bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrograde Axonal Transport of Fluorescent Tracers from Medullary Reticular Structures to the “Neck” and “Forelimb” Segments of the Cervical Spinal Cord
Authors: Ciriani Noemi Corvaja , Gennari Alessandra , Dʼascanio Paola , Pompeiano Ottavio 
Published: April 2012

AbstractCervical spinoreticular (CSR) neurons and the linked medullary reticular neurons respond to proprioceptive afferent volleys stemming not only from the forelimb but also from the dorsal neck musculature. These neurons may also respond to vestibular afferent volleys stemming from macular labyrinthine receptors. The potential that CSR neurons are involved in the proprioceptive cervical and labyrinthine control of posture is supported by anatomic observations, manifesting that both uncrossed as well as crossed CSR neurons terminate in the precerebellar lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), which inhibits the discharge of excitatory vestibulospinal (VS) neurons by acting through Purkinje cells of the cerebellar hermivervis. Physiologic researches have shown that populations of both MRF and LRN neurons respond to neck and macular labyrinthine stimulations.
From Interdepedent to Independent Control of Head and Trunk
Authors: Mittelstaedt Horst , Mittelstaedt Marie-Luise 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWhen the sense organs that inform an animal through light, sound, or gravity about its orientation in space are located in the head, and the motor apparatus that controls that orientation is in the trunk, then the control system must somehow account for the position of the head relative to the trunk. If the trunk may be oriented independently of head position, the sensory information must undergo a coordinate transformation, rotatory or translatory or both depending on the respective anatomic and informational degrees of freedom of the neck. These problems are best seen against the background of the evolutionary history of intersegmental relations in many-segmented creatures.
Listing's Law for Gaze-Directing Head Movements
Authors: Tweed Douglas , Vilis Tutis 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter clarifies that “Listing's Law”, which governs the rotations of voluntary eye movements, also governs specific types of voluntary head movements. Listing's law for the eye states that there is a “displacement plane” associated with the orientation assumed by the eye, and there is exactly one eye position p in which the displacement plane is orthogonal to the line of sight. The analogy of Listing's law for the head states that there is an associated displacement plane DPh such that the head assumes only those positions from the reference position by rotating about the axis lying on DPh. This chapter also presents the methods of the experiments performed on seven human subjects where their three-dimensional head position and velocity vectors were measured using Robinson's magnetic field-search coil technique. The primary finding of this study is the Listing's Law for the head.
Sensitivity Analysis of a Human Head Movement Model
Authors: Arlt Andreas C. , Zangemeister Wolfgang H. , Dee JÜrgen 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper explains the results of Zangemeister et al. The experimental and modeling results of Hannaford et al. were also reassessed with respect to normally fast and very fast time-optimal movements. More importantly, this study employs mathematical and manipulation analysis of the model, specifically the threefold approach of sensitivity analysis to gain valuable insights about the pathologic features of clinical neurologic deficits. The modification of an existing model is also presented and briefly discussed in this chapter. This chapter concludes that applying powerful mathematical tools such as threefold sensitivity analysis to analytic models is helpful in explaining and treating disorders of motor control.
Eye Movements and Visual-Vestibular Interactions during Linear Head Motion
Authors: Paige Gary D. , Tomko David L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractReflex eye movements occur during linear head movements to maintain ocular fixation on visual targets. Some theoretical considerations and experimental findings are presented in this chapter to support a compensatory role for the LVOR. The discussion is limited to primates since their visual-vestibular interactions and target fixation are improved by binocular foveate vision and depth perception. It is concluded that three LVORS — the horizontal response to IA motion, the vertical response to DV motion, and both the horizontal and vertical responses to 5 Hz NO motion — show characteristics consistent with the kinematics of ideal compensatory eye movements that help maintain stable “target” fixation.
Perception of the Orientation of the Head on the Body in Man
Authors: Taylor Janet L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe movement of the head in space is signaled by the vestibular apparatus, which is sensitive to linear and angular acceleration while movement of the head on the body is signaled by neck receptors. The movement of the head relative to the body produces proprioceptive signals from the neck. This chapter describes the tests of proprioceptive ability. One simple test is the accuracy in pointing to a remembered target without vision. Another measure of the ability is the threshold at which a little passive displacement can be detected. Two test conditions were used in this study: (1) with the body held stationary, small rotations of varying angular velocities and displacements were imposed on the head through a tightly fitted frame; and (2) with the head held stationary, rotations were imposed on the body.
