bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Avoiding in Hospital Delays and Eliminating the Three-Hour Effect in Thrombolysis for Stroke
Authors: Köhrmann Martin , Schellinger Peter D. , Breuer Lorenz , Dohrn Maike , Kuramatsu Joji B. , Blinzler Christian , Schwab Stefan , Huttner Hagen B. 
Published: February 2011

Background Intravenous thrombolysis for acute stroke is more efficient the earlier the treatment is initiated. In-hospital delays account for a significant proportion of avoidable time loss before treatment is initiated. Paradoxically, studies have reported longer door-to-needle times the earlier the patients arrive (‘three-hour effect’). Hypothesis We hypothesized that a standardized thrombolysis procedure carried out in a specialized neurological emergency room can minimize in-hospital delays and erase the ‘three-hour effect’. Methods Onset-to-door and door-to-needle times of 246 consecutive thrombolysis patients were analyzed. A standardized protocol designed to minimize in-hospital delays was tested using a resident-based stroke team within a neurological emergency room. Correlation of onset-to-door and door-to-needle times was measured as well as differences in treatment times for daytime versus night hours and weekend vs. weekday. Outcome, rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and mortality were compared with the results of SITS-MOST. Results Median door-to-needle time was 25 min compared with a mean of 68 min in SITS-MOST. door-to-needle time did not correlate with onset-to-door time (Pearson's r=−0·097; P=0·13) and patients arriving within 90 min from symptom onset showed comparable door-to-needle times with patients arriving within 90–180 min. Neither treatment on weekends nor during night hours led to significant in-hospital treatment delays. Outcome and safety parameters were comparable with those observed in SITS-MOST. Conclusions By applying a standardized and diligently monitored thrombolysis protocol, carried out by a specialized stroke team within a neurological emergency room, in-hospital delays can be minimized. This allows improvement of door-to-needle times irrespective of the time to arrival and treatment during off-hours.
The Effect of Veratrine and Aconitine on the Excitability of Sensory Units in the Tooth of the Cat
Authors: Haegerstam Glenn 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIntradental sensory nerve impulse activity was recorded by means of electrodes inserted into dentinal cavities In the tooth of the cat. Impulses of different amplitudes was recorded. Local application of aconitine (10‐3 g/ml) and veratrine (10‐3 g/ml) induced nerve impulse activity. A rapid increase in the temperature of the tooth surface to 45–47°C, which is known to induce fluid, movements in the dentinal tubuli, did not induce any nerve impulse activity. However, after pretreatment of a tooth cavity with veratrine a rapid increase in the temperature of the tooth surface gave rise to nerve impulse activity. Steady state impulse activity induced by brief local application of aconitine was influenced by a rapid increase in the temperature of the tooth; during the increase in temperature impulses of low amplitude increased in frequency while impulses of high amplitude were blocked. Furthermore, reduced pressure applied to the exposed dentin, which also induces fluid movements in the dentin, gave rise to nerve impulse activity. Thus the sensory units in the tooth are stimulated by dentinal fluid movements and alkaloids known to excite mechanoreceptors increase their excitability. It is therefore suggested that the intradental sensory nerve endings are mechanosensitive structures.
Renal Renin Output during Continuous Intracarotid Infusions of Iso‐ and Hypertonic Sodium Chloride Solutions in the Rat
Authors: Ericson A.‐C. , Lindbom L.‐O. , Ulfendahl H. R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOn male Sprague Dawley rats isotonic NaCl during control and 1 M NaCl were infused either into the carotid artery or i.v. Glomerular filtration rate, sodium output and plasma renin activity were determined. Five of 19 animals reacted with no increase in sodium output for 1 M NaCl and are treated as a different group from the animals reacting with an increased sodium output. For the animals reacting with an increased sodium output a decrease in plasma renin activity was found together with an increase in glomerular filtration rate. In both groups the plasma sodium was constant. The animals not reacting with an increased sodium output had a higher initial plasma renin activity, which did not change during 1 M NaCl infusion. The responses were equal for both intracarotid and i.v. infusions but with a somewhat longer delay before the response occurred with i.v. infusions. These results might be explained by a central nervous effect and by a direct renal effect. Also during 1 M NaCl infusion a possible extracellular volume expansion, derived from water withdrawal from the cells into the extracellular space might occur.
