bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sources of weaning advice, comparisons between formal and informal advice, and associations with weaning timing in a survey of UK first-time mothers
Authors: Moore Amanda P , Milligan Peter , Rivas Carol , Goff Louise M 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to explore knowledge of the UK weaning guidelines and the sources of weaning advice used by UK first-time mothers.DesignAn online survey of UK parents; analysed using mixed methods.SettingParticipants were recruited from a selection of parenting websites that hosted a link to the survey.SubjectsIn total, 1348 UK first-time mothers were included in the analysis.ResultsKnowledge of the guidelines was high (86 %) and associated with later weaning (P < 0·001), although 43 % of this sample weaned before 24 weeks. The majority of parents used multiple sources of information, the most influential being the health visitor (26 %), the Internet (25 %) and books (18 %). Fifty-six per cent said they received conflicting advice. Younger mothers and those of lower educational attainment were more likely to be influenced by advice from family, which was likely to be to wean earlier. Furthermore, those most influenced by their mother/grandmother were less likely to have accurate knowledge of the guidelines. In this population the Internet was used for weaning advice across all sociodemographic groups and was associated with a later weaning age, independently of sociodemographic factors (P < 0·001). Data from responses to a free-text question are used in illustration.ConclusionsThe study suggests that first-time mothers have a good understanding of the weaning guidelines but seek weaning information from multiple sources, much of which is conflicting. Informal sources of weaning advice appear most influential in younger mothers and those of lower educational attainment, and result in earlier weaning.
Descent obstructions and Brauer–Manin obstruction in positive characteristic
Authors: Harari David , Voloch José Felipe 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe prove that the Brauer–Manin obstruction is the only obstruction to the existence of integral points on affine varieties over global fields of positive characteristic $p$. More precisely, we show that the only obstructions come from étale covers of exponent $p$ or, alternatively, from flat covers coming from torsors under connected group schemes of exponent $p$.
The Structure of Galaxies I: Surface Photometry Techniques
Authors: Schombert J. , Smith A. K. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis project uses the 2MASS all-sky image database to study the structure of galaxies over a range of luminosities, sizes and morphological types. This first paper in this series will outline the techniques, reliability and data products to our surface photometry program. Our program will analyze all acceptable galaxies (meeting our criteria for isolation from companions and bright stars) from the Revised Shapley–Ames and Uppsala galaxy catalogs. Resulting photometry and surface brightness profiles are released using a transparent scheme of data storage which includes not only all the processed data but knowledge of the processing steps and calibrating parameters.
Global Bond Markets
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses the global bond market, which provides medium- to long-term financing. In the international arena, Eurobonds are the principal form of such financing. Eurobonds are outside the regulatory reach of national markets (they are sold through banks or as unregistered private placements in them) and may be issued easily, quickly and at relatively low cost. The Eurobond market is the world’s only unregulated capital market. However, it imposes strict self-regulation, because reputations are very important in this market. The process of securitization is introduced in this chapter, whereby lenders bundle similar types of loans and then sell bonds based on the cash flows of the underlying securities.
Privatizations
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Privatization has been the principal means through which governments sell shares to the public of state-owned enterprises. Beginning with Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, privatization spread to the developing world and then to the formerly communist societies seeking large-scale economic transformation in a relatively short period of time. Privatization work has become globalized. The agents and brokers who are capable of providing advice and guidance to their government or buy-side clients and governments seeking to use the marketplace in privatization offerings are the bankers with the infrastructure, the trained personnel, and the contacts with the worldwide corporate and financial market community. Privatizations, through public offering, trade sales, or other methods, have been an attractive and continuing source of revenue for investment banks and will continue to be so, especially in developing and transition economies, in the future.
Hedge Funds, Private Equity, and Alternative Investment Vehicles
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Hedge funds, private equity investments, and other forms of alternative investments that offer the possibility of enhanced portfolio returns on a risk-adjusted basis have been available to sophisticated investors and institutions for many years. In the early 2000s, trillions of dollars of new investment funds that flowed into alternative investments and contributed to the bubbles of the 2004–2007 markets suffered proportionately when the bubble burst. Banks were attracted to and participated in the surge in alternative investments in many ways, as lenders, agents, and as principal investors in funds distributed to clients. The multiple exposures of banks to mortgage-backed and nonmortgage asset-backed securities, and to hedge funds and private equity funds caused them a high degree of distress, forced writedowns of assets, and compelled banks to raise additional capital. Consequently, many banks that were once active in alternative asset investments became much less so as the industry deleveraged and lost momentum. By 2010, only a few banks were still active as major players in this industry.
