bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
malnets: large‐scale malicious networks via compromised wireless access points
Authors: Traynor Patrick , Butler Kevin , Enck William , McDaniel Patrick , Borders Kevin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDensely populated areas are increasingly filled with vulnerable wireless routers set up by unsophisticated users. In isolation, such routers appear to represent only a minor threat, but in aggregate, the threat can be much greater. We introduce the notion of malnets: networks of adversary‐controlled wireless routers targeted to a physical geography. Similar to Internet worms such as Slammer and Code‐Red, malnets are created by the recursive compromise of targeted devices. However, unlike their traditionally wired counterparts, malnet worms exploit only other routers that are within their transmission range. The malnet thus creates a parallel wireless infrastructure that is (a) completely under control of the adversary, and (b) spans a targeted physical area, creating a valuable infrastructure for a variety of virtual and physical attacks. We initially study the propagation characteristics of commercial routers and model inter‐router connectivity using publicly available war‐driving data. The resulting characterization is applied to well‐known epidemiological models to explore the success rates and speeds of malnet creation across cities such as New York, Atlanta, and Los Angles. Finally, we use a sampling of available exploits to demonstrate the construction of multi‐vector, multi‐platform worms capable of targeting wireless routers. Our analysis show that an adversary can potentially deploy a malnet of over 24,000 routers in Manhattan in less than 2,h. Through this work we show that malnets are not only feasible but can be efficiently deployed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model‐driven architecture of a maritime surveillance system simulator
Authors: Monperrus M. , Long B. , Champeau J. , Hoeltzener B. , Marchalot G. , Jézéquel J.M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article reports on an experiment to apply a model‐driven approach for systems engineering in an industrial context. This experiment consisted of setting up a model‐driven simulation environment for a maritime surveillance system. The simulation is fully based on three models, each conforming to a specific metamodel. We discuss the main advances given by model‐driven orientated simulation for systems engineering. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Has the Partington procedure for chronic pancreatitis become a thing of the past? A review of the evidence
Authors: Isaji Shuji 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIntroductionFor the surgical management of chronic pancreatitis with an inflammatory pancreatic head mass, extended drainage operations such as Beger and Frey procedures were established in the 1980s as an alternative to resectional procedures like pancreaticoduodenectomy and as opposed to simple drainage operations such as lateral pancreaticojejunostomy, that is, the Partington procedure. With the relatively rapid adoption of the two procedures, it seems that the Partington procedure has become a thing of the past.Materials and methodsThe Partington procedure was re‐evaluated with regard to the historical aspects and its present status by a literature review.ResultsThe results show that this procedure relieves chronic abdominal pain in 66–91% of patients with a mean follow‐up of 3.5–9.1 years. It is important to note that this procedure is generally used for inflammatory disease left of the gastroduodenal artery and is specifically not used as the procedure of choice for inflammatory disease of the pancreatic head.ConclusionFor patients with a dilated main pancreatic duct but without an inflammatory pancreatic head mass, the Partington procedure is still the procedure of choice, since it is technically simple to perform with a minimum of morbidity and mortality, preserving pancreatic endocrine and exocrine function. Because it is a relatively simple technique, the laparoscopic approach will be justified as a treatment of appropriate patients in the near future.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Induces Uncoupling Protein 1 in White Adipose Tissue of ob/ob Mice
Authors: Wendel Angela A. , Purushotham Aparna , Liu Li‐Fen , Belury Martha A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces body weight and adipose mass in a variety of species. The mechanisms by which CLA depletes adipose mass are unclear, but two independent microarray analyses indicate that in white adipose tissue (WAT), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) was among genes most changed by CLA. The objective of this study was to determine whether CLA induces ectopic expression of UCP1 in WAT, which may contribute to increased energy expenditure and weight loss. Six‐week old, male ob/ob mice were fed either a control diet (CON) or a diet supplemented with 1.5% mixed isomer CLA (CLA) for 4 weeks. A third group of mice (LEPTIN) was fed the control diet and received daily injections of recombinant leptin as a positive control for adipose depletion in ob/ob mice. CLA did not alter several mRNA markers of lipid oxidation in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), but significantly increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1b (CPT1b) and PPAR gamma coactivator‐1α (PGC1α) expression. Notably, CLA increased both mRNA and protein expression of uncoupling protein‐1 (UCP1). β3‐adrenoceptor mRNA and phosphorylated‐p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein levels were not affected by CLA, but were upregulated by LEPTIN. These data suggest the increased CPT1b, PGC1α, and UCP1, in WAT of CLA‐fed mice may contribute to the depletion of adipose, and CLA does not appear to increase UCP1 through β3‐adrenergic signaling. Future studies will focus on understanding how CLA increases mitochondrial oxidation and energy dissipation in white adipose tissue.
