bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemical investigation of Providence strains and their relationship to theProteusgroup
Authors: Singer Jaques , Bar-Chay Joseph 
Published: May 2009

1. Seventy-four urease negative and twelve urease weakly positive strains were studied which, according to their biochemical properties, had to be considered as belonging to the Providence group. ThirtyProteus rettgeriand five anaerogenicProteusspecies were examined concomitantly.2. 668 strains of Enterobacteriaceae were tested for the P.P.A. reaction, of which only the 192Proteusand the 86 Providence strains rapidly transformed phenylalanine into phenylpyruvic acid.3. P.P.A. test, IMViC reactions, fermentation properties, smell, swarming are similar to those of theProteusgroup, particularlyP. rettgeri; it is therefore suggested that the Providence strains should be incorporated in theProteusgroup.4. For all purposes the P.P.A. reaction appears to be better suited than the urea test for differentiating strains of Enterobacteriaceae from theProteus-Providence group.The authors are grateful to Dr C. A. Stuart, Brown University, Providence, and Dr M. Greenstein, Sewage Disposal Works, Providence; to Dr W. H. Ewing, Communicable Disease Center, Chamblee, Georgia; to Prof. L. Olitzki, Hebrew University, Jerusalem; to Dr R. Mushin, University of Melbourne, Australia. We are especially indebted to Miss E. Salomon and Miss A. Engel for their valuable technical assistance.
A survey of beach pollution at a seaside resort
Authors: Moore B. 
Published: May 2009

Bacteriological surveys of beach pollution were made at a seaside resort before and after the installation of a new sewer outfall.The presumptive coliform count on samples of sea water was found to be a satisfactory index of contamination, and showed good agreement with sanitary survey and with the results of float-test observations. The faecal coli count was in general constantly related to the results of the presumptive test, but there was some indication that coliform bacilli of the I.A.C. groups persisted or multiplied in the sand around the outfall.The degree of contamination of the sea water at a given sampling point was shown to depend not only on its distance from the outfall but on various meteorological and tidal factors.For bacteriological surveys of beach pollution, it is suggested that a large series of tests by a relatively simple technique is preferable to a more limited investigation by more complex methods.The possibility of laying down bacteriological standards for bathing beaches is discussed. An upper permitted limit of the order of 1000 coliform organisms per 100 ml. would discriminate between areas on the beach investigated which were unsatisfactory by sanitary survey before and after the installation of the new sewerage scheme, and those parts of the beach which were apparently not subject to serious pollution with sewage.I am greatly indebted to Lt.-Col. J. M. Linton Bogle, consulting engineer responsible for the sewerage scheme described, for his interest in and practical help with this investigation; to members of the staff of the local authority concerned for help with sampling, and to Dr A. F. Ollerenshaw and Mr A. Partridge, who were in local charge of the temporary laboratory where the presumptive tests were carried out, in 1950 and 1948 respectively.
The distribution of carriers ofStreptococcus pyogenesamong 2,413 healthy children
Authors: Holmes Margaret C. , Williams R. E. O. 
Published: May 2009

Nose and throat swabs were collected from 2413 healthy children aged 2 weeks to 14 years and examined forStreptococcus pyogenes. The children came from different social levels in three boroughs in Middlesex.Standardized carrier rates were used to compare the individual effects of age, borough, family age, family size, sex, social class and tonsils on the nose and throat carrier rates.Community life appeared to facilitate the spread of streptococcal infection: young children aged less than 5 who attended nurseries had higher carrier rates than those of the same age who did not attend day-nurseries. The highest nasal carrier rates were found in the 3- and 4-year-old children attending the day-nurseries. The degree of crowding within the community units did not appear to affect the rates.The three boroughs had significantly different carrier rates.Boys were more often carriers than girls.The unstandardized carrier rates were highest in the lowest social class but this could be explained by the differences in the age, sex and borough distribution of the children sampled in the three social classes, and by the fact that tonsillectomy was, on the average, undertaken later in the lower social classes than in the higher. When these factors were allowed for by standardization, there was no residual difference which could be attributed to social class or housing.Children with tonsils were more often nose and throat carriers than children who had had their tonsils removed; this was true for all ages, for each of the three boroughs and in each social class.We are indebted to the Area Medical Officers in Enfield, Southgate and Willesden for their co-operation in the planning of the survey and to the staff in the schools, day-nurseries and clinics where the swabbing was carried out. We are most grateful to Dr P. Armitage for help with the statistical methods and to Miss Eileen Cole for much help with the computing.
An eight-year survey of the ringworm flora of Birmingham
Authors: Carlier Gwendoline I. M. 
Published: May 2009

