bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“What Pushed Me over the Edge Was a Deer Hunter”: Being Vegan in North America
Authors: Hirschler Christopher A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThirty-two vegans were interviewed in order to examine the reasons for becoming vegan, the sustaining motivation to persist, the interpersonal and intrapersonal impact of the diet and associated practices, and the vegans’ assessment of omnivores’ eating practices. Interviews were analyzed using a model that diagrams the process of becoming vegan provided by McDonald (2000). Participants reported strained professional and personal relationships as a result of their diet and beliefs. Vegan diets were associated with an increase in physical, eudaemonic, and spiritual well-being.
Which “All” Sinned? Rom 3:23-24 Reconsidered
Authors: Johnston J. William 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBecause πς is a rather elastic pronominal adjective, the sense and scope of “all” must be carefully handled in context. The expression “all have sinned” in Rom 3:23 is tightly focused on “all who believe” in Rom 3:22, thus making more of Jew-Gentile relations in the early church than providing a prooftext of universal condemnation. Such a recognition also helps clarify that 3:24 is from Paul rather than traditional material. While it is undoubtedly true Paul sees the whole of humanity as condemned (cf. Rom 5:12), the scope of “all” is without distinction more than it is without exception.
The Text of P.Oxy. 4968 and Its Relationship with the Text of Codex Bezae
Authors: Gäbel Georg 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis essay discusses the text of the recently published P.Oxy. 4968, which contains parts of Acts 10-12, 15-17, and its relationship with the text of Codex Bezae (D05) and some other witnesses. The text of P.Oxy. 4968 is characterized by tendencies to add and to omit, by a high number of singular variants, and by a high number of variants agreeing with variants in D05. After close scrutiny of some of the latter, a model is sketched of the development of the particular strand of textual tradition (formerly called “Western” text) to which they belong. While some variants common to P.Oxy. 4968 and D05 clearly reveal theological interests, it is suggested that others might be more aptly described in terms of narrative criticism.
Romans 16:2, προσττις/προσττης, and the Application of Reciprocal Relationships to New Testament Texts
Authors: MacGillivray Erlend D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article re-examines the meaning of the title προσττις given to Phoebe in Rom 16:2—commonly understood in contemporary scholarship as presenting Phoebe as Paul’s patron. This position is challenged with reference to recent studies which argue for broadening our understanding of ancient reciprocity beyond the definitions of a patron—client relationship, and also by re-evaluating the semantic range of προσττις/προσττης. It argues that we should see Phoebe and Paul’s relationship as working within a general reciprocity dynamic of benefaction, rather than within the specific relationship of the patron-client relationship.
Slavery and Emancipation in Traditional Ethiopia: The Role of the Fetha Nagast, or Laws of the Kings
Authors: Pankhurst Richard 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper is concerned with slavery and emancipation in traditional Ethiopia and in particular with the role of the country’s legal code, the Fetha Nagast or Laws of the Kings. This document, it should be emphasised, discusses household or domestic slavery, which was widely practised in old-time Christian Ethiopia, and resulted largely from the capture of men, women and children in warfare. Such slavery, which differed in many ways from the capitalistic slavery of later time and climes, was accepted by the Fetha Nagast, which justified it by Biblical Writ. The code nevertheless gave its blessing to the principle of slave emancipation, which it described as the Highest form of Charity ‐ and specified when it was the slave owner’s duty wherever possible to emancipate his or her slaves.
African Settlers on the West Coast of India: The Sidi Elite of Janjira
Authors: Jasdanwalla Faaeza 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper discusses the political history of the Indian princely state of Janjira on the west coast of India. It was ruled by Sidis (Africans) from the early seventeenth century until the merger of princely states immediately after the independence of India in 1947. The Sidi rulers of Janjira were of African origin, having initially entered India as traders and serving in administrative capacities with the medieval Deccan kingdoms. The emphasis of this paper will be on the manner in which the rulers of Janjira were elected by a group of African Sidi chiefs or Sardars from amongst them for almost two centuries, as opposed to relying on hereditary primogeniture as a system of succession, and the implications that such a system had on the history of Janjira.
News & Views As Easy as A, B and C: Will A, B and C v. Ireland Be Ireland’s Wake-up Call for Abortion Rights?
Authors: Staunton Ciara 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article examines the development of Ireland’s abortion policy from 1861 to the present day. It explores the reasoning for this policy as well as the inherent problems with this policy. It examines in detail the A, B and C v. Ireland judgement and its impact, (if any) on Irish abortion law. Finally, it discusses the margin of appreciation doctrine used by the European Court of Human Rights in deciding cases of a moral nature.
