bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The preservation of Vi antigen in T.A.B.C. vaccine: With a note on combined active immunization with T.A.B.C. vaccine in tetanus formol-toxoid
Authors: Rainsford S. G. 
Published: May 2009

1. V strains of Bact. typhosum can be sterilized by means of merthiolate or colloidal silver without destructive effect on either the Vi or O antigens.2. Suspensions in physiological saline sterilized and preserved by the addition of either merthiolate or silver retain their property of stimulating Vi antibody formation in the rabbit for at least one year if stored at 0–2° C, but when stored at 23–25° C. this property is lost after 4 months' storage.3. The Vi antibody-stimulating property of a merthiolate-killed and preserved suspension in physiological saline is almost completely destroyed by an exposure of 5 days at 37° C. or 4 hr. at 60° C.4. Bact. typhosum bacilli killed with merthiolate or alcohol, and dried with acetone, show no loss of Vi antigen when stored in the dry state for 1 year at 23–25° C, or after 3 months at 37° C.5. Suspensions sterilized and preserved with merthiolate in 32% saline will withstand 50 days' storage at 37° C, or 7 months at 23–25° C, without significant loss of their Vi antibody-stimulating properties.6. Suspensions in 32% saline can be sterilized by an exposure to 60° C. for 2 hr., and even after 4 hr. exposure at this temperature, show no loss of Vi antigen content.7. Suspensions killed by merthiolate or alcohol, and preserved by the addition of 25% alcohol in physiological saline, failed to stimulate Vi antibody formation in the rabbit after being stored for 20 days at 37° C.8. The application of these findings to the production of a stable T.A.B.C. vaccine of enhanced immunological qualities is discussed.9. The effect of mixing Bact. typhosum with tetanus formol-toxoid has been examined, and the advisability of employing heat-killed-phenolized vaccine mixed with tetanus formol-toxoid for combined immunization against tetanus and typhoid infections is discussed.10. A suggested technique for the preparation, supply, and administration of two new types of T.A.B.C. vaccine is described.
Investigations on the typing of staphylococci by means of bacteriophage I. The origin and nature of lysogenic strains
Authors: Smith H. Williams 
Published: May 2009

1. Investigations have been carried out on the bacteriophage method of typing staphylococci developed by Wilson & Atkinson (1945).2. Strains previously considered as belonging to one phage type, type 42D, or as untypeable, were classified into a number of types by the use of additional phages. This further classification was rendered possible by the acquired phage resistance of some of the strains. All the resistant strains were lysogenic.3. It was possible to produce a resistant variant of a strain to two phages. Some of these resistant variants carried both phages. Others could be demonstrated to be carrying only one phage.
The type specificity ofHaemophilus pertussis
Authors: Ungar J. , Muggleton P. W. , Stevens W. K. 
Published: May 2009

1. One hundred and eighty-seven freshly isolated strains ofHaemophilus pertussis, together with ten laboratory strains and eleven strains ofH. parapertussiswere submitted to tests of their morphological, biochemical and antigenic properties in relation to their virulence to mice.2. The naturally occurringH. pertussisstrains form a single antigenic type differing from that of the attenuated laboratory strains.3.H. parapertussisforms, as previously claimed, a distinctive type with characteristic properties closely related toH. pertussis.Our thanks are due to Col. H. J. Bensted, Prof. J. W. McLeod and Drs A. Beck, D. G. Evans, G. Eldering, J. Marks, M. T. Parker, M. Pittman and H. Proom for supplying strains used in this investigation.
Studies on poliomyelitis virus: II. The immunogenic potency of live and inactivated virus in guinea-pigs
Authors: Hampton J. W. F. , Polson A. , Selzer Golda 
Published: May 2009

