bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benedetto Varchi as etymologist
Authors: Ward Michael T. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryIn theErcolano(1570) Benedetto Varchi (1503–1565), an important figure in the linguistic controversies of the Cinquecento, provides etymologies for a significant number of Italian terms, the majority of which are ascribed to three sources: Latin, Latin deriving ultimately from Greek, and Provençal. Study of 233 such word origins from the perspective of modern theory shows Varchi’s general accuracy regarding Latin and Greek elements but an exaggeration of the lexical impact of Provençal. Furthermore, despite his own willingness to offer hypotheses, this philologist ridicules the search for derivations. Examination of certain facets of Varchi’s outlook sheds light on these contradictions. We find him concerned primarily with the language of elite groups. In addition, he employs ‘etymology’ in two different senses, and minimizes the significance of the individual word. An adherent of the Aristotelianad placitumdoctrine, Varchi has an imperfect understanding of sound change. His correctness regarding Classical etyma proceeds from a solid Humanistic preparation, while overestimation of Provençal influence may be associated with his reverence for the tenets of Pietro Bembo (1470–1547) and his obsession with the independence of the Italian vernacular. TheErcolanofails to specify possible sources for Varchi’s etymological views.
Contribution a L’Étude Du Tesoro De La Lengua Española O Castellana (1611)
Authors: Lépinette Brigitte 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Après avoir envisagé rapidement la postérité lexicographique du Tesoro (1611) de Sebastián de Covarrubias en Espagne, nous étudions la réception de cet ouvrage surtout en France. Nous examinons d’abord en tenant compte d’un ensemble d’études antérieures, quels aspects du Tesoro ont été mis à profit par les lexicographes bilingues: C. Oudin (1616) et L. Franciosini (1620). Nous montrons que Richelet et Furetière ont parfois utilisé le Tesoro pour élaborer leur dictionnaires respectifs, ensuite que les étymologies trouvées par Ménage (1650) dans le Tesoro n’ont pas souvent paru à cet étymologiste dignes de crédit. Dans la seconde partie de cet article, nous énumérons les sources linguistiques de Covarrubias. Nous montrons d’abord quels ont été les ouvrages modernes sur lesquels il s’est appuyé pour les renseignements concernant l’hébreu, le grec, le français, l’italien, l’allemand et le flamand, qu’il fait figurer dans son Tesoro. Nous énumé-rons d’autre part les sources modernes proprement éymologiques aussi bien françaises qu’espagnoles qui figurent dans les articles du dictionnaire de Covarrubias. La considération du choix de ces sources et de leur mode d’utilisation permet d’effectuer une évaluation de la culture de Covarrubias que nous jugeons sinonencyclopédique du moins étendue et des méthodes de travail qui apparaissent comme peu systématisées.
Hugo Schuchardts Beitrag Zur Allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft
Authors: Baggioni Daniel 
Published: November 2010

Summary
This article attempts to rehabilitate Hugo Schuchardt (1842–1927) as a general linguist. It tries to show that the many polemics of his take all their source in a rejection of a reifying vision of language, be it his critique of the ‘organicist conception of language’ (largely associated with the work of August Schleicher), of the ‘blind action of phonetic laws concerning any given dialect’ (a position held by the Neogrammarians), or of the Saussurean dichotomies. Instead, Schuchardt prefers a conception of language as a dynamic activity in which the individual and society as well as the mixture of languages play a central part. As a result, Schuchardt’s interest in and focus on (what appeared to many of his contemporaries as) marginal phenomena (creoles, pidgins, language contacts, universal language) is not a matter of accident, but directly related to his permanent and rigorous questioning of the dominant tenets in the field, a position he thought to be essential to any progress in linguistic science.
L’Argumentation Pragmatique Chez Priscien
Authors: Amacker René 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Des nombreuses formes de l’argumentation grammaticale chez Priscien, celle qui est fondée sur l’acte de parole (situation pragmatique par excellence) occupe une place particulièrement importante. Sans s’attacher à l’ensemble des domaines concernés, on examine seulement les questions relatives à la ‘personne’ (terme qui désigne aussi bien une catégorie grammaticale qu’un individu réel) – à l’exclusion de la transitivité – et celles qui concernent la déixis (demonstratio). On aborde en outre l’impératif et la déixis transposée (dans l’épistolographie). L’étude de différents passages de Priscien montre que ce grammairien utilise une théorie qui n’est pas toujours exempte de contradiction; la comparaison avec sa source principale (Apollonios Dyscole), pour les sujets étudiés, fait apparaître enfin, en quelques occasions, combien l’originalité que Priscien se reconnaît est modeste.
