bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality and quantity of data recovered from massively parallel sequencing: Examples in Asparagales and Poaceae
Authors: Steele P. Roxanne , Hertweck Kate L. , Mayfield Dustin , McKain Michael R. , Leebens‐Mack James , Pires J. Chris 
Published: January 2012

• Premise of the study: Genome survey sequences (GSS) from massively parallel sequencing have potential to provide large, cost‐effective data sets for phylogenetic inference, replace single gene or spacer regions as DNA barcodes, and provide a plethora of data for other comparative molecular evolution studies. Here we report on the application of this method to estimating the molecular phylogeny of core Asparagales, investigating plastid gene losses, assembling complete plastid genomes, and determining the type and quality of assembled genomic data attainable from Illumina 80–120‐bp reads.• Methods: We sequenced total genomic DNA from samples in two lineages of monocotyledonous plants, Poaceae and Asparagales, on the Illumina platform in a multiplex arrangement. We compared reference‐based assemblies to de novo contigs, evaluated consistency of assemblies resulting from use of various references sequences, and assessed our methods to obtain sequence assemblies in nonmodel taxa.• Key results: Our method returned reliable, robust organellar and nrDNA sequences in a variety of plant lineages. High quality assemblies are not dependent on genome size, amount of plastid present in the total genomic DNA template, or relatedness of available reference sequences for assembly. Phylogenetic results revealed familial and subfamilial relationships within Asparagales with high bootstrap support, although placement of the monotypic genus Aphyllanthes was placed with moderate confidence.• Conclusions: The well‐supported molecular phylogeny provides evidence for delineation of subfamilies within core Asparagales. With advances in technology and bioinformatics tools, the use of massively parallel sequencing will continue to become easier and more affordable for phylogenomic and molecular evolutionary biology investigations.
« Le vrai sanaani ». Note sur la perception des changements linguistiques à Sanaa, Yémen
Authors: Dufour Julien , Maloom Hanan 
Published: January 2012

Alors que le dialecte traditionnel de l’ancien Sanaa (Yémen) a désormais été bien décrit, on est beaucoup moins bien renseigné sur les dynamiques linguistiques à l’œuvre dans le grand Sanaa, dont la population est très majoritairement d’origine migrante. Le vieux sanaani reste en tout cas une référence symbolique pour la plupart des habitants de la ville. Qu’entendent-ils par là et quelles attitudes adoptent-ils à l’égard du vieux parler citadin ? C’est ce que la présente contribution cherche à comprendre. Les réponses sont variées, mais une constante semble se dégager : l’opposition entre une identité citadine raffinée liée à la Vieille Ville comme lieu chargé d’histoire, et une identité d’homme de tribu (gabîlî) fondée symboliquement sur une certaine rudesse associée au courage physique. Cette opposition se retrouve dans les comportements linguistiques, ou du moins dans les discours que les Sanaanis tiennent à ce sujet. Elle est un facteur de différentiation des attitudes en fonction du sexe des locuteurs. Il semble, enfin, qu’elle conduise à l’apparition d’un parler moderne à la fois urbain et connoté comme gabîlî.
Silver and Gold
Authors: Lansdown Alan B. G. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSilver and gold are transitional metals and exhibit different chemical properties. They have distinctive uses in industry, commercial applications and in medical science. The World Health Organization and various national regulatory authorities recognize that occupational exposure to silver and many other metals in the workplace pose significant health risks. In the case of silver, argyria and argyrosis with profound discolorations of the skin and eyes present a major risk associated with chronic exposure to silver. Selected clinical cases are documented to illustrate complications that arise in the use of silver. Gold dust is expected as a contaminant in the atmosphere close to mining areas, but in view of their high density, particles, can be expected to settle rapidly and present minimal risk of inhalation by workers, but appreciably greater risks have been associated with silica, mercury and cyanide in gold workers. Neutron activation analysis has been described for determination of gold in blood following clinical or occupational exposure to the metal. The present chapter discusses properties, production, uses, exposure assessment, toxic effects, and several clinical cases of these transitional metals.
