bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
P2-S9.12 Descriptions of behaviours by partner type for ethnic minority female adolescents with histories of abuse
Authors: Collins J , Champion J D 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundIdentifying the sexual risk behaviour associated with relationship status informs researchers and clinicians concerning female adolescent conceptualisation of partnerships in the context of risk recognition, sexual boundaries, and social expectations of relationships. This study describes risk behaviour of high-risk ethnic minority female adolescents with STI and abuse histories reporting either dating one person exclusively, not currently being in relationship, or dating more than one person.MethodsAfrican-and Mexican-American adolescent women aged 13–18 years (n=559) were enrolled in a randomised trial of a behavioural intervention. At study entry, participants completed semi-structured interviews including questions addressing primary outcomes including STI infection, abuse recurrence, unintended pregnancy, sexual behaviour, substance use, and contraceptive use. Descriptive, χ2analyses, and t-tests for bivariate analysis of differences between groups by relationship status at study entry were conducted.ResultsParticipants (59%) reported dating one person exclusively, not currently involved with a partner (29.2%), and dating more than one person (4.3%). Participants not currently in a relationship vs those who were with one partner exclusively described more often a most recent partner who would physically harm them if she had sex with another man χ2(1, N=527) =4.51, p=0.034; having more guy friends they just have sex with χ2(1, N=531) =7.74, p<0.005; and not having a steady relationship with their most recent partner χ2(1, N=529) =174.86, p<0.0001. Of participants not currently in relationship, (30.7%) reported they would still have sex with their most recent partner yet 95% stated they currently do not have a monogamous relationship with this partner.ConclusionsFemale adolescents with abuse histories who describe relationship status as not involved or involved with more than one partner engage in more risk behaviour than those who report exclusive relationships with one partner. Explicating behaviour that occurs by relationship status has implications for interpreting and addressing risk for intervention and practice guidelines.
P1-S1.40 Emerging molecular mutations of reduced susceptibility to third-generation Cephalosporins inNeisseria gonorrhoeaeisolates from Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Thakur S D , Nagle E , Levett P N , Horsman G B , Liao Mingmin , Dillon J R 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundThird-generation cephalosporins (eg, ceftriaxone, Cro) are the antimicrobials of choice for the treatment of gonorrhoea. The molecular mechanisms causing reduced susceptibility to these antibiotics inNeisseria gonorrhoeae(Ng) isolates differ between isolates from different geographic regions. The objective of this research was to characterise mutations in penA, mtrR, porB and ponA associated with Cro reduced susceptibility (CroRed) in Ng isolates from Saskatchewan (SK), Canada.MethodsA total of 320 of Ng isolates (2003 to 2008) from SK were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility to Cro using the CLSI agar dilution method. 7% of the isolates (n=23) had Cro MICs of 0.03–0.06 mg/l and were defined as having CroRed phenotypes and 93% of the isolates (n=297) had MICs of <0.03 mg/l which were classified as susceptible (CroS). All CroRed isolates were analysed for mutations in penA (PBP2), mtrR (MtrR), porB (PorB) and ponA (PBP1). 123 (42%) CroS isolates were randomly selected as coselectedResultsIn total, nine mutation patterns were observed in penA. Patterns I (31.7%), IX (29.2%) and XXII (26%) were most common in the 123 CroS isolates; while patterns IX (60.8%, p<0.05) and XXII (21.5%, p>0.05) were predominant in the 23 CroRed isolates. The mosaic penA pattern X was observed in only one isolate (Cro MIC=0.06 mg/l). Seven mutation patterns were noted in mtrR. Among the CroS isolates, 35.8% had a single mutation (G45D or A39T) in the DNA binding domain (DBD) and 17.8% of the isolates carried an A" nucleotide deletion (A−) in the mtr promoter coupled with a G45D mutation. Among the CroRed isolates, 65.2% carried G45D or A39T single mutations, significantly higher than that of CroS isolates (p<0.05). The mutation of A−/H105Y was observed in 21.7% of CroRed isolates as compared to 4% of CroS isolates (p<0.05). Five mutation patterns at residues G120 and A121 of PorB were observed in the CroRed isolates including double (47.8% vs 13% CroS isolates, p<0.05) or single (21.7% vs 26% CroS isolates, p>0.05) mutations. L421P in PBP1 was detected in 87% CroRed and 13% CroS isolates, respectively (p<0.05).ConclusionsMosaic penA pattern X was only observed in one CroRed isolate. The mutations associated with CroRed phenotypes include pattern IX of PBP2, mutations in DBD and a double mutation of A−/H105Y in mtrR, double mutations in PorB (positions G120 and A121) and L421P of PBP1.
