bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Shipping Intelligence
Authors: Rubery Matthew 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNowhere is the borrowing from newspapers by novelists so clear as in the case of shipwrecks, the most frequently reported disaster in the Victorian press. This chapter shows that novelists used this wildly popular feature drawn from the pages of Lloyd's List to highlight the impact news could have on domestic life. Although the shipping news has often been regarded as an exclusively male interest of sailors, merchants, and investors, this section of the newspaper was read with equal fervor by domestic women separated by the sea from loved ones. We know this through a remarkable sequence of parallel scenes across the 19th-century novel in which the revelation of private love takes place at the moment when the newspaper ensures that the heroine's admiration will be shared by all of England. Novelists as different as Wilkie Collins, Charles Dickens, Robert Louis Stevenson, Bram Stoker, and Charlotte Yonge all recognized the counterintuitive way in which public media enabled the expression of private feeling, a response strikingly evident on dramatic occasions such as the loss of a ship at sea. Such scenes vividly illustrate a new approach to understanding catastrophe in Victorian fiction.
The Personal Advertisements
Authors: Rubery Matthew 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter looks at the reading communities formed through the personal advertisements on the newspaper's front page. Its second column came to be known in the late 19th century as the “agony column” for its emphasis on personal distress, ranging from pathetic tales of runaway husbands to plaintive cries for attention from lonely hearts. Such heartfelt pleas did not escape the attention of the school of sensation novelists, who were quick to capitalize on the criminal possibilities of the most interactive section of the newspaper through an improbable number of phony marriage announcements, misreported obituaries, and unanswered missing-persons inquiries among their fictional narratives. Wilkie Collins's The Woman in White, Ellen Wood's East Lynne, and Mary Braddon's Lady Audley's Secret illustrate how the newspaper could be used to begin a second life. The misuse of advertisements in these novels taps into the at-once stimulating and disturbing implications of anonymity in modern life brought within everyone's reach through the daily press. Audiences were not just reading about other people's lives in the newspaper. They were using the newspaper to change their own.
The Personal Interview
Authors: Rubery Matthew 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe interview was first used in the United States in the 1860s and in Britain in the 1880s. No longer limited in meaning to a conversation between two people, the term “interview” acquired its familiar modern meaning as a conversation directed toward an absent third party. Henry James, for whom journalism had always been an invasion of privacy, wrote in his notebooks at this time of “the devouring publicity of life, the extinction of all sense between public and private” associated with the new methods of personal journalism. Yet James's novels address people's unexpected willingness to share their most intimate experiences with the journalist in a way that ran counter to the author's own preference for impersonal narration. The discussion of James's The Reverberator and “The Papers” in this chapter suggests that the interview may be a problem whose implications reach well beyond the limited interaction with the journalist to all conversation involving the selective disclosure of information with an unseen audience in mind.
Conclusion
Authors: Rubery Matthew 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe book's conclusion restates the ways in which the shape taken by the Victorian novel must be understood alongside the simultaneous development of the news as a commercial commodity read by up to a million readers per day. It has been the aim of this book to dismantle any such conceptions of the novel and the newspaper as inhabiting separate spheres. Instead, the novelty of newspapers was evident in the newness and literariness of a form of narrative that has shaped the way we read literature since its conception in the 19th century.
Getting Health Reform Right
Authors: Roberts Marc , Hsiao William , Berman Peter , Reich Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This book provides a framework for developing and analyzing health sector reforms, based on international experience. It offers practical guidance and stresses the need to take account of each country's economic, administrative, and political circumstances. The book explains how to design effective government interventions in five areas—financing, payment, organization, regulation, and behavior—to improve the performance and equity of health systems around the world. There are a number of critical features in the book's approach to health-sector reform. The first is to see the health sector as a means to an end. Reformers should judge their systems by the consequences, to define problems in terms of performance deficiencies, and to assess proposed solutions by whether they promise to remedy those deficiencies. This approach leads to an analytically rigorous method for problem definition, causal diagnosis, and policy development. This kind of method has often been lacking in health reforms efforts, and its lack is partially responsible for the disappointing results. A second major feature of the book's approach is a commitment to combining international experience with deep sensitivity to local circumstances. A third feature of this study is that the book puts forward a multidisciplinary approach to the problems of health-sector reform. Finally, the book argues that health-sector policy inevitably involves ethical choices.
