bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucose Tolerance and Antioxidant Activity of Spent Brewer's Yeast Hydrolysate with a High Content of Cyclo‐His‐Pro (CHP)
Authors: Jung Eun Young , Lee Hyun‐Sun , Choi Jang Won , Ra Kyung Soo , Kim Mi‐Ryung , Suh Hyung Joo 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:  To elevate the Cyclo‐His‐Pro (CHP) content in yeast, the yeast hydrolysate that was obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis was subjected to various treatments. Flavourzyme‐treated hydrolysate showed the highest CHP content (674.0 μg/g) among the various proteases treatments. Ultrafiltration was selected as the best method for concentrating CHP in yeast hydrolysate, based on the yields and CHP contents. In addition, we evaluated the radical scavenge and glucose tolerance of yeast hydrolysate with a high content of CHP. Yeast hydrolysate showed intense scavenging abilities of both 1, 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals. The IC50 values of yeast hydrolysate on DPPH and ABTS radicals were 1.9 and 0.9 mg/mL, respectively. There were significant differences in glucose level between the diabetes‐control and yeast hydrolysate group at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after injection in a type 1 diabetes model (P < 0.01). Also, there were significant differences in blood glucose levels between the 2 groups at 30, 60, and 100 min after injection in the type 2 diabetes group (P < 0.05). Therefore, it is possible to use the yeast hydrolysate with high levels of CHP as an antioxidative and/or antidiabetic material for the preparation of functional foods.Practical Application:  This study tried to develop a material containing a high content of CHP using yeast for possible applications of this cyclic dipeptide in the therapy of metabolic disorders. The yeast hydrolysate prepared with Flavourzyme showed a high level of CHP. The hydrolysate with a high content of CHP showed high levels of radical scavenging activities and oral glucose tolerance activity. Therefore, it is possible to use the yeast hydrolysate with high levels of CHP as an antioxidative and/or antidiabetic material for the preparation of functional foods.
Effect of Enzymes on Strawberry Volatiles during Storage, at Different Ripeness Level, in Different Cultivars, and during Eating
Authors: Ozcan G. , Barringer S. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:  Strawberry samples with enzyme activity and without enzyme activity (stannous chloride added) were measured for real‐time formation of lipoxygenase (LOX) derived aroma compounds after 5 min pureeing using selected ion flow tube‐mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS). The concentration of (Z)‐3‐hexenal and (E)‐2‐hexenal increased immediately after blending and gradually decreased over time, while hexanal concentration increased for at least 5 min in ground strawberries. The formation of hexanal was slower than the formation of (Z)‐3‐hexenal and (E)‐2‐hexenal in the headspace of pureed strawberries. The concentration of LOX aldehydes and esters significantly increased during refrigerated storage. Damaging strawberries increased the concentration of LOX aldehydes but did not significantly affect the concentration of esters. The concentrations of many of the esters were strongly correlated to their corresponded acids and/or aldehydes. The concentration of LOX‐generated aldehydes decreased during ripening, while fruity esters increased. Different varieties had different aroma profiles and esters were the greatest percentage of the volatiles. The aroma release of some of the LOX‐derived aldehydes in the mouthspace in whole strawberries compared to chopped strawberries showed that these volatiles are formed in the mouth during chewing. The persistence of LOX‐derived compounds was higher than esters after swallowing. The mouthspace after and before swallowing persistence ratio of esters decreased as the chain length of the acid part of the ester compounds increased in whole strawberries.Practical Application:  The storage studies showed that the concentrations of fruity and fresh volatiles increased during ripening and storage while damaging only increases the fresh volatiles. The nose, mouth, and headspace information can be used in the flavor industry to improve the formula of natural strawberry flavor by considering human perception during eating.