P2-S9.14 A qualitative, longitudinal study of post-diagnosis reactions among HSV-2 serologic positive women
Authors: Brand J E , Van Der Pol B 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundHerpes simplex virus type 2, the main cause of genital herpes, is found worldwide among populations. US National seroprevalence is estimated at 16.2%, with highest rates among women (20.9%) & non-Hispanic blacks (39.2%). Medical consequences of HSV-2 infection includes a two- to five-fold increased risk for HIV 1 transmission & neonatal herpes. The advent of type-specific HSV serologic tests offers accurate methods of diagnosis for those who are asymptomatic. However, diagnosis of HSV-2 has been noted to be distressing for those who are asymptomatic & unaware of infection. The purpose of this study is to understand social & emotional impact of HSV-2 serodiagnosis on asymptomatic women over time.MethodsPurposeful sampling was conducted & 28 women, newly diagnosed as HSV-2 serologic positive & asymptomatic, were recruited from a Midwestern STD clinic & urban community court. A series of three open-ended interviews were conducted over 6-month period. Interviews were audio recorded & transcribed. Important areas explored: emotional & social responses to diagnosis; motivations for (non) disclosure of HSV-2 status; exploration of sexual behaviour post-diagnosis; use of condoms & suppressive therapy. Qualitative analysis was done using manual coding.ResultsAge of participants ranged from 19 to 61 yrs. Majority were African-American (71%) with 21% white. No participants reported knowledge of HSV-2 status at diagnosis. Five themes emerged during analysis of first interviews: rumination & disclosure anxiety; knowledge deficit anxiety; stigmatisation & alteration in self-concept; fear/apprehension regarding future; impact on sexuality & partnering. With analysis of 6-month interviews there was an iteration of two themes--alteration in self-concept & impact on sexuality & partnering. Of 23 participants who completed three interviews-22% had no plans for sex after diagnosis, 39% never disclosed HSV-2 status to partners & 56% never used suppressive therapy.ConclusionsFindings suggest that despite increased public information related to HSV-2, initial diagnosis remains traumatic, & for a small percentage anxiety lingers for at least 6 months. Providers should be aware of need for written information targeted to non-clinicians & that further follow-up should be initiated after diagnosis to reinforce learning, clarify concerns, counsel & support. Providers should plan additional time for client integration of diagnosis, implications & questions.
P3-S1.01 Prevalence of genital Chlamydia and gonococcal infections in at-risk women in the Kumasi metropolis of Ghana
Authors: Opoku B 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundTo study the prevalence of genital chlamydia and gonococcal infections in women at risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections in the Kumasi metropolis, Ghana.MethodsStructured interviews and clinical examination of participants aged between 18 and 35 years (inclusive) were carried out. Other inclusive criteria were having at least three sexual acts per week and having had at least two sexual partners in the preceding 3 months. Vaginal swabs were also obtained to test for gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections.ResultsOne thousand and seventy women participated in the study. Genital chlamydia infection was found in 4.8% of participants whilst gonococcal infection was found in 0.9% of participants.ConclusionThe prevalence of genital chlamydia and gonococcal infections was low in these at-risk women. The prevalence is also lower than reported in other female populations in the country.
