bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Counterintuitive Responses of Fish Populations to Management Actions
Authors: Pine William E. , Martell Steven J. D. , Walters Carl J. , Kitchell James F. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Observed ecosystem responses to fisheries management experiments have often been either much smaller or in the opposite direction of the expected responses based on experience or population models. Examples of these responses can be found even for some very simple experimental management manipulations such as predator and prey manipulations in small lakes and ponds to fish population responses to harvest closures. Such counter-intuitive prediction failures offer opportunities to identify key processes and variables that are not widely considered in models used to evaluate ecosystem-based fisheries management policies. A common denominator in the case histories presented are unexpected behavioral responses and strong changes in juvenile survival rates of fish driven by changes in competition, predation, and behavioral responses to predation risk. These factors restructured many of the ecosystems in our simple examples, yet are not widely included in models currently used to evaluate ecosystem-based fisheries management policies. This represents a critical need in the development of modeling tools to evaluate ecosystem-based policies based on an iterative process of model building and model testing, using fisheries management actions as probing tools to learn more about the ecosystems being managed.
Risks of Introductions of Marine Fishes: Reply to Briggs
Authors: Courtenay Walter R. , Collette Bruce B. , Essington Timothy E. , Hilborn Ray , Orr James W. , Pauly Daniel , Randall John E. , Smith-Vaniz William F. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This is a rebuttal to a publication by John C. Briggs in the April 2008 issue of Fisheries in which he suggested introducing fishes and invertebrates from the North Pacific into the North Atlantic to increase diversity toward improving fisheries in the latter. We argue otherwise for reasons that Briggs downplayed or never considered. Using examples of introductions within the Pacific and the Atlantic, and movements of species from the Pacific to the Atlantic, we provide a record of failures and damage or dangers to native species from the few introductions that became successful. We argue that a lack of diversity of fishes and invertebrates in the North Atlantic versus that of the North Pacific is not the problem to be corrected by introductions as Briggs suggested. A record of overfishing and management policies is the problem in the North Atlantic. Introductions from the North Pacific to the North Atlantic are not worth the costs or the environmental risks involved.
Exploring the Peer Review Process: What is it, Does it Work, and Can it Be Improved?
Authors: De Vries Dennis R. , Marschall Elizabeth A. , Stein Roy A. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Though peer review is central to science, the process itself has received little formal evaluation. Here we provide an Overview to the literature on the peer-review process. Peer review has its drawbacks, including financial cost, time, reliability, and potential biases. An important gap in our knowledge is whether the process works. Although most manuscripts show some improvement after peer review, reviewers often disagree, and errors can escape the process. To date, we do not know whether papers published with peer review are generally improved over those without. Most journals use a single-blind approach (author blind to reviewers), whereas others use a double-blind approach, and a few use an open approach. Biases toward authors (institutional, geographic, gender) apparently exist in some fields. Unlike the formal training we receive in fisheries research and management, no formal training process exists for peer review—without mentoring, how are new reviewers produced? Based on our literature survey, we recommend consideration of double-blind review, implementation of a rating system for reviews of submitted manuscripts, and training and mentoring students to become good reviewers.
Making the Best Use of Modeled Data: Multiple Approaches to Sensitivity Analysis of a Fish-Habitat Model
Authors: Steel E. Ashley , McElhany Paul , Yoder Naomi J. , Purser Michael D. , Malone Kevin , Thompson Brad E. , Avery Karen A. , Jensen David , Blair Greg , Busack Craig , Bowen Mark D. , Hubble Joel , Kantz Tom 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Fisheries management has become increasingly dependent on large and complex models; however, tools and technologies for model evaluation have lagged behind model development and application. Sensitivity analyses can test the degree to which particular model inputs or internal parameters affect model outputs and are recommended in model construction, calibration, and assessment. We describe three parallel sensitivity analyses of the Ecosystem Diagnosis and Treatment (EDT) model and draw combined conclusions. The details of how each agency conducted and utilized sensitivity analyses are outlined and the trade-offs between simpler and more intensive sensitivity analyses are described. Combined insights on the EDT model include identification of input parameters to which the model is surprisingly insensitive and quantification of prediction intervals. We conclude that known uncertainties in input data and internal parameters lead to large prediction intervals around estimates of population abundance and productivity but that the identification of high priority reaches for restoration and protection is relatively robust to these uncertainties. We recommend that sensitivity analyses are applied to all models used in fisheries management.
