bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Value of Understanding
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractUnderstanding has a special kind of value that other epistemic states such as knowledge do not, and this fact threatens the justification for the focus on knowledge that the history of epistemology displays. Elsewhere it has been argued that knowledge does not possess this special value. There are a couple of lines of argument, however, that threaten to extend the denial of this special value for knowledge to a denial of a special value for understanding. Underlying all such challenges is the obvious fact that the language of knowing and the language of understanding are closely related. In this discussion it is argued that the kind of understanding that we prize most is immune from the concerns that have plagued the theory of knowledge.
The Goods and the Motivation of Believing
Authors: Jones Ward E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with an argument to the effect that some doxastic goods are surreptitious motivators: in so far as they work to bring about belief, they must do so without the agent herself being aware of their so working. The existence of surreptitious motivators raises two questions. First, ‘Do surreptitious doxastic goods provide us with reasons to believe?’ Recent work in value theory suggests an argument for the following claim: if a good cannot consciously motivate a believer to believe, then that good cannot provide a reason to believe. The second question raised by surreptitious motivators is the following, ‘Is it possible that important values governing our doxastic lives can only motivate surreptitiously?’ Discussion of this second question interrogates the so-called credit account of the value of knowledge, which conceives of the value of knowledge as a surreptitious motivator. The chapter ends with a brief look at an alternative approach towards conceiving of the value of knowledge.
Practical Reasoning and the Concept of Knowledge
Authors: Weiner Matthew 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHawthorne has argued for subject-sensitive invariantism, on which whether a speaker knows that p depends on whether her practical environment makes it appropriate for her to use p in practical reasoning. It may seem that this view yields a straightforward account of why knowledge is epistemically valuable, based on the role of knowledge in practical reasoning. In this chapter it is argued that, on the contrary, practical reasoning does not motivate us to care about knowledge in itself. At best, practical reasoning motivates us to care about several other concepts in themselves, and ascriptions of knowledge provide economical summaries of these independently epistemically valuable desiderata.
Pragmatic Encroachment and Epistemic Value
Authors: Engel Pascal 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSome philosophers, who defend ‘pragmatic encroachment’ and ‘subject-sensitive invariantism’, argue that changes in the importance of being right and significant increases of the costs of error in given contexts can alter the standards of knowledge. If this view where correct, it could explain to some extent the practical value of knowledge. In this chapter it is argued that the pragmatic encroachment thesis is wrong. Three possible sources of encroachment on epistemic notions are discussed, relating to, respectively, belief, justification, and knowledge. The idea that epistemic standards change with practical stakes is rejected. Pragmatic factors can be relevant to the formation of belief and to the context of inquiry, although they are not relevant to epistemic evaluation. Epistemic value cannot depend upon such factors.
Curiosity and the Value of Truth
Authors: Brady Michael S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the question of whether true belief can have final value because it answers our ‘intellectual interest’ or ‘natural curiosity’. The idea is that sometimes we are interested in the truth on some issue not for any ulterior purpose, but simply because we are curious about that issue. It is argued that this approach fails to provide an adequate explanation of the final value of true belief, since there is an unbridgeable gap between our valuing the truth on some issue for its own sake, and that truth's being valuable for its own sake.
What is a public health brand?
Authors: Blitstein Jonathan L. , Evans W. Douglas , Driscoll David L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Branding can be viewed by public health practitioners as a tool that will allow them to influence the perceived costs of engaging in health promoting behaviours. Branded campaigns promote a consumer orientation that emphasizes the nature of the exchange by appealing to the individual's self-interest. This approach will become increasingly important to the field of public health as individuals are required to take a more active role in the production of their health. We can differentiate commercial brands from public health brands by recognizing that the brand object of a public health brand is the voluntary health promoting behaviour the individual is being asked to take up or maintain. In order to be successful, public health practitioners need to consider carefully factors such as demand, competition, and timing in order that consumers perceive the brand as delivering its promised benefits.
Help:A European public health brand in the making?
Authors: Hastings Gerard , Freeman Jo , Spackova Renata , Siquier Pierre 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHELP is the first attempt to build a pan European public health brand. This chapter analyzes its progress in terms of three key branding constructs: recognition, promise, and delivery. A mixture of qualitative and quantitative research suggests that it is making progress in all three areas. HELP suggests that international public health brands can be successfully built and deployed. However, it also suggests that building these brands presents unique challenges. In particular, it is difficult to pull together like minded but nonetheless independent Government and NGO tobacco control stakeholders behind a cohesive brand strategy; a corporation, such as Philip Morris or BAT, with its more hierarchical and clearly defined structures does not face these problems.
