bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Architecture of Plasma Adiponectin Overlaps With the Genetics of Metabolic Syndrome–Related Traits
Authors: Henneman Peter , Aulchenko Yurii S. , Frants Rune R. , Zorkoltseva Irina V. , Zillikens M. Carola , Frolich Marijke , Oostra Ben A. , van Dijk Ko Willems , van Duijn Cornelia M. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
Adiponectin, a hormone secreted by adipose tissue, is of particular interest in metabolic syndrome, because it is inversely correlated with obesity and insulin sensitivity. However, it is not known to what extent the genetics of plasma adiponectin and the genetics of obesity and insulin sensitivity are interrelated. We aimed to evaluate the heritability of plasma adiponectin and its genetic correlation with the metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome–related traits and the association between these traits and 10 ADIPOQ single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We made use of a family-based population, the Erasmus Rucphen Family study (1,258 women and 967 men). Heritability analysis was performed using a polygenic model. Genetic correlations were estimated using bivariate heritability analyses. Genetic association analysis was performed using a mixed model.

RESULTS
Plasma adiponectin showed a heritability of 55.1%. Genetic correlations between plasma adiponectin HDL cholesterol and plasma insulin ranged from 15 to 24% but were not significant for fasting glucose, triglycerides, blood pressure, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and C-reactive protein. A significant association with plasma adiponectin was found for ADIPOQ variants rs17300539 and rs182052. A nominally significant association was found with plasma insulin and HOMA-IR and ADIPOQ variant rs17300539 after adjustment for plasma adiponectin.

CONCLUSIONS
The significant genetic correlation between plasma adiponectin and HDL cholesterol and plasma insulin should be taken into account in the interpretation of genome-wide association studies. Association of ADIPOQ SNPs with plasma adiponectin was replicated, and we showed association between one ADIPOQ SNP and plasma insulin and HOMA-IR.
Circulating Vascular Progenitor Cells in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria
Authors: Dessapt Cecile , Karalliedde Janaka , Hernandez-Fuentes Maria , Martin Paz Prieto , Maltese Giuseppe , Dattani Nikesh , Atkar Ravinder , Viberti GianCarlo , Gnudi Luigi 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
Patients with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Abnormalities in vascular progenitor cells, which participate in vascular repair, may be implicated in this susceptibility.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied the number and function of vascular progenitor cells in 22 type 1 diabetic patients with history of microalbuminuria (MA+) and 22 type 1 diabetic patients without history of microalbuminuria (MA−), of similar age, diabetes duration, glycemic control, renal function, and no history of CVD.

RESULTS
MA+ patients had lower circulating CD34+ and CD34+/CD133+ cell numbers compared with MA− patients (P &lt; 0.006). In in vitro functional assays, MA+ patients had a significantly lower number of colony-forming units and impaired vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A–mediated tube formation, when compared with MA− patients (P &lt; 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
In type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria, a marker of microvascular injury and a risk factor for CVD, circulating vascular progenitor cell number is reduced and function is impaired.
Prevalence of Diabetes and High Risk for Diabetes Using A1C Criteria in the U.S. Population in 1988–2006
Authors: Cowie Catherine C. , Rust Keith F. , Byrd-Holt Danita D. , Gregg Edward W. , Ford Earl S. , Geiss Linda S. , Bainbridge Kathleen E. , Fradkin Judith E. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
We examined prevalences of previously diagnosed diabetes and undiagnosed diabetes and high risk for diabetes using recently suggested A1C criteria in the U.S. during 2003–2006. We compared these prevalences to those in earlier surveys and those using glucose criteria.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In 2003–2006, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey included a probability sample of 14,611 individuals aged ≥12 years. Participants were classified on glycemic status by interview for diagnosed diabetes and by A1C, fasting, and 2-h glucose challenge values measured in subsamples.

