bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of recombinant β‐D‐glucuronidase production under low‐shear modeled microgravity in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Qi Feng , Kaleem Imdad , Lv Bo , Guo Xiaoxiao , Li Chun 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: The effects of low‐shear modeled microgravity (LSMMG) on the production of recombinant proteins in a eukaryotic expression host have been investigated. The gene (GenBank Accession No.EU095019) derived from Penicillium purpurogenum Stoll (CGMCC 3. 3708) encoding β‐D‐glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31, PGUS) was expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. The behavior of P. pastoris growth and recombinant PGUS production during the methanol induction stage were examined in a high‐aspect ratio vessel (HARV) that could model the microgravity environment.RESULTS: The recombinant P. pastoris showed better growth under LSMMG than normal gravity (NG) during the methanol induction phase. It was also found that the efficiencies of PGUS production were enhanced 1.51 to 2.21‐fold under LSMMG compared with NG control at four different rotary speeds (P < 0.05), and 15 rpm was found to be the optimal for PGUS expression. Furthermore, the efficiency of PGUS secretion was also enhanced under LSMMG (all values above 30%).CONCLUSIONS: The LSMMG environment significantly enhances production and secretion of the recombinant PGUS expressed in P. pastoris GS115. Results suggest that simulated microgravity techniques could be used for the efficient production of recombinant proteins by microbial hosts. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
A review of psychotherapy outcome research: Considerations for school‐based mental health providers
Authors: Zirkelback Emily A. , Reese Robert J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEvaluating psychotherapeutic outcome is an important endeavor given psychology's focus on identifying effective treatments. There is ample evidence to suggest that psychotherapy interventions for children and adolescents are effective. Unfortunately, the child and adolescent psychotherapy outcome literature lags behind the adult‐focused outcome literature in some important areas, as children and adolescents are often viewed as extensions of adults. This review analyzes the pertinent youth meta‐analyses, examining treatment, client, and therapist variables relevant to positive outcomes. We also consider the impact of variables that have received more attention in the adult psychotherapy outcome literature (i.e., the therapeutic alliance, therapist effects, and allegiance effects) and their possible impact on child and adolescent outcomes. Our hope is that this discussion benefits school‐based mental health professionals when discerning what works best with the youth population. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Species identification and chromosome variation of captive two‐toed sloths
Authors: Steiner Cynthia C. , Houck Marlys L. , Ryder Oliver A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTwo‐toed sloth species, Linnaeus's and Hoffmman's, are frequent residents of zoo collections in North America. However, species identification has always been problematic because of their large overlap in external morphology, which represents an obstacle to the captive breeding program. We describe here a PCR‐based technique that allows species identification of two‐toed sloths without requiring sequencing, by using a mitochondrial marker (COI gene) and restriction enzyme assay. We also report intra‐ and inter‐specific patterns of chromosome variation in captive two‐toed sloths. Molecularly, we identified 22 samples of Linnaeus's and Hoffmman's two‐toed sloths corresponding to 14 and 8 individuals, respectively. One animal was identified as a hybrid using the nuclear gene Enam having alleles derived from both species. The chromosome number in Hoffman's two‐toed sloths showed low variation ranging only between 50 and 51. In contrast, Linnaeus's two‐toed sloths appeared to vary widely, with diploid numbers ranging from 53 to 67, suggesting distinct geographic groups. The species identification method presented here represents a low‐cost easy‐to‐use tool that will help to improve management of the captive population of two‐toed sloths. Zoo Biol 30:623–635, 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative Perspectives on the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
Authors: Campbell Ballard 
Published: November 2010

Thanks to Richard Jensen, Kriste Lindenmeyer, Alan Lessoff and William G. Shade for helpful comments on this essay.Comparative perspectives on the United States have received increased attention in recent years, stimulated apparently by the rise in world history's popularity. David Thelen's sponsorship of transnational history as a subject of three special issues of theJournal of American Historyno doubt has contributed to the trend. The reprinting of C. Vann Woodward'sThe Comparative Approach to American Historyin 1997, the publication of George Fredrickson's essays on comparative history, and the report of the La Pietra Project reflect recent efforts to put United States history in an international perspective. While comparative history hardly has gained equal footing with nationally-centered studies, enough work on the Gilded Age and Progressive Era has appeared over the last decade and a half to warrant an assessment. This essay takes note of scholarship on economics, business, politics and governance that has examined the United States within an international context during the 1870s–1914 era. My objective is to discern trends in the literature and suggest opportunities for future research rather than to provide a comprehensive bibliographical survey.
