bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacologic Suppression of Hepatic ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter 1 Activity in Mice Reduces High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels but Promotes Reverse Cholesterol Transport
Authors: Yamamoto Shigenori , Tanigawa Hiroyuki , Li Xiaoyu , Komaru Yohei , Billheimer Jeffrey T. , Rader Daniel J. 
Published: August 2011

Background—
The role of hepatic ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) in maintaining plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels is well established, but its role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is unclear. Probucol is a compound that reduces HDL-C levels but also reduces atherosclerosis in animal models and xanthomas in humans. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that probucol inhibits hepatic ABCA1 activity, thereby reducing HDL-C levels but promoting RCT from macrophages.

Methods and Results—
Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) knockout mice were fed a chow diet containing 0.5% probucol or normal chow for 2 weeks. In WT mice, probucol, despite decreasing HDL-C by >80%, effectively maintained macrophage RCT. In SR-BI knockout mice, probucol also substantially reduced HDL-C but significantly increased macrophage RCT. Furthermore, probucol significantly enhanced the excretion of HDL-derived cholesterol into feces in both WT and SR-BI knockout mice. Probucol inhibited ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux from mouse primary hepatocytes, and this effect was shown to be responsible for the effect of probucol on increasing the fecal excretion of HDL-derived cholesterol in vivo.

