bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BJR's policy on colour illustrations
Authors: Hogan T R 
Published: July 2009

The British Institute of Radiology, 36 Portland Place, London W1N 4AT
The British Journal of Radiology charges authors £185 for the first colour illustration and £30 for each subsequent illustration. Our aim is to help cover the extra costs associated with the additional colour printing: scanning to produce colour separated film, provision of cromalin proofs and the printing of an extra colour section.
Long source–skin distance rectal irradiation technique: a review of results
Authors: Shenouda G , Gordon P H , Podgorsak E B , Evans M D C , Freeman C R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Endocavitary rectal irradiation is a well established curative treatment for patients with selected early cases of adenocarcinoma of the rectum. At McGill we use a long source–skin distance (SSD) rectal irradiation technique as an alternative to the standard short SSD rectal irradiation technique originally described by Papillon. Eight patients, seven women and one man, were treated between April 1986 and November 1988. Median age was 72.5 years (range 46–86 years). Seven patients were treated with curative intent, and one for palliation. The mean follow-up period for all patients was 43 months, with a median of 54 months (range 3–65 months). Actuarial survival and disease-free survival were 86% and 72% at 65 months for the seven patients treated with curative intent. Treatments were well tolerated by all patients and only one patient developed localized proctitis that required steroid enemas, which resulted in complete resolution of symptoms. Our results are comparable with those in other reports in the literature. The complications were similar in type and frequency to other published series.
Appearances on ultrasound of impalpable injection port in a double chamber breast prosthesis
Authors: Skene A I , Collins C D , Barr L , Cosgrove D O 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Breast reconstruction utilizing tissue expansion is being increasingly practised by both plastic and general surgeons. Our current experience for both immediate and delayed reconstruction is with the double chamber Becker prosthesis. The prosthesis with the resulting breast mound has on occasions rendered the injection port difficult to localize by palpation. We have found ultrasound useful in identifying impalpable ports and in facilitating needle insertion into the injection dome.
Effect of nuclear medicine on paediatric imaging
Authors: Gordon I 
Published: July 2009

Detailed understanding of anatomy and pathology is central to radiology. If functional imaging can be incorporated into the overall picture of the patient then the “radiologist” stands in a unique position to assist the clinician, not only with establishing the diagnosis but also with assessing the effectiveness of therapy.
The role of nuclear medicine varies with different organ systems; almost every nuclear medicine examination must be based on a firm anatomical foundation and therefore radiology (including ultrasound, CT and MRI) must be available close to the time of the nuclear medicine study. There are certain nuclear medicine examinations which are truly complementary to well-established anatomical studies, e.g. ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) lung scans with the chest radiograph or 99Tcm HMPAO brain scans with CT or MRI. Other nuclear medicine examinations have however replaced radiological investigations, e.g. 99Tcm DMSA for the IVU in renal scarring, or the bone scan for the skeletal survey when staging children with malignant disease.
An integrated approach means that the term “radiologist” implies someone who is conversant with the advantages and disadvantages of ultrasound, radiology, CT, MRI and nuclear medicine techniques. This does not imply full training in all modalities. The choice of a particular technique should be based on the least invasive procedure, which usually carries the lowest radiation burden. Important factors which the radiologist must take into account when dealing with children include the invasiveness of a procedure and the radiation burden of an investigation.
A frameless method for stereotactic radiotherapy
