bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The infection of the gullsLarus argentatusPont.,L. fuscus L.andL. marinusL. with Cestoda on the coast of Wales
Authors: Williams I. C. , Harris M. P. 
Published: June 2009

An account is given of the incidence and intensity of infection of the gullsLarus argentatusPont.,L. fuscusL., andL. marinusL. with Cestoda on the coast of Wales. Eleven species of cestodes were found in the three species of gulls, nine inL. argentatus, eight inL. fuscusand six inL. marinus. Nine new host records and two new British records are listed.The presence of the cestode parasites did not appear to be harmful to the birds.Ecological and systematic notes are given on each of the cestode species. The basic cestode fauna ofL. argentatus, L. fuscusandL. marinuson the coast of Wales comprised three species, namelyTetrabothrius cylindraceus(Rud.),T. erostris(voennberg) andAnomotaenia micracantha(Krabbe).The factors influencing the intensity and incidence of infection are considered and it is concluded that infection is determined mainly by the food and feeding habits of the host. It is shown that the number of cestodes per bird may be represented by a negative binomial distribution. There is some evidence to suggest that high intensities of infection were associated with high incidences. Three main stages in the development of the helminth-fauna of gulls are described and are related to the age and activity of the bird.It is a pleasure to record our personal thanks to those to whom we are indebted, namely the Nature Conservancy and the West Wales Naturalists' Trust for permission to work on Skomer Island, to Mr D. R. Saunders, Warden of Skomer Island, for help in the collection of some of the Great Black-backed Gulls, to Mr P. Hope Jones who collected the gulls from Malltraeth, and to Professor J. G. Baer, Departement de Zoologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Professor W. E. Kershaw, Department of Parasitology and Entomology, University of Liverpool, and Mr Stephen Prudhoe, British Museum (Natural History), for the loan of specimens, and to Mr M. D. B. Burt, Department of Natural History, University of St Andrews, for identifying the specimens ofParicterotaenia paradoxa.The participation of one of us (M. P. H.) in this work was made possible through the generous assistance of a D.S.I.R. research studentship, which is gratefully acknowledged.
The morphology of Lecithaster musteli sp.nov. (Digenea: Hemiuridae) from the intestine of Onos mustelus (L.) and a review of the genus Lecithaster Lühe, 1901
Authors: Srivastava L. P. 
Published: June 2009

Lecithaster musteli sp.nov. from the five-bearded rockling, Onos mustelus (L.), at Mumbles Head, Swansea, is described and compared with other species of the genus.The genus Lecithaster Lühe, 1901 is reviewed. An emended definition of the genus is given with keys, diagnostic features, and brief notes of the nine recognized species. L. gibbosus (Rud.) Lühe, 1901 is briefly redescribed.L. intermedius Szidat, 1954 is considered to be a synonym of L. gibbosus (Rud.) Lühe, 1901.I am deeply indebted to Dr B. L. James for his advice and indispensable assistance throughout the work and the preparation of this paper. I am also grateful to Professor E. W. Knight-Jones for his interest and for providing the working facilities, and to Mr S. Prudhoe, British Museum (Natural History), for his advice, for allowing me to examine slides of L. gibbosus and for the use of the library.
The life-history of Archigetes limnodrili (Yamaguti) (Cestoda: Caryophyllaeidae) and its development in the invertebrate host
Authors: Kennedy C. R. 
Published: June 2009

The development of Archigetes limnodrili in species of Limnodrilus is described. There is no free-living larva and eggs are ingested by the tubificids. Growth and development is completed within the body cavity of the annelid, and egg liberation is accomplished by release of the parasite and decay of its body.Breeding of A. limnodrili takes place throughout the year. In the localities investigated there was no evidence that a fish host was required in the life-cycle. Progenesis was the only type of development encountered in Britain.A. limnodrili exhibits an unusual degree of host specificity, being found only in species of Limnodrilus. It is suggested that this is due to differences in the composition of the coelom or intestine of Limnodrilus compared to other genera.The degree of infection in all localities is very low, and shows no regular seasonal variation. There is no similarity in the seasonal changes in different localities.The relationship between the host and parasite is a stable one, and there is little mutual damage. Factors contributing to this stability are discussed.The development of A. limnodrili is compared with that of other species of Archigetes, and the life-history discussed with particular reference to the phenomenon of progenesis.I wish to thank Professor R. J. Pumphrey in whose Department this work was carried out, and Dr J. C. Chubb for his constant advice and criticism. I also wish to thank Dr K. H. Mann and the University of Reading for provision of specimens and permitting me the use of their facilities. The work was carried out during the tenure of a Nature Conservancy Research Studentship.
The action of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)in vivoupon the microfilariae ofDirofilaria, Loaand five other species
Authors: Hawking Frank , Gammage Kenneth 
Published: June 2009

