bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems of the Urbanization of Pompeii: Excavations 1980–1981
Authors: Arthur Paul 
Published: April 2011

Excavations conducted in 1980–81 for the Soprintendenza Archeologica at Pompeii, by the writer, revealed considerable information about conditions in and around the forum from the sixth century B.C. onwards. The results are briefly described and used to indicate hypotheses as to the development of the site. Already in the sixth century the whole 63 ha. appear to have been enclosed by a wall circuit. It is argued that the enceinte may have protected a port of trade sited at a threshold point between Greek, Etruscan and indigenous culture systems, and that the forum area, also possibly enclosed or demarcated, represented the site of formal market activity.Towards the close of the fourth century, in a changed political milieu, the fortifications were strengthened and evidence of Black Glaze kiln waste indicates the production of consumer commodities, taking the site a stage further from the simple agricultural and market centre suggested. However, it is not until the late third or second century, with its involvement in the ever more complex and expanding Mediterranean market system, that the evidence is clear enough to allow for the application of the term town to the site.
Verb placement in second language acquisition: Experimental evidence for the different behavior of auxiliary and lexical verbs
Authors: VERHAGEN JOSJE 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the acquisition of verb placement by Moroccan and Turkish second language (L2) learners of Dutch. Elicited production data corroborate earlier findings from L2 German that learners who do not produce auxiliaries do not raise lexical verbs over negation, whereas learners who produce auxiliaries do. Data from elicited imitation and sentence matching support this pattern and show that learners can have grammatical knowledge of auxiliary placement before they can produce auxiliaries. With lexical verbs, they do not show such knowledge. These results present further evidence for the different behavior of auxiliary and lexical verbs in early stages of L2 acquisition.
I.—Belgic and Roman Silchester: the Excavations of 1954–8 with an Excursus on the Early History of Calleva
Authors: Boon George C. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryThe excavations were undertaken by the Silchester Excavation Committee supported by donations from public and private bodies and from individuals and by permission of the Duke of Wellington, K.G., F.S.A. Their purpose was the investigation of (a) a previously unsuspected polygonal enclosure of about 85 acres, here named the Inner Earthwork, which lay partly inside and partly outside the line of the familiar Roman town wall; and (b) a western extension to the known line of the Outer Earthwork, which increased the size of this enclosure from about 213 to 233 acres. With the assistance of the Ordnance Survey, the aerial traces of these earthworks, first observed and recorded by Dr. J. K. St. Joseph, F.S.A., were confirmed and extended by field-work and excavation, and have been planned as appears on pl. I.The excavations showed that the Inner Earthwork was a defence of Gaulish ‘Fécamp’ type, and that it was erected, on the south, over an area of late pre-Roman occupation, the first clearly identified at Calleva Atrebatum, but one with strong ‘Catuvellaunian’ influences in its pottery-series. It is claimed that the Inner Earthwork was constructed by the client King Cogidubnus in or shortly after A.D. 43–4, as the defence of this, the most important settlement in the north-west of his dominions. It is further suggested that the Inner Earthwork was replaced by the Outer Earthwork also during the reign of Cogidubnus.The excursus attempts to collate with the results of excavation the earlier discoveries of pre-Conquest material. The total evidence is finally related to the Belgico-Roman topography of Silchester and its neighbourhood, within the historical framework of the century and a half which separated the arrival of the earliest Belgic immigrants in the region from the death of Cogidubnus and the consequent emergence of the Roman Civitas Atrebatum.
