bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel behaviors in rare-earth-filled skutterudites studied by bulk-sensitive photoemission spectroscopy
Authors: Yamasaki Atsushi , Imada Shin , Sekiyama Akira , Fujiwara Hidenori , Yano Masao , Yamaguchi Junichi , Miyamachi Toshio , Sugawara Hitoshi , Kikuchi Daisuke , Sato Hideyuki , Muro Takayuki , Higashiya Atsushi , Yabashi Makina , Tamasaku Kenji , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Harima Hisatomo , Suga Shigemasa 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The electronic structures of rare-earth-filled skutterudites have been investigated by high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy. In order to reveal their bulk nature, the bulk-sensitive photoemission spectroscopy with soft X-ray (hv∼800 – 1100 eV) and hard X-ray (hv∼8000 eV) is a very powerful tool since the rare-earths' valence and electronic structures on the surface are often different from those in the bulk. Our experimental results clearly show the coexistence of the strongly mixed-valence state and the heavy-fermion state in SmOs4Sb12 and the quasi-particle peak near the Fermi level in PrFe4P12 induced by the hybridization between the rare-earth 4f and conduction electrons.
Enrichment and depletion of alloying elements in surface layers of iron base alloys annealed under different conditions
Authors: Suzuki Shigeru , Yamamoto Takamichi , Fukai Hiroyuki , Shinoda Kozo 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron microprobe microanalysis (EPMA), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) have been used for analyzing the chemical composition in surface layers of iron-base alloys. Samples analyzed in this study were a ferritic Fe–Mn alloy annealed under low partial pressure of oxygen and an austenitic Fe–Mn–Si–Cr alloy annealed under vacuum. The XPS results showed that manganese was enriched and oxidized while iron was metallic in the surface layer of the Fe–Mn alloy annealed under a low partial pressure of oxygen. The EPMA results showed that manganese was depleted while chromium was enriched in the surface layer of the Fe–Mn–Si–Cr alloy annealed under vacuum. The SIMS depth profiles coupled with the EPMA results indicated that the enrichment of chromium in the surface layer improves the oxidation resistance of the alloy. The enrichment and depletion of manganese in the surface layer is discussed on the basis of the thermodynamic properties of the iron–manganese system.
Electrochemical properties of fine-grained AZ31 magnesium alloy
Authors: Hadzima Branislav , Janeček Miloš , Bukovina Michal , Král Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The influence of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) on the microstructure changes of magnesium alloy AZ31 was investigated. The microstructure changes were correlated with electrochemical characteristics of the surface. Eight passes of ECAP resulted in significant grain refinement (factor 100) of the initial squeeze-cast (SC) alloy. The influence of microstructure changes on electrochemical properties of the surface was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The variation of electrochemical characteristics of the surface of the SC and ECAP alloy was determined after 3 and 7-day exposure in the corrosion solution of 0.1 M NaCl. The fine-grained deformed structure after ECAP was found to have significantly higher charge transfer resistance as compared to the squeeze-cast material.
Testing crevasse-depth models: a field study at Breiðamerkurjökull, Iceland
Authors: Mottram Ruth H. , Benn Douglas I. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractInterest in crevasses and associated ice-fracture processes has recently increased due to recognition of the importance of calving glaciers to the mass balance of the cryosphere, as well as the importance of fractures in glacier hydrology. Recently developed calving criteria make use of models which predict crevasse depth from surface strain rates, but these models have rarely been tested against observations. In this study, we present data on crevasse depth and surface strain rates, and compare the measured values with results of two crevasse-depth models: a simple function proposed by Nye and a linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) model developed by Van der Veen. Our results indicate that both models predict crevasse depths within the correct order of magnitude. The LEFM model, incorporating measured values of crevasse spacing and tuned for fracture toughness, performs better in predicting crevasse depths, but where lack of input data precludes such tuning, the results are similar to Nye’s model predictions. We conclude that both models may be used to calculate crevasse depths in calving models, although the Nye function is undoubtedly much simpler to implement within an ice-dynamics model.
