bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidation of Dihydrazones of Diaryl α-Diketones to Diarylacetylenes Using Sodium Periodate
Authors: Takale Balaram S , Telvekar Vikas N 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Oxidation of dihydrazones of α-diketones to acetylene was investigated by using sodium periodate. Further, the described method is also found to be suitable for deprotection of monohydrazones of aldehydes and ketones. The process is mild, efficient, and applicable to both electron-withdrawing and -donating substituents to give good to excellent yields.
An Evolutionary Approach to Realism-based Adverse Event Representations
Authors: Capolupo M. , de Moor G. , Devlies J. , Smith B. , Ceusters W. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Background: Part of the ReMINE project involved the creation of an ontology enabling computer-assisted decision support for optimal adverse event management.
Objectives: The ontology was required to satisfy the following requirements: 1) to be able to account for the distinct and context-dependent ways in which authoritative sources define the term ‘adverse event’, 2) to allow the identification of relevant risks against patient safety (RAPS) on the basis of the disease history of a patient as documented in electronic health records, and 3) to be compatible with present and future ontologies developed under the Open Biomedical Ontology (OBO) Foundry framework.
Methods: We used as feeder ontologies the Basic Formal Ontology, the Foundational Model of Anatomy, the Ontology for General Medical Science, the Information Artifact Ontology and the Ontology of Mental Health. We further used relations defined according to the pattern set forth in the OBO Relation Ontology. In light of the intended use of the ontology for the representation of adverse events that have actually occurred and therefore are registered in a database, we also applied the principles of referent tracking.
Results: We merged the upper portions of the mentioned feeder ontologies and introduced 22 additional representational units of which 13 are generally applicable in biomedicine and nine in the adverse event context. We provided for each representational unit a textual definition that can be translated into equivalent formal definitions.
Conclusion: The resulting ontology satisfies all of the requirements set forth. Merging the feeder ontologies, although all designed under the OBO Foundry principles, brought new insight into what the representational units of such ontologies actually denote.
Evaluating the power to discriminate between highly correlated SNPs in genetic association studies
Authors: Udler Miriam S. , Tyrer Jonathan , Easton Douglas F. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractNeighboring common polymorphisms are often correlated (in linkage disequilibrium (LD)) as a result of shared ancestry. An association between a polymorphism and a disease trait may therefore be the indirect result of a correlated functional variant, and identifying the true causal variant(s) from an initial disease association is a major challenge in genetic association studies. Here, we present a method to estimate the sample size needed to discriminate between a functional variant of a given allele frequency and effect size, and other correlated variants. The sample size required to conduct such fine‐scale mapping is typically 1–4 times larger than required to detect the initial association. Association studies in populations with different LD patterns can substantially improve the power to isolate the causal variant. An online tool to perform these calculations is available at http://moya.srl.cam.ac.uk/ocac/FineMappingPowerCalculator.html. Genet. Epidemiol. 34:463–468, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some elements of theory of opportunities
Authors: Trzcieliński Stefan , Trzcielińska Jowita 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAn enterprise operates in a macroenvironment and in an industry environment. There are not only threats in the environment but also situational factors that are in favor of the enterprise as well. These are either chances or opportunities. Opportunities exist for agile enterprises. The agile enterprise is able to perceive them quickly and use them effectively. In this article, chances and opportunities are distinguished. This matter is discussed in the context of the situation's time horizon and complexity and of the enterprise's awareness of using them. In what follows, the segments of environment where opportunities can be searched for are presented as well as a typology of opportunities and the cycle of opportunity life span. On one hand, these topics are not discussed widely in the literature; on the other hand, they seem to be the basic components of opportunity theory, which should be elaborated to help enterprises in their process of becoming agile. This article synthesizes both literature and case studies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low‐magnitude whole‐body vibration does not enhance the anabolic skeletal effects of intermittent PTH in adult mice
