bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photosensitive Dielectric Film Developed Using a Polymer Blend
Authors: Tani M. , Miyahara S. , Horikoshi E. , Natori K. , Sato T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe developed a photosensitive film using a polymer blend for use in applications that require a high density of interconnects. Our film can be used as a dielectric or a passivation layer in high density packaging technologies. We formed vias about 20 μm in diameter using our new materials.
Deposition, Characterization, and Application of Aluminum Nitride Thin Films for Microelectronics
Authors: Yu C. , Kim S. , Meikle S. , Doan T. T. , Blalock G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this paper we report on a high rate (˜ 100 nm/min) aluminum nitride (AIN) deposition process, as well as several novel applications of AIN thin films for microelectronics and optoelectronics applications. Surface morphology and chemical composition, etchability, etch selectivity to oxide, and step coverage at various deposition temperatures have been investigated by atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Auger spectroscope (AES). In addition, for the first time, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of AIN films has been carried out and a polishing rate of 270 nm/min has been achieved. Results of several novel processes involving AIN as an etchstop layer in microelectronics and as an optical interconnection in opto-electronics will be presented.
Low TCE Polyimides from Polyamic Acid Blends and Copolymers: Preparation and Characterization Studies
Authors: Sachdev Krishna G. , Graham-Ode Sandra , Nunes Thomas L. , Ho Paul S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA series of polyimides prepared from BPDA-PDA and BTDA-PDA polyamic acid blends and the corresponding (BPDA-PDA)x-(BTDA-PDA)y copolymers have been investigated for the mechanical properties, the thermal expansion, and the residual stress in films cured on silicon wafers. To determine the effect of inclusion of a highly flexible chain segment into BPDA-PDA structure, a BPDA-PDA/BDAF copolyimide has also been characterized. The experimental data are correlated with the chemistry and the composition of the blends and the copolyimides.
Liquid Etch of Moisture Resistant Polyimides
Authors: Fjare D. E. , Beuhler A. J. , Navar C. A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new wet patterning technology which is particularly well suited to moisture resistant polyimides is described. The key feature is a two step wet-etch with the photoresist patterned and the amic acid etched in sequential steps. A higher degree of sidewall control than previously attained is possible because the etchant can be tailored specifically for the polyamic acid. The etchants operate by the polarity shift mechanism conventionally used to etch polyamic acids with hydroxide bases, but instead use the weaker aliphatic amines as the active base component. Alcohols are used to adjust the polarity of the solvent.
Effects of Several Ingredient Variables on Mechanical Properties of Wood Fiber-Polyolefin Composites Blended in a Thermokinetic Mixer
Authors: Gonzalez C. , Clemons C. M. , Myers G. E. , Harten T. M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe examined the influence of several variables on the mechanical properties of wood fiber-polyolefin composites blended in a thermokinetic mixer. A pure cellulose fiber and fibers from old newspaper provided similar performance in matrices of virgin polypropylene or recycled milk bottles (high density polyethylene). Relative to wood flour, these fibrous fillers led to greater strength and modulus with both plastics, to lower impact energy with polyethylene, and to similar impact energy with polypropylene. Compared with the existing commercial wood flour-polypropylene system, the totally recycled polyethylene-newspaper composite provided equivalent strength and modulus, along with greater notched impact energy. Little difference was seen in composites containing a maleated polypropylene additive in the form of the solid anhydride or the emulsified potassium salt, indicating that the additive acted as a dispersing agent and not as a strong coupling agent.
Adhesive Contaminants (Stickies) and Methods for Removal
Authors: Klungness John H. , Doshi Mahendra R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA variety of adhesive contaminants (“stickies”) are encountered in wastepapers. They are broadly classified as hot melts, pressure-sensitive adhesives, and lattices. Their properties and control methods are discussed. Specifically, control methods include furnish selection, improved pulping and deflaking, well-designed screening and cleaning systems, and dispersion and additives to detackify or stabilize stickies, or both. A new technology is also discussed regarding it's possible application for controlling stickie contaminants. Test methods for measuring stickies are also reviewed.
