bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of diet and feeding on postprandial serum gastrin and insulin concentrations in adult horses
Authors: SMYTH G. B. , YOUNG DIANE W. , HAMMOND LINDA S. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryGastrin is the only hormone known to stimulate secretion of hydrochloric acid. It also has trophic effects on specific parts of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Using radioimmunoassay techniques, postprandial serum gastrin and insulin concentrations were measured in six adult horses to establish effects of different diets on gastrin concentrations. Insulin concentrations were measured to provide support to the patterns of gastrin secretion because patterns of insulin secretion were already known. The horses were fed coastal bermuda hay, or twice daily 5 kg of a complete pelleted ration, 5 kg of commercial sweet feed or 5 kg of the sweet feed together with hay. There was little change in serum gastrin or insulin concentrations after feeding hay alone. Rations containing more readily available nutrients (pellets, sweet feed) produced significant increases in postprandial serum gastrin and insulin concentrations. Gastrin concentrations also varied according to the duration of feeding each diet, but this was not seen with insulin. These results indicated that gastrin secretion, and therefore possibly gastric acid secretion, were markedly influenced by dietary composition and duration of feeding a diet. There appeared to be some adaptation of the stomach (gastrin secretion) to changes in diet, but this was not accompanied by indications of adaptation in the endocrine pancreas (insulin secretion).
Regional gastric pH measurement in horses and foals
Authors: MURRAY M. J. , GRODINSKY CAROLYN 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe pH of the gastric mucosal surface and gastric content was measured in 18 foals (mean age: 20 days) and 27 horses (mean age: 2.9 years) with a pH electrode passed through an endoscope biopsy channel. A reference electrode was attached to a shaved area on the neck. pH Measurements of the gastric mucosal surface at the dorsal squamous fundus (SF), squamous mucosa adjacent to the margo plicatus (MP), glandular fundus (GF) and the fluid or feed contents of the stomach were recorded in duplicate for each animal. In adult horses, the SF pH was greatest (5.46±1.82), with a decreasing pH ventrally toward the MP (4.12±1.62), to the glandular fundic mucosa (3.09±1.90), and fluid contents (2.72±1.86). The differences in pH at each site within the stomach were significant (P<0.05). In foals, mean pH measurement of the SF was 4.88±1.30, the MP was 4.92±1.29, the GF was 2.10±1.45, milk and fluid contents was 1.85±0.53 (six foals), and feed contents was 3.39±1.77 (12 foals). The pH of the SF and MP were significantly greater (P<0.05) than that of feed contents, which was significantly greater (P<0.05) than that of the glandular mucosal surface and fluid contents. The results indicate a dorsal to ventral pH gradient of the gastric mucosal surface in adult horses, and that gastric acid secretion is competent in young foals.
Serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and response to angiotensin I in horses
Authors: TILLMAN L. G. , MOORE J. N. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe activity of serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) for healthy horses was 64 ± 13 mUnits/ml. In vitro, equine serum ACE was sensitive to the following inhibitors (IC50): enalapril (570 nM or 215 ng/ml), captopril (190 nM or 41.3 ng/ml), and enalaprilat (6 nM or 2.1 ng/ml). The intravenous (iv) administration of angiotensin I to six healthy horses produced a dose proportional pressor response. The maximal increase in mean arterial pressure over baseline values was 65.6 mmHg at angiotensin I doses of 500 ng/kg bodyweight (bwt). The attenuation of this response to angiotensin I was further demonstrated in a single horse by the prior administration of enalaprilat at an iv dose of 8.71 μg/kg bwt.
