bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperlipemia in a Population of Aged Donkeys: Description, Prevalence, and Potential Risk Factors
Authors: Burden F.A. , Du Toit N. , Hazell‐Smith E. , Trawford A.F. 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundHyperlipemia is a common disorder of the donkey, with mortality rates of up to 80% reported. Such a poor prognosis makes prevention of this disorder or amelioration in the early stages crucial.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to describe and determine the prevalence of hyperlipemia in a population of donkeys and to determine risk factors for development of the disease.AnimalsA total of 449 cases were investigated from a population of 3829 donkeys; donkeys were resident at The Donkey Sanctuary, a charity providing refuge for unwanted donkeys in theUK. Animals were selected on the basis of presence of clinical disease.MethodsA retrospective case–control study design was used, and all donkeys presenting with hyperlipemia over a 4‐year period were included. Each case was matched with 2 controls that had not suffered from hyperlipemia in the previous month. Multivariable analysis was carried out to determine risk factors.ResultsA total of 449 clinical cases of hyperlipemia were reported with an associated mortality rate of 48.5%. Concurrent disease was present in 72% of donkeys and was the greatest risk factor (OR = 76.98); others included cardboard bedding (OR = 3.86), movement (OR = 3.94), weight loss (OR = 6.4), dental disease (OR = 1.73), and concentrate feeding (OR = 1.87).ConclusionsThis study shows that this population of donkeys in theUKoften develops hyperlipemia, particularly in response to stress or primary illness, and provides useful insights in to health and management risk factors that may be addressed to decrease the risk of hyperlipemia both in the study population and in other similar donkey populations.
The Effect of Pimobendan on Left Atrial Pressure in Dogs with Mitral Valve Regurgitation
Authors: Suzuki S. , Fukushima R. , Ishikawa T. , Hamabe L. , Aytemiz D. , Huai‐Che H. , Nakao S. , Machida N. , Tanaka R. 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundThe effects of pimobendan on left atrial pressure (LAP) in dogs with mitral valve disease (MR) have not been documented in a quantitative manner.ObjectiveThe objective was to document and study the short‐term effects of pimobendan on LAP and echocardiographic parameters in MR dogs.AnimalsEight healthy Beagle dogs weighing 10.0–14.7 kg (3 males and 5 females; aged 2 years) were used.MethodsExperimental, cross‐over, and interventional study. Dogs with surgically induced MR received pimobendan at either 0.25 mg/kg or 0.50 mg/kg PO q12h for 7 days and then, after a 7‐day wash‐out period, the other dosage. LAP was measured for 30 minutes at baseline and again on days 1, 2, 4, and 7 of pimobendan administration.ResultsMean LAP was significantly decreased after the administration of 0.25 mg/kg (15.81 ± 5.44 mmHg to 12.67 ± 5.71 mmHg, P < .001) and 0.50 mg/kg (15.76 ± 5.45 mmHg to 10.77 ± 5.23 mmHg, P < .001). Also, the 0.50 mg/kg group led to a significantly lower LAP (P < .01) compared with the 0.25 mg/kg group. Significant reduction was seen for the first time 4 days after the administration of 0.25 mg/kg and a day after the administration of 0.50 mg/kg.Conclusions and Clinical ImportancePimobendan decreased LAP in a dose‐dependent manner in dogs with acute MR caused by experimental chordal rupture. This study did not evaluate adverse effects of high‐dose pimobendan, and additional studies in clinical patients are warranted.
