bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE SOURCES OF LIGHT AND LIGHTING AT WORK
Authors: LAMPI EINO 
Published: May 2009

Succeeding in lighting industrial, office and other work environments is dependent on many factors. Good result is not guaranteed if only one of these factors is taken into account. It is essential to choose appropriate light sources and use them correctly for different tasks.Although the amount of light and its composition is considered satisfactory for a certain task, glare and reflected glare still cause inconvenience in the work places making the performance of visual tasks difficult. The lux and luminance levels of the work areas regulate the size of the observer's pupils. The size of the pupil determines for its part how easily and quickly eyes can be accommodated for a sight distance.The indirect disadvantages caused by poor visual conditions are often significant. For example at display work reflected glare does not only slow down reading. The effort to avoid the reflections from the screen by changing the direction of observation effects the working positions. Inconvenient posture may cause pains in the neck and back.In lighting design the problems of age vision are taken into account. We should also bear in mind the significance of the colour of light when considering these problems.
CELLULAR DEPOSITS ON INTRAOCULAR LENSES
Authors: Puck A. , Tso M. O. M. , Yue B. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We examined cellular deposits on 14 intraocular lenses (IOL) that were removed after implantation for a variety of clinical reasons. Five of the lenses were cultured to evaluate the growth potential of preexisting cells on the IOLs.The most common cells found were iris pigment epithelial cells. The thickest membranes were probably formed by iris stromal cells. Other cellular deposits included macrophages, multinucleated foreign body giant cells, lens epithelial cells, squamous epithelial ingrowth, red blood cells, uveal melanocytes, and vitreous strands. Cells around the IOL had only limited growth in tissue culture. We propose that a continuous influx of inflammatory cells in conjunction with a disruption of the blood‐aqueous barrier may be an important pathogenetic mechanism for the production of thick secondary membranes around an IOL.
The retinal pigment epithelium controls the potassium activity in the subretinal space
Authors: la Cour M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract The potassium transport of the isolated retinal pigment epithelium from bullfrogs was studied using micropuncture with double barrelled ionselective micro‐electrodes. Transient changes in intracellular values of electrical potential and potassium activity were monitored in response to abrupt changes in the K+ concentration on the retinal side of the tissue.It is shown, that the transport of potassium in the pigment epithelium depends on the K+ concentration on the retinal side of the tissue in such a way as to keep variations in this concentration at a minimum.
Ophthalmologic prognosis in Benign Intracranial Hypertension
Authors: Krogsaa Bent , Sørensen Per Soelberg , Seedorff Hans Henrik , Trojaborg Werner , Gjerris Flemming 
Published: May 2009