Redox Capacitor to Establish Bio‐Device Redox‐Connectivity
Authors: Kim Eunkyoung , Liu Yi , Bentley William E. , Payne Gregory F. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractElectronic devices process information and transduce energy with electrons, while biology performs such operations with ions and chemicals. To establish bio‐device connectivity, we fabricate a redox‐capacitor film from a polysaccharide (i.e., chitosan) and a redox‐active catechol. We report that these films are rapidly and repeatedly charged and discharged electrochemically via a redox‐cycling mechanism in which mediators shuttle electrons between the electrode and film (capacitance ≈ 40 F/g or 2.9 mF/cm2). Further, charging and discharging can be executed under bio‐relevant conditions. Enzymatic‐charging is achieved by electron‐transfer from glucose to the film via an NADPH‐mediated redox‐cycling mechanism. Discharging occurs by electron‐donation to O2 to generate H2O2 that serves as substrate for peroxidase‐mediated biochemical reactions. Thus, these films offer the capability of inter‐converting electrochemical and biochemical inputs/outputs. Among potential applications, we anticipate that catechol–chitosan redox‐capacitor films could serve as circuit elements for molecular logic operations or for transducing bio‐based chemical energy into electricity.
Verstärkung der Bindung an das Proteinrückgrat – ein fruchtbares Konzept gegen die Arzneimittelresistenz von HIV
Authors: Ghosh Arun K. , Anderson David D. , Weber Irene T. , Mitsuya Hiroaki 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDie Entstehung von Arzneimittelresistenzen ist eines der grundlegenden Probleme der Medizin. Dass sich bei HIV/AIDS so schnell resistente HIV‐1‐Varianten einstellen, ist ein großes Hindernis für die modernen Therapien. Wichtige Zielmoleküle der derzeitigen antiretroviralen Therapien sind Inhibitoren der HIV‐1‐Protease. Das Virus entwickelt Resistenzen, wenn Mutationen die Inhibitorbindung des Enzyms verändern und somit die Effizienz mindern. Um diese Resistenzbildung zu vermeiden, haben wir Inhibitoren erforscht, die am aktiven Zentrum der Protease Wasserstoffbrücken zum Proteinrückgrat bilden. Weil sich die Geometrie am katalytischen Zentrum ohne Funktionsverlust nicht ändern kann, schränken solche Wechselwirkungen die Möglichkeiten der Protease zur Resistenzbildung erheblich ein. Hier diskutieren wir das enzymatische Strukturprinzip, auf dem unser Konzept der Rückgratbindung beruht. Besonderes Augenmerk richten wir auf die Anwendung des Konzepts in unseren jüngeren Arbeiten zu antiviralen Inhibitoren der HIV‐1‐Protease.
Investigation of polyurethane (urea)/modified nano‐calcium carbonate hybrid aqueous dispersions and their films
Authors: Dongya Yang , Hanqing Zhang , Fengxian Qiu , Li Han 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis investigation was focused on properties of polyurethane (urea) (PUU) by incorporating silica sol‐modified nano‐calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The FT‐IR spectroscopy and ζ potential measurement indicated the presence of a hybrid effect due to the hydrogen bonding between the nano particles and the polymer matrix. For these hybrid aqueous dispersions, the particle size decreased as the modified nano‐CaCO3 content increased, and the polydispersity index was very narrow (<1.20). Films prepared with the hybrid PUU aqueous dispersions exhibited excellent waterproof performance: the amount of water absorption was as low as 9.0 wt %, and the contact angle of water on the surface of this kind of film was as high as 93°C. TGA results indicated the high thermal stability of hybrid PUU polymers (223–255°C). The properties like tensile strength, hardness, and elongation at break were influenced by the modified nano‐CaCO3 content in the polymers. The hybrid PUU with 15 wt % modified nano‐CaCO3 content showed the optimum properties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis and characterization of poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) copolymers with functional side groups on the polyester block
Authors: Chen Wen‐Hsin , Hua Mu‐Yi , Lee Ren‐Shen 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis study reports the successful synthesis of amphiphilic MPEG‐b‐PCL based‐block copolymers bearing benzyloxy and hydroxyl side groups on the PCL block by ring‐opening polymerization of 4‐benzyloxy‐ε‐caprolactone (4‐BOCL) and ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) with methoxy PEG (550 g mol−1) as the initiator and Tin(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate (SnOct2) as the catalyst. These copolymers were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 1H NMR, and gel permeation chromatography. The thermal properties (Tg and Tms) of the block copolymers depend on the polymer composition. Incorporating a greater amount of 4‐BOCL and/or ε‐CL was incorporated into the macromolecular backbone causes a decrease Tg, and an increase in Tms. The micellar characteristics in the aqueous phase were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). A lower critical micelle concentration (CMC) was observed in MPEG12‐b‐PBOCL12‐b‐PCL series, which have higher hydrophobic components in the copolymers. However, contrasting results were observed for MPEG12‐b‐PBOCL27‐b‐PCL systems. The micelle exhibited a spindle shape, with an average size of less than 200 nm. A weak drug entrapment efficiency and drug‐loading ability of these micelles were observed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Photoinitiated polymerization of bisphenol a epoxy diacrylates with bis[4(2‐hydroxy‐3‐ acryloyloxypropoxy)phenyl]sulfide
