bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fruit and Vegetable Intake, Physical Activity, and Mortality in Older Community‐Dwelling Women
Authors: Nicklett Emily J. , Semba Richard D. , Xue Qian‐Li , Tian Jing , Sun Kai , Cappola Anne R. , Simonsick Eleanor M. , Ferrucci Luigi , Fried Linda P. 
Published: May 2012

ObjectivesTo examine the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, and all‐cause mortality in older women.DesignSix Cox proportional hazards models examined independent and additive relationships between physical activity, carotenoids, and all‐cause mortality. Additional models tested whether physical activity and carotenoids were conjointly related to mortality. Models were adjusted for age, education, and race and ethnicity.SettingBaltimore, Maryland.ParticipantsSeven hundred thirteen women aged 70 to 79 participating in the Women's Health and Aging Studies.MeasurementsTotal serum carotenoids, a marker of fruit and vegetable intake, and physical activity were measured at baseline. Physical activity was measured according to kilocalorie expenditure.ResultsDuring 5 years of follow‐up, 82 (11.5%) participants died. Measured continuously, physical activity improved survival (HR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.41–0.66, P < .001). The most active women were more likely to survive than the least physically active women (HR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.13–0.59, P < .001). Continuous measures of carotenoids improved survival (HR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.51–0.89, P = .01). Women in the highest tertile of total carotenoids were more likely to survive those in the lowest (HR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.27–0.91, P = .03). When examined in the same model, continuous measures of physical activity (HR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.42–0.68, P < .001) and carotenoids (HR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.59–0.98, P = .04) predicted survival during follow‐up.ConclusionThe combination of low total serum carotenoids and low physical activity, both modifiable risk factors, strongly predicted earlier mortality. These findings provide preliminary support that higher fruit and vegetable intake and exercise improve survival.
Differences Between Copper‐Oxide‐ and Zinc‐Oxide‐Doped Sodium Potassium Niobate Ceramics
Authors: Yang Song‐Ling , Tsai Cheng‐Che , Liou Yi‐Cheng , Hong Cheng‐Shong , Chen Han‐Chang , Chu Sheng‐Yuan 
Published: May 2012

(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 is doping with ZnO and CuO, respectively, (NKNZx and NKNCx, where x = 0–1 mol%) using a two‐step calcination process (BO method). The X‐ray diffraction profiles of NKNZx ceramics show a few secondary phases because Zn2+ ions cannot substitute Nb5+ ions. Moreover, the binding energies of Nb atoms in CuO‐ and ZnO‐doped NKN ceramics are different, suggesting that oxygen vacancies were induced when CuO was doped into NKN ceramics. The mechanical quality factor (Qm) values of the NKNZx ceramics are not as high as those of NKNCx ceramics due to a lack of oxygen vacancies in the former. The internal bias field is used to demonstrate the presence of oxygen vacancies. In ZnO‐doped NKN ceramics, the piezoelectric properties only improved slightly because ZnO used as a sintering aid enhanced the densification of samples. A high Qm value is obtained for CuO‐doped NKN ceramics mainly due to the formation of oxygen vacancies.
Single port laparoscopic surgery: concept and controversies of a new technique
Authors: SPRINGBORG HENRIK , ISTRE OLAV 
Published: May 2012

Abstract LESS, or laparo‐endoscopic single site surgery, is a promising new method in minimally invasive surgery. An increasing number of surgical procedures are being performed using this technique; however, its large‐scale adoption awaits results of prospective randomized controlled studies confirming potential benefits. Theoretically, cosmetic outcomes, postoperative pain and complication rates could be improved with use of single site surgery. This study describes introduction of the method in a private hospital in Denmark in which 40 women were treated for benign gynecologic conditions. Although the operations described are the first of their kind reported in Denmark, favorable operating times and very low complication rates are seen. It is the authors’ opinion that in addition to being feasible for hysterectomy, single port laparoscopy may become the preferred method for many simple gynecological procedures.
Histological diagnosis and evaluation of the Swede score colposcopic system in a large cohort of pregnant women with atypical cervical cytology or cervical malignancy signs
Authors: KÄRRBERG CECILIA , RYD WALTER , STRANDER BJÖRN , BRÄNNSTRÖM MATS , RÅDBERG THOMAS 
Published: May 2012

