bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving surgical safety globally: pulse oximetry and the WHO Guidelines for Safe Surgery
Authors: Walker I.A. , Newton M. , Bosenberg A.T. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryAccess to safe surgery should be considered as part of the basic human right for health, but unfortunately, this ideal is far from being reached in many low‐income countries. Pulse oximetry is recommended as a minimum standard of monitoring by all anesthesia organizations that have set standards, yet around 78 000 operating theaters worldwide lack this essential monitor. The WHO Safe Surgery Saves Lives Program has identified evidence‐based guidelines for safe surgery that are applicable in any setting, and the Global Pulse Oximetry Program will help improve access to pulse oximetry in countries where it is not available. However, these initiatives are just a start; capacity, infrastructure, trained healthcare providers and access to essential drugs, and equipment for anesthesia and surgery need to become a public health priority in many low‐income countries.
Suitability and calibration of a rebound tonometer to measure IOP in rabbit and pig eyes
Authors: Löbler Marian , Rehmer Annelie , Guthoff Rudolf , Martin Heiner , Sternberg Katrin , Stachs Oliver 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective  To utilize the Icare tonometer TAO1 for intraocular pressure (IOP) determination in experimental animals. To calculate true IOP calibration functions for rabbit and porcine eyes.Animals  Enucleated eyes of 3‐year‐old healthy experimental rabbits (New Zealand white), and healthy 1 year old experimental pigs (Deutsche Landrasse) were used for the determination of IOP.Procedures  Manometric (Geuder GmbH, Heidelberg/Germany) and rebound tonometry (Icare tonometer TAO1, Icare, Helsinki/Finland) were used to record IOP in enucleated animal eyes (rabbit n = 2, pig n = 3).Results  The Icare tonometer TAO1 measurements underestimated true IOP by 37–60% in rabbit eyes and 17–63% in porcine eyes. IOP values obtained by both rebound and manometric tonometry for rabbit and porcine eyes followed a linear regression curve. Linear functions were calculated to correct the Icare tonometer TAO1 measurements to true IOP for both rabbit (p = 1.4244pic + 4.2421) and porcine eyes (p = 1.0799pic + 5.8557).Conclusions  The Icare tonometer TAO1 can be utilized for IOP determination in rabbit and porcine eyes when measured values are corrected with the appropriate linear function.
In vivoconfocal microscopy of equine fungal keratitis
Authors: Ledbetter Eric C. , Irby Nita L. , Kim Sung G. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective To describein vivocorneal confocal microscopy of horses with fungal keratitis and correlate findings with clinical, histopathological, and microbiological evaluations of clinical cases and anex vivoexperimental equine fungal keratitis model.Animals studied A total of 12 horses with naturally‐acquired fungal keratitis andex vivoequine corneas experimentally infected with clinical fungal isolates.Procedures Horses with naturally‐acquired fungal keratitis were examined with a modified Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II and Rostock Cornea Module. Confocal microscopy images of clinical isolates ofAspergillus fumigatus,Fusarium solani, andCandida albicanswere obtained by examination ofin vitrocultures and experimentally infectedex vivoequine corneas.Results Non‐specificin vivocorneal confocal microscopic findings in horses with fungal keratitis included leukocyte infiltrates, activated keratocytes, anterior stromal dendritic cell infiltrates, and vascularization. Linear, branching, hyper‐reflective structures that were 2–6 μm in width and 200 to >400 μm in length were detected in all horses with filamentous fungal keratitis. Round to oval hyper‐reflective structures that were 2–8 μm in diameter were detected in a horse with yeast fungal keratitis. Thein vivoconfocal microscopic appearance of the organisms was consistent with fungal morphologies observed during examination ofin vitrocultures and infectedex vivoequine corneas.Conclusions In vivocorneal confocal microscopy is a rapid and non‐invasive method of diagnosing fungal keratitis in the horse. This imaging technique is useful for both ulcerative and non‐ulcerative fungal keratitis, and is particularly advantageous for confirming the presence of fungi in deep corneal stromal lesions.
Investigations on the conjunctival goblet cells and on the characteristics of glands associated with the eye in the guinea pig
Authors: Gasser Karin , Fuchs‐Baumgartinger Andrea , Tichy Alexander , Nell Barbara 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective  To investigate the distribution and density of conjunctival goblet cells (GC) and to study the anatomy and microscopic characteristics of glands associated with the eye in the guinea pig.Procedures  Twenty‐five guinea pigs were used. Meibomian gland openings were counted using biomicroscopy. Conjunctiva, eyelids and glands were embedded in glycol methacrylate and paraffin. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), periodic acid Schiff’s reaction (PAS) and Alcian blue (AB).Results  Highest GC densities were found in the bulbar and palpebral region of the nasal conjunctiva (GC index: 13.7–16.4%). Lowest GC densities (GC index: 0.0–1.0%) were found in 3/4 limbal regions (nasal and temporal upper eyelid, temporal lower eyelid). Guinea pigs have 27.1 ± 3.0 (mean ± SD) meibomian gland openings in the upper lid and 25.7 ± 2.3 in the lower lid. Difference between upper and lower lid was significant (P = 0.037). Two subconjunctival sebaceous glands occur temporal to each eye. The Harderian gland is very large. In the lacrimal gland three different cell types were distinguished both according to the cell structure and histochemical staining.Conclusions  Goblet cell densities are lower in guinea pigs than in dogs and horses. Positive staining with PAS and AB could be an indication that mucins are produced in the lacrimal gland. If so, they may contribute to the mucin layer of the tear film. Both the extraordinarily large Harderian gland and the subconjunctival sebaceous glands produce lipids and may contribute to the lipid layer of the tear film.
Primary lacrimal gland adenocarcinoma of the third eyelid in a horse
Authors: Mathes Rachel L. , Paige Carmichael Karen , Peroni John , Anthony Moore Phillip 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA 5‐year‐old Draft Horse gelding presented for evaluation of a large, fleshy, ulcerated third eyelid mass OD of 3 weeks duration. Complete ophthalmic examination, ocular ultrasound and skull radiographs revealed a large soft‐tissue mass involving the entire third eyelid OD and extending into the ventral right orbit to the level of the globe equator. No other abnormalities were noted on physical or ophthalmic examination. Surgical removal via exenteration was performed 3 months after initial presentation. A lacrimal adenocarcinoma of the third eyelid was diagnosed based on histopathology. Concurrent asymptomatic intra‐ductal and intra‐acinarDemodex caballiparasites were found in the eyelid sebaceous glands, likely as an incidental finding. No tumor recurrence or metastasis has occurred 12 months after excision. To the author’s knowledge, this case is the first reported primary lacrimal adenocarcinoma in a horse. Complete surgical excision was curative.
Mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the third eyelid conjunctiva in a dog
Authors: Hong Il‐Hwa , Bae Sun‐Hee , Lee Sang‐Gwan , Park Jin‐Kyu , Ji Ae‐Ri , Ki Mi‐Ran , Han Seon‐Young , Lee Eun‐Mi , Kim Ah‐Young , You Sang‐Young , Kim Tae‐Hwan , Jeong Kyu‐Shik 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA 4‐year‐old, neutered female Cocker Spaniel was presented to the veterinary clinic for protrusion of the left third eyelid. When the third eyelids from both eyes were everted, lobulated masses were present on the bulbar surface. The left third eyelid had a larger protrusion. There was no apparent associated ocular or systemic involvement. The tumor of left third eyelid was removed and referred for histological examination. Histologically, there were proliferations of lymphoid follicles surrounded by lymphoid cells forming a marginal zone. Those lymphoid cells occasionally infiltrated into conjunctival epithelium. A few apoptotic bodies with karyopyknotic and karyorrhexic nuclei were observed in the germinal center of lymphoid follicles. Mitotic figures were rare. On immunohistochemistry, tumor cells expressed CD79a but not CD3. A diagnosis of extranodal marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of the third eyelid was established based on the histological and immunophenotypical features. At the 1‐year follow‐up, there was no evidence of recurrence of the mass at the area of excision of the left third eyelid and the remaining tumor of the right third eyelid was still a similar size. The dog still showed no significant findings, except those of the tumor, and no evidence of systemic involvement. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of MALT lymphoma of the third eyelid in a dog.
The Online Theology Classroom: Strategies for Engaging a Community of Distance Learners in a Hybrid Model of Online Education
Authors: Hege Brent A. R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractOne factor contributing to success in online education is the creation of a safe and vibrant virtual community and sustained, lively engagement with that community of learners. In order to create and engage such a community instructors must pay special attention to the relationship between technology and pedagogy, specifically in terms of issues such as course design, social presence, specially tailored assignments, learner expectations, and objectives, and facilitation of sustained engagement with the course material, fellow learners, and the instructor. Several strategies for accomplishing this goal are presented here based on the author's experiences teaching second‐career students in hybrid introductory theology courses at a mainline denominational seminary.
Additional Responses to Hugh Heclo's On Thinking Institutionally
Authors: Lincoln Timothy D. , Fennell Robert C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIssue 13:3 of this journal (July 2010) included a “Conversation” on Hugh Heclo's recent publication On Thinking Institutionally (Paradigm Publishers, 2008) with a book review by Robert Fennell and responses by Richard Ascough, Tat‐siong Benny Liew, Michael McLain, and Lynne Westfield. Here we publish two additional responses to this same book. In the first essay Timothy D. Lincoln draws lessons from the specific “small world” of religion departments and theological schools. In the second essay Robert C. Fennell reminds us that we have an always‐already‐invested status within institutions. We should therefore think from the inside of institutions, to help shape them to express our highest callings.
Responses to the AAR‐Teagle White Paper: “The Religious Studies Major in a Post‐9/11 World”
Authors: Webster Jane S. , Buckley James J. , Jensen Tim , Floyd‐Thomas Stacey 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn October 2008 The American Academy of Religion published the findings of an eighteen month study (conducted with funding from the Teagle Foundation) on “The Religious Studies Major in a Post–9/11World: New Challenges, New Opportunities.” Re‐published here, this AAR‐Teagle White Paper provides the opportunity for four respondents to raise issues and questions about the teaching of religion in their own institutional contexts. First, Jane Webster describes how the White Paper's “five characteristics of the religion major” find expression in her biblical literature course. Then James Buckley suggests some of the general level teaching issues provoked by the study and analyzes how well the White Paper aligns with how the teaching of religion is conceived in his Catholic university context. Tim Jensen draws comparisons between the White Paper and the higher education structures and goals from his university context in Denmark, raising questions about what motivates students to major in religious studies, the “utility” of a religious studies major, and whether students' religious and spiritual concerns ought to enter the classroom. And finally Stacey Floyd‐Thomas finds surprising similarities between the state of the religion major and the various crises facing contemporary North American theological education.
Growth cone morphology and spreading are regulated by a dynamin‐cortactin complex at point contacts in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Kurklinsky Svetlana , Chen Jing , McNiven Mark A. 
Published: January 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 117, 48–60.AbstractNeuronal growth cone (GC) migration and targeting are essential processes for the formation of a neural network during embryonic development. Currently, the mechanisms that support directed motility of GCs are not fully defined. The large GTPase dynamin and an interacting actin‐binding protein, cortactin, have been localized to GCs, although the function performed by this complex is unclear. We have found that cortactin and the ubiquitous form of dynamin (Dyn) 2 exhibit a striking co‐localization at the base of the transition zone of advancing GCs of embryonic hippocampal neurons. Confocal and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopies demonstrate that this basal localization represents point contacts. Exogenous expression of wild‐type Dyn2 and cortactin leads to large, exceptionally flat, and static GCs, whereas disrupting this complex has no such effect. We find that excessive GC spreading is induced by Dyn2 and cortactin over‐expression and substantial recruitment of the point contact‐associated, actin‐binding protein α‐actinin1 to the ventral GC membrane. The distributions of other point contact proteins such as vinculin or paxillin appear unchanged. Immunoprecipitation experiments show that both Dyn2 and cortactin reside in a complex with α‐actinin1. These findings provide new insights into the role of Dyn2 and the actin cytoskeleton in GC adhesion and motility.
NF‐κB signaling inhibits ubiquitin carboxyl‐terminal hydrolase L1 gene expression
Authors: Wang Ruitao , Zhang Mingming , Zhou Weihui , Ly Philip T. T. , Cai Fang , Song Weihong 
Published: January 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 116, 1160–1170.AbstractUbiquitin carboxyl‐terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH‐L1) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that plays a regulatory role in targeting proteins for proteasomal degradation. UCH‐L1 is highly expressed in neurons and has been demonstrated to promote cell viability and maintain neuronal integrity. Reduced UCH‐L1 levels have been observed in various neurodegenerative diseases, and expression of UCH‐L1 can rescue synaptic dysfunction and memory deficits in Alzheimer’s Disease model mice. However, the mechanisms regulating UCH‐L1 expression have not been determined. In this study, we cloned a 1782 bp of the 5′ flanking region of the human UCH‐L1 gene and identified a 43 bp fragment containing the transcription start site as the minimal region necessary for promoter activity. Sequence analysis revealed several putative regulatory elements including NF‐κB, NFAT, CREB, NRSF, YY1, AP1, and STAT in the UCH‐L1 promoter. A functional NF‐κB response element was identified in the UCH‐L1 promoter region. Expression of NF‐κB suppressed UCH‐L1 gene transcription. In the RelA knockout system where NF‐κB activity is ablated, UCH‐L1 expression was significantly increased. Furthermore, activation of NF‐κB signaling by the inflammatory stimulator lipopolysaccharide and TNFα resulted in a decrease of UCH‐L1 gene expression by inhibiting its transcription. As NF‐κB is an important signaling module in inflammatory response, our study suggests a possibility that inflammation might compromise neuronal functions via the interaction of NF‐κB and UCH‐L1. A better understanding of the NF‐κB‐regulated UCH‐L1 transcription will provide insights to the role of inflammatory responses in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
Senescence‐associated intrinsic mechanisms of osteoblast dysfunctions
Authors: Kassem Moustapha , Marie Pierre J. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryHuman aging is associated with bone loss leading to bone fragility and increased risk of fractures. The cellular and molecular causes of age‐related bone loss are current intensive topic of investigation with the aim of identifying new approaches to abolish its negative effects on the skeleton. Age‐related osteoblast dysfunction is the main cause of age‐related bone loss in both men and women beyond the fifth decade and results from two groups of pathogenic mechanisms: extrinsic mechanisms that are mediated by age‐related changes in bone microenvironment including changes in levels of hormones and growth factors, and intrinsic mechanisms caused by the osteoblast cellular senescence. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the intrinsic senescence mechanisms affecting osteoblastic functions and how they can be targeted to abolish age‐related osteoblastic dysfunction and bone loss associated with aging.
How I manage my patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Colombo Massimo , Sangiovanni Angelo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn the late 1990s, the development of a standardized staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (Barcelona clinical liver cancer) using evidence‐based data made it possible to stratify HCC patients to receive appropriate treatment with substantial clinical benefit. In the past, treatment failures were often because of faulty staging of tumour disease. This was the case for hepatic resection, as patient survival after surgery was endangered by tumour recurrence (70% at 5 years) as well as the risk of unresolved post‐surgical hepatic decompensation, a complication that can be avoided by restricting resection to patients with low portal hypertension and normal serum bilirubin. It was also true for liver transplantation, whose outcome clearly improved when stringent patient selection criteria were adopted based on the volume and number of tumour nodules and venous invasion (so‐called Milan criteria), resulting in <15% risk of tumour recurrence and a 75% 5‐year survival rate. Switching from an empirical to an evidence‐based patient selection approach improved the outcome of local ablation therapies, mainly because ideal candidates were identified, resulting in>50% 5‐year survival rates, similar to those obtained with hepatic resection. While the prognosis is still poor in patients with advanced HCC, the recent availability of multikinase inhibitors has generated hope for improving survival in these patients.
Impact of hepatitis B therapy on the long‐term outcome of liver disease
Authors: Liaw Yun‐Fan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractChronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a dynamic series of interactions between HBV, hepatocytes and the patient's immune system. HBV replication is the key motor of disease progression, including the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV elimination or suppression can reduce the risk of or slow the progression of liver disease. Studies have shown that a finite course of conventional interferon‐α (IFN) therapy provides long‐term benefit for achieving a cumulative response as well as reducing the progression of fibrosis and the development of cirrhosis and/or HCC. Long‐term therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs) may also improve fibrosis or reverse advanced fibrosis as well as reduce disease progression and the development of HCC. The problems associated with drug resistance can be overcome by the timely use of rescue NUCs without cross‐resistance. The outcome with pegylated IFN (PEG‐IFN) and newer NUCs may be even better because of more effective treatment and/or a low risk of resistance. However, the treatment outcomes still need to be improved, and more effective, safe and affordable anti‐HBV agents/strategies are needed.
Treatment of HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B patients with nucleos(t)ide analogues
Authors: Papatheodoridis George V. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCurrent agents used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) can be classified into interferons‐α (IFN‐α: standard or pegylated) and nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs). NUCs are now used in most CHB patients for several reasons. They can be given to all CHB patients, even those with contraindications to IFN‐α. NUCs are more convenient to use (one oral tablet daily) than IFN‐α (subcutaneous injections) and are well tolerated with a good safety profile, while IFN‐α has frequent and potentially severe side effects and worsens the patient's quality of life. All NUCs are potent anti‐hepatitis B virus agents (all except adefovir are more potent than IFN‐α) with entecavir and tenofovir being the most potent. Most importantly NUCs all have minimal risk of resistance during long‐term monotherapy. Prolongation of entecavir or tenofovir monotherapy maintains and slightly increases the initially high virological remission rates (67–76% of HBeAg‐positive and 90–93% of HBeAg‐negative patients) and this is expected to result in improved long‐term outcomes. The need for long‐term, perhaps indefinite, treatment is the main limitation of NUCs and the finite duration (48 weeks) the main advantage of IFN‐α. However, only a minority of IFN‐α‐treated patients achieve durable sustained off‐treatment responses (HBeAg‐positive: 30–35%, HBeAg‐negative: 20–25%), while NUCs may be safely discontinued in HBeAg‐positive patients with stable HBeAg seroconversion. Because there will always be concerns for safety and family planning issues with long‐term therapy, NUCs should be used judiciously and should not be prescribed in young CHB patients with mild liver disease.
Using the prone position for ventilated patients with respiratory failure: a review
Authors: Wright Angie D , Flynn Maria 
Published: January 2011

Aims: This review explored the evidence relating to prone positioning in ventilated patients diagnosed with respiratory failure, including acute lung injury (ALI) or adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Background: Mortality rates for ventilated patients with ALI or ARDS are high, and there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the position these patients are nursed in may influence clinical outcomes. However, there are no guidelines to inform nursing practice in positioning these patients. Method: Medline, Scopus, Cinahl and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for original research reports or systematic reviews of evidence between 2000 and 2009. Reference lists of retrieved papers were hand searched and included studies were analysed using the Critical Appraisal and Skills Programme framework. A narrative data synthesis considered the strengths and limitations of studies, and findings were collated and interpreted. Results: Application of the search strategy identified a systematic review, currently underway, which has not yet reported and 14 relevant studies eligible for inclusion in this review. Analysis showed considerable variation in study design, but suggests that PaO2/FiO2 ratio, incidence of VAP and mortality may be positively affected by prone positioning. Conclusions: Evidence of the clinical benefits associated with prone positioning is inconclusive and provides little guidance for nursing practice. There is a need for further research into the clinical outcomes of prone positioning, and greater understanding of the practicalities of prone positioning critically ill patients is required. Relevance to clinical practice: Nurses have a central role to play in the continual assessment and management of this patient group, including the position they are nursed in, not only to ensure the best clinical outcomes but also to provide care and comfort to the patient and their family. It is therefore important that their nursing practice and interventions are informed by the best available evidence.