bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Genetics and Fetal Brain
Authors: Stavljenic-Rukavina Ana 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMolecular aspects of genetic diseases that affect the nervous system are in the focus of scientific interest investigators from many fields of medicine and the knowledge of genetic abnormalities as well as phenotypic heterogeneity is rapidly expanding. This review is aimed to provide clinician's practical insight into molecular aspects of certain brain abnormalities and disorders based on prenatal ultrasound assessment and clinical findings. Additionally some risk determinants are included in order to elucidate its contribution to molecular mechanism underlying the disease development. Making a specific diagnosis of a genetically determined neurological disorder or defects requires access to a laboratory that can assist in arranging for appropriate testing to be carried out. Therefore this review contains technological aspects of molecular genetic testing, international guidelines and policies related to genetic testing and recommendation for application in clinical medicine.
Fetal Cerebral Ventriculomegaly: Sonographic Diagnostic Workup
Authors: Pinto Vincenzo , Rossi Cristina A 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Dilatation of the fetal cerebral ventricles (ventriculomegaly) is a generic sonographic sign, which is common to several pathological entities carrying different prognosis.
Ventriculomegaly is easily recognized by ultrasound by measuring the atrial width. This simple measure allows the recognition of even mild forms of ventricular dilatation and is used as a screening method for ventriculomegaly. However, although the diagnosis of ventriculomegaly is easy, the prenatal identification of the cause of ventricular dilatation is a more difficult task. The recognition of associated brain anomalies is a crucial point. The research of the cause of ventriculomegaly is clinically useful, since the prognosis mainly depends on the etiology and on the presence of associated abnormalities.
In this article the role of prenatal sonography in recognizing the cause of the ventriculomegaly is reviewed.
The Use of Three-dimensional Ultrasound in Gynecological Patients
Authors: Alcázar Juan Luis 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Two-dimensional ultrasound is commonly used in gynecologic patients. It has been shown to be very useful for diagnosing pelvic pathology in both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Three-dimensional ultrasound is a new imaging modality, which is being introduced into clinical practice. Although this technique will not probably replace two-dimensional ultrasound, it is being increasingly used. It has been reported that 3DUS is a very high reproducible technique that may have applications in the field of gynecology. These applications include imaging of the uterus, uterine cavity, adnexa and pelvic floor, as well as very interesting applications using three-dimensional power-Doppler ultrasound. The aim of this paper is addressing some technical features of three-dimensional ultrasound and reviewing its current status in clinical practice.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Fetal Face by 3D/4D Sonography
Authors: Azumendi Guillermo , Lausin Iva , Pooh Ritsuko K , Grant Gaston 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The evaluation of the fetal face is an important part of every ultrasound examination since detailed facial examination can provide many information alerting the examiner about possible associated anomalies. Face and the brain have the same embryonic origin. By using 2 and 3D ultrasound techniques, it is possible to obtain clear images of different fetal face defects. Incorporation of the 4D ultrasonography made it possible to examine fetal behavior including fetal face movements. In that way using the ultrasound in the examination of the fetal face provides many new information not just about the morphology but also about neurological development and function of the fetal face.
Premature Ovarian Failure
Authors: Raga Francisco , Bonilla-Musoles Fernando , Osborne Newton G , Machado Luiz E , Bonilla Francisco 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Using autoradiography, transmission and raster electron microscopy, this review shows how oocytes disappear in human ovaries.
Clinical, hormonal and ultrasound (using 3D, vocal and inverse mode) parameters used in the diagnosis of early ovarian aging are described on the light of the most recent knowledge.
Three-dimensional Ultrasound in Infertility
Authors: Zvanca Mona 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Moving forward from the first approach of three dimensional ultrasound, as a new gadget for technicians, the method makes proof of its use in an increasing number of medical fields.

Aim
The present paper, and its graphic back-up, are intended as a visual testimony of the fact that 3D ultrasound is much more than a simple generator of “nice”, commercial, images. Moreover, its use may be extended from obstetrics to gynecological pathology, especially in cases related to infertility.

Material and methods
we performed a review of the main local infertility causes and their perception by the three dimensional ultrasound, as compared to the conventional methods. General literature citations were completed with personal cases and images. In our research we used a Kretz – Voluson Expert 730 ultrasound machine with a full logistic equipment. Our database was completed over a period of 18 months and included various pathology, such as uterine anomalies, fibroids, polyps, ovarian cysts and many others.