Numerical analysis of rapid water transfer beneath Antarctica
Authors: Peters Nial J. , Willis Ian C. , Arnold Neil S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe use a simple energy-conservation model and a model based on Röthlisberger’s theory for steady-state water flow in a subglacial conduit to model water movement between lakes in the Adventure subglacial trench region of East Antarctica during a 1996–98 jökulhlaup. Using available field evidence to constrain the models suggests that water flow would likely be accommodated in a tunnel with a cross-sectional area of 36 m2 and a value for k (the reciprocal of Manning’s roughness parameter) larger than the 12.5 m1/3 s−1 previously calculated. We also use Nye’s theory for time-dependent conduit water flow to model the temporal evolution of conduit discharge, cross-sectional area, water pressure and lake draining and filling during the flood. We initially assume one source and one sink lake. We perform sensitivity tests on the input parameter set, matching modeled source- and sink-lake depth changes with measured surface elevation data. Using a simple function for vertical ice deformation in which surface deformation scales linearly to the lake depth change, we find the scaling factor is of the order 4 × 10−3 of the ice thickness. The most likely value of k lies in the range 55–68 m1/3 s−1, and the ratio of source to sink-lake radii is approximately 1 : 1.4. Finally, we experiment using Nye’s theory to model water movement between one source and three sink lakes. The model fails to produce the observed patterns of water movement as indicated by the surface deformation data.
A new glacier inventory for the Svartisen region, Norway, from Landsat ETM+ data: challenges and change assessment
Authors: Paul Frank , Andreassen Liss M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractGlaciers are widely recognized as key indicators of climate change, and their meltwater plays an important role in hydropower production in Norway. Since the last glacier inventory was compiled in northern Norway in the 1970s, marked fluctuations in glacier length and mass balance have been reported for individual glaciers, and the current overall glacier state is thus not well known. Within the framework of the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) initiative, we have created a new inventory for 489 glaciers in the Svartisen region, northern Norway, using a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) satellite scene from 7 September 1999 and automated multispectral glacier mapping (thresholded band ratios). In addition, visual inspection and correction of the generated glacier outlines has been applied. Adverse snow conditions and uncertain drainage divides made glacier mapping challenging in some regions of the study site. Glacier outlines from 1968, as digitized from a topographic map, were used for a quantitative change assessment for a selection of 300 glaciers. The overall area change of this sample from 1968 to 1999 was close to zero, but with a strongly increasing scatter towards smaller glaciers, large area gains (>50%) for small glaciers (<1 km2), and an unexpected stronger relative area loss towards the wetter coast. The overall size changes are small (<1%) for the three largest ice masses in the study region (Vestisen, Østisen and Blåmannsisen).
Dermatological Patients at the Outdoor of an Upazila Health Complex
Authors: Kabir M Rizaul , Khan M Abdul Kuddus , Karmakar Ananda Kumar 
Published: September 2009

In outdoor of Adamdighi Upazila Health & Family Welfare Complex of Bogra district, the attendance of patients suffering from skin and venereal diseases were observed. Out of total 1,54,843 patients, 23,820 patients were suffering from various forms of dermatological diseases. The percentage of patients suffering from skin and venereal diseases were 15.34 %. Female patients were 13,667 in number (57.38%) and male patients were 10,153 in number (42.62%). Male, female ratio is 1.35:1. Most of the patients were suffering from dermatological diseases attending outdoor of the said health complex belong to 14 years and above age group (67.53%). It was observed that though previously most of the rural people neglected their skin diseases, but now a day, a good number of patients of the rural areas are conscious about their skin conditions and attend outdoor of health and family welfare complex. doi: 10.3329/taj.v17i2.3453 TAJ 2004; 17(2): 93-94
Interferon to PEG-Interferon: A Review
Authors: Ahad MA , Alim MA , Ekram ARM Saifuddin 
Published: September 2009

