bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Five‐Factor Model Personality Disorder Prototypes: A Review of Their Development, Validity, and Comparison to Alternative Approaches
Authors: Miller Joshua D. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn this article, the development of Five‐Factor Model (FFM) personality disorder (PD) prototypes for the assessment of DSM‐IV PDs are reviewed, as well as subsequent procedures for scoring individuals’ FFM data with regard to these PD prototypes, including similarity scores and simple additive counts that are based on a quantitative prototype matching methodology. Both techniques, which result in very strongly correlated scores, demonstrate convergent and discriminant validity, and provide clinically useful information with regard to various forms of functioning. The techniques described here for use with FFM data are quite different from the prototype matching methods used elsewhere.
Institutionalizing Representative Democracy in the European Union: The Case of the European Parliament
Authors: RITTBERGER BERTHOLD 
Published: February 2012

AbstractRepresentative democracy has been accorded constitutional status with the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty. The European Parliament (EP) and the history of its empowerment embody this constitutional principle and its gradual institutionalization. To shed light on the EP's empowerment and the institutionalization of the principle of representative democracy in the EU, this article adopts a ‘domain of application’ approach. Instead of presenting rival theoretical approaches competing for explanatory superiority, the article shows that a more comprehensive picture of the EP's empowerment can be obtained by distinguishing between three types of institutional choice and associated explanations. Institutional creation, institutional change and institutional use are introduced as different types of institutional choice, and it is argued that each type gives primacy to particular explanatory mechanisms and dynamics to analyze the EP's empowerment.
Eurolegalism and Democracy
Authors: KELEMEN R. DANIEL 
Published: February 2012

AbstractEuropean integration is encouraging the judicialization of politics and the spread of a distinctive, juridified mode of governance we can refer to as ‘Eurolegalism’. The central argument of this article is that judicialization and the rise of Eurolegalism are not undermining democracy in Europe, as some critics would suggest, but are changing its character. These trends will change the types of policies that European democracies can effectively pursue and the processes through which they can pursue them.
Validity and reliability of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children‐2 Checklist for children with and without motor impairments
Authors: SCHOEMAKER MARINA M , NIEMEIJER ANUSCHKA S , FLAPPER BOUDIEN C T , SMITS‐ENGELSMAN BOUWIEN C M 
Published: February 2012

Aim  The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children‐2 Checklist (MABC‐2).Method  Teachers completed the Checklist for 383 children (age range 5–8y; mean age 6y 9mo; 190 males; 193 females) and the parents of 130 of these children completed the Developmental Disorder Coordination Questionnaire 2007 (DCDQ’07). All children were assessed with the MABC‐2 Test. The internal consistency of the 30 items of the Checklist was determined to measure reliability. Construct validity was investigated using factor analysis and discriminative validity was assessed by comparing the scores of children with and without movement difficulties. Concurrent validity was measured by calculating correlations between the Checklist, Test, and the DCDQ’07. Incremental validity was assessed to determine whether the Checklist was a better predictor of motor impairment than the DCDQ’07. Sensitivity and specificity were investigated using the MABC‐2 Test as reference standard (cut‐off 15th centile).Results  The Checklist items measure the same construct. Six factors were obtained after factor analysis. This implies that a broad range of functional activities can be assessed with the Checklist, which renders the Checklist useful for assessing criterion B of the diagnostic criteria for DCD. The mean Checklist scores for children with and without motor impairments significantly differed (p<0.001). The scores for the Checklist/Test and DCDQ’07 were significantly correlated (rS=−0.38 and p<0.001, and rS=−0.36 and p<0.001, respectively). The Checklist better predicted motor impairment than the DCDQ’07. Overall, the sensitivity was low (41%) and the specificity was acceptable (88%).Interpretation  The Checklist meets standards for validity and reliability.
The spontaneous resolution of heavy menstrual bleeding in the perimenopausal years
Authors: Shapley M , Blagojevic M , Jordan KP , Croft PR 
Published: February 2012

