bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Martin Luther’s Ecclesiology
Authors: Пименов С.С. 
Published: May 2024

В статье представлена в систематическом виде экклесиология родоначальника Реформации Мартина Лютера. Как и в остальных разделах его теологии, для Лютера определяющим является понимание Церкви как места действия Святого Духа, что выражено в определении Церкви как собрания верующих вокруг Слова и таинств. Имея в виду стремление Рима подчинить Божественное Слово существующей церковно-иерархической структуре, Лютер утверждает, что не Церковь обладает Словом, но Слово — Церковью. Продемонстрирована преемственность взглядов Лютера от предыдущей церковной традиции. Представлена критика богословских оснований и практики Римско-Католической Церкви в предреформационный период, а также рассмотрены наиболее важные и отличные от Рима экклесиологические положения Лютера — о священстве всех верующих и Церковь видимая и невидимая. Делается вывод о возможности двойственной оценки учения Лютера о Церкви: с одной стороны, оно подрывает основы католического представления о Церкви, с другой — его можно понимать как глубинно «католическое».
The article presents a systematic examination of the ecclesiology of the founder of the Reformation, Martin Luther. As in the rest of his theology for Luther, his ecclesiology is determined by the understanding of the Church as the site of the action of the Holy Spirit, which is expressed in the definition of the Church as a gathering of believers around the Word and sacraments. Bearing in mind the desire of Rome to subordinate the Word of God to the existing Church-hierarchical structure, Luther argues that it is not the Church that possesses the Word, but the Word that possesses the Church. The continuity of Luther’s views from the previous Church tradition is demonstrated. A critique of the theological foundations and practices of the Roman Catholic Church in the pre-Reformation period is presented, and also the most important ecclesiological affirmations of Luther, which differ from Rome, are considered — the position on the priesthood of all believers and the Church visible and invisible. A conclusion is made about the possibility of a dual assessment of Luther’s teaching on the Church, as, on the one hand, undermining the foundations of the Roman conception of the Church, and on the other hand, as the possibility of understanding it as deeply “Catholic.”
Pola Komunikasi Interpersonal dalam Membangun Hubungan Baik Antara Sipir dan Tahanan di Lembaga Pembinaan Khusus Anak (LPKA) Kelas I Palembang
Authors: Gunawan Muhamad , Hamidah Hamidah , Hamandia Muhammad Randicha 
Published: May 2024

Komunikasi merujuk pada terjadinya suatu proses yang dilakukan oleh manusia dalam rangka memberikan respon terhadap perilaku ataupun perlambang yang dilakukan oleh manusia lainnya. komunikasi interpersonal menjadi kunci dari permasalahan antara sipir atau penjaga tahanan dan warga binaan atau narapidana dalam kasus keterbukaan diri. Metode Penedelitian yang dilakukan adalah Jenis penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan (field research), dengan pendekatan metode penelitian Kualitatif. Dengan menghasilkan, 1) Pola Komunikasi Interpersonal dalam membangun hubungan baik antara Sipir dan Tahanan di Lembaga Pembinaan Khusus Anak (LPKA) Kelas 1 Palembang. 2) cara sipir dalam membangun hubungan baik pada tahanan lembaga pembinaan khusus anak (LPKA) kelas 1 palembang. Faktor pendukung bagi Sipir di LPKA adalah narapidana mau diajak berkomunikasi secara langsung serta secara ke keluargaaan sehingga membuat suasana nyaman. Disisi lain faktor penghambat dari menjaga hubungan baik antara Sipir dan para tahanan adalah, seperti gangguan jiwa dan susah di atur serta penyakit menular yang sangat berbahaya tentunya ini hal ini menjadi faktor penting untuk di tindak lanjut seperti gangguan jiwa tetapi hal ini dapat di selesaikan secara hukum. Susah di atur, Penyakit yang menular dan sebagainya.
Carbon Cycle Models Quantify for a Green and Low-Carbon Economy
Authors: Ahamer Gilbert 
Published: May 2024

