bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of a Nuclear Fuel Chemical Separations Facility on the Plutonium Contents of a Wheat Crop
Authors: McLeod K. W. , Adriano D. C. , Boni A. L. , Corey J. C. , Horton J. H. , Paine D. , Pinder J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWinter wheat (Triticum aestivum) was grown in very close proximity to a nuclear‐fuel chemical separations facility to determine the environmental behavior and potential health hazard of chronic low‐level releases of plutonium (Pu) to the atmosphere from that facility. The majority (>95%) of the contamination of wheat plants was surfical contamination resulting from direct deposition of recently released Pu‐bearing particles onto plant surfaces and resuspension of Pu from soil. Internal contamination resulting from root uptake of Pu was negligible compared to surface contamination. The major pathway (>70%) of Pu to wheat grain was via harvesting activities when Pu was transferred from the surface of vegetative portions of plants to the surface of the grain. Radiation dose resulting from consumption of grain grown in the vicinity of a nuclear‐fuel separations facility is negligible compared to that currently received from natural and fallout sources of radiation.
Utilization and Disposal of Fly Ash and Other Coal Residues in Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Review
Authors: Adriano D. C. , Page A. L. , Elseewi A. A. , Chang A. C. , Straughan I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA major shift to coal as an energy source adjunct with more stringent air quality standards will result in the increasing production of vast quantities of the already difficult‐to‐dispose coal residues in the United States. Since coal residues contain potentially hazardous substances, improper handling and disposal could cause undesirable environmental effects. This report intends to summarize impacts of land‐oriented utilization and disposal of various coal combustion residues.The physical and chemical properties of coal ashes are dependent on the coal's geological origin, combustion conditions, efficiency of particulate removal, and degree of weathering before final disposal. Coal residues, applied on cropland, are not practical sources of essential plant nutrients N, P, and K; however, they can effectively serve as a supplementary supply of Ca, S, B, Mo, and Se to soils. Fly ash could also be an effective amendment in neutralizing soil acidity. Many of the observed chemical and biological effects of fly ash applications to soils resulted from the increased activities of Ca2+ and OH− ions. Most unweathered fly ashes, especially those coming from the subbituminous and lignite coals of the western U.S., are high in these constituents and usually will cause high soil salinity. The accumulation of B, Mo, Se, and soluble salts in fly ash‐amended soils appear to be the most serious constraints associated with land application of fly ash to soil.
Potential for Aflatoxin Contamination in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) Before and Soon After Harvest—A Review
Authors: Mixon A. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCertain environmental conditions, microbial and biological activities, and genotypes of the peanut interact to influence the vulnerability of the peanut fruit to invasion by Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fr. and to the elaboration of alfatoxin during pod development and in the harvesting and drying period. Management procedures during this time may influence the degree of fungal invasion and alfatoxin contamination. Such procedures include: rotating peanuts with other crops that reduce the soil population of A. flavus; using cultural practices that remove plant residues from around peanut plants; preventing drought stress and biological and harvest mechanical damage; harvesting at optimum pod maturity; and continuous safe and rapid drying of peanuts after digging. The potential for using genotypes identified to be resistant to seed colonization by Aspergillus species for breeding agronomically suitable cultivars with resistance to the aflatoxin‐producing fungus was explored. Factors found to be associated with resistance to fungal colonization of the peanut seed testa are cell structure, cell arranement, permeability, waxy surface, tannin content, and amino acid components. Field application of fungicides have not proven effective in controlling contamination by the fungus.
