bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF STOCKING SIZE AND DENSITY ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF Macrobrachium rosenbergii (DE MAN) IN PONDS
Authors: Willis Scott A. , Berrigan Mark E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPostlarval and juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii were stocked in twelve 0.025 ha earthen ponds to study the effects of stocking size and density on growth and survival. The experiment was comprised of four treatments, three replicates each. One treatment consisted of juveniles (0.760‐0.792 g) stocked at 5/m2. The remaining treatments were postlarvae (0.044‐0.063 g) stocked at 5, 10, and 20/m2. Following each four week sampling interval, feeding rates were adjusted based on mean body weight and an estimated 5% mortality. All ponds were fed Purina Marine Ration 25* at rates of 30, 15, 8, 4, 2, and 2% body weight for each respective sampling interval during the 24 week study. Juveniles grew to a mean weight of 43.256 g while postlarvae reached 29.749 respectively. Survival ranged from 38 to 92% and final feed conversion ratios ranged from 1.88:1 to 0.96:1. The maximum equivlent production of 2278.61 kg/ha occurred in ponds stocked with 20/m2.
MATURATION OF Penaeus stylirostris (Stempson) AND P. setiferus (Linn.) IN HYPERSALINE WATER NEAR CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS1
Authors: Conte F. S. , Duronslet M. J. , Clark W. H. , Parker J. C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn order to test the feasibility of producing a breeding stock of nonindigenous penaeid shrimp in closed pond systems tests were performed using second season animals previously overwintered in a heated raceway. The shrimp, originally stocked as postlarvae, were reared to 150.0 mm in length and 30.0 g in weight. The shrimp were then harvested, overwintered, then returned to a 0.1 ha pond in Corpus Christi, Texas. In their second season the shrimp grew to 190.0 mm and 52.0 g and exhibited signs of sexual maturity. Sampling of the pond produced mated females that were removed from the pond and spawned in the laboratory.
EXPERIMENTAL MUSSEL CULTURE IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: MacIntyre R. J. , Murray P. J. , Pregenzer C. , Stoddart H. E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTRaft culture of mussels was investigated to increase supply and quality while mininizing labor costs. Two types of spat catching rope and four types of growing rope were used. Mussel yields of 4–6 kg/m and lengths of 60–70 mm were obtained in the first year. Histological sections of gonads, planktonic samples and test settlement ropes were studied to facilitate settlement prediction. Spawning occurred with a fall in water temperature in late autumn and often continued to early summer. Major settlement occurred from winter to early spring. Harmful associates of mussels were investigated. Trematodes, polydorid polychaetes and pinnotherid crabs were most noticeable. Infestation levels, however, were very low. Mussels containing pea‐crabs had significantly lower meat yields. Raft mussels had lower infestation levels than wild mussels. Fish predation was very severe on mussels of less than 30 mm, in certain estuaries.
EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE OF BLUE MUSSELS Mytilus edulis L. IN HEATED EFFLUENT WATERS OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT1
Authors: Lutz Richard A. , Porter Barnaby 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGrowth, mortality, and recruitment of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) at varying distances from the heated effluent waters of a nuclear power plant were monitored using experimental rafting techniques Data were obtained at monthly intervals from April through November over a 3‐year period (1973 to 1975). Highest growth rates during April (surface water temperatures less than 25 C) were observed in the immediate vicinity of the effluent. Nortality during April was negligible and growth rates at other stations were negatively correlated with linear distance from the discharge. During May of both 1973 and 1974, with surface water temperatures rising above 25 C, growth rates in the effluent waters declined sharply and by the end of June, mortality ranged from 89% to 100%. Growth rates and survival at other stations from May through November were positively correlated with linear distance from the effluent. With the discontinuation of heated discharge from the plant in May 1975, mortality by November at the “effluent” station was 17% (only slightly greater than control sites). The number of Mytilus edulis spat attached to experimental collector ropes in, and adjacent to, the effluent waters was several orders of magnitude less than that found at control sites during each of the 3 years. Results suggest that, for optimum growth of this species, cultivation operations should probably be restricted to environments in which the upper limit of annual temperature ranges does not exceed 20 c.
