bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the fetal thymus by two‐ and three‐dimensional ultrasound during normal human gestation and in fetuses with congenital heart defects
Authors: Li L. , Bahtiyar M. O. , Buhimschi C. S. , Zou L. , Zhou Q.‐C. , Copel J. A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectivesOur objectives were to compare the size and volume of the developing fetal thymus obtained by two‐dimensional ultrasound (2D‐US) and three‐dimensional ultrasound (3D‐US), develop normative data for thymus volume (TV), and investigate TV in fetuses with congenital heart disease (CHD) and normal twin gestations.MethodsWe studied 321 fetuses (gestational age (GA): 17–39 weeks) including 238 normal singletons, 64 normal twins and 19 singleton fetuses with CHD. We used 2D‐US to assess fetal thymus maximum transverse diameter (MTD), maximum transverse area (MTA), anteroposterior diameter (APD) and superoinferior diameter (SID). TV was obtained by 3D‐US using virtual organ computer‐aided analysis. Measurements were adjusted for estimated fetal weight where appropriate. Linear regression analysis, general linear models and Fisher's Z‐transformation were used where appropriate. A nomogram of fetal TV based on singleton gestations was produced according to previously published methods.ResultsUltrasound assessment of the fetal thymus was possible in 95.3% (306/321) of cases. Both 3D‐US and 2D‐US measurements were significantly correlated with GA (TV r = 0.989; MTA r = 0.918; MTD r = 0.884; APD r = 0.849; and SID r = 0.816; all P < 0.05). After Fisher's Z‐transformation, the correlation between the TV and GA was significantly stronger than that between any individual 2D‐US measurement and GA (P < 0.05). Normal twin fetuses had TVs similar to those of singletons adjusted for estimated fetal weight and GA (P = 0.85). TV adjusted for estimated fetal weight and GA was significantly lower in fetuses with CHD than in normal singletons (P < 0.05).Conclusion2D‐US and 3D‐US are useful tools for evaluation of the size and volume of the human fetal thymus through gestation. Fetal TV by 3D‐US seems to reflect normal development of the thymus in utero better than do 2D‐US measurements. Lower TV should be expected in association with CHDs. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Auger‐Elektronenspektroskopie an Festkörperoberflächen Teil 1: Generelle Betrachtungen
Authors: Viefhaus Helmut 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIm Verlauf der letzten 20 Jahre hat sich die Augerelektronenspektroskopie (AES) als gängigste Methode zur Bestimmung der chemischen Zusammensetzung von Festkörpergrenzflächen durchgesetzt. Im ersten Teil dieses Artikels werden die notwendigen Voraussetzungen und theoreti‐schen Grundlagen der AES an Festkörperoberflächen beschrieben. Hierzu gehören der Anregungsprozeß zur Emission und die begrenzte Reichweite der Auger‐elektronen in Festkörpern, die die Oberflächenempfindlichkeit dieser Methode bedingt. Neben einigen Bemerkungen zur quantitativen Analyse, zu chemischen und Kristalleffekten, werden die notwendigen instrumentellen Voraussetzungen, wie Analysatoren und Nachweissysteme kurz erläutert. Die wichtigsten heute zur Verfügung stehenden Weiterentwicklungen sind ebenso genannt, wie nützliche Ergänzungen zur AES‐Methode.
Buckling analysis of a cylindrical panel under axial stress using perturbation technique
Authors: Eipakchi H.R. , Shariati M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this paper, a combination of the series method and the perturbation theory has been proposed to calculate the elastic buckling stresses of panels with two edges simply supported subjected to the uniform axial stress by considering the linear theory of Donnell as the governing equation. As a parametric study, the effects of changing the radius, length, and sector angles of the panels on the buckling stresses have been investigated and the results have been compared with the finite elements method. Also, to find the buckling stress, a correction factor for the Lorenz formula has been proposed.
