bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implicit Motives
Authors: Schultheiss Oliver , Brunstein Joachim 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the history of research on implicit motives. Six common principles of implicit motive research are laid out: (1) Implicit motives are nonconscious, (2) motive arousal is associated with characteristic changes in thought content and behavior, (3) motives act as affect amplifiers, (4) motives interact with situational incentives to shape behavior, (5) motives affect multiple levels of psychological functioning, and (6) the number of implicit motives is biologically constrained. The chapter also provides an overview of the structure and topics of the book.
Chapter 4 Activity Inhibition
Authors: Langens Thomas A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
McClelland and his colleagues first introduced the notion that spontaneously using the negation not in speech or writing indicates a stable tendency to restrain or inhibit motivational impulses, which they termed activity inhibition (AI). This chapter will start out with a brief summary of the history of the concept of AI and its measurement in verbal material, followed by an investigation of the role of AI in the expression of implicit motives and emotion regulation and some speculations about the developmental precursors of AI. Finally, the chapter presents a model that integrates the various findings on AI, suggesting that AI does not neutralize emotional or motivational impulses, but rather leads to their intensification and a delayed and refined expression in behavior.
Chapter 5 Content Coding Methods in Implicit Motive Assessment: Standards of Measurement and Best Practices for the Picture Story Exercise
Authors: Pang Joyce S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the major topics such as picture selection, administration, coding systems, and data processing that are related to usage of the Picture Story Exercise (PSE), a major content coding method for assessing implicit motives. It offers a step-by-step guide description of different aspects of preparing, administering, scoring, and processing PSE data. Included in the chapter is a discussion about developing multi- and single-motive picture sets for the PSE; such recommendations are followed by previously unpublished cue strength statistics for a PSE picture set that targets the achievement motive.
Chapter 12 Implicit Motives and Explicit Goals: The Role of Motivational Congruence in Emotional Well-Being
Authors: Brunstein Joachim C. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews research highlighting the importance of the concept of motivational congruence, defined as the degree of correspondence between what people consciously seek to attain and what they nonconsciously would like to do, in the prediction of well-being experiences. It begins with a brief overview of research showing that implicit motives assessed with Picture Story Tests do not overlap with self-reported goals and subjective intentions. It then reviews research demonstrating that a high degree of motivational congruence is an important prerequisite for high emotional well-being. The chapter considers potential mechanisms (goal achievement and motive satisfaction) accounting for this relation and discusses procedures helping people achieve a sense of harmony between their implicit and explicit motives.
Chapter 16 Clinical Implications of Implicit Motives
Authors: Weinberger Joel , Cotler Tanya , Fishman Daniel 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThose who study implicit motives and those who study clinical psychology are often ignorant of one another’s work. Yet, they have much to offer one another. Satisfying dominant implicit motives results in a sense of well-being. Frustrating them results in unhappiness and even psychopathology. The interaction of explicit motives and implicit motives is also clinically relevant. When they are in harmony, the outcome is usually positive; when they conflict, negative outcomes ensue. Models by Kuhl and by Freud are reviewed to explain these findings. Kuhl’s is shown to have empirical support. Freud’s has not yet been adequately tested. The next focus is on psychotherapeutic treatment. The most clearly established variable underlying successful psychotherapy is the therapeutic relationship. The therapeutic relationship may be partly understood through implicit motivation. It is argued that the oneness motive, an implicit motive revolving around a need to belong to or be part of something larger than the self, partly underlies the therapeutic relationship and its ameliorative effects. The oneness motive is defined and supporting data are reviewed. Special attention is paid to data relating to clinical populations. These results are then applied to the therapeutic relationship.
Photoperiodic Control of Flowering in the Short-Day PlantOryza sativa
Authors: Izawa Takeshi 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the progress made in understanding photoperiodic flowering in rice. Over the last decade, major questions regarding the photoperiodic control of flowering in plants have been addressed. First, the external coincidence model was supported at the molecular level in both long-day and short-day plants. Next, studies identified the major genetic components that differ between long-day and short-day plants. Their opposite responses to photoperiods were attributed to the distinct transcriptional mechanisms of florigen genes, such as FT and Hd3a. Finally, the molecular nature of these florigens was revealed. In addition to these achievements, biochemical studies were undertaken to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between light signals and circadian clocks, in order to explain how Arabidopsis thaliana can recognize day length and consequently express FT.
