bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of formulation on protein breakdown, in vitro digestibility, rheological properties and acceptability of tarhana, a traditional Turkish cereal food
Authors: IBANOGLU SENOL , AINSWORTH PAUL , WILSON GEORGE , HAYES GEORGE D. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThree formulations of tarhana, a traditional Turkish fermented yogurt‐wheat mixture used in soups, were prepared in the laboratory. The effects of white or wholemeal wheat flours and amount of yogurt on the protein breakdown, rheology and acceptability of the samples were measured and the samples were compared with single samples of homemade and commercial tarhana from Turkey.Replacement of white wheat flour with wholemeal flour and increasing the yogurt had little effect on protein breakdown, but the true‐ to crude‐protein ratio fell slightly during fermentation. Tarhana soups behaved as pseudoplastics (ñ < 1) at 80°C, and those with ñ values (>0.8) closer to Newtonian flow (ñ= 1) were most liked in mouth feel; however high apparent viscosity and samples with less liked mouth feel were not less liked in overall acceptability than the commercial sample. In vitro digestibility of commercial tarhana was lower than the laboratory prepared tarhana.
The Probability of Donor‐Recipient Histocompatibility in Different HL‐A Phenotype Combinations
Authors: HÖGMAN CLAES F. , LINDBLOM J. BERTIL 
Published: July 2010

The probability of donor‐recipient histocompatibility within the HL—A system was investigated in 1,281 different HL—A phenotypes. The calculations were made by means of a computer program and based on haplotype frequencies. In the present study 195 haplotypes were obtained from HL—A typing of an east Swedish population, including 7 alleles of the first (“LA”) locus and 9 alleles of the second (“Four”) locus.In 19 phenotypes the probability was more than 5 per 1,000 that an A match would occur, i.e. identical phenotypes in donor and recipient. Of all phenotypes investigated 30% had an incidence lower than 10 per 1,000 of a “good to acceptable” match (A, B or C match).In an attempt to check the reliability of the results, 266 patients transplanted within the Scandiatransplant organization were classified according to the probability of different matches. Patients with a calculated A match incidence above 10 per 1,000 got A‐match transplants in a significantly higher proportion than the others. Similarly, patients with an A to C match incidence below 10 per 1,000 were rarely transplanted (7% of total). It is concluded that knowledge of the incidence of histocompatibility of a patient's phenotype may be of considerable help to the clinician in his decision concerning treatment.
HLA‐D locus in Israel. Characterization of 14 local HTC's and a population study
Authors: AMAR A. , OKSENBERG J. , COHEN N. , COHEN I. , BRAUTBAR C. 
Published: July 2010

Fourteen homozygous typing cells identified in Israel are described. Of these typing cells two were of Ashkenazi and 11 of non‐Ashkenazi origin, while the remaining HTC was from an Arab donor. Ten of the 14 HTCs characterized in this manner were offspring of consanguineous marriages; all of them were non‐Ashkenazim. Nine HTCs express specificities previously recognized in Caucasians, 4 HTCs represent new specificities (JI‐J4), and one typing cell was found to be analogous to the Japanese Dw12 (DHO) specificity.The distribution of HLA‐D specificities in 120 randomly selected Israelis representing the two main Jewish subpopulations, Ashkenazim and non‐Ashkenazim, was studied with the locally defined HTCs. HLA‐Dw5 and Dw10 were found to be significantly increased while Dw2 and Dw6 were significantly decreased in Israelis as compared to Caucasians.
