue of the ballet.…If Massine had not been so fine a technician himself it is questionable whether his works would have borne so clearly the imprint of his personality. The present writer is of the opinion that as his powers as a dancer decline, the inventiveness of his choreography will decline also.”
Recent Works Examined
Authors: Stuart Charles 
Published: February 2010

Average Strawinsky criticism in this country has for thirty years been drab and reach-me-down.The formulae are as follow: “Strawinsky started brilliantly, much too brilliantly. Firebird and Petrouchka were a coruscation that burned out his genius before he was thirty. The slag was already beginning to show in The Rite of Spring. Thereafter, perverse man, he wrote not with his blood and nerves and basic impulses, as all true music must be written, but with a desiccated though agile brain. He had nothing to say and no style of his own in which to say it. Every new work since 1913 has been a futile academic experiment, form without ‘content’. There has been no creative continuity: only a restless hopping from trick to trick and mode to mode. The general effect is dust-dry, brittle, comfortless. He gives us not music but broken glass”‥
The Operas of Darius Milhaud
Authors: Rostand Claude 
Published: February 2010

The list of Darius Milhaud's operas, leaving aside Les Saintes Maries de la Mer (a six-hundred-page score composed at the age of fifteen and subsequently burnt) consists of sixteen works, ranging from La Brebis Egarée (1910) to Bolivar (1943).It is difficult—and probably useless—to try and make an a priori synthesis of this output, whose essential features stand out naturally from a panoramic glance even as rapid as this one. Indeed, Milhaud has never created in systematic fashion; his researches into the general domain of musical aesthetics and language have in no way been guided by preconceived ideas, and in particular he has never composed music for the stage (which is one of the most important aspects of his work) except as a result of chance meetings, either with poets or dramatists, or with poetical or dramatic themes and texts.
Meeting with Anton Webern (Pages from a Diary)
Authors: Dallapiccola Luigi 
Published: February 2010

Alfred Schlee's long and interesting letter, sent from Vienna on the 8th of this month, ends with the words: ‘Unfortunately I also have some extremely sad news for you. Webern has died in a tragic accident, just when his works are at last about to establish themselves firmly among us.’Prague, 5 September 1935(I.S.C.M. Festival)This evening Heinrich Jalowetz directed the world première of Anton Webern's Concerto op.24, a composition of unbelievable brevity (scarcely six minutes of music) and truly extraordinary concentration. Every decorative element is eliminated. Nine instruments are used: three wind, three brass and two strings plus piano.
Riding the Thermals—Howard Skempton's Piano Music
Authors: Hill Peter 
Published: February 2010

Howard skempton is a deeply serious composer, but his art is modest and makes no self-conscious effort to impress. Precisely because it is so natural the music seems to tell us a lot about the private person behind the notes. The music's dimensions are equally modest. Most of the piano pieces last little more than a minute or two, and they are ideal for domestic music-making, playing for one's own pleasure or to a friend.Skempton was born in 1947. He studied composition privately with Cornelius Cardew with whom, together with Michael Parsons, he helped to found the Scratch Orchestra in 1969. Since 1974 he has composed vocal, accordion, and percussion pieces for the many concerts he has given with Michael Parsons. His largest work to date has been Chorales which was given its first performance in 1982 by the Merseyside Youth Orchestra.