bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispersion modeling of leaks of low global warming potential refrigerant HFO‐1234yf in an automobile garage
Authors: Koban Mary E. , Herrmann David D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHFO‐1234yf (Hydrofluoro‐Olefin) is a new, low global warming refrigerant developed for automotive air‐conditioning (A/C) systems [Nielsen et al., Chem Phys Lett 439 (2007), 18–22]. It was developed to replace R‐134a, which is being phased out in the European Union because of its high global warming potential (IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report—Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, 2007). HFO‐1234yf is highly energy efficient, exhibits low toxicity, and can be potentially used in direct expansion automotive A/C systems with minimal design modifications. Significant work has been previously completed to confirm the mild flammability characteristics of HFO‐1234yf. To understand the impact of accidental releases of HFO‐1234yf into a garage environment, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling was used to simulate releases of HFO‐1234yf under various A/C line rupture scenarios. In particular, releases were simulated using a leak source in a calm open area, a room with no forced ventilation and the same space but impinging on a flat plate. The refrigerant concentration was determined as function of distance (x, y, and z directions) from the leak point during leak event. The size and shape of the portion of the refrigerant plume above the lower flammability limit was also determined. This work enforces the benefit of using the inherently safer practice of minimization of refrigerant quantities. This article will review CFD modeling results for given refrigerant leak scenarios. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Risk‐based fault diagnosis and safety management for process systems
Authors: Bao Huizhi , Khan Faisal , Iqbal Tariq , Chang Yanjun 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAn innovative methodology of risk‐based fault diagnosis and its integration with safety instrumented system (SIS) is proposed in this article. The proposed methodology uses control chart technique to distinguish abnormal situation from normal operation based on three‐sigma rule and linear trend forecast. Time series moving average techniques are used to perform real‐time monitoring and noise filtering in fault diagnosis processes. Furthermore, risk indicators are used to identify and determine potential fault(s) to minimize the number of false alarms. The proposed methodology is implemented in G2 development environment. Two case studies of a tank filling system and a steam power plant system with SIS1s and SIS2s are conducted in G2 environment. A technique breakthrough from univariate monitoring to multivariate monitoring for fault diagnosis has been achieved during the verification in the steam power plant system. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Heinrich and beyond
Authors: Collins Robert L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this article, the author will summarize and review Heinrich's work originally published in 1931. The author will then supplement that original work with accident data collected and compiled by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics over a recent 17‐year period. This additional data will then be used to expand the top layer of Heinrich's Triangle to include accidents resulting in OSHA recordable cases, lost workday cases, and fatalities. The result will be an updated version of Heinrich's Triangle consisting of five levels instead of the original three. These will start at the top with accidents resulting in fatalities and work down through lost workday cases, OSHA recordable incidents and first‐aid cases to accidents with no injuries. Analysis of this additional data will lead to some interesting and significant conclusions about the validity of the underlying data. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Root cause analysis of primary reformer catastrophic failure: A case study
Authors: Ramzan Naveed , Naveed Shahid , Rizwan Muhammad , Witt Werner 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article describes the investigation of an incident of catastrophic failure of a primary reformer in an ammonia plant. The lessons learned from the root cause analysis of the event are of interest. The reformer is one of the critical unit operation in an ammonia plant. Under normal operating conditions, reformer tubes get aged and progressively develop “creep” in metal leading to a possible catastrophic failure. This event of total failure occurs when one tube fails and results in destroying the neighbouring tubes. Such a situation may occur during start up. A failure diagnosis model is developed, and several hypotheses were tested to determine most likely causes. The analysis revealed that, due to short supply of nitrogen, the start‐up procedure of the reformer was modified on expert's advice shortly before the operation. This change was not reviewed by the whole team. The important parameters in view of the changed procedures were not monitored. This communication gap resulted in severe damage to the reformer melting almost all of the tubes and convection zone coils. It may be observed that the primary reformer amounts to 25% cost of whole ammonia plant. The systematic root cause analysis, thus, clearly identified the reason of catastrophic failure as incomplete analysis and nonconformity of procedures. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Analysis of multiple mycotoxins in beer employing (ultra)‐high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Zachariasova Milena , Cajka Tomas , Godula Michal , Malachova Alexandra , Veprikova Zdenka , Hajslova Jana 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe objective of the presented study was to develop and optimize a simple, high‐throughput method for the control of 32 mycotoxins (Fusarium and Alternaria toxins, aflatoxins, ergot alkaloids, ochratoxins, and sterigmatocystin) in beer. Due to the broad range of their physicochemical properties, the sample preparation step was simplified as much as possible to avoid analyte losses. The addition of acetonitrile to beer samples enabled precipitation of abundant matrix components. The clean‐up efficiency was controlled by ambient mass spectrometry employing a direct analysis in real time (DART) ion source. For determination of analytes, ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography hyphenated with high‐resolution mass spectrometry utilizing an orbitrap (U‐HPLC–orbitrapMS) or time‐of‐flight (TOFMS) technology was used. Because of significantly better detection capabilities of the orbitrap technology, the U‐HPLC–orbitrapMS method was chosen as a determinative step and fully validated. To compensate matrix effects, matrix‐matched calibration was employed. The lowest calibration levels for most of the target mycotoxins ranged from 1 to 8 µg L−1 beer and the recoveries of analytes were in range from 86 to 124%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incorporating scientific knowledge into phenotype development: Penalized latent class regression
Authors: Leoutsakos Jeannie‐Marie S. , Bandeen‐Roche Karen , Garrett‐Mayer Elizabeth , Zandi Peter P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe field of psychiatric genetics is hampered by the lack of a clear taxonomy for disorders. Building on the work of Houseman and colleagues (Feature‐specific penalized latent class analysis for genomic data. Harvard University Biostatistics Working Paper Series,Working Paper 22, 2005), we describe a penalized latent class regression aimed at allowing additional scientific information to influence the estimation of the measurement model, while retaining the standard assumption of non‐differential measurement.In simulation studies, ridge and LASSO penalty functions improved the precision of estimates and, in some cases of differential measurement, also reduced bias. Class‐specific penalization enhanced separation of latent classes with respect to covariates, but only in scenarios where there was a true separation. Penalization proved to be less computationally intensive than an analogous Bayesian analysis by a factor of 37.This methodology was then applied to data from normal elderly subjects from the Cache County Study on Memory and Aging. Addition of APO‐E genotype and a number of baseline clinical covariates improved the dementia prediction utility of the latent classes; application of class‐specific penalization improved precision while retaining that prediction utility. This methodology may be useful in scenarios with large numbers of collinear covariates or in certain cases where latent class model assumptions are violated. Investigation of novel penalty functions may prove fruitful in further refining psychiatric phenotypes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of the anomalous social behaviours with a learning model
Authors: Nemiche Mohamed , Pla‐Lopez Rafael 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this paper our objective is to understand the process of emergence in the study of social behaviours evolution with a learning model. When the system is too complex to study it is important to recreate an artificial universe in which experiments' simulation can help to understand the mechanisms of human social behaviours. In Previous work we determined the conditions that favour the perpetuity of the Capitalist Globalization, the possibility of its overcoming with a Free Scientific Society and the possibility of the Ecological Hecatomb. In this paper we have theoretically explained the emergence of the anomalous behaviours and developed statistical studies of the conditions that favour their apparitions and finally their geographical repartition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of the Torre Bosquemar and Olas buildings in San Pedro de la Paz and the Pedro de Valdivia building in Concepción in the 27 February 2010 offshore Maule, Chile earthquake
