bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and bioactivity of novel benzisothiazolone derivatives as potential microbiocides
Authors: Xu Fengling , Lin Qiang , Hou Baorong 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
magnified imageNovel microbiocides 2‐(hydroxymethyl)benzo[d]isothiazol‐3(2H)‐one (7) and (3‐oxobenzo[d]isothiazol‐2(3H)‐yl)methyl benzencarboxylates 11a, 11b, 11c were synthesized in good yields, and their structures were characterized by means of 1H NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. The new compounds were tested preliminarily in laboratory assays against the aquicolous bacteria including Escherichia coli, Staphyloccus aurueus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Bacillus subtilis. The results show all the synthesized compounds have good antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of all the tested compounds against all test bacteria is >96.6% at the concentration of 10−2 mg mL−1. These compounds can be further developed for effective microbiocides in the future. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 46, 320 (2009).
Vilsmeier–Haack formylation of acetonitrile revisited: Synthesis of novel pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines and triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine
Authors: Ghagare Maruti G. , Birari Dilip R. , Shelar Deepak P. , Toche Raghunath B. , Jachak Madhukar N. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
magnified imageVilsmeier–Haack formylation of acetonitrile using dimethylformamide and phosphorus oxychloride leading to a novel intermediate, N‐((E)‐3‐(dimethylamino)‐2‐formylacryloyl)formamidine 2 and its utility in the synthesis of pyrimidine‐fused heterocycles such as pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines and triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine is reported. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 46, 327 (2009).
Synthesis of 2,6‐bis(1H‐indole‐6‐yl)‐4H‐pyran‐4‐ones via Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis
Authors: Shahrisa Aziz , Ghasemi Zarrin , Saraei Mahnaz 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
magnified image2,6‐Bis(1H‐indole‐6‐yl)‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one 4 was synthesized via Leimgruber–Batcho methodology starting from 2,6‐bis(4‐methyl‐3‐nitrophenyl)‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one 2. Enamine intermediate in this reaction, 3, reacts with aroyl chlorides in the presence of 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane in dioxane to give the substituted enamines 8a, 8b, 8c. Enamines 8a, 8b undergo reductive cyclization with Fe/AcOH to the corresponding 3‐aroylindoles 10a ,10b. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 46, 273 (2009).
CD38 regulation in activated astrocytes: Implications for neuroinflammation and HIV‐1 brain infection
Authors: Kou Wei , Banerjee Sugato , Eudy James , Smith Lynette M. , Persidsky Raisa , Borgmann Kathleen , Wu Li , Sakhuja Namita , Deshpande Muralidhar S. , Walseth Timothy F. , Ghorpade Anuja 
Published: April 2009

AbstractReactive astrogliosis is a key pathological aspect of neuroinflammatory disorders including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1)‐associated neurological disease. On the basis of previous data that showedastrocytes activated with interleukin (IL)‐1β induce neuronal injury, we analyzed global gene changes in IL‐1β‐activated human astrocytes by gene microarray. Among the up‐regulated genes, CD38, a 45‐kDa type II single chain transmembrane glycoprotein, was a top candidate, with a 17.24‐fold change that was validated by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Key functions of CD38 include enzymatic activities and involvement in adhesion and cell signaling. Importantly, CD38+CD8+ T‐cell expression is a clinical correlate for progression of HIV‐1 infection and biological marker for immune activation. Thus, CD38 expression in HIV‐1 and/or IL‐1β‐stimulated human astrocytes and human brain tissues was analyzed. IL‐1β and HIV‐1 activation of astrocytes enhanced CD38 mRNA levels. Both CD38 immunoreactivity and adenosine 5′‐diphosphate (ADP)‐ribosyl cyclase activity were up‐regulated in IL‐1β‐activated astrocytes. CD38 knockdown using specific siRNAs significantly reduced astrocyte proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production. However, CD38 mRNA levels were unchanged in IL‐1β knockdown conditions, suggesting that IL‐1β autocrine loop is not implicated in this process. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of HIV‐seropositive without encephalitis and HIV‐1 encephalitis brain tissues showed significant up‐regulation of CD38, which colocalized with glial fibrillary acidic protein–positive cells in areas of inflammation. These results suggest an important role of CD38 in the regulation of astrocyte dysfunction during the neuroinflammatory processes involved in neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory disorders such as HIV‐1 encephalitis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intra‐abdominal tumor dissemination pattern and surgical outcome in 214 patients with primary ovarian cancer
