bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathology of gastritis and gastric ulceration in the horse. Part 2: A scoring system
Authors: MARTINEAU H. , THOMPSON H. , TAYLOR D. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: High numbers of racehorses in training are reported to have gastric ulceration. Gross lesion scoring systems exist, but there is no fixed protocol with which to record gastric microscopic findings. In man, the histological classification of stomach lesions helps in the identification of recognised and emerging aetiologies of gastric disease and aids accurate comparison of findings between studies. In horses, the development of such a system would therefore be of benefit.Objectives: To develop a pathological scoring system that can be applied to examine samples of the equine stomach at biopsy andpost mortem.Methods and results: The equine gastritis grading (EGG) system was developed initially using horse stomachs atpost mortem.The protocol involved sampling tissue from 5 fixed locations within the squamous and glandular regions. Histological examination recorded both type and degree of inflammatory infiltrate and the presence of erosions, ulceration or any other reactive change in each slide. These results were combined and an overall diagnosis of gastritis type given for each stomach.Conclusions and potential relevance: This is the first example of a complete pathological scoring system developed specifically for recording gastric lesions in the horse. It provides a thorough and repeatable method with which to examine the equine stomach in microscopic detail. It can be used in diagnostic or research situations and the consistency of the information gathered will enable accurate comparison of data between different studies. It aims to give an indication as to the currently undetermined pathological variations seen in the stomach of healthy and diseased horses, as well as increasing the understanding of the pathogenesis of gastritis and gastric ulceration. Using this information, interpretation of biopsy samples is improved.
Habitat mapping and conservation threats to river dolphin in Karnali River of Nepal
Authors: Malla R 
Published: August 2009

This study was carried out in the Karnali River of Nepal with the aims of preparing habitat map of dolphins in the Karnali River and assessing conservation threats to dolphin at the local level. The habitat map of the dolphin was prepared on the basis of study and local sightings. Altogether 100 households were surveyed around the Karnali River living within 3 km from the river distance. Questionnaire survey, group discussion, field observation and key-informants interviews were conducted to assess conservation threats to dolphin at the local level. Statistical tools like Pie chart and bar diagram were used to analyze the data. Use of poison in the river, commercial and domestic consumption of fishes, and high dependency of people in the river are emerging as the threats to dolphin conservation. Similarly, the increasing trend of using chemical fertilizer in the agriculture land is also adding up to long term negative impacts on dolphin population. Regular habitat monitoring of the dolphins should be done in major areas to acquire timely information on status and distribution of dolphins for dolphin conservation. Also, local people should be provided with alternate incentives by actively mobilizing them in dolphin conservation work Key words: Dolphins, habitat mapping, conservation threats, Karnali river doi: 10.3126/banko.v19i3.2208 Banko Janakari, Special Issue February 2009, 24-29
Sustainable wetland management for wildlife and people at Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
Authors: Thapa I , Dahal BR 
Published: August 2009

Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR) which lies in the lowlands of eastern Nepal is the most important wetland for migratory water birds in Nepal, and one of the most important in Asia. It is surrounded by a buffer zone of 173 km2, in which over 80,000 people live, most of whom are dependent on the natural resource base for their livelihoods. Uncontrolled fish harvesting has severely depleted fishery resources depriving local fishermen of their major source of subsistence. Annual waterfowl count has indicated a rapid decline of bird species that are heavily dependent on fish populations. The Darwin Initiative project is assisting local communities around KTWR in managing buffer zone wetlands for sustainable livelihoods, whilst enhancing wetland biodiversity, thus reducing the pressure on resources within KTWR Key words: Ramsar site, globally threatened species, wetland, community, livelihood doi: 10.3126/banko.v19i3.2210 Banko Janakari, Special Issue February 2009, 36-39
MyD88 Adaptor-Like Is Not Essential for TLR2 Signaling and Inhibits Signaling by TLR3