Authors: Youssef Nabih F. , Tunick Daniel , Naeim Farzad , Lew Marshall , Carpenter Lauren D. , Rojas Fabian , Saragoni G. Rodolfo , Adaros Macarena Schachter 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThree of the tall buildings that members of the Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council visited after the 27 February 2010 Chilean moment magnitude 8.8 earthquake were reviewed. The three buildings discussed in this paper are located in the Greater Concepción area in the Biobió Region (Region VIII) of Chile. Two of the buildings (Bosquemar and Olas) are located on the west side of the Bio‐Bio River in San Pedro de La Paz, while the third building (Pedro de Valdivia) is located on the east side of the river south of the downtown area of the city of Concepción. The tower at Bosquemar was the most thoroughly investigated, although the observations from the damage at all three structures offer important insight that can be applied to current and future earthquake engineering practice. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic response of a 40‐storey buckling‐restrained braced frame designed for the Los Angeles region
Authors: Jones Pierson , Zareian Farzin 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYThis study utilized nonlinear response history analysis to compare the seismic demand on three variations of a 40‐storey buckling‐restrained braced frame designed for high seismic hazard in the Los Angeles region. The three designs were referred to as a ‘code‐based design’, based on the 2006 International Building Code, a ‘performance‐based design’, based on criteria published by the Los Angeles Tall Building Design Council (LATBSDC) and a ‘performance‐based design plus’, based on newly developed criteria from The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). The response history analysis utilized spectrum‐matched ground motions as well as simulated ground motions for the Puente Hills fault. The spectrum‐matched motions were selected from the Next Generation Attenuation of Ground Motions (NGA) database, which is largely composed of recorded motions and scaled to five hazard levels. The simulated ground motions were broadband signals generated from a moment magnitude (Mw) 7.15 scenario rupture of the Puente Hills fault for two near fault regions and exhibit long period energy content that significantly exceeds the uniform hazard spectrum. Structural performance was assessed in terms of exceedance of a safe inter‐storey drift ratio (IDR). It was seen that the simulated ground motions impose higher IDR demands on the structures than the spectrum‐matched NGA ground motions. Furthermore, the number of instances of exceedance of a safe IDR, considered for this study as IDR = 0.03, is substantially higher for the simulated ground motions, pointing to the importance of considering such motions in the collapse prevention of tall buildings on a site‐specific basis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term Follow‐up of Open and Laparoscopic Repair of Large Incisional Hernias
Authors: Kurmann Anita , Visth Eva , Candinas Daniel , Beldi Guido 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundLong‐term results after laparoscopic repair of large incisional hernias remain to be determined. The aim of this prospective study was to compare early and late complications between laparoscopic repair and open repair in patients with large incisional hernias.MethodsOnly patients with a hernia diameter of ≥5 cm were included in this study and were prospectively followed. We compared 56 patients who underwent open incisional hernia repair with 69 patients who underwent laparoscopic repair. Median follow‐up in the laparoscopic group was 32.5 months (range 1–62 months) and in the open group 65 months (range 1–80 months).ResultsThe demographic parameters were not significantly different between the two groups. However, the median hospital stay (6.0 days, range 1–23 days vs. 7.0 days, range 1–67 days; p = 0.014) and incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) (5.8% vs. 26.8%; p = 0.001) were significantly lower in the laparoscopic group than in the open surgery group. Bulging of the implanted mesh was observed in 17.4% in the laparoscopic group and in 7.1% in the open group (p = NS). The recurrence rate was 18% in the open group and 16% in the laparoscopic group (p = NS). Multivariate analysis revealed that width of the hernia ≥10 cm, SSI, and BMI ≥30 kg/m2 were significant risk factors for hernia recurrence.ConclusionsThe incidence of SSIs was significantly lower after laparoscopic incisional hernia repair. At long‐term follow‐up, the recurrence rate was not different between the two techniques. Abdominal bulging is a specific problem associated with laparoscopic repair of large incisional hernias. Size of the hernia, BMI, and SSI are risk factors for hernia recurrence irrespective of the technique.
