bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis thioredoxin in complex with quinol inhibitor PMX464
Authors: Hall Gareth , Bradshaw Tracey D. , Laughton Charles A. , Stevens Malcolm F. , Emsley Jonas 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThioredoxin (Trx) plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular redox homeostasis. Many disease causing pathogens rely on the Trx redox system for survival in conditions of environmental stress. The Trx redox system has been implicated in the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to phagocytosis. Trx is able to reduce a variety of target substrates and reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the cyclization of its active site dithiol to the oxidized disulphide Cys37–Cys40. Here we report the crystal structure of the Mtb Trx C active site mutant C40S (MtbTrxCC40S) in isolation and in complex with the hydroxycyclohexadienone inhibitor PMX464. We observe PMX464 is covalently bound to the active site residue Cys37 through Michael addition of the cyclohexadienone ring and also forms noncovalent contacts which mimic the binding of natural Trx ligands. In comparison with the ligand free MtbTrxCC40S structure a conformational change occurs in the PMX464 complex involving movement of helix α2 and the active site loop. These changes are almost identical to those observed for helix α2 in human Trx ligand complexes. Whereas the ligand free structure forms a homodimer the inhibitor complex unexpectedly forms a different dimer with one PMX464 molecule bound at the interface. This 2:1 MtbTrxCC40S‐PMX464 complex is also observed using mass spectrometry measurements. This structure provides an unexpected scaffold for the design of improved Trx inhibitors targeted at developing treatments for tuberculosis.
A summary of inherently safer technology
Authors: Hendershot Dennis C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractInherently Safer Design (ISD) is an approach for making the development, manufacturing, and use of chemicals safer. This article will present a summary overview of ISD and its elements of minimize, substitute, moderate, and simplify. In addition, a life cycle approach will be shown to give the most effective use of ISD as well as other risk mitigation methods and strategies. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Effect of reduced risk pesticides on greenhouse vegetable arthropod biological control agents
Authors: Gradish Angela E. , Scott‐Dupree Cynthia D. , Shipp Les , Harris C. Ron , Ferguson Gillian 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Arthropod biological control agents (BCAs) are commonly released for greenhouse vegetable insect pest management. Nevertheless, chemicals remain a necessary control tactic for certain insect pests and diseases and they can have negative impacts on BCAs. The compatibility of some formulated reduced risk insecticides (abamectin, metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole) and fungicides (myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate and cyprodinil + fludioxonil) used, or with promise for use, in Canadian greenhouses with Orius insidiosus (Say), Amblyseius swirskii (Athias‐Henriot) and Eretmocerus eremicus (Rose & Zolnerovich) was determined through laboratory and greenhouse bioassays.RESULTS: Overall, the insecticides and fungicides were harmless as residues to adult BCAs. However, abamectin was slightly to moderately harmful to O. insidiosus and A. swirskii in laboratory bioassays, whereas metaflumizone was slightly harmful to E. eremicus.CONCLUSIONS: In general, these products appear safe to use prior to establishment/release of these adult BCAs. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Status of insecticide resistance inCulex pipiensfield populations from north‐eastern areas of Italy before the withdrawal of OP compounds
Authors: Toma Luciano , Menegon Michela , Romi Roberto , De Matthaeis Elvira , Montanari Mario , Severini Carlo 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Heavy and constant use of organophosphorus (OP) larvicides selectedCulex pipiensL. resistant populations through two main mechanisms of genetic resistance, the increased activity of detoxifying esterase and the production of alterate acetylcholinesterase‐1 (AChE1) by G119S mutation. The aim of this study was the assessment of the distribution ofCx. pipienspopulations resistant to temephos and chlorpyrifos in the north‐eastern regions of Italy and the occurrence of the insensitive AChE in these populations. Data describe the situation in the last years before European legislation prohibited the use of OP larvicides in mosquito control, up until 2007.RESULTS:For the first time a high level of OP resistance in the samples from Ravenna (182‐fold, 80% A4/B4 or A5/B5 esterases and 38.3%Ester5), Emilia Romagna region, was detected; therefore, new data from the Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia regions were obtained and reinforced existing knowledge about resistance previously studied along the Adriatic coast. Nearby, in the Villa Verucchio locality, the highest (87.5%) AChE1R was found.CONCLUSION:Cx. pipiensresistance esterases A5/B5 and A4/B4 spread southward along the Adriatic coastal plain while OPs were being used in mosquito control, as confirmed by the first molecular screening of the AChE1 gene in these populations. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Electron pair density information measures in atomic systems
