bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Protective and Curative Properties of certain Foodstuffs against Polyneuritis induced in Birds by a Diet of Polished Rice
Authors: Cooper E. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. Pigeons fed on daily rations of polished rice equal to 1/20th their initial body-weight develop symptoms of polyneuritis in about three weeks and usually lose considerably in weight.2. The efficacies of various ox-tissues for preventing polyneuritis have been determined, and the tissues arranged according to their anti-neuritic powers are in the following descending order: liver, cardiac-muscle, cerebrum, cerebellum, voluntary muscle, and (cows') milk.3. Alcoholic extracts of the excreta of a hen fed on unpolished grain and of the faeces of a rabbit fed on bread and cabbage cured polyneuritis in pigeons. The whole content of anti-neuritic substances present in the dietary was therefore not absorbed or else some amount is synthesised by the bacteria of which the faeces consisted to a considerable extent. No conclusions can consequently be drawn as to the actual distribution of the active substances in the animal body, until the extent to which the various tissues are absorbed from the alimentary canal of birds has been determined.4. Nuts (husked filberts) are very efficient in preventing polyneuritis, being even superior to lentils and husked barley. Cheddar cheese, on the other hand, even in considerable amount, has no preventive effect.5. Malt extract taken from two different samples readily cured polyneuritis in pigeons. A third sample however even in large doses had no curative action.6. For the prevention of beri-beri egg-yolk, heart-muscle, liver, nuts, barley, and lentils can be recommended as suitable foodstuffs with which to supplement the polished rice diet. As meat (voluntary muscle) has been frequently found to be ineffective in preventing epidemics of beri-beri, its replacement by heart and liver in mixed diets would be a considerable improvement, because, not only are these tissues when suitably prepared as nutritious as voluntary muscle, but they also contain the anti-neuritic substances in much higher concentration.
The Wassermann and Luetin Reactions in Leprosy
Authors: Fletcher William 
Published: May 2009

1. One hundred lepers were examined by Browning, Cruickshank and McKenzie's modification of the Wassermann reaction with positive results in 22 cases. The amount of complement deviated was in some cases exceptionally large.2. In a control group of 110 non-leprous persons there were 11 positive reactions.3. In only one of the lepers was there visible evidence of former venereal disease but 33 of the lepers admitted that they had suffered from syphilis or from chancres, and of these 33, 13 reacted positively, while only nine of the remaining 66 gave positive reactions.4. In the control group, 21 admitted former syphilitic infection and, of these, eight reacted positively; among the remaining 89, who denied syphilis, there were three positive reactions.5. There were 12 positive reactions among 44 cases of tubercular leprosy and 10 positive reactions among 56 cases of the anaesthetic type.6. The average duration of the disease, among the 22 lepers who reacted positively, was four years and eight months, as compared with an average of three years and eight months for the 78 patients who reacted negatively; but among the latter there were many old-standing cases.7. Seventeen of the 22 positive cases were in an advanced stage of leprosy and in some of them the disease was progressing; but among those lepers who reacted negatively there were also many advanced and progressing cases.8. Serum from the lesions in 10 of the lepers who reacted positively was examined by dark-ground illumination, but in no case was the Treponema pallidum found.9. The luetin test was applied to 21 lepers, with negative results in every instance; 13 of these cases gave positive and eight gave negative Wassermann reactions. The test was also applied to a control group of non-leprous persons selected because they were likely to be latent syphilitics. In this group there were 11 positive luetin reactions.
A Contribution to the Study of Amboceptors and Receptors. Third Communication on Heterologous Immunity to Malignant Mouse Tumours
Authors: Tsurumi M. 
Published: May 2009

