bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HerMES: Lyman Break Galaxies Individually Detected at 0.7 ≤ z ≤ 2.0 in GOODS-N with Herschel/SPIRE
Authors: Burgarella Denis , Buat Véronique , Magdis Georgios ,   the HerMES team
Published: December 2011

AbstractAs part of the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey we have investigated the rest-frame far-infrared (FIR) properties of a sample of more than 4800 Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey North field. Most LBGs are not detected individually, but we do detect a sub-sample of 12 objects at 0.7 < z < 1.6 and one object at z = 2.0. The LBGs have been selected using color-color diagrams; the ones detected by Herschel SPIRE have redder colors than the others, while the undetected ones have colors consistent with average LBGs at z > 2.5. The spectral energy distributions of the objects detected in the rest-frame FIR are investigated using the code cigale to estimate physical parameters. We include far-UV (FUV) data from GALEX. We find that LBGs detected by SPIRE are high mass, luminous infrared galaxies. It appears that LBGs are located in a triangle-shaped region in the AFUV vs. LogLFUV = 0 diagram limited by AFUV = 0 at the bottom and by a diagonal following the temporal evolution of the most massive galaxies from the bottom-right to the top-left of the diagram. This upper envelop can be used as upper limits for the UV dust attenuation as a function of LFUV. The limits of this region are well explained using a closed-box model, where the chemical evolution of galaxies produces metals, which in turn lead to higher dust attenuation when the galaxies age.
Identification and characterization of three cholinesterases from the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius
Authors: Seong K. M. , Kim Y. H. , Kwon D. H. , Lee S. H. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe identified and characterized the full‐length cDNA sequences encoding two acetylcholinesterases (ClAChE1 and ClAChE2) and a salivary gland‐specific cholinesterase‐like protein (ClSChE) from the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. All three cholinesterase genes (Clac1, Clace2 and Clsce) have conserved motifs, including a catalytic triad, a choline‐binding site and an acyl pocket. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ClAChE1 belongs to the insect AChE1 clade, whereas ClAChE2 belongs to the insect AChE2 clade. ClSChE was grouped into the clade containing all AChE1s, suggesting a paralogous relationship to ClAChE1. Transcription levels of Clace1 were higher than those of Clace2 in all tissues examined, including the central nervous system (CNS). In contrast, the Clsce transcript was not detected in the CNS but specifically found in the salivary gland at much higher levels (>3000‐fold) than those of Clace1 and Clace2. Western blot analysis using anti‐ClAChE antibodies, in conjunction with activity staining, revealed that ClAChE1 is more active than ClAChE2, whereas ClSChE has little enzyme activity. Three‐dimensional structure modelling suggested that ClAChEs and ClSChE shared structural similarities, but had some differences in the residues forming the acyl pocket and oxyanion hole. The current findings should provide valuable insights into the evolution and functional diversification of insect cholinesterase.
Kinetic studies to investigate lipoprotein metabolism
Authors: Borén J. , Taskinen M.‐R. , Adiels M. 
Published: December 2011

Borén J, Taskinen M‐R, Adiels M (University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden). Kinetic studies to investigate lipoprotein metabolism (Key Symposium). J Intern Med 2012; 271: 166–173.Abstract.  To develop novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of dyslipidaemia, it is essential to understand the pathophysiology of dyslipoproteinaemia in humans. Lipoprotein metabolism is a complex system in which abnormal concentrations of various lipoprotein particles can result from alterations in their rates of production, conversion and/or catabolism. Traditional methods that measure plasma lipoprotein concentrations only provide static estimates of lipoprotein metabolism and hence limited mechanistic information. By contrast, the use of tracers labelled with stable isotopes and mathematical modelling provides a powerful tool for probing lipid and lipoprotein kinetics in vivo and furthering understanding of the pathogenesis of dyslipoproteinaemia.
Breastfeeding, asthma, and allergy: a tale of two cities
Authors: Brew Bronwyn K. , Kull Inger , Garden Frances , Almqvist Catarina , Bergström Anna , Lind Tomas , Webb Karen , Wickman Magnus , Marks Guy B. 