Reaction norms for metamorphic traits in natterjack toads to larval density and pond duration
Authors: Reques R. , Tejedo M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe evolution of environmentally‐induced changes in phenotype or reaction norm implies both the existence at some time of genetic variation within a population for that plasticity measured by the presence of genotype x environment interaction (G x E), and that phenotypic variation affects fitness. Otherwise, the genetic structure of polygenic traits may restrict the evolution of the reaction norm by the lack of independent evolution of a given trait in different environments or by genetic trade‐offs with other traits that affect fitness. In this paper, we analyze the existence of G x E in metamorphic traits to two environmental factors, larval density and pond duration in a factorial experiment with Bufo calamita tadpoles in semi‐natural conditions and in the laboratory.Results showed no plastic temporal response in metamorphosis to pond durability at low larval density. The rank of genotypes did not change across different hydroperiods, implying a high genetic correlation that may constrain the evolution of the reaction norm. At high larval density a significant G x E interaction was found, suggesting the potential for the evolution of the reaction norm. A sibship (#1) attained the presumed “optimal” reaction norm by accelerating developmental rate in short duration ponds and delaying it in longer ponds. This could be translated in fitness by an increment in metamorphic survival and size at metamorphosis in short and long ponds respectively with respect to non‐plastic sibships. However, genetic variability for plasticity suggests that optimal reaction norm for developmental rates may be variable and hard to achieve in the heterogeneous pond environment.Mass at metamorphosis was not plastic across different pond durations but decreased at high larval density. Significant adaptive plasticity for growth rates appeared in environments that differed drastically in level of crowding conditions, both in the field and in the laboratory. The fact that survival of juveniles metamorphosed at high density ponds was a monotonic function of metamorphic size, implies that response to selection may occur in this population of natterjacks and that genetic variability in plasticity may be a reliable mechanism maintaining adaptive genetic variation in growth rates in the highly variable pond environment.
The calculation and significance testing of genetic correlations across environments
Authors: Windig J. J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGenetic correlations within a trait across environments (rg) are important in the analysis of phenotypic plasticity. Not all methods are, however, equally reliable. An overview of all different methods for estimation of rg with one generation data sets is given. Formulae for the relationship between causal variance components and family means are derived. When these formulae are used covariances derived from family means, thought to be incorrect, are exactly the same as those derived with the ANOVA method. The bias, precision and power of the different methods are compared with Monte Carlo simulations. For all methods bias is small and precision is high for the large balanced data sets analyzed here, except when the variance in one or both of the environments is close to 0. Significance testing causes more problems. Confidence intervals with or without z‐transformation are not suitable for testing, nor is testing for g*e interaction in an ANOVA suitable for testing whether the rg is different from 1. The F‐test in a mixed model ANOVA and a likelihood ratio test in a REML‐analysis can be used for testing a difference from 0 but not from 1 or other values. Jackknife and Bootstrap, however, are suitable tests both for differences with 0,1 and other values, though negative variances can make these tests difficult to apply.
