bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Everyday ethics
Authors: Gardiner Andrew 
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to the discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, entitled ‘Has small animal practice gone too far?’ is presented and discussed by Andrew Gardiner. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Veterinary nurse uneasy with vets' approach’, which was published in the last issue, appears on page 554.The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Everyday ethics
Authors: Dykes Linda 
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to the discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, entitled ‘Rabbit tooth abscess’, is presented and discussed by Linda Dykes. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Obese dog’, which was published in the March issue of In Practice, appears on page 233.The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Everyday ethics
Authors: Dennison Tania 
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, entitled ‘Dog needs a new home?’, is presented and discussed by Tania Dennison. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Bulldog caesarean’, which was published in the February issue of In Practice, appears on page 148.The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Suspected Organised Dog Fight
Authors: Kerr Annie 
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, entitled ‘Suspected organised dog fight’, is presented and discussed by Annie Kerr. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Dog needs a new home?’, which was published in the March issue of In Practice, appears on page 199.The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
How much information?, Research involving animals
Authors: Fawcett Anne 
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐anddried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, entitled ‘How much information?’, is presented and discussed by Anne Fawcett. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Research involving animals’, which was published in the July/August issue of In Practice, appears on page 410.The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Subducted Precambrian oceanic crust: geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic evidence from metabasalts of the Aksu blueschist, NW China
Authors: Zheng Bihai , Zhu Wenbin , Jahn Bor-Ming , Shu Liangshu , Zhang Zhiyong , Su Jinbao 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:

The Aksu Proterozoic blueschist terrane in northwestern China is regarded as one of the oldest well-substantiated Precambrian blueschist terranes in the world. Previous work has focused on the high-pressure metamorphism: both the age and
P
–
T
conditions of the metamorphic event have been well discussed. However, little attention has been paid to protolith identification of the blueschist terrane. In this paper, we present geochemical and Sr–Nd analyses of metabasalt samples from the blueschist terrane. The results show that the protoliths of these mafic schists were enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (E-MORB). Crystal fractionation has led to differentiation of trace element concentrations. This provides the opportunity to obtain a protolith Sm–Nd isochron age of 890 ± 23 Ma (MSWD = 0.68). We conclude that the Aksu blueschist terrane represents part of an ocean crust at the NW edge of Rodinia around Tarim at
c
. 890 Ma. It experienced subduction and exhumation followed by accretion to the Tarim craton. If the north margin of present Tarim faced outboard of Rodinia during subduction, it might form one section of the arcuate subduction zone around the supercontinent. Alternatively, the subduction zone may have been located between Tarim and Australia and would later be closed.
Urine Metabolite Analysis Offers Potential Early Diagnosis of Ovarian and Breast Cancers
Authors: Slupsky Carolyn M. , Steed Helen , Wells Tiffany H. , Dabbs Kelly , Schepansky Alexandra , Capstick Valerie , Faught Wylam , Sawyer Michael B. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Metabolomics is a new, rapidly expanding field dedicated to the global study of metabolites in biological systems. In this article metabolomics is applied to find urinary biomarkers for breast and ovarian cancer.
Experimental Design: Urine samples were collected from early- and late-stage breast and ovarian cancer patients during presurgical examinations and randomly from females with no known cancer. After quantitatively measuring a set of metabolites using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, both univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were employed to determine significant differences.
Results: Metabolic phenotypes of breast and ovarian cancers in comparison with normal urine and with each other revealed significance at Bonferroni-corrected significance levels resulting in unique metabolite patterns for breast and ovarian cancer. Intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and metabolites relating to energy metabolism, amino acids, and gut microbial metabolism were perturbed.
Conclusions: The results presented here illustrate that urinary metabolomics may be useful for detecting early-stage breast and ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 16(23); 5835–41. ©2010 AACR.
Acetaminophen Increases Blood Pressure in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Sudano Isabella , Flammer Andreas J. , Périat Daniel , Enseleit Frank , Hermann Matthias , Wolfrum Mathias , Hirt Astrid , Kaiser Priska , Hurlimann David , Neidhart Michel , Gay Steffen , Holzmeister Johannes , Nussberger Juerg , Mocharla Pavani , Landmesser Ulf , Haile Sarah R. , Corti Roberto , Vanhoutte Paul M. , Lüscher Thomas F. , Noll Georg , Ruschitzka Frank 
Published: October 2010

