bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politics, Economic Provisioning, and Suffrage in St. Louis: What Women Said, What Men Heard
Authors: DOBKINS LINDA HARRIS 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOne of the enduring questions in history is why any group would choose to share power with another group. The granting of suffrage to American women in 1919 is one of those events in which we seek answers. I focus here on the diversity of women's economic provisioning functions, arguing that, because of that diversity, the granting of suffrage had more political benefits to the men in power and less political risks. The social provisioning status‐quo, which had been threatened by the feminist voices of the 19th century, must have seemed to be back under the control of the men in power. In order to consider economic provisioning and politics more specifically, I study the economic profile of women and the political cost/benefit thinking of male legislators in St. Louis, Missouri.
The General NFP Hospital Model
Authors: AL‐AMIN MONA 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThroughout the past 30 years, there has been a lot of controversy surrounding the proliferation of new forms of health care delivery organizations that challenge and compete with general NFP community hospitals. Traditionally, the health care system in the United States has been dominated by general NFP (NFP) voluntary hospitals. With the number of for‐profit general hospitals, physician‐owned specialty hospitals, and ambulatory surgical centers increasing, a question arises: “Why is the general NFP community hospital the dominant model?” In order to address this question, this paper reexamines the history of the hospital industry. By understanding how the “general NFP hospital” model emerged and dominated, we attempt to explain the current dominance of general NFP hospitals in the ever changing hospital industry in the United States.
Economic Thought Among American Aboriginals Prior to 1492
Authors: CICARELLI JAMES 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article explores the nature of economic thinking among indigenous Americans prior to European contact using a methodology that can best be described as applied cultural materialism. The article begins with a discussion of the approach used to infer the economic thought in the preliterate societies that populated the USA before 1492. This analysis is followed with an overview of aboriginal economic practices and thinking. The article's third section—an interpretation of Amerindian economic thought—builds on the materials in the previous sections. The article concludes with two case studies: Cahokia and the Iroquois.
Pharmaceutical High Profits: The Value of R&D, or Oligopolistic Rents?
Authors: SPITZ JANET , WICKHAM MARK 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPharmaceutical firms attribute high prices and high profits to costs associated with researching and developing the next generation of life‐saving drugs. Using data from annual reports, this article tests the validity of this claim. We find that while pharmaceutical firms do invest in R&D, they also enjoy strong rents; between 1988 and 2009, pharmaceuticals enjoyed profits of 3 to 37 times the all‐industry average, depending on the years, while investing proportionately less in R&D than other high‐R&D firms. Costs of pharmaceutical drugs have successfully flown below the radar in much of the current health care debate, with producers managing to obstruct alternative sourcing as well as payment cuts. While health care is examined for savings in other areas, sustained high pharmaceutical profits suggest that as a new health care policy develops in the U.S., the pharmaceutical industry should not be excluded from examination for significant savings in health care costs.
Studies on the Genus Mesodinium I: Ultrastructure and Description of Mesodinium chamaeleon n. sp., a Benthic Marine Species with Green or Red Chloroplasts
Authors: Moestrup Øjvind , Garcia‐Cuetos Lydia , Hansen Per Juel , Fenchel Tom 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe provide here the description of a new marine species that harbors green or red chloroplasts. In contrast to certain other species of the genus, Mesodinium chamaeleon n. sp. can be maintained in culture for short periods only. It captures and ingests flagellates including cryptomonads. The prey is ingested very rapidly into a food vacuole without the cryptomonad flagella being shed and the trichocysts being discharged. The individual food vacuoles subsequently serve as photosynthetic units, each containing the cryptomonad chloroplast, a nucleus, and some mitochondria. The ingested cells are eventually digested. This type of symbiosis differs from other plastid‐bearing Mesodinium spp. in retaining ingested cryptomonad cells almost intact. The food strategy of the new species appears to be intermediate between heterotrophic species, such as Mesodinium pulex and Mesodinium pupula, and species with red cryptomonad endosymbionts, such as Mesodinium rubrum.
