bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison Study of Friction Measurements for Chip Seal
Authors: Lee Jusang , Lee Jaejun , Kim Y. Richard , Mun Sungho 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
This paper presents a development in measuring skid resistance in a laboratory performance test for chip seal. It is important to develop a relationship between the British pendulum test (BPT) and the locked-wheel skid test (LWST), or grip tester (GT). The chip seal is a typical pavement preservation treatment used by the North Carolina Dept. of Transportation (NCDOT). In North America, loss of skid resistance is a common road condition that indicates the need for a chip seal, as one of the major advantages of chip seal is an increase in skid resistance. Most agencies have a specified cycle in which skid resistance is measured as a part of their pavement-management system. These skid resistance measurements are invaluable when deciding which roads require chip seal [Gransberg, D. D. and James, D. M. B., “Chip Seal Best Practices,” NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 342, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2005]. In this study, skid resistance was evaluated on 14 selected chip seals using three different tests: the BPT, LWST, and GT. The correlation between British pendulum number (BPN) and skid number (SN) was relatively strong with an R2 value of 0.74. This finding indicated that the BPN measured in the laboratory could be utilized for predicting the SN, which cannot be measured in the laboratory.
Measuring rates of phenotypic evolution and the inseparability of tempo and mode
Authors: Hunt Gene 
Published: June 2012

Rates of phenotypic evolution are central to many issues in paleontology, but traditional rate metrics such as darwins or haldanes are seldom used because of their strong dependence on interval length. In this paper, I argue that rates are usefully thought of as model parameters that relate magnitudes of evolutionary divergence to elapsed time. Starting with models of directional evolution, random walks, and stasis, I derive for each a reasonable rate metric. These metrics can be linked to existing approaches in evolutionary biology, and simulations show that they can be estimated accurately at any temporal resolution via maximum likelihood, but only when that metric's underlying model is true.The estimation of generational rates of a random walk under realistic paleontological conditions is compared with simulations to that of a prominent alternative approach, Gingerich's LRI (log-rate, log-interval) method. Generational rates are estimated poorly by LRI; they often reflect sampling error more than the actual pace of change. Further simulations show that under some realistic conditions, it is simply not possible to infer generational rates from coarsely sampled populations.These modeling results indicate a complex dependence between evolutionary mode and the measurement of evolutionary rates, and that there is unlikely to be a rate metric that works well for all traits and time scales. Compilations of paleontological and phylogenetic data indicate that all of the three rate metrics derived here show some relationship with interval length. Although there is no perfect rate metric, at present the most practical choices derive from the parameters of the stasis and random walk models. The latter, called the step variance, is particularly promising as a rate metric in paleontology and comparative biology.
Pharmacokinetics of penciclovir in healthy cats following oral administration of famciclovir or intravenous infusion of penciclovir
Authors: Thomasy Sara M. , Whittem Ted , Bales Jerry L. , Ferrone Marcus , Stanley Scott D. , Maggs David J. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the pharmacokinetics of penciclovir in healthy cats following oral administration of famciclovir or IV infusion of penciclovir.
Animals—6 cats.
Procedures—Cats received famciclovir (40 [n = 3] or 90 [3] mg/kg, PO, once) in a balanced crossover-design study; the alternate dose was administered after a ≥ 2-week washout period. After another washout period (≥ 4 weeks), cats received an IV infusion of penciclovir (10 mg/kg delivered over 1 hour). Plasma penciclovir concentrations were analyzed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry at fixed time points after drug administration.
Results—Mean ± SD maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of penciclovir following oral administration of 40 and 90 mg of famciclovir/kg was 1.34 ± 0.33 μg/mL and 1.28 ± 0.42 μg/mL and occurred at 2.8 ± 1.8 hours and 3.0 ± 1.1 hours, respectively; penciclovir elimination half-life was 4.2 ± 0.6 hours and 4.8 ± 1.4 hours, respectively; and penciclovir bioavailability was 12.5 ± 3.0% and 7.0 ± 1.8%, respectively. Following IV infusion of penciclovir (10 mg/kg), mean ± SD penciclovir clearance, volume of distribution, and elimination half-life were 4.3 ± 0.8 mL/min/kg, 0.6 ± 0.1 L/kg, and 1.9 ± 0.4 hours, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Penciclovir pharmacokinetics following oral administration of famciclovir were nonlinear within the dosage range studied, likely because of saturation of famciclovir metabolism. Oral administration of famciclovir at 40 or 90 mg/kg produced similar Cmax and time to Cmax values. Therefore, the lower dose may have similar antiviral efficacy to that proven for the higher dose.
