bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection Thresholds and Bias Correction in Polarized Intensity
Authors: George Samuel J. , Stil Jeroen M. , Keller Ben W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDetection thresholds in polarized intensity and polarization bias correction are investigated for surveys where the polarization information is obtained from rotation measure (RM) synthesis. Considering unresolved sources with a single RM, a detection threshold of 8 σQU applied to the Faraday spectrum will retrieve the RM with a false detection rate less than 10−4, but polarized intensity is more strongly biased than Ricean statistics suggest. For a detection threshold of 5 σQU, the false detection rate increases to ∼4%, depending also on λ2 coverage and the extent of the Faraday spectrum. Non-Gaussian noise in Stokes Q and U due to imperfect imaging and calibration can be represented by a distribution that is the sum of a Gaussian and an exponential. The non-Gaussian wings of the noise distribution increase the false detection rate in polarized intensity by orders of magnitude. Monte Carlo simulations assuming non-Gaussian noise in Q and U give false detection rates at 8 σQU similar to Ricean false detection rates at 4.9 σQU.
Accounting for carbon sequestration and its implications for land-use change and forestry projects.
Authors: Cacho O. , Hean R. , Karanja F. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
As carbon becomes a valuable commodity traded in markets for greenhouse-gas emissions, there will be incentives to adopt land uses that capture carbon payments as well as produce other marketable outputs, including biofuels. These production systems may be more sustainable than many of those in current use, but there is also the risk that the growing demand for biofuels will cause land degradation, deforestation and food scarcity. The land-use patterns that arise as a result of carbon markets will largely depend on the 'rules of the game', which will be determined by governments and international agencies. This paper addresses these issues by reviewing the literature on the potential for terrestrial carbon pools to contribute to mitigating climate change. The review covers studies from forestry, ecology, economics, agriculture and other disciplines, reflecting the complexity of the issues and the range of research priorities that will need to be addressed in the next few decades. There is strong evidence that the potential for land-use systems to contribute to climate mitigation efforts is significant, but for this to occur it will be necessary that landholders receive incentives to change their current land uses. These incentives are linked to scientific, institutional and economic factors. An essential component will be the development of markets that allow the trade of emission reductions from both the energy sector and the land-use change and forestry (LUCF) sector. Technical factors that will contribute to success include: creation and analysis of remote-sensing and socio-economic datasets to estimate credible baselines; development of simple and inexpensive techniques for measuring soil carbon; and development of agreed standards that relate land-use and biophysical characteristics of a site to carbon content. Much research is being done to address these factors, and monitoring and reporting systems for LUCF activities are operational under the Kyoto Protocol, but obstacles remain for widespread implementation. There is a window of opportunity for projects to be developed that restore degraded croplands, avoid deforestation and encourage reforestation. This opportunity has a limited life span that depends on the duration of the transition period to low-carbon energy technologies that will ultimately carry the burden of climate change mitigation.
Use of neural networks and neural network inverse in optimizing food processes.
Authors: Hernández J. A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Artificial neural networks (ANN) are widely accepted as a tool that offers an alternative way to tackle complex problems in optimizing the food processes. The interest in using ANN in optimization arises from their capacity to model without any assumptions about the nature of underlying mechanisms and their ability to take into account non-linearities and iterations between variables as well as to perform rapid calculations. They have been used in optimization of parameters, resulting in optimal production of the food preparation. ANN inverse (ANNi) is also being applied to optimize the operating conditions or parameters in food processes. ANNi is a new tool that inverts an ANN and uses an optimization method to find the optimum parameter value (or unknown parameter) for given required conditions in the processes. In order to perform ANNi, it is necessary to build the ANN that simulates the output parameters of a food process. In general, this class of ANN model is constituted of a feedforward network with one hidden layer, considering one or more well-known input parameter(s) of the process. Normally, a Levenberg-Marquardt learning algorithm, a hyperbolic tangent sigmoid and a linear transfer-function with several neurons in the hidden layer (because of the process complexity) are considered in the built model. With the required or optimized output and some input parameters in ANNi, it is possible to calculate the unknown input parameters. Consequently, the ANNi is applied to determine the optimal parameters and it already has applications in different process with very short elapsed time (seconds). The great advantage of using ANNi lies in the fact that it makes it faster and easier to predict optimal parameters to control the food preparation.
The application of RNA interference libraries to functional genomics studies in mammals.
Authors: Shen He Shen He , Fan Bin Fan Bin , Zhao ShuHong Zhao ShuHong 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) technology is a gene-silencing tool with high specificity and efficiency for gene function studies. The use of RNAi libraries, which is based on this technology, promotes the significance of RNAi in gene silencing, and furthermore it provides a basis for the large-scale gene function analyses and high-throughput gene scan studies. This paper reviews the several types of RNAi library preparation, their respective construction approaches and some critical issues during RNAi library construction.
