bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Active Retirement
Authors: Morris Peter J.T. , Reed Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes how Roscoe’s activities shifted from Manchester to London after 1885, and his efforts to promote science and scientific medicine in the 1890s and 1900s. The authors place Roscoe’s activities within the context of a broader movement to modernize Britain at the turn of the century. After leaving Parliament in 1895, Roscoe became Vice-Chancellor of the University of London and oversaw its conversion into a teaching university in 1900. He also moved the administration of the university from Burlington Gardens to the Imperial Institute. Roscoe also helped Richard Haldane to create Imperial College in 1907. Roscoe, with Lord Lister, helped to set up the Lister Institute for Preventive Medicine in 1898. He later tried to amalgamate the institute with the forerunner of the National Institute for Medical Research, but was defeated. Roscoe also assisted Norman Lockyer and Robert Morant to set up the Science Museum as an independent body.
Roscoe’s Legacy
Authors: Morris Peter J.T. , Reed Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
When Roscoe died in 1915, he was memorialized as one of the most prominent chemists of his era, yet he now languishes in relative obscurity. This chapter shows his impact on the century after his death. It begins by critiquing his support for Germany, arguing that it was well-intended, but he had overlooked the nationalistic and militaristic aspects of German society which led to World War I. After describing the impact of his textbooks, the authors show how the institutions and societies he supported or founded flourished in the twentieth century, including the University of London, Imperial College, the Science Museum, and the Society of Chemical Industry. The history of technical education reform culminating in the Robbins Report of 1963 is outlined. The authors conclude that although Roscoe may not have been preeminent in chemistry or politics, his role as the campaigning chemist makes him a key figure in the history of educational reform.
Research Ethics
Authors: Gullion Jessica Smartt 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores ethical issues related to research, including legal considerations, historical abuses, the standards for ethical research, mitigation of risks to participants, and working with special populations. The chapter also discusses the role and work of institutional review boards and considers their scope. Finally, different types of ethical considerations, including procedural, situational, and relational ethics, are examined. Ethical problems are seldom straightforward. “First, do no harm” should be the mantra. Research ethics are a social justice issue. Researchers must always uphold high ethical standards in their research. And when in doubt, they should consult with their Institutional Review Boards.
Our Paleolithic Baseline
Authors: Barrett Ron , Zuckerman Molly K. , Dudgeon Matthew R. , Armelagos George J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
For more than 100,000 years, the human species lived as mobile foragers in small, scattered, and minimally stratified social groups. Based on findings from paleopathology, bioarchaeology, archaeogenetics, and contemporary ethnographic studies, this chapter explains how these populations faced parasitic and other chronic infections. Yet because of their diverse diets, low population densities, and generalized distribution of essential resources, Paleolithic foragers did not experience as many of the acute and highly virulent infectious diseases that would later occur in the Neolithic. This chapter also draws contrasts with recent infectious diseases such as HIV, Ebola virus disease, and COVID-19.
Agriculture and the First Emerging Infections
Authors: Barrett Ron , Zuckerman Molly K. , Dudgeon Matthew R. , Armelagos George J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Beginning in the Neolithic, the lifestyle changes that accompanied the global shift from primary foraging to primary agriculture brought major health consequences. This chapter describes the methods used to evaluate the health and disease status of ancient populations as well as their strengths and limitations. Comparisons of ancient populations before and after the intensification of agriculture support the theory that agrarian living produced the first rise of acute infectious diseases as a major cause of human mortality, due to reduced dietary diversity, increased population sizes and densities, proximity to domesticated animals, and differential access to resources within increasingly stratified societies. These were humanity’s first truly emerging infections, resulting in demographic changes that constituted the First Epidemiological Transition.
An Honourable Funeral
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Bohr atom proved to be unworkable for atoms with more than one electron, even when extended with the inclusion of additional quantum numbers. The correspondence principle offered little help. Progress demanded a spinning electron, and Wolfgang Pauli’s ‘exclusion principle’, which Werner Heisenberg welcomed as a record-breaking swindle. Seeking escape from the thicket of atomic contradictions, Bohr sought to slay the ultimate sacred cow. He had resisted the embrace of Einstein’s light quantum, and in a theory devised with Hendrik Kramers and John Slater, he abandoned the conservation of energy in individual atomic events, leaving it to statistics. The question could be settled experimentally, and Bohr was soon obliged to accept the results. He offered to give Bohr–Kramers–Slater (BKS) theory an honourable funeral, and acknowledged the light quantum. Einstein was more convinced than ever that physics must respect causality and allow descriptions of events taking place in space and time.
