bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legal Aspects Of Offshore Oil
Authors: Smith Emory Clark 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act and the Submerged Lands Act are discussed. More importantly the leasing and operating regulations for the submerged lands of the outer continental shelf are analyzed in some detail. Geological considerations are used to propound the theory that rather than use the depth formula of 100 fathoms for measuring the continental shelf, it is preferable to place the boundary at the outer margin of the continental shelf or continental borderlands and refer this line to fixed points tied to the primary geodetic net of the littoral continent.
The influence of international law with respect to offshore oil operation sis treated. The test of reasonableness is applied not only to the freedom of the seas doctrine of international law but to the regulations controlling offshore drilling operations.

Introduction
Great areas of legal uncertainty were filled by the passage of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act and the Submerged Lands Act by the Congress in 1953. More recently, May 8, 1954, the promulgation of Leasing and Operating Regulations for the Outer Continental Shelf served to further clarify the hazy legal areas. These laws and regulations, instead of being obstacles have become useful instruments to the industry. Where there was justifiable hesitation before, there is now excited activity to hasten offshore oil exploration.
I am certain that those of you whose companies are engaged in this type of operation have found that there still remains a considerable area for improvement in the laws. In other words, things are still far from perfect. The imperfections of the law will constitute no delaying factor to the virile spirit of the industry.
On March 10, 1778, Captain William Bligh wrote in the ship's log: "In the forenoon, we struck sounding at 83 fathoms depth off the coast of Argentine, this I concluded to be near the edge of the bank."
Joseph M. G. Ravenal, the French diplomat, who had much to do with the Treaty of 1783 between the United States and Great Britain, wrote in 1803:"The sea which washes the shore of the state is deemed to form a part thereof. We could add that the bottom of the sea along the coast can be considered as having formed a part of the continent and is therefore still considered as forming such a part."
Calculated Performance Of A Dissolved Gas Drive Reservoir By A Phase Behavior Method
Authors: Brinkman F.H. , Weinaug C.F. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A phase behavior approach to the prediction of the performance characteristics of a dissolved gas-drive reservoir is unique in that the problem of choosing flash, differential, or composite solution gas-oil ratios and formation-volume factors has been circumvented. Data required are a compositional analysis of the reservoir fluid, the bubble point of this fluid, and the relative permeability curves for the reservoir work.
Gas-oil ratios and formation-volume factors were calculated under conditions duplicating the performance of the reservoir. A comparison was then made between these results and those obtained by calculations involving a differential, a flash, and a composite process. A vital factor in the solution of the problem is the accuracy of the calculated equilibrium constant. Agreement within three per cent was obtained when a calculated differential formation-volume curve was compared with an experimentally determined curve.

Introduction
Many reservoir engineering calculations depend for their solution on laboratory pressure, volume, and temperature measurements of formation volume factors and solution gas-oil ratios. How to determine these factors experimentally for the best duplication of the conditions under which reservoir oil is produced to the stock tank has been a matter of disagreement and much speculation in the oil industry. Three methods are in general use today: the differential process, which assumes that as the pressure on an oil is lowered, the gas, being liberated from the oil phase, is continuously removed from contact with it; the flash process, which assumes that all the gas, being liberated from the oil phase, remains in contact with it; and the composite process, which assumes that a differential process occurs in the reservoir and a flash process occurs upon the liquid portion being produced to the stock tank. Each laboratory process has decided limitations and does not represent accurately conditions under which reservoir oil is produced.
Early and Aggressive Initiation of Insulin Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: What Is the Evidence?
Authors: Niswender Kevin 
Published: May 2009

