bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sources of Salinity Near a Coal Mine Spoil Pile, North‐Central Colorado
Authors: Zielinski Robert A. , Otton James K. , Johnson Craig A. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTA small (1 km2) salt‐affected stream drainage on the High Plains north of Denver, Colorado was sampled to determine the near‐surface dispersion of soluble salts and metals from low‐sulfur coal mining waste (spoil). Surface waters collected along the 0.8‐km stream reach, and aqueous leachates of spoil and naturally saline local soil, were analyzed for chemical constituents and sulfur isotopes. In this semiarid setting with abundant carbonate‐bearing surficial sediments, the limited, mildly acidic drainage from the spoil pile is quickly neutralized, restricting the mobility of many elements. However, some spoil‐derived constituents were clearly traceable within the upper 0.4 km of the stream reach. Spoil leachates and surface water near the spoil pile have distinctive compositions of major anions and cations, and elevated levels of dissolved nitrate compared with downstream waters. Spoil‐derived sulfate was traceable because it has generally positive values of δ34S that contrasted with generally negative values of δ34S in soil leachates and evaporite salts from the surrounding area. Spatial–chemical sampling of surface water showed an abrupt increase in dissolved U, Se, B, Li, and Mn in the lower 0.4 km of the stream reach where shallow ground water from surrounding irrigated fields contributed to surface flow. The downstream evolution of surface water chemistry and sulfur isotopic composition is consistent with mixing between spoil‐affected upstream water and irrigation‐return water. The methods described should be applicable at other sites in similar settings where the environmental effect of low‐sulfur coal mining waste must be assessed and where access to samples of shallow ground water is limited.
Organochlorine Pollutants in Remote Mountain Lake Waters
Authors: Vilanova Rosa , Fernández Pilar , Martínez Carolina , Grimalt Joan O. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTHexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs; α‐ and γ‐isomers), endosulfans (α‐ and β‐isomers and the sulfate residue), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs), and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) were measured in waters from three European remote mountain lakes situated in the Alps, Pyrenees, and Caledonian mountains. Sampling encompassed both ice‐free and ice‐covered periods at different water column depths. High HCH concentrations were found in all lakes, those in the Alps and Pyrenees (990–2900 pg/L) being among the highest recorded in continental waters. Endosulfans and endosulfan sulfate (120–1150 pg/L) were the second major group of organochlorine contaminants, showing a remarkable stability upon atmospheric long‐range transport. The concentrations of HCB, DDTs, and PCB (4–8, 0.6–16, and 26–110 pg/L, respectively) were low in comparison with other continental waters. Hexachlorocyclohexanes, endosulfans, and HCB were essentially found in the dissolved phase. Phase partitioning of the more hydrophobic compounds exhibited a dependence on temperature and water‐suspended particles. Comparison between different sampling seasons and water depths indicated a remarkable concentration uniformity within lake, but major interlake differences. Normalization to turnover rates showed higher interlake similarity. Preferential accumulation of the less volatile compounds in the Alp lake and significant increase of baseline contributions of organochlorine compounds and residues in the Caledonian lake are also evidenced from these turnover rates.
Forest Fertilization with Wood Ash: Effect on the Distribution and Storage of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Authors: Bundt Maya , Krauss Martin , Blaser Peter , Wilcke Wolfgang 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTBefore wood ash can be safely used as a fertilizer in forests, possible negative effects such as input of organic contaminants or remobilization of contaminants already stored in the soil must be investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of wood ash application on concentrations, storage, and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a Swiss forest soil. In May 1998, we added 8 Mg wood ash ha−1 to a forest soil. We determined 20 PAHs and 14 PCBs in the organic layer, in the bulk mineral soil, and in soil material taken from preferential flow paths and from the matrix before and after the wood ash application. In the control plots, the concentrations of PAHs in the organic layer indicated moderate pollution (sum of 20 PAHs: 0.8–1.6 mg kg−1), but sum of PCB concentrations was high (21–48 μg kg−1). The wood ash had high concentrations of PAHs (sum of 20 PAHs: 16.8 mg kg−1), but low concentrations of PCBs (sum of 14 PCBs: 3.4 μg kg−1). The wood ash application increased the PAH concentrations in the organic horizons up to sixfold. In contrast, PCB concentrations did not change in the Oa horizon and decreased up to one third in the Oi and Oe horizons. The decrease was probably caused by the mobilization of stored PCBs because of the high pH of the wood ash. This probably results in a higher mobility of dissolved organic matter, acting as PCB carrier. In the mineral soil, the preferential flow paths of the A horizon contained more PAHs and PCBs (+20 ± 15% and +43 ± 60%, respectively) than the matrix. This was particularly true for higher molecular weight compounds (molecular weight > 200 g mol−1). Below 50 cm depth, concentrations of PAHs and PCBs were smaller in the preferential flow paths, suggesting that in deeper depths, processes acting as sinks dominated over inputs in the preferential flow paths.
