bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Text‐Performance Relation in Theater
Authors: Hamilton James 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis essay is a survey of positions on the relation between texts and performances in theater. It proposes a simple framework within which to compare and evaluate these positions. The framework also allows us to see a pattern of thinking that reflects the historical fact of the importance of the literary tradition in theater. The essay points out certain challenges facing the positions surveyed and concludes with a brief sketch of the most recent views that have been put on offer. The latest positions re‐situate the literary theater as a species of the more general phenomena of theatrical performance.
North Carolina Tobacco Farmers’ Changing Perceptions of Tobacco Control and Tobacco Manufacturers
Authors: Crankshaw Erik C. , Beach Robert H. , Austin W. David , Altman David G. , Jones Alison Snow 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT:
Purpose: To examine tobacco farmers’ attitudes toward tobacco control, public health, and tobacco manufacturers in order to determine the extent to which rapidly changing economic conditions have influenced North Carolina tobacco farmer attitudes in ways that may provide tobacco control advocates with new opportunities to promote tobacco control policies in tobacco‐dependent US communities. Methods: We used data from a longitudinal sample of North Carolina tobacco farmers across 5 waves of data collection (1997‐2005) (baseline N = 749 farmers). Generalized linear mixed models were used to examine changes in attitudes toward tobacco control and tobacco manufacturers, controlling for economic dependence on tobacco, and demographic factors. Results: Over the study period there was reduction in tobacco farmers’ perceptions of threat from tobacco control initiatives. Conclusions: These changes in attitude may signal an opportunity for successful tobacco control activity in traditionally tobacco‐dependent states and rural communities.
Prevalence of Rural Intimate Partner Violence in 16 US States, 2005
Authors: Breiding Matthew J. , Ziembroski Jessica S. , Black Michele C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT:
Context: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem that affects people across the entire social spectrum. However, no previous population‐based public health studies have examined the prevalence of IPV in rural areas of the United States. Research on IPV in rural areas is especially important given that there are relatively fewer resources available in rural areas for the prevention of IPV. Methods: In 2005, over 25,000 rural residents in 16 states completed the first‐ever IPV module within the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). The BRFSS is a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention‐sponsored annual random‐digit‐dialed telephone survey. The BRFSS provides surveillance of health behaviors and health risks among the non‐institutionalized adult population of the United States and several US territories. Findings: Overall, 26.7% of rural women and 15.5% of rural men reported some form of lifetime IPV victimization, similar to the prevalence found among men and women in non‐rural areas. Within several states, those living in rural areas evidenced significantly higher lifetime IPV prevalence than those in non‐rural areas. Conclusion: IPV is a significant public health problem in rural areas, affecting a similar portion of the population as in non‐rural areas. More research is needed to examine how the experience of IPV is different for rural and non‐rural residents.
Characteristics and Recruitment Paths of Certified Nursing Assistants in Rural and Urban Nursing Homes
Authors: Probst Janice C. , Baek Jong‐Deuk , Laditka Sarah B. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT:
Context: Most nursing home care is provided by certified nursing assistants (CNAs), but little is known about rural CNAs. Purpose: To develop a representative geographic profile of the CNA workforce, focusing on paths leading to present job. Methods: Cross‐sectional analysis of data from the 2004 National Nursing Assistant Survey (NNAS), a nationally representative survey of 3,017 CNAs; analysis was restricted to 2,897 currently working CNAs. Location was categorized as metropolitan, micropolitan, or neither (other rural county). Demographics included age, sex, race, education, income, and years at present job. Analyses were weighted to reflect the complex sampling design. Findings: CNAs in micropolitan and other rural nursing homes were more likely to be white and US citizens than were urban CNAs. Rural or micropolitan CNAs were more likely to note “job close to home” as a reason for becoming a CNA than were urban CNAs (70.8%, 66.3%, and 43.6%, respectively; P < .001). Over half of CNAs (52.2%) entered the field from a different job category. CNAs in micropolitan and small rural counties were more likely than urban CNAs to report being trained at a nursing facility (61.4%, 65.4%, 52.5%; P < .001) rather than community college or other site. Informal means (family and friends) were the most common recruitment path. Conclusions: Career‐changers (individuals entering the CNA role from another job) represent a major recruitment target. The prevalence of informal networks in CNA recruitment history suggests that nursing homes seeking to become “employers of choice” will be advantaged when recruiting.
Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Personal Practices Regarding Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Health Care Professionals in Rural Colorado: A Pilot Survey
Authors: Rim Sun Hee , Zittleman Linda , Westfall John M. , Overholser Linda , Froshaug Desireé , Coughlin Steven S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT:
Purpose: This study reports the baseline knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personal practices of health care professionals regarding colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in the High Plains Research Network (HPRN) of rural Colorado prior to a community‐based educational intervention. It also examines the association between health care staff members’ knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personal practices for CRC screening and patient screening levels by practice. Methods: Surveys were mailed to health care professionals in the HPRN. Participating clinics (n = 21) distributed patient surveys on CRC screening to persons aged ≥50 for a 2‐week period in 2006. Results: The survey response rate was 81% for providers (n = 46) and 90% for nursing staff (n = 63). Only 54% of health care professionals knew CRC is a leading cause of cancer deaths. When surveyed on their attitudes toward colon cancer, 92%“strongly agreed” or “agreed” that colon cancer is preventable. About 99% (n = 107) of providers and nurses “strongly agreed” or “agreed” that testing could identify problems before colon cancer starts. Most health care professionals (61%) aged ≥50 years had previously been tested and were up‐to‐date (52%) with screening. Provider knowledge was significantly associated with higher patient screening (P = .02), but provider attitudes and beliefs were not. Moreover, personal screening practices of health care professionals did not correlate with more patients screened. Conclusion: Background knowledge of CRC among HPRN health care professionals could be improved. The results of this pilot study may help focus effective approaches such as increasing provider knowledge to enhance CRC screening in the relevant population.
Multifaceted Inpatient Psychiatry Approach to Reducing Readmissions: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lang Timothy P. , Rohrer James E. , Rioux Pierre A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT:
Context: Access to psychiatric services, particularly inpatient psychiatric care, is limited and lacks comprehensiveness in rural areas. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact on readmission rates of a multifaceted inpatient psychiatry approach (MIPA) offered in a rural hospital. Methods: Readmissions within 30 days of patients who were admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit using a MIPA model of care (N = 147) were compared to readmissions of a comparison group of patients who were admitted prior to the adoption of the MIPA (N = 37). Case mix differences were adjusted using multiple logistic regression analysis (N = 184). Findings: Patients treated in the MIPA model of care had lower odds of readmission within 30 days (odds ratio 0.14, 95% CI 0.02‐0.87, P < .03). Conclusions: Effective inpatient psychiatric care can be provided in rural hospitals.
A Financial Ratio Analysis of For‐Profit and Non‐Profit Rural Referral Centers
Authors: McCue Michael J. , Nayar Preethy 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT:
Context: National financial data show that rural referral center (RRC) hospitals have performed well financially. RRC hospitals' median cash flow margin ratio was 10.04% in 2002 and grew to 11.04% in 2004. Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare the ratio analysis of key operational and financial performance measures of for‐profit RRCs to those of private, non‐profit RRCs. Methods: To control for accounting aberrations within a given year, we selected RRCs that reported 3 consecutive fiscal years of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) cost report data, starting with fiscal year 2004 and ending with fiscal year 2006. Given a limited sample size of 28 for‐profit RRCs and 127 non‐profits, we used the non‐parametric median test to assess median differences in operational and key financial measures between the 2 groups. Findings: For‐profit RRCs treated less complex cases and reported fewer discharges per bed and fewer occupied beds than did non‐profits. However, for‐profit RRCs staffed their beds with fewer full‐time‐equivalent (FTE) personnel and served a higher proportion of Medicaid patients. For‐profit RRCs generated operating cash flow margins in excess of 19%, compared to only 8.1% for non‐profits, and maintained newer plant and equipment. Conclusion: For‐profit RRCs generated a substantially higher cash flow margin by controlling their operating costs.
Exceptional Brain Aging in a Rural Population‐Based Cohort
Authors: Kaye Jeffrey , Michael Yvonne , Calvert James , Leahy Marjorie , Crawford Debbie , Kramer Patricia 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT:
Context: The 2000 US Census identified 50,454 Americans over the age of 100. Increased longevity is only of benefit if accompanied by maintenance of independence and quality of life. Little is known about the prevalence of dementia and other disabling conditions among rural centenarians although this information is important to clinicians caring for them. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of disabling conditions, including cognitive impairment, among the very elderly in a rural setting to guide clinicians in their care. Methods: We performed a population‐based cohort study of all residents 97 years and older in the Klamath Basin, a rural region in southern Oregon. The prevalence of disabling conditions was determined by in‐person examination. Findings: About 100% of the target sample was identified. Of the eligible 67 individuals ≥97 years old, 31 were evaluated in‐person. The prevalence of dementia (probable or possible Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia) was 61.3% (95% CI: 43.8, 76.2), mild cognitive impairment was 29.0% (95% CI: 16.1, 46.6), and no dementia was 9.7% (95% CI: 3.4, 25.0). Parkinsonism and the APOEe4 allele were rare. Systemic vascular disease was almost universally present. Conclusions: While cognitive impairment was nearly universal in this rural population of very elderly persons, almost 40% had not progressed to full dementia. Determining risk factors for dementia in this population can identify strategies to prevent progression to dementia among younger elderly populations.
