bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renal oncocytoma growth rates before intervention
Authors: Kurup Anil Nicholas , Thompson R. Houston , Leibovich Bradley C. , Harmsen W. Scott , Sebo Thomas J. , Callstrom Matthew R. , Kawashima Akira , Atwell Thomas D. 
Published: April 2012

Study Type – Prognosis (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Growth of small renal masses has been shown to be variable, with mean growth rates ranging from 1 to 5 mm/year in several series. Small numbers of oncocytomas in these series show similar but variable growth rates of 0.5–5.2 cm/year with no statistically significant difference compared with RCCs.This study gathered growth rate data from the largest pool (n= 33) of pathologically proven oncocytomas to date, using current imaging techniques. Primarily, it confirms the variable growth of renal oncocytomas over an extended period of time with mean (sd) growth of 2.9 (2.6) mm/year over a mean of 36 months. Observed oncocytoma growth was equivalent to that previously established for RCCs, and small renal masses generally, under surveillance. Secondarily, we found considerable similarity in tumour measurements between observers, suggesting that even low growth rates may be reproducibly documented.OBJECTIVE
To describe the growth rates of oncocytomas before treatment with surgical resection or percutaneous ablation.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
This single‐institution retrospective study included 33 consecutive, pathologically proven renal oncocytomas with serial contrast‐enhanced computed tomography scans spanning at least 1 year before intervention, from 2000 to 2009.
Tumours were measured by two radiologists, and growth rates and interobserver variability were calculated.
The mean (range) pre‐procedural imaging surveillance period was 36 (12–124) months (median 33 months).
RESULTS
The mean (sd) oncocytoma size was 17 (11) mm (range 4–47 mm, median 15 mm) in maximum transverse diameter on initial imaging and grew to a mean (sd) of 26 (5) mm (range 10–83 mm, median 23 mm) by the time of treatment.
Overall, the mean (sd) and median growth rates were 2.9 (2.6) mm/year and 2.7 mm/year, respectively (range −1.2–10.9 mm/year). After weighting by the se of each tumour's growth rate, the mean (sd) change was 2.1 (1.2) mm/year.
The mean (range) interobserver variability for each tumour measurement was 1 (0–7) mm with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99.
CONCLUSIONS
Renal oncocytomas grow at a rate similar to reported growth rates of renal cell carcinoma.
As the observation of growth does not distinguish between benign and malignant renal tumours, growth of small renal masses under active surveillance should be carefully considered before a switch is made to intervention.
Hexanic lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens inhibits the expression of two key inflammatory mediators, MCP‐1/CCL2 and VCAM‐1, in vitro
Authors: Latil Alain , Libon Christine , Templier Marie , Junquero Didier , Lantoine‐Adam Frédérique , Nguyen Thien 
Published: April 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Pervasive inflammatory infiltrates, mainly composed of chronically activated T cells and monocytes/macrophages, have been observed in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Permixon®, a hexanic lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (hexanic LSESr) used to treat urinary dysfunction in BPH patients, has anti‐inflammatory activities. This paper provides new insights into the anti‐inflammatory properties of Permixon®. We report that hexanic LSESr inhibits early steps of leukocyte infiltration in vitro by downregulating MCP‐1/CCL2 and VCAM‐1 expression.OBJECTIVE
To investigate the mechanisms by which hexanic lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (hexanic LSESr) may prevent leukocyte infiltration in benign prostatic hyperplasia by studying its impact on monocyte chemoattractant protein 1/chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 2 (MCP‐1/CCL2) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM‐1) expression in vitro.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
After pretreatment with hexanic LSESr, human prostate (epithelial and myofibroblastic) cells and vascular endothelial cells were stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines.
MCP‐1/CCL2 and VCAM‐1 mRNA expression was quantified by real‐time PCR.
ELISA kits were used to determine MCP‐1/CCL2 levels in culture supernatants and VCAM‐1 expression in living cells.
RESULTS
Hexanic LSESr reduced MCP‐1/CCL2 mRNA levels in both epithelial (BPH‐1) and myofibroblastic (WPMY‐1) prostate cell lines.
Hexanic LSESr downregulated MCP1/CCL2 secretion by WPMY‐1 cells in a concentration‐dependent manner, more efficiently than Serenoa repens extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.