IN BRIEFType 2 diabetes is a progressive disease in which b[beta symbol]-cell function continually declines and eventually fails, ultimately requiring nearly all patients to be placed on insulin therapy. An increasing body of evidence suggests that early intensive glycemic control reduces long-term vascular outcomes and potentially may prolong b[beta symbol]-cell lifespan and function. Herein, evidence in favor of early insulin therapy on disease progression and long-term outcomes will be reviewed and placed into clinical context.
On uncertainty relations in noncommutative phase space
Authors: Guo Guangjie , Long Chaoyun , Qin Shuijie 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The uncertainty relations are discussed on a noncommutative plane when noncommutativity of momentum spaces is considered. It is possible to construct normalizable states by simultaneously saturating two coordinate-momentum uncertainty relations. However, under the natural condition θη ≪ 4ħ2 one can not construct a normalizable state by simultaneously saturating any other pairs out of four basic nontrivial uncertainty relations.
Development of an Integrated Framework for Assessing and Improving the Performance of Manufacturing Industries in Developing Countries
Authors: Syan Chanan , Ramoutar Krystal 
Published: May 2009

Development of an Integrated Framework for Assessing and Improving the Performance of Manufacturing Industries in Developing CountriesIn developing countries, there is an overwhelming challenge to diversify the economy from the primary sectors to more value adding and income generating sustainable secondary or manufacturing sectors. As global competitiveness intensifies, it is imperative that manufacturing organizations in developing countries can compete at a global level. This research focuses on Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) and the wider Caribbean region. However, its applicability and relevance is extensive. This paper investigates the manufacturing techniques/practices currently implemented in T&T with focus on companies that are compliant with quality and health and safety policies. This study advocates the need for a strategic approach for the successful implementation of world-class manufacturing (WCM) techniques/practices in T&T manufacturing industry. The methodology as well as research instruments developed and used are presented.
Entomopter Maneuverability Exchanged by Deformations Control of Flexible Flapping Wings
Authors: Kowalczyk Grzegorz , Lewitowicz Jerzy , Sibilski Krzysztof 
Published: May 2009

Entomopter Maneuverability Exchanged by Deformations Control of Flexible Flapping WingsIn the background of preparing this paper lies our believe that transferring ideas from the more matured disciple like aircraft technology to emerging animal technology should be beneficial for the later one and vice-versa. One integrated idea, of special interest to both disciplines, is theactive flexible wingconcept. In this paper we developed aeroelastic analysis for a flexible wing for an imposed harmonic flapping motion about the root chord of the wing. A Matlab code was written based on the analysis. This code was used to find the average lift and thrust of a wing of known aerodynamic and structural properties.
Knowledge-Based Collaborative Lean Manufacturing Management (KBCLMM) System
Authors: Nawawi Mohd , Khan Mohammed , Hussain Khalid 
Published: May 2009

Knowledge-Based Collaborative Lean Manufacturing Management (KBCLMM) SystemThe objective of this research paper is to demonstrate the application of hybrid Knowledge-Based System, Gauging Absences of Pre-Requisites (GAP), and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approaches for selecting the improvement programs for Collaborative Lean Manufacturing Management (CLMM) System. In this research, a generic Knowledge-Based System is developed to measure the level of CLMM adoption in automotive manufacturers compared to the ideal system. Using the embedded GAP and AHP technique, the key lean manufacturing improvement programs can be prioritised by using both qualitative and quantitative criteria. The analysis covers the planning stage of the KBCLMM. The utilisation of the approach is demonstrated with an illustrative example.
Atlantoaxial stabilization in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Papadopoulos Stephen M. , Dickman Curtis A. , Sonntag Volker K. H. 
Published: May 2009

