bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN KEPALA SEKOLAH TERHADAP KINERJA GURU DI SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI 078 BENGKULU UTARA
Authors: Aprizal Muhamad Irvan , Rina Trisn Yanti  , Andriyan  
Published: May 2024

Kepemimpinan merupakan salah satu faktor utama dalam kehidupan organisasi yang memegang peranan penting. Sebab kepemimpinan seorang pemimpin berperan sebagai pengatur dalam proses kerjasama antara pemimpin dengan individu atau pemimpin dengan kelompok. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan kepala sekolah terhadap kinerja guru di SDN 078 Bengkulu Utara. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 30 orang guru. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi linier sederhana, uji determinasi, uji hipotesis dan uji reliabilitas. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan persamaan regresi linier sederhana yaitu Y = 91,44 + 0,576X dengan arah regresi positif artinya jika gaya kepemimpinan kepala sekolah meningkat maka kinerja guru di sekolah tersebut juga akan meningkat. Gaya kepemimpinan kepala sekolah berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja guru di SDN 078 Bengkulu Utara karena nilai signifikansi 0,00 lebih kecil dari 0,05. Artinya semakin baik gaya kepemimpinan kepala sekolah maka kinerja guru pun akan semakin meningkat. Nilai koefisien determinasi dari R square sebesar 0,441. Artinya gaya kepemimpinan kepala sekolah memberikan pengaruh terhadap kinerja guru sebesar 44,1% sedangkan sisanya (100-44,1%= 55,9%) dipengaruhi oleh faktor penyebab lain yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini.

Kata Kunci: Gaya Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah, Kinerja Guru
PAMERAN POSTER UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENGETAHUAN SISWA SMP TENTANG BAHAYA MEROKOK DI KOTA JAMBI
Authors: Ridwan M. , Salshabila Azahra , Mei Heza Astrid , Maharani Assa , Nadapdap Dina Lucia Nadapdap , Duy Br Surbakti Jhessica , Jamaica Putri Meidy , Andini Putri , Rahmad Rizki Ibnu , Angelia Manik Septriani , Markorolina Vebby 
Published: May 2024

Berdasarkan laporan Global Youth Tobacco Survey Indonesia Repost pelaksanaan KTR di Indonesia masih belum optimal, hasil survey menyatakan sebanyak 69% pelajar pernah melihat orang merokok di area sekolah baik di dalam Gedung maupun luar gedung yang masih termasuk dalam Kawasan sekolah. Berdasarkan data Dinas Kesehatan Kota Jambi tahun 2022 di tatanan tempat proses belajar mengajar masih banyak sekolah yang belum menerapkan KTR yaitu dari 289 sekolah yang telah menerapkan KTR dan 153 belum menerapkan KTR. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan edukasi disekolah berupa pameran, penyuluhan dan edukasi tentang KTR di SMPN 14 Kota Jambi. Sasaran kegiatan pameran bahaya rokok dan skrining kesehatan adalah seluruh warga SMPN 14 Kota Jambi. Metode pelaksanaan pameran dilakukan dengan mengadakan pameran yang terdiri dari beberapa stand yaitu: stand screening kesehatan, stand screening jiwa, smokerlyzer, serta Penandatangan Komitmen Bersama SMPN 14 Kota Jambi dan Pelantikan Duta Anti Rokok Kesehatan Masyarakat di SMPN 14 Kota Jambi. Pada kegiatan ini juga dilakukan pengukuran pengetahuan sebelum dan sesudah kegiatan pameran. Data dianalisis secara univariate dan bivariate dengan menggunakan uji Paired T Test . Hasil analisis perbedaan pengetahuan sebelum dan sesudah pameran terbukti secara signifikan, dilihat dari nilai rerata yang semula hanya 6,03 setelah dilakukannya pameran dan penyampaian materi meningkat menjadi 7,90 dengan peningkatan mencapai 21,5%. Melalui kegiatan pameran ini diharapkan bisa meningkatkan kesadaran dan pencegahan perilaku merokok di lingkungan sekolah.
STRATEGI PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS UMKM MELALUI PEMANFAATAN INFORMASI BIAYA DI KOTA BENGKULU
Authors: Fadli Fadli , Halimatusyadiah Halimatusyadiah , Abdullah Abdullah 
Published: May 2024

Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (UMKM) telah menjadi tulang punggung perekonomian Indonesia, berkontribusi secara signifikan terhadap kesempatan kerja dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Namun, meskipun pesatnya perkembangan UMKM, masih terdapat tantangan dalam meningkatkan produktivitas dan kualitas produk serta jasa yang dihasilkan. Dalam konteks Provinsi Bengkulu, terlihat bahwa UMKM telah menyebar di berbagai sektor, namun tingkat produktivitasnya masih terbilang rendah. Pentingnya pemahaman akan informasi biaya bagi pelaku UMKM menjadi fokus dalam upaya meningkatkan produktivitas mereka. Metode kegiatan yaitu ceramah, pelatihan dengan pendekatan Problem Based Learning, dan sesi diskusi. Ceramah akan memberikan pemahaman tentang konsep biaya dan relevansinya dalam pengambilan keputusan bisnis, sementara pelatihan akan memungkinkan peserta untuk berlatih menganalisis biaya relevan dari kasus-kasus yang disediakan. Selain itu, sesi diskusi akan memungkinkan peserta untuk berbagi pengalaman dan mendiskusikan kendala-kendala yang mereka hadapi dalam menggunakan informasi biaya dalam menjalankan usaha mereka. Kegiatan ini tidak hanya memiliki keterkaitan dengan pemerintah daerah dan universitas sebagai pelaksana program pengembangan UMKM, tetapi juga memiliki rancangan evaluasi yang terperinci untuk mengukur keberhasilan implementasi kegiatan. Diharapkan bahwa melalui metode kegiatan ini, pemahaman dan penerapan informasi biaya di kalangan pelaku UMKM di Kecamatan Muara Bangkahulu dapat ditingkatkan, yang pada gilirannya akan berkontribusi pada peningkatan produktivitas dan kesejahteraan masyarakat setempat.

Kata Kunci : UMKM, Produktivitas, Strategi, Informasi Biaya
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICY IN ORGANIZATIONS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURES
Authors: Grigoryan Liana , Hakobyan Arpine 
Published: May 2024

Suggestion a structure of managerial accounting policy in order to improve information provision mechanisms in the management accountability system of organizations currently are becoming more actual. The article presents the structure of the managerial accounting policy consisting of organizational, technical, methodical sections, including key performance indicators (KPI), and also referes to the formation and implementation processes of the accounting policy in organizations. The formation of managerial accounting policy considering as a methodological basis of the decision making within commercial organizations.
The Role of Traditional Medicines as Chemopreventive and Suppressive Agents in Cancer Treatment Deanova Insiratu
Authors: Andini Nurul , Kurniawan Gilang , Fikria Nahla Akila 
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of traditional medicine as a chemopreventive and suppressive agent in the treatment of Deanova Insiratu Cancer. This study is a qualitative study, this study will use a retrospective and prospective observational approach. Data will be collected from the medical records of patients who have used Deanova Insiratu previously, as well as from direct observation and interviews with individuals who are currently using or have experience with this traditional medicine. Research Results Cancer or malignant tumors can occur due to the growth of body tissue cells that proliferate abnormally. Cancer prevention can be done with healthy living habits and avoiding risk factors that can cause cancer. Cancer treatment can be done in 4 ways, namely by surgery, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Cancer screening can be done with mammography, ultrasonography (USG), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Natural ingredients that have effects as cancer prevention and help cancer treatment include Soursop leaves (Annona muricata), Celery leaves (Apium graveolans linn), Red Atai Spike leaves (Angiopteris ferox copel), Benalu Kepel (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq.), and Tapak Dara leaves (Catharanthus roseus).
Kajian Bentuk Wind Turbine Aksial untuk Fasad Miring Bangunan Bertingkat Menengah
Authors: Budiman Ronald Samuel , Arifin Lilianny Sigit , Elsiana Feny 
Published: May 2024

