bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrate Oxidation Acidifies Endosomes, Regulating Antigen Processing and TLR9 Signaling
Authors: Lewis Colleen J. , Cobb Brian A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Phagocytes kill encapsulated microbes through oxidative cleavage of surface carbohydrates, releasing glycan fragments and microbial contents that serve as ligands for immune receptors, which tailor the immune response against the offending pathogen. The glycan fragments serve as MHC class II (MHC II) ligands and innate receptor agonists, whereas microbial proteins serve as substrates for proteolytic cleavage and MHC II presentation, and released nucleic acids activate innate pattern-recognition receptors (e.g., TLR9). In the current study, confocal microscopy of live macrophages and dendritic cells revealed that endocytosis of carbohydrates lead to vesicular acidification independent of proton pump activity. Acidification was dependent on NO-mediated oxidation in the presence of the ingested carbohydrate and was sufficient to negatively regulate T cell-dependent polysaccharide Ag cleavage, promote acid-dependent protein Ag processing, and facilitate CpG-mediated TLR9 signaling. Our findings lead to a model in which oxidation of carbohydrates from encapsulated microbes facilitates adaptive immune responses against microbial protein and carbohydrate Ags through promoting Ag processing for MHC II-mediated presentation as well as innate responses against released microbial DNA via TLR9 signaling.
Cutting Edge: Caspase-1 Independent IL-1β Production Is Critical for Host Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Does Not Require TLR Signaling In Vivo
Authors: Mayer-Barber Katrin D. , Barber Daniel L. , Shenderov Kevin , White Sandra D. , Wilson Mark S. , Cheever Allen , Kugler David , Hieny Sara , Caspar Patricia , Núñez Gabriel , Schlueter Dirk , Flavell Richard A. , Sutterwala Fayyaz S. , Sher Alan 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
To investigate the respective contributions of TLR versus IL-1R mediated signals in MyD88 dependent control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we compared the outcome of M. tuberculosis infection in MyD88, TRIF/MyD88, IL-1R1, and IL-1β–deficient mice. All four strains displayed acute mortality with highly increased pulmonary bacterial burden suggesting a major role for IL-1β signaling in determining the MyD88 dependent phenotype. Unexpectedly, the infected MyD88 and TRIF/MyD88-deficient mice, rather than being defective in IL-1β expression, displayed increased cytokine levels relative to wild-type animals. Similarly, infected mice deficient in caspase-1 and ASC, which have critical functions in inflammasome-mediated IL-1β maturation, showed unimpaired IL-1β production and importantly, were considerably less susceptible to infection than IL-1β deficient mice. Together our findings reveal a major role for IL-1β in host resistance to M. tuberculosis and indicate that during this infection the cytokine can be generated by a mechanism that does not require TLR signaling or caspase-1.
Census for Proteome Quantification
Authors: Park Sung Kyu , Yates John R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractQuantitative analysis has become increasingly important in the proteomics field; however, the large amount of mass spectrometric data and the different types of quantitative strategies make data analysis ever challenging. Here we describe a quantitative software tool called Census to analyze high‐throughput mass spectrometry data from shotgun proteomics experiments in an efficient way. Census is capable of analyzing various stable isotope labeling experiments (using, e.g., 15N, 18O, SILAC, iTRAQ, TMT) in addition to labeling‐free experiments. With high‐resolution data, Census increases the quantitative accuracy by minimizing the contributions of interfering peaks and chemical noise with a small accuracy tolerance for each isotope peak. Census provides various scoring algorithms including least‐squares correlation, weight average, singleton peptide detection with discriminant analysis, and probability score for each peptide. Furthermore, Census has built‐in multiple statistical filters to maintain robust quality control on quantitative results. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 29:13.12.1‐13.12.11. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DigitAlia – The Other Digital Practice
Authors: Colletti Marjan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMarjan Colletti, the guest‐editor of this issue, defines a clear political agenda for DigitAlia as an alternative mode of digital practice. He outlines how it potentially absorbs the latest digital techniques while embracing the poetic and knowledge of cultural traditions and pushing the very boundaries of creativity. The scope of Colletti's ideas is illustrated by images from his own practice with Marcos Cruz, marcosandmarjan architects, and those of his students at the Bartlett School of Architecture (UCL), the University of Westminster in London and Innsbruck University in Austria. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interiorities
Authors: Rahim Ali 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAli Rahim emphasises the importance for design of overlaying a mastery of digital techniques with a nuanced and developed aesthetic sensibility. Here he illustrates his fascination with the formal with his exploration of ‘interiorities’, or internal logics of tectonic structures, in his design research at the University of Pennsylvania. The strive to create variation and atmosphere in buildings effectively places a stress on different part‐to‐whole relationships, organisations, material qualities and colours and their various rates of transformation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exuberant Couture
