bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Has support for Social Security declined? Attitudes toward the public pension scheme in the USA, 2000 and 2010
Authors: Quadagno Jill , Pederson JoEllen 
Published: April 2012

Quadagno J, Pederson J. Has support for Social Security declined? Attitudes toward the public pension scheme in the USA, 2000 and 2010Given rising public budgets and population aging, many nations have made significant changes to their public pensions. Between 2000 and 2010, the USA experienced an economic crisis as deep as the Great Depression of the 1930s. Yet despite charges that Social Security, the public pension benefit, was responsible for the federal deficit, no reforms were enacted during this period. This study used the General Social Survey for 2000 and 2010 to determine whether public support for Social Security has declined and whether attitudes have changed among some groups more than others. Between 2000 and 2010, attitudes have shifted somewhat toward the view that too much is being spent on Social Security. The shift is greatest among the young and those who believe in less government. Despite this shift, the vast majority of citizens still believe that the government is spending too little or just the right amount.
Stratum corneum dysfunction in dandruff
Authors: Turner G. A. , Hoptroff M. , Harding C. R. 
Published: April 2012

SynopsisDandruff is characterized by a flaky, pruritic scalp and affects up to half the world’s population post‐puberty. The aetiology of dandruff is multifactorial, influenced by Malassezia, sebum production and individual susceptibility. The commensal yeast Malassezia is a strong contributory factor to dandruff formation, but the presence of Malassezia on healthy scalps indicates that Malassezia alone is not a sufficient cause. A healthy stratum corneum (SC) forms a protective barrier to prevent water loss and maintain hydration of the scalp. It also protects against external insults such as microorganisms, including Malassezia, and toxic materials. Severe or chronic barrier damage can impair proper hydration, leading to atypical epidermal proliferation, keratinocyte differentiation and SC maturation, which may underlie some dandruff symptoms. The depleted and disorganized structural lipids of the dandruff SC are consistent with the weakened barrier indicated by elevated transepidermal water loss. Further evidence of a weakened barrier in dandruff includes subclinical inflammation and higher susceptibility to topical irritants. We are proposing that disruption of the SC of the scalp may facilitate dandruff generation, in part by affecting susceptibility to metabolites from Malassezia. Treatment of dandruff with cosmetic products to directly improve SC integrity while providing effective antifungal activity may thus be beneficial.
The origin and evolution of the ectodermal placodes
Authors: Graham Anthony , Shimeld Sebastian M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMany of the features that distinguish the vertebrates from other chordates are found in the head. Prominent amongst these differences are the paired sense organs and associated cranial ganglia. Significantly, these structures are derived developmentally from the ectodermal placodes. It has therefore been proposed that the emergence of the ectodermal placodes was concomitant with and central to the evolution of the vertebrates. More recent studies, however, indicate forerunners of the ectodermal placodes can be readily identified outside the vertebrates, particularly in urochordates. Thus the evolutionary history of the ectodermal placodes is deeper and more complex than was previously appreciated with the full repertoire of vertebrate ectodermal placodes, and their derivatives, being assembled over a protracted period rather than arising collectively with the vertebrates.
Global patterns of the dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks following afforestation: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Dejun , Niu Shuli , Luo Yiqi 
Published: April 2012

Summary
Afforestation has been proposed as an effective method of carbon (C) sequestration; however, the magnitude and direction of soil carbon accumulation following afforestation and its regulation by soil nitrogen (N) dynamics are still not well understood.
We synthesized the results from 292 sites and carried out a meta‐analysis to evaluate the dynamics of soil C and N stocks following afforestation.
