bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of nitric oxide emissions from an internal combustion engine
Authors: Butler John D. , Thorne David M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe analysis of nitric oxide, the principal nitrogen oxide in raw exhaust gas, is described by two different techniques. Concordance of analytical determinations using the Saltzman colorimetric solution method with the gas phase chemiluminescence method is demonstrated.By dilution of exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine with nitrogen it is shown that gas samples can be stored for periods of at least 30 min without significant change in sample composition with respect to nitric oxide. This procedure enables reliable estimations of nitric oxide in exhaust gas contained in a sealed transportable vessel to be performed at sites remote from the sample point, without introducing errors due to loss of nitric oxide by chemical reaction in the time between sampling and analysis.
Wet air oxidation of glucose with hydrogen peroxide and metal salts
Authors: Brett Robert W. J. , Gurnham C. Fred 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWet air oxidation (the patented Zimmermann process) destroys organic matter in sewage sludge by bringing a sludge‐air mixture to elevated temperature (260 to 370 °C) and pressure (12.4 MPa) and holding it for a reaction time of 35 to 55 min. These conditions result in 70 to 80% COD removal with carbon dioxide, water, short chain aliphatic acids, and ash as products. Energy recovery provisions enable the process to be self‐contained at sludge concentrations of 4.5 to 5% which are difficult to obtain. An additive to the process which would enable successful oxidation to proceed with less concentrated sludge, at lower pressures and shorter times would be useful.Hydrogen peroxide in combination with several metal salts was tested as an additive. Hydrogen peroxide plus dichromate was found to destroy 70% of the COD of a glucose solution (500 mg/1 COD) at 150 °C and 5.2 MPa in 15 min. The ratio of the equivalents of the substances glucose: hydrogen peroxide: dichromate stood as 13 : 6.5 : 1.The amount of COD destroyed exceeded the oxidative equivalents of peroxide and dichromate present; hence it was concluded that molecular oxygen was incorporated in the reaction.
Filtration characteristics of aluminium hydroxide mixtures (alumina hydrates)
Authors: Chakaloz Temel , Senel Güngör 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe specific cake resistance of the alumina hydrates obtained from sodium aluminate solutions was investigated against the caustic ratio, ageing and filtration pressure using a laboratory test filter at constant pressure filtration conditions. The alumina hydrate product was produced from sodium aluminate solutions by seeding the aluminium hydroxide crystals of definite size distribution at constant solution temperature.The specific cake resistance was found to increase with the caustic ratio and filtration pressure and to decrease with the ageing of alumina hydrates in aluminate solutions.
A mathematical model for iron ore reduction: Continuous multi‐stage fluidised system with solids if size distribution and elutriation occurs
Authors: Doheim M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA mathematical model for fluidised bed reduction of iron ores is developed. The model describes a continuous multi‐stage system with solids of non‐uniform size and elutriation occurring. The model is based on the combination of a kinetic model, residence time distribution of solids, particle size distribution, and a fluidised bed model. In the fluidised bed model certain considerations, which apply to the real system, allow us to assume that the dense phase is the active region in the fluidised bed with respect to the chemical reaction, while the bubble phase gas passes through the bed unaffected. The model was applied to published data and found to be in good agreement. It may be applied to any systems which satisfy those considerations. This treatment allows the problems of bubble behaviour and the difficult estimation of its various parameters to be by‐passed.The model can be used in improving the design and operation of fluidised reduction units.
Quality assessment of molecular sieve zeolites by thermal analysis
Authors: Borthakur P. C. , Chattaraj B. D. , Dutta S. N. , Iyengar M. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInvestigations on various types of molecular sieve zeolites have been carried out by differential thermal analysis. The smoothness of the d.t.a. curve at the region of zeolitic water loss is a criterion for a particular type of molecular sieve. Inflection in this region indicates the presence of either non zeolitic material or of more than one type of molecular sieve. Quality of any molecular sieve zeolite can thus be effectively assessed by differential thermal analysis.
Barium aluminate hydrates. IV. α‐BaO.Al2O3.4H2O
Authors: Moinuddin Ahmed A. H. , Dent Glasser Lesley S. 
