bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐Term Results of Surgery for Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors at a Tertiary Referral Center
Authors: Norlén Olov , Stålberg Peter , Öberg Kjell , Eriksson John , Hedberg Jakob , Hessman Ola , Janson Eva Tiensuu , Hellman Per , Åkerström Göran 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundSmall intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI‐NETs) are uncommon, with an annual incidence of about 1 per 100,000 individuals. The primary tumor (PT) is generally small, but nevertheless the majority of patients have mesenteric lymph node metastases and liver metastases at diagnosis. Our aim was to identify prognostic factors for survival and to evaluate outcome after surgery in SI‐NET patients.Material and MethodsWe included 603 consecutive patients (325 men; age at diagnosis 63 ± 11 years [mean ± SD]) with histopathologically verified SI‐NET, who were diagnosed between 1985 and 2010. Hospital charts were reviewed and were scrutinized for carcinoid heart disease (CHD), flush and/or diarrhea, proliferation by Ki‐67 index, mesenteric lymph node metastases (m.lgllm), distant abdominal lymph node metastases (da.lgllm), liver tumor load (LTL), extra‐abdominal metastases (EAM), locoregional resective surgery, as well as debulking of LTL, and adverse events after surgery.ResultsMedian overall survival (OS) was 8.4 years; 5‐year OS was 67%, and 5‐year relative survival was 74%. Independent prognostic factors by univariate and multivariate analysis were age at diagnosis, CHD, m.lgllm, da.lgllm, LTL, EAM, peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC), and proliferation. Locoregional resective surgery was associated with increased survival on crude and multivariate analysis. The 30‐day mortality in our institution after initial locoregional resective surgery was 0.5% (1/205).ConclusionsFor the first time, m.lgllm and da.lgllm, LTL, PC, and EAM are demonstrated to be independent prognostic factors by multivariate analysis. Locoregional removal of the PT/m.lgllm. was a positive prognostic factor by crude and adjusted analysis and may influence survival.
Preoperative MRCP to detect choledocholithiasis in acute calculous cholecystitis
Authors: Wong Hon‐Phin , Chiu Yu‐Lun , Shiu Bei‐Hao , Ho Lu‐Chang 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPurposeThere are risks of common bile duct (CBD) stones in acute cholecystitis, and there is a move among surgeons to identify choledocholithiasis before surgery. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography (MRCP) has the potential to accurately detect choledocholithiasis in patients with acute cholecystitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive values of MRCP and elevated biochemical predictors for choledocholithiasis in patients with acute cholecystitis.MethodsBetween September 2006 and August 2008, of 84 patients with acute cholecystitis based on the diagnosis criteria of the Tokyo guidelines, 57 had MRCP preoperatively. The predictive values of six biochemical predictors for choledocholithiasis were also evaluated.ResultsOf the 57 patients, seven (12.28%) had choledocholithiasis, of whom three had CBD stones in nondilated ducts. The smallest stone detected in a dilated CBD and nondilated duct was 3.19 and 4.55 mm in diameter, respectively. None of our patients whose MRCP showed a clear CBD returned with symptomatic choledocholithiasis during the follow‐up period. All biochemical predictors and CBD diameter had limited positive predictive values.ConclusionsMagnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography is a reliable evaluation technique for the detection of choledocholithiasis. It reduces the misdiagnosis of retained choledocholithiasis with normal biochemical predictors and prevents the risk of overlooking choledocholithiasis. No single predictor or combined markers have been found to be reliable for including/excluding the presence of choledocholithiasis.
Negative impact of low body mass index on surgical outcomes after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Okamura Yukiyasu , Maeda Atsuyuki , Matsunaga Kazuya , Kanemoto Hideyuki , Uesaka Katsuhiko 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundStudies have previously indicated that surgical outcomes are poorer for obese patients. To date, few reports concerning the effect of obesity on patient outcomes following a hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been published. The present study, therefore, sought to determine the impact of patients' body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) on short‐ and long‐term surgical outcomes and to identify potential prognostic factors for HCC following a hepatectomy.MethodsPatient data was retrospectively collected from 181 consecutive patients between September 2002 and August 2007 who had undergone hepatectomy for HCC with curative intent. Patients were assigned to three groups according to their BMI (low <18.5, standard 18.5—25, and high >25), and the clinical and pathological data, surgical outcome, and long‐term survival were analyzed and compared between the three groups.ResultsThe overall survival rate of the low BMI group was notably below that of the standard group. Surgical outcomes were not significantly different between the three groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that a low BMI (<18.5) is a predictor of unfavorable prognosis.ConclusionsThe present study suggests that a low BMI is a significant prognostic factor for low overall survival when performing a hepatectomy for HCC.