‘Unbearable suffering’: a qualitative study on the perspectives of patients who request assistance in dying
Authors: Dees Marianne K , Vernooij-Dassen Myrra J , Dekkers Wim J , Vissers Kris C , van Weel Chris 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundOne of the objectives of medicine is to relieve patients' suffering. As a consequence, it is important to understand patients' perspectives of suffering and their ability to cope. However, there is poor insight into what determines their suffering and their ability to bear it.PurposeTo explore the constituent elements of suffering of patients who explicitly request euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide (EAS) and to better understand unbearable suffering from the patients' perspective.Patients and methodsA qualitative study using in-depth face-to-face interviews was conducted with 31 patients who had requested EAS. The grounded theory approach was used to analyse the data.ResultsMedical, psycho-emotional, socio-environmental and existential themes contributed to suffering. Especially fatigue, pain, decline, negative feelings, loss of self, fear of future suffering, dependency, loss of autonomy, being worn out, being a burden, loneliness, loss of all that makes life worth living, hopelessness, pointlessness and being tired of living were constituent elements of unbearable suffering. Only patients with a psychiatric (co)diagnosis suffered unbearably all the time.ConclusionsUnbearable suffering is the outcome of an intensive process that originates in the symptoms of illness and/or ageing. According to patients, hopelessness is an essential element of unbearable suffering. Medical and social elements may cause suffering, but especially when accompanied by psycho-emotional and existential problems suffering will become ‘unbearable’. Personality characteristics and biographical aspects greatly influence the burden of suffering. Unbearable suffering can only be understood in the continuum of the patients' perspectives of the past, the present and expectations of the future.
The role of the principle of double effect in ethics education at US medical schools and its potential impact on pain management at the end of life
Authors: Macauley Robert 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundBecause opioids can suppress respiratory drive, the principle of double effect (PDE) has been used to justify their use for terminally ill patients. Recent studies, however, suggest that the risk of respiratory depression in typical end-of-life (EOL) situations may be overstated and that heightened concern for this rare occurrence can lead to inadequate treatment of pain. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of the PDE in medical school ethics education, with specific reference to its potential impact on pain management at EOL.MethodAfter obtaining institutional review board approval, an electronic survey was sent to ethics educators at every allopathic medical school in the USA.ResultsOne-third of ethics educators felt that opioids were ‘likely’ to cause significant respiratory depression that could hasten death. Educators' opinions of opioid effects did not influence their view of the relevance of the PDE, with approximately 70% deeming it relevant to EOL care. Only 15% of ethics educators believed that associating the PDE with opioid use might discourage clinicians from optimally treating pain, out of concern for respiratory depression.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that a significant minority of ethics educators believe, contrary to current evidence, that opioids are ‘likely’ to cause significant respiratory depression that could hasten death in terminally ill patients. Yet, many of those who do not feel this is likely still rely on the PDE to justify this possibility, potentially (and unknowingly) contributing to clinical misperceptions and underutilisation of opioids at EOL.
Use of an avirulent liveSalmonellaCholeraesuis vaccine to reduce the prevalence ofSalmonellacarrier pigs at slaughter
Authors: Schwarz P. , Kich J. D. , Kolb J. , Cardoso M. 
Published: September 2011

This study evaluated the use of an avirulent liveSalmonella Choleraesuisvaccine to reduce the seroprevalence and number ofSalmonellacarrier pigs at slaughter. Seven batches of 500 pigs were included in each of the two study groups: the vaccinated group (VG) that was orally vaccinated and the control group (CG) that received a placebo on the first day of life. The groups were managed in a three‐site system and followed up from birth to slaughter. Blood samples (n=378) were collected from each VG and CG to monitor the on‐farm seroprevalence in both groups. Mesenteric lymph nodes and blood from animals (n=390) belonging to each group were collected at slaughter. At the first day of life, the seroprevalence in control batches ranged from 77.9 to 96.3 per cent, while in vaccinated batches, it ranged from 66.6 to 92.6 per cent. At weaning (21 days of age), the number of seropositives decreased in both groups (mean of 12 and 3.7 per cent for CG and VG, respectively). At slaughter, batches of VG had a significantly (P<0.0001) lower seroprevalence (46.6±5 per cent) and isolation ofSalmonellafrom lymph nodes (33.1±5 per cent) compared with CG batches (79.7±4 per cent and 59.5±5 per cent, respectively). The results indicate that administration of aSalmonella choleraesuis‐attenuated vaccine on the first day of life decreasesSalmonellaisolation and seroprevalence in pigs at slaughter.
