bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les décades de Pontigny (1910-1939)
Authors: Chaubet François 
Published: July 2010

The Decades of Pontigny (1910-1939), François Chaubet.
In 1910, during a time in which international scientific meetings were in great fashion, the Decades of Pontigny reflected on the role of intellectuals in a mass democratic society. These periodic residential meetings of intellectuals held in a remote place were inspired by several models of sociability and brought together a relatively big number of people, considering the subjects taken up. After the first World War, they played a non-negligible role in the European intellectual community, or at least in a Franco-German rapprochement. In the 1930s, they led to a critical reflection on totalitarian regimes.
Clemenceau et la Grèce
Authors: Jeanneney Jean-Noël 
Published: July 2010

Clemenceau and Greece, Jean-Noël Jeanneney.
"You have to go to Greece to get anywhere else," said Clemenceau, who admired above all the power-hammer eloquence of a Demosthenes. At the time when lawyers and professors were marked by Ciceron, the philhellenic Tiger united word and conviction, discussion and combat, reason and liberty. It was a strongly Athenian definition of the French Republic that is worth recalling today, 80 years after the 1918 victory.
Le réflexe antifasciste. Les comités de lutte contre le fascisme et la guerre dans le Loiret (1934-1936)
Authors: Marlin François 
Published: July 2010

The Anti-fascist Reflex. The Anti-fascist and Anti-war Committees in the Loiret (1934 - 1936), François Marlin.
In the Loiret, a French département (administrative division) with a radical leaning, an incredibly vital anti-fascist Committee was set up following February 6, 1934. Directed by communists, it nevertheless included many socialists and radicals. It managed to inaugurate a "Popular Front" in the rank and file in 1935 before falling victim to the divisions that occurred within the Rassemblement populaire after the 1936 electoral victory.
Complots et purges dans l'armée de libération algérienne (1958-1961)
Authors: Ageron Charles-Robert 
Published: July 2010

Plots and Purges in the Algerian Liberation Army (1958-1961), Charles-Robert Ageron.
Spy mania, fear of betrayal, and sectarianism were responsible for " revolutionary" purges within the National Liberation Army during the Algerian war of independence. This on-going purge often decimated the officers and demoralized the men. This is the first article to look scrupulously at the violent revenge taken, wilaya by wilaya. It was useful today, it seemed to us, to recall the existence of these victims, sacrificed on the "altar of human stupidity".
La libération et la politique de l'information
Authors: Boissieu Michel de 
Published: July 2010

Information Freedom and Policy, Michel de Boissieu.
As a young resistant who became head of the cabinet of the Ministry of Information with Pierre-Henri Teitgen, Michel de Boissieu was witness to the reorganization of the public service after the Liberation and helped to set up again a milieu that Vichy and the Resistance has separated for a few years. In a sector — Information — where everything was to be done, the difficulty came from the ambiguity of the mission given to the minister, the disorganization of the administration, the many pressures brought to bear by the press professionals, the politicians and the other ministries. The founding of Le Monde — Hubert Beuve-Méry immediately asserted his independence vis-à-vis the power in place - preceded the relaunching in the spring of 1945 of La Dépêche de Toulouse, suspended at the Liberation. These two episodes show the minister's will to assure the existence of a free and independent press in order to break with the practices of the between war period without yielding to the temptation of an official press.
La commission de sauvegarde pendant la guerre d'Algérie : chronique d'un échec annoncé
Authors: Branche Raphaëlle 
Published: July 2010

La Commission de sauvegarde pendant la guerre d'Algérie : chronique d'un échec annoncé, Raphaëlle Branche.
La Commission de sauvegarde des droits et libertés individuels en Algérie fut fondée au printemps 1957 par Guy Mollet, alors que les méthodes utilisées par l'armée française au cours de la bataille d'Alger créaient le trouble à l'ONU, parmi les intellectuels, sur les bancs de l'Assemblée nationale et jusque dans les rangs de la SFIO. Formée de douze personnalités de haute stature morale et d'horizons politiques divers, mais dépourvue de pouvoirs réels, la commission fut rapidement en butte à la mauvaise volonté des autorités militaires en Algérie. Plusieurs de ses membres, qui avaient recueilli des témoignages accablants sur la réalité de la torture, démissionnèrent en septembre 1957 pour protester contre une situation qui faisait d'eux les otages d'un gouvernement complice de la répression. En dépit de sa prudence, le rapport final de la commission, qui reconnaissait la réalité de la tor- ture tout en minimisant sa portée, fut tenu secret par le gouvernement, jusqu'à sa publication par Le Monde en décembre. Il était alors trop tard, et l'échec de la commission marqua la démission des autorités civiles face aux responsables militaires de la « pacification » en Algérie.
L'évacuation de Dora et la tragédie de Gardelegen à propos du livre de Goldhagen
Authors: Sellier André 
Published: July 2010

