bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The chemotherapy of Plasmodium berghei. I. Resistance to drugs
Authors: Thurston June P. 
Published: June 2009

1. Strains of P. berghei resistant to sulphadiazine, pyrimethamine, and methylene blue were produced by treating acute infections with low doses of drug.2. The strain resistant to methylene blue was sensitive to pamaquin, mepacrine, sulphadiazine, proguanil, pyrimethamine, and 2 : 4-diamino-6 : 7-camphano-pteridine.3. The pyrimethamine-resistant strain was cross-resistant to proguanil and its active metabolite CPT, 2 : 4-diamino-6 : 7-camphanopteridine, 2 : 4-diamino-6 : 7-(l′-ethylindolo)-pteridine, and 2 : 4-diamino-5-p-chlorophenylpyrimidine.4. The sulphadiazine-resistant strain was cross-resistant to pyrimethamine, sulphanilamide, proguanil and its active metabolite CPT, 2 : 4-diamino-6 : 7-dinhexylpteridine, and 2 : 4-diamino-6 : 7-diisopropylpteridine. It was as sensitive as the parent strain to quinine, mepacrine, chloroquin, pamaquin, methylene blue, and M 3349.5. The action of sulphadiazine against the sulphadiazine-resistant strain was inhibited by the same doses of p-aminobenzoic acid and folic acid as were required with the parent strain, although the dose of sulphadiazine was increased 30-fold.
The Action of Synthetic Quinoline Compounds on Avian Malaria
Authors: Tate P. , Vincent M. 
Published: June 2009

1. The results of previous workers on the action of plasmoquine on avian malaria, Plasmodium relictum (Grassi and Feletti, 1891), have been confirmed and extended. Sterilisation was obtained in a large proportion of birds (16 out of 33) treated during the normal incubation period.2. Thirteen new synthetic quinoline compounds were found to have antimalarial action.3. Two of these compounds, R 25 = 8-γ-aminopropylamino-6-ethoxy-quinoline and R 36 = 8-γ-anunopropylamino-6-methoxyquinoline, have therapeutic indices of 1: 16, are nearly equal to plasmoquine in potency and resemble it in action.4. A third compound, R 44 = 8-γ-aminopropylamino-6-n-butoxyquino-line, has a therapeutic index of only 1 : 8, but its sterilising action is equal to or greater than plasmoquine, R 25 and R 36.5. The remaining compounds have therapeutic indices of 1 : 8 or 1 : 4 and vary in their sterilising action.6. Experiments are described which show the formation of methaemo-globin in vitro through the action of plasmoquine, R 25 and R 36. In this respect the order of activity of the compounds is R 36, R 25, plasmoquine.
On the Sporocyst and Cercaria of a Marine Distomid Trematode from Nucula
Authors: Jones E. Idris , Rothschild Miriam 
Published: June 2009

The cercaria is liberated from an unbranched sporocyst by the birth-pore. It is spindle-shaped and possesses a bifid tail. It possesses two suckers, a long oesophagus and a forked gut. The excretory vesicle is Y-shaped with two furcal extensions from its stem. The cuticle is unarmed. There is no stylet or cystogenous organ.There is no redia.All stages in the development of the cercaria are found within the sporocyst.
Studies on Crepidostomum metoecus (Braun) and C. farionis (Müller), parasitic in Salmo trutta L. and S. salar L. in Britain
Authors: Thomas J. D. 
Published: June 2009

1. Crepidostomum farionis (Müller, 1784) and C. metoecus (Braun, 1900) were found to occur together in the same host fish, Salmo trutta L., S. salar L. and Anguilla anguilla (L.) in mid-Wales. It is believed that the latter species constituted an accidental host.2. C. metoecus is recorded in Britain for the first time.3. There was some evidence of a habitat isolation in individual fish as C. metoecus occurred predominantly within the pyloric caeca, while C. farionis usually occupied a more posterior station in the intestine.4. A detailed description is given of G. metoecus and the salient features of this species are compared with those of C. farionis.5. The two species of Crepidostomum commonly occurred in large numbers in their fish hosts, individual fish harbouring up to 157 worms. No lesions attributable to Crepidostomum were, however, detected and there was no evidence of pathogenicity.6. It would appear that the eel is physiologically immune to both species of Crepidostomum and that the salmon parr is partially resistant.7. The degree of infestation of trout and parr with both the Crepidostomum species is at a maximum during the winter months and at a minimum in the summer months. This seasonal variation can be attributed to a periodicity in the swarming of the cercariae.8. There is no evidence of age resistance or acquired immunity of the trout to infestation by Crepidostomum species.
The effect of certain inorganic chloride solutions upon the movement of a soil nematode (Rhabditis terrestris Stephenson), and upon its bodily size
Authors: Stephenson William 
Published: June 2009