Results
Three dimensional ultrasound represents the best tool in evaluating the uterine cavity, the endometrium, assessing its volume and vascularity pattern. It also offers a very good image of the uterine structure, the adnexal morphology and their relationship. It performs a thorough pelvic assessment by a single examination. Moreover, it may realize a histerosalpingography, which is as efficient as the radiological method, but easier and with less side effects.

Conclusions
Even though it is technically more difficult and time consuming, a good practice and a high quality ultrasound equipment offer a series of benefits over any other kind of investigation.
Ethical Challenges in the Management of Pregnancies Complicated by Fetal Anomalies
Authors: Chervenak Frank A , McCullough Laurence B , Skupski Daniel , Chasen Stephen T 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Ethics is an essential dimension of the clinical management of pregnancies complicated by fetal anomalies. Appealing to the ethical principles of beneficence and respect for autonomy, this reviews explicates the ethical concept of the ‘fetus as a patient’. This concept provides the basis for a comprehensive approach to ethical challenges in the management of pregnancies complicated by fetal anomalies. Practice, ethically justified guidance is given for the physician's role in counseling pregnant women about aggressive management, termination of pregnancy, selective termination of multifetal pregnancies, non- aggressive management, and cephalocentesis.
Sonographic Indications for Molecular Genetic Testing
Authors: Ward Kenneth 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
There are many well-accepted indications for cytogenetic testing indicated by the detection of a fetal abnormality on prenatal ultrasound. Over the last decade, the molecular bases for thousands of single gene disorders have been elucidated, molecular cytogenetic tests have been created, and molecular assays for most infectious agents have been developed—potentially improving our ability to make accurate prenatal diagnoses. This review describes the role of molecular diagnostics in detecting chromosomal microdeletions and microduplications, single gene disorders, and infectious diseases. We show that molecular genetic testing is now frequently indicated in the evaluation of abnormal ultrasound findings. A significant educational effort will be necessary to incorporate new molecular knowledge into obstetric ultrasound practice.
Ectopic Pregnancy and Ultrasound: A Review
Authors: Busse Raydeen M 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
First trimester bleeding occurs in up to 30% of all diagnosed pregnancies. Important causes of first trimester bleeding include spontaneous abortion, missed or threatened abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and gestational trophoblastic disease. One of the greatest dilemmas for clinicians is to accurately diagnose the cause of pain or bleeding, and specifically to determine if an ectopic pregnancy exists due to its grave consequences. Ectopic pregnancy occurs in almost two percent of all reported pregnancies in the United States and is the leading cause of pregnancy-related death in first trimester. When an early pregnant patient is identified who has bleeding or pain, it is crucial step to determine where the pregnancy is located. Ultrasound as a first line diagnostic tool offers an excellent opportunity for pregnancy localization. The use of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) quantification is a valuable adjunct to help determine the course and possible outcome of an early pregnancy. The goal should be to preserve the health and future reproductive capabilities of our patients.
Disorders in Amniotic Fluid
Authors: Sauvage Lynnae K 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Disorders in amniotic fluid production occur frequently in pregnancy, and are associated with increased perinatal mortality and morbidity. This article will discuss amniotic fluid physiology, and will summarize noninvasive methods of measuring amniotic fluid. The definitions, common causes and possible therapeutic interventions available to treat oligohydramnios and polyhydramnios will be discussed.

Learning objectives

To have an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of amniotic fluid volumes

To understand the limitations of current clinical measurements of amniotic fluid volumes

To know the definitions, causes and potential treatments of disorders in amniotic fluid.
CMV Infection in Pregnancy
Authors: Goh William , Sauvage Lynnae 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common and serious congenital infection affecting between 1 to 4% of newborns. Congenital infections can occur after both primary and recurrent maternal infections and are the major cause of childhood deafness, visual impairment, mental retardation and motor spastic or convulsive syndromes. Ultrasound findings including IUGR, ventriculomegaly, brain and hepatic and bowel calcifications, polyhydramnios, hydrops fetalis and pleural effusions are helpful and can aid in the prenatal diagnosis and followup of congenital CMV infection. CMV hyperimmunoglobulin is safe, and may be an effective treatment to minimize the morbidity and mortality of fetal CMV disease. There is ongoing research into the development of an effective vaccine for the prevention of CMV infection during pregnancy.

