bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altering Patterns of Relationship and Participation: Youth Organizing as a Setting-Level Intervention
Authors: Speer Paul W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Youth-focused community organizing — a process of developing leadership and building power for young people with the goal of creating change — provides a valuable context for understanding setting-level interventions. Collective activity, a focus on issues directly impacting youth, research and analysis of the cause of problems faced, and efforts to exert power to change conditions creating the identified problem, characterize youth organizing. Drawing on the model of a national organizing network, this chapter describes an approach to altering the pattern of relationships among youth within a setting. By altering the specific pattern of connections among youth in various settings, important outcomes are expected to emerge regarding both youth participation and their capacity to affect external environments. Through the use of network analysis, the magnitude and type of setting change can be measured. Examples of youth organizing outcomes and implications for conceptualizing setting-level interventions are provided.
The Ethnic System of Supplementary Education: Nonprofit and For-Profit Institutions in Los Angeles’ Chinese Immigrant Community
Authors: Zhou Min 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Informal social settings outside of school are as important as formal educational settings for children's learning and achievement. In the United States, informal settings are often organized by ethnicity and socioeconomic status in order to mediate the processes of individual learning, which consequently leads to intergroup differences in educational outcomes. This chapter examines how a particular type of informal social setting is created and structured by the ethnic community in order to generate resources for school success. By looking specifically into the non-profit and for-profit institutions serving young children and youth in Los Angeles' Chinese immigrant community, the chapter describes an ethnic system of supplementary education that not only offers tangible support but also reinforces cultural norms in pushing immigrant children to succeed in school. It is shown that the kind of informal social setting to which Chinese immigrant children are exposed is not necessarily intrinsic to a specific culture, but results from a national-origin group's migration selectivity, the strength of a pre-existing ethnic community, and the host society's reception. National-origin groups that constitute a significant middle class with valuable resources (i.e. education, job skills, and financial assets), upon arrival in the United States, have a leg-up in the race to move ahead in their new homeland, while others lacking group resources trail behind. Educators and policymakers should be careful not to attribute school success or failure merely to culture or to structure, but to the culture—structure interaction.
Socioeconomic School Integration
Authors: Kahlenberg Richard D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In recent years, a growing number of school districts have tried to shape the social setting of the school by implementing student assignment policies to reduce concentrations of school poverty. This chapter describes the research underlying socioeconomic school integration programs, including the finding that integration by socioeconomic status matters more to student achievement than does racial integration. It offers a theory of how to create economic integration in schools through choice and incentives rather than compulsion; articulates the ingredients of successful socioeconomic integration plans; describes how to measure the degree of economic school integration and its success or failure; outlines exemplars of efforts to create economic school integration; and considers the current status of the literature and promising future directions.
The Co-Construction of Educational Reform: The Intersection of Federal, State, and Local Contexts
Authors: Datnow Amanda 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter offers a theory of how district, state, and federal contexts jointly shape the success of educational reform efforts at the school level. In order to describe the “co-construction” perspective of reform implementation, it examines data from a multiple case study of a current reform movement, data-driven decision making. An analysis of data reveals that implementation is a system-wide activity, even when the desired change is mainly at the school level. However, the various policy levels have varying degrees of influence, and varying levels of connection with each other, depending on local circumstances. Implications for policy, practice, and the further study of the “co-construction” of educational reform are discussed. It is argued that examining the co-construction of reform and the linkages across the educational system would likely provide insights which could inform the fields of educational research, policy development, and evaluation.
Using Community Epidemiologic Data to Improve Social Settings: The Communities that Care Prevention System
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Hawkins J. David , Catalano Richard F. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the Communities That Care (CTC) program using examples from 12 communities implementing CTC as part of an efficacy trial. CTC is a community-based strategy that empowers members of a diverse and broad-based coalition to plan, implement and monitor prevention activities intended to promote positive youth development. CTC implementation involves six structured training workshops provided over 6-12 months and the collection of epidemiologic data including an anonymous, school-wide survey of students. When implemented community-wide, the survey allows coalition members to identify the most elevated risk factors and depressed protective factors experienced by youth. The coalition then selects evidence-based prevention policies and programs that target these factors in the major settings affecting young people: schools, families, community service organizations, and the community itself. Communities monitor program implementation and periodically re-administer the youth survey in order to gauge the effectiveness of their efforts.