1. Worms which had been cultured in media of different osmotic pressures were immersed in concentrated solutions of NaCl, KC1, CaCl2 and MgCl2, and the times of cessation of spontaneous movement noted.2. Worms from ‘normal’ cultures were immersed in a single concentration of each of the above solutions (all osmotically equivalent to 0·51 M NaCl) and the shrinkage curves were determined.3. Worms from ‘normal’ cultures were placed in NaCN and KCN solutions and the subsequent shrinkage on immersion in a concentrated balanced salt solution was measured. From these results it is concluded that cyanide decreases the permeability of the body to water, and also that NaCN enters the body more rapidly than KCN.4. It has been shown that the chloride solutions which produce the greatest effect on the movement of the worms produce the least shrinkage and vice versa. From this it is concluded that the substances investigated can be arranged in order of their rates of penetration approximately as follows: NaCl> CaCl2> MgCl2, KCl.5. It is suggested that the results obtained are more easily explained on the assumption that the rates of penetration of the substances used are controlled by the activities of living protoplasm than by the properties of non-living cuticle.
Rhipicephalus humeralis Rondelli 1926
Authors: Walker Jane B. 
Published: June 2009

1. The male of Rhipicephalus humeralis is redescribed and the female and immature stages are described for the first time. The synonymy of the species is discussed and the various stages are compared with those of R. pulchellus.2. Details of the life cycle under laboratory conditions are given.3. The host list and distribution of the species are given.
The response of blood-inoculated and sporozoite-induced infections of Plasmodium relictum to drugs
Authors: Bishop Ann , Birkett Betty , Gilchrist Barbra M. 
Published: June 2009

1. When sporozoite-induced infections of Plasmodium relictum are treated with atebrin (mepacrine) in doses suppressive to blood-inoculated infections, for periods exceeding that of normal incubation, parasites devoid of pigment appear in the erythrocytes of the peripheral blood. A small proportion of these may develop into schizonts, but the number of merozoites produced is fewer than normal.2. A similar phenomenon occurs when quinine is substituted for atebrin, but the drug appears to be excreted more rapidly so that the inhibitive effect upon growth is less marked.3. When plasmoquine is given in the maximum tolerated dose to birds infected with sporozoites, parasites are not seen in the peripheral blood during treatment, though the infection is not sterilized. With smaller doses parasites, including a few small schizonts, are found in the erythrocytes during treatment.4. Merozoites produced in the erythrocytes during drug treatment are not capable of further multiplication when inoculated into uninfected birds having a similar blood-concentration of drug, so long as treatment continues, though they develop normally when transferred to untreated birds.5. No indication of drug resistance has been observed.6. The possible mechanisms by which blood-inoculated infections are eradicated, or resist eradication, are discussed.We wish to thank Miss Vincent (Mrs Thorpe) and Dr Parr Tate for access to their preliminary unpublished experiments, and the latter for helpful criticism.
Nutritional requirements of flea larvae, and their bearing on the specific distribution and host preferences of the three indian species of Xenopsylla (Siphonaptera)
Authors: Sharif M. 
Published: June 2009

