bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, characteristic, and properties of waterborne polyurethane based on natural rubber
Authors: Saetung Anuwat , Kaenhin Lalita , Klinpituksa Pairote , Rungvichaniwat Adisai , Tulyapitak Tulyapong , Munleh Summa , Campistron Irène , Pilard Jean‐François 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA series of new waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) was successfully prepared by prepolymer process from renewable source, hydroxytelechelic natural rubber (HTNR), with different amounts of DMPA (1.6–8.4 wt %), different molecular weights (1000–4000 g mol−1), and different levels of epoxide (0%–20%) of HTNR. It was found that the urethane conversions of prepolymer were over 80% as calculated by FTIR technique. The resulting HTNR2000‐based WPUs exhibit a uniform particle size, which decreases from 420‐ to 83‐nm diameters with an increase in the amount of DMPA from 2.9 to 6.6 wt %. The particle size also decreases with an increase of soft segment or with an increase of epoxide content. They are well stable more over 6 months and without a significant difference in particle size compared with starting of them. Chemical structure of WPU films was confirmed by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR. Molecular weight and polydispersity were determined by SEC. In addition, thermal and water uptake properties were investigated. The experimental results reveal that the DMPA content, molecular weight of HTNR, and epoxide content play an important key role in water uptake and thermal properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Tailoring the surface architecture of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) scaffolds
Authors: Vigneswari S. , Majid M. I. A. , Amirul A. A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis study was designed to determine whether the surface modifications of the various poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB‐co‐4HB)] copolymer scaffolds fabricated would enhance mouse fibroblast cells (L929) attachment and proliferation. The P(3HB‐co‐4HB) copolymer with a wide range of 4HB monomer composition (16–91 mol %) was synthesized by a local isolate Cupriavidus sp. USMAA1020 by employing the modified two‐stage cultivation and by varying the concentrations of 4HB precursors, namely γ‐butyrolactone and 1,4‐butanediol. Five different processing techniques were used in fabricating the P(3HB‐co‐4HB) copolymer scaffolds such as solvent casting, salt‐leaching, enzyme degradation, combining salt‐leaching with enzyme degradation, and electrospinning. The increase in 4HB composition lowered melting temperatures (Tm) but increased elongation to break. P(3HB‐co‐91 mol % 4HB) exhibited a melting point of 46°C and elongation to break of 380%. The atomic force analysis showed an increase in the average surface roughness as the 4HB monomer composition increased. The mouse fibroblasts (L929) cell attachment was found to increase with high 4HB monomer composition in copolymer scaffolds. These results illustrate the importance of a detailed characterization of surface architecture of scaffolds to provoke specific cellular responses. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis and effect of surface modified nano ZnO in natural rubber vulcanization
Authors: Thomas Shaji P. , Mathew E. J. , Marykutty C. V. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIt is well known that surface of ZnO acts both as a reactant and a catalytic reaction template in rubber vulcanization by activating and bringing together reactants. The particles of accelerators, fatty acid, and sulfur diffuse through the polymer matrix and get adsorbed on the surface of ZnO, forming intermediate complexes. Hence dispersion of ZnO in the elastomer matrix is a determining parameter. Capping is one of the novel techniques for increasing ZnO‐stearic acid/accelerator interaction, thereby enhancing their activities. During the sol–gel precipitation of nano ZnO, if a suitable capping agent is added, agglomeration of ZnO particles gets reduced, leading to the formation of nano particles. Since only very few studies are found reported on synthesis of accelerator‐capped ZnO and its application in rubber vulcanization, attempts have been made in this study to synthesize our novel accelerator N‐benzylimine aminothioformamide (BIAT)‐capped‐stearic acid‐coated nano ZnO (ZOBS), and BIAT‐capped ZnO (ZOB) to investigate their effects in natural rubber (NR) vulcanization. Efforts have also been made to synthesize stearic acid‐coated nano zinc phosphate (ZPS) with an aim to find an alternative to conventional ZnO in vulcanization. Mechanical properties like tensile strength, tear resistance, abrasion resistance, and compression set were found out. Swelling values of the vulcanizates as a measure of crosslink densities were also determined. Optimum dosage of ZOBS and a combination of ZOB and ZPS were also derived and found that capped ZnO is superior in NR vulcanization to conventional ZnO in improving cure properties including scorch safety and mechanical properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Reconstructing the Locomotor Repertoire of Protopithecus brasiliensis. II. Forelimb Morphology
