bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of Human Group II Phospholipase A2 in Transgenic Mice
Authors: Nevalainen Timo J. , Laine V. Jukka O. , Grass David S. 
Published: April 2011

Group II phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has been proposed to play an important role in inflammation and defense against bacterial infection. We investigated tissues of transgenic mice expressing the human group II PLA2 gene by immunohistochemistry using rabbit anti-human group II PLA2 antibodies, and by in situ hybridization by probing with human group II PLA2 mRNA anti-sense (test) and sense (control) riboprobes. By immunohis-tochemistry, human group II PLA2 was found in various mouse tissues and cell types including hepatocytes, proximal tubule cells of the kidney, epithelial cells of the renal pelvis, urinary bladder and ureter, granulosa cells of Graafian follicles, aortic intima and media, cartilage, epiphyseal bone, bronchial epithelial cells, and connective tissue cells in the dermis. By in situ hybridization, group II PLA2 mRNA was localized in hepatocytes, epidermal cells, dermal cells, connective tissue fibroblasts, epithelial and smooth muscle cells of the urinary bladder, and cells of Bowman's capsule. These results show that human group II PLA2 is expressed in large amounts in hepatocytes and many extrahepatic tissues of the transgenic mice. These animals provide a useful new tool for studies on the metabolism, in vivo effects, and physiological and pathological roles of phospholipase A2. (J Histochem Cytochem 45:1109–1119, 1997)
Production of a Monoclonal Antibody by In Vitro Immunization That Recognizes a Native Chondroitin Sulfate Epitope in the Embryonic Chick Limb and Heart
Authors: Capehart Anthony A. , Wienecke Matthew M. , Kitten Gregory T. , Solursh Michael , Krug Edward L. 
Published: April 2011

We report the production of a monoclonal antibody (d1C4) by in vitro immunization that has immunoreactivity with a native chondroitin sulfate epitope in embryonic chick limb and heart. Murine lymphocytes were stimulated by direct exposure to unfixed, unsolubilized precartilage mesenchymal aggregates in high-density micromass culture derived from Stage 22–23 chick limb buds. Specificity of d1C4 reactivity was demonstrated by sensitivity of immunohistochemical staining to pretreatment with chondroitinase ABC or AC, preferential immunoreactivity with chondroitin-6-sulfate glycosaminoglycan (CS-C GAG) in ELISA, and competition of immunohistochemical staining with CS-C GAG. Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of the d1C4 epitope revealed a striking localization of immunoreactivity in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of precartilage aggregates of chick limb mesenchyme in high-density micromass culture by 16 hr and the prechondrogenic limb core at Stage 23 in vivo. Immunoreactivity in both cultured limb mesenchyme and the embryonic limb continued through differentiation of prechondrogenic condensations into cartilage tissue. In the developing chick heart, d1C4 staining was found throughout the ECM of atrioventricular cushion tissue by Stage 25, but was localized to mesenchyme adjacent to the myocardium in the outflow tract cushions. There was an abrupt demarcation between d1C4-reactive intracardiac mesenchyme and unreactive extracardiac mesenchyme of the dorsal mesocardium in the Stage 22 embryo. This study demonstrates the efficacy of in vitro immunization of lymphocytes for the production of MAbs to native ECM constituents, such as CS-GAGs. Immunohistochemical data utilizing d1C4 suggest that CS-GAGs bearing this epitope may be important in early morphogenetic events leading to cartilage differentiation in the limb and valvuloseptal morphogenesis in the heart. (J Histochem Cytochem 45:1567–1581, 1997)
Cochlear Implantation Using Thin‐Film Array Electrodes
Authors: Iverson Kenneth C. , Bhatti Pamela T. , Falcone Jessica , Figueroa Ramon , McKinnon Brian J. 
Published: April 2011

