bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To Doppler or Not to Doppler: From Doppler Ultrasound to Color Doppler to Doppler in 3D and Beyond
Authors: Zalud Ivica , Goh William 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
This review aims to provide the reader with an update on the present and potential clinical applications in Doppler ultrasound in perinatal medicine. Umbilical artery Doppler plays an important role in the management of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and pre-eclampsia and aids in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome management while notching in the waveform is a predictor of umbilical cord abnormalities. Middle cerebral artery Doppler reliably detects fetal anemia and may be useful in the assessment of IUGR as well. Abnormal uterine artery Doppler may play a role in predicting growth restriction, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preterm delivery. Abnormal ductus venosus waveforms can also be used to predict adverse fetal outcome and may allow for better timing of delivery while umbilical venous pulsations may be a sensitive marker for fetal heart failure in hydropic pregnancies. 3D power Doppler allows better small vessel visualization that is not affected by angle of insonation and has been used to diagnose placental and cord abnormalities. Significant improvements have recently occurred, improving the visualization and evaluation of placental vascularity, resulting from enhancements in delineation of tissue detail through electronic compounding and harmonics as well as enhancements in signal processing of frequency- and/or amplitude-based color Doppler ultrasound. Spatial representation of vascularity can be improved by utilizing 3D processing. Greater sensitivity of 3D Doppler ultrasound to macro- and microvascular flow has provided improved anatomic and physiologic assessment throughout pregnancy. The rapid development of these new ultrasound techniques will continue to enlarge the scope of clinical applications in placental studies. As clinical experience with these new technologies increases and as the technology improves further, it is reasonable to expect that 3D Doppler and 4D ultrasound will be complementary addition to well-established 2D Doppler ultrasound imaging.
Ultrasound and Diagnosis of Fetal Anomalies
Authors: Gliozheni Orion , Sylejmani Selami , Kati Kreston 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Background
Congenital abnormalities account 20 to 25% of perinatal deaths. Now, many genetic and other disorders can be diagnosed early in pregnancy. Screening examinations during pregnancy are an essential part of prenatal care. Among the various screening tests that are now offered to pregnant women, ultrasound (US) has the broadest diagnostic spectrum. There is no modality that can detect as many abnormalities during pregnancy as US. A priority goal in screening is the early detection of major fetal anomalies, which are defined as malformations that affect fetal viability and/or quality of life. During the past 10 years, some multicentric studies in Europe and USA show the successfulness of US diagnostics in detecting congenital abnormalities, even in women with low-risk pregnancy. The term sonoembryology designates the description of the embryonic anatomy, the normal anatomic relations and the development of abnormalities as visualized by ultrasound. To confirm the presence of normal anatomy or to make the diagnosis of an anomaly, we need knowledge of the normal embryonic development, including the appearance of the normal embryo.

Definition of fetal anomalies
Any deviation from the normal range during morphogenesis, constitutes an anomaly. Major anomalies are malformations that affect viability and/or the quality of life and require intervention, and minor anomalies are malformations that are definitely present, but are minimal and usually have no functional significance (e.g. ear tags).
Incidence data on major congenital anomalies vary considerably, depending on the type of detecting system used. The passive detection system reports 2 to 3% of newborns, meanwhile the active detection system, in which newborns are systematically examined by trained obstetricians, reports the incidence of congenital defects in 7.3% of all newborns.

Etiology
About 20% of anomalies in live-born infants are based on a defective gene, 10% are due to chromosomal abnormalities and 10% are mainly due to exogenous injury to the conceptus. Some 60% of all congenital anomalies are indeterminate or multifactorial causes (hereditary factors and environmental influences).
US can detect about 74% of major birth defects and possibly a higher number, when conducted by a well-trained specialist. We have demonstrated in this paper some fetal anomalies found by US during our practice in Tirana and Prizren. There are some anomalies of the CNS, neural tube defects, anomalies of the head, neck and spine, thoracic and cardiac anomalies, gastrointestinal and urinary tract anomalies as well as some extremities anomalies.

Conclusion
US diagnostic is a very useful method for evaluating the fetal health, fetal anomalies, anomalies of placenta and amniotic fluid as well as umbilical cord.
Advances in Ultrasonic Assessment of Acardiac Twin
Authors: Stamatian Florin , Muresan Daniel , Caracostea Gabriela , Kovacs Tunde 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
The development of an acardiac anomaly, one of the most severe human malformations, is a rare complication unique to monochorionic multiple pregnancies. In this condition, the primary malformation is the lack of a well-defined cardiac structure in one twin (the acardiac twin), which is kept alive by its structurally normal co-twin (the pump twin).
The final diagnosis for a twin pregnancy with an acardiac twin may be established after the 9th week, when the cephalic extremity and limbs can be precisely determined.
