bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Globalization is Smoothened by Sanctions, Frames Terrorism Along Fiscal Lines, Fosters Militarism and Dims Democracy in the Third World
Authors: Sripati Vijayashri 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The UNSC targeted individuals (for example, rebels toppling Constitution-conditionality-implementing governments)/or activities (illicit trade in diamonds) that hindered the Constitution’s uninterrupted adoption/implementation. Here lies the Constitutional origins of the targeted/smart sanctions. Which contextualizes the global war on terrorism (GWOT). This concept was coined to address the threats posed by Al Qaeda’s September 9, 2001, terrorist attacks to the Constitution’s globalization (hereafter Globalization with a capital G) initiated in 1999. By outlining the GWOT’s Constitutional content, this chapter establishes this point and situates the GWOT within the broader story of securing the Constitution’s adoption (1989–2001) through targeted sanctions. An analysis of the UNSC Resolutions 1373 (2001) and how Pakistan was made to wage the GWOT illustrates the GWOT’s Constitutional content. Pakistan adopted Constitutional reforms and an anti-money laundering (AML) and terrorist financing law (globalized by UNSC Resolution 1373 (2001) to combat economic crimes, opened the FATA region to arms, benefiting the US military-industrial complex, and permitted surveillance. This chapter argues that GWOT promotes militarism in the Third World. As a conclusion, this chapter summarizes how these sibling agendas interact and what their status is: Women, peace and security, protection of civilians, Human Security, and the GWOT.
Introduction
Authors: Hardwick Lorna 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Introduction provides extensive material that illustrates and explains the aims of the book and the ideas and concepts used in it. It summarizes the historical and literary contexts that shaped the poetry of the First World War, discusses the choice of poets and poems and explains the categories that are used in the detailed commentaries to analyse the range of connections between ancient and modern texts and their literary mediations in the centuries between. Key terms are glossed and the poetry of unease and the poetry of survival are identified as key themes. The discussion of the historical context includes examination of class, education, and social attitudes as well as the impact of war service. The place of religion in the literary language and cultural perspectives of the poets is considered, especially in relation to notions of suffering and sacrifice, as well as of conflict and vengeance. The various types of paramaterial that can inform analysis of texts, literary biographies, and life experience are discussed. The Introduction also sets out the relationship between the book and classical reception scholarship, including its potential for enhancing understanding of the place of war poetry in the development of the public imagination and the cultural memory and for contributing to eco-criticism and trauma studies.
Services, Investment, and Public Procurement
Authors: Artiran Pinar 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Following years of being a member of the most advanced economic integration model in the world, the orderly separation of the UK from the EU and the further regulation of the bilateral preferential trade framework through the TCA proved to be both historic and challenging. Considering both parties’ economic profiles and aspirations, trade in services, investment flows, and public procurement form a crucial part of their welfare; therefore, the analysis of the extent to which the TCA facilitates their transactions in those areas becomes all the more important. This chapter first sets the scene by providing an overview of the TCA’s relevant chapters in services, investment, and public procurement, and then takes stock of the performance results of the TCA in the past two years and attempts to make a projection into the future steps to improve liberalization efforts even further.
Capital Movements, Digital Trade, and Intellectual Property
Authors: Amstalden Mariela de 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to analyse key features of the European Union (EU)-United Kingdom (UK) Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) relating to capital movements, digital trade, and intellectual property rights (IPRs). It first identifies the relevant legal provisions of the TCA, mapping their structure, to highlight the minimum standard of protection they afford. It then examines the operationalization of selected applicable provisions, taking into account the social, political, and economic realities they are situated in, including limits and opportunities. The analysis shows that regulatory autonomy, coupled with greater deference to rules under the WTO system and its underlying principles of non-discrimination and national treatment are consistently infusing the text of the TCA, suggesting that a rules-based approach to international cooperation continues to be relevant, in spite of growing pressures towards geopolitical and economic fragmentation.
