bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A survey of the management of neonatal hypoglycaemia within the Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network
Authors: Harris Deborah L , Weston Philip J , Battin Malcolm R , Harding Jane E 
Published: October 2009

Background:  Neonatal hypoglycaemia is a common problem linked to both brain damage and death. There is controversy regarding both the definition of and best treatment for neonatal hypoglycaemia.Aim:  To determine current management of neonatal hypoglycaemia within the Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network (ANZNN).Methods:  Four questionnaires were sent to the Director of each of the 45 nurseries within the ANZNN. The Director was asked to complete one questionnaire and give the remaining three to other doctors involved with the management of babies with hypoglycaemia in the nursery.Results:  One hundred and eighty surveys were sent and 127 were returned (71%), including at least one from each nursery. Almost all respondents (120, 94%) reported using a protocol to treat hypoglycaemia. Only 2 (2%) reported screening all babies for neonatal hypoglycaemia, with the remainder screening babies at risk. Only 67, (53%) reported that blood glucose levels were tested on an analyser generally considered to be reliable at low levels. Most respondents (99, 78%) reported the clinical threshold for treatment was <2.6 mmol/L. However, when provided with clinical scenarios, respondents reported a variety of interventions, including no treatment.Conclusion:  Doctors within the ANZNN are consistent about definition and screening for neonatal hypoglycaemia. However, frequently, the diagnosis is made using unreliable analysers. There is also wide variation in treatment, suggesting a lack of reliable evidence on which to base practice.
Adolescent and young adult health in a children's hospital: Everybody's business
Authors: Tan Jamie , Cox Robyn , Shannon Penny , Payne Donald 
Published: October 2009

Background: To guide the development of adolescent health training and the planning of future services, accurate data describing health service use by adolescents and young adults are needed.Aim: To describe admission rates for adolescents (12–17 years) and young adults (age 18 years and over) attending a specialist children's hospital over an 8‐year period. Specific objectives were to describe the (i) proportion of adolescents and young adults admitted under different specialties; (ii) age range, with emphasis on those 18 years and over; and (iii) proportion of patients admitted to the general adolescent ward.Methods: Data on adolescent and young adult admissions to Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH) were collected prospectively from July 2000 to June 2008.Results: Adolescents and young adults accounted for one fifth (range 18–22%) of all admissions to PMH. Over the 8‐year period, the number of adolescent and young adult admissions increased from 3935 (54% males) to 4967 (56% males) per year. The proportion admitted to the general adolescent ward ranged from 22% to 36%. The three specialties admitting the most adolescents and young adults were General Surgery (11–13%), Orthopaedics (11–13%) and Oncology/Haematology (10–14%). The age range was: 12–14 years (57–67%); 15–17 (30–39%); 18+ (2–5%). At least 15 patients aged 20 or over were admitted each year, mostly for Dental or Plastic Surgery.Conclusions: Adolescent and young adult health is part of the core business of paediatrics. This should be reflected in the planning of future paediatric services. All trainees require some basic training, regardless of heir specialty area.
The impact of ear, nose and throat surgery on children's subsequent use of health services: An 8‐year cohort study
Authors: Rob Marilyn I , Westbrook Johanna I 
Published: October 2009

Aim:  High rates of paediatric ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgery persist. Little is known about its impact on health service utilisation. This study investigated whether children who had ENT surgery used more health services prior to surgery (excluding the perisurgery period), and, if so, whether surgery resulted in reduced utilisation.Methods:  A retrospective population cohort study of health services use (measured by Medicare claims) by 6239 New South Wales children from the time of their birth in January 1990 until December 1997. We compared: (i) number of claims during the 8‐year period for the 359 children who had privately‐funded ENT surgery (tonsillectomy, myringotomy or adenoidectomy) with claims made by 5880 children who did not have ENT surgery; and (ii) among children who had surgery: we compared claims made before surgery with those made after surgery.Results:  Children who had privately funded ENT surgery (comprising 59% of all paediatric ENT surgery) used significantly more services than other children in total (103.8 claims vs. 57.1 over 8 years) and in each three months of age from birth to eight years, including services for non‐ENT‐related conditions. Tonsillectomy resulted in a decline in claims, but not to the level of children who did not have surgery. Most children who had myringotomy continued high‐level health services use following surgery.Conclusions:  High volume health services utilisation is a potential predictor of ENT surgery in this population. These results suggest a need to investigate non‐clinical factors that influence service utilisation, which may include higher parental expectations or anxiety regarding their children's health.