VI. The Pilgrims' Hall, Winchester. Hammerbeams, Base Crucks and Aisle-Derivative Roof Structures
Authors: Crook John 
Published: April 2011

The roof of the so called ‘Pilgrims’ Hall’, Winchester, now dated to c. 1308, has long been recognized as one of the earliest surviving examples of hammerbeam construction. It is somewhat surprising, therefore, that the complete medieval structure, of which the Pilgrims’ Hall forms rather less than half, has not previously been investigated in detail. In its original form it was a six bay building covered by a single roof, which, though of one constructional phase, employed a variety of principal truss types (fig. 1). The three bays at the north end of the complex have masonry walls: they comprise the actual Pilgrims’ Hall, whose most impressive feature is its pair of hammerbeam trusses (pl. XLa). The other three bays had timber framed walls, and were subdivided into a second, two bay hall with a central base cruck truss, and a single bay at the south end of the building. In this paper the term ‘Pilgrims’ Hall’ is used to denote only the three bay hammerbeam hall, while the entire original structure is referred to as the ‘Pilgrims’ range’.The roof and timber framing of the complex must surely rank with those few structures that, in the words of the late R. T. Mason, ‘stand out for their contribution to overall knowledge’. The outstanding significance of the Pilgrims' range in the study of early medieval carpentry is that it included four major ‘aisle-derivative’ roof truss types in a single building: a true aisled truss, a base cruck truss, two hammerbeam trusses, and at least one raised aisle truss. The existence of continuous longitudinal members (arcade plates, cornice plates and a central purlin) and the uniform upper roof structure throughout the length of the range show that the entire roof was erected in a single campaign.
Flaw-tolerance in silk fibrils explains strength, extensibility and toughness of spider silk
Authors: Arslan Melis , Buehler Markus 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSilk is an ancient but remarkably strong, extensible and tough material made from simple protein building blocks. Earlier work has shown that the particular molecular geometry of silk with a composite of semi-amorphous and nanocrystalline beta-sheet protein domains provides the structural basis for its characteristic softening-stiffening behavior and remarkable strength at the nanoscale. Yet, an open question remains as to how these nanoscale properties are upscaled so effectively to create strong, extensible and tough silk fibers. Here we discover that the geometric confinement of fibrils to ≈50-100 nm width and arranged in bundles to form larger-scale silk fibers, is the key to explaining the upscaling of the mechanical properties of silk from the atomistic scale upwards. We find that under this geometric confinement, hundreds of thousands of protein domains unfold simultaneously and thereby act synergistically to resist deformation and failure, providing access to enhanced large-scale strength, extensibility and toughness. Moreover, since the material is in a flaw-tolerant state under this geometric confinement, structural inhomogeneities such as cavities or tears that typically act as stress concentrators do not compromise the material performance. Indeed, experimental work showed that the diameter of silk fibrils that make up larger-scale silk fibers are on the order of 20-100 nm, in agreement with our findings. The exploitation of this mechanism in engineering design enables the synthesis of hierarchical fiber materials for superior performance despite limited and inferior building blocks.
Starch-Branching Enzyme IIa Is Required for Proper Diurnal Cycling of Starch in Leaves of Maize
Authors: Yandeau-Nelson Marna D. , Laurens Lieve , Shi Zi , Xia Huan , Smith Alison M. , Guiltinan Mark J. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Starch-branching enzyme (SBE), a glucosyl transferase, is required for the highly regular pattern of α-1,6 bonds in the amylopectin component of starch. In the absence of SBEIIa, as shown previously in the sbe2a mutant of maize (Zea mays), leaf starch has drastically reduced branching and the leaves exhibit a severe senescence-like phenotype. Detailed characterization of the maize sbe2a mutant revealed that SBEIIa is the primary active branching enzyme in the leaf and that in its absence plant growth is affected. Both seedling and mature sbe2a mutant leaves do not properly degrade starch during the night, resulting in hyperaccumulation. In mature sbe2a leaves, starch hyperaccumulation is greatest in visibly senescing regions but also observed in green tissue and is correlated to a drastic reduction in photosynthesis within the leaf. Starch granules from sbe2a leaves observed via scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses are larger, irregular, and amorphous as compared with the highly regular, discoid starch granules observed in wild-type leaves. This appears to trigger premature senescence, as shown by an increased expression of genes encoding proteins known to be involved in senescence and programmed cell death processes. Together, these results indicate that SBEIIa is required for the proper diurnal cycling of transitory starch within the leaf and suggest that SBEIIa is necessary in producing an amylopectin structure amenable to degradation by starch metabolism enzymes.