Objectives

Understand why CMV is an important cause of congenital injections
Understand the role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of intrauterine CMV infections
Understand the possible treatment options for a fetus infected with CMV
Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis: Our Experience
Authors: Dua Kapil , Chopra H , Chopra Neha , Puri Sanjeev , Mittal Vikrant 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOpportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised patients are associated with a high mortality rate. Endemic mycoses are often asymptomatic, but in appropriate hosts, fungi can cause severe and even fatal infection. Facial pain in an immunocompromised patient may signify invasive fungal sinusitis. Treatment with antifungal agents needs to be individualized according to factors such as the type of fungus, presence of renal failure, or pregnancy. Combining antifungal agents or addition of other approaches, such as surgical debridement or steps to control intracranial pressure, may be needed for adequate treatment of certain types of fungal infections.
Nasomaxillary Swing - A Novel Approach for Bilateral Angiofibroma
Authors: Thakar Alok , Gupta Gaurav , Grover Mohnish 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a high-risk tumor of adolescent males. Choice of the approach should be based on the stage and site of the lesion. For complete removal of tumor, surgical exposure must be adequate. We here present a case of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma with intracranial and bilateral infratemporal fossa extension in which tumor was completely excised by nasomaxillary swing approach.
Epistaxis: Management Protocol As Per Etiology
Authors: Jain Sandip , Singh Devinder Pal , Jindal Ashwani 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAimTo underline a management protocol for epistaxis as per etiology so as to reduce associated morbidity of repeated packing, procedures and hospitalization.Materials and methodsThis was a prospective study carried out over a period of 2 years from January 2007 till December 2008 wherein all the cases that presented with a symptom of acute epistaxis to the emergency department of Fortis Hospital, Mohali were, enrolled into the study. These cases were evaluated for the brief history (a detailed history was taken after the primary management in majority of the cases), physical examination, diagnostic nasal endoscopy, radiology (if needed), hematological and biochemical profile and cross match (if needed). All these patients were hospitalized and were grouped into two groups on the basis of the age with group A having cases under 14 years of age and group B having cases more than 14 years of age. These cases were managed by a definitive management protocol stated in detail. Following this protocol for the management, we studied the duration of hospitalization for it and the frequency of repeated packing that patient had to undergo.ResultsA total of 97 cases were studied in this study with 26 cases in group A and 71 cases in group B. There was a male predominance with 20 males in group A and 52 males in group B. The most common etiology in group A was decrease in platelet count secondary to ITP (Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) and in group B was accelerated hypertension. There was only anterior bleeding in only 10 of these cases and 81 cases had anterior and posterior bleeding. The cases were managed as per etiology following a management protocol and by this we could reduce hospitalization as in highlighted in the tables.DiscussionThere is no defined management protocol for the management of epistaxis as per the etiology though there are many studies on different treatment options used and its results. We here could follow a management protocol for different etiologies.ConclusionThe management protocol as per etiology for hypertension if used can reduce the hospitalization and also associated morbidity of repeated packing considerably.
Bony Hemangioma of Maxillary Sinus-A Rare Presentation
Authors: Suligavi Shashidhar S , Darade MK , Chandrashekharayya SH , Chougule SS 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Hemangioma of maxillary sinus is a rare entity. We present a case with an inconclusive preoperative diagnosis which was treated by excision of entire tumor by medial maxillectomy through lateral rhinotomy approach. There is no recurrence after two years. The literature on the topic is reviewed.
Orbital Floor Fractures: Management Protocols
Authors: Chopra Hemant , Dua Kapil , Chopra Neha , Mittal Vikrant , Mittal Rajinder 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Orbital fractures commonly occur in maxillofacial trauma causing enophthalmos and diplopia. If not properly managed the cosmetic and functional problems can virtually become untreatable. In recent years, management of these fractures has been standardized with special emphasis on methods of treatment, timing and materials used for reduction.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea: The Place for Endoscopic Surgery
Authors: Soni Arvind 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Transnasal endoscopic repair of CSF rhinorrhea is an effective and safe procedure. A retrospective follow-up of nineteen patients who underwent transnasal endoscopic repair was done. A variety of graft materials and grafting techniques were used. None of the patients had any complications or required revision surgery.
Late Presentation of Transorbital Maxillary Sinus Foreign Body
Authors: Reddy C Ekambar E , Jain Ajay 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Objective
We describe an unusual case where we found a broken pen 20 years after trauma causing cicatricial ectropion and mimicking osteomyelitis.

Methods
Case reports

Results
A 60-year-old male presented with 6 months history of epiphora and cheek hypoesthesia after a 3 months old discharging sinus had healed causing cicatricial ectropion of left lower eyelid. He also gave history of road traffic accident 20 years ago with injury at the same site that had healed. Clinical diagnosis of maxillary sinus osteomyelitis was made and computerized tomographic (CT) scan revealed a suspicious foreign body extending from the orbit into the maxillary sinus. Infraorbital incision and endoscopic approach were used to remove the 4 cm long broken pen.