The comparative nutritive value of dried horse blood, highly milled wheat flour devoid of bran, a mixed diet of blood and wheat flour and that of blood and yeast for the larvae of Xenopsylla cheopis, X. brasiliensis and X. astia was ascertained experimentally. Pure blood proved inadequate, probably because it is deficient in accessory food factors. The growth of their larvae on wheat flour alone was erratic; only partial success was obtained, and the adults emerged after long and irregular intervals. This I attribute to the association of micro-organisms, possibly fungi, with this food. A mixture of blood and wheat flour quickened their larval development, but it was not a satisfactory larval diet. Blood and yeast form an ideal food for all flea larvae.It is concluded that larval diets, containing blood or wheat proteins and vitamins of the B group, are essential for the successful rearing of these rat-fleas, and that the proper sclerotization of the adult is due to the presence of haemoglobin in the larval food. The available data on the effects of diverse diets on the growth of flea larvae lend strong support to the conclusion that successful development depends on the presence of these vitamins in the food; it also leads me to think that their source in nature may be the association of micro-organisms with the food.The larval food appears to be an important factor that governs the distribution and host preferences of different species of flea. The larvae of X. astia require the most nutritive diet. If a rich larval food is present in a rodent burrow, X. astia flourishes, as in the burrows of Tatera indica and Bandicota malabarica, and even in those of the domestic rats in certain regions. In contrast, the nutritional requirements of the larvae of Xenopsylla cheopis and X. brasiliensis are simple; thus they prosper readily in a burrow of the domestic rat, even where the nutritive value of the larval food is very low. As the temperature tolerance of X. brasiliensis is the lowest, this species is confined to some of the cooler regions.The irregular distribution of the three species of rat-fleas inside India may be related to differences in the nutritional value of the varied organic sub stances found in rat burrows in different plaoes. The fact that the distribution of X. cheopis and X. brasiliensis is wider than that of X. astia is attributed to the ability of the larvae of the first two species to grow better on flour alone; this possibly enables them to survive transport in grain, even without rats, to places far from their original home.
The Life History of Leidynema appendiculata (Leidy), a Nematode of Cockroaches
Authors: Dobrovolny C. G. , Ackert J. E. 
Published: June 2009

1. Of 259 cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) collected at Manhattan, Kansas, 86·3 per cent. were infested with one or two species of oxyurids, Leidynema appendiculata and Hammerschmidtiella diesingi. The highest incidence was among the immature roaches, of which 94·2 per cent. were infested; next was in the adult females with 87·5 per cent. infested; and lastly among the mature males with 79·5 per cent. parasitised. The female roaches carried the heaviest infestations and the young Periplaneta americana the lightest.2. Uninfested cockroaches were obtained by rearing the young from oöthecae.3. Oxyurid eggs in moist chambers remained viable for at least two months. Eggs of all stages when exposed to direct strong artificial or natural light for 15 min. failed to continue development.4. Fertilised eggs incubated at 37° C. in dilute Locke's solution develop to the active embryonated stage in 20–36 hours; in 4–7 days they develop to the resting embryonated stage.5. Regardless of the media utilised eggs failed to hatch in vitro.6. Feeding experiments proved that transmission is direct. Eggs in the resting embryonated stage are infective; those in the active embryonated stage do not appear to be infective.
Researches on the Intestinal Protozoa of Monkeys and Man
Authors: Dobell Clifford 
Published: June 2009

It will be convenient at this point, before proceeding to a more general discussion of the findings, to summarize all the experiments recorded in the eight preceding subsections. Briefly the results are as follows:(i) An attempt to infect a Macacus rhesus by feeding it with Trichomonas isolated from a monkey of the same species failed completely.(ii) Four similar attempts to infect a Macacus sinicus with the same Trichomonas (from M. rhesus) were equally unsuccessful.(iii) Two attempts to infect another M. sinicus by intra-intestinal inoculation with the same flagellate were likewise wholly negative.(iv) One attempt to infect a man per os with the same strain of Trichomonas (from M. rhesus) did not succeed.(v) A strain of Trichomonas from Man, when fed to a Macacus rhesus, produced no infection.(vi) The same strain (T. hominis) fed to a Macacus sinicus likewise failed to infect.(vii) A strain of Trichomonas from Macacus nemestrinus, however, when fed to M. rhesus, gave rise to a temporary infection lasting about a month.(viii) This Trichomonas (from M. nemestrinus, after passage through M. rhesus) produced, nevertheless, a permanent infection—lasting 4½ years to date—when fed to a man.(ix) The same strain of Trichomonas (from M. nemestrinus), after passage through M. rhesus and Man, when fed to a Macacus sinicus gave rise to an infection which endured for approximately 1½ months and then died out. But(x) The very same Trichomonas (which was derived from M. nemestrinus, and which produced a temporary intestinal infection in M. rhesus and M. sinicus, and a permanent intestinal infection in Man) when introduced into the vagina of M. sinicus established itself enduringly as a typical “T. vaginalis.” The infection has now persisted for ome 3⅓ years.(xi) The monkey (M. sinicus) in which a permanent vaginal infection with an intestinal Trichtomonas was established, has probably since reacquired no permanent intestinal infection—despite every natural opportunity for such reinfection.(xii) No macaque suffered any harm whatsoever as a result of inoculation with any strain of Trichomonas–whether successful or unsuccessful.(xiii) The one man successfully infected with Trichomonas (from M. nemestrinus) has likewise remained normal ever since.
The occurrence of a trematode larva in a population of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi)
Authors: Berry A. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. Annual fluctuations in the percentage of L. saxatilis infected by Cercaria ubiquitoides at Whitstable, Kent, are described.2. Females are consistently more frequently parasitized than males.3. At higher shore stations more L. saxatilis are parasitized than at lower shore stations.4. Possible reasons for the above phenomena are discussed together with the relationship between trematode infection and the reproductive activity of L. saxatilis.
Osmotic relations of some metazoan parasites
Authors: Panikkar N. Kesava , Sproston Nora G. 
Published: June 2009

