bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new technique for spectral analysis of ionospheric TEC fluctuations observed with the Very Large Array VHF system: From QP echoes to MSTIDs
Authors: Helmboldt J. F. , Lazio T. J. W. , Intema H. T. , Dymond K. F. 
Published: December 2011

We have used a relatively long, contiguous VHF observation of a bright cosmic radio source (Cygnus A) with the Very Large Array (VLA) through the nighttime, midlatitude ionosphere to demonstrate the phenomena observable with this instrument. In a companion paper, we showed that the VLA can detect fluctuations in total electron content (TEC) with amplitudes of ≤ 10−3 TECU and can measure TEC gradients with a precision of about 2 × 10− 4 TECU km−1. We detail two complementary techniques for producing spectral analysis of these TEC gradient measurements. The first is able to track individual waves with wavelengths of about half the size of the array (∼20 km) or more. This technique was successful in detecting and characterizing many medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) seen intermittently throughout the night and has been partially validated using concurrent GPS measurements. Smaller waves are also seen with this technique at nearly all times, many of which move in similar directions as the detected MSTIDs. The second technique allows for the detection and statistical description of the properties of groups of waves moving in similar directions with wavelengths as small as 5 km. Combining the results of both spectral techniques, we found a class of intermediate and small scale waves which are likely the quasi‐periodic (QP) echoes that have been observed to occur within sporadic‐E (Es) layers. We find two distinct populations of these waves. The members of one population are coincident in time with MSTIDs and are consistent with being generated within Es layers by the E–F coupling instability. The other population seems more influenced by the neutral wind, similar to the predominant types of QP echoes found by the Sporadic‐E Experiments over Kyushu (SEEK). We have also found that the spectra of background (i.e., isotropic) fluctuations can be interpreted as the sum of two turbulent components with maximum scales of about 300 km and 10 km.
Lexical and Phonological Effects in Early Word Production
Authors: Sosa Anna V. , Stoel-Gammon Carol 
Published: December 2011

Purpose
This study examines the influence of word frequency, phonological neighborhood density (PND), age of acquisition (AoA), and phonotactic probability on production variability and accuracy of known words by toddlers with no history of speech, hearing, or language disorders.

Method
Fifteen toddlers between 2;0 (years;months) and 2;5 produced monosyllabic target words varying in word frequency, PND, AoA, and phonotactic probability. Phonetic transcription was used to determine (a) whole-word variability and (b) proportion of whole-word proximity (PWP; Ingram, 2002) of each target word produced.

Results
Results show a significant effect of PND on PWP and variability (words from dense neighborhoods had higher PWP and lower variability than those from sparse neighborhoods), a significant effect of word frequency on variability (high-frequency words were less variable) but not proximity, and a significant effect of AoA on proximity (earlier acquired words had lower PWP) but not variability.

Conclusions
Results provide new information regarding the role that lexical and phonological factors play in the speech of young children; specifically, several factors are identified that influence variability of production. Additionally, by examining lexical and phonological factors simultaneously, the current study isolates differential effects of the individual factors. Implications for our understanding of emerging phonological representations are discussed.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170360
Animation of Graphic Symbols Representing Verbs and Prepositions: Effects on Transparency, Name Agreement, and Identification
Authors: Schlosser Ralf W. , Shane Howard , Sorce James , Koul Rajinder , Bloomfield Emma , Debrowski Lisa , DeLuca Tim , Miller Stephanie , Schneider Danielle , Neff Allison 
Published: December 2011

Purpose
The effects of animation on transparency, name agreement, and identification of graphic symbols for verbs and prepositions were evaluated in preschoolers of 3 age groups.

Methods
A mixed-group design was used; in each age group, half of the children were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 orders of symbol formats. The 52 children were asked to guess the meaning of symbols and to identify a target symbol among foils given the spoken label.