Multispectral Vision for Monitoring Peach Ripeness
Authors: Herrero‐Langreo Ana , Lunadei Loredana , Lleó Lourdes , Diezma Belén , Ruiz‐Altisent Margarita 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:  The main objective of this research was to develop an automatic procedure able to classify Rich Lady commercial peaches according to their ripeness stage through multispectral imaging techniques. A classification procedure was applied to the ratio images calculated as red (R, 680 nm) divided by infrared (IR, 800 nm), that is, R/IR images. Four image‐based ripeness reference classes (A: unripe to D: overripe) were generated from 380 fruit images (season 1: 2006) by a nonsupervised classification method and evaluated according to reference measurements of the ripeness of the same samples: Magness‐Taylor penetrometry firmness, low‐mass impact firmness, reflectance at 680 nm (R680, and soluble solids content. The assignment of unknown sample images from those season 1 images (internal validation, n = 380) and of 240 images from the 2nd season (season 2: 2007) to the ripeness reference classes (external validation) was carried out by computing the minimum Euclidean distance (classification distance, Cd) between each unknown image histogram and the average histogram of each ripeness reference class. For both validation phases, firmness values decreased and R680 increased for increasing alphabetical order of image‐based class letter, reflecting the ripening process. Moreover, 70% (season 1) and 80% (season 2) of the samples below bruise susceptibility firmness were classified into class D.Practical Application:  This work proposes and validates a procedure for assessing peach ripeness through spectral imaging. The control of ripeness in this fruit is crucial for ensuring its quality and the measurement of optimum peach ripeness at harvest and postharvest is a controversial issue, which needs to be balanced between a minimum ripeness, acceptable for the consumer, and a maximum ripeness, to minimize fruit losses during the postharvest process. The proposed method is nondestructive and quick, showing thus, a good perspective for its application in fresh fruit packing lines, either for peach ripeness assessment or for other fruits (providing adequate calibration).
Digital Element Earth
Authors: Xuejing XIE , Xueqiu WANG , Hangxin CHENG , Zhizhong CHENG , Wensheng YAO 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:The resources and environmental problems are the two most fundamental issues facing all nations in the world. Everything in and on the Earth – minerals, animals and plants – is made from one, or generally some combination of, chemical elements, which are scientifically listed in the periodic table. Thus it is important to understand the present abundance and spatial distribution of all the elements across the Earth's surface. Such kinds of data can only be obtained at present and for the foreseeable future by on‐earth geochemical mapping at all scales. The 30‐year efforts made by Chinese geochemists in carrying out multi‐element, multi‐media, multi‐scale geochemical mapping projects to delineate 39–76 element distribution at home and abroad culminated in a successful case of high‐quality geochemical data acquirement. The new idea for a four‐level plan for global geochemical mapping was advanced to obtain global data in the foreseeable future and the collection of updated geochemical information. Such information needs to be easily accessible not only by the science community, but also by industry, agriculture, governments, and even individuals, by all who would make an effort to promote sustainable living on our planet. The concept of a Digital Element Earth (DEE) fulfills the aims.
A New Hadrosauriform Dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Gansu Province, China
Authors: Hailu YOU , Daqing LI , Weichang LIU 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:A new basal hadrosauriform dinosaur, Xuwulong yueluni gen. et sp. nov., is reported based on an articulated specimen including a complete cranium, almost complete axial skeleton, and complete left pelvic girdle. The specimen is recovered from the Early Cretaceous Yujingzi Basin in the Jiuquan area, Gansu Province of northwestern China. Xuwulong is among the most basal members of hadrosauriform dinosaurs, and distinguished by its unique lower jaw in having a V‐shaped rostral end of the dentary in lateral view and a mandibular articular surface which levels with mid‐height of the dentary ramus, as well as an enlarged and downturned prepubic process. Including Xuwulong, three basal hadrosauriforms have been discovered from the Early Cretaceous Xinminpu Group in the Mazongshan area, making it an important area to study the origin and early evolution of duck‐billed dinosaurs.
Systematics, Behavior and Living Environment of Shantungosaurus Giganteus (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae)
Authors: Yannan JI , Xuri WANG , Yongqing LIU , Qiang JI 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:On the basis of the taphonomy, osteological anatomy and ontogenetic variation, Zhuchengosaurus maximus Zhao et al., 2007 is considered to be synonymic with Shantungosaurus giganteus Hu, 1973 herein. This paper also deals with the life behavior of S. giganteus and the environment in which S. giganteus lived. S. giganteus is considered to be a terrestrial and gregarious herbivorous dinosaur and lived in hills and intervales in warm weather with plentiful rain and flourishing vegetation.
