bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of Th1/Th17 immune response by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: role of dectin-1, mannose receptor, and DC-SIGN
Authors: Zenaro Elena , Donini Marta , Dusi Stefano 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Dectin-1 engagement by Mycobacterium tuberculosis enables dendritic cells to induce Th1/Th17 response, whereas DC-SIGN and mannose receptor co-stimulation limits Th17 generation and favors Th1 response.
Mtb influences DC activity and T cell-mediated immune responses. We show that the treatment of immature monocyte-derived DC with Mtb elicited the formation of mature DC, producing TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-23 and instructing CD4+ cells to secrete IFN-γ and IL-17. Mtb-induced cytokine release by DC depended on dectin-1 receptor engagement, whereas MR or DC-SIGN stimulation inhibited this process. A selective dectin-1 binding by the receptor agonist glucan was sufficient to enable DC to generate Th1/Th17 lymphocytes, showing features comparable with those induced by Mtb-treated DC. Interestingly, DC-SIGN or MR engagement inhibited Th17 and increased Th1 generation by glucan- or Mtb-treated DC. Our results indicate that Mtb modulates the lymphocyte response by affecting DC maturation and cytokine release. Dectin-1 engagement by Mtb enables DC to promote a Th1/Th17 response, whereas DC-SIGN and MR costimulation limits dectin-1-dependent Th17 generation and favors a Th1 response, probably by interfering with release of cytokines.
Efungumab: A Novel Agent in the Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis
Authors: Karwa Rakhi , Wargo Kurt A 
Published: September 2009

Objective: To review the use of efungumab as an adjunctive agent in the treatment of invasive candidiasis (IC) and to provide guidance on formulary placement. Data Sources: Searches of MEDLINE (1966–June 2009) and EMBASE (1974–June 2009) were conducted using the terms efungumab, Mycograb, heat shock protein 90, and invasive candidiasis. Other resources included www.clinicaltrials.gov and article bibliographies. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All studies and case reports evaluating efungumab use in IC were included. Literature review was limited to the English language. Data Synthesis: Efungumab is a monoclonal antibody targeted against heat shock protein 90 (HSP 90). It binds to HSP 90, preventing a conformational change needed for fungal viability. In vitro data show that HSP 90 inhibition may decrease resistance against antifungal agents and increase antifungal activity. Efungumab shows activity against Candida spp. when used alone and synergism when combined with fluconazole, caspofungin, and amphotericin B. A randomized controlled trial evaluated combination therapy of efungumab 1 mg/kg twice daily and liposomal amphotericin B versus amphotericin B therapy alone. At day 10, a favorable response was seen in 84% of patients in the efungumab group compared with 48% of patients in the placebo group (OR 5.76; 95% CI 2.4 to 13.8). Mortality at day 33 was also lower in the efungumab group, 4% versus 18%, respectively (OR 0.168; 95% CI 0.036 to 0.797). Although adverse effects were similar in this trial (10% vs 7%), case reports revealed an increased incidence of blood pressure fluctuations. Cytokine release syndrome has also been linked to efungumab use, warranting further exploration of its safety. Conclusions: Efungumab is a new antifungal agent with a novel mechanism of action. Available clinical data and synergy studies support the use of efungumab in combination with other antifungal agents for the treatment of IC. Further safety data are needed before formulary recommendations can be made.
