bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Neurobiology of Learning: Implications for Treatment of Adults With Brain Injury
Authors: Neistadt Maureen E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for adults with brain injury is largely dependent on how well clients are able to learn the new strategies, techniques, and information therapists are trying to teach them. Neuroscience research in the past two decades has provided some intriguing hints about the neurological processes that may underlie that learning. Understanding this research might stimulate new occupational therapy ideas about more effective ways to facilitate recovery and learning in adults with brain injury. This review presents an overview of the physical, biochemical, and electrical changes in nerve cells that have been found to accompany learning in adults with and without brain injury. Recommendations for treatment derived from the review include teaching to clients’ levels of learning and information-processing strengths.
Using Audioteleconferencing to Link Occupational Therapy Graduate Students in the United States and Canada
Authors: Mitcham Maralynne D. , O’Shea Barbara J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Lack of access to graduate education in the United States and Canada is a frustration for many occupational therapists who wish to further their careers. One way to overcome lack of access is to use technology to bridge the distances. The occupational therapy schools at the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, have collaborated for several years to provide graduate occupational therapy courses via audioteleconferencing. A general overview of the progress made in the project, as well as its design and unique features, is discussed. The major recommendation is that more occupational therapy schools could use distance education to collaborate when resources are few and needs are great. Such efforts benefit both faculty members and students.
The Effect of Occupational Therapy Education on Students’ Perceived Attitudes Toward Persons With Disabilities
Authors: Lee Tatia M. C. , Paterson John G. , Chan Chetwyn C. H. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. The effect of occupational therapy education on students’ perceived attitudes toward persons with disabilities was studied.
Method. The perceived attitudes of 144 occupational therapy students toward persons with disabilities were measured before (retrospective pretest) and after (posttest) the students attended formal professional education at the University of Alberta.
Results. Posttest scores were significantly higher than the retrospective pretest scores, indicating that students’ attitudes became more positive after they commenced formal professional education. The posttest scores of students at various levels of education, however, did not show any significant difference.
Conclusion. On the basis of these observations, a positive but nonlinear relationship between occupational therapy education and attitudes toward persons with disabilities was postulated.
Activities of Daily Living Capabilities and Values of Long-Term-Care Facility Residents
Authors: Atwood Shelby M. , Holm Margo B. , James Anne 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. The Minimum Data Set for Nursing Home Resident Assessment and Care Screening was used to compare staff-report and self-report of residents’ capabilities in eight activities of daily living (ADLs) in one long-term-care facility (LTCF).
Method. The relative values residents placed on independence in each of the eight ADLs were compared with their self-reported capabilities in those ADLs. Subjects were 30 LTCF residents ranging in age from 45 to 96 years.
Results. Residents perceived themselves to be significantly more capable than did staff members for dressing (p &lt; .05), toileting (p &lt; .01), locomotion (p &lt; .05), and personal hygiene (p &lt; .001). For five of the ADLs, residents tended to report high capability in the ADLs they valued most.
Conclusion. These findings support the need to include resident self-assessment in treatment planning, because staff members’ and residents’ perceptions of ADL capabilities may differ.
Predicting Outcome in High-Risk Newborns With a Neonatal Neurobehavioral Assessment
Authors: Majnemer Annette , Rosenblatt Bernard , Riley Patricia 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. Effective medical management and rehabilitation efforts in neonates at risk depend on early identification of underlying brain injury. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of the Einstein Neonatal Neurobehavioral Assessment Scale (ENNAS) in high-risk neonates, and to compare its predictive validity at two stages in development (i.e., 1 and 3 years of age).
Method. Twenty-three healthy neonates (control group) and 51 high-risk neonates (high-risk group) were assessed at term and were followed longitudinally. At 1 and 3 years, subjects in both groups were evaluated in a blind fashion by a psychologist and a pediatric neurologist.
Results. Developmental delays became more apparent as high-risk newborns matured; the percentage of subjects with an abnormal Griffiths general quotient increased from 1 year (13.7%) to 3 years (39%). Analysis revealed that a normal neonatal performance on the ENNAS in high-risk subjects accurately predicted a favorable outcome at 1 year and 3 years of age. Although an abnormal ENNAS was not consistently associated with a poor outcome, the positive predictive value improved markedly from 1 year to 3 years of age.
