bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The identity and distribution of the genus Maconellicoccus Ezzat (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in africa
Authors: Williams D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSince Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), a pest of many plants including Hibiscus, was introduced into Egypt in 1908, probably from the Oriental Region, it has spread to much of tropical Africa. There is little information available on its control, but the encyrtid Anagyrus kamali Moursi is known to give good control in Egypt. The ladybird Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant is a voracious feeder on M. hirsutus in Egypt, but it does not survive the Egyptian winter, although it may be useful in the tropical areas. M. perforatus (De Lotto) is synonymized with M. hirsutus, and the distribution and host-plants of this species in Africa are discussed. A lectotype is designated for M. ugandae (Laing), a species now known to occur throughout tropical Africa, especially on coffee and cocoa. It is illustrated and redescribed and compared with M. hirsutus. M. bardus De Lotto, known from South Africa only, is excluded from the study because it probably belongs to the genus Chorizococcus.
An indian tropiduchid planthopper Tambinia verticalis Distant (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) breeding on coconut in zanzibar
Authors: Wilson M. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTambinia verticalis Distant, an Indian tropiduchid planthopper, has been found breeding on coconut in Zanzibar, Tanzania, and also in low numbers in mainland Africa. No Tambinia species has hitherto been recorded in Africa. A lectotype is designated for T. verticalis, and the species is redescribed and figured.
Ecology of the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) by the nile in northern Sudan
Authors: Dukeen Mustafa Y. H. , Omer S. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn order to understand how the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton exists in the extremely hot and arid environment (mean annual rainfall 21 mm) in Northern Province, Sudan, regular sampling from breeding places and resting sites was undertaken during 1978 and 1979 at four villages along the River Nile downstream (i.e. northwards) from Dongola. The population density of A. arabiensis was lowest during the flood season (July—October) and increased as the river flow decreased during November—June. Thus there was an inverse relationship between the Nile water level and A. arabiensis production. Prolific breeding in riverside pools was the main source of A. arabiensis as the river receded. During the annual flood, when riverside pools were all inundated, A. arabiensis continued breeding at low densities in sheltered sites such as wells and pits. Breeding also occurred in all months in association with the weed Potamogeton crispus in slow reaches of the river. Adult females fed regularly on blood, with gonotrophic concordance in all months, and there was no evidence of aestivation. Outdoor biting activity occurred throughout the night, with a peak between 2100 and 0500 h. Daytime searches indoors and outdoors indicated that resting females A. arabiensis are almost entirely endophilic in the study area.
Selection for malathion resistance in Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae): fitness values of resistant and susceptible phenotypes and their inclusion in a general model describing the spread of resistance
Authors: Muggleton John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA malathion-resistant strain of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) was subjected to selection with malathion for ten generations at three doses, 65, 260 and 390 mg/m2. The relative fitness of the resistant homozygote, the heterozygote and the susceptible homozygote were estimated at each dose and in an untreated control population by comparing the change in frequency of the susceptible homozygote from generation to generation. In the absence of the insecticide, the resistant genotypes had a fitness coefficient of 0·82 compared to the susceptibles, whereas following selection at the highest dose of malathion, the fitness coefficient of the susceptible homozygote was 0 and that of the heterozygote 0·4, compared to the resistant homozygote. With selection at the highest dose of malathion, the frequency of the resistance gene rose from 0·5 to around 1·0 during the experiment, and this was accompanied by a 2·3-fold increase in the resistance factor at the ED50. A model is provided to show how the data collected in these experiments can be used to predict the increase in resistance under various treatment regimes. The model shows that although resistance would be delayed longest at the lowest dose, such a dose would fail to control the pest population. Using the data from these experiments, the model predicts that the best combination of control and delay of the spread of resistance would be achieved by using the highest dose of malathion while allowing the maximum acceptable proportion of beetles to remain untreated.
The activity of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of cereal aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in winter and spring in southern England
Authors: Vorley W. T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIndirect and direct measures of parasitoid activity were taken in grassland and autumn-sown cereals in southern England between 1979 and 1981. Studies of anholocyclic aphid populations in the winter months were followed through to parasitism of the main pest species, Sitobion avenae (F.), during the period of population increase in April and May. Aphidius spp. parasitized artificially-established colonies of cereal aphids in ryegrass in every month between December and May of both seasons, but there was no Aphidius activity until March-April in winter cereals sown early enough to receive an autumn input of aphids and parasitoids, apparently due to the small amount of physiological time that accumulates before temperatures drop in the winter months. A. rhopalosiphi De Stefani Perez and A. picipes (Nees) were completely dominant over other parasitoid species in the winter and spring period. Natural populations of Aphidius adults and parasitized aphids were low (<2/m2) in both winters, and percentage parasitism of S. avenae measured by dissection in March and April did not exceed 11·7%. Rates of S. avenae parasitism in many winter wheat fields peaked in May, before the peak and rapid decline in aphid populations. The significance of winter and spring parasitoid activity to the survival of the parasitoid and effects on pest aphid peaks are discussed.
