bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AaTFL1Confers an Age-Dependent Response to Vernalization in PerennialArabis alpina
Authors: Wang Renhou , Albani Maria C. , Vincent Coral , Bergonzi Sara , Luan Ming , Bai Yan , Kiefer Christiane , Castillo Rosa , Coupland George 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFlowering of many plants is induced by environmental signals, but these responses can depend on the age of the plant. Exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to vernalization (winter temperatures) at germination induces flowering, whereas a close perennial relative Arabis alpina only responds if exposed when at least 5 weeks old. We show that vernalization of these older A. alpina plants reduces expression of the floral repressor PEP1 and activates the orthologs of the Arabidopsis flowering genes SOC1 (Aa SOC1) and LFY (Aa LFY). By contrast, when younger plants are vernalized, PEP1 and Aa SOC1 mRNA levels change as in older plants, but Aa LFY is not expressed. We demonstrate that A. alpina TFL1 (Aa TFL1) blocks flowering and prevents Aa LFY expression when young plants are exposed to vernalization. In addition, in older plants, Aa TFL1 increases the duration of vernalization required for Aa LFY expression and flowering. Aa TFL1 has similar functions in axillary shoots, thus ensuring that following a flowering episode vegetative branches are maintained to continue the perennial life cycle. We propose that Aa TFL1 blocks flowering of young plants exposed to vernalization by setting a threshold for a flowering pathway that is increased in activity as the shoot ages, thus contributing to several perennial traits.
Mobile Gibberellin Directly StimulatesArabidopsisHypocotyl Xylem Expansion
Authors: Ragni Laura , Nieminen Kaisa , Pacheco-Villalobos David , Sibout Richard , Schwechheimer Claus , Hardtke Christian S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSecondary growth of the vasculature results in the thickening of plant structures and continuously produces xylem tissue, the major biological carbon sink. Little is known about the developmental control of this quantitative trait, which displays two distinct phases in Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls. The later phase of accelerated xylem expansion resembles the secondary growth of trees and is triggered upon flowering by an unknown, shoot-derived signal. We found that flowering-dependent hypocotyl xylem expansion is a general feature of herbaceous plants with a rosette growth habit. Flowering induction is sufficient to trigger xylem expansion in Arabidopsis. By contrast, neither flower formation nor elongation of the main inflorescence is required. Xylem expansion also does not depend on any particular flowering time pathway or absolute age. Through analyses of natural genetic variation, we found that ERECTA acts locally to restrict xylem expansion downstream of the gibberellin (GA) pathway. Investigations of mutant and transgenic plants indicate that GA and its signaling pathway are both necessary and sufficient to directly trigger enhanced xylogenesis. Impaired GA signaling did not affect xylem expansion systemically, suggesting that it acts downstream of the mobile cue. By contrast, the GA effect was graft transmissible, suggesting that GA itself is the mobile shoot-derived signal.
Systems Biology Approach in Chlamydomonas Reveals Connections between Copper Nutrition and Multiple Metabolic Steps
Authors: Castruita Madeli , Casero David , Karpowicz Steven J. , Kropat Janette , Vieler Astrid , Hsieh Scott I. , Yan Weihong , Cokus Shawn , Loo Joseph A. , Benning Christoph , Pellegrini Matteo , Merchant Sabeeha S. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In this work, we query the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii copper regulon at a whole-genome level. Our RNA-Seq data simulation and analysis pipeline validated a 2-fold cutoff and 10 RPKM (reads per kilobase of mappable length per million mapped reads) (~1 mRNA per cell) to reveal 63 CRR1 targets plus another 86 copper-responsive genes. Proteomic and immunoblot analyses captured 25% of the corresponding proteins, whose abundance was also dependent on copper nutrition, validating transcriptional regulation as a major control mechanism for copper signaling in Chlamydomonas. The impact of copper deficiency on the expression of several O2-dependent enzymes included steps in lipid modification pathways. Quantitative lipid profiles indicated increased polyunsaturation of fatty acids on thylakoid membrane digalactosyldiglycerides, indicating a global impact of copper deficiency on the photosynthetic apparatus. Discovery of a putative plastid copper chaperone and a membrane protease in the thylakoid suggest a mechanism for blocking copper utilization in the chloroplast. We also found an example of copper sparing in the N assimilation pathway: the replacement of copper amine oxidase by a flavin-dependent backup enzyme. Forty percent of the targets are previously uncharacterized proteins, indicating considerable potential for new discovery in the biology of copper.
