bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section
Authors: Evans Katy M. , Adams Vicki J. 
Published: February 2010

Objectives: To describe the frequency of caesarean sections in a large sample of pedigree dogs in the UK.Methods: Data on the numbers of litters born in the previous 10 years were available from a cross‐sectional study of dogs belonging to breed club members (2004 Kennel Club/BSAVA Scientific Committee Purebred Dog Health Survey). In this survey 151 breeds were represented with data for households that had reported on at least 10 litters (range 10–14,15): this represented 13,141 bitches which had whelped 22,005 litters. The frequency of caesarean sections was estimated as the percentage of litters that were reported to be born by caesarean section (caesarean rates) and are reported by breed. The dogs were categorised into brachycephalic, mesocephalic and dolicocephalic breeds.Results: The 10 breeds with the highest caesarean rates were the Boston terrier, bulldog, French bulldog, mastiff, Scottish terrier, miniature bull terrier, German wirehaired pointer, Clumber spaniel, Pekingese and Dandie Dinmont terrier. In the Boston terrier, bulldog and French bulldog, the rate was > 80%.ClinicalSignificance: These data provide evidence for the need to monitor caesarean rates in certain breeds of dog.
Prymnesium parvum: The Norwegian Experience1
Authors: Johnsen Torbjørn M. , Eikrem Wenche , Olseng Christine D. , Tollefsen Knut E. , Bjerknes Vilhelm 
Published: February 2010

Johnsen, Torbjørn M., Wenche Eikrem, Christine D. Olseng, Knut E. Tollefsen, and Vilhelm Bjerknes, 2010. Prymnesium parvum: The Norwegian Experience. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):6‐13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00386.xAbstract:  In Norwegian waters, Prymnesium parvum has been reported from Oslofjorden in the south to Spitzbergen in the north. However, blooms of P. parvum have only been reported from the Sandsfjorden system in Ryfylke, Western Norway where the salinity of the permanent brackish layer (2‐5 m) typically is in the range of 4‐7 psu during the summer months. The first bloom on record occurred in 1989, and it killed 750 metric tons of caged salmon and trout which was a significant economic loss to the fish farming industry. Toxic blooms occurred as well in subsequent years and the number of fish farms in the area decreased considerably as did the occurrence of P. parvum. In 2005, fish farming was reintroduced to the area and again, in 2007 a toxic bloom of P. parvum killed 135 metric tons of caged fish. The Norwegian Institute for Water Research has, in collaboration with “Erfjord Stamfisk” fish farm, set up a monitoring program that includes light microscopy cell counts of Prymnesium, water quality measurements, and observation of the caged fish. A submergible fish net was mounted over the fish pens and during the toxic outbreak of P. parvum in July‐August 2007, which was as previous years confined to the upper brackish water layer, the fish nets were lowered to 10 m depths below the surface and fish feeding was temporarily stopped. Despite substantial weight loss, the fish survived the toxic bloom and the economic loss was minimal. Monitoring of P. parvum bloom dynamics in 2007 revealed that populations were initially dominated by the nonmotile forms which were gradually replaced by the flagellated forms. Toxicity was observed when the flagellated cells dominated populations in the summer. Chrysochromulina, solitary small Chaetoceros species, and small centric diatoms co‐existed with P. parvum during the monitoring period (June‐October).
Prymnesium parvum: The Texas Experience1
Authors: Southard Gregory M. , Fries Loraine T. , Barkoh Aaron 
Published: February 2010

