bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary algorithms for the multi‐objective test data generation problem
Authors: Ferrer Javier , Chicano Francisco , Alba Enrique 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYAutomatic test data generation is a very popular domain in the field of search‐based software engineering. Traditionally, the main goal has been to maximize coverage. However, other objectives can be defined, such as the oracle cost, which is the cost of executing the entire test suite and the cost of checking the system behavior. Indeed, in very large software systems, the cost spent to test the system can be an issue, and then it makes sense by considering two conflicting objectives: maximizing the coverage and minimizing the oracle cost. This is what we did in this paper. We mainly compared two approaches to deal with the multi‐objective test data generation problem: a direct multi‐objective approach and a combination of a mono‐objective algorithm together with multi‐objective test case selection optimization. Concretely, in this work, we used four state‐of‐the‐art multi‐objective algorithms and two mono‐objective evolutionary algorithms followed by a multi‐objective test case selection based on Pareto efficiency. The experimental analysis compares these techniques on two different benchmarks. The first one is composed of 800 Java programs created through a program generator. The second benchmark is composed of 13 real programs extracted from the literature. In the direct multi‐objective approach, the results indicate that the oracle cost can be properly optimized; however, the full branch coverage of the system poses a great challenge. Regarding the mono‐objective algorithms, although they need a second phase of test case selection for reducing the oracle cost, they are very effective in maximizing the branch coverage. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actuator volumes and hr‐adaptive methods for three‐dimensional simulation of wind turbine wakes and performance
Authors: Creech Angus C.W. , Früh Wolf‐Gerrit , Clive Peter 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a three‐dimensional numerical model for horizontal axis wind turbines, capable of simulating both the dynamic response of the turbine to changing flow conditions, and the full wake generated by the turbine. The turbine model is coupled to computational fluid dynamics software using Large Eddy Simulation to solve for unsteady flow conditions, with the Smagorinsky method handling sub‐grid turbulence. Wind tunnel simulations are compared with experimental data, and then a simulation of a real turbine in complex terrain is compared with LIDAR data from the same site, in both cases agreeing favourably. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Preoperative Thrombocytosis on the Survival of Patients with Primary Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Sasaki Kazuhito , Kawai Kazushige , Tsuno Nelson H. , Sunami Eiji , Kitayama Joji 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundAlthough thrombocytosis has been reported in patients with various types of cancer, the association between thrombocytosis and the clinicopathological features of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been fully investigated. We evaluated the clinical features associated with thrombocytosis in CRC.Materials and methodsThe medical records of 636 consecutive CRC patients undergoing surgery in our department between January 2002 and July 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. The correlation between the clinicopathological variables and the preoperative platelet count was analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses. The impact of thrombocytosis on the prognosis of these patients was assessed, in comparison with the other clinicopathological variables.ResultsPlatelet count showed significant correlation with gender, age, venous involvement, tumor size, depth of invasion, regional lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis in univariate analysis, and tumor size and depth of invasion were independent factors in multivariate analysis. The cancer‐specific survival (CSS) of CRC patients with thrombocytosis was significantly shorter than that for those without thrombocytosis (P < 0.001), specifically in patients with stage III CRC (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that thrombocytosis was an independent prognostic factor of CSS (hazard ratio = 2.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.72–5.00). Moreover, within stage II CRC, the univariate analysis revealed that disease‐free survival (DFS) was associated with preoperative thrombocytosis, but not the other clinicopathological variables.ConclusionsPreoperative thrombocytosis is not only an independent indicator of poor CSS in CRC patients but also an independent predictor of poor DFS in patients with stage II CRC.
