bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Polar Mediterranean? Accessibility, Resources and Sovereignty in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Dodds Klaus 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe Arctic Ocean has been described as undergoing a fundamental ‘state change’– with particular reference to the loss of sea ice. Recent events suggest that the five coastal states (Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Norway, Russia and the United States) and other stakeholders are fundamentally reconsidering their relationship with the Arctic Ocean. The prevailing governance of the Arctic Ocean is quite different to the Antarctic and Southern Ocean. The Arctic Ocean is not a global common and there is no equivalent to the 1959 Antarctic Treaty. If the Arctic Ocean is in a state of flux then it is due to three interlocking vectors: the role of science and technology in generating knowledge about the region (accessibility); international law and rights of coastal states (resources); and the role of domestic and international audiences (sovereignty).
What Role for the New Financial Stability Board? The Politics of International Standards after the Crisis
Authors: Helleiner Eric 
Published: October 2010

AbstractCreated in April 2009, the Financial Stability Board (FSB) represents the G20 leaders’ first major international institutional innovation. Why was it established and what role will it play in global economic governance? The creation of the FSB has been linked to a US‐led effort to strengthen an international prudential standards regime that had evolved in the years leading up to the 2007–08 global financial crisis. The FSB faces a number of serious challenges in its new role: developing effective mechanisms for monitoring and encouraging compliance; promoting the development of effective international standards and fostering consensus on their content; establishing its legitimacy vis‐à‐vis non‐members and within member countries; and clarifying its relationship with other global governance institutions. Since these are very difficult tasks, the FSB may be forced to assume a less ambitious role in international regulatory politics than some of its creators initially envisioned.Policy Implications

The creation of the FSB is part of an ambitious effort to strengthen international prudential standards in response to the recent global financial crisis.
The FSB faces many challenges: developing effective mechanisms for monitoring and encouraging compliance; promoting the development of effective international standards and fostering consensus on their content; establishing its legitimacy vis‐à‐vis non‐members and within member countries; and clarifying its relationship with other global governance institutions.
If these challenges prove too daunting, the FSB can still play an important, though less ambitious, role of fostering international cooperation to support a more pluralistic and decentralized international regulatory order.
Inconclusive Wars: Is Clausewitz Still Relevant in these Global Times?
Authors: Kaldor Mary 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article argues that the core Clausewitzean proposition that war tends to extremes no longer applies in contemporary wars. Instead an alternative proposition is put forward that war tends to be long lasting and inconclusive. The article adopts the Clausewitzean method and derives this proposition from the logic of a redefinition of war. It also shows the relevance of many of Clausewitz’s central tenets if reinterpreted. Thus contemporary wars are about politics, not policy; they are instrumental and rational but not reasonable (in the sense of being in accordance with universal values); and they bring together a trinity of motivations (reason, chance and passion) but not a trinity of the state, the generals and the people since new wars are fought by a range of nonstate actors. In particular, international missions in crisis zones should take seriously what Clausewitz says about the importance of political control, the character of the commander and the crucial significance of moral forces.Policy Implications