Food‐entrainable circadian oscillators in the brain
Authors: Verwey M. , Amir S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCircadian rhythms in mammalian behaviour and physiology rely on daily oscillations in the expression of canonical clock genes. Circadian rhythms in clock gene expression are observed in the master circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus but are also observed in many other brain regions that have diverse roles, including influences on motivational and emotional state, learning, hormone release and feeding. Increasingly, important links between circadian rhythms and metabolism are being uncovered. In particular, restricted feeding (RF) schedules which limit food availability to a single meal each day lead to the induction and entrainment of circadian rhythms in food‐anticipatory activities in rodents. Food‐anticipatory activities include increases in core body temperature, activity and hormone release in the hours leading up to the predictable mealtime. Crucially, RF schedules and the accompanying food‐anticipatory activities are also associated with shifts in the daily oscillation of clock gene expression in diverse brain areas involved in feeding, energy balance, learning and memory, and motivation. Moreover, lesions of specific brain nuclei can affect the way rats will respond to RF, but have generally failed to eliminate all food‐anticipatory activities. As a consequence, it is likely that a distributed neural system underlies the generation and regulation of food‐anticipatory activities under RF. Thus, in the future, we would suggest that a more comprehensive approach should be taken, one that investigates the interactions between multiple circadian oscillators in the brain and body, and starts to report on potential neural systems rather than individual and discrete brain areas.
Timing and anticipation: conceptual and methodological approaches
Authors: Balsam Peter , Sanchez‐Castillo Hugo , Taylor Kathleen , Van Volkinburg Heather , Ward Ryan D. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAnticipation occurs on timescales ranging from milliseconds to hours to days. This paper relates the theoretical and methodological developments in the study of interval timing in the seconds, minutes and hours range to research on the anticipatory activity induced by regularly timed daily meals. Daily food‐anticipatory activity (FAA) is entrained by procedures which are formally identical to procedures studied in Pavlovian and operant conditioning except for the long duration of the interval between feeding opportunities. As in FAA, the conditioning procedures induce orderly anticipatory activity in advance of food presentation. During the interval between foods the behaviors that express anticipation change as the interval progresses. Consequently, no single response represents a pure measure of anticipation. The ability to distinguish between properties of general anticipatory timing mechanisms such as the scalar property (Gibbon, 1977) and dynamic properties of specific response output systems has been facilitated by teaching animals to use arbitrary anticipatory responses like bar‐pressing to obtain food. Interval timing research highlights the importance of identifying the mechanisms of perception, memory, decision making and motivation that all contribute to food anticipation. We suggest that future work focused on the similarities and differences in the neural bases of FAA and interval timing may be useful in unravelling the mechanisms mediating timing behavior.
Theoretical and conceptual issues in time–place discrimination
Authors: Crystal Jonathon D. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe need to discover resources that are available under specific environmental constraints represents a fundamental environmental pressure on the evolution of behavior. Time–place discrimination refers to the ability to secure resources when they are available under specific temporal and spatial contingencies. This article reviews a number of examples of time–place discrimination. The review highlights theoretical and conceptual issues that are needed to behaviorally identify the mechanisms responsible for time–place performance. Next, limitations on time–place performance that may be imposed by a circadian system are described. Finally, a number of lines of research that broaden these limitations are discussed. These lines of research include studies that suggest that (i) a broad range of long intervals (outside the limited range of circadian entrainment) are timed, (ii) at least some long intervals (16–21 h) are timed with an endogenous self‐sustaining oscillator, (iii) short intervals (in the range of 1–3 min) are timed with an endogenous self‐sustaining oscillator, and (iv) memory for specific unique events (including when and where they occurred) is based on a circadian representation of time. It is concluded that a unified theory of timing that can retain the times of occurrence of individual events is needed. The time of occurrence of an event may be encoded not only with respect to a circadian oscillator but also with respect to other oscillators in the long‐interval and short‐interval ranges.
Relationship of arousal to circadian anticipatory behavior: ventromedial hypothalamus: one node in a hunger–arousal network
Authors: Ribeiro Ana C. , LeSauter Joseph , Dupré Christophe , Pfaff Donald W. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe mechanisms by which animals adapt to an ever‐changing environment have long fascinated scientists. Different forces, conveying information regarding various aspects of the internal and external environment, interact with each other to modulate behavioral arousal. These forces can act in concert or, at times, in opposite directions. These signals eventually converge and are integrated to influence a common arousal pathway which, depending on all the information received from the environment, supports the activation of the most appropriate behavioral response. In this review we propose that the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) is part of the circuitry that controls food anticipation. It is the first nucleus activated when there is a change in the time of food availability, silencing of VMN ghrelin receptors decreases food‐anticipatory activity (FAA) and, although lesions of the VMN do not abolish FAA, parts of the response are often altered. In proposing this model it is not our intention to exclude parallel, redundant and possibly interacting pathways that may ultimately communicate with, or work in concert with, the proposed network, but rather to describe the neuroanatomical requirements for this circuit and to illustrate how the VMN is strategically placed and connected to mediate this complex behavioral adaptation.
