bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origin of Madagascan Scarabaeini dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): dispersal from Africa
Authors: Scholtz Clarke , Sole Catherine , Forgie Shaun , Wirta Helena 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMadagascar, the world's fourth largest island, has a long history of isolation (160 million years) and a wide range of climates and ecosystems which have in turn resulted in high levels of endemism across different taxonomic levels. Although Madagascar has a rich dung beetle fauna that belongs to various tribes only three species of the Scarabaeini are found there, namely Scarabaeus viettei, S. radama and S. sevoistra. These three species are superficially quite distinctive and have, consequently, had a variable taxonomic history since the first one was described in 1896. The morphological differences between these species resulted in them being placed in different genera at different times. However, currently, based on cladistic analyses, they are all classified in the genus Scarabaeus. In this study, two of the species, S. viettei and S. radama, were included in a phylogenetic analysis based on two mitochondrial gene regions — cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S rRNA — and a 247 morphological and behavioural dataset of 23 members of the Scarabaeinae. A Bayesian phylogram supports the monophyly of the genus Scarabaeus, with the two species from Madagascar appearing sister to three species of Scarabaeus from south-west Africa. Estimated times of divergence based on published mutation rates of 0.012 and 0.0075 for COI indicate that a shared African/Madagascan origin occurred around 15.18 or 24.15 million years ago, respectively. is study is another example in support of Madagascan fauna having an African origin with colonisation having occurred via dispersal as opposed to ancient vicariant events.
Larval pattern morphotypes in the Western Palaearctic Hyles euphorbiae complex (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Macroglossinae)
Authors: Mende Michael , Kitching Ian , Hundsdoerfer Anna , Harbich Heimo , Pittaway Anthony 
Published: May 2011

AbstractExternal morphological variation in larval pattern elements in the Hyles euphorbiae complex is documented and described from independent samples of numerous populations across Europe and North Africa. Variability in the distribution of black cuticle and other colours was found to be much higher within populations than previously believed and it proved difficult to characterize any species, subspecies and even local population unequivocally using this feature alone. A representative sample of larvae from the Canary Islands, Madeira, North Africa, Iberia, Italy, Germany, Eastern Europe, Malta, Greece and Yemen, is illustrated, supplemented by observations from photographs of larvae from the Middle East and Western Asia. Taxonomy-independent definitions of larval morphotypes demonstrate significant overlap between species. We discuss the results in the context of Western Palaearctic biogeography, postulating several areas of hybridisation between the more northern Hyles euphorbiae and more southern H. tithymali that have led to the mosaic distribution patterns observed, and consider the potential of these moths for tracking the future eff ects of climate change in the Mediterranean Basin.
First fossil blood sucking Psychodidae in South America: a sycoracine moth fly (Insecta: Diptera) in the middle Miocene Amazonian amber
Authors: Petrulevičius Julian , Salas-Gismondi Rodolfo , Goillot  , Flynn John , Nel André , Antoine Pierre-Olivier , De Franceschi Dario 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSycorax peruensis sp.n. is the first blood sucking fossil Psychodidae in South America. The new species mainly differs from all recent Neotropical Sycoracinae in its number of antennal segments. It is described from the middle Miocene Western Amazonian amber, which included an intertropical entomofauna previous to the land connection with Central and North America that occurred in the latest MiocenePliocene. Insects from this material are diverse with normal bias for amber inclusions of Diptera and Hymenoptera and small-sized specimens.
An Outline of Social Enterprises*
Authors: Ming Wang , Xiaohong Zhu 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAfter a review of the main academic research and perspectives on social enterprises both in China and abroad, a framework for understanding social enterprises is offered in summary. The framework has two dimensions: the social enterprise phenomenon and social enterprises’ characteristics. We also adopt three angles ‐ the public interest, markets, and culture ‐ from which to observe them. And we analyze them on four levels: market practices, public-interest innovations, policy support, and ideals and values. Upon these foundations, social enterprises can be defined as a form of enterprise somewhere between public-interest and for-profit enterprises, a product of the organic combination of the public interest and the market economy, and a kind of social organization combining properties and characteristics of NPOs and enterprises. As they develop, social enterprises in China have formed their own characteristics and specific models.