Effect of Adrenaline on the Release of Cyclic AMP by the Rat Diaphragm
Authors: Edén Staffan , Rosberg Sten , Isaksson Olle , Kostyo Jack L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn investigation was made of the effect of adrenaline on the tissue level and release of cyclic AMP (CAMP) into the incubation medium by the isolated rat diaphragm preparation. Adrenaline, added in vitro, caused a dose‐dependent biphasic increase in the tissue level of the nucleotide. A significant elevation of the level of cAMP in the tissue was observed throughout a 60 min incubation period in the presence of 0.01, 0.1 and 10μg/ml of adrenaline. The hormone also produced a small but significant increase in the release of cAMP into the incubation medium. The accumulation of cAMP in the incubation medium ceased after 10 min of incubation in the presence of adrenaline, although the tissue level of the nucleotide remained considerably elevated throughout the entire incubation period. Theophylline potentiated the effect of adrenaline on both the accumulation of cAMP in the tissue and in the incubation medium. Theophylline by itself also increased the tissue level of cAMP slightly. It is concluded from the present study that the elimination of cAMP from the rat diaphragm muscle by release of the nucleotide from the cells is small.
Mg2+‐ and Ca2+‐Stimulated ATPase at the Outer Surface of Human Peripheral Lymphocytes and Hematopoietic Cell Lines. Correlation between Enzyme Activity and Immunoglobulin Secretion
Authors: ÅGren G. , Nilsson K. , Ronquist G. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA Mg2+‐ and Ca2+‐dependent ATPase at the outer surface of human peripheral lymphocytes and hematopoietic cell lines has been studied. The enzyme activity varied about 60 fold between the extremes of the cell lines tested. There was no simple relationship between surface‐ATPase activity and cell surface area. Nor was the presence of villi or any other morphological characteristic at the cell surface decisive for the degree of surface‐ATPase activity. A correlation was, however, found between the ATPase activity and a phenomenon probably involving a contractile process namely immunoglohulin secretion, but it was not possible to establish an interdependence of these cell characteristics.
Influence of Adipose Tissue Blood Flow on the Lipolytic Response to Circulating Noradrenaline at Normal and Reduced pH
Authors: Hjemdahl Paul , Fredholm Bertil B. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHypercapnic acidosis (pH 7.0) inhibits the lipolytic response of canine subcutaneous adipose tissue to i.v. infused noradrenaline (NA) by 80 per cent or more. The response to sympathetic nerve stimulation, on the other hand, is only reduced by 1040 per cent during acidosis. The fate of intravenously infused 3H‐labelled NA (0.35 ug × kg‐1× min‐1 for 30 min) was not significantly altered by acidosis. The rate of disappearance of unmetabolized NA from the arterial plasma after an infusion was the same at pH 7.4 and 7.0 and the calculated increase in circulating NA during infusions was 4 ng/ml at both pH:s. I.v. infusion of Na increases adipose tissue blood flow, an effect which is attenuated by acidosis. There was a significant correlation (p< 0.001) between adipose tissue blood flow and the lipolytic response at normal pH. Preventing the NA‐induced increase in blood flow by constant flow perfusion reduced the lipolytic response at normal pH. The degree of inhibition by acidosis of the lipolytic response to i.v. NA was significantly reduced (from 79 to 56 per cent, p < 0.05) when the adipose tissue was perfused at constant flow. These data suggest that adipose tissue blood flow is important in determining the lipolytic response to i.v. NA, probably by influencing the delivery of NA to the tissue. The marked inhibition by acidosis of lipolysis due to i.v. infused NA therefore appears to be the combined effect of a direct antilipolytic effect of acidosis and a decreased delivery of N A to the adipose tissue due to the attenuated blood flow response.
γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Release from Neurons and Glia
Authors: Sellström Å. , Hamberger A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRelease of 3H‐GABA into the medium from bulk‐isolated glial cells, neuronal perikarya and synaptosomes has been studied, using a continuous perfusion system. The fractions were incubated with 3H‐GABA and spontaneous efflux of label in the presence and absence of aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) was recorded. Unlabelled GABA at riiicromolar concentrations markedly stimulated 3H‐GABA efflux from glia, synaptosomes and neurons. 3H‐GABA from all fractions was also markedly sensitive to stimulation by ouahain. Glutamate was effective in stimulating the spontaneous efflux in the presence of AOAA, while superfusion with a calcium‐deprived medium only slightly stimulated the 3H‐GABA efflux from neurons and glia.
Harmonization of Ethics Policies in Pediatric Research
Authors: Blake Valarie , Joffe Steve , Kodish Eric 
Published: February 2011

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have launched a recent initiative to enhance collaboration in research, with the intent to “ensure that clinical trials submitted in drug marketing applications in the United States and European Union are conducted uniformly, appropriately, and ethically.” This initiative recalls efforts from two decades ago when the United States, the European Union and Japan formed the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) as a mechanism for harmonizing clinical research regulations. The intent of harmonization was to improve patients’ “access to new drugs, to prevent unnecessary global development delays and to avoid animal and human study duplications” through policy reconciliation.FDA/EMA efforts at collaboration call for a reassessment of past harmonization efforts: to what extent are ICH member policies already synchronized and to what extent can they be harmonized in the future? This paper will focus on these questions through the lens of pediatric investigation.
In Vivo Comparison of the Optical Clearing Efficacy of Optical Clearing Agents in Human Skin by Quantifying Permeability Using Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Guo Xiao , Guo Zhouyi , Wei Huajiang , Yang Hongqin , He Yonghong , Xie Shusen , Wu Guoyong , Deng Xiaoyuan , Zhao Qingliang , Li Lanquan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe objective of this work is to quantify and compare the optical clearing efficacy of glucose, propylene glycol, glycerol solutions through the human skin tissue in vivo by calculating permeability coefficient of three solutions. Currently, the permeability coefficient of agent in tissues was extracted from optical coherence tomography (OCT) amplitude data mainly through the OCT signal slope and the OCT amplitude methods. In this study, we report the OCT attenuation coefficient method which is a relatively novel and rarely reported methodology to measure the permeability coefficient during the optical skin clearing procedure. The permeability coefficients for 40% propylene glycol, glucose and glycerol were (2.74 ± 0.05) × 10−6 cm s−1, (1.78 ± 0.04) × 10−6 cm s−1 and (1.67 ± 0.04) × 10−6 cm s−1, respectively. It could be clearly seen that the permeability coefficient of the 40% propylene glycol solution is higher than that of 40% glucose solution, and the permeability coefficient of the 40% glucose solution is higher than that of the 40% glycerol solution. These indicate 40% propylene glycol solution is more effective than others in the human skin in vivo. We then compare and prove consistency of optical clearing efficacy figured out by three different methods.
Lingual schwannoma – a case report
Authors: Verma R.K. , Dhingra S. , Gupta K. , Panda N.K. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSchwannoma are nerve sheath tumours, and 20–40% of all schwannomas are seen in the head and neck region. However, intra‐oral schwannomas are very rare, and account 1% of all schwannomas in the head and neck region. Lingual schwannomas close to the tip of tongue is even rarer, common sites being the base of the tongue, lips, cheek and lateral border of tongue. We report schwannoma of the tongue close to the tip and also describe the classical clinical and radiological findings.