Parathyroid hormone regulates fetal-placental mineral homeostasis
Authors: Simmonds Charlene S , Karsenty Gerard , Karaplis Andrew C , Kovacs Christopher S 
Published: September 2009

AbstractParathyroid hormone (PTH) plays an essential role in regulating calcium and bone homeostasis in the adult, but whether PTH is required at all for regulating fetal-placental mineral homeostasis and skeletal development is uncertain. We hypothesized that despite its low circulating levels during fetal life, PTH plays a critical role in regulating these processes. To address this, we examined two different genetic models of PTH deficiency. Pth null mice have enlarged parathyroids that are incapable of making PTH, whereas Gcm2 null mice lack parathyroids but have PTH that arises from the thymus. Pth nulls served as a model of complete absence of PTH, whereas Gcm2 nulls were a model of severe hypoparathyroidism. We determined that PTH contributes importantly to fetal mineral homeostasis because in its absence a fetal hypoparathyroid phenotype results with hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperphosphatemia, low amniotic fluid mineral content, and reduced skeletal mineral content. We also determined that PTH is expressed in the placenta, regulates the placental expression of genes involved in calcium and other solute transfer, and may directly stimulate placental calcium transfer. Although parathyroid hormone–related protein (PTHrP) acts in concert with PTH to regulate fetal mineral homeostasis and placental calcium transfer, unlike PTH, it does not upregulate in response to fetal hypocalcemia. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Untersuchungen zur Genauigkeit der Wassermengenmessung mit ZählernExperimental Research to the Accuracy of Water Measurements with Meters
Authors: Adunka Franz 
Published: September 2009

Zusammenfassung
Wasser hat eine fundamentale Bedeutung für das Leben. Daher war es auch bereits in der Antike wichtig, mit Trinkwasser sorgsam umzugehen und den Verbrauch messtechnisch zu erfassen. Es wurden bereits damals Messverfahren entwickelt, die durchaus vernünftige Messergebnisse lieferten. An dieser Stelle sei auf die Arbeiten von Frontinus hingewiesen (97 bis 103 n. Chr.), der unter den Kaisern Nerva und Trajan als curator aquarum für die Wasserversorgung der Stadt Rom verantwortlich war [1]. Aber nicht nur Trinkwasser wird messtechnisch erfasst, die Wassermessung ist auch u. a. für die Wärmeenergiemessung und für die Erfassung von Abwässern wichtig. Während im ersten Fall das Medium “sauber” vorliegt, ist sowohl bei der Wärmeenergie- und der Abwassermessung die Qualität des Wassers und auch dessen Temperatur eine wichtige Einflussgröße. Im folgenden Beitrag wird die Frage untersucht, welche Messgenauigkeiten prinzipiell und welche unter realistischen Randbedingungen bei Wassermengenmessungen erreichbar sind. Die erste Frage interessiert wohl die Versorgungsunternehmungen und die Nutzer, die zweite Frage wendet sich wegen des grundsätzlichen Charakters an “Nationale Metrologie-Institute”, kurz NMIs genannt (z. B. PTB in Deutschland und BEV in Österreich).
Structures of three (2R,3S)-4-(arylmethyl)-1-(4-phenyl-3-amino-2-hydroxy-butyl)-piperazine derivatives, potential anti-malarial agents
Authors: Cunico Wilson , Gomes Claudia R. B. , Harrison William T. A. , Moreth Marcele , Wardell James L. , Wardell Solange M. S. V. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Selected (2R,3S)-4-(arylmethyl)-1-(4-phenyl-3-substituted-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)piperazine derivatives have anti-malarial activity. The crystal structures of active tert-butyl (2S,3R)-4-(4-benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylcarbamate, (1), nonactive (2S,3R)-4-(4-nitrobenzyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-(4-toluenesulfonamido)butane, (2), and the active dihydrated salt, (2S,3R)-4-(4-(benzo[d]-[1,3]dioxol-5-ylmeäthyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-(4-toluenesulfonamido)butane.dihydrogen chloride, (3) are reported. Biological studies indicated the importance of the OH, the benzyl group and the methylene substituents, at the piperazinyl nitrogens, for generating activity. The bond distances in 1 and 2 and the two independent dications of 3, involving these units, do not correlate with activities. However, the molecular conformation adopted by 2, was different from that in 1 and the dications of 3. Both 1 and 2 possess O(1)—H(1)—O(1) and N—HN—O intermolecular H-bonds: in both cases, the O—H—O hydrogen bonds involve the hydroxyl oxygen atom, while the N—H—O interaction for 1 involves the carbonyl oxygen and that for 2, a sulfonyl oxygen. The dications of 3 are not directly connected by H-bonds, but each independent dication is linked via chloride anions and water molecules into chains. Three-dimensional networks are obtained for 1–3 from intermolecular C—H-π and or intermolecular C—H—O and C—H-π interactions.
Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and X-ray structure analyses of two uranyl complexes
Authors: Hazra Dipak K. , Dinda Subhajit , Helliwell Madeleine , Bhattacharyya Ramgopal , Mukherjee Monika 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and crystal structures of two uranyl complexes, [UO2(SALEN)(DMF)] (1) and [UO2(BPHA)2(DMF)] (2) {SALEN = N,N′-ethylenebis(salicylimine), DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide, BPHA = N-phenyl benzohydroxamate} are described. The coordination geometry around the metal center in the mononuclear complexes can be best described as distorted pentagonal bipyramidal with an almost linear uranyl moiety. In addition to the van der Waal´s interactions, the crystal packing in the complexes is stabilized by weak intermolecular C–H…O hydrogen bonds involving the uranyl oxygen atoms, so generating two-dimensional arrays in both crystal structures.
Education as the Cornerstone to Providing Infusion Therapy in the Home
Authors: Parry Ann Marie 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
With the growing demand for home infusion therapy and the limitations being placed on the home care agencies, it is becoming increasing important for the home care nurse to have a clear method for addressing the needs of these patients. Education of the nurses, the patient, and caregiver(s) and carefully listening to determine their needs, fears, strengths, and weaknesses are critical. In addition, adaptation of the plan of care and teaching techniques to best meet the learners' needs, without compromising the quality of the care provided, are important to help ensure the safe and successful provision of home infusion therapy.
Education from the Manufacture's Perspective: A Changing Environment
Authors: Offner Barbara J. , Thornhill Mary Ann 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
When new products are introduced into the medical environment, the necessary education is best handled as a collaborative effort between the manufacturer and the institution purchasing the product. This education has been dramatically impacted by safety legislation and the advent of the safety-engineered devices that are now required as health care facilities work to protect health care workers from sharps injury and blood/body fluid exposure. The authors address this changing environment, as well as responsibilities for both the manufacturer and the facility when new products are introduced.
Writing for a Scholarly Journal
Authors: Costa Nancy , Dean Stephanie , Eddins Julie , Moureau Nancy , Richardson Deborah , Rosenthal Kelli 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Writing a manuscript for a scholarly journal is considered by many a daunting and uncomfortable task. This article unravels some of the mystery of developing one of the more difficult types of manuscript for scholarly publication, that is, the classic “research paper”. The goal of this article is to dispel fears surrounding scholarly publishing and guide the reader through the basic tenets of writing a manuscript. This article breaks down each section of a research article and discusses tips and typical elements of a manuscript.
Comparison of the Safety and Efficacy of Two Topical Antiseptic Products: Chlorhexidine Gluconate + Isopropyl Alcohol and Povidone- Iodine + Isopropyl Alcohol
Authors: Art Greg 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
While antiseptic products containing a combination of chlorhexidine gluconate and isopropyl alcohol (CHG+IPA) have gained in popularity over the past several years in preparing and maintaining vascular access sites, the data used to support their use over products containing povidone-iodine (PVP-I) have been based solely on comparisons of aqueous CHG or CHG+IPA to aqueous PVP-I alone. No studies have compared aqueous CHG or CHG+IPA to PVP-I+IPA or aqueous PVP-I preceded by IPA. When compared using methods established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), the safety and efficacy of PVP-I+IPA was found to be less irritating and faster acting than CHG+IPA; both PVP-I+IPA and CHG+IPA demonstrated persistence for 7 days.
A Study of the Relationship of the Superior Vena Cava to the Bony Landmarks of the Sternum in the Supine Adult: Implications for Magnetic Guidance Systems
Authors: Claasz Antonia A. , Chorley Don P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis study was a retrospective investigation of computed tomography (CT) images of an Australian adult hospital population. These images were used to evaluate the spatial relationships of the superior vena cava (SVC) to the midsagittal line, the sternal paracoronal plane, and commonly used landmarks of the sternum. Consistent relationships were found between the long axis of the SVC and both the midsagittal line and sternal paracoronal plane. When the sternal paracoronal plane was used as the plane of reference, the angle of Louis was found to approximate the SVC in 99.5% of cases, and the right 2nd intercostal space approximated the SVC in 94% of cases. Constraints on the use of landmarks are discussed with regard to magnetic guidance systems for catheter tracking.
