bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local Politics and the Circulation of Community Security Initiatives in Johannesburg
Authors: BÉNIT‐GBAFFOU CLAIRE , FOURCHARD LAURENT , WAFER ALEX 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe article analyses the emergence and circulation of community‐driven security initiatives in two types of setting in Johannesburg, South Africa: street patrols and community courts in pre‐apartheid and apartheid townships on the one hand; road closures in post‐apartheid middle‐class suburbs on the other. In spite of the obvious contrasts, the two types of community security initiatives share two important features: originating in a series of confrontations between the state and community groups; and being shaped, used and driven in accordance with local political interests, by existing or emerging local elites building their constituencies in the city. This grid of analysis stressing the political dynamics of community‐driven security initiatives is applied to the global model of community policing, recently imported to South Africa. It usefully complements more classic neoliberal understandings of what community policing means for the governance of security in contemporary African cities.RésuméCet article analyse l'émergence et la circulation d'initiatives sécuritaires collectives, dans deux types de configurations à Johannesburg, Afrique du Sud: d'une part, les patrouilles de rue et les cours de justice communautaires, au sein des townships, avant et sous le régime d'apartheid; d'autre part, les enclosures en quartier suburbain dans la période post‐apartheid. Au‐delà des contrastes évidents, ces deux dispositifs sécuritaires de quartier ont en commun deux éléments: ils sont nés d'une série de confrontations entre l'Etat et des groupes locaux; ils sont construits, utilisés et instrumentalisés en fonction d'intérêts politiques locaux, par des élites locales cherchant a construire ou consolider leur clientèle politique. Cette grille d'analyse de la gouvernance sécuritaire «du bas», qui met l'accent sur les dynamiques politiques des initiatives sécuritaires de quartier, est appliquée au modèle global de la «police de quartier» (‘community policing’), récemment importé en Afrique du Sud. Cette approche complète utilement les analyses plus classiques de circulation de modèles en termes néolibéraux, et permet de mettre en lumière d'autres aspects de la gouvernance sécuritaire dans les villes africaines contemporaines.
Living in Limbo: Transnational Households, Remittances and Development
Authors: Castañeda Ernesto 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn recent years, the reception of remittances by migrant‐sending countries has been quantified and well advertised. Many have predicted economic development based on the magnitude of these aggregate figures, leaving aside the fact that new family arrangements, emigration expectations, consumption patterns and demographic changes impact the prospects for development. This paper shows how remittances link distant locations economically, socially and culturally creating unique transnational dynamics that shape development at both ends. I use multi‐sited ethnographic work conducted over seven years in different places of migrant origin and destination. The paper challenges common assumptions regarding the developmental effect of remittances, by contrasting the hyper‐rational, atomistic and perfectly informed theoretical actors of the neoclassical account with the complex actors who make their decisions on the basis of imperfect information, and the values and meanings constructed within a transnational web of family and community ties.
Migration and Characteristics of Remittance Senders in South Africa
Authors: Makina Daniel 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSince 2000, South Africa has experienced unprecedented migration from Zimbabwe. Surveys have estimated that by the end of 2007, between 1 million and 2 million Zimbabweans had migrated to South Africa as a result of a political and economic crisis that has been bedevilling their country. These migrants are supporting the livelihoods of relatives left at home through remittances. The nature of the remittance flows is not well documented, and the characteristics of the remittance senders and recipients are even less well understood. In this paper, I attempt to fill this research gap by focusing on the remittance behaviour of the senders. Using data from a survey of Zimbabwean migrants living in Johannesburg in South Africa, in this paper I examine the socio‐economic and demographic characteristics of the remittance senders. Pertinent findings are that remittance behaviour is seen to be positively correlated with age, the number of dependents supported in the home country, income level and the return migration decision. Furthermore, males and married persons make up a larger proportion of the remitters than females and single persons. There are more remitters among migrants with basic education than among those with tertiary education. I have found remittance behaviour to be independent of legal status and length of stay in the host country. The independence with regard to length of stay raises questions about the validity of the remittance decay hypothesis.
