bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mother-to-Infant Transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Is Rare in Sooty Mangabeys and Is Associated with Low Viremia
Authors: Chahroudi Ann , Meeker Tracy , Lawson Benton , Ratcliffe Sarah , Else James , Silvestri Guido 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) occurs
in utero
, intrapartum, and through breastfeeding, with a cumulative rate of transmission of 35 to 40%. As a result, ∼400,000 children become infected each year. Little is known about mother-to-infant transmission (MTIT) during natural simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of sooty mangabeys (SMs) that typically is nonpathogenic despite high viral loads. In this study, we retrospectively investigated the rates of MTIT in a large colony of naturally SIV-infected SMs using serological (anti-SIV antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] and Western blot analysis) and virological (SIV
smm
real-time reverse transcription-PCR) methods. We examined 161 SM infants born to SIV-infected mothers and found that 150 (93.2%) were infected by non-MTIT (
n
= 120) or remained uninfected (
n
= 30). The remaining 11 SM infants (6.8%) were defined as acquiring SIV by presumptive MTIT based on (i) the presence of anti-SIV antibodies without seroreversion and (ii) a viral load of >500 copies/ml of serum in the first year of life. SM infants infected with SIV by presumptive MTIT did not show any increased morbidity or mortality, indicating that the infection is nonpathogenic even when acquired early in life. Interestingly, viral loads of SIV-infected SM infants with presumptive MTIT were 2-log lower than those of SIV-infected adult SMs living in the same colony (i.e., ∼1,000 and 100,000 copies/ml, respectively). These results indicate that MTIT is substantially less frequent in naturally SIV-infected SMs than in HIV-1-infected humans and results in nonpathogenic infection associated with low SIV viremia. Evolutionary pressure to reduce MTIT may have contributed to the restriction of SIV pathogenesis in natural hosts.
Mutations in the Fusion Protein Cleavage Site of Avian Paramyxovirus Serotype 2 Increase Cleavability and Syncytium Formation but Do Not Increase Viral Virulence in Chickens
Authors: Subbiah Madhuri , Khattar Sunil K. , Collins Peter L. , Samal Siba K. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

Avian paramyxovirus serotype 2 (APMV-2) is one of the nine serotypes of APMV, which infect a wide variety of avian species around the world. In this study, we constructed a reverse genetics system for recovery of infectious recombinant APMV-2 strain Yucaipa (APMV-2/Yuc) from cloned cDNA. The rescued recombinant virus (rAPMV-2) resembled the biological virus in growth properties
in vitro
and in pathogenicity
in vivo
. The reverse genetics system was used to analyze the role of the cleavage site of the fusion (F) protein in viral replication and pathogenesis. The cleavage site of APMV-2/Yuc (
K
PAS
R
↓F) contains only a single basic residue (position −1) that matches the preferred furin cleavage site [
R
X(
K/R
)
R
↓]. (Underlining indicates the basic amino acids at the F protein cleavage site, and the arrow indicates the site of cleavage.) Contrary to what would be expected for this cleavage sequence, APMV-2 does not require, and is not augmented by, exogenous protease supplementation for growth in cell culture. However, it does not form syncytia, and the virus is avirulent in chickens. A total of 12 APMV-2 mutants with F protein cleavage site sequences derived from APMV serotypes 1 to 9 were generated. These sites contain from 1 to 5 basic residues. Whereas a number of these cleavage sites are associated with protease dependence and lack of syncytium formation in their respective native viruses, when transferred into the APMV-2 backbone, all of them conferred protease independence, syncytium formation, and increased replication in cell culture. Examination of selected mutants during a pulse-chase experiment demonstrated an increase in F protein cleavage compared to that for wild-type APMV-2. Despite the gains in cleavability, replication, and syncytium formation, analysis of viral pathogenicity in 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs, 1-day-old chicks, and 2-week-old chickens showed that the F protein cleavage site mutants did not exhibit increased pathogenicity and remained avirulent. These results imply that structural features in addition to the cleavage site play a major role in the cleavability of the F protein and the activity of the cleaved protein. Furthermore, cleavage of the F protein is not a determinant of APMV-2 pathogenicity in chickens.