A Matter of Health? Legal Aspects of Private Umbilical Cord Blood Banking
Authors: Vidalis Takis 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPrivate umbilical cord blood banking raises a question of special legal regulation. This practice promises the safe storage of biological material on the assumption that it may be useful, at a certain moment in future, for its own donor (or for a donor’s close family member) for curing serious blood diseases. Although currently the therapeutic value of umbilical cord blood is confirmed, there are strong scientific doubts and relevant controversies regarding its use in autologous transplantations. This fact produces conditions of legal uncertainty, since the benefit for those wanting to conclude contracts with private umbilical cord blood banks is not clear. The Greek example illustrates this situation of regulatory deficit well, which eventually creates a major problem, given the increasing number of private banks offering relevant services in the country.
Transitional Justice, Truth and Reconciliation: An Under-Explored Relationship
Authors: Clark Janine Natalya 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMuch of the literature on transitional justice suffers from a critical impact gap, which scholars are only now beginning to address. One particular manifestation of this aforementioned gap, and one which forms the particular focus of this article, is the frequently-cited yet empirically under-researched claim that "truth" fosters post-conflict reconciliation. Theoretically and empirically critiquing this argument, this article both questions the comprehensiveness of truth established through criminal trials and truth and reconciliation commissions (TRCs) and underscores the often overlooked problem of denial, thus raising fundamental questions about the reputed healing properties of truth in such contexts. Advocating the case for evidence-based transitional justice, it reflects upon empirical research on South Africa's TRC and the author's own work on the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY).
The Role of the Victim in the Criminal Process – A Paradigm Shift in National German and International Law?
Authors: Safferling Christoph 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe respect for the situation of victims of crime has risen immensely over the last couple of decades. Consequently the importance of the victim at trial has changed radically. First, the victim deserves protection from secondary victimisation in the course of prosecution; secondly, the victim is attributed a more active role compared to the mere role as a witness for the prosecution. The traditional idea of a "public" prosecution, whereby the prosecutor as a state official mediates the victim, is considerably challenged if the victim acts as a "private" prosecutor. The article analyses recent developments both in German and international criminal procedural law concerning "victim participation" and contrasts this development with the interests and expectations voiced by victims of crime. It is held that criminal procedure should not be overburdened with unrealistic expectations as contributing to an overall healing process and stay focused on its main aim: determining the guilt of the alleged offender.
The Evolution of International Criminal Law: Prosecuting 'New' Crimes before the Special Court for Sierra Leone
Authors: Wharton Sara 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Special Court for Sierra Leone has been noted for becoming the first international court to convict accused of the crimes of sexual slavery, the use of child soldiers, 'forced marriage', and intentionally directing attacks against peacekeepers. This article analyzes how prosecutions of some of these supposedly 'new' crimes were found not to be in violation of the principle of legality, nullum crimen sine lege. In particular, this article will focus on the crimes of 'forced marriage', intentionally directing attacks against peacekeepers, and sexual slavery: the judgments in the RUF case (Prosecutor v. Sesay, Kallon and Gbao) and the AFRC case (Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara and Kanu) together reveal two different processes through which the law has proven able to evolve and adapt to accommodate so-called 'new' crimes without violating the principle of legality.
The Therapeutic Dimension of Transitional Justice: Emotional Repair and Victim Satisfaction in International Trials and Truth Commissions
Authors: Doak Jonathan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article examines the capacity of two major transitional justice mechanisms, international criminal trials and truth commissions, to provide a measure of emotional repair to the victims of some of humanity's most serious criminal acts. It is suggested that transitional justice processes often afford inadequate attention to the needs and rights of individual victims; but that four antecedents – account-making; truth-finding; justice and deliberative encounter may make some contribution to unlocking the therapeutic potential of these processes. While trials and truth commissions may both continue to play key roles in transitional settings, such processes should be conceived as individual elements of a more complex package of measures that should be put in place to propel peacemaking and healing at both individual and societal levels.
On the Possible Link between Tropical Convection and the Northern Hemisphere Arctic Surface Air Temperature Change between 1958 and 2001
Authors: Lee Sukyoung , Gong Tingting , Johnson Nathaniel , Feldstein Steven B. , Pollard David 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This study presents mechanisms for the polar amplification of surface air temperature that occurred in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) between the periods of 1958–77 (P1) and 1982–2001 (P2). Using European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40) reanalysis data, it is found that over the ice-covered Arctic Ocean, the winter surface warming arises from dynamic warming (stationary eddy heat flux and adiabatic warming). Over the ice-free Arctic Ocean between the Greenland and the Barents Seas, downward infrared radiative (IR) flux is found to dominate the warming.