✓ Atlantoaxial subluxation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is common. Operative stabilization is clearly indicated when signs and symptoms of spinal cord compression occur. However, many recommend early operative fusion before evidence of appreciable neural compression occurs because 1) the myelopathy in these patients may be irreversible; 2) the overall prognosis is poor once symptoms of cord compression are present; and 3) the risk of sudden death associated with atlantoaxial subluxation is increased even in asymptomatic patients. The authors believe that rheumatoid arthritis patients in relatively good health without advanced multisystem disease and less than 65 years of age should be considered for operative stabilization if mobile atlantoaxial subluxation is greater than 6 mm. Seventeen patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis and atlantoaxial subluxation treated with a posterior arthrodesis are presented. A new method of fusion, devised by the senior author (V.K.H.S.), was utilized in all cases. Indications for operative therapy in these patients included evidence of spinal cord compression in 11 patients (65%) and mobile atlantoaxial subluxation greater than 6 mm but no signs or symptoms of cord compression in six patients (35%). Thirteen patients developed a stable osseous fusion, two patients a well-aligned fibrous union, one patient a malaligned fibrous union, and one patient died prior to evaluation of fusion stability.
The details of the operative technique and management strategies are presented. Several technical advantages of this method of fusion make this approach particularly useful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Because of multisystem involvement of this disease, a high rate of osseous fusion is often difficult to achieve.
Management of meralgia paresthetica
Authors: Williams Paul H. , Trzil Kenneth P. 
Published: May 2009

✓ Meralgia paresthetica is a syndrome of pain or dysesthesia, or both, in the anterolateral thigh caused by entrapment or neurinoma formation of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Conservative treatment was successful in relieving symptoms in 91% of 277 patients with this syndrome; however, 24 patients required surgical treatment for intractable symptoms. Although neurolysis with transposition is the most common procedure, sectioning of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve was performed in 24 cases and was successful in 23. One patient had early symptomatic relief, but subsequently developed different neurological signs and symptoms because of an undetected pelvic neoplasm.
Anatomical variations of the nerve and neurinomas, which occur frequently, are easily handled with sectioning but may lead to recurrence with neurolysis and transposition.
Effects of tromethamine and hyperventilation on brain injury in the cat
Authors: Yoshida Kazuo , Marmarou Anthony 
Published: May 2009

✓ The metabolic brain acidosis after trauma has been thought to be harmful and to contribute to neurological deterioration. Amelioration of the brain acidosis either by systemic buffering agents or by hyperventilation has been proposed as a method of treatment. The objective of this study was to explore with magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy the metabolic changes in brain that occur with the use of hyperventilation, THAM (tromethamine; tris[hydroxymethyl]aminomethane), and a combination (THAM and hyperventilation) therapy in experimental fluid-percussion injury.
Brain lactate, brain pH, inorganic phosphate (Pi), and adenosine triphosphate levels were measured by 1H and 31P MR spectroscopy. Arterial and cerebrovenous lactate and water content in brain tissue was determined in 29 cats using the specific gravimetric technique. Following injury, the phosphocreatine (PCr)/Pi ratio, which is an index of cerebral energy depletion, decreased to 76% in four untreated animals, to 79% in 11 THAM-treated animals, to 68% in seven animals receiving hyperventilation, and to 66% in seven animals with combination THAM and hyperventilation therapy. The PCr/Pi ratio returned to a normal level in 8 hours in animals treated with THAM and THAM in combination with hyperventilation. The brain lactate index increased to 157% in the hyperventilation group after trauma. In cats receiving THAM plus hyperventilation, the brain lactate index was reduced to 142%, while the minimum rise of 126% was associated with treatment of THAM alone. In the THAM-treatment and combination-treatment groups, the water content of the white and gray matter was significantly decreased compared with that in untreated cat brains.
Prolonged hyperventilation provided relative ischemia in brain tissue and promoted more production of brain lactate, no recovery of the PCr/Pi ratio, and no decrease in brain edema. On the other hand, administration of THAM decreased production of brain lactate and brain edema and promoted the recovery of cerebral energy dysfunction. It was found that THAM ameliorates the deleterious effects of hyperventilation by minimizing energy disturbance and that it also decreases brain edema. The authors conclude that THAM may be effective in reducing brain tissue acidosis and helpful as a metabolic stabilizing agent following severe head injury.
Multiple adenomas of the human pituitary
Authors: Kontogeorgos George , Kovacs Kalman , Horvath Eva , Scheithauer Bernd W. 
Published: May 2009