165 Broadway – A crucial node in American Structural Linguistics
Authors: Hall Robert A. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
During the Second World War, the United States Armed Forces Institute (USAFI) provided language teaching manuals and dictionaries for military and civilian use. From 1 July 1943 through 30 June 1945, this work was concentrated at an office which was located at 165 Broadway, New York City, and which was headed by a group of young, vigorous, and well trained linguists. The author provides a list of the personnel of this group and describes their activities and their relations with other developments in linguistics at that time and thereafter. Emphasis is placed on the crucial rôle of the ‘165 Broadway’ group in the application of structural linguistic analysis to the teaching of foreign languages in the United States in following decades.
Latin grammatical categories in the vernacular
Authors: Poppe Erich 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The grammatical category ‘declension’ cannot be applied to Welsh substantive nouns since they have one form only for the singular and the plural respectively. But some Welsh grammarians of the 16th and 17th centuries tried to use this category to classify substantive nouns by proposing new definitions, based on the system of plural formation (Robert 1567) or on the system of initial mutations (Rhys 1592; Salesbury 1593). The latter approach formed a short-lived ‘paradigm’ in Welsh grammaticography with a dynamism of its own. It became divorced from the classification of nouns only and was applied to all words which undergo initial mutations (Davies 1621). The history of the definitions of declension in Welsh grammaticography is thus an instructive example of the changes grammatical categories can undergo when applied to a specific vernacular and of the creativity of the vernacular grammarians.
Sprachwissenschaft, Ästhetik und Naturforschung Der Goethe-Zeit
Authors: Romaschko Sergej A. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
In the emergence of comparative grammar at the beginning of the 19th century, Sanskrit played a crucial role. The manner in which Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829) characterized the grammatical structure of this language in his Ueber die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier of 1808 was of great importance for the early phases of development of Indo-European linguistics. As is shown in this paper, the characteristics attributed to Sanskrit derived not only from F. Schlegel’s romantic views on language and literature, but were also influenced by his general philosophical and natural-science views which largely reflected the intellectual climate of the late 18th and early 19th century in Germany. During this period biology, physiology, and comparative anatomy experienced rapid progress, and the ‘organic’ concept of nature they espoused provided cognitive models for other disciplines, notably philosophy (cf. Kant’s Kritik der Urteilskraft of 1790), aesthetics, poetics, and linguistics. These natural-science concepts proved particularly fruitful within the romantic movement; they convinced F. Schlegel to see in Sanskrit a language whose organization resembled most perfectly the ideal Ursprache of Indo-European.
Thomas Harriot (1560–1621) and the English origins of Algonkian linguistics
Authors: Salmon Vivian 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Thomas Harriot (1560–1621) was an outstanding mathematician and astronomer whose scientific writings – had they not been allowed to remain in manuscript – would long ago have earned for him an international esteem comparable with that of Galileo and Kepler. Only in recent decades has his status been recognised by scientists, but not, so far, by linguists. Yet he was the first English traveller to North America known to have recorded an indigenous language, for which he devised a dictionary and a phonetic alphabet. He also recorded a large number of Algonkin words during his stay in North Carolina in 1585–86, some of which are found in the account of his travels which he published in 1588, more than fifty years before Roger Williams’s (1603?-1683) Key into the Language of America (1643), which has often been regarded as the first such work. The manuscripts of the dictionary and the phonetic alphabet were thought to be lost, until a few years ago a sketch of the phonetic alphabet was found; and in 1988 a detailed holograph copy came to light. The present paper, while describing this recent discovery, provides a brief survey of linguistic relationships between speakers of North Carolina Algonkin and English colonists between 1586 and the arrival of the Mayflower pilgrims in 1621, and traces Harriot’s influence on later 17th-century linguists.
A 16th-century case of acquired Dysgraphia
Authors: Cram David , Campbell Ruth 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The purpose of this article is to draw attention to one of the earliest historical reports, to the authors’ knowledge, of a specific acquired agraphia: the first-hand account of a man who lost his ability to use letters in writing as a result of a battle injury in 1536. The description occurs as an interpolation in Thomas Wilson’s Arte of Rhetorique (1553), in the course of a discussion of the localisation of the memory in the head. The case is described in sufficient detail to allow a tentative identification of the sort of disorder that was involved.