To investigate whether the difference in the flow between P1 and P2 is due to changes in the frequency of occurrence of a small number of teleconnection patterns, a coupled self-organizing map (SOM) analysis of the 250-hPa streamfunction and tropical convective precipitation is performed. The latter field was specified to lead the former by 5 days. The results of the analysis showed that the P2 − P1 trend arises from a decrease in the frequency of negative phase PNA-like and circumglobal streamfunction patterns and a corresponding increase in the frequency of positive PNA-like and circumglobal streamfunction patterns. The occurrence of the two strong 1982–83 and 1997–98 El Niño events also contributes toward this trend. The corresponding trend in the convective precipitation is from below average to above average values in the tropical Indo-western Pacific region. Each of the above patterns was found to have an e-folding time scale from 6 to 8 days, which implies that the P2 − P1 trend can be understood as arising from the change in the frequency of occurrence of teleconnection patterns that fluctuate on intraseasonal time scales.
The link between intraseasonal and interannual variability was further examined by linearly regressing various quantities against trend patterns with interannual variability subtracted. It was found that enhanced convective precipitation is followed 3–6 days later by the occurrence of the P2 − P1 circulation trend pattern, and then 1–2 days later by the corresponding trend pattern in the downward IR flux. This finding suggests that an increased frequency of the above sequence of events, which occurs on intraseasonal time scales, can account for the NH winter polar amplification of the surface air temperature via increased dynamic warming and downward IR flux.
A Comparison of Extratropical Cyclones in Recent Reanalyses ERA-Interim, NASA MERRA, NCEP CFSR, and JRA-25
Authors: Hodges K. I. , Lee R. W. , Bengtsson L. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Extratropical cyclones are identified and compared using data from four recent reanalyses for the winter periods in both hemispheres. Results show the largest differences occur between the older lower resolution 25-yr Japanese Reanalysis (JRA-25) when compared with the newer high resolution reanalyses, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). Spatial differences between the newest reanalyses are small in both hemispheres and generally not significant except in some common regions associated with cyclogenesis close to orography. Differences in the cyclone maximum intensitites are generally related to spatial resolution except in the NASA Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (NASA MERRA), which has larger intensities for several different measures. Matching storms between reanalyses shows the number matched between the ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) and the other reanalyses is similar in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). In the SH the number matched between JRA-25 and ERA-Interim is lower than in the NH; however, for NASA MERRA and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (NCEP CFSR), the number matched is similar to the NH. The mean separation of the identically same cyclones is typically less than 2° geodesic in both hemispheres for the latest reanalyses, whereas JRA-25 compared with the other reanalyses has a broader distribution in the SH, indicating greater uncertainty. The instantaneous intensity differences for matched storms shows narrow distributions for pressure, while for winds and vorticity the distributions are much broader, indicating larger uncertainty typical of smaller-scale fields. Composite cyclone diagnostics show that cyclones are very similar between the reanalyses, with differences being related to the intensities, consistent with the intensity results. Overall, results show NH cyclones correspond well between reanalyses, with a significant improvement in the SH for the latest reanalyses, indicating a convergence between reanalyses for cyclone properties.
Observed Decadal Changes in Downward Wave Coupling between the Stratosphere and Troposphere in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Harnik Nili , Perlwitz Judith , Shaw Tiffany A. 
Published: April 2011

Downward wave coupling dominates the intraseasonal dynamical coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere in the Southern Hemisphere. The coupling occurs during late winter and spring when the stratospheric basic state forms a well-defined meridional waveguide, which is bounded above by a reflecting surface. This basic-state configuration is favorable for planetary wave reflection and guides the reflected waves back down to the troposphere, where they impact wave structures. In this study decadal changes in downward wave coupling are analyzed using the Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) dataset. A cross-spectral correlation analysis, applied to geopotential height fields, and a wave geometry diagnostic, applied to zonal-mean zonal wind and temperature data, are used to understand decadal changes in planetary wave propagation. It is found that downward wave 1 coupling from September to December has increased over the last three decades, owing to significant increases at the beginning and end of this 4-month period. The increased downward wave coupling is caused by both an earlier onset of the vertically bounded meridional waveguide configuration and a persistence of this configuration into December. The latter is associated with the observed delay in vortex breakup. The results point to an additional dynamical mechanism whereby the stratosphere has influenced the tropospheric climate in the Southern Hemisphere.