Genetic Counselors’ Experiences with Adolescent Patients in Prenatal Genetic Counseling
Authors: Griswold Catherine M. , Ashley Stephanie S. , Dixon Shannan DeLany , Scott Jessica L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAdolescents comprise a portion of women who present to genetic counselors prenatally. In this study, prenatal genetic counselors (N = 128) were surveyed regarding their perceptions of genetic counseling sessions for adolescent (ages 13–19) and adult (ages 20–34) patients. Counselors perceived differences in methods used to communicate risk information for adolescent versus adult populations. Respondents reported that it is more difficult for adolescents to understand prognostic information than adults. They also noted differences between adult and adolescent populations with respect to the people who typically accompany the patient to the session. Respondents stated that adolescents were accompanied by a parent, friend, or sibling, which differed from adults who reportedly were accompanied by a significant other, father of the pregnancy, or by no one. These findings suggest it is important to recognize that adolescent patients are in a unique stage of their development which may influence a prenatal genetic counseling session.
Isoflavones in Seeds of Field‐Grown Soybean: Variation Among Genetic Lines and Environmental Effects
Authors: Britz Steven J. , Schomburg Charlotte J. , Kenworthy William J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis study was undertaken to determine how seed isoflavones from soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines differing in their maturity group, change between locations and years with different weather conditions. Seeds from 15 lines representing four maturity groups grown at three locations in Maryland (full season at all three and double crop at one location) were analyzed from 2001 to 2002, representing one relatively normal and one warm and dry year, respectively. Comparing lines, total isoflavones averaged for both years and all locations/planting dates ranged between 4.7 μmol [g seed dry matter (SDM)]−1 in MD95‐5358 and 8.7 μmol (g SDM)−1 in Stressland. Isoflavones were reduced by about 50% in early maturing soybean lines in 2002 compared to 2001 under warmer conditions on the Eastern Shore of Maryland but not in the cooler central Maryland location. Isoflavones were not affected consistently or to a large extent in later maturity lines at any location or planting date combination. Relative changes in genistein, daidzein, and total isoflavones were similar to each other, whereas glycitein was much more variable. The results suggest that early maturing soybean lines are more likely to be affected by changes in temperature and precipitation.
THE INVISCID LIMIT OF THE MODIFIED BENJAMIN–ONO–BURGERS EQUATION
Authors: ZHANG HUA , KE YUQIN 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe prove that the modified Benjamin–Ono–Burgers equation is globally well-posed in Hs for s>0. Moreover, we show that the solution of the modified Benjamin–Ono–Burgers equation converges to that of the modified Benjamin–Ono equation in the natural space C([0,T];Hs), s≥1/2, as the dissipative coefficient ϵ goes to zero, provided that the L2 norm of the initial data is sufficiently small.
REAL IDEALS IN POINTFREE RINGS OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
Authors: DUBE THEMBA 
Published: December 2010

AbstractReal ideals of the ring ℜL of real-valued continuous functions on a completely regular frame L are characterized in terms of cozero elements, in the manner of the classical case of the rings C(X). As an application, we show that L is realcompact if and only if every free maximal ideal of ℜL is hyper-real—which is the precise translation of how Hewitt defined realcompact spaces, albeit under a different appellation. We also obtain a frame version of Mrówka’s theorem that characterizes realcompact spaces.
