bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socialist Transformation of Agriculture and Gender Relations: the Vietnamese Case
Authors: White Christine Pelzer 
Published: August 2010

summary The author argues, on the basis of a case study of Vietnam, that socialist transformation of agriculture can be neither successful nor adequately understood without an analysis of gender aspects of production relations. A socialist solution to the ‘agrarian question’ and the ‘woman's question’ must create an institutional framework which coordinates the spheres of production and reproduction and develops a new sexual division of labour.Resumen Transformaciön socialista de la agricultura y relaciones entre sexos: el caso vietnamitaBasándose en un caso tipico de Vietnam, la autora argumenta que la transformación socialista de la agricultura no puede ni tener éxito ni comprendersedebidamente sin un análisis de losaspectos del sexo en las relaciones de producción. La solución socialista a la ‘cuestión agraria’ y la ‘cuestión de la mujer’ ha de crear un marco institucional que coordine la esteras de producción y reproducción y desarrolle una nueva división sexual de 1a mano de obra.Résumé Transformation socialiste de l'agriculture et rapports de genre: le cas vietnamienL'auteur prouve, sur la base d'une étude de cas du Vietnam, que la transformation socialiste de l'agriculture ne peut être réussie ni comprise sans une analyse des aspects de genre des rapports de production. Une solution socialiste à la 'question agraire' et à la 'question de la femme doit créer un cadre institutionnel qui coordonne les sphères de production et de reproduction et qui développe une nouvelle division sexuelle du travail.
EEC Mineral Policy — Some Proposals for Change in the 1980s
Authors: Faber Mike , Fortin Carlos , Hewitt Adrian 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The EEC perceives a mutuality of interest between itself and the Third World in the area of minerals. This was the basis for the introduction in the second Lomé Convention of several mineral‐related instruments, including the Sysmin scheme, possible joint‐financed mining projects, and a window for EIB lending to mining and energy. Of these, the Sysmin scheme was the most substantial, but its implementation so far has revealed a number of problems. In view of the very modest success of these measures, there is a need for new initiatives, particularly in three areas of potential mutual advantage: the promotion of exploration, emergency purchases of minerals from selected ACP states when prices are exceptionally low, and the encouragement of mineral revenue stabilisation funds.RESUMEN Política minera de la CEE. Algunas proposiciones de cambio para la décade de 1980La CEE percibe la existencia de intereses mutuos entre ella y el Tercer Mundo en el área de los minerales. Esta fue la base para la introducción de varios instrumentos relativos a la minería en la Segunda Convención de Lomé, incluyendo el programa Sysmin, posibles proyectos mineros de financiamiento conjunto y una ventanilla para préstamos del BEI a la minería y la energía. El más sustancial de éstos fue el programa Sysmin, no obstante que hasta ahora su implementación ha revelado algunos problemas. El éxito muy modesto de estas medidas, demuestra la necesidad de nuevas iniciativas, especialmente en tres áreas de la mutua ventaja potencial: la promoción de exploraciones, el surgimiento de compras de minerales por parte de estados seleccionados del Africa, Caribe y Pacífico, cuando los precios son excepcionalmente bajos y, el fomento de fondos de estabilización de utilidades mineras.RÉSUMÉ La Polétique Minérale de la CEE — Quelques Propositions de Changements pour les années 80La CEE entrevoit un intérêt mutuel entre elle et le Tiers‐Monde dans le secteur des minéraux. Cela était à la base de l'introduction, lors de la deuxième Convention de Lomé, de plusieurs mécanismes relatifs aux minéraux, comprenant le plan Sysmin, d'éventuels projets d'exploitation minière conjointement financés, et une ouverture pour un prêt de la BIE à l'exploitation minière et à l'énergie. De tous, le plan Sysmin était le plus important, mais son exécution a jusqu'à présent soulevé quelques problèmes. Etant donné le succès très modeste de ces mesures, de nouvelles initiatives sont nécessaires, particulièrement dans trois domaines à avantage mutuel potentiel: la promotion de l'exploration, achats urgents de minéraux provenant d'une sélection d'états d'ACP à un moment où les prix sont exceptionnellement bas, et l'encouragement de fonds de stabilisation des revenus minéraux.