Division of Social Labor, Legal Classification, and the Welfare State: The Multi-Dimensional Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Ninghua Deng , Hui Luan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractCurrent theories on nonprofits focus primarily on the situation in developed countries. By performing a systematic evaluation based on Salamon and Anheier’s theory of the “social origins of the nonprofit sector,” the writers posit that there exist structural differences between the nonprofit sectors in developed and developing countries. Moreover, the differences are determined by the social structures and social institutions in which nonprofit sectors are embedded. Important factors identified include division of labor in society, legal classifications, and the influence of the welfare state. The article describes the relationships between the state of the nonprofit sector and three factors: division of labor, legal classifications, and the welfare state.
Key Factors for Establishing Collaboration between NPOs and the Government: A Case Study
Authors: Yanyan Li 
Published: May 2011

AbstractCollaboration with the government is not just a key factor in the organizational growth of a single NPO, but a key issue influencing the development of the whole NPO sector. Especially in China, NPOs still remain weak even as they proliferate widely. The government has made clear its intention to change from a management-oriented government to service-oriented government. As one step in this direction, it has begun to procure social services from NPOs. However, it is still unclear how the approach of procuring services can become a regular form of collaboration between the government and NPOs and, as such, a driver of NPO growth. This paper analyzes the case of Shining Stone Community Action (SSCA). SSCA has successfully promoted its collaboration with the government and has realized the goal of the government purchasing its services. The paper examines various factors required for collaboration between NPOs and the government, with a special focus on those necessary for government procurement of NPO services to take place. These factors provide valuable lessons for building relationships between governments and NPOs. The paper closely examines three key factors: NPO expertise, communication between NPO leaders and government officials, and the presence of persons who understand both governmental and NPO systems profoundly.
Tradition and Innovation in the Fine Arts
Authors: Rapoport Alek 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSince childhood, AR was attracted by art. His first teacher, E. Sagaidachny, was a former member of the nonconformist groups “Youth Union” and “The Donkey Tail”. Later, in Leningrad, AR enrolled in the V. Serov School of Art. In spite of official Socialist Realism, some teachers (Shablovsky, Gromov, Sudakov) introduced their students to Russian avant-garde. AR educated himself, copying the paintings of Old Masters in the Hermitage Museum. During 1959-1963 AR studied Russian Suprematism and Constructivism in the Leningrad's Institute for eater, Music and Cinema under the supervision of N. Akimov. AR considered himself as a follower of Russian Constructivism with the roots in ancient Mediterranean and Byzantine art. After graduating, AR's life was full of different activities. He preferred teaching at the V. Serov School of Art, but was fired for “ideological conspiracy” as a founder of the new courses – Technical Aesthetics, Yu. Lotman's eory of Semiotics and Russian Constructivism. In the 1970s AR became an active member of a nonconformist artist group TEV (Fellowship of the Experimental Exhibitions) and the co-founder of the ALEF group (Union of Leningrad's Jewish Artists). This activity brought close attention of KGB and he was forced to emigrate in 1976. Living in the USA, AR criticized American contemporary art for its un-spirituality, commercialism and rejection of traditions – a necessary basis of existence of art. He belonged to two traditional cultures, Jewish and Russian, and his art is traditional. His art represents his own thoughts turned into his paintings, with a great appreciation to discoveries of the Old Masters. And the circle is not closed.
Lost Chapters of John Milton's Moscovia
Authors: Dunning Chester 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article examines The Rarities of Russia, a long overlooked pamphlet describing Russian commodities that was published in London in 1662, and argues that it was ghostwritten by the great poet and pamphleteer John Milton at a time when he lived in fear of assassination and was forbidden to publish anything due to his past support of the English Revolution and his service as Oliver Cromwell's Latin Secretary. The pamphlet appears to consist of previously unknown chapters of Milton's Moscovia, a work completed sometime in the 1640s but not published in Milton's lifetime. A version of Moscovia was published several years after Milton's death under the title A Brief History of Moscovia (1682). at problematic, awkwardly structured little book has long been dismissed by scholars as incomplete or as Milton's least significant work, but when the contents of The Rarities of Russia are added to it (there is virtually no overlapping information), Milton's book about Russia is transformed into a fine piece of Baconian geographic scholarship. This article explores the context in which The Rarities of Russia was published as well as the pamphlet's content and source base to make the case for Milton as its author and for Milton's friend Andrew Marvell as the probable facilitator of its publication. The pamphlet includes a reference to Russia in the Spring as something akin to “Paradise.” The use of the term “Paradise” is especially interesting because Milton was apparently composing Paradise Lost when he paused to ghostwrite The Rarities of Russia .
Spatial and Microphysical Characteristics of Low-Ceiling, Temperature-Inverted Clouds in Warm Overrunning and Freezing-Rain Conditions: A Case Study
Authors: Jeck Richard K. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn-flight microphysical measurements in classical freezing-rain conditions were used to study the vertical and horizontal characteristics of the precipitation and associated low-ceiling, stratiform clouds, which are usually present as overcast in freezing-rain conditions. The low overcast is usually based in the surface cold layer but may extend up into the inversion, or transition layer, between the overrunning warm air and the surface cold layer. This gives the cloud an unusual temperature-inverted structure—supercooled in the lower half and warmer than freezing in the upper half. The low cloud is also subject to wind shear and turbulence that is due to the warm overrunning. The apparent effects of this are 1) increased cloud droplet concentrations in clusters up to a few hundred meters wide that occur sporadically in the cloud layer, 2) possible forcing of cloudy air upward from lower levels against the resistance of the temperature inversion and into the transition layer, and 3) highly variable air temperatures during level flight in the inversion layer.
Effects of Landfall Location and the Approach Angle of a Cyclone Vortex Encountering a Mesoscale Mountain Range
Authors: Lin Yuh-Lang , Savage L. Crosby 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The orographic effects of landfall location, approach angle, and their combination on track deflection during the passage of a cyclone vortex over a mesoscale mountain range are investigated using idealized model simulations. For an elongated mesoscale mountain range, the local vorticity generation, driving the cyclone vortex track deflection, is more dominated by vorticity advection upstream of the mountain range, by vorticity stretching over the lee side and its immediate downstream area, and by vorticity advection again far downstream of the mountain as it steers the vortex back to its original direction of movement. The vorticity advection upstream of the mountain range is caused by the flow splitting associated with orographic blocking. It is found that the ideally simulated cyclone vortex tracks compare reasonably well with observed tracks of typhoons over Taiwan’s Central Mountain Range (CMR).
In analyzing the relative vorticity budget, the authors found that jumps in the vortex path are largely governed by stretching on the lee side of the mountain. Based on the vorticity equation, this stretching occurs where fluid columns descend the lee slope so that the rate of stretching is governed mostly by the flow speed and the terrain slope. In other words, the maximum stretching and associated track jump are located on the faster side of the vortex. In the type E and N landfalling tracks, the faster winds are well north of the mountain crest, and the vortex track has very little change across the mountain. For the S case, however, the stronger winds are near the center of the ridge, and the track jump is much larger. For the NE case, the jump in the vortex track occurs once the vortex center shifts south of the ridge. For the SE case, there is considerable stretching, but it is aligned with the original track, so there is no jump in track.
Reconstruction of the Extratropical NH Mean Temperature over the Last Millennium with a Method that Preserves Low-Frequency Variability
Authors: Christiansen Bo , Ljungqvist Fredrik Charpentier 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
A new multiproxy reconstruction of the Northern Hemisphere extratropical mean temperature over the last millennium is presented. The reconstruction is performed with a novel method designed to avoid the underestimation of low-frequency variability that has been a general problem for regression-based reconstruction methods. The disadvantage of this method is an exaggerated high-frequency variability. The reconstruction is based on a set of 40 proxies of annual to decadal resolution that have been shown to relate to the local temperature. The new reconstruction shows a very cold Little Ice Age centered around the 17th century with a cold extremum (for 50-yr smoothing) of about 1.1 K below the temperature of the calibration period, AD 1880–1960. This cooling is about twice as large as corresponding numbers reported by most other reconstructions. In the beginning of the millennium the new reconstruction shows small anomalies in agreement with previous studies. However, the new temperature reconstruction decreases faster than previous reconstructions in the first 600 years of the millennium and has a stronger variability. The salient features of the new reconstruction are shown to be robust to changes in the calibration period, the source of the local temperatures, the spatial averaging procedure, and the screening process applied to the proxies. An ensemble pseudoproxy approach is applied to estimate the confidence intervals of the 50-yr smoothed reconstruction showing that the period AD 1500–1850 is significantly colder than the calibration period.
Correlation Models for Temperature Fields
Authors: North Gerald R. , Wang Jue , Genton Marc G. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This paper presents derivations of some analytical forms for spatial correlations of evolving random fields governed by a white-noise-driven damped diffusion equation that is the analog of autoregressive order 1 in time and autoregressive order 2 in space. The study considers the two-dimensional plane and the surface of a sphere, both of which have been studied before, but here time is introduced to the problem. Such models have a finite characteristic length (roughly the separation at which the autocorrelation falls to 1/e) and a relaxation time scale. In particular, the characteristic length of a particular temporal Fourier component of the field increases to a finite value as the frequency of the particular component decreases. Some near-analytical formulas are provided for the results. A potential application is to the correlation structure of surface temperature fields and to the estimation of large area averages, depending on how the original datastream is filtered into a distribution of Fourier frequencies (e.g., moving average, low pass, or narrow band). The form of the governing equation is just that of the simple energy balance climate models, which have a long history in climate studies. The physical motivation provided by the derivation from a climate model provides some heuristic appeal to the approach and suggests extensions of the work to nonuniform cases.
Deep Currents in the Bay of Campeche
Authors: Kolodziejczyk Nicolas , Ochoa José , Candela Julio , Sheinbaum Julio 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Data from five moorings deployed in the Bay of Campeche during November 2007–July 2008 are used to analyze subinertial motions of waters below 1000-m depth. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time such a comprehensive observational program of direct deep-current measurements has been carried out in the region. The mean currents are in agreement with a cyclonic circulation at 1000-m depth; however, this cyclonic pattern is not so clearly defined at deeper levels. Only at the deepest mooring, located at 3500-m depth, are the mean currents uniform all the way to the bottom. Over the Bay of Campeche’s smooth western slope, currents show features compatible with topographic Rossby waves having vertical trapping scales thicker than 700 m, periods between 5 and 60 days, and horizontal wavelengths of 90–140 km. In contrast, the eastern slopes are characterized by rough topography, and motions with periods longer than 28 days decrease toward the bottom, suggesting a substantial reduction in the low-frequency topographic Rossby wave signal. Velocities from one of the two neighboring moorings located over the eastern rough slope have a strong 3-day period signal, which increases toward the bottom and has a vertical trapping scale of about 350 m. These higher frequency motions are interpreted in terms of edge waves.
The Role of Interocean Exchanges on Decadal Variations of the Meridional Heat Transport in the South Atlantic
Authors: Dong Shenfu , Garzoli Silvia , Baringer Molly 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The interocean exchange of water from the South Atlantic with the Pacific and Indian Oceans is examined using the output from the ocean general circulation model for the Earth Simulator (OFES) during the period 1980–2006. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the role of the interocean exchanges in the variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and its associated meridional heat transport (MHT) in the South Atlantic. The meridional heat transport from OFES shows a similar response to AMOC variations to that derived from observations: a 1 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) increase in the AMOC strength would cause a 0.054 ± 0.003 PW increase in MHT at approximately 34°S. The main feature in the AMOC and MHT across 34°S is their increasing trends during the period 1980–93. Separating the transports into boundary currents and ocean interior regions indicates that the increase in transport comes from the ocean interior region, suggesting that it is important to monitor the ocean interior region to capture changes in the AMOC and MHT on decadal to longer time scales. The linear increase in the MHT from 1980 to 1993 is due to the increase in advective heat converged into the South Atlantic from the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Of the total increase in the heat convergence, about two-thirds is contributed by the Indian Ocean through the Agulhas Current system, suggesting that the warm-water route from the Indian Ocean plays a more important role in the northward-flowing water in the upper branch of the AMOC at 34°S during the study period.
Temporal Variation of Aerosol Optical Properties at Măgurele, Romania
Authors: Mihai Laura , Stefan Sabina 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Even though much research has been conducted regarding the study of atmospheric aerosols, significant uncertainties still exist in this direction. The uncertainties are related to different physical and microphysical properties of these fine particles, but they are also related to the complex processes of interactions between aerosols and other atmospheric components, such as water droplets in the clouds or gaseous molecules. Therefore, it is mandatory to understand aerosol physics with maximum precision in real time all over the world. In this paper, the results of the statistical analysis of atmospheric aerosol optical properties as the total scattering and the backscattering coefficients, the Ångström parameter, and the aerosol optical depth from Măgurele (Ilfov, Romania) are presented. The analysis covers the period between 1 June 2008 and 31 December 2009. The results showed significant differences in temporal variations of the optical parameters for the winter of 2008 and 2009. From spring 2009 to the winter of this year, a decreasing tendency of the total scattering coefficient and an increasing trend for the Ångström exponent were observed. The size-increase tendency, over 1 μm, appears during the spring of 2008 and the summers of 2008 and 2009, coinciding with the local pollution or Saharan dust intrusion episodes. From the seasonal analysis, a certain monthly variation of the optical parameters was noticed. The results of the diurnal optical properties variations for the Măgurele area showed visible differences between the maximal and minimal values for the spring and summer seasons.