bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fumonisin detection and analysis of potential fumonisin‐producing Fusarium spp. in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) in Zhejiang Province of China
Authors: Wang Jiansheng , Wang Xiaoping , Zhou Ying , Du Liangcheng , Wang Qiaomei 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by a number of Fusarium species, including several pathogens of asparagus plants. China is one of the largest asparagus producers in the world. In this study, we analysed the contamination of fumonisins and fumonisin‐producing fungi in asparagus spear samples from Zhejiang Province, the major asparagus production province in China.RESULTS: The asparagus did not contain a detectable level of fumonisins. However, the recovery of Fusarium in asparagus was 72.7%, including F. proliferatum (40.9%), F. oxysporum (22.7%), F. acuminatum (4.55%) and F. equesti (4.55%). A multiplex PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer sequence (ITS), translation elongation factor 1‐α (TEF), and key biosynthetic genes FUM1 and FUM8, was used to simultaneously determine the identity and the biosynthetic ability of the fungal isolates. Fungal isolates containing the FUM genes also produced fumonisins in cultures, ranging from 28 to 4204 µg g−1. F. proliferatum was the only fumonisin‐producing Fusarium species in asparagus.CONCLUSION: Although no fumonisin contamination was detected in asparagus in the current survey, we found that the majority of samples contained Fusarium spp. Because F. proliferatum is a high fumonisin‐producing species, potential health risks for human consumption of asparagus exist, if the appropriate environmental conditions are present for this fungus. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
R&D and Tobin's q in an emerging financial market: the case of the Athens Stock Exchange
Authors: Parcharidis Efstathios G. , Varsakelis Nikos C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis paper aims at providing further evidence on the consequences of R&D investment on Tobin's q for firms publicly traded in an emerging financial market. Panel data methodology is applied using data for the manufacturing and computer firms listed in the Athens Stock Exchange, a market classified as emerging by the major securities analysts, for the period 1996–2004. The empirical findings show first, that the Greek firms' R&D investment effect on the market value of a firm is consistent with other US and European studies. Second, the impact of the R&D investment on the market value is higher for small firms. The findings of this paper may have significant industrial and technological policy implications for other emerging markets sharing similar characteristics to Greece. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
OVER-DOING THINGS WITH WORDS IN 1862: PRETENSE AND PLAIN TRUTH IN WILKIE COLLINS'S NO NAME
Authors: Bisla Sundeep 
Published: February 2010

In Walter C. Phillips's Classic Study of 1919, Dickens, Reade, and Collins, Sensation Novelists: A Study in the Conditions and Theories of Novel Writing in Victorian England, there comes an instant when the critic believes himself to have caught the last of his novelists in a moment of artlessness. Remarking on the comforting and seemingly-conformist opening of Wilkie Collins's No Name, Phillips comments that “in the early sixties . . . the popular drift toward realism – stories of domestic life – had compelled some modification of Collins's . . . original melodramatic scheme” (133). Collins's predilection for artfulness is well-established. Rejecting his suggestions for an earlier foreshadowing of the Dr. Manette subplot in A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens comments in October 1859, “I do not positively say that the point you put, might not have been done in your manner; but I have a very strong conviction that it would have been overdone in that manner.” He goes on to characterize Collins's suggested revision as potentially off-putting for the readership because it would inevitably be discovered and the situation consequently judged “too elaborately trapped, baited, and prepared” (Letters 9: 127). This essay is in a sense an exploration of the special utility inherent in Collins's elaborately prepared traps for the reader. The elaborate plan can sometimes go places, make certain philosophical critiques, that the accommodative plot cannot. Collins was not known to be a writer who changed course easily in the face of criticism. Thus, it is surprising to find Phillips, as well as other literary critics, taking his opening in No Name seriously and as a sort of conservative retreat on Collins's part. But traps being what they are, that is, made to be fallen into, Phillips's misunderstanding is understandable. The opening of No Name does most assuredly invite such an interpretation. I will be arguing here, however, that, far from attempting to accommodate a newly emergent popular Victorian domestic taste, and pulling back from a previous subversive stance, Collins especially in his opening but also throughout his non-canonical masterpiece is actually covertly attacking that taste at its very foundations.
