bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Aperture Radar
Authors: Moccia Antonio 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Since its appearance in the 1950s synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been experiencing a continuous growth in systems, performance and applications. Thanks to its possibility of any‐weather and any‐time operation, SAR became rapidly a primary remote sensing system for Earth and planetary observation and today a widening of its application in more demanding fields, such as natural hazards or surveillance, is noticeable: as an example, by using airborne SAR it is possible to obtain 3D images of a surface with centimeter resolution, detect surface variation, and indicate moving targets. This chapter intends to give an overview of SAR operation and performance, with special emphasis on aspects related to aerospace engineering. Basic geometry to define SAR observation is introduced, illustrating how dynamics of the aerospace platform embarking SAR is fundamental to image formation. It is explained how SAR operates by exploiting the range‐Doppler approach and how a noteworthy increase of azimuth resolution is achievable. Multistatic configurations are then presented with special emphasis on cross‐track and along‐track SAR interferometry, showing how digital elevation models and moving target identification can be obtained. The principles of SAR processing are outlined and the orders of magnitude of overall configurations and achievable performance are given. Finally, a brief introduction to future SAR systems is given, discussing potentialities of multiple antennas distributed on aerospace platforms flying in formations.
Safety Critical Software
Authors: McDermid John A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSafety is concerned with control of hazards, that is, situations that could lead to a loss of an aircraft, or other types of harm. Software is of relevance to the safety of aircraft where it has a potential role in contributing to hazards, or in controlling them. It is shown that a crucial issue underlying all of the process is that software can be a contributory cause to unsafe behavior when its “model” of the state of the world divergessufficientlyfrom reality, for example, not determining that an aircraft has landed, and this inhibiting braking functions.This chapter identified ways in which system safety processes can be extended into software to treat software issues in as integral a manner with the rest of the design process, as is possible. For example, it discussed how classical safety analysis techniques can be adapted for software. The chapter also addresses the particular challenges of software, particularly that the possibility of causing hazards arises only from systematic causes, for example, design defects, not from physical failure causes. It explains what can be done to help reduce the incidence of such problems, and how evidence can be presented to enable informed decisions to be made about the suitability of software for safe operational use.
A Systems Engineering Approach to Aircraft Design
Authors: Mavris Dimitri N. , Pinon Olivia J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractOver the last decades, aircraft have evolved into large‐scale products characterized by an increasing number of complex systems, components, parts, and functionalities. Each of them involves different disciplines and technologies, along with different sets of tools, processes, and methods. Hence, the successful definition, design, and development of an aircraft require a holistic and systematic approach to aircraft design that supports the development of a life cycle balanced system solution that meets customer requirements. The field of systems engineering provides an interdisciplinary structured yet flexible process to help address these aspects. This chapter illustrates systems engineering principles, process, and methods in the context of aircraft design. It first defines the concept of a system and discusses the importance of the life cycle in the creation of competitive and cost effective products. This chapter then introduces systems engineering through a series of definitions and further presents an example of a system engineering process model. Finally, it illustrates the systems engineering process as is implemented in aircraft design.
Gas Turbine Aero Engine Ground Testing
Authors: Forrest Neill , Parfitt Neil 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
This chapter outlines the testing methodologies required to conduct the aero engine tests required as part of airworthiness certification, maturity, and life assessment of a new turbine aero engine. This includes fan blade off (FBO), bird ingestion, and endurance. It also discusses the testing requirements for production engines. In support of testing, the fundamentals of test facility design are explored along with a cursory look at the required measurement techniques and uncertainty assessments to assure the test results.
Use of Airborne Vehicles as Research Platforms
Authors: Gratton G.B. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe use of aircraft is often valuable to position airborne sensors or to conduct experiments in ways not possible purely on the ground. An airframe, typically an older one, must be selected then adapted to the role – likely to include inlets, windows, structural changes, power supply, computing and data recording capacity, and likely the provision of external hardpoints. Once the research vehicle is created, the instruments on board will require calibration, either in isolation or by intercomparison against already calibrated instruments on board another aircraft. This calibration process will continue throughout the life of the airplane. Additionally, an operating organization must be created and obtain any necessary organizational approvals. For some specialist applications, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) may also be used, which carry some special considerations of autonomy and interoperability, but similar concerns of instrument, vehicle, and operational integrity.
