bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Consent Doesn't Work: A Rights-Based Case for Limits to Consent's Capacity to Legitimise
Authors: Hyams Keith 
Published: March 2011

AbstractConsent's capacity to legitimise actions and claims is limited by conditions such as coercion, which render consent ineffective. A better understanding of the limits to consent's capacity to legitimise can shed light on a variety of applied debates, in political philosophy, bioethics, economics and law. I show that traditional paternalist explanations for limits to consent's capacity to legitimise cannot explain the central intuition that consent is often rendered ineffective when brought about by a rights violation or threatened rights violation. I argue that this intuition is an expression of the same principles of corrective justice that underlie norms of compensation and rectification. I show how these principles can explain and clarify core intuitions about conditions which render consent ineffective, including those concerned with the consenting agent's option set, his mental competence, and available information.
Kazakhstan as the OSCE Chairman-in-Office 2010: success or failure for the organization?
Authors: van Lohuizen Matthias 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe decision to grant Kazakhstan the chairmanship of the OSCE during 2010 has been a disputed one. The reason why this appointment has been contested was that the country was considered not to live up to the OSCE standards in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, while it should be the very CiO that should actively defend and preferably further these standards. This article now will reflect on the question if Kazakhstan as the OSCE CiO 2010 has de facto strengthened or weakened the organization. Subsequently, the article will among others concentrate on how Kazakhstan ensured the CiO position, up to what level it upheld pledges made in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms at the eve of being entrusted the chairmanship, as well as on the first OSCE Summit in eleven years, organized by Kazakhstan.
Editor's column: The introduction of a new type of subscription to Entomologica scandinavica
Authors: Cederholm Lennart 
Published: March 2011

AbstractReaders of scientific journals in taxonomy normally find relatively few pages in each issue dealing with their particular field of interest. Anyone who wants to buy his own journals has to pay a high price for the pages he is really interested in. The economic burden, especially for the non-professional taxonomists thus could become unbearable with clearly unfavourable consequences for the economy of the journals. Ent. scand. therefore is offering an alternative subscription to the members, a subscription covering one or several of specified taxonomic fields. In connection herewith the annual number of pages is increased from 320 to 480.
The larvae of Tipula (Arctotipula) salicetorum Siebke, 1870 (Diptera: Tipulidae)
Authors: Hofsvang Trond 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe larvae of Tipula (Arctotipula) salicetorum Siebke, 1870, is described. No differences in position of setae and numbers of protuberances were found between larvae of instars 2, 3 and 4. Arctotipula is the only European subgenus of Tipula with larvae not previously described.
The South African species of Neotabuda Kröber (Diptera: Therevidae)
Authors: Lyneborg Leif 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNeotabuda Kröber (1931) is a widespread genus of therevids in southern Africa. Its possible monophyly is discussed, and a sister-group relationship with the Palaearctic genus Salentia A. Costa is motivated. Twenty species are recognized, only five of which were described previously. All species are keyed, described and figured. They are arranged in two species-groups, each with two subgroups, and the phylogenetic relationships of these are discussed. The fifteen new species are: incrassaia (Cape Prov.), latifrons (Cape Prov.), longestylata (Cape Prov.), lanigera (Cape Prov.), pilosa (Cape Prov.), subpilosa (Cape Prov.), turneri (Cape Prov.), multisetosa (Cape Prov.), longicornis (Cape Prov.), tomentosa (Namibia), major (Namibia), natalensis (Natal Prov.), diversicornis (Natal Prov.), truncata (Mozambique, Natal Prov.), and nigropilusa (Cape Prov.). The five previously described species are (in their original combination): Thereva anthracina Loew, 1858; Orthactia nigra Kröber, 1912; Pachygenia nitida Kröber, 1912; Actorthia capensis Kröber, 1931; and Neotabuda ater Kröber, 1931. Pachygenia Kröber, 1912 and Neotabuda Kröber, 1931 are placed in new synonymy, but Pachygenia Kröber cannot be used because of its preoccupation by Pachygenia Motschulsky (1874).
Taxonomy and ecology of European species of the Cloeon simile Eaton group (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)
Authors: Sowa Ryszard 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe nomenclatural analysis of Cloeon simile Eaton and C. praetextum Bengtsson stat.nov. and the discussion of morphological differences between these species for all development stages were carried out on the basis of material from Middle and Western Europe. A neotype of C. praetextum was designated from Bengtsson's original collection. The description of nymphs and imagines of C. schoenemundi Bengtsson and imago male of C. degrangei n.sp. are given on the basis of material from France. The taxonomic validity and systematic position of the species C. hovassei (Verrier), C. rabaudi (Verrier) and C. languidum Grandi are discussed. Remarks on the distribution and ecology of some of the more abundant species are included.
