bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A delimiter‐based general approach for Chinese term extraction
Authors: Yang Yuhang , Lu Qin , Zhao Tiejun 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article addresses a two‐step approach for term extraction. In the first step on term candidate extraction, a new delimiter‐based approach is proposed to identify features of the delimiters of term candidates rather than those of the term candidates themselves. This delimiter‐based method is much more stable and domain independent than the previous approaches. In the second step on term verification, an algorithm using link analysis is applied to calculate the relevance between term candidates and the sentences from which the terms are extracted. All information is obtained from the working domain corpus without the need for prior domain knowledge. The approach is not targeted at any specific domain and there is no need for extensive training when applying it to new domains. In other words, the method is not domain dependent and it is especially useful for resource‐limited domains. Evaluations of Chinese text in two different domains show quite significant improvements over existing techniques and also verify its efficiency and its relatively domain‐independent nature. The proposed method is also very effective for extracting new terms so that it can serve as an efficient tool for updating domain knowledge, especially for expanding lexicons.
The impact factor's Matthew Effect: A natural experiment in bibliometrics
Authors: Larivière Vincent , Gingras Yves 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSince the publication of Robert K. Merton's theory of cumulative advantage in science (Matthew Effect), several empirical studies have tried to measure its presence at the level of papers, individual researchers, institutions, or countries. However, these studies seldom control for the intrinsic “quality” of papers or of researchers—“better” (however defined) papers or researchers could receive higher citation rates because they are indeed of better quality. Using an original method for controlling the intrinsic value of papers—identical duplicate papers published in different journals with different impact factors—this paper shows that the journal in which papers are published have a strong influence on their citation rates, as duplicate papers published in high‐impact journals obtain, on average, twice as many citations as their identical counterparts published in journals with lower impact factors. The intrinsic value of a paper is thus not the only reason a given paper gets cited or not, there is a specific Matthew Effect attached to journals and this gives to papers published there an added value over and above their intrinsic quality.
Document categorization in legal electronic discovery: computer classification vs. manual review
Authors: Roitblat Herbert L. , Kershaw Anne , Oot Patrick 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn litigation in the US, the parties are obligated to produce to one another, when requested, those documents that are potentially relevant to issues and facts of the litigation (called “discovery”). As the volume of electronic documents continues to grow, the expense of dealing with this obligation threatens to surpass the amounts at issue and the time to identify these relevant documents can delay a case for months or years. The same holds true for government investigations and third‐parties served with subpoenas. As a result, litigants are looking for ways to reduce the time and expense of discovery. One approach is to supplant or reduce the traditional means of having people, usually attorneys, read each document, with automated procedures that use information retrieval and machine categorization to identify the relevant documents. This study compared an original categorization, obtained as part of a response to a Department of Justice Request and produced by having one or more of 225 attorneys review each document with automated categorization systems provided by two legal service providers. The goal was to determine whether the automated systems could categorize documents at least as well as human reviewers could, thereby saving time and expense. The results support the idea that machine categorization is no less accurate at identifying relevant/responsive documents than employing a team of reviewers. Based on these results, it would appear that using machine categorization can be a reasonable substitute for human review.