The antigenic response of guinea-pigs to live poliomyelitis viruses of all three types has been studied and the loss of antigenicity involved in inactivation by formaldehyde and by ultra-violet light have been determined.We wish to acknowledge the debt we owe to the late Prof. M. van den Ende for his great help and interest in this work, and we are grateful for the assistance received from Dr H. Malherbe and Ruth Harwin in carrying out many of the titrations, and from Dr T. Mead for synthesizing some 1:4-diphenylbutadiene for use as a filter for ultra-violet light.We also have to thank G. S. Turner, T. Norcott, Doreen Deeks and Margaret Pakes for their technical help.
The eclipse phase of vaccinia virus growing in chick embryo cell monolayers and some technical procedures which affect its demonstration
Authors: Postlethwaite R. , Maitland H. B. 
Published: May 2009

1. When chick embryo cell monolayers were infected with ultrasonically treated elementary body suspension by a short period of adsorption some of the adsorbed virus lost infectivity in a few minutes. This was followed by a more gradual loss during incubation of the cultures. The lowest point was reached at 4–6 hr. followed by a rise in titre due to production of new virus at 7–8 hr. The quantitative assessment of these changes is discussed.2. In such cultures, titration of intact and disintegrated cells after incubation for 4–5 hr., indicated an eclipse phase by showing an absence of infective virus in cells which ultimately produced it. The process of eclipse continued for several hours. With inoculum that had not been subjected to ultrasonic treatment it was not possible to show this by infecting HeLa cell monolayers.3. Ultrasonically treated inoculum, compared with a similar, but untreated inoculum, had a three to flvefold higher titre. The virus units in it were more uniformly capable of infecting cells. After its adsorption to monolayers a rapid loss of some infective virus occurred within a few minutes which was not demonstrable with untreated inoculum. During incubation of monolayers infected with treated inoculum the loss of infectivity was faster, there was a more rapid production of new virus and a greater yield. The nature of the changes in the virus which were brought about by ultrasonic treatment have not been explained, but the use of such an inoculum markedly affected the results of experiments.4. Treatment of infected monolayers with trypsin or EDTA caused the cells to shed as much as half their virus. This virus would not be released spontaneously into the medium or removed from monolayers by washing. This applied to all periods of incubation up to 24 hr. or more when marked increase of virus had occurred.5. The disintegration of infected cells by ultrasonic treatment was efficient in releasing infective virus from them, although it was not possible to be certain all the virus in the cells was rendered detectable by this technique.6. The effect of some technical procedures on the interpretation of results is discussed.
An outbreak of salmonella food poisoning attributed to bakers' confectionery
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. , Davis A. R. , Morley-Davis R. B. 
Published: May 2009

1. An outbreak of food poisoning due to S. typhimurium and S. thompson is described.2. These same two serotypes were found in trifle eaten by the victims.3. S. typhimurium was found in the stools of four members of the bakery staff and in the stool of one member of the grocery staff handling luncheon meat eaten by those affected.4. S. typhimurium was isolated from drains in the bakery.5. The phage-type of S. typhimurium found in the food handlers, drains, trifle and victims of the outbreak was the same.6. The phage-type of S. thompson found in the trifle was identical with that found in the victims of the outbreak.7. The phage-type of both salmonellae suggested an egg product source.8. It is surprising how infrequent these outbreaks are, having regard to the very frequent opportunity for the contamination of confectionery products in bake-houses.
A precipitin test for acute poliomyelitis and for assessing antibody response to oral poliovaccine
Authors: Selzer Golda , Butchart Margaret 
Published: May 2009

A description is given of a precipitin test, using potent non-infectious antigens, which can be performed in laboratories not specializing in virology. Trial of the method as a diagnostic procedure gave positive results in 100% of a series of 50 patients with acute poliomyelitis. Precipitation lines, almost always sharply defined and intense, were obtained in 89% of 33 sera within 3–8 days of onset of acute poliomyelitis and in all sera after the 8th day. In positive cases precipitation bands usually appeared within 24 hr. after starting the test. In all instances precipitation was homotypic with the type virus isolated from stools. Double bands appeared in very recent cases but only with homotypic precipitins. Single heterotypic lines appeared in 12 cases due to previous infection or perhaps due to infection by virus strains with common antigens. All control patients with nervous system disease other than poliomyelitis or with infection by Coxsackie or ECHO viruses and all control test animals gave negative results. Of 240 poorcommunity schoolchildren who had taken monovalent oral poliovaccine 4½ months previously, 80% had precipitins for Type 1, but less than 5% showed marked reactions. The sera from the remainder gave only weakly positive results. Contrasting with transience of precipitins, neutralizing antibodies persisted in nearly 100% of children tested.The precipitin test was used to study antibody response to ingestion of trivalent oral vaccine (prepared and issued by the Poliomyelitis Research Foundation, Johannesburg). More than half (54 %) of 90 students who received the vaccine had positive precipitin-test results; most often these results appeared during the 2nd week after ingestion. In this positive group 54 % showed multiplication of at least two types and 12 % showed multiplication of all three types poliovirus.
Comparative studies on Salmonella typhi grown in vivo and in vitro III. The immunizing potencies of acetone-killed vaccines prepared from in vivo and in vitro grown bacteria and the immunizing potency of substances isolated from infected organs
Authors: Olitzki A. L. , Godinger Dina 
Published: May 2009

