bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histone deacetylase 1, 2, 6 and acetylated histone H4 in B‐ and T‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Marquard Lena , Poulsen Christian B , Gjerdrum Lise Mette , De Nully Brown Peter , Christensen Ib J , Jensen Peter B , Sehested Maxwell , Johansen Preben , Ralfkiær Elisabeth 
Published: April 2009

Aims:  Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are novel therapeutics in the treatment of peripheral T‐cell lymphoma, unspecified (PTCL) and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), where, for unknown reasons, T‐cell malignancies appear to be more sensitive than B‐cell malignancies. The aim was to determine HDAC expression in DLBCL and PTCL which has not previously been investigated.Methods and results:  The expression of HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC6 and acetylated histone H4 was examined immunohistochemically in 31 DLBCL and 45 PTCL. All four markers showed high expression in both DLBCL and PTCL compared with normal lymphoid tissue. HDAC1 was more abundantly expressed in PTCL than in DLBCL (P = 0.0046), whereas acetylated H4 was more frequent in DLBCL (P < 0.0001), the latter suggesting a mechanism for T‐cell lymphoma sensitivity to HDAC inhibitors. Moderate to strong HDAC6 expression was significantly correlated with favourable outcome (P = 0.016) in DLBCL patients, whereas the opposite effect was observed in PTCL patients (P < 0.0001). The other markers did not correlate with survival (P > 0.05).Conclusions:  HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC6 and acetylated H4 are overexpressed in DLBCL and PTCL relative to normal lymphoid tissue. Furthermore, HDAC6 may be an important prognostic marker associated with favourable outcome in DLBCL and a more aggressive course in PTCL.
Expression of multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 in invasive ovarian carcinoma: implication for prognosis
Authors: Faggad Areeg , Darb‐Esfahani Silvia , Wirtz Ralph , Sinn Bruno , Sehouli Jalid , Könsgen Dominique , Lage Hermann , Noske Aurelia , Weichert Wilko , Buckendahl Ann‐Christin , Budczies Jan , Müller Berit M , Elwali Nasr E , Dietel Manfred , Denkert Carsten 
Published: April 2009

Aims:  Multidrug resistance is a major impediment in chemotherapeutic treatment of ovarian carcinoma patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 (MRP1) and to assess the possible associations with clinicopathological variables and patient outcome in primary ovarian carcinoma.Methods and results:  Tumour specimens from 129 patients were obtained before chemotherapy and analysed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays, and by real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction on RNA extracted from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue specimens using a new technique. Significantly increased MRP1 protein expression was observed in high‐grade tumours (P = 0.005) and advanced International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics stages (P = 0.036). On univariate Kaplan–Meier analysis, patients with higher expression of MRP1 protein had significantly decreased overall survival (P = 0.006). On multivariate Cox regression analysis, MRP1 protein expression retained its significance as an independent negative prognostic marker for overall survival (hazard ratio = 6.52, P = 0.003). Furthermore, MRP1 expression correlated with topoisomerase IIα expression both at mRNA and protein level (P < 0.001 and P = 0.023, respectively).Conclusion:  In summary, in patients with primary ovarian cancer, overexpression of MRP1 is an adverse marker for patient outcome and cancer aggressiveness. Our data provide a translational basis for further clinical studies on the predictive value of MRP1 expression for response to chemotherapy.
Thermoregulation and habitat selection in wood turtles Glyptemys insculpta: chasing the sun slowly
Authors: Dubois Y. , Blouin‐Demers G. , Shipley B. , Thomas D. 
Published: April 2009

