bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of cannabidiol on the acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of smoked cannabis: naturalistic study
Authors: Morgan Celia J. A. , Schafer Gráinne , Freeman Tom P. , Curran H. Valerie 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundThe two main constituents of cannabis, cannabidiol and δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), have opposing effects both pharmacologically and behaviourally when administered in the laboratory. Street cannabis is known to contain varying levels of each cannabinoid.AimsTo study how the varying levels of cannabidiol and THC have an impact on the acute effects of the drug in naturalistic settings.MethodCannabis users (n = 134) were tested 7 days apart on measures of memory and psychotomimetic symptoms, once while they were drug free and once while acutely intoxicated by their own chosen smoked cannabis. Using an unprecedented methodology, a sample of cannabis (as well as saliva) was collected from each user and analysed for levels of cannabinoids. On the basis of highest and lowest cannabidiol content of cannabis, two groups of individuals were directly compared.ResultsGroups did not differ in the THC content of the cannabis they smoked. Unlike the marked impairment in prose recall of individuals who smoked cannabis low in cannabidiol, participants smoking cannabis high in cannabidiol showed no memory impairment. Cannabidiol content did not affect psychotomimetic symptoms, which were elevated in both groups when intoxicated.ConclusionsThe antagonistic effects of cannabidiol at the CB1 receptor are probably responsible for its profile in smoked cannabis, attenuating the memory-impairing effects of THC. In terms of harm reduction, users should be made aware of the higher risk of memory impairment associated with smoking low-cannabidiol strains of cannabis like ‘skunk’ and encouraged to use strains containing higher levels of cannabidiol.
Impact of a total smoking ban in a high secure hospital
Authors: Cormac Irene , Creasey Sandra , McNeill Ann , Ferriter Michael , Huckstep Bernard , D'Silva Karen 
Published: September 2010

Aims and methodTo assess the impact of a total smoking ban in a high secure psychiatric hospital. Staff and patients were surveyed before and after implementation. Data were collected on untoward incidents, seclusions, nicotine replacement therapy and changes in psychotropic medication.ResultsOf the 298 patients in the hospital for the evaluation period, 72.8% were smokers before the ban. There were no significant differences in rates of seclusion before and after the ban and only one significant comparison (P =0.01) showed an increase in untoward incidents for smokers. There were no significant increases in the use of psychotropic medication after the ban.Clinical implicationsWith adequate preparation, it is possible to implement a total smoking ban in a high secure psychiatric setting without serious negative consequences.
Training psychiatrists in Europe: fit for purpose?
Authors: Muijen Matthijs 
Published: September 2010

SummaryPsychiatric training in all European Union (EU) Member States complies with the relevant Council Directive 93/16, permitting free movement of specialists within EU borders. This assumes that the training offers similar experiences, and produces specialists fit for purpose in all EU countries. Surveys demonstrate that, although all countries adhere to the conditions of the Directive, the diversity of training is striking on all but the most fundamental aspects. An added complication is that psychiatric practice has become increasingly diversified, even between neighbouring countries, and psychiatric training will have evolved to meet national service requirements. Questions about how to safeguard competence of psychiatric specialists to practice across the EU are therefore pertinent, and introducing systems to regulate quality control of training should be considered.
Offender health: the next frontier
Authors: Appleby Louis 
Published: September 2010

SummaryOffender health is an important part of general mental healthcare. To improve the health of offenders, we need reforms similar to the reforms in community care of the last decade – early intervention, alternatives to the institution and multi-agency community services. Front-line clinicians are in a key position to bring about such reforms. It will be crucial to argue that improvements in offender health will help bring about broader government aims such as reduced reoffending.
Parents – Why It Is Now Legal to Put Your Child's Nappy in the Dustbin
Authors: Atenstaedt R L 
Published: September 2010

