bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health Status, Neighborhood Socioeconomic Context, and Premature Mortality in the United States: The National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study
Authors: Doubeni Chyke A. , Schootman Mario , Major Jacqueline M. , Torres Stone Rosalie A. , Laiyemo Adeyinka O. , Park Yikyung , Lian Min , Messer Lynne , Graubard Barry I. , Sinha Rashmi , Hollenbeck Albert R. , Schatzkin Arthur 
Published: August 2011

Objectives. We examined whether the risk of premature mortality associated with living in socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods varies according to the health status of individuals. Methods. Community-dwelling adults (n = 566 402; age = 50–71 years) in 6 US states and 2 metropolitan areas participated in the ongoing prospective National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study, which began in 1995. We used baseline data for 565 679 participants on health behaviors, self-rated health status, and medical history, collected by mailed questionnaires. Participants were linked to 2000 census data for an index of census tract socioeconomic deprivation. The main outcome was all-cause mortality ascertained through 2006. Results. In adjusted survival analyses of persons in good-to-excellent health at baseline, risk of mortality increased with increasing levels of census tract socioeconomic deprivation. Neighborhood socioeconomic mortality disparities among persons in fair-to-poor health were not statistically significant after adjustment for demographic characteristics, educational achievement, lifestyle, and medical conditions. Conclusions. Neighborhood socioeconomic inequalities lead to large disparities in risk of premature mortality among healthy US adults but not among those in poor health.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Mortality Risk Among US Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Egede Leonard E. , Dismuke Clara , Echols Carrae 
Published: August 2011

Objectives. We examined the association of race/ethnicity with mortality risk in a national cohort of US veterans clinically diagnosed with traumatic brain injury. Methods. Between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2006, we obtained data from a national cohort study of 7885 non-Hispanic White, 1748 Non-Hispanic Black, 314 Hispanic, and 4743 other or missing race/ethnicity veterans clinically diagnosed with traumatic brain injury in Veterans Affairs medical centers and community-based outpatient clinics. Results. Overall mortality at 48 months was 6.7% in Hispanic, 2.9% in non-Hispanic White, and 2.7% in non-Hispanic Black veterans. Compared with non-Hispanic White, Hispanic ethnicity was positively associated with a higher mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.49, 3.64) in the race/ethnicity-only adjusted model. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities, Hispanic ethnicity continued to be positively associated (HR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.00, 2.58) with a higher mortality risk relative to non-Hispanic White ethnicity. Conclusions. Hispanic ethnicity is positively associated with higher mortality risk among veterans clinically diagnosed with traumatic brain injury. More research is needed to understand the reasons for this disparity.
Effectiveness and Spillover of an After-School Health Promotion Program for Hispanic Elementary School Children
Authors: de Heer Hendrik D. , Koehly Laura , Pederson Rockie , Morera Osvaldo 
Published: August 2011

Objectives. We evaluated the effectiveness and spillover of an after-school health education and physical activity program among Hispanic elementary school children. Methods. In fall 2008, students in third through fifth grades in 6 schools in El Paso, Texas (n = 901), were randomized to intervention (n = 292 participants) or control (n = 354) classrooms (4 unknown). Intervention classrooms also contained a spillover group (n = 251) that did not join the after-school program but that completed measurements and surveys. The intervention was a 12-week culturally tailored after-school program meeting twice a week. Four-month outcomes were body mass index, aerobic capacity, and dietary intentions and knowledge. We calculated intervention exposure as the proportion of after-school participants per classroom. Results. Intervention exposure predicted lower body mass index (P = .045), higher aerobic capacity (P = .012), and greater intentions to eat healthy (P = .046) for the classroom at follow-up. Intervention effectiveness increased with increasing proportions of intervention participants in a classroom. Nonparticipants who had classroom contact with program participants experienced health improvements that could reduce their risk of obesity. Conclusions. Spillover of beneficial intervention effects to nonparticipants is a valuable public health benefit and should be part of program impact assessments.
Quid Pro Quo: Tobacco Companies and the Black Press
Authors: McCandless Phyra M. , Yerger Valerie B. , Malone Ruth E. 
Published: August 2011