Views of contraceptive service delivery to young people in the UK: a systematic review and thematic synthesis
Authors: Baxter Susan , Blank Lindsay , Guillaume Louise , Squires Hazel , Payne Nick 
Published: March 2011

Background and methodologyDespite widespread availability of contraceptives and increasing service provision in the UK, rates of teenage pregnancy remain a concern. It has been suggested that young people face particular obstacles in accessing services, leading to a need for specialist provision. This systematic review examined the literature reporting views of service providers and young people. Data were synthesised in order to develop key themes to inform the development of contraceptive services for this population.ResultsA total of 59 papers reporting studies carried out within the UK were included. Forty-five of these provided qualitative or mixed method data and 14 reported survey findings. Seven key themes were identified: perceptions of services; accessibility; embarrassment; anonymity and confidentiality; the clinic environment; the consultation; and service organisation.ConclusionsThis review suggests that the most significant concern for young people is the preservation of anonymity and confidentiality. There seems to be a need for young people to be given greater assurances about this, with process and environmental changes suggested. The fear of staff being critical or unfriendly also presents a considerable obstacle to some young people. Issues of service accessibility – such as convenience of location and opening hours – are also highlighted, with lifestyle factors and restrictions on where under-18s can go suggested as important aspects. The review suggests that varying preferences among young people with regard to which service to access requires choice to be preserved and, where possible, extended. This requires services to work effectively together to consider provision across a locality.
Impact of Common Property (E.A.) on Fixed Point Theorems in Fuzzy Metric Spaces
Authors: Gopal D , Imdad M , Vetro C 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe observe that the notion of common property (E.A.) relaxes the required containment of range of one mapping into the range of other which is utilized to construct the sequence of joint iterates. As a consequence, a multitude of recent fixed point theorems of the existing literature are sharpened and enriched.
BD-ProExC as Adjunct Molecular Marker for Improved Detection of CIN2+ after HPV Primary Screening
Authors: Depuydt Christophe E. , Makar Amin P. , Ruymbeke Maya J. , Benoy Ina H. , Vereecken Annie J. , Bogers Johannes J. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Background and Methods: We investigated the efficacy of 8 cervical cancer screening strategies relative to cytology with emphasis on immunocytochemical detection of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV)-induced cell transformation (BD-ProExC) as a tool of triage following primary cytology or hrHPV testing. 3,126 women were tested with BD-SurePath liquid-based cytology, hrHPV PCR genotyping and BD-ProExC immunostaining, and colposcopy verification to calculate sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) in detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+).
Results: Compared to cytology screening, double testing with cytology and hrHPV resulted in the same sensitivity with a significant increase in the PPV (relative PPV: 1.83). However, twice as many tests were needed. Cytology with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) triage and hrHPV testing showed comparative results to double testing requiring only a small increase in number of tests. Screening for hrHPV subtypes 16/18, and ASC-US triage with hrHPV16/18 resulted in significant reductions in sensitivity (ratio: 0.74 and 0.96, respectively). Primary hrHPV/BD-ProExC screening was significantly more sensitive (ratio: 1.63/1.33), but had a significantly lower PPV (ratio: 0.64/0.88). ASC-US triage by BD-ProExC increased the PPV (ratio: 1.90) but decreased the sensitivity (ratio: 0.96). Primary hrHPV screening followed by BD-ProExC triage, led to significant increases in sensitivity (ratio: 1.30) and PPV (ratio: 2.89), and resulted in 55% fewer referrals for colposcopy.
Conclusions: From the investigated screening strategies, primary hrHPV DNA-based screening followed by BD-ProExC triage was determined to be the best screening strategy.
Impact: Immunocytological triage could be used to perfect hrHPV primary screening. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(4); 628–37. ©2011 AACR.
