bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of high moisture storage of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) with or without feed enzymes on growth and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens
Authors: MANWAR Satish Jagannath , MANDAL Asit Baran 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTEffect of reconstitution of pearl millet with or without enzymes on its utilization in broiler chickens was studied. The pearl millet grains were reconstituted by adding water to raise the moisture level to 30%, followed by storage in sealed plastic buckets with or without feed enzymes (0.5 g/kg) for 21 days at room temperature (25°C). Subsequently, the grains were sun‐dried to reduce the moisture content up to 10% to avoid mould growth. Nine dietary treatments were formulated incorporating pearl millet either raw with or without enzymes or reconstituted with or without enzymes in maize‐soya based control diet replacing maize at 50 and 75% levels. The birds fed on diets containing enzyme reconstituted pearl millet accrued higher body weight than maize based control diet. Addition of enzymes to raw pearl‐millet based diet improved the body weight gain significantly. The reconstitution of pearl millet with or without enzymes increased (P < 0.01) the dietary nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values and the highest improvement (6.11%) was recorded in diets containing pearl millet reconstituted with enzymes at 75% level of maize replacement. The percent nitrogen retention in pearl millet based diets was comparable to maize based control diet. It may be concluded that the supplementation of the feed enzymes or reconstitution of pearl millet may improve the utilization of pearl millet in broiler chickens.
Immunohistochemical and scanning electron microscopic comparison of the collagen network constructions between pig, goat and chicken livers
Authors: NISHIMURA Shotaro , SAGARA Ayano , OSHIMA Ichiro , ONO Yoshitaka , IWAMOTO Hisao , OKANO Kaoru , MIYACHI Hideyuki , TABATA Shoji 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThe distribution and three‐dimensional architecture of collagen fibers were compared between pig, goat and chicken livers. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that collagen type I was identified in the interlobular connective tissue region and intralobular areas in pigs and goats. Type III collagen was also identified in the interlobular connective tissue region and intralobular sinusoidal walls. In the chicken liver, only the circumference region of the vessels was immunostained with collagen type I and III antibodies and the interlobular connective tissue wall could not be distinguished clearly. In the intralobular region, collagen type I antibody immunoreacted around the hepatic cells but collagen type III antibody immunoreacted weakly. In the NaOH macerated specimen, well‐developed collagen bundles formed the prominent interlobular walls in pigs. In contrast, the wall in the goat liver comprised a thin layer of the bundles. In the chicken liver, there were no notable collagen septa between lobules. The intralobular collagen construction was quite different between the animals, indicating a fragile collagen fibril networks in pigs, a robust framework in goats and dense fabric‐like septa in chickens. These results indicate that the distinct collagen frameworks may contribute to the histological strength of the livers in each of the animal species.
The effect of dietary ratios of corn silage and alfalfa hay on carbohydrate digestion and retention time of feed particles in the gastrointestinal tract of steers
Authors: OBITSU Taketo , GOTO Masahiko , SUGINO Toshihisa , TANIGUCHI Kohzo , YUKIZANE Kenichiro , IMOTO Shingo , YANAGAWA Mirei , EL‐SABAGH Mabrouk 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTFour Holstein steers fitted with duodenal cannula were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to investigate the effect of the combination of corn silage (CS) and alfalfa hay (AH) in different ratios on the ruminal and intestinal digestion of carbohydrates and feed particle passage rate. Steers were fed mixed diets containing both CS and AH in ratios of 80:20, 60:40, 40:60 and 20:80 on a dry matter basis at 95% ofad libitumfeed intake. The increase of AH proportion in diets increased dry matter intake and ruminal digestion of dry matter, non‐fiber carbohydrate, neutral and acid detergent fiber linearly. Ruminal digestibility of neutral detergent fiber showed a quadratic response, and total digestibility increased linearly with increasing AH proportion. Digestibility of acid detergent fiber in the rumen was not affected by the dietary treatments, but the total tract digestibility increased as the AH proportion increased. Mean retention time of feed particles in total compartment increased when the AH proportion increased from 20% to 60%, but decreased with further increase of the AH proportion. These results indicate that moderate combinations of CS and AH have an associative effect on ruminal fiber digestion, modifying particle movement in the rumen.
