bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Greco John 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This introductory article explains the coverage of this book, which is about scepticism. It discusses some varieties of skepticism and provides commentaries on the way scepticism has been approached in different philosophical periods. This volume examines some historically important responses to skepticism such as pragmatism, the commonsense view, and idealism. It also discusses contemporary epistemologists' creation of new strategies for responding to skepticism, often based on recent developments in other fields such as metaphysics, the philosophy of language and the philosophy of mind.
Skepticism about the External World
Authors: Greco John 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the notion of skepticism about the external world. It attempts to provide an understanding of what the skeptic means by the external world when he denies knowledge of the external world. It considers several popular but misguided replies to skepticism about the external world and reconstructs several lines of skeptical argument. It discusses the so-called semantic contextualism as a more promising approach to external-world skepticism and argues that even if contextualism is correct about the semantics of “knows” and related language, it fails to give us the sort of explanation we want in a satisfying response to skepticism.
Skepticism about A Priori Justification: Self‐Evidence, Defeasibility, and Cogito Propositions
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article focuses on the cogito propositions and those propositions whose classification as a priori is disputed. It explains that a priori justification is commonly taken to be a kind of justification is based on reason rather than on experience and evaluates the skeptical view that no genuinely substantive proposition is a priori and that reason has far less power to reveal truth than has been supposed by a great many philosophers. It also discusses the domain of the a priori, empiricist skepticism about the a priori, and the case for a priori existential knowledge.
Contemporary Responses to Agrippa's Trilemma
Authors: Klein Peter D. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses contemporary response to the epistemic regress problem or Agrippa's trilemma. The epistemic regress problem is considered the most crucial in the entire theory of knowledge and it is a major concern for many contemporary epistemologists. However, only two of the three alternative solutions have been developed in any detail, foundationalism and coherentism. Infinitism was not seriously considered as a solution because of the finite-mind objection. This article also provides a brief evaluation of foundationalism, emergent coherentism, and infinitism.
Virtues in Epistemology
Authors: Greco John 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article reviews some recent history of epistemology, focusing on ways in which the intellectual virtues have been invoked to solve specific epistemological problems. It gives a sense of the contemporary landscape that has emerged, and clarifies some of the disagreements among those who invoke the virtues in epistemology. Furthermore, it explores some epistemological problems in greater detail. It also defends a particular approach in virtue epistemology by displaying its power in addressing these problems. It pursues the idea that a minimalist, reliabilist notion of the intellectual virtues is useful for constructing an account of knowledge. It sets out to support this on the ground that this approach to intellectual virtue can adequately address three major problems in the theory of knowledge: Humean skepticism, the Gettier problem, and the problem of showing that knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief.
The Neurophilosophy of Subjectivity
Authors: Mandik Pete 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article argues that claims of the subjectivity of consciousness are very strong empirical claims about the structure, acquisition, and content of concepts. It describes various neurophilosophical accounts of concepts and consciousness and builds a case against the subjectivity of consciousness. It contends that subjectivity eliminativism is superior over subjectivity reductionism and evaluates the proposal that one can only have the concept of what it is like to have certain experiences if one has had those experiences.
Logical Consequence, Proof Theory, and Model Theory
Authors: Shapiro Stewart 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article's main concern is the notion of model-theoretic consequence. What does it have to do with correct reasoning? The article takes on deductive consequence only by way of contrast. Do these two notions answer to different intuitive notions of consequence? Is one of them primary, and the other secondary? Or perhaps they are autonomous and independent. Maybe there are two distinct notions of correct reasoning, valid thought, and/or inference. For what it is worth, treatments of mathematical logic usually presuppose that the model-theoretic notion is the primary one. For example, one says that a deductive system is sound or complete (or not) for the semantics—not the other way around. If a deductive system is not sound for a given semantics, then that alone disqualifies the deductive system. It is because the deductive system allows us to deduce a falsehood from truths in some interpretation of the language.
Waiting for the “Big Beam”
Authors: Grünschloß Andreas 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
For the most part, UFO religions were not taken seriously until after the Heavens Gate suicides in early 1997. Since that time, more and more scholarly attention has been given to UFO religions as well as to the religious motifs found in the more general ufological subculture. This article discusses the historical emergence of this strain of spirituality out of modern esotericism, the millenarian aspect of ufological spirituality, the quest for a both a new science and a religious technology in UFO religions, and the religious significance of the “ancient astronaut” hypothesis which informs groups such as the Raelian movement.
