bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploitation of distant Antarctic waters and close neritic waters by short‐tailed shearwaters breeding in South Australia
Authors: EINODER L. D. , PAGE B. , GOLDSWORTHY S. D. , DE LITTLE S. C. , BRADSHAW C. J. A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIdentifying the primary foraging grounds of abundant top predators is of importance in marine management to identify areas of high biological significance, and to assess the extent of competition with fisheries. We studied the search effort and habitat selection of the highly abundant short‐tailed shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris to assess the search strategies employed by this wide‐ranging seabird. During the chick‐rearing period 52 individuals were tracked performing 39 short foraging trips (1–2 days), and 13 long trips (11–32 days). First‐passage time analysis revealed that 46% of birds performing short trips employed area‐restricted searches, concentrating search effort at an average scale of 14 ± 5 km. Foraging searches were more continuous for the other 54%, who travelled faster to cover greater distances, with little evidence of area‐restricted searches. The prey returned indicated that continuous searchers consumed similar prey mass, but greater prey diversity than area‐restricted search birds. On long trips 23% of birds travelled 500–1000 km to neritic (continental shelf) habitats, showing weak evidence of preference for areas of higher chlorophyll a concentration, and foraged at a similar spatial scale to short trips. The other 76% performed rapid outbound flights of 1000–3600 km across oceanic habitats commuting to regions with higher chlorophyll a. The spatial scale of search effort in oceanic habitat varied widely with some performing broad‐scale searches (260–560 km) followed by finer‐scale nested searches (16–170 km). This study demonstrates that a range of search strategies are employed when exploiting prey across ocean basins. The trade‐offs between different search strategies are discussed to identify the value of these contrasting behaviours to wide‐ranging seabirds.
Bromeliad architectural complexity and vertical distribution predict spider abundance and richness
Authors: GONÇALVES‐SOUZA THIAGO , ALMEIDA‐NETO MÁRIO , ROMERO GUSTAVO Q. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHabitat complexity is a main predictor of the distribution of arthropods on vegetation. However, it remains poorly known whether plant architecture and fine‐scale spatial distribution affect the species richness and composition of associated arthropod guilds. In this study, we extensively sampled bromeliad species with a variety of rosette architectures in a megadiversity region. The aims were to investigate whether (i) possible differences in spider species composition among bromeliad species are related to the distinct architectures of the plants, and (ii) bromeliad architectural complexity (an intrinsic feature) and vertical distribution (an extrinsic feature) are good predictors of spider abundance and richness. Contrary to our expectations, spider species composition did not vary significantly among bromeliad species with different architectures. We found a positive effect of the mean number of leaves on spider abundance and species richness, but it occurred indirectly through spider abundance; factoring out the indirect effect revealed a negative effect of leaf number on species richness. Bromeliad species with wider vertical distributions harboured more spider species. Our results suggest that the dominance of a few spider species and reduced space for orb‐web spiders to attach their webs are the main explanations for lower spider richness on bromeliad species with higher architectural complexity. Our findings highlight the importance of both intrinsic and extrinsic plant features as co‐determinants of predator arthropod diversity.
Are the patterns of regeneration in the endangeredEucalyptus gunniissp.divaricatashifting in response to climate?
Authors: SANGER JENNIFER C. , DAVIDSON NEIL J. , O'GRADY ANTHONY P. , CLOSE DUGALD C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIncreasing drought frequency is a major driver of changes in forest structure and has been implicated in the decline of the endangered tree species,Eucalyptus gunniissp.divaricata(McAulay & Brett) in the Central Plateau region of Tasmania, Australia. In this study, we examined patterns of regeneration, aspects of the water relations ofE. gunniissp.divaricataand its replacementEucalyptus paucifloraand, whether shifts in stand dominance have occurred where the subspecies co‐occurs withE. paucifloracould be related to recent changes in climate. SuccessfulE. gunniissp.divaricataseedling regeneration was restricted to micro‐sites with relatively deep soils within slight depressions. In contrast, poorE. gunniissp.divaricataregeneration and declining adult cohorts of this species all occurred on steeper, concave micro‐sites with shallow soils. This apparent shift in suitable regeneration micro‐site, from sites with shallow to deeper soils, may be linked to an observed 25% reduction in summer rainfall over the last 50 years. On slopes surrounding waterlogged depressions whereE. gunniissp.divaricataco‐occurs withE. pauciflora,E. pauciflorawas in higher abundance thanE. gunniissp.divaricatain small adult and sapling size‐classes, compared with the adult cohorts (>30 cm d.b.h.), a trend consistent with a shift in stand dominance. Despite existing paradigms related to differential drought tolerance between these two species as a driver of this shift in stand dominance, there were no differences in predawn (Ψpd) water potentials between species. Furthermore, pressure–volume analysis showed thatE. gunniissp.divaricatahad lower values for osmotic potential at turgor loss point (−2.33 ± 0.06 MPa) thanE. pauciflora(−2.13 ± 0.03 MPa), suggesting thatE. gunniissp.divaricatamay be more drought tolerant thanE. pauciflora, in contrast to the prevailing paradigm that it is more susceptible to drought thanE. pauciflora.
Genetic variants of the insulin receptor substrate‐1 are influencing the therapeutic efficacy of oral antidiabetics
Authors: Seeringer A. , Parmar S. , Fischer A. , Altissimo B. , Zondler L. , Lebedeva E. , Pitterle K. , Roots I. , Kirchheiner J. 
Published: September 2010