Branding play for children: VERBTM It’s what you do
Authors: Huhman Marian , Price Simani M. , Potter Lance D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe VERB campaign used a branding strategy closely modeled after the methods used to brand commercial products in the private sector. The VERB brand was the organizing element for the campaign's marketing approach and advertising platforms to reach its target audience of tweens. A continuous tracking survey monitored the VERB brand's performance, giving feedback about the reach, appeal, and relevance of the brand and the TV commercials. Using the VERB brand for different behaviours and in different settings were examples of opportunities that were considered; some were implemented, with lessons learned for other public health campaigns.
Branding through cultural grounding: Thekeepin’ it REALcurriculum
Authors: Hecht Michael L. , Lee Jeong Kyu 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCulture plays an important role in commercial as well as public health branding. A cultural grounding approach to branding appeals to the cultural/social elements of the target population and nurtures a relationship with audiences by calling up their own meanings, messages, and identities. The cultural grounding approach was used to develop the keepin' it REAL curriculum, an efficacious, multicultural, substance abuse middle school prevention program. The keepin' it REAL curriculum culturally grounded its branded health promotion messages through narratives and community-based participatory research. Cultural grounding to branding is a method for developing culturally grounded health brand and provides useful insights for health message design centered on social and cultural forces.
Public health brands in the developing world
Authors: Evans W. Douglas , Haider Muhiuddin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPublic health brands are a rapidly growing social marketing strategy in the developing world. There are parallels between public health brands in the developed and developing worlds in terms of health issues addressed and difference in terms of channels used and social context. Care studies from HIV/AIDS, malaria prevention, and reproductive health illustrate public health branding in the developing world. There are important research questions concerning the marketing mix and effects of social context in brand equity.
The HIV pandemic and health systems: an introduction
Authors: Beck Eduard J , Mays Nicholas 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces the book. The book focuses on relating different countries' responses to their HIV epidemic and focuses on four specific questions. Which health systems have done well in responding to their country's HIV epidemic and why? To what extent do country's GDP per capita, prevalence of HIV, quality of health system or other factors predict success of failure? Can ‘lessons’ be drawn and are there specific factors that are universally positive or negative for HIV control? Are the ‘lessons’ that have been drawn from the most celebrated country responses correct, and, if so, are they helpful to a wide range of countries? Looking across countries should help enlarge the policy repertoire and spur improvements within countries as they discover more about the potential range of responses to common issues that have been tried in other places.
Social and economic impact of the HIV pandemic
Authors: Quinlan Tim , Whiteside Alan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn early 2003, an outbreak of a new disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused panic around the world. When the disease was finally brought under control and the costs were totalled, SARS had claimed 321 lives in twenty-six countries. The estimated cost to the global economy was between US$40 billion and US$140 billion. In contrast, HIV has been recognized for more than twenty years. Since the epidemic began, more than sixty million people have been infected and twenty million died. The HIV pandemic has not been brought under control, and the toll continues to mount. Yet, this disease has not had the level of global, social, and economic response that SARS had. This chapter explains why this is the case, by first looking at the social and economic impacts of the pandemic.
Legal and human rights implications
Authors: Patterson David , Forman Lisa 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAny discussion of the relationship of law to HIV and health systems must situate the national legal framework that regulates the provision of healthcare and services within the international legal and human rights framework by which all countries are bound. Domestic law is directly and indirectly influenced by international treaty and customary law, and there is no policy in the world that operates outside the parameters of international law. The international system is overseen by specialized treaty committees, which have given guidance on national obligations relating to HIV in both their general comments and when reviewing periodic country reports. This chapter discusses both the content and implications of international law for the provision of national HIV services. It considers the linkages between health and human rights; limitations on rights to protect public health; law and human rights on HIV-related health services in resource-poor countries; and international and domestic accountability mechanisms.
Strategic information for HIV programmes
Authors: De Lay Paul R , Massoud Nicole , Rugg Deborah L , Stanecki Karen A , Carael Michel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe concept of a country-based HIV strategic information system described in this chapter encompasses a much broader scope than the monitoring of behavioural and epidemiological trends. The notion of strategic information is derived from the military and the private sectors, where information plays a crucial role in formulating, implementing, and evaluating strategies. In HIV, strategic information is now being seen as the cornerstone of an evidence-informed approach to the decision making required for designing and implementing effective prevention, treatment and care programmes. The data sources and methods used in collecting strategic information vary, but typically rely on data from surveillance systems and special surveys, health management information systems, programme and service monitoring, and operational research. It can be defined as acquiring, analyzing, and making use of relevant, consistent, accurate, timely, and affordable information from multiple sources in support of HIV strategies for the purpose of programme and service improvement.
