bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships among Laboratory Germination, Greenhouse, and Field Emergence of Four Castor Seed Lots1
Authors: Stafford R. E. , Metzer R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHigh‐, intermediate‐, and low‐germinating castor seed lots were evaluated for their performance in rolled germination paper, Kimpak, sterile sand, and field soil. High‐germinating seed gave similar results on the four substrates. Low‐ and intermediate‐germinating seed lots gave maximum germination in sterile sand and field soil. High positive correlations were found among all germination substrates. Laboratory germination in tetramethylthiuram disulfide (thiram)‐treated rolled germination paper at standard temperatures and germination on Kimpak at a constant 27 C were good indicators of seedling emergence in the field.
Effects of Defoliation Treatments on Morphological Characteristics and Carbohydrate Reserves in Kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.)
Authors: Evers G. W. , Holt E. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious management practices on kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.) were evaluated in terms of yield, leaf area, tiller number, crown weight, stubble leaf area, and total non‐structural carbohydrates. Kleingrass was cut at 3‐, 4‐ and 5‐week frequencies at heights of 5 and 15 cm. Two dates of initial cutting in the spring‐were used. Yield was essentially uniform across all treatment combinations. Neither leaf area removed nor number of tillers removed was influenced by defoliation frequency, which indicates that tiller and leaf area development occurred at a constant rate. While these data indicate no critical stage in the defoliation of kleingrass, both crown size and stubble (residual) leaf area tended to be lower with 4‐week defoliation. All stubble, crown and growth parameters measured (tillers removed, leaf area removed, residual leaf area, crown size, and total non‐structural carbohydrates) except yield were favored by the taller cutting height. These results indicate a potential height effect on yield which may be reflected in subsequent performance.
Effects of Environmental Conditions and the Coadministration of Growth Retardants on the Response of Sugarcane to Foliar Treatment with Gibberellin1
Authors: Yates R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPoor yields of sucrose from sugarcane are often associated with low sucrose:cane ratios, particularly when climatic conditions tend to favor stem elongation rather than sucrose accumulation. Plant growth regulators may be used to modify environmental effects on the growth of sugarcane and thus alter the balance between utilization and storage of sucrose. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of temperature, soil moisture, and the coadministration of plant growth retardants on the response of sugarcane to treatment with gibberellic acid.Single foliar applications of GA (gibberellic acid) commercial sugarcane varieties (interspecific hybrids of Saccharum) stimulated stem elongation for from 2 to 6 weeks, but this response was not reflected in higher cane yields unless the plants were harvested within 6 weeks of treatment. A second application of GA at 4 weeks prolonged the growth response. In the field low temperatures were associated with the more prolonged growth responses, which were of smaller amplitude. Moisture stress had no apparent effect on GA response. No correlations were evident between environmental conditions or application rates and the duration of growth responses in greenhouse trials, but the amplitude increased with application rate within the range of 25 to 200 ppm. Three to five immature or semimature internodes were affected.In field trials under warm conditions a period of growth retardation followed the initial GA‐induced growth stimulation. This did not occur in greenhouse trials. Stem‐sugar concentrations fell during the growthstimulation phase, but recovered as growth rates reduced. Attempts were made to accentuate this recovery, and so to increase the accumulation of sugars, by coadministration of growth retardants with GA. Dalapon had a delayed effect on cane growth, slightly curtailing the duration of the GA response, and suppressing growth thereafter. The phase of growth suppression was accompanied by increased stem sugar concentration in greenhouse‐, but not in field‐trials. Sodium silicate (at up to 200 ppm) had no significant effect on growth or sugar accumulation and did not modify the response to GA. Treatment with azauracil (at up to 400 ppm) strongly inhibited cane growth and increased stem‐sugar concentrations, but showed no significant interaction with GA.
