bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo real‐time dosimetric verification in high dose rate prostate brachytherapy
Authors: Seymour Erin L. , Downes Simon J. , Fogarty Gerald B. , Izard Michael A. , Metcalfe Peter 
Published: July 2011

Purpose:To evaluate the performance of a diode array in the routine verification of planned dose to points inside the rectum from prostate high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy using a real‐time planning system.Methods:A dosimetric study involving 28 patients was undertaken where measured doses received during treatment were compared to those calculated by the treatment planning system (TPS). After the ultrasound imaging required for treatment planning had been recorded, the ultrasound probe was replaced with a geometric replica that contained an 8 mm diameter cylindrical cavity in which a PTW diode array type 9112 was placed. The replica probe was then positioned inside the rectum with the individual diode positions determined using fluoroscopy. Dose was then recorded during the patients' treatment and compared to associated coordinates in the planning system.Results:Factors influencing diode response and experimental uncertainty were initially investigated to estimate the overall uncertainty involved in dose measurements, which was determined to be ±10%. Data was acquired for 28 patients' first fractions, 11 patients' second fractions, and 13 patients' third fractions with collection dependent upon circumstances. Deviations between the diode measurements and predicted values ranged from −42% to +35% with 71% of measurements experiencing less than a 10% deviation from the predicted values. If the ±10% measurement uncertainty was combined with a tolerated dose discrepancy of ±10% then over 95% of the diode results exhibited agreement with the calculated data to within ±20%. It must also be noted that when large dose discrepancies were apparent they did not necessarily occur for all five diodes in the one measurement.Conclusions:This technique provided a method that could be utilized to detect gross errors in dose delivery of a real‐time prostate HDR plan. Limitations in the detection system used must be well understood if meaningful results are to be achieved.
The effect of endurance exercise on the power, speed, talent and anaerobic capacities of teenage female basketball players
Authors: İri Rüçhan , Yılmaz Gürkan , Çözeli M Serdar 
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study is to investigate a 16-week endurance exercise in terms of power, speed, ability and aerobic capacity in 13–16-year-old female basketball players. Twenty female basketball players participated in the study and they are divided into two groups, ‘endurance group’ and ‘control group’. Both groups have exercised 3 days a week and 90 min a day throughout 16 weeks. The 1st group (endurance group – EG) is applied the interval training method and the 2nd (control group – CG) group is applied general basketball exercises. The groups in the study have taken 20-m speed run, squat jump, countermovement jump and running-based anaerobic speed run tests both before and after the exercises. Paired-samples t test is done for arithmetical mean, SD and the evaluation between groups, and non-parametric test Mann–Whitney U test is done for the comparison of the two groups. Statistically, in the assessment of groups before exercises (EÖ) and after exercises (ES), a significant difference is found in terms of the number of shoots within the groups themselves, between EÖ and ES, and between the two groups being in favour of EG group. A significant difference in favour of EG group is found in valid shoot and group shuttle tests as well. Statistically significant differences in favour of EG group are also found in the assessment of ES in terms of all the running values of anaerobic speed test. It is seen that there is a significant difference in the fatigue index value of EG group in favour of ES. No statistically significant differences have been observed in the other tests.In conclusion, interval endurance exercise is seen to have caused an improvement in the number of shoots, in valid shoots, in grouped shuttle tests and in the anaerobic powers of young females. Thus, it can be suggested that the application of interval training method besides cardiovascular and metabolic specific factors in the improvement of endurance in children may be useful.
The relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness with some of the anthropometry characteristic and physical activity in girls and boys 8–12 years old
Authors: Nasibeh Kazemi 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundPhysical activity (PA) participation is associated with health benefits and/or health risks. Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CVF) and fatness seem to be important health problems. Regarding some of the studies, it has been proven that CVF is related to daily PA and fatness.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was evaluating the relationship between CVF with some of the anthropometric characteristics and PA in children aged 8–12 years.DesignA cross-sectional study of 44 children aged (mean±SD) 9.73±1.38 years, height 134.5±11.77 cm and weight 32.04±8.66 kg from Noorabad city volunteered for this study. Before performance of any testing, the enrolled children's parents provided written informed consent and all children filled up an informed consent form. The current health status of the children was checked, CVF was measured by Bruce's treadmill test and the recording paper of daily PA for 2 days of a week (a holiday and a non-holiday) was filled by the children's parents. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight/height squared (kg/m2), and using Jackson's formula the body fat percentage (BF%) was calculated. Pearson bivariate correlation analysis was done. The analysis was performed using SPSS (version 15.0), and the level of significance was set at p=0.5.ResultsA statistically significant relationship was found between CVF (VO2max) and PA (p=0.0005), BMI (0.034) and BF% (p=0.005).SuggestionOur cross-sectional results suggest that PA may improve children's CVF. In addition, we can estimate by VO2max measuring BMI and BF%.
Comparison of height, weight and BMI of Indian school children (6–14 years of age) with WHO New Growth Standards
Authors: Dhingra Meenu , Jain Rita , Raj Yujwal 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundWHO New Growth Standards 2006 are considered appropriate for Indian population and clinicians and anthropologists can assess nutritional status of children much early in life. Comparing with these standards provide useful insights into early recognition and prevention of childhood nutritional problems.Objective and methodologyWith the objective of assessing the nutritional status of school children, an anthropometric survey of Delhi school children (N=711) aged 6–14 years (boys=398; girls= 313) was conducted in 2008. Height, weight and body mass index were compared with WHO New Growth Standards 2006. Statistical analysis was based on WHO Anthroplus software for calculation of mean, median, SD, range and z scores, for each variable over 9 age groups in boys and girls.ResultsResults of z scores for weight-for-age (zwfa), height-for-age (zhfa) and BMI-for-age (zbfa) indicate that boys fall in the overweight category with shorter height (SD >1<2) in all age groups except at age group 8 where the boys are significantly taller than reference values. In case of girls, zwfa and zbfa indicate that girls are overweight in all age groups (SD >1<2) except at age 6 and zhfa scores reflect that they are shorter than the reference values across all age groups.ConclusionsThe present study shows overweight condition of both boys and girls in the study of Indian school. Nutritional intervention and physical activity programme may be suggested to them to prevent any further complications. It is recommended that similar study be carried out every year on school children to monitor the progress of growth and development.
Meal planning and nutritional supplements use among elite bodybuilders in Taiwan
Authors: Kuo Margaret Jip 
Published: July 2011

