bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVI-18 Low and high feed efficiency grower-finisher pigs fed three different levels of dietary crude protein showed no immediate difference in blood metabolomics profile
Authors: van der Heide Marleen Elise , Soumeh Elham Assadi , Curtasu Mihai , Nørgaard Jan Værum , Madsen Johannes Gulmann 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Improving feed efficiency (FE) of grower-finisher pigs is of great importance considering its impact on production economy, nutrient excretions as well as carbon-footprint. The biological background describing variation in FE between pen mates, is difficult to establish as feed intake (FI) and FE are not estimated on an individual level. In this study advanced feeding stations were used to estimate FI and further calculate feed conversion ratio (FCR) on individual level. The study aimed to investigate the possible difference in the blood metabolic profile between low and high FE grower-finisher pigs fed three different levels of dietary crude protein (CP). The study included 60 newly weaned gilts divided in two series, housed as 10 pigs/pen. The 30 pigs per series were distributed between three pens (10 pigs/pen) and were balanced by body weight and litter. Throughout the entire weaner period all pigs had ad libitum access to the same diet. Pigs were redistributed among the grower-finisher pens to balance FCR levels between dietary treatments (CP levels) and to reduce any carry over effect from the weaner to the grower-finisher pens. From 30-115 kg body weight (BW), pigs were fed either a low (L; 14.8% CP), standard (15.2% CP) or high (H; 15.8% CP) CP diet equal in energy, where BW, average weekly gain (AWG), and FCR were determined on weekly basis, while FI was estimated on daily basis. Three low FE (20% least) and three high FE (20% greatest) pigs were selected based on the final 4 wk of growth within station and CP level. On the final day of the experimental period all low-FE and high-FE pigs within each dietary treatment were euthanized and blood plasma was sampled and subjected to a nontargeted LC-MS metabolomics analysis. Growth performance and metabolite data were, respectively, analyzed in R and MetaboAnalyst 5.0 with FE and CP as fixed effects. High-FE and H-CP pigs continuously displayed numerically greater BW, while AWG and FCR were, respectively, numerically greater, and less in L-CP than H-CP group during last 2 wk of the experimental period. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed no grouping (P &gt; 0.05) of metabolites and no specific pattern of the metabolic profile from either the two FE categories or the three dietary CP levels. Furthermore, no correlation (P &gt;0.05) of metabolites to any other observation was found, and only little variation, measured by distance to model showing deviation of each pig to overall model, was observed. In conclusion, at first glance the metabolomics profile did not appear to present any specific pattern between low and high feed efficiency grower-finisher pigs or between pigs exposed to different levels of dietary CP in the grower finisher period.
PSVI-12 Effects of sodium gluconate supplementation on growth performances of nursery piglets and growing pigs
Authors: Matsui Daisuke , Iwamae Keiichiro , Tonoue Tsuyoshi , Shinzato Izuru 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Two studies were conducted to demonstrate the effects of sodium gluconate (SG, trade name: SUMIFLORA) supplementation on growth performances of nursery piglets and growing pigs. In the first trial, 375 LWD crossbred piglets (200 barrows and 175 gilts) at 35 ± 5 d of age were used. After 1 wk of the acclimation period, the piglets were allotted into 5 treatments: the basal diet (control), the basal diet supplemented with either 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5% or 1.0% of SG. The piglets were reared for 6 wk. The trial consisted of a randomized block design with 5 replicates per treatment and 15 piglets per replicate. Throughout the 6 wks of the feeding period, the piglets fed 0.25% or 0.5% SG showed 12% greater body weight gain than controls (P &lt; 0.05). There were no significant differences in feed intake between the treatments. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved by 6% in the piglets fed 0.1% SG (P &lt; 0.05) and by 10%, 11% and 9% in the piglets fed 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0% SG, respectively (P &lt; 0.01), compared with controls. In the second trial, 200 LWD crossbred pigs (100 barrows and 100 gilts) at around 60 d of age were used to evaluate 8 treatments: the basal diet (control), the basal diet supplemented with 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% or 5.0% of SG. The trial was divided into two blocks. The first block had control, 0.05% 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.5% of SG, and the second block consisted of control, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 5.0% of SG, respectively. The trial was performed in a randomized block design with 5 replicates per treatment and 4 pigs per replicate. After 1 wk of the acclimation period, the pigs were reared for 8 wk. Throughout the feeding period, the average body weight gain was improved by 6%, 7% and 5% in the pigs fed 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.5% SG, respectively (P &lt; 0.05), whereas there were no significant differences in the pigs supplemented with 0.05%, 1.0%, 2.0% or 5.0% SG compared with control. There were no significant differences in feed intake between the treatments. The least FCR was observed in the pigs fed 0.25% SG with an improvement by 6% compared with control (P &lt; 0.05). Those results indicated that 0.25% or 0.5% of SG supplementation may improve the growth performances of nursery piglets and growing pigs.
