bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of O2 on aqueous SO2 leaching of Co, Cu and Ni from discard smelter slag
Authors: Ahmed Isaac B. , Gbor Philip K. , Jia Charles Q. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn the leaching of non‐ferrous smelter slag with a dissolved gas mixture of SO2 and O2, the behaviour of Co, Cu, Ni, Zn and Fe was studied in a 1‐L batch reactor. The parameters investigated include PSO2, PO2, temperature, particle size and pH. Co, Zn and Fe behaved similarly while Ni and Cu displayed distinguishable characters. The addition of O2 prevented the precipitation of Cu after dissolution, and increased acidity of the leaching solution. The increase in acid strength resulted in an increase in the extraction of Co, Zn and Fe. The effect of acidity on Cu and Ni extraction was however much weaker. The combination of SO2 and O2 was found to be a more effective oxidant of Fe(II) to Fe(III) than O2 alone. Simultaneous extraction of valuable metals and removal of Fe could be achieved by leaching at pH of 3 to 4. Maximum selectivities obtained for Co, Ni and Cu over Fe were 300, 2000 and 4000, respectively.
Modeling of a process for removal of metal ions by electromigration and electrodeposition
Authors: Mondal Kanchan , Pattanayak Jayasree , Wiltowski Tomasz S. , Lalvani Shashi B. , Mandich Nenad V. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA mathematical model for the removal of impurities of the metal ions of Fe, Ni, and Cu from hard chromium plating solution by electromigration and subsequent electrodeposition has been developed and presented. Experimental data for the metal removal at 45°C and constant cell voltage using o‐phosphoric acid as the catholyte are presented. Up to 36% iron and 29% nickel removal is obtained over about 25 h. The copper removal rate is observed to be approximately four times greater than the rate of nickel removal. The experimental data were found to closely match results predicted from the model developed. The inherent model parameters such as mobility, diffusivity, mass transfer coefficient and metal deposition rate constants were estimated. The calculated values of these parameters are found to be in good agreement with the published data.
z‐Transform and adaptive signal processing in analysis of tracer data
Authors: Furman Leszek 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn the field of data processing, the common practice is to interpret tracer‐determined residence time distributions (RTDs) of particles through different arrangements of elementary flow models. However, such analysis needs an a priori chosen arrangement of these models, and some information carried by the RTD curve may be lost. This paper presents a competitive method based on adaptive filtering in a z‐transform domain, and it may give better insight into flow patterns in a steady‐state flow system. A physical interpretation of the transfer function was developed. The application of this modelling to the interpretation of radiotracer data from recent studies in different industry sectors is presented.
Distribution of the free and oil‐trapped air bubbles in simulated broths containing fungal biomass
Authors: Larralde‐Corona C. Patricia , Córdova Ma. Soledad , Galindo Enrique 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe location of air bubbles (i.e. inside oil drops or free in the aqueous phase) was studied by image analysis as a function of the oil and biomass concentrations in a 2 L stirred tank using a simulated fermentation medium (aqueoussalt solution, castor oil, air and fungal biomass) agitated by a Rushton turbine. The solid (fungal) phase plays an important role in defining the location of bubbles, as the percentage (in bubble volume) of bubbles trapped in oil increases threefold when biomass is added to the medium. The bubbles located inside oil drops were found to occupy 60% of the total bubble volume and to be 40% smaller than those which were non‐oil associated. This phenomenon has important implications for oxygen mass transfer in multiphase fermentations.
Linear viscoelasticity and stress growth in blood
Authors: Sun Ning , De Kee Daniel 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis note complements a previous publication where we used first order kinetics to describe biofluid behavior, especially blood, in the cases of simple shear flow, hysteresis and yield stress. Here, we extend the model and consider the viscoelastic properties of blood. Specifically, we look at small amplitude oscillatory flow and stress growth. Successful comparisons of model predictions with blood data are produced.