Authors: Sagar Robin P. , Laguna Humberto G. , Guevara Nicolais L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractShannon entropies of the pair density, conditional entropies, and mutual information are studied in position and in momentum space for ground state neutral atoms and selected excited states at the Hartree‐Fock level. We show that the mutual information, a measure of correlation, is larger in position space than in momentum space. This result also holds for a mutual information defined in terms of the exchange density; however, these quantities display much more structure than the corresponding ones based on the pair densities. The interpretation of this behavior is that exchange effects are smaller in momentum space than in position space in these systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Life in the fast lane: Origins of competitive interaction in new vs. established markets
Authors: Chen Eric L. , Katila Riitta , McDonald Rory , Eisenhardt Kathleen M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPrior work examines competitive moves in relatively stable markets. In contrast, we focus on less stable markets where competitive advantages are temporary and R&D moves are essential. Using evolutionary search theory and an experiential simulation with in‐depth fieldwork, we find that the relationship between performance and subsequent competitive moves depends on the type of market, not just on whether performance is high or low. High performers seek to maintain status quo, but this requires different strategies in different markets. They are conservative in established markets and bold in new ones. In contrast, low performers seek to disrupt the status quo. Again, this requires different strategies in different markets. Unlike high performers, low performers are bold in established markets and conservative in new ones where they lack understanding of how to disrupt rivals. Overall, our results incorporate unstable markets in theories of competitive dynamics and competitive interaction in theories of evolutionary search. By examining R&D moves, we also extend competitive dynamics research to include technology‐based firms for whom temporary advantages are often essential. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid Delivery of Drug Carriers Propelled and Navigated by Catalytic Nanoshuttles
Authors: Kagan Daniel , Laocharoensuk Rawiwan , Zimmerman Maria , Clawson Corbin , Balasubramanian Shankar , Kang Dae , Bishop Daniel , Sattayasamitsathit Sirilak , Zhang Liangfang , Wang Joseph 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper reports the first proof‐of‐concept of using catalytic nanoshuttles to pick up, transport, and release common drug carriers including biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric particles and liposomes. The rapid transport of a wide size range of drug‐loaded particles (100 nm–3.0 μm) with a speed approximately three orders of magnitude faster than that of the particles transported by Brownian motion demonstrates the high propulsion power of the nanoshuttles. The nanoshuttles’ navigation ability is illustrated by the transport of the drug carriers through a microchannel from the pick‐up to the release microwell. Such ability of nanomotors to rapidly deliver drug‐loaded polymeric particles and liposomes to their target destination represents a novel approach towards transporting drug carriers in a target‐specific manner. This also potentially addresses the obstacles of current nanoparticle drug delivery, such as off‐targeting of particles. While an initial concept of actively transporting therapeutic particles is demonstrated in vitro in this paper, future efforts will focus on practical in vivo motor‐based targeted drug delivery in connection to fuel‐free nanovehicles.
High‐On/Off‐Ratio Graphene Nanoconstriction Field‐Effect Transistor
Authors: Lu Ye , Goldsmith Brett , Strachan Douglas R. , Lim Jong Hsien , Luo Zhengtang , Johnson A. T. Charlie 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA method is reported to pattern monolayer graphene nanoconstriction field‐effect transistors (NCFETs) with critical dimensions below 10 nm. NCFET fabrication is enabled by the use of feedback‐controlled electromigration (FCE) to form a constriction in a gold etch mask that is first patterned using conventional lithographic techniques. The use of FCE allows the etch mask to be patterned on size scales below the limit of conventional nanolithography. The opening of a confinement‐induced energy gap is observed as the NCFET width is reduced, as evidenced by a sharp increase in the NCFET on/off ratio. The on/off ratios obtained with this procedure can be larger than 1000 at room temperature for the narrowest devices; this is the first report of such large room‐temperature on/off ratios for patterned graphene FETs.
