bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased biofuel production in the coming decade: to what extent will it affect global freshwater resources?
Authors: Hoogeveen Jippe , Faurès Jean‐Marc , van de Giessen Nick 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIrrigated agriculture accounts for 70% of global water withdrawals and therefore contributes substantially to global water scarcity. This article focuses on the impact of the increasing demand for biofuel on global water resources in the coming decade. Based on biofuel production projections for 2008 and 2017, it was estimated that currently around 1% of all water withdrawn for irrigation is used for the production of bio‐ethanol, mainly produced from irrigated sugar cane and maize. In 2017 the amount of water to be withdrawn for biofuel production would increase by 74% if agricultural practices remain the same. It is, however, likely that in 10 years the increase will be less, mainly due to crop diversification in favour of rainfed crop species. Even though globally the amount of water withdrawn for the production of biofuels is modest, locally water scarcity problems may worsen due to irrigation of bio‐ethanol feedstocks. In this context there is reason for concern in countries with fast‐developing economies like India, China, Thailand and South Africa where the growing demand for food and energy causes an increased competition for already scarce water resources. This situation will be aggravated if the projected bio‐ethanol production will come from irrigated sugar cane. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of water management for global food production and poverty alleviation
Authors: Schultz Bart , Tardieu Henri , Vidal Alain 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the coming 25–30 years global food production will have to be doubled in order to maintain food security at the global level. With respect to this to a certain extent the advantage is that food prices have increased over the past seven to eight years, and especially during the past two years. This may put farmers who are able to sell at least a certain part of their harvest in a better position, provided that the increase in production costs is at a lower level. On the other hand it puts the poor people in the cities of the emerging and least developed countries in an increasingly complicated situation as it will require more of them to remain able to purchase their food. In this paper we give a summarised overview of the role of water management for global food production and poverty alleviation. It turns out that to maintain food security in the near and medium‐term future a substantially larger increase in production will be required than continuation of the present trend. While this is quite an effort, one may expect that at least for the near future the costs will remain at the present high level and that they may even increase further. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A framework for assessing the trade‐offs between economic and environmental uses of water in a river basin
Authors: Malano Hector M. , Davidson Brian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSignificant increases in water diversion for irrigation and other uses have taken place worldwide throughout the twentieth century, often with negative consequences for environmental sustainability.In this paper a framework which can be used to undertake an assessment of this trade‐off problem is presented. The framework aims to achieve a balance between water extractions for irrigation and other uses and environmental demand. It involves, among many factors, an understanding of the hydrological, environmental, economic and social consequences of diverting water.The research component of the framework comprises three key elements: water cycle analysis, economic analysis and social analysis. At the core of the water cycle analysis is the characterisation of the water stocks and flows in the systems and a modelling framework to analyse system responses to water‐sharing policies and trade‐offs between extractive and environmental uses. The economic analysis focuses on the valuation of water allocated to each use including the environment, whilst the social analysis is centred on the relative values used to balance water extractions for society's needs and the environment. This framework is illustrated with examples from the Krishna Basin in India and the Murray– Darling Basin in Australia. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water professionals and public leadership
