bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF CLOVE OIL AGAINST RHIZOPUS NIGRICANS, ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS AND PENICILLIUM CITRINUM IN VITRO AND IN WOUNDED FRUIT TEST
Authors: XING YAGE , XU QINGLIIAN , LI XIHONG , CHE ZHENMIN , YUN JUAN 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTIn this article, in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of clove oil to inactivate Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium citrinum and Rhizopus nigricans were investigated. The result showed that eugenol (approximately 83.02%) is the main constituent of clove oil. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of clove oil against A. flavus, P. citrinum and R. nigricans were 25, 25 and 50 µL/mL, respectively. In an in vitro experiment, the results revealed that clove oil possessed stronger antifungal activities against A. flavus and P. citrinum than against R. nigricans, and the antifungal activity improved with increasing its concentration. In an in vivo study, clove oil treatments significantly reduced fungal decay, and clove oil at a concentration of 3.0% showed complete control of A. flavus and P. citrinum in wound‐inoculated fruit. These results indicated that clove oil has a good potential to be a natural antifungal agent for fruit applications.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSPostharvest decay caused by fungi is the major cause of rapid deterioration of fruits, which affects the quality and shortens the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. The major problems for the application of chemical preservatives are the increasing resistance to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics and health risk concerns. So, most consumers demand less use of synthetic additives to ensure food safety. There is a growing need to develop alternative approaches, such as the application of essential oils, for controlling postharvest diseases.
FOODBORNE YEASTS SERVE AS RESERVOIRS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI
Authors: SALMANIAN ALI‐HATEF , SIAVOSHI FARIDEH , BEYRAMI ZAHRA , LATIFI‐NAVID SAEID , TAVAKOLIAN ATEFEH , SADJADI ALIREZA 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTIt is not clear where Helicobacter pylori establishes in the environment and how it is transmitted to humans. Fifteen yeasts were isolated from 15 food samples. Microscopic examination of yeasts revealed fast‐moving bacterium‐like bodies (BLBs) inside the vacuoles of yeasts. Yeasts were identified as Candida species. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was recruited to detect H. pylori‐specific ureAB (urease) and babAB (BabA/B adhesins) genes in the total DNAs of yeasts. The ureAB gene was amplified from 9/15 yeasts and babAB from 2/15. Sequencing of the PCR products of ureAB (406 bp) and babAB (980 bp) genes that were amplified from one yoghurt yeast showed 98% homology with those of control H. pylori. Fluorescent microscopy of stained yeasts showed live BLBs inside the vacuoles. It is proposed that foodborne yeast which originates from the environment could accommodate H. pylori in nature and act as a vehicle for its transmission to the human gastrointestinal tract.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSHelicobacter pylori is a gastric pathogen and its entrance occurs through the ingestion of food. However, there is no strong evidence to show that food materials support the survival and growth of H. pylori and could play a crucial role in the bacterial transmission to humans. The intracellular existence of H. pylori in yeast could be important in the bacterial survival in the environment and its transmission. We propose that foodborne yeasts, which survive the stressful conditions during food processing, such as heat and sanitizers, could serve as potent reservoirs of H. pylori and facilitate its transmission to human. Occurrence of yeast in food materials could be considered as a possible marker for the bacterial contamination. Accordingly, reducing the yeast content of foods, through proper hygienic practice in food processing, might be crucial for the control of H. pylori and probably other bacterial infections.
The Impact of Divided Government on the Supreme Court Appointment Process: An Assessment of Judicial Extremism, 1946‐2009
Authors: SHARMA HEMANT , SCHEB II JOHN M. 
