bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal Control of Apical and Basal Living Subcellular Chemical Environments Through Vertical Phase Separation
Authors: Yang Jui‐Ming , Didier Jonathan E. , Cassino Theresa R. , LeDuc Philip R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMolecular distribution within living cells is organized through multiscaled compartmentalization that enables specialized processes to occur with high efficiency. The ability to control the chemical environment at a subcellular level is limited due to deficient positional control over the aqueous stimulant. Here, a multilayered microfluidic system built from polydimethylsiloxane to separate chemical stimulants over single living cells vertically through aqueous‐phase separation under laminar flow is demonstrated. Cells are cultured on top of single micrometer‐scale channels inside a larger channel, allowing labeling of the apical domain of single cells through the main channel with simultaneous and distinct labeling of the basal domain via the lower microchannels. The system is transparent, which allows the use of optical microscopy to investigate the spatiotemporal response of labeled components. By employing this technique, the examination of localized subcellular domain responses in polarization, lipid bilayer mobility, and apical‐to‐basal signal transduction can be explored.
Molecular Switch Controlled by Pulsed Bias Voltages
Authors: Meded Velimir , Bagrets Alexei , Arnold Andreas , Evers Ferdinand 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRecent experiments have shown that the current–voltage characteristics (I–V) of BPDN‐DT (bipyridyl‐dinitro oligophenylene‐ethynylene dithiol) can be switched in a very controlled manner between “on” and “off” traces by applying a pulse in a bias voltage, Vbias. Here, the polaron formation energies are calculated to check a frequently held belief, namely, that the polaron formation can explain the observed bistability. These results are not consistent with such a mechanism. Instead, a conformational reorientation is proposed. The molecule carries an intrinsic dipole moment, which couples to Vbias. Ramping Vbias exerts a force on the dipole that can reorient (“rotate”) the molecule from the ground state (“off”) into a metastable configuration (“on”) and back. By elaborated electronic structure calculations, a specific path for this rotation is identified through the molecule's conformational phase space. It is shown that this path has sufficiently high barriers to inhibit thermal instability but that the molecule can still be switched in the voltage range of the junction stability. The theoretical I–Vs qualitatively reproduce the key experimental observations. A proposal for the experimental verification of the alternative mechanism of conductance switching is presented.
Two‐Dimensional Self‐Organization of an Ordered Au Silicide Nanowire Network on a Si(110)‐16 × 2 Surface
Authors: Hong Ie‐Hong , Yen Shang‐Chieh , Lin Fu‐Shiang 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA well‐ordered two‐dimensional (2D) network consisting of two crossed Au silicide nanowire (NW) arrays is self‐organized on a Si(110)‐16 × 2 surface by the direct‐current heating of ≈1.5 monolayers of Au on the surface at 1100 K. Such a highly regular crossbar nanomesh exhibits both a perfect long‐range spatial order and a high integration density over a mesoscopic area, and these two self‐ordering crossed arrays of parallel‐aligned NWs have distinctly different sizes and conductivities. NWs are fabricated with widths and pitches as small as ≈2 and ≈5 nm, respectively. The difference in the conductivities of two crossed‐NW arrays opens up the possibility for their utilization in nanodevices of crossbar architecture. Scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy studies show that the 2D self‐organization of this perfect Au silicide nanomesh can be achieved through two different directional electromigrations of Au silicide NWs along different orientations of two nonorthogonal 16 × 2 domains, which are driven by the electrical field of direct‐current heating. Prospects for this Au silicide nanomesh are also discussed.
Ship lift at Three Gorges Dam, China – design of steel structures
Authors: Akkermann Jan , Runte Thomas , Krebs Dorothea 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe vertical ship lift at the Three Gorges Dam in China will consist of a reinforced concrete structure with an internal steel ship chamber. The chamber will be a self‐supporting orthotropic plate structure, continuously suspended from ropes with counterweights. Its components, such as segment gates, drive, horizontal guiding systems in the longitudinal and transverse directions plus locking and safety mechanisms are described here. A special procedure for reducing the tolerances of the steel components embedded in the reinforced concrete structure is explained.
Minimum cost design of a welded stiffened steel sectorial plate
Authors: Farkas József 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe most economic form of stiffening is required for a steel sectorial plate. Stiffeners made from halved rolled I‐sections are welded to the base plate with double fillet welds. The plate is subjected to a uniformly distributed normal load. Three stiffening types are designed as follows: (a) non‐equidistant tangential stiffening with constant base plate thickness, (b) equidistant tangential stiffening with base plate thickness varying stepwise, and (c) equidistant tangential stiffening with constant base plate thickness combined with radial stiffeners.Each form of stiffening is designed so that the maximum stress due to bending from the factored normal load in the base plate parts should not exceed the yield stress. The positions of the non‐equidistant tangential stiffeners are calculated by a special mathematical algorithm. The costs of materials, assembly, welding and painting are calculated for each stiffening version and the costs are compared with each other.The cost comparison shows that – for a given numerical problem – stiffening type (b) is the cheapest and type (a) the lightest. Type (c) needs too much welding and is also the most expensive.
Evaluation of Double Tract Reconstruction After Total Gastrectomy in Patients with Gastric Cancer: Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Iwahashi Makoto , Nakamori Mikihito , Nakamura Masaki , Naka Teiji , Ojima Toshiyasu , Iida Takeshi , Katsuda Masahiro , Ueda Kentaro , Yamaue Hiroki 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe double tract (DT) method was compared with the Roux‐en‐Y (R‐Y) method to identify the optimal reconstruction procedure after total gastrectomy for patients with gastric cancer. The DT reconstruction is as simple as the R‐Y, and it can be safely performed even after total gastrectomy. However, these have been no studies evaluating the usefulness of DT reconstruction in comparison to R‐Y reconstruction.MethodsA group of 44 patients with gastric cancer were intraoperatively randomized for R‐Y (n = 23) or DT reconstruction (n = 21) after total gastrectomy (TG). Body weight, food intake, nutritional conditions, and quality of life (QOL) were determined at 3 and 12 months after the operation. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, no. NCT00746161.ResultsFood intake significantly decreased soon after the operation. No differences were observed between the DT and R‐Y groups. The body weight decreased throughout the ensuing period (P < 0.05) and thereafter gradually recovered. However, no differences were observed between the two groups. Among the nutritional laboratory parameters, serum prealbumin, retinol‐binding protein, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were decreased soon after the operation. The changes of those parameters were not substantially different between the two groups. The postoperative QOL was evaluated, and no differences were observed between those groups.ConclusionsThere were no particular advantages in the DT method after TG in comparison to the simple R‐Y method in terms of body weight, QOL, and nutritional conditions, suggesting that the DT method might not be recommended after TG for patients with gastric cancer.
An Update on Long‐Term Outcome of Curative Hepatic Resection for Hepatocholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Chok Kenneth Siu‐Ho , Ng Kelvin K. C. , Cheung Tan To , Yuen Wai Key , Poon Ronnie T. P. , Lo Chung Mau , Fan Sheung Tat 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackgroundHepatocholangiocarcinoma (HCC‐CC) is a rare primary liver cancer. Its long‐term prognosis is still not well‐defined. Results from the Eastern and Western literature have been conflicting and no conclusions can be drawn. The aim of the present study was to review the long‐term outcome of curative hepatectomy for HCC‐CC.Patients and methodsProspectively collected data from December 1991 to 2006 recording patients with primary liver cancer receiving curative hepatectomy were reviewed. Twenty‐five patients, 16 men and 9 women with a median age of 48 years, all ethnic Chinese, had HCC‐CC. Their long‐term outcome of resection was analyzed and compared to that of patients with cholangiocarcinoma (CC) or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).ResultsThe HCC‐CC patients had a median tumor size of 7.5 cm. Five of them developed postoperative complications. The median follow‐up period was 25 months. All of the patients developed recurrence. The median overall survival was 25.2 months. The HCC‐CC and CC groups had significantly worse overall survival than the HCC group (HCC versus HCC‐CC, p = 0.012; HCC versus CC, p = 0.001) whereas between them there was no significant difference (p = 0.822). As for disease‐free survival, there was no significant difference between the three groups; the median disease‐free survival for HCC‐CC patients was 13.5 months; that for CC patients, 16.1 months; and that for HCC patients, 19.0 months. All HCC‐CC patients died within 120 months of primary surgery.ConclusionsHepatocholangiocarcinoma entails poor long‐term outcome after potentially curative hepatectomy. Other modalities of treatment should be explored in order to prolong survival of patients with this disease.
Changes in variance components of forest structure along a chronosequence in a wave‐regenerated forest
Authors: Suzuki Satoshi N. , Kachi Naoki , Suzuki Jun‐Ichirou 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe explored structural mean and variation along a chronosequence in a wave‐regenerated forest on Mt. Shimagare, Japan, and examined differences in the components of variation between developmental stages. Because there are several strips of stands at the same developmental stage in the forest, between‐ and within‐strip variances (i.e., variance components) were analyzed at each stage. Three strips were selected for each of three developmental stages (one for saplings to three for mature trees), and four plots were established in each of the strips. Stem densities and stand basal areas for trees taller than 20 cm were computed for all plots. Six Bayesian ANOVA models were compared to examine the temporal patterns of stage means, total variance, and the variance components for the two stand structural parameters. The results of the model comparison suggested that the variation in stem densities decreased from the sapling stage to the mature stage, but variation in stand basal areas remained roughly constant throughout forest development. For both density and basal area, the relative magnitudes of each variance component compared to the total variance differed between stages; the ratios of between‐strip variation to within‐strip variation were highest at the mature stage. Our results suggest that forest structure exhibited higher variability during development of the wave‐regenerated forest than was assumed in previous studies and that the variance components for the forest structure varied temporally among developmental stages. This study thus illustrated a potential application of the chronosequence approach to infer the dynamics of a spatially heterogeneous and hierarchically structured ecosystem.
Frying Quality Characteristics of French Fries Prepared in Refined Olive Oil and Palm Olein
Authors: Tabee Elham , Jägerstad Margaretha , Dutta Paresh C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe objective of this study was to compare two oils with different polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) fatty acid ratios, refined olive oil (P/S 0.75) and palm olein (P/S 0.25), in frying French fries. The chemical qualities of the oil residues extracted from the French fries were assayed for five consecutive batches fried at 1‐h intervals. The levels of total polar compounds, free fatty acids, p‐anisidine value and phytosterol oxidation products (POPs) were elevated in French fries fried in both oils. The level of total polar compounds increased from 4.6 in fresh refined olive oil to 7.3% in final batches of French fries. The corresponding figures for palm olein were 9.8–13.8%. The level of free fatty acid in fresh refined olive oil increased from 0.06 to 0.11% in final products. These figures for palm olein were 0.04–0.13%. The p‐anisidine value increased from 3.7 to 32.8 and 2.5 to 53.4 in fresh oils and in final batches of French fries in refined olive oil and palm olein, respectively. The total amount of POPs in fresh refined olive oil increased from 5.1 to 9.6 μg/g oil in final products. These figures were 1.9 to 5.3 μg/g oil for palm olein.
A social relations analysis of liking for and by peers: Associations with gender, depression, peer perception, and worry
Authors: Zimmer‐Gembeck Melanie J. , Waters Allison M. , Kindermann Thomas 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTWe used social relations modeling (SRM; mixed modeling and SOREMO) to examine liking among peers (affective preferences) in relation to gender and socioemotional problems. Participants (N = 278, age 10 to 13) rated how much they liked each other and reported depressive symptoms, negative beliefs, and social worries. Boys and girls were equally liked, but liked same‐gender more than cross‐gender peers. Genders showed similar consensus about liking for same‐gender peers; rater differences were important for cross‐gender liking. Depressed preadolescents were liked less but did not like classmates less. Participants who attributed more negative qualities to peers were less liked and liked others less. SRM showed no associations between worry and affective preferences, whereas others analyses indicated those with high worry were less liked. SRM results were compared to results using more typical methods, and recommendations were made for using same‐gender vs. cross‐gender ratings and summary affective preference scores.
Early embryonic brain development in rats requires the trophic influence of cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Martin C. , Alonso M.I. , Santiago C. , Moro J.A. , De la Mano A. , Carretero R. , Gato A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCerebrospinal fluid has shown itself to be an essential brain component during development. This is particularly evident at the earliest stages of development where a lot of research, performed mainly in chick embryos, supports the evidence that cerebrospinal fluid is involved in different mechanisms controlling brain growth and morphogenesis, by exerting a trophic effect on neuroepithelial precursor cells (NPC) involved in controlling the behaviour of these cells. Despite it being known that cerebrospinal fluid in mammals is directly involved in corticogenesis at fetal stages, the influence of cerebrospinal fluid on the activity of NPC at the earliest stages of brain development has not been demonstrated. Here, using “in vitro” organotypic cultures of rat embryo brain neuroepithelium in order to expose NPC to or deprive them of cerebrospinal fluid, we show that the neuroepithelium needs the trophic influence of cerebrospinal fluid to undergo normal rates of cell survival, replication and neurogenesis, suggesting that NPC are not self‐sufficient to induce their normal activity. This data shows that cerebrospinal fluid is an essential component in chick and rat early brain development, suggesting that its influence could be constant in higher vertebrates.
Women are still deprived of access to lifesaving essential and emergency obstetric care
Authors: Islam Monir , Yoshida Sachiyo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTwo decades have passed since the global community agreed in Nairobi to the Safe Motherhood Initiative to reduce maternal deaths. However, every year 536 000 pregnant women are dying. There is no ambiguity about why most of these women are dying. These tragedies are avoidable if women have timely access to quality essential obstetric and emergency care. Rural and poor women are mostly excluded from accessing skilled and emergency care. Quality facility‐based care is the best option to reduce maternal mortality. Scaling up essential interventions and services—particularly for those who are excluded—is a substantial and challenging undertaking. We need to challenge our policy makers and program managers to refocus program content; to shift focus from development of new technologies toward development of viable organizational strategies to provide access to essential and emergency obstetric care 24 hours a day 7 days a week, and account for every birth and every death.