Abstract In a prospective study twenty patients with benign intracranial hypertension, 15 females and five males with mean age 34 years (range 12–61 years), were followed up from 12 to 61 months (mean 22 months). Initially all patients showed marked papilledema, normal visual acuity, considerable enlargement of the blind spot area, and significantly delayed pattern reversal visual evoked potentials.During medical treatment eleven patients showed within 3–6 months a rapidly regression and normalization of papilledema, blind spot area, and visual evoked potentials.Eight patients continued in showing papilledema including disc gliosis, enlargement of blind spot area, and pathological visual evoked potentials.One patient developed optic nerve atrophy. The results indicated that repeated examinations of visual evoked potentials, when suspect of threatening visual loss has come up (papilledema, increased blind spot area, and field defects), might increase the change of diagnose of an optic nerve atrophy as early as possible.
Vision and refraction of school children
Authors: Jensen H. , Goldschmidt E. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract Even though prophylactic medical examination of children has been carried out in Denmark since 1947, measurement of visual acuity in young children was not performed systematically until the National Health Service issued instructions making sight testing a major part of the 4 year medical examination. If this has had an effect, it should now be possible to record a fall in the number of school children with amblyopia as a result of anomalies of refraction and strabismus.The present investigation comprises all the children, who attended int the 2nd to 5th classes during the school year 1983/84, in schools in the municipality of Odense. 8769 school medical files were examined and 1216 children selected for supplementary eye examination. The remainder had normal vision without glasses. 1034 of those examined had an anomaly of refraction or reduced vision from other causes.97% of all the eyes had a visual acuity of 6/6. The frequency of children with unilateral vision ≤6/12, and who did not suffer from eye disease, comprised 1.07%. There were statistically significantly more boys (1.39%) than girls (0.73%) with amblyopia. Thus, there is a fall in the number of amblyopic children in relation to previous Danish investigations. Bilateral reduction in visual acuity ≤6/18 was found in 0.09%; this has not changed to any greater extent during the last decades.Myopia was found in 4.0% of the children between the ages of 7–11 years. compared to previous studies no change was observed in the younger ages and modest rise in the older age groups. The onset of myopia occurred earlier in girls (9–10 years) than in boys (11 years). This may, in part, explain why myopia was seen in 4.4% of the girls and only in 3.6% of the boys. Severe myopia (>/6.0 D) was found in 13 children (18 eyes) corresponding to a frequency of 0.15%.
Refractive and accommodative changes in normal adults, aged 18‐40years
Authors: Tinning S. , Dreyer V. , Goldschmidt E. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract A longitudinal study of refraction in 182 flight cadets, followed at least ten years, showed some disagreement between the results of initial subjective refraction (fogging method) and the subsequent retinoscopy with repidly acting cycloplegics, the latter revealing the highest degree of hypermetropia. The most prevelent refraction was between +0.5 and +1.0. During the follow‐up period only 7 per cent changed their subjective refraction, and this changes could only be demonstrated between the initial and second examination 3 years later, suggesting that a prior knowledge of the results of objective refraction made it more easily to get acceptance of the entire refraction which seemed unchanged.Only modest astigmatism was found due to the strict visual requirements at the entrance of flight training.The amplitude of accomodation was tested with a pushup‐chart attached to a phoropter. The results were amazingly in agreement with Duane's data from 1912, both with respect to the decline with age and the standard error. In the range from 18 to 40 years the amplitude of acommodation decreases almost linearly. Minor variations should be accredited day‐to‐day deviations or instrument inaccuracies, but the data do not indicate differencies in capacity connected to particular individuals. The development of the amplitude of accommodation beyond the age of 40 cannot be clarified by the present study.
Can timolol maleate reduce the progression of myopia?
Authors: Goldschmidt E. , Jensen H. , Marushak D. , Østergaard E. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract A survey was presented at the Meeting of Nordic Ophthalmologists in 1981 of present theories regarding myopia; this included a reference to studies on the effect of atropine treatment and the use of bifocal glasses on the progression of myopia. We have now concluded a pilot study, in which 10 children (7–12 years) with severe progressive myopia were treated for 12 months with timolol maleate 0.25% eye drops twice daily, with the object of recording an eventual effect on the progression of the myopia and also to study possible side‐effects in a group of children.All the children were examined by a paediatrician prior to entering the study, and at intervals of three months throughout the period of investigation. No serious side‐effects were observed. No significant change was seen in the majority of children in the intraocular tension during treatment. However, there was a tendency for the children, who did achieve a reduction in pressure during treatment, to obtain a certain reduction in the progression of the myopia.A more comprehensive investigation on a representative material and including a control group has been commenced.
Sequelae of intravitreal phagocytic activity in response to microparticles
Authors: Algvere Peep , Martini Björn 
Published: May 2009

