bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting High-Risk Neighborhoods for Tobacco Prevention Education in Schools
Authors: Kaestle Christine Elizabeth , Wiles Bradford B. 
Published: December 2009

Objectives. We examined whether individual and neighborhood characteristics associated with smoking were also predictive of exposure to smoking prevention education in schools, to determine whether education programs were targeted appropriately to reach neighborhoods with the greatest need. Methods. We merged data from 2 sources—the 2005 Virginia Youth Tobacco Survey (n = 2208) and the Census 2000 School District Demographics Project—and used binary multilevel models with random effects to determine whether the same demographic characteristics and neighborhood characteristics predicted both adolescent smoking and exposure to prevention programs. Results. We found that although light, medium, and heavy smoking rates were higher in neighborhoods of lower socioeconomic status (relative risk ratio = 1.49, 1.36, and 1.65, respectively), prevention programs were less available in those areas (odds ratio = 0.82). Conclusions. Our study indicates that school prevention programs are not being effectively targeted and that more effective ways to reach high-risk and disadvantaged neighborhoods are needed.
Estimating the Risks and Benefits of Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Cessation in the United States
Authors: Apelberg Benjamin J. , Onicescu Georgiana , Avila-Tang Erika , Samet Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2009

Objectives. To compare potential population-wide benefits and risks, we examined the potential impact of increased nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) use for smoking cessation on future US mortality. Methods. We developed a simulation model incorporating a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis, with data from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey and Cancer Prevention Study II. We estimated the number of avoided premature deaths from smoking attributable to increased NRT use, before and after incorporating assumptions about NRT harm. Results. We estimate that a gradual increase in the proportion of NRT-aided quit attempts to 100% by 2025 would lead to 40 000 (95% credible interval = 31 000, 50 000) premature deaths avoided over a 20-year period. Most avoided deaths would be attributable to lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. After we incorporated assumptions about potential risk from long-term NRT, the estimate of avoided premature deaths from all causes declined to 32 000. Conclusions. Even after we assumed some harm from long-term NRT use, the benefits from increased cessation success far outweigh the risks. However, the projected reduction in premature mortality still reflects a small portion of the tobacco-related deaths expected over a 20-year period.
A Worksite Obesity Intervention: Results From a Group-Randomized Trial
Authors: Siegel Judith M. , Prelip Michael L. , Erausquin Jennifer Toller , Kim Sonia A. 
Published: December 2009

Objectives. We used a participatory process to develop an obesity intervention appropriate for elementary school personnel. Methods. A randomized controlled trial included 16 school worksites (8 intervention, 8 control). Intervention schools formed committees to develop and implement health promotion activities for employees. Anthropometric and self-report data were collected at baseline and postintervention (2 years later). The primary outcome measures were body mass index (BMI), waist–hip ratio, physical activity, and fruit and vegetable consumption. Results. After adjustment for age, ethnicity, and job classification, employees in intervention schools reduced their BMI by an average of 0.04 kg/m2, and those in control schools increased their BMI by an average of 0.37 kg/m2. Comparisons for waist–hip ratio, weekly physical activity minutes, and fruit and vegetable consumption were not significant. Conclusions. The participatory process appeared to be an effective means for stimulating change. The intervention may have slowed and perhaps reversed the tendency of adults to gain weight progressively with age.
Associations of Television Content Type and Obesity in Children
Authors: Zimmerman Frederick J. , Bell Janice F. 
Published: December 2009

Objectives. We tested the associations of content types of children's television viewing with subsequent body mass index (BMI) to assess the plausibility of different causal pathways. Methods. We used time-use diary data from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics to measure television viewing categorized by format and educational and commercial content. Analyses were stratified by age because children younger than 7 years are less able to understand the persuasive intent of advertising. BMI z scores in 2002 were regressed on television viewing, sociodemographic variables, mother's BMI, and BMI in 1997 (for older children only). Results. Among children aged 0 to 6 years in 1997, commercial viewing in 1997 was significantly associated with BMI z scores in 2002 in fully adjusted regressions. Among children older than 6 years, commercial viewing in 2002 was associated with 2002 BMI. These results were robust after adjustment for exercise and eating while watching television. Conclusions. The evidence does not support the contention that television viewing contributes to obesity because it is a sedentary activity. Television advertising, rather than viewing per se, is associated with obesity.
Integrating Public Health and Personal Care in a Reformed US Health Care System
Authors: Chernichovsky Dov , Leibowitz Arleen A. 
Published: December 2009

Compared with other developed countries, the United States has an inefficient and expensive health care system with poor outcomes and many citizens who are denied access. Inefficiency is increased by the lack of an integrated system that could promote an optimal mix of personal medical care and population health measures. We advocate a health trust system to provide core medical benefits to every American, while improving efficiency and reducing redundancy. The major innovation of this plan would be to incorporate existing private health insurance plans in a national system that rebalances health care spending between personal and population health services and directs spending to investments with the greatest long-run returns.
Challenges in Provision of Emergency Medical Service at Offshore Locations – Experience of a Multinational Oil and Gas Company in Malaysia
Authors: Bahrin Jefferelli Shamsul , Mohamed Abdul Halim , Kumar Surya 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Oil and gas exploration and production are high-risk activities and often take place at remote locations. Operators are required to manage the related risks and an important element is ensuring provision of appropriate medical emergency care. This paper covers: the extent and nature of offshore oil and gas exploration and production operations in a Multinational Oil and Gas Company in Malaysia; challenges faced in ensuring provision of emergency medical services during these activities; and how this is managed using the Company Medical Emergency Response (MER) standards.
Offshore Oil and Gas Production in Malaysia
Today there is a full range of oil and gas businesses in Malaysia from exploration to production, refining, distribution and retail. The oil and gas resources have become less accessible resulting in recent exploration and production sites being further away from shore and in more remote locations.
This Multinational Oil and Gas Company in Malaysia operates a number of offshore platforms off the coast of Sarawak. Some of the platforms have living quarters and always has an offshore medic on board. Due to their distance from shore, patient transfer becomes a challenge for these platforms and other such work locations. The main mode of transport to offshore work location is helicopter and boat with traveling time between shore and offshore locations between one to two hours.
The First Saudi Arabian Trilateral Oil Well in Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoir
Authors: Raba'a Ali S. , Johnson Anthony S. , Aramco Saudi , Parry Keith , Abduldayem Mohammed A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Multilateral wells to achieve Maximum Reservoir Contact (MRC) have been widely implemented in a number of new carbonate fields' development in Saudi Arabia, resulting in substantial financial improvement of these assets. The successes achieved with this well architecture justified extending its use into a sandstone oil field that has been characterized with heterogeneous and poorly consolidated sandstone formation. This paper chronicles the multi-disciplinary approach and processes employed to evaluate, plan, and execute the first trilateral well in an unconsolidated heterogeneous sandstone reservoir in Saudi Arabia. The objectives of the ML well are to maximize reservoir contact to enhance sweep efficiency and improve well productivity and to promote the ML application in this complex field to extend field's production plateau. Initial well construction involved side-tracking an idle vertical well that has been shut in due to high WC and low productivity. Prior to drilling the laterals, a deviated pilot hole was drilled across the entire reservoir which helped optimize placement of the laterals. Reentry of an existing well to successfully steer and drill three long horizontal open drain holes into the reservoir imposed several constraints and added to the list of challenges.
Incorporating sand control in a multi-lateral environment poses a number of challenges, with complexity driven by the Technology Advancement Multilateral (TAML) level demanded for the junctions between the motherbore and laterals, and by overall well functionality required. Well completion involved installation of an expandable sand screen (ESS) completion in the mainbore and Premium Sand Screens (PSS) completions in the two laterals to facilitate sand-free commingled production from all three laterals. The PSS completions featured a wash-down capability in the high-build angle laterals and also incorporated swell packers positioned just inside the laterals to ensure sand-tight conditions at the TAML Level 3 junctions. Following installation of upper ESP completion, a post-rig extensive clean-up program was conducted to unload all three laterals. The well is currently producing sand-free oil at three times the rate of neighboring single-lateral wells. Following the success and capturing the lesson learned from this trial, another ML well will be drilled in the field.
Successful Acid Stimulation in Acid-Sensitive Reservoirs
Authors: He Liu , Dan-feng Xiao , Ke-ming Fan , Li-feng Jin , Tao Pei , Shilin Zhang 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Lithologic character and physical property are greatly differential and distribute crisscross in vertical in zone Su131, Hai-la-er Oilfield. The same water injection well has two different acid sensitive reservoirs. The reservoir that is shallow and permeable is sensitive to hydrochloric acid while the reservoir that is deep and more permeable is sensitive to earth acid. Acid treatment and augmented injection have great difficulty. In order to improve condition of water injection in zone Su131, we develop new diversion acid treatment that stimulation could treat two different layers through acid formulation fit for different layers with multistage diversion technology. This technology was used in 11 water injection wells in 2004. Average pressure release is 377psi at beginning, average quantity of augmented injection per well is 40.9bbl. And average term of validity is 322 days.
Global Drilling Group Certification to ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 Standards
Authors: Hanson Tim , Hasan Salman 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Premier Oil's drilling function has had global certification of its Drilling Management System (DMS) since August 2004. This certification is to both ISO (International Standards Organisation) 14001, an internationally recognised environmental standard and OHSAS (Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series) 18001 which is a British Standard for Health and Safety. This paper outlines how Premier selected its certification authority, how certification was achieved and retained and how the process of certification has provided a tool for continuously improving the global drilling group's environmental, health and safety performances.
