bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological and molecular analysis of ‘Melania’ jacquetiDautzenberg and Fischer, 1906: from anonymous orphan to critical basal offshoot of the Semisulcospiridae (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea)
Authors: Strong Ellen E. , Köhler Frank 
Published: July 2009

Morphological and molecular studies have been inconclusive in assessing monophyly of the Pleuroceridae s.land the affinity of western North AmericanJugato Asian members of the family currently grouped in the Semisulcospirinae. In part, this has been hampered by the rarity of anatomical accounts for Asian pleurocerids (s.l.). The present study provides a comprehensive anatomical description of‘Melania’jacqueti— a Vietnamese species of uncertain generic placement forgotten in the scientific literature for over 100 years. This investigation confirmed that‘Melania’jacquetiandJugapossess a number of features that differentiate them from eastern North American species, including features of the kidney, prostate and pallial oviduct. However, comparative data remain inadequate to allow phylogenetic analysis based on morphological data alone. Consequently, a data set of partial mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences for 51 pleurocerids (s.l.) and five outgroups (Melanopsidae, Thiaridae), was assembled. Parsimony, Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses are largely congruent and support monophyly of the Pleuroceridae s.l., and of two large clades: (i) a clade of eastern North American species, and (ii) an Asian–American clade with‘Melania’jacquetias the critical basal offshoot, decisively anchoringJugawithin the Semisulcospirinae as sister to all remaining Asian forms. Given the morphological disparity between these two clades, this result is consistent with restriction of the concept of Pleuroceridaes.s.to eastern North American species, and elevation of the Asian–American clade to the rank of family — the Semisulcospiridae. Examination of available genus‐group names for Oriental semisulcospirids supports placement of ‘Melania’jacquetiin the genusHua. Molecular calibration of the basal split between Semisulcospiridae and Pleuroceridae suggests they diverged in the Cretaceous (approximately 90 million years ago). The origin and diversification of these clades are roughly coincident with the subdivision of Laurasia by epicontinental seas and the opening of the Atlantic basin, consistent with a primarily vicariant explanation for their modern biogeographical distributions modified by dispersal inJuga.
The development of skin conductance fear conditioning in children from ages 3 to 8 years
Authors: Gao Yu , Raine Adrian , Venables Peter H. , Dawson Michael E. , Mednick Sarnoff A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlthough fear conditioning is an important psychological construct implicated in behavioral and emotional problems, little is known about how it develops in early childhood. Using a differential, partial reinforcement conditioning paradigm, this longitudinal study assessed skin conductance conditioned responses in 200 children at ages 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 years. Results demonstrated that in both boys and girls: (1) fear conditioning increased across age, particularly from ages 5 to 6 years, (2) the three components of skin conductance fear conditioning that reflect different degrees of automatic and controlled cognitive processes exhibited different developmental profiles, and (3) individual differences in arousal, orienting, and the unconditioned response were associated with individual differences in conditioning, with the influence of orienting increasing at later ages. This first longitudinal study of the development of skin conductance fear conditioning in children both demonstrates that children as young as age 3 years evidence fear conditioning in a difficult acquisition paradigm, and that different sub‐components of skin conductance conditioning have different developmental trajectories.
Dealing with conflicting information: young children’s reliance on what they see versus what they are told
Authors: Ma Lili , Ganea Patricia A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractChildren often learn about the world through direct observation. However, much of children’s knowledge is acquired through the testimony of others. This research investigates how preschoolers weigh these two sources of information when they are in conflict. Children watched as an adult hid a toy in one location. Then the adult told children that the toy was in a different location (i.e. false testimony). When retrieving the toy, 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds relied on what they had seen and disregarded the adult’s false testimony. However, most 3‐year‐olds deferred to the false testimony, despite what they had directly observed. Importantly, with a positive searching experience based on what they saw, or with a single prior experience with an adult as unreliable, 3‐year‐olds subsequently relied on their first‐hand observation and disregarded the adult’s false testimony. Thus, young children may initially be credulous toward others’ false testimony that contradicts their direct observation, but skepticism can develop quickly through experience.
Teaching for Religious Literacy
Authors: Gallagher Eugene V. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStephen Prothero's Religious Literacy makes a strong case that minimal religious literacy is an essential requirement for contemporary U. S. citizens. He argues further that high schools and colleges should offer required courses in the study of religion in order to help students reach that baseline literacy. Beyond the general recommendation that such courses focus on biblical literacy and the history of Christianity, however, Prothero does not sketch out his proposal for teaching religious literacy. This essay argues that in addition to providing factual knowledge, teaching for religious literacy needs to involve sustained attention to how religious people use that factual information to orient themselves in the world, express their individual and group self‐understanding, and give their lives direction and meaning. Such attention to the dynamics of religious life can also help students understand why human beings have persisted in this mode of behavior.