Missionaries of the Copenhagen Spirit
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Wrestling with quantum concepts could sometimes take a heavy toll. Paul Ehrenfest committed suicide in 1933. Pauli sought help from Carl Jung. Others saw parallels between quantum physics and human psychology. Bohr sought to define the quantum domain, to complete and package it, so that he would be related to the quantum theory as Einstein was to relativity. He believed that he was called to proclaim the gospel of complementarity, extended to the domain of human affairs and which, ‘better than any religion . . . would afford people the guidance they needed’. He was soon grappling with pronouncements made by more excitable members of his flock, as their intrusions into biology and philosophy were quickly condemned. The missionaries of the Copenhagen spirit enjoyed a success that was limited largely to a few philosophically inclined physicists of continental Europe. Neither British nor American theorists had need of it.
The Theorem of John S. Bell
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 1957, Bohm and Yakir Aharonov alighted on experiments on correlated photons performed some years earlier. Although the experimenters had not looked for EPR-type correlations, Bohm and Aharonov found no contradictions with quantum theory, concluding that entanglement is a real property of matter. Inspired by Bohm, in 1964 John Bell first dispatched von Neumann’s impossibility proof, readmitting the possibility of local hidden variables, and showed how experiment could decide if they existed. Many physicists later misunderstood this as a challenge to Copenhagen. But, as Bohm and Aharonov explained: ‘ . . . there is no inconsistency in the quantum-mechanical conclusion that such correlations exist, but there is, in [Bohr’s] point of view, no way even to raise the question of what is their origin’. If the particles cannot be considered as separable, Einstein’s gaping explanatory hole returns. Interested experimenters had first to disinter the question, which Bell had buried in an obscure journal.
Bell Tests and Protests
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Abner Shimony read a pre-print of Bell’s paper, and realized its brilliance. The old experiments discussed by Bohm and Aharonov were indecisive. New experiments were urgently needed. John Clauser, who as a student had become greatly frustrated by Bohr’s quantum obscurity, reached the same conclusion. Clauser became obsessed, encouraged by support from Bell, Bohm, and de Broglie. Shimony and Clauser agreed to collaborate. They alighted on an experiment in which pairs of entangled photons are produced by atomic cascade emission, and developed a form of Bell’s inequality more suited to laboratory conditions. By 1970, the growing interest in foundations gave birth to a new journal and an international conference at which familiar arguments were aired by the old faithful, and at which newcomers gave fresh perspectives. Clauser published his results in 1972. Quantum mechanics prevails: local hidden variables do not exist. Other results soon followed, one contradictory, most confirmatory.
One Framework for Tax Reform
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter contains a discussion of the motivations for both incremental and significant tax reforms. This discussion is followed by a description, and one critical evaluation, of what will be defined as the standard approach to tax reform; an approach that combines direct and indirect taxes with property taxation. The approach, in general, is useful for thinking about how to structure policy. Some evaluative comments are made in order to provide some context for the collection-driven approach to the evolution of tax systems that is the basis for this volume. This approach is based on a collection driven, but relatively efficient, tax system that can evolve through time based on modifications to the standard approach.
Open-Ended Pooled Accounting
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We have supported and advocated the use of open-ended pooled asset accounts for a number of years.1,2 Below some aspects of the system are discussed, along with examples and a proposal for depreciation of tangible personal property (generally machinery and equipment), intangible property, research and development, and pre-production expenses for natural resource projects (oil and gas, mining, and forestry).
Tax Incentives, Exemptions, and Allowances
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Almost all countries have used, and still use, tax incentives. We believe tax incentives are popular because of political considerations and not economic criteria. Other than limited accelerated depreciation, we have consistently argued against almost all tax incentives, investment incentives in particular. Our reasons for this opposition are described here. The discussion is divided into two parts. First, some arguments in favour of, and against, tax incentives are discussed, with the balance being strongly opposed to incentives. Second, a series of standard tax incentives are described, with a discussion of what issues need to be considered. Our hope is that a discussion of what is necessary to design a reasonable tax incentive is so cumbersome that policymakers and administrators will have ample ammunition to defeat interest groups and politicians from granting such incentives.