1. Salmonella typhi, strain Ty2, grown in vivo and employed as acetone-dried vaccine possessed a higher immunizing potency than the descendants of the same parent strain grown in vitro and employed as vaccine.2. When 2 × 108in vitro-grown bacteria were employed as challenge, the immunizing effects of both types of vaccine were more marked than after administration of 2 × 108in vivo-grown bacteria as challenge.3. The higher potency of the in vivo-grown vaccine was apparent in all experiments, whether the challenge strain was grown in vivo or in vitro.4. Immunogenic substances were isolated from infected organs of mice and guinea-pigs, and an immunogenic substance from the peritoneal fluid of the infected guinea-pigs was concentrated by precipitation with ethanol.
Disinfection of woollen blanket
Authors: Crewther W. G , McQuade A. B 
Published: May 2009

The efficiencies of bactericides in destroying bacteria on woollen blanket were investigated on a laboratory scale. The bactericides were not effective when tested with new blanket; this low efficiency was found to be related to the rapid adsorption of the bactericides by the wool. Pretreatment of the wool with concentrated solutions of bactericides depressed the rate of depletion of the bactericides from subsequent washing liquors with bactericides at customary concentrations, and led to more satisfactory rates of kill (inactivation factors about 106).The test organisms,Staphylococcus aureusandEscherichia coli, were applied to the blanket as a powder, and the relative densities of bacteria on the blanket were determined using a procedure based on maceration of the fabric. The bactericides, 4-chloro-3, 5-xylenol (P.C.M.X.), cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (C.T.A.B.) and bis-(4-chlorophenyl diguanido)-hexane diacetate (chlorhexidine diacetate) were tested in the presence of appropriate detergents.Cultures were kindly supplied by Dr Hildred Butler of the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne.
Survival of wound pathogens under different environmental conditions
Authors: Pettit Felicity , Lowbury E. J. L. 
Published: May 2009

