bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S34-04 - Genetic and Non-Genetic Influences on Brain Function in Schizophrenia: An FMRI Study in Twins
Authors: Picchioni M. , Toulopoulou T. , Fu C. , Valli I. , Ettinger U. , Hall M.-H. , Brammer M. , Giampietro V. , Gasston D. , Murray R. , McGuire P. 
Published: June 2010

IntroductionAltered neurocognitive function in schizophrenia could reflect both genetic and illness-specific effects.ObjectivesTo use functional magnetic resonance imaging to discriminate between the influences of the genetic risk for schizophrenia and environmental factors on the neural substrate of verbal fluency, a candidate schizophrenia endophenotype using a case control twin design.MethodsWe studied 23 monozygotic twin pairs: 13 pairs discordant for schizophrenia and 10 pairs of healthy volunteer twins. Groups were matched for age, gender, handedness, level of education, parental socio-economic status, and ethnicity. Behavioural performance and regional brain activation during a phonological verbal fluency task were assessed.ResultsRelative to healthy control twins, both patients and their non-psychotic co-twins produced fewer correct responses and showed less activation in the medial temporal region and inferior frontal gyrus. Twins with schizophrenia showed greater activation than both their non-psychotic co-twins and controls in right lateral temporal cortex, reflecting reduced deactivation during word generation while their non-psychotic co-twins showed greater activation in the left temporal cortex.ConclusionsBoth genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia and schizophrenia were associated with impaired verbal fluency performance, reduced engagement of the medial temporal region and dorsal inferior frontal gyrus. Schizophrenia was specifically associated with an additional reduction in deactivation in the right temporal cortex.
S09-01 - Nicotine Dependence, Psychological Distress, Personality Traits as Possible Predictors of Smoking Cessation. Results of a Double-Blind Study with Nicotine Patch
Authors: Cosci F. , Corlando A. , Fornai E. , Pistelli F. , Paoletti P. , Carrozzi L. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesAlthough Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is an effective treatment for smokers who want to quit, the rates of smoking cessation can be still improved. In an effort to increase these proportions, factors that may influence the occurrence of relapse have been increasingly studied (e.g. pharmacotherapy, socio-demographic characteristics) and there has been a growing interest in psychological and psychiatric clinical factors.MethodsNicotine dependence (assessed via the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire, FTQ), psychological distress (measured via the Symptom Rating Test, SRT), and personality traits (evaluated via the Adult Eysenck Personality Inventory, AEPI) were evaluated as possible predictors of smoking cessation in a sample of 297 cigarette smokers followed for one year as part of a NRT double-blind, parallel group, randomized trial.ResultsBaseline nicotine dependence (weeks 12 and 26: p < 0.05), AEPI neuroticism (weeks 12 and 52: p < 0.05), and AEPI psychoticism (weeks 12 and 52: p < 0.05) scores significantly influenced the outcome of smoking cessation during one - year of follow-up. An increase in psychological distress during follow-up was associated with a lower probability of quitting smoking (p = 0.000).ConclusionsNicotine dependence, neuroticism, psychoticism and, over time, psychological distress were the main factors influencing the long-term outcome (i.e., up to 12 months) of smoking cessation under NRT. Thus, psychological distress and personality characteristics should be evaluated in smokers who apply for assistance in smoking cessation with the aim to have a complete assessment and propose tailor-made interventions.
S10-02 - Is Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia Independent of Other Psychopathological Dimensions?
Authors: Galderisi S. 