Well-Being for Public Policy
Authors: Diener Ed , Lucas Richard , Schimmack Ulrich , Helliwell John 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe case is made for implementing national accounts of well-being to help policy makers and individuals make better decisions. Well-being is defined as people's evaluations of their lives, including concepts such as life satisfaction and happiness, and is similar to the concept of “utility” in economics. Measures of well-being in organizations, states, and nations can provide people with useful information. Importantly, accounts of well-being can help decision makers in business and government formulate better policies and regulations in order to enhance societal quality of life. Decision makers seek to implement policies and regulations that increase the quality of life, and the well-being measures are one useful way to assess the impact of policies as well as to inform debates about potential policies that address specific current societal issues. This book reviews the limitations of information gained from economic and social indicators, and shows how the well-being measures complement this information. Examples of using well-being for policy are given in four areas: health, the environment, work and the economy, and social life. Within each of these areas, examples are described of issues where well-being measures can provide policy-relevant information. Common objections to using the well-being measures for policy purposes are refuted. The well-being measures that are in place throughout the world are reviewed, and future steps in extending these surveys are described. Well-being measures can complement existing economic and social indicators, and are not designed to replace them.
Chapter 5 The Well-Being Measures Are Valid
Authors: Diener Ed , Lucas Richard E. , Schimmack Ulrich , Helliwell John F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA frequent concern about measures of well-being is that because they are subjective, they are unreliable and are subject to many types of artifacts and errors. The evidence for the validity and reliability of these measures is reviewed in this chapter, and the nature of measurement errors is discussed. The surveys of well-being are shown to be valid in predicting important outcomes such as suicide, and in correlating with other types of measures in a systematic way. Reports of well-being by respondents correlate with other types of measures such as biological assays and reports by knowledgeable informants. Although some measurement artifacts have been shown to influence the surveys of well-being, these often are not large, and the validity of the reports persists despite the measurement problems.
Chapter 7 The Desirability of Well-Being as a Guide for Policy
Authors: Diener Ed , Lucas Richard E. , Schimmack Ulrich , Helliwell John F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSeveral conceptual concerns about using well-being measures to inform policy have been enunciated, and are discussed in this chapter. It is shown that well-being does not reflect a shallow form of hedonism, but instead reflects a desirable state that helps societies function more effectively. A related objection is that immoral behaviors that society cannot condone might sometimes lead to feelings of well-being. One answer to many of these objections is that both objective and subjective measures will be used in concert; that is, subjective measures will not replace the objective ones. This recognition undercuts many of the objections that have been raised. Some believe that policy makers might manipulate well-being, or, conversely, that citizens might alter their well-being responses to influence policy, and these critiques are discussed. Another issue is which types of well-being measures should be used, and it is argued that surveys should assess a number of different types of well-being.
Chapter 10 Work, the Economy, and Well-Being: Policy Examples
Authors: Diener Ed , Lucas Richard E. , Schimmack Ulrich , Helliwell John F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWell-being has important influences on work life and the economy, which in turn have a large influence on people’s well-being. In this chapter several policy issues on which well-being findings shed light are presented. For example, the debilitating effects of unemployment on well-being are reviewed, and this is important as many economic models assume that people elect unemployment as the best way of maximizing their well-being given their current situation. The fact that unemployment has such a substantial impact on well-being indicates that minimizing it should be a policy imperative, although other considerations such as economic growth will also help shape policies in this area. Other issues that are discussed are the influence of worker satisfaction on job performance, the influence of risk sharing such as insurance on the ill-being resulting from natural disasters, and how graduated income taxes can affect the mean levels of well-being in societies.
Chapter 11 The Social Context of Well-Being: Policy Examples
Authors: Diener Ed , Lucas Richard E. , Schimmack Ulrich , Helliwell John F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHumans are social animals, and well-being therefore depends greatly on the quality of their social world. The idea of “social capital” is the claim that societies have a valuable resource in social relationships that are characterized by trust and trustworthiness, by collaboration and cooperation, and by a broad concern about helping the group. On the flip side, social capital is reduced by corruption and crime. The social capital of societies is linked to their health and well-being, and policies that undercut social capital can be disastrous even if they further other types of goals. By tracking both social capital and well-being, policy makers can create better regulations that increase social well-being rather than interfere with it. Well-being measures also provide a method of measuring the value of public services. An example for evaluating the outcomes of a social experiment—a program in Canada to reduce unemployment by assessing well-being before and after the program intervention—has been provided.
