bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between reform and inertia: Bolivia's employment and social protection policies over the past 20 years
Authors: WANDERLEY Fernanda 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.With the coming to power in 2006 of Evo Morales' Movement Toward Socialism, Bolivia entered a new stage in its history: a period of ambitious political and economic reform aiming to transcend the neo‐liberal development model in place since 1985 and to renew the State on the basis of its new Constitution, drawn up in 2008. Against this background, this article examines changes in labour law and social protection during the 1980s and 1990s and takes stock of the challenges of implementing a development strategy focusing on full employment and equity.
Physiological responses of young cross‐bred calves immediately after long‐haul road transportation and after one week of habituation
Authors: UETAKE Katsuji , ISHIWATA Toshie , TANAKA Toshio , SATO Shusuke 
Published: November 2009

ABATRACTWe investigated 10 suckling cross‐bred calves (Japanese Black (Wagyu) × Holstein) and collected data on the physiological stress responses of the young calves to long‐haul road transportation. All calves were male and 21–47 days of age. The calves were obtained at a livestock market and were transported from the market to the university in a commercial livestock vehicle. The total haul distance and time were 306.9 km and 7 h, respectively. The calves were deprived of food and water during transportation. Blood samples, electrocardiograms, and rectal temperatures were collected immediately after transportation and after one week of habituation at the university. Serum pH was significantly lower (P < 0.01), while serum triiodothyronine, aspartate aminotransferase, non‐esterified fatty acids (allP < 0.05), and heart rate (P < 0.01) were significantly higher immediately after transportation. The concentrations of blood lactic acid (P = 0.08) and serum alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.06) tended to be higher after transportation. These physiological responses suggest that the stress caused by long‐haul transportation causes significant effects on liver function in young calves.
EWS/FLI and Its Downstream Target NR0B1 Interact Directly to Modulate Transcription and Oncogenesis in Ewing's Sarcoma
Authors: Kinsey Michelle , Smith Richard , Iyer Anita K. , McCabe Edward R.B. , Lessnick Stephen L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Most Ewing's sarcomas harbor chromosomal translocations that encode fusions between EWS and ETS family members. The most common fusion, EWS/FLI, consists of an EWSR1-derived strong transcriptional activation domain fused, in-frame, to the DNA-binding domain–containing portion of FLI1. EWS/FLI functions as an aberrant transcription factor to regulate genes that mediate the oncogenic phenotype of Ewing's sarcoma. One of these regulated genes, NR0B1, encodes a corepressor protein, and likely plays a transcriptional role in tumorigenesis. However, the genes that NR0B1 regulates and the transcription factors it interacts with in Ewing's sarcoma are largely unknown. We used transcriptional profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation to identify genes that are regulated by NR0B1, and compared these data to similar data for EWS/FLI. Although the transcriptional profile overlapped as expected, we also found that the genome-wide localization of NR0B1 and EWS/FLI overlapped as well, suggesting that they regulate some genes coordinately. Further analysis revealed that NR0B1 and EWS/FLI physically interact. This protein-protein interaction is likely to be relevant for the development of Ewing's sarcoma because mutations in NR0B1 that disrupt the interaction have transcriptional consequences and also abrogate oncogenic transformation. Taken together, these data suggest that EWS/FLI and NR0B1 physically interact, coordinately modulate gene expression, and mediate the transformed phenotype of Ewing's sarcoma. [Cancer Res 2009;69(23):9047–55]
DNA Replication Licensing Factors and Aneuploidy Are Linked to Tumor Cell Cycle State and Clinical Outcome in Penile Carcinoma
Authors: Kayes Oliver J. , Loddo Marco , Patel Nimish , Patel Pranav , Minhas Suks , Ambler Gareth , Freeman Alex , Wollenschlaeger Alex , Ralph David J. , Stoeber Kai , Williams Gareth H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Purpose: The DNA replication licensing machinery is integral to the control of proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance of genomic stability in human cells. We have analyzed replication licensing factors (RLF), together with DNA ploidy status, to investigate their role in progression of penile squamous cell carcinoma and to assess their utility as novel prognostic tools.
Experimental Design: In a cohort of 141 patients, we linked protein expression profiles of the standard proliferation marker Ki67 and the RLFs Mcm2 and geminin to clinicopathologic variables, ploidy status, and clinical outcome.
