bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantum coherence from Kirkwood–Dirac nonclassicality, some bounds, and operational interpretation
Authors: Budiyono Agung , Sumbowo Joel F , Agusta Mohammad K , Nurhandoko Bagus E B 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Just a few years after the inception of quantum mechanics, there has been a research program using the nonclassical values of some quasiprobability distributions to delineate the nonclassical aspects of quantum phenomena. In particular, in Kirkwood–Dirac (KD) quasiprobability distribution, the distinctive quantum mechanical feature of noncommutativity which underlies many nonclassical phenomena, manifests in the nonreal values and/or the negative values of the real part. Here, we develop a faithful quantifier of quantum coherence based on the KD nonclassicality which captures simultaneously the nonreality and the negativity of the KD quasiprobability. The KD-nonclassicality coherence thus defined, is upper bounded by the uncertainty of the outcomes of measurement described by a rank-1 orthogonal projection-valued measure (PVM) corresponding to the incoherent orthonormal basis which is quantified by the Tsallis

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-entropy. Moreover, they are identical for pure states so that the KD-nonclassicality coherence for pure state admits a simple closed expression in terms of measurement probabilities. We then use the Maassen–Uffink uncertainty relation for min-entropy and max-entropy to obtain a lower bound for the KD-nonclassicality coherence of a pure state in terms of optimal guessing probability in measurement described by a PVM noncommuting with the incoherent orthonormal basis. We also derive a trade-off relation for the KD-nonclassicality coherences of a pure state relative to a pair of noncommuting orthonormal bases with a state-independent lower bound. Finally, we sketch a variational scheme for a direct estimation of the KD-nonclassicality coherence based on weak value measurement and thereby discuss its relation with quantum contextuality.
CPT calibration chamber testing on tailings
Authors: Qi L , Liu W , Zhao H , Talesnick M , Ghafghazi Mason 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The cone penetration test (CPT) is a widely used technique for on-site investigations. In the field, interpretation correlations of CPT can be established using laboratory calibration chamber tests. Empirical and theoretical correlations were developed for clay and sand under undrained and drained conditions, respectively. However, interpreting these results can be more challenging for intermediate soils that exhibit partial drainage during penetration and lie between fully undrained and drained conditions. Tailings, which are the by-products of mining and are often rich in fine particles, are a typical example of such intermediate soils. To gain a deeper understanding of the behavior of the tailings during CPT, a calibration chamber test was performed at a standard rate of 2 cm/s and subsequently at a slow rate of 0.02 cm/s, and the obtained results were analyzed.
Study on the anisotropic small strain stiffness of marine clay in China using bender elements
Authors: Huang Yuhua , Gu Xiaoqiang , Zuo Kangle , Hu Jing 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Small strain stiffness anisotropy of marine soils plays an important role in determining the natural frequency of offshore wind turbine structures. The small strain stiffness anisotropy is contingent on stress anisotropy and fabric anisotropy, with the latter being assessable via stiffness anisotropy under isotropic stress conditions. In this study, the small strain stiffness of marine clay obtained from the site of an offshore wind farm on the southeast coast of China was measured using a bender element. The effects of void ratio, effective mean pressure, and overconsolidation ratio on small strain stiffness were investigated and the related empirical equations were proposed for predicting the small strain stiffness of the marine clay. Furthermore, the small strain stiffness anisotropy of the marine clay under isotropic consolidation was also investigated. The findings revealed remarkable anisotropy in the small strain stiffness of the tested marine clay.
Unit cell consolidation of a PVD incorporated soft soil: Comparative of 2D axisymmetric and plane strain analysis considering ideal and actual drain
Authors: Ghose Samrat , Dey Arindam 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe paper presents two-dimensional (2D) finite element-based study of a surcharge-induced consolidating unit cell model comprising fully saturated soft soil. Radial drainage in the unit cell is ensured through a single prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) along with vertical drainage through the top surface. Finite element based 2D axisymmetric and plane strain modelling has been conducted by considering the smearing of cohesive medium. The PVD is represented by both 1D drain element (ideal drain) and through geometric modelling considering well resistance. The parameters for the ‘Soft Soil’ model for the cohesive medium are adopted from the subsurface data at Krishnapatnam Ultra Mega Power Project (KUMPP), India. Comparative assessment of unit-cell consolidation is carried out between the 2D axisymmetric and equivalent plane strain condition based on Hird’s permeability compatibility approach. The two approaches yielded noticeable disparity in the time rates of consolidation for time factor ≤ 0.4, beyond which the disparity decreases, and the two methods lead to identical results beyond time factor = 4. Further, the influence of permeability of a geometrically modelled PVD and the height of unit cell on the time-rate of consolidation is elucidated, thereby manifesting the importance of well resistance and drainage length in such analyses.
