bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the transmission of Theileria parva between different instars of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
Authors: Ochanda H. , Young A. S. , Wells C. , Medley G. F. , Perry B. D. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe transmission of Theileria parva by nymphal and adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was compared by the assessment of salivary gland infections in tick batches fed on the same group of infected cattle at the same time. When larval and nymphal R. appendiculatus Muguga ticks were fed concurrently on cattle undergoing acute infection with T. parva Muguga, the resultant nymphae developed a slightly lower prevalence of infection than did the adult ticks. The abundance of infection was 5–20 times higher in the adult ticks than in the nymphae. When larval and nymphal R. appendiculatus Muguga and R. appendiculatus McIlwaine were fed to repletion on cattle infected with T. parva Boleni, a parasite causing subacute infection, resultant adult tick batches had a relatively high prevalence of infection, but infection was not detected in resultant nymphal batches. When cattle that were carriers of 2 stocks of T. parva, Marikebuni and Kiambu 5, were used as the source of infection, the infections developing in adult R. appendiculatus Muguga ticks were much higher than those developing in nymphae. The structure of salivary glands differed between nymphal ticks, adult males and adult females, and this is considered to be an important factor affecting the infection levels. The morphology of the type III acini, the target acini for sporogony, was similar, but the mean numbers of type III acini were different, with 87 in nymphae, 1346 in males and 1736 in females. This difference was correlated with the different infection levels produced in the various instars and sexes. While the process of sporogony in the different tick instars and sexes was similar, the rate of sporogony was fastest in feeding nymphae, taking on average 2–3 days, compared to 3–4 days in females and an irregular period in the males. These results are discussed in relation to the epidemiology of T. parva.
The effect of substrates and inhibitors on the rate of respiration of the infective larvae of Strongyloides ratti Sandground, 1925
Authors: Barrett J. 
Published: June 2009

The infective larvae of S. ratti were non-feeding and none of a wide variety of possible substrates had any effect on the respiratory rate of intact worms. Sodium succinate increased the oxygen uptake of larval homogenates.The cytochrome chain inhibitors, sodium cyanide, sodium azide and urethane all reversibly inhibited the respiration of the infective larvae. The inhibition caused by carbon monoxide was photo-reversible and 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibited respiration rather than stimulated it. Methylene blue increased the oxygen uptake of homogenates, but had no effect on the intact larva. Iodoacetamide and sodium arsenite irreversibly inhibited respiration, whilst sodium fluoride, sodium pyrophosphate and sodium malonate were without effect on the intact larvae.This work was carried out during the tenure of a Medical Research Council Scholarship.
The distribution of lipids and glycogen in some female oxyuroids
Authors: Anya A. O. 
Published: June 2009

1. The distribution of glycogen and lipids in three oxyuroids (Aspiculuris tetraptera, Enterobius vermicularis and Syphacia obvelata) is described and found to be similar to that in ascarids and other oxyuroids.2. Evidence is presented for the presence of both polysaccharides (possibly glycogen) and lipids in the cuticle.3. It is suggested that the chitinous layer of the egg-shell of A. tetraptera contains phospholipids in association with proteins.4. The distribution of phospholipids is described and it is suggested that their role is mainly structural.I am grateful to Dr P. Tate for advice and encouragement and to Dr D. L. Lee for much useful discussion and advice.
Preface: Positive interactions between anti-infection drugs and the immune response: an emerging paradigm
Authors: Doenhoff M. J. , Chappell L. H. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryIn the third and fourth decades of this century chemotherapy began to be established as one of the greatest success stories in medicine. Now unfortunately severe problems compromise the efficacy of drugs used to treat infectious diseases, two of the most serious handicaps being the rapidity with which target pathogens can develop drug-resistance and the slow rate at which replacement products are appearing on the market. Increased understanding of the ways in which existing drugs act may help both to prolong their usefulness and to generate novel therapeutic strategies.
The distribution and dynamics of ked populations, Melophagus ovinus Linn.
Authors: Macleod John 
Published: June 2009

