bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creating books for the National electronic Library for Health: expected barriers and useful lessons
Authors: O’Brien Claire 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe National electronic Library for Health (NeLH) is now taking shape, as the virtual branch libraries begin to accumulate ‘books’, among their resources. In the Primary Care branch (http://www.nelh‐pc.nhs.uk), one of the first available books was the Statement of Fees and Allowances (otherwise known as the Red Book). While being held up as an example of what the NeLH can offer, this book and the story of its transformation from paper to Internet format is a powerful example of how much further the National Health Service (NHS) must go before it can claim to be fully exploiting the benefits of information technology (IT).This article refers to the author’s experience in producing electronic books for primary care using WaX software, and an example of a process change from paper to screen that was managed within a university administrative office. The author suggests that to reap optimal benefits from IT, the NeLH and its collaborators must address the fundamental issues of people and the paper‐based processes used by information providers. The NeLH must work with both NHS IT trainers and information providers in a three‐way collaboration involving key people and processes, to achieve the efficient production of an updateable and user‐friendly library of electronic books.
Chronic exposure to nicotine and saquinavir decreases endothelial Notch‐4 expression and disrupts blood‐brain barrier integrity
Authors: Manda Vamshi K. , Mittapalli Rajendar K. , Geldenhuys Werner J. , Lockman Paul R. 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 515–525.AbstractSince the advent of HAART, there have been substantial improvements in HIV patient survival; however, the prevalence of HIV associated dementia has increased. Importantly, HIV positive individuals who smoke progress to HIV associated neurological conditions faster than those who do not. Recent in vitro data have shown that pharmacological levels of saquinavir causes endothelial oxidative stress and significantly decreases Notch‐4 expression, a primary protein involved in maintaining stability of blood‐brain barrier (BBB) endothelium. This is concerning as nicotine can also generate reactive oxygen species in endothelium. It is largely unknown if pharmacological doses of these drugs can cause a similar in vivo down‐regulation of Notch‐4 and if there is a concurrent destabilization of the integrity of the BBB. The data herein show: (i) nicotine and protease inhibitors cause an additive oxidative stress burden in endothelium; (ii) that the integrity of the BBB is disrupted after concurrent chronic nicotine and protease inhibitor administration; and (iii) that BBB endothelial dysfunction is correlated with a decrease in Notch‐4 and ZO‐1 expression. Considering the high prevalence of smoking in the HIV infected population (3‐ to 4‐fold higher than in the general population) this data must be followed up to determine if all protease inhibitors cause a similar BBB disruption or if there is a safer alternative. In addition, this data may suggest that the induced BBB disruption may allow foreign molecules to gain access to brain and be a contributing factor to the slow progression of HIV associated dementia.
Care managers’ view of family influence on needs assessment of older people
Authors: Janlöv Ann‐Christin , Hallberg Ingalill Rahm , Petersson Kerstin 
Published: August 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 243–252 Care managers’ view of family influence on needs assessment of older peopleResearch has shown that families experience poor involvement in needs assessment of older people while little is known about municipal care managers’ views of family participation. The aim was to explore how municipal care managers view families’ participation in and influence on needs assessment of older people receiving public home help. Individual interviews (n = 26) were conducted with care managers (n = 5) about their previously conducted needs assessments (n = 5–6). As a complement, a focus group interview with care managers (n = 9) from nine different municipalities was conducted. All interviews were analysed using a qualitative content analysis. The results revealed the overarching category, ‘Having to establish boundaries towards family influence and at the same time use them as a resource’, which encompassed five principal categories. How family participation was viewed and handled during the needs assessment process seemed determined by the way care managers set boundaries for their professional responsibility. Their views revealed both distancing and strengthening attitudes. The distancing attitude dominated, in particular towards family members who were not perceived as having any legal rights to be considered, even though their participation was an important resource. To follow legislation and municipal guidelines of allocation of public home help to avoid reprimands caused a need for self‐protection. The care managers seemed pressed by demands from organizations and families, and in this competition, the family lost out. Adherence to organizational developed patterns of handling legislation and guidelines were prioritized. Because family members often are older and assist in providing care, family participation in the needs assessment of older help recipients needs further societal support.
