bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migrating legacy data structures based on variable overlay to Java
Authors: Ceccato Mariano , Dean Thomas Roy , Tonella Paolo , Marchignoli Davide 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLegacy information systems, such as banking systems, are usually organized around their data model. Hence, when these systems are migrated to modern environments, translation of the data model involves the most critical decisions, having strong implications on the rest of the translation. In this paper, we report our experience and describe the approaches adopted in migrating a large banking system (ten million lines of code) to Java, starting from a proprietary data model which gives programmers explicit control of the variable overlay in memory. After presenting the basic translation scheme, we discuss the exceptions that may occur in practice. Then, we consider two heuristic approaches useful to reduce the number of cases where a behavior equivalent to that of unions must be reproduced in Java. Finally, we comment on the experimental results obtained so far. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on the asymptotic analysis of a thermal relaxation oscillator
Authors: Lundberg P. , Bahrami F. , Zarroug M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA nonlinear oscillator, based on two connected vessels which are thermally forced around the maximum‐density temperature of the working fluid, is investigated. For a suitable choice of parameters, the system executes self‐sustained relaxation oscillations. This process has been examined for a large volume difference between the vessels, in which case the solution makes almost discontinuous jumps between the two branches of the slow manifold of the problem. It was found that in this limit, a lowest‐order analysis does reasonable justice to the periodic behaviour of the system.
More Than 25 Years of Surgical Treatment of Hydatid Cysts in a Nonendemic Area Using the “Frozen Seal” Method
Authors: Stoot J. H. M. B. , Jongsma C. K. , Limantoro I. , Terpstra O. T. , Breslau P. J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackgroundHydatid disease of the liver remains endemic in the world and is an imported disease in The Netherlands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment and outcome of surgically treated patients for hydatid disease in a single center in The Netherlands.MethodsThis retrospective study included 112 consecutive patients surgically treated for hydatid disease between 1981 and 2007. The primary outcome was relapse of the disease. Secondary outcomes were infections, complications, reoperations, length of hospital stay, and mortality.ResultsIn all cases, echinococcosis was diagnosed by computed tomography or ultrasonography (US). Serology (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence) confirmed the diagnosis in 92.9%. Most of the cysts were seen only in the liver (73.5%). All cysts were operated on with the frozen seal technique. Relapse of disease was seen in 9 (8.0%) cases. Five (4.5%) required surgical treatment at a later stage. Twenty (17.9%) complications were recorded. Four (3.6%) needed radiological drainage and three (2.7%) a reoperation. Follow‐up was performed with US and/or serology at a mean of 24 months (range 0.5–300 months). All but one complication were seen in the liver‐operated group, this proved not to be of statistical significance (P = 0.477). Patients with complications stayed significantly longer in hospital than did the patients without complications (P < 0.001). No mortality was observed in this study.ConclusionsThe present study suggests that the frozen seal method of surgery for hydatid disease is safe and effective. Future studies are needed to prove its position in the treatment of hydatid disease as new developments show promising results.
