bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporate sustainability, ecological modernization and the policy process in the South African automotive industry
Authors: Kehbila Anderson Gwanyebit , Ertel Jürgen , Brent Alan Colin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the past decade, the plea for corporate sustainability has gathered momentum and protecting the environment is one aspect for organizations to address if they are to conduct business in a sustainable manner. In this paper, we present the results of a questionnaire survey on the state of corporate sustainability within the South African automotive industry. The survey focused on the meaning and relevance of sustainability to South African automotive companies, and their use of different approaches to implement sustainability in corporate practice. On this score, the paper seeks to analyze and compare the levels of voluntary environmental initiatives between large and small and medium‐sized enterprises within the automotive milieu. Survey results reveal that a majority of automotive companies have sought to improve their environmental performance by integrating environmental considerations into their core activities. Although the majority of these companies have standardized EMSs, our analysis reveals considerable differences between companies' approaches to corporate sustainability. In particular, they varied in the extent to which procedures were formalized and documented behind the corporate rhetoric of a high commitment to sustainability. The paper concludes by prescribing a number of recommendations as to how to engage and promote more widely the South African automobile manufacturing companies in environmental change. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Maintenance of pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells cultivated in stirred microcarrier cultures
Authors: Marinho Paulo A. N. , Fernandes Aline M. , Cruz Juliana C. , Rehen Stevens K. , Castilho Leda R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe development of efficient and reproducible culture systems for embryonic stem (ES) cells is an essential pre‐requisite for regenerative medicine. Culture scale‐up ensuring maintenance of cell pluripotency is a central issue, because large amounts of pluripotent cells must be generated to warrant that differentiated cells deriving thereof are transplanted in great amounts and survive the procedure. This study aimed to develop a robust scalable cell expansion system, using a murine embryonic stem cell line that is feeder‐dependent and adapted to serum‐free medium, thus representing a more realistic model for human ES cells. We showed that high concentrations of murine ES cells can be obtained in stirred microcarrier‐based spinner cultures, with a 10‐fold concentration of cells per volume of medium and a 5‐fold greater cell concentration per surface area, as compared to static cultures. No differences in terms of pluripotency and differentiation capability were observed between cells grown in traditional static systems and cells that were replated onto the traditional system after being expanded on microcarriers in the stirred system. This was verified by morphological analyses, quantification of cells expressing important pluripotency markers (Oct‐4, SSEA‐1, and SOX2), karyotype profile, and the ability to form embryoid bodies with similar sizes, and maintaining their intrinsic ability to differentiate into all three germ layers. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
High‐throughput screening techniques for rapid PEG‐based precipitation of IgG4 mAb from clarified cell culture supernatant
Authors: Knevelman Carol , Davies Jim , Allen Lee , Titchener‐Hooker Nigel J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLocating optimal protein precipitation conditions for complex biological feed materials is problematic. This article describes the application of a series of high‐throughput platforms for the rapid identification and selection of conditions for the precipitation of an IgG4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) from a complex feedstock using only microliter quantities of material. The approach uses 96‐microwell filter plates combined with high‐throughput analytical methods and a method for well volume determination for product quantification. The low material, time and resource requirements facilitated the use of a full factorial Design of Experiments (DoE) for the rapid investigation into how critical parameters impact the IgG4 precipitation. To aid the DoE, a set of preliminary range‐finding studies were conducted first. Data collected through this approach describing Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) precipitation of the IgG4 as a function of mAb concentration, precipitant concentration, and pH are presented. Response surface diagrams were used to explore interactions between parameters and to inform selection of the most favorable conditions for maximum yield and purification. PEG concentrations required for maximum yield and purity were dependant on the IgG4 concentration; however, concentrations of 14 to 20% w/v, pH 6.5, gave optimal levels of yield and purity. Application of the high‐throughput approach enabled 1,155 conditions to be examined with less than 1 g of material. The level of insights gained over such a short time frame is indicative of the power of microwell experimentation in allowing the rapid identification of appropriate processing conditions for key bioprocess operations. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Enhancement of cell recovery for dissociated human embryonic stem cells after cryopreservation
