bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma is an example of epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Authors: Conant Joanna L , Peng Zhihua , Evans Mark F , Naud Shelly , Cooper Kumarasen 
Published: October 2011

BackgroundSarcomatoid renal cell carcinomas (SRCC) are composed of two cell populations, a sarcomatous component (SC) and a carcinomatous component (CC). SRCC are particularly aggressive and often present at an advanced stage at diagnosis. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been proposed as a mechanism for the development of SC from CC.Aims and methodsE- to N-cadherin switching, localisation of β-catenin, and expression of Snail and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) (markers of EMT) were studied to determine whether SRCC is an example of EMT. Expression of these markers was analysed by immunohistochemistry on 21 cases of SRCC that had both SC and CC and scored according to intensity and extent.ResultsE-cadherin expression was decreased in SC (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p=0.0004) while N-cadherin expression was high in both components (p=0.46). Membranous β-catenin expression was decreased in SC (p<0.0001) while cytoplasmic expression was increased (p=0.0002). Snail and SPARC had higher expression in SC (p=0.002 and p<0.0001, respectively). When the scores were dichotomised into low and high expression levels, the results using McNemar's test substantiated the above results.ConclusionsE- to N-cadherin switching, dissociation of β-catenin from the membrane, and increased expression of Snail and SPARC in SC indicate that SRCC is an example of EMT. High expression of N-cadherin and Snail in CC suggest early involvement in initiating EMT. Once EMT is established, loss of E-cadherin, release of β-catenin into the cytoplasm, and expression of SPARC correspond with mesenchymal phenotypic expression.
Written Language Impairments in Primary Progressive Aphasia: A Reflection of Damage to Central Semantic and Phonological Processes
Authors: Henry Maya L. , Beeson Pélagie M. , Alexander Gene E. , Rapcsak Steven Z. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Connectionist theories of language propose that written language deficits arise as a result of damage to semantic and phonological systems that also support spoken language production and comprehension, a view referred to as the “primary systems” hypothesis. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the primary systems account in a mixed group of individuals with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) by investigating the relation between measures of nonorthographic semantic and phonological processing and written language performance and by examining whether common patterns of cortical atrophy underlie impairments in spoken versus written language domains. Individuals with PPA and healthy controls were administered a language battery, including assessments of semantics, phonology, reading, and spelling. Voxel-based morphometry was used to examine the relation between gray matter volumes and language measures within brain regions previously implicated in semantic and phonological processing. In accordance with the primary systems account, our findings indicate that spoken language performance is strongly predictive of reading/spelling profile in individuals with PPA and suggest that common networks of critical left hemisphere regions support central semantic and phonological processes recruited for spoken and written language.
Midazolam-induced Amnesia Reduces Memory for Details and Affects the ERP Correlates of Recollection and Familiarity
Authors: Nyhus Erika , Curran Tim 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Dual process models suggest that recognition memory is supported by familiarity and recollection processes. Previous research administering amnesic drugs and measuring ERPs during recognition memory have provided evidence for separable neural correlates of familiarity and recollection. This study examined the effect of midazolam-induced amnesia on memory for details and the proposed ERP correlates of recognition. Midazolam or saline was administered while subjects studied oriented pictures of common objects. ERPs were recorded during a recognition test 1 day later. Subjects' discrimination of old and new pictures as well as orientation discrimination was worse when they were given midazolam instead of saline. As predicted, the parietal old/new effect was decreased with the administration of midazolam. However, weaker effects on FN400 old/new effects were also observed. These results provide converging pharmacological and electrophysiological evidence that midazolam primarily affects recollection as indexed by parietal ERP old/new effects and memory for orientation, while also exerting some weaker effects on familiarity as indexed by FN400 old/new effects.
Global Taxes on Natural Resources
Authors: Casal Paula 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThomas Pogge's Global Resources Dividend relies on a flat tax on the use of natural resources to fund the eradication of world poverty. Hillel Steiner's Global Fund taxes the full rental value of owned natural resources and distributes the proceeds equally. The paper compares the Dividend and the Fund and defends the Global Share, a novel proposal that taxes either use or ownership, does so (when possible) progressively, and distributes the revenue according to a prioritarian rather than a sufficientarian or egalitarian principle.
