bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Filtration, 2. Equipment
Authors: Ripperger Siegfried , Gösele Walter , Alt Christian 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Classification of Filtration Equipment

2.

Laboratory Test‐Filters for Cake Filtration

3.

Nutsche (Pan) Filters

4.

Filter Presses

4.1.

Plate‐and‐Frame and Recessed‐Plate Filter Presses

4.1.1.

Filtration Cycle

4.1.2.

Applications

4.2.

Membrane Filter Presses

4.3.

Plate Presses with Belt Discharge (Automatic Filter Presses)

4.4.

Filter Presses with Stationary and Rotating Plates

4.5.

Sheet Filter Presses

4.6.

Tube Presses

5.

Bag Filters

6.

Candle Filters

6.1.

Cartridge Designs

6.2.

Design and Selection of Candle Filters

7.

Leaf and Plate Filters

7.1.

Design of Leaf and Plate Filters

7.2.

Flowable and Nonflowable Filter Cakes

7.3.

Applications

8.

Belt Filters

9.

Disk Filters

10.

Drum Filters

10.1.

Gravity Drum Filters (Revolving Screens)

10.2.

Vaccum Drum Filters

10.2.1.

Sizing of Vacuum Drum Filters

10.2.2.

Multi‐Compartment Drum Filters

10.2.3.

Cake Discharge Devices

10.2.4.

Accessories

10.2.5.

Inner‐Face Vaccum Drum Filters

10.3.

Pressure Drum Filters

11.

Dynamic Filters

11.1.

Cross‐Flow Filters with Membrane Modules

11.2.

Axial and Radial Shear Gap Filter

12.

Deep‐Bed Filters

13.

Special Filter Types

14.

Filter Selection

15.

Filter Media

15.1.

Perforated Plates, Screens, Slotted Screens

15.2.

Fabrics

15.3.

Nonwovens, Papers, and Felts

15.4.

Packed Beds and Precoat Layers

15.5.

Rigid Porous Materials

15.6.

Membranes

16.

Filter Aids
Pigments, Inorganic, 3. Colored Pigments
Authors: Buxbaum Gunter , Printzen Helmut , Mansmann Manfred , Räde Dieter , Trenczek Gerhard , Wilhelm Volker , Schwarz Stefanie , Wienand Henning , Adel Jörg , Adrian Gerhard , Brandt Karl , Cork William B. , Winkeler Heinrich , Mayer Wielfried , Schneider Klaus 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Oxides and Hydroxides1.1.Iron Oxide Pigments1.1.1.Natural Iron Oxide Pigments1.1.2.Synthetic Iron Oxide Pigments1.1.3.Toxicology and Environmental Aspects1.1.4.Quality1.1.5.Uses1.1.6.Economic Aspects1.2.Chromium Oxide Pigments1.2.1.Properties1.2.2.Production1.2.3.Quality Specifications and Analysis1.2.4.Storage and Transportation1.2.5.Uses1.2.6.Economic Aspects1.2.7.Toxicology and Occupational Health1.3.Mixed Metal Oxide Pigments1.3.1.Properties1.3.2.Production1.3.3.Quality Specifications and Analysis1.3.4.Storage and Transportation1.3.5.Legal Aspects1.3.6.Uses1.3.7.Economic Aspects1.3.8.Toxicology and Occupational Health2.Cadmium Pigments2.1.Cadmium Sulfide2.2.Cadmium Yellow2.3.Cadmium Sulfoselenide (Cadmium Red)2.4.Cadmium Mercury Sulfide (Cadmium Cinnabar)2.5.Properties and Uses2.6.Quality Specifications2.7.Economic Aspects2.8.Toxicology and Environmental Protection3.Bismuth Pigments3.1.Properties3.2.Production3.3.Uses3.4.Toxicology4.Chromate Pigments4.1.Chrome Yellow4.2.Molybdate Red and Molybdate Orange4.3.Chrome Orange4.4.Chrome Green and Fast Chrome Green4.5.Toxicology and Occupational Health5.Ultramarine Pigments5.1.Chemical Structure5.2.Properties5.3.Production5.4.Uses5.5.Toxicity and Environmental Aspects5.6.Economic Aspects6.Iron Blue Pigments6.1.Structure6.2.Production6.3.Properties6.4.Uses6.5.Toxicology and Environmental Aspects
Azo Dyes, 2. Anionic Dyes
Authors: Hunger Klaus , Mischke Peter , Rieper Wolfgang 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Acid Azo Dyes

2.1.

