bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning theory and anxiety
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
‘Learning theory and anxiety’ explains the role of learning theory in underpinning cognitive concepts. It distinguishes reinforcement from reinforcers and reinforcers from goals. It emphasizes the role of contingency in altering motivational valence and explains the relationships between gain/loss and approach/avoidance depending on presentation or omission of reinforcers. It emphasizes classical and instrumental conditioning as the basis for ‘two-process’ theories of learning, the dependence of fear/frustration and hope/relief on two, respective, fundamental systems, and the resultant generation of central motivational states and so emotions. These distinctions then lead on to analysis of elicited reactions in learning experiments; and then a detailed learning-theoretic description of the key inputs to the goal inhibition system and so the generation of anxiety. The methodologies of the two-process theorists contrast with ‘ethoexperimental’ methodology, providing independent bases for categorizing and generalizing. If ethology overcategorizes and learning theory overgeneralizes, their combination achieves balance and potentially deeper perspective.
The neurology of anxiety—survival circuits
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
‘The neurology of anxiety—survival circuits’ outlines the mapping of the dimensions of defensive direction (fear, anxiety) and defensive distance (immediacy of threat) to the lower, largely subcortical, levels of the nervous system—treating these dimensions as warp and weft in the weaving by the brain’s ‘Enchanted Loom’ of the magic cloak that defends us from threat. It provides detailed anatomy and functional data for: periaqueductal grey, hypothalamus, amygdala, septo-hippocampal system, and cingulate cortex. This culminates in a 2D map of the essentially subcortical systems involved. It then reviews the anatomy and function of the diffuse neuromodulatory control of the structures in the 2D map by: serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine, histamine, acetylcholine, relaxin-3, and by outputs from the habenula, and supramammillary area. It presents the septo-hippocampal system as central, leading on to the following chapters that discuss it in detail and then add frontal ‘planning’ circuits to complete the picture.
What Is Insolvency Law?
Authors: Mangano Renato 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the key concepts of insolvency law. It illustrates the machinery of insolvency law by employing basic notions of descriptive law and economics alongside game theory. Initially, insolvency law dealt with the punishment inflicted on insolvent merchants and ordinary overindebted people. Meanwhile, modern insolvency law refers to a debt-collection device based on the assumption of a flaw of cooperation when a distressed debtor is indebted to more than one creditor. The chapter presents several figures referring to the ‘prisoner’s dilemma game’, the ‘bargaining game’, and the ‘chicken game’. These games reproduce the dynamic of, and pitfall in, cooperation that occurs in both everyday life and insolvency cases.
Distress, Insolvency, and the Likelihood of Insolvency
Authors: Li Shuguang 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on distress, insolvency, and the likelihood of insolvency. It explains how enterprises may be in distress during their operations for various reasons, such as uncompetitive products or services. Once the insolvency process begins, it will have a significant impact on creditors, debtors, and debtor’s employees, so sufficient legitimate conditions must be met for the initiation of the process in numerous countries. The chapter then considers the ways for debtors to get over distress and the conditions for a distressed debtor to enter insolvency procedures. It also discusses the conditions for the debtor to enter the reorganization process.
Directors’ Duties in the Vicinity of Insolvency, Disqualification, Piercing the Veil
Authors: Mangano Renato 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the legal devices that jurisdictions adopt to protect creditors from the limits of limited liability when companies are in the vicinity of insolvency. It explains that limited liability sits at the core of modern business law since it enables the members of an organization to run a firm and, nevertheless, protect their assets from the claims of the firm’s creditors. However, limited liability shifts the risk of business failure from those who invested in a business to the debtor’s creditors and, as a result, becomes toxic when the firm is in the vicinity of insolvency. The chapter deals with the most relevant insolvency law legal devices aiming at protecting creditors in this situation, namely director’s liability in the vicinity of insolvency, director’s disqualification, and piercing the corporate veil. It clarifies that, within this chapter, the term ‘director’ is used regardless of the company’s governance structure.
Cross-Border Insolvency Law
Authors: Bork Reinhard 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter details the key concepts surrounding cross-border insolvency law. It explains the relevant codifications and the underlying principles. The chapter discusses the issues revolving around insolvency proceedings with cross-border connotations, such as jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition, and administration of proceedings. It also highlights the importance of cooperation of official bodies and coordination of the procedures when dealing with cross-border insolvencies, while simultaneously referencing the rules found in numerous regulations, such as the European Insolvency Regulation and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency.
