bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decontamination of Microbiologically Contaminated Specimen by Direct and Indirect Plasma Treatment
Authors: Schnabel Uta , Niquet Rijana , Krohmann Udo , Winter Jörn , Schlüter Oliver , Weltmann Klaus‐Dieter , Ehlbeck Jörg 
Published: October 2011

AbstractGentle sanitation of fresh fruits and vegetables is highly demanded. Currently used methods lead to losses in product amounts and quality. Furthermore, these methods go along with high costs and chemical residues. One reason for such problems is microbial contamination. Due to the fact that conventional decontamination processes are not suitable for preservation of fresh produce, alternatives such as plasma technology can be helpful. Three different artificial specimen and seeds of Brassica napus were contaminated with endospores of Bacillus atrophaeus and afterwards plasma treated directly with DBD plasma and indirectly with microwave plasma processed air. After a treatment time of 15 minutes reduction rates between 0.5 and 5.2 log were achieved. The viability of seeds was not affected. The advantages of plasma and promising results offer a wide range of possible uses in food industry.magnified image
Tissue Engineering Using Novel Rapid Prototyped Diamond‐Like Carbon Coated Scaffolds
Authors: Lantada Andres Díaz , Endrino José Luis , Vaquero Vanessa Sánchez , Mosquera Adolfo , Lafont Pilar , García‐Ruiz Josefa Predestinación 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this study we investigate an alternative method for designing and obtaining novel scaffolds for analyzing the influence of geometries on tissue engineering processes. The method is based on the combination of conventional and accessible rapid prototyping technologies with plasma processing using a hydrogen‐free diamond‐like carbon (DLC) coating in order to improve cell–tissue interactions. The proposed method allows a precise control of scaffold structure and enables in vitro studies linked to cell growth and tissue formation because of the highly biocompatible DLC surface. Several designs with different hole sizes and surface topographies have been manufactured for subsequent in vitro study of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) growth and aggregation, so as to validate our approach.magnified image
A single crystal of YALO3: Ce3+ as a fast scintillator in SEM
Authors: Autrata R. , Schauer P. , Kvapil Jiři , Kvapil Josef 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA new single‐crystal scintillator intended for applications in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is presented. It is a single‐crystal disc of yttrium aluminium perovskite activated by trivalent cerium free of traces of Fe ions. The single crystals of YAlO3: Ce3+ (YAP: Ce3+) were prepared by the Czochralski method in a reducing atmosphere of Ar and H2 with an excess amount of Y3+ ions. Effective methods of purification and purity control of the raw material are described. The highest achievable concentration of Ce3+ ions in as grown crystals amounted to 0.3 wt%, concentration in the melt was 8–9 times higher. The best properties were found with samples of the maximum possible concentration of Ce3+. Compared with the previous aluminate Y3 Al5 O12: Ce3+ (YAG: Ce3+) these samples showed higher efficiency, a shorter decay time of luminescence (40 ns) and an emission band in a more advantageous spectral region (378 nm). Because of high resistance to radiation damage, high chemical resistance and applicability to ultra‐high vacuum it is also suitable for detection of other kinds of ionizing radiation.
Alterations in surface morphology caused by centrifugation of cells fixed with glutaraldehyde
Authors: Lin Wen‐Lang , Hoyer L. C. , Bucana C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe surface morphology of nonadherent normal and neoplastic cells settled or centrifuged onto poly‐L‐lysine‐coated coverslips was examined. We found varying degrees of change in the surface morphology after centrifugation, depending upon cell type and the force and duration of centrifugation.
A low energy electron beam annealing system: Design, capability and use
Authors: Kozicki M. N. , Dinnis A. R. , Robertson J. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe paper discusses how an experimental low energy electron‐beam annealing system may be constructed from SEM components for use in semiconductor research. The system is essentially very simple in design but is adequate for selective transient annealing of areas of bulk materials and features within specially fabricated test integrated circuits. Some experimental results obtained with such a system are detailed to illustrate its use and capabilities.
Investigation of fluorescent lamp phosphors using the combined CL and EDS modes of the SEM
Authors: Richards B. P. , Trigg A. D. , King W. G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe phenomenon of cathodoluminescence (CL) potentially offers the ideal tool for studying the phosphor materials used in fluorescent lamps, since it can be used directly on processed or unprocessed powders, on coatings in tubes, or on sections cut from tubes. Using examples of both single component materials and multi‐component blends, it is demonstrated how a relatively unsophisticated dispersive CL system attached to a scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be used expediently in the extensive study of such phosphors. These studies can be significantly enhanced when other complementary modes of the SEM (e. g. the energy‐dispersive x‐ray analysis facility) are combined with the CL mode. The strength of the combined technique lies in the major role it can play in materials and processing aspects of the powders themselves, in the processing of the lamps (e.g. by optimising such parameters as coating thickness, packing density etc.), and in diagnostic studies of poor materials or lamps (e.g. by locating rogue particles/components and identifying their origin). The technique also provides a convenient method of studying the temperature stability of selected phosphors.
