bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid in Pediatric Craniosynostosis Surgery
Authors: Goobie Susan M. , Meier Petra M. , Pereira Luis M. , McGowan Francis X. , Prescilla Randy P. , Scharp Laurie A. , Rogers Gary F. , Proctor Mark R. , Meara John G. , Soriano Sulpicio G. , Zurakowski David , Sethna Navil F. 
Published: March 2011

Background
Extensive blood loss is common in pediatric craniosynostosis reconstruction surgery. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is increasingly used to reduce perioperative blood loss in various settings, but data on its efficacy are limited in children. The purpose of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial was to evaluate the efficacy of TXA in pediatric craniosynostosis correction surgery. The primary and secondary outcome variables were reduction in perioperative blood loss and reduction in blood transfusion, respectively.

Methods
Forty-three children, ages 2 months to 6 yr, received either placebo or TXA in a loading dose of 50 mg·kg(-1), followed by an infusion of 5 mg·kg·h(-1) during surgery. TXA plasma concentrations were measured.

Results
The TXA group had significantly lower perioperative mean blood loss (65 vs. 119 ml·kg(-1), P < 0.001) and lower perioperative mean blood transfusion (33 vs. 56 ml· kg(-1), P = 0.006) compared to the placebo group. The mean difference between the TXA and placebo groups for total blood loss was 54 ml·kg(-1) (95% CI for the difference, 23-84 ml·kg(-1)) and for packed erythrocytes transfused was 23 ml·kg(-1) (95% CI for the difference, 7-39 ml·kg(-1)). TXA administration also significantly diminished (by two thirds) the perioperative exposure of patients to transfused blood (median, 1 unit vs. 3 units; P < 0.001). TXA plasma concentrations were maintained above the in vitro thresholds reported for inhibition of fibrinolysis (10 μg·ml(-1)) and plasmin-induced platelet activation (16 μg·ml(-1)) throughout the infusion.

Conclusions
TXA is effective in reducing perioperative blood loss and transfusion requirement in children undergoing craniosynostosis reconstruction surgery.
Review article: reflux and its consequences – the laryngeal, pulmonary and oesophageal manifestations
Authors: Dettmar P. W. , Castell D. O. , Heading R. C. , Dettmar P. W. , Ell S. , Fagan M. J. , McGlashan J. A. , Morice A. H. , Watson M. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryBackground  Gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the commonest diseases of Western populations, affecting 20 to 30% of adults. GERD is multifaceted and the classical oesophageal symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation often overlap with atypical symptoms that impact upon the respiratory system and airways. This is referred to as extra‐oesophageal reflux disease (EERD), or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), which manifests as chronic cough, laryngitis, hoarseness, voice disorders and asthma.Aim  The ‘Reflux and its consequences’ conference was held in Hull in 2010 and brought together a multidisciplinary group of experts all with a common interest in the many manifestations of reflux disease to present recent research and clinical progress in GERD and EERD. In particular new techniques for diagnosing reflux were showcased at the conference.Methods  Both clinical and non‐clinical key opinion leaders were invited to write a review on key areas presented at the `Reflux and its consequences' conference for inclusion in this supplement.Results and conclusion  Eleven chapters contained in this supplement reflected the sessions of the conference and included discussion of the nature of the refluxate (acid, pepsin, bile acids and non‐acid reflux); mechanisms of tissue damage and protection in the oesophagus, laryngopharynx and airways. Clinical conditions with a reflux aetiology including asthma, chronic cough, airway disease, LPR, and paediatric EERD were reviewed. In addition methods for diagnosis of reflux disease and treatment strategies, especially with reference to non‐acid reflux, were considered. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33 (Suppl. 1), 1–71
Insulin autoantibodies with high affinity to the bovine milk protein alpha casein
Authors: Adler K , Mueller D B , Achenbach P , Krause S , Heninger A-K , Ziegler A G , Bonifacio E 
Published: March 2011

SummaryInsulin autoantibodies (IAA) can appear in children within months of introducing solid foods to the diet and before clinical type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine whether infant dietary antigens could be immunizing agents of IAA. To this end, IAA binding to [125I]insulin was competed with food preparations and extracts of foods encountered in the infant diet (milk formulas, bovine milk, wheat flour, fowl meal). Bovine milk powder extracts inhibited IAA-positive samples from six of 53 children (age 0·3–14·0 years) participating in German prospective cohorts. Inhibition in these sera ranged from 23 to 100%. Competition was abolished when hydrolyzed milk powder was used. Competition with protein components of bovine milk found that two of the six milk-reactive sera were inhibited strongly by alpha- and beta-casein; none were inhibited by the milk proteins bovine serum albumin or lactoglobulins. The two casein-reactive sera had high affinity to alpha-casein (1·7 × 109; 3·1 × 109 l/mol), and lesser affinity to beta-casein (4·0 × 108; 7·0 × 107 l/mol) and insulin (2·6 × 108; 1·6 × 108 l/mol). No children with milk-reactive IAA developed autoantibodies to other islet autoantigens or diabetes (median follow-up 9·8 years). These results suggest that autoimmunity to insulin can occur infrequently via cross-reactivity to food proteins, but this form of IAA immunization does not appear to be associated with progression to diabetes.
