bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Envenoming: Consequences and Management
Authors: Warrell David A 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSome snakes, arthropods and aquatic invertebrates can inject venom into prey or enemies by biting or stinging. Envenoming is a neglected occupational/environmental disease of the rural tropics, preventable by wearing proper footwear, using a light after dark and not sleeping unprotected on the ground. Treatment involves specific antivenom, supporting vital functions and surgical debridement of necrotic wounds.Snake bites: Local effects include swelling, blistering and necrosis. Life‐threatening systemic effects are shock, hemostatic disturbances, descending flaccid paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, intravascular haemolysis and acute renal failure.Arthropods: Hypersensitization to bee, wasp and ant venoms is a common cause of anaphylaxis. Mass attacks can also kill. Scorpion stings are intensely painful and may cause autonomic storm, particularly lethal in children. Spiders' bites are necrotic or neurotoxic.Marine stingers: Fish, jellyfish, coral, cone shell and sea urchin stings can be painful and dangerous. Immersion of the stung part in hot (not scalding) water relieves pain.Key conceptsAnimal venoms and venom apparatus have evolved to immobilize and digest the animal's prey, to facilitate haematophagy and for defence.Knowledge of the venomous fauna of a particular locality, use of protective clothing and avoidance of sleeping on open ground reduce the risk of envenoming.Antivenom, purified immunoglobulin from animals and hyperimmunized with specific venoms, is the only antidote to envenoming.Animal venoms may have tissue damaging local effects leading to permanent dysfunction and, by targeting physiological receptors, can cause haemostatic disturbances, shock, paralysis and autonomic nervous system overactivity.Snakebite is a neglected occupational and environmental disease of agricultural workers and children.The greatest risk after neurotoxic snakebite is the development of respiratory muscle paralysis before the victim can be delivered to medical care; the only known method for delaying this catastrophe is pressure immobilization.Bee, wasp and ant stings more often kill by anaphylaxis in hypersensitized people than by direct effects of their venoms.
Neurofibromatosis TypeI(NF1)
Authors: Viskochil David 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNeurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is a common, autosomal dominant condition that manifests as multiple café‐au‐lait spots, peripheral nerve sheath tumours, optic nerve pathway tumours, orthopaedic abnormalities and learning disabilities. The gene for NF1 encodes neurofibromin, aRasGTPaseactivating protein (RasGAP) that activates the intrinsicGTPaseof Ras and negatively regulates its role in signal transduction. As a tumour suppressor, inactivating mutations inNF1lead to increased intracellular Ras signalling. Other components of theRas‐MAP(mitogen‐activated protein) kinasepathway are now known to be involved in other genetic conditions including Noonan syndrome, Costello syndrome, Cardio‐facial‐cutaneous syndrome and Legius syndrome. NF1 is a neurocutaneous disorder that is a paradigm for many principles in the practice of medical genetics: variable clinical expressivity, penetrance, pleiotropy, age‐dependent clinical expression and mosaicism. The development of inhibitors of the Ras‐MAPK pathway, and other Ras‐connected pathways, opens new avenues of therapeutic intervention for myriad complications of this disorder.Key conceptsTumour suppressor: TheNF1gene loosely fits the paradigm of the “two‐hit” model of tumour suppressor in that somatic inactivation of a haploinsufficient gene in a subset of cells leads to tumour development.Variability of clinical expressivity: NF1 demonstrates multiple phenotypes, even in the same family where all affected individuals have the identical gene mutation.Age‐related penetrance: The clinical manifestations of NF1 arise at different ages and the condition is fully penetrant in adults.Genomic structure: The NF1 gene is traditional in its gene structure, yet there are unique features including embedded genes transcribed in the opposite orientation and multiple disease‐causing translocation breakpoints.Value of diagnostic criteria: NF1 is one of the few genetic conditions that can be diagnosed by the application of seven diagnostic criteria.Mosaicism: NF1 has a high sporadic incidence, and somatic mutations occurring in early pregnancy can lead to a mosaic clinical presentation evident by skin manifestations.Positional cloning: TheNF1gene was identified by application of genetic and physical mapping techniques.Animal models: Animal models, particularly the conditional mice, have been instrumental in furthering our understanding of this condition.Integration of kinase pathways: The Ras‐MAPK pathway is integrated in the intracellular network of signalling that includes growth factor receptors at the cell membrane.Pathophysiology: The understanding of the biochemical pathway and processes leading to tumour formation have led to the design and application of specific therapeutics that would not otherwise have been considered in the treatment of NF1.
Climate Change Impacts: Vegetation
Authors: Sykes Martin T 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Climate, more than any other factor, controls the broad‐scale distributions of plant species and vegetation. Rapid climate change over the next century is likely to lead to major changes in the distribution of plants and thus in biomes and habitats. This will affect many other nonplant species as their ecology is intimately linked not only to climate but also to the habitat availability. How plants have already responded to climate change, concentrating on their phenology, the timing of events in their annual cycle such as leaf out or flowering and shifts in species ranges are summarized. How plants have responded in the past to changing climates particularly since the end of the last ice age is also discussed. Simulation modelling is a tool that is being used to forecast vegetation change and some of the techniques and forecasts for the future from modelling experiments are also described.
Genomics of Algae
Authors: Heijde Marc , Bowler Chris 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Algae are dominant contributors to primary production and have a major impact on biogeochemical cycles because of their unique metabolisms. Few algal genomes have so far been characterized, although whole genome sequences have now been generated from representatives of the green, red and brown algae. In addition, numerous projects are progressing to define algal transcriptomes using expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and microarrays. Multiple efforts based on comparative and functional genomics approaches have already generated an influx of exciting data about evolutionary origins and functional innovations of different algal species dispersed throughout the eukaryotic tree of life.

