bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Is a Target Antigen for Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Delong Thomas , Baker Rocky L. , Reisdorph Nichole , Reisdorph Richard , Powell Roger L. , Armstrong Michael , Barbour Gene , Bradley Brenda , Haskins Kathryn 
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE
To investigate autoantigens in β-cells, we have used a panel of pathogenic T-cell clones that were derived from the NOD mouse. Our particular focus in this study was on the identification of the target antigen for the highly diabetogenic T-cell clone BDC-5.2.9.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
To purify β-cell antigens, we applied sequential size exclusion chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to membrane preparations of β-cell tumors. The presence of antigen was monitored by measuring the interferon-γ production of BDC-5.2.9 in response to chromatographic fractions in the presence of NOD antigen-presenting cells. Peak antigenic fractions were analyzed by ion-trap mass spectrometry, and candidate proteins were further investigated through peptide analysis and, where possible, testing of islet tissue from gene knockout mice.

RESULTS
Mass-spectrometric analysis revealed the presence of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) in antigen-containing fractions. Confirmation of IAPP as the antigen target was demonstrated by the inability of islets from IAPP-deficient mice to stimulate BDC-5.2.9 in vitro and in vivo and by the existence of an IAPP-derived peptide that strongly stimulates BCD-5.2.9.

CONCLUSIONS
IAPP is the target antigen for the diabetogenic CD4 T-cell clone BDC-5.2.9.
Rural markets in North Africa and the political economy of the roman Empire
Authors: Shaw Brent D. 
Published: July 2011

Les marchés ruraux périodiques représentent une institution sociale et économique des plus importantes, mais peu étudiée, de l'Afrique du Nord antique. L'auteur en examine les caractéristiques à la lumière de celles, dégagées récemment par l'ethnologie, d'une institution homologue bien connue du Maghreb : le souk. Il définit ensuite comme un trait distinctif de ces marchés africains antiques leur périodicité : aux foires annuelles des régions montagneuses restées en marge de l'autorité romaine, s'oppose le type du marché bi-mensuel attesté dans certaines villes et surtout sur le territoire des grands domaines.
Loin de se réduire aux échanges commerciaux, les fonctions des nundinae étaient multiples. Elles sont mises en relation par l'auteur avec les divers aspects de l'économie domaniale et avec l'impact administratif romain : contrôle des communications et de la main d'œuvre, facilités offertes au prélèvement des impôts et des taxes, place de choix dans l'expression des rites locaux et des croyances nouvelles. Les implications politiques et culturelles de l'organisation des marchés périodiques sont donc de la plus haute importance, ceux-ci étant comme un substitut rural de la ville.
Il en résulte une rupture du comput traditionnel local des jours de marché, au travers de laquelle se devine un remaniement du régime économique pré-romain, qui aboutira à une division de l'espace rural selon les exigences du système domanial.
C'est encore comme un centre névralgique de la vie des campagnes que le marché périodique est perçu par l'auteur à l'occasion des troubles sociaux et religieux de l'époque chrétienne.
En conclusion l'auteur s'interroge sur le rôle de relais de ces marchés ruraux considérés dans l'ensemble de l'économie antique. Il souligne le fait que leur structure même s'opposait à la généralisation d'une économie de marché contrôlée par la ville.
Sustained HCV Clearance by Interferon-Based Therapy Reduces Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hepatitis B and C Dually-Infected Patients
Authors: Hung Chao-Hung , Lu Sheng-Nan , Wang Jing-Houng , Hu Tsung-Hui , Chen Chien-Hung , Huang Chao-Min , Lee Chuan-Mo 
Published: July 2011

