bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OPTICAL TRANSFORM TECHNIQUES
Authors: Taylor C. A. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISFourier transforms are proving to be of increasing value in the solution of problems in many fields of physics; in X‐ray diffraction studies in particular they find many applications. Their use, however, is often regarded as the province of the mathematician rather than of the physicist.This paper is intended to show that many of the useful concepts can be taught and assimilated visually, without mathematics, using optical diffraction patterns (usually called optical transforms). After an introductory section giving the basic principles and a brief description of the necessary apparatus, applications in musical analysis, in the study of resolution and image defects in microscopes, and in X‐ray crystallography are discussed.
THE CENTRIOLE COMPLEX OF RAT. AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY
Authors: Mathur R. S. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe centriole region of the rat consists of a proximal centriole, a ring centriole, and a post nuclear cap. The matrix of the proximal centriole contains an electron opaque granule which finally gives rise to the post nuclear cap. The ring centriole, in the late spermatids, merges with the post nuclear cap and forms a centriole ring to which the flagellum is attached.
A NOTE ON THE APPLICATION OF HISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE TO THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF BAKED GOODS
Authors: Francis B. , Groves C. H. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThis note describes the application of well established histological techniques, slightly modified where necessary, to the study of the overall structure of bread, cake, and especially biscuits. Some of the problems associated with the use of histological techniques in general are discussed and the particular difficulties more associated with baked goods are assessed in relation to the technique described and to previous investigations. Six plates of colour photomicrographs of representative sections are described and their interpretation discussed, together with a general evaluation of this particular application of histological technique.
ENZYME CYTOCHEMISTRY AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Holt S. J. , Hicks R. M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn extending cytochemical staining methods for enzyme localization to the subcellular level, more exacting conditions have to be met than those adequate for light microscopy, since in addition to preserving enzymic activity, cellular fine structure has to be maintained during preparation and staining of specimens. In addition, the stain must be able to resist dissolution or displacement by dehydrating and embedding media and be sufficiently electron‐scattering to be detectable in the electron microscope.Standard osmium‐tetroxide fixation seriously inhibits the activity of many enzymes and causes differential inhibition in some cases (Holt & Hicks, 1962b), thus leading to false localization of activity. Both buffered formol‐sucrose (Holt & Hicks, 1961a) and other aldehydes, such as glutaraldehyde (Sabatini, Bensch & Barrnett, 1962) give good preservation of fine structure and of the activity of several enzymes, but it is necessary to post‐fix aldehyde‐fixed tissues in osmium tetroxide before embedding for electron microscopy.
THE ELECTRON‐PROBE MICROANALYSER AND ITS METALLURGICAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: White G. W. T. , Wallwork A. E. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISElectron‐probe microanalysis, which has now been established for over ten years, has found increasing scientific application, especially in metallurgy. This paper presents a brief account of the elementary principles of this technique of analysis, and describes the basic features of a scanning electron‐probe microanalyser. The application of this type of instrument to a wide range of metallurgical problems is discussed, and illustrated by a number of specific examples.
ORIGIN OF PLASMODESMATA BETWEEN SISTER CELLS OF THE ROOT TIPS OF BARLEY AND MAIZE
Authors: Juniper B. E. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISProtoplasmic connections occur between both meristematic and non‐meristematic cells of plants. Evidence is presented that they are formed on the cell plate at division by the fusion of chains of vesicles 20 mμ in diameter, which come to lie along the axis of the spindle and between the daughter nuclei. These threads then are fixed in position by the coagulation of the cell wall between them. The origin of the vesicles is obscure but they may be derived by abscission from the Golgi bodies (dictyosomes) which are found around the perimeter of the spindle in division.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE PELLICLE OF EUGLENA GRACILIS
Authors: Kirk J. T. O. , Juniper B. E. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe fine structure of the pellicle of Euglena gracilis has been investigated by electron microscopy of shadowed isolated pellicles and sections of intact cells. The striations, or ribs, of the pellicle form a β‐helix round the cell. From 7 to 10 ribs are observed to come together at the posterior tip of the cell. As the ribs pass up from the posterior tip they bifurcate twice or three times. The minimum number of ribs on a pellicle was 32; the maximum, 46. The centres of the ribs are separated by approximately 380 mμ.On the outer surface each rib has a longitudinal split. The membrane between the ribs normally appears smooth, but in a few cases, a series of faint, parallel grooves, 58 mμ apart and about 5 mμ in width, at an angle of 41° to the ribs, were seen.On the inner surface the ribs do not appear to be split. Fibres, 12 mμ in diameter, pass from under one rib, across the inter‐rib space, and onto the next rib, at the farther boundary of which they disappear. Most of the fibres are at right angles to the ribs.In sections of cells fixed in potassium permanganate the pellicle appears to consist of a double membrane with two electron‐dense layers, 25–30 Å thick, bounding a space 25–30 Å thick.