Authors: Xu Xia , Cowley Sally , Flaim Christopher J. , James William , Seymour Lenard W. , Cui Zhanfeng 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDue to widespread applications of human embryonic stem (hES) cells, it is essential to establish effective protocols for cryopreservation and subsequent culture of hES cells to improve cell recovery. We have developed a new protocol for cryopreservation of dissociated hES cells and subsequent culture. We examined the effects of new formula of freezing solution containing 7.5% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (v/v %) and 2.5% polyethylene glycol (PEG) (w/v %) on cell survival and recovery of hES cells after cryopreservation, and further investigated the role of the combination of Rho‐associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor and p53 inhibitor on cell recovery during the subsequent culture. Compared with the conventional slow‐freezing method which uses 10% DMSO as a freezing solution and then cultured in the presence of ROCK inhibitor at the first day of culture, we found out that hES cell recovery was significantly enhanced by around 30 % (P < 0.05) by the new freezing solution. Moreover, at the first day of post‐thaw culture, the presence of 10 μM ROCK inhibitor (Y‐27632) and 1 μM pifithrin‐μ together further significantly improved cell recovery by around 20% (P < 0.05) either for feeder‐dependent or feeder‐independent culture. hES cells remained their undifferentiated status after using this novel protocol for cryopreservation and subsequent culture. Furthermore, this protocol is a scalable cryopreservation method for handling large quantities of hES cells. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Active and inactive metabolic pathways in tumor spheroids: Determination by GC–MS
Authors: Hunnewell Michael G. , Forbes Neil S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractActive metabolic pathways in three‐dimensional cancer‐cell cultures are potential chemotherapeutic targets that would be effective throughout tumors. Chaotic vasculature creates cellular regions in tumors with distinct metabolic behavior that are only present in aggregate cell masses. To quantify cancer cell metabolism, transformed mouse fibroblasts were grown as spheroids and fed isotopically labeled culture medium. Metabolite uptake and production rates were measured as functions of time. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to quantify the extent of labeling on amino acids present in cytoplasmic extracts. The labeling pattern identified several active and inactive metabolic pathways: Glutaminolysis was found to be active, and malic enzyme and gluconeogenesis were inactive. Transformed cells in spheroids were also found to actively synthesize serine, cysteine, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and proline; and not synthesize glutamine. The activities of these pathways suggest that cancer cells consume glutamine for biosynthesis and not to provide cellular energy. Determining active metabolic pathways indicates how cells direct carbon flow and may lead to the discovery of novel molecular targets for anticancer therapy. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Applications of Allylsamarium Bromide as a Grignard Reagent and a Single‐Electron Transfer Reagent in the One‐Pot Synthesis of Dienes and Trienes
Authors: Hu Yuanyuan , Zhao Tao , Zhang Songlin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe utility of allylsamarium bromide, both as a nucleophilic reagent and a single‐electron transfer (SET) reagent in the reaction of α‐halo, γ‐halo‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones and esters with allylsamarium bromide is reported for the first time in this paper. From a synthetic point of view, a general, efficient and experimentally simple one‐pot method for the preparation of 1,4‐dienes and trienes is developed. A possible mechanism of the transformation is proposed.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Organophosphorus Compounds
Authors: Albrecht Łukasz , Albrecht Anna , Krawczyk Henryk , Jørgensen Karl Anker 
Published: December 2009

Abstract240 Years have passed since the discovery of elemental phosphorus. During that time organophosphorus chemistry has emerged as an interesting and exciting field of research. Recently organophosphorus chemistry has been raised to a new level. Organophosphorus compounds have found applications in asymmetric organocatalysis for the synthesis of optically active compounds of synthetic or biological importance. The aim of this review article is to present recent contributions to this developing field of chemistry and to point out synthetic advantages of methodologies developed so far.