Aim: The therapeutic efficacy of oral hypoglycaemic drugs varies between individuals, and pharmacogenetic factors contribute to this variability. The Gly972Arg polymorphism in the insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1) has been shown to play a role in insulin signal transduction and therapeutic failure to sulphonylurea drugs. Methods: We studied the association between the IRS‐1 polymorphism and the haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level in diabetic patients treated with insulinotropic versus non‐insulinotropic hypoglycaemic drugs as a marker for the efficacy of an antidiabetic treatment. Genotyping of the IRS‐1 Arg972 variant was performed in type 2 diabetes patients treated with either sulphonylurea drugs, glinides or insulin or with metformin, acarbose or glitazones using the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) method. Results: Significantly higher HbA1c levels were observed in carriers of the Arg972 variant after treatment with insulinotropic drugs compared to wild‐type carriers (8.3 vs. 7.6%, p = 0.005, independent t‐test). Furthermore, patients with secondary failure to insulinotropic hypoglycaemic drugs switching finally to insulin showed even higher HbA1c levels in carriers of Arg972 compared to wild‐type (8.7 vs. 7.6%, p = 0.005, independent t‐test). Conclusions: Thus, we were able to replicate the earlier findings of an association between the IRS‐1 Arg972 variant and secondary failure to sulphonylurea drugs, and further observed a general association between HbA1c and this polymorphism in type 2 diabetes patients treated with insulinotropic hypoglycaemic drugs but not with metformin.
A multicenter, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind phase II trial evaluating the optimal dose, efficacy and safety of LC 15‐0444 in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Rhee E. J. , Lee W. Y. , Yoon K. H. , Yoo S. J. , Lee I. K. , Baik S. H. , Kim Y. K. , Lee M. K. , Park K. S. , Park J. Y. , Cha B. S. , Lee H. W. , Min K. W. , Bae H. Y. , Kim M. J. , Kim J. A. , Kim D. K. , Kim S. W. 
Published: September 2010

Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the optimal dose, efficacy and safety of a novel dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐IV) inhibitor, LC15‐0444, in Korean subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated by diet and exercise. Methods: This study was a double‐blind, randomized, multicenter and parallel‐group, dose‐range finding study. We enrolled 145 patients (91 men and 54 women) with a median age of 53 years and a median body mass index of 25.1 kg/m2. The median baseline fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was 8.1 mmol/l, the median HbA1c was 7.9% and the median time since the diagnosis of diabetes was 3 years. After 2 weeks of an exercise/diet programme followed by 2 weeks of a placebo period, the subjects were randomized to one of the four following groups for a 12‐week active treatment period: placebo and 50, 100 or 200 mg of LC15‐0444. Results: All three doses of LC15‐0444 significantly reduced the HbA1c from baseline compared to the placebo group (−0.06 vs. −0.98, −0.74 and −0.78% in the placebo and 50, 100 and 200 mg groups, respectively), without a significant difference between the doses. Subjects with a higher baseline HbA1c (≥8.5%) had a greater reduction in HbA1c. Insulin secretory function, as assessed using homeostasis model assessment‐beta cell, C‐peptide and the insulinogenic index, improved significantly with LC15‐0444 treatment. Insulin sensitivity, as assessed using homeostasis model assessment‐insulin resistance, also improved significantly after 12 weeks of treatment. The 50 and 200 mg groups had significantly reduced total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at 12 weeks compared to the placebo group. No dosage of LC15‐0444 affected weight or waist circumference. The incidences of adverse events were similar in all study subjects. Conclusions: LC15‐0444 monotherapy (50 mg for 12 weeks) improved the HbA1c, FPG level, oral glucose tolerance test results, β‐cell function and insulin sensitivity measures, and was well tolerated in Korean subjects with type 2 diabetes.
Timing of protein ingestion relative to resistance exercise training does not influence body composition, energy expenditure, glycaemic control or cardiometabolic risk factors in a hypocaloric, high protein diet in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Wycherley T. P. , Noakes M. , Clifton P. M. , Cleanthous X. , Keogh J. B. , Brinkworth G. D. 
Published: September 2010

Aim: To investigate timing of protein ingestion relative to resistance exercise training (RT) on body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, glycaemic control and resting energy expenditure (REE) during weight loss on a high‐protein (HP) diet in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: Thirty‐four men/women with T2DM (age 57 ± 7 years and body mass index 34.9 ± 4.2 kg m−2) were randomly assigned to the ingestion of a HP meal (860 kJ, 21 g protein, 0.7 g fat, 29.6 g carbohydrate) either immediately prior to RT or at least 2 h following RT. All participants followed a 16‐week, energy‐restricted (6–7 MJ day−1), HP diet (carbohydrate : protein : fat 43 : 33 : 22) and participated in supervised RT (3 day week−1). Outcomes were assessed pre‐ and postintervention at 16 weeks. Results: There was an overall reduction in bodyweight (−11.9 ± 6.1 kg), fat mass (−10.0 ± 4.4 kg), fat‐free mass (−1.9 ± 3.1 kg), waist circumference (−12.1 ± 5.3 cm), REE (−742 ± 624 kJ day−1), glucose (−1.9 ± 1.7 mmol l−1), insulin (−6.1 ± 6.7 mU l−1) and glycosylated haemoglobin (−1.1 ± 0.1%), p ≤ 0.01 time for all variables, with no difference between groups (p ≥ 0.41 group effect). Strength improved and cardiometabolic risk factors were reduced similarly in both groups; single repetition maximum chest press 11.0 ± 8.7 kg, single repetition maximum lat pull down 9.9 ± 6.0 kg, total cholesterol −0.6 ± 0.5 mmol l−1, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol −0.1 ± 0.2 mmol l−1, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol −0.3 ± 0.5 mmol l−1, triglycerides −0.6 ± 0.7 mmol l−1, blood pressure (systolic/diastolic) −13 ± 10/−7 ± 7 mmHg (p ≤ 0.04 time effect, p ≥ 0.24 group effect). Conclusion: A HP, energy‐restricted diet with RT was effective in improving glycaemic control, body composition, strength and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese patients with T2DM irrespective of altering the timing of protein ingestion relative to RT.
Pathological results and rates of treatment failure in high‐risk prostate cancer patients after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Walz Jochen , Joniau Steven , Chun Felix K. , Isbarn Hendrik , Jeldres Claudio , Yossepowitch Ofer , Chao‐Yu Hsu , Klein Eric A. , Scardino Peter T. , Reuther Alwyn , Poppel Hein Van , Graefen Markus , Huland Hartwig , Karakiewicz Pierre I. 
Published: September 2010

