bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Significant Component of Unforced Multidecadal Variability in the Recent Acceleration of Global Warming
Authors: DelSole Timothy , Tippett Michael K. , Shukla Jagadish 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The problem of separating variations due to natural and anthropogenic forcing from those due to unforced internal dynamics during the twentieth century is addressed using state-of-the-art climate simulations and observations. An unforced internal component that varies on multidecadal time scales is identified by a new statistical method that maximizes integral time scale. This component, called the internal multidecadal pattern (IMP), is stochastic and hence does not contribute to trends on long time scales; however, it can contribute significantly to short-term trends. Observational estimates indicate that the trend in the spatially averaged “well observed” sea surface temperature (SST) due to the forced component has an approximately constant value of 0.1 K decade−1, while the IMP can contribute about ±0.08 K decade−1 for a 30-yr trend. The warming and cooling of the IMP matches that of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and is of sufficient amplitude to explain the acceleration in warming during 1977–2008 as compared to 1946–77, despite the forced component increasing at the same rate during these two periods. The amplitude and time scale of the IMP are such that its contribution to the trend dominates that of the forced component on time scales shorter than 16 yr, implying that the lack of warming trend during the past 10 yr is not statistically significant. Furthermore, since the IMP varies naturally on multidecadal time scales, it is potentially predictable on decadal time scales, providing a scientific rationale for decadal predictions. While the IMP can contribute significantly to trends for periods of 30 yr or shorter, it cannot account for the 0.8°C warming that has been observed in the twentieth-century spatially averaged SST.
Evaluation of a Statistical Model of Cloud Vertical Structure Using Combined CloudSat and CALIPSO Cloud Layer Profiles
Authors: Rossow William B. , Zhang Yuanchong 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A model of the three-dimensional distribution of clouds was developed from the statistics of cloud layer occurrence from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and the statistics of cloud vertical structure (CVS) from an analysis of radiosonde humidity profiles. The CVS model associates each cloud type, defined by cloud-top pressure of the topmost cloud layer and total column optical thickness, with a particular CVS. The advent of satellite cloud radar (CloudSat) and lidar [Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO)] measurements (together C&C) of CVS allows for a quantitative evaluation of this statistical model. The zonal monthly-mean cloud layer distribution from the ISCCP CVS agrees with that from C&C to within 10% (when normalized to the same total cloud amount). The largest differences are an overestimate of middle-level cloudiness in winter polar regions, an overestimate of cloud-top pressures of the highest-level clouds, especially in the tropics, and an underestimate of low-level cloud amounts over southern midlatitude oceans. A more severe test of the hypothesized relationship is made by comparing CVS for individual satellite pixels. The agreement of CVS is good for isolated low-level clouds and reasonably good when the uppermost cloud layer is a high-level cloud; however, the agreement is not good when the uppermost cloud layer is a middle-level cloud, even when ISCCP correctly locates cloud top. An improved CVS model combining C&C and ISCCP may require classification at spatial scales larger than individual satellite pixels.
Pattern Classification of Typhoon Tracks Using the Fuzzy c-Means Clustering Method
Authors: Kim Hyeong-Seog , Kim Joo-Hong , Ho Chang-Hoi , Chu Pao-Shin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA fuzzy c-means clustering method (FCM) is applied to cluster tropical cyclone (TC) tracks. FCM is suitable for the data where cluster boundaries are ambiguous, such as a group of TC tracks. This study introduces the feasibility of a straightforward metric to incorporate the entire shapes of all tracks into the FCM, that is, the interpolation of all tracks into equal number of segments. Four validity measures (e.g., partition coefficient, partition index, separation index, and Dunn index) are used objectively to determine the optimum number of clusters. This results in seven clusters from 855 TCs over the western North Pacific (WNP) from June through October during 1965–2006. The seven clusters are characterized by 1) TCs striking the Korean Peninsula and Japan with north-oriented tracks, 2) TCs affecting Japan with long trajectories, 3) TCs hitting Taiwan and eastern China with west-oriented tracks, 4) TCs passing the east of Japan with early recurving tracks, 5) TCs traveling the easternmost region over the WNP, 6) TCs over the South China Sea, and 7) TCs moving straight across the Philippines. Each cluster shows distinctive characteristics in its lifetime, traveling distance, intensity, seasonal variation, landfall region, and distribution of TC-induced rainfall. The roles of large-scale environments (e.g., sea surface temperatures, low-level relative vorticity, and steering flows) on cluster-dependent genesis locations and tracks are also discussed.
