bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Improved Hydrometer Method for Use in Fineness Determinations
Authors: Klein Alexander 
Published: September 2009

This paper describes a method of test and a hydrometer with a new type of scale which have been developed for measuring the fineness of powdered materials. The hydrometer scale consists of units of surface area rather than the customary units of density. The method of test is generally similar to that usually employed when fineness determinations are made through the use of a hydrometer, but is simplified considerably.
The theory and equations on which the surface-increment scale is based are discussed. Brief methods of computation are illustrated which, while considerably more rapid than those customarily used, yield closely comparable results. Comparisons are made between results obtained by the brief methods of calculation and (1) those obtained by the more detailed hydrometer method used heretofore, and (2) those obtained through the use of the turbidimenter in accordance with the A.S.T.M. Tentative Method of Test for Fineness of Portland Cement by Means of the Turbidimeter (C 115–38 T).
A Correlation of The Mechanical Properties and Radiographic Appearance of Magnesium Alloy Castings
Authors: Busk R. S. 
Published: September 2009

A Method for the quantitative rating of radiographs showing porosity in magnesium base alloys is described. By varying the intensity of the viewing light with a Variac, and noting the voltage at which porosity is just visible, a scale is established for the rating of radiographs. This scale is then used to study the effect of microporosity on the tensile properties of Dowmetal H alloy in the as-cast and solution heat treated states; the tensile properties of C alloy in the as-cast, solution treated and heat treated and aged states; and the fatigue strength of C alloy in the solution heat treated state.
It is noted that C alloy will be less porous than H alloy under similar foundry conditions. But with a given amount of porosity H alloy will suffer a smaller loss of strength than C alloy. The tensile strength of both alloys falls as the amount of porosity increases, but the yield strength is unaffected until very large amounts of porosity are present. The fatigue strength of solution heat treated C alloy is affected to the same degree as is the tensile strength for a given amount of porosity.
The Gamma-Ray Radiography of Welded High Pressure Power Plant Piping
Authors: Emerson R. W. 
Published: September 2009

This paper discusses the apparatus necessary, and the procedure used in the gamma-ray radiography of both circumferential and longitudinal seams in welded piping. Also discussed is the effect of size of radiant source, distance from source to film, metal thickness, and type of film on the resultant radiographic sensitivity.
An accurately drilled test block, having three series of holes of 116, 18, and 316-in. diameters, and depths of 0.010 to 0.100 in. in steps of 0.010 in., was radiographed using many combinations of source to film distance and metal thickness, using both a 25- and 100-mg. radium source. The smaller source definitely proved superior to the larger for short source-to-film distances but offered little if any advantage as the source-to-film distance increased beyond 6 in.
Two circumferential test pipe welds were made in which many defects, common to welded piping, were purposely made. These welds were first radiographed and then sectioned in many places, polished and etched and used to check the actual defect with the radiograph.
Two types of penetrameters were placed on both the source side and film side of the pipe welds. It is the author's opinion that there is little if any practical difference in the results obtained with the penetrameters in the two positions (at least for wall thickness up to 1.5 in.). It is agreed, however, that penetrameter detail is slightly better when the pentrameters are placed on the film side, which of course does not give an absolutely true picture of the detail of a defect comparable to the size of the penetrameter holes which is close to the root of the weld.
Also discussed and illustrated are a few of the various types of piping radiography encountered in the piping industry.
The Effect of Temperature on the Uniform Elongation of Titanium Alloys
Authors: Holden F C , Ogden H R , Jaffee R I 
Published: September 2009

The limits of uniform elongation were measured for typical alpha, alpha-beta, and beta titanium alloys. Each alloy was studied in three microstructural conditions over a temperature range from −75 to 300 C (−103 to 570 F).
Highest uniform elongation was obtained for commercial titanium (alpha), whereas that for the beta-quenched 7.5 Cr, 7.5 Mo titanium alloy was low. The presence of massive alpha in the alpha-beta alloys increases their uniform elongation.
The dependence of uniform elongation on temperature is marked, particularly in the two-phase alloys. Maximum values were obtained at about 200 C (392 F).
Measurements of uniform elongation from residual strain agree well with values of δmax; the values of the flow exponent (from the flow equation, σ = Bδn) are consistently higher.
Development of Standardized Specimen Preparation and Testing Techniques for Unalloyed Titanium Sheet
Authors: Folkman R L , Schussler M 
Published: September 2009

In order to obtain mechanical property test ratings which would accurately characterize different lots of titanium sponge, the specimen preparation and testing techniques for wrought unalloyed sheet samples were studied. The effects of melting methods on the composition and properties of small test ingots were investigated. Data were obtained to illustrate the effect on mechanical properties of processing variables from sheet bar preparation to finishing practices for hot-rolled and annealed test samples. The influence of some mechanical test variables on resulting properties is shown.
From these studies, standardized procedures have been evolved which form the basis for specimen preparation and testing techniques used for titanium evaluation work.
Self-Limitation of Radiation Effects on Graphite
Authors: Carter Robert L. 
Published: September 2009