Observations have been made on the distribution of adult and pupal keds over the body of sheep and lambs, and the seasonal changes in density and distribution have been followed by a series of counts on the same sixteen sheep throughout a period of 13 months.The method of assessing the adult population by counting the living keds was checked by killing and subsequently counting them, and is believed to give approximately correct results. Pupal estimations by the ‘live-count’ method gave results apparently 50 % below the actual values.The ked population builds up rapidly during late winter and early spring to a maximum in April and early May. A decline begins in May, and by June the population has decreased very considerably. During summer the unshorn lambs show a continued decrease, which may be due in whole or part to loss by transference to the shorn sheep.The greatest concentration during the peak infestation is on the chest, lower shoulder and lower rib wool. In winter and spring the population is more generally distributed, and may show a preference for the upper over the lower side wool. In summer the back is practically deserted and the upper sides only sparsely populated. The throat and chest region is a favoured site the year round, and there is some indication that the throat may be a breeding area.Generally speaking, the adult and pupal populations are proportionately distributed. In late spring, however, puparia tend to be laid to a greater extent, relative to the adult population, in the lower than the upper surface fleece.The significance of the seasonal population shifts is discussed, and a method of eradicating keds from a flock by summer dipping of the lambs is outlined.
Two skin parasites of Rana temporaria: Dermocystidium ranae Guyénot & Naville and Dermosporidium granulosum n.sp.
Authors: Broz O. , Privora M. 
Published: June 2009

In the skin of Rana temporaria from Czechoslovakia two unicellular parasites have been found: Dermocystidium ranae Guyénot & Naville and Dermosporidium granulosum n.sp.Dermocystidium ranae. Two stages were found, one of which is new. An account is given of the morphology, development and occurrence of both stages, including details which have hitherto not been recorded.Dermosporidium granulosum n.sp. This species is represented by cysts situated in the stratum spongiosum corii. They are divided by septa into small chambers containing groups of spherical spores with a central nucleus and with numerous small cytoplasmic inclusions. Within the cyst, the sporoblasts occupy the periphery, while the ripe spores are in the centre.
How big? How fast? Transcendental Reflections on Space, Time and World Models
Authors: Wyller Truls 
Published: June 2009

AbstractOf what does the size of spatially and temporally extended phenomena consist? The particular, non-conceptual magnitude of a spatial thing is a determinate, world-defining unit size. Correspondingly, natural objects have a definite size in relation to embodied human subjectivity as a global ‘measure of worlds’. As displayed by the occurrence of global models in human life, this relation has an irreducibly indexical character. The particular temporal extension of events is intrinsic to human experience as well – albeit in a different way. As displayed in local models only, it is a conceivable object of practical but not of propositional knowledge. In its role as a global spatial measure, somehow the human body is more than one among the many possible objects of descriptive knowledge. This role is supplied by rational agency – which is then a condition of the world.
PINE-SPARKY: graphical interface for evaluating automated probabilistic peak assignments in protein NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Lee Woonghee , Westler William M. , Bahrami Arash , Eghbalnia Hamid R. , Markley John L. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Summary: PINE-SPARKY supports the rapid, user-friendly and efficient visualization of probabilistic assignments of NMR chemical shifts to specific atoms in the covalent structure of a protein in the context of experimental NMR spectra. PINE-SPARKY is based on the very popular SPARKY package for visualizing multidimensional NMR spectra (T. D. Goddard and D. G. Kneller, SPARKY 3, University of California, San Francisco). PINE-SPARKY consists of a converter (PINE2SPARKY), which takes the output from an automated PINE-NMR analysis and transforms it into SPARKY input, plus a number of SPARKY extensions. Assignments and their probabilities obtained in the PINE-NMR step are visualized as labels in SPARKY's spectrum view. Three SPARKY extensions (PINE Assigner, PINE Graph Assigner, and Assign the Best by PINE) serve to manipulate the labels that signify the assignments and their probabilities. PINE Assigner lists all possible assignments for a peak selected in the dialog box and enables the user to choose among these. A window in PINE Graph Assigner shows all atoms in a selected residue along with all atoms in its adjacent residues; in addition, it displays a ranked list of PINE-derived connectivity assignments to any selected atom. Assign the Best-by-PINE allows the user to choose a probability threshold and to automatically accept as “fixed” all assignments above that threshold; following this operation, only the less certain assignments need to be examined visually. Once assignments are fixed, the output files generated by PINE-SPARKY can be used as input to PINE-NMR for further refinements.
Availability: The program, in the form of source code and binary code along with tutorials and reference manuals, is available at http://pine.nmrfam.wisc.edu/PINE-SPARKY.
Contact: whlee@nmrfam.wisc.edu; markley@nmrfam.wisc.edu
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to outer membrane proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in iron-depleted media
Authors: Smith Anthony W. , Wilton Jane , Clark Stuart A. , Alpar Oya , Melling Jack , Brown Michael R. W. 
Published: June 2009