Background Notifiable diseases in England and Wales include cholera, plague, relapsing fever, smallpox, typhus and food poisoning. S 26(1) of the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 Part II made it a criminal offence to place material which is known to have been exposed to infection from a notifiable disease or one of a number of additional diseases, and which has not been disinfected, in a dustbin. One such potential infection risk that is often placed in dustbins is the disposable nappy, particularly from children who are suffering from gastroenteritis. Method A literature review was undertaken using PubMed on the relationship between nappies and the transmission of infectious disease. Results The literature review did not reveal any evidence of notifiable disease transmission through discarded nappies in dustbins. Conclusions As a result of a recent review, Part II of the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 has now been replaced by Part IIA by virtue of the Health and Social Care Act 2008, and so s 26(1) no longer applies. This is both an evidence-based decision and more importantly, decriminalizes thousands of parents who decide to discard their baby's nappy in the dustbin.
Biomechanical evaluation of two reconstruction techniques for posterolateral instability of the knee
Authors: Rauh P. B. , Clancy W. G. , Jasper L. E. , Curl L. A. , Belkoff S. , Moorman C. T. 
Published: September 2010

We evaluated two reconstruction techniques for a simulated posterolateral corner injury on ten pairs of cadaver knees. Specimens were mounted at 30° and 90° of knee flexion to record external rotation and varus movement. Instability was created by transversely sectioning the lateral collateral ligament at its midpoint and the popliteus tendon was released at the lateral femoral condyle. The left knee was randomly assigned for reconstruction using either a combined or fibula-based treatment with the right knee receiving the other. After sectioning, laxity increased in all the specimens. Each technique restored external rotatory and varus stability at both flexion angles to levels similar to the intact condition. For the fibula-based reconstruction method, varus laxity at 30° of knee flexion did not differ from the intact state, but was significantly less than after the combined method. Both the fibula-based and combined posterolateral reconstruction techniques are equally effective in restoring stability following the simulated injury.
Birmingham hip resurfacing
Authors: Carrothers A. D. , Gilbert R. E. , Jaiswal A. , Richardson J. B. 
Published: September 2010

Despite the increasing interest and subsequent published literature on hip resurfacing arthroplasty, little is known about the prevalence of its complications and in particular the less common modes of failure. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of failure of hip resurfacing arthroplasty and to analyse the reasons for it. From a multi-surgeon series (141 surgeons) of 5000 Birmingham hip resurfacings we have analysed the modes, prevalence, gender differences and times to failure of any hip requiring revision. To date 182 hips have been revised (3.6%). The most common cause for revision was a fracture of the neck of the femur (54 hips, prevalence 1.1%), followed by loosening of the acetabular component (32 hips, 0.6%), collapse of the femoral head/avascular necrosis (30 hips, 0.6%), loosening of the femoral component (19 hips, 0.4%), infection (17 hips, 0.3%), pain with aseptic lymphocytic vascular and associated lesions (ALVAL)/metallosis (15 hips, 0.3%), loosening of both components (five hips, 0.1%), dislocation (five hips, 0.1%) and malposition of the acetabular component (three hips, 0.1%). In two cases the cause of failure was unknown. Comparing men with women, we found the prevalence of revision to be significantly higher in women (women = 5.7%; men = 2.6%, p < 0.001). When analysing the individual modes of failure women had significantly more revisions for loosening of the acetabular component, dislocation, infection and pain/ALVAL/metallosis (p < 0.001, p = 0.004, p = 0.008, p = 0.01 respectively). The mean time to failure was 2.9 years (0.003 to 11.0) for all causes, with revision for fracture of the neck of the femur occurring earlier than other causes (mean 1.5 years, 0.02 to 11.0). There was a significantly shorter time to failure in men (mean 2.1 years, 0.4 to 8.7) compared with women (mean 3.6 years, 0.003 to 11.0) (p < 0.001).
Humeral surface replacement for the sequelae of fractures of the proximal humerus
Authors: Pape G. , Zeifang F. , Bruckner T. , Raiss P. , Rickert M. , Loew M. 
Published: September 2010

