bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grain quality traits important in feed barley
Authors: Bleidere Māra , Gaile Zinta 
Published: June 2012

Grain quality traits important in feed barley
Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) traditionally has been a major cereal crop for animal feed especially in Northern areas and also in Latvia. It is complicated to define what the ideal feed barley should be, as the requirements widely differ not only for different species, but even for different age groups of the same species of animals. Therefore, the breeding of feed barley has been developing very slowly and building on the basis of agronomic and beer barley quality parameters. Targeted breeding of barley varieties for a definite application purpose of the grain is connected with selection according to different criteria. The present article shows that the feed quality of barley is influenced both by physical grain quality indicators (colour, grain weight and size, hull content, 1000 grain weight, volume weight and grain hardness) and by the chemical composition (carbohydrates, non-starch polysaccharides, amino acids, fibre, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins). On the basis of the information collected, a profile of a high quality feed barley variety for different groups of animals is defined.
Use of DNA markers for cereal line uniformity assessment
Authors: Ruņgis Dainis , Gaile Ilze , Veinberga Ilze , Zute Sanita , Strazdiņa Vija , Bleidere Māra , Kronberga Arta 
Published: June 2012

Use of DNA markers for cereal line uniformity assessment
Prior to the registration of a new variety, it is required to undergo Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) testing. Preparing a newly developed variety to meet the requirements of DUS testing is a lengthy process, particularly regarding aspects of uniformity and stability. Field testing of a large number of lines is time and resource intensive. In addition, the expression of certain traits may be influenced by environmental conditions. The use of DNA markers may allow rapid assessment of the level of genetic diversity within a particular line or variety, and to remove individuals that are genetically differentiated, thus accelerating the homogenisation of a newly developed variety. In this study, we utilised AFLP and the iPBS marker techniques to assess genetic variation within advanced breeding lines of several cereal species (triticale, wheat, barley). The combined use of molecular and morphological selection over three years of analysis and selection resulted in the reduction of genetic diversity within breeding lines.
Variation of spring barley agronomic traits significant for adaption to climate change in latvian breeding programmes
Authors: Bleidere Māra , Mežaka Ieva , Legzdiņa Linda , Grunte Ilze , Beinaroviča Indra , Rostoks Nils 
Published: June 2012

Variation of spring barley agronomic traits significant for adaption to climate change in latvian breeding programmes
Breeding programmes have been recently challenged by climate change. Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yield, phenological traits (days to heading, length of filling period and days to maturity) and resistance to powdery mildew and net blotch, which are influenced by the rising temperature and precipitation, along with threshability in hulless, were evaluated and their genetic and environmental variability were determined. One hundred and ninety spring barley genotypes were studied, including 129 hulless genotypes and 61 hulled genotypes. The genotypes were grown in the State Stende Cereal Breeding Institute and State Priekuļi Plant Breeding Institute for three seasons during 2007-2009. Broad-sense heritability estimated on the basis of genotypical and phenotypical variances for all traits of hulled barley varied from 31 to 98, and 42 to 98% for hulless barley. For both types of barley the highest heritability was observed for days to heading, filling period and days to maturity. Despite the relatively high estimated heritability for all traits, nevertheless, location, year and interaction of genotype and environment were also been significant for all traits.
Risk assessment in renewable energy production from agriculture biomass in Latvia
Authors: Rivza Baiba , Rivza Sandija , Rivza Peteris 
Published: June 2012

Risk assessment in renewable energy production from agriculture biomass in Latvia
The concepts "risk", "crisis", "danger" have become commonly used and recognised in various fields of entrepreneurship, governance, agriculture and environment protection. Risk management and risk evaluation nowadays has not only theoretical, but also practical application. Risk assessment is an important factor for successful and sustainable entrepreneurship of bioenergy production, which has become one of the priorities in the energy sector of Latvia — promotion of the use of renewable energy is included as one of the strategic goals for both European Union (EU) and Latvia. The present research focuses on risk assessment and choice of risk management alternatives in renewable energy production form agriculture biomass, since this type of energy is viewed as a perspective source for renewable energy production in Latvia. This field of energy production in Latvia is rather new and scantily explored, and therefore there are many risk factors that arise in different stages of energy production, starting with planning and building of a bioreactor and ending with production and further use and distribution of energy. A risk assessment module for renewable energy production made using Analytic Network Process (ANP) software is described in the paper.
Psychological consequences of money and money attitudes in dictator game
Authors: Gąsiorowska Agata , Hełka Anna 
Published: June 2012