Summary

It is widely accepted that reptiles are able to regulate behaviourally their body temperature (Tb), but this generalization is primarily based on studies of lizards and snakes in the temperate zone. Because the precision of Tb regulation may vary considerably between taxa and over geographical ranges, studies of semi‐terrestrial turtles in climatic extremes are relevant to the understanding of reptilian thermoregulation.
We studied thermoregulation in 21 free‐ranging wood turtles (Glyptemys insculpta) at the northern limit of their range in Québec, using miniature data loggers to measure their internal Tb and external temperature (Text) continuously. We simultaneously recorded the available operative environmental temperature (Te) using 23 physical models randomly moved within each habitat type, and we located turtles using radiotelemetry.
The habitat used by wood turtles was thermally constraining and the target temperature (Tset) was only achievable by basking during a short 5‐h time window on sunny days. Wood turtles did show thermoregulatory abilities, as determined by the difference between turtle Tb distribution and the null distribution of Te that resulted in Tb closer to Tset. Although most individuals regulated their Tb between 09.00 h and 16.00 h on sunny days, regulation was imprecise, as indicated by an index of thermoregulation precision (| Tb – Tset |).
The comparison of habitat use to availability indicated selection of open habitats. The hourly mean shuttling index (| Text – Tb |) suggested that turtles used sun/shade shuttling from 09.00 to 16.00 h to elevate their Tb above mean Te.
Based on laboratory respirometry data, turtles increased their metabolic rate by 20–26% over thermoconformity, and thus likely increased their energy gain which is assumed to be constrained by processing rate at climatic extremes.
A transcriptomic analysis of land‐use impacts on the oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in the South Atlantic bight
Authors: CHAPMAN ROBERT W. , MANCIA ANNALAURA , BEAL MARION , VELOSO ARTUR , RATHBURN CHARLES , BLAIR ANNE , SANGER DENISE , HOLLAND A. F. , WARR GREGORY W. , DIDONATO GUY 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIncreasing utilization and human population density in the coastal zone is widely believed to place increasing stresses on the resident biota, but confirmation of this belief is somewhat lacking. While we have solid evidence that highly disturbed estuarine systems have dramatic changes in the resident biota (black and white if you will), we lack tools that distinguish the shades of grey. In part, this lack of ability to distinguish shades of grey stems from the analytical tools that have been applied to studies of estuarine systems, and perhaps more important, is the insensitivity of the biological end points that we have used to assess these impacts. In this study, we will present data on the phenotypic adjustments as measured by transcriptomic signatures of a resilient organism (oysters) to land‐use practices in the surrounding watershed using advanced machine‐learning algorithms. We will demonstrate that such an approach can reveal subtle and meaningful shifts in oyster gene expression in response to land use. Further, the data show that gill tissues are far more responsive and provide superior discrimination of land‐use classes than hepatopancreas and that transcripts encoding proteins involved in energy production, protein synthesis and basic metabolism are more robust indicators of land use than classic biomarkers such as metallothioneins, GST and cytochrome P‐450.
Sixty years of anthropogenic pressure: a spatio‐temporal genetic analysis of brown trout populations subject to stocking and population declines
Authors: HANSEN MICHAEL M. , FRASER DYLAN J. , MEIER KRISTIAN , MENSBERG KAREN‐LISE D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAnalyses of historical samples can provide invaluable information on changes to the genetic composition of natural populations resulting from human activities. Here, we analyse 21 microsatellite loci in historical (archived scales from 1927 to 1956) and contemporary samples of brown trout (Salmo trutta) from six neighbouring rivers in Denmark, to compare the genetic structure of wild populations before and after population declines and stocking with nonlocal strains of hatchery trout. We show that all populations have been strongly affected by stocking, with admixture proportions ranging from 14 to 64%. Historical population genetic structure was characterized by isolation by distance and by positive correlations between historical effective population sizes and habitat area within river systems. Contemporary population genetic structure still showed isolation by distance, but also reflected differences among populations in hatchery trout admixture proportions. Despite significant changes to the genetic composition within populations over time, dispersal rates among populations were roughly similar before and after stocking. We also assessed whether population declines or introgression by hatchery strain trout should be the most significant conservation concern in this system. Based on theoretical considerations, we argue that population declines have had limited negative effects for the persistence of adaptive variation, but admixture with hatchery trout may have resulted in reduced local adaptation. Collectively, our study demonstrates the usefulness of analysing historical samples for identifying the most important consequences of human activities on the genetic structure of wild populations.
Multilocus assignment analyses reveal multiple units and rare migration events in the recently expanded yellow‐eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes)
Authors: BOESSENKOOL SANNE , STAR BASTIAAN , WATERS JONATHAN M. , SEDDON PHILIP J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe identification of demographically independent populations and the recognition of management units have been greatly facilitated by the continuing advances in genetic tools. Managements units now play a key role in short‐term conservation management programmes of declining species, but their importance in expanding populations receives comparatively little attention. The endangered yellow‐eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) expanded its range from the subantarctic to New Zealand's South Island a few hundred years ago and this new population now represents almost half of the species’ total census size. This dramatic expansion attests to M. antipodes’ high dispersal abilities and suggests the species is likely to constitute a single demographic population. Here we test this hypothesis of panmixia by investigating genetic differentiation and levels of gene flow among penguin breeding areas using 12 autosomal microsatellite loci along with mitochondrial control region sequence analyses for 350 individuals. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, the analyses reveal two genetically and geographically distinct assemblages: South Island vs. subantarctic populations. Using assignment tests, we recognize just two first‐generation migrants between these populations (corresponding to a migration rate of < 2%), indicating that ongoing levels of long‐distance migration are low. Furthermore, the South Island population has low genetic variability compared to the subantarctic population. These results suggest that the South Island population was founded by only a small number of individuals, and that subsequent levels of gene flow have remained low. The demographic independence of the two populations warrants their designation as distinct management units and conservation efforts should be adjusted accordingly to protect both populations.
Functional and geographical differentiation of candidate balanced polymorphisms in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: REININGA JENNIFER M. , NIELSEN DAHLIA , PURUGGANAN MICHAEL D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMolecular population genetic analysis of three chromosomal regions in Arabidopsis thaliana suggested that balancing selection might operate to maintain variation at three novel candidate adaptive trait genes, including SOLUBLE STARCH SYNTHASE I (SSI), PLASTID TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE 7(PTAC7), and BELL‐LIKE HOMEODOMAIN 10 (BLH10). If balanced polymorphisms are indeed maintained at these loci, then we would expect to observe functional variation underlying the previously detected signatures of selection. We observe multiple replacement polymorphisms within and in the 32 amino acids just upstream of the protein–protein interacting BELL domain at the BLH10 locus. While no clear protein sequence differences are found between allele types in SSI and PTAC7, these two genes show evidence for allele‐specific variation in expression levels. Geographical patterns of allelic differentiation seem consistent with population stratification in this species and a significant longitudinal cline was observed at all three candidate loci. These data support a hypothesis of balancing selection at all three candidate loci and provide a basis for more detailed functional work by identifying possible functional differences that might be selectively maintained.
Risk factors for wheezing in Ukrainian children: Ukraine European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood Group
Authors: Hryhorczuk Daniel , Dardynskaia Irina , Lukyanova Elena , Matwyshyn‐Fuoco Marta , Friedman Lee , Shkiryak‐Nizhnyk Zoreslava , Zvinchuk Alexander , Chislovska Natalia , Antipkin Yuri 
Published: April 2009

