bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Territorial Dimension
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
There are unique constitutional, political, organizational, and structural features about the Scottish and Welsh Offices as well as the Northern Ireland Office and departments. That distinctiveness is even more apparent in the way in which public expenditure is allocated and distributed in the territories. This chapter focuses on both the planning and allocative mechanisms of public expenditure in the territories. The chapter begins by providing a brief historical overview of the methods of allocating resources territorially and the subsequent introduction of the ‘Barnett formula’ in the late 1970s. The current arrangements for allocating resources are discussed, stressing the importance of the formula and block, and examines the way in which the territorial departments organize the internal process of bidding for resources. The use of discretion in the allocation of resources by the Secretaries of State is also considered. The chapter concludes by asking who benefits from the current system.
In-Year Control
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWithin each Treasury Expenditure Group, the flow and context of the business of an Expenditure Division is to a large extent structured and determined by the annual cycle of the preparation of the Public Expenditure Survey. The separate categories of Survey and In-year Control, while recognizably those used in the Treasury, do not adequately convey the links and cross-walks between the two. Nevertheless, the distinction between the two main types of work is helpful in the analysis and explanation of what Expenditure Divisions do, although it is not as clear-cut in practice. The quality and effectiveness of the Treasury's in-year control of departmental expenditure is determined mainly by its success in delivering the intended outputs of the Planning/Control Total. This chapter provides a broad overview of the in-year control and monitoring processes, looks at the principles and use by the Treasury of delegated authority, and concludes with a discussion of the use of formal and informal reviews of policy as an aid to controlling levels of future expenditure.
Running Costs, Pay, and Manpower Controls
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Containing the pay and allied costs and numbers of civil servants and other public officials has been a priority of governments from 1976 onwards. This is not surprising, since in a period of public expenditure restraint the ‘administrative costs’ of government are seen as an important area where the Treasury can exert pressure. Civil Service numbers have become a highly charged political issue, with all the associated rhetoric of ‘bureaucracy’ and ‘waste’. Separate budgets—running costs control—for central government departments' administrative expenditure, itemised in Parliamentary Supply Estimates, and the subject of cash limits, were introduced in April 1986. This chapter focuses on how the Treasury has handled the issues raised by Civil Service pay and manpower as they impact on the administrative costs of central government.
Macropolicy in the Rise and Fall of the Golden Age
Authors: Epstein Gerald A. , Schor Juliet B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides a more systematic analysis of the nature of demand management. Gerald Epstein and Juliet Schor show that monetary policy in particular was very important, first in accommodating the post-war boom and later, in restricting demand during the phase of stagnation. This chapter also discusses the institutional requirements for policy-making, especially the implications of the degree of independence enjoyed by central banks in formulating national monetary policies. Epstein and Schor perceive that the UK and the US, two countries with independent central banks, pursued significantly more restrictive monetary policies during the ‘golden age’. In contrast, the continental countries and Japan had much more accommodating policies. Given contemporary enthusiasm for monetarist-type approaches and increased central bank independence, it is worth remembering that during the ‘golden age’ these more accommodating countries posted significantly higher growth rates than the US and the UK.
A Wage-led Employment Regime: Income Distribution, Labour Discipline, and Aggregate Demand in Welfare Capitalism
Authors: Bowles Samuel , Boyer Robert 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the theoretical implications of another aspect of the institutional arrangements that went into the making and unmaking of the ‘golden age’ — the relations between capital and labour and the organization of the labour process. It integrates the Marxian insight of the importance of the labour process with modern-day macroeconomic analysis. It explains that the role of the ‘labour extraction function’ is analogous to the ‘investment function’ in more traditional Keynesian analysis.
The Diversity of Unemployment Experience since 1973
Authors: Rowthorn Bob , Glyn Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter evaluates the experience of various countries in coping with unemployment after the ‘golden age’ of capitalism began to tarnish in the 1970s. It demonstrates that while the slowdown in growth has had adverse effects everywhere, the capacity of a country to maintain high levels of employment depended crucially on the existence of appropriate social, economic, and political institutions, along with the ability to mobilize effective coalitions to act through these institutions. It also stimulates a separate WIDER research project on the social corporatist model of economic management whose distinctive feature is the negotiation of a centralized wage bargain between employers and workers.
Prologue
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses Mark Twain and his idea of romanticism. The most compelling reason to avoid romanticizing chivalry is that to take a view through rose-tinted lenses distorts and trivializes this force in early European history. By escaping romanticism, people can recognize the linkage between chivalry and major issues in medieval society, especially the issue of violence and public order. It argues that in the problem of public order the knights play an important role, and that the guides to their conduct that chivalry provided are in themselves complex and problematic.