Zur Diskussion Über den Begriff ‘Tochtersprache’ im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Veldre Georgia 
Published: November 2010

ZusammenfassungDer Begriff ‘Tochtersprache’ spielt in der Sprachdiskussion des 19. Jahrhunderts eine eher untergeordnete Rolle, seine inhaltliche Bestimmung ist jedoch in Zusammenhang mit dem Orientierungswechsel innerhalb der vergleichenden Sprachbetrachtung von Interesse. Vor allem durch die Abgrenzung gegenüber dem Komplementärbegriff ‘Schwestersprache’ u.a. durch Franz Bopp gewinnt er deutlich an Präzision. Innerhalb des von den beiden Schlegel ausgehenden Sprachenklassifikationsmodells ist insbesondere die Bestimmung des Verhältnisses von ‘Tochtersprachen’ zum analytischen Sprachtyp problematisch. In einem anderen Kontext dient die Bezeichnung ‘Tochtersprache’ in direkter Abbildung politischer Auffassungen auf die Sprachbetrachtung dazu, das Französische als vom Latein abgeleitete Sprache insbesondere dem ‘ursprünglichen’ Deutschen gegenüberzustellen. Die inhaltliche Reduzierung auf den oftmals ideologisch geladenen Begriff des Verfalls, die nach 1850 insbesondere durch Heymann Steinthal erfolgt, führt in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts zu einer kritischen Bewertung des Tochtersprachenbegriffs, der in einem auf nachweisbare ‘Fakten’ orientierten sprachwissenschaftlichen Konzept an Bedeutung verliert. Einen wesentlichen Einfluß auf diese Diskussion haben die Vertreter der in Deutschland noch jungen Neuphilologien.
The biological side of Otto Jespersen’s linguistic thought
Authors: McCawley James D. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryCentral ideas of Darwin’s theory of natural selection figure prominently in the work of Otto Jespersen (1860–1943). As early as 1886, Jespersen treated linguistic change in Darwinian terms: variation in the pronunciation and meaning of the various units, and factors that raise or lower a variety’s viability. His critique of the neogrammarian principle of exceptionlessness of sound change includes the point that phonologically parallel words often differ in the relative viability of their variants. By 1904, Jespersen was using ‘functional load’ in explaining differences in how much resistance each language offers to various natural phonetic tendencies. He argued that conformity to a sound-symbolic generalization raises a form’s viability and can thus exempt some words from sound changes and accelerate the adoption of novel words and of novel meanings for existing words. Natural selection figures even in Jespersen’s papers on international auxiliary languages, as in his account of whybil, the winner in a contest for a word for ‘automobile’, spread so rapidly in Scandinavia. Jespersen’s speculative scenario for language origins is in terms of Darwinian ‘preadaptation’: conventionalized sound/meaning correspondences can arise in numerous ways prior to the development of anything like a language (Jespersen argues that singing, in all its diverse social functions, developed prior to language), and a language would develop notex nihilobut by members of a human community segmenting and imposing arbitrary semantic analyses on some of this large body of meaningful sound, and starting to combine the pieces in novel ways, as modern children do anyway (Jespersen argues) in the course of acquiring a language. Jespersen thereby vindicated his unpopular conclusion that early human languages had highly irregular morphology and syntax.
Paul Hanly Furfey and the origins of American sociolinguistics
Authors: Joseph John E. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryAlthough his contributions to the study of language are now all but forgotten, Catholic University of America sociologist Paul Hanly Furfey (b. 1896) gave the first known courses on the Sociology of Language starting in 1943. In 1944, he published articles on language and social class, men’s and women’s language, and the Bloomfieldian method of linguistic analysis, and in the early 1950s, he directed the joint dissertation of two of the very first urban dialect researchers to undertake work sufficiently systematic and socially oriented to merit the designation ‘sociolinguistic’ (Putnam & O’Hern 1955). This article surveys Furfey’s career as well as the work of many other pre-1960 contributors to sociolinguistics, notably in North America, most of which fell into oblivion following the great success of William Labov.
Absoluta
Authors: Hunt R. W. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The Absoluta is a Summa on Priscian’s Institutiones grammaticae, Books XVII–XVIII, which deal with syntax, so called from its opening word. The author was probably Petrus Hispanus, who is otherwise unknown. The work was presumably written in Paris in the third quarter of the 12th century. It survives in 14 manuscripts spread widely over Europe, and dating from ca. 1200 to the 14th century. The same author perhaps wrote a Summa on Pris-cian, Books I–XVI, known also from its opening words as Strenuum negotiatorem, of which only a fragment of the beginning survives in a single manuscript. In the Absoluta the author follows the order of treatment of subjects in Priscian, but proceeds chiefly by raising questions on doubtful points. He emphatically distinguishes the tasks of the grammarian and of the dialectician, yet makes much use of the methods of the latter. Thus, in the discussion of the case to be used after the verb substantive, the rule is propounded and argued on logical grounds. His theoretical framework is that of the Summa of Petrus Helias (mid-12th cent.), which he uses freely, and though he makes some advances, as in the use of the term modus significandi and of the concept of suppositio, he is still at the stage where they do not bear their later technical sense.
