bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quick installation technology DNA profile – Rapid DNA
Authors: Svoboda E. , Mikhalchuk T. , Shulga O. 
Published: April 2024

The investigation of criminal offenses requires modern, up-to-date, practical means. The ANDE Rapid DNA Identification System is a new technology that generates a DNA ID from forensic samples in less than two hours. In today’s conditions, its use in forensics, practical activities of law enforcement agencies on a permanent basis is very relevant. ANDE technology is specially designed and proven to be robust, mobile and suitable for use in harsh environments.
The National Police of Ukraine is tasked with the enormous task of identifying victims of horrific crimes related to the ongoing war with russia. Over the past year, it has been proven that a significant percentage of these victims cannot be identified through forensic DNA alone, given her critical condition. The enormous amount of forensic DNA processing work required to address this situation far exceeds the capabilities of traditional DNA laboratory infrastructure. In addition, the logistical overhead associated with managing the efficient storage, movement, tracking, and provenance of large numbers of bodies or even DNA samples across wide geographic areas causes significant wastage of critical resources and long delays. ANDE technology accelerates DNA processing from months or even years to less than two hours. Forensic specialists use mobile DNA laboratories to identify dead. Today, the National Police operates 32 mobile laboratories. Rapid DNA’s secure, field-ready mobile systems provide the most accurate and efficient DNA identification results.
Thus, the main goal of this study is to provide practical recommendations for forensic support for the use of rapid DNA profiling technology, using Rapid DNA as an example, in pre-trial investigation.
The stated provisions and practical recommendations in the article are relevant in the context of the use of modern technologies by practical workers.
Peculiarities of certain investigative actions and procedural guidance of the prosecutor during martial law
Authors: Dragan O. V. 
Published: April 2024

On 24 February 2022, a full-scale war broke out and martial law was introduced throughout Ukraine by Presidential Decree No. 64/2022 in connection with the military aggression of the Russian Federation. The efficiency and effectiveness of criminal proceedings during the martial law regime depends on the quality of criminal procedural rules.
The armed conflict initiated and supported by the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine since 2014 has created new challenges for the system of both international and national justice. The article draws attention to the fact that with the introduction of martial law in Ukraine on 24 February 2022 in connection with the military aggression of the Russian Federation, a number of significant changes were made to both the «military» section IX-1 and other sections of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. The nature of violations of these provisions requires a different approach not only at the level of legal qualification, but also in the process of organisation and procedural guidance of the pre-trial investigation by the prosecutor.
The author emphasizes that the testimony obtained during the interrogation of a suspect, including simultaneous interrogation of two or more already interrogated persons, in criminal proceedings conducted under martial law may be used as evidence in court only if a defence counsel participated in such interrogation and the course and results of the interrogation were recorded using available video recording equipment.
The author draws attention to the fact that prosecutors who provide procedural guidance in criminal proceedings concerning crimes committed in the context of armed conflict should record the testimony of victims and key witnesses, in particular, on issues relating to the role of the Russian Federation and its subordinate formations in the context of armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine, including the temporarily occupied territories.
Pre-trial investigations of criminal offences committed in the context of armed conflict can take a long time, and it is therefore important for law enforcement investigators and prosecutors to take measures to preserve information, primarily the testimony of victims and witnesses.
When organising procedural guidance, prosecutors should take into account the peculiarities of conducting and recording the course and results of investigative (detective) actions under martial law.
Historical and legal prerequisites for the introduction of the institute of recovery of assets of sanctioned persons by the decision of The High Anti-Corruption Court into the state revenue
Authors: Kotsiubko I. V. 
Published: April 2024

The article highlights the historical and legal prerequisites for the introduction of the institution of recovery of assets of sanctioned persons by the decision of the High Anti-Corruption Court into the state revenue.
It is stated that there is an urgent need to develop effective mechanisms to counteract the armed aggression of the russian federation, to take effective, including non-military, measures by introducing new legal institutions aimed at protecting national interests, taking measures to stop the armed aggression and further restore the Ukrainian state.
It is established that one of such legal institutes is the application by the High Anti-Corruption Court of a sanction in the form of recovery of assets of sanctioned persons into the State revenue, which was regulated in Ukrainian legislation only in May 2022, and therefore requires a thorough study in general and the historical background which formed the basis for the introduction of this institute in particular, with a view to improving the efficiency of its implementation.
It is concluded that the introduction of the legal institute assets of sanctioned persons into the State revenue was historically conditioned by the need for an immediate and effective response to existing and potential threats to the national interests and national security of Ukraine.
It is identified the stages of formation of historical and legal prerequisites for the introduction of the institute assets of sanctioned persons into the State revenue. Prospects for further scientific research in the field of the studied issues are determined.
ECHR rules regarding procedural guarantees which act as balancing factors in the event of the prosecution’s witness not appearing in court
Authors: Poletylo P. S. 
Published: April 2024

The article examines the legal position of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the possibility of using as evidence the testimony of a witness who did not appear at the court hearing and was not questioned at the pre-trial stage.
It is established that important procedural safeguards are a component of balancing factors, together with which compensate for the difficulties faced by the defense as a result of accepting unverified statements as evidence, which contribute to a fair trial. Reliable procedural guarantees should ensure a proper assessment of the credibility of the evidence in the case under consideration.
It has been proven that the reliability of procedural guarantees is established by the European Court of Human Rights referring to cases where the prosecution witness did not appear at the court session, based on paragraph 1 and subparagraph «d» of paragraph 3 of Article 6 of the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
In accordance with the judicial practice of the Court, reliable procedural guarantees where highlighted, with the help of which this supranational body established or did not establish a violation of paragraph 1 and subparagraph «d» of paragraph 3 of Article 6 of the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the event that the prosecution witness did not appeared at the court session. Examples are given and, for each of them, the views of the Court regarding the reliability of procedural guarantees are emphasized. These examples cover various aspects of the European Court of Human Rights’ consideration of the reliability of procedural guarantees, in particular: when a witness for the prosecution did not appear at the court session, but was able to be questioned at the pre-trial stage; the position in which the defending party found itself during the conduct of face-to-face bets; evaluation of the actions of the investigator during the conduct of face-to-face bets; the reasonableness of national courts’ efforts to locate an absent witness; the need for the consent of the accused and his lawyer to announce the testimony of an absent prosecution witness; assessment by national courts of the weight of the testimony of an absent witness given during the pre-trial investigation and others.
Violation of the Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War by the Russian Federation in relation to certain categories of socially vulnerable groups of the population (on the example of Chernihiv region)
Authors: Denysenko K. V. , Shamruk N. B. 
Published: April 2024

The article is devoted to the analysis of violations by the Russian Federation of the provisions of the Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War in relation to certain categories of socially vulnerable groups of the population in the context of a full-scale invasion (on the example of Chernihiv region). It is emphasized that Ukraine is currently a socially oriented state, its activities are aimed at providing life support and support to socially vulnerable citizens, creating conditions for their decent existence in society. One of the elements of the national state policy in the field of social protection of the population is a well-developed system of state social and medical institutions for persons with mental disorders, the elderly, persons with disabilities, patients, etc. A significant number of people living in these institutions are unable to take care of themselves and need constant care and attention. Chernihiv region, which borders the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus in the north of Ukraine, is one of the ten regions most affected by the aggression of the above-mentioned states. During the period of occupation of Chernihiv region by the military of the Russian Federation, from February 24, 2022 to April 3, 2022, a number of episodes of violations of the laws and customs of warfare were documented - shelling of civilians and evacuation routes with prohibited weapons, executions, looting, rape, etc.
Numerous cases of shelling of social welfare institutions and medical facilities where socially vulnerable groups of the population were permanently or temporarily residing were emphasized, which is a gross violation of Articles 16, 18, 20, 28 of the Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. The documented war crimes committed by Russian military personnel against civilians from among socially vulnerable citizens need to be studied, made public and condemned by the international community.
The Budapest memorandum: lessons and unfulfilled expectations on Ukraine’s path to joining NATO
Authors: Homonai V. V. 
Published: April 2024

The Budapest Memorandum for Ukraine (the official name is the Memorandum on Security Guarantees in Connection with Ukraine’s Accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons) was the result of negotiations on the disposal of the Soviet Union’s nuclear weapons. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, its nuclear weapons were deployed or stored in four of the fifteen successor states: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine. This raised important questions of security and protection, as well as command and control; and Moscow and Washington agreed that Russia should be the sole nuclear successor to the Soviet Union. The United States recognized that it would have to offer security guarantees to Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine to persuade them to hand over their Soviet-made nuclear weapons to Russia and join the NPT as non-nuclear-weapon states. In coordination with London and Moscow, Washington drew up a package of security guarantees. These assurances were set out in the Budapest memorandums regarding Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. France and China – the other nuclear-weapon states recognized by the NPT—have offered their own guarantees unilaterally.
The Budapest Memorandum on Ukraine confirmed the obligation to respect the independence, sovereignty and existing borders of Ukraine (according to the Helsinki Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) of 1975); to refrain from the threat of force or its use against the territorial integrity or political independence of Ukraine, as well as from any use of weapons against Ukraine, except in cases of self-defense or otherwise in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations; and refrain from economic coercion against Ukraine in accordance with the Final Act of the CSCE. The memorandum also reiterated the positive and negative security guarantees provided to all non-nuclear-weapon state parties to the NPT.
This scientific article is devoted to the study of the significance of the Budapest Memorandum for Ukraine and its influence on the possibility of the country joining NATO. The historical context of the conclusion of the memorandum is studied, the key obligations are determined and the consequences of their violation are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the current security situation in Ukraine, in particular due to the annexation of Crimea and the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine. The article examines the prospects of Ukraine’s membership in NATO and suggests ways to resolve unfulfilled expectations and restore the international community’s trust in the commitments made within the framework of the memorandum.
Vertical Migration of Second-stage Juveniles of Meloidogyne enterolobii as Influenced by Temperature and Host
Authors: Oliveira Ana Karina S. , Pedrosa Elvira M. R. , Leitão Diego A. H. S. , Brito Janete A. , Silva Ênio F. de F. , Dickson Donald W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Infective second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne spp. migrate towards host roots, which depends on several factors, including root exudates and soil temperature. Although Meloidogyne enterolobii is a highly virulent nematode that affects major agricultural crops worldwide, there is limited ecological data about it. The objective of this study was to determine the J2 migration pattern vertically in 14-cm long segmented soil columns towards tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and marigold (Tagetes patula) roots, each grown at two soil temperatures (20 or 26ºC). Bottomless cups with tomatoes or marigolds were attached to the top of each column; cups with no plants were used as untreated controls. Juveniles (1,000/column) were injected into a hole located 1 cm from the bottom of each column. The apparatuses were placed in growth chambers at 20 or 26ºC, and J2 were allowed to migrate for 3, 6, 9, or 12 days after injection (DAI). At each harvest, J2 were extracted from each ring of the columns and counted to compare their distribution, and root systems were stained to observe root penetration. M. enterolobii migrated over 13 cm vertically 3 DAI regardless of temperature, even without plant stimuli. The vertical migration was greater at 26ºC, where 60% of active J2 were found at distances >13 cm at 12 DAI. Temperature did not affect root penetration. Overall, a greater number of J2 was observed in tomato roots, and root penetration increased over time.
Description of Nothotylenchus savadkoohensis n. sp. (Rhabditida, Anguinidae) from Iran based on morphological and molecular data
Authors: Rezaei Soheila , Pourjam Ebrahim , Atighi Mohammad Reza , Pedram Majid 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Nothotylenchus savadkoohensis n. sp. was recovered from rotten wood samples of an unidentified forest tree in the Mazandaran province and described herein. It is mainly characterized by an elongated conoid tail ending in a sharply pointed tip and four lines in the lateral field. Females of the new species have 379–662 μm long bodies with 5.8–6.9 μm long stylets ending in fine posteriorly sloping knobs, the metacorpus not valvate, the pharyngeal bulb slightly overlapping the intestine, and the vulva at 76.5–84.0% of body length. Males are also common and have 13.0–14.5 μm long spicules and bursa cloacal. By having an elongated conoid tail and four lines in the lateral field, the new species comes close to four known species, namely N. acris, N. acutus, N. antricolus, and N. truncatus. The morphological differences between the new species and the abovementioned species are discussed. The new species was sequenced for its D2–D3 segment of LSU and ITS rDNA regions. In the LSU phylogenetic tree, the currently available LSU sequences of the genus Nothotylenchus occupied distant placements from each other and the LSU sequence of the new species formed clade with a sequence assigned to Neotylenchus sp. In ITS phylogeny, the newly generated sequence of the new species formed a clade with a clade that includes sequences of Ditylenchus sp. and Neomisticius platypi and N. variabilis.
The Compatibility of the Spanish Windfall Levy on Credit Institutions with EU Law and International Economic Law (Investment Law and Tax Treaties)1
Authors: Antón Ricardo García , Nový Zdeněk , Seara David Báez 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This contribution serves to provide a fully-fledged analysis of the compatibility of the Spanish windfall tax on credit institutions with EU law (EU monetary and banking policy, EU Fundamental Freedoms, and state aid) and international law (investment law and double tax treaties). Our analysis reveals that the design of the Spanish tax captures windfall profits that are large and easy to detect due to inflation and high interest rates. Although the tax is compatible with EU law, it compromises the area of bilateral investment treaties and bilateral tax treaties.
PENDEKATAN RADIOLOGIS PADA KASUS MALROTASI INTESTINAL DENGAN MIDGUT VOLVULUS
Authors: Rahmansyah Mulia , Velyani Dyani Pitra , Nareswari Gupita , Napitupulu Partogi , Wahab Revalita , Astien Astien , Tanaji Tandy Chintya , Miranti Pramesti Indri 
Published: April 2024

Midgut volvulus is a condition in which the intestine has become twisted as a result of malrotation of the intestine during fetal development. It cause of an acute abdomen in neonates and important entity to be diagnosed urgently. Midgut volvulus may lead to small intestinal ischemia and gangrene. The correct diagnosis depends on both high clinical suspicion and the radiologist’s ability to recognize the specific signs of malrotation and the normal variants that can lead to the wrong diagnosis. Radiological examination; such as abdominal x-ray, ultrasound and colon in loop play an important role in the diagnosis of volvulus . A color Doppler ultrasound examination may reveal a whirlpool sign, a colon in loop (CIL) examination may show an aberrant intestinal rotation, and a plain abdominal xray may show a double bubble sign due to midgut volvulus
PUTUSAN BEBAS YANG TIDAK MEMPERTIMBANGKAN ALAT BUKTI DALAM PERSIDANGAN PERKARA TINDAK PIDANA
Authors: Azahra Aura , Setiyono  
Published: April 2024

Acquittal Deicision is a deicision that proveis that the guilt charged to defeindant has not been provein legally and convincingly guilty. Thei probleim in this study is thei consideration of evideince in the acquittal dictum and eivideintiary poweir eiach evideince in a crimei fileid by the public prosecutor. Based on the probleim it was found that there was a discrepancy in the consideiration of evideincei in the acquittal dictum where in fact the evideince submitteid and examineid in thei trial had met the two minimum principleis of eivideincei and fulfilleid thei two eleimeints of the articlei one hundreid eiighty fivei seiction six of thei Criminal Procedure Code and thei streingth of the evideince submitted and examined is containeid in Article one hundreid eighty four section one of the Criminal Procedure Code. The reseiarch method used is normative juridical by conducting qualitative data analysis.
SENGKETA STATUS SILALA ANTARA BOLIVIA DAN CHILE BERDASARKAN UNWC 1997
Authors: Balqis Devina Nuzlia , Budianto Anto Ismu 
Published: April 2024

Territorial disputes are border issues between countries that often occur internationally. As happened in the relationship between Bolivia and Chile regarding the dispute over the Silala River, the use of Silala waters began in 1906. Where the two countries were involved in disputes regarding the status and use of Silala. Bolivia emphasized that the Silala spring did not meet the requirements to be considered an international waterway due to the canalization and that Chile had to pay compensation. On the other hand, Chile claims Silala as an international waterway. With these overlapping claims, Silala disputes cannot avoided. This dispute was submitted to the International Court of Justice by Chile on June 6, 2016. This research examines the status of Silala based on UNWC 1997 and the efforts taken by the two countries in resolving the Silala waters dispute. This research is a normative legal research that was collected based on literature studies and analyzed qualitatively with deductive methods and using secondary data. From
Assessing the geological relationships between the mafic-ultramafic intrusion in the Haib area and the Vuurdood Subsuite, Richtersveld Subprovince
Authors: Jogee B.A. , Bybee G.M. , Robb L.J. , Reid D.L. , Minnaar H. , Caricchi L. , Bolhar R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Haib porphyry copper deposit is situated in the Richtersveld Subprovince and is host to unique Palaeoproterozoic porphyry copper mineralisation in Namibia. Several lines of evidence, including machine-learning geothermobarometry, indicate that the deposit is exposed at mid- to upper-crustal levels, as constrained from average pressure and temperature estimates of 4 kbar and 870°C, respectively. The Haib porphyry copper deposit is associated with, and is in close proximity to, a mafic-ultramafic intrusion named the Kokerboom Intrusion (KI) in this study. Together with several other mafic intrusions in this region, these intrusions are known collectively as the Vuurdood Subsuite of the Richtersveld Subprovince. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate a genetic link between the KI and the Vuurdood Subsuite using lithological characteristics, mineral and alteration assemblages, major and trace element geochemistry and U-Pb geochronology. Pyroxenites from the KI contain magmatic sulphides and have a geochemical affinity with shallow plutonic and volcanic rocks of the Haib porphyry, providing a unique mid-crustal perspective on porphyry copper deposit metallogenesis.