bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of endotoxic mastitis on epithelial cell numbers in the milk of dairy cows
Authors: Wagner Sarah A. , Jones Douglas E. , Apley Michael D. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Objective—To measure epithelial cell percentages and somatic cell counts (SCCs) in milk and determine whether isoflupredone acetate reduces mammary gland epithelial cell sloughing in cows with acute endotoxin-induced mastitis.
Animals—13 lactating Holstein cows.
Procedures—Determination of SCC and flow cytometric analysis of cytokeratin-positive (epithelial) cells in milk were performed before and 12 hours after induction of mastitis via intramammary administration of bacterial endotoxin in 8 cows and at the same time points in 5 cows without mastitis. Endotoxin-treated cows received isoflupredone acetate (20 mg) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (n = 4/group) IV after signs of mastitis developed.
Results—At the 12-hour time point, mean ± SD percentage of epithelial cells in milk increased from 2.74 ± 1.93% to 42.11 ± 36.21% and decreased from 5.73 ± 4.52% to 5.31 ± 1.93% in milk from cows with and without mastitis, respectively. Median (range) SCC in milk increased from 195,000 cells/mL (17,000 to 442,000 cells/mL) to 5,437,500 cells/mL (69,000 to 11,036,000 cells/mL) and from 19,000 cells/mL (9,000 to 125,000 cells/mL) to 51,000 cells/mL (10,000 to 835,000 cells/mL) in cows with and without mastitis, respectively. Changes in these variables were significantly greater in mastitis-affected cows. Administration of isoflupredone acetate did not affect epithelial cell percentage or SCC in milk.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—During the early phase of endotoxin-induced mastitis in dairy cows, large numbers of epithelial cells were sloughed into the milk. Epithelial cell damage likely precedes an influx of immune cells into affected mammary glands and may contribute to breakdown of the blood-milk barrier.
Protective Role of Sodium Chloride and Sodium Dithionite agains UV-B Induced Damage in <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>
Authors: Prasad Y. , Kumar A. , Kumar H.D D. 
Published: June 2009

Highly useful and economic algae especially protein-rich micro- algae are highly affected, and the protein, carbohydrate and pigments are highly damaged by increased UV-B exposure in a high protein-rich (45%),green,freshwater, unicellular,microalga Chlorella vulgaris. 1 mM sodium dithionite (SDT) partially protected survival and growth against UV-B induced damage but NaCI (0.5m) became lethal to C. vulgaris in supplemented condition.Key words: UV-B; Protection; Survival; Growth; Chlorelladoi: 10.3126/eco.v13i0.1632Ecoprint (An International Journal of Ecology) Vol. 13, 2006 Page:61-67
Cyanophycean Algae Inhabiting Sodic Soil Exhibit Diverse Morphology: An Adaptation to High Exchangeable Sodium
Authors: Singh P. K. , Kishore S. , Prakash J. , Singh S. K. , Shukla M. 
Published: June 2009

A soil pot experiment was conducted in soils containing two exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) levels i.e. normal (4.37) and high (54.5) ESP levels. The soils used in experiment were collected from different natural conditions to asses the algal biodiversity and changes in morphology of algae. The genera reported at high ESP were Oscillatoria, Lyngbya and colony of Anabaena while in normal soil these were absent. The heterocyst chain was also observed in soil of high ESP while in normal soil it was not reported. The width of heterocyst was much different than those reported. The chemical properties of soil e.g. pH, exchangeable sodium and ESP were decreased while organic carbon and total nitrogen contents were increased after one year algal growth. Key words: Cyanophycean algae, heterocyst, sodic soil, exchangeable sodium percentage. doi: 10.3126/eco.v15i0.1937 ECOPRINT 15: 15-21, 2008
Microsurgical anatomy of the posterior spinal artery via a far-lateral transcondylar approach
Authors: Seçkin Hakan , Ateş Özkan , Bauer Andrew M. , Başkaya Mustafa K. 
Published: June 2009

Object
The posterior spinal artery (PSA) is a clinically significant vessel that may frequently be encountered during the far-lateral transcondylar approach. There have been a limited number of reports on the specific origin of the PSA in the literature. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the origin of the PSA.

