bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applied behaviour analysis and standard treatment in
intellectual disability: 2-year outcomes
Authors: Hassiotis Angela , Canagasabey Anton , Robotham Daniel , Marston Louise , Romeo Renee , King Michael 
Published: December 2010

SummaryApplied behaviour analysis by a specialist team plus standard treatment for
adults with intellectual disability displaying challenging behaviour was
reported to be clinically and cost-effective after 6 months. In a 2-year
follow-up of the same trial cohort, participants receiving the specialist
intervention had significantly lower total and subdomain Aberrant Behavior
Checklist scores than those receiving usual care alone. After adjustment for
baseline covariates there was no significant difference in costs between the
trial arms.
Novel Ontogenetic Patterns of Sexual Differentiation in Arcuate Nucleus GHRH Neurons Revealed in GHRH-Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein Transgenic Mice
Authors: McArthur Simon , Robinson Iain C. , Gillies Glenda E. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
GH secretion and growth rates are developmentally regulated and sexually dimorphic, but the neuroregulatory mechanisms between birth and puberty are unclear. Using the GHRH-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgenic mouse, in which eGFP provides a strong surrogate signal for identifying GHRH neurons, we showed that numbers in the male arcuate nucleus were double those seen in females at x postnatal day (P)1 and P10, during which time numbers increased 2- to 3-fold. Thereafter (P20, P30, P60, P365) there was a significant trend for numbers to decrease in males and increase in females, such that sex differences were, surprisingly, absent in young and late adulthood. Conversely, we identified the emergence of male-dominant sex differences in the number of processes extended per GHRH perikarya across puberty. Intriguingly, prepubertal gonadectomy (P28), unlike adult gonadectomy, caused a dramatic 40% loss of GHRH cells in both sexes in adulthood and a significant (30%) increase in processes emanating from cell bodies only in females. These findings establish a novel ontogenetic profile for GHRH neurons and suggest previously undiscovered roles for peripubertal gonadal factors in establishing population size in both sexes. They also provide the first demonstration of emergent sex-specific GHRH architecture, which may signal the onset of sex-dependent regulation of activity reported for adult GHRH-eGFP neurons, and its differential regulation by gonadal factors in males and females. This information adds to our knowledge of processes that underpin the emergence of sex-specific GH secretory dynamics and hence biological activity of this pleiotropic hormone.
Hybridization of Carbon Nanotubes with Si–π Polymers and Attachment of Resulting Hybrids to TiO2 Surface
Authors: Ohshita Joji , Tanaka Daiki , Matsukawa Junya , Mizumo Tomonobu , Yoshida Hiroto , Ooyama Yousuke , Harima Yutaka 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The Sonogashira coupling of diethynyldisilanes with dibromopyrene in the presence of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) produced soluble hybrid materials of poly(disilanylenediethynylpyrene)s and SWNTs. Ball milling of poly(disilanylenediethynylpyrene)s or poly(disilanylenequinquethienylene) with SWNTs also afforded the polymer–SWNT hybrids. Irradiation of TiO2 electrodes in chloroform solutions of the hybrids led to the attachment of the hybrids to the TiO2 surface via Si–O–Ti bonding. Applications of the hybrid-attached TiO2 electrodes to dye-sensitized solar cells were studied.
Photochromism of a Diarylethene with Methoxymethyl Groups at Reactive Carbons: Thermal Irreversible Reaction of the Closed-ring Isomer
Authors: Kitagawa Daichi , Kobatake Seiya 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A photochromic diarylethene having methoxymethyl groups at the reactive carbons was synthesized, and the thermal stability of the closed-ring isomer was examined. The closed-ring isomer of the diarylethene caused both the thermal cycloreversion and a thermally irreversible reaction at 120 °C. The structure of the thermal product was determined by 1H NMR, MS, and X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Ionic Liquid Molecules (ILs) as Novel Guests for Pillar[5]arene: 1:2 Host–Guest Complexes between Pillar[5]arene and ILs in Organic Media
Authors: Ogoshi Tomoki , Tanaka Shunya , Yamagishi Tada-aki , Nakamoto Yoshiaki 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Pillar[5]arene formed 1:2 host–guest complexes with ionic liquid molecules in organic media. Chemically responsive release of ionic liquid molecules from the cavity of pillar[5]arene is also reported.
Single-crystal Structure of Porphyrin Bicapped with Trimethyl-β-cyclodextrins: A Novel Dye-oriented Material
Authors: Tsuchiya Youichi , Yamano Akihito , Shiraki Tomohiro , Sada Kazuki , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Complexes formed between porphyrins and cyclodextrins are among the most fascinating targets of host–guest complexes. So far, the structural details have been discussed on the basis of the solution properties. However, the real complex structure determined from single-crystal analysis is not known up to the present. In this paper, we report the first successful example for formation of a single crystal and its X-ray analysis. We believe that the resultant dye-oriented crystalline material would lead to novel host–guest chemistry applicable to new photo and electronic devices.
Dynamic testing with tangible electronics: Measuring children's change in strategy use with a series completion task
Authors: Resing Wilma C. M. , Elliott Julian G. 
Published: December 2010