Functions of glutamine in critical illness.
Authors: Eaton S. , Aufieri R. , Pierro A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The question of glutamine supplementation has long been of interest in the intensive care unit. Although many studies have been carried out, the results have been inconclusive. This may be because of the very wide variety of functions that glutamine performs and the heterogeneous nature of bodily dysfunction in the intensive care unit. In this paper, we review the functions of glutamine, with a particular focus on critical illness, and summarize the current knowledge regarding glutamine depletion during critical illness and the safety and efficacy of glutamine supplementation.
The potential for C
4
rice.
Authors: Liu Zheng Liu Zheng , Li RunZhi Li RunZhi 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

C
3
plants, especially some crops such as wheat, rice and soybean and potato, assimilate atmospheric CO
2
directly through the C
3
photosynthetic pathway. C
4
plants, such as maize and sugarcane, evolved independently at least 45 times from C
3
plants, acquired the C
4
photosynthetic pathway with increased photosynthesis efficiency, 50% higher than for C
3
plants. Transgenic C
3
rice lines overexpressing multiple C
4
enzymes are now being produced for improving rice photosynthesis and grain yield to meet the increasing demand of the world food. In this paper, we review recent advances in molecular engineering of C
4
genes in C
3
plants. Furthermore, we argue that the final solution to produce C
4
rice is dependent on mechanistic understanding of the following aspects: formation of Kranz structure, evolution of photorespiration or CO
2
concentration mechanism of single cell photosynthesis.
Mitigating the biodiversity impacts of oil palm development.
Authors: Yaap B. , Struebig M. J. , Paoli G. , Koh LianPin Koh LianPin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Impacts of oil palm plantation agriculture on biodiversity have proven severe, leading to increased human-wildlife conflict, homogenization of structurally and species diverse ecosystems, and destruction of habitat for globally threatened species. Growing international demand is likely to drive further expansion of this strategic commodity in producer countries. In response, a diverse set of tools and approaches with significant potential to mitigate future impacts have been developed and are being widely applied throughout Southeast Asia, the global centre of palm oil production. This paper aims to profile these mitigation tools, beginning first with a brief review of the documented biodiversity impacts of oil palm, followed by a description of conceptual frameworks for mitigation, and a critique of five emerging mitigation tools: (1) the High Conservation Value (HCV) approach, (2) land-use advocacy, (3) carbon offsets (4), biodiversity banking and (5) enhanced regulation and enforcement. A feature shared by all is the essential role played by civil society in the development and successful implementation of these tools. We conclude by highlighting further research needs and/or activist efforts most likely to yield lasting positive impacts to redirect the location, size and shape of the oil palm 'biodiversity footprint'.
Technical, epidemiological and financial implications of large-scale national vaccination campaigns to control HPAI H5N1.
Authors: Hinrichs J. , Otte J. , Rushton J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This paper reviews the literature on highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) vaccination of poultry and the resulting technical, epidemiological and financial implications for the control of HPAI H5N1 through national vaccination campaigns. Large-scale HPAI vaccination programmes have been implemented in a number of Southeast Asian countries and in Egypt, requiring substantial financial and human resources. HPAI remains endemic in these countries and it thus appears warranted to comprehensively assess all major aspects of large-scale vaccination campaigns for the control of HPAI. The paper reviews existing data and literature on HPAI vaccines, HPAI epidemics and large-scale HPAI H5N1 vaccination programmes and draws on calculations carried out by the authors to assess and evaluate the potential contribution and the financial implications of mass vaccination in the control of HPAI H5N1 in domestic poultry in developing countries. We conclude that the high and recurrent costs, technical difficulties and epidemiological drawbacks of large-scale, open-ended, blanket vaccination programmes in national efforts to control HPAI call for careful targeting of vaccination in national control strategies, which 'intelligently' combine available disease control measures.
What does it mean to be poor-framing differences and implications for development initiatives.
Authors: Misturelli F. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
'Poverty' is probably one of the most contested terms within development discourse. Development professionals have, over the years, attempted to capture the essence of what being poor means by applying a number of criteria focusing on economics and monetary factors, by defining basic needs, or concentrating on the capabilities of the poor. Lately, the notion that poverty is multidimensional and therefore cannot be reduced to a sum of lacks, but includes a number of material, social and psychological deprivations, has become widespread. However, using one or another definition is not without implication both for targeting and the solutions proposed. Indeed, the focus on the economic poverty implies a number of actions addressing economic issues, whereas the focus on the multidimensional aspects requires a wider perspective. An important point is to ensure that our notion of poverty corresponds to what poverty means to the poor. Indeed, with the inclusion of the 'voices of the poor', development professionals hoped to obtain a better understanding of the experience of poverty. Nevertheless, despite the efforts, the definition of poverty is still contested. Thus, the objective of the paper is to review the various notions of poverty presented within the development discourse and to discuss their implications for policy initiatives and development interventions.