Introducing Arts in Healthy Aging Policy and Practice
Authors: Lambert Patricia Dewey , Blandy Doug , Wyszomirski Margaret J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
“Introduction to Creative Aging Policy and Practice” begins with presenting data on America’s aging population, a demographic profile of older Americans, and the urgent need for programs and services that are designed to support healthy aging. The chapter introduces America’s arts and culture sector as an instrument that can be used to support the health and well-being of older adults throughout their aging process. The chapter also introduces the current state of creative aging policy and practices, as well as relevant interdisciplinary domains of knowledge that intersect across arts policy and management, health policy and management, and aging policy and management. This first chapter of the book provides an essential sociocultural context, an introduction to key concepts and terms, and an introduction to the entire book.
Foundational Concepts in Creative Aging
Authors: Lambert Patricia Dewey , Blandy Doug , Wyszomirski Margaret J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
“Foundational Concepts in Creative Aging” begins by developing theoretical frames for conceptualizing aging and argues that the contemporary field of creative aging would be more effectively framed as the arts in healthy aging. The chapter positions this field of policy and professional practice as a subfield of arts in health. By discussing functional ability, the chapter unpacks the distinct needs of older adults as a targeted population group for programs and services. Engaging in arts and culture is discussed as a basic human need, and the chapter introduces a detailed framework for understanding choice-based arts participation. Essential elements of a logic model are introduced in discussing how the benefits of the arts accrue to both individuals and communities as distinct societal impacts. The chapter concludes with introducing the authors’ 8Ps Framework for Arts in Healthy Aging.
Arts Programs in Hospice and End-of-Life Care
Authors: Lambert Patricia Dewey , Blandy Doug , Wyszomirski Margaret J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
“Arts Programs in Hospice and End-of-Life Care” extends the care continuum beyond the settings discussed in the previous chapter with a focus on arts programs supporting the needs of older adults and their care partners at the very end of life. This chapter describes important human development tasks that take place at the end of life and illustrates how the arts can assist older adults and their loved ones with attending to these final tasks. Hospice is introduced in depth, with a particular focus on the use of the arts in supporting spiritual care within hospice services. The chapter profiles how the arts can be used specifically to support activities of reminiscence, legacy, and ritual at the end of life.
Informer File-Stories
Authors: Drumbl Mark A. , Holá Barbora 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 features ‘up close’ the file-stories of six actual informers. These gripping, high-resolution narratives demonstrate the complexities of the relationships between state and society in Communist Czechoslovakia. They reveal the social engineering effects of the state and the agentic contributory role of individuals. Each file-story showcases a deeply personal cocktail of emotions that pulled informers towards and pushed informers away from the StB and vivifies how these sentiments changed and morphed over time. In the Czechoslovak context, this granular and detailed portrayal unsettles assumptions of the uniformity of informer motivations which largely infuse transitional justice mechanisms and historical narratives.
Adulatio in Performance
Authors: Russo Martina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter proposes a new interpretation of the Consolatio ad Polybium, illustrating the subtle and unexpected ways in which Seneca absorbed and transformed consolatory topoi, regarding the circumstances, and, above all, the addressees. By adapting Stoic ideas and principles to the recipient, Seneca displays his skill in the psychological shaping of the piece to suit the needs of the addressee. After inspecting how Seneca praises Polybius, this chapter analyses the blatant praise of Claudius, commended, first of all, for his clementia. Chapter 1 suggests a new interpretation of the Consolatio ad Polybium, elucidating how Seneca coalesces the consolatory topoi with the panegyrical purpose implied in the consolation.
The Opposite of Flattery
Authors: Russo Martina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 features the figure of Iulius Canus, an exemplum of ‘missing’ flattery. The first part discusses the concept of simplicitas as the very opposite of flattery and its evolution in the passage from Republic into Empire. Seneca seems to mourn the old simplicitas and often draws on daily life to show how frequently men need to simulate and/or dissimulate their feelings not only in front of power but also in front of ordinary people. At the core of Chapter 5 is a passage from the De tranquillitate animi where Seneca introduces the figure of Iulius Canus, who, differently from the courtiers analysed in Chapter 4, does not flatter the ruler. Not only does Canus not put on any mask, but Seneca presents him as a prefiguration of the wise man who engages in necessary confrontation with the tyrant. Seneca reuses and adapts philosophical and rhetorical topoi to describe the wise Canus and the tyrant Caligula.
