bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Tau Pathology and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Metcalfe Maria Jose , Figueiredo‐Pereira Maria E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlzheimer's disease is a chronic, age‐related neurodegenerative disorder. Neurofibrillary tangles are among the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Neurofibrillary tangles consist of abnormal protein fibers known as paired helical filaments. The accumulation of paired helical filaments is one of the most characteristic cellular changes in Alzheimer's disease. Tau protein, a microtubule‐associated protein, is the major component of paired helical filaments. Tau in paired helical filaments is hyperphosphorylated, truncated, and aggregated. What triggers the formation of paired helical filaments is not known, but neuroinflammation could play a role. Neuroinflammation is an active process detectable in the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease. The neuronal toxicity associated with inflammation makes it a potential risk factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Determining the sequence of events that lead to this devastating disease has become one of the most important goals for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we focus on the pathological properties of tau thought to play a role in neurofibrillary tangle formation and summarize how central nervous system inflammation might be a critical contributor to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. A better understanding of the mechanisms that cause neurofibrillary tangle formation is of clinical importance for developing therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease. One of the major challenges facing us is singling out neuroinflammation as a therapeutic target for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease neurodegeneration. The challenge is developing therapeutic strategies that prevent neurotoxicity linked to inflammation without compromising its neuroprotective role. Mt Sinai J Med 77:50&&ndash;58, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
First Season of 2009 H1N1 Influenza
Authors: Swedish Kristin A. , Conenello Gina , Factor Stephanie H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe 2009 H1N1 influenza virus is responsible for the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. Within 5 months after its emergence in Mexico, it had affected more than 290,000 patients and caused at least 3486 deaths on 6 continents. This report provides information about influenza viruses, previous pandemics, and the virology, clinical features, and epidemiology of 2009 H1N1 influenza in order to elucidate the current pandemic and outline the questions that remain. Mt Sinai J Med 77:103&&ndash;113, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Current Treatment and Recent Clinical Research in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Neugroschl Judith , Sano Mary 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe transition from either epidemiological observation or the bench to rigorously tested clinical trials in patients with Alzheimer's disease is crucial in understanding which treatments are beneficial to patients. The amyloid hypothesis has undergone scrutiny recently, as many trials aimed at reducing amyloid and plaque have been completed or are in the testing phase. Examples include modulation of the secretases involved in beta amyloid formation, anti‐aggregation agents, and immunotherapeutic trials. Other therapies targeting hyperphosphorylated tau and novel targets such as enhancement of mitochondrial function, serotonin receptors, receptor for advanced glycation end products, and nerve growth factor, as well as other strategies, are discussed. A brief review of the current Food and Drug Administration–approved treatments is included. Mt Sinai J Med 77:3&&ndash;16, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Single‐voxel MRS with prospective motion correction and retrospective frequency correction
Authors: Zaitsev M. , Speck O. , Hennig J. , Büchert M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSubject motion during MRS investigations is a factor limiting the quality and the diagnostic value of the spectra. The possibility of using external motion tracking data to correct for artefacts in MR imaging has been demonstrated previously. In this paper the utility of prospective motion correction for single‐voxel proton MRS is investigated. The object motion data are used in real time to update the position of the spectroscopy voxel during the acquisition prior to every sequence repetition cycle. It is not, however, sufficient to update the voxel position alone due to shim changes accompanying subject motion. Adverse effects of frequency shifts induced by subject motion are effectively suppressed by the interleaved reference scan method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coping strategies in daily occupations 3 months after a severe or major hand injury
Authors: Cederlund Ragnhild , Thorén‐Jönsson Anna‐Lisa , Dahlin Lars B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCoping strategies used in performing daily occupations 3 months after a severe or major hand injury were explored. A semi‐structured interview was performed with 13 participants with hand injuries based on Hand Injury Severity Scoring System and analysed using content analysis. Six groups of strategies were identified: ‘Changing performance of daily occupations’, ‘Actively processing trauma experience’, ‘Changing occupational patterns’, ‘Receiving assistance’, ‘Using emotional strategies’ and ‘Keeping up a social network’. The problem‐ and emotional‐solving strategies identified in this study can be used to support other patients early in rehabilitation. Patients with few coping strategies should be recognized. Information and practical handouts to patients, therapists and relatives should stimulate and help patients with hand problems enabling in meaningful occupations and preventing unnecessary stress. Furthermore, social support should be encouraged and family should be actively involved in rehabilitation. To insure trustworthiness, member checks were used on four randomly selected participants, but could possibly be used with all participants. Further research is needed in a longitudinal study to explore which coping strategies or adaptation patients use to perform daily occupations at a later stage. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of different amine‐functionalized polyethylenes as compatibilizers for polyethylene film nanocomposites
