bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regionalism, Hegemony, and Universality in the International Order of the Far East
Authors: Shahabuddin Mohammad 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter contextualizes Japan’s engagement with the notion of universality ingrained in nineteenth-century European international law and argues that such engagements were informed by the historical pattern of Japanese responses to hegemony and the discourse on cultural superiority in the Far East that shifted from Sinocentrism to the unbroken imperial lineage to the national-spirit. Although Japanese scholars accepted and engaged with the European standard of civilization after the forced opening up of Japan to the Western world in the mid-nineteenth century, they did so for instrumental purposes and soon translated ‘civilization’ into a language of imperialism to reassert supremacy in the region. This narrative offers an analytical framework not only to go beyond Eurocentrism but also to identify various other loci of hegemony.
Universality in International Law Beyond the European
Authors: Baderin Mashood 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
While universality is a necessary corollary of international law, its global effectiveness is hampered by its apparent Eurocentric essentialism. Consequently, many states of the Global South, especially in the Muslim world, often perceive international law suspiciously as a trojan horse with a hidden baggage of imperialism, hegemony, and the imposition of Western civilizational superiority. For a more globally effective international law, this chapter argues dialogically, from an Islamic law perspective, for a more inclusive universality that acknowledges the possible contributions that non-Western worldviews and civilizations can make to strengthen its universal acceptability. It identifies that the Eurocentric universality of international law is perpetuated through four major channels: (1) the textbook historical narrative of international law, (2) norm recognition and formation in international law, (3) judicial interpretation and recognized principles of international law, and (4) political manipulations of international law. It proposes complementarity between European and Islamic perspectives of international law and argues for recognition of relevant Islamic principles relating to each of the four identified issues to ensure genuine universalism in international law beyond the European in relation to the Muslim world.
The Power of Images
Authors: Roy-Trudel Elisabeth 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Modern law is heavily focused and relies on the sense of vision. It commonly uses images to translate and further develop abstract legal concepts, such as justice, human rights, and legal subjectivity. This chapter argues that more attention needs to be paid to the visual discourse in international human rights law, which creates and entrenches certain forms of domination and exclusion, and which prevents large sections of society from accessing rights. This seems essential precisely because of the claim of international human rights law to universal authority and applicability. A critical visual discourse analysis of key moments in the history of human rights reveals some of the ways in which images have shaped legal ideology, consciousness, and subjectivities. Moreover, drawing on sensuous scholarship, the chapter suggests that recognizing and accepting a sensorial plurality is a crucial step towards the realization of international human rights law’s promise of global justice.
German ‘Dogmatik’—An Untranslatable Concept if Ever There Was One?
Authors: Beham Markus 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the meaning of the concept of ‘Dogmatik’ within the Germanophone legal tradition—particularly, of Austria, Germany, and Switzerland—and places it within the context of international legal scholarship to demonstrate its often implicit workings. Among the multitude of legal techniques and instruments of international legal theory, the concept is surely among the more obscure, illustrated by the lack of a corresponding technical term in the working languages of international law. The chapter highlights how such a particular legal tradition may support the universal aspirations of a normative project, as international law is, and thereby transcends the binary understanding of the universal. It first maps out the concept before discussing its particularities for, and impact on the study and understanding of, international law. As a contribution to comparative international law, it is suggested that ‘Dogmatik’ is a precondition for much systematization that has occurred in creating a ‘universal language’ of international law. Amidst the perceived chaos of international relations and the isolation of individual cases, its power lies in painting the picture of an overarching ‘higher legal order’, battling fragmentation and stabilizing the aspiration to universality.
Introduction
Authors: Upton Robert E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This introduction outlines Tilak’s large symbolic importance in India’s culture today, as an ‘icon of modern India’. It describes the various relevances and uses he has, and the main strands of his diverse popular perception, in which he is remembered variously as patriot, dissenter, fighter, terrorist, anti-reformer, reformer, Hindutva ideologue, and secularist. Focusing on the question of Tilak’s relationship with Hindutva, and the broad assumption within and outside academia of his role as an important progenitor of the ideology, it establishes that it is the lack of systematic treatments of Tilak’s ideas that has enabed such conceptions to grow. This frames the problem the book seeks to deal with, before the subsequent chapters on Tilak’s own intellectual output, their own intellectual approach, and their alternative vision of Tilak, are outlined. The chapter also reflects on what the study of Tilak suggests in terms of the practice of the ‘global’ intellectual history of modern South Asia generally, and demonstrates Tilak’s central importance to it.
