bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The chemistry of styrenated oils
Authors: Crofts J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe interaction of styrene with the methyl esters of a number of drying‐oil acids and with a dehydrated castor oil has been studied. The experiments were carried out under a single set of reaction conditions, at 140°in the absence of oxygen or added catalyst. The products were separated into four types and their nature elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic analysis and molecular weight determination. Both the conjugated‐triene (α‐elaeostearic) and conjugated‐diene (9 : 11‐linoleic) systems formed true copolymers of high molecular weight with styrene, and also Diels‐Alder adducts containing one styrene molecule combined with one fatty ester molecule. The non‐conjugated linoleic and linolenic esters did not copolymerize with styrene. With methyl 9 : 12‐linoleate the high‐molecular‐weight product was almost indistinguishable from polystyrene. With methyl 9 : 12 : 15‐linolenate it was found that a small proportion of ester was attached to the polymer chain, probably by chain transfer. With dehydrated castor oil containing a mixed ester of conjugated and non‐conjugated acids, copolymers of relatively low ester content were obtained, and not mixtures of copolymers and polystyrene.
Organo‐phosphorus compounds. I. Interaction of organic phosphorohalogenides with solid alkalis: A new synthesis of schradan
Authors: Pianka M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTetramethylphosphorodiamidic chloride reacts with alkali‐metal hydroxides via the alkali salt to give the anhydride (bisdimethylaminophosphonous anhydride, octamethylpyrophosphoramide, schradan) in high yield. The less stable bromide gives a lower yield of schradan. The fluoride does not yield schradan under these conditions, nor when treated with water in the presence of pyridine. Although diethyl phosphorochloridothionate yields the corresponding anhydride when treated with water in the presence of pyridine, no anhydride is formed when it is caused to react with an alkalimetal hydroxide in an inert solvent. Diethyl phosphorochloridate yields the anhydride when treated as above, but diethyl phosphorofluoridate does not. A synthesis of decamethyltriphosphoramide is described.
The polyphosphates of cadmium, zinc and lead: The character, composition and behaviour of their complexes
Authors: Bobtelsky M. , Kertes S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study is the second in a series of investigations of polyphosphates, in which only physical methods are used.The composition of the salts and complexes were studied by heterometric (photometric study of suspensions), pH and conductometric methods. The pyrophosphate anion‐complexes identified are: [MII(P2O7)2]6‐ and [MIIP2O7]2‐, where M represents the metal. The precipitate probably has the structure M3II[MII(P2O7)2]. The tripolyphosphate anion‐complex obtained is: [MIIP3O10]3‐. The precipitate probably has the composition M3II[MIIP3O10]2.The superiority of the heterometric method over the other methods used was demonstrated in this investigation by the greater variety of physical and chemical properties detected.
Some determinations of liquid‐phase diffusion coefficients by means of an improved diaphragm cell
Authors: Lewis J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe integral diffusion coefficients of acetone, acetic acid, benzoic acid, diethylamine and uranyl nitrate in water and in a number of organic solvents have been determined at 20°. The mutual diffusion coefficients of four partially miscible solvent‐water pairs have also been determined, the solvents being aniline, ethyl acetate, furfuraldehyde and isobutanol.An improved diaphragm cell was used for these measurements, both compartments being agitated by electromagnetically driven stirrers. The existence of a critical stirring rate, different for each cell, below which the cell constant varied was demonstrated.An Appendix is included demonstrating how differential diffusion constants could be determined directly with a cell of this type.
The partial pressure of hydrofluoric acid over solutions of potassium fluoride in hydrofluoric acid
Authors: Baines A. , Davies A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStatistical examination of a section of Cady's experimental results relating the partial pressure of hydrofluoric acid over solutions of potassium fluoride in hydrofluoric acid to composition and temperature yields the equation:

where P is the partial pressure of hydrofluoric acid (mm. Hg), T is the absolute temperature and C is the concentration of hydrofluoric acid in the solution, expressed as a weight percentage. Although this equation is subject to bias the error in values of P calculated from it may be presumed to be less than 5% in the region of 38–44% concentration and at temperatures of 70–150°C. A Table is given of the calculated values of the partial pressure of hydrofluoric acid within this region at 0.5% intervals of concentration and 5.0°intervals of temperature.