Crossing Pedagogical Borders in the Yucatan Peninsula
Authors: Willhauck Susan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA challenging intercultural teaching experience provided an opportunity for engaging embodied pedagogies that facilitated border crossings of language, age, gender, and experience. Influenced by the work of Augusto Boal, the author describes how improvisation, role‐play, music, and drawing led seminary students in Mexico into sacred time and space toward relevant learning. Drawing upon the critical pedagogy of several educators yields implications for teaching theology and religion. The essay also invites readers into dialogue about how such border crossings can benefit their own teaching.
Documentary Visions, Theological Insights
Authors: Alderman Isaac M. , Beyers Donald J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn an attempt to engage students' higher‐order thinking skills, we developed a documentary filmmaking project for our introduction to theology course. By documenting certain aspects of the theology of John Wesley and John Henry Newman (God, creation, revelation, Jesus, the church), students were able to delve deeply into these themes, better understanding them and their interrelationships. The project helped the students to actively practice historical theology, rather than passively learn about it through lectures. In addition, the project emphasized research skills, quality of writing and creative production, and a professional presentation at a screening.
Teaching the History of Christianity: Critical Themes and Challenges
Authors: Killen Patricia O'Connell , Duntley Madeline , Furey Constance , Gilpin W. Clark , Six‐Means Horace E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAt the November 2008 meeting of the American Academy of Religion, the History of Christianity section sponsored a panel around the question: “What are the key challenges, opportunities, and goals in the History of Christianity classroom today and how best should teachers respond to them?” Beginning with brief sketches of institutional context and identification of one or more pivotal choices each makes in the course they teach, the panelists explored critical themes and issues that arise in teaching the history of Christianity, first with each other and then through interchange with the audience.
Misleading Rankings of Research in Business
Authors: Albers Sönke 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The attempts by Schulze and colleagues and Ritzberger to develop a joint ranking of journals for economics and business research are critically evaluated. Their lists suggest that the quality of top business journals is substantially lower than that of many economics journals. If, however, the authors of these lists do not want to claim a general superiority of one discipline (economics) over another one (business), they should give a clear indication that these lists are only applicable for economists. This warning appears to be necessary because Fabel and colleagues derive a ranking of universities and departments with respect to research productivity in business from the business research discriminating list RbR_IMP by Schulze and colleagues. While Diamantopoulos and Wagner already show a lack of face validity of these results, this article explains that the reason for this lies not only in the downgrading and also biased weighting of the business journals across subfields, but even more importantly, in a remarkable incompleteness of the database.
“Allochthones” in the Netherlands and Belgium
Authors: Jacobs Dirk , Rea Andrea 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSchematically one can distinguish two traditions related to ethnic statistics in Europe. In France, Germany and most southern European countries, the dominant statistical categorisations merely distinguish individuals on the basis of their nationality. In contrast, most northern European countries have been producing data on the ethnic and/or foreign origin of their populations. Belgium is caught somewhere in between these two traditions. The French speaking part of Belgium tends to follow the French tradition of refusing ethnic categorisation, while the Flemish try to copy the Dutch model in distinguishing “allochthones” and “autochthones.” This contribution offers an analysis of the construction of ethnic categories as it has been undertaken in the Dutch context and (partially) imported in Belgium.
Could Refugees Have a Significant Impact on the Future Demographic Change of Serbia?
Authors: Nikitović Vladimir , Lukić Vesna 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSerbia still hosts the largest number of forced migrants in Europe. The paper examines the impact of the refugee influx from newly formed states on the territory of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) into Serbia on the future demographic trends of the country. Examination of the past population projections of Serbia confirmed that the process of predicting migration flows is related to the greatest source of uncertainty compared to all other components of demographic change. The results of our projection of Serbia’s population through 2050 show that the large influx of refugees during the last decade of the 20th century should not have a significant impact on the future demographic change of Serbia. Even in the case of substantial improvement of total fertility rate (2.35 in final projection year, comparing to current 1.55), no positive demographic effect should be experienced.Continuation of the decline in Serbia’s total population size cannot be offset by recent refugee influx for several reasons. The most important of them are: too small number of migrants comparing to the total population size of Serbia; similarity in fertility behaviour between refugee and indigenous population; the large‐scaled emigration during the same period; much older refugee population compared to emigrant population; and the processes of refugee repatriation and resettlement. A purely hypothetical projection variant assuming the migration required to maintain the size of current total population size of Serbia until 2050 points out the need for almost three times the amount of average annual migration surplus caused by the refugee influx.