P3-S1.04 Abnormal prostate cancer markers in a man with symptomaticC trachomatisinfection
Authors: Smelov V , Novikov A 
Published: July 2011

ObjectivesIn men ascendingChlamydia trachomatis(CT) infection may result in the inflammatory process in the prostate. It has been suggested that chronic inflammation and infectious agents related to prostatitis may be involved in prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility. Nevertheless, the role of CT in the pathogenesis of this common among sexually active men morbidity is still not clear. Better understanding of the host's response to CT and the precise pathways in the PrCa development are of great interest. Up to now prostate biopsy (PBx) remains the only test that can confirm the diagnosis of PrCa. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test has been used worldwide to screen men for PrCa but can results in a significant proportion of negative PBx and prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3, first catch of the urine collected after prostate massage) test may be of valuable help in some PSA quandary situations. We present a clinical case with symptomatic CT infection affecting the PrCa diagnosis.MethodsIn October 2010, a white man 38 y.o. with a history of unprotected sex and followed lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and erectile dysfunction for more than 3 months was applying for STIs and PrCa testing. CT infection was detected by RT-PCR. Physical and digital rectal examinations (DRE) were performed and the number of WBC in the prostate secretion was counted. The results of PSA and PCA3 tests resulted in PBx.ResultsThe results are presented in the Abstract P3-S1.04 table 1. CT positivity was assessed in St. Petersburg by in-house RT-PCR test that was confirmed by an internationally validated molecular test as it has been described elsewhere. No other STIs were detected. The prescribed treatment succeeded: LUTS were released, no CT infection was detected. Interestingly, serum PSA tests showed abnormal results before and 1 month after antibacterial treatment. A cut-off score was exceeded in an additionally prescribed PCA3 test. PBx was performed but histological examination revealed no evidence of PCa but prostate inflammation.Abstract P3-S1.04 Table 1Abnormal prostate cancer markers in a man with symptomaticC trachomatisinfectionFirst visitFollow-up visits1 month3 monthsCT infection, tested by RT-PSRPositiveNegativeNegativeSymptomaticYesNoNoDigital rectal examinationAbnormalAbnormalAbnormalWBCs, counted in hpf30–400–20–1PSA test, 0–4 ng/ml13.9 Abnormal9.8 Abnormal1.5 NormalPCA3 test, a cut-off score of 3538 AbnormalProstate biopsy, to diagnose cancerNegativeConclusionsFurther studies to evaluate the time course of prostatitis/STIs on PrCa risk, particularly among a young cohort of men, have been warranted. New diagnostic markers are needed to investigate the pathways between the acquisition of CT and its impact on the prostate. This is the first report on detection of abnormal PSA and PCA3 tests in a Chlamydia-infected man suffering from LUTS, while no PrCa was histologically detected.
P3-S1.08 Are there acceptable alternatives to syndromic management for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections in HIV positive Kenyan women?
Authors: Woo V , Cohen C R , Bukusi E A , Huchko M J 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundControl of sexually transmitting infections (STIs) is an important aspect of HIV prevention and care. Syndromic management for vaginal discharge, despite a recognised low sensitivity and specificity, is widely employed for STI management among HIV-1 infected women in resource-limited settings. In this pilot study, we evaluated the incremental increase in sensitivity and specificity of multiple, low-cost diagnostic strategies for non-ulcerative STIs diagnosed among HIV-1 infected women receiving care in Kenya.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was done among a cohort of HIV-1 infected women enrolled at Family AIDS and Care and Treatment Services (FACES) clinics in Kisumu, Kenya. During their routine clinic visit, participants reported any health complaint and later were asked about general vaginal symptoms (brief symptom ascertainment) and specific complaints of pruritis, odour and discharge (detailed symptom ascertainment). Clients were then examined for cervicitis and vaginal discharge, followed by specimen collection for STI testing. Results ofChlamydia trachomatisandNeisseria gonorrhoeaenucleic acid amplification test andTrichomonas vaginalis(TV) by wet mount was used as the gold standard for sensitivity and specificity calculations.ResultsOf the 155 women who were screened between the ages of 23–53 years, the prevalence ofN gonorrhoeaewas 1.9% (3/155), TV was 6.4% (10/155) and no cases ofC trachomatiswere detected. See Abstract P3-S1.08 table 1.Abstract P3-S1.08 Table 1Sensitivity and specificity of multiple diagnostic strategies for STI diagnosis among HIV-1 infected women receiving care at FACESEvaluation technique N=155Per cent positive resultsSensitivity for any STI*Specificity for any STI*Positive predictive valueSelf report (current standard of care)3% (5)0 (0)97% (137)0 (0)Intensified symptom ascertainment, brief26% (40)23% (3)75% (107)8%Intensified symptom ascertainment, detailed26% (40)31% (4)75% (106)10%Gynaecologic exam9.0% (14)46% (6)94% (134)46%*IncludesN gonorrhoeae, C trachomatisandT vaginalis.ConclusionsSyndromic management had a very poor sensitivity for detecting STIs in HIV-1 infected women. The addition of specific questions about STI-related symptoms improved STI detection rates, while a speculum exam led to greater sensitivity and specificity. The feasibility and effectiveness of alternative approaches such as routine use of speculum exams, and point-of-care testing forT vaginalisshould be explored to improve the management of STIs among HIV-1 infected women in similar low-resource settings.