Effect of brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, and dolichocephalic head conformations on olfactory bulb angle and orientation in dogs as determined by use of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Hussein Aseel K. , Sullivan Martin , Penderis Jacques 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effect of head conformation (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, and dolichocephalic) on olfactory bulb angle and orientation in dogs by use of in vivo MRI.
Animals—40 client-owned dogs undergoing MRI for diagnosis of conditions that did not affect skull conformation or olfactory bulb anatomy.
Procedures—For each dog, 2 head conformation indices were calculated. Olfactory bulb angle and an index of olfactory bulb orientation relative to the rest of the CNS were determined by use of measurements obtained from sagittal T2-weighted MRI images.
Results—A significant negative correlation was found between olfactory bulb angle and values of both head conformation indices. Ventral orientation of olfactory bulbs was significantly correlated with high head conformation index values (ie, brachycephalic head conformation).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Low olfactory bulb angles and ventral olfactory bulb orientations were associated with brachycephalia. Positioning of the olfactory bulbs, cribriform plate, and ethmoid turbinates was related. Indices of olfactory bulb angle and orientation may be useful for identification of dogs with extremely brachycephalic head conformations. Such information may be used by breeders to reduce the incidence or severity of brachycephalic-associated diseases.
Nontrivial examples of coupled equations for Kähler metrics and Yang-Mills connections
Authors: Keller Julien , Tønnesen-Friedman Christina 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
We provide nontrivial examples of solutions to the system of coupled equations introduced by M. García-Fernández for the uniformization problem of a triple (M; L; E), where E is a holomorphic vector bundle over a polarized complex manifold (M, L), generalizing the notions of both constant scalar curvature Kähler metric and Hermitian-Einstein metric.
Study of the Impact of Delay on Human Remote Navigators with Application to Receding Horizon Control
Authors: Burns Chad R. , Wang Ranxiao F. , Stipanović Dušan M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of delays on human performance and human strategies when remotely navigating autonomous vehicles, and develops a robust human inspired delay compensation. Vehicles chosen for the study are ground autonomous vehicles which are allowed to stop, providing an instrumental feature that enables it to capture some important human behavior. The effects of delay on human behavior when remotely navigating autonomous vehicles have been captured by a nonlinear model predictive (also known as receding horizon) controller. This study provides some insights into designing human in-the-loop systems for remote navigation of autonomous vehicles when the delays are not negligible. We offer a human inspired strategy for dealing with delay in a fully autonomous receding horizon controller which we show to be safe and convergent for bounded delays.
A new evolutionary approach for computing Nash equilibria in bimatrix games with known support
Authors: Boryczka Urszula , Juszczuk Przemyslaw 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we present the application of the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm to the problem of finding approximate Nash equilibria in matrix, non-zero sum games for two players with finite number of strategies. Nash equilibrium is one of the main concepts in game theory. It may be classified as continuous problem, where two probability distributions over the set of strategies of both players should be found. Every deviation from the global optimum is interpreted as Nash approximation and called ε-Nash equilibrium. The main advantage of the proposed algorithm is self-adaptive mutation operator, which direct the search process. The approach used in this article is based on the probability of chosing single pure strategy. In optimal mixed strategy, every strategy has some probability of being chosen. Our goal is to determine this probability and maximize payoff for a single player.