Successful Disinfection of Needleless Access Ports: A Matter of Time and Friction
Authors: Kaler Wendy , Chinn Raymond 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Background: There is controversy as to whether the design of the needleless access port or the method used to clean it prior to access impacts successful disinfection. The authors studied the disinfection effectiveness for needleless access ports. Method: The ports of 4 models of needleless access ports were inoculated with bacteria. The ports were disinfected for 15 seconds with 70% alcohol alone or 3.15% chlorhexidine/70% alcohol (Chlorascrub, PDI, Orangeburg, NY). Saline flush solutions were collected and cultured. Results: Disinfection with either 70% alcohol alone or with 3.15% chlorhexidine/70% alcohol for 15 seconds was effective. Conclusions: All models of needleless access ports were effectively disinfected using these two methods.
Innovative Teaching Strategies: Educating Student Nurses on Vascular Access Management
Authors: Mundy Cynthia A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Emerging technology has changed the way nurse educators teach students about the use and management of vascular access devices. The current generation of students expects engagement and immersion in their learning experience. This article focuses on methods for teaching basic and advanced skills involving vascular access and discusses the equipment and technology used to enhance the learning experience. Patient safety, competency assessment and the transition into clinical practice are important concepts that are also presented.
Elder Patients - What is the Best Vascular Hemodialysis Access?
Authors: Kawecka Aleksandra , Król Ewa , Przekwas Magdalena , Dębska-Ślizień Alicja , Rutkowski Bolesław 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackground: The incidence of end stage renal disease (ESRD) has increased in recent years. Elderly patients constitute the most rapidly growing group who need renal replacement therapy. In 2003, persons over 65 comprised 35% of all hemodialysed patients in Poland, and by the end of 2005 more than 44%.Methods: From January 1984 through July 2004, patients 65 or older (n=133) starting hemodialysis (HD), were considered. The study group consisted of 80 men and 53 women (mean age 71.8±4.9years). Patients' survival probability, primary, primary-assisted, and secondary patency of the vascular access (VA) were calculated using Kaplan-Mayer curves and log-rank analysis. Cox's proportional-hazards model was used to assess the influence of risk factors on VA patency.Results: A total of 196 VAs were created. Of the 108 native arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) created, 24 were radiocephalic (RCAVF), 15 were brachiobasilic (BBAVF), and 64 were brachiocephalic (BCAVF). Arteriovenous grafts (AVG) were used in 35 patients and permanent tunneled cuffed catheters (PTCC) in 53. Secondary patency at 1-year was: 49% for native AVF, 62% for AVG, and 19% for PTCC. The survival rate of the 133 elderly patients was 63% at 1-year, 50% at 2 years, and 26% at 5 years.Conclusion: People 65 and older are a predominant population in whom HD can preserve life. In elderly patients AVG had the best secondary patency. When limited life expectancy was taken into consideration AVGs were a good alternative for vascular access in hemodialysis.
A Retrospective Review of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters and Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis in Persons with Cervical Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Loupus Donna , Schuetrumpf Susan , Vazquez Laura F. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Introduction: Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICCs) are a proven and cost effective alternative to traditional short term central venous catheters inserted via subclavian or jugular vein routes. It has been theorized that persons with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) are more prone to upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) post PICC insertion. Purpose: This study was conducted to determine if there is a statistically significant increase in the incidence of PICC-related upper extremity thrombosis in persons with quadriplegia as compared to other patient populations. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 56 PICC insertions, performed on 44 patients, was conducted to identify risk factors associated with symptomatic upper extremity DVTs. Results: The overall incidence of symptomatic DVTs was 7.1% per PICC line insertion (95% CI 2.8% - 17.0%) and 9.1% per patient (95% CI 3.6% - 21.2%) and the number of DVTs per 1,000 catheter days was 3.14. DVT diagnosis was not significantly associated with any of the patient or PICC-related characteristics examined. The incidence of symptomatic DVTs per PICC line insertion was not significantly different than the lowest incidence of thrombosis reported in the scientific literature among all patients receiving PICCs. Conclusions: Results from this study do not suggest that persons with cervical spinal cord injuries are at increased risk for developing upper-extremity DVTs related to PICC insertion. Due to the retrospective nature of the present study and small sample size, prospective studies are recommended to further examine DVTs in patients' with spinal cord injuries. Estimates from the present study can be used in planning prospective studies.