Authors: Halenar Lauren B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe majority of previous publications have suggested that the large‐bodied subfossil Protopithecus brasiliensis was a suspensory ateline with a locomotor repertoire similar to that of extant Ateles and Brachyteles. This is unexpected, as the cranial morphology of Protopithecus is very similar to Alouatta, a genus usually classified as a deliberate quadrupedal climber. Complicating matters further, as Protopithecus is twice as large as Ateles and Brachyteles, its ability to be as suspensory as those two genera is suspect and a terrestrial component of the locomotor repertoire has also been hypothesized. The forelimbs of Protopithecus, while relatively elongated as would be expected in a suspensory animal, are also quite robust and show several adaptations for climbing. To test these hypotheses about the fossil locomotor repertoire, three‐dimensional geometric morphometric techniques were used to quantify the shapes of the fossil distal humerus and proximal ulna and then compare them to a broad sample of extant primates with varying body sizes and locomotor patterns. Results indicate that Protopithecus is similar to Ateles and Brachyteles in terms of its forelimb joint surface morphology; however, the overall locomotor repertoire of the fossil is reconstructed as more flexible to include forelimb suspension, climbing, and potentially some terrestrial ground use. The combination of suspensory locomotion and quadrupedal climbing supported here indicates the beginnings of the evolutionary transition from a more acrobatic style of locomotion in the last common ancestor of alouattins and atelins to the current pattern of howler locomotion. Anat Rec, , 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Craniofacial Adaptations to Tree‐Gouging Among Marmosets
Authors: Forsythe Elliott C. , Ford Susan M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMany primates rely on exudates as dietary items, but comparatively few elicit exudates via tree‐gouging. Marmosets are the only haplorhines to extensively utilize this behavior during feeding. Several studies have explored craniofacial adaptations to this behavior, but its morphological correlates are a matter of debate. Various studies suggest that gougers exhibit bite‐force maximizing adaptations, load resistance adaptations, and/or jaw‐gape maximizing characteristics. All of these seemingly incompatible biomechanical adaptations have previously been argued for marmosets. This study utilizes multivariate and univariate analyses to compare gouging and non‐gouging callitrichids for 25 biomechanically relevant craniofacial variables to address this form–function debate. We show that marmosets differ from non‐gouging callitrichids in few craniofacial characteristics. Specifically, three craniofacial features differentiate them from non‐gougers: relatively longer basicrania, narrower palates, and shorter coronoid processes. We suggest that these characteristics are consistent with a mosaic model for gouging adaptations. In particular, we argue that: (a) shortening the coronoid processes facilitates relatively larger maximum jaw‐gapes, (b) basicranial elongation facilitates the extended neck/head posture utilized by marmosets during gouging to maximize gapes, and (c) narrowing the palate serves to more effectively dissipate forces through the maxillary canines during substrate anchoring. Previous studies have documented some of these characters as typical of marmosets, but this combination has not been interpreted as core elements of the marmoset adaptive complex. Marmosets exhibit a unique anatomical repertoire that biomechanically adapts them to both increased jaw‐gape and the force dissipation regime associated with tree‐gouging. Comparisons among marmoset taxa may enlighten the evolutionary history of the features reported here. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconstructing the Locomotor Repertoire of Protopithecus brasiliensis. I. Body Size
Authors: Halenar Lauren B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAn accurate body size estimate is essential for reconstructing and interpreting many aspects of the paleobiology of an extinct taxon. With this in mind, the purpose of this study is two‐fold: first, to create statistically robust predictive regression equations for body mass, total body length, and head and body length from postcranial elements using a platyrrhine reference sample, data that do not exist elsewhere in the literature; and, second, to apply those regression equations to the “giant” subfossil platyrrhine Protopithecus brasiliensis, a little‐studied taxon represented by a nearly complete skeleton. Building on results of previous work with other primate groups, different skeletal elements, subgroups of the reference sample, and regression models lead to different body size estimates with different standard errors and prediction errors. However, relatively tight clusters of estimates around 20 kg, total length of 1,675 mm, and head and body length of 710 mm are obtained, placing the fossil in the size range of a large male baboon. While not quite as large as the original 25 kg body mass estimate for the fossil, this new estimate is still approximately 150% larger than the largest living New World monkey. Confirmation of its place in a large‐bodied size class of platyrrhines has a profound effect on reconstructing the locomotor repertoire of Protopithecus and the evolutionary trajectory of the alouattin lineage. Anat Rec, , 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolutionary Morphology, Platyrrhine Evolution, and Systematics
