bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rates and mechanisms of indole and 3‐Methylindole polymerization in cation exchange resin beads
Authors: Youmans Hubert L. , Rush James B. , Brown Van H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBatch extraction and polymerization of indole and 3‐methylindole (skatole) with acidic cation exchange resins functioned as pseudo first‐order reactions. Activation energies of 3.4 and 5.7 keal/mole indicated greater steric hindrance to skatole polymerization, as would be expected from 2,2′ bonding of skatole compared to 3,2′ bonding for indole. Linear polymerization occurred, although a heterocyclic ring opened at the trimer stage of poly(indole). 2‐Methylindole did not polymerize.General acid‐base catalysis caused unreproducible partial depolytnerization when the polymers were extracted from resin beads. Thus, compounds chromatographically separated probably were of lower degree of polymerization than were the polymers formed in the resin matrix.
Preparation of some perhydrothiazolo[3,2‐a] [1,3,5] triazine‐2,4‐diones
Authors: Bigg D. C. H. , Purvis S. R. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract2‐Dialkylamino‐δ2‐thiazolines were found to react with aryl isocyanates to give 1,3‐diaryl‐8a‐dialkylaminoperhydrothiazolo[3,2‐a ] [ 1,3,5]triazine‐2,4‐diones (IIa‐c), while p‐toluenesulphonyl isocyanate gave a 1:1 adduct (VII). No reaction was observed with alkyl or aryl isothiocyanates.
Mass spectral fragmentation pattern of 2,2′‐Bipyridyls. Part III. 2‐(2‐pyridyl)quinoline and 2,2′‐Biquinoline
Authors: Keats N. G. , Summers L. A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe mass spectral fragmentation patterns of 2‐(2‐pyridyl)quinoline and 2,2′‐biquinoline are reported. The former rearranges to acridine derivatives on electron impact while the latter shows very little fragmentation.
Mass spectral fragmentation of 4‐oxo‐4H‐pyrazole 1‐oxides and 1,2‐dioxides
Authors: Hansen John F. , O'Hare Michael J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe characteristic fragmentation pattern in the mass spectra of 4‐oxo‐4H‐pyrazole 1‐oxides and 4‐oxo‐4H‐pyrazole 1,2‐dioxides involves scission of the ring into two fragments by cleavage of the nitrogen‐nitrogen bond and one of the bonds to the carbonyl carbon. Loss of carbon monoxide or oxygen from the molecular ion is not observed.
Thermal decomposition of s‐2‐benzothiazole thiocarbonates
Authors: Chen C. H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThermal decompositions of S‐2‐benzothiazole thiocarbonates have been investigated. The results are best rationalized by an Sni ion‐pair return mechanism from which S‐substituted benzothiazoles are the major products obtained. The ready ionization of the carbon‐oxygen bond of thiocarbonates at elevated temperature renders a concerted Sni mechanism (internal substitution with allylic rearrangement) inoperative. Of particular interest is the mixed benzo‐thiazole‐2‐thiol and 2‐thione compound isolated from the decomposition of 2 (or 3)‐halogen‐substituted ethyl (or propyl) thiocarbonates. Evidence is presented that the thione 14 results from the nucleophilic opening of the cyclic intermediate, 2,3‐dihydrothiazolo[2,3‐b]benzothi‐azolium chloride (20). The latter is readily formed under the experimental condition by intramolecular cyclization of the corresponding 2‐(2‐chloroethyl)benzothiazole (23), a primary product from the decomposition of S‐2‐benzothiazole 2‐chloroethylthiocarbonate (7).
Hashish (1): Ceric ammonium nitrate oxidation of Δ6a, 1 0 a‐tetrahydrocannabinols (THC's)
Authors: Razdan Raj K. , Dalzell Haldean C. , Herlihy Patricia 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA procedure is described for the conversion of acetates of Δ6a, 1 0 a‐THC's (2 and 4a) to their corresponding 7‐oxo‐derivatives (3a, b, d and 4b) by oxidation with ceric ammonium nitrate. The differences between the nmr spectra of these 7‐oxo‐derivatives and the 10‐oxo‐THC (1) are discussed. The 7‐oxo‐derivatives show THC‐like activity in mice albeit less than their corresponding THC's.
Use of the mannich reaction in the synthesis of bispidine
Authors: Ruenitz Peter C. , Smissman Edward E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA three‐step synthesis of bispidine (1) is described. Mannich condensation of N‐benzyl‐4‐piperidone, formaldehyde, and benzylamine afforded N,N′‐dibenzylbispidinone (5), which was reduced under modified Wolff‐Kishner conditions to yield N,N′ ‐dibenzylbispidine (6). Catalytic debenzylation of this compound gave 1.
