bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Companions at a Distance: Technoscience, Blood, and the Horseshoe Crab
Authors: Gisler Priska , Michael Mike 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this paper we present a particular history of Limulus polyphemus, the horseshoe crab, as a means of expanding on Haraway’s notion of companion species. Drawing on accounts of the horseshoe crab’s role, on the one hand, in work of the Serological Museum at Rutgers University that spanned the 1940s to the 1970s, and, on the other, in the development of the limulus amebocyte lysate test, we trace some of the complexities of human-limulus relations. These relations encompassed not only the horseshoe crab’s objectification (as a source of serum), but also the natural historical, the mythical, and the symbolic (in relation to its blue blood or its supposed status as a “living fossil”). We suggest that the horseshoe crab, and similarly alien or abjected species, can be valued as companion species if this concept is expanded beyond parameters such as intimacy, surprise, and “becoming-with” to include distanciation, wonder, and “becoming-because-of.”
Three Faces of Advocacy: The Cove, Mine, and Food, INC.
Authors: Woodson Mary Beth 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Cove, Mine, and Food, INC. each use the documentary genre to advocate for change, whether in regards to mass wild animal kills, companion animals in natural disasters, or the modern food industry. The films, however, present views of human-nonhuman animal relations that vary greatly. Where The Cove regards dolphins as beings who deserve freedom, Mine explores the view of companion animals as property. Food, INC., finally, treats farm animals solely as a food source.
The Methodological Dilemma of Evaluating the Variation Unit in Romans 11:31
Authors: Kaden David A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRomans 9-11 has attracted much scholarly attention, and the amount of secondary literature is nearly overwhelming. Yet, no serious scholarly-length article has emerged that wrestles with the textual issues of 11:31. Why? How might a full treatment of this variation unit impact the interpretation of the surrounding chapters? This article seeks to answer these questions by examining the social situation of Jewish-Christian relations and hostilities from the late first to the late second centuries CE. It reflects a trend in early Christian textual criticism away from questing after an “original” text to instead examining the social context of variation units.
Recruiting Africans to the British Regiments in Ceylon: Spillover Effects of Abolition in the Atlantic
Authors: de Silva Jayasuriya Shihan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper focuses on the displacement of Africans, spurred by the tradition of recruiting soldiers to serve in both Asian and European armies. It considers the pressure to recruit Africans to the British regiments in Ceylon (called Sri Lanka since 1971) as documented in historical records in the National Archives and how this process was affected by Abolition in the Atlantic. It highlights the spillover effects, of abolishing the transatlantic slave trade, into other oceans.
The Colonial Response to African Slaves in British India ‐ Two Contrasting Cases
Authors: Llewellyn-Jones Rosie 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe African presence in India, especially in the Deccan and Gujarat, has been well documented. Scattered references to discrete groups of Africans in other parts of India are less well known. The author recently identified a group of African slave descendants living in Lucknow, the capital of a former kingdom in northern India, following the discovery of pertinent East India Company records in the National Archives, New Delhi. Why the Africans were brought to this particular kingdom will be examined, together with their treatment by the British Government in India after the Mutiny of 1857/58. At the same time, the Government was setting up an ‘African Asylum’ in Bombay, to house and educate African children liberated from an Arab slave ship at Karachi. The question of inconsistent government policy towards African slaves in British India will be examined and it will be argued that it was tempered by differing regional and political considerations.
Personal Renewal between Heidelberg and Westminster
Authors: van Vlastuin Willem 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article deals with the theology of personal renewal in the Heidelberg Catechism and the Westminster Confession. In the first part the theological structures of the Heidelberg Catechism are examined. Characteristic for the Heidelberg Catechism is the Christ-centered structure, the function of the law, and the pessimistic tone about personal renewal in relation to a remaining humiliation. In the second part the differences with the Westminster Confession are made clear. The Westminster is less pessimistic about personal renewal and the covenant structure of this confession gives the framework for a substantializing of the human person. The third and last part of this article pleads for an integration of the Heidelberg Catechism and the Westminster Confession. The Christ-centered structure of the Heidelberg is a strong element in the reformed tradition, while the covenant framework gives an opportunity to do justice to the human person.
Different but One? A Regional Application of an Ecumenical/Global Debate
Authors: Akper Godwin I. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe essay in the first instance, presents a sample of discussions and views dominant in the ecumenical circles on affirming and living with differences in churches. In the second part, it offers two case studies from West African experience with ethnic identities in churches. The third part applies the dominant views in the ecumenical circles that call for affirmation of differences to the West African church circles. The essay argues and concludes that affirmation of differences in churches is not helpful in the African context.