Authors: Kenny Elaine F. , Talbot Suzanne , Gong Mei , Golenbock Douglas T. , Bryant Clare E. , O'Neill Luke A. J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Although a clear role for the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88) adaptor-like (Mal, or TIRAP) in TLR4 signaling has been demonstrated, there is limited information on its role in TLR2 signaling. Here we have systematically analyzed the role of Mal in signaling by TLR2, TLR4, and as a control TLR3 in murine macrophages and dendritic cells. Mal was not required for the induction of IL-6 or NFκB activation at high concentrations of the TLR1/2 ligand Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 or the TLR2/6 ligand macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 and was required for these responses only at low ligand concentrations. Similarly, induction of IL-6 by Salmonella typhimurium, which is sensed by TLR2, required Mal only at low levels of bacteria. Mal was required for IL-6 induction at all concentrations of the TLR4 ligand LPS. Mal deficiency boosted IL-6 induction by the TLR3 ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Activation of JNK, but not p38 or IκB degradation, was similarly potentiated in response to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid in Mal-deficient macrophages. MyD88 was vital for all TLR2 and TLR4 responses and, similar to Mal, was also inhibitory for TLR3-dependent IL-6 and JNK induction. MyD88 interacted with the Toll/IL-1R domains of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6. Mal interacted with the Toll/Il-1R domains of TLR1, TLR2, and TLR4 but not with TLR6. Our study, therefore, reveals that Mal is dispensable in TLR2 signaling at high ligand concentrations in macrophages and dendritic cells, with MyD88 probably coupling to the TLR2 receptor complex at sufficient levels to allow activation. An inhibitory role for Mal in TLR3 signaling to JNK was also demonstrated.
Therapeutic Antibody Targeting of CD97 in Experimental Arthritis: the Role of Antigen Expression, Shedding, and Internalization on the Pharmacokinetics of Anti-CD97 Monoclonal Antibody 1B2
Authors: de Groot Dorien M. , Vogel Gerard , Dulos John , Teeuwen Leonie , Stebbins Karin , Hamann Jörg , Owens Bronwyn M. , van Eenennaam Hans , Bos Ebo , Boots Annemieke M. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
CD97 is a member of the EGF-TM7 family of adhesion class receptors, with a proposed role in inflammatory cell recruitment. Neutralization of murine CD97 with the anti-mCD97 mAb 1B2 was efficacious in prevention of murine collagen-induced arthritis, a model with features resembling rheumatoid arthritis. Here, the therapeutic potential of neutralizing CD97 in arthritis was studied with emphasis on the 1B2 pharmacokinetics. Mice with established arthritis were treated with anti-mCD97 or anti-TNF-α serum. Ab pharmacokinetics and biodistribution were studied in diseased and nondiseased mice using labeled 1B2. The impact of CD97 expression on Ab pharmacokinetics was studied using CD97 knockout mice. Treatment with 1B2 showed an efficacy comparable to anti-TNF-α treatment. Pharmacokinetic analysis of 1B2 in wild-type and CD97 knockout mice indicated a dose-dependent Ab clearance, due to specific interaction with CD97. Biodistribution studies showed accumulation of 1B2 in spleen and lung. In vitro studies using murine splenocytes revealed that CD97 when bound to Ab was internalized. Moreover, soluble CD97 was detected in the supernatant, suggesting Ag shedding. Finally, in arthritic mice, higher levels of soluble CD97 were found and 1B2 treatment led to specific targeting of inflamed paws, resulting in a higher clearance rate of 1B2 in arthritic mice than in wild-type mice. In conclusion, our data support a therapeutic value of CD97 neutralization in experimental arthritis. The pharmacokinetic profile of the 1B2 Ab illustrates the complexity of Ab elimination from an organism and stresses the importance of understanding Ag-Ab interactions when developing therapeutic mAbs.
Morphology Control in Solution‐Processed Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cell Mixtures
Authors: Moulé Adam J. , Meerholz Klaus 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe efficiency of bulk‐heterojunction solar cells is very sensitive to the nanoscale structure of the active layer. In the past, the final morphology in solution‐processed devices has been controlled by varying the casting solvent and by curing the layer using heat tempering or solvent soaking. A recipe for making the “best‐performing” morphology can be achieved using these steps. This article presents a review of several new techniques that have been developed to control the morphology in polymer/fullerene heterojunction mixtures. The techniques fall into two broad categories. First, the morphology can be controlled by preparing nanoparticle suspensions of one component. The size and shape of the nanoparticles in solution determine the size and shape of the domain in a mixed layer. Second, the morphology can be controlled by adding a secondary solvent or an additive that more strongly affects one component of the mixture during drying. In both cases, the as‐cast efficiency of the solar cell is improved with respect to the single‐solvent case, which strongly argues that morphology control is an issue that will receive increasing attention in future research.