Ethylene Evolution Changes in Tilted Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim. Seedlings in Relation to Tension Wood Formation
Authors: Jiang Sha , Xu Ke , Zhao Na , Zheng Shu‐Xin , Ren Yan‐Ping , Gao Yu‐Bao , Gu Song 
Published: May 2009

Abstract The effects of ethylene on tension wood formation were studied in 3‐year‐old Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim. seedlings in two separate experiments. In experiment 1, ethylene evolution of buds and stems was measured using gas chromatography after 0, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 21 d of treatment; in experiment 2, both aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and AgNO3 were applied to the horizontally‐placed stems, and the cell numbers on sites of applications were measured after 40 d. Ethylene evolution from buds was found to be much greater in tilted seedlings than in upright ones. The cell numbers of wood fibers in shoots and 1‐year‐old stems were reduced in treatments with 12.5 × 10−7μmol/L AVG, 12.5 × 10−8μmol/L AVG, and 11.8 × 10−8μmol/L AgNO3; whereas the horizontal and vertical diameters were reduced by treatment of 12.5 × 10−7μmol/L AVG. Ethylene evolutions of shoots and 1‐year‐old stems were inhibited greatly in comparison with the control by applying 12.5 × 10−7μmol/L AVG. The formation of a gelatinous layer of wood fibers was affected by neither AVG nor AgNO3 application. These results suggest that ethylene regulates the quantity of wood production, but does not affect G‐layer formation in F. mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim. seedlings.
Management of Braula orientalis Örösi (Diptera: Braulidae) in honeybee colonies with tobacco smoke under semiarid conditions
Authors: AL GHZAWI Abd Al‐Majeed , ZAITOUN Shahera , SHANNAG Hail 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn the present study, bee colonies were smoked with tobacco smoke in order to evaluate the monthly changes in the numbers of worker bees, the infestation rates of worker bees and queens with bee lice, and the annual average honey production per colony. In July of each year, 12 colonies were smoked with tobacco smoke; the remaining hives not smoked with tobacco smoke served as the control. The results indicated that the applications of tobacco smoke during July gave rise to an impressive reduction in the Braula infestation rate on workers (below 1.8%) and reduced the amount of bee lice on the queen to zero throughout the 2–3 months following smoke treatment. In the colonies not treated with smoke, the Braula infestation rates on worker bees started to increase in May and continued to increase constantly during the rest of year, reaching maximum infestation rates of 28.2% and 33.8% in December, with an average of 15 and 17 lice per queen in November in the first and second years, respectively. Worker bee populations peaked in April and July of each year in both treatments. The average honey production per colony was significantly higher in the colonies treated with smoke than those that were not for the first and second years. In conclusion, early summer months may be the crucial time to smoke the colonies with tobacco smoke in order to keep bee lice at low levels for the remaining seasons.
An approach to the nonlinear dynamics of Russian wheat aphid population growth with the cusp catastrophe model
Authors: MA Z. S. , BECHINSKI Edward J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMany insect field populations, especially aphids, often exhibit irregular and even catastrophic fluctuations. The objective of the present study is to explore whether or not the population intrinsic rates of growth (rm) obtained under laboratory conditions can shed some light on the irregular changes of insect field populations. We propose to use the catastrophe theory, one of the earliest nonlinear dynamics theories, to answer the question. To collect the necessary data, we conducted a laboratory experiment to investigate population growth of the Russian wheat aphid (RWA),Diuraphis noxia(Mordvilko), in growth chambers. The experiment was designed as the factorial combinations of five temperatures and five host plant‐growth stages (25 treatments in total): 1800 newly born RWA nymphs arranged in the 25 treatments (each treatment with 72 repetitions) were observed for their development, reproduction and survival through their entire lifetimes. After obtaining the population intrinsic rates of growth (rm) from the experimental data under various environmental conditions, we built a cusp catastrophe model for RWA population growth by utilizingrmas the system state variable, and temperature and host plant‐growth stage as control variables. The cusp catastrophe model suggests that RWA population growth isintrinsically catastrophic, and dramaticjumpsfrom one state to another might occur even if the temperature and plant‐growth stagechange smoothly. Other basic behaviors of the cusp catastrophe model, such ascatastrophic jumps,hystersisanddivergence, are also expected in RWA populations. These results suggest that the answer to the previously proposed question should be “yes”.