Further investigations into the corrosion of a steel surface by condensed films of sulphuric acid
Authors: Kear R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFollowing previous studies of the corrosion of cooled steel probes by flue gases containing SO2 and SO3, further experiments have shown that: (a) for tests up to 24 hours there is a reduction in the rate of corrosion after 8 hours, (b) in the presence of corrosion products the corrosion continues even when the metal temperature is raised to or above the acid dewpoint temperature. A mechanism is briefly discussed.
Colour reactions of 2:6‐dichloroquinone chloroimide with derivatives of glyoxaline‐2‐thiol
Authors: Searle C. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA large number of glyoxaline‐2‐thiols and some 2‐alkylthioglyoxalines react with 2:6‐di‐chloroquinone chloroimide at pH 8 to give coloured products which are in most cases soluble in chloroform. The mechanism of the reactions is briefly discussed.
The corrosive nature of combustion gases from carbon monoxide flames containing sulphur oxides
Authors: Whittingham G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMild steel corrosion probes have been used to determine the relation between surface temperature and amount of iron corroded by the flue gases of relatively low moisture content from a diffusion flame of carbon monoxide, to which additions of sulphur dioxide were made. Complementary measurements have been made of the percentage conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide and of the rates of acid build‐up on a dewpoint meter. Over the temperature range employed, corrosion showed a maximum at 66°to 70°, and humidity of combustion air was found to have a significant effect on corrosion.From the dewpoint meter readings and other data, theoretical rates of acid deposition on the corrosion probe have been calculated and these and the experimental values are compared and discussed.
Improved syntheses in the pyrimidine series. IV. N‐methyl derivatives of 4: 5‐diaminopyrimidine
Authors: Brown D. J. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract4‐Amino‐5‐methylaminopyrimidine has been synthesized by reduction with lithium aluminium hydride of the formyl group in 4‐amino‐5‐formamido‐2‐methylthiopyrimidine followed by removal of the 2‐substituent. A route to 5‐amino‐4‐hydroxy‐6‐methylaminopyrimidine is described. The Whitehead synthesis has been extended to the use of cyanoacetic acid as a reactant. Decarboxylation of the resulting 4‐amino‐5‐carboxy‐3‐methyl‐2‐pyrimidone, however, gave unexpectedly 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methylaminopyrimidine. Several improvements in the preparation of known related (methylated) compounds, including the first isolation of 5‐amino‐1‐methyl‐4‐methylamino‐2‐pyrimidone are described.
The determination of very low concentrations of hydrogen sulphide in gas—I
Authors: Prince C. G. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe determination of low concentrations of hydrogen sulphide in gas has been investigated. A modified calibration technique has been developed for the methylene blue method and its accuracy verified volumetrically and gravimetrically. Employing the methylene blue method as a primary standard, the relation between optical density and sulphur content of lead sulphide stains, obtained by passing gas through absorbent paper, has been replotted, using a specially designed photoelectric densitometer.
A comparison of the properties of various preparations of sodium alginate
Authors: Vincent D. L. , Goring D. A. I. , Young E. Gordon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFifteen specimens of sodium alginate from various brown algae, including species of Laminaria, Fucus and Ascophyllum, have been prepared in the laboratory or obtained from commercial sources. Tests on these samples included measurements of optical rotation, ionic mobility, rate of sedimentation, viscosity and content of sulphated ash. Most specimens were homogeneous by electrophoresis and in the ultracentrifuge. The content of alginate of the samples varied from 61.7 to 99.6%. Rate of sedimentation was strongly dependent on concentration. Electrophoretic mobilities varied only slightly. Viscosity varied much more widely than other physical properties and was the best criterion of state of polymerization. Fucoidin was detected as impurity in some preparations.From the best preparations examined the following values were obtained: [α]d20° = −133°to −140°; μ = 2.9 to 3.1 × 10−4 cm.2 sec.−1 volt−1 at 25°, pH 5.5, I 0.05; s40 = 1.3 to 1.6 S (c = 0.5%); sulphated ash = 34.0 to 35.9%. Viscosity varied from 2 to 20 centistokes at 25°in 0°1n‐NaCl (c = 0.25% w/w). Values for [η] varied from 3.6 to 19.2 corresponding to a degree of polymerization of 210 to 1,100 and particle weight of 42,000 to 222,000. The specific refractive increment of sodium alginate was found to be 0.160 g.−1 cm.3.
