bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rationale for Monitoring Discharge on the Ground
Authors: Fekete Balázs M. , Looser Ulrich , Pietroniro Alain , Robarts Richard D. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The hydrological cycle is receiving increasing attention both as an essential natural resource for humans and ecosystems and as a critical component controlling the earth’s climate system. Better understanding of the water cycle and its interaction with changing climate will require improved monitoring of the various water fluxes and storages in hydrological processes. River discharge is a unique component reflecting an integrated hydrological signal over larger regions. Existing in situ monitoring solutions to monitor discharge are often considered too expensive and the difficulties in data sharing are viewed as insurmountable obstacles, which has led to growing interest in finding an alternative. This paper argues that in situ monitoring is far less expensive than claimed and the obstacles are not necessarily as insurmountable as often stated and a conscious effort to revitalize in situ monitoring will be needed. This paper demonstrates that there is no substitute for in situ discharge monitoring, but there should be a synergy between in situ monitoring and remote sensing since they are truly complementary. This paper primarily focuses on river discharge, but the conclusions are relevant for a host of other earth observations (particularly water quality) that would greatly benefit from a reconsidered balance between in situ and remote sensing observations.
Snowfall Limit Forecasts and Hydrological Modeling
Authors: Tobin Cara , Rinaldo Andrea , Schaefli Bettina 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Hydrological flood forecasting in mountainous areas requires accurate partitioning between rain and snowfall to properly estimate the extent of runoff contributing areas. Here a method to make use of snowfall limit information—a standard output of limited-area models (LAMs)—for catchment-scale hydrological modeling is proposed. LAMs consider the vertical, humid, atmospheric structure in their snowfall limit calculations. The proposed approach is thus more physically based than inferring snowfall limit estimates based on (dry) ground temperature measurements, which is the standard procedure in most hydrological models. The presented case study uses forecast reanalyses from the Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling (COSMO) limited-area model as input for discharge simulation in a topographically complex catchment in the Swiss Alps. Results suggest that the use of COSMO snowfall limits during spring snowmelt periods can provide more accurate runoff simulations than routine procedures, with practical implications for operational hydrology in Alpine regions.
Atmospheric Temperature and Absolute Humidity Profiles over the Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf from a Microwave Radiometer
Authors: Candlish Lauren M. , Raddatz Richard L. , Asplin Matthew G. , Barber David G. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
A Radiometrics MP-3000A microwave radiometric profiler (MWRP) provided high temporal resolution atmospheric profiles for temperature and absolute humidity up to 10 km, while 113 radiosondes were launched (and 68 were used in the analysis) over sea ice and the open ocean during the 2008 Circumpolar Flaw Lead System Study and the 2009 ArcticNet Cruise in the western Canadian High Arctic. The profiles were categorized by season and by the underlying sea ice concentrations. The MWRP was validated against the radiosonde data, focusing on the lower 2 km, which are generally influenced by the nature of the underlying surface. Root-mean-square (RMS) differences for temperature averaged 1.79 K through the lowest 2 km for the winter season, 1.81 K for spring, 2.51 K for summer, and 2.47 K for fall. Average biases of +0.99, +1.19, +2.13, and +2.08 K, respectively, indicate that the MWRP measurements were colder than the raobs for the lower 2 km. The RMS difference for absolute humidity averaged 0.25 g m−3 in the lowest 2 km during the winter season, 0.32 g m−3 for spring, 0.74 g m−3 for summer, and 0.37 g m−3 for fall. Average biases of +0.08 g m−3 for profiles over and sea ice concentration, +0.26 g m−3 for profiles over concentrations, and +0.16 g m−3 over and concentrations indicated that the MWRP measurements were slightly drier than the raobs for the lower 2 km. An estimate of the vertical resolutions indicated that it was as coarse as the height measured; however, the structure apparent in the profiles and the verification statistics suggest a higher vertical resolution, at least in the lowest 2 km.
