bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'évolution de la mortalité infantile à la Réunion depuis cinquante ans
Authors: Barbieri Magali , Catteau Christine 
Published: October 2011

Résumé L’évolution de la mortalité infantile à la Réunion au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale a été l’une des plus rapides au monde. Alors que le taux de mortalité infantile s’établissait au-dessus de 165 pour 1 000 naissances il y a cinquante ans, il est aujourd’hui inférieur à 10 ‰. Toutes les composantes de la mortalité infantile ont participé à ce recul même si chacune a évolué à un rythme propre. Cette évolution s’est accompagnée de changements considérables dans la structure par cause des décès, avec un effondrement de la part des maladies infectieuses et respiratoires et une proportion de plus en plus importante des décès dus aux affections périnatales et aux anomalies congénitales. L’accès généralisé à la santé et la médicalisation de la grossesse et de l’accouchement ont sans aucun doute joué sur la baisse de la mortalité infantile, mais les changements des comportements reproducteurs et d’autres facteurs socio-économiques ont également contribué aux progrès observés. Des inquiétudes demeurent, toutefois, en ce qui concerne les enfants nés dans les milieux socio-économiques les plus défavorisés.
La fécondité des étrangères dans un pays d'immigration récente : le cas de l'Espagne
Authors: Roig Vila Marta , Castro-Martín Teresa 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Pays d’émigration pendant des siècles, l’Espagne est devenue un pays d’immigration depuis une vingtaine d’années : la part de la population étrangère y est passée de 0,9 % en 1991 à 8,5 % en 2005. L’Espagne ayant un taux de fécondité parmi les plus bas du monde, l’impact potentiel de l’immigration sur son avenir démographique est important. Pourtant, on s’y est encore assez peu intéressé à la fécondité des immigrées. Cet article compare les indicateurs de fécondité respectifs des Espagnoles et des immigrées en exploitant les données individuelles de l’état civil et analyse l’évolution récente de la fécondité en fonction de la région d’origine à partir des données du recensement de 2001. Les résultats montrent que les écarts de fécondité constatés entre les Espagnoles et les étrangères s’expliquent en grande partie par des différences de profil socio-démographique, en particulier en termes d’âge et de niveau d’instruction. Comme certains effets supposés de l’immigration sur la fécondité dépendent de la durée de séjour dans le pays d’accueil, l’article compare aussi les niveaux de fécondité de différentes cohortes d’immigrées et met en évidence des modèles qui s’accordent à la fois avec l’hypothèse de l’adaptation et avec celle de la rupture.
La chute de la fécondité touche-t-elle à sa fin dans les régions italiennes ?
Authors: Caltabiano Marcantonio 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Tout au long du XX e siècle, l’Italie a été marquée par de grandes différences régionales de fécondité. Adoptant une approche longitudinale pour approfondir l’analyse de ces variations, l’auteur a calculé, dans chaque région, la descendance finale des générations nées entre 1935 et 1968. Les données récemment publiées par l’Institut national italien de statistique (Istat), qui portent sur les années 1999-2005, permettent d’étendre l’analyse à la première partie de la vie féconde des générations nées dans les années 1970 et au début des années 1980. Les résultats montrent que : (1) pour les générations antérieures à 1970, la chute de la fécondité et les disparités régionales sont bien confirmées ; (2) pour les générations plus récentes, le rythme de la baisse de la fécondité se maintient en Italie du Sud, tandis qu’il ralentit en Italie du Nord, allant même jusqu’à la stagnation dans certaines régions. Si cette tendance perdure, les descendances finales des générations de toutes les régions italiennes pourraient, à terme, converger vers un même niveau.
Contexte villageois et recours aux soins dans la région de Fatick au Sénégal
Authors: Franckel Aurélien , Arcens Frédéric , Lalou Richard 
Published: October 2011

