bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Northern Hemisphere Extratropical Cyclones in a Warming Climate in the HiGEM High-Resolution Climate Model
Authors: Catto Jennifer L. , Shaffrey Len C. , Hodges Kevin I. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Changes to the Northern Hemisphere winter (December–February) extratropical storm tracks and cyclones in a warming climate are investigated. Two idealized climate change experiments with the High Resolution Global Environmental Model version 1.1 (HiGEM1.1), a doubled CO2 and a quadrupled CO2 experiment, are compared against a present-day control run. An objective feature tracking method is used and a focus is given to regional changes. The climatology of extratropical storm tracks from the control run is shown to be in good agreement with the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40), while the frequency distribution of cyclone intensity also compares well.
In both simulations the mean climate changes are generally consistent with the simulations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) models, with strongly enhanced surface warming at the winter pole and reduced lower-tropospheric warming over the North Atlantic Ocean associated with the slowdown of the meridional overturning circulation. The circulation changes in the North Atlantic are different between the two idealized simulations with different CO2 forcings. In the North Atlantic the storm tracks are influenced by the slowdown of the MOC, the enhanced surface polar warming, and the enhanced upper tropical-troposphere warming, giving a northeastward shift of the storm tracks in the 2 × CO2 experiment but no shift in the 4 × CO2 experiment.
Over the Pacific, in the 2 × CO2 experiment, changes in the mean climate are associated with local temperature changes, while in the 4 × CO2 experiment the changes in the Pacific are impacted by the weakened tropical circulation. The storm-track changes are consistent with the shifts in the zonal wind.
Total cyclone numbers are found to decrease over the Northern Hemisphere with increasing CO2 forcing. Changes in cyclone intensity are found using 850-hPa vorticity, mean sea level pressure, and 850-hPa winds. The intensity of the Northern Hemisphere cyclones is found to decrease relative to the control.
Long-Term Trends in Downwelling Spectral Infrared Radiance over the U.S. Southern Great Plains
Authors: Gero P. Jonathan , Turner David D. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A trend analysis was applied to a 14-yr time series of downwelling spectral infrared radiance observations from the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) located at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) site in the U.S. Southern Great Plains. The highly accurate calibration of the AERI instrument, performed every 10 min, ensures that any statistically significant trend in the observed data over this time can be attributed to changes in the atmospheric properties and composition, and not to changes in the sensitivity or responsivity of the instrument. The measured infrared spectra, numbering more than 800 000, were classified as clear-sky, thin cloud, and thick cloud scenes using a neural network method. The AERI data record demonstrates that the downwelling infrared radiance is decreasing over this 14-yr period in the winter, summer, and autumn seasons but it is increasing in the spring; these trends are statistically significant and are primarily due to long-term change in the cloudiness above the site. The AERI data also show many statistically significant trends on annual, seasonal, and diurnal time scales, with different trend signatures identified in the separate scene classifications. Given the decadal time span of the dataset, effects from natural variability should be considered in drawing broader conclusions. Nevertheless, this dataset has high value owing to the ability to infer possible mechanisms for any trends from the observations themselves and to test the performance of climate models.
