bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is there a ‘low‐risk’ drinking level for youth? The risk of acute harm as a function of quantity and frequency of drinking
Authors: THOMPSON KARA D. , STOCKWELL TIM , MACDONALD STUART 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Drinking guidelines have rarely provided recommendations for different age groups despite evidence of significant age effects on alcohol consumption and related risks. This study attempted to quantify the degree of risk associated with lower levels of consumption for people under 25 years of age, with the broader purpose of informing the development of Canadian low‐risk drinking guidelines.Design and Methods. A random community‐based sample of 540 youth aged 16–23 (54.4% female) completed an interview concerning alcohol consumption patterns and a broad range of acute health and social harms. Logistic regression analyses were designed to test whether there were discernible thresholds of risk as a function of both gender and age.Results. A significant proportion of young people consumed in excess of adult drinking limits recommended by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) to minimise risk of alcohol‐related harm. Compared with abstainers, rates of reported harm increased linearly with increasing frequency and quantity levels. However, problems were most strongly associated with consumption in excess of two drinks per occasion and a frequency of more than once a week. No independent effects of age or gender were identified.Discussion and Conclusions. The CAMH guidelines for adult drinkers do not adequately address acute risks for young people. More specific guideline recommendations for young people could be considered with a more prominent focus on drinking quantity (one to two drinks per occasion), and a recommended frequency of consumption (once a week).[Thompson KD, Stockwell T, MacDonald S. Is there a ‘low‐risk’ drinking level for youth? The risk of acute harm as a function of quantity and frequency of drinking. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:184–193]
Conscientiousness in the Classroom: A Process Explanation
Authors: Corker Katherine S. , Oswald Frederick L. , Donnellan M. Brent 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAlthough the research literature has established that Conscientiousness predicts task performance across a variety of achievement contexts (e.g., ; ), comparatively less is known about the processes that underlie these relations. To the latter end, the current research examines effortful strategies and achievement goals as mediating factors that might explain why people with higher levels of Conscientiousness are predicted to reach higher levels of academic performance. In a longitudinal study, 347 college students completed measures of personality and achievement goals at the beginning of the class, followed by measures of effortful strategies multiple times throughout the semester. Results support the hypothesis that effortful strategies mediate the association between Conscientiousness and academic performance. Moreover, the statistical effects of Conscientiousness were generally independent of achievement goals, but a small portion of the effect was mediated through approach, not avoidance, achievement goals. These results highlight the importance of examining mediating processes between personality and outcomes, and in the case of Conscientiousness, our results suggest that effortful strategies might serve as a useful target for performance‐enhancing interventions.
Exploring the Personality Structure in the 11 Languages of South Africa
Authors: Nel Jan Alewyn , Valchev Velichko H. , Rothmann Sebastiaan , van de Vijver Fons J. R. , Meiring Deon , de Bruin Gideon P. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe present study, part of the development of the South African Personality Inventory (SAPI), explores the implicit personality structure in the 11 official language groups of South Africa by employing a mixed‐method approach. In the first, qualitative part of the study, semistructured interviews were conducted with 1,216 participants from the 11 official language groups. The derived personality‐descriptive terms were categorized and clustered based on their semantic relations in iterative steps involving group discussions and contacts with language and cultural experts. This analysis identified 37 subclusters, which could be merged in 9 broad clusters: Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Facilitating, Integrity, Intellect, Openness, Relationship Harmony, and Soft‐Heartedness. In the second, quantitative part, the perceived relations between the 37 subclusters were rated by 204 students from different language groups in South Africa and 95 students in the Netherlands. The outcomes generally supported the adequacy of the conceptual model, although several clusters in the domain of relational and social functioning did not replicate in detail. The outcomes of these studies revealed a personality structure with a strong emphasis on social‐relational aspects of personality.
To Discover or to Create: Metaphors and the True Self
Authors: Schlegel Rebecca J. , Vess Matthew , Arndt Jamie 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThree studies examined how endorsement of self‐discovery and self‐creation metaphors influences belief in the true self and its use as meaning source. It was hypothesized that discovery metaphors contribute to belief in the true self and bolster the relationship between true self‐knowledge and meaning. Study 1 supported the hypothesis that discovery is positively associated with belief in the true self among a sample of college students (N = 311). Studies 2 and 3 extended the analysis by showing that the discovery metaphor also facilitates perceptions of meaning and the use of the true self specifically as a source of meaning in a second sample of college students (N = 75) as well as an adult sample of university employees (N = 173). Implications for understanding what enables the true self to infuse life with meaning, as well as an individual differences approach to metaphoric cognition, are discussed.