Enhanced lymphocyte interferon (IFN)-γ responses in a PTEN mutation-negative Cowden disease kindred
Authors: Stevenson R , Fatehullah A , Jagan I , Deevi R K , Bingham V , Irvine A E , Armstrong M , Morrison P J , Dimmick I , Stewart R , Campbell F C 
Published: March 2011

SummaryIdentification of immune modifiers of inherited cancer syndromes may provide a rationale for preventive therapy. Cowden disease (CD) is a genetically heterogeneous inherited cancer syndrome that arises predominantly from germline phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) mutation and increased phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/mTOR) signalling. However, many patients with classic CD diagnostic features are mutation-negative for PTEN (PTEN M-Neg). Interferon (IFN)-γ can modulate the PI3K/mTOR pathway, but its association with PTEN M-Neg CD remains unclear. This study assessed IFN-γ secretion by multi-colour flow cytometry in a CD kindred that was mutation-negative for PTEN and other known susceptibility genes. Because IFN-γ responses may be regulated by killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and respective human leucocyte antigen (HLA) ligands, KIR/HLA genotypes were also assessed. Activating treatments induced greater IFN-γ secretion in PTEN M-Neg CD peripheral blood lymphocytes versus healthy controls. Increased frequency of activating KIR genes, potentially activating KIR/HLA compound genotypes and reduced frequency of inhibitory genotypes, were found in the PTEN M-Neg CD kindred. Differences of IFN-γ secretion were observed among PTEN M-Neg CD patients with distinct KIR/HLA compound genotypes. Taken together, these findings show enhanced lymphocyte secretion of IFN-γ that may influence the PI3K/mTOR CD causal molecular pathway in a PTEN mutation-negative CD kindred.
On the computation of the electrical potential inside a horizontally‐layered half‐space
Authors: Maineult Alexis , Schott Jean‐Jacques 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTA new formulation is proposed for the electrical potential developed inside a horizontally‐layered half‐space for a direct current point‐source at the surface. The recursion formula for the kernel coefficient in the potential integral is simpler than the generally used two‐coefficient recursion. The numerical difficulties that may occur during the computation of the integrals and near the source axis are examined and solutions are proposed. The set of equations permits a stable and accurate computation of the tabular potential everywhere in the medium.
HLA‐C as a mediator of natural killer and T‐cell activation: spectator or key player?
Authors: Blais Marie‐Eve , Dong Tao , Rowland‐Jones Sarah 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe biochemical properties of the HLA‐C antigen differ substantially from those of HLA‐A and ‐B molecules. For this reason, HLA‐C diversity and expression at the cell surface are much lower than its counterparts and in consequence HLA‐C‐restricted responses have been infrequently detected and described. In this review we summarise the key differences between HLA‐C and other class I molecules and provide an update on natural killer and T‐cell responses restricted by HLA‐C. We also discuss the different clinical settings associated with HLA‐C alleles which mainly consist of autoimmune disorders, cancers and chronic infections.
