bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Mental Health Service Users' Experiences of Social Inclusion in their Community Occupations
Authors: Smyth Genevieve , Harries Priscilla , Dorer Gemma 
Published: August 2011

Introduction: Social inclusion is a recent policy driver, which aims to develop fair access to opportunity for marginalised groups: a major goal in keeping with the values of occupational therapists. Evaluation of progress towards social inclusion includes listening to individuals' experiences of inclusion or exclusion in their local communities. This research aimed to explore the experiences of social inclusion for mental health service users when engaged in everyday community occupations and to identify possible factors that influenced the service user experience. Method: Eight in-depth interviews with mental health service users were carried out, using interpretative phenomenological analysis to recount participants' life world perspectives. Findings: The findings revealed three themes: the outside experience, which described features of the social, physical and economic environment that influenced inclusion; the internal disability, which described features within participants themselves that influenced inclusion; and an active lifestyle, which described how features of occupation influenced inclusion. Feelings of inclusion or exclusion were predominantly linked to the response received from others, which was at times stigmatising and hostile. Conclusion: Given the negative impact of the reactions of society, occupational therapists need to prioritise working with local communities to facilitate their capacity to support social inclusion, as well as focusing on individual skill acquisition.
Experiences of Occupational Therapists and Occupational Therapy Students in Using the Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills in Mental Health Settings in Norway
Authors: Bonsaksen Tore , Myraunet Ingunn , Celo Cecilia , Granå Kjell Emil , Ellingham Brian 
Published: August 2011

Introduction: This study investigated the utility of the Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills (ACIS) in mental health settings, as experienced by Norwegian occupational therapists and occupational therapy students. Method: An informal draft translation was used to investigate the appropriateness of the assessment for mental health practice. Focus group interviews were conducted with three occupational therapy practice educators working in mental health settings and six occupational therapy students on practice placement, who used the ACIS during an 8-week mental health practice placement in 2009. The focus groups aimed to explore the experiences of using the translated ACIS in working with clients. Findings: Three main themes emerged: observing with the ACIS, scoring the ACIS and using the ACIS in clinical practice. Conclusion: The ACIS has the potential for making a positive contribution, both for the individual client and for the larger team of multi professional staff, by giving a structure and terminology that supports precise observation and reporting. Questions were raised as to how the therapist's level of engagement during the observation may have an impact upon the client's performance. The process of scoring and giving feedback concerning the client's skills may be emotionally challenging for therapists, students and clients, and issues about how to give feedback to clients require consideration.
MicroRNA down-regulated in human cholangiocarcinoma control cell cycle through multiple targets involved in the G1/S checkpoint
Authors: Olaru Alexandru V. , Ghiaur Gabriel , Yamanaka Sumitaka , Luvsanjav Delgermaa , An Fangmei , Popescu Irinel , Alexandrescu Sorin , Allen Sarah , Pawlik Timothy M. , Torbenson Michael , Georgiades Christos , Roberts Lewis R. , Gores Gregory J. , Ferguson-Smith Anne , Almeida Maria I. , Calin George A. , Mezey Esteban , Selaru Florin M. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRs) recently emerged as prominent regulators of cancer processes. In the current study we aimed at elucidating regulatory pathways and mechanisms through which miR-494, one of the miR species found to be down-regulated in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), participates in cancer homeostasis. miR-494 was identified as down-regulated in CCA based on miR arrays. Its expression was verified with quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). To enforce miR expression, we employed both transfection methods, as well as a retroviral construct to stably overexpress miR-494. Up-regulation of miR-494 in cancer cells decreased growth, consistent with a functional role. mRNA arrays of cells treated with miR-494, followed by pathway analysis, suggested that miR-494 impacts cell cycle regulation. Cell cycle analyses demonstrated that miR-494 induces a significant G1/S checkpoint reinforcement. Further analyses demonstrated that miR-494 down-regulates multiple molecules involved in this transition checkpoint. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated a direct interaction between miR-494 and the 3′-untranslated region of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6). Last, xenograft experiments demonstrated that miR-494 induces a significant cancer growth retardation

in vivo

.

