bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Partial Lateral Corpectomy with and without Hemilaminectomy on Canine Thoracolumbar Stability: A Biomechanical Study
Authors: Revés Núria Vizcaíno , Bürki Alexander , Ferguson Stephen , Geissbühler Urs , Stahl Christina , Forterre Frank 
Published: November 2011

ObjectiveTo analyze the biomechanical changes induced by partial lateral corpectomy (PLC) and a combination of PLC and hemilaminectomy in a T13‐L3 spinal segment in nonchondrodystrophic dogs.Study DesignIn vitro biomechanical cadaveric study.Sample PopulationT13‐L3 spinal segments (n = 10) of nonchondrodystrophic dogs (weighing, 25–38 kg).MethodsA computed tomography (CT) scan of each T13‐L3 spinal segment was performed. A loading simulator for flexibility analysis was used to determine the range of motion (ROM) and neutral zone (NZ) during flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. A servohydraulic testing machine was used to determine the changes in stiffness during compression, dorsoventral, and lateral shear. All spines were tested intact, after PLC in the left intervertebral space of L1‐L2, and after a combination of PLC and hemilaminectomy.ResultsStatistically significant increases in ROM and NZ (P < .05) were detected during flexion/extension and lateral bending when PLC was performed. A significant increase in ROM (P < .001) was noted during axial rotation and flexion after PLC and hemilaminectomy. Stiffness decreased significantly during compression and dorsoventral shear after each procedure. Decreased stiffness during lateral shear was only significant after a combination of both procedures.ConclusionPLC might lead to some spinal instability; these changes are enhanced when a hemilaminectomy is added.
Synthesis and Bioactivity of Sol–Gel Derived Porous, Bioactive Glass Microspheres Using Chitosan as Novel Biomolecular Template
Authors: Lei Bo , Shin Kwan‐Ha , Moon Young‐Wook , Noh Da‐Young , Koh Young‐Hag , Jin Yonghao , Kim Hyoun‐Ee 
Published: November 2011

This article reports a novel, simple route for synthesis of sol–gel derived porous, bioactive glass (BG) microspheres using chitosan (CTS) as a biomolecular template in the acid‐catalyzed sol–gel process. The use of CTS, which is a natural biocompatible polymer with a unique molecular structure, allowed the synthesis of BG microparticles with a spherical shape, 5–10 μm in size. Furthermore, pores with a size of 5–40 nm were created entirely throughout BG microspheres, which were formed by removing the network of CTS present initially in the CTS‐BG composite microparticles via heat‐treatment at 600°C for 2 h. These porous BG microspheres induced the vigorous precipitation of apatite crystals on their surface when immersed in simulated body fluid for 24 h, thus suggesting their excellent bioactivity .
Psychological therapies for chronic pelvic pain: systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: CHAMPANERIA RITA , DANIELS JANE P. , RAZA AMER , PATTISON HELEN M. , KHAN KHALID S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChronic pelvic pain (CPP), a common cause of disability in women, is a condition best viewed in the biopsychosocial framework. Psychological interventions are frequently considered alongside medical and surgical treatments. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of psychological therapies for the treatment of CPP. Electronic literature searches were conducted in Medline, Embase, PsycInfo and DARE databases from database inception to April 2010. Reference lists of selected articles were searched for further articles. The studies selected were randomized controlled trials of psychological therapies in patients with CPP compared with no treatment, standard gynecological treatment or another form of psychological therapy. Two reviewers independently selected articles without language restrictions and extracted data covering study characteristics, study quality and results. Reduction in pain, measured using visual analog scales or other measurements, was the main outcome measure. Of the 107 citations identified, four studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Compared with no psychological intervention, therapy produced a standardized mean pain score of –3.27 [95% confidence interval (CI) –4.52 to –2.02] and 1.11 (95% CI –0.05 to 2.27) at 3 months and –3.95 (95% CI –5.35 to –2.55) and 0.54 (95% CI –0.78 to 1.86) at 6 months and greater, based on a visual analog scale score of 0–10. The current evidence does not allow us to conclude whether psychological interventions have an effect on self‐reported pain scores in women with CPP.
