bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MRI Using Ferumoxytol Improves the Visualization of Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations
Authors: Dósa Edit , Tuladhar Suchita , Muldoon Leslie L. , Hamilton Bronwyn E. , Rooney William D. , Neuwelt Edward A. 
Published: April 2011

Background and Purpose—
Central nervous system vascular malformations (VMs) result from abnormal vasculo- and/or angiogenesis. Cavernomas and arteriovenous malformations are also sites of active inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine whether MRI detection of VMs can be improved by administration of ferumoxytol iron oxide nanoparticle, which acts as a blood pool agent at early time points and an inflammatory marker when taken up by tissue macrophages.

Methods—
Nineteen patients (11 men, 8 women; mean age, 47.5 years) with central nervous system VMs underwent 3-T MRI both with gadoteridol and ferumoxytol. The ferumoxytol-induced signal changes on the T1-, T2-, and susceptibility-weighted images were analyzed at 25 minutes (range, 21 to 30 minutes) and 24 hours (range, 22 to 27 hours).

Results—
Thirty-five lesions (capillary telangiectasia, n=6; cavernoma, n=21; developmental venous anomaly, n=7; arteriovenous malformation, n=1) were seen on the pre- and postgadoteridol images. The postferumoxytol susceptibility-weighted sequences revealed 5 additional VMs (3 capillary telangiectasias, 2 cavernomas) and demonstrated further tributary veins in all patients with developmental venous anomalies. The 24-hour T1 and T2 ferumoxytol-related signal abnormalities were inconsistent among patients and within VM types. No additional area of T1 or T2 enhancement was noted with ferumoxytol compared with gadoteridol in any lesion.

Conclusions—
Our findings indicate that the blood pool agent ferumoxytol provides important information about the number and true extent of VMs on the susceptibility-weighted MRI. The use of ferumoxytol as a macrophage imaging agent in the visualization of inflammatory cells within and around the lesions warrants further investigation.
Improving Stroke Risk Stratification Using the CHADS
2
and CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc Risk Scores in Patients With Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation by Continuous Arrhythmia Burden Monitoring
Authors: Boriani Giuseppe , Botto Giovanni Luca , Padeletti Luigi , Santini Massimo , Capucci Alessandro , Gulizia Michele , Ricci Renato , Biffi Mauro , De Santo Tiziana , Corbucci Giorgio , Lip Gregory Y.H. ,   for the Italian AT-500 Registry Investigators
Published: April 2011

Background and Purpose—
In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), stroke risk stratification schema do not consider AF parameters. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of combining risk factors with continuous AF burden monitoring.

Methods—
In this retrospective study 568 patients implanted with a DDDR-P pacemaker (AT-500; Medtronic) and a history of AF were continuously monitored for 1 year.

Results—

During follow-up, 14 patients (2.5%) had a thromboembolic event. Patients were divided into 3 groups: AF burden ≤5 minutes per day (AF-free; n=223 [39%]), AF burden >5 minutes but <24 hours per day (AF-5 minutes; n=179 [32%]), and AF burden ≥24 hours (AF-24 hours; n=166 [29%]). Patients were also classified according to CHADS
2
and CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc risk scores. The discrimination ability of each risk score was evaluated performing a logistic regression analysis and calculating the corresponding C-statistic. The addition of AF burden improved C-statistics: for CHADS
2
from 0.653 (
P
=0.051) to 0.713 (
P
=0.007); for CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc, from 0.898 (
P
<0.0001) to 0.910 (
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions—

The CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc score had a high sensitivity to predict thromboembolism. Implementation of device data on AF presence/duration/burden has the potential to contribute to improved clinical risk stratification and should be tested prospectively.
Safety and Outcomes of Intravenous Thrombolysis in Stroke Mimics
Authors: Tsivgoulis Georgios , Alexandrov Andrei V. , Chang Jason , Sharma Vijay K. , Hoover Steven L. , Lao Annabelle Y. , Liu Wei , Stamboulis Elefterios , Alexandrov Anne W. , Malkoff Marc D. , Frey James L. 
Published: April 2011

Background and Purpose—
Efforts to increase the availability and shorten the time delivery of intravenous thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke carry the potential for tissue plasminogen activator administration in patients with diseases other than stroke, that is, stroke mimics (SMs). We aimed to determine safety and to describe outcomes of intravenous thrombolysis in SM.

