bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lexicon
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA limited change with regards to lexicon was noted in the three featured writings. What is notable is the replacement of Western, both the old and modern components, into Eastern Yiddish. Although this is only very minimal, it is still of substantial impact. It is as if the old lexicon nature was to be preserved in this context, as it is more meaningful and comprehensible to an Eastern Yiddish speaker. This provided an archaic style in the midst of modern Yiddish forms, most notable in the first half of the nineteenth century. It was an attempt to maintain the treasured traditions and ways of the old times.
Morphology
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOf all the elements of structure and form, it is morphology that was central to modernizing old Yiddish literature. It is the most visual and was the most significant change to both the publisher and the reader, and was consistently done in an extremely organized and systemic fashion. There were some aspects that were a little conservative; this included the future-tense auxiliary, the relative pronouns, and the Western Yiddish accusative and dative forms of the masculine definitive article. Only a limited few have achieved an archaic feel: those that were very little in alteration, most prominent during the first half of the nineteenth century. However, it is those that were artistically and substantially transformed that were the most successful in modernization.
The Extent of Easternization and the Levels of Linguistic Change
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAs has been mentioned, morphology and syntax are the most visible and significant parts in organizing and altering Eastern Yiddish literature. The degree of transformation however, is still determined not just by the author but by the editor as well. This intervention may limit or exaggerate the final version of the work. A significant change in syntactic usually indicates a higher level of modernization. The more the structure of syntax is changed, the more elevated the standard of the writing. The work Tsene rene was the most popular of those that underwent changes towards Westernization, the latest of which was released in 1988 in Jerusalem. This most recent version of the writings marked the last in the long journey towards Easternization.
The Language of the Eastern Version [Novidvor,c. 1783]
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractModern Eastern is what best describes this version. It is a mixture of all the styles and revisions that emerged throughout the nineteenth century. Aside from this, new features were included to suit the modern form of the literature, such as that in orthography. Patterns in pretonic and posttonic vowels are used to describe these features. Orthography and phonology had a somewhat conservative alteration in this version, due to the minimal amount of spellings that were replaced or totally changed, such as those leaning towards Southeastern Yiddish. There was to a certain extent a reorganization and reconstruction of the stressed vowel system that adapted and conformed to the Southeastern dialect, the origin of the author.
Eastern Yiddish Dialect Correlates
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPublished late eighteenth-century works were said to be from the Southeastern region. Thus it is understandable that there is a mixture of different regional dialects present, such as the pan-eastern, Northeastern and Southeastern. Even though a few of these works were also published in the mideastern region, there seems to be minimal influence on them. Morphology in these texts was found to be predominantly Southeastern, although this chapter discusses forms and structures of the Northeastern and mideastern dialect, such as word order and other components of syntax. It is said that the agglutinative word order can be likened to an archaic feature, and the more agglutinative the word order is, the more it is linguistically archaic.
The Rise of Modern Literary Yiddish: Historical, Linguistic, and Socio-linguistic Perspectives
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTechnology and the need for improvement and excellence drive change. Literature is not far behind, driven by the desire to adapt to its readers. The culture and socio-economic state of the eighteenth century was by far different from that of the twentieth century, thus the effects on readers are not the same for each time. During the earlier periods, there was much resistance to the modernization of literature, as it was still too premature and radical to be accepted. Yiddish literature had to be patient and endure a long and tedious amount of transformation before it was finally embraced by its age. Contemporary finally prevailed against traditional, although the latter cannot be forgotten.
Liberal Individualism and the Fear of the Feminine in Spanish Romantic Drama
Authors: LABANYI JO 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the ways in which four major Spanish Romantic plays first staged during 1834–7 — La conjuración de Venecia by Martínez de la Rosa, Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino by the Duque de Rivas, El trovador by García Gutiérrez, and Los amantes de Teruel by Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch — dramatise the contradictions inherent in liberal individualism. In particular, the chapter shows how the latter cannot be understood without reference to gender. Martínez de la Rosa and Rivas, both prominent liberal statesmen, had firsthand knowledge of Britain and France as political émigrés; it was in those countries that liberal political theory was developed. However, their plays show an identical understanding of the construction of the individual subject, for liberal political theory was predicated on new models of the family and of sexual difference which became commonly accepted by the European bourgeoisie.