PSVI-17 Inclusion of glutathione precursor to diet of sows from d 114of lactation through to weaning d 21 improves serum hormone concentrations and piglet performance
Authors: Lee Kyejin , Cho Sungbo , Wahid Sumaya Tanzin , Kim In Ho 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a critical endogenous antioxidant found in all eukaryotic cells and has a critical role in maintaining redox homeostasis. Greater GSH concentrations protect cellular damage, tissue degeneration, and disease progression in various models but very limited study exists in swine model. Thus, we aimed to examine the effect of GSH supplementation on lactating sows and their suckling performance. From d 114 of lactation to 21 d of weaning, a total of 40 multiparous sows (Landrace x Yorkshire, parity 2.4) were assigned to one of four dietary treatments. The test treatments were: CON, a basal diet and a basal diet supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% GSH precursors. Experimental data (reproductive performance, growth performance, and blood profile) was analyzed by the general linear model (GLM) procedure with individual sow and their progenies as an experimental unit. Orthogonal polynomial regression was conducted to determine the linear and quadratic effects of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% GSH precursors in pigs. Piglets born to sows fed GSH precursors showed linearly increased body weight and total average daily gain (P &lt; 0.05) at the end of weaning d 21. Moreover, dietary GSH showed linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) GSH and GSH/GSSG (oxidized glutathione) ratio in sow blood at the end of lactation d 14 and d 21. Whereas, at the end of weaning serum cortisol concentration of sows was significantly reduced by GSH precursor supplementation. In conclusion, adding 0.3% of GSH supplement to lactating sow diet would be beneficial to enhance the immune status and performance of both sows and their progenies respectively.
PSVI-21 The effects of soybean meal concentration and Yucca schidigera extract supplementation on growth performance of nursery swine
Authors: Soto Jose A , Cemin Henrique S , Hart Morgan D , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM) is the primary plant-protein source for swine in the USA. However, SBM might not be suitable to be fed at high levels, particularly in the early post-weaning period. To offset these effects, pigs are gradually transitioning to diets with greater concentrations of SBM. Whereas, greater SBM concentrations can be detrimental, peer-reviewed studies have indicated that pigs fed diets with 30% SBM and supplemented with 125 ppm Yucca schidigera extract (YSE) from d 0-14 post-wean performed similarly to pigs fed diets with 15 and 20% SBM, from d 0-7 and d 7-14 post wean, respectively. Suggesting that pigs can be fed greater SBM concentrations without compromising performance. To confirm these findings, a total of 972 pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 5.4 kg) were used in a 38-d experiment. Pens of 27 pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 9 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of SBM concentration (15 or 31%) and YSE (0 or 125 ppm; DeOdorase Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY). Pigs were fed a nursery program comprised of two phases. Phase 1 from d 0 to 21 (experimental feeding period) and Phase 2 from d 22 to -38 (common period). Phase 1 diets were formulated to contain 1.38% SID Lys and 2,600 kcal/kg NE. Phase 2 diets were formulated to contain 1.30% SID Lys and 2,565 kcal/kg NE. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (Cary, NC) in a randomized complete block design with pen serving as the experimental unit and initial BW serving as blocking factor. No significant SBM × YSE interactions (P &gt; 0.10) were observed in growth performance in this study (Table 1). From d 0 to 21, pigs fed diets supplemented with YSE increased (P = 0.006) average daily feed intake (ADFI), which numerically improved (P = 0.16) average daily gain (ADG) and thus (P = 0.12) BW, despite SBM concentration. From d 21 to 38, pigs previously fed diets supplemented with YSE, maintained a marginally higher (P = 0.08) ADFI, which numerically increased (P = 0.12) ADG, resulting in marginally higher (P = 0.08) BW, despite SBM concentration. From d 0 to 38, pigs fed diets supplemented with YSE increased (P = 0.03) ADFI, which numerically improved (P = 0.10) ADG, resulting in marginally greater (P = 0.08) BW, despite SBM concentration. In conclusion, whereas pigs fed with greater SBM concentrations did not compromise performance, diet supplementation with YSE increased ADFI during the experimental and common periods, resulting in improved growth performance.