Reducing Environmental Risks to As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) in South East Asia
Authors: Dennis Paul , Shobirin Mohammad 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This paper provides and over view of the risk management and ALARP considerations/theory as applied to the safety regime highlighting principles that can be applied to environmental ALARP.
The paper introduces the concept of Best Available Techniques (BAT) as an equivalent and established concept to ALARP in environment.
It provides advice on the approaches to be taken, level of study and accountabilities for organising, assessing and sign off. The approaches proposed focus on simple assessment where possible and a demonstration that the practices proposed meet ALARP criteria and allows flexibility in approach, and is therefore not over prescriptive.
When considering ALARP it should be remembered that it is intended to deliver a process that demonstrates that we have challenged whether our current designs and operations are sufficiently protective of the environment.
Hazardous Waste Disposal Using Co-Processing
Authors: Rustamina A. , Oepoyo P. , Aloysius V. , Sadono I. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Schlumberger Indonesia provides wide range of services in oil and gas industry. From Schlumberger activities in local facilities generate amount of wastes that are categorized hazardous wastes. Schlumberger Indonesia has commitment to improving the hazardous waste disposal using environmental friendly disposal method.
The common hazardous waste disposal method in Indonesia is incineration, stabilization and secures landfill. This method is not integrated, generates new category of waste (example: toxic gas, ash residue and leach ate), new environmental impact1 and require high operational cost.
Based on author cognition, only exiguous integrated hazardous waste Disposal Company obtain operation license from the MOE and provide service covering the waste transportation, collection, application, processing and pilling3.
This paper describes how Schlumberger Indonesia efforts to explore and examine processes in other industries, which can utilize to improve hazardous waste disposal. From several available alternatives and after careful considerations, then decided high temperature in cement kiln is the best disposal method.
Bio-Genetic Engineering, Future of Multi Microbial Culture EOR— A Detailed Report
Authors: Kurawle Irfan , Kaul Mohit , Mahalle Nakul , Nair Amith , Kulkarni Nikhil , Amin Zohaib , Carvalho Vickey 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery has been known to the industry for decades and yet the research has only been applied to a selected few pilots where analysis of the in situ Microbes was made. The advent of Bio-Genetic Mapping of Microbes has introduced us to various strains of bacteria that can be genetically altered to produce alkali and surfactant needed in chemical floods in much higher concentration than previously thought. We conducted some initial experiments from which the enhancement of recovery factor is significant. The results and data generated were then used in STARS™ a compositional reservoir simulator to model the effect of various by-products (Polymer, Surfactants) generated by microbes on the recovery process. The surfactants generated lead to reduction of Interfacial tension from 30 to 0.1 dynes/cm2, the polymers were found to have properties as seen in natural polymers like Xantha and were resistive to salinity as well. The detailed report would be summarized in the paper. It is interesting to note that the different species of microbes used were anaerobic and was suited to survive at temperature of up to 600° F thus making it possible for them to survive harsh environments. Thus an overall promising outlook providing alternative to expensive chemical floods is being presented with special application to depleted reservoirs.
The Feasibility Study of Replacing Oil Based Mud with More Environmentally Acceptable Paraffin Based System in Iranian Oil Fields
Authors: Vajargah A. Karimi , Tahmasbi K. , Arsanjani N. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
As concerns about hazardous effects of using conventional Oil Based Mud (OBM) have been intensified in Iranian offshore fields, companies are looking for environmentally acceptable substitutes that possess the technical advantages of OBM and remain in satisfactory price range. One of the highest prospects, as an alternative for OBM, especially in deep water and deviated offshore drilling, is Synthetic Based Mud (SBM). Paraffin is a type of synthetic fluid that can be extensively utilized in Iran due to its lower cost and availability with respect to other types of synthetic fluids. Developing a suitable, less expensive formulation for this innovative system by relying on local products is highly demanded.
In this study, feasibility of replacing OBM with more environmentally acceptable Paraffin Based Mud (PBM) was investigated. Suitable formulations for PBM at desired operational ranges of temperature, Mud Weight (MW) and Synthetic to Water ratio (S/W) were developed. In addition, Rheology properties and Electrical Stability (ES) of the systems were measured. To examine mud stability under down-hole conditions, each system was hot rolled for 16 hours. The filtration characteristics of each mud sample were determined by means of a High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) filter press. Furthermore, Shale recovery was evaluated, using highly reactive shale samples of KAJDOMI formation. The effects of possible contaminants in the system were also studied. Confirmation of the obtained results was conducted by comparison of PBM with similar conventional oil based packages.