Conclusion:

Our findings demonstrate that miR-494 is down-regulated in CCA and that its up-regulation induces cancer cell growth retardation through multiple targets involved in the G1-S transition. These findings support the paradigm that miRs are salient cellular signaling pathway modulators, and thus represent attractive therapeutic targets. miR-494 emerges as an important regulator of CCA growth and its further study may lead to the development of novel therapeutics. (Hepatology 2011)
Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of variants resistant to hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A replication complex inhibitor BMS-790052 in Humans: In Vitro and In Vivo Correlations
Authors: Fridell Robert A. , Wang Chunfu , Sun Jin-Hua , O'Boyle Donald R. , Nower Peter , Valera Lourdes , Qiu Dike , Roberts Susan , Huang Xin , Kienzle Bernadette , Bifano Marc , Nettles Richard E. , Gao Min 
Published: August 2011

Abstract

The NS5A replication complex inhibitor, BMS-790052, inhibits hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication with picomolar potency in preclinical assays. This potency translated

in vivo

to a substantial antiviral effect in a single-ascending dose study and a 14-day multiple-ascending dose (MAD) monotherapy study. However, HCV RNA remained detectable in genotype 1a–infected patients at the end of the MAD study. In contrast, viral breakthrough was observed less often in patients infected with genotype 1b, and, in several patients, HCV RNA declined and remained below the level of quantitation (<25 IU/mL) through the duration of treatment. Here, we report on the results of the genotypic and phenotypic analyses of resistant variants in 24 genotype 1–infected patients who received BMS-790052 (1, 10, 30, 60, and 100 mg, once-daily or 30 mg twice-daily) in the 14-day MAD study. Sequence analysis was performed on viral complementary DNA isolated from serum specimens collected at baseline and days 1 (4, 8, and 12 hours), 2, 4, 7, and 14 postdosing. Analyses of the sequence variants (1) established a correlation between resistant variants emerging

in vivo

with BMS-790052 treatment and those observed in the

in vitro

replicon system (major substitutions at residues 28, 30, 31, and 93 for genotype 1a and residues 31 and 93 for genotype 1b); (2) determined the prevalence of variants at baseline and the emergence of resistance at different times during dosing; and (3) revealed the resistance profile and replicative ability (i.e., fitness) of the variants.

Conclusion:

Although resistance emerged during monotherapy with BMS-790052, the substantial anti-HCV effect of this compound makes it an excellent candidate for effective combination therapy. (Hepatology 2011)
A New Technique of Locked, Flexible Intramedullary Nailing of Spiral and Comminuted Fractures of the Metacarpals: A Series of 21 Cases
Authors: Agashe Mandar V. , Phadke Sanjay , Agashe Vikas M. , Patankar Hemant 
Published: August 2011

Background Spiral and comminuted fractures of the metacarpals are rotationally and axially unstable fractures with a tendency to shorten, which in turn causes significant extensor lag and loss of grip strength. We have designed a new, cheap and locally developed method of locked intramedullary nailing of these metacarpal fractures. We are presenting the results of our first 21 patients with 22 fractures treated by closed, fluoroscopically assisted, intramedullary K-wiring with proximal locking done by a specially designed locking pin. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective, observational cohort study of all patients with spiral and comminuted fractures of metacarpals with minimum of 1 year of follow-up and average follow-up of 14 months (range, 12 to 26 months). The patients were evaluated clinico-radiologically using range of motion, extensor lag, time to healing, amount of collapse, angulation and rotation and complications. Results All fractures had healed uneventfully with average time to union being 8 weeks. Average metacarpal shortening was 2.04±0.95 mm, while the average post-operative angulation of the fracture was 4.81°±1.7. The metacarpophalangeal range-of-motion recovered almost fully with the average extensor lag being only 5.22°±2.42. Other than extensor tendinitis in two patients, there were no other complications. Conclusions This method is cosmetically appealing, provides stable fixation, avoids periosteal stripping associated with open reduction and is associated with very low complication rate, and thus can be safely and effectively used for the treatment of these difficult fractures.
Reconstruction of unicoronal plagiocephaly with a hypercorrection surgical technique
Authors: Mesa John M. , Fang Frank , Muraszko Karin M. , Buchman Steven R. 
Published: August 2011

