bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiband antenna using +1, −1, and 0 resonant mode of DGS dual composite right/left handed transmission line
Authors: Ryu Young‐Ho , Park Jae‐Hyun , Lee Jeong‐Hae , Tae Heung‐Sik 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe multiband antenna using defected ground structure (DGS) dual composite right/left handed transmission line (D‐CRLH TL) is proposed. The D‐CRLH TL resonator can provide a multiband using positive, zero, and negative modes without the different length resonators because the D‐CRLH TL has inherent three bands in half periodicity. To design and analyze the proposed antenna, the circuit simulation of the two stage DGS D‐CRLH resonator is executed by the equivalent circuit and the results are compared with those of full wave simulation and experiment. The results show that the presented antenna has such a reasonable radiation characteristics of efficiency, bandwidth, and size that it is suitable for compact multiband antenna. In addition, a theoretically unexpected radiation mode, which is generated by the DGS, is observed in the stop band. This additional mode could be utilized for the multi‐band antenna. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2485–2488, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24649
A load network for Doherty amplifiers using an optimized impedance transformer
Authors: Jung Sung‐Chan , Lim Kyoung‐Hoon , Park Hyun‐Chul , Negra Renato , Kim Min‐Su , Ghannouchi Fadhel M. , Yang Youngoo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe propose a load network, consisting of an optimized impedance transformer, for a Doherty amplifier. This load network allows the carrier and peaking amplifiers to have different load impedance. This results in better IM3 cancellation. Using a four‐carrier down‐link WCDMA signal, we achieved 0.95 dB higher output power level and 2.21% higher power‐added efficiency compared to a conventional Doherty amplifier at an ACLR level of −30 dBc. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2502–2504, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24657
Kirschning and Jansen computer‐aided design formulae for the analysis of parallel coupled lines
Authors: Faria J. A. Brandão 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAmong the many computer‐aided design (CAD) formulae used for the calculation of the wave parameters of coupled microstrip lines where fringing field effects occur, the Kirschning and Jansen equations are the most utilized ones, not only because of their high accuracy, but also because of their wide range of application. Here, we show that, despite the aforementioned advantages, such equations may lack physical meaning. We prove, for the first time, that the utilization of these widespread CAD equations can lead to positive valued mutual capacitances, an unacceptable result from the viewpoint of electromagnetic theory. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2466–2470, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24659
Electrostatic capacitances for carbon nanotube interconnects
Authors: Parkash V. , Goel Ashok K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCarbon nanotubes are promising candidates for futuristic nanoelectronic applications. In this article, we present a comprehensive modeling and calculation of electrostatic capacitances for various metallic carbon nanotube systems that can be used to model interconnects in nanotechnology circuits. Capacitance results are provided for single walled, multiwalled and bundles of single‐walled carbon nanotubes as functions of the various design parameters. Numerical computations were performed using the method of moments in conjunction with a Green's function appropriate for the geometry of these interconnects. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2374–2378, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24664
Repeatability of innervation zone identification in the external anal sphincter muscle
Authors: Enck Paul , Franz Heiko , Davico Edoardo , Mastrangelo Francesco , Mesin Luca , Merletti Roberto 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAimsKnowledge of the distribution of the innervation zones (IZs) of the external anal sphincter (EAS) may be useful for preventing anal sphincter incompetence during vaginal delivery. A method proposed for the automatic estimation of the distribution of IZs of EAS from high‐density surface electromyography (EMG) was evaluated for repeatability in continent volunteers.MethodsIn 13 healthy female subjects (age: 35 ± 11 years) surface EMG signals were acquired using an anal probe with three circumferential electrode arrays (of 16 contacts each) at different depths within the anal canal (15 mm distance between the centers of adjacent arrays), during four independent experimental sessions. Three maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of 10 sec were performed for each session for a total of 12 contractions per subject. Repeatability of the estimation of the distribution of IZ was tested by evaluating the coefficient of multiple correlations (CMC) between the IZ distributions estimated from the signals recorded from each subject.ResultsA high repeatability (CMC > 0.8) was found comparing IZ distributions estimated from signals recorded by each array within the same session. A slightly lower value was obtained considering signals recorded during different sessions (CMC > 0.7), but a higher value (CMC > 0.8) was obtained after aligning the estimated IZ distributions. The realignment compensates for the operator's error in repositioning the probe in the same position during different sessions.ConclusionThis result justifies clinical studies using high‐density surface EMG in routine examinations, providing information about IZs of EAS and assessing the possibilities of preventing neuronal trauma during vaginal delivery. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:449–457, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uniform stability analysis of Austin, Manteuffel and McCormick finite elements and fast and robust iterative methods for the Stokes‐like equations
Authors: Lee Young‐Ju 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss uniformly stable discretizations and fast solvers for the steady and semi‐discrete time‐dependent Stokes equations, which will be called the Stokes‐like equations. We study two pairs of conforming finite elements that are uniformly accurate with respect to all relevant parameters in the equations, one of which is the Scott–Vogelius (RAIRO Modél. Math. Anal. Numér. 1985; 19:111–143) element and the other of which is the finite element pair by Austin et al. (Numer. Linear Algebra Appl. 2004; 11:115–140). We prove that the finite element pair by Austin, Manteuffel and McCormick is uniformly accurate and we design and analyze the fast and robust solution techniques for the linear algebraic systems arising from the discretizations of the Stokes‐like equations as well. Our method is based on the augmented Lagrangian Uzawa iterative methods (Augmented Lagrangian Methods. North‐Holland: Amsterdam, 1983) and the multigrid methods designed by Austin et al. (Numer. Linear Algebra Appl. 2004; 11:115–140) for the linear algebraic equations from the discretizations of the differential operator ρ2I−κ2Δ−µ2∇div. We prove our methods are robust with respect to all relevant parameters that appear in the equations and also the mesh size, thereby, achieve the fast and robust methods for the solutions to the Stokes‐like equations. In particular, the convergence analysis for the multigrid methods designed by Austin et al., has been posed as an open question (Numer. Linear Algebra Appl. 2004; 11:115–140), which is resolved in this paper. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decentralization in Kerala: Panchayat government discretion and accountability
Authors: Venugopal Varsha , Yilmaz Serdar 
Published: July 2009