Conclusions—
We demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of hepatic ABCA1 activity with probucol reduced HDL-C levels but promoted RCT through diversion of HDL-derived cholesterol from efflux back into plasma instead to excretion in the bile. These results explain the beneficial effects of probucol on atherosclerosis and xanthomas despite its HDL-lowering effects and suggest that inactivation of hepatic ABCA1 leads to increased RCT despite reducing plasma HDL-C levels.
Dynamic Facial Expressions Evoke Distinct Activation in the Face Perception Network: A Connectivity Analysis Study
Authors: Foley Elaine , Rippon Gina , Thai Ngoc Jade , Longe Olivia , Senior Carl 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Very little is known about the neural structures involved in the perception of realistic dynamic facial expressions. In the present study, a unique set of naturalistic dynamic facial emotional expressions was created. Through fMRI and connectivity analysis, a dynamic face perception network was identified, which is demonstrated to extend Haxby et al.'s [Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Science, 4, 223–233, 2000] distributed neural system for face perception. This network includes early visual regions, such as the inferior occipital gyrus, which is identified as insensitive to motion or affect but sensitive to the visual stimulus, the STS, identified as specifically sensitive to motion, and the amygdala, recruited to process affect. Measures of effective connectivity between these regions revealed that dynamic facial stimuli were associated with specific increases in connectivity between early visual regions, such as the inferior occipital gyrus and the STS, along with coupling between the STS and the amygdala, as well as the inferior frontal gyrus. These findings support the presence of a distributed network of cortical regions that mediate the perception of different dynamic facial expressions.
Relative Growth of Three Chionoecetes Crabs (decapoda, Majidae) in the East Sea, Korea
Authors: Oh Chul-Woong , Na Jong-Hun , Kim Jung Nyun , Kim Hyun-Woo , Il Lee Sung 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Snow crabs, Chionoecetes spp., are among the commercially most important species of Decapoda in the world, and proper stock assessment and management are required for their sustainable use. In the present study, morphological characteristics of three snow crabs, Chionoecetes japonicus, Chionoecetes opilio and a hybrid form exhibiting characteristics intermediate between those of the parent species, Chionoecetes japonicus/opilio, have been compared. The ratio of carapace length including rostral horn (CL(RL)) to carapace width (CW) in C. japonicus, C. opilio, and the C. japonicus/opilio hybrid was 0.973 ± 0.020, 0.983 ± 0.019, and 0.956 ± 0.019, respectively. The only significant difference in regression slope among the three crabs, was between CW and chela height (CH), indicating that at a given size, the hybrid form is the fastest in the growth of chela height in relation to carapace width. In C. japonicus and C. opilio, the relationship between CW and total weight (TW) was significantly negatively allometric, while in the hybrids, it was significantly positively allometric. This indicates that at a given size, the hybrid form is heavier than the others.
Sexual Exploitation and Beyond: Using the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court to Prosecute UN Peacekeepers for Gender-based Crimes
Authors: O'Brien Melanie 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAllegations and confirmed cases of misconduct by peacekeeping personnel have been revealed by non-governmental organisations, the press and UN investigations. The majority of misconduct has fallen under the term 'sexual exploitation and abuse'. Sexual exploitation and abuse has encompassed rape, sex with minors, trafficking, prostitution-related conduct, sexual exploitation, and other sexual abuse. This article discusses accountability in international criminal law for such conduct, first exploring the development of gender-based crime in international criminal law. The core of this article consists of an examination of the applicable law under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, to determine whether or not the provisions could be used to prosecute peacekeepers for the crimes of rape, sexual slavery, sexual exploitation, prostitution-related conduct, and trafficking. Real life examples of criminal conduct by peacekeeping personnel will be given to test the applicability of the Rome Statute provisions.
Eurasian Subarctic Summer Climate in Response to Anomalous Snow Cover
Authors: Matsumura Shinji , Yamazaki Koji 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The summer climate in northern Eurasia is examined as a function of anomalous snow cover and processes associated with land–atmosphere coupling, based on a composite analysis using observational and reanalysis data. The analysis confirms that the snow–hydrological effect, which is enhanced soil moisture persisting later into the summer and contributing to cooling and precipitation recycling, is active in eastern Siberia and contributes to the formation of the subpolar jet through the thermal wind relationship in early snowmelt years.
Strong anticyclonic differences (early − late snowmelt years) with a baroclinic structure form over eastern Siberia as a result of surface heating through the snow–hydrological effect in early snowmelt years. Surface heating contributes to the development of thermally generated stationary Rossby waves that propagate eastward to eastern Siberia. Rossby wave activity is maintained into early autumn, together with cyclonic differences over far eastern Siberia, in conjunction with the early appearance of snow cover in this region. The anticyclonic differences over eastern Siberia act like a blocking anticyclone, thereby strengthening upstream storm track activity. Furthermore, it is possible that surface anticyclonic differences over the Arctic contribute to year-to-year variability of summer Arctic sea ice concentration along the Siberian coast. The results suggest that variations in northern Eurasian snow cover and associated land–atmosphere coupling processes have important implications for the predictability of Eurasian subarctic summer climate.
Subtropical Mode Water Variability in a Climatologically Forced Model in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Douglass Elizabeth M. , Jayne Steven R. , Peacock Synte , Bryan Frank O. , Maltrud Mathew E. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
A climatologically forced high-resolution model is used to examine variability of subtropical mode water (STMW) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Despite the use of annually repeating atmospheric forcing, significant interannual to decadal variability is evident in the volume, temperature, and age of STMW formed in the region. This long time-scale variability is intrinsic to the ocean. The formation and characteristics of STMW are comparable to those observed in nature. STMW is found to be cooler, denser, and shallower in the east than in the west, but time variations in these properties are generally correlated across the full water mass. Formation is found to occur south of the Kuroshio Extension, and after formation STMW is advected westward, as shown by the transport streamfunction. The ideal age and chlorofluorocarbon tracers are used to analyze the life cycle of STMW. Over the full model run, the average age of STMW is found to be 4.1 yr, but there is strong geographical variation in this, from an average age of 3.0 yr in the east to 4.9 yr in the west. This is further evidence that STMW is formed in the east and travels to the west. This is qualitatively confirmed through simulated dye experiments known as transit-time distributions. Changes in STMW formation are correlated with a large meander in the path of the Kuroshio south of Japan. In the model, the large meander inhibits STMW formation just south of Japan, but the export of water with low potential vorticity leads to formation of STMW in the east and an overall increase in volume. This is correlated with an increase in the outcrop area of STMW. Mixed layer depth, on the other hand, is found to be uncorrelated with the volume of STMW.
Particle Kalman Filtering: A Nonlinear Bayesian Framework for Ensemble Kalman Filters
Authors: Hoteit Ibrahim , Luo Xiaodong , Pham Dinh-Tuan 
Published: August 2011

This paper investigates an approximation scheme of the optimal nonlinear Bayesian filter based on the Gaussian mixture representation of the state probability distribution function. The resulting filter is similar to the particle filter, but is different from it in that the standard weight-type correction in the particle filter is complemented by the Kalman-type correction with the associated covariance matrices in the Gaussian mixture. The authors show that this filter is an algorithm in between the Kalman filter and the particle filter, and therefore is referred to as the particle Kalman filter (PKF). In the PKF, the solution of a nonlinear filtering problem is expressed as the weighted average of an “ensemble of Kalman filters” operating in parallel. Running an ensemble of Kalman filters is, however, computationally prohibitive for realistic atmospheric and oceanic data assimilation problems. For this reason, the authors consider the construction of the PKF through an “ensemble” of ensemble Kalman filters (EnKFs) instead, and call the implementation the particle EnKF (PEnKF). It is shown that different types of the EnKFs can be considered as special cases of the PEnKF. Similar to the situation in the particle filter, the authors also introduce a resampling step to the PEnKF in order to reduce the risk of weights collapse and improve the performance of the filter. Numerical experiments with the strongly nonlinear Lorenz-96 model are presented and discussed.
Are minimized perfusion circuits the better heart lung machines? Final results of a prospective randomized multicentre study
Authors: El-Essawi A , Hajek T , Skorpil J , Böning A , Sabol F , Ostrovsky Y , Hausmann H , Harringer W 
Published: August 2011