Published: December 2011

Using the data from the Supreme Court Database, we test the hypothesis that Supreme Court justices appointed under conditions of divided party government behave more moderately in decision making than justices appointed under unified government. We create a dependent variable that provides term‐by‐term measures of judicial extremism for 31 justices from 1946 through 2009. For the independent variables, we expand the conception of divided government not only by using a dichotomous measure of split party control but also by considering the president's approval rating and ideological distance to the filibuster pivot. We use our variables to create time series regression models for civil rights/liberties cases and economic cases. In both models, we find strong support for our hypothesis and observe the statistical significance of several control variables. Ultimately, our regression models may prove useful for explaining and predicting the behavior of Supreme Court justices relative to a variety of confirmation conditions.Usando datos de la Supreme Court Database, ponemos a prueba la hipótesis que los ministros de la Suprema Corte elegidos en condiciones de gobiernos sin mayoría partidista tienden a efectuar decisiones más moderadas que los ministros elegidos bajo gobiernos unificados. Creamos una variable dependiente que proporciona una medida de extremismo judicial en cada periodo para 31 ministros desde 1946 hasta 2009. Para las variables independientes, expandimos la noción de gobierno dividido no sólo usando una noción dicotómica de control sin mayoría partidista, también consideramos el índice de popularidad del presidente en turno y la distancia ideológica para un pivote filibustero. Usamos nuestras variables para crear un modelo de regresión de series temporales para casos de libertades/derechos civiles y otro para casos económicos. En ambos modelos, encontramos un gran sustento a nuestra hipótesis y observamos relevancia estadística para muchas variables de control. De tal manera, nuestros modelos de regresión pueden ser útiles para explicar y predecir el comportamiento de los ministros de la Corte de Justicia con relación a una variedad de condiciones.
Public Opinion and Nuclear Zero: A Domestic Constraint on Ditching the Bomb
Authors: RIPBERGER JOSEPH T. , RABOVSKY THOMAS M. , HERRON KERRY G. 
Published: December 2011

Dating back to Harry S. Truman, a number of presidents and prominent political leaders have tried, in some way or another, to reduce the reliance on nuclear weapons in U.S. foreign policy. Throughout the years, such attempts have prompted countless international debates and spawned a cottage industry of security research related to the eventual elimination of nuclear arms. However, aside from the occasional foray, this research paradigm generally overlooks the domestic political obstacles that policy makers should expect to encounter if national security policy continues down the path toward nuclear zero. In pursuit of this goal, this article empirically examines public attitudes concerning the continued pursuit of nuclear abolition. In doing so, we highlight the beliefs and perceptions that inform public preferences concerning the importance assigned to retaining nuclear weapons today.Desde la época de Harry S. Truman, muchos presidentes y líderes políticos han intentado, de una u otra forma, reducir la dependencia de la política exterior de los Estados Unidos en armas nucleares. A través de los años estos intentos han provocado sinnúmero de debates internacionales y generado una pequeña industria dedicada a la investigación de una posible eliminación de armas nucleares. Sin embargo, este enfoque investigativo generalmente pasa por alto los obstáculos políticos domésticos que los legisladores deberían esperar si la política de seguridad nacional continúa por el camino de la abolición nuclear. En búsqueda de este objetivo, este artículo examina empíricamente las actitudes públicas respecto a la contínua búsqueda de una abolición nuclear. Al mismo tiempo, destacamos las creencias y percepciones que informan las preferencias públicas atribuidas a la importancia de preservar armas nucleares en la actualidad.