RESULTS
Using A1C criteria, the crude prevalence of total diabetes in adults aged ≥20 years was 9.6% (20.4 million), of which 19.0% was undiagnosed (7.8% diagnosed, 1.8% undiagnosed using A1C ≥6.5%). Another 3.5% of adults (7.4 million) were at high risk for diabetes (A1C 6.0 to &lt;6.5%). Prevalences were disproportionately high in the elderly. Age-/sex-standardized prevalence was more than two times higher in non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans versus non-Hispanic whites for diagnosed, undiagnosed, and total diabetes (P &lt; 0.003); standardized prevalence at high risk for diabetes was more than two times higher in non-Hispanic blacks versus non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans (P &lt; 0.00001). Since 1988–1994, diagnosed diabetes generally increased, while the percent of diabetes that was undiagnosed and the percent at high risk of diabetes generally decreased. Using A1C criteria, prevalences of undiagnosed diabetes and high risk of diabetes were one-third that and one-tenth that, respectively, using glucose criteria.

CONCLUSIONS
Although A1C detects much lower prevalences than glucose criteria, hyperglycemic conditions remain high in the U.S., and elderly and minority groups are disproportionately affected.
Role of Adiposity and Lifestyle in the Relationship Between Family History of Diabetes and 20-Year Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in U.S. Women
Authors: van 't Riet Esther , Dekker Jacqueline M. , Sun Qi , Nijpels Giel , Hu Frank B. , van Dam Rob M. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate to what extent the association between family history of diabetes and risk of type 2 diabetes can be explained by excess adiposity and lifestyle risk factors.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We analyzed data from 73,227 women who participated in the Nurses' Health Study cohort. A family history of diabetes was defined as having at least one first-degree family member with diabetes. Lifestyle factors, weight, and height were assessed by using validated questionnaires, and BMI was calculated. The relative risk of type 2 diabetes was estimated using Cox proportional hazards analysis.

RESULTS
We documented 5,101 cases of type 2 diabetes during 20 years of follow-up. The age-adjusted relative risk of type 2 diabetes in participants with a family history was 2.27 (95% CI 2.14–2.40) compared with the risk in those without a family history of diabetes. Participants with a family history of diabetes had a higher BMI and were more likely to have a parental history of obesity. BMI explained 21.1% (19.4–22.9) of the association between family history of diabetes and risk of type 2 diabetes. Intakes of red meat, alcohol, and sugar-sweetened beverages explained 1.1% (0.8–1.3), 4.8% (4.3–5.3), and 2.8% (2.4–3.2) of this association, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that excess adiposity and, to a lesser extent, specific dietary habits can explain a substantial part of the association between having a family history of diabetes and risk of type 2 diabetes.
Effect of Pioglitazone on Energy Intake and Ghrelin in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Martin Corby K. , Gupta Alok K. , Smith Steven R. , Greenway Frank L. , Han Hongmei , Bray George A. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
To measure ghrelin and energy intake in the laboratory after pioglitazone treatment.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a parallel, three-arm study with 51 obese diabetic subjects randomized to either 1) pioglitazone plus a portion-controlled diet (Pio+PC), 2) pioglitazone plus American Diabetes Association (ADA) dietary advice (Pio+ADA), or 3) metformin plus ADA advice (Met+ADA). Energy intake and the suppressive response of a meal on ghrelin were measured at weeks 0 and 16. Mixed models tested if changes from week 0 to 16 differed by group.

RESULTS
The Pio+ADA group had a significantly larger increase (P &lt; 0.05) in energy intake ([adjusted means ± SE] 207 ± 53 kcal) compared with the Pio+PC (50 ± 46 kcal) and Met+ADA (52 ± 49 kcal) groups. Change in restraint and disinhibition (variables associated with eating behavior) mediated weight change. Ghrelin suppression increased in the Pio+ADA group, which gained weight.

CONCLUSIONS
A portion-controlled diet attenuated the increase in energy intake after pioglitazone. Ghrelin responded to weight change not pioglitazone exposure.
Effects of Intravenous Glucose Load on Insulin Secretion in Patients With Ketosis-Prone Diabetes During Near-Normoglycemia Remission
Authors: Gosmanov Aidar R. , Smiley Dawn , Robalino Gonzalo , Siqueira Joselita M. , Peng Limin , Kitabchi Abbas E. , Umpierrez Guillermo E. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
Most patients with ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes (KPD) discontinue insulin therapy and remain in near-normoglycemic remission. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of glucotoxicity on β-cell function during remission in obese patients with KPD.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Age- and BMI-matched obese African Americans with a history of KPD (n = 8), severe hyperglycemia but without ketosis (ketosis-resistant type 2 diabetes, n = 7), and obese control subjects (n = 13) underwent intravenous infusion of 10% dextrose at a rate of 200 mg per m2/min for 20 h. β-Cell function was assessed by changes in insulin and C-peptide concentrations during dextrose infusion and by changes in acute insulin response (AIR) and first-phase insulin release (FPIR) to arginine stimulation before and after dextrose infusion.