Conclusion
Penetrating injuries, however trivial they may appear, need to be investigated further with a CT scan to detect foreign bodies early and prevent late complications.
Isolated Orbital Aspergillosis in an Immunocompetent Patient
Authors: Singh Devinder Pal , Gupta Anish K , Singh Kuldip 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA 30-year-old immunocompetent male presented with progressive painless proptosis with double vision and no visual loss. The patient had a mass lesion in the lateral part of the orbit infiltrating the lateral rectus on computed tomography. Lateral orbitotomy was done and the mass was biopsied revealing it to be aspergillosis. The patient was put on intravenous amphotericin B but did not tolerate it and was therefore started on voriconazole. There was a complete resolution of the symptoms with voriconazole.
Wall friction and effective viscosity of a homogeneous dispersed liquid–liquid flow in a horizontal pipe
Authors: Pouplin A. , Masbernat O. , Décarre S. , Liné A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHomogenous oil in water dispersion has been investigated in a horizontal pipe. The mean droplet size is 25 μm. Experiments were carried out in a 7.5‐m‐long transparent pipe of 50‐mm internal diameter. The wall friction has been measured and modeled for a wide range of flow parameters, mixture velocities ranging from 0.28 to 1.2 m/s, and dispersed phase volume fractions up to 0.6, including turbulent, intermediate, and laminar regimes. Flow regimes have been identified from velocity profiles measured by particle image velocimetry in a matched refractive index medium. It is shown that the concept of effective viscosity is relevant to scale the friction at the wall of the dispersed flow. Based on mixture properties, the friction factor follows the Hagen‐Poiseuille and the Blasius' law in laminar and turbulent regimes, respectively. Interestingly, the transition toward turbulence is delayed as the dispersed phase fraction is increased. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
A population‐based study of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow in Washington State workers' compensation
Authors: Juratli Sham Maghout , Nayan Marilyn , Fulton‐Kehoe Deborah , Robinson Lawrence R. , Franklin Gary M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundThere are no population‐based studies of return to work after ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE). We examine the predictors of return to work following a diagnosis of work‐related UNE.MethodsWorkers diagnosed with work‐related UNE between 1995 and 2000 were identified from the administrative records of the Washington State workers' compensation system (n = 2,863). The medical records of 250 randomly selected surgical cases were reviewed. The end of wage replacement, our primary outcome, is a surrogate marker of the potential ability to return to work. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to model duration of wage replacement as a function of select sociodemographic, clinical, electrodiagnostic, and disability predictors.ResultsThe mean wage replacement and medical benefits paid per case were $19,100 and $15,200, respectively. Older age, concomitant carpal tunnel syndrome, receipt of wage replacement benefits prior to diagnosis, and longer diagnostic delays were associated with lower return to work potential after injury. Type of treatment (surgical or conservative care) was not associated with return to work. Among surgically treated workers, receipt of wage replacement before establishing a diagnosis was inversely associated with return to work in multivariate models that included clinical severity and electrodiagnostic criteria.ConclusionWork‐related UNE is a common and costly occupational health challenge. Efforts to accurately diagnose UNE and maximize functional recovery should start in the first medical encounter. Older workers, those who have concomitant carpal tunnel syndrome, or who are already receiving wage replacement benefits at the time of diagnosis deserve special attention. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:1242–1251, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal symptoms among Iranian nurses
Authors: Mehrdad Ramin , Dennerlein Jack T. , Haghighat Mohammad , Aminian Omid 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundWhile psychosocial factors have been associated with musculoskeletal symptoms among nurses in some countries, previous studies of Iranian nurses show little association using a demand and control questionnaire. The aim of this study is to assess and evaluate the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and to assess their relationships with psychosocial factors among nurses in Iran.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional study, 347 hospital nurses completed a self‐reported questionnaire containing the Standardized Nordic questionnaire for musculoskeletal symptoms and the General Nordic questionnaire for Psychological and Social factors at work (QPS Nordic 34+ Questionnaire).ResultsPrevalence of low back pain, knee pain, shoulder pain, and neck pain were 73.2%, 68.7%, 48.6%, and 46.3%, respectively. Middle and high stress groups had higher crude and adjusted odds than the low stress group for all body sites. The association for neck, wrist/hand, and upper back and ankle/foot reports (adjusted odds ratio for high stress ranging from 2.4 to 3.0) were statistically significant.ConclusionsWe observed a high prevalence of self‐reported musculoskeletal symptoms at a number of body sites, which were associated with psychosocial factors and specifically stress as defined by the QPS Nordic 34+ Questionnaire. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:1032–1039, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.