bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deutsch‐japanisches Metallorganiker‐Treffen
Authors: Gansüuer Andreas 
Published: August 2010

AbstractÜber Metall‐katalysierte und Metall‐induzierte Transformationen für effiziente organische Synthesen trugen 15 japanische und 15 deutsche Chemiker auf dem “Japanese German Joint Symposium” im Juni vor. Im Vordergrund standen neue katalytische Methoden und Anwendungen für die Naturstoffsynthese.
GDNF: Signalweg entschlüsselt
Authors: Maelicke Alfred 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNatürliche Signalmoleküle, die das Überleben von Neuronen fördern, bieten Therapieansätze für die soziomedizinisch wohl bedrückendste Gruppe von Erkrankungen, die neurodegenerativen Alterserkrankungen, wie Morbus Parkinson, amyotrophe Lateralsklerose und Alzheimersche Demenz. In diesem Zusammenhang ist der glial‐cell‐line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) von besonderem Interesse. Durch molekulargenetische Methoden konnten nun der Signalweg wie auch eine wesentlich breitere Rolle des GDNF bei der Organentwicklung entschlüsselt werden.
Exenatide‐induced hypomagnesaemia causing seizures
Authors: Kong M‐F , Nisal K 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA 58‐year‐old Caucasian man with type 2 diabetes diagnosed in 1996 was started on exenatide (Byetta). His weight was 117kg and he had a body mass index (BMI) of 39kg/m2. He was taking 126 units of insulin per day with metformin. Previous attempts at weight loss had been unsuccessful. Over a period of six months, he lost 20kg in weight (BMI 30kg/m2). He reported nausea and vomiting, attributed to the exenatide, but because he was pleased with the weight loss he wanted to continue on exenatide. He had two episodes of witnessed generalised tonic–clonic seizures. He was teetotal and was not taking diuretics. He was found to be hypomagnesaemic with normal serum calcium and normal 24‐hour urinary magnesium excretion, excluding renal magnesium loss. It was concluded that his seizures were caused by nutritional hypomagnesaemia due to recurrent vomiting as a consequence of exenatide treatment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.
Consistency of a two clinical site sample collection: A proteomics study
Authors: Wiesner Cedric , Hannum Charles , Reckamp Karen , Figlin Robert , Dubridge Robert , Roy Sushmita Mimi , Lin Shanhua , Becker Christopher H. , Jones Ted , Hiller Jordan , Cheville John C. , Wilson Keith 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPurpose: We investigated the ability to perform a clinical proteomic study using samples collected at different times from two independent clinical sites.Experimental Design: Label‐free 2‐D‐LC‐MS proteomic analysis was used to differentially quantify tens of thousands of peptides from human plasma. We have asked whether samples collected from two sites, when analyzed by this type of peptide profiling, reproducibly contain detectable peptide markers that are differentially expressed in the plasma of disease (advanced renal cancer) patients relative to healthy normals.Results: We have demonstrated that plasma proteins enriched in disease patients are indeed detected reproducibly in both clinical collections. Regression analysis, unsupervised hierarchical clustering and PCA detected no systematic bias in the data related to site of sample collection and processing. Using a genetic algorithm, support vector machine classification method, we were able to correctly classify disease samples at 88% sensitivity and 94% specificity using the second site as an independent validation set.Conclusions and clinical relevance: We conclude that multiple site collection, when analyzed by label‐free 2‐D‐LC‐MS, generates data that are sufficiently reproducible to guide reliable biomarker discovery.
The Correlation between Electric Spark Sensitivity of Polynitroaromatic Compounds and Their Molecular Electronic Properties
Authors: Zhi Chunyan , Cheng Xinlu , Zhao Feng 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, a relationship between electric spark sensitivity and molecular electronic properties is studied for polynitroaromatic compounds. The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy and the Mulliken charges of the nitro group, and the number of the aromatic rings as well as certain substituted groups attached to the aromatic ring can be used for the prediction of the electric spark sensitivity. Electric spark sensitivities calculated by such a correlation are reasonably close to the experimental data for both 17 polynitroaromatic explosives as training set and 11 polynitroaromatic explosives as test set.