CO2 emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels represent the largest anthropogenic disruption of the natural global carbon cycle and lead to an undesirable increase in atmospheric CO2 levels. The so-called "carbon-neutral" renewable energy source biomass appears to be a promising replacement for fossil fuels. The "Combined Energy and Biosphere Model" (CEBM), was developed as a method for calculating the atmospheric CO2 content after intensive use of biomass. It includes (i) a biosphere part computing the annual cycle of carbon in the biosphere on 2,433 grid elements covering the continents' plant mass and soil, as well as (ii) an energy economic part for calculating the fossil CO2 emissions of 119 countries. As the history of understanding the carbon cycle (including quantification of plant growth and decay by formulae, inclusion of deforestation, fossil fuel use and the fertilizer effect) shows, such a global carbon cycle model (as the CEBM) provides the needed methodology to assess the net effects of large-scale biomass energy use on the plant's atmosphere.
Results show that biomass (in a systemic view) is "only half as carbon neutral" as previously thought, even on a principal level.
The conclusions indicate that (even if biomass is a valuable mitigation strategy) its global potential is limited. When interpreting CEBM scenarios, as a very first priority, reducing the current annual increase in energy demand is most highly needed for preserving climate.

Received: 6 December 2023 | Revised: 5 February 2024 | Accepted: 12 May 2024

Conflicts of Interest
Gilbert Ahamer is an Editorial Board Member for Green and Low-Carbon Economy, and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work.

Data Availability Statement
Data available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
A Comparative Study of Zinc Phosphate and Zirconium-Based Conversion Coatings on Galvannealed Steel: Effect on Corrosion Performance of Electrocoated Systems
Authors: Glover C.F. , Romanovski V. , Romanovskaia E. , Bhargava G. , Ren C. , Surendranath A. , Houze E. , Scully J.R. 
Published: May 2024

The efficacy of an electrocoated system that uses a Zr-based conversion coating was assessed to protect galvannealed (GA) steel. The aim was to determine if a Zr-based system has the potential to replace a system with a traditional zinc phosphate (ZnP) conversion coating, where there are concerns for the environmental and economic sustainability. A comparative study between the two conversion coatings, and a control system with no conversion coating, is presented. Data from AC and DC electrochemistry are utilized with surface analysis investigations of pristine specimens, where scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction have been used to determine the mechanism through which protection, or coating failure, occurs. Further investigations study surface morphology and stability of specimens during immersion in a simulated electrocoat bath, and their effect on the performance of fully electrocoated systems. The corrosion current density (icorr) for bare, ZnP, and Zr-based conversion coated specimens in chloride-containing solution with no electrocoat were found to be approximately 1.90 µA/cm2, 0.30 µA/cm2, and &lt;0.01 µA/cm2, respectively. Rp values of 0.05 kΩ, 4.2 kΩ, and 20.7 kΩ were recorded for bare, ZnP and Zr-based specimens, respectively. The corrosion current density (icorr) for bare, ZnP, and Zr-based conversion coated specimens under chloride-containing conditions with electrocoat were found to be 3.82 µA/cm2, 0.53 µA/cm2, and 0.06 µA/cm2, respectively. |Z| values at 0.01 Hz (|Z|0.01 Hz) were measured, yielding 45.5 GΩ, 47.4 GΩ, and 31.6 GΩ for bare, ZnP, and Zr-based pretreatments respectively, demonstrating excellent barrier properties after electrocoating. Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) rate values of 3.52 × 10−2 mol·m−2·s−1, 3.12 × 10−2 mol·m−2·s−1, and 2.94 × 10−2 mol·m−2·s−1 were recorded for the bare, ZnP, and Zr-based systems, respectively. This study produced a ranking order of HER rate. This was bare &gt; ZnP &gt; Zr-based. These results suggest that the Zr-based system is less prone to HER, interfering with the electrocoat deposition process. A performance ranking order for pretreated and electrocoated systems was established, where Zr-based &gt; ZnP &gt; control. The level of thickness and roughness provided by the conversion coating is speculated to be the controlling factor for coating performance, where the ZnP conversion coating was found to provide a thicker layer with greater surface coverage beneficial for a uniform electrocoat film build.
Multiple-scattering effects on single-wavelength lidar sounding of multi-layered clouds
Authors: Shcherbakov Valery , Szczap Frédéric , Mioche Guillaume , Cornet Céline 
Published: May 2024

