Surface Heave Induced by Steam Stimulation in Oil Sand Reservoirs
Authors: Wong R.C.K. , Lau J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Steam stimulation is one of the viable methods to extract heavy oil from oil sand reservoirs in Alberta. In this thermal process, steam is injected into the oil sand reservoir. The oil sand formation expands due to an increase in pore pressure and thermal heating. This expansion results in an upward movement of the overburden, and thus, heaving of the free ground surface. This paper proposes an analytical method to estimate the surface heave induced by steam injection. The method was used to investigate the surface heave profiles under horizontal well injection. It was found that the surface heave profile is governed by the mass and heat transfer and distribution within the oil sand reservoir. The effect of the increase in pore pressure (or decrease in net overburden stress) on the surface heave is also compared to that due to the thermal expansion of the oil sand. The paper also discusses the limitations on the use of surface heave monuments and tiltmeters in monitoring the thermal recovery process.

Introduction
Thermal recovery processes such as cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) and steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) involve large volume fluid and steam injection into oil sand reservoirs. Steam injection produces a dilatation of the oil sand reservoir due to an increase in pore pressure and temperature of the reservoir. The overburden containing the reservoir responds to the steam injection by upward heaving of the free ground surface. Surface heave of up to 20 cm has been recorded(1). The profile of the surface heave reflects the distribution of the injected steam within the oil sand formation. Monitoring the surface heave evolution during the steaming operation may be used as an inverse method of monitoring the steam injection operation.
This paper presents an analytical method to determine the surface heave profile induced by steam stimulation for a horizontal well. Parametric studies were conducted to investigate the important factors contributing to the surface heave profile.

Problem Statement
This study considers a steam stimulation operation using a horizontal well. Steam is injected into a horizontal well installed within an oil sand formation of finite thickness (Figure 1). Since the overburden serves as a competent hydraulic barrier to the fluid upward migration, it is assumed that the injected steam is contained within the oil sand reservoir, which results in an expansion of the reservoir. Thus, steam injection using a horizontal well can be treated as a two-dimensional plane strain problem.
Figure 1 illustrates the problem statement. The objective of the exercise is to determine the surface heave profile as a function of the amount of steam injected into the horizontal well.

Methodology
Steam stimulation is a complex thermal hydraulic mechanical multiphase flow process. Determination of injected fluid distribution within the reservoir is not trivial. Since the shale overburden serves as a competent hydraulic barrier to the fluid upward migration, the geomechanical responses in the overburden are governed by the expansion pattern of the oil sand reservoir due to steam stimulation.