An attempt has been made to establish the nature of the ringworm flora of Birmingham, comprising: (1) the species encountered; (2) their relative concentration; (3) their distribution.A marked increase in the number of cases due to fungi of animal origin has been demonstrated.It has been shown that the main reservoir of infection in the city is centred upon Sparkbrook and Balsall Heath, with a rather smaller focus in the Hockley–Lozells area.
A new selective medium forHaemophilus pertussis, containing a diamidine, sodium fluoride and penicillin
Authors: Lacey B. W. 
Published: May 2009

1. A highly selective medium forH. pertussishas been made by incorporating 4:4'-diamidinodiphenylamine dihydrochloride (M & B 938), penicillin and sodium fluoride in a partially defined base.2. M & B 938 has an interesting selectivity which is much influenced by its environment, especially by the ionic composition of the medium. No pattern has emerged from a study of the effects of eighty salts and many other substances on its activity; but the gain in selectivity forH. pertussisproduced by cysteine and magnesium malonate has been usefully exploited.3. In a strict comparison with Bordet-Gengou the new medium yielded 28% more positive cultures from per-nasal swabs and 75% more from post-nasal swabs. With the new medium the incidence of serious rival growth from any part of the nasopharynx has been about 4% and, in contrast with Bordet-Gengou, postnasal swabs have yielded as many positive cultures as per-nasal swabs.4. The new medium is simple to make, stable, reliable, economical of material and time and suitable for routine use with per-nasal, post-nasal or supralaryngeal swabs, sputum or vomit.5. The new medium growsH. parapertussispoorly; but a highly selective medium forH. parapertussisis easily made by adding streptomycin and penicillin to Bordet-Gengou.6. Whatever the medium, the nature and number of swabs are important factors affecting the isolation ofH. pertussis:with the new medium positive diagnoses from per- and post-nasal swabs taken at the same time were about 40% more than from either swab alone.7. A statistical analysis strongly supports the opinion of Bradford & Slavin (1940) that the relatively poor results with post-nasal swabs on Bordet-Gengou medium are due to the overgrowth ofH. pertussisby rivals rather than to the absence ofH. pertussisfrom the pharynx. It also indicates that the expectation of isolatingH. pertussison Bordet–Gengou varies directly with the numbers present and inversely with the numbers of rivals, especially of diphtheroids and streptococci.8. Addition of 32μg. stilbamidine di-isethionate and 0·25 unit penicillin/ml. to Bordet–Gengou makes an effective selective medium for oral streptococci related to, or of, groups K and L, but not forH. pertussis.I wish to thank my clinical colleagues, especially Dr N. O. Richards and Dr A. Bogdan, for kindly sending swabs from their patients, Professor R. J. V. Pulvertaft for his continuous support, Dr J. A. Fraser Roberts for advice and help with the statistics, Dr A. J. Ewins and Dr H. J. Barber, May and Baker Ltd., for gifts of aromatic diamidines, Dr H. King for gifts of alkyl diamidines and Mr M. Breach, F.I.M.L.T., and Mr A. Drake, F.I.M.L.T., for their help with the preparation of sera, media and routine cultures. I am indebted also to the Central Research Fund of London University and to the Governors of Westminster Hospital for grants for the purchase of materials.
Observations on the feeding behaviour of rats and chicks deficient in vitamin E
Authors: Tribe D. E. 
Published: May 2009