Science of Art and Analysis: A Mixture for Undergraduate Non-Specialists
Authors: Taft W. Stanley , Mayer James W. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTAt Cornell University we are in the third year of teaching an interdisciplinary, undergraduate course on the physical properties and structures of works of Art, and the modern analytical methods used to investigate them: Art, Isotopes, and Analysis. The challenge is to explain concepts familiar to museum scientists and conservators to a group of 150 undergraduate students with a background that ranges from Art History to Computer Science. Painting techniques (Fresco, Tempera, Oil, etc.) are demonstrated to the class. The analytical techniques involve the interactions of electrons, photons, ions and neutrons with pigments and other materials. This instructional approach serves as an introduction to published analyses of works of art.
The Gulf War and its Aftermath on the Cultural Heritage of Iraq
Authors: Al-Radi Selma M. S. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe damage caused during and in the aftermath of the Gulf War to the cultural monuments and heritage of Iraq resulted directly from the bombing. Some of the effects were immediate, the rest were due to delayed reactions to the vibrations. However, the most serious loss to the country took place during the insurgencies immediately after the war was over when nine provincial museums were looted and robbed of their objects. In all some 4000 objects are missing. Although many will have been destroyed during the upheavals, others have begun to appear on the antiquities markets in the West.
Catastrophes and Entropy of Cultural Properties
Authors: Benarie Michel , Druzik James R. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT“The wear of iron teeth of time...”“nothing is eternal”“everything ends up in ashes”Such poetic locutions have been with us since Biblical and Homeric times. Lately it has become fashionable to clad this commonplace insight in more scientific garb such as the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Non-Destructive X-Ray Diffraction with 30-Micron Spatial Resolution: Some Examples
Authors: Inaba M. , Miyata J. , Sugisita R. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTWe have been measuring x-ray diffraction spectra of small samples of layers in cross-sections using a Micro X-ray diffractometer (PSPC/MDG) system since 1988. In measuring with xray diffractometry, the position sensitive proportional counter (PSPC) covers 150 degrees of x-ray diffraction, continuously. The data are accumulated by the multichannel analyser (MCA) and monitored on a CRT during the measurement period. Mounted samples can rotate around three axes. The XRD spectra are very like those from a wide angle goniometer used in powder diffraction. Normally the spatial limits are around 30 microns in diameter, as we have found experimentallly in our samples. We feel this system is very feasible for art and archaeological studies. Some case studies are presented.
Detection of Delaminations in Art Objects Using Air-Coupled Ultrasound°
Authors: Murray Alison , Fortunko C.M. , Mecklenburg Marion F. , Green Robert E. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe possibility of using air-coupled ultrasound to find delaminations between layers in paintings was investigated. Simulations of modern paintings were constructed with hardboard as the support layer, and a layer of gesso, an animal hide glue and chalk, as the upper layer. Delaminations were introduced between the two layers. Scanning the samples using air-coupled ultrasound clearly showed these flaws. A transmitting transducer, which was 25 mm in diameter and had a focal length of 51 mm, was placed 11 mm from the back surface of the sample and an identical receiving transducer was placed 51 mm from the front surface. The transducers were operated in a tone burst mode at a center frequency of 475 kHz. Signal enhancement techniques were used to improve the contrast of the data.
Modern Transparent Papers: Materials, Degradation, and the Effects of Some Conservation Treatments
Authors: Reyden Dianne Van Der , Hofmann Christa , Baker Mary , Mecklenburg Marion 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTModern transparent papers, also known as tracing papers, require specific chemical and physical properties, such as translucency, smoothness, and whiteness, which are produced by specially formulated compositions and manufacturing procedures. Ironically, these special formulations may in some ways render such papers susceptible to problems from damage and degradation, while also making them particularly reactive to moisture and solvents that must be used in conservation treatments to correct these problems. In order to evaluate the effects of water and organic solvents on such papers, four research projects were designed to consider the variables of paper composition, properties, type of solvent, technique of application of solvent, and flattening. This paper summarizes findings on materials characterization, degradative effects of aging, and some effects of solvents used on transparent papers for stain reduction, humidification, and flattening.