Sumber daya alam yang semakin menipis menyadarkan akan pentingnya mencari alternatif lain untuk menghasilkan energi terbarukan. Kemunculan bangunan-bangunan bertingkat yang unik di Indonesia, seperti memiliki kemiringan pada fasad, memiliki potensi lebih besar untuk menghasilkan energi terbarukan melalui energi angin. Namun kemiringan yang ada membuat wind turbine vertikal sulit diterapkan dengan mengikuti kemiringan yang ada. Poros wind turbine vertikal diletakan menjadi sejajar dengan permukaan tanah guna mengikuti kemiringan fasad yang membuatnya berputar secara aksial dan radial. Penelitian ini mengkaji 6 (enam) model yang berfokus melihat pengaruh modifikasi bentuk serta rasio D:H terhadap kemampuannya mengolah angin secara aksial (Cp) dan kecepatan rotasi minimum yang dibutuhkan (TSR). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa wind turbine aksial tanpa modifikasi bentuk dengan rasio D/H 1:2 lebih baik untuk diterapkan pada fasad miring.
Preparation of (3,5‐Dimethoxy‐1‐Phenyl‐Cyclohexa‐2,5‐Dienyl)‐Acetonitrile through Birch Reductive Alkylation (
BRA
)
Authors: Lebeuf Raphaël , Berlande Muriel , Robert Frédéric , Landais Yannick 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

5‐Phenylcyclohexane‐1,3‐dione

Iodine

Sodium thiosulfate

Lithium

Chloroacetonitrile
Benzyl Alcohol as an Alkylating Agent Using the Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Borrowing Hydrogen Strategy
Authors: Nixon Tracy D. , Slatford Paul A. , Whittlesey Michael K. , Williams Jonathan M. J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Benzyl alcohol

4,4‐Dimethyl‐3‐oxopentanenitrile

4,5‐bis(Diphenylphosphino)‐9,9‐dimethylxanthene

Piperidinium acetate

Carbonyl(dihydro)tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II)
(
S
)‐(–)‐2‐Allylcyclohexanone
Authors: Braun Manfred , Meletis Panos , Fidan Mesut 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)‐dipaldium(0)‐chloroform adduct

(
S)
‐(‐)‐5,5'‐Dichloro‐6,6'‐dimethoxy‐2,2’‐bis(diphenylphosphine)‐1,1'‐biphenyl

Lithium chloride

Allyl methyl carrbonate

Diisopropylamine

n‐
Butyllithium

Cyclohexanone

(
S)
‐(‐)‐2‐Allylcyclohexanone
Synthesis of 2‐Arylindole‐4‐Carboxylic Amides: [2‐(4‐Fluorophenyl)‐1

H

‐Indol‐4‐
YL
]‐1‐Pyrrolidinylmethanone
Authors: Kuethe Jeffrey T. , Beutner Gregory L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Methyl 2‐methyl‐3‐nitrobenzoate

4‐Fluorobenzaldehyde

2‐[
trans‐
2‐(4‐Fluorophenyl)vinyl]‐3‐nitrobenzoic acid

2‐([
trans‐
2‐(4‐Fluorophenylvinyl]‐3‐nitrophenyl‐1‐pyrrolidinylmethanone

1,10‐Phenanthroline

Palladium acetate

[2‐(4‐Fluorophenyl‐1
H‐
indol‐4‐yl]‐1‐pyrrolidinylmethanone
Palladium (
II
) Acetate‐Butyldi‐1‐Adamantylphosphine Catalyzed Arylation of Electron‐Rich Heterocycles. Preparation of 5‐Phenyl‐2‐Isobutylthiazole
Authors: Lazareva Anna , Chiong Hendrich A. , Daugulis. Olafs 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Palladium (II) acetate

Sodium acetate

Butyl di‐1‐adamantylphosphine

Tribasic potassium phosphate

2‐Isobutylthiazole

Chlorobenzene

Hydrazine hydrate

5‐Phenyl‐2‐isobutylthiazole
Protection of Diols with 4‐(
tert
‐Butyldimethylsilyloxy)Benzylidene Acetal and its Deprotection: (4‐((4

R

,5

R

)‐4,5‐Diphenyl‐1,3‐Dioxolan‐2‐
Yl
)Phenoxy)(
Tert
‐ Butyl)Dimethylsilane
Authors: Osajima Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Hideto , Okano Kentaro , Tokuyama Hidetoshi , Fukuyama Tohru 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Tert‐
Butyldimethylsilyl chloride