The purchase of moral positions: an essay on the markets of concerned parenting
Authors: Brusdal Ragnhild , Frønes Ivar 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe markets directed towards the very youngest are rapidly expanding. This article looks into the mechanisms behind the expansion of this type of parental consumption, assigning children a position similar to what Veblen categorized as vicarious consumption. The assumption put forward is that the modern markets for babies and toddlers rooted not only in the need to stimulate, protect and support the child, or the desire to display cultural and economic capital through vicarious consumption, but also in the need to indicate positions in the moral economy of concerned parenting. The expanding markets of considered consumption are partly based on translation values, empathy and care made into tangible products with symbolic values in the moral economy.
Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP): a noninvasive method for the detection of hepatic steatosis based on transient elastography
Authors: Myers Robert P. , Pollett Aaron , Kirsch Richard , Pomier‐Layrargues Gilles , Beaton Melanie , Levstik Mark , Duarte‐Rojo Andres , Wong David , Crotty Pam , Elkashab Magdy 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundAccurate tools for the noninvasive detection of hepatic steatosis are needed. The Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) specifically targets liver steatosis using a process based on transient elastography.MethodsPatients with chronic liver disease and body mass index (BMI) ≥28 kg/m2 underwent biopsy and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) with simultaneous CAP determination using the FibroScan® M probe. The performance of the CAP for diagnosing steatosis compared with biopsy was assessed using areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC).ResultsA total of 153 patients were included: 69% were male, median BMI was 32 kg/m2; 47% had nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); and 65% had significant (≥10%) steatosis. The CAP was significantly correlated with the percentage of steatosis (ρ = 0.47) and steatosis grade (ρ = 0.51; both P < 0.00005). The median CAP was higher among patients with significant steatosis (317 [IQR 284–339] vs. 250 [227–279] dB/m with <10% steatosis; P < 0.0005) and the AUROC for this outcome was 0.81 (95% CI 0.74–0.88). At a cut‐off of 283 dB/m, the CAP was 76% sensitive, 79% specific, and had positive and negative predictive values of 87% and 64%, respectively. CAP performance was not influenced by measurement variability, but was higher in patients with mild (F0‐F1) fibrosis (AUROC 0.89 vs. 0.72 with F2‐F4; P = 0.03). The AUROCs of the CAP for ≥5%, >33% and >66% steatosis were 0.79, 0.76 and 0.70, respectively.ConclusionsThe CAP is a promising tool for the noninvasive detection of hepatic steatosis. Advantages of CAP include its ease of measurement, operator‐independence and simultaneous availability with LSM for fibrosis assessment.
The significance of ICG‐R15 in predicting hepatic toxicity in patients receiving radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yoon Hong In , Koom Woong Sub , Lee Ik Jae , Jeong Kyoungkeun , Chung Yoonsun , Kim Ja Kyung , Lee Kwan Sik , Han Kwang‐Hyub , Seong Jinsil 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAimTo evaluate whether the retention rate of indocyanine green 15 min after administration (ICG‐R15) could predict radiation hepatotoxicity in patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed data of 146 HCC patients treated with RT between February 1994 and December 2008. The ICG‐R15 was measured within 1 month prior to the start of RT. Radiation hepatotoxicity was evaluated by incidence of radiation‐induced liver disease (RILD) between 2 weeks and 3 months after completion of RT. We analysed the correlation between the incidence rate of RILD and the ICG‐R15 before RT (pre‐RT ICG‐R15).ResultsThe classic and non‐classic RILD occurred in 15 patients (10.3%): classic type in five patients (3.4%) and non‐classic RILD in 10 patients (6.9%). A positive correlation was shown between the probability of RILD and increase in pre‐RT ICG‐R15 (P < 0.0001). Univariate analysis indicated that cut‐off value of pre‐RT ICG‐R15 could predict RILD significantly. The incidence of RILD for the patients with 22% or higher pre‐RT ICG‐R15 levels was 40.7% as compared to 3.4% for those with levels lower than 22% (P < 0.0001). There was no clinical factor that significantly affected RILD in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis indicated that the pre‐RT ICG‐R15 value was the only significant factor affecting RILD (P < 0.0001).ConclusionThese results suggest that pre‐RT ICG‐R15 could be a useful factor in predicting radiation hepatotoxicity in HCC patients treated with RT.
