bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
« La croix » devant la marée brune
Authors: Fleury-Vilatte Béatrice 
Published: July 2010

« La Croix » and the brown tide, Alain Fleury.
La Croix, one of the main French Catholic publications, had an ambiguous attitude toward the rise of national socialism. Torn between its deep anti-communism and the fears that the anti-Catholic persecution inspired to some of its journalists, the newspaper gave, up to the war an unclear image of Germany, a reflection of its internal contradictions and its fascination/repulsion for the Nazi regime.
Vichy a-t-il été libéral ?Le sens de l'intermède Flandin
Authors: Wieviorka Olivier 
Published: July 2010

Was Vichy libéral ? The meaning of the Flandin intermezzo, Olivier Wieviorka.
Did Pierre-Etienne Flandin, Vichy's Foreign Affairs minister from 13 December 1940 to 10 February 1941, after the dismissal of Laval and the arrival of Darlan, have the time and the desire to deal a liberal card ? Could the regime resist the Germans after the Montoire meeting ? Archives in hand, the author concludes on these issues hotly debated by historians, from R. Paxton to M. Cointet, that a " double game " was impossible and points out that Flandin did not try to transform the nature of a State of which he expected only that it would save his personal strategy.
La résistance allemande au régime nazi. L'historiographie en république fédérale
Authors: Müller Klaus-Jürgen 
Published: July 2010

German resistance to the Nazi regime. Historiography in the Federal Republic of Germany, Klaus-Jùrgen Millier.
Four phases appear in the historiography of German resistance to Nazism. At the end of the 1940s it was urgent to attest the reality of this resistance. During the cold war, its memory served to legitimate and consolidate the rebirth of West Germany, but at the expense of exclusions, concerning e.g. the communist resistance. During the 1960s, a new generation of historians attempted to debank an overly heroic image. Lastly, in the 1970s and 1980s, research developed in many directions, trying to understand not only the motivations of some of the resistants (such as those of 20 July, 1944), but the whole phenomenon including its effects within the German population.
L'Asie en 1986 : l'avenir n'est plus ce qu'il était
Authors: Verceil Claude 
Published: July 2010

Asia in 1986. The future is no longer what it used to be, Claude Verceil.
The diagnosis seemed hopeless. Asia was doomed to overpopulation, hunger, and war. And yet ! Recent developments continent seem to have proved wrong the prophets of doom. Population growth is controlled better ; people are generally able to feed themselves ; economic development is accelerating ; stabilization of political regimes and a beginning of democratization, a reduction of international tensions - all these indicators have moved to green.
Les français et la sécurité sociale. Sondages d'opinion (1945-1982)
Authors: Schnapper Dominique , Brody Jeanne , Kastoryano Riva 
Published: July 2010

The French and Social Security Public opinion surveys (1945-1982), Dominique Schnapper, Jeanne Brody, Riva Kastoryano.
Opinion poils show the deep attachment of the French to Social Security since its creation in 1945. Beyond ideological debates, its management and deficit have been worrying the insured, who are also contributors, for more than 30 years. Generally speaking, despite deep economic changes, the System has not been questioned. The article is based on an exhaustive study of all available polls.
Récit de vie, discours social et parole vraie
Authors: Robin Régine 
Published: July 2010

Life story, social discourse, and true words, Régine Robin
To think that oral history is a more democratic history escaping the traps of institutions and power is illusory. Life stories always incorporate social discourse and social " noise " ; they are built on stereotypes ; they fit into frameworks. " Making the silence of history talk ", Michelet's old ambition, may be possible only through fiction, far from the " raw facts " that oral history is supposed to provide.
La résistible ascension de Mao
Authors: Chevrier Yves 
Published: July 2010

Mao's resistible ascent, Yves Chevrier.
A hybrid party with its mixed urban and rural origins, a State party forged hammered by intellectuals out of a guerrilla army, the Chinese Communist party was slow to plebiscite Mao. Contrary to legend, Mao took a long time to conquer power. Hesitations persisted for a long time on the role of the peasantry in relation to that of the urban population and on the nationalist accent. Whatever the resistances and regardless of the gap between the Maoist project and social reality, Mao did put his personal imprint on the whole period. Historiography must yet explain his ascent.
Les relations entre l'état et la banque de France depuis les années 1950
Authors: Bouvier Jean 
Published: July 2010