Authors: Rosenberger Alfred L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis special volume of the Anatomical Record focuses on the evolutionary morphology of New World monkeys. The studies range from three‐dimensional surface geometry of teeth to enamel ultrastructure; from cranioskeletal adaptations for eating leaves and seeds to the histology of taste bud proxies; from the architecture of its bones to the mechanoreceptors of the tail's skin; from the physical properties of wild foods to the feeding biomechanics of jaws and skull; from the shapes of claws and fingertips, and of elbows, to the diversity and morphology of positional behavior; from the vomeronasal organ and its biological roles to links between brains, guts, sociality, and feeding; from the gum‐eating adaptations of the smallest platyrrhines to the methods used to infer how big the largest fossil platyrrhines were. They demonstrate the power of combining functional morphology, behavior, and phylogenetic thinking as an approach toward reconstructing the evolutionary history of platyrrhine primates. While contributing new findings pertaining to all the major clades and ecological guilds, these articles reinforce the view that platyrrhines are a coherent ecophylogenetic array that differentiated along niche dimensions definable principally by body size, positional behavior, and feeding strategies. In underlining the value of character analysis and derived morphological and behavioral patterns as tools for deciphering phylogenetic and adaptational history, doubts are raised about a competing small‐bore morphological method, parsimony‐based cladistic studies. Intentionally designed not to enlist the rich reservoir of platyrrhine evolutionary morphology, an empirical assessment of the costs incurred by this research stratagem reveals inconsistent, nonrepeatable, and often conflicting results. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are We Looking for Loads in all the Right Places? New Research Directions for Studying the Masticatory Apparatus of New World Monkeys
Authors: Vinyard Christopher J. , Taylor Andrea B. , Teaford Mark F. , Glander Kenneth E. , Ravosa Matthew J. , Rossie James B. , Ryan Timothy M. , Williams Susan H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNew World monkeys display a wide range of masticatory apparatus morphologies related to their diverse diets and feeding strategies. While primatologists have completed many studies of the platyrrhine masticatory apparatus, particularly morphometric analyses, we collectively acknowledge key shortcomings in our understanding of the function and evolution of the platyrrhine feeding apparatus. Our goal in this contribution is to review several recent, and in most cases ongoing, efforts to address some of the deficits in our knowledge of how the platyrrhine skull is loaded during feeding. We specifically consider three broad research areas: (1) in vivo physiological studies documenting mandibular bone strains during feeding, (2) metric analyses assessing musculoskeletal functional morphology and performance, as well as (3) the initiation of a physiological ecology of feeding that measures in vivo masticatory mechanics in a natural environment. We draw several conclusions from these brief reviews. First, we need better documentation of in vivo strain patterns in the platyrrhine skull during feeding given their empirical role in developing adaptive hypotheses explaining masticatory apparatus form. Second, the greater accuracy of new technologies, such as CT scanning, will allow us to better describe the functional consequences of jaw form. Third, performance studies are generally lacking for platyrrhine jaws, muscles, and teeth and offer exciting avenues for linking form to feeding behavior and diet. Finally, attempts to bridge distinct research agendas, such as collecting in vivo physiological data during feeding in natural environments, present some of the greatest opportunities for novel insights into platyrrhine feeding biology. Anat Rec, , 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparative analysis of the information‐seeking behavior of visually impaired and sighted searchers
Authors: Sahib Nuzhah Gooda , Tombros Anastasios , Stockman Tony 
Published: November 2011

AbstractUnderstanding search behavior is important and leads to more effective interfaces that support searchers throughout the search process. In this article, through an observational user study, we investigate the search behavior of 15 visually impaired and 15 sighted searchers while they complete complex search tasks online. We study complex search tasks because they are challenging, cognitively intensive and affect performance of searchers. We compare the behavior of the two groups of searchers at four stages of the information‐seeking process namely, Query Formulation, Search Results Exploration, Query Reformulation, and Search Results Management. For each stage, we identify research questions to investigate the impact of speech‐based screen readers on the information‐seeking behavior of visually impaired users. Significant differences were observed during query formulation and in the use of query‐level support features such as query suggestions and spelling suggestions. In addition, screen‐reader users submitted a lower number of queries and displayed comparatively limited exploratory behavior during search results exploration. We investigate how a lack of visual cues affected visually impaired searchers' approach towards query reformulation and observed different strategies to manage and use information encountered during the search process. We discuss the implications that our findings have for the design of search interfaces and propose a set of design guidelines to consider when designing interfaces that are usable and accessible with screen readers. This work also enhances our understanding of search behavior when using an auditory interface and could be useful when designing audio‐based information retrieval systems.