L'évacuation de Dora et la tragédie de Gardelegen. A propos du livre de Goldhagen, André Sellier.
Dans son livre, Les Bourreaux volontaires de Hitler, Daniel Goldhagen consacre deux chapitres aux « marches de la mort » de 1945, et évoque la tragédie de la grange de Gardelegen. Il laisse entendre que les victimes étaient juives. Or cet événement est bien connu. En avril 1945, sur cinq convois ferroviaires qui circulaient dans l'Altmark pour transporter des détenus au-delà de l'Elbe, deux ont été bloqués près de Gardelegen. Le Kreisleiter local, désireux de se débarrasser de leurs occupants, les a fait enfermer dans une grange, appartenant à la châtelaine du lieu, et un millier de victimes y ont été brûlées. Des témoignages concordants permettent de faire le récit de ce qui s'est alors passé. On est loin, sur plusieurs points, du texte de Goldhagen. À Dora, comme à Gardelegen, il y avait des Juifs, mais minoritaires et mêlés aux autres. L'un des huit rescapés de la grange était un Juif hongrois, les autres des Français, des Russes et des Polonais.
Les arméniens au 20e siècle
Authors: Minassian Taline Ter 
Published: July 2010

The Armenians in the 20th century.
The history of the Armenians in the 20th century can be read under four headings : the 1915 genocide and how the fight for its international recognition bas been the engine of the national awakening in Soviet Armenia as well as in the Diaspora ; the question of the Armenian state since the fleeting Republic of Armenia created in 1918 under Ottoman pressure until independence proclaimed in 1991 after seven decades of integration with the Soviet Union ; the role of the Armenian apostolic church, guardian of the national identity persecuted under Stalin and now concerned with redefining its relations with the State ; lastly, the diaspora, divided between the hope for nerkaght (return) and the assimilation into the welcoming country and the 1991 independence faced with the stakes of the dialogue between the "two segments of one Armenian nation".
Terroirs et pays : mort et transfiguration ?
Authors: Chanet Jean-François 
Published: July 2010

Terroirs and Region : Death and Transfiguration ?, Jean-François Chanet.
Before the 1914 war, terroir was put in opposition to the geographic division, i.e. the "département" as the rural, terroir , area was thought to be more in Une with the natural divisions of French space. The law on planning and development voted in June 1999 made possible the formation of "regions", groupings of variable-sized towns that can even extend beyond "départe- mental" limits. After a century of rural exodus, accelerated urbanization, but also after a crisis that transformed the industrial society, general support of the republican regime goes hand in hand with constant criticism of the centralization of the State and the persistent attachment of the French to a kind of rustic mystique.
L'invention du « devoir de mémoire »
Authors: Lalieu Olivier 
Published: July 2010

The Invention of the "Duty of Memory", Olivier Lalieu.
The expression "duty of memory", so common today, was seen following the Liberation among the groups of the deported. The appeal to theyouth (competition of the Resistance, visits in schools) that was organized after 1954 was a good example of this term. But everything changed since the late 1970s when a memory of the Shoah became an autonomous element, in particular through the action of Beate and Serge Klarsfeld, and was engraved at the epicenter of this "duty". The media popularized the expression leading to a kind of civic religion of homage to the victims that has attempted to orchestrate the cuit of resistance values.
Une stratégie de l'IRA : la lutte en prison (1971-1981)
Authors: Granger Tiphaine 
Published: July 2010

