bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occupational Therapy in Acute Inpatient Psychiatry: An Activities Health Approach
Authors: Robinson Anne Mazur , Avallone Joan 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article discusses some of the challenges that occupational therapists working in acute psychiatric inpatient settings commonly face. There is often a lack of sufficient time available for treatment as well as limitations inherent in addressing functional problems in the artificiality of a hospital environment. A theoretical framework is introduced from which the role of occupational therapy and realistic objectives for acute short-term care can be identified. This framework for inpatient occupational therapy practice is based on the concept of activities health, which provides a definition of health in functional rather than medical terms. The importance of emphasizing the patient’s competence in roles assumed in community living is emphasized. A step-by-step approach to program development with specific examples is also provided.
An Infant and Toddler Feeding Group Program
Authors: Chamberlin Jacquelyn L. , Henry Michele M. , Roberts Juanita D. , Sapsford Amy L. , Courtney Sherry E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
At Children’s Medical Center of Dayton, Ohio, several children whose early oral feedings were delayed or especially difficult due to physical problems became resistant and exhibited aversive behaviors when oral feeding was introduced. A support group, which lasted for 9 months, was initiated with six of these children and their families. In the group, professionals provided the families with general information about nutrition and behavior and with individualized intervention strategies for the nutritional and behavioral management of their child’s specific problems. The families contributed mutual support and problem solving strategies through the group process. Each child demonstrated progress during the 9-month period, which suggests that intervention in a support-group format can be a successful alternative to an individual inpatient program for eating disorders in some young children.
The Effects of Task Preference on Performance During Purposeful and Nonpurposeful Activities
Authors: Bakshi Rita , Bhambhani Yagesh , Madill Helen 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study examined the number of repetitions, increase in heart rate, increase in blood pressure, and rating of perceived exertion of subjects performing the most-preferred and least-preferred tasks from a predetermined list under purposeful and nonpurposeful conditions. Twenty healthy women completed the four experimental tests in random order for a period of 10 min each. The results indicated that there was no significant interaction (p &gt; .05) between task choice and condition, thus implying that the subjects’ performance was not influenced by task preference regardless of whether the activity was purposeful or nonpurposeful. Comparisons between the purposeful and nonpurposeful conditions revealed that the increase in heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were significantly higher (p &lt; .05) during nonpurposeful activity for both the most-preferred and the least-preferred tasks. On the basis of these results, it is recommended that therapists use purposeful, or goal-directed, activities in their practice, even if they are unable to provide their patients with a choice of therapeutic tasks.
Survey of Physical Agent Modality Use
Authors: Taylor Eve , Humphry Ruth 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists interested in physical disabilities practice (N = 629) responded to a questionnaire regarding their use of, training in, and opinions on physical agent modalities. Therapists in hand rehabilitation were the most frequent users of these modalities. Of the listed modalities, the most frequently used was hot and cold packs; the least used was ultrasound. The modalities used most frequently were typically performed without assistance, whereas those used less frequently were more likely to be performed with the assistance of a physical therapist. The most common educational experience for physical agent modality use was on-the-job training. Therapists who provided direct care were more positive about the use of these modalities in occupational therapy practice than were those who acted primarily as administrators, fieldwork educators, or supervisors. Respondents who specialized in hand therapy viewed modalities in a more positive light than did therapists in other areas of physical disabilities practice.
Clinical Reasoning in Medicine Compared With Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Fleming Maureen Hayes 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article highlights some observations made in the American Occupational Therapy Association/American Occupational Therapy Foundation Clinical Reasoning Study, an ethnographic study of 14 occupational therapists working in a large teaching hospital. Concepts and premises that frequently appear in the clinical reasoning in medicine literature are discussed and compared and contrasted to observations and interpretations made of the practice and reasoning strategies of the occupational therapists who were participants in the Clinical Reasoning Study. It is postulated that similarities in the reasoning strategies of the members of the two professions are a result of use of the scientific model that calls for hypothetical reasoning. Differences, it is proposed, are accounted for by the difference in the particular focus, goals, and tasks of the two professions and the nature of the practice in those arenas. Five hypotheses are proposed as questions for further research in clinical reasoning in occupational therapy.
