bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mammographic Screening for Breast Cancer: 2010
Authors: Margolies Laurie 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecently, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines concerning analog screening mammography were revised. Despite the breast cancer death rate falling by 30% since 1990 and mammography receiving the lion's share of credit for the decrease, the USPSTF no longer advises routine screening mammography for women aged 40–49. Biennial screening is advised for those aged 50–74. The USPSTF did not make a recommendation regarding screening those aged ≥ 75. The recommendations do not cover digital mammography. It is necessary for primary care providers to understand the data so they can assist patients making decisions about breast cancer screening. Mt Sinai J Med 77:398–404, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Perestroika in Pharma: Evolution or Revolution in Drug Development?
Authors: FitzGerald Garret A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNew‐drug approvals have remained roughly constant since 1950, while the cost of drug development has soared. It seems likely that a more modular approach to drug discovery and development will evolve, deriving some features from the not‐for‐profit sector. For this to occur, we must address the deficit in human capital with expertise in both translational medicine and therapeutics and also in regulatory science; utilize regulatory reform to incentivize innovation and the expansion of the precompetitive space; and develop an informatics infrastructure that permits the global, secure, and compliant sharing of heterogeneous data across academic and industry sectors. These developments, likely prompted by the perception of crisis rather than opportunity, will require linked initiatives among academia, the pharmaceutical industry, the US National Institutes of Health, and the US Food and Drug Administration, along with a more adventurous role for venture capital. A failure to respond threatens the United States' lead in biomedical science and in the development and regulation of novel therapeutics. Mt Sinai J Med 77:327–332, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Drug‐Based Therapies for Vascular Disease in Marfan Syndrome: From Mouse Models to Human Patients
Authors: Cook Jason R. , Nistala Harikiran , Ramirez Francesco 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMarfan syndrome is a congenital disorder of the connective tissue with a long history of clinical and basic science breakthroughs that have forged our understanding of vascular‐disease pathogenesis. The biomedical importance of Marfan syndrome was recently underscored by the discovery that the underlying genetic lesion impairs both tissue integrity and transforming growth factor‐β regulation of cell behavior. This discovery has led to the successful implementation of the first pharmacological intervention in a connective‐tissue disorder otherwise incurable by either gene‐based or stem cell–based therapeutic strategies. More generally, information gathered from the study of Marfan syndrome pathogenesis has the potential to improve the clinical management of common acquired disorders of connective‐tissue degeneration. Mt Sinai J Med 77:366–373, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Zukunftsfeld Festkörperelektrochemie
Authors: Janek Jürgen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSensoren, Brennstoffzellen, Lithiumakkus, Membranen – es gibt wenige Forschungsgebiete der Chemie, die derart stark von technischen Entwicklungen getrieben sind wie die Elektrochemie fester Stoffe. Was sind die Grundlagen dieses Tummelbeckens von Chemikern, Materialwissenschaftlern und Physikern? Welche Entwicklungen sind absehbar und welche Fragen sind bisher unbeantwortet?
Fluoreszenzmikroskopie sieht chemisch scharf
Authors: Hell Stefan W. , Kastrup Lars 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObwohl das Stimulated‐Emission‐Depletion (STED)‐Fluoreszenzmikroskop Licht auf herkömmliche Weise fokussiert, ist die Auflösung nicht durch Beugung begrenzt und kann prinzipiell molekulare Dimensionen erreichen. Die zugrunde liegende Idee gilt für alle reversibel schaltbaren optischen Übergänge eines Markermoleküls. So wäre die Beugungsgrenze für optisches Abbilden und Strukturieren überwunden.
Literatursuche im Heuhaufen
Authors: Schneider Hans‐Jörg 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWie weit tragen die meist vollmundigen Versprechungen von Recherchewerkzeugen wie Web of Science, Scopus, Ebsco und Google Scholar? Welche Mängel können hinter den eindrucksvollen technischen Abläufen verborgen sein?
Fungizide gegen Kartoffelfäule und Falschen Mehltau – die nächste Generation
Authors: Lamberth Clemens 
Published: July 2010

AbstractZunehmende Resistenzen, auslaufender Patentschutz und Umweltdiskussionen bei Re‐Registrierungen, die vor allem auf älteren Präparaten lasten, stimulieren die Suche nach Fungiziden mit neuen Wirkmechanismen weiter. Gegen Algenpilze – sie lösen verheerende Pflanzenkrankheiten in Acker‐ und Weinbau aus – sind mittlerweile effiziente Wirkstoffe auf dem Markt, die eine neue Phase der Schädlingsbekämpfung einläuten.
Die ersten einhundert Tage der GDCh‐Riester‐Rente
Authors: Farhadi Hassan , Schultheiß‐Reimann Petra 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBeispiele aus der Praxis zeigen dabei die vielfältigen Möglichkeiten zur Altersvorsorgeberatung auf; für Studenten, Berufseinsteiger, erfahrene Chemikerinnen, Chemiker und ihre Angehörigen.
Senior Expert Chemists: Die ersten Projekte starten
Authors: Bengs Holger 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDer Anstoß war am 19. Oktober 2006 als sich Frankfurt fast 300 GDCh‐Seniorinnen und ‐Senioren trafen. Jetzt rollt der Ball. Alle sechs SEC‐Arbeitskreise trafen sich inzwischen in Frankfurt. Die ersten Projekte wurden gestartet.
Photovoltaic properties of the polymer solar cells comprising crosslinked maleimide polymers and fullerene‐derivative PCBM
Authors: Lee Rong‐Ho , Syu Jhih‐Yang , Huang Jian‐Lun 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of crosslinkable maleimide conjugated polymers with different vinyl group contents as side‐chain crosslinking sites have been synthesized by the Suzuki coupling reaction. Polymer solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated based on an interpenetrating network of the crosslinkable maleimide polymers as the electron donor, and a fullerene derivative, (6,6)‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), as the electron acceptor. The crosslinkable maleimide polymers underwent crosslinking reaction at the side‐chain vinyl groups upon the thermal treatment with or without the addition of initiator, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). Better photovoltaic (PV) performances were obtained for the PSCs based on the polymer crosslinking without using initiator, whereas poorer PV performances were observed for the PSCs based on the polymer crosslinking with the AIBN initiator. In addition, higher operational stability was observed for the crosslinked polymer based solar cell as compared to the solar cell based on the un‐crosslinked polymer. The photo‐physical and PV properties of the cross‐linked maleimide polymers/PCBM based PSCs are discussed in detail as the morphology and crosslinking density of the polymers are taken into account. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal design of electrode grids dimensions for ITO‐free organic photovoltaic devices
Authors: Cheknane Ali 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe aim of this work is to present an optimized model of metallic micro‐grid used as anode electrode in organic photovoltaic devices excluding the use of expensive ITO (Indium Tin Oxide). A design of circular grid, adapted for silcon‐based solar cells, is proposed here. A clear advantage of using the grid as opposed to ITO is the elimination of the absorptive losses the ITO adds to the structure. In order to optimize the collecting grid dimensions one must choose a compromise between the resistive losses, represented by the series resistance Rs, and the shadowing loss. Therefore, in order to find the best geometry of the grid, a comparative study has been done between the linear geometry and the circular one. Our results show clearly that the efficiency is enhanced when using the circular geometry. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining laser chemical processing and aerosol jet printing: a laboratory scale feasibility study
Authors: Drew Kristine , Hopman Sybille , Hörteis Matthias , Glunz Stefan W. , Granek Filip 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFirst results showing the viability of combining laser chemical processing (LCP) and aerosol jet printing (AJP) technologies to produce a high‐efficiency front side for silicon solar cells are presented. LCP simultaneously opens the anti‐reflection coating (ARC) and highly dopes the underlying silicon to create a selective emitter, while AJP is the first in a two‐step fine‐line contact formation procedure. The electrical properties as well as the morphology of the resulting structures are presented. Performance similar to that achieved with evaporated TiPdAg metallization is demonstrated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐site characterisation and energy efficiency of grid‐connected PV inverters
Authors: Muñoz J. , Martínez‐Moreno F. , Lorenzo E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe size of inverters in large grid‐connected photovoltaic (PV) systems is increasing. At present, the largest installed inverters have nominal powers of several hundreds of kW, which makes their characterisation in the laboratory difficult. As an alternative, on‐site characterisation requires only measurement equipment and has the advantage that the inverter is tested in its own PV system under real operating conditions. This paper describes an on‐site testing procedure for assessing the power efficiency of an inverter and the results obtained for 13 inverters with nominal powers between 3.3 and 350 kW. The inverters were tested in PV grid‐connected systems whose aggregate power capacity is nearly 150 MW. The energy efficiency of the inverters tested was also calculated yearly, and the results were compared with both European and Californian energy efficiency parameters, which are widely used in the current PV market. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvolyses of 4‐methylbenzenediazonium ions in trifluoroethanol/water mixtures: Effects of [TFE], acidity and temperature on the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction
Authors: Fernández‐Alonso Alejandra , Bravo‐Díaz Carlos 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe studied the solvolyses of 4‐methylbenzenediazonium (4MBD) ions in 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol (TFE) – water mixtures by employing a combination of spectrometric (UV–VIS) and chromatographic (high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)) techniques. HPLC analyses of the reaction mixtures show that very small amounts (<8%) of the reduction product toluene, ArH, are obtained, suggesting that the reaction occurs primarily through a heterolytic mechanism. Kinetic results show that kobs values do not change significantly on changing solvent composition, which means that nucleophilic attack by solvent is not involved in the rate‐limiting step of the reaction. On lowering the acidity, both kobs values and product distributions remained basically unchanged, suggesting that diazo ethers do not form in TFE, in contrast with the behaviour found in alcohols such as MeOH, EtOH or BuOH. In these reactions, the results support the formation of diazo ethers, ArNNOR. To obtain additional evidence for the ionic mechanism, we determined the effect of temperature on kobs at different acidities and calculated the corresponding activation parameters. ΔH‡ values are high compared to those of bimolecular and radical reactions, and ΔS‡ values are small, but positive. The results are consistent with the traditional heterolytic DN + AN dediazoniation with a rate‐determining formation of a highly reactive aryl cation that traps any nucleophile available in its solvation shell. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CH bond activation of ethylene by bare neutral palladium and platinum atoms: a theoretical investigation
Authors: Li Tao Hong , Wang Chuan Ming , Xie Xiao Guang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reactions of bare neutral palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt) atoms with ethylene on both singlet and triplet surfaces were investigated at B3LYP and CCSD (T) levels of theory. The calculated potential energy profiles clearly show that Pt has higher reactivity than Pd toward ethylene. For both Pd and Pt, the reactions on singlet surfaces are energetically more favorable than those on triplet surfaces. However, notable barriers lie on the singlet and triplet surfaces for Pd +ethylene. This result rationalizes the experimental observation that Pd mainly forms π‐complex with ethylene. But under high‐energy condition, the reaction can proceed to yield dehydrogenation products, Pd‐CCH. and Pd (HCCH). For Pt, triplet‐singlet surface crossing was suggested to occur in the region where Pt forms π‐complex with ethylene to lead the reactions to the energetically more favorable singlet surfaces. For both the two metals, π‐complex and CH bond insertion species are the reaction intermediates and the H.‐elimination products are the final products. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A wide mechanistic spectrum observed in three different reactions with organometallic reagents
Authors: Rodríguez Cristian , Vázquez Alvaro Joaquin , Nudelman y Norma Sbarbati 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe halogen–lithium exchange reaction is of one of the most powerful method for the preparation of organolithium compounds, but its mechanism is still controversial. To afford some new elements, we synthesized a new suitable fast radical clock, bearing a phenyl group at the alkene C‐terminal. The examination of some mechanistic clues, as well as the identification of the unexpected by‐products allowed the conclusion that the reaction proceeds by a polar mechanism and no evidence for radicals were found. The second reaction discussed is the insertion of NO in the NLi bond of lithium amides. Evidence for the involving of paramagnetic and nitrosonium intermediates, as well as equilibria between different reactive species were essential for the proposal of a whole complex mechanism, which was confirmed by theoretical calculations. Finally, results on the addition of heteroaromatic organocuprates to α,β‐unsaturated substrates are presented. Several reaction conditions were looked for to lead the reaction toward the more interesting 1,4‐conjugated addition. Thus, addition of up to 6 equivalents of TMSCl to the reaction with arylcuprates leads to a clean addition yielding more than 95% of the 1,4‐addition product. A further objective of the paper is to show how the search of unexpected routes of reaction allowed developing original pathways to lead them toward the formation of appealing functionalized compounds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled cationic polymerization of styrene using AlCl3OBu2 as a coinitiator: Toward high molecular weight polystyrenes at elevated temperatures
Authors: Frolov Alexander N. , Kostjuk Sergei V. , Vasilenko Irina V. , Kaputsky Fyodor N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe controlled cationic polymerization of styrene using CumOH/AlCl3OBu2/Py initiating system in a mixture CH2Cl2/n‐hexane 60/40 v/v at −40 and −60 °C is reported. The number‐average molecular weights of the obtained polystyrenes increased with increasing monomer conversion (up to Mn = 85,000 g mol−1) although experimental values of Mn were higher than the theoretical ones at the beginning of the reaction that was ascribed to slow exchange between reversible‐terminated and propagating species. The molecular weight distribution became narrower through the reaction and leveled of at the value of Mw/Mn = 1.8–2.0. A kinetic investigation revealed that the rate of polymerization was first‐order in AlCl3OBu2 concentration meaning that monomeric counteranion (AlCl3OH− or AlCl) involved in the initiation and propagation steps of the reaction. It was also found that the rate of polymerization decreased with lowering temperature, which could be attributed to a decrease in concentration of free Lewis acid (AlCl3), the true coinitiator of polymerization, because of an increase in the tightness of its complex with dibutyl ether. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3736–3743, 2010
Development of reactive methacrylates based on glycidyl methacrylate
Authors: Karahan Ozlem , Aydin Kinyas , Edizer Seda , Odabasi Nihan , Avci Duygu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSix methacrylate monomers have been synthesized for use as reactive diluents in dental composites and evaluated to investigate the relationship between molecular structure and monomer reactivity. Four were synthesized by reactions of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with various acids, 2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)acetic acid (1), 2‐(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)acetic acid (2), cyanoacetic acid (3), and benzoic acid (4); others were synthesized by reactions of GMA with diethyl hydrogen phosphate (5) or methanol (6). Monomers 1 and 2 are novel, 3 seems to be novel, 4 and 6 were synthesized via a novel method, and the synthesis of 5 was described in the literature. The monomers showed high crosslinking tendencies during thermal bulk polymerizations. The photo‐, homo‐, and copolymerization behavior of the monomers with 2,2‐bis[4‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloyloxy)phenyl]propane (Bis‐GMA) were investigated. The maximum rate of polymerizations of monomers 2–6 was found to be greater than triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, Bis‐GMA, 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and glycerol dimethacrylate. For the more reactive monomers (2, 3, and 4), the oxygen sensitivity of polymerization was found to be low due to a hydrogen abstraction/chain transfer reaction. The computationally calculated dipole moment and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies indicated that there seems to be a correlation between these quantities and reactivity for ester linked monomers (1–5), which was also supported by 13C NMR data. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3787–3796, 2010
Investigation of thiol‐ene addition reaction on poly(isoprene) under UV irradiation: Synthesis of graft copolymers with “V”‐shaped side chains
Authors: Wang Guowei , Fan Xiaoshan , Huang Junlian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPoly(isoprene) (PI) with pendant functional groups was successfully synthesized by thiol‐ene addition reaction under 365 nm UV irradiation, and the functionalized PI was further modified and used to prepare graft copolymers with “V”‐shaped side chains. First, the pendant SCH2CH(OH)CH2OH groups were introduced to PI by thiol‐ene addition reaction between 1‐thioglycerol and double bonds, and the results showed that the addition reaction carried out only on double bonds of 1,2‐addition isoprene units. After the esterification of hydroxyl groups by 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide, the forming macroinitiator was used to initiate the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene (St) and tert‐butyl acrylate (tBA), and the graft copolymers PI‐g‐PS2 and PI‐g‐PtBA2 or PI‐g‐PAA2 (by hydrolysis of PI‐g‐PtBA2) were obtained, respectively. It was confirmed that the graft density of side chains on PI main chains could be easily controlled by variation of the contents of modified 1,2‐addition isoprene units on PI. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3797–3806, 2010
Cleavage of polystyrene‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymers with a trithiocarbonate linkage in solutions
Authors: Cao Min , Wang Jian‐Qi , Chen Peng‐Cheng , Xu Jun‐Ting , Fan Zhi‐Qiang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this work, the polystyrene‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PS‐b‐PEO) block copolymers with a trithiocarbonate group between the blocks were prepared by polymerization of styrene in the presence of a trithiocarbonate reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent connected with PEO. Decomposition of the trithiocarbonate group by UV irradiation was investigated in three different types of solvent: tetrahydrofuran (THF, common solvent for both blocks), cyclohexane/dioxane mixture (selective solvent for the PS block) and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF)/ethanol mixture (selective solvent for the PEO block). It is found that cleavage of the block copolymers can take place in all these three solvents and the cleavage ratio ranges from 76 to 86%. The micellar morphologies in selective solvents before and after cleavage were examined. It is observed that the size of the micelles is reduced after cleavage and sometimes aggregation of the micelles occurs due to removal of the corona of micelles. It shows that this work provides a facile and general method for synthesis of cleavable block copolymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3834–3840, 2010
Magnetic particle‐loaded polymer brushes induced by external magnetic field: A Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: ye Yisheng , Pan Zhengquan , Zhang Linxi , He Linli , Xia Agen , Liang Haojun 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of applied magnetic field on the system composed of polymer brushes and magnetic particles are studied by means of Monte Carlo simulation. The direction of the applied magnetic field is chosen to be perpendicular to the substrate plane. Polymer brushes and magnetic particles are attracted to each other. The average heights of polymer brushes depend not only on the strength of applied magnetic field (H) but also on the brush grafting density (σ) and the chain length (N). The applied magnetic field influences the arrangement of magnetic particles, and in turn, the arrangement of magnetic particles affects the spatial distribution of polymer brush monomers. When the strength of the magnetic field is increased, the average height of polymer brushes will be increased accordingly. The reason is that the orientations of the magnetic moments of particles must be along the magnetic field direction, and this leads polymer brushes to rearrange along the magnetic field direction. At the same time, the chain length and the grafting density of polymer brushes have also effects on the properties of the magnetic particles, such as the magnetic particles distribution, magnetic susceptibility, and pair correlation functions. Comparisons with the experimental ones are also made, and this investigation can provide some insights into statistical properties of magnetic particle‐loaded brushes induced by external magnetic field. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 1873–1881, 2010
Selective distribution, reinforcement, and toughening roles of MWCNTs in immiscible polypropylene/ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate blends
Authors: Liu Li , Wu Haiyan , Wang Yong , Wu Jun , Peng Ya , Xiang Fangming , Zhang Jihong 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolypropylene/ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate (PP/EVA) nanocomposites with functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (FMWCNTs) have been prepared. The dissolution experiment, transmission electronic microscope, and scanning electronic microscope characterizations prove that, in the nanocomposites with sea–island morphology, although some FMWCNTs are observed in both PP and EVA phases, most of FMWCNTs distribute at the interface; however, in the nanocomposites with cocontinuous morphology, FMWCNTs mainly distribute in EVA phase. Further results based on (differential scanning calorimetry) measurements show that the different dispersion states of FMWCNTs, which are resulted by the different melt blending sequences, result in the different crystallization behaviors of PP matrix. The mechanical measurements show that FMWCNTs exhibit apparent reinforcement and toughening effects for immiscible PP/EVA blends, and such effects are greatly dependent upon the blending sequences. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 1882–1892, 2010