bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Albendazole sulphoxide kinetic disposition after treatment with different formulations in dogs
Authors: DIB A. , PALMA S. , SUÁREZ G. , FARÍAS C. , CABRERA P. , CASTRO S. , ALLEMANDI D. , MORENO L. , LANUSSE C. , SÁNCHEZ BRUNI S. 
Published: July 2010

Dib, A., Palma, S., Suárez, G., Farías, C., Cabrera, P., Castro, S., Allemandi, D., Moreno, L., Lanusse, C., Sánchez Bruni, S. Albendazole sulphoxide kinetic disposition after treatment with different formulations in dogs. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.34, 136–141.New therapeutic strategies based on the search of alternative formulations of albendazole (ABZ) and albendazole sulphoxide (ABZSO) are under current development to optimize posology and antiparasite efficacy in dogs. In an incomplete block design, nine dogs were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6). Treatments were carried out in two phases as follows. Phase I: Group I (treatment A), animals received ABZ at 25 mg/kg of conventional formulation. Group II (treatment B), dogs received 25 mg/kg of a modified poloxamer‐ABZ formulation. Group III (treatment C), animals were treated with ABZSO in equimolar amount to ABZ doses. After 21 days of wash‐out period the experiment was repeated (Phase II). Blood samples were collected over 24 h and subsequently analysed by high performance liquid chromatography. ABZSO and ABZSO2 were the analytes recovered in plasma. Significant higher (P < 0.001) ABZSO area under the concentration–time curve (+500%) and Cmax (+487%) values were obtained for the treatment C in comparison with treatments A and B. However, no statistical differences on pharmacokinetic parameters were found between formulations A and B. In conclusion, the enhanced plasma concentration profile obtained for the ABZSO formulation used in treatment C may contribute to optimize the anthelmintic control in dogs.
Expression and distribution of antimicrobial peptides in the skin of healthy beagles
Authors: Santoro Domenico , Bunick David , Graves Thomas K. , Campbell Karen L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small proteins involved in defense against pathogenic organisms. Defensins and cathelicidin are the most frequently studied human AMPs. Our goals were to determine the distribution of AMPs and evaluate their mRNA expression in normal canine skin. Skin biopsies were taken from six healthy beagles. The relative transcript level of canine cathelicidin (cCath) and β‐defensin (cBD)‐1, cBD2 and cBD3 mRNA was quantified using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), using polyclonal antibodies against cBD2, cBD3 and cCath, was used to evaluate protein localization in the skin of healthy dogs. The Pfaffl method, using experimentally determined primer efficiencies of amplification, was used to determine the expression level of cCath, cBD1 and cDB3 relative to cDB2. The levels of cCath, cBD3 and cBD1 mRNA were 358, 296 and 177 times higher than those of cBD2, respectively. Using IIF, cBD2 and cBD3 protein fluorescence was detected in all layers of the epidermis, whereas cCath was detected predominantly in the stratum granulosum and corneum. In addition, antimicrobial peptide detection was limited to the infundibular portion of the pilosebaceous units. We have validated useful methods to evaluate AMPs in canine skin. Further studies are needed to compare AMP expression in healthy dogs with that of dogs with inflammatory skin conditions.
An outcome study on complications using routine ultrasound assistance for internal jugular vein cannulation
Authors: Lamperti M. , Cortellazzi P. , D’Onofrio G. , Subert M. , Falcone C. , Filippini G. , Caldiroli D. 