Objectives. We explored the relationship between tobacco companies and the Black press, which plays an important role in conveying information and opinions to Black communities. Methods. In this archival case study, we analyzed data from internal tobacco industry documents and archives of the National Newspaper Publishers Association (NNPA), the trade association of the Black press. Results. In exchange for advertising dollars and other support, the tobacco industry expected and received support from Black newspapers for tobacco industry policy positions. Beginning in the 1990s, resistance from within the Black community and reduced advertising budgets created counterpressures. The tobacco industry, however, continued to sustain NNPA support. Conclusions. The quid pro quo between tobacco companies and the Black press violated journalistic standards and represented an unequal trade. Although numerous factors explain today's tobacco-related health disparities, the Black press's service to tobacco companies is problematic because of the trust that the community placed in such media. Understanding the relationship between the tobacco industry and the NNPA provides insight into strategies that the tobacco industry may use in other communities and countries.
Another Look at the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Experience in Canada
Authors: Mah Catherine L. , Deber Raisa B. , Guttmann Astrid , McGeer Allison , Krahn Murray 
Published: August 2011

Policy debates about immunization frequently focus on classic trade-offs between individual versus collective well-being. Publicly funded immunization programs are usually justified on the basis of widespread public benefit with minimal individual risk. We discuss the example of the policy process surrounding the adoption of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in Canada to consider whether public good arguments continue to dominate immunization policymaking. Specifically, we show how a range of stakeholders framed HPV vaccination as a personal—rather than a public—matter, despite the absence of a controversy over mandatory immunization as was the case in the United States. Our findings suggest an erosion of the persuasiveness of public good arguments around collective immunization programs in the policy discourse.
Informational Privacy, Public Health, and State Laws
Authors: O'Connor Jean , Matthews Gene 
Published: August 2011

Developments in information technology that make it possible to rapidly transmit health information also raise questions about the possible inappropriate use and protection of identifiable (or potentially identifiable) personal health information. Despite efforts to improve state laws, adoption of provisions has lagged. We found that half of states have no statutes addressing nondisclosure of personally identifiable health information generally held by public health agencies. Exceptional treatment of HIV, sexually transmitted infections, or tuberculosis-related information was common. Where other provisions were found, there was little consistency in the laws across states. The variation in state laws supports the need to build consensus on the appropriate use and disclosure of public health information among public health practitioners.
Intergenerational Relationships Between the Smoking Patterns of a Population-Representative Sample of US Mothers and the Smoking Trajectories of Their Children
Authors: Weden Margaret M. , Miles Jeremy N. V. 
Published: August 2011

Objectives. We assessed intergenerational transmission of smoking in mother-child dyads.Methods. We identified classes of youth smoking trajectories using mixture latent trajectory analyses with data from the Children and Young Adults of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 6349). We regressed class membership on prenatal and postnatal exposure to maternal smoking, including social and behavioral variables, to control for selection.Results. Youth smoking trajectories entailed early-onset persistent smoking, early-onset experimental discontinued smoking, late-onset persistent smoking, and nonsmoking. The likelihood of early onset versus late onset and early onset versus nonsmoking were significantly higher among youths exposed prenatally and postnatally versus either postnatally alone or unexposed. Controlling for selection, the increased likelihood of early onset versus nonsmoking remained significant for each exposure group versus unexposed, as did early onset versus late onset and late onset versus nonsmoking for youths exposed prenatally and postnatally versus unexposed. Experimental smoking was notable among youths whose mothers smoked but quit before the child's birth.Conclusions. Both physiological and social role-modeling mechanisms of intergenerational transmission are evident. Prioritization of tobacco control for pregnant women, mothers, and youths remains a critical, interrelated objective.
A Model for Dental Practice in the 21st Century
Authors: Lamster Ira B. , Eaves Kayleigh 
Published: August 2011