Nitrate Loss in Subsurface Drainage as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate
Authors: Jaynes D.B. , Colvin T.S. , Karlen D.L. , Cambardella C.A. , Meek D.W. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThe relationships between N fertilizer rate, yield, and NO3leaching need to be quantified to develop soil and crop management practices that are economically and environmentally sustainable. From 1996 through 1999, we measured yield and NO3loss from a subsurface drained field in central Iowa at three N fertilizer rates: a low (L) rate of 67 kg ha−1in 1996 and 57 kg ha−1in 1998, a medium (M) rate of 135 kg ha−1in 1996 and 114 kg ha−1in 1998, and a high (H) rate of 202 kg ha−1in 1996 and 172 kg ha−1in 1998. Corn (Zea maysL.) and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] were grown in rotation with N fertilizer applied in the spring to corn only. For the L treatment, NO3concentrations in the drainage water exceeded the 10 mg N L−1maximum contaminant level (MCL) established by the USEPA for drinking water only during the years that corn was grown. For the M and H treatments, NO3concentrations exceeded the MCL in all years, regardless of crop grown. For all years, the NO3mass loss in tile drainage water from the H treatment (48 kg N ha−1) was significantly greater than the mass losses from the M (35 kg N ha−1) and L (29 kg N ha−1) treatments, which were not significantly different. The economically optimum N fertilizer rate for corn was between 67 and 135 kg ha−1in 1996 and 114 and 172 kg ha−1in 1998, but the net N mass balance indicated that N was being mined from the soil at these N fertilizer levels and that the system would not be sustainable.
Effects of Tillage and Phosphorus Placement on Phosphorus Runoff Losses in a Grain Sorghum–Soybean Rotation
Authors: Kimmell R.J. , Pierzynski G.M. , Janssen K.A. , Barnes P.L. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTPhosphorus enhances eutrophication of fresh water bodies. This study was conducted to determine the influence of tillage and P placement on P losses in runoff water from a somewhat poorly drained soil (Woodson silt loam [fine, smectitic, thermic Abruptic Argiaquoll], 1.0–1.5% slope) in a grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] rotation. Chisel‐disk‐field cultivate (ChT), ridge‐till (RT), and no‐till (NT) in combination with 0 kg P ha−1 or 24 kg P ha−1 broadcast or knifed (applied prior to planting grain sorghum) were studied. Runoff volume and losses of sediment and P were summed over the growing season. Significant interactions between tillage and P placement for soluble P losses were found. For example, soluble P loss in 1999 for NT‐broadcast in grain sorghum was 358 g ha−1; significantly greater than 31 g ha−1 for NT‐knife or 23 g ha−1 for NT‐check. Similar results were found for RT but no such differences were found for ChT. Bioavailable P losses were generally highest with broadcast P placement and for NT and RT. Total P losses were significantly higher at 959 g ha−1 with broadcast P on grain sorghum in 1998, compared with 521 g ha−1 for the check and 659 g ha−1 for the knifed P applications. Total P losses in 1999 for soybeans were only 18 g ha−1 for NT, which was significantly lower than 75 g ha−1 for ChT and 66 g ha−1 for RT. The results indicate that broadcast P applications on RT and NT will increase P losses, but the influence of tillage was not consistent.