Palpoctenidia phoenicosoma (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), new to Korea
Authors: CHOI Sei‐Woong 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA larentiine species, Palpoctenidia phoenicosoma (Swinhoe), is reported for the first time from Korea. One male and seven females of Palpoctenidia phoenicosoma were collected from an island in the southern sea of Jeonnam Province. Diagnosis of the species is provided, with brief descriptions of adults, including male and female genitalia.
Influence of weather on the moth catches of Helicoverpa armigera at various cotton‐based agro‐ecological sites
Authors: AHSAN Khan Muhammad , AKRAM Waseem , HAFEEZ Faisal 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPheromones are innate products, exploited for direct population manipulation in the trapping of precise pest density. They demonstrate feasibility and efficiency against Helicopverpa armigera at five different cotton‐based agro‐ecological sites: river site, vegetable farm, orchard, clean cultivation site, and forest. The data were recorded at 15–20 day intervals from 8 September 2004 to 1 December 2006. The Number of moths caught during the study period demonstrated that the vegetable farm showed the maximum population of moths per trap (0.54), followed by the orchard (0.29), forest (0.19), river (0.15), and clean cultivation site (0.12). During 2004, rainfall (in the orchard and clean cultivation site) and relative humidity (in the clean cultivation site) showed positive and significant correlation with the number of moths caught. During 2005, temperatures played a significant and positive role in population fluctuation of the pest almost at all the selected sites; the minimum temperature was recorded at the vegetable farm and the average temperature was found at the forest site. Rainfall also showed a significant and positive correlation with trapped moths in the vegetable farm, orchard, and clean cultivation site. During 2006, relative humidity showed a significant and negative correlation with the trapped population at all the sites except the river site. Rainfall showed a negative and significant correlation with the pest at the forest site. Relative humidity was the most important aspect at 8.93% causing variation in the trapped population followed by maximum temperature (5.7%), rainfall (1.63%), average temperature (0.74%), and minimum temperature (0.56%).
The Quantitative Analysis of Morphosyntactic Variation: Constructing and Quantifying the Denominator
Authors: Buchstaller Isabelle 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAt its inception, the sociolinguistic enterprise focused on research on phonological variability and only later broadened its remit to include ‘variability [that] occurs and can be dealt with at level of grammar above (and beyond) the phonological’ (Sankoff 1972:45). This extension, however, has not been without controversy and continues to fuel heated debates in the field. This article addresses some of the contentious issues that quantitative research on (morpho‐)syntactic variation has brought about. Can we operationalise variation in the field of morphosyntax as a sociolinguistic variable? If yes, how do we define such a variable? Is morphosyntax constrained in the same way as variation in the sound system? How do we quantify variability in the field of morphosyntax in an accountable manner? What do we quantify out of? I also introduce some of the methods used by researchers dealing with non‐phonological variation, focusing especially on the quantification of morphosyntactic and discourse variables.
Neuroimaging of Language: Why Hasn't a Clearer Picture Emerged?