Unsuspected Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosed After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Focus on Acute Cholecystitis
Authors: Kim Ji Hun , Kim Wook Hwan , Kim Jin Hong , Yoo Byung Moo , Kim Myung Wook 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to investigate clinicopathological features of patients who were diagnosed with unsuspected gallbladder cancer (UGC) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and to clarify the relationship between acute cholecystitis (AC) and unsuspected gallbladder cancer.MethodsFrom June 1997 to March 2008, a total of 2,607 LCs were performed at Ajou University Medical Center. Twenty‐six patients (1.0%) were diagnosed with gallbladder cancer after LC. We excluded patients with preoperatively or intraoperatively suspected gallbladder cancer.ResultsOf 1,128 patients with AC, 19 (1.6%) were identified with gallbladder cancer after surgery. The preoperative diagnosis included a high rate of acute and severe acute cholecystitis (n = 19; 73.1%). The rate of conversion to open surgery was 15.4% (4/26), and bile spillage occurred in 14 of 26 patients (53.8%). Adenocarcinoma (92.3%) and pT2 (65.4%) were the most common pathological findings. In 19 UGC patients with AC, the most common pathological finding was also pT2 (n = 12; 63.1%). In addition, all 5 of the patients with positive resection margin belonged to the UGC with AC group. Two of 26 patients (7.7%) underwent additional surgery after LC, and 2 patients (7.7%) underwent excision of the port site/wound for recurrence. The overall median survival was 32 months (95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 21–43). There were no significant differences in age, the presence of acute cholecystitis, or bile spillage (P > 0.05) However, tumor differentiation was associated significantly with survival rate.ConclusionsThe preoperative diagnosis included a high rate of acute and severe acute cholecystitis. Survival was not associated with the presence of AC and bile spillage. Therefore, we suggest that AC may not influence the prognosis of unsuspected gallbladder cancer after LC. Moreover, good tumor differentiation can guarantee favorable survival, even in UGC with AC.
Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia in childhood: Cardiovascular risk prevention
Authors: van der Graaf A. , Kastelein J. J. P. , Wiegman A. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryChildren with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) have severely increased low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels that strongly predispose to premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life. Early identification makes it possible to start lipid‐lowering therapy at young age to prevent CVD. The atherosclerotic process can be inhibited by potent lipid‐lowering therapy. The cornerstone of lipid‐lowering therapy is a healthy lifestyle, but most of the time this is insufficient to reach adequate LDL‐C goals. Subsequently, pharmacological therapy is initiated with increasing frequency. In the past decade numerous studies have assessed the efficacy and safety of statins in children with FH. Those studies demonstrate that statins are well tolerated, safe and effective. Therefore, these agents have a pivotal role in the treatment of children with FH.
Surfactant‐like Properties of Alkaline Extracts from Wastewater Biosolids
Authors: Becerra Flor Yunuén García , Allen D. Grant , Acosta Edgar J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn order to assess the potential for utilizing wastewater biosolids as a source of useful substances, the surface activity of materials extracted from wastewater biosolids (activated sludge) by simple incubation with sodium hydroxide solutions at room temperature was assessed. The surface activity, measured by surface and interfacial tension methods, of the extracts was shown to be dependent on the extraction pH and the concentration of the organic matter solubilized in the alkaline solution. Increasing the extraction pH increased the surface activity of the extract (lower surface tensions), which is linked to the presence of more hydrophobic species in the extract. After adjusting the pH to more acidic values (e.g., pH = 4), the extracts retained their surface activity. The apparent CMC (critical micelle concentration) of pH 12.6 extracts was approximately 1,000 mg/L (based on total organic carbon or TOC), and the surface tension after CMC approximately 35 mN/m. While the CMC of the extract is significantly higher, when compared to a conventional surfactant, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS, CMC ~ 25 mg/L), its surface tension at CMC was comparable. Above its CMC, the pH 12.6 extract had similar interfacial tensions than SDBS against toluene, heptane and hexadecane. Furthermore, the extract and SDBS had similar detergency performance for the removal of hexadecane from cotton. Skin corrosivity tests of the neutralized extracts show that they have comparable toxicity to conventional anionic surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate. The potential use of these extracts in commercial products is discussed.