Authors: Jones D , Christopherson D A , Washington J T , Hafermann M D , Rieke J W , Travaglini J J , Vermeulen S S 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A frameless method for stereotactic multiple arc radiotherapy (SMART) is described. Three short gold wires are implanted in the scalp approximately 100 mm apart. These are localized in a computed tomographic or angiographic study along with the target. Subsequently the gold markers are localized on beam films and the target position calculated using a computer program ISOLOC. This program provides the couch movements required to move the target to the isocentre and a micropositioner attached to the couch is used to make the adjustment. Beam films are repeated until the movements required are less than 1 mm in any direction. It is shown that the simple procedures of implanting the markers subcutaneously do not provide a stable reference system in about 25% of patients and the markers are now screwed into the cranium. The precision of the method is evaluated by phantom studies and measurements taken during several hundred treatments.
Selection of anti-scatter grids for different imaging tasks: the advantage of low atomic number cover and interspace materials
Authors: Sandborg M , Dance D R , Carlsson G Alm , Persliden J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A Monte Carlo computer program has been developed for the study of anti-scatter grids used in diagnostic radiology. The program estimates the scatter from soft tissue phantoms representative of either adult or paediatric examinations and uses dose increase, signal-to-noise ratio improvement and contrast improvement factors to study grid performance. It has been used to quantify the advantage of replacing grids with aluminium covers and interspaces by grids using materials of low atomic number for these components. Two approaches are used. First, the aluminium and low atomic number alternatives are compared for five grid ratios at fixed strip density and width and for tube potentials of 50, 70, 100 and 150 kV. Second, 44 commercially available grids are compared for three different imaging situations (lumbar spine, chest and paediatric). The results demonstrate that grids made with carbon fibre cover and cotton fibre interspace result in greater improvements in contrast and signal-to-noise ratio, and lower dose increase factors, than do grids made with aluminium. The dose reduction varies with irradiation conditions and is generally larger at lower tube potentials, higher grid ratios and lower strip densities. A typical reduction in mean absorbed dose in the patient is 30% in an adult lumbar spine (AP view) at 70 kV with a grid with 36 strips per centimetre and ratio 12.
Computed tomography of generalized lymphangiomatosis and chylothorax
Authors: Higgins J N P , Shah A R , Dicks-Mireaux C F M , Conry B G 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The diagnosis of lymphangiomatosis can often be made on clinical grounds with the aid of plain radiography. In children with intractable chylothorax computed tomography (CT) of the thorax may reveal the presence of a mediastinal mass but frequently in lymphangiomatosis will not demonstrate any specific features. Abdominal CT, on the other hand, may suggest the diagnosis by the association with intraabdominal lymphangioma.
Clinical diagnosis from digital displays: results and conclusions from the St Mary's evaluation project
Authors: Dawood R M , Craig J O M C , Todd-Pokrapek A , Porter A W , Highman J H , Cunningham D A , Stevens J M , Al-Kutoubi A , Crofton M E 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Preliminary results with the first commercially available digital display system to be installed in a British radiology department were published in 1989: these consisted of data from observer performance studies of digitized images displayed using a 1024-line monitor, showing a single pathological feature—subperiosteal resorption in renal osteodystrophy. Further experiments have now been conducted with the successor to this equipment, a 1280-line digital display system. Formal observer performance studies were undertaken for four pathological conditions, and the results show statistically significant differences in performance between the digitized displayed images and those on film. The display system was not considered to be good enough for the task of primary radiological diagnosis of subtle lesions; findings support the conclusion that careful, objective clinical evaluation of digital display systems is important before they are introduced into clinical use.
The case of the knotty string
Authors: Kapur V , Kulshreshtha R , Baijal V 
Published: July 2009

