bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF OVIPOSITION ACTIVITY TO MONITOR POPULATIONS OF CULEX PIPIENS AND CULEX RESTUANS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Madder D. J. , MacDonald R. S. , Surgeoner G. A. , Helson B. V. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCulex pipiens (L.) and Culex restuans Theo. populations were monitored at Guelph, Ontario, throughout the summer of 1978, by egg raft collections from artificial pools and adult collections using CO2-baited, CDC light traps. Three to four major generations of C. pipiens were evident with first oviposition on 17 May and last on 15 October. C. restuans was abundant during the spring and early summer while C. pipiens was most abundant in mid-July and August. Neither species showed greater attraction to pools containing a reported ovipositional attractant, decanoic acid. The use of oviposition pools was found to be an efficient, inexpensive, and sensitive technique for monitoring populations of Culex spp.
DOSAGE RESPONSE OF THE STAGES OF CODLING MOTH, LASPEYRESIA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), TO FUMIGATION WITH METHYL BROMIDE
Authors: Gaunce A. P. , Madsen H. F. , McMullen R. D. , Hall J. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractProbit analysis of the dosage response of codling moth stages to methyl bromide indicated that adults were most, and pupae, least susceptible. Eggs were more resistant than cocooned larvae which were more resistant than larvae in fruit. There were no differences in susceptibility of the larval instars to methyl bromide. The rate recommended to kill larvae in fruit (32 g/m3 for 2 h) also killed eggs.
TERTIARY LAND BRIDGES AND THEIR CLIMATE: BACKDROP FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRESENT CANADIAN INSECT FAUNA
Authors: Matthews John V. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractStudies of Quaternary age Coleoptera fossils from North America and Europe plus recent analyses of insect fossils from late Tertiary (Miocene and Pliocene) sites in northern Canada, Alaska, and eastern Siberia show that many of the species composing the present Canadian insect fauna probably evolved during the Tertiary. Thus the history of Tertiary land bridge links between North American and adjacent continents is pertinent for a discussion of the present Canadian insect fauna.Movement of lithosphere plates has contributed directly to the emergence and foundering of Tertiary land bridges in three key areas: Beringia, the North Atlantic, and Middle America.A land bridge probably connected Siberia and Alaska in the Beringian region for most of the Tertiary. During the Eocene its climate was such as to allow exchange of tropical to subtropical adapted plants and animals. Paleobotanical evidence suggests that the Beringian area never supported the type of mixed-mesophytic forests called for by the Arcto-Tertiary concept. By the mid-Miocene much of the region north of 65° was probably a rich coniferous forest. Lowland tundra undoubtedly exited on the fringes of Beringia as early as the Pliocene.Two and possibly three land bridges connected Greenland and Northern Europe during the Tertiary. The DeGeer bridge joined northern Greenland and Norway prior to the opening of the Greenland Sea in the late Eocene – Early Oligocene. The Greenland-Faeroes bridge was never more than a causeway along the route of the submerged ridge now occupied by Iceland. However it persisted longer, possibly existing as a chain of islands as late as the Miocene. A third land bridge may have connected Labrador and Rockall Bank near England during the Paleocene and early Eocene. The climatic history of the North Atlantic region is poorly known, but apparently sites as far north as Ellesmere Island were warm enough during the Paleocene to support subtropical to warm temperate mammalian faunas.For most of the Tertiary the middle American region remained isolated from South America. Changes in movements of several lithosphere plates created conditions appropriate for north-south island dispersal as early as the Miocene but a true land connection, the existing isthmus, did not form until the Pliocene. Paleontological evidence suggests that tropical conditions were not prevalent there until after that event.
FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES AND DISTRIBUTIONAL SHIFTS OF COLEOPTERA DURING THE LATE PLEISTOCENE IN CANADA AND THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Morgan Alan V. , Morgan Anne 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA faunal list of 362 sub-fossil Coleoptera obtained from 33 published and 24 unpublished sites of Pleistocene age in Canada and the neighbouring United States is given. A table indicates the distribution of families, with the number of species encountered, through discrete intervals of Pleistocene time. Seven species representing members of the Carabidae, Hydrophilidae, Staphylinidae, and Scolytidae have been used to illustrate distribution changes through the last interglacial/glacial/present interglacial cycle. The maximum distance so far recorded is a shift of over 9000 km for Anotylus gibbulus (Epp.), a staphylinid, found fossil in Toronto during the last interglacial, and today recorded only from Eurasia and Asia. A number of other species whose modern ranges are confined to northwestern North America have been found fossil in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence region, over 4000 km distant. A similar shift is noted in species which today are found only in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Aspects of ice build up, marginal conditions outside the Laurentide Ice Sheet limits, Pleistocene climates, paleoecology, and sub-fossil insect localities are used to formulate hypotheses about three refugia around the perimeter of the Late Wisconsinan ice.
INSECTS OF WESTERN CANADA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CERTAIN CARABIDAE (COLEOPTERA): PRESENT DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND THEIR ORIGINS
Authors: Kavanaugh David H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMunroe (1956) summarized knowledge of the distribution patterns and history of the Canadian insect fauna; and a general synthesis beyond his conclusions is not yet possible. Results of studies on Nearctic Nebria taxa illustrate present distribution patterns and provide clues to the history of the montane fauna of western Canada. Nebria species and subspecies diversity is greatest in the Coast/Cascade Mountains just south of Canada and decreases northward. Major centers of endemism are located south of Canada, in the Coast/Cascade and southern Rocky Mountain systems, with minor centers found in western Alberta and the Queen Charlotte Islands. Species and subspecies vicariance patterns link Coast/Cascade and Rocky Mountain systems across the Okanagan lowland; and subspecies vicariance patterns link (1) Coast and Cascade mountains across Puget lowland/Georgia Strait and (2) central Canadian Rocky Mountains and Rocky Mountains of western Wyoming. These and other data presented on Nebria distribution patterns and faunal similarities among different mountain ranges and systems suggest that the present montane fauna of western Canada is derived from two source areas—one in the Coast/Cascade Mountain region, one in the Rocky Mountain region, each just south of the Canadian/U.S. border—which were separate and distinct during and after Wisconsinan time. Northern (e.g. Beringian) Wisconsinan refugia apparently did not contribute significantly to the present montane fauna.
FORESTS, DISTURBANCES, AND INSECTS
Authors: McLeod J. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRecent developments in ecological theory pertaining to the coexistence of insect species in response to forest disturbance are reviewed, and the findings are applied to the requirements for the Biological Survey of the Insects of Canada. It is important that a data collection system have a sound theoretical base, otherwise it will probably be found inadequate for the purpose for which it was designed. Questions about changes in faunal assemblages should be related to the scale of disturbance relative to the replacement time of the forest. Recommendations for research on faunal assemblage disturbance relationships are made for the Forest Insect and Disease Survey of Canada, and for the northern boreal forest.
THE RISE AND DECLINE OF A LOCAL POPULATION OF THE APHID APHIS BARBERAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Lamb Robert J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe rise and decline of two infestations of Aphis barberae Robinson on the thistle Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, are described. The larger infestation consisted of 122 colonies in an area 8 m in diameter and produced many alatae before declining. The second infestation consisted of 12 colonies and produced no alatae. Each infestation appeared to arise from a single central colony and spread when alate and apterous aphids travelled short distances to adjacent plants. The growth patterns indicate that each infestation represented a single clone. Both infestations declined rapidly due largely to predation and became locally extinct early in the summer.
SELECTING WIREWORM (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) CONTROL CHEMICALS BY DROSOPHILA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) BIOASSAY
Authors: McKinlay K. S. , Burrage R. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA laboratory bioassay technique using adult Drosophila melanogaster was developed to measure the vapour toxicity and sorption by soil of seven insecticides. The laboratory results were then compared with those from field trials measuring the effectiveness of the same insecticides in protecting potatoes from wireworm attack. There was sufficient agreement between the laboratory and field tests to indicate that the laboratory bioassay may be useful for screening insecticides preliminary to field wireworm control studies. Of the newer ’insecticides tested, fonofos, terbufos, and chlorpyrifos in descending order of efficacy, gave substantial protection from wireworm damage.