Southard, Gregory M., Loraine T. Fries, and Aaron Barkoh, 2010. Prymnesium parvum: The Texas Experience. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):14‐23. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00387.xAbstract:  Golden alga Prymnesium parvum was first identified in Texas during a fish kill investigation on the Pecos River in 1985. Since then golden alga kills occurred sporadically in a variety of waters in the western part of the state until 2001 when the alga became endemic in the Brazos, Canadian, Colorado, Red, and Rio Grande river systems, including the water supplies of two public fish hatcheries, the Possum Kingdom and Dundee state fish hatcheries. The increasing area adversely affected by the alga and frequent massive fish kills heightened public and political awareness and concerns regarding the ecological and economic impacts of P. parvum blooms. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD), the wildlife conservation agency of the state, responded to these concerns with a program to assess the ecological and economic impacts and to develop management options. To date 33 water bodies have been affected and losses are conservatively estimated at 34 million fish valued at US$13 million. Several sport fisheries, including smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, striped bass Morone saxatilis, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, and blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus, have been severely affected. Additionally, 26 imperiled fish species occur in the affected water basins and some have been adversely affected. Economic losses associated with reduced fishing and other water‐based recreational activities appear considerable. The combined economic losses to three counties (Palo Pinto, Stephens, and Young) surrounding Possum Kingdom reservoir for 2001 and 2003 were estimated at US$2.8 million and US$1.1 million, respectively. This paper describes how the TPWD responded to public and political concerns relative to the emergence of golden alga, its harmful effects to fisheries, and its historic and current statewide distribution.
Global Genetic Relationships Among Isolates of Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum)1
Authors: Lutz‐Carrillo Dijar J. , Southard Gregory M. , Fries Loraine T. 
Published: February 2010

Lutz‐Carrillo, Dijar J., Gregory M. Southard, and Loraine T. Fries, 2010. Global Genetic Relationships Among Isolates of Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum).Journal of the American Water Resources Association(JAWRA) 46(1):24‐32. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00388.xAbstract: Prymnesium parvumis considered among the most harmful algal species in the world for finfish and other gill breathing organisms. Although it is globally distributed, with the exception of Antarctica,P. parvumis usually associated with coastal and brackish waters. Historically,P. parvumincidents were recorded in the eastern hemisphere; however, in 1985 it was detected in inland Texas waters. We used DNA sequence variation of the first internal transcribed spacer in the nuclear ribosomal operon (ITS1) among multiple samples ofP. parvumfrom Texas and other locales to address the possible origins ofP. parvumin Texas and the United States (U.S.). With the exception of a sample from Diversion Lake, other samples from Texas, South Carolina, and Wyoming exhibited limited genetic variation and were similar in sequence to a sample from Scotland. The Diversion Lake sample was similar in sequence to samples from Denmark and Norway, and the Maine sample was highly similar to samples from England. These results suggest multiple independent introductions ofP. parvumto the U.S.
Hemolysis, Fish Mortality, and LC‐ESI‐MS of Cultured Crude and Fractionated Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum)1
Authors: Schug Kevin A. , Skingel Theodore R. , Spencer Sandra E. , Serrano Carlos A. , Le Cuong Q. , Schug Christopher A. , Valenti Jr. Theodore W. , Brooks Bryan W. , Mydlarz Laura D. , Grover James P. 
Published: February 2010

Schug, Kevin A., Theodore R. Skingel, Sandra E. Spencer, Carlos A. Serrano, Cuong Q. Le, Christopher A. Schug, Theodore W. Valenti, Jr., Bryan W. Brooks, Laura D. Mydlarz, and James P. Grover, 2010. Hemolysis, Fish Mortality, and LC‐ESI‐MS of Cultured Crude and Fractionated Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum). Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):33‐44. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00389.xAbstract:  Erythrocyte lysis and fish mortality assays, in combination with high performance liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS) analysis, were investigated for bioassay‐guided fractionation of cultured golden alga (Prymnesium parvum). Intracellular constituents from isolated cell pellets and extracellular supernatant growth medium were fractionated by a variety of common separation modes, including reversed phase and normal phase solid phase extraction step fractionation procedures. For reversed phase fractionation of extracellular growth medium, one fraction was obtained that displayed hemolytic activity and adversely affected fish survival. Effective dose concentrations for this sample were similar in both assays and the LC‐ESI‐MS analysis of the fraction showed a number of mass spectral signals which were distinct to this fraction. Fractions obtained from separation of an ethanol extract of the lyophilized cell pellet provided one sample that was highly hemolytic, but not toxic to fish. Discrepancies such as this, along with notable fish behavioral responses from other nonhemolytic cell pellet fractions, problems with the use of unbonded silica gel for fractionation, and misleading mass spectral signatures are interesting in the context of our current understanding of P. parvum toxicity and remain to be investigated further. This work provides an account of ongoing research aimed toward comprehensive elucidation of toxic constituents produced by golden alga for the purpose of providing a better understanding and means to potentially remediate the ecological impact of this harmful bloom organism.
Comparative Toxicity ofPrymnesium parvumin Inland Waters1
Authors: Brooks Bryan W. , James Susan V. , Valenti, Jr. Theodore W. , Urena‐Boeck Fabiola , Serrano Carlos , Berninger Jason P. , Schwierzke Leslie , Mydlarz Laura D. , Grover James P. , Roelke Daniel L. 
Published: February 2010

Brooks, Bryan W., Susan V. James, Theodore W. Valenti, Jr., Fabiola Urena‐Boeck, Carlos Serrano, Jason P. Berninger, Leslie Schwierzke, Laura D. Mydlarz, James P. Grover, and Daniel L. Roelke, 2010. Comparative Toxicity ofPrymnesium parvumin Inland Waters.Journal of the American Water Resources Association(JAWRA) 46(1):45‐62. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00390.xAbstract: Numerous studies have examined the impacts ofPrymnesium parvumto aquatic life, but the majority of information available is from experiments or field studies performed at salinities of marine and coastal ecosystems. Ambient toxicity ofP. parvumhas been characterized within vitroandin vivomodels because reliable quantitation ofP. parvumtoxins in environmental matrices is often precluded by a lack of available analytical standards. Hemolytic activity and fish mortality assays have been used most frequently to characterize toxic conditions; however, relatively fewin vivostudies employed standardized methods. Because the relative sensitivities of different taxa toP. parvumtoxins in inland waters were undefined, we assessed the comparative toxicity ofP. parvumfiltrate from a laboratory study (20°C, 12:12 light:dark cycle, f/8 media, 2.4 psu) to several common standardizedin vitroandin vivomodels. After exposure to cell‐free filtrate hemolytic activity (1 h EC50 = 13,712 cells/ml) and juvenile fish (Pimephales promelas) survival (48 h LC50 = 21,754 cells/ml) were the most sensitive assay responses examined, followed by rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus) population growth rate [48 h no observable adverse effect levels (NOAEL) = 19,072 cells/ml] and cladoceran (Daphnia magna) reproduction (10‐day NOAEL = 47,680 cells/ml). Green algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) growth (96 h) was not adversely affected but was instead significantly stimulated byP. parvumtoxins. We further propose an initial species sensitivity distribution approach forP. parvum, which may be used to support future environmental management decisions. Our findings from these laboratory studies indicate that although fish kills are increasingly associated withP. parvumblooms occurring in inland waters, further study is required to define the influences of toxin sensitivities of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish communities onP. parvumbloom initiation and termination.
Factors Influencing Prymnesium parvum Population Dynamics During Bloom Initiation: Results from In‐lake Mesocosm Experiments1
Authors: Roelke Daniel L. , Schwierzke Leslie , Brooks Bryan W. , Grover James P. , Errera Reagan M. , Valenti Theodore W. , Pinckney James L. 
Published: February 2010

Roelke, Daniel L., Leslie Schwierzke, Bryan W. Brooks, James P. Grover, Reagan M. Errera, Theodore W. Valenti, Jr., and James L. Pinckney, 2010. Factors Influencing Prymnesium parvum Population Dynamics During Bloom Initiation: Results from In‐Lake Mesocosm Experiments. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):76‐91. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00392.xAbstract:  The alga Prymnesium parvum forms large fish‐killing blooms in many Texas lakes. In some of these lakes, however, P. parvum occurs but does not develop blooms. In this study, we investigated factors that may influence bloom initiation by conducting a series of in‐lake experiments involving mixing of waters from Lake Whitney, which has a history of P. parvum blooms, with waters from Lake Waco where no blooms have occurred. In all experiments, the addition of Lake Waco waters resulted in a poorer performance of P. parvum. Various experimental treatments and field data show that differences in grazing, pathogens, nutrients, and salts between the two lakes were not likely factors that contributed to this observation. Industrial and agricultural contaminants, allelochemicals and algicidal chemicals were not measured as a part of this research. However, anthropogenic contaminants other than nutrients were not observed at levels exceeding water quality standards in Lake Waco in recent years. On the other hand, nuisance cyanobacteria are common in Lake Waco, where Microcystis sp. and Anabaena sp. were abundant during the initiation of our experiments, both taxa are known to produce chemicals with allelopathic properties. In addition, the emergent field of algal‐heterotrophic bacteria interactions suggests that chemicals produced by heterotrophic bacteria should not be overlooked. Further research focusing on the chemical interactions between cyanobacteria and P. parvum, as well as the potential role of algicidal bacteria, in the initiation of P. parvum blooms is necessary, as it may be important to the management of these blooms.
Current Status of Mathematical Models for Population Dynamics of Prymnesium parvum in a Texas Reservoir1
Authors: Grover James P. , Baker Jason W. , Roelke Daniel L. , Brooks Bryan W. 
Published: February 2010

Grover, James P., Jason W. Baker, Daniel L. Roelke, and Bryan W. Brooks, 2010. Current Status of Mathematical Models for Population Dynamics of Prymnesium parvum in a Texas Reservoir. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):92‐107. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00393.xAbstract:  Blooms of the harmful alga Prymnesium parvum have apparently increased in frequency in inland waters of the United States, especially in western Texas. A suite of mathematical models was developed based on a chemostat (or continuously stirred tank reactor) framework, and calibrated with data from Lake Granbury, Texas. Inputs included data on flows, salinity, irradiance, temperature, zooplankton grazing, and nutrients. Parameterization incorporated recent laboratory studies relating the specific growth rate of P. parvum to such factors. Models differed in the number of algal populations competing with P. parvum, and whether competition occurred only by consumption of shared nutrients, or additionally through production of an allelopathic chemical by one of the populations, parameterized as cyanobacteria. Uncalibrated models did not reproduce the observed seasonal dynamics of P. parvum in Lake Granbury, which displayed a maximum population in late February during a prolonged bloom in cooler weather, and reduced abundance in summer. Sensitivity analyses suggested two modifications leading to predictions that better resembled observations. The first modification greatly reduces the optimal temperature for growth of P. parvum, an approach that disagrees with laboratory experiments indicating a strong potential for growth at temperatures above 20°C. The second modification increases the growth rate of P. parvum at all temperatures, in models including cyanobacterial allelopathy. Despite these adjustments, calibrated models did not faithfully simulate all features of the seasonal dynamics of P. parvum.
Combining Flow Cytometry and Real‐Time PCR Methodology to Demonstrate Consumption by Prymnesium parvum1
Authors: Bowers Holly A. , Brutemark Andreas , Carvalho Wanderson F. , Granéli Edna 
Published: February 2010

Bowers, Holly A., Andreas Brutemark, Wanderson F. Carvalho, and Edna Granéli, 2010. Combining Flow Cytometry and Real‐Time PCR Methodology to Demonstrate Consumption by Prymnesium parvum. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):133‐143. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00397.xAbstract:  Harmful algal bloom species can persist in the environment, impacting aquatic life and human health. One of the mechanisms by which some harmful algal bloom species are able to persist is by consumption of organic particles. Methods to demonstrate and measure consumption can yield insight into how populations thrive. Here, we combine flow cytometry and real‐time PCR to demonstrate consumption of a cryptophyte species (Rhodomonas sp.) by a toxic mixotrophic haptophyte (Prymnesium parvum). Using flow cytometry, the feeding frequency of a population of P. parvum cells was calculated using the phycoerythrin (PE) fluorescence signal from Rhodomonas sp. and the fluorescence of an acidotropic probe labeling the food vacuoles. Feeding frequency increased in the beginning of the experiment and then began to decline, reaching a maximum of 47.5% of the whole P. parvum population after 212 min. The maximum number of consumed Rhodomonas sp. cells was 0.8 per P. parvum cell, and occurred after 114 min corresponding to an ingestion rate of 0.4 Rhodomonas sp. cells/P. parvum/h. Cells from the feeding P. parvum population were sorted, washed, and subjected to a real‐time PCR assay targeting the cryptophyte 18S locus. There was a correlation between cycle threshold (Ct) values and number of consumed prey cells calculated by fluorescence. Overall, this study shows that flow cytometric analysis, of the acidotropic probe and prey pigments, is an efficient and rapid tool in enumerating food vacuoles and the number of prey cells consumed. Furthermore, we suggest that real‐time PCR can be applied to cells sorted by flow cytometry, thus allowing for the detection and potential quantification of the targeted prey cells.
Mini Review: Probes for Detecting Prymnesium parvum and Preliminary Results From Gene Expression Studies1
Authors: Medlin Linda K. , Diercks Sonja , Beszteri Sara 
Published: February 2010

Medlin, Linda K., Sonja Diercks, and Sara Beszteri, 2010. Mini Review: Probes for Detecting Prymnesium parvum and Preliminary Results From Gene Expression Studies. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):144‐152. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00398.xAbstract:  Prymnesium parvum is common in brackish and marine coastal waters within temperate zones, world‐wide. P. parvum forms recurrent blooms causing fish kills in many parts of the world. Harmful blooms are formed in nutrient rich, low salinity lakes, ponds, river systems, or estuaries. Probes made to this species and to the genus Prymnesium have been tested in dot blot and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and used with a solid‐phase cytometer using a tyramide signal amplification (TSA) enhanced FISH hybridization to provide a means to identify the cells before blooms develop with automated counting. Field counts from light microscopy have been compared with solid‐phase cytometer counts. Additional detection systems, such as biosensors and microarrays, have also been developed to identify rapidly this species without resorting to electron microscopy. Advantages and disadvantages of each detection system are discussed. A study of the genes expressed by P. parvum under environmental conditions that can induce blooms or stress was undertaken to try to understand the ecology behind toxic blooms.
Comparison of Three Algaecides for Controlling the Density ofPrymnesium parvum1
Authors: Rodgers Jr. John H. , Johnson Brenda M. , Bishop West M. 
Published: February 2010

Rodgers, John H., Jr., Brenda M. Johnson, and West M. Bishop, 2010. Comparison of Three Algaecides for Controlling the Density ofPrymnesium parvum.Journal of the American Water Resources Association(JAWRA) 46(1):153‐160. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00399.xAbstract: Prymnesium parvumhas become more prevalent in water resources of the southern United States. As the potential impacts ofP. parvumare relatively well known, especially its capability to severely affect fish, managers have sought efficacious, environmentally sound, and socially acceptable strategies for mitigating this noxious species. Laboratory testing was used to identify an effective algaecide for control ofP. parvumfrom Texas, Arizona, Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Cutrine®‐Plus at 0.2 mg Cu/l significantly decreased the density ofP. parvumin samples from all of these locations. Both copper sulfate and Phycomycin®were less effective for controlling the population growth ofP. parvum. The predicted response from the laboratory study was confirmed in the field at the Arizona site. Strategic use of Cutrine®‐Plus in larger water resources could provide toxin‐free refugia to allow some fish to survive and repopulate the water resource when the golden alga infestation abates.
Prymnesium parvum Control Treatments For Fish Hatcheries1
Authors: Barkoh Aaron , Smith Dennis G. , Southard Gregory M. 
Published: February 2010

Barkoh, Aaron, Dennis G. Smith, and Gregory M. Southard, 2010. Prymnesium parvum Control Treatments for Fish Hatcheries. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):161‐169. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00400.xAbstract:  In 2001, the ichthyotoxic microalga Prymnesium parvum caused massive fish kills and adversely affected fish production at the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) Dundee State Fish Hatchery. Since then, we have investigated several P. parvum bloom and ichthyotoxicity control treatments to develop management strategies that allow fish production and prevent the spread of the alga into unaffected hatcheries and impoundments. Current control successes include treatments for ponds, water supply, and a hazard analysis and critical control point program. For pond treatment, ammonium sulfate (as 0.14‐0.25 mg/l un‐ionized ammonia nitrogen for temperatures above 15°C), copper sulfate (2 mg/l), Cutrine®‐Plus (0.2‐0.4 mg/l as copper), or potassium permanganate (3 mg/l above the potassium permanganate demand) controls P. parvum blooms. Copper sulfate at 1 mg/l controls P. parvum but is unable to eliminate ichthyotoxicity whereas potassium permanganate at 2 mg/l above the potassium permanganate demand controls ichthyotoxicity. For water treatment, ultraviolet (UV) light at 193‐220 mJ/cm2 doses or ozone at 0.4‐1.2 mg/l for 6 min destroy P. parvum cells and reduce or eliminate ichthyotoxicity. A combination UV and ozone treatment appears to provide the best results; however, successful treatments depend on dosage relative to cell density and toxin concentration. To prevent the spread of the alga, hatchery fish delivery units and equipment are cleaned with household bleach (10% solution for 15 minutes) or hydrogen peroxide (62.5‐12,500 mg/l for 0.25‐24 hours). These treatments are tailored to water quality conditions and the fish species cultured at affected TPWD hatcheries. We recommend that other users test these treatments before applying them to ponds or other impoundments containing fish or other aquatic life.