The fine structure produced in cells by fixatives*
Authors: BAKER JOHN R. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe research was undertaken with two distinct ends in view: first, to discover what it is, in terms of fine structure, that histologists and cytologists are looking at when they examine routine sectioned material by light microscopy; secondly, to build a rational basis for the process of fixation in electron microscopy itself, by a detailed study of the effects of those fixative substances that are appropriate for this purpose. The whole of the work has been done with the exocrine pancreatic cell of the mouse as test material.
Electron microscope observations on the structure of cytoplasmic filaments in the pig blastocyst
Authors: HALL F. J. , HORNE R. W. , PERRY J. S. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISMorphological studies by electron and light microscopy have been made on the structure of the pig blastocyst at the 12 to 14 day gestation age. Trophoblastic and endodermal monolayers have been shown to contain cells with cytoplasmic filaments of about 80 to 90 Å across and several thousand Ångstroms long. There appeared to be a close association between the filaments and nuclear envelope as well as the desmosomes. The complex arrangement of the filaments is described and it is suggested that in embryonic cells they possess more than one function and relationship to the “bond fastening body” desmosome.
The compound eye and first optic ganglion of the fly: A light and electron microscopic study
Authors: PEDLER C. , GOODLAND H. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe object of this work was to determine the main ultrastructural features of the ommatidium with particular reference to its base and the region of the cone; to establish some architectural features of the first optic ganglion and to clarify the nature of the connections between the ommatidium and the periopticon. Studies of sections cut in several planes have led to the construction of an incomplete schema depicting the main pattern of connections. It is suggested that this pattern is similar in principle to some of the connections found between first and second neurone in the vertebrate retina.It is pointed out that the dimensions of the ommatidium are well suited to the task of providing maximum spatial resolving power together with high sensitivity.The prevalent view that individual rhabdomes in a particular ommatidium can be differentially stimulated is also shown to be highly unlikely. In addition, the finding that the constituent microtubules of radially opposed rhabdomes are parallel is not confirmed.Regularly sized and spaced densities on the plasma membranes of the rhabdome microtubules are reported and the possibility is raised that these may bear some relation to photo‐pigments.A new variety of synapse is reported on localized lengths of axon in the 1st optic ganglion.Finally, the belief that the compound eye is an image‐forming device is criticized and it is suggested that it is more concerned with data processing of light‐evoked responses in order to generate signals concerning particular aspects of the environment.
Experiments to determine the composition of aldehyde fuchsin solutions
Authors: SUMNER BARBARA E. H. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe electrophoretic analysis of aldehyde fuchsin solutions in 70 p.c. ethanol between pH 2·5 and 3·5 shows that the dye is basic, and that solutions of different ages have different components. Young solutions possess reddish violet and red components, the latter probably representing unused basic fuchsin which soon disappears. The oldest solutions possess bluish violet, reddish violet, and bluish green components, of which the latter is the most mobile. It is suggested that the colours of the components may represent the state of substitution of their constituent molecules, and that the mobilities of the components may be the result of polymerization.An experiment with precipitated dye showed that the bluish violet component of old dye was more soluble in acidified 70 p.c. ethanol than the reddish violet component of young dye. The bluish violet component at saturation was as good a stain as young reddish violet dye, whereas the old dye from which the bluish violet component was precipitated was a slow and weak dye. It is suggested that the ageing of aldehyde fuchsin may involve a change of solubility as a result of increase of molecular weight, and this may contribute to the poor staining of old solutions.
