bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A NOTE ON FIXATION DURING PERIMETRY
Authors: HEIJL A. , KRAKAU C. E. T. 
Published: May 2009

Small eye movements in the direction of the disappearing stimulus can be observed at kinetic perimetry when the test object enters a scoto‐matous area. These may be responsible for the fact that several field defects, missed at routine manual perimetry, are spotted at automatic perimetry. In the latter case the patient cannot predict the position of next test light, since these are illuminated at random, whereas at kinetic perimetry they are exposed in systematic order.By using two specially designed logics in automatic perimetry, it was shown that there may be a reduction of the scotoma size if the lights are exposed in an ordered sequence. This effect is avoided by using a logic with randomly exposed stimuli. It is most likely that the difference can be attributed to “malfixation”.—
CORNEAL THICKNESS: II. Environmental and Genetic Factors
Authors: ALSBIRK P. H. 
Published: May 2009

In a material of 839 Greenland Eskimos with no corneal abnormalities, the variations of central corneal thickness (CT) were analysed from a genetic point of view.Environmental factors were suggested by a town‐village difference in mean CT level (excess in town), by a higher CT level in families with an indoor occupation, and by a nearly significant husband‐wife CT correlation.Using an age‐sex‐location‐independent CT deviation score (CTDS) the family variations were studied in 86 families with two parents and one to seven children, and in 187 sibships with two to seven sibs. These first degree relationships showed a fairly high level of resemblance, which seems to indicate a major genetic influence on CT, with heritability estimates about 0.6–0.7. In men an association was found between CT and Caucasian admixture, which also suggested genetic factors. However, both findings call for reservation because of the socioeconomic environmental influence.
CRYPTOPHTHALMOS, DYSCEPHALY, SYNDACTYLY AND RENAL APLASIA
Authors: VARNEK LISBETH 
Published: May 2009

A danish girl with incomplete, bilateral cryptophthalmos together with associated craniofacial malformations, laryngeal hypoplasia, syndactyly, unilateral renal aplasia and slight external genital abnormalities is reported.Chromosomal abnormalities or metabolic disorders were not demonstrated. As the condition is extremely rare, some clinical and pathological findings previously described in analogous cases are mentioned, together with a few pathogenetic mechanisms.Finally, a discussion regarding the aetiology of the condition is presented. Most authors are convinced that the malformative pattern is a syndrome with an autosomally recessive genetic basis. Added environmental influence explains the wide range of manifestations and the varying gene expressivity.
CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL CELL DENSITY IN IRIDOCYCLITIS
Authors: SETÄLÄ KIRSI 
Published: May 2009

The endothelial cells of both eyes of 60 unilateral iridocyclitic patients were photographed with a specular microscope to establish the possible effect of iridocyclitis on corneal endothelial cells.Chronic severe iridocyclitis with mutton‐fat keratic precipitates (KP) lowered the central endothelial cell count. Five patients out of the seven with mutton‐fat KPs had a distinctly lower central cell density in the affected eye. In the remaining patients, no significant difference in cell densities could be demonstrated between affected and healthy eyes. Neither the inflammatory process itself nor the round white KPs had a deleterious effect on the central corneal endothelial cell densities.
POSTMORTAL “VITAL” STAINING OF THE EXTERNAL EYE
Authors: NORN M. S. 
Published: May 2009

Two hundred and two eyes from 112 individuals were vital‐stained from 2 to 46 h after death. Intensity and extension of staining were studied in ten regions. The staining gradually progressed after death, also within non‐exposed areas. It most often started anteriorly on the tarsus and finally included the fornix.Microscopy revealed diffuse cell staining by rose bengal or trypan blue. The cell nucleus was most often more intensely stained than the cytoplasm. Up to five h after death, neutral red had only stained vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Later diffuse staining of cells occurred.Tetrazolium differed from the above dyes in that the pronounced staining seen immediately after death gradually decreased in the course of time. Microscopy disclosed stained inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm up to 18 h after death. Then cell staining was only seen as a rare exception in relation to extracellular dye granules. However, the mucous thread in the inferior fornix showed gradually increasing postmortal tetrazolium staining. The amount of mucus was found to be the same in dead persons as in the living.The characteristic appearance of the dead eye is due, among other things, to ruptures of the corneal epithelium (fluorescein‐stained) and cell death, and not to drying up or coating by mucus.
AGE VARIATIONS IN NORMAL HUMAN CONTRAST SENSITIVITY
Authors: DEREFELDT GUNILLA , LENNERSTRAND GUNNAR , LUNDH BJÖRN 
Published: May 2009