Health‐Led Interventions in the Early Years to Enhance Infant and Maternal Mental Health: A Review of Reviews
Authors: Barlow Jane , McMillan Anita Schrader , Kirkpatrick Sue , Ghate Deborah , Barnes Jacqueline , Smith Marjorie 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Increasing recognition of the importance of maternal mental health and early parenting in optimising the later mental health of the child has given rise to new ways of working during the perinatal period.Aims:  The objective of this review is to identify effective health‐led interventions to support parents, parenting and the parent‐infant relationship during the perinatal period,1 and beyond.Method:  A systematic search of key electronic databases was undertaken to identify secondary and primary sources of data addressing the research question. Twenty‐four reviews addressed the effectiveness of interventions delivered during the postnatal period in promoting closeness and sensitive parenting, infant sensory and perceptual capabilities, and positive parenting, and in addressing infant regulatory problems, maternal mental health problems, and parent‐infant relationship problems.Conclusions:  A number of methods of working are recommended as part of a model of progressive‐universalism beginning ante‐natally and continuing through the first two post‐natal years, and beyond. The implications for universal, targeted and specialist healthcare services are explored, alongside the role and contribution of CAMHS practitioners.
Amplification of EDHF‐type vasodilatations in TRPC1‐deficient mice
Authors: Schmidt Kjestine , Dubrovska Galyna , Nielsen Gorm , Fesüs Gabor , Uhrenholt Torben R. , Hansen Pernille B. , Gudermann Thomas , Dietrich Alexander , Gollasch Maik , de Wit Cor , Köhler Ralf 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSETRPC1 channels are expressed in the vasculature and are putative candidates for intracellular Ca2+handling. However, little is known about their role in endothelium‐dependent vasodilatations including endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) vasodilatations, which require activation of Ca2+‐activated K+channels (KCa). To provide molecular information on the role of TRPC1 for KCafunction and the EDHF signalling complex, we examined endothelium‐dependent and independent vasodilatations, KCacurrents and smooth muscle contractility in TRPC1‐deficient mice (TRPC1‐/‐).EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHVascular responses were studied using pressure/wire myography and intravital microscopy. We performed electrophysiological measurements, and confocal Ca2+imaging for studying KCachannel functions and Ca2+sparks.KEY RESULTSTRPC1 deficiency in carotid arteries produced a twofold augmentation of TRAM‐34‐ and UCL1684‐sensitive EDHF‐type vasodilatations and of endothelial hyperpolarization to acetylcholine. NO‐mediated vasodilatations were unchanged. TRPC1‐/‐ exhibited enhanced EDHF‐type vasodilatations in resistance‐sized arteriolesin vivoassociated with reduced spontaneous tone. Endothelial IKCa/SKCa‐type KCacurrents, smooth muscle cell Ca2+sparks and associated BKCa‐mediated spontaneous transient outward currents were unchanged in TRPC1‐/‐. Smooth muscle contractility induced by receptor‐operated Ca2+influx or Ca2+release and endothelium‐independent vasodilatations were unaltered in TRPC1‐/‐. TRPC1‐/‐ exhibited lower systolic blood pressure as determined by tail‐cuff blood pressure measurements.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSOur data demonstrate that TRPC1 acts as a negative regulator of endothelial KCachannel‐dependent EDHF‐type vasodilatations and thereby contributes to blood pressure regulation. Thus, we propose a specific role of TRPC1 in the EDHF–KCasignalling complex and suggest that pharmacological inhibition of TRPC1, by enhancing EDHF vasodilatations, may be a novel strategy for lowering blood pressure.