MATING DISRUPTION WITH SYNTHETIC SEX ATTRACTANTS CONTROLS DAMAGE BY EUCOSMA SONOMANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE, OLETHREUTINAE) IN PINUS PONDEROSA PLANTATIONS: II. AERIALLY APPLIED HOLLOW FIBER FORMULATION
Authors: Overhulser D. L. , Daterman G. E. , Sower L. L. , Sartwell C. , Koerber T. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHollow fibers containing a mixture of synthetic sex attractants of western pine shoot borer, Eucosma sonomana Kearfott, were applied by an airplane to 19 ha of ponderosa pine plantations in southern Oregon. Nominal dosage was 15 g active ingredient per hectare. A behavioral evaluation of treatment effects, based on moth responses to pheromone-baited traps, showed nearly 100% disruption of female to male sex pheromone communication. Tree damage in treated areas was reduced by an average of 67% for terminal shoots and by 79% for terminal and lateral shoots combined.
PINE OIL AND OLEIC ACID DELAY AND REDUCE ATTACKS ON LOGS BY AMBROSIA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Nijholt W. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPine oil, derived from pulp mill by-products, and oleic acid significantly delayed and reduced the attack by ambrosia beetles Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.) and Gnathotrichus spp. on Douglas-fir logs. Pine oil also appeared to interfere with the attack by bark beetles. The possibility of combining the use of repellents with a pheromone-based diversion scheme is suggested as an effective protection strategy.
EGGS OF SIALIS (SIALIDAE: MEGALOPTERA) IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Canterbury L. E. , Neff S. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEgg masses and eggs of Sialis hasta, S. iola, S. joppa, S. infumata, S. aequalis, S. vagans, S. glabella, S. mohri, S. velata, and S. itasca are described using SEM micrographs. Diagnostic characteristics of chorion surface and micropylar structure and a key for specific determination of eggs of these 10 species are given. Oviposition is confined to leaves and twigs near or overhanging water. Eggs are oriented either vertically or horizontally in the egg mass, and hatch in 5 to 10 days in the laboratory. Hatching larvae are aided by an egg burster which tears the chorion and aids in removing the embryonic envelope.
LAST-INSTAR LARVA OF THE GOOSEBERRY FRUITWORM, ZOPHODIA CONVOLUTELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: PHYCITINAE)
Authors: Allyson Suzanne 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe first detailed morphological description of the last-instar larva of Zophodia convolutella (Hübner) is presented. The life history, distribution, and economic importance are discussed.
THE NYMPHS OF COENAGRION INTERROGATUM AND C. RESOLUTUM (ZYGOPTERA: COENAGRIONIDAE) FROM THE BOREAL FOREST OF ALBERTA, CANADA
Authors: Baker Robert L. , Clifford Hugh F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe nymph of Coenagrion interrogatum (Hagen) is described for the first time and the nymph of C. resolutum (Hagen) is redescribed. A species key to the nymphs of Coenagrion in Alberta is presented along with characters to separate Coenagrion nymphs from Enallagma nymphs.
THE ALATE VIRGINOPARA OF GHARESIA POLUNINI (HOMOPTERA: APHIDOIDEA) WITH NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY
Authors: Foottit R. , Mackauer M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe alate virginopara of Gharesia polunini Stroyan is described from Carex mertensii Prescott in British Columbia. Morphological variation in the apterous morph is discussed. The taxonomic status of the genus Gharesia Stroyan is considered.
MORPHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND BEHAVIOR OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF THE PARASITE BATHYPLECTES ANURUS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Bartell D. P. , Pass B. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObservations, measurements, dissections, and histological preparations were made daily of the eggs and larvae of Bathyplectes anurus (Thomson) while in their host, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Observation of development began 24 h after oviposition and ended when parasite larvae emerged from their hosts.Parasite eggs doubled in length and width during their 3- to 4-day incubation period. Parasite larvae fed on hemolymph initially but later instars preferred the fat body and other tissues. B. anurus has five instars. From 18 to 21 days were required for the larvae to complete development and total development time was 21–25 days at 21 ± 1 °C.