Study Type – Therapy (outcomes research)Level of Evidence 2b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? In the current literature, cT3 stage, biopsy Gleason > 8, PSA > 20 ng/ml, and D’Amico high‐risk category are frequently used definitions of high‐risk prostate cancer.Patients with clinically localized high‐risk prostate cancer do not have a uniformly poor prognosis after surgery. The rates of favourable pathological characteristics and biochemical‐recurrence free survival vary depending on the definition used for high‐risk prostate cancer.OBJECTIVE• To investigate the pathological characteristics and the rates of biochemical recurrence (BCR) ‐free survival after radical prostatectomy (RP) in men with high‐risk prostate cancer.METHODS• Of 4760 patients treated with RP for prostate cancer at three institutions, 293 patients (6.2%) had clinical stage T3, 269 (5.7%) had a biopsy Gleason sum ≥ 8, 370 (7.8%) had preoperative PSA ≥ 20 ng/mL and 887 (18.6%) were considered high‐risk according to the D’Amico classification (clinical stage ≥ T2c or prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) ≥ 20 ng/mL or biopsy Gleason sum ≥ 8).• Actuarial BCR‐free survival probabilities after RP and the rate of favourable pathology (organ‐confined cancer, negative surgical margin and Gleason ≤ 7) were assessed.RESULTS• Median follow up was 2.4 years and 1179 (24.8%) patients had follow up beyond 5 years.• The rate of favourable pathology increased in the following order: clinical stage T3 (13.7%), biopsy Gleason ≥ 8 (16.4%), the D’Amico high‐risk group (21.4%) and PSA ≥ 20 ng/mL (21.6%).• The 5‐year BCR‐free survival probabilities were 35.4% for Gleason ≥ 8, 39.8% for PSA ≥ 20 ng/mL, 47.4% for D’Amico high‐risk group and 51.6% for clinical stage T3.• Patients with only one risk factor had the most favourable 5‐year BCR‐free survival (50.3%), relative to patients with two or more risk factors (27.5%)CONCLUSIONS• Men with clinically localized high‐risk prostate cancer do not have a uniformly poor prognosis after RP.• The rate of favourable pathology and of BCR‐free survival may vary substantially, depending on the definition used.• RP should be considered a valid treatment modality for high‐risk prostate cancer patients, as many can be surgically down‐staged.
Oxidative stress biomarkers in urine and plasma of rabbits with partial bladder outlet obstruction
Authors: Lin Wei‐Yu , Chen Chih–Shou , Wu Shi–Bei , Lin Yi‐Pai , Levin Robert M. , Wei Yau–Huei 
Published: September 2010

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? It has been known that there is an increase of oxidative damage in the bladder tissues of animals after PBOO. However, no reliable oxidative stress biomarkers in either urine or plasma have been available for the assessment of the severity of PBOO.This study clearly demonstrated that the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers are increased in urine and plasma of the rabbits with PBOO.OBJECTIVE

To investigate oxidative stress and oxidative damage biomarkers in urine and plasma after partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) in rabbits.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In all, 16 male New Zealand White rabbits were separated equally into four groups: a control group and PBOO‐treated groups for 2, 4 and 8 weeks.
The oxidative stress biomarkers assessed included urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA).
We also measured the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in blood plasma.
8‐OHdG, MDA and TAC were measured at both the beginning and indicated time points of the experimental design.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in body weight among rabbits in the four groups.
However, there was a significant increase in bladder weight after 2 weeks of PBOO. After 4 and 8 weeks of PBOO, there was an additional significant increase in bladder weight in all three groups.
There was no difference in blood creatinine levels among the groups.
In the 4‐ and 8‐week PBOO groups, there was a significant increase of 8‐OHdG in urine and of MDA in plasma, while there was a significant decrease in TAC in plasma.

CONCLUSION

The results showed that oxidative stress could be detected in the plasma and urine of rabbits after 4 and 8 weeks of PBOO, and not only from bladder tissue as previously reported. Thus, there could be an easy and alternative way to evaluate bladder function by analysis of urine and/or plasma.
Additionally, rabbits with chronic PBOO showed an increase in systemic oxidative stress, which could be a novel starting point for examining the link between the lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostate hyperplasia and metabolic syndrome in future studies.
Inhaled anticholinergic drugs and risk of acute urinary retention
Authors: Afonso Ana S.M. , Verhamme Katia M.C. , Stricker Bruno H.C. , Sturkenboom Miriam C.J.M. , Brusselle Guy G.O. 
Published: September 2010

