bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the germ cell cycle of the digenetic trematodeParorchis acanthusNicoll
Authors: Rees Gwendolen 
Published: June 2009

1. The anatomy of the adult miracidium ofParorchis acanthusis described.2. Development of the miracidium and of the succeeding larval stages has been followed.3. Cleavage of the fertilized egg gives rise to an ectodermal and a propagatory cell. The former gives rise to the soma, and the latter, after contributing a few small cells to the body of the miracidium, becomes the germ cell.4. This germ cell develops in the same way into the first generation redia while still in the body of the miracidium.5. The fully formed miracidium contains a single fully formed redia when it penetrates the intermediate molluscan host.6. In the intermediate host the miracidium disintegrates and second generation rediae are formed from the germ cells in the body cavity of the parent redia.7. The germ cells in the body cavity of the daughter redia give rise to cercariae by a similar process of embryonic development to that found in preceding generations.8. The germ cells in the cercariae become differentiated into the adult genitalia.9. No evidence has been found to show that rediae or cercariae are derived from cells in the wall of the redia.10. No ovary, maturation process, parthenogenesis, or fertilization takes place in any of the larval stages, but germinal lineage is apparent throughout the life cycle.
On the parasites of silver foxes on some farms in the south-west
Authors: Watkins C.V. , Harvey L. A. 
Published: June 2009

1. The carcasses of 154 silver foxes of various ages, from fifteen farms in the southwest, have been examined and their parasites recorded. In addition, those of fourteen wild red foxes have similarly been examined.2. The incidence of various species of nematode, cestode, and protozoan parasites has been analysed for the foxes, in age groups and in farm groups.3. The worm egg counts in the faeces have been discussed in relation to the numbers of female worms in the foxes. No adequate correlation has been established between the two sets of data.4. The ages of the foxes at incidence of the nematode parasites has been discussed, and the possibility of the development of resistance to various species investigated.5. Certain peculiarities in the sex ratios of the Nematoda have been discussed.6. The possibility of infestation of silver foxes by parasites derived from the wild-red-fox population of the neighbourhood of the farms has been investigated, as has also that of the transference of Crenosoma striatum from the hedgehog to foxes.
Pentastoma gracile (Linguatulidae) as a human parasite
Authors: Sandon H. 
Published: June 2009

A linguatulid, very similar to the nymphal ‘Pentastoma gracile’ from crocodiles described by Sambon, was found in faecal material from a European resident in Khartoum. There is no evidence concerning the method of infection.I am indebted to Dr E. S. Horgan, until recently Director of the Stack Medical Research Laboratories, for his reply to my inquiries concerning linguatulid infections in the Sudan; and to Prof. J. J. C. Butley, of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, for his valuable assistance in obtaining relevant literature.
A method for estimating the toxic effect of contact insecticides on mosquitoes and house-flies
Authors: Mer G. G. , Davidovici S. 
Published: June 2009

A method for comparing the lethality effect of contact insecticides on mosquitoes and house-flies is proposed.It is based on the comparison of the death-rate and the length of survival of insects after a contact for a very short and exactly measured time with a surface sprayed with a known concentration of the insecticide.It is suggested that the same method may be used to compare the susceptibility of various species of mosquitoes and flies to the toxic action of a contact insecticide.Some of the methods and apparatus were worked out and constructed by the Staff of No. 1 Malaria Field Laboratory under the command of the senior author. The following Officers and N.C.O.'s of the Royal Army Medical Corps were especially active in this work, and acknowledgement is made of their valuable contributions: Major T. T. Macan, Major Fox, Lt. MacDonald, Staff-Sgt. (later Major) Iles, Cpl. Mortimer.We are also indebted to Prof. F. S. Bodenheimer and Major T. T. Macan for their help in preparing this paper.
An experimental study of East Coast fever in Ugand II. The durability of immunity in East Coast fever
Authors: Wilson S. G. 
Published: June 2009