Methods
Thirteen cadaveric heads (26 sides) were injected with colored silicon. A bilateral far-lateral transcondylar approach was performed on each side. In every specimen the site of the origin of the PSAs, as well as their course, branching pattern and anastomoses, external diameters, and neighboring vascular and nervous structures were recorded. Microanatomical dissections were performed using the surgical microscope. In addition, 8 surgical cases in which the far-lateral approach was used were collected prospectively to record the course and origin of the PSA. Altogether, a total of 34 sides were analyzed for their PSA origin and course.

Results
In the cadaveric specimens, the PSA was found to originate from the vertebral artery (VA) in 25 sides (96%). In 13 specimens (50%) the PSA originated from the V4 segment of the VA intradurally. In 12 specimens (46%) the PSA originated from the V3 segment of the VA extradurally. In 1 specimen (4%), in whom the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) had an early origin from the VA extradurally at the C-1 level, the PSA originated from the PICA. Of the 8 surgical cases, 2 patients had extradural origin of the PSA from the V3 segment of the VA, whereas 6 patients had intradural origin of the PSA from the V4 segment.

Conclusions
Although the usual origin of the PSA is from the VA either intra- or extradurally, its origin is closely related to the origin of the PICA. The PSA originates from the PICA in cases in which the PICA originates extradurally from the VA. In the far-lateral transcondylar approach, the dura is opened in close proximity to the VA. Knowledge of the origin and course of the PSA is critically important when executing the far-lateral approach to avoid its injury.
In vivo intervertebral disc regeneration using stem cell–derived chondroprogenitors
Authors: Sheikh Hormoz , Zakharian Karen , De La Torre Ramiro Perez , Facek Christopher , Vasquez Adrian , Chaudhry G. Rasul , Svinarich David , Perez-Cruet Mick J. 
Published: June 2009

Object
There is currently no biologic therapy to repair or restore a degenerated intervertebral disc. A potential solution may rest with embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which have a potential to grow indefinitely and differentiate into a variety of cell types in vitro. Prior studies have shown that ESCs can be encouraged to differentiate toward specific cell lineages by culture in selective media and specific growth environment. Among these lineages, there are cells capable of potentially producing nucleus pulposus (NP) in vivo. In this investigation, the authors studied ESCderived chondroprogenitors implanted into a degenerated disc in a rabbit. For this purpose, a rabbit model of disc degeneration was developed.

Methods
A percutaneous animal model of disc degeneration was developed by needle puncture of healthy intact discs in 16 New Zealand white rabbits. Series of spine MR imaging studies were obtained before disc puncture and after 2, 6, and 8 weeks. Prior to implantation, murine ESCs were cultured with cis-retinoic acid, transforming growth factor β, ascorbic acid, and insulin-like growth factor to induce differentiation toward a chondrocyte lineage. After confirmation by MR imaging, degenerated disc levels were injected with chondrogenic derivatives of ESCs expressing green fluorescent protein. At 8 weeks post-ESC implantation, the animals were killed and the intervertebral discs were harvested and analyzed using H & E staining, confocal fluorescent microscopy, and immunohistochemical analysis. Three intervertebral disc groups were analyzed in 16 rabbits, as follows: 1) Group A, control: naïve, nonpunctured discs (32 discs, levels L4–5 and L5–6); 2) Group B, experimental control: punctured disc (16 discs, level L2–3); and 3) Group C, experimental: punctured disc followed by implantation of chondroprogenitor cells (16 discs, level L3–4).

Results
The MR imaging studies confirmed intervertebral disc degeneration at needle-punctured segments starting at ~ 2 weeks. Postmortem H & E histological analysis of Group A discs showed mature chondrocytes and no notochordal cells. Group B discs displayed an intact anulus fibrosus and generalized disorganization within fibrous tissue of NP. Group C discs showed islands of notochordal cell growth. Immunofluorescent staining for notochordal cells was negative for Groups A and B but revealed viable notochordal-type cells within experimental Group C discs, which had been implanted with ESC derivatives. Notably, no inflammatory response was noted in Group C discs.