Efficiency in Health Care: a Market Model for Developed Economies
Authors: Maynard Alan 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Public and private health care markets exhibit the same defects: the ‘third party’ (the state or the insurer) pays, and neither the consumer nor the producer has much incentive to economise in the use of scarce resources. Unless these defects are remedied by managerial innovations and essential basic research, the inefficiency and cost inflation will continue.RESUMEN Eficiencia en la atención de salud: un modelo de Mercado par alas economías desarrolladasLos mercados público y privado de atención de salud, denotan los mismos defectos. La ‘tercera parte’ (el estado o el asegurador) paga y tanto el consumidor como el productor, carecen de incentivos suficientes para economizaren el uso de recursos escasos. La ineficiencia y la inflación de costos continuarán, a menos que estos defectos sean subsanados mediante innovaciones administrativas e investigaciones básicas esenciales.RESUMES Efficacité de l'assistance médicale: un marché modèle pour le développement économiqueLes marchés publics et privés d'assistance médicale montrent les mêmes défauts. Le tiers parti (l'état ou l'assureur) paye, et ni le consommateur, ni le producteur n'ont beaucoup d'encouragement pour économiser l'utilisation des matières rares. A moins que ces défauts soient remédiés par des innovations directoriales et d'essentielles recherches de base, l'inefficacité et la hausse des coûts inflationniste continueront.
Pharmaceutical Policy in Independent Mozambique: the first years
Authors: Martins Helder 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY In the context of developing a comprehensive national health service based on primary health care, major changes have been made in independent Mozambique to the chaotic pharmaceutical situation inherited from the colonial period. By means principally of an effective national formulary and a central state procurement system, inappropriate drugs have been eliminated and the number of products in the country has been greatly reduced. Combined with compulsory generic‐name prescribing and the flow of unbiased therapeutic information, these measures have improved the quality of health care practice. Drug import prices have decreased, and the cost savings, together with increased government expenditure and more equitable distribution, have greatly improved the availability of drugs where they are most needed.RESUMEN Política farmacéutica en Mozambique independiente: los primeros añosEn Mozambique independiente se han efectuado cambios importantes en la caótica situación farmacéutica heredada del período colonial, mediante el desarrollo de un servicio nacional de salud integrado, que se basa en la atención primaria de salud. Se han eliminado medicamentos inadecuados y se ha reducido considerablemente el número de productos en el país, por medio de un formulario nacional efectivo y de un sistema de abastecimiento estatal centralizado. Estas medidas, en conjunto con la prescripción obligatoria de genéricos y el flujo de información terapéutica objetiva, han mejorado la calidad en la práctica de la atención de salud. Los precios de los medicamentos importados han disminuido y, tanto los costos ahorrados como el incremento y la distribución más equitativa del gasto público, han mejorado substancialmente la disponibilidad de fármacos donde más se necesitan.RESUMES Politiques pharmaceutiques dans un Mozambique indépendant: les premières annéesDans le contexte du développement d'un service de santé national compréhensif, basé sur le concept de l'assistance médicale primaire, des changements majeurs ont été effectués au Mozambique, depuis la situation pharmaceutique chaotique héritée de l'époque coloniale. Grâce, principalement, à l'introduction effective d'une formule nationale et à la création d'un centre officiel d'approvisionnement, le pays a pu non seulement éliminer les drogues inappropriées mais aussi fortement réduire le nombre de produits. Conjointement avec l'obligation de prescrire uniquement des ordonnances composées de produits génériques, et l'accès libre aux informations thérapeutiques, ces mesures ont contribué à l'amélioration de l'exercise des soins médicaux. Les prix des drogues importées ont diminué et lés économies sur les dépenses, en plus de l'augmentation du budget du gouvernement et une distribution plus équitable, ont sensiblement amélioré la disponibilité des drogues dans les endroits où se trouve le plus grand besoin.