Chapter 2 The Psychology of Civic Learning
Authors: Carpini Michael X. Delli 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Citizen knowledge is important to the democratic polity, being related to, among other things, political tolerance and efficacy, political participation, and the ability to consistently connect policy views to meaningful political evaluations. However, a large body of research concludes that citizens possess low levels of factual knowledge about government and politics. Moreover, while traditional models — grounded in the normative logic of democratic theory — suggest that political learning is an active and rational process, recent research on heuristics and affect complicates these assumptions. This chapter argues that in order to advance our understanding of political knowledge, it is necessary to integrate five principal areas of research: the traditional model, heuristic models, impression-driven models, affect-based models, and models of operative knowledge.
Chapter 3 What Knowledge is of Most Worth?
Authors: Johnson Paul E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Most research on political knowledge focuses on declarative knowledge or specific facts about politics. By contrast, this chapter posits the importance of operative knowledge action, which is comprised of: (1) the intention to achieve one or more goals that define a given civic task; (2) a process for achieving these goals; and (3) heuristics for selecting actions down a goal path. It is suggested that operative knowledge for civic action lies at the heart of many political activities and should be assessed whenever researchers attempt to infer the knowledge individuals have of the process for participating in the political life of their society. This chapter develops an argument for how operative knowledge is acquired, the contexts in which it is deployed, the mental models that initiate its use, and provides examples of heuristic elements of this knowledge that lead to civic behaviors. Finally, it proposes the concept of civic intelligence as a general rubric under which to consider different kinds of political knowledge.
Chapter 4 Shallow Cues With Deep Effects: Trait Judgments From Faces and Voting Decisions
Authors: Hall Crystal C. , Goren Amir , Chaiken Shelly , Todorov Alexander 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of rapid automatic processes in political decision making. Specifically, using a dual-process framework, it argues that individuals assess candidate competence on the basis of facial appearance, and that this can predict the outcomes of both U.S. congressional and gubernatorial elections. These judgments occur quickly, and are largely independent of controlled processes. These findings illustrate the complexity of electoral decision making in complicated information environments, and suggest that even though individuals may not realize it, they often have little control over their initial impressions. The chapter concludes by examining how these findings inform our understanding of electoral politics, political persuasion, and democratic citizenship more generally.
Chapter 10 Tolerance and the Contact Hypothesis: A Field Experiment
Authors: Green Donald P. , Wong Janelle S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The contact hypothesis predicts that racial prejudice diminishes when whites and non-whites interact in a setting that fosters cooperation among people of equal status. This hypothesis has seldom, if ever, been tested using randomized experimentation outside the laboratory. This chapter reports the results of a randomized field experiment in which white students were randomly assigned to Outward Bound two- and three-week wilderness courses. In the control group, all the students in each course were non-Hispanic whites. In the treatment group, most of the students were non-Hispanic whites, but at least three of the participants were African-Americans. One month after completing the course, the white participants were interviewed by telephone. As expected, the group that experienced a racially heterogeneous environment expressed greater levels of tolerance than the control group. Although these findings require replication, the research design provides a template for future field-experiments examining the validity of the contact hypothesis.
Chapter 11 Racial Stereotyping and Political Attitudes: The View From Political Science
Authors: Peffley Mark , Hurwitz Jon 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
While political science has made effective use of research on the psychology of stereotyping, psychology has not benefited from political science in the same way. This chapter argues that the study of racial stereotypes can be improved by a mutual effort on the part of political scientists and psychologists alike to better understand and apply the methods and perspectives that dominate each discipline. Discussion focuses on three principal disciplinary contrasts. First, while psychology has typically been concerned with the processes underlying stereotypes, political science has focused on the collective sources and political consequences of stereotyping. Second, while political science could benefit from more experimentation, psychologists should implement research designs to enhance the external validity of their research. Finally, both disciplines are limited to the extent that they typically focus on the beliefs of the dominant group, and stereotyping research would benefit from a greater emphasis on the beliefs of racial minorities.
