The life history and bionomics ofDiclidophora denticulata(Trematoda: Monogenea)
Authors: Frankland Helga M. T. 
Published: June 2009

1. Cerfontaine's (1896) description of the egg is confirmed. The eggs are not retained on the gills during development.2. Maturation of the oocyte takes place after egg formation. The haploid number of chromosomes is 9.3. The onset of embryonic development is related to the time of egg formation or sperm entry. Cleavage is total and slightly unequal, leading to the formation of a morula in which there are no germ layers. The larval gut is formed by epiboly round a mass of yolk which becomes incorporated in mid-body. Larval organs and a partially ciliated epithelium are differentiatedin situ.4. During embryonic development yolk is broken down and absorbed, some being incorporated in the body.5. Hatching does not seem to result from any special stimulus. Mechanical pressure by the larva forces off the operculum, but secretions may weaken the suture.6. The free-swimming larva is gyrodactyloid with a winged haptor bearing four pairs of lateral, one pair of postero-lateral and one pair of median hooks. Four pairs of flame cells are present and one pair of longitudinal, lateral, excretory ducts, which open antero-laterally. The larva swims by ciliary action and does not respond to jarring, light and shade stimuli, or, when vigorous, to the presence of the excised gill of the host. Tired larvae are doubtfully attracted by host gill tissue. Larval haptorial type is thought to be determined phylogenetically rather than as a result of adaptation to the type of host tissue to which the larva attaches itself.7. The larva attaches itself to the host's gill and sloughs off the ciliated coat. Growth follows with the development of the adult clamps in pairs, starting posteriorly, each pair replacing a pair of lateral, larval hooks. Primordia of the reproductive organs are laid down in the larval stage, but are only finally elaborated when the adult form has been attained. Maturity is not reached at a definite size and the ovary and testes mature simultaneously.8. Feeding is at least partly on the host's blood.9. The longest time which may elapse between formation and laying of an egg is about 5 hr. The average time taken for embryonic development is 18·3 days at 14·25° C., but temperature affects the developmental rate. Ciliated larvae survive about 24 hr. in the absence of a host. The second larval stage is reached between 5 and 13 days after hatching, the third larval stage after more than 38 days. The immature stage is thought to be reached within 3 months and the adult stage within 6 months.10. Reproduction occurs throughout the year. The animal is functionally hermaphrodite at all times once maturity is reached.11. A certain degree of osmo-regulation is possible in adults, but this does not extend to ciliated larvae.12. Adults rest along a gill filament on its inner face and do not move about. Larvae are more ready to move.13. The average number of flukes per host is 2·24. The 1st and 2nd pairs of gills carry three times as many flukes as the 3rd and 4th pairs.14. The host suffers no apparent harm from the presence of the flukes.15. Premunition ofGadus virensagainstDiclidophora denticulatadoes not occur. Age resistance is probably developed to the extent that larvae cannot establish themselves on older fish and is probably due to mechanical difficulties and changed habits of the host. The ability of this fluke to parasitize species ofGadusdoes not extend toG. callarias.16.D. denticulatais recorded for the first time from St Andrews Bay and the Firth of Forth.