Results: Increased Ki67, Mcm2, and geminin levels were each significantly associated with arrested tumor differentiation (P &lt; 0.0001) and aneuploidy (P ≤ 0.01). Accelerated cell cycle progression was linked to increasing tumor size, stage, and depth of invasion. Aneuploid tumors significantly correlated with tumor grade (P &lt; 0.0001). Biomarker expression and DNA ploidy status were significant predictors of locoregional disease progression [Mcm2 (P = 0.02), geminin (P = 0.02), Ki67 (P = 0.03), and aneuploidy (P = 0.03)] in univariate analysis. Importantly, aneuploidy was a strong independent prognosticator for overall survival (hazard ratio, 4.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-14.95; P = 0.03). Used in conjunction with conventional pathologic information, multiparameter analysis of these variables can stratify patients into low- or high-risk groups for disease progression (Harrell's c-index = 0.88).
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that RLFs and tumor aneuploidy may be used as an adjunct to conventional prognostic indicators, identifying men at high risk of disease progression. Our results also identify the DNA replication initiation pathway as a potentially attractive therapeutic target in penile squamous cell carcinoma. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(23):7335–44)
A Four-Gene Signature from NCI-60 Cell Line for Survival Prediction in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Hsu Yi-Chiung , Yuan Shinsheng , Chen Hsuan-Yu , Yu Sung-Liang , Liu Chia-Hsin , Hsu Pin-Yen , Wu Guani , Lin Chia-Hung , Chang Gee-Chen , Li Ker-Chau , Yang Pan-Chyr 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Purpose: Metastasis is the main cause of mortality in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Genes that can discriminate the invasion ability of cancer cells may become useful candidates for clinical outcome prediction. We identify invasion-associated genes through computational and laboratorial approach that supported this idea in NSCLC.
Experimental Design: We first conducted invasion assay to characterize the invasion abilities of NCI-60 lung cancer cell lines. We then systematically exploited NCI-60 microarray databases to identify invasion-associated genes that showed differential expression between the high and the low invasion cell line groups. Furthermore, using the microarray data of Duke lung cancer cohort (GSE 3141), invasion-associated genes with good survival prediction potentials were obtained. Finally, we validated the findings by conducting quantitative PCR assay on an in-house collected patient group (n = 69) and by using microarray data from two public western cohorts (n = 257 and 186).
Results: The invasion-associated four-gene signature (ANKRD49, LPHN1, RABAC1, and EGLN2) had significant prediction in three validation cohorts (P = 0.0184, 0.002, and 0.017, log-rank test). Moreover, we showed that four-gene signature was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 2.354, 1.480, and 1.670; P = 0.028, 0.014, and 0.033), independent of other clinical covariates, such as age, gender, and stage.
Conclusion: The invasion-associated four-gene signature derived from NCI-60 lung cancer cell lines had good survival prediction power for NSCLC patients. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(23):7309–15)
Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of Angiotensin-(1-7), an Endogenous Antiangiogenic Hormone
Authors: Petty W. Jeffrey , Miller Antonius A. , McCoy Thomas P. , Gallagher Patricia E. , Tallant E. Ann , Torti Frank M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Purpose: Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is an endogenous peptide hormone of the renin-angiotensin system with antiproliferative and antiangiogenic properties. The primary objective of this study was to establish the recommended phase II dose of Ang-(1-7) for treating patients with advanced cancer. Secondary objectives were to assess toxicities, pharmacokinetics, clinical activity, and plasma biomarkers.
Experimental Design: Patients with advanced solid tumors refractory to standard therapy were treated with escalating doses of Ang-(1-7) in cohorts of three patients. Ang-(1-7) was administered by s.c. injection once daily for 5 days on a 3-week cycle. Tumor measurements were done every two cycles and treatment was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
Results: Eighteen patients were enrolled. Dose-limiting toxicities encountered at the 700 μg/kg dose included stroke (grade 4) and reversible cranial neuropathy (grade 3). Other toxicities were generally mild. One patient developed a 19% reduction in tumor measurements. Three additional patients showed clinical benefit with stabilization of disease lasting more than 3 months. On day 1, Ang-(1-7) administration led to a decrease in plasma placental growth factor (PlGF) levels in patients with clinical benefit (P = 0.04) but not in patients without clinical benefit (P = 0.25). On day 5, PlGF levels remained lower in patients with clinical benefit compared with patients without clinical benefit (P = 0.04).