Improvement to critical point drying technique for SEM
Authors: Boyde A. , Tamarin A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe have developed an improved method for dehydration and critical point drying which leads to a marked reduction in morphological artefact in at least two classes of problematical specimen: Foetal enamel and avian embryonic heads. Water is replaced by ethanol and ethanol by C2C13F3 by refluxing in a Soxhlet apparatus. Containers are designed to prevent air drying on transfer to the CPD bomb. We concluded that the thorough removal of both water and ethanol prior to CPD can reduce the types of artefact associated with post‐CPD shrinkage (superdrying).
Digital beam control for fast differential voltage contrast
Authors: Sardo A. , Vanzi M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA new method for voltage contrast enhancement by image subtraction is presented. It is based on a modification of a commercial column automation system that digitizes beam positions and intensity signals in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The new modulus performs via hardware all the operations of bias control and signal differentiation at each image point, resulting in a minimum acquisition time of 4 μs per point, that is less than 0.3 seconds to obtain a 256 × 256 pixels image with 8 bit gray resolution.The digital handling of intensity data, gives high precision differential images and the control of beam position prevents spatial differentiation effects, enabling noise reduction by time integration of intensity data in each point.
The CL mode as a tool for defect characterization of GaAs substrate in the SEM
Authors: Koschek G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe macroscopic properties of materials used for electronic device fabrication, such as the electrical conductivity or the frequency behaviour, are often caused by inhomogeneities which appear at microscopic locations on the specimen. In particular, the defect distribution (vacancies, dopants) can alter these properties substantially. Therefore, by controlling this distribution, the material properties can be controlled and improved. Control of defect distribution requires a measuring method capable of investigating the defects on a micrometer scale. Methods commonly used for microcharacterization (e.g., x‐ray analysis) are not applicable to all cases (e.g., vacancies). Most semiconductors and insulators, however, show local changes in the energy gap structure due to the presence of defects. In general, additional energy levels appear which can give rise to specific radiative recombinations after energetic excitation by the electron beam in the scanning electron microscope (cathodoluminescence, CL). Therefore, investigation of defect distribution in such materials can be successfully performed using CL measurements. One such material is a semi‐insulating GaAs substrate which is of increasing importance worldwide in the field of high‐speed integrated circuit (IC) applications. Major technical difficulties arise from detrimental electrical properties which are thought to be due to inhomogeneous distributions of intrinsic defects in this material. This report describes how CL investigations can contribute to the recognition and the characterization of these defects, and to the avoidance of their influence on device properties by suitable fabrication parameters.
Use of micromanipulator for continuous observation of frozen samples by cryoscanning electron microscopy and freeze replicas
Authors: Fujikawa S. , Suzuki T. , Sakurai S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOur previous report described how a new cryoscanning electron microscope (cryo‐SEM) allowed for continuous observation of certain areas of any particular frozen sample, first, by cryo‐SEM and, after dissolution of the sample, by freeze replication using a transmission electron microscope. However, the latter procedure made continuous observation of individual areas which were selected by cryo‐SEM impossible, because the selective withdrawal of replicas, containing the desired areas could not be accomplished. Here we report how this problem was resolved using a cryo‐SEM equipped with a micromanipulator. Specimen surfaces, including areas of interest, were cut out by a thin needle attached to the micromanipulator while under observation with the SEM. Replicas from the cut areas alone were withdrawn and used for the structural correspondence studies. Using this process, continuous observation of the selected areas was successfully performed.
Polynomial search
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBy plotting the key value against the record position in a sorted file and then fitting a least squares polynomial through the points, a fast retrieval technique is determined. The target key of a search is inserted in the polynomial and the first access from the file is made on the basis of the evaluation. Since the maximum deviation can be determined, an efficient local search can be made. If the maximum deviation is less than half the size of the file, polynomial searching is more efficient than binary searching. While this method can be applied in many cases, it is most useful in disk oriented file systems where the goal is to minimize the number of accesses even at the expense of some additional calculation.
FORTRAN—As provided by some major machine manufacturers in 1970
Authors: Good J. , Moon B. A. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn 1970 the authors carried out a FORTRAN benchmark analysis of various medium and large scale computer systems in order to assist the New Zealand universities in choosing new computer equipment. This paper gives the authors' opinions of the quality of the different FORTRAN systems then provided by six major machine companies.