Genome‐scale analysis of library sorting (GALibSo): Isolation of secretion enhancing factors for recombinant protein production in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Stadlmayr Gerhard , Benakovitsch Katrin , Gasser Brigitte , Mattanovich Diethard , Sauer Michael 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA method combining fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and DNA microarray assisted clone identification was developed and termed Genome‐Scale Analysis of Library Sorting (GALibSo). Genes enhancing the production of secreted heterologous proteins in Pichia pastoris were identified out of a cDNA library by cell surface display and FACS. The trends of gene enrichment during consecutive FACS rounds were monitored by DNA microarrays. In a case study a P. pastoris cDNA library was co‐expressed in a strain secreting the Fab fragment of a monoclonal antibody against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 as a model protein. Three genes were identified, increasing the relative expression level of the surface‐displayed model protein up to 45%. While one of these genes had a positive effect on three out of four tested proteins, the product specific effect of the other two suggested that the effects of the co‐expressed secretion enhancing factors are partly dependent on the protein to be produced. The microarray based monitoring of the enrichment of genes causing enhanced protein secretory capacity led to novel insights into the limitation of protein secretion. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 543–555. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PEGDA hydrogels with patterned elasticity: Novel tools for the study of cell response to substrate rigidity
Authors: Nemir Stephanie , Hayenga Heather N. , West Jennifer L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe ability of cells to migrate in response to mechanical gradients (durotaxis) and differential cell behavior in adhesion, spreading, and proliferation in response to substrate rigidity are key factors both in tissue engineering, in which materials must be selected to provide the appropriate mechanical signals, and in studies of mechanisms of diseases such as cancer and atherosclerosis, in which changes in tissue stiffness may inform cell behavior. Using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels with varying polymer chain length and photolithographic patterning techniques, we are able to provide substrates with spatially patterned, tunable mechanical properties in both gradients and distinct patterns. The hydrogels can be patterned to produce anisotropic structures and exhibit patterned strain under mechanical loading. These hydrogels may be used to study cell response to substrate rigidity in both two and three dimensions and can also be used as a scaffold in tissue‐engineering applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 636–644. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Considerations for the design and construction of a synthetic platform cell for biotechnological applications
Authors: Foley P.L. , Shuler M.L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe design and construction of an artificial bacterial cell could revolutionize biotechnological processes and technologies. A functional platform cell that can be easily customized for a pre‐defined task would be useful for applications from producing therapeutics to decontaminating waste streams. The platform cell must be robust and highly efficient. A biotechnological platform cell is related to the concept of a minimal cell, but several factors beyond those necessary for a minimal cell must be considered for a synthetic organism designed for biotechnological applications. Namely, a platform cell must exhibit robust cell reproduction, decreased genetic drift, a physically robust cell envelope, efficient and simplified transcription and translation controls, and predictable metabolic interactions. Achieving a biotechnological platform cell will benefit from insights acquired from a minimal cell, but an approach of minimizing an existing organism's genome may be a more practical experimental approach. Escherichia coli possess many of the desired characteristics of a platform cell and could serve as a useful model organism for the design and construction of a synthetic platform organism. In this article we review briefly the current state of research in this field and outline specific characteristics that will be important for a biotechnologically relevant synthetic cell that has a minimized genome and efficient regulatory structure. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 26–36. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IgG‐single chain Fv fusion protein therapeutic for alzheimer's disease: Expression in CHO cells and pharmacokinetics and brain delivery in the rhesus monkey