Introduction: Minimized perfusion circuits (MPCs), although aiming at minimizing the adverse effects of cardiopulmonary bypass, have not yet gained popularity. This can be attributed to concerns regarding their safety, as well as lack of sufficient evidence of their benefit. Methods: Described is a randomized, multicentre study comparing the MPC - ROCsafeRX to standard cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting and/ or aortic valve replacement. Results: Five hundred patients were included in the study (252 randomized to the ROCsafeRX group and 248 to standard cardiopulmonary bypass). Both groups were well matched for demographic characteristics and type of surgery. No operative mortality and no device-related complications were encountered. Transfusion requirement (333 ± 603 vs. 587 ± 1010 ml; p=0.001), incidence of atrial fibrillation (16.3% vs. 24.2%; p=0.03) and the incidence of major adverse events (9.1% vs. 16.5%; p=0.02) were all in favour of the MPC group. Conclusion: These results confirm both the safety and efficacy of the ROCsafeRX MPC for a large variety of cardiac patients. Minimized perfusion circuits should, therefore, play a greater role in daily practice so that as many patients as possible can benefit from their advantages.
Comparing the Pilates method with no exercise or lumbar stabilization for pain and functionality in patients with chronic low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Pereira Ligia M , Obara Karen , Dias Josilainne M , Menacho Maryela O , Guariglia Débora A , Schiavoni Durcelina , Pereira Hugo M , Cardoso Jefferson Rosa 
Published: August 2011

Objective: To perform a systematic review with meta-analyses that evaluates the effectiveness of the Pilates method on the pain and functionality outcome in adults with non-specific chronic low back pain. Data sources: The search was performed in the following databases: Medline, Embase, AMED, Cinahl, Lilacs, Scielo, SportDiscus, ProQuest, Web of Science, PEDro, Academic Search Premier and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from 1950 to 2011; the following keywords were used: ‘Pilates’, ‘Pilates-based’, ‘back exercises’, ‘exercise therapy’, ‘low back pain’, ‘back pain’ and ‘backache.’ Review methods: The inclusion criteria were studies that assessed the effects of the Pilates method on patients with chronic low back pain. Results: Five studies met the inclusion criteria. The total number of patients was 71 in the Pilates group and 68 in the control group. Pilates exercise did not improve functionality (standardized mean difference (SMD = –1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI) −2.80, 0.11; P = 0.07) or pain between Pilates and control groups (SMD = –1.99; 95% CI −4.35, 0.37; P = 0.10). Pilates and lumbar stabilization exercises presented no significant difference in functionality (mean difference (MD) = –0.31; 95% CI −1.02, 0.40; P = 0.39) or pain (MD = –0.31; 95% CI −1.02, 0.40; P = 0.39). Conclusion: The Pilates method did not improve functionality and pain in patients who have low back pain when compared with control and lumbar stabilization exercise groups.
Comparing the effects of eccentric training with eccentric training and static stretching exercises in the treatment of patellar tendinopathy. A controlled clinical trial
Authors: Dimitrios Stasinopoulos , Pantelis Manias , Kalliopi Stasinopoulou 
Published: August 2011

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of eccentric training and eccentric training with static stretching exercises in the management of patellar tendinopathy. Design: Controlled clinical trial. Setting: Rheumatology and rehabilitation centre. Subjects: Forty-three patients who had patellar tendinopathy for at least three months. They were allocated to two groups by alternative allocation. Interventions: Group A ( n = 22) was treated with eccentric training of patellar tendon and static stretching exercises of quadriceps and hamstrings and Group B ( n = 21) received eccentric training of patellar tendon. All patients received five treatments per week for four weeks. Outcomes: Pain and function were evaluated using the VISA-P score at baseline, at the end of treatment (week 4), and six months (week 24) after the end of treatment. Results: At the end of treatment, there was a rise in VISA-P score in both groups compared with baseline ( P<0.0005, paired t test). There were significant differences in the VISA-P score between the groups at the end of treatment (+14; 10 to 18) and at the six-month follow-up (+19; 13 to 24); eccentric training and static stretching exercises produced the largest effect ( P<0.0005, one-way ANOVA). Conclusions: Eccentric training and static stretching exercises is superior to eccentric training alone to reduce pain and improve function in patients with patellar tendinopathy at the end of the treatment and at follow-up.
Integration of Indian Capital Markets with Global Markets: An Empirical Study
Authors: De Sarkar Partha , Yadav Surendra S , Banwet D K 
Published: August 2011