Abstract Cynomolgus monkeys were injected intravitreally with a colloidal suspension of carbon microparticles (size 20–70 nm) under aseptic surgical conditions. An intravitreal cellular proliferation occurred, inducing retinal detachment and neovascularization that started from the optic nerve head, ciliary body and ora serrata.Transmission electron microscopy revealed the features of the intravitreal cellular response to be inflammatory cells, mononuclear phagocytes (the predominant cell type), and fibroblasts. Newly‐formed collagen fibrils (banding 70 nm) were found in the vitreous. The newly‐formed vasculature generally showed continuous endothelial lining, but some vessels exhibited multiple endothelial fenestrations. The intravitreal cellular proliferation is primarily a macrophagic response. We suggest that mononuclear phagocytes play a major role by triggering the collagen formation and neovascularization in the vitreous.
Function of meibomian glands and tear pH
Authors: Norn Mogens 
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Each of ten persons had ten meibomian orifices studied by triple‐vital‐staining. Activity was disclosed in 43%, these being stained by lipid‐specific Sudan III power. 5% were stained by lissamine green (obstructed by a plug of degenerate cells), 1% also by fluorescein (damaged epithelium). After one week 6% of the meibomian glands became inactive, while 5% gained activity, showing a cyclic function.In 38 subjects expression of meibomian secretion effected a significant fall of the tear pH value, from 6.91 ± 0.24 to 6.64 ± 0.26 (mean ± SD). The meibomian secretion alters the tear pH towards higher acidity. The importance of this fact is discussed.
Cortisone, heparin and argon laser in the treatment of corneal neovascularization
Authors: Tommila Petri , Summanen Paula , Tervo Timo 
Published: May 2009

Abstract  Chemical burns and contact lenses can induce corneal neovascularization. The pathogenic mechanisms of angiogenesis are not well understood. A heparin‐cortisone combination has been shown to inhibit traumatic angiogenesis and argon laser photocoagulation has been useful in the treatment of corneal graft neovascularization.We describe three patients treated for corneal neovascularization with these methods. Tear fluid plasmin levels were also monitored. The corneal neovascularization was caused by contact lens use in two patients, and by a severe chemical burn in one patient. Subconjunctival cortisone injections proved to be efficient in the treatment of the contact lens induced corneal neovascularization. Corneal argon laser photocoagulation seemed to have an additional effect. The role of topical heparin remained unclear. The tear fluid plasmin levels were not significantly elevated.
Corneal endothelial protection by heparin and sodium hyaluronate surface coating of PMMA intraocular lenses
Authors: Fagerholm Per , Koul Sunendha , Trocmé Stefan 
Published: May 2009

Abstract  Protective effect on corneal endothelium from surface modification of PMMA intraocular lenses were evaluated. Sodium hyaluronate, heparin or both were covalently bound to the PMMA surface rendering it hydrophilic. Endothelial damage was evaluated by placing the intraocular lens optics on the endothelial surface of excised rabbit corneas. The type and extent of endothelial cell damage was evaluated by light microscopy after alizarine red/trypan blue staining and by scanning electron microscopy. The number of endothelial cells attached to the intraocular lens surface was counted in the light microscope after staining with haematoxylin—eosine.Significantly less damage (p < 0.05) to the endothelium was caused by the surface modified hydrophilic intraocular lenses. There was no difference between the various types of surface coatings studied in this investigation.
The effect of indomethacin 1% ophthalmic suspension in preventing surgically induced miosis at extracapsular cataract surgery
Authors: Nielsen Per Julius , Gregersen Per , Mortensen Kelvin Kamp , Kalstrup Niels 
Published: May 2009

Abstract  27 patients who underwent extracapsular cataract surgery (ECCE) were randomized in two groups with 12 patients in Group 1 treated with standard preoperative dilation regime and 15 patients in Group 2 receiving in addition Indomethacin 1% ophthalmic solution, one drop the evennig before surgery and one drop 45 minutes before surgery.Horizontal pupillary diameter measurements were taken at the beginning of the operation before retrobulbar anesthesia, before capsulotomy, and before lens implantation.A significant decrease in pupillary diameter and area was seen in both groups (P>0,001; t‐test) from before capsulotomy until before lens implantation. No significant change was seen from start until before capsulotomy.A significant lesser pupillary constriction expressed as mean calculated pupillary area differences from start until before lens implantation was seen in Group 2 treated with indomethacin (17.70±6.68(mm)2), than in Group 1 without indomethacine (29.06.±8.82(mm)2); (P>0,05; t‐test).It is concluded that local use preoperatively of the antiprostaglandin drug indomethacin in 1% opthalmic solution (Indocid, MSD) is able to reduce surgically induced miosis during ECCE, thereby facilitating the operative procedure and probably minimizing complications.
Strabismus in young diabetics
Authors: Erkkilä Heikki , Summanen Paula , Schlenzka Anna 
Published: May 2009