Banning the Burka? An Ethical Appraisal
Authors: Vorster Jakobus (Koos) M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis ethical research paper was prompted by the French government’s recent action to ban the wearing of the burka by women of Islamic religious persuasion with legislature because the government regards the burka as a symbol of the inferiority of women in Muslim communities. According to president Sarkozy this symbol infringes on the fundamental human rights of women, and such a view of women should be renounced in the French Republic. Firstly, the article investigates the history and the meaning of wearing the burka and the veil. This investigation reveals that these symbols were cultural symbols that have no real bearing on gender inequality yet have become powerful religious symbols due to rising fundamentalism in the Islamic tradition Next, the article discusses the content and implications of two models of religious freedom: the active neutral model and the active plural model. Finally—with the active plural model as an angle of approach, and in view of the constitutional values of equality, freedom and the fundamental human rights of freedom of expression and freedom of religion—the investigation concludes that legislation against the wearing of these religious symbols violates the rights of Muslim women to wear the burka.
John Owen on Spirit Christology
Authors: Crisp Oliver D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the recent literature, the Spirit Christology of the puritan theologian John Owen has been offered as a constructive contribution to Christian theology. In this article, Owen’s Spirit Christology is set out and criticized. Although there is much to commend in Owen’s approach, it is deficient in several important respects. In its place, an “Owenite” pneumatologically sensitive Christology is considered, drawing on the notion of divine hiddenness in the Incarnation, or divine krypsis. This succeeds in precisely the areas where Owen’s account is wanting.
Pushing the Boundaries of Lawful Assisted Dying in the Netherlands? Existential Suffering and Lay Assistance
Authors: Mullock Alexandra , Ost Suzanne 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTwo matters that have a significant presence in the contemporary Dutch assisted dying debate, are the nature of the suffering required for an assisted death to be lawful, and the issue of who can lawfully assist. This article explores whether the lawful medical assisted dying model is too restrictive in failing to recognise existential suffering, considering selected case studies involving such suffering and lay assisted death. It addresses the question whether the Netherlands would take a trip down a slippery slope if the lawful model of assisted death were extended to cases where individuals are ‘tired of life’.
Concurrence between Complaints Procedures in the Dutch Healthcare System
Authors: Frederiks B.J.M. , Alhafaji F.Y. , Legemaate J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThere are various ways in which complaints about healthcare providers’ performance can be handled in the Netherlands. In practice, situations occur relatively frequently in which one and the same treatment by a provider results in various different complaints procedures being instigated or, in other words, in concurrence between complaints procedures. Dutch periodicals published information on a total of 42 cases of concurrence between 1997 and 2007. Concurrence between complaints procedures prompts a series of questions about how it arises, its legal implications, the possible consequences for those involved and whether it has any added value. This article examines these various issues.
The Way Assisted Suicide Is Legalised: Balancing a Medical Framework against a Demedicalised Model
Authors: Delbeke Evelien 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTo date, in three European countries and three American states — i.e., the Netherlands, Luxemburg, Switzerland, and the states of Oregon, Washington and Montana — it is permitted by law for one person to assist in the suicide of another person. When comparing the legislations of these countries/states, it becomes apparent that the Netherlands, Luxemburg, Oregon, Washington and Montana have chosen a medical approach (the so-called medical model), whereas the Swiss legal framework for assisted suicide is clearly a non-medical one (the demedicalised model). The differences between these two models mainly concern two aspects: the requirement as to the capacity of the person providing assistance in suicide and the condition regarding the state of health of the person committing suicide. A closer view on the practice of assisted suicide in the depenalising countries shows that the differences are smaller than initially thought. Nevertheless, important distinctions still remain. When analysing which model is most preferable, it is concluded that an involvement of a physician is inevitable and necessary and that the requirement of a certain medical condition is needed to set a clear and objective limit.
For Further Research on the Relationship between Cultural Diversity and International Criminal Law
Authors: Raimondo Fabián 
Published: April 2011

AbstractUNESCO's Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity sees cultural diversity as a source of creativity and progress. International criminal law can protect cultural diversity. However, the relationship between cultural diversity and international criminal law seems based on a paradox: everyone must respect cultural diversity, but no one may invoke it to violate international criminal law. On occasions, this paradox has been exposed to daylight in the practice of international criminal courts. For example, the Special Court for Sierra Leone held with regard to the practice of enlistment of child soldiers that it could not accept any cultural considerations as excuses for criminal conduct. Here we should note (i) that the prohibition of crimes under international law (genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, aggression) is generally accepted as belonging to the realm of jus cogens norms, i.e. norms from which no derogation is permitted, and (ii) UNESCO's Declaration aims at universality and not at uniformity.As international criminal law is intended to apply universally, it is vital that it takes cultural considerations on board. In this article the author reviews the literature available in the field, identifies some of the areas of international criminal law and procedure where problems with cultural diversity have been most conspicuous, and concludes that further research on the relationship between cultural diversity and international criminal law is needed.
Judicial Discretion in ECCC Decisions on Pre-trial Detention against the Backdrop of the Case-law of the International Criminal Tribunals
Authors: Starygin Stan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article examines the issue of the exercise of judicial discretion in deciding motions for pre-trial release at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) through a comparative prism of other existing and past International Criminal Tribunals (ICTs). The issue of pre-trial detention has been one of the most contentious in international criminal justice, with many questioning the ICTs' insistence on abiding by the self-imposed principle of "detention is the rule, pretrial release is the exception". This article offers an answer to the question of the extent to which the relevant statutory pronouncements have led to the creation of the foregoing principle, and the extent to which such has been achieved by the statutorily prescribed or the extra-statutory exercise of judicial discretion. Further, this article examines the extent to which the relatively newly established ECCC have followed the patterns of judicial discretion in deciding motions for pre-trial release created by its predecessors.
Relative Controls of Asian–Pacific Summer Climate by Asian Land and Tropical–North Pacific Sea Surface Temperature
Authors: Zhao Ping , Yang Song , Jian Maoqiu , Chen Junming 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe dominant pattern of summertime tropical and North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) is characterized by an out-of-phase relationship between the tropics and the extratropics. This pattern, defined as the tropical–North Pacific mode (TNPM) in this study, is closely correlated with the variability of climate over Asia and the Pacific Ocean. A high TNPM index, with positive (negative) SST anomalies over the extratropics (tropics) of the Pacific, is linked to deep negative anomalies of tropospheric temperature over the extratropical Pacific, with shallow positive anomalies in the lower troposphere, and is also linked to deep positive temperature over Asia. It is also found that these anomalies of tropospheric temperature and SST are significantly related to the Asian–Pacific Oscillation (APO), an extratropical zonal–vertical atmospheric pattern connecting Asia and the Pacific. Indeed, when the variability of APO is removed, the above-described climate anomalies weaken significantly. Although the above relationships observed between atmospheric circulation and SST can be captured by general circulation models, sensitivity experiments show that the variations of summertime Asian–Pacific atmospheric circulation may not be mainly forced by the Pacific SST. Instead, the Asian land elevated heating seems to play a more important role in generating the climate anomalies, as shown by model-sensitivity experiments in which changes in topographic height are included. Moreover, the relative importance of Asian land and Pacific SST for the variations of Asian–Pacific climate in summer and winter is compared in this study. In winter the most dominant mode of Pacific SST exerts a stronger impact on the Asian–Pacific climate.
The GFDL CM3 Coupled Climate Model: Characteristics of the Ocean and Sea Ice Simulations
Authors: Griffies Stephen M. , Winton Michael , Donner Leo J. , Horowitz Larry W. , Downes Stephanie M. , Farneti Riccardo , Gnanadesikan Anand , Hurlin William J. , Lee Hyun-Chul , Liang Zhi , Palter Jaime B. , Samuels Bonita L. , Wittenberg Andrew T. , Wyman Bruce L. , Yin Jianjun , Zadeh Niki 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This paper documents time mean simulation characteristics from the ocean and sea ice components in a new coupled climate model developed at the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). The GFDL Climate Model version 3 (CM3) is formulated with effectively the same ocean and sea ice components as the earlier CM2.1 yet with extensive developments made to the atmosphere and land model components. Both CM2.1 and CM3 show stable mean climate indices, such as large-scale circulation and sea surface temperatures (SSTs). There are notable improvements in the CM3 climate simulation relative to CM2.1, including a modified SST bias pattern and reduced biases in the Arctic sea ice cover. The authors anticipate SST differences between CM2.1 and CM3 in lower latitudes through analysis of the atmospheric fluxes at the ocean surface in corresponding Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulations. In contrast, SST changes in the high latitudes are dominated by ocean and sea ice effects absent in AMIP simulations. The ocean interior simulation in CM3 is generally warmer than in CM2.1, which adversely impacts the interior biases.
Decadal Variability of Asian–Australian Monsoon–ENSO–TBO Relationships
Authors: Meehl Gerald A. , Arblaster Julie M. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A set of dynamically coupled ocean–atmosphere mechanisms has previously been proposed for the Asia–Pacific tropics to produce a dominant biennial component of interannual variability [the tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO)]. Namely, a strong Asian–Australian monsoon is often associated with negative SST anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific and a negative Indian Ocean dipole in northern fall between the strong Indian monsoon and strong Australian monsoon, and tends to be followed by a weak monsoon and positive SST anomalies in the Pacific the following year and so on. These connections are communicated through the large-scale east–west (Walker) circulation that involves the full depth of the troposphere. However, the Asia–Pacific climate system is characterized by intermittent decadal fluctuations whereby the TBO during some time periods is more pronounced than others. Observations and models are analyzed to identify processes that make the system less biennial at certain times due to one or some combination of the following:increased latitudinal extent of Pacific trade winds and wider cold tongue;warmer tropical Pacific compared to tropical Indian Ocean that weakens trade winds and reduces coupling strength;eastward shift of the Walker circulation;reduced interannual variability of Pacific and/or Indian Ocean SSTs.
Decadal time-scale SST variability associated with the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) has been shown to alter the TBO over the Indo-Pacific region by contributing changes in either some or all of the four factors listed above. Analysis of a multicentury control run of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), shows that this decadal modulation of interannual variability is transferred via the Walker circulation to the Asian–Australian monsoon region, thus affecting the TBO and monsoon–Pacific connections. Understanding these processes is important to be able to evaluate decadal predictions and longer-term climate change in the Asia–Pacific region.
Climatology and Interannual Variability of Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves Activity
Authors: Huang Ping , Huang Ronghui 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Climatology and interannual variability of convectively coupled equatorial wave (CCEW) activity, including the mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG), tropical-depression-type (TD-type), equatorial Rossby (ER), and Kelvin waves, are investigated using the satellite-observed brightness temperature data from the Cloud Archive User Service. The monthly activity of CCEWs is represented by the root mean square of the daily filtered convections in each month based on the Wheeler–Kiladis filtering method. More precise seasonal cycles of CCEW activity are obtained from the meridional and zonal mean climatology.
Interannual variance of CCEW activity is further investigated. Kelvin wave activity has maximum interannual variance over the eastern Pacific, while the other three waves are most variable in the intertropical convergence zone. The four active CCEWs all have significant correlation with the background convection and local sea surface temperature (SST) over the central and eastern Pacific, but they are not significantly correlated over other regions. The El Niño events may induce more trapped and active CCEWs over the central and eastern Pacific but weaker MRG and TD-type waves over the warm pool. In contrast, the El Niño Modoki has much weaker correlation with CCEW activity. CCEW activity over the southeastern Indian Ocean is negatively correlated with the Indian Ocean dipole, while that over the western and northern Indian Ocean may be determined by atmospheric internal disturbances. The tropical southern Atlantic mode is the strongest Atlantic SST anomaly mode correlated with the Atlantic CCEW activity.
On the Estimation of the Kurtosis in Directional Sea States for Freak Wave Forecasting
Authors: Mori Nobuhito , Onorato Miguel , Janssen Peter A. E. M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBased on Monte Carlo simulations of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation in two horizontal dimensions, the dependence of the kurtosis on the directional energy distribution of the initial conditions is examined. The parametric survey is carried out to obtain the behavior of the kurtosis as function of the Benjamin–Feir index and directional spread in directional sea states. As directional dispersion effect becomes significant, the kurtosis monotonically decreases in comparison with the unidirectional waves. A parameterization of the kurtosis estimated from directional spectra is proposed here; the error of the parameterization is at most 10%. The parameterization is verified against laboratory data, and good agreement is obtained.
Laboratory Evaluation and Control of Slocum Glider C–T Sensors
Authors: Medeot Nevio , Nair Rajesh , Gerin Riccardo 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Unaccounted transient or permanent changes in sensor performances can compromise the overall quality of datasets obtained with a glider. From the specific perspective of the principal physical variables (temperature and conductivity), the main short-term risk is the deterioration of the quality of salinity data that is primarily due to the fouling of the glider’s conductivity sensor, especially when the glider approaches the sea surface and is deployed in coastal waters. Another potential short-term risk is a sudden shift in the glider’s temperature response caused by the blanketing of the temperature sensor by extraneous material. The long-term risks are the intrinsic drifts of the two sensors as specified by the sensor manufacturer. Given the way a glider operates, it is practically impossible to obtain sufficiently representative temperature and salinity samples in the field for effective comparisons with sensor data. Hence, laboratory testing of the temperature and conductivity sensors is one approach used to estimate the qualitative changes in pre- and postdeployment sensor performance in order to mitigate measurable drift effects on the collected data. This paper presents a systematic procedure that can be used to conduct reproducible laboratory evaluations of the temperature and conductivity sensors on a Teledyne Webb Research (TWR) Slocum glider. It is shown that the data from such tests can give useful information regarding the data quality as a result of fouling of the sensors during missions. Obviously, this kind of information is valuable when the reliability of mission-generated temperature and conductivity data, which are used to determine salinity, have to be assessed.