SummaryThe prevalence of wheezing in children varies widely around the world. The reasons for this geographic variability remain unclear but may be related in part to exposures in the home environment during pregnancy and early childhood. We investigated the prenatal and early childhood risk factors for wheezing symptoms among 2127 children aged 6–8 years who were participants in the Ukrainian component of the European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ELSPAC). Cases included the 169 children whose parents answered yes to the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Children (ISAAC) question: ‘Has your child had wheezing or whistling in the chest in the past 12 months’ during the ELSPAC assessment of the children at age 7. These were compared with the 1861 children in the cohort whose parents answered ‘no’ to this question.Factors significantly associated with increased risk of wheezing illness at age 7 in adjusted analyses included mother's asthma [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22, 9.85]; mother's allergy problems (OR 1.43, [1.00, 2.05]); rarely playing with other children at age 3 (OR 1.84, [1.09, 3.11]); water intrusion (OR 1.62, [1.09, 2.39]) and inadequate heating of the home (OR 1.52, [1.06, 2.16]) during pregnancy. Factors protective of wheezing at age 7 included being first‐born (adjusted OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50, 0.98); living in the city of Dniprodzerzynsk as compared with Kyiv (OR 0.36, [0.24, 0.54]) and weekly contact with furry animals (OR 0.44, [0.20, 0.97]) before age 3. The constellation of risk factors for wheezing in Ukrainian children is similar to that of children in other parts of the world. Known risk factors do not account for the significant between‐city variability of wheezing in Ukrainian children.
Enzyme patterns of dermatophytes
Authors: Brasch J. , Zaldua M. 
Published: April 2009