Comparison of detomidine, butorphanol, flunixin meglumine and xylazine in clinical cases of equine colic
Authors: JOCHLE W. , MOORE J. N. , BROWN J. , BAKER G. J. , LOWE J. E. , FUBINI S. , REEVES M. J. , WATKINS J. P. , WHITE N. A. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryDetomidine hydrochloride, butorphanol tartrate, flunixin meglumine and xylazine hydrochloride were evaluated in a blind multi‐centre clinical trial in 152 horses with abdominal pain. The drugs were administered as follows: detomidine 20 or 40 μg/kg bodyweight (bwt); butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg bwt; flunixin meglumine 1.0 mg/kg bwt; xylazine hydrochloride 0.5 mg/kg bwt. Each centre compared responses to the two doses of detomidine with those to one of the other analgesics. The drugs were administered intravenously (iv) after clinical assessment of the degree of sweating, kicking, pawing, head and body movement, attitude, lip curling, stretching to urinate, pulse rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature. Similar assessments were repeated at 15 min intervals for at least 1 h. The investigators ranked the response to treatment from ‘not satisfactory’ to ‘highly satisfactory’. Significant differences in sweating, kicking, pawing, head and body movement, attitude, pulse rate and respiratory rate were noted between the horses receiving butorphanol and either dose of detomidine. The investigators' subjective evaluation of the analgesic and sedative effects of either dose of detomidine were significantly better than for butorphanol. Analgesia was rated as highly satisfactory or satisfactory in 93.3 per cent and 6.7 per cent of the horses receiving 40 μg/kg bwt of detomidine, 73.3 per cent and 26.7 per cent of the horses receiving 20 μg/kg bwt of detomidine, and none of the horses receiving butorphanol. There were no differences in the incidence of side effects with the two compounds. Significant differences were noted in kicking, pawing, head and body movement and attitude between the horses receiving flunixin meglumine and either dose of detomidine. Flunixin meglumine provided significantly less analgesia than either dose of detomidine. Analgesia was rated as highly satisfactory or satisfactory in 73.7 per cent and 21.0 per cent of the horses receiving 40 μg/kg bwt of detomidine, 42.9 per cent and 21.4 per cent of the horses receiving 20 μg/kg bwt of detomidine, and 6.3 per cent and 37.5 per cent of the horses receiving xylazine. Sedation was considered to be at least satisfactory in 84.2 per cent of the horses receiving 40 μg/kg of detomidine, 71.5 per cent of the horses receiving 20 μg/kg of detomidine and 53.3 per cent of the horses receiving xylazine.
Field trial evaluation of detomidine as a sedative and analgesic in horses with colic
Authors: JÖCHLE W. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryIn this uncontrolled clinical study 12 investigators cooperated to evaluate the analgesic and sedative effect of detomidine (DORMOSEDAN; Farmos Group Ltd; Finland) in 234 horses with abdominal pain caused by colic. The study was designed to use each animal as its own control and to evaluate its response to the drug over a 60 min period. Detomidine was given intravenously (iv) once in 169 cases (167 horses, 1 mule, 1 donkey) at a dose of 20 μg/kg bodyweight (bwt), and to 65 horses at 40 μg/kg bwt. The higher dose was used predominantly in horses with severe pain which were more often in poor health and therefore given a poor prognosis. Sedation and analgesia, rated as satisfactory or highly satisfactory, was achieved in 96 per cent of cases, without obvious differences between doses, sex, breed and species. First clinical signs of sedation and analgesia were recorded within 2.5 and 3.2 mins, respectively, and deep sedation and analgesia were achieved by 4.2 and 5.1 mins. Objective evaluation of analgesia was based on clinical scores related to behaviour (eg sweating, kicking, pawing, head and body movement, stretching, lip curling, attitude and appetite). In five of seven of these parameters the 40 μg/kg bwt treatment scored higher initially (P<0.001) and took longer to return to normal. Although most cases treated with 20 μg/kg bwt returned to almost normal levels by 15 mins, those treated with 40 μg/kg required 30 mins. Animals not responding to either dose of detomidine went to surgery and/or were destroyed. These involved intestinal strangulation, incarceration, and torsion or rotation of the intestinal tract. No differences were found between doses in the occurrence of side effects. As expected, heart rates and respiratory rates decreased and recovered slowly. Other side effects were recorded in approximately 37 per cent of cases and consisted of instability (27.1 per cent of all other side effects), sweating (14.5 per cent), cardiovascular abnormalities (arrhythmias: 15.1 per cent) and abnormal reactions to sensorial stimuli (6.6 per cent). Less than 20 per cent of the side effects were classified as ‘strong’ or ‘very strong’ and none was considered serious. No deaths were attributed to the drug.