AbstractKerala is regarded as one of the most decentralized states in India. Through a ‘big bang’ approach, Kerala implemented a significant fiscal decentralization program and then built the capacity of its local governments. We employ a diagnostic framework to analyze its local government discretion and accountability in political, administrative and fiscal domains. We find that Kerala's local governments have a very high degree of discretionary power accompanied by a high degree of accountability towards citizens. But the areas of administrative accountability and financial management need to be strengthened. Also there may have been excessive focus and investment on social accountability mechanisms at the cost of local government discretion and formal public sector accountability mechanisms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of sample preparation methods for the analysis of papaya leaf proteins through two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis
Authors: Rodrigues Silas Pessini , Ventura José Aires , Zingali R. B. , Fernandes P. M. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIntroduction – A variety of sample preparation protocols for plant proteomic analysis using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) have been reported. However, they usually have to be adapted and further optimised for the analysis of plant species not previously studied.Objective – This work aimed to evaluate different sample preparation protocols for analysing Carica papaya L. leaf proteins through 2‐DE.Methodology – Four sample preparation methods were tested: (1) phenol extraction and methanol–ammonium acetate precipitation; (2) no precipitation fractionation; and the traditional trichloroacetic acid–acetone precipitation either (3) with or (4) without protein fractionation. The samples were analysed for their compatibility with SDS–PAGE (1‐DE) and 2‐DE. Fifteen selected protein spots were trypsinised and analysed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS/MS), followed by a protein search using the NCBInr database to accurately identify all proteins.Results – Methods number 3 and 4 resulted in large quantities of protein with good 1‐DE separation and were chosen for 2‐DE analysis. However, only the TCA method without fractionation (no. 4) proved to be useful. Spot number and resolution advances were achieved, which included having an additional solubilisation step in the conventional TCA method. Moreover, most of the theoretical and experimental protein molecular weight and pI data had similar values, suggesting good focusing and, most importantly, limited protein degradation.Conclusion – The described sample preparation method allows the proteomic analysis of papaya leaves by 2‐DE and mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS/MS). The methods presented can be a starting point for the optimisation of sample preparation protocols for other plant species. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increase in lipid‐lowering treatment rates among TRICARE beneficiaries: a population‐based study
Authors: Devine Joshua , Linton Andrea , Mistry Harsha , Napier Josh , Trice Shana , Bacon Thomas 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the use of lipid‐lowering treatment (LLT) among patients at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the US Military Health System (MHS).MethodsThe study examined healthcare service and prescription records among beneficiaries ≥18 years for calendar years 2002, 2004, and 2006. Patients were categorized based on cardiovascular (CV) risk, with exposure to LLT defined as one or more prescriptions for lipid‐lowering medication. Logistic regression models estimated odds of treatment in 2004 and 2006 relative to 2002 after adjustment for age, gender, and CV risk.ResultsThe yearly unadjusted population prevalence of LLT increased from 9.3% in 2002 to 14.7% in 2006. Among subjects with the highest CV risk, established coronary artery disease (CAD) or peripheral vascular disease (PVD), those receiving LLT increased from 55% in 2002 to 65% in 2006 (adjusted OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.48, 1.52, p < 0.00). Treatment rates among diabetic patients with no coded CAD or PVD showed the largest relative increase from 47% in 2002 to 66% in 2006 (adjusted OR = 2.30, 95% CI 2.26, 2.332, p < 0.00). LLT growth was lowest among those with only 1 coded CV risk factor (adjusted OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.31, 1.34, p < 0.00).ConclusionsThe MHS experienced a significant increase in LLT among patients at greatest risk for cardiovascular disease. However, treatment may still be underutilized as approximately one‐third of high‐risk patients did not receive lipid‐lowering medication. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Land Redemption Among the Fort Hall Kikuyu
Authors: Simmance A. J. F. 
Published: July 2009

