bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Algal swimming velocities signal fatty acid accumulation
Authors: Hansen Travis J. , Hondzo Miki , Mashek Mara T. , Mashek Douglas G. , Lefebvre Paul A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe use of microalgae for biofuel production will be beneficial to society if we can produce biofuels at large scales with minimal mechanical energy input in the production process. Understanding micro‐algal physiological responses under variable environmental conditions in bioreactors is essential for the optimization of biofuel production. We demonstrate that measuring micro‐algal swimming speed provides information on culture health and total fatty acid accumulation. Three strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were grown heterotrophically on acetate and subjected to various levels of nitrogen starvation. Other nutrient levels were explored to determine their effect on micro‐algal kinetics. Swimming velocities were measured with two‐dimensional micro‐particle tracking velocimetry. The results show an inverse linear relationship between normalized total fatty acid mass versus swimming speed of micro‐algal cells. Analysis of RNA sequencing data confirms these results by demonstrating that the biological processes of cell motion and the generation of energy precursors are significantly down‐regulated. Experiments demonstrate that changes in nutrient concentration in the surrounding media also affect swimming speed. The findings have the potential for the in situ and indirect assessment of lipid content by measuring micro‐algal swimming kinetics. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 143–152. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A simple and sensitive HPLC‐UV determination of 7‐O‐succinyl macrolactin A in rat plasma and urine and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Kim Ju Myung , Jung Ji Won , Kim Dong Hee , Kang Jae Seon , Kim Chun Gyu , Kang Hee Eun 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTA simple, sensitive and reproducible isocratic reversed‐phase (C18) high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to determine 7‐O‐succinyl macrolactin A (SMA) in rat plasma and urine samples using UV detector set at 230 nm. Lamotrigine was used as internal standards (IS) to ensure the precision and accuracy of the method. The retention times of SMA and IS for the plasma sample were 9.2 and 4.4 min, respectively, and those for the urine samples were 7.9 and 4.3 min, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day variations of the analytical responses, expressed in terms of relative standard deviation, were less than 14.9%. The accuracy, in terms of average analytical recovery, ranged from 90.4 to 119%. The lower limits of quantification of SMA in rat plasma and urine samples were 0.02 and 0.1 µg/mL, respectively. This method is applicable for the pharmacokinetic studies of SMA in rats. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat transfer and flow pattern in co‐current downward steam condensation in vertical pipes‐II: Comparison with published work
Authors: Ganguli Arijit A. , Dahikar Sachin K. , Gandhi Mayurkumar S. , Joshi Jyeshtharaj B. , Vijayan Pallippattu K. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe condensation of pure steam flowing downward inside a vertical tube has been extensively studied. Considerable amount of experimental and analytical efforts can be found due to the significance of this subject in practice. In this work, a critical review of the most important experimental, analytical and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) investigations have been presented. CFD simulations for the geometries of Goodykoontz and Dorsch [Goodykoontz and Dorsch, NASA TN D‐3326, 1966; Goodykoontz and Dorsch, NASA TN D‐3953, 1967], Kim and No [Kim and No, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2000;43:4031–4042] and the present work have been performed and compared with the experimental data reported in these investigations. CFD predictions of the pressure drop and the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) were in close agreement with the experimental values. A preliminary regime map has been constructed for downward flow steam condensation inside pipes. Finally, all the published semi‐empirical correlations for the HTC have been critically analysed and compared with the CFD predictions. An attempt has been made to make specific recommendations. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
An optimisation approach for increasing the profit of a commercial VGO hydrocracking process
Authors: Sadighi Sepehr , Ahmad Arshad 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this paper, an optimisation approach is proposed to increase the profit of a commercial hydrocracking unit called Isomax. To represent the system, a full‐lump kinetic model incorporating the flow rate of fresh vacuum gas oil (VGO), bed temperatures, recycle flow rate and the catalyst life is developed. This model is capable of predicting the yield of all products, and it improves with respect to the previous works by considering LPG and light gases, fresh VGO and recycle streams as separate lumps. After developing and validating the model, the profit function of the plant, including the value of the products, fresh feed and hydrogen, as well as energy expenses, is optimised by manipulating the bed temperatures, flow rate of fresh VGO and combined feed ratio (CFR) whilst all process limitations and operating constraints are taken into account. During two years of study and considering all mechanical and operational constraints, the results confirm that the decision variables, generated by the optimisation package, can increase the gross profit of the Isomax process to about 8.17%, which is equal to $5.6 million of net profit annually. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Spatial spectral imaging as an adjunct to the Bethesda classification of thyroid fine‐needle aspiration specimens
Authors: Hahn Lewis D. , Hoyt Clifford , Rimm David L. , Theoharis Constantine 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Thyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, the preoperative diagnostic standard of care for patients with thyroid nodules, has limitations. Spectral imaging captures visible light information that is beyond the capability of the human eye, potentially increasing the accuracy of FNA biopsy. In the current study, the authors demonstrated the feasibility of using spectral imaging in combination with automated spatial analysis based on trainable pattern recognition as an adjunct test for thyroid FNA classification by developing an algorithm that distinguishes between images of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and benign goiter (BG).METHODS:A multispectral camera was used to capture spectral images representing 100 cases of PTC and BG. Used in conjunction with commercial software, 10 cases were used as a training set to develop a “classifier,” a classification algorithm that segments digitized multispectral images into regions of PTC, BG, and “nonfeature.” This algorithm was used to generate a screening test and a diagnostic test that were validated on an independent set of images representing 30 cases of PTC and 30 cases of BG.RESULTS:The area under the receiver operating characteristic for the PTC/BG classifier was 0.90. The screening test had a sensitivity of 0.93 and a specificity of 0.73. The diagnostic test had a sensitivity of 0.70 and a specificity of 0.90.CONCLUSIONS:The authors developed image classification tests that distinguish between FNAs of PTC and BG, demonstrating the potential value of spatial spectral imaging as an adjunct test for the classification of thyroid FNA samples. The data support prospective testing to determine the value of the PTC/BG classifier in routine clinical use. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
LAF: a new XML encoding and indexing strategy for keyword‐based XML search
Authors: Deng Zhi‐Hong , Xiang Yong‐Qing , Gao Ning 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTAs a large number of corpuses are represented, stored and published in XML format, how to find useful information from XML databases has become an increasingly important issue. Keyword search enables web users to easily access XML data without the need to learn a structured query language or to study complex data schemas. Most existing indexing strategies for XML keyword search are based upon Dewey encoding. In this paper, we proposed a new encoding method called Level Order and Father (LAF) for XML documents. With LAF encoding, we devised a new index structure, called two‐layer LAF inverted index, which can greatly decrease the space complexity compared with Dewey encoding‐based inverted index. Furthermore, with two‐layer LAF inverted index, we proposed a new keyword query algorithm called Algorithm based on Binary Search (ABS) that can quickly find all Smallest Lowest Common Ancestor. We experimentally evaluate two‐layer LAF inverted index and ABS algorithm on four real XML data sets selected from Wikipedia. The experimental results prove the advantages of our index method and querying algorithm. The space consumed by two‐layer LAF index is less than half of that consumed by Dewey inverted index. Moreover, ABS is about one to two orders of magnitude faster than the classic Stack algorithm. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 2012.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Situ Fuel Processing in a Microbial Fuel Cell
Authors: Bahartan Karnit , Amir Liron , Israel Alvaro , Lichtenstein Rachel G. , Alfonta Lital 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA microbial fuel cell (MFC) was designed in which fuel is generated in the cell by the enzyme glucoamylase, which is displayed on the surface of yeast. The enzyme digests starch specifically into monomeric glucose units and as a consequence enables further glucose oxidation by microorganisms present in the MFC anode. The oxidative enzyme glucose oxidase was coupled to the glucoamylase digestive enzyme. When both enzymes were displayed on the surface of yeast cells in a mixed culture, superior fuel‐cell performance was observed in comparison with other combinations of yeast cells, unmodified yeast, or pure enzymes. The feasibility of the use of the green macroalgae Ulva lactuca in such a genetically modified MFC was also demonstrated. Herein, we report the performance of such fuel cells as a proof of concept for the enzymatic digestion of complex organic fuels in the anode of MFCs to render the fuel more available to microorganisms.
