bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A transdisciplinary perspective of chronic stress in relation to psychopathology throughout life span development
Authors: Juster Robert-Paul , Bizik Gustav , Picard Martin , Arsenault-Lapierre Genevieve , Sindi Shireen , Trepanier Lyane , Marin Marie-France , Wan Nathalie , Sekerovic Zoran , Lord Catherine , Fiocco Alexandra J. , Plusquellec Pierrich , McEwen Bruce S. , Lupien Sonia J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe allostatic load (AL) model represents an interdisciplinary approach to comprehensively conceptualize and quantify chronic stress in relation to pathologies throughout the life cycle. This article first reviews the AL model, followed by interactions among early adversity, genetics, environmental toxins, as well as distinctions among sex, gender, and sex hormones as integral antecedents of AL. We next explore perspectives on severe mental illness, dementia, and caregiving as unique human models of AL that merit future investigations in the field of developmental psychopathology. A complimenting transdisciplinary perspective is applied throughout, whereby we argue that the AL model goes beyond traditional stress–disease theories toward the advancement of person-centered research and practice that promote not only physical health but also mental health.
Interparental aggression and children's adrenocortical reactivity: Testing an evolutionary model of allostatic load
Authors: Davies Patrick T. , Sturge-Apple Melissa L. , Cicchetti Dante 
Published: July 2011

AbstractGuided by an evolutionary model of allostatic load, this study examined the hypothesis that the association between interparental aggression and subsequent changes in children's cortisol reactivity to interparental conflict is moderated by their temperamental dispositions. Participants of the multimethod, longitudinal study included 201 2-year-old toddlers and their mothers. These children experienced elevated levels of aggression between parents. Consistent with the theory, the results indicated that interparental aggression predicted greater cortisol reactivity over a 1-year period for children who exhibited high levels of temperamental inhibition and vigilance. Conversely, for children with bold, aggressive temperamental characteristics, interparental aggression was marginally associated with diminished cortisol reactivity. Further underscoring its implications for allostatic load, increasing cortisol reactivity over the one year span was related to concomitant increases in internalizing symptoms but decreases in attention and hyperactivity difficulties. In supporting the evolutionary conceptualization, these results further supported the relative developmental advantages and costs associated with escalating and dampened cortisol reactivity to interparental conflict.
Marital conflict, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and allostatic load: Interrelations and associations with the development of children's externalizing behavior
Authors: El-Sheikh Mona , Hinnant J. Benjamin 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAllostatic load theory hypothesizes that stress and the body's responses to stressors contribute to longer term physiological changes in multiple systems over time (allostasis), and that shifts in how these systems function have implications for adjustment and health. We investigated these hypotheses with longitudinal data from two independent samples (n= 413; 219 girls, 194 boys) with repeated measures at ages 8, 9, 10, and 11. Initial parental marital conflict and its change over time indexed children's exposure to an important familial stressor, which was examined in interaction with children's respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity to laboratory tasks (stress response) to predict children's basal levels of RSA over time. We also investigated children's sex as an additional possible moderator. Our second research question focused on examining whether initial levels and changes in resting RSA over time predicted children's externalizing behavior. Boys with a strong RSA suppression response to a frustrating laboratory task who experienced higher initial marital conflict or increasing marital conflict over time showed decreases in their resting RSA over time. In addition, boys' initial resting RSA (but not changes in resting RSA over time) was negatively related to change over time in externalizing symptoms. Findings for girls were more mixed. Results are discussed in the context of developmental psychobiology, allostatic load, and implications for the development of psychopathology.
Gender, achievement and the ‘Gold Standard’: differential performance in the GCE A level examination
Authors: Elwood Jannette 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTWhile interest in gender‐related differences in performance in examinations and assessment in the UK has been considerable, it has tended to focus on the compul‐ sory phase of schooling, particularly at age 16. This lack of attention to gender‐related differences in examinations at 18+ is somewhat surprising since outcomes at this stage of education are critical in terms of life chances and entry into higher and further edu‐ cation. This article discusses the picture of gendered achievement in the GCE A level examination. Trends in differential performance over time are examined and expla‐ nations put forward as to why these differences in performance occur. Explanations proposed cover links between gendered styles of learning and the style of examining; the statistical and educational impact of self‐selecting populations on performance patterns; and the contribution of different assessment techniques to differences in male and female examination performance. Finally, suggestions of where action might be taken to rectify the differences observed are given. The discussion in the article is supported by data from two research projects that have studied in detail the inter‐ action of examination systems and gender.
Matching teaching to learning
Authors: Beresford John 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe debate about appropriate teaching strategies for effective learning to take place is by no means a new one. It now has an added poignancy with recent energetic government initiatives to pursue student performance targets. Recent research suggests that extending teachers’ pedagogic repertoires is an important element in maximizing academic outcomes, and that students’ views of their own education provide important insights for improving teaching and learning in schools. This article looks at a technique, derived from the work of Kolb and used in a range of secondary schools, to audit the range of teaching styles used and to compare these with the learning preferences of students. Results suggest that students favour a greater element of ‘social learning’ than they are currently receiving.
Investigation of the effect of dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators on the radar cross section of an object
Authors: Wolf S , Arjomandi M 
Published: July 2011