Une stratégie de l'IRA : La lutte en prison (1971-1981), Tiphaine Granger.
L'IRA provisoire mène une action de guérilla contre les forces britanniques basées en Irlande du Nord. Ce combat se poursuit jusqu'au sein des prisons. L'affrontement entre l'administration britannique et les Volontaires de l'IRA emprisonnés est permanent. Dès 1971, la politique d'incarcération se durcit. Le conflit interne s'amplifie progressivement pendant les années 1970, et atteint son paroxysme en 1981 avec la mise en place d'une grève de la faim qui s'étend sur sept mois, et au cours de laquelle dix prisonniers meurent. Cette lutte incessante n'est pas sans effet sur la population et les réactions de cette dernière influent parfois sur les décisions de l'un ou l'autre des adversaires. La prison, considérée comme un moyen de lutte par l'IRA, se révèle souvent efficace.
Les idéologies de la « troisième voie » dans les années 1920 : le mouvement eurasiste russe
Authors: Laruelle Marlène 
Published: July 2010

The Ideologies of the "Third Way" in the 20's : the Eurasist Russian Movement, Marlène Laruelle.
The Eurasist thought, which was born in Russian emigres circles in West in the twenties, constitutes an unknown version of the conservative revolution or ofthe so-called revolutionary rights ideologies. It shares with them a "nor right nor left" conception, hesitates between its admiration for the Bolshevik revolutionary adventure and its appeal for fascism. It first of all marks its difference with the Western context by its attraction for a certain judaity but also and especially by its discourse on the "third continent" : Russia must combine Communism and fascism because she is, by her geography and her history, a median cultural borrowing more to nomadic Turco-Mongolian Asia than to the Western world. Eurasism shows the originality of the Russian political thought : it takes part in Western discussions and intellectual fashions but is frequently coupied with a specific cultural discourse.
Les chefs de l'armée française face au communisme au début des années 1930
Authors: Vidal Georges 
Published: July 2010

The Heads of the French Army and Communism in the early 1930s, Georges Vidal.
In the early 1930s, although the Communist Party was weakened and isolated, French military officers still considered it a major danger. In his Memo on the Defense of the Paris Region Against the Interior Enemy in Wartime, General Voiriot makes the organization of a specialized force in the fight against subversion a national priority. But the government had no intention of relinquishing any authority in security matters and let the proposal drop. But it is worth noting that Marshall Pétain, inspector of the territority's anti-air defense, approved, even if he was not the inspiration for, the writing of the text.
La « voix romaine »
Authors: Brague Rémi 
Published: July 2010

La « voie romaine », Rémi Brague.
Un philosophe dit en avant-propos, bien après Husserl dans une célèbre conférence de 1935, que l'histoire de l'Europe mérite « un récit radicalement dégrisé » et que seul celui-ci pourrait être instituteur pour les jeunes générations d'Européens. Car la réalité effective de l'Europe, depuis cinq siècles, recouvre une « identité excentrique » et une géographie culturelle faites l'une et l'autre d'emprunts. L'auteur plaide pour une histoire qui tiendra compte du caractère fuyant de son objet et procédera par zooms et travellings incessants entre les nations, l'Europe et le monde entier.
Les vertus du bilatéral
Authors: François Étienne 
Published: July 2010

Les vertus du bilatéral, Etienne François.
De nouvelles générations d'historiens allemands et français sont naturellement et réellement bi-nationaux. Ils ont pratiqué intensément l'histoire comparée et l'étude des transferts culturels. Malgré leurs succès, ils conviennent aujourd'hui que le bilatéral n'est ni un aboutissement ni un but en soi. L'histoire de l'Europe relève bien plutôt du multilatéral. Et ce multilatéral-là reste à mieux inventer. La fin de l'article fait trois propositions pédagogiques à l'usage des élèves de l'enseignement secondaire : les recueils de mémoires familiales, l'observation des traces locales de la présence de l'Autre, la découverte de lieux de mémoire partagés.
Le voile, le miroir et l'aiguillon. La télévision et les mouvements de société jusque dans les années 1970
Authors: Chauveau Agnès 
Published: July 2010

