bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humphrey Ridley (1653–1708): 17th century evolution in neuroanatomy and selective cerebrovascular injections for cadaver dissection
Authors: Thakur Jai Deep , Sonig Ashish , Chittiboina Prashant , Khan Imad Saeed , Wadhwa Rishi , Nanda Anil 
Published: August 2012

Humphrey Ridley, M.D. (1653–1708), is a relatively unknown historical figure, belonging to the postmedieval era of neuroanatomical discovery. He was born in the market town of Mansfield, 14 miles from the county of Nottinghamshire, England. After studying at Merton College, Oxford, he pursued medicine at Leiden University in the Netherlands. In 1688, he was incorporated as an M.D. at Cambridge. Ridley authored the first original treatise in English language on neuroanatomy, The Anatomy of the Brain Containing its Mechanisms and Physiology: Together with Some New Discoveries and Corrections of Ancient and Modern Authors upon that Subject.
Ridley described the venous anatomy of the eponymous circular sinus in connection with the parasellar compartment. His methods were novel, unique, and effective. To appreciate the venous anatomy, he preferred to perform his anatomical dissections on recently executed criminals who had been hanged. These cadavers had considerable venous engorgement, which made the skull base venous anatomy clearer. To enhance the appearance of the cerebral vasculature further, he used tinged wax and quicksilver in the injections. He set up experimental models to answer questions definitively, in proving that the arachnoid mater is a separate meningeal layer. The first description of the subarachnoid cisterns, blood-brain barrier, and the fifth cranial nerve ganglion with its branches are also attributed to Ridley.
This historical vignette revisits Ridley's life and academic work that influenced neuroscience and neurosurgical understanding in its infancy. It is unfortunate that most of his novel contributions have gone unnoticed and uncited. The authors hope that this article will inform the neurosurgical community of Ridley's contributions to the field of neurosurgery.
Planification directrice forestière et planification d'aménagement du territoire (essai)
Authors: Gmür Philippe 
Published: August 2012

Forestry development planning and land use planning (essay)
The purpose of land use planning is to coordinate the various activities and projects which affect a given region. In many aspects, forestry development planning therefore forms part of land use planning. There is however a nuance in that this planning – limited to the sector of forest land both in content and geographically – is governed by different laws and administrative bodies. Forestry development planning must also take into account issues and decisions concerning areas beyond the forest boundaries. In particular where natural hazards, the wood production chain or important installations for leisure activities are concerned, decisions on land use management must continue to be prepared in both land use planning and forestry development planning and then integrated respectively into the other plan.
Der Wald und die Zukunft der Nachhaltigkeitspolitik (Essay)
Authors: Wachter Daniel 
Published: August 2012

The forest and the future of sustainability policies (essay)
In accordance with the “Rio +20” conference in June, future policies for sustainability will be characterised by the necessary transformation of our economic system into a “green economy”, and the reinforcement of the institutional framework for sustainable development. Forests and forestry policy fit into these priorities extremely well. An increased but sustainable use of wood in order to achieve ecological and economic aims lies directly on target for a green economy. The ban on clearances or the associated reforestation policies are pioneering institutional measures in forestry policy, and these should be applied to other resources. Swiss sustainability policy for the next few years has been defined by the Federal Council in the document “Strategy for sustainable development 2012–2015”. This goes in the direction of the efforts named above, but does not make any statement concerning implementation plans in the realm of forestry. Rather it is the responsibility of forestry policy to put into effect the general strategy as presented.
Der Betriebsplan – eine Verbindung strategischer und operativer Managementprozesse (Essay)
Authors: Schmidt Roger , Grütter Marco 
Published: August 2012

