bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources of Nepal with Reference to the Glaciers in the Langtang Himalayas
Authors: Chaulagain Narayan Prasad 
Published: November 2011

The impacts of climate change on water resources of Nepal with reference to snow and glacier were assessed. Empirical glacier mass model was applied to all the glaciers upstream of the Kyangjing hydrological station in the Langtang Valley in the Nepal Himalayas in order to assess their sensitivity to the increases in temperature. The analysis has revealed that the glaciers in the study area of the Nepal Himalayas are shrinking rapidly and may disappear within less than two centuries, if the current glacier melting rate continues. Most of the glaciers will disappear within 3-4 decades; there may be only 24% of the present glacier-ice reserve left in the study basin of the Nepal Himalayas by 2100 AD even without any further warming which may result in serious adverse impacts on the water resources of Nepal.Key Words: Climate Change; Water Resources; Nepal Himalayas; GlaciersDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jhm.v6i1.5489 Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol. 6, No. 1 58-65
Green Neighborhoods, Food Retail and Childhood Overweight: Differences by Population Density
Authors: Liu Gilbert C. , Wilson Jeffrey S. , Qi Rong , Ying Jun 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. This study examines relationships between overweight in children and two environmental factors—amount of vegetation surrounding a child's place of residence and proximity of the child's residence to various types of food retail locations. We hypothesize that living in greener neighborhoods, farther from fast food restaurants, and closer to supermarkets would be associated with lower risk of overweight. Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. Network of primary care pediatric clinics in Marion County, Indiana. Subjects. We acquired data for 7334 subjects, ages 3 to 18 years, presenting for routine well-child care. Measures. Neighborhood vegetation and proximity to food retail were calculated using geographic information systems for each subject using circular and network buffers. Child weight status was defined using body mass index percentiles. Analysis. We used cumulative logit models to examine associations between an index of overweight, neighborhood vegetation, and food retail environment. Results. After controlling for individual socio-demographics and neighborhood socioeconomic status, measures of vegetation and food retail significantly predicted overweight in children. Increased neighborhood vegetation was associated with decreased risk for overweight, but only for subjects residing in higher population density regions. Increased distance between a subject's residence and the nearest large brand name supermarkets was associated with increased risk of overweight, but only for subjects residing in lower population density regions. Conclusions. This research suggests that aspects of the built environment are determinants of child weight status, ostensibly by influencing physical activity and dietary behaviors.
Trail Characteristics as Correlates of Urban Trail Use
Authors: Reynolds Kim D. , Wolch Jennifer , Byrne Jason , Chou Chih-Ping , Feng Guanjun , Weaver Susan , Jerrett Michael 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify the environmental correlates of urban trail use. Design. Three multiuse urban trails at least 15 miles in length were selected. Trails were divided into one-half-mile segments (N = 102 total segments) and marked in the field. An audit of each trail was completed identifying built environmental features. A cross-sectional count of trail users was completed at each segment estimating the type of use, age, gender. Setting. Data collection occurred on urban trails in Chicago, Dallas, and Los Angeles. Subjects. Trained observers counted 17,338 users across the three trails. Measures. The SPACES for Trails instrument was used, and a trail count data collection sheet was developed. Analysis. Univariate and multivariate Poisson regressions controlling for location of trail and density of the population within 1 mile of the trail. Results. Positive associations with trail use were observed for mixed views (β = .33, p < .0001), streetlights (β = .30, p < .0001), good trail condition (β = .28, p < .0001), and the presence of cafés (β = .38, p < .0001) and other trailside facilities (β = .08, p < .0001). Negative associations were observed for litter (β = −.22, p < .0001), noise (β = −.41, p < .0001), higher vegetation density (β = −.10, p > .001), drainage features (β = −.67, p < .0003), natural areas adjacent to the trail (β = −.39, p < .0001), and tunnel present (β = −.20, p < .04). Conclusions. These correlates should be confirmed in other studies and if supported should be considered in the promotion and design of urban trails.