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE AND SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF CORTICEUS GLABER AND CORTICEUS PARALLELUS (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE), ASSOCIATES OF THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Smith Michael T. , Goyer Richard A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn southern Louisiana, Corticeus glaber (LeConte) outnumbered Corticeus parallelus (Melsheimer) 3.7:1 during 15-month study from October 1976 to December 1977. Corticeus spp. varied significantly (P < 0.01) among the 52 sample dates and three sample heights on infested tree boles. Corticeus spp. were significantly correlated with numbers of southern pine beetle eggs, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, in the bottom and middle samples but not in the top sample. Corticeus glaber peak arrival occurred from 14 days prior to 14 days following pine beetle mass attack, while C. parallelus peak arrival occurred from 7 days prior to 10 days following pine beetle mass attack.
EFFECTS OF PHEROMONE, PHEROMONE COMPONENTS, AND PHEROMONE ANALOGUES ON MATING OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Schmidt Justin O. , Seabrook W. D. , Lonergan Greg , Oda Tomio , Darvesh Sultan , Valenta Z. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEither (E)- or (Z)-11-tetradecenal, the two pheromone components, or one analogue, 9-(cyclopent-2-en-1-yl)-nonanal, effectively reduced mating of spruce budworm moths, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in the laboratory. The results suggest that different behavioural and physiological processes may be occurring in pheromonal attraction and close range mating prevention in the spruce budworm.
OCCURRENCE, DEVELOPMENT, AND DISTRIBUTION OF CEREAL APHIDS ON EARLY AND LATE CULTIVARS OF WHEAT, BARLEY, AND OATS IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Ba-Angood S.A. , Stewart R.K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn southwestern Quebec, cereal aphids started to infest cereals in the first week of June, and reached their peak on the second and third weeks of July. There was a significant correlation between the number of alate aphids produced and total number of aphids per colony for R. padi and M. avenae but not for R. maidis. The percentage of alate aphids in colonies of all three species increased as cereals matured. The index of aggregation (b) showed M. avenae was distributed randomly in the field while R. padi and R. maidis were distinctly aggregated.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PHEROMONE TRAP DENSITY AND TRAP MAINTENANCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDIZED MONITORING PROCEDURES FOR THE CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Riedl Helmut 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPheromone trap density is one factor which influences the magnitude of catch and therefore, should be standardized in a monitoring program. Trap catch increased with the area served by a trap, but reached a plateau when the trap density fell below one trap per 7 ha. From these data a quadratic regression was developed which relates the relative increase in trap catch to trap area. This relationship can be used to compare monitoring data obtained with different trap densities.The number of moths previously caught in a sticky trap can affect its future performance. In the Pherocon® 2 trap catches began to decline after a cumulative total of 20 to 30 moths and in the Pherocon 1CP after 50 to 70 moths. The catch totals causing a drop in trapping efficiency were correlated with the size of the adhesive catch surface. The cause for the loss in trapping efficiency appeared to be physical deterioration of the adhesive due to moth scales, other insect parts, or dust rather than an olfactory repellent factor. Trapping efficiency was restored by thoroughly stirring the soiled adhesive. Standard maintenance procedures should be followed to keep the adhesive quality of the catch surface constant and thereby prevent a reduction in catches. Tests with two pheromone dispensers, the Codlemone® rubber septum and the Conrel® microfibres, indicated that both are effective for at least 6 weeks. Codlemone septa resulted in higher catches during the first week of field use. During subsequent weeks there was no difference in attractiveness between the two pheromone lures.
EFFECT OF CEREAL APHID INFESTATION ON GRAIN YIELD AND PERCENTAGE PROTEIN OF BARLEY, WHEAT, AND OATS IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Ba-Angood S. A. , Stewart R. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNatural infestations of cereal aphids caused significant reductions in grain yield in field plots of early and late cultivars of barley, wheat, and oats in southwestern Quebec. Severely reduced grain yields resulted when caged plants of wheat and late cultivars of barley and oats were artificially infested, but early cultivars of barley and oats were less affected. The percentage protein of grain was significantly reduced in all crops, but wheat and late oats were most affected.