Published: December 2011

To cite this article: Brew BK, Kull I, Garden F, Almqvist C, Bergström A, Lind T, Webb K, Wickman M, Marks GB. Breastfeeding, asthma, and allergy: a tale of two cities. Pediatric Allergy Immunology 2012: 23: 75–82.AbstractBackground:  The effect of breastfeeding duration on subsequent asthma and allergy remains the subject of much controversy.Objective:  To investigate whether differences in study design or disease‐related exposure modification were the cause of the differences in study findings.Method:  The data from two cohorts, the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS) from Australia and the Barn Allergi Miljo Stockholm cohort from Sweden, which had reported different findings on the association between breastfeeding and asthma, were combined. For this analysis, the definitions for breastfeeding, asthma, and allergy were harmonized. Subjects were included if they had at least one parent with wheeze or asthma and had a gestational age of more than 36 wks (combined n = 882). The risk of disease‐related exposure modification was assessed using survival analysis.Results:  Breastfeeding reduced the risk of asthma at 4/5 and 8 yrs of age in children with a family history of asthma. The effect was stronger in the Swedish cohort. Breastfeeding had no effect on the prevalence of sensitization to inhaled allergens in this cohort with a family history of asthma but was a risk factor for sensitization to cow’s milk, peanuts, and eggs in the CAPS cohort at 4/5 yrs and in the combined cohort at 8 yrs. There was no evidence to support the existence of disease‐related exposure modification in either cohort.Conclusion:  These findings point to the importance of harmonization of features of study design, including subject selection criteria and variable definitions, in resolving epidemiological controversies such as those surrounding the impact of breastfeeding on asthma and allergic sensitization.
Wheelchair skills training programme for children: A pilot study
Authors: Sawatzky Bonita , Rushton Paula W. , Denison Ian , McDonald Rachael 
Published: December 2011

Aim:  Wheelchair skills are not typically provided when a child gets a new wheelchair. The purpose of this prospective pilot study was to determine the effectiveness of a two‐day modified Wheelchair Skills Programme 3.2 for children.
Methods:  Six children (ages 6–19 years) with spinal cord injuries or spina bifida were invited to participate in a two‐day wheelchair skills programme provided on subsequent Saturdays. Children were tested before and after training using a modified Wheelchair Skills Test 3.2. To assess for the effect of the programme on participation, the Activity Skills for Kids was used before and one month after training. For a more qualitative reflection, an Impact Questionnaire was given at four months post‐training.
Results:  There was a significant (14%) increase in skills based on the Wheelchair Skills Test 3.2. No change in participation was measured with the Activity Skills for Kids. The Impact Questionnaire suggests the skill training allowed participants to do more, with less pain and fatigue post‐training.
Conclusions:  A two‐day wheelchair skills programme can potentially improve skill level in children with spinal cord injuries or spina bifida.
Effect of estrogen therapy on adipocytokines in ovariectomized‐aged rats
Authors: Kafkas Samet , Dost Turhan , Ozkayran Hakan , Yenisey Cigdem , Tuncyurek Pars , Birincioglu Mustafa 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAim:  Obesity is a chronic disease that is characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat. The physiological changes associated with estrogen deprivation in menopause have a significant impact on total body fat and adipose tissue distribution. Adipocytokines, such as adiponectin and leptin are related to adipose tissue, and their levels are affected by estrogen. The aim of the present study was to investigate the alteration of adipocytokine levels with estrogen therapy.Material and Methods:  Aged Wistar albino rats were divided into two main groups: control (C) and ovariectomized (OVX). Six months after ovariectomy, the ovariectomized group was divided into four subgroups: two ovariectomized groups received saline (OVX) and sesame oil (OVX + S.oil), and two groups received physiological dose (OVX + PhyE2) and pharmacological dose (OVX + PharmE2) estrogen (2 and 20 µg/kg per day, respectively). Body weight was monitored weekly for 6 weeks. Adiponectin, leptin and homocysteine levels were measured from blood samples before and after treatment.Results:  Body weight increased in OVX, OVX + S.oil and OVX + PhyE2 over 6 weeks (P < 0.001). Adiponectin levels were significantly decreased in the OVX + S.oil and OVX + PhyE2 groups (P = 0.017 and P = 0.008, respectively). Leptin level was significantly decreased in the OVX + PharmE2 group (P = 0.042). Homocysteine level was decreased in the OVX + S.oil group (P = 0.037).Conclusion:  Adipocytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer or obesity‐related complications in menopause. Estrogen therapy may reduce these complications by changing the levels of adipocytokines.