1. The osmotic behaviour of three parasites in normal and experimental media has been studied with a view to understanding the relationship with their hosts.2. Angusticaecum sp., a nematode frpm the intestine of the tortoise, is hypertonic in media of very low concentrations (1·1–1·3 % NaCl in tap water), but becomes isotonic in sea water and slightly hypertonic in 50 % sea water. Ligaturing experiments show that its cuticle is permeable to water and probably to salts.3. Lernaeocera branchialis, a blood-feeding copepod from Gadus spp., is hypotonic to the surrounding sea water so long as it remains attached to its host, its blood showing an osmotic pressure equivalent to 2·O–2·8 % NaCl. Isotonicity with the medium is established when the parasite is excised and kept alive. Hypotonicity of Lernaeocera is probably caused by the low osmotic pressure of the blood of its host (1·443 % NaCl in Gadus pollachius), to which it is permanently attached.4. Bopyrus squillarum, a blood-sucking isopod from Leander serratus, is isotonic or slightly hypotonic to sea water, the tendency towards hypotonicity being probably the result of the hypotonic nature of the blood of the host.5. The osmotic properties of Lerpaeocera and Bopyrus would suggest their ability to survive in dilute sea water, a fact which is supported by their occurrence on hosts living in inshore or estuarine habitats.
On the life history and the biology of the rat-flea, Nosopsyllus fasciatus (Bosc.)
Authors: Sharif M. 
Published: June 2009

A brief summary of previous work done on the life history and the biology of fleas is given. The duration of various well-defined periods during the course of metamorphosis of the flea at temperature 23° C. and 90 per cent relative humidity is recorded.It is experimentally proved that blood, although the most important part of the nutritional requirements of the flea larvae, is by itself not sufficient for their normal and successful development. The flea larvae require an additional food which in nature is supplied by the organic refuse present in the bed of the host of the adult fleas.Experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional value of different constituents of the blood and it was found that the fibrin has no nutritive value to the flea larvae, while the serum and red corpuscles have equal nutritive value. Lagging larvae are the result of some deficiency in the food. The serum possesses all the essential proteins for the normal development of flea larvae but lack of the required amount of iron in it increases the percentage of mortality and delays the development. On the other hand the red corpuscles or haemoglobin, though rich in proteins containing iron but on account of the poverty of some other proteins necessary for the normal development prolong the development and increase the percentage of mortality. It was further experimentally proved that flea larvae require blood for their development in order to obtain the necessary supply of iron for their normal growth. The denatured proteins of the blood and its constituents have no nutritive value for the flea larvae.
Herpetomonas ludwigi (Kramář, 1950) n.comb., the trypanosomatid parasite of cranefly larvae (Diptera, Tipulidae)
Authors: Vickerman Keith 
Published: June 2009