Authors: Gil Malgorzata , Gawdzik Barbara , Podkościelna Beata 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPhotopolymerization of commercially available bisphenol A epoxy diacrylates with bis[4(2‐hydroxy‐3‐acryloyloxypropoxy)phenyl]sulfide (BES‐DA)—a monomer synthesized by our group in previous study was carried out. As this compound is solid at room temperature in its polymerization reactive diluent N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, which is also comonomer, has been applied. As a photoinitiator, 2‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐1‐phenylpropan‐1‐one (Darocur 1173) was used. Thermal and mechanical properties of the obtained compositions were studied. The results show that thermal properties of both epoxy diacrylates improve with the increasing concentration of BES‐DA. The addition of N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone causes decrease of their storage moduli and glass transition temperatures. Simultaneously, it allows to increase the conversion of double bonds. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Cure and thermal stability of poly(amide‐amidic acid)—cured tetraglycidyl 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane
Authors: Chen Haiming , Lu Renguo , Li Pei , Wang Hongyan , Huang Ting , Huang Zhongyuan , Li Tongsheng 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA novel curing agent, poly (amide‐amidic acid) (PAA), was used to cure tetraglycidyl 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (TGDDM). The initial cure and exothermic peak temperatures increased with increase in PAA content. The mechanism for the cure of TGDDM/PAA was proposed which involved, besides TGDDM cure, PAA imidization in the system. Examination of the morphology of the fractured surface using scanning electron microscopy showed that curing with PAA improved more the fracture toughness as compared to the conventional 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS), and rendered TGDDM more fire resistant with higher char yield. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Disease activity, severity, and damage in the UK juvenile‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus cohort
Authors: Watson Louise , Leone Valentina , Pilkington Clarissa , Tullus Kjell , Rangaraj Satyapal , McDonagh Janet E. , Gardner‐Medwin Janet , Wilkinson Nick , Riley Phil , Tizard Jane , Armon Kate , Sinha Manish D. , Ioannou Yiannis , Archer Neil , Bailey Kathryn , Davidson Joyce , Baildam Eileen M. , Cleary Gavin , McCann Liza J. , Beresford Michael W. ,   on behalf of the UK Juvenile‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Study Group
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe UK Juvenile‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (JSLE) Cohort Study is a multicenter collaborative network established with the aim of improving the understanding of juvenile SLE. The present study was undertaken to describe the clinical manifestations and disease course in patients with juvenile SLE from this large, national inception cohort.MethodsDetailed data on clinical phenotype were collected at baseline and at regular clinic reviews and annual followup assessments in 232 patients from 14 centers across the UK over 4.5 years. Patients with SLE were identified according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) SLE classification criteria. The present cohort comprised children with juvenile SLE (n = 198) whose diagnosis fulfilled ≥4 of the ACR criteria for SLE.ResultsAmong patients with juvenile SLE, the female:male sex distribution was 5.6:1 and the median age at diagnosis was 12.6 years (interquartile range 10.4–14.5 years). Male patients were younger than female patients (P < 0.01). Standardized ethnicity data demonstrated a greater risk of juvenile SLE in non‐Caucasian UK patients (P < 0.05). Scores on the pediatric adaptation of the 2004 British Isles Lupus Assessment Group disease activity index demonstrated significantly increased frequencies of musculoskeletal (82%), renal (80%), hematologic (91%), immunologic (54%), and neurologic (26%) involvement among the patients over time. A large proportion of the patients (93%) were taking steroids and 24% of the patients required treatment with cyclophosphamide. Disease damage was common, with 28% of the patients having a Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/ACR damage score of ≥1.ConclusionThe data on these patients from the UK JSLE Cohort Study, comprising one of the largest national inception cohorts of patients with juvenile SLE to date, indicate that severe organ involvement and significant disease activity are primary characteristics in children with juvenile SLE. In addition, accumulation of disease‐associated damage could be seen.
