bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Organisation at Khok Phanom Di, Central Thailand (2000-1500 B.C.)
Authors: Higham Charles Franklin Wandesforde 
Published: July 2010

Khok Phanom Di, situé sur une étendue plate à 80 km à l'est de Bangkok, est constitué d'un grand tertre de cinq hectares qui s'élève à douze mètres de hauteur dans la vallée de Bang Pakong. Depuis 1984, nos recherches se sont concentrées sur ce tertre, avec, en particulier, une fouille plus étendue pour étudier la disposition des sépultures.
La richesse du matériel a dépassé nos espérances. Les préhistoriques ont occupé une région située au bord d'un estuaire dominé par les mangroves côtières. La mer était toute proche. Le riz a été cultivé depuis l'occupation du site.
Cette occupation se trouve comprise entre 2000 et 1500 de notre ère. La durée d'utilisation du cimetière est de l'ordre de 400 à 500 ans, ce qui correspond à environ vingt générations.
Hommes, femmes et enfants ont tous été enterrés de la même façon, accompagnés de magnifiques poteries et de parures de coquillages et de parures en os. Les morts étaient inhumés en groupes dans des tombes collectives. Dans une même lignée familiale, nous avons dénombré dix-sept générations. Nous pensons que cette communauté était matrilinéaire parce que les femmes ont fabriqué les récipients en terre cuite.
A la quatorzième génération, une femme a été enterrée avec des offrandes d'une richesse considérable. La possession de parures marquait le statut social. Les individus étaient en compétition pour l'acquisition de ces biens : les uns réussissaient, les autres non. Mais lorsque le niveau de la mer baissa, le site fut abandonné.
Niuzhong Chime-Bells of Eastern Zhou China
Authors: Falkenhausen Lothar 
Published: July 2010

Les niuzhong (" cloches à anse ") sont dérivées des cloches à battant ling qui comptent parmi les objets en bronze les plus anciens de la Chine. N'étant en effet que des ling élargies sans battant, les niuzhong furent dès l'origine fabriquées en carillons. A l'époque Zhou, leur fonction était complémentaire par rapport à d'autres types de cloches musicales, principalement lesyongzhong et les bo. La forme particulière de ces cloches (section en forme d'amande) leur permettait d'émettre deux sons distincts, selon qu'on les frappait au milieu ou sur le côté de la face.
La plupart des niuzhong datent de la période des Zhou Orientaux. Cet article retrace leur évolution typologique et le développement stylistique de leur décoration. Il semble possible que des " ling en carillon " de la période tardive des Zhou Occidentaux soient les plus anciennes niuzhong. Dans les premières pièces des Zhou Orientaux, la décoration ressemble encore à celle des ling; mais ensuite, elle va se conformer au schéma classique du décor des cloches musicales utilisé d'abord sur lesyongzhong. L'adoption de ce décor standardisé semble indiquer la transformation des niuzhong en des cloches musicales placées sur le même plan que les autres. Depuis, on voit assez souvent des ensembles de cloches de types différents mais décorées de façon uniforme.
L'évolution stylistique des niuzhong a suivi des orientations assez diverses dans le sud et dans le nord de la Chine. L'apparition vers la fin de l'époque des Royaumes Combattants de niuzhong ayant un profil bombé et une section presque ronde indique que la " possibilité d'émettre deux tons " a été abandonnée. Les niuzhong furent les seules parmi les cloches musicales de la période Zhou a être encore fondues au cours des époques Qin et Han. Les pièces tardives sont ornées de façon exubérante, mais donnent l'impression d'avoir une fonction moindre.
Dongson Drums : Instruments of Shamanism or Regalia ?
Authors: Loofs-Wissowa Helmut Hermann Ernst 
Published: July 2010

Les tambours de bronze du type Heger-I, appelés maintenant communément « de Dôngson » d'après le site de ce nom au nord du Vietnam, toujours richement décorés, ont été trouvés partout en Asie du Sud-Est, du nord de la péninsule indochinoise jusqu'à l'est de l'Indonésie, sauf sur l'île de Bornéo et aux Philippines. L'âge des plus anciens de ces grands tambours n'est pas certain mais il doit être d'environ 2 500 ans. Ce qui n'est pas certain non plus est leur fonction et la raison de leur dispersion. Plusieurs théories ont été émises sur ces deux points, notamment, à propos du premier, que ces tambours étaient des instruments chamaniques et, quant au second, que leur dispersion est simplement due aux échanges commerciaux.
