bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis introductory chapter starts by reflecting discursively on the foundations of practical reason, and its significance for our knowledge of human nature. Practical reasoning, in its primary form — deliberating — is already an action, but it is also the actuation of a natural capacity. When it issues in free choice, it is also self-shaping. But above all, it is an engagement with reasons for action, and these are articulated in principles directing us to intelligible goods. These are good for me and anyone like me: all human persons. Hume's denial that action can ever be motivated ultimately by reasons, Kant's oversight of all basic reasons and first principles save one, and neo-scholastic premature appeals to human nature or to subrational inclinations can all be surmounted. The Introduction goes beyond any of the chapters in its discussion of efforts by Sen and Nussbaum to identify human capabilities and functions, and its critique of Chappell's resistance to counting marriage a basic human good.
Self-Refutation Revisited
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter reviews the course of the argument of Chapter 3 in Volume II of this text, underlines its focus on asserting, differentiates it from Mackie's ‘commitment’ analysis, and defends it against objections published by Matthew Kramer. The chapter also objects to the use of, or appeal to, self-refutation by Lonergan in Insight.
Moral Absolutes in Aristotle and Aquinas
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter gives a brief but fundamental discussion of the common thesis (here studied as expounded by Leo Strauss and W. F. R. Hardie) that Aristotle did not acknowledge exceptionless negative moral norms. Marshalling the evidence against this interpretation accompanies a refutation of interpretations of Aquinas that would have him, too, deny the exceptionlessness of all negative moral norms such as those excluding the intended killing of innocents, lying, or adultery. Greater or lesser evil involved in alternative choices cannot be rationally identified prior to moral judgments. Utilitarianism, including its two-level forms (Sidgwick, Hare) analogous to Strauss's ‘Averroism’, is thus not a rational alternative to an ethics which includes absolute respect for basic human goods.
Introduction
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This introductory chapter seeks to clarify and vindicate some main elements in the structure of human freedom, including its immateriality inseparably conjoined with materiality (as is manifested by words, whose material marks and sounds are freighted with meaning transmissible across space and time. Acknowledging freedom adequately involves rejecting Leibniz's ‘principle of sufficient reason’ and relying instead on rationality norms. Persons are substances of a rational nature. Groups are not substances but relationships of persons in virtue of a shared plan (purpose and coordinated action to pursue it), picked out in proposals for action. The conditions for sharing in a large, e.g., political community, need careful attention, as does the material substrate of human existence. Intention is a distinct reality, as the great variety of ways of referring to it testifies.
Personal Identity in Aquinas and Shakespeare
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The first of this chapter's nine sections gives a fresh account of the four kinds of order and intellectual discipline, focusing on the four irreducibly distinct explanations of the reality called (since the late 17th century) ‘personal identity’. The second locates the roles of bodiliness and choice in establishing that identity, in the philosophical analyses of Aquinas and the understanding of human existence, nature, and personality conveyed by Shakespeare. Locke's rival understanding and account is described and critiqued. The third section analyses nature, inclinations, character, and honour in All's Well that Ends Well, and the fourth section reflects on self-consciousness and commitment (including conversion) in that play and in Richard III and in Aquinas's remarkable teaching about one's earliest morally significant choices. The fifth section looks at commitment and identity in marriage, as seen in All's Well and the poem Phoenix and Turtle. All's Well is also the principal source for the following section's consideration of humiliation and identity, the seventh section's consideration of repentance and identity, and the eight's consideration of personal maturity and decay. The last section returns to the relevance of the four orders and summarizes the results of the investigation.
Cosmopolis, Nation States, and Families
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter presents a fragment of a 2008 essay, whose other parts are in Volume I as Chapter 5 and Volume V as Chapter 8. This chapter asks why it can be right to discriminate between persons at the national border, allowing citizens in and keeping all or many others (would-be immigrants) out. Why did Rawls decline to apply his ‘difference principle’ in favour of the worst-off people in the world (as a cosmopolitan ethics demands), rather than in our community (nation state)? The arguments of Rawls and John Paul II about the grounds and value of national identity are examined. A final section argues that analogous considerations apply to families, and therefore also to marriage, which is a basic human good.
Intentions and Objects
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter offers a fundamental examination of the identification of acts for (and prior to) moral evaluation, conducted through a close study of Aquinas. The meaning of ‘object’ and ‘intention’ is stabilized. Aquinas's differences not only with Abelard (intentionalism) but also with Peter Lombard (physicalism) are explained. The neo-scholastic version of Aquinas's analysis of deliberation towards choice and action is critiqued. Many texts from the untranslated Commentary on the Sentences by Aquinas are set out and translated. Intention and side effect are distinguished, as are action (in generemoris) and behaviour (in generenaturae).