[FeFe]‐Hydrogenase
Authors: Swanson Kevin D , Ortillo Danillo O , Broderick Joan B , Peters John W 
Published: June 2012

Abstract[FeFe]‐Hydrogenases are metalloenzymes that are key components of the energy metabolism in many microbial communities. Hydrogenases function either to couple hydrogen oxidation to energy yielding processes or in proton reduction as a means to generate oxidized electron carriers required in fermentation. These enzymes have complex metal cluster with unique nonprotein derived ligands and are of significant interest due to their complexity and novel features as well as in biotechnology in developing superior hydrogen production methods. Biochemical, structural, and spectroscopic studies have provided significant insights into how these enzymes work and how these complex metal clusters key to their function are synthesized. This short report highlights some of the key features of the enzymes that have been elucidated through many years and the recent progress on [FeFe]‐hydrogenase maturation pathway and synthesis of the active site H cluster.
Metallopeptidase (Sapep) Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Girish Tavarekere S , Gopal B 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Proteases belonging to the M20 family are characterized by diverse substrate specificity. This feature can be rationalized by the conformational adaptability of the active site in these enzymes. The
Staphylococcus aureus
metallodipeptidase, Sapep, is a member of the aminoacylase‐I/M20 family. These enzymes play a role in the final steps of intracellular protein degradation. The crystal structure of Sapep was determined in the apo form and in complex with a manganese cofactor. These structures reveal large interdomain movements between the apo (inactive) and the manganese‐bound (active) conformation. The conformational changes between the catalytic and lid domains could potentially regulate the activity of this enzyme. This interdomain reorientation between the catalytic and lid domains on substrate binding is also seen in other proteins of the M20 family and related enzymes. A noteworthy difference between Sapep and other homologues is the finding that the inactive conformation is stabilized by a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues, Cys155 and Cys178. Although these cysteines are not part of the active site, the reduced form of this enzyme is more active as a peptidase. The catalytic activity of Sapep is thus likely to be regulated by redox stimuli. These findings are relevant as it has been observed that this enzyme is active only in methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin Resistant
Staphylococcus Aureus
(MRSA) and demonstrates β‐lactamase activity in these strains.
Mn2+‐DependentL‐Ascorbate 6‐Phosphate Lactonase
Authors: Fernandez Francisco J , Vega M Cristina 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis enzyme (UlaG) catalyzes the first catabolic reaction in the ascorbate assimilation pathway, the divalent‐metal‐dependent hydrolytic lactone ring opening ofL‐ascorbate 6‐phosphate into 3‐keto‐L‐gulonate 6‐phosphate. Apart from its physiologic reaction, UlaG can also cleave phosphodiester bond linkages within substrates such as cyclic nucleoside monophosphates and phosphatase‐type substrates [e.g., bis(p‐nitrophenylphosphate), bis‐pNPP]. The crystal structures of the UlaG apoenzyme and the Mn2+holoenzyme have revealed a novel structural paradigm for an entire new family of MBL like metalloenzymes, characterized by an RNase Z‐reminiscent fold, an intricate hexameric arrangement, and a mononuclear or dinuclear metal site. This hexameric enzyme is absolutely dependent on Mn2+or Co2+for activity and becomes severely inhibited by Zn2+. Phylogenetic analyses show that present‐day UlaG may have originated by gene duplication from an ancestral RNA‐metabolizing template and evolved through extensive neofunctionalization to acquire sugar‐phosphate hydrolytic activity.
Multi‐model unfalsified switching control of uncertain multivariable systems
Authors: Baldi S. , Battistelli G. , Mari D. , Mosca E. , Tesi P. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYThis paper addresses the problem of controlling an uncertain multi‐input multi‐output system by means of adaptive switching control schemes. In particular, the paper aims at extending the multi‐model unfalsified control approach, so far restricted to single‐input single‐output systems, to a general multivariable setting. The proposed scheme relies on a data‐driven ‘high‐level’ unit, called the supervisor, which at any time can switch on in feedback with the uncertain plant one controller from a finite family of candidate controllers. The supervisor performs routing and scheduling tasks by monitoring suitable test functionals which, on the basis of the measured data, provide a measure of mismatch between the potential loop made up by the uncertain plant in feedback with the candidate controller and the nominal ‘reference loop’ related to the same candidate controller. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dielectric, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Reinforced with Used Tires
Authors: Mujal‐Rosas R. , Orrit‐Prat J. , Ramis‐Juan X. , Marin‐Genesca M. , Rahhali Ahmed 
Published: June 2012