Ultraviolet Exposure and Mortality among Women in Sweden
Authors: Yang Ling , Lof Marie , Veierød Marit Bragelien , Sandin Sven , Adami Hans-Olov , Weiderpass Elisabete 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground: Ecological studies have reported possible effects of sunlight on the risk of several diseases. Little evidence is available on the association between mortality and solar and artificial UV exposure by individual level from prospective studies.Methods: The Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health cohort study included women aged 30 to 49 years in 1991–1992. Participants completed a questionnaire and were followed-up through linkages to national registries until the end of 2006. Cox models were used to estimate adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for all-cause mortality and for cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.Results: During 15 years of follow-up, among the 38,472 women included in the present study, 754 deaths occurred: 457 due to cancer and 100 due to CVD. When combining the information on sun exposure from age 10 to 39 years, women who got sunburned twice or more per year during adolescence had a reduced all-cause mortality, compared with women who had been sunburned once or less. A reduced risk for all-cause and CVD mortality was observed in women who went on sunbathing vacations more than once a year over three decades. Solarium use once or more per month for at least one decade increased the risk of all-cause mortality, when compared with women who never used a solarium.Conclusions: Solar UV exposure was associated with reduced overall and CVD mortality, whereas artificial UV exposure was associated with increased overall and cancer mortality among Swedish women.Impact: Moderate sun exposure may protect against cause-specific mortality. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(4); 683–90. ©2011 AACR.
A Sex-Specific Association between a 15q25 Variant and Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancers
Authors: Chen Dan , Truong Therese , Gaborieau Valerie , Byrnes Graham , Chabrier Amelie , Chuang Shu-chun , Olshan Andrew F. , Weissler Mark C. , Luo Jingchun , Romkes Marjorie , Buch Shama , Nukui Tomoko , Franceschi Silvia , Herrero Rolando , Talamini Renato , Kelsey Karl T. , Christensen Brock , McClean Michael D. , Lacko Martin , Manni Johannes J. , Peters Wilbert H. M. , Lubiński Jan , Trubicka Joanna , Lener Marcin , Muscat Joshua E. , Lazarus Philip , Wei Qingyi , Sturgis Erich M. , Zhang Zuo-Feng , Chang Shen-Chih , Wang Renyi , Schwartz Stephen M. , Chen Chu , Benhamou Simone , Lagiou Pagona , Holcátová Ivana , Richiardi Lorenzo , Kjaerheim Kristina , Agudo Antonio , Castellsagué Xavier , Macfarlane Tatiana V. , Barzan Luigi , Canova Cristina , Thakker Nalin S. , Conway David I. , Znaor Ariana , Healy Claire M. , Ahrens Wolfgang , Zaridze David , Szeszenia-Dabrowska Neonila , Lissowska Jolanta , Fabianova Eleonora , Bucur Alexandru , Bencko Vladimir , Foretova Lenka , Janout Vladimir , Curado Maria Paula , Koifman Sergio , Menezes Ana , Wünsch-Filho Victor , Eluf-Neto José , Fernandez Leticia , Boccia Stefania , Hashibe Mia , Hayes Richard B. , Boffetta Paolo , Brennan Paul , McKay James D. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Background: Sequence variants located at 15q25 have been associated with lung cancer and propensity to smoke. We recently reported an association between rs16969968 and risk of upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancers (oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, and esophagus) in women (OR = 1.24, P = 0.003) with little effect in men (OR = 1.04, P = 0.35).
Methods: In a coordinated genotyping study within the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology (INHANCE) consortium, we have sought to replicate these findings in an additional 4,604 cases and 6,239 controls from 10 independent UADT cancer case–control studies.
Results: rs16969968 was again associated with UADT cancers in women (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.08–1.36, P = 0.001) and a similar lack of observed effect in men [OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.95–1.09, P = 0.66; P-heterogeneity (Phet) = 0.01]. In a pooled analysis of the original and current studies, totaling 8,572 UADT cancer cases and 11,558 controls, the association was observed among females (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.12–1.34, P = 7 × 10−6) but not males (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.97–1.08, P = 0.35; Phet = 6 × 10−4). There was little evidence for a sex
difference in the association between this variant and cigarettes smoked per day, with male and female rs16969968 variant carriers smoking approximately the same amount more in the 11,991 ever smokers in the pooled analysis of the 14 studies (Phet = 0.86).
