bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limnocnida rhodesiœ Boulenger, with some Remarks on the Distribution of the Genus Limnocnida.
Authors: Fantham H. B. , Porter Annie 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The morphology of the freshwater medusa, Limnocnida rhodesiœ Boulenger, obtained from new sites in the Zambesi and Limpopo river‐systems, is described and illustrated by photographs (Pl. I.).The new sites for L. rhodesiœ are the Prince Edward Dam on the Hunyani River, near Salisbury, the Hartebeestpoort Dam on the Crocodile River, near Pretoria, and the Bezuidenhout Valley in Johannesburg.The range of dimensions of L. rhodesiœ is extended, the present specimens being larger than those previously described.The specimens of L. rhodesiœ examined from the new localities were all females in active egg‐production. Manubrial bud‐formation was seen in only a few specimens.A species of Trichodina occurred in small numbers on the external surface and tentacles of L. rhodesiœ from the new localities cited.Some ecological notes on Limnocnida are given.The present geographical distribution of the genus Limnocnida is discussed and the continued southward range of distribution in Africa from Lake Victoria Nyanza to Johannesburg is detailed. Similarly, the distribution of the known species of Limnocnida is given, L. tanganicœ, the Central African form, being replaced by L. rhodesiœ in Rhodesia and the Transvaal, and by L. indica in India.The possible significance of the present‐day geographical distribution of Limnocnida in relation to former geological conditions on the earth's surface is discussed.
24. The œstrous Cycle and Intersexuality in the Female Mole (Talpa europæa Linn.)
Authors: Matthews L. Harbison 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The external genitalia of the female mole follow from the first a male type of development, the clitoris being long and peniform, and the uterovaginal canal having no outlet to the exterior. At each breeding season there is formed spontaneously a vaginal orifice which disappears soon after parturition.The uterovaginal canal and uterine cornua increase enormously in length and breadth during the short intense breeding season, and rapidly atrophy to the normal size afterwards. When measurements of these organs are plotted, curves are produced which show graphically these changes.The corresponding graph of ovarian weights docs not produce a similar curve, the maximum weights occurring during anœstrum, in whiter. The ovary in the mole consists of two parts, an ovarian part and a separate mass of interstitial tissue known as the “interstitial gland.” The maximum ovarian weights occurring in winter are due to hypertrophy of the interstitial gland and atrophy of the ovarian part of the ovary. In the breeding season the ovarian part increases in bulk and the interstitial gland atrophies, but the total weight of the ovary is diminished owing to the interstitial atrophy outweighing the ovarian activity. The two parts of the ovary thus undergo alternate rhythmic activity.Previous workers have demonstrated the homology of the interstitial gland of the ovary with the testis of the male. The activity of the ovarian part of the ovary is now shown to correspond with the assumption of female function, and the activity of the interstitial gland to correspond with the cessation of female function and the assumption of male facies.It is suggested that the female mole presents as a normal condition the phenomena of a type of intersexuality found only as an abnormality in most mammals, and the probable process of differentiation producing this state is discussed.
27. The Morphology and Anatomy of the Immature and Adult Stage s of Oligotrophus oleariæ Mask. (Cecidomyidæ, Diptera)
Authors: Anderson Joan A. T. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The gall‐midge, Oligotrophus oleariæ, attacking the New Zealand native shrub Shawia (Olearia) paniculata Cheesem. has been re‐classified as Oligotrophus oleariæ Mask. The midge causes damage only to the young buds of the plant, and does not attack the leaves, as was originally supposed.
The life‐history of the midge is described briefly. The larva is parasitized by two species of hymenopterous insects, Pteromalus sp. and Metaclisis oleariæ Mask.
A description of the externals of the larva, pupa, and imago is given, together with an account of the anatomy of the larva and the imago.
28. The Description, Bionomics, Morphology, and Anatomy of a new Dryomyia (Cecidomyidæ, Diptera)
Authors: Anderson Joan A. T. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Dryomyia shawiæ, sp. n., the larvæ of which inhabit the leaves of the New Zealand native shrub Shawia paniculata, is described, and differences noted between this species and the associated midge, Oligotrophus oleariæ Mask., inhabiting, in the larval stages, bud‐galls on the same plant.