Wool Dyes

2.1.1.

Monoazo Dyes

2.1.2.

Disazo Dyes

2.1.3.

Chrome Dyes

2.1.4.

Metal‐Complex Dyes

2.2.

Polyamide Dyes

2.3.

Silk Dyes

2.4.

Leather Dyes

2.5.

Azo Food Dyes
Azo Dyes, 3. Direct (Substantive) Dyes
Authors: Hunger Klaus , Mischke Peter , Rieper Wolfgang 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Conventional Direct Dyes

2.1.

Monoazo Dyes

2.2.

Disazo Dyes

2.2.1.

Primary Disazo Dyes

2.2.2.

Secondary Disazo Dyes

2.3.

Trisazo Dyes

2.4.

Tetrakisazo Dyes

2.5.

Condensation Dyes

2.6.

Direct Dyes with a Urea Bridge

2.7.

Triazinyl Dyes

2.8.

Copper Complexes of Substantive Azo Dyes

3.

Direct Dyes with Aftertreatment

3.1.

Aftertreatment with Cationic Auxiliaries

3.2.

Aftertreatment with Formaldehyde

3.3.

Diazotization Dyes

3.4.

Aftertreatment with Metal Salts
Azo Dyes, 6. Miscellaneous Dyes and Pigments
Authors: Hunger Klaus , Mischke Peter , Rieper Wolfgang 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Disperse Dyes

2.

Azo Pigments

3.

Alcohol‐ and Ester‐Soluble Dyes

4.

