bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Changes of Resting-State Functional Connectivity During Motor Recovery After Stroke
Authors: Park Chang-hyun , Chang Won Hyuk , Ohn Suk Hoon , Kim Sung Tae , Bang Oh Young , Pascual-Leone Alvaro , Kim Yun-Hee 
Published: March 2011

Background and Purpose—
Functional MRI (fMRI) studies could provide crucial information on the neural mechanisms of motor recovery in patients with stroke. Resting-state fMRI is applicable to patients with stroke who are not capable of proper performance of the motor task. In this study, we explored neural correlates of motor recovery in patients with stroke by investigating longitudinal changes in resting-state functional connectivity of the ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1).

Methods—
A longitudinal observational study using repeated fMRI experiments was conducted in 12 patients with stroke. Resting-state fMRI data were acquired 4 times over a period of 6 months. Patients participated in the first session of fMRI shortly after onset and thereafter in subsequent sessions at 1, 3, and 6 months after onset. Resting-state functional connectivity of the ipsilesional M1 was assessed and compared with that of healthy subjects.

Results—
Compared with healthy subjects, patients demonstrated higher functional connectivity with the ipsilesional frontal and parietal cortices, bilateral thalamus, and cerebellum. Instead, functional connectivity with the contralesional M1 and occipital cortex were decreased in patients with stroke. Functional connectivity between the ipsilesional and contralesional M1 showed the most asymmetry at 1 month after onset to the ipsilesional side. Functional connectivity of the ipsilesional M1 with the contralesional thalamus, supplementary motor area, and middle frontal gyrus at onset was positively correlated with motor recovery at 6 months after stroke.

Conclusions—
Resting-state fMRI elicited distinctive but comparable results with previous task-based fMRI, presenting complementary and practical values for use in the study of patients with stroke.
Особенности военной разведки России на мусульманском Востоке (1856-1890-е гг.)
Authors: Педагогический О.А. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractEstimating military secret service on moslem the East, it is necessary to mark that there were both positive moments in its organization and negative. On the extent of the second half XIX century the secret service structures of empire were in the process of construction of the structure and searches of the most acceptable methods of work, completed only at the beginning of XX century. Military secret service on the moslem East carried in an examined period sporadic character and activated as far as a necessity. erefore, in spite of relatively permanent receipt of information about a region, this process was not to the end well-organized. The lacks of work of secret service agents were also the absence of the special preparation and rivalry with the representatives of foreign Ministry. Offcial, unoffcial and temporal soldiery agents, and also staff of territorial departments, were engaged in military secret service. It is possible to select four forms of its realization: reconnaissances, military-scientic expeditions, military-diplomatic missions, secret-service secret service. They closely interlaced between itself, and in military and peaceful time had the different filling.
Русский театр в Израиле: сто лет вместе
Authors: Левитан Ольга 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe article explores the history of the Russian Theatre in Israel as an inseparable part of Israeli theatre life: Russian Jews had a decisive role in the foundation of Israeli theatre and in the very beginning of Hebrew theatre in Palestine and in Moscow, and for decades the main Israeli artists introduced themselves as pupils of Vachtangov and Stanislavsky. In addition, a specific sensitiveness to Russian cultural tradition made a serious impact on Israeli theatre school and repertoire policy. The article discusses the phenomenon of enduring connections between Israeli and Russian theatres. The discussion is based on original archive research, and it includes first publication of a variety of data and documents as well as the analysis of different aspects of the intercultural Israeli-Russian dialogue.