Infection Structures and their Surface Changes during Differentiation in Uromyces fabae
Authors: Kapooria R. G. , Mendgen K. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGerm tubes of Uromyces fabae differentiated into appressoria which were deliminated either by one or two septa. These appressoria developed rapidly on artificial membranes as well as on leaf surfaces.Fluorescein‐conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) bound strongly to the germ tube walls of U. fabae and its binding ability did not differ significantly in 3, 5 and 7 h old germ tubes. The binding of WGA was less on the appressorium. Measurement of fluorescence with a microscope photometer revealed two times more binding sites on germ tube walls than on appressoria. No binding of WGA was noticed on substomatal vesicles and infection hyphae. The binding of WGA was completely inhibited by preincubation with hydrolysate of chitin. Binding patterns of other lectins were quite different. Canavalia ensiformis lectin did not bind to any structure, the lectins of Griffonia simplicifolia and Lotus tetragonolobus bound weakly to all structures, the lectins of Phaseolus vulgaris and Arachis hypogaea bound only to substomatal vesicles and infection hyphae, and the Ricinus communis lectin bound only to the infection hyphae. Based on these observations it appears that infection structure surface of U. fabae, besides having chitin as a component, also contain some other carbohydrates such as galactose and fucose.ZusammenfassungDie Keimschläuche von Uromyces fabae differenzierten einmal die üblichen, endständigen Appressorien und solche mit 2 Septen aus. Diese Appressorien entwickelten sich auf künstlichen Membranen und auf der Blattoberfläche.Fluorescein‐markiertes Weizenkeimlektin (WGA) wurde von den Keimschläuchen ohne Rücksicht auf deren Alter gebunden. Mit dem Mikroskopphotometer wurde deutlich, daβ die Appressorien jedoch nur halb so viele Bindungsstellen wie die Keimschläuche für dieses Lektin besitzen. Ein Hydrolysat aus Chitin hemmte die Bindung. Keine Bindungsstellen für das Weizenkeimlektin konnten auf dem substomatären Vesikel und auf der Infektionshyphe nachgewiesen werden.Das Lektin von Canavalia ensiformis wurde nicht, die Lektine von Griffonia simplicifolia und Lotus tetragonolobus wurden nur schwach von den Infektionsstrukturen gebunden. Die Lektine von Phaseolus vulgaris und Arachis hypogaea banden schwach an das substomatäre Vesikel und an die Infektionshyphe. Das Lektin von Ricinus communis haftete nur an die Infektionshyphe. Offensichtlich besitzt der Keimschlauch von U. fabae neben Chitin noch andere Oberflächenkohlenhydrate: z. B. Galaktose und Fucose.Die Bedeutung der Oberflächenkohlenhydrate für die Wirtsspezifität wird diskutiert.
Biological Control of Fireblight (Erwinia amylovora [Burr.] Winslowet al.) on Ornamentals
Authors: Isenbeck M. , Schulz F. A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe development of a biological control procedure against fireblight on ornamentals was started. A considerable number of bacterial strains was isolated from the following blighted host species: Pyrus communis, Cydonia oblonga, Cotoneaster bullatus, C. salicifolius floccosus, Crataegus monogyna and Rosa canina. In a preliminary screening test 17 of these isolates showed antagonistic activity against the bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al. The strains C/1, C/81 and E.h. 112 y were effective in disease reduction in the pear fruit system. By using C. bullatus highly significant protection could be obtained under controlled conditions if the antagonist was applied by injection 24 h ahead of the pathogen. In this case the application was as effective as the treatment with 200 ppm streptomycin. Under field conditions following natural infections disease reduction was about 20%.ZusammenfassungDie Entwicklung eines biologischen Bekämpfungsverfahrens gegen die Feuerbrandkrankheit an Zierpflanzen wurde begonnen. Von den folgenden, feuerbrandbefallenen Wirtspflanzen konnte eine größere Anzahl Bakterienstämme isoliert werden: Pyrus communis, Cydonia oblonga, Cotoneaster bullatus, C. salicifolius floccosus, Crataegus monogyna und Rosa canina. In einem Screening zeigten 17 dieser Isolate im Plattendiffusions‐Test deutlich ausgeprägte antagonistische Aktivität gegenüber dem bakteriellen Krankheitserreger Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al. Die Stämme C/1, C/81 und E.h. 112 y waren außerdem in der Lage, die Symptomausbildung im Birnenfruchttest zu unterdrükken. Unter kontrollierten Bedingungen im Phytotron konnte ein hoch signifikanter Bekämpfungserfolg an C. bullatus erzielt werden, wenn der Antagonist 24 h vor dem Pathogen durch Injektion appliziert wurde. Unter diesen Bedingungen war die Behandlung genauso effektiv wie der Einsatz von 200 ppm Streptomycin. Unter Freilandbedingungen konnte im Gefolge einer Antagonistenbehandlung die Erkrankung nach natürlicher Infektion um etwa 20 % reduziert werden.
