bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polarized Crystal-Field Spectra of Micro Particles of the Moon
Authors: Mao HK , Bell PM 
Published: March 2009

Polarized crystal-field spectra of individual crystals, polycrystalline aggregates, and fragments of glass from the moon reveal fundamental information on their transition elements. Specifically, the oxidation states and structural coordination of iron and titanium in lunar samples are determined by a refined technique for measuring crystal-field splitting.
The quenched states of iron and titanium in lunar crystals act as fossil indicators of the chemical history of their crystallization. Spectral and other supporting data show that the rocks and soils returned from the Apollo missions have crystallized under extremely reducing conditions, on the order of approximately 10-1 3 atm of oxygen. Lunar glasses are also chemically reduced, and the absorptions of iron and titanium cause their green and red colors and influence their albedo properties.
Measurements of the shift with pressure of crystal-field bands of divalent iron in pyroxene suggest that pressure will enhance the properties of thermal transfer by radiation. Thermal radiation could be an efficient mechanism for heat flow in the lunar interior.
Method for Ultra-Accurate Oxygen Determination for Rare Reference Samples
Authors: Volborth A , Dayal R , McGhee P , Parikh S 
Published: March 2009

Lunar rocks are deficient in oxygen. In order that a meaningful analysis of oxygen could be performed on lunar, meteoritic, and terrestrial rocks a high degree of accuracy is needed. Because of the rarity of such samples the method selected has to be nondestructive.
A highly accurate fast-neutron activation method that permits nondestructive analysis of lunar, meteoritic, and terrestrial rocks is described. It consists of a dual cross-transfer system that corrects for all electronic drifts and surges as well as for neutron beam fluctuation. This method uses chemically different reference samples: silica, aluminum oxide, ferric oxide, calcium carbonate, and their carefully prepared mixtures of which infrared spectra are first taken to ascertain complete absence of water and hydroxyl groups. Accurate oxygen values are reported for six U.S. Bureau of Standards standard reference materials: opal glass, bauxite, Na-feldspar, argillaceous limestone, dolomitic limestone, and the phosphate rock; the U.S. Geological Survey biotite LP-6; and the Smithsonian Institution “AUende meteorite.”
Recycling Plastics: The Problems and Potential Solutions
Authors: Mack WA 
Published: March 2009

Within the last few years, significant developments have occurred which have made recycling of plastics waste materials a reality. However, before greater utilization of plastics scrap is achieved, product specifications must be rewritten which encourage greater use of recycled plastics.
This paper will present three broad classifications of plastics waste streams and the technical problems confronting recycling materials from each group. A new method of making various polymers compatible during reprocessing will be discussed. A flow diagram and cost factors will be given for a waste treatment plant which segregates solid wastes into individual components.
Costs and specifications for a new low pressure injection molding machine which molds commercially acceptable parts directly from scrap (up to 100 percent nonvirgin) will be detailed. Special attention is given to the use of the machine in fiber reclaiming, including the use of a special compacting mill necessary as an intermediate processing unit in this operation. A flow diagram for the fiber reclaiming process will be presented.
Incineration of Refuse with LOPAC Containers Added
Authors: Temple EJ 
Published: March 2009

LOPAC containers, developed by Monsanto Company using high nitrile barrier polymers, are now being evaluated for the packaging of carbonated beverages: soft drinks and beer. Incineration tests were conducted as part of comprehensive public health and environmental protocol to determine the potential effects, short term and long term, of this packaging system.
The burning trials were carried out first in a large municipal incinerator, where efficient combustion conditions can be expected, and then in smaller units of the industrial and residential type, where combustion conditions may be less favorable and the percentage of beverage containers in a furnace loading may be significantly higher. Data are reported on operating conditions, smoke, odor, analysis of stack gases, effects on furnace grates, and heating values.
The results of these trials demonstrate that the portion of LOPAC containers which is not recycled may be disposed of safely in typical incinerator installations without adding to our air or soil pollution problems and without corrosive effects on the equipment used.
Effects of Frequency and Environment on Fatigue Crack Growth in A286 at 1100 F
Authors: Solomon HD , Coffin LF 
Published: March 2009

