bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radical polymerization of 1‐alkenes catalyzed by lithium salts of carboranes
Authors: Janata Miroslav , Vlček Petr , Látalová Petra , Svitáková Romana , Kaleta Jiří , Valášek Michal , Volkis Victoria , Michl Josef 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRadical polymerization of selected 1‐alkenes, (1‐hexene, 1‐octene and 2‐methyl‐1‐heptene), initiated with classical radical initiators and catalyzed by lithium salts of selected carboranes was studied. In accordance with recently published results it was found that the use of radical initiators under catalysis by “naked” lithium cation of carboranes promotes the radical polymerization of 1‐alkenes, otherwise nonpolymerizable by the radical mechanism. However, although in our experiments relatively high monomers conversions are reached for some of the thermal initiators used, only low‐molecular‐weight oligomers with Mn < 1000 are formed, regardless of the initiator and carborane anion used. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Growing poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) from the surface of graphene oxide via RAFT polymerization
Authors: Zhang Bin , Chen Yu , Xu Liqun , Zeng Longjia , He Ying , Kang En‐Tang , Zhang Jinjuan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new approach on usage of S‐1‐dodecyl‐S′‐(α,α′‐dimethyl‐α″‐acetic acid)trithiocarbonate (DDAT)‐covalently functionalized graphene oxide (GO) as reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent for growing of poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK) directly from the surface of GO was described. The PVK polymer covalently grafted onto GO has Mn of 8.05 × 103, and a polydispersity of 1.43. The resulting material PVK‐GO shows a good solubility in organic solvents when compared to GO, and a significant energy bandgap of ∼2.49 eV. Bistable electrical switching and nonvolatile rewritable memory effect, with a turn‐on voltage of about −1.7 V and an ON/OFF state current ratio in excess of 103, are demonstrated in the Al/PVK‐GO/ITO structure. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Fluorinated vinyl ether homopolymers and copolymers: Living cationic polymerization and temperature‐induced solubility transitions in various organic solvents including perfluoro solvents
Authors: Shimomoto Hiroaki , Fukami Dai , Kanaoka Shokyoku , Aoshima Sadahito 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPartially fluorinated poly(vinyl ether)s with C4F9 and C6F12H groups in the side chain were synthesized via living cationic polymerization in the presence of an added base in a fluorine‐containing solvent, dichloropentafluoropropanes. For comparison, the polymerization of vinyl ether monomers with C2F5 and C6F13 groups and nonfluorinated monomers were also carried out. The characterization of the product polymers using size exclusion chromatography with a fluorinated solvent as an eluent indicated that all polymers had narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn ∼ 1.1). Interestingly, the moderately fluorinated polymers with C4F9 exhibited upper critical solution temperature‐type phase separation in various organic solvents with wide‐ranging polarities, whereas highly fluorinated polymers with C6F13 are insoluble in nonfluorinated solvents. Polymers with C4F9 groups exhibited temperature dependent solubility transitions not only in common organic solvents (e.g., toluene, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and acetone) but also in perfluoro solvents [e.g., perfluoro(methylcyclohexane) and perfluorodecalin]. On the other hand, the solubility of polymers with C6F12H showed completely different from that of polymers with C6F13, despite their similar fluorine content. In addition, various types of fluorinated block copolymers were prepared in a living manner. The block copolymers with a thermosensitive fluorinated segment underwent temperature‐induced micellization and sol–gel transition in various organic solvents. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Cyclic nonlinear behavior of a glassy polymer using a contact method
Authors: Janiaud Eric , Janiaud Eric , Chateauminois Antoine , Fretigny Christian 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe effects of repeated large strain shear cycles on the dynamics of a glassy acrylate polymer are investigated using an original contact method. It is based on the measurement of the shear properties of thin (about 50 μm) polymer films geometrically confined within contacts between elastic substrates. Under small amplitude (300 nm–10 μm) oscillating lateral displacements, friction at the contact interface can be neglected and the measurement of the contact lateral response thus provides information about the rheology of the sheared polymer film. Using this approach, the complex shear modulus of the polymer film can be measured both in the linear (viscoelastic) and in the nonlinear regimes. The investigations are focused on the changes in mechanical properties induced in a large strain regime where the polymer glass is cyclically sheared up to the yield point. During the application of large strain cycles, the mechanical response of the polymer glass slowly evolves toward a quasi stabilized state which is described from the measurement of an apparent–strain dependent–complex shear modulus. When the applied strain is increased by a tenfold factor, this apparent shear modulus decreases by about one decade. These underlying changes are investigated from a consideration of the time dependent linear viscoelastic properties after the mechanical stimulus. Both mechanical rejuvenation and recovery (ageing) effects are evidenced. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Intersectionality: How Gender Studies Might Inspire the Analysis of Social Inequality among Migrants
