bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food sources of nutrients among 13-year-old Portuguese adolescents
Authors: Araújo Joana , Severo Milton , Lopes Carla , Ramos Elisabete 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo identify food sources of nutrients in adolescents’ diets and to identify differences in food sources according to individual characteristics.DesignA cross-sectional evaluation was carried out in the 2003/2004 school year. Self-administered questionnaires were used and a physical examination was performed. Diet was evaluated using an FFQ.SettingPublic and private schools in Porto, Portugal.SubjectsAdolescents aged 13 years (n1522) enrolled at school.ResultsThe main sources of energy were starchy foods (26·5 %), dairy (12·5 %) and meat (12·0 %). The major contributors to carbohydrate intake were starchy foods (38·2 %) and fruit (13·8 %) and to protein intake were meat (28·0 %), dairy products (20·3 %), starchy foods (15·3 %) and seafood (13·6 %). The main sources of total fat were meat (22·0 %), starchy foods (13·4 %) and dairy products (12·7 %). Sweets and pastries presented important contributions to energy (11·1 %), carbohydrate (12·4 %), total fat (13·3 %) and saturated fat (16·6 %) intakes. Parental education was inversely associated with the contribution of sweets and pastries to energy, carbohydrate and fat intakes and it was positively associated with the seafood contribution to protein intake.ConclusionsThe major sources of carbohydrates were starchy foods, which also accounted for a quarter of energy intake. Dairy products plus meat accounted for another quarter of energy. Meat was a major source of protein and fats. Sweets and pastries contributed more than 10 % to energy, carbohydrates, total and saturated fat. Parental education was the strongest determinant of food sources and was positively associated with a healthier contribution of food groups.
Perceptions of portion size and energy content: implications for strategies to affect behaviour change
Authors: Brindal Emily , Wilson Carlene , Mohr Philip , Wittert Gary 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess Australian consumers’ perception of portion size of fast-food items and their ability to estimate energy content.DesignCross-sectional computer-based survey.SettingAustralia.SubjectsFast-food consumers (168 male, 324 female) were asked to recall the items eaten at the most recent visit to a fast-food restaurant, rate the prospective satiety and estimate the energy content of seven fast-food or ‘standard’ meals relative to a 9000 kJ Guideline Daily Amount. Nine dietitians also completed the energy estimation task.ResultsRatings of prospective satiety generally aligned with the actual size of the meals and indicated that consumers perceived all meals to provide an adequate amount of food, although this differed by gender. The magnitude of the error in energy estimation by consumers was three to ten times that of the dietitians. In both males and females, the average error in energy estimation for the fast-food meals (females: mean 3911 (sd1998) kJ; males: mean 3382 (sd1957) kJ) was significantly (P< 0·001) larger than for the standard meals (females: mean 2607 (sd1623) kJ; males: mean 2754 (sd1652) kJ). In women, error in energy estimation for fast-food items predicted actual energy intake from fast-food items (β= 0·16,P< 0·01).ConclusionsKnowledge of the energy content of standard and fast-food meals in fast-food consumers in Australia is poor. Awareness of dietary energy should be a focus of health promotion if nutrition information, in its current format, is going to alter behaviour.
Re-imagining the ‘social’ in the nutrition sciences
Authors: Schubert Lisa , Gallegos Danielle , Foley Wendy , Harrison Claire 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectiveIn response to The New Nutrition Science Project's Giessen Declaration, we provide here a case for a more fully described and integrated ‘social’ dimension within the nutrition sciences.DesignThis paper explores what we mean when we argue for socially engaged nutrition sciences (SENS), and describes the disciplinary fields, epistemologies and methodologies that contribute to SENS’ potential rich diversity and value. Additionally, the current positioning of ‘social nutrition’ research within the nutrition sciences is critiqued.ResultsThere is fairly broad acceptance of the ‘social’ as an important contributor to successful public health nutrition situation analyses, intervention planning and implementation. However, we assert that the ‘social’ is not merely a contributor, the usual position, but is central. Implications for policy and practice that could follow from this shift in approach are outlined.ConclusionsWe call for researchers, educators, policy makers and practitioners alike to re-imagine the role and purpose of social science enquiry that could enable the delivery of more socially engaged nutrition sciences.
