bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of nine microorganisms from the initial carious root lesions using a TaqMan‐based real‐time PCR
Authors: Bizhang M , Ellerbrock BI , Preza D , Raab WHM , Singh P , Beikler T , Henrich B , Zimmer S 
Published: May 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 642–652Objective:  The purpose of this study was to quantify nine selected cariogenic bacteria in plaque from sound root surfaces and initial carious root lesions using TaqMan PCR and to analyse a putative dependence on the kind of initial periodontal treatment.Material and Methods:  Fifty‐four subjects with generalized chronic periodontitis were randomly allocated to one of the following initial periodontal therapies: full‐mouth disinfection, full‐mouth scaling and root planing or scaling and root planing within 7 days. Plaque samples were taken before and after periodontal treatment and analysed by TaqMan PCR.Results:  The quantity of the cariogenic bacteria Actinomyces spp., Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacilllus spp., Rothia dentocariosa, Parvimonas micra, Propionibacterium acnes and Neisseria mucosa were significantly higher, while the quantity of Veillonella parvula was significantly lower on initial carious lesions than on the sound surfaces both before and after periodontal therapy. No significant differences could be found in any of the tested bacteria except P. micra on initial carious lesions and sound surfaces for both examinations between the groups.Conclusion:  All the nine species analysed were found to be present in initial carious root lesions as well as sound root surfaces but in different quantities, independent of the different periodontal therapies.
MDR‐TB in Finland – still rare despite the situation in our neighbouring countries
Authors: Vasankari Tuula , Soini Hanna , Liippo Kari , Ruutu Petri 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIntroduction:  The multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) epidemic in Eastern Europe bordering Finland has raised worries concerning the risk of disease in near‐frontier contacts.Objectives:  Our aim was to find out the amount of multidrug resistance, characterise the resistance profiles and evaluate the outcome of treatment. In addition, we analysed the isolates by molecular genotyping methods in order to evaluate the origins of the resistant isolates.Methods:  All culture‐verified new MDR‐TB cases diagnosed during the years 1994–2005 were included. Treatment outcome categories of the World Health Organization collected 36 months from the beginning of the treatment were used for outcome monitoring. The IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) test and spoligotyping were carried out according to standard recommendations.Results:  There were 19 culture‐confirmed MDR‐TB cases during the study period. The mean age was 39.9 years. The proportion of foreign‐born patients was 73.7%. The outcome of the treatment was favourable in 14 cases (73.7%). When the spoligotypes were compared with the international spoligotype database, a corresponding spoligotype was found in 17 cases. Seven (36.8%) patients were infected by an isolate belonging to the Beijing genotype (SIT1).Conclusion:  It is very probable that cases of MDR‐TB in Finland are mostly caught abroad. Risk of gaining disease in near‐frontier contacts seems to be very low.Please cite this paper as: Vasankari T, Soini H, Liippo K and Ruutu P. MDR‐TB in Finland – still rare despite the situation in our neighbouring countries. Clin Respir J 2012; 6: 35–39.
Expert Advocacy for the Marginalised: How and Why Democratic Mediation Matters to Deepening Democracy in the Global South
Authors: Piper Laurence , von Lieres Bettina 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe paper argues that the practice of democratic mediation is an increasingly common, yet under‐researched, component of engagements between citizens and public authorities across the globe. While the actors who mediate (and their tactics) are diverse and are not necessarily of the marginalised group, they share a commitment to overcoming representational, knowledge or ideological deficits in decision‐making for the marginalised group. While the ‘speaking for’ nature of democratic mediation clearly opens up critical legitimacy problems, the practice of democratic mediation appears to be remarkably common, and even effective.The paper demonstrates this by surveying at least three kinds of democratic mediation observed across a large number of cases. First is ‘mediation as professional advocacy’. The mediator in these cases is more an ‘interested intermediary’ in contentious policy politics. In a context of skewed power‐relations where certain groups remain systematically marginalised, not least through knowledge and representational deficits, a degree of advocacy is required to get more egalitarian policy dialogue.Second is ‘mediation as representational entrepreneurship’. This refers to engagements between citizens and forms of public authority that stretch from the local to the global level. In more ‘global‐local’ mobilisations, mediators are often experts, professionals, and international NGOs. In more ‘local – global’ movements, the mediators are ‘hybrid activists’ deeply rooted in the local identities and associations. However, in either case the actor is distinguished by the taking of initiative to include the voices of the marginalised in a domain of power‐relations which is multi‐level.Lastly, ‘mediation as citizenship development’ refers to forms of activism typically associated with community and capacity development, and usually involves limited advocacy by civil society organisations (CSOs). Hence there may be little by way of explicit mediation in local governance decision‐making in these cases, although the empowerment of communities has a demonstrable and mostly positive impact on local governance.
