bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Construction Ceramics
Authors: Tretau Anne , Rimpel Eckhard 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Classification

1.1.1.

Bricks

1.1.2.

Roof Tiles

1.1.3.

Paving Bricks

1.2.

Raw Materials

1.2.1.

Clay

1.2.2.

Water

1.2.3.

Additives

1.2.4.

Raw Materials Testing

1.3.

Manufacturing Process

1.3.1.

Clay Winning

1.3.2.

Preparation

1.3.2.1.

Wet Processing

1.3.2.2.

Semidry Processing

1.3.3.

Molding

1.3.3.1.

Processing

1.3.3.2.

Machinery

1.3.4.

Drying

1.3.4.1.

Dryers

1.3.5.

Firing

1.3.5.1.

Firing Conditions

1.3.5.2.

Types of Kiln

1.4.

Properties of the Fired Body

1.5.

Coloration and Surface Effects

1.5.1.

Glazing and Engobing

1.5.2.

Solid Coloring
Contraception
Authors: Hahn Do Won , McGuire John L. , Kuhnke Joachim 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Natural Methods2.1.Periodic Methods2.2.Breast Feeding3.Barrier Methods3.1.Chemical Vaginal Contraceptives3.2.Physical Barriers4.Hormonal Methods4.1.The Menstrual Cycle4.1.1.The Regulatory System4.1.2.Hormonal Effects on the Endometrium4.1.3.Hormonal Effects on the Cervix4.1.4.How Hormonal Contraceptives Work4.2.Historical Survey on Hormonal Contraception and Combined Oral Contraceptives4.2.1.The Estrogenic Component4.2.2.The Progestogenic Component4.2.3.New Regimen for Oral Contraceptives4.3.Progestogen‐Only Oral Contraceptives4.4.Long‐Acting Contraceptives – Drug Delivery Systems4.5.Emergency Contraception4.6.Benefits and Risks of Hormonal Contra‐ception4.6.1.Cardiovascular Risks4.6.2.Cancer5.Intrauterine Contraception5.1.Intrauterine Device (IUD)5.2.Intrauterine System (IUS)6.Sterilization6.1.Male Sterilization (Vasectomy)6.2.Female Sterilization7.New Approaches7.1.Hormonal Research7.2.Nonhormonal Research7.3.Contraceptive Vaccines7.4.Male Fertility Control7.4.1.Nonhormonal Research7.4.2.Hormonal Research
Cyano Compounds, Inorganic
Authors: Gail Ernst , Gos Stephen , Kulzer Rupprecht , Lorösch Jürgen , Rubo Andreas , Sauer Manfred , Kellens Raf , Reddy Jay , Steier Norbert , Hasenpusch Wolfgang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Hydrogen Cyanide1.1.Properties1.2.Production1.2.1.Andrussow Process1.2.2.Methane ‐ Ammonia (BMA) Process1.2.3.Shawinigan Process1.3.Storage and Transportation1.4.Economic Aspects and Uses2.Metal Cyanides2.1.Alkali Metal Cyanides2.1.1.Properties2.1.2.Production2.1.2.1.Classical Production Processes2.1.2.2.Current Production Processes2.1.2.3.Energy Consumption2.1.3.Packaging and Transport2.1.4.Responsible Care, Product Stewardship, Sustainable Development, Certification2.1.5.Emissions and Consumptions2.1.6.Quality Specifications, Impurities2.1.7.Uses2.1.7.1.Gold Mining2.1.7.2.Chemical Synthesis2.1.7.3.Electroplating of Metals2.1.7.4.Hardening of Metals2.1.8.2.2.Alkaline Earth Metal Cyanides2.3.Heavy‐Metal Cyanides2.3.1.Iron Cyanides2.3.1.1.Properties2.3.1.2.Production2.3.1.3.Commercial Forms, Specifications, and Packaging2.3.2.Cyanides of Copper, Zinc, and Cadmium2.3.3.Cyanides of Mercury, Lead, Cobalt, and Nickel2.3.4.Cyanides of Precious Metals2.4.Cyanide Analysis3.Detoxification of Cyanide‐Containing Wastes3.1.Wastewater Treatment3.2.Solid Wastes4.Cyanogen Halides4.1.Properties4.2.Production4.3.Storage and Transportation4.4.Uses5.Cyanogen5.1.Properties5.2.Production5.3.Storage, Transportation, and Uses6.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Cyclododecatriene, Cyclooctadiene, and 4‐Vinylcyclohexene
Authors: Oenbrink Georg , Schiffer Thomas 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Cyclododecatriene1.1.Properties1.2.Production; Storage and Transportation; Analysis1.3.Storage and Transportation1.4.Analysis1.5.Uses2.Cyclooctadiene and 4‐Vinylcyclohexene2.1.Properties2.2.Production; Storage and Transportation; Analysis2.3.Storage and Transportation2.4.Analysis2.3.Uses3.Toxicology
Electrochemistry, 1. Fundamentals
Authors: Wendt Hartmut , Kolb Dieter M. , Engelmann Gerald E. , Ziegler Jörg C. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Basic Laws and Equations