Health, Climate, Energy, and Cyber
Authors: Fahey Elaine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
There are arguably few genuine multilateral engagements in the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA), with foreign policy omitted and generally evidence of limited ambitions. There are also limited commitments to international regulatory cooperation in the TCA, unusually for an EU trade agreement in contrast with many other major economies. The chapter contrasts international qua transnational cooperation objectives provided for in the TCA as to cyber, health, energy, and climate, embodying areas presenting significant global challenges. On the one hand, the general lack of ambition is a key feature of the TCA. As a result, it is difficult to see the TCA as a model for the transnational in any sense. On the other hand, the TCA is clearly a modern and contemporary agreement that deploys a contemporary lexicon as to trade, concluded in a rushed and highly politicized environment and where its aims and objectives need to be viewed in such a light.
Review and Reform Options for Deepening EU-UK Cooperation in a Renewing Europe
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The chapter examines options for the United Kingdom (UK) to deepen cooperation with the European Union (EU) after Brexit, going beyond the current Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA). In particular, the chapter highlights the possibilities offered by the TCA review, mandated in 2026, and the avenues that this provides to revise the very limited free trade agreement currently in place between the EU and the UK. Moreover, the chapter maps broader developments occurring in the European institutional landscape following the war in Ukraine, including the establishment of the European Political Community and the relaunch of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Council of Europe, and discusses how they create new opportunities for the UK to reconnect with the EU. Finally, the chapter considers how transformations in the EU constitutional framework and the process of enlargement to Ukraine impact on European integration, with possible consequences for the position of the UK. The chapter is of help to academics and policy-makers in thinking about the future of Europe and the EU-UK relationship.
Foundations
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Part II deals with the regulatory and administrative state from the mid-16th to the end of the 19th centuries, coupled with reflection as to the position in the 20th and 21st centuries. It provides the foundation for understanding administrative law doctrine that developed during this period. This is addressed in Part III, which covers Courts and Doctrine, and Part IV, where the focus is on Remedies and Review. This chapter introduces Parts III and IV and addresses four foundational issues that underpin particular topics. The discussion begins with courts, with explanation of the superior common law courts, and the other principal judicial organs, which are the prerogative courts, Chancery, and ecclesiastical courts. The focus then shifts to statute, with discussion of temporal particularity, temporal continuity, and conceptual continuity, the meaning of which is explained in the chapter. This is followed by discussion of doctrine and values.
A Puzzle in Aristotle’s Theory of Definition
Authors: Bronstein David 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
One important theme in David Charles’ work is his emphasis on two requirements Aristotle places on definition: the unity requirement (a definition must be unified and not an accidental conjunction) and the explanatory requirement (a definition must be able to serve as a starting-point for explanations of certain features of the definiendum). There is, however, a prima facie tension between these two requirements. Given the broad range of features a definition must help explain, a definition will seem to have to contain several terms. But if it contains several terms, what unifies them? This chapter argues that this tension can be seen in Aristotle’s discussion of definition by division in Posterior Analytics 2.13. Aristotle presents two different and incompatible conceptions of definition. According to the first, all of the terms in a definition must be of a specific sort. According to the second, all of the terms in a definition must stand to each other in a relation of a specific sort. However, not all of the terms required by the first conception can stand to each other in the relation required by the second. This difficulty is symptomatic of the broader tension in Aristotle’s account between the unity and explanatory requirements.
Essential Predication in Aristotle’s Categories
Authors: Rapp Christof 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Aristotle’s Categories is a treatise that is mostly concerned with classifications. Many ancient commentators saw the Categories as closely connected with the Topics and some of the earliest mentions of this treatise in antiquity even used the title Before the Topics instead of Categories, thus indicating that it was seen as a sort of propaedeutic to the Topics, and thus as closely related to Aristotle’s method of dialectic. This is the background to why authors have come to doubt whether one should associate a small, mostly classificatory, dialectically oriented project like the Categories with the burden of ‘heavy metaphysical baggage’ or the ‘ontologically loaded’ notion of essential predication. This chapter argues that the Categories, its peculiar status and its kinship to the Topics notwithstanding, demarcates a kind of predication that is meant to be an essential one—even though the essentialism we find in the Categories is (still) a far cry from the metaphysical theory of the Metaphysics, according to which forms as constituents of hylomorphic compounds are the essences and causes of being of sensible things.