Democratic Conversion
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with the Catholic experiences of World War II, which shattered the fragile balance between Catholic and Fascist identity and convinced many Catholics to take political action. For an important group of Catholics, this meant to join the Resistance. Between 1942 and 1945 the Catholic political milieu became an incubator of proposals for the political and social order of post-Fascist Italy. In a series of documents (such as the Camaldoli Code or the Reconstructive Ideas of Christian Democracy), Catholic thinkers elaborated a platform for a proper Catholic democratic political project in clear discontinuity with the tradition of the church. Under the guidance of Alcide De Gasperi the first and second generations eventually merged in a new party: Democrazia Cristiana.
The Secular Challenge
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how the force of secularism dramatically affected Italian society and challenged political Catholicism from the late 1960s until the late 1980s, when Italy was changing alongside urbanization, secularization, consumerism, and sexual modernization. The chapter discusses how Christian Democracy responded to the changing times. Catholic philosopher, Augusto del Noce, emerged as one of the most profound and vocal critics of the emerging secular society, but his views were difficult to reconcile with effective party politics. Aldo Moro and, in a much less effective way, Ciriaco De Mita—a representative of the “third” generation of Christian Democrats—attempted to reform the party, but their projects failed. The chapter is therefore also a story about the progressive decline of Christian Democracy as the hegemonic party that could claim to represent the broader Italian population.
Classics, Love, Revolution
Authors: Capra Andrea , Graziosi Barbara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The intervention: Capra and Graziosi address the impact of post-truth politics, the new nationalisms, and gender inequality on the practice of scholarship, taking inspiration from an unlikely find: a tale posing as the work of the imaginary ancient author Aristaeus of Megara, but actually written by the Neapolitan revolutionary and classical scholar Luigi Settembrini (1813–76). The Neoplatonists, a joyous and explicit tale of love between men, as well as between men and women, long remained censored and unpublished to protect the reputation of Settembrini, a founding father of the Italian nation. Offering the first English translation, Capra and Graziosi set this tale in dialogue with Settembrini’s incomplete Memoirs, his Dialogue on Women, his translation of Lucian (written while serving a life sentence in an infamous island prison), his political pamphlets, and several unpublished materials, written by both Settembrini and his wife, the indomitable Gigia Faucitano. Through their historical and literary analysis Capra and Graziosi demonstrate the revolutionary and reparative potential of classical scholarship, arguing that a commitment to social justice and an investment in classical antiquity can—and even should—be rooted in an egalitarian practice of love. Classics, Love, Revolution: The Legacies of Luigi Settembrini demands a reassessment of the history of Italian sexuality, revolutionary thinking, and classical scholarship—while telling an adventurous story of love and resilience along the way.
The Discovery
Authors: Capra Andrea , Graziosi Barbara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Capra and Graziosi tell the story of a discovery, or rather a concatenated series of discoveries, that lead them to consider the legacies of one man: the Neapolitan revolutionary and classical scholar Luigi Settembrini (1813–76). In 1937, Prof. Raffaele Cantarella discovered a ‘translation from the Greek’ which, he soon established, was actually the original work of Settembrini. In fascist Italy, he chose not to publish the tale: it would have been damaging, if not downright dangerous, to reveal the national hero Settembrini as the author of sodomitic fantasies. In 1977, when Cantarella did publish The Neoplatonists, Settembrini was transformed from national hero to ‘pederast’ overnight (despite Settembrini’s insistence on equality between lovers, including in age). In 2017, Capra and Graziosi decided to translate the tale into English and take it as inspiration to intervene in a broader debate about post-truth politics, classical scholarship, and social justice.
The Dialogue on Women
Authors: Capra Andrea , Graziosi Barbara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Settembrini’s ‘Platonic fictions’ are the subject of Part II; chapter 6 focuses on the early Dialogue on Women. The circumstances in which it was written (during Settembrini’s first incarceration) are documented, as is the influence of Gigia Faucitano on its contents. Like The Neoplatonists, the Dialogue leverages the classical past in order to suggest new bonds of equality, justice, and love. The two works share key concerns, most obviously the intellectual education of women and the sexual education of men. Capra and Graziosi show, for the first time, how closely the Dialogue on Women is structurally modelled on Plato’s Phaedrus (a key text also for The Neoplatonists as they go on to argue in chapter 7). The Dialogue stages a battle between the ancients and the moderns in which Plato’s arguments about the equality of women in the Republic are pitched against the positions of Rousseau, whom Settembrini (rightly) castigates for sacrificing women as collateral in establishing democratic relationships among men.