Trends of Calculated and Simulated Actual Evaporation in the Yangtze River Basin
Authors: Wang Yanjun , Liu Bo , Su Buda , Zhai Jianqing , Gemmer Marco 
Published: March 2011

AbstractActual evaporation in the Yangtze River basin is calculated by the complementary relationship approach—that is, the advection–aridity (AA) model with parameter validation from 1961 to 2007—and simulated by the general circulation model (GCM) ECHAM5–Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPI-OM) from 1961 to 2000. Trends of annual and seasonal estimated actual evaporation and air temperature, net radiation, saturation vapor pressure deficit, wind speed, and precipitation are examined by the linear regression method and nonparametric Mann–Kendall test. The stepwise regression method is used to analyze the significance to reference evapotranspiration of independent variables.Results show that a significant decreasing trend in annual reference evaporation is caused by a significant decline in wind speed. The annual actual evaporation decreases in the upper and midlower Yangtze reaches; more significantly in the AA model [–9.3 mm (10 yr)−1] than in the GCM [−3.6 mm (10 yr)−1]. Significant negative trends are found in spring and autumn, but they show reverse trends in summer and winter within the two methods, which is caused by the different contributors to the seasonal actual evaporation in the two methods.Decreasing net radiation is the main contributor to annual and spring actual evaporation in the two methods. Decreasing precipitation and net radiation are the main contributors to decreasing autumn actual evaporation in the AA model and the GCM. Increasing net radiation and decreasing precipitation are the main contributors to summer and winter actual evaporation in the GCM. Decreasing net radiation and increasing precipitation are the main contributors to decreasing summer and increasing winter actual evaporation in the AA model.
On North American Decadal Climate for 2011–20
Authors: Hoerling Martin , Hurrell James , Kumar Arun , Terray Laurent , Eischeid Jon , Pegion Philip , Zhang Tao , Quan Xiaowei , Xu TaiYi 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The predictability of North American climate is diagnosed by taking into account both forced climate change and natural decadal-scale climate variability over the next decade. In particular, the “signal” in North American surface air temperature and precipitation over 2011–20 associated with the expected change in boundary conditions related to future anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing, as well as the “noise” around that signal due to internally generated ocean–atmosphere variability, is estimated. The structural uncertainty in the estimate of decadal predictability is diagnosed by examining the sensitivity to plausible scenarios for the GHG-induced change in boundary forcing, the model dependency of the forced signals, and the dependency on methods for estimating internal decadal noise. The signal-to-noise analysis by the authors is thus different from other published decadal prediction studies, in that this study does not follow a trajectory from a particular initial state but rather considers the statistics of internal variability in comparison with the GHG signal. The 2011–20 decadal signal is characterized by surface warming over the entire North American continent, precipitation decreases over the contiguous United States, and precipitation increases over Canada relative to 1971–2000 climatological conditions. The signs of these forced responses are robust across different sea surface temperature (SST) scenarios and the different models employed, though the amplitude of the response differs. The North American decadal noise is considerably smaller than the signal associated with boundary forcing, implying a potential for high forecast skill for 2011–20 North American climate even for prediction methods that do not attempt to initialize climate models. However, the results do suggest that initialized decadal predictions, which seek to forecast externally forced signals and also constrain the internal variability, could potentially improve upon uninitialized methods in regions where the external signal is small relative to internal variability.
Pathways Analysis of Molecular Markers in Chronic Sinusitis with Polyps
Authors: Platt Michael P. , Soler Zachary , Metson Ralph , Stankovic Konstantina M. 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo perform a comprehensive molecular pathways analysis of genes identified through genome‐wide expression profiling and the published literature for chronic sinusitis with polyps.Study DesignMolecular pathways analysis.SettingAcademic medical center.MethodsA molecular pathways analysis of gene biomarkers discovered through hypothesis‐driven and high‐throughput molecular studies was performed. Genes identified with a PubMed literature search were analyzed with Ingenuity Pathways Analysis software to identify central molecules implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic sinusitis with polyps. The central pathways were then compared with those identified through genome‐wide expression profiling of ethmoid polyps.ResultsA total of 97 molecules were investigated with Ingenuity Pathways Analysis based on 55 studies that evaluated differences in gene expression (39), genetic variation (12), or proteomics (4). The analysis revealed 9 statistically significant molecular networks containing central nodes that included transcription factors, protein kinases, cytokines, and growth factors/receptors. The highest scoring networks implicated nuclear factor kappa‐B, tumor necrosis factor, and mitogen‐activated protein kinases. The majority of pathways in the literature review analysis overlapped with those identified through a single genome‐wide expression study.ConclusionsChronic sinusitis with polyps is a complex disease with suspected contribution of multiple genetic and environmental factors. The search for causative genes has led to the discovery of numerous candidates. Pathways analysis applied to these candidate genes identified common central molecules that are likely to be key mediators of the disease process. Novel therapies targeting these molecules may be applicable for the treatment of chronic sinusitis with polyps.