Intention and Side Effects
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
With a focus on English criminal law, particularly in terms of murder, as expounded at the highest level in recent decades, this chapter distinguishes in detail between intention and desire, and intention and foresight (or so-called ‘oblique intention’). The views of theorists such as Hobbes and Glanville Williams are critiqued. Various cases, actual and hypothetical, are considered in detail. Destroying a plane in order to kill a passenger is distinguished from destroying it to get cargo insurance moneys. Elizabeth Anscombe's discussion of ‘double effect’ and of the trapped cave-explorers is refuted. A reform of the definition of murder is proposed. An attempt is made to show why intention maters so much. An endnote considers operations to separate conjoined twins.
When Most People Begin
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
With the possible exception of identical twins, people begin at their conception — neither earlier nor later. The counter-position of Aquinas, and the counter-arguments of Joseph Donceel and Norman Ford, are unacceptable. The facts about twinning are further evidence of the conceptual difficulty of articulating a position such as Ford's, in which thousands of supposedly distinct individuals are taken to form one at a stage selected only because of size or bodily orientation. But sometimes a genetically human zygote lacks the epigenetic primordia for developing a brain and such a zygote is not a human being.
On Producing Human Embryos
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Although focused on cloning, this chapter considers the reality and nature of the early human conceptus however conceived, and considers the moral significance of arranging conception otherwise than as supervening on sexual (particularly marital) intercourse (whether by ‘ordinary’ IVF or by cloning). R. G. Edwards's witnessing to the reality and human individuality of the one-cell zygote/embryo is quoted. Terminological expedients such as ‘therapeutic’ as distinct from ‘reproductive’ cloning are shown to be unacceptable. IVF and cloning involve production, and this makes the act a kind of enslaving, even when otherwise well intentioned.
Introduction
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis introductory chapter discusses the ‘positivist’ ambition to consider law simply as a kind of social fact to be described, and the corresponding ‘social-fact sources thesis’. Any such description, if general, must consider human needs. Accurately describing law's sources displays the many evaluative considerations of need and desirability that contribute to a legally sound identification of the law's content and authority. Normative/evaluative legal theory can do — with greater explanatory (as well as justificatory) power — all that a would-be value-free general theory of law can. The relation between law and morality cannot be considered without asking what morality requires in complex society. The Introduction's second section relates Part Two's eleven chapters to those themes. The third section, on legal reasoning, puts Dworkin's ‘one right answer’ thesis into the context of legal system as not momentary, and discusses the problem of lawless judging. The final section identifies the two senses of ‘legal system’, relating them to the author's work on constitutional transitions and to the legally important distinction between statements and propositions.
Reason and Authority inLaw's Empire
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter offers a detailed assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of Dworkin's principal work in legal theory. His resolute adoption of the internal point of view is a great virtue. His transposition of his analysis into the frame of interpretation is less successful, and plagued with fundamental ambiguities about what interpretation is. His claims about the semantic sting are thoroughly inaccurate, certainly in relation to Hart and to the natural law tradition. His thesis about the one right answer in hard cases fails on its own terms. His theory of authority and legitimacy is very thinly developed.
Secularism's Practical Meaning
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter distinguishes various types of secularization from secularism and commends Plato's analysis of secularism's main forms. An argument to the existence of God from the data of practical reason is sketched, and an idea of natural religion is identified along with its inevitable disengagement from its historic matrix, paganism. Secularized (secularist) Christian thought is critiqued, along with materialist misconstruals of human dignity, philosophical denials of causality as a block against arguments for divine causality, judicial denials of substantive values and the attempts to rationalize and extend those denials in the 1996 ‘Philosophers' Brief’ of Dworkin, Rawls, Nagel, and others for euthanasia or assisted suicide, and finally consequentialism (attractive to secularists for more than one kind of reason). An adequate understanding of the hope offered by authentic revelation is needed for an adequate response to secularism.
Grace and Humility
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents a 1992 university sermon on the grace of humility, expounding Germain Grisez's fresh understanding of that virtue as the particular gift enabling one to orient oneself and one's actions in harmony with an awareness that every good thing one has and does and achieves is a sheer gift. This account is developed by comparison with Plato's understanding of divine causality and human action, by reflection on the relation of human action to the divinely given heavenly kingdom. Plato's image of the divine puppet-master must be corrected, and can be, in light of the revelation of the world's real history as the building up of the Kingdom.
