bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SPREAD—exploiting chemical features that cause differential activity behavior
Authors: Scheiber Josef , Jenkins Jeremy L. , Bender Andreas , Milik Mariusz , Mikhailov Dmitri , Sukuru Sai Chetan K. , Cornett Ben , Whitebread Steven , Urban Laszlo , Davies John W. , Glick Meir 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe present a novel generic method to better understand the divergent activities of molecules that often occur in orthogonal assays. The newly developed simple prediction of activity differences (SPREAD) method directly aims to model and understand the differences compounds exhibit when tested in two or more assays. By transforming the activity values from the assays into meta‐categories (specifically defined for datasets under scrutiny), statistical models can be trained directly on the qualitative differences between assays. This contributes heavily toward a tangible understanding of molecular assay selectivity. Although ensembles of models could be used alternatively to predict compounds that score highly in one assay and low in another, the advantage of the SPREAD approach is that the chemical features influencing assay differences are parsed out immediately as a consequence of training the model on the coincident assay differences. By training the model that describes the difference between two or more assays, molecular substructures that are responsible for assay selectivity can be parsed out. The method was validated by using four challenging datasets. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2: 115‐122, 2009
Introducing Transcription Factors to Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Making Transdifferentiation Possible
Authors: Barzilay Ran , Melamed Eldad , Offen Daniel 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising autologous source for regenerative medicine. Because MSCs can be isolated from adult tissues, they represent an attractive cell source for autologous transplantation. A straightforward therapeutic strategy in the field of stem cell-based regenerative medicine is the transplantation of functional differentiated cells as cell replacement for the lost or defective cells affected by disease. However, this strategy requires the capacity to regulate stem cell differentiation toward the desired cell fate. This therapeutic approach assumes the capability to direct MSC differentiation toward diverse cell fates, including those outside the mesenchymal lineage, a process termed transdifferentiation. The capacity of MSCs to undergo functional transdifferentiation has been questioned over the years. Nonetheless, recent studies support that genetic manipulation can serve to promote transdifferentiation. Specifically, forced expression of certain transcription factors can lead to reprogramming and alter cell fate. Using such a method, fully differentiated lymphocytes have been reprogrammed to become macrophages and, remarkably, somatic cells have been reprogrammed to become embryonic stem-like cells. In this review, we discuss the past and current research aimed at transdifferentiating MSCs, a process with applications that could revolutionize regenerative medicine.
Diagnosis and management of stress urinary incontinence in women
Authors: Jha Swati , Radley Stephen 
Published: July 2009

AbstractUrinary incontinence is a common problem, particularly in women of post‐reproductive age, which has a distressing impact on quality of life. Management is tailored to the individual, based on clinical presentation and examination findings supported by specialist investigations such as urodynamics when appropriate. Treatment ranges from conservative management to surgical treatment if this proves unsuccessful. In this article, the authors describe the various aspects of assessing the lower urinary tract in women with stress urinary incontinence and the currently available treatment options. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Treatment of early prostate cancer: radical prostatectomy
Authors: Coull Nadine , Thompson Alan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article focuses on radical prostatectomy, a surgical option for treatment of early prostate cancer that offers potential benefit over conservative treatment for men under the age of 65. The authors outline the indications for surgery and discuss the process, aftercare and potential complications. They emphasise the importance of giving patients careful counselling and support when choosing between treatment options. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Mononuclear Low‐Spin 3:1‐Type Iron(II) Complexes of 4‐Substituted 3,5‐Bis(2‐pyridyl)‐ and 3‐Phenyl‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazoles
Authors: Klingele Julia , Scherer Harald , Klingele Marco H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo series of mononuclear 3:1‐type iron(II) complexes were obtained by the reaction of Fe(ClO4)2·6H2O with nine previously reported 1,2,4‐triazole‐based ligands. The first series, [FeIILS3](ClO4)2·nH2O, is based on symmetrical 4‐substituted 3,5‐bis(2‐pyridyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazoles where LS = medpt [4‐methyl‐3,5‐bis(2‐pyridyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole], ibdpt [4‐isobutyl‐3,5‐bis(2‐pyridyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole], pmdpt [4‐(4‐methylphenyl)‐3,5‐bis(2‐pyridyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole], pydpt [3,5‐bis(2‐pyridyl)‐4‐(4‐pyridyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole] and pldpt [3,5‐bis(2‐pyridyl)‐4‐(1H‐pyrrol‐1‐yl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole], whereas the complexes of the second series, [FeIILU3](ClO4)2·nH2O, incorporate unsymmetrical 4‐substituted 3‐phenyl‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazoles with LU = meppt [4‐methyl‐5‐phenyl‐3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole], ibppt [4‐isobutyl‐3‐phenyl‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole], pmppt [4‐(4‐methylphenyl)‐3‐phenyl‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole] and pyppt [3‐phenyl‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)‐4‐(4‐pyridyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole]. The complexes were investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and found to be in the low‐spin state at room temperature. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies of the complexes [FeII(pmdpt)3](ClO4)2·CH3CN·0.5H2O (I), [FeII(ibdpt)3](ClO4)2·2H2O (II) and [FeII(ibppt)3](BF4)2·1.34CH3OH·0.16H2O (III) revealed meridional arrangements of the ligands and distorted octahedral FeN6 coordination environments around the respective low‐spin iron(II) atoms.
Demonstration of the “Break‐and‐Seal” Approach to Fullerides of Complex Cations at the Example of KC60(THF)5·2THF
Authors: Kozhemyakina Nina V. , Nuss Jürgen , Jansen Martin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe “break‐and‐seal” method known to be used for synthesis of sensitive compounds (alkalides, electrides and for living anionic polymerization) was applied for the first time for fulleride synthesis providing highest purity of the reaction conditions. A new fulleride KC60(THF)5·2THF was prepared in solution by reacting fullerene C60 with potassium and dibenzo‐24‐crown‐8 in tetrahydrofurane. Single crystals were grown from solution by the modified “temperature difference method”, single‐ crystal X‐ray analysis was performed revealing the structure [P21212, Z = 4, a = 17.802(5), b = 30.085(9), c = 9.863(3) Å, R1 = 0.069, wR(all) = 0.191, 5563 independent reflections]. In this compound, the charge of fulleride is –1, the C60– radical‐anion being fully ordered. A constitutive structural feature is octahedrally coordinated potassium atoms with five THF and one fullerideas ligands. C60– is functioning as a η3‐ligand: [K(η3‐C60)(η1‐THF)5]·2THF.
A comparison of the accuracy of the corpuscular fragility and mean corpuscular volume tests for the alpha‐thalassemia 1 and beta‐thalassemia traits
Authors: Sirichotiyakul Supatra , Wanapirak Chanane , Srisupundit Kasemsri , Luewan Suchaya , Tongsong Theera 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the accuracy of the osmotic fragility test (OFT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) calculation when screening for the α‐thalassemia 1 and/or β‐thalassemia trait.MethodIn this cross‐sectional study, blood samples from 328 apparently healthy pregnant women were sent on the same day to separate laboratories for the OFT (performed using a glycerol 0.45%, phosphate‐buffered, sodium chloride solution) and MCV testing (by means of a standard automated hematology analyzer). A polymerase chain reaction was also performed to positively diagnose α‐thalassemia 1 carriers, and a quantitative HbA2 test to positively diagnose β‐thalassemia carriers.ResultsSensitivity and specificity were 95.0% and 86% for the OFT; and based on the cut‐off point of 78.1 fL derived from the ROC curve, they were 93% and 93.4% for MCV calculation. The latter test was found to be slightly more accurate than the OFT in predicting the presence of the α‐thalassemia 1 and/or β‐thalassemia trait.ConclusionBoth tests have high screening sensitivity for the α‐thalassemia 1 and/or β‐thalassemia traits, and their simplicity and very low cost make them attractive as screening tests for large populations. Since MCV seems to provide fewer false‐positive results, it may be the first choice wherever an automated hematology analyzer calculating MCV is available.