The effectiveness of BMI, calf circumference and mid-arm circumference in predicting subsequent mortality risk in elderly Taiwanese
Authors: Tsai Alan C. , Chang Tsui-Lan 
Published: December 2010

BMI, mid-arm circumference (MAC) and calf circumference (CC) are anthropometric indicators often included in geriatric health measurement scales. However, their relative effectiveness in predicting long-term mortality risk has not been extensively examined. The present study aimed to evaluate the relative effectiveness of these anthropometrics in predicting long-term mortality risk in older adults. The study prospectively analysed the ability of these indicators in predicting 4-year follow-up mortality risk of a population-representative sample of 4191 men and women, 53 years of age or older in the ‘Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan’. Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of follow-up mortality risk with low ( < 21 kg/m2) or high ( ≥ 27 kg/m2) BMI, low MAC ( < 23·5/22 cm for men/women) and low CC ( < 30/27 cm) respectively, according to Taiwanese-specific cut-off points. Results showed that low CC and low MAC were more effective than low BMI in predicting follow-up mortality risk in 65–74-year-old elderly. But low CC and low BMI were more effective than low MAC in ≥ 75-year-old elderly, and low BMI was more effective than low MAC or low CC in 53–64-year-old persons. High BMI was not effective in predicting mortality risk in any of these age ranges. These results suggest that in elderly adults, CC is more effective than BMI in predicting long-term mortality risk. Thus, more consideration to CC and MAC in designing geriatric health or nutritional measurement scales is recommended.
Overdenture with immediate load: mastication and nutrition
Authors: de Freitas Borges Tânia , Alves Mendes Francielle , Rezende Carvalho de Oliveira Terezinha , Jesus do Prado Célio , Domingues das Neves Flávio 
Published: December 2010

Lower conventional complete dentures were converted to overdentures retained by two implants with an immediately loaded bar-clip system (n 16). The masticatory performance test was carried out using ‘Optocal’ after forty chewing strokes. Nutritional condition was evaluated by means of a Mini-Nutritional-Assessment questionnaire. No individual was classified as malnourished. The masticatory performance test demonstrated a statistically significant difference before conversion (baseline) and 3 and 6 months after conversion of the lower conventional complete denture to an implant-retained overdenture (paired-samples t test; P < 0·05). A statistically significant difference before and after 6 months of conversion for nutritional condition (Wilcoxon test; P < 0·05) was also observed. The association between masticatory performance and nutritional assessment demonstrated that a statistically significant difference between masticatory performance of the subgroups classified at baseline as nourished (22·43 %) and those at risk of malnutrition (3·9 %) was only evidenced before conversion (P = 0·006). After the conversion from a lower conventional complete denture to an implant-retained overdenture, at 3 months, the risk of malnutrition and nourished at baseline did not present significant differences in masticatory performance. Nonetheless, the mean masticatory performance potential was 19·86 and 31·98 % for subgroups classified at baseline as at risk of malnutrition and nourished, respectively (P = 0·187). The results before conversion were less favourable for masticatory performance and nutritional condition. The increased retention of the mandibular prosthesis allowed improvement in masticatory performance and nutritional condition.
Knowing Persons
Authors: Matheson David 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT: There is an intuitive distinction between knowing someone in a detached manner — impersonally — and knowing someone in a more intimate fashion — personally. The latter seems to involve the specially active participation of the person known in a way that the former does not. In this paper I present a novel, communication account of knowing someone personally that successfully explains this participation. The account also illuminates the propositional and testimonial character of the personal knowledge of persons, the conditions of limited transferability to which such knowledge is subject, and its distinctly meaningful role in everyday life. I conclude by considering a worry about self-knowledge that arises on the communication account.RÉSUMÉ : Il existe une distinction entre connaître quelqu’un de manière détachée, de façon impersonnelle, et connaître quelqu’un de façon plus intime, de façon personnelle. Cette dernière relation, au contraire de la première, semble impliquer la participation particulièrement active de la personne connue. Dans ce texte, je présente une nouvelle analyse de la connaissance intime de quelqu’un qui est fondée sur la communication et explique de manière satisfaisante une telle participation. Cette analyse éclaire aussi la nature propositionnelle et testimoniale de la connaissance intime des personnes, les limites de la transférabilité d’une telle connaissance et son rôle significatif unique dans la vie quotidienne. Je conclus en examinant un problème touchant la connaissance de soi qui surgit dans l’approche communicationnelle.