bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medicinal Plants
Authors: Saito Kazuki , Muranaka Toshiya , Sudo Hiroshi , Kojoma Mareshige 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPlants produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites that are used as pharmaceuticals, food additives, and industrial raw materials. Because chemical syntheses of these metabolites are not feasible in many cases, the extraction of useful secondary metabolites from medicinal plants is in great demand. Transgenic medicinal plants offer new opportunities to enhance both the quantity and quality of the compounds. A unique feature of transgenic studies on medicinal plants compared to those on field crops, vegetables, and ornamental plants is the routine use of hairy root technology. Here, we review recent progress in transgenic studies on medicinal plants such as tropane‐ and nicotine‐producing plants (e.g.,Atropa,Datura,Duboisia,Hyoscyamus,Nicotiana, andScopolia), useful terpenoid‐producing plants (e.g.,Artemisia,Eleutherococcus,Glycyrrhiza, andPanax). Furthermore, transgenic studies onGlycyrrhizaspecies for glycyrrhizin, a natural sweetener, andOphiorrhizaspecies for camptothecin, an antineoplastic alkaloid, are described in detail as case studies.
Ornamentals
Authors: Davey Michael R. , Anthony Paul , Prentice Rosemary , Patel Deval , Power J. Brian , Lowe Kenneth C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe trade of ornamental plants generates substantial revenue worldwide, with molecular and somatic cell technologies providing an important and essential underpinning to conventional breeding approaches. Molecular procedures facilitate the identification of novel germplasms for incorporation into breeding programs involving sexual hybridization, while tissue culture‐based techniques are exploited to micropropagate novel germplasms and to provide the basis essential for genetic manipulation. Procedures for the genetic improvement of ornamentals involve exposure of existing genetic variation (somaclonal variation) through cell and tissue culture, somatic hybridization by the fusion of isolated protoplasts, and transformation byAgrobacteriumor particle bombardment (biolistics)‐mediated gene delivery. Targets for genetic manipulation of ornamental plants include modification of stature and floral characteristics and improved tolerance to pests, diseases, and environmental stress.
Poplars
Authors: Joshi Chandrashekhar P. , Busov Victor , Thammannagowda Shivegowda , Tsai Chung‐Jui , Brunner Amy , Meilan Richard 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn recent years, poplars have provided some of the useful model systems for studying genetic modifications of trees with the eventual goal of improving economically important and environmentally beneficial traits in commercially important tree species. Current problems with the cost and supply of petroleum products have rejuvenated public interest in using poplars as bioenergy crops. While the fast growth, abundant woody biomass and short rotations are some of the attractive features of poplars from the biomass perspective, its small and well characterized genome and ease of crossing, transformation, and cloning have provided some of the important tools for their biotechnological applications. Significant improvements in quantity and composition of lignicellulosic biomass, herbicide tolerance and pest resistance, growth characteristics, and control of flowering in transgenic poplars are some of the examples of successful combinations of basic and applied sciences. The field performances of such transgenic poplar trees are also currently being intensively studied and due to their relatively longer life span compared to herbaceous crops, extended field trials are necessary to evaluate the economical and ecological impact of genetically modified trees for the benefit of society.
Spruce
Authors: Klimaszewska Krystyna , Séguin Armand , Park Yill‐Sung , Arnerup Jenny , Garcia‐Gil Rosario 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOver the last decade, the production of transgenic conifers, including spruces, has been greatly facilitated by the advancement in somatic embryogenesis whereby embryogenic tissue is transformed through co‐cultivation withAgrobacterium tumefaciensor DNA‐coated microprojectiles. This has facilitated mass propagation of transgenic plants and the development of robust protocols for the genetic transformation of spruce providing, for the first time, the magnitude‐of‐scale required for implementing functional genomics studies in conifers. Presently, forest genomics research focuses on the identification and characterization of gene function that control major traits and attributes in forest trees. Functional genomic research has provided a greater understanding of the roles of specific genes in trees that will lead to the development of selection tools to accurately identify elite trees, which is particularly important in forestry where tree breeding cycles are very long. In this chapter, we first briefly review the biology of the genusPiceaand subsequently expose practical aspects of conventional breeding. We then examine technical issues related to genetic engineering. Finally, we discuss the biosafety issues and considerations related to the deployment of transgenic trees.