Long‐pulsed dye laser vs. intense pulsed light for the treatment of facial telangiectasias: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Nymann P , Hedelund L , Hædersdal M 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective  This study aims to compare the efficacy and adverse effects of long‐pulsed dye laser (LPDL) and intense pulsed light (IPL) in the treatment of facial telangiectasias.Methods  We used intra‐individual, randomized, controlled trial with split‐face treatments and single‐blind outcome evaluations in this study. Forty patients with symmetrically located facial telangiectasias received a series of three LPDL (V‐beam, 595 nm, Candela Laser Corp.) and three IPL treatments (Ellipse Flex, PR and VL2 applicators, Danish Dermatologic Development) at 6‐week intervals. Patients were evaluated 3 months after the final treatment. Outcome measures were clinical efficacy (five‐point ordinal scale), pain (10‐point numerical scale), adverse effects, patient satisfaction (10‐point numerical scale) and preferred treatment.Results  Thirty‐nine of 40 patients completed the study. All but 2 patients obtained a reduction in facial telangiectasias from both IPL and LPDL treatments. Both treatments were effective with good or excellent response in 30 of 39 patients. The LPDL was superior in the overall reduction of telangiectasias by blinded photographic evaluations: Excellent clearance (75% to 100% vessel clearance) was found in 18 patients treated with LPDL (46%) and in 11 patients treated with IPL (28%) (P = 0.01). Patients experienced less pain from LPDL [4 (2–6)] than IPL treatments [7 (3–9)] (P < 0.001). No adverse effects (hypo‐/hyperpigmentation or scarring) were seen from any of the treatments. Patients were satisfied with both LPDL [8 (2–10)] and IPL treatments [7 (2–10)] (P = 0.05). Twenty‐five patients preferred the LPDL (64%), 8 patients preferred IPL (21%) and 6 patients had no preference (15%) (P < 0.001).Conclusion  This study was based on two specific types of laser and IPL equipment, which effectively clear telangiectasias; however, the most beneficial outcome was from the LPDL.
Topical corticosteroids in psoriasis: strategies for improving safety
Authors: Horn EJ , Domm S , Katz HI , Lebwohl M , Mrowietz U , Kragballe K ,   for the International Psoriasis Council
Published: July 2009

AbstractCorticosteroids are a mainstay of topical therapy for psoriasis. While efficacious and relatively safe when used carefully, the potential for side effects, notably skin atrophy and adrenal suppression, have been associated with excesses in potency, prolonged or widespread use. The International Psoriasis Council Working Group on Topical Therapy has reviewed the efficacy and safety of topical corticosteroids and recommends strategies for safe, long‐term use of these agents.
Birds as tourism flagship species: a case study of tropical islands
Authors: Veríssimo D. , Fraser I. , Groombridge J. , Bristol R. , MacMillan D. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSpecies selected as flagships to promote conservation activities around the world are typically well known and charismatic mega‐fauna. Unfortunately this limits the scope for applying the concept as some critical areas for biodiversity conservation, such as tropical islands, lack such species. In this study, we explore the potential to apply the concept of ‘tourism flagship species’ to tropical island birds of the Seychelles, an archipelago of considerable importance for conservation that is highly dependent on international tourism. In particular we wish to identify which species attributes are most influential with regard to their potential for fundraising among international tourists. Using a choice experiment approach and using state‐of‐the‐art econometric methods, we found that conservation attributes and physical appearance of the bird species are both important in terms of raising funds for conservation. Nevertheless, conservation attributes ranked higher in the respondents preferences. Our results suggest that there is considerable potential for a variety of species to effectively act as flagships in developing nations that are dependent on international tourism and rich in biodiversity but lack charismatic fauna.