From 1997 onwards, the effect of globalization is becoming evident in the Indian capital markets. The stock prices of Indian companies and the stock market indices have been driven not just by the macro and micro factors of the Indian economy. Events in other parts of the world have also increasingly started having an impact. This is in stark contrast to the situation in the insular days prior to 1991, when major policy changes were made by the Indian government to open up the economy. The increased volatility of stock markets and reduction in controls over capital movements across borders has reflected in the stock prices in India. This paper aims at validating that indeed globalization has found its way into the Indian capital markets. It estimates the extent of correlation between the major world stock markets in USA, UK, Japan and Hong Kong with the Indian Stock Market Index like the BSE Sensex and also how portfolio fund flows have affected its movement. The study restricts itself to the period between January 1997 and June 2000. In brief, this paper seeks to: establish the relationship between the Bombay 30 Stock Sensitivity Index (SENSEX) and the global indices mentioned above like Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ Composite of USA, FTSE100 of UK, Nikkei 225 of Japan and the Hang Seng of Hong Kong. look at how portfolio funds flows have been affecting the Indian stock market.
Healthy District: Concepts and Issues
Authors: Datta Subhash 
Published: August 2011

The healthy district, initiative by the World Health Organization (WHO) is beginning in 2002 and the whole world is waiting to see the development activity which concerns each one of us. The approach aims to improve the social, cultural, nutritional, educational and environmental well being of the the people of the entire district. A healthy district is one that is continually creating and improving the physical and social environment. The basic characteristics of a healthy district in a developing country setup are: a clean and safe physical environment of very high quality; a high degree of community participation; a place where all human basic needs are satisfied for its people. The paper introduces the concepts of a healthy district set up and discusses the relevant issues that are likely to be addressed for creating a new and environment friendly administrative unit at the district level. The model is likely to be implemented in all districts of the South East Asian Region in the near future.
Disaster Management - Approach and Emerging Strategies in India
Authors: Sharma Vinod K. 
Published: August 2011

In India, the colossal loss of life and property, the social and economic disruptions caused by the increasing frequencies and severity of natural disasters has increased awareness on natural disaster management at all levels including political circles. However, the terrorist attack over World Trade Centre in USA and the spread of anthrax fear in its aftermath has shifted our attention towards potential danger of the biological and other manmade disasters. It is in this context that disaster management as an important issue draws attention of various stakeholders in the disaster management community to introspect how prepared we are to tackle this type of disasters. The present paper aims at giving a comprehenvsive account of the disaster management mechanism in our country. It also briefly discusses the efforts made and major challenges and various issues of disaster management in our country. In addition, it gives an account of the emerging strategies in managing future disasters - both natural and manmade. The various aspects covered in this paper will provide valuable inputs to the planners, policy makers, administrators, scholars and other stakeholders.
Hotline Technologies: Competing for Local Dominance
Authors: Jayasimha K.R. 
Published: August 2011

For many years, local assemblers had dominated the Indian PC industry. By the end of 2003 they still continue to hold over 50 per cent share of the overall PC market. The structural environment was characterized by the presence of large number of small assemblers. The underlying economic causes seem to favor the present structural environment. The case is about an assembler, Hotline Technologies, based in Bangalore, India that was seeking local dominance in its geographical area of operation.
Visionary Leadership: A Survey of Literature and Case Study of Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam at Drdl
Authors: Dwivedi R. S. 
Published: August 2011

Visionary leadership has emerged as a key determinant of corporate survival, success and growth in today's turbulent environment. Successful leaders of the 21st century have the capacity to create vision and also translate it into reality. Visionary leadership is transformative and based on the power of inspiration. It is characterized by: a commitment to core spiritual values, with a clear vision, respect for empowering relationship, followed by courageous and innovative action. From an Indian perspective, it is marked by an act of leading from the front, benevolence from within, respectful pluralism, continuous introspection and focus on legacy. It involves a dynamic, interactive process. As a visionary leader, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam substantially changed the organizational climate of DRDL prior to launching Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) using effective communication and providing clear direction to the various teams involved. Later on, a highly performing climate emerged, when he used further indigenous techniques to manage technology for accomplishing outstanding performance. The techniques used were technology-oriented structure, search for capable project leaders, Science Council (Panchayat), collaborative (partnership) effort, transformation of organizational dynamics by empowering scientists, motivation, etc. The outstanding success of DRDL is evidenced by the fact that the country acquired the capability of making five state-of-the-art missile systems in record time. The visionary leadership style of Dr. Kalam is comparable to that of George Washington, the founding father of the USA, having far-reaching implications for the guidance of new age leaders engaged in developmental tasks globally.