bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors Protect Against Condom-Associated Erection Loss and Condom Slippage?
Authors: Sanders Stephanie A. , Milhausen Robin R. , Crosby Richard A. , Graham Cynthia A. , Yarber William L. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTIntroductionSome physicians prescribe phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) for men who experience condom-associated erection difficulties with a view to increasing condom use and reducing risk of sexually transmitted infections.AimTo examine whether the prevalence of erection-related condom problems differs between men using and not using PDE5i at the last condom-protected penile–vaginal (PVI) or penile–anal intercourse.MethodsSeven hundred-five men who had used a male condom during the past 3 months for PVI were selected from a sample recruited through advertisement to an electronic mailing list for a large, internet-based, sexual-enhancement product company. An internet-based questionnaire posted in 2006 assessed condom-use errors and problems.Main Outcome MeasuresMen who did and did not use PDE5i during the last time a condom was used were compared on: (i) erection loss while applying a condom; (ii) erection loss during sex while using a condom; (iii) condom slipped off during sex; (iv) delayed condom application (penetration of the vagina or anus prior to application of the male condom); (v) early condom removal (condom taken off and intercourse continued without it); (vi) “problem with the way the condom fit”; (vii) “problem with the way the condom felt”; and (viii) condom breakage.ResultsControlling for age, marital status (yes/no), and having children (yes/no), PDE5i users, compared with nonusers, were: (i) three times more likely to report erection loss during sex while using a condom (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.40–7.39, P = 0.006); (ii) almost five times more likely to report the condom slipped off during sex (AOR = 4.75, 95% CI = 1.68–13.44, P = 0.003); and (iii) more than twice as likely to remove condoms before sex was over (AOR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.09–5.56, P = 0.03).ConclusionsPhysicians prescribing PDE5i may want to evaluate whether men are experiencing condom-associated erection difficulties and, if they are, consider titrating dosages and/or making referrals for psychosexual therapy and/or condom skills education.
Fungal community diversity and soil health in intensive potato cropping systems of the east Po valley, northern Italy
Authors: Manici L.M. , Caputo F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAn ecological approach was used to investigate the relationship between diversity of soil fungal communities and soil‐borne pathogen inoculum in a potato growing area of northern Italy affected by yield decline. The study was performed in 14 sites with the same tillage management practices: 10 named ‘potato sites’, that for many years had been intensely cultivated with potatoes, and 4 named ‘rotation sites’, subject to a 4‐year rotation without potatoes or any recurrent crop for many years. Fungal communities were recorded using conventional (soil fungi by plate count and endophytic fungi as infection frequency on pot‐grown potato plant roots in soil samples) and molecular approaches [Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes with specific and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis]. Diversity of fungal communities in potato sites was significantly lower than that in rotation sites. In addition, fungal communities in rotation sites showed lower Berger–Parker dominance than those in the potato sites, suggesting that rotation sites had a higher diversity as well as a better fungal community balance than potato sites. The ANalysis Of SIMilarity test of soil fungi and root endophytic fungi revealed that the two cropping systems differed significantly for species composition. Root endophytic fungal communities showed a greater ability to colonise potato roots in soil samples from potato sites than those from rotation sites. Moreover, the majority of endophytic root fungal community species in potato sites belonged to the potato root rot complex and storage disease (Colletotrichum coccodes,Fusarium solaniandFusarium oxysporum), while those in rotation sites were mainly ubiquitous or saprobic fungi. Soil rDNA analyses showed that Ascomycetes were much more frequent than Basidiomycetes in all the soils examined. DGGE analysis, with the Ascomycete‐specific primer (ITS1F/ITS4A), did not reveal distinctions between the communities found at the potato and rotation sites, although the same analysis showed differences between the communities of Basidiomycetes (specific primer ITS1F/ITS4B). These findings showed that recurrent potato cropping affected diversity and composition of soil fungal communities and induced a shift in specialisation of the endophytic fungi towards potato.
CONSTRUCTION OF A PRODUCT SPACE FROM THE ULTRA‐FLASH PROFILING METHOD: APPLICATION TO 10 RED WINES FROM THE LOIRE VALLEY
Authors: PERRIN LUCIE , PAGÈS JÉRÔME 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT This study proposes a methodology for the collection and the analysis of free‐text descriptions. Our hypotheses were that the high number of words usually required in textual data analysis could be compensated by (1) the expertise of the judges; and (2) by collecting free descriptions in the context of a Napping® evaluation (Ultra‐flash profiling [UFP]). This method was applied using 14 wine experts, who evaluated 10 red wines twice. The independent analysis of the words thus obtained is interpretable and rich of information. The comparison with the characterization obtained from an independent classical profiling both supports the results of the UFP and shows the specific contribution of this method. Moreover, the minimal quotation frequency from which the items were introduced in the analysis is discussed. In the present example, the robustness observed whatever the threshold selected is an argument in favor of the stability of this method. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe example studied shows that it is possible to get an interpretable product space from free‐text comments provided by a limited number of judges, when judges are experts and when descriptions are collected in the context of a Napping® evaluation. Beyond the example, this study proposes a methodology for the collection and the analysis of free‐text comments.
SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF ICE CREAM PRODUCED IN THE U.S.A. AND ITALY
Authors: THOMPSON KELLY R. , CHAMBERS DELORES H. , CHAMBERS IV EDGAR 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to define and compare sensory characteristics of high‐quality Italian gelati to ice creams produced in the U.S.A. Trained descriptive sensory panelists evaluated gelato samples in Italy, purchased direct from local gelaterias, and ice cream samples in the U.S., purchased from grocery stores and local shops. In general, gelati obtained higher overall fruity and fruit identification scores, chocolate gelati obtained higher chocolate and cocoa notes and vanilla gelati obtained higher vanilla and lower vanillin intensities than most U.S. ice creams. Gelati were consistently associated with higher density, lower firmness and slower meltdown. When compared with U.S. ice creams, Italian gelati are characterized by specific sensory properties: “true to type” flavors – high‐intensity flavors considered to be typical to that flavor category or specific fruit and are combined with a dense, smooth texture that allows for the development of flavor, body and bloom, enhancing the perception of flavors. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe research conducted in this study may be useful for ice cream manufacturers and sensory scientists. These results are the first to define sensory characteristics of high‐quality Italian gelati and may be used to produce ice cream with increased consumer liking. The descriptive attributes developed can be used for the development of new flavors or for the improvement of ice cream products already on the market.
COMPARISON OF THE SENSORY PROPERTIES OF ULTRA‐HIGH‐TEMPERATURE (UHT) MILK FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
Authors: OUPADISSAKOON GAEWALIN , CHAMBERS DELORES H. , CHAMBERS IV EDGAR 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTShelf‐stable milk, also known as ultra‐high‐temperature (UHT) milk is the most common form of milk in many parts of the world. This study compared the differences in flavor and texture of 37 commercially available UHT and sterilized milk samples including whole, 2% reduced‐fat and low‐fat milk obtained from markets in seven countries: France (n = 2), Italy (n = 11), Japan (n = 1), Korea (n = 2), Peru (n = 3), Thailand (n = 13) and the U.S.A. (n = 5). Five highly trained panelists used flavor and texture profiling to describe the sensory properties of each milk sample. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Higher levels of processed, chalky, brown and cooked flavor notes generally corresponded to lower levels of fresh dairy flavor characteristics. In general, samples did not vary consistently within a country. Fat content did not correlate with dairy fat flavor or with viscosity. This research suggests that companies' manufacturing processes for UHT milk may have more impact than country or fat content in determining sensory properties of UHT milk.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSensory properties of UHT milk from different countries developed in this study could be used by the dairy industry to understand the similarities and differences of UHT milk characteristics from different regions and to modify UHT milk characteristics to meet consumers' criteria or expectation. The study suggests that manufacturers who want to improve quality of UHT milk by modify flavor and texture properties should focus on improvements to the manufacturing processes.
SENSORY EVALUATION OF CHINESE‐STYLE MARINATED CHICKEN BY CHINESE AND EUROPEAN NAÏVE ASSESSORS
Authors: YUSOP S.M. , O'SULLIVAN M.G. , KERRY J.F. , KERRY J.P. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT This study was carried out in order to determine the sensory acceptability of chicken breast fillet marinated with retail and commercially available Chinese‐style marinades. Forty‐nine naïve assessors, including 25 European and 24 Chinese, were selected to assess 17 sensory attribute of 18 Chinese‐style marinades, anonymously coded according to their specific flavor group: (1) Szechuan, SZ (A–D); (2) Sweet and Sour, SS (E–J); (3) Hoisin, HO (K–P); and (4) Chinese 5 Spice, FS (Q–R). The attributes includes color (bright red, dark brown, color penetration), aroma (liking, pungency, spiciness), flavor (liking, spiciness, hotness), specific flavor ratings (Szechuan, Sweet and Sour, Hoisin, Barbeque, Chinese 5 Spice, authenticity), juiciness and overall acceptability. The instrumental color of the cooked samples and pH, moisture and fat content of the marinades were also analyzed instrumentally. Marinades were applied to the chicken fillets and dry cooked at 170C for 15 min to an internal temperature of 73C. Sensory evaluation showed that there were significant differences between both naïve assessor groups in all attributes measured, excluding bright red color, sweet and sour and flavor authenticity (P < 0.05). Samples marinated with marinades FS‐Q and SS‐G received the highest score in term of overall acceptability by the European assessors, whereas HO‐L was chosen by the Chinese assessor group. The European naïve assessors were also found to successfully differentiate the Chinese marinade products according to four specific flavors (Szechuan, Sweet and Sour, Hoisin and Chinese 5 Spice). Although the optimal characteristics of an ideal Chinese marinade were identified by the European group, the Chinese perception for Chinese‐style marinated products available in the Irish market were less acceptable and were considered non‐authentic.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe findings from this research will benefit marinade and marinated chicken product manufacturers, when developing or optimizing their ethnic products for the local and international markets. The European naïve consumers were found to successfully differentiate the Chinese marinade products according to four specific flavors. Although the optimal characteristics of an ideal Chinese marinade were identified by the European, the Chinese naïve assessor's perception for Chinese‐style marinade products available in the Irish market were less acceptable and lacking in authenticity. These results are of interest to individuals undertaking cross cultural consumer studies, even though the results presented here used naïve assessors.