Authors: Clark Judith 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIs the exuberant confined to architecture? Judith Clark, curator and lecturer in the history and theory of fashion, looks into the sartorial equivalent of digital exuberance. She describes how exuberance in fashion is largely performance‐based expressed on the catwalk, as epitomised by Hussein Chalayan's dramatic staging of his shows. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Let's Rock over Barock
Authors: Prix Wolf D 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSince the 17th century, Austria has been a stronghold of the Baroque. Here Wolf D Prix of Coop Himmelb(l)au recognises the deep pull of this cultural tradition in contemporary Austrian architecture, as it continues to endow its designers with an aptitude for spatial sequence and a tendency to prefer to design complex spaces over simplified boxes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Francis‐Jones Morehen Thorp (FJMT)
Authors: Watson Fleur , Hook Martyn 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe output of FJMT varies greatly in scale and location. The practice has completed community schemes in Sydney's suburbs as well as accommodation for prestigious institutions in the city centre. It has adapted existing structures on heritage sites as well as producing high‐tech newbuilds. As Fleur Watson and Martyn Hook explain, what FJMT's projects have in common is an unwavering commitment to the enhancement of the public realm. The firm embraces the full responsibility of building in the sensitive urban and topographic context of this harbour city with its ridges and coastal inlets. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodiversity Targets as the Basis for Green Design
Authors: Wells Mike , Yeang Ken 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMike Wells, the Director of Biodiversity by Design, and Ken Yeang outline the need for biodiversity targets in architecture to provide a more far‐reaching basis for green design. Rather than just literally ‘greening’ a building by covering it with foliage, they seek to encourage designers to engage with wider ecological processes and in more specific detail. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urban Interactive
Authors: Croci Valentina 
Published: March 2010

AbstractValentina Croci profiles the work of entertainment design office Area/Code which foregrounds urban locations in its games. As Croci explains the approach of this NewYork‐based partnership, which delivers sat nav‐inspired gaming to the mobile phone, demonstrates an inherent understanding of the importance of the physical in enhancing the imaginary. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Warm Laser Shock Peening Driven Nanostructures and Their Effects on Fatigue Performance in Aluminum Alloy 6160
Authors: Ye Chang , Liao Yiliang , Cheng Gary J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWarm laser shock peening is an innovative manufacturing process that integrates laser shock peening and dynamic aging to improve materials' fatigue performance. Compared to traditional laser shock peening (LSP), warm laser shock peening (WLSP) – i.e., LSP at elevated temperatures – provides better performance in many aspects. WLSP can induce nanoscale precipitation and high density dislocation arrangement, resulting in higher surface strength and lower surface roughness than LSP, which are both beneficial for fatigue life improvement. Due to pinning of the dislocation structure by nanoscale precipitates – so‐called dislocation pinning effects – the relaxation of residual stress and surfaces dislocation arrangement is significantly reduced. In this study, AA6061 alloy is used to evaluate the WLSP process. It is found that the fatigue life improvements after WLSP are not only caused by large compressive residual stress and high density dislocations but also by the higher stability of the residual stresses and surface strength during cyclic loading.
Process Cost Comparison for Conventional and Near‐Net‐Shape Cermet Fabrication
Authors: Xiong Yuhong , Schoenung Julie M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTungsten carbide–cobalt (WC–Co) is a widely used cermet that is generally fabricated into bulk parts via conventional powder metallurgy (P/M) methods. Because this material (and other cermets) is very hard and wear resistant, diamond grinding is generally required to fabricate complex parts. As an alternative, studies have shown the Laser Engineering Net Shaping (LENS) process to be a technically feasible method, allowing for fabrication of near‐net‐shape parts. The economic trade‐offs, however, have not been previously characterized. In this work, technical cost modeling (TCM) is applied to compare the costs of fabricating WC–Co parts with the P/M process to those of the LENS process. Cost drivers are identified and sensitivity analysis is conducted. Results reveal that the uncertainty in functional unit has a significant effect on relative process costs, and the cost is sensitive to order size only if less than ten parts are produced. It is concluded that the LENS process is economically preferable if part size is small or part shape is complex. The P/M process is more suitable to produce large parts in simple shapes.
