bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Figural Interpretation as Modernist Hermeneutics: The Rhetoric of Erich Auerbach'sMimesis
Authors: Hovind Jacob 
Published: August 2012

If Erich Auerbach's Mimesis is generally considered a landmark in twentieth-century literary criticism and an originary text for the modern practice of comparative literature, then this is despite the fact that its profound interpretive structures and hermeneutic consequences still remain to be truly read. This essay proposes that there is a complex theory of reading to be found in Mimesis and that it is one of the most exemplary models of literary hermeneutics in modern criticism. To discern this theory of reading, however, one must go against the dominant tendency in recent critical readings of Mimesis. This tendency, originating in the work of Edward Said and practiced in some form or another by nearly all of Auerbach's critics of the last three decades, is to contextualize the writing of Mimesis and to explain its seemingly ungainly form in terms of the specific particularities of the time and place of the work's composition. What Auerbach famously called the “incomparable historical vantage point” of his exile in Istanbul, these critics argue, has inextricably shaped the contours of his work as a critic.This essay suggests that focusing on exile as Auerbach's most important legacy avoids the real work of reading Mimesis and the interpretive strategies it contains, and that such a reading requires bracketing the historical conditions of his work's composition, a story with an easy appeal to pathos. To truly discern the significance of Auerbach's contribution to our field, one must first and foremost read him reading. This essay attempts to demonstrate three essentially interrelated points that might begin to salvage Auerbach's criticism from its obscured place in the literary critical canon. The first of these points is that throughout his entire corpus Auerbach does in fact construct a specific method for literary understanding. Second, this hermeneutics stems from his decades-long preoccupation with figural interpretation, the essentially Christian mode of reading that he traces from late Roman antiquity through the Middle Ages. Third, there emerges out of his “figural hermeneutics” a thoroughly modernist critical point of view, one whose understanding of mimesis depends upon the structure of figural understanding rather than any naïve doctrine of literary realism. Mimesis, as it gradually emerges out of Auerbach's hermeneutics, is a figure of language.
Medical politician and man of Olympian vision and energy: Dr William Penny Brookes (1809–95) of Much Wenlock
Authors: Connor Henry 
Published: August 2012

William Penny Brookes lived all his life in Much Wenlock in Shropshire where he worked as a general practitioner for 60 years. He is now best remembered as the founder of the Wenlock Olympian Society, as a founding member of the first national Olympian association and for his influence on Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic movement. He was a tireless campaigner for the introduction of physical education and a lessening of the academic workload in elementary schools. He was also an important figure in the medical reform movement of the mid-19th century. In Much Wenlock he was a much respected philanthropist and was involved in many civic activities. He was also a notable botanist and antiquarian.
An Evaluation of Mother-Centered Anticipatory Guidance to Reduce Obesogenic Infant Feeding Behaviors
Authors: French Gina M. , Nicholson Lisa , Skybo Theresa , Klein Elizabeth G. , Schwirian Patricia M. , Murray-Johnson Lisa , Sternstein Amy , Eneli Ihuoma , Boettner Beth , Groner Judith A. 
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the effect of 2 anticipatory guidance styles (maternal focused [MOMS] and infant focused [Ounce of Prevention]) directed at mothers of infants aged newborn to 6 months on their infant feeding behaviors at 1 year compared with routine advice as outlined in Bright Futures (BF).

METHODS:
This is a cluster randomized trial. A total of 292 mother/infant dyads were enrolled at their first well-child visit to 3 urban pediatric clinics in Columbus, Ohio. Intervention-specific brief advice and 1-page handouts were given at each well visit. In addition to infant weights and lengths, surveys about eating habits and infant feeding practices were completed at baseline and 12 months.

RESULTS:
Baseline data revealed a group with high rates of maternal overweight (62%) and obesogenic habits. At 12 months, the maternal-focused group gave their infants less juice (8.97 oz vs 14.37 oz, P &lt; .05), and more daily servings of fruit (1.40 vs 0.94, P &lt; .05) and vegetables (1.41 vs 1.03, P &lt; .05) compared with BF mothers. Ounce of Prevention mothers also gave less juice (9.3 oz, P &lt; .05) and more fruit servings (1.26 P &lt; .05) than BF.

