bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Quaternary Pan‐lake (Overflow) Period and Paleoclimate on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: Mianping ZHENG , Heran YUAN , Xitao ZHAO , Xifang LIU 
Published: December 2010

Abstract Lake geomorphology and high‐level lacustrine deposits since the mid‐late Pleistocene are well preserved in lakes of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. According to geological surveys of 17 lake districts in different locations of the plateau, combined with interpretations of satellite images and topographic maps, the authors studied the timing of formation and scopes of the pan‐lake areas of the plateau and their paleoclimate. The latest two high lake levels (overflow surfaces) on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau in the Quaternary occurred at ∼40 to 30/35 ka and ∼65 to 53 ka respectively. In these time intervals, the plateau was covered by huge interconnected pan‐lake systems with a total area of ∼36000km2 and a total volume of lake water of >530 million km2, which are about 38 times and 659 times larger than those of the modern lakes respectively. Before this pan‐lake period in the late Pleistocene, there had been three high lake levels that occurred at ∼132–112 ka, 110–95 ka and 91–72/∼83–75 ka respectively, suggesting that the late Quaternary climate on the plateau was unstable and changed rapidly. The ∼40–30 ka high lake level also appeared in the Tengger desert north of the plateau, suggesting that there existed very strong summer monsoons from South Asia then; the variation in solar radiation with a 20,000 precessional period has special importance for the high‐altitude Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau in the low‐latitude zone of the Earth. Around 30 ka, the pan‐lakes at the peripheries of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau drained out suddenly with rapid uplift of the plateau and cooling. In a short time the huge amount of cold lake water emptied into the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific. The draining event of the pan‐lakes brought about the environmental changes of rivers and lakes at peripheries of the plateau.
Sex Determination in the Social AmoebaDictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Bloomfield Gareth , Skelton Jason , Ivens Alasdair , Tanaka Yoshimasa , Kay Robert R. 
Published: December 2010

Sex TriangleThe model organismDictyostelium discoideumis a social amoeba that has three sexes, or mating types, that do not resemble those in any other eukaryote studied so far. Any two sexes can form a diploid zygote, which will recruit other haploid cells to form a macrocyst.Bloomfieldet al.(p.1533; see the Perspective byKessin) found that sex in this amoeba is determined by several genes at a locus on chromosome 5, with each mating type represented by a different version of the locus. Not all of the genes were directly essential for successful mating, and the master regulators appeared to be two small soluble intracellular proteins, which control mating types I and III, and a combination of homologs of these two proteins that control mating type II.
Hsp110-Mediated Enhancement of CD4
+
T Cell Responses to the Envelope Glycoprotein of Members of the Family
Flaviviridae In Vitro
Does Not Occur
In Vivo
Authors: McLaughlin Kerry , Carr Veronica B. , Iqbal Munir , Seago Julian , Lefevre Eric A. , Robinson Lucy , Prentice Helen , Charleston Bryan 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

The use of heat shock proteins (HSP) to enhance activation of the immune response to chaperoned antigen is being explored for immunotherapy. Hsp110 chaperones large protein substrates more effectively than Hsp70, offering the potential to use complex antigens containing multiple epitopes in HSP-based vaccines. In this study, we investigated the ability of recombinant bovine Hsp110 to chaperone E2 glycoprotein, the major envelope protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and the dominant target of neutralizing antibodies. Hsp110 formed complexes with E2, as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation. When monocytes from BVDV-immunized cattle were stimulated with these complexes and incubated with autologous CD4
+
T cells, enhanced levels of proliferation were observed. To determine the ability of these complexes to improve immunogenicity
in vivo
, cattle were vaccinated with either Hsp110-E2 complex or E2 only, combined with Quil-A adjuvant. In contrast to the
in vitro
data, cellular and humoral responses to E2 were greater in the E2-only vaccination group, indicating that complex formation had actually reduced the immunogenicity of E2. This study highlights the need for further understanding of the means by which HSP complexes are endocytosed and processed
in vivo
to enable the design of successful vaccine strategies.
