bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mere Equities
Authors: Chambers Robert 
Published: April 2012

AbstractExamination of the relationship between the usual remedies for the recovery of property such as rectification and rescission and resulting trust is the main concern of this chapter. It argues that whenever a provider of property to another is entitled to rescind a transaction or rectify an instrument and thereby recover any portion of that property, the recipient holds the recoverable property on a resulting trust for the provider from the moment the right of rescission or rectification first arises. Also, this chapter aims to remove the objection derived from Phillips v. Phillips, which states that a person with a right to rescind or rectify a transaction has a mere equity and no equitable interest in the property involved. Equitable interests in recoverable property are illustrated including established principles and a comparison with constructive trusts. Latec Investments v. Hotel Terrigal and other cases related to the matter are explored.
Constitutional Functions of the WTO and Regional Trade Agreements
Authors: Cottier Thomas , Foltea Marina 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the guiding principles of the World Trade Organization (WTO) with respect to regional trade agreements (RTA). It discusses the economic and political reasons behind RTA and describes the rules as applied in practice and in WTO jurisprudence. It attempts to clarify the WTO–RTA relationship in the context of the treaty law framework and provides recommendations for reform developed within the framework of the Doha Development Agenda.
TRIPS-Plus Provisions in FTAs: Recent Trends
Authors: Mercurio Bryan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the trend in TRIPS-Plus provisions or the standards of intellectual property (IP) protection that are higher than what is required in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). It analyses patents as a form of IP to show that a rotating cycle between bilateralism, regionalism, and multilateralism not only exists in free trade agreements (FTA) but also strengthens intellectual property rights (IPR) and the obligations of nations. It discusses the important areas that are being re-negotiated bilaterally with the introduction of every TRIPS-Plus provision.
The WTO and Regional Trade Agreements as Competing Fora for Constitutional Reforms: Trade and Human Rights
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines trade and human rights issues in relation to the view that regional trade agreements (RTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) are competing fora for constitutional reforms. It examines the relevance of non-economic objectives and the human rights obligations of all WTO Members for RTA and WTO law. It concludes that WTO rules and RTA should be seen as competing fora not only for trade liberalization, also for constitutional reforms inside trading countries.
NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Creative Experiment or Confusion?
Authors: Mestral Armand De 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the workings of the various dispute settlement systems which exist under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in order to determine whether NAFTA actually possesses the advantages and disadvantages attributed to it with respect to dispute settlement. The results reveal that there is a strong interrelationship between certain NAFTA procedures and the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). The findings also suggest that many existing NAFTA procedures have the capacity to overlap and interweave.
Dispute Settlement in European Union Free Trade Agreements: Lessons Learned?
Authors: Bercero Ignacio Garcia 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter explores the reasons for the increasing EU preference for a quasi-judicial model of adjudication as far as trade disputes are concerned. It describes the current network of EU free trade agreements (FTA) and the traditional diplomatic dispute settlement mechanism which used to characterize all EU FTA. It explains the key features of the quasi-judicial model of trade adjudication in the FTA with Mexico and Chile, and evaluates how these agreements attempted to address the issue concerning the relationship between bilateral and World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement.
Dispute Settlement in the Proposed East Asia Free Trad Agreement: Lessons Learned From the ASEAN, the NAFTA, and the EU
Authors: Luo Yan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter discusses dispute settlement lessons from the experience of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and the European Union (EU) that may be applicable in the proposed East Asia Free Trade Agreement (FTA). It analyses that regionalism in East Asia and the experience of existing dispute settlement mechanism (DSM) in other regions in order to determine the most appropriate DSM for the proposed East Asia FTA. It proposes a general DSM for East Asia FTA modelled on the World Trade Organization (WTO) that may be used for resolving interstate trade disputes.
Rational analyses, instrumentalism, and implementations
Authors: Danks David 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The author provides an insightful critical reflection on the scope and usefulness of a ‘rational’ perspective on the cognitive system. He focuses on the nature of explanatory models of cognition which rational analyses provide. He argues for a shift in the practice of rational analysis to more widespread application, but with more careful consideration of their actual power. Rational analyses are important tools that should be used more widely, but with more care about what they actually yield.