Ethiopia
Authors: Kitaw Yayehyirad , Mariam Damen Haile , Demissie Araya , Wolday Dawit , Messele Tsehaynesh , Aberra Endalamaw , Belay Teklu , Kassa Afework 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews Ethiopia' response to its HIV epidemic. Overall, the government of Ethiopia has shown great commitment in tackling the problems posed by the HIV epidemic in the country. The magnitude of the epidemic in the major urban settings appears to be stabilizing or even lessening, but in rural settings it is on the increase. Although much effort has gone into overcoming the problems described above, much still needs to be done to strengthen these efforts, particularly to reduce the effects of HIV in rural areas. This will call for more national, international, and bilateral organizations to work together.
Uganda
Authors: Parkhurst Justin O , Ssengooba Freddie , Serwadda David 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews Uganda's response to its HIV epidemic. While Uganda has been widely praised for its political response to the HIV epidemic, and has seen substantial reductions in its HIV prevalence across the population, the roles of the political environment and health system must be assessed to understand what happened in the country. A key challenge now facing Uganda is how to develop a health system that is currently characterized by drug shortages, even observed for basic treatments like chloroquine, and difficulties in delivering relatively simple interventions such as immunizations, in order to deliver complex, resource-intensive, high-tech services such as management of opportunistic infections, voluntary counselling and testing, ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission programmes will require the developments in all societal systems influencing health and healthcare.
Cambodia
Authors: Morineau Guy , Pelt Maurits H van , Bourdier Frédéric , Wolf R Cameron 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews Cambodia's response to its HIV epidemic. Donors need to have both short-term and long-term objectives and an appropriate health sector development vision. While some positive and urgently needed services have been provided to PLHIV in Cambodia, integrated strategies are vital in order to address the immediate needs for HIV prevention, care, treatment, and support while building a sustainable response for the future of the health system and other societal systems influencing health and healthcare.
China
Authors: Shao-Jun Ma , Hillier Sheila , Kong-Lai Zhang , Shen Jay J , Fan Lu , Min Liu , Cheng-Gang Jin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews China's response to its HIV epidemic. It urges the government to initiate strong programmes of health promotion throughout China, using all the sophisticated means of communication available; promote cross-ministry cooperation with joint planning groups at each level, with an emphasis on the involvement of civil society, non-governmental organizations, and local businesses in health planning; increase the overall investment in health from its current 5.3 percent of GDP and place it mainly in training and preventive health; and improve the legislative framework and protection of vulnerable people and those most at risk for HIV infection.
India
Authors: Priya R , Kumarasamy N , Qadeer I , Ganesh AK , Solomon S , Crowe SM 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews India's response toits HIV epidemic. It argues that the provision of prevention and treatment services for HIV-infected people through non-government organizations (NGOs) or the private sector is not an adequate solution in the Indian context. The scale of operations required; the social, religious, economic, and geographical heterogeneity of India; and the low income of the majority of India's citizens mean that the only solution to effective prevention and treatment of HIV infection is to develop public systems linked with community support structures.
The Philippines
Authors: Monzon Ofelia T , Poblete Roderick E 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews the Philippines's response to its HIV epidemic. Based on the AIDS Registry numbers, the Philippines remains a country with low HIV prevalence with a seroprevalence rate of 0.01 percent concentrated among vulnerable populations. This can be attributed to early recognition by the government, complemented by strong community interventions by non-government organizations (NGOs) and the strategic infusion of external resources from partners and donors. Collaboration among stakeholders led to sound policy formulation and comprehensive responses to HIV. Thus, although the current health system is insufficient to meet the needs of the country as it continues to undergo reforms, it has, nevertheless, been able to cope with the challenges of managing a relatively small number of affected individuals in partnership with local NGOs and external organizations.
Haiti
Authors: Augustin Antoine , Fitzgerald Daniel W , Pape Jean William 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews Haiti's response to its HIV epidemic. Haiti has demonstrated that effective services can be implemented despite political unrest and limited financial support. Haiti has had fourteen governments in eighteen years, but the political commitment to fight HIV has been a constant: the HIV epidemic was recognized and defined very early in its course in Haiti, and a coordinated public and private response was quickly mounted. This response would have been unsuccessful were it not for the effective participation of the private health sector and the recognition of the importance of public and private philanthropic partnerships. This was evidenced by Haiti's successful Global Fund application, which was the result of close collaboration between the public and private sectors in Haiti.