Is Local Spending Responsive to the Poor? An Appraisal of Resource Allocation and Electoral Rewards in Mexico
Authors: MORENO‐JAIMES CARLOS 
Published: December 2011

This article analyzes the performance of local resource allocation in Mexico drawing on the concepts of impartiality and responsiveness suggested by quality of government theories. Focusing on an important poverty‐alleviation transfer fund aimed at improving the provision of basic infrastructure, it evaluates to what extent the fund's territorial distribution has followed a compensatory logic, and whether the current management of resources at the local level has improved people's access to basic services. Finally, the article investigates the consequences of local spending choices on electoral behavior. The evidence suggests that, even if the distribution of resources is not entirely sensitive to regional poverty conditions, their use by local authorities has in fact improved basic service coverage, particularly for people who live in the most disadvantaged areas. Local spending choices are, in any case, electorally motivated, as voters reward public works investments at the ballot box.Este artículo analiza el desempeño de la distribución de recursos locales en México basándose en los conceptos de imparcialidad y responsabilidad sugeridos por las teorías de la calidad de gobierno. Enfocado en un fondo para la reducción de la pobreza dirigido a mejorar el suministro de infraestructura básica, este estudio analiza hasta qué punto la distribución territorial de éste ha seguido una lógica compensatoria, y si el manejo actual de estos fondos ha mejorado el acceso a los servicios básicos para la población a nivel local. Por último, este artículo investiga las consecuencias de las decisiones de gasto local en el comportamiento electoral. La evidencia sugiere que, aún cuando la distribución de los recursos no es completamente receptiva a las condiciones regionales de pobreza, su uso por parte de autoridades locales ha mejorado la cobertura de los servicios básicos, en especial para las personas que viven en las regiones más desfavorecidas. Las decisiones de gasto local son, en todo caso, electoralmente motivadas, ya que los votantes recompensan las inversiones en obra pública en las urnas.
Why People (Dis)like the Public Service: Citizen Perception of the Public Service and the NPM Doctrine
Authors: ARIELY GAL 
Published: December 2011

This article examines how the components of the New Public Management (NPM) doctrine are related to the ways citizens evaluate the public service. It investigates how five macro‐level explanations—free‐market orientations, public‐sector size, tax burdens, administration decentralization, and public‐service quality—affect citizen evaluation of the public service. Data from the International Social Survey Project Citizenship 2004, The Role of Government 2006 Modules, and country‐level data are used to study the relationship across 25 countries, employing multilevel analyses of the data to analyze the relationship between country‐level explanations and citizen valuation of the public service. The results indicate that, while a free‐market orientation is related to a negative image of the public service and public‐service quality is related to a positive image of it, public‐sector size, the tax burden, and the level of administration decentralization are not related to the public‐service image. These results are discussed in light of the NPM doctrine.Este artículo examina cómo los componentes de la doctrina NPM están relacionados a la forma en la que los ciudadanos evalúan el servicio público. Investiga cómo cinco explicaciones a nivel macro—una orientación de libre mercado, tamaño del sector público, cargas fiscales, descentralización de la administración y calidad del servicio público—afectan cómo los ciudadanos evalúan el servicio público. Con datos de la International Social Survey Project Citizenship 2004, el Role of Government 2006 Modules e información a nivel nacional, los datos son usados para estudiar dicha relación en 25 países, empleando un análisis multinivel para analiza la relación entre explicaciones a nivel nacional y evaluaciones ciudadanas del servicio público. Los resultados indican que, mientras que una orientación de libre mercado se relaciona de manera negativa con la imagen del servicio público y la calidad del servicio público se relaciona de forma positiva, el tamaño del sector público, el carga fiscal, y el nivel de descentralización en la administración no son relacionados con la imagen del servicio público. Los resultados son discutidos considerando la doctrina NPM.
Out and Serving Proudly: Repealing “Don't Ask, Don't Tell”
Authors: REINKE SAUNDRA J. , SMITH TIMOTHY G. 