Fat‐ and Oil‐Soluble Dyes
Chlorethanes and Chloroethylenes
Authors: Dreher Eberhard‐Ludwig , Torkelson Theodore R. , Beutel Klaus K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Chloroethanes1.1.Monochloroethane1.1.1.Physical Properties1.1.2.Chemical Properties1.1.3.Production1.1.4.Uses and Economic Aspects1.2.1,1‐Dichloroethane1.2.1.Physical Properties1.2.2.Chemical Properties1.2.3.Production1.2.4.Uses and Economic Aspects1.3.1,2‐Dichloroethane1.3.1.Physical Properties1.3.2.Chemical Properties1.3.3.Production1.3.4.Uses and Economic Aspects1.4.1,1,1‐Trichloroethane1.4.1.Physical Properties1.4.2.Chemical Properties1.4.3.Production1.4.4.Uses and Economic Aspects1.5.1,1,2‐Trichloroethane1.5.1.Physical Properties1.5.2.Chemical Properties1.5.3.Production1.5.4.Uses and Economic Aspects1.6.1,1,1,2‐Tetrachloroethane1.6.1.Physical Properties1.6.2.Chemical Properties1.6.3.Production1.7.1,1,2,2‐Tetrachloroethane1.7.1.Physical Properties1.7.2.Chemical Properties1.7.3.Production1.7.4.Uses and Economic Aspects1.8.Pentachloroethane1.8.1.Physical Properties1.8.2.Chemical Properties1.8.3.Production1.8.4.Uses and Economic Aspects1.9.Hexachloroethane1.9.1.Physical Properties1.9.2.Chemical Properties1.9.3.Production1.9.4.Uses and Economic Aspects2.Chloroethylenes2.1.Vinyl Chloride (VCM)2.1.1.Physical Properties2.1.2.Chemical Properties2.1.3.Production2.1.3.1.Vinyl Chloride from Acetylene2.1.3.2.Vinyl Chloride from 1,2‐Dichloroethane2.1.3.3.Vinyl Chloride from Ethylene by Direct Routes2.1.3.4.Vinyl Chloride from Ethane2.1.3.5.Vinyl Chloride by Other Routes2.1.4.Uses and Economic Aspects2.2.1,1‐Dichloroethylene (Vinylidene Chloride, VDC)2.2.1.Physical Properties2.2.2.Chemical Properties2.2.3.Production2.2.4.Uses and Economic Aspects2.3.1,2‐Dichloroethylene2.3.1.Physical Properties2.3.2.Chemical Properties2.3.3.Production2.3.4.Uses and Economic Aspects2.4.Trichloroethylene2.4.1.Physical Properties2.4.2.Chemical Properties2.4.3.Production2.4.4.Uses and Economic Aspects2.5.Tetrachloroethylene2.5.1.Physical Properties2.5.2.Chemical Properties2.5.3.Production2.5.4.Uses and Economic Aspects3.Analysis and Quality Control of Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes4.Storage and Transportation of Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes5.Environmental Aspects in the Production of Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes6.Toxicology
Ecology and Environmental Chemistry
Authors: Fränzle Otto , Straškraba Milan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Structure and Dynamics of Terrestrial Ecological Systems1.1.Structure of Communities and Ecosystems1.1.1.Description of Community Structure1.1.2.Successions1.1.3.Patch Dynamics1.2.Water Balance of Ecosystems1.2.1.Precipitation and Interception1.2.2.Infiltration and Surface Runoff1.2.3.Deep Drainage1.2.4.Soil Water1.3.Energy Balance of Ecosystems1.3.1.Net Radiation1.3.2.Soil Heat Flow1.3.3.Sensible Heat Flow in the Lower Atmosphere1.3.4.Latent Heat Flux1.3.5.Efficiency of Photosynthesis1.4.Nutrient Cycles and Productivity of Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems1.4.1.Nutrients1.4.2.Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems1.4.3.Productivity of Ecosystems2.Terrestrial, Lotic, Lentic, and Wetland Ecotones2.1.Terrestrial and Lotic Ecotones2.2.Lentic and Wetland Ecotones3.Sensitivity of Ecosystems and Ecotones3.1.Different Notions of Community Stability3.2.Biodiversity and Stability of Model Communities3.3.Stability‐Oriented Biodiversity Analyses of Real Communities3.4.Nondemographic Measures of Stability3.5.Sensitivity of Aquatic Ecosystems3.5.1.Reactions of Aquatic Ecosystems to Stress3.5.2.Sensitivity to Different Stressors3.5.3.Sensitivity to “Global Change”3.6.Sensitivity of Ecotones3.7.Stability and Resilience of Ecosystems in Evolution3.8.Appraisal4.Exposure and Effect Criteria of Chemicals4.1.Equilibrium Constants for Chemical Distribution4.2.Kinetic Constants for Environmental Processes4.2.1.Hydrolysis4.2.2.Photolysis4.2.3.Oxidation and Reduction4.2.4.Sorption and Ion Exchange4.2.5.Biotransformation4.2.6.Chemical Structure and Biodegradation4.2.7.Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation, and Ecological Magnification
Gas Production, 2. Processes