Optimal Configurations of “Capped” β‐Cyclodextrin Dimers in Water Maximise Hydrophobic Association
Authors: Gamieldien M. Riedaa , Maestre Itziar , Jaime Carlos , Naidoo Kevin J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCircular dichroism analysis and proton NMR experiments revealed that solutions of 3‐O‐(2‐methylnaphthyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin form different dimer configurations. The exact nature of the dimer configurations were postulated to be of three types in which these capped cyclodextrins (CDs) are orientated in head‐to‐head and head‐to‐tail arrangements. Here we show from detailed computer simulations and free‐energy calculations on the configurations that the head‐to‐head configuration in which the naphthyl groups are mutually inserted into each other’s CD cavities is the most favoured configuration. This configuration optimises the hydrophobic association of the naphthyl aromatic groups and the ring cavities as well as forming the most inter‐CD hydrogen bonds of the three configurations.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of subcutaneous toxoplasmosis: A case report
Authors: Chen Xiaowei , Remotti Fabrizio , Tong Guo‐Xia , Gorczyca Elzbieta , Hamele‐Bena Diane 
Published: December 2009

AbstractToxoplasmosis is a common opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS in whom it typically presents as encephalitis, pneumonia, lymphadenitis, and myocarditis. Skin involvement is very rare and, to our best knowledge, Toxoplasma gondii forming a subcutaneous mass has not been reported. Here, we report the findings of an interesting case of subcutaneous toxoplasmosis with the cytological appearance of an inflammatory fibrovascular lesion in a HIV‐positive patient and discuss the differential diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010;38:716–720. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mouse ZAR1‐like (XM_359149) colocalizes with mRNA processing components and its dominant‐negative mutant caused two‐cell‐stage embryonic arrest
Authors: Hu Jianjun , Wang Fengchao , Zhu Xiaoquan , Yuan Ye , Ding Mingxiao , Gao Shaorong 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMaternal effect genes and encoding proteins are necessary for nuclear reprogramming and zygotic genome activation. However, the mechanisms that mediate these functions are largely unknown. Here we identified XM_359149, aZar1‐like gene that is predominantly expressed in oocytes and zygotes, which we designatedZar1‐like(Zar1l). ZAR1L‐EGFP formed multiple cytoplasmic foci in late two‐cell‐stage embryos. Expression of the ZAR1L C‐terminus induced two‐cell‐stage embryonic arrest, accompanied with abnormal methylation of histone H3K4me2/3 and H3K9me2/3, and marked down‐regulation of a group of chromatin modification factors includingDppa2, Dppa4, andPiwil2. When ectopically expressed in somatic cells, ZAR1L colocalized with P‐body components including EIF2C1(AGO1), EIF2C2(AGO2), DDX6 and LSM14A, and germline‐specific chromatoid body components including PIWIL1, PIWIL2, and LIN28. ZAR1L colocalized with ZAR1 and interacted with human LIN28. Our data suggest that ZAR1L and ZAR1 may comprise a novel family of processing‐body/chromatoid‐body components that potentially function as RNA regulators in early embryos. Developmental Dynamics 239:407–424, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The formation of the superior and jugular ganglia: Insights into the generation of sensory neurons by the neural crest
Authors: Thompson Hannah , Blentic Aida , Watson Sheona , Begbie Jo , Graham Anthony 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe superior and jugular ganglia (S/JG) are the proximal ganglia of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves and the sensory neurons of these ganglia are neural crest derived. However, it has been unclear the extent to which their differentiation resembles that of the Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRGs). In the DRGs, neural crest cells undergo neuronal differentiation just after the onset of migration and there is evidence suggesting that these cells are pre‐specified towards a sensory fate. We have analysed sensory neuronal differentiation in the S/JG. We show, in keeping with previous studies, that neuronal differentiation initiates long after the cessation of neural crest migration. We also find no evidence for the existence of migratory neural crest cells pre‐specified towards a sensory phenotype prior to ganglion formation. Rather our results suggest that sensory neuronal differentiation in the S/JG is the result of localised spatiotemporal cues. Developmental Dynamics 239:439–445, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wnt modulators in the biotech pipeline