Analysis of Upper Extremity Movement in Four Sitting Positions: A Comparison of Persons With and Without Cerebral Palsy
Authors: McPherson James J. , Schild Richard , Spaulding Sandi J. , Barsamian Paula , Transon Carol , White Scott C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purposes of this study were to compare the arm movements of persons with and without cerebral palsy and to determine if the alteration of the seat angle of a chair affected the quality of those movements. Twelve subjects—3 men and 3 women with spastic cerebral palsy and 3 men and 3 women without any known anomalies that could affect arm movements—were studied. The number of movement elements constituting a reach was used to measure the quality of movements. The findings demonstrated significant differences in the number of movement elements used by the subjects with and without cerebral palsy regardless of position. No significant differences could be attributed to the seating positions. Implications are discussed in relation to the method used in the analysis of movements and the effect of the findings for research and treatment.
The Search for Useful Methodologies in Occupational Science
Authors: Carlson Michael E. , Clark Florence A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Debate currently exists on the soundness of various research methodologies in the social sciences. In the present paper, this question is addressed in relation to the emerging discipline of occupational science. First, the discipline of occupational science is defined. Next, two competing methodologies – Paradigm 1, Positivistic, and Paradigm 2, Naturalistic – are contrasted. The criteria of genuineness and trustworthiness are proposed as crucial for the evaluation of the soundness of available research methodologies for the extension of occupational science. Next, exemplars of research methodologies that meet these criteria are described. In the conclusion, the role that nonscientific ways of knowing, such as art and literature, may play in the understanding of human occupation is discussed.
Mothers’ Perceptions of Home Treatment Programs for Their Preschool Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Hinojosa Jim , Anderson Jill 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Data from 8 mothers of preschool children with cerebral palsy were collected through intensive interviews concerning their experience with home programs. The data were analyzed with qualitative techniques. Each mother had previously participated in or attempted to use a home treatment program with her child, but none was currently doing so. The mothers’ descriptions suggest that they selected activities that were do-able and that they could integrate into their daily routines and interactions. Some important characteristics of these activities were that they were enjoyable for the child and not stressful for the child, the mother, or the family.
Barrier-Free Design: A Review and Critique of the Occupational Therapy Perspective
Authors: Cooper Barbara Acheson , Cohen Uriel , Hasselkus Betty Risteen 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This review of the occupational therapy literature on barrier-free design identifies both a paucity of related occupational therapy research on the topic and a lack of a common conceptual base with which to guide the development and use of environmental assessments. Nonetheless, two fledgling themes can be extrapolated: the consistent reference to the concepts of accessibility, mobility, function, and safety and an increased awareness among occupational therapists regarding the accessibility standards developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) (ANSI, 1971, 1980). A problem-solving model suggested by designers for the 1979 revision of ANSI standards that incorporates these conceptual themes is described and discussed.
A Comparison of the Cost-Effectiveness of Two Types of Occupational Therapy Services
Authors: Trahey Phyllis J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The demand for efficient and effective health care prompted this study comparing the treatment outcomes and personnel costs of two types of occupational therapy service provision for the patient with a total hip replacement. System 1 used traditional individual treatment as the primary service provision method, with group treatment used as an adjunct. System 2 used group treatment as the primary intervention method, with individual treatment as the adjunct. Program evaluation research found the study subjects to be demographically homogeneous with no difference in treatment outcomes relative to four specific functional performance goals. Direct labor costs, however, were reduced by more than one third for the System 2 patients. The results of this study suggest that for specific rehabilitation patient populations, group treatment could be a cost-effective method of occupational therapy service provision.
An Investigation of Involvement in Leisure Activities After a Stroke
Authors: Jongbloed Lyn , Morgan Debra 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of occupational therapy intervention related to the leisure activities of stroke survivors. Forty discharged stroke patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group, which received occupational therapy intervention related to leisure activities, or to a control group. An independent evaluator assessed the patients’ involvement in activities and satisfaction with that involvement on three separate occasions. The results showed no statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in activity involvement or satisfaction with that involvement. There are likely two reasons for these findings. First, the intervention was limited in scope (i.e., only five therapist visits), and second, many environmental factors strongly influence activity participation and satisfaction.
Leisure Activities After a Stroke: An Ethnographic Approach
Authors: Krefting Laura , Krefting Douglas 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Ethnography is a qualitative research design that has relevance for clinical research in occupational therapy. The ethnographic approach is illustrated in the present paper through a description of how it could be used to investigate the effectiveness of an occupational therapy leisure intervention with stroke survivors. This paper contrasts ethnography with a randomized clinical trial design addressing the same question. Background information about ethnography, its relationship to other qualitative approaches, and its relevance to occupational therapy is addressed. Additionally, specific aspects of the research process are described, including triangulation of data-gathering strategies, sampling, and analysis. The limitations of ethnography are then described. The paper concludes with some examples of ethnographic work with persons with disabilities.