Résumé	Au sein de la dense littérature sur les comportements de recours aux soins en milieu rural africain, les composantes contextuelles, et notamment les différences entre les villages, sont rarement étudiées. Face à ce constat, cet article considère le village, ou le groupe de villages, comme niveau agrégé d’analyse, à partir d’une étude menée dans la région de Fatick, au Sénégal. Les résultats descriptifs mettent en évidence de fortes variations des pratiques thérapeutiques, des modalités de prise en charge de la maladie et des stratégies de planification des soins d’un village à l’autre. À différents niveaux, les comportements de recours aux soins individuels apparaissent conditionnés par un ensemble de normes collectives générées par la communauté villageoise. L’analyse spatiale montre que ces variations comportementales décrivent deux ensembles géographiques, distingués par un niveau d’équipement sanitaire, des caractéristiques historiques, sociales et culturelles différentes. Ces résultats questionnent l’approche unifiée du milieu rural africain et appellent d’autres recherches, approfondissant l’analyse de l’impact de nombreux facteurs contextuels, quantitatifs et qualitatifs, sur les comportements de recours aux soins.
Compléter les histoires de vie par imputation des dates de sortie d'observation. Une méthode adaptée aux données historiques
Authors: Alter George , Devos Isabelle , Kvetko Alison 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Les biographies sont souvent construites à partir de sources administratives et d’autres documents qui témoignent d’événements particuliers comme une naissance, un décès, une visite chez le médecin, une demande de contrat d’assurance ou le recours à un service. Dans un système d’« enregistrement passif », les individus ne sont pas observés de façon continue, mais lorsqu’un événement se produit. Quand une personne quitte la zone couverte par le système d’enregistrement sans en faire la déclaration, la date d’interruption de son histoire de vie reste inconnue. Cet article présente une nouvelle technique d’imputation des dates de sortie manquantes. Les informations concernant d’autres événements (naissances, mariages, décès…) qui touchent l’individu ou ses proches sont utilisées pour estimer la distribution des durées écoulées entre le dernier événement enregistré et la sortie (non observée) de la zone étudiée. Sont ici prises en compte les différences d’âge, de sexe, de situation matrimoniale et de passé migratoire. La méthode est ensuite testée sur un ensemble de données belges du XIX e siècle où figurent explicitement les dates de sortie d’observation.
L'évolution démographique récente en France : dix ans pour le pacs, plus d'un million de contractants
Authors: Prioux France , Mazuy Magali 
Published: October 2011

Résumé	La population de la France métropolitaine est estimée à 63,2 millions d’habitants au 1 er janvier 2009. L’accroissement total est encore largement positif en 2008 et presque identique à celui de l’année 2007, l’augmentation des naissances étant en partie compensée par celle des décès. Le nombre d’étrangers admis à séjourner a diminué en 2007 un peu plus nettement que les deux années précédentes. L’indicateur conjoncturel de fécondité est estimé à 2 enfants par femme en 2008, niveau proche de la descendance finale de la génération 1970. Les avortements sont stables mais leur fréquence augmente légèrement chez les femmes les plus jeunes. Le nombre de pacs signés en 2008 a encore augmenté, pour les couples de même sexe comme pour les couples de sexe différent. Les mariages sont en légère baisse, la probabilité de mariage des célibataires n’ayant jamais été aussi basse. Les divorces prononcés en 2008 sont majoritairement des divorces par consentement mutuel. L’espérance de vie à la naissance des hommes a légèrement augmenté (+ 0,14 an) et celle des femmes n’a pas progressé (– 0,06 an).
Girls' and Mothers' Spider Fear, Maternal Control and Autonomy Granting Behavior, and the Role of Threat Intensity during a Spider Exposure Task
Authors: van der Bruggen Corine Odine , Bögels Susan Maria 
Published: October 2011