Oxidative Stability of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Rich Soy Oil
Authors: Yettella Ramesh R. , Castrodale Chelsey , Proctor Andrew 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the oxidative stability of conjugated linoleic acid rich soy oil (CLARSO) and the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) levels on volatile oxidation products formed during CLARSO oxidation. CLARSO oxidative stability was determined by gravimetric analysis, peroxide value, headspace oxygen analysis and p‐anisidine value. Volatile oxidation compounds were analyzed by solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector and a mass spectrometer. CLA oxidation results were highly dependent on analytical methods used and oxidation parameters measured. The gravimetric study showed a CLA concentration effect on oxidation, which was not seen in the headspace oxygen depletion and peroxide value. Volatile oxidation data indicate that CLARSO had significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels of pentanal and trans‐2‐heptenal than the other oils, but there was no significant difference between the amounts of any volatiles present in 8 and 15% CLARSO. This suggests that oxidation was greater in CLARSO and that CLA concentration did not affect oxidation.
Differential Survival in Europe and the United States: Estimates Based on Subjective Probabilities of Survival
Authors: Delavande Adeline , Rohwedder Susann 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Cross-country comparisons of differential survival by socioeconomic status (SES) are useful in many domains. Yet, to date, such studies have been rare. Reliably estimating differential survival in a single country has been challenging because it requires rich panel data with a large sample size. Cross-country estimates have proven even more difficult because the measures of SES need to be comparable internationally. We present an alternative method for acquiring information on differential survival by SES. Rather than using observations of actual survival, we relate individuals’ subjective probabilities of survival to SES variables in cross section. To show that subjective survival probabilities are informative proxies for actual survival when estimating differential survival, we compare estimates of differential survival based on actual survival with estimates based on subjective probabilities of survival for the same sample. The results are remarkably similar. We then use this approach to compare differential survival by SES for 10 European countries and the United States. Wealthier people have higher survival probabilities than those who are less wealthy, but the strength of the association differs across countries. Nations with a smaller gradient appear to be Belgium, France, and Italy, while the United States, England, and Sweden appear to have a larger gradient.
Body composition in athletes: A comparison of densitometric methods and tracking of individual differences
Authors: Peeters Maarten Wim , Goris Marina , Keustermans Greet , Pelgrim Koen , Claessens Albrecht L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMeasuring body composition in athletes can provide valuable information on training and nutritional status. The aim of this study was to compare percentage body fat (PF) obtained by hydrostatic weighing (HW) to PF via air‐displacement plethysmography (ADP), and to evaluate tracking of individual differences between both methods over time in elite college athletes. Thirty‐one male and 33 female athletes (18.0–36.4 years) were measured by ADP and HW. Twenty‐one subjects (10 men, 11 women) were measured again 61±11 days later to evaluate consistency of individual differences between methods. Mean PF differed significantly in men (HW: 9.4±2.4%, ADP: 11.3±3.4%, P<0.05) but not in women (HW: 19.1±2.4%, ADP: 19.5±3.7%). A significant trend in mean bias was found in both genders between HW‐ADP suggesting an underestimation of PF by ADP at lower mean PF and an overestimation of PF by ADP at higher mean PF. Up to 73% of variance in differences between methods at follow‐up was explained by differences between methods at the first measurement occasion. Both densitometric methods cannot be used interchangeably when measuring and tracking the body composition of individual elite athletes using a 2‐component model of body composition. Differences between methods appear to track within an individual. The individual‐specific causes of these differences remain to be determined.