Published: July 2010

Background:  Ultrasound guidance for central venous cannulation is advised by recent guidelines, but is not being applied in everyday practice. The purpose of this study was to determine the reduction in complications when applying an ultrasound locating device for internal jugular vein catheterization.Methods:  An observational study was conducted from November 2004 to October 2005 in a tertiary neurosurgical hospital on 300 patients undergoing internal jugular vein cannulation using an ultrasound technique. Patients were not randomized and operators were trained using theoretical and practical courses. Prior to the study, the investigators, who were consultant anaesthesiologists, had to perform at least 20 successful supervised cannulations.Results:  Cannulation was successful in all cases. The incidence of arterial puncture was 2.7%, and multiple venous punctures represented the main minor complication (14%). Bivariate analysis of the overall complications revealed no significant correlation with age group, American Society of Anesthesiologists' (ASA) classification, body mass index, or position and diameter of the vein.Conclusions:  Ultrasound cannulation of the internal jugular vein minimized complications. These could be avoided when new ultrasound probes and specific needles are introduced.
The effects of activated protein C and prostacyclin on arterial oxygenation and protein leakage in the lung and the gut under endotoxaemia in the rat
Authors: DUBNIKS M. , GRÄNDE P.‐O. 
Published: July 2010

Background:Based on the anti‐adhesive/anti‐aggregatory and permeability‐reducing properties of activated protein C (APC) and prostacyclin (PGI2), we analysed and compared these substances regarding their efficacy in counteracting transcapillary leakage of albumin in the lung and the gut, and in improving arterial oxygenation under a condition of inflammation.Methods:The randomized and blinded study was performed on 31 adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Inflammation was induced by continuous infusion ofEscherichia coliendotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). Six hours after the start of the LPS infusion (240,000 U/kg/h), a simultaneous infusion of saline (control group) or 8 μg/kg/min of human recombinant APC or 2 ng/kg/min of PGI2was started and continued for 24 h (n=8 per group). The study also included a sham group. Transcapillary leakage of albumin was measured from the ratio between tissue radioactivity [counts per minute (cpm)/g tissue] and actual amount of radioactivity given (cpm/g body weight of125I‐albumin). Oxygenation was assessed from arterial and central venous blood samples.Results:LPS induced albumin leakage in the gut and the lung, and impaired blood oxygenation. In the lung, the leakage was lower in the PGI2group than in the APC and the control groups (P<0.05). In the gut, it was lower in the APC and the PGI2groups than in the control group (P<0.05). Oxygenation was better in the APC and PGI2groups than in the control group.Conclusion:Our data suggest that both APC and low‐dose PGI2are beneficial in LPS‐induced inflammation in the rat, by reducing albumin leakage and improving blood oxygenation.
Light vs. heavy sedation during mechanical ventilation after oesophagectomy – a pilot experimental study focusing on memory
Authors: SAMUELSON K. A. M. , LUNDBERG D. , FRIDLUND B. 
Published: July 2010

Background:To assess and compare the feasibility and stressful memories of light vs. heavy sedation during post‐operative mechanical ventilation.Methods:Randomized clinical trial in one general intensive care unit (ICU) in a Swedish university hospital. Thirty‐six adults were randomly assigned to receive either light [Motor Activity Assessment Scale (MAAS) 3–4] or heavy (MAAS 1–2) sedation with continuous i.v. infusion of propofol during post‐operative invasive mechanical ventilation after oesophagectomy. The patients were interviewed at the general ward 5 days post‐ICU using the ICU Memory Tool and the ICU Stressful Experience Questionnaire, and 2 months post‐ICU using the Impact of Event Scale Revised. Patient data and hourly recorded MAAS values were collected after the interviews.Results:Seventy‐four per cent of the 139 MAAS values in the light sedation group (n=18) and 79% of the 142 in the heavy sedation group (n=18) were within the targeted levels, and the median MAAS scores were 3.0 vs. 1.25, respectively. Intention‐to‐treat analyses showed no significant difference in the prevalence of stressful memories between groups, including endotracheal tube discomfort, presenting wide 95% confidence intervals for the difference in outcome estimates. Excluding the patients with a prolonged ICU stay (n=3), a higher prevalence of delusional memories was found in the heavy sedation group (31% vs. 0%,P=0.04).Conclusions:This small randomized‐controlled pilot study suggests that a light sedation regimen during short‐term post‐operative mechanical ventilation after major surgery is feasible without increasing patient discomfort.