Abstract  As a part of general ophthalmological evaluation, strabismological examination was performed on 100 young diabetics born and living in the district of Helsinki City at the time of onset of diabetes before the age of 16 years during the period of 1968–1978. The mean age of the diabetics at the time of the examination was 20.7 years (range 8–30 years). The mean duration of diabetes was 11.3 years.Heterotropia was found in 10 diabetics: 7 exotropias, 2 esotropias, and one vertical deviation. No paretic strabismus was detected. Strabismic amblyopia (visual acuity < 0.8) was found in one eye.Heterophoria (exophoria ≥ 8 prism diopters or esophoria ≥ 6 prism diopters) was found in 21 diabetics. Isolated convergence insufficiency (near point further than 7 cm) was found in 2 diabetics. In addition, 19 others had fusional reserves 15°.Diabetic retinopathy was found in 30, among them 4 had heterotropia. There was no statistically significant association between diabetic retinopathy and heterotropia or heterophoria. Neither was there any statistically significant difference in the frequencies of the strabismus between the diabetics studied and the control group.
Fluorophotometric evaluation of ocular barriers and of the vitreous body in the aphakic eye
Authors: Ring K. , Larsen M. , Dalgaard P. , Andersen H. Lund 
Published: May 2009

Abstract  8 aphakic patients were studied with fluorophotometry and 3‐mirror examination of the vitreous body one month after cataract extraction. 4 were extracapsular with posterior chamber pseudophakos (ECCE) and 4 were intracapsular with anterior chamber pseudophakos (ICCE). A mathematical model is used to calculate blood‐ocular fluorescein permeability (P) and vitreous diffusion coefficient (D) from fluorophotometric scans. All 30‐minutes scans in the ECCE group and 2 in the ICCE showed a profile resembling that in phakic eyes, and P‐ and D‐values were calculated. In the remaining two patients from the ICCE group scans showed rapid filling of the vitreous cavity with fluoroscein and calculations could no be made.Clinical examination showed vitreous detachment in these two eyes whereas the others had a normal vitreous structure evaluated by 3‐mirror examination. It is shown that fluorophotometric readings can be made in both intra‐ and extracapsularly operated eyes. Rapid mixing of the dye in the vitreous cavity is seen in relation to vitreous detachment.
LIGHT MICROSCOPY OF THE EXFOLIATION SYNDROME
Authors: Morrison John C. , Green W. Richard 
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The exfoliation syndrome affects all structures of the ocular anterior segment, as well as the conjunctiva and occasionally, nonocular structures. The exfoliative material has been shown by a series of light microscopic and gross anatomic studies to be only loosely adherent to the anterior lens capsule, zonules and anterior vitreous face, and firmly adherent to the equatorial lens capsule and posterior epithelium of the iris and the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium. Electron microscopy demonstrates that, in these latter regions, exfoliation material consisting of characteristic, cross‐banded fibrils embedded in an amorphous matrix, is present both within the epithelial cells and associated with a disorganized, reduplicated basement membrane. These findings suggest that the material arises from the epithelium of the lens, iris and ciliary body, possibly the result of an underlying metabolic disorder. From these areas, the material enters the aqueous humor and later deposits on the anterior lens capsule, zonules, vitreous face, anterior surface of the iris, and trabecular meshwork.Histochemical studies demonstrate the presence of glycosaminoglycans, which may comprise the interfibrillar portion of the exfoliative material. Other studies demonstrate histochemical similarities between exfoliative material and zonules and are supported by recent work suggesting that the exfoliative fibrils are related to the microfibrillar portion of elastin. Although some reports suggest similarities between exfoliative material and amyloid, a majority of histochemical studies do not support this possibility.
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN EXFOLIATION SYNDROME
Authors: Klemetti Anneli 
