bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of disability on families: grandparents' perspectives
Authors: Miller E. , Buys L. , Woodbridge S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground  Caring for a child with a disability can be a unique and challenging experience, with families often relying on informal networks for support. Often, grandparents are key support resources, yet little is known about their roles and experiences. Reporting on data collected in a larger Australian study, this article explores grandparents' experiences of caring for a child with a disability and the impact on their family relationships and quality of life.Method  A qualitative purposive sampling design was utilised; semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 22 grandparents (17 women, 5 men) of children with a disability. Grandparents ranged in age from 55 to 75 years old and lived within a 90‐min drive of Brisbane, Australia. Interviews were transcribed and responses analysed using a thematic approach, identifying categories, themes and patterns.Findings  Four key themes characterised grandparents' views about their role in the family: holding own emotions (decision to be positive), self‐sacrifice (decision to put family needs first), maintaining family relationships (being the ‘go‐between’) and quality of life for family in the future (concerns about the future).Conclusions  Grandparents are central to family functioning and quality of life, but this contribution comes with a significant cost to their own personal well‐being. Implications for policy, practice and research are discussed, particularly grandparents' fear that their family could not cope without their support.
Transgenic Bt maize: farmers’ perceptions, refuge compliance and reports of stem borer resistance in South Africa
Authors: Kruger M. , Van Rensburg J. B. J. , Van den Berg J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBased on surface area, South Africa is currently ranked the eighth in planting genetically modified (GM) crops in the world. Bt maize (MON810) has been grown to control lepidopterous stem borers in South Africa since its first release during 1998. The first report of resistance of the African maize stem borer, Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and poor compliance to refuge requirements that could have contributed to resistance development prompted this study which was done in the main maize production area of South Africa. Objectives were to evaluate farmer’s perceptions of the regulatory aspects guiding the planting of Bt maize and refugia and how it was applied between 1998 and 2010. This study involved 105 commercial farmers covering 87 778 ha of maize throughout the main maize production region on the Highveld of South Africa. A questionnaire survey was conducted and addressed signing of technical agreements upon purchasing GM seed, refuge compliance, pest management practices, perceived benefits and risks relating to Bt maize. Compliance with refugia requirements was low especially during the initial 5–7 years after release. An alarmingly high number of farmers applied insecticides as preventative sprays on Bt maize and refugia irrespective of stem borer infestation levels. A large proportion of farmers reported significant borer infestation levels on Bt maize and between 5% and 93% farmers in all districts applied insecticides to Bt maize to limit borer damage, indicating that the occurrence of resistance is more wide‐spread in the country than previously thought. This study shows irresponsible management of GM crop technology by farmers, chemical and seed companies. Concerns and perceptions of farmers in South Africa seem to differ from those in Europe. South African farmers perceived little, if any, negative impact on non‐target organisms and remain positive about the technology in spite of resistance development. Other studies indicated that European farmers were concerned about these aspects. A shared concern, however, was consumer acceptance of GM maize and marketability on the export market.
Herbivore‐induced plant volatiles enhance the ability of parasitic wasps to find hosts on a plant
Authors: Uefune M. , Kugimiya S. , Sano K. , Takabayashi J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe previously reported that cabbage plants emitted volatiles in response to herbivory by diamondback moth (DBM) larvae and that a cocktail of four induced volatile compounds (n‐heptanal, sabinene, α‐pinene and (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate) attracted Cotesia vestalis, a wasp parasitoid of DBM larvae (Shiojiri et al., PLOS ONE, 2010). Here, we describe the behaviour of the wasp in response to exposure to the cocktail and a solvent (control) on crucifer plants (Brassica rapa) with DBM larvae. Wasps showed longer residence and search times on plants with the cocktail than they did on control plants. Further, both wasp–host encounters and oviposition frequencies were significantly higher on plants associated with the cocktail and the rates of parasitism on plants with the cocktail increased due to longer residence and increased searching activity by the parasitoid on the plant. These results indicate that the host‐searching activity of the parasitoid C. vestalis is enhanced on host‐infested plants by the DBM‐induced plant volatiles.