P1-S1.41 Emergence of an African antimicrobial resistance genotype inNeisseria gonorrhoeaestrains isolated in Guangzhou, China, 2001–2009
Authors: Zheng H P , Yang B , Wu X Z , Huang J M , Zeng W Y , Xue Y H , Jiang H N , Ou J L 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundThe continuing spread of drug-resistant gonococci has posed a challenge for successful treatment worldwide. Recently third-generation cephalosporins-resistant strains were isolated in Japan. Guangdong Province in South China has one of the highest gonococcal resistance rates in China and a large number of international migrants. We investigated the invitro antimicrobial susceptibility and genotypes ofN gonorrhoeaestrains isolated in Guangzhou, the capital city, from 2001 to 2009.MethodsMICs to penicillin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and spectinomycin were determined by agar plate dilution and susceptibilities were interpreted according to WHO standards. ß-lactamase production was determined by paper acidometric testing. The resistant plasmids were determined for penicillinase-producingN gonorrhoeae(PPNG) and high-level tetracycline resistantN gonorrhoeae(TRNG) by PCR and the isolates were genotyped.ResultsOf 1132 consecutive gonococci isolated from 2001 to 2009, no ceftriaxone and spectinomycin resistant strains were found, but the prevalence of strains less susceptible to ceftriaxone rose from 18.2% to 38.5%. The MIC90 for ceftriaxone showed intermediate sensitivity (0.06–0.125 μg/ml) and spectinomycin near the resistant level (16–32 μg/ml). The resistance to penicillin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin increased from 81.8%, 84.5% and 72.5% in 2001 to 90.1%, 91.4% and 98.7% in 2009, respectively. A total of 313 (27.7%) PPNG and 486 (42.9%) TRNG strains were detected. 206 (18.2%) strains were both PPNG and TRNG. PPNG rose from 21.8% to 29.8% and TRNG rapidly increased from 27.2% to 56.3%. Genotyping TEM-1 gene showed 267 (99.6%) PPNGs in 2001–2008 carried the Asian-type ß-lactamase plasmids and one African-type in 2008. Genotyping of tetM gene showed that all 486 TRNGs were Dutch variants.ConclusionGonorrhoea resistance continues to be a major public health problem in Guangzhou. The emergence of an African gonorrhoea resistance variant may be related to the large African diaspora in Guangzhou, migration of Chinese to Africa, or other migration patterns. More research is needed to determine what practices, systems, and behaviours contribute to escalating resistance patterns.Abstract P1-S1.41 Figure 1Resistance ofN gonorrhoeaeisolates in Guangzhou during 2001–2009.