Comparative study of resistance to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in four strains of theCulex pipiensL. complex (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Tang Z. H. , Wood R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFive strains ofCulex pipiensL. (four resistant and one susceptible) were compared at the fourth larval instar for tolerance to organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides, with and without the addition of three synergists (piperonyl butoxide, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) andS, S, S-tributyl phosphorotrithiote (TBPT)). The DAR/D strain from Tanzania showed the highest levels and broadest range of resistance (temephos 37 ×, malathion 579×, propoxur 3032× and permethrin 100×). A strain from Rangoon and two from France (S54, BLEUET) showed lower resistance, restricted to organophosphates. Temephos and malathion resistance in the RANGOON strain was strongly inhibited by TBPT but not by TPP or piperonyl butoxide. Temephos and permethrin resistance in the DAR/D strain was slightly inhibited by TBPT and permethrin resistance by piperonyl butoxide. The DAR/D, RANGOON and CfCA (susceptible) strains were also compared for general esterase activity and phosphatase activity, both of which were higher in the resistant strains. It is concluded that resistance in RANGOON is associated with high production of an esterase sensitive to inhibition by TBPT but with little or no sensitivity to TPP, resembling but not identical in properties with the enzyme in strain S54 investigated earlier. Resistance in DAR/D was also associated with some increase in esterase activity, but the basis of resistance was different from that in S54 and RANGOON, having a much lower sensitivity to inhibition by TBPT.
Effects of ageing and nutrition on the reproductive system of Samea multiplicalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Taylor M. F. J. , Sands D. P. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe influence of ageing, larval dietary nitrogen and adult carbohydrate diets on development of the male and female reproductive systems of Samea multiplicalis Guenée are described. Mature oocytes appeared in the ovarioles of one-day-old females and remained constant in number from one to three days after eclosion. Females from larvae that fed on plants of Salvinia molesta matured fewer oocytes (65 vs. 138) when the plants had lower (0·94% vs. 2·74%) levels of nitrogen. Resorbing oocytes were identified in the ovarioles of females 1–3 days old. The proportion of females with resorbing oocytes increased with age but not with larval dietary nutrition. Following high levels of larval dietary nitrogen, the seminal vesicles in males increased in length, while their width increased with age but not with diet. High levels of larval dietary nitrogen and an intake of adult dietary carbohydrate were both necessary for maximum fecundity. Higher levels of larval dietary nitrogen resulted in greater adult size, as measured by forewing length.
Differentiation ofanopheles culicifaciesGiles (Diptera: Culicidae) sibling species by analysis of cuticular components
Authors: Milligan P. J. M. , Phillips A. , Molyneux D. H. , Subbarao S. K. , White G. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCuticular wax was extracted from adult females ofAnopheles culicifaciesGiles and analysed by gas liquid chromatography. The flies were taken from pure cage stocks of three sibling species: 56 individuals of species A, 43 of species B and 51 of species C. The three cytospecies were found to be significantly different in their cuticular hydrocarbon composition by a multivariate analysis of variance. Using discriminant analysis, each cytospecies was characterized by the amounts of C25-C33 hydrocarbons extracted from the cuticle, allowing criteria to be established for the identification of flies. By these criteria, specimens from stocks of known identity were allocated to the correct group with a high success rate. These results may reflect ecological differences among the sibling species.
Studies of the mortality of Locusta migratoria (L.) treated with a polyhedrosis virus from the grasshopper Caledia captiva(F.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Cologan D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPreparations made from the Australian acridine grasshopper Caledia captiva (F.) that contained a recently discovered cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) were used to treat Locusta migratoria (L.). Feeding of the locusts with the preparations caused a significant increase in mortality. Although these deaths were associated with the viral treatment, their ultimate cause appeared to be uncontrolled proliferation of a bacterium, which is probably a strain of Enterobacter cloacae and which is usually found in locusts without ill effect. Four areas are identified where further work is necessary before the potential of the C. captiva CPV as an agent for the biological control of L. migratoria can be assessed.
