bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilization of Industrial Fermentation Residues for Turfgrass Production
Authors: Wright W. R. , Schauer P. S. , Huling R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFermentation residues are formed during the production of antibiotics and organic acids. If these residues are to be applied to agricultural land, information concerning nitrogen availability, crop response, and possible toxicity is needed so that appropriate application rates can be determined. Wastes were applied to an Enfield silt loam soil (coarse‐silty over sandy‐skeletal, mixed mesic, Typic Dystrochrept) at rates of 0, 112, and 224 dry metric tons/ha, which provided 0, 2,778 or 5,556 kg N/ha, respectively. Additional plots received 24 or 48 kg N/ha per month as NH4NO3 from May through October of each year for comparison purposes. All plots were seeded with a mixture of 60% Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. cv. Merion), 20% perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Manhattan), and 20% Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. commutata Gaud cv. Highlight). Turfgrass yields and N contents were obtained weekly during the growing season over a 3‐year period. Nitrogen derived from mineralization of industrial fermentation wastes was sufficient to produce high quality turfgrass for a period of 2 or 3 years without any supplemental N fertilizer. Wastes applied at a rate of 224 metric tons/ha inhibited the germination and growth of turfgrass when seeded immediately after application. Only 5–11% of the N applied as fermentation wastes was recovered by the clippings. These data suggest lowering application rates to eliminate potential turfgrass injury from excess N and to prevent possible contamination of ground water.
Maximizing Potential Residue Removal from Cropland in Iowa and Southern Minnesota
Authors: Onstad C. A. , Larson W. E. , Gupta S. C. , Holt R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral cropping alternatives to maximize amounts of crop residues available for alternative uses while maintaining soil losses at or below tolerable levels were investigated. The amounts of crop residues that would be available for removal from the land in Iowa and southern Minnesota were computed using various cropping, tillage, and residue‐management, as well as conservation and cover‐crop practices. Residue was considered available for removal when the calculated soil erosion value was less than or equal to the soil‐loss tolerance. As compared with present practices, the amount of crop residues that could be removed could be approximately doubled by. (i) changing the cropping sequence or (ii) growing a winter cover crop. Leaving a part of the residues on the land and using conservation tillage or no‐till on the more sloping land increased from 10 to 32% the amount of residues available for removal, depending on other practices. Average soil‐loss values could be significantly decreased if the treatments we considered were adopted. For the steeper slopes, we found that to adequately control erosion, engineering‐type practices, such as terracing and contouring, need to be incorporated with low‐level residue management.
Heavy Applications of Liquid‐Digested Sludge on Three Ultisols: II. Effects on Mineral Uptake and Crop Yield
Authors: Lutrick M. C. , Robertson W. K. , Cornell J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made of the nutrient uptake of corn (Zea mays L.), grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), and soybeans (Glycine max L.) grown on land to which liquid‐digested sludge (sludge) containing 2.6% solids had been applied as a source of plant nutrients. The sludge was applied over a 6‐year period to give a total of 0, 87, 174, 241, 288, and 335 metric tons/ha dry matter. Corn did not contain Pb in the leaves or grain but the leaves contained up to 2.0 ppm Cd and 0.23 ppm Hg when high levels of sludge were applied. Cadmium and Hg were not detected in the corn grain. No measurable amount of Cd and Pb were found in the leaves or grain of grain sorghum, however Hg accumulated in the leaves up to 0.06 ppm. Soybeans took up Cd and Hg in the leaves but none accumulated in the seed. Some soybean seedlings became chlorotic and died at the 288 and 335 metric tons of dry matter/ha treatments. These seedlings contained 963 and 1,188 ppm Zn and 484 and 725 ppm Mn, respectively, probably causing the soybean plant injury. Soybean leaves taken from the 335 metric tons/ha treatment at the R5 stage contained 619 ppm Zn and 220 ppm Mn, and corn leaves taken at the hard‐dough stage contained 707 ppm Zn and 458 ppm Mn, but neither showed any detrimental foliar symptoms.The yield and plant data analyses indicated that annual applications of sludge from Pensacola, Fla., equivalent to 28 metric tons dry matter/ha would be an acceptable rate of disposal by land‐spreading for corn, grain sorghum, and soybeans grown on three Paleudults: Orangeburg, Troup, and Lucy soils.