The application of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma as an electromagnetic absorber was investigated by determining the radar cross section (RCS) of a rectangular, flat plate with a DBD plasma actuator array installed on one of its sides. In order to justify the experimental results, the expected effect of plasma actuation on RCS was analysed by determining the attenuation effect of the plasma with the Lorentz model. Due to the very limited life time of the free electrons and the small extent of the plasma sheath, the attenuation was found to be only minimal.
The theoretical results have been verified by comparing the measured RCS values of a plate with and without plasma actuation applied on it in a high-frequency anechoic lab. As expected, no significant influence of DBD plasma on RCS was detected. In addition, it was found that the high voltage power supply used as a part of DBD circuitry produced a high level of disturbance even in the microwave range.
Inferring statin-induced gene regulatory relationships in primary human hepatocytes
Authors: Schröder Adrian , Wollnik Johannes , Wrzodek Clemens , Dräger Andreas , Bonin Michael , Burk Oliver , Thomas Maria , Thasler Wolfgang E. , Zanger Ulrich M. , Zell Andreas 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Motivation: Statins are the most widely used cholesterol-lowering drugs. The primary target of statins is HMG-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. However, statins elicit pleitropic responses including beneficial as well as adverse effects in the liver or other organs. Today, the regulatory mechanisms that cause these pleiotropic effects are not sufficiently understood.
Results: In this work, genome-wide RNA expression changes in primary human hepatocytes of six individuals were measured at up to six time points upon atorvastatin treatment. A computational analysis workflow was applied to reconstruct regulatory mechanisms based on these drug–response data and available knowledge about transcription factor (TF) binding specificities and protein–drug interactions. Several previously unknown TFs were predicted to be involved in atorvastatin-responsive gene expression. The novel relationships of nuclear receptors NR2C2 and PPARA on CYP3A4 were successfully validated in wet-lab experiments.
Availability: Microarray data are available at the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/, under accession number GSE29868.
Contact: andreas.zell@uni-tuebingen.de; adrian.schroeder@uni-tuebingen.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Age and growth of striped marlin (Kajikia audax) in the Southwest Pacific Ocean
Authors: Kopf R. Keller , Davie Peter S. , Bromhead Donald , Pepperell Julian G. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Kopf, R. K., Davie, P. S., Bromhead, D., and Pepperell, J. G. 2011. Age and growth of striped marlin (Kajikia audax) in the Southwest Pacific Ocean. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1884–1895. This study describes the first validated model of age and growth developed for striped marlin (Kajikia audax). Daily periodicity of otolith microincrements was corroborated by back-calculated hatch dates that matched the known spawning season in the Southwest Pacific Ocean (SWPO). Yearly annulus formation in fin-spine sections was corroborated by daily otolith microincrements and by a marginal increment analysis. Ages of females ranged from 140 d to 8.5 years in fish between 990 mm and 2872 mm lower-jaw fork length (LJFL), and ages of males from 130 d to 7.0 years in fish between 1120 mm and 2540 mm LJFL. Sex-specific differences in growth were significant, with females growing to a larger asymptotic size and greater age than males. An instantaneous growth rate of 3.1 mm d–1 at 6 months and an estimated length of 1422–1674 mm LJFL by age 1 year makes this species among the fastest growing bony fish. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to commercial longline and recreational fisheries management of striped marlin in the SWPO and in relation to the biology of pelagic fish growth.
Parathyroid anatomy, hormone synthesis, secretion, action, and receptors
Authors: Hendy Geoffrey N. , Goltzman David 
Published: July 2011

Humans have two pairs of parathyroid glands lying in the anterior cervical region. The fetal parathyroid glands begin developing at 5 weeks from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches. The third pharyngeal pouch, which contains tissue that will become the thymus and parathyroid, migrates downward and gives rise to the two inferior parathyroid glands normally located at the lower poles of the thyroid. The fourth pharyngeal pouch does not migrate and gives rise to the two upper parathyroid glands, which normally are attached to the upper poles of the thyroid (1).
Adrenal surgery
Authors: Balasubramanian Sabapathy P. , Harrison Barney J. 
Published: July 2011

The indications for adrenal surgery and techniques employed have evolved significantly in the last 20 years. The need for adrenalectomy has increased due to:

◆ increased use of abdominal CT/MRI that identifies adrenal incidentalomas

◆ the more frequent biochemical diagnosis of subclinical hormonal syndromes.