Severe bilateral physitis with instability and Salter‐Harristype 1fractures in two foals
Authors: Jackson M. A. , Kummer M. , Auer J. A. , Ossent P. , Paar M. , Fürst A. E. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThis Case Report describes the clinical, radiographic, computed tomographic andpost mortemfindings in 2 foals with severe bilateral physitis of the distal third metatarsal bones (MtIII). The foals were admitted because of bilateral hindlimb lameness of several weeks' duration. Initial examination revealed that the physeal regions of the distal MtIII were enlarged, warmer than normal and painful on palpation.Case 1was treated conservatively and discharged but was readmitted 8 weeks later because of clinical deterioration. In both foals, radiographs showed plantar dislocation of both epiphyses through the physis and a Salter‐Harristype 1fracture. The foals were subjected to euthanasia and apost mortemexamination.
Local and global volunteer opportunities for pharmacists to contribute to public health
Authors: Angelo Lauren B , Maffeo Carrie M 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThere are many local and global volunteer opportunities for pharmacists to contribute to public health initiatives that help promote health, prevent disease and improve access to care. This article provides perspective and guidance for pharmacists and student pharmacists who desire to take part in volunteer initiatives related to local and global public health needs. The case examples provided are limited to activities that occurred strictly in a volunteer capacity.Pharmacists serving in a volunteer capacity have an opportunity to broaden their depth of practice and patient care responsibilities. Their skills sets and knowledge can be applied in a variety of public health settings to help meet the health care needs of the communities and patients they serve. Emergency response and caring for the underserved are recurring themes within the volunteer opportunities afforded to pharmacists. Examples include, but are not limited to, the US Medical Reserve Corps, health departments, health centres and clinics, medical service trips and disaster relief. Regardless of setting, the volunteer pharmacist will need to consider scope of practice limitations and certain legal protections.An array of volunteer opportunities exists for pharmacists and student pharmacists in the public health arena. Participating in these events allows pharmacists to expand their practice experiences while contributing to public health needs and outreach.
A Tetraparametric Metamodel for the Analysis and Design of Bolting Sequences for Wind Generator Flanges
Authors: Abasolo Mikel , Aguirrebeitia Josu , Avilés Rafael , Fernández de Bustos Igor 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This paper presents a metamodel that enables estimation of the elastic interaction that occurs in the bolted joints of a wind generator tower during the tightening sequence. In this kind of joint, there is a gap between the contact surfaces of the flanges. The metamodel is composed of four parameters, which are enough to simulate the response of the flange under the tightening loads of the bolts. Even though the behavior of the joint is nonlinear because of the gap, the parameters are obtained from two simple linear elastic analyses of a finite element (FE) model of the flange. The corresponding loss of load in the bolts has been estimated for various sequences with minimum computational cost. Thus, there is no need for costly experimental measurements or nonlinear FE simulations.