Prosodic units
Authors: Labrune Laurence 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to the prosodic units of Japanese, the mora, the syllable, the foot, the prosodic word, and the prosodic hierarchy. It reviews the evidence demonstrating the central role played by the mora in Japanese phonology. It then proceeds to a re-examination of the status of the syllable, which has been argued in a number of recent works to be an indispensable prosodic unit, alongside the mora and the foot, although it has been absent from the work of most native Japanese phonologists who have always been content with the mora. Taking as a basis the author’s extensive research on the subject, this chapter argues that the syllable is not a relevant unit in the phonology of Japanese, and it shows how all the phenomena which have been inputed to the action of the syllable can be accounted for with exclusive reference to the mora and the foot.
3 Polybius, Thucydides, and the First Punic War
Authors: Rood Tim 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter argues that Polybius engaged with Thucydides in a far more extensive and suggestive way than has been appreciated. It focuses on a particularly rich set of correspondences between two sections of Polybius (his account of the First Punic War and his analysis of the Roman constitution) and two sections of Thucydides (his analysis of the causes of the Peloponnesian War and his account of Athens' doomed invasion of Sicily). It also argues that Polybius picks up Thucydides' broader depiction (in both speech and narrative) of the Athenian and Spartan characters. By exploring these various intertexts, the chapter offers a new way of understanding Polybius' portrayal of Roman expansionism. It suggests that the links discussed are not mere literary ornaments but part of a deeper historiographical patterning of great expeditions which encourages readers to reflect on shifting patterns in space and time, especially with regard to the role of Sicily.
6Deditio in Fidem: The Ptolemaic Conquest of Asia Minor
Authors: Meadows Andrew 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter explores the nature of the acquisition of the overseas territories in Asia Minor by Ptolemy II Philadelphus. It takes as its focus one inscription (SEG 28.1224), which apparently contains a record of a diplomatic exchange between the king and the city of Telmessos in Lycia. It argues that inscription dates to the moment of Ptolemaic acquisition and provides evidence for the willing subordination (Deditio) of the city to Ptolemaic power by its citizens in order to escape worse conditions under their existing suzerain, Lysimachus, and his family. This model of bloodless transferral of power, it is suggested, may help to explain the lack of any evidence for a military conquest of the region by Ptolemaic forces in the 280s.
11 ‘In Part a Roman Sea’: Rome and the Adriatic in the Third Century bc
Authors: Čašule Nikola 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter analyses the evidence for Roman integration in networks of trade and communication in the Adriatic Sea during the third century bc, and its impact upon modern interpretations of the Romans' military intervention in the Greek east. New archaeological evidence for the character and function of trans-Adriatic networks based around a regional cult to the Greek hero Diomedes confirms that the third century Adriatic was an interconnected entity whose polities enjoyed strong links with each other and the wider Mediterranean world. Numismatic finds and the occurrence of Roman and Latin names in the epigraphic record of the eastern Adriatic demonstrate that Romans were active participants in these networks, with individual Romans becoming substantially integrated in the civic life of the region. These findings demand a reassessment of recent scholarship which has argued that the Romans were unfamiliar with the eastern Adriatic at the time of their first military intervention there in 229 bc.
Europe à la carte? European citizenship and its dimensions from the perspective of national elites
Authors: Cotta Maurizio , Russo Federico 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter explores the position of national political and economic elites with regard to a series of crucial issues that help define the nature and content of European citizenship. Citizenship is viewed as a multifaceted phenomenon related to both the political identity of a community and the rights, entitlements, and duties that pertain to its citizens. The positions of national elites on European citizenship are analysed according to the dimensions of identity, representation, and scope of governance. Overall, while the political and economic elites surveyed by the IntUne project seem to back European integration, they also display rather variable combinations of positions depending on whether they are expressing their views concerning the nature of European polity, its institutional configuration, or different sets of policy goals. Rather than aligning along a simple pro-European/anti-European dimension, they seem to prefer variable ‘menus’ of European integration which probably provide the best answers to their preferences.