Perception of Horizontal Head and Trunk Rotation in Space: Role of Vestibular and Neck Afferents
Authors: Mergner Thomas , Siebold Christoph , Schweigart Georg , Becker Wolfgang 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter presents the investigations relating to the trunk and head turning perception of human subjects using a broader approach. The authors in this study confirmed that a subject's trunk rotation in space can be described as the sum of vestibularly and nuchally derived signals. A model describing the interaction of vestibular and neck afferents for the self-motion perception of head-relative-to-trunk, head-in-space, and trunk-in-space rotation is presented here. The authors also mention the preliminary evidence that the interaction between neck and visual signals for trunk rotation in space in an illuminated environment has certain analogies to the vestibular-neck interaction in the dark.
Kinematic Characteristics of Head Trajectory during Horizontal Head Movements in Monkeys
Authors: Le Goff Bertrand , Madic Pierre , Liverneaux Philippe , Lestienne Francis L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis study concentrates on motor strategies performed by the monkey (Macaca mulatta) for orienting movements in the head-free condition during visual tracking and visual pursuit. This study is based on the assumption that the CNS would induce motor strategies that would reduce the number of degrees of freedom. This is to simplify the central control of movements. The materials and methods of the study include the experimental procedure, the surgery techniques, the electromyographic recording, and the recording of head movements. The results present the involvement of the head in gaze shifts, the head trajectory and muscular synergy, the notable elements of head trajectories, and the kinematic variability and similarity. It is concluded that muscular synergies could be used by the CNS to simply the control of complex structure through motor programs with few independent parameters.
Mechanism for Voluntary Cancellation of the Vestibulo-ocular Reflex in Squirrel Monkeys That Is Not Related to Smooth Pursuit
Authors: Mccrea Robert A. , Cullen Kathleen E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is reduced or cancelled by a smooth pursuit eye movement programmed to match the velocity of the moving target whenever there is an attempt made to follow a moving visual target by combining a smooth pursuit eye movement with a head movement generated in the direction of target movement. The objective of this study is to determine if there is a second mechanism that can cancel the VOR. The experiments in this study involved four squirrel monkeys that were prepared for chronic recording of eye movements. The monkeys were seated on a vestibular turntable with restrained heads. Their eye movements were recorded using magnetic search coil technique. Results showed that there is a cancellation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex generated by the sudden turntable jerks. There is also a cancellation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex produced by the unpredictable head movements.
What about the So-Called Neck Reflexes in Humans?
Authors: Gurfinkel Victor S. , Lebedev Michael A. , Levick Yuri S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter aims to investigate the extent to which the human neck influences represent “reflexes”, and the degree to which they are determined by the internal representation of the body. Postural factors in man induce changes in the tone of limb muscles that resemble neck reflexes in animals. The results presented here include the influence of static head rotation on tonic activity of knee extensors. The modification of leg muscle tonic activity during illusory head “return” produced by sustained static rotation of the head is also discussed in detail here. It is concluded that head rotations induce changes in distribution of tonic activity of limb muscles in man.
Control of Head Stability and Gaze during Locomotion in Normal Subjects and Patients with Deficient Vestibular Function
Authors: King Osric S. , Seidman Scott H. , Leigh R. John 
Published: April 2012

AbstractRotational perturbations during locomotion are the major threat to clear vision. These perturbations lead to the evolution of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. This study aims to determine the nature of rotational head perturbations that occur during locomotion that could interfere with vision. The study involves measuring and comparing the velocity and frequency of vigorous head rotations with those perturbations that occur during locomotion. The stability of the head during walking and running in place is discussed in this chapter. The results also provide guidelines of what stimuli to be applied in testing patients with vestibular disorders. Another finding from the results is that there is randomness in the rotational perturbations that occur during locomotion.
Head-Trunk Coordination in Man: Is Trunk Angular Velocity Elicited by a Support Surface Movement the Only Factor Influencing Head Stabilization?
Authors: Allum John H. J. , Honegger Flurin , Keshner Emily A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter's objective is to answer the question about the coordination of head and trunk movements as to whether head movements follow those of the trunk, as a passive mass-spring-dashpot system would. Three important factors of postural control must be analyzed, including the definition of head stabilization, the fact that the displacement of body segments set in motion may be greater than the muscles' available contractile forces, and the possibility that the presence of rapid adaptation of neck extensor responses to successive platform rotations may represent switching to a head stabilization regulation mode. The purpose of this study is to clarify these issues and determine the degree to which the passive biomechanical properties may dominate the head movements on the trunk.