The redefinition of war as organised violence framed in political terms that can be either a mutual enterprise or a contest of wills has profound implications for policy.
If war is a mutual enterprise rather than a contest of wills, then the international policy must aim to damp down violence rather than support one side or another or even find a compromise between the sides.
Policy instruments like international law, creating humanitarian space or involving civil society may be just as or more important than political negotiation.
Morale and leadership are crucial in international missions to crisis zones.
Metabolic effects of plasma expanders
Authors: MULLER LAURENT , LEFRANT JEAN‐YVES 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYAll plasma expanders exert metabolic effects – either favorable effects such as correction of hypovolemia‐induced lactic acidosis or renal failure, or unwanted adverse effects such as hypotonic solution‐induced hyponatremia, acid‐base disorders such as hyperchloremic acidosis and effects related to buffers associated with plasma expanders (lactate, acetate). The use of crystalloids alone is associated with a risk of interstitial fluid overload responsible for organ dysfunction in anesthesia and intensive care. The exclusive and prolonged use of high doses of colloids is associated with a risk of severe renal failure. Crystalloids appear to be sufficient to correct tissue hypoperfusion induced by moderate hypovolemia. Alternating prescription of isotonic saline and balanced plasma expanders should be able to avoid the metabolic complications of these two types of crystalloids. Administration of colloids is safe when the recommended maximum doses are observed. When administration of a colloid is indicated, a latest generation hydroxyethyl starch solution appears to present the best benefit/risk ratio.
Rabies Status in Zambia for the Period 1985–2004
Authors: Munang’andu H. M. , Mweene A. S. , Siamudaala V. , Muma J. B. , Matandiko W. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryRabies has been present in Zambia since the early years of the 20th century. It is a significant public health problem in Zambia. Domestic dogs accounted for 69.7% (1348/1935) of the samples received for rabies diagnosis for the period 1985–2004. Of the 1069 positive cases confirmed by the fluorescent antibody test, 747 (69.9%) were from domestic dogs, 139 (13.0%) from cattle and 98 (9.2%) from humans. Wildlife samples accounted for 4.5% (87/1935) of the samples tested with the jackal (Canis adustus) being the predominant species. Cases of rabies were highest in Lusaka Province followed by the Copperbelt, Southern and Central Provinces. The monthly distribution of canine rabies showed an average of 2.93 (95% CI 2.59–3.29) dog positive cases per month. The study confirms that rabies is endemic in Zambia and that the domestic dog is the principal maintenance host. The epidemiology and control measures currently used in Zambia are herein discussed highlighting their limitations and successes. Based on the findings obtained from this study we advocate for strengthening the delivery of public health services and that steps must taken to reduce the incidence of rabies in Zambia.
Cardiovascular effects induced byN-(4'-dihydro)-piperoylthiomorpholine in normotensive rats
Authors: Araújo-Júnior João Xavier , Nogueira Ribeiro Êurica Adélia , Manssour Fraga Carlos Alberto , Lima Lídia Moreira , Barreiro Eliezer Jesus , De Medeiros Isac Almeida 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectivesWe have tested the cardiovascular effects of N-(4′-dihydro)-piperoylthiomorpholine (LASSBio 365) on rats using an in-vivo and in-vitro approach.MethodsLASSBio 365 (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 or 1 mg/kg, randomly injected) was administered to conscious unrestrained rats and the mean arterial pressure and heart rate were measured. The effects of LASSBio 365 (3 × 10−6–3 × 10−4m) on rat isolated aortic rings with and without endothelium were investigated.Key findingsLASSBio 365 induced a dose-dependent decrease in mean arterial pressure and heart rate (ED50 = 158 ± 53 µg/kg). The effects evoked by LASSBio 365 (0.5 mg/kg) were inhibited by pretreatment with atropine. In anaesthetized rats, electrocardiogram recordings revealed second/third degree sinoatrial and atrioventricular blockade induced by the compound, which were completely inhibited after cardiac muscarinic blockade or cervical bilateral vagotomy. In rat isolated aortic rings, LASSBio 365 (3 × 10−6–3 × 10−4m) was capable of antagonizing the contractile effects induced by phenylephrine (1 µm) or KCl (80 mm) (IC50 = 107 ± 6; 92 ± 6 µm, respectively). This effect was not inhibited after removal of the vascular endothelium (IC50 = 84 ± 4; 92 ± 10 µm, respectively). LASSBio 365 (10−6–10−4m) antagonized CaCl2-induced contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, LASSBio 365 (98 µm) inhibited contractions produced by noradrenaline (1 µm), but not those induced by caffeine (20 mm).ConclusionsThese results suggested that LASSBio 365 produced negative chronotropism and reduced peripheral resistance that were probably due to the stimulation of cardiac muscarinic pathways. Peripheral vasodilation was probably linked to voltage-dependent Ca2+-channel blockade and/or specific inhibition of Ca2+ release from noradrenaline-sensitive intracellular stores.
Molecular docking and QSAR studies of aromatase inhibitor androstenedione derivatives
Authors: Roy Partha Pratim , Roy Kunal 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
Aromatase (CYP19) inhibitors have emerged as promising candidates for the treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer. In this study, a series of androstenedione derivatives with CYP19 inhibitory activity was subjected to a molecular docking study followed by quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analyses in search of ideal physicochemical characteristics of potential aromatase inhibitors.