Stability and synchronization of directed complex dynamical networks with random packet loss: the continuous‐time case and the discrete‐time case
Authors: Yang Meng , Wang Yan‐Wu , Yi Jing‐Wen , Huang Yuehua 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper presents models for both the continuous‐time and discrete‐time directed complex dynamical networks (CDNs) with random packet loss, respectively. The packet loss may take place in the communication between every two neighbor nodes. The exponential mean‐square stability and the exponential mean‐square synchronization for both the continuous‐time and discrete‐time CDNs with random packet loss are investigated, respectively, by defining the packet loss probability matrix. In addition, two special cases, the CDN with synchronous packet loss and the CDN with node‐dependent packet loss, are discussed. Numerical examples are provided for illustrations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Tantalum Oxide and Tantalum Silicate from Chloride Precursors
Authors: Adelmann Christoph , Delabie Annelies , Schepers Bart , Rodriguez Leonard N. J. , Franquet Alexis , Conard Thierry , Opsomer Karl , Vaesen Inge , Moussa Alain , Pourtois Geoffrey , Pierloot Kristine , Caymax Matty , Van Elshocht Sven 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Ta2O5 and TaSiOx from TaCl5, SiCl4, and H2O is reported. Both processes are influenced by the concomitant etching of Ta2O5 and TaSiOx by TaCl5. The optimum deposition temperature is found to be 250 °C for both Ta2O5 and TaSiOx. For lower deposition temperatures, the large Cl contamination leads to poor dielectric properties of the films, whereas higher temperatures lead to poor within‐wafer (WiW) thickness non‐uniformity due to etching. Si incorporation is limited to Si/(Si + Ta) ∼ 0.65 because of the slow adsorption kinetics of SiCl4 on SiOH‐terminated surfaces. Under optimum conditions, amorphous films with good dielectric quality are obtained.
Effective/census population size ratio estimation: a compendium and appraisal
Authors: Palstra Friso P. , Fraser Dylan J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWith an ecological‐evolutionary perspective increasingly applied toward the conservation and management of endangered or exploited species, the genetic estimation of effective population size (N
e) has proliferated. Based on a comprehensive analysis of empirical literature from the past two decades, we asked: (i) how often do studies link N
e to the adult census population size (N)? (ii) To what extent is N
e correctly linked to N? (iii) How readily is uncertainty accounted for in both N
e and N when quantifying N
e/N ratios? and (iv) how frequently and to what degree might errors in the estimation of N
e or N affect inferences of N
e/N ratios? We found that only 20% of available N
e estimates (508 of 2617; 233 studies) explicitly attempted to link N
e and N; of these, only 31% (160 of 508) correctly linked N
e and N. Moreover, only 7% (41 of 508) of N
e/N ratios (correctly linked or not) reported confidence intervals for both N
e and N; for those cases where confidence intervals were reported for N
e only, 31% of N
e/N ratios overlapped with 1, of which more than half also reached below N
e/N = 0.01. Uncertainty in N
e
/N ratios thus sometimes spanned at least two orders of magnitude. We conclude that the estimation of N
e/N ratios in natural populations could be significantly improved, discuss several options for doing so, and briefly outline some future research directions.