The Dynamic Role of Personality States in Mediating the Relationship Between Extraversion and Positive Affect
Authors: Wilt Joshua , Noftle Erik E. , Fleeson William , Spain Jana S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractOne of the most noteworthy and robust findings in personality psychology is the relationship between extraversion and positive affect. Existing theories have debated the origins and nature of this relationship, offering both structural/fixed and environmental/dynamic explanations. We tested the novel and straightforward dynamic hypothesis that part of the reason trait extraversion predicts trait positive affect is through an increased propensity to enact extraverted states, which in turn leads to experiencing more positive affect states.We report 5 experience sampling studies (and a meta‐analysis of primary studies) conducted in natural environments and laboratory settings in which undergraduate participants (N = 241) provided ratings of trait extraversion, trait positive affect, extraversion states, and positive affect states. Results of primary studies and the meta‐analysis showed that relationships between trait extraversion and trait positive affect were partially mediated by aggregated extraversion states and aggregated positive affect states.The results supported our dynamic hypothesis and suggested that dynamic explanations of the relationship between trait extraversion and trait positive affect are compatible with structural explanations. An important implication of these findings is that individuals might be able to increase their happiness by self‐regulating their extraverted states.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personality Profile Stability: Unraveling the Normativeness Problem
Authors: Bleidorn Wiebke , Kandler Christian , Riemann Rainer , Angleitner Alois , Spinath Frank M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe present study is the first to disentangle the genetic and environmental influences on personality profile stability. Spanning a period of 10 years, we analyzed the etiology of 3 aspects of profile stability (overall profile stability, distinctive profile stability, and profile normativeness) using self‐ and peer reports from 539 identical and 280 fraternal twins reared together. This 3‐wave multirater twin design allowed us to estimate the genetic and environmental effects on latent true scores of the 3 aspects of profile stability while controlling for method effects and random error. Consistent biometric results were only found for profile normativeness, whereas overall and distinctive profile stability scores turned out to be biased. Over time, we found personality profile normativeness to be relatively stable. This stability was due to both stable genetic and nonshared environmental effects, whereas innovative variance was completely explained by nonshared environmental effects. Our findings emphasize the importance of distinguishing between the different aspects of profile stability, since overall and distinctive stability scores are likely biased due to the normativeness problem. Yet indicating a person's similarity to the average person, the normativeness of a personality profile itself has a psychological meaning beyond socially desirable responding.
The Hubris Hypothesis: You Can Self‐Enhance, But You'd Better Not Show It
Authors: Hoorens Vera , Pandelaere Mario , Oldersma Frans , Sedikides Constantine 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe tested whether and why observers dislike individuals who convey self‐superiority through blatant social comparison (the hubris hypothesis). Participants read self‐superiority claims (“I am better than others”; Experiments 1–7), noncomparative positive claims (“I am good”; Experiments 1–2, 4), self‐equality claims (“I am as good as others”; Experiments 3–4, 6), temporally comparative self‐superiority claims (“I am better than I used to be”; Experiment 5), other‐superiority claims (“S/he is better than others”; Experiment 6), and self‐superiority claims accompanied by persistent disclaimers (Experiment 7). They judged the claim and the claimant (Experiments 1–7) and made inferences about the claimant's self‐view and view of others (Experiments 4–7) as well as the claimant's probable view of them (Experiment 7). Self‐superiority claims elicited unfavorable evaluations relative to all other claims. Evaluation unfavorability was accounted for by the perception that the claimant implied a negative view of others (Experiments 4–6) and particularly of the observer (Experiment 7). Supporting the hubris hypothesis, participants disliked individuals who communicated self‐superiority beliefs in an explicitly comparative manner. Self‐superiority beliefs may provoke undesirable interpersonal consequences when they are explicitly communicated to others but not when they are disguised as noncomparative positive self‐claims or self‐improvement claims.
Genetic and environmental relationships between head circumference growth in the first year of life and sociocognitive development in the second year: a longitudinal twin study
Authors: Fujisawa Keiko K. , Ozaki Koken , Suzuki Kunitake , Yamagata Shinji , Kawahashi Ikko , Ando Juko 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAlthough growth in head circumference (HC) during infancy is known to predict later childhood outcomes, the mechanisms underlying this association with later sociocognitive abilities remain undetermined. Thus, using a sample of 241 pairs of normally developing Japanese twins, this study investigated the underpinnings of the association between HC growth (difference between HC at birth and at 10 months) and sociocognitive abilities at 19 months as measured by 10 items from the M‐CHAT. Phenotypic correlations between HC at birth and sociocognitive abilities and between HC growth and sociocognitive abilities were marginal and not significant. However, multivariate genetic analyses using Cholesky decomposition revealed that genetic influences on HC growth and those on sociocognitive abilities were negatively associated. On the other hand, shared and nonshared environmental influences on HC growth were positively associated with influences on sociocognitive abilities. Genetic and environmental influences on HC at birth were not significantly associated with influences on sociocognitive abilities. These results help to clarify the role of brain growth during infancy in the subsequent development of sociocognitive abilities and highlight the importance of examining the different roles of genetic and environmental influences in studies of these areas.