Turbulent Mixing due to Surface Waves Indicated by Remote Sensing of Suspended Particulate Matter and Its Implementation into Coupled Modeling of Waves, Turbulence, and Circulation
Authors: Pleskachevsky Andrey , Dobrynin Mikhail , Babanin Alexander V. , Günther Heinz , Stanev Emil 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This paper studies the impact of the surface waves on the turbulent mixing. The satellite observations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) at the ocean surface as an indicator of turbulent quantities of the flow are used. In a water column, SPM builds a vertical profile depending on settling velocities of the particles and on vertical mixing processes; thus, SPM is a perfect marker to study the turbulent quantities of the flow. Satellite observations in the North Sea show that surface SPM concentrations, in locations of its deposition, grow rapidly and build plume-shaped, long (many kilometers) uninterrupted and consistent structures during a storm. Also, satellites reveal that SPM rapidly sinks to the seabed after the storm peak has passed and wave height decreases (i.e., in the absence of strong turbulence).
The nonbreaking wave-induced turbulence has been discussed, parameterized, and implemented into an equation of evolution of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the frame of mean-flow concept, which can be used in existing circulation models. The ratio between dissipated and total wave energy is used to describe the influence of wave damping on the mean flow. The numerical tests reproduce experiments in a wave tank very well and are supported by observations of SPM in the North Sea. Their results show that the motion of an individual nonbreaking wave includes turbulent fluctuations if the critical Reynolds number for wave motion is exceeded, independent of the presence of currents due to wind or tides. These fluctuations can produce high diffusivity and strongly influence mixing in the upper water layer of the ocean.
Formation and Subduction of Central Mode Water Based on Profiling Float Data, 2003–08
Authors: Oka Eitarou , Kouketsu Shinya , Toyama Katsuya , Uehara Kazuyuki , Kobayashi Taiyo , Hosoda Shigeki , Suga Toshio 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Temperature and salinity data from Argo profiling floats in the North Pacific during 2003–08 have been analyzed to study the structure of winter mixed layer north of the Kuroshio Extension and the subsurface potential vorticity distribution in the subtropical gyre in relation to the formation and subduction of the central mode water (CMW). In late winter, two zonally elongated bands of deep mixed layer extend at 33°–39° and 39°–43°N, from the east coast of Japan to 160°W. These correspond to the formation region of the lighter variety of CMW (L-CMW) and that of the denser variety of CMW (D-CMW) and the recently identified transition region mode water (TRMW), respectively. In the western part of the L-CMW and D-CMW–TRMW formation regions west of 170°E, the winter mixed layer becomes deeper and lighter to the east (i.e., to the downstream). As a result, the formed mode water is reentrained into the mixed layer in the farther east in the following winter and modified to the lighter water and is thus unable to be subducted to the permanent pycnocline. In the eastern part of the formation regions between 170°E and 160°W, on the other hand, the winter mixed layer becomes shallower and lighter to the east. From these areas, the L-CMW with potential density of 25.7–26.2 kg m−3 and the D-CMW–TRMW (mostly the former) of 26.1–26.4 kg m−3 are subducted to the permanent pycnocline, and they are then advected anticyclonically in the subtropical gyre. These results imply that during the analysis period large-scale subduction to the permanent pycnocline occurs in the density range up to 26.4 kg m−3 in the open North Pacific, whereas the winter mixed layer density reaches the maximum of 26.6 kg m−3. This is supported by the vertical distribution of apparent oxygen utilization in a hydrographic section in the subtropical gyre.
Simulation of Mixed Layer Depth in the Northeast Pacific Utilizing Spectral Nudging
Authors: Donohue Shawn M. , Stacey Michael W. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A numerical model, the Parallel Ocean Program (POP), is used to run a 46-yr simulation of the North Pacific Ocean beginning in January 1960. The model has 0.25° horizontal resolution and 28 vertical levels, and it employs spectral nudging, which, unlike standard nudging, nudges only specific frequency and wavenumber bands. This simulation is nudged to the mean and annual Levitus climatological potential temperature and salinity. The model was forced with National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) mean monthly winds, sea level pressure, net heat flux, and rain rate.
The simulated mixed layer depths (MLD) suggest significant shoaling of the MLD between 1970 and 2006, with faster rates in the northern Gulf of Alaska and slower rates to the west and south of Line Papa. The rates are of similar magnitude to those found in past studies and are consistent with the observed freshening and warming of the upper waters in the Gulf of Alaska. The rates are not spatially uniform, and the simulated MLD in the northeast Pacific actually deepens with time at some locations. These regions of increase form zonal bands in the simulation. The simulated MLD at Ocean Weather Station Papa (OWSP) shoals on average, but it is located close to one of these deepening bands.