Vertrauen der Bürgerinnen und Bürger in ihre Gesundheitssysteme
Authors: Wendt Claus 
Published: July 2009

EinleitungGesundheitssysteme sind einem umfassenden Reformprozess unterworfen, der sich seit Anfang der 1990er Jahre intensiviert hat. Diese Reformen erhöhen die Unsicherheit für die Patienten, da sie unter anderem den individuellen Entscheidungsprozess bei einem Arztbesuch verändern und häufig Mehrbelastungen der Bürgerinnen und Bürger vor allem bei der zahnärztlichen Versorgung und der Versorgung mit Arzneimitteln beinhalten. Das Vertrauen in Gesundheitssysteme kann dadurch erheblich beeinträchtigt werden.
The magnitude of error in conventional bulk-sediment radiocarbon dates from central North America
Authors: Grimm Eric C. , Maher Louis J. , Nelson David M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlthough the carbon-reservoir problem with bulk-sediment radiocarbon dates from lakes has long been recognized, many synoptic studies continue to use chronologies derived from such dates. For four sites in central North America, we evaluate chronologies based on conventional radiocarbon dates from bulk sediment versus chronologies based on accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates from terrestrial plant macrofossils. The carbon-reservoir error varies among sites and temporally at individual sites from 0 to 8000 yr. An error of 500–2000 yr is common. This error has important implications for the resolution of precise event chronologies.
Small mammals and habitat structure in lowland rain forest of Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Kemper Catherine , Bell David T. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTA method of assessing rain forest structure by ranking relative abundance of 41 habitat variables was used to describe habitat differences among six trapping sites (324 subsites). Variables included aspects of all vegetation layers but concentrated on those considered to be important to small mammal distribution. Ordination and classification methods resulted in similar analyses of the data. Differences in habitat structure were primarily related to the moisture conditions of the trapping sites and secondarily to their successional age (regenerating versus primary forest). The most important habitat variables for differentiating between sites were LITTER, CLEARING, SOILS, PIG DAMAGE, FLOODING, FAN PALM, EMERGENTS, CANOPY SURFACE and SEEDLINGS. Habitat structure also varied within sites with some suggestion of small-scale patterning.Small mammal captures were more likely in drier sites and subsites, but there was no difference in trap success between regenerating sites and primary forest sites. Greater numbers of species were captured in sites containing a variety of habitats, a discrete layering of vegetation and an extensive understorey. Small mammal captures were positively associated with five habitat variables (EMERGENTS, LITTER, ROTTING LOGS, SEEDLINGS, ROUGH BARK) and negatively associated with five others (LAYERS, BERTAM, SEDGES, PIG DAMAGE, FLOODING). The destruction caused by pigs is thought to be a major factor since it reduces litter and food availability over wide areas.Leopoldamys sabanuswas the most abundant small mammal captured (40/68 individuals) and trap success differences among sites (0.4–1.9%) reflect its preference for higher, well-drained habitats.The study demonstrates the usefulness of a simple method of ranking habitat features according to importance/abundance thus eliminating the all but impossible task of direct measurements in this complex system. This simple method of habitat description provides a basis for studying variables influencing faunal distribution patterns.
The estimation of temporal processes in tropical rain forest: a study of primary mixed dipterocarp forest in Indonesia
Authors: Riswan Soedarsono , Kenworthy J. B. , Kartawinata Kuswata 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTIn the absence of growth rings it is difficult to give a precise time scale for processes associated with the re-establishment of tropical rain forest. This paper explores other methods by which a time scale may be constructed. The proportions of primary and secondary species, an index of similarity, biomass measurements, girth dimensions and gap size are all considered from sites in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Data from primary, secondary and experimentally cleared forest sites are compared to estimate the minimum time required for various phases involved in the re-establishment of tropical rain forest after disturbance. A simple model is proposed to accommodate the data and other estimates in the literature. The model predicts a minimum period for the stablization of secondary species numbers as 60–70 years and the replacement of primary species as 150 years at which point gap formation is initiated. After approximately 220–250 years biomass stabilizes while individual trees exist for over 500 years.
