bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repeated century-scale droughts over the past 13,000 yr near the Hudson River watershed, USA
Authors: Newby Paige E. , Shuman Bryan N. , Donnelly Jeffrey P. , MacDonald Dana 
Published: April 2011

AbstractLong-term sediment and ground-penetrating radar data from Davis Pond, a small lake near the Hudson River valley, reveal past droughts in a historically humid region that presently supplies water to millions of people in and around New York City. A minimum of eleven sandy paleoshoreline deposits in the lake date from 13.4 to 0.6 cal ka BP. The deposits span 1500 to 200 yr between bracketing radiocarbon ages, and intrude into lacustrine silts up to 9.0 m below the modern lake surface in a transect of six sediment cores. Three low stands, ca. 13.4–10.9, 9.2 and 8.2 cal ka BP indicate low regional moisture balance when low temperatures affected the North Atlantic region. Consistent with insolation trends, water levels rose from ca. 8.0 cal ka BP to present, but five low stands interrupted the rise and are likely associated with ocean–atmosphere interactions. Similar to evidence from other studies, the data from Davis Pond indicate repeated multi-century periods of prolonged or frequent droughts super-imposed on long-term regional trends toward high water levels. The patterns indicate that water supplies in this heavily populated region have continuously varied at multiple time scales and confirm that humid regions such as the northeastern United States are more prone to severe drought than historically expected.
Is Couponing Effective?
Authors: Quester Pascale 
Published: April 2011

EXPENDITURES on sales promotions are increasing faster than advertising budgets (Bowman, 1988, Rhea and Massey, 1989). One of the explanations offered by practitioners and academics is the alleged accountability of sales promotions. Sales promotions however are rarely rigorously assessed. A literature review shows that post-tests, relying mainly on panel data which have not been gathered specifically for the purpose of research, are the predominant method used to assess promotions. In the particular case of coupons, the impact of redemption rates on short term sales and on long term profitability, the issue of brand switching and loyalty and the possible existence of a deal prone segment, confound the assessment of couponing and make a realistic evaluation difficult. However, particular conditions exist in New Zealand which allow implementation of an experimental approach to the challenge of assessing coupon effectiveness. Although such an approach has been advocated since 1962 in the literature, the intrinsic complexity of organising an experiment to test salient coupon variables has prevented its full exploration, with the exception of Klein's work (1981), in the USA. In New Zealand there is only one clearing house in operation which monitors over 99% of all redemptions and A.C. Nielsen is able to provide an accurate weekly sales record for most grocery products, including figures on a regional basis. Consequently, in the research reported here, it was possible to organise a full scale national experiment, where different coupons were tested in realistic market conditions. It was also possible to maintain a large degree of control over potentially influential external factors (national advertising, price reductions from competitions, etc.). The experiment was fully sponsored by three grocery manufacturers for a total estimated amount of NZ$90,000. The full co-operation of the clearing house and A. C. Nielsen was gained during the implementation of the experiment. This paper details the features of the experiment and describes the results obtained after analysis of the sales data. It was discovered that magazine-distributed coupons were not effective in increasing short-term sales, at least using the levels of discount offered for the three grocery products tested. A discussion follows which puts these results into perspective, and conclusions relevant to the grocery industry are presented. Finally, suggestions for future research are put forward.
An Experimental Assessment of the Legal Value of Market Research Results
Authors: Langton Robert , Lewis Tony 
Published: April 2011

A variety of legal issues can arise when a television commercial is alleged to constitute “misleading or deceptive conduct” in contravention of section 52 of the Trade Practices Act or equivalent legislation. One of these issues is whether the commercial conveys the implied claim that is alleged to be false. Researchers in the field of consumer psychology have devised a variety of tests of the implied claims conveyed by a television commercial. However none of these researchers has shown that their test provides evidence that a judge would find persuasive. This paper describes a method of assessing the weight that test results might be accorded in legal proceedings. The method involves an experiment in which 45 barristers are asked to predict the outcome of nine hypothetical court cases. Being hypothetical, no inference is intended that any company's advertising might be misleading or deceptive. The method is used to assess the impact of tests in which a representative sample of the viewing public is asked to respond to written questions after watching the commercial in a movie theatre. The study shows that this type of test could provide highly persuasive evidence in legal proceedings of the implied claims in a television commercial.
Effects of food form on food intake and postprandial appetite sensations, glucose and endocrine responses, and energy expenditure in resistance trainedv.sedentary older adults
Authors: Apolzan John W. , Leidy Heather J. , Mattes Richard D. , Campbell Wayne W. 
