bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paper 18: Carbon-Fibre Reinforced Polymers as Self-Lubricating Materials
Authors: Giltrow J. P. , Lancaster J. K. 
Published: June 2010

An investigation of the friction, wear, and mechanical properties of polymers reinforced with different proportions of two types of carbon fibre is described. During dry sliding against steel, coefficients of friction of the composites lie within a common range of 0·25–0·35 at high fibre concentrations, and rates of wear can be reduced by factors of more than 103. Fibre reinforcement can also greatly improve the strength, stiffness, and deformation under load. The most important factor influencing the wear rate is the amount of fibre present: the strength is more dependent on adhesion at the fibre–polymer interface. The practical applications of carbon-fibre reinforced polymers are discussed.
Paper 21: Measurements of Friction and Wear under Conditions of Dynamic Excitation
Authors: Barker K. , Kaliszer H. , Rowe G. W. 
Published: June 2010

An experimental study is being made of the friction and wear of pins of different materials in sliding contact with a rotating mild steel disc. A load is applied by dead weights and the excitation is introduced either by out-of-balance in the wheel or by an electromechanical vibrator attached to the loading arm. Stepless speed variation up to 60 ft/s is provided. The friction force, temperature, and worn volume are recorded continuously. Under light loads a synchronous impulsive force appears to decrease the shear strength of the lubricant–metal interface, whereas under a heavy load it does not have a significant effect on the interfacial contact. Synchronous vibrations alter the wear pattern of a phosphor-bronze pin. The running-in period is extended, but the final wear rate is greater. Changes in the running-in characteristics of a steel pin are not observed.
Paper 23: A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Elastic Distortions on the Performance of Journal Bearings
Authors: Brighton D. K. , Hooke C. J. , O'Donoghue J. P. 
Published: June 2010

This paper describes details of a solution to the finite journal bearing problem, including the effects of elastic distortions in the bearing liner. Solutions for the particular case of a bearing of length to diameter ratio of 1, outside to inside diameter ratio of 1·3, and Poisson's ratio of 0·4 have been obtained and the results are compared with experimental results obtained with a Delrin plastic bearing. Good agreement between theory and experiment has been obtained. The theory, which is applicable to soft shell bearings supported in a rigid housing, predicts that: (1) the ratio of the peak pressure to the average pressure is reduced; (2) the bearing stiffness is reduced; (3) the minimum film thickness for a given load is reduced by elastic distortions at eccentricity ratios less than unity; and (4) the friction is reduced.
Paper 1: Crash Barrier Developments
Authors: Jehu V. J. 
Published: June 2010

The search for economical barriers capable of redirecting without mishap high-speed vehicles and others out of control is being intensified in many countries. Existing warrants for road-edge and median barriers are briefly reviewed, together with accident experience with median barriers. Full-scale dynamic testing recently carried out in the U.S.A., Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom is outlined, and conclusions are drawn regarding the inadequacy of some barriers previously thought to be satisfactory, and the ways in which increased barrier effectiveness is being achieved.
Paper 2: Some Aspects of the Development of the LVA24 Traction Engine
Authors: Dolenc A. , Lees R. 
Published: June 2010

Lightweight design, high speed and high mean pressures permit high specific output of diesel engines but these are normally associated with high mechanical and thermal loading of critical parts. The paper outlines the approach to the development of the Sulzer LVA24 traction engine and explains the practical experience gained with the components.
Paper 8: Engine Tuning to Minimize Exhaust Emissions
Authors: Sutton D. L. 
Published: June 2010

With the minimum amount of time available to satisfy impending pollution regulations, a hurried programme of engine research and development was embarked upon to reduce emissions by the simplest and quickest means. Early attempts with air injection methods had shown promising results, but installation problems resulted in efforts directed towards an engine tuning approach. With lean set carburation and retarded ignition, tests showed that emission levels could be reached which were within striking distance of the proposed limits. Analysis of the various modes of operation showed that deceleration peaks, and in the case of manual transmissions, gear change peaks, were highly contributing factors. A simple type poppet valve incorporated in the throttle plate of the carburettor, and set to operate at a given manifold depression, considerably reduced emissions during deceleration and gear change, bringing composite values within the prescribed limits. Further development of the valve was undertaken and is described in the text. The development of systems involved investigation into carburettor metering, mixture preparation, ignition timing, temperature compensation, throttle damping, and fuel cut-off.
Paper 18: Emission Control by Carburation
Authors: Lawrence G. L. 
Published: June 2010