Early Object Rule Acquisition
Authors: Pierce Doris E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to generate a grounded theory of early object rule acquisition. The grounded theory approach and computer coding were used to analyze videotaped samples of an infant’s and a toddler’s independent object play, which produced the categories descriptive of three primary types of object rules: rules of object properties, rules of object action, and rules of object affect. This occupational science theory offers potential for understanding the role of objects in human occupations, for development of instruments, and for applications in occupational therapy early intervention.
The Validity of the Constructional Subtests of the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests
Authors: Cermak Sharon A. , Murray Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study was designed to examine the validity of the Design Copying and Constructional Praxis subtests of the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT) (Ayres, 1989) through an examination of convergent validity and the use of contrast groups. The subjects were 39 children aged 5 to 8 years. Of these children, 21 had learning disabilities and 18, who served as the control group, had no learning disabilities. The subjects were administered the SIPT as well as four other standardized measures of constructional abilities: the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery, 1980), the Block Design subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Revised (Wechsler, 1974), the Primary Visual Motor Test (Haworth, 1970), and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (Waber & Holmes, 1985). The results indicated that the children with learning disabilities performed significantly more poorly than did the control subjects on both the Design Copying and Constructional Praxis subtests. These two subtests showed moderately high correlations (.46 to .71) with the other tests of constructional abilities when both groups were combined. Correlations were mostly in the moderate range for the children with learning disabilities but were generally not significant for the control sample. The results are discussed in terms of task demands and subject variability.
Comparison of Pencil-Grip Patterns in First Graders With Good and Poor Writing Skills
Authors: Schneck Colleen M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare nondysfunctional children with and without handwriting difficulties for an examination of grip and hand preference. Additionally, in the group of children with handwriting difficulties, the children with decreased proprioceptive-kinesthetic finger awareness were compared with the children without such a decrease. The results suggest that children with handwriting difficulties may demonstrate a lower grip score than children without handwriting problems. In addition, among children with poor handwriting, those with decreased proprioceptive-kinesthetic finger awareness may demonstrate a lower grip score than those with good proprioceptive-kinesthetic awareness. Children with poor handwriting also show less hand preference than those with good handwriting.
Women, HIV Infection, and AIDS: Tapestries of Life, Death, and Empowerment
Authors: Pizzi Michael 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Women, the minority population in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic, are fast becoming one of the highest subgroups to be injected and affected by the disease. In the United States, most of these women are black or Hispanic, poor and urban dwellers, and addicted to drugs. This paper discusses the physical, psychological, and social manifestations of HIV disease in women, such as diminished activity tolerance, neurologic or cognitive changes, occupational and social role imbalance, and stigma and discrimination, and describes the sociocultural aspects of women’s lives for assessment and treatment of women with HIV. Health promotion, education, and AIDS prevention and wellness programming are emphasized as strategies toward facilitation of self-empowerment for women with HIV disease. These health promotion and wellness strategies include learning of new and adaptation of current roles; learning strategies for self-care that include care for one’s physical, psychosocial, spiritual, and sexual health; and learning and developing action plans toward healthy living and self-empowerment.
Opening Feminist Histories of Occupational Therapy
Authors: Frank Gelya 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper frames the history of occupational therapy in feminist terms. It focuses on gender segregation in occupational therapy, the influence of class and race in shaping opportunities for occupational therapists, and the place of feminism in the goals and achievements of the occupational therapy profession. Such issues have been addressed by feminist scholars in histories of women in medicine, nursing, and other helping professions. These sources help place the achievements of occupational therapy within the context of women’s historic entry and advancement in the American work force.
Comparative Effects of Bilateral Hand Splints and an Elbow Orthosis on Stereotypic Hand Movements and Toy Play in Two Children With Rett Syndrome
Authors: Sharpe Patricia A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A single-subject rapidly alternating treatment design was used to compare the effectiveness of bilateral hand splints and an elbow orthosis in decreasing stereotypic hand behaviors and increasing toy play in 2 children with Rett syndrome. The subjects’ responses were compared across three treatment conditions: no intervention, hand splints, and elbow orthosis. The order of the treatment phases was randomly selected for each subject. Data were collected in both a free-time condition and a toy-play condition; the outcome measures were stereotypic hand movements and hand-to-toy contact. Both subjects demonstrated a decrease in stereotypic hand movements and a corresponding increase in toy contact with the use of the elbow orthosis. The bilateral hand splints had no obvious treatment effect.
