bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival Rates for Porcelain Laminate Veneers with Special Reference to the Effect of Preparation in Dentin: A Literature Review
Authors: BURKE F. J. TREVOR 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe porcelain laminate veneer is an elective restoration, often placed in the absence of disease for purely esthetic reasons. As such, it would appear desirable that the success rate of the technique was 100%. It is therefore the purpose of this paper to review the literature on porcelain laminate veneer survival by searching dental databases containing clinical trials of porcelain veneer restorations. References of selected trials were also screened to identify relevant studies. Each paper that was included was examined to ascertain if preparation into dentin affected survival. A total of 24 papers were included in the review. It was concluded that survival rates of porcelain laminate veneers are rarely 100%, and there is reasonable evidence indicating that a veneer preparation into dentin adversely affects survival.CLINICAL RELEVANCEA review of the literature has indicated that porcelain laminate veneer survival is rarely 100%. Accordingly, patients should be made aware of this before embarking on this elective restorative technique. Clinicians should also be aware that the ideal preparation for porcelain veneers remains within enamel.(J Esthet Restor Dent 24:257–265, 2012)
Mapping breastfeeding services: a method to inform effective implementation and evaluation of evidence‐based policy in practice
Authors: Dyson Lisa , McCormick Felicia , Entwistle Francesca , Duncan Helen , Chaplin Stephen , Renfrew Mary J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper aims to introduce a method for mapping local service provision to local demographic and health outcome data, to inform evidence‐based policy and practice in public health. A mapping exercise was conducted in London, England with the aims of: (1) describing services provided for breastfeeding women in primary and tertiary health care sectors and government, voluntary and private sectors; and (2) linking this information with routine data on deprivation, breastfeeding rates and health outcomes. Quantitative data on local breastfeeding services were collected via an online questionnaire by a designated ‘mapping lead’ in each locality. Data were collected at the level of individual health care organisations on the provision, nature and management of breastfeeding services, and related organisational inputs such as leadership, staffing, accreditation and policy. Demographic and health outcome data were identified from existing routine national data collections. Ninety‐one per cent of eligible acute and primary care organisations participated in the mapping exercise. A range of mapping tools and profile were developed and launched in 2009 (http://atlas.chimat.org.uk/IAS/dataviews/view?viewId=66). These tools can be used for descriptive analyses of service provision on the basis of local need. Comparative analyses on the impact of service provision on breastfeeding or health outcomes will be feasible from 18 months of data collection onwards. This case study has demonstrated the potential utility of this mapping method to inform effective implementation and evaluation of public health policy in practice consistent with the World Health Organisation framework. Formal evaluation of the utility of the tools is recommended.
Outcomes following treatment for patients with cranial nerve involvement from nasopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Yap Mei Ling , Choo Bok Ai , Chan Yiong Huak , Lu Jay Jiade , Mun Lee Khai , Tham Ivan WK 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIntroduction: Patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) commonly present with cranial nerve (CN) involvement, which can cause significant morbidity. We aimed to characterise the pattern of involvement and outcomes of these patients, as well as determine if these differed according to the mode of diagnosis.Methods: Patients were included if they had non‐distant metastatic NPC, presented with CN involvement and completed radiotherapy treatment between 2002 and 2008. The clinical response was categorised as complete response, partial response, stable or progressive disease. The radiological response was assessed using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria. The loco‐regional control and disease‐free survival rates were estimated with the Kaplan–Meier method.Results: Forty‐seven patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. CN lesions were diagnosed on clinical examination in 15% of patients, radiologically in 40% and both clinically and radiologically in 45% of patients. A complete or partial response of the CN lesions was seen clinically in 82% and radiologically in 95% of patients. The 3‐year local relapse free survival was 64.3%, distant metastasis‐free survival was 46.1% and overall survival was 82.8%. There were no differences in outcomes between patients with clinically versus radiologically detected CN lesions.Conclusion: Most of these patients are likely to undergo clinical and/or radiological resolution of the nerve lesions following chemoradiotherapy, but the outcome was not determined by the mode of diagnosis (radiological or clinical).