When serotonin is injected intravenously into certain animals containing microfilariae it causes a sharp short rise in the microfilaria count in the blood, i.e. liberation of microfilariae from the lungs. This happens in the case ofDirofilaria immitis(in dog),D. repens(in dog),Loa loa(in drill),Edesonfilaria malayensisand another Dirofilaria-like microfilaria (in monkey),Monnigofilaria setariosa(in mongoose), andDipetalonema gracile(in squirrel monkey); but not withDip. witei(in gerbil) andLitomosoides cariniiin cotton rats.This action (uponD. immitis) is not inhibited by atropine. Administration of reserpine, harmine or harmaline to dogs did not exert any definite action on the microfilaria count ofD. immitis. Serotonin had no obvious effect on thein vitroactivity of microfilariae ofL. loaorE. malayensis. Melatonin had no actionin vivoupon any of the above microfilariae.The action of serotonin upon microfilariaein vivois similar to that of acetylcholine but it is not identical with it since the sensitivity ofDip. gracileandDip. witeito the two compounds is different.Apparently this action is not involved in the production of the 24 h periodicity shown by many microfilariae. It may depend upon disturbance of the normal neuromuscular mechanisms of the microfilariae by which they are retained in the small vessels of the lungs.
The host-finding behaviour of the hen flea, Ceratophyllus gallinae (Schrank) (Siphonaptera)
Authors: Humphries David A. 
Published: June 2009

Field and laboratory observations on the nature and sequence of the host-finding responses of the hen flea Ceratophyllus gallinae are described. The imago over-winters within the cocoon. Tactile stimuli and a rise in temperature initiate emergence. Emigration from the nest is delayed for a few days by a negatively phototactic response, and begins when this becomes positive. The fleas are negatively geotactic and disperse upwards into the vegetation. Eventually they take up a characteristic posture, oriented towards the light. Jumping is elicited when the light intensity is suddenly reduced, and it is suggested that this enables the fleas to reach their avian host. Those fleas whose jump misses the host fall and form a secondary distribution on the ground. The readiness to jump rises during the first few days after cocoon emergence, then falls again, the rate of fall apparently being partly determined by water loss.The author is much indebted to the Hon. Miriam Rothschild and Drs E. T. Burtt and M. J. Cotton for valuable advice, and to C. R. Brannigan for a critical discussion of the manuscript. The main part of the research was carried out during tenure of a post-graduate studentship provided by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
The bladder ofCysticercus fasciolaris: electron microscopy and carbohydrate content
Authors: Nieland M. L. , Weinbach E. C. 
Published: June 2009

Morphological features of the bladder wall ofCysticercus fasciolarisand carbohydrate analysis of the contained fluid are described. The bladder fluid was found to have a higher concentration of glucose than the plasma of the respective host animal. The bladder wall has a prominent duct system with numerous cytoplasmic extensions and interconnections. It is suggested that the bladder may function in the nutrition of the developing cysticercus by providing a reservoir of raw material which may be utilized by the growing strobila.The authors wish to thank Dr Theodor von Brand for many helpful discussions, and Dr Harley G. Sheffield and Mr Ned M. Etherington for their advice and technical assistance in the preparation of the electron micrographs.
Observations on the morphology and life-cycle of Paucivitellosus fragilis Coil, Reid & Kuntz, 1965 (Trematoda: Bivesiculidae).
Authors: Pearson J. C. 
Published: June 2009