Conclusions
This study illustrates a reproducible percutaneous model for studying disc degeneration. New notochordal cell populations were seen in degenerated discs injected with ESCs. The lack of immune response to a xenograft of mouse cells in an immunocompetent rabbit model may suggest an as yet unrecognized immunoprivileged site within the intervertebral disc space.
Normal Multiple Auditory Steady-State Response Thresholds to Air-Conducted Stimuli in Infants
Authors: Van Maanen Anna , Stapells David R. 
Published: June 2009

Background and Purpose: Multiple auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) to stimuli modulated at ∼80 Hz are a promising technique for threshold estimation in infants, but additional data are required. Research Design: We obtained multiple ASSRs to air-conducted
(AC) stimuli. Study Sample: There were 54 children in two age groups: >six months (N = 32) and ≤six months (N = 22). All infants had normal hearing by tone-evoked auditory brain stem response. Results: ASSR thresholds, estimated from
50 percent using cumulative percent present distributions, were 36, 30, 24, and 15 dB HL at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz, respectively. Most (≥90%) of the infants showed present ASSRs at 49, 45, 36, and 32 dB HL at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz, respectively,
with no differences in the results of younger versus older infants. When responses were present for all stimuli for both ears, most infants showed all eight responses within five minutes. Compared to ipsilateral responses, ASSRs in the contralateral EEG (electroencephalogram) channel were
smaller and often absent. Conclusions: Based upon these data and the literature, normal AC ASSR “screening” levels would be 50, 45, 40, and 40 dB HL at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz, respectively. Using the multiple-stimulus ASSR, infants with normal hearing
referred for diagnostic electrophysiological threshold assessment can now be quickly confirmed as having normal thresholds for four frequencies in both ears.
Speech Recognition and Temporal Processing in Middle-Aged Women
Authors: Helfer Karen S. , Vargo Megan 
Published: June 2009