Responding to Threats and Incidents of Intentional Drinking Water Contamination
Authors: Allgeier Steven C. , Magnuson Matthew L. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryAll drinking water systems have some degree of vulnerability to contamination, and analysis shows that it is possible to contaminate drinking water at levels causing varying degrees of harm. Furthermore, experience indicates that the threat of contamination, overt or circumstantial, is probable. Thus, there is a clear need to address the contamination threat. While certain steps may be taken to reduce the vulnerabilities and prevent intentional contamination, it is impossible to completely eliminate this vulnerability, although a utility could spend a lot of resources trying to do so. Instead, it may be more effective to plan for responding to contamination threats that do arise.
Geometric level raising for p-adic automorphic forms
Authors: Newton James 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe present a level-raising result for families of p-adic automorphic forms for a definite quaternion algebra D over ℚ. The main theorem is an analogue of a theorem for classical automorphic forms due to Diamond and Taylor. We show that certain families of forms old at a prime l intersect with families of l-new forms (at a non-classical point). One of the ingredients in the proof of Diamond and Taylor’s theorem (which also played a role in earlier work of Taylor) is the definition of a suitable pairing on the space of automorphic forms. In our situation one cannot define such a pairing on the infinite dimensional space of p-adic automorphic forms, so instead we introduce a space defined with respect to a dual coefficient system and work with a pairing between the usual forms and the dual space. A key ingredient is an analogue of Ihara’s lemma which shows an interesting asymmetry between the usual and the dual spaces.
Enterovirus 71 Infection of Monocytes with Antibody-Dependent Enhancement
Authors: Wang Shih-Min , Chen I.-Chun , Su Ling-Yao , Huang Kao-Jean , Lei Huan-Yao , Liu Ching-Chuan 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTEnterovirus (EV) is an RNA virus that has circulated with different serotypes and genotypes worldwide. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major neurotropic virus that causes severe brain stem encephalitis (BE) in infants and young children. The most vulnerable age for fatal infection is 6 to 11 months. This is associated with the coincident decline in maternal antibodies. The current report describes our finding that EV71 can infect human peripheral blood monocytes. We were able to show that EV71 infection is enhanced in the monocytic cell line THP-1 by the presence of subneutralizing concentrations of anti-EV71 antibodies. We also found that antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is mediated in part by Fcγ receptors. These observations support the concept that ADE augments the infectivity of EV71 for human monocytes and contributes to the age-dependent pathogenesis of EV71-induced disease. The ADE phenomenon must be considered during the development of an EV71 vaccine.
Influence of Advanced Age onMycobacterium bovisBCG Vaccination in Guinea Pigs Aerogenically Infected withMycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Komine-Aizawa Shihoko , Yamazaki Toshio , Yamazaki Tsuyoshi , Hattori Shin-ichiro , Miyamoto Yuji , Yamamoto Naoki , Haga Shinji , Sugitani Masahiko , Honda Mitsuo , Hayakawa Satoshi , Yamamoto Saburo 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only tuberculosis (TB) vaccine currently available, but its efficacy against adult pulmonary TB remains controversial. BCG induces specific immune responses to mycobacterial antigens and may elicit protective immunity against TB. TB remains a major public health problem, especially among the elderly, yet the efficacy of BCG in the elderly is unknown. We investigated the ability of BCG vaccination to prevent TB in young (6-week-old), middle-aged (18-month-old), and old (60-month-old) guinea pigs. BCG-Tokyo vaccination reduced the growth ofMycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv in all three groups. By use of an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing cells were detected in the 60-month-old guinea pigs after a booster vaccination with BCG-Tokyo. Our findings suggest that BCG-Tokyo has a protective effect against tuberculosis infection regardless of age.