Salmonella detoxifying enzymes are sufficient to cope with the host oxidative burst
Authors: Aussel Laurent , Zhao Weidong , Hébrard Magali , Guilhon Aude‐Agnès , Viala Julie P. M. , Henri Sandrine , Chasson Lionel , Gorvel Jean‐Pierre , Barras Frédéric , Méresse Stéphane 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe oxidative burst produced by the NADPH oxidase (Phox) is an essential weapon used by host cells to eradicate engulfed pathogens. In Salmonella typhimurium, oxidative stress resistance has been previously proposed to be mediated by the pathogenicity island 2 type III secretion system (T3SS‐2), periplasmic superoxide dismutases and cytoplasmic catalases/peroxidases. Here, we fused an OxyR‐dependent promoter to the gfp to build the ahpC‐gfp transcriptional fusion. This reporter was used to monitor hydrogen peroxide levels as sensed by Salmonella during the course of an infection. We showed that the expression of this fusion was under the exclusive control of reactive oxygen species produced by the host. The ahpC‐gfp expression was noticeably modified in the absence of bacterial periplasmic superoxide dismutases or cytoplasmic catalases/peroxidases. Surprisingly, inactivation of the T3SS‐2 had no effect on the ahpC‐gfp expression. All together, these results led to a model in which Salmonella resistance relies on its arsenal of detoxifying enzymes to cope with Phox‐mediated oxidative stress.
Impact of patterns of proteinuria on renal allograft function and survival: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Suhail S.M. , Kee T.S.Y. , Woo K.T. , Tan H.K. , Yang W.S. , Chan C.M. , Foo M.W.Y. , Li H.H. , Siddique M.M. , Wong K.S. 
Published: March 2011

Suhail SM, Kee TSY, Woo KT, Tan HK, Yang WS, Chan CM, Foo MWY, Li HH, Siddique MM, Wong KS. Impact of patterns of proteinuria on renal allograft function and survival: a prospective cohort study. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E297–E303. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Background:  Proteinuria is an important complication in renal transplant recipients. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the long‐term impact of transplant proteinuria patterns on allograft function and survival.Methods:  We analyzed urinary protein of a cohort of 83 renal transplants with proteinuria ≥0.5 g/d by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and radial immunogel diffusion assay. After initial stratification and analysis, the cohort was followed up for 16 yr. The graft outcome and survival were analyzed using Cox regression model to determine their association with different patterns of initial transplant proteinuria.Results:  Group with predominantly glomerular (middle‐ and high‐molecular‐weight with or without low‐molecular‐weight) proteinuria (61%) had higher serum creatinine (p < 0.001) than the group with predominantly tubular (low‐molecular‐weight) proteinuria (39%). The incidences of chronic graft dysfunction and graft loss had increased in the glomerular proteinuria group (p < 0.001, hazard ratio 3.6, 95% confidence interval 1.7–7.5 and p < 0.001, hazard ratio 4.9, 95% confidence interval 1.9–12.1, respectively). Patient death did not differ (p = 0.434, hazard ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval 0.5–4.5).Conclusion:  Proteinuria in renal transplants can be differentiated into glomerular and tubular types based on molecular weight. Glomerular proteinuria is associated with significant increase in graft dysfunction and graft loss.
Ectopic Endometrial Tissue in Mesonephric Duct Remnants in Bitches
Authors: Bartel C , Berghold P , Walter I 
Published: March 2011

ContentsCommon congenital embryonic remnants of the canine female genital tract are Gartner cysts originating from mesonephric duct remnants. They can increase in size and lead to adverse effects in fertility and health. In the present study, three cases of mesonephric remnants in bitches were analysed. The mesonephric remnants featured an inner lining endometrium comprising surface epithelium, glands and stroma. This ectopic endometrium was further characterized by immunohistochemistry (oestrogen and progesterone receptors, proliferation activity, cytokeratin, alpha smooth muscle actin, and vimentin) and lectin histochemistry compared with normal uterine endometrium. Furthermore, hypertrophic cells at the serosal site of the uteri were detected and analysed in the same way compared with normal serosa. The ectopic endometrium of case no. 2 mesonephric remnant was comparable with normal endometrium whereas in nos 1 and 3 uteri the ectopic endometrium was reduced in thickness. In all mesonephric remnants, surface and glandular epithelial cells of the ectopic endometrium gave positive immunoreactions for cytokeratin, oestrogen and progesterone receptors and showed lectin‐binding patterns comparable with normal endometrium. Some of the stromal cells of the ectopic endometria were smooth muscle actin and vimentin positive. Mitotic activity of the ectopic endometria was comparable with normal endometria. Hypertrophic epithelial cells of the serosal side showed positive reactions to anti‐oestrogen receptor and anti‐cytokeratin immunohistochemistry as well as lectin binding patterns and mitotic activity comparable with the normal canine serosa. The present study is the first considerable immunohistochemical characterization of canine mesonephric remnants and discusses the appearance of ectopic endometrium in mesonephric remnants.
