bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the urgency and deferability of transfusion to inform emergency blood planning and triage: the Bloodhound prospective audit of red blood cell use
Authors: Shortt Jake , Polizzotto Mark N. , Waters Neil , Borosak Marija , Moran Martine , Comande Mary , Devine Alexandra , Jolley Damien J. , Wood Erica M. 
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Careful planning is essential to ensure blood availability during shortages. Triaging supply is one proposed strategy; however, few data concerning the urgency of transfusion are available to inform planning. This study sought to determine the proportion of red blood cells (RBCs) used for clinically urgent indications.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 5132 RBC units were randomly selected at point of production and distributed into general statewide inventory over a 9‐month period. These selected units carried case report forms, for completion at the point of hospital issue for transfusion. Completed forms were returned to the blood service for collation and analysis, capturing information on indication and clinical urgency of supply, including use for potentially deferrable elective surgery.RESULTS: Data from 5052 RBC units indicated that 95.6% were transfused. Approximately one‐third of transfused units were used to support surgery, one‐third for hematology/oncology, and one‐third for other medical and miscellaneous indications. Where used for surgery, 25.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.4%‐28.0%) were for elective procedures, although urgency of surgery was unknown in 17.1% (95% CI, 15.2%‐19.2%) of cases. Supply for nonurgent medical indications and elective surgery only accounted for 9.8% (95% CI, 9.0%‐10.6%) of use, with 53.4% (95% CI, 52.0%‐54.8%) of RBCs required within 24 hours.CONCLUSIONS: The majority of RBCs are transfused with a high degree of clinical urgency, with only a minor proportion required to support elective surgery.
After the Storm: How Race, Class, and Immigration Concerns Influenced Beliefs About the Katrina Evacuees*
Authors: Shelton Jason E. , Coleman M. Nicole 
Published: July 2009

Objective. In September 2005, approximately 150,000 Gulf Coast residents fled to Houston, Texas, seeking shelter following Hurricane Katrina. Since the majority of evacuees were poor African Americans, the political and social consequences of the storm inspired a national dialogue on race and class. However, in Houston, the discourse on Katrina evacuees also involved immigration concerns. The city's distinction as a gateway to new arrivals influenced the dialogue on the evacuees' impact on the local area. This article assesses the extent to which race, class, and immigration concerns influenced Houstonians' beliefs about the Katrina evacuees.Methods. We analyze data from the 2006 and 2008 Houston Area Survey in order to assess attitudes toward these newcomers at two distinct time periods: within six months of their arrival and then again more than two years later.Results. Our findings show that both national and local factors influenced beliefs about the Katrina evacuees.Conclusions. The dynamics of race/ethnicity and apprehension toward immigrants drove largely antagonistic beliefs about the mostly poor, mostly black new arrivals.
Minding Your Neighborhood: The Spatial Context of Local Redistribution*
Authors: Minkoff Scott L. 
Published: July 2009

Objectives. Previous research on redistribution by local governments has not accounted for spatial context. I develop a model of local own‐source redistributive spending that accounts for the economic characteristics and policy decisions of geographic neighbors.Methods. I estimate a modified spatial 2SLS equation of own‐source redistributive spending that accounts for endogeneity between neighboring policy decisions and own policy decisions. The data set spans the 48 contiguous states and utilizes data from the 2000 Census and the 1997 Census of Governments, among other sources.Results. I find that the policy choices and economic characteristics of jurisdictional neighbors are significantly related to own‐source housing and community development spending decisions. Jurisdictions reduce their redistributive policies to prevent unwanted movers from entering and produce redistributive packages similar to surrounding jurisdictions.Conclusions. The nuances of geographic context are a critical determinant of local redistributive spending decisions.
Measuring Anti‐Americanism in Editorial Cartoons*
Authors: Long Mark , Bunch Rick L. , Lloyd Robert Earl 
Published: July 2009