Key concepts:

Algal species have little common phylogeny and are widely dispersed throughout the eukaryotic tree of life.

Red and green algae lie within the Archaeplastida whereas brown algae lie within the Stramenopile and Alveolata lineages.

Brown algae have secondary plastids, thought to be derived from secondary endosymbiosis.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii represents the best‐studied experimental system for algae.

Diatom genomes are highly chimeric in nature, with genes derived from both partners of the secondary endosymbiosis, as well as large numbers of bacterial genes acquired by horizontal gene transfer.

The existence of C4 photosynthesis in algae has not yet been conclusively demonstrated.

Distinct algal species often comprise ecotypes optimized for growth in specific environmental conditions.
High‐Throughput Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Genotyping Technologies
Authors: Chee Seng KU , Katherine KASIMAN , Kee Seng CHIA 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Genome‐wide association studies have successfully identified many novel genetic loci for various human complex diseases and quantitative traits. There are several important factors contributing to the feasibility of this approach; one of them is the rapid advancement in high‐throughput single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyping technologies which has enabled researchers to comprehensively interrogate the entire human genome. Almost all the studies that have been published up to date used commercially available whole‐genome genotyping arrays from Illumina® and Affymetrix®. The most prominent feature of these high‐throughput genotyping platforms is the ability to interrogate several hundred thousands to one million SNPs simultaneously in a microarray. The application of genotyping arrays is not only limited to association studies, but it has also been applied to many other human genetic studies. However, the rapid developments of sequencing technologies have started replacing the microarray experiments for both structural and functional genomics studies.

Key concepts:

Over the past three years, GWAS have been playing an important role in identifying novel genetic loci for various human complex diseases and quantitative traits.

The paradigm shift in genetic approach to GWAS has been attributed to several important developments, notably the rapid advancement in high‐throughput SNPs genotyping technologies.

High‐throughput SNPs genotyping technologies had enabled researchers to interrogate several hundred thousands to one million SNPs simultaneously in a microarray.

GWAS is a comprehensive and agnostic approach in the search for unknown disease variants, as such; the ability to interrogate large number of SNPs covering the entire human genome is a prerequisite to this study design.

Currently, Illumina® and Affymetrix® are the only two companies in the market who design and provide whole‐genome genotyping arrays for human genetic studies.

There are two commonly adopted approaches in SNPs selection for whole‐genome genotyping arrays: direct and indirect. Direct approach focuses on selecting SNPs that are of putative functional importance. In contrast, indirect approach selects SNPs despite their functionality.

Genome coverage is an estimate of the proportion of SNPs (using the International HapMap data as reference) that can be captured by the SNPs which directly genotyped in an array with a preset
r
2
threshold.

Expeditious developments of sequencing technologies have started threatening the market of microarray.

Currently, the three next‐generation sequencing platforms are Illumina® Genome Analyzer, Roche® 454 GS‐FLX Sequencer and ABI® SOLiD Sequencer.