Testosterone undecanoate in the functional compartments of the male reproductive tract
Authors: Koukkou E. , Mitios G. , Kapolla N. , Spiropoulos E. , Lass H. , Bourounis M. , Pappa A. , Nicopoulou S. , Adamopoulos D. A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackgroundAssessment of testosterone undecanoate’s (TU) presence in the functional compartments of the male reproductive tract has never been performed despite the evidence that its documented beneficial effect in male infertility might be mediated through an epididymal action and this study was set to examine this possibility.Materials and methodsIn 18 normozoospermic volunteers TU has been administered (40 mg t.i.d.) for 6 days with serum measurements of TU, total testosterone (T), DHT, E2, SHBG, FSH, LH, and PRL before and at the end of medication. Steroid hormones (T, E2, and TU) were also assayed in seminal plasma. In a selected group of 7 men with previously diagnosed non-obstructive azoospermia TU, T, and E2 were assayed in the extracts of testicular biopsy material taken before ICSI and at the end of the same medication.ResultsA marked rise of serum DHT (average 148%,P< 0.001) has been found after treatment, whereas T, E2, FSH, LH, SHBG, and PRL did not significantly change. Measurable amounts of TU were found in the serum of all men but only in 6 cases in seminal plasma (11.1 ± 8.0 ng/mL) and all of them in semen delivered 7–8 h after the last TU capsule was taken. In dilution fluid from testicular tissue extracts, no detectable amounts of TU were found whereas mean values of 92.5 ± 54.3 pg/mL and 43.8 ± 16.3 ng/mL for E2 and T were observed. Positive correlations among TU and E2, T or DHT concentrations were found in serum samples (P< 0.01, 0.02, and 0.002) as well as between E2 and T (P< 0.01), E2 and DHT (P< 0.001), or T and DHT (P< 0.001).ConclusionIt is concluded that TU was identified and measured for the first time in seminal plasma of a fair percentage (33%) of men on this medication and was associated in all men with a marked rise of DHT concentration, a known epididymal function promoter, in the absence of an effect on pituitary and gonadal activity. On this evidence, it appears that a beneficial effect of TU on epididymal function may be a distinct possibility.
The Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment (EXIT) Procedure for Fetal Head and Neck Masses
Authors: Filipchuk Debora , Avdimiretz Lourdes 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTA congenital head or neck mass increases the risk of airway obstruction and imminent respiratory failure at birth. The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure is an option to secure the infant's airway in some clinical situations when an antenatal diagnosis of a head or neck mass or potential airway obstruction has been established.This article discusses an EXIT procedure performed on a maternal patient whose 38‐week gestational age fetus was diagnosed with a lymphatic malformation. Planning and coordination between surgical teams at two clinical sites allowed the multidisciplinary teams to achieve a safe, successful outcome for the mother and child. AORN J 90 (November 2009) 661–672. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Metasynthesis: A Goldmine for Evidence‐Based Practice
Authors: Beck Cheryl Tatano 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTMetasynthesis is a technique that can help establish qualitative research as a viable source of evidence. Using this approach, results from multiple qualitative research studies on the same topic are combined and synthesized to reveal the best evidence.This article addresses metasynthesis and its application to perioperative evidence‐based care. Noblit and Hare's method for synthesizing qualitative research is described and illustrated using a previously published metasynthesis of postpartum depression research. AORN J 90 (November 2009) 701–710. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Glycemic Control: A Literature Review with Implications for Perioperative Nursing Practice
Authors: Kittelson Kristina A. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTSurgical patients have an increased risk for hyperglycemia and its subsequent complications, such as increased risk of infection, morbidity and mortality, and length of stay.Interventional studies indicate that tight glycemic control with intensive insulin therapy improves outcomes. More recent randomized controlled trials, however, provide conflicting results, indicating that hypoglycemia and death may result from tight glycemic control. This calls into question the safety and efficacy of tight glycemic control.Perioperative nurses must be prepared to implement measures to control hyperglycemia for patients with and without diabetes throughout the perioperative process. Perioperative nurses should participate in multidisciplinary efforts to develop evidenced‐based glycemic control protocols. AORN J 90 (November 2009) 714–726. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Guidelines for the Management of Vasa Previa