Published: July 2010

Abstractα‐BaO.Al2O3.4H2O has been synthesised and studied by infrared, X‐ray and thermal analytical techniques. The compound of approximate formula BaO.Al2O3.0.5H2O, described in Part III, forms as a dehydration product, and appears to be identical with the compound β‐BAH2 described by other workers. A possible explanation for the discrepancy in water content is discussed.
Applications of n.m.r. In process development of acrylates. I. Quantitative analysis in the process for methyl acrylate
Authors: Kulkarni S. Y. , Pansare V. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn n.m.r. method is developed for the quantitative analysis of the components in the compositions obtained in a process for the production of methyl acrylate. The average error of the method is about ± 2.0%.
Synthesis of 5‐cyclohexadecenone from cyclododecanone
Authors: Watanabe Shoji , Suga Kyoichi , Fujita Tsutomu , Gomi Tetsuo 
Published: July 2010

Abstract5‐Cyclohexadecenone is prepared from cyclododecanone via four new steps: chlorination, Grignard reaction with vinylmagnesium chloride and rearrangement with aluminium isopropoxide, revinylation with vinylmagnesium chloride and oxy‐Cope rearrangement.
Significance of low water—solid ratio and temperature on the physico‐mechanical characteristics of hydrates of tricalcium aluminate
Authors: Ramachandran Vangipuram S. , Feldman Rolf F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHydration characteristics are reported of tricalcium aluminate studied at 20 and 80 °C using water‐solid ratios of 0.2 and 1.0. Hydration products were subjected to differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, length change, porosity and pore size distribution, and micro‐hardness measurements.Hydration proceeds faster at 80 °C than at 20 °C and the cubic C3AH6 phase is detected in the first few seconds. At 20 °C hydration occurs with the initial formation of the hexagonal phases and expansion is continuous. At higher temperatures and a water‐solid ratio of 0.2, after an initial small expansion, the dimensional change is low. The product at 80 °C develops more than fourfold the hardness value developed at 20 °C. After 2 days of hydration, porosity, per cent C3AH6 and microhardness are 15.2%, 83% and 38.9 kg/mm2; corresponding values for the product obtained at 20 °C are 21.5%, 75% and 9.1 kg/mm2. Microstructural examination of the material formed at 80 °C indicates a closely welded and continuous network of the cubic phase. These results reveal that at a low water‐solid ratio and higher temperatures the formation of the cubic phase from C3A results in an enhancement of strength.
Studies on miscible oil
Authors: Souza Decio A. , Piedad José R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe type of miscible oil studied in this paper was composed of the sodium sulphoricinate (turkey red oil), water, a hydrocarbon and oleic acid.The purpose of this investigation was to study the relationship of the components in order to find which compositions give one phase. One mathematical equation was found to apply to many of the experimental data.
A centrifugal method for the evaluation of polymer membranes for reverse osmosis
Authors: Hollahan John R. , Wydeven Theodore , McCullough Robert P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rapid and simple method employing the laboratory centrifuge shows promise for evaluation of membrane performance during reverse osmosis. Results are presented for cellulose acetate membranes for rejection of salt and urea dissolved solids. Implications of the study are to rapid screening of membrane performance, use in laboratories with limited facilities, and possible space waste water purification.
Characteristics of amphibole asbestos dust surfaces in aqueous media with reference to quartz
Authors: Prasad N. A. , Pooley F. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments on the electrokinetic properties of amphibole asbestos dust samples from various localities of South Africa showed that amphiboles have similar surface properties. The electrokinetic studies on quartz serve as an aid and augment the investigation of the amphibole asbestos dust surfaces as quartz has been the subject of detailed study by several authors.Investigation was carried out using the streaming potential and micro‐electrophoresis techniques, where possible. The isoelectric point of the mineral amosite was found to occur at pH 3.1 to 2 and that of crocidolite at pH 3.3 to 4 whereas quartz is isoelectric at pH 2.2 through a reaction with hydrogen and hydroxyl ions exclusively.Due to the manner in which amphibole fibres are formed there is an edge and face structure on the amphibole fibre surface. The total surface charge on the amphibole fibres is therefore a function of the combined face and edge charge. The experimentations confirmed that the face charge on amphibole fibres is therefore due to the presence of silica and the edge charge due to the layers of metal cations sandwiched between layers of silica.Several samples of commercial amosite and crocidolite have been used in the investigation but the majority of the results were obtained from reference samples of crocidolite and amosite supplied by the International Union against Cancer. The importance of the surface properties of dust particles in the development of dust related disease is an area where little is known, this paper compares the surface properties of two of the major amphibole asbestos minerals with that of a known pathogenic mineral quartz.