Light‐Harvesting Hybrid Assemblies
Authors: Rao K. Venkata , Datta K. K. R. , Eswaramoorthy Muthusamy , George Subi. J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractLight‐harvesting hybrids have gained much importance as they are considered as potential mimics for photosynthetic systems. In this Concept article we introduce the design concepts involved in the building up of light‐harvesting hybrids; these resemble the well‐studied organic‐based assemblies for energy transfer. We have structured this article into three parts based on the strategies adopted in the synthesis of hybrid assemblies, as covalent, semicovalent, and noncovalent procedures. Furthermore, the properties and structural features of the hybrids and analogous organic assemblies are compared. We also emphasize the challenges involved in the processability of these hybrid materials for device applications and present our views and results to address this issue through the design of soft‐hybrids by a solution‐state, noncovalent, self‐assembly process.
Estimations of the increasing prevalence and plateau prevalence of chronic myeloid leukemia in the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy
Authors: Huang Xuelin , Cortes Jorge , Kantarjian Hagop 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:The annual incidence of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in the United States is approximately 4800 cases. With the success of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy, the all‐cause annual mortality rate was reduced to 2%. Therefore, the prevalence of CML is increasing over time. Estimating the CML prevalence and plateau prevalence is important in the implementation of health care strategies and future therapeutic trials. The objective of this report was to estimate the increasing prevalence and plateau prevalence of CML in future years.METHODS:The prevalence of CML was estimated based on several parameters: the annual mortality rate on TKI therapy compared with a age‐matched, normal population; the incidence of CML; the anticipated population growth in the United States; and aging of the population.RESULTS:On the basis of these calculations, the mortality ratio of patients with CML compared with an age‐matched normal population was approximately 1.53. The estimated prevalence of CML is approximately 70,000 in 2010, 112,000 in 2020, 144,000 in 2030, 167,000 in 2040, and 181,000 in 2050, when it will reach a near plateau prevalence.CONCLUSIONS:The current results indicated that the prevalence of CML will continue to increase to reach a near plateau prevalence 35 times the annual incidence. These estimates should be considered in health care policies and in the design of future studies in CML. Cancer 2012;118: 3123–27. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Effect of halloysite nanotubes on mechanical properties and flammability of soy protein based green composites
Authors: Nakamura R. , Netravali A. N. , Morgan A. B. , Nyden M. R. , Gilman J. W. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTTo address the growing emphasis on the use and development of sustainable materials, bio‐based polymers and fibers are processed to prepare entirely bio‐based fiber‐reinforced ‘green’ composites. To enable these new materials to perform in lightweight vehicle and infrastructural applications, they must be characterized both structurally and in terms of their various performance characteristics. The results of preparation and characterization of bio‐based composites comprising jute fabric and soy protein concentrate (SPC) modified with glycerol and/or halloysite nanotubes (HNT) are reported herein as a first look at the flammability of these bio‐based nanocomposites. The results reveal that SPC has lower flammability (heat release capacity) than petrochemical‐based resins, such as epoxies and vinyl esters. In addition, incorporating 5% mass fraction of HNT is found to reduce the composite flammability, while having no negative impact on the mechanical properties. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution pattern of exotic plants in the metropolitan area of Sapporo (Japan) in relation to life form and immigration date
