bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liver disease in Viet Nam: Screening, surveillance, management and education: A 5‐year plan and call to action
Authors: Gish Robert G , Bui Tam D , Nguyen Chuc T K , Nguyen Duc T , Tran Huy V , Tran Diem M T , Trinh Huy N ,   International Group for Liver Health in Viet Nam
Published: November 2011

AbstractDespite a high prevalence of liver disease in Viet Nam, there has been no nationwide approach to the disease and no systematic screening of at‐risk individuals. Risk factors include chronic hepatitis B (estimated prevalence of 12%), chronic hepatitis C (at least 2% prevalence), and heavy consumption of alcohol among men. This combination of factors has resulted in liver cancer being the most common cause of cancer death in Viet Nam. There is a general lack of understanding by both the general public and health‐care providers about the major risk to health that liver disease represents. We report here the initial steps taken as part of a comprehensive approach to liver disease that will ultimately include nationwide education for health‐care providers, health educators, and the public; expansion of nationwide screening for hepatitis B and C followed by hepatitis B virus vaccination or treatment of chronic hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C; education about alcoholic liver disease; long‐term surveillance for liver cancer; reduction of infection transmission related to medical, commercial, and personal re‐use of contaminated needles, syringes, sharp instruments, razors, and inadequately sterilized medical equipment; and ongoing collection and analysis of data about the prevalence of all forms of liver disease and the results of the expanded screening, vaccination, and treatment programs. We report the beginning results of our pilot hepatitis B screening program. We believe that this comprehensive nationwide approach could substantially reduce the morbidity and mortality from liver disease and greatly lessen the burden in terms of both lives lost and health‐care costs.
Meta‐analysis for evaluating the accuracy of endoscopy with narrow band imaging in detecting colorectal adenomas
Authors: Jin Xi‐Feng , Chai Tong‐Hai , Shi Jun‐Wen , Yang Xiu‐Cheng , Sun Qing‐Yan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground and Aim:  The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of the narrow band imaging (NBI) system could enhance the accuracy of adenoma detection during an endoscopic examination of the colon and rectum.Methods:  MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched along with a hand search of abstracts from relevant conferences up to June 2011. The rates of adenoma and flat adenoma detection, and withdrawal time were analyzed using Review Manager 4.2.Results:  A total of 3049 subjects in eight trials were included. Meta‐analysis revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in the rates of adenoma detection between the NBI group and the white light colonoscopy group (pooled relative risk [RR]: 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00–1.19, P = 0.05). However, after exclusion of high‐definition television modalities, the rate of adenoma detection by NBI was significantly higher than that by white light, particularly for patients with one adenoma (pooled RR 1.36, 95%CI 1.07–1.71, P = 0.02). Endoscopy with the NBI system significantly increased the rate of flat adenoma detection (pooled RR 1.96, 95%CI 1.09–3.52, P = 0.02). However, endoscopy with NBI had longer withdrawal time than that with white light (pooled weighted mean difference: 0.90, 95%CI: 0.38–1.42, P = 0.0006).Conclusions:  Endoscopy with NBI seems to improve the detection of flat adenomas, particularly with high‐definition technology, but prolongs the withdrawal time. These results indicate that endoscopy routinely using the NBI system for the surveillance of adenomas may be recommended after the technique is further modified.