Seneca’s Flattery of Nero
Authors: Russo Martina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 focuses on De clementia and explores the multiple strategies adopted by Seneca to address the young emperor Nero. Finally, returning to Rome in 49, Seneca had to tutor Nero, who took over as princeps after Claudius died in 54. Being the only Senecan work directly addressed to the Roman emperor, De clementia is considered another text in which flattery is put into practice, despite Seneca’s explicit denial of flattery. This chapter looks into the discrepancy between Seneca’s assertions in De clementia, and the records of Tacitus and Suetonius which argue that, following the Augustan paradigm, Nero wanted to pursue a politics of mutual collaboration between the Senate and princeps. Instead, in Seneca’s political treatise, Senate is pauperized and becomes destitute of any role or function. By shedding light on this aspect, this chapter investigates how Seneca fawns over Nero and elucidates that in De clementia praise and admonition always go together, inextricably connected.
Seneca’s Theories of Flattery
Authors: Russo Martina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapters 7 and 8 examine the theory of flattery, as conceived by Seneca. Chapter 7 focuses on the Epistulae morales ad Lucilium by offering an overview of flattery from Seneca’s Letters addressed to Lucilius. This chapter elucidates the extent to which a fragmented but significant theory of adulation can emerge across Seneca’s Letters. Although Seneca does not devote any letter to a systematic analysis of flattery, several letters offer fragmentary insight; Chapter 7 looks at those letters that can help the reader to sketch out an idea of flattery before looking at the Naturales quaestiones, where Seneca theorizes the flatterer. Particularly significant is the absence of Nero in the letters; this chapter looks for the ‘absent presence’ of Nero in Seneca’s Epistulae morales, where the presence of the emperor resonates between the lines.
Rethinking Political Representation
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Reher Stefanie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Rethinking political representation pays attention to the ways in which disability can unsettle or develop the theoretical dimensions of the concept. This chapter explores the intellectual development of political representation in western thought, starting with past theorizations before turning to more recent accounts. It pays particular attention to ideas or assumptions about political representation which could be interpreted as exclusionary of disabled people—either implicitly or explicitly. It draws upon the ideas of a handful of canonical theorists in western historical thought whose work paid attention to the concept, as well as more detailed theoretical work on the political representation undertaken by Hanna Pitkin and feminist thinkers Iris Marion Young and Anne Phillips. The chapter addresses three questions regarding the relationship between political representation and physical, cognitive, developmental, and psychological impairments. What role does rationality play in determining who can be a representative? How should we think about the distinction between who the representative is and what the representative does? And, in what ways does the idea of presence shape our understanding of how and where representation occurs? In answering these three questions the chapter develops the idea of ‘experiential representation’—a form of representation that centralizes the idea of lived experience as a way in which to bridge the descriptive, substantive, and symbolic dimensions of the concept.
Voting Rights and Political Participation
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Reher Stefanie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The right to vote is a key component of a democracy, and yet many disabled people are either directly or indirectly excluded from participating. This chapter provides a comparative analysis of disabled people’s right to vote in the US, UK, and Germany. Although progress has been made in some areas, there is a great deal of variation and barriers to voting continue to exist for certain groups of disabled people. The chapter reviews the legal frameworks which relate to disability and voting, before investigating the accessibility of elections in the three countries. It pays particular attention to the ways in which those with different impairment types are affected by specific laws, regulations, and norms. It concludes with an overview of research on electoral turnout among disabled voters, which shows a ubiquitous disability turnout gap which varies across impairment types and is only partly explained by socio-economic inequalities. To achieve political equality, it is vital that voting is made accessible in order to enable disabled people’s participation in politics; especially asit also appears that disabled people often feel that their voices are not heard through the mainstream channel of elections.
Dissent of the Mind
Authors: Sadiki Larbi , Saleh Layla 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter zeroes in on student activism in the 1960s–1980s. It contextualizes these struggles, linking them to social, political, and intellectual dynamics. The analysis ascribes the brand of dissent spreading across university campuses to a capacity for translating heightened political awareness into sustained, polyphonous dissent. It links social acting and en-acting of protest to pluralist “ideologies,” social imaginaries, and speech acts. The evidence from interviews, newspapers, and other Tunisian publications maps out the practical dimensions of student protests. It also reveals their moral and normative content, given the focus on freedom, social justice, and rejection of authoritarian oppression. The chapter underscores the emancipatory trajectory followed by anti-regime protests across university campuses. Agency, affect, and cognition intermingle in these struggles. The chapter provides a unique insight into the formulation of democratic identities through a “learning loop.” It displays strategies of dissent such as hand-written wall newspapers, free spaces, and discussion circles.