A Two-Way Nested Global-Regional Dynamical Core on the Cubed-Sphere Grid
Authors: Harris Lucas M. , Lin Shian-Jiann 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
A nested-grid model is constructed using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory finite-volume dynamical core on the cubed sphere. The use of a global grid avoids the need for externally imposed lateral boundary conditions, and the use of the same governing equations and discretization on the global and regional domains prevents inconsistencies that may arise when these differ between grids. A simple interpolated nested-grid boundary condition is used, and two-way updates use a finite-volume averaging method. Mass conservation is achieved in two-way nesting by simply not updating the mass field.
Despite the simplicity of the nesting methodology, the distortion of the large-scale flow by the nested grid is such that the increase in global error norms is a factor of 2 or less in shallow-water test cases. The effect of a nested grid in the tropics on the zonal means and eddy statistics of an idealized Held–Suarez climate integration is minor, and artifacts due to the nested grid are comparable to those at the edges of the cubed-sphere grid and decrease with increasing resolution. The baroclinic wave train in a Jablonowski–Williamson test case was preserved in a nested-grid simulation while finescale features were represented with greater detail in the nested-grid region. The authors also found that lee vortices could propagate out of the nested region and onto a coarse grid, which by itself could not produce vortices. Finally, the authors discuss how concurrent integration of the nested and coarse grids can be significantly more efficient than when integrating the two grids sequentially.
The Bowdle, South Dakota, Cyclic Tornadic Supercell of 22 May 2010: Surface Analysis of Rear-Flank Downdraft Evolution and Multiple Internal Surges
Authors: Lee Bruce D. , Finley Catherine A. , Karstens Christopher D. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Mobile mesonet sampling in the hook echo/rear-flank downdraft (RFD) region of a tornadic supercell near Bowdle, South Dakota, provided the opportunity to examine RFD thermodynamic and kinematic attributes and evolution. Focused analysis of the fifth low-level mesocyclone cycle that produced two significant tornadoes including a violent tornado, revealed four RFD internal surge (RFDIS) events. RFDISs appeared to influence tornado development, intensity, and demise by altering the thermodynamic and kinematic character of the RFD region bounding the pretornadic and tornadic circulations. Significant tornadoes developed and matured when the RFD, modulated by internal surges, was kinematically strong, only weakly negatively buoyant, and very potentially buoyant. In contrast, the demise of the Bowdle tornado was concurrent with a much cooler RFDIS that replaced more buoyant and far more potentially buoyant RFD air near the tornado. This surge also likely contributed to a displacement of the tornado from the storm updraft. Development of the first tornado and rapid intensification of the Bowdle tornado occurred when an RFDIS boundary convergence zone interacted with the pretornadic and tornadic circulations, respectively. In the latter case, a strong vertical vortex sheet along an RFDIS boundary appeared to be a near-surface cyclonic vorticity source for the tornado. A downdraft closely bounding the right flank of the developing first tornado and intensifying Bowdle tornado provided some of the inflow to these circulations. For the Bowdle tornado, parcels were also streaming toward the tornado from its immediate east and northeast. A cyclonic–anticyclonic vortex couplet was observed during a portion of each significant tornado cycle.
Land Use Change in Central Florida and Sensitivity Analysis Based on Agriculture to Urban Extreme Conversion
Authors: Hernández José L. , Hwang Syewoon , Escobedo Francisco , Davis April H. , Jones James W. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper explored recent land use and land cover change in western central Florida, examining both socioeconomic and biophysical influences on land transformation and the impacts of that change. Between 1995 and 2006, a growth in population resulted in the conversion of agricultural areas, grasslands, and upland forests to urban areas. Additionally, the amount of extractive land uses (e.g., mining) increased by 21.8%, water reservoirs by 19.9%, and recreation areas by 13.3%. Regional climate modeling experiments suggest that the overall effects of land use change (LUC) on mesocale climates in summer days resulted in modified temperatures that were modulated by the new LU characteristics, local and synoptic atmospheric circulations, and the distance of rural and urban land uses from the shoreline. The difference between the extreme and actual LU simulations for temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation presented higher variability in the inland urbanized and rural zones. Results can be used to better understand the basic influences of LUC and urbanization on key climate parameters, and urban heat island effects in peninsular Florida under typical weather conditions.