‘Poesía … eres tú’, or the Construction of Bécquer and the Sign of Woman
Authors: MANDRELL JAMES 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter indicates that discussions of Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer and the question of the view of women, respond not necessarily to the poems in and of themselves, but to the thematic grouping of the poems as found in the volume entitled Rimas, and to the narrative given the poems by Rodríguez Correa in his biographical introduction to the posthumous Obras completas. Moreover, the chapter suggests that Bécquer's biography furnishes an interpretative key that proves almost impossibly seductive to scholars and critics alike, whether or not these more apparently ‘objective’ readers realise it. Finally, the view of woman that emerges from the Rimas, biographies of Bécquer, and critical approaches to the question of woman in Bécquer's poetry and prose has less to do with Bécquer and much more to do with 19th-century attitudes toward women and artistic creation, and to the ways in which these attitudes are carried into and fostered in the 20th century.
Fantasy, Seduction, and the Woman Reader: Rosalía de Castro's Novels
Authors: KIRKPATRICK SUSAN 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTo find an intervention in 19th-century Spanish discourse about women's reading that confronts the subordinating effects of all types of fiction on women, we must turn to the fiction of Pilar Sinués's contemporary Rosalía de Castro. Castro sidesteps the question of morality and explores in her novels the connected issues of fiction, female fantasy, and women's oppression. What Jessica Benjamin has termed ‘the intricate relationship between woman's desire and women's submission’ becomes the implicit problem posed in the narratives that Castro situates within or in relation to the genre of romance fiction, or popular Romantic melodrama. This chapter discusses at length Rosalía de Castro's engagement with this problem in her fourth novel, El caballero de las botas azules [The Knight of the Blue Boots]. The chapter first considers Castro's treatment of seduction in her first novel, La hija del mar [Daughter of the Sea].
Public Service Broadcasting in the Post-war World
Authors: Tracey Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book examines the ideas which constitute public service broadcasting, detailed history about very precise moments in the post-war history of public service broadcasting, and a more general assessment of events in the years leading up to the book's publication. Within the histories there are key moments of three of the most powerful and established public service broadcasting organisations: the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in Britain, NHK in Japan, and what was Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk, part of the federally structured but institutionally linked public service ARD in Germany. The book contains a proposition that within the whole of broadcasting there is a basic conflict. Questions point the book in two particular directions: a close look at some of the history of the ideas and institutions of public broadcasting; and an examination of the contemporary state of those ideas and institutions, particularly in light of the alleged implications of recent and future developments in cable and satellite television.
The Rise of the Novel: Gender and Genre in Theories of Prose Fiction
Authors: Ballaster Ros 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter surveys and evaluates 20th-century accounts of the late 17th- and 18th-century novel, arguing for a more sophisticated analysis of the role of the sexual fantasy and party-political metaphor in the literature of seduction. The predominance of realist teleologies in historic studies of the rise of the novel has obscured the continuing appeal of fantasy and non-realist forms (traditionally associated with romance and feminine literary consumption) for writers of early prose fiction.
Introduction
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter presents historical background on separation and divorce in pre-modern society and various legal or judicial processes involved in marriage and divorce. It introduces the case studies of this book that illustrate, through detailed narratives of individual lives, just how marriages broke up in early modern England. The stories in this volume are based on what for England appears to be a uniquely rich set of documents. This volume is concerned almost exclusively with marital breakdowns among the very rich. Some hints of the scale of marital breakdown among the poor, and even of its causes, can be gleaned from other sources, namely those concerned with poor relief.
Turst v. Turst Marital cruelty and the wife's separate estate, 1725–1738
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This story is unusual only in the degree of brutality used by Thomas Trust in his efforts to force his wife to surrender to him her property, which had been settled on trustees for her exclusive use. Fathers of daughters had first begun to make these trusts in the late 17th century, and almost at once Chancery began to protect them. But many husbands naturally resisted, and the struggle to obtain possession of the trust estates of wives was fought out in household after household from then until the late 19th century, when Parliament at last legislated to provide secure protection for married women's property.
