bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of a School-Based Deworming Campaign in Rural Kenya
Authors: Peterson Laura S. , Ondiek Michael , Oludhe Denis O. , Naul Brett A. , Vermund Sten H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn 2007, the rate of intestinal helminth infection in primary school-aged children in a rural village in Southwestern Kenya was estimated to be at least 68%, based on direct stool smear. Since the 2007 survey, these same school children have been treated with 400-mg albendazole every 3 months. We repeated a cross-sectional stool survey in the same area in 2010 (i.e. 3 years later) to estimate the current parasite prevalence. While only 44.5% of children were infected in 2010, the decline was not as marked as one might expect from a well-managed quarterly deworming campaign. Due to the relative insensitivity of the technique utilized here—the direct smear examination of a single stool sample—we were only able to identify heavy infections, and the true rate of parasitism is likely much higher, suggesting heavy environmental contamination and rapid re-infection rates. Community education and sanitation improvements are needed for more definitive impact.
The incidence and outcomes of fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a UK national study using three data sources
Authors: Knight Marian , Pierce Matthias , Allen Dave , Kurinczuk Jennifer J , Spark Patsy , Roberts David J , Murphy Michael F 
Published: January 2011

SummaryFetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FMAIT) is the most common cause of severe neonatal thrombocytopenia in otherwise well, term infants. First pregnancies are often severely affected. This descriptive, population‐based national study was undertaken in order to inform the case for antenatal screening. Cases were identified using three sources and capture‐recapture techniques used to generate a robust incidence estimate. One hundred and seventy three cases were identified between October 2006 and September 2008. An extra 20 cases were estimated from capture‐recapture analysis, giving an estimated incidence of clinically detected FMAIT of 12·4 cases per 100 000 total births (95%confidence interval: 10·7, 14·3). Fifty‐two cases (30%) were known at the start of pregnancy; 120 (70%) were unknown (n = 115) or unrecognized (n = 5). Unknown cases were more likely to experience a haemorrhagic complication (67% vs. 5%) (P < 0·001) and more likely to have an intracranial haemorrhage (20% vs. 4%) (P = 0·014) than known cases receiving antenatal management. In view of the incidence of severe disease identified, further assessment of the case for antenatal screening is important. There were a number of cases in which the significance of a history of FMAIT in a previous sibling was not recognized and there is a need to raise awareness of the importance of this diagnosis.
Morphological analysis of circulating tumour cells in patients undergoing surgery for non‐small cell lung carcinoma using the isolation by size of epithelial tumour cell (ISET) method
Authors: Hofman V. , Long E. , Ilie M. , Bonnetaud C. , Vignaud J. M. , Fléjou J. F. , Lantuejoul S. , Piaton E. , Mourad N. , Butori C. , Selva E. , Marquette C. H. , Poudenx M. , Sibon S. , Kelhef S. , Vénissac N. , Jais J. P. , Mouroux J. , Molina T. J. , Vielh P. , Hofman P. 