How to Live and How to Read
Authors: Capra Andrea , Graziosi Barbara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Sedgwick’s reparative reading as a way of living. It begins with Settembrini’s legacies. First, his scholarship: the reason why he recognized the significance of Lucian and the Greek novel, identifying in them a popular form of Platonism long before this became recognized in mainstream scholarship, reflects his egalitarian stance in matters political and sexual. His stance also aligns with contemporary insights into the many ways revolutions fail women and ethnic minorities. Settembrini’s view that, in love, ‘those who are strong … are almost always unjust’ also aligns with bell hooks’s ‘without justice there can be no love’. Shame, Sedgwick argues, stems from ‘the incomplete reduction of interest or joy’. It can happen, then, that as readers we are ashamed of our own curiosity and pleasures. Capra and Graziosi expose their own pleasures in discovering Settembrini and show how Settembrini in turn chose to reveal himself.
Knowledge Diffusion by Design
Authors: Thong Christine , Kocsis Anita , Canals Agustí , Liyanage Shantha 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChapter 6 explores knowledge diffusion in Big Science, resulting from collaboration with design practices that transform knowledge from Big Science into socially mediated artefacts. Boisot’s I-Space Framework and Social Learning Cycles grounds the exploration build on past research exploring CERN and the ATLAS experiment. Examples from Particle Physics (CERN), Astrophysics (Melbourne Museum), and Dark Matter Particle Physics (Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence) are used as illustrative examples to explain how design-inspired innovation approaches can be utilised to diffuse scientific knowledge for societal impacts. Design practices as elucidated by the chapter offer new possibilities for scientific knowledge diffusion to work across discipline fields and make complex Big Science knowledge accessible to non-scientific domains using design artefacts that may be physical, digital, spatial, object, or experience based.
Big Science, Leadership and Collaboration
Authors: McCarthy Grace , Manset David , Streit-Bianchi Marilena , Skvarciany Viktorija , Liyanage Shantha 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChapter 7 explores Big Science leadership style, behaviour, and leadership processes. Using extensive interviews conducted with lead scientists and researchers responsible for managing particle physics organisations such as ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, Alice, and LHC at CERN, Geneva and astrophysics infrastructure such as LIGO, Virgo, and ESO telescope experiments, authors examined the key features of Big Science leadership characteristics and processes. Big Science gives rise to direct and distant leadership (i.e. in various institutes disseminated around the world) and deals with multidisciplinary competences. Using key examples of how leadership is enacted at CERN and ESO, authors examine how Big Science leadership leads the world’s most expensive and science-rich facilities that support a creative, multitasking, and dedicated technically dedicated workforce. The models of leadership practices in Big Science organisations are critically examined. The chapter explains how Big Science organisations lead and manage infrastructure to generate reliable scientific knowledge for next generation groundbreaking discoveries and innovation.
The Future of Big Science and Social Impacts
Authors: Liyanage Shantha , Nordberg Markus , Streit-Bianchi Marilena 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChapter 15 brings together a synthesis of how Big Science links with social and economic progress. It discusses how collaborative forces can bring together to extend Big Science as an international asset that can resolve fundamental questions of humankind. The need for a more systematic way of analysing Big Science initiatives and connecting with society is suggested by proposing a Collaborative Innovation Framework (COIF). The key lessons and take-away messages are identified in this chapter and the key tenet of this book is identified as a new way of thinking about Big Science as a social process that must be based on the due considerations of the collaborative powers of humankind to share, nurture, converge, and trust knowledge for social construction. The overall summary of the message is that the role of Big Science, apart from its contributions to scientific triumphant in fundamental knowledge, towards human-centric approach with humanistic-based economic principles for social good through human collaboration, trust, sharing, and solving complexity-driven characteristics.
Secession and International Law
Authors: González Campañá Núria 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the regulation of secession by international law. The International Court of Justice stated in 2010 that there is no general prohibition against unilateral declarations of independence. As for the right to secede under international law, apart from the right to self-determination of colonies or territories subject to alien domination and exploitation, there is no positive entitlement to secession. Scholars discuss if under extreme circumstances a region can be entitled to a similar right, the so called ‘remedial secession’. However, the ICJ stated that there is not enough consensus. In sum, sub-national entities within Member States cannot qualify for a right to secede under international law. If there was ever a situation of gross human rights violations in a certain EU region, we would need to revert to Article 7 TEU. Save for this far-fetched situation, there is under international law no right to secede for EU regions.
EU Approach to Secession and Secessionist Challenges: Precedents, Statements, and Reactions
Authors: González Campañá Núria 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to contribute to the main question of this book with empirical data, namely to identify the policies of the EU and EU Member States with regard to secession. The initial focus will be on those situations concerning territorial changes that occurred within EU Member States: the independence of Algeria, the withdrawal of Greenland, and the reunification of Germany. Second, the case of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the EU attitude towards it since its declaration of independence will be considered. Next, the chapter examines the experiences of the countries born right after, or immediately before, the crumbling of the Soviet Union. Some lessons drawn from these experiences might tell us something relevant about EU and secession. Finally, the chapter reviews the official statements and reactions to the Scottish independence referendum in 2014 and the 2017 Catalan crisis.