Object
Successful surgical repair of unicoronal plagiocephaly remains a challenge for craniofacial surgeons. Many of the surgical techniques directed at correcting the stigmata associated with this craniofacial deformity (for example, ipsilateral supraorbital rim elevation [vertical dystopia], ipsilateral temporal constriction, C-shaped deformity of the face, and so on) are not long lasting and often result in deficient correction and the need for secondary revision surgery. The authors posit that the cause of this relapse was intrinsic deficiencies of the current surgical techniques. The aim of this study was to determine if correction of unilateral coronal plagiocephaly with a novel hypercorrection surgical technique could prevent the relapse of the characteristics associated with unicoronal plagiocephaly.

Methods
The authors performed a retrospective analysis of 40 consecutive patients who underwent surgical repair of unicoronal plagiocephaly at their institution between 1999 and 2009. In all cases, the senior author (S.R.B.) used a hypercorrection technique for surgical reconstruction. Hypercorrection consisted of significant overcorrection of the affected ipsilateral frontal and anterior temporal areas in the sagittal and coronal planes. Demographic, perioperative, and follow-up data were collected for comparison. The postsurgical appearance of the forehead was documented clinically and photographically and then evaluated and scored by 2 independent graders using the expanded Whitaker scoring system. A relapse was defined as a recurrence of preoperative features that required secondary surgical correction.

Results
The mean age of the patients at the time of the operation was 13 months (range 8–28 months). The mean follow-up duration was 57 months (range 3 months to 9.8 years). The postsurgical hypercorrection appearance persisted on average 6–8 months but gradually dissipated and normalized. No patients exhibited a relapse of unicoronal plagiocephalic characteristics that required surgical correction. In all cases the aesthetic results were excellent. Only 3 patients required reoperation for the management of persistent calvarial bone defects (2 cases) and removal of a symptomatic granuloma (1 case).

Conclusions
Our study demonstrates that patients who undergo unicoronal plagiocephaly repair with a hypercorrection surgical technique avoid long-term relapse. Our results suggest that the surgical technique used in the correction of unilateral coronal synostosis is strongly associated with the prevention of postsurgical relapse and that the use of this novel method decreases the need for surgical revision.
Retinal functional changes measured by microperimetry after immunosuppressive therapy in patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
Authors: El-Asrar Ahmed M. Abu , Al-Mezaine Hani S. , Hemachandran Suhail , Hariz Rajab , Kangave Dustan 
Published: August 2011