Paucivitellosus fragilis i sredescribed from the blenny, Salarias meleagris, found on beach-rock intertidally at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. The adult was also found in the mullet, Mugil cephalus and Crenimugil crenilabis at Heron Island, and Liza argentea at Brisbane.Paucivitellosus differs from Bivesicula, Bivesiculoides and Treptodemus in having: (i) the vitellaria reduced to a single follicle on each side, (ii) two primary loops in the uterus, (iii) fully embryonated eggs in the terminal coils of the uterus, and (iv) the cirrus pouch orientated dorso-ventrally. The diagnosis of the family Bivesiculidae is emended.The molluscan host at Heron Island is Cerithium penthusarus, in which cercariae develop in ‘fork-tailed’ rediae.The cercaria is furcocystocercous and differs from known bivesiculid cercariae in having a protrusible glandular fold, within the mouth of the invaginated caudal chamber, by which the cercaria attaches to objects.Evidence is presented for the view that the life-cycle is a two-host one, that there is no metacercarial stage, and that the cercaria is ingested by browsing.I should like to thank the Great Barrier Reef Committee for the use of facilities at the Heron Island Research Station, where the field work was carried out. Professor H. W. Manter, University of Nebraska, generously donated all of the bivesiculid material that he collected in Australia, including adults of Paucivitellosus fragilis from the warty-lipped and sea mullet. Mr N. Milward and Mr H. Choat, of the Department of Zoology, kindly identified the fish hosts and furnished information on their feeding habits, and Dr D. F. McMichael, of the Australian Museum, kindly identified the snail host. Dr W. H. Coil, University of Kansas, kindly lent three paratypes (?) of P. fragilis. Thanks are also due to Mr R. J. Ballantyne for his able technical assistance in the collection and preparation of material.The work was supported by a research grant from the University of Queensland.
Studies on Myxidium oviforme, a myxosporidan parasite of Irish salmon, Salmo salar
Authors: Walliker D. 
Published: June 2009

Myxidium oviforme is described from Irish salmon Salmo salar. Its close relationship with M. folium, M. moxostomatis and M. aplodinoti, and its possible economic importance are discussed.Attempts to establish infections of M. oviforme in young, parasite-free salmon are described, and the reasons for their negative results discussed.This work was carried out during the tenure of a Medical Research Council Scholarship for Training in Research Methods between October 1964 and September 1966, and forms part of a thesis submitted for the Ph.D. Degree of the University of London. Grateful acknowledgement is due to Dr J. G. Ross and Dr G. Lawson of the Veterinary Research Division of the Ministry of Agriculture for Northern Ireland for information on salmon infections in Ireland, to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries for the provision of young salmon, and to Messrs Barnetts of Frying Pan Alley Ltd., London, for the provision of salmon livers.
Observations on the biology ofCaraphractus cinctusWalker (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), a parasitoid of the eggs of Dytiscidae (Coleoptera). 2. Immature stages and seasonal history with a review of Mymarid larvae
Authors: Jackson Dorothy J. 
Published: June 2009

The immature stages ofCaraphractus cinctusWalker are described.Four larval stages have been observed which may correspond to three or four instars. In no stage have mandibles been observed.The first-instar larva is elongated and active. In the second-instar oral lobes are present. In the next stage the larva becomes shapeless and rather transparent. In the last stage the wall of the mid-gut shows conspicuous opaque spots which consist of single cells containing spherical concretions, probably the products of excretion.These concretions later become free in the gut of the pupa and are discharged in the meconium when the imago emerges from the host egg.The effects of parasitism on the host eggs of different ages is discussed. In newly laid host eggs all the contents are consumed by the parasitic larvae. In advanced eggs ofAgabusthe egg ofCaraphractusis laid in the mid-gut of the host embryo where the parasitic larva develops, the hard parts of the host larva remaining intact. Parasitism in advanced eggs ofDytiscusis rarely successful.The larvae of other Mymaridae are discussed and their main features compared. The first-instar larva ofCaraphractusdoes not correspond to any of the previously described types of mymarid larvae.The seasonal history is described, with the sequence of hosts parasitized throughout the year. From four to six generations ofCaraphractushave been bred indoors during the year. The winter is passed as a diapausing prepupa. In some cases diapause may be prolonged. Fertility is high: 121 imagines have been bred from one female ofCaraphractus.I have much pleasure in acknowledging my gratitude to the late Dr W. D. Hincks for his kindness in reading the typescript of this paper: the comments by such a well-known authority on Mymaridae have been most valuable. I am very grateful to Mr O. Bakkendorf for allowing me to reproduce several of his figures of Mymarid larvae from the valuable work he devoted to the biology of Danish hymenopterous egg-parasites. I am also grateful to Miss B. A. Trott of the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology for the help she has so kindly given me with references.
The protozoa occurring in the hind-gut of cockroaches. I. Responses to changes in environment
Authors: Hoyte H. M. D. 
Published: June 2009