Authors: Fedorenko Evelina , Kanwisher Nancy 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTwo broad questions have driven dozens of studies on the neural basis of language published in the last several decades: (i) Are distinct cortical regions engaged in different aspects of language? (ii) Are regions engaged in language processing specific to the domain of language? Neuroimaging has not yet provided clear answers to either question. In this paper, we discuss one factor that is a likely contributor to the unclear state of affairs in the neurocognition of language, and that, in our opinion, has not received sufficient attention in the recent literature. In particular, fMRI studies of language have relied, almost exclusively, on group analyses, in which data from multiple individuals are co‐registered to and analyzed in a common space. We argue that this approach can obscure functional specificity because of the anatomical variability across individual brains, and we advocate the use of an alternative approach – the functional localization approach – that circumvents this problem.
Why bartering biodiversity fails
Authors: Walker Susan , Brower Ann L. , Stephens R.T. Theo , Lee William G. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractRegulatory biodiversity trading (or biodiversity “offsets”) is increasingly promoted as a way to enable both conservation and development while achieving “no net loss” or even “net gain” in biodiversity, but to date has facilitated development while perpetuating biodiversity loss. Ecologists seeking improved biodiversity outcomes are developing better assessment tools and recommending more rigorous restrictions and enforcement. We explain why such recommendations overlook and cannot correct key causes of failure to protect biodiversity. Viable trading requires simple, measurable, and interchangeable commodities, but the currencies, restrictions, and oversight needed to protect complex, difficult‐to‐measure, and noninterchangeable resources like biodiversity are costly and intractable. These safeguards compromise trading viability and benefit neither traders nor regulatory officials. Political theory predicts that (1) biodiversity protection interests will fail to counter motivations for officials to resist and relax safeguards to facilitate exchanges and resource development at cost to biodiversity, and (2) trading is more vulnerable than pure administrative mechanisms to institutional dynamics that undermine environmental protection. Delivery of no net loss or net gain through biodiversity trading is thus administratively improbable and technically unrealistic. Their proliferation without credible solutions suggests biodiversity offset programs are successful “symbolic policies,” potentially obscuring biodiversity loss and dissipating impetus for action.
Marine protected areas, spatial scales, and governance: implications for the conservation of breeding seabirds
Authors: Yorio Pablo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAs in many regions worldwide, seabird colonies in Argentina are important conservation targets of marine protected areas (MPAs). Seabirds are wide ranging, often crossing jurisdictional boundaries during foraging. Using a recently designated MPA as a case study, this article discusses the challenges of protecting breeding seabirds given their spatial requirements and use of different jurisdictions. Seabirds breeding at the MPA have distinct foraging strategies. Rock Shags and Olrog's Gulls forage inshore within the MPA. Imperial Cormorants, Magellanic Penguins, and Southern Giant Petrels, in contrast, often feed beyond the MPA's jurisdiction, traveling into provincial, federal, or international waters where they can be affected by fisheries and oil development. This indicates the need of management actions beyond MPA boundaries. The large scale and connectivity of marine ecosystems and the variety of economic pressures require the participation of stakeholders and several government agencies in conservation issues, and thus integrated coastal management and marine spatial planning appear as options to complement the use of MPAs. Although MPAs are a valuable tool to conserve breeding seabirds, increased efforts are needed to design new governance structures and complementary strategies for spatial protection so as to deal with the biological, social, and political complexities of marine systems.
The use of etanercept as a non‐surgical treatment for temporomandibular joint psoriatric arthritis: a case report
Authors: Lamazza L , Guerra F , Pezza M , Messina AM , Galluccio A , Spink M , De Biase A 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPsoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin and joints characterized by extensive intra‐articular bone resorption and silver‐red scaly plaques most commonly found on extensor surfaces of the skin. When this arthritis affects the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and does not successfully halt in its early degenerative process, patients may undergo invasive joint reconstruction that irreversibly changes the TMJ physiologic joint dynamics. This study presents a case of TMJ PsA: anterior open bite, limited range of motion, and erythematous desquamative plaques of the upper limb extensors surfaces. The patient previously received non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressors, and corticosteroids over a four‐year period while suffering the idiosyncratic drug side effects from long‐term therapy without improvement in joint function or rash resolution. The treatment team then chose etanercept, a synthetic fusion protein therapy that binds with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐alpha, to interrupt reactive inflammatory arthritis. The patient received the TNF‐alpha inhibitor monthly for two years. This last treatment led to full remission of both joint symptomatology and skin lesions. Our results should encourage general dental practitioners’ involvement in curing patients with psoriatic arthritis when it affects the TMJ.