Characterization of Equine Humoral Antibody Response to the Nonstructural Proteins of Equine Arteritis Virus
Authors: Go Yun Young , Snijder Eric J. , Timoney Peter J. , Balasuriya Udeni B. R. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTEquine arteritis virus (EAV) replicase consists of two polyproteins (pp1a and pp1ab) that are encoded by open reading frames (ORFs) 1a and 1b of the viral genome. These two replicase polyproteins are posttranslationally processed by three ORF 1a-encoded proteinases to yield at least 13 nonstructural proteins (nsp1 to nsp12, including nsp7α and 7β). These nsps are expressed in EAV-infected cells, but the equine immune response they induce has not been studied. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the humoral immune response of horses to each of the nsps following EAV infection. Individual nsp coding regions were cloned and expressed in both mammalian and bacterial expression systems. Each recombinant protein was used in an immunoprecipitation assay with equine serum samples from horses (n= 3) that were experimentally infected with three different EAV strains (VB, KY77, and KY84), from stallions (n= 4) that were persistently infected with EAV, and from horses (n= 4) that were vaccinated with the modified live-virus (MLV) vaccine strain. Subsequently, protein-antibody complexes were subjected to Western immunoblotting analysis with individual nsp-specific rabbit antisera, mouse anti-His antibody, or anti-FLAG tag antibody. Nsp2, nsp4, nsp5, and nsp12 were immunoprecipitated by most of the sera from experimentally or persistently infected horses, while sera from vaccinated horses did not react with nsp5 and reacted weakly with nsp4. However, serum samples from vaccinated horses were able to immunoprecipitate nsp2 and nsp12 proteins consistently. Information from this study will assist ongoing efforts to develop improved methods for the serologic diagnosis of EAV infection in horses.
SpA, ClfA, and FnbA Genetic Variations Lead to Staphaurex Test-Negative Phenotypes in Bovine Mastitis Staphylococcus aureus Isolates
Authors: Stutz Katrin , Stephan Roger , Tasara Taurai 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
encodes many proteins that act as virulence factors, leading to a variety of diseases, including mastitis in cows. Among these virulence factors, SpA, ClfA, ClfB, FnbA, and FnbB are important for the ability of
S. aureus
to adhere to and invade host cells as well as to evade host immune responses. The interaction between these
S. aureus
surface proteins and human immunoglobulin G and fibrinogen that are coupled to latex particles is utilized to induce latex agglutination reactions, which are used widely in diagnostic kits for confirmation of presumptive
S. aureus
isolates. In this study, the Staphaurex latex agglutination test was performed on a collection of confirmed bovine mastitis
S. aureus
isolates. Notably, 54% (43/79 isolates) of these isolates exhibited latex agglutination-negative phenotypes (Staphaurex-negative result). To gain insights into the reasons for the high frequency of Staphaurex-negative bovine mastitis
S. aureus
isolates, the
spa
,
clfA
,
clfB
,
fnbA
, and
fnbB
genes were examined. Specific genetic changes in
spa
,
clfA
, and
fnbA
, as well as a loss of
fnbB
, which may impair SpA, ClfA, FnbA, and FnbB functions in latex agglutination reactions, were detected in Staphaurex-negative
S. aureus
isolates. The genetic changes included a premature stop codon in the
spa
gene, leading to a truncated SpA protein that is unable to participate in
S. aureus
cell-mediated agglutination of latex particles. In addition,
clfA
and
fnbA
genetic polymorphisms were detected that were linked to ClfA and FnbA amino acid changes that may significantly reduce fibrinogen-binding activity. The genetic variations in these
S. aureus
isolates might also have implications for their bovine mastitis virulence capacity.
recA
-Based PCR Assay for Accurate Differentiation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Other Viridans Streptococci
Authors: Zbinden A. , Köhler N. , Bloemberg G. V. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Proper identification of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
by conventional methods remains problematic. The discriminatory power of the 16S rRNA gene, which can be considered the “gold standard” for molecular identification, is too low to differentiate
S. pneumoniae
from closely related species such as
Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae
,
Streptococcus mitis
, and
Streptococcus oralis
in the routine clinical laboratory. A 313-bp part of
recA
was selected on the basis of variability within the
S. mitis
group, showing <95.8% interspecies homology. In addition, 6 signature nucleotides specific for
S. pneumoniae
were identified within the 313-bp
recA
fragment. We show that
recA
analysis is a useful tool for proper identification to species level within the
S. mitis
group, in particular, for pneumococci.