Laboratory results indicate that from technical points of view, conventional OBM can be replaced with PBM in Iranian offshore fields since it suppresses environmental concerns and can provide technical advantages of OBM with reasonable cost. Comparisons of PBM with OBM show that rheological properties and shale recovery were approximately identical, while PBM represented higher ES and lower filtration rate that illustrates its better emulsion stability.
Modeling CO2 Storage in Aquifers: Assessing the Key Contributors to Uncertainty
Authors: Sifuentes W. , Blunt M. J. , Giddins M. A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
We study the influence of different physical properties on the effectiveness of CO2 storage in aquifers. We present the results of a numerical sensitivity analysis using experimental design to quantify and compare the contribution of the most important parameters to the trapping of CO2.
The work focuses on the impact of dissolution and residual trapping. Simulations using a reservoir model with properties and geometries representative of the Stuggart Formation in Ketzin (Germany) demonstrate how different trapping mechanisms are influenced by gravity segregation, fingering, and channeling.
These studies show that horizontal permeability is the most influential parameter on the total amount of CO2 dissolved, as it facilitates the lateral migration of CO2, enhancing dissolution into the brine. Residual gas saturation Sgr is found to be the greatest contributor to the amount of residual CO2. As expected, higher Sgr will reduce CO2 mobility, producing a higher residual trail left by the CO2 plume as it migrates. In addition, permeability heterogeneity is a major contributor to both trapping mechanisms.
After a suitable geological site for CO2 storage has been selected, our studies suggest that with appropriate well placement and injection strategy, at least 80% of the stored CO2 can be trapped within a few decades of the end of injection.
Recovery of Bypassed Reserves Above Top Packer Using Innovative Cement Packer and Through Tubing Add Perforation
Authors: Seng Wong Chun , Wahib Suhaila , Jiun Choo Der , Ramnarine Ronald , Jumaat Mohd Shafie 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
West Lutong is a mature field with 8 rounds of field development campaigns and close to 40 years of production. Currently, only 50 % of total strings are flowing. However, the idle wells could possibly access undeveloped marginal reserves in shallow reservoirs. These shallow reserves are located above top production packer as they were not previously included in initial completion due to historical sand problem
Following West Lutong Full Field Review in 2006, presence of by passed potential reserves above top production packer were confirmed. Conventional workover rig to re-complete these potentials is not economically viable due to significant cost and complexity. An innovative, rigless "cement packer" approach, had been chosen for the pilot job in Well # A, while retaining necessary level of completion integrity. The proper placement of cement packer approach involves usage of hydrostatic sequence valve as choke manifold to prevent U tube effect. Numerous down hole problems such as wax, scale, sand and fish from insert string had been rectified using appropriate coiled tubing solutions. Conventional E-line perforation using high density shot gun and deep penetrating charges were then used.
Well # A had been producing, under controlled condition, average 930 bopd without sand problem for 10 months since July 2008 with 1.10 MMstb reserves monetized. The total cost was only 10% of a conventional workover.
This paper shares a detailed case study of Well # A in term of candidate's selection, reserves estimation, cement packer execution, lessons learnt, and future recommendations. It is evident that cement packer technology is feasible and economic for accessing by passed reserves above existing production packer.
Optimizing Chalk Reservoir Development Using Detailed Geophyiscal Characterization: The Halfdan Northeast Field, Danish North Sea
Authors: Henriksen Karen , Gommesen Lars , Hansen Hans Peder , Kistrup Jens P. , Steekelenburg Christa 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The Halfdan Northeast gas field is a widespread, thin accumulation in high porosity, low permeability chalk of Danian age. Successful development relies on implementation of long single- or multilateral horizontal wells in thin reservoir zones and securing the maximum number of reservoir feet for each well bore. Consequently, detailed knowledge of reservoir geometry and properties is essential. This paper describes how the detailed reservoir architecture was resolved by geophysical reservoir characterization based on rock physics understanding using optimized seismic elastic inversion products.
The chalk reservoir is difficult to distinguish from the overlying shale on conventional seismic as the effects of porosity and gas/fluid mixture cause the reservoir chalk to exhibit similar acoustic impedance as the shale above. The placement of wells is further challenged by the fact that erosional depressions, ranging in size from ca. 400 to 6,000 metres across, are present in the chalk. Optimized elastic inversion allowed mapping the top of the continuous chalk and the base of the overburden shales, whereby the infill of these structures could be characterized, consisting of marl and disturbed chalk. A well targeting the disturbed chalk infill confirmed this interpretation and found it to be of reservoir quality. The further development strategy is to tap both the laterally continuous chalk and the disturbed chalk bodies to maximize recovery.