The biocontrol bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf29Arp strain affects the pathogenesis‐related gene expression of the take‐all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici on wheat roots
Authors: DAVAL STÉPHANIE , LEBRETON LIONEL , GAZENGEL KÉVIN , BOUTIN MORGANE , GUILLERM‐ERCKELBOUDT ANNE‐YVONNE , SARNIGUET ALAIN 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYThe main effects of antagonistic rhizobacteria on plant pathogenic fungi are antibiosis, fungistasis or an indirect constraint through the induction of a plant defence response. To explore different biocontrol mechanisms, an in vitro confrontation assay was conducted with the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf29Arp as a biocontrol agent of the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) on wheat roots. In parallel with the assessment of disease extension, together with the bacterial and fungal root colonization rates, the transcript levels of candidate fungal pathogenicity and plant‐induced genes were monitored during the 10‐day infection process. The bacterial inoculation of wheat roots with the Pf29Arp strain reduced the development of Ggt‐induced disease expressed as attack frequency and necrosis length. The growth rates of Ggt and Pf29Arp, monitored through quantitative polymerase chain reaction of DNA amounts with a part of the Ggt 18S rDNA gene and a specific Pf29Arp strain detection probe, respectively, increased throughout the interactions. Bacterial antagonism and colonization had no significant effect on root colonization by Ggt. The expression of fungal and plant genes was quantified in planta by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction during the interactions thanks to the design of specific primers and an innovative universal reference system. During the early stages of the tripartite interaction, several of the fungal genes assayed were down‐regulated by Pf29Arp, including two laccases, a β‐1,3‐exoglucanase and a mitogen‐activated protein kinase. The plant host glutathione‐S‐transferase gene was induced by Ggt alone and up‐regulated by Pf29Arp bacteria in interaction with the pathogen. We conclude that Pf29Arp antagonism acts through the alteration of fungal pathogenesis and probably through the activation of host defences.
Induction of monocyte tissue factor procoagulant activity during coronary artery bypass surgery is reduced with heparin‐coated extracorporeal circuit
Authors: Barstad R. Marius , ØVrum Eivind , Ringdal Mari‐Anne L. , ØYstese Rolf , Hamers Maria J. A. G. , Veiby Ole P. , Rolfsen Torill , Stephens Ross W. , Sakariassen Kjell S. 
Published: April 2011

Summary. The possible activation of monocytes to express tissue factor procoagulant activity (TF‐PCA) during CPB (cardiopulmonary bypass) was investigated. 22 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization were randomly assigned to two groups. In group C, heparin‐coated circuits (Duraflo II) and reduced systemic heparinization (ACT > 250 s) were used. In group NC, non‐coated circuits and standard heparin administration (ACT > 480 s) were used.Adherent monocytes retrieved from the oxygenators immediately after bypass arrest showed a 2–3‐fold increase in TF‐PCA when compared to circulating cells pre‐CPB (P < 0·01). When cell PCA was expressed as percent change from pre‐CPB (baseline) values, circulating monocytes in group NC at CPB‐arrest showed a 2‐fold increase in PCA compared to group C (P<0·05). Moreover, the percent increase in PCA of oxygenator‐retrieved monocytes was 7‐fold in group NC and 2‐fold in group C (P<0·008 and P< 0·004, respectively). Thus, heparin‐coating of the extracorporeal circuit reduced induction of adherent cell TF‐PCA by 70% (P<0·05).Thus, monocyte TF‐PCA may cause activation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway during CPB surgery. It is apparent that heparin‐coating enhanced biocompatibility of extracorporeal circuits. Reduced systemic heparinization in group C proved to be safe. However, further reduction of heparin administration may not be advisable, since monocytes were still activated in the coated oxygenator.
A historical meta‐analysis of global terrestrial net primary productivity: are estimates converging?