Authors: Boado Ruben J. , Lu Jeff Zhiqiang , Hui Eric Ka‐Wai , Pardridge William M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies (MAb) directed against the Abeta amyloid peptide of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are potential new therapies for AD, since these antibodies disaggregate brain amyloid plaque. However, the MAb is not transported across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). To enable BBB transport, a single chain Fv (ScFv) antibody against the Abeta peptide of AD was re‐engineered as a fusion protein with the MAb against the human insulin receptor (HIR). The HIRMAb acts as a molecular Trojan horse to ferry the ScFv therapeutic antibody across the BBB. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were stably transfected with a tandem vector encoding the heavy and light chains of the HIRMAb–ScFv fusion protein. A high secreting line was isolated following methotrexate amplification and dilutional cloning. The HIRMAb–ScFv fusion protein in conditioned serum‐free medium was purified by protein A affinity chromatography. The fusion protein was stable as a liquid formulation, and retained high‐affinity binding of both the HIR and the Abeta amyloid peptide. The HIRMAb–ScFv fusion protein was radiolabeled with the 125I‐Bolton–Hunter reagent, followed by measurement of the pharmacokinetics of plasma clearance and brain uptake in the adult Rhesus monkey. The HIRMAb–ScFv fusion protein was rapidly cleared from plasma and was transported across the primate BBB in vivo. In conclusion, the HIRMAb–ScFv fusion protein is a new class of antibody‐based therapeutic for AD that has been specifically engineered to cross the human BBB. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 627–635. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Behavior of Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus SP17 cells during initiation of biofilm formation at the alkane–water interface
Authors: Klein Benjamin , Bouriat Patrick , Goulas Philippe , Grimaud Régis 
Published: October 2009

AbstractHexadecane assimilation by Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus SP17 occurs through the formation of a biofilm at the alkane–water interface. In this study we focused on the interactions of cells with the alkane–water interface occurring during initiation of biofilm development. The behavior of cells at the interface was apprehended by investigating alterations of the mechanical properties of the interface during cell adsorption, using dynamic drop tensiometry measurements. It was found that after having reached the hexadecane–water interface, by a purely thermal diffusion process, cells released surface‐active compounds (SACs) resulting in the formation of an interfacial visco‐elastic film. Release of SACs was an active process requiring protein synthesis. This initial interaction occurred on metabolizable as well as non‐metabolizable alkanes, indicating that at this stage cells are not affected by the nature of the alkane forming the interface. In contrast, at a later stage, the nature of the interface turned out to exert control over the behavior of the cells. The availability of a metabolizable alkane at the interface influenced cell activity, as revealed by cell cluster formation and differences in the interfacial elasticity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 461–468. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrodynamic modulation of embryonic stem cell differentiation by rotary orbital suspension culture
Authors: Sargent Carolyn Y. , Berguig Geoffrey Y. , Kinney Melissa A. , Hiatt Luke A. , Carpenedo Richard L. , Berson R. Eric , McDevitt Todd C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractEmbryonic stem cells (ESCs) can differentiate into all somatic cell types, but the development of effective strategies to direct ESC fate is dependent upon defining environmental parameters capable of influencing cell phenotype. ESCs are commonly differentiated via cell aggregates referred to as embryoid bodies (EBs), but current culture methods, such as hanging drop and static suspension, yield relatively few or heterogeneous populations of EBs. Alternatively, rotary orbital suspension culture enhances EB formation efficiency, cell yield, and homogeneity without adversely affecting differentiation. Thus, the objective of this study was to systematically examine the effects of hydrodynamic conditions created by rotary orbital shaking on EB formation, structure, and differentiation. Mouse ESCs introduced to suspension culture at a range of rotary orbital speeds (20–60 rpm) exhibited variable EB formation sizes and yields due to differences in the kinetics of cell aggregation. Computational fluid dynamic analyses indicated that rotary orbital shaking generated relatively uniform and mild shear stresses (≤2.5 dyn/cm2) within the regions EBs occupied in culture dishes, at each of the orbital speeds examined. The hydrodynamic conditions modulated EB structure, indicated by differences in the cellular organization and morphology of the spheroids. Compared to static culture, exposure to hydrodynamic conditions significantly altered the gene expression profile of EBs. Moreover, varying rotary orbital speeds differentially modulated the kinetic profile of gene expression and relative percentages of differentiated cell types. Overall, this study demonstrates that manipulation of hydrodynamic environments modulates ESC differentiation, thus providing a novel, scalable approach to integrate into the development of directed stem cell differentiation strategies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 611–626. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stability‐indicating HPTLC method for quantitative estimation of silybin in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form