Nitration of nitrobenzene at high‐concentrations of sulfuric acid: Mass transfer and kinetic aspects
Authors: Rahaman M. , Mandal B. , Ghosh P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis article reports studies on mass transfer and kinetics of nitration of nitrobenzene at high concentrations of sulfuric acid in a batch reactor at different temperatures. The effects of concentration of sulfuric acid, speed of stirring, and temperature on mass transfer coefficient were investigated. The kinetics of nitration under homogenized conditions was studied at different sulfuric acid concentrations at these temperatures. The reaction rate constants were determined. The variation of rate constant with sulfuric acid concentration was explained by the Mc function. The activation energies of the reactions were determined from the Arrhenius plots. The regimes of the reactions were determined using the values of the mass transfer coefficients and the reaction rate constants. A model was developed for simultaneous mass transfer and chemical reaction in the aqueous phase. The yields of the three isomers of dinitrobenzene were determined, and the variation of isomer distribution with sulfuric acid concentration and temperature was analyzed. This work demonstrates that more than 90% conversion of nitrobenzene is possible at high‐sulfuric acid concentrations resulting in high yield of the product even at moderate temperatures and at low speeds of stirring. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Berechnung von Stützen‐Deckenknoten für Schleuderbetonstützen
Authors: Rinnhofer Gerhard , Burtscher Stefan L. , Kollegger Johann 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDer Beitrag geht auf die experimentellen und rechnerischen Untersuchungen an einem in den vergangenen Jahren speziell für Schleuderbetonstützen neu entwickelten, besonders tragfähigen und wirtschaftlichen Stützen‐Deckenknoten ein. Bei einem Stützen‐Deckenknoten werden die Lasten von der oberen Stütze durch die Decke in die untere Stütze geleitet. Der Spannungszustand im Bereich der Decke ist dabei dreidimensional und wird von vielen Parametern beeinflusst. Das Verhältnis der Beträge aus den drei Spannungsrichtungen beeinflusst sehr stark die Tragfähigkeit des Betons. Ein Materialmodell, das imstande ist, diese Effekte abzubilden, ist für eine naturgetreue Simulation besonders wichtig. Es ist gelungen die Bauteilversuche mit Hilfe der Finite Elemente Methode nachzubilden und auch die günstige Wirkung der neu entwickelten Ausführung mit hochfestem Kern im Bereich des Deckenknotens rechnerisch nachzuweisen.Die Qualität der ersten Berechnungen wird mit den Versuchswerten hinsichtlich Tragfähigkeit, Verformung und Ort des Versagens verifiziert. In den nachfolgenden Berechnungen werden aufbauend auf den Vergleichsberechnungen Parameterstudien durchgeführt, um Varianten zu untersuchen, die experimentell nicht getestet werden konnten.