A brief account of the bionomics of D. shawiæ is given, and the presence of two Hymenopterous parasites noted.
A short comparative account follows of the morphology of the larva and pupa and the anatomy of the larva and imago, special attention being given to the points in which D. shawiæ differs from Oligotrophus oleariæ Mask.
Factors controlling the Population of the Partridge (Perdix perdix) in Great Britain.
Authors: Middleton A. D. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.The influence of various factors causing mortality among partridges is reviewed, with supporting statistics to show the losses at various stages from egg to adult. The available evidence indicates that the losses on a normal English game preserve average 22 per cent, of nests, 7 per cent. of eggs unhatched, 52 per cent, mortality among chicks, 55 per cent, of surviving birds shot, and a winter loss (probably largely due to emigration) of 40 per cent. of those left after the shooting season.
The Structure and Affinities of the Fossil Elasmobranch Fishes from the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of Glencartholm, Eskdale
Authors: Moy‐Thomas J. A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
A new specimen of Ctenacanthus costellatus is described, which shows the teeth, pectoral, pelvic, and caudal fins particularly well. The affinities of the species is discussed, and it is shown that the Ctenacanth sharks occupy a position intermediate between the Cladoselachii and the Hybodonts.
A new genus of shark, Goodrichia eskdalensis, is described. It is a large member of the Ctenacanths, but has remarkably small dorsal fin spines.
Tristychius arcuatus is redescribed and its pelvic and caudal regions described for the first time. It is believed that it should not be included in the Hybodonts, but in a distinct suborder, the Tristychii, probably not far removed from them.
The teeth of Chondrenchelys are shown to be typically Bradyodont in microscopic structure.
The teeth of Oracanthus armigenis and relations of the head spines are discussed, and the dermal denticles and body spines described. The affinities of the Cochliodonts are discussed and a short description of the anatomy of Helodus simplex is given. It is concluded that the Bradyodonts, Edestids, Chondrenchelyda, and Chimæroids form a natural group.
Retardation of Spermatogenesis and Reduction of Motility of Sperm in Ephestia kühniella Z. (Lepidoptera, Phycitidæ), caused by High Temperature.
Authors: RAICHOUDHURY D. P. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
There is evidence of only one cycle of spermatogenesis in Ephestia kuhniella Z.
Evidence of retardation of spermatogenesis in newly emerged moths reared at high temperatures is seen in the presence in the testes of (a) abundant premetamorphic tubules, and (b) fewer mature sperm‐bundles, as compared with those of newly emerged moths reared at room‐temperature and with those of seven days old adults reared at 27°C.
The smaller size in testes of adults newly emerged reared at room‐temperature and those of seven‐day‐old ones reared at 27°C. is accounted for by the passage of sperm‐bundles into the vas deferens.
The spermatozoa obtained by dissection from the bursa copulatrix of a paired female Ephestia kuhniella showed the maximum duration of motility in a salt solution of 0.7 per cent. concentration at 20°C.
Brother‐sister cultures were reared a t 20°C. and at 30°C., and it was found that the duration of the motility (at 20°C.) of the spermatozoa of the 30°C. culture was less than that of the 20°C. culture. The difference was tested statistically and found to be significant.
Peculiar cyst‐like bodies have been noticed in the sperm‐ball. These seemed to be most abundant in the 30°C. material.
Although exact observations were not made it was noticed that in 30°C. culture the moths were smaller, the males produced less sperm, pairing was less readily begun, and was accomplished in a shorter time than in the 20°C. culture.
The Histology of the Male and Female Reproductive Organs of Epheslia kuhniella Zeller (Lepidoptera).–I. The Young Imagines.
Authors: Musgrave A. J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.1. The histology of the reproductive organs is described.2. Further support is given to a suggestion of Hewer (1934) as to the origin of the ductus seminalis in Ephestia.3. The occurrence of a brush border in the vasa deferentia, the mode of secretion of the paired glands, the presence of four parts to each accessory gland, and the complete histology of the unpaired gland system are described.4. The mode of functioning of the receptaculum seminalis and associated structures and the function of the unpaired gland system and accessory glands are discussed.