4‐Hydroxybenzaldehyde

Imidazole

4‐(Dimethylamino)pyridine

Trimethyl orthoformate

Pyridinium
p‐
toluenesulfonate

(1
R,
2
R)
‐1,2‐Diphenylethane1,2‐diol

Potassium fluoride

Potassium carbonate

Hydroxylamine hydrochloride
The Direct Acyl‐Alkylation of Arynes
Authors: Ebner David C. , Tambar Uttam K. , Stoltz Brian M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Methyl 2‐(2‐acetylphenyl)acetate

Cesium fluoride

Methyl acetoacetate

2‐Trimethylsilyl)phenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate
Convenient Preparation of 3‐Ethoxycarbonyl Benzofurans from Salicylaldehydes and Ethyl Diazoacetate
Authors: Dudley Matthew E. , Morshed M. Monzur , Hossain. M. Mahmun 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

3‐Benzofurancarboxylic acid 5‐chloro‐ ethyl ester

Acetic acid, 2‐diazo‐,ethyl ester

Tetrafluoroboric acid diethyl etherate

5‐Chlorosalicylaldehyde
Preparation of (
S
)‐
tert
‐Butyl
PHOX
Authors: Krout Michael R. , Mohr Justin T. , Stoltz Brian M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

(L)‐
tert‐
Leucine

(
S)‐tert‐
Leucinol

Sodium borohydride

2‐Bromobenzoyl chloride

Methanesulfonyl chloride

Copper iodide

Diphenylphosphine

N,N‐
Dimethylethylenediamine

Cesium carbonate

(
S)‐tert‐
ButylPHOX
Phosphine‐Catalyzed [4+2] Annulation: Synthesis of Ethyl 6‐Phenyl‐1‐Tosyl‐1,2,5,6‐Tetrahydropyridine‐3‐Carboxylate
Authors: Lu Kui , Kwon Ohyun 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Ethyl 2‐(triphenylphosphoranylidne)propionate

Ethyl 2‐methylbuta‐2,3‐dienoate

(
E)‐N‐
Benzylidene‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonamide

p‐
Tolunesulfonamide

Benzaldehyde

BF3.Et2O

Ethyl 6‐phenyl‐1‐tosyl‐1,2,5,6‐tetrahydropyridene‐3‐carboxylate

Tri‐
n‐
butylphosphine
Enantioselective Preparation of Dihydropyrimidones
Authors: Goss Jennifer M. , Dai Peng , Lou Sha , Schaus Scott E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCarbamic acid, 2‐propen‐‐1‐yl esterCarbamic acid,N‐[phenyl(phenylsulfonyl)methyl]‐,2‐propen‐1‐yl ester(betaR)‐Benzenpropanoic acid, alpha acetyl‐beta‐[[(2‐propen‐1‐yloxy)carbonyl]amino]‐methyl ester(betaR)‐Benzenepropanoic acid, alpha acetyl‐beta‐[[[(phenylmethyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]‐,methyl ester(4S)‐5‐Pyrimidinecarboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐6‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐4‐phenyl‐1‐(phenylmethyl)‐,methyl ester
Synthesis of Ethyl 2‐Ethanoyl‐2‐Methyl‐3‐Phenylbut‐3‐Enoate
Authors: Fujimoto Taisuke , Endo Kohei , Nakamura Masaharu , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Ethyl 2‐methylacetoacetate

Phenylacetylene

Indium(III) tris(trifluoromethanesulfonate)
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Addition of Arylboronic Acids to
in situ
Generated
N
‐Boc Arylimines. Preparation of (
S
)‐
tert
‐Butyl (4‐Chlorophenyl)(Thiophen‐2‐Yl)Methylcarbamate
Authors: Storgaard Morten , Ellman Jonathan A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Tert
‐Butyl phenylsulfonyl(thiphen‐2‐yl)methylcarbamate