Aims.  This study sought to explore the use of a novel approach that incorporates dynamic testing and tangible electronics in the assessment of children's learning potential and strategy use.Sample.  A total of 77 children with a mean age 8.9 years participated in the study; half of them were dynamically tested using graduate prompt techniques; the others served as a control group.Method.  Children in the experimental group received a series of inputs consisting of a pre‐test, two training sessions, and a post‐test all involving a number of series completion tasks; the controls received only pre‐ and post‐tests. All test sessions were undertaken individually using a specially designed programme incorporating an electronic console and tangible materials equipped internally with sensors.Results.  As a consequence of training, children significantly outperformed controls on a number of series completion tasks. Significant individual differences were noted in terms of the children's response to assistance. The study's hypothesis that dynamic testing would increase analytical, and reduce trial‐and‐error, behaviour was supported. While a significant proportion of the children employed strategies that had earlier been identified as optimal, a sizeable minority demonstrated rather more idiosyncratic approaches.Conclusions.  Findings from the study demonstrate the potential value of electronic dynamic testing using graduated prompts. However, a number of further refinements to improve the procedure are suggested.
Effects of a ‘Learn to Think’ intervention programme on primary school students
Authors: Hu Weiping , Adey Philip , Jia Xiaojuan , Liu Jia , Zhang Lei , Li Jing , Dong Xiaomei 
Published: December 2010

Background.  Methods for teaching thinking may be described as out‐of‐context or infusion. Both approaches have potential to raise students’ general cognitive processing ability and so raise academic achievement, but each has disadvantages.Aims.  To describe and evaluate a theory‐based learn to think (LTT) curriculum for primary school students, which draws on the strengths of both out‐of‐context and infusion approaches.Sample.  One‐hundred and sixty‐six students in three classes of Grade 1 (6+ years old), Grade 2 (7+ years old), and Grade 3 (8+ years old) in a primary school in Shanxi province, China, randomly ascribed to experimental (90) and control (76) groups.Methods.  All students were pre‐tested for non‐verbal intelligence and academic achievement. Experimental students followed the LTT curriculum (one activity every 2 weeks) for 4 school years. All were post‐tested on three occasions for thinking ability and four times for academic achievement.Results.  Grade 1 and Grade 2 students showed effects of LTT from 1 year after their start and increasing: on thinking abilityd= .78–1.45; on Chinesed= .68–1.07; on maths .58–.87. Grade 3 students showed effects from 6 months after their start: on thinking ability .90–1.37; Chinese .77–1.32; maths .65–1.29. The effects were concentrated in students in the middle band of initial ability.Conclusions.  A curriculum for teaching thinking based on a structured theoretical model that combines elements of out‐of‐context and infusion methods has been shown to have long‐term far transfer effects on students’ thinking ability and academic achievement. More work is needed to meet the needs of a wider range of abilities.
Self‐regulated learning of basic arithmetic skills: A longitudinal study
Authors: Throndsen Inger 
Published: December 2010