The veil, the mirror and the spur. Television and The Movements of Society until The 1970s, Agnès Chauveau.
French television from the 1950s to the 1970s looked ambiguously at French society. An ideological approach, often translating the intellectuals' disdain for it, makes this medium the place for the reproduction of all forms of conservatism and social alienation. While the small screen did indeed throw a prudish veil over major social developments, it can not be reduced to a role of censor. It is also the reflection of the difficulties and transformations of French society. This attempt at anthropo-logical observation was shared by several programs (Emergency States, The Discovery of the French) that organized real scenes of daily French life in order to better detect changes. Even more, television is often ahead of the game and like radio begins debates directly involved in the social changes of the moment. Taboos were lifted, often with precaution, in programs like Coping, Women Also by Eliane Victor or the current events program Zoom. Subjects judged subversive - contraception, sexuality, or prostitution as well as problems of society such as racism or prisons were covered and subject to discussion. Veil but also mirror and spur. Television of the 1960s opened a breach.
A Modified Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Score Without Acute-phase Reactants (mDAS28) for Epidemiological Research
Authors: BENTLEY MARY J. , GREENBERG JEFFREY D. , REED GEORGE W. 
Published: July 2010

Objective.To develop and validate a modified version of the Disease Activity Score with 28 joint count (mDAS28), for use in epidemiological research, when acute-phase reactant values are unavailable.Methods.In a cross-sectional development cohort (5729 patients), statistically significant predictors of the logarithm of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (lnESR) were identified. After computation of the mDAS28, a cross-sectional validation cohort (5578 patients) was used to evaluate internal, criterion, and construct validities. The ability of the mDAS28 to discriminate between disease states was also assessed. A second validation cohort (longitudinal, 336 pairs of patient visits) was used to assess sensitivity to change.Results.Significant predictors of lnESR included tender and swollen joints with 28 counts, patient’s and physician’s assessments of global health, and patient’s assessment of pain (visual analog scale 0–100 mm) and a physical function (modified Health Assessment Questionnaire 0–3; mHAQ). Satisfactory internal validity (α = 0.72) and strong criterion validity compared to the DAS28, the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), and the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) (r = 0.87–0.96) were found. Predictive validity was demonstrated by good correlation with the mHAQ (r = 0.58). The mDAS28 showed substantial agreement with the DAS28, SDAI, and CDAI in discriminating between disease states (κ = 0.70–0.77) and moderate to substantial agreement between response levels (κ = 0.52–0.73). Both mDAS28 and DAS28 measures classified patients similarly in remission compared to the SDAI and CDAI. The mDAS28 was superior in detecting change (standardized response mean = 0.58) followed by the DAS28, CDAI, and SDAI.Conclusion.The mDAS28 is a valid and sensitive tool to assess disease activity in epidemiological research, as an alternative to the DAS28, when acute-phase reactant values are unavailable.
Soluble LILRA3, a Potential Natural Antiinflammatory Protein, Is Increased in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Is Tightly Regulated by Interleukin 10, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, and Interferon-γ
Authors: AN HONGYAN , CHANDRA VASUDHA , PIRAINO BARBARA , BORGES LUIS , GECZY CAROLYN , McNEIL H. PATRICK , BRYANT KATHERINE , TEDLA NICODEMUS 
Published: July 2010

Objective.Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A3 (LILRA3) belongs to a family of cell-surface receptors with inhibitory or activating functions. LILRA3 lacks transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, suggesting that it may be secreted. LILRA3 has high homology to activating LILRA1 and A2, hence may act as a soluble agonist/antagonist to these receptors. Individuals lacking the LILRA3 gene have higher incidence of multiple sclerosis and Sjögren’s syndrome, suggesting LILRA3 may be antiinflammatory. LILRA3 mRNA was detected in monocytes and mast cells but no protein expression has ever been described. Our aim was to examine LILRA3 protein expression in serum and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and determine itsin vitroregulation.Methods.We developed a new ELISA to examine levels of LILRA3 in serum, synovial fluid, and/or culture supernatants from controls and patients with RA, degenerative arthritis, or gout. We used qRT-PCR and flow cytometry to determine the expression and cytokine-mediated regulation of LILRA3.Results.LILRA3 protein is constitutively present in normal serum, with significantly higher concentrations in patients with RA. Serum LILRA3 concentrations from RA patients correlated with disease activity and levels in synovial fluid. Treatment of monocytes with interleukin 10 or interferon-γ significantly upregulated while tumor necrosis factor-α significantly downregulated LILRA3 mRNA and protein expression.Conclusion.We show for the first time that LILRA3 is significantly increased in serum of patients with RA and is tightly regulated by key cytokines involved in pathogenesis of RA. These results suggest that LILRA3 may play a role in chronic inflammatory conditions such as RA.
677TT Genotype Is Associated with Elevated Risk of Methotrexate (MTX) Toxicity in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Treatment Outcome, Erythrocyte Concentrations of MTX and Folates, and MTHFR Polymorphisms
Authors: TUKOVÁ JANA , CHLÁDEK JAROSLAV , HROCH MILOS , NĚMCOVÁ DANA , HOZA JOZEF , DOLEŽALOVÁ PAVLA 
Published: July 2010