Optimizing biochemical markers as endpoints for clinical trials in primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Momah Njideka , Silveira Marina G. , Jorgensen Roberta , Sinakos Emmanouil , Lindor Keith D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundBiochemical tests have been recommended as endpoints for clinical trials in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) because the use of liver transplantation and death as endpoints in ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapeutic trials is unfeasible. The best inclusion criteria cut‐off values and cut‐off for demonstrating treatment success have not been defined.AimOur aim was to determine the optimal biochemical values for patient inclusion and to define values for treatment success in therapeutic trials.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of 73 patients with PBC treated with UDCA followed over 36 months. Following one year of UDCA therapy, the likelihood of developing clinical endpoints of varices, ascites, encephalopathy, death or transplantation over the ensuing two years, based on degrees of elevation of biochemical markers, was analyzed using chi‐square or Fisher's exact test.ResultsPatients with ALP≥2 X upper limit of normal (ULN) had a 2‐fold greater likelihood of developing endpoints compared to patients with lower values (23% versus 11%), (p < 0.05). Patients with bilirubin > 1 mg/dL were 4 times more likely to develop endpoints compared to those with lower values (33% versus 8%), (p = 0.02). These values help identify the patient population for adjunctive therapy trials. Patients with ALP ≤1.67 X ULN and bilirubin ≤1mg/dL demonstrated the least likelihood of reaching adverse clinical endpoints and can be used to define treatment success.ConclusionOptimal ALP and Bilirubin levels can be used as appropriate biochemical criteria for patient selection and defining treatment success in future clinical trials in patients with PBC.
Short‐term cast immobilisation is effective in reducing lesion propagation in a surgical model of equine superficial digital flexor tendon injury
Authors: DAVID F. , CADBY J. , BOSCH G. , BRAMA P. , VAN WEEREN R. , VAN SCHIE H. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryReasons for performing the study: Larger superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injuries have a poorer prognosis than smaller lesions. During the inflammatory phase enlargement of the initial lesion is frequently noted, with biomechanical loading being recently proposed to play an important role.Objectives: To evaluate the effect of lower limb cast immobilisation on tendon lesion propagation in an equine model of surgically induced SDFT injury.Methods: Core lesions were surgically induced in both front SDFTs of 6 young mature horses. At the end of surgery, one leg was randomly placed in a lower limb cast and the other leg (control) was bandaged for 10 days. Computerised ultrasonographic tissue characterisation performed at Days 10, 15, 21, 28, 35 and 42 allowed measurement of lesion length (cm) and width (expressed as a percentage of whole tendon cross‐section). On Day 42 horses were subjected to euthanasia and both SDFTs were sectioned every centimetre to assess the lesion length macroscopically. Statistics were performed to compare cast vs. control legs with significance set at P<0.05.Results: When all time points were combined, lesion length was 19% shorter (P<0.0001) and lesion width 57% smaller (P = 0.0002) in the cast legs (6.13 ± 0.12 cm; 6.90 ± 0.64%) than in the control legs (7.30 ± 0.21 cm; 10.85 ± 1.22%). On Day 42 the lesion length on macroscopic evaluation was 19% shorter (P = 0.04) in the cast (7.00 ± 0.36 cm) than in the control legs (8.33 ± 0.33 cm).Conclusions: Cast immobilisation for 10 days effectively reduced lesion propagation (length and width) compared to bandaging in an in vivo model of artificially‐induced tendon lesions.Potential relevance: A short period of cast immobilisation during the early phase of tendon healing may be an easy and cost‐effective way to reduce the initial enlargement of lesion size and hence to improve prognosis.