A novel technique for local mass transfer measurements
Authors: Trass Olev , Mahinpey Nader , Ojha Matadial , Johnston K. Wayne 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA novel electrodeposition technique is developed to estimate time‐averaged convective local mass transfer coefficients. This method is based on the diffusion‐controlled deposition rate of copper. With an electrolyte solution consisting of H2SO4 and CuSO4, copper is dissolved at the anode and deposited onto the nickel cathode. The thickness of the copper, measured with an optical microscope, provides an estimate of the time‐averaged local mass transfer coefficient for the given location, and by depositing multiple layers, the coefficients under different flow conditions can be obtained from one cathode. The results for laminar flow in a smooth, round pipe showed good agreement with those calculated from the analytical Leveque solution. Results were also obtained for turbulent flow and demonstrate the potential for acquiring convective local mass transfer coefficients for various flow configurations.
The best performance of spiral wired thermal diffusion columns of the frazier scheme
Authors: Yeh Ho‐Ming 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEquations have been derived for the optimum wire angles of inclination for maximum separation, maximum production rate and minimum column height in the Frazier scheme of concentric‐tube thermal diffusion columns with a tight fitting wire spiral, having a diameter equal to the annular spacing, and wrapped on the entire inner tube. Considerable improvement in performance is obtained when a Frazier scheme is operated at the optimum corresponding wire angle of inclination, especially for the scheme of high column number.
Calculation of solubilities of the pesticides diuron and monuron in organic nonelectrolyte solvents using UNIFAC and modified UNIFAC (dortmund) models
Authors: Riverol Carmen , Hansen Henrik K. , Acree William 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe solubility of diuron (3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1, 1 ‐dimethyl urea) and monuron (3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1, 1 ‐dimethyl urea) in 49 and 43 different organic non‐electrolyte solvents, respectively, have been calculated. It was found that Modified UNIFAC described well the solubilities both in polar solvents like alcohols, ketones, esters and ethers and in nonpolar solvents like alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. UNIFAC and the mobile order theory supplement each other well in calculating the solubilities, which means that one can choose the right model depending on the solvent one is using.
Metronidazole–Deoxybenzoin Derivatives as Anti‐Helicobacter pylori Agents with Potent Inhibitory Activity against HPE‐Induced Interleukin‐8
Authors: Luo Yin , Li Huan‐Qiu , Zhou Yang , Li Zi‐Lin , Yan Tao , Zhu Hai‐Liang 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA series of new metronidazole–deoxybenzoin derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori. Highly selective anti‐H. pylori activity was also observed in synthesized compounds. Compound 34 exhibited the most potent activity, similar to the positive control amoxicillin. Furthermore, compounds 17 and 34 were able to significantly decrease H. pylori water extract (HPE)‐induced production of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) in gastric mucosal cells, which did not show any effect on the cell viability.