Using electronic tongues and noses to assess food.
Authors: Rudnitskaya A. , Legin A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Electronic noses and tongues are analytical instruments based on an array of partially selective chemical sensors and multivariate data processing tools. They have become popular analytical tools during the last two decades and a wide range of applications have been reported. Such tasks as classification of samples according to the properties of interest, quantification, process control and taste and flavour prediction have been addressed. This review deals with the applications of electronic nose and tongue systems to the food analysis published in the last 5 years. The review is organized according to food type rather than type of system or analytical task. Also a brief history of the development of electronic noses and tongues is presented. An overview of existing sensor systems and types of sensors used in them is given together with the information about commercial instruments. Practical aspects of electronic nose and tongue application are briefly discussed.
Fat and taste perception.
Authors: Besnard P. , Gaillard D. , Passilly-Degrace P. , Martin C. , Chevrot M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
An obesity epidemic is spreading rapidly across the world, especially in children. It constitutes a major risk in serious diet-related chronic diseases, thus decreasing life expectancy. The origin of the obesity epidemic is clearly dependent on multiple parameters. Increased consumption of more energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods might be a contributory factor to the epidemic. Behavioural experiments in rats and mice show that both have a spontaneous preference for fatty foods. This lipid attraction is so strong that a mouse with free access to a source of oil in addition to standard laboratory chow becomes rapidly obese. In humans, studies also report that obese subjects have a greater preference than lean subjects for lipids. This last observation suggests that an inappropriate lipid perception might influence obesity risk by impacting feeding behaviour. Why we like fatty foods is not yet fully understood. Recent data demonstrate that low quantities of long-chain fatty acids can be specifically detected in the oral cavity by humans and laboratory rodents. Interestingly, lipid sensors have been found in rodent taste buds, suggesting that gustation can also play a role in the orosensory perception of lipids in combination with textural and olfactory cues. The sense of taste informs the organism about the quality of ingested food. It encompasses five sub-modalities: allowing the perception of sweet, salt, sour, bitter and umami stimuli. The discovery of lipid sensors raises the possibility for a sixth taste modality ('fatty') directed to dietary fat detection. This mini-review highlights recent findings in this new field of investigation in both rodents and humans.
Use of high-density marker genotyping for genetic improvement of livestock by genomic selection.
Authors: Dekkers J. C. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Genomic or whole-genome selection represents a technological development in the use of a large number of genetic markers for genetic improvement, which is expected to lead to a paradigm shift in the design and implementation of livestock breeding programmes. Genomic selection (GS) is based on the simultaneous use of large numbers (>50 000) of genetic markers for selection of individuals without phenotype and has been made possible by recent developments in genomics and in statistical methods for analysis and prediction. The objectives of this review are to describe the principles of whole-genome selection analyses, opportunities that are provided by GS to enhance and redesign breeding programmes, summarize results of recent implementations of GS analyses in dairy cattle and describe issues associated with current implementations of GS analyses. Finally, future avenues of research that can be pursued to address these issues and develop statistical methods and breeding programme designs that capitalize on the opportunities provided by GS are described.
Rice hoja blanca: a complex plant-virus-vector pathosystem.
Authors: Morales F. J. , Jennings P. R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Rice hoja blanca (RHB; white leaf) devastated rice (
Oryza sativa
) plantings in tropical America for half a century, before scientists could either identify its causal agent or understand the nature of its cyclical epidemics. The association of the planthopper
Tagosodes orizicolus
with RHB outbreaks, 20 years after its emergence in South America, suggested the existence of a viral pathogen. However,
T. orizicolus
could also cause severe direct feeding damage (hopperburn) to rice in the absence of hoja blanca, and breeders promptly realized that the genetic basis of resistance to these problems was different. Furthermore, it was observed that the causal agent of RHB could only be transmitted by a relatively low proportion of the individuals in any given population of
T. orizicolus
and that the pathogen was transovarially transmitted to the progeny of the planthopper vectors, affecting their normal biology. An international rice germplasm screening effort was initiated in the late 1950s to identify sources of resistance against RHB and the direct feeding damage caused by
T. orizicolus
, making better progress in the development of hopperburn-resistant than for hoja-blanca-resistant rice lines. In the 1980s, the identification of a novel virus as the causal agent of RHB, and genetic studies on the interaction of this virus with its planthopper vector, confirmed previous studies on the pathogenic nature of the virus to
T. orizicolus
and helped explain the cyclical nature of RHB epidemics. This disease is best controlled by hybridization of susceptible
indica
and resistant
japonica
rice genotypes and the adoption of integrated disease control practices.