Making Imperfect Shadow Maps View‐Adaptive: High‐Quality Global Illumination in Large Dynamic Scenes
Authors: Ritschel Tobias , Eisemann Elmar , Ha Inwoo , Kim James D. K. , Seidel Hans‐Peter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe propose an algorithm to compute interactive indirect illumination in dynamic scenes containing millions of triangles. It makes use of virtual point lights (VPL) to compute bounced illumination and a point‐based scene representation to query indirect visibility, similar to Imperfect Shadow Maps (ISM). To ensure a high fidelity of indirect light and shadows, our solution is made view‐adaptive by means of two orthogonal improvements: First, the VPL distribution is chosen to provide more detail, that is, more dense VPL sampling, where these contribute most to the current view. Second, the scene representation for indirect visibility is adapted to ensure geometric detail where it affects indirect shadows in the current view.
Visualising difference, similarity and belonging in paediatric genetics
Authors: McLaughlin Janice , Clavering Emma K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPaediatric genetics is increasingly playing a role in explorations of why a child may not be reaching developmental milestones, while experiencing various health concerns and displaying unusual physical characteristics. The diagnostic processes include close analyses of a child’s body in order to identify ‘clues’ to possible genetic variation. When the genetic variation identified is new and complex there is significant uncertainty about what relationship that variation has to childhood development and what it will mean for a child’s future. This paper, drawing from an ethnographic study of a genetics clinic, explores what versions of childhood difference and normality are produced by genetic explorations marked by uncertainty. The focus is on the significance of visual dynamics within the consultation, in family stories or photographs, and in the images found on websites which catalogue genetic syndromes. Our argument is that inside and outside the clinic the visual interpretations create understandings of the child that at times position him or her as ‘other’, while at other times recognise the child as normal and ‘one of us’. The uncertainty embedded in identifying rare genetic variations enables multiple interpretations to emerge which do not ‘fix’ the child into the category of the ‘genetically other’.
Control Variates for Estimation Based on Reversible Markov Chain Monte Carlo Samplers
Authors: Dellaportas Petros , Kontoyiannis Ioannis 
Published: November 2011

SummaryA general methodology is introduced for the construction and effective application of control variates to estimation problems involving data from reversible Markov chain Monte Carlo samplers. We propose the use of a specific class of functions as control variates, and we introduce a new consistent estimator for the values of the coefficients of the optimal linear combination of these functions. For a specific Markov chain Monte Carlo scenario, the form and proposed construction of the control variates is shown to provide an exact solution of the associated Poisson equation. This implies that the estimation variance in this case (in the central limit theorem regime) is exactly zero. The new estimator is derived from a novel, finite dimensional, explicit representation for the optimal coefficients. The resulting variance reduction methodology is primarily (though certainly not exclusively) applicable when the simulated data are generated by a random-scan Gibbs sampler. Markov chain Monte Carlo examples of Bayesian inference problems demonstrate that the corresponding reduction in the estimation variance is significant, and that in some cases it can be quite dramatic. Extensions of this methodology are discussed and simulation examples are presented illustrating the utility of the methods proposed. All methodological and asymptotic arguments are rigorously justified under essentially minimal conditions.
Reduced Rank Stochastic Regression with a Sparse Singular value Decomposition
Authors: Chen Kun , Chan Kung-Sik , Stenseth Nils Chr. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryFor a reduced rank multivariate stochastic regression model of rank r*, the regression coefficient matrix can be expressed as a sum of r* unit rank matrices each of which is proportional to the outer product of the left and right singular vectors. For improving predictive accuracy and facilitating interpretation, it is often desirable that these left and right singular vectors be sparse or enjoy some smoothness property. We propose a regularized reduced rank regression approach for solving this problem. Computation algorithms and regularization parameter selection methods are developed, and the properties of the new method are explored both theoretically and by simulation. In particular, the regularization method proposed is shown to be selection consistent and asymptotically normal and to enjoy the oracle property. We apply the proposed model to perform biclustering analysis with microarray gene expression data.