On average, the simulated, low-frequency MLD at OWSP gives a good indication of the MLD along Line Papa and in the Gulf of Alaska near Line Papa’s latitude. The correlation coefficient between the MLD at OWSP and the latitudinal average of the MLD within the greater Gulf of Alaska (with OWSP removed) is 0.7 at zero lag. The correlation coefficient between the MLD at OWSP and the latitudinal average along Line Papa alone (with OWSP removed) is 0.6 at zero lag. Observed variability of the MLD along Line Papa and at OWSP is reproduced by the model. However, there is considerable spatial variability in the simulated MLD in the Gulf of Alaska as a whole, so MLD variability at OWSP is not necessarily a good indicator of the MLD variability throughout the region. Over the span of the simulation, the low-frequency MLD variability in the Gulf of Alaska is better correlated to the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) than to either the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) or Southern Oscillation index (SOI).
Influence of Rain-Rate Initialization, Cloud Microphysics, and Cloud Torques on Hurricane Intensity
Authors: Pattnaik S. , Inglish C. , Krishnamurti T. N. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This study examines the impact of rain-rate initialization (RINIT), microphysical modifications, and cloud torques (in the context of angular momentum) on hurricane intensity forecasts using a mesoscale model [the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (ARW-WRF)] at a cloud-resolving resolution of 2.7 km. The numerical simulations are performed in a triple-nested manner (25, 8.3, and 2.7 km) for Hurricane Dennis of 2005. Unless mentioned otherwise, all the results discussed are from the innermost grid with finest resolution (2.7 km). It is found that the model results obtained from the RINIT technique demonstrated robust improvement in hurricane structure, track, and intensity forecasts compared to the control experiment (CTRL; i.e., without RINIT). Thereafter, using RINIT initial conditions datasets three sensitive experiments are designed by modifying specific ice microphysical parameters (i.e., temperature-independent snow intercept parameter, doubling number of concentrations of ice, and ice crystal diameter) within the explicit parameterization scheme [i.e., the WRF Single-Moment 6-class (WSM6)]. It is shown that the experiment with enhanced ice mass concentration and temperature-independent snow intercept parameter produces the strongest and weakest storms, respectively. The results suggest that the distributions of hydrometeors are also impacted by the limited changes introduced in the microphysical scheme (e.g., the quantitative amount of snow drastically reduced to 0.1–0.2 g kg−1 when the intercept parameter of snow is made independent of temperature). It is noted that the model holds ice at a warmer temperature for a longer time with a temperature-independent intercept parameter. These variations in hydrometeor distribution in the eyewall region of the storm affect diabatic heating and vertical velocity structure and modulated the storm intensity. However, irrespective of the microphysical changes the quantitative amount of graupel hydrometeors remained nearly unaffected. Finally, the indirect effect of microphysical modifications on storm intensity through angular momentum and cloud torques is examined. A formulation to predict the short-term changes in the storm intensity using a parcel segment angular momentum budget method is developed. These results serve to elucidate the indirect impact of microphysical modifications on tropical cyclone intensity changes through modulation in cloud torque magnitude.
A comprehensive competence-based approach in curriculum development
Authors: Parent F , Baulana R , Kahombo G , Coppieters Y , Garant M , De Ketele J-M 
Published: September 2010

Objective: To describe the methodological steps of developing an integrated reference guide for competences according to the profile of the healthcare professionals concerned. Design: Human resources in healthcare represent a complex issue, which needs conceptual and methodological frameworks and tools to help one understand reality and the limits of one’s acts. Setting: This study uses results from four contexts (Belgium/Europe, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Senegal) in which integrated reference guides for competences for healthcare professionals have been developed. Method: Priority was given to the writing of curricula (initial training) or of training plans (continuous training) more effective in terms of professionalization and more adequate to populations’ needs. Results: Pedagogical approach is presented as some (step-by-step) methodological guidance which will help one to get acquainted with this approach. This analysis questions the whole issue of healthcare training institutions’ social responsibility. Conclusion: The products obtained (ie reference guides for competences) are only the visible part of the results of the far more fundamental change process that is the real reinforcement of competences and capacities of healthcare professionals in organizations aiming at better managing their resources, among which are human resources in healthcare.