Changes in soil C and N stocks were significantly correlated and had a similar temporal pattern. Significant C and N stock increases were found 30 and 50 yr after afforestation, respectively. Before these time points, C and N stocks were either depleted or unchanged. Carbon stock increased following afforestation on cropland and pasture, and in tropical, subtropical and boreal zones. The soil N stock increased in the subtropical zone. The soil C stock increased after afforestation with hardwoods such as Eucalyptus, but did not change after afforestation with softwoods such as pine. Soil N stocks increased and decreased, respectively, after afforestation with hardwoods (excluding Eucalyptus) and pine.
These results indicate that soil C and N stocks both increase with time after afforestation, and that C sequestration through afforestation depends on prior land use, climate and the tree species planted.
The influence of input data quality in determining areas suitable for crop growth at the global scale – a comparative analysis of two soil and climate datasets
Authors: Avellan T. , Zabel F. , Mauser W. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe assessment of biophysical crop suitability requires datasets on soil and climate. In this study, we investigated the differences in topsoil properties for the dominant soil mapping units between two global soil datasets. We compared the ISRIC World Soil Information Center’s World Inventory of Soil Emissions Potential 5 by 5 arc min Soil Map of the World (ISRIC‐WISE 5by5 SMW ) with the Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) in 0.5 arc min. We also incorporated annual mean temperature and mean precipitation from two global climate datasets that were the WorldClim measurement‐based climate dataset and the Kiel Climate Model (KCM) modelled results of global climate from 1960 to 1990. We then applied a fuzzy logic approach using different combinations and resolutions of the datasets to determine the effects on the extent and distribution of suitable areas for 15 crops. We only used the spatially dominant soil class in the mapping units in the soil databases (resampled to the same resolution of 5 arc min), and we found that the estimates of topsoil properties (0–20 cm in ISRIC‐WISE and 0–30 cm in HWSD) of the seven analysed parameters were up to 40% lower in most of the HWSD than in the ISRIC‐WISE 5by5 SMW. Results from the KCM are 0.1 °C (1%) lower in mean global annual temperature and 20% higher in average global annual precipitation compared with the WorldClim data. The HWSD‐based runs resulted in 10% less crop‐suitable land than the ISRIC‐WISE 5by5 SMW‐based results. The KCM simulations predicted 1% less crop‐suitable land than the WorldClim model. Despite generalizations, our results demonstrate that discrepancies in crop suitable areas are largely due to the differences in the soil databases rather than to climate.
Chronic Illness and Patient Satisfaction
Authors: Carlin Caroline S. , Christianson Jon B. , Keenan Patricia , Finch Michael 
Published: April 2012

ObjectiveTo examine how the relationship between patient characteristics, patient experience with the health care system, and overall satisfaction with care varies with illness complexity.Data Sources/Study SettingTelephone survey in 14 U.S. geographical areas.Study DesignStructural equation modeling was used to examine how relationships among patient characteristics, three constructs representing patient experience with the health care system, and overall satisfaction with care vary across patients by number of chronic illnesses.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsRandom digital dial telephone survey of adults with one or more chronic illnesses.Principal FindingsPatients with more chronic illnesses report higher overall satisfaction. The total effects of better patient–provider interaction and support for patient self‐management are associated with higher satisfaction for all levels of chronic illness. The latter effect increases with illness burden. Older, female, or insured patients are more satisfied; highly educated patients are less satisfied.ConclusionsProviders seeking to improve their patient satisfaction scores could do so by considering patient characteristics when accepting new patients or deciding who to refer to other providers for treatment. However, our findings suggest constructive actions that providers can take to improve their patient satisfaction scores without selection on patient characteristics.
Auditors’ Liability, Investments, and Capital Markets: A Potential Unintended Consequence of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act
Authors: DENG MINGCHERNG , MELUMAD NAHUM , SHIBANO TOSHI 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTTo restore investors’ confidence in the reliability of corporate financial disclosures, the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002 mandated stricter regulations and arguably increased auditors’ liability. In this paper, we analyze the effects of increased auditor liability on the audit failure rate, the cost of capital, and the level of new investment. We focus on a setting in which, with imperfect auditing, a firm has better information than investors about its prospects and seeks to raise capital for new investments in a lemons market. The equilibrium analysis derives corporate reporting and investing choices by the firm, attestation opinions by the auditor, and valuation by rational investors. Three empirically testable predictions emerge: although increasing auditor liability decreases the audit failure rate and the cost of capital for new projects, it also decreases the level of new profitable investments.