Effects of Tympanomeatal Blunting on Sound Transfer Function
Authors: Mullin David P. , Ge Xianxi , Jackson Ron L. , Liu Jianzhong , Pfannenstiel Travis J. , Balough Ben J. 
Published: March 2011

Objective(1) To measure the peak‐to‐peak displacement of the round window membrane (RWM) prior to blunting procedure. (2) To evaluate the impact of blunting the anterior tympanomeatal angle (ATA) on middle ear sound transfer function.Study DesignBasic science study.SettingCadaveric temporal bone research laboratory.Subjects and MethodsSix fresh human temporal bones were prepared using a mastoidectomy and facial recess approach. Baseline RWM peak‐to‐peak displacements were obtained by single‐point laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) at 90‐dB sound pressure level over a spectrum of 250 to 8000 Hz. Temporalis muscle was harvested and then fashioned into a graft for each temporal bone, mimicking ATA blunting. RWM displacement responses with the blunted ATA were measured using the LDV to judge the impact on middle ear transfer function.ResultsFor each of the 6 temporal bones, the average displacement decreased across all sound frequencies with the ATA blunting when compared with baseline (no blunting). Baseline velocity measurements for all sound signals averaged 4.5 × 10−3 ± 1.892 × 10−3 (mean ± SEM) mm/s, while measurements averaged 2.2 ± 6.62 × 10−4 mm/s with blunting of the ATA (P <. 001). This amounted to a 52% decrease in velocity of the RWM following blunting of the ATA.ConclusionBlunting of the ATA decreases the sound transfer function of the tympanic membrane and middle ear. Prevention of blunting at the ATA during tympanoplasty should be emphasized.
Incidence of External Auditory Canal Exostoses in Competitive Surfers in Japan
Authors: Nakanishi Haruka , Tono Tetsuya , Kawano Hirokazu 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to demonstrate the prevalence and severity of external auditory canal exostoses in a population of competitive surfers in Japan. The authors used a “surfing index,” the product of the period (years) as an active surfer and the frequency (number of surfing days per week), to predict external auditory exostoses formation.Study designCross‐sectional study.SettingA total of 5 surfing competitions that were held in Miyazaki, Japan.Materials and MethodsThe ear canals of 373 surfers with an average age of 33.1 years (range, 11‐80 years) were examined with an otoscope. The severity of exostosis was classified into 4 groups, ranging from grade 0 to 3, according to otoscopic findings. Subjects also completed a questionnaire detailing their surfing habits.ResultsThere was a 59.8% overall prevalence of exostoses in 373 surfers. The incidences of grade 1, 2, and 3 exostoses were 118 (31.6%), 71 (19.0%), and 34 (9.1%), respectively. The prevalences of grade 2 and 3 exostoses were higher in surfers with a surfing index of more than 20 (P <. 0001).ConclusionsThe authors determined that a positive association exists between the surfing index and the severity of exostoses. The findings suggest that it is possible to assume the likelihood of exostosis formation from the surfing index, and this may be of help to spread awareness of exostosis among surfers.