Remembering Tilak
Authors: Upton Robert E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter adopts a cultural history approach, surveying the contesting of Tilak’s memory in the Indian public sphere since his death, giving rise to a range of bitterly disputed contemporary readings. Through this it also contextualizes the historiography on Tilak, while illustrating the porous boundaries between official, popular, and academic accounts. Beginning with Tilak’s remarkable initial remembrance as national ‘founding father’ from 1920 within India and its diaspora, and the relevance of the ‘charismatic’ suffering of his sedition imprisonments for this, it then describes Gandhi’s appropriation of Tilak’s memory, and the subsequent remembering of Tilak as Gandhian; and then details how Tilak’s endorsement of violence was conversely celebrated by many, particularly on the emergent Hindu right in 1920s Maharashtra, helping to posthumously cement his credentials as a Hindutva ideologue, while therefore necessitating a reworking of his ideas. Non-Brahmin political organization, and women’s activism, have helped to concentrate popular and academic attention upon his ‘casteist’, ‘Arya-supremacist’ politics, and his gendered understanding of Indian society; and there has been a partly responsive move to insisting that Tilak was simply a ‘legendary social reformer’. As the post-independence state has used Tilak’s patriotic memory for legitimation, others have instead used him to critique and resist state power. But criticism of Tilak on grounds of religious politics or ‘extremism’ has become more strenuously resisted, and critics (or even textbooks) silenced, in recent years, contemporaneous with the growth in power of the Hindu right, potentially increasing the influence of a specific vision of his politics today.
Continuous Spontaneous Localization (CSL) Theory
Authors: Pearle Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the two equations that completely define CSL, for the simplest case, that is, a state vector in a two-dimensional Hilbert space. One equation is the modified evolution equation for the state vector which depends upon a Brownian motion function of time, B(t), a Hermitian operator A called the “collapse-generating operator,” and a collapse rate parameter λ. The state vector evolution is linear, but not unitary, so its norm changes with time. The second equation is called the probability rule. It says the probability a particular B(t) occurs in Nature is proportional to the squared norm of the state vector, that is, high norm state vectors are most likely to occur. The chapter shows how an initial state vector that is a superposition of the eigenstates of A evolves to one eigenstate, with the Born probability, as predicted by standard quantum theory. Finally, it discusses the density matrix description of the ensemble of evolutions under all possible B(t).
CSL Theory Refinements
Authors: Pearle Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Since the Hilbert space for state vectors describing Nature is, of course, of higher dimension than two, generalization of the state vector evolution equation given in the previous chapter is needed. It is explained why the Brownian motion function needs to be replaced by its time derivative, that is, white noise w(t). The collapse-generating operator A is allowed to be arbitrary. As an example, the case of a free particle moving in one dimension, where A=X (the particle’s position operator), is completely solved. Then, further generalizing, the single collapse-generating operator A is replaced by a family Ai, a complete commuting set of operators, one of whose joint eigenstates is the end result of collapse. Each operator is linked to its own white noise function wi(t). The chapter then discussed time-ordering, which comes into play in the generalized evolution equation. The chapter also covers the associated density matrix. The chapter concludes with a final generalization where the discrete index i is replaced by the continuous index x, so the operators A(x) (x is a point in space) and the white noise field w(x,t) appear in the evolution equation.
Spontaneous Localization (SL) Theory
Authors: Pearle Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Before examining experimental consequences of CSL, this chapter discusses the spontaneous localization (SL) theory of Ghirardi, Rimini and Weber (GRW). As for CSL, the chapter presents the structure of the theory, and then specializes it to a non-relativistic theory. SL does not add a term to Schrodinger’s equation. Instead, the state vector is suddenly altered by a “hit” (GRW’s ‘spontaneous localization’), that is, multiplication by an operator, followed by renormalization. The hits occur at random times. The chapter shows the specific choice of operator made by GRW for their non-relativistic theory. Emphasized are two aspects of SL that helped the journey to CSL. One is that the collapse is always acting (one need not “turn it on.” The other is the “smeared” character of the GRW operator. The chapter then shows how the density matrix is calculated. Finally, it discusses the numerical values, chosen by GRW, of the two parameters of SL theory, λ and a, that are provisionally adopted for CSL.
Supplement to Chapter 1
Authors: Pearle Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter supplements Chapter 1. It looks at various aspects of the Gambler’s Ruin game. As a recap for the reader, the Gambler’s Ruin game is where two gamblers bet on a coin toss. The game continues until one player wins all the money. It provides a precise analogue to the collapse behavior for a superposition of two states evolving under random influence to one or another of those states. The chapter explains how the Gambler’s Ruin criteria can be expressed as ensemble averages, and discusses fair game considerations
Supplement to Chapter 3
Authors: Pearle Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter is a supplement to Chapter 3. It provides details regarding the mathematics involved in solving two one-dimensional motion probles, the free particle and the harmonic oscillator, when the collapse–generating operator is the position operator. A wave function solution is fully provided in both cases. The density matrix is also calculated, and then expressions for varous mean values of quantities of physical interest are obtained.
Supplement to Chapter 4
Authors: Pearle Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter supplements Chapter 4. It introduces the quantum field operators that create and annihilate a particle at a particular position. These quantum field operators are useful in calculating here the universal mean energy increase of any object. This completes the calculation started in Chapter 4, where the results obtained here are utilized. Next, Galilean-invariance of non-relativistic CSL is proved, that is, time-translation invariance, space-translation invariance and boost-invariance.
Supplement to Chapter 7
Authors: Pearle Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter supplements Chapter 7. It begins by discussing how, as one increases the radius of a sphere surrounding the proton in a hydrogen atom, eventually one can say it is observable reality that the electron is in the atom. Next, observable reality is considered for the case of an electron in a two-slit interference experiment. Lastly, the chapter mentions the possibility of an observability criterion based upon photons reaching the eye from objects, and goes on to develop construction of an operator that criterion would need, an operator representing the number of photons of momentum k0 reaching the eye.
CSL Expressed as a Schrödinger Stochastic DE
Authors: Pearle Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 16 uses the results of Chapter 15 to show how to construct the CSL Stratonovich and Ito Schrödinger equations for the normalized state vector. It is emphasized that there is a non-linear dependence on the state vector. It then goes on to show how the (linear) density matrix evolution equation follows is constructed from that. The chapter ends with a discussion regarding specialization to non-relativistic CSL.
Applying the CSL Stratonovich Equation to the Free Particle Undergoing Collapse in Position
Authors: Pearle Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the problem of applying the continuous spontaneous localization (CSL) Stratonovich equation to the free particle undergoing collapse in position, by finding the solution in Gaussian form. This solution was previously obtained in Chapter 10 by using the linear Schrödinger equation/probability rule formulation of CSL (which was used in the first seven chapters of this book). This chapter shows how the same result is obtained from the stochastic differential equation formulation of CSL.
Applying the CSL Stratonovich Equation to the Harmonic Oscillator Undergoing Collapse in Position
Authors: Pearle Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the problem of applying the continuous spontaneous localization (CSL) Stratonovich equation to a harmonic oscillator particle undergoing collapse in position, by finding the solution in Gaussian form. This solution was not previously obtained. It is quite complicated, and provides a demonstration of the power of the SDE approach to CSL.
Electronic Forex, 1992–2007
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
After 1990, the foreign exchange market was revolutionized by technological developments. The laying of fibre-optic cables transformed the speed of international communications, reducing even further the time delay between different financial centres. At the same time, trading was also transformed by the introduction of computing technology, as this could cope with a much greater volume of transactions. The banks and inter-dealer brokers that benefitted from this revolution were the few willing to invest in the technology required, recruit and retain the expert staff, and maintain offices in the leading financial centres. The result was to further concentrate the foreign exchange market in a small number of financial centres around the world, led by London.
Chalcis and Eretria
Authors: Fachard Sylvian , Verdan Samuel 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chalcis and Eretria, located less than 20 km from each other on the island of Euboea, were remarkably dynamic communities during the Archaic period. The site of Lefkandi, located between Chalcis and Eretria, was abandoned c. 700, and its territory was absorbed by Chalcis. The relationship between Chalcis and Eretria, although frequently hostile, was close, and they developed a uniquely Euboean identity and material culture. Off the island, Chalcidians and Eretrians played a pivotal role in Greeks’ intensive mobility, settlement abroad, and participation in Mediterranean trading networks. In the sixth century, both poleis expanded the territory they controlled on Euboea. The late sixth and early fifth centuries were a difficult time for both Chalcis and Eretria; the latter was conquered by Athens in 506, the former sacked by the Persians in 490. The story of Chalcis and Eretria thus forms an integral part of the larger story of the Greek world during the Archaic period, replete with bold enterprises, parochial infighting, and constant change.
Trace Element and Isotope Geochemistry of Tschicoma Formation Intermediate Composition Dome Complexes, Jemez Mountains Volcanic Field, New Mexico, USA
Authors: Waelkens Clara M , Stix John , Goff Fraser , Weis Dominique 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Repeated intrusions of mafic magma have long been known to be a driver of long-lived magmatic systems. Although the importance of mafic recharge of silicic magma systems is well-documented in igneous petrology, the origin of this recharge magma is sometimes obscure. By examining the pre-caldera intermediate dome complexes of the Tschicoma Formation and their relationship to a dacitic recharge event into the Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff, we aim to better understand the origin of mafic recharge events into the Bandelier magma chamber of Valles caldera, and the relationship between different stages of volcanic activity within the broader Jemez Mountains volcanic field (JMVF). Based on major, trace element and radiogenic isotopic data, we divide the Tschicoma Formation into three geochemical groups with similar petrologic evolutionary paths. The Cerro Grande, Cerro Rubio and Pajarito Mountain volcanic dome complexes form group A and have assimilated various amounts of a granitoid crustal component with low εNd, εHf and radiogenic Pb. Group B consists of the Sawyer Dome, Rendija Canyon and Caballo Mountain dome complexes, which have principally evolved through different degrees of fractional crystallization of the same parent magma, itself a result of complex interactions of a mafic mantle-derived magma with the crust. The dacite domes and flows around Tschicoma Peak and the newly described Cañada Bonita dacite form group C and are the result of mixing of Rendija Canyon magma with mafic recharge magma which is preserved as distinct mafic enclaves. At a later stage of the JMVF, during the eruption of the Tshirege Member, distinctive hornblende–dacite pumices formed as a result of the influx of more mafic recharge magma into the system, which mobilized a pre-existing dacite intrusion and injected it into the Tshirege rhyolite ( Stimac, 1996; Boroet al.,2020). Based on trace element and isotopic compositions, we propose that dacite which was injected into the Tshirege magma chamber was related to the earlier-erupted Tschicoma Formation and itself represents a mixing product of Tshirege rhyolite and a precursor to the Tschicoma dacites. This implies that the Tschicoma magmatic system was long-lived yet dormant during the eruption of the Otowi Member of the Bandelier Tuff, then was reactivated shortly before the Tshirege eruption, temporarily co-existing and interacting with the Bandelier system as it erupted.
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor homologs Pib and PibH8 interact and contribute to immunity in rice
Authors: Wang Zhanchun , Yang Dewei , Zhong Guitao , Li Shengping , Wang Wei , Tang Dingzhong 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) sense pathogen effectors and activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Many plant NLRs form pairs with other NLRs to recognize effectors and initiate ETI. PIRICULARIA ORYZAE RESISTANCE IN BL1 (Pib), an NLR protein in rice (Oryza sativa), activates resistance by recognizing the rice blast effector AvrPib. The activation of Pib is suppressed by SH3 DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 2 (OsSH3P2) in the absence of AvrPib. However, how Pib triggers defense responses and whether Pib pairs with another NLR are not clear. In this study, we identified Pib by map-based cloning and showed that a homolog of Pib, PIB HOMOLOGUE 8 (PibH8), interacts with Pib. Pib and PibH8 mediate resistance to the Magnaporthe oryzae isolate Guy11, a rice blast strain carrying AvrPib. Interestingly, the pib/pibh8 double mutant exhibited enhanced susceptibility to Guy11 compared to the single mutant. Furthermore, PibH8 can oligomerize through its coiled-coil (CC) domain, which also contributes to the Pib–PibH8 interaction, suggesting that Pib and PibH8 may form a complex to recognize AvrPib. OsSH3P2 inhibited the interaction of Pib and PibH8 through association with the CC domain of PibH8. Taken together, these results indicate that both Pib and PibH8 are required for rice blast resistance to M. oryzae carrying AvrPib, which is negatively regulated by OsSH3P2. This study not only identifies an NLR that functions in rice blast resistance but also reveals a possible complex immune strategy in which homologous NLR proteins may regulate the complete activation of plant immunity.
Towards higher standardization of funding acknowledgements in scientific publications: Current status in the case of a national and a European research fellowship scheme
Authors: Bordons María , Morillo Fernanda , Álvarez-Bornstein Belén 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Acknowledgement of funding sources in scientific publications is becoming mandatory in science. As funders' instructions are often vague, there is great variability in the way authors acknowledge funding, this hindering the linking of grants to their subsequent publications. The aim of this study is to analyse how funding is acknowledged in scientific publications in two important research fellowship schemes: the Spanish Ramón y Cajal programme (RyC) and the European Marie Skłodowska-Curie Research Actions (MSCA). WoS publications in 2017 by Spain-based researchers that include funding acknowledgements from either of the two programmes are identified. Firstly, compliance with funders’ recommendations in terms of the elements included in acknowledgements is analysed. Secondly, the degree of comprehensiveness in the authors’ description of the grants is studied by focusing on how often different items are reported (funding agency, programme, grant number, grantee, year of the call, etc). Thirdly, the use of normalized structured notations in acknowledgements is examined. Around 78% of RyC vs. 84% of MSCA grants comply with funders’ recommendations regarding the elements to be included in the acknowledgements. A comprehensive description of grants is unusual in both programmes. Structured notations are included in two-thirds of RyC vs. one-third of MSCA grants. Advantages of using structured notations are highlighted, since they provide unique identification of grants, improve the comprehensiveness and normalization of funding data, facilitate automatic data processing and could be compatible with global grant identifiers. Further standardization of funding data in acknowledgements is needed to optimize their use in science policy studies.