Evidence on Chivalry and its Interpretation
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter argues that medieval evidence on chivalry and order is filled with tension and contradiction. Elspeth Kennedy, Philippe de Beaumanoir, and Ramon Llull are among the authors of historical works that provide several pieces of evidence and interpretations of chivalry. The content of the romances, as read in their books, leads to the same conclusion. Anyone who has read thousands of pages of chivalric literature knows that either these texts were meant for men and women, or that woman of the medieval period could not get enough of combat and war, of the effects of sword strokes on armour and the human body, of the particulars of tenurial relationships, and of the tactical manoeuvres that lead to victory. This evidence suggests that the great body of chivalric literature was aimed at knights even more than at their ladies.
Knights and Piety
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the tension between an undoubted knightly piety and the considerable force of knightly independence. Knightly lay piety involved a degree of practical lay independence. Chivalry took on the mantle of religion without fully accepting the directive role claimed by ecclesiastics. It absorbed religion for its own purposes. Knights did not only bow before clerical authority but they also absorbed the lessons and patterns for their loves urged by their brothers, sisters, and cousins bearing veils. The nature of their piety and the way in which it combined with their power in the world helps explain the strength of chivalry.
Clergie, Chevalerie, and Reform
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on chivalry through clerical eyes, documenting both the high praise for ideals of behaviour and the condemnation of much that knights said and did in the world. From the point of view of the clergie, knightly ideals and practices could only appear contradictory. Clerics knew that they had to deal with knights. They relied on knightly benefactions. In general, they blessed the legitimate use of force by the knights in acting to preserve order and property. The problem was that the knights often acted and sometimes thought in ways that made them a part of the problem of order, rather than its solution.
Quest and Questioning in Romance
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on quest patterns in order to take a closer look at the evidence and to show that the role of chivalry in issue or order appears in entire works less than in passages selected from many works. It presents three examples that allow people to explore the links between quest and chivalry. These examples include The Quest of the Holy Grail, The Death of King Arthur, and Robert the Devil/Sir Gowther.
Puzzle Cases
Authors: Gallois André 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines puzzle cases relevant to synchronic and diachronic identities. It explains that synchronic identity is concerned with the identity of thing with something existing at the same time, while diachronic identity is about the identity of a thing with something existing at an earlier or later time. This chapter describes five puzzle cases including the clay statue, the truncated car, and the ship of Theseus, and suggests that the occasional identity thesis is a strong contender for being the best solution to the cases described.
Counting Amoebas
Authors: Gallois André 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the relevance of the so-called amoebas to the occasional identity thesis (OIT). On the view of occasional identity theorists, there are two amoebas at T2 and one at T1. The inapplicability at T2 of the name AMOEBA at either of the amoebas existing at that time is compatible with there only being two amoebas in W1. This is not because there is some amoeba called AMOEBA at T1 which ceases to exist before T2, but because each of the amoebas at T2 satisfied a condition at T1 for being called AMOEBA which neither one satisfies at T2.
Extending the Occasional Identity Thesis
Authors: Gallois André 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the relevance of philosopher David Wiggins' only A and B rule for identity to the occasional identity thesis. This rule states that A's having a relation (R) to B must be such that objects distinct from A or B are irrelevant to whether A has R to B. Though the only A and B rule is compelling, it violates the extrinsic view identity. This view proposes that, in the case of amoebic division, whether AMOEBA is ever identical to the POND depends on the existence of SLIDE, which does not exist in W2.
The Four-Dimensional World
Authors: Gallois André 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the four dimensionalism view of identity. This view proposes that persisting objects are extended in time in a way that is similar to the way they are extended in space. It has been advocated as an appealing solution to some of the identity puzzles previously described because of the assumption that objects have temporal as well as spatial parts. This chapter characterizes the temporal and spatial parts of an object, and validates the applicability of four dimensionalism as a solution to the identity puzzles.
