bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘Eastern Enlargements’ of the European Union
Authors: Inotai András 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Globalization, repeatedly postponed EU reforms, the substantial need for restructuring within member countries, and the corning waves of ‘Eastern’ enlargement — all of these factors point to the urgent need for a new approach. This chapter is divided into two main parts. First, some common characteristics of the candidate countries are summarized in order to understand the driving force, expectations, and dilemmas connected with their accession to the EU. Secondly, selected strategic issues in preparing for the implementation of Europe's ‘project of the century’ are addressed from the viewpoint of both the EU and, more particularly, the candidate countries.
The Evolution and Application of EU Membership Conditionality
Authors: Smith Karen E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter analyses the evolution of EU membership conditionality and its application vis-à-vis the applicant countries, that is: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Turkey. It examines why these countries have been subjected to tougher membership conditions than previous applicants, and how the EU has used membership conditionality to try to influence their domestic and foreign policies. The chapter also argues that the consistent application of its membership conditions could provide the EU with a more justifiable way to judge present, and future, applicant countries than other criteria such as cultural affinity, geographical proximity, or geo-strategic calculations.
The Definition of Standards of Review
Authors: Oesch Matthias 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter describes the notion of standard of review in the WTO context and sets the general framework of definition which is followed throughout this book. Section I presents a conceptual definition of standards of review. Section II explains the spectrum between de novo review and ‘total deference’. Section III turns to the principal distinction between issues of facts and issues of law. This dichotomy is traditionally adopted in domestic judicial systems and is equally followed in WTO dispute resolution. The characteristics of the basic categories of facts and law are outlined, as well as the additional categories of domestic law and international (other than WTO) law. The WTO dispute settlement procedures contain another standard-of-review issue, namely that of Appellate Body review of panel reports. Section IV introduces this standard of review.
GATT 1947 and the Uruguay Round Negotiations
Authors: Oesch Matthias 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe notion of standard of review, and thus a somehow limited panel review of allegedly inconsistent measures and practices at the domestic level, developed under the GATT 1947. This going hand-in-hand with the process of juridification of dispute resolution, panels found themselves increasingly in a position to elaborate on the appropriate standards of review applicable in a specific case. This chapter expounds standards of review as developed during the GATT 1947 years and traces the Uruguay Round negotiations in this regard. It then discusses developments in the official rule-making process, as regards new proposals and revisions, since the creation of the WTO.
The War
Authors: Stolleis Michael 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The assassination of the successor to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in Sarajevo was the spark that lit a powder keg long since filled to overflowing. Within a month, the assassination in the Balkans had exploded into a global conflict. The fact that the constitution was circumvented in a number of ways during the internal events that led to the German decision to go to war was hardly noticed by contemporaries. Yet this emotional curve quickly plummeted as the war progressed and the initial belief in a swift victory had been dashed. After that the realization prevailed that the war could no longer be won and it was necessary to bring it to an end. So, the Germans had to survive and absorb psychologically an armistice along with revolution and the transition to a new form of government at home.
Quarrel over Methods and the Crisis of the State
Authors: Stolleis Michael 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The study of the years between the end of the Empire and the end of the Republic is usually guided by the conventional constitutional dates. True enough, the ‘Weimar period’ began on 9 November 1918, or with the constitution of 11 August 1919, and it ended on 30 January 1933. But the point is that there was no one-way street that led inexorably to National Socialism. The ‘calamity’ toward which everything seems to be heading in the eyes of later generations is something that most contemporaries were not aware of, and certainly in a different way from today. It was easy to forget that the intellectual debates in the Weimar Republic were carried on against an open horizon, where the flames of the holocaust were not glowing. While it is no longer possible to reconstruct that openness, one can reflect on it as a methodological problem.
Making Sense of the Human Rights Act
Authors: Gearty Conor 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis book sets out an argument for an interpretation of the United Kingdom's Human Rights Act. The reading of the Act proposed here is rooted in principle while being constitutionally coherent at the same time. It argues that the leading decisions under the Act are largely supportive of the book's thesis. It approaches the Human Rights Act in a way which locates it in its political and legal context and explains its basis in three principles common to European and British legal culture: the principles of civil liberties, legality, and human dignity.
From cognition to action
Authors: Jäncke Lutz 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter discusses recent studies exploring the relationship between general cognitions and musical skills in musicians and non-musicians. It shows that there are intimate links between musical ability and various cognitions including perception, sight-reading, memory, action planning and organizing, attention, and visuospatial functions. It also discusses whether music might have an impact on the development of intellectual functions.