The Hague Convention of 1954: History, Significance and Compliances
Authors: Corzo Miguel Angel 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, signed at the Hague in 1954, is a document that reflects 20th century thinking on the means to safeguard the world's cultural heritage. It is our task to transform it into one that anticipates the challenges of the 21st century. First, then, we should pay homage to those individuals who had the spirit and the resolve to formulate the Convention and its Protocol. Second, we should admit that the Convention's effectiveness has been minimized in the past, largely due to a Euclidean conceptualization of the problem when in fact during war the axioms become spontaneously non-Euclidean, non-linear and highly chaotic. Clearly there is a need to reevaluate its premises in fresh ways, and to strengthen it in the context of the New Age that shall define the future.
Third Millennium B.C. Tin Processing Debris From Goltepe (Anatolia)
Authors: Vandiver Pamela , Yener K. Aslihan , May Leopold 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTCeramic remains of fragmentary vessels, believed to be smelting crucibles based on microscopic field investigation, were analyzed using a variety of techniques in order identify the metal being processed and to reconstruct the ancient processing, especially ranges of composition, temperature, atmosphere, and the constraints on processing which each of these processing variables would have imposed. The identification of the metal being processed in the crucible surface residues and the slags provide data to resolve a dispute over the nature of the ancient metallurgical processing at Goltepe; gold and iron have been suggested as alternate metals but were not found. Intensive study of the ceramic and slag microstructure, composition and thermal history was required to establish the processing constraints which will be used to aid future replicative smelting experiments at the site.
Thermal Analysis of Early Neolithic Pottery From Tepe Ganj Dareh, Iran
Authors: Yelon A. , Saucier A. , Larocque J.-P. , Smith P.E.L. , Vandiver P. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTA series of pottery fragments from an early Neolithic site in Iran is analyzed to determire the original baking temperatures. Two magnetic techniques are used: remanent magnetization decay, and hysteresis loop analysis. The results are complementary, although some are, at first sight, contradictory. The causes of these apparent contradictions are explained. The analyses confirm that the pottery was baked under highly variable conditions, probably over open fires. Control of baking was poor, and there was considerable variability not only from one vessel to another but even from one zone to another on the same vessel. Our results suggest the need for caution in interpreting often ambiguous findings in this field of ancient technology.
The Technical Examination of Some Neolithic Chinese Liangzhu Ceramics in the Harvard University Art Museums Collection
Authors: Dajnowski Andrzej , Farrell Eugene , Vandiver Pamela 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTAt the Neolithic archaeological site at Liangzhu in China, located 16 kilometers northwest of Hangchou in Cheking province, many objects of stone, jade, and black pottery were discovered between 1936 and 1939. While the exact date of the Liangzhu culture is uncertain, it is considered to be between 3500 and 2000 BC. A characteristic feature of the Liangzhu-culture pottery is a thin black finish and a layered structure of the body consisting of a black core sharply changing to a gray or red band ending in the black surface.The focus of this paper is to explain why the cores of the vessels are black and why the colored bands occur and what they indicate about the firing conditions of the pottery. Analyses were ca rried out using SEM, electron-beam microprobe, X-ray diffraction, photo-electron spectroscopy, and polarizing microscopy. From this evidence, it is clear thait a clay vessel containing abundant charcoal was thrown on the wheel and then fired under reducing conditions so that charcoal was retained and iron reduced. Just before completion of the firing or during the cooling phase, air was allowed to enter the kiln and a limited thickness of the outer core was oxidized. Then, for decorative purposes, the surface was heavily smoked, and/or a thin iron-containing slip layer was reduced in smoke and burnished.