Mutations in the promoter region of the aldolase B gene that cause hereditary fructose intolerance
Authors: Coffee Erin M. , Tolan Dean R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is a potentially fatal inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of aldolase B activity in the liver and kidney. Over 40 disease‐causing mutations are known in the protein‐coding region of ALDOB. Mutations upstream of the protein‐coding portion of ALDOB are reported here for the first time. DNA sequence analysis of 61 HFI patients revealed single base mutations in the promoter, intronic enhancer, and the first exon, which is entirely untranslated. One mutation, g.−132G>A, is located within the promoter at an evolutionarily conserved nucleotide within a transcription factor‐binding site. A second mutation, IVS1+1G>C, is at the donor splice site of the first exon. In vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assays show a decrease in nuclear extract‐protein binding at the g.−132G>A mutant site. The promoter mutation results in decreased transcription using luciferase reporter plasmids. Analysis of cDNA from cells transfected with plasmids harboring the IVS1+1G>C mutation results in aberrant splicing leading to complete retention of the first intron (~5 kb). The IVS1+1G>C splicing mutation results in loss of luciferase activity from a reporter plasmid. These novel mutations in ALDOB represent 2% of alleles in American HFI patients, with IVS1+1G>C representing a significantly higher allele frequency (6%) among HFI patients of Hispanic and African‐American ethnicity.
Quantitative in vivo brain magnetic resonance spectroscopic monitoring of neurological involvement in mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter Syndrome)
Authors: Davison James E. , Hendriksz Christian J. , Sun Yu , Davies Nigel P. , Gissen Paul , Peet Andrew C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNeurological involvement in X‐linked mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome) is indicative of more severe disease, but is not attenuated by current enzyme replacement therapy which does not significantly penetrate the blood–brain barrier. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is an objective method of determining brain metabolites and has the potential to identify disease biomarkers with utility in evaluating current and novel therapies. MRS studies from seven patients with MPSII all receiving enzyme replacement therapy were compared with a large cohort of children with various neurocognitive disorders with normal MR imaging. All studies were completed on 1.5Tesla clinical MR scanners. Brain metabolite concentrations were determined from basal ganglia and parieto‐occipital white matter using LCModel quantification. Serial trends in brain metabolites were analysed. Examination of mean spectra and quantitative metabolite concentrations demonstrated significantly decreased white matter N‐acetylaspartate (a neuronal marker), total choline and glutamate, and elevated myo‐inositol (glial marker) in MPSII patients. Analysis of serial determinations of white matter N‐acetylaspartate demonstrated no change in two patients with stable MR imaging features but decreasing N‐acetylaspartate in two patients more severely affected or deteriorating. These data demonstrate the utility of MRS to monitor serial alterations in brain metabolites including N‐acetylaspartate which could be used as biomarkers of progressive neurological disease in MPSII. Integrated as an adjunct to MRI, such an approach could aid the evaluation of the efficacy of current ERT and also novel CNS‐targeted therapies in MPSII.
Dielectric Relaxation of La-Doped Zirconia Caused by Annealing Ambient
Authors: Zhao C Z , Werner M , Taylor S , Chalker P R , Jones A C , Zhao Chun 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLa-doped zirconia films, deposited by ALD at 300°C, were found to be amorphous with dielectric constants (k-values) up to 19. A tetragonal or cubic phase was induced by post-deposition annealing (PDA) at 900°C in both nitrogen and air. Higher k-values (~32) were measured following PDA in air, but not after PDA in nitrogen. However, a significant dielectric relaxation was observed in the air-annealed film, and this is attributed to the formation of nano-crystallites. The relaxation behavior was modeled using the Curie–von Schweidler (CS) and Havriliak–Negami (HN) relationships. The k-value of the as-deposited films clearly shows a mixed CS and HN dependence on frequency. The CS dependence vanished after annealing in air, while the HN dependence disappeared after annealing in nitrogen.