The interferons (IFNs) are group of naturally occurring cytokines that are secreted by cells of mammalian immune system when they are stimulated by viral, bacterial and other antigens. There are number of alpha IFNs available for treatment purposes. The two most commonly used α-2a and α-2b are made by recombinant technology. When interferon Alpha-2a is combined with polyethylene glycol (PEG), it is known as pegylated interferon or PEG interferon. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a safe, inert and nontoxic molecule. Therapeutic benefits of altering proteins with PEG include an improvement in half-life due to reduced renal and cellular clearance, enhanced protection from proteolysis and a reduction in toxicity. doi: 10.3329/taj.v17i2.3460 TAJ 2004; 17(2): 113-116
Preferential fluid flow pathways in embankment dams imaged by self‐potential tomography
Authors: Bolèkve J. , Revil A. , Janod F. , Mattiuzzo J.L. , Fry J.‐J. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTWe invert self‐potential data in order to locate anomalous water flow pathways in dams and embankments and to estimate the seepage velocity. The inversion of the self‐potential data is performed using the modified singular value decomposition for the inverse problem using a linear formulation of the forward problem. The kernel is solved numerically accounting for the topography of the system and the resistivity distribution, which is independently obtained through electrical resistance tomography. A prior constraint based on finite element modelling of ground water flow can also be used to provide a prior source current density model if needed. This self‐potential tomography approach is first validated with a synthetic case study showing how the position of a preferential fluid flow pathway can be retrieved from self‐potential and resistivity data and how the seepage velocity can be obtained inside one order of magnitude. This methodology is then applied to a test site corresponding to a portion of an embankment dam along the Rhône River in France. Two self‐potential maps (with 1169 and 2076 measurements, respectively) and four resistivity tomograms are used to locate a leak. One self‐potential profile and one resistivity profile are used together to perform the 2D inversion of the self‐potential data to locate the anomalous leakage at depth and to estimate the flow rate. The depth at which the preferential fluid flow pathway is located, according to self‐potential tomography, agrees with an independent geotechnical test using the Perméafor. This demonstrates the usefulness of this methodology to detect preferential water channels inside the body of a dam.
Monitoring the hydrologic behaviour of a mountain slope via time‐lapse electrical resistivity tomography
Authors: Cassiani G. , Godio A. , Stocco S. , Villa A. , Deiana R. , Frattini P. , Rossi M. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTCatchment and hillslope hydrology is a major research area in geoscience and the understanding of its underlying processes is still poor. Direct investigation of steep hillslopes via drilling is often infeasible. In this paper, we present the results of non‐invasive time‐lapse monitoring of a controlled infiltration test at a site in the Italian Central Alps. The hillslope considered is steep (30–35°), covered with grass and a soil layer 1–1.5 m thick above a variably fractured metamorphic bedrock. The key hydrologic question is whether rainfall infiltrates mainly into the underlying fractured bedrock, thus recharging a deeper hydraulic system, or flows in the soil layer as interflow towards the stream channel a few hundred metres downhill. In order to respond to this question, we applied 2200 mm of artificial rain on a 2 m × 2 m slope box over about 18 hours. We estimated the effective infiltration by subtracting the measured runoff (7% of total). Due to the limited irrigation time and the climate conditions, the evapotranspiration was considered as negligible. The soil moisture variation and the underlying bedrock were monitored via a combination of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), TDR probes and tensiometers. A small‐scale 3D cross‐hole ERT experiment was performed using 2 m deep boreholes purposely drilled and completed with electrodes in the irrigated plot. A larger scale (35 m long) 2D surface ERT survey was also continuously acquired across the irrigated area. Monitoring continued up to 10 days after the experiment. As a result, we observed a very fast vertical infiltration through the soil cover, also favoured by preferential flow patterns, immediately followed by infiltration into the fractured bedrock. The surface layer showed a fast recovery of initial moisture condition nearly completed in the first 12 hours after the end of irrigation. The lateral transmission of infiltrating water and runoff were negligible as compared to the vertical infiltration. These experiment results confirm that the fractured bedrock has a key role in controlling the fast hydrological dynamics of the small catchment system under study. We concluded that deep water circulation is the key pathway to hillslope processes at this site.
