bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climbing fiber synapse elimination in cerebellar Purkinje cells
Authors: Watanabe Masahiko , Kano Masanobu 
Published: November 2011

AbstractInnervation of Purkinje cells (PCs) by multiple climbing fibers (CFs) is refined into mono‐innervation during the first three postnatal weeks of rodents’ lives. In this review article, we will integrate the current knowledge on developmental process and mechanisms of CF synapse elimination. In the ‘creeper’ stage of CF innervation (postnatal day 0 (P0)∼), CFs creep among PC somata to form transient synapses on immature dendrites. In the ‘pericellular nest’ stage (P5∼), CFs densely surround and innervate PC somata. CF innervation is then displaced to the apical portion of PC somata in the ‘capuchon’ stage (P9∼), and translocate to dendrites in the ‘dendritic’ (P12∼) stage. Along with the developmental changes in CF wiring, functional and morphological distinctions become larger among CF inputs. PCs are initially innervated by more than five CFs with similar strengths (∼P3). During P3–7 only a single CF is selectively strengthened (functional differentiation), and it undergoes dendritic translocation from P9 on (dendritic translocation). Following the functional differentiation, perisomatic CF synapses are eliminated nonselectively; this proceeds in two distinct phases. The early phase (P7–11) is conducted independently of parallel fiber (PF)–PC synapse formation, while the late phase (P12–17) critically depends on it. The P/Q‐type voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channel in PCs triggers selective strengthening of single CF inputs, promotes dendritic translocation of the strengthened CFs, and drives the early phase of CF synapse elimination. In contrast, the late phase is mediated by the mGluR1–Gαq–PLCβ4–PKCγ signaling cascade in PCs driven at PF–PC synapses, whose structural connectivity is stabilized and maintained by the GluRδ2–Cbln1–neurexin system.
Near‐infrared laparoscopy for real‐time intra‐operative arterial and lymphatic perfusion imaging
Authors: Cahill R. A. , Ris F. , Mortensen N. J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMultimodal laparoscopic imaging systems possessing the capability for extended spectrum irradiation and visualization within a unified camera system are now available to provide enhanced intracorporeal operative anatomic and dynamic perfusion assessment and potentially augmented patient outcome. While ultraviolet‐range energies have limited penetration and hence are probably more useful for endoscopic mucosal interrogation, the near‐infrared (NIR) spectrum is of greater potential utility for the purposes of examining inducible fluorescence in abdominopelvic tissue that can be achieved by administration of specific tracer agents, either directly into the circulation (e.g. for anastomotic perfusion assessment at the time of stapling) or into the lymphatic system (e.g. for lymph basin road‐mapping and/or focussed target nodal assessment). This technology is also capable of supplementing anatomic recognition of the biliary system while implantable fibres can also be inserted intraoperatively for the purpose of safeguarding vital structures such as the oesphagus and ureters especially in difficult reoperations. It is likely that this technological capability will find a clear and common indication in colorectal specialist and general surgical departments worldwide in the near future.
Can mesorectal lymph node excision be avoided in rectal cancer surgery?
Authors: Rullier E. , Vendrely V. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractRectal excision is the standard in rectal cancer treatment. The morbidity of rectal excision, together with the low rate of positive lymph nodes in patients with a good response after radiochemotherapy, raises the challenging concept of organ preservation. Patients with a complete response can benefit from a nonoperative strategy based on a strict follow up. Those with a complete or subcomplete response can be treated by local excision. Limitations in accurately assessing a complete response by conventional and modern imaging modalities suggest that local excision is more appropriate for the majority of patients when organ preservation is being considered. The encouraging results of retrospective series of local excision in downstaged clinical T2/T3 low rectal cancer after radiochemotherapy, however, need to be confirmed by the ongoing multicentre phase II United States and phase III French trials before routinely proposing organ preservation in patients with a good response.