Manifestations of areal convergence in rural Belarusian spoken in the Baltic-Slavic contact zone
Authors: Erker Aksana , Wiemer Björn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This article combines methods and insights from dialect geography, areal and contact linguistics. It focuses on a specific, yet heavily understudied mixed dialect of Belarusian spoken in the entire Slavic-Baltic contact region. It turns out that on practically all levels (from phonetics to syntax), the variation of features encountered in this dialect is, from all varieties of that region, the most representative for convergence phenomena characteristic of East Slavic, Polish and/or Baltic varieties in contact with each other. This convergence is so far-reaching that, for instance, it seems impossible to distinguish the rural Belarusian vernacular from regional varieties of Polish on the basis of structural properties alone, despite the fact that these varieties are clearly perceived as different by both native speakers and field linguists. Simultaneously, features of the Belarusian dialect – and, thus, of the whole contact region which it most accurately reflects – should be judged under the perspective of larger areal clines (in particular, within the eastern part of the Circum Baltic Area); this view is pursued on the basis of Wiemer (2004) and more recent insights into the areal distribution of structural features crossing family boundaries. Such areal continua, in turn, intersect with inner-Slavic dialect continua and phenomena occurring in various locally restricted “pockets” scattered around in Slavic. On the background of this, we approach answers to the problem of determining the influence of contact (with Baltic and/or Finnic) over “genetic heritage” and the question of which features are more “immune” against influence from genealogically less close contact varieties.
The Influence of English on the History of Hindi Relative Clauses
Authors: Puri Vandana 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The influence of Hindi on English has been well documented; however, little has been said about the influence of English on the structure of Hindi. In this paper I provide evidence that Hindi “embedded” (i.e. post-nominal) relative clauses result from English influence. Hindi originally had Relative-Correlative (RC-CC) constructions that could adjoin to the left or the right of the main clause. Since evidence from early Hindi is limited, I draw on Awadhi and Braj Bhakha to provide greater time depth for the earlier history of Hindi. In addition I examine early 19 th century grammars and texts. None of these provide unambiguous evidence for embedded relative clauses. By contrast, late 19 th century and early 20 th century Hindi texts translated from English exhibit many instances of central embedded relative clauses (besides the old adjoined relativecorrelatives), thus supporting the argument that Hindi embedded relative clauses result from the influence of English. I argue that what may have helped in this developed is the occasional occurrence of potentially ambiguous structures in earlier Hindi, which could be reinterpreted as involving embedding, rather than a relative-correlative construction with deleted correlative pronoun.
A Systematic Comparison of Factors Affecting the Choice of Matrix Language in Three Bilingual Communities
Authors: Carter Diana , Davies Peredur , Deuchar Margaret , Couto María del Carmen Parafita 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In this paper we compare the code-switching (CS) patterns in three bilingual corpora collected in Wales, Miami and Patagonia, Argentina. Using the Matrix Language Framework to do a clause-based analysis of a sample of data, we consider the impact of structural relationships and extra-linguistic factors on CS patterns. We find that the Matrix Language (ML) is uniform where the language pairs have contrasting word orders, as in Welsh-English (VSO-SVO) and WelshSpanish (VSO-SVO) but diverse where the word order is similar as in Spanish-English (SVO-SVO). We find that the diversity of the ML in Miami is related to the diversity of degrees of proficiency, ethnic identities, and social networks amongst members of that community, while the uniformity of the ML in Wales is related to the uniformity of these factors. This is not so clear in Patagonia, however, where there is little CS produced in conversation. We suggest that the members of the speech community use Spanish or Welsh mostly in a monolingual mode, depending on the interlocutor and the social situation.