Stoffliche und konstruktionsbezogene Besonderheiten beim Einsatz von UHFB im Brückenbau am Beispiel von drei Pilotprojekten
Authors: Reichel Michael 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSeit 1997 wurden weltweit ca. 30 Brücken aus UHFB (Ultrahochfester Beton) gebaut. Wegen der hohen Leistungsfähigkeit von UHFB, vor allem in Bezug auf seine Festigkeits‐ und Dauerhaftigkeitseigenschaften, ist er geradezu prädestiniert für Ingenieurbauwerke und damit auch für Brücken. Übliche Konstruktionsprinzipien des Betonbaus lassen sich jedoch nicht einfach auf den neuen Werkstoff übertragen. Die konsequente Einbeziehung der Eigenschaften und Besonderheiten des neuen Werkstoffes sowie die Berücksichtigung der Forderungen der Nachhaltigkeit führen zu filigranen, modularen und flexiblen Bauweisen, die sich ihrem Konstruktionsprinzip nach zwischen Beton‐ und Stahlkonstruktionen einordnen lassen. Bei Betrachtung der gesamten Lebenszykluskosten sind mit solchen Bauweisen wirtschaftliche Bauwerke mit eminentem Nutzen für die Volkswirtschaft möglich. Nach einer allgemeinen Betrachtung werden anhand der Erfahrungen bei Konstruktion, Bemessung und Ausführung von drei verschiedenen Pilotprojekten in Österreich die Besonderheiten und neuen Erkenntnisse beispielhaft erläutert.Special Features of Material and Structure in the Application of UHPC for Bridge Construction exemplified by three Pilot ProjectsSince 1997 nearly 30 bridges have been built worldwide using UHPC (Ultra High Performance Concrete). Due to the high performance of UHPC, especially owing to its strength and durability properties, this material is predestined for engineering structures and as a result also for bridges. Common design philosophies in concrete construction can not easily be adapted to this new material. The consistent incorporation of the properties and special features of this new material as well as the demands for sustainability lead to filigree, flexible and modular buildings. Therefore the design philosophy can be classified between concrete and steel constructions. Considering the complete life‐cycle costs, such constructions permit economical buildings with an eminent benefit for the national economy. After general consideration, the special properties and the new insights gained are exemplified based on experiences during construction, dimensioning and implementation of three different pilot projects in Austria.
Rissbildung von biegebeanspruchten Bauteilen aus Ultrahochfestem Faserbeton
Authors: Heinzle Günter , Freytag Bernhard , Linder Josef 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDas Konstruieren und Bemessen von Bauwerken aus faserbewehrtem UHPC erfordert sehr detailliertes Wissen über das Zugtragverhalten von Faserbeton. Es ist beeinflusst von der Fasergeometrie, der Fasermenge, der Schubverbundfestigkeit zwischen Faser und Matrix, der Matrixfestigkeit, dem Schwinden und der Faserorientierung. Leutbecher beschreibt ein Modell für reine Zugbeanspruchungen, indem all diese Parameter Eingang finden. Im hier vorliegenden Artikel wird dieses Modell für Biegebeanspruchungen erweitert und anhand von Biegeversuchen an Platten aus UHPC verifiziert. Dabei werden sowohl Faserbewehrung als auch konventionelle Stabbewehrung berücksichtigt.Crack Formation of Flexural Members made of UHPFRCFor the design and planning of buildings made of fibre reinforced ultra high performance concrete one needs very detailed knowhow about the tensile carrying behaviour of fibrated concrete. It is affected by various parameters such as the fibre geometry, the content of fibres, the bond strength between fibre and binder matrix, the strength of the matrix, the shrinkage of the concrete and the orientation of the fibres. All these parameters are considered in a theoretical model for UHPFRC under tension (Leutbecher). In the paper presented here the range of validity of this model is extended to bending stress. Experimental investigations on UHPC‐plates under bending complete and verify the theoretical results. The tests cover fibre reinforcement as well as conventional passive reinforcement.
Spannungsabhängige und thermische Dehnungen
Authors: Quast Ulrich 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDie konsequente Unterscheidung zwischen spannungsabhängigen und thermischen Dehnungen ist zur nichtlinearen Berechnung brandbeanspruchter Querschnitte unerlässlich. Auch für nichtlineare Querschnittsberechnungen mit vorgespannter Bewehrung, mit Berücksichtigung der Auswirkungen von Kriechen und Schwinden oder für andere Sachverhalte ist das Konzept spannungsabhängiger Dehnungen zweckmäßig. Es ergibt eine insgesamt einheitliche Betrachtungsweise für die Formulierung des Dehnungszustandes.
