bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A physical method of analysing sulphur dichloride
Authors: Whiting G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA physical method of analysing samples of sulphur dichloride is described. It required the determination of density to 0·0001 g./ml., and of refractive index to 0·0001. Density was found by means of a submerged float with an iron core, and refractive index by a protected critical‐angle refractometer.The properties of sulphur dichloride and of sulphur monochloride were as follows:
magnified imageBy determining the densities and refractive indices of mixtures of the two chlorides with each other and with chlorine, a nomogram was constructed that related the percentage of sulphur monochloride and of chlorine, in any preparation of sulphur dichloride, to its density and refractive index. The analysis, accurate to 0·2% of each impurity, could be carried out in 15 minutes.
An apparatus for the direct measurement of the saturation temperatures of solutions
Authors: Dauncey L. A. , Still J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractApparatus (The General Electric Co. Ltd., 1950) is described whereby the saturation temperature (with respect to a given solute) of a solution of known or unknown composition can be measured while the bulk of the solution is at a temperature several degrees above or below that of saturation. There is no need to bring the whole of the solution into equilibrium with excess of solute at any time or to change its temperature. In the apparatus, a current of the solution is passed through an adjustable heater to a cell containing a piece of solute, and the measurement is based on observation of the refractive‐index gradient in the solution near the solid.The method is of particular value for measuring the degree of supersaturation maintained in a crystal‐growing tank, and also for the construction of solubility curves.
Physico‐chemical studies on dusts. III. Factors affecting the wetting of airborne silica dusts
Authors: Sprays Aqueous 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the mixing of prepared casein glues with water in quantity, the difficulties met with, namely lump‐formation and air‐entrainment, arise from difficulties experienced by the particles in penetrating the water surface, especially if the water already has part of the casein dissolved in it. It is shown that the mixing problem can be solved by carrying out the operation on a continuous basis, and using centrifugal forces to submerge the particles; a machine has been built in which correctly proportioned streams of casein powder and water are passed into a specially designed centrifuge cup, continuously discharged at the top through a scoop‐tube; a scraper provides reflux near the base, and air is removed centripetally as the materials ascend the divergent walls. The machine absorbed only 1/15 h.p. and yielded a virtually faultless mix at rates up to 20 1b. per minute.
The bulk polymerization of styrene
Authors: Vaughan M. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study of the kinetics of the bulk polymerization of styrene throughout the range from o to 100% conversion was carried out under conditions likely to be realized on an industrial scale. From the initial rates of polymerization, Ro, of polymerization carried out in an atmosphere of nitrogen, a value of 20.7 kcal./mole was calculated for the activation energy of the overall polymerization process.At the lower temperatures, marked ‘gel’ effects (i.e. simultaneous increments in R and p, the chain length of the polymer formed) were observed between 10% and 30% conversion; in the later stages, R and P appeared to decrease. It is suggested that these effects are due to the termination and propagation reactions, in turn, becoming diffusion controlled.The comparison of the results obtained from parallel polymerizations carried out in the presence of nitrogen and air indicated that, in the presence of air, the oxygen is converted to a monomeric hydroperoxide which acts both as a polymerization catalyst and a centre for chain‐branching.
Alkali extraction of carbon disulphide from benzole
Authors: Mapstone Geo. E. , Chodkiewicz W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe extraction of carbon disulphide from its solution in benzene by means of sodium hydroxide solution is a first‐order reaction with respect to the carbon disulphide content, and appears to be diffusion‐controlled (E = 3·43 kcal.). The rate of extraction is a function of the extent of mixing, the sodium hydroxide concentration, and temperature; the rate may be increased appreciably by the addition of a wetting agent and/or glycol, sucrose or molasses.
A simple helical packing for laboratory fractionating columns
Authors: Shorland F. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt has been found that a closely coiled spring wound as a single layer on a central core of sealed Pyrex tubing, and with its adjacent turns separated by one or more turns of a loosely coiled spring, constitutes an efficient packing for fractional distillation. To secure a good fit between the packing and the outer Pyrex tube of the column the latter is shrunk on the packing under vacuum by gently heating with a hand torch, using the air blast only.
Some mechanical properties of a commercial polymethyl methacrylate
Authors: Hoff E. A. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe mechanical properties of thermoplastics are strongly interdependent and sensitive to changes of temperature and straining rate. These and other, less general, factors have an important bearing on the choice of testing techniques which can very often not merely be taken over from the established metal‐testing practice. These points are discussed in detail, taking a few tests on the acrylic thermoplastic Perspex (polymethyl methacrylate) as instances. Some numerical values of the properties of Perspex in compression, tension, fatigue and impact are also given, mostly in graphical form.