Abdel Krim (Mohammed ben Abdel Krim el Khattabi) (1883–1962)
Authors: Dean William Thomas 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAbdel Krim was the most sophisticated Moroccan insurgent and one of the great non‐western captains. Along with Abdel Kader (1808–1883) he was one of the most famous military leaders of Northwest Africa. Abdel Krim was one of the first insurgent leaders facing weakening colonial empires to unify large groups of disparate peoples under the name of political, social, and economic reform. He would fight a twofront war against the Spanish and French who controlled northern and southern Morocco, respectively, for five years. Even after his defeat by the French he would have an impact on insurgents of the developing world for generations to come.
Agathocles (361–289
BCE
)
Authors: Hoyos Dexter 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

One of the most remarkable and ruthless leaders in ancient history, Agathocles was the son of an Italian Greek exile living at Thermae Himeraeae, then under Carthaginian rule, in western Sicily. A potter by trade (so his enemies claimed), he migrated to Syracuse, making his name first as a skillful soldier and then venturing into politics against the dominant oligarchy, the Six Hundred. When these forced him into exile (ca. 330), he operated in southern Italy as commander of a body of mercenary troops, but won a recall to Syracuse around 322. He was soon exiled again but, with factional strife worsening in the city, returned in 319 under a political compromise brokered by the Carthaginian general in Sicily. He was now elected
strategos autokrator
, general with supreme powers (a recognized route to becoming “tyrant,” or dictator). A few years' uneasy coexistence with the Six Hundred ended in 316 with his massacre of them and their supporters—four thousand in all, while thousands more fled to other Sicilian cities for refuge. This made him master of Syracuse.
Airborne units
Authors: Hargreaves Andrew 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Airborne units comprise military units, often of the elite light infantry variety, trained and organized to be transported and “dropped” into battle via airborne means. The broad
raison d’être
of airborne forces is to enable the rapid deployment of force to exploit an open, aerial, flank and thereby secure the “vertical envelopment” of a foe. In light of the demands of this non‐regular role, the selection of volunteers and use of rigorous training programs is so often a fundamental characteristic of airborne units.
Alexander the Great (356–323
BCE
)
Authors: Singor H. W. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Alexander the Great, one of the most daring, visionary, and successful commanders in history, is known foremost as the conqueror of the Persian Empire in the years 334–324
BCE
. What enabled him to accomplish this was the army created by his father, King Philip of Macedon (359–336
BCE
). Philip had successfully combined the virtues of a professional soldiery with the loyalties of a national levy in a new army paid for by the royal treasury. The military developments in the Greek world of the fourth century
BCE
, which could be summarized under the heading “professionalization,” form the background against which Philip's reforms should be seen. The acquisition of the gold and silver mines of Pangaion to the east of Macedonia early in his reign provided the money. In a series of campaigns he subdued most of the Balkan Peninsula between present‐day Albania and the Black Sea. After his victory at Chaeronea in 338 (where Alexander at age 18 led the cavalry charge) he had practically all of Greece at his feet. Plans were drawn up for an attack on Persia, when, in 336, Philip was murdered. Alexander, then only 20, inherited his kingdom and his army.