Effectiveness of By‐Product Sulfuric Acid for Reclaiming Calcareous, Saline‐Sodic Soils
Authors: Cates Richard L. , Haby V. A. , Skogley E. O. , Ferguson Hayden 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCopper smelters produce H2SO4 during the S scrubbing process, creating a continuing supply of H2SO4. Oil refineries use commercial grade H2SO4 in alkylation units and the resultant “spent” acid is a waste product available for other purposes. A 2‐year field experiment was conducted on two irrigated sites in south‐central Montana to evaluate the effectiveness of H2SO4 for reclaiming calcareous, salinesodic soils. Treatments included increasing rates of smelter acid, and comparisons with gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O), spent acid, and feedlot cattle manure in combination with smelter acid. Reclamation effectiveness was evaluated by analysis of saturated paste pH, electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values of the soil in the 0‐ to 15‐ and 0‐ to 20‐cm depth intervals. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L) was grown both years as a biological test for reclamation.The degree of reclamation improved with increasing acid rate. Barley dry matter yield on plots that received the highest rate of acid was more than four times that of the check the second year.The effect of spent acid was similar to that of smelter acid. Gypsum lowered ECe and pH vlaues more than an equivalent rate of smelter acid, but SAR and barley dry matter yield were improved similarly by both amendments. Feedlot cattle manure plus smelter acid increased barley dry matter yield 40% over smelter acid alone. We propose that this effect is due to the improved soil nutrient status when both amendments are used together.
Graphical Calculation of Ion Concentrations in Calcium Carbonate and/or Gypsum Soil Solutions
Authors: Suarez D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater quality specialists and agricultural extension personnel, among others, need estimates of soil solution Ca concentrations when evaluating the soil chemistry of irrigated arid lands. Existing prediction methods require computer models or extensive numerical calculations, which are often not convenient to use by field personnel. A new graphical method for calculating the equilibrium chemical concentration of waters undergoing calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and/or gypsum dissolution or precipitation is presented. The procedure requires the assumption that the water is in an open system with CO2, i.e., CO2 is not affected by carbonate dissolution/precipitation reactions but rather is controlled by respiration and diffusion. The procedure can be utilized to calculate steady‐state ion concentrations of soil and drainage waters.The method of calculation permits corrections to be made for ionic strength (activity coefficient). Simplified numerical methods for correcting for ion complexation are also presented. The graphical procedures allow quick prediction of equilibrium concentration of major species in solutions in the absence of ion exchange. An evaluation of the procedure, based on various western U.S. irrigation waters and different leaching fractions, shows that the graphical method is comparable to computer simulations.
Nutrient Removal and Leaching from a Whole‐Tree Harvest of Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Hornbeck James W. , Kropelin William 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhole‐tree harvesting of a northern hardwood stand in New Hampshire removed an average of 111 dry metric tons/ha of biomass, representing 96% of the aboveground total. Nutrient removal in harvested trees averaged 344, 242, 128, and 19 kg/ha for Ca, N, K, and P, respectively. The nutrients removed were between 2 and 3% of estimated total soil capital for Ca and N, and about 1% of total soil capital for K and P. Of estimated available nutrient capital, the removals were 30% for Ca and 85% for K. The harvest was carried out on the lower 40% of a 16‐ha watershed. Concentrations of NO3, Ca, and K in soil solution and streamflow of the harvested watershed increased for 1½ to 2 years. Streamflow concentrations increased by a maximum of 3, 1, and 0.2 mg/liter for NO3, Ca, and K, respectively. Increased loss of N and Ca by leaching to streams is estimated at < 40 kg/ha. NO3 in soil solution increased from background levels of 1 mg/liter to a maximum of 95 mg/liter. Ca increased from background levels of 2 mg/liter to a maximum of 19 mg/liter. Concentrations of both ions returned to background levels by the third growing season after harvest.The increases in nutrient ions in streams and soil solution are thought to result from increased mineralization and nitrification immediately after harvest. The harvested area has regenerated rapidly with pioneer and commercial species, perhaps partly because of the enriched soil solution. Nutrient removals and leaching losses by themselves do not seem to deplete total nutrient capital significantly. However, the impacts of whole‐tree harvesting upon the processes, mechanisms, and rates by which nutrients are made available for future stands are still of concern.