Partitioning effects from ocean and atmosphere on the calving stability of Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier, East Greenland
Authors: Christoffersen Poul , O'Leary Martin , Van Angelen Jan H. , Van Den Broeke Michiel 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe use the 7 km retreat of Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier (KG), East Greenland, to examine the mechanisms, interactions and relative significance of atmospheric forcing and ice/ocean interactions. Hydrographic data from 1991, 1993 and 2004 show that subtropical waters are common in Kangerdlugssuaq Fjord (KF), and that surface waters were warm in 2004 relative to 1991 and 1993. The main water column was nonetheless warmest in 1991. We contend that while flow of subtropical waters into fjords provides a setting in which rapid glacier retreat can occur, the triggering of retreat depends on additional environmental factors. The climatic variables standing out in our study of KG and KF are air temperature and katabatic winds. Both had strong positive anomalies during winter 2004/05, when KG retreated. We show that proglacial ice melange was absent and that fjord freeze-up did not occur until 11 April 2005, due to warm and windy conditions. We demonstrate that this setting is unusual and hypothesize that exposure to open water in winter months caused the retreat. Calculation of ice-front melt rates shows that discharge of basal meltwater, first from runoff and subsequently from frictional basal heating, should intensify the interaction between glacier and fjord.
Numerical experiments on subaqueous melting of Greenland tidewater glaciers in response to ocean warming and enhanced subglacial discharge
Authors: Xu Yun , Rignot Eric , Menemenlis Dimitris , Koppes Michele 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe largest dischargers of ice in Greenland are glaciers that terminate in the ocean and melt in contact with sea water. Studies of ice-sheet/ocean interactions have mostly focused on melting beneath near-horizontal floating ice shelves. For tidewater glaciers, melting instead takes place along the vertical face of the calving front. Here we modify the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm) to include ice melting from a calving face with the freshwater outflow at the glacier grounding line. We use the model to predict melt rates and their sensitivity to ocean thermal forcing and to subglacial discharge. We find that melt rates increase with approximately the one-third power of the subglacial water flux, and increase linearly with ocean thermal forcing. Our simulations indicate that, consistent with limited field data, melting ceases when subglacial discharge is shut off, and reaches several meters per day when subglacial discharge is high in the summer. These results are a first step toward a more realistic representation of subglacial discharge and of ocean thermal forcing on the subaqueous melting of tidewater glaciers in a numerical ocean model. Our results illustrate that the ice-front melting process is both complex and strongly time-dependent.
Character Amenability of Lipschitz Algebras
Authors: Dashti Mahshid , Nasr-Isfahani Rasoul , Soltani Renani Sima 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLet be a locally compact metric space and let 𝒜 be any of the Lipschitz algebras , , or . In this paper, we show, as a consequence of rather more general results on Banach algebras, that 𝒜 is C-character amenable if and only if is uniformly discrete.
The Essential Spectrum of the Essentially Isometric Operator
Authors: Mustafayev H. S. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLet T be a contraction on a complex, separable, infinite dimensional Hilbert space and let σ(T) (resp. σe(T)) be its spectrum (resp. essential spectrum). We assume that T is an essentially isometric operator; that is, IH -T*T is compact. We show that if D\σ(T) ≠ Ø, then for every f from the disc-algebraσe(f(T)) = f(σe(T))where D is the open unit disc. In addition, if T lies in the class C0.∪ C.0, thenσe(f(T)) = f(σ(T) ∩ Γ),where Γ is the unit circle. Some related problems are also discussed.
O Liberalismo Social-Democrata e a Reforma do Estado Brasileiro (1995-2002)
Authors: Deitos Roberto Antônio 
Published: June 2012

O artigo consiste numa análise sobre o liberalismo social-democrata e a reforma do Estado brasileiro (1995-2002) como proposições apresentadas nos argumentos de uma facção que liderou o processo político e o aparelho de Estado brasileiro a partir de uma coalizão vitoriosa em 1994 que se compusera a partir das ações conduzidas pelo PSDB – Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira, facção que aglutinou o pacto burguês nacional, expresso na representação da liderança política do intelectual Fernando Henrique Cardoso, eleito presidente da República em 1994. Para tratar dessas questões, o artigo analisa os aspectos mais gerais da reforma do Estado brasileiro, para compreender como emergiu uma determinada versão liberal e como seus argumentos políticos e ideológicos consumaram e aglutinaram, a partir de uma determinada facção das classes dominantes, a liderança política e econômica do pacto burguês nacional, fortalecido a partir de 1995, com o início dos governos FHC e, consequentemente, com o início de mais uma reforma do Estado brasileiro, culminando com a aprovação, ainda em 1995, do Plano Diretor da Reforma do Aparelho do Estado.