“TO HELP THE NATION TO SAVE ITS SOUL”: MUSEUM PURPOSES IN JAMES'STHE PRINCESS CASAMASSIMA
Authors: Schwartz John Pedro 
Published: February 2010

In a 1927 lecture the Directorof the British Museum Sir Frederic Kenyon countered the futurist leader F. T. Marinetti's calls for the destruction of museums by arguing that “in times of upheaval . . . salvation is to be found in adherence to tradition” rather than in “break[ing] loose from” it. Kenyon explained the museum's role in promoting this salvation:A visit to a museum will not by itself quench a revolution. It would have been useless to invite thepétroleusesof the Commune to an official lecture in the Egyptian Gallery at the Louvre; but if they had been brought up to respect the past, there might have been a revolution withoutpétroleuses. Every form of instruction or experience which teaches men to link their lives with the past makes for stability and ordered progress. Hence the value of history and hence also the value of those institutions which teach history informally and without tears. (24–25)This is perhaps the most explicit statement of the British Museum's ideological function in early twentieth-century museum discourse. The museum acts as an ideological state apparatus that calls out to museum-goers to identify with, rather than agitate against, the social order symbolized in the “examples of great men” and the “monuments of the past” (23–24). Though not without critics, much of the new museology since the 1980s draws on this historical record and poststructuralist theory to argue that the modern museum operates as a site for the reflection or reinforcement of existing power relations. Critics have associated the museum, for example, with racism and sexism (Haraway), with classism (Bourdieu and Darbel), with imperialism and colonialism (Barringer and Flynn), with mechanisms of social control (Sherman and Rogoff), and with the consecration of state authority (Duncan and Wallach). Whereas Kenyon's defense of the museum suggests a reactionary position, the cultural destruction he combats amounts to a revolutionary act, whether accomplished by the “gay incendiaries with charred fingers” exhorted by Marinetti in his movement-founding manifesto of 1909 or thecommunardesaccused of torching the French capital during thesemaine sanglantein 1871 (43). For cultural destruction is inescapably political, as Antonio Gramsci argued in “Marinetti the Revolutionary” (1916). The Italian theorist and political activist identified the futurist discourse against the museum and the aesthetic tradition it perpetuates with the Marxist task of destroying “spiritual hierarchies, prejudices, idols and ossified traditions” to make way for the creation of a new, proletarian civilization (Gramsci 215).
The effects of breastfeeding on cognitive and neurological development of children at 9 years
Authors: Holme A. , MacArthur C. , Lancashire R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackground  The effect of breastfeeding on cognitive development in the child remains controversial. The commonly observed association between breastfeeding and higher intelligence quotient (IQ) scores in children may result from the numerous confounding factors in this complex relationship. The aim of this study was to examine whether breastfeeding is associated with later differences in children's cognitive and neurological development.Methods  Secondary analysis from a 9‐year follow‐up study of children of 982 smokers recruited to a randomized controlled trial of anti‐smoking education in pregnancy in a maternity hospital between November 1981 and October 1982; and all ex‐smokers and a random 25% sample of non‐smokers during the same period (total 1853 women). Cognitive and neurological development of children was assessed by psychologists in schools using the British Ability Scales and Quick Neurological Screening Test (QNST). Data on breastfeeding and factors relevant to child development were drawn from interviews with mothers at home. Main outcome measures were IQ and QNST scores.Results  A total of 1218 (66%) children were followed up. In total, 61.6% of children were breastfed, median duration being 12 weeks. Before adjustment, breastfeeding was significantly associated with higher total, verbal and visual IQ scores in children, and increasing duration was significantly correlated with IQ scores. Total IQ was 5.49 points higher in breastfed children (P≤ 0.001), but became non‐significant after adjustment. Total IQ scores were most strongly associated with maternal education, maternal age, parity, housing and chronic childhood illness. Breastfeeding was significantly associated with better QNST scores on bivariate analysis but not after adjustment. QNST scores were most strongly associated with maternal education and the child's sex.Conclusions  Breastfeeding was not associated with any crude IQ advantage or difference in neurological soft signs in children at 9 years. The greater IQ score associated with breastfeeding is accounted for by confounding, with maternal and socio‐economic characteristics particularly important.