By using watery extracts of mouse tumours and guinea-pig kidney, and alcoholic goat erythrocyte extract, it has been shown that mouse tumour, guinea-pig kidney and goat erythrocyte antisera contain complement fixing antibodies for all three extracts, although the reaction is most evident when the homologous antigens are employed.Goat erythrocyte antiserum agglutinates goat blood corpuscles strongly while guinea-pig kidney and mouse tumour sera do not contain haemagglutinin at all. Haemagglutination is therefore not to be regarded as a prelude to haemolysis; the antibodies for both processes can exist independently of one another. It has thus been seen that mouse tumour, guinea-pig kidney and goat erythrocytes have in common the property of producing, when inoculated into the rabbit, besides haemolytic amboceptors, complement fixing antibodies, but receptors for goat haemagglutinins cannot be found in either guinea-pig kidney or mouse tumours.For his advice and assistance in carrying out this work I desire to thank Dr Schütze.
A Study of Meningococci occurring in the Spinal Fluid and of Similar Organisms in the Naso-pharynx
Authors: Scott W. M. 
Published: May 2009

(1) The maximum period during which meningococci may be isolated from the naso-pharynx of convalescents exceeds three months.(2) Meningococci were isolated from the naso-pharynx and proved identical with those isolated from the spinal fluid of the same patient in seven cases.(3) In two of these cases the type of meningococcus found in the naso-pharynx at first resembled exactly that found in the spinal canal of the same patient, and later was persistently replaced by a meningococcus differing markedly in serological reactions from the spinal strain.(4) Micro-organisms indistinguishable from meningococci by microscopical and cultural methods (including fermentation tests) were found in the naso-pharynx in 22% of 138 individuals, non-contacts, from an urban population (Lambeth out-patients).(5) With 63% of these organisms the serological tests confirmed their identity with or close relationship to meningococci; they agglutinated specifically with anti-meningococcus serum and exhibited a tendency to fall into the same serological groups as the spinal strains.(6) Their agglutinating properties were not, in general, so strongly marked with the sera used as those of the known pathogenic strains but they showed definite absorption of the specific agglutinm. They appeared to differ from the majority of the spinal strains not in the quality but in the quantitative intensity of their specific affinities: some spinal strains, however, resembled them in this.(7) Thus, in 13·7% of the 138 non-contacts micro-organisms were found in the naso-pharynx indistinguishable by any test from strains of meningococci known to have caused meningitis: these are regarded by the writer as meningococci and the individuals harbouring them as meningococcus-carriers.
Transmission of Pulmonary and Septicaemic Plague among Marmots
Authors: Lien-Teh Wu , Eberson Frederick 
Published: May 2009

1. 52·6% of marmots placed in contact with marmots infected with plague by inhalation developed pulmonary plague and died within 4–6 days.2. Marmots suffering from pneumonic plague are infective at an early stage of the disease and the animals which such marmots infect acquire plague after a short incubative period.3. Pulmonary plague can be readily transmitted to the small marmot (Spermophilus citellus Linn.), and these animals, when suffering from pulmonary plague, are in turn capable of transmitting the same type of plague through the respiratory passages.4. Septicaemic plague can be developed in marmots very easily as a result of respiratory infection and also by direct subcutaneous inoculation with small amounts of culture.5. The marmot can acquire plague by way of the alimentary tract and spread the disease by feeding on plague-infected carcases. The histological appearances observed in the lesions of these cases are characteristic.
Types of Dysentery Bacilli isolated at No. 3 Australian General Hospital, Cairo, March—August, 1916, with Observations on the Variability of the Mannite Fermenting Group
Authors: Martin C. J. , Williams F. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. Of 123 dysentery bacilli isolated, forty-seven were B. dysenteriae Shiga, seventy-six were mannite fermenters.2. The biochemical activities of forty-nine strains of the latter were investigated immediately after isolation and again six months later. They showed variability as regards the fermentation of maltose, saccharose, dextrin, raffinose, arabinose, isodulcite, sorbite and glycerin and in the formation of indol. The same strain varied at different times, some gaining, others losing one or other of the above properties.Similar observations by other observers and the authors are discussed and the conclusion is arrived at that the separation of the mannite fermenting dysentery bacilli into groups on the ground of their action upon the above carbohydrates is unsound and that the only carbo-hydrates of service for their identification are glucose, mannite, lactose and dulcite.3. An experiment conducted during two and a half months upon a particular strain of dysentery bacillus shows that the fermentation of saccharose was in this strain a “recessive character” and only maintained by artificial selection.4. One-sixth of the mannite fermenting dysentery organisms isolated were not agglutinated by a univalent Y (rabbit's) serum at the time of isolation but half of these acquired this property by cultivation. Others were well agglutinated by the patient's serum. An experiment is described in which agglutinability to Y serum was lost under prolonged cultivation on saccharose peptone media. In this experiment successive cultures were made every few days and the material for subcultivation was taken from daughter colonies (buds), which arose in the saccharose plates. Agglutinability was rapidly regained by propagation in broth. From the author's experience and from a survey of the literature, the conclusion is arrived at that no one univalent serum will agglutinate all dysentery bacilli of the mannite fermenting type and that a bacillus with the morphological, cultural, and biochemical characters of dysentery bacilli of this type is not discredited as an etiological factor because it is not agglutinated by any particular univalent serum.In conclusion we express our indebtedness to Miss Rhodes of the Lister Institute for retesting many of the cultures in London, in January, 1917, and convey to her our grateful appreciation of her kindness in so doing.
The Chemical Action on Glucose of the Lactose-Fermenting Organisms of Faeces
Authors: Harden Arthur 
Published: May 2009