UNIQUENESS PROPERTIES OF THE INVARIATOR, LEADING TO SIMPLE COMPUTATIONS
Authors: Cruz-Orive Luis Manuel 
Published: June 2012

It is shown that, for a three dimensional particle (namely an arbitrary compact domain with piecewise smooth boundary in R^3) the mean wedge volume defined on a given pivotal section is equal to the average nucleator estimator of the particle volume defined on that section. Further, if the particle is convex and it contains the pivotal point, then the flower area of a given pivotal section equals the average surfactor estimator defined on that section. These results are intended to throw some light on the standing conjecture that the functional defined on a pivotal section according to the invariator has a unique general expression. As a plus, the former result leads to a computational formula for the mean wedge volume of a convex polygon which is much simpler than the one published recently, and it is valid whether the fixed pivotal point is interior or exterior to the particle.
Plasma Cortisol and noradrenalin concentrations in pigs: automated sampling of freely moving pigs housed in the PigTurn®versus manually sampled and restrained pigs
Authors: Marchant-Forde JN , Matthews DL , Poletto R , McCain RR , Mann DD , DeGraw RT , Hampsch JM , Peters S , Knipp GT , Kissinger CB 
Published: June 2012

AbstractMinimising the effects of restraint and human interaction on the endocrine physiology of animals is essential for collection of accurate physiological measurements. Our objective was to compare stress-induced cortisol (CORT) and noradrenalin (NorA) responses in automated vs manual blood sampling in pigs. A total of 16 pigs (30 kg) were assigned to either: (i) automated blood sampling via an indwelling catheter using a novel-penning system called PigTurn®which detects the pig's rotational movement and responds by counter-rotating, allowing free movement while preventing catheter twisting; (ii) automated sampling while exposed to visual and auditory responses of manually sampled pigs; or (iii) manual sampling by jugular venipuncture while pigs were restrained in dorsal recumbency. During sampling of (i), personnel were not permitted in the room; samplings of (ii) and (iii) were performed simultaneously in the same room. Blood samples were collected every 20 min for 120 min and measured for CORT (ng ml−1) using mass spectrometry and NorA (pg ml−1) using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Effects of treatment and time were computed with mixed models adjusted by Tukeypost hoc. CORT and NorA concentrations were lowest in group (i) followed by group (ii), which were not different. However, CORT and NorA levels in manually sampled animals (iii) were highest compared to automated methods (i) and (ii). Plasma concentrations across time were not different for CORT, but NorA concentration at time 0 min was higher than at 120 min. The presence of visual and auditory stimuli evoked by manual sampled animals did not affect non-handled pigs’ responses. Restraint and manual sampling of pigs can be extremely stressful while the automated blood sampling of freely moving pigs, housed in the PigTurn®was significantly less stressful for the animals.
Repeated locomotion scoring of a sow herd to measure lameness: consistency over time, the effect of sow characteristics and inter-observer reliability
Authors: D’Eath RB 
Published: June 2012

AbstractInvestigating variability of scores between different observers, between animals and over time aids the design of valid sampling methodologies for measuring animal welfare. Locomotion scores (0 to 5 scale) were collected: i) from 154 sows in one herd, using three to five observers each time, and scoring sows on up to ten occasions over a 19-month period; and ii) for 123 of these sows, locomotion scoring also took place prior to farrowing and at weaning. The distribution of scores was highly skewed towards low scores (0: 84.8%, 1: 9.5%, 2:4.0%, 3+: 1.7%). Sows showed moderate consistency in their scores over time and later parity sows had higher scores, but there was no effect of stage in the reproductive cycle (days pregnant, pre-farrowing, post-weaning). This suggests that infrequent visits to a farm (eg annual) might provide an accurate estimate of the extent of lameness if a representative range of parities was sampled, although a larger study of more farms would be required to investigate this. The three different types of agreement between observers (absolute differences, matching and association) were assessed as follows: i) analysis of absolute differences between observers showed that the farm manager scored lower than researchers/technicians; ii) exact matching approaches suggested fair or good agreement — agreement was poorest for mild gait abnormalities (score 1 ‘stiff’), and agreement improved if scores were combined into ‘sound’ (0-1) and ‘lame’ (2-5) categories; and iii) measures of association suggested moderate agreement. Inter-observer reliability improved over time until the 5th scoring event. To improve inter-observer agreement, observer training/practice and the use of fewer categories are recommended, and inter-observer agreement should be checked regularly.