Confusion exists as to whether the immunity produced by one attack of East Coast fever is absolute or whether it requires to be maintained by reinfection.During the present experiments mild transient infections have been produced in six calves, and in five cases the immunity has been incomplete and second attacks have followed reinfestation by infected ticks.The time interval between the attacks has varied from 1 to 16 months, and it is suggested that when the interval is prolonged the second attack will be severe and may be fatal.It is concluded that the durability of the immunity depends on the severity of the original attack, being durable when the attack is severe, and only transient and probably never solid when the attack is mild.The temperature reaction is at the moment the best indicator as to the severity of the attack and the type of immunity evolved.
Blood parasites of East African vertebrates, with a brief description of exo-erythrocytic schizogony in Plasmodium pitmani
Authors: Garnham P. C. C. 
Published: June 2009

1. The following new species were encountered in this investigation:Haemogregarina hamata in Lacerta jacksoni;Hepatozoon minchini in Crotaphopeltis degeniPirhaemocyton granosa in Agama colonorumAtoxoplasma argyae n.gen. n.sp. in Argya rubi-ginosaSpirochaeta harveyi in Cercopithecus aethiops.2. Further information is given in regard to the following known species, including new host records:Plasmodium pitmani in Mabuia striata and M. maculilabrisTrypanosoma martini in Mabuia maculilabrisPlasmodium vaughani in Othyphantes reichenowiPlasmodium relictum in Othyphantes reichenowi and Passer iagoensisHaemoproteus wenyoni in Passer griseusLeucocytozoon sp. in nine species of birdsHepatocystes epomophori in Epomophorus labiatusHepatocystes kochi in Cercopithecus, etc.Babesia pitheci in Cercopithecus mitis.3. Exo-erythrocytic schizogony is described in Plasmodium pitmani of the skink (from spleen and heart preparations).
A note on the electron microscopy of the turnip yellow mosaic virus
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2009

An attempt to differentiate by means of the electron microscope between particles of the top and bottom components of the turnip yellow mosaic virus is described. Since the particles of the top component are thought to be hollow spheres, it might be expected that they would collapse after drying and thus throw a smaller shadow than the particles of the bottom component which are thought to have a more solid centre. No difference could be perceived between the two types of particle, so that the apparently hollow particles can withstand the effect of drying without collapsing.Sections were cut of leaves of Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis) and particles were observed inside the cells which could conceivably be virus particles.
Ixodes theileri n.sp, with observations on species confused therewith
Authors: Arthur D. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. A new species of tick, I. theileri from South Africa, is described. Hitherto it has been collected only from birds.2. Existing descriptions of I. daveyi Nuttall 1913 and I. brunneus Koch 1844 are amplified, and the synonymy of I. frontalis (Panzer, 1795) discussed.3. Diagnostic characters, whereby I. daveyi, I. brunneus, I. frontalis and I. theileri may be separated, are tabulated.
The action of amoebicidal drugs on Entamoeba invadens Rodhain, 1934 in vitro
Authors: McConnachie Elspeth W. 
Published: June 2009

1. A method, based on that devised for E. histolytica by Dobell (1947), was worked out for testing the action of drugs upon E. invadens.2. The sensitivity of di- and monobacterial strains of E. invadens to emetine was determined, and of a dibacterial strain to the quinaldines A 352, A 356 and A 404. E. invadens was killed by emetine at concentrations of 1/50,000–1/100,000, A 352 or A 356 at 1/100,000, and A 404 at 1/10,000. The strains of E. invadens used in the present tests are thus less sensitive to emetine than is E. histolytica, but the sensitivity of the two species to the quinaldines is similar.3. A strain of E. invadens which was maintained for 9 months in the presence of increasing concentrations of emetine, did not become resistant to the drug.I am indebted to Dr A. Bishop for much advice and criticism; to Dr J. D. Fulton for a culture of Bacterium coli A'; and to Dr J. Walker for supplies of the compounds A 352, A 356 and A404. The work has been financed by the Medical Research Council.
The Complement-fixation test in bilharziasis I. The value of different extracts of Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica worms as antigens
Authors: Eliakim M. , Davies A. Michael 
Published: June 2009

