bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mating-induced transient inhibition of responses to sex pheromone in a male moth is not mediated by octopamine or serotonin
Authors: Barrozo Romina B. , Jarriault David , Simeone Xenia , Gaertner Cyril , Gadenne Christophe , Anton Sylvia 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARY
In the male moth, Agrotis ipsilon, mating induces a transient inhibition of behavioural and central nervous responses to sex pheromone. Newly mated males are not attracted to sex pheromone, and the sensitivity of their antennal lobe (AL) neurons is lower than in virgin males. This rapid transient olfactory inhibition prevents them from re-mating unsuccessfully until they have refilled their sex glands. We hypothesized that this olfactory ‘switch off’ might be controlled by neuromodulators such as biogenic amines. To test our hypothesis, we studied the effects of octopamine (OA) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) on the coding properties of pheromone-sensitive AL neurons in virgin and newly mated males. We show that AL neuron sensitivity increased in newly mated males after injection of OA or 5-HT, but only OA treatment affected certain response characteristics of AL neurons in virgin males. Whereas all measured AL neuron response characteristics were different between virgin and newly mated males, amine treatment in newly mated males restored only the latency and spike frequency, but not the duration of excitatory and inhibitory phases, which were initially found in virgin males. Additionally, we investigated the behavioural effects of OA and 5-HT treatments in virgin and mated males. Although OA and 5-HT enhanced the general flight activity of newly mated males, amine treatments did not restore the behavioural pheromone response of mated moths. Altogether, these results show that, although biogenic amines modulate the olfactory system in moths, OA and 5-HT are probably not involved in the post-mating inhibition of responses to sex pheromone in A. ipsilon males.
Scalable Heuristics for a Class of Chance-Constrained Stochastic Programs
Authors: Watson Jean-Paul , Wets Roger J-B , Woodruff David L. 
Published: March 2010

We describe computational procedures for solving a wide-ranging class of stochastic programs with chance constraints where the random components of the problem are discretely distributed. Our procedures are based on a combination of Lagrangian relaxation and scenario decomposition, which we solve using a novel variant of Rockafellar and Wets' progressive hedging algorithm [Rockafellar, R. T., R. J.-B. Wets. 1991. Scenarios and policy aggregation in optimization under uncertainty. Math. Oper. Res. 16(1) 119–147]. Experiments demonstrate the ability of the proposed algorithm to quickly find near-optimal solutions—where verifiable—to both difficult and very large chance-constrained stochastic programs, both with and without integer decision variables. The algorithm exhibits strong scalability in terms of both run time required and final solution quality on large-scale instances. There is a Video Overview associated with this paper. Click here to view the Video Overview . To save the file, right click and choose “Save Link As” from the menu.
Clozapine-Induced Pulmonary Embolism: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Yeh Jessica , Lee Alice 
Published: March 2010

Purpose To report a case of pulmonary emboli induced by clozapine in a patient who was also using nicotine gum. This case is presented to alert health care providers of this rare adverse effect, to call attention to the risks associated with thromboembolism, and to enable prompt recognition of symptoms so that morbidity and mortality may be decreased in future cases. Summary A 51-year-old white woman was admitted to the psychiatric ward of a hospital for depression. She had suicidal ideation, was experiencing ethanol abuse relapse, and had had auditory hallucinations caused by concomitant medication nonadherence for 2 weeks prior to admission. The patient smoked 2 packs of cigarettes per day and was adhering to a smoking cessation program that included the use of nicotine gum. She developed diffuse pulmonary emboli 15 days after clozapine initiation. Application of the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale to this case indicated a probable relationship between initial clozapine titration and the development of pulmonary emboli in the patient. Clozapine was discontinued without tapering, and the patient was discharged with prescriptions for fluphenazine and warfarin. Discussion The exact mechanism by which clozapine causes pulmonary emboli is unclear, but there have been some hypotheses. This case is similar to previously reported cases because pulmonary embolism was seen on the initiation of clozapine therapy; however, it is unclear whether the concurrent use of nicotine gum increased the risk of developing pulmonary embolism. Conclusion Based on previous case studies and the literature, it was concluded that clozapine alone was the cause of pulmonary embolism in this patient. The role of nicotine remains questionable.
Reduction in Variation of Intravenous Drug Administration in Seventeen San Diego Hospitals with Standardized Drug Concentrations and Dosage Units
Authors: Eastham John H. , Rizos Albert , Gama John A. , Geriak Matthew , Howard Jennifer J. , Johnson S. John , Low Christine C. , Page Daniel , Schultz Diana , Tallian Kimberly B. , Richter Pamela , Quicci-Roberts Kimberly E. , Vanderveen Timothy W. , Pratt Nancy G. 
Published: March 2010