A microscopic model accounting for radiation effects in graphite exists, in which primary, secondary and tertiary displacements are produced with characteristic threshold energies. Annealing may occur by means of a combined nucleation and diffusion process, which at graphitization temperatures results in the complete recovery from the effects. Correlation with the observed changes in physical properties is satisfactory.
Changes with time in the spatial distribution of disturbed regions in a graphite moderator exhibiting radiation damage tend toward a steady state condition. The achievement of such a state for geometries of practical importance is discussed by example in the light of data on change of physical properties with flux, temperature, and time.
Compression Testing of NOL Rings
Authors: Elkin Robert A. 
Published: September 2009

The expanding need for structures that can be used in compression, or for both tensile and compressive loading applications, requires methods for determining the properties of filament-wound structures. Although much work has already been done in the area of tension, very little is known about the compressive testing methods and compressive properties of such structures.
This paper describes test fixtures for determining the compressive properties of unidirectional glass roving reinforced plastics. The first of these fixtures is quite simple and inexpensive and provides an excellent screening test, with good qualitative results, for a large number of specimens. The buckling problem associated with any compression test is discussed and the methods of circumventing it in these test fixtures are described.
Ring thickness and rate of loading, and their effects upon the test results, are discussed. Data presented show that the role played by the resin in a filament-wound composite structure is much greater when the structure is loaded in compression than when the loading is of a tensile nature. The compressive mode of failure is discussed.
Compressive Strength of Parallel Filament-reinforced Plastics: Development of a New Test Method
Authors: Fried N. , Winans R. R. 
Published: September 2009

Investigations were conducted to obtain a valid measure of the compressive strength of filament-wound plastic composites. Working with flat, unidirectional specimens, and commencing with standard methods of evaluation, a series of tests was conducted with variations in procedure and specimen geometry. Resulting compressive strength values were relatively low and, on considering the mode of failure, it was concluded that this property could not be determined by a method in which load is applied directly to the specimen ends.
Consequently a new method was developed in which load is applied to the faces of a specimen through wedge grips. Using this technique and a specimen of a particular geometry, the compressive strength of a unidirectional material with a glass content of 85 weight per cent was determined to be 167,500 psi. Preliminary investigations with wound rings have provided some indication of the validity of this value.
Single-End Glass Yarn Tension Test
Authors: Pirzadeh Nozar , Kennedy Paul B. 
Published: September 2009

Current tests for evaluating glass reinforcements for filament winding are either unwieldly, inaccurate, or include many of the effects of processing the specimen. Development of a test method for evaluating single-end glass yarn which would be relatively simple, accurate, and eliminate the effects of many of the processing variables common with other types of specimens was undertaken.
Tests of yarn impregnated with an epoxy resin were found to be more meaningful than tests of unimpregnated yarn and were used throughout the work. The major process conditions of initial cure temperature of the impregnant, tension during cure, resin content, specimen length, and twist of the yarn as received, were found to have little or no effect on the results. The method is sensitive to the elastic moduli and elongation properties of resins, with more flexible, higher elongation materials giving higher strengths. Glass stresses increased with increasing strain rates. Different glass materials affect the results as expected with conventional E glass giving average stresses as high as 386,000 psi and an experimental glass giving an average of 640,000 psi with the same resin system. A direct comparison with a conventional split-disk hoop tension test shows the single-end test to give higher glass stresses but the hoop test appears to have a lower within-group variability.
The test method presented meets the objectives of simplicity and accuracy and appears suitable for quality control and evaluation purposes.
Quality Control Procedures for Rocket Motor Cases: Reinforced Plastic Versus Steel
Authors: Duvall P. F. 
Published: September 2009

The problem of quality control for filament-wound reinforced plastic pressure vessels is quite unlike that encountered in the production of metallic vessels. Here, the fabricator's controls must start with the basic constituents of the final case material rather than with forged blanks of a particular alloy and they must extend to the actual process of combining the composite elements. They are currently limited in the analysis of the finished part to techniques and equipment developed for use with totally different materials.
Against this background of total differences in the quality control problem, the Allison Division of General Motors Corp. has established a series of quality control procedures to provide product reliability of reinforced-plastic rocket motor cases consistent with that being achieved with their titanium and steel counterparts in the Minuteman rocket. This paper describes the steel and reinforced plastic quality control programs currently in existence and describes a new final product quality control technique now under study for reinforced-plastic cases.
The Prediction of Coating-Grade Asphalt Weatherability from Asphaltene-Dispersibility Data
Authors: Jones T. K. 
Published: September 2009