Records of non-sporozoan Protozoa occurring in the hind-gut of cockroaches are summarized.The Protozoa studied were the three flagellatesLophomonas striata, L. blattarum, Monocercomonoides orthopterorum; the rhizopodEndamoeba blattae, and the ciliateNyctotherus ovalis, in the cockroachesPeriplaneta americana, P. australasiae, Blatta orientalis, Blattella germanicaandBlaberus giganteus.Specimens ofBlattaandPeriplaneta americanawere maintained at 37° and 25°C. under extreme conditions of humidity. Maximum humidity enabled the host, and theNyctotheruswhich it harboured to survive for a longer time. The results of the experiments indicated that the well-being of the protozoan parasites is closely linked to that of the host.Periplaneta americana, Blatta, BlatellaandBlaberuswere subjected to pure oxygen at 3½ atmospheres pressure and the effect on the Protozoa observed. The flagellates were killed first, thenEndamoebaand lastlyNyctotherus. They survived inBlattafor a longer time than inPeriplaneta; andNyctotherusinBlaberusandBlattellasometimes survived the hosts. The hosts appeared to act as a barrier against poisoning by oxygen, and the strength of the barrier varied in the different species of cockroaches.NymphalPeriplanetaorBlattawhich were about to moult underwent a period of self-starvation which lasted for up to 10 days. The period was terminated by the moult: at this time, the little food that was in the gut was very dry. All species of Protozoa could survive these conditions, butNyctotherusseemed to be the most hardy. The main mass of ciliates seemed to be nearer to the anus than in the non-moulting cockroach. Many of the ciliates were often clumped together into a ‘raspberry’. The bodies of the individual ciliates were more spherical than usual, but those in the ‘raspberry’ were moulded into polygonal shapes. The macronucleus underwent a change in form which revealed that its basic structure is that of a folded sheet.The changes were reversed within 24 hr. They could not be induced by experimentally imposed conditions of starvation or dehydration of the hind-gut. The changes inNyctotherus ovalisare contrasted with the sexual stages occurring inN. cordiformisand in the Protozoa ofCryptocercus.This work was done during the tenure of a Research Studentship awarded by the Agricultural Research Council. I am deeply indebted to Dr P. Tate for his encouragement and counsel at all stages of the work. I wish to thank Drs J. Barker and E. R. Turner, of the Cambridge University Botany School, for the loan of the apparatus used in subjecting cockroaches to oxygen under pressure, and Mr A. C. Bloy, of the Zoology Department, for gifts of cockroaches. I am most grateful to Mrs E. F. M. Hawkins and Mr B. H. Baker for technical assistance.
Studies on ovarian development in tsetse flies (Glossina, Diptera)
Authors: Saunders D. S. 
Published: June 2009

Five species of Glossina (G. morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. austeni, G. brevipalpis and G. palpalis) have ovaries containing two polytrophic ovarioles, each of which contains a single egg follicle. In all these species the right ovary is more highly developed than the left at emergence. This type of ovary is probably common to all species of Glossina.The development of the egg follicles in G. morsitans pupae is described. It is shown that the cycle of development whereby eggs are produced alternately from right and left ovaries is established during pupal development and that some yolk deposition has occurred in follicle A (right ovary) and follicle C (left ovary) before the fly emerges from the puparium.In G. morsitans, it is shown that the size of the egg follicles in newly emerged flies is correlated with the size (R.D.W.) of the fly, larger females having more yolk laid down in their follicles before emergence. This is probably correlated with the state of reserves in the fat body. It is also shown that there is a seasonal variation in follicle size in newly emerged flies, this variation is probably correlated with variations in temperature acting upon wild females during pregnancy and upon the pupae, as temperature is known to affect both size and fat content of wild tsetse flies.
The effect of the synthetic plant-growth substance, 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, on the host–parasite relationships of some plant-parasitic nematodes in monoxenic callus culture
Authors: Webster J. M. , Lowe D. 
Published: June 2009

