bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep learning–based eye tracking system to detect distracted driving
Authors: Xin Song , Zhang Shuo , Xu Wanrong , Yang YuXiang , Zhang Xiao 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
To investigate drivers’ gaze behavior and the characteristics of their gaze positions while driving, a natural driving behavior test method was employed alongside a non-contact eye-tracking device to conduct an in-vehicle experiment for collecting gaze data. Initially, we utilized the traditional approach to delineate the area of interest, analyzing variations in pupil diameter, gaze positions, and the duration spent in each area throughout the driving task, thereby compiling statistics on drivers’ gaze patterns. Subsequently, harnessing the You Only Look Once version 5 architecture, we can precisely identify the position of vehicles and obstacles from the captured images. Enhancements to the network model—including streamlining and integrating an attention mechanism—have significantly refined target detection accuracy. In the final analysis, by correlating drivers’ gaze data with the positional information of upcoming obstacles, we can accurately assess where drivers are looking. This fusion of data allows for a more nuanced observation of gaze dispersion and position within a one-second timeframe, providing valuable insights into drivers’ attention distribution and driving behaviors.
Artificial neural network assisted spectral scatterometry for grating quality control
Authors: Mattila Aleksi , Nysten Johan , Heikkinen Ville , Kilpi Jorma , Korpelainen Virpi , Hansen Poul-Erik , Karvinen Petri , Kuittinen Markku , Lassila Antti 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Spectral scatterometry is a technique that allows rapid measurements of diffraction efficiencies of diffractive optical elements (DOEs). The analysis of such diffraction efficiencies has traditionally been laborious and time consuming. However, machine learning can be employed to aid in the analysis of measured diffraction efficiencies. In this paper we describe a novel system for providing measurements of multiple measurands rapidly and concurrently using a spectral scatterometer and an artificial neural network (ANN) which is trained utilising transfer learning. The ANN provides values for the pitch, height, and line widths of the DOEs. In addition, an uncertainty evaluation was performed. In the majority of the studied cases, the discrepancies between the values obtained using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and artificial neural network assisted spectral scatterometer (ANNASS) for the grating parameters were below 5 nm. Furthermore, independent reference samples were used to perform a metrological validation. An expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of 5.3 nm was obtained from the uncertainty evaluation for the measurand height. The height value measurements performed employing ANNASS and SEM are demonstrated to be in agreement within this uncertainty.
Escape experience Aeroseum: a classical mechanics escape room
Authors: Kilde Löfgren Sebastian , Wevers Merel , Weidow Jonathan , Karlsteen Magnus , Enger Jonas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Classical mechanics has long been a conceptually challenging topic for students. Escape Experience Aeroseum offers a novel approach to help address this issue by integrating classical mechanics into an educational escape room (EER). The escape room creatively combines physics with aerospace engineering principles, with the aim of aiding learners in making more sense of classical mechanics concepts through solving interactive, hands-on challenges. In the paper, we discuss the design and educational potential of Escape Experience Aeroseum, including the need for adaptability and appeal across different educational settings. By introducing an EER centered around classical mechanics, this work contributes to the growing interest in developing and evaluating EERs as a possible means to increase students learning, engagement, and interest in physics.
A hands-on activity to introduce the structure of NV-center quantum bits in diamond
Authors: Ockhorst Rutger , Koopman Lodewijk , Pols Freek 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
For the start of a secondary school level lesson series on quantum computing, we designed a hands-on modeling activity where students construct a model diamond lattice with a nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect. NV centers find application as qubits and sensitive magnetometers. This activity aims to help students visualize the structure of such NV centers within the diamond lattice, making the subject matter more tangible. The activity has proven to be challenging but feasible. It features both collaborative and competitive elements thereby surely creating an energizing buzz in the classroom.