The dispersibility of the least soluble asphaltenes shows a good linear correlation with Weather-Ometer durability for coating-grade asphalts made by air blowing straight-run, blended crude oil, ferric-chloride-catalyzed residua, and oil fluxed stocks. Asphalts blown from phosphoric-acid-catalyzed residua show poor correlation.
A modification of the original procedure for titration of the xylene solutions of asphalt with n-heptane is presented. The modified method eliminates back-titrations that prove troublesome with some asphalts. Repeatability and reproducibility for these asphalts is improved over results obtained with the original procedure.
A Simplified Spray-Flammability Test for Hydraulic Fluids
Authors: Rowand H. H. , Sargent L. B. 
Published: September 2009

Hydraulic lines are known to rupture permitting a stream or spray of hydraulic fluid to encounter the flame of burning fuels or the surface of hot or molten metal. This is a prevalent cause of fires in many industries. High-pressure spray-flammability tests simulate this type of industrial hazard and are able to distinguish the difference in fire resistance among the various kinds of hydraulic fluids.
The available high-pressure spray tests are inconvenient to use, however, since they usually must be done outdoors where they are subject to the vagaries of the weather. If done indoors, the tests must be performed in specially assembled fireproof areas. In addition, relatively large volumes of test fluids are needed, and the high-pressure pump, motor, and auxiliary equipment can become costly.
A low-pressure spray-flammability test that can be conducted safely in a conventional laboratory hood is described. The equipment required is simple and inexpensive and only limited amounts of fluid and fuel are needed. The flame from a laboratory gasair burner serves as the source of ignition. The data obtained correlate very well with those from a conventional high-pressure spray-flammability apparatus. Results from both kinds of tests evaluating the several types of fire-resistant hydraulic fluids are presented in tabular and pictorial forms.
A variety of test conditions is not available with the new method described, but the conditions are chosen so that they simulate practical industrial situations and provide correlation with other flammability tests at a sufficient confidence level.
The Ignition of Flammable Fluids by Hot Surfaces
Authors: Goodall D. G. , Ingle R. 
Published: September 2009

The full-scale fire testing of aircraft power plants has suggested that laboratory closed-vessel spontaneous ignition tests give results which are pessimistic for many practical applications. The results of a number of test programs involving specific configurations of hot and cool surfaces have indicated that, for a particular fluid, it might be possible to establish a thermal correlation which would enable the risk of ignition to be calculated at the design stage.
Tests have been carried out on two rigs, both incorporating a hot bottom plate surface onto which the test fluid was sprayed, the side walls and top plate being somewhat cooler. The first rig was a static rig in which top and bottom plate temperatures and the gap between them was varied. The effects of mixture strength, atomization, and wall materials were studied for kerosine, and the ignition temperatures for various fluids have been determined for a limited number of configurations.
The second rig consisted of a small wind tunnel in which the effect of air velocities up to 10 ft/sec and altitudes up to 20,000 ft were investigated. It is shown that air velocities up to 3 ft/sec have a large effect on spontaneous ignition temperatures.
A correlation based on gas temperature and distance from the nearest wall shows good agreement for the static and wind tunnel rigs and for closed-vessel tests of other investigations. An outline of the future program of work is given.
Survey of Techniques for the Evaluation of the Fire Resistance Properties of Aviation Hydraulic Fluids
Authors: Alan R. , Ker C. 
Published: September 2009

Five types of aviation hydraulic fluid were examined — mineral, snuffer, phosphate ester, siloxane, and chlorosilicone.
Statistics show that more aircraft accidents are associated with wheel brakes than with any other components. A hot brake test simulating conditions that could develop from a fractured hydraulic pipe during braking revealed little difference in the ignitability of phosphate esters, mineral type and a snuffer fluid D.
Only one fluid, a snuffer fluid C, withstood ignition with brake heat pack temperature of 700C.
Several well known simpler laboratory techniques were used. Of these a combined high pressure spray/manifold test not only gave a reasonable degree of correlation with the hot brake test results, but also differentiated between the degree of flame propagation evidenced by these fluids.
The shape of the nozzle in the spray tests influenced results whilst fluid temperature and pressure were found to have generally little significant effect.
Factors Affecting the Formulation of Engine Oils for LP-Gas Service
Authors: Broman V. E. 
Published: September 2009