1. Herpetomonas ludwigi was found in 5–6% of larvae of Tipula paludosa in two out of three populations examined.2. The developmental cycle is confined to the enteric caeca of the host. From a study of smears and sections of these organs it was concluded that the life cycle was composed of the following stages:(a) A long-flagellated leptomonad stage which is short-lived and probably represents the form in which the flagellate enters the caeca from the mid-gut lumen; (b) a haptomonad or attached form in which the flagellum is short or absent: this probably represents the growth phase of the organism; (c) a crithidial phase which arises by a series of divisions from the haptomonad; (d) a small trypaniform stage which breaks free and lives in the lumen of the caecum; (e) a precystic flagellate; and (f) a small, thick-walled cyst.3. This species is characterized by its restriction to the enteric caeca and the short duration of free swimming as opposed to attached stages in the life history. This second feature is a corollary of the first. The periodic contraction of the enteric caeca makes attachment obligatory throughout the growth and division stages. These contractions also serve to void cysts into the mid-gut whence they leave the larva with its dejecta to infect other larvae.
Further notes on Trichogramma semblidis
Authors: Salt George 
Published: June 2009

1. Several behaviouristic and physiological differences distinguish the two species Trichogramma semblidis and T. evanescens (tabulated on p. 514).2. There are no true intermediates between the two forms of the male T. semblidis, but intermediate types are simulated by degenerate individuals of small size produced by starvation.3. Among 1740 males reared from eggs of Sialis and 1847 reared from eggs of moths, there were only nineteen exceptions to the rule that the apterous form emerges from the former and the winged form from the latter.4. The ability of T. semblidis to produce its apterous male can remain latent through as many as sixty-four generations reared on Sitotroga and yet find its full expression immediately when the parasite is reared on Sialis.5. Several other species of Neuroptera have been parasitized, but Sialis lutaria remains the only known host that regularly elicits the apterous form.6. T. semblidis is capable of arrhenotokous parthenogenesis. The statement that the species includes thelytokous strains requires corroboration.
Morphological and taxonomic studies on mammalian trypanosomes
Authors: Hoare Cecil A. , Bennett S. C. J. 
Published: June 2009

An account is given of the spontaneous occurrence in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan of strains of the camel trypanosome, Trypanosoma evansi, devoid of kinetonuclei.These cases, of which four are recorded, were observed in widely separated localities within the enzootic area of camel trypanosomiasis.A critical review is given of the question of “akinetonucleate” trypanosomes in general—in strains produced experimentally and in those occurring spontaneously—with special reference to their mode of origin and their significance in the production of new races.The prevalence of “akinetonucleate” forms in normal strains of trypanosomes has been estimated in the case of a number of species and races hitherto not examined from this point of view, all the existing data being brought together in tabular form.While the factors causing the appearance of “akinetonucleate” individuals and strains under natural conditions could not be ascertained, irregular division of the trypanosomes is held to be mainly responsible for the elimination of the kinetonucleus and for the persistence of the aberrant condition.
Studies on Trypanosoma avium Danilewsky 1885 II. Transmission by Ornithomyia avicularia L
Authors: Baker J. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. It is shown that Ornithomyia avicularia L. (Diptera, Hippoboscidae) is a vector of Trypanosoma avium in this country.2. The metacyclic trypanosomes develop in the insect's hind-gut, and infect birds by penetrating the membranes of buccal cavity and/or oesophagus and crop.3. The opportunity for infection to take place occurs when birds ingest infected insects.4. The significance of this finding in connexion with other reports of (a) vectors of avian trypanosomes, and (b) trypanosomes transmitted by hippoboscids, is discussed.5. Attempts to obtain development of T. avium in a few nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus and one adult Culex molestus, failed. Mites from an infected bird were examined for the presence of flagellates, with negative results.
On the behaviour of pigeon louse, Columbicola columbae Linn. (Mallophaga)
Authors: Rakshpal R. 
Published: June 2009

The reactions of the pigeon louse Columbicola columbae to temperature, smell and contact have been tested in a circular, glass-walled arena divided into two halves. The thermopreferendum has been found to be between 33 and 36° C, and higher temperatures are more strongly avoided than lower ones. The louse prefers cloth that has been in contact with pigeon feathers to clean cloth. Kerosene serves as a repellant. When the louse is offered different surfaces, namely, glazed paper, tin foil, blotting paper, unglazed paper, voile, silk or wool, the woollen surface is preferred most.Three mechanisms of orientation, klinotaxis, klinokinesis and orthokinesis appear to contribute to the normal behaviour of the louse. Under certain conditions negative orthokinesis also affects the behaviour.Comparison of the behaviour of the pigeon louse and human louse has shown that in many respects their behaviour is similar and that their thermopreferendum depends on the body temperatures of their respective hosts.