bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Centrosomin: A Complex Mix of Long and Short Isoforms Is Required for Centrosome Function During Early Development in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Eisman Robert C , Phelps Melissa A S , Kaufman Thomas C 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Centrosomin (Cnn) is a required core component in mitotic centrosomes during syncytial development and the presence of Cnn at centrosomes has become synonymous with fully functional centrosomes in Drosophila melanogaster. Previous studies of Cnn have attributed this embryonic function to a single isoform or splice variant. In this study, we present new evidence that significantly increases the complexity of cnn. Rather than a single isoform, Cnn function can be attributed to two unique classes of proteins that comprise a total of at least 10 encoded protein isoforms. We present the initial characterization of a new class of Cnn short isoforms required for centrosome function during gametogenesis and embryogenesis. We also introduce new evidence for a complex mix of Cnn isoforms present during early embryogenesis. Finally, we reexamine cnn mutations, in light of the short isoforms, and find previously overlooked differences attributable to allele-specific mutant phenotypes. This study addresses several questions surrounding Cnn function at the centrosome during embryogenesis and shows that cnn function cannot be ascribed to a single protein.
Using RNA Interference to Identify Specific Modifiers of a Temperature-Sensitive, Embryonic-Lethal Mutation in the Caenorhabditis elegans Ubiquitin-Like Nedd8 Protein Modification Pathway E1-Activating Gene rfl-1
Authors: Dorfman Marc , Gomes José-Eduardo , O'Rourke Sean , Bowerman Bruce 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The essential Caenorhabditis elegans gene rfl-1 encodes one subunit of a heterodimeric E1-activating enzyme in the Nedd8 ubiquitin-like protein conjugation pathway. This pathway modifies the Cullin scaffolds of E3 ubiquitin ligases with a single Nedd8 moiety to promote ligase function. To identify genes that influence neddylation, we used a synthetic screen to identify genes that, when depleted with RNAi, enhance or suppress the embryonic lethality caused by or198ts, a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutation in rfl-1. We identified reproducible suppressor and enhancer genes and employed a systematic specificity analysis for each modifier using four unrelated ts embryonic lethal mutants. Results of this analysis highlight the importance of specificity controls in identifying genetic interactions relevant to a particular biological process because 8/14 enhancers and 7/21 suppressors modified lethality in other mutants. Depletion of the strongest specific suppressors rescued the early embryonic cell division defects in rfl-1(or198ts) mutants. RNAi knockdown of some specific suppressors partially restored Cullin neddylation in rfl-1(or198ts) mutants, consistent with their gene products normally opposing neddylation, and GFP fusions to several suppressors were detected in the cytoplasm or the nucleus, similar in pattern to Nedd8 conjugation pathway components in early embryonic cells. In contrast, depletion of the two strongest specific enhancers did not affect the early embryonic cell division defects observed in rfl-1(or198ts) mutants, suggesting that they may act at later times in other essential processes. Many of the specific modifiers are conserved in other organisms, and most are nonessential. Thus, when controlled properly for specificity, modifier screens using conditionally lethal C. elegans mutants can identify roles for nonessential but conserved genes in essential processes.
Measuring the Rates of Spontaneous Mutation From Deep and Large-Scale Polymorphism Data
Authors: Messer Philipp W 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe rates and patterns of spontaneous mutation are fundamental parameters of molecular evolution. Current methodology either tries to measure such rates and patterns directly in mutation-accumulation experiments or tries to infer them indirectly from levels of divergence or polymorphism. While experimental approaches are constrained by the low rate at which new mutations occur, indirect approaches suffer from their underlying assumption that mutations are effectively neutral. Here I present a maximum-likelihood approach to estimate mutation rates from large-scale polymorphism data. It is demonstrated that the method is not sensitive to demography and the distribution of selection coefficients among mutations when applied to mutations at sufficiently low population frequencies. With the many large-scale sequencing projects currently underway, for instance, the 1000 genomes project in humans, plenty of the required low-frequency polymorphism data will shortly become available. My method will allow for an accurate and unbiased inference of mutation rates and patterns from such data sets at high spatial resolution. I discuss how the assessment of several long-standing problems of evolutionary biology would benefit from the availability of accurate mutation rate estimates.
Aqueous and dietary copper uptake and elimination in Daphnia magna determined by the 67CU radiotracer
Authors: Zhao Chun-Mei , Fan Wen-Hong , Wang Wen-Xiong 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Among the many toxic metals, the biokinetics of copper (Cu) in the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna have not been studied due to the lack of an ideal radiotracer. In the present study, a gamma radiotracer, 67Cu (half-life = 61.9 h), was used to study the uptake of copper from the dissolved and dietary phase and efflux in D. magna, an important toxicity testing species. The influx rate of Cu from the dissolved phase increased with dissolved Cu concentration, with a calculated uptake rate constant of 0.055 L/g/h. The assimilation efficiency (AE) of Cu decreased significantly (from 92 to 16%) as the available food concentration increased, and the AE differed among the food types. As low as 1% of Cu AE was found in daphnids fed high concentrations (1.54 mg/L) of the green algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The AE decreased linearly as the ingestion rate of the daphnids increased. The efflux rate constant was 0.20/d at high food concentrations. Excretion accounted for 82 to 94% of total Cu loss from the animals, although Cu also was transferred maternally from female adults to their offspring. Under conditions of high food concentrations, approximately 6.5% of the mother's Cu was transferred to the offspring over 7 d. It was concluded that Cu accumulation is dominated by uptake from dietary sources, and there is a substantial need to understand the dietary toxicity of Cu to daphnids. The present study has implications for the choice of food particles in conducting the Cu toxicity testing in cladocerans.
The model completion of the theory of modules over finitely generated commutative algebras
Authors: Kamensky Moshe 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe find the model completion of the theory modules over , where is a finitely generated commutative algebra over a field K. This is done in a context where the field K and the module are represented by sorts in the theory, so that constructible sets associated with a module can be interpreted in this language. The language is expanded by additional sorts for the Grassmanians of all powers of Kn, which are necessary to achieve quantifier elimination.The result turns out to be that the model completion is the theory of a certain class of “big” injective modules. In particular, it is shown that the class of injective modules is itself elementary. We also obtain an explicit description of the types in this theory.
The self-iterability of L[E]
Authors: Schindler Ralf , Steel John 
Published: June 2009