Correlations between physical properties and compression index of fine-grained soils based on a large dataset
Authors: Huang Fei , Fu Bin , Qin Hongyu , Du Yu , Zhu Liuwen , Zhuo Lichun 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A comprehensive statistical analysis of the correlations between the physical properties and compression index Cc
of fine-grained soils, based on a large dataset from the soil testing results of a railway project in the eastern coastal area of Malaysia, is presented in this paper. More than 1000 soil samples covering a wide range of soil types, with physical properties, such as natural water content, initial void ratio, dry density, liquid limit, plasticity index, and mechanical property-compression index, were analyzed using linear and nonlinear regressions. A very high correlation was observed between the natural moisture content, initial void ratio, dry density, and compression index. A strong correlation was found between the plasticity, liquid, and compression indices. Lower and upper boundaries, confining most of the previous correlations, were found between the natural water content and compression index. A comparison of all the correlations showed the natural water content and initial void ratio as the two best properties for predicting the compression index of fine-grained soils.
Experimental study of the dynamic characteristics of deep silty clay in Shanghai
Authors: Zhang D , Zhou Y , Huang Z 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
To investigate the dynamic properties of deep silty clay, a comprehensive set of cyclic triaxial and resonant column tests were performed on undisturbed samples of silty clay containing sand from depths reaching 54.5 m in Shanghai. This study aimed to characterize the influence of confining pressure on the stress–strain behavior, pore water pressure, and dynamic modulus of the soil. The present findings revealed that the confining pressure, which is correlated with the depth of burial, significantly influenced the soil deformation. Moreover, elevated confining pressures resulted in increased stress within the hysteresis loops, a higher initial shear modulus, and a diminished ratio of excess pore water pressure. Based on the empirical data, a refined model was formulated for the shear modulus and damping ratio as functions of the shear strain for deep silty clay in Shanghai. These insights are intended to offer a robust reference point, facilitating calibration and guiding subsequent investigations into structures situated in the deep subterranean environments of Shanghai.
Investigation of creep characteristics and microscopic mechanism of cemented-soil subjected to freeze-thaw
Authors: Zhou Jie , Chen Lujia , Zhao Wenqiang 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
With the development of underground construction, higher safety demands have been placed on construction methods. The improved freezing method, which combines artificial ground freezing and cemented soil stabilization techniques, is more suitable for studying the typical creep characteristics of muddy clay in Shanghai. However, research on the creep behavior of freeze-thaw cemented-soil is limited. In this study, the creep characteristics of freeze-thawed cemented soil were investigated through triaxial creep tests, and the micromechanism was explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the creep deformation of freeze-thawed cemented soil is higher than that of non-freeze-thawed cemented soil. The freezing temperature decreased with an increase in deformation. By analyzing SEM images, the porosities of non-freeze-thawed cemented-soil and soil freeze-thawed at -5°C, -15°C, and -25°C, were extracted, which were 28.5%, 28.7%, 30.1%, and 39.1% respectively. During the freeze-thaw cycle, both the soil and cemented soil particles undergo movement and reordering. Freeze-thaw exacerbates creep degradation because frost heave weakens particle adhesion and affects structural stability. These results provide a scientific reference for the development of underground spaces in soft areas.
Desiccation cracking behavior and its suppression methods in lateritic soil under drying and wetting cycles
Authors: Gao Qian-Feng , Zeng Ling , Yu Guang-Tao , Huang Xiao-Jian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this study, the desiccation cracking behavior of lateritic soil caused by drying and wetting cycles was investigated and effective methods for mitigating crack development were proposed. Direct mixing and spray coating methods based on different additives were used to modify lateritic soil. Cyclic wet–dry tests were performed to analyze the influence of wet–dry cycles on the cracking behavior. Subsequently, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted to examine the strength degradation caused by crack formation and strength enhancement by additives. In addition, the modification mechanisms were revealed using electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that desiccation cracks developed significantly during the drying process, with some cracks closing upon wetting. However, most of the cracks reopened and expanded further during subsequent drying, leading to a steady increase in the crack rate during the wet-dry cycles. When using the direct mixing method, lignocellulose was the most effective additive for enhancing the crack resistance of lateritic soils. The optimal crack resistance was achieved with a lignocellulose content of 0.75%, resulting in an 18.2% increase in tensile strength. Conversely, when employing the spray coating method, PAC was found as the optimal additive, with a desirable concentration of 1.5–6.0%.