The visual contrast sensitivity (the reciprocal of contrast threshold) was studied as a function of age. Psychophysical measurements of binocular and monocular contrast thresholds were made for 33 normal observers at spatial frequencies within the range 0.5 to 40 cycles/degree. The observers were divided into three different age groups: young, middle‐aged, and old subjects with the age ranges 6–10 years, 20–40 years, and 60–70 years, respectively. All observers had healthy eyes, normal vision, and Snellen visual acuity of 1.0 or better in both eyes.In all groups, contrast sensitivity for binocular and monocular viewing peaked at a spatial frequency around 3–5 cycles/degree and showed the typical attenuation at low and high spatial frequencies. The binocular contrast sensitivity was higher than the monocular.There was no significant difference between young and middle‐aged subjects with regard to contrast sensitivity. Subjects aged 60 years or more showed significantly lower contrast sensitivity than younger subjects for most spatial frequencies above 4 cycles/degree. We may thus conclude that both the binocular and monocular contrast sensitivity seemed independent of age within the range of 6 to 40 years. For higher ages studied (above 60 years), there was a loss of sensitivity in the middle and high frequency regions.
MORPHOLOGY AND ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF THE RETINAL CAPILLARIES IN STREPTOZOTOCIN‐DIABETIC MICE
Authors: ÅGREN A. , REHN G. , NAESER P. 
Published: May 2009

Male lean mire belonging to the obese‐hyperglycemic strain were made diabetic by intravenous injection of streptozotocin. The retinal capillary bed freed by trypsin digestion was studied with regard to morphology and the activity of some enzymes. There was a significant increase in the ratio between the endothelial and mural cells which was interpreted as indicating mural pericyte disappearance. The activities of adenylate kinase, aspartate‐amino‐transferase and hydroxyacyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase in the retinal vessels of the diabetic animal were significantly higher than in vessels from the control animals. No differences were found in the activities of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase and phosphofructokinase between the two animal groups.It is suggested that these results reflect early morphological and metabolic changes of the retinal vessels, preceding the well known clinical picture of diabetic retinopathy.
SURGICAL STIMULATION OF THE UVEOSCLERAL OUTFLOW
Authors: NESTEROV A. P. , BATMANOV YR. E. , CHERKASOVA I. N. , EGOROV E. A. 
Published: May 2009

Six series of experiments were performed on 45 isolated cadaver eyes. In the first series, the outflow facility of the human sclera was measured, in the others, five surgical techniques for stimulating the uveo‐scleral outflow were evaluated with the help of a constant pressure perfusion technique. It was found that the scleral C‐value was pressure independant and its average value was equal to 0.0036 mm3/min/mmHg per 1 cm2 (100 mm2) of scleral surface.After the implantation of a scleral strip into the supra‐uveal space, the mean increase in the total C‐value was 23% of its initial value, ranging from 7 to 35%. After cyclodialysis the C‐value increment varied from 17% to 66%, averaging 30%. The average increase in the outflow facility amounted to 60% (range 24–96%) in those cases where implantation of the scleral strip in the suprauveal space was combined with cyclodialysis. After implantation of a scleral strip, combined with subscleral sinusotomy, the C‐value increment varied from 18 to 71%, averaging 41%. After cyclodialysis combined with goniospasis, the mean increase in the outflow facility coefficient was 62% (range 43%–108%).
THE LONG‐TERM HYPOTENSIVE EFFECT OF TIMOLOL MALEATE COMPARED WITH THE EFFECT OF PILOCARPINE IN SIMPLE AND CAPSULAR GLAUCOMA
Authors: AIRAKSINEN P. J. 
Published: May 2009