This paper presents basic data and information relating to the experience gained from further development work associated particularly with the application of ‘CDSE’ carburettors and ‘Duplex’ manifold systems to a wide range of engines. It is intended to be read against the background of the earlier papers published on the subject (1) (2)†. No attempt has been made in this short paper to examine particular criteria in depth, especially since many of the developments are still in the experimental stages. The basic proposition presented is that intake system treatment of the induced charge is more viable commercially than alternative techniques to reduce exhaust pollutants below the legislated standards and that close limit fuel metering consistency is in any event indispensable to adequate field results, whatever system be adopted.
Paper 9: The Sampling and Measurement of Exhaust Emissions from Motor Vehicles
Authors: Soltau J. P. , Campbell K. 
Published: June 2010

The development of apparatus and systems to reduce exhaust air pollution from motor vehicles was hampered initially by the lack of suitable quantitative measuring apparatus. Great improvements have taken place and accurate measurement of pollutants can now be made, either in the form of continuous records, or of an average value, over a period of time or cycle. The principal instrument in current use is the rapid response non-dispersive infrared gas analyser. Apart from carbon compounds it can also detect with accuracy oxides of nitrogen. Future trends in pollution measurements are orientated towards the evaluation of the mass emitted during a predetermined cycle instead of the average concentration. With this in view, new sample collection methods have been developed, such as total bag sampling, and variable dilution sampling. The B.T.C. Analytical Committee was formed four years ago to advise on and discuss exhaust gas measurement techniques. Amongst its achievements have been the establishment of gas and car correlation schemes and the laying down of instrument specifications.
Paper 4: The Effect of Combustion Chamber Shape and Other Engine Design Factors on Exhaust Emissions
Authors: Dartnell P. L. , Goodacre C. L. , Lamarque P. V. 
Published: June 2010

A Heron combustion chamber engine of 2 litre capacity has been utilized to investigate the effect of combustion chamber shape, increased mixture movement, valve timing, mixture formation, and reaction in the exhaust system on engine performance and level of exhaust emissions using the seven-mode U.S. Federal cycle. Such factors as carburettor weakening and limitation of intake manifold vacuum during overrun have been included in this investigation, and it has been shown that it is possible to reduce exhaust emissions and also satisfy the current U.S. requirements with an engine giving acceptable performance, improved economy, and unaffected reliability. Much of the information reported may be negative in terms of improvement to exhaust emissions by detailed engine design. Nevertheless, some positive conclusions have been reached as a result of this work, and it is hoped that this will draw forth more informed discussion than the authors have been able to assemble from the work attempted with one basic engine.
Paper 2: The Nature and Cause of Diesel Emissions
Authors: Millington B. W. 
Published: June 2010

The purpose of this paper is to review, necessarily rather superficially, the broad question of emissions from diesel engines and their relation to combustion as seen from an engineer's point of view. From the previous paper it will be realized that smoke is the emission currently under strongest scrutiny. Nevertheless, as gasoline engine emissions are brought under more rigorous control there also will be pressure to control unburnts, oxides of nitrogen, and other emissions from diesel engines.
Paper 2: W.A.G.R. Fuel-Handling Equipment: Design, Operation, and Contribution to Future Designs
Authors: Slater E. , Packman G. , Weaden H. R. 
Published: June 2010

The ability to charge and discharge fuel and other reactor channel components with the reactor on load is a key feature of all the British Electricity Boards' nuclear power stations. The system adopted on the Wind-scale Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (W.A.G.R.), where each core channel is provided with its own standpipe (single-channel access), simplifies the operation of locating a particular channel; there is no need to insert any moving parts into the reactor circuit, and the critical operation of coupling the fuel to the machine is carried out at ambient temperature with no radiation problems. For five years the W.A.G.R. fuelling machine has demonstrated the ease of fuelling with a single-channel access system, and the integrity and reliability of the equipment is demonstrated by its record, which exceeds 7000 operations. By taking advantage of this operating experience on the W.A.G.R. it is clear that changes can be made in the design of fuelling machines and equipment for future commercial stations to improve efficiency and reduce costs.
Paper 9: Lubrication at Low Temperatures and in Associated ‘Pure’ Gases
Authors: Tantam D. H. 
Published: June 2010