Inference from absence in language and thought
Authors: Hahn Ulrike , Oaksford Mike 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter applies probabilistic techniques to reconsider the acceptability of different kinds of appealing, but supposedly logically fallacious arguments, arguing, for example, that circular arguments need not always be ‘vicious'. It reviews recent work on the classic fallacy of the ‘argument from ignorance’. This fallacy can be given a formal, Bayesian treatment, which suggests that there is nothing structurally amiss with arguments from ignorance, rather they are differentially strong or weak as a function of their specific content, that is, the specific probabilistic quantities involved. It re-examines the relative strength of such inferences and seeks to clarify the role of two widely cited mechanisms in language acquisition, pre-emption and entrenchment, from the viewpoint of probabilistic inference.
Bayesian brains and cognitive mechanisms:
Authors: Brighton Henry , Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe chapter considers the project of probabilistic rational analysis in relation to a particularly well-studied and simple heuristic, the Take the Best algorithm. The authors relate the tension between ‘rational’ and ‘algorithmic’ explanations of cognitive phenomena to the bias-variance dilemma in statistics. Where the cognitive system must make do with little data in relation to the complexity of the problem, they suggest that simple algorithmic models, rather than full-blown probabilistic calculations, may be the cognitive system's best strategy.
Thenaïveintuitive statistician
Authors: Hansson Patrik , Juslin Peter , Winman Anders 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe authors assume that, roughly, the cognitive system is able to provide a good analysis of the data which it experiences — i.e. cognition can be seen as intuitive statistics (Gigerenzer & Murray, 1987). However, they suggest, the crucial blind-spot in this process is an inability to correct for sampling bias — so that, to the degree that the world is not sampled randomly, the cognitive system is liable to come to misleading conclusions. The mind should be viewed as a naïve intuitive statistician. The authors provide a compelling illustration of their approach, considering the conditions in which people do, and do not, exhibit overconfidence, in relation to sampling and the process of making confidence judgements.
Categorization as nonparametric Bayesian density estimation
Authors: Griffiths Thomas L. , Sanborn Adam N. , Canini Kevin R. , Navarro Daniel J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The authors apply the state of the art techniques from machine learning and statistics to reconceptualize the problem of unsupervised category learning, and to relate it to previous psychologically motivated models, especially Anderson's rational analysis of categorization. The resulting analysis provides a deeper understanding of the motivations underlying the classic models of category representation, based on prototypes or exemplars, as well as shedding new light on the empirical data. Exemplar models assume that a category is represented by a set of stored exemplars, and categorizing new stimuli involves comparing these stimuli to the set of exemplars in each category. Prototype models assume that a category is associated with a single prototype and categorization involves comparing new stimuli to these prototypes. These approaches to category learning correspond to different strategies for density estimation used in statistics, being nonparametric and parametric density estimation respectively.
Compositionality in rational analysis:
Authors: Goodman Noah D. , Tenenbaum Joshua B. , Griffiths Thomas L. , Feldman Jacob 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter provides a range of conceptual and technical insights into how this project can be attempted — and goes some way to suggesting that probabilistic methods need not be viewed as inevitably unable to capture the richness and complexity of world knowledge. It argues that structured representations, generated by a formal grammar, can be appropriate units over which probabilistic information can be represented and learned. This topic is likely to be one of the main challenges for probabilistic research in cognitive science and artificial intelligence over the coming decades.
Causal learning in rats and humans:
Authors: Waldmann Michael R. , Cheng Patricia W. , Hagmayer York , Blaisdell Aaron P. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe authors bring together human and animal studies, with a particular focus on causal learning. Whereas the traditional associative approach to learning views learning contingencies as basic, and the learning of causality (if it is considered at all) to be secondary, they take the goal of the agent to infer the ‘causal powers’ of aspects of the world. Contingencies are primarily of interest to the degree that they provide evidence for such causal relationships. The degree to which the same rational model may be applied to learning, from rat to human, puts a new complexion on the behaviourist's project of building general principles of learning across species.
The Vision of the European Defence Community and a Common Defence for the European Union
Authors: Trybus Martin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter investigates the relevance of the dawn of European integration for the present and the future. In the early 1950s the six founding Member States of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) envisaged a supranational European Defense Community (EDC) in charge of a European defence policy which would even have included a European army. This chapter provides an overview of the Community envisaged in the EDC Treaty. It also discusses the supranational nature of the EDC as reflected in its institutional law, its defensive character, its principle of non-discrimination between Member States, and the connection to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO).