Pro‐inflammatory cytokines are raised in extrahepatic portal venous obstruction, with minimal hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Srivastava Anshu , Yadav Santosh Kumar , Yachha Surender Kumar , Thomas Michael Albert , Saraswat Vivek Anand , Gupta Rakesh Kumar 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground and Aims:  Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) and hyperammonemia are seen in patients with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction (EHPVO). Inflammation has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotics. This study assessed serum pro‐inflammatory cytokines and their correlation with hyperammonemia, 1H‐magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy‐derived brain glutamine, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)‐derived metrics in patients with EPHVO, with and without MHE.Methods:  Neuropsychological tests, DTI, 1H‐MR spectroscopy, and estimation of blood ammonia and pro‐inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor‐α[TNF‐α] and interleukin‐6 [IL‐6]) were done in 20 patients with EHPVO and eight healthy controls.Results:  Pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α and IL‐6), blood ammonia, brain glutamine, and mean diffusivity were increased in both patient groups, as compared to controls. Patients with MHE (n‐12) had significantly higher TNF‐α, IL‐6, blood ammonia, brain glutamine, and mean diffusivity, signifying brain edema, than controls. A significant, positive correlation was seen between TNF‐α and IL‐6 and between blood ammonia and TNF‐α, IL‐6, and brain glutamine. Significant, positive correlations of TNF‐α, IL‐6, and blood ammonia with mean diffusivity values were seen in various brain regions, including spectroscopy voxel‐derived mean diffusivity.Conclusion:  Patients with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction have inflammation and hyperammonemia made evident by higher blood TNF‐α, IL‐6, ammonia, and brain glutamine levels. A significant correlation between hyperammonemia, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and cerebral edema on DTI in various brain regions suggests that both these factors play a role in the pathogenesis of MHE in these patients.
Different sex‐related influences of eating habits on the prevalence of reflux esophagitis in Japanese
Authors: Mizuta Atsushi , Adachi Kyoichi , Furuta Kenji , Ohara Shunji , Morita Terumi , Koshino Kenji , Tanaka Shino , Moriyama Mika , Sumikawa Masuko , Sanpei Mari , Kinoshita Yoshikazu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Many types of food have been shown to affect lower esophageal sphincter pressure and esophageal motor function, and thus, the prevalence of reflux esophagitis. The present study was performed to clarify the different eating habits that predominantly affect the prevalence of reflux esophagitis in Japanese.Methods:  The study included 2303 individuals (males: 1599, females: 704, mean age: 49.9 years) who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for gastric cancer screening. The daily dietary contents of the patients were analyzed using a self‐administered questionnaire.Results:  A total of 201 patients had endoscopically‐proven reflux esophagitis, and the percentage of males with reflux esophagitis was significantly higher than their female counterparts (11.3% vs 2.8%). The body mass indexes of individuals with reflux esophagitis were significantly higher than those without, both for males and females. Total energy intake was the most important risk factor for the occurrence of reflux esophagitis in males, but the food content was not a significant risk factor. Dietary habit did not affect the prevalence of reflux esophagitis in the female patients. The age and height of females with reflux esophagitis significantly exceeded those of females without reflux esophagitis, and were independent risk factors for the occurrence of reflux esophagitis only in the female patients.Conclusion:  There is a sex‐related difference in the influence of eating habits on the prevalence of reflux esophagitis in Japanese.