A Technological Marker of the Penetration into North America: Pressure Microblade Debitage, its Origin in the Paleolithic of North Asia and its Diffusion
Authors: Inizan M-L. , Lechevallier M. , Plumet P. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTUntil recently1it was admitted that the pressure debitage technique had been invented at the end of the Upper Paleolithic, and its presence in different geographical zones was difficult to explain.Now that we are able to recognize it thanks to advances in experimentation, its invention seems to have been made some 20,000 years ago in the vast area where the Mongoloid people, who were to occupy the Far East, the Beringian zone and America, first appeared.We are going to describe the methodological approach which allowed us to imply pressure debitage as a cultural marker in the history of prehistoric penetration into North America and to show the specificity of this technique in the Paleolithic of North Asia. Our proposal is a development of an unpublished paper presented at the Novosibirsk Symposium in 19902. The opportunity we had then to examine lithic industries from Siberia convinced us of the early use of the pressure technique.
The Diversity of Newly Discovered Deterioration Patterns in Ancient Egyptian Pigments: Consequences to Entirely New Restoration Strategies and to the Egyptological Colour Symbolism
Authors: Schiegl Solveig , Weiner Karl L. , Goresy Ahmed El 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTPolished cross sections through more than 1000 pigment samples from ancient Egyptian monuments (5th Dynasty to Roman Times) were investigated in reflected light, with SEM, and with electron microprobe techniques (EMPA). These combined analytical techniques allow many insights into the painting layers and down to the substrate. Textural relations of both the primary paintings and of the deterioration products can then be delineated. They also discern the stages of the various deterioration processes and the degree of damage of the painting layers.The textural patterns of six deterioration processes not known before are discussed in detail and are documented in BSE-micrographs. Five of these processes commence in synthetic Cu-pigments (Egyptian Blue, glass pigment, and Green Frit) and Fe-bearing glass pigments. The 6th process leads to the formation of complex phosphates and is mainly exogenous. It causes severe damage to natural and synthetic pigment layers. These processes result in destruction of the primary pigments and coloured decorations.Consequences as to the colour symbolism and future treatment of befallen paintings are discussed.
Some Applications of Ion Chromatography to the Study of the Deterioration of Museum Artifacts
Authors: Tennent Norman H , Cooksey Brian G , Littlejohn David , Ottaway Barbara J 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTIon chromatography has been applied to the investigation of corrosion and efflorescence products on a range of museum artifacts whose deterioration is due to reaction with organic carbonyl pollutants in the storage environment. The potential of the technique and its optimisation for the determination of chloride, acetate, formate, nitrate and sulphate anions and associated cations are reported. Compounds containing acetates and/or formates from ceramic, geological, mollusca and metal collections have been investigated. The utility of ion chromatography for the examination of specimens which show no visible efflorescence, but from which significant acetate and formate levels can be quantified, is also demonstrated. The complementarity of ion chromatography and other techniques, in particular X-ray diffraction and infra red spectroscopy, for the investigation of efflorescence products is emphasised.
Rock Varnish on a Pre-Columbian Green Jasper From the Tropical Rain Forest (The Ahaw Pectoral)
Authors: Garza-Valdes Leoncio A. , Stross Brian 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTWith aging, many rocks surfaces not in direct contact with the soil, develop a black coating. This deposit has been given different names: desert varnish [1,2], rock varnish [3], and biogenic rock varnish [4]. The rock varnish is a dark coating, usually 10 to 30 micrometers thick, with a variation from a few micrometers to over 500 micrometers [5]. It is composed of manganese and iron oxides, silica, and clay minerals. A similar type of coating is accreted in pottery found in ancient tombs [6].