Identification of accrual barriers onto breast cancer prevention clinical trials
Authors: Houlihan Robert H. , Kennedy Michael H. , Kulesher Robert R. , Lemon Stephenie C. , Wickerham D. Lawrence , Hsieh Chung‐Cheng , Altieri Dario C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing a woman's decision to participate in a breast cancer prevention clinical trial. Nine healthcare organizations in Massachusetts cooperated in the present project.METHODS:The authors performed a case‐control study to compare responses between the study group (Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene [STAR] trial eligible, but not enrolled) and the control group (STAR trial participants) on 12 factors previously identified as barriers to accrual for clinical trials. Eight hypotheses were tested using multiple logistic regression to estimate the strength of the association for each factor on the dependent variable (study participation).RESULTS:The study samples were similar to the general population of eligible breast cancer prevention clinical trial subjects in the counties where the participating organizations were located, the state of Massachusetts, and nationally published STAR trial data. Results of a mailed questionnaire showed that when adjusting for subject demographics, and in the presence of other questions, 4 factors significantly influenced a woman's decision to enroll onto a breast cancer prevention clinical trial more than other eligible subjects: 1) clinician expertise and qualifications (P = .012; odds ratio [OR], 4.903; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41‐17.04); 2) personal desire to participate (P = .033; OR, 3.16; 95% CI, 1.10‐9.06); 3) perceived value of the trial (P = .020; OR, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.18‐7.21); and 4) level of trial inconvenience (P = .002; OR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.02‐0.44).CONCLUSIONS:Addressing these issues in the relationship between patients and clinicians should improve accrual to breast cancer prevention clinical trials. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
p16INK4a is superior to high‐risk human papillomavirus testing in cervical cytology for the prediction of underlying high‐grade dysplasia
Authors: Samarawardana Panduka , Dehn Donna L. , Singh Meenakshi , Franquemont Douglas , Thompson Chesney , Gaido Loretta , Torkko Kathleen C. , Homer Petra , Burke Stephanie , Titmus Matthew A. , Nayi Vipul , Shroyer Kenneth R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe primary goal of this study was to compare the clinical performance of an optimized and rigorously controlled immunocytochemical (ICC) assay for p16INK4a to high‐risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as diagnostic adjuncts for cytology specimens from colposcopy patients.METHODS:The study included 403 cervical cytology specimens collected within 3 months of colposcopy. The colposcopic impression and cervical biopsy diagnosis served as the standards for correlation with cytological, p16INK4a, and HPV data. p16INK4a was evaluated using an immunoperoxidase‐based assay that was linear over 4 logs for the detection of HeLa‐spiked positive control cytology specimens, using a threshold for positive test results that was based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. HR‐HPV was detected by multiplex PCR using genotype‐specific primers.RESULTS:In all combined diagnostic categories (negative for intraepithelial lesion and malignancy, atypical glandular cells, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion), the p16INK4a ICC and HR‐HPV assays, respectively, had sensitivity of 81.7% and 83.3% (P = .81) and specificity of 78.1% and 50.9% (P < .001) for the detection of underlying ≥grade 2 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions on biopsy. Furthermore, the positive predictive value of p16INK4a ICC was greater than that of HR‐HPV for patients with biopsies ≥CIN‐2 (41.2% and 24.2%, respectively, P = .001).CONCLUSIONS:This p16INK4a immunocytochemical assay has superior specificity but similar sensitivity to HR‐HPV testing to predict underlying high‐grade dysplastic lesions in patients who are referred for colposcopy. The determination of the overall performance characteristics of p16INK4a immunocytochemistry, as an independent test or in combination with HPV testing in low‐risk screening populations, however, will require subsequent large‐scale prospective clinical trials. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Comparison of high‐order absorbing boundary conditions and perfectly matched layers in the frequency domain