A new genus and five species of Protura from Alaska
Authors: Nosek Josef 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFjellbergiella tuxeni n.gen., n.sp. from Bushkana River E of Cantwell and Eosentomon aquilinum n.sp., E. copelandi n.sp., Yamatentomon greenhergi n.sp. and Nosekiella hoogstraali n.sp. from Mt. McKinley National Park in Alaska are described and figured.
Taxonomic notes on Atheta kaiseriana Brundin (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), with lectotype designation
Authors: Baranowski Rickard 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe sexual characters of Atheta kaiseriana Brd. are presented, including illustrations of tergite 8 and sternite 6 of both sexes, the male median lobe and paramere of aedeagus and the female ventral plate. The lectotype of Atheta kaiseriana is designated.
Connection between the Solar Cycle and the QBO: The Missing Link
Authors: Salby Murry , Callaghan Patrick 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Evidence of the solar cycle in stratospheric polar temperature rests on a connection to the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of equatorial wind. New evidence reported here establishes a mechanism for how the solar signature in polar temperature follows from the QBO, which itself is shown to vary with the solar cycle. Equatorial westerlies below 30 mb vary systematically with solar activity, as do equatorial easterlies above 30 mb. Changes in their duration introduce a systematic drift into the QBO's phase relative to winter months, when the polar vortex is sensitive to equatorial wind. Corresponding changes in the polar-night vortex are consistent with the solar signature observed in wintertime records of polar temperature that have been stratified according to the QBO.
A Further Study of the Tropical Western Hemisphere Warm Pool
Authors: Wang Chunzai , Enfield David B. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Variability of the tropical Western Hemisphere warm pool (WHWP) of water warmer than 28.5°C, which extends seasonally over parts of the eastern North Pacific, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean, and the western tropical North Atlantic (TNA), was previously studied by Wang and Enfield using the da Silva data from 1945–93. Using additional datasets of the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis field and the NCEP SST from 1950–99, and the Levitus climatological subsurface temperature, the present paper confirms and extends the previous study of Wang and Enfield. The WHWP alternates with northern South America as the seasonal heating source for the Walker and Hadley circulations in the Western Hemisphere. During the boreal winter a strong Hadley cell emanates northward from the Amazon heat source with subsidence over the subtropical North Atlantic north of 20°N, sustaining a strong North Atlantic anticyclone and associated northeast (NE) trade winds over its southern limb in the TNA. This circulation, including the NE trades, is weakened during Pacific El Niño winters and results in a spring warming of the TNA, which in turn induces the development of an unusually large summer warm pool and a wetter Caribbean rainy season. As the WHWP develops in the late boreal spring, the center of tropospheric heating and convection shifts to the WHWP region, whence the summer Hadley circulation emanates from the WHWP and forks into the subsidence regions of the subtropical South Atlantic and South Pacific. During the summers following El Niño, when the warm pool is larger than normal, the increased Hadley flow into the subtropical South Pacific reinforces the South Pacific anticyclone and trade winds, probably playing a role in the transition back to the cool phase of ENSO.
Seasonally, surface heat fluxes seem to be primarily responsible for warming of the WHWP. Interannually, all of the datasets suggest that a positive ocean–atmosphere feedback through longwave radiation and associated cloudiness seems to operate in the WHWP. During the winter preceding a large warm pool, there is a strong weakening of the Hadley cell that serves as a “tropospheric bridge” for transferring El Niño effects to the Atlantic sector and inducing warming of the warm pool. Associated with the warm SST anomalies is a decrease in sea level pressure anomalies and an anomalous increase in atmospheric convection and cloudiness. The increase in convective activity and cloudiness results in less longwave radiation loss from the sea surface, which then reinforces SST anomalies. This data-inferred hypothesis of the longwave radiation feedback process needs to be further investigated for its validation in the WHWP.
Comparing Oceanic Heat Uptake in AOGCM Transient Climate Change Experiments
Authors: Sokolov Andrei P. , Forest Chris E. , Stone Peter H. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The transient response of both surface air temperature and deep ocean temperature to an increasing external forcing strongly depends on climate sensitivity and the rate of the heat mixing into the deep ocean, estimates for both of which have large uncertainty. In this paper a method for estimating rates of oceanic heat uptake for coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models from results of transient climate change simulations is described. For models considered in this study, the estimates vary by a factor of 2½. Nevertheless, values of oceanic heat uptake for all models fall in the range implied by the climate record for the last century. It is worth noting that the range of the model values is narrower than that consistent with observations and thus does not provide a full measure of the uncertainty in the rate of oceanic heat uptake.