Detecting signatures of positive selection in partial sequences generated on a large scale: pitfalls, procedures and resources
Authors: BRIEUC MARINE S. O. , NAISH KERRY A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractStudying the actions of selection provides insight into adaptation, population divergence and gene function. Next‐generation sequencing produces large amounts of partial sequences, potentially facilitating efforts to detect signatures of selection based on comparisons between synonymous (dS) and nonsynonymous (dN) substitutions, and single nucleotide polymorphism assays placed in selected genes would improve the ability to study adaptation in population surveys. However, sequences generated by these technologies are typically short. In nonmodel organisms that are a focus of evolutionary studies, the lack of a reference genome that facilitates the assembly of short sequences has limited surveys of positive selection in large numbers of genes. Here, we describe a series of steps to facilitate these surveys. We provide perl scripts to assist data analysis, and describe the use of commonly available programs. We demonstrate these approaches in six salmon species, which have partially duplicated genomes. We recommend using multiway blast to optimize the number of alignments between partial coding sequences. Reading frames should be manually detected after alignment with sequences in Genbank using the blastx program. We encourage the use of a phylogenetic approach to separate orthologs from paralogs in duplicated genomes. Simple simulations on a gene known to have undergone selection in salmon species, transferrin, showed that the ability to detect selection in short sequences (<600 bp) depended on the proportion of codons under selection (1–2%) within that sequence. This relationship was less relevant in longer sequences. In this exploratory study, we detected 11 genes showing evidence of positive selection.
Unlocking the potential of genomic technologies for wildlife forensics
Authors: OGDEN ROB 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWildlife crime enforcement is increasingly relying on genetic techniques to deliver forensic evidence to investigators. Forensic DNA applications require robust molecular markers, informative at the level of the species, population and individual, in a wide range of taxa. Within species, single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have long been recognized as offering many potential advantages over traditional microsatellite markers; however, the best methods for their discovery, validation and genotyping in non‐model species remain an area of novel research and much discussion. The potential availability to wildlife geneticists of deep sequencing platforms and high‐density genotyping arrays appears to promise an almost infinite source of variable markers for determining the geographic or individual origin of a sample. This study examines the drivers for developing SNP genotyping panels in wildlife forensics and their potential as applied tools, before examining a range of strategies that are being employed to try to unlock this potential and address current questions in wildlife conservation and enforcement.
SNP discovery in black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) by population transcriptome resequencing
Authors: GERALDES ARMANDO , PANG JOHNSON , THIESSEN NINA , CEZARD TIMOTHEE , MOORE RICHARD , ZHAO YONGJUN , TAM ANGELA , WANG SHUCAI , FRIEDMANN MICHAEL , BIROL INANC , JONES STEVEN J. M. , CRONK QUENTIN C. B. , DOUGLAS CARL J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe western black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) was the first tree to have its genome fully sequenced and has emerged as the model species for the study of secondary growth and wood formation. It is also a good candidate species for the production of lignocellulosic biofuels. Here, we present and make available to the research community the results of the sequencing of the transcriptome of developing xylem in 20 accessions with high‐throughput next generation sequencing technology. We found over 0.5 million putative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 26 595 genes that are expressed in developing secondary xylem. More than two‐thirds of all SNPs were found in annotated exons, with 18% and 14% in regions of the genome annotated as introns and intergenic, respectively, where only 3% and 4% of sequence reads mapped. This suggests that the current annotation of the poplar genome is remarkably incomplete and that there are many transcripts and novel genes waiting to be annotated. We hope that this resource will stimulate further research in expression profiling, detection of alternative splicing and adaptive evolution in poplar.
