bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Patriotism: Frederick and the Arts
Authors: Gerrard Christine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter deals with the controversial myth of Prince Frederick of Wales as a patron of the arts and letters. By 1737, ministerial clitics were accusing George Lyttelton of exploiting his proximity to the Prince and his network of literary connections in order to create an opposition propaganda machine by dangling the promise of patronage to hungry writers. Patriot poets such as James Thomson, David Mallet, Richard Glover, Gilbert West, Henry Brooke, George Lillo, William Somervile, and Richard Powney were associated with Lyttelton's literary circle, linked in their professed admiration for the Prince. This fact has been largely responsible for relegating the Patriot poets to the margins of modern critical scholarship. One of the chief problems here is the need to unpick an intellectual consensus which has, until recently, been both uncomfortable with literary expressions of patriotism and intrinsically sympathetic towards the ‘independent’ writer outspoken in his attacks on the Establishment. For most modern readers, it is Alexander Pope the financially independent satirist who symbolizes the spirit of political opposition, who always professed his indisposition to kings and courts and his refusal to be bought.
Pope, Politics, and Genre
Authors: Gerrard Christine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In the Epilogue to the Satires, Dialogue II, Alexander Pope pronounced himself proud to count George Lyttelton, Lord Cobham, and other Patriots his friends. The extent of Pope's involvement with Patriot Whig politics and Prince Frederick raises questions about the traditional equation of Pope with Toryism, and more recently Toryism of a discernibly Jacobite flavour. Pope's close friendships with Patriot Whigs cannot be attributed merely to the political influence of his mentor Bolingbroke. Yet the fluctuating pattern of his commitment to their campaign, alternating between idealism and mistrust, tells us much about broader Tory attitudes towards Patriot Whiggery in this period as well as hinting at more complex and deep-seated sources of ambivalence in the poet himself. Did the deepening pessimism so many critics have discerned in his later years make any form of optimistic patriotism impossible? This chapter looks at the politics of Pope's poetry and the connection between politics and genre, focusing on satire, epic, and tragedy.
Patriot Gothic
Authors: Gerrard Christine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Bolingbroke's Remarks on the History of England was an unremittingly partisan interpretation of British history, dramatizing the Manichaean struggle between the forces of faction and the spirit of liberty — a liberty which was held to originate in Britain's earliest peoples, including the Saxons. This chapter deals with the controversy over Saxon liberty, one of the great ‘set pieces’ of Walpolian political debate. The early Britons were part of the liberty-loving Gothic cousinage of northern races who established that first model of Parliament, the Saxon witenagemot. The traditional Old Whig plea — pristine Saxon virtue under threat — supplied the opposition with a powerful tool to attack the ‘spurious’ Whiggery of a corrupt government. The ministry countered opposition claims to Whig ‘liberty’ by appropriating the arguments of the royalist historian Brady, who had asserted that medieval England had been a feudal tyranny in which parliamentary liberty had been impossible. Writing from a modernist perspective, Court Whigs dated English liberties from no earlier than 1688. Hanoverian Britain was infinitely ‘freer’ than the Saxon past.
Mythologizing the Monarch: Ideas of a Patriot King
Authors: Gerrard Christine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Bolingbroke's The Idea of a Patriot King, written in 1738, has been described as an eloquent epitaph to the Patriot campaign. This slim treatise on monarchy was written for the private use of Prince Frederick of Wales and his followers, describing in idealized, even visionary terms the policies and conduct of a Patriot King waiting in the wings, whose accession would end party-political conflicts and bring healing at a touch: a sure sign, say some critics, that by 1738 Bolingbroke had lost his grasp of politics as the art of the possible. The 1749 publication of the Patriot King fortuitously (and perhaps deliberately) coincided with Frederick's new Leicester House campaign which, like the Patriot campaign of the late 1730s, rested on broad-bottom tenets promising a new age purged of Whig oligarchy. Since the reversionary implications of Patriot kingship looked a lot closer in 1749 than they had done ten years earlier, Frederick publicly capitalized on his identification with Bolingbroke's model.
Shifts in ‘Prelude’ and To the Lighthouse
Authors: Smith Angela 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In an essay written in 1933, the Italian critic Salvatore Rosati celebrates what he calls Virginia Woolf’s ‘psychological impressionism’ in To the Lighthouse: ‘In the last section, in particular, the interpenetration of the present with past memories creates, in a dreamlike atmosphere, a continuity of psychological texture and an evocative power which shows a close relationship between the art of Virginia Woolf and that of Katherine Mansfield’. This chapter focuses on two works by Mansfield and Woolf, ‘Prelude’ and To the Lighthouse, both of which use shifts and ellipses to transform the symbolic order from the inside, using the characters’ thresholds and experience of being between borders to do it. Lyndall Gordon hints at the disruption of narrative expectations in the writers’ representation of psychological time in the two novels, which are dominated by the writers’ mothers and families, pivot on a series of thresholds and rites of passage, and are preoccupied with liminality.