Authors: ITO AKIHIKO 
Published: April 2011

AbstractNet primary productivity (NPP) is one of the most important ecosystem parameters, representing vegetation activity, biogeochemical cycling, and ecosystem services. To assess how well the scientific community understands the biospheric function, a historical meta‐analysis was conducted. By surveying the literature from 1862 to 2011, I extracted 251 estimates of total terrestrial NPP at the present time (NPPT) and calculated their statistical metrics. For all the data, the mean±standard deviation and median were 56.2±14.3 and 56.4 Pg C yr–1, respectively. Even for estimates published after 2000, a substantial level of uncertainty (coefficient of variation by ±15%) was inevitable. The estimates were categorized on the basis of methodology (i.e., inventory analysis, empirical model, biogeochemical model, dynamic global vegetation model, and remote sensing) to examine the consistency among the statistical metrics of each category. Chronological analysis revealed that the present NPPT estimates were directed by extensive field surveys in the 1960s and 1970s (e.g., the International Biological Programme). A wide range of uncertainty remains in modern estimates based on advanced biogeochemical and dynamic vegetation models and remote‐sensing techniques. Several critical factors accounting for the estimation uncertainty are discussed. Ancillary analyses were performed to derive additional ecological and human‐related parameters related to NPP. For example, interannual variability, carbon‐use efficiency (a ratio of NPP to gross photosynthesis), human appropriation, and preindustrial NPPT were assessed. Finally, I discuss the importance of improving NPPT estimates in the context of current global change studies and integrated carbon cycle research.
CD11b and CD27 reflect distinct population and functional specialization in human natural killer cells
Authors: Fu Binqing , Wang Fuyan , Sun Rui , Ling Bin , Tian Zhigang , Wei Haiming 
Published: April 2011

SummaryThe identification of developmental stages in natural killer (NK) cells, especially in human NK cells, has lagged for decades. We characterize four novel populations defined by CD11b and CD27, which can represent the distinct stages of human NK cells from different tissues. Nearly all NK cells from peripheral blood are CD11b+ CD27− populations whereas NK cells from cord blood have CD11b+ CD27− and CD11b+ CD27+ populations. Interestingly, we have found large CD11b− CD27− populations of NK cells from deciduas. We also demonstrate that each population could be characterized by unique functional and phenotypic attributes. CD11b− CD27− NK cells display an immature phenotype and potential for differentiation. CD11b− CD27+ and CD11b+ CD27+ NK cells show the best ability to secrete cytokines. CD11b+ CD27− NK cells exhibit high cytolytic function. We demonstrate that human NK cells at different developmental stages have special functions and describe a new model of human NK cell differentiation.
Climate change, dermatology and ecosystem services; trends and trade‐offs
Authors: Muller Scott A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractClimate change is one of the defining issues for human well‐being in the 21st century. As several dermatological diseases have a high sensitivity to climate and ecologic change, dermatologists will have an increasingly important role in public health affairs. The International Society of Dermatology’s (ISD) establishment of a task force to track the impact of climate change on the incidence of dermatologic conditions is an example of scientific monitoring critical to future interdisciplinary adaptation and decision making to improve human well‐being.
Managing skin disease in resource‐poor environments – the role of community‐oriented training and control programs
Authors: Hay Roderick , Estrada Roberto , Grossmann Henning 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPrograms that have been devised to improve the lot of patients with skin disease, or disease presenting with skin signs and symptoms, in resource‐poor regions have focused mainly on education and training or community‐oriented control measures. However, both have in common an objective of managing disease at population level. Training has been delivered in different ways both by direct teaching for varying periods of time or by web‐based and electronic communication; control measures have been less in evidence and there is a great need for more support from funding agencies. Despite this, there is now a growing number of successful initiatives in health improvement for skin conditions that cover many parts of the world. This report describes many of these schemes as an example of what can be done to help patients.
Advancement of women in dermatology
Authors: Murrell Dedee F. , Ryan Terence J. , Bergfeld Wilma F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article reviews the special role that women dermatologists have played in the improvement of skin care for women and children, as well as the role of the Women’s Dermatological Society (WDS) in providing networking, mentoring and leadership opportunities for female dermatologists. Women leaders within the International League of Dermatology Societies (ILDS) have influenced WHO directives to assign higher priorities to areas of women’s health. Maria Duran and her legacy at the International Society for Dermatology (ISD) has recognized leaders in the area of dermatology education and mentorship. Volunteerism and the promotion of equal access to health care by women and children are other key activities by women dermatologists.
Efficacy and safety of Celsior preservation fluid in liver transplantation: one‐year follow up of a prospective, multicenter, non‐randomized study
Authors: Boudjema Karim , Grandadam Stéphane , Compagnon Philippe , Salamé Ephrem , Wolf Philippe , Ducerf Christian , Le Treut Patrice , Soubrane Olivier , Cherqui Daniel , Mouchel Catherine , Renault Alain , Bellissant Eric 
Published: April 2011

Boudjema K, Grandadam S, Compagnon P, Salamé E, Wolf P, Ducerf C, Le Treut P, Soubrane O, Cherqui D, Mouchel C, Renault A, Bellissant E. Efficacy and safety of Celsior preservation fluid in liver transplantation: one‐year follow up of a prospective, multicenter, non‐randomized study.  Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2011.01447.x.  © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  The purpose of this prospective, nine‐center, non‐randomized study was to assess the efficacy and safety of Celsior preservation fluid in liver transplantation using unselected donors. As data comparing allograft outcomes following liver transplantation using Celsior and University of Wisconsin (UW) preservation fluids are limited, we also compared our cohort with matched controls selected from the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR) who received total liver grafts preserved with UW solution during the same period. One hundred and forty patients who received livers preserved with Celsior were included. The primary endpoint, graft loss at one‐yr post‐transplantation, was observed in 24 patients (17.1%) which was not significantly different from the 20.0% pre‐defined threshold rate (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.9, 23.4; p = 0.398). Predictive factors for graft loss on univariate analysis were moderate‐to‐severe steatosis on the donor graft (5/22 patients with graft loss vs. 8/107 patients without, p = 0.046) and duration of warm ischemia (1.4 ± 1.1 h in patients with graft loss vs. 0.9 ± 0.5 h in patients without, p = 0.034). Hepatic artery thrombosis and stenosis occurred in seven (5.0%) and six (4.3%) patients, respectively. The comparison of our patients to 420 ELTR controls showed that one‐yr graft survival rates (Celsior: 82.9%, 95% CI 75.8, 88.2; UW: 78.6%, 95% CI 74.4, 82.2) and Kaplan–Meier one‐yr graft survival distributions (p = 0.285) were similar.Within the cold ischemia time achieved in our study, liver preservation with Celsior appeared efficient and safe. Comparison with ELTR patients suggested that liver allograft survival was similar using Celsior or UW solution for preservation of unselected donor grafts.
Transplantation of kidneys with renal artery aneurysm
Authors: Olakkengil Santosh A. , Mohan Rao M. 
Published: April 2011

Olakkengil SA, Mohan Rao M. Transplantation of kidneys with renal artery aneurysm. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E516–E519. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Background:  The use of kidneys from a select group of living and deceased donors with renal artery aneurysms (RAA) is a novel way to increase the number of organs available for transplantation. Published literature on the outcome of transplanted kidneys with correctable vascular pathology has been reviewed.Materials and methods:  The outcome of six transplant recipients who received kidneys after the repair of RAA is presented.Results:  Aneurysm was an incidental finding in two live donors, and two were noticed while preparing the deceased donor grafts for transplantation. Two kidneys were salvaged after nephrectomy as the choice of treatment for the aneurysm. All grafts functioned immediately with no post‐operative complications.Conclusions:  While there is scarcity for donor kidneys, these repaired kidneys should not be overlooked. Live donor kidneys with aneurysms can be transplanted successfully after appropriate surgical corrections.