Conclusions: Ang-(1-7) is a first-in-class antiangiogenic drug with activity for treating cancer that is linked to reduction of plasma PlGF levels. The recommended phase II dose is 400 μg/kg for this administration schedule. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(23):7398–404)
Some Phonetic Aspects of Breaking in West Frisian
Authors: de Graaf Tjeerd , Tiersma Peter 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Breaking in West Frisian is a process where falling diphthongs [iÉ™], [iÉ™], [uÉ™] and [oÉ™] are converted to the corresponding rising (broken) diphthongs [jr], [jε], [wo] and [wa] under the influence of a following syllable or consonant cluster. The length of various diphthongs in several pairs of morphologically related words was measured for ten speakers, and the duration of the broken or unbroken diphthong in the derived word was compared with that of the base word. We found that there was reduction in the length of the diphthong in all cases where another syllable was added. The degree of shortening depended on factors such as the phonetic environment, the nature of the diphthong and the type of suffix which was affixed. Several tentative conclusions were reached regarding the relationship of shortening and breaking and the historical development of the process.
Laryngeal Adjustments in the Production of the Fricative Consonants and Devoiced Vowels in Japanese
Authors: Yoshioka Hirohide 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The role of laryngeal adjustments for phonetic variations of voicing in Japanese-vowel devoicing and intervocalic /h/ voicing – was investigated using laryngeal electromyography (EMG) and fiberoptic endoscopy. The results indicated that the vowel devoicing was accompanied by EMG activity patterns of the posterior cricoarytenoid and interarytenoid different from those for fully voiced vowels, causing the glottis to be wide open. In this respect, it may be concluded that vowel devoicing mainly reflects a kind of free variation at a higher level than the EMG signals. In contrast, the voicing of /h/ occurred while the glottis remained as wide as it did for voiceless /h/ or /s/ with comparable EMG patterns of those muscles, despite the presence of vocal fold vibrations. Therefore, it may be that this latter phenomenon is chiefly dependent on some other condition at the level of the glottis.
Der Einfluß von Qualität und Quantität auf die Perzeption betonter Vokale des Deutschen (The Influence of Quality and Quantity on the Perception of Stressed Vowels in German)
Authors: Sendlmeier W.F. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
It was the aim of this analysis to obtain information on the importance of such features as quantity and quality of vowels in an emphasized position in German words. In order to do this, the durations of emphasized vowels of spoken words were modified by a digital signal processing technique. The modified words were presented to native speakers for auditory judgments. The results of this research show that there is no uniform answer to the question of the perceptive, and thus phonological relevance of duration of German vowels.
Popularizing Islamic Knowledge through Oral Epic: A Malian Bard in a Media Age
Authors: Zappa Francesco 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article explores a rather understudied feature of West African oral epics, namely its role as a channel for the transmission and popularization of Islamic religious knowledge. The documentary basis of analysis is provided by a set of oral texts performed in the Bambara language by a Malian griot (i.e. a member of an endogamous bards' lineage) and marketed in audiotape recorded form through the channels of local informal economy. Special attention is devoted to the multiple roles played by the bard in his complex relationship to Islamic knowledge. In spite of his abundant references to learned, sometimes even esoteric doctrines in texts appealing to a broad, undifferentiated audience, at a closer look the main goal of his popularizing attitude appears to be the reassertion of the legitimacy of traditionally trained local scholars and religious leaders, acting as his patrons, through a compelling magnification of their superior knowledge. What is at stake is precisely the defence of a locally rooted epistemological model against the challenges coming from Islamic reformers who promote alternative (and more rationalising) understandings of religious knowledge and authority. Seizing the new opportunities offered by the mediatization of his verbal art, the griot engages effectively in the religious debates that animate an increasingly globalised national public sphere.
Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea Case (Romania v. Ukraine)
Authors: Anderson David 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn a unanimous decision, the ICJ determined, in accordance with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the single maritime boundary between the respective EEZs and continental shelves of Romania and Ukraine. The Court clarified its methodology for delimiting the EEZ/continental shelf, following a three-stage process. First, it drew a provisional equidistance line between what it decided were the most appropriate basepoints on the two coasts; secondly, it considered whether this line required adjustment; and finally, it verified that the line did not lead to an inequitable result. The Judgment contains important interpretations of several articles in the Convention, notably Articles 74 and 83.
Witnesses before the International Criminal Court
Authors: Ngane Sylvia Ntube 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIt is an established rule of international law that all witnesses shall testify at the seat of the court. The witness scheme of the International Criminal Court (ICC) is a complex one which provides for direct and indirect judicial authority over witnesses. This article grabbles with the complexities of the ICC procedural rules with regard to witnesses, concentrating on three components in the ICC witness scheme: testimony, cooperation and protection. Part I of this article examines the general rule of witness testimony before the Court and different alternatives for the giving of testimonial evidence when a witness cannot be present before the Court. The ICC's powers to compel witnesses are extremely limited and it is forced to rely on traditional legal assistance such as depositions. Part II discusses the exercise of indirect judicial authority by the Court through the assistance of States in relation to witnesses. It analyses provisions on State cooperation with witnesses, national implementing legislation with regard to witnesses and assesses the effectiveness of this legislation. The subsequent practice of State Parties as reflected by their implementing legislation on witnesses proves that a consistent practice does not exist. This section also examines the cooperation between the ICC and international organisations as regards witnesses. Part III examines the ICC Witness Protection Scheme; it looks at the ways in which witnesses are protected and it cites the practice of other tribunals. It then looks at the ICC's Victims and Witness Unit vis-à-vis the policies and mechanisms in place.