Synthesis of carbohydrate‐saccharin conjugates
Authors: Szarek Walter A. , Depew Catherine , Jones J. K. N. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of some carbohydrate‐saccharin conjugates has been achieved by treatment of sugar derivatives containing “isolated” hydroxyl groups with equimolar amounts of saccharin, diethyl azodicarboxylate, and triphenylphosphine. Both C‐N‐linked and C‐O‐linked compounds can be obtained.
1,2,3‐thiadiazolo[5,4‐b]pyrimidin‐4(5H)ones
Authors: Hymans William E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of 1,2,3‐thiadiazolo[5,4‐d]pyrimidin‐4(5H)ones substituted in the 6‐position with hydrogen, all possible isomers of alkyl methyl through butyl, and 2,2‐dirnethylpropyl is deseribed.
Chemistry of Thienopyridines. XXIV. Two Transformations of Thieno[ 2,3‐b] pyridine 7‐Oxide
Authors: Ktemm L. H. , Hartling Ross 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRefluxing thieno[2,3‐b ]pyridine 7‐oxide (1) with aeetic anhydride plus subsequent hydrolysis produced a mixture of thieno[2,3‐b]pyrid‐6(7H)one (2) (13%) and 5‐hydroxythieno[2,3‐b]‐pyridine (4) (4%). Refluxing 1 with phosphorus oxychloride yielded a mixture of 4‐ and 6‐chloro‐thieno[2,3‐b]pyridines, (5) (54%) and (6) (31%), respectively. Compound 6 was also obtained directly from 2 (31%). A mechanistic rationalization for the isomerization of 1 to form 2 and 4 is presented. Marked differences in the mass spectral fragmentations of these three isomeric compounds are noted.
Magnetic circular dichroism spectra of some s‐triazolo[1,5‐b] isoquinolin‐5(H)ones, 1,2‐dihydro‐6h‐s‐tetrazino[2,3‐b]isoquinolin‐6‐ones and related compounds
Authors: Higashi M. , Yamaguchi H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMagnetic circular dichroism spectra of s‐triazolo[ 1,5‐b]isoquinolin‐5(H)ones, 1,2‐dihydro‐6H‐s‐tetrazino[2,3‐b] isoquinolin‐6‐ones and realted compounds were measured. The molecular symmetry of these compounds is so low that the MCD spectra contain only the Faraday parameter B. It appears that the magnitude and sign of the B term depends on the nature of the subslituents and of electron migration from endo‐ or exo‐nitrogen to oxygen, respectively.
Exogenous applications of salicylic acid affect quality and yield of strawberry grown under antifrost heated greenhouse conditions
Authors: Karlidag Huseyin , Yildirim Ertan , Turan Metin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAbiotic stress is becoming more prevalent as the intensity of agriculture and the demand for farmable land are ever increasing. Besides drought and salinity stress, chilling or freezing stress is one of the most important limiting factors of crop production all around the world. Salicylic acid (SA) is a common plant‐produced signal molecule that is responsible for inducing resistance to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. This study was conducted to determine the effect of foliar SA applications on fruit‐quality characteristics and yield of strawberry under antifrost heated greenhouse conditions in two successive experiments. Spraying of 1 mM SA (1 mM) was done once (SA1), twice (SA2), three times (SA3), or four times (SA4) during the vegetation period with 7 d intervals. Concentrations of chlorophyll and minerals were measured in leaves, and vitamin C (ascorbic acid), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and color (a*) in fruits. Fruit weight, early yield, and total yield were also determined. Foliar applications of SA positively affected TSS and ascorbic acid (AA) content of strawberry fruits. Salicylic acid treatments had no effect on TA of strawberry fruits. SA4 treatment gave the greatest a* in fruit and chlorophyll‐concentration values in the leaves. It was shown that SA treatments increased the content of all nutrients in the leaves of strawberry plants, and greater values often were obtained from SA3 and SA4 treatments. The early yield and total yield of strawberry were significantly affected by SA applications, among which SA3 and SA4 resulted in the highest early and total yields. The present study suggests that SA3 and SA4 treatments can ameliorate the deleterious effects of low temperatures on strawberry plants and that SA application may offer an economical and simple method for low‐temperature protection.
