bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hollow fiber‐based liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction followed by flow injection analysis using column‐less HPLC for the determination of phenazopyridine in plasma and urine
Authors: Saraji Mohammad , Bidgoli Ali Akbar Hajialiakbari , Farajmand Bahman 
Published: June 2011

AbstractHollow fiber‐based liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction (HF‐LLLME) followed by flow injection analysis and diode array detection (FIA‐DAD) was applied as a simple and sensitive quantitative method for the determination of phenazopyridine in urine and plasma samples. Flow injection system included a conventional HPLC system (without a chromatographic column) and a diode array detector. The extraction of phenazopyridine was carried out using diphenyl ether as the organic phase for filling the pores of the hollow fiber wall, and 0.1 M H2SO4 solution as acceptor phase in the lumen of the fiber. The factors affecting the HF‐LLLME and flow injection analysis including type of organic solvent, pH of donor phase, extraction temperature, extraction time, stirring rate, and pH of mobile phase were investigated and the optimal extraction conditions were established. With the consumption of 5 mL of sample solution, the enrichment factor was about 230. The limit of detection was 0.5 μg/L with inter‐ and intra‐day precision being (RSD%) 6.9 and 4.9, respectively. Excellent linearity was found between 5 and 200 μg/L.
Lipid fuels for exercise
Authors: Stanley John 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMost types of exercise use a combination of carbohydrate and lipid fuels. However, the proportion of the two fuels used depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise. The major advantage of lipid fuels e. g. fatty acids and lipid energy stores e. g. triacylglycerols are their energy density. Thus those forms of exercise with a long duration and a high total energy demand such as marathon running tend to use predominantly lipid fuels. The major advantage of carbohydrate fuels e. g. glucose and carbohydrate energy stores e. g. glycogen are the speed at which they can be made available. Thus those forms of exercise with a need for the rapid supply of energy over a limited period of time e. g. a 100 metre sprint tend to use predominantly carbohydrate fuels.
Milestones in ataxia
Authors: Klockgether Thomas , Paulson Henry 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe past 25 years have seen enormous progress in the deciphering of the genetic and molecular basis of ataxias, resulting in improved understanding of their pathogenesis. The most significant milestones during this period were the cloning of the genes associated with the common spinocerebellar ataxias, ataxia telangiectasia, and Friedreich ataxia. To date, the causative mutations of more than 30 spinocerebellar ataxias and 20 recessive ataxias have been identified. In addition, there are numerous acquired ataxias with defined molecular causes, so that the entire number of distinct ataxia disorders exceeds 50 and possibly approaches 100. Despite this enormous heterogeneity, a few recurrent pathophysiological themes stand out. These include protein aggregation, failure of protein homeostasis, perturbations in ion channel function, defects in DNA repair, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The clinical phenotypes of the most common ataxia disorders have been firmly established, and their natural history is being studied in ongoing large observational trials. Effective therapies for ataxias are still lacking. However, novel drug targets are under investigation, and it is expected that there will be an increasing number of therapeutic trials in ataxia. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in gait, balance, and falling
Authors: Nutt John G. , Horak Fay B. , Bloem Bastiaan R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractGait, balance, and falls have become increasingly common topics of published articles in the Movement Disorders journal since its launch in 1986. This growth represents an increasing awareness of the importance of mobility to patients' quality of life. New methods have become available that allow for accurate measurement of many aspects for gait and balance. This has led to new concepts of understanding gait and balance disorders. Neuroimaging has begun to reveal the neural circuitry underlying gait and balance. The physiology and pathophysiology of balance and gait are beginning to tease out the many processes involved in mobility and how they may be disrupted by disease processes. With these advances, the old therapeutic nihilism that characterized the clinician's approach to falls and gait disorders is disappearing, as innovative physiotherapy, exercise, drugs, and deep brain stimulation are being employed for gait and balance disorders. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Parkinson's disease: The quintessential neuropsychiatric disorder
Authors: Weintraub Daniel , Burn David J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAlthough diagnosed by characteristic motor features, Parkinson's disease may be preceded, and is frequently accompanied by, a wide range of cognitive and neuropsychiatric features. In addition to the most commonly studied disorders of dementia, depression, and psychosis, other relatively common and clinically significant psychiatric complications include impulse control disorders, anxiety symptoms, disorders of sleep and wakefulness, and apathy. These problems may be underrecognized and are frequently undertreated. The emergent focus on nonmotor aspects of Parkinson's disease over the past quarter of a century is highlighted by a nonlinear increase in the number of articles published devoted to this topic. Although the development of newer antidepressants, atypical antipsychotics, and cholinesterase inhibitors in recent years has had a positive benefit on the management of these troublesome and distressing symptoms, responses are frequently suboptimal, and this remains an area of major unmet therapeutic need. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in myoclonus