ObjectiveCurrent limitations in language perception may stem from an inability to provide high‐resolution sound input. Thin‐film array technology allows for a greater density of stimulating sites within the limited diameter of the scala tympani. This study examines the use of a flexible carrier to achieve adequate depth of insertion.Study DesignA prospective human cadaveric temporal bone insertion analysis.SettingAcademic otolaryngology department and school of electrical and computer engineering collaboration.MethodsA prototype thin‐film array electrode coupled with an insertion test device (ITD) was manufactured and inserted into 10 human cadaveric temporal bones. As controls, 2 additional temporal bones were implanted with the ITD only and 2 were unimplanted. Radiologic and histologic data were collected.ResultsTen thin‐film array electrodes were successfully implanted into 10 individual temporal bones via round window (5) and cochleostomy (5) approaches. Seventeen millimeters of insertion was noted for each device, with an average angular insertion depth of 292° by radiographic measurements and 392° by histologic sectioning. Electrode distance to the modiolus averaged 0.88 mm by computed tomography and 0.67 mm by histologic measurements. Average percentage trauma was 26% for the ITD‐backed arrays compared with 15% and 29% for ITD only and unimplanted temporal bones, respectively.ConclusionThin‐film array electrodes coupled with an ITD were successfully inserted into the human cochlea with limited trauma. With continued development and testing of this electrode design, the thin‐film array may improve the language perception achieved through cochlear implantation.
Role of Eotaxin‐3 in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps
Authors: Gu ZhaoWei , Jin MingZhu , Cao ZhiWei 
Published: April 2011

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is connected to a chronic inflammatory process with the activation of different immune components. Eotaxin‐3, acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), and interleukin (IL)–13 as focal immune factors have been detected in CRSwNP, but their importance and relationship are still being investigated. This study aims to detect the expression of AMCase, IL‐13, and eotaxin‐3 in the mRNA level and investigate their roles and relationships in CRSwNP. Twenty‐four subjects with eosinophilic CRSwNP and 11 controls were included in the study. Tissues were obtained by endoscopic sinus surgery. Target genes were detected by real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. AMCase, eotaxin‐3, and IL‐13 were detected in all CRSwNP and controls. The expression of AMCase, eotaxin‐3, IL‐13, and mRNA was significantly higher in patients with CRSwNP than in the control group. There was a significantly positive correlation not only between AMCase and eotaxin‐3 but also between IL‐13 and eotaxin‐3 in CRSwNP. Increased AMCase, IL‐13, and eotaxin‐3 might lead to the Th2 inflammatory cascade reaction.
Polarization‐Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging of Benign and Malignant Laryngeal Lesions
Authors: Burns James A. , Kim Ki Hean , deBoer Johannes F. , Anderson R. Rox , Zeitels Steven M. 
Published: April 2011

ObjectiveOptical coherence tomography (OCT), an imaging technology that provides cross‐sectional subsurface tissue structure images using back‐scattered light, is a promising noninvasive imaging modality for in vivo assessment of vocal fold layered microstructure. Polarization‐sensitive OCT (PS‐OCT) augments conventional OCT by detecting changes in the polarization state of reflected light. This study imaged various benign and malignant laryngeal pathologies in patients undergoing direct laryngoscopy under general anesthesia to determine whether PS‐OCT would provide useful additional information about vocal fold microstructure and glottic surface pathology.Study DesignProspective clinical trial.SettingTertiary care center.Subjects and MethodsTwenty‐three patients who were undergoing microlaryngoscopy under general anesthesia for benign (n = 18) and malignant (n = 5) glottic disease were imaged bilaterally with OCT and PS‐OCT (n = 46 vocal folds). Intraoperative microphotography guided placement of the imaging probe. Normal‐appearing glottic tissue was also imaged if present. When clinically indicated, biopsy or complete removal of the lesion established histologic confirmation.ResultsPS‐OCT provided high‐quality, vertical, cross‐sectional images up to 1.2‐mm deep that complemented microlaryngoscopy and conventional OCT for vocal fold pathologies. Scar tissue was visualized by PS‐OCT, characterized by a birefringence pattern more intense than that of normal glottic tissue. Cancer typically showed disruption or absence of both layered structure and birefringence.ConclusionCombining PS‐OCT with OCT during human vocal cord imaging provides useful information in characterizing vocal cord lesions, particularly scar tissue.
Psychomotor Skills Training in Pediatric Airway Endoscopy Simulation
Authors: Jabbour Noel , Reihsen Troy , Sweet Robert M. , Sidman James D. 
Published: April 2011