Spaces of social inclusion and belonging for people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Hall E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPeople with intellectual disabilities (IDs) have been defined as ‘socially excluded’ and policies of ‘social inclusion’ invoked to counter this through a focus on paid work and independent living. For many people with IDs this is either not desired or not possible, and as a result many have sought out alternative spaces and activities of inclusion. The paper provides a critique of social exclusion and inclusion, and then goes onto examine (using two case studies) the ways in which people with IDs develop feelings of attachment and belonging within artistic spaces. The paper concludes that not only do these spaces provide mostly positive outcomes for individual people, but also have a potential role in ‘reinscribing’ the social and cultural understanding of people with IDs.
Modern and ancient DNA reveal recent partial replacement of caribou in the southwest Yukon
Authors: KUHN TYLER S. , MCFARLANE KERI A. , GROVES PAMELA , MOOERS ARNE Ø. , SHAPIRO BETH 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe long‐term persistence of forest‐dwelling caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) will probably be determined by management and conservation decisions. Understanding the evolutionary relationships between modern caribou herds, and how these relationships have changed through time will provide key information for the design of appropriate management strategies. To explore these relationships, we amplified microsatellite and mitochondrial markers from modern caribou from across the Southern Yukon, Canada, as well as mitochondrial DNA from Holocene specimens recovered from alpine ice patches in the same region. Our analyses identify a genetically distinct group of caribou composed of herds from the Southern Lakes region that may warrant special management consideration. We also identify a partial genetic replacement event occurring 1000 years before present, coincident with the deposition of the White River tephra and the Medieval Warm Period. These results suggest that, in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures and climate variability, maintaining the ability of caribou herds to expand in numbers and range may be more important than protecting the survival of any individual, isolated sedentary forest‐dwelling herd.
KENOSIS AND EMERGENCE: A THEOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS
Authors: McCall Bradford 
Published: February 2010

Abstract.Emergence, a hot topic of discussion for the last several years, has implications not only for the study of science but also for theology. I survey Philip Clayton's bookMind & Emergence, drawing from it and applying some of its philosophical principles to a theological interpretation of emergence. This theological interpretation is supplemented by a brief examination of relevant biblical usages of the termkenosis.From this exploration of kenosis, I assert that the Spirit is kenotically poured into creation, which onsets the long and laborious process of prebiotic evolution, leading to biological evolution toward increasing complexity. The complexification of matter, then, has its ontological origin in and through the agency of the Spirit of God. As such, the concept ofcreatio continua, continuing creation, is defended. The Spirit enables emergence by endowing creation and creatures with the ability to unfold by apparent natural processes according to their own inherent potentialities and possibilities. This essay contributes to a systematic theology of creation by constructing a theological synthesis between kenosis and emergence.
Computational and physiological background of the baroreflex sensitivity
Authors: Nieminen T. , Kähönen M. , Laitinen T. , Kööbi T. 
Published: February 2010

SummaryAll the commonly used definitions of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) are based on a slope of linear relationship between systolic blood pressure and pulse interval (R–R interval). However, heart rate (HR) and R–R interval bear an inverse non‐linear relationship, which distorts determination of BRS when different HR levels are present. We analysed data of 117 healthy, normal‐weight, non‐smoking men and women aged 23–77 to show how BRS depends on the initial HR. In this data, 43% of variation in BRS is solely explained by HR. Comparisons of BRS between patients with different HR and even within the same patient with changing HR (e.g. tilt‐table test and nocturnal changes in HR) should be questioned. Consideration of the baseline HR is even more crucial, if the patients are subjected to an intervention affecting not only baroreflexes but also HR. If baseline HR is not taken into account, using the R–R interval in the estimation of BRS may lead to partially misleading values and possibly also to misinterpretation of physiological processes. We discuss alternative definitions of BRS to allow varying HRs.