Copper Availability, Form, and Mobility in Soils from Three Annual Copper‐Enriched Hog Manure Applications
Authors: Mullins G. L. , Martens D. C. , Miller W. P. , Kornegay E. T. , Hallock D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRelatively high Cu concentrations occur in manure from hogs fed growth‐stimulating Cu levels. Concern exists that detrimental effects may occur in crop production from incorporation of the Cu‐enriched hog manure into agricultural soils. This research was conducted during three growth seasons to evaluate effects of Cu‐enriched hog manure applications on Cu availability, form, and mobility in one Alfisol and two Ultisols. Five field treatments applied to the three soils annually for 3 years were 33.6 and 67.2 metric tons/ha of wet manure from hogs on high‐Cu diets, Cu levels as CuSO4 equivalent to that in the manure, and a control. Copper concentrations in the hog feed ranged from 178 to 261 ppm during the 3 years. Amounts of Cu in manure used in the field experiments varied with Cu concentrations in the feed and ranged from 899 to 1,398 ppm. From 55.6 to 65.6 kg/ha Cu were incorporated into the soils over the 3‐years at the 67.2‐metric ton/ha manure rate. Application of these levels of Cu as either CuSO4 or Cu‐enriched hog manure did not decrease corn (Zea mays L.) grain yields on the three soils. In some cases, the Cu applications caused relatively small increases in Cu concentrations in corn ear leaves and grain. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)‐extractable Cu data indicated that downward movement of Cu from Cu‐enriched hog manure application occurred in only one of the three soils. This soil contained relatively low amounts of clay and free Fe and Mn. Sequential Cu extraction data indicated that the applied Cu increased the potentially plant‐available soil Cu fractions and that a portion of the applied Cu reverted to relatively plant‐unavailable soil Cu forms.
Comparative Movement of Different Enteroviruses in Soil Columns
Authors: Lance J. C. , Gerba C. P. , Wang D.‐S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEcho 1 and Echo 29, the least adsorptive viruses studied in previous batch studies with small soil samples, and Polio 1 were seeded in secondary sewage effluent that was applied to 250‐cm‐long soil columns. Water samples from various column depths showed that the adsorption patterns for Echo 29 and Polio 1 were quite similar. Fewer Echo 1 viruses were adsorbed near the soil surface, but the leaching pattern below the 40‐cm depth resembled that for Polio 1 and Echo 29. The leaching patterns of Echo 1 and Polio 1 were influenced in a similar manner by changes in virus concentration, and flow velocity and leaching patterns were similar for three other soils with a wide range in virus‐retention efficiencies. These tests and previous experiments on virus adsorption and survival suggest that movement of polioviruses type 1 through soils is similar to the movement of many other enteroviruses through soils. Virus movement through loamy sand roughly paralleled that of fecal coliforms.
Chemical Water Quality of Runoff From Grazing Land in Nebraska: II. Contributing Factors
Authors: Schepers J. S. , Hackes B. L. , Francis D. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe chemical quality of runoff water from a 32.5‐ha portion of a 40‐ha cow‐calf pasture area at the Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center near Clay Center, Nebr., was determined over a 3‐year period. Precipitation and hydrologic characteristics, stocking rates, and sediment contents in the runoff were used to predict the average concentrations of eight chemical constituents in the water. Predicted concentrations of NH4‐N, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, total organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand were directly related to the density of grazing livestock. A combination of one or more hydrologic or rainfall factors significantly improved the prediction. Leachates from the standing plant material, surface litter layer, surface soil, and manure deposits indicated manure and standing plant material were likely sources of most chemical constituents in runoff water. Chloride appeared to be a possible indicator of wildlife or livestock activity.