CREB Is a Positive Transcriptional Regulator of Gamma Interferon in Latent but Not Active Tuberculosis Infections
Authors: Liu Yang , Guo Yan-Ling , Zhou Shi-Jie , Liu Fei , Du Feng-Jiao , Zheng Xiao-Jing , Jia Hong-Yan , Zhang Zong-De 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGamma interferon (IFN-γ) is a crucial cytokine for protection againstMycobacterium tuberculosis, but the mechanism of IFN-γ transcription is still unclear. The cyclic AMP (cAMP) responsive element binding (CREB) proteins belong to the bZip (basic leucine zipper) family of transcription factors and are essential for T-cell function and cytokine production. This study focused on the capacity of CREB proteins to regulate IFN-γ transcription in CD3+T cells obtained from tuberculosis (TB) patients and persons with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in China. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and Western blotting were used to demonstrate the regulatory role of CREB. EMSA (in vitro) and ChIP (in vivo) experiments suggested CREB could bind to the IFN-γ proximal promoter in persons with LTBI, whereas no binding was detected in TB patients. Western blotting confirmed the expression of CREB proteins, especially serine-133-phosphorylated CREB, was markedly reduced in TB patients compared with persons with LTBI. These results suggested that CREB could promote the transcription and production of IFN-γ through binding with the IFN-γ proximal promoter, but the regulatory role of CREB was decreased in tuberculosis patients owing to diminished expression of CREB proteins, which in turn reduced the IFN-γ production.
Internet-Accessible DNA Sequence Database for Identifying Fusaria from Human and Animal Infections
Authors: O'Donnell Kerry , Sutton Deanna A. , Rinaldi Michael G. , Sarver Brice A. J. , Balajee S. Arunmozhi , Schroers Hans-Josef , Summerbell Richard C. , Robert Vincent A. R. G. , Crous Pedro W. , Zhang Ning , Aoki Takayuki , Jung Kyongyong , Park Jongsun , Lee Yong-Hwan , Kang Seogchan , Park Bongsoo , Geiser David M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBecause less than one-third of clinically relevant fusaria can be accurately identified to species level using phenotypic data (i.e., morphological species recognition), we constructed a three-locus DNA sequence database to facilitate molecular identification of the 69Fusariumspecies associated with human or animal mycoses encountered in clinical microbiology laboratories. The database comprises partial sequences from three nuclear genes: translation elongation factor 1α (EF-1α), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase (RPB1), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase (RPB2). These three gene fragments can be amplified by PCR and sequenced using primers that are conserved across the phylogenetic breadth ofFusarium. Phylogenetic analyses of the combined data set reveal that, with the exception of two monotypic lineages, all clinically relevant fusaria are nested in one of eight variously sized and strongly supported species complexes. The monophyletic lineages have been named informally to facilitate communication of an isolate's clade membership and genetic diversity. To identify isolates to the species included within the database, partial DNA sequence data from one or more of the three genes can be used as a BLAST query against the database which is Web accessible at FUSARIUM-ID (http://isolate.fusariumdb.org) and the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS-KNAW) Fungal Biodiversity Center (http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/fusarium). Alternatively, isolates can be identified via phylogenetic analysis by adding sequences of unknowns to the DNA sequence alignment, which can be downloaded from the two aforementioned websites. The utility of this database should increase significantly as members of the clinical microbiology community deposit in internationally accessible culture collections (e.g., CBS-KNAW or the Fusarium Research Center) cultures of novel mycosis-associated fusaria, along with associated, corrected sequence chromatograms and data, so that the sequence results can be verified and isolates are made available for future study.
In
Vitro
Evaluation of Antibiotic Synergy for Polymyxin B-Resistant Carbapenemase-Producing
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Elemam Azza , Rahimian Joseph , Doymaz Mehmet 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Since carbapenemase-producing
Klebsiella pneumoniae
strains were first reported in North Carolina, these highly resistant organisms have been isolated with increasing frequency, especially in the New York City area. Polymyxin B is one of the few antimicrobials that retain reliable activity against these organisms. However, polymyxin B MICs are elevated against
K. pneumoniae
isolates with increasing frequency, leaving clinicians with few therapeutic options. We investigated several antimicrobial agents for potential synergy with polymyxin B against 12 clinical strains of carbapenemase-producing