Summary
The iron uptake systems of pathogenic bacteria provide potential targets for immunological intervention. We have partially purified the high molecular mass, iron-regulated outer membrane proteins (IROMPs) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and used them to prepare a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Five mAbs reacted with an 85 kDa IROMP separated by SDS-PAGE, but gave only low-level binding to whole cells by immunogold electron microscopy. However, iodination of whole cells indicated that the 85 kDa IROMP is surface-exposed. The mAbs were only cross-reactive with clinical isolates representing eight of the 17 International Antigenic Typing Scheme serotypes of P. aeruginosa, suggesting significant heterogeneity with respect to this IROMP.
Involvement of the CDC25 gene product in the signal transmission pathway of the glucose-induced RAS-mediated cAMP signal in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Van Aelst Linda , Jans Arnold W. H. , Thevelein Johan M. 
Published: June 2009

Summary
Addition of glucose or related fermentable sugars to derepressed cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae triggers a RAS-protein-mediated cAMP signal, which induces a protein phosphorylation cascade. Yeast strains without a functional CDC25 gene were deficient in basal cAMP synthesis and in the glucose-induced cAMP signal. Addition of dinitrophenol, which in wild-type strains strongly stimulates in vivo cAMP synthesis by lowering intracellular pH, did not enhance the cAMP level. cdc25 disruption mutants, in which the basal cAMP level was restored by the RAS2
va119 oncogene or by disruption of the gene (PDE2) coding for the high-affinity phosphodiesterase, were still deficient in the glucose- and acidification-induced cAMP responses. These results indicate that the CDC25 gene product is required not only for basal cAMP synthesis in yeast but also for specific activation of cAMP synthesis by the signal transmission pathway leading from glucose to adenyl cyclase. They also show that intracellular acidification stimulates the pathway at or upstream of the CDC25 protein. When shifted to the restrictive temperature, cells with the temperature sensitive cdc25-5 mutation lost their cAMP content within a few minutes. After prolonged incubation at the restrictive temperature, cells with this mutation, and also those with the temperature sensitive cdc25-1 mutation, arrested at the ‘start’ point (in G1) of the cell cycle, and subsequently accumulated in the resting state G0. In contrast with cdc25-5 cells, however, the cAMP level did not decrease and normal glucose- and acidification-induced cAMP responses were observed when cdc25-1 cells were shifted to the restrictive temperature. These results show that, in the original genetic background at least, growth arrest of cdc25-1-bearing cells at the restrictive temperature is not due to cAMP deficiency. Previous experiments have provided evidence for the presence of a glucose-repressible protein in the signalling pathway. Exponential-phase glucose-grown cells of a strain with overexpression of CDC25 unexpectedly showed a glucose-induced cAMP signal. Control experiments, however, indicated that overexpression of CDC25 caused a defect in glucose repression. Introduction of the cat1 derepression mutation in the strain with overexpression of CDC25 restored glucose repression and abolished the glucose-induced cAMP signal, indicating that the CDC25 protein is not the glucose-repressible component of the signalling pathway.
Mutations affecting germination in Myxococcus xanthus
Authors: Elías Montserrat , Murillo Francisco J. 
Published: June 2009