Ca2+paradox injury mediated through TRPC channels in mouse ventricular myocytes
Authors: Kojima Akiko , Kitagawa Hirotoshi , Omatsu‐Kanbe Mariko , Matsuura Hiroshi , Nosaka Shuichi 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe Ca2+paradox is an important phenomenon associated with Ca2+overload‐mediated cellular injury in myocardium. The present study was undertaken to elucidate molecular and cellular mechanisms for the development of the Ca2+paradox.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHFluorescence imaging was performed on fluo‐3 loaded quiescent mouse ventricular myocytes using confocal laser scanning microscope.KEY RESULTSThe Ca2+paradox was readily evoked by restoration of the extracellular Ca2+following 10–20 min of nominally Ca2+‐free superfusion. The Ca2+paradox was significantly reduced by blockers of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels (2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, Gd3+, La3+) and anti‐TRPC1 antibody. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+content, assessed by caffeine application, gradually declined during Ca2+‐free superfusion, which was further accelerated by metabolic inhibition. Block of SR Ca2+leak by tetracaine prevented Ca2+paradox. The Na+/Ca2+exchange (NCX) blocker KB‐R7943 significantly inhibited Ca2+paradox when applied throughout superfusion period, but had little effect when added for a period of 3 min before and during Ca2+restoration. The SR Ca2+content was better preserved during Ca2+depletion by KB‐R7943. Immunocytochemistry confirmed the expression of TRPC1, in addition to TRPC3 and TRPC4, in mouse ventricular myocytes.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThese results provide evidence that (i) the Ca2+paradox is primarily mediated by Ca2+entry through TRPC (probably TRPC1) channels that are presumably activated by SR Ca2+depletion; and (ii) reverse mode NCX contributes little to the Ca2+paradox, whereas inhibition of NCX during Ca2+depletion improves SR Ca2+loading, and is associated with reduced incidence of Ca2+paradox in mouse ventricular myocytes.
Imaging calcium signals in vivo: a powerful tool in physiology and pharmacology
Authors: Russell James T 
Published: August 2010

The design and engineering of organic fluorescent Ca2+ indicators approximately 30 years ago opened the door for imaging cellular Ca2+ signals with a high degree of temporal and spatial resolution. Over this time, Ca2+ imaging has revolutionized our approaches for tissue‐level spatiotemporal analysis of functional organization and has matured into a powerful tool for in situ imaging of cellular activity in the living animal. In vivo Ca2+ imaging with temporal resolution at the millisecond range and spatial resolution at micrometer range has been achieved through novel designs of Ca2+ sensors, development of modern microscopes and powerful imaging techniques such as two‐photon microscopy. Imaging Ca2+ signals in ensembles of cells within tissue in 3D allows for analysis of integrated cellular function, which, in the case of the brain, enables recording activity patterns in local circuits. The recent development of miniaturized compact, fibre‐optic‐based, mechanically flexible microendoscopes capable of two‐photon microscopy opens the door for imaging activity in awake, behaving animals. This development is poised to open a new chapter in physiological experiments and for pharmacological approaches in the development of novel therapies.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Imaging. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐8BJP has previously published an Imaging in Pharmacology themed section, edited by A Davenport and C Daly. To view this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2010.159.issue‐4
Thoughts on irritant contact dermatitis
Authors: Malten K. E. 
Published: August 2010

An attempt is made to formulate some kind of working hypothesis concerning the pathophysiology, clinical appearance and treatment of irritant contact dermatitis.Acute irritant dermatitis may he caused by one single overwhelming external exposure of comparatively short duration. It is usually accidental and therefore recognized early as cause and effect.Chronic irritant dermatitis may be the result of a too early repetition of one impairing factor (chronic irritant dermatitis ‘traumiteration’ type), but is more commonly the result of the influence of a variety of stimuli, each starting to be active before recovery from the foregoing stimuli has been completed (chronic irritant dermatitis ‘summation’ type). By repetition of the same stimulus, or by a combination of varying stimuli, the degree of impairment surpasses a critical level, in consequence of which a clinical disease (irritant contact dermatitis) ensues. This clinical disease, however, is only ‘the tip of the iceberg’.Such stimuli may be chemical, mechanical and/or climatic. To find out which are the harmful factors requires a detailed case history about the patient's work, habits and hobbies, thus enabling him to avoid as many damaging exposures as is practical, and hence reducing the sum of causative factors. A number of causative factors are enumerated.The article is intended to be a catalyst to promote discussion on this subject.
