bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Vitamin A (Retinol) in Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals by Liquid Chromatography: First Action 2011.15
Authors: DeVries Jonathan W , Silvera Karlene R , McSherry Elliot , Dowell Dawn 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
During the “Standards Development and International Harmonization: AOAC INTERNATIONAL Mid- Year Meeting,” held on June 29, 2011, an Expert Review Panel (ERP) reviewed the method for the “Determination of Vitamins A (Retinol) and E (alpha-Tocopherol) in Foods by Liquid Chromatography: Collaborative Study,” published by Jonathan W. DeVries and Karlene R. Silvera in J. AOAC Int. in 2002. After evaluation of the original validation data, an ERP agreed in June 2011 that the method meets standard method performance requirements (SMPRs) for vitamin A, as articulated by the Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals. The ERP granted the method First Action status, applicable to determining vitamin A in ready-to-eat infant and adult nutritional formula. In an effort to achieve Final Action status, it was recommended that additional information be generated for different types of infant and adult nutritional formula matrixes at varied concentration levels as indicated in the vitamin A (retinol) SMPR. Existing AOAC LC methods are suited for specific vitamin A analytical applications. The original method differs from existing methods in that it can be used to assay samples in all nine sectors of the food matrix. One sector of the food matrix was powdered infant formula and gave support for the First Action approval for vitamin A in infant and adult nutritional formula. In this method, standards and test samples are saponified in basic ethanol–water solution, neutralized, and diluted, converting fats to fatty acids and retinol esters to retinol. Retinol is quantitated by an LC method, using UV detection at 313 or 328 nm for retinol. Vitamin concentration is calculated by comparison of the peak heights or peak areas of retinol in test samples with those of standards.
Gluten and Celiac Disease—An Immunological Perspective
Authors: Rallabhandi Prasad 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Gluten, a complex protein group in wheat, rye, and barley, causes celiac disease (CD), an autoimmune enteropathy of the small intestine, in genetically susceptible individuals. CD affects about 1% of the general population and causes significant health problems. Adverse inflammatory reactions to gluten are mediated by inappropriate T-cell activation leading to severe damage of the gastrointestinal mucosa, causing atrophy of absorptive surface villi. Gluten peptides bind to the chemokine receptor, CXCR3, and induce release of zonulin, which mediates tight-junction disassembly and subsequent increase in intestinal permeability. Proinflammatory cytokine IL-15 also contributes to the pathology of CD, by driving the expansion of intra-epithelial lymphocytes that damage the epithelium and promote the onset of T-cell lymphomas. There is no cure or treatment for CD, except for avoiding dietary gluten. Current gluten thresholds for food labeling have been established based on the available analytical methods, which show variation in gluten detection and quantification. Also, the clinical heterogeneity of celiac patients poses difficulty in defining clinically acceptable gluten thresholds in gluten-free foods. Presently, there is no bioassay available to measure gluten-induced immunobiological responses. This review focuses on various aspects of CD, and the importance of gluten thresholds and reference material from an immunological perspective.
Immunoreactivity and Detection of Wheat Proteins by Commercial ELISA Kits
Authors: Sharma Girdhari M 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Wheat proteins are responsible for sensitivities, including baker's asthma, immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic reaction, wheat-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis, and celiac disease. The detection of gluten/wheat traces in foods is important to safeguard the health of wheat-sensitive individuals and comply with food labeling. Many immunoanalytical-based commercial kits are available for the quantification of gliadin/gluten/wheat proteins. We compared the immunoreactivity of wheat fractions with wheat-allergic human serum IgE and antibody conjugates used in six commercial immunoassay kits. Moreover, the performance of the kits was tested using corn flour spiked with gluten (5, 10, 25, and 50 ppm) and wheat flour (50, 100, 250, and 500 ppm). The albumin, globulin, gliadin, and glutenin fractions reacted with IgE from nine, eight, two, and eight patients' sera, respectively, out of nine wheat allergic patients tested. Among the antibodies from commercial kits, those from R-Biopharm, Morinaga, and Romer Labs reacted strongly with the gliadin fraction, whereas those from BioKits, ALLERTEK, and ELISA Systems reacted strongly with the glutenin fraction. All kits showed minimal or no reactivity with albumin and globulin fractions. All kits detected the gluten and wheat flour in a corn flour matrix at the lowest spiked levels of 5 and 50 ppm, respectively. However, there was wide variation among the kits when comparing the recovery of gluten and wheat flour. The recovery was also dependent on the source material (gluten or wheat flour) used for spiking the corn flour matrix.