How orientational order governs collectivity of folded proteins
Authors: Atilgan Canan , Okan Osman Burak , Atilgan Ali Rana 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe past decade has witnessed the development and success of coarse‐grained network models of proteins for predicting many equilibrium properties related to collective modes of motion. Curiously, the results are usually robust toward the different cutoff distances used for constructing the residue networks from the knowledge of the experimental coordinates. In this study, we present a systematical study of network construction and their effect on the predicted properties. Probing bond orientational order around each residue, we propose a natural partitioning of the interactions into an essential and a residual set. In this picture, the robustness originates from the way with which new contacts are added, so that an unusual local orientational order builds up. These residual interactions have a vanishingly small effect on the force vectors on each residue. The stability of the overall force balance then translates into the Hessian as small shifts in the slow modes of motion and an invariance of the corresponding eigenvectors. We introduce a rescaled version of the Hessian matrix and point out a link between the matrix Frobenius norm based on spectral stability arguments and orientational local order. A recipe for the optimal choice of partitioning the interactions into essential and residual components is prescribed. Implications for the study of biologically relevant properties of proteins are discussed with specific examples. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of plant growth regulators mitigates chlorotic foliar injury by the black pecan aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Cottrell Ted E , Wood Bruce W , Ni Xinzhi 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Black pecan aphid, Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), feeding elicits localized chlorotic injury to pecan foliage [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K Koch] and apparent acceleration of leaf senescence and defoliation. The ability of certain plant growth regulators (PGRs) (forchlorfenuron, gibberellic acid and aviglycine) to prevent M. caryaefoliae from triggering pecan leaf chlorosis and senescence‐like processes was evaluated on two dates in both 2006 and 2007. Treatments were applied to orchard foliage and used in laboratory leaf‐disc bioassays to assess possible reduction in aphid‐elicited chlorosis and concomitant effects on aphid mortality and development.RESULTS: Foliage pretreated with forchlorfenuron + gibberellic acid prior to being challenged with aphids resulted in significantly less aphid‐elicited chlorosis than did control or aviglycine‐treated leaf discs. No PGR affected aphid mortality; however, development time was increased by forchlorfenuron + gibberellic acid in 2006 and by aviglycine + gibberellic acid on one date in 2007.CONCLUSION: Certain PGRs possess the potential for usage on pecan to protect foliar canopies from M. caryaefoliae via changes in the susceptibility of the host leaf to senescence‐like factors being introduced by feeding aphids. This protective effect on host foliage and the associated suppressive effect on development of feeding aphids might also be relevant to pest management programs on other aphid–crop systems in which aphid‐elicited chlorosis and senescence‐like processes can limit profitability. Published 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic nanowires by electrodeposition within templates
Authors: Schlörb Heike , Haehnel Veronika , Khatri Manvendra Singh , Srivastav Ajeet , Kumar Amit , Schultz Ludwig , Fähler Sebastian 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMagnetic nanowire arrays allow studying magnetism at the nanoscale and have broad application areas. Here we review our recent experiments on tailoring the structure and microstructure of electrochemically grown elemental (Fe, Ni, Co) and alloy (Co–Pt) magnetic nanowires. The comparison of these different materials allows identifying the role of shape, magnetocrystalline and magnetoelastic anisotropies as well as magnetostatic interactions.