A comparison of articaine 4% and lignocaine 2% in block and infiltration analgesia in children
Authors: Arrow P 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackground:  Articaine administered through buccal infiltration (BI) has been suggested as providing adequate posterior mandibular analgesia. This study compared the efficacy of articaine 4% with 1:100 000 adrenaline (test) and lignocaine 2% with 1:80 000 adrenaline (control), delivered either through an inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) or BI for routine restorative procedures in mandibular posterior teeth among children.Methods:  Children enrolled within the Western Australian School Dental Service and in need of restorative care on contralateral mandibular posterior teeth were eligible. Consenting children were randomly allocated to test and control techniques, and to type of local anaesthetic. Using the faces pain scale, pain reports from analgesia administration and from dental treatment were elicited. Analgesia success and pain reports were compared by anaesthetic technique and type.Results:  Fifty‐seven children were recruited into the study; 29 allocated to IANB. Analgesia success for IANB 100%; BI 67%; p < 0.001. Analgesia success for BI with articaine 71%; lignocaine 64%, p > 0.05. Analgesia success was associated with fewer reports of painful dental treatment, p = 0.005.Conclusions:  There was higher success and less painful treatment with IANB. There was no statistically significant difference in local analgesia success between articaine and lignocaine when delivered via BI.
Investigation of Zoonotic Infections Among Auckland Zoo Staff: 1991–2010
Authors: Forsyth M. B. , Morris A. J. , Sinclair D. A. , Pritchard C. P. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryInvestigation was undertaken to assess the occurrence of zoonotic infection among staff at Auckland Zoological Park, New Zealand, in 1991, 2002 and 2010. Serial cross‐sectional health surveys in 1991, 2002 and 2010 comprising a health questionnaire, and serological, immunological and microbiological analysis for a range of potential zoonotic infections were performed. Laboratory results for zoo animals were also reviewed for 2004–2010 to assess the occurrence of potential zoonotic infections. Veterinary clinic, animal handler, grounds, maintenance and administrative staff participated in the surveys, with 49, 42 and 46 participants in the 1991, 2002 and 2010 surveys, respectively (29% of total zoo staff in 2010). A small number of staff reported work‐related infections, including erysipelas (1), giardiasis (1) and campylobacteriosis (1). The seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus and Toxoplasma gondii closely reflected those in the Auckland community. No carriage of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was detected, and most of those with anti‐HBV antibodies had been vaccinated. Few staff had serological evidence of past leptospiral infection. Three veterinary clinic staff had raised Chlamydophila psittaci antibodies, all <1 : 160 indicating past exposure. Two staff (in 1991) had asymptomatic carriage of Giardia lamblia and one person (in 2010) had a dermatophyte infection. After 1991, positive tests indicating exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis were <10%, comparable to the general New Zealand population. Zoo animals had infections with potential zoonotic agents, including G. lamblia, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and T. gondii, although the occurrence was low. Zoonotic agents pose an occupational risk to zoo workers. While there was evidence of some zoonotic transmission at Auckland Zoo, this was uncommon and risks appear to be adequately managed under current policies and procedures. Nevertheless, ongoing assessment of risk factors is needed as environmental, human and animal disease and management factors change. Policies and procedures should be reviewed periodically in conjunction with disease monitoring results for both animals and staff to minimise zoonotic transmission.