Metatranscriptomic analyses of chlorophototrophs of a hot-spring microbial mat
Authors: Liu Zhenfeng , Klatt Christian G , Wood Jason M , Rusch Douglas B , Ludwig Marcus , Wittekindt Nicola , Tomsho Lynn P , Schuster Stephan C , Ward David M , Bryant Donald A 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The phototrophic microbial mat community of Mushroom Spring, an alkaline siliceous hot spring in Yellowstone National Park, was studied by metatranscriptomic methods. RNA was extracted from mat specimens collected at four timepoints during light-to-dark and dark-to-light transitions in one diel cycle, and these RNA samples were analyzed by both pyrosequencing and SOLiD technologies. Pyrosequencing was used to assess the community composition, which showed that ∼84% of the rRNA was derived from members of four kingdoms Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Chlorobi and Acidobacteria. Transcription of photosynthesis-related genes conclusively demonstrated the phototrophic nature of two newly discovered populations; these organisms, which were discovered through metagenomics, are currently uncultured and previously undescribed members of Chloroflexi and Chlorobi. Data sets produced by SOLiD sequencing of complementary DNA provided &gt;100-fold greater sequence coverage. The much greater sequencing depth allowed transcripts to be detected from ∼15 000 genes and could be used to demonstrate statistically significant differential transcription of thousands of genes. Temporal differences for in situ transcription patterns of photosynthesis-related genes suggested that the six types of chlorophototrophs in the mats may use different strategies for maximizing their solar-energy capture, usage and growth. On the basis of both temporal pattern and transcript abundance, intra-guild gene expression differences were also detected for two populations of the oxygenic photosynthesis guild. This study showed that, when community-relevant genomes and metagenomes are available, SOLiD sequencing technology can be used for metatranscriptomic analyses, and the results suggested that this method can potentially reveal new insights into the ecophysiology of this model microbial community.
The frequency and quantity of Alaskan groundfish catcher-vessel landings made with and without an observer
Authors: Faunce Craig H. , Barbeaux Steven J. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Faunce, C. H., and Barbeaux, S. J. 2011. The frequency and quantity of Alaskan groundfish catcher-vessel landings made with and without an observer. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1757–1763. The North Pacific Groundfish Observer Programme (NPGOP) is one of the largest on-board fishery-monitoring programmes in the world, and the data are used extensively for both in- and post-season management of fisheries. Within certain limits, Alaskan fishers determine when and where to carry observers. There may be an incentive to fish differently during observed trips because (i) observed trips carry higher costs than unobserved trips, and (ii) bycatch quanta for quota deduction are estimated by applying bycatch rates from observed trips to retained catches on unobserved trips. Such differences may be manifest through the skewed deployment of observers among fisheries, i.e. a deployment effect, and through unrepresentative activities by fishers when an observer is on board, i.e. an observer effect. Despite long-standing concerns expressed over the NPGOP's 40-year history, evidence of deployment and observer effects have been based largely on anecdotal information. In 2008, database changes allowed a comparison of industry landing reports for trips with and without an observer. A deployment effect was evidenced by significant deviations from the expected landing ratios between observed and unobserved trips, and linear mixed-effect models revealed differences in the landed weight and evidence for an observer effect within two of five fisheries examined.