Numerical study of the influence of electron inertial effects and electron dynamics on tearing mode instability
Authors: Shi Botong , Wang Jiaqi , Liu Dongjian , Ma Zhiwei 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The tearing mode instabilities were numerically studied in two distinct models: the finite electron inertial magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and the electron MHD (EMHD). The finite electron inertial MHD model employed a modified Hall-MHD model that incorporated the electron inertial effects in the generalized Ohm’s Law. On the other hand, the electron dynamics were described by the EMHD model. It is found that both electron inertial effects and electron dynamics significantly influence the linear and nonlinear growth of tearing mode instabilities, with electron dynamics playing a more dominant role. The dependence of the linear growth rate of tearing modes on the electron inertial length de
was investigated. The results show that electron inertial effects enhance the growth rate but resemble the behavior of resistivity η. Whereas, in the EMHD model, electron inertia plays a dominant role in tearing mode instabilities. Additionally, a study on the nonlinear saturation of (2,1) tearing modes was conducted, demonstrating consistency with relevant analytical theories. The study indicates that, in both models, the magnetic island exhibits faster growth and achieves a larger saturated island width as de
increases.
Low-cost sensor-based damage localization for large-area monitoring of FRP composites
Authors: Demo Luke B , Tronci Eleonora M , Nieduzak Tymon B , Feng Maria Q , Aitharaju Venkat R 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In recent years, there has been growing interest in self-sensing structural materials across research and industry sectors. Detecting and locating structural damage typically requires numerous sensors wired to a data acquisition (DAQ) circuit, rendering implementation impractical in real structures. This paper proposes an innovative, cost-effective sensor network for damage detection and localization in fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The innovation encompasses three key elements: (1) utilizing carbon fiber tows within the composite as piezoresistive sensors, eliminating the need for additional foreign sensor devices; (2) introducing a novel sensor layout wherein sensor tow branches with varied resistance values are connected in parallel, reducing the number of connections to the DAQ circuit and cutting manufacturing costs significantly; (3) developing a practical sensor terminal fabrication technique to minimize manufacturing expenses. The proposed design methodology for the branch resistance values is first validated using a demonstration panel. Subsequently, the overall strategy is assessed by conducting impact tests on carbon and glass fiber-reinforced composite specimens. Results validate the sensor’s ability to accurately detect and locate structural damage.
Binary system modes of matrix-coupled multidimensional oscillators
Authors: Wang Chongzhi , Shao Haibin , Tan Ying , Li Dewei 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The standard Kuramoto model has been instrumental in explaining synchronization and desynchronization, two emergent phenomena often observed in biological, neuronal, and physical systems. While the Kuramoto model has turned out effective with one-dimensional oscillators, real-world systems often involve high-dimensional interacting units, such as biological swarms, necessitating a model of multidimensional oscillators. However, existing high-dimensional generalizations of the Kuramoto model commonly rely on a scalar-valued coupling strength, which limits their ability to capture the full complexity of high-dimensional interactions. This work introduces a matrix, A, to couple the interconnected components of the oscillators in a d-dimensional space, leading to a matrix-coupled multidimensional Kuramoto model that approximates a prototypical swarm dynamics by its first-order Fourier harmonics. Moreover, the matrix A introduces an inter-dimensional higher-order interaction that partly accounts for the emergence of 2
d
system modes in a d-dimensional population, where each dimension can either be synchronized or desynchronized, represented by a set of almost binary order parameters. The binary system modes capture characteristic swarm behaviors such as fish milling or polarized schooling. Additionally, our findings provides a theoretical analogy to cerebral activity, where the resting state and the activated state coexist unihemispherically. It also suggests a new possibility for information storage in oscillatory neural networks.
Beam optics of RF ion sources in view of ITER’s NBI systems
Authors: den Harder N. , Barnes M. , Heinemann B. , Lindqvist M. , Nocentini R. , Orozco G. , Wimmer C. , Wünderlich D. , Fantz U. , Veltri P. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A low beamlet divergence is crucial for the efficiency of the ITER-NBI systems, since it affects the transmission of the beam through the duct. There is a requirement of 7 mrad e-folding divergence for the ITER Heating Neutral Beam. Significantly higher divergences (10–15 mrad) have been observed in RF-source based experiments albeit at low beam energy. This could be the consequence of a broad perpendicular velocity distribution of the H−/D− particles before extraction. This paper explores this hypothesis and its implications for ITER. To estimate H−/D− perpendicular temperatures in the RF-driven BATMAN Upgrade test facility, spatially resolved measurements of the beam power density are compared with IBSimu calculations. The estimated perpendicular temperatures show a strong dependence on the source filling pressure, decreasing from approximately 4 eV at 0.3 Pa to 2 eV at 0.4 Pa. Ion-optics calculations of the ITER-HNB grid system are performed to evaluate whether the temperatures estimated in the BATMAN Upgrade test facility are tolerable in view of beam-grid interaction and beamline transmission. The beamline transmission is fairly insensitive to the perpendicular temperature, but the heat loads at the downstream grids increase with the perpendicular temperature.
