bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Declines in Australian Male Suicide are Real, not Artefactual
Authors: Page Andrew , Taylor Richard , Martin Graham 
Published: March 2010

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to clarify the extent to which the recorded marked decline in young male suicide (20–34 years) in Australia since 1998 is attributable to misclassification of cause of death information. Methods: Secular trends in young male suicide rates were investigated for the period 1976–2005. Suicide rates in the period after the peak of the epidemic in this age group (1998) were re-calculated based on published estimates of under-enumeration of suicide data, and misclassification of likely suicide cases to other unintentional and undetermined external causes. Two misclassification scenarios were used to revise young male suicide rates from 1998: previously reported estimates of 9% under-enumeration due to misclassification of unintentional causes of death, and 17% under-enumeration due to misclassification of open cases in addition to unintentional causes of death. All-cause mortality was also examined. Results: Recorded male suicide in the 20–34 year age group increased over the study period, peaking in 1998 at 39 per 100 000, before declining sharply in the period 1999–2005 by 44% to 22 per 100 000 in 2005. Following adjustment for misallocation under the first scenario, suicide rates declined 38% to 24 per 100 000, and under the second scenario declined 33% to 26 per 100 000. Revised suicide rates were not materially different from recorded suicide rates based on 95% confidence intervals over this period. All-cause mortality declined from 1999 due to reductions in suicide and other causes. Conclusion: The recent marked decline in young male suicide in Australia is real. The effects of misallocation of likely suicide cases to other causes did not substantially affect population trends in suicide rates in the period after 1998. There is still a need to account in detail for why young male suicide has declined so substantially during the period after 1998.
Does Socioeconomic Inequality Explain Ethnic Differences in Nicotine Dependence? Evidence from a New Zealand Birth Cohort
Authors: Marie Dannette , Fergusson David M. , Boden Joseph M. 
Published: March 2010

Objective: The present study examined the role of socioeconomic status and cultural identity in the association between ethnicity and nicotine dependence, in a birth cohort of >1000 methods young people studied to age 30. Methods: Data were gathered on ethnicity, cultural identification, nicotine dependence, and socioeconomic factors, as part of a longitudinal study of a New Zealand birth cohort (the Christchurch Health and Development Study). Results: Those reporting Māori identity had rates of nicotine dependence that were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than rates for non-Māori. Control for socioeconomic factors reduced the associations between ethnic identity and nicotine dependence to statistical non-significance. In addition, there was no evidence of a statistically significant association between Māori cultural identity and nicotine dependence, nor was there evidence of gender differences in the association between ethnic identity and nicotine dependence, after controlling for socioeconomic factors. Conclusions: The higher rates of nicotine dependence observed among Māori appear to be attributable to differences in socioeconomic status. Efforts to improve the socioeconomic standing of Māori should therefore help to reduce rates of nicotine dependence in this population.
The Marketing of Pharmaceutical Agents: Friend or Foe?
Authors: Jurd Stephen 
Published: March 2010

Objective: The aim of this paper is to provide a viewpoint regarding the marketing of pharmaceutical agents to psychiatrists and examine the results of a brief survey of the nature of booths, and gifts they offered, during 2009 RANZCP Congress in Adelaide. Conclusions: The pharmaceutical industry is highly organized and scientifically sophisticated. Efforts to influence our prescribing are likely to have a proven scientific base and to be responsive to evidence.
Surgical Management of Vitreofoveal Traction Syndrome: Optical Coherence Tomographic Evaluation and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Davis R. Prince , Smiddy William E. , Flynn Harry W. , Puliafito Carmen A. 
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To characterize vitreofoveal traction syndrome and to correlate clinical observations, optical coherence tomography features, and surgical results.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
A retrospective, consecutive, interventional case series of 36 patients. Clinical and optical coherence tomography features taken from patient charts were compared preoperatively and postoperatively and correlated with visual outcomes.

RESULTS:

Preoperatively, visual acuity ranged from 20/40 to 20/400 and improved more than 2 lines in 50% of eyes. A macular hole developed in 2 eyes. The optical coherence tomography appearance of traction resolved in all eyes; cystic change improved markedly or resolved in 86% of eyes. Preoperative optical coherence tomography features did not correlate with visual acuity. Patients with symptoms for less than a 6-month duration (
P
= .048) were more likely to obtain a visual acuity of 20/40 or better postoperatively. Presence or resolution of macular cystic changes and subretinal fluid did not correlate with visual acuity or change (
P
> .05).