AlfonsoI(“the Battler”) (1073–1134)
Authors: Kagay Donald J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBorn in 1073 to a dynasty that converted the small mountainous county of Aragon into a kingdom within its first century of existence, Alfonso, scion of Sancho I Ramirez (1064–1094) and a French noblewoman, emerged as one of the great figures of the Spanish reconquest. Serving an apprenticeship with his father and brother Pedro I (r. 1094–1104) in a series of campaigns that extended Aragonese territory into the Ebro Valley, the prince, before reaching 25, had been accepted as an equal in a virtual pantheon of famous reconquest warriors that included Rodrigo Diáz de Vivar (El Cid), Alfonso VI of Castile (r. 1065–1109), and French nobles such as Gaston V of Bearne and Robert Burdet. Serving in the front lines against the Almoravids, a band of Muslim sectarians of North Africa who fought against the loose morals of Islamic governments of Morocco and Andalusia while sorely testing Christian Iberia after 1086, Alfonso soon became known as a man “expert and daring in war.” His long association with veterans of Holy Land Crusades broadened the prince's military horizons, especially in the varied use of artillery in siege operations. As a result of this long military apprenticeship, Alfonso, long before he acceded to the Aragonese throne, had developed a general reconquest plan that focused first on the conquest of the Ebro Valley, then on the neighboring kingdom of Valencia, and finally on Jerusalem. The broader concept of holy war was never far from Alfonso's mind and manifested itself in 1122 with the establishment of the Confraternity of Belchite, a military order that promised a Crusade indulgence to anyone who fought the Iberian Muslims for one year.
Anglo‐Boer Wars (1880–1881, 1899–1902)
Authors: Badsey Stephen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Anglo‐Boer Wars were fought in what is now South Africa between the British Empire and the Boers or Afrikaners, descendants of European settlers mainly from the Netherlands (Boeris Dutch for “farmer”). The First Anglo‐Boer War (1880–1881) was a successful revolt by the Transvaal Republic (officially the Zuid‐Afrikaansche Republiek or ZAR) after the British, who had settled Cape Colony and Natal, had annexed the Transvaal peacefully in 1877. The much larger Second Anglo‐Boer War (1899–1902) was fought by the Transvaal together with the neighboring Orange Free State (Oranje Vrystaat) in a failed attempt to prevent their absorption by the British. The First Anglo‐Boer War is also known as the Transvaal War or Rebellion, or to Afrikaners as the First War of Independence. The Second Anglo‐Boer War is also known as the South African Anglo‐Boer War, the South African War, the Boer War, and the Second War of Independence.
Anglo‐Iraqi War (1941)
Authors: Hughes Matthew 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Anglo‐Iraqi War (April—May 1941) (the Rashid Ali Revolt) was an integral part of the wider military campaign that Great Britain fought from 1940 to 1943 against the Axis Powers (Germany and Italy) during World War II in the Mediterranean, Middle East, and East Africa. It happened when British resources were stretched to breaking point, before the conclusion of the successful Abyssinia campaign against Italy, and during the disastrous Greece and Crete campaigns, and the ongoing war in the Egyptian and Libyan deserts. The Anglo‐Iraqi War was a British‐led invasion of the nominally independent state of Iraq, previously a British Mandate territory; thereafter, in June–July 1941, British‐led forces invaded French Vichy‐run Syria. In both wars, Britain destroyed local pro‐Axis Arab (Iraq) or Vichy (Syria) governments.
Anglo‐Welsh Wars (1067–1415)
Authors: Brough Gideon , Marsden Richard 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Between 1067 and 1415, Wales was transformed from a mosaic of independent kingdoms into occupied territories subject to the English crown. This was not the result of any single invasion, but was achieved against determined resistance through sporadic expansion and factional interplay. The fact that such small and thinly populated kingdoms were able to resist invaders with superior numbers and resources for so long is in itself a remarkable feat.
Anne, 1st Duke of Montmorency (1493–1567)
Authors: Baumgartner Frederic J. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

French commander and statesman. The Montmorency were among the oldest noble families in France, claiming descent from the first warrior baptized after Clovis, king of the Franks, in 496. They had served the French monarchy as constables and marshals since 1100. Anne was born at Chantilly on March 15, 1493; later in life he built the famous chateau there. He received his given name from Queen Anne of Brittany, his godmother. Baron Guillaume de Montmorency, his father was prominent at court, and Anne was a childhood companion of Francis I, who became king in 1515. Later that year Anne fought alongside Francis in the victory over the Swiss at Marignano near Milan and was named a marshal in 1522. Three years later he was one of many French noblemen who, along with the king himself, were captured at the Battle of Pavia by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's forces. Montmorency was released on
parole
to raise his ransom, unlike his king who was held for a year until he agreed to a huge ransom demand. Upon Francis's release he immediately renounced the agreement on the grounds that he had been mistreated as a captive.