Automated monitoring of coastal aquifers with electrical resistivity tomography
Authors: Ogilvy R.D. , Meldrum P.I. , Kuras O. , Wilkinson P.B. , Chambers J.E. , Sen M. , Pulido‐Bosch A. , Gisbert J. , Jorreto S. , Frances I. , Tsourlos P. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTAn Automated time‐Lapse Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ALERT) system has been developed for the long‐term monitoring of coastal aquifers. This ALERT system has been permanently installed in the River Andarax, Almeria, Spain to monitor and manage the impact of climatic change and land‐use practice on the underlying Quaternary aquifer. An electrode array, nearly 1.6 km long, has been buried below the normally dry riverbed with electrode take‐outs at regular intervals of 10 m. The maximum depth of investigation is about 160 m below ground level. An unmanned, permanent control station, in a secure location, allows the aquifer to be interrogated remotely from the BGS office in the UK. Volumetric geoelectric images of the subsurface can be obtained ‘on demand’ or at regular intervals; thereby eliminating the need for expensive repeat surveys. The entire process from data capture to image on the office PC is fully automated and seamless. The ALERT technology can provide early warning of potential threats to vulnerable water systems such as over‐exploitation, rising sea levels, anthropogenic pollutants and seawater intrusion. The electrical images obtained (in space and time) are interpreted in terms of the hydrogeologic features including the seawater‐freshwater interface. The timely detection and imaging of groundwater changes can help to regulate pumping and irrigation schemes.
Aquifer investigations in the León‐Chinandega plains, Nicaragua, using electromagnetic and electrical methods
Authors: Corriols Marvin , Ryom Nielsen Mette , Dahlin Torleif , Christensen Niels B. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThe Leon‐Chinandega plains are located in the north‐western part of Nicaragua and represent the most important groundwater reservoir of the country. The aquifer is comprised of three hydrogeological units. The top unit is an unconfined alluvial and below a more consolidated volcanic aquifer is found. These aquifers rest on an ignimbrite unit that acts as the basement of the aquifer. The plains are mainly used for agricultural purposes and most of the irrigation comes from upper aquifer wells (not deeper than 70 m) allocated within the shallow unconfined aquifer.Transient electromagnetic soundings (TEM) and continuous vertical electrical soundings (CVES) were carried out in order to obtain information regarding the geology of the study area. Two TEM profiles extending from the Pacific coast towards the volcanic chain were carried out with an approximate separation between soundings of 250 metres. A grid of TEM soundings was also performed in an area located between the towns of Posoltega and Quezalguaque. CVES were carried out in different areas of the plains in order to obtain detailed information on the geology and distribution of the shallow aquifer. This information was later correlated with information available from wells in the area.One of the objectives of this investigation was to test and evaluate the applicability of the TEMfast48 equipment in the study area. In the plains area the TEM method shows very good results where a general geophysical model of mostly a three‐layered earth can be obtained. In the coastal areas the models are more irregular and complex. The results from the CVES generally agree with the TEM models but present more details, especially in areas of complex geology. The penetration depth for the TEM soundings reached almost 100 m at most, depending on the depth to a low resistivity layer. In some areas the depth to the basement was estimated with long‐layout CVES.In general, it was possible to obtain consistent geoelectrical models of the area and the methods complement each other well. The geoelectrical models are an excellent addition to other investigation methods as they provide an overview of the aquifer system and can serve as a basis for refining the conceptual and numerical models of the aquifer system. This information is expected to become very valuable for the exploration, management and protection of the groundwater resources in the León‐Chinandega plains to ensure sustainability of the resource.
