bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Soil Salinity on Production of Dry Matter and Uptake and Distribution of Nutrients in Barley and Corn: I. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)1
Authors: Hassan Nouri A. K. , Drew James V. , Knudsen Delno , Olson Robert A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe production of dry matter and the uptake and concentration of nutrients by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) from soil adjusted to different levels of salinity with a mixture of salts were evaluated in a greenhouse study. Following germination of the plants, soil salinity levels ranging from EC values of 0 to 30 mmhos/cm of the soil solution at field capacity were induced by additions of a salt solution containing one part Na2SO4, one part MgSO4, and one part CaCl2. During the growth period of 98 days, increasing soil salinity increased sulfate‐S and chloride in the saturation extract and lowered soil pH. Exchangeable Na, Mg, and Ca increased markedly while exchangeable K and available P increased only slightly. Acid‐extractable Mn increased, but there was little or no effect on acid‐extractable Zn, Fe, and Cu. Production of dry matter by the vegetative parts and grain heads of barley increased up to an EC of 12, then decreased at salinity levels above this value. Coefficients of correlation indicate significant negative relationships between soil salinity and uptake of P, K, Ca, Fe, and Cu by the vegetative parts and grain heads of barley. Conversely, significant positive correlations occur between soil salinity and uptake of Mn and Na by barley.
Associations Among Disease Resistance, Agronomic Characteristics, and Chemical Constituents in Flue‐Cured Tobacco1
Authors: Chaplin James F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour hundred and sixty‐six F5 breeding lines of fluecured tobacco were evaluated for associations among disease resistance, agronomic characteristics, and chemical constituents. These lines were derived from a cross between ‘NC 95’ and ‘MR Coker 139.’ Resistance to the following diseases were evaluated: tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), root‐knot, black shank, bacterial and fusarium wilt. Considerable yield decreases were associated with mosaic and fusarium wilt resistance. Yield decreases were greater when resistance to these two diseases was combined in the same line. Value per 45.4 kg was reduced slightly in all disease resistant lines when compared with susceptible ones. Further reductions in value per 45.4 kg were associated with lines resistant to more than one disease. Slight associations between resistance to some of the diseases and other characteristics such as percent sugars, total alkaloids, plant height, length and width of leaves were also noted. Narrow leaf type plants were associated with reduced yield and value per 45.4 kg. Black shank resistance was also associated with plant type, the narrow leaf types being slightly more resistant. Yield was highly correlated with value per hectare, value per 45.4 kg, width of leaves, days to flower, and percent sugars. Value per hectare was also correlated with value per 45.4 kg, width of leaves, height of plant, days to flower, and sugars. In addition, value per 45.4 kg was positively correlated with percent sugars.
Amount and Distribution of Hydrocyanic Acid Potential during the Life Cycle of Plants of Three Sorghum Cultivars1
Authors: Loyd Robert C. , Gray Elmer 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant parts of ‘Piper’ and ‘Greenleaf’ sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor var. sudanese (L.) Moench.), and ‘Suhi‐1’, a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) ✕ sudangrass hybrid, were assayed for hydrocyanic acid potential (HCN‐p) at intervals during their life cycle.Concentrations (ppm) of HCN‐p in aboveground plant parts were generally highest in Suhi‐1, intermediate in Greenleaf, and lowest in Piper. The cultivars did not differ significantly for HCN‐p in roots. The highest concentrations of HCN‐p for each cultivar occurred in the leaves 1 week after emergence. Dry mature seed contained little or no HCN‐p. Relative rankings of leaves, stems, and roots for HCN‐p varied during the life cycle for each cultivar. Concentrations of HCN‐p of tillers, leaves, stems, heads, and roots generally decreased as maturity advanced. Correlation coefficients for concentrations of HCN‐p and total dry weight per plant were negative and significant for each cultivar.Total HCN‐p (µg/plant) during the life cycles was greatest in Suhi‐1, intermediate in Greenleaf, and lowest for Piper. Correlation coefficients for total HCN‐p and dry weight per plant were positive but not significant for any cultivar.