Authors: Lynch Michelle A. , Brodt Michael D. , Stephens Abby L. , Civitelli Roberto , Silva Matthew J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWhole‐body vibration (WBV) is a low‐magnitude mechanical stimulus that may be anabolic for bone, yet we recently found that WBV did not improve bone properties in adult mice. Because intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) enhances the anabolic effects of high‐magnitude skeletal loading, we sought to determine the skeletal effects of WBV in combination with PTH. Seven‐month‐old male BALB/c mice were assigned to six groups (n = 13–14/group) based on magnitude of applied acceleration (0 or 0.3 G) and PTH dose (0, 10, or 40 µg/kg/day). Mice were exposed to WBV (0.3 G, 90 Hz, sine wave) or sham loading (0 G) for 15 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Vehicle or hPTH (1–34) was administered prior to each WBV session. Whole‐body bone mineral content increased by ∼5% from 0 to 8 weeks in the 40 µg/kg PTH group only, independent of WBV loading. Similarly, PTH treatment increased tibial cortical bone volume by ∼5% from 0 to 8 weeks, independent of WBV loading. Neither PTH nor WBV stimulated trabecular bone formation. Consistent with the cortical bone effect, tibias from the 40 µg/kg PTH group had significantly greater ultimate force and energy to failure than tibias in the 0 and 10 µg/kg PTH groups, independent of WBV treatment. In summary, 8 weeks of intermittent PTH treatment increased cortical bone volume and strength in adult male BALB/c mice. Daily exposure to low‐magnitude WBV by itself did not improve skeletal properties and did not enhance the PTH effect. No WBV‐PTH synergy was found in this preclinical study. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:465–472, 2011
Genetic variability in esterases and the insecticide resistance in brazilian strains ofOryzaephilus mercatorandOryzaephilus surinamensis(Coleoptera: Silvanidae)
Authors: Silva G.A.R. , Lapenta A.S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractOryzaephilus mercatorandO. surinamensisare stored grains and processed food pests, the latter being responsible for major economical losses. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyse esterase patterns during insect development. Seven esterases, three cholinesterases, two carboxylesterases and two acetylesterases, were identified inO. mercator, one of which was proper to adults. Five esterases, of which four were cholinesterases, occurred inO. surinamensis.Strains ofO. mercatorandO. surinamensiswere also exposed to malathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl. According to the LC50estimates, OmLC-M and OmLA strains ofO. mercatorand OsLB strain ofO. surinamensiswere the most resistant to both insecticides. However, higher sensitivity to malathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl has also been verified in some of its esterases. Cholinesterases OmEST-1 and OsEST-5 seem to be involved in this resistance. These results suggest that organophosphate tolerance may be related to genetic variability in esterase isoenzymes.
Bt-toxin uptake by the non-target herbivore,Myzus persicae(Hemiptera: Aphididae), feeding on transgenic oilseed rape in laboratory conditions
Authors: Burgio G. , Dinelli G. , Marotti I. , Zurla M. , Bosi S. , Lanzoni A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe potential non-target effects of genetically modified crops are some of the more debated topics within applied biotechnologies in agriculture and environmental risk assessment. The objective of the present research was to study the potential Bt-toxin uptake by the non-target herbivoreMyzus persicaeSulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding on transgenic oilseed rape plants (Brassica napuscv. ‘Westar’ lines GT 2–4) expressing the Cry1Ac endotoxin. A specific aim was to replicate our previous experiment in controlled laboratory conditions to avoid or minimize the risk of contamination leading to potential false positive results. The toxin levels in vernalized (V) and not-vernalized (not-V) transgenic oilseed rape plants was also monitored to better clarify the role of physiological processes on Bt-toxin expression. Cry1Ac expression in not-V plants (mean concentration±SE=167.8±5.7 μg kg−1FW) showed a pattern of large variability, in comparison with V plants whose expression (mean concentration±SE=227.7±1.9 μg kg−1FW) was significantly more stable. Cry1Ac toxin was detected in three aphid samples reared on V plants with a mean toxin concentration±SE of 4.8±0.6 μg Kg−1FW and in three out of six samples of aphids reared on not-V plants (mean toxin concentration±SE=7.1±1.2 μg kg−1FW). The mean Bt-toxin concentration of all the positive aphid samples was 5.9±1.0 μg kg−1FW. Our results confirmed the findings of our previous experiment and highlighted the potential for Cry1Ac toxin uptake by aphids feeding on transgenic oilseed rape plants.