Phosphorylation of a WRKY Transcription Factor by Two Pathogen-Responsive MAPKs Drives Phytoalexin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Mao Guohong , Meng Xiangzong , Liu Yidong , Zheng Zuyu , Chen Zhixiang , Zhang Shuqun 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Plant sensing of invading pathogens triggers massive metabolic reprogramming, including the induction of secondary antimicrobial compounds known as phytoalexins. We recently reported that MPK3 and MPK6, two pathogen-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinases, play essential roles in the induction of camalexin, the major phytoalexin in Arabidopsis thaliana. In search of the transcription factors downstream of MPK3/MPK6, we found that WRKY33 is required for MPK3/MPK6-induced camalexin biosynthesis. In wrky33 mutants, both gain-of-function MPK3/MPK6- and pathogen-induced camalexin production are compromised, which is associated with the loss of camalexin biosynthetic gene activation. WRKY33 is a pathogen-inducible transcription factor, whose expression is regulated by the MPK3/MPK6 cascade. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays reveal that WRKY33 binds to its own promoter in vivo, suggesting a potential positive feedback regulatory loop. Furthermore, WRKY33 is a substrate of MPK3/MPK6. Mutation of MPK3/MPK6 phosphorylation sites in WRKY33 compromises its ability to complement the camalexin induction in the wrky33 mutant. Using a phospho-protein mobility shift assay, we demonstrate that WRKY33 is phosphorylated by MPK3/MPK6 in vivo in response to Botrytis cinerea infection. Based on these data, we conclude that WRKY33 functions downstream of MPK3/MPK6 in reprogramming the expression of camalexin biosynthetic genes, which drives the metabolic flow to camalexin production in Arabidopsis challenged by pathogens.
Effects of strong CYP2D6 and 3A4 inhibitors, paroxetine and ketoconazole, on the pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular safety of tamsulosin
Authors: Troost Joachim , Tatami Shinji , Tsuda Yasuhiro , Mattheus Michaela , Mehlburger Ludwig , Wein Martina , Michel Martin C. 
Published: April 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Tamsulosin metabolism involves both CYP2D6 and 3A4. However, data on potential drug–drug interactions between tamsulosin and inhibitors of CYP2D6 and 3A4 are limited and information on potential pharmacodynamic consequences of such pharmacokinetic interactions is missing.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• This study provides information on the drug–drug interactions of tamsulosin with strong CYP2D6 and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors after single dose administration in healthy subjects.AIM To determine the effect of the strong CYP2D6 inhibitor paroxetine and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics and safety (orthostatic challenge) of tamsulosin.METHODS Two open‐label, randomized, two‐way crossover studies were conducted in healthy male volunteers (extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers).RESULTS Co‐administration of multiple oral doses of 20 mg paroxetine once daily with a single oral dose of the 0.4 mg tamsulosin HCl capsule increased the adjusted geometric mean (gMean) values of Cmax and AUC(0,∞) of tamsulosin by factors of 1.34 (90% CI 1.21, 1.49) and 1.64 (90% CI 1.44, 1.85), respectively, and increased the terminal half‐life (t1/2) of tamsulosin HCl from 11.4 h to 15.3 h. Co‐administration of multiple oral doses of 400 mg ketoconazole once dailywith a single oral dose of the 0.4 mg tamsulosin increased the gMean values of Cmax and AUC(0,∞) of tamsulosin by a factor of 2.20 (90% CI 1.96, 2.45) and 2.80 (90% CI 2.56, 3.07), respectively. The terminal half‐life was slightly increased from 10.5 h to 11.8 h. These pharmacokinetic changes were not accompanied by clinically significant alterations of haemodynamic responses during orthostatic stress testing.CONCLUSION The exposure to tamsulosin is increased upon co‐administration of strong CYP2D6 inhibitors and even more so of strong 3A4 inhibitors, but neither PK alteration was accompanied by clinically significant haemodynamic changes during orthostatic stress testing.