Detoxification of Gluten by Means of Enzymatic Treatment
Authors: Wieser Herbert , Koehler Peter 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an inflammatory disease of the upper small intestine in genetically predisposed individuals caused by glutamine- and proline-rich peptides from cereal storage proteins (gluten) with a minimal length of nine amino acids. Such peptides are insufficiently degraded by gastrointestinal enzymes; they permeate the lymphatic tissue, are bound to celiac-specific, antigen-presenting cells, and stimulate intestinal T-cells. The typical clinical pattern is a flat small intestinal mucosa and malabsorption. Currently, the only therapy is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet. Recent research has shown that gluten and gluten peptides can be degraded by prolyl endopeptidases from different sources. These peptidases can either be used to produce gluten-free foods from gluten-containing raw materials, or they have been suggested as an oral therapy for CD, in which dietary gluten is hydrolyzed by coingested peptidases already in the stomach, thus preventing CD-specific immune reactions in the small intestine. This would be an alternative for CD patients to the gluten-free diet. Furthermore, microbial transglutaminase could be used to detoxify gluten either by selectively modifying glutamine residues of intact gluten by transamidation with lysine methyl ester or by crosslinking gluten peptides in beverages via isopeptide bonds so that they can be removed by filtration.
Borax‐Mediated Formation of Carbon Aerogels from Glucose
Authors: Fellinger Tim‐Patrick , White Robin J. , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena , Antonietti Markus 
Published: April 2012

AbstractHierarchically structured carbon aerogels are produced in a simple, rapid, efficient, and sustainable hydrothermal approach, using only glucose as the carbon precursor. Using sodium borate (borax) as a novel complex structure directing agent nanostructured, carbon monoliths, structurally similar to the well‐known sol‐gel monoliths made of silica are obtained. Experimental results indicate the acetalization reaction of monosaccharides with their dehydration product hydroxymethylfurfural to be very important and inhibiting in the process of hydrothermal carbonization. Addition of borax, leads to a competitive complexation of diols, resulting in promising secondary catalytic effect with regard to carbon yield. Accordingly, it is shown that the sugar:borax ratio directs the primary carbon nanoparticle size into the sub −50 nm range, while their spinodal destabilization ultimately results in the controlled aggregation of carbonaceous particles leading to the formation of monoliths in a simple one step hydrothermal process. Post‐synthesis thermal carbonization is also used to increase surface area to the medium‐high range, introducing electric conductivity into the carbon monoliths. The resulting materials are promising candidates for applications in flash chromatography, for fast adsorption/purifications, and as porous conductive electrodes.
Biomimetic Design of Protein Nanomaterials for Hydrophobic Molecular Transport
Authors: Ren Dongmei , Dalmau Mercè , Randall Arlo , Shindel Matthew M. , Baldi Pierre , Wang Szu‐Wen 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBiomaterials such as self‐assembling biological complexes have a variety of applications in materials science and nanotechnology. The functionality of protein‐based materials, however, is often limited by the absence or locations of specific chemical conjugation sites. Here a new strategy is developed for loading organic molecules into the hollow cavity of a protein nanoparticle that relies only on non‐covalent interactions, and its applicability in drug delivery is demonstrated in breast cancer cells. Based on a biomimetic model that incorporates multiple phenylalanines to create a generalized binding site, the anti‐tumor compound doxorubicin is retained and delivered by redesigning a caged protein scaffold. Using structural modeling and protein engineering, variants of the E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase with varying levels of drug‐carrying capabilities are obtained. An increasing number of introduced phenylalanines within the scaffold cavity generally results in greater drug loading capacity. Drug loading levels greater than conventional nanoparticle delivery systems are achieved. The universal strategy can be used to design de novo hydrophobic binding domains within protein‐based scaffolds for molecular encapsulation and transport and increases the ability to attach guest molecules to this class of materials.