Background—Because traditional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are associated with increased risk for acute cardiovascular events, current guidelines recommend acetaminophen as the first-line analgesic of choice on the assumption of its greater cardiovascular safety. Data from randomized clinical trials prospectively addressing cardiovascular safety of acetaminophen, however, are still lacking, particularly in patients at increased cardiovascular risk. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of acetaminophen in patients with coronary artery disease.Methods and Results—The 33 patients with coronary artery disease included in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study received acetaminophen (1 g TID) on top of standard cardiovascular therapy for 2 weeks. Ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilatation, platelet function, endothelial progenitor cells, markers of the renin-angiotensin system, inflammation, and oxidative stress were determined at baseline and after each treatment period. Treatment with acetaminophen resulted in a significant increase in mean systolic (from 122.4±11.9 to 125.3±12.0 mm HgP=0.02 versus placebo) and diastolic (from 73.2±6.9 to 75.4±7.9 mm HgP=0.02 versus placebo) ambulatory blood pressures. On the other hand, heart rate, endothelial function, early endothelial progenitor cells, and platelet function did not change.Conclusions—This study demonstrates for the first time that acetaminophen induces a significant increase in ambulatory blood pressure in patients with coronary artery disease. Thus, the use of acetaminophen should be evaluated as rigorously as traditional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, particularly in patients at increased cardiovascular risk.Clinical Trial Registration—URL:http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00534651.
Modulation of Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels Induces Cardiogenesis of Pluripotent Stem Cells and Enrichment of Pacemaker-Like Cells
Authors: Kleger Alexander , Seufferlein Thomas , Malan Daniela , Tischendorf Michael , Storch Alexander , Wolheim Anne , Latz Stephan , Protze Stephanie , Porzner Marc , Proepper Christian , Brunner Cornelia , Katz Sarah-Fee , Varma Pusapati Ganesh , Bullinger Lars , Franz Wolfgang-Michael , Koehntop Ralf , Giehl Klaudia , Spyrantis Andreas , Wittekindt Oliver , Lin Quiong , Zenke Martin , Fleischmann Bernd K. , Wartenberg Maria , Wobus Anna M. , Boeckers Tobias M. , Liebau Stefan 
Published: October 2010

Background—

Ion channels are key determinants for the function of excitable cells, but little is known about their role and involvement during cardiac development. Earlier work identified Ca
2+
-activated potassium channels of small and intermediate conductance (SKCas) as important regulators of neural stem cell fate. Here we have investigated their impact on the differentiation of pluripotent cells toward the cardiac lineage.

Methods and Results—
We have applied the SKCa activator 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone on embryonic stem cells and identified this particular ion channel family as a new critical target involved in the generation of cardiac pacemaker-like cells: SKCa activation led to rapid remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, inhibition of proliferation, induction of differentiation, and diminished teratoma formation. Time-restricted SKCa activation induced cardiac mesoderm and commitment to the cardiac lineage as shown by gene regulation, protein, and functional electrophysiological studies. In addition, the differentiation into cardiomyocytes was modulated in a qualitative fashion, resulting in a strong enrichment of pacemaker-like cells. This was accompanied by induction of the sino-atrial gene program and in parallel by a loss of the chamber-specific myocardium. In addition, SKCa activity induced activation of the Ras-Mek-Erk signaling cascade, a signaling pathway involved in the 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone–induced effects.

Conclusions—
SKCa activation drives the fate of pluripotent cells toward mesoderm commitment and cardiomyocyte specification, preferentially into nodal-like cardiomyocytes. This provides a novel strategy for the enrichment of cardiomyocytes and in particular, the generation of a specific subtype of cardiomyocytes, pacemaker-like cells, without genetic modification.
Cardiovascular Effects of 1 Year of Progressive and Vigorous Exercise Training in Previously Sedentary Individuals Older Than 65 Years of Age
Authors: Fujimoto Naoki , Prasad Anand , Hastings Jeffrey L. , Arbab-Zadeh Armin , Bhella Paul S. , Shibata Shigeki , Palmer Dean , Levine Benjamin D. 
Published: October 2010

Background—
Healthy but sedentary aging leads to cardiovascular stiffening, whereas life-long endurance training preserves left ventricular (LV) compliance. However, it is unknown whether exercise training started later in life can reverse the effects of sedentary behavior on the heart.