(1) The lactose-fermenting organisms of faeces may be divided into two groups according to the molecular ratio alcohol/acetic acid produced from glucose under specified conditions.(a) Those which produce alcohol and acetic acid in approximately equal molecular proportions.(2) Those which produce more than 2·5 molecular proportions of alcohol to 1 of acetic acid.(3) The members of the first of these groups comprise the Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 (1) suggested provisionally by MacConkey from the consideration of the action of these organisms on cane-sugar and dulcite. The members of the second of the groups correspond with Group 4, Sub-groups 2 and 3, of MacConkey' provisiosnal classification.(4) B. lactis aerogenes acts upon glucose in a totally different manner from B. coli communis and is therefore to be regarded as a distinct organism.
The Examination of some Commercial Carbolic Acids and Disinfecting Powders
Authors: Blyth M. Wynter 
Published: May 2009

1. The phenol solutions used as a standard in the bacteriological testing of disinfectants should be made from pure freshly distilled phenol.2. The actual quantity of phenol, cresylic acid and water present in commercial carbolic acids and in carbolic powders may be estimated by extracting the oils and testing their germicidal power.3. The comparative germicidal value of disinfectant powders may be estimated by keeping the powder and organism in contact by mechanical means during the whole period of the experiment.
Further Experiments in the Etiology of Dengue Fever
Authors: Cleland J. Burton , Bradley Burton 
Published: May 2009

The present figures show that the virus may be present in the blood as early as 18 hours and as late as 90 hours after the onset. It was not found in the blood 130 hours and 190 hours after the onset.The virus outside the body has been found alive, if kept reasonably cool, in several instances up to 48 hours, and in one instance after 99 hours.It is not possible from this series to draw deductions from the negative cases on this question.Several mosquito experiments in this series have not therefore added to our previous knowledge, but the one satisfactory experiment withCulex fatiganstends to support the view we hold that this species is probably not a vector of the disease. The results previously published by us support the opinion of Bancroft (5) and show clearly that, whether or notC. fatigansmay also play a part in Australia,Stegomyia fasciatais capable of spreading the infection of dengu.
The Wilson-Weil-Felix Reaction in Typhus Fever
Authors: Wilson W. James 
Published: May 2009

1. The Wilson-Weil-Felix agglutination reaction with cultures ofProteus“X 19” was Positive in dilutions of the serum ranging from 1 in 40 to 1 in 2560 in 22 out of 23 cases of Typhus Fever occurring in Ireland. In one case the reaction was still negative at the time of the patient's death on the 14th day of the disease. As controls, sera from the following gave completely negative results in a 1 in 20 dilution: 50 cases of Influenza, 12 cases of Trench Fever and 15 cases of Syphilis.2. The agglutinins in Typhus serum forB. proteus“X 19” are completely destroyed by heating at 65° C. for half an hour.3. Ten sera were tested for presence of immune body by means of the Complement Fixation test. The results were negative.4. A coliform bacillus isolated from the urine of one case was agglutinated by the sera of twenty cases—the only ones examined—in dilutions varying from 1 in 40 to 1 in 640.Sixty-two controls gave negative results with a 1 in 40 or higher dilution of their sera.5. Absorption experiments indicated that the agglutinins forB. proteus“X 19” and this coliform bacillus were distinct.6. The literature dealing with the heterologous agglutinins met with in the serum of Typhus Fever has been consulted and the various hypotheses that have been put forward to account for their presence have been examined. It is suggested that under the stimulus of infection with the Typhus Fever virus, some bacterium which is a normal inhabitant of the human intestine produces agglutinins for itself and group agglutinins for numerous other micro-organisms especially forProteus“X 19,”Proteus“X 2,” and various members of the Colon-typhoid group.
A Comparative Bacteriological Study of Bovine Abortion and Undulant Fever
Authors: Khaled Z. 
Published: May 2009

1. Certain cross-immunisation experiments (on monkeys) with B. abortus and B. melitensis carried out in 1921 were repeated with the same effective result.2. It was found that goats vaccinated intravenously with B. abortus in massive doses are protected from subsequent infection with a virulent B. melitensis strain, and fail to pass that organism in the milk.3. The record of the effect of B. abortus vaccine in treating three cases of undulant fever is given.In conclusion I wish to express my thanks and gratitude to the staff of the Lister Institute for the hospitality of the laboratories and for many valuable criticisms.
Vegetable Decomposition in Ditch Water Simulating Sewage Contamination
Authors: Cobbett Louis 
Published: May 2009

In autumn and early winter certain ditches around Cambridge became offensive, and their water turned milky. This led to a grave suspicion of sewage contamination, which, however, was satisfactorily disproved. On the other hand certain bacilli with single flagella were isolated from the water of the ditches and found capable of giving off from their artificial cultures an odour comparable to that of the ditches. And to these bacilli, acting on the dead leaves which found their way into the water, and, probably, in conjunction with other anaerobic bacteria which were generating hydrogen disulphide, the sewage-like odour is attributed.Certain patchy changes of colour in the leaves and wood immersed in the water are attributed to a chromogenic flagellate which was found growing on them.
The Fermentation of Salts of Organic Acids as an aid to the differentiation of Bacterial Types
Authors: Brown H. C. , Duncan J. T. , Henry T. A. 
Published: May 2009

(1) Reaction changes and production of gas in organic salt media are not sufficiently constant to form a reliable diagnostic criterion for the differentiation of bacterial types.(2) The enhancement or inhibition of bacterial growth in such media in the majority of cases bears a direct relationship to the utilisation of the salt by the organism. This furnishes a useful differential test for certain organisms when citrates are used, but cannot be applied in the cases of all salts.(3) The bacterial decomposition of the salts of those organic acids which form insoluble lead salts can be clearly demonstrated by the addition of suitable quantities of a solution of lead acetate to the culture.(4) By the use of six organic salts, seven different groupings of the common Salmonella types can be obtained, whereas the sugar reactions have, up to the present, yielded only four different groupings.(5) Regarding other groups of bacteria, the organic salts form an easy means of distinguishing between pathogenic and certain non-pathogenic vibrios, and between certain of the members of thecoli-aërogenesgroup, and also betweenB. diphtheriaeand Hofmann's bacillus, as well as betweenB. malleiandB. whitmori.(6) The six organic salts employed in this test are relatively inexpensive, will stand sterilising by autoclave, and can be obtained with certainty in a state of purity much more readily than the rarer “sugars.”(7) The nature of the decomposition products of citric acid has been fully examined in the case ofBacillus suipestifer; it has been shown that the products are acetic acid, carbon dioxide and succinic acid, and a simple explanation of the mechanism of this reaction is put forward. In the case of fumaric acid a preliminary examination shows that the acid is converted into succinic acid probably by direct reduction. Maleic acid appears to behave in an analogous manner to fumaric acid. Further work on these acids is in progress.(8) A large number of organic acid salts have been tried, but only the six suggested have given useful results. It appears that simple aliphatic monobasic and dibasic acids, with the exception of formic acid, are not decomposed readily by the bacteria investigated, and this is also true of monohydroxycarboxylic acids. Readiness of decomposition is first shown by the dihydroxydicarboxylic acids (tartaric acids), and appears to be at its best in the hydroxytricarboxylic acid (citric acid).(9) While organic salt fermentation tests have been found particularly useful in the cases of the bacterial groups dealt with in this paper, they cannot be substituted for the “sugar reactions” in general use.
A Further Contribution to the Serology of Typhus Fever
Authors: Wilson W. James 
Published: May 2009