Antigonus
II
Gonatas (ca. 319–239
bce
)
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Antigonus II Gonatas (r. ca. 277–239 BCE) decisively defeated the Gauls, restored the kingdom of Macedonia as a strong centralized state, and strengthened Macedonian control over Greece. The Antigonid Dynasty established by Gonatas was one of the most powerful Hellenistic families. It would continue for more than a hundred years, eventually being eliminated by the Romans.
Ardant du Picq, Charles Jean Jacques Joseph (1819–1870)
Authors: Bonura Michael 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Charles Jean Jacques Joseph Ardant du Picq was a successful French infantry officer whose writings on the importance of morale in battle on the individual soldier remain a military classic. He served in several campaigns during which he commanded soldiers in combat against other European‐style armies, as well as a variety of irregular opponents from tribal armies to guerillas, bandits, and thieves. Using these experiences as a starting point, he undertook a scientific study of combat at the level of the individual soldier to understand how morale influences victory. This understanding, and its focus on the moral effect of the attack, was as relevant to the battlefields of World War I as it is for the battlefields of the twenty‐first century.
Armée d'Afrique
Authors: Bonura Michael 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Armée d'Afrique consisted of all French forces recruited from and based in North Africa from 1831 through 1962. Consisting of colonial, indigenous, and elite French units, the Armée d'Afrique became an important school for French officers, and a training ground for tactics and doctrine of the French army throughout the nineteenth century. Following World War I, the Armée d'Afrique became a formation of regular infantry units and the French Foreign Legion until its dissolution in 1962, following the French occupation of Algeria.
Austrian Succession, War of the (1740–1748)
Authors: Schweizer Karl 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis conflict, also known as King George's War in North America, and incorporating the war of Jenkins' Ear between Britain and Spain, involved most of the powers in Europe, except the Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth and Portugal. The war began upon the death of Emperor Charles VI, the last male Habsburg, in October 1740—an event which disturbed the fragile stability of Europe's inter‐state system, prompted a realignment of key power affiliations, and with the succession of a woman, Maria Theresa, to the Austrian throne fanned the expansionist ambitions of Frederick II, the young and dynamic Prussian monarch. Maria Theresa's succession rights were legally guaranteed through the so‐called Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, signed by a majority of the German states (including Prussia), but preserving her possessions intact would prove inherently problematic. The loosely federated Habsburg lands, patched together by marriage alliances, were scattered across central Europe—dominions including Hungary, Bohemia, parts of what are now Romania, southern Germany, northern and central Italy, and Belgium—each with its own administrative, financial, and judicial system, all virtually impossible to coordinate. Charles VI's death not only entailed an interregnum but also marked the end of a continuous line of Habsburg emperors since 1438, thereby weakening imperial authority in favor of the electoral territories—the empire's constituent states vying for greater autonomy since the Thirty Years' War, and even before. Although, legally, these sub‐domains could not form alliances against the emperor—the empire, by this point, had become a largely powerless entity, enjoying honorific dignity but existing in name only, lingering as such until its termination by Napoleon in 1806.
Austro‐Italian Wars (1859–1866)
Authors: Wawro Geoffrey 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The background to the Austro‐Italian Wars was simply this: the gathering force of Italian nationalism had been clashing with Austrian dominance in Italy since 1815. Although Italian nationalism was confined to the educated elites—whether in its republican or monarchical form—it generated noise and light all over Europe, and deeply embarrassed the imperial power of the Habsburg monarchy.