The Skill of Seasonal Ensemble Prediction Systems to Forecast Wintertime Windstorm Frequency over the North Atlantic and Europe
Authors: Renggli Dominik , Leckebusch Gregor C. , Ulbrich Uwe , Gleixner Stephanie N. , Faust Eberhard 
Published: April 2011

The science of seasonal predictions has advanced considerably in the last decade. Today, operational predictions are generated by several institutions, especially for variables such as (sea) surface temperatures and precipitation. In contrast, few studies have been conducted on the seasonal predictability of extreme meteorological events such as European windstorms in winter. In this study, the predictive skill of extratropical wintertime windstorms in the North Atlantic/European region is explored in sets of seasonal hindcast ensembles from the Development of a European Multimodel Ensemble System for Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction (DEMETER) and the ENSEMBLE-based predictions of climate changes and their impacts (ENSEMBLES) projects.The observed temporal and spatial climatological distributions of these windstorms are reasonably well reproduced in the hindcast data. Using hindcasts starting on 1 November, significant predictive skill is found for the December–February windstorm frequency in the period 1980–2001, but also for the January–April storm frequency. Specifically, the model suite run at Météo France shows consistently high skill.Some aspects of the variability of skill are discussed. Predictive skill in the 1980–2001 period is usually higher than for the 1960–2001 period. Furthermore, the level of skill turns out to be related to the storm frequency of a given winter. Generally, winters with high storm frequency are better predicted than winters with medium storm frequency. Physical mechanisms potentially leading to such a variability of skill are discussed.
Ensemble State Estimation for Nonlinear Systems Using Polynomial Expansions in the Innovation
Authors: Hodyss Daniel 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A new framework is presented for understanding how a nonnormal probability density function (pdf) may affect a state estimate and how one might usefully exploit the nonnormal properties of the pdf when constructing a state estimate. A Bayesian framework is constructed that naturally leads to an expansion of the expected forecast error in a polynomial series consisting of powers of the innovation vector. This polynomial expansion in the innovation reveals a new view of the geometric nature of the state estimation problem. It is shown that this expansion in powers of the innovation provides a direct relationship between a nonnormal pdf describing the likely distribution of states and a normal pdf determined by powers of the forecast error. One implication of this perspective is that when state estimation is performed on a nonnormal pdf it leads to state estimates based on the mean to be nonlinear functions of the innovation. A direct relationship is shown between the degree to which the state estimate varies with the innovation and the moments of the distribution. These and other implications of this new view of ensemble state estimation in nonlinear systems are illustrated in simple scalar systems as well as on the Lorenz attractor.
Hurricane Gustav (2008) Waves and Storm Surge: Hindcast, Synoptic Analysis, and Validation in Southern Louisiana
Authors: Dietrich J. C. , Westerink J. J. , Kennedy A. B. , Smith J. M. , Jensen R. E. , Zijlema M. , Holthuijsen L. H. , Dawson C. , Luettich R. A. , Powell M. D. , Cardone V. J. , Cox A. T. , Stone G. W. , Pourtaheri H. , Hope M. E. , Tanaka S. , Westerink L. G. , Westerink H. J. , Cobell Z. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHurricane Gustav (2008) made landfall in southern Louisiana on 1 September 2008 with its eye never closer than 75 km to New Orleans, but its waves and storm surge threatened to flood the city. Easterly tropical-storm-strength winds impacted the region east of the Mississippi River for 12–15 h, allowing for early surge to develop up to 3.5 m there and enter the river and the city’s navigation canals. During landfall, winds shifted from easterly to southerly, resulting in late surge development and propagation over more than 70 km of marshes on the river’s west bank, over more than 40 km of Caernarvon marsh on the east bank, and into Lake Pontchartrain to the north. Wind waves with estimated significant heights of 15 m developed in the deep Gulf of Mexico but were reduced in size once they reached the continental shelf. The barrier islands further dissipated the waves, and locally generated seas existed behind these effective breaking zones.The hardening and innovative deployment of gauges since Hurricane Katrina (2005) resulted in a wealth of measured data for Gustav. A total of 39 wind wave time histories, 362 water level time histories, and 82 high water marks were available to describe the event. Computational models—including a structured-mesh deepwater wave model (WAM) and a nearshore steady-state wave (STWAVE) model, as well as an unstructured-mesh “simulating waves nearshore” (SWAN) wave model and an advanced circulation (ADCIRC) model—resolve the region with unprecedented levels of detail, with an unstructured mesh spacing of 100–200 m in the wave-breaking zones and 20–50 m in the small-scale channels. Data-assimilated winds were applied using NOAA’s Hurricane Research Division Wind Analysis System (H*Wind) and Interactive Objective Kinematic Analysis (IOKA) procedures. Wave and surge computations from these models are validated comprehensively at the measurement locations ranging from the deep Gulf of Mexico and along the coast to the rivers and floodplains of southern Louisiana and are described and quantified within the context of the evolution of the storm.