The interaction between exercise and nutrition is important for bodybuilders. The intake of food during post-exercise recovery is necessary for hypertrophy to occur. Therefore, the current survey was performed to assess information regarding the meal planning and use of such supplements among elite bodybuilders in Taiwan.MethodThirty-four (26 male and 8 female) bodybuilders completed a questionnaire which conducted to examine the source of information, meal planning and usage of nutritional supplements.ResultAll the bodybuilders ingest protein and carbohydrate following exercise to attain a positive protein balance and maximise their skeletal muscle adaptive response. The prevalence of supplement use was 65% and nine different products were used. Female athletes were more likely to take supplements for their health or because of an inadequate diet, while male reported taking supplements to improve strength and power, and for weight and muscle gain. Females were more likely to take calcium, multivitamins and essence of chicken. And males had significant intake for Siberian ginseng, amino acids, glutamine, weight gainers and whey protein. The most frequently used supplements overall were sports drinks (88%), creatine (74%), whey protein (65%), energy drinks (53%), vitamin C (57%), vitamin B complex (62%) and multivitamin (44%). Before using a product, 72% sought information, usually from the media and internet, a store nutritionist, coaches, friends and fellow bodybuilders. However, many did not know where to obtain reliable information and 82% were also unaware that supplementation can have adverse effects.ConclusionAlthough the supplement use is common among the bodybuilders in Taiwan, many do not have accurate information about these products. Hence, there is an urgent need to provide athletes nutritional education and scientifically sound guidance by leading sport organisations is required.
A precision athletic track marking system
Authors: kumar P Ravi , Rao C S P , Reddy P C , Krishna Murali , Moiz Md 
Published: July 2011

AimOn an athletic track the marking of staggers is a time consuming activity. No accurate method for manual marking of stagger is available. The aim of this paper is to suggest simplified and accurate method for manual marking of stagger and relay change over zones and also the ‘Mechatronic Track Marking System’ device which is designed based on this is simple and reachable.MethodologyStaggers are required to be marked on imaginary lines known as running distance curve (RDC). Literature suggests use of large number of nails to be put on RDC so that the stretched tape follows RDC. This method is time consuming and inaccurate due to tape following a straight line between two nails. The improved method uses computer programme for converting curved staggers on RDC to chords on actual curved lines for straight marking by stretching the tape without use of any nails.ResultsThe method has been tested at JN Stadium, Warangal, (AP), India, NIT Stadium, Hanamkonda, Warangal, (AP), India and LB Stadium, Hyderabad (AP), India and found to be very accurate and time saving.ConclusionImproved method and the devise is simple, less time consuming, accurate and recommended to be adopted for teaching and professional use.
Time management of the training process and its relationship to the quality of decision-making to coaches of some individual and team sports
Authors: El-Komsan Wael Mohamed Ramadan Abo , El-Gebaly Tamer Owaies Ali 
Published: July 2011