CONCLUSIONS:
Brief specific interventions added to well-child care may affect obesogenic infant feeding behaviors of mothers and deserves further study as an inexpensive approach to preventing childhood obesity.
Weight Status Among Adolescents in States That Govern Competitive Food Nutrition Content
Authors: Taber Daniel R. , Chriqui Jamie F. , Perna Frank M. , Powell Lisa M. , Chaloupka Frank J. 
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVES:
To determine if state laws regulating nutrition content of foods and beverages sold outside of federal school meal programs (“competitive foods”) are associated with lower adolescent weight gain.

METHODS:
The Westlaw legal database identified state competitive food laws that were scored by using the Classification of Laws Associated with School Students criteria. States were classified as having strong, weak, or no competitive food laws in 2003 and 2006 based on law strength and comprehensiveness. Objective height and weight data were obtained from 6300 students in 40 states in fifth and eighth grade (2004 and 2007, respectively) within the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Class. General linear models estimated the association between baseline state laws (2003) and within-student changes in BMI, overweight status, and obesity status. Fixed-effect models estimated the association between law changes during follow-up (2003–2006) and within-student changes in BMI and weight status.

RESULTS:
Students exposed to strong laws at baseline gained, on average, 0.25 fewer BMI units (95% confidence interval: −0.54, 0.03) and were less likely to remain overweight or obese over time than students in states with no laws. Students also gained fewer BMI units if exposed to consistently strong laws throughout follow-up (β = −0.44, 95% confidence interval: −0.71, −0.18). Conversely, students exposed to weaker laws in 2006 than 2003 had similar BMI gain as those not exposed in either year.

CONCLUSIONS:
Laws that regulate competitive food nutrition content may reduce adolescent BMI change if they are comprehensive, contain strong language, and are enacted across grade levels.
Decreased Pediatric Hospital Mortality After an Intervention to Improve Emergency Care in Lilongwe, Malawi
Authors: Robison Jeff A. , Ahmad Zahida P. , Nosek Carl A. , Durand Charlotte , Namathanga Annie , Milazi Robert , Thomas Ann , Soprano Joyce V. , Mwansambo Charles , Kazembe Peter N. , Torrey Susan B. 
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Emergently ill infants and children are often inadequately recognized and stabilized by health care facilities in the developing world. This deficiency contributes to high inpatient mortality rates, particularly early during hospitalization. Our referral hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi, experiences high volume, acuity, and mortality rates. The entry point to our hospital for most children presenting with acute illness is the Under-5 Clinic. We hypothesized that early inpatient mortality and total inpatient mortality rates would decrease with an intervention to prioritize and improve pediatric emergency care at our hospital.

METHODS:
We implemented the following changes as part of our intervention: (1) reallocation of senior-level clinical support from other areas of the hospital to the Under-5 Clinic for supervision of emergency care, (2) institution of a formal triage process that improved patient flow, and (3) treatment and stabilization of patients before transfer to the inpatient ward. We compared early inpatient and total inpatient mortality rates before and after the intervention.

RESULTS:
After the intervention, early mortality decreased from 47.6 to 37.9 deaths per 1000 admissions (relative risk 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.67–0.93). Total mortality also decreased from 80.5 to 70.5 deaths per 1000 admissions after the intervention (relative risk 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.78–0.98).

CONCLUSIONS:
Simple, inexpensive interventions to improve pediatric emergency care at this underresourced hospital in sub-Saharan Africa were associated with decreased hospital mortality rates. The description of this process and the associated results may influence practice and resource allocation strategies in similar clinical environments.
Do Going Concern Audit Reports Protect Auditors from Litigation? A Simultaneous Equations Approach
Authors: Kaplan Steven E. , Williams David D. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT:
Audit researchers have a long-standing interest in understanding whether issuing a going concern report to financially stressed clients protects auditors from litigation. An endogeneity issue arises, in that litigation risk affects the going concern decision and the going concern decision impacts auditor litigation risk. Using a simultaneous equations approach, we find a significant positive association between auditors' ex ante litigation risk and going concern reporting. By applying simultaneous equations, we also find a significant negative association between going concern reporting and auditor litigation, suggesting that auditors deter lawsuits by issuing going concern reports to their financially stressed clients. Our research further provides a more rigorous analysis of the relation between going concern reporting and lawsuit outcomes in the form of auditor litigation dismissals, small settlement amounts, and large settlement amounts. Our results indicate that when auditors are named in lawsuits, having issued a going concern report reduces the likelihood of large financial settlements.
Data Availability: The data used in this study are publicly available through sources identified in the study.
Comparison of cone-beam computed tomography and periapical radiography for detecting simulated apical root resorption
Authors: Ren Hongyu , Chen Jun , Deng Feng , Zheng Leilei , Liu Xiong , Dong Yanling 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To compare the diagnostic accuracy between cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and periapical radiography for detecting simulated external apical root resorption (EARR) in vitro.