CONCLUSION:
Patients with vitreofoveal traction syndrome usually achieve favorable visual optical coherence tomography outcomes after pars plana vitrectomy.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:150–156.]
Assessing the Reliability of Automated OCT Retinal Thickness Measurements in Patients With Choroidal Neovascularization Due to Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Taban Mehran , Williams Dawn , Smith Scott D. , Kaiser Peter K. 
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To compare automated versus manual retinal measurement using Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) in patients with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Patients with subfoveal CNV due to AMD underwent Stratus OCT imaging. Each scan was evaluated for automated: foveal center point thickness, central subfield thickness, signal strength, and manual: central retinal thickness, central retinal/lesion thickness, CNV thickness, pigment epithelial detachment thickness, and number of correct retinal boundaries (CRBs).

RESULTS:

A total of 209 OCT visits (49 patients) were assessed. On fast macular thickness map, 52% of scans had less than 4 (of possible 6) CRBs placed by the automated OCT algorithm. There was a mean difference of 34 µm between automated foveal center point thickness and manual central retinal thickness (
P
< .00005). Only 40% and 27% of automated foveal center point thickness and central subfield, respectively, lay within ± 25 µm of manual central retinal thickness. As the number of CRBs or signal strength increased, the difference between manual and automated measurements decreased.

CONCLUSION:
Manual retinal thickness measurements differ significantly from those calculated by the current automated Stratus OCT software in exudative AMD.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:166–174.]
Ranibizumab for Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Eyes Previously Treated With Alternative Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitors
Authors: Ehlers Justis P. , Spirn Marc J. , Shah Chirag P. , Fenton Gregory L. , Baker Paul S. , Regillo Carl D. , Ho Allen C. 
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate ranibizumab for exudative age-related macular degeneration previously treated with pegaptanib, bevacizumab, or both.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
This was a retrospective, interventional case series of patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration who were treated with ranibizumab after being initially treated with pegaptanib, bevacizumab, or both. The primary outcome was change in visual acuity following the switch to ranibizumab.

RESULTS:
One hundred two eyes of 92 patients were identified. Following the switch to ranibizumab, there was an average gain of 0.7 lines in visual acuity. Ninety-four eyes (92%) lost 3 or fewer lines, 29 eyes (28%) gained more than 3 lines, and 3 eyes (3%) lost more than 6 lines after switching to ranibizumab. Lesion type and time between previous vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor and ranibizumab did not affect the response.

CONCLUSION:
Ranibizumab maintained visual acuity in the majority of patients and appears to be an effective treatment regardless of previous anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:182–189.]
The Relation Between Bevacizumab Injection and the Formation of Subretinal Fibrosis in Diabetic Patients With Panretinal Photocoagulation
Authors: Batman Cosar , Ozdamar Yasemin 
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To report the development of subretinal fibrosis after the injection of intravitreal bevacizumab in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) refractory to panretinal laser photocoagulation (PRP).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Twenty-one eyes of 15 patients treated with PRP and intravitreal injection of bevacizumab were included in this study. The clinical outcomes of 21 eyes having subretinal fibrosis after intravitreal bevacizumab injection were reviewed.

RESULTS:
There were 9 men and 6 women with a mean age of 51.3 ± 8.9 years. All eyes had PDR refractory to panretinal photocoagulation and were treated with at least one intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg of bevacizumab (mean number of injections: 1.8). Before injection, there was subretinal fibrosis in 5 eyes and vitreoretinal traction in 19 eyes. After a mean follow-up period of 7 months, the development or progression of subretinal fibrosis was detected in all eyes.

CONCLUSION:
Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab may cause formation or progression of subretinal fibrosis in patients with PDR refractory to PRP.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:190–195.]
Role of Ultrasound Biomicroscopy in Management of Eyes With Stage 5 Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Azad Rajvardhan , Mannan Rashim , Chandra Parijat 
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To assess the role of ultrasound biomicroscopy in the surgical management of eyes with stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Ultrasound biomicroscopy was performed preoperatively in 18 eyes with stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity to view the access to the anterior surgical space.

RESULTS:
Of the 15 (83.3%) eyes with anterior open funnel on B-scan ultrasonography, only 8 (53.3%) eyes had open access to the anterior surgical space and were scheduled for lensectomy.

CONCLUSION:
Ultrasound biomicroscopy is an effective tool for assessing anterior surgical space and helps surgical decision making in vitreoretinal surgery in eyes with stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:196–200.]
Ultrasound Energy in Phacoemulsification: A Comparative Analysis of Phaco-Chop and Stop-and-Chop Techniques According to the Degree of Nuclear Density
Authors: Park Jung Hyun , Lee Sang Mok , Kwon Ji-Won , Kim Mee Kum , Hyon Joon Young , Wee Won Ryang , Lee Jin Hak , Han Young Keun 
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the amount of ultrasound energy used, corneal endothelial cell loss, and central corneal thickness using the phaco-chop and stop-and-chop techniques for cataracts with different degrees of nuclear density.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
One hundred two eyes of 51 patients with bilateral senile cataract were included. Each eye was randomly assigned to have either phaco-chop or stop-and-chop nucleofractis during phacoemulsification. The groups were divided into two subgroups according to the nuclear density. The effective phacoemulsification time, endothelial cell density, and central corneal thickness were analyzed.