An Investigation of Play
Authors: Beisser Sally Rapp , Gillespie Catherine Wilson , Thacker Valerie Marsh 
Published: June 2012

The purpose of this study was to explore the concept of play through the eyes of talented and gifted (TAG) fifth- and sixth-grade students. Three focus groups consisting of fifth- and sixth-grade TAG students were conducted in one urban, one suburban, and one rural school district in the Midwest. Students were asked to describe the value of play in the cognitive, physical, and social domains. Additional open-ended questions were asked about the importance of play and its relevance to their lives. From these results, an online survey was created. Data from an additional 162 fifth- and sixth-grade TAG respondents substantiated that play is a significant activity for learning and socializing in the general classroom, gifted programs, and outside their classrooms. Despite its importance, students experienced structural barriers for time to play. Putting the Research to Use Results of this study hold implications for teachers to acknowledge the value of play as a tool for learning. Children see play as a renewal activity. They see play as motivating and as a way to increase attention, retention, and focus in learning. Children emphasized that play develops teamwork and problem-solving skills. Play enhances meaningful activities in the talented and gifted program as well as the general classroom. Results of this study suggest that parents should acknowledge their children’s need for play in all three domains (cognitive, physical, and social) and allow time for self-directed play after school with limits on scheduled activities.
Administration Technique and Storage of Disposable Insulin Pens Reported by Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Mitchell Virginia D. , Porter Kyle , Beatty Stuart J. 
Published: June 2012

Purpose The purpose of the study was to evaluate insulin injection technique and storage of insulin pens as reported by patients with diabetes and to compare correct pen use to initial education on injection technique, hemoglobin A1C, duration of insulin therapy, and duration of insulin pen. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire orally administered to patients at a university-affiliated primary care practice. Subjects were patients with diabetes who were 18 years or older and prescribed a disposable insulin pen for at least 4 weeks. A correct usage score was calculated for each patient based on manufacturer recommendations for disposable insulin pen use. Associations were made between the correct usage score and certainty in technique, initial education, years of insulin therapy, duration of pen use, and hemoglobin A1C. Results Sixty-seven patients completed the questionnaire, reporting total use of 94 insulin pens. The 3 components most often neglected by patients were priming pen needle, holding for specific count time before withdrawal of pen needle from skin, and storing an in-use pen. For three-fourths of the insulin pens being used, users did not follow the manufacturer’s instructions for proper administration and storage of insulin pens. Correct usage scores were significantly higher if initial education on insulin pens was performed by a pharmacist or nurse. Conclusions The majority of patients may be ignoring or unaware of key components for consistent insulin dosing using disposable insulin pens; therefore, initial education and reeducation on correct use of disposable insulin pens by health care professionals are needed.
Educational Needs for Improving Self-Care in Heart Failure Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Cha EunSeok , Clark Patricia C. , Reilly Carolyn Miller , Higgins Melinda , Lobb Maureen , Smith Andrew L. , Dunbar Sandra B. 
Published: June 2012

Purpose To explore the need for self-monitoring and self-care education in heart failure patients with diabetes (HF- DM patients) by describing cognitive and affective factors to provide guidance in developing effective self-management education. Methods A cross-sectional correlation design was employed using baseline patient data from a study testing a 12-week patient and family dyad intervention to improve dietary and medication-taking self-management behaviors in HF patients. Data from 116 participants recruited from metropolitan Atlanta area were used. Demographic and comorbidities, physical function, psychological distress, relationship with health care provider, self-efficacy (medication taking and low sodium diet), and behavioral outcomes (medications, dietary habits) were assessed. Descriptive statistics and a series of chi-square tests, t tests, or Mann-Whitney tests were performed to compare HF patients with and without DM. Results HF-DM patients were older and heavier, had more comorbidities, and took more daily medications than HF patients. High self-efficacy on medication and low-sodium diet was reported in both groups with no significant difference. Although HF-DM patients took more daily medications than HF, both groups exhibited high HF medication-taking behaviors. The HF-DM patients consumed significantly lower total sugar than HF patients but clinically higher levels of sodium. Conclusions Diabetes educators need to be aware of potential conflicts of treatment regimens to manage 2 chronic diseases. Special and integrated diabetes self-management education programs that incorporate principles of HF self-management should be developed to improve self-management behavior in HF-DM patients.