Authors: Shibasaki Hiroshi , Thompson Philip D. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis review examines some of the advances in understanding myoclonus over the last 25 years. The classification of myoclonus into cortical, brainstem, and spinal forms has been consolidated, each with distinctive clinical characteristics and physiological mechanisms. New genetic causes of myoclonus have been identified, and the molecular basis of several of these conditions has been discovered. It is increasingly apparent that disease of the cerebellum is particularly important in the genesis of cortical reflex myoclonus. However, the precise mechanism and origin of myoclonus in many situations remain uncertain. Effective treatment of myoclonus remains limited, and the challenge lies ahead to develop more therapeutic options. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
The Movement Disorder Society and Movement Disorders: A Modern History
Authors: Goetz Christopher G. , McGhiey Anne 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe Movement Disorder Society (MDS) developed out of a merger with two short‐lived organizations, the Movement Disorder Society, primarily organized to develop a journal for the subspecialty, and the International Society of Motor Disturbances, primarily organized to develop international congresses. The formal merger of the Movement Disorder Society and the International Society of Motor Disturbances into the Movement Disorder Society took place at the 2nd International Congress of Movement Disorders in Munich, Germany, in June 1992. Whereas the journal, Movement Disorders, and the annual International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders remain the anchors of the society, the goals now include the development of regional symposia, regional sections, Web‐based educational programs, and outreach efforts to include young investigators, wide international membership, and inclusion of non‐neurologists, including basic scientists, neurosurgeons, and nonphysician health professionals. Movement Disorders has a continuingly growing subscribership and rising impact factor. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in research on the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Wichmann Thomas , DeLong Mahlon R. , Guridi Jorge , Obeso Jose A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractProgress in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the cardinal motor abnormalities of Parkinson's disease (PD), in particular akinesia and bradykinesia and their treatment, has been remarkable. Notable accomplishments include insights into the functional organization of the basal ganglia and their place in the motor system as components of a family of parallel cortico‐subcortical circuits that subserve motor and nonmotor functions and the development of models of the intrinsic organization of the basal ganglia, including delineation of the so‐called direct, indirect, and hyperdirect pathways. Studies in primate models of PD have provided insight into the alterations of neuronal activity that are responsible for the motor features of PD, revealing both altered tonic levels of discharge and significant disturbances of the patterns of discharge throughout the motor circuitry and have led to the formulation of circuit models of PD, providing testable hypotheses for research and stimulating the development of new therapies. Most importantly, the discovery that lesions of the subthalamic nucleus, a key node of the indirect pathway, abolish the cardinal features of PD contributed to the renaissance in the use of surgical approaches to treating patients with PD, including ablation and deep brain stimulation. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Parkinson's disease, proteins, and prions: Milestones
Authors: Olanow C. Warren , McNaught K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by protein accumulation in the form of Lewy bodies and neurites. It is thus reasonable to consider that alterations in protein handling in the form of increased production, impaired clearance, or both might be central to the etiopathogenesis of the disease. Increasing genetic, laboratory and pathologic evidence has accumulated over the past 25 years supporting this hypothesis. A vicious cycle could develop in which increased protein accumulation from any cause could lead to interference with lysosomal and proteasomal clearance mechanisms causing further protein accumulation. Eventually, protein accumulation could overwhelm the cell's defenses and lead to the formation of toxic oligomers and amyloid‐based inclusions such as Lewy bodies, disruption of critical cell processes, and ultimately neurodegeneration. More recent findings of Lewy pathology in implanted embryonic dopamine neurons in PD patients raises the intriguing possibility that PD might be a prion disorder. These concepts suggests new targets and novel candidate therapies that might be neuroprotective for PD. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in dystonia