Changes in reactive stratospheric gases due to a change in Brewer–Dobson circulation: results from a simple model
Authors: Cook Peter A. , Roscoe Howard K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAmounts of source gases with stratospheric sinks (CFCs, N2O, CH4) are affected by changes in Brewer–Dobson circulation. Source gases and their degradation products are important for atmospheric chemistry and climate. With a simple model, we examine how amounts and lifetimes of source gases and products depend on speed of the circulation. Transient results differ from steady‐state and stratospheric results differ from those for stratosphere plus troposphere. Increases in speed increase the stratospheric burden of source gases, but reduce products and reduce total burdens and lifetimes of source gases. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Mikrobewehrter Ultrahochleistungsbeton
Authors: Schnellenbach‐Held Martina , Prager Melanie 
Published: November 2011

AbstractUltrahochleistungsbeton (Ultra High Performance Concrete, UHPC) erfordert zur Sicherstellung ausreichender Duktilität den Einsatz einer “Bewehrung”, die meist in Form von Fasern während des Mischprozesses zugegeben wird. Herstellung und Verarbeitung werden hierdurch beeinflusst, und infolge der zufälligen Ausrichtung und Verteilung der Fasern innerhalb der UHPC‐Matrix ist eine zuverlässige Berechenbarkeit des Materialverhaltens nicht gewährleistet. Als Folge einer fehlenden Betondeckung führen oberflächennahe Stahlfasern zudem zu Korrosionsflecken.Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein Faserersatz in Form einer gerichteten Mikrobewehrungsmatte aus dünnen Stahldrähten hinsichtlich des Trag‐ und Verformungsverhaltens in UHPC vorgestellt. Dabei werden die Ergebnisse experimenteller Untersuchungen von faser‐ und mikrobewehrtem UHPC mit identischem Stahlgehalt verglichen sowie der Einfluss auf das Tragverhalten bei unterschiedlicher Ausrichtung der Mikrobewehrung und Verdoppelung des Stahlgehaltes dargestellt. Begleitende numerische Untersuchungen belegen, dass das Trag‐ und Verformungsverhalten des Verbundwerkstoffes zuverlässig zu berechnen ist.Micro‐reinforced Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) – Structural behaviourWith intent to provide a ductile failure and to use UHPC to full capacity usually steel fibres are added during the mixing process. The impaired workability as well as random orientation and spreading of the fibres are beside the spots of corrosion resulting from near‐surface fibres the main disadvantages of the use of steel fibres.Within this paper a micro‐reinforcement as replacement for steel‐fibres is introduced with respect to the structural behaviour of the composite material. To outline the comparability in structural behaviour the results of the experimental investigations on micro‐reinforced UHPC are constantly compared to the results of fibered UHPC. Additional investigations concerning the orientation of the micro‐reinforcement show an influence on the structural failure. Beside the experimental tests nonlinear finite element simulations were performed. The simulations and the test results show substantial similarities in crack propagation, ultimate deformation and bearing capacity.