Prognostic significance of residual tumor in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma stage IV in a 20 year perspective
Authors: ELSTRAND MARI B. , SANDSTAD BERIT , OKSEFJELL HALLDIS , DAVIDSON BEN , TROPÉ CLAES G. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjective. We aimed to evaluate prognostic factors impacting on overall survival during a 20 year period with substantial changes in surgical approach and chemotherapy management of patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma stage IV. Design. A retrospective population‐based study. Setting. The Norwegian Radium Hospital during 1985–2005. Population. Three hundred and ninety‐four patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma stage IV treated at the Norwegian Radium Hospital. Methods. The cohort was divided into two groups (1985–1995 and 1996–2005), and clinical and pathological characteristics were compared. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors during 1985–1995, 1996–2005 and 1985–2005. Main outcome measures. Prognostic factors and overall survival in the three periods. Results. Median overall survival improved from 1985–1995 to 1996–2005 (from 1.3 to 2.1 years). More patients had macroscopic radical surgery (28 vs. 11%), received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and were treated with platinum–taxane combination therapy from 1996–2005 compared to 1985–1995. Patients with primary surgery had improved median overall survival from 1996–2005 compared to 1985–1995. In multivariate analyses, surgical approach was not a prognostic factor for overall survival, but chemotherapy was during 1985–2005. Postoperative residual tumor was a prognostic factor for overall survival in all periods. Conclusions. Macroscopic radical surgery is a strong prognostic factor for overall survival and is achievable in a subset of patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma stage IV. Improved selection criteria for what treatment algorithm to choose for patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma stage IV are warranted.
The microbial flora in the nasal septum area prone to perforation
Authors: HULTERSTRÖM ANNA KARIN , SELLIN MATS , BERGGREN DIANA 
Published: November 2011

Hulterström AK, Sellin M, Berggren D. The microbial flora in the nasal septum area prone to perforation. APMIS 2012; 120: 210–4.To explore the colonizing bacterial flora of the nasal septum area, that is mostly afflicted by perforations, 101 healthy police students had swab samples taken from that location. The described culture strategy recovered positive cultures from 95% of the test subjects and from 60% with more than one organism. In total, 191 bacterial isolates were classified according to colony morphology, Gram‐stain and a panel of standard laboratory techniques. A part of the bacteria was identified to species‐level by biochemical methods and by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The predominant finding was Gram‐positive irregular rods – 65 presumptive Corynebacterium isolates, both lipophilic and non‐lipophilic, and 37 anaerobic Propionibacterium isolates. The second largest bacterial group was Gram‐positive catalase‐positive cocci, of which 13 isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus and 53 as coagulase‐negative staphylococci. The few potential airway pathogens included Streptococcus pneumonia (n = 1) and Moraxella catarrhalis (n = 3) isolates. The bacterial flora colonizing the nasal septum mainly consists of Gram‐positive bacteria. Although of low virulence, the microbial flora may impact on occlusion treatment of nasal septum perforations with silicone obturators.
The Political Economy of the Three Gorges Project
Authors: WEBBER MICHAEL 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper examines the debates over the decision to build the Three Gorges Dam, the subsequent flows of income to the firms involved in its construction, and the continuing implications of the dam for the Chinese space economy. The paper makes and justifies three claims. First, the construction project has been responsible for both dispossession and the formation of capital (primitive accumulation). But it is too simple to interpret the project as merely the face of modernity or development: proponents were reflecting traditional attitudes to bureaucracy and environmental management, whereas opponents sought liberalisation, marketisation, and opening up. It turns out that the concept of modernity, as a western programme introduced into China after the formation of the People's Republic, is of remarkably little value in understanding the construction of this dam. Secondly, the decision to build the dam reflects both structure and happenstance – particular political events and individuals were critical. Notably, the project shows few signs of having come into being to absorb over‐accumulated capital: mega‐projects like this do not have to satisfy any capitalist logic. Finally, I emphasise that such huge projects have long run effects on the structure of power in China – indeed, events at Three Gorges underpinned much of the later debate and struggle over dams on the Mekong, Salween, and Changjiang above Three Gorges.