Authors: Sehouli Jalid , Senyuva Filiz , Fotopoulou Christina , Neumann Ulf , Denkert Carsten , Werner Lichtenegger , Gülten Oskay‐Özcelik 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIntroductionWe performed a systematic evaluation of tumor pattern and surgical outcome in 214 consecutive patients with primary ovarian cancer.MethodsBased on the surgical and histological reports we retrospectively analyzed tumor localizations, surgical and clinical outcome. Cox‐regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of complete tumor resection and mortality.ResultsMedian age was 57.7 years (range: 20–88). FIGO‐stage‐I was classified in 8.4% and IV in 16.4% of all patients. The peritoneum was the structure most affected (76%) followed by the colon (52%) and diaphragm (44%). Upper abdominal tumor involvement was associated with a significantly higher rate of lymph node metastasis and a significantly lower rate of complete surgical tumor resection, when compared to patients with tumor limited to the lower abdomen. Median overall survival was 56; 61 and 27 months for patients with tumor load in the upper, lower and whole abdomen respectively (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe intraoperative tumor dissemination pattern and the post‐operative tumor residuals are decisive for the prognosis in primary ovarian cancer. There is an urgent need to use a systematic and standardized tumor documentation protocols to define the predictive and prognostic role of specific tumor pattern and to compare the surgical outcomes of different tumor centers. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:424–427. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term frontal sinus patency after endoscopic frontal sinusotomy
Authors: Chan Yvonne , Melroy Christopher T. , Kuhn Carolyn A. , Kuhn Faith L. , Daniel William T. , Kuhn Frederick A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackground:The frontal recess is the drainage pathway that connects the frontal sinus to the anterior ethmoid sinus. Mechanical obstruction is the primary cause of chronic frontal sinusitis with or without a secondary inflammatory process. Eosinophilic inflammation is one of the underlying causes for chronic rhinosinusitis.Objectives/Hyphothesis:To evaluate long‐term frontal sinus patency after endoscopic frontal sinusotomy in chronic rhinosinusitis patients and to assess the effect of eosinophilic inflammation on frontal sinus patency.Study Design:Retrospective chart review. Symptom assessment and archived endoscopic photographs were prospectively collected on patients who underwent frontal sinusotomy between 7‐1‐1999 and 12‐31‐2000. Subjective symptom improvements were evaluated using the SNOT‐20 = 20‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test. Objective findings of endoscopic frontal sinus patency were documented by archived digital photography.Results:A total of 161 patients with 294 frontal sinuses who underwent endoscopic frontal sinus surgery in the 18 months had an average follow‐up of 45.9 months. The patient population was divided into two groups: 58 patients had eosinophilic CRS (ECRS), and 103 patients had CRS without eosinophils (non‐ECRS). The mean follow‐up for patients with ECRS is 61.6 months and 37.0 months for non‐ECRS patients. The non‐ECRS patients had a documented endoscopic frontal sinus patency of 90%, and the ECRS patients had an endoscopic frontal sinus patency of 85%. The overall frontal ostium patency rate for all patients was 88.0%.Conclusions:Long‐term endoscopic confirmation of frontal ostium patency demonstrates that endoscopic frontal sinusotomy can yield high quality, durable results. There was no significant difference in patency results between ECRS and non‐ECRS patients. Laryngoscope, 2009
Non‐contrast‐enhanced flow‐independent peripheral MR angiography with balanced SSFP
Authors: Çukur Tolga , Lee Jin H. , Bangerter Neal K. , Hargreaves Brian A. , Nishimura Dwight G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFlow‐independent angiography is a non‐contrast‐enhanced technique that can generate vessel contrast even with reduced blood flow in the lower extremities. A method is presented for producing these angiograms with magnetization‐prepared balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP). Because bSSFP yields bright fat signal, robust fat suppression is essential for detailed depiction of the vasculature. Therefore, several strategies have been investigated to improve the reliability of fat suppression within short scan times. Phase‐sensitive SSFP can efficiently suppress fat; however, partial volume effects due to fat and water occupying the same voxel can lead to the loss of blood signal. In contrast, alternating repetition time (ATR) SSFP minimizes this loss; however, the level of suppression is compromised by field inhomogeneity. Finally, a new double‐acquisition ATR‐SSFP technique reduces this sensitivity to off‐resonance. In vivo results indicate that the two ATR‐based techniques provide more reliable contrast when partial volume effects are significant. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of gadolinium‐based MR contrast agents with choline: Implications for MR spectroscopy (MRS) of the breast