AEDBAR—A software system for designing and analysing planar bar mechanisms
Authors: Vlietstra J. , Lucassen J. B. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article deals with a specific application of the computer for a design and evaluation process which concerns the design of planar bar mechanisms by a ‘trial and error’ method.An introductory section deals with the complexity of controlled motions.The second section describes the problems the designer is faced with when he wants to generate a certain motion using a four bar mechanism.The software system, called ‘AEDBAR’, is discussed in the third section. In particular the AED ‘tools’ used to design and program the system are emphasized. The interactive capabilities of AEDBAR and the data structures in which the mechanisms are represented are discussed, followed by a brief description of the total system and a concise description of the major packages and features of the AED system used.The final section contains an example of a bar mechanism that has been designed and analysed using AEDBAR.
Design of an interactive debugger for FORTRAN: MANTIS
Authors: Ashby Gordon , Salmonson Loren , Heilman Robert 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMANTIS is a natural debugging facility for the FORTRAN language subsystem on the PDP‐10. It was designed and implemented in an existing language subsystem in order to facilitate program preparation and debugging in the time sharing environment available on the PDP‐10.Suitable debugging facilities should be included in the initial design of language subsystems. Language subsystems to run in time sharing operating systems should offer debugging facilities that exploit the interactive environment available to the user. This paper describes experience gained in designing and adding a useful interactive debugger to an existing FORTRAN subsystem. Objectives, implementation experience and system features are discussed and are related to the general problem of designing debuggers for language subsystems.
Testing a multiprogramming system
Authors: Hansen Per Brinch 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA central problem in program design is to structure a large program such that it can be tested systematically by the simplest possible techniques. This paper describes the method used to test the RC 4000 multiprogramming system. During testing, the system records all transitions of processes and messages between various queues. The test mechanism consists of fifty machine instructions centralized in two procedures. By using this mechanism in a series of carefully selected test cases, the system was made virtually error free within a few weeks. The test procedure is illustrated by examples.
Integrierte und nachhaltigkeitsorientierte Deckensysteme im Stahl‐ und Verbundbau
Authors: Hegger Josef , Claßen Martin , Feldmann Markus , Döring Bernd , Schaumann Peter , Sothmann Jörg , Bohne Dirk , Hargus Steen , Barben Daniel , Aarden Erik , Schielke Sabine 
Published: October 2011

AbstractModerne Geschossbauten erfordern ganzheitliche und nachhaltige Gebäudekonzepte, die ein hohes Maß an Nutzungsflexibilität und Multifunktionalität bieten und somit die Bauwerkslebensdauer und ‐wirtschaftlichkeit erhöhen. Dabei spielen die Geschossdecken eine große Rolle. In diesem Beitrag wird die Entwicklung eines innovativen Verbunddeckensystems dargestellt, das sich durch große Spannweiten sowie optimierte bauphysikalische und brandschutztechnische Eigenschaften auszeichnet und zudem die vollständige Integration gebäudetechnischer Anlagen mit zugehöriger Installationsführung in die Tragkonstruktion ermöglicht. Im Vorfeld des vorgestellten Forschungsprojektes wurde bereits ein Evaluierungsprozess von Verbunddeckensystemen durchgeführt [1].Integrated and sustainability‐oriented ceilings in steel and composite. Modern multi‐storey buildings require holistic and sustainable building conceptions to ensure a high degree of flexibility of use and multi‐functionality and augment the economic structure life. In this paper, the development of an innovative composite floor system is outlined, which is characterized by large spans and improved physical and fire protection properties and also allows complete integration of HVACR installations in the supporting structure. In the run‐up of the proposed research project an evaluation process of composite floor systems has been conducted [1].