Urinary Metabolomic Analysis for the Identification of Renal Injury in Patients With Acute Heart Failure
Authors: Diercks Deborah B. , Owen Kelly , Tolstikov Vladimir , Sutter Mark 
Published: January 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:18–23 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Worsening renal function in patients admitted with heart failure is associated with increased morbidity. These changes are not usually apparent initially and often take up to 48 hours to be detected. Using the novel technique of metabolomic analysis, this study aims to determine if markers of renal injury are identifiable at presentation that are associated with the development of worsening renal function in high‐risk patients with heart failure.Methods:  A prospective exploratory study enrolled a convenience sample of patients with suspected heart failure. Eligible patients had to be older than 18 years, have a B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level over 100 pg/mL, have a history of diabetes or hypertension, meet Boston criteria for heart failure (>8), and require hospital admission as judged by the treating physician. Patients receiving no more than one dose of diuretic prior to enrollment were excluded. Urine was collected during the emergency department (ED) stay. Initial creatinine and the peak value between 24 to 48 hours were used to determine worsening renal function as defined by a change of >0.3 mg/dL or absolute 25% increase. Urine samples underwent gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) profiling. Peak metabolite values were measured and data were log‐transformed. Partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) was used to identify metabolites associated with worsening renal function. Specific urinary metabolites were ranked based on their regression coefficients.Results:  The 24 enrolled subjects had a median age of 58 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 49.5 to 67.5 years) with 58% being male. Worsening renal function occurred in 10 subjects (41.7%). A total of 156 metabolites were identified. The optimal number of metabolites for class discrimination as determined by PLS‐DA was three, with a classification accuracy of 78%. These metabolites were taurine, sulfuric acid, and talose.Conclusions:  Urinary metabolites found at the time of presentation may be markers of early renal injury. It is therefore possible that the process of renal injury is initiated prior to ED arrival in patients with suspected heart failure, and these may be used to identify a high‐risk patient population.
Nectar yeasts of two southern Spanish plants: the roles of immigration and physiological traits in community assembly
Authors: Pozo María I. , Lachance Marc-André , Herrera Carlos M. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Recent studies have shown that dense yeast populations often occurring in floral nectar are numerically dominated by a few species from the flower–insect interface specialized genus Metschnikowia, while generalist yeast species commonly occurring on leaf surfaces, soil, freshwater, and air were rarely isolated from nectar samples. This study was designed to understand the main factors responsible for the assembly of nectar yeast communities, by combining field experiments with laboratory tests characterizing the physiological abilities of all yeast species forming the pool of potential colonizers for two Spanish flowering plants (Digitalis obscura and Atropa baetica). Yeast frequency and species richness were assessed in external sources (bee glossae, air, plant phylloplane) as well as in pollinator rewards (pollen, nectar). Yeasts were most frequent in external sources (air, flower-visiting insects), less so in the proximate floral environment (phylloplane), and least in pollen and nectar. Nectar communities appeared to be considerably impoverished versions of those in insect glossae and phylloplane. Nectar, pollen, and insect yeast assemblages differed in physiological characteristics from those in other substrates. Nectarivorous Metschnikowia were not more resistant than other yeast species to plant secondary compounds and high sugar concentrations typical of nectar, but their higher growth rates may be decisive for their dominance in ephemeral nectar communities.
