bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early raise of BDNF in hippocampus suggests induction of posttranscriptional mechanisms by antidepressants
Authors: Musazzi Laura , Cattaneo Annamaria , Tardito Daniela , Barbon Alessandro , Gennarelli Massimo , Barlati Sergio , Racagni Giorgio , Popoli Maurizio 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Background
The neurotrophin BDNF has been implicated in the regulation of neuroplasticity, gene expression, and synaptic function in the adult brain, as well as in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and the mechanism of action of antidepressants. Antidepressant treatments have been shown to increase the expression of BDNF mRNA, although the changes measured were found to be different depending on various factors. A few studies only have measured levels of BDNF protein after antidepressant treatments, and poor correlation was found between mRNA and protein changes. We studied the time course of expression of BDNF mRNA and protein during drug treatments, in order to elucidate the temporal profile of regulation of this effector and whether mRNA and protein levels correlate. Rat groups were treated for 1, 2 or 3 weeks with fluoxetine or reboxetine; in additional groups drug treatment was followed by a washout week (3+1). Total BDNF mRNA was measured by Real Time PCR, pro- and mature BDNF proteins were measured by Western blot.

Results
We found that mature BDNF protein is induced more rapidly than mRNA, by both drugs in hippocampus (weeks 1–2) and by reboxetine in prefrontal/frontal cortex (week 1). The temporal profile of BDNF protein expression was largely inconsistent with that of mRNA, which followed the protein induction and reached a peak at week 3.

Conclusion
These results suggest that BDNF protein is rapidly elevated by antidepressant treatments by posttranscriptional mechanisms, and that induction of BDNF mRNA is a slower process.
A systematic approach to performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiogram. A call to order
Authors: Kothavale Avinash A , Yeon Susan B , Manning Warren J 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Background
While the order for a clinical transthoracic examination is fairly standardized, there is considerable variability between laboratories and even among physicians in the same laboratory with regard to the order for transesophageal echocardiograms (TEE). A systematic approach is desirable for more efficient use of physician and patient time, avoidance of inadvertent omission of important views, and to facilitate study review.

Methods
We propose a standardized approach to TEE data acquisition in which cardiac structures are systematically identified and characterized at sequential positions and imaging planes to facilitate organized, efficient and comprehensive assessment.

Results
Our approach to TEE study begins in the mid-esophagus with the imaging plane at 0°. Based on the specific indication for the TEE, a cardiac structure (e.g., mitral valve, left atrial appendage, or interatrial septum) is chosen as the primary focal point for a comprehensive, multiplane analysis. This structure is assessed in 20° – 30° increments as the imaging plane is advanced from 0° to 165°. Using the aortic valve as a reference point, pertinent cardiac structures are then assessed as the imaging plane is reduced to 135°, to 90°, to 40 – 60° and then back to 0°. The probe is then advanced into the stomach to obtain transgastric images at 0°, 90°, and 120°. Finally, the thoracic aorta and pulmonary artery are assessed as the probe is withdrawn from the body. Using this method, an organized and comprehensive TEE can be performed in 10 – 15 minutes.

Conclusion
A standardized and systematic TEE approach is described for efficient and comprehensive TEE study.
Weight change and incident metabolic syndrome in Iranian men and women; a 3 year follow-up study
Authors: Zabetian Azadeh , Hadaegh Farzad , Sarbakhsh Parvin , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Background
Although the association of weight gain and developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been reported in the Western and Asian populations, data on the gender-stratified effects of weight change (including weight loss) on incident MetS and its components in the Middle East Caucasians is still scarce.

Methods
A total of 1431 men and 2036 women aged ≥ 20 years with BMI > 18.5 kg/m2 were followed over 3 years. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of MetS and its components (the Adult Treatment Panel III definition) associated with gender-stratified quintiles of percent weight change. Subjects with MetS at baseline were excluded for analyzing the RR of MetS.

Results
There was 20.4% (95% CI, 19.6–21.2) age-adjusted incident MetS (18.4% male vs. 23.1% women). In men, mild weight gain (WG) predicted high waist circumference (WC) and high triglyceride; moderate WG predicted MetS (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4–4.3), high WC and high blood pressure (BP); large WG predicted MetS (RR 3.2, 95% CI 1.8–5.7) and its components, except for high fasting plasma glucose. In women, mild WG predicted MetS (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4–4.3), high WC and high BP; moderate WG predicted Mets (RR 4.6, 95% CI 2.7–8.0), high WC and high triglyceride; large WG predicted MetS (RR 6.6, 95% CI 3.8–11.3) and its components except for low HDL-cholesterol. Mild weight loss had protective effect on high WC in both genders and MetS in men (RR 0.5, 95% CI 0.26–0.97, P = 0.04).

Conclusion
Weight change showed different effects on MetS in men and women. In women, mild WG predicted MetS; however, mild weight loss was protective against MetS in men and high WC in both genders.
A role for the JAK-STAT1 pathway in blocking replication of HSV-1 in dendritic cells and macrophages
Authors: Mott Kevin R , UnderHill David , Wechsler Steven L , Town Terrence , Ghiasi Homayon 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackgroundMacrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) play key roles in host defense against HSV-1 infection. Although macrophages and DCs can be infected by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), both cell types are resistant to HSV-1 replication. The aim of our study was to determine factor (s) that are involved in the resistance of DCs and macrophages to productive HSV-1 infection.ResultsWe report here that, in contrast to bone marrow-derived DCs and macrophages from wild type mice, DCs and macrophages isolated from signal transducers and activators of transcription-1 deficient (STAT1-/-) mice were susceptible to HSV-1 replication and the production of viral mRNAs and DNA. There were differences in expression of immediate early, early, and late gene transcripts between STAT1+/+and STAT1-/-infected APCs.ConclusionThese results suggest for the first time that the JAK-STAT1 pathway is involved in blocking replication of HSV-1 in DCs and macrophages.
The effect of exogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 on the glycaemic response to small intestinal nutrient in the critically ill: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled cross over study
Authors: Deane Adam M , Chapman Marianne J , Fraser Robert JL , Burgstad Carly M , Besanko Laura K , Horowitz Michael 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Hyperglycaemia occurs frequently in the critically ill, affects outcome adversely, and is exacerbated by enteral feeding. Furthermore, treatment with insulin in this group is frequently complicated by hypoglycaemia. In healthy patients and those with type 2 diabetes, exogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) decreases blood glucose by suppressing glucagon, stimulating insulin and slowing gastric emptying. Because the former effects are glucose-dependent, the use of GLP-1 is not associated with hypoglycaemia. The objective of this study was to establish if exogenous GLP-1 attenuates the glycaemic response to enteral nutrition in patients with critical illness induced hyperglycaemia.

Methods
Seven mechanically ventilated critically ill patients, not previously known to have diabetes, received two intravenous infusions of GLP-1 (1.2 pmol/kg/min) and placebo (4% albumin) over 270 minutes. Infusions were administered on consecutive days in a randomised, double-blind fashion. On both days a mixed nutrient liquid was infused, via a post-pyloric feeding catheter, at a rate of 1.5 kcal/min between 30 and 270 minutes. Blood glucose and plasma GLP-1, insulin and glucagon concentrations were measured.

Results
In all patients, exogenous GLP-1 infusion reduced the overall glycaemic response during enteral nutrient stimulation (AUC30–270 min GLP-1 (2077 ± 144 mmol/l min) vs placebo (2568 ± 208 mmol/l min); P = 0.02) and the peak blood glucose (GLP-1 (10.1 ± 0.7 mmol/l) vs placebo (12.7 ± 1.0 mmol/l); P < 0.01). The insulin/glucose ratio at 270 minutes was increased with GLP-1 infusion (GLP-1 (9.1 ± 2.7) vs. placebo (5.8 ± 1.8); P = 0.02) but there was no difference in absolute insulin concentrations. There was a transient, non-sustained, reduction in plasma glucagon concentrations during GLP-1 infusion (t = 30 minutes GLP-1 (90 ± 12 pmol/ml) vs. placebo (104 ± 10 pmol/ml); P < 0.01).

Conclusions
Acute, exogenous GLP-1 infusion markedly attenuates the glycaemic response to enteral nutrition in the critically ill. These observations suggest that GLP-1 and/or its analogues have the potential to manage hyperglycaemia in the critically ill.

Trial Registration
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number: ACTRN12609000093280.
Early signal protein expression profiles in basophils: a population study
Authors: Ishmael Susan , MacGlashan Donald 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Despite a broad range of functional responses through FceRI, there is limited variation of early signaling elements in basophils.
IgE-mediated histamine release from peripheral blood basophils is highly variable within the general population. Recent studies have shown that the ability of anti-IgE antibody to induce release can be predicted reasonably well by knowing the level of syk expression in the cells. The current study expands a previous survey to include 14 additional early elements known to be involved in activation and deactivation of basophils and showed that with the exception of syk, the variance of expression of 19 other elements (lyn, fyn, csk, cbp/PAG, CIN85, Bob1, c-cbl, SHIP1, SHIP2, p85α, p110δ, btk, PLCγ1, PLCγ2, SHP-1, PTEN, SOS2, CRACM1, and IL-3Rα) was narrow despite a broad range of functional capability in the basophils under study. With syk as the only element with high variance and well-correlated to maximum histamine release and cellular sensitivity, this survey examined the expression levels of two proteins thought to regulate syk expression: Bob1/OCA-B and CIN85. Expression of CIN85 was not correlated to syk expression, but Bob1 expression was negatively correlated to expression of syk and maximum histamine release. However, the expected behavior for this protein should have been as a protector of post-translational syk loss and therefore, positively correlated. Previous studies suggested that post-translational control mechanisms regulated syk expression. However, in this study, steady-state mRNA levels for syk in resting basophils showed a correlation with syk protein expression levels (r=0.593). It is concluded that with the exception of syk expression, the expression of 19 early signaling elements is tightly regulated and that a component of the regulation of syk may be related to control of transcription or processing of syk mRNA.
Electrochemical Oxidation Properties of Tetrakis(tert-butyl)phthalocyaninatozinc(II) in Non-Aqueous Media: A Reinvestigation into the Effects of Stacking, Axial Coordination, and Solvent
Authors: Morisue Mitsuhiko , Kameyama Kazuya , Kobuke Yoshiaki 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation properties of tetrakis(tert-butyl)phthalocyaninatozinc, Zn(t-Bu4Pc), has been reinvestigated for the first systematic exploration in comparison with the authentic properties of porphyrin. The experimental conditions for the oxidation properties of the monomeric Zn(t-Bu4Pc) species were optimized in CH2Cl2 as a non-coordinating solvent to exclude the effect of axial coordination, although most of the previous studies employed coordinating solvents to overcome poor solubility. Employing dilute conditions with 0.1 M tetra-n-butylammonium hexafluorophosphate (n-Bu4N·PF6) as a supporting electrolyte, the effect of axial ligand and solvent on the oxidation behaviors of Zn(t-Bu4Pc) were newly analyzed. The effects of axial coordination on the oxidation properties of Zn(t-Bu4Pc) are discussed from the views of the kinetic process in the charge-compensating step, the structural deformation by axial coordination, and the σ-donation from the axial ligand to the d-orbital of the central zinc. Coordination of axial ligand and polar solvent results in an unusual positive shift of the oxidation potential of Zn(t-Bu4Pc). We propose a ligand dissociation mechanism for the oxidation processes of Zn(t-Bu4Pc) as a rational explanation for the experimental observations. The relevance of the electrochemical properties is supported by spectroscopic characterization.
A Facile Preparation of (4-Aminophenyl)(3-guaiazulenyl)methylium Hexafluorophosphate: Comparative Studies on Spectroscopic, Chemical, and Electrochemical Properties of Monocarbenium Ion and p-Benzoquinodimethane Monoiminium Ion Compounds
Authors: Takekuma Shin-ichi , Ijibata Naohiko , Minematsu Toshie , Takekuma Hideko 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Reaction of guaiazulene with 4-aminobenzaldehyde in CH3OH in the presence of hexafluorophosphoric acid at 25 °C for 2 h gives the title compound, with an equiv of HPF6, in 56% yield. Interestingly, a solution of the obtained new monocarbenium ion compound, forming a protonated amino group (4-H3N+PF6−), in CH3CN is allowed to stand at room temperature for 48 h, gradually converting to a new 4-(3-guaiazulenyl)methylene-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-iminium hexafluorophosphate, completely. Furthermore, reductions of the above two products with NaBH4 in a mixed solvent of EtOH and CH3CN afford 4-amino-1-(3-guaiazulenylmethyl)benzene, selectively. Comparative studies on spectroscopic, chemical, and electrochemical properties of the monocarbenium ion compound with those of the 4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-iminium ion compound, are reported.
Mechanism of Isomerization and Acid-Induced Transformations of 3′-Hydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxy-3′-methyl-3-oxo-7,7′-bis(piperidinocarbonyloxy)-2,2′-spirobi[2H,2′H,3H,3′H-benzo[b]thiophene]. Unusual Equilibrium between the Spiro and 3-Hydroxybenzothiophene Systems
Authors: Konieczny Marek T , Sowinski Pawel 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Mechanistic investigations show that two diastereoisomers of 3′-hydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxy-3′-methyl-3-oxo-7,7′-bis(piperidinocarbonyloxy)-2,2′-spirobi[2H,2′H,3H,3′H-benzo[b]thiophene] (1) equilibrate via an open ring compound: a 3-hydroxybenzothiophene derivative. The result indicates that the spiro form is more stable than the related, aromatic benzothiophene. Acid-catalyzed transformations of 1 are also reported.
Photochemical Reactions in Nanoscopic Organic Domains Generated from Oriented Crystals with Polymers: Nanocrystalline Mosaics as a New Family of Host Materials
Authors: Oaki Yuya , Imai Hiroaki 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Oriented architectures are formed on nanocrystals with incorporation of organic polymers through a biomimetic route. The composites of potassium sulfate and potassium hydrogen phthalate/poly(acrylic acid) exhibit a mosaic structure consisting of organic polymers and ca. 20 nm nanocrystals. These nanocrystalline mosaics have organic domains originating from organic polymers in nanoscopic scale and serve as a host material for the incorporation and photochemical reaction of organic molecules. Photoisomerization of azobenzene and photodimerization of coumarin are successfully demonstrated in the composite materials, indicating that the nanocrystalline mosaic has potential as a new family of host material.
Catalytic Behavior of Bis(imino)pyridineiron(II) Complex Supported on Clay Minerals during Slurry Polymerization of Ethylene
Authors: Hiyama Yuto , Kawada Yusuke , Ishihama Yoshiyuki , Sakuragi Tsutomu , Ohshima Masa-aki , Kurokawa Hideki , Miura Hiroshi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Supported catalysts prepared by an impregnation method using the bis(imino)pyridineiron(II) complex and clay minerals (montmorillonite, fluorotetrasilicic mica, and saponite) were used for ethylene polymerization. The activities of the montmorillonite- and saponite-based catalysts were much higher than that of the mica-based one.
Research Note—Toward a Causal Interpretation from Observational Data: A New Bayesian Networks Method for Structural Models with Latent Variables
Authors: Zheng Zhiqiang (Eric) , Pavlou Paul A. 
Published: May 2009

Because a fundamental attribute of a good theory is causality, the information systems (IS) literature has strived to infer causality from empirical data, typically seeking causal interpretations from longitudinal, experimental, and panel data that include time precedence. However, such data are not always obtainable and observational (cross-sectional, nonexperimental) data are often the only data available. To infer causality from observational data that are common in empirical IS research, this study develops a new data analysis method that integrates the Bayesian networks (BN) and structural equation modeling (SEM) literatures. Similar to SEM techniques (e.g., LISREL and PLS), the proposed Bayesian networks for latent variables (BN-LV) method tests both the measurement model and the structural model. The method operates in two stages: First, it inductively identifies the most likely LVs from measurement items without prespecifying a measurement model. Second, it compares all the possible structural models among the identified LVs in an exploratory (automated) fashion and it discovers the most likely causal structure. By exploring the causal structural model that is not restricted to linear relationships, BN-LV contributes to the empirical IS literature by overcoming three SEM limitations (Lee, B., A. Barua, A. B. Whinston. 1997. Discovery and representation of causal relationships in MIS research: A methodological framework. MIS Quart. 21(1) 109–136)—lack of causality inference, restrictive model structure, and lack of nonlinearities. Moreover, BN-LV extends the BN literature by (1) overcoming the problem of latent variable identification using observed (raw) measurement items as the only inputs, and (2) enabling the use of ordinal and discrete (Likert-type) data, which are commonly used in empirical IS studies. The BN-LV method is first illustrated and tested with actual empirical data to demonstrate how it can help reconcile competing hypotheses in terms of the direction of causality in a structural model. Second, we conduct a comprehensive simulation study to demonstrate the effectiveness of BN-LV compared to existing techniques in the SEM and BN literatures. The advantages of BN-LV in terms of measurement model construction and structural model discovery are discussed.
Iclaprim, a Novel Diaminopyrimidine for the Treatment of Resistant Gram-Positive Infections
Authors: Sincak Carrie A , Schmidt Justin M 
Published: May 2009

Objective To review the pharmacology, microbiology, in vitro susceptibility, pharmacokinetics, clinical trial data, safety, and tolerability of iclaprim, a novel dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor. Data Sources A MEDLINE search was conducted from 1966 through December 2008. Additional sources included abstracts from meetings of the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy and the Infectious Diseases Society of America from 2001 to 2008 and information available from the manufacturer's Web site. Study Selection And Data Extraction In vitro and clinical studies, in addition to Phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials, were included. Data Synthesis Iclaprim, a novel diaminopyrimidine and DHFR antagonist, has a mechanism of action similar to that of trimethoprim. It has in vitro activity mainly against gram-positive organisms, including resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials, oral and intravenous administration of iclaprim was effective and well tolerated for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI). Trials are currently ongoing for the treatment of ventilator-associated and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Conclusions Iclaprim is a promising antimicrobial agent for the treatment of gram-positive organisms, including resistant S. aureus and trimethoprim-, macrolide-, fluoroquinolone-, and glycopeptide-resistant strains. Additionally, in vitro activity similar to that of trimethoprim has been observed against gram-negative and atypical organisms.
Successful Salvage Treatment of Scedosporium apiospermum Keratitis with Topical Voriconazole After Failure of Natamycin
Authors: Al-Badriyeh Daoud , Leung Lok , Davies Geoffrey E , Stewart Kay , Kong David 
Published: May 2009

Objective To report successful management of Scedosporium apiospermum (previously known as Monosporium apiospermum) keratitis with topical voriconazole as monotherapy. Case Summary A 54-year-old previously well woman presented to the emergency department with a painful, injected right eye. There was no history of trauma or use of contact lenses. On examination, the right eye was estimated to have visual acuity of hand movement. Slit lamp examination detected a 2.5 × 3.5 mm dense, central corneal infiltrate with overlying epithelial defect. The eye had mild corneal edema with anterior chamber inflammation. Microbiology testing revealed S. apiospermum as the primary pathogen. Hourly administration of topical natamycin 5% resulted in initial improvement in visual acuity to 20/50, with reduction in the size of the central infiltrate. However, 1 month later, the eye infection relapsed, with recurrence of epithelial defect (3.1 × 3.1 mm) and decline in visual acuity to 20/100. Antifungal therapy was switched to topical voriconazole 1%, administered every 2 hours. Vision improved to 20/30 within 5 days, and the central defect had completely re-epithelialized within 1 week. Discussion Treatment of S. apiospermum keratitis remains inadequate. A high natamycin minimum inhibitory concentration is necessary to treat S. apiospermum infection, which may explain the persistence of central infiltration despite ongoing therapy. The combined use of topical and oral voriconazole for the treatment of S. apiospermum keratitis has been reported. However, this is the first report of a successful clinical experience using topical voriconazole without oral therapy to manage S. apiospermum keratitis. This eliminates some disadvantages associated with oral voriconazole such as high cost, potential significant toxicity, and drug interactions. Conclusions The voriconazole 1% eye drop used alone is a promising, cost-effective, safe option for managing fungal keratitis, even that caused by S. apiospermum. It may have a larger role to play than simply that of adjunctive therapy.