Diversifying and correlational selection on behavior toward conspecific and heterospecific competitors in brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans)
Authors: Peiman Kathryn S. , Robinson Beren W. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBehaviors toward heterospecifics and conspecifics may be correlated because of shared mechanisms of expression in both social contexts (nonadaptive covariation) or because correlational selection favors adaptive covariation. We evaluated these hypotheses by comparing behavior toward conspecifics and heterospecifics in brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) from three populations sympatric with and three allopatric from a competitor, the ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius). Behavioral traits were classified into three multivariate components: overt aggression, sociability, and activity. The correlation of behavior between social contexts for both overt aggression and activity varied among populations in a way unrelated to sympatry with ninespine stickleback, while mean aggression was reduced in sympatry. Correlations in allopatric populations suggest that overt aggression and activity may genetically covary between social contexts for nonadaptive reasons. Sociability was rarely correlated in allopatry but was consistently correlated in sympatry despite reduced mean sociability, suggesting that correlational selection may favor a sociability syndrome in brook stickleback when they coexist with ninespine stickleback. Thus, interspecific competition may impose diversifying selection on behavior among populations, although the causes of correlated behavior toward conspecifics and heterospecifics and whether it can evolve in one social context independent of the other may depend on the type of behavior.
Complexes of Zinc(II) withN‐Imidazolyl‐ andN‐Pyrazolylpyrimidine Donor Ligands: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Theoretical Study
Authors: Cañellas Pablo , Torres Marta , Bauzá Antonio , Cánaves María M. , Sánchez Kika , Cabra María I. , García‐Raso Angel , Fiol Juan J. , Deyà Pere M. , Molins Elies , Mata Ignasi , Frontera Antonio 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe synthesis and crystal‐structure determination of three zinc(II) complexes with 2‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)pyrimidine(imipyr) and 2‐(1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyrimidine (pyrapyr) ligands are reported. Complexes [Zn(imipyr)2Cl2] (1) and[Zn(pyrapyr)2Cl2] (2) are mononuclear systems, and [Zn2(pyrapyr)2(Cl)4] (3) is a dinuclear complex with two chlorido bridging ligands. In complex3, the coordination numbers of the two differently coordinated Zn ions are four and six. All complexes were characterized by X‐ray crystallography. A high‐level theoretical study was performed to rationalize the interesting noncovalent interactions observed in the solid state. All three structures show a peculiar π stacking, which is characterized by the absence of π–π ring‐plane overlapping. In this slipped stacking mode, the rings are antiparallely displaced, and alternating C···N interactions are established. Moreover, complex3forms infinite 1D columns by means of double anion–π interactions with pyrapyr. The atoms‐in‐molecules (AIM) theory proposed by Bader was used to characterize the anion–π and π–π interactions observed in the solid state. A high‐level ab initio study (RI‐MP2/def2‐TZVP level of theory) was performed to analyze the anion–π binding affinity of the pyrapyr ligand coordinated to the transition metal atom. Finally, a CSD search demonstrates that the structure of3is quite unique, because dinuclear Zn complexes that contain one tetracoordinate and one hexacoordinate metal center are rare, whereas this combination is common in trinuclear, linear complexes. With bridging chlorido ligands, this simultaneous tetra‐ and hexacoordination is unprecedented.
One‐Step Formation both of C–N and of C–O Bonds of N‐Alkoxyamides through NHC‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reactions of Enals, Nitrosoarenes, and Enones
Authors: Sun Zhong‐Xin , Cheng Ying 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNHC‐catalyzed three‐component reactions of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes (enals), nitrosoarenes, and α,β‐unsaturated ketones (enones) were studied. The reactions proceeded through a cascade aza‐benzoin condensation/oxo‐Michael addition sequence to produce N,O‐bisfunctionalized N‐hydroxylacrylamides in moderate to good yields. This work not only provides an efficient method for the one‐step formation both of the C–N and of the C–O bonds in N‐alkoxyamides, but also advances the application of NHC organocatalysis in the field of multicomponent reactions.