Comparison of age, sex, breed, history and management in 229 horses with colic
Authors: MORRIS DEBRA DEEM , MOORE J. N. , WARD SHERRY 
Published: June 2011

SummaryA study, at a university in south eastern USA, aimed to determine whether age, sex, breed, management and history differed in colic cases. A detailed history was obtained for 229 horses between January 1987 and June 1988. Causes for colic determined by clinical examination, exploratory laparotomy and/or necropsy included: gastric rupture (GR, 6); ileal impaction (II, 17); small intestinal strangulating obstruction (SIO, 22); proximal enteritis (PE, 16); transient small intestinal distension (TSID, 18); large colon displacement (LCD, 52); large colon impaction (LCI, 34); colitis (8); small colon obstruction (SCO, 7); peritonitis (7); and unknown (42). Prevalence of age, sex, breed and use, type and amount of grain and roughage fed, supplement feeding, diet change within 30 days, stocking density, deworming rate and routine, and previous colic were determined in each category and compared by multiple regression and chi‐square analysis (P<0.05). The PE group included a greater proportion of horses aged five to 10 years (68.8 per cent) and stallions (37.5 per cent) than other categories. Most horses with II were under five years. Horses under one year were most prevalent in SIO (22.7 per cent) and SCO (28.6 per cent), and those of 15 years or more were most prevalent in SCO (57.1 per cent) and GR (50 per cent). Quarterhorses comprised 48.1 per cent of the LCD group and there was a high incidence of Arabians in groups with II (29.4 per cent) and TSID (27.8 per cent). Pelleted grain was associated with LCD. Prevalence of Bermuda grass hay feeding was less in PE and SCO groups, and pelleted roughage was associated with LCI. Showing and racing/training the day before colic were associated with LCD and LCI, respectively. There was no dietary association with II development and no correlation between use, amount of grain or hay fed, type of pasture, deworming or history of previous colic and various causes for colic.
Pharmacists subjected to disciplinary action: characteristics and risk factors
Authors: Phipps Denham L , Noyce Peter R , Walshe Kieran , Parker Dianne , Ashcroft Darren M 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Objective
To establish whether there are any characteristics of pharmacists that predict their likelihood of being subjected to disciplinary action.

Methods
The setting was the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain's Disciplinary Committee. One hundred and seventeen pharmacists, all of whom had been referred to the Disciplinary Committee, were matched with a quota sample of 580 pharmacists who had not been subjected to disciplinary action but that matched the disciplined pharmacists on a set of demographic factors (gender, country of residence, year of registration). Frequency analysis and regression analysis were used to compare the two groups of pharmacists in terms of sector of work, ethnicity, age and country of training. Descriptive statistics were also obtained from the disciplined pharmacists to further explore characteristics of disciplinary cases and those pharmacists who undergo them.

Key findings
While a number of characteristics appeared to increase the likelihood of a pharmacist being referred to the disciplinary committee, only one of these – working in a community pharmacy – was statistically significant. Professional misconduct accounted for a greater proportion of referrals than did clinical malpractice, and approximately one-fifth of pharmacists who went before the Disciplinary Committee had previously been disciplined by the Society.

Conclusions
This study provides initial evidence of pharmacist characteristics that are associated with an increased risk of being disciplined, based upon the data currently available. It is recommended that follow-up work is carried out using a more extensive dataset in order to confirm the statistical trends identified here.
Patient-Specific Finite-Element Analyses of the Proximal Femur with Orthotropic Material Properties Validated by Experiments
Authors: Trabelsi Nir , Yosibash Zohar 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPatient-specific high order finite-element (FE) models of human femurs based on quantitative computer tomography (QCT) with inhomogeneous orthotropic and isotropic material properties are addressed. The point-wise orthotropic properties are determined by a micromechanics (MM) based approach in conjunction with experimental observations at the osteon level, and two methods for determining the material trajectories are proposed (along organs outer surface, or along principal strains). QCT scans on four fresh-frozen human femurs were performed and high-order FE models were generated with either inhomogeneous MM-based orthotropic or empirically determined isotropic properties. In vitro experiments were conducted on the femurs by applying a simple stance position load on their head, recording strains on femurs’ surface and head’s displacements. After verifying the FE linear elastic analyses that mimic the experimental setting for numerical accuracy, we compared the FE results to the experimental observations to identify the influence of material properties on models’ predictions. The strains and displacements computed by FE models having MM-based inhomogeneous orthotropic properties match the FE-results having empirically based isotropic properties well, and both are in close agreement with the experimental results. When only the strains in the femoral neck are being compared a more pronounced difference is noticed between the isotropic and orthotropic FE result. These results lay the foundation for applying more realistic inhomogeneous orthotropic material properties in FEA of femurs.