The problems associated with crankcase oils for engines using liquefied petroleum gas as a fuel are largely those involving oxidation and excessive ash. Engine oils for propane or natural gas service, therefore, must be formulated to control combustion chamber deposits which may promote preignition and spark plug fouling and to resist oxidative deterioration. These requirements define an LP-Gas engine oil composition as a virtually ashless product with excellent oxidation stability. Generally, since propane/natural gas fuels produce no liquid byproducts to act as a temperature quench and, in addition, burn cleanly and completely, combustion temperatures are high.
Fuel combustion properties and other factors such as exhaust blow-by determine the performance characteristics needed by LP-Gas engine oils as: superior dispersancy for oil oxidation products, high-temperature oxidation inhibition, rust protection, antiwear and extreme pressure (load carrying) qualities, and pour-point depression.
The details of an additive system supplying these performance properties is given. The proposed formulation has Supplement I compounding and satisfactorily meets the service requirements of both automotive and high, medium, and slow speed industrial engines.
State of the Art in LP-Gas Fueling Systems and Problems for Motor Fuel, Forklift, and Recreational Vehicle Bottle Filling
Authors: Carnahan J.R. E. 
Published: September 2009

Major problem areas of LP-Gas dispensing systems relate to deficiencies in existing systems, improper fuel transfer practices, customer service standards, failure to observe regulations and codes, and education and training of personnel handling transfer of LP-Gas.
The state of the art is at a point where engineering and technical deficiencies of existing dispensing systems can be corrected satisfactorily in most instances. High standards of customer service are being met by some marketers and dealers, especially those who maintain continuing education and training programs for their personnel. Requirements for satisfactory dispensing systems are clearly outlined in equipment manufacturers' technical literature and field service manuals.
The continuous, ongoing element of training is the key factor in marketers' and dealers' programs, with persistent follow-up of all critical phases of such efforts. Equipment manufacturers and industry publishers continue to provide excellent source material for the education and training of industry personnel.
It has been accepted as the joint responsibility of manufacturers, marketers, dealers, LP-Gas associations, and industry trade journals to continue established programs and to initiate new ones.
It is evident that important contributions to the state of the art in LP-Gas fueling systems will continue for the benefit of all segments of the industry in the years ahead.
LP-Gas Engines for Heavy Duty Trucks
Authors: Ingerson Howard 
Published: September 2009

Diamond Reo Trucks, Inc. has been a builder and user of heavy duty LP-Gas engines for many years. During this time period, a considerable amount of experience has been acquired relating to the peculiarities of LP-Gas as an engine fuel and design details of the engines to utilize this excellent fuel.
Unfortunately, many engines that have been converted to use LP-Gas fuel have either been simple fuel system conversions, with little or no attention to mechanical details, or have been light or medium duty engines, and were never really designed for heavy duty usage.
This paper describes some of the differences of behavior of LP-Gas as an engine fuel, contrasting to gasoline, and engine design details found necessary to provide optimum engine performance and durability with LP-Gas fuel.
Use of Statistics to Determine Precision of Test Methods
Authors: Youden W. J. , Cameron J. M. 
Published: September 2009

Some recent studies of A.S.T.M. Method D 877 - 46 T2 for the Determination of the Dielectric Streng h of Insulating Oils provide a good illustration of the types of statistical problems encountered in the study of a test method.
These measurements are an example of a case of non-homogeneous measurements. An exposition is given of a method of taking repeated differences in a set of observations. By this statistical technique the errors of measurement may be isolated from the over-all dispersion which includes sampling and possibly other components. It is pointed out tha this may also be done by the analysis of variance technique. This latter technique is very useful in ascertaining whether data can be considered homogeneous.
Several proposed methods for making multiple measurements on a sample of oil are compared.
Effect of Heat Treatment and Structure Upon Creep Properties of Nimonic Alloys Between 750 and 950 C
Authors: Betteridge W. , Smith R. A. 
Published: September 2009

Tests on nickel-chromium-cobalt alloys hardened with titanium and aluminum have shown that differences in the stress-rupture properties at 750 C, whether due to differences in content of hardening elements or to differences in heat treatment, are maintained at all temperatures up to 950 C.
Results are also presented for a cobalt-free alloy of comparable type. These show that the 100- and 300-hr rupture stresses decrease smoothly with increase of temperature up to 950 C. The absence of a discontinuity in the region of the temperature at which the hardening phase is completely soluble can be interpreted as showing that rupture strength is a consequence of both precipitation and solid-solution hardening.
Vane In-Place Soil Shear Device Developed and Applied by Oregon State Highway Department
Authors: Hill William C. 
Published: September 2009

A vane type, in-place, soil shear testing device has been built by the Construction Division of the Oregon State Highway Dept. and used since 1953 in investigating questionable embankment foundation areas along proposed projects. The development of the device and the technique of using it are discussed. A review is made of the correlation between “in-place” soil shear strengths and laboratory direct shear tests made on “undisturbed” soil samples.
The limitations and advantages of the vane device as a field tool in locating questionable foundation areas and depths in nongranular materials and determining their shear strengths for embankment design are discussed.