This experimental study examined (I) whether mothers' controlling and autonomy granting behaviors are related to daughters' approach behavior, and (II) whether mothers' perception of daughters' and/or own fear are related to mothers' controlling and autonomy granting behaviors. Fifty girls with high levels of spider fear, aged 8–12 years, conducted a spider exposure task in the presence of their mother. The threat intensity of the task was manipulated using either a larger or a smaller spider, to examine (III) whether the relations are moderated by the degree of threat intensity during the mother-daughter interaction. Unexpectedly, results indicated that neither maternal control nor autonomy granting influenced their daughters' approach behaviour. Mothers responded with less autonomy granting, but not more control, in response to their own fear. Interestingly, this relation was only found in the high threat condition. Unexpectedly, no influence of daughters' fear on mothers' behaviors was found. Future research on the underlying processes in parent-child interactions with respect to the fear intensity of situations is needed.
Varieties of Harm to Animals in Industrial Farming
Authors: Halteman Matthew C. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Skeptics of the moral case against industrial farming often assert that harm to animals in industrial systems is limited to isolated instances of abuse that do not reflect standard practice and thus do not merit criticism of the industry at large. I argue that even if skeptics are correct that abuse is the exception rather than the rule, they must still answer for two additional varieties of serious harm to animals that are pervasive in industrial systems: procedural harm and institutional oppression. That procedural and institutional harms create conditions under which abuse is virtually inevitable only increases the skeptic’s burden.
A comprehensive pre‐clinical treatment quality assurance program using unique spot patterns for proton pencil beam scanning FLASH radiotherapy
Authors: Tsai Pingfang , Yang Yunjie , Wu Mengjou , Chen Chin‐Cheng , Yu Francis , Simone Charles B. , Choi Jehee Isabelle , Tomé Wolfgang A. , Lin Haibo 
Published: June 2024

AbstractBackgroundQuality assurance (QA) for ultra‐high dose rate (UHDR) irradiation is a crucial aspect in the emerging field of FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH‐RT). This innovative treatment approach delivers radiation at UHDR, demanding careful adoption of QA protocols and procedures. A comprehensive understanding of beam properties and dosimetry consistency is vital to ensure the safe and effective delivery of FLASH‐RT.PurposeTo develop a comprehensive pre‐treatment QA program for cyclotron‐based proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) FLASH‐RT. Establish appropriate tolerances for QA items based on this study's outcomes and TG‐224 recommendations.MethodsA 250 MeV proton spot pattern was designed and implemented using UHDR with a 215nA nozzle beam current. The QA pattern that covers a central uniform field area, various spot spacings, spot delivery modes and scanning directions, and enabling the assessment of absolute, relative and temporal dosimetry QA parameters. A strip ionization chamber array (SICA) and an Advanced Markus chamber were utilized in conjunction with a 2 cm polyethylene slab and a range (R80) verification wedge. The data have been monitored for over 3 months.ResultsThe relative dosimetries were compliant with TG‐224. The variations of temporal dosimetry for scanning speed, spot dwell time, and spot transition time were within ± 1 mm/ms, ± 0.2 ms, and ± 0.2 ms, respectively. While the beam‐to‐beam absolute output on the same day reached up to 2.14%, the day‐to‐day variation was as high as 9.69%. High correlation between the absolute dose and dose rate fluctuations were identified. The dose rate of the central 5 × 5 cm2 field exhibited variations within 5% of the baseline value (155 Gy/s) during an experimental session.ConclusionsA comprehensive QA program for FLASH‐RT was developed and effectively assesses the performance of a UHDR delivery system. Establishing tolerances to unify standards and offering direction for future advancements in the evolving FLASH‐RT field.
Intermolecular Interaction Mediated Potassium Ion Intercalation Chemistry in Ether‐Based Electrolyte for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xie Hongliang , Liang Honghong , Kumar Pushpendra , Cheng Haoran , Zhao Fei , Wang Yuqi , Cai Tao , Wahyudi Wandi , Ma Zheng , Li Qian , Ming Jun 
Published: June 2024

AbstractElectrolyte design is indeed a highly effective strategy to improve battery performance. However, identifying the intermolecular interaction in electrolyte solvation structure is rarely reported in potassium‐ion batteries. Herein, it is discovered that a solvent‐solvent intermolecular interaction can be formed when introducing the cyclopentylmethyl ether (CPME) solvent into the commonly used 1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME)‐based electrolytes. Such interaction is not only analyzed by 2D 1H‐1H correlation spectroscopy for the first time but also found that it can weaken the K+‐DME interaction significantly, consequently enabling a reversible K+ (de‐)intercalation within the graphite. By employing this strategy without using any fluorine‐based solvent, a new fluorine‐free and low‐concentration ether‐based electrolyte is designed, which is not only compatible with graphite but also facilitates the design of high‐energy‐density and safe potassium ion sulfur batteries. A novel molecular interfacial model is further presented to analyze the interfacial behaviors of K+‐solvent‐anion complexes on the electrode surface that are affected by intermolecular interactions, elucidating the reasons behind the superior electrolyte compatibility and graphite electrode performance at the molecular scale. This work sheds some light on the critical role of solvent–solvent interactions in electrolyte design for potassium‐ion batteries and provides valuable insights for engineering and enhancing the performance of electrolytes and batteries.
Nacreous Glass Composites with Superior Performance Engineered through Mechanical Vibration and Silanization
Authors: Amini Ali , Tirgar Pouria , Bahmani Aram , Jafari Maziar , Siaj Mohamed , Barthelat Francois , Ehrlicher Allen 
Published: June 2024