Nucleosome-coupled expression differences in closely-related species
Authors: Guan Yuanfang , Yao Victoria , Tsui Kyle , Gebbia Marinella , Dunham Maitreya J , Nislow Corey , Troyanskaya Olga G 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
Genome-wide nucleosome occupancy is negatively related to the average level of transcription factor motif binding based on studies in yeast and several other model organisms. The degree to which nucleosome-motif interactions relate to phenotypic changes across species is, however, unknown.

Results
We address this challenge by generating nucleosome positioning and cell cycle expression data for Saccharomyces bayanus and show that differences in nucleosome occupancy reflect cell cycle expression divergence between two yeast species, S. bayanus and S. cerevisiae. Specifically, genes with nucleosome-depleted MBP1 motifs upstream of their coding sequence show periodic expression during the cell cycle, whereas genes with nucleosome-shielded motifs do not. In addition, conserved cell cycle regulatory motifs across these two species are more nucleosome-depleted compared to those that are not conserved, suggesting that the degree of conservation of regulatory sites varies, and is reflected by nucleosome occupancy patterns. Finally, many changes in cell cycle gene expression patterns across species can be correlated to changes in nucleosome occupancy on motifs (rather than to the presence or absence of motifs).

Conclusions
Our observations suggest that alteration of nucleosome occupancy is a previously uncharacterized feature related to the divergence of cell cycle expression between species.
Significant linkage at chromosome 19q for otitis media with effusion and/or recurrent otitis media (COME/ROM)
Authors: Chen Wei-Min , Allen E Kaitlynn , Mychaleckyj Josyf C , Chen Fang , Hou Xuanlin , Rich Stephen S , Daly Kathleen A , Sale Michèle M 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
In previous analyses, we identified a region of chromosome 19 as harboring a susceptibility locus for chronic otitis media with effusion and/or recurrent otitis media (COME/ROM). Our aim was to further localize the linkage signal and ultimately identify the causative variant or variants. We followed up our previous linkage scan with dense SNP genotyping across in a 5 Mb region. A total of 607 individuals from 139 families, including 159 affected sib pairs and 62 second-degree affected relative pairs, were genotyped at 1,091 SNPs. We carried out a nonparametric linkage analysis, modeling marker-to-marker linkage disequilibrium.

Results
The maximum log of the odds (LOD) score increased to 3.75 (P = 1.6 × 10-5) at position 63.4 Mb, with a LOD-1 support interval between 61.6 Mb and 63.8 Mb, providing significant evidence of linkage between this region and COME/ROM. The support interval contains over 90 known genes, including several genes involved in the inflammasome protein complex, a key regulator of the innate immune response to harmful exogenous or endogenous stimuli. Parametric linkage analysis suggests that for a sib of an affected individual, the recurrence risk of COME/ROM due to this linkage region is twice the recurrence risk in the population. We examined potential associations between the SNPs genotyped in this region and COME/ROM, however none provided evidence for association.

Conclusion
This study has refined the 19q region of linkage with COME/ROM, and association results suggest that the linkage signal may be due to rare variants.
Experimental infection of Bama miniature pigs with a highly virulent classical swine fever virus
Authors: Sun Yuan , Jiang Qian , Tian Da-Yong , Lin Huan , Li Hong , Han Qiu-Ying , Han Wen , Si Chang-De , Hu Shou-Ping , Zhang Zhuo , Qu Lian-Dong , Qiu Hua-Ji 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
Currently, larger domestic pigs are only animals widely used in vaccine evaluation and pathogenicity study of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). This study was aimed to create an alternative animal experimental infection model of CSFV.