Direct signs that lead to the diagnosis of an acardiac twin include the absence of cardiac and fetal movements, difficult visualization of the trunk and cephalic poles, thickening of subcutaneous tissue and the presence of umbilical artery reverse flow towards the acardiac fetus mass. The pump fetus may demonstrate hydramnios, cardiomegaly and heart failure.
Once an acardiac anomaly is diagnosed, both the acardiac and pump twins should be assessed to classify the pregnancy according to prognostic factors based on the size and growth of the acardiac twin and the cardiovascular condition of the pump twin. Assessing the extent of heart damage in the pump fetus is a key step in pregnancy management.
There are two available options, either conservative or interventional, for the management of these pregnancies. Serial ultrasound surveillance is important for detecting any worsening of the condition, which may suggest the need for interventions to optimize the pump-twin's chance for survival.
We performed a retrospective analysis of three cases of monochorionic twin pregnancies diagnosed with a twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence during the first and second trimesters. We compared our data with those offered by a review of the literature.
Multiple Pregnancy under Ultrasound Umbrella
Authors: Mikhailov Anton , Romanovsky Artem 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
Multiple pregnancy care based only on knowledge of fetal number does not satisfy clinical practice any more. Appropriate clinical use of data obtained via skilled and timely ultrasound has been proven to be of great value for reduction of typical complication rate in multiple pregnancy for both fetus and mother. Ultrasonography plays a key role when intrauterine interventions during pregnancy are required. It can be successfully used for both precise prenatal diagnosis of numerous chromosomal and congenital diseases and antenatal treatment of multiple pregnancy-specific complications, so medical professionals should be well-trained and experienced. And it is impossible without everyday clinical work, gaining individual knowledge and skills and being informed on developments and achievements in the best world recognized perinatal centers.
Ultrasound vs MRI in Diagnosis of Fetal and Maternal Complications
Authors: Ljubic Aleksandar , Cetkovic Aleksandar , Mikic Aleksandra Novakov , Stamenkovic Jelena Dukanac , Jovanovic Ida , Opincal Tatjana Stosic , Damnjanovic Dusan 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTUltrasound is the screening modality of choice for the fetal imaging. However, there are circumstances in which an alternative imaging technique is needed for additional information regarding fetal anatomy and pathology as well as different maternal conditions.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is being increasingly used as correlative imaging modality in pregnancy because it uses no ionizing radiation, provides excellent soft-tissue contrast, and has multiple planes for reconstruction and large field of view, allowing better depiction of anatomy in fetuses with large or complex anomalies.In this review, we attempted to identify strengths and weaknesses of each modality both from the literature and our own working experience, and to propose to some practical recommendations on when to use which imaging modality.Both ultrasonography and MRI are operator-dependant and neither technique obviates the need for thorough knowledge of normal and abnormal anatomy. In early pregnancy, and where repeated assessment is needed, ultrasound has the obvious advantage. In circumstances where ultrasound examination is difficult, as in the obese patient or severe oligohydramnion, better images might be obtained by MRI examination. MRI might also identify early fetal ischemic lesions after an insult, such as maternal trauma or death of a monochorionic co-twin. From the published literature, it would appear that MRI may provide additional diagnostic information to that given by ultrasound in 25 to 55% of cases, which in turn may have influence on parental counseling and/or management of affected pregnancies. Individual circumstances and expertise influence the accuracy of both modalities. Ultrasound and MRI should be performed to the highest possible standard, and the final diagnosis should be made in a multidisciplinary setting.
Volume Ultrasound in Uterine and Tubal Evaluation
Authors: Zvanca Mona , Andrei Cristian 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
After the development of the new technologies and rendering modes, it became possible to acquire valuable diagnostic images of the female genital organs. There appear to be few differences in the diagnostic accuracy of standard 2D vs 3D images in detecting pelvic pathology, but 3D scanning can improve efficiency by reducing scanning time and therefore improving patient throughput. Furthermore, 3D ultrasound is able to rapidly acquire and store ultrasonographic data that can later be retrospectively analyzed with little loss of information. The most important advantage is the visualization of the coronal plane. It is therefore likely that the application of 3D ultrasound scanning will increase in the future for diagnostic purposes, particularly when the purchase cost of ultrasound equipment falls. The purpose of this review is to highlight the benefits of volume ultrasound in evaluation of uterine and tubal pathology.
Echographic Evidence of Follicle Development and Maturation
Authors: Vlaisavljevic Veljko 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
Monitoring of individual follicles during the menstrual cycle demonstrates in a non-invasive way the changes in their number and position during the early and the late follicular phase and the luteal phase. The differences in relations between the follicles near the dominant follicle can be demonstrated with the same technique using 3D reconstruction of the ovary.