The reaction index and positivity ratio revisited
Authors: Andersen Klaus Ejner , Andersen Flemming 
Published: August 2010

Background and Objectives:  Assessing the quality of patch test preparations continues to be a challenge. 2 parameters, the reaction index (RI) and positivity ratio (PR), have been proposed as quality indicators by the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK). The value of these statistics has not been examined by others.Methods:  We calculated the RI and PR for the 24 TRUE® test allergens in 7635 patients with consecutive eczema tested at the Department of Dermatology, Odense University Hospital over a 15‐year period, and data for 7 selected standard allergens were compared with corresponding data from the original IVDK papers.Results and Conclusions:  At our patch test laboratory, RI’s are lower, even negative, and the PR’s are considerably lower than the IVDK results. The most likely explanation is a difference in reading/scoring tradition between the different departments of the IVDK and our department. Calculation of RI’s and PR’s for patch test allergens is of limited value as a measure of quality of the patch test materials, because it predominantly reflects differences in scoring and reading of patch test reactions. Further, questionable reactions (+?) may be clinically relevant and very important for the individual patient. Focus on standardization of patch test materials, patch test technique, and reading of patch test reactions is mandatory.
Percutaneous penetration via hand eczema is the major accelerating factor for systemic absorption of toluene and xylene during car spray painting
Authors: Hino Ryosuke , Nishio Daisuke , Kabashima Kenji , Tokura Yoshiki 
Published: August 2010

Background:  For absorption of organic solvents, the respiratory tract is well known as the major site, but percutaneous absorption might be critical in some workplaces.Objectives:  The aim of the study is to determine whether the skin, if disordered, is 1 of the major routes of organic solvent absorption.Patients/Methods:  72 male workers who painted the car body in the booth of a Japanese car company were participated in this study. The severity of hand eczema, urinary metabolites of organic solvents and the concentration of airborne organic solvents were measured.Results:  The correlation coefficiency between the skin severity index and the urinary concentration of hippuric acid or methylhippuric acid was statistically significant. There was no significant correlation between their urinary values and the air concentration of mixed organic solvents.Conclusions:  The skin is a more critical absorption route for organic solvents than the respiratory tract in some occupational settings. Hand eczema is a common disease and has a possibility to be a critical absorption route of organic solvents.
Contact allergy to 2,5‐dimercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole and phenyl‐α‐naphtylamine, allergens in industrial greases and lubricant oils – contact allergy to water‐insoluble greases is uncommon but needs to be considered in some workers
Authors: Aalto‐Korte Kristiina , Suuronen Katri , Kuuliala Outi , Jolanki Riitta 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Industrial lubricants are usually made of petroleum and contain no water. Industrial greases and neat oils (insoluble metalworking oils) cause contact allergy relatively seldom, and reported allergies to the components of engine oils, such as hydraulic oils, are extremely scarce.Objective:  The aim was to describe patients with contact allergy to the components of industrial lubricants.Results:  We describe 2 patients with allergic reactions to 2,5‐dimercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole. Their allergies derived from guide‐way oil and grease. Guide‐way oils are lubricants for metalworking machines. Machinists may have continuous skin contact to these oils, as the oils are leaked to the circulating metalworking fluid system and form the so‐called ‘tramp oil’. We also report a new case with allergy to phenyl‐α‐naphtylamine in grease.Conclusion:  2,5‐dimercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole is an aromatic compound used in oils and greases. It has previously caused contact allergy to workers who have handled the pure chemical, but to our knowledge, there are no previous reports of contact allergy from products containing the chemical in a relatively low concentration. 1 of our 2 cases had been sensitized from grease and the other from a guide‐way oil. The latter case shows that machinists may become sensitized to lubricants that leak to the metalworking fluid system.
Prevalence of patch test results from 1970 to 2002 in a multi‐centre population in North America (NACDG)
Authors: Nguyen Shawn H. , Dang Thao P. , MacPherson Cora , Maibach Hilda , Maibach Howard I. 