Point‐of‐care Urine Albumin:Creatinine Ratio Is Associated With Outcome in Emergency Department Patients With Sepsis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Drumheller Byron C. , McGrath Meghan , Matsuura Asako C. , Gaieski David F. 
Published: March 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:259–264 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Sepsis is characterized by an initial systemic proinflammatory response leading to endothelial damage and increased capillary permeability. The authors conducted a pilot study to determine if microalbuminuria, measured by the urine albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR), was associated with outcome in emergency department (ED) sepsis patients.Methods:  This was an observational cohort study of a convenience sample of adult patients presenting to two EDs over 10 months with sepsis (two or more systemic inflammatory response syndrome [SIRS] criteria and suspected infection). Those who received a urinalysis were prospectively enrolled. Patients with anuria, grossly contaminated specimens, or concurrent noninfectious diagnoses were excluded. Urine ACR was measured on a point‐of‐care (POC) device. The primary study outcome was ED disposition (three groups): treated and discharged, admitted to the floor, or admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Kruskal‐Wallis testing was used to compare ACR based on disposition. Variables associated with ACR were identified by Spearman rank correlation or Mann‐Whitney rank‐sum testing. A post hoc subgroup analysis of patients with and without a genitourinary (GU) source of infection was also performed.Results:  A total of 121 patients were screened, and 29 (24%) were excluded; 92 patients met criteria (mean ± SD age, 51.2 ± 17.0 years; 51 [55%] had severe sepsis, three [3%] had septic shock). There were three in‐hospital deaths. Median ACR for patients treated and discharged (n = 22), admitted to floor (n = 50), and admitted to ICU (n = 20) was 2.54 (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.89 to 6.16) versus 2.8 (IQR = 1.69 to 8.8) versus 12.15 (IQR = 4.76 to 20.95), respectively (p = 0.0049). Age, serum creatinine, and GU source of infection were associated with ACR. ACR was significantly associated with disposition among patients without a GU source of infection (p = 0.003), but not among patients with a GU source (p = 0.3744).Conclusions:  In this pilot study, microalbuminuria measured by POC ACR was associated with disposition in ED patients with sepsis or severe sepsis. Larger studies using more robust outcomes comparing ACR with validated sepsis biomarkers are needed to elaborate on these results.
Effect of a Mass Casualty Incident: Clinical Outcomes and Hospital Charges for Casualty Patients Versus Concurrent Inpatients
Authors: Abir Mahshid , Choi Hwajung , Cooke Colin R. , Wang Stewart C. , Davis Matthew M. 
Published: March 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:280–286 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  A mass casualty incident (MCI) may strain a health care system beyond surge capacity, affecting patterns of care for casualties and other patients. Prior studies of MCIs have assessed clinical care for casualty patients, but have not examined outcomes or expenditures for noncasualty inpatients in the same time period.Methods:  This was a retrospective analysis of administrative hospital claims in a state where an MCI with over 200 casualties occurred; two hospitals that admitted casualties of >5% of their inpatient capacity were studied. The “surge period” was defined as 7 days after the MCI. Using diagnostic codes, patients admitted on the MCI day with diagnoses of burns or inhalation injury were included in the “MCI surge cohort.” Patients admitted within a time frame of 7 days prior to 7 days after the MCI who were inpatients during the surge period were included in the “non‐MCI surge cohort.” The authors compared the MCI and non‐MCI surge cohorts to a mutually exclusive reference cohort (all inpatients during 6 weeks prior to the MCI), regarding key outcomes of hospital length of stay (LOS) and hospital charges adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and severity of illness.Results:  Fifty‐five patients met criteria for the MCI surge cohort, 1,369 for the non‐MCI surge cohort, and 5,980 for the reference group. Compared with the reference group and adjusted for covariates, the mean (±SD) hospital LOS was 4.90 (±1.85) days longer for the MCI surge cohort (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.67 to 8.84) and 1.34 (±0.16) days longer for the non‐MCI surge cohort (95% CI = 1.00 to 1.65). The MCI cohort also had significantly longer mean hospital LOS than the non‐MCI surge cohort (difference = 3.56 days; 95% CI = 0.36 to 7.36). Also adjusted for covariates, mean (±SD) total hospital charges for the MCI surge cohort were $22,349 (±$8,342) greater than for the reference group (95% CI = $8,182 to $39,485). Mean (±SD) charges for the non‐MCI surge cohort were $4,028 (±$633) greater than for the reference group (95% CI = $2,792 to $5,196). The MCI cohort also had higher mean total charges than the non‐MCI surge cohort (difference = $18,321; 95% CI = $4,488 to $34,980).Conclusions:  When adjusted for severity of illness, casualty patients and noncasualty patients receiving concurrent hospital care have significantly longer LOS and higher charges than typical hospital patients at times unaffected by MCIs. Spillover effects from MCIs for noncasualty patients have not been previously described and have implications for clinical and hospital management in MCI and other high‐surge circumstances.