System approach to sustainable management of inland floodplains - declaration on sustainable floodplain management.
Authors: Zalewski M. , Kiedrzyńska E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In the face of a dramatic acceleration of global environmental degradation and a progressing shortage of water and energy, there is increasing scientific evidence that the biogeosphere is a self-stabilizing system controlled by feedback mechanisms between climate, water and biota, which has developed during Earth's evolution. At present, we are in the Anthropocene period, during which 80% of Earth's surface has been influenced by human activities. Consequently, the natural homoeostatic regulation of hydrological and biogeochemical processes has been dramatically reduced, resulting in the decline of biodiversity and ecosystem services. River valleys and floodplains usually occupy lower elevations in the landscape and thus they are highly exposed to cumulative human impacts from the surrounding catchment, yet they are also havens for aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity and therefore should be-particularly protected, restored and managed. This paper introduces a new ecohydrological approach to sustainable management of inland floodplains and presents the general assumptions of the international Declaration on Sustainable Floodplain Management.
Embryo cryopreservation in domestic mammalian livestock species.
Authors: Youngs C. R. , Leibo S. P. , Godke R. A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The cryopreservation of preimplantation embryos of domestic mammalian livestock species has become a routine practice in animal production. Embryo cryopreservation is an integral part of genetic improvement programmes utilizing embryo transfer and also is vital to germplasm preservation programmes. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with the background and history of embryo cryopreservation as well as insights into current trends in the cryopreservation of preimplantation embryos of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses.
Pros and cons of somatic embryogenesis for mass multiplication of perennial plantation crops.
Authors: Sujatha R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Conventionally, horticultural plants have been produced in farmer-managed nurseries by seed propagation or using traditional vegetative propagation methods such as cutting, grafting, budding, etc. Plantation crops are perennial and must pass through a long juvenile phase of vegetative development before they are capable of seed production and propagation. In addition, it is not possible to obtain true-to-type plants by seed propagation in these crops because of cross pollination, which leads to high heterozygosity. Vegetative propagation through conventional methods cannot match the demand for elite genotypes for cultivation. However, in the recent past, propagation through biotechnological approaches has made a great contribution to large-scale production of plantation crops. Reproducible protocols of plant tissue culture that are cost effective and efficient will benefit the horticulture industry. During the last three decades, considerable evidence has accumulated to establish the embryogenic potential of somatic plant cells, and there has been an explosion in the number of species that form somatic embryos. This review gives an overview of general strategies followed in somatic embryogenesis and the progress made in important plantation crops.
Remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Authors: Xu XiaoWei Xu XiaoWei , Huang SuiLiang Huang SuiLiang , Scholz M. , Dong Yu Dong Yu 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Hydrocarbon pollution is a threat to the agricultural industry and the natural environment. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of persistent organic pollutants known for their carcinogenesis, teratogenesis and mutagenesis, making them harmful to humans and the ecological environment. This review paper critically assesses the environmental contamination issues associated with PAHs, with particular attention given to surface waters. An overview of the transport and transformation behaviours of various types of PAHs within surface waters, including the exchange between water and air, photodegradation, adsorption-desorption on particles, uptake by plants and biodegradation is given. Recent findings in areas such as phytoremediation and microbial degradation processes, which are relevant to agriculture, water resources management and environmental science, are highlighted. Finally, the paper recommends further research on the mechanisms of PAHs sorption to particles, and remediation and degradation of PAH by plants and microbes.
Hypothyroidism Is a Rare Cause of Isolated Constipation
Authors: Bennett William E. , Heuckeroth Robert O. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of constipation in children is high and accounts for a large percentage of pediatric and pediatric gastroenterology visits. Thyroid testing is frequently ordered to evaluate constipation and other gastrointestinal complaints in children. We reviewed all of the patients with thyroid testing ordered by our pediatric gastroenterology division during a 5‐year period. We found 873 patients on whom thyroid testing was performed, and 56 patients had evidence of hypothyroidism. Nine patients had constipation and clinically significant hypothyroidism in this group; however, only 1 child had constipation as their sole presenting symptom. The contribution of occult hypothyroidism to isolated constipation in children may have been previously overestimated.