bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjunctive testing for cervical cancer screening in low resource settings
Authors: Bhatla Neerja , Puri Kriti , Kriplani Alka , Iyer Venkateswaran K. , Mathur Sandeep R. , Mani Kalaivani , Pandey Ravindra M. 
Published: January 2012

BackgroundCervical cancer screening using cytology is expensive and requires repeat testing with loss to follow‐up for triage. Adjunctive testing using two tests in a parallel or sequential combination can improve diagnostic accuracy, decrease costs and minimise referral rates.AimTo evaluate the performance of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and cervical cytology in sequential and parallel combinations, to determine the optimum screening strategy.MethodsA total of 548 symptomatic women presenting to a gynaecology clinic were screened using conventional cytology; HPV testing of self‐ and physician‐collected samples using HC2 assay; and VIA. All women underwent colposcopy with biopsy from all lesions as the reference standard. Test characteristics were calculated individually, and then applied jointly in parallel and sequential combinations.ResultsBiopsy‐proven CIN2+ was present in 40 (7.8%) women. The sensitivity and specificity, respectively, of the various tests were as follows – VIA 82.5, 66.9%, Pap (≥ASCUS) 77.5, 86.8%, HPV‐Physician (HPV(P)) 90.0, 91.5%, HPV‐Self (HPV(S)) 80.0, 88.1%. Among the adjunctive testing scenarios, sequential testing performed better than parallel. VIA followed by HPV test had the highest specificity (90.4%) and diagnostic accuracy (90.5%), comparable to HPV‐P followed by Pap.ConclusionsSequential testing combination of VIA and HPV, followed by colposcopy and directed biopsy for diagnosis, combines economic viability with high scientific fidelity. The high specificity and negative predictive value reduce referral and treatment rates, as well as number of visits required for diagnosis. HPV (P) followed by reflex Pap is a suitable option for high resource situations with access to liquid‐based cytology.
Metastatic endocervical adenocarcinoma in a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla) – no evidence of virus‐induced carcinogenesis
Authors: Olias P. , Schulz E. , Ehlers B. , Ochs A. , Mundhenk L. , Klopfleisch R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground  Cervical Cancer is the second most common cancer among women. Nevertheless, similar tumours have only been rarely described in Great Apes. This report characterizes the pathological and molecular features of a metastatic endocervical adenocarcinoma in a Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla).Methods  Necropsy and histopathology was performed to identify the cause of the disease in an cachectic 50‐year‐old western lowland gorilla. Immunohistochemistry for Ki67, oestrogen receptor alpha and ERBB2 was performed to characterize the tumor. In addition, Pan‐herpesvirus and Pan‐papillomavirus PCR were used to identify a possible viral cause.Results  The endoccervical carcinoma showed a severe metastatic spread to the lung, brain and bone and was herpesvirus and papillomavirus‐negative. Most tumor cells were ERBB2‐positive, 15% of tumor cells were Ki67‐positive and only few tumor cells had oestrogen receptor alpha expression.Conclusions  Histopathologically and immunohistochemically, the tumour had striking similarities to human endocervicial adenocarcinomas of the common type. However, PCR analysis failed to identify herpes‐ or papillomaviral DNA in the tumor at the time of necropsy, thus leaving the question for cause of the disease open.
Influence of different types of mouthguards on strength and performance of collegiate athletes: a controlled‐randomized trial
Authors: Duddy Fergus A. , Weissman Jake , Lee Rich A. , Paranjpe Avina , Johnson James D. , Cohenca Nestor 
Published: January 2012

Abstract – Background:  Prevention of traumatic dental injuries relies on the identification of etiologic factors and the use of protective devices during contact sports. Mouthguards are considered to be an effective and cost‐efficient device aimed at buffering the impacts or blows that might otherwise cause moderate to severe dental and maxillofacial injuries. Interestingly, besides their role in preventing injury, some authors claim that mouthguards can enhance athletic performance. Thus, the purpose of this controlled randomized trial was to evaluate and compare the effect of two different types of mouthguards on the athletic performance and strength of collegiate athletes.Materials and methods:  Eighteen college athletes ranging from 19 to 23 years participated in this study. Devices tested in this study included an over‐the‐counter boil‐and‐bite mouthguard (O‐Flow™ Max Under Armour®) (UA) and a custom‐made mouthguard (CM). Physical tests were carefully selected by the head athletic trainer and aimed at evaluating the strength and performance. The following sequence was carried out on each test day: (i) 3‐stroke maximum power ergometer test, (ii) 1‐min ergometer test, and (iii) a 1600‐m run. A random assignment was developed to test all three experimental groups on each test day. Following the tests, each athlete completed a brief anonymous survey aimed at evaluating the athletes’ overall satisfaction with each type of mouthguard.Results:  Custom‐made mouthguards had no detrimental effect on athletic strength and performance and were reported by the athletes as being comfortable and not causing difficulty in breathing. In contrast, boil‐and‐bite mouthguards did not perform as well and were reported as being uncomfortable and causing breathing difficulties.Conclusions:  Based on the results of this study, the use of custom‐made mouthguards should be encouraged in contact sports as a protective measure, without concern for any negative effect on the athletic performance of the athletes.