Published: June 2010

Cognitive impairment (CI) is present in the majority of subjects with schizophrenia, is not an epiphenomenon of symptoms, is a risk factor for psychotic disorders and contributes to poor functional outcome. Most probably, in the near future clinicians will be faced with the need of assessing CI in order to complete the diagnostic work-up and to choose among treatment options aimed to target cognitive deficits.In spite of the progress made by research in this field, relationships between cognitive impairment and other dimensions of schizophrenia remain controversial. On the one hand, empirical data show that CI is independent from psychopathological dimensions, on the other hand, significant associations between CI and negative symptoms have been frequently reported, and associations with positive symptoms or disorganization were also found, although less consistently. Reasons for discrepancies include differences between study samples, cognitive test batteries, medication status, variability of dimensions severity, but also the lack of adequate modelling of the investigated associations. In the presentation, the role of CI in cognitive accounts of psychopathological dimensions will be discussed, limitations of current research on the topic will be highlighted and directions for future research will be outlined.
S01-03 - The Search for Fast Acting Antidepressant
Authors: Millet B. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesMany researches conducted in antidepressant therapeutics aimed to obtain a reduction of the delay of action of the drugs. Until now, neither antidepressant per se, nor potentialization strategies (5HT1A agonists), have obtained some significant results. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) techniques used in resistant and severe depressive patients have shown a rapid improvement of several patients from the first week of treatment. In that sense, mechanism of action of DBS could represent a model for improving the duration of action of antidepressant.MethodsComparison of data extracted from clinical trials using antidepressants and those obtained from brain electro stimulation techniques.ResultsThe current data do not allow to conclude to a faster action of DBS technique in depression. However, results obtained from randomized control trials will provide some more powerful data.Conclusionsa better comprehension of the mechanism of action of DBS is crucial for the improvement of the action rapidity of new antidepressants.
S01-04 - 5-HT2C Receptor Activation Inhibits Stress-Induced Increase in 5-HT Transmission: Relevance to the Effects of Antidepressant Drugs
Authors: Mongeau R. , Martin C. , Chevarin C. , Maldonaldo R. , Hamon M. , Robledo P. , Lanfumey L. 
Published: June 2010

Objectives5-HT2C receptors are well known to be involved in anxiety, but their implication in stress-induced changes of 5-HT transmission remained to be investigated. We thus assess the behavioral and neurochemical effects of 5-HT2C receptor activation in naïve and stressed mice, and after chronic paroxetine known to exert anxiolytic effects in humans.Methods and resultsThe effects of the preferential 5-HT2C agonists m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) and RO60-0175, the selective 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242,084 and restraint-stress on anxiety-like behavior in mice were assessed using the social interaction test, while the neurochemical effects of these treatments on 5-HT turnover (5-HIAA/5-HT ratio) and extracellular 5-HT were determined using HPLC and microdialysis. Both mCPP and restraint-stress increased anxiety-like behavior in the social interaction test, and these effects were blocked by pretreatment with SB242,084. Restraint-stress increased 5-HT turnover in various brain areas, and this effect could be prevented by the 5-HT2C receptor agonist RO60-0175. Acute administration of SB242,084 potentiated the stress-induced increase in 5-HT turnover and blocked the inhibitory effect of RO60-0175. Microdialysis studies in frontal cortex revealed that RO60-0175 has an inhibitory effect on the stress-induced increase in extracellular 5-HT levels, but not on basal 5-HT levels. Chronic paroxetine prevented the anxiogenic effect of mCPP and prevented the inhibitory effect of RO60-0175 on restraint-stress-induced increase in 5-HT turnover.ConclusionsThese data strongly suggest that 5-HT2C receptor activation mediates the anxiogenic effect of stress. In addition, the anxiolytic action of long term treatment with SSRIs might be causally related to a clear-cut 5-HT2C receptor desensitization.