Characterization of the agglomeration of roasted shredded cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) roots
Authors: Tivana Lucas Daniel , Dejmek Petr , Bergenståhl Björn 
Published: October 2010

AbstractRoasted and granulated cassava roots flour, known as ‘rale’ in the south of Mozambique, is a common meal in sub‐Saharan Africa and is consumed reconstituted with hot or cold water. In this work, analysis of rale was carried out with the aim of understanding what determines the agglomeration properties. Rale is agglomerated roasted cassava flour with about 95% of starch gelatinized. The pre‐gelatinized and agglomerated cassava gives cold swelling as well as a resistance against disintegration when heated. The softness of swollen agglomerated granules is temperature dependent. Microscopy of rale agglomerates shows that the granulation is formed by partial swelled starch granules bound together by retrograded leached AM. A physical model of rale consisting of glass beads agglomerated by drying with an AP or AM solution showed that particles with retrograded AM were resistant to disintegration in water at 90°C while glass beads agglomerated with AP did not show comparable heat resistance. Thus it was concluded that the leaching and retrogradation of AM is essential to obtain the rale agglomeration and functionality.
Characteristics and application of octenyl succinic anhydride modified waxy corn starch in sausage
Authors: Song Xiaoyan , Zhu Wei , Li Zhen , Zhu Jinjin 
Published: October 2010

AbstractNative and acid‐hydrolyzed wx corn starches were modified by octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) in aqueous slurry systems. The characteristics of the modified wx corn starches and their effects on chicken meat sausages were evaluated by means of FT‐IR, rapid visco analyser, SEM, and texture profile analysis. FT‐IR spectroscopy indicated that the ester carbonyl groups in the OSA modified native and acid‐hydrolyzed starches were characterized at 1725 cm−1. The process of OSA modification could achieve starch derivatives, which had higher viscosities, better paste clarity and freeze–thaw stability than the native counterparts. Texture results showed that the hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness of the sausage increased as OSA‐H0 was added (p < 0.05). SEM revealed that the sausages with native wx corn starch had larger and uneven pores, while it was comparatively compact for the sausages with OSA starches. The OSA modified wx corn starch offered a great potential to be used in meat products to enhance textural quality.
Linguistic relativity
Authors: Wolff Phillip , Holmes Kevin J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe central question in research on linguistic relativity, or the Whorfian hypothesis, is whether people who speak different languages think differently. The recent resurgence of research on this question can be attributed, in part, to new insights about the ways in which language might impact thought. We identify seven categories of hypotheses about the possible effects of language on thought across a wide range of domains, including motion, color, spatial relations, number, and false belief understanding. While we do not find support for the idea that language determines the basic categories of thought or that it overwrites preexisting conceptual distinctions, we do find support for the proposal that language can make some distinctions difficult to avoid, as well as for the proposal that language can augment certain types of thinking. Further, we highlight recent evidence suggesting that language may induce a relatively schematic mode of thinking. Although the literature on linguistic relativity remains contentious, there is growing support for the view that language has a profound effect on thought.WIREs Cogni Sci2011 2 253–265 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.104This article is categorized under:Psychology > Language
Parsing
Authors: Traxler Matthew J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractResearch on syntax and parsing played a central role in the cognitive revolution and continues to occupy a central position in the study of language. While linguistically driven theories of syntactic representation have not proven sufficient to predict and explain the full range of experimental outcomes, they have provided invaluable insights to language researchers. Greater success has been achieved by combining insights from linguistics and cognitive psychology. Such approaches began to emerge in the 1970s, with the advent of serial, modular, syntax‐first approaches, such as the garden‐path theory, that were computationally tractable and plausible given human resource limitations. The ‘second wave’ of syntactic parsing theories arose as an important component of connectionist/neural network‐inspired research in the 1980s and 1990s. These accounts differed from first‐generation accounts in that they viewed syntactic parsing as being one component of a massively interactive parallel‐processing system. According to such accounts, the parser responds to a wide variety of lexical and contextual influences, and evidence for such effects can be found in experiments involving verb subcategory preferences, lexical‐semantic properties of words in important syntactic positions, and discourse and visual context. Recent emerging theories have added new perspectives by focusing on multiple cues to meaning, redundancy at lexical‐semantic and syntactic levels of analysis, the importance of anticipatory processes, and the importance of experience in adult comprehenders. Thus, parsing theory continues to evolve and we can expect this area of inquiry to remain lively for the foreseeable future. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 353–364 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.112This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Linguistic Theory
The utility of intrathecal fluorescein in cerebrospinal fluid leak repair
Authors: Seth Rahul , Rajasekaran Karthik , Benninger Michael S. , Batra Pete S. 