Background Recent studies have indicated that interferon (IFN) or pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin therapy can achieve sustained virological response (SVR) against HCV equally in dual HBV–HCV infection and in HCV monoinfection. Whether these therapies can reduce hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in dual HBV–HCV infection remains unclear. Methods A total of 135 dually-infected patients with active hepatitis C receiving IFN or PEG-IFN plus ribavirin therapy were enrolled. The cumulative incidence of HCC was compared to that in 1,470 HCV-monoinfected patients. Results Based on the Cox proportional hazards model, dual infection was an independent factor for HCC development in all 1,605 chronic hepatitis C patients with or without positive hepatitis B surface antigen receiving IFN or PEG-IFN plus ribavirin (hazard ratio (HR)=1.864, 95% CI 1.052–3.303; P=0.033). In dually-infected patients, HCC developed in 4 of 96 with HCV SVR and 11 of 39 without HCV SVR ( P<0.001) after a median follow-up of 4.6 years. Age (HR=1.175, 95% CI 1.070–1.291; P=0.001) and non-HCV-SVR (HR=7.874, 95% CI 2.375–26.32; P=0.001) were independent factors for HCC development. Subgroup analysis showed that HCC occurrence was lower in patients with HCV SVR and HBV DNA levels <2,000 IU/ml at the end of treatment or follow-up compared to those with HCV SVR and HBV DNA levels ≥2,000 IU/ml ( P=0.034) and those without HCV SVR ( P<0.001). Conclusions Sustained HCV clearance by IFN or PEG-IFN plus ribavirin therapy may significantly reduce HCC in HBV–HCV dually-infected patients, whereas persistence or reactivation of HBV decreases the benefit of HCV SVR.
L'échange postmoderne
Authors: Cuartas Pablo 
Published: July 2011

Résumé Qu’est-ce qu’un échange postmoderne ? Faussement simple, la question implique l’analyse d’une opposition entre deux systèmes de pensée. D’une part, l’échange moderne fondé sur l’utilitarisme, la distinction et le rationalisme ; d’autre part, l’échange postmoderne exercé grâce à la valeur symbolique des objets, le principe de perte et le retour de l’imaginaire. Pour mener le contraste jusqu’au bout, on propose ici trois questions visant à préciser la spécificité des échanges postmodernes : Quelle est l’essence des « échanges postmodernes » ? (Perspective phénoménologique). Ensuite, comment penser aux échanges postmodernes ? (Perspective théorique). Et finalement, quel est un exemple concret des échanges postmodernes ? (Perspective sociologique).
Médiatisation de la vie publique : introduction à la problématique
Authors: Molęda-Zdziech Małgorzata 
Published: July 2011

Résumé Dans l’article, je vous présenterai le concept de la médiatisation qui englobe le changement du rôle des médias et de leurs influences croissantes sur l’individu et sur toutes les dimensions de la vie. J’examinerai les notions de « tabloïdisation » et de « l’info-divertissement » (ang. infotainment) comme deux tendances globales et dominantes dans les médias contemporains. Je poserai la question de la diminution du rôle des autorités (leader d’opinion) et envisagerai l’apparition des célébrités (ang. celebrities) qui reprennent leurs rôles.
Le flâneur urbain et la masse-nomade. Réflexion inspirée des textes de Benjamin et de Kracauer dans les années 1920-1930
Authors: Lee Changnam 
Published: July 2011

Résumé Cet article est une recherche socio-historique sur le flâneur parisien du XIX e siècle qui est un prototype de la masse-nomade dans les domaines culturels au début du XX e siècle. En nous référant à Benjamin et ses descriptions de flâneurs et de flâneries, nous poursuivons le processus de transformation de flâneur en homme-sandwich. Ce processus où décroît la socialité se fait parallèlement avec la rationalisation sociale. En nous penchant sur un problème de socialité, nous examinons les recherches de Kracauer sur les activités culturelles de la masse et principalement celles des employés qui les amènent à devenir nomades et font renaître la socialité perdue, et les rassemblent comme les tribus autour de films, sports, voyages, etc. Ces phénomènes nous amènent à suggérer le « retour du flâneur ». Enfin, nous cherchons à trouver les significations actuelles de la flânerie dans notre époque de transnationalisation avec le développement de l’internet et les compagnies aériennes à bon marché.
Neurosciences, pensée systémique et pratiques thérapeutiques
Authors: Delage Michel 
Published: July 2011

Ce travail part de l’idée que les liens interhumains ont des sources biologiques. Ils relèvent de la mise en jeu de « systèmes motivationnels » sélectionnés par l’évolution, nécessaires à la survie de l’espèce et développés chez chacun d’entre nous au cours de l’ontogenèse. On peut aujourd’hui décrire comme « systèmes motivationnels » l’empathie, l’intersubjectivité et l’attachement. Leur étude permet de dégager les éléments d’une « neurobiologie relationnelle » et une théorisation de la régulation et de la mentalisation des émotions dans la famille. On peut alors dégager quelques principes d’une « thérapie familiale émotionnelle systémique » dont la principale caractéristique est de chercher à penser ensemble le monde interne de chacun et les relations interpersonnelles. Des interventions thérapeutiques peuvent être construites en utilisant notamment un ensemble de données issues de la théorie de l’attachement.
Choisir ses représentations dans la relation d'aide au service de plus de confort et d'efficacité
Authors: Dellucci Hélène , Wolf Ferdinand 
Published: July 2011