Species diversity and abundance of small mammals in Nechisar National Park, Ethiopia
Authors: Workeneh Sintayehu , Bekele Afework , Balakrishnan Mundanthra 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSpecies diversity and abundance of small mammals were studied in Nechisar National Park, Ethiopia, during August 2008 – March 2009. Twenty species of rodents and four species of insectivores were recorded from the study area. Mastomys natalensis (17.37%), Arvicanthis dembeensis (17.09%), Mastomys erythroleucus (8.90%), Stenocephalemys albipes (8.76%), Arvicanthis niloticus (8.19%), Acomys cahirinus (7.34%), Lemniscomys striatus (6.92%), Gerbilliscus nigricauda (6.21%), Grammomys dolichurus (3.67%), Gerbilliscus robusta (2.12%), Mus proconodon (1.98%), Mus mahomet (1.41), Dendromus melanotis (1.27%), Arvicanthis abyssinicus (1.13%), Mus musculus (0.99%), Praomys fumatus (0.85%), Xerus erythropus (0.85%), Lemniscomys barbarus (0.71%), Mus tenellus (0.71%) and Otomys typus (0.28%) were the rodents and their respective relative abundance in the study area. Crocidura olivieri (1.55%), Crocidura fumosa (0.85%), Crocidura bicolor (0.57%) and Elephantulus rufescens (0.28%) were the insectivores recorded with their respective relative abundance. Mastomys natalensis was the most abundant and O. typus and E. rufescens were the least (two each). Diversity of small mammals ranged from 2.299 to 2.625 with an average of 2.412. The highest small mammal diversity was in grasslands and the lowest was in Lake Chamo shore. Small mammal density varied from 5 to 43 ha−1 and biomass varied from 244 to 2559 g ha−1 with significant changes in relation to seasons and habitats.
Genetic diversity and structure of wild Tunisian Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffm. et Link. (Lamiaceae) assessed using isozyme markers
Authors: El Hadj Ali Imen Ben , Guetat Arbi , Boussaid Mohamed 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe genetic diversity and population structure of 25 natural populations of Thymus capitatus, from five ecological areas, were analysed using eight isozymes. For all populations, 11 polymorphic loci were detected, and several of them showed rare alleles. A high genetic diversity within populations (Ap = 1.82; P = 62.88%; Ho = 0.116) and an excess of heterozygosity were observed. A high level of inbreeding within populations was observed (FIS = 0.471). High differentiation and low gene flow (Nm = 0.821) were detected among populations (FST = 0.219). The genetic variation within and among ecological groups varied according to the bioclimate. Population structuration depends on geographic distance between sites rather than on bioclimate (Mantel’s test; r = 0.251; P = 0.004). Nei’s genetic distances (D) values calculated between pairs of populations were globally low with a mean of 0.047. The unweighted pairwise groups method using arithmetic average dendrogram showed fourth sub‐clusters. Population groupings occur with evident relationship to geographic location. The substantial differentiation and the high genetic similarities between populations indicate that populations have been recently isolated as a result of anthropic pressure. In situ conservation must first focus on populations with a high level of genetic diversity and rare alleles. Ex situ preservation should be elaborated by collecting seeds within populations that showed a high level of genetic diversity in each ecological group.
Quality clinical placements for undergraduate nursing students: a cross‐sectional survey of undergraduates and supervising nurses
Authors: Courtney‐Pratt Helen , FitzGerald Mary , Ford Karen , Marsden Kathryn , Marlow Annette 
Published: November 2011

courtney‐pratt h., fitzgerald m., ford k., marsden k. & marlow a. (2012) Quality clinical placements for undergraduate nursing students: a cross‐sectional survey of undergraduates and supervising nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(6), 1380–1390.AbstractAim.  This article is a report of a mixed method study of the quality of clinical placements for second year undergraduate nursing students in an acute care hospital.Background.  In response to the current and predicted workforce shortages, greater numbers of nursing undergraduate places are being offered at tertiary institutions. This means that requests for clinical places in hospitals to support undergraduate students has risen. Little is known about the impact of increased numbers on the quality of clinical placement as a learning experience and this is of concern as demand grows and the means of assessing capacity is still unknown.Methods.  A 5‐point Likert Scale questionnaire, including free text fields, was administered to undergraduates (n = 178), clinical facilitators (n = 22) and supervising ward nurses (n = 163) at two time points in 2009. The survey targeted the quality of the clinical placement in four domains: welcoming and belongingness; teaching and learning; feedback; confidence and competence.Findings.  The findings demonstrated consistently high scoring of the clinical placement experience by both undergraduates and registered nurses. There were higher ratings of levels of support from clinical facilitators compared to supervising ward nurses evident in data associated with the items on the questionnaire relating to teaching and learning.Conclusion.  The results are indicative of the professional commitment of nursing staff to support the next generation of nurses. The findings also give a mechanism to communicate outcomes of undergraduate support to nurses in practice, and highlight steps which can be taken to ensure high quality clinical placement continues.