SummarySuspensions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes and micrococci were tested for survival on drying and after drying in the atmosphere. The proportion of Gram-negative bacilli that died during drying was greater than that of the Gram-positive cocci, but survival after drying was similar in the two groups of organisms. There were considerable differences in the death-rates on drying of different strains of bacteria, which were consistent on replicate sampling.A suspension of Ps. aeruginosa prepared from cells which had survived one drying showed a considerably higher proportion of survivors on a second drying; suspensions prepared from subcultures of the dried cells, however, showed a death-rate on drying which was similar to that of the original culture.Strains of Ps. aeruginosa isolated from floor dust showed a significantly higher proportion of survivors immediately after drying than strains from patients, but the proportion of survivors after 24 hr. of exposure to the atmosphere was approximately the same in the two groups.Tests were made for survival of Ps. aeruginosa and Staph. aureus in deionized water, tap water, physiological saline and Ringer's solution. In deionized water, Ps. aeruginosa showed a rapid initial loss but some survival for several weeks; Staph. aureus, on the other hand, showed an initial increase in numbers but no survivors after 48 hr. In Ringer's solution all strains of Ps. aeruginosa multiplied rapidly and survived for many weeks; Staph. aureus died rapidly and no strain could be detected after 4 days.We are grateful to Dr M. T. Parker and Mrs E. Asheshov for the typing of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The extracellular antigens of Micropolyspora faeni: their significance in farmer's lung disease
Authors: Fletcher S. M. , Rondle C. J. M. , Murray I. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA serological analysis of the extracellular antigens of Micropolyspora faeni by immunodiffusion with a combination of sera revealed 29 individual antigens. A survey was made of the incidence of precipitins to the antigens in sera from patients with clinical farmer's lung disease (FLD) and other respiratory diseases. Precipitating antibody was found in 75 % of farmer's lung cases and in 20 % of other cases who had been exposed to the same environment. More precipitin reactions were seen in sera from severe forms of FLD than from milder forms. The distribution of precipitins to individual antigens was not significantly affected by severity of disease.Most of the patients with precipitins to M. faeni, but without the symptoms of FLD, were suffering from mild or moderate symptoms of other respiratory diseases with a history of chronic onset of symptoms. The distribution of precipitins to individual antigens in this group was similar to that in clinical FLD patients but the incidence was considerably lower.The significance of these results is discussed.
Salmonella isolations in abattoirs in Greece
Authors: Vassiliadis P. , Trichopoulos D. , Papadakis J. , Politi G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe prevalence of salmonellas in drain swabs from three abattoirs of Athens was studied with the use of conventional methods of Salmonella isolation as well as with a new procedure which involves secondary enrichment from the usual selenite broth or Muller-Kauffmann's tetrathionate broth in Rappaport's medium slightly modified.In all groups studied the secondary enrichment in Rappaport's medium led to an increase in the number of positive swabs, in the number of Salmonella serotypes, and in the total number of strains isolated.The frequency of Salmonella isolations was higher in samples from abattoirs killing only pigs and lower in samples from abattoirs killing only cattle or only sheep.The predominant serotype in abattoirs dealing with cattle was Salmonella tennessee, and S. typhimurium in abattoirs dealing with sheep. No predominant serotype was found in samples from abattoirs dealing mostly with pigs.S. abony, S. drypool, S. emek, S. Indiana, S. muenchen and S. tennessee were isolated for the first time in Greece.
Coli-aerogenes bacteria in soils
Authors: Taylor C. B. 
Published: May 2009

The prevalence of the different types of coli–aerogenes bacteria has been determined in various soils collected from widely separated locations in the United Kingdom and in Denmark. Of the soils examined, 27% contained no coli–aerogenes organisms in 15 g. of soil tested. The number of these organisms in the positive soils was very low; only 11% had confirmed counts greater than 100 organisms/g. and 33% less than 1 organism/g.The most prevalent organism isolated was Bacterium coli type I, whatever the location or vegetation type of the soil; intermediate type I, Bact. aerogenes type I and Bact. coli type II were the only other organisms of numerical importance. The annual application of large amounts of either farmyard or inorganic manures produces no permanently large population of coli-aerogenes organisms in soils.Presumptive tests in MacConkey broth were unreliable, since only 6 % of the positive tubes from hill and moorland soils and 28 % from arable soils were confirmed as containing coli-aerogenes bacteria. Such discrepancies are considered to be partly due to coliform bacteria with weak lactose-fermenting properties.It is considered that there is now sufficient experimental evidence to discredit statements that soil is the natural habitat of Bact. aerogenes or intermediate types of coli-aerogenes organism.
The Varying Epidemiology of Q Fever in the South-East Region of Great Britain II. In two Rural Areas
Authors: Marmion B. P. , Stoker M. G. P. 
Published: May 2009

The epidemiology of Q fever in the residents of two rural areas, respectively, the Romney Marsh in Kent and Chatteris-Witchford rural districts in Cambridgeshire, has been studied.In the Romney Marsh some 14 % of persons who had suffered from pneumonia or undiagnosed fever probably had Q fever. No cases of Q fever were detected in Chatteris-Witchford R.D.Two sources of infection—sheep and infected cows' milk—were found in the Romney Marsh, and the infection of some of the cases of Q fever could be attributed to them. There was also a group of cases who were probably not infected from milk or by direct exposure to sheep. They may, however, have been indirectly infected from sheep.The absence of Q fever in the Chatteris-Witchford area is of interest in view of the use of raw milk by a substantial proportion of the inhabitants of this area and also because of their contact with cattle. Investigation, however, failed to reveal any infection of the cattle with Rickettsia burneti.
Nutrition in the Caribbean
Authors: Aykroyd W. R. 
Published: May 2009