Individualization of surgical management for early‐stage colonic cancer
Authors: Brigic A. , Fraser C. , Sibbons P. , Cahill R. A. , Kennedy R. H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA significant number of patients each year undergo radical segmental colectomy for node‐negative colonic cancer in the UK. They are likely to represent 50% of our colonic cancer population in the future due to the implementation of the National Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. Short‐term morbidity rates of up to 40% are associated with the current surgical treatment and need serious consideration. In this article, we discuss a combination of two techniques that will allow minimally invasive treatment in an increasing number of patients with early colonic cancer.
Robotic platforms for general and colorectal surgery
Authors: Jayne D. G. , Culmer P. R. , Barrie J. , Hewson R. , Neville A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSurgeons are increasingly turning to new technologies to help them overcome the barriers imposed by minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Robotics is an enabling technology with obvious applications to MIS. This manuscript looks at robotic platforms for general surgical application and explores the advantages, limitations and possible future roles.
Courtesy stigma: a hidden health concern among front‐line service providers to sex workers
Authors: Phillips Rachel , Benoit Cecilia , Hallgrimsdottir Helga , Vallance Kate 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCourtesy stigma, also referred to as ‘stigma by association’, involves public disapproval evoked as a consequence of associating with a stigmatised individual or group. While a small number of sociological studies have shown how courtesy stigma limits the social support and social opportunities available to family members of stigmatised individuals, there is a paucity of research examining courtesy stigma among the large network of people who provide health and social services to stigmatised groups. This article presents results from a mixed methods study of the workplace experiences of a purposive sample of workers in a non‐profit organisation providing services to sex workers in Canada. The findings demonstrate that courtesy stigma plays a role in workplace health as it shapes both the workplace environment, including the range of resources made available to staff to carry out their work activities, as well as staff perceptions of others’ support. At the same time, it was evident that some workers were more vulnerable to courtesy stigma than others depending on their social location. We discuss these results in light of the existing literature on courtesy stigma and conclude that it is an under‐studied determinant of workplace health among care providers serving socially denigrated groups.
A Profile of Obesity in Ireland, 2002–2007
Authors: Madden David 
Published: November 2011

SummaryUsing the nationally representative Survey of Lifestyle, Attitudes and Nutrition in Ireland data set we take several approaches to profile the change in obesity in Ireland over the 2002–2007 period. There is no evidence of either first- or second-order stochastic dominance between the two years. There is evidence that obesity and overweight are relatively more concentrated among males, the old and those with lower educational achievement. Although obesity fell marginally over the period this was due to a change in the shape of the distribution of body mass index rather than a rise in the average level. Finally a semiparametric decomposition of the change in the distribution over time indicates that the change in obesity arose not because of changes in population characteristics but rather in the effect of these characteristics on body mass index.
The Cursed Virtue: Government Infrastructural Investment and Household Consumption in Chinese Provinces*
Authors: Chen Binkai , Yao Yang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractUsing Chinese provincial panel data for the period 1978–2006, this article studies the relationship between government infrastructural investment and household consumption. In our baseline reduced‐form regression, we find that a 1% point increase of infrastructural investment in the government budget leads to a 0.31% point reduction of the share of household consumption in GDP. This result holds qualitatively in a variety of specifications and using different estimation methods. In contrast, private investment is not found to have any significant impact on the share of household consumption. Our structural estimations establish two channels for government investment's negative effects, one by encouraging the development of the secondary sector that is more capital‐intensive than agriculture and services, and the other by increasing the profit rate in the industrial sector.
