bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Furrow Diking, Subsoiling, and Slope Position on Crop Yields1
Authors: Gerard C. J. , Sexton P. D. , Conover D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of furrow diking and subsoiling on runoff and crop yields were evaluated on gently sloping land in the Rolling Plains of Texas. Diking and subsoiling reduced runoff and significantly increased yields of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Yields of diked sorghum and cotton were 108 and 32% higher than the check, respectively. Yields of sorghum on the diked treatments on an Abilene loam soil (fine, mixed, thermic Pachic Argiustoll) averaged about 2550, 3300, and 3590 kg/ha or about 302, 140, and 42% more than the check treatment on the upper, middle, and lower parts of the slope, respectively. In contrast, cotton yields on the diked treatment on a Miles fine sandy loam soil (fine‐loamy, mixed, thermic udic Paleustalf) averaged about 465, 515, and 475 kg/ha or about 57, 37, and 11% more than the check on the upper, middle, and lower parts of the slope, respectively. Response to subsoiling varied with years and crops. Results show that a determinant crop such as sorghum is more critically affected by loss of water due to runoff than the less determinant cotton crop. These studies show that furrow diking is effective in reducing runoff and increasing crop yields and that location on the slope has a significant effect on yields.
Sweet Potato Response to K and P Fertilization1
Authors: Nicholaides J. J. , Chancy H. F. , Mascagni H. J. , Wilson L. G. , Eaddy D. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLimited literature is available to provide recommendations of K source and rate and P rate for sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] production. Many growers, therefore, continue to use the more expensive sulfate (SO4) source of K rather than chloride (Cl) and higher than recommended rates of K and P. Accordingly, on‐farm experiments were conducted during 3 years on North Carolina Paleudults to determine effects of K source and rate and Prate on sweet potato yield, grade, and quality. Potassium sources were KCl and K2S04. Fertilization rates of K varied over the five K experiments and depended on initial soil test levels which ranged from 0.04 to 0.12 cmol K L−1 by Mehlich‐I extractant. In the three P experiments, the various P rates were also dependent upon the initial soil test levels which ranged from 11 to 30 mg P L−1 also by Mehlich‐I extractant. As K source had no effect on yield, grade, or quality, it was concluded that the higher Cl concentrations, up to 22.8 g kg−1, in vegetative tissue with increasing KCl rates had no detrimental effect on sweet potato yield, grade, or quality. Total yield response to K applications was obtained where soil test K levels were ≤ 0.08 cmol L−1, although no. 1 yields increased only where soil test K levels were ≤ 0.05 cmol L−1. Phosphorus applications had no effect on yield, grade, or quality of sweet potato.
Growth, Development, and Thebaine Content of Papaver bracteatum Lindl. in Relation to Spacing1
Authors: Bare C. E. , Coffman C. B. , Gentner W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPapaver bracteatum Lindl. is being investigated as an alternate source of the alkaloid thebaine, an industrial precursor of codeine and other analgesics. The effects of 0.15‐, 0.30‐, and 0.60‐m spacing on the growth, development, and thebaine content of P. bracteatum were investigated in the field on an Elkton silt loam (clayey, mixed, mesic Typic Ochraquult). The experiment was conducted for 2 yr at Beltsville, MD, using germplasm from the UNB‐4 collection from Iran. All treatments were replicated five times. Intraspecific competition greatly reduced plant growth and development at the 0.15‐m spacing, and, as a result, the number of flowering plants was reduced 75% in the second year relative to the first year. Second‐year increases were noted in capsule number and dry weight yield for both the 0.30‐ and 0.60‐m spacings, with the most capsules per plant for the 0.60‐m spacing. However, yield of phytomass per hectare was 130% greater for the 0.30‐m spacing than for the 0.60‐m spacing. Thebaine production per hectare for the duration of this investigation was highest for the 0.30‐m‐spacing treatments and lowest for the 0.15‐m treatment. Optimum spacing of P. bracteatum plants may be a function of the time plants are permitted to grow.
Responses of Maize to Plant Population Density. I. Canopy Development, Light Relationships, and Vegetative Growth
Authors: Tetio‐Kagho F. , Gardner F. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUnderstanding of maize (Zea mays L.) canopy structure and light transmission over a wide range of plant population densities (PPD) is necessary in the formulation of maize intercrop associations. Experiments using a systematic (fan) design were conducted on Lake fine sand (hyperthermic, coated Typic Quartzipsamments) at Gainesville, FL (29°38′N), in 1985 and 1986 to assess the interrelationships among maize canopy structure, light interception, and vegetative growth over 15 PPD (0.8 to 15.4 plants m−2). Fractional light transmission (by canopy levels at different times up to noon), leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter (TDM) yield, plant height, and tiller number were recorded. Light interception was similar at 5 and 3 h before and at solar noon for each PPD measured at ground, ear, and below‐tassel levels. Leaf area and light interception were highly concentrated at ear level, but level of light interception shifted upward with increasing PPD. Maxima LAI were 1.7, 2.6, and 4.0 at tasseling for the 1.7, 2.6, and 6.3 plants m−2 respectively. Light interception by tassels was approximately 2, 30, and 40% for 1.9, 3.5, and 6.3 plants m−2, respectively, while that for whole canopy was 75, 90, and 97%, respectively. As early as 35 d after planting (DAP) canopy interception was 40, 60, and 75% for 1.9, 3.5, and 6.3 plants m−2, respectively. Leaf area index, TDM, crop growth rate, and plant height were significantly influenced by PPD. Tiller number decreased linearly with increasing PPD to no tillers at 3.5 plants m−2. We conclude that increasing PPD of maize increases LAI and vegetative DM yield but alters light distribution within the canopy by shifting it from lower to upper canopy strata and increasing fraction intercepted by tassels.
Transpirations Efficiency of Oat
Authors: Ehlers W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDry matter production, water use, and their ratio (ie., the water use efficiency [WUE] of crops) vary among species and with climatic conditions. This study was undertaken to determine the WUE of oat (Avena sativa L.) because recent field evaluations for this crop are not available. Oat was grown on loess‐derived silt loam (finesilty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf) near Goettingen, West Germany, during 4 yr. Periodically, shoot and root dry matter were determined. Water use within five consecutive growth stages was evaluated by the soil water budget approach. Balanced evapotranspiration (ET), including evaporation from soil (E), water intercepted by leaves (I), and transpiration from plants (T), was divided into its components, E, I, and T by calculation procedures. The term E was approximated from meteorological factors, leaf area index (LAI), and soil water tension, and I from daily precipitation and LAI. Shoot and total oat dry matter including roots were linearly related to cumulative T, IT, and ET. The x‐intercept of the regression line was nearest to zero, when ✕ was IT. Therefore, I was regarded to be part of “productive“ water use. Including I and considering only shoot dry matter, WUEIT was 4.1 kg m−3. When considering shoots and roots, WUEIT increased to 4.5 kg m−3. The relation between dry matter production and IT was improved by relating IT to the potential evapotranspiration rate or the saturation deficit (Δe) of the air. As compared with other crops, WUEIT of oat appeared to be lower. This study provided evidence that normalization of IT by Δe requires the appropriate evaluation of Δe for the daylight period when transpiration occurs.
Dry Matter Intake and Digestibility of ‘Coastal’, ‘Tifton 44’, and ‘Tifton 85’ Bermudagrass Hays Grown in the U.S. Upper South
Authors: Burns J. C. , Fisher D. S. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT‘Coastal’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (Pers.) L.] is the major warm‐season grass grown across the U.S. upper south. More recent hybrids of ‘Tifton 44’ (T44) and ‘Tifton 85’ (T85) (Cynodon sp.) offer improved nutritive value. Compared are dry matter (DM) intake and digestion of Coastal bermudagrass (CB), T44, and T85 hays grown under different soil and climate conditions and harvested at either the same or different maturities. In the comparison of CB and T44 with steers (Bos taurus L.), DM intake was greater for CB in one of three experiments, whereas intakes did not differ in the other two. Greater intake for CB was associated with greater DM digestion. In the other two experiments, T44 had greater DM digestion than did CB in one trial but did not differ in the other. Hays of CB, T44, and T85, harvested in 2 yr, were compared by means of sheep (Ovis aries L.). In Year 1, sheep consumed more CB than either T44 or T85, whereas in Year 2, no differences in intake were detected. Coastal was digested least in both experiments compared with T44 and T85, and T85 had greatest DM digestion in one of the two years. Samples of masticate of CB had the least in vitro true dry matter disappearance (IVTDMD) with T44 intermediate and T85 generally greatest. In general, animal response data showed little advantage of T44 in comparison with CB; however, Tifton 85 appears to have greater digestible fiber and offers potentially greater DM digestion and digestible intake compared with CB.
Mapping and Confirmation of the ‘Hyuuga’ Red‐Brown Lesion Resistance Gene for Asian Soybean Rust
Authors: Monteros Maria J. , Missaoui Ali M. , Phillips Daniel V. , Walker David R. , Boerma H. Roger 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTAsian soybean rust (ASR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd., is a widespread disease of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] with the potential to cause serious economic losses. The objective of this study was to genetically map red‐brown lesion type resistance from the cultivar Hyuuga. A population of 117 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross of Dillon (tan lesion) × Hyuuga (red‐brown [RB] lesion) was rated for ASR lesion type in the field and inoculated with P. pachyrhizi in the greenhouse. The RB resistance gene mapped between Satt460 and Satt307 on linkage group (LG)‐C2. When field severity and lesion density in the greenhouse were mapped, the Rpp?(Hyuuga) locus explained 22 and 15% of the variation, respectively (P < 0.0001). The RB lesion type was associated with lower severity, fewer lesions, and reduced sporulation when compared to the tan lesion type. A population from the cross of Benning × Hyuuga was screened with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in the region on LG‐C2 flanked by Satt134 and Satt460. Genotype at these markers was used to predict lesion type when the plants were exposed to P. pachyrhizi All the lines selected for the Hyuuga markers in this interval had the RB lesion type and they averaged approximately 50% fewer lesions compared to lines with tan lesions. Sporulation was only detected in 6% of the RB lines compared with 100% of the tan lines. Marker‐assisted selection can be used to develop soybean cultivars with the Rpp?(Hyuuga) gene for resistance to ASR.
Effect of Seed Moisture Content, Field Weathering, and Combine Cylinder Speed on Soybean Seed Quality1
Authors: Green D. E. , Cavanah L. E. , Pinnell E. L. 
Published: July 2010

Two varieties of soybeans were harvested at varying dates and at varying seed moisture contents in 1959, 1960, and 1961. Two harvest methods, hand shelling and machine harvesting, were used at each date of harvest. With the machine harvest method combine cylinder speeds of 500, 700, and 900 rpm were used.In all 3 years there was a general trend for the whole seed from later dates of harvest to have a lower percentage of normal seedlings in laboratory germination and field emergence tests, a higher percentage of splits and cracked seedcoats, and smaller average seed size as measured in grams per 100 seed and by a screening method. Exceptions to this general rule occurred in 1961 when the initial quality of the seed was very high.With only a few exceptions, hand harvested seed‐lots had higher viability and a lower incidence of splits and cracked seedcoats than machine harvested seed‐lots. Within the machine harvested seed‐lots, harvesting at lower cylinder speeds produced seed with a higher percentage of normal seedlings in laboratory germination and field emergence tests, a lower percentage of abnormal seedlings in laboratory tests, a lower percentage of splits and cracked seedcoats, and larger average seed size. There was some indication that the threshing effect split a larger percentage of the larger soybean seed within each seed‐lot.
Relationships Among Malt Quality Characteristics of Spring Barley Grown in Pennsylvania1
Authors: Streeter John G. , Pfeifer Robert P. 
Published: July 2010

Two 2‐row and four 6‐row spring malt barley varieties were grown at 5 locations in Pennsylvania in 1963. From these 5 experiments, 22 samples of the two‐row varieties and 34 samples of the 6‐row varieties were subjected to complete malt quality analysis. Dealing with the data in 2 groups (2‐ and 6‐row), all possible combinations of correlation coefficients were computed among 20 of the quality variables available. The correlation matrices were then used in multiple regression analysis in which one independent variable is elminated at a time. The elminination was based on its relative lack of contribution to an explanation of the variation in the dependent variable. All statistical analyses were done with the aid of an electronic computer.Seven of the most meaningful multiple regressions with high predictive power were reported. Three of these were associated with R2 values of about .90. Three of the expressions developed showed potential as prediction equations for diastatic power (2‐row varieties) and for fine grind extract and fine minus coarse extract (6‐row varieties). Many close relationships between barley and malt kernel size and other quality characteristics were found. It was emphasized that multiple regression analysis, made feasible with electronic computers, was a potentially valuable tool in understanding and defining malt quality.
Variation and Covariation in Agronomic and Malting Quality Characters in Barley I. Heritability Estimates1
Authors: Rutger J. N. , Schaller C. W. , Dickson A. D. , Williams J. C. 
Published: July 2010

‘Atlas’, a coast‐type barley that possesses desirable agronomic characteristics, was crossed with ‘Kindred’, a Manchurian‐type barley characterized by superior malting quality but which shatters severely in arid climates. Fourteen agronomic and 13 malting quality traits were studied in a population of 102 random F4 lines grown at 2 planting dates in 1962. Four of the agronomic traits were studied again in 1963.Genotype ✕ environment interaction variances generally were small relative to genotypic variances. Significant (5% level) genotype ✕ planting date interactions were present for only 4 of the 27 traits evaluated in 1962 and for only 1 of the 4 traits studied in both years. Five of the 6 significant genotype interactions in the 2‐year data involved year terms.Higher estimates of heritability generally were obtained for malting quality traits than for agronomic traits, although heritability estimates for a majority of the latter were 0.7 or greater. One notable exception was yield, for which heritability was estimated to be 0.48.Predicted selection advances indicated that it should be possible to make substantial gains in most individual characters. However, predicted advances from one cycle of selection for yield, malt extract, wort nitrogen, diastatic power, and beta amylase were less than the amounts needed to achieve preferred levels.
Genotypic Correlations, Dominance, and Heritability of Quantitative Characters in Oats1
Authors: Petr F. C. , Frey K. J. 
Published: July 2010

Three methods of estimating dominance were applied to F1 data on plant height, panicle number, heading date, number of spikelets per panicle, number of panicles per plant, and grain yield from the 15 diallel crosses among 6 oat varieties. Genotypic correlations and heritability percentages, in the broad sense, were calculated for the F2.In general, the dominance values from the 3 methods of estimation were in good agreement with one another and with the observed effects. Overdominance was indicated for number of panicles per plant in the F1 whereas estimates for yield ranged from partial to overdominance. Partial dominance was indicated for short panicles and plant height. Earliness of heading was partially dominant in both the F1 and F2 and few spikelets per panicle were partially dominant.The heritability percentages were 33, 53, 54, 61, 74, and 87 for number of panicles per plant, grain yield, panicle length, plant height, number of spikelets per panicle, and heading date, respectively. The genetic correlations between plant height, panicle length, number of spikelets, heading date, and grain yield were positive, and most of them were relatively high.The heritability percentages and high levels of dominance for yield and panicles per plant observed in the F1 indicate that selection for these attributes should be delayed until later generations. Selection for plant height, panicle length, number of spikelets and heading date should be feasible in early generations.
Effect of the Yellow‐Green (yg) Character on Certain Characteristics of Cigar‐Wrapper Tobacco1
Authors: Dean C. E. 
Published: July 2010

An investigation was conducted into the effects of the yellow‐green (yg) gene on certain characteristics of cigar‐wrapper tobacco. The recessive monogenic virescent character was transferred into the varieties ‘Florida 15,’ ‘Dixie Shade,’ ‘Rg,’ and ‘No. 63,’ through four generations of backcrossing and self‐pollination. The four virescent selections, together with normally pigmented sister selections, were compared with their respective recurrent parent varieties.Virescent segregates, even though shorter during the period of measurements, grew at a rate comparable to their parental varieties. Virescent selections had longer leaves at the tenth node position, more leaves exceeding 16 inches in length, and a higher total leaf count. A pleiotropic action for the yg gene or the effect of linked or modifying genes was postulated to be responsible for the differences observed.Virescent segregates, as a group, had a lower yield than green varieties; however, variation between families existed. Virescent selections had a higher percentage of tobacco in the light wrapper, off‐color, and first three grades, and a lower percentage in the dark and number 2 off‐color grades. Grade and crop indices substantiated the superiority of virescent segregates over their respective normally pigmented parental varieties. These data indicate that the yellow‐green color inherent in virescent plants will result in a lighter and more uniform colored cured leaf, which could be of value to the cigar‐wrapper trade.The degree of reconstitution of the recurrent parent genotype was estimated. Four backcrosses were considered to be a minimum number required in a gene transfer program of this nature.
Manifestations of Hybrid Vigor in Grain Sorghum and the Relations Among the Components of Yield, Weight per Bushel, and Height1
Authors: Kambal A. E. , Webster O. J. 
Published: July 2010

One hundred and ninety grain sorghum hybrids, produced by crossing 10 male‐sterile lines with 19 fertility restorers, were compared with their parents over 2 years at Lincoln, Nebraska. The hybrids average 20% higher in grain yield, 0.5 lb. heaver in weight per bushel, 4.5 inches taller, and 2.5 days earlier than the mean of the parents. The yield advantage of the hybrids resulted mainly from increases in nmnber of seeds per head and, to a lesser extent, from increases in seed weight. Heterosis for yield was not expressed as increased tillering.The slight increase in weight per bushel resulted front slightly greater heterosis for seed weight than for seed volume.The hybrids were taller than their parents because they had longer stems, peduncles, and heads. Heterosis for stem length was manifested in the length rather than the number of internodes. It seems that the factors controlling the number and length of internodes differ from those determining peduncle and head lengths.The grain produced by the hybrids averaged lower in protein content than that produced by the parents. However, because of their higher yield, the hybrids averaged 16% higher than the parent in crude protein per acre.
Photophosphorylation in Barley1
Authors: Kleese R. A. 
Published: July 2010

Extraction and assay conditions for obtaining barley chloroplasts capable of carrying on photophosphorylation are presented. Except for response to pH and concentration of ADP, these conditions are similar to those reported for other species.Genotypic differences in rates of photophosphorylation in barley were demonstrated. In light of the limited number of varieties studied, it is anticipated that considerably more genetic variation in rate of photophosphorylation may be found in barley than was observed in this study.
Inheritance of Pericarp Types, Sterility, and Dwarfhess in Several Safflower Crosses1
Authors: Ebert W. W. , Knowles P. F. 
Published: July 2010

Investigations were conducted to further elucidate information available regarding the inheritance of pericarp and anther dehiscence characteristics of safflower. Previous reports that reduced pericarp and delayed another dehiscence are controlled by the recessive gene th and that striped seed is controlled by the recessive gene stp, which is inherited independently of th, were confirmed. An intermediate expression of pericarp thickness, where the hull was thin at the upper end only, was determined to be controlled by the same major gene th. In certain genotypic backgrounds the expression of the th gene is modified considerably with regards to pericarp development without materially affecting delayed anther dehiscence. No evidence of linkage was observed between the independent genes, th and stp, and several well known genetic markers in safflower.Since no recombination was observed between extremely thin pericarp and delayed anther dehiscence the hypothesis was proposed that these characteristics were the pleiotropic manifestations of the thin‐hull gene.It is assumed that spontaneous single‐gene mutations were responsible for the presence of sterile and dwarfed plants found in the progenies of one cross. Although the possibility of new recombinations and not mutation was not ruled out entirely, the evidence available does suggest that hybridization between certain strains of safflower may stimulate mutations.
Effects of Vigor of S1 Lines and Seeding Rates on Yield and Final Stand of an Alfalfa Two‐Clone Combination Admixed with Different Percentages of S1 Seed1
Authors: Carnahan H. L. , Paden R. N. 
Published: July 2010

An alfalfa 2‐clone F1 combination was admixed with each of 5 S1 lines at 5 dilution percentages and seeded at 3 rates. Forage yields for a 2‐year period at Reno, Nevada, indicated (a) as little as 10% selfed seed in admixtures depressed yield significantly; (b) differences in vigor of S1 lines contributed to a significant dilution ✕ Sl's interaction; and (c) seeding rates did not interact materially with dilutions.Final stand indicated that competition generally was more operative at higher seeding rates and in admixed populations than in either the 2‐clone combination or the S1 plots. We concluded that yield of a 2‐clone combination is dependent upon (a) yield of the hybrid; (b) yield of the Sl's from the parents; (c) amount of selfing that occurs in producing the seed of a 2‐clone combination; and (d) the amount of compensation by the hybrid component of the combination. Theoretical advantages and disadvantages of hybrids vs. 2‐clone combinations were discussed.