Authors: M. Termeer Catrien J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany of today's water problems cannot be solved within the traditional boundaries of organizations, disciplines, sectors and routines. Innovative solutions come into being in interplay between a variety of public, private and civil society actors. These so‐called governance processes produce new challenges for water professionals, especially for those who want to make a difference. I view these water professionals as public leaders. As most of these professionals work in the context of “high reliability organizations” leadership needs a powerful combination of both encouraging variety, responsiveness and learning and of promoting order, decisiveness and reliable performance. However, not every water expert needs to become a public leader. On the contrary, water experts who are strong in disciplinary fields are still needed, but it is up to the public leaders to organize respectful interactions between these experts and all other actors involved. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein self‐modification by heme‐generated reactive species
Authors: Monzani Enrico , Nicolis Stefania , Roncone Raffaella , Barbieri Marica , Granata Alessandro , Casella Luigi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the presence of H2O2, heme proteins form active intermediates, which are able to oxidize exogenous molecules. Often these products are not stable compounds but reactive species on their own, such as organic radicals. They can both diffuse to the bulk of the solution or react with the protein that generated them. Here, we describe the self‐modification underwent by heme proteins with globin‐type fold, that is, myoglobin, hemoglobin, and neuroglobin when treated with NO2−or catechols in the presence of H2O2. The reactive nitrogen species generated by NO2−give rise to nitration, oxidation, and/or crosslinking reactions between the proteins or their subunits. The quinones formed upon reaction with catechols easily modify Cys and His residues and eventually cause protein aggregation, which induces precipitation. The pattern of modifications undergone by the protein strongly depends on the nature of the protein and the reaction conditions. © 2007 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(1): 41–56, 2008
Phenotypic and genotypic assessment of concomitant drug‐induced toxic effects in liver, kidney and blood
Authors: Dadarkar Shruta S. , Fonseca Lyle C. , Mishra Prabha B. , Lobo Aurelio S. , Doshi Lalit S. , Dagia Nilesh M. , Rangasamy Ashok K. , Padigaru Muralidhara 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral studies have characterized drug‐induced toxicity in liver and kidney. However, the majority of these studies have been performed with ‘individual’ organs in isolation. Separately, little is known about the role of whole blood as a surrogate tissue in drug‐induced toxicity. Accordingly, we investigated the ‘concurrent’ response of liver, kidney and whole blood during a toxic assault. Rats were acutely treated with therapeutics (acetaminophen, rosiglitazone, fluconazole, isoniazid, cyclophosphamide, amphotericin B, gentamicin and cisplatin) reported for their liver and/or kidney toxicity. Changes in clinical chemistry parameters (e.g. AST, urea) and/or observed microscopic tissue damage confirmed induced hepatotoxicity and/or nephrotoxicity by all drugs. Drug‐induced toxicity was not confined to an ‘individual’ organ. Not all drugs elicited significant alterations in phenotypic parameters of toxicity (e.g. ALT, creatinine). Accordingly, the transcriptional profile of the organs was studied using a toxicity panel of 30 genes derived from literature. Each of the test drugs generated specific gene expression patterns which were unique for all three organs. Hierarchical cluster analyses of purported hepatotoxicants and nephrotoxicants each led to characteristic ‘fingerprints’ (e.g. decrease in Cyp3a1 indicative of hepatotoxicity; increase in Spp1 and decrease in Gstp1 indicative of nephrotoxicity). In whole blood cells, a set of genes was derived which closely correlated with individual drug‐induced concomitant changes in liver or kidney. Collectively, these data demonstrate drug‐induced multi‐organ toxicity. Furthermore, our findings underscore the importance of transcriptional profiling during inadequate phenotypic anchorage and suggest that whole blood may be judiciously used as a surrogate for drug‐induced extra‐hematological organ toxicity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospun aligned nanofibrous composite of MWCNT/polyurethane to enhance vascular endothelium cells proliferation and function