Results
Twenty specific-pathogen-free Bama miniature pigs were randomly divided into two groups and rooms, infected and non-infected, and the pigs in the infected group were inoculated intramuscularly with 104, 105 or 106 TCID50 (median tissue culture infective dose) CSFV Shimen strain (n = 5 × 3) or left uninoculated to serve as in-contact pigs (n = 3). The uninfected control pigs (n = 2) were housed in a separate room. Clinical signs, body temperature, viraemia, tissue antigen distribution, pathological changes and seroconversion were monitored. Clinical signs were observed as early as 2 days post-inoculation (dpi) in all infected pigs (though mild in contact pigs), but not non-infected control pigs. All inoculated pigs showed viraemia by 6 dpi. The in-contact pigs showed lower levels of viraemia. At 10 dpi, seroconversion was noted in five of the 15 inoculated pigs. All inoculated or one in-contact pigs died by 15 dpi.

Conclusions
These results show that Bama miniature pigs support productive CSFV infection and display clinical signs and pathological changes consistent with CSFV infections observed in larger domestic pigs.
Generation of a recombinant rabies Flury LEP virus carrying an additional G gene creates an improved seed virus for inactivated vaccine production
Authors: Tao Lihong , Ge Jinying , Wang Xijun , Wen Zhiyuan , Zhai Hongyue , Hua Tao , Zhao Bolin , Kong Dongni , Yang Chinglai , Bu Zhigao 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe rabies Flury Low Egg Passage virus (LEP) has been widely used as a seed virus to generate inactive vaccine. Here, we established a reverse genetic system for LEP and generated a recombinant LEP virus (rLEP-G) that carries two identical G genes. This recombinant virus showed similar properties to those of LEP with respect toin vitrogrowth, neurotropism index, and virulence in mice. rLEP-G produced 4.3-fold more G protein than did LEP in BHK-21 cells. The inactivated vaccine generated from rLEP-G induced significantly higher virus neutralization titers in mice and dogs than those produced in response to LEP-derived vaccine. Our results suggest that rLEP-G is an improved seed virus candidate for inactivated rabies virus vaccine manufacture.
Noise and Health—Sleep Disturbance in Adults
Authors: Kawada Tomoyuki 
Published: September 2011

Noise and Health—Sleep Disturbance in Adults: Tomoyuki Kawada, Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School—Factors modifying the effect of environmental noise on sleep include sex, age, susceptibility, personality and the health status, including past and present history of disease.ObjectiveThe effects of noise on sleep and habituation of sleep to noise were summarized.Results and conclusions:1) The effect of noise on sleep is associated with physical changes, such as changes in heart rate, blood low volume, breathing and the immune and neurocirculatory systems. During sleep, specific changes in these indicators are noted during different sleep stages. There are individual and sex differences, and it is important to understand the effects of noise on sleep considering several related factors. 2) Habituation to noise is also an important phenomenon that must be addressed while considering the effects of noise on sleep. Habituation is dependent on the type and sound level of the noise. In occupational ields, shift work and job stress should be considered to determine the association between noise and sleep, which is important to retaining a good quality of working life.