Authors: Gagnon Robert , Morin Lucie , Bly Stephen , Butt Kimberly , Cargill Yvonne M. , Denis Nanette , Gagnon Robert , Hietala‐Coyle Marja Anne , Lim Kenneth Ian , Ouellet Annie , Racicot Maria‐Hélène , Salem Shia , Gagnon Robert , Hudon Lynda , Basso Melanie , Bos Hayley , Delisle Marie‐France , Farine Dan , Grabowska Kirsten , Menticoglou Savas , Mundle William , Murphy‐Kaulbeck Lynn , Ouellet Annie , Pressey Tracy , Roggensack Anne 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the etiology of vasa previa and the risk factors and associated condition, to identify the various clinical presentations of vasa previa, to describe the ultrasound tools used in its diagnosis, and to describe the management of vasa previa.OutcomesReduction of perinatal mortality, short‐term neonatal morbidity, long‐term infant morbidity, and short‐term and long‐term maternal morbidity and mortality.EvidencePublished literature on randomized trials prospective cohort studies, and selected retrospective cohort studies was retrieved through searches of PubMed or Medline, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library, using appropriate controlled vocabulary (e.g., selected epidemiological studies comparing delivery by Caesarean section with vaginal delivery studies comparing outcomes when vasa previa is diagnosed antenatally vs. intrapartum) and key words (e.g. vasa previa). Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated into the guideline to October 1, 2008. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology assessment‐related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and from national and international medical specialty societies.ValuesThe evidence collected was reviewed by the Diagnostic Imaging Committee and the Maternal Fetal Medicine Committee of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) and quantified using the evaluation of evidence guidelines developed by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.Benefits, Harms, and CostsThe benefit expected from this guideline is facilitation of optimal and uniform care for pregnancies complicated by vasa previa.SponsorsThe Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada.
Zircon geochronology and trace element characteristics of eclogites and granulites from the Orlica-Śnieżnik complex, Bohemian Massif
Authors: BRÖCKER MICHAEL , KLEMD REINER , KOOIJMAN ELLEN , BERNDT JASPER , LARIONOV ALEXANDER 
Published: November 2009

AbstractU–Pb zircon geochronology and trace element analysis was applied to eclogites and (ultra)high-pressure granulites that occur as volumetrically subordinate rock bodies within orthogneisses of the Orlica-Śnieżnik complex, Bohemian Massif. Under favourable circumstances such data may help to unravel protolith ages and yet-undetermined aspects of the metamorphic evolution, for example, the time span over which eclogite-facies conditions were attained. By means of ion-probe and laser ablation techniques, a comprehensive database was compiled for samples collected from prominent eclogite and granulite occurrences. The206Pb/238U dates for zircons of all samples show a large variability, and no single age can be calculated. The protolith ages remain unresolved due to the lack of coherent age groups at the upper end of the zircon age spectra. The spread in apparent ages is interpreted to be mainly caused by variable and possibly multi-stage Pb-loss. Further complexities are added by metamorphic zircon growth and re-equilibration processes, the unknown relevance of inherited components and possible mixing of different aged domains during analysis. A reliable interpretation of igneous crystallization ages is not yet possible. Previous studies and the new data document the importance of a Carboniferous metamorphic event atc.340 Ma. The geological significance of this age group is controversial. Such ages have previously either been related to peak (U)HP conditions, the waning stages of eclogite-facies metamorphism or the amphibolite-facies overprint. This study provides new arguments for this discussion because, in both rock types, metamorphic zircon is characterized by very low total REE abundances, flat HREE patterns and the absence of an Eu anomaly. These features strongly suggest contemporaneous crystallization of zircon and garnet and strengthen interpretations proposing that the Carboniferous ages document late-stage eclogite-facies metamorphism, and not amphibolite-facies overprinting.