Authors: Rey Jean‐Philippe , Ellies Debra L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this review is to provide a better understanding for the LRP co‐receptor‐mediated Wnt pathway signaling. Using proteomics, we have also subdivided the LRP receptor family into six sub‐families, encompassing the twelve family members. This review includes a discussion of proteins containing a cystine‐knot protein motif (i.e., Sclerostin, Dan, Sostdc1, Vwf, Norrin, Pdgf, Mucin) and discusses how this motif plays a role in mediating Wnt signaling through interactions with LRP. Developmental Dynamics 239:102–114, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A perturbation analysis of harmonic generation from saturated elements in power systems
Authors: Kumano Teruhisa 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNonlinear phenomena such as saturation of magnetic flux have considerable effects in power systems analysis. It is reported that a failure in a real 500‐kV system triggered islanding operation, where resultant even harmonics caused malfunctions in protective relays. It is also reported that the major origin of this wave distortion is nothing but unidirectional magnetization of the transformer iron core. Time simulation is widely used today to analyze phenomena of this type, but it has basically two shortcomings. One is that the time simulation takes too much computing time in the vicinity of inflection points in the saturation characteristic curve because certain iterative procedures such as N‐R (Newton–Raphson) must be used and such methods tend to be caught in an ill‐conditioned numerical hunting. The other is that such simulation methods sometimes do not aid an intuitive understanding of the studied phenomenon because all of the nonlinear equations are treated in matrix form and are not properly divided into understandable parts, as is done in linear systems.This paper proposes a new computation scheme that is based on the so‐called perturbation method. Magnetic saturation of iron cores in a generator and a transformer are taken into account. The proposed method has a special feature to deal with the first shortcoming of the N‐R‐based time simulation method stated above. The proposed method does not use an iterative process to reduce the equation residue, but uses perturbation series, so that it is free of the ill‐conditioning problem. The user need only calculate the perturbation terms one by one until the necessary accuracy is attained. In a numerical example treated in the present paper, first‐order perturbation can achieve reasonably high accuracy, which means very fast computing time.
In a numerical study, three nonlinear elements are considered. The calculation results are almost identical to the conventional N‐R‐based time simulation, which shows the validity of the method. The proposed method can be effectively used in screening where many case studies are needed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(4): 35–42, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20895
Experimental study of a doubly‐fed rotary frequency converter
Authors: Takemoto Yasutoshi , Fujita Goro , Yokoyama Ryuichi , Koyanagi Kaoru , Funabashi Toshihisa 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWind power generation using an unlimited, natural energy has been getting attention regarding environmental issues in recent years, and the installed capacity of wind power generation system is increasing at a rapid pace, resulting in deterioration of power quality especially in frequency and voltage. This fact will be a big problem in restricting large capacity of wind farms.This paper proposes a new frequency converter: rotary frequency converter (RFC) to moderate the electric output from wind generation, which is to be installed between a set of wind generators and a grid, providing a smoothed electric output, promoting the wind power generation introduction. This mainly consists of a synchronous machine and the adjustable‐speed machine. Independent controls of input/output voltage, active power, and reactive power offer electrical separation between the two networks. Experimental study of a prototype model and its characteristics, especially dynamic control, is discussed in this paper. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(4): 26–34, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20922
Total Synthesis of New 8‐(Arylmethyl)berbines
Authors: Valpuesta Maria , Ariza Manuela , Diaz Amelia , Torres Gregorio , Suau Rafael 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe total synthesis of the natural compound (8S*,14S*)‐8‐(4′‐hydroxybenzyl)‐2,3‐dimethoxyberbin‐10‐ol and its C‐8 epimer has been conveniently developed by making use of the diastereoselective Stevens rearrangement of the corresponding N‐(arylmethyl)berbinium salts as the key step.