AbstractMass production of tires as well as their storage or elimination is a real environmental problem. Various methods for recycling of tires are currently used, such as mechanical grinding, which separates vulcanized rubber, steel, and fibers from tires. Rubber is, then, used in several industrial applications such as flooring, insulations, and footwear. This paper focuses on a new application for old used tires (ground tire rubber, GTR). Tire dust and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) have been mixed, and the maximum accepted concentration of GTR can be attained while keeping dielectric, thermal, and mechanical properties within acceptable limits, and therefore their possible industrial application will be in manufacturing of, for example, dielectrics for capacitors, low‐voltage electric fences or electrical cable pipes, and trays. Actually, tire dust with particle sizes <700 µm has been classified into three different groups depending on the particle sizes (p < 200, 200< p < 500, and p > 500 µm). Afterward, ABS has been mixed with different concentrations of GTR, i.e., 5%, 10%, 20%, 50% and 70%, to establish its properties through thermal, mechanical, and dielectric tests. Finally, the fracture surfaces of the composite samples have been evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E399–E415, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21287
Experimental Investigation of Stretch Blow Molding, Part 2: Analysis of Process Variables, Blowing Kinematics, and Bottle Properties
Authors: Salomeia Y. M. , Menary G. H. , Armstrong C. G. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe work presented in this paper takes advantage of newly developed instrumentation suitable for in‐process monitoring of an industrial stretch blow molding machine. The instrumentation provides blowing pressure and stretch‐rod force histories along with the kinematics of polymer contact with the mold wall. A design of experiments pattern was used to qualitatively relate machine inputs with these process parameters and the thickness distribution of stretch blow molded PET (polyethylene terephtalate) bottles. Material slippage at the mold wall and thickness distribution is also discussed in relation to machine inputs. The key process indicators defined have great potential for use in a closed loop process control system and validation of process simulations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E436–E450, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21291
The Intervention: Mere Arltyewele (Settle Down Country) – Bear the Gap to Close the Gap
Authors: Nathan Pamela 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIn 2007 the Northern Territory report on child abuse Little Children Are Sacred, Akelyernernane Meke Mekarle (Aranda) (In our law children are sacred because they carry the two spring wells of water from our country within them) was released. In July–August 2007 the Federal Government enacted the Northern Territory National Emergency Response Bill, in the name of protecting children from abuse, giving the Federal Government wide control over Aboriginal lands, families, and community services; and the Indigenous Affairs Minister total control over Indigenous community governance. More widely known as the Northern Territory Intervention, this dramatic move began with the Howard Government in 2007 and has been largely continued under the Rudd Government. Taking control of a large number of Aboriginal settlements, the Government instituted the following measures: supply of additional police to affected communities; mass health checks for Aboriginal children, initially mandatory but changed to voluntary; new restrictions on alcohol, kava and pornography; the compulsory acquisition of townships with five‐year leases; Commonwealth funding for community services; removal of customary law from bail applications and sentencing in criminal cases; suspension of the system by which visitors to Aboriginal settlements were required to have a permit; quarantining of a portion of welfare benefits to all recipients in designated communities; and the abolition of Community Development Education Projects (CDEP), which had paid unemployed people to work locally. Mal Brough was the Federal Minister for Aboriginal Affairs when the Intervention commenced and he led it with a passion. The army, albeit unarmed, were directed to accompany the new army of people employed to service the Intervention. Intervention measures were exempted from the Racial Discrimination Act, breaching two treaties to which Australia is a signatory – the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.The Labour Government has essentially upheld the measures of the Intervention. Prime Minister Rudd at Yirrkala on 24 July 2008 spoke about the policy of closing the gap, in terms of life expectancy of adults and children under five, infant mortality, the Year 12 completion rate, and literacy and numeracy achievements, and of closing the gap in a practicable and measurable way. Some changes and modifications have been introduced. The CDEP has been partially re‐introduced, permits re‐introduced and 99‐year leases established. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
4‐alkoxyethoxy‐N‐octadecyl‐1,8‐naphthalimide fluorescent sensor for human serum albumin and other major blood proteins: design, synthesis and solvent effect
Authors: Wei Song , Sun Yang , Tan Chunlei , Yan Sen , Guo Ping , Hu Xiaoyun , Fan Jun 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA series of 4‐alkoxyethoxy‐N‐octadecyl‐1,8‐naphthalimides with intense blue fluorescence were designed and synthesized as polarity and spectrofluorimetric probes for the determination of proteins. In solvents of different polarities, the Stokes shifts of two dyes increased with increasing solvent polarity and fluorescence quantum yields decreased significantly, suggesting that electronic transiting from ground to excited states was π–π* in character. Dipole moment changes were estimated from solvent‐dependent Stokes shift data using a solvatochromic method based on bulk solvent polarity functions and the microscopic solvent polarity parameter (). These results were generally consistent with semi‐empirical molecular orbital calculations and were found to be quite reliable based on the fact that the correlation of the solvatochromic Stokes shifts with was superior to that obtained using bulk solvent polarity functions. Fluorescence data revealed that the fluorescence quenching of human serum albumin (HSA) by dyes was the result of the formation of a Dye–HSA complex. The method was applied to the determination of total proteins (HSA + immunoglobulins) in human serum samples and results were in good agreement with those reported by the research institute. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of P300‐based BCIs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: from augmentative and alternative communication to cognitive assessment