Vitamin E-deficient rats, as well as normal and vitamin E-deficient chicks, failed to discriminate between two diets which were identical in all respects except that in one there was a deficiency of vitamin E and in the other there were adequate levels of vitamin E.Grateful thanks are due to G. Crook for assistance in the care and management of the experimental animals.
Passive immunity in myxomatosis of the european rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus): the protection conferred on kittens born by immune does
Authors: Fenner Frank , Marshall I. D. 
Published: May 2009

1. The existence of passive immunity to myxomatosis was demonstrated by the inoculation of normal young rabbits with either myxoma-immune serum or saline, and their subsequent inoculation with the standard laboratory strain of myxoma virus. All the passively immunized animals lived longer than the control animals and a few survived.2. Passive immunity could also be demonstrated in the offspring of myxoma-immune mothers. When these were challenged by mosquito bite inoculation with the standard laboratory strain of myxoma virus they either failed to become infected, or survived infection for several days longer than the progeny of normal does. When challenged by the intradermal inoculation of a slightly attenuated strain of myxoma virus 25 % of the progeny of immune does survived the infection, whereas none of the normal kittens survived.3. The survival times of young rabbits in both the normal and passively immunized groups was influenced by their age, very young animals dying several days earlier than rabbits 4 and 6 weeks old.4. The possible epidemiological consequences of passive immunity in the behaviour of myxomatosis in populations of wild rabbits are discussed.
A serological investigation into the epidemiology of influenza with particular reference to sporadic cases
Authors: Martin A. E. 
Published: May 2009

An investigation has been described in which the complement fixing antibody titres of selected groups of the population have been correlated with the occurrence of epidemic and sporadic influenza and of other cases of respiratory disease which it was thought might be due to the virus of epidemic influenza.During two non-epidemic seasons the influenza virus could not be isolated from cases of apparent influenza neither could any serological evidence be obtained of the existence of any form of respiratory disease caused by the virus.With rare exceptions individual antibody titres either remain constant, or if they are high show a tendency to fall during non-epidemic times, and periodic investigations of sample groups each consisting of several hundred sera show a wave-like fluctuation in the titres of the population consisting of a sudden rise followed by a gradual fall, the former being an accompaniment of an epidemic. Such a wave-like fluctuation appears to be an indication of variations in the immunity of the population, and to be responsible in part, at least, for the occurrence of large influenza epidemics.I wish to acknowledge the help received from all who took part in this investigation, and in particular to thank the students of the University Halls of Residence in Manchester, the numerous doctors who helped by supplying particulars of cases of influenza and to Dr R. W. Fairbrother who has given advice and maintained a constant interest throughout the investigation.
The proportional frequency of the human and bovine types of tubercle bacilli in human pulmonary tuberculosis in the middle and south of Scotland
Authors: Griffith A. Stanley 
Published: May 2009