Nuclear Deterrence and the End of Christendom
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main arguments in Finnis, Boyle, and Grisez, Nuclear Deterrence, Morality and Realism (OUP 1987). No policy of nuclear deterrence of enemies equipped with comparable capabilities can fail to include the threat to ‘city swap’ (destroy enemy cities with their inhabitants in the course of a military exchange) and of ‘final retaliation’ (to destroy much or all that the enemy values, especially the lives of its citizens, in the event that we have nothing much left to lose), and it is not possible for such a policy to be put in place as a scheme of deterrence without some people intending, albeit conditionally, that these threats to kill innocents be carried out. So such a policy cannot be morally justified. The chapter is prefaced by reflections on Maritain's thesis that the temporal vocation of the Christian requires a comprehensive aim such as the concrete historical ideal of building a new or better Christendom. An endnote considers the arguments of Sir Michael Quinlan, architect of the contemporary British nuclear deterrent, the position of the US Bishops in 1983 and 1988, and the position of Israel.
The ‘Consistent Ethic of Life’
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter gives a very detailed assessment of the many pronouncements in which Cardinal Joseph Bernardin articulated or envisaged (in 1983–1986) a ‘consistent ethic of life’ and proposed that Catholic bishops should seek to foster a consensus among Catholics and across society not only by publicly commending the principles of Catholic teaching across the entire spectrum of ‘life’ and ‘quality of life’ issues (genetics, abortion, war, capital punishment, euthanasia, pornography, hunger, homelessness, unemployment, and education), but also by publicly commending policies for appropriately applying those principles right across that spectrum. The chapter tries philosophically to clarify the principles of a consistent ethic of killing, against the challenge of a proportionalist (consequentialist) theological ethic and various denials of the personhood of certain classes of human individuals. The negative norm against infanticide is compared with the affirmative norm ‘feed the hungry’, to bring out the difficulties voters and others confront in relation to latter. The bad side effects of episcopal proposals of policies are considered.
1 Complicating the Story: Religion and Gender in Historical Writing on British and American Anti-Slavery
Authors: Turley David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter traces historical writing on British and American anti-slavery through three phases encompassing writing by participants, the generations of twentieth century professional historians (including a distinct tradition of African American writing) and, most substantially, the period from the 1970s displaying the impact of the development of feminism on historical writing. It treats the themes of religion and gender both separately and together, especially in the section on feminism, as religion is represented as a major mode through which women moderated their engagement with anti-slavery. The Chapter notes both similarities and differences in the historiographical significance given to gender in relation to religion: British scholars focusing on the importance of class formation; Americans on race and female culture.
Desuetude and Obsolescence of Treaties
Authors: Kohen Marcelo G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter addresses the topics of desuetude and obsolescence of treaties. These grounds for the termination of treaties were not included in the Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties neither at the behest of the International Law Commission nor during the Vienna Conferences. It analyses whether the failure to include these grounds of termination in the Vienna Conventions is justified. It concludes that the Vienna Conventions rightly did not include desuetude, which does not find a place in international law. In contrast, obsolescence of treaties is a ground for the termination of treaties that exists outside the regime of the Vienna Conventions, and it applies when a change in the legal framework of a treaty renders whole or part of the treaty inapplicable.
Acute sleep restriction effects on emotion responses in 30‐ to 36‐month‐old children
Authors: BERGER REBECCA H. , MILLER ALISON L. , SEIFER RONALD , CARES STEPHANIE R. , LEBOURGEOIS MONIQUE K. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryEarly childhood is a period of dramatic change in sleep and emotion processing, as well as a time when disturbance in both domains are first detected. Although sleep is recognized as central in emotion processing and psychopathology, the great majority of experimental data have been collected in adults. We examined the effects of acute sleep restriction (nap deprivation) on toddlers’ emotion expression. Ten healthy children (seven females; 30–36 months old) followed a strict sleep schedule (≥12.5 h time in bed per 24‐h) for 5 days, before each of two randomly assigned afternoon emotion assessments following Nap and No‐Nap conditions (resulting in an 11‐day protocol). Children viewed emotion‐eliciting pictures (five positive, three neutral, three negative) and completed puzzles (one solvable, one unsolvable). Children’s faces were video‐recorded, and emotion displays were coded. When sleep restricted, children displayed less confusion in response to neutral pictures, more negativity to neutral and negative pictures, and less positivity to positive pictures. Sleep restriction also resulted in a 34% reduction in positive emotion responses (solvable puzzle), as well as a 31% increase in negative emotion responses and a 39% decrease in confused responses (unsolvable puzzle). These findings suggest sleep is a key factor in how young children respond to their world. When sleep restricted, toddlers are neither able to take full advantage of positive experiences nor are they as adaptive in challenging contexts. If insufficient sleep consistently ‘taxes’ young children’s emotion responses, they may not manage emotion regulation challenges effectively, potentially placing them at risk for future emotional/behavioral problems.
