bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Structure of the Albion Coal-Measures, Nova Scotia
Authors: Dawson J. W. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
Coal-measures of the Albion Mines present some features very different from those observed in other parts of the coal-formation in Nova Scotia. This must he very evident to any one who compares the published sections and descriptions of the coal-measures of the South Joggins and Sydney, and those of the Pictou coal-field by Mr. Logan, Sir C. Lyell, and Mr. Dawson. Unfortunately the natural sections at Pictou are so imperfect, that the order of succession of the beds is much less fully known than at the other places referred to. Recent exploratory works, conducted by Mr. Poole, Superintendent of the Albion Mines, have, however, brought out some important facts which are exhibited in the Plan and sectional lists appended to this paper, to which these remarks relate, and with the aid of which I propose to state the more important points in which the Albion measures differ from the rocks of similar age in their vicinity, and, if possible, to indicate the causes of these differences.

1.
The coal of the Albion Mines is somewhat peculiar in its structure and chemical composition. It is more highly laminated, abounds more in mineral charcoal, is more bituminous and much more free from sulphuret of iron, than the coals of other parts of Nova Scotia. I t has also white and very light ashes, and has a remarkable power of continuing in a state of combustion when covered with ashes, and of remaining alight until all the coaly matter
On the Superficial Deposits of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Trimmer Joshua 
Published: October 2009

T
he
following observations on the superficial deposits of the Isle of Wight were made in 1847, while studying the Eocene Tertiaries of that district, preparatory to the mapping of the same strata in Hampishire and Dorsetshire for the Government Geological Survey.

An examination of the coast-sections of the greater part of the island, namely from Ryde to Culver Cliff, from Shanklin to Freshwater Bay, and from the Needles to Yarmouth, showed that there are no traces there of the Lower Erratic Tertiaries or Boulder Clay. There is, however, abundance of flint-gravel, having much of the aspect of the Upper Erratics; and a deposit answering to the warpdrift, which has been described in former communications as spread in other districts over the denuded surface of that and of older formations, and mainly influencing the variations of soil.
Part of the undercliff at Ventnor consists of a mass of partially water-worn chalk and chalk-marl, enveloping and covered by flint-gravel, closely resembling some of that which occurs similarly associated in the Cromer Cliffs. It has evidently slipped from a considerable height in the cliffs which overhang the town.
Flint-gravel only slightly water-worn occurs, in its greatest development, on the summits of the lower range of hills throughout the island. A mass of it, at least 60 feet thick, caps Headon Hill ; and a considerable thickness of it may be seen on the high ground in the neighbourhood of Osborne. The same kind of gravel, more water-worn, and evidently formed during the denudation
On the “Caradoc Sandstone” of Shropshire
Authors: Salter J. W. , Aveline W. T. 
Published: October 2009

Summary

The conclusions to be drawn from the foregoing data may be thus shortly stated. The rocks east of the Longmynd hitherto known as Caradoc sandstone are now divided into two groups. The lowest and greatest portion is equivalent to the middle and upper portions of the Llandeilo and Bala rocks, and were accumulated in the following order:—

1.

Fine shales, with small Trilobites (
Olenus, Asaphus, Agnostus
) and shells, deposited in deep water (most probably the equivalents of the Black Shales, Malvern).

Elevation of Land, or Shallowing of Sea.

2.
Coarse calcareous grits and conglomerate; a littoral or shallow water deposit.

3,4.
Sandstones, with occasional pebbles, laminated in the upper parts, and in some localities northwards with many beds of shale. finer deposit than the last, and indicating a greater depth of water. Fossils exactly those of Bala.

5.

Thin-bedded arenaceous shales, with fewer fossils, but of the same species;
Trinucleus concentricus
very abundant. A still greater depth of water is here indicated. (The higher part of the Llandeilo or Bala series.)

Evidence of upheaval and partial dislocation.

6.

A coarse deposit (unconformable on Nos. 1 to 5) in the immediate neighbourhood of the Longmynds, and derived from them (in part deep water around steep land,
Forbes
). A great change in the organic remains. The characteristic Llandeilo and Bala fossils have given place to a mixed series, including several species found in the Upper Llandeilo flags, but with many others more characteristic of the Wenlock limestone.

7.

Finer sandstones, with much shale and great abundance of
Pentameri
, and other Brachiopoda. Land gradually sinking (
Ramsay
, Geol. Journ. vol. ix. p. 175). Fossils chiefly Upper Silurian.

8, 9.
Grey and greenish shales, very fine sediment: deep water. Trilobites, Graptolites, and Cephalopods abundant. Fossils all Upper Silurian.
On the Origin of the Sand and Gravel Pipes in the Chalk of the London Tertiary District
Authors: Prestwich Joseph 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

A
fter
referring to the observations and researches of earlier writers on these peculiar cavities, the author dwelt upon the theory advocated by Dr. Buckland and Sir C. Lyell, that these cavities were due to the action of water, holding carbonic acid in solution, constantly percolating through the same cavity, dissolving the chalk and letting down the superincumbent sand and gravel. After pointing out the difficulties in the way of the hypothesis of mechanical water-action, such as the frequently great depth of the pipes (upwards of fifty feet), and the general absence of the rounded pebbles that should have remained in the cavities after having been the immediate agents in the perforation, the author (allowing that irregularities of the surface may have been caused by denuding action) proceeded to point out that the pipes occur wherever a stratum permeable to water overlies the chalk or other calcareous rock to any considerable extent, and suggested that they must have had their origin during a period when the chalk and the superincumbent tertiaries formed an extensive tract of horizontal dry land, previously to the surface assuming its present configuration ; that at these former periods the tertiary sands or the gravel constituted extensive water-bearing strata, whilst, owing to the form of the surface, the water-level in the chalk stood at a height very much less than in the superincumbent beds ; consequently the atmospheric waters, more or less charged with carbonic acid, percolating freely through the superficial sandy beds, rested on the chalk, and by its tendency to find a lower level, gradually dissolved passages through the chalk to that lower level at which water would stand in the latter formation. The superincumbent sands or gravels, as the case may be, gradually subsided, more or less conformably, into the deepening cavity caused by the loss of the chalk in the funnel or pipe below. When the chalk and overlying tertiary beds were locally upheaved, shattered, and partially denuded, the newly made valley-courses gave exit, in springs along their sides, both to the water of the lower water-level and the water of the superficial sands and gravels ; the sand-pipes becoming almost all deserted as water-channels, except in such local instances, perhaps, as are now seen where cavities are forming in the chalk beneath existing gravels, or where “swallow-holes” in the chalk continue a somewhat analogous action.—
Vide ,supra
, p. 223.
On Auriferous Quartz-Rock in North Cornwall
Authors: Pattison S. R. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
parish of Davidstowe in the north of Cornwall is situated at the edge of the granitic boss of Roughtor. Next to the granite occur coarse slaty rocks, much affected by quartz-veins, and interrupted by large developments of trap.

By the aid of
Spirifer Verneuilii
in the slates at Trevivian (which I found in the bed of a water-course there), and obscure traces in the limestone at Treblary, we may confidently state that these slate-rocks are the prolongation of the Petherwyn beds, which, with all their associates, here sweep round the northern flank of the granite. We therefore characterize the district as
uppermost
Devonian.