Previous low-cycle fatigue tests on A286, which covered a frequency range of 5 to 0.1 cpm, have shown a pronounced frequency dependence when the tests were run in air. In contrast, tests run in a vacuum did not show such a frequency effect. This led to the conclusion that, in this frequency range, environmental effects were responsible for the frequency dependence.
Air crack propagation tests have also shown a strong frequency dependence. At frequencies below 0.02 cpm the air crack propagation tests showed a stronger frequency dependence than was observed at higher frequencies and resulted in pure time dependent, cycle independent failure. In order to explain this behavior and to see if it could be observed in low frequency vacuum tests, measurements of the crack propagation rate at 1100 F were made in a 10-8 torr vacuum.
These vacuum crack propagation results substantiated the assertion that at 1100 F, air produces a strong influence on the fatigue life or crack propagation rate. Additionally, these tests have shown that below 0.02 cpm the pure time dependent failure noted in air persisted in a vacuum. The vacuum results could be interpreted on the basis of a linear superposition model, where at low frequencies the behavior was that of a purely time dependent failure; at high frequencies, purely cycle dependent; and at intermediate frequencies, that of a linear superposition of these phenomena. In air this linear superposition model was not applicable because of the additional environmental interaction.
Effect of Interrupting Fatigue by Periods of Heat for Aluminum Alloy Structural Elements
Authors: Heath-Smith JR , Kiddle FE 
Published: March 2009

Effects of heat on fatigue have been studied by interrupting fatigue tests at ambient temperature by single periods of heating with and without steady load applied. The tests employed constant amplitude and random loading on various structural elements in a number of aluminium-copper alloy materials. Heating was applied at temperatures in the range 100 to 150 C for times ranging from 1 h to 20 000 h.
The initiation of fatigue cracks was affected by heating, particularly at temperatures above 110 C when the effects occurred comparatively rapidly. The two mechanisms of importance were changes in microstructure at the machined surface which encouraged initiation, and changes in residual stress by creep which encouraged or discouraged initiation according to the creep being compressive or tensile.
It is suggested that similar mechanisms operate also during the crack propagation phase of the fatigue life.
Effect of Surface Integrity on Fatigue of Structural Alloys at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Prevey PS , Koster WP 
Published: March 2009

Surface integrity is a subject covering the description and control of the many possible alterations produced in the surface of a component during manufacturing. Surface integrity is evaluated by measuring the influence of machined surface layers on component reliability. This is accomplished primarily through fatigue testing under both low-cycle and high-cycle conditions. Considerable data have been developed permitting definition of characteristic changes in fatigue strength of a variety of high-strength structural alloys as a function of several different metal removal methods and also variations within these methods.
High-cycle fatigue data have been developed in the cantilever bending mode at temperatures ranging from ambient to 1400 F. Low-cycle fatigue data have been obtained in four-point bending over the same temperature range following the development of a specialized testing technique.
Data are presented showing fatigue behavior of Inconel 718, René 80, and René 95 using specimens finished by variations of grinding, turning, electrochemical machining, and electrical discharge machining.
Temperature Effects on the Strainrange Partitioning Approach for Creep Fatigue Analysis
Authors: Halford GR , Hirschberg MH , Manson SS 
Published: March 2009

Examination is made of the influence of temperature on the strain-range partitioning approach to creep fatigue. Results for 2¼Cr-1Mo steel and Type 316 stainless steel show the four partitioned strainrange-life relationships to be temperature insensitive to within a factor of two on cyclic life. Monotonic creep and tensile ductilities were also found to be temperature insensitive to within a factor of two.
The approach provides bounds of cyclic life that can be readily established for any type of inelastic strain cycle. Continuous strain cycling results obtained over a broad range of high temperatures and frequencies are in excellent agreement with bounds provided by the approach.
Summary and Analysis of the Attributes of Methods of Surface Texture Measurement
Authors: Rose JG , Hutchinson JW , Galloway BM 
Published: March 2009

It is well established among researchers in the pavement friction area that type of surface texture greatly influences the friction properties of pavement surfaces. Although it is recognized that other factors not necessarily related to surface texture also affect surface friction, various agencies in this country and abroad are engaged in developing methods for measuring pavement surface texture. Some 20-odd extant methods are currently used. The relative attributes of many of these methods are questioned, since results of tests using these methods have not, on the whole, produced consistent or reproducible quantitative results.
Succinct descriptions of all currently known methods of surface texture measurement are presented. Studies which have related surface texture to pavement skid resistance obtained by skid test devices are reported; many reported methods of texture measurement have apparently never been subjected to correlation study.
The need for a standard method of test which will provide a valid assessment of a pavement surface texture and thereby improve communication of surface characteristics is emphasized. Current efforts toward establishment of such standardization are reviewed.
Design Considerations
Authors: Koppes WF 
Published: March 2009