The Nature and Significance of the Membranes surrounding the Developing Eggs of Homarus vulgaris and other Decapoda.
Authors: Yonge C. M. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The female reproductive organs and secondary sexual characters of Homarus vulgaris are described, in particular the pleopods, which possess seven groups of long non‐plumose setæ.The developing eggs are attached, either directly or by way of other eggs, exclusively to these setæ.Attachment is by means of strands of transparent “cement” (the funiculus), which also forms the outer membrane of the egg, surrounding an inner membrane which adheres closely to the egg mass.Chemical and physical tests reveal that the outer membrane has properties identical with those of the superficial cuticle of the integument. The inner membrane is chitinous.Experiments on the penetration of a variety of substances into the developing egg indicate that the outer membrane has the limited permeability of cuticle, the inner membrane being freely permeable.The inner membrane is secreted by the oviducal epithelium, the histological character of which varies in relation to egg‐laying. Secretion of chitin indicates that the oviduct may be ectodermal.The outer membrane is formed by cement glands present in great numbers within the pleopods of the female, and these resemble in all respects the tegumental glands which secrete the cuticle.Secretion by the cement glands is associated with egg‐laying, not with ecdysis. The ducts from the glands pass into the interior of the specialized non‐plumose setæ, circumstantial evidence indicating that the secretion is discharged through the sides of these. This would explain the attachment of eggs exclusively to these setæ.In Decapod Crustacea there is an intimate association between ecdysis and reproduction, the sequence of events being outlined.Available evidence points to fertilization occurring externally in the Astacura, and the complicated structure of the spermatozoa may be correlated with the need for the penetration of the inner chitinous membrane.Egg‐attachment involves low surface tension in the cement, a property already postulated for the cuticle.The limited permeability of the outer membrane formed by this means renders osmotic hatching possible.Attachment of eggs in Homarus and allied Decapoda represents the exploitation of a substance which forms the outer covering of the integument and the properties of which—probably low surface tension, slow solidification in water, final hardness, and limited permeability—combine to make it ideal for both purposes.The sequence of events involved in egg‐laying and attachment indicates the probability of control by hormones.With the exception of the Peneidæ there appears no reason for assuming that the method of egg‐attachment differs in any essential particular throughout the Decapod Crustacea.
Chromosome Number, Polyploidy, and Sex in the Animal Kingdom*
Authors: Vandel A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The variation of the chromosome number within a systematic group obeys fixed laws. These laws seem to be different in the plant and animal kingdoms.
Polyploidy plays a major part in the plant kingdom; it is rare in the animal kingdom.
Fragmentation of the chromosomes is frequent in the animal kingdom, and it is this which constitutes the principal method of evolution of the chromosome garnitures. In many cases all the elements of the chromosome garniture are divided simultaneously each into two fragments, so that the number of chromosomes is doubled. The arrangement resulting from this process of fragmentation strikingly brings to mind the arrangement brought about by polyploidy. Several examples of this are given in Section IV.
The augmentation of the chromosome number seems nearly always to go along with the evolution and the specialization of the phylum.
Most of the cases in which compound heterochromosomes have been observed, made up of two or more distinct elements, are met with in forms in which there has occurred a bipartition of the whole or of the greater part of the chromosome stock. This shows that the process of fragmentation relates both to the heterochromosomes and to the autosomes. The heterochromosomes usually react en bloc after the manner of a single element, but exceptions exist (Tegenaria domestica).
Dimcious polyploids, in animals and plants alike, are rare. The list of known cases is given in Section III. (a).
Among unbalanced polyploids, triploids in particular, one of the sexes (the heterozygous sex) is intersexual or sterile. However, exceptions to this rule exist (Trichoniscus elisabethæ, Antennaria carpathica), which are a sign of the appearance of the process of stabilization.
The method of disjunction of the sex genes is particularly interesting to follow in polyploids:—

Very rarely the segregation occurs according to the laws of chance. This is met with only among some experimental polyploids (Sphærocarpus Donnellii).
