bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflation: a constraint on foreign policy?
Authors: Oppenheimer Peter M. 
Published: October 2009

The problem of inflation has been a major preoccupation of Western governments in the 1970s. Has it affected their foreign policy? More particularly, has U.K. foreign policy been affected by the much faster than average rate of inflation prevalent in Britain?When a number of economic and political problems co-exist, it is tempting to discern linkages between them and even, perhaps, to see these linkages as inevitable. Such diagnoses are sometimes correct; but as a rule they cannot be relied upon. This is true even when attention is confined to economic issues alone. The connection, for instance, between global inflation and the energy problem in the 1970s is complex and subtle, but not close.
Entering the future backwards: some reflections on the current international scene
Authors: Spence J. E. 
Published: October 2009

The relevance of historyThe title of this essay may sound odd, if not inexplicable. ‘Entering the future backwards’ —the quotation comes from the French poet, Paul Valery and it seems to me to have utility in this context in both a theoretical and practical mode. Theoretical, because the term reminds us that as scholars and teachers we have an obligation when we reflect upon a confused and alarming present to think historically, i.e., to ask ourselves what is unique about our current global circumstances. We can only do this by probing the past to determine whether there are any significant parallels which might illustrate an understanding of the present. But the idea that states and statespersons—apart from scholars—enter the future backwards also has some substance: after all, politicians—understandably—confronted by unexpected cataclysmic change attempt to understand that change in terms of traditional assumptions about the structure, process and philosophical bases of international society. They may do it intuitively, but they do it none the less. And this, one might argue, applies to the scholarly community as well.
Simon and Eden at the Foreign Office, 1931–1935
Authors: Dutton David 
Published: October 2009

This is according to Protocol. More briefly ‘Dear Anthony meet me at Geneva. Yrs. Cleopatra’Very few of the figures who held responsibility for the making and direction of British foreign policy in the 1930s did so with much benefit to their subsequent historical reputations. Three of the four men who occupied the post of Foreign Secretary after the General Election of 1931 appeared in the cast list of the ‘Guilty Men’, vilified by the triumvirate of left-wing journalists who wrote under the pseudonym of ‘Cato’ in the dramatic summer of 1940. That vilification has been only partially redeemed by the efforts of later revisionist biographers. Certainly, Sir John Simon, Sir Samuel Hoare and Lord Halifax all left the Foreign Office with their political reputations lower in the public mind than at the time of taking office. The exception to this experience was, of course, the case of Anthony Eden who, at the time of his resignation in February 1938 after more than six years as a member of the National Government, stood, in Churchill's famous words, as the ‘one strong young figure standing up against long, dismal, drawling tides of drift and surrender’. The making of his reputation had begun in the early 1930s when Eden occupied only subordinate office within the administration. Yet an examination of the making of British foreign policy in the years 1931–5 will show that popular perceptions of Eden's position and of an apparently serious rift between him and his departmental superior were somewhat misleading.