The nature of memory for music performance skills
Authors: Palmer Caroline 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMusic performance can be depicted as a cognitive skill with large memory demands, or as a motor skill with large physical execution demands. This chapter discusses the nature of memory for the motor aspects of music performance, focusing on the domain of piano performance. It suggests that performers' hand and finger movements, as well as conceptual intentions, are encoded in memory for performance. The transfer of performance skills from one musical task to another is also examined. Skilled performers show more transfer of learning across melodies that require different motor movements, suggesting that they were able to generalize beyond the particular finger sequence learned.
The neurophysiology of focal hand dystonia in musicians
Authors: Rosenkranz Karin 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses the neurophysiology of focal hand dystonia in musicians. Studies of focal hand dystonia reveal abnormalities in three main areas: (1) reduced excitability of inhibitory connections at all levels (spinal, brainstem, and cortical) of the motor system; (2) reduced sensory perception and integration; and (3) impaired sensorimotor organization/integration. It also presents the results of a study describing neurophysiological differences between writer's cramp and musician's dystonia and discusses the implications of these findings for the pathophysiology of these two forms of focal hand dystonia.
Jurisprudence and the Nature of Law
Authors: Simmonds N.E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
It is often assumed that inquiry into the nature of law is quite different from inquiry into the nature of justice, for law is taken to be an observable social phenomenon while justice is an ideal standard. But it is also possible that the idea of law represents a moral ideal towards which the practices of law are oriented. In this way, legal thought may be guided by the idea of law. Similarly, although justice is an ideal standard, it must find some expression in our practices if it is to be more than an empty figment. Law, like justice, is realised in fallible social practices, and that fact is compatible with its status as a moral idea.
Mental timing and the central attentional bottleneck
Authors: Ruthruff Eric , Pashler Harold 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter evaluates the mental time estimation hypothesis which proposes that timing might be subject to a discrete central attentional bottleneck and timing cannot take place until certain operations have finished. The chapter reviews the evidence for a central attentional bottleneck and discusses its relevance to the study of timing under conditions of divided attention. The findings refute the suggestion that timing is wholly subject to the same discrete central bottleneck as other types of effortful mental processes.
PhyLAT: a phylogenetic local alignment tool
Authors: Sun Hongtao , Buhler Jeremy D. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Motivation: The expansion of DNA sequencing capacity has enabled the sequencing of whole genomes from a number of related species. These genomes can be combined in a multiple alignment that provides useful information about the evolutionary history at each genomic locus. One area in which evolutionary information can productively be exploited is in aligning a new sequence to a database of existing, aligned genomes. However, existing high-throughput alignment tools are not designed to work effectively with multiple genome alignments.
Results: We introduce PhyLAT, the phylogenetic local alignment tool, to compute local alignments of a query sequence against a fixed multiple-genome alignment of closely related species. PhyLAT uses a known phylogenetic tree on the species in the multiple alignment to improve the quality of its computed alignments while also estimating the placement of the query on this tree. It combines a probabilistic approach to alignment with seeding and expansion heuristics to accelerate discovery of significant alignments. We provide evidence, using alignments of human chromosome 22 against a five-species alignment from the UCSC Genome Browser database, that PhyLAT's alignments are more accurate than those of other commonly used programs, including BLAST, POY, MAFFT, MUSCLE and CLUSTAL. PhyLAT also identifies more alignments in coding DNA than does pairwise alignment alone. Finally, our tool determines the evolutionary relationship of query sequences to the database more accurately than do POY, RAxML, EPA or pplacer.
Availability: www.cse.wustl.edu/~htsun/phylat
Contact: sunhongtao@wustl.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Estimating the order of mutations during tumorigenesis from tumor genome sequencing data
Authors: Youn Ahrim , Simon Richard 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Tumors are thought to develop and evolve through a sequence of genetic and epigenetic somatic alterations to progenitor cells. Early stages of human tumorigenesis are hidden from view. Here, we develop a method for inferring some aspects of the order of mutational events during tumorigenesis based on genome sequencing data for a set of tumors. This method does not assume that the sequence of driver alterations is the same for each tumor, but enables the degree of similarity or difference in the sequence to be evaluated.
Results: To evaluate the new method, we applied it to colon cancer tumor sequencing data and the results are consistent with the multi-step tumorigenesis model previously developed based on comparing stages of cancer. We then applied the new method to DNA sequencing data for a set of lung cancers. The model may be a useful tool for better understanding the process of tumorigenesis.
Availability: The software is available at: http://linus.nci.nih.gov/Data/YounA/OrderMutation.zip
Contact: rsimon@mail.nih.gov
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
CRNreals: a toolbox for distinguishability and identifiability analysis of biochemical reaction networks
Authors: Szederkényi Gábor , Banga Julio R. , Alonso Antonio A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Summary: Chemical reaction network theory is widely used in modeling and analyzing complex biochemical systems such as metabolic networks and cell signalling pathways. Being able to produce all the biologically and chemically important qualitative dynamical features, chemical reaction networks (CRNs) have attracted significant attention in the systems biology community. It is well-known that the reliable inference of CRN models generally requires thorough identifiability and distinguishability analysis together with carefully selected prior modeling assumptions. Here, we present a software toolbox CRNreals that supports the distinguishability and identifiability analysis of CRN models using recently published optimization-based procedures.
Availability and implementation: The CRNreals toolbox and the associated documentation are available at http://www.iim.csic.es/~gingproc/CRNreals/. The toolbox runs under the popular MATLAB computational environment and supports several free and commercial linear programming and mixed integer linear programming solvers.
Contact: szeder@scl.sztaki.hu
Auxin Activates the Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase by Phosphorylation during Hypocotyl Elongation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Takahashi Koji , Hayashi Ken-ichiro , Kinoshita Toshinori 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The phytohormone auxin is a major regulator of diverse aspects of plant growth and development. The ubiquitin-ligase complex SCFTIR1/AFB (for Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein), which includes the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (TIR1/AFB) auxin receptor family, has recently been demonstrated to be critical for auxin-mediated transcriptional regulation. Early-phase auxin-induced hypocotyl elongation, on the other hand, has long been explained by the acid-growth theory, for which proton extrusion by the plasma membrane H+-ATPase is a functional prerequisite. However, the mechanism by which auxin mediates H+-ATPase activation has yet to be elucidated. Here, we present direct evidence for H+-ATPase activation in etiolated hypocotyls of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by auxin through phosphorylation of the penultimate threonine during early-phase hypocotyl elongation. Application of the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to endogenous auxin-depleted hypocotyl sections induced phosphorylation of the penultimate threonine of the H+-ATPase and increased H+-ATPase activity without altering the amount of the enzyme. Changes in both the phosphorylation level of H+-ATPase and IAA-induced elongation were similarly concentration dependent. Furthermore, IAA-induced H+-ATPase phosphorylation occurred in a tir1-1 afb2-3 double mutant, which is severely defective in auxin-mediated transcriptional regulation. In addition, α-(phenylethyl-2-one)-IAA, the auxin antagonist specific for the nuclear auxin receptor TIR1/AFBs, had no effect on IAA-induced H+-ATPase phosphorylation. These results suggest that the TIR1/AFB auxin receptor family is not involved in auxin-induced H+-ATPase phosphorylation. Our results define the activation mechanism of H+-ATPase by auxin during early-phase hypocotyl elongation; this is the long-sought-after mechanism that is central to the acid-growth theory.
Market orientation and marketing management of traditional food producers in the EU
Authors: Gellynck Xavier , Banterle Alessandro , Kühne Bianka , Carraresi Laura , Stranieri Stefanella 
Published: April 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the market orientation and the marketing management capabilities of SMEs that produce traditional food products, by identifying their critical points in marketing activities.Design/methodology/approachThe theoretical framework of this analysis relates to market orientation approach. Marketing management capability was evaluated through a questionnaire using proxies to study the different stages of marketing management. The survey involved 150 firms of which 118 are SMEs producing traditional food products, located in Hungary, Belgium, and Italy. The data were collected by a self‐administered internet survey and were analysed using multivariate analyses.FindingsCluster analysis resulted in four clusters with different marketing management capabilities. Most of the SMEs in the sample lack marketing management capabilities, even if a considerable proportion of the firms considered report good marketing capabilities that lead to a market orientation. The weakest step of market orientation is the dissemination of generated intelligence. Indeed, SMEs lack marketing organisational activities, namely in planning and implementation of marketing strategy. Moreover, SMEs with better performance check that their objectives are reached but do not compare their strategy with that of competitors. Hence, they could miss opportunities to keep up to date with market development.Originality/valueThis paper provides interesting insights about the marketing capabilities of food SMEs, which usually find it difficult to stay in the market beside large firms. Moreover, there are not many contributions in the literature about the application of market orientation approach on traditional food producers.
From farm to fork
Authors: O'Donovan Ivor , Quinlan Tony , Barry Tony 
Published: April 2012

PurposeThis paper seeks to explore the attitudes and behaviour of the hospitality sector, in the south east of Ireland, with regard to direct selling relationships with primary food suppliers. The paper also presents the motivations and challenges for hospitality practitioners in developing and maintaining direct relationships with primary suppliers.Design/methodology/approachIn order to enable the collection of information about both behaviour and attitudes in regard to direct supply relationships, a multi‐stage survey approach is used. This involves a questionnaire followed by a structured focus group; this dual approach seeks to provide opportunity for a richer dataset and also enables some triangulation of data so as to optimise the validity and reliability of the study.FindingsThe paper gives an initial picture of the level and types of supply relationships in the hospitality sector and makes clear that there is scope for a more strategic approach to supply chain management across the sector. The evidence from this study gives support to the assertion that there are strong social, economic, organisational and market rationales for a more concerted effort to promote higher levels of direct supply chain relationships in the hospitality sector.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is exploratory in nature and uses a relatively small sample to identify the benefits and challenges.Practical implicationsThe study aims to provide guidance and recommendations for industry stakeholders as to the benefits of direct supply relationships.Originality/valueThis study is the first of its type to look at the practice and attitudes of hospitality providers towards direct supply relationships with primary food suppliers.
Potential Vietnamese consumers' perceptions of organic foods
Authors: Truong Thien T. , Yap Matthew H.T. , Ineson Elizabeth M. 
Published: April 2012

PurposeThis paper aims to identify and analyse potential Vietnamese consumers' perceptions of organic foods.Design/methodology/approachA deductive approach of reasoning was employed to address the positivism research philosophy through the survey research strategy. Quantitative data were collected from 264 potential Vietnamese consumers through a self‐administered structured questionnaire and analysed using frequencies, descriptive statistics, chi squared test, principal components analysis, t‐tests and a Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test.FindingsPotential Vietnamese consumers' willingness to purchase organic foods was linked positively to health and safety whilst the females appreciated their nutritional value. Environmental and sustainability concerns did not influence purchasing decisions. Because of their perceived superior quality, potential Vietnamese consumers were not price sensitive towards organic foods.Research limitations/implicationsThis study lacks the qualitative depth and the employment of quota sampling technique to select respondents may impact external validity.Practical implicationsThe findings can benefit organic foods sellers and retailers in developing appropriate sales and marketing strategies by differentiating between organic foods and conventional foods to target and attract potential Vietnamese consumers, and to expand the existing organic foods market in Vietnam.Originality/valueThe present paper supplements the knowledge gap by identifying and analysing potential Vietnamese consumers' perceptions of organic foods in order to assist organic foods sellers and retailers to understand potential Vietnamese consumers and expand their organic foods market in Vietnam.
Higher education in non‐standard wage contracts
Authors: Rosti Luisa , Chelli Francesco 
Published: April 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to verify whether higher education increases the likelihood of young Italian workers moving from non‐standard to standard wage contracts.Design/methodology/approachThe authors exploit a data set on labour market flows, produced by the Italian National Statistical Office, by interviewing about 85,000 graduate and non‐graduate individuals aged 15‐29 in transition between five labour market states: standard wage employment; non‐standard wage employment; self‐employment; unemployment; inactivity. From these data, an average six‐year transition matrix was constructed whose coefficients can be interpreted as probabilities of moving from one state to another over time.FindingsAs the authors find evidence for the so‐called stepping stone hypothesis (that is, a higher probability of moving to a permanent job for individuals starting from a temporary job), the authors expect graduates to be more likely to pass from non‐standard to standard wage contracts than non‐graduates, because the signalling effect of education is enhanced by the stepping stone effect of non‐standard wage contracts. Nevertheless, the authors find that non‐standard wage contracts of graduates are more likely to be terminated as bad job/worker matches.Originality/valueThis paper adds to the empirical literature on the probability of young workers moving from non‐standard wage contracts to a permanent job. By separating graduates from non‐graduates, it was found that education reduces the likelihood of passing from non‐standard to standard wage contracts. The authors interpret this result as evidence of the changing labour market that makes it more difficult to infer the productivity of graduates as opposed to non‐graduates.