Put‐and‐Take vs. Fixed Stocking for Defining Three Grazing Levels by Lambs on Alfalfa‐Orchardgrass1
Authors: Marten G. C. , Jordan R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPasture researchers disagree concerning which of two basic methods of establishing grazing intensity (put‐and‐take vs. fixed stocking) leads to valid experimental results. Our purpose was to compare these two methods of determining the influence of grazing intensity on pasture potential of a mixture of Medicago sativa L. and Dactylis glomerata L. We used three grazing levels within each method and measured daily gains of lambs and liveweight gains per ha.The methods yielded similar animal daily gains and liveweight gains per ha over a 3‐year period. An increase within levels of either grazing pressure (put‐and‐take method) or stocking rate (fixed stocking method) caused a decrease in lamb daily gains, accompanied by and increase in liveweight gains per ha. The fixed stocking method resulted in understocking early in a season, which was offset by overstocking late in the season.Fixed stocking gave lower experimental error for lamb daily gain, but the methods had similar errors for gain per ha. After the 1st year alfalfa comprised less of the mixture under light grazing pressures than under heavy pressures. However, by the 3rd year the percentage of alfalfa was nearly identical in all treatments.We concluded that similar results can be obtained via put‐and‐take stocking and fixed stocking, provided the yield potential of the specific pasture type is known. The resources necessary to obtain yield potential of various forages under grazing in advance of a grazing trial represent a major disadvantage of a fixed stocking system.
X‐Ray Emission Technique for Determining Potassium in Corn Leaves1
Authors: Smid A. E. , Barnhisel R. I. , Peaslee D.E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe micro‐distribution of K was determined in corn leaves (Zea mays L.) using a modified Heinrich miniature probe attachment for an X‐ray emission spectrometer. Concentrations of K were measured in 1 ✕ 5‐mm areas along a transect from the margin to the midrib. Increasing concentrations of K near the midrib were associated with the higher levels of K nutrition, whereas concentration peaks near the leaf margin were associated with the high plant population. Leaf tissue containing < 0.3% K was necrotic.
Effect of Root‐absorbed 2,3,5‐Triiodobenzoic Acid on Nutrient Absorption and Growth by Soybeans1
Authors: Ohki K. , McBride L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFoliar application of 2,3,5‐triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) has been recently used on soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to enhance yields. Root application appeared as an alternative naethod of applying TIBA to the plant. This study was initiated to provide information on effects of root‐absorbed TIBA on growth, nutrient absorption, and nutrient distribution. Plants were grown, in Hoagland solution with TIBA at eight levels from 0 to l0 ppmw. Nutrients absorbed were determined by their disappearance from samples taken periodically.Although young leaves and internodes showed no visible response at concentrations lower than 5 ppmw. typical symptoms were observed at 5 and 10 ppmw TIBA. The 10‐ppmw dosage reduced elongation of the stems. Roots were more sensitive than tops to TIBA, and morphological effects were observed as low as 0.1 ppmw. Shoot/root ratios showed that TIBA equally influenced the dry weights of these tissues. TIBA appeared to enhance the rate of P uptake from the nutrient solution. Within a 6‐day period 5 ppmw TIBA enhanced total P uptake about 25% above controls, while absorption of NO3‐N, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe was not influenced.
Inheritance of Nitrate Reductase Activity, Grain Protein, and Straw Protein in a Hard Red Winter Wheat Cross1
Authors: Duffield R. D. , Croy L. I. , Smith E. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn experiment was conducted in the field to estimate broad‐sense heritabilities on an individual plant basis for nitrate reductase (NR) activity, grain protein, and straw protein in a cross between two hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) selections that differed substantially in grain protein. Phenotypic correlation coefficients were also determined between NR activity and grain protein, straw protein, water‐soluble protein, nitrate content, and yield.Although heritability estimates for NR activity varied somewhat with sampling date, there was an indication that considerable genetic variability for this trait was present in the population. Genetic differences between parents were expressed during both fall and spring growth stages. Heritability estimates for grain protein ranged from 30 to 76%, with a mean of 44%. This range of heritability estimates is assumed to be partially due to removal of leaf samples for the enzyme assays. High heritability estimates for straw protein content at the earlier sampling dates suggested the presence of large genetic differences in efficiency of translocation.The NR activity was significantly correlated with grain protein, water soluble protein, and nitrate content. Grain protein was negatively correlated with yield, but results suggested that successful simultaneous selection for high grain protein and yield could be accomplished. The results indicated that higher nitrate reduction and more efficient protein translocation were active in producing high grain protein. Since the genetic expression of the NR enzyme appeared to be quite sensitive to environmental and physiological conditions, further research is necessary to verify these findings and to more closely pinpoint the optimum conditions for successful selection.
Postharvest Cultural Practices Affecting the Rooting of Kentucky Bluegrass Sods Grown on Organic and Mineral Soils1
Authors: King J. W. , Beard J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of sod type, fertilizer placement, underlying soil type, soil moisture, sod harvest depth, and the postharvest irrigation rate on the transplant rooting capability were investigated. Market‐quality Merion Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) sod, grown on organic and mineral soils, was transplanted to grass‐faced root observation boxes. Root production data and counts of roots visible on the glass face were collected. Harvesting sod at a standard 2‐cm depth of cut was superior to 1‐cm in terms of root growth after transplanting. The 1‐cmthick sod was more prone to desiccation injury. Transplanting sod onto sandy loam topsoil of a 1:1 topsoilsubsoil mix resulted in increased root production compared to a clay loam subsoil. Transplanting sod to a dry soil resulted in delayed rooting. No difference in root production between soil‐incorporated and sod surface fertilizer placement was found in these short‐term studies. Sod grown on organic soil produced more roots in 16 to 24 days following transplanting than sod grown on mineral soil. Transplant sod rooting was impared during the May‐June period of extensive seedhead development.
Higher Fatty Acids of Flue‐cured Tobacco Leaves Varying in Stalk Position1
Authors: Chu H. , Tso T. C. , Chaplin J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCured leaves from eight stalk positions of three varieties and one breeding line of flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana labacum L.) were analyzed for fatty acid content and lipid residues. The higher fatty acids with 14 to 18 carbons were determined. The varieties analyzed were ‘Coker 139,’ ‘SC‐58,’ ‘NC‐95,’ and a breeding line ‘LN‐38.’ These varieties differed in alkaloid content and other physical and chemical characteristics. Leaves from SC‐58 and LN‐38 had the highest lipid residue. For all varieties lipid residues were lowest in leaves from the bottom stalk position and next lowest in leaves at the top position. LN‐38 had the highest total fatty acid content of any of the varieties. All varieties except Coker 139 yielded the highest total fatty acid content in leaves at the second stalk position. Also, the proportion of the unsaturated acid 18:3 was highest at position 2 in all varieties and decreased toward the top of the plant.
Amounts and Kinds of Sugars in the Nectars of Cotton (Gossypium spp.) and the Time of Their Secretion1,2
Authors: Butler G. D. , Loper G. M. , McGregor S. E. , Webster J. L. , Margolis H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNectar of cotton (Gossypium spp.) attracts many beneficial as well as harmful insects. Variations in the amount or quality of this nectar influences the number of these insect visitors. This paper deals with the amount, source on the plant, time of exudation, and sugar content of nectar produced by G. barbadense L. and G. hirsutum L. in Arizona. The nectar was collected in micropipets and the percentage of various sugars determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC).Leaf nectar on different plants, species, and dates varied from 0.70 to 19.00 µl/plant, sub‐bracteal nectar from 0.25 to 4.58 µl/flower, circumbracteal nectar from 0.22 to 2.00 µl/flower and floral nectar from 0.96 to 20.23 µl/flower. The concentration of fructose and glucose was greater than sucrose in the nectar from all sources. The volume of flower nectar in G. barbadense was five times that of G. hirsutum. The greatest amount of sugar in leaf nectar of G. barbadense was present at 0800 hours; in G. hirsutum at 1,100 hours. Fields of G. barbadense plants produced from 0.6 to 3.8 liters of nectar/ha/day. Some leaf nectar was secreted during the night.
Interaction of 2,3,5‐Triiodobenzoic Acid, Temperature, and Moisture on Soybean Development1
Authors: Ohki K. , McBride L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVariations in plant response to foliar application of 2,3,5‐triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] under field conditions appeared to be related to temperature and soil moisture conditions near application time. Greenhouse and growth chamber studies were conducted to provide information on the interacting effects of temperature and soil moisture.A 2 ✕ 2 ✕ 2 factorial experiment with soybeans in the greenhouse included two levels of premoisture, postmoisture and TIBA. Three temperature regimes simulating cool (21/16 C), warm (27/21 C), and hot (32/24 C) climates were additional variables to the greenhouse experiment for a 3 ✕ 2 ✕ 2 ✕ 2 factorial growth chamber experiment. Effects on plant height and reproductive development were studied.The TIBA response, as determined from plant height measurements under greenhouse conditions, was reduced by soil moisture stress following TIBA application. Under growth chamber conditions the TIBA effect on plant height generally increased as temperature increased from cool to hot. Floral and/or pod abortion was enhanced under high soil moisture and high temperatures. TIBA applied at floral initiation aided in the retention of greater numbers of pods under high temperature and high soil moisture.
Legume Seedlings Stands Resulting from Winter and Spring Sowings in Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) Sod1
Authors: Taylor T. H. , Foote J. S. , Snyder J. H. , Smith E. M. , Templeton W. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study was designed to test the hypothesis that successful establishment of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) may be realized if the seeds are sown on the soil surface of undisturbed Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) sod in late winter or early spring prior to the end of soil freezing and thawing.Our data indicate that with a doubling of the seeding rate, establishment of these legume species is likely to be as successful from surface‐seeding in undisturbed sod as with seed‐coverage and normal rates of seeding.Plantings made in December failed each year, mainly as a result of soil heaving. Legume stands resulting from plantings made below the soil surface, 0.6 cm (clover) and 1.6 cm (alfalfa), were superior to those obtained from surface seedings made in February, March, or April. Placing the seed below the soil surface was as important in February as in March or April. Plantings made in February, March or April had similar seedling stands in June. From the standpoint of seedling size in June, the February‐sown clover plants were much larger than those sown in March or April, indicating that clover may be sown to good advantage in February. Alfalfa did not show this response, suggesting little or no advantage for seeding it in February over doing so in March. Paraquat (1:1‐dimethyl‐4,4'‐dipyridylium dichloride) banded over the seeded row consistently enhanced seedling development. Seedbed preparation by tilling strips of soil 0.6 cm wide and 1.9 cm deep or 5.7 by 1.9 cm improved legume stands and increased seedling size over those of no‐tilled plots. Width of tilled strip had no effect on stands or seedling size.
Comparison of a Spent Boron‐phosphate Catalyst with Sodium Borate as a Source of Boron for Cotton1
Authors: Lewis D. E. , Wear John I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGreenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate NSC, a spent catalyst by‐product of the Monsanto Company, as a source of B for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Greenhouse experiments were conducted using Norfolk ls, Hartsells fsl, and Decatur cl. Soils were limed and fertilized for maximum yields with the exception of B, which was added from sodium borate and NSC, at rates of 0.5 ppm to 7.5 ppm B. High rates were to determine toxic effects. No increases in seedling top growth of cotton plants were obtained for B after 6 weeks growth in greenhouse tests. No reduction in seedling top growth was obtained on any soil at 7.5 ppm B, the highest rate of NSC. On Norfolk soil , plant concentration ranged from 43 ppm B with no B added to 352 ppm with 7.5 ppm B. Boron concentration of cotton on Hartsells soil ranged from 42 to 172 and from 67 to 131 ppm on Decatur soil at 0 and 7.5 ppm applied B, respectively. Seed cotton yield was increased in one of five field experiments from the addition of B from both NSC and sodium borate. On the other soils, there was no response to B from either source. Except on one soil type, leaf samples showed an increase in B content from all plots receiving B (from either source) when compared to no B added.