Admissions related to interstitial cystitis in Japan: An estimation based on the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database
Authors: Sugihara Toru , Yasunaga Hideo , Horiguchi Hiromasa , Nakamura Mitsuhiro , Nomiya Akira , Nishimatsu Hiroaki , Matsuda Shinya , Homma Yukio 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe estimated the incidence of admissions related to interstitial cystitis in Japan using a national administrative claims database, the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, which included information for 53.6% of urological training hospitals certified by the Japanese Urological Association. “Admissions related to interstitial cystitis” was defined as those cases whose ICD‐10 code for the main reason for admission was N301 (interstitial cystitis) between 2007 and 2009. Among 8.42 million inpatient cases, 784 female and 212 male patients with interstitial cystitis were identified. The ratio of females to males was 3.69 and the median age was 67 years (range 5–92 years). The admission incidence (per 100 000 person‐years) in females and males was estimated to be 1.35 (95% confidence interval 1.25–1.46) and 0.37 (0.31–0.42), respectively. This incidence is low compared with other reports. Possible reasons for this finding include racial difference, clinical examination methods, lack of outpatient data and poor health‐care coverage of interstitial cystitis.
Incidence of retinopathy of prematurity in extremely premature infants over an 18‐year period
Authors: Gunn David J , Cartwright David W , Gole Glen A 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground:  To report the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in a subgroup of extremely premature infants admitted to an Australian tertiary centre over an 18‐year period.Design:  Retrospective study. Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.Participants:  Five hundred and fifty‐four infants admitted between 23 and 25.6 weeks gestational age (GA).Methods:  The 18‐year study was divided into three 6‐year periods for analysis: period 1 (1992–1997), period 2 (1998–2003) and period 3 (2004–2009). Infants were compared based on their week of GA and by the study period in which they were born.Main Outcome Measures:  GA, birthweight, incidence and severity of ROP.Results:  Three hundred seventy‐three (67.3%) infants survived until ROP screening, and 351 (63.4%) survived until discharge. ROP incidence increased from 78.2% in period 1 to 86.1% in period 3. Over the entire study, 90.5% of 23‐week GA infants had ROP compared with 89.7% of 24‐week GA infants and 76.1% of 25‐week GA infants. Mean birthweight was significantly lower in infants with any ROP (725.1 g) and ROP of at least stage 3 (720.8 g) compared with infants without ROP (806.5 g) (P < 0.0001). Twenty‐three–week GA infants had more severe ROP (28.6%) than 24 weeks (18.3%) and 25 weeks GA (11.9%).Conclusions:  There has been increased survival and incidence of ROP in extremely premature infants over the past 20 years. Lower birthweight and GA are both associated with higher incidence and more severe ROP.
A quantitative assessment of fish passage efficiency
Authors: Noonan Michael J , Grant James W A , Jackson Christopher D 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn an attempt to restore the connectivity of fragmented river habitats, a variety of passage facilities have been installed at river barriers. Despite the cost of building these structures, there has been no quantitative evaluation of their overall success at restoring fish passage. We reviewed articles from 1960 to 2011, extracted data from 65 papers on fish passage efficiency, size and species of fish, and fishway characteristics to determine the best predictors of fishway efficiency. Because data were scarce for fishes other than salmonids (order Salmoniformes), we combined data for all non‐salmonids for our analysis. On average, downstream passage efficiency was 68.5%, slightly higher than upstream passage efficiency of 41.7%, and neither differed across the geographical regions of study. Salmonids were more successful than non‐salmonids in passing upstream (61.7 vs. 21.1%) and downstream (74.6 vs. 39.6%) through fish passage facilities. Passage efficiency differed significantly between types of fishways; pool and weir, pool and slot and natural fishways had the highest efficiencies, whereas Denil and fish locks/elevators had the lowest. Upstream passage efficiency decreased significantly with fishway slope, but increased with fishway length, and water velocity. An information‐theoretic analysis indicated that the best predictors of fish passage efficiency were order of fish (i.e. salmonids > non‐salmonids), type of fishway and length of fishway. Overall, the low efficiency of passage facilities indicated that most need to be improved to sufficiently mitigate habitat fragmentation for the complete fish community across a range of environmental conditions.
