bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Rapid for Estimating Durum Wheat Gluten Quality1
Authors: Quick J. S. , Donnelly B. J. 
Published: July 2010

Firmness of cooked pasta and tolerance to overcooking are important quality characteristics of products made from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) semolina. Stronger gluten has been shown to be associated with greater cooked pasta firmness and overcooklng tolerance.Our objective teas to evaluate a new bread quality test for predicting gluten strength among durum wheat breeding lines. A wholemeal, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/ lactic acid solution ‐ sedimentation test requiring 6 g of wheat was compared to the micromixogram test requiring 20 g.Correlations between sediment volumes and mixogram scores were highly significant, and the coefficients of determination (r2) indicated that about 65% of the variation in micromixogram score was attributed to its association with sediment volume. Selection for strong gluten on the basis of sediment volume was 84% as successful as selection on the basis of micromixogram score. One person can, with adequate simple equipment, mill and evaluate at least 120 samples/day. We conclude that the SDS‐sedimentation test is a major advance in screening for gluten strength differences among small samples of durum wheat.
Inheritance of Resistance to Phytophthora megasperma in Diploid Alfalfa1
Authors: Irwin J. A. G. , Maxwell D. P. , Bingham E. T. 
Published: July 2010

Few genetic studies have been made to determine the inheritance of disease resistance in diploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance of resistance to Phytophthora root rot in Wisconsin cultivated diploid alfalfa (CADL) and in diploid Medicago coerulea Less. (PI 299046).S1 populations and F1 populations from crosses of resistant and susceptible plants of CADL were generated, and their segregations for disease reaction indicated that resistance was conditioned by two dominant complementary genes, designated Pm1 and Pm2. The observed segregations in S2 F2 testcross families of CADL provided additional evidence to support this model. Segregations for resistance to Phytophthora root rot in S1, F1 and F2 families from intercrosses of two resistant Medicago coerulea plants and two susceptible CADL plants indicated that resistance in M. coerulea was complex, and that epistatic relationships might be of importance.These studies indicate the potential usefulness of diploid alfalfa as new sources of resistance to Phytophthora root rot.
Inheritance of Resistance to Phytophthora megasperma in Tetraploid Alfalfa1
Authors: Irwin J. A. G. , Maxwell D. P. , Bingham E. T. 
Published: July 2010

Phytophthora root rot (PRR) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most important diseases of that crop. Previous studies on the inheritance of resistance to PRR in ‘Lahontan’ and ‘Vernal’ clones indicated susceptibility was conditioned by a single incompletely dominant tetrasomic gene, designated Pm. This paper reports studies on the inheritance of resistance to PRR in two different tetraploid breeding lines: North American Plant Breeders (NAPB) No. 0310 and Hunter River P3 (Australian breeding line) which had both shown different responses to recurrent selection than would have been expected if susceptibility was conditioned by a single incompletely dominant gene.The observed segregations for disease reaction in S1 populations and in F1 populations from crosses of two resistant NAPB 0310 plants and two susceptible plants from ‘Saranac’ and ‘Vernal’ suggested that resistance was conditioned by two incompletely dominant complementary genes, Pm1 and Pm2. An arrangement o[ at least a duplex genotype at one locus (Pm1 or Pm2) and a simplex genotype at the other locus was required before resistance was expressed. S2 and F2 family segregations for disease reaction provided further evidence to support the two locus model. An intercross between a resistant plant from NAPB 0310 and a resistant plant from Hunter River P3 indicated that different genes conditioned disease reaction in these two sources. Susceptibility was incompletely dominant in Hunter River P3.These studies have identified a new genetic system conditioning resistance to PRR. Due to the high degree of dominance expressed for the resistant reaction in plants from NAPB 0310, this type of resistance could be readily utilized in breeding alfalfa with multiple pest resistance.
Hybrids in the Genus Arachis Between Sections Erectoides and Arachis1
Authors: Stalker H. T. 
Published: July 2010