Early Writings and Rites of Passage
Authors: Smith Angela 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In an unfinished story by Katherine Mansfield called ‘Weak Heart’, an adolescent boy hurtles away from a funeral and runs back to the home of the girl who has just been buried. This chapter pivots on literal and metaphorical voyages made by girls and young women in the fiction of Mansfield and Virginia Woolf, beginning with works that they wrote before they met and read each other’s writing, The Urewera Notebook, ‘The Woman at the Store’, ‘The Wind Blows’, and The Voyage Out, and then looking at the thematically similar stories they produced at the time when their relationship with each other was at its most influential, ‘The Garden Party’ and ‘Kew Gardens’. Various tropes are repeated within these voyages and journeys: pianos, the sea, and encounters with indigenous people that raise the complex question of colonialism in the writings of Woolf and Mansfield. The fiction by Woolf and Mansfield concerning journeys and rites of passage explores what Julia Kristeva describes as being strangers to ourselves, our own foreignness.
A Single Day; ‘At the Bay’ and Mrs Dalloway
Authors: Smith Angela 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In an article written in 1927 for the Dial, a Chicago magazine which published fiction by Katherine Mansfield and Virginia Woolf, the American poet Conrad Aitken observes that, in Mrs Dalloway and To the Lighthouse, Woolf writes ‘as if she never for a moment wished us to forget the frame of the picture, and the fact that the picture was a picture’. This chapter focuses on ‘At the Bay’ and Mrs Dalloway, because both take place in a single day and pivot on liminal experience, requiring a structure that accommodates the uncertainties of liminality. The writers’ obsession with the form of their fiction is explored in the context of changes in the visual arts as, for both of them, looking at painting and talking with painters provided routes into modernity. In writing, their expression of modernity was the form and narrative voice that allowed the reader to experience the destabilizing of the symbolic order, creating not imitating the life of human consciousness.
Vertigo in ‘The Daughters of the Late Colonel’ and Jacob’s Room
Authors: Smith Angela 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
During the time that she was writing Jacob’s Room, Virginia Woolf was involved in the most intense phase of her friendship with Katherine Mansfield. In an entry in her diary where she says that she is planning to begin the book in the following week, she remarks, ‘I can wince outrageously to read K. M.’s praises in the Athenaeum. Four poets are chosen; she’s one of them’. The joint stimulus of jealousy and affinity acted as a spur, and Woolf forged ahead with the new book at the same time as she said what proved to be her final farewell in person to Mansfield, on August 23, 1920. The insecurity caused by missing Mansfield and envying her literary success combines with fear of T. S. Eliot’s intellectuality and his admiration of James Joyce’s fiction, and Woolf’s diary records that she has stopped writing Jacob’s Room;. This chapter focuses on the ways in which the movement of the narrative voice in Mansfield’s ‘The Daughters of the Late Colonel’ and Woolf’s Jacob’s Room expresses boundaries and overcrossings.
Introduction
Authors: Hundert Edward M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter compares the study of the mind to that of a complex crystal, noting that a complete understanding of its current shape might require some understanding of its growth and formation. The purpose of this book is to elaborate a new perspective from which the approaches to the mind may be viewed as aspects of a single truth. The book provides a review of four psychiatric schools: objective-descriptive, psychoanalytic, existential, and interpersonal psychiatry. But certain schools are conspicuously absent without explanation. Their omission stems from a perspective defined by the expression ‘Approaches to the Mind’. There are some very sophisticated and useful theories of human behaviour that either omit as superfluous or reject as injurious the whole concept of mind.
From Objectivity to Ontology
Authors: Hundert Edward M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter shows Hegel's criticism of Kant's metaphysical world as being ‘merely objective’. Hegel's critique of Kant's view of knowledge is simply that it is self-refuting. To this self-refuting view, Hegel proposes a solution which eliminates the gulf between things-as-we-know-them and things-in-themselves. Hegel is acutely aware that the relationship between the ‘moment of knowledge’ and the ‘moment of truth’ is not always that of identity. The great irony contained in Kant's conception of the relationship between ‘thoughts’ and ‘things’ is that he seemed so much more interested in the contribution of thoughts to things. While Kant put forth the (self-refuting) view that reality is ‘relative to’ consciousness, Hegel replaces this with the ultimately unobjectionable view that reason is relative to reality.