Überarbeitung der DAfStb‐Richtlinie “Betonbau beim Umgang mit wassergefährdenden Stoffen”
Authors: Wiens Udo , Brauer Norbert , Dargel Helge‐Jürgen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDie DAfStb‐Richtlinie “Betonbau beim Umgang mit wassergefährdenden Stoffen” hat sich seit ihrer Ersterscheinung im Jahr 1996 im langjährigen praktischen Einsatz bewährt. Im Jahr 2004 erfolgte im Zuge der Anpassung an die neue Normengeneration im Betonbau, DIN 1045:2001‐7, Teile 1 bis 4 und DIN EN 206‐1:2001‐07, die Veröffentlichung einer neuen Ausgabe der Richtlinie. Die hohe Akzeptanz bei den zuständigen Behörden und die breite Anwendung der Richtlinie bei Planern und Bauausführenden zeigen, dass die Betonbauweise für die zuverlässige Abdichtung gegenüber wassergefährdenden Flüssigkeiten geeignet ist und damit dem Besorgnisgrundsatz des sec 19g des alten WHG in vorbildlicher Weise Rechnung getragen wird. Die Neufassung des Wasserhaushaltsgesetzes vom 31. Juli 2009, das zum 01. März 2010 in Kraft getreten ist, sowie die geplante neue Bundes‐ Verordnung über Anlagen zum Umgang mit wassergefährdenden Stoffen (VAUwS), die die 16 Anlagenverordnungen der Länder (VAwS) ablösen wird, bringen Änderungen mit sich, die den DAfStb veranlasst haben, neben der Durchführung der erforderlichen Anpassungen an den Eurocode 2 die Richtlinie aus dem Jahr 2004 erneut zu überarbeiten. Die Richtlinie wird in Kürze mit dem Ausgabemonat März 2011 veröffentlicht.Die bereits bei der Erstausgabe der Richtlinie im Jahr 1996 in einem breiten Konsens aller beteiligten Kreise entwickelten Dichtheitsnachweise und die Festlegung der stofflichen Anforderungen an Dichtflächen aus Beton wurden seit dieser Zeit kaum verändert und lediglich dem jeweils neuen Regelungsstand der Normen aus dem Betonbau angepasst. Zum besseren Verständnis der Zusammenhänge gibt der Beitrag eine Übersicht über die verschiedenen Dichtheitsnachweise der Richtlinie. Da die Dichtheit einer Betonkonstruktion wesentlich von der Betonzusammensetzung abhängt, werden dem Planer ebenfalls wichtige Hinweise zur Wahl der geeigneten Baustoffe gegeben. Ein Praxisbeispiel rundet das Gesamtbild ab. Die geplanten wesentlichen Änderungen gegenüber der Ausgabe 2004 werden im letzten Abschnitt zusammenfassend dargestellt.
Quality of life and health status before and after ileal pouch–anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis
Authors: Heikens J T , de Vries J , Goos M R E , Oostvogel H J , Gooszen H G , van Laarhoven C J H M 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
Ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) is considered the surgical treatment of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis. Quality of life (QoL) and health status are the most important patient-related outcomes. Studies investigating QoL are often cross-sectional and focus on health status. This longitudinal study evaluated QoL and health status after IPAA for ulcerative colitis and compared these with reference data from a healthy population.

Methods
Patients with ulcerative colitis who underwent a pouch operation between 2003 and 2008 completed validated questionnaires for QoL and health status. Questionnaires were completed before pouch surgery, and 6, 12, 24 and 36 months after operation. The effect of IPAA on QoL and health status was analysed, and data were compared with reference values from the healthy Dutch population.

Results
Data were obtained for 30 of the 32 patients. Six months after IPAA, QoL was at least comparable with that of the reference population in four of six domains. Twelve months after IPAA, overall QoL had improved, supported by findings in three QoL domains. Six months after IPAA, health status was comparable to that of the reference population in three of eight dimensions, and after 3 years it was at least comparable in five dimensions.

Conclusion
QoL and health status increased after IPAA and reached levels comparable with those of the healthy reference population in a majority of domains and dimensions. QoL was restored first after IPAA, followed by health status.