Dyslipidaemia in patients with lupus nephritis
Authors: CHONG YIP BOON , YAP DESMOND YH , TANG COLIN SO , CHAN TAK MAO 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTAim:  There is little data on the prevalence and severity of dyslipidaemia in Asian patients with lupus nephritis (LN). Whether the dyslipidaemia in LN patients differs from subjects with comparable levels of renal impairment also remains undefined.Methods:  Lipid profiles of 100 Chinese patients with quiescent LN (age 46.3 ± 9.3 years, 83% female, maintenance prednisolone dose 5.80 ± 2.43 mg/day) were studied and compared with 100 controls who had non‐lupus non‐diabetic chronic kidney diseases (CKD), matched for sex, age and renal function.Results:  LN patients and CKD controls had similar renal function and proteinuria, while blood pressure was higher in controls. Twenty‐five percent of LN patients and 17% of controls were receiving statin treatment. Despite this, 59% of LN patients and 46% CKD controls showed abnormal lipid parameters (P = 0.066). LN patients showed higher levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) than controls (5.28 ± 0.12 vs 4.86 ± 0.08 mmol/L, P = 0.004; and 1.62 ± 0.12 vs 1.20 ± 0.07 mmol/L, P = 0.002, respectively). More LN patients had abnormal TC, TG or low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) (54%, 16% and 38%; P = 0.016, = 0.005 and = 0.021, respectively). Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment was associated with lower TC, LDL‐C and HDL‐cholesterol.Conclusion:  Dyslipidaemia is prevalent in LN patients and is more severe than controls with a similar degree of CKD despite disease quiescence, low steroid dose and low level of proteinuria. Concomitant corticosteroid and renal impairment are likely contributing factors. HCQ treatment is associated with reduced severity of dyslipidaemia in LN patients.
EMMPRIN (CD147) regulation of MMP‐9 in bronchial epithelial cells in COPD
Authors: JOUNEAU STEPHANE , KHORASANI NADIA , DE SOUZA PATRICIA , MACEDO PATRICIA , ZHU JIE , BHAVSAR PANKAJ K. , CHUNG KIAN F. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN or CD147) induces the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) such as MMP‐9, which plays an important role in COPD. We determined its cellular origin and role in MMP‐9 production in COPD.Methods:  Bronchial biopsies, alveolar macrophages (AM) and blood monocytes (BM) from patients with COPD, healthy smokers and non‐smokers, and bronchial epithelial cells (EC) from surgically resected airways from patients with COPD were stimulated with LPS or CRP in the presence and absence of an anti‐EMMPRIN blocking antibody. EMMPRIN in BAL, plasma, conditioned media and cell lysates was quantified and immunohistochemical localization of EMMPRIN was determined in bronchial biopsies. MMP‐9 activity and mRNA was also determined.Results:  EMMPRIN levels in BAL fluid were higher in patients with COPD compared with non‐smokers and smokers. There was greater EMMPRIN expression in EC from patients with COPD compared with smokers and non‐smokers. EC secreted and expressed more EMMPRIN protein than BM and AM. Blocking EMMPRIN decreased MMP‐9 activity in supernatant of EC, but not in those from AM and BM, and decreased MMP‐9 mRNA expression in EC.Conclusions:  The increased EMMPRIN expression in COPD is reflected by an increased release from bronchial EC, which are one of the main source of EMMPRIN. EMMPRIN regulates MMP‐9 expression in COPD.
Paclitaxel and cisplatin chemotherapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma after failure of two courses of platinum‐based regimens
Authors: Joung Jae Young , Kwon Whi‐An , Cho In‐Chang , Kim Eun Kyung , Park Sohee , Yoon Hyekyoung , Seo Ho Kyung , Chung Jinsoo , Park Weon Seo , Lee Kang Hyun 
Published: March 2011

Objectives:  We investigated the outcomes of paclitaxel and cisplatin chemotherapy as an optional regimen for patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma after failure of two consecutive platinum‐based regimens.Methods:  We retrospectively analyzed the data of 21 patients who had evidence of disease progression after two consecutive platinum‐based regimens, gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC course), and methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin (M‐VAC course) as first‐line and second‐line treatments. As third‐line chemotherapy, patients received paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) and cisplatin (70 mg/m2) every 3 weeks until disease progression.Results:  Complete remission occurred in one patient (4.8%), partial remission occurred in three patients (14.3%) and stable disease occurred in five patients (23.8%). The overall response rate was 19.0% and the overall disease control rate, including stable disease, was 42.9%. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 3 months (95% CI 3.0–5.0). The median overall survival was 9 months (95% CI 7.0–15.0). Grade 3 to 4 neutropenia appeared in 85.7% of patients. No life‐threatening complications were observed.Conclusions:  Paclitaxel and cisplatin chemotherapy could be an optional regimen for patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma after the failure of two consecutive standard platinum‐based regimens.
Rare calcium oxalate monohydrate calculus attached to the wall of the renal pelvis
Authors: Grases Felix , Costa‐Bauza Antonia , Prieto Rafael M , Saus Carlos , Servera Antonio , García‐Miralles Reyes , Benejam Joan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMost renal calculi can be classified using well‐established criteria in a manner that reflects both composition and fine structure under specific pathophysiological conditions. However, when a large patient population is considered, rare renal calculi invariably appear, some of which have never been classified; careful study is required to establish stone etiology in such cases. The patient in the present case report formed two types of calculi. One was attached on the wall of the renal pelvis near the ureter and part of the calculus was embedded inside pelvic renal tissue. The calculus developed on an ossified calcification located in the pelvis tissue. Current knowledge on the development of calcification in soft tissues suggests a pre‐existing injury as an inducer of its development. A mechanism of calculus formation is proposed. The second stone was a typical jack‐stone calculus.