ObjectiveTo develop a robust psychomotor skills curriculum to teach pediatric airway foreign body retrieval and to assess the effect of this curriculum on residents’ confidence in and ability to perform the complete task in an infant airway mannequin.Study DesignInstructional course. Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS).SettingSurgical simulation laboratory.Subjects and MethodsA half‐day simulation‐based course was developed to train otolaryngology residents in bronchoscopic foreign body retrieval. This complex psychomotor skill was deconstructed into subtasks. The following curricular learning objectives were presented and assessed: understanding of tracheobronchial anatomy, ability to adequately visualize the larynx with laryngoscopy, proficiency in rigid bronchoscopy, and familiarity with foreign body instrumentation. Residents were objectively evaluated on their ability to perform the complete task on a simulator before and after the course using an OSATS grading system. Confidence in successfully assembling the instruments and completing the task was assessed at these time periods.ResultsSeventeen otolaryngology residents completed the study. Confidence in assembling the instruments and in performing the complete task increased on average by 81% and 43%, respectively (P <. 001). Using a 15‐point OSATS grading system, the average score for the precourse was 7 and for the postcourse was 11.3 (P <. 001).ConclusionSimulation‐based subtask training shows promise as an effective and reproducible method to teach the complex psychomotor task of airway foreign body retrieval. Completion of the curriculum led to a significant improvement in residents’ confidence in and ability to perform bronchoscopic foreign body retrieval in an infant airway mannequin.
Growth Characteristics and Clinical Manifestations of the Paranasal Sinus Osteomas
Authors: Buyuklu Fuat , Akdogan Mehmet Volkan , Ozer Cem , Cakmak Ozcan 
Published: April 2011

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical features of paranasal sinus osteomas and to estimate the growth rate of these tumors in a large series of patients.DesignCase series with chart review.SettingUniversity hospital, tertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsThe authors retrospectively reviewed the paranasal sinus tomography scans that were taken between January 1997 and April 2008 to find patients with paranasal sinus osteomas. A questionnaire was performed to evaluate the possible clinical symptoms associated with sinus osteomas, and control paranasal sinus computed tomography was taken for patients in whom paranasal computed tomography examination had been done at least 1 year ago.ResultsA total of 17,154 paranasal sinus computed tomographies of 14,137 patients were reviewed, and 243 cases of paranasal sinus osteomas were found. The lesions were located in the frontal sinus in 183, ethmoid sinus in 48, maxillary sinus in 5, and sphenoid sinus in 7 patients. Eighty‐nine patients with paranasal sinus osteomas were readmitted. The mean follow‐up was 54 months in this group. In 46 of 89 patients, an increase in the size of osteomas was detected. The mean growth rate of osteomas was estimated to be 0.79 mm/y in the cephalocaudal direction and 0.99 mm/y in the mediolateral direction. No significant differences were found in the growth rate according to location and growth directions.ConclusionNeither a specific growth pattern nor a specific factor affecting the growth rate of these tumors could be demonstrated. Follow‐up is necessary because of the potential severe complications.
The Utility of the Harmonic Scalpel in Selective Neck Dissection
Authors: Walen Scott G. , Rudmik Luke R. , Dixon Elijah , Matthews T. Wayne , Nakoneshny Steven C. , Dort Joseph C. 
Published: April 2011