Published: April 2011

Limited research has suggested that the food form of nutritional supplements (FFNS) and resistance training (RT) influence ingestive behaviour and energy balance in older adults. The effects of the FFNS and RT on acute appetitive, endocrine and metabolic responses are not adequately documented. The present study assessed the effects of the FFNS and RT on postprandial appetite sensations (hunger and fullness), endocrine responses (plasma insulin, cholecystokinin, ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)), metabolism (glucose, energy expenditure and RER) and food intake (satiation) in older adults. On separate days, eighteen sedentary (Sed) and sixteen RT healthy adults (age 62–84 years) consumed 12·5 % of their energy need as an isoenergetic- and macronutrient-matched solid or beverage. Postprandial responses were assessed over 4 h. No RT × FFNS interactions were observed for any parameter. Fasting cholecystokinin was higher in the RTv.Sed group (P < 0·05). RT did not influence fullness, but fullness was higher following the solidv.beverage intake (P < 0·01). Neither RT nor FFNS influenced hunger. Glucose and insulin were higher after the solidv.beverage intake (P < 0·01). Ghrelin, GLP-1 and energy expenditure were not different between the RT and FFNS groups. Postprandial cholecystokinin was higher in the RTv.Sed group (P < 0·01) and for solidv.beverage (P < 0·05). RER was lower for solidv.beverage (P < 0·001). Neither RT nor FFNS independently or interactively influenced food intake 2 h after post-nutritional supplements. In conclusion, RT had little influence on ingestive behaviour. The appetitive and endocrine responses suggested the solid-promoted satiety; however, the FFNS did not alter subsequent food intake.
Filamentation instability associated with dispersive Alfvén wave and solar coronal heating
Authors: DAS B. K. , KUMAR S. , SHARMA R. P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper presents the nonlinear dynamics of the dispersive Alfvén wave (DAW) in the low-β plasmas (β≪me/mi; known as inertial Alfvén waves) applicable to solar corona. The pump DAW is perturbed by a low-frequency slow Alfvén wave (SW). When the ponderomotive nonlinearities are incorporated in the DAW and SW dynamics, the model equations of DAW and SW turn out to be the modified Zakharov system of equations (MZSE) Growth rate and threshold field for modulational (filamentation) instability have been calculated. The dependence of the growth rate on the perturbation wave number and the pump wave parameters such as k0xλe (inertial) has also been presented. It is obvious from this investigation that DAW can become unstable when it nonlinearly interacts with the SW and modulational instabilities can be triggered. The relevance of these investigations for solar corona has been discussed.
Straddling the Border: A Marginal History of Guerrilla Warfare and ‘Counter-Insurgency’ in the Indonesian Borderlands, 1960s–1970s
Authors: EILENBERG MICHAEL 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPost-independence ethnic minorities inhabiting the Southeast Asian borderlands were willingly or unwillingly pulled into the macro politics of territoriality and state formation. The rugged and hilly borderlands delimiting the new nation-states became battlefronts of state-making and spaces of confrontation between divergent political ideologies. In the majority of the Southeast Asian borderlands, this implied violent disruption in the lives of local borderlanders that came to affect their relationship to their nation-state. A case in point is the ethnic Iban population living along the international border between the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan and the Malaysian state of Sarawak on the island of Borneo. Based on local narratives, the aim of this paper is to unravel the little known history of how the Iban segment of the border population in West Kalimantan became entangled in the highly militarized international disputes with neighbouring Malaysia in the early 1960s, and in subsequent military co-operative ‘anti-communist’ ‘counter-insurgency’ efforts by the two states in the late 1960–1970s. This paper brings together facets of national belonging and citizenship within a borderland context with the aim of understanding the historical incentives behind the often ambivalent, shifting and unruly relationship between marginal citizens like the Iban borderlanders and their nation-state.
Quasi-Markets and Service Delivery Flexibility Following a Decade of Employment Assistance Reform in Australia
Authors: CONSIDINE MARK , LEWIS JENNY M. , O'SULLIVAN SIOBHAN 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn 1998, we were witnessing major changes in frontline social service delivery across the OECD and this was theorised as the emergence of a post-Fordist welfare state. Changes in public management thinking, known as New Public Management (NPM), informed this shift, as did public choice theory. A 1998 study of Australia's then partially privatised employment assistance sector provided an ideal place to test the impact of such changes upon actual service delivery. The study concluded that frontline staff behaviour did not meet all the expectations of a post-Fordist welfare state and NPM, although some signs of specialisation, flexibility and networking were certainly evident (Considine, 1999). Ten years on, in 2008, frontline staff working in Australia's now fully privatised employment sector participated in a repeat study. These survey data showed convergent behaviour on the part of the different types of employment agencies and evidence that flexibility had decreased. In fact, in the ten years between the two studies there was a marked increase in the level of routinisation and standardisation on the frontline. This suggests that the sector did not achieve the enhanced levels of flexibility so often identified as a desirable outcome of reform. Rather, agencies adopted more conservative practices over time in response to more detailed external regulation and more exacting internal business methods.
Parameterized collision region for centralized motion planning of multiagents along specified paths
Authors: Choi Jeong S. , Yoon Younghwan , Choi Myoung H. , Lee Beom H. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents closed-form analytic solutions for collision detection among multiagents traveling along specified paths. Previous solutions for centralized multiagent systems have mainly used iterative computational approaches for collision detection, which impose a heavy computational burden on the systems. In this paper, we formalize a new mathematical approach to overcoming the difficulty on the basis of simple continuous curvature (SCC) path modeling and a collision representation tool, extended collision map (ECM) method. The formulation permits all the potential collisions to be detected, represented, and parameterized with physical and geometric variables. The proposed parameterized collision region (PCR) method is a simple but precise, computationally efficient tool for describing complicated potential collisions with time traveled. Several simulations are presented to validate the proposed approach for use in centralized collision detectors and to compare the results with those of the iterative computational method and the proximity query package (PQP) method that are available.
Expression of XNOA 36 in the mitochondrial cloud ofXenopus laevisoocytes
Authors: Vaccaro M.C. , Wilding M. , Dale B. , Campanella C. , Carotenuto R. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryInXenopus laevisoocytes a mitochondrial cloud (MC) is found between the nucleus and the plasma membrane at stages I–II of oogenesis. The MC contains RNAs that are transported to the future vegetal pole at stage II of oogenesis. In particular, germinal plasm mRNAs are found in the Message Transport Organiser (METRO) region, the MC region opposite to the nucleus. At stages II–III, a second pathway transports Vg1 and VegT mRNAs to the area where the MC content merges with the vegetal cortex. Microtubules become polarized at the sites of migration of Vg1 and VegT mRNAs through an unknown signalling mechanism. In early meiotic stages, the centrioles are almost completely lost with their remnants being dispersed into the cytoplasm and the MC, which may contain a MTOC to be used in the later localization pathway of the mRNAs. In mammals, XNOA 36 encodes a member of a highly conserved protein family and localises to the nucleolus or in the centromeres. In theXenopuslate stage I oocyte, XNOA 36 mRNA is transiently segregated in one half of the oocyte, anchored by a cytoskeletal network that contains spectrin. Here we found that XNOA 36 transcript also localises to the nucleoli and in the METRO region. XNOA 36 protein immunolocalization, using an antibody employed for the library immunoscreening that depicted XNOA 36 expression colonies, labels the migrating MC, the cytoplasm of stage I oocytes and in particular the vegetal cortex facing the MC. The possible role of XNOA 36 in mRNA anchoring to the vegetal cortex or in participating in early microtubule reorganization is discussed.
Making a Career of the Arrière-garde: Vicente Blasco Ibáñez as World Author
Authors: Domínguez César 
Published: April 2011

To Darío VillanuevaIn this essay I take a closer look at the international dimension of the arrière-garde. I will deal exclusively with the issue of whether being arrière-garde may play a significant role in the international canonization of a writer. My case study is based on Vicente Blasco Ibáñez (1867–1928), a Spanish writer with a world – that is to say, an international – literary career who nevertheless has been excluded from the Spanish national canon precisely because of being ‘arrière-gardiste’. Blasco Ibáñez's world literary career and his exclusion from the national canon are assessed from a generational viewpoint. Because of the limitations inherent to the generation method, though, I will also explore a prosopographical approach by investigating a field shared by a collective biography of writers. Notwithstanding the provisional nature of the data, the approach may contribute to a better understanding of both the arrière-garde as an international phenomenon and world literary careers.
Comparison of Simulated and Experimental Order Parameters in FePt—II
Authors: Torres Karen L. , Vanfleet Richard R. , Thompson Gregory B. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEight FePt thin film specimens of various thicknesses, compositions, and order parameters have been analyzed to determine the robustness and fidelity of multislice simulations in determining the chemical order parameter via electron diffraction (ED). The shape of the simulated curves depends significantly on the orientation and thickness of the specimen. The ED results are compared to kinematical scattering order parameters, from the same films, acquired from synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). For the specimens analyzed with convergent beam electron diffraction conditions, the order parameter closely matched the order parameter as determined by the XRD methodology. However, the specimens analyzed by selected area electron diffraction conditions did not show good agreement. This has been attributed to substrate effects that hindered the ability to accurately quantify the intensity values of the superlattice and fundamental reflections.
CONCEPTUALIZING RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH
Authors: Chae David H. , Nuru-Jeter Amani M. , Lincoln Karen D. , Francis Darlene D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAlthough racial disparities in health have been documented both historically and in more contemporary contexts, the frameworks used to explain these patterns have varied, ranging from earlier theories regarding innate racial differences in biological vulnerability, to more recent theories focusing on the impact of social inequalities. However, despite increasing evidence for the lack of a genetic definition of race, biological explanations for the association between race and health continue in public health and medical discourse. Indeed, there is considerable debate between those adopting a “social determinants” perspective of race and health and those focusing on more individual-level psychological, behavioral, and biologic risk factors. While there are a number of scientifically plausible and evolving reasons for the association between race and health, ranging from broader social forces to factors at the cellular level, in this essay we argue for the need for more transdisciplinary approaches that specify determinants at multiple ecological levels of analysis. We posit that contrasting ways of examining race and health are not necessarily incompatible, and that more productive discussions should explicitly differentiate between determinants of individual health from those of population health; and between inquiries addressing racialpatternsin health from those seeking to explain racialdisparitiesin health. Specifically, we advance a socio-psychobiological framework, which is both historically grounded and evidence-based. This model asserts that psychological and biological factors, while playing a central role in determining individual risk for poor health, are relatively less consequential for understanding racial disparities in health at the population level. Such a framework emphasizes the etiologic role of social inequities in generating and perpetuating racial disparities in health and highlights their impact on psychological, behavioral, and biological disease processes.
MULTIPLE PATHWAYS LINKING RACISM TO HEALTH OUTCOMES
Authors: Harrell Camara Jules P. , Burford Tanisha I. , Cage Brandi N. , Nelson Travette McNair , Shearon Sheronda , Thompson Adrian , Green Steven 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis commentary discusses advances in the conceptual understanding of racism and selected research findings in the social neurosciences. The traditional stress and coping model holds that racism constitutes a source of aversive experiences that, when perceived by the individual, eventually lead to poor health outcomes. Current evidence points to additional psychophysiological pathways linking facets of racist environments with physiological reactions that contribute to disease. The alternative pathways emphasize prenatal experiences, subcortical emotional neural circuits, conscious and preconscious emotion regulation, perseverative cognitions, and negative affective states stemming from racist cognitive schemata. Recognition of these pathways challenges change agents to use an array of cognitive and self-controlling interventions in mitigating racism's impact. Additionally, it charges policy makers to develop strategies that eliminate deep-seated structural aspects of racism in society.
BODIES DON'T JUST TELL STORIES, THEY TELL HISTORIES
Authors: Walters Karina L. , Mohammed Selina A. , Evans-Campbell Teresa , Beltrán Ramona E. , Chae David H. , Duran Bonnie 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIncreasingly, understanding how the role of historical events and context affect present-day health inequities has become a dominant narrative among Native American communities. Historical trauma, which consists of traumatic events targeting a community (e.g., forced relocation) that cause catastrophic upheaval, has been posited by Native communities and some researchers to have pernicious effects that persist across generations through a myriad of mechanisms from biological to behavioral. Consistent with contemporary societal determinants of health approaches, the impact of historical trauma calls upon researchers to explicitly examine theoretically and empirically how historical processes and contexts become embodied. Scholarship that theoretically engages how historically traumatic events become embodied and affect the magnitude and distribution of health inequities is clearly needed. However, the scholarship on historical trauma is limited. Some scholars have focused on these events as etiological agents to social and psychological distress; others have focused on events as an outcome (e.g., historical trauma response); others still have focused on these events as mechanisms or pathways by which historical trauma is transmitted; and others have focused on historical trauma-related factors (e.g., collective loss) that interact with proximal stressors. These varied conceptualizations of historical trauma have hindered the ability to cogently theorize it and its impact on Native health. The purpose of this article is to explicate the link between historical trauma and the concept of embodiment. After an interdisciplinary review of the “state of the discipline,” we utilize ecosocial theory and the indigenist stress-coping model to argue that contemporary physical health reflects, in part, the embodiment of historical trauma. Future research directions are discussed.
PRECIOUS
Authors: Watkins-Hayes Celeste , Patterson Courtney J. , Armour Amanda R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article posits that the response to the AIDS epidemic among Blacks in the United States must acknowledge structural and institutional realities that render poor Black urban neighborhoods particularly vulnerable to high HIV infection rates. The controversial filmPrecious: Based on the NovelPushby Sapphire, inspires our analysis, revealing the spatial context of HIV risk and suggesting new potential avenues through which to address the epidemic at the neighborhood level. In the film, we find opportunities for institutions to serve as intermediaries among neighborhoods, families, and individuals, not only to reduce the transmission of HIV, but also to improve health management for HIV-positive inner-city residents. The film points to three potential location-based sites of intervention: (1) mental health services that treat childhood sexual trauma; (2) HIV-related health messaging and services within urban street-level bureaucracies; and (3) neighborhood access to food and dietary resources that mitigate HIV disease progression.