Conclusion. The findings indicate that a normal neonatal neurobehavioral assessment is reassuring, as most of these children are free of neurodevelopmental sequelae at 3 years of age. For many persons, the ENNAS may provide early evidence of a pattern of brain injury that is manifested only as the child is challenged by more complex skill acquisition such as language, memory, and perceptual-motor tasks. The ability of this assessment to predict behavioral and academic skills at school age remains to be determined. Early identification of developmental deficits enables occupational therapists to direct infants to appropriate early intervention programs, thus optimizing their functional potential.
The Assessment of Motor and Process Skills of Persons With Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Pan Ay-Woan , Fisher Anne G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine the discriminant validity of the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) when used to evaluate a heterogeneous sample of subjects with psychiatric disorders.
Method. Sixty subjects, ranging in age from 16 to 72 years, participated in this study; 30 were persons without disorders living in the community; 30 had diagnosed psychiatric disorders. Two univariate F tests were used to test the hypothesis that mean AMPS measures would differ significantly between the group with and the group without psychiatric disorders.
Results. The hypothesis was supported for both AMPS motor and process scale measures. As would be expected among a sample that includes many higher functioning persons, many subjects with psychiatric disorders did just as well as subjects in the group without psychiatric disorders.
Conclusions. Motor as well as process skill abilities of persons with psychiatric disorders should be evaluated. Because the AMPS provides more specific features than other global functional instruments, it can help clinicians plan treatment and intervention more effectively. Further examination of the motor and process skill deficits within and among diagnostic subgroups and of the effect of medication and prolonged hospitalization on AMPS motor and process abilities is indicated.
Weaving the Warp and Weft of Occupational Therapy: An Art and Science for All Times
Authors: Wood Wendy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article employs a metaphor of weaving in order to analyze, both historically and critically, the art and science of occupational therapy. To spark reflection about where occupational therapy has been, is now, and would like to progress as the new century approaches, the article is thematically organized around the profession’s two most fundamental convictions. These convictions are termed the warp and weft of occupational therapy. The warp of occupational therapy is defined as our philosophical belief that engagement in occupation can favorably influence health. The weft of occupational therapy is defined as our humanistic value of respect for the person. Occupational therapy is, in turn, regarded as a powerful tapestry of human potential that unfolds when this belief and value are therapeutically applied. By analyzing selective clinical, educational, and research initiatives throughout this century, the article is dedicated to the continued adherence to, and development of, occupational therapy’s core principles.
Use of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Wilson Brenda N. , Polatajko Helene J. , Kaplan Bonnie J. , Faris Peter 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. In addition to the need for good measurement tools in occupational therapy, there is a need for the tools to be used knowledgeably. The purpose of this article is to investigate the usefulness of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) for both descriptive (diagnostic) and evaluative (change over time) purposes.
Method. The typical profile of subtest scores for children with mild motor problems revealed that certain subtests of the BOTMP may be better indicators of motor problems for these children than others. An analysis also was performed to compare the use of raw (point) scores with standard (age-adjusted) scores in evaluating change.
Results. Four subtests that provide a greater degree of discrimination between children with and without motor problems were identified. Raw (points) scores were found to provide a more valid measure of change over time than standard (age-related) scores.
Conclusion. We recommend that, for clinical use, the BOTMP subtest standard scores be used for diagnostic purposes and that the raw scores be used for evaluative purposes.
Occupational Adaptation Model of Professional Development as Applied to Level II Fieldwork
Authors: Garrett Sharon A. , Schkade Janette K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to test the validity of a model of professional development that was based on occupational adaptation. This model proposes that students have three classes of adaptive response behaviors available for use: primitive, transitional, and mature.
Method. Eight Level II fieldwork students were assigned to the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, for 12 weeks. Experienced fieldwork supervisors at the medical center developed a taxonomy of behavioral statements consistent with the developmental model’s three classes of adaptive response behaviors. This taxonomy was converted to a student log in which supervisors rated the frequency with which the Level II fieldwork students exhibited these behaviors.
Results. The patterns of behaviors, which were represented graphically for each of the students, generally supported the predictions of the model. Students demonstrated all three classes of behaviors. Primitive and transitional behaviors emerged when the students experienced increased or unusual demands, even when the students’ modal behaviors was mature. Students temporarily reverted to lower level behaviors when faced with situations that they perceived as too difficult or as too unfamiliar.
Conclusion. This model of professional development facilitates an understanding of students’ development during their transition from classroom to practice setting. Generalization to other settings will require validation of the student log.
Group Treatment: Goals, Tasks, and Economic Implications
Authors: Duncombe Linda W. , Howe Margot C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. In 1993, a replication of a 1983 survey of occupational therapists who used group treatment in practice was administered in order to determine whether economic and demographic changes during the 10-year period altered the use of group treatment in the delivery of occupational therapy services.
