bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canopy and Soil Modification of Precipitation Chemistry in a Temperate Rain Forest
Authors: Edmonds Robert L. , Thomas Ted B. , Rhodes Jon J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLittle is known about the chemistry of solutions moving through old‐growth coastal temperate coniferous rain forests. The major objectives of this study were to examine precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, and soil solution chemistry in an old‐growth temperate rain forest in the Hoh River valley on the northwest Washington coast 32 km from the Pacific Ocean, and to determine mechanisms involved with changes in solution chemistry. Dominant species were Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla [Raf.] Sarg.), western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn), and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis [Dougl.] Forbes). Stemflow was more acidic (avg. pH 4.3) than throughfall (avg. pH 5.0) and precipitation (avg. pH 5.3). This precipitation pH is typical for a remote site. Organic acids were important contributors to acidity in throughfall and stemflow. Soil solution pHs were much higher as a result of acid neutralization processes, averaging 5.7 in the forest floor and 6.2 at 40‐cm depth. Sodium and Cl dominated precipitation, followed by Ca and SO4, indicating a strong oceanic influence. Throughfall and stemflow were generally enriched in cations, especially K, but concentrations in soil solutions were less than those in stemflow. Organic anions contributed greatly to cation leaching in the canopy, with a much smaller contribution from SO4. Like precipitation, Na and Cl dominated throughfall, stemflow, and soil solutions. The highest concentrations of NH4 were found in stemflow, suggesting N fixation in the canopy. Throughfall and stem‐flow under Pacific silver fir had the highest concentrations of both cations and anions. Phosphate, NH4, and NO3 concentrations were low in the soil solution, indicating strong retention of N and P in this ecosystem.
Soil Profile Modification Effects on Corn and Sugarbeet Grown with Limited Water
Authors: Eck H. V. , Winter S. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn arid and semiarid areas, searches continue for practices that enhance soil water storage and for crops that make the best use of stored water. Objectives of this study were to determine the effects of profile modification (PM) on profile soil water extraction, water use, yield, and water‐use efficiency (WUE) of corn (Zea mays L.) and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) grown with limited water supply. The study was conducted on a site where PM treatments involving mixing of the soil profile to 0.0, 0.9, and 1.5 m were imposed on Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) in 1964. Corn (3 yr) and sugarbeet (2 yr) were grown under limited water (growing‐season rainfall plus preplant and emergence or preplant irrigation only). Profile modification to 0.9 and 1.5 m increased the 3‐yr‐average corn yields 64 and 180%, respectively. Respective increases in water use were 11 and 20%. Sugarbeet yields and water use were not affectged the first year but yields decreased and water use increased by 11% (on 1.5‐m PM soil) in the second year. Depletion curves indicated little rooting by corn below 2 m. Sugarbeet used water from 2.7 m or deeper on all PM treatments, with greatest use on the 1.5‐m PM soil. Profile modification to 1.5 m increased soil water depletion from the 0.7‐ to 2.7‐m soil depth by corn 186% (49–140 mm) and by sugarbeet 31% (179–234 mm). Extensive rooting by sugarbeet and the long vegetative growing season for root extension limited PM effects on rooting and associated depletion of water from soil below the depths of PM. With the tested system of PM and water supply, corn yields were too low to make production profitable (average 2.8 Mg ha−1 on 1.5‐m PM soil) and the effects of PM on sugarbeet yields and WUE do not indicate that PM is a viable practice in sugarbeet production.