W01-04 - Position statements by psychiatric organizations concerning mental health of gay men and lesbians
Authors: Nakajima G. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesIn this workshop, Dr. Nakajima will discuss position statements that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) has taken concerning gay and lesbian issues and mental health.MethodA review of position statements by the American Psychiatric Association and European psychiatric organizations about gay and lesbian mental health issues.ResultsThe APA was the first psychiatric organization to delete homosexuality as a mental illness from its nosology, DSM-II back in 1973. When homosexuality was deleted the APA also passed a resolution affirming the civil rights of gay men and lesbians. These position statements in 1973 were the first of a long number of positions statements that the APA has taken concerning mental health issues for gay men and lesbians. In 1987 the APA voted against keeping egodystonic homosexuality in DSM-III R and currently there is no diagnoses related to homosexuality in DSM-IV. The APA has also taken position statement concerning adoption and co-parenting of same-sex couples as well as discrimination of gay and lesbians in the US military. In the past few years the APA has developed position statements against therapies to change sexual orientation, which is sometimes referred to as “conversion or reparative therapy,” and in support of same sex marriage. Some European psychiatric associations including Norway's and the United Kingdom's have followed the APA in passing position statements against conversion therapies.ConclusionsWe will discuss the importance of Psychiatric Organizations to make formal position statements to advance the mental well being of lesbians and gay men.
W02-01 - An Evaluation of the Cost Effectiveness of a Four Arm School Based Mental Health Intervention
Authors: Burke L.-A. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesThe objective of implementing a cost effective analysis on four arms of a schools based mental health intervention is to find the most cost effective way of detecting suicidal ideation among young people with the ultimate aim of preventing suicide. These interventions are as follows; a professional screening of young people, a question persuade and refer programme, an awareness programme and a poster campaign.MethodsCost data on the four arms of the mental health intervention is collected using costing questionnaires. Each cost relating to the interventions is recorded. The main focus is on direct costs, primarily derived from the personnel costs associated with the health professionals involved. A cost effective analysis will be carried out. This means that the costs of each intervention will be measured against the health outcomes of each intervention and a cost effectiveness ratio is calculated.ResultsThe interventions are currently being undertaken and therefore the costs have not been collected yet. However, instruments have been designed to aid in the collation of the costs. Once the interventions are completed, the costs and the number of young people reporting, and being treated, for suicide ideation is recorded. Preliminary results are expected shortly thereafter.ConclusionsIt is expected that the four schools based mental health interventions will detect cases of suicide ideation among young people. The exact numbers are as yet unknown.
W05-02 - Does Early Improvement in Major Depression Protect Against Treatment Emergent Suicidal ideation?
Authors: Seemüller F. , Schennach-Wolff R. , Obermeier M. , Henkel V. , Möller H.-J. , Riedel M. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectiveTo investigate the association of early improvement and treatment emergent suicidal ideation in a large sample (N=705) of naturalistically treated inpatients with major depressive disorderMethodIn line with previous reports early improvement was defined as a 20% HAMD improvement within the first two weeks of antidepressant treatment. Treatment emergent suicidal ideation was defined by a sudden increase from 0 or 1 to at least 3 on HAM-D item-3 and from 0,1 to at least 4 on MADR item 10 for suicidal ideation. Early improvers were compared with non-early improvers with respect to the occurrence of treatment emergent suicidality during treatment.ResultsEarly improvers were 3 (MADRS) to 3.4 (HAMD) times less likely to experience new emergence of suicidal ideation during the treatment course than non-improvers. In addition, early improvement was associated with significantly less pessimistic thoughts.LimitationsThe analysis is based on secondary analysis of prospectively collected data. No controlled study design.ConclusionEarly improvement is associated with significantly less treatment emergent suicidal ideation for it my may provide rapid symptom relief and reduce hopelessness.
CS03-01 - Epidemiology of Co-Morbid Diabetes and Depression
Authors: Hermanns N. 