Photoperiodic Control of Dormancy and Flowering in Trees
Authors: Heino Pekka , Nilsson Ove , Palva Tapio 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPlants as sessile and poikilothermic organisms have to grow, reproduce, and survive in a wide variety of environmental conditions. Consequently, plants have evolved an array of adaptive strategies, both physiological and developmental, that allow them to recognize different environmental variables, which then trigger the responses required for optimal growth and survival. This chapter integrates recent findings in annual long-day plants (Arabidopsis) and short-day plants (rice and morning glory), and in woody plants (Populus), respectively, in order to examine photoperiodic control of dormancy and flowering in trees.
Photoperiodism in Copepods
Authors: Marcus Nancy H. , Scheef Lindsay P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter summarizes studies of photoperiodism in copepods and suggests directions for additional research. There is ample evidence that several copepod functions manifest a pattern of rhythmicity that is synchronized to the cycle of day and night. Moreover, in regions that experience seasonal changes in the light—dark cycle, it is evident that the pattern of the rhythm and manifestation of the function may change (e.g., appearance of a dormant phase or a cessation of vertical migration).
Photoperiodism in Insects: Aphid Polyphenism
Authors: Hardie Jim 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the complicated role of photoperiod in regulating life history traits in aphids. As for all organisms responding to day length, aphids require a photoreceptor system that can distinguish light from dark, a clock mechanism that can measure the duration of the light (or in most cases the dark period), a counter or photoperiodic memory that accumulates the number of long or short days, and an endocrine/neuroendocrine effector system that modifies the developmental processes associated with either long- or short-day development.
Photoperiodism in Mammals: Regulation of Nonreproductive Traits
Authors: Demas Gregory E. , Weil Zachary M. , Nelson Randy J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter addresses the physiological and cellular mechanisms underlying the detection of and response to environmental factors in regulating nonreproductive seasonal adaptations. Although the majority of the research within the area of mammalian seasonality has focused on seasonal changes in reproduction, pronounced fluctuations in other nonreproductive responses — including changes in energy balance, immune function, and behavior — occur as well. Most research has focused on the role of photoperiod; presumably, with only two bits of data, length of day and direction of change in the photoperiod, individuals can precisely determine time of year, and might then use this information to anticipate subsequent seasonal environmental changes.
Photoperiodism and Reproduction in Mammals
Authors: Kriegsfeld Lance J. , Bittman Eric L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides a broad overview of seasonal breeding in mammals, emphasizing the role of photoperiod in changes in neuroendocrine function and the means by which day length affects the reproductive axis. Diverse mechanisms regulate the timing of fertility in mammals, but both long- and short-day breeders make use of the circadian system in order to respond to photoperiodic cues. In some species this information entrains a circannual oscillator, whereas in others it induces and breaks refractory phases.
Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms of Mammalian Photoperiodism
Authors: Hazlerigg David 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter considers the challenge of accounting for the mechanisms behind seasonal photoperiodic timing in mammals for two well-defined seasonal responses: reproductive activation and the molting cycle. Topics discussed include neuroanatomical basis to the seasonal control of breeding and the molt; organization of the mammalian “photoperiodic axis”; the control of melatonin synthesis; and the link between melatonin signal transduction and deiodinase-expressing cells.
Cortical Oscillations in Health and Disease
Authors: Traub, MD Roger , Whittington, PhD Miles 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis book reviews a number of clinical neuropsychiatric conditions in which brain oscillations play an essential role. It discusses how the intrinsic properties of neurons, and the interactions between neurons – mediated by both chemical synapses and by gap junctions – can lead to oscillations in populations of cells. The discussion is based largely on data derived from in vitro systems (hippocampus, cerebral and cerebellar cortex) and from network modeling. Finally, the book considers how brain oscillations can provide insight into normal brain function as well as pathophysiology.
Schizophrenia
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOne factor in schizophrenia may be a decrease in NMDA receptor mediated excitation of interneurons, both acting during brain development and also more acutely. The NMDA receptor antagonist, ketamine, given to normal volunteers, can elicit psychotic symptoms. Ketamine also affects gamma (30 – 70 Hz) and beta oscillations experimentally, in in vitro brain slices. The effects of ketamine, however – whether to enhance or diminish oscillation power, and acting on which frequency range – depend on the brain region in question. There is no pan-cortical phenomenology of oscillations.
Cortical Neurons and Their Models
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe complexity of behavior of single neurons derives from a number a factors: they have complicated shapes; voltage-dependent conductances have intricate properties, and the conductances are distributed across the membrane with non-uniform densities; and synaptic conductances operate on many different time scales. Furthermore, each type of neuron has its own repertoire of shape, channel distribution, synaptic receptors, and firing properties.
