bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processing and Elastic Property Characterization of Porous SiC Preform for Interpenetrating Metal/Ceramic Composites
Authors: Roy Siddhartha , Schell Karl Günter , Bucharsky Ethel Claudia , Hettich Pascal , Dietrich Stefan , Weidenmann Kay André , Wanner Alexander , Hoffmann Michael J. 
Published: July 2012

Silicon carbide reinforced aluminum alloy matrix composites offer excellent thermo‐mechanical properties and are thus attractive for applications limited by thermal stresses. Open porous silicon carbide preforms are fabricated in this work using polymer wax as pore formers. Two different waxes with different particle size were used to fabricate preforms with different pore structures. Wax content was varied to introduce open porosities up to 64 vol%. Structural characterization was carried out using scanning electron microscopy and micro computed tomography, whereas ultrasound phase spectroscopy was used to determine three longitudinal and three shear elastic constants. The amount of porosity increases with the amount of total wax used. Uniaxial pressing prior to isostatic pressing flattens the pores and as a result the preforms behave transverse isotropically with respect to the press direction. For the same total wax content, while the mixture ratio of two waxes has a minor influence on total porosity, the mixture ratio strongly influences the elastic constants. Optimum elastic constants along all directions are obtained with a mixture of two wax types with a higher content of the larger wax particles.
Synthetic Coal Slag Infiltration into Varying Refractory Materials
Authors: Kaneko Tetsuya K. , Thomas Hugh , Bennett James P. , Sridhar Seetharaman 
Published: July 2012

The infiltrations of synthetic coal slag into 99%Al2O3, 85%Al2O3–15%SiO2, and 90%Cr2O3–10%Al2O3 refractories with a temperature gradient induced along the penetration direction were compared to one another. The infiltrating slag was synthesized with a composition that is representative of an average of the ash contents from U S coal feedstock. Experiments were conducted with a hot‐face temperature of 1450°C in a CO/CO2 atmosphere. Minimal penetration was observed in the 90%Cr2O3–10%Al2O3 material because interactions between the refractory and the slag produced a protective layer of FeCr2O4, which impeded slag flow into the bulk of the refractory. After 5 h, the 99%Al2O3 sample exhibited an average penetration of 12.7 mm whereas the 85%Al2O3–15%SiO2 sample showed 3.8 mm. Slag infiltrated into the 99%Al2O3 and 85%Al2O3–15%SiO2 refractory systems by dissolving the respective refractories' matrix materials, which consist of fine Al2O3 particles and an amorphous alumino‐silicate phase. Due to enrichment in SiO2, a network‐former, infiltration into the 85%Al2O3–15%SiO2 system yielded a higher viscosity slag and hence, a shallower penetration depth. The results suggest that slag infiltration can be limited by interactions with the refractory through the formation of either a solid layer that physically impedes fluid flow or a more viscous slag that retards infiltration.
Large Strain Response in <001> Textured 0.79BNT–0.20BKT–0.01NKN Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Ceramics
Authors: Ye Chenggen , Hao Jigong , Shen Bo , Zhai Jiwei 
Published: July 2012

Templated grain growth (TGG) method was applied to fabricate textured lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics 0.79Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.20Bi0.5K0.5TiO3–0.01Na0.5K0.5NbO3 (0.79BNT–0.20BKT–0.01NKN) using plate‐like Bi4Ti3O12 (BiT) grains, to improve its performances. Relationships between degree of orientation, microstructure, and piezoelectric properties of the textured ceramics were studied. Results showed that dense, c‐axis (00l) textured 0.79BNT–0.20BKT–0.01NKN ceramics, with brick wall cross‐sectional microstructures and strip‐like grains aligned parallel to the tape casting direction, were obtained using this method. The highest degree of orientation (Lotgering factor f = 94%) was achieved in samples with template content of 20 wt%. However, these samples did not exhibit enhanced strain response due to the composition deviation induced by the interdiffusion of BiT into the matrix composition. Instead, maximum strain value of 0.45% was observed in the textured sample with 5 wt% template, which was 50% higher than that of random ceramics and comparable with some PZT‐based anti‐ferroelectric ceramics, suggesting the textured ceramics could be a very promising lead‐free piezoelectric material for application in electromechanical devices.
Analyzing Forensic Evidence Based on Density with Magnetic Levitation
Authors: Lockett Matthew R. , Mirica Katherine A. , Mace Charles R. , Blackledge Robert D. , Whitesides George M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper describes a method for determining the density of contact trace objects with magnetic levitation (MagLev). MagLev measurements accurately determine the density (±0.0002 g/cm3) of a diamagnetic object and are compatible with objects that are nonuniform in shape and size. The MagLev device (composed of two permanent magnets with like poles facing) and the method described provide a means of accurately determining the density of trace objects. This method is inexpensive, rapid, and verifiable and provides numerical values—independent of the specific apparatus or analyst—that correspond to the absolute density of the sample that may be entered into a searchable database. We discuss the feasibility of MagLev as a possible means of characterizing forensic‐related evidence and demonstrate the ability of MagLev to (i) determine the density of samples of glitter and gunpowder, (ii) separate glitter particles of different densities, and (iii) determine the density of a glitter sample that was removed from a complex sample matrix.
