bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Undiagnosed and Suboptimally Controlled Diabetes by Point‐of‐care HbA1C in Unselected Emergency Department Patients
Authors: Menchine Michael D. , Arora Sanjay , Camargo Carlos A. , Ginde Adit A. 
Published: March 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:326–329 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  The objective was to estimate the glycemic control of patients with known diabetes and to assess the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes in an unselected emergency department (ED) population. Secondary objectives include evaluating the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes in high‐risk groups of ED patients such as Hispanic patients, African Americans, and patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2.Methods:  A convenience sample of adult ED patients was screened for diabetes using a National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program–certified point‐of‐care (POC) glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) meter at a single academic medical center during eight 24‐hour periods. Diabetes was defined as HbA1C ≥ 6.5%, consistent with new American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines.Results:  Of the 1,611 patients evaluated in the ED during the study period, 313 were included in the study sample. Of these, 15% reported a history of diabetes, 42% of whom were suboptimally controlled. An additional 14% of the study sample was found to have previously undiagnosed diabetes. In our limited sample, the prevalence of previously undiagnosed diabetes in Hispanics, African Americans, and patients with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 was 14, 27, and 22%, respectively.Conclusions:  Patients in our sample had a high prevalence of suboptimally controlled and undiagnosed diabetes. New POC HbA1C devices and simplified diagnostic criteria for diabetes significantly enhance the possibility of ED‐based screening programs. Future research should validate our findings in a broader array of EDs and study the acceptance of such ED‐based diabetes screening programs.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:1–4 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Does the peritumoral stroma of basal cell carcinoma recapitulate the follicular connective tissue sheath?
Authors: Sellheyer Klaus , Krahl Dieter 
Published: March 2011

Background: There are compelling embryologic and anatomic relationships within adnexal tumors. However, these are mostly perceived within the epithelial component while the stromal component of the tumors is frequently overlooked. In postnatal skin, nestin is almost exclusively expressed in the perifollicular mesenchyme. This study examines the expression of this neuroepithelial stem cell protein in trichoblastoma/trichoepithelioma and in basal cell carcinoma (BCC), which is increasingly being viewed as follicular in nature. Methods: We employed standard immunohistochemical methods with three different antibodies to examine the expression of nestin in 25 BCCs and compared the staining pattern with that of 7 trichoblastomas and 11 trichoepitheliomas. Results: Nestin is expressed in the peritumoral stroma of all tumors examined and is limited to the immediate layer of mesenchymal cells surrounding the tumor epithelium. In BCC, nestin‐immunoreactive cells are found as a sheath of thin, spindled fibroblasts, while reactive cells are plump in trichoepitheliomas/trichoblastomas. Conclusions: We postulate that the peritumoral stroma of BCC imitates the perifollicular connective tissue sheath, while in contrast that of trichoepithelioma/trichoblastoma is similar to the papillary and immediate peripapillary follicular mesenchyme. Further functional and animal experimental studies are needed to test this hypothesis.Sellheyer K, Krahl D. Does the peritumoral stroma of basal cell carcinoma recapitulate the follicular connective tissue sheath? A comparative analysis of nestin expression in basal cell carcinoma, trichoepithelioma, trichoblastoma and the hair follicle.
Experimental and numerical study on the mechanical behavior of the superficial layers of the face
Authors: Barbarino Giuseppe G. , Jabareen Mahmood , Mazza Edoardo 
Published: March 2011

Background/purpose: This paper reports a study on the quasi‐static mechanical response of the superficial soft tissue of the face, in particular the skin and the superficial muscoloaponeurotic system (SMAS) plus the superficial fat. The mechanical characterization of soft tissues represents one of the main uncertainties of previously developed numerical models for face simulation.Methods: Two instruments based on the suction method were used for collecting experimental data: the Cutometer® (2 mm probe aperture diameter) and the Aspiration device (8 mm). Tests were performed in five different regions of the face (jaw, nasolabial, parotideomasseteric, zygomatic and forehead) on the same subject whose magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were used to generate a full 3D finite element model of the face and for whom a series of experimental results for different loading cases are already available. The mechanical parameters of the tissue layers were determined through an inverse finite element analysis. Anatomical data (tissue layers' thickness) were determined through the analysis of a set of high‐resolution MRI scans and ultrasound measurements performed in the regions tested.Results: The results of Cutometer® measurements show a relatively homogeneous mechanical response in different face regions, while the results of aspiration device measurements, which involve deeper tissues, show a larger variability. Mechanical model parameters of the skin and SMAS were determined for two constitutive model equations: a hyperelastic model based on the Rubin–Bodner formulation and a reduced polynomial model of second order.Conclusion: The results reported in this work suggest that for simulations of the global behavior of facial soft tissue, such as craniofacial and maxillofacial surgery planning, the skin could be considered as a layer of uniform thickness and of uniform mechanical response through the different regions. Additionally, mechanical models were determined for skin and SMAS that could be used for simulations of surgical procedures requiring a distinction between these tissue layers.
Fixed drug eruption caused by mefenamic acid: a case series and diagnostic algorithms
Authors: Handisurya Alessandra , Moritz Katharina Barbara , Riedl Elisabeth , Reinisch Christina , Stingl Georg , Wöhrl Stefan 
Published: March 2011

Summary Background: Fixed drug eruption is a fairly common drug‐induced hypersensitivity reaction of the skin and the mucous membranes, which is characterized by the re‐occurrence of the lesion(s) exactly on the previously involved sites after repeated administration. The pathogenetic mechanisms of this site‐specificity are not fully elucidated. Patients and Methods: We report on three cases of fixed drug eruption, including a non‐pigmenting generalized bullous fixed drug eruption, caused by mefenamic acid in its pure form. Results and Conclusion: Provocation tests with the assumed causative drug represent the gold standard for establishing the diagnosis and for identifying the culprit. Advantages and pitfalls of topical and systemic provocation tests as diagnostic approaches are discussed.
H1N1 infection in children with haematological and oncological diseases in Norway
Authors: Zeller Bernward , Hellebostad Marit 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim:  To describe the impact of H1N1 infections in children with haematological and oncological diseases during the 2009 H1N1 pandemics.Methods:  A short questionnaire was e‐mailed to all paediatric departments taking care of patients with oncological and chronic haematological diseases, asking for known cases of H1N1 infections in this patient group.Results:  Nine children treated for cancer and seven children with haematological diseases were registered. No death occurred, but two patients treated for cancer (acute lymphoblastic leukaemia at diagnosis, acute myeloid leukaemia in chemotherapy‐induced bone marrow aplasia) experienced life‐threatening respiratory complications.Conclusion:  In all patients with haematological disease and most cases of oncological diseases, the infections ran a mild course. However, life‐threatening complications occurred in severely immunosuppressed and neutropenic patients. Delay of anticancer treatment is a concern even in mild cases.
Outcomes of congenital heart disease in late preterm infants: double jeopardy?
Authors: Natarajan Girija , Anne Sreedhar R , Aggarwal Sanjeev 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim:  To evaluate outcomes of late preterm (34–36 6/7 weeks gestation) infants with congenital heart defects requiring surgical intervention during initial admission (added), in comparison with term (37–42 weeks) controls.Methods:  This was a retrospective chart review of consecutive late preterm and term infants with congenital heart lesions, requiring surgical intervention during initial admission.Results:  Our cohort (n = 88) comprised 26 late preterm infants (group 1) and 62 term controls (group 2). The two groups differed significantly in mean (SD) gestation [34.5 (1.5) vs. 39.1 (1) weeks)], birth weight [2335 (402) vs. 3173 (401) g] and weight [2602 (739) vs. 3273 (507) g] and age [33 (51) vs. 11 (14) days] at surgery. Cardiac diagnosis frequencies were similar in both groups. The mean (SD) duration of PGE1 [31.9 (56.8) vs. 11.3 (24.9) days] and need for preoperative pressors (25% vs. 8%) were significantly higher in group 1. Death (23% vs. 8%, p = 0.05) tended to be higher in group 1. Rates of necrotizing enterocolitis (23% vs. 1.7%), seizures (19% vs. 0%), oxygen need (12% vs. 0%) and gavage feeds (12% vs. 1.6%) at discharge were all significantly higher in the late preterm cohort.Conclusions:  These data highlight the extreme vulnerability of infants with the ‘double hits’ of prematurity and heart defects.
Clinical and biological parameters in 166 boys, adolescents and adults with nonmosaic Klinefelter syndrome: a Copenhagen experience
Authors: Aksglæde Lise , Skakkebæk Niels E , Almstrup Kristian , Juul Anders 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim:  Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most frequent sex chromosome disorder in males, but the phenotype varies greatly and is therefore highly under‐diagnosed. We aimed at describing the phenotypic characteristics throughout life from clinical follow‐up of our large cohort of patients with KS.Methods:  A retrospective observational study of 166 males with nonmosaic 47,XXY KS aged 0.3–80.3 years. Data on phenotype, growth, body composition, bone mineral density, sex hormones, lipids, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) and prostate‐specific antigen were recorded. In addition, histological examination of testicular biopsies from 29 patients was performed.Results:  Patients with Klinefelter were taller already in childhood. All patients had smaller testicular volume and elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle‐stimulating hormone levels in adulthood. Cryptorchidism was reported in 14%, gynaecomastia in 44%, and 36% required speech therapy or educational support. The abnormal biochemical parameters became evident after onset of puberty and correlated with histological findings of a gradual deterioration of seminiferous tubules and massive Leydig cell hyperplasia in adults.Conclusion:  Our patients presented with a wide spectrum of the classical Klinefelter symptoms. In adulthood, two features were consistently present in every patient: small testes and high LH/testosterone ratio, often despite normal testosterone levels. Such biochemical parameters combined with small testes should lead to a suspicion of KS.
Effects of short‐course androgen therapy on the neurodevelopmental profile of infants and children with 49,XXXXY syndrome
Authors: Samango‐Sprouse Carole A , Gropman Andrea L , Sadeghin Teresa , Kingery Madison , Lutz‐Armstrong Margaret , Rogol Alan D 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim:  The aim of this investigation was to ascertain whether an early course of androgen treatment (three injections testosterone enanthate, 25 mg) could have a positive impact on any domains of neurodevelopmental function in boys with 49,XXXXY.Methods:  A total of 22 boys with a karyotype of 49,XXXXY participated in a multidisciplinary assessment of neurocognition, speech and language, paediatric neurology and endocrinology evaluations. One group had received early androgen and another group did not receive any hormonal treatment prior to the evaluation. The mean age of treatment for Group 1 was 12 months with the mean age of first evaluation 74 months. The mean age of first evaluation for Group 2 was 87 months. Statistical analysis was completed to determine whether there was a positive treatment effect from androgen therapy.Results:  There was a significant positive treatment effect in speech and language domain, gestural communication and vocabulary development. No treatment effect was seen on nonverbal capacities.Conclusion:  Our findings revealed improved function in several areas of development which had been severely delayed in boys with 49,XXXXY. Continued research is underway to expand our understanding of the relationship of androgen, brain function and behavioural outcome in boys with 49,XXXXY.
Allele‐specific PCR typing and sequencing of the mitochondrial D‐loop region in four layer breeds
Authors: HARUMI Takashi , SANO Akiko , MINEMATSU Takeo , NAITO Mitsuru 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to investigate the ability of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotypes in chicken mtDNA for presumption of the origins of chicken meat. We typed five SNPs of the D‐loop region in mtDNA by allele‐specific PCR (AS‐PCR) in 556 hens, that is 233 White Leghorn (WL), 50 Dekalb‐TX35 (D‐TX), 140 Barred Plymouth Rock (BPR) and 133 Rhode Island Red (RIR) kept in the National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science (NILGS, Tsukuba, Japan). Five haplotypes were observed among those chickens by AS‐PCR. WL, D‐TX, BPR and RIR displayed three, two, one and four SNP haplotypes, respectively. By a combination of the haplotypes by AS‐PCR and the breeds, these chickens were classified into 10 groups. After the D‐loop was sequenced in two chickens from every group (20 individuals), 15 SNP sites (including one insertion) and eight sequence haplotypes were observed. In conclusion, haplotype variation was observed in and among the layer breeds of the NILGS. This study demonstrates that SNP haplotypes in mtDNA should be appropriate for the presumption of the origins of chicken meat.
Effects of amino acids infused into the vein on ghrelin‐induced GH, insulin and glucagon secretion in lactating cows
Authors: FUKUMORI Rika , YOKOTANI Akinori , SUGINO Toshihisa , ITOH Fumiaki , KUSHIBIKI Shiro , SHINGU Hiroyuki , MORIYA Naoko , HASEGAWA Yoshihisa , KOJIMA Masayasu , KANGAWA Kenji , OBITSU Taketo , TANIGUCHI Kohzo 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTTo investigate the effects of amino acids on ghrelin‐induced growth hormone (GH), insulin and glucagon secretion in lactating dairy cattle, six Holstein cows were randomly assigned to two infusion treatments in a cross‐over design. Mixture solution of amino acids (AMI) or saline (CON) was continuously infused into the left side jugular vein via catheter for 4 h. At 2 h after the start of infusion, synthetic bovine ghrelin was single injected into the right side jugular vein through the catheter. Ghrelin injection immediately increased plasma GH, glucose and non‐esterified fatty acids (P < 0.05) with no difference between both treatments. Additionally, plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations were increased by ghrelin injection in both treatments. The peak value of plasma insulin concentration was greater in AMI compared with CON (P < 0.05). Plasma glucagon concentration showed no difference in the peak value reached at 5 min between both treatments, and then the plasma levels in AMI compared with CON showed sustained higher values (P < 0.05). After plasma glucose concentration reached the peak, the decline was greater in AMI compared with CON (P < 0.05). These results showed that the increased plasma amino acids may enhance ghrelin action which in turn enhances insulin and glucagon secretions in lactating cows.
The Rising Tide of the Transpacific
Authors: Yao Steven G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBringing together theoretical and methodological resources, as well as concerns, from Asian area studies, comparative literature, modernist studies, American ethnic studies (most especially Asian American studies), and postcolonial studies, transpacific literary and cultural studies encompasses in its general scope the different nations, peoples, and cultural traditions making up the Pacific Rim region, with a particular focus on examining the diverse material and conceptual roles that they (or ideas about them) have played both in the very constitution of western modernity and in its subsequent global spread. This essay offers a brief genealogy of this emergent scholarly formation and discusses recent scholarship that seeks to chart the reciprocal interactions and tensions among the intertwined domains of Pacific Rim geopolitics, cultural production (especially poetry), and racialization that have underwritten and accompanied the rise of Euro‐American modernity and its unevenly contested effort to shape the rest of the world according to its own image.
Reading Early Modern Food: A Review Article
Authors: Fitzpatrick Joan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWhilst historians have led the way in the study of early modern food, literary critics are increasingly alert to the importance of this relatively new topic. This essay begins by tracing the context of early modern food studies by exploring what has been written by historians and what has been written on related subjects, such as the body and the role of women as producers and sellers of food. The essay charts important studies of food in early modern drama, poetry and prose by canonical and less well‐known authors from the period before ascertaining where we are today in early modern literary food studies and what we might expect from future criticism on the topic.
Mineral and Bone Disorders Outcomes Study for Japanese Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5D Patients: Rationale and Study Design
Authors: Fukuhara Shunichi , Akizawa Tadao , Fukagawa Masafumi , Onishi Yoshihiro , Yamaguchi Takuhiro , Hasegawa Takeshi , Kurokawa Kiyoshi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSecondary hyperparathyroidism is common in patients with mineral and bone disorders related to chronic kidney disease. Guidelines for the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients have been promulgated, but evidence on the relationship between treatment and survival is still insufficient. Studying hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, we have three goals: (i) to record the characteristics of those patients and variations in the patterns of their treatment; (ii) to analyze factors associated with variations in those medical practice patterns; and (iii) to identify the practice patterns and other factors that affect hospitalization, mortality, and other patient‐level outcomes. This is a three‐year prospective observational study with a case‐cohort and a cohort design. Eligible patients comprise all patients who are receiving hemodialysis at the participating facilities and who also have secondary hyperparathyroidism. In the case‐cohort study, the outcomes are relatively infrequent events (all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality). The cohort study will include a randomly selected sample of 40% of all study participants; and the outcomes include hospitalization, parathyroid interventions, bone fracture, and mineral bone density management status. Explanatory variables comprise medications and other factors likely to be associated with the outcomes of dialysis and of secondary hyperparathyroidism, and facility‐level practice patterns. We expect this study to provide evidence regarding factors that affect outcomes in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Reading Difficulty after Stroke: Ocular and non Ocular Causes
Authors: Rowe Fiona , Wright David , Brand Darren , Jackson Carole , Price Alison , Walker Linda , Harrison Shirley , Eccleston Carla , Maan Tallat , Scott Claire , Vogwell Linda , Peel Sarah , Robson Leonie , Akerman Nicola , Dodridge Caroline , Howard Claire , Shipman Tracey , Sperring Una , Yarde Sue , Rowe Fiona , MacDiarmid Sonia , Freeman Cicely 
Published: March 2011

Background Ocular causes of reading impairment following stroke include visual field loss, eye movement impairment and poor central vision. Non ocular causes may include cognitive errors or language impairment. Aim The purpose of this study was to identify all patients referred with suspected visual impairment who had reported reading difficulty to establish the prevalence of ocular and non ocular causes. Methods Prospective, multicentre, observation study with standardised referral and assessment forms across 21 sites. Visual assessment included visual acuity measurement, visual field assessment, ocular alignment, and movement and visual inattention assessment. Multicentre ethical approval and informed patient consent were obtained. Results A total of 915 patients were recruited, with a mean age of 69·18 years (standard deviation 14·19). Reading difficulties were reported by 177 patients (19·3%), with reading difficulty as the only symptom in 39 patients. Fifteen patients had normal visual assessment but with a diagnosis of expressive or receptive aphasia. Eight patients had alexia. One hundred and nine patients had visual field loss, 85 with eye movement abnormality, 27 with low vision and 39 patients with visual perceptual impairment. Eighty-seven patients had multiple ocular diagnoses with combined visual field, eye movement, low vision or inattention problems. All patients with visual impairment were given targeted treatment and/or advice including prisms, occlusion, refraction, low vision aids and scanning exercises. Conclusions Patients complaining of reading difficulty were mostly found to have visual impairment relating to low vision, eye movement or visual field loss. A small number were found to have non ocular causes of reading difficulty. Treatment or advice was possible for all patients with visual impairment.
Beyond Markets: Sociology, street‐level bureaucracy, and the management of the public sector
Authors: Piore Michael J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article extends the concept of street‐level bureaucracy to address the problem of the inflexibility and rigidity of governmental rules and regulations, a problem at the heart of the standard economic argument against an active government role in the management of the economy. In so doing, it seeks to create a conceptual bridge over which a range of social science disciplines can be drawn into the debate about public sector management and thereby expand the repertoire of policy tools. The article draws primarily on research on one class of street‐level bureaucratic organizations, labor inspection organizations in Latin America and southern Europe, and secondarily on a project focusing on DARPA, the research arm of the US Department of Defense. In both organizations, line officers have wide discretion in program development and management and in effect adjust to changing economic and social conditions in a way not unlike the market. These adjustments are grounded in tacit rules that evolve through discussion among the line agents coping day‐to‐day with novel cases. Management can influence that evolution by entering into the ongoing discussion and giving it direction. Various ways in which it might do so are examined.