bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Best Management Practices and the Production of Good and Bad Outputs
Authors: Ghazalian Pascal L. , Larue Bruno , West Gale E. 
Published: May 2010

Agricultural activities simultaneously produce good and bad outputs. A translog cost function is used to evaluate the cost associated with reduction of chemical runoff and how it is influenced by the scale of crop and animal production. The results show that reducing runoff entails increasing costs and that these costs decrease with the level of crop production, but are unaffected by the level of animal production. The estimates of the cost elasticities of Best Management Practices (BMPs) were all positive, but many have large standard errors that imply that the true elasticities can be much lower or much higher. Also, the cost elasticities decrease with the scale of crop production for most BMPs whereas the scale of animal production has the opposite effect for crop rotation and herbicide control practices. Our results reaffirm that there are economies of size in production. L’agriculture produit de bons et de mauvais extrants. Une fonction de coût translog est utilisée pour évaluer les coûts associés à l’amélioration de la qualité de l’eau en réduisant les problèmes de ruissellement et de transfert de nutriments. Nous évaluons comment ces coûts changent avec les niveaux des productions animales et de cultures. Nos résultats indiquent que la réduction des transferts de nutriments est coûteux mais que l’élasticité‐coût décroit avec la valeur des cultures produites tout en étant indépendant de l’envergure de la production animale. Les élasticités‐coût associés aux pratiques environnementales (PE) sont positives et ont de grandes erreur‐types, ce qui veut dire que les vraies élasticités peuvent être beaucoup plus grandes ou plus petites. Les élasticités‐coût pour la plupart des PE diminuent avec la production de cultures produit tandis que la taille de la production animale a un effet contraire sur les élasticités pour la rotation de cultures et le contrôle des herbicides. Nos résultats confirment qu’il existe d’importantes économies de taille à exploiter en agriculture.
Ranking of Research Output of Agricultural Economics Departments in Canada and Selected U.S. Universities
Authors: Dridi Chokri , Adamowicz Wiktor L. , Weersink Alfons 
Published: May 2010

In this paper, we rank agricultural economics departments in Canada on the basis of research output as measured by citations, publications, and publications weighted by journal impact factors. The data we employ are from the ISI Web of Science and cover the period 2000–07. In this ranking we include three departments from the United States to assess the performance of Canadian institutions relative to U.S. departments. We also investigate how publication output is affected by academic rank. Several Canadian departments compare favorably to some of the U.S. departments.Dans cet article, nous classant les départements d’économie agricole au Canada sur la base du nombre de citations, de publications et de publications pondéré par les coefficients d’impact des revues scientifiques. Les données sont disponibles à partir de ISI Web of Science®et couvrent la période 2000–07. Dans ce classement, nous incluant trois départements des Etats‐Unis pour évaluer la performance des départements Canadiens par rapport à ceux‐ci. Nous examinons aussi l’effet du rang académique sur les publications. Plusieurs départements Canadiens sont très comparables à quelques départements des Etats‐Unis.
Line‐Source Multi‐Tracer Test for Assessing High Groundwater Velocity
Authors: Magal Einat , Weisbrod Noam , Yakirevich Alexander , Kurtzman Daniel , Yechieli Yoseph 
Published: May 2010

