bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Potassium Supplying Power of Several Western Oregon Soils
Authors: Pope A. , Cheney H. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil samples from 20 sites representing 7 soil series were intensively cropped with Ladino clover in the greenhouse. The amounts of total and nonexchangeable potassium removed by the clover were determined. These values were then compared with the amounts of total and nonexchangeable postassium extracted by boiling 1N HNO3 and the amount of exchangeable potassium present in the soils before and after cropping.The soils varied widely in their potassium supplying power. The total amount of potassium extracted by HNO3 was highly correlated with the amount of potassium removed from the soils by 10 successive cuttings of Ladino clover in the greenhouse (r = 0.959). The amount of potassium released from nonexchangeable forms by HNO3 was highly correlated with the amount released during greenhouse cropping (r = 0.937). The correlation coefficient for the total amount of potassium removed by the clover and the amount of exchangeable potassium in the soils before cropping was 0.852. The correlation between the amount of potassium released from nonexchangeable forms during cropping and the amount of exchangeable potassium before cropping was very low (r = 0.174).Total potassium in the HNO3 extract and potassium released from nonexchangeable forms by HNO3 appeared to be better indexes than exchangeable potassium before cropping to potassium release and removal by intensive cropping with Ladino clover in the greenhouse.
The Effect of HPAN and IBMA on the Fixation and Availability of Potassium in Several Ohio Soils
Authors: Jones M. B. , Pratt P. F. , Martin W. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolutions of K salts with and without conditioner were added to four soils in sufficient solution to bring the soils approximately to field capacity. The conditioners were HPAN (hydrolized polyacrylonitrile) and IBMA (isobutylene maleic acid). The treated soils were incubated for several days, oven‐dried at 68°C., and K fixation against extraction with NH4OAc was determined. The results indicated that K fixation was reduced by the conditioner treatments.In a pot experiment, using corn and Sudangrass as assay plants, K was added at 2 levels with and without conditioner on 2 Ohio soils. High levels of N and P were added to all pots so that they would not be limiting factors. The yield and K content of corn and Sudangrass were greater on pots treated with conditioner and K than on pots treated with either alone. Possible explanations for the reduction in K fixation and greater availability of K resultant from treatment with conditioners are presented.
Fragipan Horizons in New York Soils: III. The Basis of Rigidity
Authors: Knox Ellis G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour fragipan horizons from Orange County, New York soils were studied to determine what materials or mechanisms are responsible for the strength of fragipans. Very fine‐grained material apparently holding the sand and silt particles together was identified as illite by optical and X‐ray diffraction methods. Experiments based on selective removal and destruction of possible bonding materials indicate that illite is responsible for a major part of the strength of the more typical fragipans studied, and that both illite and colloidal silica are involved in the strength of an extreme pan. Comparison of the strength of artificial briquets and natural clods further indicated that an important part of the strength of the pans studied is due to illite. It was shown that fragipans typically have high bulk density. The effectiveness of illite as a binding material in fragipans may be due to high bulk density, lack of effective structure, and special distribution of the clay.
Relationships of Soil Moisture Stress to Different Aspects of Growth in Ladino Clover
Authors: Hagan Robert M. , Peterson Maurice L. , Upchurch R. P. , Jones Luther G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationships of soil moisture content or soil moisture stress to growth in Ladino clover have been investigated in containers under controlled environmental conditions and in field plots. Relationships involving the following aspects of growth or plant functioning are reported: (1) transpiration rate, (2) green weight production, (3) dry weight production, (4) dry matter percentage, (5) shoot elongation, (6) photosynthesis rate, (7) respiration rate, (8) chemical composition, (9) flower formation (number and size), and (10) seed production.Dry weight production of vegetative material, photosynthesis, and respiration rates were not affected appreciably until the moisture content in the entire root zone approached the permanent wilting percentage. Green weight production and shoot elongation were reduced significantly when the soil moisture content fell into the lower half of the available range. Chemical composition, flower formation, and seed production were also influenced by moisture conditions within the available range.The different relationships obtained illustrate that the increasing soil moisture stress experienced by Ladino clover as the readily available moisture is depleted does not have a uniform effect upon various aspects of its functioning and growth. Thus there is no one simple and general relation between soil moisture conditions and all aspects of plant functioning. Some plant processes are relatively insensitive to increasing moisture stress over the available range while others are distinctly affected. Such soil moisture‐growth relationships are also dependent upon plant characteristics, soil conditions, and climatic factors. Information on these relationships should suggest opportunities for more effective irrigation by considering both the soil moisture stress and the physiological stage of plant development in the timing of water applications.