Published: January 2011

V. Hofman, E. Long, M. Ilie, C. Bonnetaud, J. M. Vignaud, J. F. Fléjou, S. Lantuejoul, E. Piaton, N. Mourad, C. Butori, E. Selva, C. H. Marquette, M. Poudenx, S. Sibon, S. Kelhef, N. Vénissac, J. P. Jais, J. Mouroux, T. J. Molina, P. Vielh and P. Hofman  Morphological analysis of circulating tumour cells in patients undergoing surgery for non‐small cell lung carcinoma using the isolation by size of epithelial tumour cell (ISET) methodBackground and objective:  Recurrence rates after surgery for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) range from 25 to 50% and 5‐year survival is only 60–70%. Because no biomarkers are predictive of recurrence or the onset of metastasis, pathological TNM (pTNM) staging is currently the best prognostic factor. Consequently, the preoperative detection of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) might be useful in tailoring therapy. The aim of this study was to characterize morphologically any circulating non‐haematological cells (CNHCs) in patients undergoing surgery for NSCLC using the isolation by size of epithelial tumour cell (ISET) method.Methods:  Of 299 blood samples tested, 250 were from patients with resectable NSCLC and 59 from healthy controls. The presence of CNHCs was assessed blindly and independently by 10 cytopathologists on May‐Grünwald–Giemsa stained filters and the cells classified into three groups: (i) malignant cells, (ii) uncertain malignant cells, and (iii) benign cells. We assessed interobserver agreement using Kappa (κ) analysis as the measure of agreement.Results:  A total of 123 out of 250 (49%) patients showed CNHCs corresponding to malignant, uncertain malignant and benign cells, in 102/250 (41%), 15/250 (6%) and 6/250 (2%) cases, respectively. No CNHCs were detected in the blood of healthy subjects. Interobserver diagnostic variability was absent for CNHCs, low for malignant cells and limited for uncertain malignant and benign cells.Conclusion:  Identification of CTCs in resectable NSCLC patients, using ISET technology and according to cytopathological criteria of malignancy, appears to be a new and promising field of cytopathology with potential relevance to lung oncology.
Addressing challenges when studying mobile or episodic species: hierarchical Bayes estimation of occupancy and use
Authors: Mordecai Rua S. , Mattsson Brady J. , Tzilkowski Caleb J. , Cooper Robert J. 
Published: January 2011

Summary1. Understanding the distribution and ecology of episodic or mobile species requires us to address multiple potential biases, including spatial clustering of survey locations, imperfect detectability and partial availability for detection. These challenges have been addressed individually by previous modelling approaches, but there is currently no extension of the occupancy modelling framework that accounts for all three problems while estimating occupancy (ψ), availability for detection (i.e. use; θ) and detectability (P).2. We describe a hierarchical Bayes multi‐scale occupancy model that simultaneously estimates site occupancy, use, and detectability, while accounting for spatial dependence through a state‐space approach based on repeated samples at multiple spatial or temporal scales. As an example application, we analyse the spatiotemporal distribution of the Louisiana waterthrush Seiurus motacilla with respect to catchment size and availability of potential prey based on data collected along Appalachian streams of southern West Virginia, USA. In spring 2009, single observers recorded detections of Louisiana waterthrush (henceforth, waterthrush) within 75 m of point‐count stations (i.e. sites) during four 5‐min surveys per site, with each survey broken into 1‐min intervals.3. Waterthrushes were widely distributed (ψ range: 0·6–1·0) and were regularly using (θ range: 0·4–0·6) count circles along forested mountain streams. While accounting for detection biases and spatial dependence among nearby sampling sites, waterthrushes became more common as catchment area increased, and they became more available for detection as the per cent of the benthic macroinvertebrates that were of the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera or Trichoptera (EPT) increased. These results lend some support to the hypothesis that waterthrushes are influenced by instream conditions as mediated by watershed size and benthic macroinvertebrate community composition.4.
Synthesis and applications. Although several available modelling techniques provide estimates of occupancy at one scale, hierarchical Bayes multi‐scale occupancy modelling provides estimates of distribution at two scales simultaneously while accounting for detection biases and spatial dependencies. Hierarchical Bayes multi‐scale occupancy models therefore hold significant potential for addressing complex conservation threats that operate at a landscape scale (e.g. climate change) and probably influence species distributions over multiple scales.