Taboo or tradition? The non-use of nuclear weapons in world politics
Authors: PAUL T. V. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe non-use of nuclear weapons since Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 has emerged as a major puzzle in international politics. Traditional International Relations scholarship views this largely as a function of the deterrent relationship that emerged between the nuclear powers, especially during the Cold War era. The fact that nuclear weapons have not been used against non-nuclear states, despite temptations to use them, remains a challenge to the deterrence-only explanation. More normatively oriented scholars have argued that a taboo has emerged against the non-use of nuclear weapons. Nina Tannenwald's book,The Nuclear Taboois the most comprehensive study on this subject which relies on constructivist logic of inter-subjective taboo-like prohibition in accounting for the puzzle. While I see much merit in Tannenwald's empirical case studies, it is far-fetched to call the non-use largely a function of a taboo-like prohibition. For, taboos by their very nature forbid discussions of their breaking, whereas nuclear states have national military strategies that call for nuclear use under certain circumstances. They have also in many crises situations considered the use of nuclear weapons. I have argued in my book,The Tradition of Non-use of Nuclear Weapons(Stanford University Press, 2009), that a more modest tradition can be given partial credit for the absence of nuclear attacks on non-nuclear states. The tradition emerged because of a realisation of the horrendous effects of nuclear attack (a material fact) which generated reputation costs for a potential user. These reputation costs in turn generated self-deterrence which has helped to create a tradition which is partially restraining nuclear states from using their weapons for anything other than existential deterrence. Unlike Tannenwald, I contend that the tradition is not a strict taboo and hence it can be altered if material and political circumstances compel nuclear states to do so. The recent policy changes that have taken place in nuclear powers such as the US, Russia, UK, and France do not augur well for the tradition as the conditions for atomic use have been expanded to include prevention, pre-emption and other non-proliferation objectives involving rogue states and terrorist groups.
Law and the Politics of the Past: Legal Protection of Cultural Heritage in Greece
Authors: Voudouri Daphne 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article examines the main lines of Greek legislation on antiquities and on cultural heritage in general, in the course of its history, with an emphasis on the innovations and continuity of the current Law 3028 of 2002. It attempts to place the Greek case in the context of the relevant international experience and the broader debate about ownership of the past. It throws light on the relationship between the legal framework of antiquities and the formation and fostering of national identity in Greece, and on their close connection with the state, while at the same time criticizing the view that opposes a “cultural internationalist” approach to heritage to the “cultural nationalism” of Greece and other source countries.
Length-selective retention of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, by midwater trawls
Authors: Williams Kresimir , Punt André E. , Wilson Christopher D. , Horne John K. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWilliams, K., Punt, A. E., Wilson, C. D., and Horne, J. K. 2011. Length-selective retention of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, by midwater trawls. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 119–129. Midwater trawls are commonly used during acoustic surveys of fish abundance to determine species and length compositions of acoustically sampled fish aggregations. As trawls are selective samplers, catches can be unrepresentative of sampled populations and lead to biased abundance estimates. Length-dependent retention of walleye pollock was estimated using small recapture nets, so-called pocket nets, attached to the outside of the trawl. Experimental haul sets comprising eight hauls each were conducted in the Gulf of Alaska in 2007 and 2008 and in the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) in 2007. Pocket-net catches were then modelled by fitting parameters for selectivity and escapement location along the trawl. Within- and between-haul variability was jointly estimated using hierarchical Bayesian methods. There was significant undersampling of juvenile (<25 cm) pollock, with the length-at-50%-retention (L50) estimated between 13.5 and 26.1 cm among haul sets. In the EBS set, L50 values were correlated with light level, escapement being greater at night. Trawl selectivity may be a significant source of error in acoustic-survey estimates of the abundance of pollock.