Human responding with mutual reinforcement: Baseline and effects of an intervention1
Authors: OKOUCHI HIROTO 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPressing a key by one undergraduate provided another undergraduate with points exchangeable for money, and vice versa. Four types of response patterns were found. Points were often delivered with a delay from the last response or with no response. When a contingency that responses lost points (punishment) was added to participants who had emitted more responses than the partner had, their response rates decreased while the rates of their partners increased. These results demonstrate that, under the contingency of mutual reinforcement: (a) response patterns that had occurred between monkeys were replicated between humans; (b) obtained response‐reinforcer relations were different from those generally programmed in the basic reinforcement schedules; and (c) the behavior of the participant was controlled by changing the behavior of the partner.
Increased brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the ventral tegmental area during cocaine abstinence is associated with increased histone acetylation at BDNF exon I‐containing promoters
Authors: Schmidt Heath D. , Sangrey Gavin R. , Darnell Shayna B. , Schassburger Rachel L. , Cha Jang‐Ho J. , Pierce R. Christopher , Sadri‐Vakili Ghazaleh 
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 202–209.AbstractRecent evidence suggests that the persistence of cocaine seeking during periods of protracted drug abstinence following chronic cocaine exposure is mediated, in part, by neuroadaptations in the mesolimbic dopamine system. Specifically, incubation of cocaine‐seeking behavior coincides with increased brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein expression in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate time‐dependent changes in VTA BDNF protein expression during cocaine abstinence are unclear. The goal of these experiments was to determine whether VTA BDNF transcript levels are altered following cocaine abstinence and identify the molecular mechanisms regulating cocaine‐induced changes in VTA BDNF transcription. Rats were allowed to self‐administer cocaine (0.25 mg/infusion, i.v.) for 14 days on a fixed‐ratio schedule of reinforcement followed by 7 days of forced drug abstinence. BDNF protein and exon I‐containing transcripts were significantly increased in the VTA of cocaine‐experienced rats following 7 days of forced drug abstinence compared to yoked saline controls. Cocaine‐induced changes in BDNF mRNA were associated with increased acetylation of histone 3 and binding of CREB‐binding protein to exon I‐containing promoters in the VTA. Taken together, these results suggest that drug abstinence following cocaine self‐administration remodels chromatin in the VTA resulting in increased expression of BDNF, which may contribute to neuroadaptations underlying cocaine craving and relapse.
Liposomal formulation of curcumin attenuates seizures in different experimental models of epilepsy in mice
Authors: Agarwal Nidhi Bharal , Jain Seema , Nagpal Dheeraj , Agarwal Nitin Kumar , Mediratta Pramod K. , Sharma Krishna K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractContemporary research indicates promising anticonvulsant effect of curcumin. However, its poor oral bioavailability is a major hindrance toward its pharmacological action. Thus, this study was carried out to evaluate the acute effect of liposome‐entrapped curcumin on increasing current electroshock seizures (ICES) test, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‐induced seizures, and status epilepticus in mice. Liposome‐entrapped curcumin in doses 25 and 50 mg/kg demonstrated significant increase in seizure threshold current and latency to myoclonic and generalized seizures in ICES test and PTZ‐induced seizures, respectively. Similarly, liposomal‐entrapped curcumin also increased the latency to the onset and decreased the duration of seizures during status epilepticus in mice. To conclude, liposomal‐entrapped curcumin possesses anticonvulsant activity against status epilepticus in mice.