Hexanic LSESr inhibited tumour‐necrosis‐factor‐α‐induced MCP‐1/CCL2 secretion by the human vascular endothelial cell line EAhy.926, as well as surface VCAM‐1 protein expression, in a concentration‐dependent manner.
CONCLUSIONS
Hexanic LSESr impedes key steps of monocyte and T cell attraction and adherence by inhibiting MCP‐1/CCL2 and VCAM‐1 expression by human prostate and vascular cells in an inflammatory environment.
These findings provide new insights into the anti‐inflammatory effects of the hexanic lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens, Permixon®, in benign prostatic hyperplasia.
‘Do more, smoke less!’ Harm reduction in action for smokers with mental health/substance use problems who cannot or will not quit
Authors: BAKER AMANDA L. , CALLISTER ROBIN , KELLY PETER J. , KYPRI KYPROS 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAlthough smoking rates among mental health/substance abusing populations are very high, the focus of treatment and research has tended to be on substances other than tobacco. A range of harm‐reduction strategies is needed, including long‐term nicotine maintenance, smokeless tobacco and ‘clean’ nicotine products. For those who cannot or will not quit, assistance in reducing smoking should be given. Interventions for smoking among people with mental health/substance use problems may best be delivered by addressing multiple health‐risk behaviours, especially physical activity, around the same time.
[Baker AL, Callister R, Kelly PJ, Kypri K. ‘Do more, smoke less!’ Harm reduction in action for smokers with mental health/substance use problems who cannot or will not quit. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:714[ndsh]717]
Transcriptional activation of Brassica napus β‐ketoacyl‐ACP synthase II with an engineered zinc finger protein transcription factor
Authors: Gupta Manju , DeKelver Russell C. , Palta Asha , Clifford Carla , Gopalan Sunita , Miller Jeffrey C. , Novak Stephen , Desloover Daniel , Gachotte Daniel , Connell James , Flook Josh , Patterson Thomas , Robbins Kelly , Rebar Edward J. , Gregory Philip D. , Urnov Fyodor D. , Petolino Joseph F. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryTargeted gene regulation via designed transcription factors has great potential for precise phenotypic modification and acceleration of novel crop trait development. Canola seed oil composition is dictated largely by the expression of genes encoding enzymes in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. In the present study, zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) were designed to bind DNA sequences common to two canola β‐ketoacyl‐ACP Synthase II (KASII) genes downstream of their transcription start site. Transcriptional activators (ZFP‐TFs) were constructed by fusing these ZFP DNA‐binding domains to the VP16 transcriptional activation domain. Following transformation using Agrobacterium, transgenic events expressing ZFP‐TFs were generated and shown to have elevated KASII transcript levels in the leaves of transgenic T0 plants when compared to ‘selectable marker only’ controls as well as of T1 progeny plants when compared to null segregants. In addition, leaves of ZFP‐TF‐expressing T1 plants contained statistically significant decreases in palmitic acid (consistent with increased KASII activity) and increased total C18. Similarly, T2 seed displayed statistically significant decreases in palmitic acid, increased total C18 and reduced total saturated fatty acid contents. These results demonstrate that designed ZFP‐TFs can be used to regulate the expression of endogenous genes to elicit specific phenotypic modifications of agronomically relevant traits in a crop species.
Strategic Thinking, Shared Meaning‐Making and the Interpretive Turn in Policy ‐ A Case Study
Authors: Nicklin Germana 
Published: April 2012

Governments' demands for results in a complex and rapidly changing policy environment call for more strategic and nuanced ways of approaching policy. Drawing on the work of the British interpretive ‘turn’, evidenced in the network governance literature and the differentiated polity critique of Westminster narratives, and of Liedkta on strategy as design, this paper suggests that shared strategic narratives, more consciously applied to policy development and implementation, could deliver better results; that consensus from shared meaning‐making may have depth, and that it could emphasise the transformative over the conservative forces of individuals' traditions and beliefs.Data for the paper came from a micro‐study on the implementation of SmartGate automated border processing system in New Zealand.