Purpose To standardize intravenous (IV) medication concentrations and dosage units across adult hospitals in San Diego County. Methods The San Diego Patient Safety Consortium Task Force comprised representatives from 17 adult hospitals. The first step was a survey of concentration standards and dosage units for the most common and highest-risk IV medications in use at all sites. Survey results were compared with manufacturers' recommendations and reference materials. A Delphi decision-making process was used to determine final drug concentration and dosage units for each drug. Results Survey results showed more than 85 concentrations used for 34 drugs. Nine of these were high-risk medications, for which 27 different concentrations were identified. With the exception of magnesium sulfate for nonobstetric use, a single concentration was developed for each medication, resulting in a greater than 94% reduction in variation from concentration standards. A single concentration standard was developed for each high-risk medication, resulting in a 77% reduction in variation. A single dosage unit standard was developed for all medications reviewed, resulting in a 100% reduction in variation. Of the 17 hospitals, 15 were assessed for adoption of the standards. Of these 15 hospitals, adoption of concentrations standards ranged from 72.2% to 100% and adoption of dosage units ranged from 84.8% to 100%. Conclusion County-wide standardization of high-risk IV drug concentrations and dosage units reduces variability in IV therapy, which can help promote safer and more consistent practices in IV medication administration. It is expected that standardization will decrease the potential for medication errors within hospitals and on patient transfer to other health care facilities.
Reciprocal relationships between value orientation and motivational interference during studying and leisure
Authors: Hofer Manfred , Schmid Sebastian , Fries Stefan , Kilian Britta , Kuhnle Claudia 
Published: March 2010

Background. Motivational interference is defined as the amount of impairment in a target activity due to the incentives of a non‐chosen attractive alternative. The amount to which pupils experience motivational interference while studying or while performing a leisure activity in a school–leisure conflict situation is seen as depending on the values they attach to achievement and well‐being. At the same time, values may also be effects of frequent experience of motivational interference in the respective areas.Aims. The study is aimed at investigating the reciprocal relationship between personal value orientations and the experience of motivational interference during studying and leisure.Sample. A total of 363 pupils (sixth to eighth graders at the time of first measurement) completed the same questionnaire twice in a 2‐year interval.Method. The questionnaire included measures of achievement and well‐being value orientation and the experience of motivational interference during studying and during leisure in school–leisure conflicts. For this, two scenarios were created. In regression analyses, achievement and well‐being value orientations as well as their interaction terms were used as predictors for experience of motivational interference at t2 while controlling for experience of motivational interference at t1, and vice versa. Additionally in path models, these relations were tested in an integrative way.Results. Pupils' achievement value orientations were connected to differential changes in experiencing motivational interference during leisure and during studying in one scenario but only for pupils low or medium in well‐being value orientation. Conversely, experience of motivational interference at t1 was related to changes in value orientations 2 years later. High motivational interference during studying led to an increase in well‐being value orientation, while high motivational interference during leisure was followed by a decrease in well‐being value orientation and an increase in achievement value orientation. Overall, path models supported these results.Conclusions. The results are discussed in terms of value change and are linked to self‐control and motivation research.
Mendelian Randomization in the Era of Genomewide Association Studies
Authors: Sleiman Patrick MA , Grant Struan FA 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Background: Observational epidemiology has been instrumental in identifying modifiable causes of common diseases, and, in turn, substantially impacting public health. Spurious associations in observational epidemiologic studies are most commonly caused by confounding due to social, behavioral, or environmental factors and can therefore be difficult to control. They may also be due to reverse causation—in which the phenotypic outcome subsequently influences an environmental exposure such that it is wrongly implicated in its pathogenesis—and selection bias. Randomized controlled trials are effective in dealing with the potential sources of error; however, their use is not always leveraged, for practical or ethical reasons.
Content: An alternative method, mendelian randomization, entails the use of genetic variants as proxies for the environmental exposures under investigation. The power of mendelian randomization lies in its ability to avoid the often substantial confounding seen in conventional observational epidemiology. Underpinning mendelian randomization is the principle of the independent assortment of alleles during meiosis, which, importantly in this context, also implies that they are independent of those behavioral and environmental factors that confound epidemiologic studies. By selecting genetic variants that influence exposure patterns or are associated with an intermediate phenotype of the disease, one can effectively re-create a randomized comparison.
Summary: In the past 4 years, genomewide association studies have yielded the first robust genetic associations with common diseases, which in turn should enable mendelian randomization to be even more informative, despite some limitations outlined in this review.
Oral Health Disparities and Psychosocial Correlates of Self-Rated Oral Health in the National Survey of American Life
Authors: Finlayson Tracy L. , Williams David R. , Siefert Kristine , Jackson James S. , Nowjack-Raymer Ruth 
Published: March 2010