Invasive Species Policy at the Regional Level: A Multiple Weak Links Problem
Authors: Peters Jody A. , Lodge David M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Policy is used to prevent the introduction and spread of invasive species. For aquatic invasive species that can easily cross political boundaries, regional policies are needed. A weak link problem occurs when regulations of individual jurisdictions increase the region-wide risk of species introductions, especially in adjacent jurisdictions. Such cross-jurisdictional weak links may be compounded by another sort of weak link within jurisdictions: inconsistent regulation among multiple vectors that may introduce the same species. We used crayfish as a model system to study regulations for anglers, bait dealers, the pet trade, and aquaculture across the Great Lakes region. We identified a continuum of regulations ranging from no regulations to those that prohibit all use of crayfish. Furthermore, regulations differed depending on state and vector. Many states had regulations that specifically targeted the invasive rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus). However, these regulations were enacted reactively only after rusty crayfish had become established in the state. The lack of regulatory consistency among the Great Lakes jurisdictions is creating a multiple weak links problem and making success unlikely in efforts to slow the spread of crayfishes and other invasive species throughout the region.
On the Boots of Fishermen: The History of Didymo Blooms on Vancouver Island, British Columbia
Authors: Bothwell Max L. , Lynch Donovan R. , Wright Harlan , Deniseger John 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In 1989 blooms of the river benthic diatom Didymosphenia geminata (didymo) first appeared and rapidly spread among rivers on central Vancouver Island, covering the bottoms with thick, woolly-looking mats. Although didymo is native to North America, extensive field surveys of rivers on Vancouver Island and other data indicate that didymo blooms are new. No known environmental changes were associated with the onset of didymo blooms. However the pattern of didymo spread among rivers on Vancouver Island correlates with the activity of fishermen and the commercial introduction and widespread use of felt-soled waders in the late 1980s. Since 1994 nuisance blooms of didymo have appeared in numerous other places in the Northern Hemisphere and South Island, New Zealand, all areas frequented by fishermen. Actions by government agencies to educate the public and restrict the use of felt-soled waders have been undertaken in some jurisdictions and at least one commercial manufacturer of waders will discontinue production of felt-soled models in the near future.
Western Lake Trout Woes
Authors: Martinez Patrick J. , Bigelow Patricia E. , Deleray Mark A. , Fredenberg Wade A. , Hansen Barry S. , Horner Ned J. , Lehr Stafford K. , Schneidervin Roger W. , Tolentino Scott A. , Viola Art E. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In the western United States, the ability of non-native lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) to attain large sizes, &gt; 18 kg under favorable conditions, fueled the popularity of lake trout fisheries. In the past, restrictive regulations were adopted to increase lake trout abundance and produce trophy specimens. More recently, lake trout have become increasingly problematic because they prey upon and potentially compete with native and sport fishes. We review the experiences of agencies in seven western states which are considering or implementing strategies to address lake trout impacts despite management difficulties due to mixed public perception about lake trout's complex interactions with native or introduced fauna. Special regulations protecting lake trout have often been liberalized or rescinded to encourage their harvest and reduce their negative effects. More intensive methods to control or reduce lake trout abundance include promoting or requiring lake trout harvest, commercial-scale netting, disrupting spawning, and stocking sterile lake trout.
Efflux Pump Contribution to Multidrug Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Kiser Tyree H. , Obritsch Marilee D. , Jung Rose , McLaren Robert , Fish Douglas N. 