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the utility of intrathecal fluorescein (IF) for intraoperative localization and successful repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks.STUDY DESIGNCase series with chart review.SETTINGTertiary‐care medical center.SUBJECTS AND METHODSSubjects included those undergoing endoscopic CSF leak repair with or without the use of IF. Informed consent was obtained from all patients undergoing the administration of IF (total dose 10 mg).RESULTSA total of 103 patients underwent CSF leak repair, and in 47 cases (45.6%), IF was used. Patients who were administered IF were more likely to have spontaneous CSF leak etiology (61.7% vs 16.1%; P < 0.001). Of the 47 cases with IF use, fluorescein was visualized at the skull base in 31 cases (66.0%), 11 (23.4%) had visible CSF leak without fluorescein coloration, and five (10.6%) had neither clear nor fluorescein‐colored CSF visualized. Sensitivity and specificity for fluorescein detection was 73.8 percent (95% confidence interval [CI] 57.7%‐85.6%) and 100 percent (95% CI 46.3%‐100%), respectively. The false‐negative rate was 26.2 percent (95% CI 15.8%‐43.5%). Localization of the leak site was greater when fluorescein‐colored CSF was visualized (100% vs 81.3%; P = 0.035). When fluorescein‐colored CSF was not visualized intraoperatively, recurrence rates were 31.3 percent versus 9.7 percent when fluorescein coloration was seen, although this finding was not statistically significant (P = 0.10).CONCLUSIONThe use of IF facilitates the accurate localization of CSF leaks and may assist the surgeon in confirming a watertight closure. The lack of intraoperative fluorescein visualization should not rule out the presence of CSF leak, as evidenced by a false‐negative rate of 26.2 percent.
Bilateral same‐day surgery for bilateral perforated chronic otitis media: Inlay butterfly cartilage myringoplasty
Authors: Sang Yu Myeong , Hyun Yoon Tae 
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVEConventional bilateral same‐day tympanoplasty or myringoplasty has been rarely performed because of the risk of postoperative complications. Inlay butterfly cartilage myringoplasty (IBCM) has been shown effective for same‐day closure of bilateral tympanic membrane perforations and is a quicker and more comfortable procedure for the patient. Immediate postoperative hearing is not compromised by packing materials because no external canal packing or middle ear support is required. We assessed the efficacy and safety of bilateral same day IBCM.STUDY DESIGNCase series with chart review.SETTINGTertiary referral center.SUBJECTS AND METHODSOf the 81 patients (age range, 9–64 years) who underwent conventional tympanoplasty/mastoidectomy for bilateral perforated chronic otitis media between June 2005 and September 2009, 17 with small‐to‐medium perforations and no history of otorrhea underwent same‐day cartilage IBCM on the contralateral ear. Median follow‐up duration was 13.0 months.RESULTSThe graft take rate was 100 percent, with no retraction pockets or displaced grafts observed during follow‐up. Mean air—bone gap was improved from 15.8 to 8.4 dB. Twelve patients had an average air—bone gap between 0 and 10 dB, three between 11 and 20 dB, and two between 21 and 30 dB. Two patients had myringitis postoperatively, but it improved with antibiotic treatment.CONCLUSIONBilateral same‐day IBCM offers favorable outcomes in selected patients.