An investigator‐driven study of everolimus in surgical lung biopsy confirmed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: MALOUF MONIQUE A. , HOPKINS PETER , SNELL GREGORY , GLANVILLE ALLAN R. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  We evaluated the efficacy and safety of everolimus, a macrocyclic proliferation signal inhibitor with anti‐fibroproliferative activity to prevent disease progression or death in patients with IPF, a progressive, fatal disease with no known effective therapy.Methods:  Eighty‐nine patients with surgical lung biopsy confirmed IPF were enrolled in a 3‐year investigator‐driven, placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded, multicentre study of everolimus.Results:  The everolimus (n = 44) and placebo (n = 45) groups were matched for demographic variables (gender, P = 0.46) and baseline lung function parameters (FVC, P = 0.29; TLC, P = 0.45; DLCO, P = 0.41 and PaO2, P = 0.34). Independent risks for disease progression were everolimus (hazard ratio (HR) 2.37, 95% CI: 1.40–4.00, P < 0.01, log rank) and male gender (HR 2.76, 95% CI: 1.47–5.17, P < 0.01, log rank). Three‐year transplant‐free survival was 36 ± 7% (everolimus) versus 51 ± 8% (placebo) (Kaplan–Meier, P = 0.11, log rank). Independent risks for transplant‐free survival were male gender (HR 2.33, 95% CI: 1.07–5.05, P = 0.03, log rank) and baseline DLCO (% predicted) (HR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93–0.99, P = 0.02, log rank).Conclusions:  Everolimus use was associated with more rapid disease progression in a well‐defined cohort of patients with IPF confirmed by surgical lung biopsy followed for 3 years.
Carbon monoxide pollution and lung function in urban compared with rural Mongolian children
Authors: DASHDENDEV BAIGALMAA , FUKUSHIMA LYNN K. , WOO MARLYN S. , GANBAATAR ERDENETUYA , WARBURTON DAVID 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Mongolia is experiencing rapid urbanization, and this presents a unique opportunity to assess the effects of this process on the lung health of children.Methods:  Two cross‐sectional cohorts of school‐age children (5–15 years of age) from the capital (Ulaanbaatar) (n = 116) and a rural district (Tuv Aimag) (n = 108) were studied. Demographical information, exposure to tobacco smoke, and ambient and exhaled CO, as well as FEV1 and FEF25–75% were recorded for each child.Results:  Ambient CO levels were threefold higher in the capital city than in the rural Aimag (0.63 vs 0.21 parts per million (ppm), P < 0.00005), while exhaled CO was twofold higher (0.94 vs 0.47 ppm, P < 0.00001). Rural Mongolian children were 6 cm shorter on average than urban children. However, when adjusted for age and height, FEV1 was 140% of predicted in rural children compared with 106% of predicted in urban children (P < 0.00001). There was no significant difference in small airway expiratory flow (FEF25–75%; 104 in urban children, 100 in rural children, P = 0.63).Conclusions:  ‘Normal’ FEV1 was actually 40% higher in rural Mongolian children than in urban children, suggesting that the FEV1 of apparently healthy children living in urbanized societies may in fact not be normal, but may instead reflect the deleterious effects of air pollution in cities, as indicated by increased levels of both environmental and exhaled CO.
Accumulation of recombinant cellobiohydrolase and endoglucanase in the leaves of mature transgenic sugar cane
Authors: Harrison Mark D. , Geijskes Jason , Coleman Heather D. , Shand Kylie , Kinkema Mark , Palupe Anthony , Hassall Rachael , Sainz Manuel , Lloyd Robyn , Miles Stacy , Dale James L. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryA major strategic goal in making ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass a cost‐competitive liquid transport fuel is to reduce the cost of production of cellulolytic enzymes that hydrolyse lignocellulosic substrates to fermentable sugars. Current production systems for these enzymes, namely microbes, are not economic. One way to substantially reduce production costs is to express cellulolytic enzymes in plants at levels that are high enough to hydrolyse lignocellulosic biomass. Sugar cane fibre (bagasse) is the most promising lignocellulosic feedstock for conversion to ethanol in the tropics and subtropics. Cellulolytic enzyme production in sugar cane will have a substantial impact on the economics of lignocellulosic ethanol production from bagasse. We therefore generated transgenic sugar cane accumulating three cellulolytic enzymes, fungal cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I), CBH II and bacterial endoglucanase (EG), in leaves using the maize PepC promoter as an alternative to maize Ubi1 for controlling transgene expression. Different subcellular targeting signals were shown to have a substantial impact on the accumulation of these enzymes; the CBHs and EG accumulated to higher levels when fused to a vacuolar‐sorting determinant than to an endoplasmic reticulum‐retention signal, while EG was produced in the largest amounts when fused to a chloroplast‐targeting signal. These results are the first demonstration of the expression and accumulation of recombinant CBH I, CBH II and EG in sugar cane and represent a significant first step towards the optimization of cellulolytic enzyme expression in sugar cane for the economic production of lignocellulosic ethanol.