Segmented line‐source multi‐tracer injection is suggested as an effective method for assessing groundwater velocities and flow directions in subsurfaces characterized by high water flux. Modifying the common techniques of injecting a tracer into a well became necessary after point‐source natural and forced gradient tracer tests ended with no reliable information on the local groundwater flow. The tracer's line‐source increases the likelihood of success of the test and could provide additional information regarding the lateral heterogeneity of the aquifer.In a field experiment conducted in the northwestern part on the Dead Sea coast, tracers were injected into an 8‐m‐long line injection system perpendicular to the assumed flow direction. The injection system was divided into four separate segments with four different tracers. An array of five boreholes located within a 10 × 10 m area downstream was used for monitoring the tracers' transport. Two dye tracers (uranine and Na naphthionate) were injected in a long pulse of several hours into two of the injection pipe segments. Two other tracers (Rhenium oxide and Gd‐DTPA) were instantaneously injected into the other two segments. The tracers were detected 0.7 to 2.3 h after injection in four of the five observation wells, located 2.3 to 10 m away from the injection system.The groundwater velocity was determined to be ∼80 to 170 m/d, based on the recoveries of the tracers. The groundwater flow direction was derived based on the arrival of the tracers and was found to be quite consistent with the apparent direction of the hydraulic gradient.
A literature review: Advance directives and patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators
Authors: Conelius Jaclyn 
Published: May 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this literature review is to describe the severity of and susceptibility for negative outcomes in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) who lack advanced directives. Data sources: A comprehensive review of literature was conducted with articles selected from CINAHL, Pubmed, Ovid, Medline, evidence‐based medicine, evidence‐based nursing, and the Web of Science from 1990 to the present. Key words such as ICD, randomized controlled trials, case studies, advanced directives, end‐of‐life, living will, health care proxy, and durable power of attorney were used to identify specific studies. Conclusions: Advanced directives are becoming an essential part of care for the ICD population. The recommendations in the literature suggest that clinicians should initiate end‐of‐life discussions with their patients when they are healthy. The patients' preferences should be discussed often in patient care in case they would like changes made to their advance directive as their condition changes. Implications for practice: Implementation of advanced directives in patients' medical care will need to be encouraged in the event of illness. Advanced practice nurses can provide clear explanations of patients' treatment choices in outpatient and inpatient settings.
Relation between Developmental Stage, Sensory Properties, and Volatile Content of Organically and Conventionally Grown Pac Choi (Brassica rapa var. Mei Qing Choi)
Authors: Talavera‐Bianchi Martin , Adhikari Koushik , Chambers IV Edgar , Carey Edward E. , Chambers Delores H. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT:  This study was conducted to identify and quantify the sensory characteristics and chemical profile of organically and conventionally grown pac choi (Brassica rapa var. Mei Qing Choi), also called bok choy, at 3 stages of growth (2.5, 4.5, and 6.5 wk). Sensory and instrumental data were correlated using partial least squares regression. Pac choi was grown in late spring. Descriptive sensory analysis was conducted by a highly trained panel and compounds were identified and quantified using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. The findings of the study indicate that the differences in sensory characteristics and chemical profiles among stages of growth are more substantial than the differences between organic and conventional production. Green‐unripe, musty/earthy, lettuce, and sweet flavors are representative in pac choi at early stages of growth. When older, pac choi has higher intensities of green‐grassy/leafy, bitter, cabbage, and sulfur flavors that are associated with the increase of (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, octyl acetate, 1‐nonanol, 2‐decanone, 1‐penten‐3‐ol, linalool, camphor, menthol, isobornyl acetate, geranylacetone, and cedrol compounds. Conventional pac choi was higher than organic pac choi in green overall, bitter, and soapy flavors only at 2.5 wk of age. This may be associated with the presence of (Z)‐3‐hexenal, 2‐hexyn‐1‐ol, and (E)‐2‐hexenal compounds.Practical Application: The increased popularity of organic production has amplified the need for research that will help in understanding how this production system affects the final quality of food products. This study suggests that the stage of development has a much larger impact on sensory quality than organic or conventional growing of pac choi. Findings from this study promote consumer choice by showing that comparable sensory quality can be obtained using either production system, making the ultimate choice not only based on sensory quality but consumer choice related to environmental beliefs or economics.
A Novel Tensile Test Method to Assess Texture and Gaping in Salmon Fillets
Authors: Ashton Thomas J. , Michie Ian , Johnston Ian A. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT:  A new tensile strength method was developed to quantify the force required to tear a standardized block of Atlantic salmon muscle with the aim of identifying those samples more prone to factory downgrading as a result of softness and fillet gaping. The new method effectively overcomes problems of sample attachment encountered with previous tensile strength tests. The repeatability and sensitivity and predictability of the new technique were evaluated against other common instrumental texture measurement methods. The relationship between sensory assessments of firmness and parameters from the instrumental texture methods was also determined. Data from the new method were shown to have the strongest correlations with gaping severity (r =−0.514, P < 0.001) and the highest level of repeatability of data when analyzing cold‐smoked samples. The Warner Bratzler shear method gave the most repeatable data from fresh samples and had the highest correlations between fresh and smoked product from the same fish (r = 0.811, P < 0.001). A hierarchical cluster analysis placed the tensile test in the top cluster, alongside the Warner Bratzler method, demonstrating that it also yields adequate data with respect to these tests. None of the tested sensory analysis attributes showed significant relationships to mechanical tests except fillet firmness, with correlations (r) of 0.42 for cylinder probe maximum force (P = 0.005) and 0.31 for tensile work (P = 0.04).It was concluded that the tensile test method developed provides an important addition to the available tools for mechanical analysis of salmon quality, particularly with respect to the prediction of gaping during factory processing, which is a serious commercial problem.Practical Application: A novel, reliable method of measuring flesh tensile strength in salmon, provides data of relevance to gaping.
Ginsenoside Composition and Antiproliferative Activities of Explosively Puffed Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)
Authors: Yoon Sung‐Ran , Lee Gee‐Dong , Park Jung‐Hyun , Lee In‐Seon , Kwon Joong‐Ho 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT:  The puffing process was evaluated as an alternative to the steaming process for producing a biologically more active ginseng product, like red ginseng, from raw ginseng. A puffing treatment of dried raw ginseng roots induced an overall increase in crude saponin content. As puffing pressure increased, the content of ginsenoside Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rc, and Rb2 decreased, while ginsenoside Rg3 increased significantly as compared to raw ginseng. The content of ginsenoside Rg3 in puffed ginseng at a pressure of 490 kPa was similar to that of red ginseng. Cancer cell lines (HeLa, MCF‐7, and HepG2) showed that antiproliferative effects of saponin extract of puffed ginseng increased with an increase in puffing pressure. Ginseng explosively puffed at 490 kPa had similar saponin constituents and antiproliferative effects as those of red ginseng.Practical Application: The puffing process could provide an alternative mean to produce functional ginseng products, along with a reduction in processing time as compared to traditional red ginseng processing by steam.
Dehydration of Pollock Skin Prior to Gelatin Production
Authors: Bower Cindy K. , Avena‐Bustillos Roberto J. , Hietala Katie A. , Bilbao‐Sainz Cristina , Olsen Carl W. , McHugh Tara H. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT:  Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) is the U.S.A.'s largest commercial fishery, with an annual catch of over 1 million tons. During pollock processing, the skins are discarded or made into fish meal, despite their value for gelatin production. The absence of gelatin‐processing facilities in Alaska necessitates drying of the skins before transport to decrease the moisture content, but conventional hot‐air drying is expensive. This study evaluated a less energy‐intensive technology, the use of desiccants for reducing water weight in pollock skins prior to shipment. To ensure that the functional properties of gelatin obtained from dried pollock skins were not affected during desiccation, gelatins were prepared from each skin‐drying treatment and compared with gelatin extracted from air‐dried pollock skins. None of the desiccation treatments decreased the gel strength of pollock skin gelatin, nor were there major differences in gelling temperature or viscosity among the gelatin solutions. This suggests that pollock skins can be economically stabilized for transport to a gelatin‐processing facility through the use of regenerable desiccants that are already common in the food industry.Practical Application: Pollock skins destined for gelatin production can be stabilized using chemical desiccants prior to shipment. The dehydration process does not harm the functional properties of gelatin, such as gel strength, gelling temperature, and viscosity. This research suggests that fish skins can be economically stabilized for transport to a gelatin‐processing facility through the use of regenerable desiccants that are already common in the food industry.
Thermal Stability of Tagatose in Solution
Authors: Luecke Katherine J. , Bell Leonard N. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT:  Tagatose, a monosaccharide similar to fructose, has been shown to behave as a prebiotic. To deliver this prebiotic benefit, tagatose must not degrade during the processing of foods and beverages. The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermal stability of tagatose in solutions. Tagatose solutions were prepared in 0.02 and 0.1 M phosphate and citrate buffers at pHs 3 and 7, which were then held at 60, 70, and 80 °C. Pseudo‐1st‐order rate constants for tagatose degradation were determined. In citrate and phosphate buffers at pH 3, minimal tagatose was lost and slight browning was observed. At pH 7, tagatose degradation rates were enhanced. Degradation was faster in phosphate buffer than citrate buffer. Higher buffer concentrations also increased the degradation rate constants. Enhanced browning accompanied tagatose degradation in all buffer solutions at pH 7. Using the activation energies for tagatose degradation, less than 0.5% and 0.02% tagatose would be lost under basic vat and HTST pasteurization conditions, respectively. Although tagatose does breakdown at elevated temperatures, the amount of tagatose lost during typical thermal processing conditions would be virtually negligible.Practical Application: Tagatose degradation occurs minimally during pasteurization, which may allow for its incorporation into beverages as a prebiotic.
Recovery of Sediment Characteristics in Moraine, Headwater Streams of Northern Minnesota After Forest Harvest1
Authors: Merten Eric C. , Hemstad Nathaniel A. , Kolka Randall K. , Newman Raymond M. , Verry Elon S. , Vondracek Bruce 
Published: May 2010