Methods—
We retrospectively analyzed stroke registry data of consecutive acute ischemic stroke admissions treated with intravenous thrombolysis over a 6-year-period. The admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, vascular risk factors, ischemic lesions on brain MRI (routinely performed as part of diagnostic work-up), and discharge modified Rankin Scale scores were documented. Initial stroke diagnosis in the emergency department was compared with final discharge diagnosis. SM diagnosis was based on the absence of ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging sequences in addition to an alternate discharge diagnosis. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was defined as brain imaging evidence of intracranial hemorrhage with clinical worsening by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score increase of ≥4 points.

Results—

Intravenous thrombolysis was administered in 539 patients with acute ischemic stroke (55% men; mean age, 66±15 years). Misdiagnosis of acute ischemic stroke was documented in 56 cases (10.4%; 95% CI, 7.9% to 13.3%). Conversion disorder (26.8%), complicated migraine (19.6%), and seizures (19.6%) were the 3 most common final diagnoses in SM. SMs were younger (mean age, 56±13 years) and had milder baseline stroke severity (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, 6; interquartile range, 4) compared with patients with confirmed acute ischemic stroke (mean age, 67±14 years; median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, 8; interquartile range, 10;
P
<0.001). There was no case of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in SMs (0%; 95% CI, 0% to 5.5%); 96% of SMs were functionally independent at hospital discharge (modified Rankin Scale, 0 to 1).

Conclusions—
Our single-center data indicate favorable safety and outcomes of intravenous thrombolysis administered to SM.
Steinernema vulcanicum n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode species from Sicily (Italy)
Authors: Tarasco Eustachio , Clausi Mirella , Rappazzo Giancarlo , Vinciguerra Maria Teresa , Longo Agata 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA new species of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema vulcanicum n. sp., is described from the slopes of Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy). It was recovered from soil in a chestnut wood. Molecular and morphological data indicate that the new species belongs to the glaseri group of Steinernema spp. The new species can be distinguished from the other described species of the group by morphological characteristics, crossbreeding tests and by the DNA sequences of ITS1 rDNA, 12S and cox1 mitochondrial loci. Steinernema vulcanicum n. sp. is characterised by the long and slender male spicules, with manubrium wider than long, velum prominent, rounded tip with ventral concavity and tail without mucro. The female has double epiptygmata in both generations. The third-stage infective juveniles have an average body length of 1200 μm, excretory pore generally located level with posterior part of the pharyngeal corpus (D% = 47-68), lateral field pattern of variable formula and hyaline part of tail forming ca 50% of its length. The DNA sequences, life cycle and the endosymbiotic bacterium of S. vulcanicum n. sp., Xenorhabdus kozodoii, indicate the similarity of the new species with S. arenarium, S. apuliae and S. boemarei, from which it can be distinguished by both morphological and molecular characters.
Drawing Our Fish in the Sand: Secret Biblical Allusions in the Music of U2
Authors: Galbraith Deane 
Published: April 2011