The Anschluss
Authors: Danchev Alex 
Published: October 2009

Historical analogiesOn 2 August 1990, much to everyone's surprise, Hitler invaded Kuwait. The ensuing conflict was mired in history—as Francis Fukuyama might say—or at least in historical analogy. The ruling analogy was with the Second World War; more exactly, with the origins and nature of that war. George Bush's constant reference during the Second Gulf War was Martin Gilbert'sSecond World War, a monumental construction well described as ‘a bleak, desolate evocation of the horrors of war, a modernWaste Land, an unremitting catalogue of killing, atrocity and exiguous survival’. The paperback edition of this exacting volume weighs three pounds. The text runs to 747 pages. Understandably, the President stashed his copy on board Air Force One. ‘I'm reading a book’, he informed an audience in Burlington, Vermont, in October 1990, ‘and it's a book of history, a great, big, thick history of World War II, and there's a parallel between what Hitler did to Poland and what Saddam Hussein has done to Kuwait’. As Paul Fussell has reminded us, the wartime refrain wasRemember Pearl Harbor. “ ‘No one ever shouted or sangRemember Poland’?Not until 1990, that is. Of course, Bush himself had served in that war, as he was not slow to remind the electorate: he flew fifty-eight missions as a pilot in the Pacific. For those who wondered what he knew of Poland, Gilbert's book—at once a chronicle of remembrance and an indictment—told him this:
Communal conflict as a challenge to international organization: the case of former Yugoslavia
Authors: Roberts Adam 
Published: October 2009

Towards the end of the First World War, when allied leaders were considering the future structure of what was to become the League of Nations, Jan Christian Smuts of South Africa wrote:The animosities and rivalries among the independent Balkan States in the past, which kept that pot boiling, and occasionally boiling over, will serve to remind us that there is the risk of a similar state of affairs on a much larger scale in the New Europe, covered as it will be with small independent States. In the past the Empires kept the peace among the rival nationalities; the League will have to keep the peace among the new States formed from these nationalities. This will impose a task of constant and vigilant supervision on it.
Robotic magnetic steering and locomotion of capsule endoscope for diagnostic and surgical endoluminal procedures
Authors: Ciuti Gastone , Valdastri Pietro , Menciassi Arianna , Dario Paolo 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThis paper describes a novel approach to capsular endoscopy that takes advantage of active magnetic locomotion in the gastrointestinal tract guided by an anthropomorphic robotic arm. Simulations were performed to select the design parameters allowing an effective and reliable magnetic link between the robot end-effector (endowed with a permanent magnet) and the capsular device (endowed with small permanent magnets). In order to actively monitor the robotic endoluminal system and to efficiently perform diagnostic and surgical medical procedures, a feedback control based on inertial sensing was also implemented. The proposed platform demonstrated to be a reliable solution to move and steer a capsular device in a slightly insufflated gastrointestinal lumen.
EELS of Niobium and Stoichiometric Niobium-Oxide Phases—Part II: Quantification
Authors: Bach David , Schneider Reinhard , Gerthsen Dagmar 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA comprehensive electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) study of niobium (Nb) and stable Nb-oxide phases (NbO, NbO2, Nb2O5) was carried out. Part II of this work is devoted to quantitative EELS by means of experimental k-factors derived from the intensity ratio of the O-K edge and the Nb-M4,5 or Nb-M2,3 edges for all three stable Nb-oxides. The precision and accuracy of the quantification are investigated with respect to the influence of intensity-measurement energy windows, background subtraction, and sample thickness. Integration-window widths allowing optimum accuracy are determined. Owing to background-subtraction errors, the Nb-M4,5 edges rather than Nb-M2,3 are preferred for quantification. Different approaches are applied to improve the precision with regard to thickness-related errors. Thus, a precision up to ±1.5% is achieved by averaging spectra from all three reference oxides to determine a k-factor using Nb-M4,5. Using the experimental k-factor, the determination of atomic concentration ratios CNb/CO in the range of 0.4 (Nb2O5) to 1 (NbO) was found to be possible with an accuracy of 0.6% (relative deviation between measured and nominal composition), whereas ratios of calculated partial ionization cross sections lead to less accurate results.
