bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Oxadiazon on Peanuts and Weeds1
Authors: Buchanan Gale A. , Backman Paul A. , Rodriguez-Kabana R. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4-(2, 4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)- Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] was applied alone as a preemergence treatment and in combination with dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) as a cracking-time treatment to peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). During the years 1970 to 1972 the experimental area was heavily infested with a mixed population of annual grass and broadleaf weeds. During the years 1973 to 1975, the predominant species present were sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.) and Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) D.C.]. Grass control was acceptable with 3.36 kg/ha of oxadiazon in 2 of the 3 years when benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-∝, ∝, ∝ -trifluoro-2, 6-dinitro-p-toluidine) was not included. Commercially acceptable control of Florida beggarweed and sicklepod occurred with application of 3.36 kg/ha of oxadiazon. Substantial control was obtained with an application of 1.68 kg/ha. Generally, the addition of 1.68 kg/ha dinoseb to oxadiazon resulted in slightly improved weed control, particularly at lower rates of oxadiazon. Oxadiazon at rates of 6.7 kg/ha or more was phytotoxic to peanuts during the early part of the growing season. This phytotoxicity generally did not result in lower peanut yields. However, treated plants were more compact.
Correlation of Volatile Components of Raw Peanuts With Flavor Score
Authors: Brown Mona L. , Wadsworth J. I. , Dupuy H. P. , Mozingo R. W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The direct gas chromatographic procedure for analysis of the volatiles of peanut butter and other food products was applied to raw peanuts. A glass liner packed with ground, raw peanuts was placed in the heated inlet of a gas chromatograph and allowed to remain in place while the volatiles distilled out of the sample onto the head of a cool column. The liner was then removed and temperature programming was begun. Raw, Virginia type peanuts from the 1974 and 1975 harvests were analyzed, and some gas chromatographic data were correlated with flavor scores of the roasted peanuts. Ethanol was the predominant volatile component, and it tended to increase as flavor quality decreased. The correlation coefficients, significant at the 1% level, between the flavor scores and the ratios of ethanol-to-methanol and ethanol-to-total volatiles were −0.87 and −0.88, respectively.
Air Flotation Velocities and Physical Properties of Peanuts and Foreign Materials
Authors: Blankenship Paul D. , Williams E. Jay 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Physical properties of size, thickness, length, specificgravity, and flotation velocity were determined for various separations of peanut pods, kernels, and foreign materials. Pods had overall thicknesses large enough to allow removal of an average of 22% of the raisins and 32% of the rocks from the pods by screening. More than 96% of the peanut vines, weed stalks, and taproots were over 1 in long. Rocks and soil clods has specific gravities 2 to 4 times greater than pods. Flotation velocities for all of the materials varied from 100 to 3000 ft/min with most of the materials having velocities of 1000 to 2700 ft/min.
Blanching of Peanut Kernels As Affected By Repeated Rewetting-Drying Cycles1
Authors: Farouk S. M. , Brusewitz G. H. , Paulsen M. R. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Shelled Spanish peanut kernels were subjected to repeated cycles of rewetting and drying at three levels of drying relative humidity (20%, 40% and 60%) and a single level of rewetting humidity (90%). Temperature was constant at 40 °C for all the experiments. Effects of relative humidity, number of rewetting-drying cycles, and the level of moisture content on the percentage of blanching were observed and analyzed. The number of rewetting-drying cycles, and the relative humidity of the drying air were found to be highly significant. Univariate models predicting blanching percentage as a function of the number of cycles of operation at fixed relative humidity levels, and bivariate model predicting blanching percentage as a function of drying relative humidity and number of cycles were fit to the experimental data. Skin moisture content and moisture history are suggested as important factors in peanut kernel blanching.
Internal Pericarp Color as a Subjective Maturity Index for Peanut Breeding1
Authors: Gilman D. F. , Smith O. D. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Fruit of 10 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes differing in botanical type and geographical source were evaluated to establish parameters for making reliable maturity determinations on the basis of internal pericarp color (IPC), and to compare the IPC, kernel density (KD) and arginine maturity index (AMI) methods of estimating peanut maturity.