Authors: Bürkner Hans‐Joachim 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe paper discusses the possible impact of the intersectionality approach on the study of inequality and the inclusion/exclusion of migrants. Developed from recent strands of gender studies performing a ‘social re‐turn’, the focus on intersectionality promises to solve one of the fundamental problems of migration research: how to reconcile structure and agency without promoting cultural essentialism. Rooted in social theory, it makes a case for non‐finalised empirical and theoretical reconstructions of the social practice of migrants. In doing so, it also queries preconceived notions of community, ethnicity, and everyday culture that are abundant in migration studies. By linking the state‐of‐the‐art of inequality studies with migration, promising starting points and conditions of a future integration of a focus on intersectionality into migration studies are considered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cathodoluminescence study of off‐stoichiometry and residual stresses in advanced dielectrics and related devices
Authors: Leto Andrea , Pezzotti Giuseppe 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe mechanical properties and the functional behavior of inorganic dielectric materials strongly depend on the stoichiometry imbalance in the material and its structural accommodation. Point defect populations are responsible for departures from the normal stoichiometric formula and clear correlations have been documented between the magnitude of the dielectric constant of a compound and the structural mode by which it accommodates its non‐stoichiometry. In this study, we systematically apply the cathodoluminescence (CL) method to local stoichiometry characterizations of advanced silica and barium titanate compounds as paradigm inorganic dielectric materials with amorphous and nanocrystalline structure, respectively. The CL spectral emission is shown here capable not only to clarify the off‐stoichiometric characteristics of dielectric devices, but also to provide a useful probe for assessing the local stress state at the interfaces between the dielectric and the conductor materials.
“Current‐line driven” macropores: which current?
Authors: Media El Mahdi , Chazalviel Jean‐Noël , Ozanam François , Outemzabet Ratiba 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn the electrochemical elaboration of porous semiconductors and for a certain class of macropores, the pore direction appears to follow the current lines. However, in the presence of a large transverse magnetic field, the current lines at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface exhibit an abrupt change of direction, the current lines on the semiconductor side being tilted with respect to the surface normal. We show here that the pore direction is also tilted, though to a much lesser extent. On the other hand, tilting the current line direction in the electrolyte does not affect the growth direction significantly. We conclude that the main factor governing the pore growth direction is the current direction in the space charge, which is essentially normal to the envelope of the pore fronts. The reasons for the presence of a small magnetic‐field effect are discussed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluating knowledge of the nature of (whole) science
Authors: Allchin Douglas 
Published: March 2011

AbstractI profile here a prospective method for assessing nature of science (NOS) knowledge, as an alternative to VNOS and similar approaches. Questions about cases in contemporary news and from history probe scientific literacy in context. Scoring targets how “well informed” the analysis is, based on identifying relevant NOS information and interpreting its import appropriately. The assessment shifts focus from declarative statements to functional (or interpretive) analysis. It also entails reframing current NOS characterizations from selective lists of tenets to the multiple dimensions shaping reliability in scientific practice, from the experimental to the social—namely, to Whole Science. This approach underscores the role of reflective student inquiry and historical and contemporary cases in NOS instruction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 95: 518–542, 2011
A methodology for transparent knowledge specification in a dynamic tuning environment
Authors: Caymes‐Scutari P. , Morajko A. , Margalef T. , Luque E. 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYThe increasing use of parallel/distributed applications demands a continuous support to take significant advantages from parallel power. This includes the evolution of performance analysis and tuning tools which automatically allows for obtaining a better behavior of the applications. Different approaches and tools have been proposed and they are continuously evolving to cover the requirements and expectations of users. One such tool is MATE (Monitoring Analysis and Tuning Environment), which provides automatic and dynamic tuning for parallel/distributed applications. The knowledge used by MATE to analyze and take decisions is based on performance models which include a set of performance parameters and a set of mathematical expressions modeling the solution of the performance problem. These elements are used by the tuning environment to conduct the monitoring and analysis steps, respectively. The tuning phase depends on the results of the performance analysis. This paper presents a methodology to specify performance models. Each performance model specification can be automatically and transparently translated into a piece of software code encapsulating the knowledge to be straightforwardly included in MATE. Applying this methodology, the user does not have to be involved in the implementation details of MATE, which makes the usage of the tool more transparent. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of Stainless Steel Making Operation Adapting Instable Raw Material Price
Authors: Kato Ryo , Fujiwara Michitake , Tahjiri Yuzo , Fujiwara Kiyohito 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSumikin Iron and Steel Corporation (SISC) is the main manufacturing base of seamless tube materials in Sumitomo Metals group, and stainless steel making plant is in charge of semi‐manufactured special steel products such as stainless and high alloy steel. Total manufacturing costs of these special steels are heavily dependent on the price of raw material. Therefore, reduction of its usage and optimizing operation process in order to absorb influence of its unstable price are important issues. In this report, we introduce three cases as following: yield improvement in order to reduce raw material usage, optimization of the steel dust usage, and active use of low‐price raw material through dividing refining process.
Outlier detection
Authors: Su Xiaogang , Tsai Chih‐Ling 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOutlier detection is an area of research with a long history which has applications in many fields. This article provides a nontechnical and concise overview of the commonly used approaches for detecting outliers, including classical methods, new challenges posed by real‐world massive data, and some of the key advances made in recent years. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2011 1 261–268 DOI: 10.1002/widm.19This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Scalable Statistical Methods
Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Motivation and Emergence of Data Mining
Algorithmic Development > Statistics
Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering
Improvement of Long‐Term Outcomes in Hepatitis C Virus Antibody–Positive Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Hepatectomy in the Modern Era
Authors: Shirabe Ken , Takeishi Kazuki , Taketomi Akinobu , Uchiyama Hideaki , Kayashima Hiroto , Maehara Yoshihiko 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe present study was conducted to clarify the causes of recent improvement of outcomes after hepatectomy in patients with hepatitis C (HC)–related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsFrom 1990 to 2006, 323 curative liver resections for HC‐HCC were performed in our department. The patients were divided into two groups: early period (1990–1999: n = 221) and the late period (2000–2006: n = 102). Prognostic factors were determined to clarify the cause of the survival improvement in the modern era.ResultsThe overall survival rates for the patients in the early and late periods were 54.9 and 70.3% at 5 years, respectively (P = 0.0005). There was no difference in the recurrence‐free survival rates between the two groups, although both survival without recurrence (P = 0.0003) and survival after recurrence (P = 0.0063) were significantly better in the late period than in the early period. Patients with better liver function, patients with interferon (IFN) therapy and patients with subsegmentectomy were selected more frequently, and the incidence of blood transfusion was decreased in the late period below the level recorded in the early period. For recurrent HCC, lipiodolization decreased and local ablation therapy increased in the late period. The independent prognostic factors for overall survival were preoperative serum levels of albumin and alanine aminotransferase, histological liver cirrhosis, tumor size, intrahepatic metastasis, histological grade, blood transfusion, and IFN therapy.ConclusionsIn HC‐HCC, survival was improved in the late period of the present study. Selection of patients with good liver function, no blood transfusion with reduction of blood loss, anti‐hepatitis C virus therapy with IFN, and introduction of local ablation therapy for HCC recurrence may be related to the improved survival.
The role of family, religiosity, and behavior in adolescent gambling
Authors: Casey David M. , Williams Robert J. , Mossière Annik M. , Schopflocher Donald P. , el‐Guebaly Nady , Hodgins David C. , Smith Garry J. , Wood Robert T. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTPredictors of adolescent gambling behavior were examined in a sample of 436 males and females (ages 13–16). A biopsychosocial model was used to identify key variables that differentiate between non‐gambling and gambling adolescents. Logistic regression found that, as compared to adolescent male non‐gamblers, adolescent male gamblers were older, had more conflict in their family, were more likely to have used drugs, and have peers that gamble. Compared to adolescent female non‐gamblers, adolescent female gamblers had more attention and thought problems, and scored higher on rule‐breaking. For both males and females, religiosity was a protective factor against involvement in gambling. Some of the results are consistent with previous research, while some of these findings are unique to this study. These results shed light on factors to consider when developing programs to combat the negative impacts of gambling on adolescents.
Pharmacological action of choline and aspirin coadministration on acute inflammatory pain
Authors: Shi Yong‐Ping , Wang Jin‐Da , Wang Ru‐Huan , Zhao Xiang‐Di , Yu Hai‐Tao , Wang Hai 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNon‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective for relieving pain but undesirable side effects limit their clinical usefulness. Choline is a α7 nicotinic receptor agonist that has antinociceptive effects in a variety of pain models. Drug combination is a strategy in the management of pain to reduce side effects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the nature of the interaction between choline and aspirin in two distinct inflammatory pain models. The analgesic mechanism of choline was also investigated. In the writhing test, intravenous administration of choline or aspirin showed dose‐dependent antinociceptive activity, and isobolographic analysis revealed a synergistic nature of the interaction between choline and aspirin. More importantly, coadministration choline with aspirin could significantly shorten the antinociceptive latency of aspirin and prolong the antinociceptive duration of aspirin in the writhing test. In the carrageenan test, single administration of choline or aspirin significantly attenuated carrageenan‐induced thermal hyperalgesia in a dose‐dependent relationship. Coadministration of non‐analgesic doses of aspirin with choline significantly suppressed the thermal hyperalgesia, with a longer duration efficacy. Furthmore, we found that α7 nicotinic, muscarinic, and opioid‐receptors are involved in the antinociceptive effect of choline in the writhing test and the antinociceptive effect produced by systemically administered choline may be via a peripheral mechanism. In conclusion, coadministration of choline and aspirin holds promise for development as a safe analgesic drug combination for inflammatory pain, with a higher potency and longer duration than either aspirin or choline alone.
Eating behaviour and retro-nasal aroma release in normal-weight and overweight adults: a pilot study
Authors: Zijlstra Nicolien , Bukman Andrea Johanna , Mars Monica , Stafleu Annette , Ruijschop Rianne M. A. J. , de Graaf Cees 
Published: March 2011

Eating rate and bite size are important factors affecting food intake, and we hypothesise the underlying role of oral sensory exposure in this. However, the latter currently lacks objective measuring parameters, but an interesting measure could be the extent ofin vivoretro-nasal aroma release. Second, the literature is ambiguous about overweight subjects differing from normal-weight subjects in eating behaviour. Consequently, we investigated: (1) whether eating behaviour (food intake, eating rate, bite size, number of bites and meal duration) relates to weight status and (2) whether the extent of retro-nasal aroma release relates to eating behaviour and weight status. A matched group (sex, age and dietary restraint) of twenty-seven normal-weight (BMI 21·8 (sd1·6) kg/m2) and twenty-seven overweight/obese subjects (BMI 30·5 (sd5·8) kg/m2) consumed a spiced rice meal and apple pie yogurt on separate test days. The extent of retro-nasal aroma release was measured on a third test day. Mean bite size for spiced rice was significantly (P = 0·03) larger in overweight/obese (10·3 (sd3·2) g)v.normal-weight subjects (8·7 (sd2·1) g). There were no other significant differences in eating behaviour or retro-nasal aroma release between the groups. Eating behaviours were not correlated with BMI or retro-nasal aroma release. Subjects showed consistent eating behaviour for both test products. Eating behaviour might be a characteristic of an individual but not by definition a characteristic for a group of people based on their weight. Given the large sample sizes, necessary according toa posteriorisample size calculations, one needs to consider the relevance of finding a statistically significant difference in eating behaviour between the weight groups in a laboratory setting.
Characteristics and nutrient intake of Taiwanese elderly vegetarians: evidence from a national survey
Authors: Huang Chun-Jen , Fan Yen-Chun , Liu Jen-Fang , Tsai Pei-Shan 
Published: March 2011

The present study examines the prevalence and characteristics of vegetarians in the Taiwanese elderly. We analysed data from the Elderly Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1999–2000), which used a multi-staged, stratified, clustered probability sampling design. Community-dwelling elderly (n 1071), aged 65 years and older, were included. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle and metabolic variables, and eating habits were obtained through household interviews and health examinations. Nutrient intake was assessed using a 24 h dietary recall. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to examine factors significantly and independently associated with vegetarian status and to estimate the OR of the hypertension and the metabolic syndrome (MS) for vegetarians compared with omnivores. About 25 % of the Taiwanese elderly persons were vegetarians. Systolic pressure (OR 1·01, 95 % CI 1, 1·02, P = 0·038), female sex (OR 5·02, 95 % CI 3·11, 8·1, P < 0·001), smoking status (P = 0·034; current smoker (OR 0·45, 95 % CI 0·24, 0·85, P = 0·014)) and regular exercise (OR 1·87, 95 % CI 1·37, 2·56, P < 0·001) were independently associated with vegetarian status among Taiwanese elderly persons. Vegetarians consumed significantly lower daily total energy (P < 0·001), lower cholesterol (P = 0·002), a higher percentage of fat as PUFA (P = 0·022), higher Ca (P < 0·001) and higher crude fibres (P = 0·041) compared with omnivores. Between the two vegetarian diets, ovo- or lacto-vegetarian diets contained more beneficial micronutrients, such as K, Ca and Mg, and higher crude fibres than vegan diets (all P < 0·05). The likelihood of having hypertension and the MS was not significantly different between vegetarians and omnivores as examined by sex- or multivariate-adjusted logistic regression.