RESULTS:

The mean effective phacoemulsification time was similar between the groups in moderately dense nuclei (2.17 ± 1.33 vs 1.33 ± 1.05 seconds;
P
= .41). However, the phaco-chop technique required less effective phacoemulsification time than the stop-and-chop technique in dense nuclei (3.86 ± 4.18 vs 6.70 ± 5.43 seconds;
P
= .01). The endothelial cell loss and the central corneal thickness did not vary significantly between the groups.

CONCLUSION:
The phaco-chop technique requires lower ultrasound energy for nuclear management than the stop-and-chop technique in dense cataracts and the resulting endothelial loss was similar in both techniques.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:236–241.]
Intraoperative Use of Three-Dimensional Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Ide Takeshi , Wang Jianhua , Tao Aizhu , Leng Theodore , Kymionis George D. , O'Brien Terrence P. , Yoo Sonia H. 
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To develop a prototype three-dimensional anterior segment spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) device and demonstrate the feasibility of its use in the operating room.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Single-institution interventional case series including six consecutive patients undergoing Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK). The prototype anterior segment SD-OCT was used intraoperatively to search for the presence of interface fluid between the host cornea and the DSAEK graft.

RESULTS:
Anterior segment SD-OCT was successfully used intraoperatively during DSAEK. After the initial placement of the graft, no fluid was clinically apparent; however, interface fluid was identified by anterior segment SD-OCT in two of the six cases. After additional aspiration, all patients were fluid-free on follow-up anterior segment SD-OCT scanning.

CONCLUSION:
Intraoperative anterior segment SD-OCT was used successfully to find interface fluid that was clinically undetectable under the microscope. As such, all patients were able to leave the operating room with a fully attached graft.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:250–254.]
The Effect of Femtosecond Laser Lamellar Dissection at Various Depths on Corneal Endothelium in the Recipient Bed of the Porcine Eye
Authors: Choi Suk-Kyue , Kim Jin-Hyoung , Lee Doh 
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the effect of femtosecond laser lamellar dissection on corneal endothelium ultrastructure and viability.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Newly enucleated porcine eyes (N = 32) were used. The eyes were divided into four groups and a 7.5-mm diameter corneal lamellar dissection with the same size side cut at various depths was performed using a 60-kHz femtosecond laser with raster and spiral lamellar pattern. The endothelium was examined using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy with Alizarin red staining.

RESULTS:

All four groups showed similar corneal endothelial cell morphology and viability at the center of the endothelium regardless of the lamellar cut pattern (
P
> .05). In groups 2 and 3, linear dotted endothelial cell damage or folding correlating with the side cut was observed.

CONCLUSION:
Using femtosecond lasers for stromal dissection and side cutting was safe for the central endothelium and caused only minimal damage to the peripheral endothelium, regardless of the laser emission pattern.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:255–260.]
A Rabbit Model of Conjunctival Injection Induction After Strabismus Surgery Enhanced by Topical Application of Irritant Chemicals
Authors: Kim Moon Jung , Hwang Jeong-Min 
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To establish a rabbit model of conjunctival injection after strabismus surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
A prospective, masked-observer, controlled study was performed. Twenty eyes of 20 rabbits underwent strabismus surgery. Fifteen eyes were treated with 90% ethanol for 5 minutes followed by dispase for 10 minutes and 5 eyes were treated with balanced salt solution as a control group. Injection severity was assessed by means of a grade (0 to 3) at 5 minutes, 1, 24, and 48 hours, and 1 week after surgery.

RESULTS:

The application of 90% ethanol for 5 minutes followed by dispase for 10 minutes reliably caused conjunctival injection in all of the rabbits and the injection scores were significantly higher than those of the control group at 24 (
P
= .008) and 48 (
P
= .001) hours and 1 week (
P
= .022) after surgery.