AbstractConfronted with a popular music subculture which is predominantly antipathetic to Christianity, the charismatic-evangelical members of rock band U2 double code their lyrics in such a manner that Christian references are hidden from mainstream listeners and media while being readily recognizable to their Christian fans. The device of allusion is especially amenable to this end, as the meaning of an allusion can only be considered by a reader or listener who possesses the requisite competency in respect of the evoked text(s). Through their utilization of biblical allusions, U2 therefore construct two different, perhaps even irreconcilable, groups of listeners—a knowledgeable Christian in-group and an unknowledgeable non-Christian out-group. With detailed reference to U2's songs, this paper examines the covert tendencies of allusion and the manner by which it is able to engage the listener's intertextual imagination. The paper also distinguishes a secret or hidden allusion from a generic allusion on pragmatic and socio-cultural grounds, and demonstrates the potential of secret allusions to increase semantic indeterminacy. Lastly, the paper examines some examples of the reception of the U2 song 'Magnificent' which demonstrate the effectiveness of U2's secret biblical allusions in creating two largely discrete groups of listeners.
Africa in Retrospect: Russia, Iran and Chinese Arms Supplies to Sudan
Authors: McFarland Sherri 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis study provides requisite information on the thorny civil war and destructive situation in the Republic of Sudan, which has led to the indictment of the sitting Sudanese Head of State in 2009. This paper will provide an in depth discussion regarding increased weapons transfers and its adverse impact on the conflict in Sudan. Additionally, theoretical frameworks regarding the foreign policies of nation-states, power, and resource conflict will be utilized to analyze the Sudanese government’s relationships with China, Russia and Iran as well as its relationship with the marginalized communities of the Sudan such as Darfur and the Nuba Mountains. Information has been provided to underscore the major players in the conflict, whereby Russia, Iran and China are considered culprits in the arms race in the area. Russia, China and Iran have continued to supply arms to Sudan despite the institution of a UN arms embargo in 2004. Although the weapons procurement chain in Sudan demands a comprehensive analysis of both state and non-state actors a close examination of its relationship with various nation-states such as China, Iran and Russia will provide a greater understanding of the economic and political environment that has contributed to the increase of weapons transfers which has adversely impacted internal and regional security.
On the Conversation Between Theologians and Economists: A Contribution to Public Theology
Authors: Peil Jan , Wijngaards Aloys , van den Hoogen Toine 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article seeks to contribute to the development of a conversation between public theology and economics. A major problem for this conversation is the dichotomy between normative and positive judgements about our social reality. This translates into the use of distinctive concepts of value rationality and instrumental rationality. This article proposes an alternative conception of rationality that offers a way out of the positive‐normative dichotomy and embeds our approach in the framework of public theology.
‘You Make All Things New’: Jonathan Edwards and a Christian Environmental Ethic
Authors: Paeth Scott R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article examines the way in which the theology of Jonathan Edwards can contribute to the construction of a Christian approach to ecological ethics that maintains crucial elements of the Christian theological tradition. By way of comparison, the article begins with an examination of the work of Rosemary Radford Ruether, whose approach to dealing with the ecological implications of the Christian tradition diverges sharply from the perspective offered by Edwards, and provides a useful contrast to his approach. The article then turns to an extensive discussion of Edwards’ view of nature and the theology of creation, particularly the relationship between creation and the triune nature of God. The final sections examine an application of Edwards’ theology of creation to the development of a Christian environmental ethic.
An Intercomparison of T-REX Mountain-Wave Simulations and Implications for Mesoscale Predictability
Authors: Doyle James D. , Gaberšek Saša , Jiang Qingfang , Bernardet Ligia , Brown John M. , Dörnbrack Andreas , Filaus Elmar , Grubišić Vanda , Kirshbaum Daniel J. , Knoth Oswald , Koch Steven , Schmidli Juerg , Stiperski Ivana , Vosper Simon , Zhong Shiyuan 
Published: April 2011

Numerical simulations of flow over steep terrain using 11 different nonhydrostatic numerical models are compared and analyzed. A basic benchmark and five other test cases are simulated in a two-dimensional framework using the same initial state, which is based on conditions during Intensive Observation Period (IOP) 6 of the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX), in which intense mountain-wave activity was observed. All of the models use an identical horizontal resolution of 1 km and the same vertical resolution. The six simulated test cases use various terrain heights: a 100-m bell-shaped hill, a 1000-m idealized ridge that is steeper on the lee slope, a 2500-m ridge with the same terrain shape, and a cross-Sierra terrain profile. The models are tested with both free-slip and no-slip lower boundary conditions. The results indicate a surprisingly diverse spectrum of simulated mountain-wave characteristics including lee waves, hydraulic-like jump features, and gravity wave breaking. The vertical velocity standard deviation is twice as large in the free-slip experiments relative to the no-slip simulations. Nevertheless, the no-slip simulations also exhibit considerable variations in the wave characteristics. The results imply relatively low predictability of key characteristics of topographically forced flows such as the strength of downslope winds and stratospheric wave breaking. The vertical flux of horizontal momentum, which is a domain-integrated quantity, exhibits considerable spread among the models, particularly for the experiments with the 2500-m ridge and Sierra terrain. The differences among the various model simulations, all initialized with identical initial states, suggest that model dynamical cores may be an important component of diversity for the design of mesoscale ensemble systems for topographically forced flows. The intermodel differences are significantly larger than sensitivity experiments within a single modeling system.
Onset of a pandemic: characterizing the initial phase of the swine flu (H1N1) epidemic in Israel
Authors: Roll Uri , Yaari Rami , Katriel Guy , Barnea Oren , Stone Lewi , Mendelson Ella , Mandelboim Michal , Huppert Amit 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Background
The swine influenza H1N1 first identified in Mexico, spread rapidly across the globe and is considered the fastest moving pandemic in history. The early phase of an outbreak, in which data is relatively scarce, presents scientific challenges on key issues such as: scale, severity and immunity which are fundamental for establishing sound and rapid policy schemes. Our analysis of an Israeli dataset aims at understanding the spatio-temporal dynamics of H1N1 in its initial phase.