Irrigation Quantity and Uniformity and Nitrogen Application Effects on Crop Yield and Nitrogen Leaching
Authors: Pang X. P. , Letey J. , Wu L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe combined effects of irrigation and N management on crop yield and NO3− leaching have not been extensively investigated. The objective of this study was to quantify the relationships between irrigation management (including uniformity) and N management on corn (Zea mays L.) yield and NO3− leaching. Yield and N leaching were simulated using the CERES‐Maize (version 2.10) model for various combinations of irrigation amounts and uniformity and N amount and timing of split N applications for semiarid conditions typical of Tulare County in California. Simulated grain yield increased, reached a plateau, and then decreased with increase in applied water under uniform irrigation. The amount of applied water above which yield decreased was higher for the higher N application rate and the later simulated split N application. The simulated amounts of N leached were consistent with the yield results. The higher water applications that lead to reduced yields were associated with higher N leaching for a given N application amount. The effects of irrigation were simulated assuming Christensen's Uniformity Coefficient (CUC) of 100, 90, and 75. The results were only slightly affected by CUC = 90 compared with 100. A CUC of 75 caused a reduction in yield and increase in N leaching compared with uniform irrigation. The lowest CUC required a higher N application to achieve the same yield as uniform irrigation. Under nonuniform irrigation, it is impossible to manage either water or N application in a manner to achieve high yields without considerahle NO3− leaching. High yield and low NO3− leaching are compatible goals and can be achieved by appropriate irrigation and fertilizer management for irrigation systems that have a CUC of 90 or greater.
Lifestyle Intervention for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Health Care
Authors: Saaristo Timo , Moilanen Leena , Korpi-Hyövälti Eeva , Vanhala Mauno , Saltevo Juha , Niskanen Leo , Jokelainen Jari , Peltonen Markku , Oksa Heikki , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Uusitupa Matti , Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi Sirkka 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE
To investigate 1-year outcomes of a national diabetes prevention program in Finland.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Altogether 10,149 individuals at high risk for diabetes were identified with the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC; scoring ≥15 points), by a history of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), cardiovascular disease, or gestational diabetes mellitus in 400 primary health care centers. One-year follow-up data were available for 2,798 participants who were nondiabetic at baseline (919 men and 1,879 women, aged 56.0 ± 9.9 and 54.0 ± 10.7 years [mean ± SD] with BMI 30.9 ± 4.6 and 31.6 ± 5.4 kg/m2).

RESULTS
The incidence of diabetes was 2.0 and 1.2% in men and women with normal glucose tolerance at baseline, 13.5 and 7.4% in those with IFG, and 16.1 and 11.3% in those with IGT, respectively. Altogether 17.5% of the subjects lost ≥5% weight with no sex difference. The relative risk of diabetes was 0.31 (95% CI 0.16–0.59) in the group who lost ≥5% weight, 0.72 (0.46–1.13) in the group who lost 2.5–4.9% weight, and 1.10 (0.77–1.58) in the group who gained ≥2.5% compared with the group who maintained weight.

CONCLUSIONS
The FIN-D2D was the first national effort to implement the prevention of diabetes in a primary health care setting. Methods for recruiting high-risk subjects were simple and easy to use. Moderate weight loss in this very high-risk group was especially effective in reducing risk of diabetes among those participating in the program.
Racial Differences in the Association Between Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin and Adiposity in Premenopausal Women
Authors: Yeung Edwina H. , Zhang Cuilin , Hediger Mary L. , Wactawski-Wende Jean , Schisterman Enrique F. 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE
To assess the associations between measures of adiposity and sex hormone– binding globulin (SHBG) and to evaluate whether such associations differ by race.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Adiposity was measured by anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry among women (146 white, 50 black, and 25 Asian) aged 18–44 years in the BioCycle study. SHBG was repeatedly measured over one to two menstrual cycles. The ratio of trunkal to leg fat (T/L) was used to assess upper to lower body adiposity.

RESULTS
Among whites, all adiposity measures were significantly and inversely associated with SHBG. Among blacks, BMI (β = −0.032), waist circumference (β = −0.016), and T/L (β = −0.033) were significantly associated with SHBG, whereas total and trunkal fat were not (P interaction with race &lt;0.04). Among Asians, measures of central and upper body fat were significantly associated with SHBG (e.g., T/L, β = −0.84) but not BMI.

CONCLUSIONS
Associations between SHBG and adiposity differ by race among premenopausal women.
A Facile and Efficient Approach to N‐Protected‐β‐Sulfinyl‐ enamines via C‐Sulfinylation of Enamides and Enecarbamates
Authors: Li Yinhui , Cheng Ke , Lu Xiaoxia , Sun Jian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA practical method has been developed for the C‐sulfinylation of enamides and enecarbamates using sodium phenylsulfinate/methyltrichlorosilane (PhSO2Na/MeSiCl3) as the sulfinylating reagent and N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as the Lewis base promoter, which allows for the preparation of a variety of N‐protected‐β‐sulfinylenamines in high yields and good stereoselectivities. The Lewis base is found to be important for both the in situ generation of the active sulfinylating species (PhSOCl) and the sulfinylation step.