Ready to run Europe? Perspectives of a supranational career among EU national elites
Authors: Hubé Nicolas , Verzichelli Luca 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Centred on the notion of supranational career, this chapter explores IntUne elite survey data to determine attitudes to rewards and career opportunities in a supranational context. After describing variance within the sample of economic and political elites concerning willingness for a supranational-level career, more intensive research on national political elites leads to a typology of different ‘career orientations’. From the emerging fragmented and differentiated scenario, few politicians seem clearly oriented towards a career in Europe, but few explicitly exclude the perspective. Most national political elite tend to evaluate the supranational perspective positively, while being neither highly informed nor particularly committed to it. Country and party-specific factors seem to determine the compound framework of ambitions that marks the world of European national elites. However, other intervening factors, such as type of elite skills, social background, and perception of the distance between EU polity and traditional national institutions also have explanatory potential.
The elites–masses gap in European integration
Authors: Müller Wolfgang C. , Jenny Marcelo , Ecker Alejandro 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The chapter makes one conceptual and one empirical contribution to the study of the elite–masses gap in European integration. While most research focuses on substantive representation of voter opinions by MPs, under the ‘issue congruence paradigm’ we consider the entire chain of delegation from voters, to MPs, to governments. Representation gaps are measured as resulting from the two-step aggregation process of preferences typical for party democracies (first step within and the second between political parties). Specifically, the chapter looks at key projects towards a fully integrated Europe, such as common European foreign-, defence-, social security-, and tax-policy, and EU cohesion policy, that are already in place, agreed in principle, or are prominent when deepening European integration is the aim. Of the 15 countries covered in this book, the gaps are particularly large in Britain, Denmark, Germany, and Austria in Western Europe, and Estonia and Poland in Eastern Europe.
Elite foundations of European integration: a causal analysis
Authors: Best Heinrich 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines the causes of variation in the Europeanness of European economic and political elites. It shows that attachment to Europe (emotion), the wish to strengthen European integration (cognition), and to strive for a common foreign policy (conation) are loosely coupled and vary strongly between European countries, between elites and the general population, and between economic and political elites. This challenges the thesis that European integration is based on a pan-European consensus within elites and between elites and non-elites. Results of analyses show weak and fragmented evidence for the impact of elites’ situs, status, previous biographical experience, and religious affiliation on their Europeanness, whereas a consistent impact comes from the level of Europeanness of other elite groups, indicating a strong effect of mutual cue-taking and peer-pressure at national level. The impact of these and other findings on the future of the process of European integration is discussed.
8 The British Empire in North America after 1783
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Quebec and Nova Scotia were the most important North American colonies which remained British after 1783. Both attracted loyalists who had opposed the Revolution. Ambitious initial hopes that these colonies would prosper within the empire and would become show cases to the United States for the virtues of British constitutional government proved difficult to realise. Rather than separation from the Americans, informal links across the international border developed. Nova Scotia and its offshoot the new colony of New Brunswick were governed according to old established models of colonial government. In the 1791 Canada Act Quebec was divided to give the loyalists their own colony separate from the French majority and attempts were made to strengthen imperial authority in both the new colonies.
11 Crossing the Ocean
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
War cut off migration into America except for those British and German soldiers who elected to stay there. After the war, there were few effective restrictions on moving from Britain to the United States of America. To the dismay of most British opinion, emigration quickly began again on its pre‐war scale. Irish people mostly looking to improve their lot rather than the victims of impoverishment or persecution, were by far the largest element. Emigration from Scotland was slower to resume and initially tended to be to British colonies. The ending of the war enabled Americans to visit Britain as before and loyalists fled from from America to Britain, including some of African origin who later went on to Sierra Leone.
Neurological disorders
Authors: Johnston Wendy , Simon Jessica 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter contains a number of case studies to illustrate the desired skills, attitudes, and expertise required to manage neurological disorders in palliative patients. It considers several issues such as: What are the common options for feeding after a stroke? How to establish the goals of care? How does amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) present at the time of diagnosis? What are the most common decisions that ALS patients need to make about their long-term care? When to consider initiating non-invasive ventilation?
Ideology and the Study of Judicial Behavior
Authors: Epstein Lee , Martin Andrew D. , Quinn Kevin M. , Segal Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter explores the role of ideology in the study of judicial behavior. From the antecedents of the attitudinal model to newer strategic accounts, ideology plays a key role in political science explanations of judging. Measuring ideology in this context is quite difficult. This chapter describes the strengths and weaknesses of various strategies, including the political party of the judges, exogenous measures developed by Segal and Cover from newspaper editorials, and endogenous measures developed by Martin and Quinn using observed behavior. Empirical studies employing these measures show strong patterns of ideological behavior on the U.S. Supreme Court, with mixed findings for the lower courts.