1. The development in typhus fever blood of agglutinins for a bacillus of the colon-paratyphoid group, which was isolated in 1921 from the faeces of a typhus case is shown to be a frequent occurrence in the disease as met with in Ireland, Poland and Syria. The bacillus has preserved its agglutina-bility up to the time of writing—a period of five years. Owing to its similarity to a bacillus previously isolated by the writer and which was designated bacillus “U,” this bacillus has been named B. agglutinabilis “U2.”2. It has been shown that bacteria preserved in alcohol even for 3 years are sensitive for use in the serological test, and that sera to which equal volumes of pure glycerine have been added retain their agglutinins for atleast 5 years.3. Five strains of B. proteus “X 19” fermented salicin with the production of acid and gas. Ordinary Proteus strains had no action on this glucoside and neither had the anindologenes strain “Kingsbury” although belonging to the “X 19” group.4. Strains of B. proteus “X 19” show great differences in their sensitiveness to typhus fever agglutinins.5. Views which have been advanced to explain the Weil-Felix reaction are discussed and the conclusion is reached that to label it as an instance of paragglutination does not account for the rise and fall of the agglutinins—agglutinins which are formed not only for B. proteus “X2” and “X 19” but for certain strains of the B. pyocyaneus and colon-paratyphoid-typhoid groups.
Types of Haemolytic Streptococci in Relation to Scarlet Fever (Second Report)
Authors: Griffith Fred 
Published: May 2009

A series of 222 strains has been analysed serologically and 156 have been found to react with one or other of four sera prepared with haemolytic streptococci of scarlatinal origin.Among the 156 strains the four chief types were distributed in the following proportions: 10 of Type I, 57 of Type II, 45 of Type III and 44 of Type IV.The remaining 66 strains of the series have not yet been classified; though they certainly include individualistic strains, there may be other types to be defined by further analysis.The four chief types are well defined and can generally be identified by direct agglutination. Cross-agglutination may cause confusion when suspensions are unstable, in which case resort must be made to agglutinin absorption. In addition, certain Type I strains may also agglutinate with Type III serum.Analysis of clinical data in a series of 100 cases shows clearly that a fairly severe form of scarlatina with greater tendency to complications is often caused by infection with Type II scarlatinal streptococcus; Type II has so far been found only in association with scarlet fever.There were nine instances where two or more members of the same family developed scarlatina; in six instances the same type was found in each patient and in three each patient yielded an unclassified strain. In one instance the strains from two members of the same family were different.Haemolytic streptococcus colonies on fresh blood agar present three chief varieties; there are minor differences between these dependent on the amount of moisture in the medium.There is a certain correlation between variety of colony and serological type. Type III colonies retain a soft consistency after two days' incubation, while the other types generally become tough and can be lifted from the medium as a whole.Rough and smooth colonies with differential characters analogous to those occurring in pneumococcus cultures have not been identified. An interesting change in appearance is the production of a clear dome-shaped watery or slightly mucinous colony (3rd variety) in a culture which ordinarily forms either more or less opaque or soft coherent colonies.There is evidence that the proportions of the four main types are likely to vary in different localities and in different outbreaks of scarlet fever in the same locality.The importance of a reliable classification of haemolytic streptococci is discussed.