bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy for the Detection and Characterization of Cervical Cancers In Vitro
Authors: Ebenezar Jeyasingh , Aruna Prakasarao , Ganesan Singaravelu 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic potential of synchronous fluorescence (SF) spectroscopy (SFS) technique for the detection and characterization of normal and different malignancy stages of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (MDSCC), poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (PDSCC) cervical tissues. SF spectra were measured from 45 biopsies from 30 patients in vitro. Characteristic, highly resolved peaks and significant spectral differences between normal and MDSCC, PDSCC cervical tissues were obtained. Nine potential ratios were calculated and used as input variables for a discriminant analysis across different groups. The potentiality of the SFS technique was estimated by two discriminant analyses. Discriminant analysis I performed across normal and abnormal (including MDSCC and PDSCC) cervical tissues classified as 100% both original and the cross‐validated grouped cases. In discriminant analysis II performed across the three groups, normal, MDSCC and PDSCC, 100% of both original and the cross‐validated grouped cases were correctly classified. Using the SFS technique, one can obtain all the key biochemical markers such as tryptophan, collagen, hemoglobin, reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide in a single scan and hence they can be targeted as tumor markers in the detection of normal from abnormal cervical tissues.
Bacteriorhodopsin O‐state Photocycle Kinetics: A Surfactant Study
Authors: Chu Li‐Kang , El‐Sayed Mostafa A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe spectroscopy and dynamics of interaction between the O intermediate of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and several surfactants (cetrimonium bromide [CTAB], sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS] and diethylene glycol mono‐n‐hexyl ether [C6E2]) were investigated using steady‐state UV–VIS spectrometry, circular dichroism spectroscopy and time‐resolved absorption techniques. The steady‐state spectral results show that bR can retain its trimeric state without severe damage in the molar concentration ratio of C6E2/bR ranging up to 4000. Time‐resolved observations indicate that the rise and decay rates and transient populations of the O state can be increased in the presence of nonionic surfactant C6E2; however, these studies indicate the opposite phenomenon in the presence of the ionic surfactants CTAB and SDS. The observed 40% enhancement in the transient population of the O intermediate state that results from treatment of C6E2 is proposed to result from an expanding bR structure, which leads to more effective proton pumping efficiency in the photosynthetic system of bR.
STRUCTURES IN THE CALEDONIDES BETWEEN LOCH DUICH AND GLENELG, NORTH-WEST HIGHLANDS
Authors: SUTTON JOHN , WATSON JANET 
Published: October 2009

At least three periods of folding affected the Moine and Lewisian rocks south of Loch Duich in the North-West Highlands before the formation of the Moine thrust.
Two major folds are recognized and shown to belong to a set recognized elsewhere. The folding is frequently markedly disharmonic and is accompanied by sliding. The small-scale structures are described and figured. It is shown that the intensity of the regional metamorphism and related phenomena diminished during the folding. The changes in structural style resulting from this are described. A system of quartz-filled gashes in the Torridonian west of the Moine thrust is shown to be related to the Loch Alsh fold. Conjugate folds and other structures formed with the Moine thrust, are shown to be later than any of the large folds affecting the Moines.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE PROGRESS IN GEOLOGY IN THE LAST FIFTY YEARS. II
Authors: HAWKES LEONARD 
Published: October 2009

The advances in our knowledge of the rocks in the hidden depths are reviewed. Through seismology three discoveries were made : the crust of the earth (J. Milne), its base (A. Mohorovièiæ) and the core of the earth (R. D. Oldham). The composition of the uppermost part of the mantle and the absence of the Mohorovièiæ discontinuity beneath certain oceanic areas are discussed. The lavas common to continental and oceanic areas, basalts and tholeiites are considered to come from the mantle, those igneous rock types restricted to the continents from the crust or from mantle liquids modified by the crust.
The significance of the fold mountain belts is discussed in the light of the evidence for gravitational sliding, and the hypothesis of a contracting globe in geological time is examined.
The bearing of geomagnetic rock studies on the hypotheses of polar wandering and continental drift, and the pre-geological history of the earth’s crust during which the continent–ocean separation took place are briefly considered.
THE GEOLOGY OF THE USK INLIER (MONMOUTHSHIRE)
Authors: WALMSLEY VICTOR GORDON 
Published: October 2009

Calcareous and shelly Upper Silurian beds, about 2000 feet in thickness, outcropping over approximately 28 square miles in the Usk inlier (Monmouthshire) have been investigated. The lithological and faunal succession has been established and found to be constant, with minor exceptions, throughout the inlier.
The Wenlock Shale is represented by at least 800 feet of mainly argillaceous beds which become sandy and micaceous in their transition upwards into a thin (40 feet) development of Wenlock Limestone.
The Ludlow Series is between 1050 and 1300 feet thick and has been subdivided, mainly on the basis of total fossil assemblages, into seven stratigraphical groups. With the possible exception of a thin conglomerate band in the south of the inlier, there is no sign of any important break in the succession. This contradicts the claim by Gardiner (1917 and 1927) that the Lower Ludlow and Aymestry beds are missing.
The presence of the Ludlow Bone-bed has been established and the succeeding Speckled Grit Beds are considered to be Downtonian in age.
Structurally, the Usk inlier is a complex pericline whose major axis trends NNE.-SSW. A “Sudetic” phase of embryonic arching, and a possible “Malvernian” phase, preceded the main movements of Armorican age.
THE GARS-BHEINN ULTRABASIC SILL, ISLE OF SKYE
Authors: WEEDON DOUGLAS STANLEY 
Published: October 2009

Gars-bheinn, the most southerly peak of the Cuillin Hills in the Isle of Skye, has on its flank two minor intrusions, the lower of which is of notable petrological interest. They were mentioned by Harker (1904, p. 67), who observed that the lower intrusion “is in visible continuity with a dyke below . . . cutting the basaltic lavas and the underlying Torridon Sandstone”, and that, as in the main Sgùrr Dubh mass, banding occurs in the Gars-bheinn intrusions. The type of banding developed at Gars-bheinn differs from that of the main mass, which is more readily comparable with that in the Rhum ultrabasic rocks (
Brown 1956
); in Sgùrr Dubh and Rhum the banding is due to varying proportions of medium-grained primary precipitate crystals. In the Gars-bheinn intrusions, the banding is of medium-grained olivine-rich bands alternating with pegmatitic feldspar-rich bands, individual feldspar crystals in the latter often exceeding three inches in length.

The intrusions occur on the southern flank of Gars-bheinn at 1000 and 1500 feet respectively. The lower is associated at its eastern side with a vertical feeder dyke, the continuation of which may be traced above the sill, trending towards the higher intrusion.
The lower sill (Fig. 1), which at outcrop is approximately 900 feet in length and 250 feet thick, is moderately well exposed, whereas much of the upper is obscured by a scree of large detached blocks. The term “Gars-bheinn sill” refers only to the lower sill, which has the greater petrological interest.
The bulk
THE GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY OF MADAGASCAR, AND A COMPARISON WITH EASTERN AFRICA
Authors: DIXEY BY FRANK 
Published: October 2009

The metamorphic region of Madagascar has much in common with the “Mozam- bique Belt” of East and Central Africa, although the grade of metamorphism seen is often higher. No clear comparison can be drawn between the main subdivisions of the Madagascar Basement and those of the mainland; moreover, the unconformably overlying Crystalline Limestone Series has no known counterpart in Africa, while the major late Pre-Cambrian or Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary systems of the mainland, frequently but little altered or disturbed, are not represented in Madagascar, although there is a widespread Quartzite Series, ascribed to the Devono-Carboniferous, of somewhat different character.
The principal metamorphism of the Basement rocks of Madagascar is ascribed to a major orogeny dated as 2600 m.y., but the older orogenies of the mainland, up to 3250 m.y., have not been recognized.
The later Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments are in many respects closely comparable with those of the mainland, as may be expected from their position on opposite sides of a great geosyncline. While there are important differences in the associated older volcanic episodes, the Tertiary and post-Tertiary volcanism followed a similar course in both regions. Post-Tertiary rifting is present in Madagascar, but only locally and on a small scale.
The geomorphological history of Madagascar compares closely with that of the mainland, the regions appearing to have responded similarly to the intermittent sinking of the intervening geosyncline. Intermittent uplift, with seaward tilting, has given rise to a step-like arrangement of erosion surfaces around a core of Basement highlands with maximum elevations ranging from 1000 to 2200 metres ; the ages of these surfaces, as determined mainly from their relations to fossiliferous sediments, range from Quaternary to the later Tertiary, mid-Tertiary, late Cretaceous and Jurassic.
A MAGNETIC SURVEY IN THE WESTERN ENGLISH CHANNEL
Authors: ALLAN THOMAS DONALD , HILL MAURICE NEVILLE 
Published: October 2009

Since 1956, when a nuclear spin magnetometer was first developed for towing behind a ship, measurements of the earth’s total field in the western English Channel have been made on six expeditions of R.R.S.
Discovery II
and R.V.
Sarsia.
There are now enough profiles to allow a magnetic contour map of the area to be drawn.

The most striking feature of the map is an anomaly with its peak value approximately 15 miles south of the Eddystone and with a total area of 30 × 12 square miles. The discovery of this anomaly has necessitated a reappraisal of the underlying geology which had been previously postulated from coring and seismic results.
Sharp magnetic anomalies to the east of the Lizard show good correlation with the basic intrusive rocks on land but the limited extent of the anomalies to the east appears to disprove the idea of a continuous Lizard-Dodman-Start thrust. The boundary of New Red Sandstone outcrops on the sea-floor, postulated from previous coring results, shows a remarkable coincidence with the extent of the sharp anomalies off the Lizard and off the Start peninsula.
GEO PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN TREMADOC BAY, NORTH WALES
Authors: GRIFFITHS DONALD HARRISON , KING ROY FAVELL , WILSON CHARLES DOUGLAS VERNON 
Published: October 2009

The results of a gravity survey of North Wales (
Powell 1956
) suggested that Tremadoc Bay, off North Wales, might be a Triassic basin, the eastern boundary being a major fault coinciding in part with the coastline, but nowhere exposed. To test these ideas a seismic refraction survey has been made of Tremadoe Bay, consisting of a long traverse and some short lines, these being supplemented by a number of shorter profiles across the coastal flats of Morfa Dyffryn. A survey of the bay with a proton magnetometer was also undertaken and some closely spaced gravity and magnetic measurements have been made on Morfa Dyffryn.

The results of the seismic work indicate the presence of three layers. The top layer has a maximum thickness of about 1800 feet and a velocity of 6500 feet/sec., thins westwards and ultimately dies out. It is considered to be late Mesozoic or Tertiary in age. All the evidence indicates the eastern boundary of this layer to be a major fault or a scarp. The middle layer has a maximum thickness of 6000 feet and a velocity of 13,000 feet/sec. The form and magnitude of the gravity anomaly in the area, after allowing for the effect of the top layer, make it most unlikely that this second layer has a low enough density to be Mesozoic. It is probably Ordovician. The third and lowest layer identified is thought to be Cambrian.
The form of the regional gravity low over Cardigan Bay points to a structural origin for the bay, though the alternative theory that the anomaly is due to a major granitic intrusion is considered possible.
A PHOTOGEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE WESTERN GUAYAS PROVINCE, ECUADOR: WITH DISCUSSION OF THE STRATIGRAPHY AND TABLAZO FORMATION, DERIVED FROM SURFACE MAPPING
Authors: MARCHANT STEPHEN 
Published: October 2009

The geology of an area in the extreme western part of the Guayas Province of Ecuador is described, chiefly from a study of aerial photographs. The exposed succession extends from the Cretaceous to the Miocene, overlain unconformably by Pleistocene tablazo. The stratigraphy is discussed and a sequence suggested which is thought to improve on previous published accounts. The tablazos are discussed and it is concluded that only one deposit exists, faulted to different levels by recent movements ; this is at variance with the traditional view that tablazo is developed at three horizons. The aerial photographs show the important effect that faults have had on the distribution of tablazo and indicate how they may have caused the anomalous distribution of recent raised beaches. Some speculation is added about the tablazos in northern Ecuador and north-western Peru.
The structure of the area is described and is shown to be dominated by faulting on three main lines, N.–S., NW.–SE. and NE.–SW. It is suggested that the faults consist essentially of intersecting sinistral and dextral wrenches which disrupt less prominent N.–S. high-angled thrusts ; such a pattern seems plausible in this area, which is at the top of the westward-facing arc in the Andean chain. By analogy with the observations on land it is suggested that the Gulf of Guayaquil was caused by an intersecting system of sinistral and dextral wrenches and further that similar fault-patterns and tectonic systems may occur elsewhere in coastal Ecuador and north-western Peru.
A GEOCHRONOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE METAMORPHIC COMPLEXES OF THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS
Authors: GILETTI BRUNO J. , MOORBATH STEPHEN , LAMBERT RICHARD ST. JOHN 
Published: October 2009

Rubidium–strontium age-determinations are presented for minerals and whole rocks from the Lewisian, Moinian and Dalradian metamorphic complexes of Scotland and from the Connemara schists of western Ireland.
Age data from the Lewisian complex confirm that it was affected by two major periods of metamorphism. Pegmatites associated with the Scourian part of the Lewisian complex are shown to be at least 2460 m.y. old, whereas the Laxfordian metamorphism occured about 1600 m.y. ago. The effect of the Laxfordian metamorphism on the Scourian pegmatites is to produce a scatter of ages in which coexisting potassium feldspars and biotites show the pattern potassium-feldspar age > biotite age.

Six biotites, a microcline and a muscovite from the Moine Series have ages in the range 435 to 405 m.y., showing that a widespread Caledonian
(sensu stricto)
metamorphism affected the Moine Series 420 ± 15 m.y. ago. Two pegmatites from the Knoydart–Morar area yielded muscovites with ages of 740 m.y. and 665 m.y.; asurvey of the geochemical possibilities and consideration of the geological setting of the pegmatites suggest that the Moine sediments in this area are older than 740 m.y. and may have undergone an early metamorphism before this date.

Specimens from the Dalradian Series of Perthshire suggest a major metamorphism at 475 ± 15 m.y. ago, interpreted as Lower or Middle Ordovician in age. Two whole-rock and three mineral analyses from the pre-metamorphic Ben Vuroeh granite-gneiss suggest that the intrusion was formed 600 ± 100 m.y. ago and that a partial reconstitution occurred 415 ± 10 m.y. ago. The Ben Vuroch granite complex as a whole appears to have behaved as a closed system with respect to rubidium and strontium during later metamorphism.
Three specimens of muscovite and biotite from the Connemara schists of western Ireland have a mean age of 475 m.y.; this finding tends to support the generally supposed contemporaneity of the Dalradian and Connemara metamorphisms. Biotite from the Galway granite has an age of 365 ± 10 m.y., which suggests that this granite may be contemporaneous with other dated Caledonian granites of the British Isles.
Four potassium–argon ages support the conclusions on the age of the Laxfordian and Caledonian–Moinian metamorphisms.
THE CLIMATIC FACTOR IN THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD
Authors: HOLLINGWORTH SYDNEY EWART 
Published: October 2009

The greater part of the preserved geological record represents marine environments; source and transport conditions are difficult to assess, and there may be a tendency to interpret the stratigraphy in terms of diastrophic change without adequate consideration of the more obscure factor of climatic change.
Nevertheless, recent oceanographic research has emphasized the effect that polar ice-caps have had on marine sedimentation through their influence on oceanic circulation. Continents suffer extremes of climate and the character of the deposits often favours the preservation of climatic evidence.
Correlation by radio-carbon dating of alternations of arid-phase evaporite formation and humid-phase clastic sedimentation in inland drainage areas with fluctuations in extent of ice-sheets is noteworthy.
Study of the Pleistocene floras has stressed the magnitude, complexity, and rapidity of the climatic changes, especially in the best-known late-glacial and post-glacial record. It seems probable that the pattern of zonal climatic change, whether short-term, seasonal, within the historic record, during post-glacial time, or within the Pleistocene as a whole, is basically similar, varying in scale and duration. The theory that fluctuation in solar radiation is a major factor in climatic change finds increasing favour.
In the late Pleistocene the speed of temperature amelioration led to the survival of ice-sheets out of phase with their climatic environment, to stagnation, extremely rapid melting, and a correspondingly sudden world-wide rise of sea-level. A comparable sudden rise of sea-level inferred for the Carboniferous has presented a major difficulty on the diastrophic theory, but would fit well the 'glacial control’ theory of Wanless and Shepard.
The extent and perfection of the Permo-Carboniferous cycles mark them as abnormal in the geological record. They are probably related to the long period of intermittent glaciation of one or more of the southern continents.
A diastrophic origin for contemporaneous cyclic sedimentation in local lacustrine or terrestrial environments is questionable. It is envisaged that climatic fluctuations may have been considerable in the non-glacial phases of the earth's history.
The apparent anomaly that general extinction—conventionally associated with catastrophic climatic change linked with world-wide orogenies—has occurred during orogenic calms is largely removed ff climatic changes are not necessarily linked with crustal movement. The environmental stimulus to biological change may thus be always present.
THE SEQUENCE AND CORRELATION OF THE COAL MEASURES OF PEMBROKESHIRE
Authors: JENKINS THOMAS BENJAMIN HUW 
Published: October 2009