Antivirulence Potential of TR-700 and Clindamycin on Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus Producing Phenol-Soluble Modulins
Authors: Yamaki Jason , Synold Timothy , Wong-Beringer Annie 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
strains (
n
= 50) causing complicated skin and skin structure infections produced various levels of phenol-soluble modulin alpha-type (PSMα) peptides; some produced more than twice that produced by the control strain (LAC USA300). TR-700 (oxazolidinone) and clindamycin strongly inhibited PSM production at one-half the MIC but exhibited weak to modest induction at one-fourth and one-eighth the MICs, primarily in low producers. Adequate dosing of these agents is emphasized to minimize the potential for paradoxical induction of virulence.
Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Colistin and Imipenem on Mucoid and Nonmucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms
Authors: Hengzhuang Wang , Wu Hong , Ciofu Oana , Song Zhijun , Høiby Niels 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

The time course of activity of colistin and imipenem against mucoid and nonmucoid
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
growing in a biofilm showed that compared with those for planktonic bacteria, the kinetics of colistin and imipenem retained the concentration- and time-dependent killing, respectively, but higher doses of antibiotics and longer dosing periods were required for biofilm eradication. Biofilms of mucoid
P. aeruginosa
were more difficult to eradicate than nonmucoid biofilms.
Pharmacokinetics and Diffusion into Sputum of Oseltamivir and Oseltamivir Carboxylate in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Jullien V. , Hubert D. , Launay O. , Babany G. , Lortholary O. , Sermet I. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Oseltamivir is a prodrug of oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), a neuraminidase inhibitor used for treatment and prevention of influenza. The pharmacokinetics of these 2 compounds were investigated after a single 75-mg oseltamivir dose in 6 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Means ± standard deviations of the area under the curve from time zero to infinity (AUC) were 173 ± 58 μg · h/liter for oseltamivir and 2,256 ± 394 μg · h/liter for OC. The concentrations of OC in sputum 4 to 6 h and 22 to 26 h after the intake ranged from 4.1 to 62.2 μg/liter. The AUC of OC was approximately 30% lower than and significantly different from published values for volunteers. On the basis of the present results and because the anti-A/H1N1 influenza virus efficacy of OC is related to its AUC/50% effective concentration (EC
50
) ratio, an increase in the oseltamivir unitary dose could be considered for the treatment of influenza in CF patients. This should nevertheless be confirmed by a controlled pharmacokinetic study performed on a larger number of patients.
The 8-Aminoquinoline Analogue Sitamaquine Causes Oxidative Stress in Leishmania donovani Promastigotes by Targeting Succinate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Carvalho Luis , Luque-Ortega Juan Román , López-Martín Carmen , Castanys Santiago , Rivas Luis , Gamarro Francisco 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

The 8-aminoquinoline analogue sitamaquine (SQ) is an oral antileishmanial drug currently undergoing phase 2b clinical trials for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of action of this drug in
Leishmania donovani
promastigotes. SQ causes a dose-dependent inhibition of complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) of the respiratory chain in digitonin-permeabilized promastigotes, together with a drop in intracellular ATP levels and a decrease of the mitochondrial electrochemical potential. This is associated with increases of reactive oxygen species and intracellular Ca
2+
levels, a higher percentage of the population with sub-G
1
DNA content, and exposure of phosphatidylserine. Taken together, these results support a lethal mechanism for SQ that involves inhibition of the respiratory chain complex II, which in turn triggers oxidative stress and finally leads to an apoptosis-like death of
Leishmania
parasites.