Specialized techniques have been devised to facilitate the lubrication of components between which relative movement takes place in low-temperature environments. Although fundamentally similar to atmospheric temperature systems, the lubrication process can only proceed in a controlled manner if it is freed from the influences of low temperature on materials of construction and lubricants, and from the deleterious effects of freezing impurities in the surrounding atmosphere. In plants or distribution systems where high purity gases are involved, freedom from contamination influences the choice of lubricant and the method of application; it also imposes strict controls on the design and assembly of the machine and, in particular, the clearances during assembly, maintenance, and running. The importance of safety limits the range of materials that may be used, and demands strict observance of the safety standards and codes of practice that have been derived from data obtained on test equipment and full-scale operations. The monitoring of machine performance and the reliability and effectiveness of protection systems are essential if incidents are to be avoided where the working fluid is in a liquid or gaseous state. The paper examines these problems and the practical methods used to overcome them. The references provide access to specific data.
Paper 2: The Powered Limb and Component Network: A General Theory concerning Their Design
Authors: Wilson A. B. Kinnier 
Published: June 2010

The designing of any powered limb confronts the designer with a mass of interacting variables. Really worthwhile long-term results can only emerge from a systematic attempt to define an overall problem, with subsequent research of its component parts, both in their own right and in relation to the whole. It seems likely that unless this is done the rate of improvement of hardware will gradually diminish. Mapping out of the various aspects of the problem produces a network which demonstrates the manner in which the variables interact. From this, the most important areas for research can be deduced. The discovery of numerical relationships between the parts is making the design process steadily more precise.
Paper 3: Ends and Trends in the Training of Engineers
Authors: Vickery D. S. 
Published: June 2010

The views of an employer of relatively small numbers of non-university engineers are presented. These arise from a process industry which, because it is capital-intensive, demands high standards of technical and administrative ability. Some experiences with non-university courses are given, going back to the late 1950's covering school-leavers recruited both for H.N.D. and Dip. Tech. courses. Some indications are given of the experience provided for engineers during their first few years in the organization. The results are surveyed from the industrial viewpoint. The importance of social factors on a national scale, and the contribution of behavioural scientists to more effective utilization by industry of new systems of education for engineers, are considered.
Paper 10: Cast High Temperature Materials
Authors: Stephenson N. 
Published: June 2010

Trends in alloy development, alloy production and casting technique are reviewed in relation to material requirements for gas turbine components. In alloy development, improvements in strength and temperature capability are still sought, but depending on the application, emphasis is placed increasingly on other aspects, including density, melting point, ductility, impact strength, fatigue strength, thermal endurance, resistance to oxidation and hot-corrosion, castability, coatability, weldability, stability of properties in service, reproducibility of properties, alloy cost and availability. Investigations aimed at improving such characteristics and obtaining an acceptable balance of properties are outlined. Vacuum melting, now well established in alloy production, and vacuum casting, improve the reliability of components by increasing cleanliness and have further promoted the development of strong alloys. Control of grain size is regularly achieved in investment casting, and attention is also being given to directional solidification and single crystal growth, with significant improvement in mechanical properties in some instances. Attention is drawn to the use in this paper of the following trademarks and tradenames: ‘Nimonic’, ‘Nimocast’, ‘Udimet’, ‘Mar-M’, ‘Nicrotung’, and ‘Airesist’.
Paper 2: Pre-Commission Acid Cleaning of Boilers and Heat Exchangers
Authors: Gillis A. W. 
Published: June 2010

Until the 1950s it was generally sufficient to clean new boilers or heat exchangers before commissioning by boiling out with alkali to remove traces of oil and grease and by subsequent flushing to remove debris. However, with the great increase in heat transfer ratings in recent years, it is shown that deposits a few thousandths of an inch in thickness can cause high internal tube temperatures which in turn can lead to corrosion of the tube metal. It is therefore obvious that the feed water quality must be very high and that it must be treated to maintain correct conditions in the heat exchanger. It is also essential to ensure that the plant enters service in a meticulously clean condition with the minimum layer of magnetite on the heating surfaces to ensure freedom from attack. The method which would be adopted at the present time to acid clean a new boiler is summarized together with precautions which should be taken. In addition, the necessity for laboratory trials before acid cleaning heat exchangers containing exotic materials is emphasized.
Paper 6: Design Features in Conventional Boiler Plant for the 1970s
Authors: Bagley R. 
Published: June 2010

This paper refers specially to current and future possible developments in the design of conventional steam plant in Britain. Trends in unit size and choice of steam cycles are discussed, and a comparison of generating costs with nuclear, oil, coal, and gas fuels is made. The design of these large units involves the parallel development of fuel-firing equipment which must be closely integrated with the design of the whole plant. The mills being supplied to plants which will be commissioned in the early 1970s are described, with reference to possible future development. Developments in oil and gas burners for large steam generators are outlined. Significant features of boiler designs for the 1970s are summarized. Welded-wall construction for drum-type and once-through steam generators, superheater and reheater designs, and auxiliary plant developments are discussed. The application of automatic starting and shutdown to new boiler plants is reviewed and comment is made on future development. The possible introduction of combined gas and steam cycles, and the effect on the design of the steam plant, is considered. The paper also describes typical designs for steam-generating plant of 250 MW and 660 MW capacity.
Paper 7: Design of a Range of Condensing Steam Turbines for the Petrochemical Industry
Authors: Whitehouse D. , Schoenmakers A. J. A. , Goldsmith T. J. 
Published: June 2010