A survey on air bubble detector placement in the CPB circuit: a 2011 cross-sectional analysis of the practice of Certified Clinical Perfusionists
Authors: Kelting T , Searles B , Darling E 
Published: June 2012

The ideal location of air bubble detector (ABD) placement on the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit is debatable. There is, however, very little data characterizing the prevalence of specific ABD placement preferences by perfusionists. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to survey the perfusion community to collect data describing the primary locations of air bubble detector placement on the CPB circuit. In June 2011, an 18-question on-line survey was conducted. Completed surveys were received from 627 participants. Of these, analysis of the responses from the 559 certified clinical perfusionists (CCP) was performed. The routine use of ABD during CPB was reported by 96.8% of CCPs. Of this group, specific placement of the bubble detector is as follows: distal to the venous reservoir outlet (35.6%), between the arterial pump and oxygenator (3.8%), between the oxygenator and arterial line filter (35.1%), distal to the arterial line filter (ALF) (23.6%), and other (1.8%). Those placing the ABD distal to the venous reservoir predominately argued that an emptied venous reservoir was the most likely place to introduce air into the circuit. Those who placed the ABD between the oxygenator and the arterial line filter commonly reasoned that this placement protects against air exiting the membrane. Those placing the ABD distal to the ALF (23.6%) cited that this location protects from all possible entry points of air. A recent false alarm event from an ABD during a case was reported by 36.1% of CCPs. This study demonstrates that the majority of CCPs use an ABD during the conduct of CPB. The placement of the ABD on the circuit, however, is highly variable across the perfusion community. A strong rationale for the various ABD placements suggests that the adoption of multiple ABD may offer the greatest comprehensive protection against air emboli.
Pre-specified subgroup analyses of a placebo-controlled phase III trial (TEMSO) of oral teriflunomide in relapsing multiple sclerosis
Authors: Miller Aaron E , O’Connor Paul , Wolinsky Jerry S , Confavreux Christian , Kappos Ludwig , Olsson Tomas P , Truffinet Philippe , Wang Lin , D’Castro Laura , Comi Giancarlo , Freedman Mark S ,   for the Teriflunomide Multiple Sclerosis Trial Group
Published: June 2012

Background: The Teriflunomide Multiple Sclerosis Oral (TEMSO) trial, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study, demonstrated that teriflunomide significantly reduced annualized relapse rate (ARR), disease progression and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity, with a favorable safety profile in relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) patients. Objective: The purpose of this study was to report the effects of teriflunomide on ARR and disability progression in pre-specified subgroups. Methods: RMS patients ( n=1088) were randomized to placebo or teriflunomide, 7 mg or 14 mg, once daily, for 108 weeks. Subgroup analyses were performed for ARR and disability progression by baseline demographics (gender, race, age), disease characteristics (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) strata, relapse history, multiple sclerosis (MS) subtype), MRI parameters (gadolinium-enhancing lesions, total lesion volume) and prior use of MS drugs. A generalized estimating equation method and Cox regression model were used to assess consistency of the treatment effect across subgroups, utilizing a treatment-by-subgroup interaction test for each factor separately. Results: Reductions in ARR and disability progression were consistent across subgroups in favor of teriflunomide, with no treatment-by-subgroup interaction test reaching statistical significance. Conclusion: The positive effects of teriflunomide were demonstrated consistently across subgroups in TEMSO.