Published: June 2010

Depression is a frequent co-morbid condition in diabetic patients. In controlled studies 9% fulfilled criteria for major depression and 26% reported elevated depressive symptoms. Depression rates are twofold higher in diabetic patients than in the non-diabetic population (major depression 5%; elevated depressive symptoms 14%). Diabetes specific risk factors like occurrence of complications, poor glycaemic control, insulin therapy in type 2 diabetic patients are statically associated with elevated depression rates. Furthermore the presence of depressive symptoms in non-diabetic subjects is associated with a significant higher diabetes risk in the future.Depression in diabetic patients is linked with poorer diabetes self care behaviour like adherence to medication, keeping a healthy diet and physical exercise. The co-morbidity of diabetes and depression has also a negative impact on quality of life, which is greater than the comorbidty of depression and other chronic somatic diseases. Longitudinal studies indicate that depression in diabetes is related to a poorer prognosis. The risk for the development of complications is significantly higher in depressed than in non-depressed diabetic patients. Representative studies showed a significantly higher mortality in diabetic patients with depression than in non-depressed diabetic patients (hazard ratios between 1.67 to 2.6). The results also suggest that these negative consequences of depression are not only present in diabetic patients with severe forms of depression but also in patients with rather mild depression. In summary epidemiological findings imply that depression in diabetes is an important clinical condition warranting clinical attention as well as scientific interest.
CS03-02 - The Pathogenesis of Co-Morbid Diabetes and Depression: are they More in Common than we Thought?
Authors: Ismail K. 
Published: June 2010

The mechanism or pathogenesis that underlies the strong association between depression and diabetes is poorly understood but there are tentative models to explain the co-morbidity. The conventional model, namely that the psychological burden of living with diabetes leads to higher rates of depression, is not fully supported by the current evidence. Additional models includea)the possibility of shared developmental origins between diabetes and depressionb)the direct effects of hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia and related metabolic dysfunction on the brain andc)common mediators such as chronic stress response leading to pro-inflammation.The potential for research into the above postulated pathways is vast and may lead to identification of new modifiable targets for intervention.
CS02-01 - Diagnosis and Comorbidity: Progress Towards a New Diagnostic Classification of Mood Disorders
Authors: Angst J. , Zimmermann P. , Merikangas K. , Gamma A. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesOur knowledge of the comorbidity of mood disorders depends heavily on their diagnostic classification, which is currently in a state of flux.MethodA diagnostic specifier for bipolarity was developed and applied to data collected on major depression in several studies: Zurich Study, EDSP Study Munich, NCS-R Study USA, and Bridge Study (Vieta et al. 2010).ResultsIn all four studies, about 40% of DSM-IV major depressive disorder diagnoses were re-classified as sub-threshold bipolar II disorders, resulting in a major change in comorbidity. The comorbidity of major depression with substance use disorder (SUD) (especially alcohol use) and panic disorder shifted substantially towards an association with hidden bipolar depression. The highest comorbidity was found in bipolar-I disorders. Pure and preponderantly manic or hypomanic subjects seem to be protected against comorbidity with anxiety disorders but are at risk for SUD.ConclusionsThe current classification of mood disorders over-estimates a diagnosis of pure depression. New data suggest that 40% to 50% of all subjects with mood disorders are bipolars. This has a considerable impact on comorbidity, treatment and future research. Self-assessment instruments for the detection of hypomania are recommendable.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Survivors of Severe Somatic Illness and ICU Treatment
Authors: Kapfhammer H.P. 
Published: June 2010

AimPatients suffering from severe somatic illness (e.g. burns, traumatic injuries, myocardial infarction, major surgery, acute respiratory distress, septic shock) that leads to ICU treatment face a high risk of psychiatric morbidity. There is a major challenge to C-/L-psychiatry both during acute treatment and long-term. The presentation will focus on the PTSD risk in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and septic shock.MethodA literature survey on the general topic will be given in the introductory part of the presentation (1). Some major findings derived from own empirical studies on ARDS and septic shock will be summarized (2, 3).ResultsARDS and septic shock define medical conditions of acute respiratory insufficiency or/and systemic inflammation. Both medical conditions are often associated with multiorgan dysfunctions. As a rule, intensive care is based on mechanical ventilation often requiring high doses of sedatives and narcotics. Despite major progresses in intensive care medicine the rate of mortality is still very high among these patients. Several disabling psychological sequelae, such as cognitive dysfunctions, anxiety and mood disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) have to be evaluated in long-term survivors regarding a persisting negative impact on health-related quality of life. Several factors influencing the risk of PTSD in ARDS survivors may be discussed: increased CO2 triggering panic affects, mismatch of norepinephric overstimulation and Cortisol insufficiency, negative effects of high doses of benzodiazepines resulting in oversedation, prolonged phases of weaning and more frequent states of delirium, number of traumatic memories during ICU. Consolidation and retrieval of traumatic memories of the ICU stay are influenced by complex factors. From a clinical point of view prophylactic stress doses of hydrocortisone may reduce the major risk of PTSD associated with ARDS and septic shock.ConclusionARDS or septic shock not only define a major challenge to C-/L-psychiatry but offer an interesting model to elucidate some basic neurobiological mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of PTSD and to develop some new prophylactic strategies for this often chronically disabling psychiatric condition.