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib inhibits FGF‐2‐induced reduction of TAZ levels in osteoblast‐like cells
Authors: Eda Homare , Aoki Katsuhiko , Kato Soki , Okawa Yutaka , Takada Koji , Tanaka Takaaki , Marumo Keishi , Ohkawa Kiyoshi 
Published: February 2010

Abstract Objectives: Bortezomib (PS‐341; Velcade™), a proteasome inhibitor, is used as a therapeutic agent for multiple myeloma. Bortezomib has been shown to strongly induce osteoblast differentiation and elevate the levels of osteoblast‐related differentiation markers in the serum of patients with myeloma. Bortezomib also reportedly increases the activity of the transcription factor, Runx2. However, the mechanism of action by which bortezomib‐elevated Runx2 activity mediates osteoblast differentiation remains unclear. On the other hand, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF‐2) is found at high levels in patients with multiple myeloma. We previously reported that FGF‐2 reduces the levels of the transcriptional coactivator with PDZ‐binding motif (TAZ). We therefore investigated the effects of bortezomib on TAZ protein levels in the presence of FGF‐2. Methods: Osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells were treated with different concentrations of bortezomib in the presence or absence of FGF‐2 and various biologic responses were investigated by immunoblotting, RT‐PCR, quantitative PCR, and alizarin red staining. Results: We found that bortezomib inhibited FGF‐2‐induced reduction of TAZ levels through a pathway other than that used for proteasome inhibition, while maintaining TAZ function, which in turn, enhanced the expression of Runx2‐transcribed osteogenic differentiation markers. Bortezomib also suppressed the antimineralization effect of FGF‐2. Conclusions: These findings suggest that bortezomib inhibited FGF‐2‐induced reduction of TAZ and consequently stimulated osteogenic differentiation independently of proteasome inhibition. These findings may contribute to elucidate the osteolytic mechanism in multiple myeloma, and to the development of new drugs for multiple myeloma and other osteolytic diseases.
Ag‐Cu‐Pb‐Bi‐S Minerals Newly Discovered from the Ohori Base Metal Deposit, Yamagata Prefecture, NE Japan: Implications for Bi‐metallogenesis in the Green‐Tuff Region
Authors: Yokoro Yu , Nakashima Kazuo 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe Ohori deposit, one of the base metal deposits in the Green‐Tuff region, NE Japan, is composed of two types of mineralization; a skarn‐type (Kaninomata orebody) made by the replacement of the Miocene calcareous layer, and a vein‐type (Nakanomata orebody). While the ore mineral assemblage of the deposit (chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite and galena) has been known for being rather simple, some Pb‐Bi‐S minerals have been discovered for the first time in the present study. The minerals mainly occur in the chalcopyrite‐rich ores of both orebodies. They essentially belong to the Pb‐Bi‐S system and contain Cu and Ag in minor amounts, which correspond to the lillianite–gustavite solid solution series (phases Z and X), cosalite, neyite, felbertalite, krupkaite and Bi‐bearing galena. The chalcopyrite‐rich (Bi‐bearing) ores from both orebodies are richer in chalcopyrite, pyrite and chlorite, and have higher homogenization temperatures (>300°C) of fluid inclusions, and higher FeS contents in sphalerite compared to the Bi‐free ores. In the Green‐Tuff region, Bi‐minerals have been reported from many base metal deposits. Most of these Bi‐bearing ore deposits are referred to as xenothermal‐type deposits, and are characterized by the following common features; composite mineralization of high‐ and low‐temperatures in the shallower environments, and close relationships with the Tertiary granitic rocks. The whole mineralization at the Ohori deposit also has a similar xenothermal character because of the coexistence of high‐temperature chalcopyrite‐rich ores with Pb‐Bi‐S minerals, which were formed by the influence of the Tertiary granitic rocks at a shallow depth.