Hydrogen Oxidation in Soils as a Possible Toxic‐Effects Indicator
Authors: Rogers Robert D. , Mc Farlane James C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEfficient soil bioassays are needed in a screening array to determine the toxicities of industrial products and wastes. Hydrogen consumption is a common soil microbiological process that we evaluated as a possible soil indicator of toxic effects. Elemental tritium was used as a tracer to determine the H2 oxidation rates in soils. The H2 bioassay can be completed within 24 h using liquid scintillation counting of the tritium tracer. This test was used to evaluate the effects of known toxic chemicals (e.g., heavy metals, herbicides, and air pollutants), as well as a variety of suspected environmentally harmful compounds (e.g., waste waters, particulates, and sludges from industrial processes) on H2 oxidation in soils. This bioassay responded to test compounds at concentrations shown to be toxic in other soil microbiological investigations.
Effects of Pesticides on Denitrifying Activity in Salt Marsh Sediments
Authors: Grant Michael A. , Payne W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPesticides may alter nutrient cycling in a salt march by affecting various nontarget microorganisms, including denitrifiers. The effects of the herbicides paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl 4,4′‐bipyridinium dichloride), 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, atrazine ((2‐chloro‐4)(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamine)‐1‐3‐5‐triazine), and dalapon (2,3‐dichloropropionic acid), and the insecticides malathion (O,O‐dimethyl dithiophosphate of dimethyl mercaptosuccinate), carbaryl (1,napthyl N‐methyl‐carbamate), and temephos (O,O,O′O′‐tetramethyl O,O′‐thiodi‐p‐phenylene phosphorothioate on the activity of denitrifying bacteria in salt marsh sediments were determined. Sediment samples were amended with glucose, NO3−, and pesticides, incubated anaerobically, and gas production was measured by gas chromatography. At a concentration of 10 µg/mL only dalapon clearly inhibited denitrification. When pure cultures of Pseudomonas perfectomarinus were amended with 100 and 250 µg/mL commercial dalapon and 2,2‐dichloropropionic acid, NO2− reduction activity was inhibited to a greater extent than NO3− reduction activity. Aerobically, P. perfectomarinus was not inhibited by dalapon or 2,2‐dichloropropionic acid. Dalapon therefore appears to have some capacity to slow the progress of but not suppress denitrification.
Mobility Through Soils of Certain Heavy Metals in Geothermal Brine Water
Authors: Doner H. E. , Pukite A. , Yang E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGeothermal energy conversion studies in agricultural areas of the Imperial Valley of southern California pose several questions with regard to potential accidental spill of brine water onto the land. Some of the geothermal brine waters (GBW) contain > 30% total dissolved solids, mainly as NaCl, CaCl2, and KCl, as well as several heavy metals such as Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd. An investigation was undertaken to determine the mobility of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) present in GBW through five agricultural soils. Columns of soils were leached with GBW collected from a well near the Salton Sea in California. The concentrations of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) in the effluent were compared with their original concentrations to determine amounts of adsorption or retention in the soils. Heavy metal determinations also were made on whole soils before and after treatment. An estimate of the extent of Cl− complexation with the metals was made from thermodynamic stability constants by use of the computer program GEOCHEM. Significant quantities (50–100%) of all heavy metals studied were complexed with Cl−. None of the soils adsorbed Cu(II) from the GBW, while Cd(II) was apparently removed from some soils. All soils adsorbed some Pb(II) and Zn(II), but after passing 10 pore volumes of solution their capacity for adsorption was negligible. A combination of mass action and Cl− complexation most likely caused the high mobility of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) in the GBW.
