bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nurses’ knowledge of chest drain care: an exploratory descriptive survey
Authors: Lehwaldt Daniela , Timmins Fiona 
Published: September 2010

AbstractChest drains are a common feature of patients admitted to acute respiratory or cardio‐thoracic surgery care areas. Chest drains are either inserted intraoperatively or as part of the conservative management of a respiratory illness or thoracic injury. Anecdotally, there appears to be a lack of consensus among nurses on the major principles of chest drain management. Many decisions tend to be based on personal factors rather than sound clinical evidence. This inconsistency of treatment regimes, together with the lack of evidence‐based nursing care, creates a general uncertainty regarding the care of patients with chest drains. This study aimed to identify the nurses’ levels of knowledge with regard to chest drain management. The research objective of this study was to describe the nurses’ levels of knowledge regarding the care of the patient with chest drains. The data were collected using survey method. The results of the study revealed deficits in knowledge in a select group of nurses. Several service‐led options exist with regard to improving knowledge in this area, such as service study days as well as ward‐based tutorials. However, in an era of increasing accountability together with the impetus for each nurse to provide evidence‐based care, it is crucial for individual nurse responsibility in the pursuit of knowledge in this area. Nurses must be supported by local practice development and through personal portfolio use to identify gaps in knowledge and seek appropriate training and resources.
A review of the information needs of patients with acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Timmins Fiona 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe individual nature of information required by hospitalized patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) has been of concern to nurses for over 20 years. An information need is not necessarily a gap in knowledge that can be satisfied by education. It represents what the patient wants to know from the professional in order to cope effectively with the current situation. Through analysis of available literature, it seems that patients appear to prioritize information that is pertinent to survival, such as symptom management, rather than broader lifestyle issues such as exercise and diet. Although information needs are individual and subjective to each patient, trends emerge within patient groups. Information needs of patients with CHD in coronary care unit and ward setting occur across eight or more common areas. Through patient‐centred communication, patients’f preferences for information in these topics can be derived and used as the basis for information delivery. Individual idiosyncratic needs can also be noted and addressed.
Fibrosis with emphysema
Authors: Wright Joanne L , Tazelaar Henry D , Churg Andrew 
Published: September 2010

Wright J L, Tazelaar H D & Churg A (2011) Histopathology 58, 517–524 Fibrosis with emphysemaThe concept of fibrosis with emphysema is confused by the existence of two very different clinical/pathological scenarios: first, cases in which a diffuse fibrosing interstitial pneumonia, most commonly usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), occurs in a patient with emphysema. This combination is largely of clinical interest because of its effects on pulmonary function and pulmonary hypertension, but can produce unusual appearances in surgical lung biopsies when the fibrotic areas are wrapped around emphysematous spaces. However, the underlying morphology of emphysema and UIP or other interstitial lung disease remains unchanged. Radiological consultation is often helpful to show that the patient has both lesions; secondly, cases in which there is localized fibrosis that is part of emphysema, or related to respiratory bronchiolitis, or both. These lesions have been called ‘respiratory bronchiolitis’ (RB), ‘respiratory bronchiolitis–interstitial lung disease’ (RB‐ILD), ‘airspace enlargement with fibrosis’, ‘RB‐ILD with fibrosis’ and ‘clinically occult interstitial fibrosis in smokers’, but are probably all the same entity. Such changes are associated only rarely with the physiological or radiological features of an interstitial lung disease. Care should be taken when describing these lesions in biopsies so as not to give the impression that a diffuse interstitial lung disease is present.
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia
Authors: Tazelaar Henry D , Wright Joanne L , Churg Andrew 
Published: September 2010

Tazelaar H D, Wright J L & Churg A (2011)Histopathology 58, 509–516 Desquamative interstitial pneumoniaDesquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) is one of the rarest of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. It is characterized by the accumulation of macrophages in large numbers in the alveolar spaces associated with interstitial inflammation and/or fibrosis. The macrophages frequently contain light brown pigment, and because of their association with smoking have been called ‘smoker’s macrophages’. Lymphoid nodules are common, as is a sparse but distinct eosinophil infiltrate. Most cases of DIP are caused by cigarette smoking, but drugs and other inhaled agents, including marijuana smoke, can also produce the same disease. Although respiratory bronchiolitis‐interstitial lung disease (RB‐ILD) is a closely related process, there are prognostic reasons for continuing to separate it from DIP when possible. The proposed relationship of DIP to fibrotic non‐specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) remains uncertain. The prognosis of DIP appears to be significantly better than that of fibrotic NSIP, so while there can be morphological overlap between the two, merging them into one disease may hide important prognostic information. Although the majority of DIP patients improve on treatment, some patients develop progressive irreversible fibrosis.
Expression of diverse midgut serine proteinases in the sericigenous Lepidoptera Antheraea assamensis (Helfer) is influenced by choice of host plant species
Authors: Saikia M. , Singh Y. T. , Bhattacharya A. , Mazumdar‐Leighton S. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Antheraea assamensis is reared on various species of the Lauraceae family from north‐east India for its distinctive cocoon silk. We demonstrate differential expression of digestive trypsin and chymotrypsins in larvae feeding on a primary host, Persea bombycina Kosterm., in comparison to larvae feeding on Litsea monopetala Roxb. using in vitro proteolytic assays, zymogram analyses with proteinase inhibitors, restriction digestion of RNA‐PCR amplicons and quantitative real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR). Eight novel members of the serine proteinase gene family were identified, including an intron‐spliced trypsin (AaPb4) and seven putative chymotrypsins (AaPb2, AaPb4, AaPb12, AaLm4, AaLm6, AaLm19 and AaLm29). Midgut transcript levels of the putative trypsin were higher in larvae fed P. bombycina whereas levels of transcripts encoding putative chymotrypsins were higher in larvae reared on L. monopetala. Complex, differential expression of sequence divergent midgut serine proteinases may reflect the ability of lepidopteran larvae to feed on different species of host plants. Possible implications of host plant choice on the digestive physiology of A. assamensis are discussed.
A shorter interval between irradiation of recipient testis and germ cell transplantation is detrimental to recovery of fertility in rams
Authors: Herrid M. , Davey R. , Stockwell S. , Olejnik J. , Schmoelzl S. , Suchowerska N. , Jackson M. , Holland M. , Hill J. R. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe objective of the current study was to identify an optimal time period for donor cell transplantation after irradiation in sheep. The testes of recipient rams were treated with a single dose of 15 Gray (Gy) irradiation followed by germ cell transplantation either 3 or 6 weeks later. Transplantation of donor cells at 6 weeks after irradiation resulted in production of donor sperm by all five recipient rams compared with 4 of 11 rams transplanted at 3 weeks. Rams transplanted 3 weeks post‐irradiation appeared to show reduced libido and fertility. Two rams produced sperm with low motility (<20%) and two other rams were azoospermic. More than 1 year after cell transfer, there were heavy infiltrates of CD45‐positive cells and more fibrous tissue in 9 of 14 recipient testes (seven rams) that received cells 3 weeks after irradiation. Taken together, these results suggest that the interval between irradiation of recipients and germ cell transplantation affects the success rate of the procedure, with a 6‐week interval preferable. The elevated inflammatory/immune reaction may be responsible, at least in part, for the reduced fertility and low libido observed in the rams that received cells 3 weeks post‐irradiation.
Spatio‐temporal variation of avian foraging in the rocky intertidal food web
Authors: Hori Masakazu , Noda Takashi 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

While birds are top predators in most rocky intertidal communities, the relationship between foraging pattern and variability in food web structure has not been studied. This study examined the spatio‐temporal variation of both avian foraging and food web structure at an intertidal rocky shore in northern Japan over a 1‐year period.
Seventeen bird species foraged on the intertidal rocky shore. Crows and gulls were dominant, and their major prey was sea urchins that migrated from the sub‐tidal to intertidal habitat. Interspecific interactions (i.e. stealing of food, utilization of food waste by other species) occurred between crows and gulls especially when feeding on sea urchins. The prey of the birds showed spatial and temporal partitioning.
The number of prey items consumed per day by the dominant birds varied with various factors. Factors strongly affecting the foraging pattern of crows were waves, tides, humans and gulls, and those strongly affecting the foraging pattern of gulls were tides, humans, sea urchins and crows.
In the rocky intertidal food web, most of the top predators were birds, and most of the birds were omnivores. The birds consumed many more species than did other consumers. Food‐resource partitioning caused spatio‐temporal compartmentation among subwebs in which the top predators were dominant birds.
Analysis of food web statistics (i.e. web size, numbers of links, linkage density, chain lengths) revealed that the presence/absence of birds did not change the relationships between web size and the other statistics. The food web statistics depended on web size, and the web size was positively related with time spent emersed and temperature when birds were both present and not present.
Birds often foraged across habitat boundaries, and the main food resource of top predators was the prey species from the subtidal habitat. Therefore, the spatial scale of the Hiura rocky intertidal food web temporally varied with birds foraging across habitat boundaries.
Earliest Holocene vegetation history and island biogeography of the Isle of Man, British Isles
Authors: Innes J. B. , Chiverrell R. C. , Blackford J. J. , Davey P. J. , Gonzalez S. , Rutherford M. M. , Tomlinson P. R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim  To present radiocarbon dated early Holocene pollen analytical data from two sites on the northern plain of the Isle of Man and to discuss the implications of the vegetation history in relation to severance of the island from the British Isles and to identify further evidence for divergent biogeographical development previously exemplified by the survival and apparent dwarfism of late glacial Megaloceros giganteus (Giant Deer).Location  The Isle of Man, British Isles.Methods  Pollen analysis and AMS radiocarbon dating of late glacial to early Holocene lake sequences at Pollies and Curragh‐y‐Cowle on the northern plain of the Isle of Man.Results  The pollen data indicate a prolonged period of pre‐woodland vegetation after the late Glacial/Holocene transition, which lasted for most of the first post‐glacial millennium. This persistence of pre‐forest environments meant that the expansion of Betula woodland occurred later in this part of the Isle of Man than in adjacent areas of Britain and Ireland.Conclusions  The Isle of Man, in the northern Irish Sea, was isolated from Britain during the late Glacial period perhaps explaining the delayed arrival of tree species. Delayed rise of the Holocene forest compared with surrounding regions probably reflects severance of the land‐bridge with Cumbria, but also could be a function of climate changes during the early Holocene and local environmental conditions. Late survival and the dwarfism of the Megaloceros giganteus (Giant Deer) fauna is another example of biogeographical divergence during the early Holocene/late Glacial of the Isle of Man. The delayed afforestation and absence of human hunters in the Manx early Holocene offers a permissive environmental context for the as yet unproven survival of Megaloceros into the early Holocene.
Synchrony and asynchrony: observations and hypotheses for the flowering wave in a long‐lived semelparous bamboo
Authors: Franklin Donald C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim  (1) To describe the spatio‐temporal patterns of mass‐flowering and die‐off in a long‐lived, semelparous, clumping bamboo, Bambusa arnhemica, at landscape and local scales. (2) To discuss causal processes in the flowering patterns of semelparous bamboos.Location  The entire range of B. arnhemica, in the monsoonal, tropical, north‐west of the Northern Territory of Australia, mostly along watercourses.Methods  Landscape‐scale flowering patterns were assessed by a combination of air, boat and ground survey in each year from 2000 to 2002. Areas that flowered prior to 2000, and those in which no flowering occurred, were also recorded, and historic records collated. At local scales, initiation of flowering, rates of die‐off, and subsequent germination densities of seedlings were quantified by ground‐based counts.Results  After an estimated 40–50 years of vegetative development, B. arnhemica flowered, seeded prolifically, then died. Flowering occurred synchronously within patches ranging from 0.002 to 3200 km2. One or more patches flowered in successive years from 1996 to 2002, forming a temporally‐structured but spatially‐chaotic flowering wave that affected c. 80% of the population. Synchronous flowering took the form of a flowering distribution in which over 95% of clumps within a patch initiated flowering in a central year, most of the remainder flowering the year before or after. Along the Daly River, an exception was observed in which 56% of clumps flowered in the peak year. Seedling densities were three orders of magnitude greater under clumps that flowered in the central rather than the leading year of the flowering distribution.Main conclusions  Synchrony is argued to be the primal state in semelparous bamboos, promoted by intense selection acting on a endogenous (genetic or biological) clock whose influence largely overrides that of the environment. A flowering wave may develop within an initially synchronous population when stochastic events interact with the biological clock without permanently altering the clock setting, producing an off‐set patch. Off‐set groups may only survive if sufficient individuals are off‐set by the same amount at the same time and in the same vicinity so as to produce a new synchronously‐flowering patch. This could be driven by two processes. Inter‐year climatic variation may alter the biological clock's perception of time, producing off‐sets at local or regional scales or even affecting entire populations. Severe environmental pressures may also force one‐off changes to flowering schedules, as suggested by a severe flood event prior to flowering on the Daly River. A dynamic hypothesis for a wider range of bamboo flowering patterns is proposed in which synchronous flowering is fragmented and disrupted over time but renewed by allochronic speciation and dispersal.
The reform of palaeontology and the rise of biogeography – 25 years after ‘ontogeny, phylogeny, paleontology and the biogenetic law’ (Nelson, 1978)
Authors: Williams David M. , Ebach Malte C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim To document the historical development of cladistics and the roles palaeontology and biogeography played in establishing coherent concepts of phylogenetic relationships focusing on some aspects of the contributions of Gareth Nelson.Conclusions Nelson's reformulation of the threefold parallelism provides a rationale for investigating phylogeny, replacing the central role palaeontology once played with biogeography, adding a spatial dimension to the concept of phylogeny. This approach to phylogeny replaces the old ‘transformationist’ view with the cladistic view, the latter dependent on discovering relationships among taxa. Numerical phylogenetic methods are inherently ‘transformationist’ and have replaced stratigraphy as the key to phylogenetic relationships. Numerical methods in systematics and biogeography are inherently transformational and suffer the same problems as the old palaeontology.