Methods
We constructed and analyzed a unique dataset from Israel on all confirmed cases (between April 26 to July 7, 2009), representing most swine flu cases in this period. We estimated and characterized fundamental epidemiological features of the pandemic in Israel (e.g. effective reproductive number, age-class distribution, at-risk social groups, infections between sexes, and spatial dynamics). Contact data collected during this stage was used to estimate the generation time distribution of the pandemic.

Results
We found a low effective reproductive number (R

e
= 1.06), an age-class distribution of infected individuals (skewed towards ages 18-25), at-risk social groups (soldiers and ultra Orthodox Jews), and significant differences in infections between sexes (skewed towards males). In terms of spatial dynamics, the pandemic spread from the central coastal plain of Israel to other regions, with higher infection rates in more densely populated sub-districts with higher income households.

Conclusions
Analysis of high quality data holds much promise in reducing uncertainty regarding fundamental aspects of the initial phase of an outbreak (e.g. the effective reproductive number Re, age-class distribution, at-risk social groups). The formulation for determining the effective reproductive number R

e
used here has many advantages for studying the initial phase of the outbreak since it neither assumes exponential growth of infectives and is independent of the reporting rate. The finding of a low R

e
(close to unity threshold), combined with identification of social groups with high transmission rates would have enabled the containment of swine flu during the summer in Israel. Our unique use of contact data provided new insights into the differential dynamics of influenza in different ages and sexes, and should be promoted in future epidemiological studies. Thus our work highlights the importance of conducting a comprehensive study of the initial stage of a pandemic in real time.
Screening for left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the community
Authors: Somaratne Jithendra B , Whalley Gillian A , Poppe Katrina K , ter Bals Mariska M , Wadams Gina , Pearl Ann , Bagg Warwick , Doughty Rob N 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Background
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease and is common among patients with type 2 diabetes. However, no systematic screening for LVH is currently recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether NT-proBNP was superior to 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) for detection of LVH in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods
Prospective cross-sectional study comparing diagnostic accuracy of ECG and NT-proBNP for the detection of LVH among patients with type 2 diabetes. Inclusion criteria included having been diagnosed for > 5 years and/or on treatment for type 2 diabetes; patients with Stage 3/4 chronic kidney disease and known cardiovascular disease were excluded. ECG LVH was defined as either the Sokolow-Lyon or Cornell voltage criteria. NT-proBNP level was measured using the Roche Diagnostics Elecsys assay. Left ventricular mass was assessed from echocardiography. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was carried out and area under the curve (AUC) was calculated.

Results
294 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited, mean age 58 (SD 11) years, BP 134/81 ± 18/11 mmHg, HbA1c 7.3 ± 1.5%. LVH was present in 164 patients (56%). In a logistic regression model age, gender, BMI and a history of hypertension were important determinants of LVH (p < 0.05). Only 5 patients with LVH were detected by either ECG voltage criteria. The AUC for NT-proBNP in detecting LVH was 0.68.