Materials and Methods:
The study sample consisted of 160 single-rooted premolar teeth for simulating EARR of varying degrees according to four setups: no (intact teeth), mild (cavity of 1.0 mm in diameter and depth on root surface), moderate (0.4 mm, 0.8 mm, 1.2 mm, and 1.6 mm root shortening), and severe (2.4 mm, 2.8 mm, 3.2 mm, and 3.6 mm root shortening). Two groups of radiographic images were obtained via CBCT and periapical radiography. The absence or presence and the severity for all resorption lesions were evaluated blindly by two calibrated observers.

Results:
With the CBCT method, the rates of correct classification of no, mild, moderate, and severe EARR were 96.3%, 98.8%, 41.3%, and 87.5%, respectively; with the periapical radiography method, the rates were 82.5%, 41.3%, 68.8%, and 92.5%, respectively. Highly significant differences were found between the two imaging methods for detection of mild (P &lt; .001), moderate (P &lt; .001), and all EARR (P &lt; .001). For detection of all EARR, the sensitivity and specificity values were 75.8% and 96.3% for CBCT, compared with 67.5% and 82.5% for periapical radiography.

Conclusion:
CBCT is a reliable diagnostic tool to detect simulated EARR, whereas periapical radiography underestimates it. However, if a periapical radiograph is already available to the diagnosis of EARR, CBCT should be used with extreme caution to avoid additional radiation exposure.
Thalamic Activation During Slightly Subphysiological Glycemia in Humans
Authors: Arbeláez Ana María , Rutlin Jerrel R. , Hershey Tamara , Powers William J. , Videen Tom O. , Cryer Philip E. 
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE
The central nervous system mechanisms of defenses against falling plasma glucose concentrations, and how they go awry and result in iatrogenic hypoglycemia in diabetes, are not known. Hypoglycemic plasma glucose concentrations of 55 mg/dL (3.0 mmol/L) cause symptoms, activate glucose counterregulatory systems, and increase synaptic activity in a network of brain regions including the dorsal midline thalamus in humans. We tested the hypothesis that slightly subphysiological plasma glucose concentrations of 65 mg/dL (3.6 mmol/L), which do not cause symptoms but do activate glucose counterregulatory systems, also activate brain synaptic activities.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We measured relative regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), an index of synaptic activity, in predefined brain regions with [15O]water positron emission tomography, symptoms, and plasma epinephrine and glucagon concentrations during a 2-h euglycemic (90 mg/dL) to hypoglycemic (55 mg/dL) clamp (n = 20) or a 2-h euglycemic to slight subphysiological (65 mg/dL) clamp (n = 9) in healthy humans.

RESULTS
Clamped plasma glucose concentrations of 65 mg/dL did not cause hypoglycemic symptoms, but raised plasma epinephrine and glucagon concentrations and increased rCBF (P = 0.007) only in the dorsal midline thalamus.

CONCLUSIONS
Slightly subphysiological plasma glucose concentrations increase synaptic activity in the dorsal midline thalamus in humans.
Ancestral Effect on HOMA-IR Levels Quantitated in an American Population of Mexican Origin
Authors: Qu Hui-Qi , Li Quan , Lu Yang , Hanis Craig L. , Fisher-Hoch Susan P. , McCormick Joseph B. 
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE
An elevated insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]) is more commonly seen in the Mexican American population than in European populations. We report quantitative ancestral effects within a Mexican American population, and we correlate ancestral components with HOMA-IR.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed ancestral analysis in 1,551 participants of the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort by genotyping 103 ancestry-informative markers (AIMs). These AIMs allow determination of the percentage (0–100%) ancestry from three major continental populations, i.e., European, African, and Amerindian.

RESULTS
We observed that predominantly Amerindian ancestral components were associated with increased HOMA-IR (β = 0.124, P = 1.64 × 10−7). The correlation was more significant in males (Amerindian β = 0.165, P = 5.08 × 10−7) than in females (Amerindian β = 0.079, P = 0.019).

CONCLUSIONS
This unique study design demonstrates how genomic markers for quantitative ancestral information can be used in admixed populations to predict phenotypic traits such as insulin resistance.
Dynamic instability — A common denominator in prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA segregation and cell division
Authors: Fuesler John , Li Hsin-Jung 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDynamic instability is an essential phenomenon in eukaryotic nuclear division and prokaryotic plasmid R1 segregation. Although the molecular machines used in both systems differ greatly in composition, strong similarities and requisite nuances in dynamics and segregation mechanisms are observed. This brief examination of the current literature provides a functional comparison between prokaryotic and eukaryotic dynamically unstable filaments, specifically ParM and microtubules. Additionally, this mini-review should support the notion that any dynamically unstable filament could serve as the molecular machine driving DNA segregation, but these machines possess auxiliary features to adapt to temporal and spatial disparities in either system.
Quaternary exhumation of the Carpathians: a record from the Orava-Nowy Targ Intramontane Basin, Western Carpathians (Poland and Slovakia)
Authors: Tokarski Antek , Świerczewska Ania , Zuchiewicz Witold , Starek Dušan , Fodor László 
Published: August 2012

Quaternary exhumation of the Carpathians: a record from the Orava-Nowy Targ Intramontane Basin, Western Carpathians (Poland and Slovakia)The Neogene-Quaternary infill of the Orava-Nowy Targ Intramontane Basin comprises two tiers showing contrasting lithologies. The Neogene tier is largely composed of claystones and siltstones, whereas the Quaternary tier is dominated by gravels. The two sequences are separated by an erosional surface underlain by a regolith. Deposition of the Neogene sequence took place during subsidence of the basin. No prominent relief existed in the area of the present-day mountains actually surrounding the basin at that time. The regolith started to form at the onset of basin inversion. Still, no prominent relief existed in the present-day mountains. The onset of deposition of Quaternary gravels in the basin corresponds to acceleration of uplift of the surrounding mountains, which has been continuing until now. The Pieniny Klippen Belt has been subject to erosion, at least locally, from the deposition of the basal part of the Neogene sequence filling the Orava-Nowy Targ Basin until present times. In contrast, the Paleogene cover of the Tatra Mts was removed only during the Quaternary.
Neogene uplift and erosion in the Alpine Foreland Basin (Upper Austria and Salzburg)
Authors: Gusterhuber Juergen , Dunkl István , Hinsch Ralph , Linzer Hans-Gert , Sachsenhofer Reinhard 
Published: August 2012

Neogene uplift and erosion in the Alpine Foreland Basin (Upper Austria and Salzburg)In the present paper we apply a multi-technique approach (shale compaction data, seismic stratigraphy, isopach maps, moisture content of lignite, fission track data) to assess timing and amount of uplift and erosion of the Alpine Foreland Basin. The combination of the different techniques allows us to discriminate the effects of two different erosion events during the Neogene: (1) Seismic stratigraphy and isopach maps indicate a Karpatian (Early Miocene) regional tilting of the basin to the west (slope of about 0.5 %) and a minor erosion phase. (2) Moisture content of lignite combined with fission track data provides evidence for extensive regional uplift after deposition of Late Miocene fluvial deposits. It is estimated that sediments, 500 to 900 m thick, have been eroded. Shale compaction data derived from sonic logs indicates additional uplift of the eastern part of the basin (near the river Enns). Here, 300 to 1000 m of sediments were additionally eroded (giving a total erosion of about 1000 to 1900 m!), with a general increase of erosion thickness towards the northeast. While the regional uplift is probably related to isostatic rebound of the Alps after termination of thrusting, the local uplift in the east could be affected by Late Neogene E-W compressional events within the Alpine-Pannonian system. Both, tilting and erosion influence the hydrocarbon habitat in the Molasse Basin (tilting of oil-water contacts, PVT conditions, biodegradation).
Assessment of hydrocarbon potential of Jurassic and Cretaceous source rocks in the Tarnogród-Stryi area (SE Poland and W Ukraine)
Authors: Kosakowski Paweł , Więcław Dariusz , Kowalski Adam , Koltun Yuriy 
Published: August 2012

Assessment of hydrocarbon potential of Jurassic and Cretaceous source rocks in the Tarnogród-Stryi area (SE Poland and W Ukraine)
The Jurassic/Cretaceous stratigraphic complex forming a part of the sedimentary cover of both the eastern Małopolska Block and the adjacent Łysogóry-Radom Block in the Polish part as well as the Rava Rus'ka and the Kokhanivka Zones in the Ukrainian part of the basement of the Carpathian Foredeep were studied with geochemical methods in order to evaluate the possibility of hydrocarbon generation. In the Polish part of the study area, the Mesozoic strata were characterized on the basis of the analytical results of 121 core samples derived from 11 wells. The samples originated mostly from the Middle Jurassic and partly from the Lower/Upper Cretaceous strata. In the Ukrainian part of the study area the Mesozoic sequence was characterized by 348 core samples collected from 26 wells. The obtained geochemical results indicate that in both the south-eastern part of Poland and the western part of Ukraine the studied Jurassic/Cretaceous sedimentary complex reveals generally low hydrocarbon source-rock potential. The most favourable geochemical parameters: TOC up to 26 wt. % and genetic potential up to 39 mg/g of rock, were found in the Middle Jurassic strata. However, these high values are contradicted by the low hydrocarbon index (HI), usually below 100 mg HC/g TOC. Organic matter from the Middle Jurassic strata is of mixed type, dominated by gas-prone, Type III kerogen. In the Polish part of the study area, organic matter dispersed in these strata is generally immature (Tmax below 435 °C) whereas in the Ukrainian part maturity is sufficient for hydrocarbon generation.
Natural radioactive nuclides in the thermal waters of the Polish Inner Carpathians
Authors: Nowak Jakub , Chau Dinh , Rajchel Lucyna 
Published: August 2012

Natural radioactive nuclides in the thermal waters of the Polish Inner Carpathians
The chemical compositions and activity concentrations of 238U, 234U, 226Ra, 228Ra and 222Rn were measured in the thermal waters occurring in the Podhale Trough. This region, part of the Polish Inner Carpathians, is the artesian basin situated between two groundwater recharging zones, the Tatras to the south and the Pieniny Klippen Belt to the north. The thermal water samples were collected from nine selected boreholes with the depths from 1113 m (Zakopane IG-2) to 5526 m (Bańska Niżna IG-1). The waters belong to four hydrochemical types: HCO3-SO4-Ca-Mg-Na, SO4-HCO3-Cl-Na-Ca, SO4-Ca-Na and SO4-Cl-Ca-Na. Their mineralization and temperature range from several hundreds to 2500 mg/l and 23.9 to 86.3 °C, respectively. Excluding the waters from the Szymoszkowa GT-1 and Chochołów PIG-1 boreholes, the activity concentrations of the uranium and radium isotopes in the waters are relatively low and vary from decimals to above ten mBq/l and from several tens to about 600 mBq/l, respectively. They are classified as radon-poor waters. The phenomena mentioned seem to be characteristic of the waters draining limestone formations overlaying the crystalline rocks, namely the principal aquifers in the Tatras. The significant levels of the uranium and radium activity concentrations in the waters from Szymoszkowa GT-1 and Chochołów PIG-1 can be connected with the presences of Lower Triassic black shales with tuffites rich in uranium in the respective recharge areas. Comparing the parameters of the Podhale thermal waters with those of some selected thermal waters occurring in other regions of Poland and in north-west Croatia, the French Massif Central, Spanish Andalusia and north-east Tunisia, the authors found that the temperature of the thermal waters is contained between 16 and about 100 °C; the mineralization and concentrations of radionuclides vary in broad intervals and are considerably affected by the lithology and the geological structure of the region. The 226Ra activity concentration exceeds that of 228Ra in almost each of the thermal waters compared, which is similar to the waters from Podhale.