The Role of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in New Types of Armed Conflicts
Authors: Sassòli Marco 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the interaction of particular norms of international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL) that regulate specific situations and on the adequacy of existing mechanisms for resolving norm conflicts. It expands the interest in the ‘war on terror’ to additional types of new conflicts (asymmetric conflicts, conflicts in failed states, and UN peace operations). Noting that from the perspective of the application of either IHL or IHRL, the novelty of the conflicts is overstated, the chapter compares them to the archetypes of conflicts for which IHL was originally designed; determines the threshold questions relative to the applicability of both regimes ratione materiae, ratione personae, and ratione loci; and proceeds to focus on their co-application. The latter is explored in the light of the lex specialis principle on both a general level and in relation to the pertinent questions of the targeting and preventive detention of members of an armed group. The chapter concludes that existing law, properly interpreted, contains realistic, albeit controversial and situation-dependent, solutions for the legal problems arising in these types of conflicts.
Post-conflict Accountability and the Reshaping of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
Authors: Bell Christine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter considers the ways in which human rights and humanitarian law have been argued to impose post-conflict accountability. It argues that the attempt to use human rights and humanitarian law standards to impose accountability has had similar dynamics across both cases. In both cases a lack of fit between regime and post-conflict political landscape has involved an interpretative revision of what the regimes require, that has moved them towards a loose common denominator implemented by ad hoc institutional innovation. Any account of the implications for the relationship of human rights and humanitarian law in post-conflict settings should take account of both sets of developments. To this end, the chapter sets out both processes of interpretive revision and ad hoc institutional innovation, discussing the consequences for each regime and the relationship between them. The chapter proceeds as follows. Part 2 discusses, in general terms, the peculiarities of the post-conflict political environments with reference to human rights and humanitarian law. Parts 3 and 4 examine how the accountability standards of human rights and humanitarian law have been argued to apply post-conflict. Part 5 considers the implications of regime-merge and institutional innovation for the existing regimes of human rights and humanitarian law. Finally, Part 6 suggests the possibility of drawing on all three conceptualizations as reflecting different underlying meta-level understandings of the current ‘situating’ of international law itself.
Neurotic Women
Authors: Oppenheim Janet 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The burden of sexual stereotyping bore down even more heavily on Victorian women whose lives were plagued with nervous illness. With many of these women, it is difficult to speak of nervous breakdown as a specific event that interrupted the course of their normal daily activities. Their depression was more likely to be a chronic than an acute condition, similar to prolonged mood or anxiety disorders rather than a discrete, identifiable crisis. Much of the problem of definition arises from the fact that Victorian and Edwardian medical advisors typically subsumed their diagnoses of nervous maladies in female patients under the general category of “feminine disorders,” related to menstruation, pregnancy, or lactation. This theoretical merger of the female nervous and reproductive systems was an integral pan of the medical assumption that biology dominated women's lives, utterly beyond the regulatory power of the individual will.
Nervous Degeneration
Authors: Oppenheim Janet 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In 1905, the idea of nervous degeneration was inseparable from the more open discussion of moral degradation and physical debility. For a country beleaguered by worldwide competitors, nerves were more than ever necessary to sustain the British people in their struggle to maintain international hegemony. In the clamor for national efficiency, conditions of body were inseparably intertwined with states of mind. Over and over again, all manner of alarmists asked whether the British people had, not merely the stamina, but the will to triumph over their rivals. Never had the connotations of power, force, and energy associated with the nerves assumed greater significance in the public consciousness. Curiously enough, degeneration theory prolonged the life of the mid-Victorian certainty that private exertions were the key to public progress.
Introduction: In the Shadows of Citizenship
Authors: Wilson Ivy G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBeginning with a reading of a Sojourner Truth carte-de-visite and its epigrammatic phrasing, this introductory chapter prefigures Ralph Ellison's notion of the “shadow” and Jacques Derrida's notion of the “specter” to underscore the book's critique of democratic sociality in mid-19th century America. Using the context of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law and the 1857 Dred Scott decision to intimate the fraught condition of antebellum black political subjectivity, the chapter stages the book's central concern with aurality and visuality. On the one hand, it outlines how a preoccupation with the vernacular practices of vocal enunciation was part of a larger national rhetoric about democracy. On the other hand, it outlines how a preoccupation with the meanings of visual representations was tied to the graphic processes of imagining the citizen.
Frederick Douglass's “Glib-tongue”
Authors: Wilson Ivy G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter outlines how Frederick Douglass deploys a series of speech acts in his 1852 “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” address and 1852 novella The Heroic Slave to manipulate the accepted national idioms on the right-of-revolution as a means to critique slavery as anathema to democracy itself. In theorizing Douglass's creation of a polyphonic discourse system, the chapter traces how he uses a contrapuntal mechanism to alternate black and white voices in the debates about democracy. In particular, the chapter reveals how Douglass stylizes repetition as the sonic device of the reverb to manipulate Patrick Henry's well-known expression “Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death” to legitimate mid-century black liberation movements as specifically American.
A Common Certain Understanding
Authors: Smith Angela 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In spite of Virginia Woolf’s insistence in her personal writing on the significance of her relationship with Katherine Mansfield, some of her biographers pay scant attention to it, although this is not true of Mansfield’s major biographers, Antony Alpers and Claire Tomalin, who each include a chapter on the friendship. Though they were literally foreigners to each other, with Mansfield prizing her colonial childhood increasingly as she grew older, they had border crossings in common: those traced in this chapter concern their abjection in illness, their bisexuality, their responses to childlessness, and their complex gender relationships with their editor husbands and with their fathers, as they move from late-Victorian childhood to young womanhood at the beginning of the new century. There is throughout the record of the relationship in the letters and diaries of the two writers a sense of Woolf’s intensity of feeling for Mansfield: admiration, love, and the hatred that stems from jealousy.
The Cement of the Universe
Authors: Hundert Edward M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter looks at the metaphysical problems with the ‘Necessary’ part of Kant's argument. The search for the ‘necessity’ embodied in Kant's ‘Necessary’ Unity of Consciousness can itself explain why Kant should have believed that the label ‘great metaphysician’ would ‘scarcely be envied’ by any ‘sophisticated man’. Since Kant only criticized Descartes about his laxity in including too large a domain for Descartes' own individual experience, so Kant could limit his epistemology to a subset of those individual experiences which are connected by his special brand of ‘Necessity’. Philosophers like Hume argue that what ‘necessity’ may be found in the unfolding of the world's four-dimensional scenery is nothing but a fiction, superimposed by our minds upon a world which has no room for it. Furthermore, Kant could have responded to any form of incoherent nihilism, but relative nihilism already forces one to return to Hegel's dynamic dialectical view.
Introduction: Ascetics and Ambassadors
Authors: BINNS JOHN 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the ascetics and ambassadors of Christ in the monasteries of Palestine during the period from 314 to 631. This book is devoted to Palestinian monasticism and it consists of three major parts. The first discusses the main sources of information about the monasteries, the second describes the environment in which the monasteries grew and developed their distinctive characters, the last part explores the activities and achievements of the monks themselves.
This Desert
Authors: BINNS JOHN 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter describes the Palestinian desert that served as home to thousands of monks. The Palestinian desert was unique compared to other desert areas inhabited by monks, those of Egypt and Syria. Its distinctiveness is attributed to the geographical facts of it being close to Jerusalem and having varied terrain and weather conditions. This chapter describes the rainfall, soil variation, water supply, and sources of livelihood in the Palestinian desert.
Electoral Systems and Party Systems
Authors: Lijphart Arend 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAn electoral system is the most fundamental element of representative democracy, translating citizen's votes into representatives' seats. It is also the most potent practical instrument available to democratic reformers. This book describes and classifies the seventy electoral systems used by twenty-seven democracies — including those of Western Europe, Australia, Canada, the USA, Costa Rica, India, Israel, Japan, and New Zealand — for 384 national legislative and European Parliament elections between 1945 and 1990. Using comparative and statistical analyses of these systems, the author demonstrates the effect of the electoral formula used, the number of representatives elected per district, electoral thresholds, and of five other key features of electoral systems on the proportionality of the election outcome, the degree of multipartism, and the creation of majority parties. The author reveals that electoral systems are neither as diverse nor as complex as is often assumed. This book represents the most definitive treatment of the subject since Rae's classic study in 1967, based as it is on more accurate and comprehensive data (covering more countries and a longer timespan), and using stronger hypotheses and better analytical methods.
Electoral Systems: Types, Patterns, Trends
Authors: Lijphart Arend 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the dimensions of the seventy electoral systems used in twenty-four countries that hold democratic and parliamentary elections. These dimensions are the district magnitude or the number of representatives elected in a district; the legal threshold; the electoral threshold or the minimum level of support that a political party needs to gain representation; and assembly size or the total number of seats in the legislature. The variables in the electoral system are the ballot structure, malapportionment, the difference between legislative elections in parliamentary and in presidential systems, and the possibility of linked lists.
