bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flavour differences in meat from sheep grazed on pasture or winter forage crops
Authors: Park R. J. , Spurway R. A. , Wheeler J. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYMerino wethers grazed pure stands of rape, vetch or oats for 76 days in 1969 and 35 days in 1970. A laboratory taste panel found that the flavour characteristics of meat from these sheep differed significantly from those of meat from similar sheep grazing ryegrass-white-clover pasture or native pasture.Grazing on rape often produced a meat with a nauseating aroma and flavour, and with significantly lower acceptability of flavour than the pastures. There was no significant difference in the acceptability of flavour of meat from pasture and vetch fed sheep, although vetch gave an intense meaty flavour. Meat from sheep grazing oats possessed a pungent odour and flavour, but with a flavour only slightly, but significantly, less acceptable than that of meat produced on pasture.
Effects of dietary deficiencies of energy, protein and calcium on the pregnant ewe. II. Body composition and mineral content of the lamb
Authors: Sykes A. R. , Field A. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of low protein and low Ca intakes during pregnancy on lamb composition and mineral contents have been investigated. Twenty-eight 6½-year-old Blackface ewes were used in a 2 × 2 experiment in which semi-purified diets containing 11·8 and 6·0% crude protein and 1·2 and 0·11 % Ca in the dry matter were offered to maintain constant levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and ketone bodies in the plasma, comparable to those found in hill sheep in winter. A further group, control, were fed a conventional diet containing adequate crude protein and Ca to maintain NEFA and ketone body levels typical of well-nourished sheep. The lambs were killed at birth and whole body fat, moisture, nitrogen, Ca, P, Mg, Na and K contents determined. Further data was obtained on the brain, liver and semitendinosus muscle.Within the context of the experiment the most important factor in determining the mineral content of the lambs was the protein intake of the ewe, mainly due to its effect on lamb body weight. The mean Ca content of lambs from the control ewes was 47·8 g. By comparison that of lambs from the high and low protein groups was reduced by 4·9 and 12·9 g respectively.Calcium intakes as low as 27 mg/kg ewe body weight/day had no significant effect on lamb birth weight or mineral composition.The mean concentrations (g/kg) of minerals in the fat-free bodies of the lambs ranged from 12·1 to 14·6 for Ca, 6·6 to 7·4 for P, 0·49 to 006 for Mg and from 1·9 to 1·6 for K in the control and double deficiency groups respectively. It was concluded that these changes in lamb composition could be interpreted according to classical studies on the influence of undernutrition on the relative growth and development of animal tissues.The livers of the lambs, although significantly reduced in weight by the protein deficiency showed no evidence of being relatively more severely affected than muscle tissue.
Effects of dietary deficiencies of energy, protein and calcium on the pregnant ewe. III. Some observations on the use of biochemical parameters in controlling energy undernutrition during pregnancy and on the efficiency of utilization of energy and protein for foetal growth
Authors: Sykes A. R. , Field A. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwenty-eight 6½-year-old Scottish Blackface ewes were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment and given semi-purified diets containing 11·8 or 6·0% crude protein (CP) and 1·2 or 0·11 % calcium (Ca) in the dry matter (DM). The amounts of diet offered were adjusted to maintain non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and ketone bodies in the plasma at levels comparable to those found in hill sheep in winter. Mean group values of NEFA during the final 6 weeks of pregnancy were maintained at these levels (1100–1300 μ-equiv/1) and ketone bodies at approximately 4·8 mg/100 ml. A further six sheep were fed a conventional diet containing adequate CP and Ca, to maintain NEFA and ketone bodies at levels typical of well-nourished sheep. Ewes and lambs from the undernourished groups were slaughtered after parturition and the chemical compositions of their bodies and those of six ewes slaughtered at the commencement of the experiment determined.
Statistical research on the digestibility in the cow. II. Nitrogen and ether extract
Authors: Paquay R. , de Baere R. , Lousse A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe results obtained for nitrogen and ether extract digestibility with 116 different rations fed to 242 non-pregnant dry cows and 96 lactating cows were studied.A hyperbolic relation exists between nitrogen digestibility (Y) and crude protein content (X), with the equation:Y = 88·6–(301/X)(r = – 0·928**, RSD = 4·78).Digestible protein content ( Y) is linearly related to crude protein content(X):Y = 0·90X-3·10 (r = 0·982**, RSD = 0·823).From dry-matter intake and crude protein content it is possible to estimate accurately the amount of digestible nitrogen. With all the experimental rations the mean metabolic faecal nitrogen was 496 mg/100 g of ingested dry matter, and the true nitrogen digestibility was conspicuously constant up to 90%.Digestibility of ether extract depends on the nature of the feeds. When the concentrate percentage of the ration is high, the digestibility of ether extract obeys the same laws as that of nitrogen.
Production of root axes and leaf elongation in perennial ryegrass in relation to dryness of the upper soil layer
Authors: Troughton A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDuring a period without rainfall the upper layers of the soil may become dry whilst the lower layers provide sufficient moisture for the plant to continue growing. In experimental conditions simulating such a soil environment, new main root axes ceased to be produced by plants of perennial ryegrass. Shoot growth and leaf elongation rate were little affected during the first 2 weeks of the treatment. The subsequent introduction of moisture round the base of the plant resulted in the rapid production of new root axes and increase in the leaf elongation rate. Although there was considerable intra-varietal genetic variation in the rate of development of new root axes and leaf elongation after wetting it is concluded that this would be of doubtful value as a selection criterion.
Resource allocation and health technology assessment in Australia: Views from the local level
Authors: Gallego Gisselle , van Gool Kees , Kelleher Dianne 
Published: March 2009