Retracted: Ingestion of multiple veterinary drugs and associated impact on vulture health: implications of livestock carcass elimination practices
Authors: Blanco G. , Lemus J. Á. , Martínez F. , Arroyo B. , García‐Montijano M. , Grande J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractVeterinary drugs present in livestock carcasses may be ingested by scavengers and may cause important declines in their populations, as reported for diclofenac in Asia. Drug content of carcasses may depend on the prevailing livestock operations and legal regulations for carcass elimination. In Spain, the main stronghold of vultures in Europe, legal measures to mitigate the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) have caused the lack or scarcity of unstabled livestock carcasses available for avian scavengers, and the parallel increase in use of dumps of livestock carcasses supplied by farms, especially of intensively medicated pigs and poultry. We evaluated temporal trends in the presence and concentration of antibiotics and other veterinary drugs, and their associated health impacts on three vulture species, due to the ban of abandoning unstabled livestock carcasses in the countryside since the BSE crisis. An increasing presence and concentration of antibiotics since the BSE crisis, and residues of three non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatories (NSAIDs) and four anti‐parasitics were found in the vultures. Quinolones were associated with infection by opportunistic pathogens in the three species and with generalized damage to internal organs in the cinereous vulture, but no clear health impacts of NSAIDs and anti‐parasitics were found. Given that there is no evidence of BSE transmission risk due to the abandonment of unstabled livestock carcasses in the countryside, this traditional practice in the Mediterranean region should be legalized in order to increase the availability, dispersion and quality of food for threatened scavengers. Once legalized, this practice should be prioritized over the spatially concentrated disposal of large amounts of carcasses from medicated stabled livestock to reduce the risk and effects of drug ingestion and acquisition and transmission of pathogens by vultures.
Conservation diagnosis of reintroducing Mediterranean pond turtles: what is wrong?
Authors: Bertolero A. , Oro D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe presence of the Mediterranean pond turtle Mauremys leprosa in the Ebre Delta (Catalonia, north‐east Spain) is well documented after the late 1970s, when the first reptile distribution lists were published. Owing to the fact that the species was considered scarce, a reintroduction programme based on the release of individuals at sites with potential habitat suitability was launched. From 1999 to 2001, 234 turtles of different ages were released and subsequently monitored until 2007, in order to make a conservation diagnosis using five assessment criteria. These criteria were body condition, individual growth, reproduction, survival and population growth rate. Despite the relatively large number of turtles released, no viable population resulted from the programme. Assessment criteria suggested that: (1) released individuals showed good physical condition and satisfactory growth (the only positive results); (2) reproduction was almost absent; (3) local survival was reduced compared with that of Spanish wild populations of the species; (4) temporary emigration was high; (5) the growth rate of the population was negative. In conclusion, the results suggested that the habitat at the Ebre Delta marshes may not be favourable to the species, and that the scarce historical data record may indicate a relatively low‐quality habitat; the few records may correspond to individuals dispersing from the river, a more suitable habitat. Thus, we conclude that historically scarce records may be the result of natural patchiness and heterogeneous distributions, and they are not necessarily a good indicator of relict, decimated populations. Good assessment criteria, as those proposed and used here, are necessary tools to assess results in reintroduction projects to recover endangered chelonian populations.
Secretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus have central as well as neurohypophysial projections
Authors: Inyushkin A. N. , Orlans H. O. , Dyball R. E. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractConventional neuroanatomical methods may fail to demonstrate the presence of axons that are finer than 1 µm in diameter because such processes are near or below the limit of resolution of the light microscope. The presence of such axons can, however, be readily demonstrated by recording. The most easily interpreted type of recording for this purpose is the demonstration of antidromic activation of the cell body following stimulation of the region through which the axon passes. We have exploited this technique in the hypothalamus and have demonstrated the presence of double axonal projections or axons branching very near the cell bodies of the secretory cells of the neurohypophysial system in the rat supraoptic nucleus. We found that a small proportion of supraoptic magnocellular cells could be antidromically activated both from the neural stalk and from elsewhere in the hypothalamus, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus (8 cells of a total of 182) and the antero‐ventral third ventricular region (AV3V; 4 of 182 cells) near the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT). Collision of antidromic and orthodromic spikes showed that the cells were clearly antidromically (rather than synaptically, or orthodromically) activated from both sites. A stimulus applied to one of the axons prevented propagation of a spike evoked by a pulse delivered to the other axon until sufficient time had elapsed after the first stimulus for the resultant spike to have propagated from the first stimulus site along one cell process (towards the cell body or branch point), and from this point along the other axonal branch to the second stimulus site (there was also a short additional delay period during which the axon at the site of the second stimulus recovered from its absolute refractory period). If the interval between the stimuli was progressively reduced, there came a point where the second spike failed. Such a clear demonstration of dual projections in a system where the cells were previously thought to have only a single axon raises the possibility that many nerve cells in the CNS have previously unsuspected projections.