Investigation of the Concurrent Emergence of Salmonella enteritidis in Humans and Poultry in British Columbia, Canada, 2008–2010
Authors: Taylor M. , Leslie M. , Ritson M. , Stone J. , Cox W. , Hoang L. , Galanis E. ,   Outbreak Investigation Team
Published: May 2012

SummaryAn increase in the rate of human infections with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) occurred between 2007 and 2010 in British Columbia (BC). During the same time period, an increase in SE from poultry‐sourced isolates and increased clinical severity in poultry were also observed in BC. This article describes a multi‐sectoral collaboration during a 3‐year investigation, and the actions taken by public health and animal health professionals. Human cases were interviewed, clusters were investigated, and a case–control study was conducted. Environmental investigations were conducted in food service establishments (FSE). Suspect foods were tested. Laboratory data from poultry‐sourced isolates were analysed. Five hundred and eighty‐four human cases of SE with the same pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis pattern were identified between May 2008 and August 2010. Seventy‐three percentage of cases reported consumption of eggs. The odds of egg consumption were 2.4 times higher for cases than controls. Implicated FSE were found to use ungraded eggs, which had been distributed illegally. Investigation suggested that there were multiple suppliers of these eggs. Collaboration between public health and animal health professionals led to data sharing, improved understanding of SE, engagement with the poultry industry and public communication. Multi‐disciplinary, multi‐sectoral and multi‐pronged investigations are recommended to identify the likely source of illness in large, protracted foodborne outbreaks caused by commonly consumed foods.
Shifts in Innovation Power to Brazil and India: Insights from the Auto and Software Industries
Authors: Lema Rasmus , Quadros Ruy , Schmitz Hubert 
Published: May 2012

SummaryThe global innovation map is changing. Until a few years ago innovation activities were concentrated in the US, Europe and Japan. Not anymore. The rising powers of China, India and Brazil are encroaching on the innovation stronghold of the old powers. This report explores how deep the change goes and how we can explain it. Most of the literature explains this shift in innovation power by concentrating on factors within the rising powers, such as their investment in high‐level education, their low labour cost, their big and expanding internal markets and others. This report concentrates on explanatory factors that emanate from the old powers, notably the organisational decomposition of the innovation process (ODIP). The empirical focus is on the global value chains that link Brazilian auto and Indian software suppliers with lead firms in the US and Europe. The report shows that subsidiaries and independent suppliers in Brazil and India were involved in advanced innovation capabilities: they engaged not only in ‘applied’ development, but also in ‘systemic’ development of products and services. In other words, the build‐up of innovation capabilities goes further than is generally recognised. Most of the report is then concerned with unravelling the processes through which this occurs, showing that ODIP emanating from US and European lead firms has knock‐on effects within Brazil and India. The research also distinguishes between different types of ODIP showing that the biggest organisational and geographical changes occur when innovation and production activities are tightly integrated. The resulting build‐up of innovation capability is only partially visible in conventional R&D indicators. The causal connection between ODIP in the old powers and increase of innovation capabilities in the new powers is not one way. The accumulation of innovation capabilities in the new powers increases the possibilities for further rounds of ODIP in the old powers.
A computer‐assisted system for photographic mark–recapture analysis
Authors: Bolger Douglas T. , Morrison Thomas A. , Vance Bennet , Lee Derek , Farid Hany 
Published: May 2012

Summary1. Photographic mark–recapture is a cost‐effective, non‐invasive way to study populations. However, to efficiently apply photographic mark–recapture to large populations, computer software is needed for image manipulation and pattern matching.2. We created an open‐source application for the storage, pattern extraction and pattern matching of digital images for the purposes of mark–recapture analysis. The resulting software package is a stand‐alone, multiplatform application implemented in Java. Our program employs the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) operator that extracts distinctive features invariant to image scale and rotation.3. We applied this system to a population of Masai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi) in the Tarangire Ecosystem in northern Tanzania. Over 1200 images were acquired in the field during three primary sampling periods between September 2008 and December 2009. The pattern information in these images was extracted and matched resulting in capture histories for over 600 unique individuals.4. Estimated error rates of the matching system were low based on a subset of test images that were independently matched by eye.5. Encounter histories were subsequently analysed with open population models to estimate apparent survival rates and population size.6. This new open‐access tool allowed photographic mark–recapture to be applied successfully to this relatively large population.
Cocaine potentiates excitatory drive in the perifornical/lateral hypothalamus
Authors: Yeoh Jiann Wei , James Morgan H. , Jobling Phillip , Bains Jaideep S. , Graham Brett A. , Dayas Christopher V. 
Published: May 2012

Key points
Drugs of addiction are well‐established in their capacity to alter brain reward pathways.