Madness and Other Realities
Authors: Hundert Edward M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter explores the term madness and the diversity beneath the unity of madness. When the fathers of existential psychiatry first began to develop some empathic techniques to get them closer to patients' actual lived experiences, they were absolutely startled by the diversity in the emotional life they discovered between patients who looked pretty much the same from the outside. According to this chapter, the phenomenology of lived experience includes both real and unreal, and the categories which mark the real grow up together with the separation of real from unreal, as knowledge searches forever-broader contexts of experience. Finally, this chapter discovers that beneath the diversity of experience, there lies another unity which can be found in the realization that once sanity begins to mean something, a unifying definition of insanity must follow in exactly the same way that health in any other sphere defines illness.
Sensibility and Understanding
Authors: Hundert Edward M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates how the evolving ‘model of the mind’ fits comfortably into the human brain. A comfortable fit is all propose, since both the synthetic analysis and the field of neuroscience are dynamic, ever evolving into more mature forms: any ‘perfect fit’ would be quickly outgrown. But a reasonable fit is demanded. Once the ‘mind’ has been set gently into the brain, this chapter will integrate insights of an entirely new and separate discipline into one's evolving ‘synthesis of perspectives’. By offering a rough neuroanatomical identification of the Faculties of Sensibility and Understanding, this chapter provides a new view of how they interact with the world and with each other. This also establishes a link needed to relate future advances in neuroscience to those in philosophy and psychology.
The Plasticity of the Nervous System
Authors: Hundert Edward M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to examining how recent neuroscientific research sheds light on the Hegelian dialectic within this synthesis of perspectives. Since the nervous system is the organ humans use to interact with the environment, this chapter continues the Hegelian programme by exploring the contributions of the environment to the nervous system. Furthermore, there is a focus on the ‘content’ of experience and the discovery that our brains are shaped by features of the world such as ‘lines in various orientations’, ‘motion in different directions’, and the like. Just as a non-‘object’-containing world of coalescing mercury droplets would not provide the structure needed for minds to construct experience according to the concept of ‘object’, so a non-‘horizontal line’ containing world would not provide the content needed for brains to construct experience according to horizontal features of the world.
Summary of the Theory and its Implications, and Suggestions for Further Research that will Support, Refute, or Modify it
Authors: Hundert Edward M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides a summary of the chapters in this book. The strategy of this book has been to explore the interdependence of thoughts and things in each of these three modes in the following way. Basically, the first chapter of each part has been an exploration of how things depend upon our thoughts about them. The second chapter of each part has then taken up the dialectical antithesis, exploring in each mode how thoughts depend upon things. Then, the third and final chapter has explored the fundamental problem raised by all of these explorations within the framework of each of the three perspectives. This chapter concludes that in advancing a new perspective from which philosophy, psychiatry, and neuroscience may be seen as complementary approaches to the mind, our appreciation of each of these diverse disciplines is deepened. This Synthetic Analysis has been a long and sometimes difficult journey through many varieties of human experience.
Monastic Culture
Authors: BINNS JOHN 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the monastic culture in Palestine during the Byzantine period using Cyril of Scythopolis' The Lives of the Monks of Palestine as a reference. It provides an in-depth analysis of Cyril's sources and the material he used in writing his book. It reveals Cyril's dependence on earlier works and discusses the books which he enjoyed reading and the specific types of materials which sufficiently impressed and inspired him to reproduce his own writing. This chapter also explores previous research on the works of Cyril, particularly that of B. Flusin.
Conclusion
Authors: BINNS JOHN 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings on the history of Palestinian monasticism during the period from 314 to 631. The history of the monasteries of the Judean desert began in 314. Monastic settlements were established in the desert areas east of Jerusalem and people from all parts of the Empire came to populate these new centres. These monasteries were not only places of worship, they were also an integral component of Byzantine society.
Introduction: Goals and Methods
Authors: Lijphart Arend 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis introductory chapter explains the objective of this book, which is to analyse the operation and the political consequences of electoral systems, especially the degree of proportionality of their translation of votes into seats and their effects on party systems. Its focus is on the electoral systems that have been used in twenty-seven democratic countries from 1945 to 1990. These systems are those used in the majority of the free and democratic parliamentary elections ever conducted. The analyses employ two basic multivariate approaches, one is a comparable-cases strategy that focuses on within country variations and the other relies on a cross-sectional research design.