From Diagnosis to Health-Sector Reform
Authors: Roberts Marc J. , Hsiao William , Berman Peter , Reich Michael R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Once health-sector reformers have decided which performance problems to focus on—that is, once they have decided on their strategic priorities—they have to go on to the next stages of the policy cycle. This means, first of all, figuring out the causes of the poor performance they are concerned with—a process called “diagnosis.” Then they have to decide what to do about the situation—the process called “policy development.” This chapter discusses those activities and offers advice about how to carry them out, so as to produce more effective health-sector reform.
Regulation
Authors: Roberts Marc J. , Hsiao William , Berman Peter , Reich Michael R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses “regulation”, which refers to the use of the coercive power of the state to change the behavior of individuals and organizations in the health sector. The chapter is organized around five issues: What is regulation and why regulate? How do regulations influence the performance of health systems? What are the major determinants of regulatory success? What are the major types of regulation in the health sector? It offers some conditional guidance about how to use regulation effectively.
Behavior
Authors: Roberts Marc J. , Hsiao William , Berman Peter , Reich Michael R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes methods for changing individual behavior through population-based interventions. The main concern is how behavior can be used to improve health-system performance and promote public-health goals. The chapter begins by introducing the basic concepts of behavior change in relation to health-system performance. It then explores four categories of individual behavior that are important to that performance. It presents advice about how to achieve behavior change, through a discussion of the basic elements of social marketing. It concludes with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of different behavior-change strategies in the context of health-sector reform.
Conclusions
Authors: Roberts Marc J. , Hsiao William , Berman Peter , Reich Michael R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The analysis presented in this book depends on a series of critical propositions about the structure and functioning of health-care systems and about the health sector reform processes. This concluding chapter presents these propositions and discusses their implications for the reform process. It then reviews some of the substantive lessons from Part II on the control knobs for health sector reform.
Diagnosis and Management of Asthma in the Medical Marketplace of India: Implications for Efforts to Improve Global Respiratory Health
Authors: Van Sickle David 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe increasing burden of asthma in developing countries has emerged as an important challenge to global public health. While international organizations have emphasized the role of guidelines in improving the diagnosis and management of asthma, very little is known about how practicing clinicians in these settings have responded to the rising prevalence and growing public health importance of these diseases. This chapter presents a case study from India that examines the changing social and epidemiological profile of asthma, and the evolution of allopathic clinical practices in the context of a pluralistic medical marketplace. Through ethnographic research among physicians, it identifies day-to-day determinants of diagnosis and treatment of patients in a variety of clinics, and examines the factors limiting their implementation of asthma guidelines.
Situating Stress: Lessons from Lay Discourses on Diabetes
Authors: Schoenberg Nancy E. , Drew Elaine M. , Stoller Eleanor Palo , Kart Cary S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractResearchers increasingly are examining physical and psychological pathways that affect and are affected by diabetes, including stress. While biomedical researchers and practitioners are beginning to recognize the association between stress and diabetes onset and management, laypersons have long-standing and extensive insights into the multiple ways in which stress is associated with the diabetes disease process. This chapter examines lay perspectives on stress and diabetes among a multiethnic sample of eighty adults. Participants suggest varying arenas in which stress intersects with diabetes, including stress as implicated in the origin of diabetes, as a threat to maintaining glycemic control, as a challenge to self-management, and as a precursor to and a consequence of diabetes complications.
Understanding Pregnancy in a Population of Inner-City Women in New Orleans—Results of Qualitative Research
Authors: Kendall Carl , Afable-Munsuz Aimee , Speizer Ilene , Avery Alexis , Schmidt Norine , Santelli John 
Published: September 2009

AbstractUnintended pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy that is mistimed or unwanted, and this classification has been widely used in survey research. This chapter explores the utility of these constructs for women in New Orleans, LA. It examines sexual debut and history, contraceptive knowledge and use, abortion, pregnancy history, partner relations, and service use among seventy-seven women (seventy-three of whom were African-American) using a qualitative methodology. It provides insight into the cultural and social context in which these events and decisions take place, and explores the multiple dimensions that shape women's sexual behaviors and their desires for pregnancy. Many structural and individual factors affect women's preferences and ability to postpone a pregnancy or to use contraception.