Asset Substitution and Structured Financing
Authors: Vanden Joel M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article shows how structured financing can be used to solve the asset substitution problem in a dynamic setting. Structuring induces the firm’s owner to optimally choose the first best operating strategy even though the owner’s value function might be locally convex (concave), which would ordinarily lead to overinvestment (underinvestment) in risky projects. This result is demonstrated in two different continuous time settings—one that is based on the risk-shifting framework of Leland (1998) and one that generalizes the scaled return model of Green (1984). It is shown that the contractual nature of the structuring is a key determinant of the issuing firm’s dynamic asset volatility. Furthermore, unlike nonstructured financing, the default (conversion) probability of a structured debt security may be increasing (decreasing) in the firm’s total assets. Structured securities are therefore hedge assets, which potentially explains the popularity of structured securities among investors and third-party issuers.
Role of magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating sphenoid sinus and internal carotid artery
Authors: Hatipoglu H G , Cetin M A , Selvi A , Yuksel E 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to determine whether magnetic resonance imaging has a role in the evaluation of the sphenoid sinus and internal carotid artery. In addition, we aimed to establish reference measurements for the minimal distance between the internal carotid arteries.Method:The sphenoid sinuses and neighbouring internal carotid arteries of 90 patients were evaluated using sagittal T1-weighted and axial and coronal T2-weighted magnetic resonance images.Results:Sphenoid sinus pneumatisation was categorised as occipitosphenoidal (0 per cent), conchal (3.3 per cent), presellar (14.4 per cent) or sellar (82.2 per cent). The internal carotid artery protruded into the sphenoid sinus in 32.8 per cent, with a septum in 9.4 per cent. The incidence of sellar-type sphenoid sinus pneumatisation was higher in patients with protrusion of the internal carotid artery into the sphenoid sinus (p < 0.001). The incidence of presellar pneumatisation was higher in patients without internal carotid artery protrusion (p < 0.001). The minimal distance between the internal carotid arteries varied between 9.04 and 24.26 mm (mean, 15.94 mm).Conclusion:Magnetic resonance imaging can provide useful information about the sphenoid sinus and internal carotid artery, prior to endoscopic sphenoidotomy and trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy.
Cochlear implantation at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a 12-year experience
Authors: Al-Muhaimeed H S , Al-Anazy F , Attallah M S , Hamed O 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:This paper aims to report our experience with different multichannel cochlear implant devices, and to discuss the outcomes of our cochlear implant programme, together with the problems encountered.Setting:Cochlear implantation was undertaken in 117 patients (35 post-lingual and 82 pre-lingual cases; 70 males and 47 females) over a 12-year period. Three cochlear implant systems were used: Nucleus (22 and 24), Med-El and Advanced Bionics Clarion. An extended endaural incision was used in 78 cases and a minimally invasive approach in 39 cases.Results:Complications occurred in 16.2 per cent of patients. All patients showed a significant post-implantation improvement in their perception and discrimination of sound and speech. Better results were noted in pre-lingual patients under the age of six years. The cause of hearing loss was unknown in 81 per cent of patients.Conclusion:The outcomes of our cochlear implantation series are comparable to previous reports. The possibility of an abnormally rotated cochlea should be borne in mind when difficulty is encountered during cochleostomy.
‘Active ageing’: a qualitative study in six Caribbean countries
Authors: CLOOS PATRICK , ALLEN CAROLINE F. , ALVARADO BEATRIZ E. , ZUNZUNEGUI MARIA VICTORIA , SIMEON DONALD T. , ELDEMIRE-SHEARER DENISE 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to document the perceptions of elders in six Caribbean countries about ‘active ageing’ and on the basis of their reports to make recommendations to improve their situation. Data were collected principally through 31 focus group discussions conducted in both urban and rural areas. Comparative analysis was carried out of the qualitative information, focusing on three components of ‘active ageing’: health and social services access and use, social support, and economic circumstances. Most of the participants were women, aged 60–79 years, of lower socio-economic status and from urban areas. Large disparities in the responses of Caribbean societies to population ageing were indicated, as well as unequal opportunities to obtain health care and social services, public transport, income and food by both socio-economic status and location. Home-care services are either insufficient or non-existent. Some elders receive social and financial support from relatives while others fear isolation and face deprivation. Social participation varies by place, physical condition, financial situation, association membership, and transport opportunities. Social protection benefits do not provide adequate income and some older people face food insecurity. It was concluded that a comprehensive and multi-sectoral approach using the ‘active ageing’ framework should be implemented to ensure a healthy ageing process.