CONCLUSION:
The combined application of 90% ethanol and dispase in rabbit eyes was found to successfully create a conjunctival injection rabbit model after strabismus surgery.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:261–265.]
Covariation of self‐ and other‐directed aggression among inpatient youth: continuity in the transition to treatment and shared risk factors
Authors: Boxer Paul 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlthough other‐ and self‐directed aggression covary in very high‐risk youth, these forms of aggression infrequently are studied simultaneously. Understanding better their covariation is an important task for improving services to high‐risk youth. In this study, data from the clinical records of 476 youth admitted to secure inpatient treatment were analyzed to examine relations among self‐ and other‐directed aggression exhibit before and during inpatient treatment. Analyses tested the hypotheses that self‐ and other‐directed aggression would tend to covary and display continuity from pre‐treatment to in‐treatment. Also tested were the hypotheses that youth with histories of co‐occurring self‐ and other‐directed aggression would show the highest levels of aggression during treatment and the greatest degree of personal and contextual risk on entering treatment. These hypotheses were largely supported. Exploratory analyses revealed interesting discontinuities in aggression (aggression emitted only before or during treatment) with critical implications for research and practice with youth receiving clinical care, especially those in institutional placements. Aggr. Behav. 36:205–217, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Designing Polymers to Enable Nanoscale Thermomechanical Data Storage
Authors: Gotsmann B. , Knoll A. W. , Pratt R. , Frommer J. , Hedrick J. L. , Duerig U. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNanomechanics has been slow in entering nanotechnology because of extreme conditions resulting from scaling. This is an issue in particular for polymers, although widely used in macroscale applications. Highly repetitive nanoscale deformation cycling in combination with excellent shape retention and thermal stability is demonstrated. While generic principles described are pertinent to a range of applications, this demonstration is made on the example of polymer media in high‐density data storage. The information, represented as indents, is written and erased using a heated tip. A high‐performance polymer with a flexible aryletherketone backbone is designed with phenylethynyl crosslink chemistry. After optimization of crosslink density and topology, unprecedented performance is achieved in all relevant metrics. Demonstrations of endurance and retention are performed at 1 Tb in−2 density, showing 108 write cycles using the same tip, 103 erase cycles and 3 × 105 read cycles of the media, and extrapolated to 10 years of retention at 85 °C.
Correlation Between Triplet–Triplet Annihilation and Electroluminescence Efficiency in Doped Fluorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Luo Yichun , Aziz Hany 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTriplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) is studied in a wide range of fluorescent host:guest emitter systems used in organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs). Strong TTA is observed in host:guest systems in which the dopant has a limited charge‐trapping capability. On the other hand, systems in which the dopant can efficiently trap charges show insignificant TTA, an effect that is due, in part, to the efficient quenching of triplet excitons by the trapped charges. Fluorescent host:guest systems with the strongest TTA are found to give the highest OLED electroluminescence efficiency, a phenomenon attributed to the role of TTA in converting triplet excitons into additional singlet excitons, thus appreciably contributing to the light output of OLEDs. The results shed light on and give direct evidence for the phenomena behind the recently reported very high efficiencies attainable in fluorescent host:guest OLEDs with quantum efficiencies exceeding the classical 25% theoretical limit.
Mathematical simulation of calcimine deliming in the production of gelatin
Authors: Kolomazník Karel , Fürst Tomáš , Bařinová Michaela 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCalcimine is a valuable by‐product originating during the processing of cured hide into leather. It is used as raw material in the production of gelatin and biodegradable sheets. For further usage, it is necessary to remove calcium hydroxide from calcimine by chemical deliming, which is, from the environmental protection point of view, the most important stage of the entire deliming process. In this article, a mathematical description of chemical deliming is proposed, based on the unreacted nucleus approach. Numerical solution of the model is found, concentration fields of the reacting chemicals described, and the evolution of the acido‐basic boundary inside calcimine shown. The model is used to justify a simplified way to determine the effective diffusion coefficient of the deliming agent. The model can also be used as a basis for optimization of the deliming process. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Physical and psychological health of first and second generation Turkish immigrants in Germany
Authors: Kotwal Ashwin A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRecent studies in Germany suggest that first generation Turkish immigrants have lower mortality rates compared to native Germans. Conversely, studies examining morbidity, though not national in scope, have demonstrated that first generation Turks may have poorer health than native Germans. Additionally, little is known about the health of the emerging second generation Turkish population in Germany. To evaluate the discrepancy between mortality and morbidity trends and contribute to a better understanding of second generation Turkish immigrant health, this paper uses a nationally‐representative dataset, including the 2005 German Gender and Generations Study (GGS) (n = 10,017) and the 2006 GGS Turkish supplement (n = 4,045), to assess three health outcomes: chronic illness, self‐assessed health, and feelings of emptiness. The paper investigates whether sex, age, socioeconomic status, emotional support, or duration of residence in Germany predict these dimensions of health. Results establish clear health status differences between Turks and native Germans. Surprisingly, both first and second generation Turks tend to have lower chronic illness rates and rate their health as better than Germans at younger ages, but the advantage diminishes among higher age strata for the first generation. Feelings of emptiness results generally indicate an increased susceptibility to psychological problems for both generations of Turks. Controlling for socioeconomic status and age reduces these health differences modestly, pointing to their likely role as mediators. The relatively higher risks for all three health outcomes among Turkish females of both generations compared to their German counterparts suggest that female Turkish immigrants and their female offspring may be particularly vulnerable. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.