Choisir ses représentations dans la relation d’aide au service de plus de confort et d’efficacité. – Quelles représentations avons-nous des personnes que nous rencontrons ? Et quels effets ces représentations ont-elles sur la relation d’aide, le travail de réseau, la thérapie auprès d’une famille, d’un couple ou d’une personne ? La recherche en psychologie sociale nous fournit quelques réponses. La clinique systémique nous permet de transposer ces résultats dans les dispositifs que nous rencontrons, quels qu’ils soient. Quelles pistes pouvons-nous alors dégager, afin de faciliter la prise en charge de ceux dont les situations nous mettent le plus à mal ? Comment construire un cadre qui permette aux praticiens, qu’ils soient éducateurs, travailleurs sociaux, superviseurs ou thérapeutes, de choisir des représentations utiles pour la rencontre avec les personnes dont ils s’occupent ? Cet article propose entre autres des représentations sous forme d’hypothèses de travail a priori, permettant de guider la perception, la réflexion et l’intervention des professionnels vers plus de confort et d’efficacité.
NF-κB Signaling Participates in Both RANKL- and IL-4–Induced Macrophage Fusion: Receptor Cross-Talk Leads to Alterations in NF-κB Pathways
Authors: Yu Minjun , Qi Xiulan , Moreno Jose L. , Farber Donna L. , Keegan Achsah D. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractNF-κB activation is essential for receptor activator for NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation. IL-4 is known to inhibit the RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation while at the same time promoting macrophage fusion to form multinucleated giant cells (MNG). Several groups have proposed that IL-4 inhibition of osteoclastogenesis is mediated by suppressing the RANKL-induced activation of NF-κB. However, we found that IL-4 did not block proximal, canonical NF-κB signaling. Instead, we found that IL-4 inhibited alternative NF-κB signaling and induced p105/50 expression. Interestingly, in nfκb1−/− bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM), the formation of both multinucleated osteoclast and MNG induced by RANKL or IL-4, respectively, was impaired. This suggests that NF-κB signaling also plays an important role in IL-4–induced macrophage fusion. Indeed, we found that the RANKL-induced and IL-4–induced macrophage fusion were both inhibited by the NF-κB inhibitors IκB kinase 2 inhibitor and NF-κB essential modulator inhibitory peptide. Furthermore, overexpression of p50, p65, p52, and RelB individually in nfκb1−/− or nfκb1+/+ BMM enhanced both giant osteoclast and MNG formation. Interestingly, knockdown of nfκb2 in wild-type BMM dramatically enhanced both osteoclast and MNG formation. In addition, both RANKL- and IL-4–induced macrophage fusion were impaired in NF-κB–inducing kinase−/− BMM. These results suggest IL-4 influences NF-κB pathways by increasing p105/p50 and suppressing RANKL-induced p52 translocation and that NF-κB pathways participate in both RANKL- and IL-4–induced giant cell formation.
Prevention of Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Septic Mice with Cancer Increases Mortality
Authors: Fox Amy C. , Breed Elise R. , Liang Zhe , Clark Andrew T. , Zee-Cheng Brendan R. , Chang Katherine C. , Dominguez Jessica A. , Jung Enjae , Dunne W. Michael , Burd Eileen M. , Farris Alton B. , Linehan David C. , Coopersmith Craig M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLymphocyte apoptosis is thought to have a major role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. However, there is a disconnect between animal models of sepsis and patients with the disease, because the former use subjects that were healthy prior to the onset of infection while most patients have underlying comorbidities. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lymphocyte apoptosis prevention is effective in preventing mortality in septic mice with preexisting cancer. Mice with lymphocyte Bcl-2 overexpression (Bcl-2-Ig) and wild type (WT) mice were injected with a transplantable pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line. Three weeks later, after development of palpable tumors, all animals received an intratracheal injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Despite having decreased sepsis-induced T and B lymphocyte apoptosis, Bcl-2-Ig mice had markedly increased mortality compared with WT mice following P. aeruginosa pneumonia (85 versus 44% 7-d mortality; p = 0.004). The worsened survival in Bcl-2-Ig mice was associated with increases in Th1 cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and decreased production of the Th2 cytokine IL-10 in stimulated splenocytes. There were no differences in tumor size or pulmonary pathology between Bcl-2-Ig and WT mice. To verify that the mortality difference was not specific to Bcl-2 overexpression, similar experiments were performed in Bim−/− mice. Septic Bim−/− mice with cancer also had increased mortality compared with septic WT mice with cancer. These data demonstrate that, despite overwhelming evidence that prevention of lymphocyte apoptosis is beneficial in septic hosts without comorbidities, the same strategy worsens survival in mice with cancer that are given pneumonia.
Affirmation originaire, attestation et reconnaissance: Le cheminement de l'anthropologie philosophique ricœurienne
Authors: Amalric Jean-Luc 
Published: July 2011