Anisotropic Confinement, Electronic Coupling and Strain Induced Effects Detected by Valence-Band Anisotropy in Self-Assembled Quantum Dots
Authors: Villegas-Lelovsky L , Teodoro MD , Lopez-Richard V , Calseverino C , Malachias A , Marega E , Liang BL , Mazur Yu I , Marques GE , Trallero-Giner C , Salamo GJ 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA method to determine the effects of the geometry and lateral ordering on the electronic properties of an array of one-dimensional self-assembled quantum dots is discussed. A model that takes into account the valence-band anisotropic effective masses and strain effects must be used to describe the behavior of the photoluminescence emission, proposed as a clean tool for the characterization of dot anisotropy and/or inter-dot coupling. Under special growth conditions, such as substrate temperature and Arsenic background, 1D chains of In0.4Ga0.6 As quantum dots were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction measurements directly evidence the strong strain anisotropy due to the formation of quantum dot chains, probed by polarization-resolved low-temperature photoluminescence. The results are in fair good agreement with the proposed model.
Determination of InN/Diamond Heterojunction Band Offset by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Shi K , Li DB , Song HP , Guo Y , Wang J , Xu XQ , Liu JM , Yang AL , Wei HY , Zhang B , Yang SY , Liu XL , Zhu QS , Wang ZG 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDiamond is not only a free standing highly transparent window but also a promising carrier confinement layer for InN based devices, yet little is known of the band offsets in InN/diamond system. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to measure the energy discontinuity in the valence band offset (VBO) of InN/diamond heterostructure. The value of VBO was determined to be 0.39 ± 0.08 eV and a type-I heterojunction with a conduction band offset (CBO) of 4.42 ± 0.08 eV was obtained. The accurate determination of VBO and CBO is important for the application of III-N alloys based electronic devices.
Template-free Synthesis of One-dimensional Cobalt Nanostructures by Hydrazine Reduction Route
Authors: Zhang Liying , Lan Tianmin , Wang Jian , Wei Liangmin , Yang Zhi , Zhang Yafei 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
One-dimensional cobalt nanostructures with large aspect ratio up to 450 have been prepared via a template-free hydrazine reduction route under external magnetic field assistance. The morphology and properties of cobalt nanostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The roles of the reaction conditions such as temperature, concentration, and pH value on morphology and magnetic properties of fabricated Co nanostructures were investigated. This work presents a simple, low-cost, environment-friendly, and large-scale production approach to fabricate one-dimensional magnetic Co materials. The resulting materials may have potential applications in nanodevice, catalytic agent, and magnetic recording.
Triarachidonoyl Glycerol Purification Process
Authors: Venegas‐Venegas E. , Rincón‐Cervera M. A. , Guil‐Guerrero J. L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPurification of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n‐6) from different sources has been previously reported, but in most cases AA is obtained after triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrolysis. In this work, gravimetric normal‐phase chromatography with gradient elution has been used to purify an AA‐enriched fraction of TAG from the commercial single cell oil named ARASCO (38–44% AA content). A TAG fraction with more than 90% AA content was obtained, employing appropriate solvents for alimentary processing. The process was scaled up with satisfactory results. Due to the use of food‐safe solvents in the whole process, it could be applied with alimentary or pharmaceutical purposes.
Imaging of pancreas transplantation and its complications
Authors: França Manuela , Certo Manuela , Martins Lasalete , Varzim Pedro , Teixeira Manuel , Henriques António Castro , Ribeiro António Manuel , Alves Filipe Caseiro 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Pancreas transplantation is an effective treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus and is being increasingly performed worldwide. Early recognition of graft-related complications is fundamental for graft survival; thus, radiologists must be aware of the transplantation technique, pancreas-graft imaging and postoperative complications. We present normal pancreas-graft imaging appearances and the imaging features of postoperative complications.