La décoration de ces tambours, tout en étant assez variée, comprend trois éléments que l'on trouve sur tous, ou sur une grande partie d'entre eux : l'« étoile» au centre du plateau, des oiseaux en vol également sur le plateau, et des bateaux plus ou moins stylisés sur l'épaule. Il est démontré ici que l'« étoile» centrale ne peut être ni une étoile ni le soleil et que les théories concernant l'emploi de ces tambours basées sur l'une ou l'autre de ces interprétations sont dénuées de tout fondement. L'une de ces théories veut que les tambours aient été des instruments d'un chamanisme officiel à Dôngson.
La vraie raison de la distribution actuelle des tambours de Dôngson peut être déduite de deux faits ou suppositions : les tambours ont été initialement utilisés pour l'investiture d'un roi et ceux trouvés en Indonésie n'ont pas été fabriqués localement mais quelque part dans le nord de l'Indochine. Ces tambours, donc, sont comme des regalia. Leur dispersion ne peut s'expliquer que par le désir de chefs lointains de devenir rois en obtenant un grand tambour de bronze de l'Autorité rituelle (mais non politique) située quelque part dans le nord de la péninsule indochinoise qui avait le pouvoir, comme la papauté dans l'Occident, de donner des regalia. Une nouvelle interprétation du motif des oiseaux et de celui des bateaux soutient cette théorie.
Jades of the Hongshan culture : the dragon and fertility cult worship
Authors: Childs-Johnson Elizabeth 
Published: July 2010

Des jades, sans équivalent jusqu'à présent, ont été mis au jour récemment sur des sites appartenant à la culture de Hongshan dans la partie la plus septentrionale de la Chine, à savoir la région est de la Mongolie intérieure, le nord-est du Hebei et le Liaoning. Ces jades sont datés entre ca. 4000 et 2000 av. J.-C, ce qui correspond à une phase importante de la préhistoire de la Chine, ayant contribué à la formation de sa civilisation. D'importants types de jades sont identifiés dans l'article et font l'objet d'une analyse stylistique et typologique : ce sont le « cochon-dragon » zhulong, la forme dite « de nuage à crochets », la forme dite «en sabot de cheval», «la chouette aux ailes
déployées», pour reprendre leur désignation en chinois. Le style de ces jades est imagé et naturaliste, des qualités difficiles à obtenir avec un matériau aussi dur à travailler, et ce, dès une époque très reculée. La forme la plus chargée de sens, dite zhulong ou «cochon-dragon», paraît associée à l'image la plus ancienne du dragon mythique en même temps qu'à un culte de la fertilité. L'existence de ce culte est suggérée par les vestiges d'une vaste architecture consacrée à une déesse de la fertilité, par des fragments de figurines sculptées représentant des femmes enceintes et par des témoins de la période Shang ayant un caractère paléographique ou ayant valeur de comparaison.
Les Vaikuṇṭha gupta de Mathura : Viṣṇu ou Kṛṣṇa ?
Authors: Schmid Charlotte 
Published: July 2010

During the gupta age some sculptures of a three-headed form of Visnu appeared in Mathura : Visnu is represented with one human head flanked by the muzzle of a lion and the snout of a boar. These images were first identified as being representations of Vaikuntha, a four-headed form of Visnu described in the Visnudharmottara-Purana, where the supplementary heads of the god symbolize the emanations springing up from the cosmogonie deity. This identification was questioned a few years ago and the so-called Vaikunthas were then recognized as being images of Visnu flanked by the heads of two of his avatara, the lion and the boar which are among the most ancient and important ones. Now, the thing is that Krsna's figures appeared before the boar and the lion ones, especially in the Mathura region in which his cult could have originated. The principal avatara of Visnu in the gupta Mathura should then logically be Krsna. Thus he should also figure on this multi-headed form of Visnu. In fact he may be the central human sculpture. The gupta images of Visnu are indeed directly derived from the kusana representations of Krsna, at that time a four-armed divinity who holds a mace, a discus and a conch. The human part of the "Vaikuntha", could represent Krsna, the human (manusya) avatara of Visnu, or rather could be a representation where Krsna and Visnu are merged in each other.