Authors: Lenkinski Robert E. , Wang Xiaoen , Elian Mostafa , Goldberg S. Nahum 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIt has been shown that magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can improve the specificity of the MR examination by the spectroscopic detection of choline (Cho). Commonly, the lesion is first visualized on postcontrast studies, and the MRS voxel is prescribed accordingly. The implicit assumption made in this approach is that the presence of gadolinium‐based contrast agents will have a negligible effect on the MR spectra obtained from the lesion. In this work, we examined this assumption by determining the effects of six gadolinium‐based contrast agents: Magnevist, Multihance, Omniscan, Optimark, ProHance, and Dotarem, on the Cho peak in phantoms and in a rat model for breast cancer. We found that only the three negatively‐charged chelates: Magnevist, MultiHance, and Dotarem, broadened the Cho peak in phantoms and reduced the area of the Cho peak in vivo by an average of about 40%. The use of negatively‐charged chelates may lead to an underestimation of the levels of Cho present in human breast cancers, since most studies use MRS postcontrast administration. Therefore, we recommend the use of the neutral chelates in MRI/MRS studies of the breast. Magn Reson Med 2009 © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time‐optimal design for multidimensional and parallel transmit variable‐rate selective excitation
Authors: Lee Daeho , Lustig Michael , Grissom William A. , Pauly John M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractVariable‐rate selective excitation (VERSE) is a radio frequency (RF) pulse reshaping technique. It is most commonly used to reduce the peak magnitude and specific absorption rate (SAR) of RF pulses by reshaping pulses and gradient waveforms to reduce RF magnitude while preserving excitation profiles. In this work, a general time‐optimal VERSE algorithm for multidimensional and parallel transmit pulses is presented. Time optimality is achieved by translating peak RF limits to gradient upper bounds in excitation k‐space. The limits are fed into a time‐optimal gradient waveform design technique. Effective SAR reduction is achieved by reducing peak RF subject to a fixed pulse length. The presented method is different from other VERSE techniques in that it provides a noniterative time‐optimal multidimensional solution, which drastically simplifies VERSE designs. Examples are given for 1D and 2D single channel and 2D parallel transmit pulses. Magn Reson Med, 61:1471–1479, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motion correction in periodically‐rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction (PROPELLER) and turboprop MRI
Authors: Tamhane Ashish A. , Arfanakis Konstantinos 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPeriodically‐rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction (PROPELLER) and Turboprop MRI are characterized by greatly reduced sensitivity to motion, compared to their predecessors, fast spin‐echo (FSE) and gradient and spin‐echo (GRASE), respectively. This is due to the inherent self‐navigation and motion correction of PROPELLER‐based techniques. However, it is unknown how various acquisition parameters that determine k‐space sampling affect the accuracy of motion correction in PROPELLER and Turboprop MRI. The goal of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of motion correction in both techniques, to identify an optimal rotation correction approach, and determine acquisition strategies for optimal motion correction. It was demonstrated that blades with multiple lines allow more accurate estimation of motion than blades with fewer lines. Also, it was shown that Turboprop MRI is less sensitive to motion than PROPELLER. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the number of blades does not significantly affect motion correction. Finally, clinically appropriate acquisition strategies that optimize motion correction are discussed for PROPELLER and Turboprop MRI. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inversion recovery with embedded self‐calibration (IRES)
Authors: Tan Ek T. , Riederer Stephen J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWith self‐calibrated parallel acquisition, the calibration data used to characterize coil response are acquired within the actual, parallel scan. Although this eliminates the need for a separate calibration scan, it reduces the net acceleration factor of the parallel scan. Furthermore, this reduction gets worse at higher accelerations. A method is described for three‐dimensional inversion recovery gradient‐echo imaging in which calibration is incorporated into the sequence but with no loss of net acceleration. This is done by acquiring the calibration data using very small (≤4°) tip angle acquisitions during the delay interval after acquisition of the accelerated imaging data. The technique is studied at 3 Tesla with simulation, phantom, and in vivo experiments using both image‐space‐based and k‐space‐based parallel reconstruction methods. At nominal acceleration factors of 3 and 4, the newly described inversion recovery with embedded self‐calibration (IRES) method can retain effective acceleration with comparable SNR and contrast to standard self‐calibration. At a net two‐dimensional acceleration factor of 4, IRES can achieve higher SNR than standard self‐calibration having a nominal acceleration factor of 6 but the same acquisition time. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebral venography using fluid‐suppressed STARFIRE
Authors: Edelman Robert R , Koktzoglou Ioannis , Ankenbrandt William J. , Dunkle Eugene E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFluid‐suppressed STARFIRE (Signal Targeting Alternative Radiofrequency and Flow‐Independent Relaxation Enhancement) is a noncontrast method for flow‐independent MR venography (MRV). It uses magnitude subtraction of two inversion recovery‐prepared segmented three‐dimensional (3D) balanced steady‐state free precession acquisitions to obtain isotropic cerebral venograms in which both fat and cerebrospinal fluid signals are suppressed. Unlike two‐dimensional time‐of‐flight (2D TOF) MRV, it is insensitive to the flow velocity of the cerebral veins. The method provided excellent depiction of the dural venous sinuses and cortical veins on maximum intensity projection images. Fluid‐suppressed STARFIRE and 2D TOF were compared with contrast‐enhanced 3D MRV as the reference standard in seven healthy subjects at 1.5 Tesla. Fluid‐suppressed STARFIRE compared favorably to 2D TOF on both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Contrast‐enhanced MRV provided the highest vein‐background relative contrast and best demonstrated the straight sinus, whereas STARFIRE depicted the most venous branches. Further investigation will be required to determine the accuracy for cerebral venous thrombosis. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of processing, thermal, and mechanical properties of a new composite matrix‐benzoxazine containing aldehyde group
Authors: Ran Qi‐chao , Tian Qiao , Li Cao , Gu Yi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA new benzoxazine aldehyde group containing monomer 3‐phenyl‐6‐formyl‐3, 4‐dihydro‐2H‐1, 3‐benzoxazine (Ald‐B) was synthesized via the Mannich reaction of formaldehyde, p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, and aniline. The viscosities and curing behavior of the resins were studied. The results indicated that Ald‐B has an initial viscosity lower than 0.110 Pa s at 90°C and the maximum temperature of the exotherm was at 196°C. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of the copolymer of Ald‐B and methylenedianiline‐type bis‐benzoxazine (B‐BOZ) showed only one Tg of 251°C and high crosslink density in the matrix. The thermal stability of the copolymer was improved noticeably and the char yield at 800°C is 68.4%. The tensile strength and flexural strength of this resin cast are 72 and 137 MPa, respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel preparation method for microspheres by glycerol modified solid‐in‐oil‐in‐water multi‐emulsion
Authors: Yuan Weien , Ren Tiantian , Wu Fei , Zhao Hao , Jin Tuo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBiodegradable material poly(D, L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid (PLGA) plays an important role in drug‐sustained release systems. Here, we describe a glycerol modified solid‐in‐oil‐in‐water (m‐S/O/W) emulsion method for PLGA microspheres, in order to encapsulate proteins in PLGA by utilizing dextran glassy particles to protect the proteins from denaturing, unfolding, and aggregation during preparation and new external water phase to prevent the inner dextran glassy particles from leaking into the external water phase. External water phase containing 20, 40, 60, 80% glycerol showed that proteins released faster and more completely with increased glycerol content. According to their varied release profiles, microspheres of different formulations could be used to encapsulate vaccines or for delivering proteins over long‐term. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blends of polypropylene and ethylene octene comonomer with conducting fillers: Influence of state of dispersion of conducting fillers on electrical conductivity
Authors: Hom Sheleena , Bhattacharyya Arup R. , Khare Rupesh A. , Kulkarni Ajit R. , Saroop Madhumita , Biswas Amit 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBlends of polypropylene/ethylene octene comonomer (PP/EOC) with conducting fillers viz., carbon black (CB) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were prepared using melt mixing technique with varying filler concentration and blend compositions. Thermo gravimetric analysis studies indicated that presence of filler enhanced the thermal stability of PP/EOC blends. Morphological analysis revealed the formation of matrix‐dispersed droplet and co‐continuous type of morphology depending on the blend compositions. Significant reduction in droplet size and finer ligament thickness in co‐continuous structure were observed in the blends with filler due to compatibilization action. Fillers were found to be aggregated in the EOC phase irrespective of blends compositions and could be related to the affinity of the fillers toward EOC phase. The electrical conductivity of PP/EOC blends with CB and MWNT was found to be highest for 80/20 composition and decreased as EOC content increased. The percolation threshold of CB was between 10 and 15 wt% for the 80/20 and 70/30 blends whereas it was 15–20 wt% for blends with EOC content higher than 30 wt%. The percolation threshold was 2–3 wt% MWNT for PP/EOC blends. This was attributed to the aggregated filler network preferentially in the EOC phase. The melt‐rheological behavior of PP/EOC blends was significantly influenced in presence of both the fillers. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation and characterization of biodegradable agar/poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephatalate) composites
Authors: Madera‐Santana T.J. , Misra M. , Drzal L.T. , Robledo D. , Freile‐Pelegrin Y. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA series of biocomposites were developed by reinforcing agar particles from red marine plant Gelidium robustum into poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephatalate) (PBAT) using extrusion and injection molding technique. The effect of different content of agar (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt%) on the physico‐mechanical properties of the biocomposite was evaluated. The dynamic mechanical behavior of the composites was studied to determine the storage and loss modulus. The incorporation of agar particles into PBAT enhanced the tensile strength and modulus with a reduced percentage of elongation at break. A reduction in the mechanical loss factor (tan δ) was noticed with the addition of agar particles into PBAT. A reverse trend was noticed for storage and loss modulus. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the degradation temperature of PBAT‐agar composites lies in between that of their individual components (agar and PBAT). An increase in melting (Tm) and crystallization (Tc) temperature of the biocomposites were noticed as agar particle content increased. The rheological study carried out by dynamic frequency experiments demonstrated that viscosity is increased with the presence of agar particles. The morphology of the biocomposites was analyzed using scanning electron microscope. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Comparative fire risk of motor vehicle fuels: Gasoline versus ethanol
Authors: Dillon S.E. , Carpenter A.R. , Ogle R.A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIf motor vehicles switch from gasoline to E‐85 ethanol, is the fire risk to the general public reduced or increased? This article explores the fire risk associated with four accident scenarios:
Transport from refinery to distributor (pipeline vs. truck or barge),
Transport from distributor to retail facility by truck,
Spill during fuel dispensing to motor vehicle, and
Motor vehicle fire following traffic accident.
Each of these scenarios represents a stage in the life cycle of the liquid fuel, from wholesale distribution and consumer usage.In each case the risk of fire is composed of the probability of occurrence and the consequences of the fire. The probabilities were estimated from various compilations of accident statistics. Overall, the probability of an E‐85 ethanol release was greater than or equal to a gasoline release. This was due to the comparative accident frequency of different transportation modes and distances involved.The fire consequences were quantified in terms of spill area, heat release rate and radiant heat flux to nearby targets. For spills of the same size, the gasoline fire tended to be more severe than the E‐85 ethanol fire. This is due to the differences in their physical properties, the enthalpies of combustion, and the emissivities of the flames. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009