Ordering of Disordered Nanowires: Spontaneous Formation of Highly Aligned, Ultralong Ag Nanowire Films at Oil–Water–Air Interface
Authors: Shi Hong‐Yan , Hu Bo , Yu Xiao‐Chun , Zhao Rong‐Li , Ren Xi‐Feng , Liu Shi‐Lin , Liu Jian‐Wei , Feng Mei , Xu An‐Wu , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: March 2010

AbstractOne‐dimensional nanomaterials and their assemblies attract considerable scientific interest in the physical, chemical, and biological fields because of their potential applications in electronic and optical devices. The interface‐assembly method has become an important route for the self‐assembly of nanoparticles, nanosheets, nanotubes, and nanorods, but the self‐assembly of ultralong nanowires has only been successful using the Langmuir–Blodgett approach. A novel approach for the spontaneous formation of highly aligned, ultralong Ag nanowire films at the oil–water–air interface is described. In this approach, the three‐phase interface directs the movement and self‐assembly process of the ultralong Ag nanowires without the effect of an external force or complex apparatus. The ordered films exhibit intrinsic large electromagnetic fields that are localized in the interstitials between adjacent nanowires. This new three‐phase‐interface approach is proven to be a general route that can be extended to self‐assemble other ultralong nanowires and produce ordered films.
Nanocrystalline Electroplated Cu–Ni: Metallic Thin Films with Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Tunable Magnetic Behavior
Authors: Pellicer Eva , Varea Aïda , Pané Salvador , Nelson Bradley J. , Menéndez Enric , Estrader Marta , Suriñach Santiago , Baró Maria Dolors , Nogués Josep , Sort Jordi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNanocrystalline 3 µm thick Cu1–xNix (0.45 ≤ x ≤ 0.87) films are electrodeposited galvanostatically onto Cu/Ti/Si (100) substrates, from a citrate‐ and sulphate‐based bath containing sodium lauryl sulphate and saccharine as additives. The films exhibit large values of reduced Young's modulus (173 < Er < 192 GPa) and hardness (6.4 < H < 8.2 GPa), both of which can be tailored by varying the alloy composition. The outstanding mechanical properties of these metallic films can be ascribed to their nanocrystalline nature—as evidenced by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy—along with the occurrence of stacking faults and the concomitant formation of intragranular nanotwins during film growth. Due to their nanocrystalline character, these films also show very low surface roughness (root mean square deviation of around 2 nm). Furthermore, tunable magnetic properties, including a transition from paramagnetic to ferromagnetic behavior, are observed when the Ni percentage is increased. This combination of properties, together with the simplicity of the fabrication method, makes this system attractive for widespread technological applications, including hard metallic coatings or magnetic micro/nano‐electromechanical devices.
Combination of Enantioselective Metal Catalysis and Organocatalysis: Enantioselective Sequential Hydroformylation/ Aldol Reactions
Authors: Chercheja Serghei , Nadakudity Sailendra K. , Eilbracht Peter 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis work reports the possibility of controlling the sense of enantio‐ and diastereoinductions in the sequential hydroformylation and aldol reactions via the judicious combination of a chiral metal catalyst with a chiral organocatalyst. The diastereoselectivity of the reaction between styrene, syngas and acetone can be increased by using a matched pair of catalysts, [rhodium/(2S,4S)‐Chiraphite]/(S)‐organocatalyst and decreased, but not inverted, by using a mismatched pair of catalysts, [rhodium/(2R,4R)‐Chiraphite]/(S)‐organocatalyst.