Relations between the State and the Bank of France since the 1950s, Jean Bouvier.
Created under Bonaparte, nationalized in 1936, the Bank of France, unlike the German Bundesbank or the US Federal Reserve System, has always been tightly monitored by the State. Its governor is accountable to the Minister of the Economy and Finance. Its status, despite the compromise reached in 1973, makes it both a free institution and a public service. The conflicts between its managers and the government have had more effects than generally realized on French economic and monetary policies since the Liberation. At a time when greater autonomy is under consideration, the article sheds light on the rather secret and agitated history of the Bank of France.
Jeunesse et société dans la France de l'entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Prost Antoine 
Published: July 2010

Youth and society in interwar France, Antoine Prost.
In the French society of the interwar period, still close to the 19th century, the social organization of passage from childhood to adulthood, which defines youth, differed greatly as between the bourgeoisie and the remaining strata, working class or peasants. There was no single youth, but two youths. Neither the bourgeois youth nor the youth of the masses were at odds with society. Integration mechanisms proved stronger than generational conflicts.
Crise du syndicalisme, crise de la classe ouvrière ou crise du salariat?
Authors: Capdevielle Jacques 
Published: July 2010

Trade union crisis, working class crisis or wage-earner crisis ? Jacques Capdevielle.
French trade unionism, as that of other developed countries, is in dire straits. While the diagnosis is generally agreed upon, the quest for causes and remedies is difflcult. Trade unionism is confronted with a real revolution, caused by a structural mutation of labor which began about 20 years ago. In its daily life, if not in the factory, the working class has been diluted within the wage earning class, and this dilution both integrated and split it : two convergent factors, in any case, which made it lose its specificity. As if this phenomenon was not complex enough, its analysis was hampered for a long time, at least in France, by the reference to a mythical working class.
Du bon usage de l’individu féministe
Authors: Fraisse Geneviève 
Published: July 2010

On the right usage of the feminist, Geneviève Fraisse.
The difficulty in looking for the meaning of the relation between individual feminists and women as a group lies in the fact that adherence to feminism happens within a group, but also at its edges or even outside it. And the difficulty in defining feminism as a movement is reinforced by the problem of representativeness. To appoint representatives, a group must be constituted not only as a collectivity, but also as a set of subjects. The constitution of women as subjects is then at the very heart of thinking on individual feminists.
Le code Hays. L'autocensure du cinéma américain
Authors: Bordat Francis 
Published: July 2010

The Hays code. Self censorship in American cinema, Francis Bordat.
Any student of the American cinema of the 1930s instantly recognizes the difference between a pre- and post- 1934 film. From that year until 1952, films had to comply with very strict self-censorship rules. The author has studied the beginnings of the Hays code, its backgrounds — pressures and censorship — and its legal context. He shows both how the rules were applied and how they fell apart in the 15 years that followed. This post mortem leads to the conclusion that although the Hays code was an undeniable attack on freedom of speed it was also a compromise which probably saved what was essential, by making it possible to reject censorship of a far more threatening nature for freedom of expression and creation.
L'anticommunisme en France
Authors: Becker Jean-Jacques , Berstein Serge 
Published: July 2010

Anticommunism in France, Jean-Jacques Becker, Serge Berstein.
Following the chronology of anti-communist manifestations from 1917 to the present, the article shows that they were proportionate to the physical strength of the French Communist Party and to the feeling of danger to France dicted by the power of the USSR. This hatred and this fear played substantial part in the France's history, above all during the Popular Front and the Cold War. Under the Fifth Republic, they paradoxically favored both the veering to the right and the 1981 victory of the non-communist left.
Léon Gingembre défenseur des PME
Authors: Guillaume Sylvie 
Published: July 2010