The potency of fungal entomopathogens isolated from Spodoptera frugiperda as endophytic plant-growth promoter
Authors: Sari J M P , Herlinda S , Elfita  , Suwandi S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Previous studies have identified endophytic fungi as plant growth promoters and insect pest management. In the current study, six fungal isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were isolated from larval corpses of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and tested for their ability to colonize leaf tissue through root and leaf applications or foliar-spray and to promote the growth of young maize (Zea mays) plants. The maize growth attributes examined were germination rate, height, dry and fresh weight, and leaf area. The research was conducted in May until June 2023 in Universitas Sriwijaya, Indonesia. The results revealed that M. anisopliae and B. bassiana were isolated from the cadavers of S. frugiperda and confirmed to be endophytic fungi. Root application was more effective to enhance the fresh weight, plant height, and leaf area of maize compared to foliar-spray. The fungi could significantly enhance the fresh weight, plant height, and leaf area of the young maize plants. The best isolate that could enhance the maize growth was the B. bassiana WTTJC260521A isolate. These findings suggest that M. anisopliae and B. bassiana isolated from fall armyworm corpses that had the potential to enhance maize plant growth through root applicaton.
The role of Hymenoptera parasitoids as mortality factors of Silba adipata McAlpine on cayenne pepper plants: parasitism and distribution patterns
Authors: Widaningsih D , Suriani N L , Supartha I W 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Silba adipata (Diptera: Loncaeidae) is a new species that attacks white cayenne pepper in Bali. The research aimed to explore the role of these three types of parasitoids. New variables that have never been used before include spatial and altitudinal distribution patterns, the relationship between the level of parasitism and the level of population density of A. adipata according to plant phenology, and the level of parasitization of parasitoids on hosts at various altitudes in Bali, Indonesia. This research was carried out from April to July 2021 using a survey method in which samples were taken purposively from sample plants. The three parasitoids were distributed in all districts, except F. arisanus and A. japonica which were not found in Denpasar and Jembrana. Three parasitoid species play a role in controlling S. adipata in Bali Indonesia, namely A. japonica, F. arisanus, and D. longicaudata. Among the three parasitoids, A. japonica was most dominant at altitudes >750-1000 MASL, while F. arisanus at altitudes >500 - >1000 MASL and D. longicaudata at altitudes >250-500 MASL. The population densities of the three parasitoids were densely associated with S. adipata populations. The parasitoid that most effectively controls S. adipata in the field is F. arisanus.
Population dynamics of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stảl.) in rice fields and their association with the entomopthoralean fungus
Authors: Anwar R , Nurul Fatia W , Ulpiyah  
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the primary food sources for Indonesian people. The Brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens is one of the most devastating rice insect pests in Indonesia. The entomopthoralean fungus, Pandora delphacis is reported to be able to infect BPH naturally in the rice field. This research aims to identify the entomopthoralean fungi phase and determine the level of fungal infection and its relations with the population dynamic of BPH in rice fields. This research was conducted in 2015 and 2016 on rice fields at Bogor Regency and Subang Regency; and in 2017 at Karawang Regency, West Java. The sampled BPH were collected from rice fields. The microscope slide squash mounts in lactophenol cotton blue were made for the insects and it was examined with a microscope compound to determine if hyphal bodies, conidiophore, primary conidia, secondary conidia, saprophytic fungi, and resting spores were present. The results showed that the entomopthoralean fungi phase found on BPH are hyphal bodies, primary conidia, secondary conidia, and saprophytic fungi. The fungus infected all the phases of the BPH, from the first nymphal phase to adult.