Authors: Rabinovich Daniel , Givoli Dan , Bécache Eliane 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe need for numerical schemes for wave problems in large and unbounded domains appears in various applications, including modeling of pressure waves in arteries and other problems in biomedical engineering. Two powerful methods to handle such problems via domain truncation are the use of high‐order absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) and perfectly matched layers (PMLs). A numerical study is presented to compare the performance of these two types of methods, for two‐dimensional problems governed by the Helmholtz equation. The high‐order ABCs employed here are of the Hagstrom–Warburton type; they are adapted and applied to the frequency domain for the first time. Four PMLs are examined, with linear, quadratic, constant and unbounded decay functions. Two planar configurations are considered: a waveguide and a quarter plane. In the latter case, special corner conditions are developed and used in conjunction with the ABC. One of the main conclusions from the ABC‐PML comparison is that in the high‐accuracy regime, the ABC scheme and the unbounded PML are equally effective. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Berezin transform in polynomial bergman spaces
Authors: Ameur Yacin , Makarov Nikolai , Hedenmalm Håkan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFix a smooth weight function Q in the plane, subject to a growth condition from below. Let Km,n denote the reproducing kernel for the Hilbert space of analytic polynomials of degree at most n − 1 of finite L2‐norm with respect to the measure e−mQ dA. Here dA is normalized area measure, and m is a positive real scaling parameter. The (polynomial) Berezin measure
${\rm d}B_{m,n}^{\langle z_0\rangle}(z)=K_{m,n}(z_0,z_0)^{-1}|K_{m,n}(z,z_0)|^2{\rm e}^{-mQ(z)}\,{\rm d}A(z)$
for the point z0 is a probability measure that defines the (polynomial) Berezin transform

for continuous
$\font\open=msbm10 at 10pt\def\C{\hbox{\open C}}f\in L^\infty(\C)$. We analyze the semiclassical limit of the Berezin measure (and transform) as m → + ∞ while n = m τ + o(1), where τ is fixed, positive, and real. We find that the Berezin measure for z0 converges weak‐star to the unit point mass at the point z0 provided that Δ Q(z0) > 0 and that z0 is contained in the interior of a compact set ${\cal S}_\tau$, defined as the coincidence set for an obstacle problem. As a refinement, we show that the appropriate local blowup of the Berezin measure converges to the standardized Gaussian measure in the plane. For points $\font\open=msbm10 at 10pt\def\C{\hbox{\open C}}z_0\in \C\setminus{\cal S}_\tau$, the Berezin measure cannot converge to the point mass at z0. In the model case Q(z) = |z|2, when ${\cal S}_\tau$
is a closed disk, we find that the Berezin measure instead converges to harmonic measure at z0 relative to $\font\open=msbm10 at 10pt\def\C{\hbox{\open C}}\C\setminus{\cal S}_\tau$.Our results have applications to the study of the eigenvalues of random normal matrices. The auxiliary results include weighted L2‐estimates for the equation
${\bar \partial} u=f$
when f is a suitable test function and the solution u is restricted by a polynomial growth bound at ∞. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two‐, One‐, and Zero‐Dimensional Elemental Nanostructures Based on Ge9‐Clusters
Authors: Karttunen Antti J. , Fässler Thomas F. , Linnolahti Mikko , Pakkanen Tapani A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe investigated the structural principles of novel germanium modifications derived by oxidative coupling of Zintl‐type [Ge9]4−clusters in various ways. The structures, stabilities, and electronic properties of the predicted {2∞[Ge9]n} sheet, {1∞[Ge9]n} nanotubes, and fullerene‐like {Ge9}n cages were studied by using quantum chemical methods. The polyhedral {Ge9}n cages are energetically comparable with bulk‐like nanostructures of the same size, in good agreement with previous experimental findings. Three‐dimensional structures derived from the structures of lower dimensionality are expected to shed light on the structural characteristics of the existing mesoporous Ge materials that possess promising optoelectronic properties. Furthermore, 3D networks derived from the polyhedral {Ge9}n cages lead to structures that are closely related to the well‐known LTA zeolite framework, suggesting further possibilities for deriving novel mesoporous modifications of germanium. Raman and IR spectra and simulated X‐ray diffraction patterns of the predicted materials are given to facilitate comparisons with experimental results. The studied novel germanium modifications are semiconducting, and several structure types possess noticeably larger band gaps than bulk α‐Ge.