Authors: Ozelius Laurie J. , Lubarr Naomi , Bressman Susan B. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe last 25 years have seen remarkable advances in our understanding of the genetic etiologies of dystonia, new approaches into dissecting underlying pathophysiology, and independent progress in identifying effective treatments. In this review we highlight some of these advances, especially the genetic findings that have taken us from phenomenological to molecular‐based diagnoses. Twenty DYT loci have been designated and 10 genes identified, all based on linkage analyses in families. Hand in hand with these genetic findings, neurophysiological and imaging techniques have been employed that have helped illuminate the similarities and differences among the various etiological dystonia subtypes. This knowledge is just beginning to yield new approaches to treatment including those based on DYT1 animal models. Despite the lag in identifying genetically based therapies, effective treatments, including impressive benefits from deep brain stimulation and botulinum toxin chemodenervation, have marked the last 25 years. The challenge ahead includes continued advancement into understanding dystonia's many underlying causes and associated pathology and using this knowledge to advance treatment including preventing genetic disease expression. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Guidelines for the Management of the Foot Health Problems Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Williams Anita E. , Davies Samantha , Graham Andrea , Dagg Abbie , Longrigg Kerry , Lyons Caroline , Bowen Catherine 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as a chronic systemic disease, commonly affects the feet, impacting negatively on patients' quality of life. Specialist podiatrists have a prime role to play in the assessment and management of foot and ankle problems within this patient group. However, it has been identified that in many areas there is no specialist podiatry service, with many patients being managed by non‐specialist podiatrists. Therefore, the North West Clinical Effectiveness Group for the Foot in Rheumatic Diseases (NWCEG) identified the need to develop ‘practitioner facing’ guidelines for the management of specific foot health problems associated with RA.Methods. Members of a guideline development group from the NWCEG each reviewed the evidence for specific aspects of the assessment and management of foot problems. Where evidence was lacking, ‘expert opinion’ was obtained from the members of the NWCEG and added as a consensus on current and best practice. An iterative approach was employed, with the results being reviewed and revised by all members of the group and external reviewers before the final guideline document was produced.Results. The management of specific foot problems (callus, nail pathology, ulceration) and the use of specific interventions (foot orthoses, footwear, patient education, steroid injection therapy) are detailed and standards in relation to each are provided. A diagrammatic screening pathway is presented, with the aim of guiding non‐specialist podiatrists through the complexity of assessing and managing those patients with problems requiring input from a specialist podiatrist and other members of the rheumatology multidisciplinary team.Conclusion. This pragmatic approach ensured that the guidelines were relevant and applicable to current practice as ‘best practice’, based on the available evidence from the literature and consensus expert opinion. These guidelines provide both specialist and non‐specialist podiatrists with the essential and ‘gold standard’ aspects of managing people with RA‐related foot problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extended Roles of Non‐physician Health Professionals and Innovative Models of Care within Europe: Results from a Web‐based Survey
Authors: Stamm Tanja , Hill Jackie 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground and objective. Due to the increasing prevalence of rheumatic diseases, extended roles of non‐physician health professionals and innovative models of care may be important options in rheumatology in the future. Extended roles have been pioneered in the UK, Canada, USA and Australia and been found to be effective and safe. However, few data are available about mainland Europe, so the aim of this study was to explore the current status of the extended roles undertaken by health professionals within Europe, and the corresponding models of care used.Methods. Non‐physician health professionals from various European countries were asked to complete a web‐based survey using convenience and snowball sampling techniques. Data analysis involved calculating descriptive statistics and frequencies based on the countries where the participants currently worked.Results. Of the 479 health professionals who filled in the survey, 430 (92%) indicated that they were performing extended roles. Considerable differences between the 27 participating countries existed, in terms of which extended roles and which innovative models of care were being used. Barriers to performing extended roles were cited as the attitude of rheumatologists in all but eight countries, while attitudes of patients were less common barriers. Lack of knowledge, education and educational opportunities were also experienced in several countries.Conclusion. The present study produced the first data on extended roles for non‐physician health professionals and corresponding innovative models of care in rheumatology within Europe. We recommend increasing educational opportunities, as well as developing strategies to limit the barriers experienced. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Men's Experiences of Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Inductive Thematic Analysis
Authors: Lack Sarah , Noddings Robert , Hewlett Sarah 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectives. There is a lack of evidence for understanding the clinical needs of men with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study investigated the psychosocial experience of this group, to inform clinical practice and generate further research.Methods. Twelve adult male patients with RA were interviewed once. Interview data were analysed using an inductive thematic analysis procedure. Categories and themes were validated by a second researcher and a male RA patient research partner.Results. Four themes were generated: loss of power and control; use of power and control; adjustment; influencing factors (age, pain, medication, relationships and health staff communication). Loss of power and control left participants vulnerable to low mood. Participants asserted power and control over RA by adopting a problem‐solving stance in order to continue with ordinary life. An accepting attitude characterized the adjustment theme where men respected their bodies' limits. The final theme consisted of factors which influenced these three themes.Discussion. These data suggest that when RA results in loss of personal power and control, patients experience distress, which they may not express to their clinicians. Findings indicate directions for further research investigating the possibility that men and women may have differing clinical needs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Exploration of the Support Person's Perceptions and Experiences of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and the Rehabilitation Process