Nachhaltige Bürogebäude mit Stahl
Authors: Mensinger Martin , Hogger Heidrun , Breit Manfred , Eisele Johann , Lang Frank , Feldmann Markus , Pyschny Dominik , Lingnau Volker , Kokot Katharina , Stroetmann Richard , Franz Christine , Zink Klaus J. , Baudach Tino 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIm Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes P881 “Nachhaltige Büro‐ und Verwaltungsgebäude in Stahl und Stahlverbundbauweise“ werden von einem interdisziplinären Forschungsteam Planungshilfsmittel und Methoden für den Entwurf und die Bewertung dieser Gebäude entwickelt. Neben ökologischen und ökonomischen werden auch architektonische, soziokulturelle und soziotechnologische Kriterien berücksichtigt. Der Nutzen der Flexibilität und deren Bewertung bilden einen besonderen Schwerpunkt, da sich hieraus wesentliche Konsequenzen für die Baukonstruktionen und die spätere Vermarktungsfähigkeit der Gebäude ergeben.Im folgenden Beitrag werden relevante Themen und Fragestellungen für den nachhaltigen Entwurf von Büro‐ und Verwaltungsgebäuden erörtert. Ausgehend von den verschiedenen Nutzungsformen, Entwicklungen und Trends der strukturellen Organisation von Bürogebäuden werden soziotechnologische und soziokulturelle Anforderungen formuliert. Es werden Strategien zur lebenszyklusorientierten ökonomischen Bewertung unter Einbeziehung der Wertschöpfungsrechnung beschrieben. Zu den baukonstruktiven Themenfeldern gehören die Einflüsse aus Fassade, Bauphysik, technischer Gebäudeausstattung und die Entwicklung nachhaltiger Tragstrukturen in Stahl‐ und Stahlverbundbauweise. Es werden die vorgesehenen Instrumente für die Planung von Tragwerksentwürfen und deren ökologische und ökonomische Bewertung vorgestellt.Sustainable office buildings in steel construction. Within the research project P881 “Sustainable office and administration buildings in steel and steel‐composite construction” planning tools and methods for the design and evaluation of such buildings are being developed by an interdisciplinary research team. In addition to ecological and economic issues, also architectural, socio‐cultural and socio‐technological criteria are being considered. The benefit from flexibility and its evaluation constitute main aspects influencing the structure and the future marketability of the buildings.Relevant topics and issues for sustainable design of office buildings are being discussed in this paper. Based on diverse ways of usage, development and trends in the structural organization of office buildings, socio‐technological and socio‐cultural requirements are formulated. Strategies for the life cycle‐oriented economic evaluation are being described including an added value assessment. Related research fields in building construction such as façade, building physics, technical building equipment as well as the development of sustainable structures in steel construction are being discussed. The intended instruments for the planning phase of design concepts and their ecological and economic evaluation are being introduced.
Yeast RNA viruses as indicators of exosome activity: human exosome hCsl4p participates in RNA degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae'
Authors: Ramírez‐Garrastacho Manuel , Esteban Rosa 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe exosome is an evolutionarily conserved 10‐mer complex involved in RNA metabolism, located in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic exosome plays an important role in mRNA turnover through its 3′→5′ exonucleolytic activity. The superkiller (SKI) phenotype of yeast was originally identified as an increase of killer toxin production due to elevated levels of the L‐A double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) Totivirus and its satellite toxin‐encoding M dsRNA. Most SKI genes were later shown to be either components of the exosome or modulators of its activity. Variations in the amount of Totivirus are, thus, good indicators of yeast exosome activity, and can be used to analyse its components. Furthermore, if exosome proteins of higher eukaryotes were functional in S. cerevisiae, these viruses would provide a simple tool to analyse their function. In this work, we have found that hCSL4, the human orthologue of SKI4 in the yeast exosome, rescues the null phenotype of the deletion mutant. hCsl4p shares with Ski4p conserved S1 RNA‐binding domains, but lacks the N‐terminal third of Ski4p. Nevertheless, it interacts with the Dis3p exonuclease of yeast exosome, and partially complements the superkiller phenotype of ski4‐1 mutation. The elimination of the N‐terminal third of Ski4p does not affect its activity, indicating that it is dispensable for RNA degradation. We have also identified the point mutation G152E in hCSL4, equivalent to the ski4‐1 mutation G253E, which impairs the activity of the protein, thus validating our approach of using yeast RNA virus to analyse the exosome of higher eukaryotes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of the inflow and outflow system during liver resection
Authors: Otsubo Takehito 
Published: October 2011

AbstractControl of blood loss is a serious problem during liver resection. Bleeding from the inflow system can be controlled by the Pringle maneuver. The time limit for clamping is up to 10–15 min. A shortcoming of the Pringle maneuver is that it causes blood congestion in the portal vein. To avoid this problem other techniques have been developed including selective vascular occlusion and selective clamping of segmental branches. Bleeding from the outflow system is closely related to central venous pressure (CVP). Lowering the CVP reduces blood loss; in particular, keeping CVP <5 cmH2O by anesthesiological management is a simple and effective way to reduce blood loss. CVP remains high in some cases despite anesthesiological efforts, but in these circumstances other techniques are available including inferior vena cava clamping below the liver and intraoperative blood salvage.
Stopping of ions in a plasma irradiated by an intense laser field
Authors: Nersisyan H.B. , Deutsch C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe inelastic interaction between heavy ions and an electron plasma in the presence of an intense radiation field (RF) is investigated. The stopping power of the test ion averaged with a period of the RF has been calculated assuming that ω0 > ωp, where ω0 is the frequency of the RF and ωp is the plasma frequency. In order to highlight the effect of the radiation field we present a comparison of our analytical and numerical results obtained for nonzero RF with those for vanishing RF. It has been shown that the RF may strongly reduce the mean energy loss for slow ions while increasing it at high–velocities. Moreover, it has been shown, that acceleration of the projectile ion due to the RF is expected at high–velocities and in the high–intensity limit of the RF, when the quiver velocity of the plasma electrons exceeds the ion velocity.