The long‐term intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effect of a β‐adrenergic blocking agent, timolol maleate, in topical administration was compared with the effect of pilocarpine on simple and capsular glaucoma by means of diurnal pressure curves during a six‐month follow‐up.In simple glaucoma timolol was more effective than pilocarpine in lowering IOP. In the follow‐up a significant but not marked increase of the IOP was observed. In capsular glaucoma timolol was not effective enough, but when it was co‐administered with miotics the IOP lowering effect was better than with either substance alone.Timolol induced no accomodative myopia, miosis, reduction of tear flow or other side effects. It increased the outflow facility in simple glaucoma but not in capsular glaucoma. During the trial, the anterior chamber depth increased while the corneal thickness remained unchanged.Four out of the six eyes included in a previous report of secondary glaucoma due to chronic uveitis are still, after one year of therapy, controlled with timolol.
ANT‐EGG CATARACT
Authors: SCHRØDER HENRIK DAA , NISSEN STEEN HOLST 
Published: May 2009

The ultrastructure of the ant‐egg cataractous lens has been studied. Comparison of tissue demineralized by means of EDTA with untreated tissue showed the calcium salts in the ant‐eggs to be mostly crystalline.A laminar appearance of the ant‐egg seen in EDTA treated material suggested an intermittent growth of the structure.In the ant‐eggs, as well as in some areas separate from these, membrane limited cytoplasmic bodies could be seen in many cases, the membranes of which were partly joint and partly separated by an electron dense material.It is suggested that the calcifications seen as the ant‐eggs are secondary phenomena to an abnormal metabolism, morphologically seen as membrane limited cytoplasmic bodies.
SEMIQUANTITATIVE INTERFERENCE STUDY OF FATTY LAYER OF PRECORNEAL FILM
Authors: NORN M. S. 
Published: May 2009

Reflecting colours from the fatty layer of the precorneal film have been studied using mat filter (grease‐proof paper, parchment paper, tracing paper) in front of the slit lamp mirror, maximally open light slit in a half‐lit room, and magnification × 15. The palpebral fissure was narrowed until occurrence of red interference colour (2000 Å).In 206 normal eyes the fatty layer was 102 ± 3 nm (±SEM), or about 0.1 μm, independent of age, sex and BUT (break up time). Maximum on awakening. Coefficient of variation 12.7 per cent.An increased fatty layer was noticed in cases of blepharitis (129±8 nm), in 91 per cent wearing hard contact lenses and 73 per cent wearing soft contact lenses.The fatty layer was likewise seen to be augmented in patients with acute infectious conjunctivitis (193±3 nm), chronic infectious conjunctivitis (164±7 nm), and in all states complicated by bacterial infection.The fatty layer is normal in allergic and chronic simple conjunctivitis. Silicone oil was found to effect reduction of the fatty layer.
INFLUENCE ON VISION OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Authors: LÖVSUND P. , ÖBERG P. Å. , NILSSON S. E. G. 
Published: May 2009

The strong electric currents used for heating purposes in welding and steel industries set up related magnetic fields (generally 0.1–10 mT and 50 Hz).Such fields (10–50 Hz, 0–40 mT) were used to induce visual light phenomena, magnetophosphenes. Threshold values for magnetophosphenes were determined as a function of magnetic field frequency as well as colour and intensity of the background illumination. A typical sensitivity maximum was found at 20–25 Hz. Differences between volunteers with normal colour vision and colour defective ones were observed.The frog retina was exposed to the same type of fields. Retinal activity, induced by the fields, was registered from the ganglion cell layer by means of microelectrode technique.The results indicate that magnetophosphenes are generated in the retina and in the same channels that are normally propagating signals induced by light of different qualities.The findings may be of guidance when formulating threshold limit values for extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields in industry.
PERFORATING EYE INJURIES CAUSED BY OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS TREATED AT HELSINKI UNIVERSITY EYE HOSPITAL IN 1970 TO 1977
Authors: NIIRANEN MATTI 
Published: May 2009

192 consecutive perforating eye injuries caused by occupational accidents in 1970‐77 were studied. They represented 40% of all perforations treated during that period at the Helsinki University Eye Hospital. The results were compared with the previous series from this hospital from 1950‐59 and 1930‐39.92% of the patients were males, a slight decrease from the fifties. The youngest age group, 16–25 years, was largest (30%). Previously the next group, i.e. 26–35 years, had been the largest.The proportion of workers in building construction had increased remarkably and comprised 26.6%. Another large group were metalworkers with 24.5%. Agricultural work had lost its importance as the cause of perforations as compared with the previous decades.The commonest cause of accident was still hammering. Flying objects, especially metal splinters, were important causes in both the present and in the previous series.Prognosis was much better in the present series than earlier. 60% of the patients achieved vision of 0.5 or better, as compared with 40% in the fifties and 20% in the thirties.
VARIATIONS OF LENS THICKNESS IN RELATION TO BIOMICROSCOPIC TYPES OF HUMAN SENILE CATARACT
Authors: LAURSEN A. BRUUN , FLEDELIUS H. 
Published: May 2009