Meaning without Theory
Authors: Turner Stephen 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
There is a core conflict between conventional ideas about “meaning” and the phenomenon of meaning and meaning change in history. Conventional accounts are either atemporal or appeal to something fixed that bestows meaning, such as a rule or a convention. This produces familiar problems over change. Notions of rule and convention are metaphors for something tacit. They are unhelpful in accounting for change: there are no rule-givers or convenings in history. Meanings are in flux, and are part of a web of belief and practical activity that is in constant change. We can perhaps salvage some point to appeals to fixed frameworks if we treat them as “as if ” constructions designed as crutches to enable us to improve on literal readings of the texts by making more sense of the inferential connections and practical significance of their content at the time.
Unraveling the Science of Variable Amplitude Fatigue
Authors: Sunder R. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Conventional methods to estimate variable-amplitude fatigue life revolve either around cumulative damage analysis using the local stress-strain approach, or, around one of the crack growth load interaction models. Despite advances in modeling the mechanics of fatigue, none of these methods can faithfully reproduce the near-threshold variable amplitude fatigue response that determines the durability of machines and structures primarily because they fail to model the science behind the residual stress effect. Residual stress effects have a strong bearing on metal fatigue and owe their influence to the moderation of crack-tip surface chemistry and surface physics. This demands the treatment of threshold stress intensity as a variable, sensitive to load history. The correct estimation of crack closure is also crucial to determining the variable amplitude fatigue response and demands assessment of the cyclic plastic zone stress-strain response.
High Temperature Tolerance in Aegilops Species and Its Potential Transfer to Wheat
Authors: Pradhan G. P. , Prasad P. V. V. , Fritz A. K. , Kirkham M. B. , Gill B. S. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTHigh temperature (HT) stress is highly detrimental to crop productivity but there is limited variability for this trait among wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. The objectives of this research were to screen wild wheats (Aegilops species) for tolerance to HT stress at the reproductive stage and to measure physiological and yield traits associated with the tolerance. Fifty‐two accessions belonging to five Aegilops species were evaluated at optimum temperature (OT) (25/19°C day/night) and HT (36/30°C) with a photoperiod of 18 h. Stress was imposed at anthesis and continued for 16 d. Across species, HT decreased chlorophyll, grain number per spike, individual grain weight, and grain yield per plant by 38, 40, 56, and 70%, respectively. Based on a decrease in grain yield, A. speltoides Tausch and A. geniculata Roth were most tolerant and A. longissima Schweinf. & Muschl. was highly susceptible to HT stress. Tolerance was associated with higher grain number per spike and/or heavier grains. Within A. speltoides, accession TA 2348 was highly tolerant to HT with 13.5% decline in grain yield and a heat susceptibility index (HSI) of 0.23 whereas TA 1787 and TA 2097 were highly susceptible with >82% yield decline and HSIs > 1.4. Among A. geniculata, two moderately HT tolerant accessions, TA 2899 and TA 1819, were identified, with an HSI of 0.80. Our results suggest that there is genetic variability among Aegilops species that can be utilized in breeding wheat for HT tolerance at reproductive stage.
Mapping and Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis of Drought Tolerance in a Spring Wheat Population Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism and Diversity Array Technology Markers
Authors: Alexander Lauren M. , Kirigwi Francis M. , Fritz Allan K. , Fellers John P. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTWater availability is commonly the most limiting factor for crop production. This study was conducted to map wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in drought tolerance. Using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and Diversity Array Technology (DArT) markers, a population of 122 F7–derived recombinant inbred lines from a cross between ‘Dharwar Dry’ and ‘Sitta’ was reanalyzed to identify previously unknown QTL associated with drought tolerance traits and to further saturate known QTL regions. A linkage map of 48 groups was created from the combined data of DArT, AFLP, and previously reported simple sequence repeat (SSR) and expressed sequence tag (EST) markers. Quantitative trait loci were found in 24 of the 48 groups. Groups could be anchored on chromosomes 1D, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6A, 6D, 7A, and 7B. While four additional AFLP markers were added to the major QTL for drought tolerance on chromosome 4AL, a second major locus was found on chromosome 7B.QDt.ksu‐7Bspans 34.7 cM with three associated markers. Simple sequence repeat markerXbarc172and DArT markerXwPt‐4230explained 11.9% of the variation for harvest index under reduced irrigation in 1999 while AFLP markerXGTGG284explained 10.7%.XwPt‐6463explained 11.9 and 11.2% of the variation for drought susceptibility index for spike number and yield, respectively. The locusQDt.ksu‐4Anow spans 21.9 cM and AFLP markerXCCGA110explained 27.8 and 39.9% of the variation for grain fill rate and yield under reduced irrigation in 1999, respectively.
Genomic Selection in Plant Breeding: A Comparison of Models
Authors: Heslot Nicolas , Yang Hsiao‐Pei , Sorrells Mark E. , Jannink Jean‐Luc 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTSimulation and empirical studies of genomic selection (GS) show accuracies sufficient to generate rapid genetic gains. However, with the increased popularity of GS approaches, numerous models have been proposed and no comparative analysis is available to identify the most promising ones. Using eight wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., and maize (Zea mays L.) datasets, the predictive ability of currently available GS models along with several machine learning methods was evaluated by comparing accuracies, the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs), and the marker effects for each model. While a similar level of accuracy was observed for many models, the level of overfitting varied widely as did the computation time and the distribution of marker effect estimates. Our comparisons suggested that GS in plant breeding programs could be based on a reduced set of models such as the Bayesian Lasso, weighted Bayesian shrinkage regression (wBSR, a fast version of BayesB), and random forest (RF) (a machine learning method that could capture nonadditive effects). Linear combinations of different models were tested as well as bagging and boosting methods, but they did not improve accuracy. This study also showed large differences in accuracy between subpopulations within a dataset that could not always be explained by differences in phenotypic variance and size. The broad diversity of empirical datasets tested here adds evidence that GS could increase genetic gain per unit of time and cost.
Three‐Dimensional Kelvin Probe Microscopy for Characterizing In‐Plane Piezoelectric Potential of Laterally Deflected ZnO Micro‐/Nanowires
Authors: Bayerl Dylan J. , Wang Xudong 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPotential characterization of deflected piezoelectric nanowires (NWs) is of great interest for current development of electromechanical nanogenerators that harvest ambient mechanical energy. In this paper, a Kelvin probe microscopy (KPM) technique hybridizing scanning KPM (SKPM) with atomic force microscope (AFM) surface‐approach spectroscopy methods for characterizing in‐plane piezoelectric potential of ZnO microwires (MWs) is presented. This technique decouples the scanning motion of the AFM tip from sample topography, and thus effectively eliminates artifacts induced by high topographical variations along the edges of MWs/NWs which make characterization by conventional SKPM inappropriate or impossible. By virtue of the topography/tip motion decoupling approach, the electrical potential can also be mapped in a three‐dimensional (3D) spatial volume above the sample surface. Therefore, this technique is named 3DKPM. Through 3DKPM mapping, the piezopotential generated by a laterally deflected ZnO MW was determined by extracting the potential asymmetry from opposite sides of the MW. The measurement results agree well with theoretical predictions. Integrating an external bias to the MW sample allowed direct observation of piezopotential and carrier concentration coupling phenomenon in ZnO, opening a door toward quantitative microscopic investigation of the piezotronic effect. With further positioning refinements, 3DKPM could become a powerful technique for the characterization of piezoelectric potential and related effects in micro/nanostructures of high topographical variations, as well as development of MW/NW‐based piezoelectric nanodevices.
Impact of microalgae characteristics on their conversion to biofuel. Part I: Focus on cultivation and biofuel production
Authors: González‐Fernández Cristina , Sialve Bruno , Bernet Nicolas , Steyer Jean‐Philippe 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMicroalgae are now the focus of intensive research because of their potential as a renewable feedstock for biofuel production. This review briefly examines the effect of reactor design, nutrient, and light regimens on microalgae productivity and macromolecular composition. Downstream processing including common biofuel production as well as life cycle assessment and technoeconomical aspects are discussed. Even though algal biofuels are more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels, economical feasibility is a challenging issue. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd