bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk communication and large language models
Authors: Sledge Daniel , Thomas Herschel F. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe widespread embrace of Large Language Models (LLMs) integrated with chatbot interfaces, such as ChatGPT, represents a potentially critical moment in the development of risk communication and management. In this article, we consider the implications of the current wave of LLM‐based chat programs for risk communication. We examine ChatGPT‐generated responses to 24 different hazard situations. We compare these responses to guidelines published for public consumption on the US Department of Homeland Security's Ready.gov website. We find that, although ChatGPT did not generate false or misleading responses, ChatGPT responses were typically less than optimal in terms of their similarity to guidances from the federal government. While delivered in an authoritative tone, these responses at times omitted important information and contained points of emphasis that were substantially different than those from Ready.gov. Moving forward, it is critical that researchers and public officials both seek to harness the power of LLMs to inform the public and acknowledge the challenges represented by a potential shift in information flows away from public officials and experts and towards individuals.
An improved inverse kinematics solution method for the hyper‐redundant manipulator with end‐link pose constraint
Authors: Wang Zhe , Hu Dean , Wan Detao , Liu Chang 
Published: May 2024

AbstractHyper‐redundant manipulators have strong flexibility that benefits from their redundant limb structure. However, a large number of redundant degrees of freedom will also lead the solution of inverse kinematics much more difficult, which restricts their motion performance to some extent. Inspired by the FABRIK (Forward and Backward Reaching Inverse Kinematics) method, an improved inverse kinematics solution method for the hyper‐redundant manipulator is proposed. Based on the space vector method, the kinematic model of the manipulator is established to dynamically acquire its endpoint position, and the workspace is further obtained by using the Monte Carlo method. The original search method is optimized, the include angle decoupling mechanism between adjacent links is established to obtain the rotation angles of each joint, and the joint angle limitation is introduced to meet the actual manipulator structural restriction. On this basis, the pose constraint mechanism is established to realize the control of the end‐link pose, and the linear degree of freedom is introduced to realize the solution after the directional expansion of the manipulator's workspace. A series of simulation experiments are carried out. In the experiments, the position error of the manipulator's endpoint is always less than 10−6 mm. Meanwhile, the comparative experimental results show that compared with the original method, the proposed method exhibits higher position accuracy under the condition that the computation time is almost the same. In addition, in the end‐link pose constraint experiment and path motion experiments, the pose error of the end‐link is always less than 10−7°, indicating that the end‐link pose can also meet the high accuracy requirements under the premise of ensuring high position accuracy. Finally, the prototype experiment further verifies its performance.
Stacking nitrogen management practices: Combining double‐slot fertilizer injection with urease and nitrification inhibitors improves yields and reduces ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions
Authors: Drury Craig F. , Agomoh Ikechukwu V. , Yang Xueming , Phillips Lori A. , Reynolds W. Dan , Helmers Matthew J. , Calder Wayne , Hedge Tyler 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAmmonia loss following nitrogen fertilization can degrade air quality and impact human health, whereas nitrous oxide (N2O) can contribute to global warming and climate change. Mitigation practices that target only one N‐loss pathway can lead to pollution swamping; hence, practices targeting both N‐losses are required. A 3‐year field study examined fertilizer N‐placement (broadcast urea, single‐slot injection of urea ammonium nitrate [UAN], double‐slot UAN injection) and N‐metabolization inhibitors (with/without urease and nitrification inhibitors) impacts on NH3 and N2O losses and corn yields. Ammonia volatilization was reduced (p < 0.05) by 26% with single‐slot UAN injection (10.6 kg N ha−1) and by 63% with double‐slot UAN injection (5.32 kg N ha−1) compared to broadcast urea (14.3 kg N ha−1). Dual urease and nitrification inhibitors reduced NH3 volatilization (0.84–3.86 kg N ha−1) by 57%–92% compared to no inhibitors (5.32–14.3 kg N ha−1). When no inhibitors were applied, N2O emissions from slot injection (6.43–7.62 kg N ha−1) were 2.6–3.1 times greater than from broadcast urea (2.43 kg N ha−1). Dual inhibitors reduced N2O emissions by 43% from 6.43 to 3.66 kg N ha−1 with double‐slot injection. Double‐slot UAN injection increased corn grain yields (9.73 t ha−1) by 12%–13% compared to single‐slot UAN injection (8.71 t ha−1) and broadcast urea (8.6 t ha−1). Double‐slot UAN injection effectively decreased NH3 losses and increased corn grain yields, but dual N inhibitors were required to also reduce N2O. Hence, combined productivity and environmental benefits were accrued only when fertilizer containing urease and nitrification inhibitors was combined with double‐slot injection.
The Formation and Transformation of Low‐Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials by Electron Irradiation
Authors: Banhart Florian 
Published: May 2024

AbstractLow‐dimensional materials based on graphene or graphite show a large variety of phenomena when they are subjected to irradiation with energetic electrons. Since the 1990s, electron microscopy studies, where a certain irradiation dose is unavoidable, have witnessed unexpected structural transformations of graphitic nanoparticles. It is recognized that electron irradiation is not only detrimental but also bears considerable potential in the formation of new graphitic structures. With the availability of aberration‐corrected electron microscopes and the discovery of techniques to produce monolayers of graphene, detailed insight into the atomic processes occurring during electron irradiation became possible. Threshold energies for atom displacements are determined and models of different types of lattice vacancies are confirmed experimentally. However, experimental evidence for the configuration of interstitial atoms in graphite or adatoms on graphene remained indirect, and the understanding of defect dynamics still depends on theoretical concepts. This article reviews irradiation phenomena in graphene‐ or graphite‐based nanomaterials from the scale of single atoms to tens of nanometers. Observations from the 1990s can now be explained on the basis of new results. The evolution of the understanding during three decades of research is presented, and the remaining problems are pointed out.
A Biomineralized Bifunctional Patient‐Friendly Nanosystem for Sustained Glucose Monitoring and Control in Diabetes
Authors: Yang Zhe , Chan Yuen‐Man , Chan Daniel Shiu‐Hin , Wu Chengnan , Wang Zimeng , Jiang Yuxin , Liu Danyong , Xia Zhengyuan , Zhang Li , Cai Yin , Wong Chun‐Yuen 
Published: May 2024

AbstractRegular blood glucose monitoring and control is necessary for people with type 1 or advanced type 2 diabetes, yet diagnosing and treating patients with diabetes in an accurate, sustained and patient‐friendly manner remains limited. Here, a glucose‐responsive bifunctional nanosystem (PGOxMns) is constructed via one‐pot biomineralisation of manganese dioxide with glucose oxidase and ε‐poly‐L‐lysine. Under hyperglycaemic conditions, the cascade reactions that occur when glucose interacts with PGOxMns can trigger the production of Mn(II), which enhances the magnetic resonance imaging signal. Simultaneously, manganese dioxide catalyses the decomposition of toxic hydrogen peroxide into oxygen, which also maintains glucose oxidase (GOx) activity. In an in vivo model of diabetes, PGOxMns is used to monitor glucose levels (0–20 mm) and allowed identification of diabetic mice via T1‐weighted MRI. Furthermore, PGOxMns is found to have a high insulin‐loading capacity (83.6%), likely due to its positive charge. A single subcutaneous injection of insulin‐loaded nanosystem (Ins‐PGOxMns) into diabetic mice resulted in a rapid and efficient response to a glucose challenge and prolonged blood glucose level control (< 200 mg dL−1) for up to 50 h. Overall, this proof‐of‐concept study demonstrates the feasibility of using biomineralised nanosystems to develop patient‐friendly strategies for glucose monitoring and control.
Intelligent crack identification method for high‐rise buildings aided by synthetic environments
Authors: Yao Ziluo , Jiang Sheng , Wang Shuo , Wang Jingjing , Liu Hai , Narazaki Yasutaka , Cui Jie , Spencer Billie F. 
Published: May 2024

SummaryCracks can develop in high‐rise buildings because of long‐term environmental changes and extreme loading events such as strong winds or earthquakes. Although deep learning‐based identification methods can efficiently identify cracks, the accuracy of crack identification in high‐rise buildings needs to be improved due to the lack of crack datasets specifically related to high‐rise structures. Moreover, the number of available images of cracks in high‐rise is limited. To this end, this paper establishes an intelligent crack identification method based on a photorealistic synthetic modeling technique. First, a computer graphics (CG) model of a high‐rise building with assumed damage is constructed. Subsequently, the CG model is utilized to generate a dataset that includes photorealistic images of the high‐rise building as well as corresponding labels for various components and types of damage. The generated dataset is then used to train a DeepLabv3 + neural network for structural component and damage identification, followed by validation by employing images of both synthetic and full‐scale high‐rise buildings. The trained network can accurately identify different components in images of the full‐scale, high‐rise building and identify cracks that are intentionally synthesized in those images. The results show that the synthetic dataset generated by the CG model not only allows for fast and efficient labeling for the purpose of neural network training but also outperforms methods that do not consider any application‐specific context in crack identification.
MTTLA‐DLW: Multi‐task TCN‐Bi‐LSTM transfer learning approach with dynamic loss weights based on feature correlations of the training samples for short‐term wind power prediction
Authors: Song Jifeng , Peng Xiaosheng , Song Jiajiong , Yang Zimin , Wang Bo , Che Jianfeng 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWind power prediction for newly built wind farms is usually faced with the problem of no sufficient historical data. To efficiently extract the useful features from related wind farms, a novel transfer learning method based on temporal convolutional network (TCN)‐Bi‐long short‐term memory (LSTM) with dynamic loss weights is proposed. Firstly, a novel multi‐task TCN‐Bi‐LSTM model is designed to extract common features. The separate TCNs, and common Bi‐LSTM layers of the proposed model are designed to extract the temporal features from related wind farms. Secondly, in the pre‐training stage, to optimize the training process of the neural networks, a dynamic loss‐weighting strategy is proposed for multi‐task learning (MTL) to select the most related features, which increase the prediction accuracy by providing a suitable optimization object. Thirdly, the multi‐task TCN‐Bi‐LSTM model is re‐trained based on the samples from the target wind farm. Finally, a dataset of seven wind farms was employed to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed MTL structure and the dynamic loss‐weighting strategy. The result shows that the root mean squared error of the 12‐h short‐term prediction can be decreased by 4.19% compared with the traditional single‐task learning model, which verifies the validity of the proposed multi‐task transfer learning method.
Integrating climate change, food safety, nutrition, and health outcomes in food systems policies and programs in Africa
Authors: Assoua Joe E. , Bomdzele Eric , Omosehin Olanrewaju , Binuomote Samuel O. , Osabuohien Evans , Enwa Sarah , Okunade Solomon O. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIntegrating climate change, food safety, nutrition, and health outcomes in food systems policies and programs is crucial for addressing the multifaceted challenges African countries encounter. Climate change significantly impacts food production, food safety, and the provision of nutritious and healthy diets. Existing interventionist policies in Africa have not taken a comprehensive approach to addressing the bidirectional relationships among climate change, food safety, nutrition, and health outcomes. This hinders the formulation of comprehensive policies and programs that effectively address these interconnected issues. Also, limited evidence supports understanding the interplay among climate change, food safety, nutrition, and health outcomes within the African context. Thus, the study explores the pathways of interlinkages and complementarities among these factors and identifies the barriers to their effective implementation. In achieving its objective, this study adopts a food systems approach to examine the interrelaionships among climate change, food safety, nutrition, and health programs and policies. The study uses a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and empirical data to better understand these interrelationships within the food system. By identifying the interdependencies, the study is relevant for the development of integrative policies and programs that address these interconnected issues.Á
From Preschool to Vocational Training and Tertiary Education—Study Design of the BiKS-3-18 Study
Authors: Homuth Christoph , Lehrl Simone , Volodina Anna , Weinert Sabine , Rossbach Hans-Günther 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe educational development and achievements of children depend on individual prerequisites as well as on familial and institutional learning contexts. Data from the study BiKS-3-18 (Educational Processes, Competence Development, and Formation of Educational Decisions in Preschool and School Age) enables educational research on mechanisms and long-term effects of early child development and different learning environments in Germany. This contribution provides an overview of the study design, sampling procedures and sizes, contents, and research potential of the BiKS-3-18 study. Starting in 2005, the study followed preschool children from Bavaria and Hesse from the age of three over fifteen years, from preschool through primary and secondary school, including their educational and vocational career paths beyond compulsory schooling into the labor market or tertiary education. The study comprehensively assessed children’s competencies and their familial and institutional learning environments particularly across preschool and primary school (ten assessment waves). Additionally, children’s parents and teachers were interviewed. The initial sample consisted of 547 preschool children and added 528 of their classmates in primary school after enrollment. Furthermore, both after the transition from primary to secondary education and after the transition from secondary education to vocational or tertiary education, children and their parents were again tested and interviewed until the children were 18 years old (three additional assessment waves).
Quality of Learning Environments in Early Childhood
Authors: Rossbach Hans-Günther , Blaurock Sabine , Grosse Christiane , Kluczniok Katharina , Kuger Susanne , Lehrl Simone , Smidt Wilfried 
Published: May 2024

AbstractYoung children experience different learning environments in early childhood that influence their development in many ways. The following paper considers the quality of the family, preschool, and primary school early learning environments with a special focus on the process quality in these environments. What is innovative in this study is that it draws together three research literatures that are traditionally studied in isolation. By creating a shared lens for assessing environmental quality across different contexts, the BiKS study revealed the relevant factors that shape development over time at home and in (pre)school. First, an overview is given on the research instruments used in BiKS-3-18, followed by a description of the level and stability of quality within these environments over time. Next, the relations between process quality and structural conditions within these environments are presented. The paper ends with a discussion of the results. Some policy implications of the findings from BiKS are made throughout the paper, especially in the discussion.
From Primary School to Vocational Training and Tertiary Education—Study Design of BiKS-8-18
Authors: Homuth Christoph , Schmitt Monja , Pfost Maximilian 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the study design, the sampling procedure, the applied instruments, and the research potential of BiKS-8-18 “Educational Processes, Competence Development, and Formation of Educational Decisions in Preschool and School Age”). BiKS-8-18 is a panel study, which followed students in the German federal states of Bavaria and Hesse from 2006 through 2016 to trace their educational trajectories and competence developments. One of the major aims of the study was to gather suitable longitudinal data to explain previous findings of international large-scale assessments such as PISA, e.g., on the importance of social origin for educational achievements. The study is characterized by an interdisciplinary approach that includes pedagogical, psychological, and sociological perspectives. The study followed students from primary school over their educational career until their transitions from general education into tertiary education or vocational education when they were around 18–19 years old. During their time in primary school and secondary school, the study assessed children’s competencies and their familial and institutional learning environments. Additionally, children’s parents and teachers were interviewed. The initial sample consisted of 2,395 children in Grade 3. In Grade 5, the sample was expanded by further 879 secondary school students within BiKS-8-18 study classes.
Non-linearities in cosmological bubble wall dynamics
Authors: De Curtis Stefania , Rose Luigi Delle , Guiggiani Andrea , Muyor Ángel Gil , Panico Giuliano 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A precise modelling of the dynamics of bubbles nucleated during first-order phase transitions in the early Universe is pivotal for a quantitative determination of various cosmic relics, including the stochastic background of gravitational waves. The equation of motion of the bubble front is affected by the out-of-equilibrium distributions of particle species in the plasma which, in turn, are described by the corresponding Boltzmann equations. In this work we provide a solution to these equations by thoroughly incorporating the non-linearities arising from the population factors. Moreover, our methodology relies on a spectral decomposition that leverages the rotational properties of the collision integral within the Boltzmann equations. This novel approach allows for an efficient and robust computation of both the bubble speed and profile. We also refine our analysis by including the contributions from the electroweak gauge bosons. We find that their impact is dominated by the infrared modes and proves to be non-negligible, contrary to the naive expectations.
Bubble-wall velocity in local thermal equilibrium: hydrodynamical simulations vs analytical treatment
Authors: Krajewski Tomasz , Lewicki Marek , Zych Mateusz 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We perform real-time hydrodynamical simulations of the growth of bubbles formed during cosmological first-order phase transitions under the assumption of local thermal equilibrium. We confirm that pure hydrodynamic backreaction can lead to steady-state expansion and that bubble-wall velocity in such case agrees very well with the analytical estimates. However, this is not the generic outcome. Instead, it is much more common to observe runaways, as the early-stage dynamics right after the nucleation allow the bubble walls to achieve supersonic velocities before the heated fluid shell in front of the bubble is formed. This effect is not captured by other methods of calculation of the bubble-wall velocity which assume stationary solutions to exist at all times and would have a crucial impact on the possible generation of both baryon asymmetry and gravitational wave signals.
Präoperative Evaluation erwachsener Patientinnen und Patienten vor elektiven, nicht herz-thoraxchirurgischen Eingriffen
Authors: Zöllner Christian ,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Böhmer Andreas , Geldner Götz , Karst Jörg , Wappler Frank , Zwissler Bernhard , Pauschinger Matthias , Obertacke Udo , Vilz Tim ,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chirurgie,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin
Published: May 2024

ZusammenfassungDie 70 Empfehlungen fassen den aktuellen Stand der präoperativen Risikoevaluation von erwachsenen Patientinnen und Patienten vor elektiven, nicht herz-thoraxchirurgischen Eingriffen zusammen. Basierend auf den gemeinsamen Publikationen der deutschen wissenschaftlichen Fachgesellschaften für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin (DGAI), Chirurgie (DGCH) und Innere Medizin (DGIM), die erstmals im Jahr 2010 publiziert und 2017 aktualisiert wurden, sowie der 2022 publizierten europäischen Leitlinie zur präoperativen kardialen Risikoevaluation, findet eine umfassende Neubewertung der Empfehlungen unter Berücksichtigung neuer Erkenntnisse, der aktuellen Literatur sowie aktueller Leitlinien internationaler Fachgesellschaften statt. Die überarbeiteten, fachübergreifenden Empfehlungen sollen ein strukturiertes und gemeinsames Vorgehen in der präoperativen Evaluation der Patientinnen und Patienten ermöglichen. Ziel ist es, eine für die Patientin und den Patienten individualisierte Vorbereitung vor dem operativen Eingriff sicherzustellen und hierdurch die Patientinnen- und Patientensicherheit zu erhöhen. Unter Berücksichtigung eingriffs- und patientinnen- und patientenspezifischer Faktoren, die in der präoperativen Risikoevaluation unabdingbar sind, soll das perioperative Risiko für die Patientin und den Patienten minimiert und die Sicherheit erhöht werden. Die Handlungsempfehlungen sind unter „Allgemeine Prinzipien (A)“, „Erweiterte Diagnostik (B)“ und dem „Präoperativen Umgang mit der Dauermedikation (C)“ zusammengefasst. Erstmals wurde in den vorliegenden Empfehlungen eine Wertung der Einzelmaßnahmen hinsichtlich ihrer klinischen Relevanz gegeben. Durch eine gemeinsame und transparente Absprache sollen eine hohe Patientinnen- und Patientenorientierung unter Vermeidung unnötiger Voruntersuchungen gewährleistet, präoperative Untersuchungsabläufe verkürzt sowie letztlich Kosten eingespart werden. Die gemeinsamen Empfehlungen von DGAI, DGCH und DGIM spiegeln den gegenwärtigen Kenntnisstand sowie die Meinung von Experten wider. Die Empfehlung ersetzt nicht die individualisierte Entscheidung zwischen Patientin und Patient und Ärztin und Arzt über die beste präoperative Strategie und Behandlung.