An Assessment of the Uncertainties in Ocean Surface Turbulent Fluxes in 11 Reanalysis, Satellite-Derived, and Combined Global Datasets
Authors: Brunke Michael A. , Wang Zhuo , Zeng Xubin , Bosilovich Michael , Shie Chung-Lin 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Ocean surface turbulent fluxes play an important role in the energy and water cycles of the atmosphere–ocean coupled system, and several flux products have become available in recent years. Here, turbulent fluxes from 6 widely used reanalyses, 4 satellite-derived flux products, and 2 combined product are evaluated by comparison with direct covariance latent heat (LH) and sensible heat (SH) fluxes and inertial-dissipation wind stresses measured from 12 cruises over the tropics and mid- and high latitudes. The biases range from −3.0 to 20.2 W m−2 for LH flux, from −1.4 to 6.0 W m−2 for SH flux, and from −7.6 to 7.9 × 10−3 N m−2 for wind stress. These biases are small for moderate wind speeds but diverge for strong wind speeds (&gt;10 m s−1). The total flux biases are then further evaluated by dividing them into uncertainties due to errors in the bulk variables and the residual uncertainty. The bulk-variable-caused uncertainty dominates many products’ SH flux and wind stress biases. The biases in the bulk variables that contribute to this uncertainty can be quite high depending on the cruise and the variable. On the basis of a ranking of each product’s flux, it is found that the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) is among the “best performing” for all three fluxes. Also, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–Department of Energy (NCEP–DOE) reanalysis are among the best performing for two of the three fluxes. Of the satellite-derived products, version 2b of the Goddard Satellite-Based Surface Turbulent Fluxes (GSSTF2b) is among the best performing for two of the three fluxes. Also among the best performing for only one of the fluxes are the 40-yr ERA (ERA-40) and the combined product objectively analyzed air–sea fluxes (OAFlux). Direction for the future development of ocean surface flux datasets is also suggested.
Generation, Transformation, and Scattering of Long Waves Induced by a Short-Wave Group over Finite Topography
Authors: Zou Qingping 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Second-order analytical solutions are constructed for various long waves generated by a gravity wave train propagating over finite variable depth h(x) using a multiphase Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) method. It is found that, along with the well-known long wave, locked to the envelope of the wave train and traveling at the group velocity Cg, a forced long wave and free long waves are induced by the depth variation in this region. The forced long wave depends on the depth derivatives hx and hxx and travels at Cg, whereas the free long waves depend on h, hx, and hxx and travel in the opposite directions at . They interfere with each other and generate free long waves radiating away from this region. The author found that this topography-induced forced long wave is in quadrature with the short-wave group and that a secondary long-wave orbital velocity is generated by variable water depth, which is in quadrature with its horizontal bottom counterpart. Both these processes play an important role in the energy transfer between the short-wave groups and long waves. These behaviors were not revealed by previous studies on long waves induced by a wave group over finite topography, which calculated the total amplitude of long-wave components numerically without consideration of the phase of the long waves. The analytical solutions here also indicate that the discontinuity of hx and hxx at the topography junctions has a significant effect on the scattered long waves. The controlling factors for the amplitudes of these long waves are identified and the underlying physical processes systematically investigated in this presentation.
Oscillating Dense Plumes
Authors: Holland Paul R. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The flow of dense polar shelf waters down continental slopes is a critical component of the global ocean circulation. Recent observations suggest that such plumes can be heavily impacted by tidal variability, and many of the world’s important dense-water sources are located in tidally active areas. Tides affect the source of dense water (by modulating the location of hydrographic gradients) and control the subsequent plume mixing and flow path. In an effort to separate these effects, dense plumes are modeled here by extending a classical one-dimensional plume model to two unsteady scenarios in which the plume path is fixed. The first case features a pulsed release of dense water into a stagnant ambient, and the model predicts that gravity waves propagate down the plume. Advective waves in plume density travel with the mean velocity of the current and thus have a wavelength of , the product of plume velocity and the oscillation period P. The second case is of a steady-sourced plume flowing through an ambient that has uniformly oscillating flow. This drives fluctuating shear at the plume–ambient interface (and/or seabed) that leads to variable entrainment of ambient fluid into the plume. Perturbed properties are subsequently advected by the plume, leading to standing “entrainment waves” that also have a wavelength of . Pulsed-source effects may be distinguished from variable-entrainment effects by the phase difference between waves in the different state variables of each plume. Both effects are maximized when the ratio , where L is the plume length. This condition is satisfied in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, where observations show dense plumes that are strongly affected by tides. Modeled pulsed-source effects qualitatively agree with the observations, implying that hydrographic variability in Ross Sea plumes is associated with variability in their dense-water source rather than unsteady plume mixing. These results might help inform the gathering and interpretation of oceanographic data in tidally active dense-water source regions.