Please cite this paper as: Shapley M, Blagojevic M, Jordan K, Croft P. The spontaneous resolution of heavy menstrual bleeding in the perimenopausal years. BJOG 2012;119:545–553.Objective  To obtain estimates of the rate of spontaneous resolution of heavy menstrual bleeding and to explore any association with specific menstrual symptoms.Design  Two‐year prospective cohort study.Setting  Seven general practices, with 67 100 registered patients.Population  All women aged 40–54 years on the practices age–sex registers.Methods  Baseline postal questionnaire, with follow‐up questionnaires sent to naturally menstruating respondents at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months.Main outcome measures  Rate of spontaneous resolution of heavy menstrual bleeding in naturally menstruating women.Results  A total of 7121 baseline questionnaires were sent out, with an initial response rate of 63%. We recruited 2051 naturally menstruating women for the prospective cohort study. The spontaneous rate of resolution of heavy menstrual bleeding varied from 8.1% (95% CI 5.3–12%) in women aged 45–49 years, who had resolution without recurrence for 24 months, to 35% (95% CI 30–41%) in women aged 50–54 years, who had resolution without recurrence for 6 months. Rates were lower in those who reported interference with life from heavy menstrual bleeding. There was a strong association between the spontaneous resolution of heavy menstrual bleeding and skipped periods in women aged over 45 years. The association with ‘cycle too variable to say’ was significant, but weaker.Conclusion  There is a high prevalence, incidence and significant spontaneous rate of resolution of heavy menstrual bleeding in naturally menstruating women during the perimenopausal years. The rates have potential use for individual women, clinical decisions, devising and implementing interventions and planning the care of populations.
Hot topics in epigenetic mechanisms of aging: 2011
Authors: Berdasco María , Esteller Manel 
Published: February 2012

SummaryAging is a complex process that results in compromised biological functions of the organism and increased susceptibility to disease and death. Although the molecular basis of aging is currently being investigated in many experimental contexts, there is no consensus theory to fully explain the aging process. Epigenetic factors, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA expression, may play central roles in controlling changes in gene expression and genomic instability during aging. In this Hot Topic review, we first examine the mechanisms by which these epigenetic factors contribute to aging in diverse eukaryotic species including experimental models of yeasts, worms, and mammals. In a second section, we will emphasize in the mammalian epigenetic alterations and how they may affect human longevity by altering stem cell function and/or somatic cell decline. The field of aging epigenetics is ripe with potential, but is still in its infancy, as new layers of complexity are emerging in the epigenetic network. As an example, we are only beginning to understand the relevance of non‐coding genome to organism aging or the existence of an epigenetic memory with transgenerational inheritance. Addressing these topics will be fundamental for exploiting epigenetics phenomena as markers of aging‐related diseases or as therapeutic targets.
A Ca2+‐dependent chloride current and Ca2+ influx via Cav1.2 ion channels play major roles in P2Y receptor‐mediated pulmonary vasoconstriction
Authors: Mitchell Callum , Syed Nawazish‐i‐Husain , Gurney Alison M , Kennedy Charles 
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE ATP, UTP and UDP act at smooth muscle P2X and P2Y receptors to constrict rat intrapulmonary arteries, but the underlying signalling pathways are poorly understood. Here, we determined the roles of the Ca2+‐dependent chloride ion current (ICl,Ca), Cav1.2 ion channels and Ca2+ influx.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Isometric tension was recorded from endothelium‐denuded rat intrapulmonary artery rings (i.d. 200–500 µm) mounted on a wire myograph.KEY RESULTS The ICl,Ca blockers, niflumic acid and 4,4′‐diisothiocyanatostilbene‐2,2′‐disulfonic acid and the Cav1.2 channel blocker, nifedipine, reduced peak amplitude of contractions evoked by UTP and UDP by ∼45–50% and in a non‐additive manner. Ca2+‐free buffer inhibited responses by ∼70%. Niflumic acid and nifedipine similarly depressed contractions to ATP, but Ca2+‐free buffer almost abolished the response. After peaking, contractions to UTP and UDP decayed slowly by 50–70% to a sustained plateau, which was rapidly inhibited by niflumic acid and nifedipine. Contractions to ATP, however, reversed rapidly and fully. Tannic acid contracted tissues per se and potentiated nucleotide‐evoked contractions.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS I
Cl,Ca and Ca2+ influx via Cav1.2 ion channels contribute substantially and equally to contractions of rat intrapulmonary arteries evoked by UTP and UDP, via P2Y receptors. ATP also activates these mechanisms via P2Y receptors, but the greater dependence on extracellular Ca2+ most likely reflects additional influx through the P2X1 receptor pore. The lack of a sustained response to ATP is probably due to it acting at P2 receptor subtypes that desensitize rapidly. Thus multiple signalling mechanisms contribute to pulmonary artery vasoconstriction mediated by P2 receptors.
Non‐Career Teachers in the Design Studio: Economics, Pedagogy and Teacher Development
Authors: Smith Korydon , Smith Carl 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAs the economic pressure to teach more students with fewer (and less costly) instructors has increased in higher education, the utilisation of non‐career teachers has become more prevalent. Design education has not escaped this phenomenon; non‐career teachers, such as graduate and undergraduate students or design practitioners, have become commonplace in design education, including the design studio. The studio, however, is a unique teaching and learning environment in higher education. It poses distinct socio‐academic challenges for both students and teachers. The utilisation of non‐career teachers in studios raises a number of ethical and pedagogical questions. Teacher development is one serious concern. Here, the authors articulate the major challenges confronted by non‐career studio teachers, especially student teaching assistants, and strategies for their development.
Creativity in Artistic Education: Introducing Artists into Primary Schools
Authors: De Backer Free , Lombaerts Koen , De Mette Tom , Buffel Tine , Elias Willem 
Published: February 2012