Fractures of the proximal humerus can lead to malalignment of the humeral head, necrosis and post-traumatic osteoarthritis. In such cases surface replacement might be a promising option. A total of 28 shoulders with glenohumeral arthritis subsequent to a fracture underwent surface replacement arthroplasty of the humeral head in patients with a mean age of 60 years (35 to 83). On the basis of the inclination of the impacted head, post-traumatic arthritis was divided into three types: type 1, an impacted fracture of the head in an anatomical position (seven cases); type 2, a valgus impacted fracture (13 cases); type 3, a varus impacted fracture (eight cases). The outcome was measured by means of the Constant score. According to the Boileau classification of the sequelae of fractures of the proximal humerus, all 28 patients had a final result of intra-capsular category 1. The mean Constant score for the 28 shoulders increased from 23.2 points (2 to 45) pre-operatively to 55.1 points (20 to 89) at a mean of 31 months (24 to 66) post-operatively. Valgus impacted fractures had significantly better results (p < 0.039). Surface replacement arthroplasty can provide good results for patients with post-traumatic osteoarthritis of the shoulder. Their use avoids post-operative complications of the humeral shaft, such as peri-prosthetic fractures. Further surgery can be undertaken more easily as the bone stock is preserved.
The migration patterns of two versions of the Furlong cementless femoral stem
Authors: Simpson D. J. , Kendrick B. J. L. , Hughes M. , Glyn-Jones S. , Gill H. S. , Rushforth G. F. , Murray D. W. 
Published: September 2010

We have evaluated the difference in the migration patterns over two years of two cementless stems in a randomised, controlled trial using radiostereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA). The implants studied were the Furlong HAC stem, which has good long-term results and the Furlong Active stem, which is a modified version of the former designed to minimise stress concentrations between the implant and bone, and thus to improve fixation. A total of 23 Furlong HAC and 20 Furlong Active stems were implanted in 43 patients. RSA examinations were carried out immediately post-operatively and at six, 12 and 24 months post-operatively. The subsidence during the first year in the Furlong HAC stem, was approximately one-third that of the Furlong Active stem, the measured mean subsidence of the femoral head at six months being 0.27 mm (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03 to 0.51) and 0.99 mm (95% CI 0.38 to 1.60), respectively (p = 0.03). One Active stem continued to subside during the second year. All hips, regardless of the type of stem were clinically successful as judged by the Oxford hip score and a derived pain score without any distinction between the two types of stem. The initial stability of the Furlong Active stem was not as good as the established stem which might compromise osseo-integration to the detriment of long-term success. The changes in the geometry of the stem, to minimise stress have affected the attainment of initial stability.
The 100 classic papers of orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Kelly J. C. , Glynn R. W. , O’Briain D. E. , Felle P. , McCabe J. P. 
Published: September 2010

The credibility and creativity of an author may be gauged by the number of scientific papers he or she has published, as well as the frequency of citations of a particular paper reflecting the impact of the data on the area of practice. The object of this study was to identify and analyse the qualities of the top 100 cited papers in orthopaedic surgery. The database of the Science Citation Index of the Institute for Scientific Information (1945 to 2008) was used. A total of 1490 papers were cited more than 100 times, with the top 100 being subjected to further analysis. The majority originated in the United States, followed by the United Kingdom. The top 100 papers were published in seven specific orthopaedic journals. Analysis of the most-cited orthopaedic papers allows us a unique insight into the qualitites, characteristics and clinical innovations required for a paper to attain ‘classic’ status.
Secreted bone morphogenetic protein antagonists of the Chordin family
Authors: Itoh Nobuyuki , Ohta Hiroya 
Published: September 2010