LABORATORY REARING OF THE ATLANTIC REEF OCTOPUS, Octopus briareus Robson, AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR MARICULTURE1
Authors: Hanlon Roger T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTOctopus briareus Robson is a common octopod in the tropical W. Atlantic weighing up to 1500 g and measuring 1 m. It can be easily reared on a small scale for research purposes in open and closed systems, and these methods may be applicable for mariculture on a larger scale. The large eggs hatch in about 65 days at 23°C. There is no larval stage and the large hatchlings immediately take up a benthic existence and feed on live or dead food. Growth was fast on a limited diet of small, live fiddler crabs (Uca spp.), with animals weighing up to 450 g at 250 days. Estimated gross food conversion efficiency ranged from 45 to 68%. Factors favoring mariculture of this species include large egg size, direct development, high food conversion efficiency, large adult size, fast growth, early maturity and value as a nutritious and marketable food source. Problems to be overcome are cannibalism, containment, dependence upon live food and the death of gravid females before laying second generation eggs in the laboratory.
LAS ENFERMEDADES DE LOS PECES Y SU CONTROL EN EL NORTE DE AMERICA DEL SUR (FISH DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL IN NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA)
Authors: Conroy D. A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe aquaculture potential for northern South America includes the production of several native species of worm water fish, and the production of rainbow trout and eyed eggs of this species.As part of an evaluation of the possibilities for aquaculture in Colombia and Venezuela, studies have been undertaken to identify the major disease problems likely to be encountered in warm water fish and salmonids, and in the investigation of methods suitable for the control of such problems. The results and conclusions of these preliminary observations are given in this paper.
BLACK DEATH, A DISEASE SYENDROME OF PENAEID SHRIMP RELATED TO A DIETARY DEFICIENCY OF ASCORBIC ACID
Authors: Lightner D. V. , Colvin L. B. , Brand C. , Danald D. A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCalifornia brown shrimp (Penaeus californiensis) fed a diet low in or without added L‐ascorbic acid, developed blackened lesions (after 6 to 8 weeks in the subcuticular tissues of the general body surface, in the walls of the esophagus, stomach and hindgut, and in the gills and gill cavity. The condition has been previously observed in tank and raceway‐reared P. californiensis and P. aztecus, often in epizootic proportions, and has been named black death disease.The disease has only been observed in postlarval and juvenile shrimp fed alginate‐bound artificial diets in tanks or raceways that received no sunlight and contained no plant material. Handling and other stress factors often precipitated epizootics in apparently healthy groups of shrimp. Once clinical signs of the disease became apparent, affected shrimp ceased feeding, and death usually followed within 24 to 72 hours. Opportunistic bacteria such as Vibrio spp. and Pseudomonas spp. often, But. not always, produced a terminal septicemia in affected shrimp. Mortalities of 1 to 5% per day due to this disease were observed on several occasions in tank and raceway‐reared P. californiensis in 1974 and 1975 at Puerto Pe&#x006e;̀asco, Mexico.Histopathology showed the blackened lesions to be, composed of masses of hemocytes and necrotic tissue. The black pigmentation of the lesions was due to melanin deposited in areas of heavy hemocyte infiltration, particularly near the centers of developing hemocyte nodules. No parasites or bacteria could be demonstrated in the centers of these nodules.
AN ECONOMETRIC MODEL OF PRAWN POND PRODUCTION1
Authors: Morita S. K. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTData on the production of prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) from ponds are not suitable for traditional analysis of variance models because the determining variables or treatments are at widely varying levels. However, the data are amenable to analysis within a simple two‐equation econometric model which is recursive in structure. The first equation has survival rate as a function of dissolved oxygen levels, pH measurements, stocking density, and length of grow‐out period. The second equation has kilograms harvested per hectare as a function of survival rate, stocking size, stocking density, length of grow‐out period and kilograms of feed. The explanatory power of both equations was very promising: R2, the square of the multiple correlation coefficient, was 0.99 for the first equation and 0.97 for the second equation.