Complex regional influence of photoperiod on the nycthemeral functioning of the dorsal and median raphé serotoninergic system in the Syrian hamster
Authors: Nexon Laurent , Poirel Vincent‐J. , Clesse Daniel , Pévet Paul , Raison Sylvie 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is a widely used species for the study of biological clock synchronization and photoperiodism. The serotoninergic system arising from the median (MnR) and the dorsal raphé (DR) is a major actor in circadian clock synchronization. This serotoninergic system is also associated with functions and behaviours influenced by seasonal changes. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of photoperiod on the daily functioning of the MnR and DR serotoninergic system. The morphology of both raphé nuclei was analysed in hamsters kept under long and short photoperiod by immunocytochemical detection of two markers of the serotoninergic system, serotonin and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH, the rate‐limiting enzyme of serotonin synthesis). The morphological analysis revealed a fairly complex morphological organization of the DR and MnR along their caudo‐rostral extent. This morphological organisation was similar in the two photoperiods. However, quantification of several markers of serotonin (5‐HT) synthesis in the DR and MnR revealed a time‐dependent functioning of serotoninergic cells that was locally influenced by photoperiod. In particular, the significant daily variations of tph2‐mRNA and TPH levels in the rostral MnR, and of the 5‐HT/5‐HIAA (5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid) ratio within the suprachiasmatic nuclei, were abolished under short photoperiod. The results are discussed with regard to the known physiological role of the serotoninergic system on the biological clock.
Proliferation ofStreptococcus zooepidemicusandPseudomonas aeruginosawithin a simulated subpalpebral lavage flushed with equine serum
Authors: Jacobi Susan , Townsend Wendy M. , Bolin Carole A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjective To evaluate whether equine serum administered via a simulated subpalpebral lavage system (SPL) supports proliferation ofStreptococcus zooepidemicusorPseudomonas aeruginosawithin the tubing.Procedures A sterile i.v. catheter with injection cap was inserted into sterilized silicone tubing (Mila®). To mimic an SPL within the dorsal conjunctival fornix, the tubing was secured to an elevated platform. The tip of the tubing extended from the platform into a vial containing culture medium just inoculated with approximately 1.5 × 108CFU/mLP. aeruginosaorS. zooepidemicus. To mimic administration of medication, the tubing was infused twice daily with equine serum, sterile saline (negative control), or culture medium (positive control) followed by air. Incubation was at 25 or 37 °C. At 24, 48, and 72 h postinoculation, samples were obtained for bacterial culture from one simulated SPL for each experimental variant. The following sections were cultured: (i) tubing tip previously submerged in the inoculated culture medium, (ii) tubing mid‐section, and (iii) tip of the i.v. catheter. The experiment was performed in triplicate.Results Streptococcus zooepidemicusorP. aeruginosawere isolated from 100% of the tubing tips.Streptococcus zooepidemicuswas isolated from one mid‐section flushed with culture medium incubated at 37 °C. All other samples were negative for growth of the inoculated agents.Conclusions Streptococcus zooepidemicusandP. aeruginosadid not proliferate within silicone tubing infused with equine serum. These data suggest that topical serum can be safely administered through a superiorly placed SPL in clinical cases.
Intracapsular lensectomy and sulcus intraocular lens fixation in dogs with primary lens luxation or subluxation
Authors: Stuhr Charles M. , Schilke Hillary K. , Forte Christina 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjective  To evaluate the postoperative results of lensectomy and sulcus intraocular lens fixation (SIOLF) via an ab interno approach in dogs with progressive lens subluxation or early luxation.Study design  Retrospective study.Animals studied  Twenty eyes from 19 dogs presented to the Animal Eye Clinic for lens luxation or subluxation between 1999 and 2006.Methods  Medical records were reviewed to evaluate preoperative lens position, vision status, intraocular pressure (IOP), and whether surgery was performed on an emergent or elective nature. Lensectomy and SIOLF were performed and postoperative status including vision, glaucoma, and retinal detachment was assessed.Results  Average age was 8.6 years (range 4–14 years) and 55% (11/20) were terriers. Patients were followed a mean of 29.2 months (range 1–92 months) after surgery. Retinal detachment or secondary glaucoma was observed in 1 of 20 (5%) and 5 of 20 (20%) eyes, respectively, with 1 of 20 (5%) exhibiting both. Mean preoperative IOP was 16 mmHg and preoperative lens position was equally divided between luxated and subluxated lenses. Surgery was performed more frequently as an elective procedure (18/20; 90%) due to normalized IOP vs. an emergency procedure (2/20; 10%). Vision was retained in 70% (14/20) of eyes with a mean time to vision loss of 41 months in the remaining eyes due to glaucoma, retinal detachment, or retinal degeneration.Conclusions  Complications of glaucoma and retinal detachment after SIOLF in this study were less when compared with previously reported incidence rates in the literature for lensectomy alone which may reflect improved patient selection.
The histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of pigmentary and cystic glaucoma in the Golden Retriever
Authors: Esson Douglas , Armour Micki , Mundy Patricia , Schobert Charles S. , Dubielzig Richard R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA clinical syndrome comprising the formation of thin‐walled cysts within the posterior chamber, proteinaceous exudation, and pigment dispersion, which typically culminates in glaucoma is recognized in the Golden Retriever breed. Although not uncommon, this syndrome has been relatively infrequently documented in the literature, particularly from a histological standpoint. Fifteen globes from Golden Retrievers presented to Eye Care for Animals between 2003 and 2009 were evaluated by routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) as well as immunohistochemical staining. Alcian blue, periodic acid Schiff (PAS), Masson’s trichrome, Cytokeratin, Vimentin, Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE), S‐100, and smooth muscle actin staining were performed. The thin‐walled cysts stained positive with Vimentin, NSE, and S‐100 in 15/15 globes, consistent with a ciliary body epithelial cellular origin. No globes demonstrated goniodysgenesis. All 15 globes exhibited free pigment within the trabecular meshwork. Little to no inflammatory infiltrate was noted in 15/15 eyes. These findings suggest that the term ‘uveitis’ may be an inappropriate description of this syndrome.
Single‐port, single‐operator‐light endoscopic robot‐assisted laparoscopic urology: pilot study in a pig model
Authors: Crouzet Sebastien , Haber Georges‐Pascal , White Wesley M. , Kamoi Kazumi , Goel Raj K. , Kaouk Jihad H. 
Published: October 2009

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVESTo present our initial operative experience in which single‐port‐light endoscopic robot‐assisted reconstructive and extirpative urological surgery was performed by one surgeon, using a pig model.MATERIALS AND METHODSThis pilot study was conducted in male farm pigs to determine the feasibility and safety of single‐port, single‐surgeon urological surgery. All pigs had a general anaesthetic and were placed in the flank position. A 2‐cm umbilical incision was made, through which a single port was placed and pneumoperitoneum obtained. An operative laparoscope was introduced and securely held using a novel low‐profile robot under foot and/or voice control. Using articulating instruments, each pig had bilateral reconstructive and extirpative renal surgery. Salient intraoperative and postmortem data were recorded. Results were analysed statistically to determine if outcomes improved with surgeon experience.RESULTSFive male farm pigs underwent bilateral partial nephrectomy and bilateral pyeloplasty before a completion bilateral radical nephrectomy. There were no intraoperative complications and there was no need for additional ports to be placed. The mean (range) operative duration for partial nephrectomy, pyeloplasty, and nephrectomy were 120 (100–150), 110 (95–130) and 20 (15–30) min, respectively. The mean (range) estimated blood loss for all procedures was 240 (200–280) mL. The preparation time decreased with increasing number of cases (P = 0.002).CONCLUSIONSThe combination of a single‐port, a robotic endoscope holder and articulated instruments operated by one surgeon is feasible. With a single‐port access, the robot allows more room to the surgeon than an assistant.
Regional variations in small intestinal submucosa evoke differences in inflammation with subsequent impact on tissue regeneration in the rat bladder augmentation model
Authors: Ashley Richard A. , Roth Christopher C. , Palmer Blake W. , Kibar Yusuf , Routh Jonathan C. , Fung Kar‐Ming , Frimberger Dominic , Lin Hsueh‐Kung , Kropp Bradley P. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVETo examine the histological differences in the inflammatory response and regenerative outcomes of distal vs proximal porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) grafts in the rat bladder, as SIS from distal small intestine yields reliable and reproducible bladder regeneration, while SIS from proximal portions of small intestine does not provide similar results.MATERIALS AND METHODSIn all, 30 Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent hemi‐cystectomy followed by anastomosis of a bladder patch of SIS prepared from either distal or proximal small intestine. After bladder harvest, immunohistochemistry was used to quantify mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, and neutrophils (PMNs). Total cell count per unit area was compared across the time course in univariate and logistic regression modelling.RESULTSThere were more eosinophils and mast cells in proximal SIS grafts, while there were more macrophages and PMNs in distal SIS grafts (all P < 0.05). Trichrome analysis showed increased collagen deposition in proximal SIS grafts and little smooth muscle regeneration. There was also significant graft contracture in proximal SIS grafts compared with distal SIS grafts (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONSWe conclude that the location of SIS origin may evoke different inflammatory responses, which results in altered bladder tissue regeneration.