FC01-03 - Deep Brain Stimulation Of Subcallosal Cingulate Gyrus for Treatment Resistant Depression
Authors: Puigdemont D. , Portella M.J. , Pérez-Egea R. , Radua J. , de Diego-Adeliño J. , Molet J. , Gironell A. , Alvarez E. , Pérez V. 
Published: June 2010

BackgroundDeep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subcallosal cingulate gyrus (SCG) has been suggested to improve depressive symptoms in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). We now report preliminary results of DBS and one-year follow up in six patients.MethodsSix patients with severe TRD (Thase Resistance Index>4) underwent DBS surgery and subsequent monthly assessments. DBS response was defined as ≥50% reduction in the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) or HDRS< 8 (remission). Electrodes location was assessed in each patient by means of pre/post-DBS MRIs co-registration.ResultsDBS led to early and late reductions of average HDRS (from 22.5 to 9.8 and 6.25 respectively, see Figure 1 for evolution of HDRS mean scores). One month after surgery 16.7% of patients met criteria for response and for remission. Three months after response rates increased to 66.7% while remission rates were maintained. At six months, 66.7% of patients were responders. After 9 months, response rates arose up to 83.4% and these rates were largely maintained at 12 months. Remission rates showed similar growth over follow-up. No substantial differences were observed in electrodes location, and they were not found to be related to response or remission rates. The number of serious adverse effects was small with no patient experiencing permanent deficits.ConclusionsThis study suggests that DBS is relatively safe and provides significant improvement in patients with TRD. Improvement on average seems to be linearly progressive and, once melioration is achieved, it is maintained for at least one year. The procedure is well tolerated.
FC01-05 - Self-rating scales assessing subjective well-being and distress correlate with CBF in PTSD-sensitive regions
Authors: Pagani M. , Nardo D. , Högberg G. , Jacobsson H. , Larsson S.A. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in occupational related PTSD subjects and to seek for possible correlations between brain perfusion and self-rating scales (SRSs) in order to cross-check their diagnostic value and to look for their neural correlates.MethodSixteen traumatized underground and long-distance train drivers developing (S) and 17 not developing (NS) PTSD after having experienced a “person-under-train” accident underwent clinical assessment and 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT during trauma scripts. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM2) was applied to analyse rCBF changes in S as compared to NS, and to search for correlations between rCBF and SRSs scores, modeling age, months since trauma and the ratio ‘gray matter/intra-cranial volume’ as nuisance variables.ResultsSignificantly higher activity was observed during trauma script in left posterior insula, posterior cingulate, inferior parietal lobule, precuneus, and caudate in S as compared to NS. Impact of Event Scale (IES) and World Health Organisation (ten) Well-Being Index (WHO-10) scores highly correlated with tracer uptake to a great extent in the same regions in which rCBF differences between S and NS were found.ConclusionsThese findings support the involvement of posterior insular, cingulated, and parietal cortices (as well as the caudate) in the pathogenesis of PTSD and in the processing of related subjective well-being and distress. Our findings seem to provide a cross-validation for IES and WHO-10 scales by means of SPECT data, supporting their validity in the diagnosis of PTSD, and suggesting their use in future works.