Infrared (810 nm) Low‐Level Laser Therapy in Experimental Model of Strain‐Induced Skeletal Muscle Injury in Rats: Effects on Functional Outcomes
Authors: Ramos Luciano , Leal Junior Ernesto Cesar Pinto , Pallotta Rodney Capp , Frigo Lucio , Marcos Rodrigo Labat , de Carvalho Maria Helena Catelli , Bjordal Jan Magnus , Lopes‐Martins Rodrigo Álvaro Brandão 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMuscle strains are among the most prevalent causes for athletes’ absence from sport activities. Low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) has recently emerged as a potential contender to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in muscle strain treatment. In this work we investigated effects of LLLT and diclofenac on functional outcomes in the acute stage after muscle strain injury in rats. Muscle strain was induced by overloading the tibialis anterior muscle of rats during anesthesia. The injured groups received either no treatment, or a single treatment with diclofenac 30 min prior to injury, or LLLT (810 nm, 100 mW) with doses of 1, 3, 6 or 9 J, at 1 h after injury. Functional outcome measures included a walking index and assessment of electrically induced muscle performance. All treatments (except 9 J LLLT) significantly improved the walking index 12 h postinjury compared with the untreated group. The 3 J group also showed a significantly better walking index than the drug group. All treatments significantly improved muscle performance at 6 and 12 h. LLLT dose of 3 J was as effective as the pharmacological agent in improving functional outcomes in the early phase after a muscle strain injury in rats.
Two cases of bare bone graft with dental implant for mandibular defect
Authors: Noguchi T. , Tsuchiya Y. , Itoh H. , Jinbu Y. , Tsukinoki K. , Sarukawa S. , Sugawara Y. , Ohiwa I. , Kusama M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBare bone graft is a method of mandibular reconstruction involving vascularised iliac bone graft without a skin flap, and secondary epithelialisation of the exposed iliac bone surface in the oral cavity. We herein report two cases of bare bone graft with dental implant for mandibular defect after tumour resection. Case 1: A 36‐year‐old woman with odontogenic myxoma of the left mandible underwent reconstruction with a free vascularised iliac flap after segmental resection of the mandible. The exposed iliac bone surface in the oral cavity required about 2 months for epithelialisation. Two implants were placed into the reconstructed mandible 12 months after initial surgery, and prosthetic rehabilitation was performed successfully after 6 months of osseointegration period. Case 2: A 32‐year‐old woman with desmoplastic ameloblastoma of the right mandible underwent reconstruction using free iliac bone after segmental resection of the mandible. As the reconstructed bone failed after surgery, the left mandible was reconstructed using a free vascularised iliac flap. The exposed iliac bone surface in the oral cavity required about 2 months for epithelialisation. Four implants were placed into the reconstructed mandible 17 months after surgery, and prosthetic rehabilitation was performed successfully after 6 months of osseointegration period. In both cases, the mandibular contour and occlusal function were satisfactory.
Reexamining the science of marine protected areas: linking knowledge to action
Authors: Fox Helen E. , Mascia Michael B. , Basurto Xavier , Costa Alice , Glew Louise , Heinemann Dennis , Karrer Leah B. , Lester Sarah E. , Lombana Alfonso V. , Pomeroy Robert S. , Recchia Cheri A. , Roberts Callum M. , Sanchirico James N. , Pet‐Soede Lida , White Alan T. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMarine protected areas (MPAs) are often implemented to conserve or restore species, fisheries, habitats, ecosystems, and ecological functions and services; buffer against the ecological effects of climate change; and alleviate poverty in coastal communities. Scientific research provides valuable insights into the social and ecological impacts of MPAs, as well as the factors that shape these impacts, providing useful guidance or “rules of thumb” for science‐based MPA policy. Both ecological and social factors foster effective MPAs, including substantial coverage of representative habitats and oceanographic conditions; diverse size and spacing; protection of habitat bottlenecks; participatory decision‐making arrangements; bounded and contextually appropriate resource use rights; active and accountable monitoring and enforcement systems; and accessible conflict resolution mechanisms. For MPAs to realize their full potential as a tool for ocean governance, further advances in policy‐relevant MPA science are required. These research frontiers include MPA impacts on nontarget and wide‐ranging species and habitats; impacts beyond MPA boundaries, on ecosystem services, and on resource‐dependent human populations, as well as potential scale mismatches of ecosystem service flows. Explicitly treating MPAs as “policy experiments” and employing the tools of impact evaluation holds particular promise as a way for policy‐relevant science to inform and advance science‐based MPA policy.