A Global Database of Land Surface Parameters at 1-km Resolution in Meteorological and Climate Models
Authors: Masson Valéry , Champeaux Jean-Louis , Chauvin Fabrice , Meriguet Christelle , Lacaze Roselyne 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Ecoclimap, a new complete surface parameter global dataset at a 1-km resolution, is presented. It is intended to be used to initialize the soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer schemes (SVATs) in meteorological and climate models (at all horizontal scales). The database supports the “tile” approach, which is utilized by an increasing number of SVATs. Two hundred and fifteen ecosystems representing areas of homogeneous vegetation are derived by combining existing land cover maps and climate maps, in addition to using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite data. Then, all surface parameters are derived for each of these ecosystems using lookup tables with the annual cycle of the leaf area index (LAI) being constrained by the AVHRR information. The resulting LAI is validated against a large amount of in situ ground observations, and it is also compared to LAI derived from the International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP-2) database and the Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectance (POLDER) satellite. The comparison shows that this new LAI both reproduces values coherent at large scales with other datasets, and includes the high spatial variations owing to the input land cover data at a 1-km resolution. In terms of climate modeling studies, the use of this new database is shown to improve the surface climatology of the ARPEGE climate model.
Design and Analysis of Climate Model Experiments for the Efficient Estimation of Anthropogenic Signals
Authors: Sexton David M. H. , Grubb Howard , Shine Keith P. , Folland Chris K. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Presented herein is an experimental design that allows the effects of several radiative forcing factors on climate to be estimated as precisely as possible from a limited suite of atmosphere-only general circulation model (GCM) integrations. The forcings include the combined effect of observed changes in sea surface temperatures, sea ice extent, stratospheric (volcanic) aerosols, and solar output, plus the individual effects of several anthropogenic forcings. A single linear statistical model is used to estimate the forcing effects, each of which is represented by its global mean radiative forcing. The strong colinearity in time between the various anthropogenic forcings provides a technical problem that is overcome through the design of the experiment. This design uses every combination of anthropogenic forcing rather than having a few highly replicated ensembles, which is more commonly used in climate studies. Not only is this design highly efficient for a given number of integrations, but it also allows the estimation of (nonadditive) interactions between pairs of anthropogenic forcings.
The simulated land surface air temperature changes since 1871 have been analyzed. The changes in natural and oceanic forcing, which itself contains some forcing from anthropogenic and natural influences, have the most influence. For the global mean, increasing greenhouse gases and the indirect aerosol effect had the largest anthropogenic effects. It was also found that an interaction between these two anthropogenic effects in the atmosphere-only GCM exists. This interaction is similar in magnitude to the individual effects of changing tropospheric and stratospheric ozone concentrations or to the direct (sulfate) aerosol effect. Various diagnostics are used to evaluate the fit of the statistical model. For the global mean, this shows that the land temperature response is proportional to the global mean radiative forcing, reinforcing the use of radiative forcing as a measure of climate change. The diagnostic tests also show that the linear model was suitable for analyses of land surface air temperature at each GCM grid point. Therefore, the linear model provides precise estimates of the space–time signals for all forcing factors under consideration. For simulated 50-hPa temperatures, results show that tropospheric ozone increases have contributed to stratospheric cooling over the twentieth century almost as much as changes in well-mixed greenhouse gases.
Ocean Radiant Heating in Climate Models
Authors: Ohlmann J. Carter 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A computationally simple, double exponential, chlorophyll-dependent solar transmission parameterization for ocean general circulation models used in climate studies is presented. The transmission parameterization comes from empirical fits to a set of in-water solar flux profiles calculated with an atmosphere–ocean radiative transfer model system, run with chlorophyll concentration values over the range observed in oligotrophic, open ocean waters. Transmission parameters are available from a lookup table, or can be written as logarithmic and square root functions of chlorophyll concentration, available globally from remotely sensed ocean color data. The rms and maximum errors introduced by curve fitting are less than 3 × 10−3 and 1.5 × 10−2, respectively. Error associated with neglect of second-order cloud and solar zenith angle influences is mostly a few percent. An extension to account for second-order processes in cases where they are large (&gt;10%) is given. The double exponential form enables solar transmission to be resolved at depths beyond 2 m. Only the first exponential term need be considered to accurately determine transmission at depths greater than 8 m. The transmission parameterization is validated with in situ optical and biological data collected in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate Processes in the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere System (EPIC) field program, and in the western equatorial Pacific during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). The rms (maximum) errors between parameterized transmission and the mean transmission profile computed from in situ values are 0.5 (1.5) and 1.9 (6.6) W m−2, for the eastern and western equatorial Pacific regions, respectively. For comparison, rms (maximum) errors between transmission from a commonly used Jerlov water type–based parameterization and mean measured values are 7.3 (26.7) and 5.0 (8.8) W m−2 for the eastern and western Pacific, respectively (both cases assume a climatological surface flux of 200 W m−2). Proper use of the solar transmission parameterization should increase the accuracy of modeled SST and upper ocean stratification. The parameterization allows ocean radiant heating in climate models to be discussed in terms of chlorophyll concentration, the physical parameter on which solar transmission most heavily depends.