Assessment of heavy metals in sediments and aquatic organisms in West Lake (Ho Tay), Hanoi, Vietnam
Authors: Pham Nga Thi Thu , Pulkownik Alexandra , Buckney Rodney T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWest Lake (Ho Tay) is the largest freshlake in Hanoi, Vietnam. It has a surface area of ≈ 500 ha and a total volume of >107 m3, and is 1–3.5 m in depth. West Lake has been classified as needing protection because of its valuable freshwater genetic resources. Noting that it has been extensively affected by pollution, the objective of the present study was to examine the extent of heavy metal contamination of the sediments and commercially important biota in the lake. Heavy metal concentrations in the sediment from most of 24 samples in West Lake exceeded the Ontario Ministry of Environment Screening Level for chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) concentrations. Aquatic organisms from the lake also were found to be contaminated by heavy metals. The average Zn concentrations in snails and mussels tissues ranged between 174 and 415 µg g−1, and the Pb concentrations between 3.5 and 5.2 µg g−1. The Cu concentration in shrimp (52 µg g−1) and snail (189 µg g−1), and the Pb concentration in all fish species and shrimp from the lake (2.0–5.2 µg g−1) exceeded the Food Standard Australia‐New Zealand (FSANZ) health standards for human consumption. The Cd concentration in Cyprinus carpio also exceeded the FSANZ standard. The implications of these study findings for the effective management of the food and ecological resources of West Lake are discussed.
Relation of ankle‐brachial index to the rate of decline of residual renal function in peritoneal dialysis patients
Authors: LIU JIUNG‐HSIUN , WANG SHU‐MING , CHEN CHING‐CHU , HSIEH CHUNG‐LIN , LIN SHIH‐YI , CHOU CHE‐YI , LIU YAO‐LUNG , LIN HSIN‐HUNG , HUANG CHIU‐CHING 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTAim:  The aim of this study was to determine whether ankle‐brachial index (ABI) predicts the rate of decline of residual renal function (RRF) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Previous studies demonstrated the importance of loss of RRF in predicting all‐cause risk and cardiovascular mortality in PD patients. It is also known that patients with a low ABI value have a greater risk for deteriorating renal function in the general population. The relationship between ABI and the declining rate of RRF in PD patients with an additional dialysis‐specific risk factor is uncertain.Methods:  Seventy‐four PD patients with RRF of more than 1 mL/min per 1.73 m2 were analyzed. ABI was used as the surrogate measure of pre‐existing cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis burden to further determine the outcome of RRF in this study. The slope of decline of RRF was used to determine the outcome.Results:  Based on the multivariate analysis, only ABI (P < 0.001), diabetes (P = 0.02) and baseline RRF (P = 0.009) independently predicted a faster decline in RRF. A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that ABI was an independent predictor for the slope of decline of RRF (P < 0.001).Conclusion:  A low ABI is an independent predictor of not only the known atherosclerotic events, but also of the rate of decline of RRF over time in PD patients.
Time and geographical variations in utilization of endocrine therapy for breast cancer in Australia
Authors: Vitry A. I. , Thai L. P. , Lu C. Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground: Endocrine therapies, aromatase inhibitors and tamoxifen, are commonly used as an adjuvant treatment in women with breast cancer.Aims: This study examined the trends in use of endocrine therapies in Australia between 1996 and 2008, including a comparison between Australian states.Methods: Prescription and expenditure data for tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors (1996–2008) were obtained from the Drug Utilisation Sub‐Committee. We converted prescription data to defined daily doses (DDD)/1000 population/day, the international unit of drug utilization. Utilization data in each state/territory (2003–2008) were adjusted for female population and age‐standardized incidence rates of breast cancer.Results: Total utilization of endocrine therapies increased by 30% from 1.66 to 2.14 DDD/1000/day between 1996 and 2008. Over this period, there was a shift in use from tamoxifen to aromatase inhibitors which became the highest used products in 2008. Anastrozole was the most used aromatase inhibitor and its use increased markedly after being listed on Australia's national Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) for early breast cancer in 2005 (average increase of 0.14 DDD/1000/day per annum between 2005 and 2008). PBS expenditure for endocrine therapies increased by 265% from $16 million to $58 million between 1996 and 2008. Utilization of endocrine therapies was overall comparable between regions except that it was substantially lower in the Northern Territory.Conclusions: Use of aromatase inhibitors has overtaken use of tamoxifen in 2008. Further real‐world effectiveness data are required to evaluate whether large associated increases in expenditures partly because of the higher costs of aromatase inhibitors are actually justified.