AbstractChordin, Chordin-like 1, and Chordin-like 2 are secreted bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists with highly conserved Chordin-like cysteine-rich domains. Recently, Brorin and Brorin-like have been identified as new Chordin-like BMP antagonists. A Chordin ortholog, Short gastrulation, has been identified in Drosophila, a protostome, but not other orthologs. By contrast, Chordin, Chordin-like 1, and Chordin-like 2 have been identified in Ciona intestinalis, the closest living relatives of the vertebrates, but Brorin and Brorin-like have not. However, all these genes have been identified in most vertebrates. These results indicate that Chordin, Chordin-like 1, and Chordin-like 2 were generated early in the metazoan lineage. Later on, Brorin and Brorin-like were potentially generated by a genome duplication event in early vertebrate evolution. All four cysteine-rich domains of Chordin are essential for the regulation of its action. However, Chordin-like 1, Chordin-like 2, Brorin, and Brorin-like contain only two or three cysteine-rich domains. Although their mechanisms of action remain unclear, they might be distinct from that of Chordin. The expression profiles of these genes in mice and zebrafish indicate unique roles at embryonic and postnatal stages. Mutant/knockdown mouse and zebrafish phenotypes indicate roles in morphogenesis during gastrulation, dorsoventral axis formation, ear, pharyngeal, and neural development, and venous and arterial patterning. Aberrant Chordin expression might result in hereditary diseases and cancer. In addition, altered serum Chordin and Chordin-like 1 levels are also observed in non-hereditary diseases. Together, these results indicate pathophysiological roles.
Fenestration Condensation Resistance: Computer Simulation and In Situ Performance
Authors: Ordner Elizabeth 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine condensation rating procedures, specifically the procedures as defined by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC), and to compare the standardized procedure with in situ performance data. The American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) was the first to develop standardized methods to compare fenestration system performance with respect to the formation of condensation. Following this, the NFRC developed its own procedure for developing condensation resistance values. The AAMA test method involves laboratory testing, while the NFRC method involves computer simulation. Both methods provide a rating system to enable relative ease in performance comparison between similar fenestration products. The ratings are based on standardized conditions (i.e., fenestration size and shape, fenestration surround, and environmental conditions) that do not account for the in situ conditions and therefore may not accurately predict actual performance. Recent literature has discussed the limitations of condensation resistance ratings relative to as-built conditions that can impact the formation of condensation on a fenestration system. For example, (1) installing spandrel panel insulation, although necessary to improve the thermal performance of a curtain wall, can lower surface temperatures of adjacent framing members; (2) existing interior blinds or drapery act as an insulator, which can cause the framing members to be colder; and (3) if the fenestration’s thermal break is not aligned with the wall’s insulation, the framing members can be subject to colder temperatures. This paper will focus on the NFRC rating procedure and examine a case study to demonstrate the differences between NFRC ratings, simulated surface temperatures using THERM and WINDOW computer software, and in situ measurements of a high-rise office building curtain wall. The case study will provide a representative illustration of how actual conditions can impact the fenestration product’s in situ condensation resistance and provide insight on the condensation resistance of a representative curtain wall system.
Stable Mossy Fiber Long-Term Potentiation Requires Calcium Influx at the Granule Cell Soma, Protein Synthesis, and Microtubule-Dependent Axonal Transport
Authors: Barnes Steven J. , Opitz Thoralf , Merkens Malte , Kelly Tony , von der Brelie Christian , Krueppel Roland , Beck Heinz 
Published: September 2010

The synapses formed by the mossy fiber (MF) axons of hippocampal dentate gyrus granule neurons onto CA3 pyramidal neurons exhibit an intriguing form of experience-dependent synaptic plasticity that is induced and expressed presynaptically. In contrast to most other CNS synapses, long-term potentiation (LTP) at the MF–CA3 synapse is readily induced even during blockade of postsynaptic glutamate receptors. Furthermore, blocking voltage-gated Ca2+channels prevents MF-LTP, supporting an involvement of presynaptic Ca2+signaling via voltage-gated Ca2+channels in MF-LTP induction. We examined the contribution of activity in both dentate granule cell somata and MF terminals to MF-LTP. We found that the induction of stable MF-LTP requires tetanization-induced action potentials not only at MF boutons, but also at dentate granule cell somata. Similarly, blocking Ca2+influx via voltage-gated Ca2+channels only at the granule cell soma was sufficient to disrupt MF-LTP. Finally, blocking protein synthesis or blocking fast axonal transport mechanisms via disruption of axonal tubulin filaments resulted in decremental MF-LTP.Collectively, these data suggest that—in addition to Ca2+influx at the MF terminals—induction of MF synaptic plasticity requires action potential-dependent Ca2+signaling at granule cell somata, protein synthesis, and fast axonal transport along MFs. A parsimonious interpretation of these results is that somatic activity triggers protein synthesis at the soma; newly synthesized proteins are then transported to MF terminals, where they contribute to the stabilization of MF-LTP. Finally, the present data imply that synaptic plasticity at the MF–CA3 synapse can be affected by local modulation of somatic and presynaptic Ca2+channel activity.
A Cross‐sectional Survey of Voice Disorders among Primary School Teachers in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Sophie Yick‐yu , Lao Xiang Qian , Yu Ignatius Tak‐sun 
Published: September 2010