Temporal and spatial trends in adult nuisance fly populations at Australian cattle feedlots
Authors: Urech Rudolf , Bright Roselyn L , Green Peter E , Brown Geoffrey W , Hogsette Jerome A , Skerman Alan G , Elson‐Harris Marlene M , Mayer David G 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA comprehensive trapping program to determine the species composition, seasonality and distribution of adult nuisance fly populations at a southern Queensland feedlot was conducted from 2001 to 2003. Short‐term information on nuisance fly populations was also collected from two feedlots located in other climatic regions. Twenty‐five species of Diptera were identified. The more commonly trapped species were the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Muscidae) (38%), the hairy maggot blowfly, Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Calliphoridae) (27%) and the bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Muscidae) (15%). Seasonal effects were the major determinant of fly populations. All commonly trapped fly species had low abundance during the coldest winter months, July and August. Musca domestica had one annual, broad peak in abundance starting in spring and extending over about 8 or 9 months. Musca vetustissima had a major abundance peak in October/November and a smaller peak around April. Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (stable fly) (Muscidae) showed two annual peaks in abundance, with the major peak in May. Chrysomya spp. were most abundant during spring, summer and autumn, whereas the highest numbers of Calliphora augur (F.) (blue‐bodied blowfly) (Calliphoridae) were trapped in winter.The sites within the feedlot with the highest catches of M. domestica were the feed mill, cattle pens and the hospital area and of S. calcitrans the manure piles, silage pits and the feed mill. The lowest catches of M. domestica and S. calcitrans were obtained in the traps situated a few kilometres outside the feedlot. In contrast, M. vetustissima and blowfly catches were higher in outside traps and traps near the manure piles than any other feedlot site.There was a correlation between the animals' number of fly avoidance movements and M. domestica catches and between the number of leg stomps and stable fly catches, respectively.
Organizational socialization of international nurses in the New York metropolitan area
Authors: Bae S.‐H. 
Published: November 2011

BAE S.H. (2011) Organizational socialization of international nurses in the New York metropolitan area. International Nursing Review59, 81–87Background:  The global migration of nurses has been ongoing in an effort to alleviate the worldwide nursing shortage. Although international nurses have unique needs in adapting to a new host culture and workplace, little is known about the process of organizational socialization faced by different groups of international nurses, such as child immigrant registered nurses (RNs), adult immigrant RNs, and foreign‐educated RNs, compared with native nurses.Objectives:  This study examined international nurses' perceptions of their organizational socialization and its association with intent to leave in both the international and the American nurses.Methods:  Data from a hospital RN survey was used for secondary data analysis, with the final dataset consisting of 752 RNs. Organizational socialization was measured to assess the quality of the orientation programme and support from supervisors and peers. Nurse retention was measured by nurses' intent to leave within 3 years.Findings:  The level of organizational socialization of foreign‐educated RNs was higher than that of any of other nurse groups. Lower proportions of foreign‐educated RNs and adult immigrant RNs had plans to leave within 3 years compared with American RNs and child immigrant RNs. Good supervisor and peer support were negatively associated with nurses' intent to leave (i.e. these nurses were less likely to leave within 3 years).Conclusions:  This study found that the orientation programme and support from peers and supervisors played an important role in the international nurse's organizational socialization process. This process should be the subject of continued research to provide frontline nurse managers with practical information addressing the challenges of international nurses' organizational socialization.
Experience of loneliness in Iranian abused elders
Authors: Heravi‐Karimooi M. , Rejeh N. , Foroughan M. , Vaismoradi M. 
Published: November 2011

HERAVI‐KARIMOOI M., REJEH N., FOROUGHAN M. & VAISMORADI M. (2011) Experience of loneliness in Iranian abused elders. International Nursing Review59, 139–145Aim:  This study aimed to explore the experience of loneliness in Iranian abused elderly people.Methods:  A qualitative design was employed to collect and analyse data regarding the experience of loneliness in abused elderly people living in an urban area of Iran. A purposeful sampling strategy was applied. Semi‐structured in‐depth interviews were held with 14 participants (five men and nine women) until the data richness was fulfilled. The data were analysed using the Colaizzi method.Findings:  Three main themes emerged as follows: ‘feeling of pain and suffering’, ‘feeling of being an outsider’ and ‘feeling of deprivation’. A discrepancy existed between how the participants had imagined their lives in later life and how they actually lived them.Conclusion:  The combination of abuse, old age and deprivation increased suffering and pain, which accompanied the loneliness experience in older people. The findings suggest that nurses need to address factors such as abuse, neglect and deprivation influencing the experience of loneliness during the assessment of their elder patients. This may help them to devise strategies for preventing abuse or alleviating the sense of loneliness in elderly people.