Natural enemies of the african armyworm,Spodoptera exempta(Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Tanzania
Authors: Merrett P. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn Tanzania, residual populations ofSpodoptera exempta(Walker) may persist in highlands and river valleys, giving rise to the first outbreaks in the rainy season. To examine whether parasitoids could be a key factor in maintaining these populations at low density, samples were taken during outbreaks in eastern and north-eastern Tanzania from 1980 to 1984. Parasitism was high (around 50%) in the low density samples (below 25 larvae/m2) and low (below 17%) in the highest density ones (about 250–1200 larvae/m2). The number of outbreaks reported from the same administrative district as the sample site, and concurrent with it, was inversely related to parasitism level. The directly density dependent relationship between percentage parasitism and host density at lower densities, and the inversely density dependent one at higher densities, is similar to that found in parasitoid complexes of other Lepidoptera. Parasitoids in the rare braconid genusMeteorideawere recorded attackingS. exempta; this is the first published record from mainland Africa.
Rastrococcus invadens sp. n. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) introduced from the Oriental Region to West Africa and causing damage to mango, citrus and other trees
Authors: Williams D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRastrococcus invadens sp. n. has been accidentally introduced to West Africa where it is causing considerable damage to many plants, especially mango and citrus, in Togo and Ghana. The origin of the mealybug is the Oriental Region, where it is known from a wide area, but it has always been mistaken for R. spinosus (Robinson), a closely related species. Serious outbreaks on mango in some areas of the Oriental Region suggest recent introductions also, although records from other parts of the Oriental Region are as early as 1900.
Geographic variability in demographic performance of the potato moth, Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in Australia
Authors: Briese D. T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMeasurements of several parameters of demographic performance for 16 field-derived Australian populations of Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) were obtained under laboratory conditions. Fecundity, female weight and low temperature development rates were the most important parameters contributing to differences between populations. It is suggested that the increased fecundity and female weights found in warmer regions may be selected for in part by the continuous high mortality imposed by parasitoids, which have a reduced impact in the colder parts of P. operculella's range. A more rapid development rate in populations from colder areas is probably due to selection for a decreased lower threshold temperature in these areas, indicating better survival characteristics under cold conditions.
The ecology of lutzomyia umbratilis Ward & Fraiha (Diptera: Psychodidae), the major vector to man of Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis in north-eastern Amazonian brazil
Authors: Ready P. D. , Lainson R. , Shaw J. J. , Ward R. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA description is given of the phlebotomine faunas of forests in north Pará State, Amazonian Brazil, that are endemic for ‘pian bois’-type dermal leishmaniasis of man caused by Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis. As judged by collections from human baits, mammal-baited traps, CDC miniature light traps and from various resting sites, only the females of Lutzomyia umbratilis Ward & Fraiha have the habits (both arboreal and terrestrial) and abundance (periodic, seasonal and spatial) consistent with being a major vector to man of Leishmania b. guyanensis. Man is at risk of infection by the bite of Lutzomyia umbratilis at any time of the year if he disturbs the females from their daytime resting sites (on and around the bases of the larger forest trees) or if he remains in the forest between late afternoon and dawn (1700–0700 h).
Incidence and distribution of insecticide-resistant strains of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in england and wales in 1980–84
Authors: Furk C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBetween 1980 and 1984, a total of 2710 individuals of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) collected in England and Wales was tested by electrophoresis and classified as being susceptible (S), moderately resistant (R1) or strongly resistant (R2) to insecticides. Aphids sampled from oilseed rape from the Midlands and western and eastern England had the lowest frequencies of S and the highest frequencies of R1 aphids. Over all crops, eastern England had a low frequency of S and a high frequency of R1 aphids. R2 aphids were more common in northern England than in other areas of England and Wales but only on potatoes. There was no evidence of any increase in the incidence of resistant aphids (both R1 and R2) since a previous survey in 1976. Possible reasons for the distribution patterns of the three aphid types are discussed.
Control of the grass grub, Costelytra zealandica (white) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), by application of the bacteria Serratia spp. causing honey disease
Authors: Jackson T. A. , Pearson J. F. , Stucki G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIsolates of Serratia marinorubra and S. liquefaciens pathogenic for Costelytra zealandica (White) were artificially cultured and applied to field populations of larvae of C. zealandica in New Zealand in the late summer and autumn of 1984. In four trials, when bacteria were applied from February to late March, high levels of disease transmission were recorded. Three months after application, significant (P<0·05) reductions of 30–59% in the larval populations were obtained, and 47% of the remaining larvae in the treated plots were diseased, suggesting the long-term effect would be greater. Treatment resulted in a 30% increase in dry matter production in the pastures. There was no consistent difference between the bacterial isolates tested. Application of the bacteria in May had no effect on the larvae, suggesting that they were no longer susceptible. It is concluded that these pathogenic isolates should be developed further as microbial insecticides for control of C. zealandica.
