bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Swiss and Swabian Agencies, 1795–1801
Authors: Sparrow Elizabeth 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article continues an examination of the British government's counter-revolutionary organization begun in ‘The Alien Office 1792-1806’, The Historical Journal, XXXIII (1990), which outlined the department's functions and secret service policy. The Swiss and Swabian agencies were one aspect of British foreign secret service; they linked the French princes' secret agents to the British government under the central European control of William Wickham, ambassador in Berne 1794–7, and military and diplomatic subsidiaries. Anti-republican secret committees were set up covering all France, Switzerland, northern Italy and southern Germany, which included members from every grade of society. French republican generals, even Ministers were swayed, allowing infiltration of the French secret police. British control was however limited to the finesse of finance – bribery was implicit. By never offering enough to the leaders and too much to assistants, initial constitutional intentions slid into subversion and assassination. The first complete andfully documented description is included of how, why, and by whom, the French deputies were assassinated at Rastadt.
The ‘Antrim Plot’ of 1641 – A Myth?
Authors: Ohlmeyer Jane H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis is an account of one of the more controversial Irish conspiracies of 1641 which allegedly involved Charles I and the earl of Antrim, a prominent Gaelic warlord with extensive connections in all three of the Stuart kingdoms. No irrefutable contemporary documentation to the plot appears to have survived and so the ambiguous and scrappy evidencefor the conspiracy, dating from the 1640s, 1650s and 1660s, has been examined here in an attempt to establish whether the ‘Antrim plot’ was a myth or a reality.
In vitrocomparison of protease activities in preparations from free-living (Panagrellus redivivus) and plant-parasitic (Meloidogyne incognita) nematodes using FMRFa and FMRFa-like peptides as substrates
Authors: Masler E.P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractExtracts prepared from the microbivorous nematodePanagrellus redivivusand the plant-parasitic nematodeMeloidogyne incognitawere used to provide general protease activities for peptide substrate screening and species comparisons. Each extract was evaluated for its ability to degrade a broad range of nematode FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs), key regulatory messengers governing nematode growth and development. Clear quantitative differences between the two extracts were observed using FMRFamide as a substrate. Extract potency assessed at EC50(μg/μ l extract protein for 50% substrate digestion) was 1.8-fold greater forP. redivivusthan forM. incognita, and potency assessed at EC90was 2.5-fold greater. An overall potency difference was also present when screening the digestion of 17 nematode FLPs, but it was not universal. The mean percentage digestion of eight of the 17 FLPs was greater (P < 0.02) withP. redivivusextract (76.3 ± 8.2) than withM. incognitaextract (38.1 ± 8.7), but the means for the other nine FLPs were not different. Three FLPs (KPSFVRFa, AQTFVRFa, RNKFEFIRFa) were degraded extensively by the extracts of both species, and two FLPs (SAPYDPNFLRFa, SAEPFGTMRFa) were degraded 2.9-fold and 5.3-fold greater, respectively, withM. incognitaextract than withP. redivivusextract. The ability of each extract to degrade FMRFa and KSAYMRFa was significantly reduced by using peptide analogues containing singled-amino acid substitutions, and the substitution effects were positional. Both FMRFa and KSAYMRFa were competitive substrates for aminopeptidases in each extract, but only the competitive ability of FMRFa was reduced byd-amino acid substitution. The variety and complexity of nematode FLP degradation by preparations representing phylogenetically and developmentally different nematode sources are discussed.