Characterization of the role of the Escherichia coli periplasmic chaperone SurA using differential proteomics
Authors: Vertommen Didier , Ruiz Natividad , Leverrier Pauline , Silhavy Thomas J. , Collet Jean‐François 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLittle is known on how β‐barrel proteins are assembled in the outer membrane (OM) of Gram‐negative bacteria. SurA has been proposed to be the primary chaperone escorting the bulk mass of OM proteins across the periplasm. However, the impact of SurA deletion on the global OM proteome has not been determined, limiting therefore our understanding of the function of SurA. By using a differential proteomics approach based on 2‐D LC‐MSn, we compared the relative abundance of 64 OM proteins, including 23 β‐barrel proteins, in wild‐type and surA strains. Unexpectedly, we found that the loss of SurA affects the abundance of eight β‐barrel proteins. Of all the decreased proteins, FhuA and LptD are the only two for which the decreased protein abundance cannot be attributed, at least in part, to decreased mRNA levels in the surA strain. In the case of LptD, an essential protein involved in OM biogenesis, our data support a role for SurA in the assembly of this protein and suggest that LptD is a true SurA substrate. Based on our results, we propose a revised model in which only a subset of OM proteins depends on SurA for proper folding and insertion in the OM.
Nano‐Kompetenzen ‐ Analyse zum Bedarf der Weiterbildung in Nano‐Unternehmen
Authors: Baron Waldemar , Schumann Uwe 
Published: April 2009

AbstractInnovative, wettbewerbsfähige Nano‐Unternehmen sind auf bedarfsgerecht qualifizierte Beschäftigte angewiesen. Wie diese Unternehmen aufgestellt sind und welchen Weiterbildungsbedarf sie sehen, ist der Studie „Weiterbildungsbedarf in Unternehmen der Nanotechnologie”︁ zu entnehmen, die vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) in Auftrag gegeben, vom VDI Technologiezentrum koordiniert und vom ISW‐Institut durchgeführt worden ist. Die Studie bietet Orientierungswissen für Bildungsanbieter, Institute und Unternehmen.
Postinjury Abdominal Compartment Syndrome: Are We Winning the Battle?
Authors: Balogh Zsolt J. , van Wessem Karlijn , Yoshino Osamu , Moore Frederick A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPostinjury (primary) abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) was described more than 15 years ago as severe abdominal distension with high peak airway pressures, CO2 retention, and oliguria, which led to unplanned re‐exploration after damage‐control laparotomy. Later, a more elusive type of ACS was recognized, which develops without abdominal injuries (secondary ACS). Both syndromes were recently characterized, their independent predictors were identified, and preventive strategies were developed to reduce their incidence. Once viewed as a syndrome with almost uniform mortality, systematic preventative strategies and therapeutic efforts have reduced the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of the syndrome. This review was designed to summarize the recent advances in the management of ACS, to classify the currently available evidence, and to identify future directions of research and clinical care.
The factor structure of the SF‐36 in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Banks Pauline , Martin Colin R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  The concept of quality of life (QoL) has emerged as an important psychological dimension in individuals experiencing Parkinson's disease (PD). The current study sought to determine the factor structure of the Medical Outcomes Study Short‐Form 36 (SF‐36) version 2 in patients with PD in order to evaluate how this measure might best be used to assess QoL in this clinical population.Method  Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on self‐report SF‐36 data from 339 individuals diagnosed with PD. Six structural models of the SF‐36 were evaluated against the participants' data.Results  The underlying factor structure of the SF‐36 in PD was observed to be inconsistent with the assumed measurement model of SF‐36 but consistent with contemporary theoretical models of the instrument.Conclusions  The use of the SF‐36 in individuals with PD can be recommended when eight subscales are used and reported. Evidence to support the use of the instrument as a two‐subscale measure of physical health and mental health components was not found.