Volumetric neuroimaging investigations in mood disorders: bipolar disorder versus major depressive disorder
Authors: Konarski Jakub Z , McIntyre Roger S , Kennedy Sidney H , Rafi‐Tari Shahryar , Soczynska Joanna K , Ketter Terence A 
Published: July 2010

Background:  As patients with mood disorders manifest heterogeneity in phenomenology, pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment response, a biological classification of mental disease is urgently needed to advance research. Patient and methodological variability complicates the comparison of neuroimaging study results and limits heuristic model development and a biologically‐based diagnostic schema.Objective:  We have critically reviewed and compared the magnetic resonance neuroimaging literature to determine the degree and directionality of volumetric changes in brain regions putatively implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) versus bipolar disorder (BD).Methods:  A total of 140 published magnetic resonance imaging investigations evaluating subjects with BD or MDD were selected to provide a summary and interpretation of volumetric neuroimaging results in MDD and BD. Further commentary on the pathophysiological implications, and putative cellular and pharmacological mechanisms, is also provided.Results:  While whole brain volumes of patients with mood disorders do not differ from those of healthy controls, regional deficits in the frontal lobe, particularly in the anterior cingulate and the orbitofrontal cortex, appear to consistently differentiate subjects with mood disorders from the general population. Preliminary findings also suggest that subcortical structures, particularly the striatum, amygdala, and hippocampus, may be differentially affected in MDD and BD.Conclusions:  Structural neuroimaging studies have consistently identified regional abnormalities in subjects with mood disorders. Future studies should strive to definitively establish the influence of age and medication.
The specific burden of comorbid anxiety disorders and of substance use disorders in bipolar I disorder
Authors: Goldstein Benjamin I , Levitt Anthony J 
Published: July 2010

Objectives:  Uncertainty exists regarding whether comorbid substance use disorders (SUDs) in bipolar I disorder are more prevalent among persons with versus without comorbid anxiety disorders. Moreover, the independent contribution of these comorbidities to the burden of bipolar disorder (BD) is unclear.Methods:  The 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions was used to identify respondents with lifetime BD (n = 1,411). Illness severity was compared across four groups based on the presence of lifetime anxiety disorders, lifetime SUDs, neither, or both. Variables included lifetime prevalence of mixed mania, prolonged mood episodes, BD‐related health service utilization, and forensic history, 12‐month prevalence of mania and depression, and current general mental health functioning. Diagnoses were generated using the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule, DSM‐IV Version. Analyses were computed separately for males and females.Results:  For females only, the lifetime prevalence of SUDs was significantly greater among those with lifetime anxiety disorders [odds ratio (OR) = 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.08–1.86]; this was not found among males (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.79–1.68). In multiple logistic regression analyses among both males and females, anxiety disorders were significantly associated with mixed episodes, prolonged depressive episodes, 12‐month prevalence of depression, BD‐related health service utilization, and poorer current mental health functioning. SUDs were significantly associated with mixed episodes among females, 12‐month prevalence of depression among males, and with forensic history among both males and females.Conclusions:  Whereas comorbid anxiety disorders appear to confer increased liability towards poor mental health functioning and greater BD‐related health service utilization, comorbid SUDs are associated with positive forensic history. Early identification and treatment of these comorbid conditions are of paramount importance. Further representative prospective studies are needed.
A novel in vivo ovine model of transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI)
Authors: Tung J. P. , Fung Y. L. , Nataatmadja M. , Colebourne K. I. , Esmaeel H. M. , Wilson K. , Barnett A. G. , Wood P. , Silliman C. C. , Fraser J. F. 
Published: July 2010

Background and Objectives  Even with the introduction of specific risk‐reduction strategies, transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) continues to be a leading cause of transfusion‐related morbidity and mortality. Existing small animal models have not yet investigated TRALI resulting from the infusion of heat‐treated supernatant from whole blood platelet concentrates. In this study, our objective was the development of a novel in vivo two‐event model of TRALI in sheep.Materials and Methods  Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 15 μg/kg) as a first event, modelled clinical infection. Transfusion (estimated at 10% of total blood volume) of heat‐treated pooled supernatant from date‐of‐expiry human whole blood platelet concentrates (d5‐PLT‐S/N) was used as a second event. TRALI was defined by both hypoxaemia that developed either during the transfusion or within two hours of its completion and post‐mortem histological evidence of pulmonary oedema.Results  LPS infusion did not cause lung injury itself, but did result in decreased circulating levels of lymphocytes and neutrophils with evidence of the latter becoming sequestered in the lungs. Sheep that received LPS (first event) followed by d5‐PLT‐S/N (second event) displayed decreased pulmonary compliance, decreased end tidal CO2 and increased arterial partial pressure of CO2 relative to control sheep, and 80% of these sheep developed TRALI.Conclusions  This novel ovine two‐event TRALI model presents a new tool for the investigation of TRALI pathogenesis. It represents the first description of an in vivo large animal model of TRALI and the first description of TRALI caused by transfusion with heat‐treated pooled supernatant from human whole blood platelet concentrates.