Study Type – Harm (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Inhaled anticholinergic drugs have been associated with the risk of acute urinary retention (AUR), but this association was never studied under real life circumstances nor was this risk ever quantified.Use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs increases the risk of AUR by 40%. The risk of AUR is highest in recent starters, in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and in patients receiving their anticholinergic drugs via nebulizer. It might be advisable to consider alternatives for inhaled anticholinergic drugs in COPD patients with BPH.OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between the use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs and the risk of acute urinary retention (AUR) under real‐life circumstances.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We conducted a nested case‐control study within a cohort of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; as AUR has been associated with the use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs, which are used as first‐line treatment for COPD) from the Integrated Primary Care Information (IPCI) database.
The cohort consisted of all patients with COPD aged ≥45 years, registered between 1996 and 2006, with ≥12 months of valid history. Cases were patients with a first diagnosis of AUR.
To each case, controls were selected matched for age, gender and index date.
Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

RESULTS

Within the cohort of 22 579 patients with COPD, 209 cases were identified.
Current use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs was associated with a 40% increase in risk for AUR (ORadj 1.40; 95% CI 0.99–1.98) compared with non‐users.
Among current users, the risk was highest for the recent starters (ORadj 3.11; 95% CI 1.21–7.98). The risk of long‐acting anticholinergic drug tiotropium was not substantially different from that of the short‐acting anticholinergic ipratropium.
The association was not dose‐dependent, but changed by mode of administration, with nebulizers having the highest risk (ORadj 2.92; 95% CI 1.17–7.31).
In men with COPD and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) the association was strongest (ORadj 4.67; 95% CI 1.56–14.0).

CONCLUSION

Current use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs increases the risk of AUR, especially in patients with BPH or if administered via a nebulizer.
The Politics of Transnational Agrarian Movements
Authors: Borras Saturnino M. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe transnational agrarian movements (TAMs) which have emerged in recent decades have been actively engaged in the politics and policies of international (rural) development. Intergovernmental and non‐governmental development agencies have welcomed and supported TAMs in the context of promoting international ‘partnerships for development’. The analysis in this article revolves around the politics of TAM representation, intermediation and mobilization around the issue of land. It focuses on La Vía Campesina in relation to three other coalitions: the International Federation of Agricultural Producers, IPC for Food Sovereignty and International Land Coalition. It is argued here that ‘people linked to the land’ are socially differentiated and thus have varied experiences of neoliberal globalization. Their social movements and organizations are just as differentiated, ideologically, politically and institutionally. This differentiation is internalized within and between TAMs, and partly shapes TAMs’ political agendas and strategies in their interaction with international development institutions.
The International Monetary Fund and its New Economics
Authors: Gabor Daniela 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on a key element of the IMF's agenda for change: the repackaging of its economics of crisis around inflation targeting. It examines how this new policy regime redefines the political economy of the IMF's policy advice, and contextualizes it by focusing on Eastern Europe, the region worst affected by the global financial crisis which began in 2007. The article compares the conditionalities designed under the new and old policy regimes and argues that the mainstreaming of inflation targeting reproduces the IMF's function within a neoliberal political economy. It shows how, depending on the role of the IMF in the policy process, the models that inform policy are employed differently. During ‘normal’ times, models engender a contractionary bias that favours speculative capital. When acting as ‘lender of last resort’, the IMF retains the traditional emphasis on fiscal contractions, paying only lip service to its new economics of crisis while further ignoring crucial questions of macroeconomic policy coordination or the destabilizing potential of short‐term capital inflows.
HOW MANY EUROPES? VARIETIES OF CAPITALISM, DIVERGENCE AND CONVERGENCE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE EUROPEAN SERVICES LANDSCAPE
Authors: DANIELS PETER , RUBALCABA LUIS , STARE METKA , BRYSON JOHN 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe prospects for a single European economy or the existence of a variety of different European formations of capitalism are explored in the context of the enlargement of the EU in 2004 and 2007. Using evidence based on major sectoral trends, with particular reference to service industries, a comparative analysis of the ‘quantitative’ structure of the national economies of the EU Member States is undertaken. Convergence analysis is used to establish whether any common trajectories can be identified using the EU15 and the EU10 as the main pillars for the analysis. It is shown that a wide gap still exists between the two EU country groups, particularly in relation to the supply of the most advanced services. Catching up may occur in the long run but only if drivers such as market competition, better utilisation of information and communications technology, the introduction of innovative services, or upgrading service‐specific knowledge and skills, are enabled.