Results
Animated symbols were more transparent than static symbols, although this was more pronounced for verbs. Animated verbs were named more accurately than static verbs, but there was no difference between animated and static prepositions. Verbs were identified more accurately compared with prepositions, but there was no difference between symbol formats. Older children guessed, named, and identified symbols more effectively than younger children.

Conclusion
Animation enhances transparency and name agreement, especially for verbs, which reduces the instructional burden that comes with nontransparent symbols. Animation does not enhance identification accuracy. Verbs are easier to identify than prepositions. A developmental effect was observed for each measure. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
Consequences of Broad Auditory Filters for Identification of Multichannel-Compressed Vowels
Authors: Souza Pamela , Wright Richard , Bor Stephanie 
Published: December 2011

Purpose
In view of previous findings (Bor, Souza, & Wright, 2008) that some listeners are more susceptible to spectral changes from multichannel compression (MCC) than others, this study addressed the extent to which differences in effects of MCC were related to differences in auditory filter width.

Method
Listeners were recruited in 3 groups: listeners with flat sensorineural loss, listeners with sloping sensorineural loss, and a control group of listeners with normal hearing. Individual auditory filter measurements were obtained at 500 and 2000 Hz. The filter widths were related to identification of vowels processed with 16-channel MCC and with a control (linear) condition.

Results
Listeners with flat loss had broader filters at 500 Hz but not at 2000 Hz compared with listeners with sloping loss. Vowel identification was poorer for MCC compared with linear amplification. Listeners with flat loss made more errors than listeners with sloping loss, and there was a significant relationship between filter width and the effects of MCC.

Conclusions
Broadened auditory filters can reduce the ability to process amplitude-compressed vowel spectra. This suggests that individual frequency selectivity is a factor that influences benefit of MCC when a high number of compression channels are used.
Infants Exposed to Fluent Natural Speech Succeed at Cross-Gender Word Recognition
Authors: van Heugten Marieke , Johnson Elizabeth K. 
Published: December 2011

PurposeTo examine the possibility that early signal-to-word form mapping capabilities are robust enough to handle substantial indexical variation in the realization of words.MethodTwo groups of 7.5-month-olds were tested with the Headturn Preference Procedure. Half of the infants were exposed to words embedded in passages spoken by their mothers and tested on lists of trained and novel isolated words spoken by their fathers. The other half of the infants were yoked pairs listening to unfamiliar speakers.ResultsIn the test phase, infants listened longer to trained than to novel words, indicating that they successfully segmented the words from the passages. This result was not modulated by infants' familiarity with the speaker.ConclusionsUnder more naturalistic listening conditions, 7.5-month-olds exhibit the ability to recognize words in the face of substantial indexical variation regardless of whether speakers are familiar. This suggests that early word representations are, at least to some extent, independent of the speaker’s gender and may reflect sophisticated abstraction capabilities on the part of the infants, which would render extreme episodic models of early speech perception untenable. Additional research using similarly ecologically valid testing methods is called for to elucidate the precise nature of early word representations.
Random Versus Blocked Practice in Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Maas Edwin , Farinella Kimberly A. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose
To compare the relative effects of random vs. blocked practice schedules in treatment for childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Although there have been repeated suggestions in the literature to use random practice in CAS treatment, no systematic studies exist that have directly compared random with blocked practice in this population.

Method
Using an alternating treatments single-subject design with multiple baselines across behaviors, the authors compared random and blocked practice in 4 children diagnosed with CAS in terms of retention and transfer. Random and blocked practice were implemented in the context of a version of Dynamic Temporal and Tactile *Cueing treatment (Strand, Stoeckel, & Baas, 2006). Perceptual accuracy of target utterances was scored, and effect sizes were calculated to quantify the magnitude of treatment effects.