The nonimpact of gestational age on neurodevelopmental outcome for ventilated survivors born at 23–28 weeks of gestation
Authors: Andrews Bree , Lagatta Joanne , Chu Alison , Plesha‐Troyke Susan , Schreiber Michael , Lantos John , Meadow William 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAim:  It has long been known that survival of preterm infants strongly depends upon birth weight and gestational age. This study addresses a different question – whether the gestational maturity improves neurodevelopmental outcomes for ventilated infants born at 23–28 weeks who survive to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge.Methods:  We performed a prospective cohort study of 199 ventilated infants born between 23 and 28 weeks of gestation. Neurodevelopmental impairment was determined using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development‐II at 24 months.Results:  As expected, when considered as a ratio of all births, both survival and survival without neurodevelopmental impairment were strongly dependent on gestational age. However, the percentage of surviving infants who displayed neurodevelopmental impairment did not vary with gestational age for any level of neurodevelopmental impairment (MDI or PDI <50, <60, <70). Moreover, as a higher percentage of ventilated infants survived to NICU discharge at higher gestational ages, but the percentage of neurodevelopmental impairment in NICU survivors was unaffected by gestational age, the percentage of all ventilated births who survived with neurodevelopmental impairment rose – not fell – with increasing gestation age.Conclusion:  For physicians, parents and policy‐makers whose primary concern is the presence of neurodevelopmental impairment in infants who survive the NICU, reliance on gestational age appears to be misplaced.
The relationship between shear rate and flow‐mediated dilation is altered by acute exercise
Authors: Llewellyn T. L. , Chaffin M. E. , Berg K. E. , Meendering J. R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAimEndothelial function is a predictor of cardiovascular health and is improved with exercise training. However, it is not clear how exercise acutely affects endothelial function. Previous studies present conflicting results, resulting from varied exercise protocols and ambiguity in data analysis after exercise. The aims of this study were to compare brachial artery endothelial function at rest and post‐exercise in and to compare the data expressed as a percent change and normalized to shear rate (SR).MethodsFifteen young, healthy subjects completed flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) tests at rest and immediately after a continuous 30‐min treadmill exercise session. Flow‐mediated dilation was calculated as percent change in diameter and also normalized for SR.ResultsFlow‐mediated dilation was reduced after exercise (8.9 ± 4.3 to 5.8 ± 3.9%, P < 0.05), but normalizing for SR nullified this difference (3.6 × 10−4 ± 1.8 × 10−4 to 2.7 × 10−4 ± 2.4 × 10−4%, P = 0.25). Baseline SR was significantly greater after exercise than at rest (224 ± 72 to 354 ± 158 s−1, P < 0.05). Baseline diameter, time to peak diameter, and SR area under the curve were not different between the two conditions. The relationship between SR and FMD was strong at rest (r = 0.82, P < 0.001), but weak post‐exercise (r = 0.16, P = 0.6).ConclusionThe weak relationship in FMD and SR after exercise suggests that these data should not be normalized following aerobic exercise. Thus, endothelial function was attenuated after a continuous 30‐min aerobic exercise session.
Why do anti‐corruption laws fail in Central Eastern Europe? A target compliance perspective
Authors: Batory Agnes 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe Central Eastern European member states of the European Union have introduced a host of anti‐corruption measures in the past two decades, yet corruption is still prevalent. Rather than asking what is wrong with the letter of the law, which has traditionally been the focus of analysis, this article identifies some of the reasons why those whose behavior the law seeks to change fail to act as expected. Drawing on theoretical insights from implementation studies and using Hungary as an illustrative example, the article finds that both incentives and normative judgments are skewed towards non‐compliance with anti‐bribery laws. The main policy implications are that anti‐corruption interventions should pay more attention to raising awareness among target groups, take existing social norms into account, and rely on positive incentives as well as, or rather than, increasing penalties.
Opérateur de Lefschetz sur les tours de Drinfeld et Lubin–Tate
Authors: Dat Jean-François 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe define and study a Lefschetz operator on the equivariant cohomology complex of the Drinfeld and Lubin–Tate towers. Forℓ-adic coefficients we show how this operator induces a geometric realization of the Langlands correspondence composed with the Zelevinski involution for elliptic representations. Combined with our previous study of the monodromy operator, this suggests a possible extension of Arthur’s philosophy for unitary representations occurring in the intersection cohomology of Shimura varieties to the possibly non-unitary representations occurring in the cohomology of Rapoport–Zink spaces. However, our motivation for studying the Lefschetz operator comes from the hope that its geometric nature will enable us to realize themod-ℓ Langlands correspondencedue to Vignéras. We discuss this problem and propose a conjecture.
Genome Sequences of Six Pseudoalteromonas Strains Isolated from Arctic Sea Ice
Authors: Bian Fei , Xie Bin-Bin , Qin Qi-Long , Shu Yan-Li , Zhang Xi-Ying , Yu Yong , Chen Bo , Chen Xiu-Lan , Zhou Bai-Cheng , Zhang Yu-Zhong 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

Yu et al. (Polar Biol. 32:1539–1547, 2009) isolated 199
Pseudoalteromonas
strains from Arctic sea ice. We sequenced the genomes of six of these strains, which are affiliated to different
Pseudoalteromonas
species based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, facilitating the study of physiology and adaptation of Arctic sea ice
Pseudoalteromonas
strains.
Protocol: a realist review of user fee exemption policies for health services in Africa
Authors: Robert Emilie , Ridde Valéry , Marchal Bruno , Fournier Pierre 
Published: January 2012

BackgroundFour years prior to the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) deadline, low- and middle-income countries and international stakeholders are looking for evidence-based policies to improve access to healthcare for the most vulnerable populations. User fee exemption policies are one of the potential solutions. However, the evidence is disparate, and systematic reviews have failed to provide valuable lessons. The authors propose to produce an innovative synthesis of the available evidence on user fee exemption policies in Africa to feed the policy-making process.MethodsThe authors will carry out a realist review to answer the following research question: what are the outcomes of user fee exemption policies implemented in Africa? why do they produce such outcomes? and what contextual elements come into play? This type of review aims to understand how contextual elements influence the production of outcomes through the activation of specific mechanisms, in the form of context–mechanism–outcome configurations. The review will be conducted in five steps: (1) identifying with key stakeholders the mechanisms underlying user fee exemption policies to develop the analytical framework, (2) searching for and selecting primary data, (3) assessing the quality of evidence using the Mixed-Method Appraisal Tool, (4) extracting the data using the analytical framework and (5) synthesising the data in the form of context–mechanism–outcomes configurations. The output will be a middle-range theory specifying how user fee exemption policies work, for what populations and under what circumstances.Ethics and disseminationThe two main target audiences are researchers who are looking for examples to implement a realist review, and policy-makers and international stakeholders looking for lessons learnt on user fee exemption. For the latter, a knowledge-sharing strategy involving local scientific and policy networks will be implemented. The study has been approved by the ethics committee of the CHUM Research Centre (CR-CHUM). It received funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. The funders will not have any role in study design; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing of the report and the decision to submit the report for publication, including who will have ultimate authority over each of these activities.