Distal Expression of knotted1 in Maize Leaves Leads to Reestablishment of Proximal/Distal Patterning and Leaf Dissection
Authors: Ramirez Julio , Bolduc Nathalie , Lisch Damon , Hake Sarah 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) leaves provide a useful system to study how proximal/distal patterning is established because of the distinct tissues found in the distal blade and the proximal sheath. Several mutants disrupt this pattern, including the dominant knotted1-like homeobox (knox) mutants. knox genes encode homeodomain proteins of the TALE superclass of transcription factors. Class I knox genes are expressed in the meristem and down-regulated as leaves initiate. Gain-of-function phenotypes result from misexpression in leaves. We identified a new dominant allele of maize knotted1, Kn1-DL, which contains a transposon insertion in the promoter in addition to a tandem duplication of the kn1 locus. In situ hybridization shows that kn1 is misexpressed in two different parts of the blade that correlate with the different phenotypes observed. When kn1 is misexpressed along the margins, flaps of sheath-like tissue form along the margins. Expression in the distal tip leads to premature termination of the midrib into a knot and leaf bifurcation. The gain-of-function phenotypes suggest that kn1 establishes proximal/distal patterning when expressed in distal locations and lead to the hypothesis that kn1 normally participates in the establishment of proximal/distal polarity in the incipient leaf.
Rin4 Causes Hybrid Necrosis and Race-Specific Resistance in an Interspecific Lettuce Hybrid
Authors: Jeuken Marieke J.W. , Zhang Ningwen W. , McHale Leah K. , Pelgrom Koen , den Boer Erik , Lindhout Pim , Michelmore Richard W. , Visser Richard G.F. , Niks Rients E. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Some inter- and intraspecific crosses may result in reduced viability or sterility in the offspring, often due to genetic incompatibilities resulting from interactions between two or more loci. Hybrid necrosis is a postzygotic genetic incompatibility that is phenotypically manifested as necrotic lesions on the plant. We observed hybrid necrosis in interspecific lettuce (Lactuca sativa and Lactuca saligna) hybrids that correlated with resistance to downy mildew. Segregation analysis revealed a specific allelic combination at two interacting loci to be responsible. The allelic interaction had two consequences: (1) a quantitative temperature-dependent autoimmunity reaction leading to necrotic lesions, lethality, and quantitative resistance to an otherwise virulent race of Bremia lactucae; and (2) a qualitative temperature-independent race-specific resistance to an avirulent race of B. lactucae. We demonstrated by transient expression and silencing experiments that one of the two interacting genes was Rin4. In Arabidopsis thaliana, RIN4 is known to interact with multiple R gene products, and their interactions result in hypersensitive resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. Site-directed mutation studies on the necrosis-eliciting allele of Rin4 in lettuce showed that three residues were critical for hybrid necrosis.
Technology and applications of ABB RobotStudio
Authors: Connolly Christine 
Published: October 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the capabilities, technological features and applications of a particular industrial robot simulation package.Design/methodology/approachThe paper begins with an introduction to the general characteristics and distinguishing technological features of RobotStudio. Next, there is a detailed study of how the tool is used by a company developing bespoke automation solutions, particularly in the food industry. Finally, the educational value of the software is addressed.FindingsRobotStudio is used to improve the efficiency and accuracy of robot programming and reduce downtime. It also has a role in remote maintenance and troubleshooting, risk management and education.Originality/valueA study of the approach and achievements of an automation integrator makes the technological features of the software easier to understand, in their proper context.
Design and fabrication of a statically stable stair‐climbing robotic wheelchair
Authors: Chen Chun‐Ta , Pham Hoang‐Vuong 
Published: October 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the mechanical design and stability analysis of a new stair‐climbing robotic wheelchair.Design/methodology/approachA prototype stair‐climbing robotic wheelchair is constructed comprising a pair of rotational multi‐limbed structures pivotally mounted on opposite sides of a support base. The short arm, long arm, and triangular support structures within each rotational multi‐limbed structure rotate under the actuating effects of epicyclical gear trains.FindingsThe robotic wheelchair ascends and descends stairs in a statically stable manner and has an efficient planar navigation capability.Research limitations/implicationsIn its current state of development, the robotic wheelchair is controlled and powered remotely via umbilical cords rather than an onboard processor and power supply.Practical implicationsThe robotic wheelchair provides an effective solution for enhancing the mobility of the elderly and disabled.Originality/valueThe rotational multi‐limbed mechanisms are developed to ensure the stability of the sitting base at all stages of the stair navigation maneuver without the need for additional servo‐mechanism. The proposed robotic wheelchair shows the simplification of the associated operation process.
Distance factors and target market selection: the moderating effect of market potential
Authors: Malhotra Shavin , Sivakumar K. , Zhu PengCheng 
Published: October 2009

PurposeThe paper is in the domain of marketing strategies of multinational firms. Specifically, it aims to focus on target market selection of multinational firms.Design/methodology/approachUsing the cultural, administrative, geographic, and economic distance framework proposed by Ghemawat, the authors offer empirical support for the role of different distance factors on firms' foreign market acquisition behavior. In addition, they examine the moderating role of market potential of a target country on the relationship between distance factors and target market selection. The context of the paper is multinational firms from developing countries. The sample consists of cross‐border acquisitions (CBAs) completed by firms from 18 emerging countries between 1990 and 2006. The authors use ordinary least squares and moderated regression analysis to determine the main effect of distance factors and the interaction effect of market potential.FindingsThe authors find that while cultural and geographic distance factors have a significant, negative impact on the number of CBAs, administrative and economic distances have a significant, positive effect. They also find that the market potential of target countries significantly moderates the relation between the distance factors and the number of CBAs.Research limitations/implicationsThe results show that the market potential of countries compensates and sometimes even overrides the role of distance. Future studies should expand this research to include industry‐specific factors.Originality/valueThe paper provides an empirical illustration of Ghemawat's distance framework. In addition, the paper highlights several boundary conditions of the impact of distance factors on firms' internationalization processes. Finally, the study enhances knowledge on foreign market entry behavior of firms from developing countries.
Electronic records management in the Malaysian public sector: the existence of policy
Authors: Asma' Mokhtar Umi , Mohammad Yusof Zawiyah 
Published: October 2009

PurposeThe existence of policy serves as a guideline to facilitate actions and decisions to be taken. Electronic records management should be driven and guided by clear, comprehensive, understandable policy, to direct the organization and ascertain the effectiveness of functions implemented. The purpose of this paper is to find out whether government agencies in Malaysia do possess such a policy for electronic records management. In addition, the aim is to identify the responsible party for the policy besides investigating the sources referred to in developing the policy.Design/methodology/researchThe survey employs a questionnaire to gather the data from 25 selected government departments in Klang Valley and Putrajaya, Malaysia.FindingsAs anticipated, not all government departments possess electronic records management policy far from complete, clear, and easy to implement. Most surveyed samples are executing policy provided by Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit (MAMPU) and National Archive of Malaysia (NAM) with some modifications to suit their needs. On the other hand, the number of organization carrying out electronic records management without any policy in place is alarming.Practical implicationsElectronic records management is carried out in some organisations merely based on their instinct and initiatives, far from complying with international standards of best practice.Originality valueThis paper provides evidence from an original study.
Simulation of soliton‐like waves generated by topography with conservative fully discrete shallow‐water arbitrary‐order schemes
Authors: Skiba Yuri N. , Filatov Denis M. 
Published: October 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to suggest a new approach to the numerical simulation of shallow‐water flows both in plane domains and on the sphere.Design/methodology/approachThe approach involves the technique of splitting of the model operator by geometric coordinates and by physical processes. Specially chosen temporal and spatial approximations result in one‐dimensional finite difference schemes that conserve the mass and the total energy. Therefore, the mass and the total energy of the whole two‐dimensional split scheme are kept constant too.FindingsExplicit expressions for the schemes of arbitrary approximation orders in space are given. The schemes are shown to be mass‐ and energy‐conserving, and hence absolutely stable because the square root of the total energy is the norm of the solution. The schemes of the first four approximation orders are then tested by simulating nonlinear solitary waves generated by a model topography. In the analysis, the primary attention is given to the study of the time‐space structure of the numerical solutions.Originality/valueThe approach can be used for the numerical simulation of shallow‐water flows in domains of both Cartesian and spherical geometries, providing the solution adequate from the physical and mathematical standpoints in the sense of keeping its mass and total energy constant even when fully discrete shallow‐water models are applied.
