bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A technique for delivering carbogen with high dose rate intraluminal brachytherapy in carcinoma of the oesophagus; early results and toxicity
Authors: Hoskin P J , Powell M E B , Saunders M I 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A technique to deliver carbogen with high dose rate afterloading therapy to the oesophagus is described. Treatment is given using a standard high dose rate (HDR) afterloading catheter which is passed through the tumour-bearing area of the oesophagus within a nasogastric tube. In order to achieve a gas-tight seal, a standard “oxygen” mask used for delivery of carbogen is modified to incorporate the nasogastric tube allowing the treatment catheter to pass through the mask and be connected to the afterloading machine. The technique has proven to be feasible and well tolerated during treatment in four patients treated in this way. Severe acute radiation toxicity, possibly attributable to the carbogen, has been encountered in these patients receiving 1500 cGy at 1 cm via the HDR catheter after 4050 cGy in 27 fractions in 9 days using CHART external beam. Modifications to the radiation scheduling is recommended to enable carbogen to be incorporated in this way.
Acute segmental radiation nephritis on bone scintigraphy
Authors: Flanagan F L , Dehdashti F 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A case of radiation nephritis was diagnosed by the effect of delayed excretion of 99Tcm MDP on the superomedial aspects of both kidneys, which had been included in a radiation port to the thoracolumbar spine 6 months previously. Knowledge of the past history of radiotherapy and the radiation port, together with the classic scintigraphic features enable the diagnosis of this rarely demonstrated condition to be made.
Iodine content of mother’s milk – Hungarian representative survey, 2006
Authors: Griff Tamás , Czakó Klára , Lugasi Andrea , Martos Éva 
Published: July 2009

Magyarországon, néhány kisebb körzetet kivéve, a talaj és az ivóvíz jódtartalma alacsony, így a hazánkban termelt zöldségekkel, gyümölcsökkel, gabonafélékkel és az ivóvízzel az emberi szervezetbe jutó jód mennyisége nem éri el a nemzetközi szervezetek által ajánlott értéket. A magzat és az anyatejjel táplált csecsemő megfelelő jódellátásához különösen fontos a megfelelő jódbevitel a terhesség és a szoptatás ideje alatt.
Célkitűzés
: A vizsgálat célja, hogy országos szinten felmérjük az anyatejek jódtartalmát és szükség esetén ajánlásokat tehessünk a terhesség és a szoptatás idején a jódpótlás mértékére.
Módszer:
Országos mintavételt követően 72 anyatejminta jódtartalmát vizsgáltuk induktív csatolású plazma-tömegspektrométerrel (ICP-MS).
Eredmények:
A csecsemők 42%-a nem jut hozzá a jelenleg nemzetközileg ajánlott 110 μg jód/nap mennyiséghez élete első szakaszában, ami jelentősen befolyásolhatja a testi és szellemi fejlődésüket.
Következtetés:
Az eredmények ismeretében a terhes és szoptató nők számára jódtartalmú étrend-kiegészítő készítmények vagy magas jódtartalmú élelmiszerek fogyasztása ajánlott.
Identification of the kinematical forbidden reflections from precession electron diffraction
Authors: Morniroli Jean-Paul , Ji Gang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe visibility of the kinematical forbidden reflections due to glide planes, screw axes and Wyckoff positions is considered both on experimental and theoretical electron precession patterns as a function of the precession angle. The forbidden reflections due to glide planes and screw axes become very weak and disappear at large precession angle so that they can be distinguished from the allowed reflections and used to deduce the space groups. Contrarily, those due to Wyckoff positions remain visible and strong provided they are located on a major systematic row. This difference of behavior between the forbidden reflections is confirmed by observation of the corresponding dark-field LACBED patterns and is interpreted using the Ewald sphere and the Laue circles from the availability of double diffraction paths. This study also proves that dynamical interactions remain strong along the main systematic rows present on precession patterns.
The Future of Targeted Therapies in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Banerjee Susana , Gore Martin 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecological malignancy and the leading cause of death from gynecological cancer. Most women present with advanced disease with little prospect for cure. There have been some advances in surgical and chemotherapeutic strategies, but these approaches have led to only minor improvements in outcome. There remains a significant risk for recurrence and resistance to therapy, and hence there is a need to improve upon the current treatment options. Molecularly directed therapy aims to target tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment by blocking specific molecular changes in the cancer. The most promising agents so far are the antiangiogenic agents and polyadenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase inhibitors. This article reviews the various targeted therapeutic approaches under clinical investigation in ovarian cancer and the challenges facing their future success in the clinic.
