bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histochemical studies on Raillietina (Raillietina) johri (Cestoda: Davaineidae). III. Esterases
Authors: Roy T. K. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTNonspecific esterase (NSE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and pseudocholinesterase (ChE) have been localized by histochemical methods in various tissues of a cestode, Raillietina (Raillietina) johri obtained from the intestine of pigeon.NSE has been found in the rostellum, suckers, hooks, tegument, subtegumental muscle, excretory canal, cirrus sac, vagina and eggs. Two types of cells have been recognized on the scolex surface—some are NSE positive and others are NSE negative. AChE, besides being localized in nerves, has also been visualized in almost all the structures as in case of NSE except in hooks, excretory canal and eggs. Additionally AChE has been observed in the vas deferens and sperm ductules. ChE has been observed only in nerves, vas deferens, cirrus sac and vagina; the intensity of enzyme activity being low when compared with AChE. Possible involvement of these enzymes in the physiology of the parasite has been discussed.
Bioecology of the parasites of high altitude homeothermic host-parasite systems. I. Influence of season and temperature on infections by strobilocerci of three species of Hydatigera in Indian house rat
Authors: Malhotra Sandeep K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSeasonal fluctuations in the infrapopulation size of strobilocerci of Hydatigera balaniceps (Hall, 1911), H. laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) and H. parva (Baer, 1926) infesting liver lobes of Indian house rat populations at high altitude (1400 to 1600m) appear to be correlated with climatic oscillations in temperature. Greater susceptibility of Rattus rattus to infection was evident at lower temperatures. The distribution of strobilocerci in rodent populations could be described by the Poisson model (P<0-20-P<0001).
Demonstration of carboxyl and thiol protease activities in adultSchistosoma mansoni, Dirofilaria immitis, Angiostrongylus cantonensisandAscaris suum
Authors: Maki Jun , Yanagisawa Toshio 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEvidence has been presented showing two kinds of acidic protease activities in adultSchistosoma mansoni, Dirofilaria immitis, Angiostrongylus cantonensisandAscaris suum. A haemoglobinolytic activity without adding any SH-containing compounds was maximal at pH 3.5, 2.5, 30 and 3.5 inS. mansoni, D. immitis, Angiostrongylus cantonensisandAscaris suumrespectively. The inhibitor studies demonstrated that this activity is ascribable to carboxyl protease(s). In the presence of dithiothreitol, activity on Azocoll (azo-dye coupled hide powder) was maximal at pH 4.6, 4.6, 3.5 and 5.6 inS. mansoni, D. immitis, Angiostrongylus cantonensisandAscaris suumrespectively. The effects of inhibitors demonstrated that this activity belongs to the thiol protease class. The intraspecific distribution of the protease activities was studied in some of the nematodes from which the organs could be anatomically separated. The distribution patterns of the haemoglobinolytic and azocollytic activities were quite different inAn. cantonensisand much the same inAs. suum. Based on the present results, acidic haemoglobinolytic activities reported in adultS. mansoniby other authors are thought to be due to carboxyl and thiol protease(s) respectively.
Studies on the cryopreservation of Dictyocaulus viviparus (Nematoda) third-stage larvae
Authors: James E. R. , Peacock R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractVarious cooling (01–5.100 Cmin−1) and warming (2O–6,8OO½Cmin−1) rates, stepped cooling schedules and four cryoprotective additives (dimethyl sulphoxide, methanol, ethanediol and glycerol) were investigated in cryopreservation studies with Dictyocaulus viviparus third-stage larvae. Exsheathment with sodium hypochlorite was essential to achieve significant survival. With uninterrupted cooling, highest survival (30% normally motile) was achieved with rates of 10–70½C min−1. Survival was higher (50–75%) using 1 ½C min−1 to — 10½C followed by plunging into liquid nitrogen. The optimum warming rate was 6,8OO½C min−1. The use of cryoprotectants led to marginally lower survival while varying the suspending media had no significant effect on survival. X-irradiated, exsheathed third-stage larvae cryopreserved by the optimum protocol yielded 38–3 ±4–2% survival. Two calves each infected with 45,000 (15,000 viable) exsheathed, unirradiated, C“ryopreserved third-stage larvae harboured 494 worms (11% infectivity) and 355 worms (0-8%) at necropsy. Numbers of first-stage larvae in the faeces reached 420/G and 105/G respectively 27 days after infection.