PSVI-13 Formulated botanical preparation improves passive immunity from sows to piglets
Authors: van de Ligt Chris P A , Ravichandran S , Wall Emma H 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The medicinal plant turmeric increases immunoglobulin production in livestock and rodents. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of a formulated blend of turmeric, capsicum, and black pepper oleoresins (TCB) on colostrum and milk quality of sows and health of piglets. Twenty-four sows (Parity 2+) were assigned to one of the following dietary treatments (n = 8 sows/treatment): 1) unsupplemented control (CON); 2) 100 ppm of TCB (TCB-100), and 3) 150 ppm of TCB (TCB-150). Supplementation was from 87 d of gestation until weaning (d 28). During gestation and lactation, individually housed sows were fed fortified corn and soybean meal diets at 2.5 kg/d and 2.5 + 0.25 * piglet kg/d, respectively, with ad libitum access to water. Blood and colostrum samples were collected from the sow within 24 h of farrowing for IgG and IgA analysis, and milk samples were collected weekly for IgA analysis. Piglet blood samples were collected at weaning (d 28) for IgG and IgA analysis and at 4-wk post weaning for IgA analysis. Data were subjected to a one-way ANOVA (or two-way in the case of repeated measures), with tests for linear trend of the dose response. Serum IgG and IgA in sows at farrowing were linearly increased with TCB supplementation (Table). Similarly, colostrum IgG, and colostrum and milk IgA were linearly increased with TCB, with greatest concentration in TCB-150 relative to CON (Table). Serum IgG in piglets was not affected by sow supplementation, but serum IgA was linearly increased. Interestingly, the increase in serum IgA persisted through 4-wk post-weaning. Diarrhea frequency in piglets 1 to 4 wk post-weaning was linearly decreased with TCB supplementation (Table). A follow-up study with a similar design was conducted with supplementation of TCB-150 starting at 108 d of gestation to represent a commercial application in lactating diets only. Sow serum IgG and IgA at farrowing were measured, and both were significantly increased with TCB-150 (Table). In conclusion, supplementation of TCB at 150 ppm improves colostrum and milk quality, and passive immunity from sows to piglets. Furthermore, enteric health of the piglets was improved. Additional experiments to determine the implications of this response on sow and piglet health and performance in commercial conditions are warranted.
PSVI-9 Effect of botanical extracts in diets with nutritional or pharmacological levels of copper and zinc on growth performance and fecal dry matter in nursery pigs
Authors: Kim Ty , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Van de Ligt Chris P A , Wall Emma H 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A total of 340 barrows (DNA 200 × 400, initially 6.1 kg) were used in a 38-d growth study to determine the effect of botanical extracts of capsicum oleoresin, clove essential oil, and garlic essential oil (CCG; Fytera Start, Selko, Indianapolis, IN) in diets with or without pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu on growth performance and fecal dry matter (DM) of nursery pigs. Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age, randomly allotted to pens based on initial body weight (BW), and allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a CRD with 5 pigs/pen and 17 pens/treatment. Diets were fed in three phases from d 0 to 10, d 10 to 21, and d 21 to 38 and treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of CCG (none or 100 mg/kg) and nutritional or pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu. Zinc levels were 110 or 3,000, 2,000, and 110 mg/kg of Zn (ZnO) in phase 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and Cu levels were 16.5 or 250 mg/kg of Cu (CuSO4). On d 0, there was an unintentional minor main effect of CCG (P = 0.008) on BW. As a result, d 0 BW was used as a covariate for all other growth performance responses. From d 0 to 21 and d 0 to 38, there was a CCG × Zn/Cu interaction for average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI; P &lt; 0.05; Table) where CCG numerically increased ADG and ADFI in pigs not fed pharmacological levels of Zn/Cu; but reduced ADG and ADFI when pigs were fed pharmacological levels of Zn/Cu. Overall gain to feed ratio (G:F) tended to increase (P &lt; 0.10) in pigs fed diets with pharmacological levels of Zn/Cu. For fecal dry matter, there was a Zn/Cu × day interaction (P = 0.001) in which there was no difference in fecal DM on d 10 (P &gt; 0.10), but pigs fed pharmacological levels of Zn/Cu had decreased fecal DM (P &lt; 0.001) on d 21. Fecal DM was increased (P &lt; 0.001) on d 10 compared with d 21. In summary, feeding pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu resulted in increased ADG and ADFI. CCG numerically increased ADG and ADFI in pigs fed nutritional levels of Zn/Cu and numerically decreased ADG and ADFI in pigs fed pharmacological levels of Zn/Cu. There was no impact of CCG or Zn and Cu level on fecal DM on d 10. However, feeding pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu resulted in decreased fecal DM at d 21.