Beaufort v. Beaufort The impotent duke and the adulterous duchess, 1729–1742
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This story illustrates the intolerable strains placed on marriage in England in the mid-18th century when the old practice of choice of a spouse based almost exclusively on considerations of financial and political advantage was now having to compete with the new ideal of free choice by those involved, based on settled affection. Where, as in his case, there were gigantic economic interests at stake, the patriarchal tradition still persisted at the ducal level. The almost inevitable result was adultery by one or both sexes. The old system worked perfectly well in a place like Italy, where everyone accepted the conventions. After a sufficient number of children had been born, husband and wife had separate bedrooms and separate coaches, lived quite separate lives, and did not interfere with each other's sexual arrangements.
Westmeath v. Westmeath The wars between the Westmeaths, 1812–1857
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This story of the legal wars between the Westmeaths includes examples of almost all the possible causes of marital breakdown, from cruelty to adultery; from disputes over money to quarrels over where to live; from incompatible attitudes to sex to occasional blows; from battles over child custody to struggles over the descent of property; from quarrels within the family to basic flaws in personal character and temperament. The resolution of the various legal battles were of lasting importance in the changing of the law: for example, the sentence in the separation suit modified the previous legal definition of marital cruelty. The same suit was also a test case of what actions and behaviour amounted to condonation, and therefore acted as a bar to any subsequent suit for separation.
‘Let this be a Rhodesian solution’
Authors: Godwin Peter , Hancock Ian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The main theme of this chapter is that the Rhodesians accepted further and fundamental political change without adapting mentally to its consequences. A secondary concern is to show how the society which considered itself civilized plunged deeper into uncivilized thinking and behavior as it tried to resist assault. The formal negotiation for an internal settlement began when the delegation representing the government, the African National Council, and Zimbabwe United People's Organization (ZUPO) met at Salisbury.
The States of Holland
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSupreme political authority within the province of Holland and West Friesland, lay with its states, but this statement of the conventional constitutional position disguises some real difficulties. From the first months of the revolt, the political life of Holland had centred on the states, but equally almost from the beginning also on the relationship of the States to the stadhouder on the one hand and to the generality on the other. It was only on rare occasions, such as in the three major crises of the 17th century, that they threatened to disrupt or perhaps even destroy the relatively smooth workings of the Dutch political system. The states of Holland was composed of nineteen members: the nobles or ridderschap, and the representatives of the eighteen voting towns.
The States General and the Generality
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe States General had direct control, formally at least, of certain important matters: foreign relations, the armed forces, and the administration of the generality lands. They sent out ambassadors and received the representatives of foreign powers; foreign policy and particularly matters of peace and war were decided in this assembly. Similarly, they were ultimately responsible for the direction and financing of the armed forces. Drente, although it was regarded as an autonomous province, was not allowed membership of the states, basically because it was so poor and small that the other provinces were not willing to give it equal representation, and there was no middle ground between that and no representation at all. Similarly, the generality lands were excluded, despite persistent efforts to gain admission, especially from the towns of that part of Brabant controlled by the Dutch Republic.
The Not-So-United Provinces
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe nearest thing the Dutch had to a constitution or founding charter was the Union of Utrecht, and whatever may have been read into this document by later politicians and jurists, it was in origin and intention an alliance to improve the prosecution of the war against Spain. This was one of the reasons why the signing of the 1609 Truce caused so much apprehension: many seem to have feared that once the war was ended the alliance would also collapse and with it the Union. There was no obvious or natural unity between the seven (or eight, with Drente) provinces, never mind between them and the Generality lands. The provinces commonly referred to as the bondgenoten, and this, together with the stress on the importance of the preservation of provincial autonomy, can be taken as a symbol of the rather limited sense of common identity possessed by the inhabitants of the Dutch Republic.
Introduction
Authors: Eastwood David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
One of the peculiarities of the recent historiography of the late Hanoverian period is its tendency to underestimate both the vitality and political significance of English provincialism. In a classic account of English local government, Redlich and Hirst discerned ‘a fundamental antithesis’ between the powerful unifying forces of monarchy, law, and parliament at the centre of the English state, and strong local feelings articulated within ancient territorial divisions.