Immunization of zebu calves againstFasciola gigantica, using irradiated metacercariae
Authors: Younis S. A. , Yagi A. I. , Haroun E. M. , Gameel A. A. , Taylor M. G. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe pathogenesis of unirradiated, 3 krad-irradiated and 20 krad-irradiated metacercarial infections was compared in zebu calves studied over a 10-week period. Calves exposed to 1000 unirradiated metacercariae (mc) became hypoalbuminaemic, and showed elevated serum concentrations of liver enzymes, whereas neither of the other groups was significantly affected. At slaughter, a mean of 332 flukes was recovered from the 0 krad group, while only 23% and 12% of this number were recovered from the 3 krad and 20 krad groups, respectively. All the worms recovered from the 20 krad group were stunted, and found in biliary ductules, but a mean of 13% of the flukes recovered from the 3 krad group were large, and dwelling in main bile-ducts. Liver lesions typical of acute fascioliasis were present in the 0 krad group, but lesions in the other groups, and particularly the 20 krad group, were far less severe. Judged on clinico-pathological criteria, a single vaccination of calves with 1000 3 krad-irradiated mc induced partial resistance to a challenge with 1000 normal mc eight weeks later, but the reduction in worm recovery was not statistically significant. There was less evidence of protection when two vaccinating doses of 3 krad mc were given within four weeks, with challenge at week 8, and a single vaccination was ineffective aganist a challenge four weeks later. However, when the irradiation dose was increased to 20 krad, a high level of resistance (69% worm reduction) was induced by a single vaccination, given eight weeks before challenge, and liver pathology was strikingly reduced in the vaccinated animals.
An in vitro study of the forcible ejection of the metacercaria of the strigeid digenean Apatemon (Australapatemon) minor Yamaguti, 1933 by rapid inward expansion of the cyst wall
Authors: Kearn G. C. , Cleveland G. , Wilkins S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIt has been established that the wall of the metacercarial cyst of the strigeid digenean Apatemon (Australapatemon) minor from the leech Erpobdella octoculata shares with Apatemon (Apatemon) gracilis the remarkable ability to expel the metacercaria forcibly from the cyst, an event which presumably occurs when the cysts are eaten by the bird definitive host. When cysts of A. minor are treated in vitro with a solution containing a mixture of bile salts and trypsin following pretreatment with acid pepsin, the metacercaria is expelled in an explosive manner through a canal at the narrow end of the pear-shaped cyst. This expulsion is produced by a sudden and substantial inward expansion of the birefringent wall, as a consequence of which the cyst lumen is virtually eliminated. Expulsion of the metacercaria in this explosive manner also occurs when similarly pretreated cysts are exposed to either bile salts alone or to trypsin, but cysts treated with the latter take longer to respond. When the cyst wall is perforated with a needle, inward expansion of the wall occurs and the metacercaria is forcibly ejected through the perforation. A variety of other pretreatments and treatments was tested but pepsin appears to be the most effective “primer”, apparently producing localized changes which permit the exit of the metacercaria. These observations are discussed in relation to the mechanism of expulsion.
Distribution of zinc in parasitic helminths
Authors: Chowdhury N. , Singh Rajvir 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe distribution of zinc in representative groups of parasitic helminths was determined by the use of the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of these analyses have shown that growing flukes (smaller forms) with active oogenesis and spermatogenesis contained more zinc than old (large) or very old adults with an empty uterus and large lobulated testes. In cestodes, the neck region and immature proglottids showed more zinc concentration than mature and gravid proglottids and fully grown cyst walls. Similarly, the youngest endogenous daughter cysts ofEchinococcus granulosuscontained more zinc in their walls than those of larger/older forms. Zinc was concentrated more in nematode eggs than in adult females.