The preparation of an immobilised glucose isomerase. I. The production and selected properties of the partially‐purified enzyme from Lactobacillus brevis
Authors: Kent C. A. , Emery A. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA strain of Lactobacillus brevis producing glucose isomerase was grown in a xylose‐containing medium. Production of intracellular glucose isomerase was four times that previously reported. Methods for the release of enzyme were compared, and a process for the production of an enzyme concentrate proposed involving (i) heat autolysis of the cells at 40 °C for 8 h; (ii) precipitation of nucleic acids with manganese chloride; (iii) precipitation of enzyme with ammonium sulphate, collecting the fraction precipitated between 60 and 85% saturation, and (iv) heat treatment of the dissolved enzyme at 55 °C in the presence of Co2+ for 10 min.Enzyme concentrates prepared using steps (i) to (iii) only showed considerable competing activity, and produced sigmoid kinetics. The use of enzymes prepared using the full method showed that substrate inhibition was apparent at glucose concentrations above approximately 30% w/v. The apparent KM value was calculated as 10 to 12% w/v (glucose), based on the definition of KM as KM= So at Vo ‐ Vmax(observed)/2. The equilibrium concentrations of fructose and glucose were 62 and 38% respectively, and were independent of temperature between 35 and 60 °C.
The reversibility of the reaction CaCO3 ⇄ CaO+CO2
Authors: Barker Ronald 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reversibility of the reaction CaCO3 ⇌ CaO+CO2 has been examined through a large number of cycles (up to 40), mainly at 866 °C. The decomposition to the oxide is always 100% but the reactivity of the oxide so formed to carbon dioxide falls off markedly after a rapid initial reaction. There is a large increase in surface area on going from the non‐porous calcium carbonate to the oxide and this is due to the formation of pores, mostly very small (< 4 nm). The fast component of the back reaction is a surface reaction and the subsequent slow reaction is controlled by the slow diffusion of carbon dioxide through the newly formed carbonate layer. The reversibility of the reaction decreases with the number of cycles, rapidly at first and then more slowly: the first effect is probably due to loss of pore volume in the oxide and the second to sintering of the carbonate.
Derivatives of 2,6‐dinitrodiphenylamine as dyes for synthetic fibres
Authors: Peters Arnold T. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract2,6‐Dinitrodiphenylamine and its derivatives were synthesised and shown to have excellent dyeing properties on synthetic fibres. Fastness to light of the dyeings was found to be inferior to those of analogous derivatives of 2‐nitro‐diphenylamine. Reasons for this decreased photochemical stability are discussed.
Hydrolysis of aluminium alkoxides and bayerite conversion
Authors: Yoldas Bulent E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study of hydrolysis of aluminium alkoxides as a function of water temperature, and structural transformation of the resultant hydroxides was conducted. Hot water hydrolysis of aluminium alkoxides produces boehmite, whereas cold water hydrolysis results in formation of amorphous monohydroxide. This amorphous phase contains OR groups whose removal by water during aging causes the material to convert to bayerite or boehmite.Bayerite conversion takes place below 80 °C by a dissolution‐recrystallisation process in which the gradual liberation of OR groups by water appears to play an important role. Boehmite conversion takes place above 80 °C where vigorous liberation of OR groups occurs and the slow stoichiometric bayerite conversion diminishes. Neither conversion takes place in pure alcohol.
Economic evaluation of enzymic utilisation of waste cellulosic materials
Authors: Das Kumudeswar , Ghose Tarun K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper deals with a review of the methods available for utilisation of waste cellulosic materials and gives a brief description of the process developed for enzymic saccharification of cellulose. For economic evaluation of the process, a cost estimate has been drawn up after a careful analysis of the cost elements involved in the production of glucose. A similar cost‐structure based on the process for the production of SCP from waste newspaper is also presented. The estimated price of glucose or biomass from this source appears to be compatible with the reported market price of these products.