Summary

Myxococcus xanthus mutants defective in myxospore germination have been isolated both by a selective and by a non-selective method after UV or Tn5-lac-induced mutagenesis. The ability of these mutants to germinate in germinant solutions other than those used for their isolation has been tested. Six of seven mutants isolated behaved as germination-defective in all germinants. Germination of the seventh mutant was conditional on the germinant used, being normal in Casamino acids but defective in a Casitone-based medium. Genetic analysis of the four mutant strains carrying Tn5-lac insertions revealed that the transposon had disrupted a different locus in each mutant, so that the four mutants defined four unlinked loci involved in the germination process (gerA, gerB, gerC, gerD). Strain MR307 was studied in more detail. Cloning of the gene affected in this mutant, gerC, and construction of merodiploids revealed that the wild-type allele is dominant over the mutated one. In vitro construction of lacZ fusions allowed study of gerC expression throughout the M. xanthus life cycle, revealing that the gene affected by insertion at ΩMR307 is developmentally regulated.
Anaerobic metabolism in Bacillus licheniformis NCIB 6346
Authors: Shariat Parvin , Mitchell Wilfrid J. , Boyd Alan , Priest Fergus G. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARY
The products of anaerobic metabolism of glucose and its derivatives sorbitol, gluconate and glucuronate by Bacillus licheniformis have been determined by proton NMR. Glucose was fermented through mixed-acid fermentation pathways to acetate, 2,3-butanediol, ethanol, formate, lactate, succinate and pyruvate. However, the bacterium was incapable of fermenting the three glucose derivatives. When B. licheniformis cells were incubated anaerobically with glucose in the presence of nitrate, the reduced products and formate did not appear and acetate was formed as the major metabolite. Growth and formation of acetate was also observed when B. licheniformis cells were incubated anaerobically with each of the three glucose derivatives, in the presence of nitrate. A formate-nitrate oxido-reductase system was induced under anaerobic conditions, with increased activities when nitrate was added to the anaerobic growth medium. However no activity was detected when cell; were grown in the presence of molecular oxygen. Formate-nitrate oxido-reductase activity was absent in chlorate-resistant mutants isolated spontaneously or following Tn917 insertional mutagenesis. The spontaneous mutants fermented glucose in the presence of nitrate suggesting that they were incapable of nitrate respiration, due to a deficiency in one or more components of the formate-nitrate oxido-reductase system. Two insertional mutants exhibited elevated β-galactosidase activity when grown in the presence of nitrate.
Phage infection, transfection and transformation of Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Authors: Foley-Thomas Ellen M. , Whipple Diana L. , Bermudez Luiz E. , Barletta Raul G. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYMycobacterium aviumcomplex strains andMycobacterium paratuberculosisare closely related intracellular pathogens affecting humans and animals.M. aviumcomplex infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients, andM. paratuberculosisis the agent of Johne's disease in ruminants. Genetic manipulation of these micro-organisms would facilitate the understanding of their pathogenesis, the construction of attenuated vaccine strains and the development of new drugs and treatment methods. This paper describes the replication of mycobacterial shuttle phasmids and plasmids, and the expression of the firefly luciferase reporter gene inM. aviumcomplex andM. paratuberculosis. The mycobacteriophage TM4 propagated onM. smegmatisorM. paratuberculosisplaqued at the same efficiency on these two mycobacterial hosts. Screening ofM. aviumcomplex andM. paratuberculosisclinical isolates with TM4-derived luciferase reporter phages demonstrated that the majority of these isolates were susceptible to TM4. Conditions for introduction of DNA were determined by transfection ofM. paratuberculosiswith TM4 DNA and applied to isolate kanamycin-resistant transformants ofM. aviumcomplex andM. paratuberculosiswithEscherichia coli-Mycobacteriumshuttle plasmids. Recombinant plasmids were recovered from transformants without apparent loss of DNA sequences. These results provide the basis for the genetic manipulation of these pathogenic mycobacterial species.
Assessment of herd protection against trachoma due to repeated mass antibiotic distributions: a cluster‐randomised trial
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: June 2009

.

