bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pourquoi les réformes économiques échouent-elles dans les systèmes de type soviétique ?
Authors: Winiecki Jan 
Published: November 2010

Why economic reforms fail in the Soviet system ?
This article tries to answer intriguing question : why market-type reforms fail under the Soviet system in spite of the obvious interest of respective ruling groups in improving the performance of their ailing economies ? The author stresses the explanatory framework of the "new economic history" pointing at the wealth distribution under the Soviet system as the very important variable.
In the first section the author explains how wealth distribution determines attitudes of the ruling stratum, consisting of party apparatchiks, bureaucracy (mainly economic one), police and military. All of them benefit from the maintenance of the political system because they get a larger part of the created wealth than they would have got under the representative democracy. But on top of that two segments of the ruling stratum uniquely benefit also from the persistent interference in the wealth creation process itself through nomenklatura and privileged access to goods in short supply.
Since market-type reforms would do away with the loyalty-based nomenklatura (managerial nominations would have to be based on merit) and equilibrium prices would wipe out the benefits of privileged access, party apparatchiks and economic bureaucracy are dead set against any serious changes in the economic system.
In the second section the author explains the unremitting hostility of these two segments of the ruling stratum toward the private sector, applying the same method of analysis, i.e. wealth distribution approach.
The third section deals with the moves of party apparatchiks and economic bureaucracy if and when economic reforms are envisaged or introduced. Since it is these two segments of the ruling stratum that are charged with implementing reforms, they have ample room for manœuvre in their moves aimed at aborting or reversing reforms. Next, the modus operandi of "counterreformers" is explained in some detail.
The ruling group finds itself between the need to improve ailing performance of the economy and the necessity to keep intact the benefits of these segments of the ruling stratum that benefit from the status quo. And because it depends primarily upon precisely these segments to stay at the top, it choses to do nothing or to make limited changes that do not affect either the performance or the structure of benefits.
In the last section some recent attemps at economic reforms are evaluated in terms of the analytical framework set forth in the previous sections.
Les ordinateurs soviétiques.
Authors: Logé Yves 
Published: November 2010

Soviet computers : three decades of unavoidable history
Freed from the laws of the market which, in the West, govern technical innovation, computers in the USSR have followed a specific pattern of development, with 1969 as a pivotal year. The author highlights the change which took place at that period in Soviet industrial policy in the area of information technology (the new research and development body, the common East-European programme on information technology) and justifies classifying these developments under two main periods, thus :
- first period (the 1950's and I960's) independent development,
- second period (the 1970's and 1980's) East-European cooperation.
Each phase of development justifies the drawing-up of a balance-sheet. The « state of the art » at the end of the 60's, on the one hand, and at the middle of the 80's on the other, comprise the key sections of this study, which itself carries an outline of the unavoidable Est- West comparisons. If one considers only the tool, and not the use that is made of it, there are indications of a certain backwardness in development, and the germs of this can be identified (for example, the weight of the microprocess in current developments).
The importance of East-European co-operation (within the context of the ISDL - The International Socialist Division of Labour) and the contribution of the members are underlined, as also a certain form of specialization, with the Soviet Union at the top end of the scale.
Les facteurs de la croissance dans les pays européens moins développés, 1960-1983
Authors: Tuitz Gabriele 
Published: November 2010

L'auteur entreprend une analyse comparative du développement macro-économique et de la croissance dans quatre pays capitalistes du Sud de l'Europe (Grèce, Portugal, Espagne, Turquie) et quatre pays socialistes du Sud-Est de l'Europe (Bulgarie, Hongrie, Roumanie, Yougoslavie). Cette étude a pour objectif d'évaluer les résultats obtenus par les différents systèmes pour dépasser leur retard économique.
Alors qu'on ne décèle quasiment aucune différence dans la dynamique du développement économique des deux groupes de pays, il existe en revanche des écarts notables en matière d'inputs des facteurs, qu'il s'agisse de quantité ou d'efficacité. Du fait du fonctionnement spécifique des deux systèmes, les efforts d'investissement ont été plus importants dans les économies planifiées. En outre, leur coût, en terme d'input de capital nécessaire pour un accroissement du niveau de production (PIB) et de la productivité du travail a été également nettement plus élevé que dans les économies de marché.
L'organisation planifiée d'une économie permet probablement à ces pays d'atteindre, en phase initiale et malgré de faibles revenus par tête, des taux d'investissements supérieurs à ceux d'une économie capitaliste. On montre que l'augmentation forcée de la part des investissements dans le revenu national et, par conséquent, le déclin de la part de la consommation constituent des éléments fondamentaux du développement économique. De cette manière, les économies planifiées ont réalisé un changement structurel dynamique, accompagné de taux de croissance relativement élevés, qui leur ont permis à toutes  la Yougoslavie exceptée  d'éviter le chômage massif des économies de marché. Cependant, cette forme extensive d'industrialisation a simultanément impliqué de lourdes pertes en termes d'efficacité économique globale. Par conséquent, cette étude ne permet nullement de conclure à la supériorité du système socialiste en tant qu'instrument de développement économique.
Un demi-siècle de saignée
Authors: Hruby Karel 
Published: November 2010