TASTE PERCEPTION OF UMAMI‐RICH DISHES IN ITALIAN CULINARY TRADITION
Authors: SINESIO FIORELLA , COMENDADOR FRANCISCO JAVIER , PEPARAIO MARINA , MONETA ELISABETTA 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT The aim of this research project was to investigate umami taste properties of recipes based on Italian culinary tradition and prepared with umami‐rich ingredients, focusing on the impact of the preparation and ingredient combination. Gustative profiles were prepared for a traditional Italian dish, tender beef bouillon, usually consumed with pasta stuffed with beef. Four different samples were designed by changing the ingredients (with or without integrating Parmigiano cheese) and the preparation (cooking time) of the recipe. Panelists were rigorously trained for umami taste evaluation using monosodium L‐glutamate (MSG) aqueous solutions and were then asked to evaluate umami sensation in tender beef bouillon with or without added Parmigiano Reggiano. A majority of the panelists were able to distinguish correctly umami sensations induced by MSG. The level of umami enhancement induced by Parmigiano Reggiano was clearly perceived by the panelists, and this enhancement positively affected also other basic tastes; whereas the cooking time had no clear effect on the gustative perception.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn western countries, people do not know much about umami. This taste is defined as the “savoriness” of the glutamate. Umami‐taste substances are present in several foods, but whereas the taste of monosodium glutamate and 5′ nucleotides can be without difficulty identified in water solutions, which are usually employed for panel training, the ability to identify this primary taste decreases enormously in more complex matrices like food. This study describes a procedure for screening and training sensory panels and could serve as a guide in teaching panelists to recognize and quantify the umami taste in a multistimuli matrix like a food recipe or product.It also provides a practical application in a recipe in which the umami taste is modulated by the culinary preparation and ingredients.
Indirect evidence for increased mechanosensitivity of jejunal secretomotor neurones in patients with idiopathic bile acid malabsorption
Authors: Bajor A. , Ung K.‐A. , Öhman L. , Simren M. , Thomas E. A. , Bornstein J. C. , Sjövall H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAim:  The interdigestive motor rhythm, the migrating motor complex (MMC), is accompanied by active secretion of chloride during periods of distally propagating maximal motor activity (MMC phase III). We studied the behaviour of this system in bile acid malabsorption (BAM), a relative common cause of chronic diarrhoea. We measured motor activity and transmucosal potential difference (PD, reflecting active chloride secretion), in the proximal jejunum in healthy controls (n = 18) and in a group of patients with BAM (n = 11). The phase III‐generated voltage was related to the degree of BAM quantified by the 75SeHCAT test.Methods:  We used a multi‐channel intestinal infusion system to simultaneously measure jejunal pressure and PD. Saline passing calomel half‐cells was infused into the jejunum and subcutaneously. Pressure and PD were recorded in the fasting state and after a test meal.Results:  In the absence of motor activity, jejunal PD was not significantly different from zero in either group. During MMC phase III, PD reached significantly higher mean and peak levels in BAM patients. The product of MMC phase III length multiplied by voltage, over 3 h, was also significantly higher in BAM patients (controls: median 307 mV × cm, range 70–398; BAM: median 511, range 274–2271, P < 0.01). This value was also significantly correlated with the degree of BAM as reflected by the 75SeHCAT test (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  Phase III induced jejunal secretion may be upregulated in BAM patients, resulting in overload of colonic reabsorption capacity.