Introduction
Authors: Dunlop Emma 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets out the importance of access to courts for asylum seekers and refugees and the practical and legal hindrances that they may face when attempting to access courts. It argues that while access to courts is of general importance, it is particularly significant for asylum seekers and refugees for three reasons. First, the ability to access the courts in a country of refuge is intrinsically linked to recognition as a person before the law, capable of possessing both obligations and rights. Second, there are inherent challenges in enforcing asylum seekers’ and refugees’ rights at the international level. Third, ensuring access to courts facilitates the development of international refugee law. The chapter also addresses practical challenges for States. It then sets out the structure of the book; the key conclusions reached in each chapter; and issues that fall outside the book’s scope. A note on methodology is also included.
The Development of Article 16 of the 1951 Convention
Authors: Dunlop Emma 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 gives an overview of clauses guaranteeing aliens access to courts in early commercial treaties, as well as those included in earlier refugee instruments. It then sets out the historical background to the adoption of the 1951 Convention, before moving to analysis of the travaux préparatoires. It sets out debates on article 16, then investigates why the travaux préparatoires are silent on refugee status determination (RSD) and what can be gleaned from discussions on related provisions. The purpose of this examination is not to defend a conclusive interpretation of article 16, but rather to situate the provision in its historical context, to illuminate its perceived purpose and scope, and to provide insights into why the travaux préparatoires are silent on certain issues.
The Argument
Authors: Frantz Erica , Kendall-Taylor Andrea , Wright Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter articulates the book’s theory linking personalist parties to the undermining of democracy. It posits that personalist parties are structured in ways that reduce the party’s incentive and capacity to constrain the leader. Consistent with these theoretical assumptions, it demonstrates that personalist parties tend to feature elites with less party and governing experience, resulting in a loyal cadre of actors whose careers depend more on the leader and less on the party. Leaders of personalist parties are also more likely to control party resources and nominations, resulting in parties with weaker local organizations. As a result, cabinet appointee tenures are shorter when leaders’ support parties are personalist, suggesting that partisan cabinet elites are unlikely to challenge a personalist leader’s agenda. These patterns are consistent with the book’s expectation that personalist parties have less incentive and capacity to push back against a leader who attempts to expand executive control.
Institutional Pathways
Authors: Frantz Erica , Kendall-Taylor Andrea , Wright Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter documents the harmful impact of personalist parties on institutional checks on the executive. It first discusses the factors explaining the maintenance of executive constraints in democracies and how these factors diminish with ruling party personalism. It then shows that because personalist parties lack the incentive and capacity to restrain leaders’ attempts to grab power, constraints on the executive weaken when these parties win office. Specifically, it finds that ruling party personalism decreases the chance that leaders will face constraints in the state’s legislative, judicial, and bureaucratic institutions. Importantly, the whittling away of executive constraints brought on by party personalism is even worse when the leader’s party has a large legislative majority. This suggests that personalist parties do little to stand in the way of a power-seeking leader’s agenda. By weakening executive constraints, ruling party personalism opens the door for subsequent actions that culminate in the deterioration of democracy.
Global Health: On Disadvantage
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the importance of assisting those who are most disadvantaged, focusing on the context of global health. It argues that states ought to prioritize health measures that will assist the most underprivileged, even if these measures will not always save the most lives. It then considers what this means for two of the main issues currently facing states. The first is whether states should prioritize communicable diseases (e.g. malaria, tuberculosis, and cholera), which are often viewed as diseases of the global poor, or non-communicable diseases (e.g. heart disease and cancer), which are often viewed as diseases of middle- and high-income countries. The second is whether states should prioritize pandemic prevention over other health initiatives and, in particular, whether this might be justified nonideally, even if seemingly suboptimal.
Global Poverty: On Culpability
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers to what extent, if at all, states should prioritize addressing issues beyond their borders for which they are culpable, focusing on the issue of giving bilateral aid to address poverty. Although those culpable for global harms should contribute more to the fulfilment of global responsibilities, the chapter argues that states should not look to the principle of culpability when considering how to allocate their resources. In doing so, it rejects arguments for culpability that invoke associative duties and relational ties. It also argues that although looking to culpability might sometimes encourage states to contribute more towards fulfilling global responsibilities, there are significant dangers with permitting states to prioritize their aid on this nonideal basis.