Non‐esterified fatty acid dynamics during oral glucose tolerance test in women with former gestational diabetes
Authors: Tura A. , Pacini G. , Winhofer Y. , Bozkurt L. , Di Benedetto G. , Morbiducci U. , Roden M. , Kautzky‐Willer A. 
Published: October 2011

Diabet. Med. 29, 351–358 (2012)AbstractAims  Women with former gestational diabetes are at increased risk of Type 2 diabetes, which likely relates to hyperlipidaemia and ectopic lipid storage, mainly in the liver. Here, we examined the response of non‐esterified fatty acid dynamics to oral glucose loading (oral glucose tolerance test).Methods  We studied women with former gestational diabetes with normal glucose tolerance (n = 60) or impaired glucose metabolism (n = 12) and compared them with healthy women after normal pregnancy (control subjects, n = 15). During a 3‐h oral glucose tolerance test, glucose, insulin and non‐esterified fatty acid were frequently measured to compute the area under the non‐esterified fatty acid curve and parameters of β‐cell function and insulin sensitivity. Through mathematical modelling, we assessed insulin sensitivity of lipolysis inhibition and the fractional non‐esterified fatty acid turnover rate. We also measured some serum liver enzymes.Results  Women with former gestational diabetes were slightly older and had greater body mass than control subjects. Subjects with impaired glucose metabolism had lower oral glucose insulin sensitivity, but higher fasting insulin and area under the non‐esterified fatty acid curve, which inversely related to oral glucose insulin sensitivity and independently determined mean glycaemia. Model‐derived non‐esterified fatty acid parameters were lower in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism than in control subjects, particularly sensitivity of non‐esterified fatty acid inhibition to insulin (2.50 ± 0.52 vs. 1.06 ± 0.20·10−2 ml/μU). Also, subjects with impaired glucose metabolism had higher liver transaminases. However, all non‐esterified fatty acid parameters showed only modest inverse correlation with liver transaminases.Conclusions  Despite greater insulinaemia, circulating non‐esterified fatty acids are higher in women with former gestational diabetes than in control subjects, which likely results from reduced sensitivity of lipolysis inhibition to insulin. This parameter may serve as indicator of an early metabolic derangement in this population at risk for diabetes.
The Strongest Circular Arch—A Perturbation Solution
Authors: Wu C.-H. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
We consider the problem of determining that shape of circular arch which has the largest critical buckling pressure of all circular arches of given radius, central angle, and volume. The problem is formulated exactly and solved approximately by a perturbation procedure with the corresponding column problem as the fundamental solution. This latter problem was solved exactly by Keller and Tadjbakhsh and Keller. For hinged-hinged circular arches having rectangular cross sections of constant width, the best shaping is found to increase the buckling pressure by approximately 40 percent over that of a uniform arch.
Finite Bending, Stretching, and Shearing of a Block of Orthotropic,
Incompressible Simple Solid
Authors: Carroll M. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
It is shown that a finite deformation history, involving bending, stretching, and shearing, can be supported in every incompressible orthotropic simple solid by the application of suitable surface tractions, if the bending axis is along a material symmetry direction. The corresponding stresses are expressed in terms of the material functionals which characterize the response to homogeneous plane deformations, and these material functionals are calculated explicitly in terms of the constitutive functionals of the material. The surface tractions which are required in order to effect bending and stretching of a rectangular block are also calculated.
Linear Elastic Dipolar Plates
Authors: Kyser E. L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The linear dipolar field equations for an initially flat surface are presented and applied to an elastic isotropic surface. The equations separate into extensional and bending equations, and the extensional equations are discussed in detail. A general representation of the extensional solution is obtained, and is used to solve the stress-concentration problem of an infinite initially flat surface with a circular hole subjected to uniform radial tension at infinity. The stress-concentration factor differs from those obtained or implied by other theories (both classical and nonclassical), and the differences are discussed. Agreement with the classical result is obtained in one limiting case.