An 8-year-old boy presented at a peripheral hospital with a 10-day history of upper abdominal pain, vomiting and loose motions. He vomited out worms 5 days later. There was a vague lump in the abdomen. Abdomen and chest skiagrams and ultrasound were reported normal.
In the absence of improvement in clinical status, the patient was admitted to our institution with episodes of recurrent abdominal pain and an evening rise in temperature occurring for a month. Examination revealed anaemia, a rash all over the body and an intraabdominal lump in the epigastrium and left hypochondrium.
Absorbed dose in the skin from beta emitters in medical and laboratory containers
Authors: Beddoe A H , Kelly M T 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The International Commission on Radiation Protection have recently recommended an annual dose limit for the skin of radiation workers of 500 mSv at a depth of 20–100 μm averaged over any 1 cm2 regardless of the area exposed. It has previously been shown by the authors that beta dose rates on the outer surfaces of typical laboratory containers (vials, test tubes) or on medical syringes can exceed lOOmSv h−1 for radionuclide concentrations of the order of 1 MBq g−1, depending on container diameter, wall thickness and material and the beta particle energy spectrum. Since the fingers are frequently in contact with such containers it is of some importance to extend these dose calculations to depths below the skin surface, taking into consideration the anatomy of skin on the fingers. Using an extension of a Monte Carlo method previously described, dose rates have been calculated for the clinically useful radionuclides 90Y, 32P, 198Au, 153Sm and 131I. For polypropylene syringes the beta dose rates at a depth of 270 μm (a typical basal cell depth in the fingers) range from 77 to 135 mGy h−1 per MBq g−1 for 90Y (maximum energy 2.27 MeV) and approximately zero to 0.62 mGy h− per MBq g−1 for 131I (maximum energy 0.61 MeV). These results emphasize the importance of adequate finger protection when using high energy β emitters and especially for clinicians who typically inject specific activities of the order of 100 MBq g−1 of 32P; in such cases annual permissible dose rates are exceeded in a matter of minutes. It is recommended that a minimum of 5 mm perspex finger protection be used for 90Y and 32P.
Colour Doppler demonstration of pseudoaneurysms complicating pancreatic pseudocysts
Authors: Golzarian J , Braude P , Bank W O , Zalcman M , Gansbeke D Van 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The great morbidity and mortality associated with pseudoaneurysms complicating pancreatic pseudocysts stress the need for their early detection. The authors report the use of colour Doppler sonography in the detection of pseudoaneurysms within pancreatic pseudocysts, emphasizing not only the value of this modality in the initial diagnosis, but also its value in monitoring the success of transcatheter embolization. Colour Doppler should be used systematically in the evaluation of pancreatic pseudocysts.
Calibration of low activity caesium tubes and needles traceable to the therapy level standard
Authors: Deshpande N A , Wilkinson J M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A technique for deriving the reference air kerma rate for low activity brachytherapy sources that is traceable to the therapy level standard at the National Physical Laboratory is presented. Correction factors have been generated to account for the finite source and detector size. The air kerma rate calibration of the secondary standard for caesium quality has been derived by polynomial curve fitting. The reference air kerma rates for several caesium tubes and needles have been determined and the results compared with the manufacturers' source test reports. For all the source types used the agreement between methods was within 2%.
Measurement of computed tomography scanner slice widths
Authors: Czajka J , Shaw A J , Mott D J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The slice width of a computed tomography scanner can be considered as the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the slice dose profile. A method is described which uses dental film to image the slice and allows the FWHM of the dose profile to be determined directly from the digitization and analysis of the film image.
The accuracy of conventional and three-dimensional thallium-technetium scans in patients with hyperpara-thyroidism resulting from multiglandular hyperplasia
Authors: Dudek M K , Jenkins B J , Goode A W , Newell M S , Boucher B J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
25 patients with hyperparathyroidism resulting from multiglandular hyperplasia were studied prior to cervical exploration. 43% of abnormal glands were correctly localized by preoperative thallium-technetium scintigraphy. In the 11 patients who underwent three-dimensional scanning, all glands already identified by scintigraphy were also localized in a third plane. In one patient an additional gland, not detected by the conventional scan, was visible.
Quality control in mammography: an initiative in France
Authors: Maccia C , Renaud R , Castellano S , Schaffer P , Wahl R , Haehnel P , Dale G , Gairard B 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The ultimate effectiveness of any mass screening campaign is directly related to strict compliance with certain rules and technical protocols designed for radiological installations. Concerning radiological screening, the primary technical objective is to ensure reproducibly high quality images at low radiation dose to the patient. This paper describes the methodology followed for the implementation of a quality control (QC) programme of 48 mammography installations used within the context of the breast cancer screening campaign in the Bas-Rhin region of eastern France. In order to demonstrate the efficacy of such a programme, results of QC tests and procedures relating to each element of the radiological imaging chain are presented and compared for four control visits carried out at 6 month intervals over a period of 2 years. A reduction of 50% (from 16 mGy to 7.5 mGy) of breast entrance doses (normalized to a breast thickness of 4.5 cm) and a significant improvement of detectability of high contrast details are discussed. The importance of encouraging an extension of a similar process to the other screening experiments currently underway in France is emphasized.
The safety of outpatient arteriography using 3F catheters
Authors: Buckenham T M , Belli A-M 
Published: July 2009