sTREM‐1 and LBP in Central Venous Catheter–associated Bloodstream Infections in Pediatric Intestinal Failure
Authors: Kevan Emily N. , Simmons Julia R. , Kocoshis Samuel A. , Cohen Mitchell B. , Rudolph Jeffrey A. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTObjective:Central venous catheter–associated bloodstream infections (CVC‐BSIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric intestinal failure (IF) population. We assessed plasma lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein (LBP) and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells‐1 (sTREM‐1) as biomarkers for CVC‐BSI. We hypothesized that sTREM‐1 and LBP rise with BSI and decline following treatment, and that baseline LBP is higher in the IF population than in controls.Patients and Methods:Patients younger than 4 years were recruited from the IF registry at Cincinnati Children's Hospital. LBP and sTREM‐1 levels were measured on 22 patients with IF at baseline, 17 patients with IF with BSIs, and 11 healthy controls.Results:Mean sTREM‐1 level (pg/mL) and LBP level (μg/mL) rose with CVC‐BSI over baseline (115.0 ± 51.2 vs 85.9 ± 27.6, P = 0.011 and 79.8 ± 45.4 vs 20.5 ± 11.3, P < 0.001, respectively) and declined following antibiotic therapy (115.0 ± 51.2 vs 77.9 ± 29.8, P = 0.003 and 79.8 ± 45.4 vs 26.2 ± 10.8, P < 0.001, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that neither sTREM‐1 nor LBP is sufficient to predict bacteremia versus fever without bacteremia (area under these curves = 0.57 and 0.82, respectively). Baseline LBP was higher in hospitalized patients than in outpatients (27.5 ± 8.7 vs 13.5 ± 9.2, P = 0.002), patients with previous BSIs versus those without (23.5 ± 10.4 vs 10.1 ± 8.3, P = 0.016), and those listed for transplantation versus those not listed (29.6 ± 9.8 vs 16.2 ± 9.5, P = 0.033).Conclusions:sTREM‐1 and LBP rise with CVC‐BSI in IF and decline after treatment; however, neither distinguishes infection from nonbacteremic febrile episodes. Baseline LBP may be a marker of disease severity in IF.
Abdominal Pain–Predominant Functional Gastrointestinal Diseases in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Devanarayana Niranga Manjuri , Mettananda Sachith , Liyanarachchi Chathurangi , Nanayakkara Navoda , Mendis Niranjala , Perera Nimnadi , Rajindrajith Shaman 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and Objective:Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGD) are common among children, but little is known regarding their prevalence in developing countries. We assessed the prevalence of abdominal pain–predominant FGD, in addition to the predisposing factors and symptomatology, in Sri Lankan children.Patients and Methods:A cross‐sectional survey was conducted among a randomly selected group of 10‐ to 16‐year‐olds in 8 randomly selected schools in 4 provinces in Sri Lanka. A validated, self‐administered questionnaire was completed by children independently in an examination setting. FGD were diagnosed using Rome III criteria.Results:A total of 2180 questionnaires were distributed and 2163 (99.2%) were included in the analysis (1189 [55%] boys, mean age 13.4 years, standard deviation 1.8 years). Of them, 270 (12.5%) had at least 1 abdominal pain–predominant FGD. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was seen in 107 (4.9%), functional dyspepsia in 54 (2.5%), functional abdominal pain in 96 (4.4%), and abdominal migraine (AM) in 21 (1.0%) (2 had AM and functional dyspepsia, 6 had AM and IBS). Extraintestinal symptoms were more common among affected children (P < 0.05). Abdominal pain–predominant FGD were higher in girls and those exposed to stressful events (P < 0.05). Prevalence negatively correlated with age (r = −0.05, P = 0.02).Conclusions:Abdominal pain–predominant FGD affects 12.5% of children ages 10 to 16 years and constitutes a significant health problem in Sri Lanka. IBS is the most common FGD subtype present. Abdominal pain–predominant FGD are higher in girls and those exposed to emotional stress. Prevalence of FGD decreased with age. Extraintestinal symptoms are more frequent in affected children.