Fe3O4/o-Carboxymethyl Chitosan/Curcumin-based Nanodrug System for Chemotherapy and Fluorescence Imaging in HT29 Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Thu Ha Phuong , Huong Le Thi Thu , Nhung Hoang Thi My , Tham Nguyen Thi , Tu Nguyen Dac , Thi Ha Thi Minh , Hanh Pham Thi Bich , Nguyet Tran Thi Minh , Quy Nguyen Thi , Nam Pham Hong , Lam Tran Dai , Phuc Nguyen Xuan , Quang Duong Tuan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
A multifunctional nanodrug system containing Fe3O4, o-carboxymethyl chitosan (OCMCs), and curcumin (Cur) has been prepared and characterized by infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The fluorescent staining experiments showed that this system not only had no effect on the cell internalization ability of curcumin but also successfully led curcumin into the HT29 cells as expected. From real-time cell analysis (RTCA), the effect of Fe3O4/OCMCs/Cur on this cancer cell line was found to be much stronger than that of pure curcumin. This system contained magnetic particles and, therefore, could be also considered for hyperthermia therapy in cancer treatment.
Psychic trauma as cause of death
Authors: Terranova C , Snenghi R , Thiene G , Ferrara S D 
Published: October 2011

Aim of study Psychic trauma is described as the action of ‘an emotionally overwhelming factor’ capable of causing neurovegetative alterations leading to transitory or persisting bodily changes. The medicolegal concept of psychic trauma and its definition as a cause in penal cases is debated. The authors present three cases of death after psychic trauma, and discuss the definition of cause within the penal ambit of identified ‘emotionally overwhelming factors’. Materials and methods The methodological approach to ascertainment and criterion-based assessment in each case involved the following phases: (1) examination of circumstantial evidence, clinical records and documentation; (2) autopsy; (3) ascertainment of cause of death; and (4) ascertainment of psychic trauma, and its coexisting relationship with the cause of death. Results The results and assessment of each of the three cases are discussed from the viewpoint of the causal connotation of psychic trauma. In the cases presented, psychic trauma caused death, as deduced from assessment of the type of externally caused emotional insult, the subjects’ personal characteristics and the circumstances of the event causing death. Conclusions In cases of death due to psychic trauma, careful methodological ascertainment is essential, with the double aim of defining ‘emotionally overwhelming factors’ as a significant cause of death from the penal point of view, and of identifying the responsibility of third parties involved in the death event and associated dynamics of homicide.
Capturing the Cumulative Effect in the Pump Probe Transient Thermoreflectance Technique using Network Identification by Deconvolution Method
Authors: Ezzahri Y. , Pernot G. , Joulain K. , Shakouri A. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTNetwork Identification by Deconvolution (NID) method is used to capture the heat cumulative effect in the homodyne configuration of the Pump-Probe Transient Thermoreflectance (PPTTR) experiment. This cumulative effect is very important in the interpretation of the PPTTR which is becoming widely used for the extraction of thin film thermal conductivity. We show that this intrinsic behavior can be introduced as a cumulative effect weight function in the time constant spectrum of the structure under study. We show how the main features of this weight function change when we change the laser repetition rate and/or the laser pump beam modulation frequency, and how these changes may affect the extraction of the thermal properties of the sample under study, particularly the thermal conductivity and the interface thermal resistance. Numerical simulations of the PPTTR experiment are used to validate the application of NID method. Limitations of the method will also be discussed.
Land Use Negotiation in Eastern Morocco
Authors: Kreuer David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In this article, I analyse a steppe region in contemporary Morocco, outlining the political environment in which land use is currently negotiated. I ask what place different actors such as the state, the tribe, or local individuals occupy in the relevant power structures. Relying on recent fi eldwork, I then discuss land appropriation by tribal households. Confl ict-resolution mechanisms are presented in the third section. My contribution shows that access to land is often related to other types of resources (such as livestock, access to institutions and social prestige), and points out that a detailed, actor-centred analysis is essential to understanding the making of politics in the Moroccan high plateaus.