Raman spectroscopy of graphene in different dielectric solvents
Authors: Klar Philipp , Casiraghi Cinzia 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe have studied the effect of different dielectric environments on the properties of graphene by Raman spectroscopy. Graphene was produced by micromechanical exfoliation of graphite and deposited on a silicon substrate covered with 300 nm of silicon oxide (Si/SiO2). Graphene was immersed in water, ethanol and chloroform, which have a dielectric constant of 80, 30 and 4.8, at room temperature, respectively. We show that water immersion reduces the effect of charged impurities. Ethanol produces strong changes in the Raman spectrum. Graphene rolls and wrinkles once immersed in ethanol, as observed by optical microscope. Finally, chloroform produces a strong p‐doping as observed by the up‐shift of the G and 2D peaks. This shows that Raman spectroscopy is able to characterize the electrostatic environment of graphene (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of the Ca2+ inhomogeneity distribution in the physical properties of La0.625Ca0.375MnO3
Authors: Piñeiro A. , Pardo V. , Baldomir D. , Rivadulla F. , Rodriguez A. , Gómez A. , Arias J. E. , Rivas J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe report a study of the dopant distribution in the lattice of La1–xCaxMnO3, at concentration x = 0.375, in the ferromagnetic region of the phase diagram. The symmetry of the compound allows for four possible inequivalent Ca2+ distributions. We calculate within the LDA+U approximation (by full‐potential ab initio methods) the optimized geometries for each structure and the influence of the dopant homogeneity on the electronic structure of the material. We have analyzed the electronic structure for each of the distributions of Ca2+ considered, using the density of states and the partial Mn density of states. The system is half‐metallic for all configurations, due to the large Hund’s rule exchange on the Mn3+ cations. The analysis shows that the electronic structure remains largely in‐variant under different Ca2+ distributions in the lattice (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and characterisation of silica nanoparticles bearing different functional groups obtained via a two‐stage method
Authors: Berriozabal Gemma , de Miguel Yolanda R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSilica nanoparticles with different functionalities (amine, nitrile, phenyl and vinyl) have been synthesised via a two‐stage method and characterised in depth. Analysis by TEM, DLS and AFM has shown that the sizes of these synthetic nanoparticles are mainly in the range of 60‐100 nm. In addition, 13C and 29Si CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy has been used to provide evidence of the presence of the organic functional groups. Finally, zeta potential measurements have been used to determine the stability of the colloidal dispersions in each case. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study on the effect of sol‐gel parameters on the size and morphology of silica microcapsules containing different organic compounds
Authors: Kaltzakorta Idurre , Erkizia Edurne 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEfficient encapsulation of different compounds is an important research area for many industrial sectors such as food, cosmetic, medical and pharmaceutical industries [1]. Often these capsules are made up of organic materials. However, in recent years researchers have been focusing on the synthesis of inorganic capsules, and in particular, silica capsules due to their great chemical resistance, thermal stability, biocompatibility and their non‐toxic quality for the environment [2]. In this study silica capsules have been synthesized by combining the sol‐gel method with the emulsion process [3] and we have investigated how modifications in the synthesis parameters and even the nature of the encapsulated organic compound have an effect on the morphology, shell characteristics and the size distribution of the microcapsules (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Frequency‐ and polarization‐dependent optical response of asymmetric spheroidal silver nanoparticles on dielectric substrate
Authors: Mizeikis Vygantas , Kowalska Ewa , Ohtani Bunsho , Juodkazis Saulius 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe report theoretical simulations of plasmonic near‐field enhancement and polarization in a system consisting of an asymmetric spheroidal Ag nanoparticle on a smooth dielectric surface. Finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulations reveal resonant optical extinction bands whose near‐field is concentrated at the metal–substrate contact point with intensity enhancement by a factor of 103 and predominant polarization along the normal to the surface. These features may help explain enhanced photo‐catalytic activity observed for colloidal Au and Ag nanoparticles on titania substrates.magnified imageElectron microscopy image of Ag‐nanoparticles on titania and the used model for numerical FDTD simulations.(© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In vitro protective effects of Withania somnifera (L.) dunal root extract against hydrogen peroxide and β‐amyloid(1–42)‐induced cytotoxicity in differentiated PC12 cells