Early Scholastic Views on Ambiguity
Authors: Rivero María Luisa 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThis article presents a linguistic study of a number of 12th-century logical tracts with respect to their views on fallacies of composition and division. It will be seen that early Scholastic work done in this area was greatly influenced by certain syntactic properties of Latin.The correlation between meaning and syntactic order came to preoccupy logicians upon the rediscovery and subsequent translation of Aristotle’sDe Sophisticis Elenchisat the beginning of the 12th century. Some logicians of the period felt that a composite syntactic order correlated obligatorily with a composite sense; others thought that order and sense could be independent from each other, and that, consequently, a composite syntactic order could have two readings, a composite one and a divided one. A third opinion expressed was that certain syntactic orders received two interpretations, one considered to be normal (a composite order correlating preferentially with a composite sense), and another one regarded as secondary (the possibility for a composite order to be understood in a divided sense as well).The ideas which found expression in the 12th century manuscripts discussed in this study influenced logical speculation throughout the Scholastic period.
Sanctius’ Minerva of 1562 and the Evolution of His Linguistic Theory
Authors: Breva-Claramonte Manuel 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The 1587 edition of Sanctius’ Minerva was not the first edition: a 1562 version has recently been discovered. This paper outlines Sanctius’ linguistic theory as it is advanced in the earlier version and traces its evolution. Some aspects of Sanctius’ system are briefly considered with relation to his immediate predecessors Linacre, Scaliger, and Ramus. I attempt to show that the basic tenets of his theory are already present in the early work: his conception of grammar, the importance of his logical rules (rationes), and his abstract notion of ellipsis as an essential mechanism for positing underlying structures and general rules, as well as for explaining obscure syntactic constructions. His views on the noun and the constructio of nouns, on verbs and the constructio of verbs are presented in an effort to show his evolution towards a more simple and general system of language. No attempt is made to cover those aspects of his theory which appear only in the later Minerva.
The Decade of Private Knowledge
Authors: Ney James W. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
A review of the dissemination of information among linguists and the epis-temological basis of the transformational movement leads to the suggestion that the decade from the early 1960’s to the early 1970’s was a decade of private knowledge for persons engaged in the theoretical study of human languages. This decade of private knowledge was not caused directly by Chomsky’s disavowal of empiricism and his espousal of rationalism. Rather, it was caused indirectly by the shift from empiricism to rationalism and the subsequent attempt to base the data for theory building on native speaker intuition. The period of private knowledge in linguistics will probably continue until there is a shift in the epistemological basis of transformational thought.
Jeremiah Curtin (1835–1906)
Authors: Olmsted D. L. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Jeremiah Curtin (1835–1906) was one of the outstanding linguistic field-workers of the 19th century, though much of his material remains in manuscript form. His scholarly reputation rests primarily on his activity as folklorist and translator of the works of Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846–1916), the Nobel Prize-winning novelist. Curtin was born in Detroit and brought up in the wilds of Wisconsin, where his parents, immigrants from Ireland, made a farm. Leaving home at 21, he worked his way through Harvard, learning new languages at every opportunity. After a brief period as a junior diplomat in St Petersburg, he worked as a journalist and eventually joined the Bureau of American Ethnology as a field worker. His assignments took him to the Seneca, to various tribes in Oklahoma and to California and Oregon, where he gathered folktales, myths, and other linguistics materials from many languages of aboriginal America. Returning to Europe on numerous occasions, Curtin gathered and published folklore from Eastern Europe and Ireland; in addition, he continued his studies of the languages of the Caucasus, of India and Persia. Work in Siberia resulted in two volumes about the Mongols. Throughout much of the latter part of his life he continued his translations from the Russian and Polish.
John Brinsley
Authors: Salmon Vivian 
Published: November 2010

Summary
John Brinsley (1566-c.1630) seems to have been the first English scholar to publish a comprehensive language-teaching course for students of Latin. His first textbook, which appeared in 1612, was a lengthy discussion of teaching method; it was followed by a grammar, and by translations of Latin texts of varying degrees of difficulty, arranged in a special format to assist private study. His last publication was a dictionary devoted to the kind of vocabulary relevant to the practical needs of the early 17th century, when Latin was still the language of the professions. So valuable did English schoolmasters find his works — which also stressed the necessity of studying the vernacular — that they were reprinted two or three times, and one (the grammar) reached a fifteenth edition. But they did not attain the continuing success which they deserved, because they were superseded from the 1630’s by the textbooks of Jan Amos Comenius (1592–1670) which were more specifically directed towards the growing scientific interests of the seventeenth century. Although the name of Brinsley has long been known to historians of education, no comprehensive account has previously been given of his writings or of his biography. This study is an attempt to supply more detailed information about both, and to assess his importance in the history of applied linguistics.