Public Health Warnings And Mouthwashes: Authors’ Reply
Authors: McCULLOUGH MICHAEL J. , FARAH CAMILE S. 
Published: May 2009

Editor’s comment: I thank all of those who have taken the time to comment on the “alcohol in mouthwashes” issue. This topic has been given ample exposure and it is now time to close this debate. No further correspondence is to be published on this particular topic.

Mark Bartold
Mycotic Aortic Aneurysm Associated with
Legionella anisa
Authors: Tanabe Masaki , Nakajima Hiroshi , Nakamura Akiko , Ito Takayasu , Nakamura Mashio , Shimono Takatsugu , Wada Hideo , Shimpo Hideto , Nobori Tsutomu , Ito Masaaki 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Legionella anisa
is rarely associated with human disease. Its gene was identified by broad-range PCR in whole blood and excised tissue from a patient with a culture-negative mycotic aneurysm and was considered as a possible pathogen. This case report is potentially useful for the future diagnosis of intravascular infection.
Differential Effects on Cell Fusion Activity of Mutations in Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Glycoprotein B (gB) Dependent on Whether a gD Receptor or a gB Receptor Is Overexpressed
Authors: Fan Qing , Lin Erick , Satoh Takeshi , Arase Hisashi , Spear Patricia G. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT
Glycoprotein B (gB) of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of four glycoproteins essential for viral entry and cell fusion. Recently, paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor (PILRα) was identified as a receptor for HSV type 1 (HSV-1) gB. Both PILRα and a gD receptor were shown to participate in HSV-1 entry into certain cell types. The purpose of this study was to determine whether insertional mutations in gB had differential effects on its function with PILRα and the gD receptor, nectin-1. Previously described gB mutants and additional newly characterized mutants were used in this study. We found that insertional mutations near the N terminus and C terminus of gB and especially in the central region of the ectodomain reduced cell fusion activity when PILRα was overexpressed much more than when nectin-1 was overexpressed. Most of the insertions reduced the binding of gB to PILRα, for at least some forms of gB, but this reduction did not necessarily correlate with the selective reduction in cell fusion activity with PILRα. These results suggest that the regions targeted by the relevant mutations are critical for functional activity with PILRα. They also suggest that, although both the binding of gB to a gB receptor and the binding of gD to a gD receptor may be required for HSV-induced cell fusion, the two receptor-binding activities may have unequal weights in triggering fusogenic activity, depending on the ratios of gB and gD receptors or other factors.
Characterization of the Behavior of Functional Viral Genomes during the Early Steps of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection
Authors: Arfi Vanessa , Lienard Julia , Nguyen Xuan-Nhi , Berger Gregory , Rigal Dominique , Darlix Jean-Luc , Cimarelli Andrea 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT
Infectious viral DNA constitutes only a small fraction of the total viral DNA produced during retroviral infection, and as such its exact behavior is largely unknown. In the present study, we characterized in detail functional viral DNA produced during the early steps of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by analyzing systematically their kinetics of synthesis and integration in different target cells. In addition, we have compared the functional stability of viral nucleoprotein complexes arrested at their pre-reverse transcription state, and we have attempted to measure the kinetics of loss of capsid proteins from viral complexes through the susceptibility of the early phases of infection to cyclosporine, a known inhibitor of the interaction between viral capsid and cyclophilin A. Overall, our data suggest a model in which loss of capsid proteins from viral complexes and reverse transcription occur concomitantly and in which the susceptibility of target cells to infection results from a competition between the ability of the cellular environment to quickly destabilize viral nucleoprotein complexes and the capability of the virus to escape such targeting by engaging the reverse transcription reaction.