Objective.Anti‐Americanism has been subjected to minimal statistical analysis. Further, scant attention is paid to what constitutes anti‐Americanism for Americans. The objective of this article is to measure Americans' perceptions of anti‐Americanism.Methods.Using a range of quantitative methods, including Pearson's correlation coefficient, Shannon's entropy measure, and Cohen'sdstatistics, we measure students' evaluations of editorial cartoons after 9/11. Twin measures ofmessageandequity, along with participant and cartoon variables, are used to calibrate anti‐Americanism in Spanish and U.S. editorial cartoons.Results.Our results indicate that message ratings, that is, anti‐ or pro‐American, were more dependent on the nature of the cartoons than of the participants. White males rated these editorial cartoons as more equitable than other participants. The study shows that Spanish cartoons were rated significantly more anti‐American.Conclusion.The article concludes that the use of U.S. icons is key to seeing anti‐Americanism, along with gender, race, and origin of cartoon.
Education and Social Desirability Bias: The Case of a Black Presidential Candidate*
Authors: Heerwig Jennifer A. , McCabe Brian J. 
Published: July 2009

Objective. Survey research consistently reports a positive association between educational attainment and socially tolerant attitudes, but critics hold that respondents with high levels of education may simply purport to hold attitudes seen as socially desirable. In this article, we seek to adjudicate between the claim that the association between education and social tolerance is simply an artifact of sophisticated social desirability reporting on the part of well‐educated respondents and the competing theory that education has a real impact on increasing forms of social tolerance.Methods. Using support for a black presidential candidate as our measure of social tolerance, we utilize an innovative online list experiment to test whether high levels of support are inflated because of social desirability reporting among the educational elite.Results. We find no evidence of systematic overreporting of support for a black presidential candidate among respondents with high levels of education, and note that social desirability bias declines as educational attainment increases.Conclusions. This research bolsters arguments about the liberalizing effect of education on socially tolerant attitudes, and challenges evidence that attributes this relationship to high levels of social desirability bias.
Latino and Asian American Mobilization in the 2006 Immigration Protests*
Authors: Rim Kathy H. 
Published: July 2009

Objective.Through a comparative analysis of Latino and Asian American participation in the 2006 immigration rallies, this article presents a new framework for understanding differential protest outcomes.Methods.To understand the relative lack of Asian American participation in contrast to their Latino counterparts, I conducted in‐depth interviews with community organization leaders and assessed the text of HR 4437, U.S. ethnic media, and organizational resources.Results.I find that structural disadvantages diminished prospects for Asian American activists to effectively mobilize the Asian American community.Conclusion.By conducting a systematic and multidimensional approach to understanding differential protest participation, I conclude that structural conditions significantly advantage the mobilization of certain groups over others.
Classification and Atherosclerosis Distribution in Patients with Left Main Coronary Disease
Authors: THOMPSON CRAIG A. , SIDHU MANDEEP S. , BROWN JEREMIAH R. , SABIR SAJJAD A. , FLOYD KEVIN C. , DE VRIES JAMES T. , JAYNE JOHN E. , FRIEDMAN BRUCE J. , HETTLEMAN BRUCE D. , NILES NATHANIEL W. , ROBB JOHN F. , MALENKA DAVID J. , KAPLAN AARON V. ,   for the DARTMOUTH DYNAMIC REGISTRY INVESTIGATORS
Published: July 2009

Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to characterize clinical variables and angiographic distribution of coronary atherosclerosis to classify patients with de novo left main (LM) disease in a real‐world population presenting for coronary angiography.
Background: Limited quantitative and angiographic published data exist that provide detailed quantitative information to classify potential target population for elective LM percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and guide development of dedicated LM PCI platforms.
Methods: Medical history and clinical presentation were prospectively collected on 177 consecutive patients with LM stenosis ≥50% by coronary angiography. Blinded quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was performed on all LM stenoses to classify LM‐A (ostial), LM‐B (nonostial, non‐bifurcation), and LM‐C (bifurcation involvement). QCA was performed on the left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCx), and right coronary arteries (RCA) and branches (≥2.5 mm) to identify lesions with ≥60% stenosis or occlusion.
Results: No differences in baseline clinical history or presentation discriminated the distribution patterns of LM stenosis. QCA revealed 66% of LM stenoses were LM‐C. Mean LM reference vessel diameter was 4.65 mm and average lesion length was 11.12 mm. Around 88.7% of patients had at least one lesion ≥60% in a major epicardial artery and 32.2% of patients had RCA chronic total occlusion. Right‐to‐left coronary collateralization was only identified in patients with obstructive stenosis in the LAD or LCx in addition to the LM stenosis.
Conclusion: Dedicated LM stent platforms may need to be developed to accommodate larger vessel size and bifurcation distributions. A majority of patients with LM stenosis will require adjunctive epicardial vessel PCI to achieve complete anatomic revascularization.
The current status of urban‐rural differences in psychiatric disorders
Authors: Peen J. , Schoevers R. A. , Beekman A. T. , Dekker J. 
Published: July 2009

Peen J, Schoevers RA, Beekman AT, Dekker J. The current status of urban–rural differences in psychiatric disorders.Objective:  Reviews of urban–rural differences in psychiatric disorders conclude that urban rates may be marginally higher and, specifically, somewhat higher for depression. However, pooled results are not available.Method:  A meta‐analysis of urban–rural differences in prevalence was conducted on data taken from 20 population survey studies published since 1985. Pooled urban–rural odds ratios (OR) were calculated for the total prevalence of psychiatric disorders, and specifically for mood, anxiety and substance use disorders.Results:  Significant pooled urban–rural OR were found for the total prevalence of psychiatric disorders, and for mood disorders and anxiety disorders. No significant association with urbanization was found for substance use disorders. Adjustment for various confounders had a limited impact on the urban–rural OR.Conclusion:  Urbanization may be taken into account in the allocation of mental health services.
Implant stability and bone density: assessment of correlation in fresh cadavers using conventional and osteotome implant sockets
Authors: Çehreli Murat Cavit , Kökat Ali Murat , Comert Ayhan , Akkocaoğlu Murat , Tekdemir Ibrahim , Akça Kιvanç 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective: To compare the primary stability of implants placed in conventional and osteotome sites and to evaluate the level of correlation between cutting torque measurements, resonance frequency analysis (RFA), and bone density.Materials and methods: Eight human femoral heads were scanned with computed tomography for bone density measurements as Hounsfield units (HU), and individualized computed tomography‐based surgical stents were prepared for placement of implants. Five implant sockets were prepared in each collum (CoF), caput (CaF), and trochanter (Tr‐MM) section of the femoral heads using the conventional drilling technique or by a combination of drilling and use of an osteotome. Cutting‐torque values (CTV) of the implants were measured by a manual torque wrench, followed by determination of implant stability quotients (ISQ) by RFA.Results: The CTVs of implants were similar in the conventional group, but different in the osteotome group (P<0.05). There was a general tendency toward achieving higher CTV and ISQ values in CoF than CaF and Tr‐MM (P<0.05), and measurements in CaF and Tr‐MM were comparable (P>0.05). The mean HU of sites were similar, although CoF had higher HU values (P>0.05). CTV of implants in CaF and Tr‐MM and ISQ values in CoF in the conventional groups were higher than those in the osteotome groups (P<0.05). The correlation between CTV and HU in Tr‐MM was significant in the osteotome group, although no other correlations between CTV, ISQ, and HU could be detected (P>0.025).Conclusions: Conventional placement led to higher implant stability than the drilling and osteotome technique used in the study. No correlation could be found between CTV, RFA, and bone density.
Recurrence rates associated with incompletely excised low‐risk nonmelanoma skin cancer
Authors: Rieger Kerri E. , Linos Eleni , Egbert Barbara M. , Swetter Susan M. 
Published: July 2009

Background: Reported recurrence rates for transected nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) vary widely, and few studies have addressed recurrence of tumors followed clinically or treated with nonsurgical modalities.Methods: Retrospective review of dermatopathology records from January 1999 to January 2005 was conducted to identify biopsies or excision specimens with histologically transected basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) which were not subsequently excised. Patient and tumor characteristics associated with recurrence were analyzed in a subgroup of patients with predominantly ‘low‐risk’ and/or minimally transected NMSCs. Prospective follow up was performed through March 31, 2008. Data was analyzed with Chi‐square and Fishers exact tests and multivariate logistic regression.Results: Of 376 transected NMSCs, 27 (7.2%) recurred, including 20 (9%) of 223 BCCs and 7 (4.6%) SCCs in situ of 153 SCCs. The overall recurrence rate of the 124 minimally transected NMSCs was even lower (5.6%). Multivariate logistic regression identified three significant predictors of recurrence: tumor location on the head and neck (p = 0.041), tumor size (p = 0.00741) and superficial subtype of BCC (p = .035).Conclusions: Although surgical excision of NMSC remains the standard of care, observation or nonsurgical treatment may be acceptable in many cases of incompletely excised low‐risk or minimally transected NMSCs.
DisseminatedScopulariopsis–culture is required to distinguish from other disseminated mould infections
Authors: Swick Brian L. , Reddy Sindhura C. , Friedrichs Amanda , Stone Mary Seabury 
Published: July 2009

Disseminated fungal infections are a major cause of mortality in severely immunocompromised bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients.Scopulariopsisis a soil saprophytic mould that is typically associated with onychomycosis and only rarely associated with disseminated infection with cutaneous findings. We describe a case of fatal disseminatedScopulariopsisinfection in a 56‐year‐old neutropenic male with chronic myelogenous leukemia status post peripheral blood stem cell transplant that was clinically and histologically indistinguishable from disseminatedAspergillus,Fusariumor zygomycosis infection. Distinguishing the above listed fungi by tissue culture is crucial because disseminatedScopulariopsisis difficult to eradicate and associated with a high mortality rate in the immunocompromised BMT patient population.Swick BL, Reddy SC, Friedrichs A, Stone MS. DisseminatedScopulariopsis–culture is required to distinguish from other disseminated mould infections.
Combined bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris in an 18‐year‐old female
Authors: Rossi Anthony , Reszko Anetta , Leach James , Magro Cynthia M. 
Published: July 2009

We present a case of an 18‐year‐old female with clinical, histological and immunopathological features of overlapping pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. This case is unique both in the context of the distinctive hybrid nature of the bullous disorder and the young age of onset. An initial biopsy showed a combined pemphigus pattern histologically and a dominant pemphigoid pattern by immunofluorescence, hence posing a diagnostic conundrum. A subsequent biopsy however confirmed a combined pemphigus and pemphigoid pattern both in the context of the light microscopic findings and by immunofluorescence. The pathophysiologic basis of this distinctive hybrid dermatosis along with the other reported cases of overlapping pemphigus and pemphigoid are reviewed.Rossi A, Reszko A, Leach J, Magro CM. Combined bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris in an 18‐year‐old female.
Measuring transepidermal water loss: a comparative in vivo study of condenser‐chamber, unventilated‐chamber and open‐chamber systems
Authors: Farahmand Sara , Tien Lilian , Hui Xiaoying , Maibach Howard I. 
Published: July 2009