REACH‐driven developments in analysis and physicochemistry
Authors: Chaintreau A. , Begnaud F. , Debonneville C. , Keller U. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe enforcement of the REACH regulation in the fragrance domain has created new challenges for the analytical and physical chemist. Many chemicals used as perfumery ingredients are hydrophobic, because low‐polar compounds exhibit a higher substantivity (i.e. persistence after application) than do polar compounds. As a result, the usual protocols are often unsuitable and new methods must be developed. Biodegradation studies sometimes call for the quantification of traces of such hydrophobic analytes in complex media (e.g. waste water, aqueous surfactant solutions). Existing sample preparation techniques are either inefficient or time consuming. A new approach is proposed, based on single‐use absorbants, which allows accurate quantification down to the 100 ppb range. This extremely simple technique allows good throughput analyses. Determining the environmental profile of a compound requires the determination of some physical constants. Among these, solubility in water can be obtained from theoretical models or experimentally, but the resulting values may greatly differ as a function of the model or the protocol. Several experimental approaches are critically discussed and compared with a reference technique. The air‐to‐water partition coefficients are determined by using an improved version of the previously developed static‐and‐trapped headspace technique. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stack Degradation in Dependence of Operation Parameters; the Real‐SOFC Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: de Haart L. G. J. , Mougin J. , Posdziech O. , Kiviaho J. , Menzler N. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe EU Integrated Project Real‐SOFC aims at improving the understanding of degradation in SOFC stacks, and extending the durability of planar SOFC stacks to degradation rates suitable for stationary application. As part of the Real‐SOFC project, three series of SOFC stacks, each with two or four planar anode‐supported cells, were operated for durations of 3,000 h up to 10,000 h under varying fuel and electrical load conditions. The durability tests on these short stacks were conducted galvanostatically at 800 and 700 °C in dependence of current‐density (0.3, 0.5 or 0.7 A cm–2), of fuel composition (hydrogen: H2 + 3–10% H2O or methane: CH4/H2O (S/C = 2)) and of fuel utilisation (8, 40, 60 or 75%). A pronounced difference in degradation behaviour was observed between the stacks operated at different current densities. The degradation behaviour was, however, not influenced by the choice of fuel (hydrogen or methane) and was hardly influenced by the fuel utilisation. Lowest degradation rates of about 20 mΩ cm2 kh–1 were determined for the tests of a short stack with cells with LSM cathodes operated at 800 °C and a current‐density of 0.3 A cm–2 and of a short stack with cells with LSCF cathodes operated at 700 °C and a current‐density of 0.5 A cm–2. Post‐test characterisation of the cathode with respect to chromium poisoning was performed on cells from several stacks. No clear relationship between the degradation rate of the stacks and amount of Cr incorporated in the cathode could be established. The major difference was a change in microstructure of the cathode in the region near the electrolyte interface; in the stacks operated at lower current densities, the structurally changed zone was clearly thinner than in those stacks operated at higher currents.
Evaluation of the Perovskite (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95Fe0.8Ni0.2O3–δas SOFC Cathode
Authors: Duval S. B. C. , Graule T. , Holtappels P. , Ouweltjes J. P. , Rietveld G. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract(La1–xSrx)yFe1–zNizO3–δperovskites have been proposed as alternative cathode materials. In this communication the electrochemical characterisation of (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95Fe0.8Ni0.2O3–δtested on symmetrical cells are compared to full cell tests. Significant differences between the test procedures are observed. Area specific resistances below 0.5 Ω cm2at 800 °C indicate a potential of LSFN for SOFC applications. However, the initial performance and long‐term stability are found to be inferior to state‐of‐art La‐Sr Co‐Fe perovskite cathodes.