Psychological consequences of money and money attitudes in dictator game
According to the research conducted by Vohs, Mead, and Goode (2006, 2008), reminders of money cause people to behave self-sufficiently, and especially to reveal a reduced tendency to charitable behaviour. In this study, we wanted to establish if this tendency would be present in the dictator game, and if so, whether money activation would just change behaviour, or whether it would also change people's evaluation of their own decisions. We assumed that people who revealed symbolic and instrumental money attitudes would react differently to money activation. As expected, money priming caused smaller money transfers compared to the control condition, and this effect was significant among those with symbolic attitudes toward money. Moreover, participants who transferred at least half of the sum after money activation declared stronger negative emotions and lower satisfaction with the decision than those who made similar transfers in the control condition.
The Effect of Major Alloying Elements on the Size of Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing in the As-Cast Al-Si-Cu Alloys
Authors: Djurdjevič M. , Grzinčič M. 
Published: June 2012

The Effect of Major Alloying Elements on the Size of Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing in the As-Cast Al-Si-Cu Alloys
A comprehensive understanding of melt quality is of paramount importance for the control and prediction of actual casting characteristics. Among many phenomenon that occur during the solidification of castings, there are four that control structure and consequently mechanical properties: chemical composition, liquid metal treatment, cooling rate and temperature gradient. The cooling rate and alloy composition are most important among them. This paper investigates the effect of the major alloying elements (silicon and copper) of Al-Si-Cu alloys on the size of secondary dendrite arm spacing. It has been shown that both alloying elements have reasonable influence on the refinement of this solidification parameter.
Influence of Compound Deoxidation of Steel with Al, Zr, Rare Earth Metals, and Ti on Properties of Heavy Castings
Authors: Senberger J. , Cech J. , Zadera A. 
Published: June 2012

Influence of Compound Deoxidation of Steel with Al, Zr, Rare Earth Metals, and Ti on Properties of Heavy Castings
Heavy steel castings deoxidized with aluminium are sometimes brittle intercrystalline failed during their service along primary grain boundaries what is initiated by aluminium nitrides and so called conchoidal fractures are formed. The tendency to forming the conchoidal fractures depends in particular on cooling rate (the casting modulus), aluminium and nitrogen contents in steel. During deoxidation, when manufacturing heavy castings, the elements with high affinity to nitrogen, zirconium or titanium, are added to steel that would decrease nitrogen activity by the bond on stable nitrides. The formation of stable nitrides should reduce the tendency of steel to the formation of conchoidal fractures. Deoxidation was thermodynamically analyzed at presence of the mentioned elements. For particular conditions a probable course of deoxidation was estimated at test castings. The deoxidation course was checked by microanalysis of deoxidation products (inclusions). For service and experimental castings the anticipated composition of inclusions was compared. It has been proved that in heavy castings with high aluminium contents in steel under studied conditions neither the addition of zirconium nor of titanium nor of rare earth metals will prevent the formation of conchoidal fractures.
The Mechanism of the Surface Alloy Layer Creation for Cast Steel
Authors: Walasek A. , Szajnar J. 
Published: June 2012

The Mechanism of the Surface Alloy Layer Creation for Cast Steel
The paper presents a detailed description of the process of creation of a surface alloy layer (using high-carbon ferrochromium) on the cast steel casting. The mechanism of the surface alloy layer is based on the known theories [5,6]. The proposed course of formation of the layers has been extended to decarburization stage of steel. The research included proving the presence of carbon-lean zone. The experiment included the analysis of the distribution of elements and microhardness measurement.
Effectiveness of chosen robust estimation methods compared to the level of network reliability
Authors: Kwaśniak Mieczysław 
Published: June 2012

Effectiveness of chosen robust estimation methods compared to the level of network reliabilityThe work presents the results of studies on dependence of effectiveness of chosen robust estimation methods from the internal reliability level of a geodetic network. The studies use computer-simulated observation systems, so it was possible to analyse many variants differing from each other in a planned way. Four methods of robust estimation have been chosen for the studies, differing substantially in the approach to weight modifications. For comparative reasons, the effectiveness studies have also been conducted for the very popular method in surveying practice, of gross error detection basing on LS estimation results, the so called iterative data snooping. The studies show that there is a relation between the level of network internal reliability and the effectiveness of robust estimation methods. In most cases, in which the observation contaminated by a gross error was characterized by a low index of internal reliability, the robust estimation led to results being essentially far from expectations.
Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Therapy for Supraspinatus Calcifying Tendinitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Two Different Energy Levels
Authors: Ioppolo Francesco , Tattoli Maria , Di Sante Luca , Attanasi Carmine , Venditto Teresa , Servidio Marila , Cacchio Angelo , Santilli Valter 
Published: June 2012