Soil Crusting and Some Factors Affecting It
Authors: Lemos Petezval , Lutz J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhysical studies were made of natural soil crusts and of the soils beneath them. Artificial crusts (briquets) were prepared by several methods and their modulus of rupture and bulk density were determined. The natural crusts had a much greater bulk density, a higher percentage of particles < 0.10 mm. in diameter, and a lower degree of aggregation than the underlying soil. The modulus of rupture of artificial crusts was increased by longer periods of drying at 105°C.; by slow drying (using lower temperatures); by compacting the dry soil in the briquet molds; by the beating effect of raindrops; and by puddling the soil before putting it into the molds. It was decreased by successive wetting and drying, but partial drying and rewetting gave results which varied with different soils. High modulus of rupture values were obtained with soils containing large amounts of soilt or total material < 0.10 mm. and, 2:1 type clay. Bulk densities were essentially the same: (a) for dry soil used in preparing briquets and the same type of soil beneath natural crusts in the field; and (b) for artificially prepared briquets and natural soil crusts.
A Study of the Validity of Laboratory Techniques in Appraising the Available Nitrogen Producing Capacity of Soils
Authors: Kresge C. B. , Merkle F. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere is urgent need for a laboratory procedure capable of determining the status of the soil nitrogen, one which will predict the ability of a given soil to quickly replenish nitrates removed by cropping and leaching. Such a method would be useful in evaluating soil management systems and in determining the need for nitrogenous fertilizers. A laboratory method is described involving incubation under controlled conditions for 12 weeks with bi‐weekly removal of nitrates produced. This method was found to be successful but time‐consuming. Distillation of ammonia from soils in the presence of alkaline permanganate gave recoveries which were well correlated with incubation results. Both procedures showed that from 200 to 400 pounds out of the 2,000 to 4,000 pounds of total nitrogen in soils are biologically active. With these methods it was possible to show that long continued use of manure leads to a backlog of biologically active nitrogen. Acidity likewise favors accumulation while excessive liming without proper provisions for maintenance depletes the active organic nitrogen supply. Prolonged acidity causes a decline in microbiological activity, permitting potentially active forms of organic nitrogen to accumulate. When this acidity is corrected, as in the laboratory procedure described or as in tier II of the Jordan plots, the yields are higher than on the corresponding less acid plots.It is suggested that either method is quite useful in evaluating soils and soil management systems, but of questionable value in determining the nitrogen fertilizer requirements for the current year. Nitrate delivery to a given crop depends, not only upon the presence of easily ammonifiable organic nitrogen in the soil, but also upon the soil conditions prevailing at the moment. The available nitrogen requirement of a given crop depends upon the adequacy of other growth factors. A very poor correlation was obtained in the field between response to nitrogen and the quantity of easily nitrifiable organic nitrogen in those soils.
The Falling Water Table in Tile Drainage—A Laboratory Study
Authors: Luthin James N. , Worstell Robert V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA sand‐filled tank 6 by 10 by 2 feet is used to study the distribution of hydraulic head and quantity of tile outflow during drainage.A null‐type tensiometer for making rapid measurements of the hydraulic head is described.The measurements of the transient phase of drainage known as the falling water table are compared to the theoretical development of Kirkham and Gaskell as well as Childs. The experiment demonstrates that the assumption used in the theoretical developments that the soil possesses a fixed drainage pore space leads to an incorrect solution. The shapes of the experimental water tables are similar to the theoretical shapes but the rate of fall is not accurately predicted by the theory.