Published: December 2011

The U.S. military's “don't ask, don't tell” (DADT) policy has been controversial since its adoption in 1993. The policy has been criticized as discriminatory for tolerating or fostering homophobic attitudes and behavior, and as detrimental to military effectiveness. This article examines the results of recent votes in the U.S. Congress to repeal DADT to identify factors that may predict members' votes on morality issues, such as DADT. Our results demonstrate that the members' political ideology and the political party preference of the members' home district or state are strong predictors of how the members voted on repeal of DADT. For members of the House of Representatives, freshmen members were more likely than their colleagues to vote in ways that coincided with the political preferences of their home district.La política militar “don't ask, don't tell” (DADT) del ejército de los Estados Unidos ha sido controversial desde su adopción en 1993. Esta medida ha sido calificada como discriminatoria, por tolerar o promover actitudes y conductas homofóbicas, y como perjudicial para la efectividad militar. Este artículo examina los resultados de votos recientes en el Congreso de los Estados Unidos para eliminar DADT con el fin de identificar los factores que pueden predecir el voto de los miembros en cuestiones morales como DADT. Nuestros resultados demuestran que la ideología política de los miembros y la afiliación política de los distritos locales o estatales de cada miembro son fuertes indicadores del voto realizado en el Congreso respecto a la eliminación de DADT. Para la Cámara de Representantes, los miembros recién electos mostraron una mayor probabilidad que sus colegas más antiguos en votar de forma tal que coincidiese con las preferencias políticas de su distrito local.
The Right of Access in Digital Copyright: Right of the Owner or Right of the User?
Authors: Favale Marcella 
Published: December 2011

In the last decade, copyright scholarship has been suggesting the existence of a new right in copyright law: the right of access—that is, the right to control access to copyright works for the rightholder, and the right to access copyright works for the user. According to some authors, this new right was effected through the implementation and the legal protection of technological protection measures (TPMs). On the other hand, advocates of freedom of expression suggest that users have the right to access and use copyright works.This article investigates whether a right of access exists either for owners or users of copyright works in the European Union (EU) law or international law impacting on it. It finds that no express reference to a right of access can be detected, on either side. However, the EU Copyright Directive (EUCD) gives de facto copyright holders the possibility of controlling access and use of copyright works beyond their exclusive rights, which is not counterbalanced by a user's right of access in the occurrence of copyright limits. Legislative action therefore needs to be taken to re‐establish this balance. This action can be shaped by universal principles recognized in international human rights treaties and charters. From both owners’ and users’ side, the limits of the right of access can be drafted by bearing in mind the ultimate goal of copyright protection: the circulation of culture.
Long Distance Indefinites and Choice Functions
Authors: Schwarz Bernhard 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIndefinites are notorious for permitting long distance (LD) interpretations, that is, for exhibiting the apparent ability to take scope out of syntactic islands. This article reviews a family of approaches to LD interpretations that appeal to the notion of a choice function. Within this family, we will distinguish two branches. The proposals in one branch take their cue from Discourse Representation Theory (Heim 1982; Kamp 1981), adopting the view that the existential import of indefinites can be separated from the semantics of the indefinite article. Proposals in the second branch capitalize on another striking feature of indefinites, namely the availability of so‐called functional interpretations (e.g. Groenendijk and Stokhof 1984; Hintikka 1986). One main result reported is that LD interpretations come in two different kinds, corresponding to the two choice function approaches reviewed. Another result is that existential quantification over choice functions comes at a cost: to prevent the derivation of unattested interpretations, certain restrictions on the scope of this quantification must be stipulated.
Grammar in English Curricula: Why Should Linguists Care?
Authors: Mulder Jean 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn Australia, the recently published national curriculum for English embraces not only a return to the explicit teaching of grammar with a commitment to teaching it in context but also includes a distinct strand of knowledge about the English language and how it works. This paper begins with a synopsis of the broader understandings of language encoded in this document, illustrating one approach toward providing a more linguistically informed awareness of language. This is followed by a critical assessment of the grammatical framework, showing that while grammar is positively viewed as a way of describing the language we use as a system, the overall framework has some serious deficits. It is argued that academic linguists have a crucial role to play in shaping a linguistically informed approach to English language education, including engaging with the challenge of elaborating a grammatical approach that is both relevant to students and teachers’ needs and draws on the insights of modern linguistics, and making explicit how grammatical understanding can support the acquisition of skilled language use.