Authors: Reimert Rainer , Marschner Friedemann , Renner Hans‐Joachim , Boll Walter , Supp Emil , Brejc Miron , Liebner Waldemar , Schaub Georg 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Steam Reforming of Natural Gas and Other Hydrocarbons1.1.Feedstocks1.2.Natural Gas and Other Gaseous Hydrocarbons1.2.1.Principles1.2.2.Catalysts, Catalyst Poisons, Desulfurization1.2.3.Tubular Reformers1.2.4.Production of Fuel Gas and Synthesis Gas1.2.5.Special Reforming Processes1.3.Tubular Steam Reforming of Liquid Hydrocarbons1.3.1.Commercial Processes1.3.2.Fuel Gas and Synthesis Gas from Liquid Hydrocarbons1.3.3.Special Processes1.4.Prereforming1.4.1.Principles1.4.2.Catalysts1.4.3.Prereforming of Natural Gas1.4.4.Prereforming of Naphtha; Rich Gas Process1.5.Autothermal Catalytic Reforming2.Noncatalytic Partial Oxidation and Special Gasification Processes for Higher‐Boiling Hydrocarbons2.1.Raw Materials2.2.Partial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons2.2.1.Principle2.2.2.Types of Processes2.2.3.Influencing Raw Gas Composition2.2.4.Submerged Flame Process2.3.Hydrogenating Gasification3.Gas Production from Coal, Wood, and Other Solid Feedstocks3.1.Fundamentals3.1.1.Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions3.1.2.Kinetics3.2.Classification and General Characteristics of Gasification Processes3.2.1.Criteria for Classification3.2.2.Criteria for Process Assessment3.2.3.Mathematical Modeling of Gasification Reactors3.3.Characterization of Solid Feedstocks for Gasification3.4.Moving‐ or Fixed‐Bed Processes3.5.Fluidized‐Bed Processes3.6.Entrained‐Flow Processes3.7.Molten‐Bath Processes3.8.Underground Coal Gasification3.9.Environmental Aspects of Gasification
Hydrogen, 2. Production
Authors: Häussinger Peter , Lohmüller Reiner , Watson Allan M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Production from Coal and Hydrocarbons1.1.Coke Oven Gas1.2.Gasification of Coal and Hydrocarbons1.2.1.Coal Gasification1.2.2.Gasification of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons1.2.3.Examples of Industrial Scale Hydrogen Production (by Partial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons)1.3.Catalytic Reforming of Hydrocarbons1.3.1.Feedstocks1.3.2.Tubular Reformer1.3.3.Steam Reforming Plant1.3.4.Special Designs1.3.5.Autothermal Reactors1.4.Refinery Processes1.5.Petrochemical Processes2.Electrolysis2.1.Principles2.2.Conventional Water Electrolysis2.3.New Developments in Electrolytic Processes2.4.Hydrogen as Byproduct from other Electrochemical Processes3.Thermochemical Water Cleavage3.1.Thermodynamics of Closed Cycles3.2.Further Criteria of Thermochemical Cycles3.3.Thermochemical Cyclic Processes3.4.Hybrid Cycle Processes4.Other Methods for the Cleavage of Water4.1.Thermolytic and Radiolytic Processes4.2.Photochemical or Photoelectrical Water Cleavage4.3.Hydrogen Formation in Biological Systems5.Other Chemical Processes5.1.Hydrogen from Conversion of Metals5.2.Hydrogen from Ammonia5.3.Hydrogen from Methanol5.4.Hydrogen from Hydrogen Sulfide5.5.Hydrogen as Byproduct6.Economic Aspects6.1.Analysis of the Cost Structure6.2.Prognosis of the Hydrogen Costs
Imaging Technology, 2. Copying and Nonimpact Printing Processes
Authors: Pai Damodar M. , Melnyk Andrew R. , Hann Richard , Crooks Walter , Pennington Keith S. , Lee Francis C. , Jaeger C. Wayne , Titterington Don R. , Lutz Walter , Bräuninger Arno , De Brabandere Luc , Claes Frans , De Keyzer Rene , Janssens Wilhelmus , Potts Rod 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Office Copying and Printing1.1.Electrophotography1.1.1.Photoreceptor1.1.2.Corotron Charging1.1.3.Light Exposure1.1.4.Image Development1.1.5.Image Transfer and Fusing1.1.6.Photoreceptor Cleaning and Erase1.1.7.Other Electrophotographic Imaging Systems1.2.Thermographic Printing1.2.1.Thermal Print Transducers1.2.2.Resistive Ribbon Technology1.2.3.Imaging Materials and Mechanisms1.2.4.Comparison of Thermal Technologies1.3.Ink‐Jet Printing1.3.1.Continuous Ink Jet1.3.2.Impulse (Drop‐on‐Demand) Ink Jet1.3.3.Ink‐Jet Nozzle Orifice1.3.4.Ink‐Jet Inks1.3.5.Colorants Used in Ink Jet Inks1.3.6.Color Printing with Ink Jets2.Technical Copying2.1.Diazotyping2.1.1.Photolysis2.1.2.Coupling Reaction2.1.3.Production of Diazotyping Material2.1.4.Processing2.2.Other Photochemical Systems2.3.Silver Process2.3.1.Black and White Copying Materials Based on Silver Diffusion Transfer Technology2.3.2.Modern Lithographic Printing Applications2.3.3.Color‐Copying Materials Based on Dye Diffusion Chemistry3.Microfilms and Microfiches3.1.Diazotyping3.2.Vesicular Film
Imaging Technology, 3. Imaging in Graphic Arts