Agriculture—a key element for conservation in the developing world
Authors: Wright Hugh L. , Lake Iain R. , Dolman Paul M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractConserving biodiversity through supporting or mimicking traditional management of anthropogenic habitats is a paradigm in the developed world, particularly Europe. It is rarely applied in developing countries where forest biota are more common foci. We quantified the numbers of globally threatened bird species using anthropogenic habitats and examined scientific literature to identify those that are dependent on low‐impact agriculture in the developing world. Such dependency is distinct from species using farmland to supplement or move between their remnant natural habitats. We show that low‐impact agriculture is important to a number of threatened open‐habitat species in a variety of farming systems. However, these systems are expected to undergo widespread transformation due to economic change. Conservation must identify valuable farmed landscapes and seek new mechanisms to maintain or mimic important land‐management techniques in developing countries. A suite of policy instruments should be considered to provide incentives or development benefits that encourage farmers to manage landscapes for wildlife. The land sparing approach to balancing biodiversity conservation and agricultural production will be detrimental to those open‐habitat bird species dependent on agriculture; a mix of agricultural land‐use types may offer the best compromise.
High Conservation Value or high confusion value? Sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation in the tropics
Authors: Edwards David P. , Fisher Brendan , Wilcove David S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractGreen labeling of products that have been produced sustainably is an emerging tool of the environmental movement. A prominent example is the Forest Stewardship Council, which certifies timber that is harvested to manage and maintain forests defined as having High Conservation Value (HCV). The criteria for HCV are now being applied to four rapidly expanding crops in the tropics: oil palm, soy, sugarcane, and cacao. However, these criteria do not provide adequate protection for biodiversity when applied to agriculture. The only criterion that provides blanket protection to forests is one that protects large expanses of habitat (≥20,000–500,000 ha, depending on the country). Absent of other HCVs, the collective clearing of forest patches below these thresholds could result in extensive deforestation that would be sanctioned with a green label. Yet such forest patches retain much biodiversity and provide connectivity within the agricultural matrix. An examination of forest fragments in biodiverse countries across the tropics shows that future agricultural demand can be met by clearing only forest patches below a 1,000 ha threshold. We recommend the development of a new HCV criterion that recognizes the conservation value of habitat patches within the agricultural matrix and that protects patches above 1,000 ha.
Integrating diet and movement data to identify hot spots of predation risk and areas of conservation concern for endangered species
Authors: Ward Eric J. , Levin Phillip S. , Lance Monique M. , Jeffries Steven J. , Acevedo‐Gutiérrez Alejandro 
Published: November 2011

AbstractEffective management of threatened and endangered species requires an understanding of how species of conservation concern are distributed spatially, as well as the spatial distribution of risks to the population, such as predation or human impacts (fishing, pollution, and loss of habitat). Identifying high‐risk areas is particularly important when designing reserves or protected areas. Our novel approach incorporates data on distribution, movement, and diet of a generalist marine predator (harbor seals) to identify and map “hot spots” of predation risk for an endangered prey species (rockfish). Areas with high concentrations of seals (including some current marine reserves) are also estimated hot spots for rockfish predation. Although marine reserve planning currently targets areas with good habitat and low human disturbance, our modeling suggests that future terrestrial and marine reserve design may be made more effective by incorporating other components of the food web that either directly or indirectly interact with target species.
Shoulder Strength Testing: The Intra- and Inter-tester Reliability of Routine Clinical Tests, Using the PowertrackTM II Commander
Authors: Dollings Hannah , Sandford Fiona , O'conaire Eoin , Lewis Jeremy S. 