Fermentative production of puromycin by Streptomyces alboniger
Authors: Abou‐Zeid Abou‐Zeid A. , Shaheen Ahmed B. , El‐Dewany Ahmed I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo strains of Streptomyces alboniger NRRL B‐1832 and 2403 were used for the biosynthesis and production of puromycin using different media. Streptomyces alboniger NRRL B‐2403 produced more puromycin than NRRL B‐1832 on medium composed of (amounts in g/1), soybean meal 10.0; corn steep 20.0; dextrin 10.0; NaCl 5.0; CaCO3 2.0, and K2HPO4 2.0. When the carbon and nitrogen sources of the basal medium were replaced by different carbon and nitrogen sources it was found that dextrin, sucrose, starch and maltose favoured the production of higher titres of puromycin, while generally organic nitrogen sources such as soybean meal and fodder yeast (40.0 and 50.0% total nitrogen) stimulated puromycin yield.On the evidence of their chemical compositions and because they are cheap and produced locally Egyptian black, strap molasses and fodder yeast are preferably used in medium for the production of puromycin. The other conditions favouring and controlling the production and biosynthesis of puromycin by fermentation were investigated.
Attachment of microorganisms in a packed column: Metabolite diffusion through the microbial film as a limiting factor
Authors: Saunders Peter T. , Bazin Michael J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPirt's theory in which microbial growth in a packed column is considered to be limited by diffusion of nutrient is modified and extended to include a consideration of two species systems. Equations are derived to describe the fate of a substrate when the substrate itself is limiting microbial growth and when oxygen is limiting. In the latter case reactions obey zero order kinetics while in the substrate limited process 'half‐order' kinetics occur. Theoretical considerations imply that limitation of microbial growth by surface area availability is unlikely. The limited experimental data available supports this conclusion but when the same data is applied to the theory of the active layer the results are inconclusive. Even if correct, the theory is not likely to be important in effluent purification.
Sulphur isotope ratios of some power plant flue gases: A method for collecting the sulphur oxide
Authors: Forrest Joseph , Klein James H. , Newman Leonard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnalyses of flue gases from fossil fuel power plants for both concentrations of sulphur oxides and the distribution of stable sulphur isotopes therein have been made. Apparatus and procedures are described for isokinetically sampling flue gas and collecting adequate samples for mass spectrometry. Results of these measurements are tabulated and their significance discussed.
Evaluation of the activity of pozzolanic materials
Authors: Hanna Kaissar M. , Afify Aly 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCompressive strength and solubilisation tests were carried out to evaluate the pozzolanic activity of some natural and artificial materials. Strength tests were performed on mortar made with cements composed of 61% Portland cement clinker, 35% pozzolanic material and 4% gypsum. 1 : 1, by weight, pozzolana‐lime mixtures were used for the determination of the amount of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 rendered soluble in cold HCl (d = 1.12) by reaction between Ca(OH)2 and the pozzolanic materials under investigation. Both of the mortar specimens and the pozzolana‐lime pastes were cured for 90 days at 25±1°C.The linear relationship found to exist between compressive strength and solubilisation of SiO2 and R2O3 is represented by the equation:

where S is the compressive strength in kg/cm2 of mortar cubes made with pozzolanic cement containing 35% by weight pozzolana; and sol. SiO2 + sol. R2O3 represents the percentages by weight of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 rendered soluble by reaction between Ca(OH)2 and the pozzolana constituent of the cement, and corrected for the sol. SiO2 and R2O3 of the original pozzolana.Granulated slag and diatomaceous earth gave results not satisfying the above relation; reasons for this are discussed.
Experiments with solid fuel for a pulsed co2 gas dynamic laser
Authors: Yellin Nehama , Gabai Amnon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments with solid fuel for a pulsed CO2 gas dynamic laser are reported. The oxidation of solid cyanurictriazide, C3N12, was carried out by solid hexanitroethane under vacuum or in nitrogen atmosphere, and by the gaseous oxidants N2O diluted in N2 or in air. The best results are achieved by combustion of cyanurictriazide in air. The laser output energy from this solid fuel is equivalent to that achieved by gaseous fuel, at the same experimental lasing conditions.