Published: August 2010

Background:  The North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) has members who assess subjects with suspected allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and patch tests them with the same screening allergens using a standardized procedure permitting analysis of long‐term trends in patch test reactions.Objective:  This study reports the trends in prevalence patch test positivity of allergens by pooling data collected by the NACDG between 1970 and 2002.Patients/Methods:  Patients were tested with the screening series of allergens, using a standardized technique. Data from these patients were recorded on a standard computer entry form and analysed. More than 100 allergens were tested on over 34 000 patients during several patch studies between the period. The Cochran‐Armitage test of trend is used to evaluate changes in prevalence over time.Results:  4 trends are noticed: (1) The incidence of presumed allergic nickel (P < 0.0001) and quaternium‐15 (P < 0.0001) reactions rose with consistency over the years. (2) While that of cinnamic aldehyde (P = 0.21) and p‐phenylenediamine (P < 0.0001) decreased. (3) The prevalence of positive reactions for potassium dichromate (P < 0.0001) shows an initial steady decrease but then a sharp increase starting from the 1996 period. (4) In contrast, thiuram (P = 0.0008) and neomycin (P < 0.0001) show an initial general increase, with a sharp decrease between 1998 and 2002.Conclusion:  Implications for opportunities to prevent ACD by utilizing less‐allergenic alternatives appear robust; however, we do not wish to over generalize interpretations because of important limitations.
Atopy and contact allergy to fragrance: allergic reactions to the fragrance mix I (the Larsen mix)
Authors: Buckley Deirdre A. , Basketter David A. , Kan‐King‐Yu Denis , White Ian R. , White Jonathan L. M. , McFadden John P. 
Published: August 2010

Background:  The relationship between an atopic diathesis and contact sensitization to fragrances is unclear.Objective:  To investigate whether there is an association between atopy and allergy to fragrance mix I (FM I).Patients/Methods:  The computerized files of patients patch tested to FM I at St John’s Institute of Dermatology (1980–2004) were reviewed. Demographic details recorded for all patch‐tested patients included age, sex, date of testing, history of current or previous atopic eczema (AE), history of current or previous asthma nor hay fever (A/HF), family history (FH) of any type of atopy, and any positive patch tests.Results:  About 8.4% of females (1713/20 338) and 6.6% of males (903/13 734) were allergic to FM I. About 8.95% (101/1129) of females with AE were allergic to FM I versus 8.63% (619/7171) of females who had neither AE and A/HF nor FH (non‐atopics) (P = 0.72). About 5.6% (40/710) of males with AE were positive to FM I versus 6.9% (427/6201) of male non‐atopics (P = 0.23). There was a striking increase in AE and A/HF during this 25‐year period (P < 0.0001).Conclusions:  We found no association between atopy and allergy to FM I. There has been a marked increase in atopy in individuals referred for patch testing in the past 25 years.
Reactivity of in vitro activated human T lymphocytes to p‐phenylenediamine and related substances
Authors: Skazik Claudia , Grannemann Silke , Wilbers Liane , Merk Hans F. , Coenraads Pieter‐Jan , Breuer Sebastian , Blömeke Brunhilde 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Patch tests to p‐phenylenediamine (PPD) and related substances often show concurrent reactions that can be attributed to separate sensitization or cross‐reactivity.Objectives:  In order to understand the health risks associated with cross‐reactivity, we studied cross‐reactivity of eight chemicals in vitro by measurement of T‐cell proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), T‐cell lines (TCL), and T‐cell clones (TCC) of subjects with a positive patch test result to PPD.Patients/Methods:  We studied PBMC from 13 patients and were able to generate TCL from seven and TCC from four patients. Their proliferative responses to the chemicals were estimated.Results:  Concurrent reactions to these compounds on the polyclonal and monoclonal level were found. A restricted T‐cell receptor (TCR) Vβ16‐usage was observed (5/8 clones). A detailed analysis of 34 TCL showed broad cross‐reactivity (64.7%) between PPD, p‐toluenediamine, Bandrowski’s Base, and p‐aminoazobenzene. More restricted patterns were found in 8.8%, which responded only to compounds with two or three benzene rings, whereas 26.5% of the clones reacted specifically only to one compound.Conclusion:  More than 60% of the clones showed a broad cross‐reactivity pattern. Hence, clinically observed cross‐reactivity between different para‐amino compounds can be based on a TCR recognizing similar epitopes of these compounds with low specificity.