FEMINIST APPROACHES TO RELIGION AND TORTURE
Authors: Gudorf Christine E. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTFeminists look critically at any infliction of pain on others, usually requiring that it be consensual, and often both consensual and for the benefit of the person afflicted. Most torture of women is not recognized under official definitions of torture because it is not performed by or with the consent of (government) officials. Women are, however, also victims of torture under official definitions as military or civilian prisoners or as members of defeated populations in war, and are more often subjected to sexual torture, which until recently has not been understood either as torture or even a war crime. Rape, especially serial gang rape, it is argued, should be understood as torture, as the essence of torture is the use of severe pain to obscure or obliterate the victim's sense of agency.
CONSENT, CONVERSION, AND MORAL FORMATION: Stoic Elements in Jonathan Edwards's Ethics
Authors: Cochran Elizabeth Agnew 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe contemporary revival of virtue ethics has focused primarily on retrieving central moral commitments of Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, and the Neoplatonist traditions. Christian virtue ethicists would do well to expand this retrieval further to include the writings of the Roman Stoics. This essay argues that the ethics of Jonathan Edwards exemplifies major Stoic themes and explores three noteworthy points of intersection between Stoic ethics and Edwards's thought: a conception of virtue as consent to a benevolent providence, the identification of virtue as a singular and transformative good, and an account of moral formation as simultaneously self‐directed and received. Common ground between Edwards and the Stoics illustrates the value of recognizing Stoic moral thought as a philosophical framework that can enhance and undergird Christian ethicists' understandings of moral development and the nature of virtue.
Visual acuity changes in cone and cone‐rod dystrophies
Authors: Prokofyeva Elena , Troeger Eric , Bernd Antje , Zrenner Eberhart 
Published: November 2011

Citation information: Prokofyeva E, Troeger E, Bernd A & Zrenner E. Visual acuity changes in cone and cone‐rod dystrophies. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2011.00883.xAbstractPurpose:  The purpose of the study was to evaluate longitudinal visual acuity (VA) changes in cone (CD) and cone‐rod dystrophies (CRD) in order to develop recommendations for follow‐up strategies and to define an optimal time for potential therapeutic intervention.Methods:  Patients with clinically defined CD and CRD, who had at least three clinical examinations within a follow‐up period of a minimum of 2 years, were included in the study. The observation period was divided into segments: between 1–2 visits and 2–3 visits in intervals of 2 years, and between 3–4 visits in 3‐year intervals. Disease history was collected during the baseline examination. Median age of onset, age at first examination, and period between disease onset and 1st visit (latency) were estimated. Medians with 25th and 75th quantile of VA decrease in logMAR for each segment of observation were calculated. The median percentage of VA decrease was also calculated.Results:  Initial results of the Tuebingen longitudinal study of VA changes in CRD and CD are presented as medians with 25th and 75th quintiles. Twenty‐nine patients (14 men and 15 women) were studied. Nineteen of them had CRD and 10 CD. Median age at the baseline visit was 18 (11, 31) years for CRD and 26 (8, 41.5) years for CD. Median age of disease onset was 9 (8, 25) years for CRD and 7.5 (5, 15) years for CD. The median latency was 6.5 (3; 8.25) years in CD and 4 (2, 10) years in CRD patients. VA in CD and CRD patients was significantly different only during the first visit (p < 0.03). VA decrease was highest in the period between 2–3 visits with a median VA decrease of 36%, for CDR and between 3–4 visits for CD with a median VA decrease of 80%. In the CRD group the rate of VA decline was fairly even over the four visits, whereas in the CD group the decline appeared to progressively increase towards the end of the follow‐up.Conclusion:  CRD patients were younger than those with CD at a baseline visit and had a longer period of follow‐up. A statistically significant difference in VA in CRD and CD was observed at the first ophthalmological examination only. VA decrease was most prominent in the second decade of life in CRD and in third decade in CD patients. CRD was characterized by a more progressive VA decrease than CD. CRD had a high decline of VA over the second and the third examination, whereas VA decline in CD progressed towards the end of follow‐up period (fourth examination). These results should be considered when advising and following up such patients on a long‐term basis.
Impacts of HIV infection and long‐term use of antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral human papilloma virus type 16
Authors: Amornthatree Korntip , Sriplung Hutcha , Mitarnun Winyou , Nittayananta Wipawee 
Published: November 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 309–314Background:  The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the prevalence and the copy numbers of oral human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV‐16) in HIV‐infected patients compared with non‐HIV controls, and (ii) the effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and its duration on the virus.Methods:  A cross‐sectional study was carried out in HIV‐infected patients with and without ART and in non‐HIV controls. Saliva samples were collected, and the DNA extracted from those samples was used as a template to detect HPV‐16 E6 and E7 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Student’s t‐test and ANOVA test were performed to determine the prevalence rates among groups.Results:  Forty‐nine HIV‐infected patients: 37 on ART (age range, 23–54 years; mean, 37 years), 12 not on ART (age range, 20–40 years; mean, 31 years), and 20 non‐HIV controls (age range, 19–53 years; mean, 31 years) were enrolled. The prevalence of oral HPV‐16 infection and the copy numbers of the virus were significantly higher in HIV‐infected patients than in non‐HIV controls when using E6 assay (geometric mean = 10696 vs. 563 copies/105 cells, P < 0.001), but not E7 assay. No significant difference was observed between those who were and were not on ART. Long‐term use of ART did not significantly change the prevalence of oral HPV‐16 infection and the copy numbers of the virus (P = 0.567).Conclusion:  We conclude that the prevalence of oral HPV‐16 infection and the copy numbers of the virus are increased by HIV infection. Neither the use of ART nor its duration significantly affected the virus.
Spontaneous restoration of target vegetation in old‐fields in a central European landscape: a repeated analysis after three decades
Authors: Jírová Alena , Klaudisová Alexandra , Prach Karel 
Published: November 2011

AbstractQuestions(a) What are directions of spontaneous succession; in particular, do target stages (identified as shrubby grassland and semi‐natural deciduous woodland) develop, and if so, which species are involved? (b) Are the target stages predictable? (c) How do species richness and environmental characteristics change during succession? (d) What are the consequences for restoration and landscape management?LocationThe Bohemian Karst Protected Landscape Area, SW of Prague, Czech Republic (49° 52′–50° 00′ N, 14° 03′–14° 21′ E, 251–488 m a.s.l.).MethodsIn a repeated analysis, phytosociological relevés recorded in 4 m × 4 m plots in 58 old‐fields initially surveyed in 1975 were compared to those from 28 still existing fields in 2008–2009. Average Ellenberg indicator values were calculated for each relevé. Aspect and slope were measured and potential radiation calculated. pH was measured from soil samples. Species were grouped according to their affiliation to the phytosociological classes Querco‐Fagetea, Festuco‐Brometea, Trifolio‐Geranietea, Molinio‐Arrhenatheretea, and weedy and ruderal vegetation. Those belonging to the first three classes were considered target species. The data were analysed using multivariate (ordination methods) and univariate statistics.ResultsThe spontaneous succession in old‐fields proceeded towards target stages, either deciduous woodlands or shrubby grasslands. Their establishment can be tentatively predicted by soil pH and early occurrence of grassland species. Except pH, all Ellenberg indicator values changed during succession. pH values (Ellenberg and measured) were higher in shrubby grasslands than in woodlands. The total number of species decreased during succession, the number of target woodland species increased, and target grassland species remained the same in the shrubby grassland stages but decreased in the woodland stages during the past 33 yr of succession.ConclusionsTarget shrubby grasslands, resembling natural steppe‐like communities typical of the region and valuable from a conservation point of view, can be restored by spontaneous succession within a few decades in about one‐third of the studied old‐fields. Other fields developed into deciduous woodland. Restoration of well‐developed target woodland will take longer, but the trend is already obvious, although less desirable nitrophilous woodland might also alternatively develop. Repeating earlier chronosequence studies may provide valuable information useful in restoration ecology and landscape management.
CTFEATURES OF PLEURAL MASSES AND NODULES
Authors: Reetz Jennifer A. , Buza Elizabeth L. , Krick Erika L. 
Published: November 2011

Pleural space masses and nodules are rarely described on computed tomography (CT) in veterinary medicine and have only been described in patients with neoplasia. Our purpose was to describe theCTfindings and diagnoses in seven patients with pleural masses and nodules. Two patients had broad‐based, plaque‐like pleural masses, both of which were due to neoplasia (primary pleural carcinoma, metastatic thymoma). Two patients had well‐defined pleural nodules and nodular pleural thickening, one of which had mesothelial hypertrophy, and another of which had metastatic hemangiosarcoma. Three patients had ill‐defined pleural nodules to nodular pleural thickening, one of which had metastatic pulmonary carcinoma, while the other two had bacterial infection with mesothelial proliferation (n = 2), fibrinous pleuritis (n = 1), and severe mediastinal pleuritis/mediastinitis (n = 2). Five of the seven patients had focal, multifocal or diffuse smooth, and/or irregular pleural thickening. Five of seven patients had pleural effusion, and postcontrastCTwas useful in several patients for delineating the pleural lesions from the effusion. All patients except one had additional lesions identified onCTbesides those in the pleural space.CTis useful in identifying and characterizing pleural space lesions and could be used to guide further diagnostic procedures such as thoracoscopy or exploratory thoracotomy. Both neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases should be considered in the differential diagnoses for pleural space masses and nodules found onCT.
Population structure of rice (Oryza sativa) landraces from high altitude area of Indian Himalayas
Authors: Pandey A. , Bisht I.S. , Bhat K.V. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis study examined the genetic diversity in 20 rice landrace populations from parts of traditional farming areas of the Indian Himalayas using 11 mapped simple sequence repeats (SSR) loci. Twenty‐four individuals sampled from each of the 20 landraces (480 individuals), which were collected from farmers from Northwest to Northeast Himalaya, showed that all landraces showed within population variation and none were homogeneous. The number of polymorphic loci in a landrace population ranged from 5 to 11. A total of 71 alleles were recorded of which 58 were common and 13 were rare. Of the 71 alleles, 46 were common to both Northwest and Northeast regions, whereas 9 were unique to the former and 16 were unique to the latter. The mean number of alleles per locus was 6.45 and for landrace populations from Northwest and Northeast regions were 5.0 and 5.64, respectively. Population differentiation, as shown by a high FST value (0.61), was greater for Northeast populations. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram classified the populations into three major clusters: cluster I comprised seven populations from the Northwest region, cluster II comprised seven populations from the Northeast region and cluster III comprised populations from both regions. Investigating the population genetic structure can help monitor change in diversity over time and space, and also help devise a rational plan for management of crop landraces on‐farm under farmer management.
Identifying and Aligning Expectations in a Mentoring Relationship
Authors: Huskins W. Charles , Silet Karin , Weber‐Main Anne Marie , Begg Melissa D. , Fowler, Jr Vance G. , Hamilton John , Fleming Michael 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe mentoring relationship between a scholar and their primary mentor is a core feature of research training. Anecdotal evidence suggests this relationship is adversely affected when scholar and mentor expectations are not aligned. We examined three questions: (1) What is the value in assuring that the expectations of scholars and mentors are mutually identified and aligned? (2) What types of programmatic interventions facilitate this process? (3) What types of expectations are important to identify and align? We addressed these questions through a systematic literature review, focus group interviews of mentors and scholars, a survey of Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) KL2 program directors, and review of formal programmatic mechanisms used by KL2 programs. We found broad support for the importance of identifying and aligning the expectations of scholars and mentors and evidence that mentoring contracts, agreements, and training programs facilitate this process. These tools focus on aligning expectations with respect to the scholar’s research, education, professional development and career advancement as well as support, communication, and personal conduct and interpersonal relations. Research is needed to assess test the efficacy of formal alignment activities. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 439–447