The dental profession is responsible for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and disorders of the oral cavity and related structures. Although the majority of the US population receives excellent oral health care, a significant portion is unable to access regular care. Along with proposals to develop midlevel providers, the scope of practice for dentists needs to be reconceptualized and expanded. A broad number of primary health care activities may be conducted in the dental office, such as screening for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dermatopathology; smoking prevention and cessation activities; and obesity interventions. More than 70% of adults saw a dentist in the past year, which represents an unrealized opportunity to improve both oral health and general health.
Examining Whether Dental Therapists Constitute a Disruptive Innovation in US Dentistry
Authors: Edelstein Burton L. 
Published: August 2011

Dental therapists—midlevel dental providers who are roughly analogous to nurse practitioners in medicine—might constitute a disruptive innovation within US dentistry.Proponents tend to claim that dental therapists will provide more equitable access to dental care; opponents tend to view them from a perspective that focuses on retaining the current attributes of the dental profession. Therapists display traits similar to those of disruptive innovations: their attributes are different from dentists’, they may not initially be valued by current dental patients, they may appeal to current dental underutilizers, and they may transform the dental delivery system.Whether dental therapists constitute a disruptive innovation will only be determined retrospectively.
Differences in the Social Networks of African American Men Who Have Sex With Men Only and Those Who Have Sex With Men and Women
Authors: Latkin Carl , Yang Cui , Tobin Karin , Penniman Typhanye , Patterson Jocelyn , Spikes Pilgrim 
Published: August 2011

Objectives. We compared social network characteristics of African American men who have sex with men only (MSMO) with social network characteristics of African American men who have sex with men and women (MSMW). Methods. Study participants were 234 African American men who have sex with men who completed a baseline social network assessment for a pilot behavioral HIV prevention intervention in Baltimore, Maryland, from 2006 through 2009. We surveyed the men to elicit the characteristics of their social networks, and we used logistic regression models to assess differences in network characteristics. Results. MSMO were significantly more likely than were MSMW to be HIV-positive (52% vs 31%). We found no differences between MSMO and MSMW in the size of kin networks or emotional and material support networks. MSMW had denser sexual networks, reported more concurrent and exchange partners, used condoms with more sexual partners, and reported interaction with a larger number of sexual partners at least once a week. Conclusions. Although there were many similarities in the social and sexual network characteristics of MSMO and MSMW, differences did exist. HIV prevention interventions should address the unique needs of African American MSMW.
US Health Care Reform and the Future of Dentistry
Authors: Sparer Michael 
Published: August 2011