The business plan – a combination of strategic and operational management processes (essay)
Economic success must be the central objective in forestry business planning. Business planning thus differentiates from forest development planning. The latter, depending on the degree of commitment, must enter the operational environmental analysis as an influencing factor or as a restriction. The forest owners remain the most important stakeholders, shaping business organization and the management of their forests within the given legal framework. By means of the business plan, management comes to an agreement with the forest owners over their operative objectives, so that the result is a viable and promising strategy. The planning concept of the Bern State Forest Enterprise integrates existing operative elements into the business plan. Mission statement and management strategy are linked to operational management and implementation by further strategic objectives, such as a silvicultural concept. On an operational and dispositive level, the main instrument is forest production planning and monitoring. Strategic controlling measures complete the concept as described. The foresters on the ground, with their know-how and their operative planning data, contribute to strategic planning. The silvicultural concept is thus largely defined by the foresters responsible for biological production. Besides the strategies, structures and systems, sufficient attention must be paid to soft factors such as corporate culture, staff development and motivation. A successful implementation of the business plan can only be achieved through a high level of common identification with the business objectives.
Wald und Recht (Essay)
Authors: Griffel Alain 
Published: August 2012

Forest and Law (essay)
The forests of Switzerland are afforded special legal protection. Since 1902, the year in which the first piece of forestry legislation was enacted, Swiss forestry law is governed by the principle of conservation and the interdiction to clear forest land. Hence, during the 20th century Swiss forests were able to recover from past exploitation as well as to remain unscathed, at least in the main. Swiss forest protection is a success story. Recent developments have, however, given cause for concern. The fact that the ban on building outside of building zones has been considerably watered down during the last fifteen years – an end to this trend is unfortunately not yet in sight – could, before long, have a substantial bearing on the forests. Indeed, the Swiss legislator recently amended the Forest Act of 1991, and its next amendment is already in the pipeline. The politics of unsustainable settlement expansion are doing enough damage to the Swiss landscape as it is. We must be vigilant in order to ensure that our forests do not become their next victim.
Souffrance au travail en milieu carcéral : les épreuves de l'exercice professionnel au parloir pénitentiaire
Authors: Moulin V. , Sevin A.-S. 
Published: August 2012

Résumé Cet article analyse, à partir d’un modèle intégratif et dynamique, la souffrance au travail et les manifestations de celle-ci, chez les agents pénitentiaires en milieu carcéral dans un espace particulier qui est celui du « parloir pénitentiaire ». Si les questions des facteurs de risques, notamment du stress ou du burn out ont été abondamment traitées dans la littérature, selon des approches factorielles, rares sont les modèles multidimensionnels existants qui permettent de comprendre la complexité et la spécificité des processus en jeu en milieu carcéral. La méthode de recherche relève d’une analyse comparative des espaces professionnels. Soixante-douze entretiens semi-directifs de recherche ont été conduits auprès des surveillants occupant chacun des espaces, dans trois établissements pénitentiaires français. À partir de différents indicateurs, le modèle permet de saisir les processus et étapes qui conduisent à la manifestation de souffrances au travail. Il offre à la fois des perspectives d’intervention et de prévention pour les cadres et psychologues chargés du soutien aux personnels.
Incidence and Severity of Phlebitis in Patients Receiving Peripherally Infused Amiodarone
Authors: Brady Boyce Brenda A. , Yee Barbara Homer 
Published: August 2012

Background
Nurses noted that the rate of phlebitis was high when intravenous amiodarone was infused via a peripheral site. Hospital policy recommends a central vascular catheter, but this method is often not feasible because the drug is administered in emergent situations for short periods.

Objective
To determine the rate and severity of phlebitis in patients given peripherally infused amiodarone.

Methods
The literature, policy, and procedures for administration of amiodarone were reviewed; the pharmacy was consulted; and a data collection tool was developed. The tool was pilot tested and revised, and face validation was established. Data were collected during a 6-month period. A convenience sample was used.

Results
The study included a total of 12 patients. Each new infusion of intravenous amiodarone was considered a separate occurrence, for a total of 24 infusions. Various grades of phlebitis developed in 8 patients (67%). Phlebitis developed at 12 of the 24 infusion sites (50%).

Conclusions
Patients receiving peripherally infused amiodarone are at high risk for phlebitis. This complication may lead to infection, additional medical intervention, delay in treatment, and prolonged hospitalization.
Isolation of Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants by Displacement Chromatography
Authors: McAtee C. Patrick , Hornbuckle Jacob 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis unit discusses the important parameters in designing and optimizing a separation of monoclonal antibody (mAb) charge variants from process streams by ion‐exchange displacement chromatography, including sample preparation and selection of matrix, column, and appropriate buffer. A protocol is provided for determination of optimal column binding and displacement conditions, including cleaning and regeneration of the displacement columns. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 69:8.10.1‐8.10.13. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction to Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Stawikowski Maciej , Fields Gregg B. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA number of synthetic peptides are significant commercial or pharmaceutical products, ranging from the dipeptide sugar substitute aspartame to clinically used hormones such as oxytocin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and calcitonin. This unit provides an overview of the field of synthetic peptides and proteins. It discusses selecting the solid support and common coupling reagents. Additional information is provided regarding common side reactions and synthesizing modified residues. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 69:18.1.1‐18.1.13. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A New Mode of Cyclization of Enynes: Synthesis of Cycloalkyl Ketones through a Platinum‐Catalyzed Hydrative Cycloisomerization Reaction
Authors: Pardo Pilar , Fernández Amadeo , Fañanás Francisco J. , Rodríguez Félix 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA new platinum‐catalyzed cascade reaction that proceeds through an unusual cyclization pathway of enyne derivatives is described. This operationally simple, air‐ and moisture‐tolerant reaction affords cycloalkyl ketone derivatives in a straightforward manner. The reaction can be considered as an unprecedented abnormal platinum‐catalyzed cyclization of enynes. The role of the platinum catalyst promoting at least three different reactions in this auto‐tandem catalytic process should also be remarked. The reaction also includes an unusual site‐selective hydration of a practically symmetrical carbon‐carbon triple bond directed by a hydroxy group. In this work we also describe the first platinum‐catalyzed intramolecular hydroalkylation of an unactivated olefin with a simple dialkyl ketone.
Moderne Aspekte der elektrochemischen Energiespeicherung
Authors: Vielstich Wolf 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSeit etwa einem Jahrzehnt werden international große Anstrengungen gemacht, neue Systeme für die elektrochemische Energiespeicherung zu entwickeln. Um den gegenwärtigen Stand zu beschreiben, werden zunächst die prinzipiellen Möglichkeiten der elektrochemischen Speicherung kurz diskutiert. Die zur Zeit die Entwicklung beherrschenden Probleme, ausgehend vom Studium der Grundlagen bis zur technischen Realisierung, werden angeführt. Stellvertretend für die große Zahl neuer Systeme werden vier charakteristische Speicher näher behandelt: die Redox‐Zelle, die Ni/H2‐Zelle, der Gasakku und die Natrium/Schwefel‐Batterie. Anschließend wird auf die Anwendung in der Elektrotraktion eingegangen.
Brennstoffzellenaggregat mit Wolframcarbid als Anodenkatalysator
Authors: Fleischmann R. , Böhm H. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractEs wurde eine phänomenologische Deutung der Aktivität des Anodenkatalysators Wolframcarbid versucht, unter Heranziehung der Bestimmung der Wasserstoffadsorption aus der Gasphase, verschiedener Oberflächenanalysenmethoden und unterschiedlicher elektrochemischer Messungen. — Darüber hinaus ist der Aufbau eines Brennstoffzellenaggregates auf der Basis von porösen Gasdiffusionselektroden mit Kohle/Wolframcarbid bzw. Kohle/Platin dargestellt.
Rapid Photoreduction of Methyl Viologen with Visible Light using Metal‐Phthalocyanines as Sensitizers
Authors: Tanno Takashi , Wöhrle Dieter , Kaneko Masao , Yamada Akira 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMetal phthalocyanines (MtPc), which are corresponding in their structure to the natural porphines, are interesting in solar energy conversion. The MtPc show activity as sensitizers in photoredox reactions with the aim of H2‐evolution from water. Methyl viologen is reduced through the MtPc effectively in quantum yields till 47% in an organic solvent/water mixture.
Photoreduction Processes on n‐TiO2 Electrodes
