bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hierarchically‐ordered electroactive silica‐polyaniline nanohybrid: A novel material with versatile properties
Authors: Manian Manesh Kalayil , Iyengar Gopalan Anantha , Lee Kwang‐pill , Kim Nam Hee , Shanmugasundaram Komathi , Kang Seong Ho 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPoly(trimethoxy silylpropylaniline), a nanoporous (pore diameter of 2.4 nm), electroactive (stable reversible redox characteristics), electrochromic (yellow at −0.10 V, blue green at +0.50 V, and dark green at +0.70 V), and pH‐sensitive, silica–polyaniline (PANI) hybrid material (designated as KGM‐1) has been synthesized in powder form by a simple one‐pot chemical synthesis as well as a “thin nanolayered film” by cyclic voltammetry. High‐resolution transmission image of KGM‐1 informs that the particles are spherical, with diameters in the range of 0.5–1.5 μm. X‐ray diffraction pattern of pristine KGM‐1 confirms the combined presence of ordered silica network and PANI chains. The surface area of calcined KGM‐1 is 40 m2/g (∼15 times higher than KGM‐1), and the average pore size is 2.4 nm. The N2 adsorption features also inform that PANI is present as a uniform layer within the pores of silica and because of that the silica pores are not completely blocked. The reversible redox transitions in PANI units and nanoporosity of KGM‐1 are effectively used for the electro‐driven loading/release of DNA or adenosine 5′‐triphosphate. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Novel UV initiator for functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes by atom transfer radical polymerization applied on two different grades of nanotubes
Authors: Daugaard Anders E. , Jankova Katja , Bøgelund Jesper , Nielsen Jens Kromann , Hvilsted Søren 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA novel nonoxidative method for preparation of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) has been developed based on a UV sensitive initiator for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The method has been investigated with respect to ligands and polymerization time for the preparation of polystyrene functionalized MWCNT. It was found that pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) gave superior results with higher loading in shorter polymerization time. A comparative study of the method applied on two different grades of nonoxidized MWCNT has been performed, illustrating large differences in reactivity and polymer loading, underlining the importance of the choice of MWCNT starting material. In addition to styrene, also poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) was shown to polymerize from the surface of the MWCNT. Finally, initial results from composites of polystyrene or polyphenylenesulfide are presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
The effects of an intensive behavior and nutrition intervention compared to standard of care on weight outcomes in CF
Authors: Stark Lori J. , Opipari‐Arrigan Lisa , Quittner Alexandra L. , Bean Judy , Powers Scott W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractInadequate intake and suboptimal growth are common problems for patients with CF and a critical target for intervention. The purpose of this study was to compare the growth outcomes of children with CF who participated in a randomized clinical trial to improve energy intake and weight to children with CF receiving standard of care during the same time period. Our primary outcome was change in body mass index z‐score (BMI z‐score) over 2 years. An exploratory outcome was forced expiratory volume at 1‐sec (FEV1) over 2 years. Participants were children ages 4–12 with CF, who participated in a randomized clinical trial of behavior plus nutrition intervention versus nutrition education alone, and a matched Comparison Sample receiving standard of care drawn from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) Registry. Children in the Clinical Trial Group (N = 67) participated in a 9‐week, nutrition intervention and were followed at regular intervals (3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months) for 2 years post‐treatment to obtain anthropometric and pulmonary function data. For each child in the Comparison Sample (N = 346), these measures were obtained from the CFF Registry at matching intervals for the 27‐month period corresponding to the clinical trial. Over 27 months, children in the Clinical Trial Group (the combined sample of the behavior plus nutrition and the nutrition alone) demonstrated significantly less decline in BMI z‐score, −0.05 (SD = 0.68, CI = −0.23 to 0.13), as compared to children in the Comparison Sample, −0.21 (SD = 0.67, CI = −0.31 to −0.11). No statistically significant differences were found for decline in FEV1 between children in the Clinical Trial Group and the Comparison Sample. The key implication of these findings is that intensive behavioral and nutritional intervention is effective and needs to be adapted so that it can be broadly disseminated into clinical practice. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46:31–35. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peptide vaccine candidates against classical swine fever virus: T cell and neutralizing antibody responses of dendrimers displaying E2 and NS2–3 epitopes