Linking Spatial Pattern and Ecological Responses in Human‐Modified Landscapes: The Effects of Deforestation and Forest Fragmentation on Biodiversity
Authors: Kupfer John A. , Franklin Scott B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractStudies of forest loss and fragmentation provide clear examples of the linkages between ecological pattern and process. Reductions in forest area lead to higher within‐patch extinction rates, the eventual loss of area‐sensitive species, and declines in species richness and diversity. Forest loss also results in increased isolation of remnants, lower among‐patch immigration rates, and less ‘rescue’ from surrounding populations. Specific responses, however, are sometimes counterintuitive because they depend on life‐history tradeoffs that influence population dynamics and species co‐existence in heterogeneous landscapes, not just forest remnants. Thus, while fragmentation generally favours r‐selected, generalist strategies, such as high dispersal and a wide niche breadth, ecological outcomes may be confounded by species‐specific responses to conditions in the human‐dominated matrix and the ways in which forest edges shape cross‐landscape movements. Given that pressures on global forestlands continue to intensify due to growing population sizes, economic pressures, and needs for space and resources, successfully maintaining or restoring species will necessitate a combination of short‐ and long‐term actions that address both habitat protection and restoration. Doing so will require an interdisciplinary approach that gives adequate attention to the manners by which forest loss and fragmentation affect population dynamics through changes in forest area, isolation, habitat quality, matrix properties, and edge effects as well as the synergistic interactions of fragmentation with climate change, human‐altered disturbance regimes, species interactions and other drivers of species population declines.
Born to Be Wild? Non‐governmental Organisations, Politics and the Environment
Authors: Bryant Raymond L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe ways in which non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) pursue environmental agendas via political processes have been a subject of growing interest to geographers, anthropologists, sociologists and political scientists. This article examines how and why that interest has grown by assessing selected different approaches to the study of NGOs, environments and politics that characterise such research. Against a backdrop of growing debate over the ultimate significance of NGO action, I discuss three broad if interlinked approaches: ideology‐related accounts, critical perspectives, and scholarship that ‘normalises’ NGOs as objects of study with the latter standing the best chance of capturing the contested and multifaceted contemporary significance of this actor.
Physicochemical Studies of Demetalation of Light‐harvesting Bacteriochlorophyll Isomers Purified from Green Sulfur Photosynthetic Bacteria
Authors: Hirai Yuki , Tamiaki Hitoshi , Kashimura Shigenori , Saga Yoshitaka 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDemetalation kinetics of bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) c, d and e from green sulfur photosynthetic bacteria were studied under weakly acidic conditions. Demetalation rate constants of BChl e possessing a formyl group at the 7‐position were significantly smaller than those of BChls c and d, which had a methyl group at this position. The activation energy of demetalation of 31R‐8,12‐diethyl([E,E])‐BChl e was 1.5‐times larger than that of 31R‐[E,E]‐BChl c. 15N‐labeled 31R‐[E,E]‐BChls c and e were purified from cells of green sulfur bacteria grown in a medium containing 15NH4Cl, and their 15N NMR spectra were measured. The chemical shifts of N21, N22 and N23 atoms of 31R‐[E,E]‐BChl e were lower‐field shifted than those of 31R‐[E,E]‐BChl c, respectively, and especially the difference in chemical shifts of N22 was significantly large. These results suggest that the electron‐withdrawing formyl group at the 7‐position of BChl e affected an electronic state of the chlorin macrocycle and caused BChl e to be more tolerant for removal of the central magnesium compared with BChls c and d.
Photophysics and Photochemistry of z‐Chlorprothixene in Acetonitrile†
Authors: Piñero Luis E. , García Carmelo , Lhiaubet‐Vallet Virginie , Oyola Rolando , Miranda Miguel A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractChlorprothixene (CPTX, Taractan®) is a low potency antipsychotic mainly used for the treatment of psychotic disorders (e.g. schizophrenia) and acute mania occurring as part of bipolar disorders. As in the case of other numerous drugs used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, CPTX presents geometric isomerism. Therefore, in vitro irradiation induces a rapid Z/E isomerization, which can affect its pharmacokinetic properties. This photoisomerization is not dependent on the oxygen concentration. The Z/E quantum yields determined for zCPTX in acetonitrile are 0.22 and 0.21 in anaerobic and aerobic environments, respectively. In the presence of water, both isomers decompose to produce 2‐chlorothioxanthone (CTX) after prolonged irradiation. This process strongly depends on the water concentration and the irradiation time, i.e. it is autocatalyzed by the CTX through a triplet‐energy transfer mechanism. The protonation state of the terminal amino group, on the other hand, has no effect on the isomerization process, but inhibits the formation of CTX. These results indicate that the phototoxicity of zCPTX is somehow affected by the formation of CTX.