Through an analysis of the concepts of originary affirmation, attestation and recognition, this article aims at redefining the meaning and motivations of the reflexive progress that leads Ricœur from Faillible Man to Oneself as Another and to The Course of Recognition. To that purpose, the article first tries to show the profound continuity of the Ricœurian anthropological project, both in its problematics and in method; it then tries to elucidate the central difficulties inherent in the idea of a poetic constitution of the self that lead Ricœur to elaborate anew the key concepts of his hermeneutics of the self. In light of Ricœur’s constant dialogue with Nabert’s philosophy, it finally attempts to show how the concepts of attestation and recognition essentially originate in a closer examination of the notion of originary affirmation, itself extended by a reflection on testimony.A travers une analyse des concepts d’affirmation originaire, d’attestation et de reconnaissance, cet article tente de reconstituer le sens et les motivations du cheminement réflexif qui conduit Ricœur de L’Homme faillible à Soi-même comme un autre et à Parcours de la reconnaissance. Pour ce faire, il s’efforce d’abord de montrer ce qui fait la continuité profonde, de problématique et de méthode, du projet anthropologique ricœurien; afin de dégager ensuite les difficultés centrales liées à l’idée d’une constitution poétique du soi, qui conduisent Ricœur à réélaborer les concepts directeurs de son herméneutique du soi. A la lumière du dialogue constant de Ricœur avec la philosophie de Nabert, il tente enfin de montrer comment les concepts d’attestation et de reconnaissance trouvent, pour l’essentiel, leur genèse dans un approfondissement de la notion d’affirmation originaire, lui-même prolongé par une réflexion sur le témoignage.
Accuracy and results of photopic flash electroretinogram performed with skin electrodes in infants
Authors: Quoc Emmanuel Bui , Albuisson Eliane , Ingster-Moati Isabelle 
Published: July 2011

