bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluoride bioavailability in saliva using DENTTABS® compared to dentifrice
Authors: Naumova Ella , Arnold Wolfgang , Gaengler Peter 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
It was the aim of this study to assess fluoride retained in saliva after use of fluoride-containing tablet DENTTABS® compared to toothpaste containing amine fluoride. Four subjects (2 normal saliva secretors, 1 slow secretor, and 1 fast secretor) participated in this crossover study comparing DENTTABS® and ELMEX®. After baseline sample collection, calibrated study personnel brushed the subjects’ teeth with the assigned product for 3 minutes. Saliva samples were taken at baseline (T0), immediately after brushing (T1) and then 10 (T2), 25 (T3) and 85 (T4) minutes post-brushing. The amount of saliva collected was measured, and the fluoride content was analysed. All 4 subjects repeated all study cycles 5 times. Statistical analysis was done using the Mann-Whitney-U test and Spearman correlation. The fluoride retention was significantly higher after brushing with DENTTABS® at T1 and T2. There was a correlation between individual salivary flow rate and the F- content. Flow rate in g/min ranged from 1.1 to 3.8 at T1 and from 0.2 to 1.1 at T4 with much higher F- retention in slow secreting cycles. The saliva fluoride clearance kinetics of two equal amounts of fluoride-containing oral hygiene products demonstrate higher retention for DENTTABS®.
An unusual cause of hypotension and abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) — scombroid poisoning
Authors: Lionte Catalina 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Scombroid fish or histamine food poisoning is an illness typically associated with fish consumption, rarely encountered and reported in Europe. Symptoms develop quickly and resemble an allergic reaction. This paper reports three cases of severe scombroid poisoning in previously healthy patients, which presented diffuse macular erythema, hypotension, palpitations, and abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG). All patients required intensive care, with a complete resolution of symptoms and ECG changes within 24 hours. This is the first Romanian report of scombroid poisoning, emphasizing that medical personnel should be aware of this condition, because symptoms and ECG changes often lead to confusion with other diseases.
Wilson’s disease
Authors: Hursitoglu Mehmet , Cikrikcioglu Mehmet , Danalioglu Ahmet , Tukek Tufan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Wilson’s disease is an autosomal-recessive disorder caused by mutation in the ATP7B gene. Absent or reduced function of ATP7B protein leads to decreased hepatocellular excretion of copper into bile. Subsequent copper accumulation, first in the liver but ultimately in the brain and other tissues, produces different clinical manifestations such as hepatic, neurological, hematological, ophthalmological, and psychiatric problems. Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, parameters of copper metabolism, ophthalmic examination (Kayser-Fleischer rings) and a liver biopsy. Genetic studies are of limited use. Early diagnosis and initiation of therapy with chelators and therapeutic plasma exchange therapy are essential for prognosis. Liver transplantation corrects the underlying pathophysiology and can be lifesaving in fulminant hepatic failure. Screening of siblings and 1st degree relatives of the patients is also important.
Functional Analysis of Genes
Authors: Sitnicka Dorota , Figurska Katarzyna , Orzechowski Slawomir 
Published: January 2010

SummaryThe aim of this article is to present the current literature concerning the expression analysis and methods of functional characteristics of genes. The progress in the analysis of gene expression within cells or whole tissues is undisputed and leads to a constant improvement of our understanding of the function of particular gene. The traditional methods of the functional characteristics of genes such as homology, inactivation and overexpression are more frequently being replaced by microarray and DNA chip analysis, which are extensively supported by bioinformatics tools. Knowledge of the functions and changes in gene expression has applications in medical diagnostics, the pharmaceutical industry and in plant and animal biotechnology.
The Most Important Transcriptional Factors of Osteoblastogenesis
Authors: Witkowska-Zimny Malgorzata , Wrobel Edyta , Przybylski Jacek 
Published: January 2010

SummaryOne of the key issues of organogenesis is the understanding of mechanisms underlying the differentiation of progenitor cells into more specialized cells of individual tissues. Recent transcriptomic and proteomic approaches of molecular biology have led to the identification of several factors and mechanisms regulating morphogenesis at the genetic level which affect the function of already differentiated cells. In the last few years, several reports about osteoblastogenesis have been published. This review presents recent findings on the role of the most important transcription factors supporting bone formation.
Pollen Transcriptome and Proteome: Molecular and Functional Analysis
Authors: Rafinska Katarzyna , Zienkiewicz Krzysztof , Bednarska Elzbieta 
Published: January 2010