1. Different extracts of adult worms of S. mansoni and F. hepatica have been examined in the C.F.T. for bilharziasis. Extracts of S. mansoni worms in Coca's solution, alcohol-ether and absolute alcohol after acetone extraction possess high antigenic activity, the first being the most specific but less sensitive than the others. Extracts in Coca's solution of alcohol-ether insoluble residues still showed slight activity while acetone and polysaccharide (formamide) extracts showed none.2. Using the Coca's extract of S. mansoni worms, the C.F.T. was positive in 83% of sera of untreated patients and 58% of treated. The figures using the alcohol-ether extract were 13 and 4% respectively and, for the alcoholic extract of acetone insoluble residue, 42 and 13%.3. Extracts of F. hepatica worms showed the same general trend, but even in the two extracts to show activity (alcohol-ether and alcohol extract of acetone insoluble material) the titre was too low for use in the test.4. Of rabbits immunized with three different fractions of S. mansoni worms only that given the Coca extract showed complement-fixing antibodies and then only with the homologous antigen. Skin tests on the rabbits were negative to each of the antigens used.5. The nature of the antigen in the C.F.T. is discussed, and it is suggested that the active portion is lipo-protein in nature or more than one substance is involved. For use in clinical diagnosis, an extract of S. mansoni worms in Coca's solution is recommended.Our grateful thanks are due to Mr O. D. Standen of the Wellcome Laboratories of Tropical Medicine, London, for his generous gift of worm powder, and to Professor G. Witenberg of the Hebrew University for his interest in our work.
The Action of Plasmoquine on Mosquito-induced Malaria of Birds
Authors: Tate P. , Vincent M. 
Published: June 2009

The experiments described show that plasmoquine is very effective in preventing or delaying attacks of malaria in birds infected with P. relictum by direct blood inoculation, but has little or no prophylactic action in birds infected by the bites of mosquitoes.In the mosquito-induced malaria parasites may appear in the blood 3 or 4 days after the cessation of plasmoquine treatment and there is no appreciable delay as compared with untreated control birds.
Life History Studies on Trematodes of the Subfamily Reniferinae
Authors: Talbot S. Benton 
Published: June 2009

1. The life histories of Lechriorchis primus Stafford, L. tygarti n.sp. and Caudorchis eurinus n.gen. et sp. have been experimentally completed in three hosts, the first complete life histories to be worked out for species of the subfamily Reniferinae.2. The definitive hosts of the three forms were found to be two species of garter snakes, Thamnophis sauritus and T. sirtalis.3. Three species of snails, Physella gyrina, P. parkeri, and P. ancillaria, have been found to serve as the first intermediate host in the life cycles of Lechriorchis primus and Caudorchis eurinus n.gen. et sp., and two species of snails, Physella gyrina and P. heterostropha, in the life cycle of Lechriorchis tygarti n.sp.4. The tadpoles of two species of frogs, Rana clamitans and R. pipiens, were found to serve as the second intermediate hosts in the life cycles of all three trematodes. The cercariae penetrate larvae of Triturus and small fish, but live only a short time in these animals.5. Every stage in the life history of Lechriorchis primus, including egg, miracidium, mother sporocyst, daughter sporocyst, cercaria, metacercaria, and developmental stages in the definitive host, has been described in detail.6. The mother sporocyst of forms having a stylet cercaria is described for the first time.7. The flame cell pattern of the cercariae of L. primus, L. tygarti n.sp., and Caudorchis eurinus n.gen. et sp. has been determined to be of the “2 × 6 × 3’ type. Also the adult stage of C. eurinus was determined to have the same type.8. It has been pointed out that the life histories of the members of the subfamily are uniform in that their life history stages display a remarkable similarity.9. It has been suggested that this uniform type of life cycle and remarkable similarity of larval stages offer the most logical basis for establishing the subfamily Reniferinae as a natural group.
On the Distribution of Air in the Oesophageal Diverticula and Intestine of Mosquitoes
Authors: Marshall J. F. , Staley J. 
Published: June 2009