To meet the requirements of the industry for condensing turbines capable of high speeds, the turbines need to be specifically designed for the purpose. The authors deal with straight condensing turbines, and show the powers, speeds, and steam conditions which are required. A range of turbines is set down covering speeds up to 20 000 rev/min and powers up to 15 000 hp. A 12 000 rev/min turbine is illustrated, and some design aspects are discussed in more detail. Particular reference is made to the design of the h.p. and l.p. blading, the rotor system, and the governor system.
Paper 9: Boilers for Nuclear Plant
Authors: Holmes R. L. , Southwood J. R. M. , Whitehouse P. R. 
Published: June 2010

This paper traces the development of heat exchangers for gas-cooled reactors, indicating the influence that the reactor design has had on the Magnox system and, more recently, on the reactors of the advanced gas-cooled type. It also discusses the possible line of development of boilers for the proposed High-Temperature Reactor which is the logical development of the present A.G.R. system. This survey highlights particular problems such as the choice of tube surface and the preferred method of fabricating individual units, i.e. whether boilers should be contained in separate pods within the reactor vessel or in a single compartment around the core. Other items discussed are the choice of tube material for the developing gas conditions, the problem of control in once-through systems, and the problem of operation with varying load conditions which will arise when the installed nuclear capacity exceeds the base load. Reference is also made to the degree to which boiler units of the above type can be fabricated in other countries.
Paper 10: Commissioning of Power Plant
Authors: Hernen B. 
Published: June 2010

This paper discusses some of the major organizational and technical problems encountered in commissioning modern power plant. The way in which these problems were approached at the 2000-MW Fawley Power Station are discussed. The author advances the view that the advent of complex and high capital cost plant necessitates the development of commissioning expertise as a specialized branch of engineering on an equivalent basis to the related skills of design, construction, and operation. The adoption of this further specialization requires careful integration with the other project functions and one way of achieving this is outlined. Most plant items are first subjected to their designed operating conditions when a unit is initially operated at its rated load. Failures of components at this time can impose heavy revenue losses on the operator, and it is therefore advisable to subject components to their designed operating conditions before a unit is put on load. This procedure enables repairs or modifications to be carried out before components are required for service. Commissioning of computer control equipment can be integrated with other commissioning activities, but a logical sequence must be employed. Techniques used at Fawley are outlined.
Journal Bearings without Circumferential Symmetry under Dynamic Loading
Authors: Lloyd T. , McCallion H. 
Published: June 2010

Since the advent of computers, considerable work has been done on the analysis of journal bearings under dynamic loading. Most of this work has been restricted to bearings with circumferential symmetry, since departure from this assumption increases the computation time very severely. Fortunately, this assumption satisfies most of the cases encountered in practice in the field of reciprocating machines, where the majority of bearings have centre circumferential grooves or oil holes in their lightly loaded regions. However, bearings have been proposed with circumferential grooves over part of the circumference and it has previously been difficult to evaluate such designs. This paper describes a new computer programme which takes advantage of the experience gained in earlier work to analyse the performance of journal bearings without circumferential symmetry under dynamic loading. A practical diesel engine design is evaluated and the results are presented. It is found that the programme requires a 40-fold increase in computing time and therefore cannot be economically used as a routine design tool. However, it is shown that the simpler programme, which assumes circumferential symmetry, may be used to put bounds on the performance of such bearings.
Distortion of a Squeeze Film Bearing
Authors: Brighton D. K. , Hooke C. J. , O'Donoghue J. P. 
Published: June 2010

The paper shows theoretically the influence of elastic deformation of a long bearing on the squeeze action of a full oil-lubricated journal bearing. Thick liners and those with a thickness radius ratio of 0–2 (Poisson's ratio of 0–4) are considered at constant load. For a given dimensionless load value a decrease in the peak pressure is predicted, together with increases in the eccentricity ratio and minimum film thickness. The time to squeeze from the centre of the bearing to a given film thickness is also increased. Next, a thick bearing and shaft, or bearing alone, are considered at constant squeeze rate, and at a given value of dimensionless load a decrease in peak pressure, an increase in eccentricity ratio, and an unaltered value of minimum film thickness are predicted.