PRODUCTION AND CULTURE OF YELLOWTAIL (Seriola quinqueradiata) IN JAPAN*
Authors: Brown E. Evan 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTYellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) is the most important species cultured in Japan. The industry uses essentially net culture. The latest technique is using submergible nets. The net profit is the highest of any cultured fish raised in Japan.
ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE EVALUATION OF DIETS FOR AQUATIC SPECIES, WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO THE GIANT MALAYSIAN PRAWN, Macrobrachium rosenbergii1
Authors: Nelson Stephen G. , Knight Allen W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTRecent work has shown that the metabolic responses of an organism to dietary properties are important determinants of the physiological processing of calories and nutrients. The effects of diet on the respiratory metabolism of a species is an especially important consideration since by far the majority of food energy assimilated goes to respiration. Rates of assimilation, growth efficiencies, and assimilation efficiencies are different for various dietary constituents. In the paper, the effects of diet on metabolic processes in Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii are reviewed from the perspective of diet evaluation. Physiological factors which are influenced by diet include metabolic rate (specific dynamic effect) growth, ammonia excretion, and the rate and efficiency of caloric assimilation.
DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL DIETS FOR THE LOBSTER, HOMARUS AMERICANUS
Authors: Conklin Douglas E. , Devers Kathryn , Bordner Clark 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA series of artificial diets was evaluated in terms of growth, survival, and normalized biomass during three‐month growth studies utilizing juvenile lobsters. The effects of both texture and the addition of specific nutrients were examined.An increase in normalized biomass resulted from the addition of water soluble vitamins and minerals as well as with the addition of shrimp meal. The effect of shrimp meal in the diet could not be duplicated by the addition of chitin or glucosamine. A number of jell‐textured diets produced better growth rates than similar hard pelletized diets but animals on the soft diets suffered a high percentage of mortalities by the end of the experiment. These results are discussed in comparison with those of other investigators using lobsters as test animals.
INVESTIGATION OF METHODS TO SHORTEN THE INTERMOLT PERIOD IN A CRAWFISH1
Authors: Huner Jay V. , Avault James W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSubadult crawfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard) (50–70 mm total length, the preferred bait size), were injected with ecdysial hormones and subjected to bilateral eyestalk removal to examine methods for shortening the intermolt period. Ecdysterone injection (3 μg/g) and bilateral eyestalk removal, 4 days postmolt, were both effective. Ecdysterone injection (3 μg/g) 1 day postmolt, and Molting Formulation No. 14injection (20 μl/individual), 4 days postmolt, were not effective. Bilateral eyestalk removal was a better method for producing soft shell crawfish than ecdysterone injection because the crawfish molted successfully whereas most of the crawfish injected with ecdysterone (4 days postmolt) died during molt.
THE POTENTIAL FOR EYESTALK ABLATION AS A TECHNIQUE FOR ACCELERATING GROWTH OF LOBSTERS, (Homarus americanus) FOR COMMERCIAL CULTURE
Authors: Castell J. D. , Covey J. F. , Aiken D. E. , Waddy S. L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAn experiment with 201 “canner” lobsters (6.3–8.1 cm carapace length) was undertaken to determine whether eyestalk ablation could be used to accelerate growth rate and thus increase market value of small commercially caught lobsters. The experiment was designed to test the effect of ablation on molting, and to compare mass culture with individual containers, growth at 15°C with that at ambient temperature (0–10°C average about 3°C), growth and survival of females with that of males and to compare the effects of two formulated diets.Eyestalk ablation greatly accelerated the molting and also increased the weight gain of lobsters which molted. Survival of ablated lobsters was good, with cannibalism of molting lobsters in the mass rearing tanks being the main cause of death. The molting rate for both ablated and control lobsters was greater at 15°C than at ambient temperatures. The percent weight gain tended to be greater for males than females. Slight differences in weight gain were also observed between dietary treatments. Both test diets contained rock crab, cooked lobster bodies from a cannery, sea urchin and mussels with gelatin and agar as binders, one diet was supplemented with fish oil, vitamins and fish meal.Flavor panel testing indicated no significant difference between control, ablated or freshly caught wild lobsters in either taste or texture.