Sequencing approach has been quickly adopted for various applications in structural and functional genomic studies, for example, ChIP‐Seq, transcriptome profiling (RNA‐Seq) and paired‐end sequencing method to detect structural variations.
Higher Order Statistical Signal Processing
Authors: White Paul 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The use of higher order spectra as tools for structural health monitoring is discussed. They are reviewed with reference to the familiar concepts of correlation functions and power spectra. In particular, third‐order spectra, bispectra, are considered for the detection of cracks in beams through numerical simulations. The ability of the fourth‐order spectrum, the trispectrum, to identify nonlinearities is demonstrated using a simulated softening spring.
Piezoceramic Materials—Phenomena and Modeling
Authors: Kaliappan Jayabal , Sivakumar Srinivasan M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Piezoceramics are widely used as sensors and actuators and are incorporated predominantly in structural health monitoring (SHM) devices to predict the condition of the structure without affecting its continued operation. This article provides an overview of the ferroelectrics that are known as piezoceramics within their linearized region. Crystal structure of the ferroelectrics stimulating the piezoelectric behavior and the phenomena realized by their characteristics are dealt with. The effect of domain switching and its influence on the response of the ferroelectrics are discussed from the microscopic perspective. A variety of models that have attempted to predict the behavior of the ferroelectrics under complex loading conditions are discussed in brief. In addition, a few important parameters necessary to design the piezoelectric devices are discussed.
Fatigue Life Assessment of Structures
Authors: Bruder Thomas 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article gives an overview on fatigue life assessment methods based on finite element (FE) results. The basic analysis of service loads acting on a structure is described. The essential background is provided for evaluating the fatigue life using the stress‐life and the strain‐life approach. Furthermore, attention is given to effects on the fatigue strength related to the component's surface and size. Exemplarily, fatigue life evaluation is illustrated for a uniaxially loaded notched member as well as a component under multiaxial loading.
A Simplified Damage Model forSHMMetallic and Composite Structures
Authors: Hu N. , Mahapatra D. R. , Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this work, a numerical technique is proposed to study wave propagation in metallic and composite materials containing various damages, such as transverse cracks and delaminations. In this approach, a novel yet accurate two‐dimensional (2‐D) plane element is constructed to model the damaged areas. The element is based on the partition of unity approach, in which the approximate spectral properties of the infinite dimensional system are embedded within the space of conventional finite element method through a consistent technique of waveform enrichment. The technique is general, such that it can be applied to the Lagrangian family of finite elements with specific waveform enrichment scheme, depending upon the dominant modes of wave propagation in the physical system. As a result, the frequency‐dependent stiffness matrix and the mass matrix are obtained, which capture the higher frequency response with even coarse meshes, accurately. To enhance the computational efficiency, the ordinary spectral element method is employed to model the exterior or far‐field regions without damages. Numerical verification is carried out to illustrate the effectiveness of the method and the behavior of wave propagation in damaged metallic and composite materials is investigated.
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) for Monitoring Long Suspension Bridges
Authors: Meng Xiaolin , Huang Wei 
Published: September 2009