The results are reported of 38 ultrasonographic in vivo mensurations of intraindividual differences in axial thickness between a cataractous lens in one eye and a biomicroscopically clear or slightly cataractous lens (incipient deep cortical opacity) in the other. Obviously intumescent cataractous lenses were excluded.In general, the cataractous lens was thinner than the contralateral clear or slightly cataractous lens.Large decreases in lens thickness appeared in lenses with the capsulenear opacities of posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) + anterior capsular/subcapsular opacity (ACSCO). PSC was more closely correlated to lens thinning than was ACSCO.Nuclear cataract very often occurred in thin lenses, but did not appear to cause lens thinning per se.Deep cortical opacity was not associated with lens thinning.The present results contributed to our argumentation that the decrease in lens thickness is due to a leak of lens material through the ‘lens membrane’ beside a possible cessation of growth of the lens fibres.
PILOCARPINE MEDICATION IN OPEN‐ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: BRINCHMANN‐HANSEN O. , ANMARKRUD N. 
Published: May 2009

Two modes of topical pilocarpine therapy were applied to sixteen patients with open‐angle glaucoma. A pilocarpine drop medication (2% solution four times daily) was compared to a constant and continuous supply of pilocarpine by a therapeutic delivery system (Ocusert P‐40). The pressure reducing efficiency was studied in the morning and in the following four hour period of an ordinary drop medication regimen.The results indicate about equal pressure reducing properties in both high and low pre‐treatment pressure values. However, compared to pilocarpine drops, we found a statistically significant lower pressure in the morning after the Ocusert unit, especially in glaucomatous eyes with high pre‐treatment pressure.
CHILDHOOD BLINDNESS IN ICELAND. A study of legally blind and partially seeing children in Iceland 1978
Authors: HALLDÓRSSON SæVAR , BJÖRNSSON GUDMUNDUR 
Published: May 2009

In 1978, a study was made of legally blind (corrected visual acuity 6/60 or less) and partially seeing (CVA 6/18 to 6/60) children under 15 years of age in Iceland. A total of 43 children were found, of whom 23 were legally blind and 20 partially seeing. The prevalence rates, expressed as the number per 100 000. children of similar age, 36,4 for legal blindness and 31,6 for partial sight.In all 43 children, the visual loss was attributable to heritable, congenital, or developmental defects. The most common causes of visual loss were optic nerve atrophy and cataracts. Other causes are listed and discussed. No cases of aquired visual loss were found. In addition to visual loss, other congenital birth defects were found in 24 of the children. CNS affection was found in 20 of the children, and of these, 15 were mentally retarded.
THE ENDOTHELIAL CELL DAMAGE IN ACUTE GLAUCOMA. ON THE CORNEAL THICKNESS RESPONSE TO INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS 
Published: May 2009

In order to asses a possible damage to the corneal endothelium during pressure induced abnormal hydration of the cornea, 23 patients with a previous attack of unilateral acute glaucoma were photographed with the specular microscope. As compared to the healthy side, the endothelium of the affected side showed a mean decrease in cell density of 23.1%, range –4.8 to 68% (P < 0.001). In retrospect this cell loss was found to correlate significantly to the increase in corneal thickness measured during the acute attack on first day of admission. At present examination mean central corneal thickness was identical in the affected and unaffected eye. A large variation was, however, found in the intraocular pressure of the previously attacked eye. If the subject inter‐eye difference in intraocular pressure was related to the inter‐eye difference in corneal thickness a significant negative correlation appeared.It is concluded that the intraocular pressure has a dual effect on the corneal hydration: if the endothelium is intact, the intraocular pressure decreases corneal thickness, whereas an increase is seen only if the endothelium is acutely damaged.
FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY IN DIABETIC CHILDREN. a Follow‐up
Authors: FROST‐LARSEN KIM , STARUP KIRSTEN 
Published: May 2009

