bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An indirect comparison of bevacizumab plus cisplatin‐gemcitabine and cisplatin plus pemetrexed treatment for patients with advanced first‐line non‐squamous non‐small cell lung cancer in East Asia
Authors: CHANG John Wen‐Cheng , THONGPRASERT Sumitra , WRIGHT Elaine , TSANG Kenneth , KIM Heung Tae , AHN Myung‐Ju , KIM Joo‐Hang , KANG Jin Hyoung , KIM Sang‐We , WALZER Stefan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAims:  To compare the relative efficacy of bevacizumab plus cisplatin‐gemcitabine chemotherapy (BevCG) with cisplatin plus pemetrexed (CP) in the first‐line treatment of advanced or recurrent non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in East Asian patients. In the absence of evidence from head‐to‐head trials, an adjusted indirect treatment comparison (ITC) approach was selected to compare these treatments.Methods:  BevCG and CP treatments have been compared in their relative effects versus their common comparator, the CG treatment. Outcomes from the ITC were used in a statistical model to estimate progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of the two treatments. The non‐proportional hazards log‐logistic, accelerated failure time model was selected as it provided the best fit. The ITC hazard ratio (HR) was conservatively adjusted to match what was observed between the cumulative hazard functions until the end of the Avastin in Lung trial follow‐up period.Results:  The ITC analysis suggests that patients treated with Bev‐based treatment can expect more favorable outcomes in terms of both PFS and OS (PFS HR = 0.71 and OS HR = 0.41). Probabilistic sensitivity analyses of PFS and OS HR showed that HR values below 1 are likely to occur in 82% of patients for PFS HR and in 94% of patients for OS HR.Conclusion:  BevCG can be considered a more effective therapy than CP for NSCLC patients in East Asia.
Physical effect of various submucosal elevation solutions for colorectal endoscopic procedure: Measuring the vertical‐to‐horizontal ratio
Authors: Day Weida , Saito Yutaka 
Published: May 2011