Conclusions
LVH was highly prevalent in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes. ECG was an inadequate test to identify LVH and while NT-proBNP was superior to ECG it remained unsuitable for detecting LVH. Thus, there remains a need for a screening tool to detect LVH in primary care patients with type 2 diabetes to enhance risk stratification and management.
Improved Inactivation Effect of Bacteria: Fabrication of Mesoporous Anatase Films with Fine Ag Nanoparticles Prepared by Coaxial Vacuum Arc Deposition
Authors: Oveisi Hamid , Rahighi Simin , Jiang Xiangfen , Agawa Yoshiaki , Beitollahi Ali , Wakatsuki Soichi , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
We realize ultrarapid inactivation of bacteria by modifying fine Ag nanoparticles with uniform size on mesoporous anatase films with high surface areas.
Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide with Silver-exchanged Mordenite Containing Cobalt in Framework Sites
Authors: Hiyoshi Norihito , Ikeda Takuji , Kato Masanao 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The catalytic activity of Ag-exchanged mordenite containing Co atoms in framework positions (Ag/CoMOR) was investigated for CO oxidation. The activity of the Ag/CoMOR catalyst was found to be higher than that of an aluminosilicate mordenite catalyst coexchanged with Ag and Co.
Ruthenium-catalyzed Formation of Tertiary Amines from Nitriles and Alcohols
Authors: Liu Saiwen , Chen Ru , Deng Guo-Jun 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A ruthenium-catalyzed tertiary-amine formation was developed using the borrowing hydrogen strategy. Various tertiary amines were obtained efficiently from nitriles and primary alcohols. Two possible pathways were found for the tertiary-amine formation under RuCl3/dppf catalytic conditions. The nitriles mainly act as a nitrogen source in this kind of transformation.
The Efficacy of HGAL and LMO2 in the Separation of Lymphomas Derived From Small B Cells in Nodal and Extranodal Sites, Including the Bone Marrow
Authors: Younes Sheren F. , Beck Andrew H. , Ohgami Robert S. , Lossos Izidore S. , Levy Ronald , Warnke Roger A. , Natkunam Yasodha 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
We studied the efficacy of 2 germinal center B-cell markers, HGAL and LMO2, in the separation of lymphomas derived from small B cells, particularly follicular lymphoma (FL) and marginal zone lymphoma occurring in nodal, extranodal, splenic, and bone marrow sites using immunohistochemical analysis for CD10, BCL6, BCL2, HGAL, and LMO2. Our results showed that HGAL and LMO2 are sensitive and specific markers for detecting FL in nodal and extranodal sites. In contrast, all markers were down-regulated in FL infiltrates in the bone marrow. CD10 and HGAL were expressed in a subset of FLs in the bone marrow and were highly correlated with each other and with CD21, a marker of follicular dendritic cells. We conclude that HGAL and LMO2 should be considered in immunohistochemical panels used for the routine workup of lymphomas derived from small B cells. In the bone marrow, staining for HGAL or CD10 can be helpful in making a diagnosis of FL, although they are absent in a subset of cases.
Clinical Evaluation of the i-STAT Kaolin Activated Clotting Time (ACT) Test in Different Clinical Settings in a Large Academic Urban Medical Center
Authors: Lewandrowski Elizabeth Lee , Van Cott Elizabeth M. , Gregory Kimberly , Jang Ik-Kyung , Lewandrowski Kent B. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Historically, it has been difficult for hospitals to change methods for activated clotting time (ACT) testing because of differences in ACT values obtained with different instruments, wide differences in target ranges used in different procedures, and the difficulty of performing crossover studies at the bedside in critical care situations. There are limited published data comparing the i-STAT (Abbott Point of Care, Princeton, NJ) kaolin ACT with the Medtronic ACT Plus (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN). The i-STAT system can perform ACT testing in addition to testing of a number of critical care analytes and may offer potential advantages over other ACT analyzers. Comparison of ACT values on 121 simultaneous split-sample tests yielded an R2 of 0.88 with i-STAT = 0.79 Medtronic + 72.0. The Pearson correlation was R = 0.94, indicating statistically significant correlation between the 2 methods. Based on this comparison, we were able to implement the i-STAT ACT throughout our institution without changing target ranges for any individual procedure.