Isometric biomass partitioning pattern in forest ecosystems: evidence from temporal observations during stand development
Authors: Yang Yuanhe , Luo Yiqi 
Published: January 2011

Summary 1. Knowledge of biomass partitioning is essential for estimating spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of root biomass in terrestrial ecosystems. The isometric hypothesis predicts that aboveground biomass scales isometrically with belowground biomass across both individual plants and community types (i.e. the slope of the log–log relationship between above‐ and belowground biomass is not significantly different from 1.0), and that the isometric pattern is independent of variation in environmental conditions. However, current evidence primarily comes from observations over space. It is still unknown whether biomass partitioning patterns occurring over time are similar to those observed over space. 2. In this study, we explored biomass partitioning patterns in forest ecosystems over space and time by synthesizing biomass measurements made in 112 stands extracted from 16 age sequences around the world. We characterized biomass partitioning patterns in forest ecosystems using both root: shoot ratio and the relationship between above‐ and belowground biomass. Data across various individual studies were organized to reflect biomass partitioning patterns over space, while data within each individual study were used to illustrate biomass allocation patterns over time. 3. Our results showed that root:shoot ratio did not exhibit any significant trend with stand age over space. Similarly, root:shoot ratio remained relatively constant over time in 10 out of 16 age sequences. 4. Reduced major axis analysis indicated that the slope of the log–log relationship between above‐ and belowground biomass did not reveal a significant difference from 1.0 over space, supporting the isometric hypothesis. Likewise, the slope was not statistically different from 1.0 in 10 out of 16 age sequences, nor did it show any significant change with climatic factors and stand age. Thus, the isometric hypothesis also most probably holds true during forest stand development. 5. Synthesis. Our results demonstrate that biomass partitioning patterns occurring over time are consistent with those observed over space, suggesting that belowground biomass dynamics in forest ecosystems may be reliably estimated from aboveground biomass using biomass partitioning patterns generated over space.
Misprescription of antibiotics in primary care: a critical systematic review of its determinants
Authors: Lopez‐Vazquez Paula , Vazquez‐Lago Juan M. , Figueiras Adolfo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground  Antibiotic resistance is one of the principal public health problems worldwide. Currently, inappropriate use of antibiotics is regarded as the principal determinant of resistance, with most of these drugs being prescribed outside a hospital setting. This systematic review sought to identify the factors, attitudes and knowledge linked to misprescription of antibiotics.Methods  A systematic review was conducted using the MEDLINE‐PubMed and EMBASE databases. The selection criteria required that papers: (1) be published in English or Spanish; (2) designate their objective as that of addressing attitudes/knowledge or other factors related with the prescribing of antibiotics; and (3) use quality and/or quantity indicators to define misprescription. The following were excluded: any paper that used qualitative methodology and any paper that included descriptive analysis only.Results  A total of 46 papers that met the inclusion criteria were included in the review. They were very heterogeneous and displayed major methodological limitations. Doctors' socio‐demographic and personal factors did not appear to exert much influence. Complacency (fulfilling what professionals perceived as being patients'/parents' expectations) and, to a lesser extent, fear (fear of possible complications in the patient) were the attitudes associated with misprescription of antibiotics.Conclusions  Before designing interventions aimed at improving the prescription and use of antibiotics, studies are needed to identify precisely which factors influence prescribing.
Incidence and preventability of adverse events requiring intensive care admission: a systematic review
Authors: Vlayen Annemie , Verelst Sandra , Bekkering Geertruida E , Schrooten Ward , Hellings Johan , Claes Neree 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives Adverse events are unintended patient injuries or complications that arise from health care management resulting in death, disability or prolonged hospital stay. Adverse events that require critical care are a considerable financial burden to the health care system, but also their global impact on patients and society is probably underestimated. The objectives of this systematic review were to synthesize the best available evidence regarding the estimates of the incidence and preventability of adverse events that necessitate intensive care admission, to determine the type and consequences [mortality, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay and costs] of these adverse events.Methods MEDLINE (from 1966 to present), EMBASE (from 1974 to present) and CENTRAL (version 1‐2010) were searched for studies reporting on unplanned admissions on ICUs. Several other sources were searched for additional studies. Only quantitative studies that used chart review for the detection of adverse events requiring intensive care admission were considered for eligibility. For the purposes of this systematic review, ICUs were defined as specialized hospital facilities which provide continuous monitoring and intensive care for acutely ill patients. Studies that were published in the English, Dutch, German, French or Spanish language were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies.Results A total of 27 studies were reviewed. Meta‐analysis of the data was not appropriate because of methodological and statistical heterogeneity between studies; therefore, results are presented in a descriptive way. The percentage of surgical and medical adverse events that required ICU admission ranged from 1.1% to 37.2%. ICU readmissions varied from 0% to 18.3%. Preventability of the adverse events varied from 17% to 76.5%. Preventable adverse events are further synthesized by type of event. Consequences of the adverse events included a mean length of ICU stay that ranged from 1.5 days to 10.4 days for the patient's first stay in ICU and mortality percentages between 0% and 58%.Conclusions Adverse events are an important reason for (re)admission to the ICU and a considerable proportion of these are preventable. It was not possible to estimate an overall incidence and preventability rate of these events as we found considerable heterogeneity. To decrease adverse events that necessitate ICU admission, several systems are recommended such as early detection of patients with clinical instability on general wards and the implementation of rapid response teams. Step‐down or intermediate care units could be a useful strategy for patients who require monitoring to avoid ICU readmissions. However, the effectiveness of such systems needs to be investigated.