Detection and identification of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense plerocercoids from wild Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in Japan
Authors: Suzuki J. , Murata R. , Sadamasu K. , Araki J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe investigated the risk of diphyllobothriasis from ingestion of wild Pacific salmon in Japan by surveying Diphyllobothrium plerocercoids in 182 salmon samples obtained from Japan. The plerocercoids were not detected in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) (0/26), called Akizake in Japan, caught between September and November. However, the detection rate of plerocercoids in chum salmon, called Tokishirazu in Japan, caught between early April and June, was 51.1% (24/47) with an average of two plerocercoid larvae per fish. The detection rates of cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) were 12.2% (10/82) and 18.5% (5/27), respectively, and the average number of plerocercoids per fish was 0.45 (37 larvae/82 fishes) and 0.22 larvae (6 larvae/27 fishes), respectively. Plerocercoids isolated from O. keta and O. masou were identified as Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense on the basis of molecular analysis of the cox1 and nad3 genes. Moreover, four tapeworms (three from O. keta and one from O. masou) were obtained by infecting golden hamsters with plerocercoids. The morphological features of these tapeworms were similar to those of D. nihonkaiense isolated from humans. Therefore, we think that O. keta and not O. masou is the most important source of plerocercoid infections in Japan.
Responses of volunteers to inactivated influenza virus vaccines
Authors: Jennings R. , Potter C. W. , Massey P. M. O. , Duerden B. I. , Martin J. , Bevan A. M. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYThree different types of bivalent influenza virus vaccine, a whole virus, an aqueous-surface-antigen vaccine and an adsorbed-surface-antigen vaccine were tested at three dosage levels in volunteers primed with respect to only one of the haemagglutinin antigens present in the vaccines.The local and systemic reactions to all three vaccine types were mild in nature and, following first immunization, the aqueous-surface-antigen vaccine was the least reactogenic. The serum haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody response to the A/Victoria/75 component of the vaccines, to which the volunteer population was primed, was greatest following immunization with the aqueous-surface-antigen vaccine; the greatest antibody response to the A/New Jersey/76 component of the vaccines was observed following immunization with whole virus vaccine.
Strain specificity of serum antibody to the haemagglutinin of influenza A (H3N2) viruses in children following immunization or natural infection
Authors: Oxford J. S. , Haaheim L. R. , Slepushkin A. , Werner J. , Kuwert E. , Schild G. C. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYThe specificity of serum anti-HA antibody from children immunized or infected with A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) or A/Texas/77 (H3N2) virus was examined using the single radial haemolysis test together with adsorption of antibody with three antigenic variants A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2), A/Port Chalmers/73 (H3N2) and A/Victoria/75 (H3N2). The majority of young children reacted to vaccination or infection by producing strain-specific (SS) antibody to the homologous virus. A small proportion of children's sera contained cross-reacting (CR) antibodies capable of reacting with the haemagglutinins of all antigenic variants of the subtype including A/HK/1/68. In contrast, most adults reacted immunologically to either vaccination or infection by producing CR antibody, reacting with all variants of the antigenic subtype including the prototype virus A/HK/1/68 (H3N2).
Monitoring infectious diseases using routine microbiology data II. An example of regression analysis used to study infectious gastroenteritis
Authors: Tillett Hilary E. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYRoutine data used to study infectious diseases may contain biases which obscure trends. A 16-year series (up to 1968) of routine laboratory data was used to study patterns of incidence of infective gastroenteritis for which no laboratory diagnosis could be made. An artificial pattern was detected. This arose because GPs tended to refer a greater proportion of their patients during dysentery epidemics. Multiple regression analysis was used to separate out this effect so that the underlying trends could be observed.The seasonal pattern of undiagnosed cases showed an autumn peak. There were also early-winter epidemics of disease with little or no excretion of red blood or pus cells in the diagnostic faeces specimen. Some of the winter communicable disease among older children and adults appeared to be associated with signs of a temporary fat malabsorption in pre-school age cases. Undiagnosed cases in older children and adults were not related to the E. coli serotypes causing disease in infants during this period.The statistical method applied increased the usefulness of these routine data. Although this series of laboratory records is now more than a decade old the results of the analysis can be compared with new observations as more is learned about the epidemiology of previously unrecognized pathogens, especially rota-viruses.
Adenovirus eye infections in an Australian city, 1972–9
Authors: Irving L. , Kennett M. , Lewis F. , Birch C. , Donaldson A. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYA number of adenovirus serotypes have been associated with both sporadic cases and outbreaks of conjunctivitis and pharyngoconjunctival fever but only adenovirus type 8 and adenovirus type 19 have been responsible for wide-spread epidemic kerato-conjunctivitis. In Melbourne, Australia, in the past eight years these two serotypes have been prevalent, resulting in an outbreak of adenovirus type 8 kerato-conjunctivitis in 1976–7 followed by adenovirus type 19 keratoconjunctivitis in 1978–9. During these two periods of peak incidence, 53 cases of adenovirus type 8 and 43 cases of adenovirus type 19 kerato-conjunctivitis were confirmed by isolation.
Epidemiological and serological study of hepatitis A virus outbreaks in France: a comparison between immunoadherence and radioimmunoassay
Authors: Coursaget P. , Drucker J. , Maupas P. , Hibon P. , Goudeau A. , Bernard D. , Sauvage D. , Lelord G. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYAn epidemiological study and the simultaneous evaluation of anti-Hav antibody using radio immunoassay (RIA) and immunoadherence hemagglutination assay (IAHA) was performed during three hepatitis A epidemics in the Tours area (France). Fifty-seven sera from 35 subjects with viral hepatitis type A and 16 sera from nine children who did not develop any clinical signs of hepatitis were studied. The more explosive epidemic occurred in an institution for mentally retarded children (attack rate 68%). The two major outbreaks observed were due to the introduction in the institutions of individuals infected with hepatitis A virus. Two out of three of the index cases had a seafood dinner three to four weeks before onset of jaundice. Sera taken one week after jaundice were always found to be anti-HAV positive by both RIA and IAHA, and sera taken more than three days before the appearance of jaundice were negative by both methods. Sera taken at the peak of the transaminase elevation were anti-HAV positive by RIA but only one out of two were positive by Iaha. The anti-HAV titre by RIA increased from the time of the appearance of jaundice and the highest titres, over 1/20000 were seen only after several months. Observations of subjects in close contact with patients who seroconverted without any manifestation of hepatitis, confirmed the existence of clinically mute infections.
IgM-antibody response to the hepatitis B core antigen in acute and chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Tedder R. S. , Wilson-Croome Ruth 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYA solid phase M-antibody capture radioimmunoassay (MACRIA) and a serum fractionation method were used to quantitate the IgM response to the hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti-HBc) in acute and chronic hepatitis B infections.Antibody to the core antigen was predominantly of the IgM class during theacute phase of hepatitis B. Resolving acute infections remained positive by MACRIA, but at decreasing levels, for as long as 6 months. IgM anti-HBc persisted in HBsAg carriers but at levels very much lower than seen in acute infections. There was no correlation of IgM anti-HBc with severity of chronic liver disease in carriers.Measurement of IgM anti-HBc by MACRIA enabled accurate identification of acute hepatitis B on single serum specimens.
A comparative study of spirochaetes from the porcine alimentary tract
Authors: Lemcke Ruth M. , Burrows M. R. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYStrains ofTreponema hyodysenteriaecapable of inducing swine dysentery in specific pathogen-free pigs were compared with other spirochaetes from the porcine alimentary tract by biochemical and serological tests and by electrophoresis of their proteins. Carbohydrate fermentation and esculin hydrolysis were similar in all the spirochaetes. Indole was produced byT. hyodysenteriaeand by some of the other spirochaetes. Analysis of the fatty acids produced from glucose showed a difference betweenT. hyodysenteriaeand other spirochaetes only in the amount ofn-butyric acid produced. The indirect fluorescent antibody test showed extensive cross-reactions between all the spirochaetes unless antisera were first absorbed. A microtitre agglutination test and a growth-inhibition test were both more specific; strains ofT. hyodysenteriaecould be distinguished from the other spirochaetes using unabsorbed sera. Both tests revealed some antigenic heterogeneity among strains ofT. hyodysenteriae. The cell proteins of a single strain ofT. hyodysenteriaegave an electrophoretic pattern distinct from those of the other spirochaetes.Two of the six spirochaetes not associated with swine dysentery, PWS/B and PWS/C, were indistinguishable serologically and electrophoretically. The other four strains were serologically distinct from one another and from PWS/B and PWS/C. Only two of these spirochaetes were examined electrophoretically, but each gave a different pattern from PWS/B and PWS/C. The diversity observed among spirochaetes not associated with swine dysentery indicates that their suggested inclusion in a single species,T. innocens, may prove to be unjustified.