These slates are succeeded, on the east of the parish, by still coarser shales and grits, which, by the aid of plant-fragments in the latter, are ranked as Carboniferous.
The actual junction with the granite is concealed by a covering of detrital matter, and similar beds occur irregularly on the hill-sides throughout the district. This deposit is in all cases unrolled, and evidently local, the result of some action of brief duration.
The Devonian rocks dip at an angle of about 40° away from the granite, or rather from a point in advance of the latter, so that the district forms a dome of elevation, having the high ground of Cadonbarrow (slate) for its centre, and connected with the granite by an anticlinal line one portion of the dome dips into the sea, another towards the south in the great Delabole quarries, a third towards the
On the Gold Regions of California
Authors: Wilson James S. 
Published: October 2009

H
aving
explored, during a residence of nearly three years, some of the richest auriferous tracts of California, I have been requested by Sir R. I. Murchison, to present through him to the Geological Society of London an outline of my personal observations.

Sonora Diggings
The neighbourhood of Sonora was the place selected for the first operations of my associates and myself in gold-digging. Several kinds of rock presented themselves, identical with what I had seen in the mineral districts of South Australia; the prevailing rocks, and that on the surface of which the gold was deposited, were slates and gneiss.

Sulivan’s Creek Diggings
We commenced working at a place called Sulivan's Creek, about two miles south from Sonora. The diggings at this place were considered to be among the richest in the southern mines; but the greater part of the gold found there was supposed (and with great probability) to have been swept down by floods from Sulivan's Gulch, which is a ravine, rich in gold, about one mile in length, following the strike of the rocks, and having the gneiss on one side and a white crystalline limestone on the other.
On the Coromandel Gold-Diggings in New Zealand
Authors: Heapley Charles 
Published: October 2009

T
he
gold which was obtained here (Coromandel, near Auckland) during the summer was all dug from either the surface, or from a depth of 18 inches varying to 4 feet below it, and was taken in some instances from the gravel of a stream bed, or in others from a bed of quartz-grit near the foot of a granite mountain.

Only in one instance had any one sunk a shaft to the bed-rock. At a depth of 33 feet, a shaft, which I dug, fell in from the looseness of the surrounding earth. Mr. Stephenson, a digger, however, came upon the bed-rock at a depth of 27 feet; but there it was on so steep an inclination, that but little gold could have been expected to have been found lodging upon it. Some small pieces, of a more solid nature than any found elsewhere, were, however, washed from its surface. (See fig. p. 323.)
The unusually wet summer induced the diggers, who were chiefly men from Port Philip, men used to a dry climate and firm soil, to abandon the idea of sinking shafts to the bed-rock. The New Zealand diggers contented themselves with digging near the surface, and when the small stratum of quartz-grit, where Coolahan got his gold, was exhausted, they left the district.
It cannot, however, be denied, that the limited extent of the Government district was a source of discouragement to men, who, in Australia and California, look to an unlimited field for exploration. But, had
On the Geological Formation and the Gold-Bearing Rocks of the Colony of Victoria
Authors: Hopkins Evan 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
With this communication, the author laid before the Society, and explained, a geological section of this south-eastern portion of Australia, extending from the Gleneig River, on the west, to beyond Mount Kosciusko, in the Australian Alps, on the east. This section exhibited the structure of this region as formed of great parallel bands of schistose and granitic rocks, having a north and south bearing and a vertical position. Along the line of section first appear the limestone-beds of the Gleneig Valley, resting on the foot of Mount William, in the Grampians, which consists of granite, capped by sandstone formed of the reconsolidated decomposed granite. Mount Cole, in the Pyrenees, next in order, consists of hornblendic schists. The Valley of the Loddon and Forest Creek are on the edges of the great gold band of argillaceous schists, interlaminated with auriferous quartz. These schists constitute the author's “great auriferous band,” extending north and south, from the south of Ballarat to the north of Bendigo and Korong. The granite of Mount Alexander succeeds; then the auriferous argillaceous band of the Campaspe Valley and the M'Ivor. This is the “M'Ivor auriferous band.” Granite, then the “Goulburn auriferous band,” the granite of Violet Town, and the “Ovens River auriferous band,” succeed in order to the eastward, and then the great granitic bands of the Australian Alps, occasionally interlaminated with clay-slate, &c.
On some Mammaliferous Deposits in the Valley of the Nene, near Peterborough
Authors: Trimmer Joshua 
Published: October 2009

I
n
the collection of the Marchioness of Huntly there are bones of the Elephant and other large mammals, which have been obtained from two gravel-pits near Orton Hall. Some of them have been submitted, I believe, to the inspection of Professor Owen; and through the kindness of the Marchioness I am enabled to exhibit the whole of them to the Society.