K. pneumoniae.
A broth microdilution assay using a 96-well plate was developed in which graded dilutions of polymyxin B and the study drug were incubated with resistant isolates in a checkerboard pattern. Polymyxin B was studied in combination with cefazolin, ceftriaxone, cefepime, imipenem, gentamicin, tigecycline, doxycycline, and rifampin. All
K. pneumoniae
strains tested positive for
K. pneumoniae
carbapenemase (KPC) genes by real-time PCR and had elevated polymyxin B MIC values ranging from 16 to 128 μg/ml. Synergy was observed with the combination of polymyxin B and rifampin as well as with polymyxin B and doxycycline, resulting in at least a 4-fold decrease in the polymyxin B MIC. For both combinations, this effect occurred at physiologically achievable concentrations. Less pronounced synergy was noted with tigecycline and polymyxin B. No synergy was observed at physiologic concentrations with the other antimicrobials studied. These results suggest that rifampin, doxycycline, and tigecycline may be useful additions to polymyxin B in the treatment of infections caused by highly resistant carbapenemase-producing
K. pneumoniae
. Further studies are warranted to determine if these
in vitro
findings translate into clinical efficacy.
Identification, Molecular Characterization, and Occurrence of Two Bovine Hemoplasma Species in Swiss Cattle and Development of Real-Time TaqMan Quantitative PCR Assays for Diagnosis of Bovine Hemoplasma Infections
Authors: Meli Marina L. , Willi Barbara , Dreher Ute M. , Cattori Valentino , Knubben-Schweizer Gabriela , Nuss Karl , Braun Ueli , Lutz Hans , Hofmann-Lehmann Regina 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTConcomitantly with an outbreak of fatal anaplasmosis in a cattle herd in Switzerland in 2002, we detected two bovine hemoplasma species in diseased animals:Mycoplasma wenyonii(formerlyEperythrozoon wenyonii) and a second, novel bovine hemoplasma species later designated “CandidatusMycoplasma haemobos” (synonym, “CandidatusMycoplasma haemobovis”). The second species was characterized by a shorter 16S rRNA gene. The aims of the present study were to provide a detailed molecular characterization of this species, to develop specific quantitative real-time PCR assays for the two bovine hemoplasma species, and to apply these assays in order to evaluate the prevalence and clinical significance of the hemoplasmas. Sequencing of the near-complete 16S rRNA gene of the second hemoplasma revealed that it was 94% identical to that ofMycoplasma haemofelis, an anemia-inducing feline hemoplasma species, but less than 85% identical to that of the bovine hemoplasmaM. wenyonii. Using the newly developed assays, a total of 159 animals from the anaplasmosis outbreak were reexamined. In addition, we tested 57 clinically ill and 61 healthy Swiss cattle, as well as 47 calves. Both hemoplasmas were highly prevalent in adult cattle but occurred rarely in calves. Animals from the herd with the fatal anemia outbreak were more frequently infected withM. wenyoniiand exhibited higherM. wenyoniiblood loads than animals with unrelated diseases and healthy animals. Coinfections may increase the pathogenicity and clinical significance of bovine hemoplasmosis.
Genome-Wide Detection and Characterization of Endogenous Retroviruses inBos taurus
Authors: Garcia-Etxebarria Koldo , Jugo Begoña Marina 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTEndogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are the proviral phase of exogenous retroviruses that become integrated into a host germ line. They can play an important role in the host genome. Bioinformatic tools have been used to detect ERVs in several vertebrates, primarily primates and rodents. Less information is available regarding ERVs in other mammalian groups, and the source of this information is basically experimental. We analyzed the genome of the cow (Bos taurus) using three different methods. A BLAST-based method detected 928 possible ERVs, LTR_STRUC detected 4,487 elements flanked by long terminal repeats (LTRs), and Retrotector detected 9,698 ERVs. The ERVs were not homogeneously distributed across chromosomes; the number of ERVs was positively correlated with chromosomal size and negatively correlated with chromosomal GC content. The bovine ERVs (BoERVs) were classified into 24 putative families, with 20 of them not previously described. One of these new families, BoERV1, was the most abundant family and appeared to be specific to ruminants. An analysis of representatives of ERV families from rodents, primates, and ruminants showed a phylogenetic relationship following their hosts' relationships. This study demonstrates the importance of using multiple methods when trying to identify new ERVs and shows that the number of bovine ERV families is not as limited as previously thought.