Bibliometrics and the Modern Commercial Regime
Authors: Mirowski Philip 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the role of bibliometrics in exploring the question of the effect of commercialization upon the health of American science. It approaches the problem through the question: What would constitute relevant evidence documenting decline in the number of scientific articles published by American authors in the last two decades? Because even the data have been privatized recently, it begins by criticizing article counts used in other venues. It concludes by demonstrating that the problem of decline is not merely in relative shares between countries, but also an absolute decline in American-authored articles across the board. We close with some proposed causes of the decline.
Les sciences sociales françaises entre ancrage local et visibilité internationale
Authors: Gingras Yves , Mosbah-Natanson Sébastien 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn the current context of a growing internationalization of scientific exchanges, the issue of the language of scientific publications – settled in the natural sciences since the 1980s – has now become a central issue for the Social Sciences. Our paper discusses this topical issue through a detailed analysis of the linguistic strategies adopted by two major French social science journals, Population and Revue française de sociologie (RFS), which have chosen to translate into English a selection (RFS) or all (Population) of their articles. In view of the measured effects in terms of visibility in the international scientific field – increasing visibility for the journal Population at the expense of its French edition and a marginal effect for the RFS – we raise questions about the role of national social sciences journals and recall that the specific intellectual mission of these journals lies beyond the pursuit of internationalization.
Improvements in LDL particle size and distribution by short-term alternate day modified fasting in obese adults
Authors: Varady Krista A. , Bhutani Surabhi , Klempel Monica C. , Lamarche Benoît 
Published: September 2010

Alternate day modified fasting (ADMF) beneficially modulates several indicators of CHD risk, but its effects on LDL particle size have never been tested. Accordingly, we examined the effects of ADMF on LDL particle size and distribution in obese adults. Sixteen obese subjects participated in a 10-week trial with three consecutive phases: (1) 2-week control phase; (2) 4-week ADMF controlled feeding phase; (3) 4-week ADMF self-selected feeding phase. After 8 weeks of diet, body weight and waist circumference were reduced (P < 0·05) by 5·6 (sem0·9) kg and 4·0 (sem0·9) cm, respectively. LDL-cholesterol and TAG concentrations decreased (P < 0·05) by 25 (sem10) % and 32 (sem6) %, respectively. Peak LDL particle size increased (P < 0·05) from 266 (sem1) to 268 (sem1) Å. Additionally, the proportion of small LDL particles decreased (P < 0·05) from 13 (sem2) % to 9 (sem3) %, while the proportion of large LDL particles increased (P < 0·05) from 68 (sem4) % to 76 (sem4) % post-treatment. These findings suggest that ADMF is an effective diet strategy for increasing LDL particle size and decreasing the proportion of small, dense LDL particles in obese adults.
Lipid metabolism inGiardia: a post-genomic perspective
Authors: YICHOY M. , DUARTE T. T. , DE CHATTERJEE A. , MENDEZ T. L. , AGUILERA K. Y. , ROY D. , ROYCHOWDHURY S. , ALEY S. B. , DAS S. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYGiardia lamblia, a protozoan parasite, infects a wide variety of vertebrates, including humans. Studies indicate that this anaerobic protist possesses a limited ability to synthesize lipid moleculesde novoand depends on supplies from its environment for growth and differentiation. It has been suggested that most lipids and fatty acids are taken up by endocytic and non-endocytic pathways and are used byGiardiafor energy production and membrane/organelle biosynthesis. The purpose of this article is to provide an update on recent progress in the field of lipid research of this parasite and the validation of lipid metabolic pathways through recent genomic information. Based on current cellular, biochemical and genomic data, a comprehensive pathway has been proposed to facilitate our understanding of lipid and fatty acid metabolism/syntheses in this waterborne pathogen. We envision that the current review will be helpful in identifying targets from the pathways that could be used to design novel therapies to control giardiasis and related diseases.