The Limits of “Heterosexual AIDS”: Ethnographic Research on Tourism and Male Sexual Labor in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Padilla Mark B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFor nearly two decades, the AIDS epidemic in the Caribbean—now showing HIV prevalence rates that are second only to Sub-Saharan Africa—has been officially described in public health and epidemiological reports as “heterosexual.” At the same time, men with a history of same-sex exchanges or who are involved in sexual commerce have been largely neglected or under-prioritized in HIV/AIDS policies and programs, despite persistently high HIV infection rates in this population. This chapter draws on three years of ethnographic research in two cities in the Dominican Republic among men involved in informal sexual exchanges in tourism areas, and considers how men's experiences with tourists problematizes static public health labels such as “the heterosexual epidemic.” It is argued that traditional public health approaches are largely incapable of capturing the nuances of men's experiences or the ways their behavior is shaped by the large-scale transformations in gender, sexuality, and work.
Anthropological Contributions to the Development of Culturally Appropriate Tobacco Cessation Programs: A Global Health Priority
Authors: Nichter Mark , Nichter Mimi , Padmawti Siwi , Thresia C.U. ,   Project Quit Tobacco International Group
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes Project QTI, a pioneering attempt to find out what we need to know to successfully carry out tobacco cessation in clinical and community settings. Formative research carried out in India and Indonesia is described. Both countries have high prevalence rates of tobacco use across all social classes, popular indigenous as well as imported tobacco products, few cessation activities, and no established tobacco curriculum in medical schools. A biopolitical model is presented for encouraging systematic assessment of tobacco dependency at the sites of the body, environment, and state. The tobacco control field recognizes the value of transdisciplinary research. The chapter describes Project QTI's ongoing attempts to build a community of tobacco cessation practice that spans both efforts to encourage individuals to quit tobacco use and communities to establish smoke free households and worksites.
From Street Research to Public Health Intervention: The Hartford Drug Monitoring Project
Authors: Singer Merrill , Mirhej Greg , Santelices Claudia , Saleheen Hassan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reports on the purpose, methods, and findings of a CDC-funded project in Hartford, Connecticut, entitled the Community Responses to Risks of Emergent Drug Use Project. This project was designed to (1) use ethnographic and epidemiological data collection to identify and track emergent drug use trends; (2) analyze these patterns in terms of the sociodemographic traits of participants; (3) assess the potential impact of identified changes on local public health; and (4) use a Participatory Action Research (PAR) model to implement community-based public health responses to research findings in collaboration with a community advisory group. Three illicit drug use trends examined in the project—the spread of methamphetamine among hard-core drug users, the adoption of PCP among emergent adult users, and the use of sweetened cigars among youth—are assessed while describing applied initiatives designed to address the public health implications of identified drug use trends.
Sexual Risk Reduction among Married Women and Men in Urban India: An Anthropological Intervention
Authors: Schensul Stephen L. , Verma Ravi K. , Nastasi Bonnie K. , Saggurti Niranjan , Mekki-Berrada Abdelwahed 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes research, intervention, and evaluation projects conducted over a decade by a collaborative Indo-US group that are focused on the prevention of HIV/STI among married women and men living in urban poor communities in Mumbai, India. Formative research on men's and women's sexual and reproductive health, using qualitative and quantitative methodologies, identified syndromes that provided the opportunities for linking HIV/STI prevention intervention with highly salient culturally-based beliefs. This research also led to the design of multilevel intervention at the community, provider, and patient level that utilizes an ecological model consistent with principles drawn from Indian systems of medicine. The intervention and its results form the basis for a set of guidelines concerning the role of anthropology in public health interventions.
Making Pregnancy Safer for Women around the World: The Example of Safe Motherhood and Maternal Death in Guatemala
Authors: Berry Nicole S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMaternal mortality has become one of the most important topics in global health, as evidenced by its inclusion in the eight Millennium Development Goals designated by the United Nations. This chapter uses examples from ethnographic fieldwork with Kaqchikel Maya in Sololá, Guatemala, to explore reasons why lowering maternal mortality has been so challenging. It explores how understandings of pregnancy-related problems in areas where maternal mortality is high can be antithetical to those assumed by global health policies. In doing so, it provides an important example of how to reframe understandings of why women die, which, hopefully, can lead to new ways of addressing the problem.