A REVIEW OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF MELANGYNA (MELIGRAMMA) FREY (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractKeys to adults and puparia of three Nearctic species are given, with an outline of distribution of each species. Melangyna tenuis (Osburn) and M. cincta, American authors not Fallén, are treated as synonyms of M. triangulifera (Zetterstedt). A lectotype is designated for M. guttata (Fallén). A new species is described from British Columbia.
HABITATS, LIFE CYCLES, AND GUILD STRUCTURE AMONG WATER STRIDERS (HETEROPTERA: GERRIDAE) ON THE FRASER PLATEAU OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Spence J. R. , Scudder G. G. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHabitats and life cycles of five species of water striders were compared in south-central British Columbia. Three species of Gerris were bivoltine; both Limnoporus species were univoltine. Generation timing varied markedly among lakes and periods of maximum abundance for all species overlapped. Each species showed distinct association with a single type of habitat defined by vegetation structure. These associations separate most species among lakes and suggest that habitat is the most important resource axis for ecological separation of gerrid species on the Fraser Plateau.
THE SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) COLLECTED DURING A ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM FROM 1976 TO 1978 IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Helson B. V. , Surgeoner G. A. , Wright R. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAs part of a St. Louis Encephalitis Surveillance Program adult mosquitoes were collected weekly from May to September, 1976–1978 with dry ice-baited traps at 11 sites in four areas of southwestern Ontario. Thirty-four species from six genera were caught but of the 210,000 mosquitoes collected, three species, Mansonia perturbans (Walker), Aedes vexans (Meigen), and Culex pipiens Linnaeus (including C. restuans Theobald) comprised more than 90% of the catch. The greatest number of species were collected in June and July. The greatest number of mosquitoes were captured in July as the three principal species were most abundant at this time. The seasonal distributions of the nine most common species are presented and explanations suggested for the patterns of some of these. This study confirms and extends the findings of previous mosquito surveys in southwestern Ontario and should provide useful information for future programs on mosquito research and control in this region. Based on its seasonal pattern, relative abundance, SLE virus isolations and its record as an efficient vector in the USA, C. pipiens is probably an important vector of SLE in southwestern Ontario.
THE INFLUENCE OF APHID PREY CONSUMPTION ON SEARCHING BEHAVIOR, WEIGHT INCREASE, DEVELOPMENTAL TIME, AND MORTALITY OF CHRYSOPA CARNEA (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) AND HIPPODAMIA CONVERGENS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) LARVAE
Authors: Baumgaertner J. U. , Gutierrez A. P. , Summers C. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe behavior of larval stages of the green lace wing, Chrysopa carnea Stephens, and of the ladybird beetle Hippodamia convergens G.-M. were studied in the laboratory. With increasing hunger level, only first instar H. convergens larvae spent more time searching in the upper part of alfalfa stems, where both prey aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and Acyrthosiphon kondoi (Shinji), are found. All larval instars tested except first instar C. carnea visited more stems per unit time with increasing hunger level. The weight gain, the developmental time, and the mortality of all larvae were adversely influenced at low food levels, but differently for each predator size and species. C. carnea larvae had higher rates of fat body utilization and weight gain than coccinellid larvae.
PREDATOR REPRODUCTION AND THE OVERALL PREDATOR-PREY RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Frazer B. D. , Gilbert N. , Ives P. M. , Raworth D. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPrevious work described the effects of predation of pea aphids by adult coccinellids. That work has been extended to cover the entire reproductive cycle of the coccinellids. The relationship between amount of aphids eaten, and numbers of coccinellid eggs produced, was determined in the laboratory and used to predict numbers of eggs produced in the field. The survival rate of the eggs to adults, as a function of aphid density, was estimated in large field cages and in small enclosures. These relationships were incorporated into a population model for both predators and prey. The model has been validated against field data. It suggests that predator reproduction is optimized when conditions are very good. The significance for optimal foraging theory and biological control is discussed.