Objectives. We sought to better understand the determinants of oral health disparities by examining individual-level psychosocial stressors and resources and self-rated oral health in nationally representative samples of Black American, Caribbean Black, and non-Hispanic White adults. Methods. We conducted logistic regression analyses on fair or poor versus better oral health using data from the National Survey of American Life (n = 6082). Results. There were no significant racial differences. Overall, 28% of adults reported having fair or poor oral health. Adults with lower income and less than a high school education were each about 1.5 times as likely as other adults to report fair or poor oral health. Higher levels of chronic stress, depressive symptoms, and material hardship were associated with fair or poor oral health. Adults living near more neighborhood resources were less likely to report fair or poor oral health. Higher levels of self-esteem and mastery were protective, and more-religious adults were also less likely to report fair or poor oral health. Conclusions. Social gradients in self-rated oral health were found, and they have implications for developing interventions to address oral health disparities.
The Impact of Prenatal WIC Participation on Infant Mortality and Racial Disparities
Authors: Khanani Intisar , Elam Jon , Hearn Rick , Jones Camille , Maseru Noble 
Published: March 2010

Objectives. We assessed the value of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) services as a public health intervention seeking to improve birth outcomes and reduce racial disparities. Methods. We compared the infant mortality rate (IMR) per 1000 live births and percentage of preterm births overall and by race for prenatal WIC versus non-WIC participants in Hamilton County, Ohio, from 2005 to 2008. Results. The IMR was lower for WIC participants than for non-WIC participants (8.0 vs 10.6; P = .04). For African Americans, the IMR of WIC participants was much lower than that of non-WIC participants (9.6 vs 21.0; P < .001). For Whites, IMR and preterm birth rates were not improved by WIC participation; however, there was a higher rate of maternal smoking among Whites. The racial disparity in IMR was dramatically reduced in WIC participants (9.6 for African Americans vs 6.7 for Whites; P = .14) as compared with non-WIC participants (21.0 for African Americans vs 7.8 for Whites; P < .001). Conclusions. Prenatal WIC participation is associated with significant improvements in African American IMR. WIC participation reduces racial disparities in IMR between African Americans and Whites.
Critical Race Theory, Race Equity, and Public Health: Toward Antiracism Praxis
Authors: Ford Chandra L. , Airhihenbuwa Collins O. 
Published: March 2010

Racial scholars argue that racism produces rates of morbidity, mortality, and overall well-being that vary depending on socially assigned race. Eliminating racism is therefore central to achieving health equity, but this requires new paradigms that are responsive to structural racism's contemporary influence on health, health inequities, and research. Critical Race Theory is an emerging transdisciplinary, race-equity methodology that originated in legal studies and is grounded in social justice. Critical Race Theory's tools for conducting research and practice are intended to elucidate contemporary racial phenomena, expand the vocabulary with which to discuss complex racial concepts, and challenge racial hierarchies. We introduce Critical Race Theory to the public health community, highlight key Critical Race Theory characteristics (race consciousness, emphases on contemporary societal dynamics and socially marginalized groups, and praxis between research and practice) and describe Critical Race Theory's contribution to a study on racism and HIV testing among African Americans.
The Moral Problem of Health Disparities
Authors: Jones Cynthia M. 
Published: March 2010