Background/aims: Two main systems have been utilized for measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL): open chamber and closed chamber. Yet, further validation and standardization studies may be necessary to reveal the sensitivity, precision, and robustness of these instruments.Methods: Three instruments are compared for their applicability to assess TEWL: unventilated chamber, open chamber and condenser chamber. The comparative study was performed on human forearm skin (n=6), in the normal condition (baseline), and after (1) 10 tape strippings on both arms, (2) moisturizer cream (Eucerin®) and petrolatum application for 1 h, and (3) 1% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) aqueous solution and distilled water (as control) application for 20 min.Results: The condenser‐chamber system, was the only device among these three that could show the effect of tape stripping on TEWL values as compared with baseline (P<0.001). The effect of moisturization, in terms of % change of TEWL values after application of cream and petrolatum, did not show significant difference between devices (P>0.05). However, only the values obtained from condenser‐chamber device revealed a highly significant change as compared with baseline (P<0.001). Condenser‐chamber system could also discriminate between the effect of moisturizer and petrolatum on TEWL values (P<0.05). The change of TEWL values after SLS application was shown to be significant by unventilated and condenser‐chamber systems (P<0.05). However, none of the devices differentiated between the effect of water and 1% SLS solution applied for 20 min. The values obtained from all three instruments correlate well with each other (P<0.001).Conclusion: Our results highlight the differences between two closed‐chamber TEWL measurement instruments, which are designed based on different measurement principles. This may provide insights to find the best practice to improve the quality, precision and sensitivity of the measurements.
Population‐based waist circumference and waist‐to‐height ratio reference values in preschool children
Authors: Roswall Josefine , Bergman Stefan , Almqvist‐Tangen Gerd , Alm Bernt , Niklasson Aimon , Nierop Andreas FM , Dahlgren Jovanna 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAim:  To establish new reference values for measurements of waist circumference and waist‐to‐height ratio in preschool children.Methods:  A population‐based, cross‐sectional study of 4502 children aged 0–5 years derived from child health care in a Swedish county. Measurements of weight, height and waist circumference were recorded using a standardized procedure.Results:  New reference values for waist circumference and waist‐to‐height ratio for preschool children are presented. Reference charts were constructed and are presented. Waist circumference increased with age (r = 0.80, p < 0.001). After adjustment to the individual height, expressed as waist‐to‐height ratio, there was an inverse correlation to age during the first 5 years of age (r = −0.87, p < 0.001).Conclusion:  The new reference values for waist circumference and waist‐to‐height ratio for Swedish preschool children enable future identification of new risk populations for childhood obesity. For clinicians, new reference charts for these two variables are provided for practical use.
Can early intake of dietary omega‐3 predict childhood externalizing behaviour?
Authors: Waylen A , Ford T , Goodman R , Samara M , Wolke D 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAim:  To determine whether maternal and child intake of dietary omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acids (FA), together with the presence or absence of breast‐feeding, predicted psychiatric diagnosis of externalizing disorders in childhood.Methods:  Data concerning childhood externalizing disorders were collected from 8242 children aged 7.9 years in a large British cohort. Intake of n‐3 FA was measured for the study mother during pregnancy and for the child at 3 years. Duration of breast‐feeding was examined to account for moderating effects. Adjustment was made for a variety of potential confounders.Results:  Maternal intake of n‐3 and breast‐feeding predicted oppositional/conduct disorder and comorbid externalizing disorder before adjustment for confounding factors. However, there was no association between intake of n‐3 by mother or child and any type of externalizing disorder once socio‐demographic factors were taken into account.Conclusions:  Any association between intake of n‐3 and childhood externalizing disorders appears to be strongly confounded with socio‐demographic factors. This is important to note given the current popularity of n‐3 as a possible treatment for behaviour problems related to inattention and impulsivity. Care must be taken that studies investigating this relationship account fully for factors associated with both behaviour and diet.
Discerning Fidelity: Badiou between Faith and Reason
Authors: Holsclaw Geoffrey 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAt this juncture in history, viewed as either the dusk of modernity or the dawn of its overcoming, questions of faith and reason are continually cast up anew. The questioning of faith and reason raise familiar binaries and oppositions: Is faith for or against, internal or external, before or after, above or below reason? Does faith perfect or overcome, complete or destroy, add or subtract from reason? This essay will pass through two figures representative of the contested field of Thomistic scholarship en route to a discussion of how the French philosopher Alain Badiou might intervene within the contemporary discussions of faith and reason. It will first engage Denys Turner's recent work which could be characterized as a dogmatic faith in reason attempting to repel the dispositional faith which he attributes to Fergus Kerr. These competing conceptions of faith will set the backdrop for a presentation and application of Badiou's understanding of faith as discerning fidelity.