Methods
The QSAR studies were carried out using both two-dimensional (topological, and structural) and three-dimesional (spatial) descriptors. We also used thermodynamic parameters along with 2D and 3D descriptors. Genetic function approximation (GFA) and genetic partial least squares (G/PLS) were used as chemometric tools for QSAR modelling.

Key findings
The docking study indicated that the important interacting amino acids in the active site were Met374, Arg115, Ile133, Ala306, Thr310, Asp309, Val370, Leu477 and Ser478. The 17-keto oxygen of the ligands is responsible for the formation of a hydrogen bond with Met374 and the remaining parts of the molecules are stabilized by the hydrophobic interactions with the non-polar amino acids. The C2 and C19 positions in the ligands are important for maintaining the appropriate orientation of the molecules in the active site. The results of docking experiments and QSAR studies supported each other.

Conclusions
The developed QSAR models indicated the importance of some Jurs parameters, structural parameters, topological branching index and E-state indices of different fragments. All the developed QSAR models were statistically significant according to the internal and external validation parameters.
Amlodipine suppressed cardiac gene expression of brain natriuretic peptide, transforming growth factor-β1 and fibronectin mediated by aldosterone in male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Harasawa Shinsuke , Otsuka Yuji , Okubo Katsuaki , Koike Miyuki , Fujita Hirotaka , Kushiro Toshio , Nagao Ken , Hirayama Atsushi 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
Amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker (CCB), is one of the most common antihypertensive medicines in Japan. We evaluated whether the calcium channel blocker confers cardiac protection through the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP).

Methods
Fifteen week-old rats were divided into 2 groups: amlodipine group (3 mg/kg/day, n = 5) and control group (n = 5).

Key findings
The CCB lowered systolic blood pressure significantly (P &lt; 0.05). Plasma aldosterone concentration in the amlodipine group was remarkably lower than in the control group (P &lt; 0.05), but plasma renin activity and plasma angiotensin II concentration were not different between the two groups. The CCB also suppressed the mRNA expression of brain natriuretic peptide, transforminggrowth factor-β1, and fibronectin extracted from the left ventricle.

Conclusions
These results suggest that amlodipine attenuates cardiac damage by lowering plasma aldosterone concentration in hypertensive rats with developing arteriosclerosis.
Anti-arthritic and disease modifying activity of Terminalia chebula Retz. in experimental models
Authors: Nair Vinod , Singh Surender , Gupta Yogendra Kumar 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objective
This study evaluates the anti-arthritic effect of Terminalia chebula hydroalcoholic extract (TCHE) in experimental models and attempts to correlate the effect of treatment on macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and extent of disease activity.

Methods
Arthritis was induced in rats by subplantar administration of either formaldehyde or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Joint size was measured at regular intervals by using a micrometer screw gauge. Serum and ankle joints of rats immunized with CFA were collected and subjected to ELISA for estimation of TNF-α level and immuno-histochemistry for detection of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-R1, respectively. An acute and 28-day oral toxicity study was carried out to evaluate the safety of the test drug.

Key findings
TCHE produced a significant inhibition of joint swelling as compared with control in both formaldehyde-induced and CFA-induced arthritis. TCHE treatment also reduced serum TNF-α level and synovial expression of TNF-R1, IL-6 and IL-1β. Results of acute toxicity study showed that the oral LD50 of TCHE was &gt;2000 mg/kg. Chronic administration also did not produce any significant physiological changes as compared with normal rats.

Conclusion
Results indicate that the anti-arthritic activity of TCHE was at least in part due to its modulatory effect on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the synovium. We believe that TCHE has the potential to be used as a disease-modifying agent in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Neuromuscular responses to hydration in moderate to warm ambient conditions during self-paced high-intensity exercise
Authors: Marino F E , Cannon J , Kay D 
Published: October 2010

ObjectiveTo examine the neuromuscular responses to 60 minutes of self-paced high-intensity exercise punctuated with 6 × 1-minute “all-out” sprints at 10-minute intervals in moderate (19.8°C, SEM 0.3) and warm (33.2, SEM 0.1), humid (∼64% relative humidity) conditions with either complete hydration (CH) or without hydration (NF).DesignSeven subjects (mean age 20.6 years (SE 1.1), mass 73.8 kg (SE 4.5), peak power 288 W (SE 11.3)) performed the time trial on four separate occasions, which were differentiated by ambient temperature and fluid ingestion. For each sprint interval, distance, power output and electromyographic (EMG) data from the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis muscles were recorded.ResultsThe NF trials resulted in a reduction in body mass for the moderate and warm conditions of 1.7% and 2.1%, respectively. Final rectal temperatures were not different among conditions (∼38.7°C). Total body sweating was higher in the warm condition (19.1–21.3 ml/kg per hour) compared with the moderate condition (16.1–16.5 ml/kg per hour; p<0.05). Neither fluid ingestion nor ambient temperature altered total distance cycled for any of the trials (range 30.1–32.6 km). The normalised integrated EMG (as percentage of maximal voluntary contraction) when compared with the first sprint increased from sprint three for the rectus femoris muscle in both no and complete hydration but decreased for the vastus lateralis muscle. The mean percentile frequency shift increased for both the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris muscles in both no and complete hydration.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the integrity of the neuromuscular system is adjusted according to hydration status and ambient temperatures during intense self-paced cycling.
Occupation and risk of lymphoma: a multicentre prospective cohort study (EPIC)
Authors: Neasham David , Sifi Ahlem , Nielsen Kaspar Rene , Overvad Kim , Raaschou-Nielsen Ole , Tjønneland Anne , Barricarte Aurelio , González Carlos A , Navarro Carmen , Rodriguez Suarez Laudina , Travis Ruth C , Key Tim , Linseisen Jakob , Kaaks Rudolf , Crosignani Paolo , Berrino Franco , Rosso Stefano , Mattiello Amalia , Vermeulen R C H , Bueno-de-Mesquita H Bas , Berglund Göran , Manjer Jonas , Zackrisson Sophia , Hallmans Goran , Malmer Beatrice , Bingham Sheila , Khaw Kay Tee , Bergmann Manuela M , Boeing Heiner , Trichopoulou Antonia , Masala Giovanna , Tumino Rosario , Lund Eiliv , Slimani Nadia , Ferrari Pietro , Boffetta Paolo , Vineis Paolo , Riboli Elio 
Published: October 2010

ObjectivesEvidence suggests that certain occupations and related exposures may increase the risk of malignant lymphoma. Farming, printing and paper industry, wood processing, meat handling and processing, welding, shoe and leather manufacturing and teaching profession are among the categories that have been implicated in previous studies. The relationship between occupation and malignant lymphoma has been investigated in a large European prospective study.MethodsWe investigated occupational risks for lymphomas in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). The mean follow-up time for 348 555 subjects was 9 years (SD: 2 years). The analysis was based on 866 and 48 newly diagnosed cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). These were identified in the EPIC subcohorts with occupational data. Data on 52 occupations were collected through standardised questionnaires. Cox proportional hazard models were used to explore the association between occupation and risk of malignant lymphoma.ResultsThe following occupations were positively associated with malignant NHL after adjustment for study centre, age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), smoking and alcohol: butchers (HR=1.53, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.48, including multiple myeloma/plasmacytoma; HR=1.30, 95% CI 1.00 to 2.66, excluding multiple myeloma/plasmacytoma) and car repair workers (HR=1.50, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.00, including multiple myeloma/plasmacytoma; HR=1.51, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.31, excluding multiple myeloma/plasmacytoma). HL was associated with gasoline station occupation (HR=4.59, 95% CI 1.08 to 19.6).ConclusionThe findings in this current study of a higher risk of NHL among car repair workers and butchers and a higher risk of HL among gasoline station workers suggest a possible role from occupationally related exposures, such as solvents and zoonotic viruses, as risk factors for malignant lymphoma.
Switching to Daylight Saving Time and work injuries in Ontario, Canada: 1993–2007
Authors: Morassaei Sara , Smith Peter M 
Published: October 2010

ObjectiveTo examine whether switching to and from Daylight Saving Time (DST)—1 h shift forward in the spring and 1 h shift back in the autumn—is associated with an increase in work injuries.MethodData on work-related injuries were obtained from compensation claim records from the Ontario Workplace Safety & Insurance Board for the period 1993–2007. A Poisson regression model was run separately comparing the number of no lost time claims and lost time claims during the week of DST change with the week following DST change, and the week preceding DST change. We also examined if differences in the relationship between DST and work injury claims were present across industry, age, gender and job tenure groups.ResultsThe results of our regression model did not show an increase in the incidence of work injury claims in the days immediately following the spring shift to DST. There was a significant decrease in the number of claims on Thursday, Friday and Saturday following the spring transition to DST. However, this decline was solely due to the years when Good Friday occurred during DST week (1993, 1998 and 2004) when fewer people are at work. For the autumn transition from DST, no evidence was found that the gain of 1 h sleep results in a decrease or increase in work injury claims.ConclusionOur findings show that the shift to and from DST had no detrimental effects on the incidence of claims for work injuries in Ontario, Canada.
Évaluation de la tolérance à la salinité du myrte (Myrtus communis) aux stades germinatif et plantule
Authors: Lamia Hamrouni , Mohsen Hanana , Larbi Khouja Mohamed 
Published: October 2010

The salinity tolerance and development of diverse myrtle ecotypes were evaluated in relation to salinity, at the germination and plantlet stages. Six myrtle ecotypes (Tébaba, Jbel Abderahmane, Diar Ferjan, Ain Bacouche, Ain Dhebla, and Ouchetata) were used to conduct germination tests, as well as cultivation to the plantlet stage. Disinfected seeds were germinated in a controlled growth chamber (RH, 80%; temperature, 25 °C) using different saline treatments (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 g·L–1 NaCl. Seedlings were cultivated in a greenhouse, in boxes filled with perlite. The seedlings were given Knop’s nutrient solution, up to the four-leaf stage. Thereafter, the saline stress treatments were applied as increasing concentrations of NaCl added to the Knop solution. The effects of salinity on germination varied with ecotype and concentration of NaCl. A progressive decrease in the rate of germination for myrtle was observed with increasing concentration of NaCl. Moreover, germination was delayed by salinity, especially with susceptible ecotypes. Ecotypes from Ouchetata and Diar Ferjan germinated better in presence of salt than did the Jbel Abderahmane ecotype. The growth of myrtle plantlets cultivated under salt stress was also variable according to ecotype and salt concentrations. Growth of aerial, as well as root parts, was reduced by NaCl concentrations higher than 6 g·L–1. The number of leaves was also affected by salinity; a reduction of five leaves was observed for most ecotypes when increasing NaCl from 0 to 12 g·L–1. It is concluded that development of myrtle under saline stress differs according to the development stage (germination, plantlet), and that the ecotypes tested can germinate and grow in the presence of 12 g·L–1 NaCl. This salt tolerance, observed at early stages, remains to be confirmed for the adult plants. This work was conducted as an essential preliminary step in preparing to cultivate myrtle in saline soils or soils irrigated with salt water, for prospective commercial exploitation of the essential oils of this species.
Study of the Raman spectra of phonons in disordered GaSb/AlSb (001) superlattices
Authors: Berdekas D. 
Published: October 2010

In the present work, we study the influence of disorder in the Raman spectra of the phonons of (GaSb)n/(AlSb)n (001) superlattices (SLs), for n = 1, 2. Τhe disordered superlattices are approximated with primitive cells that are much larger than the primitive cells of the corresponding perfect SLs. We propose that disorder appears because of deviations from the sequence of the GaSb and AlSb layers, which is imposed by symmetry, or because of intermixing of Ga and Al in the cation lattice planes. The dynamical matrix of each SL is constructed from the combination of the dynamical matrices of the bulk crystalline constituents, which have been calculated at certain points of the Brillouin zone with a ten-parameter valence overlap shell model. Further, we have calculated the Raman spectra of the disordered 1 × 1 and 2 × 2 superlattices grown along the (001) direction, using an eight-parameter bond polarizability model, away from resonance conditions. Our results show that intermixing of Ga and Al cations produce Raman activity that is not present in the phonon spectra of perfect superlattices.