Authors: Monsó Marta , Tarradas Joan , de la Torre Beatriz G. , Sobrino Francisco , Ganges Llilianne , Andreu David 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThree peptide‐based systems integrating B and T antigenic sites of CSFV and displaying the B epitopes in fourfold presentation have been designed and produced, and shown to bring about significant enhancements in immunogenicity over the peptides in monomeric form. Of the different strategies tested for producing the dendrimeric constructs, stepwise SPPS using 3,6‐dioxaoctanoic acid as flexible, PEG‐like spacer units at the branching points is clearly advantageous, in particular over ligation in solution. The constructs have been used for immunization of domestic pigs, in order to evaluate the protective response induced by each peptide constructs, and to characterize the B‐ and T‐cell response against CSFV in the natural host. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the limiting effect of the Earth's rotation on the depth of a stably stratified boundary layer
Authors: Mironov Dmitrii , Fedorovich Evgeni 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTwo alternative depth scales have been proposed for the case of a stably stratified boundary layer (SBL) where static stability is due to the surface buoyancy flux Bs. Kitaigorodskii in 1960 assumed that the Earth's rotation is no longer important as static stability becomes strong and that the SBL depth scales with the Obukhov length \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$L=-u_*^3/B_{\rm s}$ \end{document}, u* being the surface‐friction velocity. Zilitinkevich in 1972 proposed an alternative scale, (u*L/|f|)1/2, which depends on the Coriolis parameter f no matter how strong the static stability. Similarly, two alternative depth scales have been proposed for the case of a SBL dominated by static stability at its outer edge with buoyancy frequency N. The depth scale u*/N introduced by Kitaigorodskii and Joffre in 1988 does not depend on the Coriolis parameter, whereas the Pollard, Rhines and Thompson scale u*/|Nf|1/2 introduced in 1973 does.In the present article, the above formulations for the SBL depth are shown to be consistent with the budgets of momentum and of turbulence kinetic energy in the SBL. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that in the case of sufficiently strong static stability the alternative depth‐scale formulations represent particular cases of more general power‐law expressions. For a SBL dominated by the surface buoyancy flux, the generalized depth scale is given by L(|f|L/u*)−γ. For a SBL dominated by outer‐edge static stability, the generalized scale is (u*/N)(|f|/N)−δ. The exponents γ and δ lie in the range from 0 to 1/2. With γ = 1/2 and δ = 1/2, these expressions yield the Zilitinkevich scale and the Pollard et al. scale, respectively. In the limits γ = 0 and δ = 0, the SBL depth scales cease to depend on the Coriolis parameter in their explicit form and the formulations proposed by Kitaigorodskii and by Kitaigorodskii and Joffre, respectively, are recovered.Simple dimensionality arguments are not sufficient to determine γ and δ. To do this would require an exact solution to equations governing the structure of mean fields and turbulence in the SBL. Since such a solution is not known, the exponents should be evaluated from experimental data. Available data from observations and from large‐eddy simulations are uncertain. They do not make it possible to evaluate γ and δ to adequate accuracy and to decide conclusively between the alternative formulations for the SBL depth. As regards practical applications, previously proposed multi‐limit formulations based on the above depth scales with γ and δ in the range from 0 to 1/2 are expected to give similar results for stability conditions typical of the atmospheric and oceanic SBLs, provided the disposable dimensionless coefficients in the multi‐limit formulations are appropriately tuned. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Synergy, coordination costs, and diversification choices
Authors: Zhou Yue Maggie 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSharing common inputs across business lines can potentially generate synergy that justifies related diversification. The pursuit of such synergy through diversification is, however, fundamentally driven by the indivisibility of inputs between firms. Following Penrose's insight, I argue that to realize this synergy, a firm needs to actively manage the interdependencies between different business lines, which, in turn, increases its coordination costs. The coordination costs may increase faster than synergy and set a limit to related diversification. This is particularly salient when the firm's existing business lines already have complex interdependencies among them. I test these arguments on a dataset of U.S. equipment manufacturers for the period 1993 to 2003. The results show that a firm is more likely to diversify into a new business when its existing business lines can potentially share more inputs with the new business; however, the firm is less likely to diversify into any new business when its existing business lines are complex. Importantly, the firm's likelihood of diversifying into a new business decreases more with the complexity in the firm's existing business lines if they share more inputs with the new business. These results suggest that increasing coordination costs counterbalance the potential synergistic benefits associated with related diversification. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Temperature Dependence of the Fracture Stress of Notched Tensile Specimens
Authors: Hinterndorfer Bernhard , Schneeweiß Günther , Felber Sonja 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe fracture stresses of unnotched tensile specimens exhibit various temperature dependences. It is shown that such various dependences also occur in tensile tests on notched specimens. For that purpose tests were performed between ‐140 °C and +82 °C on notched specimens with notch root radii of 7.0, 2.0, and 0.075 mm. The observed data indicated seven temperature ranges with different temperature dependences of the fracture stress (and area reduction). These dependences were described by seven different fitting curves. The intersections of these fitting curves lead to the transition temperatures cleavage fracture ‐ mixed fracture and mixed fracture ‐ fibrous fracture. For notch root radii of 7.0 and 2.0 mm these tests yielded the same temperature dependences as were expected from unnotched tensile specimens. Specimens with a notch root radius of 0.075 mm showed some differences in the temperature dependence which are discussed in detail.
Longitudinal changes of insight in first episode psychosis and its relation to clinical symptoms, treatment adherence and global functioning: One-year follow-up from the Eiffel study
Authors: Segarra R. , Ojeda N. , Peña J. , García J. , Rodriguez-Morales A. , Ruiz I. , Hidalgo R. , Burón J.A. , Eguiluz J.I.I. , Gutiérrez M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectivesThe Eiffel study is a longitudinal, naturalistic study of patients with first episode psychosis (FEP) designed to evaluate the predictive value of defective insight on treatment adherence and global functioning.MethodsFive hundred seventy-seven patients with FEP were assessed at baseline and at a 1-year follow-up. They were compared in terms of sociodemographic factors, psychopathology, insight, treatment adherence and functional outcome. Longitudinal functionality was prospectively assessed with the clinical global impression (CGI) and global assessment of functioning (GAF) rating scales.ResultsAt baseline, up to 50% of our sample presented with a lack of insight. Most clinical symptoms, including insight, improved over the follow-up period. Insight, education and social withdrawal significantly predicted CGI and GAF at follow-up. Insight and level of education were predictive of treatment adherence.ConclusionsInsight significantly predicted the general clinical course, treatment adherence and functional outcome in our FEP sample after 1 year. Only education additionally accounted for the longitudinal course. Since our results suggest that better insight improves treatment adherence and consequently clinical course and functional outcome, insight could be a specific target of treatment in early intervention programs.
Spoiled Brides and the Fear of Education: Honour and Social Mobility among Dalits in South India
Authors: STILL CLARINDA 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper examines female education, marriage and honour among upwardly mobile Dalits. Using data collected during fifteen months of ethnographic fieldwork (2004–2005) in a Dalit community in rural Andhra Pradesh, I describe how families who constitute the upper strata of Dalits are educating their daughters in order to marry them ‘upwards’ within their caste to a groom with prospects of employment. Education allows these Dalit girls to become housewives, escaping a life of demeaning agricultural labour, colloquially: ‘hard work in the hot sun’. But as educated wives they must have middle-class virtues to match. Unlike their labouring counterparts, their language, dress, movement and manners must convey shame and modesty. As their responsibility for maintaining family honour increases, they are progressively more scrutinised and controlled. I explore this heightened emphasis on honour among traditionally egalitarian Dalits and suggest reasons for the increasing concern about female sexuality. Education for girls is seen as a particularly risky business: on the one hand it provides opportunities for sexual encounters, but on the other hand it holds the promise of hypergamy. Given their already precarious circumstances, many Dalits choose to cut short the education of their daughters, rather than take the risk.
