bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endogenous MHC-Related Protein 1 Is Transiently Expressed on the Plasma Membrane in a Conformation That Activates Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells
Authors: Chua Wei-Jen , Kim Sojung , Myers Nancy , Huang Shouxiong , Yu Lawrence , Fremont Daved H. , Diamond Michael S. , Hansen Ted H. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The development of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells is dependent upon the class Ib molecule MHC-related protein 1 (MR1), commensal bacteria, and a thymus. Furthermore, recent studies have implicated MR1 presentation to MAIT cells in bacteria recognition, although the mechanism remains undefined. Surprisingly, however, surface expression of MR1 has been difficult to detect serologically, despite ubiquitous detection of MR1 transcripts and intracellular protein. In this article, we define a unique mAb capable of stabilizing endogenous mouse MR1 at the cell surface, resulting in enhanced mouse MAIT cell activation. Our results demonstrated that under basal conditions, endogenous MR1 transiently visits the cell surface, thus reconciling the aforementioned serologic and functional studies. Furthermore, using this approach, double-positive thymocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells were identified as potential APCs for MAIT cell development and activation. Based on this pattern of MR1 expression, it is intriguing to speculate that constitutive expression of MR1 may be detrimental for maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut and/or detection of pathogenic bacteria in mucosal tissues.
Apolipoprotein B Binding Domains: Evidence That They Are Cell-Penetrating Peptides That Efficiently Deliver Antigenic Peptide for Cross-Presentation of Cytotoxic T Cells
Authors: Sakamoto Norihisa , Rosenberg Amy S. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are a good source of cholesterol, which is important in cellular homeostasis and production of steroids. Apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB-100), the sole protein component of LDL, is known to bind to cell surface LDL receptor (LDLR) or cell surface-bound proteoglycans and to be internalized into cells. We found that APCs, consisting of macrophages and dendritic cells, upregulate LDLR on culture in vitro without obvious stimulation. In contrast, T cell populations only upregulate LDLR on activation. Thus, we strategized that tagging immunogens to ApoB-100 might be a useful means to target Ag to APCs. We generated fusion proteins consisting of receptor binding sites in ApoB-100, coupled to OVA peptide (ApoB-OVA), as Ag delivery vehicles and demonstrated that this novel delivery method successfully cross-presented OVA peptides in eliciting CTL responses. Surprisingly, internalization of ApoB-OVA peptide occurred via cell surface proteoglycans rather than LDLRs, consistent with evidence that structural elements of ApoB-100 indicate it to have cell-penetrating peptide properties. Finally, we used this strategy to assess therapeutic vaccination in a tumor setting. OVA-expressing EL-4 tumors grew progressively in mice immunized with ApoB-100 alone but regressed in mice immunized with ApoB-OVA fusion protein, coinciding with development of OVA-specific CTLs. Thus, to our knowledge, this is the first article to describe the cell-penetrating properties of a conserved human origin cell penetrating peptide that may be harnessed as a novel vaccination strategy as well as a therapeutics delivery device.
The Neonatal FcR-Mediated Presentation of Immune-Complexed Antigen Is Associated with Endosomal and Phagosomal pH and Antigen Stability in Macrophages and Dendritic Cells
Authors: Liu Xindong , Lu Li , Yang Ziyan , Palaniyandi Senthilkumar , Zeng Rongyu , Gao Lian-Yong , Mosser David M. , Roopenian Derry C. , Zhu Xiaoping 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The FcγRs found on macrophages (Mϕs) and dendritic cells (DCs) efficiently facilitate the presentation or cross-presentation of immune-complexed Ags to T cells. We found that the MHC class I-related neonatal FcR for IgG (FcRn) in both Mϕs and DCs failed to have a strong effect on the cross-presentation of immune complex (IC) OVA Ag to CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, endosomal FcRn enhanced the presentation of the monomeric OVA-IC to CD4+ T cells robustly, whereas FcRn in phagosomes exerted distinctive effects on Ag presentation between Mϕs and DCs. The presentation of phagocytosed OVA-ICs to CD4+ T cells was considerably enhanced on wild-type versus FcRn-deficient Mϕs, but was not affected in FcRn-deficient DCs. This functional discrepancy was associated with the dependence of IgG–FcRn binding in an acidic pH. Following phagocytosis, the phagosomal pH dropped rapidly to &lt;6.5 in Mϕs but remained in the neutral range in DCs. This disparity in pH determined the rate of degradation of phagocytosed ICs. Thus, our findings reveal that FcRn expression has a different effect on Ag processing and presentation of ICs to CD4+ T cells in the endosomal versus phagosomal compartments of Mϕs versus DCs.
Validation of Forensic Science Techniques: Principles and Procedures
Authors: Layne DesPortes Betty 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

“Validation” is a term that has been used to describe various processes inherent in good scientific research and analysis. Validation in the analytical context refers to the process of establishing, through documented experimentation, that a scientific method or technique is fit for its intended purpose—in layman's terms, it does what it is intended to do. Although validation has always been a part of scientific best practices, the term has received recent attention in the legal community through the publication of the 2009 report of the National Research Council of the National Academies:
Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward
. The report included a discussion of the importance of validation in good scientific practice and concluded that several commonly used forensic science techniques did not qualify as validated methods. Those conclusions have reverberated in the legal community and generated considerable interest in validation. Legal practitioners should possess an understanding of validation and a means for determining whether a forensic science technique has been validated. This article describes validation and provides the important components of any validation process to help practitioners assess whether a forensic science technique qualifies as a “validated method.”
Organoselenium and Organotellurium Oxidation and Reduction
Authors: Młochowski Jacek , Lisiak Rafał , Wójtowicz‐Młochowska Halina 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOxygenated and reduced selenium and tellurium compounds, particularly thoese of practical importance have been extensively investigated especially during the last few decades. Selenium(IV) oxide, selenoxides, selenones, seleninic and peroxyseleninic acids, selenenamides and seleninamides are involved in oxyfunctionalization of unsaturated hydrocarbons, their derivatives, alkylarenes, sulfides and amines, carbon‐oxygen and carbon‐carbon bond cleavage, ring closure and ring transformations,syn‐elimination, sigmatropic [2,3]‐rearrangement and other, chemo‐ regio‐ and stereocontrolled reactions. The chemistry of oxygenated tellurium compounds has been less extensively explored than their selenium counterparts;, nevertheless some of them have been successfully used for oxyfunctionalization of different groups of organic compounds while telluroxide elimination has gained more attention in the last years becoming a well‐established method for the synthesis of olefins. Hydrogen selenide and telluride, alkali selenides and tellurides, selenoles and telluroles are the most common reduced derivative of these elements. Their properties are expressed in many reactions such as reduction and deoxygenation of different groups of organic compounds alkenes, alkynes, ethers, carbonyl compounds, esters, lactones, oxiranes, nitrogen, sulfur and halogen compounds, as well as dealkylation of tertiary amines. The method for preparation of the different oxygenated and reduced selenium and tellurium compounds are described, their reactions are reviewed, their usefulness in synthesis is indicated and more representative mechanisms are discussed.
Heart Rate and Electrocardiography Monitoring in Mice
Authors: Ho David , Zhao Xin , Gao Shumin , Hong Chull , Vatner Dorothy E. , Vatner Stephen F. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe majority of current cardiovascular research involves studies in genetically engineered mouse models. The measurement of heart rate is central to understanding cardiovascular control under normal conditions, with altered autonomic tone and with superimposed stress, or in disease states, both in wild‐type mice and in those with altered genes. Electrocardiography (ECG) is the “gold standard,” using either hard‐wired or telemetry transmission. In addition, heart rate is measured or monitored from the frequency of the arterial pressure pulse or cardiac contraction, or by pulse oximetry. For each of these techniques, discussions of materials and methods, as well as advantages and limitations, are covered. However, direct ECG monitoring alone will determine not only the precise heart rates but also whether the cardiac rhythm is normal or not. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:123‐139. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exercise Performance Tests in Mice
Authors: Marcaletti Stefan , Thomas Charles , Feige Jérôme N. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMaximal exercise performance is a multifactorial process in which the cardiovascular component, the innervation of the musculature, and the contractile and metabolic properties of skeletal muscle all play key roles. Here, protocols are provided for assessment of maximal running capacity of mice on a treadmill, with a combination of short high‐intensity paradigms primarily intended to test for maximal power and cardiovascular function, and longer low‐intensity paradigms to assess endurance and oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle. The coupling of treadmill running to indirect calorimetry, to correlate performance measurements to maximal oxygen consumption, is also described. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:141‐154. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Battery Performance and Photocatalytic Activity of Mesoporous Anatase TiO2 Nanospheres/Graphene Composites by Template‐Free Self‐Assembly
Authors: Li Na , Liu Gang , Zhen Chao , Li Feng , Zhang Lili , Cheng Hui‐Ming 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNanosized mesoporous anatase TiO2 particles have important applications in high‐performance lithium ion batteries and efficient photocatalysis. In contrast to the conventional synthesis routes where various soft or hard templates are usually employed, the direct growth of uniform mesoporous anatase TiO2 nanospheres on graphene sheets by a template‐free self‐assembly process is presented. Compared to the conventional mesoporous anatase particles consisting of polycrystalline TiO2, the microstructure of obtained mesoporous anatase nanospheres on graphene sheets is single‐crystal‐like. The growth mechanism, lithium ion battery performance, and photocatalytic activity of the resultant mesoporous anatase TiO2 nanospheres/graphene composites are thoroughly investigated. In comparison to the reference TiO2, the composite shows substantial improvement in lithium specific capacity from 1 C to 50 C, and photocatalytic removing organic pollutant and hydrogen evolution. More strikingly, the specific capacity of the composite at the rate of 50 C is as high as 97 mA h g−1, 6 times higher than that of the reference TiO2.
Intermolecular Regioselective 1,2‐Diamination of Allylic Ethers
Authors: Muñiz Kilian , Kirsch Jonathan , Chávez Patricia 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHomogeneous palladium catalysis enables a novel intermolecular regioselective diamination of allylic ethers, which offers a convenient entry into 1,2,3‐trisubstituted products. These represent suitable building blocks with differently protected nitrogen atoms for subsequent synthetic application.
The Role of Surface Nonuniformity in Controlling the Initiation of a Galvanic Replacement Reaction
Authors: Cobley Claire M. , Zhang Qiang , Song Wilbur , Xia Younan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe use of silver nanocrystals—asymmetrically truncated octahedrons and nanobars—characterized by a nonuniform surface as substrates for a galvanic replacement reaction was investigated. As the surfaces of these nanocrystals contain facets with a variety of different areas, shapes, and atomic arrangements, we were able to examine the roles of these parameters in different stages of the galvanic replacement reaction with HAuCl4 (e.g., pitting, hollowing, pit closing, and pore formation), and thus obtain a deeper understanding of the reaction mechanism than is possible with silver nanocubes. We found that the most important of these parameters was the atomic arrangement, that is, whether the surface was capped by a {100} or {111} facet, and that the area and shape of the facet had essentially no effect on the initiation of the reaction. Interestingly, through the reaction with asymmetrically truncated octahedrons, we were also able to demonstrate that even when pitting occurred over a large area, this region would be sealed through a combination of atomic diffusion and deposition during the intermediate stages of the reaction. Consequently, even if pitting occurred across a large percentage of the nanocrystal surface, it was still possible to maintain the morphology of the template throughout the reaction.
Mechanical bowel preparation does not influence outcomes following colonic cancer resection
Authors: Nicholson G A , Finlay I G , Diament R H , Molloy R G , Horgan P G , Morrison D S 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Background
Meta-analyses have indicated that preoperative mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) confers no clear benefit and may indeed be harmful for patients with colorectal cancer. The effects of bowel preparation on longer-term outcomes have not been reported. The aim was to compare long-term survival and surgical complications in patients who did or did not receive MBP before surgery for colonic cancer.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study of all patients undergoing potentially curative surgery for colonic cancer after routine hospital admission in the West of Scotland between January 2000 and December 2005. Clinical audit data were linked to cancer registrations and death certificates. Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore determinants of survival.