Authors: Parveen Rabea , Ahmad Sayeed , Baboota Sanjula , Ali Javed , Alka Ahuja 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn the present study a novel stability‐indicating high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for quantitative determination of silybin in bulk drug and nanoemulsion formulation has been developed and validated on silica using solvent chloroform–acetone–formic acid (9 : 2 : 1 v/v/v) (Rf of silybin 0.46 ± 0.05) in the absorbance mode at 296 nm. The method showed a good linear relationship (r2 ± 0.999) in the concentration range 25–1500 ng per spot. It was found to be linear, accurate, precise, specific, robust and stability‐indicating and can be applied for quality control and standardization of several multi‐component hepatoprotective formulations as well as for stability testing of different dosage forms. The method proposed was also used to investigate the kinetics of acidic and alkaline degradation processes by quantification of drug at different temperature to calculate the activation energy and half‐life for silymarin degradation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Carbon Dioxide Desorption from Saturated Organic Solvents
Authors: Kierzkowska‐Pawlak H. , Chacuk A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCarbon dioxide removal from various gaseous streams and its subsequent recovery are of considerable industrial importance. The absorption technologies represent the most important operation to separate CO2. In this work, the mass transfer rates during CO2 absorption and desorption from propylene carbonate dimethyl ether of polyethylene glycol, and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone solutions were measured over the temperature range of 293.15–323.15 K in a baffled agitated reactor with a flat gas‐liquid interface operated in a batchwise manner. Two distinct mechanisms of desorption were observed: bubbling and diffusive desorption. The volumetric gas‐liquid mass transfer coefficients for the bubbling desorption were determined from the measured overall and diffusive desorption rates, and were correlated by the semi‐empirical equation. The proposed correlation is a power relationship of supersaturation, Reynolds and Weber numbers, and was found to quantitatively explain the observed phenomena with satisfactory agreement.
Erneuerbare Rohstoffe biotechnologischen oder pflanzlichen Ursprungs für die Oberflächenbehandlung
Authors: Friebel S. , Deppe O. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDer wesentliche Beweggrund Beschichtungen auf Basis nachwachsender Rohstoffe (Nawaro) zu entwickeln und zu verwenden ist nach wie vor die Erwartung, dass diese Produkte in Zukunft durch die stetig steigenden Erdölpreise ökonomischer werden. Auch die Endlichkeit des Erdöls und die damit verbundene hohe Abhängigkeit gegenüber den OPEC‐Staaten sind Gründe, alternative Ressourcen zur Herstellung von Beschichtungsstoffen zu finden. Dieser Beitrag soll den derzeitigen Stand der Technik und auch neue Trends der stofflichen Nutzung von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen speziell für die Lackindustrie näher beleuchten. Es werden Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, die Nawaro bei der Synthese von Lackharzen bieten. Dabei werden die Schwerpunkte auf die Chemie der pflanzlichen Öle und Saccharide gelegt und dabei die klassische Chemie und auch neuere Methoden – wie die enzymatische Katalyse oder die Industrielle Biotechnologie – aufgeführt, die zur Herstellung von Bindemitteln für dauerhafte Industrie‐ und Bautenlacke sowie Druckfarben verwendet werden können. Spezielle Anwendungen, wie z. B. Food‐Coatings, medizinische Beschichtungsstoffe und biologisch abbaubare Beschichtungen, werden nicht berücksichtigt.
Vom Rohstoff zum Produkt – Industrielle Biotechnologie und stoffliche Nutzung nachwachsender Rohstoffe als Beispiel für die verfahrenstechnische Forschung in der Fraunhofer‐Gesellschaft
Authors: Buller U. , Hirth T. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAufgrund der Verknappung und Verteuerung fossiler Ressourcen erfahren die Nutzung nachwachsender Rohstoffe als alternative Kohlenstoffquelle für die Chemieindustrie und die weiße Biotechnologie derzeit weltweit eine Renaissance. Für die verstärkte chemische Nutzung biobasierter Rohstoffe und biotechnologischer Verfahren sind aufgrund hoher Anforderungen an die Qualität der Produkte neue Ansätze in Forschung, Entwicklung und Produktion erforderlich. Die Fraunhofer‐Gesellschaft hat diese Herausforderung mit der Bildung eines interdisziplinären Forschungsverbunds aus acht Instituten angenommen und ihre verfahrenstechnische Forschung entsprechend ausgerichtet. Für ausgewählte Roh‐ und Reststoffe wurden Technologieplattformen zur integrierten Herstellung biobasierter Grundstoffe für die verfahrenstechnische Industrie entwickelt und neue Synthesestrategien sowie Produktionsprozesse etabliert.