Published: June 2010

Study Objective. To determine if increased expression of efflux pumps, mutations in the genes encoding regulatory proteins for efflux pumps, or the combination is associated with multidrug‐resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates.Design. Microbiologic evaluation of prospectively collected Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates.Setting. University teaching hospital.Isolates. One hundred eight unique P. aeruginosa isolates—50 non‐MDR and 58 MDR isolates—obtained from pulmonary or blood sources from patients admitted to the intensive care unit between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2004.Measurements and Main Results. Isolates were considered MDR if they were resistant to at least three of the following four drugs: ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, ceftazidime, or imipenem. Possible mutations in efflux regulatory genes mexR, nfxB, and mexZ were analyzed by using polymerase chain reaction amplification and DNA sequencing. Determination of the expression of outer membrane proteins OprM and OprJ was performed by using sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunoblotting. Differences in regulatory gene mutations and outer membrane protein expression were compared between non‐MDR and MDR isolates. Among the 108 P. aeruginosa isolates, the MDR isolates were more likely to overexpress OprM compared with non‐MDR isolates (64% vs 2%, p<0.001). Mutations in mexR and mexZ were present in 64% and 26% of MDR strains, respectively, but were not associated with OprM overexpression or multidrug resistance. Expression of OprJ was not associated with MDR isolates (odds ratio [OR] 3.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7–18.5, p=0.11). Mutations in nfxB (12% of MDR strains) were also not associated with multidrug resistance (OR 3.5, 95% CI 0.7–17.8, p=0.13). Eight (100%) of 8 isolates with OprJ expression plus OprM overexpression, 12 (92%) of 13 isolates with combined mexR and mexZ mutations, 5 (100%) of 5 isolates with nfxB plus mexZ mutations, and 16 (100%) of 16 isolates with OprM overexpression plus mexZ mutations were MDR isolates.Conclusion. The presence of one regulatory gene mutation or simple expression of a single outer membrane protein was not linked to multidrug resistance. However, OprM overexpression and multiple efflux regulatory gene mutations or efflux protein expression were associated with MDR P. aeruginosa isolates.
Impact of Enhanced External Counterpulsation on Canadian Cardiovascular Society Angina Class in Patients with Chronic Stable Angina: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Shah Sachin A. , Shapiro Robert J. , Mehta Rina , Snyder Jeffrey A. 
Published: June 2010

Study Objective. To evaluate the true magnitude of benefit from enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) by determining the effect of EECP on Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) angina class in patients with chronic stable angina.Design. Meta‐analysis of 13 prospective studies that evaluated patients with stable angina and reported adequate data on CCS angina class.Patients. A total of 949 adult patients with stable angina who underwent EECP treatment.Measurements and Main Results. A systematic literature search of studies published between 1950 and February 2009 was performed. Studies were included for meta‐analysis if they were reported in the English language, included human subjects, had a prospective study design, and reported adequate data on CCS angina class. The EECP treatment consisted of 35 sessions—1 hour/day, 5 days/week, for 7 weeks. Improvement in angina class was reported as the weighted proportion of patients improving by at least one CCS class from before to after EECP treatment. Heterogeneity was assessed by performing subgroup analyses and using the Cochran Q statistic. Publication bias was assessed by inspection of funnel plots and the Egger bias statistic. Among the 13 studies incorporating 949 patients, angina class was reduced by at least one CCS score in 86% of the patients (95% confidence interval 82–90%, Q statistic p=0.008]. Inspection of funnel plots showed some asymmetry, but the Egger bias statistic showed no publication bias (p=0.97).Conclusion. The results of our meta‐analysis call for further long‐term studies to determine the place of EECP therapy in the management of chronic stable angina. Currently, EECP therapy should be considered for patients with stable angina who are refractory to or not suitable for invasive therapy and/or medical management.
Aminoglycoside Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Neurocritical Care Patients Undergoing Induced Hypothermia
Authors: Mercer Jessica M. , Neyens Ron R. 