The importance of direct patient reporting of suspected adverse drug reactions: a patient perspective
Authors: Anderson Claire , Krska Janet , Murphy Elizabeth , Avery Anthony ,   on behalf of the Yellow Card Study Collaboration
Published: April 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Little is known about why patients actually report suspected adverse drug reactions to schemes like the Yellow Card Scheme. Greater understanding of the reasons for reporting could be of benefit in marketing strategies aiming to increase the number of reports.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• Direct patient reporting through the Yellow Card Scheme is viewed as important by those who have used the scheme, in order to provide the patient experience for the benefit of pharmacovigilance, as an independent perspective from those of health professionals.• Reporters viewed the Yellow Card Scheme as an important opportunity to describe their experiences for the benefit of others and to contribute to pharmacovigilance.• The Yellow Card Scheme's independence from health professionals was regarded as important, in part to provide the patient perspective to manufacturers and regulators, but also because of dismissive attitudes and under‐reporting by health professionals.AIM To explore the opinions of patient reporters to the UK Yellow Card Scheme (YCS) on the importance of the scheme.METHODS Postal questionnaires were distributed on our behalf to all patient reporters submitting a Yellow Card to the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency (MHRA) between March and December 2008, with one follow‐up reminder to non‐responders. Qualitative analysis was undertaken of responses to an open question asking why respondents felt patient reporting was important. This was followed up by telephone interviews with a purposive sample of selected respondents.RESULTS There were 1362 evaluable questionnaires returned from 2008 distributed (68%) and 1238 (91%) respondents provided a total of 1802 comments. Twenty‐seven interviews were conducted, which supported and expanded the views expressed in the questionnaire. Four main themes emerged, indicating views that the YCS was of importance to pharmacovigilance in general, manufacturers and licensing authorities, patients and the public and health professionals. Reporters viewed the YCS as an important opportunity to describe their experiences for the benefit of others and to contribute to pharmacovigilance. The scheme's independence from health professionals was regarded as important, in part to provide the patient perspective to manufacturers and regulators, but also because of dismissive attitudes and under‐reporting by health professionals.CONCLUSION Direct patient reporting through the YCS is viewed as important by those who have used the scheme, in order to provide the patient experience for the benefit of pharmacovigilance, as an independent perspective from those of health professionals.
The association of serum prolactin concentration with inflammatory biomarkers – cross‐sectional findings from the population‐based Study of Health in Pomerania
Authors: Friedrich Nele , Schneider Harald J. , Spielhagen Christin , Markus Marcello Ricardo Paulista , Haring Robin , Grabe Hans J. , Buchfelder Michael , Wallaschofski Henri , Nauck Matthias 
Published: April 2011

SummaryObjective  Prolactin (PRL) is involved in immune regulation and may contribute to an atherogenic phenotype. Previous results on the association of PRL with inflammatory biomarkers have been conflicting and limited by small patient studies. Therefore, we used data from a large population‐based sample to assess the cross‐sectional associations between serum PRL concentration and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and white blood cell (WBC) count.Design and Population  From the population‐based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), a total of 3744 subjects were available for the present analyses.Methods and Measurements  PRL and inflammatory biomarkers were measured. Linear and logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, body‐mass‐index, total cholesterol and glucose were analysed.Results  Multivariable linear regression models revealed a positive association of PRL with WBC. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed a significant association of PRL with increased IL‐6 in non‐smokers [highest vs lowest quintile: odds ratio 1·69 (95% confidence interval 1·10–2·58), P = 0·02] and smokers [OR 2·06 (95%‐CI 1·10–3·89), P = 0·02]. Similar results were found for WBC in non‐smokers [highest vs lowest quintile: OR 2·09 (95%‐CI 1·21–3·61), P = 0·01)] but not in smokers. Linear and logistic regression analyses revealed no significant associations of PRL with hsCRP or fibrinogen.Conclusions  Serum PRL concentrations are associated with inflammatory biomarkers including IL‐6 and WBC, but not hsCRP or fibrinogen. The suggested role of PRL in inflammation needs further investigation in future prospective studies.
An alternative approach for infrared heater control in warming and extreme event experiments in terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: De Boeck Hans J. , Nijs Ivan 
Published: April 2011

Summary 1. The infrared (IR) heating technique used in terrestrial vegetation warming experiments has been continuously improved over the past two decades, but the temperature control methods applied thus far inadequately reflect natural conditions. 2. Current control methods base the IR radiation administered on measured canopy or air temperatures. However, these temperatures are influenced by stomatal responses of the vegetation, which depend on moisture conditions and therefore also on warming. In nature, drought‐stressed vegetation warms up more than well‐watered vegetation, leading to potential differences in heat stress. Current control methods preclude such differences from developing. 3. We propose an alternative approach to render temperature control independent of plant responses. Theoretical canopy temperatures associated with given (target) air temperatures are calculated, based on reference canopy conductance determined from controls and fluctuating meteorological conditions. The IR radiation needed to attain the theoretical temperature is subsequently applied. Actual canopy and air temperatures are free to deviate from that temperature, as measured temperatures no longer control the heaters’ radiation output. 4. Synthesis. We devised an alternative control method for IR heaters that is independent of plant responses to heating. This is especially critical in extreme event studies, where differences in plant water status, and therefore canopy temperatures, are likely to be exacerbated.
Extreme climatic event‐triggered overstorey vegetation loss increases understorey solar input regionally: primary and secondary ecological implications
Authors: Royer Patrick D. , Cobb Neil S. , Clifford Michael J. , Huang Cho‐Ying , Breshears David D. , Adams Henry D. , Villegas Juan Camilo 
Published: April 2011

Summary 1. Climate extremes such as drought can trigger large‐scale tree die‐off, reducing overstorey canopy and thereby increasing near‐ground solar radiation. This directly affects biotic and abiotic processes, including plant physiology, reproduction, phenology, soil evaporation and nutrient cycling, which themselves affect understory facilitation, productivity and diversity, and land surface–atmosphere fluxes of energy, carbon and water. 2. Although important, assessing extreme‐event solar radiation responses regionally following die‐off is complex compared with characterizing patch‐scale inputs. Estimating regional‐scale changes requires integration of broad‐scale downward‐looking shading patterns due to canopy and topography with fine‐scale upward‐looking canopy details (e.g. live vs. dead trees, height, diameter, spatial pattern and foliar diffusivity). 3. We quantified increases in near‐ground solar radiation following overstorey loss of piñon pine cover in response to a recent extreme drought event (2002–2003). We evaluated 211 km2 in south‐western USA seasonally and annually using high‐spatial resolution satellite imagery, hemispherical ground photography, GIS (Geographic Information System)‐based solar radiation modelling tools, in situ meteorological data and tree measurements. 4. Overstorey loss due to die‐off produced increases in near‐ground solar radiation regionally each season – up to 28 W m−2, an increase of 9.1%, in summer – while simultaneously decreasing spatial variation. Annually the increase was c. 17 W m−2. Larger increases occurred where initial canopy cover was greater or at higher elevations, by as much as c. 80 W m−2 (a 40% increase). 5. Synthesis. Our results are notable in that they quantify increases regionally in near‐ground solar radiation in response to a climate extreme triggering widespread tree die‐off. The substantial increases quantified are expected to have primary direct effects on processes such as plant physiology, reproduction, phenology, soil evaporation and nutrient cycling, and secondary effects on understory facilitation, productivity and diversity, and land surface–atmosphere fluxes of energy, carbon and water. Consequently, extreme event‐induced changes in near‐ground solar radiation need to be considered by both ecologists and physical scientists in assessing global change impacts. More generally, our results highlight an important but sometimes overlooked aspect of plant ecology – that plants not only respond to their physical environment and other plants, but also directly modify their physical environment from individual plant to regional scales.