While making, in company with Mr. Bailey Denton, a rapid examination of the geology of the Orton estate in its agricultural relations, I had lately an opportunity of seeing these deposits, which present some interesting features bearing on my communication, published in a late number of the Journal, “On the Soils which cover the Chalk of Kent.”
I place the Orton gravel on the parallel of the Nar clay and the mammaliferous deposits of the Thames Valley, which I refer to that portion of the Pleistocene epoch which I have called the second stationary, or second elephantine period, and which I have described as intervening between the elevation of the erratic tertiaries and the distribution of the Warp-drift over their denuded surface.
In the Nar clay the shells are wholly marine, although it is probable that it terminates, on the east, in freshwater deposits similar to those of the parallel valley of Gaytonthorpe. In the ancient wide-spread alluvium of the Thames the shells are exclusively those of the land and fresh water. The Orton gravel is a fluvio-marine deposit.
These facts accord with the sketch-map which accompanied the paper
Contributions to Fossil Entomology
Authors: Westwood J. O. 
Published: October 2009

Summary

T
he
microscopical examination which I have been compelled to make of so many hundreds of fossil insect-remains, for the most part in a fragmentary condition, from the Lower Plirhecks of Dorset, although beyond measure tedious from the unsatisfactory results afforded hy the nature of the specimens, has still enabled me to arrive at some results, and to form a general comparison of these insect-deposits with those which I similarly investigated whilst preparing the plates of Mr. P. B. Brodie's work on the fossil insects of the Wiltshire Purbecks, &c.

If we take into consideration the small, and even minute size of the great majority of the insects, and indeed of the whole of the
Coleoptera
, which have been passed under review, the idea, that we have before us the wreck of an Insect Fauna of a temperate region, is at once raised; for although it would be rash to assert that a mass of remains of the existing tropical insects might not be accumulated in which a large quantity of minute beetles and flies would not be present, yet I cannot conceive any process, either arising from currents of water, or chemical dissolution of insect matter, which would carry off or destroy the many gigantic forms of insect life always occurring in the tropics.
Geological Notices of the Isle of Sheppey, and of its Outlier of Bagshot Sand
Authors: Weston Charles Henry 
Published: October 2009

T
he
north-western and southern parts of the Isle of Sheppey are low and marshy, as well as a portion of the north-eastern coast from Sheerness to Scrap Gate. From this point the cliff begins to rise, and from Minster to Warden attains a considerable height. The highest points must be at least 200 feet above the level of the sea.

The elevated coast-line shelves off towards the interior of the Isle, leaving such parts low and marshy; but from some circumstances connected with the cliffs near Warden and the inclination of the strata near Scrap Gate, I strongly suspect that this depression toward Elmley Isle is rather the result of an actual sinking of the strata in that direction, than the effect of mere denudation. I had not time, however, to substantiate this as a fact.
The extent of the marsh and low ground on the north side from Sheerness to Scrap Gate is about two miles. At Scrap Gate there is a kiln for the manufacture of draining tiles, showing the existence of clay intermingled with sand, as well as the absence of lime. To these points we shall have occasion to refer.
From Scrap Gate the coast-line begins to elevate itself towards the S.E., and attains its greatest height at a point about 1 ½ mile distant. On its first emergence it is composed of a stratum of ferruginous-coloured clay ; but before reaching East End Lane Preventive station, another stratum of blue clay is seen coming out
On the Geology of the Neighbourhood of Nágpur, Central India
Authors: Hislop Stephen , Hunter Robert 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

I
n
the first place the authors describe the physical features of that portion of the Nágpur district to which this Memoir particularly refers, and give a full account of the geological observations already made in that and the neighbouring territories.