Long‐term efficacy and safety of ezetimibe/simvastatin coadministered with extended‐release niacin in hyperlipidaemic patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome
Authors: Fazio S. , Guyton J. R. , Lin J. , Tomassini J. E. , Shah A. , Tershakovec A. M. 
Published: July 2010

Aims: To assess the efficacy and safety of ezetimibe/simvastatin (E/S) plus extended‐release niacin (N) in hyperlipidaemic patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), metabolic syndrome (MetS) without DM (MetS/non‐DM) or neither (non‐DM/non‐MetS). Methods: A subgroup analysis of a double‐blind, 64‐week trial of 1220 randomized patients who received E/S (10/20 mg) + N (to 2 g) or E/S (10/20 mg) for 64 weeks, or N (to 2 g) for 24 weeks then E/S (10/20 mg) + N (2 g) or E/S (10/20 mg) for 40 additional weeks. The evaluable populations of this analysis included n = 765 patients at 24 weeks and n = 574 at 64 weeks. Among those receiving N, only those who attained the 2‐g dose were included in the analysis. Results:
E/S+N improved levels of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, other lipids and lipoprotein ratios compared with N and E/S at 24 weeks and E/S at 64 weeks. The combination increased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI comparably to N and more than E/S. E/S+N reduced high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) levels more effectively than N and similarly to E/S. E/S+N was generally well tolerated. Discontinuations due to flushing with N and E/S+N were comparable and greater than E/S in all subgroups. Fasting glucose trended higher for N vs. E/S. Glucose elevations from baseline to 12 weeks were highest for patients with DM (24.9 mg/dl for N, 21.2 mg/dl for E/S+N, 17.5 mg/dl for E/S); fasting glucose then declined to pretreatment levels at 64 weeks in all subgroups. New‐onset DM was more frequent among MetS patients than those without MetS during the first 24 weeks and trended higher among those assigned to N‐containing regimens [n = 5(5.1%) for N, n = 2(1.7%) for E/S, n = 21(8.8%) for E/S+N]; during 24–64 weeks, diabetes was diagnosed in five additional patients in the E/S (cumulative incidence of 5.9%) and one in the E/S+N (cumulative incidence of 9.2%) groups. Treatment‐incident elevations in uric acid levels were increased among subjects assigned to N‐containing regimens, but there were no effects on symptomatic gout. Conclusion: Combination E/S+N is a safe treatment option for hyperlipidaemic patients including those with DM and MetS, but requires monitoring of glucose and potentially uric acid levels.
The novel sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin sustains pancreatic function and preserves islet morphology in obese, diabetic rats
Authors: Macdonald F. R. , Peel J. E. , Jones H. B. , Mayers R. M. , Westgate L. , Whaley J. M. , Poucher S. M. 