A population study of small rodents in a dry sub-humid grassland in Kenya
Authors: Martin G. H. G. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTEstimates were made of rodent longevity, population biomass and production in a dry sub-humid grassland area in Kenya, The results were based on a live-trapping study made over a 27-month period. During this time fourteen species of rodents and four species of insectivores were recorded from the area of the trapping grid. The most numerous species werePraomys natalensis, Mus triton, Mus minutoidesandLemniscomys striatus.Breeding took place in both wet seasons, coinciding with peaks in rodent populations. Densities ranged from 6.6 ha-1to 52.4 ha-1, and estimates of net annual production varied from 5485 g ha-1year-1to 7221 g ha-1year-1. Rodent populations appear to turn over every six to nine months.The results are discussed in relation to studies in other tropical grassland areas of Africa.
The phenology and diversity of praying mantids in Ghana
Authors: Edmunds Malcolm 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTPraying mantids (Insecta: Dictyoptera, Mantodea) attracted to light at a savanna site in Ghana (Legon) were studied over 34 months. 1771 insects of 26 species were recorded, most of which were males. There was a gradual decline in numbers during the study, which was probably due to habitat deterioration. Significantly more mantids were attracted to light on new moon nights than when the moon was full. For the second commonest species, Sphodromantis lineola, a significant correlation was found between mantid numbers and rainfall per month. Some species appear to have two peaks of abundance per year, others only one, while the commonest species, Miomantis paykullii, shows no clear seasonal pattern, but longer term studies are required to confirm these tentative conclusions.Three measures of diversity are calculated and compared with mantid data from elsewhere in the tropics. Diversity at Legon was found to be very similar to that at Lamto, Côte d'lvoire, despite different methods of collecting the insects, but the mantid fauna of Panama is less diverse than at the two African sites. Suggestions to account for this result are presented.
Adaptations of carabid beetles to dry habitats in East Africa
Authors: Andersen Johan , Zachariassen Karl Erik , Maloiy Geoffrey M. O. , Kamau John M. Z. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe rates of water loss and humidity preference of carabids from dry tropical habitats have been studied and compared with corresponding data from temperate carabids and tropical tenebrionids. Within each group of beetles the rate of relative water loss decreases with increasing body size. Carabids from dry tropical areas have rates of water loss which are lower than those of temperate species, but considerably higher than the values for tenebrionids from dry tropical habitats. Small temperate carabids can stay in dry air for only a few hours, whereas large tropical tenebrionids may survive for weeks without becoming critically dehydrated. Given the choice between a dry and a humid atmosphere, well hydrated beetles of all groups will initially choose the dry atmosphere. Most temperate carabids will switch to humid atmosphere after a few hours and tropical carabids after 1–3 days, whereas tropical tenebrionids may remain in dry air for almost 3 weeks. The temperate carabids are very sensitive to dehydration and will shift to a humid atmosphere when dehydrated by only 2–5%. Tropical carabids and tenebrionids will shift first when they are dehydrated by 7–20% of their body weight in a hydrated state, implying that these beetles are considerably less sensitive to water loss than temperate carabids.