AbstractBioinspiration offers alternative solutions to overcome the inherent drawbacks of glass, such as low fracture toughness, strength, and impact resistance. Synthetic composites inspired by natural materials, such as nacre, have been recently introduced as an alternative to glasses. However, these have all suffered from trade‐offs between rigidity, optical clarity, fabrication scalability, and complexity. Here, two wave‐based fabrication techniques are presented to create a nacreous structure from glass flakes and polymethyl methacrylate. The glass's surface energy is controlled by adjusting the silane coverage on the glass surface, enabling high levels of structural compactness, mechanical properties, and optical clarity. The scalable glass composite, with a ≈60% glass volume fraction, possesses strength, fracture toughness, and impact resistance values, outperforming annealed glass by 4300%, 350%, and 400%, respectively. It also has a haze level of ≈18%, almost 60% less than that of the similar centrifuged‐based glass composite. This composite is proposed as a potential glass alternative in diverse applications.
Recent Progress and Challenge in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Lithium–Sulfur Battery Separators
Authors: Li Zhen , Wang Junjun , Yuan Hua , Yu Yan , Tan Yeqiang 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe separators used in lithium‐sulfur (Li–S) batteries play a crucial role in their cycling performance and safety. Current commercial separators lack the ability to efficiently regulate polysulfide shuttling and are prone to thermal runaway at high temperatures. Recent studies have shown that multifunctional separators can boost the electrochemical performance and safety of Li–S batteries. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising materials for modifying separators due to their large specific surface areas and highly ordered tunable nanopores. Herein, this review focuses on the advancements in developing MOFs, their derivatives, and MOFs‐based composites as separator coatings to address the shortcomings of Li–S batteries. The mechanisms behind these modified separators, designed to inhibit lithium polysulfide shuttling and lithium dendrite growth, are discussed, emphasizing the relationship between the structure and electrochemical performance. The impact of these modified separator coatings on battery safety is also explored, aiming to design suitable composite films for high‐safety Li–S batteries. Furthermore, future perspectives are outlined to guide practical applications and overcome the remaining challenges associated with MOFs‐modified separators.
Direct Vat‐Photopolymerization 3D Printing of Hierarchically Porous SiC Loaded with Co/Ni Based Catalysts by Using Pickering Emulsions
Authors: Ho Terence Yan King , Pung Kah Sheng , Lock Daniel Wen Hao , Du Zehui , Gan Chee Lip 
Published: June 2024