Age, sex and escape behaviour in the Striped Plateau Lizard (Sceloporus virgatus) and the Mountain Spiny Lizard (S. jarrovii), with a review of age and sex effects on escape by lizards
Authors: Cooper Jr. William E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractEscape behaviour often differs between sexes, reproductive states and ages. Escape theory predicts that flight initiation distance (FID = predator–prey distance when escape begins) increases as predation risk and fitness increase, and decreases as cost of escaping increases. Similar predictions hold for distance fled and refuge entry, suggesting that age and sex differences in escape behaviour may occur when risk, fitness, and opportunity costs differ. I studied such differences in two lizard species and reviewed relevant literature on escape by lizards. In Sceloporus virgatus no difference occurred between sexes or female reproductive states in FID, distance fled, distance from refuge, or probability of entering refuge. In S. jarrovii juveniles had shorter FID and distance fled than adults; juveniles were closer than females to refuge, but this did not affect FID or distance fled. Juveniles were more likely than adults to be on rocks and use them as refuges. The literature review showed that sexual dimorphism in FID occurs in about 1/5 of species (male FID usually > female FID), but distance fled differed between sexes in only 1 of 21 species. Juveniles had shorter FID than adults in all of five species; the relationship between age and distance fled was highly variable. Reasons for patterns of age/sex differences are discussed. Because age and sex differences in these factors and escape strategy can alter multiple components affecting optimality, sometimes in opposite ways, these factors and escape strategy must be known to predict effects of age, sex and reproductive state on escape.
The evolution of the Lombard effect: 100 years of psychoacoustic research
Authors: Brumm Henrik , Zollinger Sue Anne 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
On the occasion of the centenary of the discovery of the Lombard effect, we
review the literature on noise-dependent regulation of vocal amplitude in
humans and other animals. The article addresses the scientific and the
biological history of the Lombard effect: first, it sketches the evolution
of the study of the Lombard effect, and second it reflects on the biological
evolution of the effect itself. By comparing the findings from anurans,
birds and mammals, we try to trace back the phylogenetic origins of this
basic vocal mechanism for acoustic communication in noise. The current
evidence suggests two alternative parsimonious hypotheses: either the
Lombard effect is the outcome of a convergent evolution in birds and mammals
or it may be a synapomorphy of all amniotes. If the latter is true, then the
Lombard effect would have evolved to maintain vocal communication in the
presence of noise more than 300 million years ago.
Growth and Recruitment of the Atlantic Seabob Shrimp, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, 1862) (Decapoda, Penaeidae), on the Coast of Rio De Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Jardim L. P. , Silva A. C. , Fernandes L. P. , Keunecke K. A. , Di Beneditto A. P. M. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyse the population growth of the Atlantic seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, 1862) and to establish its recruitment period in the northern part of the State of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Monthly samples of the species were collected over four years (2005-06, 2006-07, 2008-09, and 2009-10) through local artisanal fishery. The size of males and females varied from 25.0 to 134.0 mm and 33.0 to 146.0 mm in total length, 6.0 to 30.0 mm and 5.0 to 33.0 mm in carapace length, and 0.3 to 13.8 g and 0.2 to 17.4 g in weight, respectively. The total weight-length relationship was adjusted with the equations W = 0.000008TL2.9038 (R2 = 0.9446) (males) and W = 0.000002TL3.1719 (R2 = 0.9499) (females). The Von Bertalanffy growth function TLt = TL∞(1 – exp−k(t–t0)) was applied to the data, and the average asymptotic lengths (TL∞) and growth rates (k) were 134.4 ± 6.2 mm and 1.93 ± 0.3 mm for males, and 148.8 ± 3.6 mm and 1.65 ± 0.05 mm for females. The species' average longevity was 2.5 years for males and 2.8 years for females. Males are considered mature when their reach a total length of 66.0 mm and a carapace length of 12.0 mm, while females mature with 109.0 mm total length and 22.0 mm carapace length. In general, the species' recruitment occurred from June to August and from January to May, which partially supports the current legislation to maintain this fishery resource in the region.