Ecotypes of European grass species respond differently to warming and extreme drought
Authors: Beierkuhnlein Carl , Thiel Daniel , Jentsch Anke , Willner Evelin , Kreyling Juergen 
Published: April 2011

Summary 1. Climate extremes are expected to increase in frequency and magnitude as a consequence of global warming. 2. Managed permanent grasslands cover a large surface in Europe and contribute substantially to agricultural production. These managed plant communities are dominated by perennial clonal species. Their capacity to adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions may be limited. 3. We hypothesize that those plant populations that have already been exposed to conditions that are expected to occur due to future climate change, particularly conditions that would be ‘extreme’ in the target area, are able to cope better with these conditions. 4. For a common‐garden experiment we selected ecotypes (provenances as supported by accessions in seed banks) of important European grass species: Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca pratensis, Holcus lanatus and Alopecurus pratensis. Southern target locations of ecotypes (populations) were identified based on climate model projections for the local site in Northern Bavaria, Germany. 5. In a controlled experiment, the plants were exposed to warming and extreme drought. Drought conditions(16–19 days, depending on the species) were imposed starting from the end of May in combination with and without an increase in the average temperature from May to September 2009 (+1.5 K compared with control; +2.5 K compared with ambient conditions outside of the experimental units). 6. Ecotypes and drought manipulation had significant impacts on biomass production and tissue die‐back. Significant interactions between ecotype and drought indicated a different drought tolerance of the ecotypes in some cases. The warming treatment yielded a less significant response. The local ecotype generally did not perform significantly worse than the presumably better‐adapted southern ecotypes. 7. Synthesis. The selection of ecotypes that are adapted to more extreme climatic conditions could be an option for maintaining future ecosystem functioning in temperate managed grasslands, as was indicated by the clear differences between ecotypes in our experiment. Based on our data, however, performance cannot be predicted from climatic origin. Therefore, we recommend enhancing the genetic variability within populations of species in general.
Extrinsic and intrinsic forcing of abrupt ecological change: case studies from the late Quaternary
Authors: Williams John W. , Blois Jessica L. , Shuman Bryan N. 
Published: April 2011

Summary 1. Abrupt changes and regime shifts are common phenomena in terrestrial ecological records spanning centuries to millennia, thus offering a rich opportunity to study the patterns and drivers of abrupt ecological change. 2. Because Quaternary climate changes also often were abrupt, a critical research question is to distinguish between extrinsic versus intrinsic abrupt ecological changes, i.e. those externally driven by abruptly changing climates, versus those resulting from thresholds, tipping points, and other nonlinear responses of ecological systems to progressive climate change. Extrinsic and intrinsic abrupt ecological changes can be distinguished in part by compiling and analysing regional networks of palaeoecological records. 3. Abrupt ecological changes driven by spatially coherent and abrupt climate changes should manifest as approximately synchronous ecological responses, both among different taxa at a site and among sites. However, the magnitude and direction of response may vary among sites and taxa. Ecological responses to the rapid climatic changes accompanying the last deglaciation offer good model systems for studying extrinsic abrupt change. 4. When abrupt ecological changes are intrinsically driven, the timing and rate of ecological response to climate change will be strongly governed by local biotic and abiotic processes and by stochastic processes such as disturbance events or localized climatic extremes. Consequently, at a regional scale, one should observe ‘temporal mosaics’ of abrupt ecological change, in which the timing and rate of ecological change will vary among species within sites and among sites. These temporal mosaics are analogous to the spatial mosaics observed in ecological systems prone to threshold switches between alternate stable states. The early Holocene aridification of the North American mid‐continent and the middle‐Holocene aridification of North Africa may be good examples of temporal mosaics. 5. Synthesis. Past instances of extrinsic and intrinsic abrupt change are of direct relevance to global‐change ecologists. The former allow study of the capacity of ecological systems to quickly adjust to abrupt climate changes, while the latter offer opportunities to understand the ecological processes causing abrupt local responses to regional climate change, to test tools for predicting critical thresholds, and to develop climate‐adaptation strategies.