The present study is a fluorescein angiographic follow‐up of 60 diabetic children (aged 12–16 years).At the follow‐up, with two‐thirds of the children in pubescence, fluorescein angiography revealed diabetic retinopathy in 10 (17%) of the children.The results indicate puberty as a probable determining factor influencing the onset of the diabetic retinopathy.
THE USE OF CONTACT LENSES IN WET OR DAMP ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: LÖVSUND PER , NILSSON SVEN ERIK G. , ÖBERG P. ÅKE 
Published: May 2009

The adhesion between the eye and a contact lens was recorded when influenced by water with varying salt concentrations. Both active removal and spontaneous loss of hard and soft contact lenses applied to the eye were investigated.In environments with saline < 9 0/00 the risk of a soft contact lens falling out from the eye is almost negligible. In environments with saline ≤9 0/00 the risk increases since adhesion in active removal decreased considerably. In reality, based upon the investigations of spontaneous loss of contact lenses in an underwater environment, well fitted soft lenses still do not however fall out of the eye. It should therefore be possible to use well fitted soft contact lenses without any significant risk even in working conditions which may include splashing of water upon the eye and regardless of the various salt concentrations of naturally occurring water in Sweden.For hard contact lenses, independent of salt concentration, adhesion in the underwater environment is extremely low and such lenses cannot therefore be used on an unprotected eye in conjunction with, for example, swimming. The risk of them falling out under splashing with water upon the eye is clearly greater than for soft lenses.
HUMAN SENILE CATARACT
Authors: JENSEN O. A. , LAURSEN A. B. 
Published: May 2009

Light‐ and electron‐microscopic studies of human senile cataractous lenses with and without biomicroscopically detectable anterior capsular/subcapsular opacity (ACSCO) revealed the main difference between the two types of cataract to be in the subepithelial cortex, where ACSCO lenses showed disintegrating cortex fibres, fibres of the deep cortical type and even in some cases collapsed fibres. These findings were considered to be associated with the decomposition and disappearance of the superficial cortex in ACSCO lenses. Numerous mitochondria in the epithelium of ACSCO lenses point towards a high oxidative metabolism, which may facilitate active transport across the epithelium.No difference in capsular surface morphology between cataractous lenses with and without ACSCO was found by scanning electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy showed in both categories of lenses granular inclusions in the capsules, most pronounced in totally opaque lenses.Large intercellular vacuoles were seen in the anterior part of the epithelium, both light‐ and electron‐microscopically in both categories. Consequently, these ultrastructural changes do not seem to form part of the biomicroscopical picture of ACSCO. Based on our study, we prefer the term: ASCO (anterior subcapsular opacity) in place of ACSCO, the latter term having been used by us previously.
A HUMAN AND IN VITRO STUDY ON THE EXCHANGE OF WATER AND SOLUTES FROM SOFT CONTACT LENSES
Authors: SØRENSEN T. , JENSEN F. TAAGEHØJ , MARQVERSEN J. 
Published: May 2009

Elimination of technetium (pertechnetate in normal saline solution) was studied from various types of contact lenses placed on normal human eyes by means of computer assisted gamma camera using ‘region of interest technique’ with the designated area corresponding to the conjunctival sac.An elimination 4 times slower was found from a highly hydrophilic lens (Scanlens) than from a HEMA‐lens (Soflens), 0.5%/min and 2.0%/min, respectively. From an ultrathin lens (U3‐Soflens) was eliminated 2.4%/min. Hard lenses did not absorb the isotope.In a laboratory study the lenses were pre‐soaked in pertechnetate, blotted and washed at 2 min intervals in 0.5 ml saline. By this procedure 3%/min of the technetium was eliminated from Scanlens, 16%/min from Soflens and 28%/min from a thin, therapeutic lens (Plano‐T). The ratio Soflens/Scanlens was in the human study 4.0 and in the laboratory study 4.9. Radioactivity was very rapidly eliminated from CAB‐lenses.A similar study was carried out with radioactive water. More than 100%/min was eliminated in the first 10 min followed by a slower elimination from 10–20 min. Then an increased elimination was seen for a few min. This increased elimination was in repeated studies constantly found after 20 min. It was not found in the studies with technetium and labelled leucine.