Quality of care for individuals with osteoarthritis: a longitudinal study
Authors: McHugh Gretl A. , Campbell Malcolm , Luker Karen A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectives  The objectives of this paper were to investigate quality of care for individuals with osteoarthritis (OA) and to determine if those most in need had the outcome of a total joint replacement (TJR). Key quality indicators were involvement in treatment decisions, appropriate information provision and outcomes of care.Methods  A longitudinal study was conducted on individuals newly referred to an orthopaedic specialist at one hospital in North West England. A total of 268 participants were recruited consecutively and followed up at 3, 6 and 12 months. Validated measurement tools such as, a Visual Analogue Scale for pain and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) assessed pain and physical functioning. Mean scores on the outcome measures were estimated and plotted over time by joint affected and whether or not the participant had a TJR by 12 months.Results  Most participants (82%) felt that they were involved in the decision about their care, although 21% reported that they had not received a diagnosis of OA. Information was not provided on OA, pain management and exercise to 58%, 65% and 57% of participants, respectively. However, 98% of the 109 having a TJR reported receiving information about the procedure. Among the 118 known not to have had a TJR, pain and physical functioning remained relatively stable over time.Conclusion  It appears that patients with the most severe symptoms of pain and physical functioning were selected for TJR. However, care for individuals with OA could be improved by providing standard information on OA in general and pain management and exercise. In particular, effective strategies for the implementation of the research evidence and guidelines are required to improve quality of care.
‘How do you know what Aunt Martha looks like?’ A video elicitation study exploring tacit clues in doctor–patient interactions
Authors: Henry Stephen G. , Forman Jane H. , Fetters Michael D. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Rationale and objectives  Theory suggests that tacit clues inform clinical judgements, but the prevalence and role of tacit clues during clinical interactions is unknown. This study explored whether doctors and patients identify information likely to be tacit clues or judgements based on tacit clues during health maintenance examinations.
Methods  Qualitative analysis of video elicitation interview transcripts involving 18 community‐based primary care doctors and 36 patients. Outcomes were description and analysis of tacit clues and judgements based on tacit clues mentioned by participants.
Results  A total of 57 references to tacit clues and 53 references to judgements based on tacit clues were identified from patient and doctor transcripts. Non‐verbal behaviours comprised the most common category of tacit clues (53% of doctor comments; 42% of patient comments). Patients mostly discussed judgements based on tacit clues that related to the doctor–patient relationship. Doctors discussed actively using non‐verbal behaviours to provide patients with tacit clues about the doctor–patient relationship. They also mentioned tacit clues that informed medical judgements and decision making. Gestalt judgements based on tacit clues were common (33% of doctor comments). Several participants identified instances in which they had difficulty articulating their rationale for specific judgements. Doctors varied widely in how frequently they mentioned tacit clues.