Description and Phylogenetic Position of Dinosaur Eggshells from the Luanchuan Area of Western Henan Province, China
Authors: TANAKA Kohei , Junchang LÜ , KOBAYASHI Yoshitsugu , ZELENITSKY Dark K. , Li XU , Songhai JIA , Shuang QIN , Min'an TANG 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:Here, we examine 145 dinosaur eggshells from a new fossil locality in the Qiupa Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of the Luanchuan area in western Henan Province, China. The eggshells display elongatoolithid macro‐ and microstructures, including ridges and nodes on the outer surface, two ultrastructural layers, and an undulatory boundary between the mammillary and continuous layers. A phylogenic analysis shows that the Luanchuan eggshells belong to the ooclade Elongatoolithidae. Within Elongatoolithidae, the thickness ratio of the mammillary layer to the entire eggshell, and the porosity of the Luanchuan eggshells are comparable to the oogenera Macroolithus and Elongatoolithus. There is no direct evidence for the taxonomic identity of the Luanchuan eggshells; however, they were likely laid by oviraptorids based on their phylogenetic position and their similarities with known oviraptorid eggs.
Inter‐Regional Comparisons on the Quaternary Large Mammalian Faunas between China and Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Haowen TONG , Nan HU , Jinyi LIU , CLARKE Ronald 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:The current and dominant theory about the origin of modern humans is the out‐of‐Africa hypothesis, which asserts that populations of Homo sapiens left Africa 100,000 years ago and replaced indigenous populations of humans in Eurasia. Many scholars equated the out‐of‐Africa dispersal of humans with paleoenvironmental changes. However, until now, few have paid special attention to the faunal data and whether or not faunal patterns are supportive of the popular theory. Recent comparative study of the Chinese fauna shows that the communication of faunas between Africa and East Asia could have occurred during the Neogene, but it was very limited during the Pleistocene. In the Chinese Quaternary fauna, only 16% of the genera are also present in the sub‐Saharan African fauna. There is also no element among the dominant taxa of the Chinese Quaternary fauna which can be related to the African fauna. There is no reliable proof for the existence of Hippopotamus and Giraffa, as well as Panthera leo, during the Quaternary in China. Two controversial taxa are Acinonyx and Crocuta, about which there is still argument concerning their species identification in Eurasia. It is possible that both of the genera have co‐specific taxa in Africa and Eurasia. Although the two genera are confined to Africa today, they did have a long evolutionary history in China. For the Out of Africa hypothesis for Homo sapiens, the implications of the limited faunal interchanges between China and Africa are not completely clear yet.
U‐Pb Dating of Volcanic Rocks and Granites along the Wuyishan Belt: Constraints on Tuning of Late Mesozoic Tectonic Events in Southeast China
Authors: Xianbing XU , Yueqiao ZHANG , Dong JIA , Liangshu SHU 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:Five volcanic rock samples and two granite samples taken from the volcanic basins in western Fujian and southern Jiangxi were dated by using the zircon laser albation‐inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry U‐Pb method. Together with previously dated ages, the dates obtained provide important constraints on the timing of late Mesozoic tectonic events in SE China. The volcanic rock samples yield ages of 183.1±3.5 Ma, ca. 141 Ma to 135.8±1.1 Ma, 100.4±1.5 to 97.6±1.1 Ma, confirming three episodes of late Mesozoic volcanic activities, which peaked at 180±5 Ma, 140±5 Ma and 100±5 Ma, respectively, along the Wuyishan belt. Moreover, based on field investigations of these volcano‐sedimentary basins, we have recognized two compressional tectonic events along this belt The early one was characterized by Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic NNE‐trending folds that were intruded by late Jurassic granites; and the late one caused the Lower Cretaceous volcano‐sedimentary layer to be tilted. The dated age 152.9±1.4 Ma of the granitic samples from the Hetian granitic pluton in the Changting Basin and that from the Baishiding granitic pluton, 100.2±1.8 Ma, in the Jianning Basin, give the upper boundaries of these two tectonic events respectively. Hence, the late Mesozoic tectonic evolution of SE China was alternated between extension and compression.
