bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rationality and the Structural Analysis of Myth
Authors: Torrance John 
Published: July 2009

These comments are intended not as criticism of Steven Lukes' conclusions, with which I mainly agree, but to raise some questions about their further implications and suggest some answers to these questions (1).The questions arise when we stand back and look at the entire set of positions on the matter of rationality represented by Lukes' five paradigms and his own argument. They fall easily into two groups, composed of the first four and the last two, counting Lukes' position as the sixth. The first group consists of the views of practising anthropologists primarily concerned with understanding and explaining certain quite specific sorts of peculiar beliefs. In approaching their task they make various assumptions about rationality, about the relation of modern scientific thought to primitive magico-religious thought, and about the type of attitude towards these alien forms of mentality which is appropriate to the scientific endeavour. The second group contains the views of philosophers reflecting on the methods and theories of anthropologists, emphasising the philosophical character of the problems they take up out of this reading, and which they treat with the techniques of linguistic or logical analysis. They are less interested in the specific peculiarities of certain primitive beliefs than with the formal criteria by which any different sets of beliefs can be logically classified and compared. And they are less concerned with understanding and explanation than with the assumptions made about the philosophical status of, and typical relations between, different sets and sorts of beliefs when understanding and explanation are seen as problematic. Thus the second group concentrates more exclusively on a higher-order inquiry than that with which the first group was centrally concerned (despite the fact that Lukes has successfully isolated this level of inquiry out of the less focussed methodological reflections of the anthropologists). The question can therefore be raised, how far the positions on rationality are detachable from the various explanatory methods and theories which are associated with them in the first group, and what implications for understanding and explanation, if any, follow from the positions on rationality adopted by the second group.
Popular sovereignty, State autonomy, and private property
Authors: Przeworski Adam , Wallerstein Michael 
Published: July 2009

The legitimacyof modern democratic institutions rests on the ideal of popular sovereignty. The purpose of this paper is to examine the contemporary status of this ideal.Since space limitations do not permit discussion that would place the concept of popular sovereignty in its historical and intellectual context, we simply postulate a definition. People, by whom we mean individuals acting on the bases of their current preferences, are collectively sovereign if the alternatives open to them as a collectivity are constrained only by conditions independent of anyone's will. Specifically, people are sovereign to the extent that they can alter the existing institutions, including the state and property, and if they can allocate available resources to all feasible uses.
Les frustrations de l'égalité Contribution aux recherches sur la relativité des aspirations et la perception des inégalités
Authors: Bénéton Philippe 
Published: July 2009

À Buchenwald, pendant la guerre, David Rousset et quelques autres détenus se trouvent un jour devant la chambre duBlockältester(doyen de bloc):C'est une pièce misérable, étroite comme certains réduits de la zone à Paris. Un lit, une table, deux chaises, un poêle, quelques photos de femmes sur les cloisons, une carte du front russe. Ce coin sordide est un paradis. Nous sommes là, quelquesuns, à regarder, et quelle envie dans les yeux! C'est le signe de toutes les puissances, de tous les privilèges. Le rire me prend: qui jamais aurait pu imaginer que nous en serions à lorgner ce gîte de paria comme la réalisation de rêves impossibles, la satisfaction de véhéments désirs? (1).
Max Webers Quellenbehandlung in der »Protestantischen Ethik«: Der »Berufs«-Begriff
Authors: Hanyu Tatsuro 
Published: July 2009