The EKG Method for Positioning the Tips of PICCs: Results from Two Preliminary Studies
Authors: Pittiruti Mauro , Scoppettuolo Giancarlo , La Greca Antonio , Emoli Alessandro , Brutti Alberto , Migliorini Ivano , Dolcetti Laura , Taraschi Cristina , De Pascale Gennaro 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Two preliminary studies were conducted to determine feasibility of using the electrocardiography (EKG) method to determine terminal tip location when inserting a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). This method uses the guidewire inside the catheter (or a column of saline contained in the catheter) as an intracavitary electrode. The EKG monitor is then connected to the intracavitary electrode. The reading on the EKG monitor reflects the closeness of the intracavitary electrode (the catheter tip) to the superior vena cava (SVC). The studies revealed that the EKG method was extremely precise; all tips placed using the EKG method and confirmed using x-ray were located in the superior vena cava. In conclusion, the EKG method has clear advantages in terms of accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and feasibility in conditions where x-ray control may be difficult or expensive to obtain. The method is quite simple, easy to learn and to teach, non-invasive, easy to reproduce, safe, and apt to minimize malpositions due to failure of entering the SVC.
Observational study of SorbaView® 2000, SorbaView® Ultimate and SecureView® Port AFZ Dressings used on Central Venous Catheters in Eleven Italian Oncology, Hematology and Pain Centers
Authors: Orsino L. , Bargelli A. , Cappucciati L. , Fanchin G. , Galati G. , Manzin F. , Marceca F. , Pignatelli A. , Peluffo L. , Vendemiati S. , Verzè A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObservational study of SorbaView® 2000, SorbaView® Ultimate and SecureView® Port AFZ dressings used on Central Venous Catheters in 11 Italian Oncology, Hematology and Pain Centers.Dressing care is one of the nursing challenges that is more and more frequent in the management of central venous catheters (CVCs). Our intention with this observational study was to study the efficacy and tolerability of the latest generation devices recently introduced in Italy. The study was performed on 435 patients; including 293 carriers of totally implantable CVCs and 142 carriers of tunneled and non-tunneled CVCs. In 90% of 311 patients with scheduled therapy of greater than seven days, the dressing adhered completely, at the end of seven days and up to 10 days. In 10% of all 435 patients the dressing became partially detached at between greater than one day and less than 10 days, but not enough to justify dressing change. Of the 10% that partially detached with dwell time greater than one day and less than four days, most occurred in Hematology. A cumulative total of 1,391 dressings were applied.At the conclusion of the study, 84% of patients reported that they were satisfied with the use of the SorbaView 2000, SorbaView Ultimate and SecureView Port AFZ dressings.
The Risk of Central Venous Catheter Placement Ipsilateral to the Permanent Pacemaker
Authors: Pacana Charlita L. , Durand Jean-Bernard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Purpose: The use of a central venous catheter is essential in the delivery of chemotherapy and other necessary intravenous treatments for oncology patients. This paper reviews the published reports of venous complications associated with an implanted cardiac pacemaker, and suggests some important considerations when planning to insert a central venous catheter through a peripheral approach.
Review of Literature: The subclavian venous system in the chest is the most common site for implanting pacemaker leads in patients with underlying heart problems. Venous complications after pacemaker implantation, such as stenosis, hematoma, thrombophlebitis, and thrombosis, can occur with or without the known associated local symptoms.
Discussion: No published case reports were found describing pacemaker leads displacement after insertion of central venous catheters, including peripherally inserted central catheters.
Implications for Clinical Practice: Prior to inserting a central venous catheter, a thorough assessment should include the patient's history of any implanted medical device, in the context of understanding the clinical manifestations associated with the signs and symptoms of venous obstruction.