Reappraising the theme of breeding systems inEchinococcus: is outcrossing a rare phenomenon?
Authors: HAAG K. L. , MARIN P. B. , GRAICHEN D. A. S. , DE LA RUE M. L. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYSelfing has been considered the most common mode of reproduction inEchinococcusflatworms. However, population genetic studies on the asexual larval stage involving nuclear co-dominant markers have not always revealed significant heterozygote deficiencies – the expected outcome of a regularly and highly inbred population. In this study, we analysed the genetic structure ofEchinococcus granulosus sensu latopopulations from Southern Brazil during their adult (sexual) stage using 1 mitochondrial and 1 nuclear marker (cox 1andmdh, respectively). We show that parasite genetic differentiation is largest among definitive hosts (domestic dogs) from different farms, suggesting that transmission is mostly maintained within a farm. Moreover, we show that heterozygote deficiencies are not significant, and we suggest that outbreeding is the most common mode of reproduction of the parasite in that region.
The living standard of miners in Biscay (1876-1936): wages, the human development index and height
Authors: Escudero Antonio , Pérez Castroviejo Pedro M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRecent research on working-class living standards during the Industrial Revolution has shown that wages do not cover all welfare components — for instance, working conditions, leisure time or the «access rights» needed make one prosper (health, education and freedom). This is why studies have been published in which wages are compared with other living standard indicators. Following this line of research, our paper examines the evolution of welfare among Biscayan miners between 1876 and 1936 by contrasting real wages, Human Development Index and height. An additional contribution of the paper is that we relate the high morbi-mortality in the Biscayan working-class neighbourhoods with market failures derived from urbanisation, a connection not explicitly considered in the literature on living standards during the Industrial Revolution. These market failures were known by liberal politicians because the hygienists urged the intervention of the State to correct or, at least, ease them. However, the town councils in the Bilbao mining zone took more than 20 years to put into practice the measures proposed by the hygienists.
The development of the Welfare State in Portugal: trends in social expenditure between 1938 and 2003
Authors: Carolo Daniel Fernando , Pereirinha José António 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a data series on social expenditure in Portugal for the period 1938-2003. The series was built with the aim of identifying and characterizing the most significant phases in the process leading up to the current welfare state system in this country. The establishment of a social insurance (Previdência) in 1935 was one of the founding pillars of theEstado Novo(New State). Reforms to Social Welfare (Previdência Social) in 1962, while in the full throes of the New State, policy measures taken after the revolution of 1974 and a new orientation for social policy following the accession of Portugal to the European Economic Community (EEC) in the mid-1980s brought about significant transformations in the institutional organizational structure that provided welfare and conferred social rights in Portugal. To understand this process, knowledge is needed of the transformations to the institutional structures governing the organizations that provided welfare, welfare coverage in terms of the type of benefit and the population entitled to social risk protection, the magnitude of spending on benefits associated with these risks, as well as how benefits were allocated between the institutions. We built a data series for the period 1938-1980, which can then be matched to data already published in the OECD Social Expenditure Database from 1980 onwards. As a result, a consistent series for social expenditure from 1938 to 2003 was obtained. The methodology used to create the series enabled us to measure the impact of the variation in population coverage for social risks and the average generosity of benefits on the relative share of social expenditure in GDP. We present an interpretive reading for the full period, covering the New State and the Democracy from 1974, of the process of building the welfare state in Portugal.
The educational effects of 19thcentury disentailment of Catholic Church land in Colombia
Authors: Fazio Vargas Antonella , Sánchez Torres Fabio 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to analyse the effects of land concentration prompted by the distribution of disentailed church land during the second half of the 19thcentury on the accumulation of human capital in early 20thcentury Colombia1. Using existing primary sources on the process of land disentailment and the 1912 National Census at the municipal level, descriptive statistics and econometric evidence show a significant and negative relationship between the amount of disentailed land during the 1870s and literacy and school enrolment rates of males in 1912.