1. Shortly before the imago emerges, air accumulates under the pupal skin. This air is swallowed by the imago and passes directly into the stomach; the resulting distention of the abdomen helping to push the thorax forward so as to rupture the pupal skin.2. After rupture of the pupal skin, the imago continues to swallow air, which causes the stomach (and therefore the abdomen) to expand further and thereby facilitate the emergence of the imago.3. Within an hour after complete emergence of the imago, the air in the mid-gut commences to pass forward into the (hitherto empty) oesophageal diverticula, and after 12–22 hours the mid-gut no longer contains air. (Note. We find that the process of emergence here described for Culicidae also applies to some other diptera which, like mosquitoes, live for a part of their lives in water.)4. In mosquitoes fed on liquid (e.g. raisin juice) other than blood, the liquid goes direct into the oesophageal diverticula and displaces the air from them more or less completely (the experiments of Nuttall and Shipley (1903, p. 177) showed the air to be thus displaced, but this point was not specially mentioned by them).5. When mosquitoes feed on blood (whether previously fed on raisin juice or not) all the blood goes direct into the mid-gut. (Note. Traces of blood, negligible in quantity but sufficient to cause visible coloration, are occasionally to be observed in the diverticula. This appears more likely to happen in cases where no previous meal of raisin juice has been taken.)6. When a mosquito is fed on raisin juice and subsequently starved for a few days, the fluid contents of the diverticula are entirely replaced by air. The experiments indicate that this air reaches the diverticula via the cardia, in the same manner as during their initial inflation.7. In the case of “domestic” mosquitoes, the air in the diverticula becomes reduced in quantity (sometimes disappearing altogether) prior to hibernation, and increases in amount towards the end of the hibernating period.8. In the case of male mosquitoes, the transference of air from the mid-gut to the oesophageal diverticula proceeds pari passu with the turning of the hypopygium, the two processes terminating at about the same time.
The Development of West African Strains ofTrypanosoma gambienseinGlossina tachinoidesunder Normal Laboratory Conditions, and at Raised Temperatures
Authors: Taylor A. W. 
Published: June 2009

1. An account is given of the development of strains ofTrypanosom gambienseinGlossina tachinoides.Complete development with infection of salivary glands and hypopharynx occupies from 12 to 40 days and upwards, according to the strain of trypanosome used and the temperature conditions during development.2. It is shown that the first or intestinal phase of development is passed within the extra-peritrophic space and that the lumen or intra-peritrophic space of the gut is not involved.3. The importance of the proventricular infection as an index of maturing infections is stressed, and it is shown that filamentar crithidia are always present in this organ in the later stages of infection when infection of salivary glands is taking place. It has been proved that these filamentar crithidia may constitute up to 20 per cent. of flagellates in the proventriculus and are partly responsible for the further migration to the salivary glands.4. An account is given of the infectivity toG. tachinoidesof twenty-six strains ofT. gambiensefrom epidemic and endemic sleeping sickness areas in Northern Nigeria. None of the twenty-six was proved to be non-transmissible and twenty-five of the strains gave Total Infectivity Rates in the tsetse of from 0·9–10·5, the Cyclical Developmental Rates ranging from 0·6–9·8.5. No evidence has been obtained that strains ofT. gambiensefrom chronic cases of human trypanosomiasis in endemic areas are less transmissible by tsetse than strains originating in epidemic areas.6. An account is given of experiments in whichG. tachinoidesinfected withT. gambiensewere exposed to 37° C. for varying lengths of time. The effect of high temperature during the infecting period is seen in a marked and constant increase in the proportion of tsetse infected. In the case of one strain a total infection rate of 77·8 per cent. was obtained with true cyclical development in 73·5 per cent. of the tsetse used.7. It is suggested that the temperatures at which experimental tsetse are infected in the laboratory withT. gambienseare excessively low, and an investigation is to be made into the optimum climatic conditions for development of the trypanosome in the fly with a parallel attempt to correlate this with the climatic conditions under which wild tsetse become infected in nature.
Studies on the morphology, biology and development of a strigeid cercaria (Cercaria XBaylis 1930)
Authors: Erasmus David A. 
Published: June 2009