Method. The survey used in 1983 was updated with new questions regarding reimbursement and payment and was mailed to 307 practicing occupational therapists nationwide. Of the 188 respondents, who represented all areas of practice, 96 used group treatment and provided data on the 233 groups that they led.
Results. The two largest groups of occupational therapists who used group treatment worked in non-medical facilities (i.e., schools and community facilities). In general, group occupational therapy was activity oriented and small sized. Therapeutic goals included enhancing patients’ task skills, communication and socialization skills, and physical abilities. Fifty-five percent of the 75 respondents to a reimbursement question indicated that there was no difference in the rate charged for individual versus group treatment.
Conclusion. Occupational therapists continue to use group treatment in a variety of facilities and with many different groups. The differences between the 1983 and 1993 studies were largely due to demographics (e.g., the decrease in the number of therapists working in mental health settings.) Recent documentation of the cost-effectiveness of group treatment may promote its use in times of staff member shortages and restricted funds.
Involvement of Adult Rehabilitation Patients in Setting Occupational Therapy Goals
Authors: Northen Jena G. , Rust Diane M. , Nelson Craig E. , Watts Janet H. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. This preliminary study was designed to determine whether occupational therapists involve patients and their families in a goal-setting process and, if so, to identify the methods used.
Method. Thirty registered occupational therapists practicing in adult physical rehabilitation settings were audiotaped during an initial evaluation. Researchers reviewed corresponding documentation and interviewed each subject. Twenty-three patient and family involvement criteria were generated from standards developed by accreditation commissions and health care professions.
Results. Data revealed that although subjects did involve patients and families in a goal-setting process, a number of criteria were not attempted, thus much potential for involvement was unrealized. Subjects with scores above and below one standard deviation from the mean were identified to determine which patient participation criteria had the highest discrepancies. Discrepancies included (a) verbal preparation of the patient and family for initial and ongoing treatment, purposes and procedures of evaluation and treatment, and potential outcomes of treatment, (b) attempts to elicit the patient’s concerns, and (c) collaboration with the patient to establish treatment goals.
Conclusion. Factors that might have influenced subjects’ use of a patient participation approach included the application of a specific theory or technique, time constraints, patient’s age, and assumptions about the patient’s cognitive status.
Comparing the Roles of Community-Living Persons and Patient Populations
Authors: Dickerson Anne E. , Oakley Frances 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. This study compares the occupational role profile of a large sample of community-living persons without disabilities with the profile of a population of patients with psychosocial or physical disabilities and suggests areas of occupational therapy intervention.
Methods. The Role Checklist was used to compare the roles of 1,020 community-living persons without disabilities with the roles of 292 adults with physical or psychosocial disabilities. Specifically, community-living persons were matched to the entire patient group, a group of patients with psychosocial dysfunction, and a group of patients with physical dysfunction to compare the groups in terms of their past, present, and future role profiles and the value they assigned to those roles.
Results. There were significant differences in the types of roles identified. In general, the patients identified involvement in fewer present roles than the community-living persons. Differences between the two groups also appeared in the identification of future roles and value of those roles.
Conclusions. Roles appear to be affected by disability, whether physical or psychosocial in nature. If role participation is seen as part of the occupational functioning of the person, occupational therapy needs to address this area.
A Room Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Rubber Sport Splint
Authors: Canelón Mario Francisco , Karus Alison joy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Athletic hand and wrist injuries may be treated by immobilizing the affected extremity in a rigid splint to protect the injury site for an extended time period. For athletes, this means a reduction in playing time, perhaps being out for an entire playing season. The use of a room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber compound allows for a playing splint that complies with athletic regulations. Proper application of the room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber provides an excellent, reliable protective playing splint allowing for safe, functional athletic performance for the injured player during the game. This article describes the fabrication process of a silicone rubber protective playing splint for athletic hand and wrist injuries. The effectiveness of the silicone rubber protective playing splint is illustrated via case studies.
Influence of the U.S. Military and Occupational Therapy Reconstruction Aides in World War I on the Development of Occupational Therapy
Authors: Gutman Sharon A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The development of occupational therapy was heavily influenced by an early evolved relationship between orthopedists and reconstruction aides during the first World War. Orthopedists were largely responsible for both the presence of occupational therapy in the war and the eventual acceptance (by army personnel) of women fulfilling this military function. As a result of gender issues of that time – characterized by a dearth of employment opportunities for women and by a general resistance to women in military roles – this affiliation with orthopedists in World War I served to promote occupational therapy within the military environment. This affiliation also marked an early Willingness by occupational therapists to accept the medical model as one guide for clinical practice.