Aristotelian Matter and ‘the Underlier’
Authors: Judson Lindsay 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter owes much to David Charles’ masterly discussions of Aristotelian matter. It considers two related questions raised by Physics I.7, On Generation and Corruption I.3, and Metaphysics Θ.7–8, and offers different answers from those proposed by Charles. The first is, what is the status of the claim that what underlies (to hupokeimenon) persists through the change? The chapter agrees with Charles that Aristotle thinks that the claim is true even in the case of substantial generation, and offers some defence of this; and it agrees that it is not, in Aristotle’s view, an empirical truth. The issue is whether it is definitional of what underlies (Charles’ view), in such a way that what underlies is not characterized independently—or whether (as the author of this chapter argues) what underlies is introduced independently on the basis of the idea of the subject of the change, and the claim that it persists is a substantive one based on general considerations about the nature of change. The second question concerns the underlier and potentiality. In the case of the substantial generation and development of an F: is the persistence of what is potentially an F always grounded in some other matter, or, as Charles maintains, is the sameness of what is potentially F the explanatory bedrock for the unity of the generation in question? Here the issues are partly textual and partly metaphysical.
What the Cluster View Can Do for You
Authors: Fogal Daniel , Worsnip Alex 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Despite myriad controversies about reasons, two theses are frequently taken for granted: (i) reasons are sources of normative support for actions, attitudes, etc.; and (ii) reasons, at least in simple, paradigmatic cases, consist in atomic facts. Call this conjunction “the atomic view.” Against this, the authors advocate what they call “the cluster view,” on which even in the simplest cases, the normative support for an action or attitude is typically provided by a whole cluster of facts. Moreover, many of these facts are on an explanatory par—they each play the same kind of role in explaining why there is normative support for the action or attitude in question. The chapter argues that presupposition of the atomic view generates unnecessary (pseudo-)puzzles that can be largely (dis)solved with the cluster view in place. The cluster view’s ability to do this constitutes an argument in its favor, beyond intuitive considerations that are also adduced.
Expressivists Should Be Reductive Naturalists
Authors: Bex-Priestley Graham 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Quasi-realists claim there are moral facts and properties, but they don’t always make it clear what kind of facts and properties they are. This chapter argues for two things. First, making sense of these claims requires expressivists to go hybrid. Second, if expressivism is true, there is no way to believe moral properties are irreducibly normative without believing something untrue. Expressivists are effectively compelled to reject non-reductivism. Instead, they should believe moral properties are natural and can be referred to with non-moral terms. This is not a bad thing; the combination of expressivism and reductive naturalism is an independently appealing metaethical theory.
Moral Occasionalism
Authors: Killoren David , Sparks Jacob 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter develops Moral Occasionalism, according to which moral facts are grounded in certain natural facts, which are called sub-moral grounds, and these sub-moral grounds influence us in such a way as to induce largely correct moral beliefs. Moral Occasionalism is designed to explain the correlation of moral beliefs with the moral facts—and to do so in a way that is consistent with non-interactionist views, according to which moral facts neither influence nor are influenced by moral beliefs. It is argued that moral non-naturalists and others who are committed to non-interactionist views ought to be in the business of defending Moral Occasionalism. The chapter shows that Moral Occasionalism has major advantages over its chief non-interactionist rival, namely David Enoch’s “godless pre-established harmony” view. The chapter anticipates and responds to several objections.
Introduction
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter identifies the key factors which will be relevant in deciding whether to caution, conditionally caution, or charge a youth for an offence. The first question to ask is ‘do they admit the offence?’. It is also important to consider the seriousness of the offence, the age of the person arrested, and their previous offending history. The next questions to ask are ‘does the proposed disposal adequately address, support, and reduce the risk of offending?’ and ‘is it in the public interest to prosecute?’. Ultimately, it is especially important to ensure the welfare of the person arrested.
Bail Refused
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the refusal of bail for youth defendants. Where a youth defendant is refused bail, they are not automatically remanded into prison or a remand centre. Instead, the court must go on to consider the nature of the remand. The remand will ordinarily be to local authority accommodation unless the court orders that the remand is to youth detention accommodation. The child or young person becomes a ‘looked after’ child once bail is refused, whether the remand is to local authority accommodation or youth detention accommodation. The local authority’s duties under the Children Act 1989 will apply. The chapter then looks at the provisions under the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LAPSO 2012).