Authors: Sprünken H.‐R. , Schumacher R. , Schindler R. N. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPhotoelectrochemical processes are repeatedly suggested to be utilized for the conversion of light into electrical and/or chemical energy. This study reports on photoreduction processes which can be obtained on cathodically polarized n‐TiO2 electrodes when reducible species such as O2, Fe3+, Ce4+, Fe(CN)3‐6, and H2O2 are present in the electrolyte. The changes of photoreduction are investigated as function of the amount of reducible species transported to the surface as well as the wavelength and intensity of the incident light. It is shown that under specific experimental conditions the cathodic quantum efficiency ηc can reach values up to 1. An energy scheme is suggested to explain the mechanism which is responsible for the photoreduction process. In this scheme a broad distribution of surface states is introduced which covers the forbidden gap of the semiconductor from a mid‐gap position up to levels close to the tower edge of the conduction band ECB. It is assumed that these surface states mediate the transfer of electrons and holes from the illuminated electrode to the solution. Possible reaction channels are discussed.
Stoichiometry of Proton Translocation during Photosynthesis
Authors: Rathenow M. , Rumberg B. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractFormation of ATP in photosynthesis takes place at the expense of free energy stored in the gradient of protons across the thylakoid membrane. Set up of the proton gradient is accomplished by the light‐driven electron transport reactions. The stoichiometry of H+ translocation across the thylakoid membrane is determined with respect to electron flow and ATP synthesis. Direct information is obtained on the basis of the H+ flux measurement. Depending on the experimental conditions two or three H+ are translocated from outside into the aqueous inner phase of the thylakoid vesicles for each electron which is transferred through the electron transport chain. Three H+ are translocated from inside to outside across the ATPase for each ATP molecule which is synthesized. Mechanistic and energetic consequences are discussed.
Orientation Correlation and Dielectric Relaxation of the Zwitterionic Head Groups of Dimyristoyl‐Lecithin Multi‐Bilayer Vesicles
Authors: Kaatze Udo , Henze Rolf 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe spectrum of the complex permittivity of a colloidal aqueous dimyristoyl‐lecithin solution has been measured as a function of time. The change in the dielectric properties of bilayers was observed during the growth of the vesicles (after first small aggregates had been produced by sonication). The measurements were performed in the spectral range from 100 kHz to 40 MHz by fast response time domain spectroscopy. The data are phenomenologically treated in terms of a Debye relaxation spectral function and are also discussed on the basis of a theoretical model of the solutions. — The study supports the conception of a domain structure of the bilayer surface. It is shown, that the dielectric domains, which are characterized by a pronounced orientation correlation of the zwitterions, increase in size if the radius of curvature of the bilayers increases. There is also a strong relation between the dielectric relaxation time and the orientation correlation of the head groups. This result indicates that the reorientation of the zwitterions is a collective phenomenon. With respect to the kinetics of the process of vesicle growth, the data show a particularly high rate of increase in the vesicle size near the crystalline/liquid‐crystalline phase transition temperature of the bilayer system.
pH‐Dependent Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 8 [1]: Photochemical Reversible Ring Opening of 4‐Phenylumbelliferone
Authors: Wolfbeis Otto S. , Lippert Ernst , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe pH‐dependent absorption and fluorescence spectra of 4‐phenylumbelliferone (4‐PU) are reported. 4‐PU, which is a model for several natural compounds, shows an unusual behaviour in fluorescing due to a species formed in acidic solutions by an adiabatic photoreaction during the lifetime of the excited state. This fluorescent species is shown to be either a phototautomer or, more likely, a quinoid ketene phototautomer. The latter can be trapped by H2 18O to form an 18O‐enriched coumarin dye, which is identified using high resolution mass spectrometry.
Spektroskopische Eigenschaften von Silacyclopentadienderivaten
Authors: Hennig H. , Heckner K.‐H. , Pavlov A. A. , Kuzmin M. G. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDie elektronischen Absorptions‐ und Fluoreszenzspektren sowie andere spektroskopische Parameter (Extinktionskoeffizienten, Fluoreszenzlebensdauern, Fluoreszenzquantenausbeuten) von Silacycloheptadienderivaten in Dioxan wurden bestimmt und der Einfluß der Substituenten auf diese Parameter diskutiert. Die starke Zunahme der strahlungslosen Desaktivierung bei der Einführung von Phenylgruppen in die 3‐ und 4‐Position des Silacyclopentadienringes wird durch erhöhte innere Konversion, verursacht durch die Rotationsschwingung der Phenylgruppen, erklärt. Der Vergleich der spektroskopischen Eigenschaften von 1,2,3,4,5‐Pentaphenylsilacyclopentadien mit 1,2,3,4,5‐Pentaphenylcyclopentadien und 1‐Methyl‐1,2,3,4,5‐Pentaphenylsilacyclohexadien (2,4) zeigt, daß die Einführung des Si‐Atoms in den Cyclopentadienring eine Absenkung der elektronischen Energiezustände des Moleküls bewirkt. Diese wird durch d,π‐Wechselwirkung des Si‐Atoms mit dem π‐System des Moleküls erklärt.
Liquid Mixtures of n‐Alkane Pairs: Prediction of Excess Properties from the Flory Theory without Using Solution Data
Authors: Liebermann Ernst 
Published: August 2012