Results
Findings were mixed, with 2 children showing a blocked practice advantage, 1 child showing a random practice advantage, and 1 child showing no clear improvement in either condition.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that the random practice advantage observed in the nonspeech motor learning literature may not extend to treatment for CAS. Furthermore, the findings add to the small body of literature indicating that integral stimulation treatment can lead to improvements in speech production for children with CAS.
High pressure ices
Authors: Hermann Andreas , Ashcroft N. W. , Hoffmann Roald 
Published: December 2011

H
2
O will be more resistant to metallization than previously thought. From computational evolutionary structure searches, we find a sequence of new stable and meta-stable structures for the ground state of ice in the 1–5 TPa (10 to 50 Mbar) regime, in the static approximation. The previously proposed
Pbcm
structure is superseded by a
Pmc
2
1
phase at
p
= 930 GPa, followed by a predicted transition to a
P
2
1
crystal structure at
p
= 1.3 TPa. This phase, featuring higher coordination at O and H, is stable over a wide pressure range, reaching 4.8 TPa. We analyze carefully the geometrical changes in the calculated structures, especially the buckling at the H in O-H-O motifs. All structures are insulating—chemistry burns a deep and (with pressure increase) lasting hole in the density of states near the highest occupied electronic levels of what might be component metallic lattices. Metallization of ice in our calculations occurs only near 4.8 TPa, where the metallic
C
2/
m
phase becomes most stable. In this regime, zero-point energies much larger than typical enthalpy differences suggest possible melting of the H sublattice, or even the entire crystal.
Open and transparent: the review process of the Semantic Web journal
Authors: JANOWICZ Krzysztof , HITZLER Pascal 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTWhile open access is established in the world of academic publishing, open reviews are rare. The Semantic Web journal goes further than just open review by implementing an open and transparent review process in which reviews are publicly available, and the assigned editors and reviewers are known by name, and are published together with accepted manuscripts. In this article we introduce the steps to realize such a process from the conceptual design, over the implementation, a overview of the results so far, and up to lessons learned.
The scholarly publishing industry in China: overview and opportunities
Authors: Jei XU , WAHLS Matthias 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThe rapid growth of government investment in scientific research in China over past decades has also caused the scholarly publishing industry to go through great changes. Nevertheless, there is a big gap between the state of China's scholarly publishing industry and the current demands of international scientific communication. Globalization and digitization developments are currently widening this gap. Based on desk research, face‐to‐face interviews, observations, and experience, we identify the current business challenges for scholarly publishing in China, and provide a list of suggestions to narrow the gap.
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and Mucosal Biopsy in the First Year of Life
Authors: Volonaki Eleni , Sebire Neil J. , Borrelli Osvaldo , Lindley Keith J. , Elawad Mamoun , Thapar Nikhil , Shah Neil 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTObjectives:Lower threshold and widening indications for paediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy have resulted in a significant increase in the numbers of endoscopic procedures performed in infants. Despite this, knowledge of gastrointestinal mucosal findings in this age group is limited and data on the clinical usefulness of endoscopy are lacking.Methods:All of the children younger than 1 year referred to a single tertiary paediatric gastroenterology unit during the period June 1987 to August 2007 who underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy were identified and the clinical indications and histological outcomes were reviewed.Results:A total of 933 gastroesophageal duodenoscopies and 439 colonoscopies were performed in 1024 cases in a total of 823 infants. In order of frequency, clinical indications were diarrhoea (51%), failure to thrive (41.2%), symptoms of reflux (27.1%), and rectal bleeding (8.5%). Mucosal biopsies were insufficient for assessment in only 2.4% of cases. Mucosal histology was normal in 33.8%, whereas histological abnormalities were identified in 63.8%. Specific histological diagnoses included microvillous inclusion disease, autoimmune enteropathy, graft‐versus‐host disease post–bone marrow transplantation, tufting enteropathy, and disaccharidase deficiency. There was only 1 colonic perforation complicating endoscopy in a total of 889 cases for which relevant information was available (0.1%).Conclusions:In two‐thirds of cases, histological abnormalities were detected that influenced management following endoscopic examination and mucosal biopsy in infants. Endoscopy with biopsies is a greatly informative test with low failure and complication rates in the first year of life.
Positive Autoregulation of aKNOXGene Is Essential for Shoot Apical Meristem Maintenance in Rice
Authors: Tsuda Katsutoshi , Ito Yukihiro , Sato Yutaka , Kurata Nori 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSelf-maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM), from which aerial organs are formed throughout the life cycle, is crucial in plant development. Class I Knotted1-like homeobox (KNOX) genes restrict cell differentiation and play an indispensable role in maintaining the SAM. However, the mechanism that positively regulates their expression is unknown. Here, we show that expression of a rice (Oryza sativa) KNOX gene, Oryza sativa homeobox1 (OSH1), is positively regulated by direct autoregulation. Interestingly, loss-of-function mutants of OSH1 lose the SAM just after germination but can be rescued to grow until reproductive development when they are regenerated from callus. Double mutants of osh1 and d6, a loss-of-function mutant of OSH15, fail to establish the SAM both in embryogenesis and regeneration. Expression analyses in these mutants reveal that KNOX gene expression is positively regulated by the phytohormone cytokinin and by KNOX genes themselves. We demonstrate that OSH1 directly binds to five KNOX loci, including OSH1 and OSH15, through evolutionarily conserved cis-elements and that the positive autoregulation of OSH1 is indispensable for its own expression and SAM maintenance. Thus, the maintenance of the indeterminate state mediated by positive autoregulation of a KNOX gene is an indispensable mechanism of self-maintenance of the SAM.
Immunoglobulin G subclass levels and antibody responses to the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) monovalent vaccine among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-uninfected adults
Authors: Crum-Cianflone N F , Collins G , Defang G , Iverson E , Eberly L E , Duplessis C , Maguire J , Ganesan A , Agan B K , Lalani T , Whitman T , Brandt C , Faix D , Blair P J , Burgess T 
Published: December 2011