The solvent action of organic substances on polyacrylonitrile
Authors: Walker E. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe facts concerning the solvent action of organic substances on polyacrylonitrile have been collected from diverse sources and new observations have been made. A new relationship between the boiling points of organic compounds and their latent heats of evaporation has been devised which is more accurate than the Hildebrand function, and this, together with new calculations and measurements of latent heats of evaporation, has been used to elucidate the relationship between the cohesive energy densities (C.E.D.) of organic compounds and their solvent power for polyacrylonitrile.All solvents for polyacrylonitrile are highly polar in character. Most of the best solvents have very high C.E.D.s in the neighbourhood of 220 to 230 cal./c.c. A separate calculation shows that this is approximately the C.E.D. of the polymer. It is believed that the molecules of such solvents have no greater attraction for the polymer molecules than they have for their own kind, solution being brought about by the increase in entropy. N‐Disubstituted amides, and probably cyclic sulphones possess strong solvent action at lower C.E.D.s (116–170 cal./c.c.), and this is probably because the molecules of these substances have a slightly greater attraction for the polymer molecules than they have for their own kind. Most strongly hydrogen‐bonded substances, such as alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, unsubstituted amides, and monosubstituted open‐chain amides are non‐solvents at all levels of C.E.D. The powerful attraction of the molecules of such substances for each other is not matched by an equally powerful attraction for the polymer molecules, and solution cannot therefore take place. In some cases these hydrogen‐bonded substances make a strong contribution to the solvent power of mixtures.If the C.E.D. of the polyacrylonitrile is reduced by interpolymerization with a polymerizable hydrocarbon, solvents such as open‐chain esters, ketones, and mono‐reactive nitriles possessing lower C.E.D.s will attack it. This shows that ketones, open‐chain esters, and mono‐reactive nitriles fail to dissolve polyacrylonitrile because none of these substances possesses the necessary high C.E.D. The failure is not due to their polar groups having less attraction for the nitrile groups of the polymer than they have for their own kind.A modified equation for linking solvent power with the C.E.D. of the solvent in a semi‐quantitative manner has been devised. This contains an arbitrary constant K, but the value of this varies only within narrow limits.
Some aspects of the chemistry of coal tars. I. Chemical nature
Authors: Vahrman M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe chemical, and to a more limited extent the physical, properties of coal tars of different origins are reviewed to serve as a background to the work to be described in later parts, mainly on tars derived from down‐jet combustion of bituminous coal. To the same end, the chemistry of the amorphous constituents of coal tars is separately considered, and a classification on the basis of known data is given.
The separation of the anhydrous chlorides of iron and aluminium by formation of graphite complexes
Authors: Croft R. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn investigation was made of the possibility of separating ferric and aluminium chlorides by heating mixtures of these chlorides with graphite. This scheme of separation was based on reports of other investigators who claimed that graphite formed lamellar complexes with ferric chloride but not with aluminium chloride. It was found, however, that graphite occludes aluminium chloride and also aluminium chloride and ferric chloride together. The stabilities of both these new complexes were examined and the compositions of the mixed ferric chloride–aluminium chloride complexes were also studied. It was concluded, from distribution studies, that a separation of both chlorides by heating mixtures of them with amounts of graphite in suitable proportion to the ferric chloride present is feasible, and of possible value in the industrial chlorination of ferruginous aluminium ores.
The reaction between ferric oxide and anhydrous aluminium chloride
Authors: Croft R. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA reaction between ferric oxide and anhydrous aluminium chloride has been shown to be thermodynamically favourable at temperatures between 25° and 285°. An experimental investigation of this reaction showed that it proceeded slowly at 200°, but rapidly at temperatures in the range 250° to 350°. Experimentally determined equilibrium constants did not agree with calculated constants, which were greater. This discrepancy is attributed to false equilibria being attained at experimental temperatures below the triple point of ferric chloride, 285°. Equilibrium at 300° and 350° corresponded with complete conversion of the ferric oxide to ferric chloride.
The cause of the chemical resistance of stainless steel
Authors: Berwick I. D. G. , Evans U. R. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract(1) The corrosion of stainless steel by dilute sulphuric acid is accelerated by anodic treatment (when the chromium enters the solution in the sexivalent state) or by cathodic treatment (when it enters as tervalent ions). (2) In acid containing oxygen, the corrosion is negligible and the potential positive; in acid freed from oxygen with hydrogen, nitrogen or argon, corrosion is relatively rapid and the potential negative. (3) After short exposure to oxygen‐containing acid, the replacement of oxygen by another gas produces activity; the time required for the change increases as the preliminary exposure to oxygen is prolonged; if the preliminary exopsure exceeds a certain critical period, passivity persists for long periods after the oxygen has been removed. (4) The time needed for active stainless steel to become passive depends on the amount of oxygen introduced; below a certain concentration, it never becomes passive; above it, the reciprocal of the time needed is a rectilinear function of the oxygen added. The relation can be interpreted by taking the view that an oxide film is formed according to the logarithmic law. (5) The attack on stainless steel in 20% acid is increased by junction to carbon over which oxygen is passed; the direction of the current generated shows that the stainless steel is being drained of electrons which, according to the electron theory, should tend to render it passive.