Cadmium‐enriched Sewage Sludge Application to Acid and Calcareous Soils: Relation Between Treatment, Cadmium in Saturation Extracts, and Cadmium Uptake
Authors: Mahler R. J. , Bingham F. T. , Sposito Garrison , Page A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of soil pH on the availability of saturation‐extract Cd. Four acid and four calcareous soils were treated with a uniform amount of sewage sludge enriched with different amounts of CdSO4 to yield soil Cd concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 160 µg Cd/g of sludge‐amended soils. These treated soils were placed in plastic containers and cropped for approximately 7 weeks with sweet corn (Zea mays L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. ‘cicla’). Shoot weights were obtained as a measure of yields. The concentration of Cd in the shoot (Cd uptake) was taken as a measure of Cd availability.Saturation extracts from each treated soil (7 Cd rates × 3 replicates × 8 soils) collected at harvest time were analyzed for pH, ECe, principal soluble anions, and cations with Cu, Cd, Ni, and Zn. The chemical analyses of the saturation extracts were used as input data to calculate the concentration of free ionic Cd (Cd2+), the activity of Cd2+ (aCd2+), and the concentration of Cd complexes. These Cd parameters, along with the measured concentration of all Cd forms present in saturation extracts (CdT), were compared to Cd concentrations in each of the test plants (µg Cd/g shoot). Results of these comparisons showed: (i) CdT was more available in acid than calcareous soils; (ii) Cd uptake by the test plants correlated equally well with the concentration of CdT, Cd2+, or aCd2+; and (iii) uptake of Cd was plant‐species dependent. Chard and tomato accumulated 2 to 3 times more Cd than corn when grown on the acid soils.
Foliar Absorption of Transuranic Elements: Influence of Physicochemical Form and Environmental Factors
Authors: Cataldo D. A. , Garland T. R. , Wildung R. E. , Thomas J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe accumulation of plutonium (238Pu) and americium (241Am) in seeds and roots of Phaseolus vulgaris L. was investigated following foliar interception. Under controlled conditions plants were exposed to well‐characterized aerosols of fresh and aged Pu‐dioxide, fresh Am‐oxides, and Pu‐nitrate and Pu‐citrate complexes to assess the influence of chemical form and long‐term weathering on foliar absorption and subsequent translocation to other plant parts. Mean values for Pu and Am accumulated in seeds and roots 28 days after foliar exposure ranged from 9 to 427 × 10−4% of that deposited on foliage. These results and previous plant uptake studies indicate that the foliar route is potentially of equal importance to the soil‐root pathway as a route of transport. The levels of Pu and Am in seeds and roots resulting from foliar absorption and translocation from foliage were significantly affected by simulated rainfall and by the size of particles to which foliage was exposed. The influence of relative humidity and solution aging of oxides was less definitive; however, results suggest that either or both may influence foliar absorption and subsequent translocation of Pu and Am to seeds and roots.
Forms of Sulfur in East Texas Lignitic Coal
Authors: Arora H. S. , Pugh C. E. , Hossner L. R. , Dixon J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDistribution of sulfur and its three predominant forms in 10 lignitic coal seams developed in fluvial environments in east Texas was examined. The average sulfur content for individual seams varied from 0.88 to 3.98%, while the total sulfur content of 10‐cm sections of these seams varied from 0.53 to 16.79%. Sulfate sulfur was a minor component compared to pyritic or organic sulfur. The organic sulfur content determined by the standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) procedure as the difference between the inorganic sulfur (sulfate + pyritic sulfur) and the total sulfur in the original material, in general, remained uniform within a given lignite profile. A significant correlation was obtained between the organic sulfur content obtained by the ASTM procedure and a more direct method of density separation of specific gravity < 1.6 fraction and the determination of total sulfur in this fraction with an induction furnace and automatic titrator. Pyritic sulfur had the most variable distribution with a greater concentration of pyrite occurring at the seam fringes, which suggests the need for separate handling of these highpyrite content mine spoils for safe disposal.