AbstractFlory's theory is applied to predict excess molar volumes VE and enthalpies of mixing HE from the PVT behavior of the pure liquid n‐alkanes. The number of necessary pure‐component data is kept to a minimum: VE is obtained from the molar volumes of the aliphatic hydrocarbons and their dependence on temperature, whereas calculation of HE requires also their dependence on pressure. Used equations are free from empirical parameters and need not be fitted to any solution property.
Heavy Atom Substituents as Molecular Probes for Solvent Effects on the Dynamics of Short‐lived Triplet Exciplexes
Authors: Winter Gerhard , Steiner Ulrich 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe influence of heavy atom substituents (Br, I) in the electron donor aniline on the electron transfer reaction with thiopyronine triplet is investigated by flash spectroscopy in solvents of different viscosity and polarity. Triplet quenching constants and radical yields are determined. The results are analysed in terms of decay constants of an intermediate triplet exciplex where the heavy atom substituents significantly enhance the intersystem crossing process leading to singlet ground state formation and thus diminishing the radical yield due to exciplex dissociation. The sensitivity of the radical yield to solvent effects is strongly enhanced by heavy atom substitution though the solvent effects proper on the exciplex dynamics are substituent independent. The heavy atom effect is used to study the solvent cage effect on exciplex dissociation by means of viscosity variation. The exciplex dissociation lifetime is proportional to solvent viscosity, however, it contains a constant contribution which may be attributed to exciplex bonding. By means of the heavy atom probes it is found that increasing solvent polarity intersystem crossing in the exciplex is favored over exciplex dissociation into radicals. A tentative explanation is given in terms of solvent polarity dependence of the electronic energy gap between exciplex and corresponding Franck‐Condon ground state.
Students' understanding of external representations of the potassium ion channel protein part II: Structure–function relationships and fragmented knowledge
Authors: Harle Marissa , Towns Marcy H. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractResearch that has focused on external representations in biochemistry has uncovered student difficulties in comprehending and interpreting external representations. This study focuses on students' understanding of three external representations (ribbon diagram, wireframe, and hydrophobic/hydrophilic) of the potassium ion channel protein. Analysis of the interview data demonstrates that students were able to use the ribbon structures and polarity of the cell membrane to help support claims about the protein's orientation and interactions within the cell membrane. Students expressed fragmented understandings of the interactions between the potassium ion and the aqueous solution outside/inside of the cell membrane. Suggestions for instruction are to probe student understanding to help students activate prior knowledge and to help them build a more connected set of concepts pertaining to protein structure and function.