1.Cercaria X(Baylis & Taylor, 1930) and its sporocyst have been redescribed with some additions to the original descriptions.2. The details of the development of the cercaria into a metacercaria of the diplostomulum type have been obtained and the anatomy of the mature metacercaria is described in detail for the first time. It is proposed to name the metacercariaDiplostomulum X. Development of the cercaria into a metacercaria takes from 40 to 90 days and the metacercariae have been shown to survive for a period of 544 days after the time of infection. This development has been obtained in the lenses of rats, frogs and a wide variety of fish. Development is not completed in any other region of the host's body.3.The effect of the sporocyst, migration of the cercariae, and the metacercaria on the appropriate host tissues has been considered. All these stages produce extensive changes in the host tissues.4. Histochemical tests have shown the presence of alkaline phosphatase activity in the cuticle of the sporocyst. The glycogen storage regions of the cercaria are described and it has been demonstrated that the caudal bodies in the tail-stem contain large amounts of glycogen which are utilized during the free-swimming period.5. Attempts at the completion of the life cycle were unsuccessful.
The sheep ked, Melophagus ovinus L. I. Dissemination potential
Authors: Tetley J. H. 
Published: June 2009

Components of the intricate ked-sheep pattern, of significance in dissemination of the ked, are defined. It was found that the dissemination potential (percentage of population on the fleece surface) on one sheep was constantly greater than on a second. Bright sunshine caused an increase in the dissemination potential, particularly on the first sheep. It was concluded that the stimulating factor was a rise in the fleece temperature in regions directly exposed to the rays of the sun.The factor or factors causing differences in dissemination potential arose from similar degrees of temperature change being superimposed on inherently different fleeces. The sexes behaved similarly on both sheep.Keds were able to transfer readily between the two sheep. However, when they were concentrated on the sheep with a high dissemination potential, the population of the two-sheep system declined rapidly; when they were placed on the sheep with a low dissemination potential, the population of the two-sheep system increased. Approximately half of the keds leaving the sheep with a high dissemination potential did not reach a second host. It thus acted as a disinfecting agent.Bird and host predation were discounted as factors in causing ked population change.
On a filarial parasite,Deraïophoronema freitaslentin.sp., from the giant anteater,Myrmecophaga tridactylafrom british guiana, and a proposed reclassification ofDipetalonemaand related genera
Authors: Liang-Sheng Yeh 
Published: June 2009

1. A description is given of a new filarial parasite,Deraïophoronema freitaslentin.sp. from the mesentery of the giant anteater,Myrmecophaga tridactyla, from British Guiana.2. A proposed reclassification ofDipetalonemaand related genera is given. Genera considered as valid areAcanthocheilonema, Breinlia, Dipetalonema, Mönnigofilaria, DeraïophoronemaandTetrapetalonema. Molinemais considered to be a synonym ofAcanthocheilonema.3. A new genus,Johnstonema, is erected for the reception ofJ. annulipapillatum(Johnston & Mawson, 1938).
TrichomonasSP. from the Gut Contents of a Corais Snake
Authors: Das Gupta B. M. 
Published: June 2009

Trichomonassp. from a corais snakeDescription. Body usually pear-shaped. Average size 12 × 8μ, Three anterior flagella of unequal length. Basal fibre absent. Feebly developed undulating membrane.Habitat. Intestine ofDymarchon corais, from North America.Locality. London.