How reliable is eGFR when calculating drug dosage in acute medical admissions?
Authors: McNeill G. B. S. , Martin J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground: The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease‐derived estimation of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is used widely. Although validated in stable chronic kidney disease (CKD) outpatients, it is not known how it performs in those presenting with acute medical illness.Aim: We aimed to compare eGFR with Cockroft Gault (CG) – the renal function assessment tool available prior to eGFR – to assess the difference in clinical outcome that would occur when one over another estimation is used in practice. In particular, we wished to assess whether use of eGFR would have resulted in a change of dose of commonly used acutely administered medications.Methods: Acute medical admissions presenting to a tertiary hospital between August and December 2008 were included. Serum creatinine concentration, age, sex, height and weight were collected. Renal function was estimated by both estimates. Movement from CKD class 3 to 4 or 5 was measured – a clinically used cut‐off point for changes in management.Results: A total of 54 patients was included. eGFR values were higher than those estimated by CG. Almost half of patients categorized as CKD stage 4–5 using CG were only categorized as CKD stage 3 using eGFR.Conclusion: Although we did not use a gold standard estimation of GFR, this study shows that estimates of renal function vary in a clinically significant manner. As estimates of GFR are used to adjust drug dosages and to stratify for many other treatments, it is imperative that we find a method of estimating kidney function that is readily available, consistent and accurate.
Pituitary adenylyl cyclase‐activating polypeptide controls the proliferation of retinal progenitor cells through downregulation of cyclin D1
Authors: Njaine Brian , Martins Rodrigo A. P. , Santiago Marcelo F. , Linden Rafael , Silveira Mariana S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring retinal development, cell proliferation and exit from the cell cycle must be precisely regulated to ensure the generation of the appropriate numbers and proportions of the various retinal cell types. Previously, we showed that pituitary adenylyl cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) exerts a neuroprotective effect in the developing retina of rats, through the cAMP–cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A) (PKA) pathway. Here, we show that PACAP also regulates the proliferation of retinal progenitor cells. PACAP, PACAP‐specific receptor (PAC1), and the receptors activated by both PACAP and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), VPAC1 and VPAC2, are expressed during embryonic and postnatal development of the rat retina. Treatment of retinal explants with PACAP38 reduced the incorporation of [3H]thymidine as well as the number of 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine‐positive and cyclin D1‐positive cells. Pharmacological experiments indicated that PACAP triggers this antiproliferative effect through the activation of both PAC1 and VPACs, and the cAMP–PKA pathway. In addition, PACAP receptor activation decreased both cyclin D1 mRNA and protein content. Altogether, the data support the hypothesis that PACAP is a cell‐extrinsic regulator with multiple roles during retinal development, including the regulation of proliferation in a subpopulation of retinal progenitor cells.