SummaryThe pollen grain, because of its unique structural organization, is an extremely useful experimental model in cytological, molecular as well as in genetic studies. Due to the ease of pollen grain isolation, their sorting as well as simple extraction of their DNA, RNA and proteins, male gametophyte cells of angiosperms are presently one of the most intensively studied plant cells. Important and rapid progress in the development of experimental tools for genome exploration caused a significant increase in the number of reports concerning different aspects of gene expression during microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis in angiosperm plants. In this review we present the current knowledge of the pollen transcriptome and proteome during different stages of male gametophyte development, especially in Arabidopsis thaliana. Most of the results presented here were obtained in experiments carried out using microarrays, which were designed on the basis of the known sequence of the Arabidopsis genome.
Charles Lyell from 1832 to 1835: marriage, Principles, 2 trips to Heidelberg, snails and loess
Authors: Smalley Ian , Markovic Slobodan , O’Hara-Dhand Ken 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Charles Lyell, on his way to becoming a famous geologist, married Mary Horner in Bonn in July 1832; volume 3 of his ‘Principles of Geology’ was published by John Murray in London in May 1833. Between these two dates Lyell encountered the loess of the Rhine valley. The loess impressed Lyell and he included mentions of it in the Principles, first in 1833 and then, with some revised ideas, in volume 4 of the 4th edition published in 1835. Twelve editions of the Principles were published between 1830 and 1875 and it became one of the most important works in the development of geology, and made a major contribution to the worldwide spread of loess awareness. It is possible that Lyell was drawn to the loess because of its high molluscan content, he was particularly attracted to the study of shells.
Follow‐up national survey (Sweden) of routines for intrapartum fetal surveillance
Authors: HOLZMANN MALIN , NORDSTRÖM LENNART 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe performed a follow‐up national survey concerning intrapartum fetal surveillance in Sweden to investigate if routines had changed since a previous survey in 1999, due to new data that have emerged since and technical developments. All labor wards throughout Sweden, with sizes varying from around 350 to more than 9,000 deliveries per year, have at present a rather uniform policy for intrapartum fetal surveillance with electronic fetal monitoring (EFM). They all use admission tests, fetal scalp blood sampling and have written guidelines for EFM. However, only 72% have written guidelines for fetal blood sampling. In 89% of the units lactate is analyzed in the fetal blood sampling. In half of the units the STAN‐monitor is used.
Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 in uterosacral ligament tissue from women with pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: STRINIC TOMISLAV , VULIC MARKO , TOMIC SNJEZANA , CAPKUN VESNA , STIPIC IVICA , ALUJEVIC IVANA 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMechanical stability of the urogenital tract depends on intact collagen fibers. Because of difficulties in quantitating collagen, some authors have investigated collagen breakdown by measuring matrix metalloproteinases expression. We biopsied 68 post‐menopausal women during operation to evaluate matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) expression in uterosacral ligament biopsies from women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) (n = 34) and controls with normal pelvic support (n = 34). The controls were matched to the POP group by age, body mass index, parity and duration of postmenopausal state. Immunohistochemistry for MMP‐1 was performed on formalin fixed and paraffin embedded sections. Women with POP had a significantly higher MMP‐1 expression (p = 0.047) which confirms an association, although not a causal relation, between POP and increased MMP‐1 expression.
Theoretical study on the structure and energetics of intergranular glassy film in Si3N4-SiO2ceramics
Authors: Yoshiya Masato , Tanaka Isao , Adachi Hirohiko , Cannon Rowland M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMolecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate intergranular glassy film in Si3N4–SiO2ceramics. A 90°-twist grain boundary was employed as a representative random grain boundary and an amorphous structure of the intergranular glassy film was introduced in the calculations. It is found that the presence of the intergranular glassy film at the grain boundary significantly decreases the number of dangling bonds at the interface originating from geometric strain due to misorientation of adjacent Si3N4grains. Calculations with a several of thicknesses of the intergranular glassy film revealed that the excess energy significantly decreased with the increase in the thickness smaller than 7.0Å, while further increase in the thickness did not contribute to a release in the geometric strain energy. Equilibrium thickness of the intergranular glassy film was estimated from the calculations. A new approach to estimating the equilibrium thickness is proposed. A possible explanation of the disparity between intergranular glassy film thicknesses of the intergranular glassy film measured by high-resolution electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy is given in terms of ordering of atoms at the interface.
Spark plasma sintering of self-doped alumina powders
Authors: Suárez Marta , Fernández Adolfo , Torrecillas Ramón , Menéndez José Luis , García-Granda Santiago , Fauth Francois 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis work explores the sintering by spark plasma sintering of self-doped submicrometre alumina powders following an alcoxide route. It is shown that the self-doping process leads to nucleation of alumina nanoparticles located in the surface of the initial alumina grains, therefore avoiding the presence of phases other than α-Al2O3in the final microstructure. The presence of such alumina nanocrystals leads to a modification of the sintering process minimizing grain growth compared to un-doped alumina powders under similar sintering conditions.
High density carbon materials obtained at relatively low temperature by spark plasma sintering of carbon nanofibers
Authors: Borrell Amparo , Fernández Adolfo , Merino César , Torrecillas Ramón 
Published: January 2010

AbstractGraphitic materials obtained at low temperatures are interesting for a wide range of industrial applications including bipolar plates. In this work, graphite based nanocomposites have been obtained starting from carbon nanofibers and a mixture of carbon nanofibers with 20 vol.% of alumina nanopowders. High density carbon components were obtained by using Spark Plasma Sintering at temperatures as low as 1500–1800°C for this kind of materials. The effect of spark plasma sintering parameters on the final density, and the mechanical and electrical properties of resulting nanocomposites have been investigated. Pure carbon nanofibers with around 90 % of theoretical density and fracture strength of 60 MPa have been obtained at temperatures as low as 1500°C applying a pressure of 80 MPa during sintering. It has been proved that attrition milling is a suitable method for preparing homogeneous mixtures of carbon nanofibers and alumina powders.
Cu-Ni-YSZ anodes for solid oxide fuel cell by mechanical alloying processing
Authors: Restivo Thomaz A. Guisard , Mello-Castanho Sonia R. H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The work shows some results concerning a new cermet material 40 vol.% [(Cu)–Ni]–YSZ processed by mechanical alloying followed by Sintering by Activated Surface method. The projected cermet microstructure for this application is expected to possess microstructural characteristics that lead to better electric and ionic percolating, higher electrocatalytic activity and fuel reforming. The powder samples prepared by mechanical alloying optimized conditions show a homogeneous mixture. Transmission and scanning electron microscope analysis have demonstrated the powder particles are nanosized after 2 h of milling, showing lamellar internal structure aggregates. Suitable sintered pellets are obtained from these powders, within the required porosity and microstructure. Sintering kinetics studies for pellets of Ni–YSZ and Ni–Cu–YSZ indicate 2-step sintering processes. Copper additive promotes sintering and refines the microstructure.
Rapid transient-liquid-phase bonding of Al2O3 with microdesigned Ni/Nb/Ni interlayers
Authors: Hong Sung M. , Reynolds Thomas B. , Bartlow Christopher C. , Glaeser Andreas M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The vast majority of man-made devices contain joints between similar or dissimilar materials. Ideally, joining is fast, reliable, and inexpensive. In this work we demonstrate that robust refractory joints between Al2O3 bodies can be produced rapidly and consistently by a transient-liquid-phase bonding process exploiting microengineered multilayer Ni/Nb/Ni interlayers. Samples were bonded for times ranging from 5 min to 6 h at 1400°C. Well-bonded assemblies were produced in all cases. Interlayers with remelt temperatures > 2200°C were achieved in as little as 5 min at 1400°C. In room-temperature bend tests, fractures initiated and propagated almost exclusively in the ceramic. Extension of this approach to other advanced ceramics should be possible, providing a rapid and reliable alternative to conventional joining approaches.
Van der Waals-London dispersion interaction framework for experimentally realistic carbon nanotube systems
Authors: Rajter Rick , French Roger H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA system's van der Waals–London dispersion interactions are often ignored, poorly understood, or crudely approximated, despite their importance in determining the intrinsic properties and intermolecular forces present in a given system. There are several key barriers that contribute to this issue: 1) lack of the required full spectral optical properties, 2) lack of the proper geometrical formulation to give meaningful results, and 3) a perception that a full van der Waals–London dispersion calculation is somehow unwieldy or difficult to understand conceptually. However, the physical origin of the fundamental interactions for carbon nanotube systems can now be readily understood due to recent developments which have filled in the missing pieces and provided a complete conceptual framework. Specifically, our understanding is enhanced through a combination of a robust, ab-initio method to obtain optically anisotropic properties out to 30 electron Volts, proper extensions to the Lifshitz's formulations to include optical anisotropy with increasingly complex geometries, and a proper methodology for employing optical mixing rules to address multi-body and multi-component structures. Here we review this new framework to help end-users understand these interactions, with the goal of better system design and experimental prediction. Numerous examples are provided to show the impact of a material's intrinsic geometry, including optical anisotropy as a function of that geometry, and the effect of the size of the nanotube core and surfactant material present on its surface. We'll also introduce some new examples of how known trends in optical properties as a function of [n, m] can result in van der Waals interactions as a function of nanotube classification, radius, and other parameters. The concepts and framework presented are not limited to the nanotube community, and can be equally applied to other nanoscale or even biological systems.
A new method to measure monoclinic depth profile in zirconia-based ceramics from X-ray diffraction data