Summary. Exoenzymes produced by common dermatophytes, in addition to their ability to cause cutaneous inflammation, are thought to contribute to fungal spread. To investigate the patterns of enzymes released by common dermatophytes as well as Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, the fungi were grown in liquid media containing either hair, stratum corneum, neopeptone or lipids, or in RPMI medium. Enzymes recovered from the culture supernatants were compared using the Apizym test. As a result, the widest range of enzymes was seen in protein‐containing media, with a maximum of 13 enzymes stimulated by growth on hair. Dermatophytes in all protein media produced high levels of alkaline phosphatase, esterases and leucine arylamidase. In these media the highest total enzymatic activity was released by Microsporum canis, whereas the lowest was released by Epidermophyton floccosum. Although RPMI broth stimulated luxuriant growth of all species, recovery was limited to a maximum of six enzymes. In lipid medium E. floccosum and M. canis failed to grow. When comparing the various nutrients, Scopulariopsis released fewer enzymes than the dermatophytes and only minor quantities of alkaline phosphatase. We conclude that alkaline phosphatase, esterases and leucine arylamidase may be important for the parasitic growth of dermatophytes. The total enzymatic activity of dermatophytes appears to be correlated with the intensity of cutaneous inflammation. Furthermore, enzyme measurements may be helpful for species identification.Zusammenfassung. Exoenzyme von Dermatophyten tragen sowohl zum Wachstum der Pilze in der Haut bei als auch zur kutanen Entzündungsreaktion. Um die Enzymmuster häufiger Dermatophyten und von Scopulariopsis brevicaulis zu bestimmen, wurden die Erreger in Nährlösungen mit entweder Haar, Stratum corneum, Neopepton oder Fetten, sowie in RPMI‐Medium gezüchtet. Die Enzyme in den Kulturüberständen wurden mit Hilfe des Api‐zymR Tests verglichen. Die breitesten Spektren mit bis zu 13 Enzymen wurden von Haaren induziert, gefolgt von den anderen Proteinsubstraten. In diesen Medien wurden für alle Dermatophyten hohe Aktivitäten von alkalischer Phosphatase, Esterasen und Leucinarylamidase gemessen. Die höchste Gesamtenzymaktivität in den Proteinmedien wurde von Microsporum canis, die geringste von Epidermophyton floccosum freigesetzt. Alle Arten wuchsen gut in RPMI‐Medium, wenngleich dabei maximal nur 6 Enzyme nachweisbar waren. Im Lipidmedium wuchsen E. floccosum und M. canis nicht. Unter Berücksichtigung aller Nährmedien setzte Scopulariopsis insgesamt eine geringere Zahl von Enzymen frei als die Dermatophyten und nur eine niedrige Aktivität von alkalischer Phosphatase. Nach unseren Ergebnissen könnten besonders alkalische Phosphatase, Esterasen und Leucinarylamidase für das parasitäre Wachstum von Dermatophyten bedeutsam sein. Die Enzymaktivität von Dermatophyten scheint mit der Intensität der kutanen Entzündung zu korrelieren. Enzymmusterbestimmungen könnten außerdem hilfreich bei der Artdifferenzierung sein.
Comparison of in vitro antifungal activity of itraconazole and hydroxy‐itraconazole by colorimetric MTT assay
Authors: Mikami Y. , Sakamoto T. , Yazawa K. , Gonoi T. , Ueno Y. , Hasegawa S. 
Published: April 2009

Summary. The in vitro antifungal activities of itraconazole and its active hydroxyl metabolite, hydroxy‐itraconazole (R 63372), against Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans were compared by visual assessment of growth as well as by colorimetric MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H tetrazolium bromide] assay using microtitre plates containing four different media. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) end points determined by the colorimetric MTT assay correlated well with those obtained by visual assay. The two drugs showed different MIC values depending on the medium used. The activity of itraconazole was equal to or greater than the activity of hydroxy‐itraconazole against most of the fungi tested. Both drugs showed lower MIC values against A. fumigatus*** and Cr. neoformans in brain heart infusion broth (BHI) medium than in yeast nitrogen base (YNBG) medium, Sabouraud glucose broth (SAB) or “synthetic amino acid medium, fungal” (SAAMF). However, the MIC end point of these drugs against C. albicans in BHI and SAB media was difficult to determine visually as well as by MTT assay. In C. albicans, the MTT assay method using SAAMF and YNBG media is recommended for the determination of MICs.Zusammenfassung. Die antimyzetische Aktivität von Itraconazol und seinem aktiven Metaboliten Hydroxy‐Itraconazol (R 63372) gegen Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans und Cryptococcus neoformans wurde vergleichend in vier verschiedenen Medien auf Mikrotiterplatten sowohl durch visuelle Wachstumsablesung als auch im kolorimetrischen MTT‐Test [3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazoliumbromid] bestimmt. Die MHK‐Endpunkte im MTT‐Test korrelierten gut mit der visuellen Ablesung. Die beiden Substanzen zeigten in Abhängigkeit von den benutzten Medien unterschiedliche MHK‐Werte. Itraconazol war gegenüber den meisten geprüften Pilzstämmen gleich oder höher aktiv als Hydroxy‐Itraconazol. Beide Substanzen ergaben niedrigere MHK‐Werte gegen A. fumigatus und Cr. neoformans in Brain‐Heart‐Infusion‐Medium (BHI) im Vergleich zu Yeast‐Nitrogen‐Base‐Medium (YNBG), Sabouraud‐Glucose‐Bouillon (SAB) und Synthetischem Aminosäuren‐Medium fungal (SAAMF). Die MHK‐Endpunkte waren bei C. albicans jedoch in BHI‐ und SAB‐Medium schwieriger visuell als im MTT‐Test abzulesen. Für C. albicans wird daher der MTT‐Test in SAAMF oder in YNBG zur MHK‐Bestimmung empfohlen.
Fluconazole‐resistant oral candidosis in a repeatedly treated female AIDS patient
Authors: Thoma‐Greber Eva , Korting H. C. , Bogner J. , Goebel F.‐D. 
Published: April 2009