Kernels from fruits with detectable, non-disease related internal pericarp darkening were significantly lower in density than kernels from fruits without internal pericarp darkening. No difference in density was detected between kernels from fruits differing in intensity of internal pericarp darkening. In general, two-seeded fruits with detectable non-disease related darkening in at least one orbital of the pericarp were mature, whereas fruits with no internal pericarp darkening were immature.
Mature fruit percentages were determined on sample sizes of 25, 50, 75, and 100 fruits. Although standard errors were consistently high for 25-fruit samples, means and standard errors were similar for sample sizes of 50, 75, and 100 fruits, indicating that estimates based on 50-fruit samples were reliable.
Post-harvest stability of IPC was evaluated from determinations made on five dates at 30-day intervals. IPC did not change sufficiently during the 120 day period to affect the maturity estimates.
Kernel samples classified as mature by the IPC method were significantly lower in density and free arginine content than kernels classified as immature. Correlations among maturity estimates using the IPC, KD and AMI methods were highly significant, with all coefficients exceeding 0.95.
The results indicate that peanut samples can be evaluated reliably for maturity by subjective classification of IPC. Maturity estimates on the basis of IPC were as effective as those determined using either the KD or AMI methods. The IPC method requires no sophisticated equipment and it is simple, rapid and nonsacrificial which makes it particularly useful in breeding programs involving large numbers of maturity determinations.
Reduction of Shelling-Plant Noise Caused By Impingement of Peanuts
Authors: Woodward John D. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Measurements in numerous peanut shelling plants revealed that the striking of metal surfaces by peanut pods and kernels was a major source of noise. Noise level was affected by thickness of metal and kinetic energy of peanuts (height of fall and flow rate of peanuts). Results from controlled tests showed that plant noise could be substantially reduced by use of modified handling techniques, by use of various damping treatments, and/or by enclosure of the noise sources.
Methyl Bromide Fumigation of Farmers Stock Peanuts In Flat Storage1,2
Authors: Leesch J. G. , Redlinger L. M. , Dennis N. M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Farmers stock peanuts, bulk stored inside large warehouses, were fumigated for 24 hr with methyl bromide (bromomethane) after thorough sealing of the facilities. Temperature of the peanuts varied from 21.8° to 26.8° C and gas concentrations monitored in the headspace above the peanuts decreased from 20.1 to 12.2 mg/liter during fumigation. Gas concentrations in the mass varied considerably during fumigation, being highest at the bottom of the peanuts. Gas concentrations decreased to less than 1 mg/liter after 48 h of aeration. Although tremendous populations of insects existed before fumigation, no insects survived the treatment. Bromide residues were much below the tolerance on the peanuts, although looseshelled kernels accumulated slightly higher residues than did sound mature kernels from pods. The success of the fumigation was attributed to the good construction of the warehouses and to the thorough sealing performed before the fumigation.
Sensory and Nutritional Quality of Fortified Corn Muffins1
Authors: Ahmed E. M. , Araujo P. E. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Corn muffins were fortified with peanut, soybean and Liquid Cyclone Processed (LCP) cottonseed flours to achieve average protein concentrations of 5.55, 7.12 and 8.44 g/muffin and dietary fiber at concentrations of 1.20, 2.40 and 3.60 g/muffin. Average muffin weights ranged from 36.1 to 43.1 g. Quality of the control and fortified muffins was determined by sensory methods and animal feeding tests.
Sensory acceptability ratings for the peanut and soybean flour fortified muffins were higher than the rating of the LCP cottonseed flour. No difference was found between the sensory acceptability ratings of the muffins supplemented with peanut and soybean flours. Similar acceptability ratings were obtained for muffins fortified with the different levels of protein concentrations. Muffins supplemented with peanut flour at the level of 8.22 g protein/muffin and 1.20 or 2.40 g fiber/muffin were as acceptable to the sensory panel as the nonfortified corn muffins. Protein supplementation of corn muffins allowed weanling mice to sustain a maximal growth rate on a smaller dietary intake when compared to the nonfortified muffins.