Negotiating the Future of a Bedouin Polity in Mandatory Syria: Political Dynamics of the Sba‛A-‛Abada during the 1930s
Authors: Büssow Johann 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This article examines a revolt among the Sba‛a-‛Abada Bedouin, a subgroup of the ‛Anaza tribal confederation, in Mandatory Syria. The case offers a rare glimpse into the political dynamics of a Bedouin group under French Mandatory rule. The analysis shows that the political circumstances enabled lower ranking tribal representatives to enter into direct negotiations with other Bedouin leaders and state agencies. These negotiations demonstrate that tribal categories such as the ¬Anaza confederation provided a fl exible reference system for the steppe population, which was used by tribal and state bodies alike.
Foot pain, impairment, and disability in patients with acute gout flares: A prospective observational study
Authors: Rome Keith , Frecklington Mike , McNair Peter , Gow Peter , Dalbeth Nicola 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of acute gout on foot pain, impairment, and disability.MethodsThis prospective observational study recruited 20 patients with acute gout flares. Patients were recruited from emergency departments, hospital wards, and rheumatology outpatient clinics throughout Auckland, New Zealand. Patients were recruited at the time of the flare (baseline visit) and then reassessed at a followup visit once the acute flare had resolved 6–8 weeks after the initial assessment. Swollen and tender joint counts, C‐reactive protein levels, and serum urate levels were recorded at both visits. General and foot‐specific outcome measures were also recorded at each visit, including pain visual analog scale, Health Assessment Questionnaire II, Lower Limb Tasks Questionnaire, and Leeds Foot Impact Scale.ResultsThe foot was affected by acute gout in 17 patients (85%). Objective measures of joint inflammation, including swollen and tender joint counts and C‐reactive protein levels, significantly improved at the followup visit compared with the baseline visit. At baseline, high levels of foot pain, impairment, and disability were reported. All patient‐reported outcome measures of general and foot‐specific musculoskeletal function improved at the followup visit compared with the baseline visit. However, pain, impairment, and disability scores did not entirely normalize after resolution of the acute gout flare.ConclusionPatients with acute gout flares experience severe foot pain, impairment, and disability. These data provide further support for improved management of gout to prevent the consequences of poorly controlled disease.
Exome sequencing: Dual role as a discovery and diagnostic tool
Authors: Ku Chee‐Seng , Cooper David N. , Polychronakos Constantin , Naidoo Nasheen , Wu Mengchu , Soong Richie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractRecent developments in high‐throughput sequence capture methods and next‐generation sequencing technologies have now made exome sequencing a viable approach to elucidate the genetic basis of Mendelian disorders with hitherto unknown etiology. In addition, exome sequencing is increasingly being employed as a diagnostic tool for specific genetic diseases, particularly in the context of those disorders characterized by significant genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, for example, Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease and congenital disorders of glycosylation. Such disorders are challenging to interrogate with conventional polymerase chain reaction–Sanger sequencing methods, because of the inherent difficulty in prioritizing candidate genes for diagnostic testing. Here, we explore the value of exome sequencing as a diagnostic tool and discuss whether exome sequencing can come to serve a dual role in diagnosis and discovery. We summarize the current status of exome sequencing, the technical challenges facing it, and its adaptation to diagnostics, and make recommendations for the use of exome sequencing as a routine diagnostic tool. Finally, we discuss pertinent ethical concerns, such as the use of exome sequencing data, originally generated in a diagnostic context, in research investigations. Ann Neurol 2012;71:5–14
Etiology of limb girdle muscular dystrophy 1D/1E determined by laser capture microdissection proteomics