The effects of repeated washing of tinned steel with alkaline solutions on its resistance to rusting
Authors: Britton S. C. , Michael D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rates of corrosion of tin specimens either intermittently or continuously immersed in several alkaline solutions have been compared. Similar solutions have been used to wash specimens of tinned steel that were exposed to the weather between washes in imitation of the service life of some tinned steel containers.The relative corrosive action of various solutions on intermittently immersed tin depends on the experimental conditions and may differ from that observed when the metal is immersed continuously. The results obtained with short periods of immersion are strongly influenced by the variation with the nature of the solution, the temperature and the condition of the metal surface, and of a period of delay between immersion of the metal and the onset of corrosion. A high rate of corrosion during the period between removal of the metal from the test solution and rinsing also introduces a potential cause of variation in the results of intermittent‐immersion tests.The deterioration in the protective quality of a tin coating on steel periodically washed in an alkaline solution can be predicted only moderately well from measurements of the corrosion rate of tin immersed in the solution. This deterioration results more from the enlargement of new pores formed in the coating during periods of exposure to the weather than from general dissolution of the tin, and silicates appear to restrain this action.In the conditions of the tests employed, with solutions of equivalent caustic alkalinity, sodium hydroxide, carbonate and phosphate had similar effects; sodium silicate (2 : 1) produced less deterioration; sodium metasilicate much less and sodium silicate (1 : 2), almost none. Additions of sodium sulphite to the washing solution had a negligible effect but additions of sodium chromate preserved both tin and steel. Additions of sodium hypochlorite either to washing or rinsing solutions accelerated deterioration of the coating except when made to solutions of sodium metasilicate or of sodium silicate (1 : 2).
Factors influencing the time of gelation of acid ‘modified’ sodium silicate
Authors: Heald I. A. , Coates K. B. , Edwards J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn one method of preparing ‘modified’ sodium silicate, a coagulant of increasing importance in water treatment processes, a solution of sodium silicate is treated with an acid, allowed to age and finally diluted according to a recommended procedure. The changes which occur during the ageing time are retarded by the final dilution. If the ageing time is much too long, the product gels; if too short, the diluted sol is a less efficient coagulant than one aged for the correct time. The time of gelation is therefore of considerable importance in the technology of making the reagent.The literature contains scattered references to the effect of such variables as concentration on the gel time of ‘modified’ sodium silicate, but few systematic measurements appear yet to have been reported on the influence of other factors. The results of such a study are given in this report. The data are set out in graphical form from which most of the facts required in practice can be obtained. The conclusions of especial interest are: (a) silica sols exhibit the greatest instability when the pH value is about 7.5 whatever acid is used for neutralization; (b) the presence of neutral salts hastens gelation; (c) the effect of using sodium silicate containing more Na2O (i.e. of a lower grade) and neutralizing to the same residual alkalinity can be explained quantitatively in terms of the extra sodium salt introduced by such a method of preparation.
A preliminary investigation on the chemical composition of sphagnum moss and peat
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Cornhill W. J. , Woodward F. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSphagnum, heather (Calluna vulgaris) and peat samples have been analysed for total ash, crude fats, Kjeldahl nitrogen, cellulose, total reducing substances, reducing sugars and the individual sugars glucose, galactose, arabinose and xylose. Xylose, mannose, fucose and ribose were isolated from a peat hydrolysate and characterised. Fructose and fructose‐containing oligosaccharides were found chromatographically in the fresh Sphagnum. A polysaccharide has been isolated from peat in which glucose is the principal sugar along with mannose, galactose, xylose, an unidentified uronic acid and a trace of rhamnose. The free amino‐acids of Sphagnum and peat, and the amino‐acids in the hydrolysates have been examined chromatographically. Chloroform extraction of Sphagnum gave a sterol fraction resembling ‘β’‐sitosterol.
