bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INTRA- AND INTERGENERATIONAL SOCIAL MOBILITY IN RELATION TO HEIGHT, WEIGHT AND BODY MASS INDEX IN A BRITISH NATIONAL COHORT
Authors: KRZYŻANOWSKA MONIKA , MASCIE-TAYLOR C. G. NICHOLAS 
Published: March 2011

SummaryUsing a sample of 2090 father and son pairs, the extent of intra- and inter-generational social mobility (migration between social classes) was examined over a 42-year period in a British cohort in relation to height, weight and body mass index (BMI). The mean height difference between the highest and lowest social class decreased from about 4 cm in the fathers' generation to about 3 cm in the sons' generation, indicating a decline in heterogeneity in height between classes. For fathers downward intra-generational social mobility ranged between 11% and 18% while between 16% and 26% were upwardly mobile; for sons 15% were downwardly mobile and 21% upwardly mobile. On average downwardly mobile fathers were shorter by between 0.1 cm and 0.7 cm while upwardly mobile fathers were taller by, on average, 0.6 cm to 1.7 cm. For sons, the downwardly mobile were on average 0.7 cm shorter and the upwardly mobile 0.8 cm taller. For weight and BMI there were no consistent relationships with intra-generational mobility in either the fathers' or sons' generations. Inter-generationally, between 18% and 19% of sons were downwardly mobile and between 39% and 40% were upwardly mobile; the downwardly mobile were shorter by about 0.9 cm and the upwardly taller by between 0.6 cm and 1.2 cm. Sons with higher BMI were more likely to be inter-generationally downwardly mobile.
A neurocognitive comparison of cognitive flexibility and response inhibition in gamblers with varying degrees of clinical severity
Authors: Odlaug B. L. , Chamberlain S. R. , Kim S. W. , Schreiber L. R. N. , Grant J. E. 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundAs a behavioral addiction with clinical and phenomenological similarities to substance addiction, recreational and pathological gambling represent models for studying the neurobiology of addiction, without the confounding deleterious brain effects which may occur from chronic substance abuse.MethodA community sample of individuals aged 18–65 years who gamble was solicited through newspaper advertising. Subjects were grouped a priori into three groups (no-risk, at-risk, and pathological gamblers) based on a diagnostic interview. All subjects underwent a psychiatric clinical interview and neurocognitive tests assessing motor impulsivity and cognitive flexibility. Subjects with a current axis I disorder, history of brain injury/trauma, or implementation or dose changes of psychoactive medication within 6 weeks of study enrollment were excluded.ResultsA total of 135 no-risk, 69 at-risk and 46 pathological gambling subjects were assessed. Pathological gamblers were significantly older, and exhibited significant deficiencies in motor impulse control (stop-signal reaction times), response speed (median ‘go’ trial response latency) and cognitive flexibility [total intra-dimensional/extra-dimensional (IDED) errors] versus controls. The finding of impaired impulse control and cognitive flexibility was robust in an age-matched subgroup analysis of pathological gamblers. The no-risk and at-risk gambling groups did not significantly differ from each other on task performance.ConclusionsImpaired response inhibition and cognitive flexibility exist in people with pathological gambling compared with no-risk and at-risk gamblers. The early identification of such illness in adolescence or young adulthood may aid in the prevention of addiction onset of such disabling disorders.