The perifornical/lateral hypothalamus has previously been shown to be drug responsive, participate in relapse to drug taking, and project to key reward pathway structures.
This study demonstrates that cocaine enhances excitatory drive to perifornical/lateral hypothalamic neurones, and these changes involve altered presynaptic function. Orexin‐positive neurones were among the populations that underwent these presynaptic changes.
The results indicate that a greater understanding of the drug‐induced synaptic changes in perifornical/lateral hypothalamus may instruct future pharmacotherapies aimed at preventing drug relapse.
Abstract  The hypothalamus is a critical controller of homeostatic responses and plays a fundamental role in reward‐seeking behaviour. Recently, hypothalamic neurones in the perifornical/lateral hypothalamic area (PF/LHA) have also been implicated in drug‐seeking behaviour through projections to extra‐hypothalamic sites such as the ventral tegmental area. For example, a population of neurones that expresses the peptide orexin has been strongly implicated in addiction‐relevant behaviours. To date, the effect of addictive drugs on synaptic properties in the hypothalamus remains largely unexplored. Previous studies focusing on the PF/LHA neurones, however, have shown that the orexin system exhibits significant plasticity in response to food or sleep restriction. This neuroadaptive ability suggests that PF/LHA neurones could be highly susceptible to modifications by drug exposure. Here, we sought to determine whether cocaine produces synaptic plasticity in PF/LHA neurones. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp techniques were used to examine the effects of experimenter‐administered (passive) or self‐administered (SA) cocaine on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in PF/LHA neurones. These experiments demonstrate that both passive and SA cocaine exposure increases miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) frequency in PF/LHA neurones. In addition, SA cocaine reduced the paired‐pulse ratio but the AMPA/NMDA ratio of evoked excitatory inputs was unchanged, indicative of a presynaptic locus for synaptic plasticity. Dual‐labelling for orexin and excitatory inputs using the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT2), showed that passive cocaine exposure increased VGLUT2‐positive appositions onto orexin neurones. Further, a population of recorded neurones that were filled with neurobiotin and immunolabelled for orexin confirmed that increased excitatory drive occurs in this PF/LHA population. Given the importance of the PF/LHA and the orexin system in modulating drug addiction, we suggest that these cocaine‐induced excitatory synapse‐remodelling events within the hypothalamus may contribute to persistence in drug‐seeking behaviour and relapse.
Long‐term in vivo imaging of normal and pathological mouse spinal cord with subcellular resolution using implanted glass windows
Authors: Fenrich Keith K. , Weber Pascal , Hocine Mélanie , Zalc Maxime , Rougon Geneviève , Debarbieux Franck 
Published: May 2012

Key points
Chronic in vivo imaging of cellular interactions within the adult spinal cord with subcellular resolution is important for understanding cellular physiology and disease progression.
Previous approaches for chronic in vivo spinal cord microscopy have required surgery for each imaging session.
Here we describe a novel method for implanting glass windows over the exposed spinal cords of adult mice for repeated in vivo microscopy.
We show that the windows remain clear for many months after implantation, do not damage axons or blood vessels, and are useful for studying cellular dynamics after spinal cord injury.
Our method represents an original technical breakthrough for scientists involved in spinal cord research and in vivo imaging, and is a useful tool for studying cellular physiology and disease progression.
Abstract  Repeated in vivo two‐photon imaging of adult mammalian spinal cords, with subcellular resolution, would be crucial for understanding cellular mechanisms under normal and pathological conditions. Current methods are limited because they require surgery for each imaging session. Here we report a simple glass window methodology avoiding repeated surgical procedures and subsequent inflammation. We applied this strategy to follow axon integrity and the inflammatory response over months by multicolour imaging of adult transgenic mice. We found that glass windows have no significant effect on axon number or structure, cause a transient inflammatory response, and dramatically increase the throughput of in vivo spinal imaging. Moreover, we used this technique to track retraction/degeneration and regeneration of cut axons after a ‘pin‐prick’ spinal cord injury with high temporal fidelity. We showed that regenerating axons can cross an injury site within 4 days and that their terminals undergo dramatic morphological changes for weeks after injury. Overall the technique can potentially be adapted to evaluate cellular functions and therapeutic strategies in the normal and diseased spinal cord.