Facile Assembly of H‐Pyrazolo[5,1‐a]isoquinolines via Silver Triflate‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Tandem Reaction of 2‐Alkynyl‐ benzaldehyde, Sulfonohydrazide, and Ketone or Aldehyde
Authors: Yu Xingxin , Ye Shengqing , Wu Jie 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA novel and efficient route for the generation of H‐pyrazolo[5,1‐a]isoquinolines via silver triflate‐catalyzed one‐pot tandem reaction of 2‐alkynylbenzaldehyde, sulfonohydrazide, and ketone or aldehyde is described. This reaction proceeds with good functional group tolerance under mild conditions with high efficiency and excellent selectivity.
Directional multivariate tests rejecting null and negative effects in all variables
Authors: Glimm Ekkehard , Läuter Jürgen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper suggests two directional multivariate tests that aim at establishing superiority of a treatment over a control in at least one of several endpoints that are assumed to have a multivariate normal distribution. One of these tests is a one‐sided, scale‐invariant version of the classical Hotelling T2‐test. The other is based on a summary score with weights derived from the data. Both tests overcome an important shortcoming of previous “one‐sided” multivariate suggestions, namely that the null hypothesis was restricted to a single point in the multidimensional parameter space. The derivation of the tests is supplemented by simulations investigating their performance and by the application in an osteoporosis trial.
Antioxidant enzymatic defense in salivary glands of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats: a temporal study
Authors: Ibuki Flavia Kazue , Simões Alyne , Nogueira Fernando Neves 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHyperglycemia induces overproduction of superoxide and it is related to diabetic complications. In this study, we analyzed the antioxidant enzymatic defense and the lipid peroxidation of rat salivary glands in six different periods of diabetic condition. Ninety‐six rats were divided into 12 groups: C7/14/21/28/45/60 (non‐diabetic animals) and D7/14/21/28/45/60 (diabetic animals). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin and the rats were euthanized after 7, 14, 21, 28, 45, or 60 days. Their parotid (PA) and submandibular (SM) glands were removed soon after the sacrifice and the total protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, as well as, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activities were determined. Twenty‐one days after the diabetes induction, the SM glands showed an increase in SOD, CAT, and GPx activities, as well as, MDA concentration. Concerning the PA glands, an increase in the CAT activity and MDA content was observed throughout the observation period. The results suggest that diabetes can cause alterations on the salivary glands and that PA and SM glands react differently when exposed to diabetes condition. However, no impairment of antioxidant system was observed in the group whose diabetic condition had been induced 60 days earlier, herein named 60‐day group. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of a vodcast to support eating and reduce anxiety in people with eating disorder: A case series
Authors: Treasure Janet , Macare Christine , Mentxaka Izaskun Ortega , Harrison Amy 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIndividuals with eating disorders have difficulty controlling obsessive intrusions and ritualistic behaviours relating to food and exercise. An imagery‐based intervention using a vodcast (small video file played on a mobile phone or portable media device), with visual and aural components, was designed to target eating related psychopathology in a consecutive series of four patients. The vodcast was used to support consumption of a smoothie, both as a behavioural experiment and at home, in naturalistic circumstances. More of the smoothie was drunk in a shorter time when the smoothie was offered with the vodcast (mean of 218 g, SD = 64) than in the comparison condition (mean of 160 g, SD = 71). The vodcast condition was associated with reduced anxiety in three out of four patients. Three out of four patients used the vodcasts at home and found they provided them with support and motivation. All patients' weight increased after 3 months. Using a vodcast to support patients during meal times may be a useful addition to treatment for anorexia nervosa. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Comorbid cancer in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lo Raymond Y. , Tanner Caroline M. , Van Den Eeden Stephen K. , Albers Kathleen B. , Leimpeter Amethyst D. , Nelson Lorene M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe aim of this article was to evaluate cancer occurrence before and after diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). We investigated 692 patients newly diagnosed with PD and 761 age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects identified during two periods (1994–1995 and 2000–2003) within Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California. Primary cancers were searched and dated, and all participants were followed up until the end of membership, death, or December 31, 2008. We used unconditional logistic regression to evaluate the PD–cancer association before the date of PD diagnosis or the index date and Cox proportional hazards regression to evaluate the PD–cancer association after the index date. Nearly 20% (140 of 692) of the PD patients and 25% (188 of 761) of the non‐PD controls had ever had a cancer diagnosis. Before the index date, the prevalence of cancer was not significantly lower in patients with PD (8.1% PD vs. 9.2% controls; OR = 0.83; 95% CI 0.54–1.3). After the index date, the risk of developing a cancer did not differ between PD cases and controls (relative risk [RR] = 0.94; 95% CI 0.70–1.3). Among specific cancers, melanoma was more common among PD cases (before PD, OR = 1.5; 95% CI 0.40–5.2; after PD, RR = 1.6; 95% CI 0.71–3.6), but independent of dopaminergic therapy. Cancer occurrence is not significantly lower among patients with PD. The positive association between PD and subsequent melanoma merits further investigation, as it does not seem to be attributable to dopaminergic therapy, pigmentation, or confounding by smoking. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society.
Effects of the black tea polyphenol theaflavin‐2 on apoptotic and inflammatory pathways in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Gosslau Alexander , En Jao David Li , Huang Mou‐Tuan , Ho Chi‐Tan , Evans Dave , Rawson Nancy E. , Chen Kuang Yu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractScope: Theaflavin‐2 (TF‐2), a major component of black tea extract, induces apoptosis of human colon cancer cells and suppresses serum‐induced cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression 1. Here, we explored the mechanisms for activation of apoptosis, evaluated the impact on inflammatory genes in a broader panel of cells and tested whether topical anti‐inflammatory effects could be observed in vivo.Methods and results: TF‐2 triggered apoptosis in five other transformed cancer cell lines, inducing cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, and mitochondrial clustering within 3 h of treatment. Among a set of pro‐apoptotic genes, TF‐2 quickly induced the up‐regulation of P53 and BAX, suggesting mitochondria as the primary target. Using a cell model for inflammatory response, we showed that TF‐2 suppressed the 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate‐induced COX‐2 gene expression, and also down‐regulated TNF‐α, iNOS, ICAM‐1, and NFκB. A reporter gene assay showed that TF‐2 down‐regulated COX‐2 at the transcriptional level. We also demonstrated that TF‐2 exhibited anti‐inflammatory activity in two mouse models of inflammation. Topical application with TF‐2 significantly reduced ear edema and produced a pattern of gene down‐regulation similar to that observed in the cell model.Conclusion: These results suggest that the anti‐inflammatory and pro‐apoptotic activity of TF‐2 may be exploited therapeutically in cancer and other diseases associated with inflammation.
Lack of clinically relevant drug–drug interactions when dalcetrapib is co‐administered with ezetimibe
Authors: Derks Michael , Abt Markus , Phelan Mary 
Published: July 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Dalcetrapib, which targets cholesteryl ester transfer protein, is currently in phase III development to evaluate its effect on the prevention of cardiovascular events. It will likely be co‐administered with other lipid‐modifying drugs such as the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe. There are currently no studies on the co‐administration of dalcetrapib with ezetimibe. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This study showed no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions when dalcetrapib was co‐administered with ezetimibe. The effect of dalcetrapib on raising high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was not compromised, and there was an additive effect on low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering with co‐administration of dalcetrapib with ezetimibe compared with ezetimibe alone. Dalcetrapib alone or co‐administered with ezetimibe was not associated with an increased rate of adverse events compared with ezetimibe alone.AIMSDalcetrapib, which targets cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity, is in development for prevention of cardiovascular events. Because dalcetrapib will likely