Symptomatic remission and neurocognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Hofer A. , Bodner T. , Kaufmann A. , Kemmler G. , Mattarei U. , Pfaffenberger N. M. , Rettenbacher M. A. , Trebo E. , Yalcin N. , Fleischhacker W. W. 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundA cross-sectional study was conducted in participants with schizophrenia to explore a potential association between the patients' remission status and neurocognitive functioning and to examine whether these factors have an impact on functional outcome.MethodPsychopathological symptoms were rated by means of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale with symptom remission being assessed by applying the severity component of the recently proposed remission criteria. Tests for the cognitive battery were selected to cover domains known to be impaired in patients with schizophrenia. Next to pre-morbid intelligence, attention performance, executive functioning, verbal fluency, verbal learning and memory, working memory and visual memory were assessed. The joint effect of remission status and neurocognitive functioning on treatment outcome was investigated by logistic regression analysis.ResultsOut of 140 patients included in the study, 62 were symptomatically remitted. Mean age, education and sex distribution were comparable in remitted and non-remitted patients. Remitted patients showed significantly higher values on tests of verbal fluency, alertness and optical vigilance. Both symptomatic remission as well as performance on tests of working memory and verbal memory had a significant effect on the patients' employment status.ConclusionsIn the present study neuropsychological measures of frontal lobe functioning were associated with symptomatic remission from schizophrenia. In addition, both symptomatic remission and performance on tests of working memory and verbal memory had a significant effect on the patients' employment status. Longitudinal follow-up data are needed to determine how the associations of these determinants of functional outcome interact and change over time.
Autistic-like traits and their association with mental health problems in two nationwide twin cohorts of children and adults
Authors: Lundström S. , Chang Z. , Kerekes N. , Gumpert C. H. , Råstam M. , Gillberg C. , Lichtenstein P. , Anckarsäter H. 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundAutistic-like traits (ALTs), that is restrictions in intuitive social interaction, communication and flexibility of interests and behaviors, were studied in two population-based Swedish twin studies, one in children and one in adults: (1) to examine whether the variability in ALTs is a meaningful risk factor for concomitant attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, conduct problems, depression and substance abuse, and (2) to assess whether common genetic and environmental susceptibilities can help to explain co-existence of ALTs and traits associated with such concomitant problems.MethodTwo nationwide twin cohorts from Sweden (consisting of 11 222 children and 18 349 adults) were assessed by DSM-based symptom algorithms for autism. The twins were divided into six groups based on their degree of ALTs and the risk for concomitant mental health problems was calculated for each group. Genetic and environmental susceptibilities common to ALTs and the other problem types were examined using bivariate twin modeling.ResultsIn both cohorts, even the lowest degree of ALTs increased the risk for all other types of mental health problems, and these risk estimates increased monotonically with the number of ALTs. For all conditions, common genetic and environmental factors could be discerned. Overall, the phenotypic correlation between ALTs and the traits examined were less pronounced in adulthood than in childhood and less affected by genetic compared with environmental factors.ConclusionsEven low-grade ALTs are relevant to clinical psychiatry as they increase the risk for several heterotypical mental health problems. The association is influenced partly by common genetic and environmental susceptibilities. Attention to co-existing ALTs is warranted in research on a wide range of mental disorders.
El Tribunal Penal Internacional para Ruanda: sancionar a los asesinos
Authors: Peter Chris Maina 
Published: March 2011

«A decir verdad, lo importante no es cuántos casos de atrocidades puedan tratar los Tribunales Intemacionales sino el profundo mensaje que transmite su existencia misma, propiciando así el desarrollo del derecho mediante sus estatutos, sus normas de procedimiento y de prueba, así como mediante la práctical»En la primavera de 1994, fueron muertas en Ruanda más de 500.000 personas en uno de los más cruentos genocidios de la historia. La matanza comenzó apenas unas horas después de que fuese derribado, en un atentado, el avión en que viajaban, tras negociaciones de paz en Tanzania, los presidentes de Ruanda y de Burundi, antes de aterrizar en el aeropuerto de Kigali.
Noruega y los Protocolos adicionales de 1977 a los Convenios de Ginebra de 1949
Authors: Egge Bjørn 
Published: March 2011

Noruega partitipó activamente en los debates que concluyeron con la aprobación de los Protocolos adicionales de 1977. Muchos representantes noruegos asistieron a la Conferencia Diplomática sobre la Reafirmación y el Desarrollo del Derecho Internacional Aplicable en los Conflictos Armados (Ginebra, 1974–1977), así como a las reuniones de expertos que la precedieron.Tres Ministerios —el de Defensa, el de Justicia y el de Relaciones Exteriores— examinaron a fondo los resultados de la Conferencia Diplomática antes de presentarlos a la Asamblea Nacional (Storting).