Synergistic stressors and the dilemma of conservation in a multivariate world: a case study in Allegheny woodrats
Authors: Smyser T. J. , Johnson S. A. , Page L. K. , Rhodes O. E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractContemporary patterns of species decline frequently stem from multiple, synergistic pressures, which much like the genetic concept of lethal equivalents, must be interpreted in sum rather than as independent deleterious entities. For example, the recent, range‐wide decline of the Allegheny woodrat (Neotoma magister) is likely a result of numerous, minor, human‐mediated stressors including habitat fragmentation and disruption of metapopulation dynamics, reduced hard mast availability associated with the functional extirpation of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) and recent shifts in forest composition, and expansion of a human‐adapted species, the raccoon (Procyon lotor) and the parasites it carries (Baylisascaris procyonis). To evaluate the assertion that range‐wide woodrat declines have been caused by a concatenate of stressors, we used principal component (PC) analysis to identify latent relationships among a suite of biological and ecological factors (reflecting those stressors listed above) and evaluated PC scores relative to the three conservation states of woodrat populations in Indiana (stable, diminished and extirpated). Populations of differing conservation states segregated along each of the three retained PCs, providing support for the assertion that a combination of stressors has contributed to the range‐wide decline of woodrat metapopulations, although intriguingly, independent stressors appeared to cause the decline of individual populations. These results suggest specific, minimal site attributes must be met for each of the habitat attributes evaluated to support stable woodrat populations. Our findings further suggest that variation in relative pressures exerted by individual stressors across populations will require site‐specific management actions if woodrat populations are to be recovered throughout their range. Our case study of Indiana woodrats exemplifies the first step in identifying site‐specific causes for species’ declines, necessary to guide subsequent management and recovery actions when a combination of interwoven factors likely are contributing to metapopulation degeneration.
Oomycete and fungal effector entry, a microbial Trojan horse
Authors: Kale Shiv D. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryOomycete and fungal symbionts have significant impacts on most commercially important crop and forest species, and on natural ecosystems, both negatively as pathogens and positively as mutualists. Symbiosis may be facilitated through the secretion of effector proteins, some of which modulate a variety of host defense mechanisms. A subset of these secreted proteins are able to translocate into host cells. In the oomycete pathogens, two conserved N‐terminal motifs, RXLR and dEER, mediate translocation of effector proteins into host cells independent of any pathogen‐encoded machinery. An expanded ‘RXLR‐like’ motif [R/K/H]X[L/M/I/F/Y/W]X has been used to identify functional translocation motifs in host‐cell‐entering fungal effector proteins from pathogens and a mutualist. The RXLR‐like translocation motifs were required for the fungal effectors to enter host cells in the absence of any pathogen‐encoded machinery. Oomycete and fungal effectors with RXLR and RXLR‐like motifs can bind phospholipids, specifically phosphatidylinositol‐3‐phosphate (PtdIns‐3‐P). Effector‐PtdIns‐3‐P binding appears to mediate cell entry via lipid raft‐mediated endocytosis, and could be blocked by sequestering cell surface PtdIns‐3‐P or by utilizing inositides that competitively inhibit effector binding to PtdIns‐3‐P. These findings suggest that effector blocking technologies could be developed and utilized in a variety of important crop species against a broad spectrum of plant pathogens.
Comparison of tissue oxygen saturation in ovariohysterectomized dogs recovering on room air versus nasal oxygen insufflation
Authors: Sullivan Lauren A. , Campbell Vicki L. , Radecki Steven V. , Webb Craig B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo compare tissue oxygen saturation in ovariohysterectomized dogs recovering postoperatively on room air versus nasal oxygen insufflation.DesignProspective clinical study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsTwenty dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.InterventionsDogs were randomized to breathe either room air or 100 mL/kg/min of nasal oxygen insufflation for 2 hours postoperatively. Tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) was evaluated at 2 mm and 20 mm lateral to the surgical incision, as well as in the inguinal region using a noninvasive tissue oximeter.Measurements and Main ResultsIn dogs recovered on nasal oxygen insufflation (n = 10), tissue oxygen saturation was significantly higher—20 mm from the surgical site (88.44 ± 2.50%, P = 0.02) and in the inguinal region (83.56 ± 1.91%, P = 0.032)— compared to dogs recovered on room air (n = 10, 79.11% ± 2.50 and 77.12% ± 1.91, respectively).ConclusionsIn ovariohysterectomized dogs, oxygen supplementation for 2 hours postoperatively improves tissue oxygen saturation 20 mm adjacent to the linea alba and in the inguinal region. Oxygen supplementation in postoperative dogs is an inexpensive and easily applicable method to improve tissue oxygen saturation.