Fifty Years of Bleeding.
In the last fifty years the democratic tradition in Czechoslovakia has been exposed to three waves of repression : the Nazi (as a result of the Munich Agreement in 1938), the Stalinist (after the February communist putch in 1948) and the "normalization" (after the supression of the Prague Spring in 1968). In all three cases it was first and foremost the legacy of the philosopher and humanist, the first president of the Czechoslovak republic, T.G. Masaryk, which was to be annihilated.
The Nazi repression was motivated by racial and nationalistic hatred and was marked by extraordinary cruelty tending towards physical liquidation of the representatives of the national spirit. The Stalinist repression was fuelled by class-based hatred and ideological self-righteousness ; its main aim was to manipulate intellectual life reducing it to one direction only ; but judicial homicide was also in its portfolio of repressive measures. The third wave of repression which is still going on is an expression of political rivalry. It does not aim at physical liquidation but deprives the nonconformists of work in the field of their intellectual capacity and often of a decent existence in general ; they are subjected to various kinds of harassment.
In spite of all these repressions free thought could not be fully suppressed. Even in the most affected branches of Czechoslovak culture such as philosophy, sociology and historiography, the power of resistance is remarkable. Every period of relaxation, however short it might have been, such as the 1945-48 period or the late 1960s, brought an upsurge of free creative activity. In the last ten years independent intellectual activity has found its most effective means of expression in the "samizdat" literature. The unnatural situation requires uncustomary measures in order to cope with it. The Charter 77, a loosely knit association daring to voice alternative views and valuations within the frame of law, has become the beacon in what still can be described with Arthur Koestler as the Darkness at noon.
Les difficultés financières des entreprises dans l'industrie hongroise
Authors: Papanek Gabor , Sárkány Péter , Viszt Erzsébet 
Published: November 2010

Après 1968, dans l'industrie hongroise, les entreprises en difficulté financière ont été identifiées et sanctionnées selon divers indicateurs et critères inscrits dans des textes juridiques. Les auteurs, qui se fondent sur leurs recherches empiriques, indiquent que ces entreprises représentaient bon an mal an 3 à 5 % des unités économiques. Des problèmes financiers ont surgi dans des entreprises de presque toutes les branches industrielles mais ils ont été particulièrement aigus dans certains secteurs et notamment la sidérurgie et le textile.
Cependant, la nature du mécanisme économique n'a guère permis une amélioration, une réduction, voire un abandon des activités des entreprises peu performantes qui ont toujours trouvé le moyen d'« arracher » une aide publique leur permettant de combler leur déficit. Or, compte tenu des problèmes financiers de l'ensemble du pays (entre autres le déficit du budget de l'État), la modification de la réglementation est devenue indispensable en 1986 et des règles juridiques semblables aux lois sur la faillite des pays industriellement développés ont été appliquées. Les autorités espéraient que ces nouvelles règles permettraient d'atténuer la fréquence des difficultés financières et s'attendaient à une diminution considérable du rôle et des charges financières de l'État.
Les recherches entreprises sur la nouvelle réglementation montrent que de grands efforts sont encore nécessaires pour sa mise en pratique si l'on veut réaliser les aspirations qui y sont attachées. En outre, pour mener à bien les tâches assignées, il faudra tenir compte des conflits d'intérêts liés à la solution des problèmes financiers et des conditions politiques du développement économique et industriel.
Un essai sur l'économie vietnamienne depuis 1975
Authors: Le Van Cuong , Nguyen Van Quy , Duong Hiên Pham 
Published: November 2010

An essay on the Vietnamese economy since 1975.
In this paper, we are attempting a description of the Vietnamese economy from 1975 to 1988. Broadly speaking, this falls into two periods, 1976-1980 and 1981-1985. The first is based upon a « voluntarist » policy which, coupled with the serious consequences of a prolonged war (30 years) brought about a noticeable drop in the standard of living of the inhabitants. The second period saw the introduction of certain reforms, in particular, the system of contractual obligations entered into with the peasants, brought about an economic improvement, which unfortunately collapsed as a result of the disastrous measures of 1985 aimed at purging the economy.
Dissipation de la rente, managers et travailleurs dans le système soviétique : les implications pour un changement du système
Authors: Szymanderski Jacek , Winiecki Jan 
Published: November 2010