Conclusions: This study has confirmed a sex difference in the association between the 15q25 variant rs16969968 and UADT cancers.
Impact: Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these observations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(4); 658–64. ©2011 AACR.
Increased Plasma Soluble uPAR Level Is a Risk Marker of Respiratory Cancer in Initially Cancer-Free Individuals
Authors: Langkilde Anne , Hansen Tine W. , Ladelund Steen , Linneberg Allan , Andersen Ove , Haugaard Steen B. , Jeppesen Jørgen , Eugen-Olsen Jesper 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Background: Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a stable plasma biomarker associated with inflammation and disease. This study tested the association between suPAR levels and incident respiratory, gastrointestinal, or other types of cancer in initially cancer-free individuals from a general population-based prospective study.
Methods: Baseline plasma samples, baseline characteristics, and follow-up data were available from 2,656 individuals from the population-based Danish MONICA10 (MONItoring trends and determinants of CArdiovascular disease) study, followed for a median of 12.6 years. Cancer was diagnosed according to international classification of diseases (ICD) 8 and ICD-10 codes and suPAR levels were measured using a commercially available ELISA. The association of suPAR levels with incident cancer during follow-up was analyzed using Cox regression, adjusted for established risk factors and the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocyte numbers.
Results: suPAR levels ranged from 0.6 to 22 ng/mL and median suPAR level was 4.01 ng/mL. An increase of 1 ng/mL in baseline suPAR was associated with adjusted HR of 1.61 (95% CI: 1.23–2.11, P &lt; 0.001), 0.92 (95% CI: 0.69–1.24, P = 0.59), and 1.33 (95% CI: 1.13–1.58, P &lt; 0.001) of being diagnosed with respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other cancer types, respectively.
Conclusion: Elevated suPAR levels were associated with increased risk of incident respiratory cancer and other types of cancer, but not gastrointestinal cancers, independently of established risk factors, CRP, and leukocyte numbers.
Impact: These findings suggest that inflammation is involved in cancer development. Risk algorithms based on established risk factors and risk-associated biomarkers should be developed and evaluated in large, general population-based studies. We suggest suPAR as a candidate for evaluation in cancer risk algorithms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(4); 609–18. ©2011 AACR.
Expression of SLCO Transport Genes in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Impact of Genetic Variation in SLCO1B3 and SLCO2B1 on Prostate Cancer Outcomes
Authors: Wright Jonathan L. , Kwon Erika M. , Ostrander Elaine A. , Montgomery R. Bruce , Lin Daniel W. , Vessella Robert , Stanford Janet L. , Mostaghel Elahe A. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Background: Metastases from men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) harbor increased tumoral androgens versus untreated prostate cancers. This may reflect steroid uptake by OATP (organic anion transporting polypeptide)/SLCO transporters. We evaluated SLCO gene expression in CRPC metastases and determined whether prostate cancer outcomes are associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in SLCO2B1 and SLCO1B3, transporters previously shown to mediate androgen uptake.
Methods: Transcripts encoding eleven SLCO genes were analyzed in untreated prostate cancer and in metastatic CRPC tumors obtained by rapid autopsy. SNPs in SLCO2B1 and SLCO1B3 were genotyped in a population-based cohort of 1,309 Caucasian prostate cancer patients. Median survival follow-up was 7.0 years (0.77–16.4). The risk of prostate cancer recurrence/progression and prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM) was estimated with Cox proportional hazards analysis.
Results: Six SLCO genes were highly expressed in CRPC metastases versus untreated prostate cancer, including SLCO1B3 (3.6-fold; P = 0.0517) and SLCO2B1 (5.5-fold; P = 0.0034). Carriers of the variant alleles SLCO2B1 SNP rs12422149 (HR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.11–3.55) or SLCO1B3 SNP rs4149117 (HR: 1.76; 95% CI: 1.00–3.08) had an increased risk of PCSM.
Conclusions: CRPC metastases show increased expression of SLCO genes versus primary prostate cancer. Genetic variants of SLCO1B3 and SLCO2B1 are associated with PCSM. Expression and genetic variation of SLCO genes which alter androgen uptake may be important in prostate cancer outcomes.
Impact: OATP/SLCO genes may be potential biomarkers for assessing risk of PCSM. Expression and genetic variation in these genes may allow stratification of patients to more aggressive hormonal therapy or earlier incorporation of nonhormonal-based treatment strategies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(4); 619–27. ©2011 AACR.
A Prospective Assessment of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Future Mammography Behavior among Women Who had Early Mammography
Authors: Kapp Julie M. , Walker Rod , Haneuse Sebastien , Yankaskas Bonnie C. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Background: Twenty-nine percent of women, aged 30 to 39, report having had a mammogram, though sensitivity and specificity are low. We investigate racial/ethnic differences in future mammography behavior among women who had a baseline screening mammogram prior to age 40.
Methods: Using 1994–2008 data from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC), we identified 29,390 women aged 35 to 39 with a baseline screening mammogram. We followed this cohort for 2 outcomes: (i) future BCSC mammography between ages 40 and 45; and (2) among those, delay in screening mammography until ages 43 to 45 compared with ages 40 to 42. Using adjusted log-linear models, we estimated the relative risk (RR) of these outcomes by race/ethnicity, while also considering the impact of false-positive/true-negative (FP/TN) baseline mammography results on these outcomes.
Results: Relative to non-Hispanic white women, Hispanic women had an increased risk of no future BCSC mammography (RR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.13–1.30); Asian women had a decreased risk (RR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.61–0.74). Women with a FP result, compared with a TN result, had a decreased risk of no future BCSC mammography (RR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.85–0.95). Among those with future BCSC screening mammography, African American women were more likely to delay the timing (RR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.09–1.45). The interaction between race/ethnicity and FP/TN baseline results was not significant.
Conclusions: Race/ethnicity is differentially associated with future BCSC mammography and the timing of screening mammography after age 40.
Impact: These findings introduce the need for research that examines disparities in lifetime mammography use patterns from the initiation of mammography screening. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(4); 600–8. ©2011 AACR.
Early Natural History of Incident, Type-Specific Human Papillomavirus Infections in Newly Sexually Active Young Women
Authors: Winer Rachel L. , Hughes James P. , Feng Qinghua , Xi Long Fu , Cherne Stephen , O'Reilly Sandra , Kiviat Nancy B. , Koutsky Laura A. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Background: Characterizing short-term detection patterns of young women's incident α-genus human papillomavirus (HPV) infections may further our understanding of HPV transmission.
Methods: Between 2000 and 2007, we followed 18- to 22-year-old female university students with triannual HPV DNA and Papanicolaou testing. Using Kaplan–Meier methods, we estimated duration of detectable, type-specific incident infections; time to redetection (among infections that became undetectable); and time to cervical lesion development after incident infection. We evaluated risk factors for short-term persistent versus transient infection with logistic regression.
Results: Three hundred three incident, type-specific infections were detected in 85 sexually active women. Median time to first negative test after incident infection was 9.4 (95% CI: 7.8–11.2) months; 90.6% of infections became undetectable within 2 years. About 19.4% of infections that became undetectable were redetected within 1 year. Cervical lesions were common and 60% were positive for multiple HPV types in concurrent cervical swabs. Incident HPV detection in the cervix only (vs. the vulva/vagina only or both sites) was associated with short-term transience.
Conclusions: Although most incident infections became undetectable within 2 years, redetection was common. Cervical lesions were a common early manifestation of HPV infection.
Impact: It remains unclear whether potentially modifiable risk factors can be identified to reduce infection duration (and transmission likelihood). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(4); 699–707. ©2011 AACR.