Prognostic Value and Agreement of Achieving Lactate Clearance or Central Venous Oxygen Saturation Goals During Early Sepsis Resuscitation
Authors: Puskarich Michael A. , Trzeciak Stephen , Shapiro Nathan I. , Arnold Ryan C. , Heffner Alan C. , Kline Jeffrey A. , Jones Alan E. ,   on Behalf of the Emergency Medicine Shock Research Network (EMSHOCKNET)
Published: March 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:252–258 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Lactate clearance (LC) and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) have been proposed as goals of early sepsis resuscitation. The authors sought to determine the agreement and prognostic value of achieving ScvO2 or LC goals in septic shock patients undergoing emergency department (ED)‐based early resuscitation.Methods:  This was a preplanned analysis of a multicenter ED randomized controlled trial of early sepsis resuscitation targeting three variables: central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, and either ScvO2 or LC. Inclusion criteria included suspected infection, two or more systemic inflammation criteria, and either systolic blood pressure of <90 mm Hg after intravenous fluid bolus or lactate level of >4 mmol/L. Both ScvO2 and LC were measured simultaneously. The ScvO2 goal was defined as ≥70%. Lactate was measured at enrollment and every 2 hours until the goal was reached or up to 6 hours. LC goal was defined as a decrease of ≥10% from initial measurement. The primary outcome was in‐hospital mortality.Results:  A total of 203 subjects were included, with an overall mortality of 19.7%. Achievement of the ScvO2 goal only was associated with a mortality rate of 41% (9/22), while achievement of the LC goal only was associated with a mortality rate of 8% (2/25; proportion difference = 33%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 9% to 55%). No agreement was found between goal achievement (κ = –0.02), and exact test for matched pairs demonstrated no significant difference between discordant pairs (p = 0.78).Conclusions:  No agreement was found between LC and ScvO2 goal achievement in early sepsis resuscitation. Achievement of a ScvO2≥ 70% without LC ≥ 10% was more strongly associated with mortality than achievement of LC ≥ 10% with failure to achieve ScvO2≥ 70%.
The Delivery of a Health Promotion Intervention by a Public Health Promotion Specialist Improves Patient Satisfaction in the Emergency Department
Authors: Rega Paul P. , Roberts Stephen M. , Khuder Sadik , Boardley Debra , Brickman Kris , Regent Cynthia 
Published: March 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:313–317 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  The objective was to introduce a public health promotion specialist (PHPS) into the hospital emergency department (ED) to provide a brief health promotion intervention to patients and to determine the effect of the initiative on patient satisfaction.Methods:  Patients in the intervention group were offered and received a 5‐ to 10‐minute presentation about exercise, heart health, healthy eating on a budget, or weight control by a trained PHPS. Patients in the control group received usual ED care. Both groups completed the patient satisfaction instrument. Ordinal logistic regression models were used to compare the two groups on patient satisfaction questions and to identify predictors of the likelihood of patients referring others to the ED.Results:  Subjects in the intervention group were more likely to rate the services as great in areas of patient satisfaction such as provider listening, staff being friendly and helpful, comfort and safety, and privacy. Those in the intervention group were three times more likely than those in the control group to state that they would refer others to the ED.Conclusions:  Health promotion and disease prevention interventions carried out by PHPS in the ED can improve patient satisfaction.