Results
A total of 1730 patients underwent potentially curative surgery for colonic cancer, of whom 886 (51·2 per cent) were men. The mean(s.d.) age was 69·7(10·6) years. Some 1460 patients (84·4 per cent) received MBP. Median follow-up was 3·5 (range 0·1–6·7) years. There were no statistically significant differences in 30-day postoperative complication rates between groups. The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) for death from all causes for patients treated with MBP (versus no MBP) was 0·72 (95 per cent confidence interval 0·57 to 0·91). Multivariable analysis with adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic circumstances, disease stage and presentation for surgery showed that MBP had no independent effect on all-cause mortality (HR 0·85, 0·67 to 1·10).

Conclusion
Neither postoperative complications nor long-term survival are improved by MBP before colonic cancer surgery.
A cadaveric study of injectate spread in the psoas compartment with a direct iliopsoas injection suggested for use during surgery
Authors: Green Connor , Flannery Olivia , Crotty Jim , Felle Patrick , Harmon Dominic , Masterson Eric 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTotal hip replacement produces significant postoperative pain. Psoas compartment block is the most effective block of the lumbar plexus in terms of pain relief and reduced blood loss. It is a proven regional technique for analgesia and anaesthesia during and after total hip replacement conferring a number of benefits to the patient. However, traditional techniques used to produce this block require increased theatre time and are associated with a number of serious complications. We present a surgeon‐delivered technique for producing a lumbar plexus block using direct injection into the iliopsoas muscle when it is visible intraoperatively. This study shows a cadaveric model using methylene blue and radiopaque contrast produces injectate spread in a fashion which would produce a successful lumbar plexus block. This novel technique for lumbar plexus block affords the benefits of psoas compartment block with reduced complications and reduced administration time. Clin. Anat. 24:763–767, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of CA‐125 in Identification of Right Ventricular Failure in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Yilmaz Mehmet Birhan , Zorlu Ali , Dogan Omer Tamer , Karahan Oguz , Tandogan Izzet , Akkurt Ibrahim 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive and debilitating disease. Cor pulmonale, characterized by right ventricular (RV) failure, can severely influence prognosis in these patients. Hence, early recognition might be important for tailoring therapy. An old biomarker, CA‐125, seems to be associated with the right heart. We aimed to show the relationship between CA‐125 levels and RV failure in patients with COPD.Hypothesis:CA‐125 might be a useful biomarker in identification of RV failure in patients with COPD.Methods:Forty patients with recent exacerbation of COPD were enrolled into the study. Another 40 age‐ and sex‐matched individuals were enrolled for comparison. Levels of CA‐125 were measured in the patients during the hospital stay. The COPD patients underwent echocardiographic study on the same day. Right‐ventricular parameters were evaluated, and RV failure was identified via transthoracic echocardiography.Results:Patients with COPD had significantly higher CA‐125 levels compared with controls (median 33.94 U/mL vs 9.76 U/mL, respectively; P < 0.001). Levels of CA‐125 were correlated with systolic pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.550, P < 0.001), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (r = − 0.496, P = 0.001), and tricuspid lateral annulus S velocity (r = − 0.549, P = 0.002). High CA‐125 levels, obtained in hospitalized patients with COPD before echocardiography, enabled identification of RV failure with a sensitivity of 89.5% and specificity of 85.7%.Conclusions:The CA‐125 biomarker can be used to identify COPD patients with RV failure. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Maintenance of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus neuromuscular system is not influenced by physiological levels of glucocorticoids