Background. Several studies have examined young primary school children's use of strategies when solving simple addition and subtraction problems. Most of these studies have investigated students’ strategy use as if they were isolated processes. To date, we have little knowledge about how math strategies in young students are related to other important aspects in self‐regulated learning.Aim. The main purpose of this study was to examine relations between young primary school children's basic mathematical skills and their use of math strategies, their metacognitive competence and motivational beliefs, and to investigate how students with basic mathematics skills at various levels differ in respect to the different self‐regulation components.Sample. The participants were comprised of 27 Year 2 students, all from the same class.Method. The data were collected in three stages (autumn Year 2, spring Year 2, and autumn Year 3). The children's arithmetic skills were measured by age relevant tests, while strategy use, metacognitive competence, and motivational beliefs were assessed through individual interviews. The participants were divided into three performance groups; very good students, good students, and not‐so‐good students.Results. Analyses revealed that young primary school children at different levels of basic mathematics skill may differ in several important aspects of self‐regulated learning. Analyses revealed that a good performance in addition and subtraction was related not only to the children's use of advanced mathematics strategies, but also to domain‐specific metacognitive competence, ability attribution for success, effort attribution for failure, and high perceived self‐efficacy when using specific strategies.Conclusions. The results indicate that instructional efforts to facilitate self‐regulated learning of basic arithmetic skills should address cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational aspects of self‐regulation. This is particularly important for low‐performing students.
Basal and Stimulated Calcitonin and Procalcitonin by Various Assays in Patients with and without Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Kratzsch Jürgen , Petzold Anne , Raue Friedhelm , Reinhardt Walter , Bröcker-Preuβ Martina , Görges Rainer , Mann Klaus , Karges Wolfram , Morgenthaler Nils , Luster Markus , Reiners Christoph , Thiery Joachim , Dralle Henning , Fuhrer Dagmar 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUNDCalcitonin (CT) is a sensitive marker for evaluation of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). However, CT measurement can vary with assay- and nonassay-dependent factors, and procalcitonin (PCT) measurement has been proposed for evaluating questionable increases in CT.METHODSWe tested 2 fully automated CT assays (Immulite [IL] and Liaison [LIA]) and 1 nonautomated CT assay (IRMA, Medipan) and compared these results with PCT (Brahms Kryptor). We evaluated preanalytical conditions and PCT cross-reactivity in sera of 437 patients with clinical conditions associated with hypercalcitoninemia. Additionally, we determined the true “nil” CT concentration in 60 thyroidectomized patients and defined CT cutoff concentrations for pentagastrin stimulation testing in 13 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and 10 MTC patients.RESULTSMarkedly decreased CT concentrations were found after storage of sera for &gt;2 h at room temperature and &gt;6 h at 4 °C. Cutoff concentrations for basal and stimulated CT were disease and assay dependent. Proton pump inhibitor therapy was the most frequent reason for increased CT. PCT concentrations were higher in patients with MTC than in patients with CKD without infections (P &lt; 0.001). Whereas IL and LIA demonstrated comparable analytical quality, the IRMA gave increased CT concentrations in nil sera and showed cross-reactivity with PCT in patients with concomitant bacterial infection.CONCLUSIONSIL, LIA, and IRMA detected increased CT concentrations in non-MTC patients and discriminated MTC from CKD patients in pentagastrin tests. PCT assessment may be helpful in the diagnostic work-up of increased CT concentrations in questionable clinical circumstances.
Current Status of Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids Meeting European Underground Mining Standards
Authors: Vettel Paula , Hertel Guenter 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The European Mines Safety Commission was established in 1961 in response to a mining disaster in August 1956 at Bois du Cazier, Belgium. Hydraulic hoses were ruptured and the pressurized flammable hydraulic fluid was ignited, resulting in 267 deaths. A commission of technical experts from Europe was formed to recommend replacements for flammable oils in critical applications. Specifications were developed for fluids used in underground pumping systems and mining roof support equipment. The initial report was last updated in 1994 and is now known as the 7th Luxembourg Report. This document has been particularly important for the underground mining industry. The Report is in the process of being updated by conversion of the test methods and requirements to ISO standards. The 7th Luxembourg Report contains four categories of required testing: Fire resistance, technological properties, ecological properties, and toxicological properties. Approval testing must be conducted by a certified independent laboratory. This paper will discuss each of these categories and give examples of the tests required. Particular emphasis will be given to high water content mining hydraulic fluids and the problems encountered with corrosion resistance and emulsion stability. A new classification for water glycol fluids with lower water content has been added in recent years. An example will be shown of a fluid in this classification that meets all of the 7th Luxembourg requirements and provides excellent pump lubrication with no derating of the pump.
Determination of the activation constants for miniature neutron source reactor (MNSR) by linear least squares regression