Jacek Szymanderski, Jan Winiecki. — Dissipation de la rente, managers et travailleurs dans le système soviétique : les implications pour un changement du système.
Les auteurs analysent les attitudes des managers et des travailleurs essentiellement dans l'optique de ce que les théoriciens du droit de propriété appellent la dissipation de la rente. Ce phénomène est particulièrement répandu dans le système soviétique où l'application des règles en l'absence de règles (ou en présence de trop de règles conflictuelles) et l'évaluation du produit en l'absence de marché (associée à des salaires volontairement bas qui poussent les travailleurs à réduire leur activité bien en deçà de leurs possibilités) créent toutes sortes de difficultés.
Les diverses manières de s'approprier une portion de la rente ainsi dissipée par le dirigeant (plus généralement la strate dirigeante) sont ensuite examinées de même que les avantages qu'en tirent chacune des parties intéressées. On attire l'attention sur le fait que les managers non seulement bénéficient bien plus que les travailleurs de la dissipation de la rente mais qu'ils en tirent aussi avantage en tant que membres de la strate dirigeante (ils sont nommés via la nomenklatura ; ils obtiennent des biens et services distribués en dehors des circuits du marché ; leurs primes et leurs gratifications dépendent presque entièrement du bon vouloir de leurs supérieurs politiques). En réalité, la totalité de leur revenu dépend de la perpétuation du système et de leur place au sein de ce système.
Par conséquent, les auteurs différencient fortement les « réformes » (de simples aménagements du système) et le « changement » (un passage à l'économie de marché). Les managers, de par leur appartenance à la strate dirigeante, sont prêts à accepter les réformes qui accroissent leur champ de manœuvre sans menacer leur position privilégiée. Le contraire est vrai pour les travailleurs qui font partie de l'immense majorité des dirigés. Ils sont prêts à accepter le changement, source de plus grande efficacité, qui entraînera une hausse absolue du bien-être même si cela s'accompagne d'une différenciation accrue entre les travailleurs qualifiés et non qualifiés. Ils craignent cependant que les aménagements du système réduisent la part de la rente dissipée qu'ils s'approprient sans provoquer simultanément une élévation de l'efficacité et du niveau de vie. Pour eux, les actions entreprises par les dirigeants sont des réformes et non un changement. C'est pourquoi, par défaut, ils soutiennent le statu quo.
Introduction à une sociologie comparative du sport : les pêcheurs à la ligne en R.D.A
Authors: Petit Benoît 
Published: November 2010

Benoît Petit. — Introduction à une sociologie du sport : les pêcheurs à la ligne en R.D.A.
La lecture de quelques revues de sport halieutiques ou d'ouvrages spécialisés permet à l'auteur d'évoquer le cadre général dans lequel s'inscrit la pratique de la pêche à la ligne en République démocratique allemande : elle semble, du moins dans les textes, encouragée par de multiples conditions favorables, tant naturelles que sociales ou politiques.
Une approche sociologique plus poussée discerne dans la littérature plusieurs présentations possibles de l'Association des sportifs du « Deutsche Angler Verband » (DAV), dont le fonctionnement, les structures et les objectifs avoués sont présentés tour à tour.
L'analyse de quelques « non-dits » ou silence des textes considérés, complétée par quelques témoignages oraux, permettent de dégager l'originalité et les constances (sans pouvoir dégager de typologie) des pêcheurs amateurs ; ce passe-temps confronté avec d'autres sports (plus urbains), d'autres pratiques (plus nobles ?) ou un autre pays (ici la France) suscite des comparaisons statistiques et linguistiques qui posent bien des problèmes méthodologiques.
Les perspectives de rapprochement des différentes législations fiscales actuelles des pays de la Communauté Économique Européenne
Authors: Teissier François 
Published: November 2010

Prospects for reconciling the various forms of tax legislation at present in operation in EEC countries.
As from 1st January 1993, The EEC will become an area without internal frontiers, in which the free circulation of goods, persons, services and capital will be ensured. The disparity in the tax systems of the twelve member states has led the EEC commissioners to submit proposals to the Council of Europe for reconciling the most outstanding differences.
In the first part of this study, the statistics of public revenues of countries which are members of OECD, published in August 1987, give the reader an idea of the lines followed by each member state in its fiscal policy, and also of the disparity existing in respect of fiscal pressure and the structure of tax revenues.
The second part is concerned with the proposals of the Commission, which relate to indirect taxation :
 the reconciliation of the rules ; VAT would be approached by initiating a system in which the area of liability, the basis and the number of tax rates (a normal rate and a reduced rate) would be common. The reduced rate would be between 4 % and 9 % while the normal rate would lie between 14% and 20%. Would such a wide range be compatible with economies that are no longer protected by frontiers ?
 the standardization of excise duties should raise fewer difficulties ;
 on the other hand, the absence of provision for regulating the free circulation of capital can be explained by the scale of the problem, which is that of achieving financial and monetary harmony.
Le développement des télécommunications : recherche comparative France-Bulgarie
Authors: Dubois Pierre , Durand Claude , Gilain Claude 
Published: November 2010