An Epidemiologic Study of Snoring and All‐Cause Mortality
Authors: Rich Jeremy , Raviv Ayelette , Raviv Nataly , Brietzke Scott E. 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveSnoring is a common problem that is often associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). However, it is suggested that snoring may itself be harmful. Patients with objectively measured snoring were matched against a mortality database and associations were explored.Study DesignDatabase study.SettingCommunity‐based use of a portable sleep study device.Subjects and MethodsMore than 77,000 patients who underwent a portable sleep study (SNAP Test, SNAP Labs Inc, Wheeling, Illinois) with a detailed, acoustical snoring analysis were matched to the Social Security Death Master File to establish mortality (1653 deaths matched). Snoring indices to include amount (snoring events per hour), volume (dB), and palatal versus nonpalatal snoring were correlated to mortality using stepwise multivariate logistic regression and survival analysis.ResultsAs expected, increasing age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.76‐1.93; P <. 001), body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.18‐1.28; P <. 001), and male sex (OR = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.2‐1.56; P <. 001) were associated with increased all‐cause mortality. The presence of increasing OSAS confounded the relationship between snoring and mortality. For patients without OSAS (apnea–hypopnea index [AHI] < 5) and with a BMI < 30 (n = 5955), increasing snoring was associated with an age‐ and sex‐adjusted increase in mortality (OR = 1.16; 95% CI, 1.01‐1.32; P =. 034). For all patients, increasing nonpalatal snoring was associated with an increase in mortality (OR = 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09‐1.35; P <. 001) after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, and AHI. Survival analysis produced identical results to logistic regression.ConclusionIn patients without OSAS and with a BMI less than 30, increasing snoring was associated with a significant increase in all‐cause mortality. Nonpalatal snoring is associated with an increase in observed all‐cause mortality controlling for age, sex, BMI, and AHI.
Swallowing Function following Postchemoradiotherapy Neck Dissection
Authors: Chapuy Claudia I. , Annino Donald J. , Snavely Anna , Li Yi , Tishler Roy B. , Norris Charles M. , Haddad Robert I. , Goguen Laura A. 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveThis study assesses swallowing function following chemoradiotherapy and neck dissection in head and neck cancer patients and investigates clinical, treatment, and neck dissection factors associated with dysphagia.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary care center.Subjects and MethodsEighty‐eight patients undergoing neck dissection after chemoradiotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer were reviewed. Dysphagia outcome measures included weight loss, diet, gastrostomy tube (GT) dependency, and video swallow findings of aspiration or stenosis. In addition, the researchers created a Diet/GT Scale, with scores ranging from 1 to 5. Univariate and multivariate analysis of clinical, treatment, or neck dissection factors potentially associated with dysphagia outcome measures was undertaken.ResultsPeak mean weight loss was 17% at 6 months after chemoradiotherapy. At 12 months, a soft/regular diet was taken by 78 of 88 patients (89%), and only 1 of 88 patients (1%) was nil per os. Gastrostomy tube dependence at 6, 12, and 24 months was 53%, 25%, and 10%, respectively. The Diet/GT score was 5 (gastrostomy tube removed and soft/regular diet) for 47% at 6 months, 74% at 12 months, and 89% at 24 months. Multivariate analyses revealed that higher tumor stage was associated with a lower Diet/GT score at 12 months (P =. 02) and gastrostomy dependence at 12 months (P =. 01) and 24 months (P =. 04).ConclusionDespite the addition of neck dissection to chemoradiotherapy, nearly all patients took a soft or regular diet and reached a Diet/GT score of 5, and only 1% remained nil per os. A higher tumor stage is associated with a lower Diet/GT score and gastrostomy tube dependency beyond 12 months.
Adenoidectomy Technique in the United Kingdom and Postoperative Hemorrhage
Authors: Lowe David , Brown Peter , Yung Matthew 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo investigate the incidence of postoperative hemorrhage and its risk factors after adenotonsillectomy.Study DesignA prospective cohort study as part of the National Prospective Tonsillectomy Audit.SettingNational Health Service and private hospitals in England and Northern Ireland.Subjects and MethodsNational Prospective Tonsillectomy Audit methodology was followed with a nonrandomized prospective observational cohort methodology and data collection.ResultsA total of 33,921 patients underwent tonsillectomy; of these, 9900 underwent adjunctive adenoidectomy. Traditional curette adenoidectomy (without any diathermy use at all) was performed in 6871 patients. Suction diathermy technique was used in 1489 patients. Hemorrhage rates were calculated for these main adenoidectomy technique groups and compared by calculation of risk ratios. Both early and late hemorrhage rates for suction diathermy were found to be 0.07% (n = 1 in each case). In the traditional curette group, these rates were 0.3% (n = 19) and 0.2% (n = 14), respectively. The risk ratio for hemorrhage overall was 3.6 for curette adenoidectomy compared with suction diathermy (95% confidence interval, 0.86‐14.9; P =. 06). The data suggest comparable hemorrhage rates in both adenoidectomy technique groups and fail to demonstrate diathermy usage as a risk factor for hemorrhage following adenoidectomy despite a clear interaction between diathermy usage and subsequent hemorrhage in tonsillectomy.ConclusionUse of suction diathermy in adenoidectomy appears to have a similar safety profile to conventional techniques and may offer additional benefits over traditional adenoid curettage. Further clinical and laboratory‐based research into the complex interaction between diathermy usage and both adenoid and tonsillar tissue is warranted.