A sustainable and ecological approach to integrated cocoa pest management in Indonesia
Authors: Rizal M , Karmawati E , Siswanto  , Trisawa I M , Samsudin  , Rismayani  , Rohimatun  , Indriati G , Mardiningsih T L , Kardinan A , Maris P , Tarigan N 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Cocoa is one of Indonesia’s leading plantation crops, playing a crucial role in providing employment, generating foreign exchange, and income for farmers. However, many cocoa plantations are old and damaged due to inadequate maintenance and pest attacks. Farmers frequently apply crop management practices without considering the environmental impact, such as using inorganic fertilizers, chemical pesticides and herbicides, and intensive land exploitation. There is a need to increase sustainable cocoa production while preserving environmental quality and resources. The strength and weaknesses of all available resources supporting cocoa production including integrated pest management were analysed by collecting primary and secondary data in cocoa production centre. Sustainable and ecological approach which utilizes natural resources efficiently without harming the environment with technological support were used. Research and extension institutions in Indonesia which developed technologies to address pest problems are also considered in synthesizing recommendation of sustainable cocoa IPM.
Pollinator insects on sugar palm (Arenga pinnata Merr.) in South Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: Herlin W , Fitriyani D , Akbario R , Aziz M , Nurfadila Y , Muhammad G , Rizkawati V 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Sugar palm production depends heavily on pollinator insects, including some insects related to A. pinnata. This study aimed to identify pollinating insect species, distribution, and biodiversity in four South Sumatran regions. Sweep nets and yellow sticky traps placed around the flowers of sugar palms were used to catch insects once a week. The trap is set up once every 24 hours. In the Ogan Ilir region, pollinating insect species such as Epuraea aestiva, Mystrops costaricensis, Elaidobius sp., Gabrius sp., and Brachypepluis sp. have been found. Apis meliefera, Apis cerana, Poliba occidentalis, Papilio sp., and Drosophila are found in the Musi Banyuasin of Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI). Drosophila, Graphium agamemnon, Appias libythea, Pothantus lydia, Mycalesis perseus, Vespa affinis, Tetragonula laeviceps, Tabanus sp., Aedes albopictus, Neurothemis fluctuans, Ypthima baldus, Cupha erymanthis, and Apis cerana were found in Muara Enim. Additionally, Muara Enim had the highest pollinator population, while Ogan Ilir had the lowest. Observations showed that the yellow sticky trap technique operated more effectively than the sweep net. The community is anticipated to gain from research by learning more about pollinating insects connected to sugar palms, their role in the surrounding ecosystem, and the bioecology of sugar palms.
Crystal violet removal using algae-based activated carbon and its composites with bimetallic Fe0-Cu
Authors: Abdel-Aziz A B , Mohamed Nora , El-taweel Reem M , Husien Sh , Hung Yung-Tse , Said Lobna A , Fahim Irene Samy , Radwan Ahmed G 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The textile industry is considered a source of pollution because of the discharge of dye wastewater. The dye wastewater effluent has a significant impact on the aquatic environment. According to the World Bank, textile dyeing, and treatment contribute 17 to 20% of the pollution of water. This paper aims to prepare the bimetallic nano zero-valent iron-copper (Fe0-Cu), algae-activated carbon, and their composites (AC-Fe0-Cu), which are employed as adsorbents. In this paper, Synthetic adsorbents are prepared and examined for the adsorption and removal of soluble cationic crystal violet (CV) dye. The influence of synthetic adsorbents on the adsorption and removal of soluble cationic crystal violet (CV) dye is investigated using UV-V spectroscopy at different pH (3–10), time intervals (15–180) min, and initial dye concentrations (50–500 ppm). Raw algae exhibit an impressive 96.64% removal efficiency under the following conditions: pH 7, contact time of 180 min, rotational speed of 120 rpm, temperature range of 25 °C–30 °C, concentration of 300 ppm in the CV dye solution, and a dose of 4 g l−1 of raw algae adsorbent. The best removal efficiencies of Raw algae Fe0-Cu, and H3PO4 chemical AC-Fe0-Cu are 97.61 % and 97.46 %, respectively, at pH = 7, contact time = 150 min, rotational speed = 120 rpm, T = (25–30) °C, concentration = 75 ppm of CV dye solution, and 1.5 g l−1 doses of raw algae F e0-Cu adsorbent and 1 g l−1 dose of H3PO4 chemical AC-Fe0-Cu adsorbent. The maximum amounts (q
max) of Bi-RA and RA adsorbed for the adsorption process of CV are 85.92 mg g−1 and 1388 mg g−1, respectively. The Bi-H3A-AC model, optimized using PSO, demonstrates superior performance, with the highest adsorption capacity estimated at 83.51 mg g−1. However, the Langmuir model predicts a maximum adsorption capacity (q

e
) of 275.6 mg g−1 for the CV adsorption process when utilizing Bi-H3A-AC. Kinetic and isothermal models are used to fit the data of time and concentration experiments. DLS, zeta potential, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM are used to characterize the prepared materials. Response surface methodology (RSM) is used to model the removal efficiency and then turned into a numerical optimization approach to determine the ideal conditions for improving removal efficiency. An artificial neural network (ANN) is also used to model the removal efficiency.