1. In many parts of the Caribbean there is a high mortality between 6 months and 2 years due to malnutrition and gastro-enteritis. These two conditions are so closely inter-connected that they can conveniently be regarded as a single syndrome, for which the term ‘weanling diarrhoea’ has recently been suggested. The clinical picture revealed by visits to children's wards was in line with the vital statistics.2. The prevalence of malnutrition and gastro-enteritis in infants and young children is the result of child-feeding practices characteristic of the area. The duration of breast-feeding is shorter than in Africa and Asia. After 3 months or so breast-feeding, if it does not cease altogether, becomes partial, and in general there is a steady change in the direction of less breast milk. In some territories weaning at an even earlier stage in infancy seems to result in the common occurrence of malnutrition in infants under 6 months of age.3. The foods given to supplement or replace breast milk include processed cow's milk, starch roots and fruits and cereals. Imported processed milk supplies good quality protein otherwise lacking in the child's diet, but the use of expensive proprietory infant milk foods, out of line with family purchasing power and given in over-diluted form, is among the causes of malnutrition. The use in infant and child feeding of dried skim milk-much the cheapest kind of milk in terms of nutritive value-is increasing and this trend should be encouraged.4. Most of the malnutrition is of the ‘marasmic’ type. Classical kwashiorkor, now comparatively rare, was seen more often 5–10 years ago.5. It is suggested that the conventional practice of grouping deaths in the periods 0 to 1 and 1 to 4 has, in the Caribbean and other developing areas, retarded recognition of the importance of malnutrition and gastro-enteritis as the principal cause of death during and after the weaning period. The analysis of mortality statistics according to shorter age intervals is desirable.6. Further studies and action are recommended concerned with the following: the continuing analysis of mortality and morbidity statistics to elicit relationships with malnutrition; child feeding practices in the different territories; the social and economic background of individual victims of malnutrition and of the feeding errors responsible for their condition; improvement in the treatment of malnourished children; the scope and efficiency of maternal and child health services; the distribution of dried skim milk and its extension.7. The establishment of a Caribbean Nutrition Centre will contribute to the prevention of malnutrition and help in solving long-term problems of food supply and nutrition in the area.
Description and analysis of a simple micro-titration immune cytolytic test
Authors: Spooner R. L. , Bowden F. W. , Carpenter R. G. 
Published: May 2009

A method of micro-titration for cytolytic antibodies is described. Standard drops of diluent are placed on a subdivided siliconed slide and dilutions are made by rotating a wire loop holding 1 drop of serum in each drop sequentially. One drop of a mixture of cells and complement is then added. The slide is incubated in a moist chamber for 90 min at 37° C. after which a small cover-slip is placed on each drop and the amount of cell lysis, judged by phase-contrast microscopy, is graded.An analysis of variance of the method has been performed and the method has been found to be reliable, accurate and unbiased.It allows accurate estimates of cytolytic activity in sera using cell concentrations of 104to 105cells per ml. Eight ten-dilution titrations can be carried out with 1 ml. of such a suspension.
Quality control tests of two salmonella enrichment media using different inocula
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. , Crone P. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYInocula of polluted water naturally infected with salmonellas effectively distinguished six brands of selenite and six brands of tetrathionate enrichment media into satisfactory and unsatisfactory categories. Minimal inocula of pure cultures differentiated the tetrathionates, but not the selenites. Inocula of naturally infected chicken giblets suggested that there was a difference between two comparable brands of tetrathionate, but this was not statistically significant. The difference was, however, clearly demonstrated by minimal inocula of pure cultures.Intensive investigation of two inferior tetrathionates revealed inhomogeneity in the distribution of brilliant green in one bottle of one brand. The importance of the salmonella serotype and even the colonial variant used for the pure culture inoculum was also demonstrated.