RESULTS
The mean ± SD time to discontinue insulin therapy was 7.1 ± 1.7 weeks in KPD and 9.6 ± 2.3 weeks in ketosis-resistant type 2 diabetes (NS). During a 20-h dextrose infusion, changes in insulin, C-peptide, and the C-peptide–to–glucose ratio were similar among diabetic and control groups. During dextrose infusion, subjects with ketosis-resistant type 2 diabetes had greater areas under the curve for blood glucose than subjects with KPD and control subjects (P &lt; 0.05). The AIR and FPIR to arginine stimulation as well as glucose potentiation to arginine assessed before and after dextrose infusion were not different among the study groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Near-normoglycemia remission in obese African American patients with KPD and ketosis-resistant type 2 diabetes is associated with a remarkable recovery in basal and stimulated insulin secretion. At near-normoglycemia remission, patients with KPD displayed a pattern of insulin secretion similar to that of patients with ketosis-resistant type 2 diabetes and obese nondiabetic subjects.
Serum Vitamin D Concentration Does Not Predict Insulin Action or Secretion in European Subjects With the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Gulseth Hanne L. , Gjelstad Ingrid M.F. , Tierney Audrey C. , Lovegrove Julie A. , Defoort Catherine , Blaak Ellen E. , Lopez-Miranda Jose , Kiec-Wilk Beata , Ris Ulférus , Roche Helen M. , Drevon Christian A. , Birkeland Kåre I. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and insulin action and secretion.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a cross-sectional study of 446 Pan-European subjects with the metabolic syndrome, insulin action and secretion were assessed by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) indexes and intravenous glucose tolerance test to calculate acute insulin response, insulin sensitivity, and disposition index. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

RESULTS
The 25(OH)D3 concentration was 57.1 ± 26.0 nmol/l (mean ± SD), and only 20% of the subjects had 25(OH)D3 levels ≥75 nmol/l. In multiple linear analyses, 25(OH)D3 concentrations were not associated with parameters of insulin action or secretion after adjustment for BMI and other covariates.

CONCLUSIONS
In a large sample of subjects with the metabolic syndrome, serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 did not predict insulin action or secretion. Clear evidence that D vitamin status directly influences insulin secretion or action is still lacking.
Increased Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Activation and TLR Ligands in Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Dasu Mohan R. , Devaraj Sridevi , Park Samuel , Jialal Ishwarlal 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
Individuals with type 2 diabetes have a myriad of metabolic aberrations including increased inflammation, increasing their cardiovascular risk. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their ligands play a key role in insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. However, there is a paucity of data examining the expression and activity of TLRs in type 2 diabetes. Thus, in the present study, we examined TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein expression, their ligands, and signaling in monocytes of recently diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
TLR mRNA, protein expression, TLR ligands, and TLR signaling were measured in freshly isolated monocytes from healthy human control subjects (n = 23) and type 2 diabetic subjects (n = 23) using real-time RT-PCR, Western blot, and flow cytometric assays.

RESULTS
Type 2 diabetic subjects had significantly increased TLR2, TLR4 mRNA, and protein in monocytes compared with control subjects (P &lt; 0.05). Increased TLR2 and TLR4 expression correlated with BMI, homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glucose, A1C, Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML), and free fatty acid (FFA). Ligands of TLR2 and TLR4, namely, HSP60, HSP70, HMGB1, endotoxin, and hyaluronan levels, were elevated in type 2 diabetic subjects and positively correlated with TLR2 and TLR4. Type 2 diabetic subjects showed increased MyD88, phosphorylated IRAK-1, Trif, TICAM-1, IRF-3, and NF-κB p65 expression in monocytes compared with control subjects. Furthermore, TLR-MyD88-NF-κB signaling resulted in elevated levels of cytokines (P &lt; 0.05), but increased interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon (IFN)-γ, and endotoxin were not significant when adjusted for BMI.

CONCLUSIONS
In this comprehensive study, we make the novel observation that TLR2 and TLR4 expression and their ligands, signaling, and functional activation are increased in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes and contribute to the proinflammatory state.
Diabetes Trends Among Delivery Hospitalizations in the U.S., 1994–2004
Authors: Albrecht Sandra S. , Kuklina Elena V. , Bansil Pooja , Jamieson Denise J. , Whiteman Maura K. , Kourtis Athena P. , Posner Samuel F. , Callaghan William M. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
To examine trends in the prevalence of diabetes among delivery hospitalizations in the U.S. and to describe the characteristics of these hospitalizations.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Hospital discharge data from 1994 through 2004 were obtained from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Diagnosis codes were selected for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and unspecified diabetes. Rates of delivery hospitalization with diabetes were calculated per 100 deliveries.

RESULTS
Overall, an estimated 1,863,746 hospital delivery discharges contained a diabetes diagnosis, corresponding to a rate of 4.3 per 100 deliveries over the 11-year period. GDM accounted for the largest proportion of delivery hospitalizations with diabetes (84.7%), followed by type 1 (7%), type 2 (4.7%), and unspecified diabetes (3.6%). From 1994 to 2004, the rates for all diabetes, GDM, type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes significantly increased overall and within each age-group (15–24, 25–34, and ≥35 years) (P &lt; 0.05). The largest percent increase for all ages was among type 2 diabetes (367%). By age-group, the greatest percent increases for each diabetes type were among the two younger groups. Significant predictors of diabetes at delivery included age ≥35 years vs. 15–24 years (odds ratio 4.80 [95% CI 4.72–4.89]), urban versus rural location (1.14 [1.11–1.17]), and Medicaid/Medicare versus other payment sources (1.29 [1.26–1.32]).

CONCLUSIONS
Given the increasing prevalence of diabetes among delivery hospitalizations, particularly among younger women, it will be important to monitor trends in the pregnant population and target strategies to minimize risk for maternal/fetal complications.
Fusarium spp. Contamination of Wheat, Maize, Soybean, and Pea Grain in Croatia
Authors: Ivić Dario , Domijan Ana-Marija , Peraica Maja , Miličević Tihomir , Cvjetković Bogdan 
Published: January 2010

Fusariumspp. Contamination of Wheat, Maize, Soybean, and Pea Grain in CroatiaFrom 2002 to 2008, 203 samples of wheat, maize, soybean, and pea were analysed for the presence ofFusariumspecies. Contamination withFusariumspp., expressed as the percentage of seeds withFusariumcolonies, ranged from 5 % to 69 % for wheat, from 25 % to 100 % for maize, from 4 % to 17 % for soybean, and from 3 % to 17 % for pea. 187 isolates were collected and the following 19 species determined:F. graminearum, F. poae, F. avenaceum, F. verticillioides, F. sporotrichioides, F. heterosporum, F. crookwellense, F. tricinctum, F. semitectum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani, F. equiseti, F. pseudograminearum, F. chlamydosporum, F. sambucinum, F. compactum, F. scirpi, and F. culmorum.Dominant species wereF. graminearumon wheat (27 % of isolates),F. verticillioideson maize (83 % of isolates),F. sporotrichioideson soybean (34 % of isolates), andF. proliferatumon pea (29 % of isolates). Among species identified,F. heterosporum, F. crookwellense, F. pseudograminearum, F. sambucinum, andF. compactumhave been reported for the first time in Croatia.
A Journey Through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Ochratoxin A Interactions
Authors: Rumora Lada , Grubišić Tihana 
Published: January 2010

A Journey Through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Ochratoxin A InteractionsOchratoxin A (OTA) is a ubiquitous mycotoxin with potential nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, and cytotoxic action. It has been proposed that OTA might be involved in the development of Balkan endemic nephropathy, which is associated with an increased risk of urinary tract tumours, and of other forms of interstitial nephritis. Cell susceptibility to OTA mainly depends on mycotoxin concentrations, duration of exposure, and intracellular molecular and genetic context. OTA can affect a cell by stimulating or inhibiting certain signalling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Three major mammalian MAPKs have been described: extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK. All MAPKs regulate diverse cellular programmes, but in most cases ERKs have been linked to cell survival, while JNKs, and p38 MAPKs have been implicated in cell death by apoptosis. This review looks into OTA-mediated MAPK activation and its effects.
Evaluation of Patulin Toxicity in the Thymus of Growing Male Rats
Authors: Arzu Koçkaya Evrim , Selmanoğlu Güdeniz , Özsoy Nesrin , Gül Nursel 
Published: January 2010

Evaluation of Patulin Toxicity in the Thymus of Growing Male RatsPatulin is a mycotoxin produced by several Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssachlamys species growing on food products. In this study, we investigated the effects of patulin on the thymus of growing male rats aged five to six weeks. The rats were receiving it orally at a dose of 0.1 mg kg-1 bw a day for either 60 or 90 days. At the end of the experiment, the thymus was examined for histopathology by light microscopy and for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) by immunolocalisation. For morphometry we used the Bs200prop program to analyse images obtained with the Olympus BX51 light microscope. Cell ultrastructure was studied by electron microscopy. In rats treated with patulin, the thymus showed haemorrhage, plasma cell hyperplasia, a dilation and fibrosis in the cortex, enlarged interstitial tissue between the thymic lobules, enlarged fat tissue, thinning of the cortex, and blurring of the cortico-medullary demarcation. Electron microscopy showed signs of cell destruction, abnormalities of the nucleus and organelles, and loss of mitochondrial cristae. However, no differences were observed in thymus EGF and EGFR immunoreactivity between treated and control rats.
Fumonisin B1 Neurotoxicity in Young Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.)
Authors: Kovačić Sanja , Pepeljnjak Stjepan , Petrinec Zdravko , Klarić Maja 
Published: January 2010

Fumonisin B1 Neurotoxicity in Young Carp (Cyprinus CarpioL.)For years scientists have suspected that the environment plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Mycotoxin fumonisin B1(FB1) is produced by severalFusariumspecies, mainly byFusarium verticilioides, which is one of the most common fungi associated with corn worldwide. Fumonisins are known to cause equine leukoencephalomalacia, a disease associated with the consumption of corn-based feeds contaminated with FB1. Here we have reported chronic experimental toxicosis in one-year-old carp (Cyprinus carpioL.) receiving feed containing 100 mg kg-1or 10 mg kg-1of added FB1for 42 days. We focused on fumonisin toxicity in the fish brain. After staining with hemalaun-eosin, histology of the fish brain revealed vacuolated, degenerate, or necrotic neural cells, scattered around damaged blood capillaries and in the periventricular area. These findings suggest that fumonisin, although it is a hydrophilic molecule, permeated the blood-brain barrier of young carp and had a toxic effect on neuronal cells.
Application of Real-Time Locating in Health Care
Authors: Žigman Dubravko , Krajina Slaven , Krznarić Marija 
Published: January 2010

Application of Real-Time Locating in Health CareThis paper describes real-time locating technology and its possible use in health care. Real time locating may be applied in different segments of everyday life, including hospitals (medical equipment and devices, locating patients, and alarm in case of emergency), working environment (locating persons to control access to restricted areas or in case of fire to see if anyone has been trapped inside the building), sports, logistics, retail trade, and offices. Tagged hospital equipment is easy to trace inside hospital premises and the system makes it possible to track patients and staff, and to redistribute work in particular wards.
Prevalence of Candida Species in Fresh Fruit Juices
Authors: Uhitil Sunčica , Hađina Suzana , Granić Kornelija , Jakšić Slavica 
Published: January 2010

Prevalence of Candida Species in Fresh Fruit JuicesFruit juices are popular soft drinks with an important role in human nutrition. Fruit juices are often infested by yeast species that can survive different storage conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of yeast contamination of freshly squeezed juices in three large supermarkets in Zagreb, Croatia. The analysis included 84 juice samples obtained from freshly squeezed orange, lemon, grapefruit, and apples. Their acidity varied between pH 2.1 and pH 4.9. Juice samples were plated directly on Sabouraud 4 % glucose Agar (Merck, 1.05438) and processed according to standardised methods (HRN ISO 7954:2002). Yeasts were isolated in all 84 samples and ranged between 0.005×103 and 23×103 colony forming units per mL (CFU mL-1). The most common yeasts identified using the API 20C AUX yeast kit included Candida guillermondii, C. krusei, C. famata, C. spherica, C. colliculosa, C. albicans, Trichosporon mucoides, Kloeckera spp. and yeast-like fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. C. guillermondii prevailed in 55.95 % of all samples.