Objective.To investigate whether methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and erythrocyte concentration of methotrexate (EMTX) could serve as predictors of methotrexate (MTX) efficacy and toxicity in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).Methods.Genetic analyses and EMTX and folate assessment were performed in 69 patients with JIA aged 2.5–19.6 years (30 male) treated with MTX using a dose-escalation protocol and classified as full responders (disease inactivity; n = 51) or nonresponders (< 30% improvement in pediatric American College of Rheumatology-30 criteria while receiving ≥ 15 mg/m2/week parenteral MTX for at least 3 months; n = 18).Results.Nonresponders were treated with the higher median MTX dose (17.2 vs 12.6 mg/m2/week; p < 0.0001) and accumulated more EMTX (217 vs 106 nmol/l; p < 0.02) and erythrocyte folates (763 vs 592 nmol/l; p = 0.052) than responders. Analysis of MTHFR allele and genotype frequencies in relation to response failed to detect association. The frequency of any adverse effect was 29.4% in responders and 33.3% in nonresponders (p = 0.77). The frequency of 677T allele was elevated in patients with adverse effects (52.4% vs 20.9%; OR 3.88, 95% CI 1.8–8.6, p < 0.002). The probability of any adverse effect was significantly higher in patients with 677TT compared to the 677CC genotype (OR 55.5, 95% CI 2.9–1080, p < 0.001).Conclusion.MTHFR genotyping may have a predictive value for the risk of MTX-associated toxicity in patients with JIA. Despite the lack of therapeutic effect, nonresponders accumulated adequate concentrations of EMTX.
Serum Cytokine Receptors in Ankylosing Spondylitis: Relationship to Inflammatory Markers and Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase Polymorphisms
Authors: HAROON NIGIL , TSUI FLORENCE W.L. , CHIU BASIL , TSUI HING WO , INMAN ROBERT D. 
Published: July 2010

Objective.Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase (ERAP)1 is associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and is known to be involved in the clipping of the cytokine receptors interleukin 1 receptor II (IL-1RII), IL-6Rα, and tumor necrosis factor receptor I (TNFRI). We studied the relationship of these serum cytokine receptors and their corresponding cytokines to markers of inflammation and polymorphisms in ERAP1 and ERAP2 in patients with AS.Methods.Sera from patients with AS were assayed for TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, sTNFRI, sIL-1RII, and sIL-6Rα by ELISA. Genotyping was performed for 3 AS-associated nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the ERAP1 gene [rs27044(C/G), rs10050860(C/T), and rs30187(C/T)] and 1 in the ERAP2 gene [rs2549782(T/G)]. The serum cytokine and receptor levels were compared between the different genotype groups and correlated to markers of inflammation and disease activity.Results.Eighty patients with AS (21 women) with a mean Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) of 5.3 ± 2.4 were enrolled. There was a significant correlation of sTNFRI with C-reactive protein (CRP; R = 0.43, p < 0.001) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; R = 0.30, p = 0.01) but not with BASDAI. Serum cytokine levels were undetectable in the majority of patients. There was no significant difference in serum cytokines or the soluble receptors between patients with the different ERAP1/ERAP2 polymorphisms and their haplotypes. Similarly, there was no relationship of the polymorphisms with the serum cytokine levels nor the cytokine-receptor ratio.Conclusion.Soluble TNFRI levels correlate with ESR and CRP in AS. The ERAP1 and ERAP2 polymorphisms associated with AS do not influence the serum cytokine receptor levels in patients with AS.