Survey of the incidence of post-stun behavioural reflexes in electrically stunned broilers in commercial conditions and the relationship of their incidence with the applied water-bath electrical parameters
Authors: Anastasov MI , Wotton SB 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDespite recent technological advances, stunning efficiency of broilers in commercial plants is still questionable and a major public concern. The aim of this survey was to assess the electric water-bath parameters used in poultry processing plants, establish practical ways for the assessment of stunning efficiency in these conditions, link their incidence to the applied current and propose methodology for the online evaluation of the effectiveness of electrical water-bath stunning. A total of 5,378 broilers were assessed randomly for signs of post-stun recovery at 4, 8, 13 and 25 s post-water-bath exit (WBE) through corneal reflex, rhythmic breathing, head shake and escape behaviour on three processing lines. The electric water-bath parameters used did not meet the recommended current and frequencies for effective stunning. No rhythmic breathing was detected with any of the birds at 4 s post water-bath exit, while this reflex returned by 8 s in some birds. Broilers that had their necks cut had a significantly lower incidence of breathing compared to those that missed the neck cutter. The electric water-bath stunners that were tested did not abolish the corneal reflex where 38.4% of birds tested positive, at 4 s post WBE. Pulsed DC-stunned birds that missed the knife had a significantly higher incidence of positive corneal reflexes than those that had their necks cut. Head shake was present on 26.7% of the birds when assessed at 25-30 s post WBE. The trends in incidence of behavioural reflexes with time post WBE may be used for the assessment of stunning efficiency, particularly on birds that miss the knife, but none of the assessed indicators could unequivocally demonstrate unconsciousness.
Highly Water‐Rich Robust Coating for Separating Immiscible Liquids Mixtures of Wide Range of Surface Tension Differences
Authors: Sarma Hrisikesh , Mandal Subhankar , Borbora Angana , Phukan Anirban , Kumar Saurav , Dhar Manideepa , Sarkar Debasmita , Manna Uttam 
Published: June 2024

AbstractDeveloping mechanically robust and chemically tolerant coatings that maintain a high water content remains an extremely challenging task to pursue to date. Here, an optimum reinforcement of a hollow nano‐clay i.e., halloysite in a dual crosslinked and interpenetrating polymeric network is introduced to yield a high (≈95 wt%) water content coating with an ability to improve toughness (9.9 ± 0.6 MJm−3 Vs. 0.5 ± 0.03 MJ m−3) of a deformable fibrous substrate. The association of covalent and physical crosslinking chemistries provides essential tolerance against exposures to diverse severe chemically complex conditions, including extremes of pH, seawater, river water, and organic solvents. High water content in the prepared hydrogel network endows a robust bio‐inspired underwater nonadhesive superoleophobicity with oil contact angle of 160.7 ± 0.2° and force of oil‐droplet adhesion of 8.7 ± 0.3 µN. This approach provides a liquid selective filtrating membrane with ultrahigh crude oil/water separation efficiency (99.7%), superior intrusion pressure (3.5 ± 0.4 kPa), relatively high separation flux (11,162 Lm−2 h−1), and the ability to perform even when the surface tension of aqueous phase is brought down to similar of oily phase. Moreover, a mixture of immiscible, non‐aqueous liquids having differences in surface tension below 2.5 mN m−1 is successfully separated.