Herbicides for Control of Ragweeds in Korean Lespedeza1
Authors: Peters E. J. , Lowance S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe evaluated (2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4‐D); 4‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4‐DB); 3,5‐dibromo 4‐hydroxybenzonitrile (bromoxynil); and 3,5‐dichloro‐4‐hydroxybenzonitrile (chloroxynil) for control of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) and lanceleaf ragweed (Ambrosia bidentata Michx.). Effects of the herbicides on yields of lespedeza (Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim.) forage, and yields and germination of lespedeza seed were also evaluated. The ester of 2,4‐D controlled ragweed, but seriously injured lespedeza. The ester of 2,4‐DB was not as effective as 2,4‐D on ragweed, but resultant yields of lespedeza were greater. Injury to lespedeza from .56 kg/ha 2,4‐D amine, when applied early, was offset by increased yields resulting from excellent weed control. Bromoxynil and chloroxynil at .56 kg/ha controlled ragweeds effectively and injured lespedeza less than 2,4‐D) and 2,4‐DB.
Influence of Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) on Nutrient Uptake by Potatoes and Bush Beans1
Authors: Estes G. O. , Mack H. J. , Willis D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGreenhouse investigations were conducted on the effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), as an additive to the growth media, on the uptake of P, Zn, and Mn by potatoes, Solanum tuberosum L., and bush beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. In initial work, severe phytotoxicity occurred with beans when DMSO was applied in excess of 0.1% (wt/wt) to a mixture of Chehalis soil and sand. Severe marginal burning and desiccation of foliage of both crops occurred at higher DMSO concentrations. No visible toxicity or significant yield reductions occurred when DMSO was applied to soil at concentrations less than 0.01%.DMSO significantly increased the uptake of Mn and decreased P uptake by beans when applied to soil at concentrations in excess of 0.01%. Hydroponic experiments with 54Mn in combination with DMSO indicated that the influence on Mn and P uptake is likely mediated through a change of pH of the growth medium rather than permeability changes of the root membrane.
Na and K Interactions in Increasing the Salt Tolerance of Atriplex halimus L.: I. Yield Characteristics and Osmotic Potential
Authors: Mozafar Ahmad , Goodin J. R. , Oertli J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrowth of Atriplex halimus on four different saline media was studied. Growth was strongly stimulated by low levels of all saline media and reached a maximum at different external osmotic potentials for different salinity treatments. Plants grew much better on saline media containing equal parts of NaCl and KCl, and seemed to tolerate much lower external water potential than plants growing on NaCl, KCl, or on different concentrations of Hoagland solutions. In all the four different salinity treatments, osmotic potential of the expressed leaf sap remained nearly constant over all the external osmotic potentials. Although salinity did not change final size of the leaves, the fresh weight and dry weight of a given area of the leaves changed tremendously, depending upon the osmotic substrate. The effect of the kind of osmotically active salt present in the saline medium on the growth of A. halimus indicates that growth reduction under saline media is not solely a function of its osmotic potential. It appears that overall growth effects can best be described as a combination of stimulatory and inhibitory effects.
Effect of Growth, Senescence, and Curing on Fatty Acid Composition of Tobacco
Authors: Tso T. C. , Chu Hilda 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLeaf samples were obtained from two varieties of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) at various stages of growth, senescence, and under two methods of flue curing. Under the experimental condition, fatty acids detected included 12:0, 14:0, 15:1, 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3. The combined fatty acids reached a peak amout 4 weeks after transplanting while crude lipid continued to increase with the physiological age of the leaf. Higher fatty acids, especially unsaturated ones, decreased beginning at early senescence; the most extensive decrease occurred at the yellowing stage of leaf curing. The decrease was approximately in proportion to the degree of fatty acid unsaturation. During the same period, there was a slight increase of comparatively shorter and more saturated fatty acids. However, no interconversion between long chain unsaturated fatty acids and short chain saturated acids was detected by air‐curing experiments with C14‐U‐linolenic acid supplied to detached leaves.