Synthesis of a New 2,3‐Diaminoconduritol with Conduritol F Structure
Authors: Ekmekci Zeynep , Balci Metin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA new 2,3‐diaminoconduritol derivative with the conduritol F structure was prepared starting from cyclohexa‐1,4‐diene. Initially, a lactam, prepared by the cycloaddition of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) to cyclohexa‐1,4‐diene, was converted into an amino acid. The conversion of the acid functionality into an isocyanate resulted in the formation of an imidazolidinone derivative, formed by an intramolecular cyclization. In the second part of this work, the known anhydride, 3a,4,7,7a‐tetrahydroisobenzofuran‐1,3‐dione was successfully converted into the desired bis(carbamate). The bromination of the double bond in the six‐membered ring followed by a DBU‐induced (DBU = 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene) HBr elimination furnished the symmetrical diene. The photooxygenation of the diene unit afforded the bicyclic endoperoxide. The reaction of the endoperoxide with thiourea followed by acetylation resulted in the formation of a syn‐configured diacetate. The deprotection of the urethane and acetate groups gave the new 2,3‐diaminoconduritol with the conduritol F structure.
Performance analysis of reliable flooding in duty‐cycle wireless sensor networks
Authors: Zhang Linchao , Ferrero Renato , Sanchez Erwing Ricardo , Rebaudengo Maurizio 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTWireless sensor network (WSN) is an emerging technology widely applied in modern applications. The resource limitations and the peculiarity of broadcast communication have made traditional flooding methods suffering severe performance degradation if directly applied to duty‐cycle WSNs in which each node auto‐activates for a brief interval and stays dormant most of time. In this work, a theoretical performance analysis of acknowledgement (ACK)‐based and non‐acknowledgement (NoACK)‐based transmission mechanisms is presented. The evaluation considers both a point‐to‐point model and a point‐to‐multipoint one. Furthermore, the opportunistic flooding algorithm, which considers the effects of both duty cycle and unreliable wireless links of WSN, is implemented and evaluated considering both the ACK‐based and NoACK‐based transmission mechanisms. A solid framework is proposed in order to optimise the flooding in duty‐cycle WSNs according to the network requirements. Extensive simulations show that ACK‐based and NoACK‐based implementations produce a similar performance on the flooding delay, but with significantly different costs on the energy consumption. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergence issues in using high‐resolution schemes and lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel method for steady shock‐induced combustion problems
Authors: Li Bin , Yuan Li 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYThis paper reports numerical convergence study for simulations of steady shock‐induced combustion problems with high‐resolution shock‐capturing schemes. Five typical schemes are used: the Roe flux‐based monotone upstream‐centered scheme for conservation laws (MUSCL) and weighted essentially non‐oscillatory (WENO) schemes, the Lax–Friedrichs splitting‐based non‐oscillatory no‐free parameter dissipative (NND) and WENO schemes, and the Harten–Yee upwind total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme. These schemes are implemented with the finite volume discretization on structured quadrilateral meshes in dimension‐by‐dimension way and the lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel (LU–SGS) relaxation method for solving the axisymmetric multispecies reactive Navier–Stokes equations. Comparison of iterative convergence between different schemes has been made using supersonic combustion flows around a spherical projectile with Mach numbers M = 3.55 and 6.46 and a ram accelerator with M = 6.7. These test cases were regarded as steady combustion problems in literature. Calculations on gradually refined meshes show that the second‐order NND, MUSCL, and TVD schemes can converge well to steady states from coarse through fine meshes for M = 3.55 case in which shock and combustion fronts are separate, whereas the (nominally) fifth‐order WENO schemes can only converge to some residual level. More interestingly, the numerical results show that all the schemes do not converge to steady‐state solutions for M = 6.46 in the spherical projectile and M = 6.7 in the ram accelerator cases on fine meshes although they all converge on coarser meshes or on fine meshes without chemical reactions. The result is based on the particular preconditioner of LU–SGS scheme. Possible reasons for the nonconvergence in reactive flow simulation are discussed.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.