In der vorliegenden Arbeit versuche ich, auf der genauen Ebene des Textes und der dort angeführten Quellen einen kleinen Teil jener viel zu unverständlichen und daher bis heute noch niemals genau geprüften Fußnote über den »Berufs«-Begriff in der Abhandlung Max Webers: »Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus« zu entschlüsseln. Zuerst will ich zeigen, welch großen Stellenwert Webers Argumentation über den lutherischen »Berufs«-Begriff für die ganze Konstruktion der PE hat. In der ersten Hälfte der PE versucht Weber, die Quelle des »Geistes des Kapitalismus« bis zum alten Protestantismus zurückzuverfolgen. Beachtet man aber die Darlegungen der PE genau, dann wird klar, daß dabei Weber in Wirklichkeit dem Ursprung des »Geistes des Kapitalismus« doch nicht direkt, sondern auf einem Umweg, nämlich mit der Suche nach der geschichtlichen Herkunft des »Gedankens der Berufspflicht« nachgeht. Um diese Zurückführung zu ermöglichen, müssen die beiden folgenden Bedingungen erfüllt sein:1: daß es Weber gelingt, den »Gedanken der Berufspflicht«, und zwar als etwas, das für den »Geist des Kapitalimus« von konstitutiver Bedeutung ist, in den »Geist des Kapitalismus« einzuführen,2: und daß es ferner Weber möglich ist, den Ursprung dieses »Gedankens der Berufspflicht« bis zum »alten Protestantismus« zurückzuverfolgen.Als Weber aus den zwei Traktaten Benjamin Franklins den Idealtypus des »Geistes des Kapitalismus« komponiert, wird der »Gedanke der Berufspflicht« in ihn noch nicht eingeführt. Nach der dortigen Definition des »Geistes des Kapitalismus« wird das »Interesse an der Vergrößerung seines Kapitals < Archiv: Vermögens >« (Archiv, 14; RS, 33) zwar »als Selbstzweck« aber nicht als Berufspflicht angesehen.
Fear of crime and fear of falling : English anxieties approaching the millennium
Authors: Taylor Ian , Jamieson Ruth 
Published: July 2009

This paper develops an analysis of the ways in which the issues of ‘unemployment’, ‘social order’ and ‘crime’ appeared to be dealt with, within the dominant culture of English society in the mid-1990s.Revisnng the famous debate between Perry Anderson, Tom Nairn and Edward Thompson in the 1960s, the paper argues for an understanding of the specificity of the English ‘social formation’ and, in particular, the sensibilities of the dominant middle class of that country. Inspired in part by field work in the English suburb in which the authors currently reside, the paper applies this approach to the analysis of the deep anxieties that are routinely exhibited in such areas in the mid-1990s over crime—anxieties which are then separately examined along six discrete dimensions: a) the safety of self, b) the safety of home and employment position, c) personal status and the symbolic world, d) the loss of virtue, e) the fears for England, and f) the crisis of the inheritance. The paper concludes by arguing for an interpretation of the widespread fear of crime as a complex social metaphor, with a specific social/national provenance, invisible to the mass of contemporary empirical social scientists in England whose work is parasitical upon such fears.
Anthelmintic effects ofProsopis laevigatan-hexanic extract againstHaemonchus contortusin artificially infected gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)
Authors: De Jesús-Gabino A.F. , Mendoza-de Gives P. , Salinas-Sánchez D.O. , López-Arellano M.E. , Liébano-Hernández E. , Hernández-Velázquez V.M. , Valladares-Cisneros G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe anthelmintic effect ofProsopis laevigata(mezquite)n-hexanic extract was evaluated againstHaemonchus contortusendoparasitic stages in artificially infected gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).Prosopis laevigataleaves were collected from the Sierra de Huautla, Ecological Reserve of the Biosphere, in Morelos State, Mexico; dehydrated under shade and macerated withn-hexane for 3 days, followed by distillation for 8 h. This procedure was repeated three times and the final extract was kept at 4°C. Thein vivoeffect of the plant extract was evaluated in gerbils artificially infected withH. contortus. Plant extract concentration was 40 mg/ml. Three groups of gerbils were as follows: group 1 (n = 7),P. laevigataextract at 100 μl intraperitoneally (IP); group 2 (n = 6), control – Tween 20 in water at a single dose of 100 μ l IP; group 3 (n = 8) also served as a control, receiving water only, to determine the mortality due to causes other than the plant extract. An additional group of seven gerbils (group 4) was administered fenbendazole, as a positive control. Five days later the animals were euthanized and stomach and mucosa removed to quantify the nematodes. Data were analysed using the Student'st-test to compare the mean of nematodes obtained in groups 1, 2 and 3. The parasite population in the plant extract treated group 1 was reduced by 42.5% (P < 0.05) with respect to the control group 2; and when control group 3 was used for comparison the parasitic reduction was estimated as 53.11%. This study shows thein vivoanthelmintic effect ofP. laevigatan-hexane extract for the first time, using gerbils as anin vivomodel, with potential use in sheep.
Aggregations of Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) in Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, south-eastern Brazil: distribution patterns and ecological characteristics
Authors: Dias Laura Aichinger , Herzing Denize , Flach Leonardo 
Published: July 2009