Authors: Verelst Johan , Frass Werner , Telser Thomas , Hoffmann Horst , Bronstert Bernd , Springstein Karl‐August , Potts Rod 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Graphic Arts Photography1.1.Classes of Photomaterials Used in Prepress Production1.2.Flow Scheme of Graphic Prepress Process2.Basics of the Use of Light‐Sensitive Nonsilver Materials in the Graphic Arts2.1.Application2.2.Chemical Fundamentals2.2.1.Photosolubilising Systems2.2.2.Photoinsolubilizing (Photocuring) Systems2.2.3.Photophysical Principles of Image Generation3.Color Proofing3.1.Basics3.2.Applications3.3.Overlay Systems3.4.Single‐Sheet Systems3.4.1.Precolored Systems3.4.2.Systems With Colors Generated During Processing3.5.Digital Proofing4.Platemaking4.1.Lithography (Planographic Printing, Offset)4.1.1.Substrates4.1.2.Coating and Further Processing4.1.3.Processing of Presensitized Plates4.2.Letterpress and Flexography4.2.1.Structure of Photopolymeric Letterpress and Flexographic Plates4.2.2.Production and Requirements of Photopolymer Letterpress and Flexographic Plates4.2.3.Chemistry of Photopolymer Relief Printing Plates4.2.4.Future Developments4.3.Gravure Printing4.3.1.Conventional Method of Gravure Platemaking4.3.2.Electromechanical Gravure Platemaking4.3.3.Electron‐Beam and Laser Gravure4.4.Screen Printing4.4.1.The Screen4.4.2.The Stencil
Imaging Technology, 4. Imaging for Electronics
Authors: Steppan Hartmut , Mammato Donald C. , Stoudt Thomas , Watts Michael C. P. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Photoresists1.1.Industrial Applications of Photoresists1.2.Function and Chemistry of Photoresists1.2.1.Positive Photoresists1.2.2.Negative Photoresists1.3.Testing Methods1.4.Economic Aspects and Suppliers of Photoresists1.5.Occupational Health and Environmental Protection2.Printed Circuits (Printed Circuit Boards)2.1.Methods of Producing Printed Circuit Boards2.2.Masking Techniques2.2.1.Exposure Masks2.2.2.Screen Printing2.2.3.Photoprinting2.2.4.Other Techniques2.3.Economic Aspects2.4.Occupational Health and Environmental Protection3.Microelectronic Devices3.1.Integrated Circuit Manufacturing3.2.Photoprocess3.3.Techniques for Submicron Lithography
Iron, 2. Blast Furnace Process
Authors: Lüngen Hans Bodo , Yagi Jun‐ichiro 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Blast Furnace Process2.Outline of a Blast Furnace Construction3.Metallurgy of the Blast Furnace4.Effective Utilization of Energy5.Blast Furnace Productivity Criteria6.Use of Blast Furnace Products7.Process Control8.Hot‐Metal Desulfurization
Lubricants, 2. Components
Authors: Mang Theo , Braun Jürgen , Dresel Wilfried , Omeis Jürgen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Base Oils1.1.Historical Review and Outlook1.2.Chemical Characterization of Mineral Base Oils1.3.Refining1.3.1.Distillation1.3.2.Deasphalting1.3.3.Traditional Refining Processes1.3.3.1.Acid Refining1.3.3.2.Solvent Extraction1.3.4.Solvent Dewaxing1.3.5.Finishing1.4.Base Oil Manufacturing by Hydrogenation and Hydrocracking1.4.1.Manufacturing Naphthenic Base Oils by Hydrogenation1.4.2.Production of White Oils1.4.3.Lube Hydrocracking1.4.4.Catalytic Dewaxing1.4.5.Wax Isomerization1.4.6.Hybrid Lube Oil Processing1.4.7.All‐Hydrogen Route1.4.8.Gas‐to‐Liquids Conversion Technology1.5.Boiling and Evaporation Behavior of Base Oils2.Synthetic Base Oils2.1.Synthetic Hydrocarbons2.1.1.Polyalphaolefins2.1.2.Polyinternalolefins2.1.3.Polybutenes2.1.4.Alkylated Aromatics2.1.5.Other Hydrocarbons2.2.Halogenated Hydrocarbons2.3.Synthetic Esters2.3.1.Esters of Carboxylic Acids2.3.1.1.Dicarboxylic Acid Esters2.3.1.2.Polyol Esters2.3.1.3.Other Carboxylic Esters2.3.1.4.Complex Esters2.3.1.5.Fluorinated Carboxylic Acid Esters2.3.2.Phosphate Esters2.4.Polyalkylene Glycols2.5.Other Polyethers2.5.1.Perfluorinated Polyethers2.5.2.Polyphenyl Ethers2.5.3.Polysiloxanes (Silicone Oils)2.6.Other Synthetic Base Oils2.7.Mixtures of Synthetic Lubricants3.Additives3.1.Antioxidants3.1.1.Mechanism of Oxidation and Antioxidants3.1.2.Compounds3.2.Viscosity Modifiers3.2.1.VIImprovement Mechanisms3.2.2.Structure and Chemistry of Viscosity Modifiers3.3.Pour Point Depressants3.4.Detergents and Dispersants3.4.1.Metal‐Containing Compounds (Detergents)3.4.2.Ashless Dispersants (AD)3.5.Antifoam Agents3.6.Demulsifiers3.7.Dyes3.8.Antiwear and Extreme Pressure Additives3.9.Friction Modifiers3.10.Corrosion Inhibitors3.10.1.Antirust Additives3.10.2.Metal Passivators
Polybutenes
Authors: Koch Hartmut , Mawer Ralph L. , Immel Wolfgang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Poly(1‐Butene)1.1.Production1.2.Properties1.2.1.Structure and Physical Properties1.2.2.Application Properties1.3.Processing1.4.Applications2.Polyisobutylene2.1.Introduction2.2.Production2.2.1.Isobutene as Raw Material2.2.2.Low Molecular Mass Polyisobutylenes2.2.3.Medium Molecular Mass Polyisobutylenes2.2.4.High Molecular Mass Polyisbutylenes2.3.Structure2.4.Properties2.5.Uses and Processing2.6.Commercial Products2.7.Copolymers
Surface and Thin‐Film Analysis, 2. Electron Detection
Authors: Rivière John C. , Arlinghaus Heinrich F. , Hutter Herbert , Jenett Holger , Bauer Peter , Palmetshofer Leopold 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)