PSVI-8 Effect of botanical extracts and calcium gluconate fed during lactation on sow and litter performance
Authors: van de Ligt Chris P A , Nielsen S , Tillman N S , Wall Emma H 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of two levels of botanical extracts and botanical extracts in combination with calcium gluconate on sow and pig performance. A total of 541 sows (average parity 2.6, range 0-8) were used in 9 weekly farrow groups. Sows were housed in individual farrow stalls 5 d before the expected farrow date where treatments diets were fed until weaning at 21 d post farrowing. Sows were fed a fortified corn, soybean meal, and corn DDGS diet meeting or exceeding NRC 2012 nutrient requirements for lactating sows. The two test ingredients were 1) botanical extracts contained a proprietary formulation of turmeric, capsicum, and black pepper oleoresins (Fytera Care, Selko USA, Indianapolis, IN), and 2) calcium gluconate replaced corn in the diet. A general gestation diet void of test ingredients was fed before housing and after weaning. Dietary treatments were: 1) basal lactation diet (CON), 2) 150 ppm botanical extracts (150TCB), 3) 200 ppm botanical extracts (200TCB), and 4) 150 botanical extracts and 1000 ppm calcium gluconate (150TCB+CaG). During lactation, sows were allowed ad libitum access to water and feed. Pigs had unlimited access to sow and water. Pigs were cross-fostered within dietary treatments within 24 h of birth to meet a minimum of 75% and maximum of 2 pigs in excess of functional teats of the sow. Excess pigs were fostered to non-treatment nurse sows. Pig mortalities were recorded daily. Weaned sows were observed for 14 d for estrus detection. Statistical analyses included a two-way ANOVA with fixed effect of dietary treatment, random effect of farrow room, and parity as a covariate. Treatment contrasts were analyzed by Student’s t-test. Sow performance measures did not significantly differ between treatments (Table). Pig mortality was significantly (P &lt; 0.001) reduced for both 150TCB and 200TCB compared with CON and 150TCB+CaG treatments. Other pig performance measures were not significantly affected. However, treatment contrasts showed a greater (P &lt; 0.05) pig weaning weight for 200TCB compared with the CON. Analyzing data by parity class of 0, 1-5, 6-8 showed that piglet mortality was affected significantly (P &lt; 0.02) in parities 1-5 and 6-8 but not in parity 0. Pig weaning weight tended (P &lt; 0.06) to be affected in parity 0, but not in higher parity sows. Treatment contrasts showed a greater weaning weight for pigs on the 150AFP and 150TCB+CaG treatments versus CON. In conclusion, feeding botanical extracts at 150 and 200 ppm decreased pig mortality and the addition of calcium gluconate negated the improvement in mortality.