Austro‐Ottoman War (1736–1739)
Authors: Aksan Virginia H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWithin twenty years of the Austro‐Ottoman Treaty of Passarowitz of 1718, when the Ottomans had relinquished the important city of Belgrade to Vienna, much of the Danubian territory then ceded was recovered in the 1739 TreatyofBelgrade. Russia, allied with Austria, was the instigator of the war in April 1736, forcing her coalition partner to follow suit in 1737. In the three years of campaigning along the Danube River, the Austrians were indecisive and disorganized, while the Ottomans, equally unprepared, showed unusual sustaining power. Russia's aims were as much about expansion into Ukraine and the Crimea as they were about cooperating with Austria, setting off alarm bells in Vienna.
Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA)
Authors: Stapleton Timothy J. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Criticizing South Africa's African National Congress for accommodating whites and being too moderate, radical Africanists split from that organization in 1959 to form the Pan‐Africanist Congress (PAC). After the 1960 Sharpeville massacre, many PAC leaders, including founder Mangaliso Sobukwe, were arrested. After its banning in April, members attended a Port Elizabeth meeting where some argued for taking up arms against the apartheid regime. At a conference in Maseru, Basutoland in September 1961, the PAC, led by its secretary general Potlako Leballo, planned a mass uprising in 1963. During 1961 and 1962 PAC members were sent to Ethiopia and Egypt for military training. Some PAC members, mostly in the Cape, formed military units with the intention of targeting white civilians and stockpiled simple weapons like machetes and axes. The name “Poqo” (Xhosa for “alone”) was first used in 1961 as a codeword for PAC. With attempts to reorganize in 1961, a youth task force was formed to eliminate traitors, patrol the streets after dark, collect and manufacture weapons and explosives for the coming uprising, and provide security at PAC meetings. It was around this time that the term “Poqo” became associated with the PAC armed struggle.
Baltic Crusades (eleventh‐fifteenth centuries)
Authors: Rist Rebecca A. C. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Baltic Crusades, otherwise known as the Northern Crusades, were military campaigns around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea that were undertaken by the Catholic kings of Denmark and Sweden and by the German Livonian and Teutonic military orders against the pagan peoples of northern Europe. They also include Swedish and German campaigns against the Orthodox Russian kingdoms. These military ventures have been classed by most modern historians as crusades because, like contemporary crusades to Palestine and the Near East, theywere authorized by the papacy and campaigners took vows, receiving the plenary indulgence for crusading. Nevertheless, they were fundamentally different from crusades to the East because they had their origins in missionary activity against heathen pagans.
Barons' Wars (1215–1217, 1264–1267)
Authors: Morillo Stephen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Barons' Wars are the bookends of a nearly century‐long struggle on the part of the political classes of Angevin England to define the shape of the English polity. Their military operations are interesting but unexceptional, though they do reveal some of the dynamics of medieval military culture in revealing ways. They are far more important for their role in shaping the English medieval state.
Basmachi Revolt (1918–1923)
Authors: Tripodi Christian 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The Basmachi (Bandit) Revolt of 1918–1923 was a Muslim resistance movement some 25,000–30,000 strong at its height, centered upon what was to become the Soviet Republic of Turkestan. By combating the intended Bolshevik control and reform of Turkestan's traditional societal structures, the
Basmachvesto
would comprise the Soviet Union's first real experience of counterinsurgency. Although resistance would last into the early 1930s, the revolt would reach its greatest intensityduring the period examined and would force Red Army commanders to develop a sophisticated politico‐military strategy in response.
Belisarius, Flavius (ca. 505–565)
Authors: Frankopan Peter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFlavius Belisarius was one of the great military commanders of late antiquity, the scale of whose conquests was astonishing. Born in the northern provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire, Belisarius' talent was identified by Emperor Justin I and his successor Justinian I, who appointed him to his bodyguard after taking the throne in 527. He was promoted quickly, and soon took charge of operations against the Sassanians, who were harassing the eastern frontier.