This research aims to establishing a scale of managing the training process time and determine the scale's dimensions and statements. In addition, trying to find the relationship between the coach's competence in managing the training time and his quality in making decisions in situations associated to training and competitions on a sample of 320 coaches of individual and team sports from both genders (n = 278). Moreover, aims to attempting to identify the differences between some individual and team sports coaches in their efficiency of managing the training process time and its relationship to their quality in decision-making, depending on the indictors of sport activity, years of experience and educational qualifications. The sample included local and international Egyptian club's coaches ranging from 1 to 42 years in training experience. Applied on coaches from different sport activities, the results of the research indicated the following:The presence of a statistical significant correlation between the total sum of time management scale and decision-making scale with a direct correlation factor (0.489).There are no differences between the coaches of individual and team sports in the dimensions of the scale of time management, except for the mandate dimension the difference was in favour of team sports coaches, with no differences between the two categories in total sum of time management and decision making scale.No differences existed between coaches according to educational qualifications in the scale of management time, except for the organisation dimension the difference was in favour of medium qualification rather than higher qualifications.There are differences between coaches according to years of experience in the scale of management time, except for organisation and delay, differences were in favour of coaches with more than 10 years experience in the dimension of planning with an average of (16.97–).The existence of differences between coaches with experience more than 10 years than the coaches from (1–5 years) and (6–10 years) in favour of coaches (above 10 years) in mandate dimension with an average of (11.66).There are statistical significant differences between coaches according to the three experience categories, in the pressure dimension in favour of coaches with experience from (6–10 years) with an average of (11.85).The existence of significant differences in favour of coaches over 10 years experience category in total sum of the time management scale with an average of (88.13) as well as the existence of significant differences in favour of coaches over 10 years experience in total sum of decision-making scale with an average of (105.62), andFinally, the results indicated that the most related dimension to the total sum of time management scale was planning dimension with a coefficient correlation of (0.786), followed by the coach philosophy with a coefficient correlation of (0.656).
Analyses of pointing actions of top male competitors in karate at world level
Authors: Marandi Seied Mohammad , Zolaktaf Vahid , Batavani Mohammad Reza 
Published: July 2011

Karate takes a significant place in sport today. Work goal is determination of quantity indicators related to pointing action at sports fights at top-level male karate competitors. Pointing actions were analysed through basic pointing ways (attack, interception and counterattack) and pointing techniques that exist in sports fight and are defined by judging rules. Research is based on analysis of seven final matches at all weighting categories in male competition at the World Championships in Finland 2006. Collecting of data was performed by analysis of electronic material of completely recorded fights, and by Quintic software. For record of data, used from special forms that was assigned by 2 statistical experts and 15 coaches of Iran national karate team. Methods of descriptive statistical analyse and analyses of quantity differences were used for data processing.ResultQuantity indicators show that men have pointed dominantly from attack (61.6%) while pointing from counterattack (19.6%) and interception (18.6%) have lower frequency, significantly (p≤0.05). Pointing techniques that have dominant frequency are combination techniques (36.7%), gjaku tsuki dzodan (18.1%) and gjaku tsuki cudan (7.7%). Besides that, gjaku tsuki dzodan (28.5%) was the most effective technique to take point. Head (66%), as most common goal area to achieve point (p≤0.05), doing the technique under pressure of opponent (34.2%), as most common pressure, central zone of Tatami (52.7%), as most motion area of actions, middle distance (38.4%), as most common distance from opponent, Uri asi forward (47.0%), as most common way to shortening of distance, middle open guard (36.7%) and middle close guard (29.2%), as most common offensive and defensive guards (respectively). Analyse, show that the following factors, which are very important for success and can leading to training systems.
Study the effect of participation in physical activity on mental health
Authors: Motallebi M S Lena , Noorbakhsh Mahvash 
Published: July 2011