Léon Gingembre, defender of small business firms (PME), Sylvie Guillaume
A dynamic leader, Leon Gingembre succeeded in mobilizing his troops in the style of worker's unions by speaking their language and using their key words (antitaxation, anti-state-intervention, anti-technocracy), identifying with their fight and channeling their fears, in decades when small and medium-sized businesses were considered obstacles to modernization and seemed destined to slow death. He built a professional organization to represent these PME and imposed it to the authorities and big business. This arose gingembrisme, both a method of internal government and a form of complex relations with the authorities, the administration and the employers' union.
Pierre Mendès France modernisateur
Authors: Rioux Jean-Pierre 
Published: July 2010

Pierre Mendès France as modernizer, Jean-Pierre Rioux
Throughout his political career, Pierre Mendes France wanted to modernize France. The young radical MP of the 1930s felt that economics was a genuine science. In 1938, he was one of the few Frenchmen to be familiar with Keynes. But this sound republican, faithful to the Jacobin State and Keen on a new-style democracy, refused after the war any technocratic drift. Economic social and political modernization went together ; they demanded a renewed civic education. This modernizing ambition of PMF was barely applied : deprived of power, unable to gather the left under the Fifth Republic, he saw his « modem Republic » denied.
Les stratégies du Front National (mars 1986-mai 1987)
Authors: Birenbaum Guy 
Published: July 2010

The National Front's strategies (March 1986 to June 1987), Guy Birenbaum.
A detailed study of over one year of political activity of the National Front's beginning with the establishment of its parliamentary group in March 1986. Three main aspects are analysed : 1. the positions taken, oscillating between two discourses of differing content and tone, and adjusting to salient current events ; 2. a certain diversity of National Front deputies, not all Jean-Marie Le Pen's clones ; and finally, 3. the importance of the regional factor, the potential life-saver for a party threatened by the return to the majority electoral System. This is also therefore the stake of complex local relations, in certain areas, with the current majority.
L'hiver de grève des cheminots
Authors: Ribeill Georges 
Published: July 2010

The winter of the railroad strike, Georges Ribeill
To understand the originality of the December 1986 French rail strike - the longest conflict in the half-century of existence of the SNCF, the state company - one must remember « railroad society »'s eventful history : the emergence of a collective consciousness at the time of the pre-1914 companies ; the post-1918 state stewardship ; the cultural and occupational splits of the 1960s, up to the disarray of 1986, whose first signs could be seen as early as 1971.
Réflexions sur l'historisation du national-socialisme
Authors: Friedländer Saul 
Published: July 2010

Reflections on the historization of national-socialism, Saul Friedländer.
A debate on how to study the 1933-1945 period has been opened by several German historians. They favor a « historization » of Nazism, which would make it possible to set those years in the continuity of German history. But reconsidering the national-socialist past according to such criteria is misleading ; above ail, it denies the specificity of the Hitlerite plan : deciding in Hannah Arendt's words « who is and who is not to live on our planet ».
Le 15e siècle de l'Hegire
Authors: Ilbert Robert 
Published: July 2010

The 15th century of the Hegira, Robert Ilbert.
Today's issue — with all its warlike and terrorist implications — is whether, confronted with the rise of Islamic fundamentalism, the various Muslim states will be able to restore their legitimacy and to rebuild the consensus necessary for life in a civil society. The upheavals of 1979 and 1980, at the beginning of the 15th century of the Hegira, illustrate the contradictions and the weaknesses of a history which, in the previous century, was dominated by the national state pattern and the priority assigned to industrial development.
La « nouvelle droite » entre printemps et automne (1968-1986)
Authors: Duranton-Crabol Anne-Marie 
Published: July 2010

The « New Right » between spring and fall (1968-1986), Anne-Marie Duranton-Crabol.
The Group for Research and Study on European Civilization (GRECE), founded in 1968, was at the heart of the « new right » phenomenon in France, much-discussed around 1978-1979. This ideological group operates in the area of « metapolitics », away from party affiliations, to restore to the peoples of Europe the « awareness of their destiny ». Its anti-Marxism, its anti-Americanism, its interest in biology seduced intellectuals and newspaper writers (e.g. at Figaro Magazine, for a while) and even some political advisers. At a time when the future of this « new right » seems very uncertain, here is the first history of an « intellectual pole » which was also, and often unwillingly, a pressure group.
Hector Guimard entre deux siècles
Authors: Frontisi Claude 
Published: July 2010