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A retrospective follow‐up study of 206 eyes with exfoliation in 164 patients was carried out. At the time exfoliation (EX) was initially diagnosed, there were 97 patients with unilateral and 42 patients (84 eyes) with bilateral exfoliation. In 25 patients the exfoliation was connected with hypertension or glaucoma in the fellow eye.The average age of the patients with unilateral EX was 66.3 years and that of the patients with bilateral EX 68.0 years. The initial mean IOP (±SD) of 17.9 (±2.9) mmHg in 97 unilateral EX eyes was statistically significantly higher (2p < 0.001) than in the normal fellow eye 16.1 (±2.5) mmHg.Of the 97 eyes with unilateral EX, 45.3 % with an initial mean IOP of 17.4 mmHg remained unchanged. The mean follow‐up time was 5.0 years. Conversion of unilateral to bilateral EX was observed in 14.4 % of cases. The mean time of conversion was 4.5 years. Of the 84 bilateral EX eyes with an initial mean IOP of 17.0 mmHg, 66.7 % remained unchanged.Of the total sample of 206 EX eyes, 65.5 % remained normotensive and 34.5 % developed hypertension or glaucoma during the follow‐up period. The initial mean IOP of those eyes which remained normotensive was statistically significantly lower than that of those which later on developed hypertension or glaucoma (2p < 0.001).
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FLUOROANGIOGRAPHIC ASPECT OF THE OPTIC DISK AND THE VISUAL FIELD IN PATIENTS WITH THE EXFOLIATION SYNDROME WITH AND WITHOUT INTRAOCULAR HYPERTENSION
Authors: Cambiaggi A. , Marras A. , Ermini D. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Patients with monolateral exfoliation syndrome were examined to elucidate the differences between the eye with the exfoliation and the fellow eye and to explain the damage of the visual field of the eyes with or without exfoliation.The greatest difference between the two groups of eyes is represented by an increased pigmentation of the anterior chamber angle. The visual field, as in bilateral cases, showes the greates damage when exfoliation and hypertension are present together in the same eye. An hypothesis is put forward to explain the supposed mechanism of action of these two factors.
PREVALENCE OF EXFOLIATION SYNDROME IN THE JAPANESE
Authors: Shimizu K. , Kimura Y. , Aoki K. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We evaluated the prevalence of exfoliation syndrome (ES) with or without glaucoma seen in our Department over a 32‐month period. We could identify a total of 59 patients with ES, 30 males and 29 females. All the cases were aged 50 years or more except one case, with the peak in the 8th decade. The ages of the cases averaged 70.0±8.34 years. ES was present unilaterally in 47 cases (85%) and bilaterally in 12 (15%). Glaucoma was associated in 37 out of the 59 cases of ES (63%). Males with ES seemed to be more prone to develop glaucoma than females.We observed 96 non‐ES cases with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) during the same period. The ages of the cases averaged 59.6±15.4 years.Our survey indicates that ES is not an uncommon occurrence among the Japanese population served by our Department. The incidence of ES as a whole approximates three‐fifths of that of POAG.
An analysis of cataract surgery outcome by a PC computer program
Authors: Storr‐Paulsen Allan , Larsen Michael 
Published: May 2009

Abstract Cataract surgery is the most common operation in ophthalmology.New techniques and matarials have come very quickly and have introduced a great number of factors which may all influence the outcome in a good or bad direction. A systematic computerised analysis of data from the surgical records will provide us with the possibility of analysing the different factors which affect the results of surgery.In a pilot study we evaluated the benefit of using a computer program to analyse up to 150 preoperative, operative and postoperative clinical parameters from each patient.The purpose of the study was 1) a registration of the number of cataract operations in the department, 2) a possibility to analyse the results of different patients groups, 3) a possibility to analyse the surgical outcome by different surgeons and 4) based upon the computer analysed data to improve current surgery and introduce new surgical procedures.In the present paper the results of the surgery itself are not so important, rather we will focuse on the possibilities of the computer program to retrieve, analyse and present the results in tables or graphs.The program provides a convenient approach to the rational evaluation of a surgical procedure and a means for constantly improving its quality.