Authors: Sánchez‐Valdes Saúl , Méndez‐Nonell Juan , Medellín‐Rodríguez Francisco J , Ramírez‐Vargas Eduardo , Martínez‐Colunga Juan G , de Valle Luis F Ramos , Mondragón‐Chaparro Margarita , López‐Quintanilla Maria L , García‐Salazar Maria L 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe compatibilization effects provided by different amine‐functionalized polyethylenes (PEs) versus those provided by a maleated polyethylene (PEgMA), for forming PE‐based film nanocomposites, were studied. Amine‐functionalized PEs were prepared by reaction of PEgMA with two primary amines, 2‐aminoethanol (EA) and 1,12‐aminododecane (D12), and a tertiary amine, 2‐[2‐(dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol (DMAE), in the melt to form the corresponding PEgEA, PEgD12 and PEgDMAE. Nanocomposites were prepared by melt mixing in a twin‐screw extruder PE and these three functionalized compatibilizers with a modified montmorillonite clay. The purpose of the current work was to determine the effect of the various amine‐functionalized PEs on the degree of exfoliation and optical properties of PE–clay nanocomposites in order to obtain nanocomposite films for greenhouse cover applications. Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the formation of the amine‐modified PE compatibilizers. Structural, morphological, mechanical, rheological and optical properties of film samples were used to characterize the nanocomposites. All the amine‐modified PE‐compatibilized nanocomposites had better clay exfoliation compared to uncompatibilized PE composites. Results showed that PEgDMAE formed highly exfoliated morphology and a favorable balance between mechanical (stiffness and ductility), optical and thermal insulating film properties even at higher clay contents. It was determined that nanocomposites with greater exfoliated structure showed better optical and thermal insulating film properties. PEgEA and PEgD12 compatibilizers did not provide a better interaction for exfoliation of the organoclay than the PEgMA material. The PEgDMAE compatibilizer led to a highly exfoliated morphology and a favorable balance between mechanical, optical and thermal insulating film properties even at higher clay contents. The PEgDMAE film nanocomposites could be used ideally for greenhouse cover applications. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Maximizing the sensitivity and reliability of peptide identification in large‐scale proteomic experiments by harnessing multiple search engines
Authors: Yu Wen , Taylor J. Alex , Davis Michael T. , Bonilla Leo E. , Lee Kimberly A. , Auger Paul L. , Farnsworth Chris C. , Welcher Andrew A. , Patterson Scott D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDespite recent advances in qualitative proteomics, the automatic identification of peptides with optimal sensitivity and accuracy remains a difficult goal. To address this deficiency, a novel algorithm, Multiple Search Engines, Normalization and Consensus is described. The method employs six search engines and a re‐scoring engine to search MS/MS spectra against protein and decoy sequences. After the peptide hits from each engine are normalized to error rates estimated from the decoy hits, peptide assignments are then deduced using a minimum consensus model. These assignments are produced in a series of progressively relaxed false‐discovery rates, thus enabling a comprehensive interpretation of the data set. Additionally, the estimated false‐discovery rate was found to have good concordance with the observed false‐positive rate calculated from known identities. Benchmarking against standard proteins data sets (ISBv1, sPRG2006) and their published analysis, demonstrated that the Multiple Search Engines, Normalization and Consensus algorithm consistently achieved significantly higher sensitivity in peptide identifications, which led to increased or more robust protein identifications in all data sets compared with prior methods. The sensitivity and the false‐positive rate of peptide identification exhibit an inverse‐proportional and linear relationship with the number of participating search engines.
Network generation enhances interpretation of proteomic data from induced apoptosis
Authors: Deighton Ruth F. , Kerr Lorraine E. , Short Duncan M. , Allerhand Mike , Whittle Ian R. , McCulloch James 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThirteen proteins (identified with 2‐D gels and MALDI‐TOF MS) are significantly altered during staurosporine‐induced apoptosis in SH‐SY5Y cells. To gain further insight into the integrated cellular response to apoptosis, we have investigated whether a network can be generated of direct and indirect interactions between these 13 proteins. A network that contains 12 out of the 13 proteins was generated using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and this network is dominated (89%) by direct protein−protein interactions. This network scored 34 with IPA. Bootstrapping 1000 random lists of 13 proteins suggested that the frequency of this score occurring by chance was 1 in 500. We examined whether subsets of proteins such as HSPs, which were elevated after staurosporine, had a disproportionate impact on the network generated. There was no evidence that any subset of 8 from the 13 proteins contributed disproportionately to the network. Network generation, using IPA, identified common features (such as endoplasmic reticular stress protein interactions) in apoptotic studies from different laboratories. The generation of protein interaction networks clearly enhances the interpretation of proteomic data, but only when interpreted cautiously, particularly in respect of statistical analyses.
A guided tour of the Trans‐Proteomic Pipeline
Authors: Deutsch Eric W. , Mendoza Luis , Shteynberg David , Farrah Terry , Lam Henry , Tasman Natalie , Sun Zhi , Nilsson Erik , Pratt Brian , Prazen Bryan , Eng Jimmy K. , Martin Daniel B. , Nesvizhskii Alexey I. , Aebersold Ruedi 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe Trans‐Proteomic Pipeline (TPP) is a suite of software tools for the analysis of MS/MS data sets. The tools encompass most of the steps in a proteomic data analysis workflow in a single, integrated software system. Specifically, the TPP supports all steps from spectrometer output file conversion to protein‐level statistical validation, including quantification by stable isotope ratios. We describe here the full workflow of the TPP and the tools therein, along with an example on a sample data set, demonstrating that the setup and use of the tools are straightforward and well supported and do not require specialized informatic resources or knowledge.
Photoinduced acyl transfer
Authors: Débieux Jean‐Luc , Bochet Christian G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe acylation reaction occupies a central role in biochemistry and organic synthesis. On the one hand, it is by this very reaction that amino acids successively assemble to form peptides and proteins, and on the other hand it is a major synthetic method encompassing esterification, amidation, Friedel–Crafts reaction and many other processes routinely used both at the laboratory and the industrial scale. Photochemical activation is always an attractive alternative, because it is relatively mild (provided innocuous wavelengths are used), and no additional substance is added; thus no separation of the activator is necessary at the end of the process. In this paper, we briefly survey the most widely used methods of photoinduced acylations, and our own contribution to the field. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density functional study for the polymerization of ethylene monomer using a new nickel catalyst
Authors: Ramos Javier , Cruz Víctor L. , Martínez‐Salazar Javier , Brasse Mikael , Palma Pilar , Campora Juan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe present computational study was designed to study the polymerization of ethylene catalyzed by a new Ni‐based PymNox organometallic compound. Recently, we have synthesized and tested the behavior of this type of catalyst in olefin polymerization. It has been experimentally observed that the unsubstituted catalyst Ni2 (aldimino PymNox catalyst) is less active than the methyl substituted Ni1 (acetaldimino PymNox catalyst) analogue. The reactivity of both catalysts was examined using density functional theory (DFT) models. Our results indicate that the methyl substituted Ni1 introduces some additional steric hindrance that probably renders a more suitable catalyst conformation for the monomer incorporation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1160–1165, 2010
SET‐LRP of acrylates in air
Authors: Fleischmann Sven , Rosen Brad M. , Percec Virgil 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSingle Electron Transfer‐Living Radical Polymerization (SET‐LRP) represents a robust and versatile method for the rapid synthesis of macromolecules with well defined topology. In SET‐LRP, certain combinations of solvents and ligands facilitate the disproportionation of in situ generated Cu(I) species into “nascent” Cu(0) and Cu(II) species. A combination of heterogeneous and “nascent” Cu(0) activation yields polymers with very high chain end functionality. Under suitable conditions the tolerance toward oxygen must be increased since Cu(0), the activator in SET‐LRP, acts as an oxygen scavenger in all inert gas purification systems. Here we demonstrate that SET‐LRP of methyl acrylate can be conducted in the presence of air. The addition of a small amount of reducing agent hydrazine hydrate to the reaction mixture reduces Cu2O generated by the oxidation of Cu(0) with air, regenerating Cu(0) and allowing for the synthesis of polymers with predictable molecular weight and perfect retention of chain end functionality. The kinetics plots obtained under these conditions were identical to these generated by degassed samples. High conversions were achieved within a very short reaction time. In these SET‐LRP experiments, the reagents were not deoxygenated or subjected to standard degassing procedures such as freeze‐pump‐thaw or nitrogen sparging. This simple SET‐LRP procedure provides an efficient and economical approach to the synthesis of functional macromolecules. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1190–1196, 2010
Bio‐safe synthesis of linear and branched PLLA
Authors: Målberg Sofia , Basalp Dildare , Finne‐Wistrand Anna , Albertsson Ann‐Christine 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe catalytic activities of Bi(III) acetate (Bi(OAc)3) and of creatinine towards the ring‐opening polymerization of L‐lactide have been compared with those of a stannous (II) ethylhexanoate ((SnOct)2)‐based system and with those of a system catalyzed by enzymes. All four were suitable catalysts for the synthesis of high and moderate molecular weight poly(L‐lactide)s and the differences in reactivity and efficiency have been studied. Linear and branched poly(L‐lactide)s were synthesized using these bio‐safe initiators together with ethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, and myoinositol as coinitiators. The polymerizations were performed in bulk at 120 and 140 °C and different reactivities and molecular weights were achieved by adding different amounts of coinitiators. A molecular weight of 105,900 g/mol was achieved with 99% conversion in 5 h at 120 °C with a Bi(OAc)3‐based system. This system was comparable to Sn(Oct)2 at 140 °C. The reactivity of creatinine is lower than that of Bi(OAc)3 but higher compared with enzymes lipase PS (Pseudomonas fluorescens). A ratio of Sn(Oct)2Mo/Io 10,000:1 was needed to achieve a polymer with a reasonable low amount of tin residue in the precipitated polymer, and a system catalyzed by creatinine at 140 °C has a higher conversion rate than such a system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1214–1219, 2010