Language, foreign nationality and ethnicity in an English prison: implications for the quality of health and social research
Authors: Yildiz Can , Bartlett Annie 
Published: May 2011

BackgroundMore than one in 10 of all prisoners in England and Wales are Foreign Nationals. This article discusses whether the research applications to one London prison are aimed at understanding a prisoner population characterised by significant multinational and multilingual complexity.MethodsWe studied all accessible documents relating to research undertaken at a women's prison between 2005 and 2009 to assess the involvement of Foreign National prisoners and women with limited English. The source of information was prison research applications and protocols. We also looked at available final research reports and journal articles.ResultsTwo key findings emerged from this study. First, studies at this prison frequently excluded Foreign National prisoners and women with limited English. Second, Foreign National prisoners were often clustered as a homogeneous category in the research reports reviewed. This is despite their diverse cultural backgrounds, their variable immigration status and their differing competence in English, all of which affect their lives.ConclusionsThe failure to include and/or identify social subgroups of the population can undermine the value of research, including, in the case of the study prison, funded health research. This can compromise associated needs assessments and service delivery, particularly important in already disadvantaged populations; this may encourage and/or perpetuate a range of health inequalities. There is a pressing need to examine cultural exclusion in other health and criminal justice settings, to assess the ways in which—and the extent to which—such exclusion may compromise the merit of proposed and completed health and social research.
Wholesale data for surveillance of Australian Aboriginal tobacco consumption in the Northern Territory
Authors: Thomas David P , Fitz Joseph W , Johnston Vanessa , Townsend Joanne , Kneebone Warwick 
Published: May 2011

ObjectivesEffective monitoring of trends in tobacco use is an essential element of tobacco control policy. Monitoring tobacco consumption using tobacco wholesale data has advantages over other methods of surveillance. In the present work, a research project that monitored tobacco consumption in 25 remote Aboriginal communities and its translation to a policy to implement this monitoring routinely in the entire Northern Territory of Australia is described.MethodsTobacco consumption and trends were estimated using wholesale (or occasionally sales) data from all retail outlets in 25 remote Aboriginal communities. Self-reported consumption was estimated from the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey in 2008. Local consumption results were fed back in posters to local organisations and health staff.ResultsEstimates of consumption from wholesale data and self-report were similar (6.8 and 6.7 cigarettes/day/person aged 15 and over). Consumption was higher in the tropical Top End than in arid Central Australia, and 24% of tobacco was consumed as loose tobacco. The overall trend in monthly consumption was not significantly different from 0. Local communities could be ranked by their local trends in monthly consumption.ConclusionsMonitoring tobacco consumption using wholesale tobacco data is a practical and unobtrusive surveillance method that is being introduced as a new condition of tobacco retail licenses in the Northern Territory of Australia. It overcomes some problems with consumption estimates from routine surveys, enables rapid feedback and use of results and is particularly well suited for hard-to-reach discrete populations, such as remote Aboriginal communities in Australia. It has already been used to evaluate the impact of local tobacco control activities.
On the interpretation of complex atomic spectra by means of the parametric Racah–Slater method and Cowan codes1This article is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.
Authors: Wyart Jean-François 
Published: May 2011

Theoretical studies of electronic configurations of several lanthanide ions in the Racah–Slater approach were performed with the standard suite of codes by R.D. Cowan, including a fitting of energy parameters. Configuration interaction was considered explicitly in the low configurations and was processed by effective parameters for doubly-excited far configurations. Mean errors lower than 100 cm–1 were obtained. Systematic differences are noticed between radial integrals calculated by ab initio PHFR and the Pfit fitted values. The consistency of the scaling factors SF(P) = Pfit/PHFR and of the effective parameters for far configuration effects is shown. In an application to Tm II, the predicted transition probabilities compared well with line intensities and led to the finding of new energy levels. In Nd II, the configuration 4f5 is identified.
Excitation energies, E1, M1, and E2 transition rates, and lifetimes in Ca+, Sr+, Cd+, Ba+, and Hg+ 1This article is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.
Authors: Safronova U.I. , Safronova M.S. 