Identification of a Tooth‐Like Foreign Body in Swine Sausage
Authors: Dias Paulo Eduardo Miamoto , Beaini Thiago Leite , Melani Rodolfo Francisco Haltenhoff 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA tooth‐like foreign body (FB) was found inside a sausage bread. Analysis aimed to investigate whether the FB was a tooth and its origin. The FB was measured, weighed, photographed, and radiographed. Macroscopic findings were suggestive of an anterior tooth. Histological slides of undecalcified cross‐sections of the FB and samples of human and swine teeth were prepared. Histological features of the FB (in light microscopy, 125× magnification) were discrepant from human tissues. Compared histological analysis displayed majority of features consistent with a hypsodont swine tooth, probably a canine. Cellularized cementum in crown region, adjacent to the enamel, and shape of the cementocytes were the main criteria excluding the possibility of human origin of the FB. Scanning electronic microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy were not performed because of fewer features to be analyzed and FB size. It was concluded that the FB may have been incorporated during meat grinding of the sausage.
Factors affecting dam passage and upstream distribution of adult Pacific lamprey in the interior Columbia River basin
Authors: Keefer Matthew L. , Boggs Charles T. , Peery Christopher A. , Caudill Christopher C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractLow dam passage rates of adult Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) during upstream spawning migration have been implicated in the species' steep decline in the interior Columbia River basin. In this 2000–2010 study, we used radiotelemetry to evaluate potential predictors of lamprey passage success at McNary Dam, located ~469 river kilometres (rkm) from the Pacific Ocean. The tagged population included 276 lampreys collected at McNary Dam and 53 collected at Bonneville Dam (rkm 235) that migrated to McNary Dam. McNary Dam passage efficiency was similar for the two samples, with multiyear estimates of 0.65 and 0.75, respectively. Larger‐bodied lampreys and those with earlier migration timing were more likely to return to McNary Dam after release, to pass the dam and to be detected upstream from McNary reservoir. Far more lampreys entered the upper Columbia River than the Snake River, suggesting that environmental cues (e.g., water discharge, temperature) or conspecific cues (e.g., pheromone concentrations) affect lamprey distribution above this large confluence. Overall, results indicate that Pacific lamprey passage success at barriers depends on a combination of individual lamprey traits plus seasonal and site‐specific effects on behaviour.
Periodontal healing complications following concussion and subluxation injuries in the permanent dentition: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Hermann Nuno Vibe , Lauridsen Eva , Ahrensburg Søren Steno , Gerds Thomas Alexander , Andreasen Jens Ove 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of the study was to analyze the risk of periodontal ligament (PDL) healing complications following concussion and subluxation injuries in the permanent dentition.Material and methodA total 469 permanent teeth (358 patients) with concussion and 404 permanent teeth with subluxation were included in the study. All teeth were examined according to a standardized protocol including clinical, photographic, and radiographic registration. Statistics: The risk of repair‐related resorption (surface resorption), infection‐related resorption (inflammatory resorption), replacement‐related resorption (ankylosis), marginal bone loss, and tooth loss were analyzed with the Kaplan–Meier method.ResultsConcussion: In teeth with immature root development, no healing complications were observed. For teeth with mature root development, the risk of repair related resorption after 3 years was 3.2% (95% CI: 0.3–6.0%) and occurred only in cases where several teeth were injured simultaneously (multiple‐trauma cases). The risk of marginal bone loss in teeth with mature root development was 0.7% (95% CI: 0–1.6%). Infection‐related resorption, replacement resorption, and tooth loss were not observed among teeth with concussion. Subluxation: In teeth with immature root development, the risk of infection‐related resorption after 3 years was 1.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0–3.8%]. Infection‐related resorption occurred significantly more often in teeth with concomitant crown fracture (P = 0.004). For teeth with mature root development, the risk of periodontal healing complications after 3 years was: repair‐related resorption, 3.6% (95% CI: 0–7.6%); infection‐related resorption, 0.6% (95% CI: 0–1.7%); replacement‐related resorption, 0.6% (95% CI: 0–1.7%); and marginal bone loss, 0.6% (95% CI: 0–1.7%). No teeth were lost in the observation period.ConclusionThe risk of periodontal healing complications after concussion as well as subluxation injuries in permanent teeth is very low.
Epigenetic alterations related to early-life stressful events
Authors: Ventura-Junca Raúl , Herrera Luisa M. 