Wind Structure above and within a Soybean Canopy1
Authors: Perrier E. R. , Millington R. J. , Peters D. B. , Luxmoore R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe turbulent structure of wind within and above a soybean canopy was studied utilizing observations of wind speed, standard deviation, and frequency distributions. Within the validity of the one‐dimensional logarithmic profile relation .(above the soybean canopy) the transfer coefficient and mixing length are calculated. The data indicate that the fluid motion within the soybean canopy is aerodynamically different from the turbulent air layer above the plant canopy, which suggests a two‐dimensional flow cavity. The skewed frequency distribution and high standard deviations within the soybean canopy suggest difficulty in describing the vector direction and gradient relations using data collected from anemometers which measure all wind components in the horizontal plane.
Tannin Content and Digestibility of Sorghum Grain as Influenced by Bagging1
Authors: Harris H. B. , Cummins D. G. , Burns R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationship was studied between tannin content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grain of various colors grown in the Georgia uniform grain sorghum variety trials at Experiment and Blairsville, Ga., in 1968. Bagging panicles before or immediately following anthesis significantly (P < .05) reduced the tannin content brown‐seeded hybrids permitting the evaluation of the effect of tannin content at two levels in the same genetic background and growing conditions on DMD percentages. Regardless of whether panicles were bagged or not, highly significant (P < .01) negative correlation coefficients were obtained between tannin and DMD percentages. This finding substantiates the hypothesis that high levels of tannin in sorghumg rain reduces the feeding efficiency. Genetic reduction of the brown color and tannin content of the grain, as in the case of one tan‐seeded hybrid, demonstrates that the feeding quality of bird and weather resistant varieties may be improved through breeding.
Influence of Row Spacing, Irrigation, and Weeds on Dryland Flax Yield, Quality, and Water Use1
Authors: Alessi J. , Power J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments were conducted during 1966 and 1967 at Mandan, N. D. to evaluate the effects of row spacing (7.5, 15, and 30 cm), irrigation water at fruiting, and weed competition (primarily from Setaria virilis) on water use by flax (Linum usitatissinum L.). An irrigation of 50 mm at the fruiting stage increased flaxseed yields only when weeds were controlled, particularly in the dry year of 1967. Flaxseed yields increased at row spacing narrowed from 30 to 7.5 cm only on unweeded plots. Weed growth reduced flaxseed yields for the 2‐year period from 26 to 53%, with the least reduction from 7.5‐cm row spacing. Midsummer rains or supplemental water at fruiting was less effective in increasing flaxseed production when weeds were present, but some degree of weed control was achieved with narrower row spacing. Oil content of flaxseed was not affected by treatments, but iodine number was slightly higher for the wider spacing (30 cm) in 1966. Total water use was not affected by row spacing or weed treatment, but water use efficiency was increased by narrow row spacing and by weed control. Water use patterns indicated deeper root penetration during the drier year.
Semidwarf Winter Wheat Response to Early Spring Clipping and Grazing1
Authors: Pumphrey F. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVegetation removal in early spring by clipping or by grazing was studied in six fields of semidwarf winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Varieties grown were ‘Games’ or ‘Nugaines’ which are common soft white wheat having exceptional stooling and yielding ability. Grazing was started as soon as livestock could obtain adequate feed from the early spring growth and stopped prior to the time the upper node could be removed by grazing. Clipping treatments were applied during this period.Removing vegetation either by clipping or by grazing significantly decreased grain yields. Plant height, heads per square meter, and straw production were reduced by vegetation removal. Increasing the amount of vegetation removed, extending the length of time vegetation was removed, or delaying the starting of clipping or grazing increased the reduction in each of these characters.Clipping simulated grazing of the early spring growth within the limits of humans to estimate when and how much forage to remove to duplicate grazing.
Water Deficit Effects on Corn. I. Vegetative Components1
Authors: Claassen M. M. , Shaw R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn was grown in large buried containers and stressed nonrepetitively by cessation of irrigation at nine different times during the season. Each stress treatment consisted of 4 days on which the uppermost, fully‐expanded leaves were wilted. Water status of the yield plants was estimated in terms of the relative turgidity (RT) of like‐treated plants, soil moisture and other environmental factors. Vegetative component yields were determined in two experiments, the first including the additional factor of limiting soil fertility. Each component was significantly influenced by one or more of the stress periods. Maximum reductions in total vegetative dry matter production of 15 to 17% resulted from water deficits approximately 3 weeks before 75% silking. Significant increases in stalk weight occurred as a result of stress at late silking and very early ear stages.