Controlled Drainage and Wetlands to Reduce Agricultural Pollution: A Lysimetric Study
Authors: Borin M. , Bonaiti G. , Giardini L. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTControlled drainage and wetlands could be very effective practices to control nitrogen pollution in the low‐lying agricultural plains of northeast Italy, but they are not as popular as in other countries. An experiment on lysimeters was therefore carried out in 1996–1998, with the double aim of obtaining local information to encourage the implementation of these practices and to gain more knowledge on the effects involved. Controlled drainage + subirrigation and wetlands were all considered as natural systems where alternative water table management could ameliorate water quality, and were compared with a typical water management scheme for crops in the open field. Eight treatments were considered: free drainage on maize (Zea mays L.) and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), two treatments of controlled drainage on the same crops, and five wetland treatments using common reed [Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.], common cattail (Typha latifolia L.), and tufted sedge (Carex elata All.), with different water table or flooding levels. Lysimeters received about 130 g m−2 of N with fertilization and irrigation water, with small differences among treatments. The effects of treatments were more evident for NO3–N concentrations than for the other chemical parameters (total Kjeldahl nitrogen, pH, and electrical conductivity), with significantly different medians among free drainage (33 mg L−1), controlled drainage (1.6 and 2.6 mg L−1), and wetlands (0.5–0.7 mg L−1). Referring to free drainage, NO3–N losses were reduced by 46 to 63% in controlled drainage and 95% in the average of wetlands. Wetlands also reduced losses of total dissolved solids from 253 g m−2 (average of crop treatments) to 175 g m−2 (average of wetlands).
Effect of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) By‐Product on Water Quality at an Underground Coal Mine
Authors: Lamminen Mikko , Wood James , Walker Harold , Chin Yu‐Ping , He Yongtian , Traina Samuel J. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a field study was carried out to examine the effect of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by‐product on water quality at an underground coal mine in central‐eastern Ohio. Flue gas desulfurization by‐product was injected into the down‐dip portions of the Roberts–Dawson mine in an attempt to seal major seeps exiting the mine and to coat exposed pyritic surfaces. Immediately following grout injection, significant increases in acidity, iron, aluminum, sulfur, and calcium were observed at most surface and ground water locations near where grouting was carried out. Following this initial flush of elements, concentrations of most constituents have decreased to near pre‐grouting levels. Data from the site and geochemical modeling suggest that an increase in water level or rerouting of drainage flow resulted in the dissolution of iron and aluminum sulfate salts and ferrihydrite. Dissolution of the FGD grout material resulted in increases in calcium and sulfate concentrations in the drainage waters. Water within the mine voids was saturated with respect to calcium sulfate and gypsum immediately following grout injection. Based on an analysis of core samples obtained from the site, acid mine drainage (AMD) was in contact with at least some portions of the grout and this resulted in grout weathering. Subsequent transport of calcium and sulfate to the underclay, perhaps by fracture flow, has resulted in the deposition of gypsum and calcium sulfate solids.
Chemical Analysis of Soil and Leachate from Experimental Wetland Mesocosms Lined with Coal Combustion Products
Authors: Ahn Changwoo , Mitsch William J. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTSmall‐scale (1 m2) wetland mesocosm experiments were conducted over two consecutive growing seasons to investigate the effects on soil and leachate chemistry of using a recycled coal combustion product as a liner. The coal combustion product used as a liner consisted of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by‐products and fly ash. This paper provides the chemical characteristics of mesocosm soil and leachate after 2 yr of experimentation. Arsenic, Ca, and pH were higher in FGD‐lined mesocosm surface soil relative to unlined mesocosms. Aluminum was higher in the soils of unlined mesocosms relative to FGD‐lined mesocosms. No significant difference of potentially phytotoxic B was observed between lined and unlined mesocosms in the soil. Higher pH, conductivity, and concentrations of Al, B, Ca, K, and S (SO4–S) were observed in leachate from lined mesocosms compared with unlined controls while Fe, Mg, and Mn were higher in leachate from unlined mesocosms. Concentrations of most elements analyzed in the leachate were below national primary and secondary drinking water standards after 2 yr of experimentation. Initially high pH and soluble salt concentrations measured in the leachate from the lined mesocosms may indicate the reason for early effects noted on the development of wetland vegetation in the mesocosms.