Recognition of the follicle growth pattern has a prognostic value for the outcome of assisted reproduction methods. Follicular diameter and changes in growth patterns are more important than follicular wall thickness as parameters having an impact on clinical success.
An increased perifollicular blood flow can be measured in the perifollicular period using color and pulsed Doppler. Automated estimation of blood volume around the ovarian follicles brought a new concept to this area. Results confirm the observation that vascularity around the follicle is intense in the periovulatory period.
From our results we can hypothesize that those follicles containing oocytes able to produce pregnancy have a prominent and more uniform perifollicular vascular network .
Rational Use of TVS/Color and 3D in Evaluating Subfertile Women
Authors: Tomar Sakshi , Rao Jai Prakash , Malhotra Narendra 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
Infertility is defined as the failure to conceive a desired pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected intercourse and affects approximately 10% of married couples. With recent technological development and proper use of medically assisted reproduction techniques, one half of these couples will become pregnant.
More than any other new method, ultrasound has made significant improvements in the modern management of female infertility. Transvaginal sonography provides the reproductive endocrinologists with a tool that cannot only evaluate normal and stimulated cycles but also assist in follicle aspiration and subsequent transfer of the embryo. The addition of color Doppler capabilities to transvaginal probes permits visualization of small intraovarian and endometrial vessels, allowing depiction of normal and abnormal physiologic changes in the ovary and uterus. This article reviews on the assessment of ovarian, uterine and tubal causes of infertility and on the current and future role of color Doppler and three-dimensional ultrasound in the field of reproductive endocrinology.
Ultrasound Education and Research in Developing Countries
Authors: Gilani Syed Amir 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
This experience based study was done to share the experience with the readers of this article as well as with the leaders of the modality in these countries and throughout the world of ultrasound. The need of adequate education and training in ultrasound exists in both industrialized and developing countries. In this study educational and training standards in twenty countries is discussed and it is recommended to start proper programs with global guidelines.
Accuracy of Ultrasound Measurements by Novices: Pixels or Voxels
Authors: Nguyen Tho Quynh , Flores Melanie 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
During the last two decades three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound has become increasingly popular around the world. There have been a great number of research papers studying its feasibility as well as reliability and accuracy. Compared to two-dimensional (2D), 3D ultrasound produces better visualization with minimal probe manipulation. The sonographer performing 2D ultrasound has to mentally assemble crosssectional images of a structure and/or object into a 3D image. In cases with uncertain anatomic orientation less experienced examiners may experience difficulties in envisioning three dimensions of the visualized structure, lesion or organ. Patients and parents are often faced with similar problems. A number of studies have shown that novice operators can efficiently store and interpret the volume data by 3D ultrasound, which may have many positive implications in the practice.
Transvaginal Ultrasonography in Female Infertility Evaluation
Authors: Aflatoonian Abbas , Mashayekhy Mehri 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTUltrasound has become essential in the diagnosis and management of the infertile female. Transvaginal ultrasonography provides a detailed examination of the uterus and ovaries. Evaluation of the infertile female has become increasingly more detailed in recent years because of technologic advancements as vaginal ultrasonography is the first step in assessment of pelvic infertile female.
Searching NCBI Databases Using Entrez
Authors: Gibney Gretchen , Baxevanis Andreas D. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractOne of the most widely used interfaces for the retrieval of information from biological databases is the NCBI Entrez system. Entrez capitalizes on the fact that there are pre‐existing, logical relationships between the individual entries found in numerous public databases. The existence of such natural connections, mostly biological in nature, argued for the development of a method through which all the information about a particular biological entity could be found without having to sequentially visit and query disparate databases. Two basic protocols describe simple, text‐based searches, illustrating the types of information that can be retrieved through the Entrez system. An alternate protocol builds upon the first basic protocol, using additional, built‐in features of the Entrez system, and providing alternative ways to issue the initial query. The support protocol reviews how to save frequently issued queries. Finally, Cn3D, a structure visualization tool, is also discussed. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 34:1.3.1‐1.3.25. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Introduction to Recognizing Functional Domains
Authors: Stormo Gary D. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis unit provides an overview of issues involved in domain recognition in protein and DNA sequences. It opens with a discussion of the two primary methods of domain representation, namely consensus sequences and alignment matrices (e.g., the log‐odds matrix). The unit continues with a brief overview of some of the resources available for identifying functional domains in nucleotide sequences (e.g., transcription factor binding sites). In addition, it reviews databases such as Pfam and InterPro, which are available for protein analysis. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 34:2.1.1‐2.1.6. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using MACS to Identify Peaks from ChIP‐Seq Data