Daily Precipitation Statistics for South America: An Intercomparison between NCEP Reanalyses and Observations
Authors: Silva Viviane B. S. , Kousky Vernon E. , Higgins R. Wayne 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
In this study, the authors document the extent to which the precipitation statistics of the new CFS reanalysis (CFSR) represent an improvement over the earlier reanalyses: the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (R1) and the NCEP–DOE Second Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP-II) reanalysis (R2). An intercomparison between the CFSR, R1, R2, and observations over South America was made for the period 1979–2006. The CFSR shows notable improvements in the large-scale precipitation patterns compared with the previous reanalyses (R1 and R2). In spite of these improvements, the CFSR has substantial biases in intensity and frequency of occurrence of rainfall events. Over west-central Brazil, the core region of the South American monsoon system (SAMS), the CFSR displays a dry bias during the onset phase of the SAMS wet season and a wet bias during the peak and decay phases of the SAMS wet season. The CFSR also displays a dry bias along the South American coast near the mouth of the Amazon and along the east coast of northeastern Brazil. A wet bias exists in all seasons over southeast Brazil and over the Andes Mountains.
Supported community exercise in people with long-term neurological conditions: a phase II randomized controlled trial
Authors: Elsworth Charlotte , Winward Charlotte , Sackley Cath , Meek Charmaine , Freebody Jane , Esser Patrick , Izadi Hooshang , Soundy Andy , Barker Karen , Hilton-Jones David , Lowe Catherine Minns , Paget Sandra , Tims Martin , Parnell Richard , Patel Smitaa , Wade Derick , Dawes Helen 
Published: March 2011

Objective: Adults with long-term neurological conditions have low levels of participation in physical activities and report many barriers to participation in exercise. This study examines the feasibility and safety of supporting community exercise for people with long-term neurological conditions using a physical activity support system. Design: A phase II randomized controlled trial using computer-generated block randomization, allocation concealment and single blind outcome assessment. Setting: Oxfordshire and Birmingham community Inclusive Fitness Initiative gyms. Subjects: Patients with a long-term neurological condition. Interventions: The intervention group (n = 51) received a 12-week, supported exercise programme. The control group (n = 48) participants received standard care for 12 weeks and were then offered the intervention. Main measures: Physical activity, adherence to exercise, measures of mobility, health and well-being. Results: Forty-eight patients (n = 51) completed the intervention, achieving 14 gym attendances (range 0–39) over the 12 weeks. Overall activity did not increase as measured by the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (change score mean 14.31; 95% confidence interval (CI) &minus;8.27 to 36.89) and there were no statistically significant changes in body function and health and well-being measures. Conclusions: People with long-term neurological conditions can safely exercise in community gyms when supported and achieve similar attendance to standard exercise referral schemes, but may reduce other life activities in order to participate at a gym.
Benefits of starting rehabilitation within 24 hours of primary total knee arthroplasty: randomized clinical trial
Authors: Labraca Nuria Sánchez , Castro-Sánchez Adelaida Maria , Matarán-Peñarrocha Guillermo A , Arroyo-Morales Manuel , Sánchez-Joya María del Mar , Moreno-Lorenzo Carmen 
Published: March 2011

Objective: To compare the benefits of initiating rehabilitation treatment within 24 hours versus 48–72 hours after total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis. Design: Experimental study with clinical trial design. Subjects: Patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 153) and control (n = 153) groups. Interventions: Rehabilitation was started within 24 hours post surgery in the experimental group and between 48 hours and 72 hours post surgery in the controls. Main measures: Measurement variables included joint range of motion, muscle strength, pain, autonomy, gait and balance. Results: In comparison with the controls, the experimental group showed significantly shorter hospital stay (by (mean ± standard deviation) 2.09 ± 1.45 days; P < 0.001), fewer rehabilitation sessions until medical discharge (by 4.95 ± 2.34; P < 0.001), lesser pain (by 2.36 ± 2.47 points; P < 0.027), greater joint range of motion in flexion (by 16.29 ± 11.39 degrees; P < 0.012) and extension (by 2.12 ± 3.19; P < 0.035), improved strength in quadriceps (by 0.98 ± 0.54; P < 0.042) and hamstring muscles (by 1.05 ± 0.72; P < 0.041), and higher scores for gait (P < 0.047) and balance (P < 0.045). Conclusion: Initiation of rehabilitation within 24 hours after total knee arthroplasty reduces the mean hospital stay and number of sessions required to achieve autonomy and normal gait and balance.