Experimental investigations of X-pinch backlighters on QiangGuang-1 generator
Authors: Wu J. , Wang L. , Qiu A. , Han J. , Li M. , Lei T. , Cong P. , Qiu M. , Yang H. , Lv M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractExperiments of the return current post installed X-pinches were carried out on the 1-MA “QiangGuang-1” facility with the purpose of understanding X-pinch characteristics under this setup and establishing X-pinch backlighting diagnostics for the wire-array Z-pinches. Different wire-array loads along with the two-wire 30 µm Mo X-pinch backlighter were tested. The X-pinches emit the X-ray radiation with the burst time variation of ± 4 ns and the bright spot size of ~30 µm. X-ray backlighting shadowgraphy images of the over-mass and radiation-suppressed Z-pinch wire array were obtained.
The splitted beam profile of laser beam in the interaction of intense lasers with overdense plasmas
Authors: Xia Xiongping , Cai Zebin , Yi Lin 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this paper, the interaction of intense lasers with overdense plasmas is investigated. Based on the modified nonlinear wave equation describing the interaction of intense laser and overdense plasmas in nonparaxial region, due to the influence of off-axis components a2 and a4 in nonparaxial region, we first find the three-splitted laser beam intensity profile, besides, discuss detailed the forming mathematic and some possible physical conditions of the single highly self-focusing beam profile, two-splitted beam, and three-splitted beam profile. In addition, we also investigate the influence of the parameters βE02 and ρ2 on splitted beam profiles.
The comeback of shock waves in inertial fusion energy
Authors: Eliezer Shalom , Martinez Val Jose Maria 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe shock waves in laser plasma interaction have played an important role in the study of inertial fusion energy (IFE) since the 1970's and perhaps earlier. The interaction of laser, or any other high power beam, induced shock waves with matter was one of the foundations of the target design in IFE. Even the importance of shock wave collision was studied and its importance forgotten. In due course, the shock waves were taken as granted and became “second fiddle” in IFE scenario. The analysis of the shock wave in the context of IFE is revived in this paper. At the forefront of the past decade the concept of fast ignition was introduced. The different ideas of fast ignition are summarized with special emphasis on shock wave fast ignition. The ignition is achieved by launching a shock wave during the final stages of the implosion. In this paper, a possible instability in the propagation of the igniting shock wave is analyzed. The idea of combining the fast ignition fusion with an impact shock wave is suggested and analyzed. This is achieved by launching a shock wave by an accelerated foil during the final stage of the implosion in order to ignite the compressed fuel. In this scheme, like other fast ignition schemes, a significant reduction of the driver energy in comparison with standard IFE scenarios is required for the same high gain fusion.
Relativistic self-focusing and self-phase modulation of cosh-Gaussian laser beam in magnetoplasma
Authors: Gill Tarsem Singh , Kaur Ravinder , Mahajan Ranju 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we have investigated the propagation characteristics of cosh-Gaussian laser beam in magnetoplasma using relativistic nonlinearity. The field distribution in the medium is expressed in terms of beam width parameter an and decentred parameter b. An appropriate nonlinear Schräodinger equation has been solved analytically using variational approach. The behaviour of beam width parameter with dimensionless distance of propagation ξ for various b values is examined. Self-phase modulation and self-trapping is also studied under variety of parameters. Further, the effect of magnetic field on self-focusing of the beam have been explored.