AbstractHierarchically porous silicon carbide (SiC) is an important catalyst support widely used in various gas and liquid catalytic processes. Conventional approaches to fabricate such SiC have limited design flexibility and separated catalyst‐loading step is necessitated. Herein, a one‐step, direct vat‐photopolymerization 3D printing of hierarchically porous SiC loaded with Co/Ni based catalyst is demonstrated with Pickering emulsion as feedstock for the first time. Compared with normal ceramic slurries, Pickering emulsion dramatically increases the cure depth (by 50%) and emulsion stability, which allow continuous printing of complex SiC structures with uniform pore morphology. The resultant hierarchical porous SiC offered ≈40% better mechanical strength as compared with non‐hierarchical counterpart. By dissolving metal salts into aqueous phase in Pickering emulsions, complex architected structures with Co or Ni/Co in situ loaded in SiC matrix are printed. The metal salts are then thermally converted into oxides or silicates as catalysts anchored on SiC, exhibiting excellent catalytic activity and reusability. The emulsion templating strategy holds great facility to load various highly attractive materials such as high entropy oxides or functional fillers whilst reaping the benefits of vat photopolymerization for a myriad of applications in catalysis, batteries, and structural supports.
Robust and Versatile Heterostructured Carbon Nanocomposites with Diverse Adaptability to Harsh Environments
Authors: Gong Qian , Yu Yingying , Lu Xiaolong , Gong Xiaojing , Kang Lixing , Zhang Yongyi , Wang Shanshan , Wang Wenyuan , Hu Dongmei , Di Jiangtao , Chen Qi , Chen Liwei , Li Qingwen , Zhang Jin 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn carbon allotropes, interfacial engineering of various sp2 nanocarbon building blocks has shown great promise in designing and fabricating creative nanocarbon assemblies with novel structural and functional properties. Here, a robust, flexible, metal‐like heterostructured carbon nanotube (CNT) film formed of amorphous graphene nanosheets (AGNs) on CNT networked film is demonstrated, presenting a sp3‐sp2 dominated interfacial heterostructure. Extensive characterization reveals that AGN exhibits a complete absence of long‐range periodicity with twisty six‐member rings. Such 2D graphene mailed 1D CNT structure endows the heterostructured carbon nanocomposite film with a combination of unique properties, including surface nano‐flattening (flatness fourfold of the raw CNT film), excellent anti‐wear performance, greatly enhanced modulus (enhanced by 400%), hardness (enhanced by 300 times), and conductivity (enhanced by 270%). Unlike conventional carbon‐based materials, such flexible films show distinct substantial deformability and rapid resilience over wide temperatures (−196–≈1300 °C), which facilitate the design of new‐concept lightweight high‐temperature resistant and shape‐transformable materials for advanced aerospace applications under extreme conditions.
Ceramic Meta‐Aerogel with Thermal Superinsulation up to 1700 °C Constructed by Self‐Crosslinked Nanofibrous Network via Reaction Electrospinning
Authors: Xu Zhen , Liu Yiming , Xin Qi , Dai Jin , Yu Jianyong , Cheng Longdi , Liu Yi‐Tao , Ding Bin 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThermal insulation under extreme conditions requires the materials to be capable of withstanding complex thermo‐mechanical stress, significant gradient temperature transition, and high‐frequency thermal shock. The excellent structural and functional properties of ceramic aerogels make them attractive for thermal insulation. However, in extremely high‐temperature environments (above 1500 °C), they typically exhibit limited insulation capacity and thermo‐mechanical stability, which may lead to catastrophic accidents, and this problem is never effectively addressed. Here, a novel ceramic meta‐aerogel constructed from a crosslinked nanofiber network using a reaction electrospinning strategy, which ensures excellent thermo‐mechanical stability and superinsulation under extreme conditions, is designed. The ceramic meta‐aerogel has an ultralow thermal conductivity of 0.027 W m–1 k–1, and the cold surface temperature is only 303 °C in a 1700 °C high‐temperature environment. After undergoing a significant gradient temperature transition from liquid nitrogen to 1700 °C flame burning, the ceramic meta‐aerogel can still withstand thousands of shears, flexures, compressions, and other complex forms of mechanical action without structural collapse. This work provides a new insight for developing ceramic aerogels that can be used for a long period in extremely high‐temperature environments.
Adsorber Charge Dominates over Hydrophobic or Fluorophilic Functionalization in Influencing Adsorption of PFCA onto Polystyrene Resins
Authors: Junge Florian , Wittwer Philipp , Sommerfeld Thomas , Gehrenkemper Lennart , Zoister Christian , Nickl Philip , Koch Matthias , Meermann Björn , Haag Rainer 
Published: June 2024

AbstractA systematic series of industrial‐relevant polystyrene‐based anion exchange resins that are functionalized with hydro‐ or fluorocarbon chains are compared regarding their adsorption behavior toward perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA) in respect to their charge, chain length, and type of chain. The results clearly show the dominance of electrostatic interactions in the adsorption process as uncharged adsorber materials showed no adsorption at all. In contrast, the charged adsorber materials showed in general a PFCA removal of 80% to 30% over the experiment depending on effluent fraction. Unexpectedly, for perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) the highest removal rate is found with consistently >90%. Despite observing significant benefits in the adsorption of PFCA for fluoroalkylated adsorbers in comparison to their non‐fluorinated counterparts, this effect of fluoroalkylation is comparatively small and can not be clearly attributed to fluorophilic interactions between the fluoroalkyl chains. These findings help clarifying that the introduction of fluorocarbon moieties in adsorber materials is not necessary in order to remove fluorocarbon molecules from the environment.