Changes in arterial, mixed venous and intraerythrocytic ion concentrations during prolonged exercise
Authors: MEYER N. D. , BAYLY W. M. , SIDES R. H. , WARDROP K. J. , SLINKER B. K. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Prolonged equine exercise can cause hypochloraemic alkalosis and hypokalaemia secondary to the loss of hypertonic sweat. Movement of ions in and out of erythrocytes during exercise may help regulate acid‐base balance and changes in plasma ion concentrations. The extent to which this happens during prolonged equine exercise has not been reported.Objectives:To measure changes in blood gases and major plasma and intraerythrocytic (iRBC) ion concentrations of horses undergoing prolonged submaximal exercise.Methods:Six horses were trotted at ∼30% V̇O2maxon a treadmill for 105 min. Arterial (a) and mixed venous (v) blood samples were collected every 15 min, and pre‐ and post exercise. Blood gases and plasma (pl) concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride and protein were measured and their iRBC concentrations calculated and compared (P<0.05).Results:PaCO2decreased in all horses. pl[Cl‐]vdecreased and [HCO3‐]vincreased. Due to the exhalation of CO2and chloride shifting, [HCO3‐]a<[HCO3‐]v,pl[Cl‐]a>pl[Cl‐]vand iRBC[Cl‐]a<iRBC[Cl‐]v. pl[K+]aand pl[K+]vboth initially increased then decreased and horses were hypokalaemic post exercise. Both iRBC[Cl‐]aand iRBC[Cl‐]vdecreased over the course of exercise but there was no change in the arteriovenous difference between them. There was no arteriovenous difference in pl[K+]. iRBC[K+]a>iRBC[K+]v. Conversely, iRBC[Na+]a<iRBC[Na+]v. pl[Na+]a<pl[Na+]vand [TP]a<[TP]v.Conclusions:Significant arteriovenous differences in iRBC and plasma concentrations of chloride, potassium and sodium reflect the role that movement of ions across erythrocyte cell membranes play in regulating acid‐base balance and plasma concentrations of these ions. Exhalation of CO2has a major influence on this ion flux.
Influence of shoes with different weights on the motion of the limbs in Icelandic horses during toelt at different speeds
Authors: RUMPLER B. , RIHA A. , LICKA T. , KOTSCHWAR A. , PEHAM C. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReason for performing study:Weight boots are commonly used for Icelandic horses to increase the height of the flight arc of the forelimbs in toelt.Objective:To show the influence of weights and toelting speed on the height of the swing phase.Materials and methods:Eight Icelandic horses (mean ± s.d. 12 ± 3 years old, 369 ± 46 kg) were used. Reflecting makers were placed on the dorsal side of each hoof. The motion was collected with a kinematic system (10 cameras, 120 Hz sample rate, 1.3 Mpixels resolution). The horses were ridden in toelt by 2 experienced riders on a treadmill at 2 different speeds (2.96 m/s ± 0.30 and 4.10 m/s ± 0.32). At each speed the horses were measured wearing no boots, light boots (170 g) and heavy boots (280 g) on both fore hooves. The measurement sequence was varied between horses. A Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test was carried out to test for normal distribution of data and ANOVA for repeated measurements were used to compare differences (P<0.05).Results:The weight as well as the speed of toelt had a significant influence on the height of the flight arc. At the lower speed, the mean ± s.d. height was 163 ± 55 mm, whereas at the higher speed the mean height was 228 ± 60 mm. The heavy weights increased the mean height at the lower speed from 152 ± 38 to 169 ± 48 mm and at the higher speed from 214 ± 60 to 245 ± 60 mm.Conclusions:This investigation shows that Icelandic horses can be expected to show a better toelt in competitions with weights, and ridden at a higher speed. For muscle adaptation to occur, weights should therefore be used during competitions and training.