According to the WHO experts more than 150 million of the world populations are suffering of nervous, psychological and social disorders. Expansion of urban society and consequently to the intensive human life in the urban framework and increased social communications, elimination of place and nature of the life in the city, the prime mover of diverse pressures on psyche of the human. New research shows that physical exercises have increased the ability of the brain and also assist peoples in the treatment of mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety. In fact have been advised to psychiatrists change their clinical methods and drug cures and set participate in physical activities in the programme's treatment their patients.In this research have been assessed mental health and four scales including, Somatic symptoms, Anxiety and Sleep disorder, Depression symptoms and Social Function by GHQ questionnaire. Data have been analysed by t test with α=0.05. In this study participated 200 students (M, F). Group 1: 100 of students (mean age 24.51, _±5.03 SD) participate in the University Sport Programs and group 2: 100 students (mean age 22.91, ±2.80 SD) don't participate in any sport activities.Considering the data showed significantly different between two groups in mental health, Somatic symptoms, Anxiety and Sleep Disorder and Social Function (p>0.005). But in Depression symptoms didn't t showed significantly different between two groups (p<0.05). These results showed participation in sports activities have significant effects on mental health. In the other hand evolution the score of students participating in sports programmes than the students no participating was showed they (G1) have a better condition in mental health and other variables. Participating in sports activities regularly have caused physiological adaptations such as respiratory, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and hormonal adaptations so will promote individual capabilities in physical and mental level and enhance the tolerant of the people versus oppressions of the environment and this point prevented of mental disorder.
Effect of psychological intervention strategies on performance of choking-susceptible university athletes
Authors: Omoregie P O , Adegbesan O A 
Published: July 2011

Sport competitions evoke experience of anxiety among athletes. The competitive situation demands place on athletes to perform their very best often under intense pressure and specific conditions create performance deterioration, causing choking under pressure. The study investigated effect of psychological intervention strategies on choking-susceptible university elite and non-elite athletes. The experimental research design of pretest–post-test of triangulating method was used in the study that tested on automatic execution, explicit monitoring and distraction model in a sport context during execution of the skill-dominant (basketball lay-up shooting).A total of 60 participants were used for the study. An 18 items Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) was completed by the participants before the performance of a lay-up shooting in a low pressure condition and high pressure condition. Pressure conditions were manipulated by using an audience, video-recorder during performance and performance contingent (monetary incentive and physical gifts). Test on performance scores under pressure was not significant (p > 0.05). Results of the correlation analysis revealed that there was no significant between the experimental 1 and control (p>0.05) on the CSAI-2 and performance scores, while on experimental 2 a positive relationship exit (p <0.05). There was no significant (p >0.05) on the variation in training for both experimental groups. This shows that choking in sports are relatively complex and differ based on personality characteristics, understanding individual zone of optimum functioning and administration of intervention strategies (such as group activation, skill techniques) alongside with sufficient training before competitions in different situations may assists university athletes control and cope with choking in their various sports.
Impact of level of participation on aggression, anxiety, achievement motivation and performance among soccer players
Authors: Mudimela Siva Sankar Reddy 
Published: July 2011

An attempt has been made to study the impact of level of participation on psychological factors such as aggression, anxiety, achievement motivation and performance. Six hundred and twenty-five soccer players representing three different levels that is, inter-university, inter-district, inter-collegiate, constituted the sample of the study.Sports Competition Anxiety Test (Marten 1977), Aggressiveness Questionnaire (Smith 1973), Sports Achievement Motivation Test (Kamalesh 1983) were administered to assess anxiety, aggression and achievement motivation, respectively. The performance of soccer players was assessed by using rating scale (rating scale for evaluation of playing ability by experts for soccer players (Pown Radha 1996). One-way analysis of variance and stepwise multiple regression analysis were employed to analyse the data. Significant differences were found among three levels of participation with regard to aggression achievement motivation and performance only. Aggression and achievement motivation contributed significantly to performance whereas anxiety is found to have negative impact on the performance.
Anti-doping programme in India: testing for major games
Authors: Beotra Alka 
Published: July 2011

The control of drug abuse in athletes has become a highly specialised, complex task, which requires use of sophisticated testing procedures. National Dope Testing Laboratory (NDTL) is engaged in the fight against doping since 1990. The anti-doping programme in India is governed by its stringent testing protocol, which is regularly monitored for quality assurance by both National Accreditation Board of Testing and Calibration Laboratories and World Anti-Doping Agency. It is further strengthened by continuous research and training programmes.The year 2010 is very special for NDTL with a target of testing for two major international games. These are Singapore Youth Olympics (14–26 August 2010) and XIX Commonwealth Games (3–14 October 2010). The testing protocol for these major games will include both urine and blood samples. NDTL is ready with its new test methods viz. human growth hormone, erythropoietin, continuous erythropoietin receptor activator, haemoglobin-based oxygen carrier and blood transfusion. It is expected to test a total of 1100 (urine + blood) samples for Singapore Youth Olympic games and 1500 (urine + blood) samples for XIX Commonwealth Games.The aim of NDTL for these two major games is to provide fool-proof testing programmes that will achieve both deterrence and detection with athlete's concerns in mind and a results management system that is both fair and time bound. The presentation will focus on the various strategies of the action plan so as to set a milestone of excellence.