THE CARING FISCAL-MILITARY STATE DURING THE SEVEN YEARS WAR, 1756–1763
Authors: CHARTERS ERICA 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThis article re-examines the concept of the fiscal-military state in the context of the British armed forces during the Seven Years War (1756–63). This war, characteristic of British warfare during the eighteenth century, demonstrates that British victory depended on the state caring about the wellbeing of its troops, as well as being perceived to care. At the practical level, disease among troops led to manpower shortages and hence likely defeat, especially during sieges and colonial campaigns. During the 1762–3 Portuguese campaign, disease was regarded as a sign of ill-discipline, and jeopardized military and political alliances. At Havana in 1762, the fear, reports, and actual outbreaks of disease threatened American colonial support and recruitment for British campaigns. Throughout the controversial campaigns in the German states, disease was interpreted as a symptom of bad governance, and used in partisan criticisms concerning the conduct of the war. Military victory was not only about strategy, command, and technology, but nor was it solely a question of money. Manpower could not simply be bought, but needed to be nurtured in the long term through a demonstration that the British state cared about the welfare of its armies.
IRELAND, COLONIAL SCIENCE, AND THE GEOGRAPHICAL CONSTRUCTION OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA, c. 1820–1870
Authors: CROSBIE BARRY 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThis article examines the role that Ireland and Irish people played in the geographical construction of British colonial rule in India during the nineteenth century. It argues that as an important sub-imperial centre, Ireland not only supplied the empire with key personnel, but also functioned as an important reference point for scientific practice, new legislation, and systems of government. Occupying integral roles within the information systems of the colonial state, Irish people provided much of the intellectual capital around which British rule in India was constructed. These individuals were part of nineteenth-century Irish professional personnel networks that viewed the empire as a legitimate sphere for work and as an arena in which they could prosper. Through involvement and deployment of expertise in areas such as surveying and geological research in India, Irishmen and Irish institutions were able to act decisively in the development of colonial knowledge. The relationships mapped in this article centre the Irish within the imperial web of connections and global exchange of ideas, technologies, and practices during the long nineteenth century, thereby making a contribution towards uncovering Ireland's multi-directional involvement in the British empire and reassessing the challenges that this presents to existing British, Irish, and imperial historiography.
PUBLISHING THE RAPHAEL CARTOONS AND THE RISE OF ART-HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN ENGLAND, 1707–1764
Authors: HSIEH CHIA-CHUAN 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTIn studies of English artistic culture of the first half of the eighteenth century, the notion of art-historical consciousness has attracted little attention, in contrast to an immense interest in issues of picture consumption and taste. This article provides a new perspective on the rise of art-historical consciousness by examining publications associated with the Raphael Cartoons, then at Hampton Court. Through a wide range of engraved reproductions and written commentaries, the Cartoons not only came to be the most visible Old Master paintings in England in the period, but also became central to an on-going process whereby ideas about painting were formulated in terms of artistic standards and historical development. The Cartoons publications illustrate a trend in which works of art formerly enjoyed privately by royal or aristocratic collectors became increasingly accessible to wider audiences. In consequence, ideas associated with these works penetrated diverse levels of society and art-historical consciousness assumed a public value.
FRENCH EMPIRE ELITES AND THE POLITICS OF ECONOMIC OBLIGATION IN THE INTERWAR YEARS
Authors: THOMAS MARTIN 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThis article considers the changing ways in which French political elites understood imperial obligation in the interwar years. It suggests that the economics of imperial rule and disputes over what could and should be done to develop colonial economies provide the key to understanding both the failure of interwar colonial reforms and the irreversible decline in France's grip over its colonies. In making this case, the article investigates four related colonial policy debates, all variously linked to changing conceptualizations of economic obligation among France's law-makers. The first concerns Albert Sarraut's 1921 empire development plan. The second reviews discussions over the respective obligations of the state and private financiers in regenerating colonial economies during the depression years of the early 1930s. The third debate reassesses policymakers' disputes over colonial industrialization. Finally, the article revisits the apparent failure of the investigative studies of economic and labour reforms conceived by the left-leaning Popular Front in 1936–8. The point is to highlight the extent to which senior political figures clashed over concepts of ‘colonial obligation’ viewed less in the cultural terms of ‘civilizing mission’ than in the material sense of economic outlay.