Chestnut
Authors: Maynard Charles A. , Powell William A. , Polin‐McGuigan Linda D. , Viéitez Ana M. , Ballester Antonio , Corredoira Elena , Merkle Scott A. , Andrade Gisele M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCastanea sativa, European chestnut, the only native chestnut species in Europe, was derived from the Turkish Mediterranean gene pool.Castanea dentata, American chestnut, is the largest chestnut species native to North America. Although European and American chestnuts are both susceptible toCryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, the former is still a commercially viable species. The American chestnut, however, has been essentially eliminated as both a nut crop and a timber species. European and American chestnuts have been the focus of attention of professional and amateur plant breeders for more than a century. They have been selected for various traits, moved from numerous points of origin, hybridized, and redistributed across the landscape. This comes after centuries of domestication by native peoples of both continents. The American Chestnut Foundation is carrying out the largest and most active breeding program based on backcross breeding between the American chestnut and the blight‐resistant Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima). A comparison is made between backcross breeding and genetic engineering in terms of numbers of unknown genes introduced and speed of introducing additional genes. Research to develop transformation systems for American and European chestnut has followed similar paths. For both species, the preferred target tissue is somatic embryos derived from immature zygotic embryos. The selectable marker genebar, with the herbicide Finale® (active ingredient phosphinothricin), in combination with scorable markergfp, has proved to be effective in selecting for transformation events in American chestnut. ThenptIIselectable maker gene with kanamycin in combination with the scorable markerguswas used to transform European chestnut. Transgenic whole plants have been recovered for both species. The first two transgenic American chestnuts were planted in the field on June 7, 2006 in Syracuse, New York, USA. These trees contain the oxalate oxidase (OxO) gene originating from wheat, which has been shown to enhance pathogen resistance in several crop species including soybean, peanut, and sunflower.
Casuarinaceae
Authors: Diouf Diaga , Sy Mame‐Ourèye , Gherbi Hassen , Bogusz Didier , Franche Claudine 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe woody dicotyledonous familyCasuarinaceaeincludes more than 90 species of trees and shrubs that can fix atmospheric nitrogen when nodulated by the soil actinomyceteFrankia.Casuarinaceaeoriginates from Australia, the islands of Pacific and Southeast Asia, and several species have been planted extensively in tropical and subtropical areas of the world for multiple uses, including fuelwood, windbreaks, soil improvement, and coastal dune stabilization. Improving the yield and adaptability of Casuarina trees to biotic and abiotic stresses is an important task. The approaches developed include the selection of species and provenances, conventional plant breeding of host plants with superior performance, and techniques based on tissue culture and vegetative propagation. More recently, some biotechnological tools have been developed that pave the way for genetic engineering of these valuable tropical trees. Transgenic plants of the two speciesCasuarina glaucaandAllocasuarina verticillatahave been obtained using the biological vectorsAgrobacterium tumefaciensandAgrobacterium rhizogenes. Furthermore, the expression conferred by different constitutive or tissue‐specific promoters has been studied in transgenicCasuarinaceaetrees, making it possible to introduce and control the expression of valuable traits in these tropical trees.
Quantitative exposure‐response relations between physical workload and prevalence of lateral epicondylitis in a working population
Authors: Fan Z. Joyce , Silverstein Barbara A. , Bao Stephen , Bonauto Dave K. , Howard Ninica L. , Spielholz Peregrin O. , Smith Caroline K. , Polissar Nayak L. , Viikari‐Juntura Eira 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundLateral epicondylitis is a common work‐related musculoskeletal disorder. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors associated with lateral epicondylitis among active workers.MethodsSeven‐hundred thirty‐three workers in 12 Washington worksites participated in structured interviews, physical examinations, and individual exposure assessments of biomechanical and psychosocial factors. Multivariable logistic modeling was used.ResultsThirty‐eight subjects (5.2%) had lateral epicondylitis. Age (36–50 years‐old), being female, and low social support at work were significant risk factors. Frequency of forceful exertion (≥5 vs. <1 times/min (OR 5.17, 95%CI 1.78–15.02), and ≥1 to <5 vs. <1 (OR 4.47, 95%CI 1.57–13.71)) and forearm supination at ≥45° for ≥5% of the time with high lifting force (OR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.18–7.55) were significant physical load factors.ConclusionsFrequency of forceful exertion or a combination of forearm supination and forceful lifting were significant physical factors and should be considered for prevention strategies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:479–490, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
De Novo Design of a βαβ Motif
Authors: Liang Huanhuan , Chen Hao , Fan Keqiang , Wei Ping , Guo Xianrong , Jin Changwen , Zeng Chen , Tang Chao , Lai Luhua 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEin maßgeschneidertes monomeres Protein mit βαβ‐Faltung, bei der zwei parallele β‐Stränge über eine α‐Helix verknüpft sind (siehe Struktur), wurde ausschließlich aus codierten Aminosäuren konstruiert. Die hohe thermische Beständigkeit dieser Struktur beruht auf ausgedehnten Tryptophan‐Tryptophan‐Wechselwirkungen zwischen den beiden β‐Strängen.magnified image
Mass Spectrometry Assisted Lithography for the Patterning of Cell Adhesion Ligands on Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Kim Young‐Kwan , Ryoo Soo‐Ryoon , Kwack Sul‐Jin , Min Dal‐Hee 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRadierung auf Gold: Eine einfache und flexible Methode für die Erzeugung von Mustern von Zelladhäsionsliganden wurde entwickelt. Das lokale „Wegradieren“ von Tri(ethylenglycol)‐Gruppen aus einer selbstorganisierten Monoschicht mithilfe eines MALDI‐TOF‐MS‐Stickstofflasers und das Auffüllen der freigelegten Goldoberfläche mit einem Carbonsäure‐funktionalisierten Alkanthiol ermöglicht die aufeinanderfolgende Immobilisierung von Maleimid und eines Zelladhäsionspeptids, das Zellen erkennen kann (siehe Schema).magnified image
Oxidation Reactivity of Bis(μ‐oxo) Dinickel(III) Complexes: Arene Hydroxylation of the Supporting Ligand
Authors: Honda Kaoru , Cho Jaeheung , Matsumoto Takahiro , Roh Jungyun , Furutachi Hideki , Tosha Takehiko , Kubo Minoru , Fujinami Shuhei , Ogura Takashi , Kitagawa Teizo , Suzuki Masatatsu 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMit H2O2 reagieren die Komplexe 1 zu den Bis(μ‐oxo)dinickel(III)‐Komplexen 2, in denen die Xylyl‐Brücke des Liganden unter Bildung von 3 hydroxyliert werden kann. Kinetische Studien identifizieren den Hydroxylierungsprozess als eine elektrophile aromatische Substitution. Die geringere Reaktivität als bei entsprechenden μ‐η2:η2‐Peroxo‐Dikupfer(II)‐Komplexen lässt sich mit ungünstigen entropischen Effekten erklären.magnified image
Assessing Surface Permeabilities from Transient Guest Profiles in Nanoporous Host Materials
Authors: Tzoulaki Despina , Heinke Lars , Lim Hyuna , Li Jing , Olson David , Caro Jürgen , Krishna Rajamani , Chmelik Christian , Kärger Jörg 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEasy come, easy go? Transport resistances on particle surfaces are important for mass transfer in nanoporous materials and bulk diffusion in crystals. Interference microscopy and IR micro‐imaging are shown to be excellent tools for determining such transport resistances. By studying short‐chain‐length alkane guest molecules in crystals of the metal–organic framework compound Zn(tbip) a data collection of surface permeabilities is established.magnified image
Efforts Toward the Direct Experimental Characterization of Enzyme Microenvironments: Tyrosine100 in Dihydrofolate Reductase
Authors: Groff Dan , Thielges Megan C. , Cellitti Susan , Schultz Peter G. , Romesberg Floyd E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractState secrets: Site‐specific deuteration and FTIR studies reveal that Tyr100 in dihydrofolate reductase plays an important role in catalysis, with a strong electrostatic coupling occuring between Tyr100 and the charge that develops in the hydride‐transfer transition state (see picture, NADP+ purple, Tyr100 green). However, relaying correlated motions that facilitate catalysis from distal sites of the protein to the hydride donor may also be involved.magnified image
First Stereoselective Total Synthesis of FD‐594 Aglycon
Authors: Masuo Ritsuki , Ohmori Ken , Hintermann Lukas , Yoshida Saki , Suzuki Keisuke 
Published: April 2009

AbstractStereocontrolled access to the hexacyclic core of FD‐594 has been achieved. The key steps include the intramolecular SNAr reaction for construction of the densely functionalized xanthone skeleton, the stereoselective lactone cleavage using a chiral nucleophile to induce the axial stereochemistry, and the SmI2‐mediated pinacol cyclization for the stereocontrolled conversion of axially chiral biaryl dialdehyde into the corresponding trans diol.magnified image
Efficient Synthesis of the Deoxysugar Part of Versipelostatin by Direct and Stereoselective Glycosylation and Revision of the Structure of the Trisaccharide Unit
Authors: Tanaka Hiroshi , Yoshizawa Atsushi , Chijiwa Shuhei , Ueda Jun‐ya , Takagi Motoki , Shin‐ya Kazuo , Takahashi Takashi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSweets for my sweet! Efficient synthesis of the deoxysugar part of versipelostatin (VST) was achieved by direct and stereoselective glycosidation of the reduced VST aglycon. Comparison of the synthetic and natural VST products using NMR indicate that VST has a β‐d‐digitoxose‐(1,4)‐α‐l‐oleandrose‐(1,4)‐β‐d‐digitoxose trisaccharide. A biological assay indicates that the deoxyoligosaccharide unit of the synthetic glycoside is important for biological activity.magnified imageEfficient synthesis of the deoxysugar part of versipelostatin (VST) was achieved by direct and stereoselective glycosylation of the reduced VST aglycon. Activation of 2‐deoxyglycosyl imidate with IBr under basic conditions enables α‐selective glycosylation of β‐2‐deoxylglycosides without anomerization. Comparison of the synthetic and natural VST products using NMR indicates that versipelostatin has a β‐D‐digitoxose‐(1,4)‐α‐L‐oleandrose‐(1,4)‐β‐D‐digitoxose trisaccharide. In addition, results of a biological assay indicate that the deoxyoligosaccharide unit of the synthetic glycoside was important for biological activity of the compound.
The Role of Organic Glasses in cis/trans Photoisomerization at Low Temperatures
Authors: Zhao Yao‐Peng , Yang Lan‐Ying , Simmons Charles J. , Liu Robert S. H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractInto the looking glass! Low temperature photoisomerization studies on some arenes have been studied in different organic glasses. The results are consistent with a possible softening of the glass and offer an explanation for the mechanism of photoisomerization in a confined medium.magnified imageLow temperature photoisomerization of stilbene and 1,4‐diphenyl‐1,3‐butadiene derivatives was found to vary depending on the organic glass employed in such studies. Examination of the combined results showed that the variation was more likely to arise from the rigidity of the organic glass at the temperature of irradiation rather than the composition of the organic glass; that is, the observed results are consistent with the possible softening of the glass that surrounds the excited substrate in the same manner as detected in the photolysis of ethyl iodide reported by Porter and co‐workers. These observations successfully account for the apparent “disagreement” of reports from the Hawaii and the Florida State groups on the mechanism of photoisomerization in low temperature glasses.
Umfangreicher Validierungsdatensatz eines großen Verwaltungsgebäudes für Software zur DIN V 18599
Authors: Höttges Kirsten , Wössner Simon , de Boer Jan , Erhorn Hans 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMit dem Berechnungsverfahren der DIN V 18599 liegt ein umfassendes Berechnungsmodell für die energetische Bewertung von Gebäuden vor. Der große Umfang der Verfahren stellt auch an die softwaretechnischen Umsetzungen für die Planungspraxis hohe Anforderungen. Das Fraunhofer‐Institut für Bauphysik hat hierzu den Rechenkern ibp18599kernel entwickelt, der zwischenzeit‐lich von zahlreichen Softwarehäusern für Endanwendungsprogramme zur energetischen Bewertung und Erstellung von Energieausweisen eingesetzt wird. Dieser “Rechenmotor” unterliegt einer steten Qualitätskontrolle zur Sicherstellung der Berechnungsgenauigkeit. Der vorliegende Aufsatz stellt den Prozess der Qualitätssicherung anhand eines neuen Validierungsbeispiels in Form eines komplexen Verwaltungsgebäudes vor. Die Fallstudie kann auch zur Validierung anderer Berechnungssysteme, die nicht auf dem Rechenkern basieren, genutzt werden.
Die Ermittlung des Jahresnutzkühlenergiebedarfs in Bürogebäuden mit dem Berechnungsverfahren nach Energieeinsparverordnung 2007 bzw. DIN V 18599
Authors: Merkel Karlheinz , Haupt Wolfram , Tutsch Joram , Pültz Gunter , Wolf Stefan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDie seit 2007 gültige Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) schreibt für Bürogebäude eine gesamtheitliche Bilanzierung des Energiebedarfs vor, so dass neben dem Heizwärmeverbrauch und dem Energieverbrauch für Lüftungsanlagen erstmals auch der Kühlenergieverbrauch und der Stromverbrauch für Beleuchtung zu berücksichtigen ist. Die vorliegende Studie fokussiert auf den Jahreskühlenergieverbrauch von Büroräumen, welcher neben den Rechenregeln nach EnEV 2007 bzw. DIN V 18599 auch mit Hilfe der Algorithmen in der VDI 2067 oder mittels dynamischer, thermischer Simulationen ermittelt werden kann. Hierzu wird der Jahreskühlenergiebedarf für einen typischen Büroraum mit unterschiedlichen Fassadentypen nach den verschiedenen Verfahren berechnet, um Unterschiede aufzuzeigen. Abschließend wird exemplarisch der Einfluss des dem jeweiligen Verfahren zugrundeliegenden Außenklimas aufgezeigt.
Wasserdampfsorptionsverhalten ausgewählter heimischer und überseeischer Holzarten
Authors: Popper Rudolf , Niemz Peter 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAn 21 heimischen und 11 überseeischen Holzarten wurde die Gleichgewichtsfeuchte bei 20 °C und 35, 50, 65, 80 und 95 % relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit experimentell in der Adsorptionsphase bestimmt. Aufbauend auf den experimentell bestimmten Mittelwerten wurden mit dem Hailwood‐Horrobin‐Modell (HH‐Modell) ausgewählte Parameter wie Fasersättigungsfeuchte, mono‐ und polymolekulare Sorption, spezifische Oberfläche des Sorbenten, hypothetisches Molekulargewicht des Sorbenten sowie Unzugänglichkeit des Sorbenten zum Sorbat berechnet. Zusätzlich wurden Tabellen für die Gleichgewichtsfeuchte bei 20 °C und in 2‐%‐Schritten abgestufter relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit berechnet. Die mittels des HH‐Modells berechnete Fasersättigungsfeuchte liegt für alle geprüften Holzarten im Bereich zwischen 22 bis 36 %, im Mittel bei ca. 30 %. Es treten erhebliche Abweichungen zwischen den einzelnen Holzarten in der Fasersättigungsfeuchte auf. Die Tendenzen für die Kenngrößen der Sorptionsanalyse wurden aufgezeigt.
Resonance light scattering spectrometric study of poly diallyldimethylammonium chloride–antibody–antigen system
Authors: Li Juan , Li Xiaozhou , Tang Jieli , Kang Jing , Zhang Yihua 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe interaction of antigen (Ag) and antibody (Ab) with poly diallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) in aqueous solutions has been studied by optical absorption and resonance light‐scattering (RLS) spectroscopies. The formation of the three‐component‐complex is due to aggregates of Ab or Ag with PDDA by electrostatic interaction and aggregates of Ab with Ag by immunoreaction. The influences of some experimental factors, including incubation time, pH value, concentration of PDDA and concentration of Ab, on the aggregation process have also been studied. A linear relationship between the concentration of Ag and the RLS intensity was found. Under the optimal conditions, for a given concentration of Ab (4.6 µg/mL), the enhancement of RLS intensity is in proportion to the concentration of Ag in the range 0.03–0.83 µg/mL. The RLS could, in combination with immunoassay, be a rapid and sensitive detection method for Ag. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scavenging of superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical by novel thiazolyl‐thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione compounds
Authors: Bozdağ‐Dündar Oya , Gürkan Selen , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Kruk Irena , Kładna Aleksandra 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe antioxidant behavior of a series of new synthesized substituted thiazolyl‐thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione compounds (TZDs) was examined using chemiluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping techniques. 5,5‐Dimethyl‐1‐pyrroline‐N‐oxide (DMPO) was used as the spin trap. The reactivity of TZDs with superoxide anion radical (O) and hydroxyl radical (HO•) was evaluated using potassium superoxide/18‐crown‐6 ether dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide, and the Fenton‐like reaction (Fe2+ + H2O2), respectively. The results showed that TZDs efficiently inhibited light emission from the O generating system at a concentration of 0.05–1 mmol L−1 (5–94% reductions were found at 1 mmol L−1 concentration). The TZD compounds showed inhibition of HO•‐dependent DMPO–OH spin adduct formation from DMPO (the amplitude decrease ranged from 8 to 82% at 1 mmol L−1 concentration). The findings showed that examined TZDs had effective activities as radical scavengers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.