Health disparities exist along lines of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic class in US society. I argue that we should work to eliminate these health disparities because their existence is a moral wrong that needs to be addressed. Health disparities are morally wrong because they exemplify historical injustices. Contractarian ethics, Kantian ethics, and utilitarian ethics all provide theoretical justification for viewing health disparities as a moral wrong, as do several ethical principles of primary importance in bioethics. The moral consequences of health disparities are also troubling and further support the claim that these disparities are a moral wrong. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides additional support that health disparities are a moral wrong, as does an analogy with the generally accepted duty to provide equal access to education. In this article, I also consider and respond to 3 objections to my thesis.
Moving Toward Paradigm-Shifting Research in Health Disparities Through Translational, Transformational, and Transdisciplinary Approaches
Authors: Dankwa-Mullan Irene , Rhee Kyu B. , Stoff David M. , Pohlhaus Jennifer Reineke , Sy Francisco S. , Stinson Nathaniel , Ruffin John 
Published: March 2010

Translational, transdisciplinary, and transformational research stands to become a paradigm-shifting mantra for research in health disparities. A windfall of research discoveries using these 3 approaches has increased our understanding of the health disparities in racial, ethnic, and low socioeconomic status groups. These distinct but related research spheres possess unique environments, which, when integrated, can lead to innovation in health disparities science. In this article, we review these approaches and propose integrating them to advance health disparities research through a change in philosophical position and an increased emphasis on community engagement. We argue that a balanced combination of these research approaches is needed to inform evidence-based practice, social action, and effective policy change to improve health in disparity communities.
The Science of Eliminating Health Disparities: Summary and Analysis of the NIH Summit Recommendations
Authors: Dankwa-Mullan Irene , Rhee Kyu B. , Williams Kester , Sanchez Idalia , Sy Francisco S. , Stinson Nathaniel , Ruffin John 
Published: March 2010

In December 2008, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) sponsored the first NIH Summit showcasing its investment and contribution to health disparities research and unveiling a framework for moving this important field forward. The Summit, titled “The Science of Eliminating Health Disparities,” drew on extensive experience of experts leading health disparities research transformation in diverse fields. The Summit also provided a historic educational opportunity to contribute to health care reform. The theme, addressing disparities through integration of science, practice, and policy, introduced a paradigm for advancing research through transformational, translational, and transdisciplinary research. Engaging active participation throughout the Summit generated recommendations bridging science, practice, and policy, including action on social determinants of health, community engagement, broad partnerships, capacity-building, and media outreach.
Numerical Investigation Of The Effects Of Fluid Rheological Properties On Three-Dimensional Fracture Propagation
Authors: Ben-Naceur K. , Touboul E. , Roegiers J.E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Fluids used in hydraulic fracturing are required to have several characteristics: high viscosity and low leak-off into the formation during the injection, good proppant carrying properties, rapid breakdown during the closure. and easy clean-up during the post stimulation phase, Fluids with complex chemical formulations has been developed to meet those specifications: linear and crosslinked polymeric fluids, energized fluids (foams), gelled acids .. Those fluids depart from newtonian descriptions, and have a history-dependent rheology (to take into account the effects of temperature and shear dependency, with eventually a time-dependency due to the cross-linking process).
The rheology of the fracturing fluids is an essential component in the design of the stimulation treatments, and fluid flow equations dictate the lateral and vertical pressure distribution in the fracture. Algebraic techniques have been used to provide relations, between the fracture parameters (length, width, excess pressure or injection rate) and the fluid rheological description for power law fluids 1.
Introduction
This paper uses a numerical technique for the simulation of three-dimensional propagation of a fracture, and considers the effects of deviation from power-law on the final fracture c:haraderistics. Simpler models (P3DH2) have been developed in the literature, and the previous model provides a tool to validate them. We compare here the vertical growth rates predicted by the fully three-dimensional model with the ones used by a discrete P3DH formulation.
Many fracturing fluids have been shown to deviate from the classical power law representation, and we examine the effects of using some of the more complex rheological models on fracture geometry and proppant placement in the fracture.
The paper finally addresses the problem of the influence of fracture roughness on treatment parameters, and fracturing pressure decline analysis.
FORMULATION AND EQUATIONS
Assuming an isotropic elastic behaviour of the formations, And that the linear fracture mechanics assumption hold, a variational Formulation for the general three-dimensional fracture propagation Equations can be formulated3 by coupling the three sets of equations.
Elasticity
The formulation is based on a finite element formulation of a general boundary integral equation, and has the advantage wrt the classical finite element systems of reducing the dimension of the problem by one:
Equations available in full paper.