Autophagy mediates transporter associated with antigen processing-independent presentation of viral epitopes through MHC class I pathway
Authors: Tey Siok-Keen , Khanna Rajiv 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe endogenous presentation of the majority of viral epitopes through MHC class I pathway is strictly dependent on the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) complex, which transfers the peptide products of proteasomal degradation into the endoplasmic reticulum. A small number of epitopes can be presented through the TAP-independent pathway, the precise mechanism for which remains largely unresolved. Here we show that TAP-independent presentation can be mediated by autophagy and that this process uses the vacuolar pathway and not the conventional secretory pathway. After macroautophagy, the antigen is processed through a proteasome-independent pathway, and the peptide epitopes are loaded within the autophagolysosomal compartment in a process facilitated by the relative acid stability of the peptide-MHC interaction. Despite bypassing much of the conventional MHC class I pathway, the autophagy-mediated pathway generates the same epitope as that generated through the conventional pathway and thus may have a role in circumventing viral immune evasion strategies that primarily target the conventional pathway.
The down-regulation of miR-125b in chronic lymphocytic leukemias leads to metabolic adaptation of cells to a transformed state
Authors: Tili Esmerina , Michaille Jean-Jacques , Luo Zhenghua , Volinia Stefano , Rassenti Laura Z. , Kipps Thomas J. , Croce Carlo M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractMiR-125b-1 maps at 11q24, a chromosomal region close to the epicenter of 11q23 deletions in chronic lymphocytic leukemias (CLLs). Our results establish that both aggressive and indolent CLL patients show reduced expression of miR-125b. Overexpression of miR-125b in CLL-derived cell lines resulted in the repression of many transcripts encoding enzymes implicated in cell metabolism. Metabolomics analyses showed that miR-125b overexpression modulated glucose, glutathione, lipid, and glycerolipid metabolism. Changes on the same metabolic pathways also were observed in CLLs. We furthermore analyzed the expression of some of miR-125b–target transcripts that are potentially involved in the aforementioned metabolic pathways and defined a miR-125b–dependent CLL metabolism-related transcript signature. Thus, miR-125b acts as a master regulator for the adaptation of cell metabolism to a transformed state. MiR-125b and miR-125b–dependent metabolites therefore warrant further investigation as possible novel therapeutic approaches for patients with CLL.
Glucokinase Activators AZD6370 and AZD1656 Do Not Affect the Central Counterregulatory Response to Hypoglycemia in Healthy Males
Authors: Norjavaara Ensio , Ericsson Hans , Sjöberg Folke , Leonsson-Zachrisson Maria , Sjöstrand Mikaela , Morrow Linda A. , Hompesch Marcus 
Published: June 2012

Context:Glucokinase is expressed in the hypothalamus, but effects of glucokinase activators (GKAs) on counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia are unknown.Objective:Two separate studies assessed the counterregulatory hormone responses to hypoglycemia induced by the GKAs, AZD6370 and AZD1656, compared with insulin infusion.Design and Setting:Both studies were randomized, open, two-way crossover studies, conducted in separate clinical research centers.Participants:Both studies involved 12 healthy adult male volunteers.Interventions:Each subject received two treatments in randomized order, separated by a washout. In the AZD6370 study, overnight-fasted subjects received either a single oral AZD6370 dose (300 mg) or insulin infusion (0.8 mU/kg · min). In the AZD1656 study, overnight-fasted subjects received either a single oral dose of AZD1656 (80 mg) plus supporting insulin (1 mU/kg · min) or insulin alone (1 mU/kg · min). Insulin was added to support AZD1656 because AZD1656 alone did not produce the desired hypoglycemia. Plasma glucose was lowered during a stepwise hypoglycemic clamp with a glycemic nadir of 2.7 mmol/liter for 30 min.Main Outcome Measures:Epinephrine, norepinephrine, GH, cortisol, and glucagon plasma levels were assessed.Results:No safety issues were raised. AZD6370 and AZD1656 had no effect on counterregulatory responses for norepinephrine, GH, or cortisol, but epinephrine increased slightly with AZD1656. Glucagon responses were reduced by approximately 30% with both GKAs vs. insulin.Conclusions:These data suggest the central nervous system-mediated counterregulatory response during GKA-induced hypoglycemia was preserved, whereas the glucagon response was attenuated; the latter was possibly mediated by a local pancreatic effect (intraislet hyperinsulinemia) rather than by impairment of the central nervous system-mediated response.