Response of Five Peanut Cultivars to Gypsum Fertilization On Soils Varying in Calcium Content1
Authors: Walker M. E. , Keisling T. C. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Experiments were conducted to characterize the response to Ca of two recently released peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, ‘Tifrun’ and ‘Early Bunch’ and to compare their response to that obtained from ‘Florunner’, ‘Florigiant’, and ‘NC-Fla 14’.
Gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O, approximately 72% CaSO4) was applied at rates of 0 and 1,121 kg/ha in a split plot design using the above cultivars. The experiment was conducted on Fuquay loamy sand low in Ca content and on Greenville sandy loam relatively high in Ca content. Yield, percent sound mature Kernels (% SMK), percent extra large kernels (% ELK), and percent oil in the seed were measured.
The peanut cultivars differed in their response to soil Ca level and to Ca fertilizaton. Gypsum applications did not increase % SMK and yield of Florunner significantly when soil Ca content was low and pH adequate, whereas the other four cultivars produced large increases in these factors. Gypsum applications to the low Ca soil with high pH increased the percent oil 4.0% for all varieties every year. The response of Tifrun and Early Bunch to gypsum fertilization was similar to Florigiant and NC.FLA 14 Tifrun quality factors and yields were comparable to Florunner on the Greenville soil without supplementary Ca, whereas Ca fertilization of the Fuquay soil was necessary. Early Bunch was similar to Florigiant and NC-Fla 14 in both yield and quality factors.
Estimating Defoliation of Peanuts From Spectral Data1
Authors: Harlan J. C. , Rosenthal W. D. , Smith D. H. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Analysis of spectral reflectance potentially can be used to determine the condition of a crop, e.g., drought stress and nutritional deficiencies. Since there is a paucity of information on the feasibility of quantifying disease severity in Arachis hypogaea (L.) with spectral reflectance measurements of the canopy, the objective of this study was to determine if spectral reflectance values of the peanut canopy could be used to estimate the amount of defoliation attributable to epidemics of Cercospora leafspot. Defoliation data and spectral reflectance values (Exotech 100-A radiometer) were periodically obtained in fungicide evaluation tests with varying amounts of defoliation, depending on the efficacy of the fungicide treatments. Combination parameters were developed from reflectance values and statistically compared with appropriate defoliation data. During this two-year study, defoliation percentages were accurately predicted (R2=0.89) by subjecting the combination parameters to regression analyses. Therefore, these results indicate that there is a definite relationship between canopy reflectance and defoliation resulting from Cercospora leafspot epidemics. Since full sunlight near solar noon is the only requirement for reliable reflectance measurements, this radiometric technique can probably be used to monitor development of leafspot epidemics and quantify yield losses on a large scale with either aerial or satellite measurements.
Protein Nutritional Quality of Meal Made From Several Cultivars of Peanuts as Measured by Rat Bioassay1
Authors: Miller Josephine , Phillips R. Dixon , Young C. T. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Peanut protein supported rapid growth in weanling rats when present in the diet in sufficient quantity. Defatted meal was prepared by cold pressing and hexane extraction of oil from seeds of Florunner, Tifrun, UF 70115, Tennessee Red, Tamnut and Comet cultivars of peanuts. A concentration of 16% peanut protein resulted in better growth than 12% protein from all cultivars tested. Increasing protein to 20% of the diet further improved growth of rats fed meal from some, but not all, cultivars of peanuts. Apparent digestibility of nitrogen in the meals was about 92%. Peanut meal is potentially a good source of protein for animal production if the peanuts and meal are properly handled after harvest to maintain the nutritional quality of the product. Some statistically significant differences occurred in growth performance of rats fed meals from the several cultivars of peanuts but these are not likely to be of practical importance. However, they suggest that protein quality of the peanut might be improved by breeding.
The nutritional quality of peanut protein is considered to be low because the concentration of several of the essential amino acids is below optimal levels for promoting growth of young animals. When compared with casein in the accepted bioassay for protein efficiency ratio (PER, Neucere et al., 1972) or by the slope-ratio technique (Hegsted et al., 19680), the biological value is commonly found to be 50 to 75% of that of the standard protein. Such tests are conducted with growth-limiting levels of dietary protein and provide little information on the potential capacity of a protein to support an acceptable rate of growth. Carpenter and de Muelenaere (1965) concluded that, under certain conditions, higher levels of poor-quality proteins would result in nearly as good growth of chicks, pigs, and rats as could be obtained with practical diets containing good-quality proteins. Defatted meal from Florunner peanuts, when incorporated into diets to provide 16.7% protein, supported growth of weanling rats at a rate comparable to that obtained with diets containing 12% to 24% of casein (Miller and Young, 1977).