AbstractLet L[E] be an iterable tame extender model. We analyze to which extent L[E] knows fragments of its own iteration strategy. Specifically, we prove that inside L[E], for every cardinal κ which is not a limit of Woodin cardinals there is some cutpoint t < κ such that Jκ[E] is iterable above t with respect to iteration trees of length less than κ.As an application we show L[E] to be a model of the following two cardinals versions of the diamond principle. If λ > κ > ω1 are cardinals, then holds true, and if in addition λ is regular, then holds true.
Equivalence of consequence relations: an order-theoretic and categorical perspective
Authors: Galatos Nikolaos , Tsinakis Constantine 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEquivalences and translations between consequence relations abound in logic. The notion of equivalence can be denned syntactically, in terms of translations of formulas, and order-theoretically, in terms of the associated lattices of theories. W. Blok and D. Pigozzi proved in [4] that the two definitions coincide in the case of an algebraizable sentential deductive system. A refined treatment of this equivalence was provided by W. Blok and B. Jónsson in [3]. Other authors have extended this result to the cases ofκ-deductive systems and of consequence relations on associative, commutative, multiple conclusion sequents. Our main result subsumes all existing results in the literature and reveals their common character. The proofs are of order-theoretic and categorical nature.
Saturation and Σ2-transfer for ERNA
Authors: Impens Chris , Sanders Sam 
Published: June 2009

AbstractElementary Recursive Nonstandard Analysis, in short ERNA, is a constructive system of nonstandard analysis with a PRA consistency proof, proposed around 1995 by Patrick Suppes and Richard Sommer. It is built on a previous system by Rolando Chuaqui and Patrick Suppes, which was recently reconsidered by Michal Rössler and Emil Jeřábek. A Π1-transfer principle has already been added to ERNA and the consistency of the resulting theory proved in PRA. Here, we equip ERNA with Σ2-transfer and a saturation principle, while keeping the consistency proof inside PRA. We show that the extended theory allows for generalized transfer, a basic tool of nonstandard analysis, and interprets several strong theories, like BΣ2 and IΣ2.
A geometric zero-one law
Authors: Gilman Robert H. , Gurevich Yuri , Miasnikov Alexei 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEach relational structure X has an associated Gaifman graph, which endows X with the properties of a graph. If x is an element of X, let Bn(x) be the ball of radius n around x. Suppose that X is infinite, connected and of bounded degree. A first-order sentence ϕ in the language of X is almost surely true (resp. a.s. false) for finite substructures of X if for every x ∈ X, the fraction of substructures of Bn(x) satisfying ϕ approaches 1 (resp. 0) as n approaches infinity. Suppose further that, for every finite substructure, X has a disjoint isomorphic substructure. Then every ϕ is a.s. true or a.s. false for finite substructures of X. This is one form of the geometric zero-one law. We formulate it also in a form that does not mention the ambient infinite structure. In addition, we investigate various questions related to the geometric zero-one law.
Efficacy of a Continuous GLP-1 Infusion Compared With a Structured Insulin Infusion Protocol to Reach Normoglycemia in Nonfasted Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Clinical Pilot Trial
Authors: Sourij Harald , Schmölzer Isabella , Kettler-Schmut Eva , Eder Michaela , Pressl Helga , deCampo Antonella , Wascher Thomas C. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE
Continuously administered insulin is limited by the need for frequent blood glucose measurements, dose adjustments, and risk of hypoglycemia. Regimens based on glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) could represent a less complicated treatment alternative. This alternative might be advantageous in hyperglycemic patients hospitalized for acute critical illnesses, who benefit from near normoglycemic control.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a prospective open randomized crossover trial, we investigated eight clinically stable type 2 diabetic patients during intravenous insulin or GLP-1 regimens to normalize blood glucose after a standardized breakfast.

RESULTS
The time to reach a plasma glucose below 115 mg/dl was significantly shorter during GLP-1 administration (252 ± 51 vs. 321 ± 43 min, P &lt; 0.01). Maximum glycemia (312 ± 51 vs. 254 ± 48 mg/dl, P &lt; 0.01) and glycemia after 2 h (271 ± 51 vs. 168 ± 48 mg/dl, P = 0.012) and after 4 h (155 ± 51 vs. 116 ± 27 mg/dl, P = 0.02) were significantly lower during GLP-1 administration.

CONCLUSIONS
GLP-1 infusion is superior to an established insulin infusion regimen with regard to effectiveness and practicability.
A Study of Dapagliflozin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Receiving High Doses of Insulin Plus Insulin Sensitizers
Authors: Wilding John P.H. , Norwood Paul , T'joen Caroline , Bastien Arnaud , List James F. , Fiedorek Fred T. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether dapagliflozin, which selectively inhibits renal glucose reabsorption, lowers hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes that is poorly controlled with high insulin doses plus oral antidiabetic agents (OADs).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a randomized, double-blind, three-arm parallel-group, placebo-controlled, 26-center trial (U.S. and Canada). Based on data from an insulin dose-adjustment setting cohort (n = 4), patients in the treatment cohort (n = 71) were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to placebo, 10 mg dapagliflozin, or 20 mg dapagliflozin, plus OAD(s) and 50% of their daily insulin dose. The primary outcome was change from baseline in A1C at week 12 (dapagliflozin vs. placebo, last observation carried forward [LOCF]).

RESULTS
At week 12 (LOCF), the 10- and 20-mg dapagliflozin groups demonstrated −0.70 and −0.78% mean differences in A1C change from baseline versus placebo. In both dapagliflozin groups, 65.2% of patients achieved a decrease from baseline in A1C ≥0.5% versus 15.8% in the placebo group. Mean changes from baseline in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were +17.8, +2.4, and −9.6 mg/dl (placebo, 10 mg dapagliflozin, and 20 mg dapagliflozin, respectively). Postprandial glucose (PPG) reductions with dapagliflozin also showed dose dependence. Mean changes in total body weight were −1.9, −4.5, and −4.3 kg (placebo, 10 mg dapagliflozin, and 20 mg dapagliflozin). Overall, adverse events were balanced across all groups, although more genital infections occurred in the 20-mg dapagliflozin group than in the placebo group.

CONCLUSIONS
In patients receiving high insulin doses plus insulin sensitizers who had their baseline insulin reduced by 50%, dapagliflozin decreased A1C, produced better FPG and PPG levels, and lowered weight more than placebo.
Correction Techniques Preferred by Students During the Process of Learning a Foreign Language
Authors: Bargiel-Matusiewicz Kamilla , Bargiel-Firlit Aleksandra 
Published: June 2009

Correction Techniques Preferred by Students During the Process of Learning a Foreign Language
Mistakes can be seen as an integral and natural part of learning. This is true of the development of a child's first language as well as of second language learning by children and adults. Learning never proceeds without making errors. They appear naturally in linguistic development. The main aim of the research is to find out if and how the learners appreciate error correction. Besides, its goal is to provide qualitative data concerning learners' opinions, as well as bring some comments on errors in their own experience. The research results clearly indicate that students generally believe that making errors is one of the things they do while learning a foreign language. They agree that they can learn a lot from their mistakes. Almost 40% of the research subjects think that error correction is absolutely necessary, and a half of them see correction as very helpful. They value correction as a means of improvement. Most learners are not afraid of errors and treat them as something natural. However, almost half of the research subjects associate making a mistake with the feeling of guilt. They use an avoidance technique in order not to be laughed at when they make a mistake. Thus, errors should not be approached with hostility. It is better to view errors as the sign of a learner's progress rather than a sign of lack of knowledge.
Bisegmental cervical interbody fusion using hydroxyapatite implants: surgical results and long-term observation in 70 cases
Authors: Kim Phyo , Wakai Susumu , Matsuo Seigo , Moriyama Takashi , Kirino Takaaki 
Published: June 2009

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main constituent of bone mineral, and synthetic HA serves as a biocompatible and bioactive material. It permits bone growth on its surface and forms a union with the adjacent bone.Object.The authors have developed implants made of porous HA, which they have used in more than 90 cases in the past 6 years to achieve cervical interbody fusion. The implants were designed to provide maximum durability, biomechanical stability, and alignment preservation and to be technically easy to use. The authors summarize their experience and results with the use of these implants.Methods.The results of postoperative follow-up observation of 12 months or longer (mean 37.1 ± 2.4 months) are available in 70 patients with underlying disease including: spondylosis, disc extrusion, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL), hypertrophy of the PLL, and trauma. The patients' ages at the time of surgery ranged from 22 to 83 years (mean 50.6 ± 1.3 years).Flexion—extension radiographs and tomograms, obtained 6 and 12 months after surgery and every year thereafter, were used to demonstrate solid fusion in all cases. Dislocation of the implant occurred in three patients who were treated during the early portion of the series. At 6 to 12 months after surgery, encasement of the implant and formation of union were observed. Normal lordosis, if present prior to surgery, was maintained postsurgery. No neurological deterioration related to the site of fusion occurred during the period of observation.Conclusions.The authors conclude that satisfactory interbody fusion can be achieved by using HA implants, provided their design is appropriate and adequate surgical techniques are used.
Induction chemotherapy followed by reduced-volume radiation therapy for newly diagnosed central nervous system germinoma
Authors: Sawamura Yutaka , Shirato Hiroki , Ikeda Jun , Tada Mitsuhiro , Ishii Nobuaki , Kato Tsutomu , Abe Hiroshi , Fujieda Kenji 
Published: June 2009