Published: May 2011

Excitation energies of ns1/2, npj, and ndj states in Cd+ (n = 5), Hg+ (n = 5) and ns1/2, npj, and (n – 1)dj states in Ca+ (n = 4), Sr+ (n = 5), and Ba+ (n = 6) are evaluated using the linearized coupled-cluster (all-order) method. Reduced matrix elements, oscillator strengths, and transition rates are determined for the ns–npj–ndj (or ns–npj–(n – 1)dj) possible electric dipole transitions in Ca+, Sr+, Ba+, Cd+, and Hg+. Electric quadrupole matrix elements are evaluated to obtain ns1/2–(n – 1)dj transition rates in Ca+ (n = 5), Sr+ (n = 5), and Ba+ (n = 6). The matrix elements are calculated using both relativistic many-body perturbation theory, complete through third order, and the relativistic all-order method restricted to single and double (SD) excitations. The SD lifetime results for the np and nd states in Ca+, Sr+, Ba+, Cd+, and Hg+, are compared with the latest available experimental measurements. The contribution of the magnetic dipole nd3/2–nd5/2 transition to the lifetimes of the lowest nd5/2 level ln Ca+, Sr+, and Ba+ ions is discussed. These calculations provide a theoretical benchmark for comparison with experiment and theory as well as data needed for various applications.
Recent observational and theoretical studies of the classical nova outburst1This review is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.
Authors: Woodward C.E. , Starrfield S. 
Published: May 2011

Many facets of astrophysics are captured in classical novae (CNe) eruptions, making these systems unique laboratories to investigate several poorly understood processes, many in real time. CNe may also be related to the super-soft sources, the likely progenitors of SN Ia explosions. Spectra of CNe ejecta, from X-ray to infrared (IR) wavelengths, are remarkable for the changing elemental and ionic content as the ejecta temporally evolves — often exhibiting a variety of low-energy permitted lines of CNO and Fe II, high ionization lines, e.g., [Fe VIII] λ 6078 Å, and IR “coronal” lines (few 100 eV transitions) of metals such as Ne, Si, S, and Ar. At higher energies, X-ray and UV emission in CNe comes from the nuclear burning of residual accreted material on the white dwarf surface after the initial outburst; this emission directly probes processes powering the post-outburst evolution of the white dwarf and the ejecta. Some nova systems are observed to form dust, making CNe one of the known in situ stellar sources of dust grains. However, from a theoretical standpoint the interpretation of the emission line spectra, the derivation of metal abundances and estimates of ejecta mass are vexed by limited and (or) uncertain atomic and molecular data that is becoming increasingly acute, as spectral resolution and wavelength coverage expands into heretofore new observational phase space. Here we highlight IR observations of select CNe, including V2467 Cygni and V2361 Cygni, studied with the NASA Spitzer telescope and contemporaneously with ground-based optical spectroscopy as well as Swift, Chandra, and XMM-Newton spectrophotometry. We discuss new paradigms derived from photoionization models, recent issues associated with ejecta abundances derived from hydrodynamical codes simulating the nova outburst, and future challenges.
Oscillator strength measurements of atomic absorption lines from stellar spectra1This article is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.2Based in part on observations made with the Mercator Telescope, operated on the island of La Palma by the Flemish Community, at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias.
Authors: Lobel Alex 
Published: May 2011

Herein we develop a new method to determine oscillator strength values of atomic absorption lines with state-of-the-art detailed spectral synthesis calculations of the optical spectrum of the Sun and of standard spectral reference stars. We update the log(gf) values of 911 neutral lines observed in the KPNO–FTS flux spectrum of the Sun and high-resolution echelle spectra (R = 80 000) of Procyon (F5 IV–V) and [Formula: see text] Eri (K2 V) observed with large signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios of ∼2000 using the new Mercator–Hermes spectrograph at La Palma Observatory (Spain). We find for 483 Fe i, 85 Ni i, and 51 Si i absorption lines in the sample a systematic overestimation of the literature log(gf) values with central line depths below 15%. We employ a curve-of-growth analysis technique to test the accuracy of the new oscillator strength values and compare calculated equivalent line widths to the Moore, Minnaert, and Houtgast atlas of the Sun. The online SpectroWeb database at spectra.freeshell.org interactively displays the observed and synthetic spectra and provides the new log(gf) values together with important atomic line data. The graphical database is under development for stellar reference spectra of every spectral sub-class observed with large spectral resolution and S/N ratios.