Properties and microstructure regulation of electrodeposited ultra-thin copper foil in a simple additive system
Authors: Chen Haiyang , Chen Kaibin , Sheng Yinying , Qu Jiahui , Wang Xiaojian , You Deqiang , Shan Dayong 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) has been commonly used in a variety of complex formulations for acid copper plating. However, the roles of HEC acting in acid copper plating still lacks of systematic investigation. To explore the efficacy of HEC in the deposition of the ultra-thin electrodeposited copper foil (ED-Cu), we designed a simple formulation system, in which HEC was used as the single organic additive. Using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), microstructures of the prepared ED-Cu was comprehensively investigated. The results showed that the ED-Cu was characterized by a mixed distribution of columnar and equiaxed crystals. Grain morphology, dislocation density and crystal orientation of the ED-Cu could be regulated by HEC concentration. According to the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) results, the introduction of HEC between 0–200 ppm led to a polarizing effect, which marginally increased with the HEC concentration. Meanwhile, the increase of HEC concentration enhanced the nucleation rates of copper and reduced the grain size during instantaneous nucleation. The introduction of the HEC also altered the preferred orientation of the ED-Cu foil. Mechanical results showed that the optimum concentration of HEC addition was 125 mg l−1.
Congo red dye reduction mediated by the electron (e−) transfer route of BH4
− ions using synthesized NiCo2O4/rGO hybrid nanosheets
Authors: Govinda Varadhi , A Subba Reddy , Prasad Cheera , Sambasivam Sangaraju , Bahadur Indra , Katata-Seru Lebogang Maureen , Mohammad Faruq , Abedigamba Oyirwoth P , Choi Hyeong Yeol 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The treatment of toxic organic pollutants is extremely important for the conservation of clean air, soil, and water. In this study, (reduced graphene oxide) NiCo2O4/ rGO hybrid nanocomposite was prepared by a facile hydrothermal technique and employed for organic dye adsorption from wastewater. The synthesized NiCo2O4/rGO hybrid nanocomposite was studied using FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, Raman spectroscopy, and UV–visible. The physical characterizations prove the deposition of NiCo2O4 particles on the rGO surface. The transmission electron microscope image demonstrated that the NiCo2O4 particles with an average size of ∼46 nm was dispersed on the rGO surface. The obtained nanoparticles show a higher specific surface area of 56.4 m2 g−1. Adsorption dynamics as investigated by time and concentration variation show that the adsorption data follows pseudosecond order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 106.2 mg g−1, indicating homogeneous physiochemical adsorption of CR dye on the adsorbent surface. Besides, the catalytic effectiveness of synthesized nanocomposite towards Congo red (CR) dye reduction mediated by the electron (e−) transfer route of BH4
− ions was explained in detail. The electrostatic interaction used between the NiCo2O4/rGO hybrid composite and Congo red increased the adsorption ion effectiveness of the dye sample.