bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticle ZnS:Ag/6LiF—a new high count rate neutron scintillator with pulse shape discrimination
Authors: Mann Sarah E , Schooneveld Erik M , Rhodes Nigel J , Mauri Giacomo , Liu Dong , Jeff Sykora G 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A neutron sensitive scintillator employing nanoparticles of ZnS:Ag has been developed for the first time. Pulse shape differences between neutron and gamma signals were observed in this material and neutron-gamma discrimination was applied. With initial signal processing parameters, gamma sensitivities of

8.5
×

10

−
6

to 60Co gammas were achieved. The average primary decay of neutron scintillation in nanoparticle ZnS:Ag/6LiF was measured to be 18ns, and afterglow was significantly suppressed in comparison to standard ZnS:Ag/6LiF scintillators that employ micron sized ZnS:Ag. Fast decay times and minimal afterglow indicate potential for use in high count rate capability applications. Prospective count rate capabilities were investigated here as proof of concept, with rates of 1.12Mcps measured for a single readout channel with less than 3.5% count loss. This is approximately 70 times greater than the count rate capability of the current standard ZnS:Ag/6LiF scintillation detectors. With improvements to signal processing and scintillator composition, nanoparticle ZnS:Ag/6LiF could be a promising candidate for future high rate capability neutron detectors.
Design of mid-wave infrared achromatic double-layer metalens with enhanced efficiency
Authors: Hu Tie , Xia Rui , Wang Shichuan , Yang Zhenyu , Zhao Ming 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Achromatic metalenses in the mid-wave infrared (3–5 μm), known for their light weight, CMOS compatibility, and ultra-compactness, offer significant potential in astronomy, security inspections, and health security. However, previous endeavors have been hindered by underdeveloped material technology and relatively low efficiency. To address these challenges, this study introduces an enhanced-efficiency mid-wave infrared achromatic double-layer metalens, featuring a top-layer ZnS nanopillar array and a bottom-layer Si nanopillar array on a Si substrate. Utilizing this approach, we numerically demonstrate both polarization-insensitive and polarization-controlled varifocal broadband achromatic metalenses. For the polarization-insensitive metalens, the double-layer design provides achromatic focusing comparable to the all-Si counterpart, with a focal length of 133 µm, a focal length shift within

±

5.5%, and Strehl ratios above 0.8. However, the average focal efficiency improves from 40.8% (all-Si) to 50.2% (double-layer). Additionally, both all-Si and double-layer polarization-controlled varifocal achromatic metalenses show similar focusing abilities, with focal lengths of about 137 and 173 µm under X and Y linearly polarized light, respectively. Yet, the double-layer varifocal metalens achieves focal efficiencies of 46.4% and 52.7%, an improvement of 13.1% and 17.6% under X and Y linearly polarized light, respectively.
Relativistic description of dense matter equation of state and neutron star observables constrained by recent astrophysical observations
Authors: Kumar Raj , Kumar Sunil , Kumar Mukul , Queena  , Thakur Gaurav , Mittal  , Dhiman Shashi K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the present work, we investigate the bulk properties of nuclear matter and neutron stars with the newly proposed relativistic interaction NL-RS which provides an opportunity to readjust the coupling constants keeping in view the properties of finite nuclei, nuclear matter, PREX-II results for neutron skin thickness in 208Pb and astrophysical observations. The NL-RS model interaction has been proposed by fitting the ground state properties (binding energies and charge radii) of finite nuclei, bulk nuclear matter properties, and PREX-II results for neutron skin thickness of 208Pb. The relativistic interaction has been generated by including nonlinear self-interactions of σ and ω

μ
-mesons and mixed interactions of ω

μ
, and ρ

μ
-meson up to the quartic order. The proposed interaction harmonizes with the finite nuclei, bulk nuclear matter, and neutron star properties. A covariance analysis is performed to assess the statistical uncertainties on the model parameters and nuclear observables of interest along with correlations amongst them. The equation of state (EoS) composed of nucleons and leptons in β-equilibrium is computed with the proposed parameter set and used to study the neutron star structure. The maximum mass of the neutron star by employing the EoS computed with the NL-RS parameter set is 2.04 ± 0.03M
⊙ and the radius of a canonical mass neutron star (R
1.4) comes out to be equal to 13.06 ± 0.16 Km. The value of dimensionless tidal deformability, for canonical mass, is 602.23 ± 33.13 which satisfies the constraints of waveform models analysis of GW170817 within 90% confidence level.
Large magnetocaloric effect and giant magnetoresistance in rare earth based intermetallic compound ErAl3: construction of magnetic phase diagram
Authors: Ahmed Afsar , Das Kalipada , Das I 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study explores the magnetic and magnetotransport behavior of polycrystalline ErAl3 compound. The polycrystalline compound adopts HoAl3-type structures with the R-3m space group, No. 166-2 and hR60 configurations. Multiple magnetic orderings and two field-induced metamagnetic transitions are observed. ErAl3 exhibits a significant magnetocaloric effect (MCE),

−
Δ

S

M

= 15.25 J kg−1 K−1 and high relative cooling power of 383 J kg−1 with applied magnetic field change (ΔH) of 70 kOe near the paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition, showcasing its potential for magnetic refrigeration technology. The compound also demonstrates metallic behavior, with a notable magnetoresistance of 48.5

%

at 2 K due to the suppression of antiferromagnetism. The magnetic phase diagram reveals four distinct phases influenced by temperature and magnetic field, identified through the study of the MCE.
‘Fraternal-twin’ ferroelectricity: competing polar states in hydrogen-doped samarium nickelate from first principles
Authors: Kotiuga Michele , Rabe Karin M 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In ferroelectric switching, an applied electric field switches the system between two polar symmetry-equivalent states. In this work, we use first-principles calculations to explore the polar states of hydrogen-doped samarium nickelate (SNO) at a concentration of 1/4 hydrogen per Ni. The inherent tilt pattern of SNO and the presence of the interstitial hydrogen present an insurmountable energy barrier to switch these polar states to their symmetry-equivalent states under inversion. We find a sufficiently low barrier to move the localized electron to a neighboring NiO6 octahedron, a state unrelated by symmetry but equal in energy under a square epitaxial strain (a = b), resulting in a large change in polarization. We term this unconventional ferroelectric a ‘fraternal-twin’ ferroelectric.
A new novel recognition and positioning system of black light-absorbing volute for automation depalletizing development
Authors: Yang Ping , Lin Haiyang , Wu Runxi , Xiao Shuonan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the application of vision measurement, the black light-absorbing object is difficult to reflect the structured light from infrared emitter of the RGB-D camera. Therefore, an image recognition algorithm based on reference environment information is proposed to acquire the spatial positioning information of black volutes in the depalletizing system. The hardware system of the depalletizing system is mainly constructed of an upper computer, a six-axis industrial robot, an RGB-D camera and an end adsorption device. Firstly, the horizontal position information of each volute placed on the cardboard is obtained by the depth differences between the cardboard and the volute. Then, the depth information of the volute is obtained by the upper cardboard depth through collecting the position of the end vacuum suction cup triggered by feedback signal from vacuum generator. Secondly, a regional planar hand-eye calibration method is developed to improve the calibration accuracy in two-dimensional coordinates. The regional calibration method divides the robot working area into four regions: upper left, lower left, upper right, and lower right. The transformation matrix of each region is calculated separately. Finally, the depalletizing experiment is conducted on the three types of volutes. It is concluded that the average positioning error of the grasping center point of each volute obtained by our method is 3.795 mm, and its standard deviation is 1.769 mm. The average value of regional planar hand-eye calibration error is 4.044 mm, and its standard deviation is 1.501 mm. Under a stack of materials with dimensions of 1350 mm × 1350 mm × 1500 mm, the maximum error is controlled within 15 mm. Additionally, when combined with the end feedback compensation mechanism, the success rate for grasping all three volutes reaches 100%.
Dual approach: micellar delivery of chlorambucil prodrug with concurrent glutathione depletion and GST inhibition for enhanced anticancer activity
Authors: Wu Shaojie , Liao Kuofei , Chen Jiamin , Li Feng 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Although chlorambucil (CHL) is a long-established anticancer drug, the drug failure of CHL, mediated by the intracellular defense system consisting of glutathione (GSH) and GSH S-transferase pi (GST-pi), has significantly limited the application of CHL. To overcome this issue, we first designed a GSH-responsive small-molecule prodrug (EA-SS-CHL) by combining CHL and ethacrynic acid (EA). Subsequently, drug-loaded nanoparticles (ECPP) were formed by the self-assembly between EA-SS-CHL and amphiphilic PEG-PDLLA to improve the water solubility of the prodrug and its ability to target tumor sites. Upon exposure to high intracellular GSH concentration, EA-SS-CHL gradually degrades, leading to the release of EA and CHL. The presence of EA facilitates the depletion of GSH and inhibition of GST-pi, ultimately attenuating the detoxification of the intracellular defense system to CHL. Cytotoxicity studies and apoptosis assays demonstrate that ECPP exhibits higher therapeutic efficiency than CHL. Additionally, in vivo tumor suppression effects and biocompatibility provide further evidence for the superiority of ECPP. This work presents a promising strategy to enhance the efficacy of CHL in cancer therapy.
Strategies and safety simulations for ultrasonic cervical spinal cord neuromodulation
Authors: Xu Rui , Bestmann Sven , Treeby Bradley E , Martin Eleanor 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective. Focused ultrasound spinal cord neuromodulation has been demonstrated in small animals. However, most of the tested neuromodulatory exposures are similar in intensity and exposure duration to the reported small animal threshold for possible spinal cord damage. All efforts must be made to minimize the risk and assure the safety of potential human studies, while maximizing potential treatment efficacy. This requires an understanding of ultrasound propagation and heat deposition within the human spine. Approach. Combined acoustic and thermal modelling was used to assess the pressure and heat distributions produced by a 500 kHz source focused to the C5/C6 level via two approaches (a) the posterior acoustic window between vertebral posterior arches, and (b) the lateral intervertebral foramen from which the C6 spinal nerve exits. Pulse trains of fifty 0.1 s pulses (pulse repetition frequency: 0.33 Hz, free-field spatial peak pulse-averaged intensity: 10 W cm−2) were simulated for four subjects and for ±10 mm translational and ±10∘ rotational source positioning errors. Main results. Target pressures ranged between 20%–70% of free-field spatial peak pressures with the posterior approach, and 20%–100% with the lateral approach. When the posterior source was optimally positioned, peak spine heating values were below 1 ∘C, but source mispositioning resulted in bone heating up to 4 ∘C. Heating with the lateral approach did not exceed 2 ∘C within the mispositioning range. There were substantial inter-subject differences in target pressures and peak heating values. Target pressure varied three to four-fold between subjects, depending on approach, while peak heating varied approximately two-fold between subjects. This results in a nearly ten-fold range between subjects in the target pressure achieved per degree of maximum heating. Significance. This study highlights the utility of trans-spine ultrasound simulation software and need for precise source-anatomy positioning to assure the subject-specific safety and efficacy of focused ultrasound spinal cord therapies.
Polynomial chaos expansion of SAR and temperature increase variability in 3 T MRI due to stochastic input data
Authors: Bottauscio Oriano , Zanovello Umberto , Arduino Alessandro , Zilberti Luca 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective. Numerical simulations are largely adopted to estimate dosimetric quantities, e.g. specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature increase, in tissues to assess the patient exposure to the radiofrequency (RF) field generated during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Simulations rely on reference anatomical human models and tabulated data of electromagnetic and thermal properties of biological tissues. However, concerns may arise about the applicability of the computed results to any phenotype, introducing a significant degree of freedom in the simulation input data. In addition, simulation input data can be affected by uncertainty in relative positioning of the anatomical model with respect to the RF coil. The objective of this work is the to estimate the variability of SAR and temperature increase at 3 T head MRI due to different sources of variability in input data, with the final aim to associate a global uncertainty to the dosimetric outcomes. Approach. A stochastic approach based on arbitrary Polynomial Chaos Expansion is used to evaluate the effects of several input variability’s (anatomy, tissue properties, body position) on dosimetric outputs, referring to head imaging with a 3 T MRI scanner. Main results. It is found that head anatomy is the prevailing source of variability for the considered dosimetric quantities, rather than the variability due to tissue properties and head positioning. From knowledge of the variability of the dosimetric quantities, an uncertainty can be attributed to the results obtained using a generic anatomical head model when SAR and temperature increase values are compared with safety exposure limits. Significance. This work associates a global uncertainty to SAR and temperature increase predictions, to be considered when comparing the numerically evaluated dosimetric quantities with reference exposure limits. The adopted methodology can be extended to other exposure scenarios for MRI safety purposes.
Pulsed RF knock-out extraction: a potential enabler for FLASH hadrontherapy in the Bragg peak
Authors: Waid Simon , Gsponer Andreas , Renner Elisabeth , Schmitzer Claus , Kühteubl Florian , Becker Clara , Burin Jürgen , Gaggl Philipp , Prokopovich Dale , Bergauer Thomas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
One challenge on the path to delivering FLASH-compatible beams with a synchrotron is facilitating an accurate dose control for the required ultra-high dose rates. We propose the use of pulsed RFKO extraction instead of continuous beam delivery as a way to control the dose delivered per Voxel. In a first feasibility test, dose rates in pulses of up to 600 Gy s−1 were observed, while the granularity at which the dose was delivered is expected to be well below 0.5 Gy.
Spatial correlation of defect-selective etching and dark luminescence spots in Al
x
Ga1−x
N
Authors: Netzel Carsten , Hagedorn Sylvia , Schön Matthias , Knauer Arne , Brunner Frank , Weyers Markus 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Defect-selective etching with molten Ba(OH)2/MgO etch drops was performed on c-plane AlGaN layers covering the entire composition range between GaN and AlN. Regardless of the aluminum content, the etchant produced shallow, hexagonal etch pits with depth-to-diameter ratios of 1/10–1/100. Two predominant types of etch pits were observed, which differed in size. In addition, the etch rate decreased from the center to the edge of the area exposed to the etch drops, providing a radially symmetric variation in etch pit size. For all AlGaN compositions, the positions of the etch pits correlate perfectly with the positions of the dark luminescence spots in cathodoluminescence measurements. Areas on the AlGaN samples that were not exposed to the etching procedure showed identical dark spots with the same size and density as those in the etched regions. Additionally, the density of etch pits and dark spots corresponded to the density of threading dislocations in the AlGaN layers. These observations demonstrate that the density of threading dislocations in c-plane AlGaN layers can be determined by destructive defect-selective etching with Ba(OH)2/MgO and etch pit counting, as well as by nondestructive counting of the dark spots in cathodoluminescence images.
Performance enhancement of nanotube junctionless FETs with low doping concentration rings
Authors: Wang Liang , Xiao Wanyang , Wang Yueyang , Bai Yonglin , Wang Zirui , Xu Jie , Tang Min , Zhang Qiuxiang , Liu Weijing , Bai Wei , Tang Xiaodong 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
To reduce the static power consumption of the NT JLFET and the effect of SCEs on the NT JLFET, A nanotube junctionless field effect transistor with cyclic low doping concentration regions (C NT JLFET) is proposed. Based on Sentaurus TCAD numerical simulations, the electrical properties of the C NT JLFET and the NT JLFET were comparatively investigated, and the effects of the length (L
CD) and radius (R
CD) of cyclic low doping concentration regions on the electrical properties of the C NT JLFETs were studied. The C NT JLFET reduces the gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) due to lateral band-to-band-tunneling (L-BTBT) as compared to the NT JLFET. As the L
CD or R
CD increases, the off-state current decreases. In addition, the C NT JLFET suffers from fewer short channel effects (SCEs), such as threshold voltage roll-off, drain-induced barrier lowering and subthreshold swing deterioration, compared to the NT JLFET. The inhibition of L-BTBT and attenuation of SCEs by cyclic low doping concentration regions remains when the channel length of the C NT JLFET is shortened to 10 nm. The C NT JLFET are suitable for low power applications as they exhibit reduced L-BTBT and suffer from fewer SCEs.
Sedimentation of a spherical squirmer in a square tube under gravity
Authors: Jiang Tongxiao , Li Siwen , Ying Yuxiang , Nie Deming , Lin Jianzhong 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this study, we used a three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann method to simulate the settling motion of a spherical squirmer in a square tube under the effect of gravity. A spherical squirmer model with chirality was chosen to simulate the motion of a real microswimmer in a three-dimensional space and to systematically analyze its kinematic properties. According to the results of this study, we identified seven different motion modes: diagonal plane large-amplitude oscillation, central stable sedimentation, bidirectional spiral motion, rebound motion, unidirectional spiral motion, corner stable motion, and near-wall attraction oscillation. It was shown that the formation of different motion modes is caused by the effects of squirmer-type factor and chirality. squirmer-type factor determines the stable motion position of the squirmer in the channel. Chirality makes the head direction of the squirmer more susceptible to change, thus changing the motion trajectory of the squirmer. In addition, it was found that the self-propelling strength determines the speed of squirmer’s motion, which affects the motion frequency of squirmer’s periodic oscillations.
Theory of phonon sidebands in the absorption spectra of moiré exciton–polaritons
Authors: Jürgens K , Wigger D , Kuhn T 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Excitons in twisted bilayers of transition metal dichalcogenides have strongly modified dispersion relations due to the formation of periodic moiré potentials. The strong coupling to a light field in an optical cavity leads to the appearance of moiré polaritons. In this paper, we derive a theoretical model for the linear absorption spectrum of the coupled moiré polariton–phonon system based on the time-convolutionless (TCL) approach. Results obtained by numerically solving the TCL equation are compared to those obtained in the Markovian limit and from a perturbative treatment of non-Markovian corrections. A key quantity for the interpretation of the findings is the generalized phonon spectral density. We discuss the phonon impact on the spectrum for realistic moiré exciton dispersions by varying twist angle and temperature. Key features introduced by the coupling to phonons are broadenings and energy shifts of the upper and lower polariton peak and the appearance of phonon sidebands between them. We analyze these features with respect to the role of Markovian and non-Markovian effects and find that they strongly depend on the twist angle. We can distinguish between the regimes of large, small, and intermediate twist angles. In the latter phonon effects are particularly pronounced due to dominating phonon transitions into regions which are characterized by van Hove singularities in the density of states.
Computed chest radiography for total body irradiation: image quality and clinical feasibility
Authors: Bouchez Quentin , Vandenbroucke Dirk , Pittomvils Geert , Boterberg Tom , van Eijkeren Marc , Leblans Paul , Vanderstraeten Barbara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective. In myeloablative total body irradiation (TBI), lung shielding blocks are used to reduce the dose to the lungs and hence decrease the risk of radiation pneumonitis. Some centers are still using mega-Volt (MV) imaging with dedicated silver halide-based films during simulation and treatment for lung delineation and position verification. However, the availability of these films has recently become an issue. This study examines the clinical performance of a computed radiography (CR) solution in comparison to radiographic films and potential improvement of image quality by filtering and post-processing. Approach. We compared BaFBrI-based CR plates to radiographic films. First, images of an aluminum block were analyzed to assess filter impact on scatter reduction. Secondly, a dedicated image quality phantom was used to assess signal linearity, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast and spatial resolution. Ultimately, a clinical performance study involving two impartial observers was conducted on an anthropomorphic chest phantom, employing visual grading analysis (VGA). Various filter materials and positions as well as post-processing were examined, and the workflow between CR and film was compared. Main results. CR images exhibited high SNR and linearity but demonstrated lower spatial and contrast resolution when compared to film. However, filtering improved contrast resolution and SNR, while positioning filters inside the cassette additionally enhanced sharpness. Image processing improved VGA scores, while additional filtering also resulted in higher spine visibility scores. CR shortened TBI simulation by over 10 minutes for one patient, alongside a dose reduction by order of 0.1 Gy. Significance. This study highlights potential advantages of shifting from conventional radiographic film to CR for TBI. Overall, CR with the incorporation of processing and filtering proves to be suitable for TBI chest imaging. When compared to radiographic film, CR offers advantages such as reduced simulation time and dose delivery, re-usability of image plates and digital workflow integration.