Model test and numerical analysis of shield tunnel face instability in sandy soil with strain-softening properties
Authors: Zhao Y C , Qin H L , Xu K F , Lü X L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
During excavation of a shield tunnel in a sandy stratum, variations in the state of the sand affect the stratum stability of the shield tunnel face. When dense sand is loaded, its strength decreases gradually owing to dilatancy and it exhibits strain-softening behavior. Model tests and finite element numerical simulations were performed to clarify the failure characteristics of the tunnel face induced by strain-softening. In the model tests, a dense sand stratum was constructed; the movement of the supporting plate of the excavation face was controlled to simulate the progressive failure of the shield tunnel face. Based on a material state-dependent plasticity model, a numerical analysis model of the tunnel face was established to capture the strain-softening behavior of dense sand by including a nonlocal regularization technique. Comparing the model test and numerical simulation results, the evolution of the material state of the sand with progressive failure of the tunnel face was analyzed, and the failure characteristics caused by the strain-softening of sand were revealed.
Influence of repeated surface surcharge loading on tunnel displacement considering the structural characteristics of soft clay
Authors: Xie W B , Zhang Q , Ye G L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Shanghai soft clay is a typical marine clay with specific structural characteristics. However, the effects of surface surcharge loading on structured soft clay and existing tunnels remain unclear. In this study, the effect of repeated surface surcharge loading on tunnel displacement was numerically investigated, considering the structural characteristics of Shanghai Layer 4 soft clay. An elastoplastic constitutive model (Shanghai model) that describes the mechanical properties and structural characteristics of natural clay was used to simulate the soil response. The results indicate that the first cycle of repeated surface surcharge loading had the greatest effect on the displacement of the tunnel and overlying clay; subsequent loading cycles further increased the displacement. With repeated surface surcharge loading, the displacement of the overlying clay exhibited a significant decreasing trend with increasing depth. The maximum excess pore pressure of the clay exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing loading time. The displacements of the tunnel and overlying clay were greater when the effects of the soil structure were considered. However, the initial degree of the structure had no significant effect on the accumulation of excess pore pressure when the surface surcharge loading did not reach the ultimate bearing capacity of the clay.
Undrained cyclic behavior of underconsolidated marine clay in multidirectional simple shear tests
Authors: Tan J , Ren F F , Gao Y 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the field of marine reclamation engineering, underconsolidated marine clay often presents challenges owing to its susceptibility to multidirectional cyclic stresses and potential for excessive deformation. This research examined the undrained cyclic behavior of underconsolidated marine clay through multidirectional cyclic simple shear tests. It explored shear strain evolution, the cyclic shear stress–strain relationship, and stiffness degradation by analyzing the impacts of clay consolidation levels and phase differences in the cyclic stress. The findings indicated that as the degree of consolidation increased, the rate of cyclic shear strain development in marine clay gradually diminished. Conversely, an enhanced phase difference led to a quicker evolution of shear strain. Additionally, as loading continued, the tested clay exhibited notable softening behavior, leading to stiffness degradation. A larger phase difference resulted in more pronounced stiffness degradation, although a higher degree of consolidation effectively delayed this degradation. These findings provide new insights on the cyclic behavior of underconsolidated marine clay under multidirectional loading, offering crucial information for marine reclamation engineering.
Influence of spatial variability of soil shear-wave velocity considering intralayer correlation on seismic response of engineering site
Authors: Zhong Zilan , Ni Bo , Shi Yuebo , Li Jingqiang , Shen Jiaxu , Du Xiuli 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Shear-wave velocity uncertainty significantly impacts seismic response analysis at engineering sites. Previous studies focused on the correlations of shear-wave velocities within soil layers. However, the influence of the vertical spatial variability of shear-wave velocity within individual soil layers was not considered. This study selected a typical Site Class II engineering site to investigate this influence based on the equivalent linear seismic response analysis method of layered soil deposits. Existing field test data on shear-wave velocity were used to discretize the shear-wave velocity within soil layers into a one-dimensional (1D) random field through covariance matrix decomposition and local average process theory. Monte Carlo simulations generated random shear-wave velocity profiles with different vertical correlation distances. Three artificial records with different earthquake return periods were used as input motions at the engineering bedrock for the 1D free-field model. Considering soil shear-wave velocity uncertainty, the peak shear strain increased by 19–27% with the input ground motion amplitude. Moreover, the site peak shear strain variability increased by 25–34% with the vertical correlation distance. The proposed 1D random field model effectively simulated the interlayer correlation and spatial variability of shear-wave velocity within soil layers, demonstrating its significance in seismic response analysis.
Research on the method of damage theory applied in underground lining structure’s durability
Authors: Pan H 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Damage or deterioration may occur in underground lining structures under the effects of external loads, groundwater seepage, and corrosive ions. Consequently, the durability and reliability of the structure can be severely affected. This study first analyzed and summarized the current situation of damage theory used in the durability research of concrete structures and underground. Consequently, the concept of a “deterioration degree function,” which can reflect the degree of damage to a structure, was proposed. Subsequently, the Gurson meso-damage model was analyzed for its application in the durability research of underground structures concerning the theory, formulae, and steps. A type of specimen was designed as an example, wherein the track model of steel corrosion expansion as assumed and deduced, and the numerical calculation of the damage stress was calculated to predict the durable life of the structure. The analysis concept developed in this study can be extended and applied to other research fields with similar durability problems.
Method for macro-microscopic damage observation of rock hydraulic fracturing based on dic and thin section techniques
Authors: Xing J , Zhao C , Niu J , Huang L , Qian Y , Fu J , Ding H L , Tian Y Z 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study conducted systematic studies and in-depth analyses of micromechanics of hydraulically induced crack propagation. This study introduced a method for observing macromicroscopic damage in rock hydraulic fracturing based on DIC and thin-section techniques. We developed an advanced sealed visualization system equipped with high-speed cameras and macrolenses to facilitate precise observation of the hydraulic fracturing process. Additionally, Digital Image Correlation was used to accurately track and analyze the evolution of fractures. Our methodology clearly distinguished between intergranular and transgranular cracks using polarized light microscopy, thereby offering novel insights into grain-scale damage and strain localization within crystalline rocks. This research contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying hydraulic fracturing at both the macroscopic and microscopic scales.
Preliminary study on the mechanical behavior of clay in one-dimensional compression with DEM simulations
Authors: Shen Z F , Li X X , Yi X J , Wang Z H , Gao H M 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe mechanical behavior and physical properties of clay are closely associated with its microstructure. Current research on the macroscopic mechanics and physical properties of clay is comprehensive and systematic. However, the microstructural variations underlying these characteristics have been predominantly examined under mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy, while quantitative and systematic studies are notably limited. This research employs the discrete element method (DEM) simulation to investigate the microscopic responses of clay, simulating one-dimensional compression tests on two clay types: card-house and book-house structures. The analysis of pore size and morphology was conducted using virtual mercury intrusion porosimetry and the pore segmentation method. The clay microstructure was quantitatively characterized by parameters such as pore aspect ratio, orientation distribution, and cumulative pore volume curve. The findings demonstrate that DEM effectively replicates the fundamental mechanical behavior of clay, revealing and explaining the evolution pattern of clay pore structure during one-dimensional compression in terms of platelet alignment adjustment. This macroscopic compression is characterized by variations in pore size distribution, orientation, and aspect ratio.
Microscale Mechanical Behaviour Evaluation of Unsaturated Granular Soils via 4D in situ Triaxial Test on μ-CT
Authors: Luan Ji-yuan , Wang Ji-peng , Dadda Abdelali 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Owing to the complex structure and stress history of unsaturated soils, the micro-mechanism of effective stress theory in unsaturated soil mechanics remains unelucidated. In this study, we developed a miniature triaxial test apparatus for a micro-focus computed tomography (μ-CT) scanning system for the microscopic study of the mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soil. By comparing the results from the developed mini-triaxial test device system with those from a conventional triaxial device, its experimental accuracy was verified. Micron-level high-resolution CT images of sheared specimens at different strain stages were obtained using the device for in situ suction-control triaxial compression 4D (3-Dimensional+Dynamic) tests with a μ-CT scanning system. The multiscale evolution behaviours of the physical parameters (porosity and degree of saturation) of the specimens corresponded to the stress–strain relationship revealed by the in situ test. Triaxial shearing drains out the pore water, and the decomposition of the largest water clusters causes the quantity of small-volume liquid clusters to increase, shifting the distribution of the interfacial areas. The degree of saturation scale indicates the presence of liquid bridges within the shear band that provide interparticle cementation effect and thus enhance the global strength of unsaturated granular soil specimens.
Investigation of particle size effect on particle breakage of carbonate sand under one-dimensional compression
Authors: Wu Y , Dai B , Liu P , Xu K 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Previous studies on the particle-size effect have indicated that larger particles tend to exhibit lower strength under equivalent loading conditions; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the influence of particle size on the macrocompression behavior of carbonate sand by performing one-dimensional compression tests on various uniformly graded samples. The variations in particle size and shape resulting from particle breakage during compression were quantitatively analyzed. In addition, X-ray micro-tomography (μCT) is employed to obtain microstructural insights into the intra-particle porosity of carbonate sand particles, and its role in the particle size effect was further discussed.