Recent Eco-Archaeometric Studies of Salinization and Desalinization of Karnak Temples, Egypt
Authors: Burns George , Matsui K.M. , Potter R.M. , Billard T.C. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTEarlier studies demonstrated quantitatively that recent salinization of the Karnak Temples, Egypt, is due to evaporation of saline groundwaters under the temples. Furthermore, it was determined that the high salinity of groundwaters is due to extensive evaporotranspiration over the adjacent irrigated fields. To abate salinization, in 1986, a desalinization station was installed in the central part of Karnak at Lake Amun. Present studies indicate that by 1987, the desalinization effort was already very successful, with the salinity of the Lake being lowered by a factor of more than 37. Some residual salinity was still evident a year after desalinization stations were installed. It appears that this residual salinity is due primarily to leaching of salts which were deposited around the Lake before 1986. Thus, not only the Lake, but also the area adjacent to it appear to be desalinized as a result of construction of the desalinization station.
Hydric Properties of Some Spanish Building Stones: A Petrophysical Interpretation
Authors: Valdeon Luis , Esbert Rosa M. , Grossi Carlota M. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe hydric properties of three types of building stone used in certain Spanish monuments of outstanding historical-artistic value have been determined. The stones selected were dolomite, limestone and sandstone used in the cathedrals of Leon (northern Spain), Seville (southern Spain) and Salamanca (central Spain) respectively.In the work described in this paper, different rock properties related to water were measured (absorption of water and water vapour, evaporation, capillarity and permeability to water vapour). Swelling characteristics of the sandstone were also determined.The close correlation between the values of the parameters obtained for each property analyzed and the mineralogical-textural features of the rock, notably the porosity and form of the pore system, has been also demonstrated. In these stones, it has been observed that water absorption capacity is linked both to the volume of empty communicating spaces (open porosity) and to the presence and percentage of clay minerals.
Investigations of the Surface Processes on Exposed Limestones
Authors: Maravelaki Pagona , Bertoncello R. , Biscontin G. , Battaglin G. , Zendri E. , Tondello E. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTDifferent decay mechanisms, according to the exposure to rain actions, have been identified on a series of Istria stone samples derived from the Venetian buildings. Enquiries have been carried out on these samples by means of porosity measurements and chemical analysis in depth. In order to identify the decay mechanisms and their.kinetics, simulation tests have been,performed on exposed samples of Istria stone for a period of 19 months. These specimens have been analysed by several techniques in order to verify the chemical dissolution of limestone provoked by the rain action. The initial chemical attack on the exposed samples has been pointed out by XPS and RBS micro-analytical techniques.
Evaluation of Protective Coatings for the ‘In Situ’ Preservation of Historic Timber Buildings in a Harsh Antarctic Environment
Authors: Hughes Janet 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe Australasian Antarctic Expedition base at Commonwealth Bay (67°S 142°E), also known as ‘Mawson's Huts’ include some of the earliest buildings in Antarctica. The prefabricated timber buildings of Oregon beams and Baltic Pine (Pinus sylvestris) claddings were erected in January 1912 and were occupied for two years: they are thus approximately contemporary with the better known Scott and Shackleton huts near McMurdo Base in the Ross Sea.The expedition was led by Dr Douglas Mawson, later Professor Sir Douglas Mawson, and its inspiration was scientific rather than a race to the South Pole. The buildings and artefacts remaining on the headland, also called Cape Denison, reflect considerable scientific achievement in geology, upper atmosphere physics, surveying, meteorology and biology and the site constitutes an important monument in the early exploration of this remote and inhospitable continent.While the huts are of recent date, the rapid rate of deterioration due to the extreme climate means there is some urgency to developing a method of preserving the building. The timbers have been seriously worn, or ‘corraded’ by snow particles carried in the katabatic winds. These winds can exceed 300km per hour, sometimes for days. The isolation of the site, accessible by sea for only three months of the year adds to the logistical difficulties. There has been considerable public debate in Australia about which method of preservation is appropriate.The author, a materials conservator and industrial chemist, visited the site in December 1985 and has been studying the problems of the site as a postgraduate student for the past year.