The National Children's Study: A Golden Opportunity to Advance the Health of Pregnant Women
Authors: Lyerly Anne Drapkin , Little Margaret Olivia , Faden Ruth R. 
Published: July 2009

With a $3 billion investment by the federal government, the National Children's Study (NCS) recently began recruitment. The NCS is a golden—and potentially missed—opportunity to study one of the most underrepresented populations in clinical research: pregnant women. As the nation's largest-ever study of children's health, the NCS will examine the effects of the environment on children from before birth to 21 years of age, with participants sampled primarily through women during pregnancy. Thus the NCS presents a rare opportunity to study the health of women during and after pregnancy, in addition to the health of their children. On both moral and policy grounds, we make the case for inclusion of women's health outcomes in the NCS.
Use of thermal modeling to assess the tectono-metamorphic history of the Lugo and Sanabria gneiss domes, Northwest Iberia
Authors: Alcock James E. , Martínez Catalán José R. , Arenas Ricardo , Díez Montes Alejandro 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The Lugo and Sanabria domes in Northwest Iberia have well constrained metamorphic and structural histories. Both occur in the Iberian autochthon and resulted from late-Variscan extensional collapse following crustal thickening related to the Variscan collision. The two domes developed beneath large thrust sheets, are cored by sillimanite-orthoclase anatectic gneiss, preserve evidence of a steep thermal gradient (≈ 1 °C MPa−1), and exhibit a distinct decrease in metamorphic grade to the east in the direction of nappe movement. Geochronological evidence indicates that the lower crust melted within ≈ 30 Ma of initial crustal thickening and that dome formation occurred within 50 Ma.
The histories of the two domes are considered as the basis for one-dimensional finite-difference models of thermal response to changes in crustal thickness. Results from thermal models suggest that thickening was limited to the crust, provide a numeric explanation for timing and nature of granite magmatism, and indicate that high-temperature metamorphism and crustal anatexis may result directly from thermal relaxation, eliminating the need for significant mantle thermal contribution. Also, the models show that small differences in thickness of large, wedge-shaped thrust sheets can explain distinct P-T paths experienced by different limbs of the domes.
Transpressional tectonic setting during the main Variscan deformation: evidence from four structural levels in the Bossòst and Aston-Hospitalet mantled gneiss domes, central Axial Zone, Pyrenees
Authors: Mezger Jochen E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The Variscan basement of the Axial Zone is exposed at four different structural levels in two mantled gneiss domes of the Central Pyrenees. The Aston-Hospitalet dome reflects the deepest levels and is cored by large orthogneiss massifs. The Bossòst dome further west possesses a central Variscan granitoid pluton and represents the upper crustal levels. The two gneiss domes are separated by later E-W-trending faults into northern half-domes and southern antiformal structures. Kinematic and metamorphic studies show that uplift of the orthogneiss core started under a N-S compressional setting and continued during dextral transpression. SE-NW-trending lineations in metasediments of the western Aston dome, the deepest level, represent fabrics developed at deeper levels early during the main deformation. They are partially obliterated by later intruding Variscan plutons. Younger ESE-WNW-trending lineations are characteristic for easterly directed flat-lying shear zones developed under amphibolite facies conditions at the roof zone of the orthogneiss and overlying weaker metasedimentary mantle rocks in the Hospitalet dome, which facilitated uplift of the orthogneiss core. In the deeper roots within the Aston orthogneiss such shear zones are not observed. Likewise, ascending Variscan plutons caused doming and the development of shallowly eastward dipping shear zones with a top-to-the-east kinematics in the southern Bossòst dome, while at deeper levels in the northern dome half coaxial deformation within the contact aureole prevails. Orogen-parallel extension, recorded in WNW–ESE structures, is restricted to the interface of rigid orthogneiss cores and weaker metasedimentary mantle rocks, or thermally weakened metasedimentary mantle above ascending Variscan plutons, and occurred under an overall transpressional setting.