Liquid phase hydrogenation of aniline in a trickle bed reactor
Authors: Govindarao Venneti M. H. , Ramana Murthy Karri V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rate equation is developed for the liquid phase hydrogenation of aniline over cylindrical catalyst pellets of 30% nickel deposited on clay in a trickle bed reactor. The equation takes into account external and internal diffusional limitations, and describes the experimental data adequately. The hydrogenation reaction is first order with respect to hydrogen and zero order with respect to aniline. Effectiveness factors are in the range 0.003–0.03. Apparent activation energy of the reaction is 12.7 kcal/mol and true activation energy is 39.6 kcal/mol.
Metachromic interactions between azo and triphenylmethane dyes in aqueous solution
Authors: Owen Eryl D. , Al‐Akil Tarek N. , Read Roger L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInteractions between dilute aqueous solutions of the triphenylmethane dye Crystal Violet and the disazo dyes Brilliant Orange or Brilliant Yellow at room temperature produce strong metachromic absorptions at 494 nm which are absent from the spectra of either component alone. The addition of acetone, ethanol or methanol to these solutions or raising their temperature reverses the interaction. It is suggested that these observations are consistent with a strong interaction occurring between adjacent molecules of crystal violet which are held together in a specific orientation by interacting with a stereoregular network of disazo dyes held together by hydrogen bonding.
Catalysed destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons
Authors: Bond Geoffrey C. , Sadeghi Nasser 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChlorinated hydrocarbons (CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4, C2H2Cl2, C2HCl3 and C2Cl4) are efficiently converted to HCl and CO2 over Pt/γ‐Al2O3 catalysts on which a hydrocarbon fuel is being oxidised catalytically at about 450°C: conversions generally exceed 95% if the catalyst contains 0.8% or more Pt. Conversions are almost independent of vapour pressure of chlorinated hydrocarbon, and are not strongly temperature dependent between 420 and 500 °C. Catalysts containing 0.2 and 0.5% Pt give 32%2% and 68–75% conversion with all six reactants at about 420 °C.
Kinetics of the vapour phase oxidation of ethyl alcohol on vanadium pentoxide catalyst
Authors: Ganguly Narayandas , Janakiram Kallakuri , Nag Nabinkrishna , Bhattacharyya Sudhirkumar 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of V2O5‐catalysed vapour phase oxidation of ethyl alcohol were studied with the help of a differential fixed‐bed flow reactor. The partial pressures of alcohol, oxygen and water were varied in the ranges: 6–10 × 10–3 atm, 1–10 % × 10–1 atm, and 0–169 × 10–3 atm respectively in the temperature range 228–264 °C. The rate equation:

deduced by the assumptions of the steady‐state redox mechanism, was found to conform to the experimental results. The energies of activation for the partial reactions, namely reduction and oxidation of the catalyst, were found to be 18.9 and 11.8 kcal/mol. The influence of different products was also studied in detail.
Recovery of zinc, cadmium and mercury (ii) from chloride and sulphate media by solvent extraction
Authors: Rice Nevill M. , Smith Michael R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe extraction of zinc, cadmium and mercury from chloride and sulphate media by solvating extractants, liquid anion and liquid cation exchangers has been reviewed both from the literature and by experiment. The results have been discussed in terms of both practical process possibilities and the use of slope analysis to identify the extracted species. These show that slope analysis cannot give positive unambiguous identification of extraction stoichiometry in systems in which the extracted metal species contains coordinating ligands from the aqueous phase. However, in the extraction of Zn and Cd from sulphate media by di(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA) the extracted species is shown to be an MR2(HR)2 monomer by slope analysis demonstrating its use in simple systems. In the case of amines and solvating reagents such as TBPc and TOPO zinc appears to be extracted from Cl– media as either ZnCl2 or sometimes HZnCl3 whereas Cd and Hg(II) appear to be always extracted as HCdCl3 and HHgCl3 species. The use of aqueous phase complexing by Cl– to improve the separation of Zn and Cd by extraction is clear. Some results are presented for the recovery of zinc from sulphate media by oximes and mercury from sulphuric acid media by amines and DEHPA.