Authors: Gremillard Laurent , Grandjean Sylvie , Chevalier Jerome 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In this paper a method to evaluate monoclinic fraction depth profile in zirconia, based on X-ray diffraction at grazing angles, is proposed. The necessary mathematical developments are exposed. The method is numerically tested in different theoretical configurations, and then on zirconia-toughened alumina and on alumina-toughened zirconia. The results show that it is possible to follow both surface fraction and thickness of the monoclinic layer, within the penetration depth of the X-rays. This is a considerable improvement over simple X-ray diffraction measurements. However, its accuracy is limited for high depth, but considerably improved as compared to previous methods.
Grain boundary plane distributions in aluminas evolving by normal and abnormal grain growth and displaying different complexions
Authors: Dillon Shen J. , Miller Herb , Harmer Martin P. , Rohrer Gregory S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe grain boundary character distributions of selected doped aluminas were measured from normal and abnormal populations. The relative energies of the A-, C-, and R-planes of undoped alumina were also measured. There is an inverse relationship between the population of grain boundaries and the relative energies of grain boundary planes in undoped alumina. This relationship is found to be qualitative for abnormal grains, whose interfacial anisotropy may be affected by kinetic factors. It is found that the relative grain boundary anisotropy correlates with the temperature dependence of grain boundary complexion transitions in a particular system that is prone to abnormal grain growth. However, there is no direct correlation between the total anisotropy of the grain boundary character distribution and that system's propensity to undergo a particular complexion transition. Therefore, anisotropy will significantly affect the microstructural evolution in systems that are prone to abnormal grain growth, but the magnitude of anisotropy is not a sufficient selection criterion for determining which systems will undergo abnormal grain growth.
The role of interfaces in the behavior of magnetic tunnel junction structures
Authors: Petford-Long Amanda K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Magnetic tunnel junctions are nanoscale oxide heterostructures that exhibit the phenomenon of tunnel magnetoresistance. The transport and magnetic behavior of these structures depends critically on parameters such as the layer thickness and the roughness and chemical abruptness of the interfaces between the layers, which are nanometer-scale in thickness. We have used high resolution electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy chemical mapping and atom probe tomography to understand the microstructural origins of the magnetic and transport properties of magnetoresistive structures. We have also used in-situ transmission electron microscopy nanobiasing experiments to probe the local transport properties of magnetic tunnel junctions as a function of processing conditions.
Sintering of fully faceted crystalline particles
Authors: Klinger L. , Rabkin E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A sintering process of two fully faceted particles of cubic or prismatic shape contacting each other along a grain boundary is considered. Analytic expressions for sintering kinetics are obtained under the assumption that the sintering process is controlled by self-diffusion along the facets and the grain boundary. It is shown that sintering kinetics are determined by the surface self-diffusion coefficient and exhibit only a weak dependence on the grain boundary diffusivity. The initial rate of sintering is time-independent, except for the case of two prismatic particles brought in contact along their edges, for which the time dependence of shrinkage is, under certain circumstances, similar to that for isotropic spherical particles. It is demonstrated that particle faceting slows down the sintering process.
The role of Si impurities in the transient dopant segregation and precipitation in yttrium-doped alumina
Authors: Šturm Sašo , Gülgün Mehmet A. , Richter Gunther , Morales Francisco M. , Cannon Rowland M. , Rühle Manfred 
Published: January 2010

AbstractY-doped alumina was sintered at 1500°C for 10 h under ultra-clean experimental conditions without experiencing any abnormal grain growth. The yttrium was fairly homogeneously distributed at the grain boundaries, with a mean value ofY= 5.5 at nm−2. The Y–Al–O precipitates in the clean, Y2O3-doped alumina specimen were the YAP (YAlO3) phase, whereas only the YAG (Y3Al5O12) phase was present in the Y2O3-doped alumina samples contaminated with SiO2. The excess concentrations of Y and Si atoms at the grain boundaries that, at the same time, provoke the formation of structurally complex YAG precipitates and abnormal grain growth were both estimated to be at 4–5 at nm−2. The compositions of the triple point pocket phases found in the region of the exaggeratedly grown alumina grains indicate the presence of alumino-silicate bulk liquids at the sintering temperature.
Loop Reactors
Authors: Middleton John C. , Carpenter Keith J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Description

2.

Fields of Application

2.1.

Liquid‐Phase Reactions

2.2.

Two‐Phase Reactions

3.

Practical Limitations

4.

Design Methods

4.1.

Experiments

4.2.

Residence‐Time Distribution