Changes in soft tissues around immediate full‐arch rehabilitations: a prospective study
Authors: Covani U. , Ricci M. , D'Ambrosio N. , Quaranta A. , Barone A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIntroductionNowadays, aesthetic appearance is receiving more and more attention from clinicians and patients. Therefore, it is of paramount importance for the surgeon to maintain or to improve the quality and the stability of the soft tissue–implant interface. The scientific literature supports the idea that the immediate placement and provisionalization of endosseus implants and abutments can indeed offer additional clinical control over the peri‐implant tissue architecture. On this basis, this prospective study aims to evaluate the changes in soft tissues around immediately loaded dental implants in full‐arch rehabilitations, over a period of 3 months.Materials and methodsFifteen subjects were treated for immediate full‐arch rehabilitations. Following implant placement, provisional rehabilitations made of bisphenol‐A‐glycidyldimethacrylate (BIS‐GMA) and resin were placed. All records were made using a periodontal probe. The facial soft‐tissue level was measured evaluating the distance between the soft‐tissue margin and the incisal edge of the crown. Moreover, papilla levels were measured at the mesial and distal sites from a reference line connecting the occlusal edge of the crowns.ResultsThe average value at the mesial site was −0.035 mm (±1, median 0 mm), while at the midfacial site, it was 0 mm (±0.76, median 0 mm) and at the distal site, −0.05 mm (±0.92, median 0 mm). The plaque score index showed a reduction during the follow‐up period.DiscussionOur data indicate that no differences at the midfacial point were detectable over the observation period. This is in agreement with several studies; it is plausible that these results are linked to a correct position of the implant in the alveolar socket. Moreover, comparing our results with what has been reported by other authors, it is surprising that while other studies highlight that papilla loss at the mesial and distal aspect is an expected consequence of immediate implant restorations, our data do not show any changes. The explanation of these results remains unclear. Further studies are needed to support our data and to clarify what mechanisms are involved in the maintenance of soft tissue.
Rapid and Transient Upregulation of CCL11 (Eotaxin‐1) in Mouse Ovary During Terminal Stages of Follicular Development
Authors: Kuwabara Yoshimitsu , Katayama Akira , Igarashi Tsutomu , Tomiyama Ryoko , Piao Hua , Kaneko Reika , Abe Takashi , Mine Katsuya , Akira Shigeo , Orimo Hideo , Takeshita Toshiyuki 
Published: January 2012

ProblemThis study aimed to investigate the regulation of expression, localization and physiological role of the CCL11/CCR3 axis in mouse ovary during the periovulatory period.Method of studyCCL11/CCR3 expression in the mouse ovary after treatment with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) followed by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 48 hr later was assessed in vivo and in 3‐dimensional cultures in vitro.ResultsReal‐time RT‐PCR analyses revealed transient CCL11 mRNA upregulation 6 hr after hCG treatment. Immunohistochemical staining of serial ovarian sections demonstrated overlapping expression of CCL11, CCR3 and CD31 endothelial cell marker in the theca‐interstitial layer at 10 hr after hCG treatment. In vitro 3‐dimensional cultures of periovulatory ovarian tissues demonstrated that treatment with anti‐CCL11 neutralizing antibody significantly decreased CD31 transcript.ConclusionsGonadotropin surge leads to transient CCL11/CCR3 axis upregulation in the ovarian theca‐interstitial layer, suggesting that it is involved in periovulatory physiological processes by affecting follicular vessels.
Vegetation Recovery 16 Years after Feral Pig Removal from a Wet Hawaiian Forest
Authors: Cole Rebecca J. , Litton Creighton M. , Koontz Michael J. , Loh Rhonda K. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNonnative ungulates can alter the structure and function of forest ecosystems. Feral pigs in particular pose a substantial threat to native plant communities throughout their global range. Hawaiian forests are exceptionally vulnerable to feral pig activity because native vegetation evolved in the absence of large mammalian herbivores. A common approach for conserving and restoring forests in Hawaii is fencing and removal of feral pigs. The extent of native plant community recovery and nonnative plant invasion following pig removal, however, is largely unknown. Our objective was to quantify changes in native and nonnative understory vegetation over a 16 yr period in adjacent fenced (pig‐free) vs. unfenced (pig‐present) Hawaiian montane wet forest. Native and nonnative understory vegetation responded strongly to feral pig removal. Density of native woody plants rooted in mineral soil increased sixfold in pig‐free sites over 16 yr, whereas establishment was almost exclusively restricted to epiphytes in pig‐present sites. Stem density of young tree ferns increased significantly (51.2%) in pig‐free, but not pig‐present sites. Herbaceous cover decreased over time in pig‐present sites (67.9%). In both treatments, number of species remained constant and native woody plant establishment was limited to commonly occurring species. The nonnative invasive shrub, Psidium cattleianum, responded positively to release from pig disturbance with a fivefold increase in density in pig‐free sites. These results suggest that while common native understory plants recover within 16 yr of pig removal, control of nonnative plants and outplanting of rarer native species are necessary components of sustainable conservation and restoration efforts in these forests.