The operative approach has changed with the availability of minimal access surgery; this has significant advantages for the patient in terms of reduced morbidity and faster recovery (1).

Despite these changes, the fundamental principles of adrenal surgery have remained unchanged:

◆ Biochemical investigations should be performed before localization studies and/or surgical intervention.

◆ Biopsy is rarely indicated in the investigation of adrenal lesions and is confined to confirmation of adrenal metastasis, suspected lymphoma, tuberculosis, or histoplasmosis. It should only be performed after biochemical assessment has excluded phaeochromocytoma.

◆ Close collaboration with colleagues in endocrinology, biochemistry, and radiology is essential for good outcomes.

This chapter will focus on the surgical aspects of treatment. The pathology of adrenal disease, details of biochemical and radiological investigations, and the nonsurgical modalities of treatment are covered elsewhere.
Adrenal insufficiency
Authors: Arlt Wiebke 
Published: July 2011

In 1855, Thomas Addison identified a clinical syndrome characterized by wasting and hyperpigmentation as the result of adrenal gland destruction (1). This landmark observation paved the way for progress in understanding and treating adrenal insufficiency, with the introduction of adrenal extracts for treatment of Addison’s disease by the groups of Hartman and Pfiffner in 1929. However, long-term survival of patients with adrenal insufficiency only became possible after the seminal work of Edward Kendall, Philip Hench, and Tadeus Reichstein on the characterization and therapeutic use of cortisone. In 1946, Lewis Sarrett, a Merck scientist, achieved a partial synthesis of cortisone, which marked the beginning of industrial-scale production of cortisone. In 1948, in a fundamental clinical experiment at the Mayo Clinic, the first patient with Addison’s received intravenous injections of Kendall’s Compound E, cortisone, resulting in ‘notable improvement of his condition’. This was followed by the groundbreaking trials on the use of cortisone in rheumatoid arthritis yielding unanticipated clinical improvements, which quickly led to the labelling of cortisone as ‘the wonder drug’. In November 1950, cortisone was made available to all physicians in the USA, a rapid translational development process, which culminated in the award of the 1950 Nobel Prize in Medicine to Kendall, Hench, and Reichstein. This progress reached other countries with variable delay and widespread availability of cortisone in the UK was achieved by joint efforts of Glaxo and the Medical Research Council. Though almost 150 years have passed since Addison’s landmark observations and 60 years since the introduction of life-saving cortisone, there are still advances and challenges in the management of adrenal insufficiency, summarized in this chapter.
VIPomas
Authors: Wynne Katie 
Published: July 2011

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) secreting tumours are rare neuroendocrine tumours. The associated syndrome was first described by Priest and Alexander in 1957. They reported a case that they thought to be a variant of the Zollinger–Ellison syndrome—a patient with an islet cell tumour associated with diarrhoea, peptic ulceration, and hypokalaemia (1). The following year, Verner and Morrison described a syndrome of profuse, refractory, watery diarrhoea with severe hypokalaemia and dehydration associated with a non-β‎-cell islet cell tumour (2). Historical terms for this syndrome have included ‘pancreatic cholera’ (as the diarrhoea is similar to the secretory diarrhoea observed in cholera) and the acronym WDHA (watery diarrhoea, hypokalaemia, and achlorhydria). However, these terms are inaccurate descriptions of a syndrome that can be associated with both extrapancreatic tumours and normal gastric acid secretion. In 1973, Bloom first connected the watery diarrhoea with an elevated plasma VIP level and an increased tumour content of VIP, suggesting the term ‘VIPoma syndrome’ (3). There followed a debate as to whether VIP was a marker for the syndrome or the causative agent for the diarrhoea. However, in 1983, Kane infused porcine VIP intravenously in healthy human subjects, achieving VIP levels similar to patients with VIPomas. Profuse watery diarrhoea developed within 4 h of infusion, providing evidence that VIP was indeed the mediator of the syndrome (4).
Clinical features of type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Amiel Stephanie A. 
Published: July 2011

As described in Chapter 13.2.3, type 1 diabetes results from the destruction of the glucose-responsive, insulin-secreting β‎ cells of the pancreatic islets. Its principal clinical features reflect significant insulin deficiency. In general, the β‎ cell damage is immune mediated and other clinical features occur related to other autoimmune processes. Although typically considered to have a short prodrome, in research studies biochemical evidence of impaired glucose metabolism has been detected years before diagnosis, in the form of mild elevation of blood glucose. It is likely that the clinical symptoms only manifest when 90% or more of the β‎ cells are lost. The effects of insulin deficiency are enhanced at times of insulin resistance, which explains the apparent link between clinical onset of type 1 diabetes and acute stress, such as an intercurrent infection or other illness, or physiological changes in insulin resistance, such as during puberty.