Summary
Immunoglobulin (Ig)G levels are important for antibody vaccine responses and IgG subclass deficiencies have been associated with severe 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infections. Studies have demonstrated variations in immune responses to the H1N1 vaccine, but the aetiology of this is unknown. We determined the associations between pre-vaccination overall and influenza-specific IgG subclass levels and 2009 H1N1-specific antibody responses post-vaccination (robust versus poor at day 28) stratified by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status. Logistic regression models were utilized to evaluate whether pre-vaccination IgG subclass levels were associated with the antibody response generated post-vaccination. We evaluated 48 participants as part of a clinical study who were stratified by robust versus poor post-vaccination immune responses. Participants had a median age of 35 years; 92% were male and 44% were Caucasian. HIV-infected adults had a median CD4 count of 669 cells/mm3, and 79% were receiving highly active anti-retroviral therapy. HIV-infected participants were more likely to have IgG2 deficiency (&lt;240 mg/dl) than HIV-uninfected individuals (62% versus 4%, P &lt; 0·001). No association of pre-vaccination IgG subclass levels (total or influenza-specific) and the antibody response generated by HIN1 vaccination in either group was found. In summary, pre-vaccination IgG subclass levels did not correlate with the ability to develop robust antibody responses to the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) monovalent vaccine. IgG2 deficiencies were common among HIV-infected individuals but did not correlate with poor influenza vaccine responses. Further investigations into the aetiology of disparate vaccine responses are needed.
Methylation capacity in children with severe cerebral palsy
Authors: Schoendorfer Niikee C. , Obeid Rima , Moxon‐Lester Leith , Sharp Nita , Vitetta Luis , Boyd Roslyn N. , Davies Peter S. W. 
Published: December 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (7): 768–776AbstractBackground  Methylation cycle and folate‐mediated one‐carbon metabolism maintenance is important for many physiological processes including neurotransmitter regulation, nerve myelination and DNA synthesis. These processes play an indispensible role in growth and development, as well as in cognitive function and neuromuscular stability, which are key issues in children with severe cerebral palsy (CP).Methods  Blood samples were collected from children with severe CP (n = 24) and age‐matched typically developing healthy controls (n = 24), as an exploratory study. The CP group was divided into orally (O) or enterally fed via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (E). Concentrations of red cell folate (RCF), methylmalonic acid (MMA), mean cell volume (MCV), homocysteine (Hcy), cystathionine, choline, betaine and urate were assayed.Results  Homocysteine was increased in both O mean (±SD) = 6·28 (±1·81 μM) and E = 6·03 (±1·28), vs. controls = 5·07 (±0·98) P = 0·02. Higher MMA was found in controls = 157 (±54) and O = 141 (±101), vs. E = 88(±21) P = 0·05. RCF was higher in E = 1422 (±70 nM) vs. O = 843 (±80) and controls = 820 (±43) P < 0·001. MCV z‐scores were elevated in E = 3·1 (±1·8) and O = 1·1 (±1·1) compared with controls = −0·2 (±1·1) P < 0·001. Urate was significantly reduced in O = −0·64 (±1·38) and E = −0·87 (±0·71), vs. controls = 0·18 (±0·62) P = 0·006.Conclusions  Raised MCV in the presence of elevated red cell folate, adequate B12 status and low plasma urate suggest potential methyltetrahydrofolate trapping and impaired purine synthesis. Well‐documented malnutrition issues in O may explain differences between CP groups. These data support the hypothesis of possible dysregulation in methylation capacity and/or folate one‐carbon metabolism, although more research is needed to elucidate a precise mechanism.
Seclusion reduction in a forensic mental health setting
Authors: MAGUIRE T. , YOUNG R. , MARTIN T. 
Published: December 2011