Authors: Feng Jianxing , Liu Tao , Zhang Yong 
Published: June 2011

AbstractModel‐based Analysis of ChIP‐Seq (MACS) is a command‐line tool designed by X. Shirley Liu and colleagues to analyze data generated by ChIP‐Seq experiments in eukaryotes, especially mammals. MACS can be used to identify transcription factor binding sites and histone modification–enriched regions if the ChIP‐Seq data, with or without control samples, are given. This unit describes two basic protocols that provide detailed information on how to use MACS to identify either the binding sites of a transcription factor or the enriched regions of a histone modification with broad peaks. Furthermore, the basic ideas for the MACS algorithm and its appropriate usage are discussed. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 34:2.14.1‐2.14.14. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Metabolomic Data Processing, Analysis, and Interpretation Using MetaboAnalyst
Authors: Xia Jianguo , Wishart David S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMetaboAnalyst is a comprehensive, Web‐based tool designed for processing, analyzing, and interpreting metabolomic data. It handles most of the common metabolomic data types including compound concentration lists, spectral bin lists, peak lists, and raw MS spectra. In addition to providing a variety of data processing and normalization procedures, MetaboAnalyst supports a number of data‐analysis tasks using a range of univariate, multivariate, and machine‐learning methods. MetaboAnalyst also offers two newly developed approaches—Metabolite Set Enrichment Analysis (MSEA) and Metabolic Pathway Analysis (MetPA)—for metabolomic data interpretation. MSEA helps detect biologically meaningful metabolite sets that have been enriched in human metabolomic studies, while MetPA allows users to identify any metabolic pathways that have been perturbed. MetaboAnalyst enables facile interactive exploration and visualization of nearly all of its results. At the end of each session, it produces a detailed analysis report with graphical, tabular, and textual output that summarizes each analytical method used and each result generated. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 34:14.10.1‐14.10.48. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rubber, 6. Synthesis by Radical and Other Mechanisms
Authors: Meisenheimer Hermann , Steiger Roland , Marbach André , Diedrich Klaus M. , Dunn John , Karall Gerhard 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.EVM and Ethylene Copolymers1.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications1.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes1.3.Producers and Production Capacities1.4.Toxicology2.Epoxide Rubbers (CO, ECO, GECO, GPO)2.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications2.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes2.3.Producers and Production Capacities3.Polynorbornene3.1.Production of 2‐Norbornene Monomer3.2.Polymerization3.3.Properties3.3.1.Properties of Pure Polymer3.3.2.Properties of Polynorbornene Rubbers (PNR)3.4.Processing of PNR3.5.Uses3.6.Economic Aspects3.7.Toxicology4.Polyoctenamers4.1.Production of Cyclooctene4.2.Polymerization4.3.Properties4.4.Vulcanization, Processing, and Applications4.5.Economic Aspects4.6.Toxicology
The Role of Incentive Framing on Training and Transfer of Learning in a Visual Threat Detection Task
Authors: Madhavan Poornima , Lacson Frank C. , Gonzalez Cleotilde , Brennan Patricia C. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryWe examined the effects of different incentives on skill acquisition and transfer during threat detection in airline luggage screening. The incentives were presented within positive (gains) or negative (losses) frames, and points were given or taken away accordingly during training (with familiar targets) and transfer (to novel targets). During training, incentives exerted a more beneficial effect on skill acquisition than training without incentives. During transfer, incentives benefitted performance largely when presented as losses or penalties. Incentives framed as gains primed participants to say ‘yes’ more often leading to a high ratio of false positives; however, incentives framed as losses lead participants to become more selective in their ‘yes’ responses leading to a lower number of false positives but a comparable probability of correct detections. Interestingly, participants that received no training outperformed participants that received incentive‐based training, suggesting that incentives actually constrained rather than helped transfer of learning in this study. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Filtered weight FxLMS adaptation algorithm: Analysis, design and implementation
Authors: Ardekani Iman Tabatabaei , Abdulla Waleed H. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn the Filtered‐x Least‐Mean‐Square (FxLMS)‐based Active Noise Control (ANC), the convergence speed of the adaptation process has a direct relationship to a scalar parameter, called the step size. There is a theoretical upper‐bound for the step size beyond which the system becomes unstable. However, the step size is usually set to a number smaller than its upper‐bound in practice. This is because for relatively large step sizes, the adaptation process becomes very sensitive to any non‐stationary change in acoustic noise. Owing to this trade‐off, real‐time implementation of high‐performance ANC systems becomes challenging. To overcome this problem, this paper develops a novel ANC algorithm in which a recursive filter compensates for influences of the step size increase on the system performance. It is shown that this filter can efficiently increase the step size upper‐bound; consequently, the performance of the system is improved. This improvement is demonstrated using computer simulation. Also, experimental results shows the preference of the proposed algorithm to the traditional FxLMS‐based ANC algorithm in practice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.