Heparin dosing is associated with diffusion weighted imaging lesion load following aneurysm coiling
Authors: Lim Fat Mary Jane , Al-Hazzaa Mohammed , Bussière Miguel , dos Santos Marlise P , Lesiuk Howard , Lum Cheemun 
Published: May 2012

Background and purposeDiffusion weighted imaging (DWI) may be used to evaluate post-coiling ischemia. Heparinization protocols for cerebral aneurysm coiling procedures differ among operators and centers, with little literature surrounding its effect on DWI lesions. The goal of this study was to determine which factors, including heparinization protocols, may affect DWI lesion load post-coiling.Materials and methodsA review of 135 coiling procedures over 5 years at our centre was performed. Procedural data including length of procedure, number of coils used, stent or balloon assistance and operators were collected. Procedures were either assigned as using a bolus dose (>2000 U at any one time) or small aliquots of heparin (≤2000 U). Postprocedure DWI was reviewed and lesions were classified as small (< 5mm), medium (5–10 mm) or large (>10 mm). The cases were then classified into group 1 (≤5 small lesions) or group 2 (>5 small lesions or ≥1 medium or large lesion). Multivariate regression of the procedural variables for the two groups was calculated. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant.ResultsThere were 78 procedures in group 1 and 57 procedures in group 2. Patients who received small aliquots (n=37) versus boluses of heparin (n=98) intraprocedurally had significantly greater frequency and size of DWI lesions (p=0.03). None of the other procedural variables was found to impact on lesion load.ConclusionsMore substantial DWI lesions were associated with small aliquots of heparin dosage compared with bolus doses. Heparin boluses should be preferentially administered during aneurysm coiling.
香港社區精神健康照顧服務12個月的成效研究
Authors: 吳 日嵐 , 尹 可如 , 羅 景強 , 葉 翠然 , 劉 學榮 , 羅 慧英 , 李 保德 , 謝 嘉雯 
Published: May 2012

社區精神復康服務在西方國家發展悠久，不同的相關文獻與實証爲本研究 ( evidence-based research) 顯示，該服務形式對生活於社區的精神病康復者有顯著成效。自2005年開始，在政府和非政府機構推動下，社區精神健康照顧服務在香港不同的地方推行。然而，有關本港社區精神健康照顧服務的研究卻相當貧乏。是次研究運用單組前測後測設計 (one group pre-test and post-test design) 方式，評估一個在本港推行的社區精神健康照顧服務，對離院後重返社區生活的服務使用者的成效。是次研究邀請了120名精神病康復者參與研究，共有87名研究對象完成所有測試。當中測試範疇包括精神病徵狀、生活質素、自我效能、社區生活技巧。研究發現在開始接受服務後的6至12個月，社區精神健康照顧服務減少精神病徵狀 ( p <.001)、提高生活質素 ( p <.05)、增強自我效能 ( p <.001)和提升社區生活技巧 ( p <.001) 能夠爲康復者帶來非常正面的效果。 Community mental health care services have been developing in Western countries for decades and have been proved to be effective in facilitating the rehabilitation of people with mental illness into the community in many evidence-based research studies. In Hong Kong, with the support of the government and non-government organisations, community mental health care services have been set up in different districts since 2005. However, research on the services is limited. By using the one-group pre-test and post-test design method, this study examines the effects of one Community Mental Health Care Services on the rehabilitation of people with mental illness discharged from hospitals. A total number of 120 service users participated in the study and 87 subjects completed all the assessments in different areas, including psychiatric symptoms, quality of life, self-efficacy and community living skills, before the commencement of intervention, 6 months after the intervention and at 12 months immediately after the intervention. Results showed that the subjects had lessened psychiatric symptoms ( p <.001), better quality of life ( p <.05), enhanced self-efficacy ( p <.001) and increased community living skills ( p <.001), after the services. The study revealed significant positive effects of the community mental heath care services on people with mental illness in the community.