5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1B receptors differentially modulate rate and timing of auditory responses in the mouse inferior colliculus
Authors: Castellan Baldan Ramsey Lissandra , Sinha Shiva R. , Hurley Laura M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSerotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine; 5‐HT) is a physiological signal that translates both internal and external information about behavioral context into changes in sensory processing through a diverse array of receptors. The details of this process, particularly how receptors interact to shape sensory encoding, are poorly understood. In the inferior colliculus, a midbrain auditory nucleus, 5‐HT1A receptors have suppressive and 5‐HT1B receptors have facilitatory effects on evoked responses of neurons. We explored how these two receptor classes interact by testing three hypotheses: that they (i) affect separate neuron populations; (ii) affect different response properties; or (iii) have different endogenous patterns of activation. The first two hypotheses were tested by iontophoretic application of 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1B receptor agonists individually and together to neuronsin vivo. 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1B agonists affected overlapping populations of neurons. During co‐application, 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1B agonists influenced spike rate and frequency bandwidth additively, with each moderating the effect of the other. In contrast, although both agonists individually influenced latencies and interspike intervals, the 5‐HT1A agonist dominated these measurements during co‐application. The third hypothesis was tested by applying antagonists of the 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1B receptors. Blocking 5‐HT1B receptors was complementary to activation of the receptor, but blocking 5‐HT1A receptors was not, suggesting the endogenous activation of additional receptor types. These results suggest that cooperative interactions between 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1B receptors shape auditory encoding in the inferior colliculus, and that the effects of neuromodulators within sensory systems may depend nonlinearly on the specific profile of receptors that are activated.
The comorbidity of tobacco smoking and gambling: A review of the literature
Authors: MCGRATH DANIEL S. , BARRETT SEAN P. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Issues. Evidence suggests that tobacco smoking and gambling frequently co‐occur. Although high rates of comorbid smoking and gambling have been documented in studies with clinical populations of pathological gamblers in treatment, in studies using samples drawn from the community, and in large‐epidemiological surveys, little empirical attention has been directed towards investigating the exact nature of this relationship. Approach. In this review, we stress the literature that has examined the epidemiology, aetiology and environmental factors implicated in comorbid smoking and gambling. Publications included in the review were identified through PsycInfo, PubMed and Medline searches. Key Findings. Although conclusive evidence is lacking, a growing body of literature suggests that smoking and gambling might share similar neurobiological, genetic and/or common environmental influences. Implications. Comorbid tobacco smoking and gambling are highly prevalent at the event and syndrome levels. However, research investigating how smoking might affect gambling or vice versa is currently lacking. Conclusion. More studies that examine the impact of this comorbidity on rates of tobacco dependence and problem gambling, as well as implications for treatment outcomes, are needed.[McGrath DS, Barrett SP. The comorbidity of tobacco smoking and gambling: A review of the literature. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
Tobacco education in dentistry and dental hygiene
Authors: GORDON JUDITH S. , ALBERT DAVID A. , CREWS KAREN M. , FRIED JACQUELYN 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. Dentists and dental hygienists are in a unique position to motivate and assist their patients to quit smoking and using smokeless tobacco, and there is ample evidence that they can be effective. Tobacco plays a major role in the development and treatment of many oral diseases, and the repeated nature of dental treatment provides multiple opportunities for information, advice and brief counselling. However, dentists and dental hygienists in practice report lack of training in effective tobacco cessation skills as a significant barrier to incorporating these behaviours into routine care. Design and Methods. In this paper, we summarise the rationale for addressing tobacco use within dentistry and dental hygiene, review the extant policies regarding provision of tobacco‐related education, and make recommendations for the content and format of tobacco dependence treatment training in undergraduate curricula and continuing education courses. Results. Although worldwide dental education organisations have policies encouraging their members to provide tobacco cessation services to their patients, there are no national standards for tobacco cessation curriculum in US dental schools. In addition, tobacco cessation is not considered a clinical competency. Discussion and Conclusions. For dental professionals to systematically assist their patients to quit tobacco, changes must be made to the ways treatment of tobacco dependence is viewed within dentistry and taught at the undergraduate and post‐graduate levels. Until that time, the dental profession will continue to fall short of the Clinical Practice Guidelines and the policies set out by its professional organisations.[Gordon JS, Albert DA, Crews KM, Fried J. Tobacco education in dentistry and dental hygiene. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:517–532]