A new rapid ultra‐performance liquid chromatography method for the pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of diclofenac sodium aqueous injection and lipid microsphere injection in rats
Authors: Cui Yue , Lin Xia , Guan Ting‐Ting , Zhang Yu , Tang Xing 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA novel, rapid and selective ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method had been developed for the pharmacokinetic study of diclofenac sodium (DS) after single intravenous injection of DS aqueous injection and DS lipid microsphere (LM) injection in rats. Ketoprofen (KP) was used as internal standard. Samples were treated by a one‐step liquid liquid extraction. Separation was performed on an Acquity UPLC™ BEH C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm i.d., 1.7 μm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile–0.1% ammonium hydroxide aqueous solution (20 : 80, v/v) initially in the gradient mode. The detection was carried out by means of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in negative ion mode with multiple‐reaction monitoring mode. Standard curves showed good linearity (r > 0.99) from the plasma concentration of 0.1–50 μg/mL. The lower limit of quantification was 0.1 μg/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions and the accuracy all satisfied the acceptance criteria. The developed method was validated and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics study of DS aqueous injection and LM injection. The results showed that the two preparations were bioequivalent in rats. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LC‐APCI mass spectrometric method development and validation for the determination of atovaquone in human plasma
Authors: Gurule Sanjay , Goswami Dipanjan , Khuroo Arshad H. , Monif Tausif 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA newly developed LC—APCI mass spectrometric method is described for human plasma determination of atovaquone using lapachol internal standard. A single‐step protein precipitation technique for plasma extraction of atovaquone achieving mean recovery of 94.17% (CV 8%) without compromising sensitivity (limit of quantitation 50.3 ng/mL) or linearity (50.3 ng/mL—23924.6 ng/mL) is delineated in this paper. Heated nebulizer in negative multiple reaction monitoring mode was employed with transitions m/z 365.2 → m/z 337.1 and m/z 240.9 → m/z 185.7 for atovaquone and lapachol respectively in this liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric method. Excellent chromatographic separation on a Synergi 4 μ Polar‐RP 80A (150 × 2.0 mm) column, using 100 μL of plasma extraction volume along with 10 μL of injection load, completing analysis run‐time within 2.5 min, highlights this simple yet unique bioanalytical method. The developed method can be successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies on atovaquone suspension administered in healthy volunteers or HIV‐infected patients. Moreover full method validation results not published before are presented and discussed in detail for the first time in this article. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of source likeability and need for cognition on advertising effectiveness under explicit persuasion
Authors: Reinhard Marc‐André , Messner Matthias 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

While there is evidence that an endorser's likeability plays a determining role in the advertising effectiveness of explicit persuasive appeals, this paper examines the impact of the need for cognition (NFC) as a moderator of this relationship. We find that this effect holds, as predicted, for individuals with lower NFC, but not for those with higher NFC. Furthermore, the effects of explicit persuasion and the endorser's likeability on evaluations of products or services by lower‐NFC consumers were found to be mediated by the attribution of self‐interest. In contrast, advertising effectiveness for higher‐NFC consumers was predictable only by the valence of their cognitive responses to the product.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insiders, regulars and tourists: exploring selves and music consumption in adolescence
Authors: Nuttall Pete 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Adolescents, with respect to consumption and the symbolic self, are in a crucial period of identity formation. Music is significant in this respect as it has been described as a catalyst for individuals seeking to construct the ‘self’ and can play a central role in forming an identity. This paper seeks to explore the ways in which adolescent music use and consumption facilitates a greater understanding of identity formation and psychological or peer group practices. Twenty four in‐depth interviews were conducted with 12 adolescents over a 6–12 month period. All adolescents were interviewed twice with a view to observing changes in music consumption practices. The author adopts the terms of insiders, regulars and tourists to illustrate the different characteristics of adolescent music consumers in the context of their varying levels of investment and commitment. Initial findings demonstrate that music is used to build social capital, to create boundaries and to enhance social inclusion and exclusion.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Approach for Chemical Vapor Synthesis of ZnO Nanocrystals: Optimization of Yield, Crystallinity
Authors: Ali Moazzam , Friedenberger Nina , Spasova Marina , Winterer Markus 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe experimental yield of ZnO nanocrystals decreases drastically with increasing reactor temperature in a typical chemical vapor synthesis (CVS) of ZnO nanocrystals from diethylzinc. A novel CVS set‐up – a microwave plasma combined with a hot‐wall zone – is described to minimize the loss of particles at higher reactor temperatures. The powder samples have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). It is observed that the synthesis set‐up and reaction temperature have substantial influence not only on yield but also on crystallite size and crystallinity of the pure wurtzite‐type ZnO nanocrystals. The lattice constants of ZnO nanocrystals increase with decreasing crystallite size. Defect densities (twin and stacking faults), as well as microstrain, decrease with increasing reactor temperature, whereas crystallinity increases.