Abstract Objective. We evaluated the distribution of histological diagnoses in pregnant women with atypical cytology or cervical malignancy signs, as well as the usefulness of the Swede score colposcopic scoring system to reduce the need for diagnostic cervical biopsy. Design. Prospective clinical study. Setting and population. The study comprised 261 pregnant women undergoing colposcopic investigation because of atypical cervical cytology, dysplastic biopsy changes, recurrent non‐obstetric bleeding or pathological appearance of the cervix. Methods. Five colposcopic variables (acetowhiteness, margins plus surface, vessel patterns, lesion size and iodine staining) were scored with 0, 1 or 2 points. Colposcopically directed biopsies or loop electrosurgical excision biopsies were taken from all lesions. Histology was compared with the colposcopic score. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each variable, and the combination of all five variables, with high‐grade lesions (i.e. cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2, CIN3 or adenocarcinoma‐in‐situ (AIS)) as endpoints. Main outcome measures. Colposcopic score (Swede score) and histology (CIN1, 2, 3; AIS; cancer). Results. The specimens consisted of normal tissue in 19.5% of cases, low‐grade lesions (i.e. CIN1, koilocytosis, glandular dysplasia of lower grade than AIS) in 26.1%, high grade lesions in 52.9% and cancer in 1.5%. All high grade lesions and cancers had total Swede scores of ≥5 and ≥8, respectively. Vessel patterns, lesion size and margins plus surface were most important for high grade lesion detection. Conclusion. The Swede score seems to be a useful tool in evaluating atypical cervical cytology in pregnant women and may reduce the need for diagnostic biopsies.
Biofilm formation in long‐term central venous catheters in children with cancer: a randomized controlled open‐labelled trial of taurolidine versus heparin
Authors: Handrup Mette Møller , Fuursted Kurt , Funch Peter , Møller Jens Kjølseth , Schrøder Henrik 
Published: May 2012

Taurolidine has demonstrated inhibition of biofilm formation in vitro. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of catheter locking with taurolidine vs heparin in biofilm formation in central venous catheters. Forty‐eight children with cancer were randomized to catheter locking by heparin (n = 22) or taurolidine (n = 26), respectively. After removal, catheters were examined by standardized scanning electron microscopy to assess quantitative biofilm formation. Biofilm was present if morphologically typical structures and bacterial cells were identified. Quantitative and semi‐quantitative cultures were also performed. Biofilm was identified in 23 of 26 catheters from the taurolidine group and 21 of 22 catheters from the heparin group. A positive culture was made of six of the catheters locked with taurolidine and heparin, respectively (p = 0.78). The rate of catheter‐related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) was 0.1 per 1000 catheter‐days using taurolidine and 0.9 per 1000 catheter‐days using heparin (p = 0.03). This randomized trial confirmed that the use of taurolidine as catheter‐lock compared with heparin reduced the rate of CRBSIs; this reduction was not related to a reduction in the intraluminal biofilm formation and the rate of bacterial colonization detected by scanning electron microscopy in the two groups.
Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Chronic Oral Mucosal Diseases Questionnaire
Authors: Li Min , He Song‐Lin 
Published: May 2012