Purpose: This study was designed to examine speech understanding ability and temporal processing in middle-aged women with normal or near-normal pure-tone thresholds. Research Design: Speech understanding, temporal processing ability, and self-assessed hearing were measured
in groups of younger and middle-aged females. Study Sample: Participants were younger and middle-aged females (n = 12 per group) with normal hearing through 4000 Hz bilaterally. Subjects were drawn from nonclinical populations. Data Collection and Analysis: Speech
understanding was measured in the presence of steady-state noise and competing speech, with and without perceived spatial separation of the target speech and masker. The Gaps-In-Noise (GIN) test (Musiek et al, 2005) was used to assess temporal resolution ability. In addition, subjects completed
a questionnaire with several items from the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale (Gatehouse and Noble, 2004) to gauge their subjective ability to understand speech in complex listening situations. Data were analyzed via repeated-measures ANOVA and Pearson r correlations. Results:
Results showed that the performance of the middle-aged subjects was significantly poorer than that of the younger participants in the presence of a spatially coincident speech masker. Although performance in this listening condition was unrelated to pure-tone thresholds, it was strongly correlated
with scores on the GIN test. Speech understanding performance in the presence of a steady-state masker was related to high-frequency pure-tone thresholds. Conclusions: These results suggest that some middle-aged women with little or no pure-tone hearing loss experience listening difficulty
in complex environments. Results also suggest a strong relationship between temporal processing and speech understanding in certain competing speech situations.
Culturing MDCK Cells in Three Dimensions for Analyzing Intracellular Dynamics
Authors: Elia Natalie , Lippincott‐Schwartz Jennifer 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEpithelial cells grown in three‐dimensional (3‐D) cultures of extracellular matrix differentiate into a multicellular structure of polarized cells. This process shares many characteristics with the physiological development of an epithelial tissue and the formation of polarity in epithelial cells. Imaging 3‐D cultures of polarized epithelial cells is therefore a powerful tool to study epithelial architecture and morphogenesis under close‐to‐physiological conditions. The new generation of confocal microscopes allows live‐cell imaging of fluorescently tagged molecules in these cultures. This opens up new opportunities for studying how molecules behave and are distinguished asymmetrically within a 3‐D setting. This unit discusses technical aspects for culturing and imaging MDCK 3‐D culture for both fixed 3‐D cultures and live‐cell imaging. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 43:4.22.1‐4.22.18. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement of Adhesion Under Flow Conditions
Authors: Kucik Dennis F. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis unit describes the analysis of dynamic cell adhesion using a flow chamber assay. The flow chamber enables the researcher to reconstruct cell systems in the presence of shear stress to assay adhesion under well&defined forces. These assays are most commonly used to study leukocyte adhesion, either to cultured endothelial cell monolayers or to purified substrates, simulating physiological interactions of leukocytes with endothelial cells. This assay can be also be used to characterize transient adhesive events or adhesion strengthening even for cells that do not normally experience shear stress, because contact time between cells and substrates and anti&adhesive forces can be closely regulated by stopping and starting the flow. Flow chamber assays are also useful for measuring bacterial adhesion under flow. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 43:9.6.1‐9.6.10. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Methods Used to Study Respiratory Virus Infection
Authors: Flaño Emilio , Jewell Nancy A. , Durbin Russell K. , Durbin Joan E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis unit describes protocols for infecting the mouse respiratory tract, and assaying virus replication and host response in the lung. Respiratory infections are the leading cause of acute illness worldwide, affecting mostly infants and children in developing countries. The purpose of this unit is to provide a basic strategy and protocols to study the pathogenesis and immunology of respiratory virus infection using the mouse as an animal model. The procedures include: (1) basic techniques for mouse infection, tissue sampling, and preservation, (2) determination of viral titers, isolation and analysis of lymphocytes and dendritic cells using flow‐cytometry, and (3) lung histology, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 43:26.3.1‐26.3.28. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interfacial Polar‐Bonding‐Induced Multifunctionality of Nano‐Silicon in Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Huang Jung Y. , Shieh Jia M. , Kuo Hao C. , Pan Ci L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe optoelectronic response of a material governs its suitability for a wide range of applications, from photon detection to photovoltaic conversion. To conquer the material limitations and achieve improved optoelectronic responses, nanotechnology has been employed to arrange subunits with specific size‐dependent quantum mechanical properties in a hierarchically organized structure. However, building a functional optoelectronic system from nano‐objects remains a formidable challenge. In this paper, the fabrication of a new artificially engineered optoelectronic material by the preferential growth of silicon nanocrystals on the bottom of the pore‐channels of mesoporous silica is reported. The nanocrystals form highly stable interface structures bonded on one side; these structure show strong electron–phonon coupling and a ferroelectric‐like hysteretic switching property. A new class of multifunctional materials is realized by invoking a concept that employs semiconductor nanocrystals for optical sensing and utilizes interfacial polar layers to facilitate carrier transport and emulate ferroelectric‐like switching.
Synthesis, Electrochemical and Photophysical Properties, and Electroluminescent Performance of the Octa‐ and Deca(aryl)[60]fullerene Derivatives
Authors: Matsuo Yutaka , Sato Yoshiharu , Hashiguchi Masahiko , Matsuo Keiko , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThree multifunctionalized organo[60]fullerene derivatives, C60Ph5(C6H4‐tBu‐4)5Me2 (cyclophenacene, 1), C60Ph5(C6H4‐tBu‐4)5Me2 (fused corannulene, 2), and C60Ph5(C6H4‐tBu‐4)3Me2 (phenylene‐bridged fused corannulene, 3) are synthesized by the reaction of C60Ph5Me with 4‐tert‐butylphenylcopper reagent in the presence of pyridine, followed by treatment with MeI. Compounds 1–3 undergo reduction in the range from −1.8 to −2.5 V versus Fc/Fc+ and exhibit photoluminescence behavior with fluorescent quantum yields of 18.5%, 2.5%, and 3.2% with fluorescent lifetimes of 67, 1.1, and 27 ns (1–3, respectively). Organic electroluminescent diode devices using 1–3 are fabricated with π‐conjugated polymers and show external electroluminescent efficiencies of 0.04%, 0.07%, and 0.03% emitting yellow, green, and red light, respectively. The device containing all three compounds emits white light. This result indicates that the bulky addends in 1–3 can effectively isolate the π‐conjugated systems of the molecules in the solid state and retard the intermolecular excited‐state quenching process.
A preliminary approach to modeling gas hydrate/ice deposition from dissolved water in a liquid condensate system
Authors: Nicholas Joseph W. , Koh Carolyn A. , Sloan E. Dendy 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGas hydrate/ice deposition from a dissolved water phase in a liquid condensate system was modeled using a mass and energy balance. The same modeling parameters were used to model three flow loop experiments (1.89 and 2.83 L/min flow rate deposition tests and a 1.89 L/min dissociation test) with acceptable accuracy. Relative changes in both temperature and pressure drop were modeled using an ice deposit with a 67% void fraction. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Der thermodynamische Einfluss eingeschlossener Wassermoleküle auf eine Protein‐Ligand‐Wechselwirkung
Authors: Stegmann Christian M. , Seeliger Daniel , Sheldrick George M. , de Groot Bert L. , Wahl Markus C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWasser als strukturgebender Faktor: Atomar aufgelöste Kristallstrukturen der PPIase‐Domäne von Cyclophilin G allein und im Komplex mit Cyclosporin A zeigen in Kombination mit Moleküldynamik‐Simulationen und kalorimetrischen Messungen, wie eingeschlossene Wassermoleküle das thermodynamische Profil einer Protein‐Ligand‐Wechselwirkung beeinflussen (siehe Bild).magnified image
The genetics of economic risk preferences
Authors: Zyphur Michael J. , Narayanan Jayanth , Arvey Richard D. , Alexander Gordon J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe examine the influence of genetics on economic risk preferences by administering a measure of these preferences to monozygotic (MZ) (i.e., identical) and dizygotic (DZ) (i.e., non‐identical) twin pairs. Our analysis supports a dominant genetic effect and virtually no additive genetic effect on economic risk preferences, with the heritability of preferences estimated at 0.63. These findings suggest that over half of the variation in such preferences can be explained by genetic factors, with the remainder of the variance explained by environmental influences not shared among sibling twins. We discuss the implications of our findings for the study of individual differences in economic risk preferences. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
No effects of UMTS exposure on the function of rat outer hair cells
Authors: Galloni Paolo , Lopresto Vanni , Parazzini Marta , Pinto Rosanna , Piscitelli Marta , Ravazzani Paolo , Marino Carmela 
Published: June 2009