Global Analysis of Non‐coding Small RNAs in Arabidopsis in Response to Jasmonate Treatment by Deep Sequencing Technology
Authors: Zhang Bosen , Jin Zhiping , Xie Daoxin 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn plants, non‐coding small RNAs play a vital role in plant development and stress responses. To explore the possible role of non‐coding small RNAs in the regulation of the jasmonate (JA) pathway, we compared the non‐coding small RNAs between the JA‐deficient aos mutant and the JA‐treated wild type Arabidopsis via high‐throughput sequencing. Thirty new miRNAs and 27 new miRNA candidates were identified through bioinformatics approach. Forty‐nine known miRNAs (belonging to 24 families), 15 new miRNAs and new miRNA candidates (belonging to 11 families) and 3 tasiRNA families were induced by JA, whereas 1 new miRNA, 1 tasiRNA family and 22 known miRNAs (belonging to 9 families) were repressed by JA.
Dietary Influences on Nonexercise Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure in C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Kim Jun Ho , Park Yooheon , Kim Daeyoung , Park Yeonhwa 
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  It is well established that the lack of physical activity can lead to weight gain or obesity. However, there is limited information on influences of diet components on physical activity. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of major dietary components on energy expenditure by affecting nonexercise physical activity in C57BL/6J mice. All mice were assigned to 1 of the following 4 dietary groups based on their body weight and baseline physical activity; low fat/normal protein, high fat/normal protein, low fat/low protein, or low fat/high protein. After 3 mo, the highest weight gain was observed in animals fed with high‐fat/normal‐protein diet, and the caloric intake was significantly lower in low‐fat/high‐protein diet‐fed mice compared to other groups. However, there were no significant changes in nonexercise physical activity during experimental periods in all groups. The respiratory quotient and energy expenditure were not significantly different among the dietary groups. These findings suggest that diet‐induced obesity is not explainable by levels of physical activity and energy expenditure.Practical Application:  The understanding the link between diet and nonexercise physical activity would provide important knowledge that will potentially assist appropriate food choices to control obesity and its related health problems.
Climate Change Impacts on Irrigation Water Needs in the jaguaribe River Basin1
Authors: Gondim Rubens S. , de Castro Marco A.H. , Maia Aline de H.N. , Evangelista Sílvio R.M. , Fuck Sérgio C. de F. 
Published: January 2012

Gondim, Rubens S., Marco A.H. de Castro, Aline de H.N. Maia, Sílvio R.M. Evangelista, and Sérgio C. de F. Fuck, Jr., 2012. Climate Change Impacts on Irrigation Water Needs in the Jaguaribe River Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 355‐365. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00620.xAbstract:  Climate change is conceptually referred to as a modification to the average of climate variables and their natural variability, due to both natural and anthropogenic driving forces, such as greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change potentially impacts rainfall, temperature, and air humidity, which have relationship with plant evapotranspiration and consequently to irrigation water needs (IWN). The purpose of this research is to assess climate change impacts on irrigation water demand, based on climatic impacts stemming from future greenhouse gas emission scenarios. The study area includes eight municipalities in the Jaguaribe River Basin, located in the Ceará State of semiarid northeast Brazil. The FAO Penman‐Monteith method is used for the calculation of a reference evapotranspiration with limited climatic data. IWN projections are calculated using bias‐corrected climate projections for monthly rainfall and surface temperature derived from the United Kingdom’s Hadley Centre Regional Climate Model simulations. The increase in the average IWN is projected to be 7.9 and 9.1% over the period 2025‐2055 for the A2 and B2 scenarios, respectively with respect to 1961‐1990 baseline.