THE PATIENT PROTECTION and Affordable Care Act has grand ambitions: to provide insurance coverage to more than 30 million currently uninsured Americans, to slow increases in health care costs, to reorganize the health care delivery system, and to improve the quality of care provided to all. Where does the oral health community fit in this initiative? Should dentists “scope up” to become a more active part of the primary care workforce? Or should dentists “scope down” and delegate parts of the traditional dental tool kit to midlevel practitioners? Our nation's public health largely depends on whether we can create a more integrated and public health–oriented delivery system. The oral health, physical health, and public health communities should address this challenge together.
Effect of Ozone Application on the Resin-dentin Microtensile Bond Strength
Authors: Rodrigues PCF , Souza JB , Soares CJ , Lopes LG , Estrela C 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARY
When ozone is used during caries treatment, bond strength can be compromised by the release of oxygen. The use of antioxidant agents neutralizes the free oxygen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ozone and sodium ascorbate on resin-dentin microtensile bond strength (μTBS). Forty human third molars were divided into four groups: Group 1, not treated with ozone; Group 2, ozone application followed by acid etching; Group 3, acid etching followed by ozone application; and Group 4, ozone and application of sodium ascorbate. Bonded beams (1.0 mm2) were tested under tension (0.5 mm min−1). The μTBS values were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test (p=0.05). All beams that fractured were analyzed under stereomicroscopy (40×). Group 1 had significantly higher μTBS values than Group 2 or 3. The μTBS values of Groups 1 and 4 were similar and higher than those of Group 2. The use of ozone in Group 2 resulted in lower values of μTBS in all conditions evaluated. The predominant failure mode was adhesive. The application of ozone decreased the μTBS of the dentin-composite resin interface. These values were reversed when compared with Groups 1 and 2 when sodium ascorbate was used.
Depth and Distance Perception of Dentists and Dental Students
Authors: Dimitrijevic T , Kahler B , Evans G , Collins M , Moule A 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe quality of work carried out by dentists is dependent, among other things, on experience, training, and manual dexterity. Historical focus on the latter as a predictor of dental performance has failed to recognize that dental competence also requires good perceptual and visual skills, not only for gathering information but also for judging positions, distances, and the size of objects and shapes. Most predictive tests ignore visual and interpretative deficiencies that could make individual acquisition of skills and interpretation of instructions difficult. Ability to estimate depth and distance, the manner in which students learn this ability, whether and how it can be taught, or whether there is an association among ability, stereopsis, and dental performance has not been thoroughly examined; nor has the perception that dental students fully understand verbal and written instruction relating to depth and distance. This study investigated the ability of dentists and dental students to estimate and reproduce small depths and distances and the relationship of this ability to stereopsis, dental experience, and student performance. A total of 163 undergraduate dental students from three year groups and 20 experienced dentists and specialists performed three tasks. A depth-perception task involved estimation of the depth of two sets (2-mm or 4-mm wide) of nine computer milled slots ranging in depth from 0.5 to 4.0 mm. A distance task involved estimation of the width of specially prepared printed square blocks. In a writing task, participants recorded distances across a printed line on separate sheets of paper. All tasks were conducted at set positions in custom-made transportable light boxes. Stereopsis and visual acuity were also measured. Ability to perform perceptual tasks varied enormously, with the level of accuracy dependent on the type of task and dental experience. Many students had considerable difficulty in estimating depth. Inexperienced students performed poorly. Most participants overestimated depth and distance estimation tasks, but underestimated when required to draw distances. Smaller depths and distances were easier to estimate than larger ones. All groups overestimated depth more in 4-mm-wide blocks than in 2-mm-wide blocks. There was no correlation found between depth and distance estimation and stereopsis scores or with the overall grades tested. This study highlights that some dentists and many dental students, particularly early in their course, have great difficulty in accurately gauging depths and distances. It is proposed that that this could impact significantly on a student's ability to interpret verbal and written preclinical instruction and could make the acquisition of manual skills and interpretation of clinical instruction difficult. Routine testing of all undergraduate dental students for perceptual and visual difficulties is recommended, so that those with difficulties can be identified and problems remedied, if possible, early in their course.
Adhesion of Resin Composite to Hydrofluoric Acid-exposed Enamel and Dentin in Repair Protocols
Authors: Saracoglu A , Özcan M , Kumbuloglu O , Turkun M 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARY
Intraoral repairs of ceramic fixed-dental-prostheses (FDP) often include cervical recessions that require pretreatment of the exposed tooth surfaces either before or after the ceramic is conditioned with hydrofluoric (HF) acid gel. The sequence of repair protocol may cross-contaminate the exposed etched enamel or dentin surfaces during the application or rinsing process and thereby affect the adhesion. This study evaluated the influence of HF acid gel with two concentrations on bond strengths of composite to enamel and dentin. Human third molars (N=100, n=10 per group) with similar sizes were selected and randomly divided into 10 groups. Flat surfaces of enamel and dentin were created by wet ground finishing. Before or after the enamel (E) or dentin (D) was conditioned with phosphoric acid (P), substrate surfaces were conditioned with either 9.5% HF (HF9.5) or 5% HF (HF5). Subsequently, a bonding agent (B) was applied. The experimental groups by conditioning sequence were as follows where the first letter of the group abbreviation represents the substrate (E or D) followed by the acid type and concentration: group 1 (EPHF9.5), group 2 (EPHF5), group 3 (EHF9.5P), group 4 (EHF5P), group 5 (DPHF9.5), group 6 (DPHF5), group 7 (DHF9.5P), and group 8 (DHF5P). Group 9 (EPB) and group 10 (DPB) acted as the control groups. Repair resin was adhered incrementally onto the conditioned enamel and dentin in polyethylene molds. Each layer was photo-polymerized for 40 seconds. All specimens were thermocycled (×1000, 5°-55°C) and subjected to shear test (universal testing machine, 1 mm/min). Specimens that debonded during thermocycling were considered as 0 MPa. The bond strength data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test and failure types using the chi-square test (α=0.05). Overall, the bond results (MPa) were lower on dentin than on enamel (p&lt;0.01). EPB (25.6 ± 6.6) and DPB (20.2 ± 4.9) control groups showed significantly higher results than those of other groups (p&lt;0.05). While higher mean bond strengths were obtained in group 1 (EPHF9.5) (11.5 ± 2.1) and group 2 (EPHF5) (7.3 ± 0.6), lower results were obtained when HF acid gels were applied prior to phosphoric acid (EHF9.5P: 5.0 ± 1.1, EHF5P: 3.6 ± 0.1) (p&lt;0.05). On dentin, the results were the lowest in group 8 (DHF5P: 1.5 ± 1.6), being significantly lower than those of group 5 (DPHF9.5) (p&lt;0.05). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed predominantly mixed failures with less than half of the composite left on both enamel and dentin surfaces (64 out of 80) (p&lt;0.05), indicating that in general, adhesion was not ideal. Contamination of the enamel or dentin surfaces with HF acid gel impairs the bond strength of composites. Considering both the bond strength results and failure types, when dental tissues are to be repaired next to ceramic, application of phosphoric acid before HF acid gel application can be recommended. HF acid gel concentration did not influence the results except on enamel.
Factors Affecting the Detection and Treatment of Occlusal Caries Using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System
Authors: Al-Khatrash AA , Badran YM , Alomari QD 
Published: August 2011