Published: November 2011

Background To assess intra- and inter-tester reliability of measuring shoulder strength using a new hand-held dynamometer. Methods On two occasions, two examiners (blinded to output) measured seven separate tests of shoulder strength. Twenty-three participants with no shoulder symptoms were tested bilaterally. Each test was performed three times as a ‘make test’ using a hand-held digital dynamometer. Results Intraclass correlation coefficients (2,1) and (2,3), 95% confidence intervals and standard errors of measurements (SEM) demonstrated good intra- and inter-tester reliability of all tests [ICC(2,3) >0.87], with the exception of inter-tester reliability of right abduction [ICC(2,3) = 0.77]. Greater reliability of all tests was demonstrated when the mean of three trials was used compared to the first measurement. Intra-tester reliability of all tests using ICC(2,1) ranged from 0.74 to 0.98; ICC(2,3) ranged from 0.89 to 0.98. Inter-tester reliability using ICC(2,1) ranged from 0.52 to 0.94; ICC(2,3) ranged from 0.77 to 0.96. The smallest detectable difference (SDD), used to measure precision, ranged from 5.9 to 12.5 Newtons. Discussion The findings obtained in the present study suggest that using the methods employed in the population investigated demonstrated good to excellent intra- and inter-tester reliability for the measurement of shoulder strength. The SEM and SDD findings provide guidance for values that may be considered as a real change in strength.
Molecular mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal colonization
Authors: Edwards A.M. , Massey R.C. , Clarke S.R. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryStaphylococcus aureus is responsible for a wide range of different infections ranging in severity from mild to fatal. However, it primarily exists as a commensal organism in a number of different anatomical sites including the nasopharynx. Although colonization itself is a harmless state, colonized individuals are at risk of endogenous infection when S. aureus enters otherwise sterile sites via wounds or indwelling medical devices. As such, studies of colonization may identify important targets for vaccines or other prophylactic approaches. Colonization is a dynamic process; S. aureus must attach to host surfaces, overcome immune components and compete with other commensal microbes. This occurs via a number of surface‐attached and secreted proteins and other factors such as wall teichoic acid. In addition, colonizing S. aureus must constantly replicate to maintain its niche and exclude other strains. These myriad interactions provide a strong selective pressure for the maintenance or enhancement of mechanisms of adhesion, invasion and immune evasion. The evolutionary implications of this may explain why S. aureus is such a capable pathogen because many of the proteins involved in colonization have also been identified as virulence factors. This review describes the diverse molecular mechanisms used by S. aureus to colonize the host and discusses how the pressures that have selected for these may have led to its virulence.
Association between cigarette smoking and the intraoral distribution of periodontal disease in Thai men over 50 years of age
Authors: Torrungruang Kitti , Gongsakdi Vidhita , Laohaviraphab Leela , Likittanasombat Khanchit , Ratanachaiwong Wipa 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAim:  This study aimed to investigate the effects of cigarette smoking on periodontal conditions in specific tooth regions of older Thai men.Methods:  There were 272 current smokers, 714 former smokers, and 477 non‐smokers enrolled in the present study. Differences between groups in the mean probing depth or attachment loss were compared using ancova. The relationship between smoking exposure or cessation duration and periodontal conditions was examined using linear trend analysis.Results:  Smokers had deeper pockets and attachment loss than non‐smokers. The greatest differences between smokers and non‐smokers were observed in the maxillary posterior palatal region, where current smokers had 0.88 mm greater attachment loss than non‐smokers, compared to 0.36–0.60 mm observed in other tooth regions. Among the current smokers, there was a trend towards an increase in attachment loss with increasing smoking exposure in the maxillary posterior regions. However, it was not statistically significant. Among the former smokers, a better periodontal condition was observed, depending on the length of time since smoking cessation; this was most pronounced in the maxillary posterior palatal region.Conclusions:  The palatal site of maxillary posterior teeth was the area most affected by cigarette smoke. The results suggest a possible local effect of smoking in addition to its systemic effects.