TIME FOR LOVE: The Place of Marriage and Children in the Thought of Stanley Hauerwas
Authors: Meilaender Gilbert 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTIn essays written throughout his career, Stanley Hauerwas has unfolded a Christian vision of the marriage bond and the presence of children that seeks insistently to place these seemingly natural bonds within the new family of God that is the church. I examine his understanding, aiming to appreciate the Christian vision displayed while also suggesting that his emphasis on the new thing God does in the church is sometimes allowed to absorb and thereby lose the distinctive significance of the created bonds of marriage and family.
DEFENDING NIEBUHR FROM HAUERWAS
Authors: Novak David 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTIn his 2001 book, With the Grain of the Universe, Stanley Hauerwas has made an extended case for Karl Barth as the model for how to do Christian ethics, and for Reinhold Niebuhr as the model for how not to do it. Though Barth's closer and deeper theological connection to the Christian tradition appeals to a Jewish traditionalist by analogy, nevertheless, Niebuhr's approach to social ethics, based as it is on a version of natural law, is of greater appeal. That is because it is more philosophically arguable in a secular society and culture, and because it is more politically effective there. It is what made Niebuhr a more effective opponent of Nazism than was Barth. Also, Niebuhr's version of natural law is not a christianized version of Stoic natural law teaching but, rather, a profound use of the biblical prohibition of idolatry, having heretofore unnoticed affinities with rabbinic developments of that prohibition.
RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT AND MILITARIZED HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: When and Why the Churches Failed to Discern Moral Hazard
Authors: Reed Esther D. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis essay addresses moral hazards associated with the emerging doctrine of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). It reviews the broad acceptance by the Vatican and the World Council of Churches of the doctrine between September 2003 and September 2008, and attempts to identify grounds for more adequate investigation of the moral issues arising. Three themes are pursued: how a changing political context is affecting notions of sovereignty; the authority that can approve or refuse the use of force; and plural foundations for human rights in a religiously and otherwise plural world such that the human rights protection does not become tyrannical.
THE JERUSALEM DECREE, PAUL, AND THE GENTILE ANALOGY TO HOMOSEXUAL PERSONS
Authors: Olson Jon C. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTRevisionists and traditionalists appeal to Acts 15, welcoming the Gentiles, for analogies directing the church's response to homosexual persons. John Perry has analyzed the major positions. He faults revisionists for inadequate attention to the Jerusalem Decree and faults one traditionalist for using the Decree literally rather than through analogy. I argue that analogical use of the Decree must supplement rather than displace the plain sense. The Decree has been neglected due to assumptions that Paul opposed it, that it expired, or because Gentiles wanted non‐kosher meat. I argue that Paul continued to observe the Torah and supported the Decree, that it has not expired, and that Gentile desire for non‐kosher meat is not a firm obstacle. Affirming the plain sense of the Decree, I develop the analogy from Acts 15 to homosexual persons.
Hemiplegia and thrombolysis
Authors: Meretoja A. , Strbian D. , Putaala J. , Kaste M. , Tatlisumak T. 
Published: April 2012

Background and purposeHemiplegia at stroke onset may be considered a contraindication for thrombolytic therapy. We describe the outcome of patients with ischaemic stroke presenting with hemiplegia and treated with intravenous alteplase (tPA).MethodsAll patients treated with tPA for acute ischaemic stroke between 1995 and 2010 were prospectively recorded in the Helsinki Stroke Thrombolysis Registry. Patients with basilar artery occlusion (BAO) were excluded. Hemiplegia was defined as no visible voluntary movement on ipsilateral arm and leg.ResultsOf all treated patients (n = 1579), we excluded those with BAO (n = 152). Of remaining 1427 patients, 81 (6%) had hemiplegia at baseline. By 24 h, three had died and 20 retained their total hemiplegia. At day 7, a further nine had died, and 10 had persistent hemiplegia. A good 3‐month outcome, modified Rankin Scale (mRS, 0–2), was observed in 23%, independence in ambulatory function (mRS 3) in further 16%, while 9% were bedridden and 20% dead. A wide clinical spectrum of neurological deficits coexisted with hemiplegia. With advanced age, more neurological functions lost, and with early radiological signs, the prognosis of patients with hemiplegia deteriorated. With combined fixed eye deviation (n = 23), half were either bedridden (n = 3) or dead (n = 9) by 3 months, and fatal intracerebral haemorrhage were common (n = 5).ConclusionsHemiplegia at presentation should not prevent thrombolytic therapy by itself, as limb movements are likely to return, and two of five thrombolysis‐treated patients will walk independently by 3 months. With combined fixed eye deviation, the outcome is poorer and haemorrhagic complications are common.
Gene–environment interaction in teacher‐rated internalizing and externalizing problem behavior in 7‐ to 12‐year‐old twins
Authors: Lamb Diane J. , Middeldorp Christel M. , Van Beijsterveldt Catarina E.M. , Boomsma Dorret I. 
Published: April 2012

Background:  Internalizing and externalizing problem behavior at school can have major consequences for a child and is predictive for disorders later in life. Teacher ratings are important to assess internalizing and externalizing problems at school. Genetic epidemiological studies on teacher‐rated problem behavior are relatively scarce and the reported heritability estimates differ widely. A unique feature of teacher ratings of twins is that some pairs are rated by different and others are rated by the same teacher. This offers the opportunity to assess gene–environment interaction.Methods:  Teacher ratings of 3,502 7‐year‐old, 3,134 10‐year‐old and 2,193 12‐year‐old twin pairs were analyzed with structural equation modeling. About 60% of the twin pairs were rated by the same teacher. Twin correlations and the heritability of internalizing and externalizing behavior were estimated, separately for pairs rated by the same and different teachers. Socioeconomic status and externalizing behavior at age 3 were included as covariates.Results:  Twin correlations and heritability estimates were higher when twin pairs were in the same class and rated by the same teacher than when pairs were rated by different teachers. These differences could not be explained by twin confusion or rater bias. When twins were rated by the same teacher, heritability estimates were about 70% for internalizing problems and around 80% in boys and 70% in girls for externalizing problems. When twins were rated by different teachers, heritability estimates for internalizing problems were around 30% and for externalizing problems around 50%.Conclusions:  Exposure to different teachers during childhood may affect the heritability of internalizing and externalizing behavior at school. This finding points to gene–environment interaction and is important for the understanding of childhood problem behavior. In addition, it could imply an opportunity for interventions at school.
Proactive and reactive control inS‐Rcompatibility: A brain potential analysis
Authors: Mansfield Karen L. , van der Molen Maurits W. , van Boxtel Geert J. M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe investigated how proactive and reactive control facilitates performance in mixed stimulus–response compatibility (SRC) tasks.SRCeffects were eliminated in mixed tasks and reversed following incompatible trials. In mixed tasks, early preferential response activation was present in stimulus‐locked lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) but reduced following incompatible trials. In event‐related potentials (ERPs), stimulus‐lockedN2 was enhanced in all mixed trials but was not significantly influenced by the preceding trial. A response‐locked fronto‐central negative component (N‐120), peaking just before the response, was largest for mixed compatible trials preceded by incompatible trials. ThisN‐120 was paired with an enhancement to the peak of the response‐lockedLRP. Proactive control is involved in selection of anS‐Rmapping via the indirect route of a dual‐route model. Reactive control corrects theS‐Rmapping, particularly when alternating betweenS‐Rmappings.
Demonstrating emotional processing differences in psychopathy using affective ERP modulation
Authors: Anderson Nathaniel E. , Stanford Matthew S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPsychopaths exhibit abnormalities processing emotional information, but there is less certainty regarding the role attention plays in these processes. We present data from two affective picture‐viewing tasks comparing event‐related potential (ERP) modulation effects when emotional information is present but not task relevant (Task 1) followed by a condition directing attention to the categorization of emotional content (Task 2). Controls show a robust, persistent ERP positivity (200–900 ms) associated with emotional target photos compared to neutral targets in both tasks. Individuals with psychopathy only showed this differentiation when explicitly attending to the emotional content of the photos (Task 2), and these effects remained smaller than the amplitude differences demonstrated by controls. Although abnormal allocation of attention may play a critical role, this cannot completely account for emotional processing deficits associated with psychopathy.
New rather than old? For working memory tasks with abstract patterns the P3 and the single‐trial delta response are larger for modified than identical probe stimuli
Authors: Mathes B. , Schmiedt J. , Schmiedt‐Fehr C. , Pantelis C. , Basar‐Eroglu C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMemory‐guided decision making is dynamic and context‐dependent, even though many studies describe an enhancement of the P3 for recognized items in memory tasks (“old‐new effect”). This study utilized a delay‐dependent working memory task during which decision making could be optimized by focusing attention on detected changes instead of recognized similarities. Mean P3 amplitude and delta activity were analyzed from participants who classified probe stimuli as identical or modified. The P3 amplitudes were larger for modified than for identical probes, even when the probe occurred 4,000 ms after the primary stimulus. Enhanced single‐trial amplitude, trial‐by‐trial consistency, and frontoparietal phase coherence of delta activity contributed to the larger P3 for the modified probe. Thus, context‐dependent attentional resource allocation supporting memory‐guided decisions might explain the enhancement of the P3 for specific probe types.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 lowers spreading depression susceptibility and reduces oxidative stress
Authors: Grinberg Yelena Y. , van Drongelen Wim , Kraig Richard P. 
Published: April 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 122, 221–229.AbstractSpreading depression (SD), the likely cause of migraine aura and perhaps migraine, is triggered by widespread and unfettered neuronal hyperexcitability. Migraine and the initiating hyperexcitability of seizure, which involve oxidative stress (OS), are likely interrelated. Environmental enrichment (EE) decreases seizure and can reduce migraine. EE’s well‐characterized neuroprotective effect involves insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1). Accordingly, we asked if IGF‐1 could mitigate the hyperexcitability that initiates SD using rat hippocampal slice cultures. We demonstrate that IGF‐1 significantly decreased SD susceptibility and related OS. We mimicked OS of SD and observed that IGF‐1 abolished hyperexcitability from OS. Application of an antioxidant significantly decreased SD susceptibility and co‐administration of an antioxidant with IGF‐1 produced no additive effect, whereas an oxidizer significantly increased SD, and this effect was abrogated by IGF‐1. Moreover, IGF‐1 significantly decreased baseline OS, despite seemingly paradoxically increasing CA3 bursting. These results suggest that IGF‐1 increased endogenous antioxidants to levels sufficient to buffer against the OS of SD. Insulin similarly mitigated SD susceptibility, but required a far greater dose. Since brain IGF‐1 increases with EE, and, like insulin, independently functions as an EE mimetic, we suggest that EE mimetics are a novel source of therapeutics for SD, and by extension, migraine.
Aortic reservoir function, estimated myocardial demand and coronary perfusion pressure following steady‐state and interval exercise
Authors: Lane A. D. , Heffernan K. S. , Rossow L. M. , Fahs C. A. , Ranadive S. M. , Yan H. , Baynard T. , Wilund K. , Fernhall B. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryAortic reservoir function is a measure of the aorta's ability to distribute blood during diastole, attenuating the pulsatility of blood flow, and is important in balancing cardiac flow. Effects of acute high versus moderate exercise intensity on reservoir function and cardiac energetics is unknown. Eighteen athletes completed a interval (INT) and steady‐state (SS) cycling bout at 60% of VO2 peak. Reservoir function was calculated as the ratio of diastolic run‐off to stroke volume and expressed as a percentage. Coronary perfusion pressure was derived from tissue Doppler imaging and echocardiography. Systolic tension–time integral (TTI) from the aortic pressure waveform served as a measure of myocardial oxygen consumption. All measures were made at rest, 30‐min postexercise and 60‐min postexercise. Average reservoir function before SS was 76%, which was reduced to 62% 30‐min post‐SS and 67% 60‐min post‐SS (P<0.05). Significantly greater reductions in reservoir function were seen following INT (from 71% pre‐INT to 45% 30‐min post‐INT and 53% 60‐min INT, P<0.05). Estimated coronary perfusion pressure was reduced 30 min following INT but not SS; both bouts reduced coronary perfusion pressure at 60‐min postexercise (P<0.05). TTI increased following both INT and SS at 30‐ and 60‐min postexercise with greater increases following INT (P<0.05). Following exercise, reservoir function was associated with TTI (P<0.05), but not coronary perfusion pressure (P>0.05). We conclude that reservoir function is attenuated following acute SS and INT, but these reductions were greater post‐INT, suggesting that exercise intensity affects reservoir function. Reduction of reservoir function following exercise is related to TTI, a reflection of myocardial oxygen consumption but apparently not associated with coronary perfusion pressure.