Clinical Relevance
Occlusal caries is the predominant form of dental caries at the present time. This study documents the variability in detection and treatment of occlusal caries among dentists graduating from different dental schools around the world and practicing in Kuwait. Furthermore, it shows that dentists tend to overtreat occlusal caries.
Effects of pH Values of Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching Agents on Enamel Surface Properties
Authors: Xu B , Li Q , Wang Y 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARY
This study investigated the influence of pH values of bleaching agents on the properties of the enamel surface. Sixty freshly extracted premolars were embedded in epoxy resin and mesiodistally sectioned through the buccal aspect into two parts. The sectioned slabs were distributed among six groups (n=10) and treated using different solutions. Group HCl was treated with HCl solution (pH=3.0) and served as a positive control. Group DW, stored in distilled water (pH=7.0), served as a negative control. Four treatment groups were treated using 30% hydrogen peroxide solutions with different pH values: group HP3 (pH=3.0), group HP5 (pH=5.0), group HP7 (pH=7.0), and group HP8 (pH=8.0). The buccal slabs were subjected to spectrophotometric evaluations. Scanning electron microscopy investigation and Micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to evaluate enamel surface morphological and chemical composition alterations. pH value has a significant influence on the color changes after bleaching (p&lt;0.001). Tukey's multiple comparisons revealed that the order of color changes was HP8, HP7&gt;HP5, HP3&gt;HCl&gt;DW. No obvious morphological alterations were detected on the enamel surface in groups DW, HP7, and HP8. The enamel surface of groups HCl and HP3 showed significant alterations with an erosion appearance. No obvious chemical composition changes were detected with respect to Micro-Raman analysis. Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that no obvious morphological or chemical composition alterations of enamel surface were detected in the neutral or alkaline bleaching solutions. Bleaching solutions with lower pH values could result in more significant erosion of enamel, which represented a slight whitening effect.