A Cross‐sectional Survey of Voice Disorders among Primary School Teachers in Hong Kong: Sophie Yick‐yu Lee, et al. Tseung Kwan O Hospital, ChinaObjectiveThe purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence of voice disorders and associated risk factors among primary school teachers in Hong Kong.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was conducted based on a random sample of 20 primary schools in Hong Kong. A total of 714 fulltime primary school teachers were invited to participate in the survey. Data were collected through a self‐administered questionnaire addressing the prevalence of voice disorders and potential risk factors. Stepwise logistic regression was used to assess the associations between voice disorders and the different risk factors.ResultsThe response rate for the questionnaire was 69.7% (498/714). Among the teachers who responded, 348 (69.9%) had suffered from a voice disorder in the past 12 mo. Thirty‐one teachers (8.9%) rated their voice disorders as minimal, 124 (35.6%) as mild, 151 (43.4%) as moderate, and 42 (12.1%) as severe. Of the 348 teachers reporting voice disorders, 215 (61.8%) had sought professional help for their voice problems. The univariate analyses showed that the factors significantly associated with voice disorders included talking quietly (p=0.018), using a microphone (p=0.002), speaking against background noise (p<0.001), consuming alcohol (p=0.027), and having a history of asthma (p=0.001), colds (p=0.012), sinusitis (p=0.039), or laryngitis (p<0.001). After adjusting for potential confounds, the significant risk factors included speaking against background noise (adjusted OR=1.8), alcohol consumption (adjusted OR=0.40), history of asthma (adjusted OR=3.3), or laryngitis (adjusted OR=4.2).ConclusionsApproximately 70% of the sampled primary school teachers were affected by voice disorders. A substantial proportion of the effected teachers suffered both functional and psychological adverse effects. The findings indicate an urgent need for further investigation to identify the risk factors for voice disorders and to develop preventive strategies for primary school teachers.
Work‐family Spillover among Japanese Dual‐earner Couples: A Large Community‐based Study
Authors: Shimada Kyoko , Shimazu Akihito , Bakker Arnold B. , Demerouti Evangelia , Kawakami Norito 
Published: September 2010

Work‐family Spillover among Japanese Dual‐earner Couples: A Large Community‐based Study: Kyoko Shimada, et al. The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Mental HealthObjectivesTo examine the effects of multiple types of work‐family spillover (work‐to‐family negative spillover, WFNS; family‐to‐work negative spillover, FWNS; and work‐family positive spillover, WFPS) on psychological distress among Japanese dual‐earner couples with preschool children.Methods2,346 parents completed questionnaires measuring work‐family spillover, work‐ and family‐specific variables (i.e., job demands and resources, family demands and resources), and psychological distress. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted by entering demographic characteristics (gender, age, age of the youngest child, and job contract) in step 1, job demands and resources in step 2, family demands and resources in step 3, work‐family spillover in step 4, and three twoway interactions between types of work‐family spillover and gender in the final step.ResultsBoth WFNS and FWNS were positively related to psychological distress after controlling for demographic characteristics and domain specific variables (i.e. job and family demands/resources), and FWNS (β=0.26) had a stronger relation with psychological distress than WFNS (β=0.16). Although WFPS was significantly and negatively related to psychological distress, the relationship was weak (β=–0.05). In addition, two‐way interactions of WFNS and FWNS with gender were found; the impact of both WFNS and FWNS on psychological distress is stronger for females than for males. No significant interaction effect was observed between WFPS and gender.ConclusionsIn this study of Japanese dual‐earner couples with preschool children, work‐family negative spillover had a stronger relationship with psychological distress than positive spillover. Gender had a moderating effect on the relationship between negative spillover and psychological distress.