Provision for the redemption of alienated land exists in the customary law of many African tribes. Nor is it confined to Africa. Rattray, in discussing land redemption among the Ashanti, quotes the Levitical law of the Old Testament:“The land shall not be sold for ever for the land is mine … if thy brother be waxen poor and has sold away some of his possessions and if any of his kin come to redeem then shall he redeem that which his brother sold.”
Refugee Movements in Africa and the OAU Convention on Refugees
Authors: Opoku Awuku Emmanuel 
Published: July 2009

“There is no doubt that once, twice or even several times in your life, you have had to stop for a moment in a street or as you enter into a village, to express sorrow over the lot of a man, a woman or a child looking haggard, badly dressed, underfed and not knowing where to go. Then, you were overwhelmed with a feeling of compassion and a sigh of sadness gripping you by the throat. You could not help but felt concerned and said to yourself it was your duty to ‘make a gesture’ thus listening to the dictate of your conscience.”Dr Peter Onu, OAU Assistant Secretary General
La Participation des Facultés et Institutions de Recherche Européennes au Développement Juridique Africain.
Authors: Vanderlinden J. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYThere are two aspects to this subject. On the one hand, one may investigate the background of the students for whom this teaching is intended. Some persons think that one must be concerned with courses aimed principally at Africans who are unable to attend university in their countries of origin; others think that such courses should be open to all who are interested in comparative law and should place African legal systems on the same level as those of the common law countries or Soviet law.On the other hand, experts in this field are divided on the question of the place which African law should occupy in the general structure of university curricula; in some people's view it is useful to distinguish the traditional law from the modern law, associating the former with the social sciences and the latter with law proper. Other specialists think that it is not possible to teach African law without first giving the student a solid grounding in the sociology, politics, and economics of the African continent.
Garanties Constitutionnelles Relatives a L'individu Face à la Justice dans les États D'afrique Francophone
Authors: Verhelst Thierry 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYFrancophone African constitutions generally make provision for fundamental rights. In criminal proceedings, the principle nulla poena sine lege is expressly incorporated in some, but not all, the constitutions. All the constitutions legislate against arbitrary arrest and detention; some legislate against brutality and torture. But these rights are subject to numerous exceptions and limitations.African countries generally distinguish between constitutional provisions and ordinary laws; the former are supreme, and may only be amended by special procedures. Constitutionality of legislation is generally judged in the francophone states by the Supreme Court or a special tribunal (this procedure differs from that in the parent French and Belgian constitutions). Within each Supreme Court there are normally several chambers or divisions: judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation is generally the business of a constitutional chamber of the Supreme Court. There is often a political element in the nomination of the persons to serve on such a special constitutional court.
Oil Spill Compensation Claims in Nigeria: Principles, Guidelines and Criteria
Authors: Adewale Ombolaji 
Published: July 2009