Development of telecommunications : a comparative study France-Bulgaria
This article offers some conclusions relating to the telephonic branch of a comparative study of France and Bulgaria, which had to do with methods of decision-making in industrial enterprises, and which compared three branches - clothing, mechanical construction, and telephony. The study of the telephonic branch was carried out during 1985-1986. Three aspects were particularly singled out for comparison : the development of electronic switchboards, i.e. the emergence of a very sizeable technological leap ; the market in telecommunications, and finally employment, both in its nature and its modes of administration. We have been able to bring out the fact that the dissimilarities between the two countries are not to be found where one would a priori have expected them (the role of the authorities) but have to do rather with the state of the industrial fabric, with the place in it of the market, the labour market especially.
L'économie de la RDA durant l'ère Honecker
Authors: Cornelsen Doris 
Published: November 2010

Economie development in the GDR during the Honecker era
The effects of the oil crisis of 1973 on the rise in world prices of raw materials, and on the increase in external debt led, inter alia, to a « cautious reform » which lasted until the fall of Honecker. The steps which were taken related just as much to industrial organization (with the Kombinat) and economic structure (with the accent on new technology) as to prices and central planning. However, this failed to bring about an overall efficiency in the ensemble of economic sectors, and led to some serious imbalances.
La RDA de Honecker ou la recherche d'un socialisme prussien
Authors: Samson Ivan 
Published: November 2010

Honeckers' GDR, or the search for a Prussian-style socialism
The economic reform, carried out during the Honecker era, showed a certain degree of originality, if only in distancing itself from the traditional model of centralization. The setting up of Kombinats was attended by success in certain places. However, serious imbalances showed up in the social mechanism, in particular with relation to distorsion in the structure of requirements and prices. This was to lead to an aggravated loss of trust between an increasingly diversified society, and a leadership functioning along changeless, set lines.
La sécurité sociale en RDA
Authors: Vortmann Heinz 
Published: November 2010

Social security in the GDR
After an analysis of the different stages by which, from 1971 onward, the social security system reached its present state, the author offers a detailed examination of the various categories of benefit : retirement pensions, illness, accident, children's allowan- ces, public assistance. Although, in this respect, the needs of society appear to have been adequately catered for during the Honecker era, there are still two points which are worth underlining : the wide gap separating the sum of pensions from the sum of average earnings of the able bodied workers ; and, secondly, the degree to which expenditure exceeds income in the social insurance sector, and the necessity, which can only become more imperative, for the State to make up the difference.
Rate‐Acceleration in Gold‐Nanocluster‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Esterification Using 1,2‐ and 1,3‐Diols and Their Derivatives
Authors: Yasukawa Tomohiro , Miyamura Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAerobic oxidation of aldehydes to 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diol monoesters was catalyzed by polymer‐incarcerated gold nanoclusters under ambient conditions. The esterification proceeded much faster with 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diols and their derivatives rather than with methanol.
Provision and maintenance of presence and immersion in hand‐held virtual reality through motion based interaction
Authors: Hwang Jane , Kim Gerard J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHand‐held devices are also becoming computationally more powerful and being equipped with special sensors and non‐traditional displays for diverse applications aside from just making phone calls. As such, it raises the question of whether realizing virtual reality, providing a minimum level of immersion and presence, might be possible on a hand‐held device capable of only relatively “small” display. In this paper, we propose that motion based interaction can widen the perceived field of view (FOV) more than the actual physical FOV, and in turn, increase the sense of presence and immersion up to a level comparable to that of a desktop or projection display based VR systems. We have implemented a prototype hand‐held VR platform and conducted two experiments to verify our hypothesis. Our experimental study has revealed that when a motion based interaction was used, the FOV perceived by the user for the small hand held device was significantly greater than (around 50%) the actual. Other larger display platforms using the conventional button or mouse/keyboard interface did not exhibit such a phenomenon. In addition, the level of user felt presence in the hand‐held platform was higher than or comparable to those in VR platforms with larger displays. We hypothesize that this phenomenon is related to and analogous to the way the human vision system compensates for differences in acuity resolution in the eye/retina through the saccadic activity. The paper demonstrates the distinct possibility of realizing reasonable virtual reality even with devices with a small visual FOV and limited processing power. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.