Selective Enhancement of Photoluminescence in Filled Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Liu Xianjie , Kuzmany Hans , Ayala Paola , Calvaresi Matteo , Zerbetto Francesco , Pichler Thomas 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe insertion of organometallic molecules into the hollow core of single‐walled carbon nanotubes can drastically change their properties. Using biocompatible standardized suspensions of pristine, opened, and filled nanotubes, a very selective enhancement of the photoluminescence and optical absorption is observed. Via ferrocene encapsulation, the PL signal increases almost by a factor of three for tubes with chiralities such as (8,6) and (9,5). This behavior is attributed to a local electron charge transfer from the ferrocene molecules that balances out the p‐type doping of the nanotubes resulting from the modified charge distribution of the surfactant molecules and the opening process. The near infrared photoluminescence of the nanotubes in solution is strongly enhanced when ferrocene is encapsulated. The diameter‐dependent charge transfer is additionally confirmed by first principles calculations. These findings highlight an essential ingredient to optimize the application of solvated nanotubes, for instance, as in–vivo near infrared sensors in biomedical research.
Heteroatom‐Modulated Switching of Photocatalytic Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Preferences of Anatase TiO2 Microspheres
Authors: Liu Gang , Pan Jian , Yin Lichang , Irvine John TS , Li Feng , Tan Jun , Wormald Philip , Cheng Hui‐Ming 
Published: April 2012

AbstractUnderstanding and manipulating the two half‐reactions of photoinduced electron reduction and hole oxidation are key to designing and constructing efficient photocatalysts. Here, how the spatial distribution of the heteroatom modulates photocatalytic reduction (hydrogen evolution) and oxidation (oxygen evolution) reaction preferences is investigated by moving boron from the core to the shell of an anatase TiO2 microsphere along [001] via thermal diffusion control. The preference towards photocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen producing reactions from splitting water can be switched by creating a shell with an interstitial Bσ+ (σ ≤ 3) gradient in the TiO2 microsphere. This switching stems from the downward shift of electronic band edges of the shell by a band bending effect that originates from the extra electrons coming from the interstitial Bσ+. These results create new opportunities for designing and constructing efficient photocatalysts by spatial heteroatom engineering.
Honeycomb Structures of Bulk Metallic Glasses
Authors: Sarac Baran , Ketkaew Jittisa , Popnoe Dawn Olivia , Schroers Jan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA combination of lithography and thermoplastic forming allows us to fabricate honeycombs from bulk metallic glass (BMG) precisely and to manipulate its structure selectively. Characteristics of the honeycomb such as the ligament length, thickness, and radius of curvature at the joints of the cells are varied to determine how changes in these characteristics affect properties under uniaxial in‐plane compression testing. It is found that the deformation behavior of BMG honeycombs can be controlled through microstructural design, from brittle to ductile, by changing the length to thickness ratio of the ligaments. The ability to absorb energy of BMG honeycombs exceeds honeycombs of most other materials due to the utilization of a size effect, which result in plasticity. Besides the usage for BMG honeycombs, the technique provides a general method to effectively characterize complex microstructural architectures and tailoring these architectures to the specifications of the material used.
Evaluation of USDA Interval Forecasts Revisited: Asymmetry and Accuracy of Corn, Soybean, and Wheat Prices
Authors: Isengildina‐Massa Olga , Sharp Julia L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis study evaluates the accuracy of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) interval forecasts for corn, soybean, and wheat prices using Christoffersen's (1998) tests for unconditional coverage, independence, and conditional coverage adjusted for asymmetries in tail probabilities. The findings demonstrate that due to the uneven distribution of forecast misses around the intervals, calibration of several corn, soybean, and wheat price forecasts was rejected by basic coverage tests (suitable for symmetric intervals), but not rejected by the tests adjusted for asymmetry. Thus, these forecasts were asymmetric, but accurate. USDA analysts should consider accounting for asymmetry and volatility of the underlying prices in their forecasts. [EconLit Citations: E370, Q110, C120].