The objective of this study was to determine whether diploid members of section Arachis could potentially be used as bridges between section Erectoides Krap. et. Greg. nom. nud. and A. hypogaea. Two diploid (2n = 20) taxa of section Erectoides and their F1 and F2C1 hybrids were evaluated. The female parent, A. rigonii Krap. et Greg. (PI 262142, collection no. GKP 10034), and male parent, A. sp. (PI 262278, collection no. GKP 9841) had perfect bivalent formation, but the F1 did not produce enough flowers to cytologically examine. The F2C1 averaged 2.76 univalents, 18.48 bivalents, 0.04 trivalents, and 0.04 quadrivalents per pollen mother cell and pairing of chromosomes between the two section Erectoides species is believed to be minimal. Hybrids between the F2C1 and the diploid section Arachis species A. stenosperma Greg. et Greg, nom. nud. (PI 338280, collection no. HLK 410) and A. duranensis Krap. et Greg. nom. nud. (PI 219823, collection no. K 7988) were studied. Multivalents were observed at a low frequency. Members of sections Erectoides and Arachis may have a common genome.The results indicate that gene transfer from section Erectoides species into the cultivated peanut seems possible by using diploid members of section Arachis as bridge species. Early metaphase I microsporocytes with an unreduced chromosome number were observed in three hybrids. Two fruits were recovered from intersectional colchicine‐treated hybrids, but the seeds were inviable. Future success in restoring fertility may depend on propagating large numbers of colchicine‐treated cuttings.
Breeding Cicer Milkvetch for Improved Forage Yield1
Authors: Townsend C. E. 
Published: July 2010

Cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.), a potentially valuable species, does not yield as well as the more commonly grown forage legumes when harvested for hay. In developing information to improve the hay yield of cicer milkvetch, we conducted two studies. In the first study, 109 polycross progenies from three breeding populations and three reference entries, including the cv. ‘Lutana,’ were evaluated in a spaced‐plant nursery for forage yield in the seedling year and for agronomic traits related to forage production for 2 years. The mean forage yield of the population selected for excellent mature plant vigor was 115% of that of Lutana, while the yields of the two populations selected for improved seedling emergence and average or above‐average mature plant vigor were 102 and 105%, respectively. During both years the tallest and most vigorous plants occurred in the population selected for excellent mature plant vigor.Plants with excellent mature plant vigor from the previous study were selected for early initiation of spring growth or more rapid recovery after harvest or both. Fifty‐seven polycross progenies derived from these selections and the same three reference entries used in the first study were evaluated in a spaced‐plant nursery for forage yield for 3 years. During the first 2 years the mean forage yield of the polycross progenies was 130% of that of Lutana and the yields of individual progenies ranged from 110 to 160%. In the 3rd year, progeny yields ranged from 81 to 117% of that of Lutana. The improved performance of Lutana relative to the polycross progenies in the 3rd year was attributed, in part, to its better spreading ability. The prospects for improving the hay yield of cicer milkovetch appear promising.
Response of Winter Wheat Cultivars to Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Infection1
Authors: Carrigan L. L. , Ohm H. W. , Foster J. E. , Patterson F. L. 
Published: July 2010

The response of winter wheat cultivars and advanced generation lines (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection was investigated. In 1976, the yields of 1,200 early seeded cultivars and lines, which were infested with naturally occurring viruliferous Rhopalosiphum padi. L. aphids, were compared with yields of those from a late planting date, which escaped infestation. Yields in the early seeded plots ranged from 63 (for most of the 1,200 lines) to 85% of the yields in late seeded plots.In 1978 and. 1979, the effect of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection on yield and certain yield components was measured for 10 cultivars and lines. Treatments were: a control (non‐infested) and a fall, spring, and fall plus spring infestation with greenhouse‐reared viruliferous aphids. In 1979, the effect of three levels of N fertilization on barley yellow dwarf (BYD) symptom expression was also measured.BYD significantly reduced the grain yield, number of heads, plant height, kernel weight, kernel number, and above ground plant weight. It did not affect the harvest index or lysine percentage.In 1978, grain yields were reduced by 58 and 38% when the wheat was infected with BYDV in the fall and spring, respectively. In 1979, yield reductions of 44, 33, and 27% resulted in plots which were infested with viruliferous aphids in the fall plus spring, fall, and spring, respectively. The cultivars and lines differed in response to BYDV with respect to grain yield and number of heads. Of the cultivars and lines tested, Purdue breeding lines P65256A1‐8‐7 and P6376B3‐8‐2 showed the most effective resistance to BYD.
High Intensity Selection for Percent Oil in Corn1
Authors: Miller R. L. , Dudley J. W. , Alexander D. E. 
Published: July 2010