1. The types of tubercle bacilli have been determined in the sputum of 515 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis occurring in the middle and south of Scotland.2. Of the 515 cases 484 were human (476 eugonic and eight dysgonic) and thirty-one were bovine infections.3. With the exception of the strains from one case (case 28) all the bovine strains, seventy in number, were typical culturally and fully virulent for rabbits.4. The attenuated strains, two in number, from case 28 were slightly less virulent than typical bovine strains for rabbits and (one strain) for guinea-pigs.5. The percentage of bovine infections found in this series, including the Cumberland case, during the years 1931–9 was 6·0, but excluding that case it was 5·8.6. The percentage of bovine infections found by Munro during about the same period and covering the same regions was 5·0%.7. In Munro's series strains of bovine tubercle bacilli were obtained from fifty-eight out of 1165 persons (5·0%). Five of his cases yielded attenuated bovine strains and in one of these the pulmonary tuberculosis was preceded by tuberculosis of the thoracic spine.8. In my series the attenuated tubercle bacilli came from a case (case 28) of pulmonary tuberculosis which was preceded nearly 20 years previously by tuberculosis of the lower dorsal spine.Dr Munro and others have made post-mortem examinations on cases of phthisis pulmonalis due to bovine bacilli, but I wish to defer reference to these until we can review them altogether.In this series there are seven instances of cervical gland enlargement and one instance (case 28) of spinal tuberculosis occurring previous to the development of phthisis pulmonalis. These, I think, are examples of alimentary infection with the bovine tubercle bacillus. Thus, with the three autopsies previously mentioned, there are eleven cases, or about one-third, which are almost certainly alimentary in origin. As for the rest of the cases, 20 in number, no glandular enlargements in neck or abdomen were detected but the majority, if not all, were probably alimentary in origin, since all the persons drank a lot of raw milk and only five came into direct contact with cattle in their employment.
Some experiments with certain liquid insecticides in houses infested with the bed-bug, Cimex lectularius L.
Authors: Musgrave A. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. Some simple “field” work on the disinfestation of empty, bug-ridden houses by means of liquid insecticides and a simple experiment with an occupied house are described.2. A method of obtaining an estimate of the number of bugs killed by the application of liquid insecticides is given as well as some information about the number of bugs found in houses. More than 2000 dead bugs were found in one small house.3. The aliphatic thiocyanate, β-butoxy-β′-thiocyanodiethylether, was tried in four different oil carriers and gave good results as a 3% solution (6% Lethane). A pyrethrum preparation in a heavy oil carrier also showed promise. A mixture of the two toxic substances was tried and found to be effective.4. The methods of applying the insecticides are described. Good results were obtained with an ordinary hand sprayer of the horticultural type, giving a continuous spray. The premises were not sealed, but on a few occasions wood fittings were eased or removed.
The osmotic pressure, after re-solution, of serum dried from the frozen state (F.D. serum)
Authors: Adair G. S. , Adair Muriel E. , Greaves R. I. N. 
Published: May 2009

Comparative measurements are recorded of the osmotic pressures of human and rabbit sera, both fresh and re-dissolved after drying from the frozen state (F.D. sera).The process of drying did not alter the osmotic properties of the serum proteins.The view that drying from the frozen state does not cause denaturation of the serum proteins is supported also by the facts that the refractive indices and the membrane potentials remained unchanged.
Poisoning by 2-methylbutyraldehyde (isovaleraldehyde)
Authors: Wilkinson John F. 
Published: May 2009

The toxic effects of 2-methylbutyraldehyde (isovaleraldehyde), arising from the accidental contamination of a laboratory atmosphere, are described in six out of a group of seven chemists. These were mainly tightness in the chest, irritation of the upper respiratory tract, cough, dyspnoea, marked loss of energy and weakness, dizziness, headaches, profuse perspiration, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia, somnolence, sometimes insomnia, and in one case a partial pneumothorax.All recovered rapidly when removed from the exciting cause.
The effects of morphine, diacetylmorphine and some related alkaloids upon the alimentary tract: Part V. A discussion on the probable mechanism of the constipating action of morphine
Authors: Myers G. Norman 
Published: May 2009

1. The mechanical effects of morphine, heroin, codeine, dilaudid, dicodid, and eukodol upon the alimentary tract are discussed and contrasted.2. The results of these mechanical effects upon the passage of food along the alimentary canal are discussed.3. The constipating action of morphine is explained upon an almost purely mechanical basis.4. From experimental evidence it is concluded that dilaudid is probably a constipating drug although this effect may not be so marked as that produced by morphine.5. There is no experimental evidence to suggest that the administration of dicodid would ever produce constipation.6. It is suggested that small doses of eukodol are not constipating, whereas large doses, in certain circumstances which are discussed, may produce a mild degree of constipation.
The distribution of vitamin C in foods sold on the open market
Authors: Chappell Gweneth 
Published: May 2009