The immune response of male DSN hamsters to a primary infection withAncylostoma ceylanicum
Authors: Garside Paul , Behnke Jerzy M. , Rose Richard A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe immune response of hamsters to a chronic hookworm infection has been investigated.Ancylostoma ceylanicumcaused long term infections in hamsters which were associated with prominent changes in secondary lymphoid organs. The mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens increased rapidly in size stabilizing at approximately 3–4 times the weight in control animals by weeks 3–7. Cells from both the mesenteric lymph node and spleen, after an initial period of increased blast cell activity, became less reactive in the latter stages of infection. Serum antibody responses were marked, commencing in weeks 3–4 and increasing in intensity throughout the 10 week period of measurement. The results are discussed in relation to their contribution to the understanding of human hookworm infection.
Metacercaria of Galactosomum ussuriense Oshmarin, 1963 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) from brackish water fishes of Bheemunipatnam (India)
Authors: Rekharani Z. , Madhavi R. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTMetacercariae identified as those of the heterophyid trematode, Galactosomum ussuriense were collected from 3 species of brackish water fishes from Bheemunipatnam. The organization of the the larva is described in detail. This is the first record of the metacercaria of this species although the adult has not so far been recorded from India.
Taenia crassiceps ultrastructural observations on the oncosphere and associated structures
Authors: Chew M. W. K. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTElectron microscopic observations were made on unhatched eggs of Taenia crassiceps in utero. The outermost envelope consists of a thin, relatively smooth capsule over a highly convoluted outer envelope which contains a highly granulated cytoplasm and numerous mitochrondria. The inner envelope, consisting of a thick embryophore and the cytoplasmic component of the embryophore cell, resembles that found in most other taeniids. Three epithelial layers separate the oncosphere from the embryophore. While these layers are narrow and difficult to distinguish, the ‘oncospheral membrane’ is distinct, darkly stained and relatively thick. The oncospheral hook lies within the oncoblast with its blade portion held by cytoplasmic folds within a modified ‘sheath’ in the ‘basal epithelial layer’. Round, dense bodies are concentrated at the epithelial membranes around the ‘sheaths’. Hook muscles insert on the basal lamina at the ‘collar’ region of the hooks. Penetration gland cells are packed with numerous dense disc-shaped secretory bodies.
Translation products of mRNA from infective larvae ofTrichinella spiralisinclude an antigenic polypeptide
Authors: Sugane Kazuo , Matsuura Tadashi , Maekawa Hideaki 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTTotal RNA was extracted from packed infective larvae ofTrichinella spiralisby centrifugation through a 5·7 M caesium chloride cushion. Polyadenylated messenger RNA was separated from total RNA in an oligothymidylic acid-cellulose gel column. Thein vitrotranslation of the mRNA, isolated from infective larvae ofT. spiralis, was carried out using the rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translation system. Incorporation of35S-methionine into trichloracetic acid precipitates in the lysate containing mRNA was 5 times greater than that in control. The translation products were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by autoradiography. Many polypeptides with molecular weights of less than 100 000 were synthesized in the lysate. AT. spiralispositive mouse serum was mixed with translation products to form antigen-antibody complexes, which were then absorbed by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 strain and analysed by autoradiography of SDS-PAGE. An antigenic polypeptide with a molecular weight of 48 000 was demonstrated to react specifically with IgG antibody inT. spiralispositive mouse serum.T. spiralislarvae were cultured in methionine-free medium containing35S-methionine, and antigenic polypeptides in somatic extracts and ES products were compared with those in translation products by autoradiography of SDS-PAGE. Several polypeptides in ES products and somatic extracts reacted specifically with IgG anitbodies in positive serum. Especially the polypeptide with a molecular weight of 48 000 in ES products strongly reacted with IgG antibody in positive serum.
Field experiments on the ability of Arthrobotrys oligospora (Hyphomycetales) to reduce the number of larvae of Cooperia oncophora (Trichostrongylidae) in cow pats and surrounding grass
Authors: Grønvold J. , Wolstrup J. , Henriksen S. A. , Nansen P. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIn field experiments, conducted on parasite-free grass plots in two consecutive summers, artificially prepared cow pats containing Cooperia oncophora eggs were inoculated with the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Numbers of infective C. oncophora larvae isolated from the pats as well as from the surrounding herbage were subject to an approximately teh-fold reduction as compared with numbers in fungus-free pats and herbage surrounding these. This reduction was undoubtedly a result of entrapment of the parasite larvae within the faecal pats.
Genetic variability of Schistosoma bovis cercarial production according to miracidial dose
Authors: Mouahid A. , Combes C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTCercarial production related to miracidial dose variation with Schistosoma bovis strains from Sudan and Spain in Bulinus truncatus from Tunisia was studied. Results showed that an increase in the miracidial dose proposed to the host-mollusc (1 and 5 miracidia) gave rise to a decrease in cercarial productivity of Sudanese S. bovis and to an increase for Spanish s. bovis. It is concluded that this response difference tothe miracidial dose variation depends on genetic characters peculiar to the parasite strain and represents a new aspect of genetic variability of schistosome populations.
The Protective effect of irradiated metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica against homologous challenge in sheep
Authors: A/gadir Haga , Haroun E. M. , Gameel A. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTFive lambs were each sensitized with 400 metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica irradiated at 3 kr gammarays. Eight weeks later, they were each challenged together with 5 controls with 500 non-irradiated metacercariae. Eight weeks later, all of the animals were necropsied and the worm burdens determined. The lambs which received the sensitizing infections had 80% less worms than the controls. The sensitized lambs also showed less hepatic damage compared with the controls as indicated by lower levels of the serum enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase. The blood indices showed insigicant reductions in the sensitized lambs whereas marked reductions were found in the erythrocytes, packed cell volume and haemoglobin values of the challenge controls. Bilirubinaemia was also evident in this latter group.
Purification and properties of haemoglobin from Gastrothylax crumenifer (Trematode:Paramphistomatidae)
Authors: Siddiqui Jawed , Siddiqi Ather H. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTGastrothylax crumenifer haemoglobin was isolated, purified, chromatographed, and its molecular weight determined on a calibrated Sephadex G–100 column as well as by sodium dodecyl sulphate by the former and 16 500 by the latter method. The oxygen affinity of the pigment (P50O2) was found to be 6·1 mm Hg at pH 7·4.
Development, growth and migration of Philophthalmus gralli (Trematoda) from Jordan in the eyes of chicks
Authors: Ismail Naim S. , Issa Issam M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe growth of Philophthalmus gralli from jordan was studied experimentally by inoculating 10 excysted metacercariae around the right eye of 47 day-old chicks. The growth rate was slow in the first three days during which flukes did not exceed 0·30 mm long. Then growth become rapid reaching 2·70 mm long on day 24. This was followed by a low growth rate during which the flukes grew from 2·70 mm to 2·90 mm on day 40. The flukes started to appear in the left eye on the day 12 post-inoculation of metacercariae in the development of P.gralli from Jordan was the same as of other species of Philophthalmus. However, a sixth stage, post-maturation stage, is suggested in addition to the 5 developmental stages of Philophthalmus. The ratio of the transverse diameter of the ovary to that of testes in the post-maturation stage was 1:1·1–1:1·2.
Comparison of the live vaccine potential of different geographic isolates of Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Bickle Q. D. , Doenhoff M. J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTWe have investigated the capacity of irradiated larvae of each of six different isolates of Schistosoma mansoni to protect mice against challenge infections from the homologous or a different isolate. The isolates differed in respect of their geographic origins, and in the lengths of time they had been maintained in the laboratory. All isolates induced significant protection against unattenuated challenge infections, and neither the degree of geographic disimilarity between vaccinating and challenge parasites, nor the numbers of laboratory cycles, appeared to influence the degree of protection induced by irradiation-attenuated larvae.
Purification and characterization of a glycoprotein from the surface ofAscaridia galli
Authors: Masood Khalid , Sircar K. P. , Srivastava V. M. L. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTEmploying papain as the enzyme and agarose boundRicinus communisagglutinin as the affinity gel, a glycoprotein has been isolated and purified from the surface ofAscaridia galli. The glycoprotein shows an apparent molecular weight of 68 kilo daltons and contains fucose, galactose, rhamnose and glucosamine as sugar moieties. Only 2% of its entire molecule has been found to possess α-helical configuration.