PSVI-10 Effect of sulfate or hydroxychloride forms of zinc, manganese, and copper on growth performance, weight variation, and carcass characteristics of grow-finish pigs
Authors: Cordoba Hilario M , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Van de Ligt Chris P A 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A total of 1,026 grow-finish pigs (337 × 1050, PIC; initially 26.0 ± 0.33 kg) were used in a 124-d trial to compare sulfate and hydrochloride forms of Zn, Mn, and Cu on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and weight variation, of grow-finish pigs. Pigs were housed in mixed gender pens with 27 pigs per pen and 19 pens per treatment. The treatments were structured as a completely randomized design and consisted of a control diet containing 150, 16, and 110 mg/kg of Cu, Mn, and Zn, respectively, from sulfate sources or provided by hydroxychloride sources. Experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-corn-dried distiller grains with solubles based and fed in meal form in phase 1 from 26 to 50 kg, phase 2 from 50 to 75 kg, phase 3 from 75 to 100 kg, and phase 4 from 100 to 136 kg. In the grower period (26 to 78 kg), pigs fed sulfate sources of Mn, Zn, and Cu had improved (P = 0.05) gain to feed ratio (G:F) compared with pigs fed hydroxychloride forms (Table). In the finisher period (78 to 136 kg), pigs fed hydroxychloride mineral sources had improved (P = 0.041) average daily gain (ADG) compared with pigs fed sulfate sources. For pig body weight variability, there was no evidence of differences (P &gt; 0.10) in the coefficient of variation between treatments. Pigs fed hydroxychloride mineral sources tended to have greater hot carcass weight (HCW; P = 0.054) when marketed at the end of the study compared with pigs fed sulfate sources, but no evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.10) were found in the first marketing and overall HCW or any other carcass trait at either marketing event. In conclusion, these data suggest there were no differences in overall pig growth performance or body weight (BW) variability, but pigs fed hydroxychloride sources of Zn, Mn, and Cu tended to have heavier HCW at the final marketing event.
PSVI-14 Changes in zinc oxide concentration in feed and effects of probiotic addition to weaning to finishing pig diet by microbiome analysis
Authors: Cho Sungbo , Lee Kyejin , Biswas Sarbani , Kim In Ho 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
To analyze the implications of dietary zinc oxide (ZnO) with probiotic administration on productivity, fecal index, meat quality characteristics, odorous substances, and microbiome analysis in weaning-finishing pigs, 200 weaned piglets (3 barrows and 2 gilts) were radomly assigned (average body weight = 6.65 ± 0.66 kg) into four treatments with ten repetitions per treatment. The treatments consisted of varying ZnO content (2,500 ppm or 75 ppm) and probiotic percentages (0.1% or 0.3%), as follows: TRT1 (75 ppm ZnO), TRT2 (75 ppm ZnO with 0.3% or 0.1% probiotic), TRT3 (2,500 ppm or 75 ppm ZnO), and TRT4 (2,500 ppm or 75 ppm ZnO with 0.3% or 0.1% probiotic). In comparison with the TRT1 treatment group, the TRT2 and TRT4 treatment groups had greater (P &lt; 0.05) body weight at wk 12, 18, and 22 of the trial and greater (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain at wk 12, 18, 22, and the overall period (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, pigs fed ZnO with the probiotic included a diet that reduced (P &lt; 0.05) NH3 and H2S at wk 18 and 22, and CO2 at wk 22, in the TRT2 and TRT4 groups compared with the TRT1 group. However, the fecal score and meat quality exhibited no substantial change (P &gt; 0.05). By incorporating probiotics into the pig diet along with ZnO supplementation, a significant (P &lt; 0.05) increase in alpha diversity and beta diversity, as well as a higher relative abundance of phyla and genera of Firmicutes was found. Furthermore, based on taxonomic analysis, the dietary treatment group (TRT 4) showed a significant (P &lt; 0.05) increase in beneficial bacteria (Prevotella, Lactobacillus) while simultaneously reducing (P &lt; 0.05) pathogenic bacteria (Clostridium_sunsu_strico_1, Campylobacteria, Olsenella) compared with the TRT1 treatment group. An improvement in diversity and expansion of the identified taxonomic groups has been associated with healthier gut health. The results indicated that the effects of ZnO with probiotics on the improvement of performance and reduced gas emissions in pigs may be associated with the modulatory effect on the gut microbiome. In conclusion, the current study provides insights into using decreased ZnO with probiotic inclusion as a novel feeding strategy to improve pig gut health and overall performance.