Poly(n‐alkylsilsesquioxane)s: Synthesis, characterization, and modification with poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Authors: Prado Luís A. S. A. De , Torriani Iris L. , Yoshida Inez V. P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSelf‐supported translucent films constituted of poly(n‐octylsilsesquioxane) or poly(n‐dodecylsilsesquioxane) were obtained from the hydrolysis and condensation of n‐octyltriethoxysilane (OTES) or n‐dodecyltriethoxysilane (DTES), respectively. Dense films were obtained in the absence of organic solvents, with dibutyltin diacetate as catalyst. These films exhibited good optical transparency and thermal stability. The incorporation of oligomeric dimethylsiloxane units (DMe,Me) in these materials, derived from silanol‐terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) or 1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl‐1,3‐diethoxydisiloxane (TMDES), was carried out during the hydrolysis and condensation of OTES and DTES and was confirmed by solid‐state 29Si NMR. Poly(n‐octylsilsesquioxane) showed a glass‐transition temperature at −65 °C, due to the increase in the free volume, promoted by the bulky n‐octyl groups. The differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) curves of the polymer derived from DTES were characterized by first‐order transitions at temperatures ranging from −15.8 to −0.7 °C. Further studies of these networks by low‐temperature XRD evidenced narrowing of the diffraction halos suggesting a partial order–disorder transition for these materials at lower temperatures. Good thermal stability up to 350 °C and the solvent‐free production process make these polymers potential candidates for the development of self‐supported hydrophobic protective coatings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1220–1229, 2010
Synthesis and solution behavior of comb‐like terpolymers with poly(ethylene oxide) macromonomer
Authors: Zhong Chuanrong , Jiang Liufeng , Peng Xiuhua 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA novel macromonomer: p‐vinylbenzyl‐terminated octylphenoxy poly(ethylene oxide) (polymerization number: 18) (VBPEO) was synthesized. The comb‐like acrylamide‐based terpolymers (PVEA) were synthesized by aqueous free‐radical copolymerization technique using acrylamide (AM), VBPEO and sodium 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulphonate (NaAMPS). The macromonomer and PVEA polymer were characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The polymers exhibited self‐assembly behavior in water and the brine solutions. The polymers could be employed in the oil reservoirs of either the high or medium to low permeability due to the low intrinsic viscosities. The optimum NaAMPS feed amount could not only increase the water solubility, but also facilitate the intermolecular associations. Implementing VBPEO into the polymer greatly increased the rigidity of molecular chains, resulting in a high apparent viscosity of the PVEA in water and the brine solutions. The PVEA brine solutions exhibited both excellent uni‐ and bi‐valent cation resistance, salt‐ and heat‐thickening twice, pseudoplastic behavior, and thixotropy. The SEM morphologies showed that the expanded polymer bundles as well as the associated structures with huge sizes were formed for PVEA in water and that the continuous network structures were still formed in the PVEA brine solutions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1241–1250, 2010
Self‐diffusion of small molecules into rubbery polymers: A lattice free‐volume theory
Authors: Costa L. I. , Storti G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn the framework of the free‐volume (FV) theory, a new equation was derived for the evaluation of self‐diffusion coefficients of small molecules in polymers above the mixture glass transition temperature. The derivation of the equation turned out to be straightforward once the equivalence between the free volume and the unoccupied volume given by thermodynamic lattice theories is assumed. A parameter evaluation scheme is proposed, which is substantially simpler compared with the conventional Vrentas–Duda approach, even without losing generality. The key assumption is discussed, and its consistency is verified from a numerical viewpoint. A comparison with experimental solvent self‐diffusion coefficients for several solvent/polymer binary systems confirmed that the proposed theory presents good correlative ability over wide temperature and composition ranges. Moreover, the introduced thermodynamic foundation allows one to easily include the pressure effect too. In the frame of the proposed lattice free volume theory, the sizes of the polymer jumping units decrease with temperature and increase with pressure. Such behavior converges with theoretical expectations and opens the way for a predictive FV theory. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 529–540, 2010