Authors: Cipresso Pietro , Carelli Laura , Solca Federica , Meazzi Daniela , Meriggi Paolo , Poletti Barbara , Lulé Dorothée , Ludolph Albert C. , Silani Vincenzo , Riva Giuseppe 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) tools in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as effective means to compensate for the progressive loss of verbal and gestural communication, has been deeply investigated in the recent literature. The development of advanced AAC systems, such as eye‐tracking (ET) and brain‐computer interface (BCI) devices, allowed to bypass the important motor difficulties present in ALS patients. In particular, BCIs could be used in moderate to severe stages of the disease, since they do not require preserved ocular‐motor ability, which is necessary for ET applications. Furthermore, some studies have proved the reliability of BCIs, regardless of the severity of the disease and the level of physical decline. However, the use of BCI in ALS patients still shows some limitations, related to both technical and neuropsychological issues. In particular, a range of cognitive deficits in most ALS patients have been observed. At the moment, no effective verbal‐motor free measures are available for the evaluation of ALS patients’ cognitive integrity; BCIs could offer a new possibility to administer cognitive tasks without the need of verbal or motor responses, as highlighted by preliminary studies in this field. In this review, we outline the essential features of BCIs systems, considering advantages and challenges of these tools with regard to ALS patients and the main applications developed in this field. We then outline the main findings with regard to cognitive deficits observed in ALS and some preliminary attempts to evaluate them by means of BCIs. The definition of specific cognitive profiles could help to draw flexible approaches tailored on patients’ needs. It could improve BCIs efficacy and reduce patients’ efforts. Finally, we handle the open question, represented by the use of BCIs with totally locked in patients, who seem unable to reliably learn to use such tool.
Synergetic DNA‐Cleaving Activities of the Metal Complexes of a Polyether‐Tethered Pyrrole‐polyamide Dimer
Authors: Zhou Chun‐Qiong , Lin Yan‐Ling , Chen Jin‐Xiang , Chen Wen‐Hua 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA simple polyether‐tethered pyrrole‐polyamide dimer 1 was synthesized in 50% yield from the reaction of 2,2,2‐trichloro‐1‐(1‐methyl‐4‐nitro‐1H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl)ethanone with 2,2′‐[1,2‐ethanediylbis(oxy)]bisethanamine, and fully characterized on the basis of 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, MS, HR‐MS, and IR data. Agarose gel‐electrophoresis study of the cleavage of plasmid pBR322 DNA by the complexes of compound 1 with seven metal ions indicated that most of the metal complexes were capable of efficiently cleaving DNA at pH 7.0 and 37°. Among them, the CuII complex exhibited the highest activity, with the maximal catalytic rate constant kmax and Michaelis constant KM being 5.61 h−1 and 7.30 mM, respectively. Spectroscopic, ESI‐MS, ethidium‐bromide (EB) displacement, and viscosity experiments indicated that compound 1 could form a 1 : 1 complex with CuII ion, and that this complex showed moderate binding affinity toward calf‐thymus DNA.
Chemical Composition and Antioxidant and Anticandidal Activities of Essential Oils from Different Wild Moroccan Thymus Species
Authors: Jamali Chaima Alaoui , El Bouzidi Laila , Bekkouche Khalid , Lahcen Hassani , Markouk Mohammed , Wohlmuth Hans , Leach David , Abbad Abdelaziz 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSamples of the aerial parts of Thymus broussonetii, T. ciliatus, T. leptobotrys, T. maroccanus, T. pallidus, T. satureioides, and T. serpyllum collected from different natural regions in southern and south‐western Morocco were analyzed for their qualitative and quantitative essential oil profiles. In total, 46 compounds, representing more than 99% of the oils, were characterized. Monoterpenes, both hydrocarbons (12.9–58.0%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (38.8–81.1%), were the principal classes of compounds for most of the thyme species studied. Cluster analysis allowed the classification of the species into three main groups: a carvacrol group (Group I), comprising the species T. maroccanus and T. leptobotrys, a linalyl acetate and (E)‐nerolidol group (Group II), represented by T. serpyllum, and a thymol and/or carvacrol, γ‐terpinene, and p‐cymene group (Group III), composed of T. satureioides, T. broussonetii, T. ciliatus, and T. pallidus. The essential oils were screened for their antioxidant and anticandidal activities. The data showed that the oils obtained from T. leptobotrys and T. maroccanus (carvacrol group) possessed the highest antioxidant activities as assessed by the determination of the DPPH free radical‐scavenging ability and the ferric‐reducing potential. The anticandidal assays indicated that the highest activity was noticed for the essential oil isolated from T. leptobotrys.