Summary. A 29‐year‐old female suffering from full‐blown AIDS received fluconazole 400 mg day‐1 for a long period for treatment of oral candidosis, pseudomembranous type. She had previously received this drug repeatedly for the same reason, yet manifest disease persisted. She was therefore put on parenteral amphotericin B, which led to clinical, but not mycological, cure in the short term. IC30 testing revealed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) > 128 μg ml‐1 for fluconazole. The isolate, however, was susceptible in vitro to ketoconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B. The same antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was found with a second isolate obtained later. Resistance to fluconazole might become a major problem in HIV‐infected patients receiving this drug for long periods.Zusammenfassung. Eine 29‐jährige manifest an AIDS erkrankte Patientin erhielt 400 mg Fluconazol per os über längere Zeit zur Behandlung einer oralen Candidose vom pseudomembranösen Typ. Eine daraufhin erfolgte Umstellung der Therapie auf Amphotericin B parenteral führte zur klinischen, nicht aber zur mykologischen Heilung in der kurzen Frist. Die IC30‐Testung des Candida albicans‐Isolates erbrachte eine minimale Hemmkonzentration (MHK) für Fluconazol von > 128 μg ml‐1. Das Isolat war demgegenüber in vitro empfindlich gegenüber Ketoconazol, Itraconazol und Amphotericin B. Korrespondierende Empfindlichkeit wies auch ein konsekutives Isolat aus. Fluconazol‐Resistenz könnte ein größeres Problem bei HIV‐infizierten Patienten werden, die dieses Medikament über längere Zeit erhalten.
Isoconazole nitrate in the treatment of tropical dermatomycoses
Authors: Gugnani H. C. , Akpata L. E. , Gugnani M. K. , Srivastava R. 
Published: April 2009

Summary. A total of 54 patients with culturally proven tropical dermatomycoses, comprising 23 with various types of dermatophytoses, one with foot infection due to Trichosporon beigelii and one with foot infection due to Geotrichum candidum, two with candidoses of the groin and 27 with pityriasis versicolor, were included in a clinical trial of efficacy of 1% isoconazole cream (TravogenR, Schering, Berlin, Germany). Five patients were not evaluable. A clinical and mycological cure was achieved in 29 cases in 3–4 weeks. In 15 (31%) of the remaining patients treatment was required for 5–6 weeks, while another three patients required treatment for 8 weeks. In two patients the disease proved to be resistant to treatment with the drug.Zusammenfassung. Insgesamt 54 Patienten mit kulturell gesicherter Dermatomykose, (23 unterschiedliche Dermatophytosen, eine Trichosporon beigelii‐ und eine Geotrichum candidum‐Fußinfektion, 2 Candidosen der Leistengegend und 27 Pityriasis versicolor) wurden in einer klinischen Wirksamkeits‐studie mit 1% iger Isoconazol‐Creme (TravogenR, Schering, Berlin, Deutschland) behandelt. Fünf Patienten waren nicht auswertbar. Eine klinische und mykologische Heilung wurde bei 47 von 49 Patienten (96%) erreicht. Bei 29 patienten (59%) wurde die Heilung bereits nach 3–4 Wochen Behandlung erreicht. Weitere 15 Patienten (31%) benötigten 5–6 Wochen und drei Patienten 8 Wochen Behandlungsdauer. Zwei Mykosesituationen erwiesen sich als therapieresistent.