Tracking trends in key sites for biodiversity: a case study using Important Bird Areas in Kenya
Authors: MWANGI M. A. KIRAGU , BUTCHART S. H. M. , MUNYEKENYE F. B. , BENNUN L. A. , EVANS M. I. , FISHPOOL L. D. C. , KANYANYA E. , MADINDOU I. , MACHEKELE J. , MATIKU P. , MULWA R. , NGARI A. , SIELE J. , STATTERSFIELD A. J. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryImportant Bird Areas (IBAs) form a network of priority sites that are critical for the conservation of birds and biodiversity. A standard framework for monitoring IBAs is being implemented by the BirdLife Partnership globally. Scores are assigned on a simple ranked scale for state (condition), pressure (threats) and response (conservation action) at each site, from which IBA indices can be calculated. In Kenya, this scoring system was applied retrospectively using information in the national IBA directory (1999) and subsequent status reports (2004 and 2005). IBA indices for 36 IBAs show that their average condition deteriorated between 1999 and 2005, with the mean state score being between ‘unfavourable’ and ‘near favourable’. Pressures on IBAs showed a slight decline in intensity, especially from 2004 to 2005, coincident with an improvement in management that was reflected in increasing response scores. Compared to unprotected IBAs, officially protected sites had substantially greater conservation responses underway, were subject to marginally lower pressures and tended to be in slightly better condition. Other disaggregations of the data allow comparisons to be made for sites in different habitats, of different size, and managed by different agencies. This national example for Kenya suggests that the BirdLife IBA monitoring framework provides a simple but effective way of tracking trends in the state of IBAs, the pressures upon them, and the responses in place. The system is sensitive enough to detect differences between sites and over time, but simple enough to be implemented with little training and without sophisticated technology. The results provide vital information for managers of individual protected areas, management agencies responsible for suites of sites, and national governments, and can be used to track progress in tackling the global biodiversity crisis.
A comparison of preruminant bull calves of the Hereford × Friesian, Aberdeen Angus × Friesian and Friesian breeds
Authors: Roy J. H. B. , Hart I. C. , Gillies Catherine M. , Stobo I. J. F. , Ganderton P. , Perfitt M. W. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTTwenty-four bull calves, eight Hereford × Friesian, eight Aberdeen Angus × Friesian and eight Friesian, were reared from birth to slaughter at 13 weeks of age solely on a milk substitute diet given ad libitum.Samples of jugular blood were taken at weekly intervals from 5 days to 89 days of age for determination of concentrations of prolactin, growth hormone (GH), insulin and total thyroxine (T4) in plasma, tri-iodothyronine (T3) uptake, and thus free T4 index (FTI).The Friesian calves had a higher mean body temperature and lower mean T3 uptake than did either of the beef crosses.The Aberdeen Angus cross had a higher mean dry-matter intake per unit of metabolic body size (DMI/W0·73), heart rate and plasma insulin concentration than did the Hereford cross, and a higher insulin concentration but not a higher heart rate than did the Friesian. Live-weight gain and DMI/W0·73 for the Friesian was intermediate between that of the Aberdeen Augus cross and the Hereford cross.DMI/W0·73 was positively correlated with insulin: GH ratio, prolactin: GH ratio and T4: GH ratio.The increase in heart rate per unit DMI/W073, a measure of the heat increment of feeding, was negatively correlated with the plasma insulin concentration, insulin: T4 and insulin: GH ratios.Prolactin concentration, GH concentration and T3 uptake declined with age, whereas insulin concentration, T4 concentration and FTI increased with age. The relationship was linear for prolactin and insulin concentrations, but curvilinear for the other variables. The Friesian breed had a higher GH concentration than did the beef crosses during the first 12 days of life. The large increase in insulin concentration for the Aberdeen Angus × Friesian occurred from about 47 days of age. The peak T4 concentration and the lowest T3 uptake of the breeds occurred between 33 and 42 days of age.Possible mechanisms for the control of dry-matter intake by preruminant calves and the difficulties associated with prediction of performance from plasma metabolic hormone concentrations obtained at a young age are discussed.