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and European Security Law
Authors: Odello Marco 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter analyses the aims, purposes, and work of the organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and examines the legal aspects of institutional action in the area of security law. It evaluates whether the legal and institutional structures of OSCE either undermine its future role as the leading European organisation, or may represent an advantage compared to other, mainly European, organisations. It focuses on the potential role of the OSCE in developing a specific legal framework — a European Security Law — both in partnership with other European organisations and in relationship with the UN.
How many dual-process theories do we need? One, two, or many?
Authors: Evans Jonathan St. B. T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDual-process theories of cognition are to be found everywhere in psychology. This chapter addresses whether there is a need to have this great multiplicity of theories, or whether there is one grand unifying dual-process theory that can incorporate them all. It argues that such theories fall into two distinct groups from the viewpoint of the cognitive architecture they imply. There is also a third notion (cognitive styles) that can all too readily be confused with such two-process accounts. A minimal definition of the difference is that type 1 processes are fast, automatic, low effort, and have a high processing capacity; and that type 2 processes are slow, controlled, high effort, and have a high processing capacity.
Systems and levels: Dual-system theories and the personal—subpersonal distinction
Authors: Frankish Keith 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter argues that the distinction between System 1 and System 2 corresponds to that between subpersonal and personal reasoning. But even if the distinctions do not align in this way, a weaker claim still stands. The distinction between personal and subpersonal reasoning marks one broad binary division in human reasoning, and one that needs to be acknowledged in psychological theory. Indeed, it may be the only such division. Most dual-systems theorists accept that System 1 is actually a suite of systems, and several contributors suggest that System 2 may also fragment in various ways. Indeed, there could be hybrid systems at a subpersonal level, with some System 1 properties and some System 2 properties. Personal reasoning, on the other hand, constitutes a distinct level of mental activity, which can be clearly distinguished from the lower, subpersonal one.
Dual-process theories: A metacognitive perspective
Authors: Thompson Valerie A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter develops a framework for predicting S2 intervention that is based on metacognitive experiences associated with S1 processes. In particular, it develops the argument that the outcome of a given reasoning attempt is determined not only by the content of the information which is retrieved by S1 and analysed by S2, but also by a second-order judgement. This metacognitive judgement is largely based on the experience associated with the execution of S1 and S2 processes, and it is this judgement that determines whether, and how, S2 processes are engaged.
The Impact of Enlargement on the Constitution of the European Union
Authors: Witte Bruno De 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter considers three constitutional dimensions of EU enlargement. Other institutional or policy challenges posed by enlargement, such as the future budgetary arrangements or the reform of agricultural and structural policies, are not dealt with. This chapter deals, more narrowly, with the intersection between the two legal-political questions that have occupied the minds of the EU institutions and Member States in the past decades: anticipating the consequences of enlargement and proceeding with the overall constitutional reform of the EU.
How is the Public Interest Determined?
Authors: Feintuck Mike 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This book seeks to understand how the concept of public interest is and might be used, and to consider whether it is possible and/or advisable to establish a meaningful construct of the public interest. It explores some of the competing claims put forward in the name of the public interest, and identifies the strengths and weaknesses of various approaches to it. It presents case studies of how the concept of public interest is currently used in the regulation of certain industries, both in Britain and the United States, which appear to be central to individual and collective expectations of modern life. Particular attention is paid to regulation of the food supply industry and recent controversies over genetic modification of foodstuffs, in which concerns of public health and safety have the clear potential to be in direct competition with the profit-making objectives of food producers and retailers. The book also looks at how the media industries, especially broadcasting, are regulated, in pursuit of public interest standards that are found either implicitly or explicitly.
Administrative Law Theory and Administrative Doctrine
Authors: Stolleis Michael 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Following the end of the war, an end to the revolution, and the creation of a constitution, the field of administrative law was able to pause and take stock for the first time. It had experienced demobilization and the enormous pressures from the problems of providing for the poor and the unemployed and running the housing administration. The question was whether the more recent developments would be ‘deliberately ignored’, which is what Otto Mayer was doing. He believed that ‘little is lost’ by taking this approach, because a careful sifting of the accumulated new material would presumably reveal in the end that it always contained the same, virtually supra-temporal elements. Otto Mayer, deeply convinced of the universality of his categories, and magnificent and one-sided reductionist that he was, was able simply to reject the phenomena that had become visible during the war.