A modified ‘short iodide’ method for the determination of copper in ores and concentrator products to allow recovery of the reagents
Authors: Willcocks R. G. W. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract1. A modification of the ‘short iodide’ method for the determination of copper in ore and concentrator products is described.2. A mixture of potassium iodide and sodium acetate is recovered from the titrated solutions and is used again.3. The modification coupled with suitable semi‐automatic apparatus permits the handling of large numbers of routine copper‐ore samples with considerable economy in time and reagents.
The behaviour of wool wax and its constituents in water‐in‐oil emulsions
Authors: Tiedt J. , Truter E. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is shown that the esters of wool wax are devoid of emulsifying power, and that the ability of lanolin to hold water in the form of a water‐in‐oil emulsion is due, almost entirely, to the free alcohol content. Of the constituents of lanolin, the most powerful emulsifying agents are members of the αβ‐glycol series. The emulsifying powers of cholesterol and of isocholesterol have been measured at various concentrations in liquid paraffin, and the confusion with regard to their relative efficiencies has been resolved. The intensifying action of esters upon their respective alcohols has been investigated and an explanation of the mechanism of the phenomenon is advanced.
The determination of the specific surface of barium sulphate: A comparison of results by different methods
Authors: Jopling D. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA description is given of the pipette and centrifuge methods of determining grain‐size distributions by sedimentation, and results are presented for a number of barium sulphate powders. From the size‐distribution curves, the specific surfaces are calculated and compared with values obtained by air permeability, dye adsorption and a light‐extinction method. The results for the dye‐adsorption and air‐permeability methods are shown to be in good agreement with each other, but do not always agree with the values calculated from the size distribution. It is suggested that this is due to aggregates, instead of discreet particles, settling in the sedimentation analysis, and this view is supported by electron‐micrographs. The failure of the optical method is attributed to the fineness of the powders.
The physical toxicity of chemicals. III. A systematic treatment of physical toxicity in aqueous solutions
Authors: McGowan J. C. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract(1) The factors influencing the toxicity of a physically‐toxic organic compound in different biological tests are discussed. (2) Toxic concentrations in aqueous solutions for 26 sets of biological experiments have been collected from the literature, arranged under the names of the 269 compounds listed in alphabetical order, and compared with the toxic concentrations calculated by means of the equation previously given (see Part 11).
Studies on the penetration of cooking liquors into bamboo chips
Authors: Singh Kartar 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBamboo is now a major raw material for the Indian pulp and paper industry. The investigations described in this paper concern the improvement in the process of manufacture of pulp from bamboo.One of the greatest difficulties in the production of good‐quality pulp from bamboo at an economic yield lies in its great resistance to the penetration of cooking liquors into the interior of the chips. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyse the resistance to flow of liquids into the interior of bamboo chips by investigating: (i) void space in bamboo blocks, (ii) directional permeability, (iii) the penetrations under forced flow of the liquids, and (iv) the effect of various factors on the rate of penetration. The results have been compared with those from coniferous woods.These investigations show that the void space in blocks of bamboo is much smaller comparatively than in coniferous woods. This void space is not easily accessible to cooking liquors. Most of the mass movement of the liquor takes place through the vessels along the grain and the rest of the structure offers great resistance to penetration.The only effective means of securing complete penetration of blocks of bamboo has been found to be the application of hydrostatic pressure of the order of 100 lb./sq. in. In contrast with this, for coniferous woods the evacuation treatment is far more effective than pressure. It is suggested that application of pressure during the early stages of the process of digestion would help to overcome most of the difficulties encountered in the pulping of bamboo.
The catalytic hydrolysis of hydrogen cyanide to ammonia
Authors: Marsh J. D. F. , Newling W. B. S. , Rich J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCatalytic hydrolysis of hydrogen cyanide in the gas phase to ammonia is shown to be a practicable method for the removal of this undesirable constituent from hydrogen sulphide concentrates produced from coal gas. Results obtained using various catalysts at 400° are given, and the kinetics of the reaction on alumina in the range 200–300° are described.
The corrosion of mild steel and brass in chlorinated water
Authors: Wormwell F. , Nurse T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe corrosion of mild steel and brass sheet in flowing water has been investigated in the laboratory and at four outside stations. The apparatus specially designed for the tests is considered to be generally suited for experiments in flowing waters. The results are discussed in relation to the effect of chlorination, rate of flow, period of test and temperature. In general the effect of chlorination (up to 0·4 p.p.m. free chlorine) of the various waters was not marked, either for mild steel or brass–a result of considerable practical importance. An appreciable increase in the rate of corrosion of brass was observed, however, in one ‘raw’ hard water, and in another water the corrosion of brass was increased by chlorination at water speeds of about 50 ft./sec.