Middle Ordovician U-Pb age of the Aston and Hospitalet orthogneissic laccoliths: their role in the Variscan evolution of the Pyrenees
Authors: Denele Yoann , Barbey Pierre , Deloule Etienne , Pelleter Ewan , Olivier Philippe , Gleizes Gérard 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Two identical zircon U-Pb ages have been obtained from the Riète orthogneisses at 470 ± 6 and 472 ± 2 Ma in the Aston and Hospitalet domes (Ariège, Pyrenees), respectively. New mapping data show that the protolith of these orthogneisses corresponds to Ordovician granitic laccoliths. Combined study of thin-sections and magnetic susceptibility on these rocks show that the laccoliths correspond to a suite consisting of granodiorites to leucogranites.
U-Pb ages of the Aston and Hospitalet orthogneisses, very similar to the ages recently obtained from the Canigou (473 ± 4 Ma) and the Montagne Noire (southern French Massif Central) 469 ± 4 Ma orthogneisses, point to a major Early to Middle Ordovician event of granitic laccolith emplacement in the southwestern part of France, and more generally in western Europe.
We underline that these laccoliths influenced the mechanical and thermal behaviour of the Variscan crust of the Pyrenees. Indeed, they have induced a rheological heterogeneity in the Variscan middle crust, which is at the origin of a structural contrast between the middle and upper crust. Moreover, these laccoliths played the role of screens, which have controlled transfer of magmas from the lower to the upper crust.
Metamorphic and structural evolution of the Maures-Tanneron massif (SE Variscan chain): evidence of doming along a transpressional margin
Authors: Rolland Yann , Corsini Michel , Demoux Antoine 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Variscan metamorphic and structural evolution of the Maures-Tanneron massif is divided in two main post-collisional phases: (1) a MP-MT regional gradient is developed during nappe-piling process between 350 and 320 Ma, followed by (2) LP-HT regional gradient coeval with doming between 320 and 300 Ma. During this late phase, the tectonic context was dominated by E-W shortening, which produced crustal-scale upright folds and major strike-slip displacement along trans-crustal faults. Symmetric extensional fabrics are observed on the limbs of crustal-scale anticlines, and are ascribed to local accommodation of lower crust exhumation. Heat and magma transfer are allowed by these large vertical strike-slip faults, and are thought to be the cause of the late metamorphic evolution. Therefore, structures and metamorphism argue for a transpressional context at the SE branch of the Variscan chain. Comparisons with current collisional settings such as syntaxial domains of the Himalayan belt show that the timing and PT conditions of metamorphic events are similar. These observations lead us to propose that the situation of the Variscan chain during the period 320-300 Ma was still a syn-convergent setting similar to the current situation of the Himalayan-Tibet system, and that extensional movements are not the cause of, but the result of exhumation of the lower crust in this ongoing shortening context along a transpressional wrench boundary.
Famenno-Carboniferous (370-320 Ma) strike slip tectonics monitored by syn-kinematic plutons in the French Variscan belt (Massif Armoricain and French Massif Central)
Authors: Rolin Patrick , Marquer Didier , Colchen Michel , Cartannaz Charles , Cocherie Alain , Thiery Vincent , Quenardel Jean-Michel , Rossi Philippe 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Variscan continental collision has led to the development of large strike-slip shear zones in western Europe. Our study focuses on the regional deformation and shear zone patterns in the Massif Armoricain and the French Massif Central. The synthesis of granite emplacement ages associated to granite deformation fields, allow us to propose a geodynamic model for the tectonic evolution of this part of the Variscan belt between 370 Ma – 320 Ma (Late Devonian – Namurian).After the first steps of the continental subduction-collision, leading to high temperature and anatexis associated with N-S shortening at 380-370 Ma (Frasnian to Famennian), the southern part of the Massif Armoricain and western part of French Massif Central underwent large dextral shearing along N100-N130 trending shear zones up to early Visean time. These large-scale displacements progressively decreased at around 350-340 Ma, during the first emplacements of biotite bearing granites (Moulins-les Aubiers-Gourgé massif and Guéret massif intrusions).During middle Visean times, the shortening axis direction rotated towards a NNE-SSW direction implying changes in the regional deformation field. The occurrence of N070-N100 sinistral and N110-N130 dextral conjugate shear zones within leucogranites are related to that time. Finally, new N150-N160 dextral shear zones appeared in middle to late Visean times: as for examples, the Parthenay and the Pradines shear zones in the SE Massif Armoricain and the Millevaches massif, respectively. These shear zones were conjugated to the sinistral N020 Sillon Houiller in the French Massif Central. They reflect large scale brittle continental indentation in the French Variscan belt during the middle to late Visean.