Exotic species invasion into Mauritius wet forest remnants
Authors: Lorence David H. , Sussman Robert W. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTTwo stands of mature evergreen wet forest in Mauritius (Mascarene Islands) were sampled for floristic composition to assess the extent of invasion by weedy exotic phanerogams (Brise Fer, 550 m alt.; Bon Courage, 200–260 m alt.). All individuals ≥ 2.5 cm dbh were recor ded in 50×2 m transects totalling 0.1 ha at each site, and 2×2 m seedling plots totalling 40 m were also sampled at each site. Both forests showed a high degree of invasion. Although exotics constituted only 5% of woody species ≥ 2.5 cm dbh at Brise Fer and 14.5% at Bon Courage, they comprised 34.8% and 20.8% of the individuals, respectively. Seedling plots at both sites were dominated by exotics, which comprised 20.6% of the species and 97.4% of the individuals at Brise Fer, and 22.2% of the species and 73.9% of the individuals at Bon Courage. Comparisons are made with Macabé forest, sampled nearly 50 years ago. These data suggest that unless steps are taken to check the spread of exotics, floristic composition at these sites will shift towards total invasion and degradation as has occurred elsewhere on Mauritius.
Habitat differences in cocoa tree flowering, fruit-set, and pollinator availability in Costa Rica
Authors: Young Allen M. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTPhenological patterns of flowering and fruit-set were studied in cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao) (Sterculiaceae) at monthly intervals in two contrasting habitats in Costa Rica for a one-year period. One of these habitats, a well-maintained plantation, had irregular and broken shade cover {Erythrinatrees in particular) while in the other habitat, a ‘cocoa forest’, cocoa trees were heavily shaded byHuara crepitans(Euphorbiaceae). ‘Matina’ variety cocoa trees of about the same age (50–60 years) were censused in both habitats. Cocoa-pollinating midge (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae and Cecidomyiidae) availability was estimated by sampling immature stages in experimentally-distributed ground-cover breeding substrates, comparing overall abundances and species numbers between the two habitats over three census dates (dry, mid-rainy, and late-rainy seasons), along with examination of fungal-rotted (diseased) cocoa pods both on trees and the ground.Although total flower production was much greater in the plantation habitat, total production of new pods was similar between habitats. Flowering followed a cyclic temporal pattern in the forest but not in the plantation. Sudden leaf drop of forest shade trees in the dry season probably triggered a cyclic response in which flowering peaked in the first half of the rainy season.There was an inverse relation for frequencies of mature cocoa pods killed by squirrels and pathogenic fungi (Monilia roreriandPhytophthora) between the two habitats: squirrel-killed pods were far more abundant in the plantation than in the forest, and the opposite for fungus-killed pods. Fungus-killed but otherwise intact pods, and not squirrel-killed pods rotting on trees, were a major breeding site for midges, particularly during the late rainy season. Ceratopogonidae were most abundant in the dry season and frequently encountered in cocoa pod husks and banana tree trunk sections in both habitats, and much more so in the forest habitat. The abandoned cocoa plantation (cocoa forest) supported a more diverse assemblage of pollinating midges than the plantation.In the plantation but not in the forest, a negative correlation was discovered between distance from shade trees and the numbers of pods on trees, suggesting greater pollinating activity by midges in cocoa trees beneath shade trees than away from them. The uniform dense shade cover in the adjacent forest probably obliterated such a pattern.
Floristic and structural changes during old-field succession in the Mexican tropics in relation to site history and species availability
Authors: Purata Silvia E. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTCommunity patterns along a successional sequence of abandoned fields within a tropical rain forest environment are described in terms of floristic composition and structure. Temporal patterns were summarized and main axes of variation extracted by multivariate methods.External factors – length of cropping period, regrowth age, and proportion of the perimeter occupied by forest communities or remnants (here called forested perimeter) – were related to floristic and structural data on 40 sites. Multivariate direct gradient analysis showed overall floristic development to be positively related to regrowth age and forested perimeter, and negatively related to length of cropping period.Structural development was shown by multiple regression to be positively related to regrowth age and negatively to length of cropping period; but forested perimeter had no significant relation to site structure. The type of crop grown showed no significant relation with floristic or structural development of the regrowth.These results indicate that the conditions of the vegetation around a site have a great effect on community recovery, particularly in its species composition, whilst structure seems to be affected more directly by parameters which imply time.