Counting on Mother’s Love: The Global Politics of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Eastern Africa
Authors: Moland Karen Marie , Blystad Astrid 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn areas where breastfeeding is normative and essential to infant survival, prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) represents a public health dilemma. This chapter discusses the problem of adherence to infant feeding recommendations in PMTCT programmes in Ethiopia and Tanzania. It demonstrates how a set of discourses on prevention, rights, and choice places the responsibility for child survival on the mother while at the same time conceptualizing her body, and particularly her milk, as an impediment to that survival. Focusing on HIV positive mothers' breastfeeding experiences, it argues that although “mother's love” is located at its core, the PMTCT program challenges culturally anchored ideas about decision-making and authority, gender and motherhood and hence struggles with local relevance and support.
The Brazilian Response to AIDS and the Pharmaceuticalization of Global Health
Authors: Biehl João 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the Brazilian response to AIDS, revealing the possibilities as well as the inequalities that accompany a magic-bullet approach to health care. It moves between a social analysis of the institutional practices shaping this therapeutic policy and an account of the experiences of people affected by it, particularly in impoverished urban settings where the epidemic is spreading most rapidly. It draws from interviews carried out with activists, policymakers, health professionals, and corporate actors and from longitudinal study of grassroots care services. A pharmaceutically-centered model of public health has crystallized and a multitude of networks and variations in AIDS care have emerged on-the-ground. Marginalized AIDS patients are often stigmatized as noncompliant or untreatable, becoming invisible to the public.
Neoliberal Infections and the Politics of Health: Resurgent Tuberculosis Epidemics in New York City and Lima, Peru
Authors: Smith-Nonini Sandy 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter is based on a comparative study of two epidemics of resurgent tuberculosis (TB)—in New York City and Lima, Peru. The study was carried out through a series of open-ended, in-depth interviews carried out between January and June 1999, with health workers, academic observers, and public health officials involved with TB control. The two case studies highlight the role of neoliberal economics in contributing to TB epidemics, and the ways in which political and economic interests, both locally and internationally, shaped the response of local governments to the re-emergence of TB, contributing in both cases to a delay in the funding of necessary treatment and prevention programs, and the spread of drug-resistance.
Bureaucratic Aspects of International Health Programs
Authors: Foster George M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe stated goals of World Health Organization-supported behavioral research are applied: to contribute to planning and policy decision-making, and to improve health care delivery methods. The evidence suggests the organization is getting less for its behavioral research dollar than it ought to; much research has been of poor quality, and researchers often appear more concerned with research design elegance than with practical application of results. In their grant applications, behavioral scientists conform to the expectations of research committees, stressing quantitative methods and slighting the qualitative approaches that often are more productive in providing operational information. Research on organization policies and programs is viewed as irrelevant and perhaps even threatening. To improve the quality and utility of WHO-sponsored behavioral research, this book suggests a workshop of organization personnel and short-term consultants and temporary advisors with prior experience, to evaluate past research and to recommend modified research support procedures for higher quality, operationally-useful results.
Trade and Development
Authors: Finger J Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In the Uruguay Round, developing countries behaved as full partners rather than as supplicants in the system. This step forward has, however, been reversed by outrageous mismanagement of the hangover of the Uruguay Round — the “implementation problem” and the “imbalance” of the Uruguay Round outcome. This chapter begins by summarizing Hudec's analysis of the GATT's first four decades—how we got to the Uruguay Round. It then reviews the Uruguay Round and since. It concludes that from the perspective of the GATT/WTO system supporting development and poverty reduction, we are back where we were in 1987, or worse.
Developing Countries, the Doha Round, Preferences, and the Right to Regulate
Authors: Trachtman Joel P 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In Developing Countries in the GATT Legal System, Robert Hudec argued against preferential and nonreciprocal treatment for developing countries. He did so on the basis of a nuanced combination of economic, political, and legal analysis that showed that this treatment would not benefit developing countries. It is a testament to Hudec's work that his analytical insights seem fresh today, over twenty years later. However, the WTO, established in 1995, is a more complex enterprise than the GATT that Hudec discussed, and the world has changed since Hudec first wrote Developing Countries. This chapter argues that the rise of Brazil, China, and India, among other developing countries, has changed the power constellation in international trade.
Robert Hudec and the Theory of International Economic Law
Authors: Trubek David M , Cottrell Patrick 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter outlines some general principles about the role of law in the world economy, shows how Hudec anticipated them in his work on trade, and demonstrates how these principles can help us deal with contemporary issues in international economic law. It shows that Hudec's general analysis can still be used to deal with current issues in the area of trade and development, in the operation of councils and committees in the WTO and their potential for opening more policy space for developing countries, and even for understanding the role of law in the EU.