Equilibrium between Clinopyroxene and Host Rocks: Implication for the Magmatic Source and Evolution of Alkali Basalts of the Taohekou Formation in the Northern Daba Mountains, China
Authors: Zhongjin XIANG , Quanren YAN , Zhen YAN , Zongqi WANG , Tao WANG , Yingli ZHANG , Xiaofeng QIN 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:The Taohekou Formation is a volcanic‐sedimentary terrane formed in the early Silurian in the northern Daba Mountains, China. The volcanic rocks, with dominant alkali basalts and minor mantle xenoliths, are enriched in clinopyroxene phenocrysts. Geochemical analysis shows that the composition of clinopyroxenes from different lithofacies has a close affinity. There is a liner correlation present in composition of clinopyroxenes (including phenocryst, microcrystal and xenocryst) from coarse porphyritic basalts, pillow or fine porphyritic basalts to amygdaloidal basalts. All the clinopyroxenes, except the clinopyroxenes in mantle xenoliths, show a similar pattern of trace elements and REE, which indicates that they are likely products of successive fractional crystallization from cognate magma. Clinopyroxenes in mantle xenoliths, however, are mantle xenocrysts. The crystallization pressure of clinopyroxenes gradually decreases from mantle xenolith, deep‐seated xenocryst, coarse porphritic basalts, pillow or fine porphritic basalts, to amygdaloidal basalts, which are 1.92–4.41 GPa, 1.18–2.36 GPa, 1.13–2.05 GPa, 0.44–0.62 GPa and 0.14–0.28 GPa respectively. Calculation results suggest that the primary magma originated from a mantle region deeper than 68 km and stagnates in intervals of 37–68 km, 15–20 km and 5–9 km during its ascent. The alkali basalts are characterized by increasing concentrations of Si and alkaline with the magmatic evolution. Meanwhile, they are markedly enriched in LREE, and the patterns of trace elements and REE are similar to those of oceanic island basalts.
U and Th Contents and Th/U Ratios of Zircon in Felsic and Mafic Magmatic Rocks: Improved Zircon‐Melt Distribution Coefficients
Authors: Xiang WANG , GRIFFIN Williams L. , Jie CHEN , Pinyun HUANG , Xiang LI 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:High‐precision data on U and Th contents and Th/U ratios of zircon obtained using secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis have been collected from the literature. Zircon in the granitic rocks has median values of 350 ppm U, 140 ppm Th, and Th/U=0.52; the recommended zircon‐melt partition coefficients are 81 for DU and 8.2 for DTh. In zircon from mafic and intermediate rocks, the median values are 270 ppm U, 170 ppm Th, and Th/U=0.81, and the recommended zirconmelt partition coefficients are 169 for DU and 59 for DTh The U and Th contents and Th/U ratios of magmatic zircon are low when zircon crystallizes in equilibrium with the melt. Increasing magma temperature should promote higher Th contents relative to U contents, resulting in higher Th/U ratios for zircon in mafic to intermediate rocks than in granitic rocks. However, when zircon crystallizes in disequilibrium with the melt, U and Th are more easily able to enter the zircon lattice, and their contents and Th/U ratios depend mainly on the degree of disequilibrium. The behavior of U and Th in magmatic zircon can be used as a geochemical indicator to determine the origins and crystallization environments of magmatic zircon.
X‐ray Diffraction of Dust Particles in Spring Beijing
Authors: Nan ZHENG , Hejin WANG , Tingjing XU , Ting LI 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:X‐ray diffractometry was utilized to study the mineralogical characteristics of the inhalable particles (PM10) sampled during two dust storms in Beijing city on March 18th and May 21st, 2008. We confirm, for the first time, that there stably exists ammonium chloride in the atmosphere when temperature is low. The total sulfates particles were affected by relative humidity. Both species and concentration of sulfates decreased first and then grew back by the end of each dust storm. Koninckite, a phosphate mineral never reported as particulate aerosol before, was identified. Meanwhile, our result shows that a chemical modification on dust minerals occurs during long range transportation. PM10 samples collected during the period of dust storms were dominated by crustal minerals such as quartz, illite/ smectite, illite, chlorite, feldspar and calcite, and were notably higher in concentration than that in normal periods of time. The amounts of total sulfates, calcite and feldspar altered in each dust storm. It is derived from 24‐hour isentropic backward trajectories that two dust events in spring 2008 originated in different sources.