Wheat Seed Protein: Chemical Influence on and Relationship to Subsequent Growth and Yield in Michigan and Mexico1
Authors: Ries S. K. , Moreno O. , Meggitt W. F. , Schweizer C. J. , Ashkar S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSimazine [2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis (ethylamino)‐s‐triazine] and terbacil [3‐tert‐butyl‐5‐chloro‐6‐methyluracil] were applied at subherbicidal rates as protein and growth regulators to wheat at two Michigan locations in 1968 and 1969 and at Ciudad Obregon, Mexico in 1969. Different N levels were used at all locations. Winter wheat from Michigan and spring wheat from Mexico were planted at two Michigan locations to determine the effect of herbicide and N treatments on the growth, yield, and protein content of the second generation.Neither supplemental N nor herbicides increased the yield and protein content in all experiments. Nitrogen increased both the yield and protein content in three out of the four tests. Subherbicidal applications increased the protein content in all tests and also the yield in two tests.Increases in seed protein due to both herbicide and N applications were reflected in higher yields the next generation in all three Michigan field experiments. Yield was directly correlated with seed protein content, but not with seed size. In one test in Mexico the effect of protein in the seed on the next generation was eliminated by 120 kg N/ha applied at time of planting.
Measurement of Soil‐grown Roots in a Rhizotron1
Authors: Taylor H. M. , Huck M. G. , Klepper Betty , Lund Z. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeasurements were made of both shoot and root growth on a corn (Zea mays L.) and a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plant in a rhizotron. Root intensity at the transparent panel was estimated by two methods. It increased during the growing season for both species, but was always greater for corn. Estimates of root density and total root length were three times greater for corn than for tomato at the end of the growing season. Side walls and glass panels showed no concentrating effect on root growth.
2‐Chloro‐6‐(Trichloromethyl) Pyridine as a Nitrification Inhibitor for Anhydrous Ammonia Applied in Different Seasons1
Authors: Hughes T. D. , Welch L. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments were conducted to study the effects of 2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl) pyridine, N‐Serve, on nitrification of anhydrous NH3. Applications of 0, 0.56, and 1.12 kg N‐Serve/ha in all possible combinations with 0, 112, and 224 kg N/ha were made on March 30, June 4, and November 25, 1968. Concentrations of NH4+‐N in the NH3 retention zones were determined at various times following application.N‐Serve decreased the rate of nitrification. Nitrification inhibition was evident at the first sampling (14 to 41 days from NH3 application) and persisted until almost all NH4+ had nitrified. N‐Serve was inhibitory at all locations within the NH3 retention zone. As an average of all application dates and N rates, there was 52% as much NH4+ present at the first sampling with no N‐Serve as with 1.12 kg/ha of N‐Serve. There was 82% as much NH4+ present at the first sampling with 0.56 kg/ha N‐Serve as with 1.12 kg/ha N‐Serve.
Effect of Soil pH and Application Rate of Dairy Cattle Manure on Yield and Recovery of Twelve Plant Nutrients by Corn1
Authors: Hensler R. F. , Olsen R. J. , Attoe O. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAddition of increasing amounts of manure (0 to 613 m tons/ha) to both unlimed (pH 4.5) and limed (pH 7.3) Ella loamy sand gave increasing total dry matter yields of corn (Zea mays L.) in all cases. The yields were significantly higher for the medium rates of application (68 and 204 m tons/ha) on the unlimed soil than on the limed soil. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, and Mo in the plant tissue were usually higher for the limed soil than the unlimed soil, but the reverse was true for Zn and Mn. The higher concentrations in the tissue on the limed soil were probably due in part to more favorable conditions for microbial activity and degradation of soil organic matter. Total recovery of the individual nutrients from the manure by the three corn crops generally decreased with increasing rate of application, probably due to declining increases in yield and nutrient uptake with successive increments of manure. The dairy cattle manure, a mixture of 69% feces and 31% urine, contained 11.1% dry matter, and on the dry basis, 5.05% N, 0.87% P, 2.04% K, 1.59% Ca, 0.68% Mg, 0.46% S, 21 ppm Cu, 106 ppm Mn, 135 ppm Zn, 354 ppm Fe, 73 ppm B, and 4 ppm Mo. The data suggest that for soils near the neutral point, the nutrients in manure, even at very high rates of application, can be utilized in crop production and soil improvement with relatively little danger of plant toxicity.