✓ In a review of autopsy material from two centers, 20 pituitary glands were found containing multiple adenomas. In total, 44 adenomas were identified histologically; 16 glands contained double tumors and in four glands triple adenomas were found. Size was measured in 30 tumors, all of which were microadenomas. Thirty-four adenomas were located in the lateral wings and 10 lay in the median wedge. Forty-one tumors were chromophobic and three were basophilic. Immunocytochemical analysis of the 44 tumors demonstrated the presence of prolactin in 11, adrenocorticotropic hormone in three, growth hormone in one, and α-subunit as well as follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in one.
Of the 20 patients studied, there were 11 men and nine women, with an average age of 69 years. All patients died from various nonendocrine causes. With the exception of one patient who appeared mildly acromegalic, no correlation was observed between pituitary morphology and clinical data. This study found a 10.4% frequency of adenomas in pituitaries studied randomly at autopsy. Multiple tumors were encountered in 0.9% of cases. Despite its low frequency, adenoma multiplicity may underlie surgical failure in cases in which one adenoma is removed and the other is left behind.
Spontaneous neuronal hyperactivity in the medial and intralaminar thalamic nuclei of patients with deafferentation pain
Authors: Rinaldi Patricia C. , Young Ronald F. , Albe-Fessard Denise , Chodakiewitz Jacob 
Published: May 2009

✓Electrical activity was recorded from single cells in the thalamus of 10 patients with chronic pain associated with deafferentation. Under local anesthesia, these patients underwent either electrode implantation or thalamotomy for treatment of their pain. In eight of the 10 patients, single units were identified as discharging spontaneously in high-frequency, often rhythmic, bursts. The discharges were of two types: short bursts comprised of two to six spikes with a burst frequency of one to four per second; and long trains of 30 to 80 spikes of similar frequency. Reconstruction of electrode trajectories indicated that recordings were made from the region corresponding to the lateral aspect of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, the central lateral nucleus, a small part of the central median nucleus, and the parafascicular nucleus. In the eight patients in whom spontaneous neuronal burst activity was exhibited, it was impossible to study activity evoked by natural cutaneous stimulation due to the continuous spontaneous neuronal discharges.
Both animal and human studies have suggested that pain related to deafferentation is accompanied by spontaneous hyperactivity in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and in the ventral posterior thalamic nuclei. The authors present evidence of spontaneous neuronal hyperactivity in the intralaminar thalamic nuclei of patients with pain related to deafferentation. The findings suggest that spontaneous neuronal discharge in patients with pain related to deafferentation is more widespread in the central nervous system than has been previously appreciated. The results have important implications for the surgical treatment of chronic pain.
Gangliosides: the relevance of current research to neurosurgery
Authors: Rodden Frank A. , Wiegandt Herbert , Bauer Bernard L. 
Published: May 2009

✓ Gangliosides are complex glycolipids found on the outer surface of most cell membranes: they are particularly concentrated in tissues of the nervous system. Gangliosides form part of the immunological identity of mammalian cells and are involved in a variety of cell-surface phenomena such as cell-substrate binding and receptor functions. In tumorous tissue, the ganglioside composition is altered, sometimes in direct proportion to the degree of malignancy. The literature on the glycosphingolipid composition and immunology of intracranial tumors is reviewed.
Some gangliosides induce neuritogenesis and exhibit a trophic effect on nerve cells grown in vitro. In vivo, a particular ganglioside, GM1, reduces cerebral edema and accelerates recovery from injury (traumatic and ischemic) to the peripheral and central nervous systems of laboratory animals. Preliminary clinical studies have shown that treatment with gangliosides may have corresponding effects on lesions of the human peripheral nervous system. Gangliosides have not been tested in human subjects with brain injury.
Postoperative radiotherapy in the management of spinal cord ependymoma
Authors: Whitaker Stephen J. , Bessell Eric M. , Ashley Sue E. , Bloom H. J. G. , Bell B. Anthony , Brada Michael 
Published: May 2009