Published: June 2010

Study Objective. To determine the effects of mild‐to‐moderate induced hypothermia—a neuroprotectant and/or therapeutic strategy for the management of intracranial hypertension in neurologically injured patients—on the pharmacokinetics of aminoglycoside therapy.Design. Pharmacokinetic analysis.Setting. Critical care unit at a university‐affiliated hospital.Patients. Three patients, aged 22, 24, and 47 years, who received tobramycin and had documented tobramycin levels while undergoing induced hypothermia for more than 24 hours for intracranial hypertension.Measurements and Main Results. For each of the three patients, predicted pharmacokinetic parameters (volume of distribution, first‐order elimination rate constant, half‐life, and renal drug clearance) based on population data were compared with their actual pharmacokinetic parameters that were calculated based on observed tobramycin serum levels. All three patients had a normal creatinine clearance, estimated according to established methods. When pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated after the first tobramycin dose using a one‐compartment method, all patients had a slower first‐order elimination rate and a larger volume of distribution compared with predicted population estimates.Conclusion. These findings suggest that induced hypothermia may result in impaired elimination of aminoglycosides. Caution should be exercised when attempting to use predicted pharmacokinetic parameters to dose aminoglycosides in this patient population, and first‐dose pharmacokinetics should be considered to optimize the dose and dosing interval early in the course of therapy. Further investigation of this phenomenon with greater numbers of patients are needed to confirm these findings and to determine optimal dosing strategies of aminoglycosides in patients undergoing induced hypothermia.
Ethnic Variations in the Estimated Prevalence of Orofacial Clefts in Taiwan, 2004 to 2006
Authors: Shen Yu-Ming , Wu Hsi-Wen , Deng Fong-Ling , See Lai-Chu 
Published: June 2010

Background Foreign-born mothers have been reported to have better pregnancy outcomes as measured by the preterm birth rate, neonatal mortality, and birth weight compared with native-born mothers in Belgium, France, Taiwan, and the United States. However, little is known about the association between maternal nationality and the prevalence of orofacial clefts in Asian countries. Methods Taiwan Birth Registry data from 2004 to 2006 were analyzed for an association between maternal nationality and orofacial clefts. Singleton live births with a gestational age ≥24 weeks were included in this study. Results The overall estimated prevalence percentages of orofacial clefts were 0.11 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03 to 0.12) among newborns of Taiwan-born mothers (TBMs) and 0.13 (95% CI = 0.04 to 0.16) among newborns of foreign-born mothers (FBMs), respectively. The estimated prevalence of orofacial clefts of all live births of FBMs in Taiwan was similar to that of the FBMs from Southeast Asian countries. Conclusion There was a slightly higher but no significant difference of estimated prevalence of orofacial clefts between newborns of TBMs and newborns of FBMs in Taiwan.
Environmental Regulation and Industry Dynamics
Authors: Sengupta Aditi 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
We examine the effect of more stringent environmental regulation on the dynamic structure of a deterministic competitive industry with endogenous entry and exit where firms invest in reduction of their future compliance cost. The level of regulation is exogenously fixed and constant over time. The compliance cost of a firm at each point of time depends on its current output, its accumulated past investment and the level of regulation. We outline sufficient conditions under which industries with more stringent regulation are associated with higher investment in compliance cost reduction and higher shake-out of firms over time; the opposite may be true under certain circumstances. Our analysis indicates that the effect of a change in regulation on market structure may be lagged over time.
The Effects of Fenofibric Acid Alone and With Statins on the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Diagnostic Components in Patients With Mixed Dyslipidemia
Authors: Bays Harold E. , Roth Eli M. , McKenney James M. , Kelly Maureen T. , Thakker Kamlesh M. , Setze Carolyn M. , Obermeyer Katie , Sleep Darryl J. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
To compare fenofibric acid (FA) + statin to respective monotherapies on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its diagnostic components in patients with mixed dyslipidemia.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Post hoc analysis of over 2,000 metabolic syndrome patients administered either FA + low- or moderate-dose statin; FA alone; or low-, moderate-, or high-dose statin alone.

RESULTS
FA + low- or moderate-dose statin combination therapy reduced the presence of metabolic syndrome (35.7 or 35.9%, respectively) more than low-, moderate-, or high-dose statin monotherapy (15.5, 16.6, or 13.8%, respectively), mostly due to improvements in triglycerides and HDL cholesterol levels. Mean glucose levels slightly decreased with FA monotherapy, slightly increased with statin monotherapy, and were essentially unchanged with FA + statin. FA with or without statin also reduced non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

CONCLUSIONS
FA + statin in patients with mixed dyslipidemia reduces the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.
A1C Between 5.7 and 6.4% as a Marker for Identifying Pre-Diabetes, Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: Lorenzo Carlos , Wagenknecht Lynne E. , Hanley Anthony J.G. , Rewers Marian J. , Karter Andrew J. , Haffner Steven M. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
A1C is an optional method for diagnosing diabetes and also for detecting individuals at increased risk of the disease. However, how A1C compares with fasting (FPG) and 2-h plasma glucose for detecting at-risk individuals is not well known.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A 2-h glucose tolerance test, frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, and A1C were obtained at the follow-up examination in 855 participants in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). For this report, 385 individuals were at increased risk of diabetes as defined by A1C between 5.7 and 6.4%, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and/or impaired fasting glucose (IFG).

RESULTS
IFG and IGT identified 69.1 and 59.5% of all individuals at increased risk of diabetes, respectively. A1C 5.7–6.4% detected 23.6% of all at-risk individuals, although more African Americans (31.4%) and Hispanics (35.2%) than non-Hispanic whites (9.9%). Relative to A1C, FPG was more strongly related to fasting insulin (r = 0.38 vs. 0.26; P &lt; 0.01), acute insulin response (r = – 0.20 vs. – 0.09; P &lt; 0.01), and waist circumference (r = 0.43 vs. 0.25; P &lt; 0.001) by the Spearman correlation test. Similarly, 2-h plasma glucose was more strongly related to Si (r = – 0.40 vs. – 0.27; P &lt; 0.01) and triglycerides (r = 0.30 vs. 0.08; P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
A1C 5.7–6.4% is less sensitive for detecting at-risk individuals than IFG and IGT, particularly among non-Hispanic whites. Single determinations of FPG and 2-h plasma glucose seem to be more precise correlates of insulin resistance and secretion than A1C and, in general, better for other metabolic disorders.
Dynamical properties of an asymmetric bistable system with quantum fluctuations in the strong-friction limit
Authors: Zeng Chunhua , Gong Ailing , Xie Chongwei 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The dynamical properties of an overdamped Brownian particle moving in an asymmetric bistable system with quantum fluctuations are investigated. Within the strong-friction limit (the quantum Smoluchowski regime), the analytic expression for the relaxation time of the system is derived by means of the projection-operator method, in which the effects of the memory kernels are taken into account. Based on the relaxation time, we consider both the overdamped quantum case and its classical counterpart.In these contexts, the effects of the quantum fluctuations and the asymmetry of the potential are discussed. It is found that: (i) The quantum effects in an asymmetric bistable system on time scales of the relaxation process are more prominent for lower temperatures and smaller asymmetries of the potential. (ii) The quantum effects speed up the rate of fluctuation decay of the state-space variable for lower temperatures. (iii) The asymmetry of the potential first slows down the rate of fluctuation decay of the state-space variable and then increases it.
Two integrable extensions of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation
Authors: Wazwaz Abdul-Majid 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In this work, two new completely integrable extensions of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (eKP) equation are developed. Multiple soliton solutions and multiple singular soliton solutions are derived to demonstrate the compatibility of the extensions of the KP equation.