The intensely folded and faulted strata exposed in long cliff-sections in the two structurally detached coalfields of Pembrokeshire (Little Haven–Amroth and Nolton–Newgale) present complex problems of correlation which are considered in detail. Many fossil bands are newly recorded and, where possible, are placed in measured sequences which are correlated by marine bands and are referred to non-marine lamellibranch zones, with occasional use of floral zones. Incomplete Ammanian successions from the Little Haven–Amroth coalfield are generally similar in thickness to corresponding portions of the succession in the western part of the North Crop of the main basin, but evidence exists for marked southward thickening of the basal measures and for moderate attenuation westwards of both the
lenisulcata
and
modiolaris
Zones. A tentative succession is proposed for the Morganian of the coastal cliffs, with some sequences assigned to the
tenuis
Zone and the Rickets Head strata (formerly regarded as the highest Coal Measures in Pembrokeshire) re-assigned to the
phillipsii
Zone.

The chief examples of ‘slump sheets’ cited by Kuenen are shown to lie near the middle of the basal cyclothem of the Ammanian; it is suggested that seismic shuddering, in conjunction with local slumping, produced these contemporaneous deformation-structures.
An anomalous thickness of 1100 feet of barren shale previously assigned to the basal Coal Measures of the western area is considered to be of Lower Palaeozoic age, as is the supposed Farewell Rock of Newgale.
A PLEISTOCENE COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA WITH ARCTIC AFFINITIES FROM FLADBURY, WORCESTERSHIRE
Authors: COOPE GEOFFREY RUSSELL 
Published: October 2009

A fauna of fossil beetles has been obtained from a sample of peat-like material from the base of No.2 Terrace of the river Avon at Fladbury, Worcestershire. Most of the species are still living today, though many are not now found in Britain. Prom the present-day requirements of the species it has been possible to deduce much of the ecology and climate at the time of deposition of the 'peat' (radio-carbon date 38,000 years B.P.). The ‘peat’ accumulated in a pool of standing water on the flood-plain of the river, surrounded by patches of sedges and willow. Away from the pool the country was barren and sandy with a thin cover of vegetation.
The modern geographical distributions of the species shows that the largest number now occur together in arctic Scandinavia and northern Russia. Equation of the climate of northern Europe today with that of Fladbury in glacial times would, however, be misleading on account of the great difference in latitude. To avoid this difficulty the ranges of the carabid ground beetles in the mountains of Scandinavia have been tabulated according to their known occurrence in the floral zones that indicate deterioration of climate with increase in altitude. The maximum overlap of these ranges was in the lower alpine and birch zones, suggesting sub-arctic conditions at Fladbury.
The Fladbury fauna is shown to resemble, to a remarkable degree, the approximately contemporaneous insect fauna from Upton Warren, Worcestershire, and also the so-called interglacial insect faunas from Sweden.
THE STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE OF THE ERRIGAL AREA, COUNTY DONEGAL, IRELAND
Authors: RICKARD MICHAEL JOHN 
Published: October 2009

The Dalradian rocks of the Errigal area form part of the envelope of the Donegal granites. The sedimentary succession established in the adjacent Creeslough district by McCall (1955) is traced to the south-west, where eleven stratigraphical divisions, consisting of quartzites, banded quartzites, pelites, and limestones, amount to a thickness of at least 14,000 feet.
The major structure in the area is a recumbent syncline; extensive sliding along the normal limb of this fold has removed up to 6000 feet of strata. The axial trend is variable, and bending has caused subsidiary cross-folding and shearing. Accompanying the emplacement of granite bodies, minor structures and thermal metamorphism were superimposed on the regional fabric developed during the major folding. A detailed picture of the behaviour of these various structures is provided by an analysis of the minor elements.