Drug‐adherence questionnaires not valid for patients taking blood‐pressure‐lowering drugs in a primary health care setting
Authors: Van De Steeg Nina , Sielk Martin , Pentzek Michael , Bakx Carel , Altiner Attila 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPurpose  To validate two established questionnaires [Morisky and Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS‐5)] for the measurement of medical adherence of patients treated with antihypertensive drugs in primary care in Germany.Setting  General practitioners (GPs) and their patients in North Rhine‐Westphalia, Germany.Methods  GPs were asked to recruit 12 consecutive patients using blood‐pressure‐lowering medication for at least 12 months. Patients were asked to fill out both the Morisky and MARS‐5 questionnaires. The medication possession ratio (MPR) was calculated as reference standard for patients' medication adherence by using GPs' electronic patient records. The results of the questionnaires were then compared with the reference standard.Results  A total of 14 GPs recruited 163 patients of which 128 were included in the analysis. Of the 128 patients, 52% were females; the age ranged from 44 to 96 years (mean 71). The overall adherence rate measured by the MPR was 62.1%. Compared to the reference standard, the Morisky Scale had a sensitivity of 31.9%, a specificity of 72.8% and a positive likelihood ratio (+LR) of 1.18. The MARS‐5 had a sensitivity of 8.5%, a specificity of 97.4% and a +LR of 3.28.Conclusion  The Morisky Scale and the MARS‐5 cannot be recommended for measuring the adherence to antihypertensive drugs in a general practice setting in Germany at this point. These results emphasize the necessity to validate questionnaires in a specific setting before using them as instruments within a trial different from the original setting(s) of validation.
The Arabidopsis cyclin‐dependent kinase‐activating kinase CDKF;1 is a major regulator of cell proliferation and cell expansion but is dispensable for CDKA activation
Authors: Takatsuka Hirotomo , Ohno Ryoko , Umeda Masaaki 
Published: April 2009

SummaryCyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs) play an essential role in cell cycle regulation during the embryonic and post‐embryonic development of various organisms. Full activation of CDKs requires not only binding to cyclins but also phosphorylation of the T‐loop domain. This phosphorylation is catalysed by CDK‐activating kinases (CAKs). Plants have two distinct types of CAKs, namely CDKD and CDKF; in Arabidopsis, CDKF;1 exhibits the highest CDK kinase activity in vitro. We have previously shown that CDKF;1 also functions in the activation of CDKD;2 and CDKD;3 by T‐loop phosphorylation. Here, we isolated the knockout mutants of CDKF;1 and showed that they had severe defects in cell division, cell elongation and endoreduplication. No defect was observed during embryogenesis, suggesting that CDKF;1 function is primarily required for post‐embryonic development. In the cdkf;1 mutants, T‐loop phosphorylation of CDKA;1, an orthologue of yeast Cdc2/Cdc28p, was comparable to that in wild‐type plants, and its kinase activity did not decrease. In contrast, the protein level and kinase activity of CDKD;2 were significantly reduced in the mutants. Substitution of threonine‐168 with a non‐phosphorylatable alanine residue made CDKD;2 unstable in Arabidopsis tissues. These results indicate that CDKF;1 is dispensable for CDKA;1 activation but is essential for maintaining a steady‐state level of CDKD;2, thereby suggesting the quantitative regulation of a vertebrate‐type CAK in a plant‐specific manner.
A qualitative study of patient perspectives of health‐related quality of life in colorectal cancer: comparison with disease‐specific evaluation tools
Authors: Wilson T. R. , Birks Y. F. , Alexander D. J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAim  Little is known about the factors that patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) consider as important in shaping their health‐related quality of life (HrQoL) and whether these are adequately represented by currently used HrQoL instruments. The aim of this study was to determine which areas of HrQoL are important to patients with CRC and to establish whether these areas are represented by validated questionnaires.Method  Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 20 patients who were undergoing treatment or follow up for potentially curable CRC. The areas of HrQoL that were important to the patients were identified from the interview data using a qualitative thematic framework analysis. These themes were then compared with the item content of two CRC‐specific HrQoL questionnaires, FACT‐C and QLQ‐C30/CR38.Results  The interviews identified 10 themes considered by patients to be important determinants of their HrQoL. These comprised control, normality, fatigue, uncertainty, information, emotional support, self‐image, coping, symptoms and emotionally challenging events. Both HrQoL instruments contained questions that concerned some of the themes identified, but none of the FACT‐C scales and only three from QLQ‐C30/CR38 produced scores from which clinicians could identify problems in these areas.Conclusion  Identifying and addressing areas of concern for patients may assist clinicians in improving HrQoL outcomes. However, validated instruments currently used in CRC provide little information with regard to these areas.