2.1.

Electrode Kinetics

2.2.

Technical Electrocatalysis

2.2.1.

Principles of Electrocatalysis

2.2.2.

Technical Electrodes

2.2.2.1.

Electrocatalytically Activated Dimensionally Stable Chlorine Evolving Electrodes

2.2.2.2.

Oxygen Evolving Anodes

2.2.2.3.

Electrocatalysis of Cathodic Hydrogen Evolution

2.2.2.4.

Electrocatalysis of Cathodic Oxygen Reduction and Anodic Hydrogen Oxidation in Fuel Cells

2.3.

Gas‐Evolving Electrodes

2.4.

Ionic Conduction in Electrolytes

2.5.

Fluid Dynamics and Mass Transfer

3.

Electrochemical Cells

3.1.

Optimized Current Density

3.2.

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Current Distributions

3.3.

Electrochemical Nanostructuring with a Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Related Chelating Agents
Authors: Hart J. Roger 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Production

5.

Chemical Analysis

6.

Storage and Transportation

7.

Uses

8.

Trade Names

9.

Economic Aspects

10.

Toxicology and Occupational Health
Fibers, 2. Structure
Authors: Hearle John W. S. , Schawaller Dirk 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Fibers as Industrial Chemical Structures1.2.Structural Types1.3.Development of Knowledge of Fiber Structure2.General Features of Major Textile Fibers2.1.Chemical Forms2.2.Polymer Characterization2.3.Other Chemical Constituents2.4.Fine Structure2.4.1.Characterization2.4.2.Models2.4.3.Unified Parametric Approach2.4.4.Relation to Fiber Properties2.4.5.Relation to Fiber Formation2.4.6.Structural Transitions2.5.Intermediate Structures2.6.Gross Inhomogeneities2.7.Fiber Shape2.7.1.Cross‐Sectional Shape2.7.2.Axial Shape3.Particular Textile Fibers3.1.Cellulosic Fibers3.1.1.Chemistry3.1.2.Cotton3.1.3.Other Plant Fibers3.1.4.Rayon3.1.5.Acetate Fibers3.2.Protein Fibers3.2.1.Wool and Hair3.2.2.Silk3.2.3.Regenerated Protein Fibers3.3.Major Melt‐Spun Fibers3.3.1.Chemistry3.3.2.Fine Structure3.3.3.PLA Fibers3.4.Acrylic Fibers3.5.Other Polymers4.High‐Modulus, High‐Tenacity Fibers4.1.Glass4.2.Highly Oriented Linear Polymers4.2.1.Aramid4.2.2.Polyethylene4.2.3.Other Polymers4.3.Carbon Fibers4.4.Ceramic and Other Inorganic Fibers4.5.Structure and Properties5.Other Fibers5.1.High‐Toughness Fibers5.2.Elastomeric Fibers5.3.Thermally and Chemically Resistant Fibers5.4.Special‐Purpose Fibers5.5.Nanofibers and Carbon Nanotubes5.6.Smart Fibers
Formamides
Authors: Bipp Hansjörg , Kieczka Heinz 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Formamide2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Environmental Protection2.5.Quality Specifications and Analysis2.6.Storage and Transportation2.7.Uses2.8.Economic Aspects3.N,N‐Dimethylformamide3.1.Physical Properties3.2.Chemical Properties3.3.Production3.4.Environmental Protection3.5.Quality Specifications and Analysis3.6.Storage and Transportation3.7.Uses3.8.Economic Aspects4.Other Formamides5.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Fungicides, Agricultural, 1. Fundamentals
Authors: Müller Franz , Ackermann Peter , Margot Paul 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn the current version of this article the introduction has been expanded by providing a brief historical overview on fungicides and the modern requirements for fungicides to be admitted to the market. The taxonomy of fungi, in the light of recent scientific progress, is discussed briefly, and the main properties of fungi are described in some detail. Special attention is paid to the classification of phytopathogenic fungi and their major representatives relevant to agriculture. The physical and chemical properties of the individual fungicides are complemented with additional data (density, vapor pressure, stability in the environment, etc.). In the toxicology chapter ecological properties of the compounds have been added so that conclusions about the profiles of the fungicides can be made.1.Introduction2Phytopathogenic Fungi2.1Biology of Fungi2.2Classification of Fungi2.3Mode of Action2.4Crop Losses3Types of Fungicide and Mechanism of Action4.Methods of Fungicide Application4.1.Seed Treatment4.2.Foliage and Fruit Sprays4.3.Soil Treatment4.4.Trunk Injections4.5.Post‐harvest Treatment5.Fungicide Resistance6.Economic Aspects
Glass, 1. Fundamentals
Authors: De Jong Bernard H. W. S. , Beerkens Ruud G. C. , van Nijnatten Peter A. , Le Bourhis Eric 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Definition and Historical Summary2.Structure of Glass2.1.Structure of Special Melts and Glasses2.2.Composition of Glass2.2.1.Single‐Component Glass2.2.2.Silicate Glasses with Two Components2.2.3.Borate, Phosphate, and Germanate Glasses2.2.4.Borosilicate and Aluminosilicate Glasses2.2.5.Lead Silicate Glasses2.2.6.Chalcogenide Glasses2.2.7.Halide Glasses2.2.8.Glasses with Complex Composition3.Glass Formation, Crystallization, and Liquid Immiscibility4.Chemical, Mechanical, and Physical Properties of Industrially Important Melts and Glasses4.1.Rheological Properties of Glass Melts4.1.1.Temperature Dependence of Viscosity4.1.2.Time Dependence of Viscosity4.1.3.Composition Dependence of Viscosity4.2.Surface Tension4.3.Density4.4.Thermal Expansion4.5.Elastic Properties4.6.Mechanical Strength4.7.Hardness4.8.Viscoelastic Properties4.9.Thermal Properties4.10.Electrical Properties4.11.Gas Permeability4.12.Chemical Stability and Surface Properties4.13.Optical Properties4.13.1.Transmission, Absorption, and Reflection4.13.2.Refractive Index, Dispersion, and Optical State4.13.3.Temperature Dependence of Refractive Index4.13.4.Stress Optical Coefficients4.13.5.Radiation Effects4.14.Color of Glasses
Hormones, 1. Hormone Systems
Authors: Sandow Juergen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Definitions and Classification1.2.Hormone‐Producing Systems1.3.Structural Analysis and Synthesis1.4.Receptors and Mechanisms of Action1.5.Therapeutic Use of Hormones2.Peptide and Protein Hormones2.1.Hypothalamic Hormones2.2.Proopiomelanocortin Hormones2.3.Glycoprotein Hormones2.4.Growth Hormone, Prolactin, and Placental Lactogen2.5.Calcium‐Regulating Hormones2.6.Glucose‐Regulating Hormones2.7.Gastrointestinal Hormones2.8.Growth Factors and Related Peptides2.9.Cardiovascular Hormones3.Amino Acid Derivatives3.1.Catecholamines and Indolamines3.2.Thyroid Hormones3.3.Thyromimetics4.Steroid Hormones4.1.Estrogens, Gestagens4.2.Androgens4.3.Adrenal Steroids5.Prostaglandins6.Hormone Analogs and Antagonists
Hydrogen, 1. Properties and Occurence
Authors: Häussinger Peter , Lohmüller Reiner , Watson Allan M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.History2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.1.1.General Physical Data2.1.2.Solubilities, Diffusion Properties and Evaporation Equilibria2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Ignition and Detonation Performance2.4.Isotopes3.Occurence
Lubricants, 1. Fundamentals of Lubricants and Lubrication
Authors: Mang Theo , Noll Siegfried , Bartels Thorsten 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Lubricants in the Tribological System

2.1.

Friction

2.1.1.

Types of Friction

2.1.2.

Friction and Lubrication Conditions

2.2.

Wear

3.

Rheology of Lubricants

3.1.

Viscosity

3.2.

Special Rheological Effects

3.3.

Viscosity Grades

4.

Testing and Analysis

4.1.

Base Oil Categories and Evaluation of Various Petroleum Base Oils

4.2.

Laboratory Methods for Testing Lubricants

4.2.1.

Density

4.2.2.

Viscosity

4.2.3.

Refractive Index

4.2.4.

Structural Analyses

4.2.5.

Flash Point

4.2.6.

Surface Phenomena

4.2.7.

Cloud Point, Pour Point

4.2.8.

Aniline Point

4.2.9.

Water Content

4.2.10.

Ash Content

4.2.11.

Acidity, Alkalinity

4.2.12.

Aging Tests

4.2.13.

Hydrolytic Stability

4.2.14.

Corrosion Tests

4.2.15.

Oil Compatibility of Seals and Insulating Materials

4.2.16.

Evaporation Loss

4.2.17.

Analysis of Grease

4.3.

Mechanical ‐ Dynamic Testing Methods for Lubricants

4.3.1.

Tribological System Categories within Lubricant Tests

4.3.2.

Standardized and Nonstandardized Test Methods for Lubricants

4.3.3.

Common Mechanical ‐ Dynamic Testers

5.

Economic Aspects
Membrane Separation Processes, 1. Principles
Authors: Strathmann Heinrich 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Historical Development of Membranes and Membrane Processes1.2.Advantages and Limitations of Membrane Processes1.3.The Membrane‐Based Industry1.4.The Future of Membrane Science and Technology2.Fundamentals2.1.Definition of Terms2.1.1.Definition of a Membrane and its Function2.1.2.Definition of the Various Membrane Processes2.1.3.The Membrane Transport Mechanism2.2.Materials and Structures of Synthetic Membranes2.2.1.Symmetric and Asymmetric Membranes2.2.2.Porous Membranes2.2.3.Homogeneous Membranes2.2.4.Ion‐Exchange Membranes2.2.5.Liquid Membranes2.2.6.Fixed‐Carrier Membranes2.3.Fluxes and Driving Forces in Membrane Separation Processes2.4.Mathematical Description of Mass Transport in Membrane Processes2.5.Membrane Separation Capability2.6.Chemical and Electrochemical Equilibrium in Membrane Processes2.6.1.Osmotic Equilibrium, Osmotic Pressure, Osmosis, and Reverse Osmosis2.6.2.Donnan Equilibrium and Donnan Potential3.Principles3.1.Principle of Microfiltration3.2.Principle of Ultrafiltration3.3.Principle of Reverse Osmosis3.3.1.Mass Transport in Reverse Osmosis Described by Phenomenological Equations3.3.2.Description of Mass Transport in Reverse Osmosis by the Solution‐Diffusion Model3.4.Principle of Gas Separation3.4.1.Gas Separation by Knudsen Diffusion3.4.2.Gas Transport by the Solution‐Diffusion Mechanism in a Polymer Matrix3.5.Principle of Pervaporation3.6.Principle of Dialysis3.6.1.Dialytic Mass Transport of Neutral Components3.6.2.Dialytic Mass Transport of Electrolytes in a Membrane without Fixed Ions3.6.3.Dialysis of Electrolytes in Ion‐Exchange Membranes3.7.Principle of Electrodialysis3.7.1.Electrical Current and Ion Fluxes3.7.2.Transport Number and Membrane Permselectivity3.7.3.Membrane Counterion Permselectivity3.7.4.Water Transport in Electrodialysis3.8.Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes3.9.Energy Requirements of Membrane Processes
Plastics Processing, 1. Processing of Thermoplastics
Authors: Burkhardt Gert , Hüsgen Ulrich , Kalwa Matthias , Pötsch Gerhard , Schwenzer Claus 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Compounding Processes

2.1.

Mixing

2.2.

Rolling and Kneading

2.3.

Pelletizing

2.4.

Shredding and Grinding

2.5.

Storage and Transportation

3.

Pressureless Processing Techniques

3.1.

Casting

3.2.

Dipping

3.3.

Coating

3.4.

Foaming

4.

Processing under Pressure

4.1.

Compression Molding

4.2.

Rolling and Calendering

4.3.

Extrusion

4.4.

Blow Molding

4.5.

Injection Molding

5.

Forming Processes

5.1.

Drawing

5.2.

Thermoforming
Polyethylene
Authors: Whiteley Kenneth S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties of Polyethylenes2.1.Molecular Structure and Morphology2.2.General Properties2.3.High Molecular Mass (Bimodal) Polyethylene (HMWPE)2.4.Ultra High Molecular Mass Polyethylene (UHMWPE)2.5.Properties of Ethylene Copolymers3.Polymerization Chemistry3.1.Free‐Radical Catalysis3.1.1.Introduction3.1.2.Copolymerization3.2.Coordination Catalysis3.2.1.Phillips Catalysts3.2.2.Ziegler Catalysts3.2.3.Single‐Site Catalysts (Metallocenes)3.2.4.Copolymerization4.Raw Materials4.1.Ethylene4.2.Comonomers4.3.Other Materials5.Production Processes5.1.High‐Pressure Process5.1.1.Autoclave Reactor5.1.2.Tubular Reactor5.1.3.High‐Pressure Copolymers5.1.4.Linear Low‐Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)5.2.Suspension (Slurry) Process5.2.1.Autoclave Process5.2.2.Loop Reactor Process5.3.Gas‐Phase Process5.4.Solution Process6.Uses6.1.Film6.2.Extrusion Coating6.3.Blow Molding6.4.Injection Molding6.5.Pipe6.6.Wire and Cable Insulation6.7.Ethylene Copolymers6.8.Ultra High Modulus Polyethylene Fibers6.9.Joining Polyethylene7.Chemically Modified Polyethylenes7.1.Cross‐Linked Polyethylene7.2.Chlorinated Polyethylene7.3.Fluorinated Polyethylene8.Environmental Aspects8.1.Manufacture8.2.Polymer Disposal and Recycling
Propene
Authors: Eisele Peter , Killpack Richard 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Production as Byproduct of Ethylene Production4.1.1.Variants of Propene ‐ Propane Separation4.1.2.Apparatus and Construction Materials4.2.Production as Byproduct of Refinery Processes4.3.Propane Dehydrogenation4.3.1.Oleflex Process4.3.2.Catofin Process4.3.3.Phillips STAR Process4.3.4.Linde Process5.Storage, Transportation, Quality Requirements6.Uses6.1.Thermal Uses6.2.Motor Gasoline Uses6.2.1.Polygasoline Production ‐ Dimerization6.2.2.Alkylation6.3.Chemical Uses7.Economic Aspects
2‐Pyrrolidone
Authors: Harreus Albrecht Ludwig , Backes R. , Eichler J.‐O. , Feuerhake R. , Jäkel C. , Mahn U. , Pinkos R. , Vogelsang R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.2‐Pyrrolidone3.N‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone4.N‐Vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone5.Other Pyrrolidone Derivatives6.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Resins, Synthetic
Authors: Collin Gerd , Mildenberg Rolf , Zander Mechthild , Höke Hartmut , McKillip William , Freitag Werner , Imöhl Wolfgang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Definition2.Hydrocarbon Resins2.1.Classification2.2.Raw Materials2.2.1.Indene–Coumarone Feedstocks2.2.2.Petroleum Resin Feedstocks2.3.Production2.4.General Properties2.5.Characterization and Analysis2.6.Resin Types2.6.1.Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Resins2.6.2.Aromatic Hydrocarbon Resins2.6.3.Terpene Resins2.6.4.Resins from Pure Monomers2.6.5.Modified Resins2.7.Uses2.8.Economic Aspects3.Resins by Condensation3.1.Furan Resins3.1.1.Monomers3.1.2.Production — Characteristics3.1.3.Uses3.2.Ketone and Aldehyde Resins3.2.1.Resins from Aliphatic–Aromatic Ketones3.2.1.1.Acetophenone–Formaldehyde Resins3.2.1.2.Modified Acetophenone Resins3.2.2.Resins from Aliphatic Ketones3.2.2.1.Methyl Ethyl Ketone–Formaldehyde Resins3.2.2.2.Acetone–Formaldehyde Resins3.2.2.3.Cyclohexanone Resins3.2.2.4.Cyclohexanone–Formaldehyde Resins3.2.3.Aldehyde Resins3.3.Polyamide Resins3.3.1.Physical and Chemical Properties3.3.2.Raw Materials3.3.3.Production3.3.4.Quality and Analysis3.3.5.Storage3.3.6.Uses3.3.7.Producers, Trade Names4.Natural and Synthetic Resins — Toxicology and Legislation4.1.Toxicology4.1.1.Rosins and Their Derivatives4.1.2.Hydrocarbon Resins4.1.3.Polyamide Resins4.2.Legal Aspects
Sorbic Acid
Authors: Lück Erich , Jager Martin , Raczek Nico 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties and Derivatives4.Production5.Environmental Protection6.Quality Specifications7.Analysis8.Storage and Transportation9.Legal Aspects10.Mode of Action and Uses11.Economic Aspects12.Toxicology
Steel, 1. Introduction and History
Authors: Schauwinhold Dieter , Toncourt Manfred 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

History

2.1.

From Prehistoric Times to the Middle Ages

2.1.1.

Native Iron

2.1.2.

Iron from Ores

2.1.3.

Technology of Iron Production

2.2.

From the Middle Ages to the 1800s

2.2.1.

Bloomery Furnaces

2.2.2.

Blast Furnaces

2.2.3.

Metal Shaping

2.3.

The Industrial Age

2.3.1.

Pig Iron Production

2.3.2.

Steel Production

2.3.2.1.

Crucible Steel

2.3.2.2.

Puddled Steel

2.3.2.3.

Ingot Steel

2.3.3.

Rolled Steel Production

2.3.3.1.

Puddled Steel and Steam Power

2.3.3.2.

Ingot Steel and Mass Production
Tellurium and Tellurium Compounds
Authors: Knockaert Guy 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Resources and Raw Materials4.Production5.Quality Specifications6.Analysis7.Tellurium Compounds7.1.Inorganic Compounds7.2.Organic Compounds8.Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Müller Herbert 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Acetylene/Formaldehyde4.2.Butadiene Acetoxylation4.3.Propylene Oxide Process4.4.Maleic Anhydride Hydrogenation4.5.n‐Butane–Maleic Anhydride Process4.6.Pentosan/Furfural Processes5.Specifications and Analysis6.Environmental Protection and Recovery7.Storage and Transport8.Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Industrial Hygiene
Thiourea and Thiourea Derivatives
Authors: Mertschenk Bernd , Beck Ferdinand , Bauer Wolfgang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Thiourea2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Environmental Protection2.5.Quality Requirements2.6.Chemical Analysis2.7.Storage and Transportation2.8.Uses2.9.Legal Aspects2.10.Economic Aspects2.11.Toxicology3.Thiourea Derivatives3.1.Physical Properties3.2.Chemical Properties3.3.Production3.4.Uses3.5.Toxicology
Vitamins, 1. Introduction
Authors: Eggersdorfer Manfred , Adam Geo 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Definition

2.

Substances with Vitamin‐Like Character

3.

History

4.

Determination of Requirement

5.

Application and Tolerance

6.

Studies with Vitamins

7.

Use of Vitamins in Food‐ and Feedstuffs

8.

Antivitamins

9.

Analysis of Vitamins

10.

Production
Filtration, 1. Fundamentals
Authors: Ripperger Siegfried , Gösele Walter , Alt Christian 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Terminology

2.

Filtration Models

2.1.

Calculation of the Pressure Drop over the Filter Medium and/or the Filter Cake

2.1.1.

Definition of Filter Resistance and Cake Permeability: The Darcy Equation

2.1.2.

The Equation of Kozeny and Carman

2.2.

Cake Filtration

2.2.1.

The “Cake Filter Equation”

2.2.2.

Evaluation of Experiments with Linear Diagrams

2.2.2.1.

Linear Diagram in the Differential Form

2.2.2.2.

Linear Diagram in Integrated Form

2.2.2.3.

Example

2.2.2.4.

Deviations from Linearity

2.2.3.

Compressible Cake Filtration

2.3.

Blocking Filtration and other Modes of Filtration

2.3.1.

Complete Blocking Filtration

2.3.2.

Intermediate and Standard Blocking Filtration

2.3.3.

Simplified Evaluation of Experimental Data

2.4.

Depth Filtration

2.4.1.

Depth Filtration Mechanisms

2.4.2.

Cleaning and Sizing of Deep Bed Filters

2.5.

Cross‐Flow Filtration

3.

Washing of Filter Cakes

3.1.

Basic Effects, Mass Balances

3.2.

Example of Experimental Results

3.3.

Test Procedures and Pitfalls

3.4.

“Intermediate” Deliquoring before Cake Washing

4.

Deliquoring of Filter Cakes

4.1.

Deliquoring by Gas Pressure

4.1.1.

Equilibrium Saturation of Filter Cakes

4.1.2.

Kinetics of Deliquoring by Gas Pressure

4.1.3.

Approximate Solution for Coarse, Incompressible Cakes

4.1.4.

Practical Scale‐Up of Deliquoring by Gas Pressure

4.1.5.

Shrinking and Cracks in Filter Cakes

4.2.

Deliquoring by Expression

5.

Optimal Filtration Cycle Time

6.

Interparticle Forces and Forces Between Particles and Filtermedia, DLVO Theory

7.

Mathematical Simulation of Filtration and Cake Formation

8.

Handling of “Unfilterable” Suspension

8.1.

Optimization of Upstream Steps (Crystallization, Precipitation)

8.2.

Application of Flocculants (Polyelectrolytes)

8.3.

Adaptation of pH

8.4.

Checking of Alternatives to Cake Filtration

8.5.

Use of a Filter Aid