Authors: Greenberg Steven A. , Salajegheh Mohammad , Judge Daniel P. , Feldman Matthew W. , Kuncl Ralph W. , Waldon Zachary , Steen Hanno , Wagner Kathryn R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLimb girdle muscular dystrophy 1D/1E (OMIM nomenclature LGMD1D, Human Gene Nomenclature Committee LGMD1E), a skeletal and cardiac myopathy, has previously been linked to chromosome 6q23. We used laser capture microdissection to isolate cytoplasmic inclusions from skeletal muscle from a patient with LGMD1D/1E, performed mass spectrometry–based proteomics on these minute inclusions, and identified through bioinformatics desmin as their major constituent. Sequencing in this patient and family members identified the genetic basis of the previously reported 6q23 linked LGMD1D/1E to be due to an intron splice donor site mutation (IVS3+3A>G) of the desmin gene located on chromosome 2q35. Ann Neurol 2011
Anterior cruciate ligament changes in the human knee joint in aging and osteoarthritis
Authors: Hasegawa Akihiko , Otsuki Shuhei , Pauli Chantal , Miyaki Shigeru , Patil Shantanu , Steklov Nikolai , Kinoshita Mitsuo , Koziol James , D'Lima Darryl D. , Lotz Martin K. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe development and patterns of spontaneous age‐related changes in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and their relationship to articular cartilage degeneration are not well characterized. This study was undertaken to investigate the types and temporal sequence of age‐related ACL changes and to determine their correlation with cartilage lesion patterns at all stages of osteoarthritis (OA) development in human knee joints without prior joint trauma.MethodsHuman knee joints (n = 120 from 65 donors ages 23–92) were obtained at autopsy, and ACLs and cartilage were graded macroscopically and histologically. Inflammation surrounding the ACL was assessed separately.ResultsHistologic ACL substance scores and ligament sheath inflammation scores increased with age. Collagen fiber disorganization was the earliest and most prevalent change. The severity of mucoid degeneration and chondroid metaplasia in the ACL increased with the development of cartilage lesions. A correlation between ACL degeneration and cartilage degeneration was observed, especially in the medial compartment of the knee joint.ConclusionOur findings indicate that ACL degeneration is highly prevalent in knees with cartilage defects and may even precede cartilage changes. Hence, ACL deficiencies may not only be important in posttraumatic OA, but may also be a feature associated with knee OA pathogenesis in general.
A phase IIb dose‐ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP‐690,550) versus placebo in combination with background methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate alone
Authors: Kremer Joel M. , Cohen Stanley , Wilkinson Bethanie E. , Connell Carol A. , French Jonathan L. , Gomez‐Reino Juan , Gruben David , Kanik Keith S. , Krishnaswami Sriram , Pascual‐Ramos Virginia , Wallenstein Gene , Zwillich Samuel H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of 6 dosages of oral tofacitinib (CP‐690,550) with placebo for the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients receiving a stable background regimen of methotrexate (MTX) who have an inadequate response to MTX monotherapy.MethodsIn this 24‐week, double‐blind, phase IIb study, patients with active RA (n = 507) were randomized to receive placebo or tofacitinib (20 mg/day, 1 mg twice daily, 3 mg twice daily, 5 mg twice daily, 10 mg twice daily, or 15 mg twice daily). All patients continued to receive a stable dosage of MTX. The primary end point was the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (ACR20) response rate at week 12.ResultsAt week 12, ACR20 response rates for patients receiving all tofacitinib dosages ≥3 mg twice daily (52.9% for 3 mg twice daily, 50.7% for 5 mg twice daily, 58.1% for 10 mg twice daily, 56.0% for 15 mg twice daily, and 53.8% for 20 mg/day) were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater than those for placebo (33.3%). Improvements were sustained at week 24 for the ACR20, ACR50, and ACR70 responses, scores for the Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index, the 3‐variable Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using the C‐reactive protein level (DAS28‐CRP), and a 3‐variable DAS28‐CRP of <2.6. The most common treatment‐emergent adverse events occurring in >10% of patients in any tofacitinib group were diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infection, and headache; 21 patients (4.1%) experienced serious adverse events. Sporadic increases in transaminase levels, increases in cholesterol and serum creatinine levels, and decreases in neutrophil and hemoglobin levels were observed.ConclusionIn patients with active RA in whom the response to MTX has been inadequate, the addition of tofacitinib at a dosage ≥3 mg twice daily showed sustained efficacy and a manageable safety profile over 24 weeks.