AbstractGlobal navigation satellite system (GNSS), notably global positioning system (GPS), has been utilized for more than a decade in the deformation monitoring of a variety of stationary structures such as dams, building, slopes, etc., around the world. With the technological advent of GPS positioning, telecommunications, and signal processing, as well as public awareness, GPS has been widely used in recent years for monitoring slender structures such as large suspension bridges and high‐rise buildings. This article briefly reviews the history of GNSS for SHM of different civil structures, with its focus on the applications of GNSS positioning for long suspension bridge deformation monitoring. It is followed by a discussion on the architecture of GNSS centered SHM system, which consists of subsystems such as instrumentation, data acquisition and transmission, data processing, visualization of deformations, and interface with dedicated analytical models. The issues in using GNSS for SHM are addressed by the authors and also relevant solutions are introduced in the article. At the end of the article, the authors present their future vision about GNSS for SHM.
Nanoengineering of Sensory Materials
Authors: Kang Inpil , Maheshwari Gunjan , Yun Yeo Heung , Shanov Vesselin , Chopra Sachit , Abot Jandro , Choi Gyeongrak , Schulz Mark 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNanoengineering of sensory materials is based on integrating nanoscale materials such as carbon nanotubes or nanotube intermediate products into a host material to provide sensing and other properties that we want. Nanoengineered sensory materials can be nano or macroscale in size, with unique combinations of properties such as high strength, supercapacitance, electrical conductivity, magnetic response, piezoresistance, lightweight, and photonic behavior. These properties provide new opportunities to custom design multifunctional sensors and self‐sensing materials for structural health monitoring. This article gives an overview of the state of the art in nanoengineering of sensor materials including development of carbon nanotube continuous sensors, crack, corrosion, chemical sensors, and a concept wireless transponder. Overall, the emergence of nanoengineered sensors is predicted to open up many new opportunities in the field of health monitoring, not just for structures, but also for humans, electronics, and the environment. Since the field is new, most of the work is in progress. However, we can expect in the near future that nanoengineering will produce a medley of self‐sensing new materials that will monitor and report their condition, and partially repair damage. Nanoscale materials may enable the design of long‐lasting transportation systems and extend the human lifespan.
Piezoelectricity Principles and Materials
Authors: Giurgiutiu Victor 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article starts with the general presentation of piezoelectric principles and equations. Both tensor notations and Voigt matrix notations are discussed. Subsequently, several types of electroactive materials are presented: piezoelectric ceramics, electrostrictive ceramics, piezoelectric polymers, etc. Various formulations of these materials are currently commercially available. The names lead zirconate titanate (PZT) (a piezoelectric ceramic), lead manganate niobate (PMN) (an electrostrictive ceramic), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (a piezoelectric polymer), which have become widely used in structural health monitoring (SHM) sensor applications, are presented. A general perspective on piezoelectricity and ferroelectric ceramics, explaining some of the physical behavior underpinning their salient features, especially in relation to perovskite crystalline structures, is given. Piezoelectric polymers such as PVDF, which are flexible, resilient, and durable but produce less force, are presented. Magnetoactive materials such as the magnetostrictive Terfenol‐D are also presented because they are used in some SHM sensor applications. Summary and conclusions wrap up the article.
Sensor Network Paradigms
Authors: Farrar Charles R. , Park Gyuhae , Farinholt Kevin M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractStructural health monitoring (SHM) requires a rigorous approach to designing the sensing system used for the data‐acquisition portion of a problem. To date, most SHM sensor system designs are done in a somewhatad hocmanner where the engineer picks a sensing system that is readily available and that he or she is familiar with, and then attempts to demonstrate that a specific type of damage can be detected with that system. More recently, researchers have begun to develop sensor networks designed specially for SHM. On the basis of this research, several SHM sensor network paradigms have emerged, and this article is intended to provide an overview of these paradigms. First, a brief summary of the statistical pattern‐recognition approach to SHM problem is presented. The data‐acquisition portion of the paradigm is then addressed in detail, where the various parameters of the system that must be considered in its design and subsequent field deployment are summarized. This article focuses on several general SHM sensor network paradigms that have emerged and concludes by summarizing axioms for SHM that have been proposed in the literature and that are directly related to sensing issues for SHM.
Web‐basedSHM
Authors: Karbhari Vistasp M. , Guan Hong 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe tremendous advances in sensor technologies and data transmission have provided unique and timely opportunities for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of civil infrastructure. For SHM to be truly effective, the system must not just collect data regarding the response of infrastructure components, but must also be able to use this data to allow for rapid assessment of the health of the structure and even of the need and timeliness of maintenance and/or repairs. The SHM system must, therefore, intrinsically allow engineers to review the “health” of a structure within a network of such structures from a remote location and to reach decisions regarding its state using on‐line tools working almost autonomously, thereby enabling a true 24/7 monitoring of response. Web‐based monitoring enables this advancement. This article provides the rationale for the structure of and an example of a web‐based SHM system.
HybridPZT/FBGSensor System
Authors: Wu Zhanjun , Qing Xinlin P. , Chang Fu‐Kuo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPiezoelectric transducers and fiber‐optic sensors have been established as excellent sensors for monitoring structural health. To utilize the advantages of both piezoelectric transducer (PZT) and fiber‐optic sensor, hybrid piezoelectric/fiber‐optic structural health monitoring systems have been developed for quick nondestructive evaluation and long‐term health monitoring of aerospace vehicles and civil structures. In this article, a general review of the state of art of the hybrid piezoelectric/fiber‐optic sensing techniques is presented, which include the ultrasonic stress wave detectability study based on both experimental demonstration and theoretical analysis. An integrated hybrid active system and its application are also introduced. The hybrid active system uses PZT transducers as actuators to input diagnostic waveforms to the structure, and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors to receive the response signals in a pitch‐catch manner. Demonstrations of damage detection of the system in both metallic and composite structures with the proposed system are presented as well.
Ambient Vibration Monitoring
Authors: Wenzel Helmut 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Structural health monitoring has become widely accepted in bridge management. The methodologies have become considerably developed over the past 10 years and reached a certain maturity. Many lessons have been learned from the monitoring activities. This article highlights the lessons learned over time that have relevance to bridge design.

Our transportation infrastructure is aging. Bridges are an essential asset of our economy. Reference is made to the situation in the United States, where within the network of the
Federal Highway Agency
(
FHWA
) 590 000 bridges are serving, out of which 160 000 are rated deficient when the traditional methodology is applied. It is estimated that replacement costs of seven billion US$ annually over 20 years may be required to achieve a perfect upgrade. In order to avoid such costs, the lessons learned with relevance to design should be considered in bridge design processes at the present time. Another drastic example is a bridge built in Austria in 1978, following the minimization principle of construction costs, at €8.5 million. Within 25 years, a total of €19.5 million had to be invested into retrofit measures. Considering the life‐cycle costs, such situations have to be avoided in future.

The following is a collection of lessons learned from ambient vibration monitoring of over 400 bridge structures since 1997. The structures monitored are mainly situated in central Europe and represent the typical design for this region. Nevertheless, most of these lessons can be extended to structures worldwide. The terms and detailed explanations can be found in the book “Ambient Vibration Monitoring”, John Wiley, ISBN 0470024305, which is the
standard literature
on this subject.