Many matters must be considered in the design of windows and curtain walls, but those of concern here are the design considerations affecting performance. Both windows and walls have the same basic function of contributing to the control of the interior environment, and serving, in effect, as a filtering system.
The two major design considerations applying to both windows and walls are structural integrity and weathertightness. In the design of curtain walls a third major consideration is ample provision for movement. Structurally, wind loading is the chief concern, and the need for stiffness, rather than strength, usually governs. Both weathertightness and provision for movement are largely dependent on proper joint design.
Other important design considerations affecting performance are moisture control, thermal insulation, control of sound transmission, and firestopping. As compared with the frequent evaluation of structural integrity and weathertightness by specially developed test methods, these characteristics, however, have only rarely been tested.
Viscosity Testing of Asphalt and Experience with Viscosity Graded Specifications
Authors: Gunderman WG 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Viscosity Testing of Asphalt and Experience with Viscosity Graded Specifications was presented at the Seventy-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Los Angeles, Calif., 25—30 June 1972. Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials sponsored the symposium. W. G. Gunderman, Highway Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, presided as symposium chairman.
Cryogens and Gases: Testing Methods and Standards Development
Authors: Vance RW 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Cryogens and Gases: Testing Methods and Standards Development was given at the Seventy-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Los Angeles, Calif., 25–30 June 1972. Committee F07 on Aerospace Industry Methods sponsored the symposium. R. W. Vance, Cryogenic Society of America, served as symposium chairman, and M. C. Miyaji, General Dynamics, was co-chairman. R. E. Biever, Cryogenic Distributors, presided at the two sessions.
Analytical Methods Developed for Application to Lunar Samples Analyses
Authors: Flory DA 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Analytical Methods Developed for Application to Lunar Samples Analyses was given at the Seventy-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Los Angeles, Calif., 25—30 June 1972. Committee F07 on Aerospace Industry Methods sponsored the symposium. D. A. Flory, University of Houston, presided as symposium chairman.
Estimating the Hazard of Chemical Substances to Aquatic Life
Authors: Cairns J , Dickson KL , Maki AW 
Published: March 2009

Description
With the signing of the Toxic Substances Control Act in 1976, this timely publication will assist anyone involved in the assessment of hazards chemicals to pose to aquatic life-whether from industry government, or academia. Topics covered include toxicological effects, environmental concentration, environmental fate, hazard assessment and evaluation of proposed test procedures for estimating hazards to aquatic life.
Linkage Analysis Reveals the Independent Origin of Poeciliid Sex Chromosomes and a Case of Atypical Sex Inheritance in the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Authors: Tripathi Namita , Hoffmann Margarete , Weigel Detlef , Dreyer Christine 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Among different teleost fish species, diverse sex-determining mechanisms exist, including environmental and genetic sex determination, yet chromosomal sex determination with male heterogamety (XY) prevails. Different pairs of autosomes have evolved as sex chromosomes among species in the same genus without evidence for a master sex-determining locus being identical. Models for evolution of Y chromosomes predict that male-advantageous genes become linked to a sex-determining locus and suppressed recombination ensures their co-inheritance. In the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, a set of genes responsible for adult male ornaments are linked to the sex-determining locus on the incipient Y chromosome. We have identified &gt;60 sex-linked molecular markers to generate a detailed map for the sex linkage group of the guppy and compared it with the syntenic autosome 12 of medaka. We mapped the sex-determining locus to the distal end of the sex chromosome. We report a sex-biased distribution of recombination events in female and male meiosis on sex chromosomes. In one mapping cross, we observed sex ratio and male phenotype deviations and propose an atypical mode of genetic sex inheritance as its basis.
Nucleotide Polymorphism and Within-Gene Recombination in Daphnia magna and D. pulex, Two Cyclical Parthenogens
Authors: Haag Christoph R , McTaggart Seanna J , Didier Anaïs , Little Tom J , Charlesworth Deborah 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Theory predicts that partially asexual organisms may make the “best of both worlds”: for the most part, they avoid the costs of sexual reproduction, while still benefiting from an enhanced efficiency of selection compared to obligately asexual organisms. There is, however, little empirical data on partially asexual organisms to test this prediction. Here we examine patterns of nucleotide diversity at eight nuclear loci in continentwide samples of two species of cyclically parthenogenetic Daphnia to assess the effect of partial asexual reproduction on effective population size and amount of recombination. Both species have high nucleotide diversities and show abundant evidence for recombination, yielding large estimates of effective population sizes (300,000–600,000). This suggests that selection will act efficiently even on mutations with small selection coefficients. Divergence between the two species is less than one-tenth of previous estimates, which were derived using a mitochondrial molecular clock. As the two species investigated are among the most distantly related species of the genus, this suggests that the genus Daphnia may be considerably younger than previously thought. Daphnia has recently received increased attention because it is being developed as a model organism for ecological and evolutionary genomics. Our results confirm the attractiveness of Daphnia as a model organism, because the high nucleotide diversity and low linkage disequilibrium suggest that fine-scale mapping of genes affecting phenotypes through association studies should be feasible.
Examining Interpopulation Variation in Bluegill Growth Rates and Size Structure: Effects of Harvest, Maturation, and Environmental Variables
Authors: Hoxmeier R. John H. , Aday D. Derek , Wahl David H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractUnderstanding how life history variation and the environment affect growth and population size structure is an important theme of fisheries ecology. However, the interactions among important biotic and abiotic factors and their relative importance in the context of population‐specific variation are seldom considered. We used an information theoretic approach to investigate how environmental variables interact with important life history parameters to influence population size structure of bluegills Lepomis macrochirus. We sampled bluegill populations in 23 Illinois reservoirs to examine the effects of temperature, water transparency, and prey availability and bluegill density, harvest, and size at maturation on bluegill growth and population size structure. Good growth and large body size were associated with warm, clear lakes containing abundant prey resources. An exception to this pattern was early growth (length at age 2): Larger body size at age 2 was associated with relatively low Secchi depth (i.e., turbid water). In addition, size at maturation was positively related to size of adult male bluegills. Interestingly, bluegill density and harvest mortality—factors that are often considered important within populations—did not contribute much explanatory power to our among‐system models. Whereas harvest and density‐dependent growth have been shown to influence individual bluegill populations, their effects across a range of populations appear to be mitigated by temperature, water transparency, and prey availability. Although growth of individuals can be influenced by a variety of factors, our investigation suggests that fairly straightforward mechanisms at broader spatial scales are responsible for explaining variation among populations.
Recombinant Ov-ASP-1, a Th1-Biased Protein Adjuvant Derived from the Helminth Onchocerca volvulus, Can Directly Bind and Activate Antigen-Presenting Cells
Authors: He Yuxian , Barker Sophie J. , MacDonald Angus J. , Yu Yu , Cao Long , Li Jingjing , Parhar Ranjit , Heck Susanne , Hartmann Susanne , Golenbock Douglas T. , Jiang Shibo , Libri Nathan A. , Semper Amanda E. , Rosenberg William M. , Lustigman Sara 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We previously reported that rOv-ASP-1, a recombinant Onchocerca volvulus activation associated protein-1, was a potent adjuvant for recombinant protein or synthetic peptide-based Ags. In this study, we further evaluated the adjuvanticity of rOv-ASP-1 and explored its mechanism of action. Consistently, recombinant full-length spike protein of SARS-CoV or its receptor-binding domain in the presence of rOv-ASP-1 could effectively induce a mixed but Th1-skewed immune response in immunized mice. It appears that rOv-ASP-1 primarily bound to the APCs among human PBMCs and triggered Th1-biased proinflammatory cytokine production probably via the activation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and the TLR, TLR2, and TLR4, thus suggesting that rOv-ASP-1 is a novel potent innate adjuvant.
Ncf1 Provides a Reactive Oxygen Species-Independent Negative Feedback Regulation of TLR9-Induced IL-12p70 in Murine Dendritic Cells
Authors: Richter Cornelia , Juan Martina Herrero San , Will Jutta , Brandes Ralf P. , Kalinke Ulrich , Akira Shizuo , Pfeilschifter Josef M. , Hultqvist Malin , Holmdahl Rikard , Radeke Heinfried H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Permanent exposure to pathogens requires decisions toward tolerance or immunity as a prime task of dendritic cells. The molecular mechanisms preventing uncontrolled immune responses are not completely clear. We investigated the regulatory function of Ncf1, an organizing protein of NADPH oxidase, in the signaling cascade of Toll-like receptors. TLR9-stimulated spleen cells from both Ncf1-deficient and B10.Q mice with a point mutation in exon 8 of Ncf1 exhibited increased IL-12p70 secretion compared with controls. This finding was restricted to stimulatory CpG2216 and not induced by CpG2088. Because only CpG/TLR9-induced IL-12p70 was regulated by Ncf1, we used TRIF−/− and MyD88−/− cells to show that TLR9/MyD88 was primarily affected. Interestingly, additional experiments revealed that spleen cells from NOX2/gp91phox-deficient mice and the blocking of electron transfer by diphenylene iodonium had no influence on CpG-induced IL-12p70, confirming an NADPH oxidase-independent function of Ncf1. Finally, proving the in vivo relevance CpG adjuvant-guided OVA immunization resulted in a strong augmentation of IL-12p70-dependent Th1 IFN-γ response only in Ncf1-deficient mice. These data suggest for the first time an important role for Ncf1 in the fine tuning of the TLR9/MyD88 pathway in vitro and in vivo that is independent of its role as an activator of NOX2.