Conclusion  During video elicitation interviews, patients and doctors identified tacit clues and judgements based on these clues as playing a role during health maintenance examinations. Future research should further elucidate the role of tacit clues in medical judgements and doctor–patient relationships.
Incidence and risk factors of hospital falls on long‐term care wards in Japan
Authors: Tanaka Buichi , Sakuma Mio , Ohtani Masae , Toshiro Jinichi , Matsumura Tadashi , Morimoto Takeshi 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRationale, aims and objective  Falls among hospitalized patients are an important patient safety issue. In particular, the incidence of falls and risk of related injuries among the elderly are particularly high. Because the epidemiology of falls is not well scrutinized in Japanese long‐term care wards, we evaluated the incidence and risk factors of falls in this setting.Methods  A prospective cohort study was conducted on long‐term care wards with 160 beds in a general hospital in Japan. All patients admitted to the wards over 25 months were enrolled and followed until discharge. The baseline characteristics and incidences of falls were measured.Results  We enrolled 2973 patients with a mean age of 74 years, and median length of stay was 36 days. During the study period, 657 falls occurred in 411 (14%) patients. The incidence of falls was 3.8 per 1000 patient‐days, and by 15 and 30 days after admission to the ward, 7.3% and 11.4% of patients, respectively, had fallen. Independent risk factors related to falls during hospitalization were advanced age [≥70 years, hazard ratio (HR) 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–2.0], history of falls (HR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.5), frequent urination (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–1.8) and requirement for toileting assistance (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.8). Among patients who fell during the study period, 23% sustained an injury.Conclusions  Many patients on long‐term care wards in Japan were elderly and experienced falls during their hospital stay, with consequent injuries. Taking into account the risk factors identified, we need to devise effective strategies to prevent falls and related injuries.
Effects of limited concentrate feeding on growth and blood and serum variables, and on nutrient digestibility and gene expression of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes in dairy calves
Authors: Lohakare J. D. , van de Sand H. , Gerlach K. , Hosseini A. , Mielenz M. , Sauerwein H. , Pries M. , Südekum K.‐H. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThis study elucidated the effects of limited concentrate feeding on growth, nutrient digestibility, blood profile and gene expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver of dairy calves. The study utilized 36 German Holstein dairy calves (5–7 days of age) divided into two groups of 18 calves each for 150 days. Control group calves received 2 kg/(calf × day) of concentrate, whereas calves in the restricted group received only 1 kg/(calf × day). Good quality forage (mixture of maize and grass silages) was available forad libitumconsumption to both groups. The intake of milk replacer before weaning, and of concentrate were recorded daily per calf; however, the consumption of forages was quantified as daily average of the group. Body weights (BW) were recorded at start and on days 35, 70, 112 and 150. Blood and serum samples and spot urinary and faecal samples were also collected at similar time points. On days 70 and 150, liver biopsies were collected from seven animals in each group. The BW was not different between the groups at all times. Total BW gain in the control group was 124 kg as opposed to 111 kg in restricted group that led to average BW gain of 827 g/day and 739 g/day in respective groups, and the differences were significant (p = 0.018). As planned, the control group had higher concentrate and lower forage intake than the restricted group. The blood haemoglobin, haematocrit and serum variables (glucose, total protein, albumin and urea) were within the normal range in both groups, but serum glucose was higher (p < 0.05) in control than in restricted group at 70 days. There was no difference between groups in organic matter (OM) digestibility which declined (p < 0.001) with increasing age in both groups. Microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis estimated from urinary allantoin excretion increased (p < 0.001) in both groups with increasing age but was not different between groups. The mRNA expressions for the gluconeogenic enzymes, cytosolic and mitochondrial phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) and pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) measured by quantitative real‐time PCR in liver biopsies showed no differences between groups. Overall, restricting concentrate moderately reduced the growth intensity without affecting the normal serum and blood indices, and MCP synthesis and OM digestibility showed no differences between groups, indicating that both concentrate feeding schemes can be successfully applied.