Cadmium Accumulations and Bioavailability in Soils From Long‐Term Phosphorus Fertilization
Authors: Mulla D. J. , Page A. L. , Ganje T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoils from citrus groves that had been fertilized with the equivalent of approximately 175 kg P/ha per year [as treble superphosphate (TSP)] over a 36‐year period were sampled and analyzed for total P, Cd, and Zn as well as water‐soluble P and Cd. A P fertilization rate of 175 kg/ha (about 400 kg P2O5/ha) is much higher than normal field rates, which are typically about 30 kg/ha. Concentrations of total Cd in surface soil were highly correlated (r = 0.89) with concentrations of total P. The concentrations of Cd in surface soil receiving broadcast P for 36 years averaged 1.0 µg/g, and were considerably greater than those of the controls, which showed a mean concentration of 0.07 µg/g. Phosphorus in soil saturation paste extracts ranged from 0.10 µg/ml (controls) to 8.87 µg/ml in P fertilized soils. Water‐soluble saturation extract Cd ranged from 0.008 µg/ml in controls to 0.017 µg/ml in fertilized soils, and was not well correlated with watersoluble P.Cadmium levels in barley (Hordeum vulgare var. U.C. 566) grain and leaves grown in the field on soil subject to long‐term heavy P fertilization were not elevated above levels in barley grown on the control soil. Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) was grown in the greenhouse on the above surface soils collected from the field. Although Cd levels averaging 1.6 µg/g in plant tissue were significantly elevated over those on the control soil (0.26 µg/gm), no yield depression was observed.Long‐term heavy application of TSP caused measurable increases in total Cd of surface soil, but the accumulated Cd burden per year was much lower than levels reported from application of sewage sludge. Cadmium accumulating in soils as a result of P fertilization seemed to be less available to Swiss chard than Cd accumulations resulting from applications of sewage sludge reported in the literature.
Solution Species of Plutonium in the Environment
Authors: Rai Dhanpat , Serne R. J. , Swanson J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation regarding the oxidation states of Pu in environmental samples is needed for estimating its migration through the geologic media. Predictions based upon thermodynamic data indicate that in the Eh‐pH range of natural aqueous environments, the dominant species of Pu is likely to be Pu[V] in relatively oxidizing environments and Pu[III] in reducing environments. Because of the lack of methods of determining Pu[V] in environmental samples containing trace concentrations of Pu, Pu[V] has not been previously identified in these samples. Plutonium[VI] has generally been assumed to be the dominant species in relatively oxidizing environments. However, the results presented in this paper show that solutions in equilibrium with 239Pu[IV] hydroxide contain Pu[V]. The presence of Pu[V] in solutions contacting 239PuO2(s) is also inferred from the data.
A Field Study of a Soil‐Soybean Plant‐Rhizobium System Amended with Cadmium
Authors: Borges A. Chaer , Wollum A. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoybean plants [Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were cropped over a period of 3 years, under field conditions, in a soil amended with Cd (as CdCl2·2½ H2O) at rates corresponding to 0, 3.3, 12.5, and 22.8 kg Cd/ha in order to evaluate the effect of Cd on seed yield, Cd accumulation in seeds, and the distribution of indigenous Rhizobium japonicum strains. Cadmium migration from the cultivated layers to the subsoil during 3 years was not significant. Soybean seed yields were affected significantly only when DTPA‐TEA‐extractable Cd was > 1.57 µg Cd/g in the cultivated layers of the soil, suggesting that only in cases of extreme Cd contamination would significant yield reduction occur. Cadmium content of seeds increased from year to year with values > 1 µg Cd/g being found only when Cd had been added. Grain yield decreased only in the high Cd treatments. Therefore, grain yield would be a poor indicator of Cd contamination in a soil cropped with soybeans. The results also suggested DTPA‐TEA‐extractable soil Cd does not accurately measure the readily available pool of Cd for soybean plants. Rather Cd content of seeds appears to be a better indicator of the extent of Cd contamination. Rhizobium japonicum strain distribution was not affected by the presence of Cd in the soil. Serogroups 24, 31, 76, and 94 dominated the area surveyed.