Silver Coated Platinum Core–Shell Nanostructures on Etched Si Nanowires: Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Processing and Application in SERS
Authors: Sivakov Vladimir A. , Höflich Katja , Becker Michael , Berger Andreas , Stelzner Thomas , Elers Kai‐Erik , Pore Viljami , Ritala Mikko , Christiansen Silke H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA new method to prepare plasmonically active noble metal nanostructures on large surface area silicon nanowires (SiNWs) mediated by atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology has successfully been demonstrated for applications of surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)‐based sensing. As host material for the plasmonically active nanostructures we use dense single‐crystalline SiNWs with diameters of less than 100 nm as obtained by a wet chemical etching method based on silver nitrate and hydrofluoric acid solutions. The SERS active metal nanoparticles/islands are made from silver (Ag) shells as deposited by autometallography on the core nanoislands made from platinum (Pt) that can easily be deposited by ALD in the form of nanoislands covering the SiNW surfaces in a controlled way. The density of the plasmonically inactive Pt islands as well as the thickness of noble metal Ag shell are two key factors determining the magnitude of the SERS signal enhancement and sensitivity of detection. The optimized Ag coated Pt islands on SiNWs exhibit great potential for ultrasensitive molecular sensing in terms of high SERS signal enhancement ability, good stability and reproducibility. The plasmonic activity of the core‐shell Pt//Ag system that will be experimentally realized in this paper as an example was demonstrated in numerical finite element simulations as well as experimentally in Raman measurements of SERS activity of a highly diluted model dye molecule. The morphology and structure of the core‐shell Pt//Ag nanoparticles on SiNW surfaces were investigated by scanning‐ and transmission electron microscopy. Optimized core–shell nanoparticle geometries for maximum Raman signal enhancement is discussed essentially based on the finite element modeling.
Measuring corporate environmental justice performance
Authors: Ash Michael , Boyce James K. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMeasures of corporate environmental justice performance can be a valuable tool in efforts to promote corporate social responsibility and to document systematic patterns of environmental injustice. This paper develops such a measure based on the extent to which toxic air emissions from industrial facilities disproportionately impact racial and ethnic minorities and those on low incomes. Applying the measure to 100 major corporate air polluters in the United States, we find wide variation in the extent of disproportional exposures. In 54 cases, minorities, who represent 31.8% of the US population, bear excess burden; in 15 of these cases, the minority share exceeds half of the total human health impacts from the firm's industrial air pollution. In 66 cases, poor people, who represent 12.8% of the US population, bear excess burden. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Interaction of Short Laser Pulses in Wavelength Range from Infrared to X‐ray with Metals, Semiconductors, and Dielectrics
Authors: Inogamov N. A. , Faenov A. Ya. , Zhakhovskii V. V. , Skobelev I. Yu. , Khokhlov V. A. , Kato Y. , Tanaka M. , Pikuz T. A. , Kishimoto M. , Ishino M. , Nishikino M. , Fukuda Y. , Bulanov S. V. , Kawachi T. , Petrov Yu. V. , Anisimov S. I. , Fortov V. E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLaser‐matter interaction is defined by an electronic band structure of condensed matter and frequency ωL of electromagnetic radiation. In the range of moderate fluences, the energy absorbed by electrons from radiation finally thermalizes in the ion thermal energy. The thermalization processes are different for optical as compared with X‐ray quanta and for metals relative to semiconductors and dielectrics, since the light absorption and electron‐electron, electron‐ion dynamics are sensitive to the electron population in a conduction band and the width of a forbidden gap. Although the thermalization processes are different, the final state is simply a heated matter. Laser heating creates powerful stresses in a target if duration of a laser pulse τL is short in acoustic time scale. Nucleation and material removal take place under such stresses. Such way of removal is called here the spallative ablation. Thus the spallative ablation is an ablation mechanism universally important for qualitatively different materials and quanta (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time Evolution from Weak to Strong Coupling in a Spherically Confined Dusty Plasma
Authors: Kählert H. , Bonitz M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLangevin dynamics simulations are performed to study the emergence of correlations in a spherically confined dusty plasma. We follow the time evolution of a laser‐heated initial plasma during its approach to the neutral gas temperature. The effect of the cooling rate is investigated in detail and the time scales for the emergence of the shell structure are compared. In strongly damped systems the correlation buildup is found to be slower than in weakly dissipative systems. The role of the confinement potential for the shell structure is explored by means of Monte Carlo simulations. In a linear and a quartic confinement the shells emerge at the cluster boundary, but density modulations are also found near the trap center in the former case (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)