In pointing out the general geology of the district, they show that the basis of the country is gneiss, quartz-rock, mica-schist, and granite, on which reposes a sandstone very much interrupted, but stretching far and wide. It is without fossils at Nágpur, but fossiliferous elsewhere; and, according to the authors, of the Jurassic age.
Near Nágpur this sandstone is overlaid by a thick mass of trap rock, an isolated patch of which forms the mass of the Sitábaldi Hill. This trap is compact below and vesicular towards the top, and is surmounted by thin patches of a nodular trap. Between these two trap-rocks is found a thin clay or cherty bed full of the remains of freshwater shells and other fossils. In some places (as in the Tákli plains) the freshwater bed rests immediately on the sandstone, in which case the vesicular trap is wanting, and the overlying trap is sometimes present and sometimes absent. Sometimes a single thin sheet of trap is present without any sedimentary deposit.
The extent and relations of these several formations and of the superficial deposits having been pointed out, the authors proceed to describe their characters and contents, and to offer some observations on their respective ages.
Additional Observations on the occurrence of Pipes and Furrows in calcareous and non-calcareous Strata
Authors: Trimmer Joshua 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The author considered that, for the full understanding of the views he has taken on the origin of sand-pipes and furrows in and on the surface of strata, some further remarks were required; and offered these additional observations in support of some positions he has taken in former papers on the subject, and which, from their not having been fully elucidated, appeared to require some explanatory remarks in their defence.
On the Structure of Mont Blanc and its Environs
Authors: Sharpe Daniel 
Published: October 2009

M
ont
Blanc has been represented by Professor James Forbes, in his admirable work on the Alps, as consisting of a mass of stratified granite, in which the strata are arranged in the form of a fan with one vertical axis running through the whole chain: on both sides the granite is stated to overlie a great formation of limestone, its beds dipping under the granite in perfect conformity with the strata of the granite itself, and a similar conformable superposition of granite upon limestone is stated to occur in the Montagne de la Saxe on the east of Mont Blanc*.

The section given by Professor Studer adopts the above views with the following modifications: instead of granite, the chain is stated to consist of protogine flanked by gneiss and metamorphic slates, the beds dipping under these are described as black limestone and slate, and the Montague de la Saxe as felspar-slate.†
There are two apparent anomalies in these statements which stand in contradiction to the general experience of geologists elsewhere: 1st, the alleged conformity of stratification between the crystalline and the secondary rocks; 2nd, the superposition of the granite or protogine upon the latter. It is of such vital importance to the progress of geology that we should have correct views upon these points, that no apology is needed for a re-examination of the evidence on which they rest ; since the higher the authority on which an error is promulgated, the more pernicious is it to the progress of
On a Pterichthys from the Old Red Sandstone of Moray
Authors: Brickenden Captain L. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
his
communication had reference to a species of
Pterichthys
, remarkable for its great size (estimated by the author at 25 inches [average] in length, and 6 inches in breadth), and its peculiarly ornamented and wrinkled surface. The paper was illustrated by drawings, in which the author had made a conjectural restoration of the external bony armour and the lateral appendages of the fish, from the numerous characteristic fragments that he had obtained in the upper division of the Devonian strata, chiefly from the Vale of Rothes.

The central dorsal plate of this species has some resemblance to, but is much larger than Agassiz's figure (Poiss. V. G. R. pl. 30
a
. figs. 17, 18) of the specimen referred by him to
Coccosteus
, but more lately by Sir P. Egerton and Hugh Miller to
Pterichthys
(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. iv. p. 310, 311); and the jointed side-spines or “cephalic oars” resemble those referred by Agassiz to the
P. major
, but belong to a very much larger fish.