Merten, Eric C., Nathaniel A. Hemstad, Randall K. Kolka, Raymond M. Newman, Elon S. Verry, and Bruce Vondracek, 2010. Recovery of Sediment Characteristics in Moraine, Headwater Streams of Northern Minnesota After Forest Harvest. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 733‐743. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00445.xAbstract:  We investigated the recovery of sediment characteristics in four moraine, headwater streams in north‐central Minnesota after forest harvest. We examined changes in fine sediment levels from 1997 (preharvest) to 2007 (10 years postharvest) at study plots with upland clear felling and riparian thinning, using canopy cover, proportion of unstable banks, surficial fine substrates, residual pool depth, and streambed depth of refusal as response variables. Basin‐scale year effects were significant (p < 0.001) for all responses when evaluated by repeated‐measures ANOVAs. Throughout the study area, unstable banks increased for several years postharvest, coinciding with an increase in windthrow and fine sediment. Increased unstable banks may have been caused by forest harvest equipment, increased windthrow and exposure of rootwads, or increased discharge and bank scour. Fine sediment in the channels did not recover by summer 2007, even though canopy cover and unstable banks had returned to 1997 levels. After several storm events in fall 2007, 10 years after the initial sediment input, fine sediment was flushed from the channels and returned to 1997 levels. Although our study design did not discern the source of the initial sediment inputs (e.g., forest harvest, road crossings, other natural causes), we have shown that moraine, headwater streams can require an extended period (up to 10 years) and enabling event (e.g., high storm flows) to recover from large inputs of fine sediment.
A Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test for
Bacillus anthracis
Authors: Weigel Linda M. , Sue David , Michel Pierre A. , Kitchel Brandon , Pillai Segaran P. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT

An effective public health response to a deliberate release of
Bacillus anthracis
will require a rapid distribution of antimicrobial agents for postexposure prophylaxis and treatment. However, conventional antimicrobial susceptibility testing for
B. anthracis
requires a 16- to 20-h incubation period. To reduce this time, we have combined a modified broth microdilution (BMD) susceptibility testing method with real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The growth or inhibition of growth of
B. anthracis
cells incubated in 2-fold dilutions of ciprofloxacin (CIP) (0.015 to 16 μg/ml) or doxycycline (DOX) (0.06 to 64 μg/ml) was determined by comparing the fluorescence threshold cycle (

C
T

) generated by target amplification from cells incubated with each drug concentration with the

C
T

of the no-drug (positive growth) control. This Δ

C
T

readily differentiated susceptible and nonsusceptible strains. Among susceptible strains, the median Δ

C
T

values were ≥7.51 cycles for CIP and ≥7.08 cycles for DOX when drug concentrations were at or above the CLSI breakpoint for susceptibility. For CIP- and DOX-nonsusceptible strains, the Δ

C
T

was <1.0 cycle at the breakpoint for susceptibility. When evaluated with 14 genetically and geographically diverse strains of
B. anthracis
, the rapid method provided the same susceptibility results as conventional methods but required less than 6 h, significantly decreasing the time required for the selection and distribution of appropriate medical countermeasures.
Minimal Removal of Raltegravir by Hemodialysis in HIV-Infected Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Moltó José , Sanz-Moreno José , Valle Marta , Cedeño Samandhy , Bonal Jordi , Bouarich Hanane , Clotet Bonaventura 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT
Little is known about raltegravir removal by hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We therefore measured raltegravir concentrations in plasma in pre- and postdialyzer blood samples from 2 ESRD HIV-infected patients. The hemodialysis extraction ratio and raltegravir hemodialysis clearance were 5.5% and 9.1 ml/min in patient 1 and 9.5% and 19.1 ml/min in patient 2, respectively. Our results suggest minimal raltegravir removal by hemodialysis with no specific raltegravir dosage adjustments required in HIV-infected patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Syndecan-Fc Hybrid Molecule as a PotentIn VitroMicrobicidal Anti-HIV-1 Agent
Authors: Bobardt Michael D. , Chatterji Udayan , Schaffer Lana , de Witte Lot , Gallay Philippe A. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTIn the absence of a vaccine, there is an urgent need for the development of safe and effective topical microbicides to prevent the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this study, we proposed to develop a novel class of microbicides using syndecan as the antiviral agent. Specifically, we generated a soluble syndecan-Fc hybrid molecule by fusing the ectodomain of syndecan-1 to the Fc domain of a human IgG. We then tested the syndecan-Fc hybrid molecule for variousin vitromicrobicidal anti-HIV-1 properties. Remarkably, the syndecan-Fc hybrid molecule possesses multiple attractive microbicidal properties: (i) it blocks HIV-1 infection of primary targets including T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DC); (ii) it exhibits a broad range of antiviral activity against primary HIV-1 isolates, multidrug resistant HIV-1 isolates, HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV); (iii) it prevents transmigration of HIV-1 through human primary genital epithelial cells; (iv) it prevents HIV-1 transfer from dendritic cells to CD4+T cells; (v) it is potent when added 2 h prior to addition of HIV-1 to target cells; (vi) it is potent at a low pH; (vii) it blocks HIV-1 infectivity when diluted in genital fluids; and (viii) it prevents herpes simplex virus infection. The heparan sulfate chains of the syndecan-Fc hybrid molecule are absolutely required for HIV-1 neutralization. Several lines of evidence suggest that the highly conserved Arg298 in the V3 region of gp120 serves as the locus for the syndecan-Fc hybrid molecule neutralization. In conclusion, this study suggests that the syndecan-Fc hybrid molecule represents the prototype of a new generation of microbicidal agents that may have promise for HIV-1 prevention.