Crop Response to Phosphate Fertilization and to Residual Phosphate Levels: III. Greenhouse Experiment1
Authors: Giskin M. , Hagin J. , Kafkafi U. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe greenhouse experiment was performed as a supplement to the field experiments described elsewhere, having in view that crop sequence is faster and that yield response to fertilizers is more likely to be found in such experiments than in the field. The aims of the experiment were to evaluate the build‐up or depletion, during continuous cropping, of “available” phosphorus in soils with varying residual phosphate levels and to determine the contribution to yield of freshly applied and residual phosphates.The pot experiment, with three soils and seven consecutive crops, received super‐phosphate in amounts of 0, 19.4, 58.2, and 174.6 ppm P/3 kg soil. After removal of the third crop each of the four initial treatments was divided into four subtreatment groups. Rates of fertilization remained similar.A linearity of relationships was found between P‐uptake and total amount of fertilizer applied, dry matter yield and P extracted by NaHCO3 or water. For all three soils the freshly applied phosphate was more readily “available” than the residual phosphate but there was a decrease in dependence of yield response to freshly applied phosphate when the soil residual phosphate levels were high. In the Neve Yaar soil, the freshly added phosphate, expressed as ppm P in soil, produced roughly the same yield as an equivalent amount of NaHCO3‐extractable P. Whereas, in the Lachish soil, approximately two to three times more of fresh P has to be applied in order to approximate the same yield level of NaHCO3‐extractable P. This indicates a lower or slower fixation of phosphorus in the Neve Yaar soil and concurs with results found in the field experiments. Thus some quantitative relationship between plant response to freshly applied and residual phosphate was found which was not capable of being calculated from data of the field experiments.
Relationship of Seed Protein and Amino Acid Composition to Seedling Vigor and Yield of Wheat1
Authors: Lowe L. B. , Ayers G. S. , Ries S. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe seed of 17 phenotypes of a Mexican semidwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Inia 66’) was analyzed for protein and amino acid composition. These parameters were related to seedling vigor and yield to determine if amino acid composition would give a better estimate of potential vigor and yield within a genotype than seed protein.The seedling dry matter showed a high positive correlation with seed protein content (r = 0.93***). Analysis of amino acids in acid hydrolysates of the seed indicated that mole percent glutamic acid was positively related to seedling growth (r = 0.84***). Several other amino acids were found to be negatively correlated. Twelve phenotypes of Inia 66 (four rates of N fertilizer × three nontoxic levels of simazine [2 chloro‐4,6‐bis‐(ethylamino)‐striazine]) from a Mexican field trial were grown for second‐generation grain yields in Michigan. A positive relationship was found between both seed protein content and mole percent glutamic acid and grain yield (r = 0.70** and 0.74**, respectively). Although the amino acid analyses elucidated the possible source of the protein contributing to increased seedling vigor, they did not prove to give a better estimate of seedling vigor, or yield than N analyses.
Effect of Soil Management on Corn Yield and Soil Nutrients in the Rain Forest Zone of Western Nigeria1
Authors: Agboola Akinola , Fayemi Adeboyejo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe problem of maintaining soil fertility by shifting cultivation is becoming increasingly difficult in Nigeria as rapid population growth places more strain on land resources, thereby decreasing the fallow period. Researchers are therefore confronted with the difficulty of finding an alternative low‐cost farming system that can maintain soil fertility.An experiment on soil management practices involving both interplanted legume crops in rotation plus fertilizer was set up to investigate the above problem. The experiment was conducted in Ibadan, Nigeria, which has an annual rainfall of 140 cm and average temperature of 25 C. The experiment was located on Iwo soil series with unusually high available P (100 kg/ha) and exchangeable K (600 kg/ha), soil pH of 6.5, and CEC 15 meq/100g.The results show that fertilizer (55‐10‐55 kg/ha of NP‐K) increased yields of corn (Zea mays L.) from 1,510 to 2,460 kg/ha. Legumes [greengram (Phaseolus aureus), cowpea (Vigna sinensis), and calopo (Calopogonium muccunoides)] either interplanted or rotated also increased the yield of corn. The magnitude of the increase for calopo was equivalent to that for the fertilizer. Legumes tended to conserve available P and exchangeable K in the surface soil.