Identification of Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat (VNTR) Sequences in Acinetobacter baumannii and Interlaboratory Validation of an Optimized Multiple-Locus VNTR Analysis Typing Scheme
Authors: Pourcel Christine , Minandri Fabrizia , Hauck Yolande , D'Arezzo Silvia , Imperi Francesco , Vergnaud Gilles , Visca Paolo 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Acinetobacter baumannii
is an important opportunistic pathogen responsible for nosocomial outbreaks, mostly occurring in intensive care units. Due to the multiplicity of infection sources, reliable molecular fingerprinting techniques are needed to establish epidemiological correlations among
A. baumannii
isolates. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) has proven to be a fast, reliable, and cost-effective typing method for several bacterial species. In this study, an MLVA assay compatible with simple PCR- and agarose gel-based electrophoresis steps as well as with high-throughput automated methods was developed for
A. baumannii
typing. Preliminarily, 10 potential polymorphic variable-number tandem repeats (VNTRs) were identified upon bioinformatic screening of six annotated genome sequences of
A. baumannii
. A collection of 7 reference strains plus 18 well-characterized isolates, including unique types and representatives of the three international
A. baumannii
lineages, was then evaluated in a two-center study aimed at validating the MLVA assay and comparing it with other genotyping assays, namely, macrorestriction analysis with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and PCR-based sequence group (SG) profiling. The results showed that MLVA can discriminate between isolates with identical PFGE types and SG profiles. A panel of eight VNTR markers was selected, all showing the ability to be amplified and good amounts of polymorphism in the majority of strains. Independently generated MLVA profiles, composed of an ordered string of allele numbers corresponding to the number of repeats at each VNTR locus, were concordant between centers. Typeability, reproducibility, stability, discriminatory power, and epidemiological concordance were excellent. A database containing information and MLVA profiles for several
A. baumannii
strains is available from
http://mlva.u-psud.fr/
.
Comprehensive Characterization of Interaction Complexes of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 ICP22, UL3, UL4, and UL20.5
Authors: Xing Junji , Wang Shuai , Lin Fusen , Pan Weiwei , Hu Chang-Deng , Zheng Chunfu 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
It has been reported that herpes simplex virus type 1 UL3, UL4, and UL20.5 proteins are localized to small, dense nuclear bodies together with ICP22 in infected cells. In the present study, we comprehensively characterized these interactions by subcellular colocalization, coimmunoprecipitation, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. For the first time, it was demonstrated that both UL3 and UL20.5 are targeted to small, dense nuclear bodies by a direct interaction with ICP22, whereas UL4 colocalizes with ICP22 through its interaction with UL3 but not UL20.5 or ICP22. There was no detectable interaction between UL3 and UL20.5.
Comparative Analysis of Monkeypox Virus Infection of Cynomolgus Macaques by the Intravenous or Intrabronchial Inoculation Route
Authors: Johnson Reed F. , Dyall Julie , Ragland Dan R. , Huzella Louis , Byrum Russell , Jett Catherine , St. Claire Marisa , Smith Alvin L. , Paragas Jason , Blaney Joseph E. , Jahrling Peter B. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection has recently expanded in geographic distribution and can be fatal in up to 10% of cases. The intravenous (i.v.) inoculation of nonhuman primates (NHPs) results in an accelerated fulminant disease course compared to that of naturally occurring MPXV infection in humans. Alternative routes of inoculation are being investigated to define an NHP model of infection that more closely resembles natural disease progression. Our goal was to determine if the intrabronchial (i.b.) exposure of NHPs to MPXV results in a systemic disease that better resembles the progression of human MPXV infection. Here, we compared the disease course following an i.v. or i.b. inoculation of NHPs with 10-fold serial doses of MPXV Zaire. Classical pox-like disease was observed in NHPs administered a high virus dose by either route. Several key events were delayed in the highest doses tested of the i.b. model compared to the timing of the i.v. model, including the onset of fever, lesion appearance, peak viremia, viral shedding in nasal and oral swabs, peak cytokine levels, and time to reach endpoint criteria. Virus distribution across 19 tissues was largely unaffected by the inoculation route at the highest doses tested. The NHPs inoculated by the i.b. route developed a viral pneumonia that likely exacerbated disease progression. Based on the observations of the delayed onset of clinical and virological parameters and endpoint criteria that may more closely resemble those of human MPXV infection, the i.b. MPXV model should be considered for the further investigation of viral pathogenesis and countermeasures.