REPRODUCTION IN CAPTIVITY AND GROWTH OF Penaeus monodon, FABRICIUS IN POLYNESIA
Authors: Aquacop  
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTo develop shrimp farming in French Polynesia where no indigenous commercial species of penaeid prawn exists, the first step is to select the right species according to the following criteria: maturation and spawning in captivity, mass production of post‐larvae, fast growth at semi‐intensive density, acceptability of artificial diet, disease resistance and hardiness.This paper presents the results on P. monodon, Fabricius, the largest Indo‐Pacific species. Experiments have been conducted in the “Centre Océanologique du Pacifique” in Tahiti Island where the environmental conditions are: water temperature range 25–29 C, salinity 35 ppt, pH 8.2.Beginning with 9 females and 4 males from Fiji and New‐Caledonia, kept in sand bottom 12 m3tanks, F1 generation was obtained in November 1975 and F2 generation in August 1976. Maturation is induced after one eye ablation by pinching the eyestalk. From May to July, 6 females from 45 to 130 g gave 18 spawnings which totalized 3.3 times 106eggs, thus proving it is possible to sustain a commercial operation from captive reared animals. Mass mortalities which occurred during the larval rearing are now under control by use of antifungicides und antibiotics.Protein and energy requirements were studied by means of purified and artificial diets. It has been found that a 40% protein content and 3.3 kcal/g diet gives the best growth performance. An artificial dry pellet has been developed and 25 g mean weight animals have been harvested after 7 months in earth rearing ponds at a density of 10 ind/m2.Among 6 penaeid species under experiment in Tahiti, P. monodon is the most promising for the South Pacific tropical area.
POPULATION STRUCTURE OF MALAYSIAN PRAWNS, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (DE MAN), REARED IN EARTHEN PONDS IN SOUTH CAROLINA, 1974–19761
Authors: Smith T. I. J. , Sandifer P. A. , Smith M. H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPopulation structures of Malaysian prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, reared in earthen ponds in South Carolina are presented and various pond management strategies discussed. Sex ratios were generally biased toward females and overall, the total biomass of females was 20.6% greater than the total biomass of males. Mean sizes of males and females at harvest were usually similar (within one gram); however, their respective population structures showed distinct and characteristic differences. In general, females exhibited unimodal approximately normal distributions over a relatively narrow size range whereas the male populations exhibited markedly skewed, bi‐ or multimodal distributions over a comparatively broad size range.The size distributions of prawns produced in the 15 grow‐out studies were influenced by prawn size at stocking, stocking density, and duration of grow‐out (4 to 6 months). Of these, initial prawn size was clearly the most important factor controlling size distribution. Stocking juveniles resulted in shifting the prawn biomass at harvest into the larger size classes and the lower the stocking density or longer the rearing period, the more pronounced was this shift in biomass distribution. In contrast, regardless of density (8.4–20.1 m‐2) and grow‐out time (137–181 days), the stocking of postlarvae resulted in 46 to 96% of the harvested biomass being contained in the small (<15.0 g), less valuable size category.Although stocking juveniles results in a more valued crop, the cost of producing these juveniles may offset much of this economic gain. Our data suggest that an alternative stocking strategy which consists of stocking a mixture of postlarvae and juveniles may in fact result in a greater net return. Pilot‐scale demonstrations coupled with economic analyses are needed to test this pond stocking strategy.