The workload and plasma ion concentration in a training match session of high‐goal (elite) polo ponies
Authors: FERRAZ G. C. , SOARES O. A. B. , FOZ N. S. B. , PEREIRA M. C. , QUEIROZ‐NETO A. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:This study was designed to consider the complexity of the physical effort inherent to horses in polo competitions and the absence of reports in the literature on the effort, intensity and electrolyte changes resulting from a collective team training session aimed at preparing for a polo championship.Objectives:To determine the effort and ion changes caused by an outdoor polo training match for a 25 goal handicap (elite) based on physiological variables including acid‐base status (venous pH, PCO2and HCO3‐), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), lactate, glucose, sodium, chloride and potassium and strong ion difference (SID) as well as creatine kinase (CK) activity.Methods:Twenty‐three clinically healthy ‘high‐goal’ polo ponies were used, which included 10 geldings and 13 females. The horses performed a training match, as a preparation for a 25 goal tournament, consisting of 6 chukkas of 7 min duration each. Blood samples were collected during resting, and at 5 min, 6 and 12 h after each chukka. Data were analysed using ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Tukey's test.Results:Differences (P<0.001) were evident mainly in post exercise for all variables studied. There was a reduction in pH, PCO2and HCO3‐and SID, together with an increase in PCV and Hb, lactate, glucose, Na+and Cl‐. K+levels remained constant at all times of collection. The average resting value for CK was 255 ± 9 iu/l, and 6 h after effort there was a 35% increase in enzyme activity.Conclusions:This study indicates that the horses participating in a training match underwent a high‐intensity effort with alterations in electrolytes and acid‐base equilibrium.Potential relevance:Training matches should be carefully conducted, with a suitable recovery period before the main match.
Photosensitizing Medication Use and Risk of Skin Cancer
Authors: Kaae Jeanette , Boyd Heather A. , Hansen Anne V. , Wulf Hans Christian , Wohlfahrt Jan , Melbye Mads 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Background: Many commonly used medications, including both medications for long-term (daily) use and short-term use (treatment courses of finite duration), have photosensitizing properties. Whether use of these medications affects skin cancer risk, however, is unclear.
Methods: Using a cohort of all Danish residents ≥15 years old in 1995 to 2006 (n = 4,761,749) and information from Danish national registers, we examined associations between use of photosensitizing medications and risk of basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous malignant melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.
Results: Users of only 2 of 19 medications for long-term use (methyldopa and furosemide) had both a ≥20% increased risk of skin cancer (compared with nonusers) and an increase in risk with increasing duration of use; these effects were limited to basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. In contrast, 8 of 10 medications for short-term use were associated with both a ≥20% increased risk of skin cancer and an increase in risk with increasing use for at least one of the four cancers.
Conclusion: We found little evidence of an increased risk of skin cancer among users of photosensitizing medications for long-term daily use, but could not rule out the possibility that users of some photosensitizing medications for short-term use may have an increased risk of skin cancer.
Impact: Previous studies have been limited to specific medication types (e.g., antidiuretics). Our study examined the effect of a wide range of photosensitizing medications on skin cancer risk and suggests that future work should focus on photosensitizing medications for short-term use. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(11); 2942–9. ©2010 AACR.
The First Experimental Demonstration of Side Chain Extension of Geoporphyrins in Sediments
Authors: Asahina Kenta , Asano Junya , Kumagai Gen , Satou Mitsuru , Nomoto Kouichi , Kashiyama Yuichiro , Mita Hajime , Nomoto Shinya 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
To investigate the formation process of high carbon number (&gt;C32) sedimentary porphyrins, heating experiments of several porphyrins were performed. Chromic acid oxidation of the heating products of protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester afforded 2-methyl-3-n-propylmaleimide as the predominant product among the side-chain extension products formed. On the other hand, saturated substituents of etioporphyrin were also extended on heating to slowly form normal and branched homologs. These results may suggest that the transalkylation of porphyrin side chains proceeds mainly by a regioselective mechanism involving alkyl radical addition to a vinyl group of chlorophylls or their diagenetic products.
Dynamic Response of a Cholesterol-containing Model Membrane to Oxidative Stress
Authors: Yoda Tsuyoshi , Vestergaard Mun’delanji C , Akazawa-Ogawa Yoko , Yoshida Yasukazu , Hamada Tsutomu , Takagi Masahiro 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
It is important to study the effects of lipid oxidation on biological membranes and how this affects physiological functions and causes disease. We investigated the vesicular dynamics of a biomimetic membrane system consisting of an unsaturated phospholipid, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), and cholesterol (Chol) under oxidative stress. We found that lipid vesicles with a DOPC:Chol ratio of 50:50 are more susceptible to oxidative stress than homogeneous DOPC lipid vesicles.