On the interaction between sharing and linearity
Authors: AMATO GIANLUCA , SCOZZARI FRANCESCA 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn the analysis of logic programs, abstract domains for detecting sharing and linearity information are widely used. Devising abstract unification algorithms for such domains has proved to be rather hard. At the moment, the available algorithms are correct but not optimal; i.e., they cannot fully exploit the information conveyed by the abstract domains. In this paper, we define a new (infinite) domainShLinωwhich can be thought of as a general framework from which other domains can be easily derived by abstraction.ShLinωmakes the interaction between sharing and linearity explicit. We provide a constructive characterization of the optimal abstract unification operator onShLinω, and we lift it to two well-known abstractions ofShLinω, namely, to the classicalSharing×Linabstract domain and to the more preciseShLin2abstract domain by Andy King. In the case of single-binding substitutions, we obtain optimal abstract unification algorithms for such domains.
The opportunistic coral pathogen Aspergillus sydowii contains dddP and makes dimethyl sulfide from dimethylsulfoniopropionate
Authors: Kirkwood Mark , Todd Jonathan D , Rypien Krystal L , Johnston Andrew W B 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The ascomycete Aspergillus sydowii is associated with a serious epizootic of sea fan corals in the Caribbean. Corals are rich in the compatible solute, dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), produced by their symbionts, the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium. As other Aspergillus species can catabolize DMSP, liberating dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in the process, we tested A. sydowii strains, obtained from diseased corals and other environments, for this Ddd+ phenotype. All the strains, irrespective of their geographical or environmental origins, made DMS from DMSP, and all of them contained homologs (&gt;87% identical) of the dddP gene, which encodes an enzyme that releases DMS from DMSP and which occurs in other Ddd+ fungi and in some marine bacteria. The dddP gene was likely acquired by the Aspergillus fungi by inter-domain horizontal gene transfer from α-proteobacteria.
Gene-targeted-metagenomics reveals extensive diversity of aromatic dioxygenase genes in the environment
Authors: Iwai Shoko , Chai Benli , Sul Woo Jun , Cole James R , Hashsham Syed A , Tiedje James M 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Understanding the relationship between gene diversity and function for important environmental processes is a major ecological research goal. We applied gene-targeted metagenomics and pyrosequencing to aromatic dioxygenase genes to obtain greater sequence depth than possible by other methods. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer set designed to target a 524-bp region that confers substrate specificity of biphenyl dioxygenases yielded 2000 and 604 sequences from the 5′ and 3′ ends of PCR products, respectively, which passed our validity criteria. Sequence alignment showed three known conserved residues, as well as another seven conserved residues not reported earlier. Of the valid sequences, 95% and 41% were assigned to 22 and 3 novel clusters in that they did not include any earlier reported sequences at 0.6 distance by complete linkage clustering for sequenced regions. The greater diversity revealed by this gene-targeted approach provides deeper insights into genes potentially important in environmental processes to better understand their ecology, functional differences and evolutionary origins. We also provide criteria for primer design for this approach, as well as guidance for data processing of diverse functional genes, as gene databases for most genes of environmental relevance are limited.
The Meteorite Collection in the Natural Science Museum of Turin
Authors: Costa E. , Gallo L. M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Natural Science Museum of Turin is the owner of a small but nice collection of meteorites, partly obtained by means of direct acquisition during the last 30 years, and partly inherited from the rather old collection of the University of Turin. This collection was partially forgotten for the last 50 years, and after 1936 the collection became almost invisible. In the last 30 years the meteorite samples were tightly packaged and retained in the basement of the museum building. Currently a new listing of the meteorite collection is in progress and almost finished, in which every sample is described, measured and weighed. For each sample the authors acquired high resolution images and examined historical documentations. Images were acquired with a desktop scanner, which was found to be an ideal tool for this purpose. A classification based on most famous meteorite catalogues is coupled to each description. About eighty samples (and probably a new meteorite, not described until now) will be depicted in the new catalogue, which hopefully will be published during 2009. The authors want to inform the international community that Turin the Museum holds an important collection containing almost all of the Piedmont meteorites (e.g. MOTTA DI CONTI, CERESETO, ALESSANDRIA), some Italian meteorites of considerable historical importance (TRONZANO, ALFIANELLO, ASSISI, SIENA), together with a selection of American and Eastern European samples.
Fluorine Abundances in AGB Carbon Stars: New Results?
Authors: Abia C. , de Laverny P. , Recio-Blanco A. , Domínguez I. , Cristallo S. , Straniero O. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA recent reanalysis of the fluorine abundance in three Galactic Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) carbon stars (TX Psc, AQ Sgr and R Scl) by Abia et al. (2009) results in estimates of fluorine abundances systematically lower by ∼0.8 dex on average, with respect to the sole previous estimates by Jorissen, Smith & Lambert (1992). The new F abundances are in better agreement with the predictions of full-network stellar models of low-mass (<3 M⊙) AGB stars.