Disproportionality, Multipartism, and Majority Victories
Authors: Lijphart Arend 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the main political consequences of an electoral system. These are the effects of the electoral system on the proportionality and disproportionality of the electoral outcomes and their effects on the party system, especially the degree of multipartism and the tendency to generate majority victories. The chapter explains the different measures of disproportionality and suggests that the link between the party system as the independent variable and disproportionality as the dependent variable has an important implication for two of the four additional dimensions of electoral systems, which are presidentialism and ballot structure.
The Operation and Effects of Cash Limits
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In 1976, cash limits were applied to about sixty percent of total public expenditure and it was introduced as an administrative device to control the annual amount of government programme expenditure. About fifty-six percent of the Control Total was cash limited in 1992–1993 and the greater part was Supply Expenditure. Some changes have been made to cash limit coverage including the prescribed allocation for some health and community services previously excluded, but one-third of total public expenditure is still not covered by cash limits. The system also had other changes such as the assimilation of cash limits with the Estimates, extending cash disciplines to three-year cash plans, and the introduction of a system to carry on expenditure from one cash limit to the next year. Another significant development is the separation of expenditure on pay and administration costs from other programme expenditure prescribed for each central department.
Profit Squeeze and Keynesian Theory
Authors: Marglin Stephen A. , Bhaduri Amit 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter explains the importance of the macroeconomic ‘climate’, especially the investment climate, in generating different economic regimes according to differences in the relationship between real wages and investment and hence employment. It examines the impact of wage change on economic growth and employment. It clarifies that wage reduction will lower consumption demand. In addition, a fall in wages always lowers aggregate demand through the effect on consumption; and stimulating investment raises aggregate demand. In the ‘stagnationist’ regime, higher real wages do not lead to higher unemployment and are necessary to promote a process of wage-led growth. On the other hand, in the ‘exhilarationist’ case, investment effects dominate, and higher real wages do lead to higher unemployment and interfere with investment-led growth, so that wage restraint becomes the preferred policy stance.
A New Paradigm of Work Organization and Co-ordination? Lessons from Japanese Experience
Authors: Aoki Masahiko 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter concludes the volume and addresses the question of how Japan has been able to maintain a rate of growth of labour productivity consistently at the forefront of the OECD countries. It examines the organization of production in the Japanese firm and contrasts it with the organization of production in the Western firm. It explains that superior flexibility, the ability to respond to local ‘shocks’, such as interruption in the supply of parts or the breakdown of a machine, the results from the larger scope of workers to exercise initiative. The chapter states that this is the key to the Japanese success story.
The Privileged Practice of Violence: Worship of the Demi-god Prowess
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter explains why knights worshipped at the shrine of the demi-god prowess and that they were the ones practising violence. Knights considered the practice of violence to be a privilege. The primary constituent in chivalry is prowess which wins honour. Prowess and honour are closely linked in the minds of knights, for the practice of the one produces the other, a theme expounded in all chivalric literature.
Epilogue
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the preceding discussions. It talks about the revolt of Essex in 1601 as an important signpost pointing towards basic transformations of those ideas by the early 17th century. It discusses the Bouteville affair of 1627. It argues that prowess is no longer regularly fused to the concept of honour and that it is no longer the universally praised personal means of attaining honour. It notes that the link between piety and prowess has been stretched to breaking point. Finally, it explains that chivalry ceased to function as the indicator of nobility.
Occasional Identities: A Preliminary Account
Authors: Gallois André 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides a preliminary account of occasional identities. It suggests that the occasional identity thesis (OIT) is tailor-made to fit all of the puzzles previously described. It contends that there is no conflict between OIT and the strongest version of Leibniz's Law (LL) acceptable to occasional identity theorists. This is because occasional identity theorists can retain LL by giving up the assumption that time-indexed properties are not subject to change.
Defending the Contingency of Identity
Authors: Gallois André 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter argues in defence of the contingency of identity. It describes the occasional identity theory's (OIT) view on the truncated car puzzle case, and provides an illustration of the so-called modal argument for the necessity of identities. This argument is a detailed version of the one originally propounded by Ruth Barcan Marcus. This chapter provides the basic assumptions of the modal argument relevant to the truncated car puzzle case.
Indefinite Identities
Authors: Gallois André 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the indefinite identity problem posed by the ship of Theseus puzzle. It provides an alternative solution to the puzzle that will prove that the ORIGINAL is identical with the REPLACEMENT. It also analyses the applicability of the argument devised by Gareth Evans and Nathan Salmon to the problem of indefinite identity. The Evans-Salmon argument is a reductio designed to show that reasonable assumptions about identity together with the assumption that the ORIGINAL is identical with the REPLACEMENT lead to a contradiction.