bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrating Issues of Culture in Family Dispute Resolution
Authors: Bhatia Gitu 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a holistic perspective and a framework on how to become competent and responsive to families from different cultural groups. It helps broaden the concept of culture beyond ethnic and racial factors and provides a way of integrating this contextual knowledge of all family structures and parenting practices based in diverse cultural beliefs and experiences into the dispute resolution process. It also encourages family dispute resolution professionals to examine their own beliefs and values and how these might impact their assessment and communication practices. In addition to increasing the emotional and cognitive empathy for diverse families in the dispute resolution process, each section of this chapter will conclude with some practical suggestions and implications for working with individuals and families.
The Afterlives of Film Grain
Authors: Suárez Juan A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores the persistence of the grainy image in post-underground queer film: in AIDS activist film of the eighties and early nineties and in experimental queer cinema from the nineties to the present. In both repertoires grain connotes different forms of precarity and fragility. In a context characterized by the devastation of AIDS, it connoted the fragility of immunocompromised bodies and of queer memory; and in a context dominated by the digital image, it connoted various kinds of “poor images” and channeled memory, fantasy, and—in some kinds of hand-processed film—an abstract notion of sexuality and corporeality. In both cases, precarity and vulnerability inspire reparative impulses and unprecedented forms of relationality and resistance, which are conveyed through the swarming instability of grain.
A Flaw in the Design?
Authors: Shackelford Scott J. , Bradner Scott O. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the often-repeated point that the Internet was not developed with security in mind. By running through a brief history of cybersecurity, it investigates how the choices made in the 1970s and ’80s led to this decision. The chapter explains why security was not built in from the beginning and how that led to today’s cybersecurity policy problems, such as ransomware, government monitoring of Internet communications, and law enforcement’s desire for “backdoors” into devices. It focuses on the key fork of what if the Internet Protocol had been encrypted, and its wider implications for cyber conflict, the Internet of Things (IoT), and encryption backdoors. Whether the Internet can be re-engineered to improve cybersecurity and what would be lost as a result are major questions addressed here.
Lorraine Hansberry
Authors: Belle Kathryn Sophia 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3, “Lorraine Hansberry: ‘The Second Sex may well be the most important work of this century,’ ” offers a close reading of Lorraine Hansberry’s critical commentary on The Second Sex, highlighting several key themes, including her critique of the biographical imperative approach to Beauvoir and The Second Sex, as well as the positive and negative reception of the text (by Hansberry and others) when it was first published and translated into English. Some important differences between Hansberry and Beauvoir in their approaches to the woman question, the Negro question, and Marxism, as well as existentialism and complicity, are also underscored. It is argued that unlike Beauvoir, who emphasizes woman’s complicity and compares woman’s oppression to other systems of oppressions (but ultimately privileges the former over the latter), Hansberry emphasizes the non-complicity and agitation of the oppressed and notes how class, colonial, and gender oppressions are interconnected systems of oppression. Furthermore, Hansberry prefers historical materialism to existentialism.
Having “the Talk” about Race
Authors: Jernigan Maryam M. , Sanders Kendall R. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
There has been renewed and increasing interest for parents and caretakers regarding how to initiate and have conversations about race with children. Guidance around this topic has most often focused on discussions with older children and adolescents. The present chapter uses a developmental approach to helping caretakers navigate necessary discussions about the realities of race and race-related stressors that youth are exposed to at early ages and across their life span. The chapter will also provide strategies to promote the positive development of children’s racial identities, which serve to buffer them from the negative race-related experiences they will encounter or witness in the larger society.
Navigating the Political World
Authors: Hourigan Shannon E. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
War, racial injustice, violence, and school shootings are all regular topics in the news. Parents want to raise their children to be best able to navigate the world that they inhabit, but it can feel overwhelming to talk with children about these upsetting topics. This chapter discusses the way in which talking about some of these things can help kids build resilience and provides guidance for how to have age-appropriate conversations that help kids feel safe and protected.
Rules and Expectations
Authors: Sagarin Johanna , Bronfman Elisa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Rules and expectations are helpful and necessary for children. They should evolve as children mature, and they should have easily understood reasoning behind them. Creating and keeping rules with consistency and flexibility provide a safe structure within which children can develop resilience and self-determination. Enforcing rules consistently can pose challenges, particularly during adolescence or when your child resists. The authors offer suggestions that parents can apply to make these practices work in their own families.