Current and historical factors influencing patterns of species richness and turnover of birds in the Gulf of Guinea highlands
Authors: Graham Catherine H. , Smith Thomas B. , Languy Marc 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim  The aims of this paper are to: examine how current and historical ecological factors affect patterns of species richness, endemism and turnover in the Gulf of Guinea highlands, test theoretical biogeographical predictions and provide information for making informed conservation decisions.Location  The Gulf of Guinea highlands in West Africa.Methods  We used multivariate and matrix regression models, and cluster analyses to assess the influence of current climate and current and historical isolation on patterns of richness and turnover for montane birds across the highlands. We examined three groups of birds: montane species (including widespread species), montane endemics and endemic subspecies. We applied a complementarity‐based reserve selection algorithm using species richness with irreplaceability measures to identify areas of high conservation concern.Results  Environmental factors influenced richness for all groups of birds (species, endemic species and subspecies). Areas with high and consistent annual rainfall showed the highest species and endemic richness. Species clusters for all groups of birds generally differentiated three major montane regions, which are topographically isolated. Multiple mantel tests identified these same regions for endemic species and subspecies. The influence of historical isolation varied by species group; distributions of endemic montane species and subspecies were more associated with historical breaks than were all montane species, which included widespread non‐endemic species.Main conclusions  Our analyses indicated important geographical structure amongst the bird assemblages in the highlands and, therefore, conservation prioritization should include mountains from within the geographical subregions identified in these analyses because these regions may harbour evolutionarily distinct populations of birds.
The historical biogeography of co‐evolution: emerging infectious diseases are evolutionary accidents waiting to happen
Authors: Brooks Daniel R. , Ferrao Amanda L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEcological fitting refers to interspecific associations characterized by ecologically specialized, yet phylogenetically conservative, resource utilization. During periods of biotic expansion, parasites and hosts may disperse from their areas of origin. In conjunction with ecological fitting, this sets the stage for host switching without evolving novel host utilization capabilities. This is the evolutionary basis of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). Phylogenetic analysis for comparing trees (PACT) is a method developed to delineate both general and unique historically reticulated and non‐reticulated relationships among species and geographical areas, or among parasites and their hosts. PACT is based on ‘Assumption 0’, which states that all species and all hosts in each input phylogeny must be analysed without modification, and the final analysis must be logically consistent with all input data. Assumption 0 will be violated whenever a host or area has a reticulated history with respect to its parasites or species. PACT includes a Duplication Rule, by which hosts or areas are listed for each co‐evolutionary or biogeographical event affecting them, which satisfies Assumption 0 even if there are reticulations. PACT maximizes the search for general patterns by using Ockam's Razor – duplicate only enough to satisfy Assumption 0. PACT applied to the host and geographical distributions of members of two groups of parasitic helminths infecting anthropoid primates indicates a long and continuous association with those hosts. Nonetheless, c. 30% of the host associations are due to host switching. Only one of those involves non‐primate hosts, suggesting that most were constrained by resource requirements that are phylogenetically conservative among primates (ecological fitting). In addition, most of the host switches were associated with episodes of biotic expansion, also as predicted by the ecological fitting view of EIDs.
Ecological stability in a changing world? Reassessment of the palaeoenvironmental history of Cuatrociénegas, Mexico
Authors: Minckley Thomas A. , Jackson Stephen T. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPrevious work on the palaeoenvironmental history of Cuatrociénegas, Coahuila, Mexico, suggests that the local environments of the basin have been relatively stable since the last glacial period. Reassessment of the palaeoenvironmental record from Cuatrociénegas, combined with the analysis of a glacial‐age packrat midden (∼ 16,900 cal yr bp), shows that this region has experienced substantial climatic and ecological changes during the Late Quaternary. Woodlands occurred near the valley floor until ca. 11,000 years ago, migrating upslope as climate warmed. The apparent lack of change in the flora of the basin floor may be attributable to high soil salinity. This edaphic control led to earlier interpretations that the region was environmentally stable.
Improved ultrastructural preservation of yeast cells for scanning electron microscopy
Authors: HANSCHKE R. , SCHAUER F. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe processing of yeast cells for scanning electron microscopy by conventional sequential fixation with glutaralde‐hyde and osmium tetroxide and subsequent dehydration and critical point‐drying caused pronounced deformation and visible shrinkage in all basidiomycetous and ascomy‐cetous yeast strains studied. The mean cell diameter decreased to nearly 60 and 70%, respectively. After an additional sequential fixation with 1% tannic acid and 0–5% uranyl acetate the cell shrinkage was significantly reduced, but the most important result was a considerable reduction of wrinkling and deformation of the yeast cells.