bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origins and Contexts
Authors: Scott Clive 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the history of poetry, its origin, and contexts. In this chapter, analysis centres on the invention of free verse and its evolution and developments. What features made 1886 peculiarly the year in which free verse should emerge? Speculations on this subject lead to a catalogue of the first published examples of free verse as they appeared in literary journals, the primary of which is the La Vogue. The chapter also provides survey of the contributions made by vers libéré, vers libres classiques, popular song, translations of Whitman, and the prose poem to the emergence of free verse.
Rimbaud's ‘Marine’ and ‘Mouvement’
Authors: Scott Clive 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to commentaries on Rimbaud's poems, the ‘Marine’ and the ‘Mouvement’. Rimbaud's poems are generally accepted as the first samples of free verse in France. However this recognition as the first examples of free verse was met by many criticisms as these poems are largely exceptional and seemed merely to have acted as a stepping stone to the prose poems of Illuminations. Several commentators found grounds for disqualifying them as free verse. Among the critics of Rimbaud discussed here are Guyaux and Plessen and their scansion, reading, and rhythmic structure of the two poems are carefully examined and discussed.
Laforgue's ‘Dimanches’ (Derniers Vers, III)
Authors: Scott Clive 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses Lafogue, a free-verse poet of the line, where the subject contains conflicting tonal and expressive impulses, where the textual is frequently undermined by the verbal and non-textual, where rhythmic coherence is dismantled by the different kinds of metrical impropriety: fragmentation, equivocation, and divigation. In this chapter, Laforgue's Dimanche is studied and analyzed in terms of syllabication, rhyme, and scansion.
Claudel's ‘L₼Esprit et l₼eau’ (Cinq Grands Odes)
Authors: Scott Clive 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses Claudel's verset of Cinq Grands Odes and L'Esprit et l'eau. In this chapter, the two poems of Claudel are studied by an examination of their prosodic context and accent; and their unaccentuated syllables and intraphrasal accents, rhythm, scansion, and embajament.
Content and Characters
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWorks of fiction might, of course, elicit any kind of response from their readers. These might be utterly idiosyncratic, resting on associations of ideas, personal recollections, emotional and psychological reactions; they might be dictated by expectations of genre and tradition, and in general they might involve different degrees of understanding and misunderstanding. In certain respects there might also be gender-relative and culture-relative responses. This chapter distinguishes those responses constitutive of fiction per se from those merely connected causally to particular works or those associated with specific genres or specific kinds of readers. It aims to characterize those responses conventionally determined by the practice of fiction, responses ‘appropriate’ to fiction.
Metaphysics and Fictions
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter considers pressures of a metaphysical nature, suggesting how they might be resisted sufficiently to retain both the distinctiveness of the practice of storytelling and the substance of our later view about literature and its relation to truth. The discussion focuses on certain attempts to extend the idea of fictionality such that not only do all discourses turn out to be fictional but their subject-matters too, the objects and facts of which they speak.
Literary Practice
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLiterary practice is part of a family of social practices, including that of fictive story-telling, which can be characterized through their constitutive concepts and conventions. The concept of literature itself as well as the literary stance can be characterized and explained only with reference to this framework. The literary stance is an attitude made possible by the defining concepts and conventions of literary practice in the approach to a text. Only by using these concepts and conventions can the reader identify the features of a literary work construed as a literary work within the practice. This chapter looks at the concepts and conventions which define literary practice in order to explore the differences between the concepts of fiction and literature.
Literature as Philosophy
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLiterary works cannot be construed simply as one among other discourses with the primary intention of advancing truths. This argument, along with the argument against the Theory of Novelistic Truth, is based on a conception of truth and truth-telling which is located within a nexus of activities such as making judgements, reasoning, providing evidence, questioning, debating, falsifying, and so forth: within a practice, as we have called it, of enquiry. There is clearly a conceptual link between this notion of truth and that of knowledge. What is known is true, and what is not true does not constitute knowledge but mere opinion. Knowledge is achieved by marshalling evidence supporting whatever truth-claim is being made. These conceptions of knowledge and truth are basic to the concept of science and they guarantee what may be called the cognitive value of the insights achieved in science. This is so not merely in the natural sciences, but also in the social sciences and in history. The doubts that have been raised about the scientific status of these latter disciplines concern just the applicability in these disciplines of these notions of truth and knowledge. And what has been established so far in this discussion is that they cannot simply be presumed to explain the cognitive status of literature. There are two possible ways out of this impasse. One is to redefine the concepts of knowledge and truth-seeking, at least loosening the connection with supportive evidence and argument. The other is a more radical redefinition of the whole notion of cognitive value, severing any necessary connection with the concepts of knowledge and truth. This chapter focuses on the first alternative.