AbstractDespite a more prominent role of arts education in the school curriculum, artistic creativity does not occur to a great extent in primary school practice. More opportunities for teachers to strengthen their know‐how in the field of artistic creativity can therefore be considered important. Arts education projects focus on pupils' development of creativity by means of introducing artists with their divergent working methods into primary schools. Beside fostering pupils' creative openness and skills, arts education organisations aim to transfer artistic enthusiasm to teachers in each project. Collaboration with artists can encourage teachers' artistic creative work. New working methods, techniques or ways of experimenting are more likely to be adopted in daily teaching practice when the project duration consists of several years. However, most projects are short‐lived and the means for a long‐term project policy are limited. Consequently, results in the area of sustainable outcomes concerning artistic creative work with teachers are limited. To create a long‐term view, the availability of financial resources is an important condition in order to realise a mentality change towards artistic creativity in education. Finally, continuing debate with several participants about making artistic creative work sustainable remains necessary.
Contemporary Art and Art in Education: The New, Emancipation and Truth
Authors: Atkinson Dennis 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis article assembles some ideas on equality and learning in relation to the notions of truth and emancipation. It considers learning as a political act, as defined by Jacques Rancière and Alain Badiou, rather than, for example, an incremental process of psychological or sociological development. Practical exemplifications will be taken from contexts of art practices and art in education, but the general argument is directed at learning and equality across all human endeavours. The article discusses the idea of the truth of learning as something which ruptures existing frameworks of practice and knowledge and ponders the kind of pedagogies we require to inform effective pedagogic action. To this end it proposes what might be termed pedagogies against the state, or pedagogies of the event, in order to respond to acts of learning that involve leaps of becoming into a new or reconfigured world.
How Drawing is Taught in Chinese Infant Schools
Authors: Jolley Richard , Zhang Zhi 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe benefits of drawing for children are wide‐ranging but are likely to be mediated by the art curriculum and other governmental guidance to teachers relevant to drawing/art. Furthermore, such statutory regulations vary between cultures, and therefore curricula represent an important influence on the cultural differences found in children's drawings. Previous articles on the teaching of drawing in Chinese schools have commented upon the emphasis placed on children copying from adult drawing models. However, a new art curriculum was implemented in Chinese infant schools (3–6‐year‐olds) in 2002, still in operation today, which instead places an emphasis on the children's enjoyment of drawing through making creative and expressive pictures from their imagination. This article describes the key objectives stated in the Chinese art curricula for infant schools. We also present an interview with a Chinese infant school teacher in which she provided in detail how the curriculum is typically applied to the teaching of drawing. The interview also provided some background context to why the curriculum was changed and to its delivery. The article comments on the pedagogical practices adopted, and comparisons are made with Western art education and, in particular, to the teaching of drawing/art in England for the same age group. Finally, we consider what implications the Chinese approach has for the ‘non‐interventionist’ approach to young children's drawing/art that is frequently found in Western art education.
Recent Themes in the Environmental History of the British Empire
Authors: Beattie James 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAccessing and controlling environments underpinned British imperialism. Imperialism gave Britain control over millions of hectares of cropland and access to countless other resources. In the search for efficient ways of using natural resources, British imperialism shifted flora, fauna and commodities around the world. Ecological disruption and radical environmental changes never before experienced in history resulted. Imperialism also contributed to the production of many modern attitudes and disciplines through which we now understand nature. Given the fundamental importance of the use and role of natural resources in British imperialism, this article presents an overview of its environmental historiography, examining issues of agency, scale and exchange.
Silences Kept: The Absence of Gender and Sexuality in Black Press Historiography
Authors: Gallon Kim 
Published: February 2012