Synergy with Rifampin and Kanamycin Enhances Potency, Kill Kinetics, and Selectivity ofDeNovo-Designed Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Anantharaman Aparna , Rizvi Meryam Sardar , Sahal Dinkar 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTBy choosing membranes as targets of action, antibacterial peptides offer the promise of providing antibiotics to which bacteria would not become resistant. However, there is a need to increase their potency against bacteria along with achieving a reduction in toxicity to host cells. Here, we report that threede novo-designed antibacterial peptides (ΔFm, ΔFmscr, and Ud) with poor to moderate antibacterial potencies and kill kinetics improved significantly in all of these aspects when synergized with rifampin and kanamycin againstEscherichiacoli. (ΔFm and ΔFmscr [a scrambled-sequence version of ΔFm] are isomeric, monomeric decapeptides containing the nonproteinogenic amino acid α,β-didehydrophenylalanine [ΔF] in their sequences. Ud is a lysine-branched dimeric peptide containing the helicogenic amino acid α-aminoisobutyric acid [Aib].) In synergy with rifampin, the MIC of ΔFmscr showed a 34-fold decrease (67.9 μg/ml alone, compared to 2 μg/ml in combination). A 20-fold improvement in the minimum bactericidal concentration of Ud was observed when the peptide was used in combination with rifampin (369.9 μg/ml alone, compared to 18.5 μg/ml in combination). Synergy with kanamycin resulted in an enhancement in kill kinetics for ΔFmscr (no killing until 60 min for ΔFmscr alone, versus 50% and 90% killing within 20 min and 60 min, respectively, in combination with kanamycin). Combination of the dendrimeric peptide ΔFq (a K-K2 dendrimer for which the sequence of ΔFm constitutes each of the four branches) (MIC, 21.3 μg/ml) with kanamycin (MIC, 2.1 μg/ml) not only lowered the MIC of each by 4-fold but also improved the therapeutic potential of this highly hemolytic (37% hemolysis alone, compared to 4% hemolysis in combination) and cytotoxic (70% toxicity at 10× MIC alone, versus 30% toxicity in combination) peptide. Thus, synergy between peptide and nonpeptide antibiotics has the potential to enhance the potency and target selectivity of antibacterial peptides, providing regimens which are more potent, faster acting, and safer for clinical use.
Mechanism of Resistance of Hepatitis C Virus Replicons to Structurally Distinct Cyclophilin Inhibitors
Authors: Puyang Xiaoling , Poulin Danielle L. , Mathy Joanna E. , Anderson Leah J. , Ma Sue , Fang Zheng , Zhu Shejin , Lin Kai , Fujimoto Roger , Compton Teresa , Wiedmann Brigitte 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT
The current standard of care for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, pegylated alpha interferon in combination with ribavirin, has a limited response rate and adverse side effects. Drugs targeting viral proteins are in clinical development, but they suffer from the development of high viral resistance. The inhibition of cellular proteins that are essential for viral amplification is thought to have a higher barrier to the emergence of resistance. Three cyclophilin inhibitors, the cyclosporine analogs DEBIO-025, SCY635, and NIM811, have shown promising results for the treatment of HCV infection in early clinical trials. In this study, we investigated the frequency and mechanism of resistance to cyclosporine (CsA), NIM811, and a structurally unrelated cyclophilin inhibitor, SFA-1, in replicon-containing Huh7 cells. Cross-resistance between all clones was observed. NIM811-resistant clones were selected only after obtaining initial resistance to either CsA or SFA-1. The time required to select resistance against cyclophilin inhibitors was significantly longer than that required for resistance selection against viral protein inhibitors, and the achievable resistance level was substantially lower. Resistance to cyclophilin inhibitors was mediated by amino acid substitutions in NS3, NS5A, and NS5B, with NS5A mutations conferring the majority of resistance. Mutation D320E in NS5A mediated most of the resistance conferred by NS5A. Taken together, the results indicate that there is a very low frequency and level of resistance to cyclophilin-binding drugs mediated by amino acid substitutions in three viral proteins. The interaction of cyclophilin with NS5A seems to be the most critical, since the NS5A mutations have the largest impact on resistance.