MOLTING AND MORTALITY IN Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Peebles B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMortality estimates for M. rosenbergii, grown from postlarvae to adult, range from 20 to nearly 50%. My observations indicated that certain types of mortality, previously reported as cannibalism by some authors, followed a characteristic pattern and were related to molt state. In order to explore the relationship between mortality and molt state, a method of fragmenting M. rosenbergii's molt cycle was used, in a 4 by 3 factorial experiment where the relationship of molt state and relative size to injury and mortality was tested. The results indicated that prawns of equal size were susceptible to behaviorally related deaths at 2 points in the molt cycle, late premolt and early postmolt. The importance of this finding to aquaculture and behavioral research on crustaceans is discussed.
EFFECTS OF WATER‐BORNE MIREX ON THE SURVIVAL AND PRODUCTION OF Macrobrachium rosenbergii (DE MAN)1
Authors: Summer S. E. , Eversole A. G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPost‐larval Macrobrachium rosenbergii (11–30 nun total length) were exposed to mirex in water for 24 and 96 hours under static laboratory conditions. A LC50 value of 104 μg/liter was determined by probit analysis for prawns exposed for 24 hours, transferred to uncontaminated water, and observed for 72 hours. Prawns exposed for 96 hours at lower concentrations (100, 10, 1, and 0.1 μg/liter) had higher survival with the greatest mortality occurring at 100 μg/liter.One hundred prawns were individually exposed to 100, 10, 1, and 0.1 μg/liter for 96 hours, transferred to uncontaminated water and observed for an additional 24 days. No significant difference was found in number of molts, percent gain in length and weight, feeding or activity among concentrations (including control). However, those prawns exposed to the highest concentration molted fewer times. Also, a greater number of molt failures were observed with treatment animals, most occurring during the exposure period. The molt interval increased linearly with mirex concentration. Prawns in the control had significantly (P<0.05) shorter molt intervals than prawns exposed to 10 and 100 pg/liter. Consequently a loss in potential production (wet weight) over 28 days would be expected and the calculated percent gain in the control was 1.70 and 2.24 times that of the 10 and 100 μg/liter treatments.
THE FEASIBILITY OF FARMING MACROBRACHIUM IN DOMINICA, WEST INDIES
Authors: New M. B. , Sanders S. , Brown R. L. , Cole R. C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe technical feasibility of freshwater prawn framing in the Windward Island of Dominica is reviewed in the light of environmental, topographic, economic and marketing conditions. Although environmental conditions are good for the culture of Macrobrachium spp. in Dominica, the nature of the terrain precludes the construction of large farms. However, small farms supplied with stock from a government hatchery should be economically viable. Despite the need to import at least part of the feedstuff requirement, freshwater prawn farming would have a favorable effect on balance of payments due to the export market available in the neighboring French Departments of Martinique and Guadeloupe.
GROWTH IN TANK‐REARED POPULATIONS OF THE MALAYSIAN PRAWN, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (DE MAN)
Authors: Mancebo V. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPost‐larval Malaysian prawns(Macrobrachium rosenbergii) were stocked in cylindrical tanks at densities ranging from 33 to 115 prawns/ m2 (3.0 to 10.7 prawns/ft2). Mean weight and survival measurements were taken at 2‐month intervals for a total grow‐out cycle of 6 months. The results show that populations of postlarvae (mean weight .016 g to .060g) grow to an approximate mean weight of 18 g within the 6‐month cycle. Mortality averaged 0.33%/day for the first 4 months and increased to 0.50%/day during the last 2 months of grow‐out.
A DISCUSSION OF POSSIBLE SOURCES OF INBREEDING IN HATCHERY STOCK AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS
Authors: Newkirk G. F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIt is necessary to establish breeding programs for the species used in aquaculture. However, until such programs have been established and start producing superior strains, these species will be under widespread, intensive culture. Unless the propagation of these species is done properly it could lead to inbreeding of hatchery stock which will make selection in future generations futile and may in fact produce a deterioration in performance. Some of the ways inbreeding can occur in routine hatchery procedure and ways of avoiding them are discussed.