AbstractApproaches to scholarship on the early 20th century black press has marginalized gender and sexuality in the historiography of black newspapers. Historians of black newspapers published between 1910 and 1945, the peak of black newspapers’ popularity, emphasize the political role of the black press. This image has continued to predominate in African American historiography. Scholars have made very little effort to integrate an analysis of gender and sexuality into the work on black newspapers. Consequently, the persistent focus on the political role of the black press has narrowed the definition of “political” in African American historiography and grossly overlooked the value of understanding the black press through its coverage of gender and sexuality.
Reading Newspapers: Cultural Histories of the Popular Press in Modern Britain
Authors: Bingham Adrian 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPopular newspapers have not, in general, featured prominently in histories of modern Britain. In recent years, however, a number of scholars, many inspired by the ‘cultural turn’ and the increased scholarly focus on language, meaning and identity, have reassessed the value of the popular press as a historical source. Newspapers provide one of the most effective ways of exploring the representations and narratives that circulated throughout British society. The ‘spectacular heterogeneity’ of their contents, moreover, ensures that newspapers are a potentially rich source of information on a wide range of subjects. This growing interest in the popular press as a historical source has been dramatically reinforced in the last decade by the digitisation of a vast number of newspapers and periodicals from the seventeenth to the 21st centuries. Millions of pages of content, rapidly searchable by keyword, are now available, at least for those fortunate enough to have individual or institutional subscriptions. The revolution in the accessibility and usability of newspaper archives has transformed scholars’ enthusiasm for them. This article assesses how these developments have affected the writing of modern British history, and suggests likely future directions for the field.
Prioritizing Culture Change in Nursing Homes: Perspectives of Residents, Staff, and Family Members
Authors: White Heidi K. , Corazzini Kirsten , Twersky Jack , Buhr Gwendolen , McConnell Eleanor , Weiner Madeline , Colón‐Emeric Cathleen S. 
Published: February 2012

ObjectivesTo explore the perspectives and priorities of nursing home residents, family members, and frontline nursing staff concerning a broad range of items representing common targets of culture change initiatives.DesignQualitative study.SettingA Veterans Affairs Community Living Center and two community nursing homes in North Carolina.ParticipantsResidents (n = 21), family members (n = 21), and direct‐care nursing staff (n = 21) were recruited, with equal numbers in each group from each site.MeasurementsParticipants rated the importance of 62 items from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Artifacts of Culture Change instrument. Participants sorted cards reflecting each culture change artifact in two phases, identifying and ranking those of more and less importance to them to derive one distribution of preferences for each respondent. Q‐sort analysis identified groups of respondents who prioritized similar items; qualitative analysis sought themes or explanations for the responses.ResultsWide variation in respondent preferences was observed. Some respondents viewed several items that others valued highly as unimportant or undesirable. Some items were not high priorities for any respondents. Four groups of respondents with similar preferences were identified: practical and independence‐focused respondents, who prioritized ease of use of the physical environment; staff‐focused respondents, who prioritized nursing staff retention and development; consistency and choice‐focused respondents, who prioritized stable nurse staff‐resident relationships and resident choice; and activity and community‐focused respondents, who prioritized community gathering spaces and activities.ConclusionResident, family, and staff priorities for culture change vary, and diverse priorities of stakeholders should be considered to inform culture change efforts on a local and national level.
FRAX or Fiction: Determining Optimal Screening Strategies for Treatment of Osteoporosis in Residents in Long‐Term Care Facilities
Authors: Greenspan Susan L. , Perera Subashan , Nace David , Zukowski Kimberly S. , Ferchak Mary A. , Lee Carroll J. , Nayak Smita , Resnick Neil M. 
Published: February 2012

ObjectivesTo examine screening strategies for osteoporosis and fractures for treatment of long‐term care residents.DesignCross‐sectional analysis to examine screening strategies for treatment.SettingAssisted living and skilled care facilities.ParticipantsTwo hundred two frail women aged 65 and older (mean 85), excluding those receiving bisphosphonates.MeasurementsClinical fractures of the hip or spine (Clin Fx); Clin Fx or bone mineral density (BMD); Clin Fx, BMD, or vertebral fractures (VF) assessed according to dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry‐based vertebral fracture assessments; fracture risk algorithm using femoral neck BMD (FRAX‐FN); fracture risk algorithm using body mass index (FRAX‐BMI); or Clin Fx or heel ultrasound (heel US).ResultsTreatment eligibility ranged from 17% (Clin Fx) to 98% (FRAX‐BMI). VFs were found in 47%, 74% of which were silent. Criteria with Clin Fx, BMD, or VF identified 73% of study participants for treatment. FRAX‐FN suggested treatment in 81% but would have missed approximately 10% of individuals with silent VFs. Clin Fx or heel US suggested that 39% of participants were eligible for treatment.ConclusionLong‐term care residents eligible for osteoporosis treatment ranged from fewer than 20% to roughly all residents depending on screening criteria. VFs are common and identify a subset of residents missed by conventional BMD scans or FRAX‐FN. A reasonable clinical approach could consider treatment for those with Clin Fx of the hip or spine, radiological evidence of a VF, or osteoporosis according to BMD classification. Prospective studies are needed to determine optimal screening strategies for treatment in this cohort.