Greater growth hormone and insulin response in women than in men during repeated bouts of sprint exercise
Authors: Esbjörnsson M. , Norman B. , Suchdev S. , Viru M. , Lindhgren A. , Jansson E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAim:  In a previous study, sprint training has been shown to increase muscle cross‐sectional area in women but not in men [Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 74 (1996) 375]. We hypothesized that sprint exercise induces a different hormonal response in women than in men. Such a difference may contribute to explaining the observed gender difference in training response.Method:  Metabolic and hormonal response to three 30‐s sprints with 20‐min rest between the sprints was studied in 18 physically active men and women.Results:  Accumulation of blood lactate [interaction term gender (g) × time (t): P = 0.022], and plasma ammonia (g × t: P < 0.001) after sprint exercise was greater in men. Serum insulin increased after sprint exercise more so in women than in men (g × t: P = 0.020), while plasma glucose increased in men, but not in women (g × t: P < 0.001). Serum growth hormone (GH) increased in both women and men reaching similar peak levels, but with different time courses. In women the peak serum GH level was observed after sprint 1, whereas in men the peak was observed after sprint 3 (g × t; P < 0.001). Serum testosterone tended to decrease in men and increase in women (g × t: P = 0.065). Serum cortisol increased approx. 10–15% after sprint exercise, independent of gender (time: P = 0.005).Conclusion:  Women elicited a greater response of serum GH and insulin to sprint exercise. This may contribute to explaining the earlier observed muscle hypertrophy in women in response to sprint training.
Integrated Water Resources Optimization Models: An Assessment of a Multidisciplinary Tool for Sustainable Water Resources Management Strategies
Authors: Mayer Alex , Muñoz‐Hernandez Andrea 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIntegrated water resources optimization models (IWROM) are tools that have been developed over the last decade for determining optimal water allocations among competing sectors. This article describes the state of the art of IWROMs. We illustrate the various approaches that have been taken to determine and maximize economic benefits of withdrawing water for various use categories in IWROM applications, including off‐stream human uses and in‐stream uses such as ecological flows. First, we describe the hydrologic simulators used in IWROM applications, and the mathematical methods used to solve the optimization problems. It is suggested that IWROMs (a) seek to model coupled human–nature relationships and mimic the impact of water resources management strategies on the environment at the basin scale; (b) allow for the simulation and assessment of economic policies and strategies on water resources management; (c) can support basin‐wide decision‐making; and (d) are particularly useful for water‐scarce regions. Finally, we have identify the need for improvements in (a) simulating biophysical systems; (b) handling model uncertainty; (c) inclusion of environmental flows and other relevant environmental factors through economic benefit functions; (d) accounting for social impacts related to shifts in water allocations among users; and (e) inclusion of stakeholders in the development of IWROMs.
Observing Forest Change to Enhance Border Sustainability in Chihuahua, Mexico
Authors: Currit Nate 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe US–Mexico border is a place of great social and economic contrasts. Environmental systems straddle the border without regard for social or economic differences, and degradation is rarely confined to a single side of the border. Of major concern to the border region is the quantity and quality of water resources in the Rio Grande and its tributaries. The forests of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Chihuahua State are the source of much of this water and are an ideal place to study the impact of distant border influences, and this article examines remote sensing applications of Chihuahua's forest resources. Efforts to map Mexico's land‐cover are reviewed, and specific examples relating to Chihuahua are provided. Forest fire analysis at the national level is discussed, and opportunities for applying remotely sensed data and analysis to Chihuahua are identified. These include (i) long‐term monitoring of Chihuahua's forests; (ii) the estimation of biophysical forest parameters; and (iii) assessment of pre‐fire, active fire, and post‐fire forest characteristics and burn severity. Remote sensing of Chihuahua's forests will facilitate studies of downstream water quantity and quality and point to management practices that will create a sustainable border environment.
Climate change alters reproductive isolation and potential gene flow in an annual plant
Authors: Franks Steven J. , Weis Arthur E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractClimate change will likely cause evolution due not only to selection but also to changes in reproductive isolation within and among populations. We examined the effects of a natural drought on the timing of flowering in two populations of Brassica rapa and the consequences for predicted reproductive isolation and potential gene flow. Seeds were collected before and after a 5‐year drought in southern California from two populations varying in soil moisture. Lines derived from these seeds were raised in the greenhouse under wet and drought conditions. We found that the natural drought caused changes in reproductive timing and that the changes were greater for plants from the wet than from the dry site. This differential shift caused the populations to become more phenological similar, which should lead to less reproductive isolation and increased gene flow. We estimated a high level of assortative mating by flowering time, which potentially contributed to the rapid evolution of phenological traits following the drought. Estimates of assortative mating were higher for the wet site population, and assortative mating was reduced following the drought. This study shows that climate change can potentially alter gene flow and reproductive isolation within and among populations, strongly influencing evolution.
Radiopathological review of small bowel carcinoid tumours
Authors: Wong M , Kong A , Constantine S , Pathi R , Parrish FJ , Verma R , Lim C , Steer C 
Published: April 2009

SummarySmall bowel carcinoid tumours are endocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. This pictorial essay will review the pathology, clinical features, treatment and prognosis and illustrate the radiographic, computed tomographic, sonographic, magnetic resonance and nuclear medicine appearances of small bowel carcinoid tumours.