Stealth Musicals
Authors: Boffone Trevor 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores two popular trends from TikTok’s Golden Age (summer 2019) that make use of sound bites from the original cast recordings of Heathers: The Musical and Six. Contrary to Beetlejuice TikTok trends that lived within the dramaturgical world of the musical, the “Martha Dumptruck in the Flesh” challenge from Heathers: The Musical and the “Yeah that didn’t work out” challenge from Six were, by and large, detached from the musicals. These musicals became what the chapter terms “stealth musicals,” or the genre of undercover musicals that proliferate on TikTok in ways that are removed from the show’s dramaturgy. With viral canonization, Heathers: The Musical and Six demonstrate how cultural capital accrues in digital spaces. As a result, sound bites such as “Martha Dumptruck in the flesh” enter a public life that extends beyond the musical themself.
DIY Diva Drag
Authors: Boffone Trevor 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores TikTok’s “do it yourself” (DIY) drag culture as it intersects with the mega musical Wicked. Although Wicked TikTok content runs the gamut, there is a noticeable trend of queer men performing Elphaba drag to the musical’s rousing act one finale, “Defying Gravity.” These TikTokers engage in what I call “DIY Drag,” or TikTokian drag performances that make use of quotidian objects to achieve a fully fledged drag performance. In the case of Elphaba drag, a towel, bed sheet, and a Swiffer WetJet achieve the same result as an extensive drag costume and makeup routine. As this chapter conveys, drag is native to TikTok, having been a core aesthetic of the app since its debut in the United States. TikTok normalizes drag culture, thus forging spaces in which queer men can engage in drag performances as part of the mainstream, normalized, and expected culture.
Reason-Giving Uses of Arguments
Authors: McKeon Matthew W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s conception of uses of arguments to give reasons for believing that their conclusions are true, i.e., in short, reason-giving uses of arguments. This conception will be developed in Chapters 3 and 4. The aim here is to develop a baseline conception of reason-giving uses of arguments that can be accommodated by different approaches to argumentation such as epistemic, pragmatic, and pragma-dialectic approaches. Accordingly, the chapter begins by considering dictionary characterizations of senses of the expressions argument and argue in section 2.2. Section 2.3 samples textbook characterizations of argument in the fields of informal logic, argumentation studies, and formal logic. The discussions in sections 2.2 and 2.3 set the background for the book’s conception of reason-giving uses of arguments given in section 2.4.
Fundamental Value Change
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8, “Fundamental Value Change,” discusses whether societal moral attitudes toward effectiveness in altruistic contexts could change. Could people become more inclined to think that it is important to be effective when helping others? A survey of the literature on how philosophical arguments influence attitudes and behavior shows that the effects are mixed. The upshot is that arguments may have the greatest effect on people who find expansive altruism and effectiveness-focus intuitively appealing (i.e., the effective altruist enthusiasts from Chapter 7). Next, it is shown that social norms can be powerful vehicles of change. People are strongly influenced by their peers. If some people were to adopt effectiveness-oriented thinking in their altruistic efforts, others would become more likely to do so as well. In this way, a norm cascade may be triggered, leading to higher adoption rates.
Understanding Maritime Security
Authors: Bueger Christian , Edmunds Timothy 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Understanding Maritime Security provides a concise introduction to the history and evolution of security issues at sea and their corresponding solutions. It equips maritime security analysts, professionals, and students with the necessary knowledge to comprehend maritime security in its entirety. The authors provide a history of maritime security and show how analytical frameworks, including legal analyses, international relations theory, securitization, practice theory, and root cause analysis help to understand maritime security. Key issues of the maritime security agenda are discussed in depth. These include interstate conflicts, terrorism, and grey-zone warfare, as well as blue crimes such as piracy, smuggling, and illicit fishing. The book shows the range of actors involved in maritime security and details the repertoire of maritime security solutions, such as maritime security governance, strategies, information sharing, coordination, and capacity-building. The authors also analyze future trends and show how the critical infrastructure agenda, emerging technologies, cyber security, climate change, biodiversity loss, and the resurgence of geopolitics impact maritime security. The book is a must-read for anyone interested in security and the sea. It is essential reading for those aiming to pursue careers in navies, coast guards, maritime law enforcement, or security and risk analysis.
Political Judging
Authors: Lundmark Thomas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores various definitions or themes of the political role of judges. Equating political judging with legislative activity, which is indisputably value-laden, would mean that all judicial glosses and statements of common-law rules are legislative in nature and therefore political because they too are value-laden, and they too produce rules that look like legislation. Judicial intuition, here referred to as ‘hunching’, is also value-laden but generally unconscious. Fact-finding is also influenced by value-laden factors. The ‘lurches’ that are discussed in this chapter are more obvious examples of value-laden judging because the changes that they make in the law are major. The practice of judicial overruling is due to a perceived need to correct a precedent or to renovate the law in cases where the precedent was decided against a legal or factual background that no longer exits. However, some instances of overruling can only be explained by the ascension of new judges to the court, resulting in political (value-laden) overruling. Finally, this chapter discusses the issue of ideological judging. A judge’s ideology, whether conscious or unconscious, can have a substantial influence on the judge’s decision-making. Critically, this influence is seldom revealed in the rationalization of the judge’s decisions, in the so-called reasoning of the court. What role does political judging play in legal reasoning? The conclusion of this chapter is that politics, by any definition, has at least the potential to influence almost all judicial activity, including how judges reason in all permutations of the word ‘reason’.
System-Contextual Argument
Authors: Lundmark Thomas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter treats four system-contextual arguments: constitutional conformity, Drittwirkung, Treu und Glauben, and analogies, chosen because of their importance in civil-law jurisdictions like Germany and because three—Drittwirkung, Treu und Glauben, and analogies—are poorly understood in the English-speaking legal world. In Germany, the Federal Constitutional Court mostly only has jurisdiction over controversies involving constitutional issues. As demonstrated in Herrenreiter, if the Federal Constitutional Court discerns a constitutional issue in a controversy otherwise outside its jurisdiction, the Court can substitute itself as the last appellate instance in place of, for example, the Federal Supreme Court. Drittwirkung is translated into English as the ‘third-party effect’ or the ‘horizontal effect’ of constitutional rights. In practice, Drittwirkung is an argument for bending the law in the direction that the judges see fit, illustrated by the examples of Lüth and the familial guaranties case. Treu und Glauben (‘good faith’) in Germany has a longer history than constitutional conformity but works in a similar way, except that it does not confer jurisdiction on the Federal Constitutional Court, as illustrated by the cases in this chapter. Finally, this chapter addresses statutory analogies as understood in the civil-law world: the technique of legal argument, in which judges borrow policies from other statutes to justify a decision that cannot readily be justified by textual, historical, or purposeful arguments. Statutory analogies are hidden behind fictional gaps in the statutory scheme; unlike Treu und Glauben, the doctrine of statutory analogies can be employed to create new causes of action.
Intentionality
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on intentionality itself, that is, on the nature of the contact between subject and object. It explores and commends a tradition which construes intentionality as intrinsically relational, contra some present-day views which understand intentionality as a non-relational mental representation (7.1). Starting from the discussion of the Aristotelian roots and the medieval developments of the doctrine of intentionality, it points at the importance of the medieval distinction between formal and objective reality for a proper understanding of this doctrine (7.2). This distinction is further developed in early modern thought, and especially in Antoine Arnaud’s argument against a ‘representative being’ which mediates between subject and object (7.3). After discussing the modern rejuvenation of the doctrine of intentionality by Franz Brentano and later thinkers influenced by him, the chapter concludes that the doctrine of intentionality explains knowledge in terms of a sui generis assimilation of cognizer and cognized, namely, a sui generis presence of an aliud to a subject (7.4).
Introduction
Authors: González Campañá Núria 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how the EU has played an important (if unintended) role in pro-independence trends within EU Member States, since it makes small statehood appealing. The EU bolsters the significance of statehood by limiting full participation in its institutions to Member States. Furthermore, small States enjoy a relatively good status within the EU, with their relative standing on the international scene strengthened as a result of EU membership. Without the perspective of the EU umbrella it is difficult to imagine some of these secessionist movements pushing so hard for independence. EU membership reduces the risk of independence, making it arguable that the EU is one of the causes of the resurgence of separatist movements in some EU Member States. This first chapter also overviews the rest of the chapters of the book and at the end explains the methodology used along it.