This paper describes results of a study similar to that mentioned above using meal from several cultivars of peanuts that are of current commercial or genetic interest.
Effect of Quantity of Light on the Early Growth and Development of the Peanut1
Authors: Cox F. R. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The effects of the quantity and quality of radiation must be determined over a period of time in order to model the growth and development of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Two phytotron experiments were conducted in which light intensity and the duration of light were varied and Florigiant peanuts grown. Dry weights of leaflets, petioles and stems, leaf area, and number of flowers of young noncompetitive plants were measured at four-to five-day intervals over a 39- or 46-day growth period. Top dry weight increased curvilinearly with increasing photosynthetically active radiation becoming asymptotic above about 23 E m−2 day−1. Leaf area differed due to light treatment much as did top dry weight but differences in light did affect the leaf area per gram of leaflet and the leaflet to top ratio. That the latter also was related to top weight should be useful in modeling. The main stems were quite elongated under the low light treatments but light quality may be a factor in this response. The number of flowers was markedly reduced as less light was received by the plants. Regression techniques were used to fit an equation to describe a daily radiation factor that can be used in a simulation model. This daily radiation factor compared well with those from field estimates. These relations emphasize the importance of radiation only at quite low light levels. There was no apparent interaction between intensity and duration so use of total light should be valid.
Cultivar x Environment Interactions in Peanut Yield Tests1
Authors: Wynne J. C. , Isleib T. G. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Cultivar x environment interactions for yield and several fruit traits were estimated from two groups of Virginia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar yield trials conducted in the Virginia-North Carolina production area.
A substantial cultivar x location x year second-order interaction was observed for yield in both studies. Both cultivar x location and cultivar x year interactions were small when compared to the variation among cultivars.
No advantage could be gained by subdividing the production area into subareas for breeding or testing purposes. However, a reallocation of the number of plots presently used could give comparable estimates of cultivar performance and reduce the time necessary for cultivar evaluation.
Arginine Maturity Index: Relationship With Other Traits in Peanuts1
Authors: Hammons Ray O. , Tai Peter Y. P. , Young Clyde T. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
‘Spancross’, ‘Florunner’, and ‘Florigiant’ cultivars were used to determine the relationship between arginine maturity index (AMI) and other traits in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Samples were taken weekly beginning 73 days after planting in 1973 and biweekly beginning 77 days after planting in 1974. AMI-1 was measured on fresh fruit and AMI-2 was measured on dry seed. The relationship between these two characters was greater than r = 0.85 in each cultivar tested. Both AMI-1 and AMI-2 were positively correlated to percent of other kernels and negatively correlated to pod yield, and percentages of total sound mature kernels, total kernels, dry matter, and mature seed. Among these correlations AMI-pod yield was weakest, whereas AMI-percent of total sound mature kernels was strongest. The quadratic polynomial, Y = a + bx + cx2, was used to fit the distribution curve for each trait. Florunner and Florigiant appeared to have similar patterns in all traits except percent of mature seed, but they differed from Spancross in these traits.
Sclerotinia Blight Development in Peanut Vines Injured by Tractor Tires1
Authors: Porter D. M. , Powell N. L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Peanut plants injured by tractor tires during the application of pesticides were infected by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum more frequently than similar uninjured plants. Percentage of infection in injured plants was more than twice that in uninjured plants. Pod yields were less in injured plants infected with S. sclerotiorum than in uninjured plants infected with S. sclerotiorum. The relationship between tire injury and subsequent infection by S. sclerotiorum was clearly shown on aerial infrared photographs.
Antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial strains isolated from Periplaneta americana and Musca domestica in Tangier, Morocco
Authors: Bouamamaa Lamiaa , Sorlozano Antonio , Laglaoui Amin , Lebbadi Mariam , Aarab Ahmed , Gutierrez José 
Published: May 2010

Background: Flies and cockroaches are two insects in close contact with human beings. They are carriers of human pathogenic bacteria on the external areas of their bodies or in their digestive tracts. This study examines Periplaneta americana and Musca domestica collected from the residential areas of six districts in Tangier, Morocco. Methodology: In total, 251 bacteria were isolated from external areas of the participants' bodies and the antimicrobial susceptibility was calculated. Results: The predominant bacterial species included Escherichia coli (17.9%), Klebsiella spp. (14.7%), Providencia spp. (9.6%), Staphylococcus spp. (15.1%) and Enterococcus spp. (11.6%). The study showed no difference between the species of bacterial strains from American cockroaches and houseflies. Carbapenems and aminoglycosides were active against 100% of the Gram-negative bacilli isolated in this study. Staphylococcus spp. strains were susceptible to linezolid, vancomycin, daptomycin, levofloxacin and cotrimoxazole, and no antibiotic resistance was found in Enterococcus spp. Conclusions: In our setting, although both cockroaches and flies collected from residential areas may be vectors of human pathogenic bacteria, the infections caused by them are easily treatable as a result of the high susceptibility of their bacteria to antibiotics routinely used in the community or in hospitals.
Ovine clone ST1464: A predominant genotype of Staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius isolated from sheep in Sudan
Authors: Elbir Haitham , Feil Edward J. , Drancourt Michel , Roux Véronique , El Sanousi Sulieman M , Eshag Mona , Colque-Navarro Patricia , Kühn Inger , Flock Jan-Ingmar 
Published: May 2010

Background: The aim of the present study was to examine the phenotypic and genotypic relatedness of 17 Staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius isolates recovered from sheep abscesses in Khartoum state, Sudan, during the period 2007-2008. Methodology: This sample was characterised using antibiogram typing, biochemical typing with the commercial PhenePlate system (PhP-CS) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results: Low levels of resistance were noted to the 11 antimicrobial agents tested. All the isolates corresponded to a single PhP type, and to a single, novel, multilocus sequence type, designated ST1464. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the vast majority of cases of sheep abscess disease in Khartoum state are caused by a single novel clone of S. aureus subsp. anaerobius.
Comparison of LASEK and LASIK with Thin and Ultrathin Flaps After Excimer Laser Ablation with the SCHWIND Aspheric Ablation Profile
Authors: Arbelaez Maria Clara , Vidal Camila , Arba Mosquera Samuel 
Published: May 2010

Purpose:
To compare visual, refractive, and wavefront aberration outcomes of laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK), thin-flap LASIK (flap thickness 110 to 130 μm), and ultrathin-flap LASIK (flap thickness <110 μm) after excimer laser ablation with an aspheric ablation profile.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis of 97 eyes of 56 patients with myopia <6.00 diopters (D) sphere (30 eyes, alcohol-assisted LASEK; 30 eyes, LASIK 110; and 37 eyes, LASIK 130) was conducted. Surgery was performed using the SCHWIND ESIRIS Aberration-Free™ aspheric ablation profile and the Carriazo-Pendular microkeratome.

Results:

Groups were comparable preoperatively except for lower astigmatism and ocular trefoil (3,+3) in the LASIK 130 group and lower corneal thickness in the LASEK group. At 6 months postoperative, the groups were comparable for uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity, efficacy index, safety, and refractive predictability. All groups demonstrated improved contrast sensitivity. All groups demonstrated a significant change in spherical aberration compared to preoperative levels. The induced spherical aberration was 0.057 μm/D in the LASEK group, 0.039 μm/D in the LASIK 110 group, and 0.044 μm/D in the LASIK 130 group. Other higher order aberrations did not show significant change except for a reduction in corneal trefoil (
P
=.034) in the LASEK group and increased ocular trefoil (
P
=.002) in the LASIK 110 group. The extent of change in higher order aberrations was not significantly different among groups.

Conclusions:
The aspheric ablation profile is safe, effective, and predictable and produces similar visual and refractive results with three different surgical approaches of LASEK, thin-flap LASIK, and ultrathin-flap LASIK. The ablation profile demonstrated a low induction rate of higher order aberrations regardless of surgical approach.