The Principle of Human Dignity
Authors: Gearty Conor 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter discusses the principle of human dignity. This idea is less rooted than the previous two principles in the British legal tradition. However, it is the most human-rights-specific and reflects most clearly the insights that were forced upon the world in the aftermath of the Second World War. The notion that each person matters in his view of humanity is a core sentiment that lies behind the language deployed in the European Convention. The first section examines human dignity in the legal context. The second section discusses human dignity in relation to the British parliamentary tradition. The third section reviews the case law, looking at human dignity, the Human Rights Act, and the judges.
Movement analysis in pianists
Authors: Jabusch Hans-Christian 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter focuses on movement analysis in piano playing. There has been growing interest in the analysis of movements and performance in piano playing from different perspectives such as music psychology, piano pedagogy, neuroscience, and musicians' medicine. This chapter outlines the current developments in the fields of both movement analysis of the upper extremities and analysis of keyboard parameters indirectly describing the pianists' key movements or hammer movements.
The motor representation in pianists and string players
Authors: Jäncke Lutz 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPerforming music at a professional level is arguably among the most complex of human accomplishments. A pianist has to bimanually coordinate the production of up to 1800 notes per minute. Similar motor control demands are placed on violinists who additionally have to cope with unusual biomechanical constraints to hold the violin. This chapter discusses the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological peculiarities of musicians' brains. Because most musicians start their musical training very early in life and continue to practise throughout their entire life, the brain structures involved in the control of musical functions are constantly stimulated and thus shaped.
Brain activation during string playing
Authors: Nirkko Arto , Kristeva Rumyana 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter attempts to integrate data from both functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) to elucidate the activation of the cortical areas in musical performance for both execution and imagination of music during string playing. In both fMRI and EEG experiments, playing the music was compared with imagining the music. This allowed separation of the areas mainly involved in motor execution from those involved in imagining, planning, and working memory, thus differentiating musical from purely motor areas.
The development of focal dystonia in musicians as a consequence of maladaptive plasticity: implications for intervention
Authors: Byl Nancy
N. , Priori Alberto 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses evidence from animal and human studies suggesting that focal hand dystonia is due to multiple risk factors, one of which may be maladaptive plasticity. There is consistent evidence for somatosensory degradation as well an imbalance between inhibition and excitation at multiple levels of the central nervous system. Based on the hypothesis of aberrant learning, effective treatment must accomplish a reversal of the degradation of the central nervous system. One way to reverse learning-induced, negative behavioural changes underlying focal hand dystonia is for the patient to learn their way out of it by retraining the brain.
The attentional boost and the attentional blink
Authors: Olivers Christian N. L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the relation between attentional blink and the so-called attentional boost. It discusses the results from research about attention and explains that attentional boost can be described as a rapid, automatic, and goal-driven attentional response. It argues that there is ample behavioural evidence that attention acts rapidly and often transiently in response to the detection of a relevant stimulus and that the location of a stimulus is more rapidly detected than its exact features.
Attention underlies subjective temporal expansion
Authors: Tse Peter Ulric 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the findings of a study conducted by P. U. Tse and colleagues about temporal expansion in relation to more recent findings from time-perception literature. It explains that the perception of duration is rooted in the perceptual processing of events and an extensive literature provides evidence for the hypothesis that attention plays a role in the perception of duration. It mentions a proposed attentional allocation/distraction model which holds that attention can increase of decrease the perceived duration of a unit of objective time.
Temporal binding
Authors: Buehner Marc J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines temporal binding, the ability of the brain to group together separate events occurring at different time points into one coherent and meaningful event sequence. It evaluates the hypothesis that temporal binding is a two-way street that serves to resolve mutual ambiguities. It discusses the bi-directional relation between temporal contiguity and causality in temporal binding and suggests that subjective experience of time simultaneously shapes people's experience of the world.
On the locus of temporal preparation: enhancement of premotor processes?
Authors: Rolke Bettina , Ulrich Rolf 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the effect of temporal preparation on premotor processes. It explains that temporal preparation is a ubiquitous and fundamental feature of human behaviour and it is linked to the ability to anticipate future events and to adjust behaviour accordingly in order to optimize performance. It also mentions the availability of ample evidence that that temporal preparation also operates on premotoric levels by speeding up the duration of these processes. This speeding many not only shorten reaction-time but also enable a more accurate analysis of incoming sensory information.