Removal and Distribution of Iron, Manganese, Cobalt, and Nickel within a Pennsylvania Constructed Wetland Treating Coal Combustion By‐Product Leachate
Authors: Ye Z.H. , Whiting S.N. , Lin Z.‐Q. , Lytle C.M. , Qian J.H. , Terry N. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTA flow‐through wetland treatment system was constructed to treat coal combustion by‐product leachate from an electrical power station at Springdale, Pennsylvania. In a nine‐compartment treatment system, four cattail (Typha latifolia L.) wetland cells (designated Cells 1 through 4) successfully removed iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) from the inlet water; Fe and Mn concentrations were decreased by an average of 91% in the first year (May 1996–May 1997), and by 94 and 98% in the second year (July 1997–June 1998), respectively. Cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) were decreased by an average of 39 and 47% in the first year, and 98 and 63% in the second year, respectively. Most of the metal removed by the wetland cells was accumulated in sediments, which constituted the largest sink. Except for Fe, metal concentrations in the sediments tended to be greater in the top 5 cm of sediment than in the 5‐ to 10‐ or 10‐ to 15‐cm layers, and in Cell 1 than in Cells 2, 3, and 4. Plants constituted a much smaller sink for metals; only 0.91, 4.18, 0.19, and 0.38% of the Fe, Mn, Co, and Ni were accumulated annually in the aboveground tissues of cattail, respectively. A greater proportion of each metal (except Mn) was accumulated in cattail fallen litter and submerged Chara (a macroalga) tissues, that is, 2.81, 2.75, and 1.05% for Fe, Co, and Ni, respectively. Considerably higher concentrations of metals were associated with cattail roots than shoots, although Mn was a notable exception.
Phytoremediation of Aged Petroleum Sludge: Effect of Irrigation Techniques and Scheduling
Authors: Hutchinson S. Lewis , Schwab A. P. , Banks M. K. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThe use of higher plants to accelerate the remediation of petroleum contaminants in soil is limited by, among other factors, rooting depth and the delivery of nutrients to the microsites at which remediation occurs. The objective of this study was to test methods of enhancing root growth and remediation in the subsurface of a contaminated petroleum sludge. The phytoremediation of highly contaminated petroleum sludge (total petroleum hydrocarbons >35 g kg−1) was tested in the greenhouse as a function of the frequency and the depth of irrigation and fertilization. Water and dissolved plant nutrients were added to the soil surface or at a depth of 30 cm, either daily or weekly. Equivalent quantities of water and nutrients were added in all cases. Daily irrigation at a depth of 30 cm invoked greater root growth and enhanced contaminant degradation relative to all other treatments. In the absence of plants, residual concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons after 7 mo were higher than with plants. The presence of plant roots clearly improved the physical structure of the soil and increased microbial populations. Thus, the plant roots in conjunction with daily additions of soluble N and P appeared to enhance oxygen transport to greater depths in the soil, stimulate petroleum‐degrading microorganisms, and provide microbial access to soil micropores. Subsurface irrigation with frequent, small amounts of water and nutrients could significantly accelerate phytoremediation of field soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.
Biosolids Applications Affect Runoff Water Quality following Forest Fire
Authors: Meyer V. F. , Redente E. F. , Barbarick K. A. , Brobst R. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTSoil erosion and nutrient losses are great concerns following forest wildfires. Biosolids application might enhance revegetation efforts while reducing soil erodibility. Consequently, we applied Denver Metro Wastewater District composted biosolids at rates of 0, 40, and 80 Mg ha−1 to a severely burned, previously forested site near Buffalo Creek, CO to increase plant cover and growth. Soils were classified as Ustorthents, Ustochrepts, and Haploborols. Simulated rainfall was applied for 30 min at a rate of 100 mm h−1 to 3‐ × 10‐m paired plots. Biosolids application rates did not significantly affect mean total runoff (p < 0.05). Sediment concentrations were significantly greater (p < 0.05) from the control plots compared with the plots that had received the 80 Mg biosolids ha−1 rate. Biosolids application rate had mixed effects on water‐quality constituents; however, concentrations of all runoff constituents for all treatment rates were below levels recommended for drinking water standards, except Pb. Biosolids application to this site increased plant cover, which should provide erosion control.
Cadmium Content of Wheat Grain from a Long‐Term Field Experiment with Sewage Sludge
Authors: Chaudri Amar M. , Allain Céline M.G. , Badawy S.H. , Adams Martin L. , McGrath Steve P. , Chambers Brian J. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTGrain Cd concentrations were determined in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Soissons, Brigadier, and Hereward grown in 1994, 1996, and 1999, respectively, in soils of a long‐term field experiment to which sewage sludges contaminated with Zn, Cu, Ni, or Cr had previously been added. Soil pore water soluble Cd and free Cd2+ increased linearly with increasing total soil Cd (R2 = 0.82 and 0.84, respectively; P < 0.001). Similarly, soil pore water free Cd2+ increased linearly with increasing soil pore water soluble Cd (R2 = 0.98; P < 0.001). There was no evidence of a plateau in soil pore water Cd concentrations with increasing soil Cd concentrations. Grain Cd concentrations were significantly correlated with total soil Cd (P < 0.001), soil pore water Cd (P < 0.001), and free Cd2+ (P < 0.001). A slight curvilinear relationship between grain Cd and soil Cd was apparent, but there was no plateau, even at the maximum soil Cd concentration of about 2.7 mg kg−1 The relationship between soil pore water Cd and grain Cd was linear for all three cultivars. The slopes were in the order 1994 > 1996 > 1999, with more Cd being taken up into the grain by Soissons grown in 1994, and least by Hereward grown in 1999. For Soissons, Cd concentration in the grain greater than the EU limit (0.24 mg kg−1 dry wt.) occurred at soil Cd less than the current UK limit of 3 mg kg−1 for soils receiving sewage sludge. In contrast, for Brigadier and Hereward, grain Cd concentrations were near to and less than the EU limit, respectively, at soil Cd concentrations of 3 mg kg−1
Identifying Riparian Sinks for Watershed Nitrate using Soil Surveys
Authors: Rosenblatt A. E. , Gold A. J. , Stolt M. H. , Groffman P. M. , Kellogg D. Q. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThe capacity of riparian zones to serve as critical control locations for watershed nitrogen flux varies with site characteristics. Without a means to stratify riparian zones into different levels of ground water nitrate removal capacity, this variability will confound spatially explicit source–sink models of watershed nitrate flux and limit efforts to target riparian restoration and management. We examined the capability of SSURGO (1:15840 Soil Survey Geographic database) map classifications (slope class, geomorphology, and/or hydric soil designation) to identify riparian sites with high capacity for ground water nitrate removal. The study focused on 100 randomly selected riparian locations in a variety of forested and glaciated settings within Rhode Island. Geomorphic settings included till, outwash, and organic/alluvial deposits. We defined riparian zones with “high ground water nitrate removal capacity” as field sites possessing both >10 m of hydric soil width and an absence of ground water surface seeps. SSURGO classification based on a combination of geomorphology and hydric soil status created two functionally distinct sets of riparian sites. More than 75% of riparian sites classified by SSURGO as organic/alluvium–hydric or as outwash–hydric had field attributes that suggest a high capacity for ground water nitrate removal. In contrast, >85% of all till sites and nonhydric outwash sites had field characteristics that minimize the capacity for ground water nitrate removal. Comparing the STATSGO and SSURGO databases for a 64000‐ha watershed, STATSGO grossly under‐represented critical riparian features. We conclude that the SSURGO database can provide modelers and managers with important insights into riparian zone nitrogen removal potential.
Effect of Turfgrass Cover and Irrigation on Soil Mobility and Dissipation of Mefenoxam and Propiconazole
Authors: Gardner D. S. , Branham B. E. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTIrrigation effects on pesticide mobility have been studied, but few direct comparisons of pesticide mobility or persistence have been conducted on turfgrass versus bare soil. The interaction of irrigation practices and the presence of turfgrass on the mobility and dissipation of mefenoxam [N‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)‐N‐(methoxyacetyl)‐D‐alanine methyl ester] and propiconazole (1‐[[2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐propyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐yl]methyl]‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole) was studied. Sampling cylinders (20‐cm diam.) were placed in either creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.] or bare soil. Mefenoxam was applied at 770 g a.i. ha−1 and propiconazole was applied at 1540 g a.i. ha−1 on 14 June 1999. Sampling cylinders were removed 2 h after treatment and 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 days after treatment (DAT) and the cores were sectioned by depth. Dissipation of mefenoxam was rapid, regardless of the amount of surface organic matter or irrigation. The half‐life (t1/2) of mefenoxam was 5 to 6 d in turf and 7 to 8 d in bare soil. Most mefenoxam residues found in soil under turfgrass were in the 0‐ to 1‐cm section at 0, 4, and 8 DAT. Residues were found in the 15‐ to 30‐cm section at 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 DAT, regardless of turf cover or irrigation. The t1/2 of propiconazole was 12 to 15 d in turfgrass and 29 d in bare soil. Little movement of propiconazole was observed in either bare soil or turf.