Carbon Transformations in the Land Areas Receiving Organic Wastes in Relation to Nonpoint Source Pollution: A Conceptual Model
Authors: Reddy K. R. , Khaleel R. , Overcash M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple conceptual model based on current literature data was developed to describe organic carbon (C) loss from land areas receiving organic wastes. The model considers the decomposition of substrate C as represented by the evolution of CO2. Decomposition of wastes was described in two or three phases, assuming first‐order kinetics at each phase. The fraction decomposed at each phase was determined graphically. Rapid decomposition of an easily decomposable C fraction in Phase I and II was followed by the decomposition of more resistant C fraction(s). For plant residues, the amount of C decomposed in Phase I was significantly related to the log C/N ratio of the residue, whereas, a similar relationship was not observed for animal wastes. Decomposition rates were about 6 to 10 times faster during Phase I and II decomposition, as compared to Phase III decomposition. Kinetic rate constants, calculated at each phase of decomposition were adjusted for the soil temperature, soil moisture, and method of application. For plant residues, simulated results were in close agreement with observed results. No field data are available to test the complete model for animal waste decomposition. Transport of soluble C (easily decomposable C fraction) in leaching and surface runoff was discussed in the paper. Equations were presented to calculate the transport of waste particles (resistant C fraction) and sediment‐associated C in the runoff water.Future research needs identified include (i) a better understanding of C transformations; (ii) decomposition of individual C species, such as water‐soluble C, cellulose, and lignin; (iii) a relationship between soluble and particulate C fractions in runoff water; (iv) mechanisms involved on the mode of C transport along with percolating water or in runoff water; and (v) extensive testing of existing models.
Areal, Vertical, and Temporal Differences in Ground Water Chemistry: II. Organic Constituents
Authors: Junk G. A. , Spalding R. F. , Richard J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSelected organic components in samples collected from monitoring wells and from surface water are shown to follow definite areal, vertical, and temporal trends in concentration. Atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐[ethylamino]‐6‐[isopropylamino]‐s‐triazine), alachlor (2‐chloro‐2′ ,6′ ‐ diethyl‐N‐[methoxymethyl]acetanilide) and dieldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10‐hexachloro‐exo‐6,7‐epoxy‐1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a‐octahydro‐1,4‐endo, exo‐5,8‐dimethanonaphthalene) were measured in 64, 35, and 35 water samples, respectively. The atrazine amounts ranged from < 0.01 to 88 µg/liter. Peak concentrations were observed in shallow well water downgradient from irrigated fields at the end of the irrigation season. The areal and vertical distributions of atrazine are closely associated with those of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N), which was measured as an indicator of deep percolation from irrigated croplands. However, temporal variations in atrazine concentrations suggest that it is a nonconservative constituent of ground water. Alachlor and dieldrin amounts were extremely low, being less than 0.1 µg/liter in all but one water sample which was taken from a well located in an excessively well‐drained area. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was measured in 95 water samples and the amounts ranged from 0.2 to 4.8 mg/liter. Maximums occurred in shallow wells and there were no seasonal associations with either atrazine or NO3‐N. The DOC data suggest percolation from the unsaturated zone and partial removal from solution during vertical transport within the saturated zone.
Tidal Freshwater Marsh Establishment on Dredge Spoils in the Columbia River Estuary
Authors: McVay Michael E. , Heilman Paul E. , Greer David M. , Brauen Stanton E. , Baker Aaron S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study of marsh establishment through seeding and transplanting of tufted hairgrass [Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv.] and slough sedge (Carex obnupta Bailey) on sandy dredge material in an intertidal location in the Columbia River Estuary is reported. The experiment included treatments with single and split applications of a mixed N, P, and K fertilizer. Survival and growth of plants and N, P, and K concentrations in plant tissues are presented.Survival and biomass production differed significantly with respect to elevation with few plants of either species surviving after the first winter below 0.7 m above Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW). The best growth of tufted hairgrass transplants was in upper elevations (Average about 1.9 m above MLLW), but satisfactory stands were obtained down to about 0.9 m above MLLW. The best growth of slough sedge was at middle elevations (about 1.1 m above MLLW) with satisfactory growth down to about 0.8 m above MLLW. Direct seeding was not a satisfactory means for establishing these species, although natural seeding of tufted hairgrass began to occur in the second year of the plantings in areas protected and stabilized by the transplants.Fertilizer significantly increased growth of tufted hairgrass during both growing seasons, particularly at the upper tier. With slough sedge, except for a slight increase in the number of culms, fertilizer had no significant effect on growth in either year.