Authors: Meng Jie , Han Zhaozhao , Kong Hua , Qi Xiaojin , Wang Chaoying , Xie Sishen , Xu Haiyan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAligned or random nanofibrous meshes of multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polyurethane composite (MWCNT/PU) were fabricated by electrospinning and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The regulatory effects of nanofibrous structure and MWCNT on the growth and anticoagulant function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were investigated by examining proliferation, type IV collagen secretion, tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) release, and cytoskeleton arrangement, as well as via pull‐down analysis. We show that aligned nanofibrous structure and MWCNT can function as extracellular signals to stimulate cell growth, proliferation, and extracellular collagen secretion, in addition to preserving anticoagulant function. The nanofibrous structures played important roles in the activation of Rac and Cdc42, while CNT regulated the activation of Rho. These two features synergistically activated Rho GTPases that transmitted cell‐substrate signals to the cytoplasm. These signals were then relayed to the nucleus by the MAP kinase pathway to direct cytoskeletal arrangement and cell orientation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Accurate estimation of solvation free energy using polynomial fitting techniques
Authors: Shyu Conrad , Ytreberg F. Marty 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis report details an approach to improve the accuracy of free energy difference estimates using thermodynamic integration data (slope of the free energy with respect to the switching variable λ) and its application to calculating solvation free energy. The central idea is to utilize polynomial fitting schemes to approximate the thermodynamic integration data to improve the accuracy of the free energy difference estimates. Previously, we introduced the use of polynomial regression technique to fit thermodynamic integration data (Shyu and Ytreberg, J Comput Chem, 2009, 30, 2297). In this report we introduce polynomial and spline interpolation techniques. Two systems with analytically solvable relative free energies are used to test the accuracy of the interpolation approach. We also use both interpolation and regression methods to determine a small molecule solvation free energy. Our simulations show that, using such polynomial techniques and nonequidistant λ values, the solvation free energy can be estimated with high accuracy without using soft‐core scaling and separate simulations for Lennard‐Jones and partial charges. The results from our study suggest that these polynomial techniques, especially with use of nonequidistant λ values, improve the accuracy for ΔF estimates without demanding additional simulations. We also provide general guidelines for use of polynomial fitting to estimate free energy. To allow researchers to immediately utilize these methods, free software and documentation is provided via http://www.phys.uidaho.edu/ytreberg/software. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Every 3‐connected claw‐free Z8‐free graph is Hamiltonian
Authors: Lai Hong‐Jian , Xiong Liming , Yan Huiya , Yan Jin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this article, we first show that every 3‐edge‐connected graph with circumference at most 8 is supereulerian, which is then applied to show that a 3‐connected claw‐free graph without Z8 as an induced subgraph is Hamiltonian, where Z8 denotes the graph derived from identifying one end vertex of P9 (a path with 9 vertices) with one vertex of a triangle. The above two results are both best possible in a sense that the number 8 cannot be replaced by 9 and they also extend former results by Brousek et al. in (Discrete Math 196 (1999), 29–50) and by Łuczak and Pfender in (J Graph Theory 47 (2004), 111–121). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 64: 1–11, 2010
Acyclopyrimidine C‐nucleosides: Synthesis of 5‐[(2,3‐dihydroxy‐1‐propoxy)methyl]pyrimidines
Authors: Chu Chung K. , Suh Jungjin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFrom the condensation of 5‐hydroxymethyluracil and glycerine, 5‐[(2,3‐dihydroxy‐1‐propoxy)methyl]uracil (3) was synthesized, which was converted to the isocytosine derivative 9 by the ring‐transformation reaction via dimethyluracil derivative 7.
Proton‐ionizable crown compounds. 6. synthesis and structural studies of new crown compounds containing sulfonamide groups
Authors: Biernat Jan F. , Bradshaw Jerald S. , Wilson Bruce E. , Dalley N. Kent , Izatt Reed M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo new aza crown ethers, each containing two proton‐ionizable sulfonamide groups, have been synthesized by reacting o‐phenylenediamine with a bis‐sulfonyl chloride. These compounds transport alkali metal cations in a water‐methylene chloride‐water liquid membrane system at source phase pH values above 12. The crystal structure of one of the crown compounds was determined.