Pharmacokinetics of Ciprofloxacin and Its Penetration into Bronchial Secretions of Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Kontou Paschalina , Chatzika Kalliopi , Pitsiou Georgia , Stanopoulos Ioannis , Argyropoulou-Pataka Paraskevi , Kioumis Ioannis 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTWe evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile of ciprofloxacin and its penetration into bronchial secretions of critically ill patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Twenty-five mechanically ventilated patients with severe COPD who were suffering from an acute, infectious exacerbation were included in this prospective, open-label study. All subjects received a 1-hour intravenous infusion of 400 mg ciprofloxacin every 8 h. Serial blood and bronchial secretion samples were obtained at steady state, and concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The pharmacodynamic parameters that are associated with the efficacy of fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative pathogens were also calculated. The mean peak (maximum) concentration (Cmax) and trough (minimum) concentration in plasma were 5.37 ± 1.57 and 1 ± 0.53 mg/liter, respectively. Mean values for volume of distribution, clearance, half-life, and area under the curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0–24) were 169.87 ± 84.11 liters, 26.96 ± 8.86 liters/h, 5.35 ± 2.21 h, and 47.41 ± 17.02 mg · h/liter, respectively. In bronchial secretions, a meanCmaxof 3.08 ± 1.21 mg/liter was achieved in 3.12 ± 1.01 h, and the penetration ratio was 1.16 ± 0.59. The target of AUC0–24/MIC of ≥125 was attained in all patients, in the majority of them (76%), and in none at MICs of 0.125, 0.25, and 1 μg/ml, respectively. Slightly better results were obtained for the ratioCmax/MIC of ≥10. In conclusion, ciprofloxacin demonstrates excellent penetration into bronchial secretions. There is wide interindividual variability in its pharmacokinetic parameters in critically ill COPD patients and inadequate pharmacodynamic exposure against bacteria with MICs of ≥0.5 μg/ml.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Characteristics of a New Pediatric Formulation of Artemether-Lumefantrine in African Children with Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
Authors: Djimdé Abdoulaye A. , Tekete Mamadou , Abdulla Salim , Lyimo John , Bassat Quique , Mandomando Inacio , Lefèvre Gilbert , Borrmann Steffen ,   for the B2303 Study Group
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a new pediatric formulation of artemether-lumefantrine, dispersible tablet, were determined within the context of a multicenter, randomized, parallel-group study. In an exploratory approach, we compared a new pediatric formulation with the tablet formulation administered crushed in the treatment of African children with uncomplicated
Plasmodium falciparum
malaria. Patients were randomized to 3 different dosing groups (weights of 5 to <15 kg, 15 and <25 kg, and 25 to <35 kg). Treatment was administered twice daily over 3 days. Plasma concentrations of artemether and its active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin (DHA), were determined at 1 and 2 h after the first dose of dispersible (
n
= 91) and crushed (
n
= 93) tablets. A full pharmacokinetic profile of lumefantrine was reconstituted on the basis of 310 (dispersible tablet) and 315 (crushed tablet) plasma samples, collected at 6 different time points (1 sample per patient). Dispersible and crushed tablets showed similar artemether and DHA maximum concentrations in plasma (
C
max
) for the different body weight groups, with overall means of 175 ± 168 and 190 ± 168 ng/ml, respectively, for artemether and 64.7 ± 58.1 and 63.7 ± 65.0 ng/ml, respectively, for DHA. For lumefantrine, the population
C
max
were 6.3 μg/ml (dispersible tablet) and 7.7 μg/ml (crushed tablet), whereas the areas under the concentration-time curves from time zero to the time of the last quantifiable plasma concentration measured were 574 and 636 μg · h/ml, respectively. For both formulations, descriptive quintile analyses showed no apparent association between artemether/DHA
C
max
and parasite clearance time or between the lumefantrine
C
max
and the occurrence of adverse events or corrected QT interval changes. The results suggest that the dispersible tablet provides adequate systemic exposure to artemether, DHA, and lumefantrine in African children with uncomplicated
P. falciparum
malaria.
Investigation of the Efficacy of Micafungin in the Treatment of Histoplasmosis Using Two North American Strains of Histoplasma capsulatum
Authors: Hage Chadi A. , Connolly Patricia , Horan Daniel , Durkin Michelle , Smedema Melinda , Zarnowski Robert , Smith Patricia , Wheat L. Joseph 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Micafungin alone and combined with liposomal amphotericin B was evaluated against two strains of
Histoplasma capsulatum
. Micafungin was active
in vitro
against the mold but not the yeast form but was ineffective
in vivo
. Micafungin appears to be ineffective in treatment of histoplasmosis.