A multiphase buoyancy-drag model for the study of Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities in dusty gases
Authors: Balakrishnan Kaushik , Menon Suresh 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new multiphase buoyancy-drag model is developed for the study of Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities in dusty gases, extending on a counterpart single-phase model developed in the past by Srebro et al. (2003). This model is applied to single- and multi-mode perturbations in dusty gases and both Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities are investigated. The amplitude for Rayleigh-Taylor growth is observed to be contained within a band, which lies within limits identified by a multiphase Atwood number that is a function of the fluid densities, particle size, and a Stokes number. The amplitude growth is subdued with (1) an increase in particle size for a fixed particle number density and with (2) an increase in particle number density for a fixed particle size. The power law index for Richtmyer-Meshkov growth under multi-mode conditions also shows dependence to the multiphase Atwood number, with the index for the bubble front linearly decreasing and then remaining constant, and increasing non-linearly for the spike front. Four new classes of problems are identified and are investigated for Rayleigh-Taylor growth under multi-mode conditions for a hybrid version of the model: (1) bubbles in a pure gas rising into a region of particles; (2) spikes in a pure gas falling into a region of particles; (3) bubbles in a region of particles rising into a pure gas; and (4) spikes in a region of particles falling into a pure gas. Whereas the bubbles accelerate for class (1) and the spikes for class (4), for classes (2) and (3), the spikes and bubbles, respectively, oscillate in a gravity wave-like phenomenon due to the buoyancy term changing sign alternatively. The spike or bubble front, as the case may be, penetrates different amounts into the dusty or pure gas for every subsequent penetration, due to drag effects. Finally, some extensions to the presently developed multiphase buoyancy-drag model are proposed for future research.
A force analysis of a 3-RPS parallel mechanism by using screw theory
Authors: Zhao Y. , Liu J. F. , Huang Z. 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYThe force analysis of parallel manipulators is one of the important issues for mechanical design and control, but it is quite difficult often because of the excessive unknowns. A new approach using screw theory for a 3-RPS parallel mechanism is proposed in this paper. It is able to markedly reduce the number of unknowns and even make the number of simultaneous equations to solve not more than six each time, which may be called force decoupling. With this method, first the main-pair reactions need to be solved for, and then, the active forces and constraint reactions of all other kinematic pairs can be simultaneously obtained by analyzing the equilibrium of each body one by one. Finally, a numerical example and a discussion are given.
Aldhelm and Old St Peter's, Rome
Authors: Story Joanna 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAldhelm of Malmesbury was one of the most prolific and influential scholars of early Anglo-Saxon England. His contemporary fame rested partly on the fact that he had been a pilgrim to Rome. This article presents new evidence for Aldhelm's literary debt to the epigraphy of early Christian Rome. Two ninth-century manuscripts from Reims contain an anthology of six epigrams which derive largely from verse inscriptions in Old St Peter's. Aldhelm quoted two of these, de Petro and de Andrea, almost verbatim in his Carmina Ecclesiastica. It is likely that Aldhelm knew these verses from first-hand observation rather than via the pages of a manuscript sylloge.
Why is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle About Kings?
Authors: Brooks Nicholas 
Published: March 2011

AbstractResearch into the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the last generation has concentrated upon editing the different versions found in the extant manuscripts and on interpreting their differences. That has caused some neglect of the features that all manuscripts share, namely their remarkable preoccupation with the deeds of English kings and with the assertion of English identity – features characteristic both of the Chronicle's ‘common stock’ down to c. 892 and of subsequent continuations. That shared agenda may most readily be explained by supposing that from the 890s until 1131 sections of the annals continued to be disseminated intermittently from the royal household. The sustained royal focus would reflect the career interests of those in the king's service; and the local continuation of Chronicle manuscripts would reflect such men's role in abbatial or episcopal office. The traditional assumption that the Chronicle was being composed in the churches to which copies had been distributed by King Alfred requires an interpretation of the manuscript transmission of improbable complexity.