Thrombin inhibition profiles in healthy individuals and thrombophilic patients
Authors: Harbrecht Ursula , Fimmers Rolf , Oldenburg Johannes , Mayer Günter , Rühl Heiko , Müller Jens , Pötzsch Bernd 
Published: January 2012

SummaryInhibition of thrombin by endogenous inhibitors plays a central role in the spatiotemporal control of clot formation. A failure to adequately inactivate thrombin such as in antithrombin deficiency generates a strong prothrombotic phenotype. To study if and to what extent delayed thrombin inactivation rates beyond antithrombin deficiency contribute to the prothrombotic phenotype we measured thrombin inhibition profiles in plasma samples obtained from 16 healthy individuals and 39 thrombophilic patients, including 17 patients diagnosed positive for anti-prothrombin/phospholipid antibodies. To test thrombin inhibition, thrombin was added to plasma, and endogenous thrombin inhibition stopped by addition of the reversible thrombin inhibitor argatroban. Subsequently, the amount of argatroban-complexed thrombin was measured using an oligonucleotide-based enzyme capture assay. In normal human plasma thrombin at concentrations up to 4 ng/ml (109 pM) became inactivated with an average half-life time of 56.4 ± 4.7 seconds (s). In antithrombin-deficient plasma the thrombin half-life was prolonged to 168.2 ± 14.9 s. Among the thrombophilic patients, only one with mild antithrombin deficiency showed impaired thrombin inactivation rates, whereas all other patients including the antiphospholipid positive patients showed thrombin inhibiting capacities within the normal range. We conclude that thrombin added to normal human plasma at subthreshold levels of ∼100 pM or below becomes inactivated with a half-life time below 1 minute. Antiphospholipid antibodies do not prolong thrombin half-life times, making it unlikely that delayed thrombin inactivation contributes to the thrombotic phenotype of the antiphospholipid syndrome. In contrast, plasma levels of antithrombin falling below 80% of normal markedly prolong the thrombin half-life.
The So-called 'Jaunpur Stone Inscription of Īśānavarman'
Authors: Bakker Hans 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAn incomplete Sanskrit inscription found in the south gate of the Jami Masjid at Jaunpur has traditionally been ascribed to the Maukhari king of Kanauj Īśvaravarman (first half of 6th century). Collation of this inscription with another Maukhari inscription (the Haraha Stone Inscription of Īśānavarman) makes it clear that the Jaunpur inscription is to be ascribed to his son Īśānavarman or one of his successors. This collation is made possible by recovering the metrical structure of the very fragmentary Jaunpur inscription. The article edits the text of the Jaunpur inscription in its versified form, gives a translation, and presents a comparison with the Haraha Inscription in the annotation.
Sanskritisms or Orthographical Variants?
Authors: Norman  
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn Middle Indo-Aryan, Old Indo-Aryan consonant groups as a general rule assimilate to geminate groups or are resolved by a svarabhakti vowel. Some consonant groups in Pāli are neither assimilated nor resolved. Where they are identical with Sanskrit they are commonly called "Sanskritisms". Some are deliberate, e.g. brāhmana. Others are only apparent, and happen to have acquired in some way a shape which is identical with that expected in Sanskrit. Where they occur in verse, an analysis of the metre shows that the appearance of Sanskritisms may possibly be due to the reduction of the length of the svarabhakti vowel in an attempt to facilitate recitation. I would suggest that these are not attempts to make a text look more like Sanskrit. They are really examples of orthographic variation.
Divine Procreation
Authors: Hara Minoru 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article discusses the procreation of gods and sages in ancient India, which is contrasted to the ordinary way of procreation among human beings. It is sporadically mentioned in the classical Sanskrit literature, but more systematically in the commentary literature. The divine beings could dispense with sexual contact for bringing about their offspring and produce offspring by such acts as touching (śparsa), thinking (samkalpa), addressing (ullapana), smiling (upahasana), etc., some of which are also found in a list of the so-called dohadas of plants and trees for bringing about flowers (puspa).
Other People's Stories: Haribhadra and the Decapitation of Brahmā
Authors: Granoff Phyllis 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper explores the relevance of Jain sources for an understanding of the development of Śaiva myths. It proposes that Haribhadra's Dhūrtākhyāna offers the earliest version of the popular story of Śiva decapitating Brahmā. Comparing the version in the Dhūrtākhyāna with those in two early Śaiva sources, the early Skanda Purāna and the Brahmayāmalatantra, the paper seeks to understand the role of Visnu in the story and the development of the myth as a sectarian Śaiva story.