Increasing breastfeeding and reducing smoking in pregnancy: a social marketing success improving life chances for children
Authors: Lowry R J , Billett A. , Buchanan C. , Whiston Sandra 
Published: November 2009

Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate an intervention using social marketing principles to increase breastfeeding and reduce smoking during pregnancy in a population to improve life chances for children born in a town in north east England. Method: Breastfeeding and smoking cessation attendance rates were measured against targets set in a government—local health authority agreement. Results: Targets were bettered in both breastfeeding and smoking cessation. Conclusion: This social marketing-based approach is successful.
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo SCT) for chronic myeloid leukemia in the imatinib era: evaluation of its impact within a subgroup of the randomized German CML Study IV
Authors: Saussele Susanne , Lauseker Michael , Gratwohl Alois , Beelen Dietrich W. , Bunjes Donald , Schwerdtfeger Rainer , Kolb Hans-Jochem , Ho Anthony D. , Falge Christiane , Holler Ernst , Schlimok Günter , Zander Axel R. , Arnold Renate , Kanz Lothar , Dengler Robert , Haferlach Claudia , Schlegelberger Brigitte , Pfirrmann Markus , Müller Martin C. , Schnittger Susanne , Leitner Armin , Pletsch Nadine , Hochhaus Andreas , Hasford Joerg , Hehlmann Rüdiger ,   for the German CML Study Group
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe role of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in chronic myeloid leukemia is being reevaluated. Whereas drug treatment has been shown to be superior in first-line treatment, data on allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo SCT) as second-line therapy after imatinib failure are scarce. Using an interim safety analysis of the randomized German CML Study IV designed to optimize imatinib therapy by combination, dose escalation, and transplantation, we here report on 84 patients who underwent consecutive transplantation according to predefined criteria (low European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation [EBMT] score, imatinib failure, and advanced disease). Three-year survival after transplantation of 56 patients in chronic phase was 91% (median follow-up: 30 months). Transplantation-related mortality was 8%. In a matched pair comparison of patients who received a transplant and those who did not, survival was not different. Three-year survival after transplantation of 28 patients in advanced phase was 59%. Eighty-eight percent of patients who received a transplant achieved complete molecular remissions. We conclude that allo SCT could become the preferred second-line option after imatinib failure for suitable patients with a donor. The study is registered at the National Institutes of Health, http://clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00055874.
The Utility of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Ribavirin in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C—A Critical Review
Authors: Chan Alice HW , Partovi Nilufar , Ensom Mary HH 
Published: November 2009

Objective: To evaluate the utility of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C. Data Sources: Literature searches were conducted through PubMed (1949–June 2009), EMBASE (1980–June 2009), BIOSIS Previews (1969–June 2009), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–June 2009), Google, and www.clinicaltrials.gov using the terms ribavirin, therapeutic monitoring, hepatitis C, and drug levels. In addition, pertinent reference citations from identified publications were reviewed. Studies were limited to English language, adult age, and human subjects. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles identified from the data sources were evaluated. Studies that measured ribavirin concentrations or dose and treatment response were included in the review. Data Synthesis: While monitoring of ribavirin plasma concentrations to improve treatment response in patients with chronic hepatitis C has been described in the literature, the utility of TDM for ribavirin in this group of patients has not been systematically studied. Thus, a previously published 9-step decision-making algorithm was employed to help determine whether TDM is warranted, based on currently available evidence. Thirty articles involving patients with chronic hepatitis C mono-infection, 12 for hepatitis C–HIV coinfection, 5 for renal dysfunction, and 5 for post–liver transplant patients were reviewed. In all subpopulations, studies exist that either support or refute the usefulness of ribavirin TDM. Additionally, the majority of the included studies had methodologic limitations, such as small sample size, retrospective analyses, and lack of p value adjustment for multiple analyses. Large randomized controlled trials would help to definitively answer this question. Conclusions: There is conflicting evidence about the existence of a correlation between ribavirin concentrations and virologic response or development of toxicity. This inconsistent evidence, coupled with the currently employed effective strategies that maximize sustained virologic response and minimize development of anemia, precludes the utility of TDM for ribavirin.