Social Movement Strategy, Tactics, and Collective Identity1
Authors: Smithey Lee A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTactical choices and their execution are closely related to the construction of collective identities in social movements. Studying collective identity has helped scholars understand why people participate in collective action, but the array of tactics that constitute action has not been fully explored. An emerging interest in culture and strategy that situates social movement actors in a field of contention with opponents, allies, and bystanding publics raises questions about the tactics that are used and the construction of collective identity, which is formed in interaction with others. Strategies and tactics reflect collective identities but also provide opportunities for reaffirming or challenging them. Innovative methods can create tension as activists work to resolve what they do with who they feel they are. Conflict studies, nonviolent action studies, and sociological research using concepts such as framing, discourse, protest events, and tactical repertoires offer tools with which to bridge tactics and collective identity.
The Death Penalty in the Post‐FurmanEra: A Review of the Issues and the Debate
Authors: Poveda Tony G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis is a review of the issues and debate over capital punishment in the United States during the post‐Furmanera (since 1972). It encompasses a review of the legal issues, highlighting major U.S. Supreme Court cases in which the constitutionality of the death penalty has been challenged. These constitutional challenges have included issues of arbitrariness and race discrimination in the application of the death penalty. Also considered is the Court's ‘evolving standards of decency’ test in terms of what constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment – relative to the execution of juveniles and the mentally retarded and whether lethal injection is cruel and unusual. The post‐Furmanera death penalty debate is comprised of two phases, both raised questions about public confidence in the criminal justice system. Phase one, occurring in the 1980s and early 1990s, was concerned with the lengthy appeal process and the lack of finality in capital cases. Phase two emerged in the late 1990s and 2000s and focused on the accuracy (wrongful convictions) and fairness (arbitrariness and discrimination) of the administration of capital punishment. The DNA revolution and a parade of high‐profile exonerations in the United States contributed to this latter phase. Finally, the death penalty debate is considered from an international and human rights perspective.
Primary Language Spoken at Home and Children's Dental Service Utilization in the United States
Authors: Noyce Matthew , Szabo Aniko , Pajewski Nicholas M. , Jackson Scott , Bradley T. Gerard , Okunseri Christopher 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Objective: Language barriers have been well documented as a contributing factor to disparities in the receipt of medical services, especially for Hispanic children. However, there is a paucity of information on the effect of language barriers on children's dental service utilization. We examined the association of primary language spoken at home with the receipt of preventive and routine dental care for children in the United States. Methods: We analyzed data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2002‐2004), which contains data on 21,049 children weighted to represent 75.8 million children nationally. Results: Among children aged 1‐18 years, 13 percent spoke a language other than English at home. Whites, females, children between the ages of 7 and 12 years, and those whose parents spoke English at home had the highest marginal rates of preventive and routine dental visits. However, the large marginal effect of language, even among Hispanics, was not significant after adjusting for other covariates. Parental education and having a primary provider were the strongest predictors of preventive and routine dental visits. Conclusion: Children that did not speak English at home were less likely to receive preventive or routine dental care. However, after adjusting for other socio‐economic factors, our study suggests that language barriers may not play as pronounced a role in the receipt of dental care as that documented for medical services.
Failure of tooth eruption in two patients with cerebral palsy and bruxism—a 10‐year follow‐up: a case report
Authors: Staufer Kirsten , Hamadeh Sinan , Gesch Dietmar 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper was to analyze delayed tooth eruption in two children with cerebral palsy who had severe bruxism and to determine whether treatment could influence tooth eruption and alignment. Extraction of primary teeth was carried out and orthodontic treatment was considered due to severe tooth wear of primary teeth, lack of space, and development of a class III malocclusion.Analysis was based on clinical examination, photographs, radiographs, and dental casts.In both patients, early mixed dentition was delayed for more than 5 years. Calcification and root development of posterior permanent teeth corresponded with the chronological age. Root resorption of the severely abraded primary teeth and eruption of their successors were delayed or failed. Eruption of permanent teeth occurred slowly after primary teeth were extracted. Orthodontic treatment succeeded in one patient, achieving a normal overjet in combination with a successful orofacial therapy.The disturbed exfoliation of abraded primary teeth and failure of tooth eruption of the posterior teeth could be linked to the systemic pathology and to bruxism. At age 20, eruption of the canines and premolars remained questionable.