Quality‐of‐life outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery: How long is long enough?
Authors: Soler Zachary M. , Smith Timothy L. 
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVETo determine the time interval during which quality‐of‐life (QOL) outcomes stabilize after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).STUDY DESIGNMulti‐institutional, longitudinal cohort.SETTINGTertiary rhinology centers.SUBJECTS AND METHODSAdults with chronic rhinosinusitis from three medical centers were asked to provide responses to the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI) and the Chronic Sinusitis Survey (CSS) at baseline and six months, 12 months, and 20 months after endoscopic sinus surgery. Repeated measures and post‐hoc analyses were used to compare QOL scores among follow‐up time points. Subgroup analyses were performed in a similar fashion for patients with and without nasal polyposis, asthma, allergies, acetylsalicylic acid intolerance, depression, and previous sinus surgery.RESULTSA total of 127 patients provided complete follow‐up data for all three time points. Improvement in QOL scores was seen at six months after surgery for both the RSDI and CSS instruments. When comparing changes in mean QOL scores among all follow‐up time points, there were no significant differences in either RSDI or CSS total scores (all P ≥ 0.853) or subscale scores (all P ≥ 0.251) between six, 12, and 20 months. Each individual subgroup demonstrated stable QOL scores between six and 20 months' follow‐up, including patients with polyposis and those with intolerance to acetylsalicylic acid (all P ≥ 0.275).CONCLUSIONAt a cohort level, improvements in QOL after ESS do not appear to change between six and 20 months. Clinical trial designs incorporating QOL outcomes after ESS should consider the six‐month time frame as an appropriate primary end point.
Recasting maritime governance in Ghana: the neo-developmental state and the Port of Tema
Authors: Chalfin Brenda 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTIn Africa, as elsewhere, ports are a telling indicator of the tenor of political power and the contests and shifting fortunes among ruling groups. Glaringly evident in the long era of imperial expansion, this is equally true in the present period of late-capitalist commercial acceleration and consolidation. With a focus on Ghana's port of Tema, a leading edge of containerised trade serving a vast swath of the West African sub-region, this essay examines the struggles between state agencies, indigenous capital, and the world's leading multinational shipping and logistics firms invested in port expansion. Rather than the predicted triumph of multinational concerns, the case of Tema reveals the persistent grip of Ghana's national port authority. Deftly capitalising on its claims over land, labour and legislation, this state body also mobilises preferential access to development assistance and financial aid. The result is a port defined by the aspirations and autonomous capacities of what may be described as a neo-developmental state. Both grounded in historical precedent and fragile in its configuration of multiplex and competing interests, Tema lays bare the complex forces at stake in the revitalisation of maritime frontiers now occurring across the African continent.
Hip-hop Judaica: the politics of representin’ Heebster heritage
Authors: COHEN JUDAH 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this essay, I explore the use of rap and hip-hop conventions as they have developed within the self-consciously contemporary American Jewish ‘hipster’ scene between c. 1986 and 2006, framed particularly around the way these genres have addressed the discourses of masculinity within Jewish culture. By exploring the works and actions of such artists as Matisyahu and the Hip Hop Hoodíos within the context of both American Jewish masculinity discussions and the historical relationship of Jews with commercial hip-hop performance, I attempt to explore how a population’s attempts at musical ‘change’ act as a crucial part of the religious and ethnic transmission and preservation process. Although outwardly seen as based on mimesis and even novelty, ‘Jewish’ hip hop, I suggest, instils a deep sense of identity into a population often characterised as iconoclastic, dynamic, politically inclusive and culturally mutable. Masculinity therefore serves largely as a vessel for young Jews to fashion a sense of self into a conversation from which they had previously been largely absent: one of several strategies used both to unmoor and to redefine what it means to be a ‘new’ Jew.