The Influence of Relative Humidity on Direct Sulfur Dioxide Damage to Plant Sexual Reproduction
Authors: Murdy William H. , Ragsdale Harvey L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults of in vivo experiments with Geranium carolinianum L. showed that sulfur dioxide (SO2) damaged sexual reproduction (in terms of decreased seed set) when relative humidity (RH) was 80% or above, but not when RH was 70% or below. Relative humidity alone, if 80% or higher, damaged sexual reproduction; the addition of SO2 increased the damage. A high SO2 dosage of 1.5 ppm/7 hours at 50% RH caused leaf injury, but decreased percent seed set < 5%, whereas a low SO2 dosage of 0.2 ppm/7 hours at 90% RH decreased percent seed set by 32% without visible leaf injury. At an SO2 dosage of 0.4 ppm/7 hours administered during anthesis, percent seed set was virtually identical with the control at 70% RH, 35% below the control at 80% RH, and 68% below the control at 90% RH.
Residual Nitrogen Availability from Soils Treated with Sewage Sludge in a Field Experiment
Authors: Stark S. A. , Clapp C. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this experiment we determined the residual nitrogen availability from sewage sludges applied to a Hubbard sandy loam soil. In Study I, three sludge types—anaerobically digested (119, 237, and 466 metric tons/ha), aerobically digested (244 metric tons/ha), and mixed primary‐settled and waste‐activated (493 metric tons/ha)—were applied over a 3‐year period. Soil samples were collected from the field experiment 2 years after the final sludge application. Study II samples were obtained from plots of a field experiment in which an anaerobically digested sludge had been applied (63, 125, and 200 metric tons/ha) 4 years earlier.Several biological and chemical characteristics were examined as indexes of N availability. Cumulative N mineralization during aerobic incubation was approximately linearly related to time1/2 for all treatments. Index values for Study I samples varied widely, hut in general, reflected the quantity of sludge added: total soil C (1.05 to 4.66%), total soil N (0.092 to 0.608%), indigenous inorganic N (12 to 266 µg/g), N mineralized during 52 weeks of aerobic incubation (87 to 884 µg/g) and during 16 weeks of anaerobic incubation (14 to 525 µg/g), nitrogen mineralization potential, No (126 to 1,010 µg/g), and autoclave‐extractable N (76 to 441 µg/g). The sludge application rate was more important than the sludge type in affecting N mineralization. The sludge‐treated soils from Study II had lower and less varied index values than those from Study I.The evaluation of N‐availability indexes was based on the degree of correlation between the index values and N uptake by irrigated, field grown maize (Zea mays L.) (Study I) or sorghum‐sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare sudanese L., var. ‘Trudan V’) grown in the greenhouse (Study II). Each index was useful in determining relative differences of N availability for this soil having received greatly differing organic N treatments from sewage sludge. Nitrogen mineralized during short and long periods of incubation correlated with plant N uptake equally well. The chemical indexes of N availability were as reliable as more time‐consuming incubation procedures for determining the N‐supplying capacity of soils.
Copper and Lead Levels in Crops and Soils of the Holland Marsh Area—Ontario
Authors: Czuba M. , Hutchinson T. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the occurrence, distribution, and concentrations of the heavy metals copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) in the soils crops of the important horticultural area north of Toronto known as the Holland Marsh. The soils are deep organic mucks (> 85% organic mtter), derived by the drainage of black marshland soils, which has been carried out over the past 40 years. A comparison is made between the Pb and Cu concentrations in undrained, uncultivated areas of the Marsh and in the intensively used horticultural area. Analyses show a marked accumulation of Cu in surface layers of cultivated soils, with a mean surface concentration of 130 ppm, declining to 20 ppm at a 32‐cm depth. Undrained (virgin) soils of the same marshes had < 20 ppm at all depths. Lead concentrations also declined through the profile, from concentrations of 22 to 10 ppm. In comparison, undrained areas had elevated Pb levels. Cultivation appeared to have increased Cu, but lowered Pb in the marsh. Copper and lead levels found in the crops were generally higher in the young spring vegetables than in the mature fall ones. Leafy crops, especially lettuce (Lactuca L.) and celery (Apium graveolens), accumulated higher Pb levels in their foliage compared with levels in root crops. Cultivation procedures, including past pesticide applications and fertilizer additions, appeared to be principal sources of Cu. Mobility from the soil and into the plant for these elements in the marsh muck soils is discussed.