Measurement of molecular weight by the light scattering method experimental procedure and interpretation of results
Authors: Cleverdon D. , Harvey L. , Laker D. , Smith P. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe operations which have to be performed to convert measured light‐scattering data to estimates of molecular weight and size are considered. It is shown that the estimate of the root‐mean‐square chain length can be seriously in error if account is not taken of the effect of molecular weight heterogeneity upon the particle scattering factor. The Zimm method is applied to data from an instrument with three angles of observation only, and the estimates so obtained are compared with those obtained using the dissymmetry method.Points of actual experimental procedure are discussed together with the method of absolute calibration. A complete set of data for polystyrene in toluene is given.
Observations on the decay of synthetic anionic detergents in natural waters
Authors: Hammerton C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of storage on various synthetic anionic detergents in low concentration in natural waters has been studied. Some compounds are easily oxidised by the bacteria normally present in such waters, but those compounds found in present day household packages are generally resistant.An attempt has been made to find the reason why certain compounds are susceptible, and others resistant, to bacterial oxidation. The deciding factor appears to be the nature of the alkyl group in the detergent; straight‐chain compounds are easily attacked, but branched‐chain compounds show resistance.
A further note on the chemical denaturation of groundnut protein and fibre formation
Authors: Naismith W. E. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn ultracentrifugal examination of groundnut protein treated with various bases has been made. It has been shown that only bases with a dissociation constant higher than about 10−1cause an appreciable reduction in the molecular weight of the protein and are suitable for fibre formation with the protein.
The anaerobic corrosion of tin in anthocyanin solutions and fruit syrups
Authors: Salt F. W. , Thomas J. G. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChrysanthemin, the main constituent of the colouring matter of Victoria plums and raspberries, has been found to act as a cathodic depolarizer for the corrosion of tin by citric and malic acids. About 5 moles of chrysanthemin are required for the dissolution of 1 mole of tin but it is provable that this equivalence varies with the concentrations of anthocyanin and its tin complex. Rate constants have been determined for the reaction of tin with a malic acid solution of chrysanthemin and with the anaerobic syrup from bottled yellow plums, Victoria plums, and raspberries. The amount of tin dissolved per unit volume of the syrups increased in the order in which they have been mentioned and is greater than would be expected from their anthocyanin contents, indicating that other depolarizers are present in the fruit syrups.
Determination of the mean particle size of fine black powders by the measurement of reflectivity
Authors: Rose H. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is shown that the mean particle size of ‘black’ powders of size less than about one micron can be deduced from the reflectivity of the powder; furthermore the mean size of the ultimate particles in an aggregated or pelleted material may be readily determined.A simple apparatus for the measurement of the reflectivity is described; suitable techniques for the formation of the reflecting surface are given and it is shown that the determinations require considerably less time than, and their accuracy compares satisfactorily with, those of any alternative technique.The results suggest that this technique, as well as being a useful tool for the routine measurement of particle size, may be an extremely sensitive means for the investigation of structural differences in very fine powders.
Kinetics of catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide for comparison of fixed and fluid bed reactors
Authors: Goldman Max , Canjar L. N. , Beckmann R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of the oxidation of sulphur dioxide over a commercial vanadia catalyst in confined and fluidized beds have been investigated under various operating conditions. The reaction rates for both the confined and the fluidized operation were correlated by an equation based on the assumption that the reaction rate was controlled by the specific surface reaction between activatedly adsorbed atomic oxygen and activatedly adsorbed sulphur dioxide at high mass velocities where diffusional effects are negligible. The general rate equation is:\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \[r = \frac{{kE\sqrt {K_{O_2 } .K_{3O_2 } } \left[{p_{SO_2 } \sqrt {p_{O_2 } } - {{p_{SO_3 } } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{p_{SO_3 } } K}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} K}} \right]}}{{1 + \left[{\sqrt {p_{O_2 } \cdot K_{O_2 } } + p_{SO_2 } \cdot K_{SO_2 } + p_{SO_3 } \cdot K_{SO_3 } } \right]^2 }} \] $\end{document}The individual reaction rate data were correlated by assuming the adsorption equilibrium and reaction velocity constants were the same for both the confined and the fluidized operations. The developed rate equations differ only in the effectiveness factors for the specific mode of gas‐solid contacting.This study gives some insight into the practical problem of applying fixed bed catalytic data to fluidized operation in the absence of fluidized bed data or vice versa. It also demonstrates the possibility of correlating fixed and fluidized bed data with a single parameter.It is doubtful if, as is generally supposed, a fluidized bed under low mass velocity conditions behaves as a fixed bed.