1.1.

Principles

1.2.

Instrumentation

1.2.1.

Vacuum Requirements

1.2.2.

X‐Ray Sources

1.2.3.

Synchrotron Radiation

1.2.4.

Electron Energy Analyzers

1.2.5.

Spatial Resolution

1.3.

Spectral Information and Chemical Shifts

1.4.

Quantification, Depth Profiling, and Imaging

1.4.1.

Quantification

1.4.2.

Depth Profiling

1.4.3.

Imaging

1.5.

The Auger Parameter

1.6.

Applications

1.6.1.

Catalysis

1.6.2.

Polymers

1.6.3.

Corrosion and Passivation

1.6.4.

Adhesion

1.6.5.

Superconductors

1.6.6.

Interfaces

2.

Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS)

3.

Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)

3.1.

Principles

3.2.

Instrumentation

3.2.1.

Vacuum Requirements

3.2.2.

Electron Sources

3.2.3.

Electron Energy Analyzers

3.3.

Spectral Information

3.4.

Quantification and Depth Profiling

3.4.1.

Quantification

3.4.2.

Depth Profiling

3.5.

Applications

3.5.1.

Grain Boundary Segregation

3.5.2.

Semiconductor Technology

3.5.3.

Thin Films and Interfaces

3.5.4.

Surface Segregation

4.

Scanning Auger Microscopy (SAM)

5.

Other Electron‐Detecting Techniques

5.1.

Auger Electron Appearance Potential Spectroscopy (AEAPS)

5.2.

Electron Energy Loss Methods

5.2.1.

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) and Core‐Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (CEELS)

5.2.2.

High‐Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS)

5.3.

Diffraction Methods

5.3.1.

Low‐Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED)

5.3.2.

Reflection High‐Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED)

5.4.

Ion‐Excitation Method

5.4.1.

Ion (Excited) Auger Electron Spectroscopy (IAES)

5.4.2.

Ion‐Neutralization Spectroscopy (INS)

5.4.3.

Metastable Quenching Spectroscopy (MQS)

5.5.

Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy (IETS)
Textile Auxiliaries, 6. Printing Auxiliaries
Authors: Giesen Volker , Schneider Reinhard 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Auxiliaries for Pigment Printing

2.1.

Thickening Agents

2.2.

Pigment Printing Binders

2.3.

Fixing Agents

2.4.