Purpose To evaluate the effect of immunosuppressive therapy on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fixation stability, and central retinal sensitivity in patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease in the acute uveitic phase. Methods In this prospective study, 14 patients (28 eyes) were evaluated. Best-corrected visual acuity and MP-1 microperimetric evaluation of retinal sensitivity in the central 12 degrees and fixation stability were assessed at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after treatment. Results At baseline, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) BCVA, fixation stability, and mean retinal sensitivity levels were 0.685±0.6 (Snellen equivalent, 20/100), 61.2%±29.0%, and 2.75±3.8 dB, respectively. At 3 months, logMAR BCVA (0.11±0.2, Snellen equivalent 20/25) and fixation stability (86.4%±13.4%) were almost maximum (p<0.001 for both comparisons), and thereafter remained almost unchanged. Mean retinal sensitivity continued to improve up to 12 months (12.0±2.3 dB, p<0.001); however, it was still significantly decreased. There were significant correlations between logMAR BCVA and mean retinal sensitivity at all time points. The percentages of BCVA improvement were significantly higher than the percentages of mean retinal sensitivity improvement at all time points (p<0.001 for all comparisons). Conclusions Compared with microperimetry, BCVA significantly underestimates macular dysfunction in VKH disease.
Animal Models of Mycobacteria Infection
Authors: Ordway Diane J. , Orme Ian M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis unit describes the infection of mice and guinea pigs with mycobacteria via various routes, as well as necropsy methods for the determination of mycobacterial loads within target organs. Additionally, methods for cultivating mycobacteria and preparing stocks are described. The protocols outlined are primarily used for M. tuberculosis, but can also be used for the study of other non‐tuberculosis mycobacterial species. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 94:19.5.1‐19.5.50. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genetic Screens and Biochemical Assays to Characterize Vibrio cholerae O1 Biotypes: Classical and El Tor
Authors: Son Mike S. , Taylor Ronald K. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractVibrio cholerae serogroup O1 has two biotypes, classical and El Tor, the latter of which has displaced the prior and has been the causative agent for the ongoing seventh pandemic. However, reports since 2001 have identified clinical isolates of El Tor that have classical O1 biotype genetic and phenotypic characteristics. These El Tor variants have been emerging in clinical settings with increased frequency, including the 2010 cholera outbreak in Haiti. The emergence of El Tor variants warrants the proper and timely identification of clinical (or environmental) isolates' biotype. This unit describes some quick and simple genetic screens and phenotypic assays (biochemical characterization), to be performed simultaneously, commonly used to distinguish biotype and initiate characterization of any clinical (or environmental) isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 22:6A.2.1‐6A.2.17. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Screening of Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors Using Genotype 1a HCV Replicon Cell Lines
Authors: Robinson Margaret , Tian Yang , Pagratis Nikos , Delaney William E. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) replicons are the primary tools for identifying and evaluating anti‐HCV compounds during drug discovery research. Genotype 1a and 1b are the most common genotypes in North America and Europe. These genotypes display significant genetic divergence (∼20% at the nucleotide level and ∼14% at the amino acid level), which can translate into marked differences in drug susceptibility. Thus, it is critical that potential therapeutics be assessed against both genotypes to ensure antiviral efficacy in the broad genotype 1 patient population. This unit describes assays for screening HCV inhibitors using replicons with a focus on genotype 1a. Specific protocols are provided for screening 1a replicons that encode the Renilla luciferase gene and for replicons that do not encode exogenous reporter genes, both in 96‐well (manual) and in 384‐well (high‐throughput) formats. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 22:17.1.1‐17.1.29. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Confidence–Accuracy Calibration with General Knowledge and Eyewitness Memory Cued Recall Questions
Authors: Luna Karlos , Martín‐Luengo Beatriz 
Published: August 2011

SummarySummary: The confidence–accuracy relationship has primarily been studied through recognition tests and correlation analysis. However, cued recall is more ecological from a forensic perspective. Moreover, there may be more informative ways of analysing the confidence–accuracy relationship than correlations. In the present study, participants viewed a video of a bank robbery and were asked cued recall questions covering general knowledge and the video itself. Confidence ratings were collected, and correlations, calibration and discrimination measures were calculated. All measures indicated a strong confidence–accuracy relationship that was better for general knowledge than eyewitness memory questions. However, there were no differences in confidence ratings for correct answers, suggesting that the differences could be limited to the evaluation of incorrect answers. We concluded that confidence may be a good marker for accuracy with cued recall, but that further research using ecological tests and more informative data analysis techniques is needed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of the Dinosauriform Respiratory Apparatus: New Evidence from the Postcranial Axial Skeleton
Authors: Schachner Emma R. , Farmer C.G. , McDonald Andrew T. , Dodson Peter 
Published: August 2011