J Oral Pathol Med (2013)42: 194–199Introduction:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Chronic Oral Mucosal Diseases Questionnaire (COMDQ).Methods:  A consecutive sample of 200 patients with chronic oral mucosal diseases was enrolled to complete the questionnaire after its translation and cross‐cultural adaptation. The reliability of the Chinese version of COMDQ was determined through internal consistency and test–retest methods. The construct validity of COMDQ was analysed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA).Results:  Cronbach’s alpha value for the total COMDQ score was 0.894, and the test–retest intraclass correlation coefficient value for the total COMDQ score was 0.83. The EFA extracted four factors, which accounted for 67.89% of the variance. All items showed adequate factor loadings, ranging from 0.487 to 0.947.Conclusion:  The results suggest that the Chinese version of the COMDQ has satisfactory psychometric properties and is applicable to patients with chronic oral mucosal diseases in China.
Smoking cessation and characteristics of success and failure among female high‐school smokers
Authors: KIM Jung Ae , LEE Chung Yul , LIM Eun Sun , KIM Gwang Suk 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAim:  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a smoking cessation program on female high‐school students and to analyze the characteristics of students who quit smoking compared to those of students who failed to quit.Methods:  This study used a mixed research design, including a pre‐ and post‐experimental design for measuring the effects of the smoking cessation intervention and a qualitative design using a focus group interview to analyze the characteristics of individuals who successfully quit in comparison to those who failed to stop smoking. Data were collected before and after the intervention through a self‐report questionnaire, a biochemical index, and a focus group interview.Results:  After the intervention, positive changes in stage in the transtheoretical model for smoking‐cessation behavior increased significantly (P < 0.001), and the number of cigarettes smoked daily (P = 0.001), dependency on nicotine, expiratory CO levels, and positive frequency of urine nicotine levels decreased significantly (P < 0.001). Based on data from the focus group interview, students who stopped smoking showed different intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental characteristics compared to students who failed to stop smoking.Conclusion:  The results suggest that the smoking‐cessation program could be more effective if it were to involve teachers and family members. In addition, a smoking‐prohibited community environment could assist in the control of adolescents' smoking behavior.
On the sizes of z ≳ 2 damped Lyα absorbing galaxies
Authors: Krogager J.-K. , Fynbo J. P. U. , Møller P. , Ledoux C. , Noterdaeme P. , Christensen L. , Milvang-Jensen B. , Sparre M. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Recently, the number of detected galaxy counterparts of z ≳ 2 damped Lyman α absorbers in quasi-stellar object (QSO) spectra has increased substantially so we today have a sample of 10 detections. Møller et al. in the year 2004 made the prediction, based on a hint of a luminosity—metallicity relation for DLAs, that H i size should increase with increasing metallicity. In this Letter we investigate the distribution of impact parameter and metallicity that would result from the correlation between galaxy size and metallicity. We compare our observations with simulated data sets given the relation of size and metallicity. The observed sample presented here supports the metallicity—size prediction: the present sample of DLA galaxies is consistent with the model distribution. Our data also show a strong relation between impact parameter and column density of H i. We furthermore compare the observations with several numerical simulations and demonstrate that the observations support a scenario where the relation between size and metallicity is driven by feedback mechanisms controlling the star formation efficiency and outflow of enriched gas.
Punitiveness and Political Culture
Authors: Green David A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article draws on an emerging comparative literature indicating the significant effects that political systems can have on the deployment of penal power, and the ways they condition responses to crime and to criminal offenders. It explores two political‐cultural mechanisms that help account for variations in levels of punitiveness between countries. These mechanisms – called here as the insulation and autonomy effect and the populism disincentive effect– are embedded in jurisdiction‐specific political cultures and the structures that sustain them.
Total lipid and fatty acid composition of seaweeds for the selection of species for oil‐based biofuel and bioproducts
Authors: Gosch Björn J. , Magnusson Marie , Paul Nicholas A. , de Nys Rocky 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe investigated the potential of seaweeds as feedstock for oil‐based products, and our results support macroalgae (seaweeds) as a biomass source for oil‐based bioproducts including biodiesel. Not only do several seaweeds have high total lipid content above 10% dry weight, but in the brown alga Spatoglossum macrodontum 50% of these lipids are in the form of extractable fatty acids. S. macrodontum had the highest fatty acid content (57.40 mg g−1 dw) and a fatty acid profile rich in saturated fatty acids with a high content of C18:1, which is suitable as a biofuel feedstock. Similarly, the green seaweed Derbesia tenuissima has high levels of fatty acids (39.58 mg g−1 dw), however, with a high proportion of PUFA (n‐3) (31% of total lipid) which are suitable as nutraceuticals or fish oil replacements. Across all species of algae the critical parameter of fatty acid content (measured as fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) was positively correlated (R2 = 0.67) with total lipid content. However, the proportion of fatty acids to total lipid decreased markedly with total lipid content, generally between 30% and 50%, making it an inaccurate measure of the potential to identify seaweeds suitable for oil‐based bioproducts. Finally, we quantified within species variation of fatty acids across locations and sampling periods supporting either environmental effects on quantitative fatty acid profiles, or genotypes with specific quantitative fatty acid profiles, thereby opening the possibility to optimize the fatty acid content and quality for oil production through specific culture conditions and selective breeding.
Antipsoriatic activity of extracts and fractions obtained from Memecylon malabaricum leaves
Authors: Dhanabal Sangai Palanisamy , Muruganantham Nithyanantham , Basavaraj Kabbur Hanumanthappa , Wadhwani Asish , Shamasundar Nonavinakere Mannar 
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Objectives
This study involves the evaluation of Memecylon malabaricum Cogn. (Melastomataceae) leaves for antipsoriatic activity.

Methods
Aqueous extract, hydroalcoholic extract and their fractions of M. malabaricum leaves were evaluated for in-vivo antipsoriatic activity by mouse tail test and for in-vitro antipsoriatic activity using HaCaT cells, lipoxygenase inhibition and thymidine phosphorylase inhibition assays. Extracts and fractions were evaluated for total phenol and flavonoid contents. HPTLC was used for screening and fingerprint analysis of the extracts and active fraction.

Key findings
M. malabaricum hydroalcoholic extract (MMHA) and water fraction of MMHA (MMHAW) produced significant (P &lt; 0.05) percent orthokeratosis in the mouse tail test. All samples except MMHA showed a significant (P &lt; 0.05) reduction in epidermal thickness in the mouse tail test when compared with control. Maximum activity against HaCaT cells was shown by chloroform fraction of MMHA (MMHAC). The M. malabaricum decoction (MMD) and water fraction of MMD (MMDW) showed equally good inhibition of lipoxygenase. In thymidine phosphorylase inhibition assay only MMD showed activity.

Conclusions
The findings of this investigation reveal that the leaves of M. malabaricum have good antipsoriatic potential, which provides scope for further detailed research in to this plant for psoriasis.
Diagnosis in the field of psychotherapy: A plea for an alternative to the DSM‐5.x
Authors: Vanheule Stijn 
Published: May 2012

Purpose. This paper studies how diagnosis is currently conceptualized in the field of psychiatry, and examines whether this mode of diagnosis is relevant for psychotherapeutic intervention.Method. Narrative literature review was used in this study.Results. In the context of the DSM, diagnosis is equated with classification. Symptoms and complaints are approached in terms of a medical semiological model, and are seen as signs of underlying illness processes. In discussing this approach the author makes use of Gottlob Frege's theory, in which three aspects of a sign are discerned: the reference/referent or Bedeutung, the sense or Sinn, and the representation/idea or Vorstellung. Based on this distinction, it is argued that in the transition from the DSM‐III to the DSM‐5 much effort has been taken to disambiguate the sense attributed to symptoms and complaints, while person‐specific ideas and representations have been excluded. This exclusion of the Vorstellung is criticized, both from a psychiatric and a psychotherapeutic perspective. Subsequently it is argued that whereas the DSM‐III and DSM‐IV avoided strong statements on etiology, the DSM‐5 makes clear choices. The DSM‐5, and more recently the RDoC group within the NIMH, aims at developing systems of classification that start from the assumption that psychiatric disorders are brain disorders. It is argued that by doing so a referent is classified that is different from the object of intervention that psychotherapeutic theories are concerned with.Conclusion. Such a view of diagnosis is not workable for psychotherapy. The exclusion of personal experiences associated with symptoms and complaints is problematic and the referent that recent psychiatric classification uses, that is, brain processes, is not compatible with the referent that psychotherapeutic theories use. Case formulation can be seen as an alternative to standard classification.Practitioner Points
A clear distinction between classification and diagnosis should be made.
Psychotherapeutic diagnosis cannot exclude information on the embedding of problems in broader life contexts.
Case formulation is a viable alternative to classification.
Positional circulatory control in the sleeping infant and toddler: role of the inner ear and arterial pulse pressure
Authors: Cohen Gary , Vella Silvano , Jeffery Heather , Lagercrantz Hugo , Katz‐Salamon Miriam 
Published: May 2012

Key points
Fast‐acting reflexes fine‐tune heart rate and blood pressure as the push and pull of gravity changes from moment to moment.
Circulatory failure may occur if these mechanisms fail to develop normally.
Reactions to routine movements such as head‐up and sideways tilt show how two key reflexes involved develop during sleep, in early infancy.
Sensors that detect motion and arterial pulsations, located in the inner ear and arteries, respectively, produce carefully coordinated changes in heart rate and blood pressure as body position and the force/direction of gravity alters.
Both mechanisms are intact in infants exposed to tobacco, but a mild pulse pressure anomaly reflexively slows their heart and lowers their blood pressure on tilt to upright.
Circulatory dysfunction need not necessarily reflect abnormal development of key reflexes per se, but other factors that inappropriately trigger or inhibit them.
Abstract  Heart rate (HR) and arterial blood pressure (BP) are rapidly and reflexively adjusted as body position and the force/direction of gravity alters. Anomalies in these mechanisms may predispose to circulatory failure during sleep. We analysed the development of two key reflexes involved by undertaking a longitudinal (birth–1 year) comparison of instantaneous HR and BP changes evoked by abrupt upright, sideways or horizontal repositioning. Each manoeuvre triggered an identical rise in HR (tachycardia) followed by a slower rise in diastolic blood pressure (DBP)/systolic blood pressure (SBP) and variable pulse pressure (PP) change. We show that tachycardia is triggered by acceleration (vestibular) sensors located in the inner ear and slight changes in the pulsatile component of BP then signal to the arterial baroreceptors to reinforce or oppose these actions as needed. We also identified a PP anomaly in sleeping 1‐year‐olds of smokers that prematurely slows HR and is associated with mild positional hypotension. We conclude that positional circulatory compensation is initiated pre‐emptively in a feed‐forward manner and that feedback changes in vago‐sympathetic drive to the heart (and perhaps blood vessels) by PP exert a slower but powerful modulating effect. An anomaly in either or both mechanisms may weaken positional compensation in some sleeping infants.
Quantification of scattered radiation in projection mammography: Four practical methods compared
Authors: Salvagnini Elena , Bosmans Hilde , Struelens Lara , Marshall Nicholas W. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose:Four different practical methodologies of quantifying scattered radiation for two different digital mammographic systems are compared. The study considered both grid in and grid out geometries for two different antiscatter grid types, a typical linear grid and a cellular grid design. The aim was to find quick and reproducible methods that could be used in place of the beam stop technique.Methods:The scatter to primary ratio (SPR) and the scatter fraction (SF) were used to quantify scattered radiation as a function of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thickness, grid position, and beam quality. The four scatter estimation methods applied were (1) the beam stop method, (2) a hybrid method that combined measured detector (scatter‐free) modulation transfer function (MTF) data and a Monte Carlo simulation of the scatter point spread function, (3) from the low frequency drop data taken from the system MTF, and (4) from the edge spread function (ESF) measured in the presence of PMMA. Repeatability error was assessed for all methods.Results:SPR results acquired with the beam stop method ranged from 0.052 to 0.187 for the system with linear grid and from 0.012 to 0.064 for the cellular grid system, as PMMA thickness was increased from 20 to 80 mm. With the grid removed, beam stop SPR was similar for both systems, ranging between 0.268 and 1.124, for corresponding MTF thicknesses. The direct MTF method had a maximum difference of 24% from the beam stop SPR and SF data for all conditions except the cellular grid in geometry, where maximum difference in SPR was 0.044 (164%). The ESF technique gave large differences from the beam stops for both grid geometries but agreement was within 21% for the grid out geometry. Repeatability error with beam stops was between 1% and 5% for the grid out geometries, while for the grid in cases it was 13% and 87% for the linear and cellular grids, respectively. Repeatability error for the direct MTF method applied to both systems and grid geometries ranged between 3% and 12%.Conclusions:All three alternative methods to the beam stop technique gave reasonable estimates of SPR without grid, with a maximum difference of 24% (mean difference 8%). For the grid in geometry, the direct MTF method gave a maximum difference of 24% for the linear grid system, while maximum percentage difference was 119% (absolute difference of 0.042) for the system with the cellular grid, where SPR values were low. Except for cases where the SPR is very low, the direct MTF method offers a quick and reproducible alternative to the beam stop technique.