Capturing the Natural Diversity of the Human Antibody Response against Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Lantto Johan , Haahr Hansen Margit , Rasmussen Søren Kofoed , Steinaa Lucilla , Poulsen Tine R. , Duggan Jackie , Dennis Mike , Naylor Irene , Easterbrook Linda , Bregenholt Søren , Haurum John , Jensen Allan 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

The eradication of smallpox (variola) and the subsequent cessation of routine vaccination have left modern society vulnerable to bioterrorism employing this devastating contagious disease. The existing, licensed vaccines based on live vaccinia virus (VACV) are contraindicated for a substantial number of people, and prophylactic vaccination of large populations is not reasonable when there is little risk of exposure. Consequently, there is an emerging need to develop efficient and safe therapeutics to be used shortly before or after exposure, either alone or in combination with vaccination. We have characterized the human antibody response to smallpox vaccine (VACV Lister) in immunized volunteers and isolated a large number of VACV-specific antibodies that recognize a variety of different VACV antigens. Using this broad antibody panel, we have generated a fully human, recombinant analogue to plasma-derived vaccinia immunoglobulin (VIG), which mirrors the diversity and specificity of the human antibody immune response and offers the advantage of unlimited supply and reproducible specificity and activity. The recombinant VIG was found to display a high specific binding activity toward VACV antigens, potent
in vitro
VACV neutralizing activity, and a highly protective efficacy against VACV challenge in the mouse tail lesion model when given either prophylactically or therapeutically. Altogether, the results suggest that this compound has the potential to be used as an effective postexposure prophylaxis or treatment of disease caused by orthopoxviruses.
Hepatitis C Virus NS2 Coordinates Virus Particle Assembly through Physical Interactions with the E1-E2 Glycoprotein and NS3-NS4A Enzyme Complexes
Authors: Stapleford Kenneth A. , Lindenbach Brett D. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS2 protein is essential for particle assembly, but its function in this process is unknown. We previously identified critical genetic interactions between NS2 and the viral E1-E2 glycoprotein and NS3-NS4A enzyme complexes. Based on these data, we hypothesized that interactions between these viral proteins are essential for HCV particle assembly. To identify interaction partners of NS2, we developed methods to site-specifically biotinylate NS2
in vivo
and affinity capture NS2-containing protein complexes from virus-producing cells with streptavidin magnetic beads. By using these methods, we confirmed that NS2 physically interacts with E1, E2, and NS3 but did not stably interact with viral core or NS5A proteins. We further characterized these protein complexes by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified ≈520-kDa and ≈680-kDa complexes containing E2, NS2, and NS3. The formation of NS2 protein complexes was dependent on coexpression of the viral p7 protein and enhanced by cotranslation of viral proteins as a polyprotein. Further characterization indicated that the glycoprotein complex interacts with NS2 via E2, and the pattern of N-linked glycosylation on E1 and E2 suggested that these interactions occur in the early secretory pathway. Importantly, several mutations that inhibited virus assembly were shown to inhibit NS2 protein complex formation, and NS2 was essential for mediating the interaction between E2 and NS3. These studies demonstrate that NS2 plays a central organizing role in HCV particle assembly by bringing together viral structural and nonstructural proteins.
Angiographically documented hemorrhagic conversion of a left middle cerebral artery embolic stroke during intra-arterial thrombolysis
Authors: Prince Ethan A , Jayaraman Mahesh V , Schirmang Todd , Haas Richard 
Published: December 2010

Background and purposeThe clinical benefits of intra-arterial thrombolysis for ischemic stroke must be weighed against the risks, including hemorrhagic conversion.Summary of caseA case of angiographically documented hemorrhagic conversion of an ischemic stroke during intra-arterial thrombolysis is presented. Discussion focuses on recognition and management of risk factors for hemorrhagic conversion during performance of stroke thrombolysis.ConclusionsRecognition and modification of risk factors for hemorrhagic conversion may not prevent this complication during stroke thrombolysis. Identification of the angiographic appearance of hemorrhagic conversion should alert the interventionalist to the likelihood of a poor clinical outcome regardless of vessel patency status.