Dronedarone prevents microcirculatory abnormalities in the left ventricle during atrial tachypacing in pigs
Authors: Bukowska A , Hammwöhner M , Sixdorf A , Schild L , Wiswedel I , Röhl F‐W , Wolke C , Lendeckel U , Aderkast C , Bochmann S , Chilukoti RK , Mostertz J , Bramlage P , Goette A 
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEAtrial fibrillation induces ischaemic microcirculatory flow abnormalities in the ventricle, contributing to the risk for acute coronary syndromes. We evaluated the effect of dronedarone on ventricular perfusion during rapid atrial pacing (RAP).EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHCoronary and fractional flow reserve (CFR/FFR) were measured in the left anterior descending artery in 29 pigs. Six received RAP, six received RAP with dronedarone (RAP/D), seven received dronedarone alone, four received RAP with amiodarone (RAP/A), and six received neither (sham). In ventricular tissue, oxidative stress/ischaemia‐related gene and protein expression was evaluated by RT‐PCR and Western blotting; Isoprostanes were measured by GC‐MS procedures.KEY RESULTSCFR was decreased in the RAP group, compared with other groups. FFR was not different between groups. Effective refractory period was reduced in RAP compared with RAP/D. RAP‐activated PKC phosphorylation tended to be decreased by dronedarone (P= 0.055) RAP induced NOX‐1 and NOX‐2 protein and the mRNA for hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α). Dronedarone reduced the pacing‐dependent increase in the expression of NOX‐2 protein and of HIF‐1α mRNA. The oxidative stress marker, F2‐isoprostane, was increased by RAP and this increase was attenuated by dronedarone. Other oxidative stress/ischaemia‐related genes were induced by RAP compared with sham and were decreased by dronedarone treatment. In HL1 cells, dronedarone significantly inhibited the increased phosphorylation of PKCα after oxidative stress, with an almost significant effect (P= 0.059) on that after RAP.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSDronedarone abolished RAP‐induced ventricular microcirculatory abnormalities by decreasing oxidative stress/ischaemia‐related gene and protein expression in the ventricle.
Arytenoid Lateralization for Management of Combined Laryngeal Paralysis and Laryngeal Collapse in Small Dogs
Authors: Nelissen Pieter , White Richard A.S. 
Published: November 2011

ObjectiveTo identify combined laryngeal paralysis and collapse in small dogs and describe postoperative outcome after arytenoid lateralization.Study DesignCase series.AnimalsSmall nonbrachycephalic breed dogs with laryngeal paralysis and collapse (n = 6).MethodsMedical records of small breed dogs with airway problems and undergoing laryngeal surgery (January–December 2008) were reviewed. Dogs with combined laryngeal paralysis and laryngeal collapse (LPLC) had arytenoid lateralization. The immediate, 4 week and 6 month postoperative outcomes were described.ResultsDirect visual laryngeal exam under a light plane of anesthesia revealed bilateral failure of arytenoid and vocal fold movement and concurrent bilateral medial folding with contact of the cuneiform processes in all dogs. None of the dogs had intra‐ or immediate postoperative complications after arytenoid lateralization. Two dogs required a 2nd contralateral procedure. Follow‐up after 6 months revealed marked improvement in clinical signs related to upper airway obstruction, but all dogs continued to have mild respiratory noise.ConclusionConcurrent laryngeal paralysis and collapse should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis for small, nonbrachycephalic dogs with upper airway disease. Arytenoid lateralization resulted in improvement of clinical signs related to obstructive airway disease.