Head Kinematics during Complex Movements
Authors: Pozzo Thierry , Berthoz Alain , Lefort Loïc 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis purpose of this study is to investigate head kinematics during acrobatic leaps, where only visual and vestibular receptor information is used. This study demonstrates the existence of intermittent head stabilizations during extreme high-speed body movements and their role in the control of acrobatic leaps. The kinematics of the movements of five athletes were recorded and analyzed using an optical automatic TV image processor. The results present the general characteristics of body kinematics during backward somersaults and the angular displacement of the head. This study also attempts to answer the questions: (1) why is the head stabilized? and (2) what determines the mean direction of head stabilization?
Head-Forelimb Movement Coordination and Its Rearrangement in the Course of Training in the Dog: Role of the Motor Cortex
Authors: Pavlova Olga G. , Alexandrov Alexey V. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe primary objective of this study is to describe the qualitative and quantitative relationships between head and forelimb movements in intact dogs during the early stage of instrumental learning, and in trained dogs after motor cortex ablations. The acquisition of instrumental reactions includes the stages of training, the correlation of limb and head movements, and the stability of head and limb position. The disturbance of the acquired skill after motor cortex lesions is also discussed in this chapter. The results show that there is an innate coordination of head and forelimb movements in the dog that interfere with the performance of instrumental reactions. This coordination is also displaced in head extension preceding limb flexion.
Control of Head-Eye Posture in the Roll Plane: Comparative Neurology of the Ocular Tilt Reaction
Authors: Halmagyi G. Michael , Curthoys Ian S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter integrates the observations about animals with experimental vestibular lesions. Another objective is to provide an analysis of principles of vestibular control of head-eye posture across vertebrate species. The head and eye postural reactions to roll-tilt simulation are discussed here, as well as the head and eye posture with unilateral vestibular lesions and unilateral vestibular stimulation. It is suggested that head-eye posture in roll plane be organized at the mesodiencephalic and at the peripheral vestibular level into a postural synkinensis.
Spasmodic Torticollis: Its Electromyographic Recording and Treatment by Alcoholization
Authors: Hasegawa Osamu 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTorticollis is defined as twisted neck, a condition in which the head or neck deviates from the midline intermittently or constantly. The symptomatology of spasmodic torticollis is described in detail, as well as the remission, the electromyographic findings, and the standard treatments. It is concluded that the clinical characteristics of spasmodic torticollis patients can be described as a vectorial summation of tonus in the bilateral SCM and Spl at rest. Also, in the treatment of torticollis, the alcoholization therapy has the same efficacy as botulinum-A toxic injection.
Neuroleptic Treatment-Induced Abnormal Neck Posture
Authors: Kaneko Yoshihiro 
Published: April 2012

AbstractClinical characteristics and the mechanisms of development of tardice dystonia observed in a group of patients undergoing long-term neuroleptic therapy are investigated in this chapter. The extrapyramidal symptoms and cerebrospinal fluid levels of monoamines with protracted administration of neuroleptics are presented here. The authors conducted clinical, physiological, and biochemical studies of schizophrenia patients with tardice dystonia that developed during long-term treatment with neuroleptics. It could be inferred from the results that the functional abnormalities of central nervous system monoamine metabolism induce the symptoms.
Structure and Function of Ligand-Gated Channels
Authors: Dingledine Raymond J. , Bennett Julie A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe ligand-gated ion channel family is responsible for fast excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission throughout the brain. Inhibition is mediated by GABAA and glycine receptors, whereas excitation is mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine, serotonin, and glutamate receptors. The ligand-gated ion channel receptors possess multiple ligand-binding sites and consist of multiple subunits that are assembled in various combinations to impart different pharmacological and kinetic properties to the channel. These subunits share approximately 50% to 70% sequence homology within their individual receptor class and share approximately 15% to 40% homology across classes. Each subunit contains four distinct hydrophobic regions that may constitute transmembrane domains of these receptor subunits. This chapter discusses transmembrane structure, glutamate receptor families, structural determinants of permeation and channel block, structural determinants of modulation, and functional significance of molecular diversity in glutamate receptors.
Thalamocortical Interactions
Authors: Huguenard John R. , McCormick David A. , Coulter Douglas 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAll sensory information, except for olfaction, passes through the synaptic network of the thalamus just before reaching the cerebral cortex, suggesting that the thalamus may exert a powerful influence on sensory and motor processing. However, the connection is not unidirectional: layer VI of the cerebral cortex contributes up to 50% of the synapses on thalamic relay neurons, indicating that the thalamus and cerebral cortex are intimately associated in some form of reciprocal loop. Many previous studies have shown the thalamus to be critically involved in a wide variety of phenomena, including the generation of the electroencephalogram (EEG), the blocking of transmission of sensory information during slow-wave sleep, and the generation of generalized seizures. This chapter examines, at the subcellular, cellular, and network levels, the biophysical mechanisms for all three of these and related phenomena.