Object. Although curative, radiation, which is conventionally administered for germinomas, causes significant neurological sequelae. This study aimed at reducing the volume and dose of radiation to a localized level of 24 Gy by pretreating the patient with chemotherapy.
Methods. Seventeen patients were divided into two risk groups based on serological findings and the extent of tumor. They were treated with chemotherapy prior to receiving localized radiation therapy. Six patients with solitary pure germinomas were treated with three or four cycles of cisplatin and etoposide (EP regimen) followed by 24-Gy local radiation therapy. Eleven patients with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)—secreting, multifocal, or disseminated germinomas received four to five cycles of ifosfamide, cisplatin, and etoposide (ICE regimen) followed by 24-Gy local radiation therapy. Craniospinal ports were used only in three cases of germinomas with dissemination.
Gross-total resection was performed in three patients. Fourteen patients were able to be evaluated for their responses to chemotherapy. All patients achieved a complete response within three cycles. At a median follow-up duration of 24 months, 16 patients (94%) were alive without recurrence. One patient with an HCG-secreting germinoma experienced recurrence 38 months after surgery. That patient underwent successful salvage therapy using the same protocol. Thus, all 17 patients became free of disease with a 70 to 100% Karnofsky Performance Scale status. Toxicities associated with this study's chemotherapy regimen were mostly transient. No patient showed neurological or endocrinological deterioration during the follow-up period.
Conclusions. The EP and ICE regimens were highly effective in treating the central nervous system germinomas and permitted dose and volume reduction of the radiotherapy. Localized 24-Gy irradiation was sufficient for disease control.
Infusion of intrathecal baclofen for generalized dystonia in cerebral palsy
Authors: Albright A. Leland , Barry Margaret J. , Painter Michael J. , Shultz Barbara 
Published: June 2009

Generalized dystonia occurs in 15 to 25% of persons with cerebral palsy (CP) and responds poorly to medical and surgical treatments.
Object. After the authors observed a woman whose dystonic CP was dramatically improved by continuous infusion of intrathecal baclofen, they designed this pilot study to evaluate the effect of this treatment on a group of patients with dystonic CP.
Methods. The authors assessed the short-term response to intrathecal baclofen infusion in 12 patients with dystonic CP. An intrathecal catheter was inserted percutaneously and connected to an external microinfusion pump. The infusion began at a rate of 100 µg/day and was increased by 50 µg every 12 hours until the dystonia abated, adverse effects occurred, or the dose reached 900 mg/day with no improvement. Two observers, one blinded and one not blinded to the patient's treatment status, viewed videotapes made before and after the infusions and graded the dystonia in eight body regions, using a 5-point scale. Overall and regional scores were compared by using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.
Conclusions. Dystonia diminished in 10 of 12 patients whose average daily dose of intrathecal baclofen was 575 µg. Overall dystonia scores and scores for the extremities, trunk, and cervical regions were significantly better after infusion (p = 0.003). The two observers' scores were not significantly different. Programmable infusion pumps were subsequently implanted in eight patients for long-term therapy and improvement was sustained in six (p < 0.05). Intrathecal baclofen infusion is a promising treatment option for generalized dystonia associated with CP. The effects of intrathecal baclofen infusion on dystonia can be evaluated by using short-term continuous infusions.
Endoscopic craniectomy for early surgical correction of sagittal craniosynostosis
Authors: Jimenez David F. , Barone Constance M. 
Published: June 2009

Object.The authors sought to minimize scalp incisions, blood loss, and operative time by using endoscopically assisted strip craniectomies and barrel-stave osteotomies to treat infants with sagittal suture synostosis.Methods.Four patients, aged 2, 4, 9, and 12 weeks, who presented with scaphocephaly underwent endoscopic midline craniectomies through small midline scalp incisions. The mean operative time for the procedure was 1.68 hours (range 1.15–2.8 hours); the mean blood loss was 54.2 ml (range 12–150 ml). Three patients did not require blood transfusions and were discharged within 24 hours. Postoperatively, all patients were fitted with custom cranial molding helmets. Follow-up evaluation ranged between 8 and 15 months. All patients had successful correction of their scaphocephaly with no mortalities, morbidities, or complications.Conclusions.The use of endoscopic techniques for early correction of sagittal synostosis is safe; decreases blood loss, operative time, and hospitalization costs; and provides excellent early surgical results.