A Theory of Vertical Modes in Multilayer Stratified Fluids
Authors: Shimizu Kenji 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA theory of vertical modes in multilayer stratified fluids is proposed. A matrix notation is introduced to generalize the theory to an arbitrary number of layers. The properties of vertical modes including their orthogonality are derived. The linearized shallow-water equations and total energy equation are then decomposed into vertical modal components in the presence of large horizontal variations in bottom elevation and stratification, which induce linear interactions among vertical modes. The theory is applied to the derivation of vertical modes in three-layer stratified fluids and an internal tide generation problem under two-layer stratification. It is shown that the proposed theory correctly approaches the continuous counterpart as the number of layers increases.
Impact of More Frequent Observations on the Understanding of Tasmanian Fire Danger
Authors: Fox-Hughes Paul 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHalf-hourly airport weather observations have been used to construct high-temporal-resolution datasets of McArthur Mark V forest fire danger index (FFDI) values for three locations in Tasmania, Australia, enabling a more complete understanding of the range and diurnal variability of fire weather. Such an understanding is important for fire management and planning to account for the possibility of weather-related fire flare ups—in particular, early in a day and during rapidly changing situations. In addition, climate studies have hitherto generally been able to access only daily or at best 3-hourly weather data to generate fire-weather index values. Comparison of FFDI values calculated from frequent (subhourly) observations with those derived from 3-hourly synoptic observations suggests that large numbers of significant fire-weather events are missed, even by a synoptic observation schedule, and, in particular, by observations made at 1500 LT only, suggesting that many climate studies may underestimate the frequencies of occurrence of fire-weather events. At Hobart, in southeastern Tasmania, only one-half of diurnal FFDI peaks over a critical warning level occur at 1500 LT, with the remainder occurring across a broad range of times. The study reinforces a perception of pronounced differences in the character of fire weather across Tasmania, with differences in diurnal patterns of variability evident between locations, in addition to well-known differences in the ranges of peak values observed.
Extreme Precipitation Events in the South-Central United States during May and June 2010: Historical Perspective, Role of ENSO, and Trends
Authors: Higgins R. W. , Kousky V. E. , Xie P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAn analysis of extreme daily precipitation events that occurred in the south-central United States during May and June 2010 is carried out using gridded station data and reanalysis products in use at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Various aspects of the daily extremes are examined from a climate perspective using a 62-yr (1948–2010) period of record, including their historical ranking, common circulation features, moisture plumes, and the possible influence of ENSO. The analysis also considers how the frequency and intensity of daily extremes is changing in the United States. Each of the 2010 flash flood events examined here was associated with historic daily rainfall totals. Several of the events had meteorological conditions in common at upper and lower levels of the atmosphere, and all of the events fit well into an existing classification scheme for heavy precipitation events associated with flash flooding. Each case exhibited characteristics of the “Maya Express” flood events that link tropical moisture plumes from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico to midlatitude flooding over the central United States. Consistent with recent assessment reports, it is shown that extreme daily precipitation events in the United States have increased in frequency during the most recent 30-yr period (1980–2009) when compared to the previous 30-yr period (1950–79), though the increases are relatively small during May and June.
Real-Time Adaptive Observation Guidance Using Singular Vectors for Typhoon Jangmi (200815) in T-PARC 2008
Authors: Kim Hyun Mee , Kim Sung-Min , Jung Byoung-Joo 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In this study, structures of real-time adaptive observation guidance provided by Yonsei University (YSU) in South Korea during The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX)-Pacific Asian Regional Campaign (T-PARC) are presented and compared with those of no-lead-time adaptive observation guidance recalculated as well as other adaptive observation guidance for a tropical cyclone (Jangmi 200815). During the T-PARC period, real-time dry total energy (TE) singular vectors (SVs) based on the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the corresponding tangent linear and adjoint models with a Lanczos algorithm are provided by YSU to help determine sensitive regions for targeted observations. While YSU provided the real-time TESV guidance based on a mesoscale model, other institutes provided real-time TESV guidance based on global models. The overall features of the real-time MM5 TESVs were similar to those generated from global models, showing influences from tropical cyclones, midlatitude troughs, and subtropical ridges. TESV structures are very sensitive to verification region and forecast lead time. If a more accurate basic-state trajectory with no lead time is used, more accurate TESVs, which yield more accurate determinations of sensitive regions for targeted observations, may be calculated. The results of this study may imply that reducing forecast lead time is an important component to obtaining better sensitivity guidance for real-time targeted observation operations.
Welded T-joint connections of square thin-walled tubes under a multi-axial state of stress
Authors: Moazed R , Fotouhi R , Szyszkowski W , Bitner D 
Published: April 2011

T-joint connections are used extensively in industry as parts of machine components and structures. The T-joint connection is typically constructed through the welding of its tubular members, with significant stress and strain concentrations occurring at the toe of the weld under loadings. In this paper, a welded T-joint connection of square hollow-section (SHS) tubes subjected to a multi-axial state of stress is examined both numerically and experimentally. The hot spot strains and stresses in the connection are determined through a detailed finite element (FE) analysis of the joint. The weld geometry is accurately modelled using FE. To model the weld, several full-scale welded T-joints were cut at the connection to obtain the size and depth of penetration of the weld. For the experimental study, a test rig with a hydraulic actuator capable of applying both static and cyclic loadings is designed and used. Strain gauges are installed at several locations on the joint to validate the FE model. The verified FE model is then used to study the through-the-thickness stress distributions of the tubes. It is shown that the membrane stresses which occur at the mid-surface of the tubes remain similar regardless of the weld geometry. The weld geometry only affects the bending stresses. It is also shown that the stress concentrations are highly localized at the vicinity of the weld toe. At a distance of about half of the weld thickness from the weld toe, the effect of the weld geometry on the bending stresses becomes insignificant as well. To reduce the stress concentrations at the T-joint, plate reinforcements are used in a number of different arrangements and dimensions to increase the load-carrying capacity of the connection.
Vastus Medialis Obliquus Atrophy
Authors: Pattyn Els , Verdonk Peter , Steyaert Adelheid , Vanden Bossche Luc , Van den Broecke Wouter , Thijs Youri , Witvrouw Erik 
Published: April 2011

Background: Quadriceps atrophy and in particular atrophy of the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) muscle have been frequently related with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS), despite very little objective evidence. Hypothesis: Patients with PFPS exhibit atrophy of the VMO in comparison with healthy controls. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Forty-six patients with PFPS and 30 healthy control persons with similar age, gender, body mass index, and activity index distributions underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the quadriceps. The muscle size was determined by calculating the cross-sectional area of the total quadriceps and its components. Results: The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the VMO was significantly smaller in the PFPS group than in the control group (16.67 ± 4.97 cm2 vs 18.36 ± 5.25 cm2) ( P = .040). A tendency was noted for a smaller total quadriceps CSA for the PFPS patients at midthigh level (66.99 ± 15.06 cm2 vs 70.83 ± 15.30 cm2) ( P = .074). Conclusion: This is the first study to examine VMO size in PFPS patients by MRI. Patients with patellofemoral problems exhibited atrophy of the VMO. Although it is not clear whether this atrophy is a result or a cause of PFPS, the results of this study do show that atrophy of the VMO is a contributing factor in PFPS. Longitudinal, prospective studies are needed to establish the cause-effect relation of VMO atrophy and PFPS.
Clonal origins of relapse in ETV6-RUNX1 acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: van Delft Frederik W. , Horsley Sharon , Colman Sue , Anderson Kristina , Bateman Caroline , Kempski Helena , Zuna Jan , Eckert Cornelia , Saha Vaskar , Kearney Lyndal , Ford Anthony , Greaves Mel 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
B-cell precursor childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with ETV6-RUNX1 (TEL-AML1) fusion has an overall good prognosis, but relapses occur, usually after cessation of treatment and occasionally many years later. We have investigated the clonal origins of relapse by comparing the profiles of genomewide copy number alterations at presentation in 21 patients with those in matched relapse (12-119 months). We identified, in total, 159 copy number alterations at presentation and 231 at relapse (excluding Ig/TCR). Deletions of CDKN2A/B or CCNC (6q16.2-3) or both increased from 38% at presentation to 76% in relapse, suggesting that cell-cycle deregulation contributed to emergence of relapse. A novel observation was recurrent gain of chromosome 16 (2 patients at presentation, 4 at relapse) and deletion of plasmocytoma variant translocation 1 in 3 patients. The data indicate that, irrespective of time to relapse, the relapse clone was derived from either a major or minor clone at presentation. Backtracking analysis by FISH identified a minor subclone at diagnosis whose genotype matched that observed in relapse ∼ 10 years later. These data indicate subclonal diversity at diagnosis, providing a variable basis for intraclonal origins of relapse and extended periods (years) of dormancy, possibly by quiescence, for stem cells in ETV6-RUNX1+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
A STAT3-decoy oligonucleotide induces cell death in a human colorectal carcinoma cell line by blocking nuclear transfer of STAT3 and STAT3-bound NF-κB
Authors: Souissi Inès , Najjar Imen , Ah-Koon Laurent , Schischmanoff Pierre Olivier , Lesage Denis , Le Coquil Stéphanie , Roger Claudine , Dusanter-Fourt Isabelle , Varin-Blank Nadine , Cao An , Metelev Valeri , Baran-Marszak Fanny , Fagard Remi 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Background
The transcription factor STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) is frequently activated in tumor cells. Activated STAT3 forms homodimers, or heterodimers with other TFs such as NF-κB, which becomes activated. Cytoplasmic STAT3 dimers are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation; they interact with importins via a nuclear localization signal (NLS) one of which is located within the DNA-binding domain formed by the dimer. In the nucleus, STAT3 regulates target gene expression by binding a consensus sequence within the promoter. STAT3-specific decoy oligonucleotides (STAT3-decoy ODN) that contain this consensus sequence inhibit the transcriptional activity of STAT3, leading to cell death; however, their mechanism of action is unclear.

Results
The mechanism of action of a STAT3-decoy ODN was analyzed in the colon carcinoma cell line SW 480. These cells' dependence on activated STAT3 was verified by showing that cell death is induced by STAT3-specific siRNAs or Stattic. STAT3-decoy ODN was shown to bind activated STAT3 within the cytoplasm, and to prevent its translocation to the nucleus, as well as that of STAT3-associated NF-κB, but it did not prevent the nuclear transfer of STAT3 with mutations in its DNA-binding domain. The complex formed by STAT3 and the STAT3-decoy ODN did not associate with importin, while STAT3 alone was found to co-immunoprecipitate with importin. Leptomycin B and vanadate both trap STAT3 in the nucleus. They were found here to oppose the cytoplasmic trapping of STAT3 by the STAT3-decoy ODN. Control decoys consisting of either a mutated STAT3-decoy ODN or a NF-κB-specific decoy ODN had no effect on STAT3 nuclear translocation. Finally, blockage of STAT3 nuclear transfer correlated with the induction of SW 480 cell death.

Conclusions
The inhibition of STAT3 by a STAT3-decoy ODN, leading to cell death, involves the entrapment of activated STAT3 dimers in the cytoplasm. A mechanism is suggested whereby this entrapment is due to STAT3-decoy ODN's inhibition of active STAT3/importin interaction. These observations point to the high potential of STAT3-decoy ODN as a reagent and to STAT3 nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling in tumor cells as a potential target for effective anti-cancer compounds.