Very generally segregation does not follow laws of chance, but it has been proved that certain types of segregation are favoured compared with others (Rumex acetosa, Drosophila). These cases are understandable for, by a progressive regulation, the recent polyploids have been able to produce stabilized polyploids of the type of those which make up natural species, and among which the distribution of the sexes occurs absolutely regularly.
Disjunction appears in certain polyploids quite regularly (Empetrum hermaphroditum); this is an example of perfect regulation.
The most extreme case of regulation is that in which the polyploids possess only one pair of heterochromosomes. Several explanations which are able to account for these conditions are given.
The Breeding Seasons of Southern Hemisphere Birds in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Baker John R. , Ranson R. M. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.Most Southern Hemisphere birds breed in the Southern Hemisphere spring and summer. Imported specimens of most of these species change their rhythm so as to breed in the northern spring and summer in the Northern Hemisphere.Some Southern Hemisphere birds breed in the Southern Hemisphere winter (or very early spring). Imported specimens change their rhythm so as to breed in the northern winter in the Northern Hemisphere.Dromiceius movæ‐hollandiz(Emu) andCereopsis n,‐hollandiz(Cape Barren Goose) examples.Some Southern Hemisphere birds with a restricted breeding season in their native land breed all the year round (or at any time of year) when imported into the Northern Hemisphere.Chempis atratu(Black Swan) is an example.Some Southern Hemisphere birds tend to breed in the same calendar months when imported into the Northern Hemisphere as the members of species in their native land. Examples arePlatycercus cenustus(Northern Rosella Parrot),Melopsittucus undirlatus(Budgerygah), andPoëphila gouldiæ(Gouldian Finch). Imported specimens of these species exhibit an internal rhythm in breeding seasons, not, easily influenced by the environment.
A NEW TYPE OF PALAONISCOID FISH: 3. A new Type of Palaeoniscoid Fish, with Remarks on the Evolution of the Actinopterygian Pectoral Fins
Authors: White Erbol Ivor 
Published: August 2010

Summary.A new fish‐fauna is described from the Middle Culm (barren Coal) Measures of Bude, North Cornwall, comprising three species, of which two, the Acan‐thodian Acanthodes wardi Egerton and the Palaeoniscid ElonicMhys aitkeni Traquair, are already well known and have a fairly wide distribution in the English Coal Measures. The third form belongs to a very distinct new genus and species, Cornuboniscus budensis, which, while a typical Palaeoniscid in its fusiform shape, heterocercal tail, and in most other features of its external anatomy, differs from all normal members of that group in having a paddlelike pectoral fin supported by a uniform row of radials but without basal elements. The structure of this fin is compared with those of the aberrant Lower Carboniferous genus Tarrasius and the living Polypterines, and it is tentatively suggested that Cornuboniscus may be a survivor from the original normally shaped Palaeoniscoid stock which, after acquiring the characteristic pectoral fins, gave rise subsequently to degenerate elongated types, of which Tarrasius and the Polypterines represent different branches. The fossils are preserved as external moulds, and are sometimes quite uncrushed, so that many details of the anatomy usually obscured are finely preserved, especially the sensory canal‐system and the bones of the rostral region.Finally, in a survey of the principal types of Actinopterygian pectoral fins it is suggested on the evidence of the development of these organs that the Palseoniscoids must have divided very early into four groups, and an attempt is made to show how the principal types of pectoral fins in existing Actinopterygian fishes might have been derived from the fins in those groups.