AbstractExamination of the thoracic rib and vertebral anatomy of extant archosaurs indicates a relationship between the postcranial axial skeleton and pulmonary anatomy. Lung ventilation in extant crocodilians is primarily achieved with a hepatic piston pump and costal rotation. The tubercula and capitula of the ribs lie on the horizontal plane, forming a smooth thoracic “ceiling” facilitating movement of the viscera. Although the parietal pleura is anchored to the dorsal thoracic wall, the dorsal visceral pleura exhibits a greater freedom of movement. The air sac system and lungs of birds are associated with bicapitate ribs with a ventrally positioned capitular articulation, generating a rigid and furrowed rib cage that minimizes dorsoventral changes in volume in the dorsal thorax. The thin walled bronchi are kept from collapsing by fusion of the lung to the thorax on all sides. Data from this study suggest a progression from a dorsally rigid, heterogeneously partitioned, multichambered lung in basal dinosauriform archosaurs towards the small entirely rigid avian‐style lung that was likely present in saurischian dinosaurs, consistent with a constant volume cavum pulmonale, thin walled parabronchi, and distinct air sacs. There is no vertebral evidence for a crocodilian hepatic piston pump in any of the taxa reviewed. The evidence for both a rigid lung and unidirectional airflow in dinosauriformes raises the possibility that these animals had a highly efficient lung relative to other Mesozoic vertebrates, which may have contributed to their successful radiation during this time period. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative Assessment of Macrophages in the Muscularis Externa of Mouse Intestines
Authors: Mikkelsen H.B. , Larsen J.O. , Froh P. , Nguyen T.H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractQuantification of intestinal cells is challenging for several reasons: The cell densities vary throughout the intestines and may be age dependent. Some cell types are ramified and/or can change shape and size. Additionally, immunolabeling is needed for the correct identification of cell type. Immunolabeling is dependent on both up‐ and down‐regulation of the antigen being labeled as well as on the primary and secondary antibodies, the fixation, and the enhancement procedures. Here, we provide a detailed description of immunolabeling of CD169+ cells and major histocompatibility class II antigen (MHCII+) cells and the subsequent quantification of these cells using design‐based stereology in the intestinal muscularis externa. We used young (5‐weeks‐old) and adult (10‐weeks‐old) mice. Cell densities were higher in jejunum‐ileum, when compared with colon. In jejunum/ileum, the cell densities increased in oral‐anal direction in adults, whereas the densities were highest in the midpart in young animals. In colon, the cell densities decreased in oral‐anal direction in both groups of animals. Except for the density of MHCII+ cells in colon, the cell densities were highest in young animals. Densities of CD169+ and MHCII+ cells did not differ, except in the colon of young animals where the CD169+ density was almost twice as high as the MHCII+ density. CD169 and MHCII antigens seem to be expressed simultaneously by the same cell in jejunum/ileum. We conclude that cell densities depend on both the age of the mouse and on the location in the intestines. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of systemic and local myeloid cell subpopulations by bone marrow cell–derived granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor in experimental inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Cook Andrew D. , Turner Amanda L. , Braine Emma L. , Pobjoy Jarrad , Lenzo Jason C. , Hamilton John A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveEven though there are clinical trials assessing granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) blockade in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), questions remain as to how GM‐CSF acts as a proinflammatory cytokine. The aims of this study on the regulation of arthritis progression by GM‐CSF were to determine the source of the GM‐CSF, whether there are systemic effects, the changes in synovial tissue leukocyte populations, and the arthritis model dependence on GM‐CSF.MethodsBone marrow chimeras were used to determine the source of GM‐CSF required for the development of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA). The K/BxN serum–transfer model of arthritis was tested in GM‐CSF−/− mice and using anti–GM‐CSF monoclonal antibodies. Cell populations from arthritic mice were assessed by differential staining and flow cytometry.ResultsIn the CIA model, GM‐CSF produced by bone marrow–derived cells was required for arthritis development. GM‐CSF blockade, while ameliorating the development of CIA, was found to have systemic effects, limiting the increase in circulating Ly‐6Chigh monocytes and neutrophils. GM‐CSF blockade led to fewer synovial macrophages (both Ly‐6Chigh and Ly‐6Clow), neutrophils, and lymphocytes. In the absence of GM‐CSF, K/BxN serum–transfer arthritis initially developed normally; however, the numbers of Ly‐6Chigh monocytes and synovial macrophages (both Ly‐6Chigh and Ly‐6Clow) were again reduced, along with the peak disease severity and maintenance.ConclusionGM‐CSF is a key player in two arthritis models, participating in interactions between hemopoietic cells, both locally and systemically, to control myeloid cell numbers as well as presumably to “activate” them. These results could be useful for the analysis of current clinical trials targeting GM‐CSF in patients with RA.