A Systematic Review of Emergency Department Technology‐based Behavioral Health Interventions
Authors: Choo Esther K. , Ranney Megan L. , Aggarwal Nitin , Boudreaux Edwin D. 
Published: March 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:318–328 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  This systematic review evaluated the evidence for use of computer technologies to assess and reduce high‐risk health behaviors in emergency department (ED) patients.Methods:  A systematic search was conducted of electronic databases, references, key journals, and conference proceedings. Studies were included if they evaluated the use of computer‐based technologies for ED‐based screening, interventions, or referrals for high‐risk health behaviors (e.g., unsafe sex, partner violence, substance abuse, depression); were published since 1990; and were in English, French, or Spanish. Study selection and assessment of methodologic quality were performed by two independent reviewers. Data extraction was performed by one reviewer and then independently checked for completeness and accuracy by a second reviewer.Results:  Of 17,744 unique articles identified by database search, 66 underwent full‐text review, and 20 met inclusion criteria. The greatest number of studies targeted alcohol/substance use (n = 8, 40%), followed by intentional or unintentional injury (n = 7, 35%) and then mental health (n = 4, 20%). Ten of the studies (50%) were randomized controlled trials; the remainder were observational or feasibility studies. Overall, studies showed high acceptability and feasibility of individual computer innovations, although study quality varied greatly. Evidence for clinical efficacy across health behaviors was modest, with few studies addressing meaningful clinical outcomes. Future research should aim to establish the efficacy of computer‐based technology for meaningful health outcomes and to ensure that effective interventions are both disseminable and sustainable.Conclusions:  The number of studies identified in this review reflects recent enthusiasm about the potential of computers to overcome barriers to behavioral health screening, interventions, and referrals to treatment in the ED. The available literature suggests that these types of tools will be feasible and acceptable to patients and staff.
Outcomes of Early, Late, and No Admission to the Intensive Care Unit for Patients Hospitalized with Community‐acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Renaud Bertrand , Brun‐Buisson Christian , Santin Aline , Coma Eva , Noyez Cécile , Fine Michael J. , Yealy Donald M. , Labarère José 
Published: March 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:294–303 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  The objective was to compare outcomes associated with early, late, and no admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) for patients hospitalized with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP).Methods:  This was a post hoc analysis of the original data from the Emergency Department Community‐Acquired Pneumonia (EDCAP) and Pneumocom‐1 prospective multicenter cohort studies of adult patients hospitalized with CAP. Propensity score–adjusted analysis was used to compare 28‐day mortality and hospital length of stay (LOS) for 199, 144, and 2,215 patients with early (i.e., ICU admission on the day of emergency department [ED] presentation), late, and no ICU admission.Results:  Unadjusted 28‐day mortality rates were 13.1, 19.4, and 5.7% for early, late, and no ICU admissions, respectively (p < 0.001). After adjusting for quintile of propensity score, the odds of 28‐day mortality were higher for late ICU admissions relative to early ICU admissions (odds ratio [OR] = 2.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42 to 4.90), and no ICU admissions (OR = 3.40; 95% CI = 2.11 to 5.48), but did not differ between early and no ICU admissions (OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 0.79 to 2.09). The median hospital LOS was 10 days for early (interquartile range [IQR] = 7 to 18), 15 days for late (IQR 9 to 23), and 6 days (IQR 4 to 9) for no ICU admissions (p < 0.001).Conclusions:  This study suggests that late but not early admission to the ICU is associated with higher 28‐day mortality for patients hospitalized with CAP. Patients admitted to the ICU have longer hospital LOS in comparison to those managed on the wards, particularly if they are admitted late to the ICU.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:#–# © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine