bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical basis for adopting a theory-driven approach to preventing alcohol and other drug impairment (AOD) in the workplace
Authors: Davey T , Davey J , Freeman J , McClure R 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundA State-based industry in Australia is in the process of developing a programme to prevent alcohol and other drug (AOD) impairment in the workplace. The objective of this study was to determine whether the Theory of Planned Behaviour can help explain the mechanisms by which behaviour change occurs with regard to AOD impairment in the workplace.MethodA survey of 1165 employees of a State-based industry in Australia was conducted, and a response rate of 98% was achieved. The survey included questions relevant to the Theory of Planned Behaviour: behaviour; behavioural intentions; attitude; perceptions of social pressure; and perceived behavioural control with regard to workplace AOD impairment.FindingsLess than 3% of participants reported coming to work impaired by AODs. Fewer than 2% of participants reported that they intended to come to work impaired by AODs. The majority of participants (over 80%) reported unfavourable attitudes toward AOD impairment at work. Logistic regression analyses suggest that, consistent with the theory of planned behaviour: attitudes, perceptions of social pressure and perceived behavioural control with regard to workplace AOD impairment, all predict behavioural intentions (p<0.001); and behavioural intentions predict (self-reported) behaviour regarding workplace AOD impairment (p<0.001).ConclusionsThe Theory of Planned Behaviour appears to assist with understanding the mechanisms by which behaviour change occurs with regard to AOD impairment in the workplace. An occupational AOD programme which targets those mechanisms for change may improve its impact in preventing workplace AOD impairment.
The competency of emergency medical operation in emergency medical personnel: advanced life support Unit
Authors: Wijakkanalan W 
Published: March 2011

This research is descriptive research based on mixed methodology. The objective is designed to study the competency of emergency medical operation in emergency medical personnel: advanced life support unit in northeast of Thailand. The population used in the research includes the Advanced Life Support units from 19 northeastern provinces. The samples include Advanced Life Support units in 5 ambulance stations, chosen by multi-stage random sampling; Udonthani, Roi et, Nakhon Ratchasima, Surin, and Khon Kaen. The tools used in research, including Advanced Life Support unit record form, competency evaluation form of the Pre Hospital Registered Nurse (PHRN), Emergency Medical Technician-Intermediate (EMT-I), Emergency Medical Technician-Basic (EMT-B) and First Responder (FR) in preparation, communication, scene size up, patient assessment, on scene care, care in transit, lifting and moving and consignment the patient. Data collection: documentary method, structured interview method, participant observation method and competency evaluation method is applied by using triangulation technique. Analysed by content analysis and typological analysis. Research found various range of outcome depended on the various competency of Advanced Life Support unit. Some PHRN gain improve, some can gain very good, EMT-I can gain fair to good, while the ambulance driver (EMT-B or FR) can gain improve to good.RecommendationEmergency Medical Institute of Thailand should develop the competency that can not be scheduled of all level and review pre hospital care required to apply for the standard emergency medical operation protocol of Thailand.
Operation of a child injury prevention program in connection with local medical institutes: Safety Doctor
Authors: Kim I , Ryu C , Choi I , Ham H , Shin E 
Published: March 2011

ObjectivesThis program is designed to designate a dedicated doctor for each childcare facility, together with local medical institutes, childcare facilities and the public health centre. It also involves medical institutes providing various safety education for injury treatment and prevention, thereby performing a pivotal role in the local community's safety network aimed at reducing infant injury occurrence at daycare facilities.MethodFor project implementation, the Songpa District Office, Songpa Health Office, Songpa District Medical Association and Childcare Facility Association concluded an agreement on mutual cooperation, and chose medical institutes and childcare facilities that wanted to voluntarily participate in the project. Safety doctors conduct regular health checkups for infants at childcare facilities, provide education on injury prevention to teachers, provide advice on measures that should be taken in the event of an injury, and also provide first aid. The medical institutes display safety products, promotional materials and booklets in the waiting room. They thus operate a ‘local safety centre’ that provides information on the health and safety of children to their parents who are visiting the hospital.Results and conclusionIn January 2010, a connection was made between 261 childcare facilities and 69 safety doctors. Children at childcare facilities are actively receiving health checkups and safety education. There are reported cases of injury prevention activities and immediate measures taken in the event of emergency situations. In addition. there is an increased level of satisfaction among childcare facilities and parents towards the safety doctor program.
Unintentional childhood injury surveillance in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Zia N , Khan U R , Razzak J A , Hyder A A , Sugerman D E , Puvanachandra P 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundUnintentional injuries are a leading cause of death among children and young adults. Over 875 000 children ≤18 years of age die annually in the world as a result of injuries, mostly in low- and middle-income countries.ObjectiveTo study the demographics, types and outcome of childhood unintentional injuries in Karachi, Pakistan.MethodsThis surveillance was conducted from February to April 2007 in emergency departments (ED) of five major hospitals of Karachi. Karachi is the largest city of Pakistan and has a population of about 9.3 million of which 43.8% are children. Care-takers of children less than 12 years of age were interviewed regarding unintentional childhood injuries.ResultsThis surveillance included 566 children out of which 67.7% were males and 60.2% were between the ages of 5–11 years. Most of the children were brought to the ED by private transport (56.9%). Injuries commonly occurred at home (48.1%) and during recreation time (45.4%). Fall (49.5%) and road traffic injuries (RTIs) (20.8%) were the commonest mechanisms of injury. Falls occurred most often from stairs/steps. Of the RTIs, 13.4% were pedestrian injuries and 11.5% were due to motorcycles. Majority of the children (79.3%) were directly discharged from the ED with short term disability (44%). There were three deaths, of which two resulted from RTIs and one from fall.ConclusionOur surveillance showed that male children were frequently injured. The frequent mechanism of injury was fall followed by road traffic injury. Most of the children were directly discharged from the ED.
Fatal occupational injuries underreported in Norway
Authors: Wergeland E , Gjertsen F , Lund J 
Published: March 2011

Background2/3 of all fatal occupational injuries (OI) in Norway are recorded by the Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority (NLIA). The other 1/3 is recorded by authorities of oil production, shipping, fishing and aviation. The register at NLIA has been regarded as being complete. The validity of this statement was studied.Material and method183 fatal OI for 2000–2003 were found at NLIA, 171 related to persons resident in Norway. The records of these were found in the national death register (NDR) by the unique personal number. In addition 43 fatal OI within the sphere of authority of NLIA were identified in NDR. The real number of fatal OI was estimated by a capture-recapture model.Results214 fatal OI were identified, 98 in both registers. Missing injuries in NLIA were related to national defence (1 of 9), health and social services (3 of 7), road traffic injuries (36 of 52), fatalities occurring in North of Norway and Spitsbergen (17 of 28). The highest risks for fatal injury (per 100 million working hours) were found in agriculture and forestry (7.0), and in transport and communication (4.1). The number of fatal OI to should have been recorded by NLIA was found to be 246.ConclusionThe risk for a fatal OI in Norway seems to be 44% higher than shown in official statistics. Insufficient registration, especially of transport injuries, might result in misjudgements of size and trends of the occupational injury problem, and the need for prevention.
Identifying injury diagnoses associated with a high probability of admission
Authors: Cryer C , Gulliver P , de Graaf B , Davie G , Langley J 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundWhen making international comparisons of non-fatal injury, they are often based on hospital data, and are contaminated by health service effects. One way to reduce this contamination is to make comparisons using a case definition based on diagnoses that have high probabilities of admission.AimTo identify International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnoses associated with a high probability of admission.MethodWe identified international collaborators who had access to Emergency Department data whose diagnoses were coded to the ICD. A protocol for data provision was agreed with our collaborators. The submitted data was checked by the New Zealand team and then via liaison with the collaborators. Country-specific results were presented at the ICD 4- character level. Results were also contrasted between countries.ResultsThe results show that the only injuries with strong evidence for high probabilities of admission, consistently across all collaborating countries, were fractured neck of femur and other femoral fractures (S720, S721, S722 and S723). Other injuries that were potentially consistent with high probabilities, but for which the estimates had wide CIs due to small numbers in some of the collaborators data, included: focal brain injury (S063), traumatic haemopneumothorax (S272), injury of the spleen (S360), liver or gall bladder (S361).OutcomeThe information generated by this project will inform all high income countries of those diagnoses that almost always get admitted to hospital. It will also suggest a case definition suitable for making international comparisons.
Does the current New Zealand case definition of serious non-fatal injury miss a material number of serious injury cases?
Authors: Cryer C , Gulliver P , Langley J , Davie G , Samaranayaka A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundSimilar to other countries, in New Zealand (NZ) a case of non-fatal injury is captured if the principal diagnosis (PDx) on the hospital discharge record is coded to the injury chapter of International Classification of Diseases (ICD). There has been recent debate in NZ about whether this operational definition captures all cases that are of interest to injury prevention practitioners and policy makers. Research question: Does the case definition of serious non-fatal injury, used in the specifications of the NZ serious injury indicators, miss a material number of serious injury cases of interest?MethodsEmpirical methods were used to investigate an alternative definition of serious non-fatal injury. The alternative definition involved relaxing the criteria for PDx to be within the ICD injury chapter, provided there exists an injury diagnosis on the hospital discharge record, and the severity of the injuries recorded on the record exceed a pre-existing agreed threshold. Results, including case scenarios, were presented to a stakeholder group, where agreement on the most appropriate case definition was sought.ResultsRelaxing the requirement for the PDx to be an injury resulted in 7% more serious non-fatal injury cases. The largest percentage increase in cases was found for self-harm, which showed a 17% increase.ConclusionThe current NZ case definition potentially misses a material number of serious non-fatal injury cases of interest to the stakeholder community. There is evidence, and agreement with stakeholders, to support the adoption of the more inclusive case definition.
Injury deaths: are we missing a material number of cases?
Authors: Cryer C , Gulliver P , Samaranayaka A , Davie G , Langley J 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundAs in other countries, many of the New Zealand (NZ) national fatal injury indicators are derived from the underlying cause of death (UCoD) as captured in the national Mortality Collection (MC). Recent work in NZ, similar to work in Sweden and Australia, has exposed apparent contradictions between hospital data and the MC: for many of the injury cases that died in hospital, the UCoD recorded on the MC was a medical cause.AimTo investigate the current and alternative methods of identifying injury deaths.MethodsNZ hospital discharges, with a principal diagnosis (PDx) of injury, were linked to the MC. Gross mismatches between PDx and the UCoD were described for people injured in the period 2000–2004, by selected variables (eg, age, sex, external cause, intent, PDx). Taking cognisance of (1) WHO coding rules for mortality, (2) definitions of injury death used by injury epidemiologists and (3) identified mismatches, alternative definitions of injury death were proposed.ResultsOf the 1713 people discharged from hospital with an injury PDx who died within 7 days of their injury, 39% did not have an injury UCoD. Of the 5900 who died within 3 months of their injury, the corresponding figure was 66%. There was variation in the percentage with non-injury UCoD by age, sex, external cause, intent and PDx.ConclusionAlternative theoretical and operational definitions of injury death are clearly needed. Definitions that capture relevant cases for epidemiologists, prevention practitioners and policy makers have been proposed.
Unintentional fires caused by products that focus sunlight
Authors: Altkorn B , Emerson G , Chen X , Milkovich S , Stool D 
Published: March 2011

Unintentional Fires Caused by Products that Focus Sunlight Objectives The ability of myriad and sundry transparent and reflective objects to set fires by focusing sunlight has likely known since before the dawn of recorded history and was cited nearly 2500 years ago by Aristophanes. Yet modern generations greet this phenomenon with awe and bewilderment. Over the past decade product recalls, news stories and lawsuits have focused concern on domestic and wildfires set by such seemingly diverse objects as balls, garden ornaments, water bottles, dog bowls and lucky charms. No published safety standards or guidelines so much as mention this rara avis. We address it from historical and engineering perspectives and provide guidance on its assessment. Materials and Methods Recalled and historical products are reviewed. Fire prevention standards and literature involving radiant ignition are examined, as are terrestrial solar irradiance data. Relevant information from imaging and non-imaging optics is cited. Heat transfer variations between large and small irradiated areas are explained. Results of experiments with consumer products are presented.ResultsMethods of recognising, assessing and minimising hazards of accidental fires from sunlight focused by transparent and reflected objects are discussed.DiscussionUnderstanding the radiometric characteristics of sunlight and focusing properties of transparent and reflective consumer products enables product designers to avoid unintentional fires.
Effectiveness of a data sharing strategy for violence prevention: a quasi-experimental study
Authors: Shepherd J P , Brennan I R , Florence C , Simon T R 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundViolence is the fifth most common cause of death worldwide among 15–29 year olds; in 2004 there were more than 600 000 deaths worldwide caused by violence.MethodsPrompted by discoveries that a great deal of violence which results in emergency care is not ascertained by the police, a health service, police and local authority partnership was established in Cardiff to share emergency service data relevant to targeted prevention. Impact was assessed over 50 months using police records (more serious and less serious woundings, common assault), violence-related emergency department attendances in Cardiff and in Home Office designated most similar comparison cities. Socioeconomic conditions and adoption of a national crime recording standard in these cities were controlled for.FindingsThe programme was associated with a substantial and significant reduction in wounding (by approximately 100 per month by month 50; 95% CI 940 to 1070) and in emergency department attendances (by approximately 30 per month; 95% CI 235 to 375) and with a significant increase in common assaults (by approximately 35 per month (95% CI 287 to 410). Interpretation This programme is associated with reduced violence both from a police and emergency department perspective. The principal mechanism is likely to be more frequent and earlier police intervention consequent upon better targeted policing than is achievable using police data alone.
The Mortuary as a source of injury data: progress towards a mortuary data guideline for fatal injury surveillance
Authors: Grills N , Ozanne-Smith J , Bartolomeos K 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundInjury is a substantial and preventable public health problem accounting for 10% of deaths worldwide, of which 90% are estimated to occur in low and middle income countries (LMICs). To help bridge the obstacle of inadequate data in LMICs a simple cost effective system for mortuary surveillance of fatal injuries is being developed in consultation with the WHO. This will inform, direct and monitor injury prevention interventions and policies in LMICs. There are many challenges to the establishment of an international guideline for mortuary data surveillance and this article seeks to outline the process, challenges and progress.MethodologyThis article uses CDCs attributes of a successful surveillance system to characterise barriers anticipated in guideline development and discuss the way forward.ConclusionsThe development of a mortuary data guideline has proceeded and overcome various barriers. The consultative process generated feedback from key stakeholders including forensic pathologists, Ministry of Health officials and injury prevention experts. An International Advisory Group was also convened. These steps have assisted adjustment of the proposed guideline to maximise flexibility, acceptability and stability; while minimising resource implications. Representativeness and the securing of government support perhaps remain the most significant challenges.ImplicationsConsultation with the advisory group and the wider stakeholders has been effective in developing a widely acceptable, user-friendly, low resource data form to gather useful data. Further strategies to overcome barriers will be developed over the course of the pilot study and this needs to be done in consultation the advisory group and stakeholders.
Implementation challenges facing hospital-based surveillance systems in Africa: lessons learned from IPPNWs Multinational Injury Surveillance System (MISSPP) and South Africa's National Non-fatal Injury Surveillance System (NANFISS) pilot projects
Authors: Matzopoulos R , Zavala D , Mtonga R , Valenti M 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionQuality data are important for health resource allocation and the design, implementation and evaluation of injury prevention programmes and policies. Such data are seldom available in resource poor settings. Although there have been successful attempts to systematically collect mortality data, the introduction and sustainability of hospital-based injury surveillance has been more challenging.Materials and methodsThis study describes the implementation of two hospital-based injury surveillance pilots in Africa by International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, and a South African research consortium. It draws on the findings of process evaluations conducted during implementation. The examples of Zambias Lusaka University Hospital and South Africa's GF Jooste Hospital in Cape Town reveal similar recurrent themes.ResultsThe utility of the injury data was apparent to various stakeholder groups, and although both projects met with initial success, neither was sustainable. Key weaknesses invariably related to a lack of institutionalisation and local investment. For example, there was no centralised oversight to coordinate the projects in the absence of the implementing research agencies, new staff were not adequately trained in data collection and, as there was no formal inclusion in hospital protocols, data collection was regarded as research and conducted ad hoc.ConclusionThe findings have implications for future attempts to introduce routine injury surveillance in resource poor settings, and indicate a role for multilateral agencies in developing and promoting implementation guidelines for adoption at a national level, as well as investment by health authorities in quality data collection, analysis and reporting.
Emergency and trauma care quality in Sindh province, Pakistan: a comprehensive assessment
Authors: Razzak J A , Khan U R , Heller D , Baqir S M 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundTrauma and other medical emergencies are a substantial component of the burden of preventable morbidity and mortality in developing countries. We evaluate the availability of emergency medical equipments/ medicines across four districts Methods: This is a cross sectional study. We selected 93 out of 121 known public health facilities by stratified random sampling, These included a total of 67 Basic Health Units (BHUs), 14 rural Health Centers (RHCs), 12 public referral-level hospitals We have selected 12 private tertiary care hospitals by convenience sampling. The instrument for assessment of trauma and emergency equipment was derived directly from the WHO Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care.ResultsOverall, 105 healthcare facilities were surveyed. Majority of respondents (93.4%) reported no one in their facility had received formal training in emergency or trauma care. Many inexpensive and vital supplies were widely lacking, such as epinephrine (found in 30% of basic health unit facilities) and slings and splints (found in 18% of these facilities). Only one of 67 BHU facilities surveyed had an oral or nasal airway, compared to 11 of 12 private hospitals. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) was available in only 67% of public referral hospitals and private hospitals; and an even smaller proportion of RHCs and BHU facilities. Fluid solutions, by contrast, were almost universally available across all levels of care.ConclusionWider distribution of a handful of low-cost supplies could substantially decrease morbidity and mortality from emergencies and trauma in the province.