BackgroundExtracorporeal shock-wave therapy (ESWT) represents a valid intervention in the treatment of people with supraspinatus calcifying tendinitis (SCT), but there is limited evidence for the useful range of ESWT doses.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare 2 different ranges of energy flux density in treatment of SCT with ESWT.DesignThis study was designed as a single-blind randomized clinical trial.SettingThis study was performed in a university hospital.PatientsForty-six patients with SCT were randomly assigned to 2 groups that received different therapeutic energy doses of ESWT: (1) group A received ESWT at an energy level of 0.20 mJ/mm2, and (2) group B received ESWT at an energy level of 0.10 mJ/mm2.InterventionThe treatment protocol consisted of 4 sessions performed once a week.MeasurementsThe change in mean Constant Murley Scale (CMS) scores at 3 and 6 months was the primary endpoint. The change in the mean visual analog scale (VAS) scores from baseline to 3 and 6 months after the intervention and radiographic change in size of calcium deposits were evaluated as secondary endpoints. At 12 months, pain relief was assessed using a numeric rating scale.ResultsSignificant clinical improvement based on mean CMS scores was observed after 6 months in group A (X̅=79.43, SD=10.33) compared with group B (X̅=57.91, SD=6.53). Likewise, after 6 months, a significant decrease in VAS scores was found in group A (X̅=2.09, SD=1.54) compared with group B (X̅=5.36, SD=0.78). Calcific deposits disappeared in the same percentage of patients in both groups.LimitationsThe small sample size and lack of a control group were limitations of the study.ConclusionsIn ESWT for SCT, an energy level of 0.20 mJ/mm2 appears to be more effective than an energy level of 0.10 mJ/mm2 in pain relief and functional improvement.
Back Pain Beliefs Are Related to the Impact of Low Back Pain in 17-Year-Olds
Authors: Smith Anne J. , O'Sullivan Peter B. , Beales Darren , Straker Leon 
Published: June 2012

Background
Disability in adults with low back pain (LBP) is associated with negative back pain beliefs (BPBs). Adult BPBs can be positively influenced with education, resulting in reduced LBP disability. By late adolescence, the prevalence of LBP reaches adult levels. The relationship among LBP experience, LBP impact, and BPBs has not been investigated in late adolescence.

Objective
The aim of this study was to document unknown relationships among LBP experience, LBP impact, and BPBs in 17-year-olds.

Design
A cross-sectional study design was used.

Methods
Adolescents (n=1,126) in the Raine Study provided full information on LBP, LBP impact (sought professional advice or treatment, taken medication, missed school or work, interfered with normal activities, interfered with physical activities), BPBs, and a number of covariates.

Results
Back pain beliefs were more positive in participants with experience of LBP (X̄=30.2, SD=5.6) than in those without experience of LBP (X̄=28.5, SD=5.1). Individuals with LBP without activity modification impacts had more positive BPBs than those with activity modification impacts, even after adjustment for mental well-being and sex. The adjusted difference in BPBs between participants with experience of LBP but no activity modification impacts and those reporting all 3 activity modification impacts was 2.9 points (95% confidence interval=1.7 to 4.2). Participants with no activity modification impacts had more positive BPBs than those with no experience of LBP (adjusted difference=2.2 points, 95% confidence interval=1.4 to 2.9). More positive BPBs also were associated with female sex, lower body mass index, higher family income, better 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) Mental Health scale scores, and more positive primary caregiver beliefs.

Limitations
Cause and effect cannot be ascertained with the cross-sectional design.