Authors: Tsuyuzaki S. , Nakajima H. , Hirata A. K. B. , Koyama A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTo detect the invasiveness of exotic plants and their effects on native species, the distribution patterns of exotics and natives were examined in the metropolitan city of Sapporo (1,121 km2), northern Japan, by flora lists for 53 districts. The urbanization history has two phases, after the 1868 Meiji Restoration, and after the 1945 World War II End. We analyzed the plant distribution patterns digitized by flora list recorded 45 years after the World War II. The distribution was compared with life forms, immigration ages and environmental factors by numerical analyses. The findings are: (1) Exotics immigrated to the whole areas for short term, and the distribution patterns were determined more by social and economic factors, in particular population density, than by physical factors, such as elevation and geology. (2) Life form is related to the distribution of exotics; viz. annual exotics establish intensively in urbanized areas but do not exclude natives, while perennial exotics, in particular, immigrated before World War II are widespread. To restrict exotics, therefore, prompt treatment to new perennial exotics before becoming biologically invasive plants is important for conserving natural flora. (3) However, the number of exotics increased with the number of natives, showing that the exotics have not significantly deteriorated native flora in the present. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experimentelle Untersuchungen an Rivulus cylindraceus (Cyprinidontidae, Rivulinae) zum Einfluß subletaler Konzentrationen ionogener Detergentien auf Embryonen, Larven und Jungfische
Authors: Wienberg Reinhard 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEmbryos, larvae and fry of the cyprinidontid Rivulus cylindraceus, subjected to sublethal concentrations of the branched alkyl benzene sulfonate TBS, were investigated with respect to mortality rates, deformities, hatching and activity (frequency of heart pulsation, pectoral fin beating and body movements of the embryos, swimming behaviour and activity of larvae and fry).If environmental conditions are optimal, sublethal concentrations seem to have no effect on an entire larval or young fish stock. On the other hand, if other stressing environmental factors of natural or human origin accompany them, such as lack of nutritional supply, an effect on a stock is possible at low sublethal concentrations.
The effect of nutrient enrichment on the plankton community in enclosed water columns
Authors: Parsons T. R. , Thomas W. H. , Seibert D. , Beers J. R. , Gillespie P. , Bawden C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractLow level nutrient enrichment of an enclosed water column caused increases in primary, secondary and tertiary production. In addition, increases in the amount of sediment material, heterotrophic activity and accumulation of major nutrients, nitrate and phosphate, were noted. In contrast, no change was observed in species diversity that could be attributed to nutrient enrichment. The combination of these effects is suggested as a diagnostic approach to examining the early effects of marine eutrophication.
Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) Decorated With One Room‐Temperature Red‐Emitting Ruthenium(II) Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, Thermal and Optical Properties
Authors: Schulze Marcus , Jäger Michael , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe incorporation of room‐temperature red‐emissive [RuII(dqp)(dqp‐CH2OH)]2+ (dqp is 2,6‐di(quinolin‐8‐yl)pyridine) in poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) is explored following two routes. First, the ring‐opening polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone is investigated using the free ligand and the complex as initiators. Alternatively, the complexation strategy utilizing PCL‐dqp as a macroligand is detailed. Both routes yield room‐temperature emissive polymers centered at 400 nm (free ligand) and 680 nm (complex) in aerated solvent. DSC and TGA showed the typical properties of PCL, for example, the melting point (59 °C).
Langevin Dynamics Simulation of Chain Crosslinking into Polymer Networks
Authors: Wu Rongliang , Li Ting , Nies Erik 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA Langevin dynamics simulation method is presented to create polymer networks. The properties of the network are found to depend on the interactions between segments of the precursor chains, the FJCs, and the excluded volume chains modelled by the repulsive WCA potential. The mean square displacements of the crosslinkers in both networks show scaling behaviors with chain length. The shear modulus depends on the preparation method and is in fair agreement with theory. The method allows the study of supramolecular materials and the effects of crosslinking in combination with, e.g., changes in thermodynamic stability of the reacting mixture or the presence of nanoparticles.magnified image