Water flow and storage in fractured, unsaturated sulphur blocks
Authors: Birkham T.K. , Hendry M.J. , Barbour S.L. , Carey S.K. , Lawrence J.R. , Lewko R. 
Published: May 2011

Water is a primary control on the generation of acidic (H2SO4) effluent from commercial-scale sulphur (S0) blocks. Although clean S0 is strongly hydrophobic, microbial colonization of fracture faces and friable S0 generates localized hydrophilic conditions. Infiltration occurs preferentially along discrete fractures and in areas of friable S0. Surface evaporation rates are low (mean 0.2 mm/day), and >90% of rainfall infiltrates and rapidly drains from the blocks. A conceptual model to describe the flow and storage of water at the base of S0 blocks was developed and tested. The S0 blocks were represented as a hydrophilic equivalent porous medium, and lateral drainage through the base of the blocks was quantified using a two-dimensional numerical model. Specific yield (Sy) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) values were estimated to be ∼4%–7% and ∼1 × 10−2 m/s, respectively, by comparing measured and modelled pore-water pressure head and outflow responses to rainfall events. Given that commercial-scale S0 blocks are constructed in a similar manner worldwide, the results of this study are considered widely applicable in designing S0 block storage facilities that minimize water availability and H2SO4 production in S0 blocks.
LONG TERM RESULTS OF MATCHED HEMIRESECTION INTERPOSITION ARTHROPLASTY FOR DRUJ ARTHRITIS IN RHEUMATOID PATIENTS
Authors: Ahmed Syed Kamran , Cheung Jason Pui Yin , Fung Boris Kwok-Keung , Ip Wing-Yuk 
Published: May 2011

Introduction: The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is commonly affected in rheumatoid arthritis and is associated with significant functional morbidity. The aim of our study is to review our results with matched hemi-resection interposition arthroplasty in patients with DRUJ arthritis.Methods: This was a retrospective study of 39 patients with 51 wrists that were treated at Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong from 1989 to 2007. All patients underwent matched hemi-resection interposition arthroplasty and dorsal wrist synovectomy. Long arm hinged elbow brace was used for three weeks followed by intensive rehabilitation up to twelve weeks. The indicators of outcome included range of motion assessment, pain, wrist stiffness, grip of strength and need for revision assessed during follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed with student t-test.Results: The average age of patients was 50.5 years (25 to 77 years) and there was a 35:4 female to male ratio. The average follow up was 4.5 years ranging from 1 to 18 years. Associated extensor tendon ruptures were found in 31.4% patients. The average increase in supination was from 73 degrees preoperatively to 81 degrees at long term follow up (p = 0.10 at 1 year and 0.13 at long term follow-up). The average increase in pronation was from 68 degrees preoperatively to 74 degrees on long term follow up (p = 0.57 at 1 year and 0.02 at long term follow-up). There was evidence of painless, relatively stiff but functional wrist in 37.25% of patients. There was an increase in grip strength from an average of 6.1 kilogram force preoperatively to an average of 11.5 kilogram force at follow-up (p = 0.004 at 1 year and 0.15 at long term follow-up). Complete relief of ulnar sided pain was seen in 43 wrists (84%), partial relief was seen in 7 wrists (13.7%) and no relief was found in one wrist (1.9%).Conclusions: DRUJ arthroplasty is a rewarding procedure and most of the patients obtain pain free movement.