Pathophysiology of Cortical Areas from Human Epileptics
Authors: Masukawa Leona M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractEpilepsy is a clinical disorder that is manifested by abnormal brain electrical discharges and is therefore appropriate for electrophysiological study. Until relatively recently, mechanisms of epilepsy have been largely examined in animal models that have established several possible mechanisms, which are described in companion chapters of this book. The use of en bloc temporal lobectomies as an effective treatment of complex partial seizures intractable to drug treatment has permitted physiological studies of human epileptic tissue that were not previously possible. This chapter discusses emerging results from the application of in vitro brain slice technology to surgically resected tissue against the background of in vivo studies of epileptic patients to give an up-to-date view of the pathophysiology of human epilepsy.
Psychophysiology
Authors: Stern Robert M. , Ray William J. , Quigley Karen S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Psychophysiology is a relatively new discipline. In the mid-1950s, a group of physiological psychologists began referring to themselves as psychophysiologists. However, the subject matter of psychophysiology — the interaction of mind and body — has been studied for centuries by people trained as philosophers, physicists, physicians, physiologists, and, most recently, psychologists. John Stern (1964) defined the work of psychophysiology as “any research in which the dependent variable (the subject's response) is a physiological measure and the independent variable (the factor manipulated by the experimenter) a behavioral one”. Stern's definition of psychophysiology is not incorrect, but with the passage of time it has become too limiting. The type of research he was defining examined the physiological changes that accompanied certain psychological or behavioral manipulations. More recent experiments conducted by psychophysiologists show that it is equally tenable to manipulate physiological variables and examine behavioral changes. This chapter discusses the history of psychophysiology, Luigi Galvani's research on the electrical properties of the skin, theory on how electricity could improve people's health, and early instruments used to record psychophysiological changes.
Respiratory System
Authors: Stern Robert M. , Ray William J. , Quigley Karen S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractRespiration refers to the process by which oxygen is supplied to cells and carbon dioxide is removed. The aspects of respiration that psychophysiologists usually measure are breathing rate and amplitude, the latter being a measure of the depth of breathing. Breathing amplitude can be measured either directly (the true volume of the lungs) or indirectly (using a measure such as the circumference of the chest). Some methods of direct volume measurement also allow one to assess the nature and amounts of gases that are being expired from the lungs, such as carbon dioxide. In addition, one can measure aspects of the respiratory cycle such as the inspiratory duty cycle (also called the inspiration fraction) which is the ratio of inspiratory duration to the total respiratory cycle duration. This chapter provides an overview of the respiratory system and describes five methods of recording respiratory variables: spirometry, the air-pressure pneumograph, impedance pneumography, air temperature, and respiratory inductive plethysmography. Another method, the strain gauge, is also considered.
Cardiovascular System: Heart Rate; Cardiac Output; and Blood Pressure, Volume, and Flow
Authors: Stern Robert M. , Ray William J. , Quigley Karen S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe heart is a muscle, referred to as the myocardium, which begins functioning within the fourth week of embryonic development and continues to beat 3–4 billion times throughout life. About the size of a fist, the heart weighs less than a pound and contracts about 60–75 times a minute. As it beats, the heart moves blood to various organs including the lungs (pulmonary circulation), the heart (coronary circulation), and the rest of the body (systemic circulation). Psychophysiologists have long been interested in the functioning of the heart and circulation and have focused their attention on such measures as heart rate, blood pressure, blood volume, and blood flow. This chapter provides a brief overview of the physiology of the cardiovascular system before discussing the recording and analysis of heart rate, blood pressure, blood volume, and blood flow. The electrical activity of the heart as recorded at the surface of the skin is measured by a technique known as electrocardiography.
Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and Reasoning Ability
Authors: Oberauer Klaus , Süß Heinz-Martin , Wilhelm Oliver , Sander Nicolas 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter discusses how a substantial number of studies have shown that working memory capacity (WMC) is the best single predictor identified so far of reasoning ability as measured by intelligence tests. This finding is an important step toward understanding psychometric intelligence in terms of theories from cognitive psychology. The factor-analytic approach to individual differences provides a tool to identify associations and dissociations between indicators of cognitive functions. The approach is to model the correlational structure of a large set of indicators by theoretically specified structural equation models. WMC is found to be related to measures of processing speed. One explanation is that many working memory tasks are complex span tasks that involve a processing component, and the speed of performing this component is one source of variance in complex span tasks. Currently the most successful theory of deductive reasoning is the theory of mental models.