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in an adult population in Helsinki: decreased FEV1, the main determinant
Authors: Juusela Maria , Pallasaho Paula , Sarna Seppo , Piirilä Päivi , Lundbäck Bo , Sovijärvi Anssi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIntroduction:  Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) elevates the risk for development of respiratory symptoms and accelerates the decline in forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1). We thus aimed to assess the prevalence, determinants and quantity of BHR in Helsinki.Objectives:  This study involved 292 randomly selected subjects age 26–66 years, women comprising 58%.Methods:  Following a structured interview, a spirometry, a bronchodilation test, and a skin‐prick test, we assessed a bronchial challenge test with inhaled histamine using a dosimetric tidal breathing method. Results included the provocative dose inducing a decrease in FEV1 by 15% (PD15FEV1) and the dose‐response slope. For statistical risk factor‐analyses, the severity of BHR was considered; PD15 values ≤1.6 mg (BHR) and ≤0.4 mg [moderate or severe BHR (BHRms)] served as cut‐off levels.Results:  BHR presented in 21.2% and BHRms in 6.2% of the subjects. FEV1 < 80% of predicted [odds ratio (OR) 4.09], airway obstruction (FEV1/forced vital capacity < 88% of predicted) (OR 4.33) and history of respiratory infection at age <5 (OR 2.65) yielded an increased risk for BHR as ORs in multivariate analysis. For BHRms, the determinants were decreased FEV1 below 80% of predicted (OR 27.18) and airway obstruction (OR 6.16). Respiratory symptoms and asthma medication showed a significant association with BHR.Conclusions:  Of the adult population of Helsinki, 21% showed BHR to inhaled histamine. The main determinants were decreased FEV1 and airway obstruction. Quantitative assessment of BHR by different cut‐off levels provides a tool for characterization of phenotypes of airway disorders in epidemiologic and clinical studies.Please cite this paper as: Juusela M, Pallasaho P, Sarna S, Piirilä P, Lundbäck B and Sovijärvi A. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in an adult population in Helsinki: decreased FEV1, the main determinant. Clin Respir J 2013; 7: 34–44.
Ulcerative glossitis and gingivitis associated with foxtail grass awn irritation in two horses
Authors: Johnson P. J. , LaCarrubba A. M. , Messer N. T. , Turnquist S. E. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryTwo horses were presented for diagnosis of lethargy, salivation, halitosis, dysphagia, bleeding ulcerative glossitis, gingivitis, and focal bleeding ulceration along the mucocutaneous junction of the labial commissures. In both instances, ulceration was attributed to foxtail awns (Setaria geniculata) based on microscopic examination of representative tissue biopsies and identification of numerous foxtail seed heads in representative samples of the available hay. The horses recovered and the lesions resolved completely following removal of the affected source of hay.
Dimension reduction and homogenization of random degenerate operators. Part I
Authors: Moussa Abdelaziz Aït , Zlaïji Loubna 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOur aim in this paper is to identify the limit behavior of the solutions of random degenerate equations of the form −div Aε(x′,∇Uε)+ρεω(x′)Uε=Fwith mixed boundary conditions on Ωεwhenever ε→0, where Ωεis anN-dimensional thin domain with a small thicknessh(ε),ρεω(x′)=ρω(x′/ε), whereρωis the realization of a random functionρ(ω) , andAε(x′,ξ)=a(Tx′/εω,ξ) , the mapa(ω,ξ) being measurable inωand satisfying degenerated structure conditions with weightρinξ. As usual in dimension reduction problems, we focus on the rescaled equations and we prove that under the conditionh(ε)/ε→0 , the sequence of solutions of them converges to a limitu0, whereu0is the solution of an (N−1) -dimensional limit problem with homogenized and auxiliary equations.
Effects of acetazolamide on cerebrovascular function and breathing stability at 5050 m
Authors: Fan Jui‐Lin , Burgess Keith R. , Thomas Kate N. , Lucas Samuel J. E. , Cotter James D. , Kayser Bengt , Peebles Karen C. , Ainslie Philip N. 
Published: January 2012

Key points
Acetazolamide improves breathing stability during sleep in newcomers to high altitude, but the mechanism remains unclear.
We examined the effects of a single i.v. dose of acetazolamide on brain vascular function and breathing at sea level and following 7 days at high altitude (5050 m).
We demonstrated that acute i.v. acetazolamide at high altitude enhances the brain blood flow response to changes in CO2 and improves breathing stability.
We speculate that the enhanced brain blood flow responses following acetazolamide ingestion may account for the well‐documented acetazolamide‐induced improvement in abnormal breathing at high altitude.