Synthesis of 4,6‐disubstituted‐7‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl‐ and arabinofuranosylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines and certain related ribonucleosides
Authors: Rao T. Sudhakar , Revankar Ganapathi R. , Vinayak Ravi S. , Robins Roland K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral disubstituted pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine, pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine and thiazolo[4,5‐d]pyrimidine ribonucleosides have been prepared as congeners of uridine and cytidine. Glycosylation of the trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative of pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐4,6(1H,5H,7H)‐dione (4) with 1‐O‐acetyl‐2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐D‐ribofuranose (5) in the presence of TMS triflate afforded 7‐(2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo‐[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐4,6(1H,5H)‐dione (6). Debenzoylation of 6 gave the uridine analog 7‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐4,6(1H,5H)‐dione (3), identical with 7‐ribofuranosyloxoallopurinol reported earlier. Thiation of 6 gave 7, which on debenzoylation afforded 7‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl‐6‐oxopyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐4(1H,5H)‐thione (8). Ammonolysis of 7 at elevated temperature gave a low yield of the cytidine analog 4‐amino‐7‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidin‐6(1H)‐one (11). Chlorination of 6, followed by ammonolysis, furnished an alternate route to 11. A similar glycosylation of TMS‐4 with 2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzyl‐α‐D‐arabinofuranosyl chloride (12) gave mainly the N7‐glycosylated product 13, which on debenzylation provided 7‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐4,6(1H,5H)‐dione (14). 4‐Amino‐7‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyl‐pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidin‐6(1H)‐one (19) was prepared from 13 via the C4‐pyridinium chloride intermediate 17. Condensation of the TMS derivatives of 7‐hydroxy‐ (20) or 7‐aminopyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐5(4H)‐one (23) with 5 in the presence of TMS triflate gave the corresponding blocked nucleosides 21 and 24, respectively, which on deprotection afforded 7‐hydroxy‐ 22 and 7‐amino‐4‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐5‐one (25), respectively. Similarly, starting either from 2‐chloro (26) or 2‐aminothiazolo[4,5‐d]pyrimidine‐5,7‐(4H,6H)‐dione (29), 2‐amino‐4‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylthiazolo[4,5‐d]pyrimidine‐5,7(6H)‐dione (28) has been prepared. The structure of 25 was confirmed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies.
Studies in sulphur heterocycles. Part 7 . Tricyclic compounds related to 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4H‐cyclohepta[b]thiophene
Authors: De Asish , Bhattacharya Subhra , Jash Sagar S. , Mukherjee Soumitra , Saha Uttam , Sen Parimal K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSynthesis of a number of tricyclic compounds with a fused thiophene ring starting from 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4H‐cyclohepta[b]thiophen‐4‐one and benzosuberone is described. Biological testing of these compounds for their antiparasitic activities has been carried out.
Interleaved balanced SSFP imaging: Artifact reduction using gradient waveform grouping
Authors: Nielsen Jon‐Fredrik , Nayak Krishna S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPurposeTo analyze steady‐state signal distortions in interleaved balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) caused by slightly unbalanced eddy‐current fields and develop a general strategy for mitigating these artifacts.Materials and MethodsWe considered bSSFP sequences in which two gradient waveforms are interleaved in a “groupwise” fashion, ie, each waveform is executed consecutively two or more times before switching to the other waveform (we let “N” count the number of times each waveform is executed consecutively). The steady‐state signal profile over the bSSFP passband was calculated using numerical Bloch simulations and measured experimentally in a uniform phantom. The proposed “grouped” interleaved bSSFP strategy was applied to cardiac velocity mapping using interleaved phase‐contrast imaging with N = 2 and N = 6 in one healthy volunteer.ResultsSimulation and phantom measurements show that signal distortions are systematically reduced with increasing grouping number N. For most tissues, significant suppression was achieved with N = 4, and increasing N beyond this value produced only marginal gains. However, signal distortions for blood remain relatively high even for N > 4. In vivo cardiac velocity mapping using interleaved phase‐contrast imaging with N = 6 demonstrated reduced image artifact levels compared to the N = 2 acquisition.ConclusionGradient waveform “grouping” offers a simple and general strategy for mitigating steady‐state eddy‐current distortions in bSSFP sequences that interleave two different gradients. Blood exhibits significant distortion even with “grouping,” which is a major obstacle for cardiovascular bSSFP approaches that interleave multiple gradient waveforms. The grouping concept may also benefit applications that acquire images during the transient approach to steady state. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:745–750. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tiny ferromagnetic intraocular foreign bodies detected by magnetic resonance imaging: A report of two cases
Authors: Zhang Yong , Cheng Jingliang , Bai Jie , Ren Cuiping , Zhang Yan , Gao Xuemei , Cui Xiaolin , Yang Yun Jun 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe report two cases with tiny ferromagnetic intraocular foreign bodies (FBs) that were demonstrated only on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and confirmed by subsequent ophthalmologic operation. Both of the patients had a history of ocular trauma and their clinical symptoms were compatible with an intraocular FB. Plain x‐ray film, 3 mm slice thickness computed tomography (CT) scans (Toshiba TXT 600 system and GERP22 system), B‐scan ultrasonography, and an MRI study (Siemens Impact 1.0 MR system) were acquired. MR examinations were performed using spin‐echo (SE) T1, T2, and PD‐weighted axial and sagittal or coronal images with 3 mm slice thickness. Plain x‐ray film, 3 mm slice thickness CT scans and B‐scan ultrasonography all failed to demonstrate any tiny intraocular FBs in these two patients, whereas MRI revealed tiny ferromagnetic FBs due to their characteristic magnetic susceptibility artifact. A ferromagnetic FB was found in the vitreous body of each patient, which were 0.375 × 0.3 × 0.15 mm and 0.5 × 0.4 × 0.2 mm, respectively, and there was no evidence of MR‐induced damage. We suggest that tiny ferromagnetic fragments with a diameter below 0.5 mm, which are too small to be visualized by x‐ray plain films and CT images, may be visualized on MR images. These tiny ferromagnetic particles may not be large enough to cause ocular damage during a 1.0T MRI examination. MRI may be a useful tool in the evaluation of tiny intraocular ferromagnetic FBs if other imaging modalities such as plain s‐ray, CT scan, and ultrasonography failed to do so. Further evaluation with a large‐scale study (in vitro and in vivo animal study) for the safety of detecting tiny (<0.5 mm) intraocular ferromagnetic particles is warranted. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:704–707. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noninvasive monitoring of a murine model of metastatic pheochromocytoma: A comparison of contrast‐enhanced microCT and nonenhanced MRI
Authors: Martiniova Lucia , Kotys Melanie S. , Thomasson David , Schimel Daniel , Lai Edwin W. , Bernardo Marcelino , Merino Maria J. , Powers James F. , Ruzicka Jan , Kvetnansky Richard , Choyke Peter L. , Karel Pacak  
Published: July 2010

AbstractPurposeTo compare contrast‐enhanced micro‐computed tomography (microCT) and nonenhanced respiratory‐triggered magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an animal model of metastatic pheochromocytoma. Animal models are becoming important in the study of cancer treatment and imaging is useful in minimizing the number of animals needed and reducing costs associated with autopsies. However, the choice of imaging modality is still evolving.Materials and MethodsAdult female nude mice were injected by tail vein with a mouse pheochromocytoma (MPC) cell line (MPC 4/30PRR) to create a metastatic model. After optimizing imaging techniques, eight mice were imaged with both respiratory triggered MRI and microCT and the findings were verified histologically.ResultsMicroCT and MRI were approximately equal in their ability to detect hepatic metastases at a size threshold of 350 μm. In the lungs, MRI was more sensitive than microCT, detecting lesions 0.6 mm in diameter versus 1 mm for microCT. Additionally, MRI was more sensitive for lesions in the kidneys, bone, ovaries, and adrenal glands. MRI demonstrated a higher contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) than microCT.ConclusionIn addition to the advantage of not exposing the animal to ionizing radiation, MRI provided a more complete assessment of the extent of metastases in this model compared to microCT. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:685–691. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.