bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forex Unbound, 1970–1992
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Bretton Woods system collapsed in the 1970s. The attempt to manage a regime combining fixed exchange rates, free financial flows, and independent but divergent economic policies had proved an impossible task for central banks. In its place, the foreign exchange market expanded to cope with currency volatility. It was through this market that banks could match assets and liabilities in terms of currency by swapping commitments with each other. With the City of London still being the hub of the global banking system, it quickly assumed a central position for the foreign exchange market. Whether by direct dealing between the banks or through a new breed of inter-dealer brokers, foreign exchange trading quickly grew into the largest market in the world during the 1970s and 1980s.
Fostering a Sense of Constitutional Identity amid the Travails of African Constitutionalism
Authors: Fombad Charles M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Since independence, African countries have grappled, in both design and practice, with numerous social, economic, and political disharmonies. These have become particularly manifest following the wave of constitutional reforms that started in the 1990s. This chapter provides the conclusion to a volume that has taken the reader on a journey through the challenges African countries have encountered in their efforts to design constitutions that strive not only to promote constitutionalism but to do so in a manner that reflects the constitutional identity of the different countries. The chapter attempts to answer a series of questions that revolve around the relevance of constitutional identity to the fostering of constitutionalism and good governance and the main lessons that can be drawn from the preceding chapters. It is against this background that it considers ways of promoting constitutional identity in a manner that enhances, rather than undermines, efforts to entrench a culture of constitutionalism and good governance.
Outline
Authors: von Bogdandy Armin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 outlines the challenges of the current European situation and the book’s forward-looking response by reconstructing European public law in light of a democratic European society, as envisioned by Article 2 TEU. It explores the concept of society by showing its meaning, roots, implications, and potential to provide a new perspective on European public law. For example, the concept reframes what are so far considered as conflicts between states as conflicts within one society. The concept also provides the EU with a collective singular (e.g. state, people, nation) that so far is missing. The chapter then deepens the book’s approach by presenting it in the light of three key texts that also analyse structural transformations: Leibholz’s Structural Transformation of Modern Democracy, Habermas’s Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, and Friedmann’s Changing Structure of International Law. The last section positions the book in the tradition of Hegelian thought, thereby explaining its conceptualism, its institutionalism, and its understanding of normativity as being socially embedded as well as transcendental. This section also presents the nation-centred positions that this book challenges, positions which range from Carl Schmitt to the German Federal Constitutional Court to Joseph H. Weiler.
Legitimacy, Authority, and Democratic Duties of Explanation
Authors: Lazar Seth 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Increasingly secret, complex, and inscrutable computational systems are being used to intensify existing power relations and to create new ones; in particular, they are being used to govern. To be all-things-considered morally permissible new, or newly intense, power relations must meet standards of procedural legitimacy and proper authority. This is necessary for them to protect and realise democratic values of individual liberty, relational equality, and collective self-determination. For governing power in particular to be legitimate and have proper authority, it must meet a publicity requirement: reasonably competent members of the governed community must be able to determine that they are being governed legitimately and with proper authority. The publicity requirement can be satisfied only if the powerful can explain their decision-making to members of their political community. At least some duties of explanation are therefore democratic duties. This chapter first sets out the foregoing argument, then applies it to opaque computational systems, and clarifies precisely what kinds of explanations are necessary to fulfil these democratic values.
Sequential Claims-Balancing, a Weak Limited Aggregationist Proposal
Authors: Graham Peter A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
According to Limited Aggregationism, sometimes relatively weak claims to be rescued can be deontically aggregated and other times not: while it may be permissible, even required, to save a thousand young healthy people from suffering permanent paraplegia rather than save a single young healthy person from suffering permanent quadriplegia, there is no number of people it is morally required to save from suffering a temporary hangnail rather than save a single young healthy person from death. Despite the intuitive plausibility of Limited Aggregationism, all of the Limited Aggregationist proposals in the literature have counterintuitive consequences. A novel version of Limited Aggregationism, Sequential Claims-Balancing, is introduced and defended.
Structures of Sufficiency
Authors: Knight Carl 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Sufficientarianism is generally understood as the view that we ought to provide a sufficient amount of advantage, defined according to a metric such as welfare, resources, or capabilities. The standard version uses not just this bare idea of ‘sufficiency of advantage’, but sufficiency of advantage for some goal (for instance, contentment, compassion, or dignity). This chapter poses a dilemma for standard sufficientarianism: either it agrees with the counterpart ‘direct theory’ that just says secure the goal, in which case it seems the structurally simpler direct theory should be preferred, or it disagrees with the direct theory, a disagreement that is hard to justify given the sufficientarian shares the goal. Sufficientarians can escape the dilemma by endorsing any of three less complex alternative theories.
Lotteries, Queues, and Bottlenecks
Authors: Hersch Gil , Rowe Thomas 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
How should we make distributive decisions when there is not enough of the good to go around, or at least not enough of it right now? What does fairness require in such cases? In what follows, we distinguish between cases of scarcity and bottleneck cases, and we argue that both arguments for lotteries and arguments for queues have merit, albeit for different distributive scenarios. When dealing with scarcity not everyone can get the good. A secondary good that can be distributed fairly is the chances of obtaining the good. In cases of scarcity, lotteries are the best way of allocating chances of obtaining the good fairly. When dealing with bottlenecks, the secondary good that can and ought to be distributed fairly is waiting time. Queues are best suited to distribute the good of waiting time fairly.
Chios–Lesbos–Samos
Authors: Christesen Paul , Lentini Giuseppe , Murray Sarah , Simonton Matt 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The poleis on Chios, Lesbos, and Samos attained considerable power and prosperity during the Archaic period. Those poleis had much in common, not least a location that put them on what was at the time the eastern edge of the Greek world, with the attendant opportunities and perils. All three islands were ideal bases for maritime commerce, fell under Persian control, and subsequently participated in the Ionian Rebellion and the Delian League. At the same time, each of the three islands had unique traits and history. Chios was remarkable for its political stability, wealth, and large slave population. Lesbos was wracked by internecine struggle and famed for its poetic tradition. Samos under the tyrant Polycrates built a massive fleet and equally massive temples. The history of the Archaic period looks very different when seen from the eastern Aegean rather than Athens or Sparta, and Chios, Lesbos, and Samos thus merit careful examination in any study of the Archaic Greek world.
Building a Song
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , Dozier Lamont 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the author describes the components necessary to build a song. The reader will gain knowledge of essential ingredients needed to craft a song, song structure, how to create song sections, and how they function. There are a plethora of combinations and decisions that can be made when constructing the parts of a song. This chapter explores how to strategically utilize the combinations and efficiently make the decisions needed to complete a unique song. Diving into examples from some of the greatest hits, this chapter goes beyond the basic components and takes a deeper dive into the art of songwriting.
Internet Radio
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , Glass Preston 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the history of internet radio in detail: from its concept and operations to the founders of the first internet stations, to how the reader can start and run an internet radio station. It also details how the internet station makes money and how to get music played on internet radio stations. This chapter talks about the various types of radio formats and how to approach getting radio airplay. This reading also includes tips on how to prepare a song in terms of formatting, appropriate length, media kits, press and media materials, and understanding metadata for submissions for consideration to radio stations. The author explains the role of a radio promoter, their fees, and how to find a good one, as well as ways to work with a minimal promotion budget.
D.I.Y. Masters—Finding Success Without a Major Record Label
Authors: Batiste Larry D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores do-it-yourself options for songwriters to market and promote their music. While exploring the pros and cons of working with a major record label, the author highlights how and why being an independent wartist can be a viable option. The chapter continues by offering insight and perspective from industry trailblazers on the art and the business of seeking and maintaining financial opportunity independently. The chapter contains multiple accounts of independent singer/songwriters, including Fantastic Negrito, Meklit Hadero, Cornell “CC” Carter, and Kev Choice, who have achieved a reasonable amount of success without the help of a major recording contract.
Transcription factor DIVARICATA1 positively modulates seed germination in response to salinity stress
Authors: Zhang Da , He Tan , Wang Xumin , Zhou Chenchen , Chen Youpeng , Wang Xin , Wang Shixiang , He Shuangcheng , Guo Yuan , Liu Zijin , Chen Mingxun 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Seed germination is a critical checkpoint for plant growth under unfavorable environmental conditions. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) signaling pathways play important roles in modulating seed germination. However, the molecular links between salinity stress and ABA/GA signaling are not well understood. Herein, we showed that the expression of DIVARICATA1 (DIV1), which encodes a MYB-like transcription factor, was induced by GA and repressed by ABA, salinity, and osmotic stress in germinating seeds. DIV1 positively regulated seed germination in response to salinity stress by directly regulating the expression of DELAY OF GERMINATION 1-LIKE 3 (DOGL3) and GA-STIMULATED ARABIDOPSIS 4 (GASA4) and indirectly regulating the expression of several germination-associated genes. Moreover, NUCLEAR FACTOR-YC9 (NF-YC9) directly repressed the expression of DIV1 in germinating seeds in response to salinity stress. These results help reveal the function of the NF-YC9–DIV1 module and provide insights into the regulation of ABA and GA signaling in response to salinity stress during seed germination in Arabidopsis.
Coding with the machines: machine-assisted coding of rare event data
Authors: Overos Henry David , Hlatky Roman , Pathak Ojashwi , Goers Harriet , Gouws-Dewar Jordan , Smith Katy , Chew Keith Padraic , Birnir Jóhanna K , Liu Amy H 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
While machine coding of data has dramatically advanced in recent years, the literature raises significant concerns about validation of LLM classification showing, for example, that reliability varies greatly by prompt and temperature tuning, across subject areas and tasks—especially in “zero-shot” applications. This paper contributes to the discussion of validation in several different ways. To test the relative performance of supervised and semi-supervised algorithms when coding political data, we compare three models’ performances to each other over multiple iterations for each model and to trained expert coding of data. We also examine changes in performance resulting from prompt engineering and pre-processing of source data. To ameliorate concerns regarding LLM’s pre-training on test data, we assess performance by updating an existing dataset beyond what is publicly available. Overall, we find that only GPT-4 approaches trained expert coders when coding contexts familiar to human coders and codes more consistently across contexts. We conclude by discussing some benefits and drawbacks of machine coding moving forward.
Roundtable: Four Nations
Authors: Akhtar Shahmima , Hanna Erika , Hession Peter , Hussain Mobeen , Kumar Krishan , Lloyd-Jones Naomi , Ohlmeyer Jane , Stewart Ian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Nations have long since preoccupied historians. Histories of how nations came to be, how they persisted, and how nations were unmade are innumerable. As a political unit of analysis, the nation has fascinated and divided. On the one hand, histories of the nation have traced the origins of particular nation states, analysing how a large body of people becomes united within a geographic territory through a shared language, a shared identity, and a shared culture. On the other hand, such histories have been criticized for reifying the nation-state, stressing the majority over the minority, and ultimately for obfuscating differences. The nation as a structure can indeed serve the needs of the ruling establishment to create a governing society. How then, can historians retain the nation as a unit of analysis without for example valorizing England in histories of the UK? Why is it so often that in histories of Britain, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales are mentioned as a comparable case and not the focus itself? Is it possible to ensure that histories of the British Isles reject and refuse implicit hierarchies that routinely prioritize one nation over other nations? Fundamentally, is it even worthwhile to study the nation instead of, for example, focusing on specific gendered groups, or ethnic communities or labour movements for instance? By focusing on thematic experiences rather than the nation-state can historians avoid inadvertently reproducing structural inequality in twenty-first-century Britain?
The Ben Pimlott Memorial Lecture 2022: Patterns of Harm and Resistance: The Early History of Transphobic Algorithmic Bias
Authors: Hicks Mar 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This piece explores an early example of transphobic algorithmic bias in an electronic computing system in the UK government, which was designed to collect taxes and apportion welfare state benefits. It argues that the logic of computation has long been used to obfuscate political decisions and launder government disdain for the rights and needs of marginalized groups.
“It’s Time to Do It, to Make It a Major Part of Medicine”: Faculty Experience With a Shift Toward an Antioppressive Medical School Curriculum
Authors: McDonald Jordan A. , Rincón Alejandra , Daniel Rosny , O’Sullivan Patricia S. , Hauer Karen E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Purpose
Health inequities compel medical educators to transform curricula to prepare physicians to improve the health of diverse populations. This mandate requires curricular focus on antioppression, which is a change for faculty who learned and taught under a different paradigm. This study used the Concerns-Based Adoption Model (CBAM) to explore faculty perceptions of and experiences with a shift to a curriculum that prioritizes antioppressive content and process.

Method
In this qualitative study, authors interviewed faculty course directors and teachers at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine from March 2021 to January 2022. Questions addressed faculty experience and understanding regarding the curriculum shift toward antioppression, perceptions of facilitators and barriers to change, and their interactions with colleagues and learners about this change. Using the CBAM components as sensitizing concepts, the authors conducted thematic analysis.

Results
Sixteen faculty participated. Their perceptions of their experience with the first year of an antioppression curriculum initiative were characterized by 3 broad themes: (1) impetus for change, (2) personal experience with antioppressive curricular topics, and (3) strategies necessary to accomplish the change. Faculty described 3 driving forces for the shift toward antioppressive curricula: moral imperative, response to national and local events, and evolving culture of medicine. Despite broad alignment with the change, faculty expressed uncertainties on 3 subthemes: uncertainty about what is an antioppressive curriculum, the scientific perspective, and fear. Faculty also reflected on primary facilitators and barriers to accomplishing the change.

Conclusions
The shift to an antioppressive curriculum compels faculty to increase their knowledge and skills and adopt a critical, self-reflective lens on the interplay of medicine and oppression. This study’s findings can inform faculty development efforts and highlight curricular leadership and resources needed to support faculty through this type of curricular change.
HIV/HBV coinfection remodels the immune landscape and natural killer cell ADCC functional responses
Authors: Sun Bo , da Costa Kelly A.S. , Alrubayyi Aljawharah , Kokici Jonida , Fisher-Pearson Natasha , Hussain Noshin , D’Anna Stefano , Piermatteo Lorenzo , Salpini Romina , Svicher Valentina , Kucykowicz Stephanie , Ghosh Indrajit , Burns Fiona , Kinloch Sabine , Simoes Pedro , Bhagani Sanjay , Kennedy Patrick T.F. , Maini Mala K. , Bashford-Rogers Rachael , Gill Upkar S. , Peppa Dimitra 
Published: April 2024

Background and Aims:
HBV and HIV coinfection is a common occurrence globally, with significant morbidity and mortality. Both viruses lead to immune dysregulation including changes in natural killer (NK) cells, a key component of antiviral defense and a promising target for HBV cure strategies. Here we used high-throughput single-cell analysis to explore the immune cell landscape in people with HBV mono-infection and HIV/HBV coinfection, on antiviral therapy, with emphasis on identifying the distinctive characteristics of NK cell subsets that can be therapeutically harnessed.

Approach and Results:
Our data show striking differences in the transcriptional programs of NK cells. HIV/HBV coinfection was characterized by an over-representation of adaptive, KLRC2-expressing NK cells, including a higher abundance of a chemokine-enriched (CCL3/CCL4) adaptive cluster. The NK cell remodeling in HIV/HBV coinfection was reflected in enriched activation pathways, including CD3ζ phosphorylation and ZAP-70 translocation that can mediate stronger antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity responses and a bias toward chemokine/cytokine signaling. By contrast, HBV mono-infection imposed a stronger cytotoxic profile on NK cells and a more prominent signature of “exhaustion” with higher circulating levels of HBsAg. Phenotypic alterations in the NK cell pool in coinfection were consistent with increased “adaptiveness” and better capacity for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity compared to HBV mono-infection. Overall, an adaptive NK cell signature correlated inversely with circulating levels of HBsAg and HBV-RNA in our cohort.

Conclusions:
This study provides new insights into the differential signature and functional profile of NK cells in HBV and HIV/HBV coinfection, highlighting pathways that can be manipulated to tailor NK cell-focused approaches to advance HBV cure strategies in different patient groups.
Pediatric Orbital Juvenile Xanthogranuloma: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Authors: Lee Ming-Han H. , Smith Ebony J. , Hardy Thomas G. , Graf Nicole , Tumuluri Krishna 
Published: April 2024

Purpose:
Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a subtype of histiocytosis characterised histologically by foamy non-Langerhan cells with Touton giant cells. It typically manifests as a single self-limiting cutaneous nodule in the pediatric population. Orbital JXG is extremely rare, and its clinical course and management are not well understood or defined. Herein we present 3 cases of orbital JXG and provide a detailed literature review.

Methods:
Review of 3 cases with orbital JXG and literature review of all published cases.

Results:
Three presented cases demonstrate the heterogeneous clinical course of orbital JXG. Although centred around the use of steroids, there is neither robust evidence nor consensus on its management. The wider JXG literature is currently concentrated around the classification of JXG with respect to histiocytosis, especially the exclusion of extracutaneous JXG as separate diseases. This separation is based on clinical, histopathological, and molecular findings. It is unclear where orbital JXG best fits in this emerging classification of JXG.

Conclusion:
Our review of the cases and literature on orbital JXG show that it may manifest with variable clinical course and its molecular pathogenic mechanism may be different to that of the cutaneous JXG.
Comparative Effectiveness of Long-Acting Injectable Versus Oral Antipsychotics in Patients With Schizophrenia Using the Prevalent New User Design and Subgroup Analyses
Authors: Okada Yusuke , Inada Ken , Akazawa Manabu 
Published: April 2024

Background
We compared the effectiveness of long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) and oral antipsychotics (OAs) in treating schizophrenia, focusing on whether the benefits of LAIs over OAs are evident even in the prevalent new user design and on effect heterogeneity.

Methods
We conducted a prevalent new user cohort study using 2 administrative claims databases in Japan. We included patients with schizophrenia initiated on LAIs and propensity score–matched patients on OA. We compared the risks of psychiatric hospitalization and treatment discontinuation based on hazard ratios (HRs) using the Cox proportional hazards model. Effect heterogeneity was evaluated using subgroup analyses.

Results
In total, 2520 patients using LAI and OA were identified as matched cohorts. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics were associated with a higher psychiatric hospitalization risk than OAs (HR, 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–1.88) in the entire population; however, LAIs were associated with lower risk in the group with a low proportion of days covered and psychiatric hospitalization history (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.30–0.89). Long-acting injectable antipsychotics were associated with a lower risk of treatment discontinuation than OAs (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.66–0.87) in the entire population; in the subgroup analyses, a consistent trend was observed in all strata (LAIs had a lower risk).

Conclusions
Using a prevalent new user design, this study confirmed that LAIs have an advantage regarding treatment continuity. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics had higher psychiatric hospitalization risk than OAs in the entire population; however, this study suggested the presence of effect heterogeneity due to psychiatric hospitalization history.