I think that, like other gupta representations, these figures highlight the ambiguity of the bond between Krsna and Visnu, from the IVth century when the iconography of Krsna was modified because of the apparition of Visnu's cult figures. The creative power which was attributed from very ancient times to Vasudeva-Krsna could also explain why in a text like the Visnudharmottara-Purana the creative emanations coming from Vasudeva-Krsna and the avatara of Visnu are mistaken ones for the others.
Applying the Impairment, Activity Limitation, and Participation Restriction Constructs of the ICF Model to Osteoarthritis and Low Back Pain Trials: A Reanalysis
Authors: AYIS SALMA , ARDEN NIGEL , DOHERTY MICHAEL , POLLARD BETH , JOHNSTON MARIE , DIEPPE PAUL 
Published: July 2010

Objective.To test the hypothesis that interventions targeting the relief of pain and disability in musculoskeletal diseases may have differential effects on activity limitation and participation restriction as defined in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).Methods.Full data were obtained for 3 randomized controlled trials that used the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Measure (WOMAC), the Medical Outcomes Study Short-form 36 (SF-36), or the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire as their primary outcome measures. The trial outcomes were reanalyzed using items previously designated as assessing pure activity limitation (A) or participation restriction (P), or a mixture of the 2 (A/P) only, and the results compared with the outcomes found using the full scales, which assess a mixture of outcome domains.Results.The results did not refute the hypothesis. An exercise-based intervention and injection therapies both appeared to have more effect on participation restriction (P) than on activity limitation (A), while a drug-based intervention had more effect on A than on P.Conclusion.Different interventions used to treat musculoskeletal disorders may have differential effects on impairment, activity limitation, and restricted participation. The use of outcome measures that do not differentiate these 3 domains may obscure the true value of an intervention.
Placental Leucine Aminopeptidase Efficiently Generates Mature Antigenic Peptides In Vitro but in Patterns Distinct from Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1
Authors: Georgiadou Dimitra , Hearn Arron , Evnouchidou Irini , Chroni Angeliki , Leondiadis Leondios , York Ian A. , Rock Kenneth L. , Stratikos Efstratios 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
All three members of the oxytocinase subfamily of M1 aminopeptidases, endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1), ERAP2, and placental leucine aminopeptidase (PLAP), also known as insulin-regulated aminopeptidase, have been implicated in the generation of MHC class I-presented peptides. ERAP1 and 2 trim peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum for direct presentation, whereas PLAP has been recently implicated in cross-presentation. The best characterized member of the family, ERAP1, has unique enzymatic properties that fit well with its role in Ag processing. ERAP1 can trim a large variety of long peptide sequences and efficiently accumulate mature antigenic epitopes of 8–9 aa long. In this study, we evaluate the ability of PLAP to process antigenic peptide precursors in vitro and compare it with ERAP1. We find that, similar to ERAP1, PLAP can trim a variety of long peptide sequences efficiently and, in most cases, accumulates appreciable amounts of correct length mature antigenic epitope. Again, similar to ERAP1, PLAP continued trimming some of the epitopes tested and accumulated smaller products effectively destroying the epitope. However, the intermediate accumulation properties of ERAP1 and PLAP are distinct and epitope dependent, suggesting that these two enzymes may impose different selective pressures on epitope generation. Overall, although PLAP has the necessary enzymatic properties to participate in generating or destroying MHC class I-presented peptides, its trimming behavior is distinct from that of ERAP1, something that supports a separate role for these two enzymes in Ag processing.
Four-and-a-Half LIM Domain Protein 2 Is a Novel Regulator of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1 in CCL19-Induced Dendritic Cell Migration
Authors: König Katharina , Diehl Linda , Rommerscheidt-Fuss Ursula , Golletz Carsten , Quast Thomas , Kahl Philip , Kolanus Waldemar , Knolle Percy , Buettner Reinhard , Heukamp Lukas C. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
We identified the four-and-a-half LIM domain protein 2 (FHL2) as a novel regulator of CCL19-induced dendritic cell (DC) migration. Initiation of migration is a hallmark of DC function and plays a central role in the induction and regulation of immune responses. In vivo, DCs continuously acquire Ag in the periphery and migrate to draining lymph nodes, under the influence of local environmental chemotactic factors like CCL19/21 or sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). We investigated the role of S1P- and RhoA-regulated FHL2 in this process. We found reduced nuclear localization of FHL2 in mature bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs), compared with immature BMDCs, following stimulation with CCL19. Furthermore, in vitro-generated murine FHL2−/− BMDCs displayed a significantly increased migratory speed, directionality, and migratory persistence toward the chemokine CCL19 compared with wild-type BMDCs. Moreover, in vivo, FHL2−/− BMDCs showed increased migration toward lymphoid organs. FHL2−/− BMDCs increased the expression of S1PR1, which was associated with greater Rac activation. An S1PR1 antagonist and knock-down of S1PR1 abrogated the increased migratory speed of FHL2−/− BMDCs. Our results identify FHL2 as an important novel regulator of DC migration via regulation of their sensitivity toward environmental migratory cues like S1P and CCL19.