Metre (I): Alternating Metres
Authors: Sawyer Daniel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
After some encouraging words on metre’s accessibility and pleasures, this chapter offers a basic guide to alternating (sometimes called ‘stress-syllabic’ or ‘accentual-syllabic’) metres. Natural stress and metrical beats are explained and distinguished. The chapter lays out some of the most common linguistic events that grease the wheels of metre: elision, syncope, and synizesis. The history of the four-beat line is traced from around 1200 on, in anonymous romances, John Barbour, and, later, in the work of John Gower and the early Chaucer, together with septenary couplets and their afterlife in, for example, Emily Dickinson and modern hymns. Then the account turns to the coming of the five-beat line in Chaucer. The chapter’s final part considers the different directions in which subsequent poets took the five-beat line, seeking to show the multiple possibilities of the five-beat pattern in the creative hands of poets such as John Lydgate and Thomas Hoccleve.
Introduction
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the present book. Drawing inspiration from George Berkeley, the chapter claims that the problem of evil extends to various belief systems, including atheism, pantheism, axiarchism, and Eastern traditions. Contrary to common perception, supernaturalist theists have advantages in addressing the problem compared to naturalist atheists. The chapter also explains the aim of the present book: to contribute to globalizing the field of the philosophy of religion by challenging the thesis that the problem of evil is solely a concern for traditional Western monotheists. It emphasizes that the problem is a significant hurdle for diverse perspectives and suggests it may pose a greater obstacle for atheists than traditional theists.
Responses to the Problem of Impermanence
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter critically discusses several responses to the problem of impermanence, such as hermitism, hedonism, indifferentism, and transcendentalism, that have been introduced by Japanese thinkers. In contrast to contemporary responses to the problem of evil in the West, which typically start with abstract theoretical explanations of how God and evil can coexist, the Eastern responses to the problem of impermanence stand out for their emphasis on practical advice. These responses often offer guidance regarding how to react to or cope with impermanence rather than relying on abstract theories. The chapter argues that a careful analysis shows that the only potentially satisfactory response to the problem of impermanence is transcendentalism, which requires supernaturalism. The chapter infers from this finding that the problem of impermanence poses a more significant challenge for naturalists than for supernaturalists.
Conclusion
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter offers a concise summary of the present book’s main argument. The book contends that the problem of evil arises not only for traditional theists but also for atheists and other non-theists, including pantheists, axiarchists, and followers of Eastern religious traditions. The book argues that traditional theists, who usually espouse supernaturalism, are in a better position than atheists and other non-theists, who usually espouse naturalism, to respond to the problem because any potentially successful response requires supernaturalist resources. Moreover, the book suggests that if atheists/non-theists can develop a successful response to the problem of evil, it is likely that traditional theists can adopt it as well. Hence, the problem of evil should no longer be seen as a challenge only for traditional theists.
Jurisdiction, Law, and Fact
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Any system of administrative law must have some rules concerning review of law and fact. The courts determined the scope of such review and sought to balance the imperative for control with the desire to accord proper scope for administrative autonomy. There were two contending approaches. The collateral/jurisdictional fact doctrine was the principal doctrinal tool for such review. There is analysis of its foundational precepts, followed by difficulties in its application. There is then examination of the alternative doctrinal approach, which was the commencement theory of review, with discussion of its foundational precepts and the consequences of its application. This is followed by reflection on attempts to reconcile the two bodies of jurisprudence and the conceptual difficulties with the suggested criterion. The analysis of the case law concludes with that in the 20th to 21st centuries.
Etiological Debunking Beyond Belief
Authors: Schechter Joshua 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Learning information about the etiology of one’s beliefs can reduce the justification a thinker has for those beliefs. Learning information about the etiology of one’s desires, emotions, or concepts can similarly have a debunking effect. This chapter develops a unified account of etiological debunking that applies across these different kinds of cases. According to this account, etiological debunking arguments work by providing reason to think that there is no satisfying explanation of how it is that some part of our mental life is fitting. The role that etiological information plays is to help to rule out (or render less plausible) potential explanations, given our background views about the world. This account suggests several potential morals for epistemology, the philosophy of mind, and metaethics.
Special Measures for Young and Vulnerable Witnesses
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes a witness in criminal proceedings that is eligible for assistance, such as an individual under the age of 18 at the time of the hearing. It explains that the time of the hearing in relation to a witness means the time when it falls to the court to make a determination for the purposes of section 19(2). It also provides references to the quality of a witness’s evidence in terms of completeness, coherence, and accuracy. The chapter talks about how a witness in criminal proceedings is eligible for assistance if the court is satisfied that the quality of evidence given by the witness is likely to be diminished by reason of fear or distress on the part of the witness. It reviews special measures that are applied to prosecution and defence witness and are available in all youth and adult magistrates’ courts.