Some microscopical aspects of resinography*
Authors: ROCHOW T. G. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISResinography is the science of morphology, structure, and related descriptive characteristics as correlated with composition or treatment and with properties or behaviour of resins, polymers, plastics, and their products (Rochow, 1967a).Like petrography and metallography (both begun in the eighteen‐sixties by Sorby), resinography (Rochow & Gilbert, 1946) had its birth and development in microscopy (Nicolardot & Coffignier, 1924; Roninger, 1933; Rochow, 1939, 1952; Gordon, 1944; Rochow & Gilbert, 1946).
The histochemical demonstration of protein in epithelial mucins*,†
Authors: LEV ROBERT , GERARD ANDRE 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISAlthough the saccharide side chains of epithelial mucins in situ (presumably glycoproteins) can be readily stained, it is difficult to demonstrate the protein core of such mucins histochemically, even following attempts to remove the saccharide residues by various chemical and enzymatic treatments. A protein presumed to be extrinsic to the mucin may be demonstrated directly, under certain circumstances, by the acid dye Biebrich scarlet and indirectly by the increase in basophilia following brief proteolysis. Thiol and disulphide groups in mucins may be demonstrated by both direct and indirect techniques.
Histochemical studies of the formazan reaction: II. The conversion of periodate‐reactive mucosubstances into diphenyl and phenyl‐4‘‐diazo‐3, 3’‐dimethoxybiphenyl formazans and related derivatives
Authors: STOWARD PETER J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISPeriodate‐reactive mucosubstances have been converted into highly‐coloured formazans (as predicted in a previous paper; Stoward, 1967b) by treating periodate‐oxidized sections of fixed tissue first with Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride in phosphate buffer (pH 4–6) and then with tetrazotized 3,3′‐dimethoxybenzidene fluoro‐borate (TDMBF) in aqueous pyridine. The colours of such mucosubstance formazans varied from red through brown and yellow to purple. When diazotized aniline fluoroborate was substituted for TDMBF, the mucosubstance formazans thus obtained were yellow and difficult to distinguish from the surrounding connective tissue.The uptake of excess TDMBF by carboxyl groups of connective‐tissue proteins was prevented by methylating tissue sections beforehand with methanolic thionyl chloride. Most mucosubstance formazans synthesized in such tissues usually contrasted better with the surrounding connective tissue than in unmethylated sections, but their intensity of colour was reduced. In such methylated sections glycogen did not form a formazan and a few mucosubstance “formazans” were colourless. Some mucosubstance formazans in methylated sections coupled substantially with l‐amino‐8‐naphthol‐4‐sulphonic acid, but others did not appear to do so. The wide range of colours and properties exhibited by mucosubstance formazans in situ are probably related to the structure of the periodate‐oxidized “dialdehyde” saccharide units of the mucosubstance from which the formazans were derived. In some periodate‐oxidized mucosubstances such as those in hamster colonic mucous cells, the “dialdehydes” were probably hydrated and underwent internal condensation to form derivatives which, although they reacted with Schiff's reagent, could not be converted into formazans.The several experimental factors which affected the yield and colour of mucosubstance formazans in situ were investigated thoroughly.
Genetic diversity and genotype multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in symptomatic individuals in the maritime region of Togo
Authors: Awaga Kwami L. , Missihoun Tagnon D. , Karou Simplice D. , Djadou Koffi E. , Chabi Nicodème W. , Akati Afoua , Lawson‐Hukportie Afi , Amevo Kokou , Djegno Kodjovi , Guéant Jean L. , Sanni Ambaliou , Amouzou Sabiba K. E. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryObjective  To assess the genotype prevalence and the multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in the maritime region of Togo.Methods  We enrolled 309 symptomatic individuals aged from 6 months to 15 years from Bè/Lomé and Tsévié, two malaria endemic zones. The number and the proportions of merozoite surface proteins 1, 2 and 3 genotypes in patients were determined using capillary electrophoresis genotyping. We further investigated the possible association between transaminases and homocysteine, and the severity of the disease.Results  Of the 309 samples genotyped, 210 tested positive to msp‐1, 227 to msp‐2 and 193 to msp‐3. The nested PCR revealed 22 different alleles for the allelic family msp‐1, 33 for msp‐2 and 13 for msp‐3. At each locus, the family distribution was 54.58% of K1, 25% of MAD20 and 20.42% of RO33 for msp‐1, and 51.71% and 48.29% of FC27 and 3D7, respectively, for msp‐2. For all these allelic variants, the distribution was associated with neither the severity of malaria nor the zone of habitation. Pearson correlation coefficients between either the levels of homocysteine or the transaminase and the severity of the disease were very low.Conclusion  The severity of malaria was not associated with higher multiplicity of infections and did not appear restricted to particular genotypes. More comprehensive explorations including immunity, genetic factors, nutritional and sociologic status of the population could clarify the situation.
Prognostic value of insulin‐like growth factor II mRNA binding protein 3 in patients treated with radical prostatectomy
Authors: Chromecki Thomas F. , Cha Eugene K. , Pummer Karl , Scherr Douglas S. , Tewari Ashutosh K. , Sun Maxine , Fajkovic Harun , Roehrborn Claus G. , Ashfaq Raheela , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Shariat Shahrokh F. 
Published: November 2011

Study Type – Prognosis (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Insulin‐like growth factor II mRNA binding protein 3 (IMP3) is associated with poor outcomes in a variety of malignancies. The role of IMP3 in protate cancer remains poorly understood.IMP3 expression was associated with features of aggressive biology and aggressive prostate cancer recurrence after surgery. Although IMP3 is differentially expressed in patients with features of biologically aggressive prostate cancer, it does not have independent prognostic value in patients treated with RP.OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association of insulin‐like growth factor II mRNA binding protein 3 (IMP3) with pathological features and outcomes in patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Immunohistochemical staining for IMP3 was performed on archival tissue microarray specimens from 232 consecutive patients treated with RP for clinically localized disease.
None of the patients received neoadjuvant or adjuvant radiation or hormone therapy.
IMP3 expression was histologically categorized as normal or abnormal.
Disease recurrence was classified as aggressive if metastases were present, post‐recurrence prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) doubling time was less than 10 months, or if the patients failed to respond to salvage local radiation therapy.
RESULTS
The median follow‐up was 69.8 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 40.1–99.5).
IMP3 expression was abnormal in 42 (18.1%) of 232 patients.
IMP3 expression was associated with extracapsular extension (P= 0.020), seminal vesicle invasion (P= 0.024), lymphovascular invasion (P= 0.036) and a high pathological Gleason score (P= 0.009).
The 5‐year PSA recurrence‐free survival for IMP3‐negative patients was 83% (standard error [SE]= 3) vs 67% (SE = 8) in IMP3‐positive patients (log‐rank test, P= 0.015).
In a multivariable analysis that adjusted for the effects of surgical margins, extracapsular extension and seminal vesicle invasion, PSA (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.04, P= 0.013), lymph node metastasis (HR: 16.7, P < 0.001) and a high pathological Gleason score (HR 4.3, P= 0.008) were significantly associated with PSA recurrence‐free survival, whereas IMP3 expression was not (P= 0.11). Similarly, IMP3 expression was only associated with aggressive recurrence (HR 3.2, P= 0.006).
CONCLUSION
IMP3 expression is abnormal in approximately one‐fifth of prostate cancers. Although IMP3 is differentially expressed in patients with features of biologically aggressive prostate cancer, it does not have an independent prognostic value in patients treated with RP.
Agricultural Export Subsidies and Domestic Support Reform Under the WTO System: What Does It Mean for Welfare in West Africa?