Some callus tissues induced by 2,4–D and derived from plants resistant to plant-parasitic nematodes lost their resistance to the nematodes. Red clover callus supported a large population of A. ritzemabosi, whereas red clover seedlings did not. Six races of D. dipsaci were cultured on lucerne and red clover callus tissues and reproduced rapidly, although races usually multiplied more on callus from susceptible than from resistant plants. A. ritzemabosi, normally only a foliage parasite, reproduced equally well in stem and root callus. H. rostochiensis did not reproduce in callus culture.Nematodes multiplied most in callus that grew fastest; both reproduction of A. ritzemabosi and the growth of callus were greatest with 0.125 mg/1 of 2,4–D. Reproduction was inhibited by 5.0 mg/100 ml of 2,4–D. 2,4–D influenced nematode reproduction indirectly by making callus, which provides a better environment for nematode feeding and reproduction.Nematode extracts added to an agar medium caused callus formation on red clover seedlings and nematodes feeding on these tissues reproduced faster than on normal seedlings. Hence, the substances secreted by a nematode into a plant may act on the tissues in a manner similar to 2,4–D. The host–parasite relationship is probably partially controlled by the host's plant-growth substances and the effect on them of the nematode's secretions.We thank Mr C. T. Drakes for assistance, and Mr K. Smith of Imperial Chemical Industries for advice with the initial callus culture.
The functional morphology of the genitalia of the spermato-phore-producing monogenean parasite Diplectanum aequans (Wagener) Diesing, with a note on the copulation of the parasite
Authors: Paling J. E. 
Published: June 2009

The genitalia of Diplectanum aequans (Wagener) Diesing are described and a functional interpretation is postulated.Spermatophores are produced from a pair of diffuse glands lying laterally amidst the vitellaria. The secretion from these glands is stored in an anterior reservoir, across the centre of which is a viscous disk which delineates two internal chambers.Each spermatophore has an elongated stalk and an ovoid head and is considered to be moulded in a muscular bulb and in the penis, prior to extrusion through the penis.The penis is composed of two concentric tubes and it has a slight hook at its distal end. The vagina has a glandular base and muscular lips. Its internal cast corresponds to the shape of the penis tip.Copulation in D. aequans is described.The occurrence and biological significance of spermatophore production in animals are discussed.I would like to acknowledge the help given to me by the Director and Staff of the Marine Biological Association Laboratory and also by the Proprietors of Cook and Sons Ltd., of Salcombe, Devon. I am most grateful to Dr J. Llewellyn for much helpful advice throughout the course of this study.The work was conducted during the tenure of a D.S.I.R. Studentship and includes the results of special studies made possible by a grant from The Browne Fund of The Royal Society.
The structure and chemical composition of the nematode cuticle. Observations on some oxyurids andAscaris
Authors: Anya A. O. 
Published: June 2009

Studies of the cuticle ofAspiculuris tetrapterawith both the light and the electron microscopes have shown that there are three basic layers, namely the cortex, which consists of an outer and an inner layer, the matrix layer and the fibre layer; the latter is made up of three layers. There is, in addition, a thin osmiophilic superficial membrane on the surface of the cuticle; this membrane is seen only with the electron microscope.It is shown that the major structural protein of the cuticle, although showing no axial periodicity, is collagen; the collagen is associated with hyaluronic-acid- and chondroitin-sulphate-containing mucopolysaccharides.Evidence is presented for the existence of two centres of protein synthesis (collagen fibrogenesis) in the cuticle ofA. tetraptera, Syphacia obvelataandAscaris lumbricoides.These centres are located in the inner cortex and the hypodermis. The cuticle is thus very active metabolically.I wish to acknowledge with thanks the facilities afforded me at the Molteno Institute during the course of these studies by the Director, Dr P. Tate. My thanks are also due to Dr D. L. Lee for his encouragement and helpful discussions during the investigations.