Radical Needs and Moderate Reforms
Authors: Sen Amartya 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter presents an analysis of the persistence of endemic deprivation in India, and of the role of public action in addressing that problem. It emphasizes the need to go beyond the narrow focus of current policy debates on the issue of market-oriented reforms aimed at accelerating the rate of economic growth. These reforms can contribute to the elimination of basic deprivations in India, but they need to be supported and supplemented by a far more active involvement in the provision of basic education, health care, social security, and related fields.
Uttar Pradesh: The Burden of Inertia
Authors: Drèze Jean , Gazdar Haris 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the problem of economic and social backwardness in Uttar Pradesh and its causal antecedents. Among these are the disastrous functioning of public services in rural areas, the persistence of widespread illiteracy, and the suppression of women's agency in society. This chapter also talks about the social and political circumstances underlying these diverse failures.
Mortality, Fertility and Gender Bias in India: A District-level Analysis
Authors: Murthi Mamta , Guio Anne-Catherine , Drèze Jean 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter evaluates inter-district patterns of fertility, child mortality, and gender bias in India using data from the 1981 census. The findings highlight the powerful effects of variables relating to women's agency on mortality and fertility. Further, higher levels of female literacy and female labour-force participation are associated with significantly lower levels of female disadvantage in child survival. On the other hand, variables relating to the general level of development and modernization have relative weak effects on demographic outcomes.
Philo'sDe Vita Contemplativain Historical Context
Authors: Taylor Joan E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhat we know about Philo 2,000 years after his birth is little more than what Eusebius tells us at the beginning of the fourth century. We gain a greater understanding of Philo and his works when we place him within the context of the city in which he lived. Some understanding of Alexandria and the problems facing the Jewish community of this city helps further to illuminate the man himself and the terrible events in which he found himself embroiled, and also helps to explain the context in which De Vita Contemplativa was written. Eusebius concluded that Philo was describing early Christians in the work and quoted extensively from it, assuming everyone would recognize the similarities between the practices of Philo's ‘Therapeutae’ and Christians. Philo is clearly much concerned with expounding virtue in Contempl., and all historical information is put at the service of this fundamental objective. The historical context of Contempl. would be the bitter hostilities between Jews and ‘Greeks’ in the city of Alexandria.
Identity: The Name ‘Therapeutae’ and the Essenes
Authors: Taylor Joan E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIt is important to recognize at the very start that our information about the community described by Philo in De Vita Contemplativa is embedded in rhetoric. It is usual in scholarship to refer to the group Philo describes in Contempl. as a particular Jewish sect that can be designated by the Latinized term ‘Therapeutae’. Modern scholarship has often associated the group Philo describes in Contempl. with the Essenes, who embraced contemplation. Philo's project is to illustrate the active and contemplative philosophical lives by illustrations from Judaism that ultimately would prove how virtue is found within the community he represents. In the group outside Alexandria, women have adopted the contemplative life, ‘having the same zeal and purpose’ as the men. Whether Philo's description of the Essenes or the ‘Therapeutae’ near Alexandria is accurate is not the issue; what is important is that Philo himself describes them as being definitively different on a main, distinctive feature relating to the groups: the admission of women.
A Solar Calendar
Authors: Taylor Joan E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEgypt was a land of sun-worshippers, whose calendar was organized on the basis of the sun and the Nile River. In De Vita Contemplativa, Philo notes that the Mareotic group prays every sunrise and sunset and that at the dawn of the fiftieth day they stand with eyes and their whole bodies tuned to the east. In the understanding of the Mareotic group, the physical sun is seen to symbolize the divine light behind the sun, but in praying in the direction of the sun, and seeing a new day beginning with its rising, the group might appear to show some influence from the Egyptian culture surrounding them. Based on evidence from both Alexandria and Heliopolis, the continuation of the old solar calendar appears to have been particularly endorsed by some of the Jews of Egypt. As refugees and emigrants from Judaea, they preserved an old pentecontad calendar. The usual feasts of Judaism were celebrated in accordance with this reckoning of time.
Women and Sex in De Vita Contemplativa
Authors: Taylor Joan E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn describing the women specifically in the Mareotic group, Philo's chief rhetorical aim was to present them as ‘the good’, along with all other elements. In De Vita Contemplativa, however, Philo had constructed a theory of woman and the feminine which would dictate how he saw real women. Philo also had to deal with the ‘Sexy Babe’ paradigm. Perhaps Philo's fundamental problem may be expressed as: how could the therapeutrides, the female attendants of God, be presented in a way that would not only surpass the paradigms of good women philosophers but also conform to his own gender theory? This chapter examines women and sex in Contempl., Philo's metaphorical constructions of female and male in the soul, his perceptions of gender relations in the world around about him, and his theory of ‘woman’. It also considers women as students of Moses, women philosophers in Alexandria, their role as ‘mothers’ of the congregation, and the celibacy of women.
A single nucleotide polymorphism on chromosome 10 is highly predictive for the polled phenotype in Australian Merino sheep
Authors: Dominik S. , Henshall J. M. , Hayes B. J. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThe aim of this study was to fine map the genomic location of the Horns locus in the Australian Merino sheep population and to identify markers that can be used to predict the horn phenotype. A linkage disequilibrium analysis of horn data from Australian Merino sheep mapped the Horns locus to a small region on chromosome 10. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the region was found to be highly predictive for the polled phenotype in an experimental population of Merino sheep. This was owing to a dominance effect of one of the alleles when inherited maternally. It was suggested that a genetic test would provide a good predictor of the polled phenotype. Finally, an evaluation of industry data showed that the SNP is at very different frequencies in Poll Merino sheep that have been bred for polledness (based on phenotype alone) compared with the Merino sheep breed.
Detection of quantitative trait loci for growth‐ and fatness‐related traits in a large‐scale White Duroc × Erhualian intercross pig population
Authors: Ai H. , Ren J. , Zhang Z. , Ma J. , Guo Y. , Yang B. , Huang L. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryGrowth and fatness are economically important traits in pigs. In this study, a genome scan was performed to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for 14 growth and fatness traits related to body weight, backfat thickness and fat weight in a large‐scale White Duroc × Erhualian F2 intercross. A total of 76 genome‐wide significant QTL were mapped to 16 chromosomes. The most significant QTL was found on pig chromosome (SSC) 7 for fatness with unexpectedly small confidence intervals of ∼2 cM, providing an excellent starting point to identify causal variants. Common QTL for both fatness and growth traits were found on SSC4, 5, 7 and 8, and shared QTL for fat deposition were detected on SSC1, 2 and X. Time‐series analysis of QTL for body weight at six growth stages revealed the continuously significant effects of the QTL on SSC4 at the fattening period and the temporal‐specific expression of the QTL on SSC7 at the foetus and fattening stages. For fatness traits, Chinese Erhualian alleles were associated with increased fat deposition except that at the major QTL on SSC7. For growth traits, most of White Duroc alleles enhanced growth rates except for those at three significant QTL on SSC6, 7 and 9. The results confirmed many previously reported QTL and also detected novel QTL, revealing the complexity of the genetic basis of growth and fatness in pigs.
Gram‐positive bacteria on grass pollen exhibit adjuvant activity inducing inflammatory T cell responses
Authors: Heydenreich B. , Bellinghausen I. , König B. , Becker W.‐M. , Grabbe S. , Petersen A. , Saloga J. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryBackgroundRecently, it has been established that pollen grains contain Th2‐enhancing activities besides allergens.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyse whether pollen carry additional adjuvant factors like microbes and what immunological effects they may exert.MethodsTimothy pollen grains were collected and disseminated on agar plates, and the growing microorganisms were cultivated and defined. Furthermore, the immunologic effects of microbial products on DC and T cell responses were analysed.ResultsA complex mixture of bacteria and moulds was detected on grass pollen. Besides Gram‐negative bacteria that are known to favour Th1‐directed immune responses, moulds were identified as being sources of allergens themselves. Herein, we focused on Gram‐positive bacteria that were found in high numbers, e.g. Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis. Contact of immature dendritic cells (DC) from grass pollen allergic donors with supernatants of homogenized Gram‐positive bacteria induced maturation of DC as measured by up‐regulation of CD80, CD83 and CD86 and by enhanced production of IL‐6, IL‐12p40 and TNF‐α, which was less pronounced compared with effects induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Consequently, stimulation of autologous CD4+ T cells with supernatants of homogenized Gram‐positive bacteria plus grass pollen allergen‐pulsed DC led to an enhanced proliferation and production of IL‐4, IL‐13, IL‐10, IL‐17, IL‐22 and IFN‐γ production compared with T cells that were stimulated with allergen‐pulsed immature DC alone, whereas production of the transcription factor for regulatory T cells FoxP3 was not significantly affected.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThese data indicate that grass pollen is colonized by several microorganisms that influence the immune response differently. Similar to LPS, supernatants of homogenized Gram‐positive bacteria may serve as adjuvants by augmenting DC maturation and inflammatory Th1, Th2 and Th17 responses helping to initiate allergic immune responses.
Monitoring dental pulp sensibility and blood flow in patients receiving mandibular orthognathic surgery
Authors: Chen E. , Goonewardene M. , Abbott P. 
Published: October 2011

Chen E, Goonewardene M, Abbott P. Monitoring dental pulp sensibility and blood flow in patients receiving mandibular orthognathic surgery. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 215–233, 2012.AbstractAim  To investigate the effect of orthognathic surgery, in particular genioplasty, on pulp sensibility and pulp blood flow (PBF).Methodology  Pulp blood flow monitoring and CO2 pulp sensibility testing were performed on 101 mandibular anterior teeth from 17 subjects who received mandibular bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) with or without genioplasty and other maxillary surgical procedures combined with orthodontic treatment. A laser Doppler flowmeter was used to monitor PBF using customized acrylic splints for each subject. Preoperative baseline scores were recorded from up to 1 week preoperatively, and subsequently monitored for up to 18–28 weeks postoperatively. The data were analysed by RMANOVA and pairwise comparisons. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05.Results  The average PBF in subjects who received genioplasty was not significantly different to those who received no genioplasty (F = 0.076, P = 0.784). In both groups, PBF decreased significantly postoperatively (F = 23.323, P = 0.000) and remained significantly lower (P = 0.000) than preoperative values at all times. PBF decreased markedly for 1–2 weeks postoperatively in patients who received genioplasty. However, there were no statistical differences between the PBF values at any time postoperatively for either group (P > 0.05). All teeth in both groups responded to CO2 preoperatively. The average number of teeth that responded to CO2 postoperatively in the genioplasty group was lower without significant difference when compared to the group without genioplasty (binomial distribution F = 2.63, P = 0.1256, normal distribution F = 2.98, P = 0.1048). At each progressive period after 1–2 weeks following surgery, the number of teeth responding to CO2 increased significantly (P < 0.001) in both groups. At the end of the study, in the genioplasty group 81.1% of teeth responded to CO2 compared to all teeth in the group without genioplasty.Conclusion  Pulp blood flow decreased and remained significantly lower than preoperative values in mandibular anterior teeth postoperatively with or without genioplasty. At no time was the absence of PBF recorded. The number of teeth that responded to CO2 decreased markedly postoperatively but recovered significantly over time. All teeth regained sensibility in the group without genioplasty at the end of the study. There were neither common trends nor coincidence in the recovery of PBF and pulp sensibility.
Odontoblast‐like cell numbers and reparative dentine thickness after direct pulp capping with platelet‐rich plasma and enamel matrix derivative: a histomorphometric evaluation
Authors: Orhan E. O. , Maden M. , Senguüven B. 
Published: October 2011

Orhan EO, Maden M, Senguüven B. Odontoblast‐like cell numbers and reparative dentine thickness after direct pulp capping with platelet‐rich plasma and enamel matrix derivative: a histomorphometric evaluation. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 317–325, 2012.AbstractAim  To collect quantitative information about the numbers of odontoblast‐like cells and reparative dentine thickness after direct pulp capping with platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) and enamel matrix derivative (EMD).Methodology  The experiment was conducted on 36 Wistar albino rats and a total of 144 incisor teeth. Calcium hydroxide, mineral trioxide aggregate, PRP and EMD were applied as direct capping agents on the pulps of 96 incisors (n = 24). Positive and negative control groups were created on the remaining 48 incisors. The teeth were extracted on the 7th and 28th days. After routine histological preparation, cross‐sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The numbers of the odontoblast‐like cells were measured histomorphometrically on day 7 and day 28. The thickness of the reparative dentine was also measured. The number of odontoblast‐like cells was also measured beneath the dentine bridge. The normal distribution of all data was tested with the Mann–Whitney U test. The statistical differences between groups were analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis test.Results  The mean number of odontoblast‐like cells increased between day 7 and 28 following pulp exposure (P > 0.01) in all groups except for the EMD group (P < 0.01), when compared with both the experimental and negative control groups (P < 0.01). Reparative dentine formation was observed in all groups of teeth (P > 0.01).Conclusions  Reparative dentine formation was observed, but with no significant difference between the groups. Odontoblast‐like cells were observed in association with the outcome of pulps capped with PRP and EMD. PRP and EMD are possible capping agents that influence the thickness of reparative dentine formation.