Published: July 2012

Objective: Early stress events severely impact brain and behaviour. From a neurobiological point of view early stress influences neuroanatomical structures and is associated with a dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The objective of this article is to review the epigenetic alterations implicated in brain adaptation to early stress events.Method: A review of empirical research of epigenetic alterations associated to early stress events was performed.Results: Neuroanatomic and epigenetic alterations have been observed after early stress events. Epigenetics alterations include DNA methylation, histones modifications and microRNA (miRNA) expression. The most studied is largely the former, affecting genes involved in neuroendocrine, neurotransmission and neuroplasticity regulation after early stress exposition. It includes glucocorticoid receptor, FK506-binding protein 5, arginine vasopressin, oestrogen receptor alpha, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine transporter and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.Conclusion: Epigenetic regulation is critical in the interplay between nature and nurture. Alterations in the DNA methylation as well as histones modifications and miRNA expression patterns could explain abnormal behaviours secondary to early stress events.
In vitro ruminal dry matter digestibility and methane production of fermented total mixed ration containing whole‐crop rice and rice bran
Authors: Cao Yang , Takahashi Toshiyoshi , Horiguchi Ken‐ichi , Yoshida Norio , Zhou Daowei 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThree in vitro incubation experiments were conducted to determine the effect of fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) and fresh TMR containing whole‐crop rice and rice bran on dry matter (DM) digestibility and methane production in the rumen. In incubation 1, FTMR and fresh TMR were each incubated with neutral culture medium for 2, 4 or 6 h. The FTMR had higher (P < 0.05) DM digestibility but lower (P < 0.05) methane production than fresh TMR. In incubation 2, the two TMR with or without lactic acid (5%, DM basis) were incubated with neutral culture medium for 6 h. Regardless the addition of lactic acid, the FTMR showed higher DM digestibility (P < 0.05) and lower methane production (P < 0.05) than fresh TMR. In incubation 3, the two TMR were each incubated for 6 h in three types of culture medium with pH 7.08, 5.86 or 6.56, respectively. Regardless of the TMR, DM digestibility and methane production decreased with pH declining, when the final pH was 5.62–5.66, the DM digestibility and methane production reached the lowest level, and the propionic acid reached the highest level. These results suggest that FTMR had higher DM digestibility and lower methane production than fresh TMR, and that final pH seemed to contribute to the conversion of lactate to propionate and inhibit methane production in the rumen.
Senescence‐specific Alteration of Hydrogen Peroxide Levels in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oilseed Rape Spring Variety Brassica napus L. cv. MozartF
Authors: Bieker Stefan , Riester Lena , Stahl Mark , Franzaring Jürgen , Zentgraf Ulrike 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn order to analyze the signaling function of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in senescence in more detail, we manipulated intracellular H2O2 levels in Arabidopsis thaliala (L.) Heynh by using the hydrogen‐peroxide‐sensitive part of the Escherichia coli transcription regulator OxyR, which was directed to the cytoplasm as well as into the peroxisomes. H2O2 levels were lowered and senescence was delayed in both transgenic lines, but OxyR was found to be more effective in the cytoplasm. To transfer this knowledge to crop plants, we analyzed oilseed rape plants Brassica napus L. cv. Mozart for H2O2 and its scavenging enzymes catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) during leaf and plant development. H2O2 levels were found to increase during bolting and flowering time, but no increase could be observed in the very late stages of senescence. With increasing H2O2 levels, CAT and APX activities declined, so it is likely that similar mechanisms are used in oilseed rape and Arabidopsis to control H2O2 levels. Under elevated CO2 conditions, oilseed rape senescence was accelerated and coincided with an earlier increase in H2O2 levels, indicating that H2O2 may be one of the signals to inducing senescence in a broader range of Brassicaceae.
Experiences of long‐term home care as an informal caregiver to a spouse: gendered meanings in everyday life for female carers
Authors: Eriksson Henrik , Sandberg Jonas , Hellström Ingrid 
Published: July 2012

eriksson h., sandberg j. & hellström i. (2013) Experiences of long‐term home care as an informal caregiver to a spouse: gendered meanings in everyday life for female carers. International Journal of Older People Nursing 8, 159–165  doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2012.00340.xAims and objectives.  In this article, we explore the gender aspects of long‐term caregiving from the perspective of women providing home care for a spouse suffering from dementia.Background.  One of the most common circumstances in which a woman gradually steps into a long‐term caregiver role at home involves caring for a spouse suffering from dementia. Little attention has been paid to examining the experiences and motivations of such caregivers from a feminist perspective.Methods.  Twelve women, all of whom were informal caregivers to a partner suffering from dementia, were interviewed on the following themes: the home, their partner’s disease, everyday life, their relationship and autonomy. The results of these interviews were analysed in relation to gender identity and social power structures using a feminist perspective.Results.  The findings of this study show that the informants frequently reflected on their caregiving activities in terms of both general and heteronormative expectations. The results suggest that the process of heteropolarisation in these cases can be an understood as a consequence of both the spouse’s illness and the resulting caring duties. Also, the results suggest that the act of caring leads to introspections concerning perceived ‘shortcomings’ as a caregiver. Finally, the results indicate that it is important to recognise when the need for support in day‐to‐day caring is downplayed.Conclusions.  Women view their caregiving role and responsibilities as paramount; their other duties, including caring for themselves, are deemed less important. We stress that the intense commitment and responsibilities that women experience in their day‐to‐day caring must be acknowledged and that it is important for healthcare professionals to find mechanisms for providing choices for female caregivers without neglecting their moral concerns.Implications for practice.  Female carers face difficulties in always living up to gendered standards and this need to be considered when evaluating policies and practices for family carers.