ObjectivesTo determine the impact of the harmonic scalpel on intraoperative blood loss and operative time in selective neck dissection (SND) (levels I‐IV) for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).Study DesignProspective randomized controlled trial.SettingA single, tertiary care institution (Foothills Medical Centre) in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.SubjectsA total of 31 patients (36 neck dissections) were prospectively enrolled between January 2009 and March 2010.MethodsPatients were randomized to receive a neck dissection with either the harmonic scalpel or the traditional technique of using electrocautery and sharp dissection. The study included adult patients older than age 18 years diagnosed with HNSCC and who required an SND (levels I‐IV). Study exclusion criteria included previous treatment for head and neck cancer and all patients unwilling or unable to provide informed consent. Primary clinical outcomes were intraoperative blood loss and operative time. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative complications and surgical drain output.ResultsIntraoperative blood loss was significantly lower in the harmonic scalpel group compared to the traditional group (158 vs 61 mL, P =. 02). There was no difference in operative time (81 minutes harmonic vs 85 minutes traditional) or total drain output (at both 48 hours and 1 week) between the groups. There were no intraoperative complications reported in either group.ConclusionsResults from this study suggest that the harmonic scalpel can reduce blood loss during SND for HNSCC. The harmonic scalpel had no impact on operative time, postoperative drain output, or complication rate.
STABLE SUDANOPHILIA OF HUMAN NEUTROPHIL LEUCOCYTES IN RELATION TO PEROXIDASE AND OXIDASE
Authors: LILLIE R. D. , BURTNER H. J. 
Published: April 2011

It seems improbable that leucocyte oxidase is a fatty acid peroxide, as suggested by Sehrt, on these grounds: 1. Positive reactions for aldehyde and for ethylene groups are not obtained. Hence the presence of fatty acid peroxides in leucocytes seems unlikely. 2. Peroxidase has been isolated from leucocytes by Agner. Histochemical behavior on treatment with adverse reagents and with heat indicates similarity of benzidine peroxidase and of indophenol oxidase, but dissimilarity of these from the sudanophil substance in leucocytes. 3. Sudan dyes demonstrate or produce in neutrophil leucocytes deeply colored granules of quite variable size, and the size of the granules apparently increases with the duration of staining. 4. The demonstration of sudanophil granules in leucocytes is accomplished with difficulty. The colored granules are highly stable toward many Sudan dye solvents. Decolorization is difficult and recoloration is uncertain. 5. True fats and lipoids, after staining with Sudan dyes, are readily decolorized by appropriate dye solvents and are restainable in apparently undiminished amounts. 6. Some oxidants tend to impair sudanophilia of leucocytes. Potassium bichromate improves the preservation of sudanophil lipoids, as in the Ciaccio method, but destroys the sudanophilia of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. 7. Hydrogen peroxide apparently possesses an inconstant and irregular, though sometimes quite pronounced, accelerating effect on the production of Sudan stained granules in leucocytes. 8. The sudanophilia of leucocytes depends on an as yet unexplained chemical combination of the dyes with cytoplasmic constituents which are probably not in the form of preexisting granules, rather than on lipoid staining.
THE HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF CYSTINE-CONTAINING STRUCTURES BY METHODS INVOLVING ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS
Authors: PEARSE A. G. EVERSON 
Published: April 2011

1) Hydrolysis of combined cystine at pH 12.8 gives rise to reaction products capable of converting soluble, relatively colourless, tetrazolium salts into insoluble formazan dyes. 2) Both normal and abnormal keratins are demonstrated by the reaction. 3) Cystine-free structures which also reduce tetrazolium salts at pH 12.8 are present in tissue sections. These are either lipid-containing or reducing sugar-containing, but distinction between these two groups and the cystine-containing group of structures is histochemically possible. 4) The alkaline tetrazolium reaction is considered to form the basis of a useful method both for research into the process of keratinisation and also for the routine diagnosis of abnormal tumour keratins.
THE ACTIVITY OF 5'-NUCLEOTIDASE DETERMINED HISTOCHEMICALLY IN THE DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN
Authors: NAIDOO D. 
Published: April 2011

The enzyme 5'-nucleotidase is found to occur in the nerve fibres of the rat brain, probably in the myelin sheath. The enzyme develops rapidly during the period associated with myelination. Its rate of development is at first rapid, but later proceeds at a reduced pace until the animal reaches maturity. Biochemical levels during maturation, and the levels of enzyme activity left after histochemical processing, have been compared and found to be of a similar order. A series of illustrations show the increasing intensity of enzyme activity during maturation. The biochemical findings for the corresponding ages are graphically represented. Microscopically, the changes occurring in the first 10 days, and after the 80th day, cannot be differentiated: the very young animals show no activity and the mature animals show an uniformly high activity. Some special areas show a relatively low enzyme activity. A freeze-drying method is described which appears suitable for preparing nervous tissues for the microscopic study of 5'-nucleotidase activity. It is suggested that this enzyme may prove of value in the study of demyelinating disorders.
THE DEMONSTRATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES IN HUMAN AORTAS, CORONARY ARTERIES AND CEREBRAL ARTERIES. I. THE METHODS
Authors: ZUGIBE FREDERICK T. 
Published: April 2011