Synthesis of Methylene‐ and Alkylidenecyclopropane Derivatives
Authors: Audran Gérard , Pellissier Hélène 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSince the methylenecyclopropane moiety is found in many biologically active natural substances, the synthesis of methylene‐ and alkylidenecyclopropanes remains a considerable challenge. In addition, an attractive feature is their surprising stability, accompanied by a high level of strain, conferring on them an otherwise unattainable chemical reactivity. The growing interest in the chemistry of these compounds has in its turn stimulated the development of alternative approaches to their skeleton, aimed at selectively introducing structural and chemical diversification. The three principal methods to synthesize these important compounds are based on the formation of the cyclopropane ring, the use of preformed cyclopropanes, and the use of preformed methylene‐ and alkylidenecyclopropanes. Abbreviations: Ac: acetyl; Ar: aryl; Bn: benzyl; Boc: tert‐butoxycarbonyl; Box: bisoxazoline; BTMSA: bis(trimethylsilyl)amide; Bu: butyl; Bz: benzoyl; C: cyclo; Cod: cyclooctadiene; Cp: cyclopentadienyl; Cy: cyclohexyl; Dba: (E,E)‐dibenzylideneacetone; DBU: 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene; DCE: 1,2‐dichloroethane; de: diastereomeric excess; DEAD: diethyl azodicarboxylate; DMAc: N,N‐dimethylacetamide; DME: 1,2‐dimethoxyethane; DMF: dimethylformamide; DOSP: N‐p‐dodecylbenzenesulfonylprolinate; Dppb: 1,4‐bis(diphenyl)phosphinoborane; Dppe: bis(diphenylphosphino) ethene; E: electrophile; ee: enantiomeric excess; Et: ethyl; Hex: hexyl; L: ligand; LDA: lithium diisopropylamide; LG: leaving group; MCPBA: 3‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid; Me: methyl; MEM: methoxyethoxymethyl; MOM: methoxymethyl; Mp: morpholinyl; Ms: mesyl; Naph: naphthyl; NFSI: N‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide; Ns: nosyl; Nu: nucleophile; Pent: pentyl; Ph: phenyl; PMB: p‐methoxybenzoyl; Pr: propyl; Py: pyridyl; SEM: 2‐(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl; TASF: tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethyl silicate; TBAF: tetra‐n‐butylammonium fluoride; TBS: tert‐butyldimethylsilyl; TEA: triethylamine; Tedicyp: cis,cis,cis‐1,2,3,4‐tetrakis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)cyclopentane; Tf: trifluoromethanesulfonyl; TFP: tris(2‐furyl)phosphine; THF: tetrahydrofuran; THP: tetrahydropyran; TMS: trimethylsilyl; Tol: tolyl; Ts: 4‐toluenesulfonyl (tosyl).
Synthesis, in‐vitro Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Studies of Novel Azetidinone Derivatives
Authors: Keri Rangappa S. , Hosamani Kallappa M. , Reddy Harisha S. , Shingalapur Ramya V. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDeveloping novel antimicrobial drugs is increasingly important in the modern pharmaceutical industry. A series of novel 3‐chloro‐4‐[4‐(2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐4‐ylmethoxy)phenyl]‐1‐phenylazetidin‐2‐ones 5a–o have been synthesized from 4‐bromomethylcoumarins 1a–e and 4‐aryliminomethyl‐phenols 3a–c. These compounds were screened for their in‐vitro antibacterial activity against two Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin resistant enteroccoccus) and two Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli and Shigella dysentery) bacterial strains and antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Penicillium. Results revealed that compounds 5c, 5f, 5h, 5j, and 5m showed excellent activity against a panel of microorganisms. The brine‐shrimp bioassay was also carried out to study their in‐vitro cytotoxic properties and two compounds, 5h and 5m, possessing LD50 = 7.154×10–4 M and 5.782×10–4 M, respectively, displayed potent cytotoxic activity against Artemia salina. The presence of a chlorine group in the coumarin moiety, its effect on their antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities is discussed. All newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and MS.
Systematic review of atraumatic splenic rupture (Br J Surg 2009; 96: 1114–1121)
Authors: Khan R N , Jindal V 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Analytical Solution of the Reaction‐Diffusion Process in a Permeable Spherical Catalyst
Authors: Danish M. , Kumar Sh. , Kumar S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe limitations of the existing Adomian solution for the reaction‐diffusion process in a spherical catalyst were shown and an improved solution, overcoming these restrictions, was proposed by using a novel scheme of the restarted Adomian method coupled with orthogonal polynomials. This scheme is also applicable to other similar problems and yields short and accurate expressions, thus confirming the general and effective nature of the approach.