Tert
‐Butyl carbamate

2‐Thiophene carboxaldehdye

Benzensulfinic acid sodium salt

[RhCl(cod)]2

(
R,R)
‐degusPHOS

4‐Chlorophenylboronic acid
Magnesiation of Weakly Activated Arenes using tmp
2
Mg·2LiCl: Synthesis of
Tert
‐Butyl Ethyl Phthalate
Authors: Rohbogner Christoph J. , Wagner Andreas J. , Clososki Giuliano C. , Knochel Paul 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Isopropylmagnesium chloride lithium chloride complex

2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidine

Ethyl benzoate

Dicarbonic acid,
C,C′‐
bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl)ester

Tert‐
Butyl ethyl phthalate
The molecular genetics of holoprosencephaly
Authors: Roessler Erich , Muenke Maximilian 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHoloprosencephaly (HPE) has captivated the imagination of Man for millennia because its most extreme manifestation, the single‐eyed cyclopic newborn infant, brings to mind the fantastical creature Cyclops from Greek mythology. Attempting to understand this common malformation of the forebrain in modern medical terms requires a systematic synthesis of genetic, cytogenetic, and environmental information typical for studies of a complex disorder. However, even with the advances in our understanding of HPE in recent years, there are significant obstacles remaining to fully understand its heterogeneity and extensive variability in phenotype. General lessons learned from HPE will likely be applicable to other malformation syndromes. Here we outline the common, and rare, genetic and environmental influences on this conserved developmental program of forebrain development and illustrate the similarities and differences between these malformations in humans and those of animal models. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genesis of teratogen‐induced holoprosencephaly in mice
Authors: Lipinski Robert J. , Godin Elizabeth A. , O'leary‐Moore Shonagh K. , Parnell Scott E. , Sulik Kathleen K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEvidence from mechanical, teratological, and genetic experimentation demonstrates that holoprosencephaly (HPE) typically results from insult prior to the time that neural tube closure is completed and occurs as a consequence of direct or indirect insult to the rostral prechordal cells that induce the forebrain or insult to the median forebrain tissue, itself. Here, we provide an overview of normal embryonic morphogenesis during the critical window for HPE induction, focusing on the morphology and positional relationship of the developing brain and subjacent prechordal plate and prechordal mesoderm cell populations. Subsequent morphogenesis of the HPE spectrum is then examined in selected teratogenesis mouse models. The temporal profile of Sonic Hedgehog expression in rostral embryonic cell populations and evidence for direct or indirect perturbation of the Hedgehog pathway by teratogenic agents in the genesis of HPE is highlighted. Emerging opportunities based on recent insights and new techniques to further characterize the mechanisms and pathogenesis of HPE are discussed. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk factors for non‐syndromic holoprosencephaly in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Authors: Miller Eric A. , Rasmussen Sonja A. , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria , Frías Jaime L. , Honein Margaret A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHoloprosencephaly (HPE) is a complex structural brain anomaly that results from incomplete cleavage of the forebrain. The prevalence of HPE at birth is low, and risk factors have been difficult to identify. Using data from a large multi‐state population‐based case‐control study, we examined risk factors for non‐syndromic HPE. Data from maternal telephone interviews were available for 74 infants with HPE and 5871 controls born between 1997 and 2004. Several characteristics and exposures were examined, including pregnancy history, medical history, maternal diet and use of nutritional supplements, medications, tobacco, alcohol, and illegal substances. We used χ2‐tests and logistic regression (excluding women with pre‐existing diabetes) to examine associations with HPE. Except for diet (year before pregnancy) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (throughout pregnancy), most exposures were examined for the time period from the month before to the third month of pregnancy. HPE was found to be associated with pre‐existing diabetes (χ2 = 6.0; P = 0.01), aspirin use [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6–6.9], lower education level (aOR = 2.5; 95%CI 1.1–5.6), and use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) (crude OR = 4.2; 95%CI 1.3–13.7). Consistent maternal folic acid use appeared to be protective (aOR = 0.4; 95%CI 0.2–1.0), but the association was of borderline statistical significance. While some of these findings support previous observations, other potential risk factors identified warrant further study. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Holoprosencephaly and holoprosencephaly‐like phenotypes: Review of facial and molecular findings in patients from a craniofacial hospital in Brazil
Authors: Richieri‐Costa Antonio , Ribeiro Lucilene Arilho 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHere we report on the clinical and genetic data for a large sample of Brazilian patients studied at the Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalas Craniofaciais—Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC‐USP) who presented with either the classic holoprosencephaly or the holoprosencephaly‐like (HPE‐L) phenotype. The sample included patients without detected mutations in some HPE determinant genes such as SHH, GLI2, SIX3, TGIF, and PTCH, as well as the photographic documentation of the previously reported patients in our Center. The HPE‐L phenotype has been also called of HPE “minor forms” or “microforms.” The variable phenotype, the challenge of genetic counseling, and the similarities to patients with isolated cleft lip/palate are discussed. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A front line police perspective of mental health issues and services
Authors: Mclean Nicola , Marshall Lisa A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackground Changes in mental health service provision in most western countries have been associated with an increasing role of the police in the community management of people with mental health problems, but little is known about how the police perceive this in the UK.Objectives To investigate police officers' views on their roles in dealings with people with mental health problems and with mental health services.Methods Nine in‐depth semi‐structured interviews were conducted with front line police officers. These interviews were analysed for recurrent themes using interpretative phenomenological analysis.Results The recurrent themes identified were: emotional aspects of dealing with people with mental health problems and with services, impact of incidents on police resources and on people with mental health problems, success through collaborative working with health services and failure in its absence.Conclusions Police officers' experiences of work with people with mental disorder in the community in Scotland had much in common with those previously reported in the USA and in Australia. Development of more collaborative approaches and mutual respect between the police and mental health service providers would resolve many of the currently perceived difficulties. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of the ortho Modification of Azobenzene on the Photoregulatory Efficiency of DNA Hybridization and the Thermal Stability of its cis Form
Authors: Nishioka Hidenori , Liang Xingguo , Asanuma Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe synthesized various azobenzenes methylated at their ortho positions with respect to the azo bond for more effective photoregulation of DNA hybridization. Photoregulatory efficiency, evaluated from the change of Tm (ΔTm) induced by trans–cis isomerization, was significantly improved for all ortho‐modified azobenzenes compared with non‐modified azobenzene due to the more stabilized trans form and the more destabilized cis form. Among the synthesized azobenzenes, 4‐carboxy‐2′,6′‐dimethylazobenzene (2′,6′‐Me‐Azo), in which two ortho positions of the distal benzene ring with respect to carboxyl group were methylated, exhibited the largest ΔTm, whereas the newly synthesized 2,6‐Me‐Azo (4‐carboxy‐2,6‐dimethylazobenzene), which possesses two methyl groups on the two ortho positions of the other benzene ring, showed moderate improvement of ΔTm. Both NMR spectroscopic analysis and computer modeling revealed that the two methyl groups on 2′,6′‐Me‐Azo were located near the imino protons of adjacent base pairs; these stabilized the DNA duplex by stacking interactions in the trans form and destabilized the DNA duplex by steric hindrance in the cis form. In addition, the thermal stability of cis‐2′,6′‐Me‐Azo was also greatly improved, but not that of cis‐2,6‐Me‐Azo. Solvent effects on the half‐life of the cis form demonstrated that cis‐to‐trans isomerization of all the modified azobenzenes proceeded through an inversion route. Improved thermal stability of 2′,6′‐Me‐Azo but not 2,6‐Me‐Azo in the cis form was attributed to the retardation of the inversion process due to steric hindrance between lone pair electrons of the π orbital of the nitrogen atom and the methyl group on the distal benzene ring.
Model‐based clustering of longitudinal data
Authors: McNicholas Paul D. , Murphy T. Brendan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA new family of mixture models for the model‐based clustering of longitudinal data is introduced. The covariance structures of eight members of this new family of models are given and the associated maximum likelihood estimates for the parameters are derived via expectation–maximization (EM) algorithms. The Bayesian information criterion is used for model selection and a convergence criterion based on the Aitken acceleration is used to determine the convergence of these EM algorithms. This new family of models is applied to yeast sporulation time course data, where the models give good clustering performance. Further constraints are then imposed on the decomposition to allow a deeper investigation of the correlation structure of the yeast data. These constraints greatly extend this new family of models, with the addition of many parsimonious models. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 38:153–168; 2010 © 2010 Statistical Society of Canada