Hydrogeologic structure underlying a recharge pond delineated with shear‐wave seismic reflection and cone penetrometer data
Authors: Haines Seth S. , Pidlisecky Adam , Knight Rosemary 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTWith the goal of improving the understanding of the subsurface structure beneath the Harkins Slough recharge pond in Pajaro Valley, California, USA, we have undertaken a multimodal approach to develop a robust velocity model to yield an accurate seismic reflection section. Our shear‐wave reflection section helps us identify and map an important and previously unknown flow barrier at depth; it also helps us map other relevant structure within the surficial aquifer. Development of an accurate velocity model is essential for depth conversion and interpretation of the reflection section. We incorporate information provided by shear‐wave seismic methods along with cone penetrometer testing and seismic cone penetrometer testing measurements. One velocity model is based on reflected and refracted arrivals and provides reliable velocity estimates for the full depth range of interest when anchored on interface depths determined from cone data and borehole drillers’ logs. A second velocity model is based on seismic cone penetrometer testing data that provide higher‐resolution 1D velocity columns with error estimates within the depth range of the cone penetrometer testing. Comparison of the reflection/refraction model with the seismic cone penetrometer testing model also suggests that the mass of the cone truck can influence velocity with the equivalent effect of approximately one metre of extra overburden stress. Together, these velocity models and the depth‐converted reflection section result in a better constrained hydrologic model of the subsurface and illustrate the pivotal role that cone data can provide in the reflection processing workflow.
Estimating the depth of fresh and brackish groundwater in a predominantly saline region using geophysical and hydrological methods, Zeeland, the Netherlands
Authors: Goes B.J.M. , Oude Essink G.H.P. , Vernes R.W. , Sergi F. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThe province of Zeeland is situated in the coastal zone of the Netherlands. The ground surface level is around or below mean sea level. Therefore seepage of brackish to saline groundwater is very common. Sea level rise as a result of climate change will very likely increase the pressure on the coastal groundwater system, leading to an increased salinization of the groundwater and surface water system. Still, freshwater agriculture is being practiced in large parts of the province. The vegetation extracts its fresh water from the unsaturated zone and thin rainwater lenses that ‘float’ on top of brackish and saline groundwater. Geophysical and hydrogeological data have been combined on two spatial scales to obtain a better insight into this fresh‐brackish‐saline groundwater distribution. This information is being used to: assess groundwater abstractions, plan landuse and improve the input of variable‐density groundwater flow and coupled solute transport models.For over 6000 locations various types of data have been used to estimate the depth of the brackish‐saline groundwater interface of 1000 mg [Cl‐]/L. These types of data are both of geophysical (vertical electrical soundings, EM34, geoelectrical well logs and electrical cone penetration tests) and of hydrological origin (water samples and abstraction wells). These data have been interpreted and combined with knowledge on the distribution of geological units to make an estimation of the depth of the brackish‐saline water transition for the whole province (~66 km × 63 km).In addition to the regional brackish‐saline interface map, continuous vertical electrical soundings (CVES) have been executed to map the fresh‐brackish‐saline distribution on a local scale. The CVES profiles were made at eight different plots where brackish‐saline water is occurring at shallow depths (<5 m below the surface) according to the regional map and where freshwater agriculture is still being practised. Six of the eight sites have thin (0–3 m) brackish to slightly saline water lenses. At two sites up to 15 m thick brackish water lenses have been observed with CVES. The thickness of the brackish water lenses varies laterally over short distances. Sandy sediment and a higher topography are favourable factors for the development of such lenses.
Thinking and talking about the past: Why remember?
Authors: Bluck Susan , Alea Nicole 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFollowing functional theory, the focus of this paper is to examine individuals' reports of the functions that thinking and talking about the past serves in their daily lives. Younger and older men and women provided reports of the frequency with which they think and talk about their personal past to serve self‐continuity, social‐bonding and directing‐behaviour functions. Younger and older adults endorsed the same frequency of using the past to maintain social bonds. In keeping with the context of their developmental life phase, including the need to forge self‐concept clarity and their more open‐ended perspective of the future, younger adults reported more often using autobiographical memory to create self‐continuity and direct future plans. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.