Sentence
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into the nuances of a relevant age for sentencing. It explains that the relevant age for a sentence is the age on the date of conviction regardless of whether by guilty plea or conviction after trial. The court has several appropriate sentences if the offender was aged 17 on the date of conviction. For offenders under the age of 18 on the date of conviction, there are no statutory purposes of sentencing as there are for adults. The chapter elaborates on s 57 of the Sentencing Code before presenting the sentences available to any court dealing with an offender who has reached the age of 18 by the date of conviction. It considers the possibility of remittal to the adult court for sentence as well.
Parenting Order
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains that a parenting order may be made upon conviction by any criminal court. A parenting order may also be made when a criminal court makes a criminal behaviour order or sexual harm prevention order while also being available in respect of certain attendance offences under the Education Act 1996. The chapter then presents the provisions relating to parenting orders in the Sentencing Code, including when the offender is under 18 years old. It discusses that the order is expected to last for up to 12 months while including a requirement to attend a counselling or guidance programme. A breach of order is punishable on summary conviction with a fine not exceeding level 3.
Corruption Based on Pre-Ottoman Jurisprudential Sources
Authors: Ergene Boğaç A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the concepts and terminology related to corruption as found in the primary sources of the Islamic tradition and as discussed in scholarship on early Islamic legal history. The chapter also surveys how pre-Ottoman jurists used this material to create a discursive space offering systematic formulations and prescriptions. Classical legal discourse on corruption focuses primarily on the office of the qadi and his actions that can be loosely characterized as bribery. Other state and legal authorities and many types of transgressions related to corruption are not as well represented. Moreover, this discourse provides only a limited basis for condemning and punishing predatory, self-interested behavior by public officials. As a result, Muslim polities adopted practices and institutions borrowed from pre-Islamic settings to monitor and control corruption effectively.
Abuse and Predation in State Documents
Authors: Ergene Boğaç A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the broader ideological claims of the Ottoman polity that are rooted outside the jurisprudential traditions, and examines the articulations of corruption in state-generated documents, especially the legal codes (kanunnames) and judicial rescripts (adaletnames). In particular, the chapter examines how imperial documents characterized abuses of power by government officials and how certain terms in these documents may or may not correspond to modern characterizations of corruption. In terms of specific acts and actors, state-generated documents paid the most attention to crimes related to excessive and illegal extraction by military-administrative authorities and extrajudicial transgressions by judicial officials, topics of interest generally overlooked in jurisprudential texts.
Conclusion
Authors: Ergene Boğaç A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The conclusion first considers the perspectives of those guilty of corruption in their attempts to rationalize their transgressions. In the relative absence of historical sources that inform us of such perspectives, the chapter engages with other disciplines that provide insights into possible justifications for corruption crimes. The effort highlights multiple justifications that might have been popular in the premodern Ottoman polity, including economic, legalistic, and religious ones. The conclusion then recapitulates the findings and arguments presented in the previous chapters and briefly relates them to broader issues, including how perceptions of corruption may have changed during the Ottoman transition to modernity in the nineteenth century.
Market Structure and Extortion: Evidence from 50,000 Extortion Payments
Authors: Brown Zach Y , Montero Eduardo , Schmidt-Padilla Carlos , Sviatschi Maria Micaela 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
How does gang competition affect extortion? Using detailed data on individual extortion payments to gangs and sales from a leading wholesale distributor of consumer goods and pharmaceuticals in El Salvador, we document evidence on the determinants of extortion payments and the effects of extortion on firms and consumers. We exploit a 2016 non-aggression pact between gangs to examine how collusion affects extortion in areas where gangs previously competed. While the pact led to a large reduction in competition and violence, we find that it increased the amount paid in extortion by approximately 20%. Much of this increase was passed through to retailers and consumers: retailers experienced an increase in delivery fees, leading to an increase in consumer prices. In particular, we find an increase in prices for pharmaceutical drugs and a corresponding increase in hospital visits for chronic illnesses. The results point to an unintended consequence of policies that reduce competition between criminal organisations.