Stroke survivors’ evaluations of a stroke workbook-based intervention designed to increase perceived control over recovery
Authors: Joice Sara , Johnston Marie , Bonetti Debbie , Morrison Val , MacWalter Ron 
Published: September 2010

Objective: To report stroke survivors’ experiences and perceived usefulness of an effective self-help workbook-based intervention. Design: A cross-sectional study involving the intervention group of an earlier randomized controlled trial. Setting: At the participants’ homes approximately seven weeks post-hospital discharge. Method: Following the five-week implementation period of the intervention, stroke survivors ( n = 59) completed a structured exercise designed to assess and prioritize perceived usefulness of the intervention components. Demographic, clinical and psychological measures from the original study were included. Results: Ninety per cent ( n = 53) of respondents rated the stroke workbook intervention as being better than slightly useful. A factor analysis of the completed responses derived three components, which were labelled information, support and behavioural activities. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed information and support to be significantly more useful than the behavioural activities (F (2, 116) = 60.79, p = .001). Behavioural activities were more highly rated by women than men ( p = .02) and by those without a caregiver than those with ( p = .02). Participants with high desire rated all three components of the intervention more useful than those with low desire ( p = .01). Conclusions: Those who used the intervention generally found it useful, with information and social support being perceived as being more useful than behavioural activities. Perceiving the behavioural activities as least useful may impede the uptake of recovery-promoting activities, which may have consequences for the effect of rehabilitation, and recovery.
Finding self: A qualitative study of transgender, transitioning, and adulterated silicone
Authors: Wallace Phyllis M 
Published: September 2010

Objective: To describe the development and testing of a theory-based interview guide. To increase awareness of adulterated silicone use among Transgender. Design: A qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews. Setting: Interviews were conducted in Chicago, Illinois, USA. Method: Seven transgender adults aged 18 and over were interviewed using grounded theory method and an interview guide created for this study. Results: Participants perceived that adulterated injection liquid silicone is used widely among transgender as a cheaper means to augment physical appearance. The prevalence of illicit silicone is widespread among vulnerable, minority populations and is associated with health complications. Conclusions: Several health-promotion issues were discovered. These included the need for safer transition options, the need for more cost effective transition options, the need to collect surveillance data, and the need for health promotion and action research.
Effect of increased pump flow on hepatic blood flow and systemic inflammatory response following on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: Adluri Rajeshwara Krishna Prasad , Singh Arvind V , Skoyles Julian , Hitch Tony , Robins Adrian , Baker Mya , Mitchell Ian M 
Published: September 2010

Reduced organ perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is responsible for morbidity associated with cardiac surgery. Non-pulsatile flow and hypothermia during CPB have been shown to cause reduced perfusion. During CPB, cardiac output is directly proportional to the pump flow rate. Therefore, we hypothesised that increasing pump flow during hypothermic CPB would improve organ perfusion and reduce the inflammatory response in the post-operative period. Methods: Ethics committee approval was obtained. Twelve consecutive patients with good or moderate left ventricular function undergoing elective or inpatient coronary artery bypass grafting were included in the study after obtaining informed consent. Patients were randomised to receive either normal flow or higher pump flow (20% more than the usual flow during hypothermia). Hepatic blood flow, cytokines such as interleukins 1β, 6, 8, 10 and 12, tumour necrosis factor-α and complements C3a, C4a and C5a were measured during the peri-operative period. Data were analysed using SPSS (ver.15). Categorical data were compared using the chi-square test and trends in cytokines were compared using a repeated measures ANOVA test. Results: Both the groups were similar in pre- and peri-operative variables. Hepatic blood flow almost doubled in the high-pump-flow group following an increase in the flow rate during hypothermia(p=0.026). The release of serum complement IL-6 and 8 appeared to be reduced in the high-flow group; however, the difference did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Higher pump flows during hypothermic CPB increase hepatic blood flow. There was a trend towards attenuation of post-operative inflammatory response; however, larger studies will be needed to confirm these findings.
Discounted Cash Flow and Its Implication on Intangible Valuation
Authors: Uzma Shigufta Hena , Singh J.P. , Kumar Naveen 
Published: September 2010

Discounted cash flows (DCF) have been a traditional method in business valuation. This method is most useful in judging the risk and uncertainty of a project. Since few years, companies like Infosys have used this approach to value their brands and represent the same in their balance sheet. The US GAAP FASB 142 outlines the fair value measurement of intangibles and goodwill impairment by using the discounted approach. This has further been described in the provisions of the Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7. The concepts provide guidelines for analyzing new or up-and-coming problems of financial accounting and reporting. The DCF methodology is not without its drawbacks, yet it makes a popular tool for measurement of projects under capital budgeting and in large-scale business valuation. Lately, for the measurement of intangibles and goodwill impairment, DCF approach has been used. Intangible assets are recognized according to the statement FAS 142 as over the period which an asset is expected to contribute directly or indirectly to future cash flows. Therefore, it makes it more challenging to understand the scope of the accounting standards and the cash flow implication on intangible assets valuation.