✓ Fifty-eight patients with histologically verified spinal cord ependymomas were treated at the Royal Marsden Hospital and Atkinson Morley's Hospital between 1950 and 1987. The median age in this series was 40 years (range 1 to 79 years) and the male:female ratio was 1.8:1. Ten patients had tumors in the cervical cord and 10 in the thoracic cord; 14 tumors involved the conus medullaris and 24 the cauda equina. Forty ependymomas were grade 1 and 13 were grades II to IV (in five patients there was insufficient material for grading). Eleven patients underwent biopsy only, 33 had partial or subtotal resection, and 14 had complete resection. Forty-three patients received postoperative radiotherapy. The median follow-up period was 70 months (range 3 to 408 months). Cause-specific survival rates were 74% and 68% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. On univariate analysis, age, histological grade, postoperative neurological function, and era of treatment were significant prognostic factors for survival. The histological grade was the only significant independent prognostic factor. The relative risk of death from ependymoma was 9.0 for patients with tumor grades II to IV compared to grade I (p < 0.005, 95% confidence interval 2.7 to 30).
The survival rates of patients following complete excision were significantly better compared to those after incomplete surgery (p < 0.025). The majority of completely resected neoplasms were low-grade cauda equina tumors. Despite incomplete surgery. 5- and 10-year progression-free survival rates following radical radiotherapy were both 59%, and cause-specific survival rates were 69% at 5 years and 62% at 10 years. This suggests that radiotherapy may achieve long-term tumor control in over half of those patients with residual spinal ependymoma.
Altered gastric emptying in the head-injured patient: relationship to feeding intolerance
Authors: Ott Linda , Young Byron , Phillips Reneé , McClain Craig , Adams Linas , Dempsey Robert , Tibbs Phillip , Ryo U. Yun 
Published: May 2009

✓ Most patients with moderate to severe head injury initially do not tolerate enteral feedings postinjury. This intolerance is more prolonged than that found in patients suffering other types of trauma. The authors prospectively evaluated 12 patients with moderate to severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score between 4 and 10) throughout their hospitalization for liquid gastric emptying as a possible mechanism for intolerance to enteral feeding. During Week 1, the majority of patients displayed a delay in gastric emptying. Patients also displayed an abnormal biphasic response (gastric emptying faster than normal during the early stage but prolonged later). By Week 2, many patients still had delayed and abnormal biphasic responses to gastric emptying. By Week 3, an improvement was observed with the majority of patients exhibiting rapid gastric emptying, but delays and abnormal biphasic responses were still seen. Patients who initially had rapid or normal gastric emptying tolerated full-strength full-rate feedings significantly earlier compared with those who experienced delayed gastric emptying (8.5 ± 0.5 days vs. 13.7 ± 3.2 days, p < 0.001). All patients tolerated full-strength full-rate feedings by Day 16 postinjury (range 7 to 16 days) except the two patients who displayed delayed gastric emptying for prolonged periods of time (mean 25 days).
This is the first study to longitudinally evaluate gastric emptying following head injury. The authors suggest that patients with moderate to severe head injury often experience alterations in gastric emptying which may affect their ability to tolerate enteral feedings.
Unilateral facetectomy approach for lateral lumbar disc herniation
Authors: Garrido Eddy , Connaughton P. Noel 
Published: May 2009

✓ Forty-one patients with herniated lumbar discs in a lateral location underwent unilateral complete facetectomy for removal of their disc herniation. The diagnosis was made by computerized tomography in all patients. The follow-up period varied between 4 and 60 months, with an average of 22.4 months. All patients underwent dynamic lumbar spine x-ray films with flexion and extension exposures at various times during their follow-up period.
The results were excellent in 35 patients, good in three, and poor in three. One patient suffered spinal instability postoperatively and required lumbar fusion because of back pain. Unilateral facetectomy gives an excellent view of the affected nerve root and the herniated disc, and the risk of spinal instability is very low.