Authors: Kumar S. , Seal C. J. , Howes M. J. R. , Kite G. C. , Okello E. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWithania somnifera L. Dunal (Solanaceae), also known as ‘ashwagandha’ in Sanskrit and as ‘Indian ginseng’, is used widely in Ayurvedic medicine as a nerve tonic and memory enhancer, with antiaging, antistress, immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties. There is a paucity of data on the potential neuroprotective effects of W. somnifera root, as traditionally used, against H2O2‐ and Aβ(1–42)‐induced cytotoxicity which are current targets for novel approaches to treat dementia, especially dementia of the Alzheimer's type (AD). In this study, an aqueous extract prepared from the dried roots of W. somnifera was assessed for potential protective effects against H2O2‐ and Aβ(1–42)‐aggregated fibril cytotoxicity by an MTT assay using a differentiated rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line. The results suggest that pretreatments of differentiated PC12 cells with aqueous extracts of W. somnifera root significantly protect differentiated PC12 cells against both H2O2‐ and Aβ(1–42)‐induced cytotoxicity, in a concentration dependent manner. To investigate the compounds that could explain the observed effects, the W. somnifera extract was analysed by liquid chromatography–serial mass spectrometry and numerous withanolide derivatives, including withaferin A, were detected. These results demonstrate the neuroprotective properties of an aqueous extract of W. somnifera root and may provide some explanation for the putative ethnopharmacological uses of W. somnifera for cognitive and other neurodegenerative disorders that are associated with oxidative stress. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revision of convection, radiation and cloud schemes in the ECMWF integrated forecasting system
Authors: Gregory D. , Morcrette J.‐J. , Jakob C. , Beljaars A. C. M. , Stockdale T. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRevisions to the convection, radiation and cloud schemes recently introduced into the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) are described, together with discussion of their impact upon model performance. Seasonal simulations with observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) for June/July/August 1987 and December/January/February 1987/88 with a low‐resolution (T63) version of the model are used to assess the impact of the revised schemes, concentrating upon tropical climate and variability. While the revisions improve the physical basis of the schemes, and each improves aspects of the seasonal climate, overall improvement does not result until the changes are combined. Biases in simulated temperature and top‐of‐atmosphere and surface energy budgets are reduced, leading to a substantial decrease of an equatorial SST cold bias in coupled ocean‐atmosphere simulations used in seasonal forecasting. At higher resolution (T213) changes to temperature and wind fields are similar to those found in seasonal simulations, with little impact upon medium‐range forecast performance in mid latitudes, although these forecasts proved a more critical test of the impact of the schemes upon mid‐latitude flows. The paper demonstrates the methodology used in the development of parametrizations of physical processes at ECMWF, and points to the need to balance parametrization improvements especially between schemes which are highly interactive.
Multiple potential‐vorticity inversions in two FASTEX cyclones
Authors: Chaigne Emmanuel , Arbogast Philippe 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper investigates pre‐existing synoptic‐scale disturbances responsible for cyclogenesis, using the manipulation of initial conditions through quasi‐geostrophic potential vorticity (QGPV) and its inversion. The use of a QGPV inversion together with a T63 model allows us to study the sensitivity of some FASTEX events to several QGPV patterns present within the analysis. It has been found that Ertel potential‐vorticity modifications of the analysis are preserved by the dynamical initialization process. The QGPV inversion method is applied to cyclones occurring in Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs) 11 and 12 of FASTEX (Fronts and Atlantic Storm‐Track EXperiment) to demonstrate which potential‐vorticity anomalies, present within the atmosphere prior to the development, are involved in the cyclogenesis. The choice of the boundary condition when an upper‐level precursor is removed from the initial conditions has little impact on the cyclone development. The linear interactions (advection/deformation of the anomaly by its environment and downstream development) between these upper‐level precursors and the surrounding flow dominate the dynamics of IOP11 cyclone development, whereas nonlinear processes are particularly strong in the IOP12 case. The cyclone development is only weakly sensitive to low‐level initial structures unless they are shaped like adjoint model sensitivities; collocation with another shape has little influence on the development.
Sources and sinks of climate entropy
Authors: Goody Richard 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA satisfactory climate model must have similar sources and sinks of entropy to those of the atmosphere itself. This paper examines some of the theoretical and numerical issues involved in entropy sources and sinks. A balance equation is developed that involves a balance between entropy destruction by emission and absorption of radiation and entropy production by irreversible molecular processes. Estimating the thermal molecular source from turbulent enthalpy fluxes is shown to be consistent with the second law of thermodynamics only for free convection. Four entropy sources connected with the dissipation of kinetic energy are discussed. Moist convection is treated in terms of the mixing of warm/dry and cool/moist air masses. Questions are raised about the validity of treating latent heat as an external heat source acting upon a dry atmosphere. Theoretical estimates of entropy sources are compared with earlier estimates by Peixoto and others, and to the sources and sinks of entropy in a Goddard Institute of Space Studies climate control run. There are many discrepancies, particularly for moist convection. Our knowledge of atmospheric sources and sinks of entropy is evidently poor and, even if they were known, it would be difficult to construct a climate model with sources and sinks as precise as Johnson considers to be necessary.
Layer‐By‐Layer‐Assembled Capsules and Films for Therapeutic Delivery
Authors: Becker Alisa L. , Johnston Angus P. R. , Caruso Frank 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPolymeric materials formed via layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly have promise for use as drug delivery vehicles. These multilayered materials, both as capsules and thin films, can encapsulate a high payload of toxic or sensitive drugs, and can be readily engineered and functionalized with specific properties. This review highlights important and recent studies that advance the use of LbL‐assembled materials as therapeutic devices. It also seeks to identify areas that require additional investigation for future development of the field. A variety of drug‐loading methods and delivery routes are discussed. The biological barriers to successful delivery are identified, and possible solutions to these problems are discussed. Finally, state‐of‐the‐art degradation and cargo release mechanisms are also presented.
Hybrid RANS/LES applied to complex terrain
Authors: Bechmann A. , Sørensen N. N. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLarge Eddy Simulation (LES) of the wind in complex terrain is limited by computational cost. The number of computational grid points required to resolve the near‐ground turbulent structures (eddies) are very high. The traditional solution to the problem has been to apply a wall function that accounts for the whole near‐wall region. Recently, a hybrid method was proposed in which the eddies close to the ground were modelled in a Reynolds‐averaged sense (RANS) and the eddies above this region were simulated using LES. The advantage of the approach is the ability to use shallow cells of high aspect ratio in the RANS layer and thereby resolve the mean near‐wall velocity profile. The method is applicable to complex terrain and the benefits of traditional LES are kept intact.Using the hybrid method, simulations of the wind over a natural complex terrain near Wellington in New Zealand are demonstrated. Under certain conditions, unsteady flow features have been measured at the site—flow features that could lead to high structural loads on a planned wind farm. These transient flow phenomena are reproduced with the new method. Additionally, the results from the hybrid method are compared with RANS results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atmospheric turbulence and its influence on the alternating loads on wind turbines
Authors: Mücke Tanja , Kleinhans David , Peinke Joachim 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAnalysis of measurements on atmospheric turbulence with respect to the statistics of velocity increments reveals that the statistics are not Gaussian but highly intermittent. Here, we demonstrate that the higher quantity of extreme events in atmospheric wind fields transfers to alternating loads on the airfoil and on the main shaft in the form of torque fluctuations. For this purpose, alternating loads are discussed with respect to their increment statistics. Our conjecture is that the anomalous wind statistics are responsible for load changes, which may potentially contribute to additional loads and may cause additional fatigue. Our analysis is performed on three different wind field data sets: measured fields, data generated by a standard wind field model and data generated by an alternative model based on continuous time random walks, which grasps the intermittent structure of atmospheric turbulence in a better way. Our findings suggest that fluctuations in the loads might not be reflected properly by the standard wind field models. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.