The rate of β‎ cell loss is highly variable. It is probable that type 1 diabetes presenting in prepubertal childhood may reflect a more aggressive destructive process, while, at the other extreme, type 1 diabetes may present in adult life with a slow evolution to an absolute need for insulin replacement. The latter is called ‘latent adult onset diabetes’ (LADA), and confounds the clinical definition of type 1 diabetes—often used in recruiting type 1 patients to trials—of requirement for insulin replacement within a year of diagnosis. The diagnosis of type 1A diabetes, i.e. type 1 diabetes of proven autoimmune pathogenesis, may be made by finding evidence of the autoimmune process against β‎ cell antigens, with the presence of anti-islet cell antibodies—or, more accurately, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) or anti-islet-associated protein 2 (IA-2) antibodies—in the blood. Absence of such antibodies does not mean the diagnosis is not type 1, as the antibodies tend to disappear over time, perhaps with loss of the β‎ cell antigens to stimulate them, but their presence is usual in type 1 diabetes when there is at least some residual insulin-secretory capacity, which is usually the case when the question of diagnosis arises.
Monogenic forms of diabetes resulting from β‎ cell dysfunction
Authors: Besser Rachel , Hattersley Andrew 
Published: July 2011

Monogenic diabetes refers to diabetes resulting from mutations in a single gene. This chapter discusses monogenic disorders causing β‎ cell dysfunction, which accounts for the majority of cases of monogenic diabetes.

Patients can usually be divided into three clinical categories: maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), which is dominantly inherited familial diabetes; neonatal diabetes, diagnosed under the age of 6 months; and monogenic diabetes syndromes, which are characterized by multiple nonpancreatic features. In each clinical category, there are several aetiological genes that usually result in a discrete clinical phenotype.
The diabetic foot
Authors: Edmonds Michael , Foster Alethea. 
Published: July 2011

At some time in their life, 15% of people with diabetes develop foot ulcers, which are highly susceptible to infection. This may spread rapidly leading to overwhelming tissue destruction and amputation: indeed, 85% of amputations are preceded by an ulcer and there is an amputation in a person with diabetes every 30 seconds throughout the world (1). Evidence-based protocols for diabetic foot ulcers have been developed (2), and diabetic foot programmes that have promoted a multidisciplinary approach to heal foot ulcers with aggressive management of infection and ischaemia have achieved a substantial decrease in amputation rates (3, 4). Furthermore, a reduction in amputations has been reported nationwide in diabetic patients throughout the Netherlands (5). Recently, a decrease in major amputation incidence has been reported in diabetic as well as in nondiabetic patients in Helsinki (6). These reports have stressed the importance of early recognition of the ‘at-risk’ foot, the prompt institution of preventive measures, and the provision of rapid and intensive treatment of foot infection and also evascularization in multidisciplinary foot clinics. Such measures can reduce the number of amputations in diabetic patients.

Systematic reviews on prevention and treatment have been carried out, e.g. see Eldor et al. (7), and national guidelines have recently been formulated (8, 9). An International Consensus developed in 1999 was re-launched in revised form as an interactive DVD (10, 11) in 2007.

This chapter outlines a simple classification of the diabetic foot into the neuropathic and neuroischaemic foot. It then describes a simple staging system of the natural history of the diabetic foot and a treatment plan for each stage. Successful management of the diabetic foot needs the expertise of a multidisciplinary team which should include physician, podiatrist, nurse, orthotist, radiologist, and surgeon working closely together, within the focus of a diabetic foot clinic.
Changes in group size and composition of the blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) between 1984 and 2009 at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Angedakin Samuel , Lwanga Jeremiah 
Published: July 2011

AbstractGroup counts were conducted on five groups of blue monkeys at the Ngogo study site, Kibale National Park, Uganda between January and June 2009. Group sizes were compared with those obtained using similar methods at the same site during 1983‐84 by Tom Butynski. During the present study, group size ranged from 16 to 28 monkeys. The results show that the group size of blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) has increased significantly between 1984 and 2009. Mean group size has increased over two‐fold from 9 after the fission of group 33 during Butynski s study to 21.6 animals per group in 2009. These results strongly suggest that the density of blue monkeys at Ngogo has increased although census data indicate that group density has remained more or less the same.