Cercarial shedding patterns of Schistosoma bovis and S. haematobium from single and mixed infections of Bulinus truncatus
Authors: Mouahid A. , Moné H. , Chaib A. , Théron A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe cercarial shedding of Schistosoma bovis and S. haematobium were studied in single and mixed infections in the snail host Bulinus truncatus. The two species displayed a distinctive diurnal cercarial emergence with an earlier shedding pattern for S. bovis than S. haematobium (the average emergence peaks were respectively at 0800 h and 1200 h). In mixed infections, each species kept its own cercarial shedding rhythm with no marked alterations. The cercarial emergence pattern is proposed as a new method to identify natural mixed infections in the snail intermediate hosts. The interactions between the two parasites are discussed.
Diplostomum spathaceum (Rud. 1819): effect of miracidial age and lifespan on miracidial infectivity
Authors: Waadu G. D. B. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTExperiments were performed to study the effect of age and lifespan on the infection success of Diplostomum spathaceum miracidia. Specimens of Lymnaea peregra and L. stagnalis were individually exposed to single miracidia of D. spathaceum of different ages under conditions of constant illumination at 20°C. The life-span of the free-swimming miracidium of D. spathaceum is 24 h at 20°C. It was observed that as the miracidium ages, its ability to successfully infect snails declines rapidly.
Lecithochirium furcolabiatum (Jones, 1933), Dawes 1947: the miracidium and mother sporocyst
Authors: Matthews B. F. , Matthews R. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTExperimental infections of the marine topshell Gibbula umbilicalis with Lecithochirium furcolabiatum (Digenea: Hemiuroidea) have allowed the development of a model system which will enable further studies of the molluscan host response. The long-lived intertidal prosobranch host is easily maintained in the laboratory, and experimental infection rates of 98% were consistently achieved. The miracidium and mother sporocyst have been studied at both light and ultrastructural levels, providing the first account of the morphology of these stages in Hemiuridae. The ingested egg hatches within the host intestine, treatment with L-cysteine and alkaline pH stimulating miracidial emergence in vitro. The general body surface of the miracidium is devoid of spines or cilia, the latter being restricted to four plates near the anterior extremity. The miracidium swims actively prior to penetration of the gut wall, the sporocyst being released from the miracidial epidermal Coat within the haemocoel. Within 5 weeks of infection, the filamentous mother sporocyst Contains 1 to 3 oval germ balls, daughter sporocysts being recorded free within the digestive gland haemocoel 7 weeks later. Twenty three weeks after ingestion of eggs, the daughter sporocyst extends into the host gill filaments, containing cystophorous cercariae ready for emergence.
Scanning and transmission electron microscopical observations on the tegument of excysted metacercariae and adults of Zygocotyle lunata
Authors: Irwin S. W. B. , McCloughlin T. J. J. , Fried B. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTScanning and transmission electron microscopical obervations were made on the tegument of excysted metacercariae and adults of the paramphistome. Zygocotyle lunata (Digenea: Trematoda). In accord with other paramphistomes studied, this species lacks spines and mitochondria in the tegumentary syncytium and associated cytons. The newly excysted metacercarie, which possessed relatively few tegumental papillae, were cylindrical in comparison to adults which were distinctly flat. The adults had large numbers of tegumental papillae in the region of the oral sucker and acetabulum.
The adhesive attitudes of some gill-parasitic capsalid monogeneans
Authors: Whittington I. D. , Kearn G. C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA description is given of three contrasting adhesive attitudes exhibited by three species of capsalid monogeneans from the gills of three different species of teleost fish from Heron Island, Queensland, Australia. The proximal end of the primary lamella of the coral trout, Plectropomus maculatus has a wide inner border, free from secondary lamellae, on each flat face. The haptor of Trochopus plectropomi is small enough to attach to this flat surface without folding. Benedenia sp. 1 attaches itself to the gills of stripey, Lutjanus carponatatus, by folding the haptor longitudinally around the inner edge of the primary lamella. Most specimens of T. plectropomi and all specimens of Benedenia sp. 1 were orientated with the anterior end projecting towards the tip of the primary lamella. Benedenia sp. 2 generally prefers relatively flat surfaces in the gill chamber but is more versatile in its choice of attachment sites on its host, the blacktip cod, Epinephelus fasciatus; two specimens were attached to the gill arch, one to a gill raker and one to the dorsal pharyngeal tooth pad.