Development of the EcoQO for the North Sea fish community
Authors: Greenstreet Simon P. R. , Rogers Stuart I. , Rice Jake C. , Piet Gerjan J. , Guirey Emma J. , Fraser Helen M. , Fryer Rob J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGreenstreet, S. P. R., Rogers, S. I., Rice, J. C., Piet, G. J., Guirey, E. J., Fraser, H. M., and Fryer, R. J. 2011. Development of the EcoQO for the North Sea fish community. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1–11. Development of the Ecological Quality Objective (EcoQO) for the North Sea demersal fish community is described. Size-based metrics were identified as the most effective indicators of the state of the community, but such metrics are also sensitive to environmental influence. Redefining the large fish indicator (LFI) produced a metric more sensitive to fishing-induced change and therefore more useful to managers. Fish stocks were thought to be exploited at a sustainable rate in the early 1980s, so in a process echoing the precautionary approach to fish stock management, this was considered the reference period for the LFI, suggesting a value of 0.3 as the appropriate EcoQO. The LFI declined from around 0.3 in 1983 to 0.05 in 2001, followed by a recovery to 0.22 in 2008. However, analyses of the longer-term groundfish survey data suggest that, even were fishing pressure to be reduced to early 20th century levels, the LFI would be unlikely to rise much above a value of 0.3. The response of the LFI to variation in fishing pressure suggested a more complex relationship than anticipated, underscoring the need for operational theoretical size-resolved multispecies fish community models to support management towards broader ecosystem objectives.
Buprenorphine Enhances and Prolongs the Postoperative Analgesic Effect of Bupivacaine in Patients Receiving Infragluteal Sciatic Nerve Block
Authors: Candido Kenneth D. , Hennes Jason , Gonzalez Sergio , Mikat-Stevens Marianne , Pinzur Michael , Vasic Vladimir , Knezevic Nebojsa Nick 
Published: November 2010

Background
Results from previous studies have shown favorable effects from the addition of buprenorphine to local anesthetics used for interscalene or axillary perivascular brachial plexus blocks. The main objective of the current study was to determine whether addition of buprenorphine could enhance bupivacaine analgesia after infragluteal sciatic nerve block.

Methods
One hundred and three consenting adult patients for elective foot and ankle outpatient surgeries were prospectively assigned randomly, in double-blind fashion, to one of three groups. Group 1 received 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine 1:200,000 for infragluteal sciatic block plus 1 ml normal saline intramuscularly. Group 2 received bupivacaine sciatic block along with intramuscular buprenorphine (0.3 mg). Group 3 received bupivacaine plus buprenorphine for infragluteal sciatic block and 1 ml normal saline intramuscularly.

Results
Although patients receiving buprenorphine either for sciatic block or intramuscularly had less pain in the postanesthesia care unit compared with patients receiving only bupivacaine, the individual pair-wise comparison of the analysis of variance model showed no statistical difference. However, only buprenorphine added to bupivacaine for sciatic block prolonged postoperative analgesia. Patients receiving a combination of buprenorphine and bupivacaine for sciatic block had lower numeric rating pain scores and received less opioid medication at home than patients in the other two groups.

Conclusions
The results show that buprenorphine may enhance and prolong the analgesic effect of bupivacaine when used for sciatic nerve blocks in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery under general anesthesia but does not do so to the extent shown in previous studies using brachial plexus models with mepivacaine and tetracaine.
Magnesium-Agarose Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) of Transcription Factor IID Binding to DNA
Authors: Carey Michael F. , Peterson Craig L. , Smale Stephen T. 