Changes in Election Rules between Systems in the Same Country
Authors: Lijphart Arend 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the changes in election rules between electoral systems in the same country using the comparative method of analysis. This method of controlled comparison focuses on comparable cases or cases that differ with regard to the variables one wants to investigate, but which are similar with regard all other important variables that may affect the dependent variables. The chapter explains the correlation between the controlled changes in electoral formula and effective threshold, and the changes in disproportionality and effective numbers of parties. It concludes that even when the electoral systems include a long series of elections, they tend to have a high degree of internal uniformity.
Electoral Engineering: Limits and Possibilities
Authors: Lijphart Arend 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the practical significance of the analyses of electoral systems for electoral engineering. The findings of the study reveal that the links between the electoral system and the four characteristics of party systems are much weaker than those between the electoral system and the degree of disproportionality. This indicates that in the context of electoral engineering, the electoral system is not as strong an instrument for shaping the party system. The chapter recommends several specific strategies that may be used as models for electoral engineering. These include the establishment of two-tier districting for proportional representation (PR) systems, two-tier districting of a different type for plurality and majority systems, and national legal thresholds.
The Treasury and Whitehall
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Treasury is at the heart of British Government, responsible for deciding how much to spend and on what. Both the institution and the public expenditure process are the focus of this book. Based on research undertaken with the cooperation of the Treasury and Whitehall departments, it shows how the key decisions of planning, allocating and controlling public expenditure are made. With access to treasury Expenditure Controllers and senior financial officials in the main spending departments, the book provides an account of the roles, relationships and inter-actions of the key players in Whitehall Expenditure Community as they confront each other in annual rituals of the Expenditure ‘Survey’. It explains how the rules of the expenditure game were re-drawn in the 1980s in the relentless search for cuts, greater economy and efficiency in the design and delivery of public services, and the creation of a more enterprising administrative culture. It discusses how and why the Treasury was rarely able to impose its constitutional authority to stem the tide of rising public expenditure through the turbulent years of the Thatcher and Major Governments. The book also demonstrates that the Treasury is locked into a system of mutually constrained power relationships with the Whitehall departments, and obliged to negotiate discretionary authority to control their spending.
Introduction
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe demands for health, education, income support and even defence consumes more costs for public spending even as the government is not able or willing to raise more tax thereby resulting in finance deficits through government borrowing. While public spending changed radically and inspired changes in the administrative culture of Whitehall, the difficulties in managing and controlling public spending plagued the Conservative Governments of the 1980s and 1990s as they had affected the administrations of Harold Wilson and Jim Callaghan. This chapter examines through a theoretical perspective why modern British governments find it difficult to control public spending centering on the argument of the Treasury's failure to achieve both short-term and medium-term objectives for public spending set by successive governments through the years 1976 to 1993. Treasury Expenditure Controllers and senior staff in the Finance Divisions of the spending department were interviewed to verify the interpretation of events as the research progressed.
The Politico-Economic Context
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAs public expenditure policies were formulated and implemented, there were major changes in the politic and economic context relating to public spending regulations. The process of making and carrying out expenditure policy is discussed in this chapter taking emphasis to its contextualisation. Since the decade of the 1970s, macroeconomic policies were already developed and that is what this chapter includes by looking into the evolution of the policies in the said decade. Towards succeeding periods, the government reflected upon changes and development in the policies and made an impact over the governmental attitudes and ruling over public spending. The period 1976–1993 is provided as the reference point for the argument on public expenditures and the main trends within the specified timeline is given due explanation through a diagrammatic summary.
The Whitehall Spending Departments
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter classifies the departments in Whitehall involved in expenditure policies as there are a number of organisations classified as ‘units’ for the purpose of the public expenditure and Supply Estimates process. Each main spending department has a different level of expenditures from 1992 to 1993 employing three measures including spending counted as part of the New Control Total, own spending of the central Government, and gross running costs. Since the late 1970s, there were main changes in the spending departments and a brief survey of these changes and analysis of their functions are provided in the rest of this chapter. There is also a detailed analysis on how the departmental Finance Divisions and Principal Finance Officers function including the structures in which they are organized and their various roles.
Managing the Relationships: Negotiated Discretion
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractRelationships between the Treasury's Expenditure Divisions and the Financial and Policy Divisions of spending departments cannot be characterized as either inquisitorial or cooperative or collaborative or adversarial. They may be any or all of these simultaneously, depending upon the nature of the issue and its priority, the kind of contact, and the experience and mutual understanding of the parties and their preferred strategies. On occasion they may also be confrontational or conflictual. Relationships will vary over time, and be influenced by broader contextual factors. While an inquisitorial mode is appropriate to the early probing of the Treasury in the Survey shadow-boxing, an Expenditure Division may be engaged simultaneously on other issues of in-year control, such as the implications of new legislation, and here relations with the department may be more accurately characterized as cooperative or even collaborative.