Detection of insecticide resistance by immunological estimation of carboxylesterase activity inMyzus persicae(Sulzer) and cross reaction of the antiserum withPhorodon humuli(Schrank) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Devonshire A. L. , Moores G. D. , Ffrench-Constant R. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn antiserum was prepared against carboxylesterase E4, the enzyme conferring resistance inMyzus persicae(Sulzer) to a wide range of insecticides, and the immunoglobulin G (IgG) fraction was purified from it by affinity chromotography. Interactions of the antiserum and IgG with aphid homogenates and the purified esterase proteins were studied by immune diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). InM. persicae, the interactions were specific for E4 and its closely-related mutant form, FE4, and except forPhorodon humuli(Schrank), there was no cross-reaction with homogenates of the nine other aphid species examined. These studies confirmed the quantitative changes in E4 protein previously reported and established that the increased esterase activity inP. humulialso arises from the production of more protein, or proteins, homologous to E4. Resistance ofM. persicaecould be characterized by immunoelectrophoresis even after preservation of the insects in 30% ethanol. Although ELISA could also be used to identify resistance, a simpler immunoplate assay was developed based on measuring the esterase activity of E4 retained when the enzyme bound to IgG. This assay discriminates well between the three resistantM. persicaevariants common in the field in the UK, and its simplicity allows the study of large numbers of insects.
Development and larval diapause in the southern African dung beetleOnitis cafferBoheman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Edwards Penelope B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe development ofOnitis cafferBoheman in cattle dung was studied in the laboratory. The larvae feed on the dung in which the eggs are laid. Egg to adult development at 25°C was completed in 24·7 weeks by a strain from a winter rainfall (WR) area of South Africa and 29·4 weeks by a strain from a summer rainfall (SR) area, and occurred without diapause. Maximum larval dry weight was achieved mid-way through the third larval instar, after which the larva emptied much of its gut to form a protective faecal shell, in which pupation occurred. At 20°C, 20% of WR larvae developed without diapause and the adults emerged after 33·5 weeks, whereas the remaining 80% of adults emerged after 80·1 weeks. In the SR strain, 70% emerged after 37·1 weeks without having entered diapause, while the remaining 30% emerged after 83·8 weeks. Thus, the period of diapause for both strains was 47 weeks and occurred in the third larval instar. At 15°C, 74% of WR larvae had pupated by 153 weeks, with a mean development time of 121·8 weeks. Zero development temperatures were 10·4°C (WR) and 10·1°C (SR), and day-degree requirements for development without diapause at 20°C were 2251 (WR) and 2571 (SR).
Immunological determination of predators of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae), in south-western Australia
Authors: Calver M. C. , Matthiessen J. N. , Hall G. P. , Bradley J. S. , Lillywhite J. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSix hundred and twelve anthropods from 11 families collected in and around cattle dung in south-western Australia were screened using a general antiserum against all developmental stages of Musca vetustissima Walker with gel precipitin and immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEO) tests. Positive results were found in Staphylinidae (65%), Histeridae (64%), Carabidae (12%), Dermaptera (21%) and Lycosidae (27%). The relative proportions of predator species varied in different sites, but three staphylinids (Leptacinus socius (Fauvel), Philonthus longicornis Stephens and P. subcingulatus MacLeay) and one histerid (Saprinus sp.) were widespread and numerous and consistently had a high proportion of positive results. Compared to precipitin tests, IEO was found to extend detection times for a single meal from two to five hours for small staphylinids and from 24 to 36 hours for larger carabids. In subsamples of P. subcingulatus and Saprinus sp. collected on the same day at one site, the relative proportions of positive results using IEO and gel precipitation, respectively, were 74 and 23% for P. subcingulatus and 95 and 53% for Saprinus sp.
Mixing of indoor- and outdoor-resting adults of Anopheles gambiae Giles s.l. and A. funestus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) in coastal Tanzania
Authors: Lines J. D. , Lyimo E. O. , Curtis C. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFrom previous studies in Garki, Nigeria, it was deduced that the population of Anopheles gambiae Giles s.l. there includes a proportion of individuals which consistently rest out of doors and are therefore not vulnerable to insecticide residues inside houses, but may still be able to maintain malaria transmission. A direct test for the existence of such individuals in A. gambiae s.l. and A. funestus Giles in a village in Tanzania was made by catching resting mosquitoes indoors and in outdoor pits, differentially marking them according to their site of capture and releasing them from a single site. Recaptures indoors and in the pits showed no significant association between the sites of capture and recapture among the females of either species, i.e. no evidence for an invariably outdoor-resting type of female. It is concluded that behavioural polymorphism is unlikely to interfere with the successful use of house spraying for malaria control in this area. From data on the proportion of the captures found to be marked and on the parity rate, estimates were calculated of the total mosquito population available for sampling in the village.