Abstract. We performed Monte Carlo simulations of single-wavelength lidar signals from multi-layered clouds with special attention focused on the multiple-scattering (MS) effect in regions of the cloud-free molecular atmosphere (i.e. between layers or outside a cloud system). Despite the fact that the strength of lidar signals from the molecular atmosphere is much lower compared to the in-cloud intervals, studies of MS effects in such regions are of interest from scientific and practical points of view. The MS effect on lidar signals always decreases with the increasing distance from the cloud far edge. The decrease is the direct consequence of the fact that the forward peak of particle phase functions is much larger than the receiver field of view (RFOV). Therefore, the photons scattered within the forward peak escape the sampling volume formed by the RFOV (i.e. the escape effect). We demonstrated that the escape effect is an inherent part of MS properties within the free atmosphere beyond the cloud far edge. In the cases of the ground-based lidar, the MS contribution is lower than 5 % within the regions of the cloud-free molecular atmosphere with a distance from the cloud far edge of about 1 km or higher. In the cases of the space-borne lidar, the rate of decrease of the MS contribution is so slow that the threshold of 5 % can hardly be reached. In addition, the effect of non-uniform beam filling is extremely strong. Therefore, practitioners should employ, with proper precautions, lidar data from regions below the cloud base when treating data of a space-borne lidar. In the case of two-layered cloud, the distance of 1 km is sufficiently large so that the scattered photons emerging from the first layer do not affect signals from the second layer when we are dealing with the ground-based lidar. In contrast, signals from the near edge of the second cloud layer are severely affected by the photons emerging from the first layer in the case of a space-borne lidar. We evaluated the Eloranta model (EM) in extreme conditions and showed its good performance in the cases of ground-based and space-borne lidars. At the same time, we revealed the shortcoming that can affect practical applications of the EM. Namely, values of the key parameters – i.e. the ratios of phase functions in the backscatter direction for the nth-order-scattered photon and a singly scattered photon – depend not only on the particle phase function but also on the distance from a lidar to the cloud and the receiver field of view. Those ratios vary within a quite large range, and the MS contribution to lidar signals can be largely overestimated or underestimated if erroneous values of the ratios are assigned to the EM.
Regional beryllium-10 production rate for the mid-elevation mountainous regions in central Europe, deduced from a multi-method study of moraines and lake sediments in the Black Forest
Authors: Hofmann Felix Martin , Rambeau Claire , Gegg Lukas , Schulz Melanie , Steiner Martin , Fülling Alexander , Léanni Laëtitia , Preusser Frank ,   ASTER Team
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Beryllium-10 cosmic-ray exposure (CRE) dating has revolutionized our understanding of glacier fluctuations around the globe. A key prerequisite for the successful application of this dating method is the determination of regional production rates of in situ accumulated 10Be, usually inferred at independently dated calibration sites. Until now, no calibration site has been available for the mid-elevation mountain ranges of central Europe. We fill this gap by determining in situ 10Be concentrations in large boulders on moraines and by applying radiocarbon and infrared-stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating to stratigraphically younger lake sediments in the southern Black Forest, SW Germany. The dating methods yielded concordant results, and, based on age–depth modelling with 14C ages, the age of a cryptotephra, and IRSL ages, we deduced a regional 10Be production rate in quartz. Calibrating the Black Forest production rate (BFPR) in the Cosmic-Ray Exposure program (CREp) resulted in a spallogenic sea-level and high-latitude (SLHL) production rate of 3.64±0.11 atoms 10Be g−1 quartz a−1 when referring to time-dependent Lal–Stone scaling, the European Reanalysis (ERA)-40 atmosphere model, and the atmospheric 10Be-based geomagnetic database in CREp. The BFPR turned out to be ∼11 % lower than both those at the nearest calibration site in the Alps (4.10±0.10 atoms 10Be g−1 quartz a−1 at SLHL) and the canonical global 10Be production rate (4.11±0.19 atoms 10Be g−1 quartz a−1 at SLHL) in CREp. A stronger weathering and snow cover bias and a higher impact of forest, soil, moss, and shrub cover at the study site likely explain this discrepancy.