Authors: Wasim Mohammad , Arif Mohammad , Zaidi Jamshed Hussain 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed description of the determination of experimental activation constants for 22 elements for miniature neutron source reactor (MNSR). The activation constants have been measured for the most intense γ-rays of the radionuclides commonly observed in neutron activation analysis. The experimental values have been compared with those based on mathematical expression and calculated by using f and α of the irradiation channel and k
0 and Q
0 factors from published literature. A comparison of the expression-based and experimentally determined activation constants shows a good agreement, except for some cases where difference is about 10% of the expression-based values. The activation constants were validated by analyzing synthetic multielement standards (SMELS-I and -II); the results revealed all elements within ±3 Z-score.
99mTc-Novobiocin: a~novel radiotracer for infection imaging
Authors: Shah S. Q. , Khan M. R. , Khan A. U. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The radiosynthesis of 99mTc-Novobiocin (99mTc-NBN) complex and its suitability as a radiotracer for infection imaging was assessed. The radiochemical purity (RCP) of the 99mTc-NBN complex was determined using radio-TLC and radioactive HPLC and biodistribution was studied in artificially infected (A.I.) rats and rabbit, using single well gamma counter (SWGRC) interface with scalar count rate meter (SCRM) and Gamma Camera (γ-CM). The maximum RCP observed for the preparation having 2 mg of NBN, 111 MBq of sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) and 125 μL of SnF2 (1 μg/μL in 0.01 N HCl) at a pH 5.6 was 98.97±0.40% and remained stable >90% up to 120 min. The activity of the 99mTc-NBN in the infected muscle (TI) was significantly increased from 6.50±0.15 to 19.00±0.17% and decreased in the inflamed muscle (TII), normal muscle (NT), blood, liver, spleen, stomach and intestine within 120 min. The TI/NT and TII/NT ratios were 7.60±1.08 and 1.60±1.14. The Whole Body Static (WBS) images of A.I. rabbit were obtained at 30, 40, 50 and 60 min after the I.V. administration of 111 MBq of 99mTc-NBN to the A.I. rabbit. The stability in saline and serum, higher TI/NT, lower TII/NT ratios and WBS images confirmed the feasibility of the 99mTc-NBN complex as an infection imaging agent.
Optimising BTP ligands by tuning their basicity
Authors: Trumm S. , Wipff G. , Geist Andreas , Panak Petra J. , Fanghänel Thomas 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A novel approach for the optimisation of extractants for the actinide(III)/lanthanide(III) separation is presented. Two BTP ligands are synthesised carrying OMe or Cl moieties on the pyridine ring, thus altering the electronic structure of the aromatic system. The influence of functionalisation on the ligand basicity is determined both spectroscopically and by quantum chemical calculations. Furthermore, we show that both distribution ratios and separation factors for Am(III)/Eu(III) separation increase upon increase of ligand basicity.
Investigations on redox behaviour of Pu(IV)/Pu(III) in H2SO4 on Pt nanoparticles-modified glassy carbon and platinum electrodes
Authors: Sharma Manoj K , Ambolikar Arvind S , Aggarwal S. K. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Redox behaviour of Pu(IV)/Pu(III) couple in 1 M H2SO4 was investigated on platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs)-modified glassy carbon (GC) and Pt electrodes. PtNPs-modified electrodes were prepared by electrodeposition of Pt from 10 mM K2PtCl4+0.1 M H2SO4 solution. Redox kinetics were observed to improve in both the oxidation and reduction processes after electrodeposition of PtNPs in contrast to bare electrodes. However, significant improvement was seen for the reduction of Pu(IV) to Pu(III) in PtNPs coated GC electrode compared to bare GC electrode. These studies are of great relevance to develop electroanalytical methodologies for Pu determination using nanoparticles modified electrodes.
Seasonal population dynamics of the monogeneans Pseudorhabdosynochus coioidesis and P. serrani on wild versus cultured groupers in Daya Bay, South China Sea
Authors: Luo Y. , Yang T. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
In this paper, seasonal samples of wild versus cultured groupers, Epinephelus spp., from Daya Bay, South China Sea were examined to survey the seasonality of two important species, Pseudorhabdosynochus coioidesis and P. serrani (Monogenea: Diplectanidae), and to analyze the interspecific relationships between these two parasites. Between April 2008 and January 2009, P. coioidesis and P. serrani were found to be parasitic only on E. coioides Hamilton during summer and winter in the natural waters of Daya Bay, exhibiting a high degree of host specificity, whereas they co-occurred and persisted on several species of hosts, such as E. coioides, E. bruneus Block and E. awoara Temminck & Schlegel, in an experimental polyculture pond during several seasons. E. coioides is the main host for both of these two monogenean species. The overall prevalences and mean intensities of these two parasites on polycultured Epinephelus spp. showed the same pattern of seasonal fluctuations, with the maximum values during autumn, except for the overall prevalence of P. serrani, which reached its maximum values during summer and winter and the minimum values during spring and autumn. Prevalence and mean intensity were found to be related to host size. In the wild, medium-sized fishes harboured higher infections, whereas under cultured conditions the small-sized and large-sized fishes were more heavily infected. Simultaneous infections of P. coioidesis and P. serrani were common, and there was a significant positive interspecific correlation between these two parasites.
Radiographic Bone Damage in Chronic Gout Is Negatively Associated with the Inflammatory Cytokines Soluble Interleukin 6 Receptor and Osteoprotegerin
Authors: CHOE JUNG-YOON , LEE GEON HO , KIM SEONG-KYU 
Published: December 2010