Impulsive Falkner‐Skan flow with constant wall heat flux: revisited
Authors: Harris Simon D. , Ingham Derek B. , Pop Ioan 
Published: October 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a numerical and an analytical study of the fluid flow and heat transfer in the unsteady, laminar boundary layer resulting from the forced convection flow along a semi‐infinite wedge, where the transients are initiated at time t¯ = 0 when the wedge is impulsively started from rest with a uniform velocity and a constant heat flux at the walls of the wedge is suddenly imposed.Design/methodology/approachThe velocity of the main free stream is written in non‐dimensional form for t > 0 as ue(x) = xm, where x is the non‐dimensional distance along the surface from the leading edge (apex) of the wedge and the constant m is related to the included angle of the wedge πβ by m = β / (2 − β) (0 ≤ m ≤ 1 for physical applications). The wedge and the fluid are assumed to be initially (t¯ = 0) at the same uniform temperature T∞, so that there is zero heat flux at the surface. A time‐dependent thermal boundary layer is then produced at t¯ = 0 as the zero heat flux at the surface is suddenly changed, and a constant heat flux qw is imposed as the wedge is set into motion. Analytical solutions for the simultaneous development of the momentum and thermal boundary layers are obtained for both small (initial unsteady flow) and large (steady‐state flow) times for several wedge angles (several values of m) and several values of the Prandtl number Pr. These two asymptotic solutions are matched using two specialised numerical procedures.FindingsThe numerical results obtained for the transient fluid velocity and temperature fields concentrate mainly on the case when the Prandtl number Pr = 1 and m = 1 / 5, namely a wedge angle of 60○. Required alterations to these parameters are then discussed with reference to variations in Pr and m separately. Further, an engineering empirical expression is presented for the skin friction Cf (τ) Rex1/2 that is valid for all times. The comparison between the empirical formula and the full numerical solution demonstrates that this matching solution can be used with confidence over the whole range of values of the non‐dimensional time τ for each of the values of m presented, and may therefore be used with confidence in engineering applications.Originality/valueThe results of the present work, which have been obtained through many computations, are very important for the advancement of knowledge on this classical problem of fluid mechanics and heat transfer. It is believed that such very detailed solutions have not previously been presented.
Adolescents' perceptions of healthy eating and communication about healthy eating
Authors: Chan Kara , Prendergast Gerard , Grønhøj Alice , Bech‐Larsen Tino 
Published: October 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore Chinese adolescents' perceptions of healthy eating, their perceptions of various socializing agents shaping their eating habits, and their opinions about various regulatory measures which might be imposed to encourage healthy eating.Design/methodology/approachFour focus group interview sessions were conducted with 22 eighth and ninth grade adolescents (aged 13 to 15) in Hong Kong.FindingsThe participants perceived a balanced diet and regular meal times as the most important attributes of healthy eating. Participants were most likely to eat unhealthy food at parties, during festivals, and when socializing. They reported that mothers and teachers often advise them to eat healthy foods. They felt that banning the sale of soft drinks in schools and at sports centers and/or increasing the price of soft drinks might discourage their consumption, but felt that banning soft drink advertisements and/or making free drinking water more available would be ineffective.Research limitations/implicationsThe interviewees were mostly from low to middle income families. They may not be representative of all adolescents in Hong Kong or elsewhere, thus limiting the generalisabilty of the findings.Originality/valueThe study serves as a guideline for social services marketing professionals targeting adolescents. Social services marketers might consider influencing adolescents' eating habits through the parents and school teachers. Restricting selling of soft drinks at schools and sports centers and increasing the price of soft drinks should be considered, as these were considered relatively more effective than other measures. Seven testable hypotheses are proposed to guide further research.