Published: July 2010

Aims: To investigate whether glucose lowering with the selective sodium glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor dapagliflozin would prevent or reduce the decline of pancreatic function and disruption of normal islet morphology. Methods: Female Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, 7–8 weeks old, were placed on high‐fat diet. Dapagliflozin (1 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was administered for ∼33 days either from initiation of high‐fat diet or when rats were moderately hyperglycaemic. Insulin sensitivity and pancreatic function were evaluated using a hyperglycaemic clamp in anaesthetized animals (n = 5–6); β‐cell function was quantified using the disposition index (DI) to account for insulin resistance compensation. Pancreata from a matched subgroup (n = 7–8) were fixed and β‐cell mass and islet morphology investigated using immunohistochemical methods. Results: Dapagliflozin, administered from initiation of high‐fat feeding, reduced the development of hyperglycaemia; after 24 days, blood glucose was 8.6 ± 0.5 vs. 13.3 ± 1.3 mmol/l (p < 0.005 vs. vehicle) and glycated haemoglobin 3.6 ± 0.1 vs. 4.8 ± 0.26% (p < 0.003 vs. vehicle). Dapagliflozin improved insulin sensitivity index: 0.08 ± 0.01 vs. 0.02 ± 0.01 in obese controls (p < 0.03). DI was improved to the level of lean control rats (dapagliflozin 0.29 ± 0.04; obese control 0.15 ± 0.01; lean 0.28 ± 0.01). In dapagliflozin‐treated rats, β‐cell mass was less variable and significant improvement in islet morphology was observed compared to vehicle‐treated rats, although there was no change in mean β‐cell mass with dapagliflozin. Results were similar when dapagliflozin treatment was initiated when animals were already moderately hyperglycaemic. Conclusion: Sustained glucose lowering with dapagliflozin in this model of type 2 diabetes prevented the continued decline in functional adaptation of pancreatic β‐cells.
The Prevalence and Effects of Occupational Licensing
Authors: Kleiner Morris M. , Krueger Alan B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOur study provides the first national analysis of the labour market implications of workers who are licensed by any agency of the government in the USA. Using a specially designed Gallup survey of a nationally representative sample of Americans, we provide an analysis of the influence of this form of occupational regulation. We find that 29 per cent of the workforce is required to hold a licence, which is a higher percentage than that found in other studies that rely on state‐level occupational licensing data or single states. Workers who have higher levels of education are more likely to work in jobs that require a licence. Union workers and government employees are more likely to have a licence requirement than are non‐union or private sector employees. Our multivariate estimates suggest that licensing has about the same quantitative impact on wages as do unions — that is about 15 per cent — and that being both licensed and in a union can increase wages by more than 24 per cent. However, unlike unions which reduce variance in wages, licensing does not significantly reduce wage dispersion for individuals in licensed jobs.
SHORT‐AND LONG‐TERM UNEMPLOYMENT. A PARAMETRIC MODEL WITH TIME‐VARYING EFFECTS
Authors: Portugal Pedro , Addison John T. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTIn this paper we present the first application to unemployment duration analysis of a mixture distribution model initially proposed in the biosciences literature by Blackstone, Naftel and Turner (1986). The model is characterized by the decomposition of an aggregate hazard function into a number of distinct hazard functions. The approach allows us to attribute to each function a different set of covariates as well as coefficients. Using US data on displaced workers, we are able to decompose the time varying hazard into two distinct phases — corresponding to short‐term and long‐term unemployment — and in the process evaluate (and reject) the proportionality assumption. We also compare the results from the model with those obtained from the Cox proportional hazards model and with a parametric hazards model in which a Burr specification is employed for the baseline hazard.
MUTUALITY, PERFORMANCE AND EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION†
Authors: Ingham Hilary , Thompson Steve 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTSThe determinants of CEO compensation within the UK Building Society sector are investigated. Using an unbalanced panel data set for the period 1986–90, we find only weak support for the existence of a positive link between performance and CEO remuneration. In contrast we find age to be an important determinant of CEO pay increases. This finding reinforces the oft noted potential for inefficiencies in mutuals. Given that alternative market based control systems are absent, our results suggests that there is a lack of any mechanism to align owner and manager interests in the UK building societies.
SPECIFYING AND TESTING OUTPUT AND PRICING STRUCTURES OF ALTERNATIVE MACROECONOMIC MODELS
Authors: Paloni Alberto 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper puts forward a framework for choosing between alternative macroeconomic models. It is shown that a three‐sector model with importables, exportables and non‐traded goods can be specified so as to encompass both the Keynesian one‐sector imperfect substitutes model and the two‐sector dependent economy model with traded and non‐traded goods as special cases. A two‐stage test procedure is suggested in order to let the data determine which of these alternative models is the most appropriate. The use of this procedure is illustrated for the case of Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.