Nail lichen planus: epidemiological, clinical, pathological, therapeutic and prognosis study of 67 cases
Authors: Goettmann S. , Zaraa I. , Moulonguet I. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground  Lichen planus limited to the nail is uncommon, and information about its long‐term prognosis is lacking.Objectives  We attempted to review the epidemiological, clinical and histological features, the response to treatment and the follow‐up of a large series of patients with nail lichen planus (NLP).Methods  We searched for the records of all patients with a clinical and histopathological diagnosis of isolated NLP apart from January 1997 to December 2008. The patients presented during this period and followed until December 2009 in the consultation for nail disorder were reviewed in detail.Results  Data on 67 patients were collected, with an average age of 47 years (6–78 years). A male preponderance was observed (64%). The mean duration of the disease was about 38 months. Fingernails were the site of involvement in 94% of cases. Matrix involvement was observed in 91% of cases. A total of 120 specimen’s biopsy were taken and was contributory in 90% of cases. Two specimens biopsy were practiced in 70.15% of patients. Systemic corticosteroids were used in 46 patients, and associated in 20 cases to intralesional corticosteroids.Conclusions  Our findings indicate that if NLP is correctly diagnosed and appropriately treated. Nail biopsy is proven to be a relatively simple, safe and useful procedure with a minimal scarring risk. Long‐term observation indicates that the prognosis of NLP is poor with high rate of relapses, with permanent damage to the nail unit.
Pockmarks enhance deep‐sea benthic biodiversity: a case study in the western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Zeppilli Daniela , Canals Miquel , Danovaro Roberto 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAim  Pockmarks are craters on the sea floor formed by sub‐sea‐floor fluid expulsions, which occur world‐wide at all ocean depths. These habitats potentially host a highly specialized fauna that can exploit the hydrocarbons released. Pockmarks at relatively shallow depths can be easily destroyed by human activities, such as bottom trawling. In the present study, we investigated the combined effects of sea‐floor heterogeneity, rate of fluid emission and trophic conditions of different pockmarks on the biodiversity of the deep‐sea assemblages.Location  Continental slope of the Gulf of Lions, western Mediterranean Sea, at water depths from 265 to 434 m.Methods  We investigated the biodiversity associated with sea‐floor pockmarks that are both inactive and that have active gas emissions. Control sites were selected on the sea floor outside the influence of the gas seepage, both within and outside the pockmark fields. We examined the combined effects of: (i) sea‐floor heterogeneity; (ii) variable levels of fluid (gas) emissions; and (iii) trophic characteristics of the meiofaunal assemblage structure and nematode diversity.Results  Sediments within the pockmark fields had lower meiofaunal abundance and biomass when compared with the surrounding sediments that were not influenced by the gas seepage. Although several higher taxa were absent in the pockmarks (e.g. Turbellaria, Tardigrada, Cumacea, Isopoda, Tanaidacea, Nemertina and Priapulida, which were present in the control areas), the richness of the nematode species within all of these pockmarks was very high. About 25% of the total species encountered in the deep‐sea sediments of the investigated areas was exclusively associated with these pockmarks.Main conclusions  We conclude that both active and inactive pockmarks provide significant contributions to the regional (gamma) diversity of the continental slope in the western Mediterranean Sea, and thus the protection of these special and fragile habitats is highly relevant to the conservation of deep‐sea biodiversity.
mIGF‐1/JNK1/SirT1 signaling confers protection against oxidative stress in the heart
Authors: Vinciguerra Manlio , Santini Maria Paola , Martinez Conception , Pazienza Valerio , Claycomb William C. , Giuliani Alessandro , Rosenthal Nadia 
Published: November 2011

SummaryOxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of aging‐associated heart failure. Among various signaling pathways mediating oxidative stress, the NAD+‐dependent protein deacetylase SirT1 has been implicated in the protection of heart muscle. Expression of a locally acting insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) propeptide (mIGF‐1) helps the heart to recover from infarct and enhances SirT1 expression in cardiomyocytes (CM) in vitro, exerting protection from hypertrophic and oxidative stresses. To study the role of mIGF‐1/SirT1 signaling in vivo, we generated cardiac‐specific mIGF‐1 transgenic mice in which SirT1 was depleted from adult CM in a tamoxifen‐inducible and conditional fashion. Analysis of these mice confirmed that mIGF‐1‐induced SirT1 activity is necessary to protect the heart from paraquat (PQ)‐induced oxidative stress and lethality. In cultured CM, mIGF‐1 increases SirT1 expression through a c‐Jun NH(2)‐terminal protein kinase 1 (JNK1)‐dependent signaling mechanism. Thus, mIGF‐1 protects the heart from oxidative stress via SirT1/JNK1 activity, suggesting new avenues for cardiac therapy during aging and heart failure.