Prediction of Poisson's Ratio and Young's Modulus for Hydrocarbon Reservoirs Using Alternating Conditional Expectation Algorithm
Authors: Al-Anazi Bandar D. , Al-Garni Mohammed T. , Muffareh Tale , Al-Mushigeh Imad 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Rock mechanics is the theoretical and applied science of the mechanical behavior of rock, the branch of mechanics concerned with the response of rock to the force fields of its physical environment. In hydraulic fracturing, rock mechanics is important in the determination of mechanical properties and the in-situ stress state of reservoir rock, the calculation of deformation and failure behavior of the rock mass caused by the treatment, and the determination of the fracture's final geometry
Knowledge of mechanical properties variation is of great importance for Petroleum Engneering. mechanical properties is often measured in the laboratory from cores. Lab measurements is expensive and time consuming. Many correlations and models were used have been proposed to estimate mechanical properties using some lab measurements data. Different artifacial intelegence techniques were implemented in several studies. This work describes the use of Alternating Conditional Expectation Algorithm technique to estimate Poisson's Ratio and Young's Modulus as a function of Depth with lab porosity Overburden Stresses Pore Pressure, Minimum Horizontal Stress measurements and Bulk Density (RHOB),DT Compressional and DT Shear from logs data In this study, 602 data points of lab measurements and log data were used The proposed models evolved estimates Poisson's Ratio and Young's Modulus with good accuracy with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.994 and 0.974
Modelling of a Down Hole Pulsating Device
Authors: Nagib Mohamed , Solomon Isu , Isaac Ugbogu , Nasr Ghasem. G. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
An increased awareness of drilling costs amidst the volatile nature of the market has necessitated pushing the frontiers of drilling technology to improve efficiency thereby saving costs. It is in view of this trend that the concept of drilling using a downhole pulsating device was conceived. This method sought to optimise drilling performance by manipulating two drilling parameters; the weight on bit and transient hydraulic fluid effects in order to obtain an empirical model for subsequent simulations which Consist of includes a pilot well drilled on paper. The downhole pulsating device is fitted in the bottomhole assembly and primarily comprises of two valve plates sitting flush against each other. The bottom plate is static in the wellbore allowing fluid to pass through its centre while the top valve is rotated around the wellbore circumference by the rotor of the mud motor, thus constraining the flow in the flow path. Transient hydraulics generates pulses which impact on the drilling performance and it has been proven to enhance the rate of penetration.
It was noted that there is a momentary underbalance as the downhole pulsating device undergoes through a complete opening cycle. Hence there is a need to use a rotating head to secure the well. A further advantage of this method is economically viable and it is only requires fitting the downhole pulsating device through a sub into the drill string.
A model of fluid flow across a downhole pulsating device was generated using a two parameter, second degree polynomial equation, which includes the force generated and transferred to the bit, and the opening ratio of the downhole pulsating device within a unit time interval. It was also demonstrated that drilling with a downhole pulsating device exerts more hydraulic horsepower on the drill bit and provides better cleaning for the bit.
Effects of Induced Migration of Fines on Water Cut during Waterflooding
Authors: Zeinijahromi Abbas , Lemon Phillip , Bedrikovetsky Pavel 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Permeability decline during corefloods with varying water composition, especially with low salinity water, has been widely reported in the literature. It has often been explained by the lifting, migration and subsequent plugging of pores by fine particles, which has been observed in numerous core flood tests with altered water composition. This effect can be considered to provide a relatively simple method for mobility control during waterflooding. In previous research, the Dietz model for waterflooding in a layer-cake reservoir with a constant injection and production rate was combined with a particle detachment model to investigate the effect of fines migration and induced permeability decline on reservoir sweep efficiency. In this work, the analytical model was extended to waterflooding with a given pressure drop between injection and production wells. The modelling showed that permeability decline in the water swept zone, caused by the alteration of the injected water composition and induced fines migration, may be able to improve waterflood performance by delaying water breakthrough and reducing the water cut at producing wells.
Effect of Near Wellbore Condition on Electrical Submersible Pump Design
Authors: Noui-Mehidi Mohamed N. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The number of electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) used as an artificial lift process is increasing worldwide, due to their efficiency and their ability in increasing production rate substantially. Yet ESP's field implementation needs a proper design to achieve the lift efficiency needed. In case of deep and ultra deep wells, which are drilled frequently, selecting the right ESP configuration and arrangement is critical to the success of the lifting operation. The wellbore space, the rate targeted and the costs involved are among the crucial parameters for the choice of an ESP system. Reservoir conditions or at least near wellbore conditions are not taken directly into consideration while designing the ESP system. The overall ESP design — including the number of stages and motor size — is determined by pre-defined wellbore parameters, and intake and discharge pressure. The present analysis reveals the effect of skin on the targeted ESP design and the associated system characteristics.