Decision-making strategies implemented in SolFinder 1.0 to identify eco-efficient aircraft trajectories: application study in AirTraf 3.0
Authors: Castino Federica , Yin Feijia , Grewe Volker , Yamashita Hiroshi , Matthes Sigrun , Dietmüller Simone , Baumann Sabine , Soler Manuel , Simorgh Abolfazl , Mendiguchia Meuser Maximilian , Linke Florian , Lührs Benjamin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract. The optimization of aircraft trajectories involves balancing operating costs and climate impact, which are often conflicting objectives. To achieve compromised optimal solutions, higher-level information such as preferences of decision-makers must be taken into account. This paper introduces the SolFinder 1.0 module, a decision-making tool designed to identify eco-efficient aircraft trajectories, which allow for the reduction of the flight's climate impact with limited cost penalties compared to cost-optimal solutions. SolFinder 1.0 offers flexible decision-making options that allow users to select trade-offs between different objective functions, including fuel use, flight time, NOx emissions, contrail distance, and climate impact. The module is included in the AirTraf 3.0 submodel, which optimizes trajectories under atmospheric conditions simulated by the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry model. This paper focuses on the ability of the module to identify eco-efficient trajectories while solving a bi-objective optimization problem that minimizes climate impact and operating costs. SolFinder 1.0 enables users to explore trajectory properties at varying locations of the Pareto fronts without prior knowledge of the problem results and to identify solutions that limit the cost of reducing the climate impact of a single flight.
Towards understanding the influence of seasons on low-groundwater periods based on explainable machine learning
Authors: Wunsch Andreas , Liesch Tanja , Goldscheider Nico 
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Seasons are known to have a major influence on groundwater recharge and therefore groundwater levels; however, underlying relationships are complex and partly unknown. The goal of this study is to investigate the influence of the seasons on groundwater levels (GWLs), especially during low-water periods. For this purpose, we train artificial neural networks on data from 24 locations spread throughout Germany. We exclusively focus on precipitation and temperature as input data and apply layer-wise relevance propagation to understand the relationships learned by the models to simulate GWLs. We find that the learned relationships are plausible and thus consistent with our understanding of the major physical processes. Our results show that for the investigated locations, the models learn that summer is the key season for periods of low GWLs in fall, with a connection to the preceding winter usually only being subordinate. Specifically, dry summers exhibit a strong influence on low-water periods and generate a water deficit that (preceding) wet winters cannot compensate for. Temperature is thus an important proxy for evapotranspiration in summer and is generally identified as more important than precipitation, albeit only on average. Single precipitation events show by far the largest influences on GWLs, and summer precipitation seems to mainly control the severeness of low-GWL periods in fall, while higher summer temperatures do not systematically cause more severe low-water periods.
Geothermal heat source estimations through ice flow modelling at Mýrdalsjökull, Iceland
Authors: Jarosch Alexander H. , Magnússon Eyjólfur , Hannesdóttir Krista , Belart Joaquín M. C. , Pálsson Finnur 
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Geothermal heat sources beneath glaciers and ice caps influence local ice-dynamics and mass balance but also control ice surface depression evolution as well as subglacial water reservoir dynamics. Resulting jökulhlaups (i.e., glacier lake outburst floods) impose danger to people and infrastructure, especially in Iceland, where they are closely monitored. Due to hundreds of meters of ice, direct measurements of heat source strength and extent are not possible. We present an indirect measurement method which utilizes ice flow simulations and glacier surface data, such as surface mass balance and surface depression evolution. Heat source locations can be inferred accurately to simulation grid scales; heat source strength and spatial distributions are also well quantified. Our methods are applied to the Mýrdalsjökull ice cap in Iceland, where we are able to refine previous heat source estimates.
Syntactic Analysis of the Noun Phrases in Justin Bieber’s Song Lyrics
Authors: Nasution Andini nabila , Setia Eddy , Deliana Deliana 
Published: May 2024