Sharing the load: Parents and carers talk to consumer consultants at a child and youth mental health inpatient unit
Authors: Geraghty Kerry , McCann Karen , King Robert , Eichmann Kathryn 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTCaring for a child or adolescent affected by mental illness has been identified as imposing stresses and burdens in excess of those usually associated with child rearing. Peer support has been identified as one means by which these stresses and burdens can be reduced. This study investigated the work of a peer support service provided by Mater Child and Youth Mental Health Service in Brisbane, Australia. The study took the form of a content analysis of records of consultations between consumer consultants and 50 families/carers of children admitted into the acute inpatient unit during the period May 2006–April 2008. The content analysis identified four key themes or domains: experience of service provision, emotions and feelings associated with the admission, need for information, and coping with challenges. The findings from the study affirm the role of consumer consultants in child and adolescent inpatient services. Some families value a peer perspective and the opportunity to seek advice and information around a wide variety of topics from people not directly involved in the treatment of their child.
Sequencing and assembly of low copy and genic regions of isolated Triticum aestivum chromosome arm 7DS
Authors: Berkman Paul J. , Skarshewski Adam , Lorenc Michał T. , Lai Kaitao , Duran Chris , Ling Edmund Y.S. , Stiller Jiri , Smits Lars , Imelfort Michael , Manoli Sahana , McKenzie Megan , Kubaláková Marie , Šimková Hana , Batley Jacqueline , Fleury Delphine , Doležel Jaroslav , Edwards David 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe genome of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is predicted to be greater than 16 Gbp in size and consist predominantly of repetitive elements, making the sequencing and assembly of this genome a major challenge. We have reduced genome sequence complexity by isolating chromosome arm 7DS and applied second‐generation technology and appropriate algorithmic analysis to sequence and assemble low copy and genic regions of this chromosome arm. The assembly represents approximately 40% of the chromosome arm and all known 7DS genes. Comparison of the 7DS assembly with the sequenced genomes of rice (Oryza sativa) and Brachypodium distachyon identified large regions of conservation. The syntenic relationship between wheat, B. distachyon and O. sativa, along with available genetic mapping data, has been used to produce an annotated draft 7DS syntenic build, which is publicly available at http://www.wheatgenome.info. Our results suggest that the sequencing of isolated chromosome arms can provide valuable information of the gene content of wheat and is a step towards whole‐genome sequencing and variation discovery in this important crop.
When a Precedent of Donation Favors Defection in the Prisoner’s Dilemma
Authors: Garapin Alexis , Llerena Daniel , Hollard Michel 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
In this paper, we examine the question of whether a collective activity can influence cooperation in a subsequent repeated one-shot prisoner’s dilemma (PD) game. We conduct two series of experiments. The first consists of control experiments in which 30 periods of a PD game are played, with a random rematching of the pairs in every period. In a second series of experiments, subjects first play a donation game (DG) and then the PD game. In the DG, they collectively discuss the amount of a donation to a given charity, before putting the question to an individual and anonymous vote. Cooperation levels in the PD games preceded by the DG are significantly lower than those observed in the control experiment.
Vegaphobia: derogatory discourses of veganism and the reproduction of speciesism in UK national newspapers1
Authors: Cole Matthew , Morgan Karen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper critically examines discourses of veganism in UK national newspapers in 2007. In setting parameters for what can and cannot easily be discussed, dominant discourses also help frame understanding. Discourses relating to veganism are therefore presented as contravening commonsense, because they fall outside readily understood meat‐eating discourses. Newspapers tend to discredit veganism through ridicule, or as being difficult or impossible to maintain in practice. Vegans are variously stereotyped as ascetics, faddists, sentimentalists, or in some cases, hostile extremists. The overall effect is of a derogatory portrayal of vegans and veganism that we interpret as ‘vegaphobia’. We interpret derogatory discourses of veganism in UK national newspapers as evidence of the cultural reproduction of speciesism, through which veganism is dissociated from its connection with debates concerning nonhuman animals' rights or liberation. This is problematic in three, interrelated, respects. First, it empirically misrepresents the experience of veganism, and thereby marginalizes vegans. Second, it perpetuates a moral injury to omnivorous readers who are not presented with the opportunity to understand veganism and the challenge to speciesism that it contains. Third, and most seriously, it obscures and thereby reproduces exploitative and violent relations between human and nonhuman animals.