The Global Spread of Constitutional Review
Authors: Ginsburg Tom 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Constitutional review, the power of courts to strike down incompatible legislation and administrative action, is an innovation of the American constitutional order that has become a norm of democratic constitution writing. Some political systems, such as the United States', have developed vigorous constitutional review, even without an explicit textual mandate. Judicial review originates as an expression of Anglo-American natural law tradition in an age of positive legislation. We can characterize the traditional theories for the spread of constitutional review as institutional–functional or ideational in character. Of course, the various theories are hardly mutually exclusive. In some cases, they clearly reinforce one another, such as the iconic German case that involved both federalism and rights rationales. This article traces the spread of constitutional review and evaluates the various political explanations for its establishment, development, and spread, focusing on the mutually reinforcing roles of ideas and institutions. It also examines why some constitutional courts fail and others succeed.
Natural Law
Authors: George Robert P. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Theories of natural law propose to identify fundamental aspects of human well-being and fulfillment (“basic human goods”), and norms of conduct entailed by their integral directiveness or prescriptivity (“moral norms”). Propositions picking out basic aspects of human flourishing are directive (prescriptive) in our thinking about what to do or refrain from doing (our practical reason)—they are, or provide more than, merely instrumental reasons for action and restraint. When these foundational principles of practical reflection are taken together they entail norms that may exclude some options and require others in situations of morally significant choosing. According to St Thomas Aquinas, practical reasoning is reasoning about what is worth doing and what ought to be done. This article discusses natural law and practical reasoning, morality, virtue, political morality and positive law, natural law and legal interpretation, legal injustice, and the link between natural law and religion.
Criminal Justice and the Police
Authors: Skogan Wesley G. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Police departments are among the most political of institutions in American cities. Unlike many nations, policing in the United States is extremely decentralized. This article focuses on three aspects of criminal justice: policing, criminal sentencing, and the politics of prisons. It reviews the findings of many empirical studies, and cites examples of research that outlines issues in the field and describes key concepts and approaches. The article also refers to some of the methodological and data issues involved in the research. It necessarily excludes areas of research, including studies of media coverage of crime and justice, and also gives a short shrift to the politics of drug policies, and the causes and consequences of growing race and class disparities in who gets arrested, prosecuted, and imprisoned. The role of courts and judges in sentencing and legislation on crimes are also discussed.
Absenteeism or Presenteeism? Attendance Dynamics and Employee Well‐Being
Authors: Johns Gary 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to examine the relationships between absenteeism and presenteeism and employee well-being. Absenteeism is the failure to report for work as scheduled. Presenteeism is showing up to work when one is ill and the decrement in productivity that follows from this practice. On a continuum, presenteeism stands between full work engagement and absenteeism. This article considers how attendance dynamics are affected by employee well-being. It also considers how attendance dynamics might affect well-being, a less researched subject. It takes a broad stance on what constitutes well-being, encompassing physical, mental, and emotional well-being and assuming that a positively evaluated work experience is conducive to employee well-being. It does not assume that the mere occurrence of either behavior somehow “speaks for itself” as an indicator of well-being.
Environmental “Vitamins”, Personal Judgments, Work Values, and Happiness
Authors: Warr Peter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Happiness and unhappiness are major drivers of organizational life, central to the establishment and achievement of goals. They are also significantly linked to several forms of behavior. Correlations between job satisfaction and job performance average about +0.20, with stronger associations in managerial and professional jobs. Significant associations are consistently found in respect of organizational citizenship behaviors—helping colleagues, being friendly, suggesting improvements, volunteering for additional tasks, and so on. This article sets out an overall framework that incorporates both environment-centered and person-centered perspectives. It views environmental influences on worker's happiness or unhappiness in terms of twelve primary job features. It proposes to associate these, and several subcategories, with worker reactions in a non-linear fashion, and develops an analogy with the impact of vitamins on physical health.
Work Hours, Work Intensity, and Work Addiction
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Fiksenbaum Lisa 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article reviews the literature on the antecedents and consequences of working hours, work intensity, and work addiction particularly among managers and professionals. The dependent variables associated with these include health-related illnesses, injuries, sleep patterns, fatigue, heart rate, and hormone level changes, as well as several work/non-work life balance issues. Motives for working long hours such as joy in work, avoiding job insecurity or negative sanctions from a superior, and employer demands, are addressed in detail, and a multitude of moderators shown to have affected the work hours and well-being relationship are reviewed. These include reasons for working long hours, work schedule autonomy, monetary gain, and choice in working long hours. This article suggests a need for more research to understand better the effects of work hours, work intensity, and workaholism, as well as providing a number of implications and organizational and societal suggestions for addressing work-hour concerns.
The State and International Relations
Authors: Lake David A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe state is central to the study of international relations and will remain so into the foreseeable future. State policy is the most common object of analysis. States decide to go to war. They erect trade barriers. They choose whether and at what level to establish environmental standards. States enter international agreements, or not, and choose whether to abide by their provisions, or not. International relations as a discipline is chiefly concerned with what states do on the world stage and, in turn, how their actions affect other states. This article first reviews the rationales behind state-centric theories of international relations. The second section examines criticisms and probes the limits of state-centric theories. The third section identifies three promising areas of research within state-centric theory: state structure, unit heterogeneity, and international hierarchy.
The Ethics of Neoliberal Institutionalism
Authors: Richardson James L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Contemporary liberal institutional theory, originating in an enhanced awareness of interdependence in the 1970s, broke with earlier liberal thought in accepting some of the central assumptions of realist theory and defining itself solely in empirical terms. To the extent that normative presuppositions or implications may nonetheless be discerned, they remain implicit. This article focuses on the most prominent theoretical school, usually termed ‘neoliberal institutionalism’, which narrowed down liberalism's traditional normative commitments no less than its empirical assumptions. This article also takes note of certain alternative formulations of institutionalist theory and of the broadening scope of institutional theorizing in the present decade, and its re-emphasis on the normative. The normative writings of Robert Keohane, the central figure in the neoliberal school, demand special attention: while in some respects quite distinctive, they may reasonably be taken as representative of a widely shared American liberal outlook. It is argued that the values endorsed by these variants of liberal institutionalism are limited by their shared perspective: that of the predominant power of the day with its distinctive political culture.
The Ethics of the New Liberalism
Authors: Simpson Gerry 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article considers three key new liberal texts in order to untangle some of the key propositions of new liberalism. These are Andrew Moravcsik's Taking Preferences Seriously (1997), Anne-Marie Slaughter's A New World Order (2004), and the recent Princeton Project's Forging a World of Liberty under Law (Ikenberry and Slaughter 2006). The first text represents new liberalism's methodological blueprint; it is a persuasive, widely read, and considered piece of theorizing that seeks to position new liberalism alongside the great ‘isms’ of international relations theory. The second text seeks to describe a world already transformed by the norms and institutions produced by liberal law and politics. This represents a move from the sometimes dry theorizing of Moravcsik to a more popular normativism. The third text marks the first explicit effort to present new liberal theory as government policy. Forging a World of Liberty self-consciously mimics the style and intentions of the George W. Bush administration's two National Security Strategies (e.g., White House 2006). This prospectus for US foreign policy combines the feel-good normativity of new world order with a hard-headed pragmatism about violence and war; it as an approximation of what new liberal foreign relations might look like.
The Ethics of Constructivism
Authors: Price Richard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Social constructivism has increasingly been seen as one of the chief theoretical contenders in contemporary scholarship in international relations. As a research program, one of its main substantive contributions to the field has been to show that moral norms — and thus ethics — matter in world politics. In this very agenda itself, constructivist scholars have embodied ethical commitments — at its most basic level this most often has been one of challenging realist scepticism concerning the possibilities for progressive moral change. Yet the plausibility of such ethical positions has typically been defended by constructivists on rigorous empirical terms — showing that human rights norms or norms of warfare can matter, for example — rather than on comparably rigorous normative grounds (that such norms are ethically desirable). This article briefly outlines the trajectory of the constructivist research programme, arguing that its development and responses to its critics have now led it — and its challengers — centrally to explicit engagement with ethical questions. It then considers the extent to which constructivism can be said to entail a distinctive ethic at all, and outlines its potential contributions to addressing global ethical challenges.
Public and Private Management Compared
Authors: Rainey Hal G. , Chun Young Han 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In spite of various claims about the importance of the public–private distinction, the clearly prevailing consensus among scholars and experts on management holds that the distinction is not worth much. Many scholars have argued that the “sectors” involve such vastly diverse sets of management settings that distinctions such as public, private, and non-profit become confusing and misleading. In addition, over the years, major organization theorists have proclaimed that public and private management show more similarities than differences. These proclamations reflect a “generic” orientation among many management and organization theorists, who take the position that managers face common challenges in most or all settings, such as leading, motivating, and decision making.
Whatever Happened to Public Administration?
Authors: Frederickson H. George 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Concepts of governance as public administration reflect a long-standing theoretical debate in the field, the matter of distinctions between politics, and policy on one hand and policy implementation or administration on the other. Easy dismissal of the politics–administration dichotomy serves to focus the study of public administration, particularly by some governance theorist, on the constitutional and political context of the organization and management of the territorial state or jurisdiction. From this perspective governance becomes steering and public administration becomes rowing, a lesser phenomenon in the scholarly pecking order, not to mention a lesser subject in governance. Public administration, thus understood, is the work that governments contract-out, leaving governance as the subject of our study. Although the lines between politics, policy, and administration are often fuzzy and changing, and although there is not a politics–administration dichotomy, it is nevertheless important to understand the empirical distinctions between political and administrative phenomena.
Professionals in Public Service Organizations
Authors: Ferlie Ewan , Geraghty Keith J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article reviews the evolving literature on professionals in public service organizations. It then presents two contemporary, but alternative, narratives of public service reform, that of “New Public Management” and that of the “Governance Model,” considering implications for public service professionals. Examples are presented particularly from health care and higher education in different countries. These settings are selected because of their central role in many current reform strategies. The article outlines possible scenarios for the future and consider implications. More theoretical and empirical work is needed, but the emergent evidence points to more varied responses by professionals to public sector reform than often assumed.
Management Consultancy
Authors: Saint-Martin Denis 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article explores the key question: What accounts for the growing importance of management consultants in the public policy process? To do so, the article relies on historical-institutionalist theories emphasizing the interactions between processes of state formation (and transformation) and social knowledge. The approach used is both historical and comparative, looking at the role of consultants in public service reforms in various European and North American countries, and at how governments have used consultants since at least the 1960s with the Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System (PPBS) movement, whereas in the 1980s it was more linked to the “audit explosion” and more recently, to e-government. Whether the growing presence of consultants in government is the result of politicians who want to broaden their sources of policy advice, or of the lobbying efforts of consulting firms seeking to expand their activities in the public sector, is an open question.
Location, Competitiveness, and the Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Rugman Alan M. , Verbeke Alain 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the key insights resulting from recent international business research on the interactions between location advantages and the competitiveness of multinational enterprises (MNEs). It consists of four main sections. First, the evolution of the location advantage concept in the international economics literature is discussed. Here, it appears that the international economics literature has substantially broadened its analytical scope in the last few decades. However, the field of international business research had gone even further in its analysis of the interactions between location and MNE competitiveness because of its in-depth focus on the actual behaviour of MNEs. The complex nature of location advantages for MNEs is discussed in more detail in the second section. The third section describes the intellectual foundations of a spatial analysis of MNE activities. Finally, the fourth section discusses the relative contribution of home country specific advantages (CSAs) and host CSAs to MNE competitiveness.
Unbundling the Institution‐Based View of International Business Strategy
Authors: Peng Mike W. , Khoury Theodore A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Critics suggest that the industry-based view has the five forces framework and the resource-based view converges on the VRIO framework, yet what specific propositions or frameworks does the institution-based view of IB strategy have? This article addresses this important and legitimate question, by identifying and articulating the two core propositions underpinning the institution-based view: (1) individuals and firms act rationally according to formal and informal institutional structures; (2) when formal institutions fail, informal institutions regulate exchange relationships. In other words, this article endeavours to advance the institution-based view of IB strategy by unbundling the broad proposition that ‘institutions matter’. It leverages and extends contemporary research to illustrate the explanatory and predictive power of the two propositions underpinning the institution-based view of IB strategy.