Aim:  Submucosal elevation solution is an essential element used in endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for colorectal lesions. Therefore, it is important to select a suitable solution for the endoscopic procedure. The aim of the present study was to examine the real time vertical‐to‐horizontal (V–H) ratio physical effect of submucosal elevation solution during colorectal EMR.Methods:  This was a prospective randomized study carried out at an endoscopy centre in a Hong Kong hospital. A total of 10 patients with 15 colorectal adenoma requiring EMR were recruited. The studied submucosal elevation solutions included normal saline, glycerol and hyaluronic acid. Before EMR, 3 mL of these solutions were injected in the submucosal space, one solution at a time. The vertical and horizontal length of the elevated submucosal space was measured by miniprobe ultrasound. V–H ratios of different solutions were calculated and compared. Vertical distance, horizontal distance and V–H ratio of the submucosal space after injection of the submucosal elevation agents were measured.Results:  The mean size of lesions was 14 mm (range 10–20). Glycerol and hyaluronic acid had a significant higher V–H ratio than normal saline; the V–H ratio of normal saline, glycerol and hyaluronic Acid were 0.29, 0.53 and 0.50, respectively.Limitations:  The exact volume of the injection was not certain, and the time between the injection and endoscopic ultrasound assessment was variable. These limitations were overcome by calculating the V–H ratio.Conclusion:  Glycerol and hyaluronic acid have a higher V–H ratio, which makes them good submucosal elevation solutions.
A new method of corotation radius evaluation in our Galaxy
Authors: Acharova I. A. , Mishurov Yu. N. , Rasulova M. R. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
We propose a new method for the determination of the rotation velocity of the Galactic spiral density waves, respectively the corotation radius, rC, in our Galaxy by means of a statistical analysis of the radial distribution of oxygen in the Galactic disc, derived over Cepheids. The corotation resonance happens to be located at rC∼ 7.0–7.6 kpc, depending on the rate of gas infall on to the Galactic disc, the statistical error being ∼0.3–0.4 kpc. Simultaneously, the constant for the rate of oxygen synthesis in the Galactic disc is determined.
We also argue in favour of very short time-scale formation of the Galactic disc, namely tf∼ 2 Gyr. This scenario enables us to solve the problem of the lack of intergalactic gas infall.
Biochemical characterization of digestive α‐d‐glucosidase and β‐d‐glucosidase from labial glands and midgut of wheat bug Eurygaster maura (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae)
Authors: MEHRABADI Mohammad , BANDANI Ali R. , KWON Ohseok 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe wheat bug Eurygaster maura (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) is a potential pest of wheat and barley in Iran and other countries. Two major digestive enzymes of this insect, α‐d‐glucosidase and β‐d‐glucosidase, have been investigated. The midgut has four distinct regions including the first ventriculus (V1), second ventriculus (V2), third ventriculus (V3) and fourth ventriculus (V4). The study showed that the first three regions of the wheat bug midgut were acidic (pH 5.5–6), the fourth region of the midgut and hindgut pH were slightly acidic (pH 6.5–6.9) and the salivary gland (labial gland) pH was determined to be somewhat acidic (pH 5–5.5). Enzyme assay showed that α‐ and β‐glucosidase activity is present in both midgut and salivary glands of adult E. maura. The specific activities of midgut α‐ and β‐glucosidase were 11.2 and 10.8 mU/mg protein, respectively. The specific activities of these enzymes in salivary glands were 3.06 and 2.73 mU/mg protein, respectively. Optimum temperature and pH values for glucosidases were determined to be 30–35°C and 5, respectively. Glucosidases of the midgut were more stable than salivary glucosidases at 35°C. Evaluating enzymatic kinetic parameters showed that glucosidases of the midgut had more affinity as well as more velocity than that of salivary glands.
Korean species of the genus Coptodera Dejean (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lebiinae)
Authors: PARK Jong Kyun , LEE Cheol Min , KWON Tae Sung , PARK Jin Young , LEE Jong Eun 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA truncatipennes‐group species, Coptodera japonica Bates, is newly recorded from Korea. Here we provide a diagnosis and systematic accounts of C. japonica Bates and a key to the species of Korean Coptodera.
New species of Desoria (Collembola: Isotomidae) from Korea
Authors: LIM Man‐Hee , PARK Kyung‐Hwa 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA new species, Desoria mulyeongariensis, shares some characters with D. choi (Lee), such as the number of setae on retinaculum and apical setae on manubrium. However, it could be easily distinguished from D. choi by the number of ommatidia. This species is also well characterized by having long and thickened smooth macrosetae on the body, and 6 basomedian setae on labium.
Description of three liocranid spider species from Korea (Araneae: Liocranidae)
Authors: SEO Bo Keun 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThree liocranid spider species are described with illustrations: a new species,Agroeca bonghwaensisn. sp. and two species new to Korean spider fauna,Agroeca montanaHayashi, 1986 andScotina palliardii(Koch, 1881). The occurrence of the genusScotinaMenge, 1873 is also recorded from Korea for the first time.
Comparison of perceptions of oral health‐related quality of life in adolescents affected with ectodermal dysplasias relative to caregivers
Authors: Kohli Richie , Levy Steven , Kummet Colleen M. , Dawson Deborah V. , Stanford Clark M. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to assess the perceived oral health‐related quality of life (OHQoL) of adolescents affected with one of the ectodermal dysplasias (EDs).Data were collected from 2003 to 2007 in a cross‐sectional study of a convenience sample of individuals affected by ED (n = 35) using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11–14) for children and the Parent‐Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire for their caregivers. The main findings of this study were that individuals who were affected with ED in the older age group (15‐ to 19‐year‐olds) perceived more functional problems than younger individuals (11‐ to 14‐year‐olds) (p= .04). Females with ED (n = 13) perceived more emotional problems than males (n = 22; p= .01). Although caregivers tended to report slightly higher OHQoL scores (indicating worse OHQoL), no significant differences were observed between children’s and parents’ total OHQoL and individual domains’ median scores (p > .05). Thus, the perceptions of oral health and well‐being may vary by age and gender for children who have ED. Caution is warranted concerning using parents as proxies for their children when assessing the child’s OHQoL.
Recommendation of lamivudine‐to‐entecavir switching treatment in chronic hepatitis B responders: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Matsuura Kentaro , Tanaka Yasuhito , Kusakabe Atsunori , Hige Shuhei , Inoue Jun , Komatsu Masashi , Kuramitsu Tomoyuki , Hirano Katsuharu , Ohno Tomoyoshi , Hasegawa Izumi , Kobashi Haruhiko , Hino Keisuke , Hiasa Yoichi , Nomura Hideyuki , Sugauchi Fuminaka , Nojiri Shunsuke , Joh Takashi , Mizokami Masashi 
Published: May 2011