Transfer of gentamicin resistance between coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci on skin
Authors: Naidoo Jay , Noble W. C. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYThe transfer of gentamicin resistance between a coagulase-negative S. hominis strain and various coagulase-positive S. aureus strains on human and murine skin in the absence of a selective agent is described. Transfer occurs at higher frequency on skin than in broth. Skin transfer may account for the apparently explosive occurrence of gentamicin resistant staphylococci in hospitals.
Diversity of plasmids responsible for multiple resistance in klebsiella serotype K2
Authors: Richards Hilary , Hughes Victoria , Datta Naomi 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYKlebsiella of capsular type K2 were investigated to find out whether a single epidemic clone was the source of many outbreaks of infection in different hospitals, in different areas over a period of five years. The klebsiellas studied were found to be very similar; they were of the same biotype, had similar klebecin sensitivity patterns and carried multiple drug-resistance plasmids; however, characterization of these plasmids showed that they were heterogeneous. Thus there was not a single epidemic bacterial clone.
The prevalence of serum neutralizing antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in Scotland
Authors: Msolla P. M. , Wiseman A. , Selman I. E. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYThe prevalence of serum neutralizing antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in 1152 serum samples from adult cattle in 114 dairy and beef herds in different regions of Scotland was 12%. In the Grampian region, the number of seropositive cattle in the self-contained herds was significantly less (P < 0·01) than in the ‘other’ herds. Holstein cattle had been introduced into five of these ‘other’ herds, and significantly more (P < 0·01) of the samples from these five herds were seropositive compared with the samples from the rest of the ‘other’ herds in the same region into which recently purchased cattle had been introduced. The introduction of Holstein cattle was also a major factor in the association between the prevalence of antibodies and herd size in the Grampian region. The prevalence of serum neutralizing antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus was significantly greater (P < 0·001) in this survey than in those previously undertaken in the United Kingdom.
Diet and the faecal microflora of infants, children and adults in rural Nigeria and urban U.K.
Authors: Tomkins A. M. , Bradley A. K. , Oswald Sarah , Drasar B. S. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYThe faecal microflora of breast-fed infants, weaned children and adults has been examined in rural Nigeria and urban U.K. Breast-fed infants had a similar anaerobic flora dominated by bifidobacteria but bacteroides were isolated in less than a quarter of either community. Weaned children in both communities had greater numbers of bacteroides and clostridia than breast-fed infants. Even higher numbers of bacteroides and clostridia were present in U.K. adults but not in Nigerian adults. Numbers of bacteroides and clostridia were greater in a group of Nigerian infants drinking cow's milk than those receiving breast milk alone and lower in a group of weaned children with diarrhoea compared with uninfected subjects.
Infection with influenza A/Victoria virus in Houston families, 1976
Authors: Taber L. H. , Paredes A. , Glezen W. P. , Couch R. B. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYIn 1976, an epidemic caused by infections with an influenza virus antigenically similar to A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) occurred in Houston, Texas. During this outbreak, 37 families (155 members) enrolled in the Houston Family Study were under observation. The families lived throughout the metropolitan area (Houston, Texas), and were representative of low income groups. The overall frequency of infection in family members was 27·7%. The frequency of infection was the highest for infants under one year of age and for their older siblings, 14 (37·8%) of 37 and 17 (33·3%) of 51, respectively. Eighteen (48·6%) of the 37 families had at least one infected member. Twelve of the 18 ‘infected’ families had school aged children, whereas only three of the 19 ‘non-infected’ families had school aged children (P< 0·01). These infected families were also larger and had increased household density (persons/rooms). The levels of pre-existing HI antibodies to A/Victoria/75 and A/Port Chalmers/73 were inversely related to frequencies of infection and illness associated with A/Victoria/75 virus. Three children required hospitalization as direct consequence of their infection with this H3N2 influenza virus. Antibody response to infection was related to previous experience with antigenically-related influenza A (H3N2) viruses according to Francis', ‘doctrine of original antigenic sin.’
The response of the Egyptian spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) and two other species of commensal rodents to anticoagulant rodenticides
Authors: Mahmoud Wafeya , Redfern R. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYThe response of Acomys cahirinus to three anticoagulant rodenticides was investigated in the laboratory. In contrast to the other commensal rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, this species appears to be naturally very resistant to warfarin, difenacoum and brodifacoum. It is considered unlikely that anticoagulant poisons would be effective in the field for the control of A. cahirinus.
Colony incompatibility studies among New Zealand and Australian isolates of Salmonella typhimurium phage type 179
Authors: Bettelheim K. A. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYRecent New Zealand and Australian isolates of Salmonella typhimurium phage type 179 were studied for relatedness by colony incompatibility. This established that all but one strain of the New Zealand groups probably formed a clone despite carrying a variety of plasmids. The Australian strains showed a far greater diversity. This study demonstrates the epidemiological usefulness of the colony incompatibility reactions.
Field trials of bromadiolone against infestations of warfarin-resistant Rattus norvegicus
Authors: Richards C. G. J. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYBaiting with 0·005% bromadiolone in medium oatmeal or soaked wheat completely controlled infestations of warfarin-resistant rats on farms when surplus amounts of the poisoned baits were maintained until rats ceased to feed on them. The speed with which control was achieved was the same as with other anticoagulants that have been tested in this way.Poison baiting with 0·005% bromadiolone for only 1, 4 or 7 days achieved respectively about 49, 77 and 81% control of similar farm rat infestations.
Observations on the occurrence of Salmonella cholerae-suis and other salmonellas in two herds of feeder pigs
Authors: Williams D. R. , Hunter D. , Binder Jeannette , Hough Elaine 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYModified brilliant green agar (BGA), Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate, Rappaport's and selenite F broths were compared for their efficiency in isolating salmonellas from pigs and their excreta. It was concluded that BGA and Rappaport's broth were the media of choice. Where searches were made for Salmonella choleraesuis alone, the use of a trehalose McConkey agar provided a rapid method of differentiating S. cholerae-suis, which does not ferment trehalose, from the majority of other salmonellas, which do ferment trehalose.Casualties were collected from two farms where infection with S. cholerae-suis was endemic. The isolation rates of S. cholerae-suis from different carcase sites were compared in order to determine the relative importance of the salivary, upper respiratory and faecal routes of excretion. S. cholerae-suis was isolated from numerous carcase sites in carriers including the salivary glands, tonsils, trachea and lungs. However, isolations from the nasal passages, mouth, pharynx and gastro-intestinal tract of carriers were either infrequent or absent. When, in a further study, S. cholerae-suis was isolated from only 3/414 faeces, 1/170 nasal swabs and not at all from 170 oral swabs taken from live pigs, it was concluded that there must be more significant modes of transmission than from the salivary glands, upper respiratory or gastro-intestinal tracts. Cannibalism was considered to be a possibility.In contrast to S. cholerae-suis, other salmonellas were frequently isolated from randomly collected faeces and from the gastro-intestinal tract as well as other sites in casualties.