Conclusion
Differences in BPBs are associated with different levels of LBP impact at 17 years of age. This finding provides a potential target for intervention early during the life course.
Discussion of defect analysis of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy forging ring
Authors: Huang Zhanghong , Qu Henglei , Ye Hongchuan , Deng Chao , Wu Hua , Ma Hongzheng , Yang Jianchao 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
An open crack was found in a Ti-6Al-4V alloy forging ring. Optical observation, scanning electron microscopy analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, hardness test and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were applied to find out the reason. It was found there was an obvious transition zone from the edge of the crack to the matrix on one side of the crack, where the shape and size of the microstructure changed from big block to elongated wattle. In addition, the microstructure inside the crack appeared non-compact and porous. Microhardness tests showed that the hardness of the area near the crack was remarkably higher than that of matrix. The results of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that the content of Al and V was much smaller near the crack compared to the matrix. The surface of the crack is basically composed of Ti, Al and V, and no other elements were found in the precision range. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that the blocky α-phase area near the crack contained oxygen, carbon and nitrogen. However, no carbon and nitrogen were found in the matrix and the oxygen content was lower.
Rheo-chemistry in Reactive Processing of Polyolefin
Authors: Yu W. , Liu J. , Zhou C. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
A brief review of reactive processing of polyolefins, which are the most widely used polymers today, is given in this paper from the role of flow field in processing and the characterization of the modified chain topologies. The materials are mainly focused on polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyolefin elastomer (POE) here. Aspects of reactions, coupling/crosslinking and scission are discussed both in terms of the mechanism and kinetics under different flow conditions.
Visualization Analysis of a Multilayer Foam Development Process in Microcellular Injection Molding
Authors: Yamada T. , Murata Y. , Yokoi H. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
In this study, cross-sectional analyses were performed on microcellular injection-molded high-impact polystyrene products. The results confirm that the following five types of layers were formed: Skin layers I (the silver streak layer) and II (a nonfoamed layer), Core layers I (cell diameter, d > 150 μm), II (d < 50 μm), and III (d > 100 μm). As the maximum in-mold pressure (Pmax) was increased from 5 to 30 MPa, the thickness of Skin layer II remained nearly constant. However, the foam types in the core layers changed from I and II to II and III or III only, resulting in an increase in cell diameter and a decrease in cell density. The process of cellular structure formation was observed using a glass-inserted mold, which revealed that this process consists of a flow (with a burst of cells at the melt front and the subsequent flow of the melt containing the cells), an end of the filling (involving elastic compression or the dissolution and disappearance of cells formed in the flow stage), and a cooling (new cell generation and growth and cooling solidification). Based on these cross-sectional observations, in concert with melt-pressure measurements and visualizations, we developed a model describing the formation process of Skin layer II and the core layers including a new concept that considers the melt pressure inside the cavity. The following layers are incorporated into the model: Skin layer II: A nonfoamed layer is formed in the area of the melt front where gases diffuse out from within the melt during the filling stage, and this nonfoamed layer moves to from melt front to the surface of the product due to fountain flow. Core layers I and II: A multilayer is formed containing a distribution of cells preserved from the flow stage due to the low compression forces, Core layer III: cells are dissolved in the melt due to strong compression forces at the end of the filling stage and then reform and grow in the cooling stage.
Visualization Analysis of Resin Flow Behavior around a Flow Front Using a Rotary Runner Exchange System
Authors: Kanetoh Y. , Yokoi H. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
In plastic injection molding, external defects such as flow marks are serious problems. These external defects are known to occur during cavity filling processes inside the mold, and are closely related to resin flow behavior in the flow front area. In this study, the authors propose a new method for visualizing in-mold resin flow behavior using a glass-inserted mold and rotary runner exchange system capable of instantaneously switching two types of melt at the runner just before the gate. This method is capable not only of dynamic visualization, but also static visualization by the observation of cross-sections of a sample, because colored resins switched multiple times at the gate spread in layers inside the sample and freeze. Using this method and general purpose polystyrene, visualization analysis of the flow behavior of inner layer resins near the flow front in simple rectangular cavities was carried out. As a result, it was found that resins reaching the flow front are not exposed at the molded product surface immediately after the fountain-flow process, but remain along the circumference of the flow front for a long period of time, and then stretch out into a thin film-like shape to form the surface of the molded product. In addition, the inner layer resins near the flow front form a converging flow just before reaching the flow front and then form a fountain flow. It was also confirmed that this is a general phenomenon in the fountain-flow process during injection molding regardless of whether the resin is crystalline or noncrystalline. Based on these results, we built a model on the flow of inner layer resins near the flow front of general resins.
Influence of the Calendering Step on the Adhesion Properties of Coextruded Structures
Authors: Serrat M. C. , Agassant J. F. , Bikard J. , Devisme S. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The coupled coextrusion calendering process of multilayer thermoplastic sheets has been studied. The structure of the film has been observed, the density of chemical links at the interface and the adhesion between the coextruded layers have been measured. There are some controversial features about the influence of calendering parameters. Several models of increasing complexity are proposed to master the process and its influence on adhesion. A multilayer thermal model accounting for the crystallization kinetics of both polymers allows defining qualitatively the temperature field especially at the interface between the two layers. A multilayer thermo-mechanical model provides quantitative figures on the stress, shear, elongation and temperature fields in the coextruded film and especially at the interface. Relationships between these parameters, density of chemical links at the interface, crystalline structure of the sample and peeling forces are discussed.