The top-to-the-southeast Sarzeau shear zone and its place in the late-orogenic extensional tectonics of southern Armorica
Authors: Turrillot Paul , Augier Romain , Faure Michel 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis study presents new structural and monazite chemical U-Th/Pb geochronological constraints for the magmatic rocks of the Golfe du Morbihan area, in southern Brittany, south of the South Armorican shear zone (SASZ). A major extensional shear zone, defined here as the “Sarzeau shear zone” (SSZ), separates Carboniferous migmatites and the Ste-Anne d’Auray type anatectic granite from highly retrogressed micaschists in its footwall and hangingwall, respectively. Late Carboniferous leucogranite dykes, called the Sarzeau granite that intrude the Lower Unit are progressively sheared and mylonitised within the SSZ. The SSZ is characterised by a low to moderately SE-dipping foliation and a NW-SE trending stretching lineation. Kinematic criteria indicate a top-to-the-SE sense of shear. Below the SSZ, NNE-SSW-trending, leucogranitic dykes sometimes present a wall-parallel magmatic layering. These dykes that intrude into vertical NW-SE trending migmatites are interpreted here as emplaced as tension gashes, whose opening direction is consistent with the NW-SE regional stretching. The 316-321 Ma U-Th/Pb ages yielded by the monazite in the dykes comply with the interpretation of a synkinematic magmatism. In the Golfe du Morbihan, geometric relationships between the SSZ and the migmatitic host rocks do not support a previous interpretation as a metamorphic core complex. Regionally, the SSZ kinematics is consistent with the Late Carboniferous orogen-parallel extension, already recognised in other areas of southern Armorica, but does not support the 200 km-long flat detachment fault model.
Conditions of formation and origin of fluids of quartz-tourmaline veins in the La Châtaigneraie tungstiferous district (Massif Central, France): fluid inclusions and stable isotopes
Authors: Lerouge Catherine , Bouchot Vincent 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA combined stable-isotope and microthermometric study was applied to wolframite-bearing and arsenopy-rite-bearing quartz-tourmaline veins, quartz-tourmaline veins associated with leucogranite, schist and the two types of granite – massive monzogranite and leucogranite stocks – of the tungsten Châtaigneraie district, in order to estimate pressure-temperature formation conditions of quartz-tourmaline veins and determine the origin of mineralizing fluids.Pressure-temperature conditions of barren-quartz-tourmaline-veins are estimated at 1.4 ± 0.4 kbars (around 5 km depth under lithostatic regime) and 487 ± 34°C. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of mineralizing fluids indicate a dominant component of leucogranite-derived fluids in wolframite-bearing veins whereas arsenopyrite-bearing veins are strongly equilibrated with host schist.
EMP-monazite age controls on P-T paths of garnet metapelites in the Variscan inverted metamorphic sequence of La Sioule, French Massif Central
Authors: Schulz Bernhard 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the La Sioule region (northern French Massif Central), a Variscan inverted metamorphic sequence is made up by high-grade Upper Gneiss (UGU) and Lower Gneiss Units (LGU) which overlie amphibolite-facies micaschists of a Parautochthonous Unit (PAU). Growth-zoned garnets crystallized in gneisses and micaschists and display different Mg-Fe-Mn-Ca evolution trends in the metamorphic units. Microstructurally-controlled geothermobarometry based on cation exchange and net transfer reactions was used to reconstruct syndeformational prograde P-T paths. The P-T paths do not pass eclogite-facies conditions. Different metamorphic peak temperatures confirm the individual character of the evolution in each of the units. EMP-monazite dating (CHIME method) was used to evaluate the age of the P-T-evolution in the garnet-bearing samples. Monazite ages compiled from numerous matrix grains range between 327 and 343 Ma in single samples. Unimodal distributions of ages signalize only slightly younger (320–330 Ma) monazites in the UGU as in the LGU and PAU (330–340 Ma). The inverted metamorphic stratigraphy can be explained by contractional crustal tectonics. In a northern structural domain this involved a top-to-WNW shearing followed by a first thrusting event at the end of garnet growth in UGU and PAU. In a southern domain, the nappe pile was overprinted by a second event with top-to-SE shearing at low pressures. The bulk of monazites should postdate garnet crystallization and the first thrusting event observed in UGU and PAU. At best the ~340 Ma monazites in the LGU to the south may have crystallized during the second tectonic event. The bulk monazite crystallization appears to be related to a Late-Visean thermal event when the three units were already juxtaposed in a nappe pile. In consequence, metapelite garnet and monazite crystallization in the La Sioule series belong to a Late Devonian – Early Carboniferous prograde-retrograde metamorphism. This metamorphic evolution appears as a second metamorphic cycle subsequent to the Silurian – Early Devonian HP and HT events within the complex frame of the Variscan orogeny in the French Massif Central.