Objective.We investigated the risk factors for radiographic bone damage to foot joints in patients with chronic gout among various patient characteristics and serum inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL).Methods.Fifty consecutive male patients with gout and 54 age-matched healthy male controls were enrolled. Serum levels of cytokines including IL-1ß, IL-6, sIL-6R, OPG, and RANKL were measured using ELISA. Radiographic damage indices including erosion scores, narrowing scores, and total scores for foot joints were assessed according to a modified Sharp-van der Heijde system.Results.There were significant differences in serum IL-1ß, IL-6, sIL-6R, OPG, and RANKL levels between patients with gout and the controls, after adjustment for confounding factors such as age, body mass index, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, triglyceride, and fasting blood glucose (p = 0.034 for IL-1ß, p < 0.001 for IL-6, p = 0.040 for sIL-6R, p = 0.002 for OPG, and p = 0.018 for RANKL). Radiographic damage indices (erosion, narrowing, and total scores) were negatively associated with serum sIL-6R and OPG levels in multivariable-adjusted regression analysis. Serum sIL-6R levels in patients without radiographic damage were higher than in those with damage (p = 0.006).Conclusion.Radiographic damage in patients with chronic gouty arthritis was negatively associated with serum sIL-6R and OPG. Further study on the role of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of radiographic damage in gout is needed.
Effects of a Spirituality Training Program on the Spiritual and Psychosocial Well-Being of Hospital Middle Manager Nurses in Korea
Authors: Yong Jinsun , Kim Juhu , Park Junyang , Seo Imsun , Swinton John 
Published: December 2010

Background:
This study examined the effect of a spirituality training program on the spiritual well-being, spiritual integrity, leadership practice, job satisfaction, and burnout of hospital middle manager nurses in Korea.

Methods:
In an experimental study with a two-group (experimental vs. control) design, participants were enrolled for 5 weeks, with 24 nurses in the spirituality program and 27 in the control group.

Results:
After the spirituality training program, spiritual well-being, spiritual integrity, and leadership practice improved and burnout was reduced significantly in the experimental group compared with the control group.

Conclusion:
The program was effective in improving psychosocial and spiritual well-being of middle manager nurses. Thus, this program could be a resource for continuing education and staff development offerings to enhance the well-being of nurses and the spiritual care of patients.