Contrasting the consumptive and non‐consumptive cascading effects of natural enemies on vector‐borne pathogens
Authors: Finke Deborah L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPredicting disease dynamics requires a community perspective, incorporating multi‐species interactions involving hosts, pathogens, vectors, and consumers. In systems where pathogens are dependent on a vector for transmission from one host to another, predators can indirectly influence disease risk through direct effects on vectors. These effects may be consumptive if predators reduce vector abundance by capturing and killing vectors, or non‐consumptive if predators induce anti‐predator behavioral responses by vectors. Studies are accumulating that document cascading effects of predators on vector‐borne disease risk, but the mechanisms underlying these effects are often uncertain. Using a previously developed epidemiological model as a framework, I outline several mechanistic pathways by which predators can have consumptive and non‐consumptive effects on vectors, and present theoretical predictions about the cascading influence of these pathways on pathogen prevalence. I then review selected examples from the literature of vector‐borne plant pathogen systems where particular mechanistic pathways have been implicated. Together, the model predictions and the literature review reveal that, depending on the particular mechanisms at work, predators may reduce, leave unaffected, or even increase pathogen prevalence. In general, the consumptive effects of predators on vectors result in consistent reductions in pathogen prevalence. However, the non‐consumptive effects of predators that arise as a result of changes in pathogen transmission rates, vector birth rates, and non‐predation vector mortality rates are more variable, with the potential for context‐dependency and counter‐intuitive outcomes. Interactions among pathways are also possible, such that the magnitude of consumptive effects can depend upon the strength of non‐consumptive effects and vice versa. I conclude by highlighting the importance of teasing apart the various mechanistic pathways by which predators may indirectly influence pathogen prevalence, and clarifying the relationships among them, to accurately predict the consequences of predation for disease risk and the usefulness of biological control of vectors for suppression of plant pathogens.
The partly epithelialized free gingival graft (pe‐fgg) at lower incisors. A pilot study with implications for alignment of the mucogingival junction
Authors: Cortellini Pierpaolo , Tonetti Maurizio , Prato Giovanpaolo Pini 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAimsA partly epithelialized free gingival graft (PE‐FGG) is described for the treatment of isolated and multiple gingival recessions in lower incisors to improve root coverage potential and mucogingival junction (MGJ) alignment.MethodsTwelve single gingival recessions in 12 patients and 16 multiple recessions in 7 patients at lower incisors were included. A FGG partly deprived of epithelium was harvested from the palate. The epithelialized coronal part of the graft extended from the CEJ to the “ideal” position of the MGJ of the recession site/s. The apical part of the PE‐FGG deprived of the epithelium was inserted between the alveolar mucosal flap and the recipient bed periostium. An aesthetic evaluation was performed.ResultsTreatment resulted in 94 ± 11% and 96 ± 11% root coverage and 75% and 87.5% of the treated teeth completely covered in the single recession and in the multiple recession groups respectively. The 1‐year KT was associated with the baseline extent of the epithelialized part of the graft in both groups. As a consequence, the MGJ resulted in properly aligned teeth in 14 of 19 patients. Three independent clinicians assigned an aesthetic score ranging from 6.36 ± 2.5 to 7.91 ± 1.7 in the single REC group and from 6.62 ± 2.2 to 7.87 ± 1.8 in the multiple REC group.ConclusionsThe application of the M‐FGG resulted in high percentage of recessions completely covered with excellent alignment of the MGJ and appreciable aesthetic outcomes.
Somatostatin‐immunoreactive senile plaque‐like structures in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of aged tree shrews and Japanese macaques
Authors: Yamashita Akiko , Fuchs Eberhard , Taira Masato , Yamamoto Takamitsu , Hayashi Motoharu 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground  Previously, we demonstrated decreased expression of somatostatin mRNA in aged macaque brain, particularly in the prefrontal cortex. To investigate whether or not this age‐dependent decrease in mRNA is related to morphological changes, we analyzed somatostatin cells in the cerebra of aged Japanese macaques and compared them with those in rats and tree shrews, the latter of which are closely related to primates.Methods  Brains of aged macaques, tree shrews, and rats were investigated by immunohistochemistry with special emphasis on somatostatin.Results  We observed degenerating somatostatin‐immunoreactive cells in the cortices of aged macaques and tree shrews. Somatostatin‐immunoreactive senile plaque‐like structures were found in areas 6 and 8 and in the nucleus accumbens of macaques, as well as in the nucleus accumbens and the cortex of aged tree shrews, where amyloid accumulations were observed.Conclusions  Somatostatin degenerations may be related to amyloid accumulations and may play roles in impairments of cognitive functions during aging.
Prograde and retrograde black holes: whose jet is more powerful?
Authors: Tchekhovskoy Alexander , McKinney Jonathan C. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
The outflow efficiency (η) from black hole (BH) accretion disc systems is known to depend upon both the BH spin (a) and the amount of large-scale magnetic flux threading the BH and disc. Semi-analytical flux-trapping models suggest retrograde BHs should trap much more large-scale magnetic flux near the BH leading to much higher η than for prograde BHs. We self-consistently determine the amount of large-scale magnetic flux trapped by rapidly spinning (a=−0.9 and 0.9) BHs using global 3D time-dependent non-radiative general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of thick (h/r≈ 0.3–0.6) discs. We find that BH-trapped flux builds up until it is strong enough to disrupt the inner accretion disc. Contrary to prior flux-trapping models, which do not include the back-reaction of magnetic flux on the disc, our simulations show prograde BHs trap more magnetic flux, leading to about three times higher η than retrograde BHs for |a|= 0.9. Both spin orientations can produce highly efficient jets, η∼ 100 per cent, with increasing η for increasing disc thickness. The similarity of η for prograde and retrograde BHs makes it challenging to infer the sign of a based on jet energetics alone.
Modelling the multiband spectrum of IGR J17177−3656
Authors: Ma Renyi 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
The correlation between radio and X-ray luminosity in the hard state of black hole X-ray binaries is important for unveiling the relation between the accretion flow and the jets. In this Letter, we have modelled the quasi-simultaneous multiband observations of a recently discovered transient X-ray source, IGR J17177−3656. It is found that the source is probably an outlier following the steep radio/X-ray correlation rather than an outlier in the transition region as suggested by Paizis et al. It is also found that the multiband spectrum can be successfully modelled by the luminous hot accretion flow (LHAF) but less likely by the advection dominated accretion flow. Our results support the point that LHAF can explain the steep radio/X-ray correlation.