MediatingMusic:materiality and silence in Madonna's ‘Don't Tell Me’
Authors: DANIELSEN ANNE , MAASØ ARNT 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis article investigates how the concrete sound of and recording process behind a pop tune relate to the possibilities and constraints of its electronic media. After a brief presentation of some theoretical issues related to the question of mediation and materiality, we address the claim that digitisation erases the material aspects of mediation through an investigation of contemporary popular music. Through a close analysis of the sound (and the silence) in Madonna's song ‘Don't Tell Me’, from the albumMusic(2000), as well as in a handful of related examples, we argue that one can indeed identify specific aural qualities associated with digital sound, and that these qualities may be used to achieve different aesthetic effects as well as to shed light on mediation and medium specificity as such.
The groove in the box: a technologically mediated inspiration in electronic dance music
Authors: TJORA AKSEL H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEven though electronic and computer-based technologies are commonly used in music composition, performance and recording, this field of technology use has, with a few exceptions, remained fairly unexplored within social studies of technology. In this article, the role of technology in music production is investigated by applying the notion of script (Akrich 1992) to an empirical study of users of the Roland MC303 Groovebox, a self-contained instrument for making techno, rap, jungle, hip-hop, acid and other styles of electronic (dance) music. The study focuses especially on individual differences between users' perceptions of the musical-stylistic directedness of the Groovebox and how they construct different user scripts and more advanced needs as they become more familiar with the instrument. The latter observation highlights the relevance of a user trajectory, the notion that enthusiast technology users may keep on using a specific technological artefact through various usage modes or scripts over time.
Popular cultural cringe: language as signifier of authenticity and quality in the Singaporean popular music market
Authors: MATTAR YASSER 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis article looks at the popular music industry in Singapore and argues that there exists a ‘cultural cringe’ for domestic English-language music, which is considered as inferior to English-language music from Western countries. Singaporean consumers of popular music use the English language as a signifier of authenticity and consequently quality of musicians. Local musicians are deemed ‘inauthentic’ because consumers perceive the local variant of English spoken in Singapore is inferior to other variants of English spoken in Western countries. There is thus an underlying sub-text of an inferiority complex coming out of the post-colonial experience that effectively diminishes the possibility of success as English-language musicians. Yet, such a phenomenon is not observed in the vernacular Malay and Chinese-language music industries. In the final analysis, this article suggests that modernisation and modernity for Singapore is neither completely localised nor completely imposed: there exists a negotiation in the popular cultural sphere based on historical (colonial) baggage.
The origins, evolution, and future ofThe Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Authors: Starr Mark , Chalmers Iain , Clarke Mike , Oxman Andrew D. 
Published: June 2009

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(CDSR) evolved in response to Archie Cochrane's challenge to the medical profession to assemble “a critical summary, adapted periodically, of all . . . relevant randomized controlled trials”.CDSRhas been an electronic publication from its inception and this has meant that Cochrane reviews (i) need not be constrained by lack of space; (ii) can be updated as new information becomes available and when mistakes or other ways of improving them are identified; and (iii) can be cross-linked to other, related sources of relevant information. AlthoughCDSRhas become widely cited, it must continue to evolve in the light of technological and methodological developments, and in response to the needs of people making decisions about health care.
“We Want to Go Home!” The Great Petition of the Zhiqing, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, 1978–1979
Authors: Yang Bin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis article examines, both in internal and international contexts, the petition of the zhiqing in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, during the 1978–79 transition. It first shows how a shortage of labour on Xishuangbanna state rubber farms led to the arrival of the zhiqing from other regions. It then reviews their lives and sufferings of these revolutionary youths, followed by an analysis of the petition in terms of its process and result. This article proposes three key reasons for the win-win result: the extraordinary leadership and organization of the zhiqing, factional struggles within the Chinese Communist Party, and the Sino-Vietnamese War. Finally, it attempts to fit this event into recent literature on mass resistance in contemporary China.
Gaps in the Silk Road: An Analysis of Population Health Disparities in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China
Authors: Schuster Brenda L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe Han and Uyghur populations of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China differ in all major health indicators. In life expectancy, infant mortality, maternal mortality and morbidity Uyghur people are much worse off than Han. Calculations performed with the linear mixed effect multiple regression model show that poor health in Xinjiang is tied directly to Uyghur nationality. Although education, employment and income are also correlated with public health outcomes, they neither cancel out the effect of nationality nor lessen it significantly. Various socio-economic, cultural and historical factors are responsible for the health gap. Preliminary investigations suggest that lack of education, low income, cultural attitudes about gender, group-specific psychological stress, and the socio-economic and demographic changes of the past 60 years could be the major factors.