A histochemical technique is described for identifying the individual acid mucopolysaccharides in human aortas, coronary arteries and cerebral arteries. Identifications of the various acid mucopolysaccharides depends on treating serial sections with an extract from Flavobacterium heparinum adapted to chondroitin sulfate A, an extract from Flavobacterium adapted to heparitin sulfate, a combination of these two extracts, testicular hyaluronidase, and streptococcal hyaluronidase respectively. Following this treatment and subsequent staining with alcian blue, the identification of the individual acid mucopolysaccharides was made by comparing the treated with the untreated sections. The mechanism of these enzymes is discussed.
THE CYTOCHEMICAL ESTIMATION OF PROTEIN USING NAPHTHOL YELLOW S, AND COMBINED MEASUREMENT OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
Authors: MEEK EDWARD S. 
Published: April 2011

The quantitative staining response to the naphthol yellow S technique described by Deitch (1955) has been determined on normal mammalian red blood cells using scanning microdensitometry. It is concluded that these cells can be used as a standard of reference for this type of protein when making comparisons between various types of cell populations. The possibility of mutual interference following the application of both the Feulgen and naphthol yellow S techniques to the same preparation has been investigated using mouse ascites tumour cells and leucocytes. In this material it was found that the Feulgen method led to the loss of binding sites for naphthol yellow S, but that the application of the latter did not result in the extraction of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). By taking naphthol yellow S absorption readings before applying the Feulgen technique, this difficulty can be avoided, and both the protein and DNA complements of individual cells can be measured without error through loss of either component.
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY AND SYNTHESIS OF INTESTINAL PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Authors: PRZEŁECKA A. , EJSMONT G. , SARZAŁA M. G. , TARACHA M. 
Published: April 2011

Alkaline phosphatase was investigated in small intestine of mice fed with different diets. A distinct increase of the enzyme activity after fat feeding has been shown both by cytochemical and biochemical methods. A pronounced response of Golgi localized alkaline phosphatase to fat feeding and a correlation of the amounts of this enzyme activity with the presence of intraepithelial lipid was observed. At the same time, brush border phosphatase seemed to be unrelated to presence of or feeding of fat. The relation of these findings to the previously reported or demonstrated intracellular phospholipid synthesis is discussed.
VARIATIONS IN FORMAZAN PRODUCTION IN MITOCHONDRIAL DEHYDROGENASE STUDIES ON OSMOTICALLY PROTECTED FRESH FROZEN SECTIONS
Authors: WILLIAMS D. , WHITELEY H. J. 
Published: April 2011

The application of osmolar protection to mitochondria of cryostat sectioned material, and the subsequent effect produced upon the reduction of the two tetrazolium compounds nitro blue tetrazolium and iodonitrotetrazolium has been investigated. The incorporation of polyvinylpyrollidone at concentrations to provide mild hyperosmolarity in incubation media used to demonstrate intramitochondrial dehydrogenases, had the effect of producing a decrease in the amount of tetrazole reduced, and variations in the distribution pattern of the formazan of nitro blue tetrazolium. Variability in the distribution pattern was linked to the degree of thermal damage occasioned to the mitochondria during the preparations of the sections. This variability in result was not so pronounced when thermal damage was considerable. Omission of osmotic protection during incubation had the effect of producing a more uniform reduction of tetrazole. This study demonstrates the desirability of careful standardisation in the production of fresh frozen sections for dehydrogenase histochemistry, and it is recommended that osmolar protection should only be applied when the degree of thermal damage has been standardised. Failure to standardise will produce misleading results.