Spatial Competition and Ethanol Plant Location Decisions
Authors: Sarmiento Camilo , Wilson William W. , Dahl Bruce 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTEthanol is one of the fastest growing industries in the United States. This study estimates factors that impact location decisions for new ethanol plants using logistic regression analysis and spatial correlation techniques. The results indicate that location decisions are impacted by county agricultural characteristics, competing ethanol plants, and state‐level subsidies. Spatial competition is particularly important. Existence of competing ethanol plants reduces the likelihood of making a positive location decision, and this impact decreases with distance. Finally, state‐level subsidies are significant and a very important variable impacting ethanol location decisions. [JEL Classification: C13, C21, C25, C35, Q42]
Simplified gyral pattern with cerebellar hypoplasia in Sedaghatian type spondylometaphyseal dysplasia: A clinical report and review of the literature
Authors: Aygun Canan , Celik Fatma Cakmak , Nural Mehmet Selim , Azak Emine , Kucukoduk Şukru , Ogur Gonul , Incesu Lutfi 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe report on a patient with Sedaghatian type spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (SSMD) who presented with metaphyseal dysplasia, congenital atrioventricular block, simplified gyral pattern, hypogenesis of corpus callosum, and severe cerebellar hypoplasia. We want to emphasize that in this rare congenital lethal skeletal dysplasia with unknown etiology, central nervous system malformations might be a major component of the disorder and should be evaluated in detail to possibly uncover the underlying pathophysiology. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complex genomic rearrangement in the SOX9 5′ region in a patient with Pierre Robin sequence and hypoplastic left scapula
Authors: Fukami Maki , Tsuchiya Takayoshi , Takada Shuji , Kanbara Akiko , Asahara Hiroshi , Igarashi Arisa , Kamiyama Yasunori , Nishimura Gen , Ogata Tsutomu 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPierre Robin sequence (PRS) can occur as a component of campomelic dysplasia (CD) and acampomelic CD (ACD) caused by dysfunction or dysregulation of SOX9, although it can also take place as an isolated form. Recently, genomic alterations in the far upstream and the far downstream region of SOX9 have been identified in patients with isolated PRS. Here, we report on a male patient with PRS and a heterozygous genomic rearrangement in the 5′ region of SOX9. Clinical analysis revealed PRS‐compatible craniofacial anomalies, mild hypoplasia of the left scapula, and normal male external genitalia. Molecular analysis identified a paracentric inversion on the long arm of chromosome 17 with breakpoints at 17q21.31 and 17q24.3, and a microdeletion spanning from −4.15 to −1.16 Mb relative to SOX9. These findings indicate that the chromosomal region more than 1.16 Mb apart from SOX9 contains at least one developmental enhancer(s) for SOX9 that plays a critical role in the development of the mandible and a relatively small role in the development of the scapula. Moreover, the concept of exclusion mapping argues that putative CD/ACD loci are located within the 1.16 Mb region closest to SOX9 coding exons, which remain intact in this Non‐CD/ACD patient. This study provides a novel example for long‐range cis‐regulatory mutations of SOX9. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rare copy number variants in isolated sporadic and syndromic atrioventricular septal defects
Authors: Priest James R. , Girirajan Santhosh , Vu Tiffany H. , Olson Aaron , Eichler Evan E. , Portman Michael A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAtrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs) are a frequent but not universal component of Down syndrome (DS), while AVSDs in otherwise normal individuals have no well‐defined genetic basis. The contribution of copy number variation (CNV) to specific congenital heart disease (CHD) phenotypes including AVSD is unknown. We hypothesized that de novo CNVs on chromosome 21 might cause isolated sporadic AVSDs, and separately that CNVs throughout the genome might constitute an additional genetic risk factor for AVSD in patients with DS. We utilized a custom oligonucleotide arrays targeted to CNV hotspots that are flanked by large duplicated segments of high sequence identity. We assayed 29 euploid and 50 DS individuals with AVSD, and compared to general population controls. In patients with isolated‐sporadic AVSD we identified two large unique deletions outside of chromosome 21 not seen in the expanded set of 8,635 controls, each overlapping with larger deletions associated with similar CHD reported in the DECIPHER database. There was a small duplication in one patient with DS and AVSD. We conclude that isolated sporadic AVSDs may be occasionally associated with large de novo genomic structural variation outside of chromosome 21. The absence of CNVs on chromosome 21 in patients with isolated sporadic AVSD suggests that sub‐chromosomal duplications or deletions of greater than 150 kbp on chromosome 21 do not cause sporadic AVSDs. Large CNVs do not appear to be an additive risk factor for AVSD in the DS population. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Noonan syndrome due to a SHOC2 mutation presenting with fetal distress and fatal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a premature infant