Dualization and Institutional Complementarities
Authors: Palier Bruno , Thelen Kathleen 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe French and German political economies have been significantly reconfigured over the past two decades. Although the changes have often been more piecemeal than revolutionary, their cumulative effects are profound. The chapter characterizes the changes that have taken place as involving a process of dualization, and argues that what gives contemporary developments a different character from the past is that they are now explicitly underwritten by state policy. It emphasizes complementarities across institutional realms, and show how these linkages have facilitated the spread of dualization – beginning in the field of industrial relations, moving into labor market dynamics, and finally finding institutional expression in welfare state reforms. The result in France and Germany has been the institutionalization, with state support, of an apparently stable but distinctly less egalitarian model.
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR REMOVAL OF A CAPSULAR TENSION RING FROM THE VITREOUS CAVITY
Authors: Tarigopula Sweta , Pokroy Russell , Desai Uday R. , Ahmed Shareef B. , Goldman David J. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose:
To describe a surgical technique for removing a posteriorly dislocated capsular tension ring (CTR).

Methods:
Retrospective interventional case report.

Case Report:
A 68-year-old African American man underwent cataract surgery. Early in the procedure, a CTR was placed at the equator of the lens capsule. Subsequently, the posterior capsule ruptured. The CTR was left in place, and an intraocular lens was placed in the sulcus. On postoperative Day 6, the CTR subluxated into the vitreous cavity and was removed without complication by pars plana vitrectomy, using the CTR inserter.

Conclusion:
The technique of using the CTR inserter to remove the CTR from the vitreous cavity appears to be safe and effective.
HUMAN HERPES VIRUS-6 AS A CAUSE OF RECURRENT POSTERIOR UVEITIS IN A HIV-POSITIVE PATIENT
Authors: Malamos Panagiotis , Maselos Stelios , Andrianopoulos Konstantinos , Georgalas Ilias , Chryssos Georgios , Markomichelakis Nikos N. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose:
To report a case of bilateral recurrent posterior uveitis caused by human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) in a human immunodeficiency virus–positive individual.

Methods:
Comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including imaging with optical coherence tomography, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, and adequate laboratory tests were performed. A human immunodeficiency virus–positive patient without any AIDS defining condition, with a history of recurrent bilateral posterior uveitis referred to us with the diagnosis of retinal detachment.

Results:
Vitreous polymerase chain reaction detected an aberrant band for herpes viruses, which proved to be human herpes virus-6 by repeated polymerase chain reactions. Serum antibodies titer was positive for human herpes virus-6. The patient responded well to antiviral therapy with valacyclovir.

Conclusion:
This is the first case of human herpes virus-6–related bilateral posterior uveitis in a human immunodeficiency virus–positive individual without clinical manifestations of AIDS.
Altered Chloroplast Development and Delayed Fruit Ripening Caused by Mutations in a Zinc Metalloprotease at the lutescent2 Locus of Tomato
Authors: Barry Cornelius S. , Aldridge Georgina M. , Herzog Gal , Ma Qian , McQuinn Ryan P. , Hirschberg Joseph , Giovannoni James J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis in higher plants but also functions as the center of synthesis for primary and specialized metabolites including amino acids, fatty acids, starch, and diverse isoprenoids. Mutants that disrupt aspects of chloroplast function represent valuable tools for defining structural and biochemical regulation of the chloroplast and its interplay with whole-plant structure and function. The lutescent1 (l1) and l2 mutants of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) possess a range of chlorophyll-deficient phenotypes including reduced rates of chlorophyll synthesis during deetiolation and enhanced rates of chlorophyll loss in leaves and fruits as they age, particularly in response to high-light stress and darkness. In addition, the onset of fruit ripening is delayed in lutescent mutants by approximately 1 week although once ripening is initiated they ripen at a normal rate and accumulation of carotenoids is not impaired. The l2 locus was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 10 and positional cloning revealed the existence of a premature stop codon in a chloroplast-targeted zinc metalloprotease of the M50 family that is homologous to the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene ETHYLENE-DEPENDENT GRAVITROPISM DEFICIENT AND YELLOW-GREEN1. Screening of tomato germplasm identified two additional l2 mutant alleles. This study suggests a role for the chloroplast in mediating the onset of fruit ripening in tomato and indicates that chromoplast development in fruit does not depend on functional chloroplasts.