The heat treatment of dolomite. II. The ‘activity’ of dolime in relation to its temperature of preparation from dolomite
Authors: Britton H. T. S. , Gregg S. J. , Winsor G. W. , Willing E. G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of dolomite have been calcined for two hours at a succession of fixed temperatures in the range 600° to 1400°. The ‘activity’ of the product–assessed by measurements of the rate of dissolution in water, the rate of slaking, the bulk volume and the sedimentation volume in carbon tetrachloride–was a maximum after treatment at about 1000°. An explanation is suggested.
The effect of climate and atmospheric pollution on corrosion
Authors: Hudson J. C. , Stanners J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe results of routine observations on the corrosion of the small reference specimens of ingot iron and of zinc exposed at the atmospheric testing stations of the Corrosion Committee all over the world are presented and discussed. The data, which relate to more than 20 sites and to up to 20 separate annual tests at each, provide a good indication of the effect of climatic differences on atmospheric corrosion.In Great Britain, where for most of the year the climate is sufficiently humid to promote corrosion, the determining factor for its severity is the sulphur pollution of the air. Tests made in collaboration with the Fuel Research Station at 16 sites where the atmospheric pollution is measured have shown an almost perfect correlation between the amount of sulphur dioxide taken up from the atmosphere by lead peroxide pollution gauges and the rale of corrosion, both for steel and zinc.In the absence of sulphur pollution, corrosion at the sites overseas is generally slight; in dry climates it is negligible. For example, tests at Delhi indicate that the resistance of the Delhi pillar to corrosion is to be attributed to the mildness of the corrosive conditions there rather than to any superiority of the iron itself.Corrosion on surf beaches in the tropics may, however, be exceptionally severe. At Lighthouse Beach, Lagos, Nigeria and at Kure Beach, N.C., U.S.A., the rates of corrosion for steel are about five times greater than those in the most corrosive industrial atmospheres in Great Britain. The severe corrosion at these places is associated with the salt spray from the sea, and the rate of corrosion falls off rapidly with increasing distance from the surf line.Preliminary tests on specimens exposed at different heights on the Sutton Coldfield television mast suggest that the effect of distance from the ground is secondary to the natural variations in rates of corrosion from one year to another.Some details of experimental technique are discussed. Work, in which American investigators have collaborated, has confirmed that at low copper contents variations of a few hundredths of one per cent, in copper content have a marked effect on the corrosion‐resistance of ingot iron. Because of the increasing difficulty in controlling the copper content of different batches of ingot iron, the small reference specimens used in the Corrosion Committee's most recent tests have been made of coppersteel instead of ingot iron. The copper‐steel now in use contains about 0·3% of copper; minor deviations from this figure should not affect the corrosion rate within the experimental error. It has also been found that, although it is advisable to stit the inhibited hydrochloric acid solution (Clarke's solution) used for derusting iron or steel specimens after exposure, failure to do so does not impair the accuracy of the results, at least for ingot iron or copper‐steel.
Acetylene studies. IV. Dehydration of dialkylethynylcarbinols
Authors: Bergmann Ernst D. , Sprinzak Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe direction of the dehydration in unsymmetrically substituted dialkylethynylcarbinols has been studied, with the help of infra‐red spectra, for isobutylethynylmethylcarbinol; for comparison, the dehydration of diethylethynylcarbinol has been investigated, in which a non‐conjugated hydrocarbon is one of the dehydration products.
The test for the apparent specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate
Authors: Shergold F. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe British Standard test for the apparent specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate (B.S. 812:1951) has been found to give variable results. The present paper describes an investigation made to devise a test that would not suffer from this variability.The factors thought to affect the results of the test were studied, and it has been found that the following modifications to the standard procedure are desirable:

The size of aggregate tested should preferably be 3/4–1/2 in.
Before the aggregate is weighed in water it should be jolted at least 25 times under the water to remove entrapped air.
The aggregate should be soaked, and the saturated weights determined before oven‐drying, instead of after.
Two cloths should be used to surface‐dry the aggregate, which should be exposed to the atmosphere for at least 10 minutes before the saturated surface‐dry weight is determined.
Proposals for a method of test incorporating these and some minor modifications are given in the Appendix.
The influence of ferrous iron on bacterial corrosion
Authors: Adams Mary E. , Farrer T. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rate of corrosion of cast iron by the action of sulphate‐reducing bacteria is increased by the addition of ferrous iron alone or the combined addition of ferrous iron and yeast extract. The addition of yeast extract alone, however, has a retarding effect upon corrosion. The specific action of the added ferrous iron is discussed and the rates of corrosion in heterotrophic conditions are compared with those in autotrophic conditions.