Authors: Hoban Rebecca , Roberts Amy E. , Demmer Laurie , Jethva Reena , Shephard Barbara 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe report on a patient with Noonan syndrome due to SHOC2 missense mutation predicting p.Ser2Gly, recently described in association with Noonan syndrome. The male infant presented with fetal distress requiring premature delivery at 32 weeks and was noted to have dysmorphic features, edema, hepatosplenomegaly, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and respiratory distress following birth. An echocardiogram revealed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The infant's cardiac lesion rapidly progressed, and he was discharged home for palliative care. Clinical testing of genes causative of Noonan syndrome and related disorders detected the previously reported, pathogenic, de novo SHOC2 missense mutation predicting p.Ser2Gly. The patient's cardiac findings and features were not typical for those individuals previously reported with this SHOC2 mutation and thus expand the clinical phenotype. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The incidence of hypoplasia of the corpus callosum in patients with dup (X)(q28) involving MECP2 is associated with the location of distal breakpoints
Authors: Honda Shozo , Hayashi Shin , Nakane Takaya , Imoto Issei , Kurosawa Kenji , Mizuno Seiji , Okamoto Nobuhiko , Kato Mitsuhiro , Yoshihashi Hiroshi , Kubota Takeo , Nakagawa Eiji , Goto Yu‐ichi , Inazawa Johji 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDuplications of Xq28 harboring the methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene explain approximately 1% of X‐linked intellectual disability (XLID). The common clinical features observed in patients with dup(X)(q28) are severe ID, infantile hypotonia, mild dysmorphic features and a history of recurrent infections, and MECP2 duplication syndrome is now recognized as a clinical entity. While some patients with this syndrome have other characteristic phenotypes, the reason for the spectrum of phenotypes has not been clarified. Since dup(X)(q28) rearrangements vary in size and location, genes other than MECP2 might affect the phenotype. We used a high‐density oligonucleotide array to carry out precise mapping in eight Japanese families in which dup(X)(q28) was detected using an in‐house bacterial artificial chromosome‐based microarray to screen cohorts of individuals with multiple congenital anomalies and intellectual disability (MCA/ID) or with XLID. We hypothesized that the size, gene content, and location of dup(X)(q28) may contribute to variable expressively observed in MECP2 duplication syndrome. Genotype–phenotype correlation in our cases together with cases reported in the literature suggested that copy‐number gains between two low copy repeats (LCRK1 and LCRL1) are associated with the incidence of hypoplasia of the corpus callosum. Further studies are necessary to understand the mechanism of this association. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase for switching control of glycolysis in Escherichia coli
Authors: Cho Han‐Saem , Seo Sang Woo , Kim Young Mi , Jung Gyoo Yeol , Park Jong Moon 
Published: April 2012

AbstractGlycolysis has evolved to be a highly robust mechanism for maintaining the cellular metabolism of living organisms. However, relevant modifications of glycolytic activity are required to intentionally modulate cellular phenotypes. Here, we designed a platform that allows switching control of glycolysis in Escherichia coli in response to an environmental signal, in this case, temperature. This system functions by regulating the expression of gapA, which encodes glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), one of the key glycolytic enzymes. Because a very low level of gapA expression is capable of maintaining cellular physiology, we also modified GAPDH through directed evolution to provide sensitive regulation of glycolytic activity. The switching control of glycolysis was successfully demonstrated by regulating the expression of engineered gapA through changes in temperature. This system offers potential control over the cell's central carbon‐metabolism switch, providing the ability to perform reprogrammed tasks with desired timing depending on environmental signals. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 2612–2619. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.