Growth of twin cattle fed in proportion to body weight
Authors: Taylor C. S. , Moore A. J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTTwenty-two pairs of female Friesian twin calvxs, fed a standard pelleted diet with an ME value of 9·3 MJ 'kg, were split between the following nutritional treatments: (a)ad libitum (b) a weekly amount equal to 24% of body weight or (c) equal to 20% of body weight. Each proportionally-fed animal eventually reached a break-point when the amount of food it was offered exceeded its intake capacity.For the ‘24%’ and ‘20%’ regimes respectively, break-points occurred at a mean age of 40 and 48 weeks and at a mean body weight of 222 and 258 kg. Surprisingly, the mean body weights at these ages on the ad libitum regime were virtually the same (223 and 265 kg). Thus growth up to break-point was, on average, just as fast for proportional feeding as for ad libitum.In general, growth up to break-point was significantly slower than the exponential rate expected from a simple linear model. Nevertheless, animals fed at the 20% level grew almost exponentially beyond 6 months of age, and the normally expected decline in the food efficiency ratio was delayed.The hypothesis being tested was that a proportional feeding system, while in operation, would ensure highly efficient growth and that the break-point could be used as a self-determined optimal slaughter point for each individual. On the evidence obtained, further investigation would be worthwhile, especially at proportional feeding levels giving break-points beyond 1 year of age.
Live weights at fixed ages of Dairy Shorthorn, Red Friesian, Red Holstein, Meuse-Rhine-Yssel, Simmental and other sire breed progeny of Dairy Shorthorn, Red Friesian and crossbred dams, and estimates of heterosis and apparent heritability
Authors: Hocking P. M. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTDairy Shorthorn (DS), Red Friesian (RF), Red Holstein (RH), Danish Red (DR), Meuse-Rhine-Yssel (MR), Simmental (SM), British beef breeds (BB) and hybrid (HY, RF♂ × DS9 and RH♀ × DS?) bulls were progeny tested on DS, RF and HY cows as part of a breed improvement project. Live-weight records for 4 450 animals in 17 herds by 350 sires were used to calculate adjusted hundred-day weights from 100 to 700 days of age. Genotype × environment interactions were significant (P < 0·001) and data for two production systems (cereals and grass) were analysed separately. RF, RH, DR and MR progeny were, proportionally, 0·10 to 012 heavier than DS (P < 0·001). On cereals the SM were significantly heavier than these crosses (0·095, P < 0·001 at 400 days) but not on grass. BB and HY were generally not significantly different from DS. Only DS dams were represented on cereal systems. On grass, breed differences were similar for different dam breeds but estimates of hybrid vigour averaged 0·051 in RF♂ × DS♀, 0·061 in RF♂ × (RF♂ × DS♀)♀ and were not significantly different from zero in DS♂ × (RF♂ × DS♀)♀. Apparent heritability averaged 0·50 ± 0·12 but was lower during a period of feed restriction. The within-breed genetic correlation for live weight on the two systems of production was unity.
A note on some of the factors that affect the water consumption of lactating dairy cows at pasture
Authors: Stockdale C. R. , King K. R. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe influence of the level of dry-matter intake and the dry-matter concentration in the diet on the water consumption of dairy cows in early lactation was investigated for a 2-month period from early August to early October. The importance of the various components of weather on voluntary water intake was also examined. The cows used in the experiment either grazed pasture alone, or were offered pasture and pasture hay supplements. Mean voluntary water intake increased by 2·30 kg per cow per day for every additional kg dry matter consumed and also increased by 0·053 kg per cow per day for each g/kg increase in dry matter concentration. Of the climatic factors, rainfall had the greatest single influence on the daily fluctuations in voluntary water intake and this was negative. Intake was also negatively related to minimum temperature, relative humidity and wind, and positively related to sunshine and evaporation. Although maximum temperature per se had no apparent influence on intake, it showed a positive relationship after the removal of the effects of rainfall. A model for the prediction of total water consumption is:Total water consumption (kg per cow per day) = 11·34 + 4·63 dry-matter intake (kg per cow per day) –0·036 dry-matter concentration (g/kg) + 0·84 mean temperature (°C).This can only be used to predict the water requirements of lactating dairy cows in different environments.