Between August 2005 and July 2007, 376 Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) encounters were documented in Sepetiba Bay. For the purpose of this study all dolphin sightings were classified as groups or aggregations. Groups (N = 268, x = 20, range = 1–90) consisted of dolphins in apparent association usually engaged in the same behaviour and moving in the same direction. Aggregations (N = 108, x = 204, range = 100–450) consisted of temporal association of numerous groups gathered in an area, totalling several hundred individuals usually engaged in the same behaviour but not necessarily moving in the same direction. Guiana dolphin groups and aggregations differed significantly in behavioural activity, spatial and temporal distribution and age composition. Most aggregated dolphins were engaged in foraging/feeding activities and primarily located at the interior of the bay, and also, aggregations were more likely recorded during morning hours and had more neonates and calves present when compared to groups. The plotted GPS records of aggregations formed two distinct clusters of distribution within the bay, indicating potential areas where conservation strategies could be implemented.
Cetacean records from Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic
Authors: Best Peter B. , Glass James P. , Ryan Peter G. , Dalebout Merel L. 
Published: July 2009

The cetacean fauna at the Tristan da Cunha archipelago has been assessed from ship-based, aerial and land-based observations from 1983–2000, from strandings on Tristan da Cunha and Inaccessible Island between 1983 and 1995, and from whaling catch data from 1934–1967. Five species(Eubalaena australis, Megaptera novaeangliae, Tasmacetus shepherdi, Globicephala melasandOrcinus orca)have been sighted within the territorial waters of the archipelago, eight species(Balaenoptera physalus, B. borealis, B. acutorostrata/bonaerensis, Physeter macrocephalus, Mesoplodon mirus, M. bowdoini, Delphinussp. andLissodelphis peronii)have been seen or taken within 200 nautical miles (360 km) of the group or have been found stranded on its shores, while another two species(Caperea marginataandLagenorhynchus obscurus)have been recorded close enough to be considered likely to occur within 200 nautical miles. The records ofMesoplodon mirusandM. bowdoinirepresent significant extensions to their known distribution. Apart from its possible importance as a mid-oceanic nursery area for southern right whales, the waters of the Tristan Archipelago seem to be a concentration area forT. shepherdi, one of the least-known of the world's cetaceans.
A comparative costs analysis of brachytherapy and Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy therapies for clinically localized prostate cancer
Authors: Gianino Maria Michela , Galzerano Mario , Minniti Davide , Di Novi Cinzia , Martin Barbara , Davini Ottavio , Barbaro Silvana 
Published: July 2009

Objectives:The aim of this study is to perform a comparative costs analysis of brachytherapy (BT) and radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) for clinically localized prostate cancer and to shed light on the difficulties of comparing their relative economic effectiveness.Methods:A systematic literature review of costing studies available in the Medline, Embase, DARE, and INAHTA databases.Results:There is a lack of homogeneity among published studies in this field. Differences in the reported costs are related to different environments in which the two techniques (BT and RRP) are applied, and in particular due to the use of different methodology, cost items included, time frames, and different price levels in different settings.Conclusion:Published studies of costing data of BT and RRP do not provide clear-cut evidence for a conclusion about which treatment may be more effective from an economic point of view.
A preliminary survey on the influence of rapid health technology assessments
Authors: Hailey David 
Published: July 2009

Objectives:The aim of this study was to obtain information on rapid health technology assessments (HTAs) prepared by members of the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA).Methods:A questionnaire was prepared, drawing on earlier INAHTA documents for recording HTA impact. A request for responses was sent to member agencies, seeking information on rapid HTA reports prepared during 2006.Results:Responses were provided on fifteen rapid HTAs, which covered both new and widely distributed technologies. The most common purpose for the HTAs (n= 8) was to inform coverage decisions, but other reasons included capital funding, formulary decisions, referral for treatment, program operation, guideline formulation, influence on routine practice, and indications for further research. All the rapid HTAs were considered by the agencies to have had some influence. The most common indications of influence were consideration by the decision maker, use of the HTA as reference material (bothn= 10), and acceptance of recommendations or conclusions (n= 8).Conclusions:Rapid HTAs are used for a broad range of technologies, to inform several types of decision, and are effective in informing the decision-making process. Supplementation of their findings by further assessments will be appropriate in some cases.
Scanning the horizon of obsolete technologies: Possible sources for their identification
Authors: Ibargoyen-Roteta Nora , Gutierrez-Ibarluzea Iñaki , Asua José , Benguria-Arrate Gaizka , Galnares-Cordero Lorea 
Published: July 2009

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify and rank the sources for the detection of potentially obsolete technologies (POTs).Methods:A specific questionnaire related to the search strategies and sources used for the identification of POTs and also for ineffective, inefficient or harmful health technologies was sent to the Health Technology Assessment International's Information Resources Group (HTAi-IRG) group. With the obtained information and taking into account the sources used for the identification of new and emerging technologies, a second questionnaire was elaborated and sent to EuroScan and International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA) members, who had to select and score them. For the final ranking, the number of votes and the median score were taken into account.Results:Seven HTAi-IRG members answered to the first questionnaire. Seventeen agencies answered to the second one (thirteen EuroScan members and four more members from INAHTA), but only seven had worked in the identification of POTs and one of them using only experts for it. The remaining six agencies answered the part related to devices, diagnostics, and procedures; five of them did it for settings and programmes and only three for drugs. The Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (5 votes; median = 2), Cochrane Collaboration (5 votes; median = 3), NICE (4 votes; median = 1), Food and Drug Administration (4 votes; median = 1.5), and EuroScan (4 votes, median = 2) were the most relevant sources for devices and diagnostics.Conclusions:There is little experience on POTs identification. The identified sources provide mostly indirect information and further research should take place to determine the best use of them.
On the cooperation of the constraint domains ℋ, ℛ, and ℱ in CFLP
Authors: ESTÉVEZ-MARTÍN S. , HORTALÁ-GONZÁLEZ T. , RODRÍGUEZ-ARTALEJO M. , DEL VADO-VÍRSEDA R. , SÁENZ-PÉREZ F. , FERNÁNDEZ A. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a computational model for the cooperation of constraint domains and an implementation for a particular case of practical importance. The computational model supports declarative programming with lazy and possibly higher-order functions, predicates, and the cooperation of different constraint domains equipped with their respective solvers, relying on a so-called constraint functional logic programming (CFLP) scheme. The implementation has been developed on top of theCFLPsystem, supporting the cooperation of the three domains ℋ, ℛ, and ℱ, which supply equality and disequality constraints over symbolic terms, arithmetic constraints over the real numbers, and finite domain constraints over the integers, respectively. The computational model has been proved sound and complete w.r.t. the declarative semantics provided by theCFLPscheme, while the implemented system has been tested with a set of benchmarks and shown to behave quite efficiently in comparison to the closest related approach we are aware of.
Caleydo: connecting pathways and gene expression
Authors: Streit Marc , Lex Alexander , Kalkusch Michael , Zatloukal Kurt , Schmalstieg Dieter 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Summary: Understanding the relationships between pathways and the altered expression of their components in disease conditions can be addressed in a visual data analysis process. Caleydo uses novel visualization techniques to support life science experts in their analysis of gene expression data in the context of pathways and functions of individual genes. Pathways and gene expression visualizations are placed in a 3D scene where selected entities (i.e. genes) are visually connected. This allows Caleydo to seamlessly integrate interactive gene expression visualization with cross-database pathway exploration.
Availability: The Caleydo visualization framework is freely available on www.caleydo.org for non-commercial use. It runs on Windows and Linux and requires a 3D capable graphics card.
Contact: caleydo@icg.tugraz.at; streit@icg.tugraz.at
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
An optimization model for metabolic pathways
Authors: Planes F. J. , Beasley J. E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Different mathematical methods have emerged in the post-genomic era to determine metabolic pathways. These methods can be divided into stoichiometric methods and path finding methods. In this paper we detail a novel optimization model, based upon integer linear programming, to determine metabolic pathways. Our model links reaction stoichiometry with path finding in a single approach. We test the ability of our model to determine 40 annotated Escherichia coli metabolic pathways. We show that our model is able to determine 36 of these 40 pathways in a computationally effective manner.
Contact: john.beasley@brunel.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Inhibition of the active principle of the weak opioid tilidine by the triazole antifungal voriconazole
Authors: Grün Barbara , Krautter Stefanie , Riedel Klaus‐Dieter , Mikus Gerd 
Published: July 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THE SUBJECT • Tilidine, a World Health Organization level II analgesic, is a high extraction drug subject to pronounced first‐pass metabolism, resulting in a low absolute bioavailability.• The analgesic activity of tilidine is almost exclusively exerted through its metabolite nortilidine, which easily penetrates the blood–brain barrier and binds to the µ‐opioid receptor as a potent agonist.• In vitro, tilidine has been shown to be metabolized to nortilidine by N‐demethylation via CYP3A4 and CYP2C19; furthermore, strong CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 inhibitors inhibited the formation of nortilidine, suggesting that these inhibitors will lead to a reduction of tilidine efficiency in vivo. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS • Co‐administration of tilidine and the potent CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 inhibitor voriconazole resulted in a major pharmacokinetic interaction that was partly associated with changes in the analgesic effect.• Voriconazole inhibits both metabolic steps in the sequential metabolism of tilidine resulting in an increased exposure of the active nortilidine.• The incidence of adverse reactions was also significantly increased.AIMSTo investigate in vivo the influence of the potent CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 inhibitor voriconazole on the pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects of tilidine.METHODSSixteen healthy volunteers received voriconazole (400 mg) or placebo together with a single oral dose of tilidine (100 mg). Blood samples and urine were collected for 24 h and experimental pain was determined by using the cold pressor test. Noncompartimental analysis was performed to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of tilidine, nortilidine and voriconazole, whereas pharmacodynamic parameters were analysed by nonparametric repeated measures anova (Friedman).RESULTSVoriconazole caused a 20‐fold increase in exposition of tilidine in serum [AUC 1250.8 h*ng ml−1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1076.8, 1424.9 vs. 61 h*ng ml−1, 95% CI 42.6, 80.9; P < 0.0001], whereas the AUC of nortilidine also increased 2.5‐fold. After voriconazole much lower serum concentrations of bisnortilidine were observed. The onset of analgesic activity occurred later with voriconazole, which is in agreement with the prolonged tmax of nortilidine (0.78 h, 95% CI 0.63, 0.93 vs. 2.5 h, 95% CI 1.85, 3.18; P < 0.0001) due to the additional inhibition of nortilidine metabolism to bisnortilidine. After voriconazole the AUC under the pain withdrawal–time curve was reduced compared with placebo (149 s h−1, 95% CI 112, 185 vs. 175 s h−1, 95% CI 138, 213; P < 0.016), mainly due to the shorter withdrawal time 0.75 h after tilidine administration.CONCLUSIONSVoriconazole significantly inhibited the sequential metabolism of tilidine with increased exposure of the active nortilidine. Furthermore, the incidence of adverse events was almost doubled after voriconazole and tilidine.