Biochemical Parameters and Anthropometry Predict NAFLD in Obese Children
Authors: Maffeis Claudio , Banzato Claudia , Rigotti Francesca , Nobili Valerio , Valandro Silvia , Manfredi Riccardo , Morandi Anita 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to build a predictive model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese children. Fifty‐six obese 10‐year‐old children underwent blood tests for biochemical measures and magnetic resonance imaging for NAFLD diagnosis. A model combining waist‐to‐height ratio, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, adiponectin, and alanine aminotransferase was accurate in predicting NAFLD (AUROC = 0.94 [95% confidence interval 0.89–0.99], P < 10−5). When adiponectin was not included in the model, the discrimination accuracy was still good (AUROC = 0.88 [95% confidence interval 0.79–0.97], P < 10−5). In conclusion, a predictive equation combining routinely available variables may allow physicians to identify obese children at the highest risk of NAFLD.
Early Developing Celiac Disease in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Stenberg Reidun , Kaukinen Katri , Bengtsson Mats , Lindberg Eva , Dahle Charlotte 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTObjectives:We have reported on increased levels of antibodies against gliadin and/or transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) but without having increased prevalence of celiac disease (CD). The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether these children have mucosal signs of early developing CD, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DQ2/DQ8, and antibodies against deamidated gliadin peptides (DGP).Patients and Methods:Stored blood samples from 16 children with CP were analyzed regarding HLA‐DQ2/DQ8 and anti‐DGP antibodies. HLA‐DQ2/DQ8 were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probes. Anti‐DGP antibodies were analyzed with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Small‐bowel biopsies from 15 of these children were available for immunohistochemistry regarding IgA colocalized with TG2, densities of α/β+ and γ/δ+ intraepithelial lymphocytes.Results:Mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) deposits colocalized with TG2 were found in the small‐bowel biopsy from 1 patient with serum IgA‐class anti‐TG2 antibodies, HLA‐DQ2, and gastrointestinal complaints. Another 2 children had slightly increased numbers of mucosal α/β+ and/or γ/δ+ intraepithelial lymphocytes. In total, 10 of 16 children were HLA‐DQ2 and/or DQ8‐positive. Anti‐DGP antibodies were detected in sera from 4 of 16 children.Conclusions:In the present study, 1 child with CP had IgA colocalizing with TG2 in the small‐bowel mucosa, suggesting CD at an early stage. Although the majority of children with CP and elevated levels of CD‐related seromarkers are HLA‐DQ2 and/or DQ8‐positive, they have neither classical nor early developing CD.
On the form of the space‐time domain reflection function for a simple flat‐lying interface
Authors: Thomson C.J. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTA description is given of the function R(x, t) forming the kernel of the space‐time domain reflection operator for scalar waves illuminating a single interface in two space dimensions. This reflection function is closely related to migration common‐image gathers and it can be thought of as the set of all plane‐wave reflection coefficients after Fourier synthesis over wavenumber, or slowness, and frequency.R(x, t) is a generalized function with a complicated form at the origin, or around it when smoothing is applied. Much can be inferred from knowledge of the plane‐wave coefficients themselves and a simple scalar‐ or acoustic‐wave case without density variation displays the essential features. The theoretical predictions are visualized by smoothed numerical examples obtained using a discrete Fourier transform method. The space‐time form of the reflection function for a low‐contrast boundary is also considered, as is, briefly, the transmission function.Among the characteristics of R(x, t) are that it is essentially V shaped in the (x, t) plane, with linear arms given by the wave cones for the two media involved. These arms carry  signals, where H(t) is the Heaviside step function. The time dependence along x = 0 is also relatively simple, being like the delta derivative δ′(t). At or around the origin R(x, t) is intricate due to the fine balancing of its plane‐wave components. This intricacy makes the corresponding reflection operator capable of analysing an arbitrary incident wave to give the reflected wave, including such effects as total reflection and head waves and the reflection of short horizontal wavelength evanescent waves due to a point source very close to the interface.The results provide a baseline for understanding common‐image gathers used in migration, including those associated with reverse‐time migration and full‐waveform inversion. Clarity about the space‐time form of the reflection operator will hopefully advance the goal of unifying imaging, amplitude‐versus‐offset analysis and waveform inversion. Application to the time‐domain numerical modelling of waves is also conceivable.