In recent times, compensation arising from oil spills has assumed a significant role in the Nigerian oil industry. The significance stems from the fact that, with petroleum operations spillage is inevitable. Oil spills have various effects on the health of the populace as well as the economic and scenic value of the environment. Thus there is the need to minimise the effect of the occurrence of oil spill. One way of achieving this objective is through compensation. The essence of compensation is to make amends for the loss suffered by the victims. In making these amends, the loss experienced by the victim must be recompensed otherwise the compensation cannot be said to be adequate or equivalent to the compulsory sacrifice.Victims of oil spill have claimed that the compensation paid to them is unreasonable and cannot be said to be recompense for their loss. Oil companies on the other hand claim that the compensation paid to the victims is adequate and that they operate within the parameter approved by the Inspectorate Division of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation or the State Ministry of Lands. Apart from this, many claims made by the communities are not honoured by the oil companies on the grounds that they are spurious and speculative. Even when the claims are genuine the oil companies may not pay if the spillage occurred as a result of acts of sabotage.
The End of Pledges in Ghana?
Authors: Dankwa E. V. O. 
Published: July 2009

A pledge is a customary law transaction where the pledgor (borrower) surrenders possession of his property to the pledgee (creditor) “to hold and use until the debt due is paid, an article borrowed is returned or replaced, or obligation is discharged”. Like other customary transactions, pledges have not remained static: social and economic changes in Ghana as well as statutory intervention (which in itself is generally the result of such changes) have contributed to their development. In some respects, pledges are similar to the common law transaction known as mortgages but there are essential differences between the two. However, now the same law would seem to govern both transactions because by virtue of the Mortgages (Amendment) Decree, 1979 (A.F.R.C.D. 37):Every customary loan transaction in respect of which any farm-land is given
Private Prosecution in Nigeria: Recent Developments and Some Proposals
Authors: Okagbue Isabella 
Published: July 2009

In most modern legal systems the prosecution of offences is conducted by government-employed or appointed officials on behalf of the State. Nevertheless it is generally recognised that private individuals also have an important, if somewhat diminished, role to play in this process. Recent legislation introduced into one of the 21 states of Nigeria has however partially abolished the right of private prosecution except in relation to the offence of perjury. This and the additional controversy surrounding one man's attempts to prosecute two government security agents for the murder of his friend has generated a surge of interest in a topic which has for the most part been largely ignored.This article traces from an historical perspective the role of the private prosecutor in Nigerian traditional society and under its present legal system. An attempt is then made to examine the powers, obligations and importance of the private prosecutor in Nigeria today, and to identify and suggest the checks and balances that are needed to preserve the right of the citizen to seek judicial redress by private prosecution when otherwise justice would be denied.
Human rights and discrimination: Zambia's constitutional amendment, 1996
Authors: Mbao Melvin L. M. 
Published: July 2009

In the leading South African case ofThe Statev.Makwanyane and Mchunu, Ishmail Mohamed, J., (as he then was) with his characteristic eloquence observed that“all Constitutions seek to articulate, with differing degrees of intensity and detail, the shared aspirations of a nation; the values which bind its people, and which discipline its government and its national institutions, the basic premises upon which judicial, legislative and executive power is to be wielded; the Constitutional limits and the conditions upon which that power is to be exercised, the national ethos which defines and regulates that exercise, and the moral and ethical direction which the nation has identified for its future” (at para. 262).
Les Résultats de la Coopération Économique
Authors: Borella François 
Published: July 2009

L'appréciation des résultats de la coopérations économique reléve normalement de la compétence des économistes. Ici, il s'agit de montrer quels résultants juridiques ont été obtenus par la coopération économique inter-africaine.Le juriste est en effet amené; à s'interroger sur ce point afin de savoir si les résultats juridiques obtenus sont de bons moyens d'atteindre un but quiest purement économique.
Euler characteristic of primitiveT-hypersurfaces and maximal surfaces
Authors: Bertrand Benoit 
Published: July 2009

AbstractViro method plays an important role in the study of topology of real algebraic hypersurfaces. TheT-primitive hypersurfaces we study here appear as the result of Viro's combinatorial patchworking when one starts with a primitive triangulation. We show that the Euler characteristic of the real part of such a hypersurface of even dimension is equal to the signature of its complex part. We explain how this can be understood in tropical geometry. We use this result to prove the existence of maximal surfaces in some three-dimensional toric varieties, namely those corresponding to Nakajima polytopes.