House J. I.,
Ayele B.,
Porco T. C.,
Zhou Z.,
Hong K. C.,
Gebre T.,
Ray K. J.,
Keenan J. D.,
Stoller N. E. &
Whitcher J. P.
(
2009
)

,
373
,
1111
–
1118
.
Background Trachoma‐control programmes distribute oral azithromycin to treat the ocular strains of chlamydia that cause the disease and to control infection. Theoretically, elimination of infection is feasible if untreated individuals receive an indirect protective effect from living in repeatedly treated communities, which is similar to herd protection in vaccine programmes. We assessed indirect protection against trachoma with mass azithromycin distributions. Methods In a cluster randomized trial, 24 subkebeles (government‐defined units) in Amhara, Ethiopia, were randomized, with use of a simple random sample, to distribution four times per year of single‐dose oral azithromycin to children aged 1–10 years (12 subkebeles, 4764 children), or to delayed treatment until after the study (control; 12 subkebeles, 6014 children). We compared the prevalence of ocular chlamydial infection in untreated individuals 11 years and older between baseline and 12 months in the treated subkebeles, and at 12 months between the treated and control subkebeles. Healthcare and laboratory personnel were blinded to study group. Analysis was intention to treat. The study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT00322972. Findings At 12 months, 637 children aged 1–10 years and 561 adults and children aged 11 years and older were analysed in the children‐treated group, and 618 and 550, respectively, in the control group. The mean prevalence of infection in children decreased from 48.4% (95% CI 42.9–53.9) to 3.6% (0.8–6.4) after four mass treatments. At 12 months, the mean prevalence of infection in the untreated age group (≥11 years) was 47% (95% CI 33–57) less than baseline (P= 0.002), and 35% (95% CI 1–57) less than that in untreated communities (P= 0.04). Interpretation Frequent treatment of children, who are a core group for transmission of trachoma, could eventually eliminate infection from the entire community. Herd protection is offered by repeated mass antibiotic treatments, providing a strategy for elimination of a bacterial disease when an effective vaccine is unavailable.
Methane oxidation kinetics differ in European beech and Norway spruce soils
Authors: Degelmann D. M. , Borken W. , Kolb S. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryConiferous forest soils often consume less of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4) than deciduous forest soils. The reasons for this phenomenon have not been resolved. It might be caused by differences in the diffusive flux of CH4 through the organic layer, pH or different concentrations of potentially inhibitory compounds. Soil samples were investigated from three adjacent European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands in Germany. Maximal CH4 oxidation velocities (Vmax(app)) and Michaelis Menten constants (KM(app)), retrieved from intact soil cores at constant CH4 concentrations, temperature and matric potential, were twice as great in beech as in spruce soils. Also atmospheric CH4 oxidation rates measured in homogenized soil samples displayed the same trend. Greatest atmospheric CH4 oxidation rates were detected in the Oa horizon or in the upper 5 cm of the mineral soil. In contrast to the beech soils, the Oa horizon of the spruce soils consumed no CH4. A differential effect due to divergent diffusive flux through the litter layer was not found. pH and ammonium concentration were similar in samples from both forest soil types. Ethylene accumulation in all soils was negligible under oxic conditions. These collective results suggest that the different atmospheric CH4 uptake by beech and spruce soils is caused by different CH4 oxidizing capacities of methanotrophic communities in the Oa horizon and top mineral soil.