Shakespeare, Co-Author
Authors: Vickers Brian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
No issue in Shakespeare studies is more important than determining what he wrote. For over two centuries scholars have discussed the evidence that Shakespeare worked with co-authors on several plays, and have used a variety of methods to differentiate their contributions from his. In this wide-ranging study the author takes up and extends these discussions, presenting compelling evidence that Shakespeare wrote Titus Andronicus together with George Peele, Timon of Athens with Thomas Middleton, Pericles with George Wilkins, and Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen with John Fletcher. Part one of the book reviews the standard processes of co-authorship as they can be reconstructed from documents connected with the Elizabethan stage, and shows that all major, and most minor, dramatists in the Elizabethan, Jacobean, and Caroline theatres, collaborated in getting plays written and staged. This is combined with a survey of the types of methodology used since the early nineteenth century to identify co-authorship, and a critical evaluation of some ‘stylometric’ techniques. Part two gives detailed analyses of the five collaborative plays, discussing every significant case made for and against Shakespeare's co-authorship. Synthesizing two centuries of discussion, the author reveals a scholarly tradition, builds on and extends previous work, and identifies the co-authors' contributions in increasing detail. The range and quantity of close verbal analysis brought together in this book present a case to counter those ‘conservators’ of Shakespeare who maintain that he is the sole author of his plays.
Authorship in English Renaissance Drama
Authors: Vickers Brian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses five plays by Shakespeare, namely Titus Andronicus, Timon of Athens, Pericles, King Henry VIII, and The Two Noble Kinsmen. It is a curious fact that the theatrical and publishing tradition which established the authenticity of the plays ascribed to Shakespeare also managed to suppress — or perhaps just obscure — any sign that he ever worked together with other dramatists. It is argued that one of the quartos reprinted in the folio, Titus Andronicus, was a joint work with George Peele, and that two of the plays published for the first time in the folio, Timon of Athens and Henry VIII, were jointly written with Thomas Middleton and John Fletcher, respectively. The chapter also reconstructs something of the material context within which collaboration took place.
Identifying Co-Authors
Authors: Vickers Brian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter reviews some of the methods currently used, focusing on the canon of two dramatists who frequently took part in collaborations, John Fletcher and Thomas Middleton. Their work is especially relevant since they both collaborated with Shakespeare. It also includes John Ford, because some interesting work has been done on his co-authored plays. However, it occasionally cites some evidence for his authorship of the Funerall Elegye for William Peter. It begins with the techniques used for identifying co-authors with the oldest method, which takes its origin from when a reader familiar with the verse styles used in Elizabethan drama recognizes two or more different styles in a play. The second approach to authorship studies that is discussed derives from the familiar experience of reading or seeing a play and being reminded of some other work. While verbal parallels, including rare words or words used in special senses, remain a valid tool in authorship studies, much help can he derived from large-scale studies of a writer's vocabulary.
Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen with John Fletcher
Authors: Vickers Brian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter describes Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen. Scholarly discussion of these two plays that Shakespeare wrote together with John Fletcher has followed a by now familiar pattern: (i) in the mid-nineteenth century pioneering work identifies the scenes written by each dramatist; (ii) these findings are consolidated by other scholars, using different methods; (iii) Shakespeare 'conservators' deny the findings, asserting his sole authorship; and (iv) a recent generation of scholars, using more powerful analytical tools, validates the originally proposed divisions. The pattern being familiar, in discussing these two co-authored plays there is little need to follow out every move for and against. In particular, the chapter addresses the respective methodologies in enough detail to enable readers to understand and evaluate them.
Socialist Pluralism
Authors: Stears Marc 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
A vision for the first fifteen years of the 20th century for the United States were outlined by the nationalist progressives as a similar political philosophy is also in the works by the Fabian Society. By deriving and adapting the conceptual understanding from the idealists, both reform groups demanded far-reaching intervention to each of the individual citizen's life arguing that social harmony and personal growth can only be attained with such measures. It appeared however that the leading radical political theorists had arrived at the same broad conclusions to a blind faith mechanism of the state. The second movement introduced in this chapter is known as the ‘socialist pluralism’ in which a series of conceptual and institutional arguments are prospected to be the main focus of a significant transatlantic debate.
Epilogue
Authors: Stears Marc 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
From the immediate aftermath of World War I into the early 1920s, the nationalist progressives suggested a series of ideas for far-reaching reform. None of these measures succeeded. Their efforts to construct an American Labor Party foundered in the face of a wide collection of obstacles, ranging from the obstruction of the courts through the lack of interest of major trade unions to the inability of diverse groups of progressive intellectuals to put aside their differences. Attempts at constructing programmes of industrial democracy in the workplace fared little better. The 1920s did not usher in an era of industrial citizenship, as had been hoped; rather, it witnessed a reversal of fortunes. The growth of adult education in the early post-war years had offered a prime means of achieving such a conversion. Yet severe problems arose here too. This chapter examines all these discussion points.