The star-like soul in the metra of the Old English Boethius
Authors: Lenz Karmen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe central theme in both versions of the Old English Boethius is the Christian conversion of the soul. In the prosimetrical version, this theme is highlighted further in the metra through the poetic trope of the human soul figured as a star to reinforce the teaching in the prose passages. In the course of the metra, the trope increasingly focuses on the inner life of the man engaged in earthly affairs as he strengthens his moral resolve and his divine affiliation through meditation. Repetition and variations of the trope in Metres 5, 10, 20, 22 and 23 represent the soul's shift from despair to understanding.
The Old English Life of St Neot and the legends of King Alfred
Authors: Godden Malcolm 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Old English Life of St Neot has been generally dated to the twelfth century and dismissed as a late and derivative work. The article argues that it was written much earlier, in the first few decades of the eleventh century, and is both a significant example of late Old English hagiographic literature and an important witness to early legends about King Alfred and his posthumous reputation.
Dual language exposure and early bilingual development
Authors: HOFF ERIKA , CORE CYNTHIA , PLACE SILVIA , RUMICHE ROSARIO , SEÑOR MELISSA , PARRA MARISOL 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe extant literature includes conflicting assertions regarding the influence of bilingualism on the rate of language development. The present study compared the language development of equivalently high-SES samples of bilingually and monolingually developing children from 1 ; 10 to 2 ; 6. The monolingually developing children were significantly more advanced than the bilingually developing children on measures of both vocabulary and grammar in single language comparisons, but they were comparable on a measure of total vocabulary. Within the bilingually developing sample, all measures of vocabulary and grammar were related to the relative amount of input in that language. Implications for theories of language acquisition and for understanding bilingual development are discussed.
Evolution of HCV incidence in drug users in France
Authors: LUCIDARME D. , DUBURQUE C. , BULOIS P. , FILOCHE B. 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYOver the last 40 years, the dynamics of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in drug users has been affected by the illicit drug market, the health environment including the devastating impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic which erupted in the 1980s, and the diffusion of substitution treatment beginning in 1995. The purpose of this literature review is to present the dynamics of HCV infection in drug users in France over the last 40 years. Two prevalence studies of HCV infection in the general population were conducted by the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance in 1994 and 2004 and were the touchstone data sources for this analysis. Hypotheses constructed from the findings of these two studies were examined in light of results reported by multicentre prevalence and incidence studies in drug-user populations. The incidence of HCV infection in drug users in France reached a peak in the late 1980s or early 1990s after a lengthy period of epidemic expansion. Implementation of a risk reduction policy enabled a very significant reduction in the incidence of HCV infection in drug users over the last 20 years, leading to incidence figures which are now 10–15% of the 1990 estimate.
Executive Function in Young Males with Klinefelter (XXY) Syndrome with and without Comorbid Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Lee Nancy Raitano , Wallace Gregory L. , Clasen Liv S. , Lenroot Rhoshel K. , Blumenthal Jonathan D. , White Samantha L. , Celano Mark J. , Giedd Jay N. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDeficits in executive function (EF) are reported to occur in individuals with Klinefelter syndrome (XXY). The degree of impairment, if any, is variable and the nature of these deficits has not been clearly elucidated in young males. In this report, we (a) examine EF skills using multiple tasks in a non-clinic referred group of youth with XXY, (b) describe the extent of EF weaknesses in XXY when this group is compared with typical males of a similar SES or typical males with similar verbal abilities, and (c) evaluate the contribution of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to EF skills. The sample included 27 males with XXY (ages 9–25), 27 typically developing age- and vocabulary-matched males, and 22 age- and socioeconomic status-matched males. EF tasks included Verbal Fluency, the Trail Making Test, and the CANTAB Spatial Working Memory and Stockings of Cambridge tasks. Mixed model analysis of variance was used to compare the groups on EF tasks and revealed a main effect of group but no group by task interaction. Overall, the XXY group performed less well than both control groups, but performance did not differ significantly as a function of task. ADHD comorbidity in males with XXY was related to poorer EF skills. (JINS, 2011,17, 522–530)