Boron Deficiency, a Cause of Blank Stalks and Barren Ears in Corn
Authors: Berger K. C. , Heikkinen Toivo , Zube E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the greenhouse, corn plants, 14 days old, were transplanted to 1‐gallon, soft glass jars containing nutrient solutions. Boron levels were maintained at 0, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.25 ppm. One set of plants was grown for 3, 6, or 9 weeks at each of the boron levels, after which the boron was removed. One set at each boron level received boron to maturity. All other nutrients were maintained at adequate balanced levels.Plants grown without boron or those at the 0.01‐ and 0.05‐ppm. boron level did not produce ears or had very poorly developed barren ears, depending on the length of time in the boron solution. Fully developed ears were produced at the 0.25‐ppm. concentration when maintained to maturity, but barren ears resulted when boron was removed earlier.In field trials 15 pounds per acre of fertilizer borate was sidedressed in bands 18 inches wide with a hand duster, when the corn was a foot high, and resulting tissue analyzed.Boron application resulted in increased yields and reduced the number of blank stalks, when present, on 11% of the fields tested.It was concluded that: (1) a lack of boron can cause blank stalks and barren ears; (2), the supply of available boron must be continuous; and (3), the critical level of boron in the upper leaves appears to be in between 11 to 13 ppm.
Some Criteria for Capability Classification of the Soils of the Southern Great Plains of Texas
Authors: Coover James R. , Moldenhauer Wm. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe natural cloddiness of soils largely determines their susceptibility to wind erosion. As cloddiness decreases, greater amounts of cover and surface roughness are needed to reduce soil losses to insignificant amounts.The use of a rotary sieve to help characterize soils for natural cloddiness is proposed. Procedures to be used are discussed. Results are reported from studies made of some of the extensive soil types of the southern High Plains of Texas.A study of the climate of the area is reported also.Yields of high‐residue‐producing crops are predicted for Amarillo fine sandy loam in several areas with small but significant differences in amounts of rainfall, using results of climatic studies and projection of yields from experiment stations. The correlation between grain yields and crop residues is discussed.The natural cloddiness of soils, the residue needed to protect them, and the expected yields of high‐residue‐producing crops are proposed as additional criteria for determining the capability classification of the soils studied. The soils are classified, using the proposed method of classification.
Structural Implications of Moisture Retention by Clay‐Size Soil Materials
Authors: Kemper W. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAt differential pressures, less than 1 atm., clay materials from soils retain much more water than calculations from Gouy theory would predict. Experimental evidence is shown which indicates that the excess water held in these materials is the result of a structure consisting of particle‐to‐particle bonds. The ability of this structure to resist pressures and by inference, the strength of the particle‐to‐particle bonds, can be increased by adding organic matter and decreased by increasing the amount of sodium on the exchange complex.
Proportionate Uptake of Soil and Fertilizer Phosphorus by Plants as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization: II. Field Experiments with Sugar Beets and Potatoes
Authors: Grunes D. L. , Haise H. R. , Fine L. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments were conducted in North and South Dakota, with sugar beets and potatoes grown under irrigation, to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer additions on the relative availability of soil and fertilizer phosphorus to plants. The addition of nitrogen fertilizer generally increased the percent of the total phosphorus absorbed by plants from bands of concentrated superphosphate. The percent of the total plant phosphorus derived from the fertilizer tended to decrease later in the season.Detailed studies with sugar beets at one location indicate that the percent of the total plant P coming from the fertilizer tended to increase with plant growth.
Magnesium Absorption and Utilization by Two Inbred Lines of Corn
Authors: Foy C. D. , Barber S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCertain corn inbred lines are known to differ widely in the magnesium accumulating abilities of their leaves. The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that such differences in “magnesium feeding power” can be explained by differences in root properties. Corn inbred lines Indiana WF9 (high leaf magnesium) and Ohio 40B (low leaf magnesium) were selected for comparison.Results indicate that low levels of magnesium in Ohio 40B leaves were not due to any lack of magnesium adsorbing or absorbing ability on the part of roots of this plant. Roots of Ohio 40B had a higher total cation‐exchange capacity and adsorbed magnesium more rapidly from solution than did those of Indiana WF9.Ohio 40B leaves were always lower in magnesium content than those of Indiana WF9 whether plants were grown in sand culture or soil. Stems of Ohio 40B plants contained a higher percentage of magnesium than did those of Indiana WF9, and this magnesium was more difficult to extract with 1N ammonium acetate.It is concluded that the low concentration of magnesium in Ohio 40B leaves is due, primarily, to an immobilization of magnesium in the stems of this plant.
Soil Aggregation by Microorganisms Following Soil Fumigation
Authors: McCalla T. M. , Haskins F. A. , Curley R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of autoclaving and of fumigation with eight chemical formulations upon microbial numbers in straw‐amended Peorian loess and the extent to which these treatments affect the degree of aggregation brought about by subsequently introduced inocula were determined. A mixed soil flora, Stachybotrys atra and a blank inoculum consisting of sterile salt solution, were compared. Only in the autoclaved soil was a mixed soil flora inoculum consistently superior to the blank inoculum in promoting aggregation of the Peorian loess. It was found that inoculation with S. atra could greatly increase the aggregation of fumigated Peorian loess in treatments where the fumigation was effective in reducing microbial numbers to a low level, and where the fumigant exerted little if any residual toxic effect upon the S. atra inoculum. Most promising of the fumigants tested were chloropicrin and Telone. The aggregation brought about by inoculation with S. atra in Peorian loess fumigated by appropriate amounts of either of these chemicals was approximately two‐thirds as high as that produced by the same organism following autoclaving of the soil material.
Soil‐Conditioning Properties of Modified Agricultural Residues and Related Materials: I. Aggregate Stabilization as a Function of Type and Extent of Chemical Modification
Authors: Smith H. E. , Schwartz S. M. , Gugliemelli L. A. , Freeman P. G. , Russell C. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe feasibility of producing soil‐conditioning agents from agricultural residues by chemical modification was investigated. Such reactions as xanthation, cyanoethylation, methylation, hydroxyethylation, sulfation, phosphorylation, acetylation, and oxidation were applied to wheat straw, corn stover, corncobs, bagasse, rice hulls, and their major components. From results of comparative reactions on cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, the major part of the soil‐conditioning activity of chemically‐modified agricultural residues was found attributable to the substituted cellulose fraction. The extent of substitution required to produce active products varies with the nature of the derivative but coincides in all cases with that required to give water‐soluble products. Within these limits the degree of polymerization has more influence on aggregate‐stabilizing activities than either the type or extent of substitution. Data on a number of microbial gums, plant polysaccharides, and starch derivatives are also presented.
Soil‐Conditioning Properties of Modified Agricultural Residues and Related Materials: II. Persistence of Soil‐Stabilizing Activity as a Function of Type and Extent of Modification
Authors: Schwartz S. M. , Freeman P. G. , Russell C. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAgricultural residues, cotton linters, several of their chemical derivatives, and other related products were tested in the laboratory for their in‐soil stability against microbial degradation for a period of 6 months in a controlled humidity cabinet. A modified Yoder wet‐sieving technique was used to test the stabilizing effectiveness of a given polymer incorporated into Miami silt loam soil.Forty‐ to sixty‐mesh wheat straw, incorporated at a concentration of 0.5%, imparted greater stability to soil aggregates, following the first month of incubation at a temperature of 28° C., than did comparable applications of soybean and cotton stalks. Corn stover applications produced intermediate results. Twenty‐ to sixty‐mesh cotton linters at 0.5% concentration yielded increasingly effective soil aggregation during the first 3 months of incubation, reaching a maximum aggregation value of 93%. Chemically‐oxidized cellulose and corn starch showed surprising in‐soil stability throughout the 6‐month incubation period. In carboxymethyl cellulose samples, a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.7 or less was apparently insufficient to impart resistance to degradation by the microflora of the soil. However, carboxymethyl cellulose with a DS of 1.2 retained approximately 70% of its initial soilstabilizing activity over the 6‐month test period. In the case of hydroxyethyl and methyl cellulose, data are presented which tend to show that a high degree of substitution is not an adequate criterion of resistance to microbial degradation. Rather, the susceptibility of such polymers to enzymatic hydrolysis is apparently attributable to a lack of uniformity of substitution, resulting in a relative abundance of unsubstituted units in the cellulose chain.
Derivation and Application of a Method for Determining Minimum Recommended Rates of Fertilization
Authors: Pesek John , Heady Earl O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhere the cost of fertilizer applied in the field can be expressed as the cost of application plus the cost of fertilizer, it is important to determine the rate which gives the highest net return per dollar invested. This rate describes both the economic minimum rate of fertilizer application and the lower limit that should be included in making agronomic fertilizer recommendations.If yield increase, Y1, is expressed in the form of the quadratic equation, Y1 = sx + tx2, where x is the rate of fertilizer and s and t are constants; and the cost of fertilizer applied, Y2, is given by Y2 = m + rx, where m is the fixed application cost per unit area, and r is the price ratio of a unit of fertilizer to a unit of yield increase; then it is necessary to maximize the relationship
urn:x-wiley:03615995:saj2sssaj195803615995002200050014x:equation:saj2sssaj195803615995002200050014x-math-0001 by setting d/dx (Y1/Y2 − 1) = 0 in order to derive the rate of fertilization that will produce the highest profit per dollar invested in fertilization.A direct solution of the quadratic functional relationship above can be made and leads to
urn:x-wiley:03615995:saj2sssaj195803615995002200050014x:equation:saj2sssaj195803615995002200050014x-math-0002 while a method of successive approximations may be used to solve relationships based on exponential functions of the Mitscherlich or Spillman form.
A Comparison of Ammonium Metaphosphate and Ammonium Orthophosphate with Superphosphate on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Crops Grown Under Field Conditions
Authors: Godfrey Curtis L. , Fisher Flake L. , Norris M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSweet Sudan and Iron‐Clay cowpeas were grown under irrigation in the field on a Lufkin fine sandy loam, an acid Planosol, and on a San Saba clay, a highly calcareous Grumusol (Rendzina). The plots were fertilized with 50‐30‐60 per acre, with the check receiving 50‐0‐60. The treatments consisted of ammonium sulfate, ammonium orthophosphate, ammonium metaphosphate, 20% superphosphate, muriate of potash, and calcium sulfate, applied in such a way as to give a valid comparison between the ammonium phosphates and superphosphate. The forage from one‐half the area of each plot was harvested 4 weeks after planting and the remainder at the end of 8 weeks. Forage yields and chemical composition were determined.Crops at both locations responded to all P treatments, with the Sudan yields being increased about 90% over the check in contrast to only about a 10 to 15% increase by the cowpeas. The greatest yield response was by Sudan on the San Saba clay; the least response was by the cowpeas, also on the San Saba clay. All sources of P were about equal in their separate effect on crop yields at each location.The P content of the separate crops was increased about the same by each source of P, but the P content was highest in the crops grown on the acid Lufkin fine sandy loam. The P content of the cowpeas grown on the San Saba clay was not appreciably affected by P additions.The N, S and Ca levels in the forage were not affected by the P treatments, but were affected by location and species, and were greatly affected by the stage of maturity at harvest, the less mature forage being higher in these nutrients.