Very Fast Oscillations
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractVFO occurs in in vitro models when chemical receptors are blocked. In particular, VFO does not require GABAA receptors, even though interneurons fire at high rates during in vivo very fast oscillations. VFO can be accounted for by a model in which neuronal spiking percolates through a sparse network of electrically coupled axons. This model predicts that VFO frequency depends on gap junction conductance, mediated by an effect on crossing time (i.e. the time it takes for a spike in one axon to elicit a spike in a coupled axon, estimated to be of order 0.2 ms). VFO in cerebellar slices also depends on gap junctions, but the physical principles are slightly different: cerebellar VFO appears to depend on many:one propagation of spiking, in effect a form of axonal coincidence detection.
Persistent Gamma Oscillations
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGamma oscillations can be elicited in hippocampal and neocortical slices, by carbachol and by kainate. Pyramidal neurons fire at low rates, but fast-spiking interneurons fire at near gamma rates. The oscillations require gap junctions, presumably on axons, as the oscillations are still present in a connexin36 knockout (although at reduced power). In a model that accounts for this type of gamma, brief bursts of VFO are generated by the plexus of pyramidal cell axons, that are electrically coupled with one another. This VFO synaptically forces interneurons to fire, and feedback inhibition shuts off the VFO. Neocortical gamma, in at least some regions of cortex, appears to depend on chattering cells as well, but not in the expected fashion (i.e. not as a result of the synaptic output of the chattering cells).
Conclusion
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstractnetworks of neurons can generate collective behavior by either of two different means, which can operate alone or in cooperation. Firstly, there is the well-known classical means of chemical synaptic interactions, with orthodromic spikes arising because of integration of synaptic inputs. During such activities, there are opportunities for synaptic plasticity in pyramidal cells, due to back-propagating somatic action potentials. Secondly, collective activity can arise in network of axons, whereby antidromic spikes occur that do not result from integrated activity, or in which full somatic spikes do not occur at all. In the latter case, back-propagated spiking does not occur, and the rules for synaptic plasticity are likely to be different than in the classical case.
1 Motivation and Judicial Behavior: Expanding the Scope of Inquiry
Authors: Baum Lawrence 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter analyzes judicial decision making from the perspective of motivation. Students of judicial behavior have focused on judges’ motivations, but their inquiries into motivation could be broader and deeper. The chapter presents four issues on which scholarship in psychology can enhance our understanding of judges’ motivations: the linkage between proximate goals (such as achieving good public policy) and more fundamental motivations, the energizing dimension of motivation (the level of effort devoted to a task), variation in motivation across judges and situations, and the relationship between motivation and cognition. The chapter concludes by considering the implications of its inquiry into motivation for the key questions in the study of judicial behavior, including the relative importance of legal and policy considerations in judges’ decision making and the extent to which judges behave strategically.
2 Multiple Constraint Satisfaction in Judging
Authors: Robbennolt Jennifer K. , MacCoun Robert J. , Darley John M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDifferent models of judicial decision making highlight particular goals. Traditional legal theory posits that in making decisions judges strive to reach the correct legal decision as dictated by precedent. Attitudinal and strategic models focuses on the ways in which judges further their preferred policies. The managerial model emphasizes the increasing caseload pressures that judges at all levels face. Each model accurately captures some of what every judge does some of the time, but a sophisticated understanding of judicial decision making should explicitly incorporate the notion that judges simultaneously attempt to further numerous, disparate, and often conflicting, objectives. This chapter offers a preliminary account of a more psychologically plausible account of judicial cognition and motivation, based on principles of goal management in a constraint satisfaction network.
5 Judges as Members of Small Groups
Authors: Martinek Wendy L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractVirtually all appellate courts use groups of judges to decide cases. Accordingly, small group theory is a useful perspective for investigating appellate court decision making. In particular, scholarship about group cognition can help make sense of when we can expect judges to rely on legal (e.g., precedent) versus nonlegal (e.g., political preference) factors in the choices they make. In addition, research on the roles and status of group members in relationship to leadership and conformity can help us understand when certain formal (e.g., chief judge) and informal (e.g., freshman judge) roles are likely to structure judicial choice. More generally, placing appellate courts in a small group framework can aid in better understanding the quality of adjudication by focusing on how groups aggregate the expertise of individual group members to produce group outcomes.