Row Spacing and Population Effects on Corn Yields1
Authors: Lutz J. A. , Camper H. M. , Jones G. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring a 3‐year period at three locations, the effects of populations and row spacings on 10 corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids (early, medium, and late maturing) were evaluated. Grain yields were increased as the width between rows decreased. Yields were usually higher with the late maturing variety planted at a medium or high population. Some exceptions to this generalization were observed. Percentage moisture in the grain at harvest was not affected by row spacings or plant populations but was affected by the hybrid used. Ear weight ‐increased with a decrease in row spacing and plant population and with increased time required for maturity. The ear‐to‐stover ratio was greatly affected by hybrids but was little influenced by row spacings and plant populations.
Effect of Water Stress and Clipping on Photosynthate Translocation in two Grasses1
Authors: Sosebee Ronald E. , Wiebe Herman H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhotosynthate translocation in crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.) and cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare (L.) cultivar ‘Hiland’) was studied under controlled environments. Treatments consisted of two levels of internal water stress (soil at field capacity or withheld for 4 to 7 days before isotope application) and three levels of defoliation (none, entire plant clipped to 10 to 15‐cm stubble height except for one tagged leaf, or entire plant clipped to 10 to 15‐cm stubble height except for one tagged leaf with the tip removed 8 to 10 cm from the collar.) Radiophosphorus applied to a photosynthetically active leaf was used to trace translocation to various plant parts.Increased water stress decreased the total amount translocated from the mature leaf in both species. In barley, the water stress became more severe, and translocation beyond the sheath of the tagged leaf was negligible. Partial defoliation increased the translocation from tie tagged leaf to other plant parts, especially in plants grown without adequate water. Reduced water consistently increased the proportion of radiophosphorus translocated downward to the roots and crowns, while partial defoliation consistently increased the proportion transported to the younger leaves.
Influences of Method of Seeding and Moisture on Winter Wheat Survival and Yield1
Authors: Alessi J. , Power J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments were conducted during 1963–1967 at Mandan, N. Dak., to compare effects of furrow and surface drilling methods and fall and spring moisture differentials on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) survival and yield. A system was developed to permit collecting winter wheat plants from frozen soil for survival counts.Average survival in February and March and final grain yields were significantly greater for furrow than for surface drilling. Survival often decreased substantially between early January and mid‐February, particularly in 1965 when survival decreased from over 90% to almost zero. Increased fall moisture also increased survival. Winter wheat survival was significantly correlated (r > 0.92) with cumulative degree days after December 1, calculated from a base of either _17.8 or −2.2°C. Furrow planting aided in trapping snow around the plant crowns, which may have reduced tissue desiccation and provided additional water during mid‐winter thaws. These results suggest, therefore, that the amount of protection afforded the crown, soil moisture conditions during the winter months, and intensity and duration of freezing prior to February 15 all affect winter wheat survival in frozen soils.
Effects of Soil‐Moisture Stress on the Yield and Quality of Flour from Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)1
Authors: Day A. D. , Barmore M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffects of soil‐moisture stress at different periods during the growth of spring wheat planted in December on yield and quality of flour were studied under field conditions at Tucson, Arizona. Moisture stress at any stage of growth lowered wheat pastry flour quality. Moistures stress at the jointing stage resulted in a decrease in flour yield and an increase in flour protein, viscosity, and mixing curve area. Moisture stress at flowering resulted in an increase in flour protein, viscosity, and mixing curve area. Moisture stress at the dough stage decreased flour yield and increased flour protein, mixing curve peak, and mixing curve area. Increases in viscosities and mixing curve areas of flour from grain from stressed plants were due to the increases in flour protein content. Changes in the alkaline water retention capacity and mixing curve peak values were not related to changes in protein content and must be due to other factors resulting from moisture stress.