Monazite U-Th/Pb chemical dating of the Early Carboniferous syn-kinematic MP/MT metamorphism in the Variscan French Massif Central
Authors: Melleton Jérémie , Faure Michel , Cocherie Alain 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn situ U-Th-Pb geochronology on monazite using Electron Probe Micro Analyser, constrained by structural and textural observations, has been performed on four samples from the Limousin area (northwest part of the French Massif Central) in order to date the syn-kinematic MP/MT metamorphism related to the top-to-the-NW shearing that deformed the stack of nappes in this zone of the Variscan belt. All the analyzed samples lead to a mean age at 360 ± 4 Ma. The close range of ages obtained during this study (360 Ma) and with the previous 40Ar-39Ar ones (360–350 Ma) suggests fast processes of cooling and exhumation during the Early Carboniferous in internal zones of the Variscan belt. The geodynamic significance of this Early Carboniferous event is discussed at the scale of the Ibero-Armorican orocline.
Innovation, Imitation and Competition
Authors: Zhou Wen 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In a general equilibrium framework, it is known that imitation may actually promote innovation (Aghion et al., 1997). The same effect is demonstrated with a standard oligopoly model in which one firm has the ability to develop technologies while all other firms imitate and obtain a fraction of it for free. Competition is shown to dampen innovation, while imitation may stimulate it if imitation is strong and competition moderate. The findings have implications for policy toward intellectual property rights protection, as weak protection may promote rather than impede technology innovation.
Rac1 Is Required for Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis During Hyperglycemia
Authors: Shen E. , Li Yanwen , Li Ying , Shan Limei , Zhu Huaqing , Feng Qingping , Arnold J. Malcolm O. , Peng Tianqing 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE
Hyperglycemia induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, which contributes to diabetic cardiomyopathy. The present study was to investigate the role of Rac1 in ROS production and cardiomyocyte apoptosis during hyperglycemia.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Mice with cardiomyocyte-specific Rac1 knockout (Rac1-ko) were generated. Hyperglycemia was induced in Rac1-ko mice and their wild-type littermates by injection of streptozotocin (STZ). In cultured adult rat cardiomyocytes, apoptosis was induced by high glucose.

RESULTS
The results showed a mouse model of STZ-induced diabetes, 7 days of hyperglycemia-upregulated Rac1 and NADPH oxidase activation, elevated ROS production, and induced apoptosis in the heart. These effects of hyperglycemia were significantly decreased in Rac1-ko mice or wild-type mice treated with apocynin. Interestingly, deficiency of Rac1 or apocynin treatment significantly reduced hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial ROS production in the heart. Deficiency of Rac1 also attenuated myocardial dysfunction after 2 months of STZ injection. In cultured cardiomyocytes, high glucose upregulated Rac1 and NADPH oxidase activity and induced apoptotic cell death, which were blocked by overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of Rac1, knockdown of gp91phox or p47phox, or NADPH oxidase inhibitor. In type 2 diabetic db/db mice, administration of Rac1 inhibitor, NSC23766, significantly inhibited NADPH oxidase activity and apoptosis and slightly improved myocardial function.

CONCLUSIONS
Rac1 is pivotal in hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. The role of Rac1 is mediated through NADPH oxidase activation and associated with mitochondrial ROS generation. Our study suggests that Rac1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for cardiac complications of diabetes.