Published: November 2010

INTRODUCTIONThe general transcription factor IID (TFIID) is a key target for regulation because its binding to a core promoter is the nucleating step in transcription complex assembly. Many eukaryotic activators stimulate recruitment of the TFIID when its concentration is made limiting at a promoter in vitro. Magnesium-agarose gels can separate large complexes containing TFIID, TFIIA (the DA complex), and TFIIB (the DAB complex) and permit a quantitative measurement of how activators stimulate assembly of such complexes. The advantage of the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) is that the reactions can be performed under subsaturating conditions where a TFIID footprint might not be observed. Typically, the activator is incubated with a 32P-labeled DNA template, recombinant TFIIA purified from Escherichia coli, and immunopurified TFIID. After incubation, the samples are electrophoresed on magnesium-containing agarose gels, dried onto DEAE-cellulose paper, and autoradiographed. The DNA-protein complexes containing TFIID migrate with reduced mobility on magnesium-agarose gels both because of the large size of the complex and because the TATA-binding protein (TBP) subunit induces a sharp bend in the DNA, causing altered mobility. By comparing the binding of TFIID over a wide concentration range, with and without activator, one can assess whether the activator interacts with TBP or with one of the TBP-associated factors (TAFIIs). Additional factors such as TFIIA and TFIIB can be added subsequently to quantify their contributions to assembly of the transcription complex.
Processing Sleep Data Created with the Drosophila Activity Monitoring (DAM) System: Figure 1.
Authors: Pfeiffenberger Cory , Lear Bridget C. , Keegan Kevin P. , Allada Ravi 
Published: November 2010

INTRODUCTIONAdult behavioral assays have been used with great success in Drosophila melanogaster to identify circadian rhythm genes. In particular, the locomotor activity assay can identify altered behavior patterns over the course of several days in small populations, or even individual flies. Sleep is a highly conserved behavior that is required for optimal performance and, in many cases, life of an organism. Drosophila demonstrate a behavioral state that shows traits consistent with sleep: periods of relative behavioral immobility that coincide with an increased arousal threshold after ~5 min of inactivity, regulated by circadian and homeostatic mechanisms. However, because flies do not produce brain waves recordable by electroencephalography, sleep researchers use behavior-based paradigms to infer when a fly is asleep, as opposed to awake but immobile. Data on Drosophila activity can be collected using an automated monitoring system to provide insight into sleep duration, consolidation, and latency, as well as sleep deprivation and rebound. This protocol details the use of Counting Macro, an Excel-based program, to process data created with the Drosophila Activity Monitoring (DAM) System from TriKinetics for sleep analyses. Specifically, it details the steps necessary to convert the raw data created by the DAM System into sleep duration and consolidation data, broken down into the light (L), dark (D), light:dark cycling (LD), and constant darkness (DD) phases of a behavior experiment.
Array Tomography: Imaging Stained Arrays: Figure 1.
Authors: Micheva Kristina D. , O’Rourke Nancy , Busse Brad , Smith Stephen J. 
Published: November 2010

INTRODUCTIONArray tomography is a volumetric microscopy method based on physical serial sectioning. Ultrathin sections of a plastic-embedded tissue are cut using an ultramicrotome, bonded in an ordered array to a glass coverslip, stained as desired, and imaged. The resulting two-dimensional image tiles can then be reconstructed computationally into three-dimensional volume images for visualization and quantitative analysis. The minimal thickness of individual sections permits high-quality rapid staining and imaging, whereas the array format allows reliable and convenient section handling, staining, and automated imaging. Also, the physical stability of the arrays permits images to be acquired and registered from repeated cycles of staining, imaging, and stain elution, as well as from imaging using multiple modalities (e.g., fluorescence and electron microscopy). Array tomography makes it possible to visualize and quantify previously inaccessible features of tissue structure and molecular architecture. However, careful preparation of the tissue is essential for successful array tomography; these steps can be time-consuming and require some practice to perfect. In this protocol, tissue arrays are imaged using conventional wide-field fluorescence microscopy. Images can be captured manually or, with the appropriate software and hardware, the process can be automated.