Accessible summary
Seclusion has become a contentious practice and, internationally, initiatives have commenced to reduce or eliminate its use.
In forensic mental health hospitals, there are unique challenges and opportunities for the management of inpatient aggression and reduction of seclusion.
This paper presents a project that was undertaken at an Australian forensic mental health hospital to reduce seclusion.
The frequency and duration of seclusion events were reduced but there was less reduction in the number of patients that were secluded. At this time, seclusion may be necessary for the general safety of the unit.
AbstractSeclusion has become a contentious practice and initiatives have commenced to reduce or eliminate its use. This paper presents the initiatives that were introduced during a seclusion reduction project that was undertaken at an Australian forensic hospital. These initiatives are based on the six core strategies that have been successfully used in North America to reduce seclusion. However, there are challenges (patient characteristics, prisoner culture and ensuring safety) and opportunities (longer admissions, higher staff–patient ratio, staff confidence, sound risk assessment and management) that can influence projects to reduce seclusion in a forensic hospital. During this project, the frequency (mainly multiple seclusions of patients) and duration of seclusion events were reduced but there was less reduction in the number of patients that were secluded. It is possible that the strategies were successfully supported by the identified opportunities to reduce the frequency and duration of seclusion but the challenges were significantly powerful in the early period of admission to prompt the need for seclusion. Reducing seclusion in a forensic hospital is a complex undertaking as nurses must provide a safe environment while dealing with volatile patients and may have little alternative at present but to use seclusion after exhausting other interventions.
Is HINARI appropriate for medical students in the developing world?
Authors: Van Essen Caleb , Cartledge Peter , Kyamanywa Patrick , Manirakiza Achille 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative (HINARI), which arose in response to medical literature needs in developing countries, gives online access to scientific information to a variety of institutions throughout the world. This is a great resource; however, little research has been performed on the effectiveness and usefulness of HINARI, specifically to medical schools. Our study sought to find out whether the textbooks (e‐books) available on HINARI could form a virtual library that would cover the curriculum of a medical school. After categorising and reviewing the medically relevant e‐books on HINARI, we found that they were insufficient in providing adequate subject material relevant to medical school curricula from Rwanda, the United Kingdom and the United States. This literature gap could be closed by additional medical textbooks being made available from contributing publishers. An increase of only 14% in HINARI e‐book resources would provide material for the entire medical school curriculum.