Seven cycles of high‐intensity within half‐sib family selection for percent oil in the ‘Reid Yellow Dent’ corn (Zea mays L.) cultivar resulted in an increase in oil from 4.0 to 9.1%, while kernel weight and ear height were reduced slightly and grain moisture at harvest increased. No significant changes in yield, silking date, or plant height were found. Realized heritability for percent oil was 43%.Estimates of genetic variance for percent oil and 100‐kernel‐weight were obtained in 1977 and 1978, for Cycles 0 and 5. All estimates of additive genetic variance (ó2A) were greater than zero; however, change in ó2A occurred between cycles. Estimates of dominance genetic variance did not differ from zero.A comparison of the predicted gains from within half‐sib family selection, mass selection, and combined selection among and within half‐sib families revealed that maximum gain is expected when a higher selection intensity is used within half‐sib families than among half‐sib families.
A New Concept in Assessing Cotton Pollen Germinability1
Authors: Barrow Jerry R. 
Published: July 2010

Contrary to current concepts of pollen germination and tube growth, intact pollen tube‐like structures up to 4,000 µm in length were forcefully ejected, instantly, from pollen grains of cotton, Gossypium barbadense L. and G. hirsutum L., suspended in a hanging droplet, indicating a unique mechanism for pollen tube formation. Tubes disintegrated instantly after “germination” unless the germinating medium was supplemented with certain calcium, manganese, zinc, chlorine, or magnesium salts. The optimal combination was Ca[NO3]2 and MnSO4, each at 0.14 g, in 100 ml of distilled water. As sucrose concentration increased, the tubes became shorter and smaller in diameter and were ejected at a slower rate. The frequency of germination was unaffected until the sucrose concentration reached 1.7 M.Germination dropped to about 50% in concentrations from 1.7 to 2.0 M. Cotton pollen did not germinate until after anthesis. From 30 min to 8 hours after anthesis, germination exceeded 98%. It dropped to 30% after 24 hours and to 1% in 32 hours. Cotton pollen viability was sensitive to temperature, in that full viability was observed in the range of 32 to 40 C with no germination above 42 C. This technique is a simple and effective method for inducing more than 98% germination in both G. hirsutum and G. barbadense and accurately measures cotton pollen viability.
Stability and Relative Importance of General and Specific Combining Ability for Forage Yield in Orchardgrass1
Authors: McClain E. F. 
Published: July 2010

The objectives of this research were to evaluate the relative importance of general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for forage yield in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and determine if more nearly consistent results could be obtained by separating GCA and SCA into components associated with annually recurring changes and changes related to age of stand. For this purpose, seeded plots of hybrids from six diallel crosses involving 11 parental clones were harvested 28 times during a 5‐year period (4th year excluded).GCA was significant for most harvests, seasons, and years, and for total 4‐year production. SCA was significant for spring and annual production of the first 2 years. Interactions of GCA with seasons and of SCA with years were significant. Interseasonal correlation coefficients based on total 4‐year production for spring vs. summer, spring vs. fall, and summer vs. fall, respectively, were 0.25, 0.45, and 0.58 for GCA effects, and 0.64, 0.19, and 0.63 for SCA effects. Interannual correlation coefficients based on annual yields in consecutive years (excluding 1967) starting with 1964–1965 were − 0.16, 0.45, 0.65 for GCA effects and 0.42, 0.38, and − 0.18 for SCA effects.The data suggested an annual recurrence of relative seasonal magnitudes of GCA and SCA with interannual stability increasing for GCA and decreasing for SCA as the stand aged. Most effective selection for forage production based on GCA probably would be on a seasonal basis in the 3rd year after seeding. Selection based on SCA appears questionable, although it might be successful for initial spring production.
Inheritance of Husk Leaves in Maize1
Authors: Cantrell R. G. , Geadelmann J. L. 
Published: July 2010

Leaves that extend from the modified leaf sheaths or husks enclosing the ear of maize (Zea mays L.) are referred to as husk leaves. Husk leaves may add significantly to the photosynthetic area of the husk and compensate for leaf area lost during mechanical detasseling of hybrid seed corn production fields. The inbred parents, F1's and F2's from an eight‐parent diallel, were examined to determine the breeding behavior of husk leaves in Corn Belt dent maize. Four inbreds with high husk leaf area and four with no husk leaves were used in the diallel Husk leaf area was measured with a leaf area meter and visual ratings for husk leaf area were given to individual plants.Differences in mean husk leaf area of F1's and F2's between two locations suggested that environmental effects, especially plant population, may be important. Midparent heterosis for husk leaf area averged 254% at St. Paul and 169% at Rosemount, Minn., for the high ✕ high F1's; but few of the high ✕ low and none of the low ✕ low F1's displayed significant heterosis which suggested that epistasis may have been involved. Husk leaf expression of inbreds per se and general combining ability effects both satisfactorily predicted the husk leaf area of the hybrids. Broad‐sense heritability value of husk leaf area on an individual F2 plant basis averaged 49% at St. Paul and 69% at Rosemount. Relative frequency distributions of visual husk leaf ratings on F2 plants indicated that alleles favoring low husk leaf area appeared to be at least partially dominant to alleles favoring high husk leaf area and that several loci controlled the trait. Husk leaf area of the materials we studied should be regarded as a quantitative trait that could be modified by standard maize breeding procedures.
Evaluation of Alfalfa and Rhizobium meliloti for Compatibility in Nodulation and Nodule Effectiveness1
Authors: Hardarson G. , Heichel G. H. , Vance C. P. , Barnes D. K. 
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this investigation was to develop a procedure for testing strains of Rhizobium meliloti and cultivars of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) for symbiotic compatibility. Antiblotic‐resistant mutants were developed from four strains of R. meliloti that differed for plant dry matter yield, days to initial nodulation and nodule numbers when inoculated onto one cultivar of alfalfa. The mutant strains were not significantly different from their corresponding parental strains in either days to initial nodulation or host dry matter production on N‐free medium. The preference of alfalfa for different strains of Rhizobium was not altered by 0 to 300 ppm N and 33 to 300 ppm potassium phosphate.The competitive ability for nodulation of effective and ineffective strains of R. meliloti was investigated using ‘Saranac’ and MnNC 4, an experimental population of alfalfa. Antibiotic‐resistant mutants were used to verify the relative proportions of effective and ineffective nodules on each plant. A significant positive correlation was observed between the percentage of nodules produced by the effective strains and the dry matter production of plants grown at zero N. Acetylene reduction assays indicated that differences in competitive ability of the effective strains against the ineffective strains measured by the antibiotic‐resistant mutant technique and seedling growth were associated with nitrogenase activity.A procedure of inoculating alfalfa plants with a mixture of effective and ineffective strains at zero N and measuring shoot dry weight might be used to identify strains of Rhizobium of high competitive ability and plants with increased preference for effective strains of Rhizobium. This approach should expedite attempts to select Rhizobium‐alfalfa combinations with enhanced N2‐fixation capacity.
Analysis of Quantitative Traits in PP9 Random Mating Sorghum Population1
Authors: Bittinger Tom S. , Cantrell R. P. , Axtell J. D. , Nyquist W. E. 
Published: July 2010

Genetic variability was investigated in a diverse, random‐mating population of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. A Design I mating system was used where 50 random pollen parents each were crossed to a different set of three random seed parents. The 150 resulting progenies were evaluated in a randomized complete‐block design over 2 years at the Purdue Agronomy Farm.The characters evaluated were flowering, height, lodging, panicle weight, seed weight, panicle length, and grain yield.Analysis of variance was performed for each trait, and genetic variances were partitioned into additive and dominance components. Additive genetic variance was greater than dominance variance for all traits except yield. The ratio of dominance variance to additive variance was 1.24 for yield and from 0.18 to 0.66 for height, lodging, panicle weight, and seed weight.Yield showed highly significant positive phenotypic and genetic correlations with flowering and panicle weight. Other significant positive correlations included height with flowering, height with lodging, panicle weight with flowering, and panicle weight with lodging.Expected genetic gains and heritabilities were calculated for various selection procedures. The effects of major height and maturity genes on variation for yield were discussed.
Performance of Isogenic Soybean Lines in Monoculture and Relay Intercropping Environments1
Authors: McBroom R. L. , Hadley H. H. , Brown C. M. 
Published: July 2010

Sets of near‐isogenic lines of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], differing in single characteristics, have been tested in monoculture environments but not in relay intercropping environments. These environments seemed different enough to warrant testing several near isogenic lines differing by the genes dt1, Dt2, Lf1, ln, or e3 to determine if any of these genes confer a yield advantage in relay intercropping.Near isogenic lines in ‘Harosoy’ and ‘Clark’ genetic backgrokunds were grown in monoculture and in relay intercropping systems at Urbana, Ill. in 1978 and 1979 and at DeKalb, Ill. in 1979. In relay intercropping plots, soybeans were planted between rows of small grains 1 to 2 months before small grain harvest. The soybeans germinated and established stands, then the small grains were harvested as they matured.There was no consistent yield advantage for any of the plant traits when isogenic lines were grown either in relay intercropping or in monoculture systems. The dt1 allele reduced yield in both cropping systems. The ln and Lf1 alleles reduced yields in some environments. The Dt2 and e3 alleles had consistently neutral effects on yield in both cropping systems.
Floral Induction and Forage Yield and Quality of Sparse‐Flowering Orchardgrass Synthetics1
Authors: Berg Clyde C. , Wood G. M. , Hovin A. W. , Rincker C. M. 
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this research was to ascertain the genetic control of reproductive tiller production in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and to determine whether sparse panicle production affects.forage yield and quality. We postulated that sparse‐flowering synthetic would retain forage quality longer than normal cultivars as reproductive tillers mature in late spring and early summer. In the greenhouse, up to 12 weeks of cool, short days were required before some orchardgrass plants would flower under long‐day conditions. The response of progeny from three crosses to floral induction treatments suggested that a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors controls the onset and rate of reproductive tiller production. Reciprocal differences were not observed. Syn 2 generation of synthetics, that produced relatively few flowering tillers when grown in the northeastern USA, flowered and produced satisfactory seed yields at Prosser, Wash.In the field under a hay management cutting system, the most sparse‐flowering synthetic had slightly lower first harvest forage yield in June. than the check cultivars, possibly because dry matter was produced rapidly by the flowering culms of the cultivars. The absence of significant differences among entries for in vitro dry matter disappearance or lignin concentration suggests that the synthetics and cultivars were similar in forage quality. Thus, the experimental strains exhibited no apparent improvement in forage production or quality.
Sugar Beets Homozygous for Nematode Resistance and Transmission of Resistance to their Progenies1
Authors: Yu M. H. 
Published: July 2010

Heterozygous, cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.)‐resistant, self‐compatible sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants were self‐pollinated in the greenhouse; self‐incompatible plants were interpollinated; and nematode‐susceptable plants derived from resistant parents were sib‐crossed in isolation chambers. Among the 184 S2 and F3 families from resistant parents, five were 100% nematode‐resistant. These were the first homozygous resistant families to be reported. The results indicated that 2.7% of the resistant S1 and F2 plants and only 1.1% of all plants, resistant and susceptible, were homozygous for nematode resistance. The remainder of the resistant S1 plants produced approximately 41.8% resistant progeny. Plants from these true‐breeding families transmitted resistance to 98.4% of their progeny in the following generation. The remaining 1.6% were moderately resistant. Two supposedly S2 progeny plants from a resistant homozygote transmitted resistance to less than 50% of their self‐pollinated progeny. These plants probably resulted from outcrosses.These findings suggested that resistant homozygotes as seed parents gave full transmission of nematode resistance. Resistant heterozygotes derived from testcrosses to these homozygotes acquired little enhancement in rate of transmission of resistance. Nematode resistance is probably conditioned primarily by complementary genes. In parental line breeding and development after the F1 generation, it would be necessary to use progeny testing to identify true‐breeding individuals. However, nematode‐resistant commercial hybrids could be developed when only one of the parental components is homozygous resistant.