This thesis showed the syntactic analysis of the noun phrases used in Justin Bieber’s song lyrics. The objectives of the study are: (1) to find out the noun phrases in Justin’s selected song lyrics. (2) to find out the most dominant noun phrases among Justin’s selected song lyrics. It was a qualitative descriptive research with Labelled Bracketing by Lesley Milroy as its approaches. The writer used 3 data of song lyrics then classified, analyzed and counted the data. The result of this study showed that there were 50 noun phrases with the details as follows : 15 noun phrases in What Do You Mean song lyrics (30%), 16 noun phrases in Sorry song lyrics (32%) and 19 noun phrases in Love Yourself song lyrics (38%). And the most dominant noun phrases found in Love Yourself song lyrics with 38% (19 noun phrases).
Mechanical and Water Barrier Properties of Inhomogeneous Clay Nano-Particles Reinforced Thermoplastic Starch
Authors: Ochei Stephen Emeka , Agunsoye Johnson Olumuyiwa , Mgbemere Henry Ekene , Alonge Kolawole Dayo 
Published: May 2024

This research investigated the development of biodegradable bioplastic as a possible replacement for petroleum-based plastics, which constitute a serious environmental hazard. These hazards include but are not limited to flooding resulting from blocked sewage and danger to aquatic life in marine environments. The solution casting method was used to blend inhomogeneous kaolinite clay nano-particles with distilled water, starch, dilute acetic and nitric acids to produce different compositions of thermoplastic starch (TPS)/Clay composites with clay reinforcements ranging from 2.5 to 10 wt.%. The composites were characterized using an X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the mechanical and water absorption properties were determined. The result revealed a 9-fold improvement in the tensile strength (0.72 MPa), flexural strength increased 5-fold (3.34 MPa), and hardness increased 2-fold (23.56 HVN) as well as a reduction in water absorption by 3-fold (6.63%) when compared to the control. Furthermore, the 10 wt.% clay content composite showed the highest mechanical properties. The significant improvement in the listed properties was attributed to a reduction in crystallinity and the formation of new chemical bonds between the thermoplastic starch and the nano-clay. It was observed that the properties of the composites can be further enhanced if a synchronized machine blender (such as an extruder) is employed.
Development of a 1.0 KVA Fuelless Generator
Authors: Aliemeke Blessing Ngozi Goodluck , Momoh Munirat Abdullawal , Asekhome Mercy Onoshioze , Anani Christian Azuka , Vincent Afoke Chief 
Published: May 2024

A 1.0 KVA fuelless generator has been developed. The crave for sustainable energy solution has led to the exploration of emerging technologies targeted at reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing environmental impact. One such technology is the development of fuelless generators, which harness renewable energy sources or utilize unconventional mechanisms to generate electricity. This power producing mechanism is aimed to develop a targeted 1KVA power capacity through innovative design strategies. Detailed graphical modeling of the orthographic projection and isometric views brought about enhanced machine components development for stability and reliability. Careful selection of conductor materials and design considerations ensured efficient power transmission, minimizing losses within the system. Integration of power factor correction capacitors and advanced control algorithms contributed to achieving a power factor close to unity, optimizing energy utilization. Comprehensive performance testing validated the functionality and reliability of the developed generator under various load conditions. The development of a fuelless generator with a battery power capacity of 0.85 Kw, torque of 14.48 Nm, resistance of 48.35 ohms, current of 4.55 Amperes and a power factor of 0.85 signifies a significant breakthrough in sustainable energy generation. The performance test showed that that an input response brought about an increase in load (W). The success of developing the generator not only demonstrates the feasibility of clean and sustainable energy solutions but also underscores the potential for further advancements in fuelless generator technology towards a more reviving energy prospect.