Yati, a Structural Principle in Old Javanese Versification
Authors: Hunter Thomas 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe principle of yati, divisions of the metrical arrangement of the quantitative meters of Sanskrit at line-end or at specified points internal to the line (pada), has often been likened to caesura in meters of the European tradition, and in the Indian tradition to a "break in recitation". However, in a principled study of the subject Pollock (1977) has shown that when line-internal yati is specified for one of the quantitative meters it is in fact linked to the arrangement of syntactic units within the line, and not to any suprasegmental aspect of versification, like intonation or the control of phrasing in terms of units of 'breath'. Based on this reasoning Pollock has been able to demonsrate a progression in the Indian tradition from "monotonic" uses of yati in Aśvaghosa, through the effects of "suspension" achieved by Kālidāsa and a movement towards "dissonance" in the works of later stylists like Bhavabhūti Rājaśekhara, Bhattanārāyana, Murāri and Bilhana, where a drive towards transcendence of the constraints of yati is very much in evidence. Given that the majority of meters of the Old Javanese kakawin genre are based on the quantitative meters of the Indian Kāvya, it is natural to suppose that line-internal yati may have been preserved in some of the Old Javanese quantitative meters. This study is devoted to an examination of this question for a selection of the Indian quantitative meters adopted for use in the kakawin, and for a further set of Indo-Javanese meters that follow the isosyllabic requirements of the Indian system, but were developed by Javanese stylists of the kakawin. Special attention is given to the meter Śārdūlavikrīdita, a meter important in Pollock's (1977) study of yati in the Indian tradition and also of great popularity in the Javano-Balinese tradition, and to the Indo-Javanese meter Jagaddhita.
Were Sa-pan and 'Jig-rten-mgon-po "Neoconservatives?" Utility and Futility of Source-Culture Alien Categories
Authors: Sobisch Jan-Ulrich 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn his influential Tibetan Renaissance (publ. 2005), Ronald Davidson categorizes the two eminent masters of the late 12th and early 13th centuries, Sa-skya Pandita Kun-dga'-rgyal-mtshan and 'Bri-gung 'Jig-rten-mgon-po, as "neoconservatives," portraying them as having an un-Buddhist and inauthentic fixation on India, and as working to suppress any deviation from their norms. This paper critically investigates Davidson's general and specific interpretations of his categorization and raises the question of methodology.
Dragon Rouge: Left-Hand Path Magic with a Neopagan Flavour
Authors: Granholm Kennet 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDragon Rouge ist einer der einzigartigsten und interessantesten magischen Orden, die im Laufe der letzten zwanzig Jahren erschienen ist. Er ist auch die erste esoterische Bewegung, die erfolgreich aus Schweden exportiert wurde, sowie jemals der größte Orden des sogenannten Pfad zur linken Hand (Left-Hand Path).
In der ersten Hälfte des Artikels werde ich die Geschichte des Ordens ausführlich beschreiben, seine philosophischen Lehren und Praxis besprechen, und Auskunft über seine Demographie sowie die Organisations- und Einweihungstrukturen. In der zweiten Hälfte des Artikels werde ich die Hauptdiskurse besprechen, die der Philosophie, der Praxis und den Strukturen von Dragon Rouge unterliegen: der Vorrang der Natur, die Anziehungskraft der weiblichen Göttlichen und die Diskurse des Individualismus, der Selbstvergötterung, und des Antinomismus die den Pfad zur Linken Hand kennzeichnen.
THE HELLENISATION OF JUDAEO-CHRISTIAN FAITH OR THE CHRISTIANISATION OF HELLENIC THOUGHT?'
Authors: MARTIN LUTHER H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract<title> Abstract </title>In this article I explore the relationship between faith and reason among the early Christianities. The approach here favours the perspective of social history whereby the establishment of claims to a universal and absolute monotheism in Western society is viewed as an outcome of power relations - or an increasingly close alliance among certain of the early Christianities and between these and the state. In this sense, my thesis is that rather than understanding a Judaeo-Christian faith that became Hellenised, we might better speak of a tradition of Hellenic thought that increasingly became theologised under the dominant sway of Christian power. I explicate this thesis from the point of views or theories proposed by Max Weber and supported by Michel Foucault. As such, what follows is an overview of the conventional view of Christianity, an examination of Weber's view, which is followed by my critique of it, and some concluding remarks.