P3-S1.13 Establishment of a protocol for the detection ofChlamydia trachomatisin semen specimens using the cobas®4800 CT/NG test
Authors: de Barbeyrac B , Mehats V , Papaxanthos A , Bébéar C 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundIn addition to common urogenital samples, semen specimens are used to detectChlamydia trachomatis(CT). In France, testing of semen specimens is mandatory by law in context of donors and in vitro fertilisation. However, semen specimens are known to show significant inhibition in PCR assays. Analysis of cycles of threshold (ct) values can be used to determine inhibition and limits of detection of assays.ObjectiveTo establish a suitable protocol for the highly sensitive detection of CT in semen specimens using the fully automated cobas 4800® CT test.Materials and MethodsWe evaluated inhibition rates and limits of detection (LOD) for different semen sample volumes by ct value analysis in the cobas® 4800 CT test. Semen samples were obtained from 100 patients visiting the reproduction biology department of the Bordeaux University hospital. Between 5 and 67 replicates of semen ranging from 1 to 50 μl were each added to 4.5 ml of cobas® PCR media and run in the cobas® 4800 CT test. The inhibition rate was compared to the inhibition rate obtained in 323 urogenital swabs and 278 urines using the ct values of the internal control (IC). Thereafter, semen volumes that showed the lowest inhibition rates were selected to determine the LOD, by comparing mean ct values for the target in the cobas® 4800 CT test using semen specimens spiked with different concentrations of CT.ResultsMean IC ct values in semen volumes ranging from 1 to 40 μl did not differ from those obtained in urogenital swabs and urines, whereas semen volumes of 50 μl resulted in a marked increase in IC ct values indicating inhibition. Therefore, semen volumes of 25, 40, and 50 μl diluted in 4.5 ml of cobas® PCR media were tested to determine the LOD. Mean ct values generated by the target CT are shown in Abstract P3-S1.13 table 1. Ct values were similar in samples of 25 μl semen and controls, but were higher or even negative in 40 and 50 μl semen volumes indicating that a semen volume of 25 μl showed the lowest LOD (10–5) combined with a low inhibition rate.Abstract P3-S1.13 Table 1Comparison of ct values in different semen sample volumes spiked with serial dilutions of CT-infected cellsCt valuesSerial dilutions of CT-infected cellsControl sample25 μl semen40 μl semen50 μl semen10-13130.230.632.610-233.233.332.835.810-335.736.835.337.510-437.937.13840.510-54040.0negnegConclusionSemen specimens can be tested in the cobas® 4800 CT test applying our easy to perform, highly sensitive, and low inhibition protocol.
P3-S1.16 Comparison of the Abbott m2000 RealTime CT assay forChlamydia trachomatismonitoring in Tanzania compared to the Roche Amplicor CT assay
Authors: Agreda P , Dize L , West S , Williams J A , Van Der Pol B , Gaydos C A 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundThe Abbott m2000 RealTime CT assay was evaluated as a new option for the detection ofChlamydia trachomatisin specimens obtained from Tanzania, and its performance was compared to the performance of the Roche Amplicor CT Assay.MethodsDuplicate swab specimens were collected from villages throughout Tanzania. 304 duplicate samples were shipped to the Johns Hopkins STD laboratory at 2–8°C for the detection ofC trachomatis. All swab specimens were shipped in a dry state, expressed in 1 ml of sterile molecular grade DEPC water upon arrival, and analysed using the Roche Amplicor CT assay. Prior to Roche Amplicor amplification and detection, DNA extraction was performed using the Roche Magna Pure LC robot. The duplicate swab specimens were shipped to Indiana University for Abbott m2000 RealTime CT assay analysis. The bacterial load was measured by the DC value of the m2000 RealTime CT.ResultsOf 304 specimens, 44 (14.5%) were positive for CT via Roche Amplicor CT assay, and 53 (17.4%) were positive for CT via Abbott m2000 RealTime CT assay. The relative quantitation for the m2000 assay ranged from DC 0.62 to DC 22.16. If the Roche PCR assay was considered to be the reference standard, the Abbott m2000 RealTime CT assay sensitivity was 44/44 (100%), specificity was 251/260 (96.53%), positive predictive value was 251/251(100%), and negative predictive value was 44/53 (83.01%). The κ score was 0.890. Discordant specimens, which were determined to be negative by Roche Amplicor and positive by Abbott m2000 RealTime, were tested by Gen-Probe TMA. Of nine discordant tests, two were positive, five were negative, and two were of insufficient volume for retesting. After discordant testing, there appeared to be five samples that were graded to be false positives by m2000. The Abbott m2000 RealTime CT assay sensitivity remained 100%, while specificity increased to 256/258 (99.2%). The negative predictive value increased to 46/48 (95.83%). The κ score was 0.9748 after discordant results were further analysed.ConclusionsAbbott m2000 RealTime CT assay demonstrates excellent sensitivity and specificity compared to the Roche Amplicor CT Assay for the detection ofC trachomatis. It may be advantageous to be able to measure the relative concentration for CT in some epidemiologic studies.