Virulence of Toxoplasma gondii Is Associated with Distinct Dendritic Cell Responses and Reduced Numbers of Activated CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Tait Elia D. , Jordan Kimberly A. , Dupont Christopher D. , Harris Tajie H. , Gregg Beth , Wilson Emma H. , Pepper Marion , Dzierszinski Florence , Roos David S. , Hunter Christopher A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The Toxoplasma gondii population consists of multiple strains, defined by genotype and virulence. Previous studies have established that protective immunity to this organism is mediated by IL-12, which drives T cells to produce IFN-γ. Paradoxically, although type I and type II strains of T. gondii both induce IL-12 and IFN-γ in the mouse, type I parasites are lethal, whereas type II strains establish chronic infection. The cellular basis for these strain-dependent differences remains unclear. To better understand these events, the CD8+ T cell and dendritic cell (DC) responses to transgenic, OVA-expressing type I RH (RH OVA) and type II Prugniuad (Pru OVA) parasites were examined. Pru OVA-infected mice developed a robust DC response at the site of infection and the draining lymph node and generated a population of endogenous OVA-specific CD8+ T cells. In contrast, RH OVA-infected mice had fewer DCs and OVA-specific CD8+ T cells. RH OVA-infected mice given preactivated OVA-specific CD8+ T cells were protected, suggesting that reduced DC-derived signals contributed to the low OVA-specific CD8+ T cell numbers observed during type I infection. Indeed, DC depletion prior to Pru OVA infection resulted in a failure to generate activated OVA-specific CD8+ T cells, and IL-12p70 treatment during RH OVA infection modestly increased the number of Ag-specific cells. Together, these data are consistent with a model of immunity to T. gondii in which strain-dependent DC responses shape the generation of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells and determine the outcome of infection.
Immune Dysregulation by the Rheumatoid Arthritis Shared Epitope
Authors: De Almeida Denise E. , Ling Song , Pi Xiujun , Hartmann-Scruggs Anne M. , Pumpens Paul , Holoshitz Joseph 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is closely associated with HLA-DRB1 alleles that code a five-amino acid sequence motif in positions 70–74 of the HLA-DRβ–chain, called the shared epitope (SE). The mechanistic basis of SE–RA association is unknown. We recently found that the SE functions as an allele-specific signal-transducing ligand that activates an NO-mediated pathway in other cells. To better understand the role of the SE in the immune system, we examined its effect on T cell polarization in mice. In CD11c+CD8+ dendritic cells (DCs), the SE inhibited the enzymatic activity of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase, a key enzyme in immune tolerance and T cell regulation, whereas in CD11c+CD8− DCs, the ligand activated robust production of IL-6. When SE-activated DCs were cocultured with CD4+ T cells, the differentiation of Foxp3+ T regulatory cells was suppressed, whereas Th17 cells were expanded. The polarizing effects could be seen with SE+ synthetic peptides, but even more so when the SE was in its natural tridimensional conformation as part of HLA-DR tetrameric proteins. In vivo administration of the SE ligand resulted in a greater abundance of Th17 cells in the draining lymph nodes and increased IL-17 production by splenocytes. Thus, we conclude that the SE acts as a potent immune-stimulatory ligand that can polarize T cell differentiation toward Th17 cells, a T cell subset that was recently implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including RA.
Junctional Adhesion Molecule-C Is a Soluble Mediator of Angiogenesis
Authors: Rabquer Bradley J. , Amin Mohammad A. , Teegala Nanditha , Shaheen Matthew K. , Tsou Pei-Suen , Ruth Jeffrey H. , Lesch Charles A. , Imhof Beat A. , Koch Alisa E. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Junctional adhesion molecule-C (JAM-C) is an adhesion molecule expressed by endothelial cells (ECs) that plays a role in tight junction formation, leukocyte adhesion, and transendothelial migration. In the current study, we investigated whether JAM-C is found in soluble form and whether soluble JAM-C (sJAM-C) mediates angiogenesis. We found that JAM-C is present in soluble form in normal serum and elevated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) serum. The concentration of sJAM-C is also elevated locally in RA synovial fluid compared with RA serum or osteoarthritis synovial fluid. sJAM-C was also present in the culture supernatant of human microvascular ECs (HMVECs) and immortalized human dermal microvascular ECs, and its concentration was increased following cytokine stimulation. In addition, sJAM-C cleavage from the cell surface was mediated in part by a disintegrin and metalloproteinases 10 and 17. In functional assays, sJAM-C was both chemotactic and chemokinetic for HMVECs and induced HMVEC tube formation on Matrigel in vitro. Neutralizing anti–JAM-C Abs inhibited RA synovial fluid–induced HMVEC chemotaxis and sJAM-C–induced HMVEC tube formation on Matrigel. sJAM-C also induced angiogenesis in vivo in the Matrigel plug and sponge granuloma models. Moreover, sJAM-C–mediated HMVEC chemotaxis was dependent on Src, p38, and PI3K. Our results show that JAM-C exists in soluble form and suggest that modulation of sJAM-C may provide a novel route for controlling pathological angiogenesis.
IL-17 Immunity in Human Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Honkanen Jarno , Nieminen Janne K. , Gao Ru , Luopajarvi Kristiina , Salo Harri M. , Ilonen Jorma , Knip Mikael , Otonkoski Timo , Vaarala Outi 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Th17 immunity has been shown to regulate autoimmune diabetes in mice. IL-17 neutralization prevented development of diabetes when given postinitiation of insulitis but not earlier, suggesting interference with the effector phase of the disease. Islet-cell Ag-specific Th17 cells converted into IFN-γ–secreting Th1-like cells and caused diabetes in mice recipients. The role of IL-17 in human type 1 diabetes (T1D) is, however, not established. In this study, we show upregulation of Th17 immunity in peripheral blood T cells from children with T1D. This was characterized by increased IL-17 secretion and expression of IL-17, IL-22, and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor C isoform 2, but also FOXP3 transcripts upon T cell activation in vitro. Also, circulating memory CD4 cells from children with T1D showed the same pattern of IL-17, IL-22 and FOXP3 mRNA upregulation, indicating IL-17 pathway activation in vivo. IL-17–positive T cells appeared to be CD4+ cells expressing TCR-αβ and CCR6, and a subpopulation showed coproduction of IFN-γ. Given the Th17 immunity in T1D, we demonstrated that IL-17 had detrimental effects on human islet cells in vitro; it potentiated both inflammatory and proapoptotic responses. Our findings highlight the role of IL-17 immunity in the pathogenesis of human T1D and point to a potential therapeutic strategy.
Partial and Ineffective Activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells byMycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Dendritic Cells
Authors: Meraviglia Serena , Caccamo Nadia , Salerno Alfredo , Sireci Guido , Dieli Francesco 
Published: July 2010

Abstractγδ T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) participate in early phases of immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We investigated whether a close functional relationship exists between these two cell populations using an in vitro coculture in a human system. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells induce full maturation of M. tuberculosis-infected immature DCs, as demonstrated by upregulation of the costimulatory CD80, CD86, CD40, and HLA-DR molecules on infected DCs after 24 h of coculture. Reciprocally, infected DCs induced substantial activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells upon coculture, which was cell-to-cell contact and TCR dependent, as demonstrated in transwell experiments. However, infected DCs selectively induced proliferative, but not cytokine or cytolytic, responses of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, and this was associated with the expansion of phenotypically immature, central memory-type Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Importantly, expansion of central memory Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and reduction of the pool of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with immediate effector functions (effector memory and terminally differentiated cells) were also detected in vivo in the peripheral blood of patients with active tuberculosis, which reversed after antimycobacterial therapy. M. tuberculosis-infected DCs produced many different cytokines, but not IL-15, and addition of IL-15 to cocultures of infected DCs and Vγ9Vδ2 T cells caused efficient differentiation of these latter with generation of effector memory and terminally differentiated cells, which were capable of reducing the viability of intracellular M. tuberculosis. Overall, this study provides a further piece of information on the complex relationship between important players of innate immunity during mycobacterial infection.