Values for the ascorbic acid content of a number of foods sold in diverse markets were determined by titration against 2: 6 dichlorophenolindophenol in acid solution. The results showed that the least expensive material was not necessarily the poorest source of vitamin C and might be more valuable than expensive foods. Samples of cabbage from the cheap market contained 329% as much vitamin C as samples from expensive sources. These results on comparison with figures recorded for fresh garden produce showed that market foods have lost some of their vitamin C content on exposure for sale, but still contain satisfactory amounts of ascorbic acid when purchased.Results from different samples of fruits and vegetables showed wide variation. No data relating to storage before purchase were available, so limiting figures were used for each food. Mean values were calculated for purposes of comparative tabulation.The effect of household storage after purchase was noted for foods from inexpensive and fashionable markets. The values obtained showed that the loss of ascorbic acid in foods stored in the home after a period of exposure for sale, though marked, was not as serious as has previously been indicated.An irregular fall in the ascorbic acid content of some of the material examined was noted and investigated. Wide variations in the amount of ascorbic acid present in different parts of individual fruits and vegetables were observed. In view of experimental results it is recommended that foods be purchased and prepared for consumption immediately before use.Canned foods from diverse markets were examined to determine their ascorbic acid content, and it was shown that the vitamin is distributed throughout solid and liquid. Although a percentage of vitamin is destroyed on heating, those fruits and vegetables initially high in ascorbic acid retained sufficient vitamin to afford a better, and frequently cheaper, source of vitamin than unheated samples with a low ascorbic acid content. Considerable quantities of vitamin C are lost when the liquid from canned vegetables is discarded. When the syrup from cans is used as well as the fruit the vitamin available to the consumer is frequently greater than the amount yielded by the same weight of raw fruit from market sources.Raw and canned plant tissues from cheap and expensive sources were compared for their antiscorbutic value in the human diet, and for the cost of the daily requirement at ruling market prices. It was found that a day's ration of ascorbic acid could be purchased at a cost as low as a farthing to as high as a pound.
Genetic marker studies on poliovirus type 1 strains from the Blackburn poliomyelitis outbreak in 1965
Authors: Cossart Yvonne E. 
Published: May 2009

Genetic marker tests were performed on 61 strains of poliovirus isolated during the Blackburn outbreak from cases or suspected cases and their contacts. The results were correlated with the epidemiological data and good agreement was found for the serological and dextran inhibition tests. The reproductive capacity temperature marker, however, showed inhibition at 39·8° C. of strains otherwise judged to be of naturally occurring type. These strains could be differentiated from those of vaccine origin because they grew readily at 39·2° C. This feature also distinguished the strains isolated in Blackburn from those obtained in the nearby town of Hyde in a simultaneous outbreak.Dr J. Ardley, Medical Officer of Health, Blackburn, kindly provided a key which enabled the contacts of cases to be traced; and Dr L. Robertson, Public Health Laboratory, Preston, made available his extensive records as well as the many strains isolated in his laboratory.
Immunological response in cows toMycoplasma bovigenitalium, strain 1836
Authors: Roberts D. H. 
Published: May 2009

Four cows were inoculated via the udder with the 1836 strain ofMycoplasma bovigenitalium. The serological response was investigated using the complement-fixation and serum plate agglutination tests. A heterologous response toM. mycoideswas observed, associated with an increase in the anti-γ-globulin titres in the cow's serum. The heterologous response persisted in one cow for 6 weeks after infection. The nature of the immunoglobulin response was characterized by density gradient centrifugation, and by mercaptoethanol and rivanol treatment of the serum and was found to consist entirely of 19 S γ-globulins.TheMycoplasmapersisted in the udder for the 18 weeks duration of the experiment. TheMycoplasmawas not isolated from the blood. One of the cows became lame with swollen joints;Bacillus cereuswas isolated from the joints and blood.
Acute glomerulonephritis in Trinidad: serological typing of group A streptococci
Authors: Parker M. T. , Bassett D. C. J. , Maxted W. R. , Arneaud J. D. 
Published: May 2009

The recent epidemic of acute glomerulonephritis in Trinidad had two peaks, separated by an interval of about 6 months.Evidence is presented that there were in fact two successive but overlapping epidemics, the first due to streptococci of provisional M-type 55, and the second to streptococci of M-type 49.