The microdetermination of dissolved oxygen in water. II. the design of water‐sampling vessels
Authors: Potter E. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe errors introduced by the use of the McLean sampling vessel for determination of the dissolved oxygen content of water up to 0·1 p.p.m. are discussed. A new apparatus is developed by means of which a precision of ± 0·0007 p.p.m. in the determination may be obtained. A modification for use with warm water‐samples is described.
The specific heat of coal tar distillates
Authors: Briggs D. K. H. , Popper F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSpecific heats of a large number of coal tar distillate fractions have been measured and the following relationship, which will predict values to an accuracy of ± 5% for the temperature range 20–180°, has been derived by means of statistically designed experiments: Cp = 1/d20 (0·1758 + 0·2138 d20 + 0·000861 t) + x(0·00216 – 0·00000528 ib) where Cp is the specific heat, cal./g.°cd20 is the density of the sample at 20°, g./ml.t is the temperature, ° ctb is the volumetric average boiling point of the sample, ° cx is the tar acid content, % by volume.
Solubility studies on arachin
Authors: Kelly Kirsteen O. , Thomson R. H. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the solubility of arachin under conditions approximating to those of the ‘Ardil’ manufacturing process. This was done by investigating the four‐component system, water, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and arachin. The results are represented in the form of a tetrahedron and the limits of complete solubility of arachin above and below the isoelectric point are shown. The effect of salt concentration on the solubility of arachin below pH 5·0 has also been studied.
Ternary liquid equilibria: Methanol–water–esters
Authors: Rao R. Jagannadha , Rao C. Venkata 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMutual solubility and tie‐line data are presented for four ternary liquid systems containing methanol, water and n‐butyl acetate, pentyl acetate, ethyl propionate and ethyl butyrate as solvents at 30°. For comparison, equilibrium data reported in the literature for the system methanol–water–ethyl acetate at 20° have been plotted on the saturation isotherm, equilibrium distribution and selectivity diagrams. The tie‐line data for all the systems are satisfactorily correlated by the methods of Hand and Othmer–Tobias, and the plait points are located by the method of Treybal, Weber & Daley. For all the systems, it is found that the distribution of methanol is in favour of the aqueous phase. Although the distribution coefficient is higher for ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate is found to be the most selective of the solvents studied.
Dinuclear novolaks from m‐ and p‐cresol
Authors: Godfrey L. E. A. , Hawkins E. G. E. , Jenkins P. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe six two‐ring novolaks theoretically obtainable from m‐cresol and formaldehyde have been synthesized and the three dinuclear novolaks involving one molecule each of m‐cresol and p‐cresol have been prepared. The uniformity of each product is confirmed by paper chromatography.
Rubberized bituminous materials and their use in road construction
Authors: Parker W. D. , Walker W. D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe compatibility of natural and synthetic rubbers and polymers such as polyvinyl chloride with coal tar pitches and bitumens is described. The penetration/softening point and penetration/temperature characteristics of a range of modified compositions are examined in relation to those of residual and blown bitumens and of coal tar pitches. A test has been devised for assessing the brittleness of bituminous materials and this is compared with the penetration, ductility and Fraas brittle point tests. Suggestions are made as to how modified tars and bitumens may be used in road construction, with particular reference to the use of tars with reduced temperature susceptibility.