Objectives:Several studies have shown that a key determinant of successful health technology assessment (HTA) uptake is a clear, fair, and consistent decision-making process for the approval and introduction of health technologies. The aim of this study was to gauge healthcare providers' and managers' perceptions of local level decision making and determine whether these processes offer a conducive environment for HTA. An Area Health Service (AHS) aimed to use the results of this study to help design a new process of technology assessment and decision making.Methods:An online survey was sent to all health service managers and healthcare providers working in one AHS in Sydney, Australia. Questions related to perceptions of current health technology decisions in participants' own institution/facility and opinions on key criteria for successful decision-making processes.Results:Less than a third of participants agreed with the statements that local decision-making processes were appropriate, easy to understand, evidence-based, fair, or consistently applied. Decisions were reportedly largely influenced by total cost considerations as well as by the central state health departments and the Area executive.Conclusions:Although there are renewed initiatives in HTA in Australia, there is a risk that such investments will not be productive unless policy makers also examine the decision-making contexts within which HTA can successfully be implemented. The results of this survey show that this is especially true at the local level and that any HTA initiative should be accompanied by efforts to improve decision-making processes.
War and garrison towns in the Dutch Republic: the cases of Gorinchem and Doesburg (c. 1570–c. 1660)
Authors: VERMEESCH GRIET 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis article examines three important aspects of how the Dutch Republic organized warfare during the Dutch Revolt. The regulations for the billeting of soldiers, the building of fortifications and the collection of direct taxes are analysed in two garrison towns, namely, Gorinchem and Doesburg. The billeting of soldiers and the collection of taxes usually caused troubles in neighbouring countries. In comparison to more centralized neighbouring countries, the Dutch polity's decentralized nature, in which cities held positions of strong power, entailed better arrangements for billeting and higher tax compliance. Yet this decentralized nature did not hamper the emergence of central administrative bodies for co-ordinating and organizing the building of fortifications. The Dutch account of organizing warfare challenges existing views about the role of cities in state building within a context of protracted warfare.
Controlling corruption: regulating meat consumption as a preventative to plague in seventeenth-century London
Authors: DOREY MARGARET 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSeventeenth-century medical theory saw epidemic diseases like the plague as being caused by stinking miasmas resulting from putrefying matter polluting the air. The butchers' trade was singled out in London as a major polluter, implicated in both the regulatory literature and popular images as corrupting both the physical and moral health of the City and its citizens. Controlling the food trades, especially the butchers', was therefore an essential part of containing environmental pollution and preventing disease.
Between anxiety and admiration: views of British cities in Germany, 1835–1914
Authors: LEES ANDREW 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTExamination of writings about British cities that appeared in Germany between the mid-1830s and 1914 runs counter to emphasis either on German anti-urbanism or on growing hostility among Germans to their neighbours across the North Sea. Although it takes into account strong disparagement of flaws and failings that had, in the view of critics, resulted from the chaotic nature of urban growth in Britain, it points to increasing recognition – particularly after mid-century – of efforts to ameliorate conditions about which critics had complained. Much of what was singled out for commendation involved voluntary efforts by men and women who sought to improve working-class life via philanthropic uplift. During the 1850s and 1860s, the conservative social reformer Victor Aimé Huber sang the praises of the co-operative movement, both from an economic and from a moral standpoint. Later on, other observers, such as the liberal economist Gerhart Schulze-Gävernitz, lauded the most famous of the British settlement houses, Toynbee Hall in East London, on account of the activities it promoted in the area of adult education. Favourable commentary on municipal government rounded out a picture of the urban scene as a sphere in which local forces exemplified a spirit of civic-mindedness that ought to inspire admiration rather than enmity.
‘Calculating class’: housing, lifestyle and status in the provincial English city, 1900–1950
Authors: HAYES NICK 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe multifarious ‘objective’ indicators used to place individuals by class (for example, occupation, wealth, income), or proxies thereof, capture only a part of who we are. More important is our ‘style of life’: our tastes, how we spend what we earn and how this interplays socially to include or exclude us from ‘society’. Of these the most significant cultural site was an individual's house and home, against which, using local property tax records, we can place a defined numeric value. This article analyses class in relation to housing and property values in Nottingham in the first half of the twentieth century.
Sustainable development with stock pollution
Authors: HEDIGER WERNER 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTOptimal pollution control is an important challenge for sustainable development with three distinct cases. First, the situation where nature's assimilative capacity is completely destroyed involves normative problems that require further research. Second, environmental restoration with initial pollution above the steady-state stock requires an economy to initially allocate a relatively high share of its resources to cleaning-up activities. In return, this generally results in an intertemporally efficient development path that is both environmentally and economically sustainable. Third, optimal trajectories in situations with initial stocks of pollution below the long-term optimum generally imply an increase in pollution and a decline of optimal consumption. In this case, the investment of the environmental rents accruing from nature's assimilative capacity into man-made capital is required in analogy to the famous Hartwick rule to maintain a constant flow of instantaneous welfare. This would facilitate growth in consumption sufficient to compensate for the rising disutility of pollution.
Cross-Dialectal Perceptual Experiences of Speech-Language Pathologists in Predominantly Caucasian American School Districts
Authors: Robinson Gregory C. , Stockman Ida J. 
Published: March 2009

PurposeThis study aimed to determine if the number and type of African American English (AAE) features that are spoken in sentences influence speech-language pathologists' (SLPs') judgments of (a) how noticeable the dialect is (dialect detectability) and (b) how understandable a speaker is to others (comprehensibility).MethodCertified SLPs with little conversational experience with AAE were recruited from predominantly Caucasian American school districts in Michigan. They listened to sentences that contained varying amounts and types of AAE phonological features. The SLPs rated the sentences on 5-point scales regarding dialect detectability and comprehensibility. The ratings for the different sentences were compared to determine how the variables contributed to the SLPs' judgments of AAE.ResultsBoth dialect detectability and comprehensibility ratings were affected by the number of AAE features that were included in the sentences. The types of AAE features consistently affected the comprehensibility ratings but less consistently affected the dialect detectability ratings.ConclusionMultiple factors may affect SLPs' perceptions of AAE. The outcomes have both theoretical and practical implications.
A Case for the Sentence in Reading Comprehension
Authors: Scott Cheryl M. 
Published: March 2009

PurposeThis article addresses sentence comprehension as a requirement of reading comprehension within the framework of the narrow view of reading that was advocated in the prologue to this forum. The focus is on the comprehension requirements of complex sentences, which are characteristic of school texts.MethodTopics included in this discussion are (a) evidence linking sentence comprehension and syntax with reading, (b) syntactic properties of sentences that make them difficult to understand, (c) clinical applications for the assessment of sentence comprehension as it relates to reading, and (d) evidence and methods for addressing sentence complexity in treatment.ConclusionSentence complexity can create comprehension problems for struggling readers. The contribution of sentence comprehension to successful reading has been overlooked in models that emphasize domain-general comprehension strategies at the text level. The author calls for the evaluation of sentence comprehension within the context of content domains where complex sentences are found.
Validity of Teacher Report for Assessing the Emergent Literacy Skills of At-Risk Preschoolers
Authors: Cabell Sonia Q. , Justice Laura M. , Zucker Tricia A. , Kilday Carolyn R. 
Published: March 2009

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive validity of teacher report for assessing the emergent literacy skills of preschool-age children. The aims were twofold: (a) to examine predictive relationships between teacher report and direct behavioral assessment, and (b) to examine the extent to which teacher report accurately differentiates children who are exhibiting low levels of emergent literacy skills relative to their peers.

Method
Forty-four preschool teachers completed a rating form reporting the print-related emergent literacy skills of 209 children who were enrolled in their classrooms. Approximately 2 months later, the children completed direct assessments of these skills.

Results
Correlations between teacher report and children’s performance on direct behavioral assessments were positive, moderate to large in size, and statistically significant. In terms of classifying children into groupings based on risk (e.g., at risk, low risk), global teacher ratings demonstrated a sensitivity of 51.9% and a specificity of 87.9%.

Clinical Implications
The present results indicate that teacher report provides a somewhat valid representation of children’s skills. However, the diagnostic accuracy of teacher report for identifying children who are at risk is generally low. With this limitation in mind, teacher report can provide an important complement to current assessment approaches that are used in preschool settings.
Looking Through an Adolescent Literacy Lens at the Narrow View of Reading
Authors: Ehren Barbara J. 
Published: March 2009

Purpose
This commentary is a personal reaction to A. G. Kamhi’s (2007) article on the “narrow view” of reading and his suggestion that this view be adopted as a way to address the reading problems of children and adolescents.

Method
In this article, I consider the narrow view of reading from an adolescent literacy perspective and discuss the practical implications of adopting this view in the schools. Discussion revolves around the complexities of reading comprehension, comprehension as a teachable set of complex processes, and the speech-language pathologist’s role in reading comprehension.

Conclusion
Although I acknowledge that the narrow view of reading may have merit, I opine that it may create more problems than it solves.
Incidence of Microperforation for Surgical Gloves Depends on Duration of Wear
Authors: Partecke Lars Ivo , Goerdt Anna-Maria , Langner Inga , Jaeger Bernd , Assadian Ojan , Heidecke Claus-Dieter , Kramer Axel , Huebner Nils-Olaf 
Published: March 2009

Background.The use of sterile gloves is part of general aseptic procedure, which aims to prevent surgical team members from transmitting infectious agents to patients during procedures performed in an operating room. In addition, surgical gloves also protect team members against patient-transmitted infectious agents. Adequate protection, however, requires that the glove material remain intact. The risk of perforations in surgical gloves is thought to correlate with the duration of wear, yet very few prospective studies have addressed this issue.Methods.We prospectively collected 898 consecutive pairs of used surgical gloves over a 9-month period in a single institution. After surgical team members wore the gloves during surgical procedures, the gloves were examined for microperforations using the watertight test described in European Norm 455, part 1. The gloves were analyzed as a pair; if 1 glove had a perforation, the pair was considered to be perforated. In addition, we evaluated the use of a hand cream that contained a suspension of cornstarch and ethanol to determine its potential influence on the rate of microperforation.Results.Wearing gloves for 90 minutes or less resulted in microperforations in 46 (15.4%) of 299 pairs of gloves, whereas wearing gloves for 91-150 minutes resulted in perforation of 54 (18.1%) of 299 pairs, and 71 of (23.7%) of 300 pairs were perforated when the duration of wear was longer than 150 minutes (P = .05). Subgroup analysis revealed no significant difference in the rates of microperforation for surgeons (56 [23.0%] of 244 pairs of gloves perforated), first assistants (43 [19.0%] of 226 pairs perforated), and surgical nurses (53 [20.5%] of 259 pairs perforated). Of 171 microperforations, 114 (66.7%) were found on the left hand glove (ie, the glove on subjects' nondominant hand), predominantly on the left index finger (55 [32.3%]). The use of the hand cream had no influence on the rate of microperforation.Conclusion.Because of the increase in the rate of microperforation over time, it is recommended that surgeons, first assistants, and surgical nurses directly assisting in the operating field change gloves after 90 minutes of surgery.
Multiple H1‐antihistamine‐induced urticaria
Authors: INOMATA Naoko , TATEWAKI Satoko , IKEZAWA Zenro 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTH1‐antihistamines are widely used in the treatment of various allergic diseases. Particularly, a cornerstone of the management of chronic idiopathic urticaria is treatment with H1‐antihistamines. However, a few cases of H1‐antihistamine‐induced urticaria have been reported. A 34‐year‐old woman presented with a 4‐month history of recurrent urticaria, which was prominently exacerbated by the administration of H1‐antihistamines. The patient consented to a provocation test of fexofenadine among drugs including cetirizine and hydroxyzine, which were suspected of inducing severe symptoms in episodes. One hour after challenge with 12 mg fexofenadine (one‐fifth of the therapeutic dose), a urticarial reaction rapidly developed on nearly the entire body with remarkably increased levels of plasma histamine (190 nmol/L) and plasma leukotriene B4 (150 pg/mL). In challenge tests with other antihistamines, generalized urticaria occurred 5 and 1 h after intake of 10 mg loratadine and 10 mg bepotastine, respectively, whereas challenges with chlorpheniramine, mequitazine and azelastine were all negative. Skin prick tests with H1‐antihistamines used in the challenges were all negative, indicating that the urticarial reactions after challenges with the causative drugs might not be immunoglobulin E‐mediated. Among the causative drugs in our case, cetirizine and hydroxyzine are the piperazine derivatives, whereas fexofenadine, bepotastine, ebastine and loratadine are the piperidine derivatives. The chemical structures of both derivatives are very similar. Therefore, in this case, H1‐antihistamine‐induced urticaria may have been due to cross‐reactivity between metabolites of these drugs, but not to drugs before metabolization. Hypersensitivity to H1‐antihistamines should be considered when urticarial lesions worsen after H1‐antihistamine treatment.
Ulcerative pigmented squamous cell carcinoma in a 101‐year‐old Japanese woman
Authors: YOSHIDA Yuichi , YAMASAKI Ayako , SHIOMI Tatsushi , SUYAMA Yoshiko , NAKAYAMA Bin , YAMAMOTO Osamu 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTPigmented squamous cell carcinoma is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma. We report a case of pigmented squamous cell carcinoma with dermoscopic examination probably arisen from actinic keratosis in a 101‐year‐old woman who was surgically treated under general anesthesia. In addition, we discuss indications of general anesthesia in elderly patients with skin cancer, differential diagnosis and dermoscopic features of pigmented squamous cell carcinoma.