Structures of Authority the Parish and the Vestry
Authors: Eastwood David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The rhythms of rural life and the institutions of the village community offered points of reference and a means of establishing an individual's economic role and social location. This chapter describes the Laws of Settlement and parish vestry. Over 90% of local taxation was absorbed by the parish, and the proportion could rise above 95% when poor-relief expenditure reached unprecedented levels in response to inflated food prices and extensive structural underemployment. The parish vestry and its officers were preoccupied with narrowly parochial concerns and this led to frequent clashes between parish officials and magistrates whose administrative perspective was regional rather than narrowly parochial.
Men of Authority the Magistrates and their System
Authors: Eastwood David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of magistrates in the local government. Much the most important figures within English counties, upon whom the whole weight of local government ultimately rested, were the magistrates. In their person and through their collective actions, justices substantiated the authority of the Quarter Sessions. There can be fewer clearer illustrations of the primacy of magistrates both as arbiters of the public interest and upholders of private rights in late Hanoverian England.
A Life of Expedients the Old Poor Law at Work
Authors: Eastwood David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the old poor law and the expedients, which became cornerstones of a more humane, but vastly more expensive system. This chapter also discusses the published statistics, of figures for poor relief and figures for per capita expenditure, the policies and influence, the county elite and problem of the poor, the labour rate, the poor law on the eve of reform, and the provision of parish employment under the old poor law.
The Peace of 382 and After
Authors: Heather P. J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the peace that followed after six years of conflict between the Goths and Gratian. It looks at the treaty of 382, which renewed Constantine's special relationship with the Goths. This treaty helped grant the Goths with land to farm, highlighted their military obligations to the Roman state, and provided a framework for coexistence.
War, Revolution, and the Bureaucratic State
Authors: Brown Howard G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book examines a period of particular importance in the formation of the modern French state. The revolutionary strife and international war of the 1790s had important and far-reaching consequences for the development of democracy and bureaucracy in France. This book's study of changes in army administration in this period sheds light on the dynamic relationship between the spread of political participation, the rationalization of public power, and the build-up of military might. The book shows how the exigencies of war and the vagaries of revolutionary politics wrought rapid and profound changes in the structures and personnel of army administration. Although loath to see a massive military bureaucracy take root, legislators found that their desire to combine civilian control with military effectiveness made a large central administration unavoidable.
A Separation of Powers
Authors: Brown Howard G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of the separation of powers in France during the later part of the 18th century. It suggests that the French Revolution began on June 17, 1789 when the Third Estate claimed supreme legislative power in the state by adopting the title National Assembly and guaranteeing the monarchy's debt. After this event, the monarchy was no longer the sole repository of state sovereignty, combining legislative, executive, and judicial power.
Thermidor and the Bureaucratic Challenge
Authors: Brown Howard G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the changes in the bureaucracy and in the structure and personnel of military administration in France during the Thermidorian Convention of the French Revolution. The Thermidorians had to face various problems, including the lack of stability of executive power and the Conventionnels' use of despotic state power for personal and factional ends. Somehow, the Thermidorian Convention largely surmounted the bureaucratic challenge of year III through cuts and consolidation.
Formal Rationalization
Authors: Brown Howard G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of the French Revolution in reforming the French state through democracy and bureaucracy. These reforms were achieved between 1792 and 1799 when bureaucracy's role shifted from being a strictly executive tool to being a source of continuity, stability, and even legitimacy for the state. All of this was made possible by the people's acceptance of national sovereignty, representative democracy, and legal-rational authority as the bases of state power.
Introduction
Authors: Scott Tom 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Much of the force of contemporary regionalism in Europe derives from its critique of a hegemonic political culture which characterizes states without a devolved structure of power. There is now a widespread perception that only a regional framework for political, cultural, and economic activity can overcome the rigidities of the nation-state or, for that matter, of bureaucratic centralism in Brussels. This book investigates whether a sense of regional identity, defined by economic criteria, can be discerned on the southern Upper Rhine in the period from the mid-fifteenth to the late sixteenth century. It examines whether natural regions and frontiers exist at all, and if so, how they should be defined. It also considers the economic structure of the Upper Rhine in the light of competition over resources and their distribution. It applies theories of centrality to see whether they can explain the incidence of rural competition in crafts and marketing for the traditional urban centres.