Aim:  In the 2007–2008 guidelines of the study group (Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan), lamivudine (LAM)‐continuous treatment was recommended in patients treated with LAM for more than 3 years who maintained hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA less than 2.6 log copies/mL, because in these patients LAM resistance might exist and switching treatment to entecavir (ETV) might cause ETV resistance. However, there was no evidence on whether switching treatment to ETV‐ or LAM‐continuous treatment was better in those patients. In the present study, we performed a randomized controlled trial of LAM‐to‐ETV switching treatment.Methods:  Twenty‐seven patients treated with LAM for more than 3 years whose HBV DNA levels were less than 2.6 log copies/mL were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups, LAM‐continued group or switching to ETV group. Then, we examined incidence of virological breakthrough (VBT) and breakthrough hepatitis (BTH) in each group.Results:  There was no BTH in any of the patients. VBT was observed in six patients of the LAM group (6/15, 40%), and no patient of the ETV group (0/11, 0%) (P = 0.02). The differences of the proportion of cumulated VBT using a log–rank test with Kaplan–Meier analysis were significant between the LAM and ETV groups (P = 0.025).Conclusion:  In patients treated with LAM for more than 3 years maintaining HBV DNA less than 2.6 log copies/mL, switching treatment to ETV is recommended at least during the 2 years' follow‐up period.
Where are my quadrats? Positional accuracy in fieldwork
Authors: Dodd Mike 
Published: May 2011

Summary1. There has been much written about sampling design, spatial scale and the need for permanent plots in long‐term monitoring but very few authors have considered how to locate and re‐find positions in the field accurately. Indeed, many attempts at re‐sampling exact positions set up many years previously have failed.2. Various field measurement systems were compared including 50‐m tape, consumer‐grade GPS, total‐station theodolite and differential GPS.3. Both total station and differential GPS were able to measure and relocate quadrats accurately to within a few centimetres over distances of hundreds of metres or more.4. Of over 500 1 × 1 m vegetation monitoring quadrats set out and location re‐recorded by differential GPS at sites across UK, only 1% had positional errors of more than 0·2 m. None of these quadrat locations relied on permanent markers. Differential GPS has the advantage of speed and delivering coordinates in latitude/longitude or local coordinate system directly.5. Accurately located quadrats can be resurveyed many years in the future just using the original coordinates without worrying about ‘permanent’ markers that rarely turn out to be truly permanent. If more researchers used these techniques, then there is huge potential for establishing networks of accurate long‐term monitoring positions, which could provide information on a wide range of topics, such as vegetation dynamics and environmental change even if these were not the original research objectives.
Comparison of seed phenolic extraction and assay methods
Authors: Granger Kristen L. , Gallagher Robert S. , Fuerst E. Patrick , Alldredge J. Richard 
Published: May 2011

Summary1. Phenolic acids have been found to play a role in seed persistence traits such as dormancy and resistance to microbial decay, and so accurate methods for their quantification are needed to study the ecological significance of these compounds.2. The goal of this study was to compare three different spectrophotometric assays and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the extraction and quantification of phenolic compounds in seeds. Total phenolic concentrations in the seeds of wild oat, broadleaf plantain and common lambsquarters were determined according to the methods recommended for the total polyphenol content assay, the orthodihydroxyphenol assay and the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) assay, and compared to totals determined through GC/MS.3. The spectrophotometric methods were found to consistently overestimate the total phenolic concentrations when compared to totals indicated by GC/MS. The total concentrations indicated by GC/MS analysis ranged from as low as 0·005% of the spectrophotometric totals indicated by the total polyphenol content assay to 12% of the totals indicated by the FCR assay.4. Ferulic acid, p‐coumaric acid and vanillic acid were among the most abundant simple phenolics in the seeds, with ferulic acid accounting for as much as 56% of the total phenolic composition in the hulls of wild oat seeds.5. Bound phenolics also constituted a large proportion of the total phenolic concentration (up to 98%) although only one method extracted them.6. The results suggest that to get an accurate determination of the simple phenolic content of seed material, GC/MS analysis, along with the use of calibration curves and internal standards, is needed.
How do clients experience reliving as part of trauma‐focused cognitive behavioural therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder?
Authors: Shearing Vanessa , Lee Deborah , Clohessy Sue 
Published: May 2011

Objectives. Reliving is an integral part of trauma‐focused cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT), a recommended treatment for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with a convincing evidence base supporting its use. However, the literature suggests that clinicians are reluctant to use reliving in therapy. The aim of this study was to explore participants’ experiences of undergoing reliving as part of CBT for PTSD in order to further clinicians’ understanding of client experiences of reliving.Design. This was a qualitative study. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted and the transcripts analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) (Smith, Jarman, & Osborn, 1999).Method. Seven participants who had completed the reliving component of trauma‐focused CBT in the previous month were recruited through therapists working in specialist trauma services, and semi‐structured interviews were conducted using a topic guide. The transcripts were analyzed using IPA to enable the research questions to be addressed.Results. Three super‐ordinate themes and 11 subordinate themes were developed to reflect participants’ common and distinct experiences. The three super‐ordinate themes were ‘overcoming ambivalence’, ‘painful but achievable’, and ‘positive change’.Conclusions. This study provided useful information about participants’ experiences of reliving during CBT for PTSD. Clinical implications regarding the therapeutic relationship, preparing clients for reliving, and the impact of reliving were suggested. Implications for future research were identified including extending the score of the study, exploring differences in participants’ experiences, and exploring unexpected findings.
Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Variant Analysis of E6, E7, and L1 Genes and Long Control Region in Identification of Cervical Carcinomas in Patients in Northeast China
Authors: Shang Qinglong , Wang Yan , Fang Yong , Wei Lanlan , Chen Sijia , Sun Yuhui , Li Baoxin , Zhang Fengmin , Gu Hongxi 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTHuman papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) plays a cardinal role in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. HPV 16 has intratypic variants which show different geographical distributions and different oncogenic potentials. To analyze the presence of sequence variations of HPV 16 variants in northeast China, 71 cervical carcinomas were identified by HPV typing. HPV 16-positive specimens were analyzed by PCR-directed sequencing in the E6, E7, and L1 genes and the LCR (long control region). The variation data were compared with those of neighboring districts. In this hospital-based study, HPV 16 was the most common type (73.24%). In HPV 16-positive specimens, 67.31% belonged to the European (E) lineage, while 32.69% were Asian (As) variants. The Asian-American (AA), African-1 (Af-1), African-2 (Af-2), and northern American (NA) lineages were not detected. The most frequently observed variation sites were T178G (32.69%) in E6; A647G (34.62%), G666A (38.46%), and T846C (32.69%) in E7; C6826T (36.17%) and G7060A (61.70%) in L1; and G7521A (98.08%) in the LCR. The most prevalent amino acid variations were D25E in E6 and N29S in E7. In addition, 28 novel variations of HPV 16 were reported. Some covariations between different genes were obtained. In this study, HPV 16 variants belonged to the European lineage and the Asian lineage. Compared with neighboring districts, the distribution of HPV 16 variants in northeast China had a typical pattern. As the first report on HPV 16 variants in northeast China, it should be helpful for designing a HPV vaccine and HPV vaccination program in China.
The Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans Autoinduces Hyphal Morphogenesis by Raising Extracellular pH
Authors: Vylkova Slavena , Carman Aaron J. , Danhof Heather A. , Collette John R. , Zhou Huaijin , Lorenz Michael C. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

pH homeostasis is critical for all organisms; in the fungal pathogen
Candida albicans
, pH adaptation is critical for virulence in distinct host niches. We demonstrate that beyond adaptation,
C. albicans
actively neutralizes the environment from either acidic or alkaline pHs. Under acidic conditions, this species can raise the pH from 4 to >7 in less than 12 h, resulting in autoinduction of the yeast-hyphal transition, a critical virulence trait. Extracellular alkalinization has been reported to occur in several fungal species, but under the specific conditions that we describe, the phenomenon is more rapid than previously observed. Alkalinization is linked to carbon deprivation, as it occurs in glucose-poor media and requires exogenous amino acids. These conditions are similar to those predicted to exist inside phagocytic cells, and we find a strong correlation between the use of amino acids as a cellular carbon source and the degree of alkalinization. Genetic and genomic approaches indicate an emphasis on amino acid uptake and catabolism in alkalinizing cells. Mutations in four genes,
STP2
, a transcription factor regulating amino acid permeases,
ACH1
(acetyl-coenzyme A [acetyl-CoA] hydrolase),
DUR1
,
2
(urea amidolyase), and
ATO5
, a putative ammonia transporter, abolish or delay neutralization. The pH changes are the result of the extrusion of ammonia, as observed in other fungi. We propose that nutrient-deprived
C. albicans
cells catabolize amino acids as a carbon source, excreting the amino nitrogen as ammonia to raise environmental pH and stimulate morphogenesis, thus directly contributing to pathogenesis.

IMPORTANCE
Candida albicans
is the most important fungal pathogen of humans, causing disease at multiple body sites. The ability to switch between multiple morphologies, including a rounded yeast cell and an elongated hyphal cell, is a key virulence trait in this species, as this reversible switch is thought to promote dissemination and tissue invasion in the host. We report here that
C. albicans
can actively alter the pH of its environment and induce its switch to the hyphal form. The change in pH is caused by the release of ammonia from the cells produced during the breakdown of amino acids. This phenomenon is unprecedented in a human pathogen and may substantially impact host physiology by linking morphogenesis, pH adaptation, carbon metabolism, and interactions with host cells, all of which are critical for the ability of
C. albicans
to cause disease.
Requirement of Replication Checkpoint Protein Kinases Mec1/Rad53 for Postreplication Repair in Yeast
Authors: Gangavarapu Venkateswarlu , Santa Maria Sergio R. , Prakash Satya , Prakash Louise 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

DNA lesions in the template strand block the replication fork. In
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, replication through DNA lesions occurs via a Rad6/Rad18-dependent pathway where lesions can be bypassed by the action of translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases η and ζ or by Rad5-mediated template switching. An alternative Rad6/Rad18-independent but Rad52-dependent template switching pathway can also restore the continuity of the replication fork. The Mec1/Rad53-dependent replication checkpoint plays a crucial role in the maintenance of stable and functional replication forks in yeast cells with DNA damage; however, it has remained unclear which of the lesion bypass processes requires the activation of replication checkpoint-mediated fork stabilization. Here we show that postreplication repair (PRR) of newly synthesized DNA in UV-damaged yeast cells is inhibited in the absence of Mec1 and Rad53 proteins. Since TLS remains functional in cells lacking these checkpoint kinases and since template switching by the Rad5 and Rad52 pathways provides the alternative means of lesion bypass and requires Mec1/Rad53, we infer that lesion bypass by the template switching pathways occurs in conjunction with the replication fork that has been stabilized at the lesion site by the action of Mec1/Rad53-mediated replication checkpoint.

IMPORTANCE
Eukaryotic cells possess mechanisms called checkpoints that act to stop the cell cycle when DNA replication is halted by lesions in the template strand. Upon stalling of the ongoing replication at the lesion site, the recruitment of Mec1 and Rad53 kinases to the replication ensemble initiates the checkpoint wherein Mec1-mediated phosphorylation of Rad53 activates the pathway. A crucial role of replication checkpoint is to stabilize the replication fork by maintaining the association of DNA polymerases with the other replication components at the stall site. Our observations that Mec1 and Rad53 are required for lesion bypass by template switching have important implications for whether lesion bypass occurs in conjunction with the stalled replication ensemble or in gaps that could have been left behind the newly restarted forks. We discuss this important issue and suggest that lesion bypass in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
cells occurs in conjunction with the stalled replication forks and not in gaps.