Separating the Dynamical Effects of Climate Change and Ozone Depletion. Part II: Southern Hemisphere Troposphere
Authors: McLandress Charles , Shepherd Theodore G. , Scinocca John F. , Plummer David A. , Sigmond Michael , Jonsson Andreas I. , Reader M. Catherine 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The separate effects of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) on forcing circulation changes in the Southern Hemisphere extratropical troposphere are investigated using a version of the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM) that is coupled to an ocean. Circulation-related diagnostics include zonal wind, tropopause pressure, Hadley cell width, jet location, annular mode index, precipitation, wave drag, and eddy fluxes of momentum and heat. As expected, the tropospheric response to the ODS forcing occurs primarily in austral summer, with past (1960–99) and future (2000–99) trends of opposite sign, while the GHG forcing produces more seasonally uniform trends with the same sign in the past and future. In summer the ODS forcing dominates past trends in all diagnostics, while the two forcings contribute nearly equally but oppositely to future trends. The ODS forcing produces a past surface temperature response consisting of cooling over eastern Antarctica, and is the dominant driver of past summertime surface temperature changes when the model is constrained by observed sea surface temperatures. For all diagnostics, the response to the ODS and GHG forcings is additive; that is, the linear trend computed from the simulations using the combined forcings equals (within statistical uncertainty) the sum of the linear trends from the simulations using the two separate forcings. Space–time spectra of eddy fluxes and the spatial distribution of transient wave drag are examined to assess the viability of several recently proposed mechanisms for the observed poleward shift in the tropospheric jet.
Still No Strategies For Dealing With Women And Hiv
Authors: Jenkins Sharon Rae 
Published: December 2010

Women, Children, and HIV/AIDS, Felissa L. Cohen and Jerry D. Durham (Eds.). New York: Springer Publishing, 1993. 312 pp., $37.95. ISBN: 0-8261-7880–4. AIDS: Setting a Feminist Agenda, Leslie Doyal, Jennie Naidoo, and Tansin Wilton (Eds.). Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis, 1994. 208 pp., $27.00 (paper). ISBN: 0-7484-0163-6; $75.00 (cloth). ISBN: 0-7484-0163–6. Women and AIDS: Psychological Perspectives, Corinne Squire (Ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993. 196 pp., $19.95 (paper), ISBN: 0-8039-8588-6; $55.00 (cloth). ISBN: 0-8039-8587–8.
Sex In The Therapy Hour
Authors: Quina Kathryn , Garis Ann M. Varna 
Published: December 2010

Sexual Feelings In Psychotherapy: Explorations For Therapists and Therapists-In-Training, Kenneth S. Pope, Janet L. Sonne, and Jean Holroyd. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1993. 304 pp., $24.95. ISBN: 1-55798-201–5. Sexual Involvement with Therapists: Patient Assessment, Subsequent Therapy, Forensics, Kenneth S. Pope. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1994. 176 pp., $24.95. ISBN: 1-55798-248–1.
Does Your Supervisor Stress You Out? How Support Influences Sex Differences in Stress Among Immigrants
Authors: Raghuram Aditi , Luksyte Aleksandra , Avery Derek R. , Macoukji Fred 
Published: December 2010

Despite the influx of immigrants in the American workplace, little is known about their well-being. The authors built on literature pertaining to gender-specific stressors and organizational support theory to examine a model of stress for immigrants. Analysis of a national, archival data set ( N = 150) demonstrated that, consistent with research involving U.S. citizens, immigrant women reported higher stress than immigrant men. The authors extended the literature, however, by showing that the sex–stress relationship is not straightforward for this population. Specifically, supervisor support moderated the effect of sex such that male–female stress differences were twice as large when supervisors were less supportive. Despite the influx of immigrants in the American workplace, little is known about their well-being. The authors built on literature pertaining to gender-specific stressors and organizational support theory to examine a model of stress for immigrants. Analysis of a national, archival data set ( N = 150) demonstrated that, consistent with research involving U.S. citizens, immigrant women reported higher stress than immigrant men. The authors extended the literature, however, by showing that the sex–stress relationship is not straightforward for this population. Specifically, supervisor support moderated the effect of sex such that male–female stress differences were twice as large when supervisors were less supportive.