A New Electrocardiographic Algorithm to Locate the Occlusion in Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery
Authors: Fiol Miguel , Carrillo Andrés , Cygankiewicz Iwona , Velasco Julio , Riera Maria , Bayés‐Genis Antoni , Gómez Alfredo , Peral Vicente , Bethencourt Armando , Goldwasser diego , Molina Fredis , Bayés de Luna Antoni 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundEarly prediction of proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion is essential from a clinical point of viewHypothesisTo develop an electrocardiogram (ECG) algorithm based on ST‐segment deviations to predict the location of occlusion of LAD as a culprit artery.MethodsECG and angiographic findings were correlated in 100 patients with an ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) in precordial leads V1, V2, and V4 through V6.ResultsST‐depression ≥ 2.5 mm in leads III + ventricular fibrillation (VF) presents sensitivity (SE) of 77% and specificity (SP) of 84% for LAD occlusion proximal to the first diagonal artery (D1). ST‐segment in III + VF isoelectric or elevated, presents SE of 44% and SP of 100% for LAD occlusion distal to D1. Subsequent analysis of the equation ∑ of ST‐deviation in VR + V1 − V6 < 0, allows us to predict occlusion distal to first septal artery (S1) with 100% SP. On the other hand, any ST‐depression in III + VF > 0.5 mm + ∑ of ST‐deviation in VR + V1 − V6 ≥ 0 identifies a high‐risk group (lower ejection fraction, worse Killip findings, higher peak of CPK and CK‐MB, and major adverse cardiac events [MACE]: death, reinfarction, recurrent angina, persistent left ventricular failure, or sustained ventricular arrhythmia during hospitalization).ConclusionsThis sequential ECG algorithm based on ST‐segment deviations in different leads allowed us to predict the location of occlusion in LAD with good accuracy. Cases with proximal LAD occlusion present the most markers of poor prognosis. We recommend the use of the algorithm in everyday clinical practice. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gaucher Disease with Communicating Hydrocephalus and Cardiac Involvement
Authors: Cindik N. , Ozcay F. , Süren D. , Akkoyun I. , Gökdemir M. , Varan B. , Alehan F. , Ozbek N. , Tokel K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA 14‐year‐old female with Gaucher disease presented with hydrocephalus, corneal opacities, cirrhosis, and cardiac valvular involvement. A homozygous D409H mutation was identified. She underwent surgery for aortic and mitral valve replacement. Because of severe calcification of the aortic root, no successful valve replacement was performed. She died on the third day after the explorative cardiac surgery. Cardiac abnormalities represent a life‐threatening presentation of the homozygous D409H mutation. Identification of this type is essential prior to initiating appropriate therapy with enzyme replacement and cardiac corrective surgery. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myopathy, Left Ventricular Noncompaction, and Tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Stöllberger Claudia , Steger Christina , Finsterer Josef 
Published: October 2009

AbstractLeft ventricular hypertrabeculation, also termed noncompaction (LVHT) is a cardiac abnormality characterized by excessive trabeculations of the left ventricular cavity. LVHT may be associated with extracardiac abnormalities, most frequently neuromuscular disorders (NMDs). LVHT associated with tetralogy of Fallot (ToF), so far, has been reported in 2 cases, but no indication for the presence of NMDs are given.We present a 47‐year old female who underwent 2 cardiac surgeries because of ToF, and was admitted because of heart failure. She was diagnosed with echocardiographic LVHT. A myopathy was diagnosed by biopsy. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.