The form of the reflection operator and extended image gathers for a dipping plane reflector in two space dimensions
Authors: Thomson C.J. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThe reflection operator for a simple flat‐lying interface can be thought of as the set of all its plane‐wave reflection coefficients or as the set of virtual surveys with sources and receivers along the interface. When there is dip, however, it is necessary to include the varying effects of propagation between the virtual‐survey level and the interface.Hence, step one in this paper is to derive the reflection operator for a dipping plane interface as observed at a datum level some distance away. The key assumption is that the aperture at the datum level is sufficient to characterize the reflector properties around a particular point. This translates into an assumption that the dip is moderate, though no explicit small‐angle approximation is required.The second step is to find the apparent reflection operator that would relate data that have been extrapolated from the datum towards and possibly beyond the reflector using an assumed migration velocity. This apparent reflection operator is closely related to extended common‐image gathers. The apparent reflection operator may be analysed asymptotically in terms of rays and other signals, shedding light on the structure of extended image gathers.In keeping with the virtual‐survey idea, the results are considered in a subsurface space‐time or slowness‐time domain at various extrapolation levels around the interface. An important distinction is drawn between using subsurface midpoint‐offset coordinates and the wavefield coordinates of the incident and reflected waves. The latter reveal more clearly the effects of dip, because they lead to a more asymmetric apparent reflection operator. Properties such as an up‐dip shift of a traveltime minimum and its associated curvature theoretically provide information about the reflector location and dip and the migration‐velocity error.The space‐time form of the reflection operator can be highly intricate around the offset‐time origin and it was described for a simple flat interface in a background paper. To avoid a layer of mathematics, the reflection‐operator formulas presented here are in the intermediate space‐frequency domain. They are analysed by considering their stationary‐phase and branch‐point high‐frequency contributions.There is no Born‐like assumption of weak reflector contrast and so wide‐angle, total reflection and head‐wave effects are included. Snell’s law is an explicit part of the theory. It is hoped that the work will therefore be a step towards the goal of unifying amplitude‐versus‐offset, imaging and waveform inversion.
Spermatogonial stem cells alone are not sufficient to re‐initiate spermatogenesis in the rat testis following adjudin‐induced infertility
Authors: Mok K‐W. , Mruk D. D. , Lee W. M. , Cheng C. Y. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe blood–testis barrier (BTB) is a unique ultrastructure in the testis, which creates a specialized microenvironment in the seminiferous epithelium known as the apical (or adluminal) compartment for post‐meiotic germ‐cell development and for maintenance of an immunological barrier. In this study, we have demonstrated unequivocally that a functional and intact BTB is crucial for the initiation of spermatogenesis, in particular, the differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). It was shown that adult rats (∼300 g body weight, b.w.) treated with adjudin at 50 (low‐dose) or 250 (high‐dose) mg/kg b.w. by gavage led to germ‐cell depletion from the seminiferous tubules and that >98% of the tubules were devoid of germ cells by ∼2 week and rats became infertile in both groups after the sperm reserve in the epididymis was exhausted. While the population of SSC/spermatogonia in the seminiferous tubules from both groups was similar to that of normal rats, only rats from the low‐dose group were capable of re‐initiating spermatogenesis; and by 20 weeks, greater than 75% of the tubules displayed normal spermatogenesis and the fertility of these rats rebounded. Detailed analysis by dual‐labelled immunofluorescence analysis and a functional BTB integrity assay revealed that in both treatment groups, the BTB was disrupted from week 6 to week 12. However, the disrupted BTB ‘resealed’ in the low‐dose group, but not in the high‐dose group. Our findings illustrate that SSC/spermatogonia failed to differentiate into spermatocytes beyond Aaligned spermatogonia in the high‐dose group with a disrupted BTB. In short, these findings illustrate the critical significance of the BTB for re‐initiation of spermatogenesis besides SSC and spermatogonia.