The Changing Portrayal of Adolescents in the Media Since 1950
Authors: Jamieson Patrick , Romer Daniel 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Following World War II, unparalleled economic prosperity, along with the largest cohort of American youth, gave rise to a new teen market and a new media landscape defined by television and radio. These influences in turn gave rise to a youth culture that found expression in the mass media, and which emphasized the virtues of a consumerist ethos made possible by an ever-expanding economy. Advertising became a vehicle for advancing this new consumer culture that enabled youth to become a major audience for entertainment media, and which gave unprecedented voice to their interests and concerns. With the advent of the Internet, media have again afforded young people with even greater opportunities to create and disseminate their own content. This has led to a transformation in both how youth are portrayed in the media and how American culture has been influenced in turn. This book describes these changes since 1950, with a focus on the role of the mass media as both an influence on youth socialization and as an evolving expression of youth concerns. Experts from various fields of media studies discuss these changes in chapters that focus on different aspects of adolescent portrayal, including: the history of the emergence of youth culture; youth representation in popular music and music videos; increasing portrayal of health risk behaviors in popular movies, advertising, and other media since 1950; changes in portrayal of gender roles, body image, and different ethnic groups; and the role of new and evolving media such as video games and the Internet. The book concludes with a discussion of potential policy directions for ameliorating harm from problematic media content, and the potential use of media literacy and other strategies to encourage healthier adolescent development.
Adolescent Gender Role Portrayals in the Media
Authors: Walsh Jennifer L. , Ward L. Monique 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGender socialization is the process by which children and youth learn cultural norms and expectations for gender roles. Because the mass media have played an increasing role in this process, analyses of media content can reveal how youth have been influenced over time. A review of research indicates that women (including youth) have been under-represented compared to men in the mass media. Television commercials tend to emphasize women's appearance, and female characters show more deference and shyness compared to males. Music videos have tended to show men as aggressive and violent and women as affectionate and sexual. Teen magazine content for women has focused on appearance and dating since the 1950s. Magazine advertising has also emphasized female beauty and youthfulness. There has been little change in adolescent gender roles in any of these media. Exposure to these media may contribute to adolescent viewers' beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors about gender roles.
Adolescent Body Image and Eating in the Media
Authors: Harrison Kristen 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Body image and eating behavior are important factors in adolescent development because they can have grave effects, including anorexia, bulimia, and obesity. Over 36% of deaths in the U.S. have recently been linked to cardiovascular disease, which has part of its origin in poor diet. From 40% to 60% of adolescent girls and women are dissatisfied with some aspect of their bodies, and media portrayals have been linked to such beliefs. Trends in media portrayal of the ideal female body indicate that she has gotten thinner while the actual weight of American and Canadian women has increased. Consistent exposure to the thin ideal may increase the risks of not just body dissatisfaction and disordered eating but also obesity, steroid use, surgery, and drug mixing. Various strategies for counteracting these trends are discussed.
From Twin Beds to Sex at Your Fingertips
Authors: Stern Susannah , Brown Jane D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Portrayal of sex in the media has changed dramatically since 1950, with content that would have shocked a teen in 1950 hardly producing any reaction today. Nevertheless, adolescent sexual portrayal in the media reflects considerable cultural conflict, not unlike the messages that teens frequently receive, such as that they should wait to have sex even though many initiate it anyway. Quantitative content analyses of media that measure the frequency of teen sex may be misleading because many of these portrayals discourage sex or portray it as ridden with conflict. The media could present teen sexuality in a more helpful way, especially by showing greater use of contraceptives. Rather than being used to portray sexually responsible behavior, sex has been used primarily to attract and maintain audiences. The Internet may actually permit greater exposure to health-promoting information, but this remains to be seen.
An Overview of the Empirical Literature on Adolescents and Political Violence
Authors: Barber Brian K. , Schluterman Julie Mikles 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents an assessment of the available evidence in the research literature on how youth experience political violence. It focuses not only in evaluating the evidence for the empirical associations between exposure and/or involvement in political violence and aspects of adolescent functioning, but in how the research literature has chosen to measure conflict experiences and youth functioning. It begins with a detailed overview of past and current quantitative, empirical efforts to study political violence and its associations with youth functioning, and provides a review of 95 qualifying studies. It argues that the current state of research remains relatively simplistic both in scope (i.e. narrow definitions of conflict and functioning) and in findings, and offers recommendations for how research on this topic could provide a better understanding of the complexities inherent in youth experiences with political violence.