Purpose As it is not always possible to use corneal electrodes for recording electroretinograms (ERG) in children, it is necessary to check the feasibility of performing ERG with skin electrodes and to try to establish normative data. Methods Fifty-one healthy children (aged 7-11 years) were recruited. Cone ERG and 30-Hz flicker ERG were recorded with one active skin electrode positioned over the lower eyelid and a reference electrode at the outer canthus of the eye. Responses were recorded to full-field stimuli. Correlations between results of both eyes were studied. Results were compared to normative data obtained with corneal electrodes. Results Cone ERG response was obtained in 100/102 eyes. Flicker ERG was obtained in 88/102 eyes. No correlation between eyes was found for the a-wave latency, the a-wave amplitude, and the latency of the flicker. Mean b-wave implicit time of the cone ERG was 38.71±1.6 ms; the median of its amplitude was 10.0 µV. The median of the amplitude of the flicker ERG was 12.55 µV. Conclusions Amplitudes are significantly reduced, with a scaling factor of 8.75 for the b-wave amplitude of the cone ERG compared to corneal electrodes (9.6 for the a-wave amplitude and 8.87 for the flicker amplitude). Our study contributes to the establishment of normative data for skin electrode ERG. It emphasizes the feasibility and accuracy of this method. It is very useful to assess the normality of the ERG in many clinical situations, such as nystagmus and suspicion of delayed visual maturation.
The Interaction between Specific and General Information in Category Learning and Representation: Unitization and Parallel Interactive Processing
Authors: Nahinsky Irwin D. , Harbison J. Isaiah 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
We investigated the effects of specific stimulus information on the use of rule information in a category learning task in 2 experiments, one presented here and an intercategory transfer task reported in an earlier article. In the present experiment photograph–name combinations, called identifiers, were associated with 4 demographic attributes. The same attribute information was shown to all participants. However, for one group of participants, half of the identifiers were paired with attribute values repeated over presentation blocks. For the other group the identifier information was new for each presentation block. The first group performed less well than the second group on stimuli with nonrepeated identifiers, indicating a negative effect of specific stimulus information on processing rule information. Application of a network model to the 2 experiments, which provided for the growth of connections between attribute values in learning, indicated that repetition of identifiers produced a unitizing effect on stimuli. Results suggested that unitization produced interference through connections between irrelevant attribute values.
Intention to Respond in a Special Way Offers Some Protection Against Forgetting Associations
Authors: Bourne Lyle E. , Healy Alice F. , Bonk William J. , Buck-Gengler Carolyn J. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
In a continuous memory-updating paradigm, subjects studied name–color associations and were tested later for the color associate given the name. The default color response was made in one location, but on predesignated trials the response was required to be made in a special location. Memory for the color associated with a given name was assessed after short and long retention intervals when both default and special responses were required. Separate measures were examined of memory for the intention to respond in a particular way (default or special) and of memory for the color associations paired with the names. Memory for color associates was better overall with short than with long retention intervals and was better when special (rather than default) responses were required, especially at the long retention interval. These results imply that the requirement to respond in a special way protects associations from loss due to forgetting.
Working Memory and Sequence Learning in the Hebb Digits Task: Awareness Is Predicted by Individual Differences in Operation Span
Authors: Weitz Dawn , O’Shea Geoffrey , Zook Nancy , Needham William 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
We examined the extent to which individual differences contribute to performance in a task considered to index implicit learning, the Hebb Digits task. Although Hebb Digits learning is considered to be equivalent for those with implicit and explicit knowledge of the repeating digit pattern, this study found that participants who developed explicit knowledge showed learning, whereas those without explicit knowledge did not. Additionally, participants who developed explicit knowledge outperformed participants without explicit knowledge on working memory measures, specifically the Automated Operation Span Task total correct score and absolute score. However, no significant differences were found between those who did and who did not develop explicit knowledge on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Task–Revised, which uses delayed recall to index long-term memory. These results suggest that learning and awareness in the Hebb Digits task relies on individual differences in working memory capacity.
Note Taking, Review, Memory, and Comprehension
Authors: Bohay Mark , Blakely Daniel P. , Tamplin Andrea K. , Radvansky Gabriel A. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
In previous work assessing memory at various levels of representation, namely the surface form, textbase, and situation model levels, participants read texts but were otherwise not actively engaged with the texts. The current study tested the influence of active engagement with the material via note taking, along with the opportunity to review such notes, and the modality of presentation (text vs. spoken). The influence of these manipulations was assessed both immediately and 1 week later. In Experiment 1 participants read a text, whereas in Experiment 2 participants watched a video recording of the material being read as a lecture. For each experiment the opportunity to take notes was manipulated within participants, and the opportunity to review these notes before the test was manipulated between participants. Note taking improved performance at the situation model level in both experiments, although there was also some suggestion of benefit for the surface form. Thus, active engagement with material, such as note taking, appears to have the greatest benefit at the deeper levels of understanding.
Dispositional Empathy and the Hierarchical Structure of Personality
Authors: Mooradian Todd A. , Davis Mark , Matzler Kurt 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Personality psychology has recognized a fundamental 5-factor structure that has integrated and organized theory and research. Nevertheless, personality-like differences beyond that structure have been identified. In heretofore unrelated research, dispositional empathy has been an essential construct in understanding human development, behavior, and interpersonal relationships. Addressing a gap in the literature, we map multidimensional dispositional empathy into 2 versions of the 5-factor space. Empathic concern is closely related to agreeableness, and personal distress is closely related to neuroticism. Perspective taking has complex, interstitial relationships with the 5 factors. In contrast, fantasy is not well explained by the 5 factors. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding dispositional empathy and for understanding the 5-factor structure, its correlates in emotional processes and experiences, and its limits.