Multiplex preamplification PCR and microsatellite validation enables accurate single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping of historical fish scales
Authors: SMITH MATT J. , PASCAL CARITA E. , GRAUVOGEL ZAC , HABICHT CHRISTOPHER , SEEB JAMES E. , SEEB LISA W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIncorporating historical tissues into the study of ecological, conservation and management questions can broaden the scope of population genetic research by enhancing our understanding of evolutionary processes and anthropogenic influences on natural populations. Genotyping historical and low‐quality samples has been plagued by challenges associated with low amounts of template DNA and the potential for pre‐existing DNA contamination among samples. We describe a two‐step process designed to (i) accurately genotype large numbers of historical low‐quality scale samples in a high‐throughput format and (ii) screen samples for pre‐existing DNA contamination. First, we describe how an efficient multiplex preamplification PCR of 45 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can generate highly accurate genotypes with low failure and error rates in subsequent SNP genotyping reactions of individual historical scales from sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Second, we demonstrate how the method can be modified for the amplification of microsatellite loci to detect pre‐existing DNA contamination. A total of 760 individual historical scale and 182 contemporary fin clip samples were genotyped and screened for contamination. Genotyping failure and error rates were exceedingly low and similar for both historical and contemporary samples. Pre‐existing contamination in 21% of the historical samples was successfully identified by screening the amplified microsatellite loci. The advantages of automation, low failure and error rates, and ability to multiplex both the preamplification and subsequent genotyping reactions combine to make the protocol ideally suited for efficiently genotyping large numbers of potentially contaminated low‐quality sources of DNA.
Genetic differentiation of Alaska Chinook salmon: the missing link for migratory studies
Authors: TEMPLIN WILLIAM D. , SEEB JAMES E. , JASPER JAMES R. , BARCLAY ANDREW W. , SEEB LISA W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMost information about Chinook salmon genetic diversity and life history originates from studies from the West Coast USA, western Canada and southeast Alaska; less is known about Chinook salmon from western and southcentral Alaska drainages. Populations in this large area are genetically distinct from populations to the south and represent an evolutionary legacy of unique genetic, phenotypic and life history diversity. More genetic information is necessary to advance mixed stock analysis applications for studies involving these populations. We assembled a comprehensive, open‐access baseline of 45 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 172 populations ranging from Russia to California. We compare SNP data from representative populations throughout the range with particular emphasis on western and southcentral Alaska. We grouped populations into major lineages based upon genetic and geographic characteristics, evaluated the resolution for identifying the composition of admixtures and performed mixed stock analysis on Chinook salmon caught incidentally in the walleye pollock fishery in the Bering Sea. SNP data reveal complex genetic structure within Alaska and can be used in applications to address not only regional issues, but also migration pathways, bycatch studies on the high seas, and potential changes in the range of the species in response to climate change.
Short reads and nonmodel species: exploring the complexities of next‐generation sequence assembly and SNP discovery in the absence of a reference genome
Authors: EVERETT M. V. , GRAU E. D. , SEEB J. E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHow practical is gene and SNP discovery in a nonmodel species using short read sequences? Next‐generation sequencing technologies are being applied to an increasing number of species with no reference genome. For nonmodel species, the cost, availability of existing genetic resources, genome complexity and the planned method of assembly must all be considered when selecting a sequencing platform. Our goal was to examine the feasibility and optimal methodology for SNP and gene discovery in the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) using short read sequences. SOLiD short reads (up to 50 bp) were generated from single‐ and pooled‐tissue transcriptome libraries from ten sockeye salmon. The individuals were from five distinct populations from the Wood River Lakes and Mendeltna Creek, Alaska. As no reference genome was available for sockeye salmon, the SOLiD sequence reads were assembled to publicly available EST reference sequences from sockeye salmon and two closely related species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Additionally, de novo assembly of the SOLiD data was carried out, and the SOLiD reads were remapped to the de novo contigs. The results from each reference assembly were compared across all references. The number and size of contigs assembled varied with the size reference sequences. In silico SNP discovery was carried out on contigs from all four EST references; however, discovery of valid SNPs was most successful using one of the two conspecific references.