Perceptual Changes and Drivers of Liking in High Protein Extruded Snacks
Authors: Kreger Joseph W. , Lee Youngsoo , Lee Soo‐Yeun 
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  Increasing the amount of protein in snack foods can add to their satiating ability, which aligns with many health‐based trends currently seen in the food industry. Understanding the effect of adding high levels of protein in a food matrix is essential for product development. The objective for this research was to determine the effects of varying protein type and level on the sensory‐related aspects of a model extruded snack food. Independent variables in the design of the snacks were the level of total protein and the protein type in the formulation. The level of protein ranged from 28% to 43% (w/w) in 5% increments. The protein type varied in the ratio of whey to soy protein ranging from 0: 100 to 100: 0, in 25% increments. Descriptive analysis was conducted on the samples to profile their sensory characteristics. Protein type was found to be the predominant variable in differentiating the sensory characteristics of the samples. Soy protein imparted nutty, grainy aromas‐by‐mouth, and increased expansion during processing, resulting in a lighter, crispier texture. Whey protein imparted dairy related aromas‐by‐mouth and inhibited expansion during processing, resulting in a more dense, crunchy texture. Separately, 100 consumers rated their acceptance of the samples using the 9‐point hedonic scale. It was found that protein type was also the predominant variable in affecting acceptance, with some clusters of consumers preferring samples comprised of soy protein, and others preferring samples with whey. Food product developers can use these findings to predict changes in a similar food product by varying protein level or protein type.Practical Application:  This work shows how the perceivable appearance, aroma, and texture characteristics of puffed snack foods change when adding protein or changing the protein type. The type of protein incorporated was shown to have major effects on the characteristics of the snacks, partially because of their impact on how much the snacks puffed during processing. The findings from this research can help develop acceptable products that incorporate high levels of protein to be aligned with current health trends in the market.
Chitosan‐based Edible Coatings for Quality Preservation of Postharvest Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
Authors: Huang Jianying , Chen Qunchao , Qiu Miao , Li Siqi 
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  Postharvest shrimp is highly susceptible to both microbiological spoilage and endogenous enzymatic browning, so it should be preserved properly using effective and appropriate methods. The effects of 1.0% and 1.5% O‐carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and 1.0% and 1.5% chitosan (CH) coatings on the quality changes of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during refrigerated storage (0 ± 1 °C) of 10 d were investigated. The pretreatment with CMC and CH solution (1.0% or 1.5%) retarded growth of psychrophilic bacteria throughout storage in comparison with the control (P < 0.05). The lower increases in pH and total volatile base (TVB) content were obtained in the shrimp treated with CMC and CH solution at both levels, compared with the control samples (P < 0.05). Loss in freshness and melanosis decreased after the shrimp was treated with CMC and CH. In addition, CMC and CH (1.0% or 1.5%) showed inhibitory activity toward total viable bacteria counts of white shrimp in a dose‐dependent manner. Therefore, chitosan and O‐carboxymethyl chitosan can be used as promising melanosis inhibitors as well as antimicrobial agents during refrigerated storage.Practical Application:  The main practical application behind the development of chitosan (CH) and O‐carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) used to preserve postharvest whiteleg shrimp lies with the fact that these polysaccharides represent a renewable source of natural biodegradable polymers and meet with the emergence of more and more food safety problems. Both CMC and CH can be used as food preservatives to extend shrimp shelf life. However, CMC is more convenient due to its solubility. In the future, CMC will be used in the food processing industry because of its soluble, compatible, antimicrobial, and antioxidative characteristics.
Glycerol as a substrate for aerobic succinate production in minimal medium with Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Litsanov Boris , Brocker Melanie , Bott Michael 
Published: April 2012

SummaryCorynebacterium glutamicum, an established microbial cell factory for the biotechnological production of amino acids, was recently genetically engineered for aerobic succinate production from glucose in minimal medium. In this work, the corresponding strains were transformed with plasmid pVWEx1‐glpFKD coding for glycerol utilization genes from Escherichia coli. This plasmid had previously been shown to allow growth of C. glutamicum with glycerol as sole carbon source. The resulting strains were tested in minimal medium for aerobic succinate production from glycerol, which is a by‐product in biodiesel synthesis. The best strain BL‐1/pVWEx1‐glpFKD formed 79 mM (9.3 g l−1) succinate from 375 mM glycerol, representing 42% of the maximal theoretical yield under aerobic conditions. A specific succinate production rate of 1.55 mmol g−1 (cdw) h−1 and a volumetric productivity of 3.59 mM h−1 were obtained, the latter value representing the highest one currently described in literature. The results demonstrate that metabolically engineered strains of C. glutamicum are well suited for aerobic succinate production from glycerol.