Hector Guimard between two centuries, Claude Frontisi.
All his life, the architect Hector Guimard looked to what was new : in shapes, materials, and ordering. While participating in the newest thinking of his time about architecture, he remained an artisan. Art is in everything, he said, and he designed both furniture and urban equipment. His was also the art of a wealthy elite which, in spite of its wide presence, was not able to impose itself on its time. Now that we are rediscovering its modernity, Guimard has entered the Musée d'Orsay.
L'histoire en Yougoslavie depuis 1945
Authors: Pavlowitch Stevan K. 
Published: July 2010

History in Yugoslavia since 1945, Stevan K. Pavlowitch
After 1945, history was naturally put in the service of revolution and its guide, Marshall Tito. But very quickly, propagandistic Marxism-Leninism has to accommodate to the return of the various Republics' national past and to an increasingly critical study of the World War II period. The itinerary of V. Dedijer, the official historian, and the publication of new documents have led to a reexamination which has attracted much interest in Yugoslavia since 1985.
La droite religieuse
Authors: Bertrand Claude-Jean 
Published: July 2010

The religious right, Claude-Jean Bertrand
In the United States believers can be categorized as pre- and post- millenarists. Among the former — conservative, even reactionary — the evangelicals are the most numerous. A minority, fervent and nostalgie for the original theocracy, followers of the biblical rules, regained popularity in the 1950s and again in the 1970s, thanks to the use of mass media. After the surge of the Reagan'era and the fleeting rise of the Moral Majority — a movement more symbolic than representative of the new Christian right — this minority now seems in a downward phase.
Les églises noires et leurs révérends
Authors: Bernheim Nicole 
Published: July 2010

The black churches and their clergy, Nicole Bernheim.
In addition to having the same color of shin, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., Louis Farrakhan and Jesse Jackson also share a decisive similarity : the very close association linking their struggle for racial equality and their discourse, strongly marked by religion. Through the portrait of these major charismatic figures, the author analyzes the central place which the Churches held in the Black movement in the US, particularly by training then and by offering them a means of expression. But this « time of the reverends » may be drawing to a close.
Les catholiques face au New Deal
Authors: Fohlen Claude 
Published: July 2010

The Catholics and the New Deal, Claude Fohlen.
After the First World War, the American Catholics, mostly recent immigrants, were objects of suspicion in public life. The Protestants feared « Papist » interference in American affairs should Catholics be strongly represented in the federal administration. Poorly integrated, the Catholics had a hard time finding their place in the political arena. This explains the failure of the candidacy of the Democratic Governor of New York to the Presidency in 1928. As of 1932, the Catholics were to join massively the Democratic Party. They contributed to Franklin Roosevelt's victory, making the New Deal years those of the acceptance of Catholics in American society.
La cour suprême et la séparation de l'église et de l'état
Authors: Nouailhat Yves-Henri 
Published: July 2010

The Supreme Court and the separation of Church and State, Yves-Henri Novailhat
The first amendment to the American Constitution guaranteed the free exercise of religion but refused an established one. The Supreme Court has had to follow for two centuries the father twisting path of the errors of interpretation of this original rule. For there has been conflict concerning both the « free exercise » of religion and its « es tablishment », especially in the fields of education and taxation. Over the past 30 years, the Court has been playing a relatively new role of purification of the abuses of the American social and political System, but without the slightest possibility of a constitutional reform on the separation of Churche and State.
Richard Hofstadter (1916-1970)
Authors: Césari Laurent 
Published: July 2010

Richard Hofstadter (1916-1970). Historiography and politics in the US, Laurent Césari
Richard Hofstadter had considerable influence on American historiography and intellectual life. A communist in his youth, he then turned left of the center, and towards the end one of the precursors of neo-conservatism. He wrote several major works, e.g. The American Political Tradition, published in 1948, in which he describes American society as a « democracy in cupidity ». Influenced as much by Marx as by Weber, Freud and Mannheim, Hofstadter always denied the primacy of ideology. He is representative of the generation of American intellectuals of the 1950s.
"In god we trust!"
Authors: Mélandri Pierre 
Published: July 2010

« In God we trust ! », Pierre Mélandri.
Why and how has religion made such a comeback in American politics in the 1980s ? Who broke the dream of a « secular humanism » and of a religion of intimacy better suited to a modern America ? The author has followed the history of a paradox which was also a gamble of the New World : where can one find this unfindable philosophy of public good which would reconcile the attachment to the pluralism of liberty and the aspiration to a national identity, if not in religion ? The United States is indeed « the nation with the soul of a Church » (S. Mead).
1942 : le comité international de la croix-rouge, les déportations et les camps
Authors: Favez Jean-Claude 
Published: July 2010

1942 : the International committee of the Red Cross, deportations and camps, Jean-Claude Favez.
What was the attitude of the International committee of the Red Cross towards the horror of the Nazi camps ? An analysis of its hesitations throughout 1942 reveals the situation by showing the impase in which it found itself enclosed. Traditional humanitarian support, founded on diplomacy and international conventions, proved either totally unadapted to the concentration camp phenomenon on simply impossible. But the Red Cross did not seem capable of placing its action at another level, such as that of public denunciation and an appeal to world opinion : it was the prisoner of a strictly legalistic state of mind which made it reason in terms of states not in terms of ideology ; dependent on considerations leading to the respect of strict neutrality. It was therefore condemned, if not to absolute inaction, at least to relative inefficacy. Could it really have acted otherwise ?
André Tardieu et la crise du constitutionnalisme libéral (1933-1934)
Authors: Roussellier Nicolas 
Published: July 2010

André Tardieu and the crisis of liberal constitutionalism (1933-1934), Nicolas Roussellier.
Symbol and leader of a powerful current which demanded a " reform of the State " in the France of the early 1930s, André Tardieu never crossed the threshold of a break with the republican tradition. But his plan for strengthening the executive power led to a double impasse, threoretical and practical. How was it possible to renew the Third Republic's institutions without forsaking the postulates on which they were based ? This accounts for the paradoxes of an itinerary which led him to the apparent summit of his career after the events of 6 February 1934, and then in less than one year to retirement and definitive silence.
Giovanni Gentile, philosophe du fascisme
Authors: Romano Sergio 
Published: July 2010

Gentile as a philosopher of fascism, Sergio Romano.
In 1918, G. Gentile thought that Italy's salvation depended on the restoration of the liberal State. But he feared the possibility of a return to the pre-war political System and the risk of a weak power subjected to constant governmental changes. That is why his liberal State was to be led by a strong party, not far removed from the fascist conception. Even if the term used to designate it, " the ethical State ", came from the Hegelian conception, it was indeed an authoritarian state in Gentile's mind. Gentile needed all the resources of philosophical rhetoric to get out of the contradiction. In spite of his admiration for Il Duce, he came into conflict with the regime and ended up dying because of it.
Luigi Sturzo et la critique de l'état totalitaire
Authors: Pouthier Jean-Luc 
Published: July 2010

Luigi Sturzo and the critique of the totalitarian State, Jean-Luc Pouthier.
Forced into exile in 1924, Don Sturzo was one of the first to describe the nature of Italian fascism and to set it within a wider analysis of the totalitarian State. Mussolini's opponent had understood precociously the rupture which this " State pantheism " introduced : European public opinion badly misunderstood its awful novelty. His diagnostis helps us today to return to the origins of the uses of the word " totalitarianism ".
L'histoire du 20e siècle au lycée. Le nouveau programme de terminale
Authors: Borne Dominique 
Published: July 2010

20th century history in the French lycée (high school). The new final years program, Dominique Borne.
The author, Inspector General for history and geography, presents the new program to be taught from now on to future lycee students in their final year. He shows its great ambitions — which nevertheless leave the professors the latitude to adapt it to their pedagogy. An appendix reproduces the official text of this panorama of world and French history, which takes into account progress in research and questions raised by the present.