BOOTSTRAPPING THE TRACE STATISTIC IN VAR MODELS: MONTE CARLO RESULTS AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Giersbergen Noud P. A. van 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates through Monte Carlo experiments both size and power properties of a bootstrapped trace statistic in two prototypical DGPs. The Monte Carlo results indicate that the ordinary bootstrap has similar size and power properties as inference procedures based on asymptotic critical values. Considering empirical size, the stationary bootstrap is found to provide a uniform improvement over the ordinary bootstrap if the dynamics is underspecified. The use of the stationary bootstrap as a diagnostic tool is suggested. In two illustrative examples this seems to work, and again it appears that the bootstrap incorporates the finite‐sample correction required for the asymptotic critical values to apply.
THE EFFECTS OF COMPANY TRAINING, FURTHER EDUCATION AND THE YOUTH TRAINING SCHEME ON THE EARNINGS OF YOUNG EMPLOYEES*
Authors: Green Francis , Hoskins Martin , Montgomery Scott 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper provides evidence on the impact of company training, of post‐compulsory education and of the UK Youth Training Scheme in the late 1980's on the earnings of 21‐year‐old employees in England and Wales. Earnings equations are estimated for each of seven groups of employees who have followed alternative routes from compulsory education into employment, allowing for selectivity into these routes. There are several findings, including: both high parental social class and better school qualifications help to channel people into higher status routes, while high local unemployment has the opposite effect; participation in company training in long spells substantially raises wages but short spells do not; YTS participation fails to raise, and possibly substantially lowers, wages even three years after graduation compared to those who left school at 16 and went to work and received no training; there is weak evidence that, even for those that do not enter higher education, it is better to stay on at school after 16 than go into YTS.
DETERMINANTS OF INTRA‐INDUSTRY TRADE: A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS*
Authors: Torstensson Johan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the robustness of determinants of IIT to changes in the set of included variables and to measurement errors. On applying extreme bounds analysis (EBA) on Swedish IIT, it is found that most variables are sensitive to changes in the selected control variables. When examining the effects of errors of measurement and when only robust variables are included in the model, the estimated coefficients are bounded although they are unbounded when more variables are included. It is also found that the proxy‐variables for product differentiation need to be of much higher quality than actually seems to be the case, if we are to ensure that the signs of the proxy‐variables correspond to the signs of the ‘true’ variables.
Dickey–Fuller Type of Tests against Nonlinear Dynamic Models*
Authors: He Changli , Sandberg Rickard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce several test statistics testing the null hypothesis of a random walk (with or without drift) against models that accommodate a smooth nonlinear shift in the level, the dynamic structure and the trend. We derive analytical limiting distributions for all the tests. The power performance of the tests is compared with that of the unit‐root tests by Phillips and Perron [Biometrika(1988), Vol. 75, pp. 335–346], and Leybourne, Newbold and Vougas [Journal of Time Series Analysis(1998), Vol. 19, pp. 83–97]. In the presence of a gradual change in the deterministics and in the dynamics, our tests are superior in terms of power.
Convergence of Prices and Rates of Inflation*
Authors: Busetti Fabio , Fabiani Silvia , Harvey Andrew 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe consider how unit‐root and stationarity tests can be used to study the convergence of prices and rates of inflation. We show how the joint use of these tests in levels and first differences allows the researcher to distinguish between series that are converging and series that have already converged, and we set out a strategy to establish whether convergence occurs in relative prices or just in rates of inflation. Special attention is paid to the issue of whether a mean should be extracted in carrying out tests in first differences and whether there is an advantage to adopting a (Dickey–Fuller) unit‐root test based on deviations from the last observation. The asymptotic distribution of this last test statistic is given and Monte Carlo simulation experiments show that the test yields considerable power gains for highly persistent autoregressive processes with ‘relatively large’ initial conditions. The tests are applied to the monthly series of the consumer price index in the Italian regional capitals over the period 1970–2003.