7 Is There a Psychology of Judging?
Authors: Schauer Frederick 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPsychologists have recently begun to study the psychological dimensions of judging, but to date almost all of the research has been on lay experimental subjects. Implicit in the research, therefore, is that the judge's attributes as a human bring are more important than the judge's attributes as lawyer and/or as judge in explaining judicial behavior. This may possibly be true, and it is relatively consistent with a Legal Realist understanding of judges and judging, but there remains a need for research directed specifically to the question whether judges by virtue of legal training, self-selection to judging, or judicial experience think and reason and make decisions differently from lay people. More specifically, when judges engage in tasks typically reserved to judges—finding and interpreting the relevant law, most prominently—are their cognitive processes different from those of lay people engaged in analogous tasks, and from those of lay people engaged in different and more fact-focused tasks? Until we can answer these questions based on systematic research, we will not know whether there is a psychology of judging at all, as opposed simply to general psychology applied to some of the tasks in which judges, like all other decision makers, engage.
11 Thresholds for Action in Judicial Decisions
Authors: Dalgleish Len , Shanteau James , Park April 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMany decisions that people are called on to make can be thought of as involving thresholds for action. In each case, we can understand the decision maker to be answering two questions: (1) How strong are the arguments in favor of taking this action? (2) How strong must the arguments be in order for me to take the action? Decision makers in court cases, whether judges or jurors, are commonly required to make this kind of decision. The aim of this chapter is to set out a framework for analyzing decisions to take action in a judicial context. We begin by outlining a general model, continue with a description of several studies of mock-juror decision making, and conclude with implications for studying judges.
14 Evaluating Judges
Authors: Mitchell Gregory 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMuch of the interest in empirical studies of judges lies in the comparison of actual to ideal behavior to reach conclusions about judicial competence. We may decompose any empirical study that attempts to address the competence of judges or the quality of judging into three basic components: (1) the specification of a normative benchmark; (2) the conversion of the benchmark into testable form and judicial behavior into measurable units; (3) the interpretation of the results of any comparison to draw appropriate conclusions about the descriptive-normative gap. This chapter considers complications at each stage in the comparison process, with illustrations from existing studies of judicial competence and studies from psychology that examine the gap between behavior and norms of rational judgment and decision making.
15 Defining Good Judging
Authors: Wistrich Andrew J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSome have suggested that we must define good judging before we begin studying, evaluating, and reforming judicial decision making. This chapter argues that this view is understandable but questions whether it is possible, or necessary, or even helpful, to start with this task. When we are thinking about what research should be done concerning judges and judicial decision making during the next decade, and what improvements to our justice system might result from that research, what seems like the most logical place to start may delay our departure and lead us in the wrong direction. We need the dedication and courage to pursue openly a painstaking interdisciplinary inquiry into the question of how best to structure the process of judicial decision making and then implement reforms based on what we learn. And we need to get started right away.
An Explanation and a Method for the Ethics of Journalism
Authors: Elliott Deni , Ozar David 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter aims to help readers understand their responsibilities as persons and as journalists, and to provide them with a framework for addressing the ethical issues that routinely arise in the practice of journalism. The approach, which is informed by the basic tenets of Western ethical traditions and which borrows from Ozar's and Elliott's previous works, develops from the abstract to the concrete. That is, it moves from a discussion of the purpose of journalism, and the specific values that emerge from that purpose, to ideal relationships and practice rules, and ultimately, to a recommended method.
The Search for Global Media Ethics
Authors: Wasserman Herman 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter shows that there is still no consensus about which theoretical framework(s) would form the best basis for the construction of a global journalism ethics. Various philosophical approaches offer competing understandings of what such an ethics would look like and even whether such an ethics is possible or desirable. Tensions between global and local understandings of what journalism is, and what its role in society should be, complicate the search. It is argued that a journalism ethics for contemporary global society, one that takes into account the vigorous contestations about central moral concepts and rights, one that sees journalism not as a static and closed-off profession but as a dynamic endeavor that changes with societal shifts, cannot but be provisional and inclusive.
Norms and the Network: Journalistic Ethics in a Shared Media Space
Authors: Singer Jane B. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The task of the journalist once involved regulating the flow and content of information disseminated to the public. It no longer does. The Internet has forced such control to be relinquished and replaced with the give-and-take of a more intimate, collaborative arrangement. In this environment, more emphasis goes to openness and cooperation, while norms designed to erect and protect boundaries become a lot less useful, if not downright detrimental. This chapter argues that ongoing interaction with users, which goes far beyond what journalists have encountered before, will continue to mean re-engagement with old ethics in new forms and new contexts.