The Role of Occupational Therapy in the Management of Depression
Authors: Devereaux Elizabeth , Carlson Michael 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This document was prepared at the request of the Depression Panel of the Office of the Forum for Quality and Effectiveness in Health Care within the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, an agency of the U. S. Public Health Service. The panel was charged to develop clinical practice guidelines for the management of depression to be used by general medical and family medicine practitioners in primary care settings. The form of the panel’s questions shaped the introductory portion of the document. After receiving the questions posed by the panel (which are stated later in this document), it was necessary to define the context of the use of occupation and occupational therapy to broaden the panel’s understanding of these terms.
Comparison of Three Computer Scanning Modes as an Interface Method for Persons With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Angelo Jennifer 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists are becoming increasingly involved with interface assessments. This involvement is improving the ability of persons with physical disabilities to interact with computers, augmentative communication aids, and other devices. The ability to use these devices facilitates participation in activities that would otherwise be much more difficult to pursue, such as communication, education, work, and recreation. The purpose of the present study was to systematically compare three basic modes of scanning – automatic, inverse, and step – with the use of a single-subject experimental design. Six subjects – 3 with spastic and 3 with athetoid cerebral palsy – from a local school volunteered for the study. Results indicated that the 3 subjects with spastic cerebral palsy had the greatest difficulty using the automatic scanning mode. The 3 subjects with athetoid cerebral palsy had the most difficulty using the step scanning mode. The results of this study suggest that clients should attempt each scanning mode and that their performance with each mode be compared to ensure the most appropriate recommendations.
Exploring Educational Boundaries: Occupational Therapy and the Multiple-Entry-Route System, 1970–1982
Authors: Colman Wendy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Since the mid-1960s, occupational therapy has maintained a multiple-entry-route educational system that provides professional preparation leading to certification for a variety of candidates. This paper focuses on the 1970s and recounts a time marked by exploration of an assortment of entry-level routes that embraced the concept of laddering and included proficiency testing and career mobility programs. The paper reviews the educational debates that occurred while occupational therapy tested the limits of innovative educational mechanisms. Although the American Occupational Therapy Association debated new options for professional preparation and temporarily instituted one additional educational avenue in those years, by 1982 its educational system returned to its mid-1960s design.
Driving After Cerebral Damage: A Model With Implications for Evaluation
Authors: Galski Thomas , Bruno Richard L. , Ehle Holly T. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Evaluation of the ability of cerebrally injured patients to return to driving is an important task for rehabilitation specialists. These evaluations require predictively valid methods of assessment based on identification of relevant skills and abilities. The present study tested a hypothetical model for driving after cerebral injury and determined its use in evaluating fitness to drive. Thirty-five patients with cerebral damage due to head injury or cerebrovascular accident participated in the study. All were administered (a) a predriver evaluation, that is, a battery of neuropsychological tests chosen a priori to test the model, (b) a simulator evaluation, and (c) a behind-the-wheel evaluation consisting of driving on a protected course and in traffic. The results showed that 93% of the driving outcome in traffic was explained cumulatively by findings from the predriver and simulator evaluations as well as from behavioral and operational measures during evaluation on the protected lot. These results supported the predictive validity of the model and are discussed in terms of methodology for evaluation of return to driving.
Perspectives on an Oral Motor Activity: The Use of Rubber Tubing as a “Chewy”
Authors: Scheerer Carol R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Among school-aged children with learning and behavioral problems, a therapeutic tool found to be helpful is a “chewy.” A chewy is a cylindrical piece of rubber tubing, the ends of which are placed in the mouth and are chewed or sucked on. This behavior appears to have a calming, organizing, and focusing effect on the child. In addition, for some children who put nonedible items in their mouths, a chewy can provide an appropriate sensory substitute or alternative.
A literature review supporting the benefits of oral motor input is discussed. Three case studies of children using a chewy are presented. A discussion follows regarding the therapeutic benefits of the use of a chewy and the consideration of it as part of a child’s sensory diet. Important guidelines regarding the appearance, taste, length, durability, and sanitation of the chewy are reviewed.