Searching for s-Process-Enhanced Metal-Poor Stars
Authors: Cruz M. A. , Rossi S. , Beers T. C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe present preliminary results for the estimation of barium [Ba/Fe], and strontium [Sr/Fe], abundances ratios using medium-resolution spectra (1–2 Å). We established a calibration between the abundance ratios and line indices for Ba and Sr, using multiple regression and artificial neural network techniques. A comparison between the two techniques (showing the advantage of the latter), as well as a discussion of future work, is presented.
Opportunities for Nuclear Astrophysics at FRANZ
Authors: Reifarth R. , Chau L. P. , Heil M. , Käppeler F. , Meusel O. , Plag R. , Ratzinger U. , Schempp A. , Volk K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe ‘Frankfurter Neutronenquelle am Stern–Gerlach–Zentrum’ (FRANZ), which is currently under development, will be the strongest neutron source in the astrophysically interesting energy region in the world. It will be about three orders of magnitude more intense than the well-established neutron source at the Research Center Karlsruhe (FZK).
Improved Neutron-Capture Element Abundances in Planetary Nebulae
Authors: Sterling N. C. , Dinerstein H. L. , Hwang S. , Redfield S. , Aguilar A. , Witthoeft M. C. , Esteves D. , Kilcoyne A. L. D. , Bautista M. , Phaneuf R. , Bilodeau R. C. , Ballance C. P. , McLaughlin B. , Norrington P. H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSpectroscopy of planetary nebulae (PNe) provides the means to investigate s-process enrichments of neutron(n)-capture elements that cannot be detected in Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars. However, accurate abundance determinations of these elements present a challenge. Corrections for unobserved ions can be large and uncertain, since in many PNe only one ion of a given n-capture element has been detected. Furthermore, the atomic data governing the ionization balance of these species are not well-determined, inhibiting the derivation of accurate ionization corrections. We present initial results of a program that addresses these challenges. Deep high-resolution optical spectroscopy of ∼20 PNe has been performed to detect emission lines from trans-iron species including Se, Br, Kr, Rb and Xe. The optical spectral region provides access to multiple ions of these elements, which reduces the magnitude and importance of uncertainties in the ionization corrections. In addition, experimental and theoretical efforts are providing determinations of the photoionization cross sections and recombination rate coefficients of Se, Kr and Xe ions. These new atomic data will make it possible to derive robust ionization corrections for these elements. Together, our observational and atomic data results will enable n-capture element abundances to be determined with unprecedented accuracy in ionized nebulae.
Carbon-Enhanced, Metal-Poor Stars and Modeling of the Asymptotic Giant Branch
Authors: Lucatello Sara , Masseron Thomas , Johnson Jennifer A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe very high fraction of C-enriched stars among the low end of the Galactic-halo metallicity distribution, along with the wide variety in content of their neutron-capture elements, make the understanding of their formation scenario(s) of extreme interest. The combination of accurate determinations of their chemical composition with long-term radial-velocity monitoring is crucial to address this issue. We discuss the first results of long-term radial-velocity monitoring for C-enhanced, metal-poor stars and explore the connection with chemical peculiarities; the data suggest that belonging to a close binary affects nucleosynthesis on the Asymptotic Giant Branch. We also present abundances for the poorly studied element fluorine in a sample of 10 C-enhanced stars with metallicities ranging from [Fe/H] = –1.3 to –2.9 and compare our measurements to the predictions of state-of-the-art nucleosynthesis models. We show how the observed abundances of fluorine in CEMP stars are considerable lower than expected on the basis of the current state-of-the-art theoretical calculations, hinting at our poor understanding of the nucleosynthetic processes that produce this element.
On the Mass and Metallicity Distributions of the Parent AGB Stars of O-Rich Presolar Stardust Grains
Authors: Nittler Larry R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPresolar grains in meteorites formed in a sample of Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars that ended their lives within ≈1 Gyr of the origin of the Solar System 4.6 Gyr ago. The O-isotopic compositions of presolar O-rich stardust reflect the masses and metallicities of their parent stars. We present simple Monte Carlo simulations of the parent AGB stars of presolar grains. Comparison of model predictions with the grain data allow some broad conclusions to be drawn: (1) Presolar O-rich grains formed in AGB stars of mass ∼1.15–2.2 M⊙. The upper-mass cutoff reflects dredge-up of C in more massive AGB stars, leading to C-rich dust rather than O-rich, but the lack of grains from intermediate-mass AGB stars (>4 M⊙) is a major puzzle; (2) The grain O-isotopic data are reproduced well if the Galaxy in presolar times was assumed to have a moderate age-metallicity relationship, but with significant metallicity scatter for stars born at the same time; (3) The Sun appears to have a moderately low metallicity for its age and/or unusual 17O/16O and 18O/16O ratios for its metallicity; and (4) The Solar 17O/18O ratio, while unusual relative to present-day molecular clouds and protostars, was not atypical for the presolar disk and does not require self-pollution of the protosolar molecular cloud by supernova ejecta.