AbstractUMTS communication devices are becoming common in everyday use. This could raise public concern about their possible detrimental effects on human health. The aim of this study, in the framework of the EMF nEAR Project, was to evaluate possible influence of UMTS electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure on cochlear outer hair cells' (OHCs) functionality in laboratory animals. Forty‐eight male Sprague–Dawley rats were locally exposed (right ear) or sham‐exposed to a controlled UMTS EMF, frequency of 1946 MHz, at SAR level of 10 W/kg, 2 h a day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks. A group of 12 rats treated with kanamycin (KM) was also included as positive control. Rats were tested by recording Distortion Product Otaoacoustic Emissions (DPOAEs), a non‐invasive test capable of assessing the status of the OHCs in the inner ear. DPOAEs were performed before, during (one or three times a week) and after (1‐week) exposure to the EMF. The analysis of the data shows that no statistically significant differences were found between the audiological signals recorded from the different experimental groups. The ototoxic effect of KM has been confirmed. Bioelectromagnetics 30:385–392, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and evaluation of efficient recombinant Escherichia coli strains for the production of 3‐hydroxypropionic acid from glycerol
Authors: Rathnasingh Chelladurai , Raj Subramanian Mohan , Jo Ji‐Eun , Park Sunghoon 
Published: June 2009

Abstract3‐Hydroxypropionic acid (3‐HP) is a commercially valuable chemical with the potential to be a key building block for deriving many industrially important chemicals. However, its biological production has not been well documented. Our previous study demonstrated the feasibility of producing 3‐HP from glycerol using the recombinant Escherichia coli SH254 expressing glycerol dehydratase (DhaB) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldH), and reported that an “imbalance between the two enzymes” and the “instability of the first enzyme DhaB” were the major factors limiting 3‐HP production. In this study, the efficiency of the recombinant strain(s) was improved by expressing DhaB and AldH in two compatible isopropyl‐thio‐β‐galactoside (IPTG) inducible plasmids along with glycerol dehydratase reactivase (GDR). The expression levels of the two proteins were measured. It was found that the changes in protein expression were associated with their enzymatic activity and balance. While cloning an alternate aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), α‐ketoglutaric semialdehyde dehydrogenase (KGSADH), instead of AldH, the recombinant E. coli SH‐BGK1 showed the highest level of 3‐HP production (2.8 g/L) under shake‐flask conditions. When an aerobic fed‐batch process was carried out under bioreactor conditions at pH 7.0, the recombinant SH‐BGK1 produced 38.7 g 3‐HP/L with an average yield of 35%. This article reports the highest level of 3‐HP production from glycerol thus far. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 729–739 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.