Möglichkeiten der Online‐NIR‐Spektroskopie im Bereich der Fertigungsindustrie am Beispiel der umfassenden Produktionskontrolle von dekorativen Schichtstoffen
Authors: Kandelbauer A. , Kessler R. W. , Wuzella G. , Dolezel‐Horwath E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAnhand aktueller Ergebnisse aus online‐spektroskopischen Studien wird beispielhaft für die Fertigung von dekorativen Laminaten gezeigt, wie der Einsatz von Online‐NIR‐Spektroskopie als hilfreiches Werkzeug für die laufende Überwachung eines Fertigungsprozesses genutzt werden kann. Mittels NIR‐Spektroskopie ist es nicht nur möglich, in einer Online‐Messung direkt an der Anlage den Wassergehalt von mit Harz imprägniertem Papier während der Produktion mit guter Genauigkeit (R2 = 0,89) zu messen. Es gelingt auch mit einer sehr hohen Präzision (R2 = 0,99), die Zusammensetzung der Imprägniermischung hinsichtlich verschiedener Harztypen (Melamin‐ bzw. Harnstoff‐Formaldehydharzen) zu bestimmen.
Online‐Analyse von Mikroreaktionsprozessen mittels Pushbroom Imaging
Authors: Trefz P. , Boldrini B. , Kessler R. W. , Löbbecke S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTrotz zahlreicher Forschungsarbeiten und Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Mikroreaktionstechnik befindet sich die Technologie nach wie vor auf der Schwelle zwischen akademischer Forschung und industrieller Applikation. Ein problematischer Faktor auf dem Weg zur Realisierung mikrostrukturierter Produktionsanlagen ist das Fehlen geeigneter prozessanalytischer Methoden, um orts‐ und zeitaufgelöste Messungen direkt im Mikrokanal durchführen zu können. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird die Pushbroom Imaging Technologie als mögliche Lösung für diese Problemstellung aufgezeigt. Dabei wird der Pushbroom Imager sowohl als Online‐Spektrometer als auch als Multikanalspektrometer für quantitative Messungen und zur Reaktionsverfolgung direkt im Mikrokanal eingesetzt.
Prozessanalytische In‐situ‐Sonden zur Inline‐Charakterisierung dispergierter Partikel
Authors: Bluma A. , Höpfner T. , Lindner P. , Rehbock C. , Beutel S. , Scheper T. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBei biotechnologischen Prozessen werden speziell im Bereich des Downstream Processing zunehmend anspruchsvollere Anforderungen an die Aufarbeitungstechniken und deren Dokumentation gestellt, um eine kostengünstige und effiziente Qualitätssicherung zu realisieren. Für eine optimale Prozessführung mit hoher Produktausbeute ist eine zeitnahe und zuverlässige Dokumentation der relevanten Prozess‐ und Regelgrößen durch Sensoren unerlässlich [1, 2], wobei eine kostengünstige und effektive Charakterisierung von bewegten Partikeln bis heute eine Herausforderung für die Messtechnik darstellt [3]. Die FDA (Food and Drug Administration) hat durch die PAT‐Initiative (Process Analytical Technology) eine Plattform geschaffen, die fordert, die Prozessinformation in den Vordergrund zu setzen und den Prozess selbst möglichst transparent zu gestalten, d. h. zukünftige Analysesysteme müssen auf innovativen Messprinzipien mit modernen Methoden der Datenauswertung basieren. Dabei gewinnen Verfahren wie Echtzeitanalyse, Inline‐Messtechnik und multifunktionale Datenanalyse immer mehr an Bedeutung.
a‐SiOx Coatings Grown on Dental Materials by PECVD: Compositional Analysis and Preliminary Investigation of Biocompatibility Improvements
Authors: Mandracci Pietro , Ceruti Paola , Ricciardi Carlo , Mussano Federico , Carossa Stefano 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSilicon‐oxygen amorphous thin film alloys (a‐SiOx) are grown at room temperature by plasma‐enhanced (PE)CVD on two dental materials; a ceramic and a microcomposite resin. A compositional analysis of substrates and films is performed by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), while the sample morphologies are investigated by optical microscopy. Some preliminary investigations on the interaction of substrates and coatings with cells give indications in favor of a‐SiOx biocompatibility, and show that the application of coatings based on this material may have a good potential for the reduction of cytotoxicity in dental materials.