Loop Diuretic Use and Rates of Hip Bone Loss and Risk of Falls and Fractures in Older Women
Authors: Lim Lionel S. , Fink Howard A. , Blackwell Terri , Taylor Brent C. , Ensrud Kristine E. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether loop diuretic use is associated with hip bone loss and greater risk of falls and fractures in older women.DESIGN: Prospective cohort study from August 1992 to April 2004.SETTING: Four regions in the United States from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF).PARTICIPANTS: Women aged 65 and older (N=8,127) with medication use data who participated in the fourth SOF examination, from which three study cohorts were derived.MEASUREMENTS: Bone mineral density (BMD) of the total hip assessed using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry at the fourth and sixth examinations (n=2,980); recurrent (≥2) falls in the year after the fourth examination (n=6,244); and incident fracture, including nonspine (n=6,778) and hip fracture (n=7,272).RESULTS: After multivariable adjustment, loop diuretic users had greater loss of total hip BMD than nonusers (mean annualized % BMD −0.87 vs −0.71, P=.03) after a mean of 4.4±0.6 years. The risks of recurrent falls (odds ratio=0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.71–1.39), nonspine (relative risk (RR)=1.04, 95% CI=0.90–1.21), and hip fracture (RR=1.03, 95% CI=0.81–1.31) were not greater in loop diuretic users than in nonusers.CONCLUSION: In this cohort of older women, loop diuretic use was associated with a small but significantly higher rate of hip bone loss than nonuse after a mean duration of 4.4 years, although the risk of falls or fracture did not differ between the two groups.
Percutaneous Epicardial Left Atrial Appendage Closure: Preliminary Results of an Electrogram Guided Approach
Authors: FRIEDMAN PAUL A. , ASIRVATHAM SAMUEL J. , DALEGRAVE CHARLES , KINOSHITA MASAYOSHI , DANIELSEN ANDREW J. , JOHNSON SUSAN B. , HODGE DAVID O. , MUNGER THOMAS M. , PACKER DOUGLAS L. , BRUCE CHARLES J. 
Published: April 2009

Background: Pharmacologic therapies to prevent stroke in atrial fibrillation (AF) have numerous limitations, prompting the development of device‐based therapies. We investigated whether an electrogram‐based approach using a novel hollow suture can safely capture and ligate the left atrial appendage (LAA). Methods and Results: A novel system for closure of the LAA within the confines of the closed pericardium with a single sheath puncture was tested in 4 dogs. The tool used to grasp the appendage was fitted with electrodes and utilized electrical navigation to identify and confirm LAA capture. A hollow suture preloaded with a mechanical support wire to permit its manipulation and fluoroscopic visualization was advanced over the grasper, and the wire removed after the suture was positioned. The LAA was successfully closed in all dogs. In 2 dogs, after closure, a thoracotomy was performed and the LAA amputated without bleeding, confirming closure integrity. Necropsy confirmed closure in all animals. Conclusions: Using electrical navigation, percutaneous epicardial LAA ligation with a remotely tightened suture was performed successfully within the confines of the intact pericardial space. This technique may allow decreasing the risk of stroke in AF patients without the need for thoracotomy or an endocardially placed prosthetic device.
A New Pan‐Nitinol Occluder for Transcatheter Closure of Ventricular Septal Defects in a Canine Model
Authors: DING ZHONG‐RU , QIN YONG‐WEN , HU JIAN‐QIANG , ZHAO XIAN‐XIAN , YANG ZHI‐HONG , HONG‐WU   M.D.  , CAO JIANG 
Published: April 2009

Background: The Amplatzer ventricular septal defect (VSD) occluder has a fixed stainless steel pin bottom protruding out of the surface at the center of the discs on both sides. Theoretically, this protruding bottom may interfere with epithelialization or, in some cases, cause thrombosis.
Objective: To evaluate a new type of pan‐nitinol VSD occluder without the protruding stainless steel pin bottom on both sides in a canine VSD model designed to ensure safety, effectiveness, and feasibility.
Methods and Results: VSDs were successfully created by transseptal ventricular septal puncture with a Brockenbrough needle and dilation with an 8‐mm‐diameter balloon via the right jugular vein in 9 out of 12 canines. The new type VSD occluder was successfully implanted in 8 of the 9 modeled canines. No procedure‐ or device‐related complication was observed. Transthoracic echocardiography and MRI 2 months after device implantations showed that there was no device dislocation or heart valve dysfunction in 6 of the 8 tested canines. In addition, gross and pathological examinations 3–6 months after implantation showed no corrosion of the devices or serious inflammatory reactions in the modeled animals. Complete endothelialization was seen over the surface of the discs.
Conclusions: The new pan‐nitinol VSD device can be successfully implanted in a canine VSD model via a transcatheter approach featuring high success rate, low risk of procedure‐related complications, and sound biocompatibility. The result suggests that this new VSD occluder could be used safely in future clinical trials for further test.