Authors: Lauder Alison , McCabe Candida S. , Rodham Karen , Norris Emma 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe explored the perceptions and experiences of those who support a relative or friend with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a chronic pain condition of unknown aetiology usually affecting a single limb. Semi‐structured interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis, and four superordinate themes are presented here. These themes describe the efforts of carers to make sense of CRPS and the rehabilitation process, to be sensitive to the discomfort of the person with CRPS and to respond in an attuned and helpful way. CRPS had become integrated into the carers' lives as they sought to monitor, protect and motivate the person they supported. The themes are discussed in relation to each other and to extant literature, including work on social support and adjustment to chronic illness, and the clinical implications are explored. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining the molecular mechanism of inactivation by chemical modification of triosephosphate isomerase from the human parasite Giardia lamblia: A study for antiparasitic drug design
Authors: Enríquez‐Flores Sergio , Rodríguez‐Romero Adela , Hernández‐Alcántara Gloria , Oria‐Hernández Jesús , Gutiérrez‐Castrellón Pedro , Pérez‐Hernández Gerardo , Mora Ignacio de la Mora‐de la , Castillo‐Villanueva Adriana , García‐Torres Itzhel , Méndez Sara T. , Gómez‐Manzo Saúl , Torres‐Arroyo Angélica , López‐Velázquez Gabriel , Reyes‐Vivas Horacio 
Published: June 2011

AbstractGiardiasis, the most prevalent intestinal parasitosis in humans, is caused by Giardia lamblia. Current drug therapies have adverse effects on the host, and resistant strains against these drugs have been reported, demonstrating an urgent need to design more specific antigiardiasic drugs. ATP production in G. lamblia depends mainly on glycolysis; therefore, all enzymes of this pathway have been proposed as potential drug targets. We previously demonstrated that the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase from G. lamblia (GlTIM), could be completely inactivated by low micromolar concentrations of thiol‐reactive compounds, whereas, in the same conditions, the activity of human TIM (HuTIM) was almost unaltered. We found that the chemical modification (derivatization) of at least one Cys, of the five Cys residues per monomer in GlTIM, causes this inactivation. In this study, structural and functional studies were performed to describe the molecular mechanism of GlTIM inactivation by thiol‐reactive compounds. We found that the Cys222 derivatization is responsible for GlTIM inactivation; this information is relevant because HuTIM has a Cys residue in an equivalent position (Cys217). GlTIM inactivation is associated with a decrease in ligand affinity, which affects the entropic component of ligand binding. In summary, this work describes a mechanism of inactivation that has not been previously reported for TIMs from other parasites and furthermore, we show that the difference in reactivity between the Cys222 in GlTIM and the Cys217 in HuTIM, indicates that the surrounding environment of each Cys residue has unique structural differences that can be exploited to design specific antigiardiasic drugs. Proteins 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insecticide detoxification indicator strains as tools for enhancing chemical discovery screens
Authors: Shah Sheetal , Yarrow Carol , Dunning Rebecca , Cheek Ben , Vass Simon , Windass John , Hadfield Stephen 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Insecticide discovery screens carried out on whole organisms screen for potency resulting from chemical activity at the target site. However, many potentially insecticidal compounds are naturally detoxified in vivo and do not make it to the target site. It is hypothesised that insect strains with their xenobiotic detoxification machinery compromised could be used to identify such compounds that normally fail to show up in screens; these compounds could then be more rationally designed to increase their bioavailability. This strategy was tested with transgenic Drosophila lines with altered expression of Cyp6g1 and Dhr96.RESULTS: It was observed that Cyp6g1 knockdown transgenic lines have increased susceptibility to the test compound imidacloprid, while Dhr96 knockdown transgenic lines are resistant. Evidence was found for a systemic response to xenobiotic exposure, uncovered by piperonyl butoxide treatment and by gene expression profiling. Sex‐specific gene expression regulated by DHR96 was also observed.CONCLUSION: The results confirm that this approach to chemical discovery could identify compounds that escape traditional screens. The complexity of the system means that a panel of single and multiple gene knockdown transgenic lines may be required. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Do sulfonylureas still have a role in type 2 diabetes?
Authors: Krentz Andrew , Sinclair Alan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe prescribing of sulfonylureas has declined in recent years with the introduction of newer agents in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The authors argue, however, that the judicial use of a sulfonyl ‐ urea can still be both effective and well tolerated. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd