bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Geology of the Marcapata Valley in Eastern Peru
Authors: Douglas James Archibald 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
This paper is the result of an invitation extended to me to accompany as geologist an expedition sent out to South America in August, 1929, to investigate certain alluvial gold-mining concessions situated on the eastern side of the Andean Cordilleras in Peru. The area covering these concessions (fig. 1) lies in the Montaña or forested region of the upper Amazon basin in the province of Quispicanchi, Department of Cuzco, about 100 miles north-east of that branch of the Southern Peruvian Railway which runs from Puno on Lake Titicaca to the ancient capital of Cuzco. It comprises a stretch of country some 20 miles long by 5 miles wide lying in the angle formed by the junction of the Nusiniscato and Marcapata rivers; the latter, also known as the Araza, being one of the main tributaries of the Inambari, which itself is an affluent of the Madre de Dios.
The western boundary of the area is formed by the Quitari River and its tributary the Yanahurco. The greater part of this area was surveyed topographically for the first time during the course of the expedition, and the direction and relative position of many of the rivers were found to be incorrectly shown on existing maps of Peru.
The Marcapata Valley, by which access is gained to the interior, has its origin in a group of high, snow-clad mountain peaks, Mounts Ausangate, Callangate, Huiscachani, and Chimboya. These together constitute the so-called Vicanota knot, a transverse ridge uniting the two parallel
The Geology of the Scheelite Mine, Kramat Pulai Tin Limited, Kinta, Federated Malay States
Authors: Willbourn Eric Stewart , Ingham Frank Tinley 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
This paper has been written to place on record the very considerable differences that exist between this occurrence of scheelite ore at Kramat Pulai and the other important scheelite deposits of the world.
Although specimens of scheelite have been found in fairly numerous localities in the mineralized calcareous rocks of Malaya, few deposits of the mineral are known to be of economic value, and those at Kramat Pulai are the most important source of tungsten ore. The occurrences will interest all who are concerned with the genesis of ore-deposits, for they consist almost entirely of fluorite and scheelite, with a very small admixture of quartz and other minerals; in this they differ from the scheelite deposits described by F. L. Hess (1917 and 1921) and by Hess and E. S. Larsen (1921).
The authors wish to make acknowledgment to Mr. J. B. Scrivenor for the help afforded by the results of his work, undertaken when the mine was first worked and when soil and alluvium obscured the structure to a greater extent than they do now. Their thanks also are due to Mr. F. H. Symonds, General Manager of the Company, and to Mr. J. Weekley, his Assistant, who have much helped the investigation. They are indebted also to Mr. J. G. Shenton, Chemist, Geological Survey Department, Federated Malay States, for supplying the necessary chemical analyses.
The Kramat Pulai Tin Company, Limited, holds mining leases covering an area of 2418 acres clustered round the old village of Pulai,
The Influence of Geological and Climatological Factors on the Distribution of Non-Marine Fossil Reptiles and Stegocephalia
Authors: Nopcsa Baron Francis 
Published: October 2009

Introduction
The object of this paper is to determine how far the distribution of Palæozoic and Mesozoic terrestrial Tetrapods was influenced by geological and climatological factors.
In the first place, it is necessary to enumerate the known identical or closely allied poikilothermous Tetrapods in different parts of the globe in chronological order, and to investigate how far this distribution of terrestrial animals is in accord with the extension of former oceans. Next, there is the question of the land-bridges used by these animals; and, finally, it must be shown to what extent climatological factors were concerned.
In this investigation, terrestrial vertebrates are much more important than invertebrates, for the structure of vertebrate fossils gives much more information about their biology and their possibilities of migration than does the structure of most invertebrates, especially that of the ammonites, which are, nevertheless, the fossils particularly favoured by geologists.
The first two parts of the paper, therefore, dealing severally with the characteristic pre- and post-Liassic Tetrapods, are purely stratigraphical; the next part deals with the palæogeography of the globe as indicated by marine faunas; and the fourth part discusses tectonics. To some extent, the general ideas put forward in the fourth part are new, so that in that part several facts are mentioned which have nothing to do with the dispersal of the Tetrapods, but are weighty arguments supporting the new views on tectonics. The best proof of the soundness of these views will be found in the palæoclimatological part, for there is
The Glacial Gravels of the Market Weighton Area and Related Deposits
Authors: Melmore Sidney 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The conditions obtaining in the Vale of York during the Glacial Period are generally considered to have been as follows. A glacier from the Lake District passed over Stain-more and continued to flow eastward until such time as the Scandinavian ice impinged upon the coast. The estuaries of the Tees and Humber then became blocked, forcing the Stainmore glacier down the Vale of York and simultaneously giving rise to a “Lake Humber” south of York and a “Lake Pickering” east of Malton. These events must have occurred during the period of deposition of the Basement Clay of Holderness. The Scandinavian ice then retreated sufficiently to allow Scottish ice to pass down the coast. Finally, during the Hessle Clay period, the ice reached as far south as York, and in Holderness as far west as Driffield and Kipling Cotes.
Unless, therefore, the Basement Clay blockage had a permanent effect, there would be a return to the old directions of drainage until a second closure caused a repetition of lacustrine conditions.
In brief, there must have been a “Lake Humber” on at least two separate occasions, but direct evidence has never been forthcoming of the existence of more than one.
Moreover, in the Vale of York, the recognition of boulder-clays of different ages is difficult, since each glaciation would produce the same conditions; glaciers would travel along the same courses as before, giving rise to boulder-clays lithologically identical. There would be no means of separating them except by an appeal
The Skiddaw Granite and its Residual Products
Authors: Stansfield Kitchen Charles 
Published: October 2009

Introduction
The Skiddaw granite occurs in an area that has long been noted for its interesting and varied assortment of rocks and for the complexity of its geological structure. Jameson's “Mineralogy”, published in 1820, mentions certain minerals as occurring “in granite, near the source of the river Caldew, Cumberland”, while the Sinen Gill and central outcrops of the granite are marked on William Smith's first geological map of the county, which appeared in 1824. No important geological work seems to have been done in this district, however, until 1870, when J. Clifton Ward carried out the first official geological survey. In addition to mapping the area, he contributed a Survey Memoir (Ward, 1876) and also a paper dealing with the granitic rocks of the Lake District (Ward, 1875–76), which includes an account of the Skiddaw granite.
At a later date the district received the attention of A. Harker (1894), who published a notable work dealing with the marginal variations of the gabbro of Carrock Fell, and with its associated rocks. A paper which requires special notice in the present discussion, however, is one by the same author which appeared in the following year (Harker, 1895). In this he deals with the greisen of Grainsgill (formerly termed by Ward a “very quartzo-micaceous granite”) and discusses its relationship to the Skiddaw granite. He concluded that this rock represents the mother-liquor extruded from the granite by earth-movements after crystallization had proceeded to some extent in that body.
At a still later period the
The Contaminated Tonalites of Loch Awe, Argyll
Authors: Nockolds Stephen Robert 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
At the south-eastern corner of the great Cruachan “granite” mass, near the head of Loch Awe, there is a small area of the “granite” (tonalite) which is isolated from the main mass (see Fig. 1). It is bounded on the north and west by diorite and porphyrite, on the east by quartzite (the Glencoe quartzite) and on the south by a series of variable sediments which are now thermally metamorphosed to a considerable degree.
The present contribution is concerned mainly with a small portion of the south-eastern side of this tonalite area. At its immediate contact with the surrounding sediments the tonalite becomes extremely rich in xenoliths in certain parts, and holds large blocks and smaller fragments of the sedimentary rocks in all stages of disintegration and dissolution. As exposed in the old quarry, the xenolithic band is about 30 feet wide, but in other parts it is much narrower. The phenomena to be described are, therefore, of strictly local character, though this does not detract from their interest. Outside this xenolithic band there is little scattering of the xenoliths, and the zone passes sharply into tonalite which is almost free from them. As the sedimentary series into which the tonalite is intruded on the southern side is banded, the xenoliths vary from one area of the tonalite margin to another (Fig. 2). Locally, they have modified the original tonalite in different ways, and in the following pages the main types of contaminated tonalite with their accompanying xenoliths
The Cairnsmore of Carsphairn Igneous Complex
Authors: Deer William Alexander 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The Cairnsmore of Carsphairn plutonic mass occurs in the north-eastern corner of sheet 8 and adjacent sheets of the Geological Survey 1-inch map of Scotland. It is the smallest of the four large plutonic masses intruded into the Lower Palæozoic rocks of south-western Scotland. The complex has been injected into the Arenig, Glenkiln, and Hartfell beds represented by well-marked conglomerates and pebbly grits, blue greywackes, blue flags, and dark shales.
The plutonic rocks occupy a roughly triangular area a little over three miles in width and extending nearly 2½ miles from north to south. The country occupied by the complex is essentially the Cairnsmore mass (2612 feet). The “granite” just fringes Dunool (1758 feet), Beninner (2328 feet), Moorbrock (2136 feet), and Black Shoulder (2257 feet). Hitherto no detailed work has been done on the igneous rocks. The Carsphairn “granite’ was referred to briefly in “The Silurian Rocks of Britain” (Teall, 1899). No microscopical descriptions were published, although the mass was known to include a number of distinguishable types.
II. The Plutonic Rocks
The intrusion consists of at least four well-defined plutonic rocks. There is a small central mass of granite, surrounded first by a finer grained granite-tonalite hybrid and then by a tonalite, and finally there is an outer heterogeneous area of much varied character.
The acid hybrid between the granite and the tonalite forms a continous and comparatively wide outcrop. The tonalite also occurs in a continous ring broadening towards the north, where it is in contact
On the Nature, Origin, and Climatic Significance of the Coral Reefs in the Vicinity of Oxford
Authors: Arkell William Joscelyn 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The origin of the Coral Rag is a problem that has appealed to the imagination of many writers. Some (Wright, Duncan, Hull, Blake and Hudleston) have held it to consist of true fossilized coral reefs, and some have drawn glowing pictures of its formation under a tropical sun; but these have usually evaded the climatic and palæogeographical implications of their enthusiasm. Others (Phillips, H. B. Woodward) have been too cautious to admit that it represents anything but beds of “drifted” or “rolled” corals. But since the corals are obviously reef-builders and are present in large quantities, and no one has suggested that they have been rolled all the way from the tropics, it is difficult to see what advantage the cautious school have over the relatively reckless.
The literature of modern coral reefs has now grown so vast that it is altogether disproportionate to that of fossil formations of comparable origin. Yet the fossil reefs are so important for the light they throw on past climates, ecology, tectonics, and paleongeography, as well as on the evolution and biology of corals, that the time is overdue for an attempt to describe some of them more accurately and to discuss their significance.
Probably no better opportunity than the present has ever occurred for a re-examination of these questions. Around Oxford and the neighbouring town of Abingdon, villas are springing up along every road, and each affords holes for foundations, wells, and cesspools. The water-supply schemes have involved borings and excavations
The Charnockite Series of Uganda, British East Africa
Authors: Groves Arthur William 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
Though Sir Thomas Holland (1900, p. 131) counselled that the designation “charnockite series” should not be applied to apparently similar rocks outside India unless their genetic relationship with the type series could be proved, the striking parallelism between that series and the rocks to be described in this paper appears to justify reference to the latter as “the Uganda chamockite series”.
The Uganda series comprises four main divisions—acid, intermediate, basic, and ultra-basic—and includes nearly all the types known in India. In Uganda, as in India, the sub-acid to basic types predominate. Hypersthene-bearing rocks were discovered at several localities in Bunyoro by E. J. Wayland and W. C. Simmons, and subsequently in Karamoja by Wayland and in the West Nile District by Simmons. A few of these rocks were provisionally identified in the field as “charnockites”, but the existence of a series of rock types akin to the charnockite series of India was not established until 1931, when I was able to make a complete petrological study of the collections. Hypersthene-bearing rocks were then found to be more abundant and more widely distributed than had hitherto been suspected, their occurrence being discovered in many new localities in each of the three main areas just mentioned.
The present paper is based on a study of 110 specimens of the charnockite series, 10 representative rock analyses, nine analyses of minerals, and a large number of specimens of country rocks.
II. Distribution and Mode of Occurrence
The outcrops of the charnockite series
The Mourne Dyke Swarm
Authors: Tomkeieff Sergei Ivanovich , Marshall Charles Edward 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
J. F. Berger (1816) in his paper read before the Geological Society noted the uniform north-west and south-east direction and the parallelism of practically all the dykes of the north of Ireland now known to be of Tertiary age. The exhaustive researches of the Geological Survey upon the Tertiary province of Scotland confirmed this observation.

The Tertiary dykes of North Ireland may be roughly divided into two major sets:—

(1)
The Antrim set—more or less coinciding with the area of plateau-lavas.

(2)
The Donegal-Down set, stretching diagonally across North Ireland and probably continuing across the floor of the Irish Sea to Anglesey, North-West Wales, and the English Midlands. The dykes of this set are frequently exposed in elevated regions inland, but are best seen along the seashore. The coast from the entrance of Strangford Lough southwards to Dundalk Bay affords an excellent section for the study of the Donegal-Down set, and here three concentrations of dykes can be discerned. Provisionally, we propose to regard these as three separate swarms: namely, (a) the Ardglass swarm, (b) the Mourne swarm, and (c) the Carlingford swarm.

As rock-exposure largely fails along the coast between these three concentrations, it is not known whether they are separated by areas in which intrusions become sparse. The fact, however, that the Carlingford and Mourne dykes coincide geographically with plutonic massifs suggests that they are indeed swarms in the accepted sense of the term. In the case of the Ardglass concentration, however, there is no visible
The Base of the Gault in Sussex
Authors: Kirkaldy John Francis 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
Recent detailed stratigraphical work on the Mesozoic rocks has shown very clearly the importance of careful study of the age and lithology of beds which indicate the presence of transgressions, or of pauses in the deposition of sediment. Arkell, in his well-known monograph (1933), has shown the extreme importance of this in unravelling the history of the Jurassic period, but unfortunately our knowledge of similar phenomena in Cretaceous times is not nearly so complete or to be found in so accessible a form.
The presence of a marked break in deposition and, in some areas, of widespread transgression at the base of the Gault clays is well known, but the details of the exact age and lithology of the basal beds of the Gault have only been worked out in the belt of country lying at the foot of the main Chalk escarpment of England (Kitchin and Pringle, 1920, 1922). In the Weald, the facts are less completely known, whilst those available are only to be found after search through a score of separate publications. It is in an attempt to fill in a part of this gap in our knowledge that the present study of the base of the Gault between Petersfield and Eastbourne is offered.
The bulk of the literature relating to the Cretaceous beds of the southern Weald is to be found in the Memoirs of H.M. Geological Survey. In these volumes, the presence of a sandy basement bed to the Gault, usually containing phosphatic
The Gabbros and associated Xenolithic Complexes of the Haddo House District, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Read Herbert Harold 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The investigation of the Younger gabbro masses of North-East Scotland was begun in 1914 by W. R. Watt in the Huntly district. Watt described picrite (peridotite), olivine-gabbro, troctolite, and norite, and showed that certain endomorphosed gabbros, such as cordierite-norites, “originated from a magma contaminated by the aluminous material of the phyllites.” After the War, I described the Huntly gabbro mass and portions of the Insch and Cabrach masses. During this work the endomorphosed cordierite-bearing types discovered by Watt were found to have a wide distribution (Read, 1923b). The term “contaminated rock” was introduced to denote a rock resulting from the solidification of a magma which had been modified by reaction with xenoliths, usually of sedimentary origin (Read, 1921). It was suggested that in the formation of these contaminated gabbros a reciprocal reaction between initial magma and sedimentary xenoliths had taken place. Later, additional analyses of xenoliths from contaminated gabbros of the Huntly mass were supplied in support of this view (Read, 1924).
Meanwhile, an account of the petrology of the Arnage district in eastern Aberdeenshire had been published in 1923 (Read, 1923a). In this, I held that contamination of gabbros had taken place on a large scale, with the formation of quartz-biotite-felspar-cordierite rocks (Arnage Type) and, as a final product, of a granitic rock (Ardlethen Type). Half a dozen years' work amongst the granitic complexes of Sutherland (Read, 1931a, pp. 99–164; Read & others, 1925, pp. 21–40; 1926, pp. 148–52), and a closer acquaintance with the “Older Magma”
Eclogites from the Neighbourhood of Glenelg, Inverness-Shire
Authors: Alderman Arthur Richard 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
References to the occurrence of eclogites in the western Highlands of Scotland are singularly scarce. Teall (1891) described an eclogite from Totaig Ferry, Loch Duich, about 5½ miles north-east of the Kirkton of Glenelg, and he observed that the existence of such a rock in the British Isles did not appear to have been previously recorded.
In the Geological Survey memoir which describes sheet 71 of the one-inch map (Clough and others, 1910) many references are made to the occurrence of eclogites and eclogitic rocks near Glenelg. As is explained in the memoir, no general attempt was made to map the margins of these rocks owing to their extremely complicated character. Many of the more important occurrences are described, however, and the areas in which such rocks are most abundant are indicated on the one-inch map. Although the chemical composition of none of the eclogitic rocks was determined, an analysis was made of a garnet from an eclogite near Beinn a' Chapuill.
Reference to the occurrence of eclogites in the Lewisian is made by Harker (1932) and an example from Glenelg is figured. Eclogitic rocks have also been recorded from central Sutherland by Read (1931) and An Cruachan in central Ross-shire (Peach and others, 1913).
The Glenelg area, in which the rocks here described occur, is shown in the eastern portion of the one-inch map, sheet 71, and is bounded in the north by Loch Alsh and Loch Duich, in the west by Kyle Rhea and the Sound
New Lamprophyres and Monchiquites from Jersey
Authors: Smith Herbert Gladstone 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
That mica-lamprophyres exhibit certain abnormalities has been recognized by most petrologists. According to Sir Jethro Teall (1888, p. 350), they do not fall readily into any scheme of classification; a similar difficulty is felt by Dr. A. Harker (1909, p. 150), while Dr. N. L. Bowen (1928b, p. 259) considers it necessary to advance a theory involving special conditions of intrusion for these rocks.
On previous occasions I have made attempts to collect information with the object of throwing some light on the subject, but the resulting tentative suggestions did not bring a solution of the problem much nearer. It was, therefore, with much pleasure that I learned from Dr. A. E. Mourant that he had, in the course of his survey of the island of Jersey, found several unrecorded lamprophyres. An invitation from him resulted in a visit to the island in the summer of 1934, and this paper sets forth some of the results then obtained. An earlier paper dealt with the known lamprophyres of Jersey (Smith, 1933), the work being based on that of C. Noury and Dr. G. H. Plymen. In the present communication only the “new” lamprophyres are described; they are nearly all exposed along the coast, and are dealt with in the order in which they are met, commencing in the south-west and travelling clockwise round the island.
The several dykes of lamprophyre penetrate all the major formations of the island, including all the conspicuous masses of granite, and there can, therefore