bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The gene as theme in the paradigm of cancer
Authors: Hall Eric J 
Published: July 2009

I was indeed honoured to give the Silvanus Thompson Memorial Lecture, grateful to those who thought me worthy of it, and somewhat in awe when I view the list of previous lecturers, beginning with Lord Rutherford in 1918.
The Röntgen Society was founded in 1897, with Silvanus Thompson as its first President, and this society became the forerunner of the British Institute of Radiology.
A physicist and historian of science, Silvanus Thompson was a prolific lecturer and writer on a wide range of scientific and technical subjects. He made important contributions in electrical machinery, optics and X rays, but he is best known as an interpreter of science to the non-scientific public and for his popular works “Elementary Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism” (1881) and “Calculus made Easy” (1910). Like so many later physicists who turned their attention to medicine in general, and radiology in particular, he was a devout practising Quaker. This was of critical importance to his career, for at that period, it excluded him from the older universities and for a time deterred him from the “godless college” of London (Lynch, 1989).
At Radiology and Oncology '92, we also remembered and honoured Nic McNally, who was to have been President of the BIR, but died before taking office. 25 years ago, Nic McNally signed up to come to Oxford as my graduate student but at the last moment received a better offer to stay at Hammersmith with Tikvah Alper and never came to join us in the City of Spires.
Computed tomography of the chest in T1NoMo non-small cell bronchial carcinoma
Authors: Duncan K A , Gomersall L N , Weir J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
There has been controversy within the recent literature as to the value of computed tomography (CT) of the chest in patients with TINoMo non-small cell bronchial carcinoma, as staged by plain radiography and bronchoscopy. This paper reports on 63 such patients, nine (14.2%) of whom were shown correctly by CT of the chest to have metastatic spread which rendered them inoperable. Of these nine, four had stage N3 mediastinal disease; the other five had metastatic disease, either pulmonary or bony. Patients with lesions less than 2 cm in diameter were also looked at separately: 4/20 had inoperable disease on CT of the chest. In both groups the detection rate of inoperability by CT of the chest justifies its use pre-operatively in all TINoMo non-small cell bronchial carcinomas, in terms of clinical morbidity, mortality and cost.
Lymphography—still useful in the diagnosis of lymphangiomatosis
Authors: Peh W C G , Ngan H 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLymphangiomatosis is diagnosed by lymphography in two patients. One case presented with life threatening pleural effusion and was found to have skin haemangiomata, underlying lymphangiomatosis and massive osteolysis of the pelvic bones in the same topographic distribution. The aetiology of this condition is discussed and the role of lymphography emphasized.
Measurement of the bone mineral density of the os calcis as an indication of vertebral fracture in women with lumbar osteoarthritis
Authors: Kotzki P-O , Buyck D , Leroux J-L , Thomas E , Rossi M , Blotman F 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In women with lumbar osteoarthritis, measurement of the os calcis bone mineral density (BMD) using dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) as an indication of vertebral fracture was evaluated. The in vivo precision of the method was 1.28%. Age- and sex-matched control curves were evaluated using a control of 193 females. The correlation between spine BMD and os calcis BMD was significant (r = 0.65, p ≪ 0.001). For the osteoporotic women without osteoarthritis (n = 34), there was no significant difference in the spine and the os calcis Z-scores (–1.99SD and – 1.83SD respectively). Whereas for osteoporotic women with osteoarthritis (n = 30) the spine Z-score was – 0.49SD the os calcis Z-score was – 1.92SD. The difference was significant (p &lt; 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrate the superiority of the os calcis as a measurement site over the lumbar spine, in correlation with existing crush fractures in the presence of osteoarthritis. It is concluded that when lumbar osteoarthritis occurs measurement of the os calcis BMD using DEXA is clinically useful for the estimation of bone mass.
The development of equipment for the technical assessment of respiratory motion induced artefacts in MRI
Authors: Jackson P C , Davies S C , Zananiri F V , Bean J P , Follett D H , Halliwell M , Wells P N T 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A device and technique to study the effects of respiratory motion on the quality of magnetic resonance images is proposed. The construction of the device enables a variety of test objects to be mounted and used in the evaluation of imaging parameters that may be affected by motion. The equipment is constructed of cast acrylic and the movement is actuated and controlled pneumatically thus ensuring that there are no interactions with the magnetic field and radiofrequency detection system to cause further image artefacts. Separate studies have been performed, using ultrasound, to assess the degree and rate of movement of organs owing to respiration in order to derive the motion parameters for the apparatus. Preliminary results indicate that the technique produces motion induced artefacts simulating those which are the result of the effects of respiration.
Pseudoaneurysm of transplant hepatic artery: a late presentation
Authors: Hutchinson C E , Mackinlay J Y , Buckels J A 
Published: July 2009

Vascular problems of the hepatic artery account for about 10% of graft loss after liver transplantation (Todo et al, 1987). Of these the majority are secondary to hepatic artery thrombosis (Tobben et al, 1988). In a large survey of transplants, only a small percentage were found to fail as a result of pseudoaneurysm, often at the anastomotic site, and 25% of these were related to infection (Tobben et al, 1988). The potential for early rupture and fatal haemorrhage makes early diagnosis important. In a review of the literature pseudoaneurysms are seen as an early complication and have not been described later than six months (Wozney et al, 1986; Houssin et al, 1988; Tobben et al, 1988; Zayko et al, 1988). We report a late presenting pseudoaneurysm in which no evidence of infection was demonstrated. The importance of early diagnosis and the value of ultrasound are stressed.
A 36-year-old female who had required an orthotopic liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis 24 months previously presented with deteriorating liver function and an epigastric mass on routine follow-up. She was otherwise asymptomatic. She had required a laparotomy for a small bowel obstruction due to adhesions seven months after transplantation. She had otherwise been well and had had no major rejection episodes.
On examination she was noted to be slightly jaundiced. There was a non-tender palpable liver 4 cm below the costal margin.
Cervical intervertebral foramen widening caused by vertebral artery tortuosity—diagnosis with MR and colour-coded Doppler sonography
Authors: Schima W , Stiglbauer R , Trattnig S , Heimberger K , Kramer J , Imhof H 
Published: July 2009

Widening of cervical intervertebral foramen owing to tortuosity of the vertebral artery is a rare condition, mimicking the presence of a tumour in the intervertebral foramen or an aneurysm of the vertebral artery (Schimmel et al, 1976). We present a patient with cervico-brachialgia, who had a right-sided loop of the vertebral artery in the intervertebral foramen at C4/5 level. Various authors have described the clinical and radiological manifestations of this anomaly by using vertebral angiography (Zimmerman & Farrell, 1970; Burnett & Staple, 1981; Royo Salvador et al, 1981). In this case, the diagnosis of this benign condition was made non-invasively with magnetic resonance tomography (MR) and confirmed by colour-coded duplex- Doppler sonography, and the patient thus escaped vertebral angiography.
A 68-year-old male presented with cervicobrachialgia, which radiated into the right hand for several weeks. Physical examination showed numbness of the right palm, thumb and forefinger. Anteroposterior radiographs of the cervical spine, which had been obtained in an outpatient clinic, were unremarkable. A right anterior oblique radiograph showed a slight enlargement of the right C4/5 intervertebral foramen (Figure 1). A computed tomographic (CT) scan (Somatom 2N, Siemens) revealed a soft tissue mass and enlargement of the intervertebral foramen C4/5 on the same side, and a tumour in the intervertebral foramen was suggested (Figure 2). The patient was then referred to the department of neurosurgery of our hospital for further diagnostic work-up.
Improved assessment of supraclavicular and abdominal metastases in oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junction carcinoma with the combination of ultrasound and computed tomography
Authors: van Overhagen H , Laméris J S , Berger M Y , Tilanus H W , van Pel R , Klooswijk A I J , Schütte H E 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to evaluate ultrasound and computed tomography in the assessment of distant metastases, supraclavicular and abdominal, in 113 patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus and gastrooesophageal junction. Ultrasound and computed tomographic findings were compared with the cytological data in 29 patients and with the surgical data in 84 patients. In assessing distant metastases, ultrasound and computed tomography had a sensitivity of 61% and 70%, and a specificity of 93% and 85%, respectively (p = 1.0). When ultrasound and computed tomography were combined the sensitivity increased to 83% and the specificity decreased to 81%. There was no significant difference in the assessment of supraclavicular metastases (p = 0.8), coeliac metastases (p = 1.0) or liver and other non-lymphatic abdominal metastases (p = 1.0) on ultrasound or computed tomography. The results show that both ultrasound and computed tomography should be used for assessment of distant metastases and abnormalities confirmed by imageguided biopsy.
CT-Dacryocystography for nasolacrimal duct obstruction following paranasal sinus surgery
Authors: Massoud T F , Whittet H B , Anslow P 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNasolacrimal duct obstruction and consequent epiphora is a complication that may develop in some patients following paranasal sinus surgery. We describe the technique of CT-dacryocystography which entails contrast injection of the lacrimal system and simultaneous computed tomography (CT) scanning of the facial structures. This technique provides concurrent information regarding obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct and the presence of disease recurrence or persistence in the adjacent paranasal sinuses. The role of CT-dacryocystography prior to endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy is discussed briefly.
Allergic Aspergillosis of the sphenoid sinus: pitfall on MRI
Authors: Demaerel P , Brown P , Kendall B E , Revesz T , Plant G 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Recent reports indicate that fungal sinusitis is more common than previously thought. Four different histological subtypes of Aspergillus sinusitis are now recognized. Fulminant Aspergillosis is usually seen in immunosuppressed patients, and chronic invasive Aspergillus sinusitis, allergic Aspergillus sinusitis and Aspergilloma are seen in the non-immunocompromised individual. We present a case of progressive unilateral visual loss in a 30-year-old woman. The unusual magnetic resonance findings and the value of computed tomography are discussed.
Coronary angiography: an analysis of radiographic practice in the UK
Authors: Coulden R A , Readman L P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
There is growing public and professional concern over the risks of medical ionizing radiation. It is therefore important to examine our procedures for ways in which we can reduce radiation dose to patients and staff. We surveyed 48 catheter laboratories nationwide to establish the range of practice in performing “routine” coronary angiography and left ventriculography. There were wide variations in the numbers of views obtained, mean ciné film lengths and mean fluoroscopy times. Despite the recommendation of the National Radiological Protection Board, only five of the 36 centres responding were able to provide estimates of patient radiation dose per procedure. Calculations of maximum and minimum patient doses, based on ciné film length and fluoroscopy time, show a fourfold variation between hospitals. Using the concept of estimated dose equivalent, the predicted lifetime fatal cancer risk for a routine examination ranges from 1/16 600 to 1/4300. As a preliminary step in radiation dose reduction we have used this survey data to suggest how a typical coronary angiogram and left ventriculogram might be performed.
Physical aspects of photostimulable phosphor computed radiography
Authors: Cowen A R , Workman A , Price J S 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Currently photostimulable phosphor computed radiography (PPCR) promises to be the digital X-ray image acquisition technology of choice for classical radiography (i.e. X-ray examinations of natural anatomy). For the last two years we have been carrying out a physical evaluation of modern PPCR technology and some of our findings relevant to general radiographic applications are reviewed here. Topics covered include the function of the auto-reader system and the reliability of image reproduction, the radiation exposure requirement and physical image quality. The latter is based upon both objective and subjective measures of image quality. These studies have yielded a favourable comparison of the image quality of modern PPCR technology with that of medium-speed and fast radiographic screen-film combinations. The major advantages of PPCR appear to be the maintenance of high imaging efficiency (DQE) over a much wider range of signal levels than film and consistent image acquisition and presentation independent of exposure level. In general radiographic applications no major limitations due to the comparatively modest limiting spatial resolution of PPCR [maximum limiting resolution = 5 line-pair mm−1] have been experienced. Digital image enhancement is a central element of PPCR image reproduction. The authors believe that advances in image enhancement algorithms remain a potential area for further improving the presented quality of PPCR images.
Relationships between metacarpal morphometry, forearm and vertebral bone density and fractures in postmenopausal women
Authors: Wishart J M , Horowitz M , Bochner M , Need A G , Nordin B E C 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The relationships between metacarpal morphometric, vertebral and forearm density measurements and the prevalence of vertebral and peripheral fractures were examined in 239 postmenopausal women (median age 63, range 32–84 years). Metacarpal cortical area/total area ratio (CA/TA) was measured with needle calipers, forearm mineral density (FMD) by single photon absorptiometry and vertebral mineral density (VMD) by single energy quantitative computed tomography. Of the 239 subjects 97 had not suffered any fractures, 44 had at least one previous vertebral fracture but no peripheral fractures, 41 had a history of peripheral fracture but no vertebral fracture and 57 had suffered both peripheral and vertebral fractures. There were significant correlations between a single measurement of CA/TA and both FMD (r = 0.65, p &lt; 0.001) and VMD (r = 0.41, p &lt; 0.001). Similar correlations existed between the mean of multiple measurements of CA/TA and both FMD and VMD. CA/TA (p &lt; 0.001), FMD (p &lt; 0.001) and VMD (p &lt; 0.001) were reduced in subjects who had suffered fractures, when compared with the no fracture group. The percentage of cases in each of the four fracture groups (vertebral fracture only, peripheral fracture only, peripheral and vertebral fracture, peripheral or vertebral fracture) misclassified with reference to the no fracture group were similar with CA/TA, FMD or VMD measurements. We suggest that metacarpal morphometry, which is widely available at relatively low cost, yields cross-sectional information about bone density and fracture risk, comparable with that obtained by forearm and vertebral densitometry.
Lingual thyroid, a cause of neonatal stridor
Authors: Chan F L , Low L C K , Yeung H W D , Saing H 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Stridor implies partial airway obstruction, resulting from intrinsic or extrinsic abnormalities of the upper respiratory tract. In a neonate whose airway is small, soft and easily occluded this may be potentially life threatening. Its immediate diagnosis with prompt therapy is a rewarding challenge. When stridor occurs in a neonate with congenital hypothyroidism, surgically amenable cause of obstruction due to an ectopic thyroid or thyroglossal cyst has to be seriously considered. We report a case of neonatal stridor caused by a lingual thyroid, and discuss the imaging approach.
Chondrosarcoma of the epiglottis
Authors: Cheung W , Leong L L Y , Chan F L 
Published: July 2009

Chondrosarcoma of the larynx is a rare lesion. We report a case of chondrosarcoma of the epiglottis, with a discussion on the diagnosis and treatment of this tumour.
A 34-year-old man, with previous good health, presented with a one-year history of hoarseness. Physical examination was normal and, in particular, there were no neck masses. Indirect laryngoscopy revealed a smooth mass arising from the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis, with intact mucosa.
Reproducibility of Doppler ultrasound measurement of resistance index in renal allografts
Authors: London N J , Aldoori M I , Lodge V G , Bates J A , Irving H C , Giles G R 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn recent years measurements of arterial blood flow in the renal allograft have been studied in an attempt to provide a non-invasive method of diagnosing and monitoring post-transplant renal dysfunction. Many studies have involved measurement of the resistance index (RI) of arterial blood flow. Although the reproducibility of the technique has been studied in other areas of application, no such studies have been performed on the renal allograft. In this study we attempted to evaluate the reproducibility of the measurement of the RI of the interlobar artery in the renal allograft. 18 renal allograft recipients with stable functioning grafts were studied twice by each of two experienced sonographers using a colour-coded duplex Doppler ultrasound scanner, in order to determine the intraobserver and interobserver variability in the measurement of RI of the interlobar arteries in the allograft. Variability was small and although interobserver variability exceeded intraobserver variability, both were within repeatability limits adopted by the British Standards Institution. The results suggest that measurement of the RI of the interlobar artery of renal allografts is repeatable and reproducible when performed by experienced operators.
Spontaneous perforation of the common bile duct in infancy
Authors: Smethurst F A , CARTY H 
Published: July 2009

Spontaneous perforation of the common bile duct in infancy is a rare disorder, but it is second to biliary atresia as a cause of surgical jaundice in the infant (Lilly et al, 1974). This diagnosis was made by ultrasound and scintigraphy in an infant presenting with failure to thrive, abdominal ascites and mild jaundice.
Conservative surgery with repair of the leak is the preferred treatment. The long term prognosis is excellent.
Congenital fistula between the submandibular gland and the oropharynx
Authors: McFerran D J , Phillips R R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Congenital salivary fistulae are rare and may be associated with abnormalities of the branchial apparatus or arise from aberrant or accessory salivary tissue. Previous case reports have documented cutaneous fistulae. We report a case of a salivary fistula between the submandibular gland and the oropharynx and discuss a possible embryological basis for the abnormality.
3-dimensional reconstruction of ultrasound images of the uterine cavity
Authors: Balen F G , Allen C M , Gardener J E , Siddle N C , Lees W R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We report our experience of 3-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of ultrasound images of the uterine cavity. This is the first time that mapping of the contours of the uterine cavity with 3-D reconstruction has been achieved using standard clinical equipment for image acquisition. Ultrasound contrast hysterography was performed on 10 patients using both negative and positive intrauterine contrast media. 3-D image acquisition was performed during uterine cavity distension. The manipulation of the 3-D data sets is described and examples are shown. We believe that in some circumstances 3-D reconstructed images may be easier to interpret than 2-dimensional ultrasound images. We anticipate that this new technique will have a role in the preoperative assessment of uterine fibroids and endometrial polyps.
Pseudo-tumour of the postero-superior mediastinum
Authors: Meaney J F M , Roberts D E , Carty H 
Published: July 2009

A 6-month-old male child with known cystic fibrosis and a previously normal chest X-ray had a routine chest radiograph. What does it show? An ultrasound examination and enhanced computed tomography (CT) were also performed. Do these help?
What is the most likely diagnosis and what would you do next?
The chest X-ray revealed an opacity in the right upper mediastinum extending from the right hilum to the apex of the lung (Figure 1). There was no evidence of calcification or rib erosion. In view of a recent normal CXR a malignant neurogenic tumour was considered the most likely diagnosis. Serum and urinary catecholamines were normal. Atelectasis of the right upper lobe was considered unlikely on both clinical and radiological grounds and furthermore there was no change in the mass following physiotherapy and antibiotic treatment.
The patello-femoral joint—a critical appraisal of its geometric assessment utilizing conventional axial radiography and computed arthro-tomography
Authors: Walker C , Cassar-Pullicino V N , Vaisha R , McCall I W 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In the quest for treatable causes of anterior knee pain, plain film skyline views of the patello-femoral joint are requested, often in 30°, 60° and 90° of flexion, to assess the functional relationships of the joint. Patello-femoral malalignment predisposes to recurrent subluxation and dislocation, articular cartilage damage and premature degenerative change. The aim of this study is to evaluate critically, by comparative assessment, the information provided by skyline views and axial computed arthro-tomography (CTA). Measurements of the patello-femoral angle (assesses patellar tilt), the congruence angle (assesses patellar lateralization) and the trochlear depth were made on Merchant's skyline views and on axial CTA on each of 50 symptomatic knees. Results are presented in graphic form with visual examples indicating a poor correlation between the two imaging methods. We conclude that skyline views are inaccurate and unsuitable primarily because they cannot be obtained in less than 30° of flexion. We suggest that skyline views have no role to play in screening for maltracking as even florid examples must be missed, and would strongly urge that no surgery be performed on their basis alone as this would result in inappropriate operations. Although computed tomography is the preferred mode of assessing patello-femoral geometry, difficulties are still encountered and the ways of circumventing them are discussed.