Fractions and Bioavailability of Soil Inorganic Phosphorus in the Loess Plateau of China under Different Vegetations
Authors: Xiaorong WEI , Mingan SHAO , Hongbo SHAO , Jianlun GAO , Gang XU 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:Plants play an important role in soil phosphorus nutrition. However, the effect of plants on phosphorus nutrition in soils of the Loess Plateau of China is not well understood. This study was conducted to reveal the relationships between plants and phosphorus' fractions and availability in the Loess Plateau of China. Twenty‐two plant communities were surveyed and soil samples under different plant canopies were collected for the determination of soil properties and inorganic phosphorus fractionation. The results showed that Leguminosae and Lilaceae reduced pH and increased organic matter, cation exchange capacity, total and Olsen phosphorus in soils under their canopies, while Labiatae and Rosaceae increased pH and decreased organic matter, cation exchange capacity, total and Olsen phosphorus in soils under their canopies. The contents of Ca2P, Ca8P, Al‐P and Fe‐P were highly related with soil Olsen phosphorus. They were all higher in soils under Leguminosae and Lilaceae and lower in soils under Labiatae and Rosaceae. The results of this study indicate that Leguminosae and Lilaceae improved phosphorus nutrition in soils, yet Labiatae and Rosaceae impeded the improvement of phosphorus nutrition in soils under their canopies, which will be of more help to instruct vegetation restoration in the region and provide information for soil development.
Is the function field of a reductive Lie algebra purely transcendental over the field of invariants for the adjoint action?
Authors: Colliot-Thélène Jean-Louis , Kunyavskiĭ Boris , Popov Vladimir L. , Reichstein Zinovy 
Published: February 2011

AbstractLetkbe a field of characteristic zero, letGbe a connected reductive algebraic group overkand let 𝔤 be its Lie algebra. Letk(G), respectively,k(𝔤), be the field ofk-rational functions onG, respectively, 𝔤. The conjugation action of Gon itself induces the adjoint action of Gon 𝔤. We investigate the question whether or not the field extensionsk(G)/k(G)Gandk(𝔤)/k(𝔤)Gare purely transcendental. We show that the answer is the same fork(G)/k(G)Gandk(𝔤)/k(𝔤)G, and reduce the problem to the case whereGis simple. For simple groups we show that the answer is positive ifGis split of typeAnorCn, and negative for groups of other types, except possiblyG2. A key ingredient in the proof of the negative result is a recent formula for the unramified Brauer group of a homogeneous space with connected stabilizers. As a byproduct of our investigation we give an affirmative answer to a question of Grothendieck about the existence of a rational section of the categorical quotient morphism for the conjugating action of Gon itself.
Intra- and Extracellular Activities of Dicloxacillin and Linezolid against a Clinical
Staphylococcus aureus
Strain with a Small-Colony-Variant Phenotype in an
In Vitro
Model of THP-1 Macrophages and an
In Vivo
Mouse Peritonitis Model
Authors: Sandberg Anne , Lemaire Sandrine , Van Bambeke Françoise , Tulkens Paul M. , Hughes Diarmaid , von Eiff Christof , Frimodt-Møller Niels 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

The small-colony-variant (SCV) phenotype of
Staphylococcus aureus
has been associated with difficult-to-treat infections, reduced antimicrobial susceptibility, and intracellular persistence. This study represents a detailed intra- and extracellular investigation of a clinical wild-type (WT)
S. aureus
strain and its counterpart with an SCV phenotype both
in vitro
and
in vivo
, using the THP-1 cell line model and the mouse peritonitis model, respectively. Bacteria of both phenotypes infected the mouse peritoneum intra- and extracellularly. The SCV phenotype was less virulent and showed distinct bacterial clearance, a reduced multiplication capacity, and a reduced internalization ability. However, some of the SCV-infected mice were still culture positive up to 96 h postinfection, and bacteria of this phenotype could spread to the mouse kidney and furthermore revert to the more virulent WT phenotype in both the mouse peritoneum and kidney. The SCV phenotype is therefore, despite reduced virulence, an important player in
S. aureus
pathogenesis. In the THP-1 cell line model, both dicloxacillin (DCX) and linezolid (LZD) reduced the intracellular inocula of bacteria of both phenotypes by approximately 1 to 1.5 log
10
in vitro
, while DCX was considerably more effective against extracellular bacteria. In the mouse peritonitis model, DCX and LZD were also able to control both intra- and extracellular infections caused by either phenotype. Treatment with a single dose of DCX and LZD was, however, insufficient to clear the SCVs in the kidneys, and the risk of recurrent infection remained. This stresses the importance of an optimal dosing of the antibiotic when SCVs are present.