Implications of caries diagnostic strategies for clinical management decisions
Authors: Baelum Vibeke , Hintze Hanne , Wenzel Ann , Danielsen Bo , Nyvad Bente 
Published: November 2011

Baelum V, Hintze H, Wenzel A, Danielsen B, Nyvad B. Implications of caries diagnostic strategies for clinical management decisions. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2011. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract –  Objectives:  In clinical practice, a visual–tactile caries examination is frequently supplemented by bitewing radiography. This study evaluated strategies for combining visual–tactile and radiographic caries detection methods and determined their implications for clinical management decisions in a low‐caries population.Methods:  Each of four examiners independently examined preselected contacting interproximal surfaces in 53 dental students aged 20–37 years using a visual–tactile examination and bitewing radiography. The visual–tactile examination distinguished between noncavitated and cavitated lesions while the radiographic examination determined lesion depth. Direct inspection of the surfaces following tooth separation for the presence of cavitated or noncavitated lesions was the validation method. The true‐positive rate (i.e. the sensitivity) and the false‐positive rate (i.e. 1‐specificity) were calculated for each diagnostic strategy.Results:  Visual–tactile examination provided a true‐positive rate of 34.2% and a false‐positive rate of 1.5% for the detection of a cavity. The combination of a visual–tactile and a radiographic examination using the lesion in dentin threshold for assuming cavitation had a true‐positive rate of 76.3% and a false‐positive rate of 8.2%. When diagnostic observations were translated into clinical management decisions using the rule that a noncavitated lesion should be treated nonoperatively and a cavitated lesion operatively, our results showed that the visual–tactile method alone was the superior strategy, resulting in most correct clinical management decisions and most correct decisions regarding the choice of treatment.
Effect of denture adhesive on the micro‐organisms in vivo
Authors: Ozkan Yasemin Kulak , Uçankale Mert , Özcan Mutlu , Üner Nurver 
Published: November 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00381.xEffect of denture adhesive on the micro‐organisms in vivoBackground:  Denture adhesives increase the retention and stability of dentures in edentulous patients, especially in cases where salivary flow is impaired or in the management of traumatised oral mucosa.Objectives:  The effect of a denture adhesive on the oral flora at different time intervals.Method:  Thirty denture‐wearing patients were involved in this study. While half of the group received a denture adhesive, the other half did not. At baseline, 1 and 2 months after delivering the dentures, smear samples were obtained from the saliva, palate and the dentures. Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, Candida spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, α‐haemolytic streptococci, β‐haemolytic streptococci, Pneumococcus aureus, S. anginosus, S. intermedius, S. constellatus, S. sanguis, S. gordonii, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. salivarius, and yeasts were investigated. The data were statistically analysed using anova and repeated measures.Results:  Most types of the micro‐organisms were not seen and could not be analysed statistically except α‐haemolytic streptococci and C. albicans. No statistically significant difference was found for α‐haemolytic streptococci and C. albicans in saliva, palate and the denture at all time intervals.Conclusions:  Prolonged use of the denture adhesive tested up to 2 months did not yield to increase in micro‐organisms of the oral flora.
Effect of toothbrushing, chemical disinfection and thermocycling procedures on the surface microroughness of denture base acrylic resins
Authors: Lira Andréa F. , Consani Rafael L. X. , Mesquita Marcelo F. , Nóbilo Mauro A. A. , Henriques Guilherme E. P. 
Published: November 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00582.xEffect of toothbrushing, chemical disinfection and thermocycling procedures on the surface microroughness of denture base acrylic resinsObjective:  This study verified the surface microroughness of denture acrylic resins submitted to toothbrushing, chemical disinfection and thermocycling procedures.Material and methods:  Samples were prepared according to conventional, microwaved and boiled resins and submitted to microroughness measurements before and after procedures using a profilometer (Ra). Data were subjected to anova and Tukey’s test (5%).Results:  Before thermocycling, a difference was found among treatments for microwaved and boiled resins, with greater values for toothbrushing and lower values for Efferdent and hypochlorite; control was intermediate. Differences among resins were observed for treatments, with higher values for boiled resin and lower values for conventional and microwaved resins. After thermocycling, differences were found for microwaved resin, with a higher value for toothbrushing and a lower value for Efferdent and hypochlorite; control was intermediate. Tooth‐brushed boiled resin presented higher values and hypochlorite lower values; control and Efferdent were intermediates. Differences among resins were seen for treatments, with higher values for boiled resin and lower values for conventional and microwaved resins. Boiled resin presented differences for toothbrushing and hypochlorite, before and after thermocycling procedures were compared.Conclusions:  For microwaved and boiled resins, toothbrushing and chemical disinfection promoted different levels of surface microroughness when associated or not with thermocycling.