Methods and Results—

Twelve sedentary seniors and 12 Masters athletes were thoroughly screened for comorbidities. Subjects underwent invasive hemodynamic measurements with pulmonary artery catheterization to define Starling and LV pressure-volume curves; secondary functional outcomes included Doppler echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging assessment of cardiac morphology, arterial stiffness (total aortic compliance and arterial elastance), and maximal exercise testing. Nine of 12 sedentary seniors (70.6±3 years; 6 male, 3 female) completed 1 year of endurance training followed by repeat measurements. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressures and LV end-diastolic volumes were measured at baseline, during decreased cardiac filling with lower-body negative pressure, and increased filling with saline infusion. LV compliance was assessed by the slope of the pressure-volume curve. Before training, V̇
o
2
max, LV mass, LV end-diastolic volume, and stroke volume were significantly smaller and the LV was less compliant in sedentary seniors than Masters athletes. One year of exercise training had little effect on cardiac compliance. However, it reduced arterial elastance and improved V̇
o
2
max by 19% (22.8±3.4 versus 27.2±4.3 mL/kg/mL;
P
<0.001). LV mass increased (10%, 64.5±7.9 versus 71.2±12.3 g/m
2
;
P
=0.037) with no change in the mass-volume ratio.

Conclusions—
Although 1 year of vigorous exercise training did not appear to favorably reverse cardiac stiffening in sedentary seniors, it nonetheless induced physiological LV remodeling and imparted favorable effects on arterial function and aerobic exercise capacity.
Using Tree Rings to Predict the Response of Tree Growth to Climate Change in the Continental United States during the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Williams A. Park , Michaelsen Joel , Leavitt Steven W. , Still Christopher J. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
In the early 1900s, tree-ring scientists began analyzing the relative widths of annual growth rings preserved in the cross sections of trees to infer past climate variations. Now, many ring-width index (RWI) chronologies, each representing a specific site and species, are archived online within the International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB). Comparing annual tree-ring-width data from 1097 sites in the continental United States to climate data, the authors quantitatively evaluated how trees at each site have historically responded to interannual climate variations. For each site, they developed a climate-driven statistical growth equation that uses regional climate variables to model RWI values. The authors applied these growth models to predict how tree growth will respond to twenty-first-century climate change, considering four climate projections. Although caution should be taken when extrapolating past relationships with climate into the future, the authors observed several clear and interesting patterns in the growth projections that seem likely if warming continues. Most notably, the models project that productivity of dominant tree species in the southwestern United States will decrease substantially during this century, especially in warmer and drier areas. In the northwest, nonlinear growth relationships with temperature may lead to warming-induced declines in growth for many trees that historically responded positively to warmer temperatures. This work takes advantage of the unmatched temporal length and spatial breath of annual growth data available within the ITRDB and exemplifies the potential of this ever-growing archive of tree-ring data to serve in meta-analyses of large-scale forest ecology.
The MJO and Convectively Coupled Waves in a Coarse-Resolution GCM with a Simple Multicloud Parameterization
Authors: Khouider Boualem , St-Cyr Amik , Majda Andrew J. , Tribbia Joseph 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The adequate representation of the dominant intraseasonal and synoptic-scale variability in the tropics, characterized by the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and convectively coupled waves, is still problematic in current operational general circulation models (GCMs). Here results are presented using the next-generation NCAR GCM—the High-Order Methods Modeling Environment (HOMME)—as a dry dynamical core at a coarse resolution of about 167 km, coupled to a simple multicloud parameterization. The coupling is performed through a judicious choice of heating vertical profiles for the three cloud types—congestus, deep, and stratiform—that characterize organized tropical convection.
Important control parameters that affect the types of waves that emerge are the background vertical gradient of the moisture and the stratiform fraction in the multicloud parameterization, which set the strength of large-scale moisture convergence and unsaturated downdrafts in the wake of deep convection, respectively. Three numerical simulations using different moisture gradients and different stratiform fractions are considered. The first experiment uses a large moisture gradient and a small stratiform fraction and provides an MJO-like example. It results in an intraseasonal oscillation of zonal wavenumber 2, moving eastward at a constant speed of roughly 5 m s−1. The second uses a weaker background moisture gradient and a large stratiform fraction and yields convectively coupled Rossby, Kelvin, and two-day waves, embedded in and interacting with each other; and the third experiment combines the small stratiform fraction and the weak background moisture gradient to yield a planetary-scale (wavenumber 1) second baroclinic Kelvin wave. While the first two experiments provide two benchmark examples that reproduce several key features of the observational record, the third is more of a demonstration of a bad MJO model solution that exhibits very unrealistic features.
Surface Mass Balance and Runoff Modeling Using HIRHAM4 RCM at Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord), West Greenland, 1950–2080
Authors: Mernild Sebastian H. , Liston Glen E. , Hiemstra Christopher A. , Christensen Jens H. , Stendel Martin , Hasholt Bent 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
A regional atmospheric model, the HIRHAM4 regional climate model (RCM) using boundary conditions from the ECHAM5 atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM), was downscaled to a 500-m gridcell increment using SnowModel to simulate 131 yr (1950–2080) of hydrologic cycle evolution in west Greenland’s Kangerlussuaq drainage. Projected changes in the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) surface mass balance (SMB) and runoff are relevant for potential hydropower production and prediction of ecosystem changes in sensitive Kangerlussuaq Fjord systems. Mean annual surface air temperatures and precipitation in the Kangerlussuaq area were simulated to increase by 3.4°C and 95 mm water equivalent (w.eq.), respectively, between 1950 and 2080. The local Kangerlussuaq warming was less than the average warming of 4.8°C simulated for the entire GrIS. The Kangerlussuaq SMB loss increased by an average of 0.3 km3 because of a 0.4 km3 rise in precipitation, 0.1 km3 rise in evaporation and sublimation, and 0.6 km3 gain in runoff (1950–2080). By 2080, the spring runoff season begins approximately three weeks earlier. The average modeled SMB and runoff is approximately −0.1 and 1.2 km3 yr−1, respectively, indicating that ∼10% of the Kangerlussuaq runoff is explained by the GrIS SMB net loss. The cumulative net volume loss (1950–2080) from SMB was 15.9 km3, and runoff was 151.2 km3 w.eq. This runoff volume is expected to have important hydrodynamic and ecological impacts on the stratified salinity in the Kangerlussuaq Fjord and on the transport of freshwater to the ocean.
The effects of aerobic and resistance exercises in obese women
Authors: Sarsan Ayşe , Ardiç Füsun , Özgen Merih , Topuz Oya , Sermez Yurdaer 
Published: October 2010

Objective: To compare the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on weight, muscle strength, cardiovascular fitness, blood pressure and mood in obese women who were not on an energy-restricted diet. Design: Randomized, prospective, controlled trial. Setting: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital. Subjects: Sixty obese women were assigned to one of three groups: aerobic exercise ( n=20), resistance exercise ( n=20) and control group ( n=20). Interventions: The aerobic exercise group performed both walking and leg cycle exercise with increasing duration and frequency. The resistance exercise group performed progressive weight-resistance exercises for the upper and lower body. Main outcome measures: Before and after a 12-week period, all subjects were evaluated by anthropometric measurement, rating of mood, cardiorespiratory capacity and maximum strength of trained muscles. Results: After a 12-week training period, subjects in the resistance group showed significant improvement in one-repetition maximum test of hip abductors (7.95±3.58 kg), quadriceps (14±7.18 kg), biceps (3.37± 2.84 kg) and pectorals (8.75±5.09 kg) compared with those in the control group ( P<0.001). VO2 max increased (0.51±0.40) and Beck Depression Scale scores decreased (-5.40±4.27) in the aerobic exercise group compared with the control group, significantly ( P<0.001). Only in hip abductor muscle strength was there a significant increase in the resistance exercise group compared with the aerobic exercise group ( P <0.05). Conclusion: Both aerobic exercise and resistance exercise resulted in improved performance and exercise capacity in obese women. While aerobic exercise appeared to be beneficial with regard to improving depressive symptoms and maximum oxygen consumption, resistance exercise was beneficial in increasing muscle strength.