bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Volubility as a mediator in the associations between conversational language measures and child temperament
Authors: DeThorne Laura Segebart , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Mahurin‐Smith Jamie , Coletto Mary‐Kelsey , Petrill Stephen A 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground:Despite support for the use of conversational language measures, concerns remain regarding the extent to which they may be confounded with aspects of child temperament, extraversion in particular.Aims:This study of 161 twins from the Western Reserve Reading Project (WRRP) examined the associations between children's conversational language use and three key aspects of child temperament: Surgency (i.e., introversion/extraversion), Effortful Control (i.e., attention and task persistence) and Negative Affectivity (e.g., fear, anger, sadness). Child biological sex was considered as a possible moderating factor.Methods & Procedures:Correlational analyses were conducted between aspects of temperament during early school‐age years (i.e., 7–8 years), as measured by the Children's Behavior Questionnaire—Short Form (CBQ), and six different measures of children's conversational language use: total number of complete and intelligible utterances (TCICU), number of total words (NTW), mean length of utterance (MLU), total number of conjunctions (TNC), number of different words (NDW) and measure D (i.e., a measure of lexical diversity). Values for NTW, TNC and NDW were derived both on the entire sample and on the first 100 C‐units. Correlations between language and temperament were compared between girls and boys using the Fisherr‐to‐ztransformation to examine the significance of potential moderating effects.Outcomes & Results:Children's reported variability in Effortful Control did not correlate significantly with any of the child language measures. In contrast, children's Negative Affectivity and Surgency tended to demonstrate positive, albeit modest, correlations with those conversational language measures that were derived from the sample as a whole, rather than from a standardized number of utterances. MLU, as well as measures of NDW and NTW derived from standardized sample lengths of 100 C‐units, did not correlate with any measure of child temperament. TNC demonstrated an unexpected negative correlation with child Surgency when it was derived from a standardized number of C‐units, but not when derived from the entire sample length. Child biological sex did not moderate the significant associations between language and temperament measures.Conclusions & Implications:Overall, measures that control for volubility did not correlate significantly with child temperament; however, measures that reflected volubility tended to correlate weakly with some aspects of temperament, particularly Surgency. Results provide a degree of discriminant evidence for the validity of MLU and measures of type (i.e., NDW) and token use (i.e., NTW) when derived from a standardized number of utterances.
FROM ONE TO MANY ISLANDS: THE EMERGENCE OF SEARCH AND MATCHING MODELS
Authors: Batyra Anna , De Vroey Michel 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe notion of frictional unemployment failed to grow into a full‐fledged theory in the writings of Beveridge, Pigou and Hicks, as these economists were unwilling and/or unable to go beyond the then‐prevailing Marshallian approach. Here, first we make explicit the trade organization assumptions underpinning Marshall's equilibrium theory. Next we examine Beveridge's, Pigou's and Hicks' early works on wages and unemployment. Finally, we look at the seminal papers that paved the way for search literature: McCall, Lucas and Prescott, Mortensen and Pissarides. We show that they succeed in providing an unemployment result, because they indeed depart from the Marshallian trade organization.
Remittances of Immigrants in Greece
Authors: Lianos Theodore P. , Pseiridis Anastasia 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe present paper is a case study of the remittance behavior of immigrants in Greece. In addition to some of the usual factors affecting remittance behavior, it examines five factors than have received little attention in the literature: relative deprivation, existence of property in the country of origin, expectation on inheritance, stability of employment, and more than one migrant in the family. We use Heckman's selection model with survey data from 607 immigrants. Significant factors for the decision to remit are the existence of children living with the migrant, stability of employment, and gender. The basic factors affecting the size of remittances are the level of income, the existence of children living with the migrant, and the length of time in Greece.
Responsible Relationship: Imago Dei and the Moral Distinction between Humans and Other Animals
Authors: MILLER DANIEL K. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn light of modern evolutionary science, some theologians have criticized using the image of God to distinguish humans from other animals. This concept, however, still offers rich theological insight into the natures of both humans and other animals. Following the relational interpretations of Emil Brunner and Karl Barth, this article explores how the imago Dei may be used to distinguish human creatures without necessarily implying a division in kind between humans and other animal creatures. Humans are distinguished not by any superior abilities they might possess, but by the character of their relationship to God and other creatures.
When the Time Seems Ripe: Eugenics, the Annals, and the Subtle Persistence of Typological Thinking
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M. , Lambert Brian W. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryThis journal began in 1925 as the Annals of Eugenics. Much has changed since then. The original Editors’ primary eugenic objective was not achieved, and eugenics justifiably became notorious for racism and gross abuse of human rights. But one founding aim was to publish advances in statistical genetics, and that objective prospered in the journal's pages from its beginning to the present day. The online availability of the original issues will be useful to those interested in the history of both eugenics and human genetics and will provide a reminder of how the careless use of genetical concepts can go astray.
Antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta leads to reduced blood loss
Authors: TIKKANEN MINNA , PAAVONEN JORMA , LOUKOVAARA MIKKO , STEFANOVIC VEDRAN 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjective. Placenta accreta is one of the most devastating pregnancy complications. We sought to compare outcomes between women with placenta accreta when diagnosed antenatally or intrapartum, and to define predictors of the antenatal diagnosis. Design. Retrospective case–control study. Setting. University teaching hospital. Population. Twenty‐four women with placenta accreta diagnosed antenatally and 20 women discovered intrapartum. Methods. Chart review of historical and delivery‐associated variables. Rates were compared between the groups. Main Outcome Measures. Placenta accreta diagnosed antenatally or intrapartum. Results. Women with antenatal diagnosis had a lower estimated blood loss of a median of 4500ml (range 100–15000ml) compared with 7800ml (range 2500–17000ml, p=0.012) and required fewer units of packed red blood cells transfused (median 7; range 0–27 compared with 13.5; range 4–31, p=0.026). Nineteen (79%) women diagnosed antenatally had balloon catheter occlusion carried out during the cesarean section. Five (21%) had the entire placenta left in situ. There was no difference in the rate of surgical complications or duration of hospitalization. The clinical diagnosis among women with antenatal diagnosis was more often placenta percreta (p=0.013). The risk factor profile of women with antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta included higher gravidity (p=0.014) and parity (p<0.0001), history of cesarean section (p=0.004), and placenta previa in the current pregnancy (p<0.001). Conclusions. Antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta may reduce peripartum blood loss and the need for blood transfusion. Women with antenatal diagnosis more often have placenta previa and history of previous cesarean section, and the clinical diagnosis is more often placenta percreta.
Mood effects of the amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine
Authors: Parker G. , Brotchie H. 
Published: April 2011

Parker G, Brotchie H. Mood effects of the amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine.Objective:  Reflecting increased scientific interest in any nutritional contribution to the onset and treatment of mood disorders, we overview research into two neurotransmitter precursors – the amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine – particularly examining whether any deficiency increases risk to depression and whether those amino acids have any antidepressant properties.Method:  The theoretical relevance of the two amino acids was overviewed by considering published risk and intervention studies, technical papers and reviews.Results:  There is some limited evidence, suggesting that depressed patients, especially those with a melancholic depression, have decreased tryptophan levels. Whether such findings reflect a causal contribution or are a consequence of a depressed state remains an open question. There is a small database supporting tryptophan preparations as benefitting depressed mood states. There is no clear evidence as to whether tyrosine deficiency contributes to depression, while the only randomized double‐blind study examining tyrosine supplementation did not show antidepressant benefit.Conclusion:  Acute tryptophan depletion continues to provide a research tool for investigating the relevance of serotonin to depression onset. There is limited evidence that tryptophan loading is effective as a treatment for depression through its action of increasing serotonin production. Most clinical studies are dated, involve small sample sizes and/or were not placebo controlled. The development of the new serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs seemingly signalled an end to pursuing such means of promoting increased serotonin as a treatment for depression. The evidence for tyrosine loading promoting catecholamine production as a possible treatment for depression appears even less promising, and depletion studies less informative.
Micromorphometrical analyses of five different ultrasonic osteotomy devices at the rabbit skull
Authors: Hollstein Stephan , Hoffmann Eike , Vogel Jürgen , Heyroth Frank , Prochnow Nora , Maurer Peter 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectives: The recently introduced ultrasonic osteotome procedure is an alternative to conventional methods of osteotomy. The aim of the present study was to establish the differences between five recently introduced ultrasonic osteotomes and to perform micromorphological and quantitative roughness analyses of osteotomized bone surfaces.Materials and methods: Fresh, standard‐sized bony samples were taken from a rabbit skull using the following ultrasonic osteotomes: the Piezosurgery® 3 with insert tip OT7, Piezosurgery® Medical with insert tip MT1‐10, Piezon Master Surgery® with insert tip SL1, VarioSurg® with inert tip SG1, and Piezotome 2 with insert tip BS1 II. The required duration of time for each osteotomy was recorded. The prepared surfaces were examined via light microscopy, environmental surface electron microscopy (ESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).Results: All of the investigated piezoelectric osteotomes preserved the anatomical structure of bone. The mean roughness values of the osteotomized bone edge obtained using the investigated piezoelectric osteotomes were as follows: 2.47 μm (Piezosurgery® 3), 9.79 μm (Piezosurgery® Medical), 4.66 μm (Piezon Master Surgery®), 6.38 μm (VarioSurg®), and 6.06 μm (Piezotome 2). Significantly higher roughness values were observed when using the Piezosurgery® Medical in comparison with those achieved by the Piezosurgery® 3 (P<0.0001) and Piezon Master Surgery® (P=0.002). Different osteotomy durations were achieved using the different piezoelectric osteotomes: 144 s (Piezosurgery® 3), 126 s (Piezosurgery® Medical), 142 s (Piezon Master Surgery®), 149 s (VarioSurg®), and 137 s (Piezotome 2).Conclusions: In the present study, micromorphological differences following the use of various ultrasonic devices were clearly identified. According to this study, it can be concluded that the power and the composition of the teeth of the insert tip might impact procedure duration and cutting qualities.
Effects of Protein Separation Conditions on the Functional and Thermal Properties of Canola Protein Isolates
Authors: Manamperi Wajira A. R. , Wiesenborn Dennis P. , Chang Sam K.C. , Pryor Scott W. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Canola meal protein isolates were prepared from defatted canola meal flour using alkaline solubilization and acid precipitation. A central composite design was used to model 2nd‐order response surfaces for the protein yield and the functional properties of protein isolates. The solubilization pH and precipitation pH were used as design factors. The models showed that the protein yield and functional properties of isolates, such as water absorption and fat absorption, were sensitive to both solubilization pH and precipitation pH, whereas the emulsification was sensitive to only solubilization pH. Gel electrophoresis analysis of protein fractions gave evidence to the compositional changes between proteins isolated under different conditions. Differences in glass transition temperatures suggest that proteins tend to be more denatured when solubilized at highly alkaline conditions. These conformational and compositional changes due to different protein separation conditions have contributed to the changes in functional properties of protein isolates.Practical Application:  Protein isolation conditions may be determined primarily through optimization of total protein yield. Improvements in protein functional properties may be achieved with a relatively small sacrifice in yield by altering isolation conditions.
Physicochemical and Phytochemical Properties of Cold and Hot Water Extraction from Hibiscus sabdariffa
Authors: Ramirez‐Rodrigues Milena M. , Plaza Maria L. , Azeredo Alberto , Balaban Murat O. , Marshall Maurice R. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Hibiscus cold (25 °C) and hot (90 °C) water extracts were prepared in various time–temperature combinations to determine equivalent extraction conditions regarding their physicochemical and phytochemical properties. Equivalent anthocyanins concentration was obtained at 25 °C for 240 min and 90 °C for 16 min. Total phenolics were better extracted with hot water that also resulted in a higher antioxidant capacity in these extracts. Similar polyphenolic profiles were observed between fresh and dried hibiscus extracts. Hibiscus acid and 2 derivatives were found in all extracts. Hydroxybenzoic acids, caffeoylquinic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanins constituted the polyphenolic compounds identified in hibiscus extracts. Two major anthocyanins were found in both cold and hot extracts: delphynidin‐3‐sambubioside and cyanidin‐3‐sambubioside. In general, both cold and hot extractions yielded similar phytochemical properties; however, under cold extraction, color degradation was significantly lower and extraction times were 15‐fold longer.Practical Application:  Hibiscus beverages are prepared from fresh or dried calyces by a hot extraction and pasteurized, which can change organoleptic, nutritional, and color attributes. Nonthermal technologies such as dense phase carbon dioxide may maintain their fresh‐like color, flavor, and nutrients. This research compares the physicochemical and phytochemical changes resulting from a cold and hot extraction of fresh and dried hibiscus calyces and adds to the knowledge of work done on color, quality attributes, and antioxidant capacity of unique tropical products. In addition, the research shows how these changes could lead to alternative nonthermal processes for hibiscus.
Heat Treatment of Brussels Sprouts Retains Their Ability to Induce Detoxification Enzyme Expression In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Robbins Melissa G. , Andersen Gaby , Somoza Veronika , Eshelman Bruce D. , Barnes David M. , Hanlon Paul R. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  The bioactive metabolites of glucosinolates, such as isothiocyanates, contained in cruciferous vegetables have been shown to reduce the risk of cancers through the induction of detoxification enzymes. However, cruciferous vegetables are commonly processed before consumption, significantly altering the phytochemical composition of these vegetables. Compared to freeze‐dried Brussels sprouts, oven‐dried Brussels sprouts contain low concentrations of glucosinolates (22.14 and 0.85 μmol/g, respectively) and isothiocyanates (3.68 and 0.15 μmol/g, respectively). The effect of oven‐dried Brussels sprouts on the expression of detoxification enzymes was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of immortalized human hepatoma cells with the aqueous extract from oven‐dried Brussels sprouts significantly increased quinone activity (0.5 and 1.5 mg/mL) and the activity of the antioxidant response element (EC50 = 2.39 mg/mL) and xenobiotic response element (EC50 2.92 mg/mL). C3H/HeJ mice fed a diet containing 20% oven‐dried Brussels sprout diets for 2 wk demonstrated significantly higher expression than animals fed a nutrient‐matched control diet of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and epoxide hydrolase in the liver and CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, epoxide hydrolase, UGT1A1, thioredoxin reductase, and heme oxygenase in the lungs. The low concentrations of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates in oven‐dried Brussels sprouts suggest that other compounds, such as the Maillard reaction products that are produced during heating, are responsible for the induction of detoxification enzymes in vitro and in vivo.Practical Application:  The manner in which cruciferous vegetables are processed prior to consumption has significant effects on what compounds people are exposed to. The presence of glucosinolates or isothiocyanates can be a good indicator of the ability of cruciferous vegetables to induce detoxification enzymes. However, the data presented here demonstrate that while heat processing of Brussels sprouts greatly reduced the concentrations of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates, their ability to induce detoxification enzymes in vitro and in vivo was retained.
Bromazine Hydrochloride and Complex Coordinated Reflex Activity
Authors: Baird James A , Boyd Eldon M 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Bromazine hydrochloride was found to have no effect upon a measurement of complex, co-ordinated, reflex activity in albino rats in oral and subcutaneous doses up to 200 mg./kg. of body weight. No effect upon the same measurements occurred following administration of diphenhydramine hydrochloride in doses up to 25 mg./kg. of body weight. Larger doses of both antihistaminic agents augmented the measured reflex activity. Oral doses of 400 mg./kg. of body weight of bromazine hydrochloride and of 200 mg. of diphenhydramine hydrochloride produced convulsions and a mortality of 80 per cent.
The Failure of Bromazine Hydrochloride to Affect the Output and Composition of Respiratory Tract Fluid
Authors: Boyd Eldon M , Hicks R Noreen 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Bromazine (ambodryl) hydrochloride administered in doses of from 0·5 to 100 mg./kg. of body weight to rabbits, cats, guinea pigs and albino rats, had no effect upon the volume output, specific gravity, relative viscosity and chloride content of respiratory tract fluid. The relation of this finding to the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of antihistaminic drugs in the treatment of cough has been discussed.
A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Small Amounts of Procaine Present as Procaine Benzylpenicillin B.P. in Veterinary Food Products
Authors: Ashley M G , Lees J F 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A colorimetric method for the determination of procaine penicillin based on extracting, diazotising and coupling procaine base has been described for animal food products containing between 3·0 per cent, and 2·5 p.p.m. of procaine penicillin.
Variations in the Resin Content of Various Parts of Podophyllum Emodi L
Authors: Hussain Anwar , Chaudhri I I , Muhammad Fateh , Wahhab A 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The various parts such as roots, rhizome, stem, petiole and leaves of the flowering and non-flowering plants of Podophyllum emodi were collected separately during April, July and September, 1951, from the Kashmir Point Forests Murree Hills, Punjab, and were analysed for their total resin contents after drying them at a temperature of about 41° C. The various parts of the plant were found to have maximum resin percentage during spring, which period is thus most suitable for collection of the drug. The leaves were found to contain between 7·83 to 9·7 per cent, of resin and should also be employed as a rource of resin. The age does not seem to have any significant effect on the resin content, as can be seen from the comparison of resin percentages in different parts of the flowering and non-flowering plants.
A Method of Studying the Modification by Drugs of the Oxidation-Reduction Systems of the Skin
Authors: Loxton Geoffrey E , Le Vay David 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A new method is described for studying the modification by drugs of the oxidation-reduction systems of the skin in man. This consists in noting the changes produced in the decolorisation time of a standard intradermal wheal made with 2:6-dichlorophenol indophenol indicator solutions. The decolorisation time is significantly decreased by ascorbic acid and by glutathione, and increased by adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisone, when these agents are administered systemically. The significance of the electrode potential (Eh) of the tissues in relation to these findings is discussed.
A Note on the Titration of Sulphonamides in Non-Aqueous Solvents
Authors: Faber J S 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The titration methods of sulphonamides with visual indicators in non-aqueous solvents are shortly reviewed. A method is recommended for assaying sulphathiazole, sulphadiazine, sulphamerazine, sulphadimidine and succinylsulphathiazole by titrating in pyridine solution with sodium methoxide in benzene-methanol mixture 3:1; indicator, thymol blue in methanol. The method is more convenient than the nitrite method and gives the same results. When assaying tablets attention must be paid to excipients which have acidic properties, and cause high results.
A Comparative Study of the Action of Octaverine, Perparine and Papaverine on the Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Authors: Goldberg A A , Shapero M 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A comparative study has been made of the activities of papaverine and two synthetic analogues—octaverine and perparine—on the circulatory and respiratory systems in rabbits. Octaverine and perparine possess a hypotensive activity approximately twice as great as that of papaverine. The depressor action of octaverine is of longer duration than that of the other two alkaloids and there is no secondary rise in blood pressure above the normal level. Papaverine causes a slight decrease, while octaverine and perparine effect a substantial increase, in the ventilation rate as measured by the product of respiratory rate and amplitude. Octaverine and perparine are twice to three times as active as papaverine in counteracting adrenaline induced hypertension. Octaverine has a higher adrenolytic activity than the other two compounds as shown by the rise in threshold toxicity of adrenaline in mice. 5 Perparine is slightly less active, while octaverine is slightly more active, than papaverine in increasing the coronary flow in the perfused isolated heart.