The Permian Fishes Dorypterus and Lekanichthys
Authors: Westoll T. S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.A new specimen of Doryptems hoffmanni Germar, from the Marl Slate of England, is described and a new account of the anatomy of the fish given. Modification of the excellent earlier reconstruction by Gill is necessary in the skull‐roof and jaws and the opercular apparatus, and the dorsal fin is longer than hitherto known. A new explanation of the working of the jaws is given, and the lack of ossification in the head is shown to be a corollary of the jaw‐mechanism. The reduction of the opercular apparatus, and presumably of the gills, is considered in relation to possible air‐gulping habits. The body‐form and fin‐structure are reviewed in relation to the methods of swimming, The distribution of heavy bones and scales, the extremely compressed body the structure of the internal skeleton of the posterior trunk, and the jugular position of the pelvic fins are shown to be structural modifications connected with the swimming‐necessities of a slow‐swimming deep‐bodied fish adapted for life in habitats not unlike those of coral‐fishes. A review of the possible environments of the Marl Slate lagoons suggests that, Dorypterus and other deep‐bodied forms lived in “forests” of subaqueous plants, probably algal, where their only predator can have been Cœlacanthus. It is probable that Dorypterus fed on soft algal growths, the jaws functioning in a scissor‐like fashion. The relations of Dorypterus to other deep‐bodied fishes are summarized, and it is concluded that it was probably derived from the same group of “Platysomid” fishes that gave rise to Bobasatrania; the Pycnodonts may be descended from the same radicle. Lekanichthys howsei Brough is a very incomplete Globulodus macrurus Ag., and has no relevance to the problem of Dorypterus.
The Display of Rheinart's Pheasant (Rheinardia ocellata).
Authors: Huxley J. S. , Bond F. W. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.1. The display of Rheinardia is here illustrated for the first time. The bird forming the subject of this communication was bred in the Society's Gardens at Regent's Park. It is a typical lateral display in which the vertically spread tail plays the major part, while drooped wings and erected crest also contribute.2. A preparatory stage is figured in which the crest is erected and the tail partly spread. The bird may spend considerable periods in this attitude.3. Rheinardia diverges in its type of display from the rest of the Argusianinse, in which display is frontal.4. Rheinardia flies better than Argusianus, in which the wings have become converted into display organs, relatively useless for flight.
The Oviduct, Foetal Membranes, and Placentation in Hoplodactylus maculatus Gray.
Authors: Boyd Mary M. M. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The structure of the oviduct in the non‐pregnant lizard is described. The epithelium of the Fallopian tube consists of mucous‐secreting goblet cells and non‐secretory ciliated cells. Small glands, probably also mucous‐secreting, occur. There is a paucity of glands in the uterine segment of the oviduct, associated with the reduction of the shell. The uterine epithelium consists of ciliated non‐secretory and non‐ciliated secretory cells. The number of secretory cells increases during pregnancy. The vaginal epithelial cells are mostly ciliated, and glands are absent.The history of the placenta is described in six stages.As in other reptiles, a flattened cavity is formed in the yolk by the separation of a superficial layer of yolk. This is due to the growth of a layer of mesoderm into the yolk‐sac below the sinus terminalis, with the result that the nucleated yolk outside separates from the mesoderm layer. The isolated yolk‐layer becomes absorbed, disappearing first at the upper margin, which therefore moves down. There is a corresponding downward migration of the yolk‐cleft. The extra‐embryonic ccelom extends as the margin of the yolk‐layer moves down.Early in development dense syncytial yolk‐endoderm becomes organized round the yolk‐navel and functions as a yolk‐absorbing organ.The omphaloplacenta involves enlarged ectoderm cells round the lower part of the egg, lying opposite to enlarged secretory uterine epithelial cells. At the caudal end both layers are pleated and folded, but do not interlock. Eosinophil granules are secreted by the non‐ciliated uterine epithelial cells. The presence of blood‐vessels in the intra‐vitelline mesoderm provides easy transport for absorbed food material.The omphaloplacenta is diminished as the coelom extends, and finally the ectoderm cells bordering the remains of the isolated yolk‐layer become reduced. Enlarged cells remain at the caudal end ventrally until the end of gestation.The allantoplaeenta involves the; extreme reduction of the uterine epithelium over the dense capillary network, and the formation of an allantochorion in which the chorionic ectoderm and mesoderm above the allantoic capillaries become extremely thin, resulting in approximation of the maternal and foetal blood streams. There is no attachment between the allantochorion and the uterine wall. The allantois spreads round the yolk‐sac fairly early. The allantoplaeenta increases in extent until the birth of the young lizard.The influence of hormones on the formation of the placenta is suggested by cases in which the uterus on only one side is pregnant, but the other is correspondingly modified.