Disposal of Feedlot‐Lagoon Water by Irrigating Bromegrass: II. Soil Accumulation and Leaching of Nitrogen
Authors: Olson R. V. , Terry R. V. , Powers W. L. , Swallow C. W. , Kanemasu E. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis field experiment measured the role of soil accumulation and leaching of N when bromegrass (Bromus inermis) was irrigated with beef‐feedlot‐lagoon water. The 4‐year study included three replications at irrigation rates of 0, 2.5, 5.1, 7.6, and 10.2 cm irrigation−1. The heaviest irrigation added 1,890 kg N ha− during the 4 years. Microplots encased in steel pipes in the main plots received 5.1‐ and 10.2‐cm irrigations with lagoon water enriched with (15NH4)2SO4.With the main plots, there were no significant differences in total or inorganic soil N due to treatments. Profile contents of total N in the microplots increased during the experiment with 10.2‐cm irrigations, and decreased with 5.1 cm. Amounts of leaching were small and were related to drainage from the profile rather than quantities of N added. Leaching did not constitute a significant hazard to underground water supplies.The linear relationship between amounts of labeled NH4+‐N added and labeled N found in the soil to 70 cm deep was highly significant. Most of the labeled N was in the 0‐ to 10‐cm soil layer with 88–94% of it immobilized in organic forms. The N balance after 4 years for the 5.1‐cm treatment showed 28% of the labeled N applied as NH4+ was in the soil profile, 41% used by the crop, 31% lost as a gas, and 0.7% leached below 105 cm. With the 10.2‐cm treatment, 20% was in the soil, 38% used by the crop, 40% lost as gas, and 1.3% leached.
Irrigation With Simulated Secondary Waste Water on Tiled Soil Cropped to Bromegrass and Corn
Authors: Grant S. A. , Kunze R. J. , Asrar G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSimulated secondary municipal waste‐water effluent was applied by sprinkler irrigation for a 6‐year period to a tiled soil cropped to bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) and corn (Zea mays L.). The effluent was applied at two rates, 100 and 200 cm season−1, and efficacies of additional N and K fertilization were also tested. The concentrations of both PO4‐P and NO3‐N in the drainage water were lower under grass than corn; however, the nutrients removed by corn were greater than by grass. Additional N fertilization of corn significantly increased nutrient removal, but K fertilization did not. The concentration of P and K in tile water varied with time of outflow, the peak concentration of nutrients preceding by ½ hour the peak outflow of water.
Plant and Soil Reactions to Nickel Ore Processed Tailings
Authors: Sheets P. J. , Volk V. V. , Gardner E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGreenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect that tailings, produced during the processing of nickeliferous laterite ores by a proposed U.S. Bureau of Mines Process, would have on plant growth and soil properties. The tailings contained soluble salts (7.6 mmhos/cm), NH4‐N (877 µg/g), Ni (0.28%), Mn (82 µg/g DTPA‐extractable), Cr (0.44%), P (2 and 6 µg/g acid F‐ and NaHCO3‐extractable, respectively), and Ca and Mg (1.0 and 20.7 meq/100 g NH4Ac‐extractable, respectively). Water leaching decreased the NH4‐N concentration to 53 µg/g and the EC to 0.4 mmhos/cm by removal of (NH4)2SO4 and MgSO4 salts. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was grown on Eightlar clay soil (skeletal, serpentinitic, mesic Typic Xerochrept) amended with 0, 223, 446, and 669 g tailings/kg soil and pure, unleached tailings for 32 weeks in the greenhouse. Seedling establishment of plants grown on soil amended at the highest tailings rate and the pure tailings was initially slow, but plants grown on soil amended at lower rates established readily and grew well. Plant P was <0.24%, while plant Ca concentrations were <0.45% throughout the growth period even though Ca(H2PO2)2 and gypsum had been added. Ammonium acetate‐extractable Ca at the end of the growth period was <5.0 meq/100 g on all amended soils. The Mn, Ni, and Cr concentrations of plants grown on treated soils were within normal ranges, although soil‐analysis values were higher than commonly found. It is recommended that the tailings be washed to reduce NH4‐N and soluble salts prior to revegetation, and that native soil be added to the surface to reduce crusting.