We were interested to read the article by Reidy and Ludman [1] on arteriography using 3F catheters. We routinely use 3F catheters for intraarterial diagnostic studies and find it surprising that the authors did not mention the major limitations of this technique.
The single most important problem is catheter rupture. Despite using flow rates as low as 6 ml s−1 and pressures of 900 psi, 25% of our Cook 3F catheters rupture at the junction between the hub and the tubing. Once ruptured it is very difficult to reinsert the 0.025 inch amplatz wire to effect a catheter change.
Serial investigation of balloon angioplasty induced changes in the superficial femoral artery using colour duplex ultrasonography
Authors: Henderson J , Chambers J , Jeddy T A , Chamberlain J , Whittingham T A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTA) of superficial femoral artery lesions is associated with similar initial success rates in coronary and iliac artery angioplasty but its application is limited by a much higher incidence of restenosis. To improve understanding of the trauma caused to the vessel by balloon angioplasty and the mechanisms contributing to the subsequent processes of healing and restenosis requires serial investigations of the treated arteries in vivo. This paper describes a prospective study using colour duplex ultrasonic imaging to assess arterial changes in 51 patients with atherosclerotic disease undergoing PTA of superficial femoral artery stenoses and occlusions. Each patient was scanned prior to angioplasty and at intervals up to 6 months post-angioplasty. On each scan, measurements were made of the overall vessel and lumen diameters at each site of angioplasty. These measurements indicate that angioplasty improves vessel patency mainly by stretching of the vessel wall, with compression and/or redistribution of the atherosclerotic plaque contributing less than 25% to the improvement of lumen diameter. Serial measurements after angioplasty show complex patterns of change at the angioplasty sites indicating that several mechanisms may be contributing to the processes of vessel healing and subsequent restenosis. Possible mechanisms which could explain the measured changes in overall vessel and lumen diameters are discussed.
The computed tomographic features of mediastinal bronchogenic cyst rupture into the bronchial tree
Authors: De Nunzio M C , Evans A J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Bronchogenic cysts are congenital anomalies which occur most commonly within the mediastinum. They may become complicated by fistula formation with the bronchial tree. We report a case of an adult male where such a complication occurred between the time of the patient's chest radiograph and his examination by computed tomography (CT). We believe that this is the first reported CT demonstration of an air–fluid level within a mediastinal bronchogenic cyst, in a typical site, presumed to be caused by rupture into the bronchial tree.
Variation between os calces as measured by broadband ultrasound attenuation
Authors: Dretakis E , Damilakis J , Kontakis G , Gourtsoyiannis N 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We compared broadband ultrasonic attenuation (BUA) values of right with left os calcis in 65 women. All subjects were right handed, and they were divided into two groups: Group 1 consisted of 32 normal volunteers and Group 2 of 33 osteoporotic subjects. Both groups had mean absolute differences in BUA between the two os calces greater than the coefficient of variation (p &lt; 0.001). This difference is not related to stated handedness of the individuals. Osteoporosis affects both os calces similarly. BUA measurements should always be performed in the same site in longitudinal studies, otherwise false comparisons will result.
Renal morbidity and compensatory renal responses associated with flank radiotherapy in two children
Authors: Jenkins P J , Plowman P N 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Unilateral kidney irradiation, above renal tolerance, is occasionally necessary in the treatment of flank tumours in childhood. Renal atrophy follows. There is often a gradual increase in the function of the contralateral kidney to compensate for the radiation injury. The development of this compensatory response appears to be influenced by both age and any dose of radiation received. We report the cases of two children who received high dose unilateral kidney radiotherapy as part of the multimodality treatment of a flank tumour and consider the influences on compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral kidney.
Presentation of colour flow maps of the peripheral circulation
Authors: Green I R , Dudley N J , Gravill N 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The use of continuous wave Doppler ultrasound for lower limb arterial assessment is a well established technique in most district hospitals. Patients found to have disturbances in blood flow attributable to arterial plaques are often referred for arteriographic visualization of the disease with its inherent risks and complications. The availability of colour flow mapping on modern ultrasound scanners provides a noninvasive way of detecting the size and extent of these plaques and, in some institutions, is replacing arteriography. One possible disadvantage of the use of colour flow mapping is that it does not provide a permanent record showing the relationship of the plaques to the patient's gross anatomy in the same way as arteriography. This may limit the acceptability of this technique. At Lincoln work was undertaken to develop a system for presenting images of a whole segment of a limb simultaneously along with the associated blood velocity spectrum. This was performed first by hand and then a suite of computer software was developed to automate the process. Comparisons were made between the ultrasound based images and arteriography, showing the techniques to be of similar diagnostic value. The technique provides composite images showing anatomical detail, blood flow and velocity spectra for ease of interpretation. Further studies will be undertaken in order to define patient groups where diagnostic arteriography can be avoided.
Necklace calcification in an infant: a sign of hypoxia; not of strangulation
Authors: Carty H 
Published: July 2009

Necklace calcification in an infant: a sign of hypoxia; not of strangulation
Thank you for giving me the opportunity to reply to the above correspondence. I am familiar with the paper by Higgins and Shaw and I accept that they have seen fat necrosis in their child and, indeed, that this has been described on several occasions.
Organ absorbed doses in intraoral dental radiography
Authors: Lecomber A R , Faulkner K 
Published: July 2009

We thank Dr Ramsey for the interest shown in our article and welcome the opportunity to reply.
There are two principal types of distortion in projection radiography: image size distortion and image shape distortion. Image size distortion results from a gross magnification of the image, such that the proportions of the image are approximately the same as their counter parts in the object. The image closely matches the object in shape, but the overall size is different.
Book reviews
Authors: Irvine A T 
Published: July 2009

This small monograph is an extremely detailed account of the author'sexperience with angioscopy.
Following a brief review of the history of angiography the author discusses the various techniques for performing angioscopy in the radiological suite. There follows a detailed discussion of various angioscopic findings in peripheral vascular disease including the angioscopic appearance following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. There is a further section on interventional procedures in angioscopy with sections on the assessment of thrombolysis and of stent implantation.