Authors: Niel Lee , Alves Philip A. , Pinzon Natalia , Holmes Melissa M. , Lovern Matthew B. , Monks D. Ashley 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) neuromuscular system mediates sexual reflexes, and is highly sexually dimorphic in rats. While maintenance of this system in adulthood is mainly dependent on androgens, there is also evidence to suggest that glucocorticoids may have a catabolic effect. We conducted a series of studies to fully examine the influence of basal glucocorticoids on the size of the SNB motoneurons and the associated bulbocavernosus (BC) and levator ani (LA) muscles. Specifically, we examined whether the muscles and motoneurons of the SNB neuromuscular system are affected by: (1) blockade of endogenous glucocorticoids via delivery of the antagonist RU‐486 at doses ranging from low to high, (2) removal of endogenous glucocorticoids via adrenalectomy, or (3) restoration of physiological corticosterone levels via implants following adrenalectomy. In each study, we found that muscle and motoneuron size were unaffected by glucocorticoid manipulation. In contrast to previous results with supraphysiological levels of glucocorticoids, our results indicate that basal, nonstress levels of glucocorticoids do not influence the size of the BC/LA muscles or their associated SNB motoneurons. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2012
Invariant natural killer T‐cell‐deficient mice display increased CCl4‐induced hepatitis associated with CXCL1 over‐expression and neutrophil infiltration
Authors: Lisbonne Mariette , L'Helgoualc'h Annie , Nauwelaers Gwendoline , Turlin Bruno , Lucas Catherine , Herbelin André , Piquet‐Pellorce Claire , Samson Michel 
Published: March 2011

AbstractInvariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are involved in the intrahepatic immune response and in hepatitis. In particular, iNKT lymphocytes are responsible for hepatocyte death in concanavalin A‐induced hepatitis in mice. We examined the role of iNKT cells in acute hepatitis induced by a hepatotoxic agent, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). WT and iNKT cell‐deficient (Jα18−/−) mice were challenged with a single dose of 2.4 g/kg CCl4 and both hepatic physiopathology and immune responses were studied. Plasma alanine and aspartate amino‐transferase levels were significantly higher in Jα18−/− mice than in WT mice two days after CCl4 administration. Chemokine CXCL1/keratinocyte‐derived chemokine (KC) and MMP‐8 were significantly higher in iNKT cell‐deficient mice than in control mice. The more severe liver injury in Jα18−/− mice was associated with greater leukocyte infiltrate, which was enriched in neutrophils (CD11b+CD11c−Gr‐1+ cells), in agreement with CXCL1/KC and MMP‐8 levels. Complementary experiments with NK‐depleted animals indicate a minor role for NK cells in the liver damage found in iNKT‐deficient mice. Thus, unlike for ConA‐induced hepatitis, we report that iNKT cells protect the liver against acute hepatitis induced by CCl4 and limit neutrophil infiltration.
Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce CD8+LAG‐3+Foxp3+CTLA‐4+ regulatory T cells that suppress allo‐reactive memory T cells
Authors: Boor Patrick P. C. , Metselaar Herold J. , Jonge Sarina de , Mancham Shanta , van der Laan Luc J. W. , Kwekkeboom Jaap 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAllo‐reactive memory T cells are a major barrier for induction of immunological tolerance to allografts in humans. Here, we report that stimulation of unfractionated human T cells with TLR‐stimulated allogeneic plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) induces CD8+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) that inhibit T‐cell allo‐responses, including those of memory T cells. CD3+ T cells were primed for 7 days with allogeneic pDCs that had been pre‐stimulated with TLR‐7 or TLR‐9 ligands. While the T cells proliferated and produced cytokines during the priming culture, they were profoundly hypo‐responsive to re‐stimulation with the same allo‐antigen in a second culture. Moreover, T cells primed by pDCs exerted donor‐specific suppression on allo‐responses of both unfractionated and memory CD3+ T cells. The regulatory capacity of pDC‐primed T cells was confined to CD8+LAG‐3+Foxp3+CTLA‐4+ T cells, which suppressed allogeneic T‐cell responses through a CTLA‐4‐dependent mechanism. Induction of CD8+ Tregs by pDCs could be partially prevented by 1‐methyl tryptophan, an inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase. In conclusion, stimulation of human T cells by TLR‐stimulated allogeneic pDCs induces CD8+ Tregs that inhibit allogeneic T‐cell responses, including memory T cells. Donor‐derived pDCs may be considered as an immunotherapeutic tool to prevent activation of the recipient allo‐reactive (memory) T‐cell repertoire after allogeneic transplantation.