Bilateral Simultaneous Achilles Tendon Rupture in the Absence of Risk Factors
Authors: Hashim Zaid , Dahabreh Ziad , Bin Jemain M.T. , Williams Hywel R. 
Published: March 2011

The Achilles tendon is the most frequently ruptured tendon in the lower limb and comprises approximately 20% of all large tendon ruptures. Spontaneous rupture of the Achilles tendon is usually observed in healthy, active individuals in the third to fifth decades of life and is twice as common in males. It usually occurs following high-performance activities. The authors report a case of unusual presentation of bilateral simultaneous Achilles tendon ruptures that occurred following a low-effort-level sport and in the absence of risk factors. In the case presented, nonoperative treatment led to a successful outcome. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV, retrospective case study
Regulatory T cells control HIV replication in activated T cells through a cAMP-dependent mechanism
Authors: Moreno-Fernandez Maria E. , Rueda Cesar Mauricio , Rusie Laura K. , Chougnet Claire A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe hypothesized that regulatory T cells (Tregs) could play a beneficial role during HIV infection by controlling HIV replication in conventional T cells (Tcons). Purified Tregs and Tcons from healthy donors were activated separately. Tcons were infected with the X4 or R5 HIV strains and cultured with or without autologous Tregs. Coculture of Tcons and Tregs resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of Tcon infection, which was significant when a 1:1 Treg:Tcon ratio was used. Treg suppression of HIV infection was largely mediated by contact-dependent mechanisms. Blockage of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen-4 did not significantly reduce Treg function. In contrast, Tregs acted through cAMP-dependent mechanisms, because the decrease of cAMP levels in Tregs, the blockade of gap junction formation between Tregs and Tcons, the blockage of CD39 activity, and the blockage of protein kinase A in Tcons all abolished Treg-mediated suppression of HIV replication. Our data suggest a complex role for Tregs during HIV infection. Although Tregs inhibit specific immune responses, their inhibition of HIV replication in Tcons may play a beneficial role, particularly during early HIV infection, when the effector immune cells are not yet activated. Such a protective role of Tregs could have a profound impact on infection outcome.
Self MHC class I–licensed NK cells enhance adaptive CD8 T-cell viral immunity
Authors: Stadnisky Michael D. , Xie Xuefang , Coats Ebony R. , Bullock Timothy N. , Brown Michael G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMHC class I (MHC I) is essential to NK- and T-cell effector and surveillance functions. However, it is unknown whether MHC I polymorphism influences adaptive immunity through NK cells. Previously, we found that MHC I Dk, a cognate ligand for the Ly49G2 inhibitory receptor, was essential to NK control of murine (M)CMV infection. Here we assessed the significance of NK inhibitory receptor recognition of MCMV on CD8 T cells in genetically defined MHC I Dk disparate mice. We observed that Dk-licensed Ly49G2+ NK cells stabilized and then enhanced conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) recovery after infection. Furthermore, licensed NK support of cDC recovery was essential to enhance the tempo, magnitude, and effector activity of virus-specific CD8 T cells. Minimal cDC and CD8 T-cell number differences after low-dose MCMV in Dk disparate animals further implied that licensed NK recognition of MCMV imparted qualitative cDC changes to enhance CD8 T-cell priming.