be prescribed with other lipid‐modifying therapies such as ezetimibe, a study was performed to investigate potential pharmacokinetic interactions between dalcetrapib and ezetimibe. Lipids changes and tolerability were secondary endpoints.METHODSCo‐administration of dalcetrapib 900 mg (higher than the phase III dose) with ezetimibe was investigated in a three period, three treatment crossover study in healthy males: 7 days of dalcetrapib, 7 days of dalcetrapib plus ezetimibe, 7 days of ezetimibe alone. A full pharmacokinetic profile was performed on day 7 of each treatment.RESULTSCo‐administration of dalcetrapib with ezetimibe was associated with minimal changes in dalcetrapib exposure compared with dalcetrapib alone. Least squares mean ratio (LSMR) (90% confidence interval) was 93.6 (87.1, 100.7) for AUC(0,24 h) and 99.0 (85.2, 115.0) for Cmax. Ezetimibe exposure was reduced with co‐administration of ezetimibe with dalcetrapib compared with ezetimibe alone: LSMR 80.3 (74.6, 86.4) for AUC(0,24 h) and 88.9 (80.9, 99.9) for Cmax for total ezetimibe. High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol increases associated with co‐administration of dalcetrapib with ezetimibe (+29.8%) were comparable with those with dalcetrapib alone (+25.6%), while the reduction in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol with co‐administration (−35.9%) was greater than with ezetimibe alone (−20.9%). Dalcetrapib was generally well tolerated when administered alone and when co‐administered with ezetimibe.CONCLUSIONCo‐administration of dalcetrapib with ezetimibe was not associated with clinically significant changes in pharmacokinetic parameters or tolerability and did not diminish the lipid effects of either drug.
Gentrification by Ground Rent Dispossession: The Shadows Cast by Large‐Scale Urban Renewal in Santiago de Chile
Authors: LOPEZ‐MORALES ERNESTO 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rent gap theory, a consistent explanation of gentrification in inner‐city spaces, sees a growing disparity between capitalized ground rent (CGR) and potential ground rent (PGR) as a catalyst for large‐scale property reinvestment and thence gentrification. In historical working‐class Santiago's peri‐centre (inner city), not only is there a measurable rent gap, but a state‐subsidized market in high‐density urban renewal based on the accumulation of increased CGR by a few large‐scale developers. This article focuses on a low‐income municipality of Santiago, which has a local government that aims to attract this market via the liberalization of its local building regulations (seeking to increase the PGR), and deliberate underperformance in a national programme for housing upgrading (seeking to devalue the CGR in spaces previously targeted for renewal). It is observed how, in this city, two forms of ground rent exist, a lower one capitalized by current owner‐occupiers (CGR‐1) and a higher one capitalized by the market agents of renewal (CGR‐2). This is seen as a form of social dispossession of the ground rent and a necessary condition for gentrification. It is concluded that the state‐led strategy of urban renewal in Santiago needs to be refocused on more participative forms of distribution of the rent gap.ResuméD'après la théorie du différentiel de loyer, qui éclaire de façon cohérente la gentrification des espaces centraux des villes, l'écart grandissant entre loyer foncier capitalisé (CGR) et loyer foncier potentiel (PGR) constitue un catalyseur de réinvestissement immobilier à grande échelle, donc de gentrification. Dans le péricentre historique et ouvrier de Santiago du Chili, il se crée non seulement un écart de prix mesurable, mais aussi un marché subventionné par l'État portant sur la rénovation de quartiers urbains à forte densité et fondé sur l'accumulation des CGR (croissants) par quelques grands promoteurs. L'article s'intéresse à une municipalité défavorisée de Santiago dont le gouvernement s'efforce d'attirer ce marché en libéralisant ses réglementations locales sur la construction (afin d'augmenter le PGR) et en produisant délibérément des résultats insuffisants dans le cadre d'un programme national d'amélioration des logements (afin de déprécier le CGR dans les espaces ciblés préalablement pour rénovation). Dans cette ville, on peut observer deux types de loyer foncier, un type inférieur capitalisé par les propriétaires occupants actuels (CGR‐1) et un type supérieur capitalisé par les agents opérant sur le marché de la rénovation (CGR‐2). La situation est considérée comme une forme de dépossession sociale du loyer foncier, et comme une condition nécessaire à la gentrification. Pour conclure, la stratégie de rénovation urbaine que l'État applique à Santiago doit être recentrée sur des formes plus participatives de répartition du différentiel de loyer.