Costa Rica
Authors: Martínez Jessica Salas , Echeverria Ignacio Salom 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews Costa Rica's response to its HIV epidemic. The country's most important achievement in dealing with the epidemic thus far has been ensuring access to affordable antiretroviral drugs for all patients who need them. It must be remembered that Costa Rica is a developing country with limited resources to spend on services, and yet it prioritized and managed this problem as though it were part of the wealthier, industrialized world and did so without any foreign financial support. What made this possible was the country's focus on developing social services for its populatin and the size of the epidemic: by the time HIV patients started receiving HAART in November 1997, there were no more than 400 patients requiring it. As soon as they appeared, antiretrovirals were purchased as generics, with optimal results in terms of CD4, viral load and health recovery.
France
Authors: Flori Yves-Antoine , Moty Céline , Patouillard Edith , Dabis François , Salamon Roger 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews France's response to its HIV epidemic. France's response to HIV involved many actors including those from government, non-government organizations, clinicians, and social scientists, among others, and produced responses ranging from access to care to the protection of patients' rights. As in other European countries, the availability of HAART has led to a significant reduction in mortality as well as improvement in the health status of all HIV-infected patients. As a result, HIV is considered to have moved from an acute to a chronic disease in France. The fact that most patients have been covered by social security has been a key factor in effective treatment efforts.
Italy
Authors: Taroni Francesco , France George , Tramarin Andrea , Conti Emma , Donatini Andrea , Compostella Fernando Antonio 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews Italy's response to its HIV epidemic. More than twenty years after the diagnosis of the first case of AIDS, the pattern of the HIV epidemic in Italy has significantly changed. A particular feature of the Italian case is that heterosexual transmission has been increasing, mainly as a result of sexual contact with injecting drug users (IDUs). This reflects the fact that, despite a number of local success stories, Italy has not been successful in preventing the spread of HIV infection both among and from IDUs.
Russian Federation
Authors: Stachowiak J , Peryshkina A , Lessof S 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews the Russian Federation's response to its HIV epidemic. The Russian experience has particularly demonstrated: that Russia's infectious disease control measures not only violate human rights but are ineffective in limiting the spread of HIV; that case-finding surveillance in itself is not HIV prevention and can be misleading; and that punitive legislative approaches in the absence of accurate information about the epidemic and education of people at risk serve to increase stigma, make the most vulnerable people even more difficult to reach and raise the risk of further HIV infection in these groups.
Spain
Authors: Castilla Jesús , Noguer Isabel , Repullo José Ramón 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews Spain's response to its HIV epidemic. The Spanish National Health System provides a framework that can respond quickly to the growing need for HIV control within the population. Its HIV-related interventions have always been based on the principles of free access, universality, and equity. In order to decrease delays in HIV diagnosis, offering confidential and anonymous HIV testing and counselling as widely as possible has also proven highly effective. In particular, providing free antiretroviral drugs to all patients who can benefit from this treatment has proved to be effective in reducing AIDS, premature death, hospital admissions, and length of stay due to opportunistic infections.
The United Kingdom
Authors: Imrie John , Dougan Sarah , Gray Kimberly , Adler Michael W , Johnson Anne M , Evans Barry G , Peters Barry S 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews the United Kingdom's response to its HIV epidemic. Even with a relatively small HIV epidemic, which is being fuelled by ongoing transmission by people living in the UK and some coming from endemic areas, and a stable socio-political and economic position, the UK's National Health Service (NHS) is experiencing some problems meeting increased costs for HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support.
Canada
Authors: Rusch Melanie , Alfonso Victor , Hankins Catherine , Montaner Julio , O’Shaugnessy Michael , Hogg Robert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews Canada's response to its HIV epidemic. The Canada Health Act, with its five principles, has broadly influenced the response to the HIV epidemic. The CSHA and Health Canada provide guidelines for various HIV-related policy issues, while each province and territory develops its own response to the epidemic. Canada's universal healthcare system has not eliminated inequity in access to treatment and care, although it is not as marked as that observed in other systems. Other problems include complacency and resurgence in the third decade of the HIV epidemic, despite prevention and education programmes, and the cost of healthcare.