Introduction
Authors: Stears Marc 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The political scenario in Britain and the United States saw much development in the three decades of World War I. However, with the shift in political debate, interest groups and issue-oriented pressure groups were formed and demanded reforms. Intellectuals heavily engaged in politics have also sought opportunities in these movements. Discussions sprang up, including that of the intense and politically controversial debate between the British social pluralists led by Harold Laski, G. D. H. Cole, and R. H. Tawney, and the American national progressives directed by Herbert Croly, Walter Lippmann, and Walter Weyl. They argued on the size, scope, and legitimate role of the central state which was the single most important question facing reformers. This chapter aims to re-establish the centrality of international exchange and provides a unique perspective on the evolution of modern ideological politics in Britain and the United States.
Essential role of the adaptor protein Nck1 in Jurkat T cell activation and function
Authors: Yiemwattana I , Ngoenkam J , Paensuwan P , Kriangkrai R , Chuenjitkuntaworn B , Pongcharoen S 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThe non-catalytic region of tyrosine kinase (Nck) is proposed to play an essential role in T cell activation. However, evidence based on functional and biochemical studies has brought into question the critical function of Nck. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to investigate the role of Nck in T cell activation. To study this, the human Jurkat T cell line was used as a model for human T lymphocytes. The short interfering (si) RNA targeting Nck1 gene was used with electroporation to knock-down Nck1 protein expression in Jurkat T cells. Primary human CD4 T cells were also transfected with the siRNA of Nck1. The results showed that decreased Nck1 protein expression did not affect the apoptosis of the transfected Jurkat T cells compared with control siRNA-transfected cells and non-transfected cells. Upon CD3ε/CD28 stimulation, knock-down of Nck1 in Jurkat T cells caused a decrease in CD69 expression and in interleukin (IL)-2 secretion. Similarly, knock-down of Nck1 in primary CD4 T cells also caused decreased CD69 expression. However, no significant alterations of CD69 and IL-2 expression were found upon phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)/phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation. Knock-down of Nck1 had no effect on the proliferation of Jurkat T cells stimulated with either PHA or anti-T cell receptor (TCR) monoclonal antibody (C305). The reduced Nck1 expression in Jurkat cells was also associated with a reduced phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (Erk)1 and Erk2 proteins upon CD3ε/CD28 stimulation. In conclusion, the decreased Nck1 protein in Jurkat T cells resulted in an impairment of TCR–CD3-mediated activation involving a defective Erk phosphorylation pathway.
Evaluating the effects of urbanisation on salamander abundances using a before‐after control‐impact design
Authors: PRICE STEVEN J. , BROWNE ROBERT A. , DORCAS MICHAEL E. 
Published: October 2011

Summary1. Urbanisation represents a significant threat to semi‐aquatic amphibian populations, especially stream‐dwelling salamanders. Although studies of urbanisation effects on amphibians have been conducted, there is an urgent need to follow populations over longer time periods, account for imperfect detection and determine the response time to urbanisation. Consequently, we used a before‐after control‐impact (BACI) study design to estimate changes in abundances of larval and adult salamanders in streams affected by urbanisation.2. From 2005 to 2009, we used standard sampling techniques to obtain a count of salamanders in 13 first‐order streams that underwent urbanisation of their catchments after the first year of sampling. Simultaneously, we counted salamanders in 17 streams that experienced no disturbance within stream catchments. Additionally, we measured environmental variables at each stream.3. We used Royle’s binomial mixture model to estimate annual mean abundances and individual detection probabilities, and Bayesian inference was used to estimate population parameters for each stage and species.4. Although mean abundance estimates varied among years in control and urbanised streams, we found that urbanisation had a negative effect on larval and adult salamander abundances. Larval salamander abundances at sites 1 year after urbanisation were significantly lower than abundances from control sites. Abundances of adult two‐lined salamanders (Eurycea cirrigera) at urbanised sites were lower than abundances at control sites 2 years post‐urbanisation, and adult dusky salamander (Desmognathus fuscus) abundances at urbanised sites were lower than abundances at control sites 3 years post‐urbanisation. Maximum conductivity, sedimentation level and maximum stream channel width differed between urban and non‐urban streams.5. Our results suggest that stream‐dwelling salamanders exhibit little resistance to urbanisation. Our study also highlights the use of the BACI design to study how urbanisation affects populations in semi‐aquatic habitats. We emphasise that inferences regarding urbanisation effects on population response may be compromised unless urban populations are compared to populations in control sites, especially for species in which populations fluctuate.