Authors: Alexander Nuetah John , Zuo Ting , Xian Xin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper analyses the potential welfare impacts West Africa tends to encounter from liberalising agricultural export subsidies and domestic support in developed and developing countries according to the reform proposals of the Doha Development Agenda. We base our analysis on the July framework scenario which considers a tiered formula that adopts a Harbinson Approach plus sensitive and special product provisions. The results indicate that while the world prices of the major exportable commodities of the region will fall, those of their imports will rise. Subsequently, consumers of nearly all of the commodities analysed encounter potential welfare losses, while almost all producers of these commodities experience potential welfare gains. Consumers are expected to encounter an aggregate loss of about $591.93 million, while a net producer surplus of about $423.78 million is expected to be generated. However, because the gains by producers are insufficient to compensate consumers’ losses, the fifteen West African nations considered in the analysis are expected to experience a net welfare loss of about $168.16 million. On the contrary, large developing countries such as Brazil, India and China as well as developed nations like the EU and Japan are expected to enjoy net welfare gains. The net losses accrued to the region imply more poverty and heightened food insecurity as all West African countries faced severe hunger situation in 2010. However, even though these findings conform to other research results indicating net food importing countries will become losers from agricultural trade reform, while net food exporters experience welfare gains, concerns of data quality and reliability that are usually associated with macrolevel analysis render these results more indicative than definitive.
S1 domain‐containing STF modulates plastid transcription and chloroplast biogenesis in Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Jeon Young , Jung Hyun Ju , Kang Hunseung , Park Youn‐Il , Lee Soon Hee , Pai Hyun‐Sook 
Published: November 2011

Summary
In this study, we examined the biochemical and physiological functions of Nicotiana benthamiana S1 domain‐containing Transcription‐Stimulating Factor (STF) using virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS), cosuppression, and overexpression strategies.
STF : green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein colocalized with sulfite reductase (SiR), a chloroplast nucleoid‐associated protein also present in the stroma. Full‐length STF and its S1 domain preferentially bound to RNA, probably in a sequence‐nonspecific manner.
STF silencing by VIGS or cosuppression resulted in severe leaf yellowing caused by disrupted chloroplast development. STF deficiency significantly perturbed plastid‐encoded multimeric RNA polymerase (PEP)‐dependent transcript accumulation. Chloroplast transcription run‐on assays revealed that the transcription rate of PEP‐dependent plastid genes was reduced in the STF‐silenced leaves. Conversely, the exogenously added recombinant STF protein increased the transcription rate, suggesting a direct role of STF in plastid transcription. Etiolated seedlings of STF cosuppression lines showed defects in the light‐triggered transition from etioplasts to chloroplasts, accompanied by reduced light‐induced expression of plastid‐encoded genes.
These results suggest that STF plays a critical role as an auxiliary factor of the PEP transcription complex in the regulation of plastid transcription and chloroplast biogenesis in higher plants.
Disruption of pheromone communication in moths: is the natural blend really most efficacious?
Authors: Minks A. K. , Cardé R. T. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIt is widely assumed that a blend of pheromone components, that is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the natural sex attractant, is the most effective mating disruptant for moths. However, the literature contains only limited evidence supporting this assumption. The authors discuss the importance of comparing the relative effectiveness of complete and incomplete pheromone blends when evaluating the potential of mating disruption for controlling pest moths.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids of probable host‐plant origin in the pronotal and elytral secretion of the leaf beetle Oreina cacaliae
Authors: Pasteels J. M. , Rowell‐Rahier M. , Randoux T. , Braekman J. C. , Daloze D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractOreina cacaliae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) produces in its elytral and pronotal defensive secretion seneciphylline N‐oxide together with small amounts of another pyrrolizidine alkaloid tentatively identified as senecionine N‐oxide. This is a strong departure from the chemical composition of the defensive secretions in related species, characterized by complex mixtures of cardenolides, synthesized by the beetles from cholesterol. It is suggested that O. cacaliae sequesters the alkaloids from its host‐plant, Adenostyles leucophylla. Other specimens of O. cacaliae from far distant populations feeding on Senecio nemorensis, Petasites paradoxus or P. album also produced pyrrolizidine alkaloids, but not O. speciosissima feeding on the same food plants and producing cardenolides. In addition to pyrrolizidine alkaloids, O. cacaliae secretes ethanolamine, which is also found in all the cardenolide‐producing species.