Investigating the potential use of aerial line transect surveys for estimating polar bear abundance in sea ice habitats: A case study for the Chukchi Sea
Authors: Nielson Ryan M. , Evans Thomas J. , Stahl Michelle Bourassa 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe expense of traditional capture‐recapture methods, interest in less invasive survey methods, and the circumpolar decline of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) habitat require evaluation of alternative methods for monitoring polar bear populations. Aerial line transect distance sampling (DS) surveys are thought to be a promising monitoring tool. However, low densities and few observations during a survey can result in low precision, and logistical constraints such as heavy ice and fuel and safety limitations may restrict survey coverage. We used simulations to investigate the accuracy and precision of, DS for estimating polar bear abundance in sea ice habitats, using the Chukchi Sea subpopulation as an example. Simulation parameters were informed from a recent pilot survey. Predictions from a resource selection model were used for stratification, and we compared two ratio estimators to account for areas that cannot be sampled. The ratio estimator using predictions of resource selection by polar bears allowed for extrapolation beyond sampled areas and provided results with low bias and CVs ranging from 21% to 36% when abundance was >1,000. These techniques could be applied to other DS surveys to allocate effort and potentially extrapolate estimates to include portions of the landscape that are logistically impossible to survey.
The founding of a southern elephant seal colony
Authors: Ferrari Mariano A. , Campagna Claudio , Condit Richard , Lewis Mirtha N. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe only large mainland colony of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) is on Península Valdés, at 42°S, in Argentine Patagonia. Censuses of pups have been carried out regularly there since 1970, and the population grew five‐fold by 2010. Here we use Bayesian modeling tools to make rigorous estimates of the rate of population growth, r, and to estimate survival and recruitment parameters that could account for the growth, incorporating observation error across different census methods. In the 1970s, r= 8%/yr, but has slowed to <1%/yr over the past decade. Using explicit demographic models, we established that the high growth of the 1970s was consistent with adult and juvenile survival at the upper end of published values (0.87/yr adult female survival; 0.40 juvenile survivorship to age four); the decline in the rate of population growth from 1970 to 2010 can be described by density‐dependent reductions in adult and juvenile survival that fall well within published variation. Extrapolating empirical models of population growth rate backwards illustrates that the population could have been an established colony, with 100 pups born per year, between 1915 and 1945, consistent with qualitative observations prior to 1950. We conclude that the Valdés colony was founded by a few immigrants early in the 20th century and has been growing mostly by internal recruitment, with unknown density‐dependent processes causing a reduction in growth and stabilization at 15,000–16,000 pups born.
Fetal Brain Lesions in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: TORC1 Activation and Inflammation
Authors: Prabowo Avanita S. , Anink Jasper J. , Lammens Martin , Nellist Mark , van den Ouweland Ans M. W. , Adle‐Biassette Homa , Sarnat Harvey B. , Flores‐Sarnat Laura , Crino Peter B. , Aronica Eleonora 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 genes and characterized by developmental brain abnormalities. We defined the spectrum of brain abnormalities in fetal TSC brain ranging from 23 to 38 gestational weeks. We hypothesized (i) prenatal activation of the target‐of‐rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) signaling pathway; and (ii) activation of inflammatory pathways in fetal brain lesions. Immunocytochemical analysis of cortical tubers, as well as subependymal lesions in all cases confirmed the cell‐associated activation of the TORC1 signaling pathway in both the cortical tubers and subependymal lesions (including a congenital subependymal giant cell astrocytoma) with expression of pS6, p4EBP1 and c‐myc proteins, as well as of p70 S6 kinase 1. The lesions contained macrophages and T‐lymphocytes; giant cells within the lesions expressed inflammatory response markers including major histocompatibility complex class I and II, Toll‐like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). These observations indicate that brain malformations in TSC are likely a consequence of increased TORC1 activation during embryonic brain development. We also provide evidence supporting the possible immunogenicity of giant cells and the early activation of inflammatory pathways in TSC brain.