The displaced and dispossessed of Darfur: explaining the sources of a continuing state‐led genocide
Authors: Hagan John , Kaiser Joshua 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe millions of survivors who fled from attacks to Sudanese‐controlled displacement camps and the refugee camps in Chad are the living ghosts of the Darfur genocide. The 1948 Genocide Convention incorporates extermination by mass killing and elimination through forced migration as two distinct elements of genocide. Genocide scholars and public discourse emphasize extermination by killing, but they give far less explanatory attention to the elimination processes that the Genocide Convention describes as ‘deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction’. (Article IIUnited Nations 1948.) In Darfur, understanding the latter processes requires theoretical attention to the history of food, water, and famine and detailed methodological attention to temporal processes of displacement. We demonstrate how intentional state‐led attacks on food and water massively dislodged Black Africans in Darfur from February 2003 to August 2004. The political leadership of the Sudanese state dehumanized and forcibly displaced Black Africans from their homes in Darfur to camps where they largely remain, not only through mass killings and rapes, but also by destroying life‐sustaining access to food and water, leading to the genocidal elimination of group life in this region.
A global energy network? The expansion and integration of non‐triad national oil companies
Authors: DE GRAAFF NANÁ 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIt is widely perceived that the rising influence of state‐owned energy companies from outside the traditional triad (USA, EU, Japan) is transforming the structure of the global energy market and generating a new wave of resource‐nationalism. There is, however, little empirical analysis of how this process has unfolded. Addressing this empirical gap, in this article I employ a longitudinal social network analysis of the changing corporate relations of five major non‐triad state‐owned energy companies in the period 1997–2007. The findings indicate that, in terms of corporate relations, alongside the global expansion of the non‐triad state‐owned energy companies, there was also an increased integration between them and the private energy companies during this decade. This implies that apart from the resurgence of resource‐nationalism – frequently highlighted in academia and politics – this period also witnessed an increasing transnationalization of the global energy market.
Habitat selection of breeding riparian birds in an urban environment: untangling the relative importance of biophysical elements and spatial scale
Authors: Pennington Derric N. , Blair Robert B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim  Urbanization is a leading threat to global biodiversity, yet little is known about how the spatial arrangement and composition of biophysical elements – buildings and vegetation – within a metropolitan area influence habitat selection. Here, we ask: what is the relative importance of the structure and composition of these elements on bird species across multiple spatial scales?Location  The temperate metropolitan area of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.Methods  We surveyed breeding birds on 71 plots along an urban gradient. We modelled relative density for 48 bird species in relation to local woody vegetation composition and structure and to tree cover, grass cover and building density within 50–1000 m of each plot. We used an information‐theoretic approach to compare models and variables.Results  At the proximate scale, native tree and understory stem frequency were the most important vegetation variables explaining bird distributions. Species’ responses to landscape biophysical features and spatial scales varied. Most native species responded positively to vegetation measures and negatively to building density. Models combining both local vegetation and landscape information represented best or competitive models for the majority of species, while models containing only local vegetation characteristics were rarely competitive. Smaller spatial scales (≤ 500 m) were most important for 36 species, and eight species had best models at larger scales (> 500 m); however, several species had competitive models across multiple scales.Main conclusions  Habitat selection by birds within the urban matrix is the result of a combination of factors operating at both proximate and broader spatial scales. Efforts to manage and design urban areas to benefit native birds require both fine‐scale (e.g., individual landowners and landscape design) and larger landscape actions (e.g., regional comprehensive planning).
Inhibition of nociceptive responses after systemic administration of amidated kyotorphin
Authors: Ribeiro MMB , Pinto A , Pinto M , Heras M , Martins I , Correia A , Bardaji E , Tavares I , Castanho M 
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Kyotorphin (KTP; L‐Tyr‐L‐Arg), an endogenous neuropeptide, is potently analgesic when delivered directly to the central nervous system. Its weak analgesic effects after systemic administration have been explained by inability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and detract from the possible clinical use of KTP as an analgesic. In this study, we aimed to increase the lipophilicity of KTP by amidation and to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of a new KTP derivative (KTP‐amide – KTP‐NH2).EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We synthesized KTP‐NH2. This peptide was given systemically to assess its ability to cross the BBB. A wide range of pain models, including acute, sustained and chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain, were used to characterize analgesic efficacies of KTP‐NH2. Binding to opioid receptors and toxicity were also measured.KEY RESULTS KTP‐NH2, unlike its precursor KTP, was lipophilic and highly analgesic following systemic administration in several acute and chronic pain models, without inducing toxic effects or affecting motor responses and blood pressure. Binding to opioid receptors was minimal. KTP‐NH2 inhibited nociceptive responses of spinal neurons. Its analgesic effects were prevented by intrathecal or i.p. administration of naloxone.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Amidation allowed KTP to show good analgesic ability after systemic delivery in acute and chronic pain models. The indirect opioid‐mediated actions of KTP‐NH2 may explain why this compound retained its analgesic effects although the usual side effects of opioids were absent, which is a desired feature in next‐generation pain medications.