bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STRATEGIC INVESTMENT IN A LABOUR‐MANAGED DUOPOLY
Authors: Miyamoto Yoshinari 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTDeveloping a Cournot two‐stage game model with strategic capital interaction, we compare two different kinds of equilibrium in a labour‐managed (LM) duopoly. An LM firm's reaction function is negatively sloped when capital and output are simultaneously determined, while the slope of its reaction function in the second stage changes in sign depending on the magnitude of its labour‐expansion elasticity. Hence, whether the LM firms employ more capital and produce greater output at the equilibria in the two‐stage game model than at the equilibria resulting from the simultaneous selection of capital and output depends on the magnitude of their labour‐expansion elasticity.
Catching the Habit: A Study of Inequality of Opportunity in Smoking-Related Mortality
Authors: Balia Silvia , Jones Andrew M. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe paper presents a latent factor model for initiation of smoking, cessation and mortality using the British Health and Lifestyle Survey. This allows us to investigate inequality of opportunity in risk of mortality, focusing on the intergenerational transmission of smoking. We find that the hazard of mortality is higher for current and former smokers relative to never smokers. Furthermore we find that parental smoking plays an important role in the dynamics of smoking and indirectly affects mortality. Predictions derived from the model show that inequality in mortality decreases if individuals adopt the best level of effort (not smoking) or if circumstances are favourable (if parents are non-smokers).
The Determinants of Regional Migration in Great Britain: A Duration Approach
Authors: Andrews Martyn , Clark Ken , Whittaker William 
Published: September 2010

SummaryUsing the British Household Panel Survey 1990–2007, we estimate a discrete duration model of interregional migration in Great Britain. By exploiting retrospective information on residency we control for late entry as well as unobserved heterogeneity. We find considerable duration dependence in region of residence in the raw data, much of which disappears when controlling for observable and unobservable differences between individuals. We illustrate that the usual way of modelling the effect of regional variables on the propensity to migrate gives insignificant and unrobust results and we introduce a new competing risks technique.
Constructing Representative Air Quality Indicators with Measures of Uncertainty
Authors: Lee Duncan , Ferguson Claire , Scott E. Marian 
Published: September 2010

SummaryAir quality indicators summarize overall concentrations of pollution for an urban area and are calculated from routine monitoring data comprising numerous pollutants measured at many locations. The indicator is constructed by aggregating these data over space and pollutants, typically using the sample mean, median or maximum. We propose an alternative approach based on geostatistical modelling, which allows intervals of uncertainty to be calculated for the spatial aggregation stage, and hence for the final indicator. We then extend our geostatistical model by allowing for the fact that the locations that are chosen for the pollution monitors may depend on the hypothesized concentrations at these locations, a phenomenon which is known as preferential sampling. We assess the effectiveness of our methods by simulation and use them to construct an air quality indicator for Greater London, England, for the month of August 2006.
Default Priors for Bayesian and Frequentist Inference
Authors: Fraser D. A. S. , Reid N. , Marras E. , Yi G. Y. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryWe investigate the choice of default priors for use with likelihood for Bayesian and frequentist inference. Such a prior is a density or relative density that weights an observed likelihood function, leading to the elimination of parameters that are not of interest and then a density-type assessment for a parameter of interest. For independent responses from a continuous model, we develop a prior for the full parameter that is closely linked to the original Bayes approach and provides an extension of the right invariant measure to general contexts. We then develop a modified prior that is targeted on a component parameter of interest and by targeting avoids the marginalization paradoxes of Dawid and co-workers. This modifies Jeffreys’s prior and provides extensions to the development of Welch and Peers. These two approaches are combined to explore priors for a vector parameter of interest in the presence of a vector nuisance parameter. Examples are given to illustrate the computation of the priors.
PESSIMISTIC UNIVERSALISM: RETHINKING THE WIDER HOPE WITH BONHOEFFER AND BARTH
Authors: GREGGS TOM 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article considers Christian universalism. Responding to the charge that this universalism arises from an overly optimistic view of humanity that fails to take seriously evil and sin, or that it has an overly optimistic view of the omnipotence of God's love which impugns God's righteousness and undermines God's justice and holiness, the article advocates a pessimistic approach to Christian universalism, grounding the argument for universal salvation in the sin and unbelief of the Christian. The article draws on Karl Barth and Dietrich Bonhoeffer to support this case, and concludes by pointing to non‐absolute actualistic anthropology as a means for making sense of the Christian life alongside the co‐sinfulness of the Christian and the non‐Christian.
How necessary are universities?
Authors: Peacock Sir Alan , Smith Adam 
Published: September 2010

‘When a man has learnt his lesson very well, it surely can be of little importance where or from whom he learnt it.’The paper discusses whether universities can continue to be the‘template for the extension and transmission of knowledge.’Technical and social changes are already undermining the universities’previous near‐monopoly of delivery of higher education. Alternative delivery methods ought to be considered on their own merits and barriers to entry should be removed. The ideal form of higher education is not necessarily residence combined with traditional teaching and associated research.
Comparing biological therapies in psoriasis: implications for clinical practice
Authors: Griffiths CEM 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTreatment of severe or recalcitrant plaque psoriasis with traditional systemic therapies may be limited by efficacy or safety/tolerability considerations. The latest information on the pathophysiology of psoriasis and its targeted treatment with biological therapy points to an emerging new treatment paradigm: continuous and earlier systemic therapy. However, few comparative trials of systemic treatments for psoriasis have been conducted. The Active Comparator (CNTO 1275/Enbrel) Psoriasis Trial (ACCEPT) is the first head‐to‐head superiority study comparing two biological agents (ustekinumab and etanercept) in the treatment of plaque psoriasis. The results show that ustekinumab, given as two injections over a 12‐week period, achieves significantly superior clinical improvement compared with etanercept 50 mg twice weekly. The level of response was consistent with previously published data for both drugs, and may have important implications for the management of psoriasis.
Abnormal development of the human cerebral cortex
Authors: Squier Waney , Jansen Anna 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis review presents an overview of human cortical malformation based on the insights gained from examination of human fetal brains. Examination at early stages of fetal brain development allows the identification of the specific pathways which are disrupted in human cortical malformation. Detailed examination of human fetal brains in parallel with studies of genetics and animal models is leading to new concepts of cortical malformations. Here we review a range of human cortical malformations based on a simple classification according to the developmental process thought to be disrupted: neuroblast proliferation, undermigration, overmigration, cortical maturation and destructive lesions. A single case example of a dated intrauterine injury illustrates the spectrum of malformations which may result at a single period in development. The recommended methods of examination of human fetal brain are described together with some of their pitfalls. Detailed neuropathological observations indicate the need for caution in the classification of malformations; radiological findings and pathology of the mature brain do not reflect the specific disruptive pathways of cortical malformations. While many insults may lead to the same pattern of malformation, a single insult can lead to multiple patterns of malformation. Our detailed studies of the human fetal brain suggest that the interface between the meninges and the radial glial end feet may be an intriguing new focus of interest in understanding cortical development.
Identification of social‐emotional problems among young children in foster care
Authors: Jee Sandra H. , Conn Anne‐Marie , Szilagyi Peter G. , Blumkin Aaron , Baldwin Constance D. , Szilagyi Moira A. 
Published: September 2010

Background:  Little is known about how best to implement behavioral screening recommendations in practice, especially for children in foster care, who are at risk for having social‐emotional problems. Two validated screening tools are recommended for use with young children: the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social Emotional (ASQ‐SE) identifies emotional problems, and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) identifies general developmental delays in five domains, including personal‐social problems. The current study examined: (1) whether systematic use of a social‐emotional screening tool improves the detection rate of social‐emotional problems, compared to reliance on clinical judgment; (2) the relative effectiveness of two validated instruments to screen for social‐emotional problems; and (3) the patterns of social‐emotional problems among children in foster care.Methods:  We used retrospective chart review of children in foster care ages 6 months to 5.5 years: 192 children before and 159 after screening implementation, to measure detection rates for social‐emotional problems among children. The ASQ‐SE and the ASQ were used in multivariable logistic regression analyses to examine associations between children with social‐emotional problems.Results:  Use of the screening tool identified 24% of the children as having a social‐emotional problem, while provider surveillance detected 4%. We identified significantly more children with social‐emotional problems using the ASQ‐SE than using the ASQ, and agreement between the instruments ranged from 56% to 75%, when data were stratified by age group. Multivariable modeling showed that preschool children were more likely to have a social‐emotional problem than toddlers and infants (aOR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.1–10.8).Conclusions:  Systematic screening using the ASQ‐SE increased the detection rate for social‐emotional problems among young children in foster care, compared to provider surveillance and the ASQ. A specific social‐emotional screening tool appears to detect children with psychosocial concerns who would not be detected with a broader developmental screening tool.
Plant responses to low [CO2] of the past
Authors: Gerhart Laci M. , Ward Joy K. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryDuring the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 18 000–20 000 yr ago) and previous glacial periods, atmospheric [CO2] dropped to 180–190 ppm, which is among the lowest concentrations that occurred during the evolution of land plants. Modern atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) are more than twice those of the LGM and 45% higher than pre‐industrial concentrations. Since CO2 is the carbon source for photosynthesis, lower carbon availability during glacial periods likely had a major impact on plant productivity and evolution. From the studies highlighted here, it is clear that the influence of low [CO2] transcends several scales, ranging from physiological effects on individual plants to changes in ecosystem functioning, and may have even influenced the development of early human cultures (via the timing of agriculture). Through low‐[CO2] studies, we have determined a baseline for plant response to minimal [CO2] that occurred during the evolution of land plants. Moreover, an increased understanding of plant responses to low [CO2] contributes to our knowledge of how natural global change factors in the past may continue to influence plant responses to future anthropogenic changes. Future work, however, should focus more on the evolutionary responses of plants to changing [CO2] in order to account for the potentially large effects of genetic change.

Contents

Summary
674

I.
Introduction
675

II.
The case for low‐[CO2] studies
675

III.
Experimental approaches for reducing [CO2]
677

IV.
Early low‐[CO2] studies
679

V.
Low‐[CO2] effects on the individual plant
680

VI.
Low [CO2] and plant evolution
683

VII.
Interactions of low [CO2] with other factors
687

VIII.
Low‐[CO2] effects on community composition
689

IX.
Low‐[CO2] effects on the ecosystem
689

X.
Low‐[CO2] effects on early human societies
690

XI.
Conclusions
691

Acknowledgemnts
692

References
692
Do pregnancies with pre‐eclampsia have smaller placentas? A population study of 317 688 pregnancies with and without growth restriction in the offspring
Authors: Eskild A , Vatten LJ 
Published: September 2010

Please cite this paper as: Eskild A, Vatten L. Do pregnancies with pre‐eclampsia have smaller placentas? A population study of 317 688 pregnancies with and without growth restriction in the offspring. BJOG 2010;117:1521–1526.Objective  To study whether placental weight is related to pre‐eclampsia risk, independent of offspring birthweight.Design  Registry study.Setting  Medical Birth Registry of Norway.Population  All singleton pregnancies in Norway from 1999 to 2004, 317 688 births.Methods  Placental weight was grouped into deciles of placental weight z‐scores. The proportion of pregnancies in each placental weight decile was calculated by maternal pre‐eclampsia status for pregnancies with and without small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) offspring.Main outcome measures  Pre‐eclampsia risk (proportions and odds ratios) according to placental weight.Results  In pregnancies with SGA offspring, approximately 60% of pregnancies were in the lowest decile of placental weight, 59.9% in pregnancies with and 61.4% in pregnancies without pre‐eclampsia. Pregnancies without SGA offspring were evenly distributed across placental weight deciles, but were slightly higher in the lowest (9.5% versus 8.5%) and highest (11.9% versus 10.2%) deciles in pre‐eclamptic pregnancies compared with pregnancies without pre‐eclampsia. A weak U‐shaped association of placental weight with pre‐eclampsia was also estimated as odds ratios in pregnancies with SGA, but not without SGA, in the offspring.Conclusions  Placental weight is linked to the offspring’s birthweight, but is not clearly associated with pre‐eclampsia risk, suggesting that placental weight is not a useful indicator for the placental dysfunction in pre‐eclampsia.
ELECTRICAL FIELD STIMULATION IN CEREBRAL AND PERIPHERAL ARTERIES: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE CONTRACTILE RESPONSE
Authors: HARDEBO J. E. , HANKO J. , KÅHRSTRÖM J. , OWMAN C. 
Published: September 2010

Electrical field stimulation with recording of isometric contractionin vitrowas carried out on small circular segments of pial arteries, in comparison with peripheral arteries from several regions of rat, rabbit, cow, cat, dog and man.It was found that tetrodotoxin (TTX)‐resistant contractions were obtained more readily in pial arteries of various species, including man, than in peripheral arteries of similar size. In fact, it was not possible to obtain a purely neurogenic response — without a TTX‐resistant change in tone — in any pial vessels tested.The stimulation parameters that induced TTX‐resistant contraction in pial arteries were similar to those weak parameters that could reveal a purely neurogenic response in certain other arteries, such as rabbit central ear artery and rabbit and feline mesenteric arteries. In these arteries, release of noradrenaline (NA) onto postjunctional α‐adrenoreceptors was found to be fully responsible for the contraction. The contractile response could be considerably potentiated by blockade of neuronal and extraneuronal uptake, prejunctional α‐receptor blockade, and 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP)‐induced enhancement of transmitter release. Addition of compounds to prevent oxidation of released NA (EDTA by its ability to bind metal ions, and ascorbic acid‐glutathione, which prevents formation of free radicals) did not enhance the neurogenic response.However, not even under any of these conditions was it possible to reveal a purely neurogenic response in cerebral arteries. Only TTX‐resistant contractions, likely to be due to direct smooth muscle activation, were obtained. The explanation may be morphological differences related to myogenic propagation, probably together with poorly sensitive α‐adrenoreceptors, in these pial arteries. The situation was further complicated by the fading of the TTX‐resistant contraction which often occurred upon repeated stimulation.Therefore, acceptance ofpartialblockade by TTX as a criterion for a neurogenic response in cerebral vessels, as by several previous investigators, may lead to misinterpretation of the true nature of the response. Hence, when studying neurogenic mechanismsin vitroin these arteries, parameters other than vascular tone should be recorded in conjunction with electrical field stimulation, such as registration of junction potentials and measurements of released transmitter.
VASCULAR RESPONSES TO INTRALUMINAL ACETYLCHOLINE IN ISOLATED, PERFUSED CANINE AND SIMIAN BASILAR ARTERIES
Authors: CHIBA S. , ITOH N. , TSUJI T. 
Published: September 2010

ACh usually induced biphasic vascular responses, i.e. an initial vasodilation followed by a secondary constriction, in isolated and perfused basilar arteries from the dog.
In dog vessels the vasoconstriction induced by ACh was not modified by treatment with phentolamine, at dose levels which suppressed noradrenaline‐induced constriction, but was completely blocked by atropine. The dilation to ACh was also blocked by atropine. Physostigmine caused a potentiation of both ACh‐induced dilator and constrictor responses.
In dogs, ACh‐induced constrictor responses were markedly potentiated, and the vasodilatation was slightly but insignificantly enhanced after treatment with intraluminal saponin which removed the endothelia of the arteries.
In basilar arteries from monkeys, ACh usually induced a monophasic vasoconstriction in non‐treated preparations.
In monkey vessels, ACh‐induced vasoconstriction was markedly potentiated and frequently vasodilatation appeared after intraluminal saponin treatment.
From these results, it is concluded that ACh has primary vasoconstrictor and vasodilator properties in canine and simian cerebral basilar arteries.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE FOR A HETEROGENEOUS DISTRIBUTION OF α1‐ ADRENORECEPTORS LABELLED BY [3H] PRAZOSIN IN RAT, DOG AND HUMAN KIDNEY
Authors: STEPHENSON JENNIFER A. , SUMMERS R. J. 
Published: September 2010

The selective αradrenoreceptor antagonist radioligand [3H] prazosin has been used to localize α1adrenoreceptors in slide mounted sections of rat, dog and human kidney.The biochemical characteristics of [3H] prazosin binding to rat kidney sections were examined and found to be saturable, reversible, stereoselective, with a KDof 0.12 nM and Bmaxof 6.72 ± 0.2 fmoles/section.3H Ultrofilm images of [3H] prazosin binding to rat, dog, and human kidney revealed binding to the vasculature but in the rat additional receptors were confined to the renal cortex.In the rat kidney autoradiography using emulsion coated coverslips showed that binding in the renal cortex was largely to proximal tubules.In all three species the autoradiographic studies support a role for α1‐adrenoreceptors in control of renal blood flow. In the rat the location of α1‐adrenoreceptors suggests that they can also have an important influence on fluid and electrolyte balance, gluconeogenesis and production of prostanoids.
PROSTAGLANDIN D2 (PGD2) POTENTIATES CHOLINERGIC RESPONSIVENESS IN GUINEA‐PIG TRACHEA
Authors: OMINI C. , BRUNELLI G. , DAFFONCHIO LUISA , MAPP CRISTINA , FABBRI L. , BERTI F. 
Published: September 2010

PGD2 dose dependently potentiated the parasympathetic‐induced contraction in guinea‐pig trachea in vitro. This phenomenon was much more evident in ovalbumin‐sensitized guinea‐pig trachea.
Indomethacin pretreatment enhanced the capacity of PGD2 to potentiate cholinergic‐induced contraction in normal but not in ovalbumin‐sensitized guinea‐pig.
PGD2 shifted to the left the curve of the exogenous acetylcholine‐induced contraction in guinea‐pig trachea, indicating a postsynaptic site of action of PGD2.
These data suggest a role of PGD2 in the genesis of hyperreactivity of tracheal smooth muscles, particularly in a model of pulmonary anaphylaxis.
β2‐ADRENORECEPTOR BINDING SITES IN CIRCULAR AND LONGITUDINAL MYOMETRIAL LAYERS OF THE VIRGIN GUINEA‐PIG: THE INFLUENCE OF OVARIAN STEROIDS
Authors: PENNEFATHER JOCELYN N. , MOLENAAR P. 
Published: September 2010

Membranes prepared from both circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the uteri of two groups of virgin adult guinea‐pigs were used to study the influence of ovarian steroids upon β‐adrenoreceptor binding sites. Animals were (i) treated for 14 days with oestradiol cypionate, beginning on day 9–10 of the oestrous cycle; or (ii) treated as in (i) and in addition, with progesterone for the last four days of oestradiol administration.
(‐)‐[125I]‐iodocyanopindolol ([125I]‐CYP) was used to determine the numbers and characteristics of β‐adrenoreceptor bnding sites in the four membrane preparations. In all cases, binding displayed characteristics of a saturable bimolecular reaction; the estimates of receptor site density (BMax; 0.26‐0.33 pmol g−1 wet weight) were similar in all four preparations, as were those of binding affinity KD; 18–31 pmol 1−1).
The mean negative logarithms of apparent dissociation constants (pKD) for the inhibition of specific [125I]‐CYP binding by ICI118, 551 (β2‐adrenoreceptor selective antagonist) ranged from 8.4 to 8.6; and those for L 643, 717‐01J10 (pradrenoreceptor selective antagonist) were 5.7‐6.2. Thus the [125I]‐CYP binding sites in all four membrane preparations displayed the characteristics expected of homogeneous populations of adrenoreceptors of the β2‐subtype. The pKD values for isoprenaline were also similar in each type of membrane preparation (5.8‐6.0).
It is concluded that the clearcut differences in the contractile responsiveness, to adrenoreceptor agonists, of the circular and longitudinal myometrial preparations from oestrogen‐treated guinea‐pigs are not due to differences in the numbers, subtype or binding affinities of β‐adrenoreceptor binding sites. Moreover, enhancement of the inhibitory potencies of β‐adrenoreceptor agonists, in preparations of longitudinal myometrium from oestrogen‐primed guinea‐pigs treated with progesterone, is not due to an effect of progesterone upon β‐adrenoreceptor binding sites.