Hand Modifiers

2.5.

Emulsifiers

2.6.

Other Additives

3.

Auxiliaries for Dye Printing

3.1.

Thickening Agents

3.2.

Oxidizing Agents

3.3.

Reducing and Discharging Agents

3.4.

Auxiliaries for Discharge Printing

3.5.

Fixation Auxiliaries

3.6.

Dye Solubilizing and Dispersing Agents

3.7.

Auxiliaries for Reactive Resist Printing

3.8.

Auxiliaries for Burn‐out Printing

3.9.

Aftertreatment Agents and Detergents

4.

Other Auxiliaries

5.

Textile Printing Adhesives
Vitamins, 3. Vitamin D
Authors: Labler Ludvik 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.History3.Structure and Nomenclature4.Chemical and Physical Properties5.Biosynthesis and Occurrence5.1.Biosynthesis5.2.Occurrence6.Vitamin D Requirements7.Pharmacological Effects and Uses7.1.Calcium Homeostasis and Disorders of Calcium Metabolism7.2.Further Activities8.Synthesis8.1.Synthesis of Vitamin D3and D28.2.Synthesis of Calcitriol9.Assays for Vitamin D and Metabolites10.Trade Names and Economic Aspects
Toxicology, 2. Assessment Methods
Authors: Dekant Wolfgang , Vamvakas Spiridon 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Toxicological Studies: General Aspects

2.

Acute Toxicity

2.1.

Testing for Acute Toxicity by the Oral Route: LD
50
Test and Fixed‐Dose Method

2.2.

Testing for Acute Skin Toxicity

2.3.

Testing for Acute Toxicity by Inhalation

3.

Repeated‐Dose Toxicity Studies: Subacute, Subchronic and Chronic Studies

4.

Ophtalmic Toxicity

5.

Sensitization Testing

6.

Phototoxicity and Photosensitization Testing

7.

Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Tests

7.1.

Fertility and General Reproductive Performance

7.2.

Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity

7.3.

Peri‐ and Postnatal Toxicity

7.4.

Multigeneration Studies

7.5.

The Role of Maternal Toxicity in Teratogenesis

7.6.

In Vitro
Tests for Developmental Toxicity

8.

Bioassays to determine the carcinogenicity of chemicals in rodents

9.

In vitro
and
in vivo
short‐term tests for genotoxicity

9.1.

Microbial Tests for Mutagenicity

9.1.1.

The Ames Test for Bacterial Mutagenicity

9.1.2.

Mutagenicity Tests in
Escherichia coli

9.1.3.

Fungal Mutagenicity Tests

9.2.

Eukaryotic Tests for Mutagenicity

9.2.1.

Mutation Tests in
Drosophila melanogaster

9.2.2.

In Vitro
Mutagenicity Tests in Mammalian Cells

9.3.

In Vivo
Mammalian Mutation Tests

9.3.1.

Mouse Somatic Spot Test

9.3.2.

Mouse Specific Locus Test

9.3.3.

Dominant Lethal Test

9.4.

Test Systems Providing Indirect Evidence for DNA Damage

9.4.1.

Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) Assays

9.4.2.

Sister‐Chromatid Exchange Test

9.5.

Tests for Chromosome Aberrations (Cytogenetic Assays)

9.5.1.

Cytogenetic Damage and its Consequences

9.5.2.

In Vitro
Cytogenetic Assays

9.5.3.

In Vivo
Cytogenetic Assays

9.6.

Malignant Transformation of Mammalian Cells in Culture

9.7.

In Vivo
Carcinogenicity Studies of Limited Duration

9.7.1.

Induction of Altered Foci in the Rodent Liver

9.7.2.

Induction of Lung Tumors in Specific Sensitive Strains of Mice

9.7.3.

Induction of Skin Tumors in Specific Sensitive Strains of Mice

9.8.

Methods to Assess Primary DNA Damage

9.8.1.

Alkaline Elution Techniques

9.8.2.

Methods to Detect and Quantify DNA Modifications

9.9.

Interpretation of Results Obtained in Short‐Term Tests

10.

Evaluation of Toxic Effects on the Immune System

11.

Toxicological Evaluation of the Nervous System

11.1.

Functional Observational Battery

11.2.

Locomotor Activity

12.

Effects on the Endocrine System