Spherical Grip Strength in Children 3 to 6 Years of Age
Authors: Link Lisa , Lukens Shirley , Bush Mary Ann 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to establish normative data on spherical grip strength of children 3 to 6 years of age with the Martin Vigorimeter.
Method. Two hundred twenty-five preschoolers in the Kalamazoo, Michigan, area were tested with standardized positioning and instructions. The mean of three trials for each hand was used as the grip-strength score. A repeated measure design was used and the right and left hands were alternated during testing to allow a 20-sec rest period between trials. Hand width also was measured in inches from the head of the second metacarpal to the head of the fifth metacarpal.
Results. Hand width and grip strength were significantly correlated for both the right (p &lt; .0001) and the left hands (p &lt; .001). Grip strength increased linearly across all of the age groups (p &lt; .001). The results of paired t tests did not show a significant difference in grip strength between the right and left hands or between boys and girls. A table of mean grip-strength scores and hand width measurements along with their standard deviations is presented for clinical use.
Conclusion. The vigorimeter could be used to assess the grip strength of children with rheumatic disorders without putting excessive pressure on the joints or skin of the hand.
Functional Capacity Evaluations of Persons With Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
Authors: Barrows Diane M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFIDS) is estimated to affect 2 to 5 million people in the United States. Despite its high incidence, persons with CFIDS have been neglected by the medical community mainly because there is no singular confirming diagnostic test or proven effective treatment.
The CFIDS population is incorrectly stereotyped as upper-middle-class, white, female hypochondriacs: consequently, symptoms often are belittled or ignored. In reality, CFIDS is a severe medical condition that affects women, men, and children of any race and often causes long-term or total disability.
The results of a modified functional capacity evaluation developed by the author and completed on 86 persons with CFIDS between 1988 and 1990 confirm that this population has severe physical and cognitive disabilities that affect their professional, familial, and social lives. The results of these evaluations are used to present a profile of persons with CFIDS that can serve as a basis for understanding this population and for guiding intervention.
Validity of the Behavioral Inattention Test (BIT): Relationships With Functional Tasks
Authors: Hartman-Maeir Adina , Katz Noomi 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. The Behavioral Inattention Test (BIT) is a standardized assessment for unilateral visual neglect. It comprises six conventional and nine behavioral subtests. The purpose of this study was to add to the validation of the behavioral subtests.
Method. Forty Israeli subjects with right cerebrovascular accident (CVA), from both day center and hospital settings, were evaluated on three measures: the BIT, performance tasks, and a checklist of activities of daily living (ADL).
Results. Seven of the nine BIT behavioral subtests differentiated significantly between subjects with visual neglect and those without neglect; six of the nine subtests correlated significantly with parallel performance tasks or ADL checklist items.
Conclusion. These results support the construct and predictive validity of most of the BIT behavioral subtests as functional measures of unilateral neglect, thus, the BIT is recommended for use by occupational therapists. Inclusion of a relative score for right and left omissions within the BIT is recommended.
Visual Perception and Praxis in Adults After Stroke
Authors: York Christine Draves , Cermak Sharon A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of persons with right cerebrovascular accident (RCVA) and persons with left cerebrovascular accident (LCVA) on a variety of measures of praxis and visual perception in order to examine the relative contributions of the left and right cerebral hemispheres to praxis and perception.
Methods. Forty-five subjects, 15 with RCVA, 15 with LCVA, and 15 without CVA (control subjects), were tested on three tests of praxis – praxic production, gesture comprehension, and gesture discrimination – and selected tests of visual perception, including the Judgment of Line Orientation Test, the Motor Free Visual Perception Test, the Hooper Visual Organization Test, and the Line Bisection Test.
Results. Subjects in both groups with CVA performed more poorly on all of the tests than did control subjects. The group with LCVA performed most poorly on tests of gesture comprehension and praxis production, whereas the group with RCVA performed most poorly on tests of gesture discrimination and visual perception.
Conclusion. These findings suggest that both the right and left cerebral hemispheres contribute to different aspects of praxis. Elements of visual perception may be related to gesture comprehension, gesture discrimination, and praxis production in adults who have had stroke. These findings have clinical implications regarding instructional style and perceptual and praxis training.