bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aluminum and Iron Equilibria in Soil Solutions and Surface Waters of Acid Mine Watersheds
Authors: Karathanasis A. D. , Evangelou V. P. , Thompson Y. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe composition of soil solutions and surface waters emanating from unreclaimed or partially reclaimed stripmined watersheds with low buffering capacity in Kentucky were compared with soil solution compositions of unaffected strata in the watershed. The data suggest that almost 20 yr after mining, most soil solutions and surface waters of the disturbed areas still contain high levels of dissolved Al, controlled primarily by the solubilities of a jurbanite‐like mineral (upper limit) and alunite (lower limit). Soluble Al in solutions of undisturbed areas was consistent with the solubility of kaolinite or gibbsite. The absence of jurbanite x‐ray diffraction peaks suggested the presence of an amorphous or a mineral stoichiometrically similar to jurbanite. Despite greater contact times of soil solutions with the soil compared to surface waters, their compositional differences were insignificant. The control of soluble Al by basic aluminum sulfate minerals was not affected by the variable mineralogical and textural composition of soil and geologic strata in the watershed. Apparently, this is the result of low buffering capacity. At pH < 4, pH and sulfate activities can be used to accurately predict the levels of soluble Al3+ in surface and groundwaters of the watersheds. Similar predictions from pH and SO2−4 activities can also be made for dissolved Fe3+ levels, supporting the stoichiometry but a much higher solubility than that of jarosite.
Relative Concentrations of Cadmium and Zinc in Tissue of Selected Food Plants Grown on Sludge‐Treated Soils
Authors: Kim S. J. , Chang A. C. , Page A. L. , Warneke J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwelve selected food plants were grown in greenhouse pots to determine the relative concentration of Cd and Zn in the plants grown in sludge‐treated soils. The relative concentration of the metal was calculated as the quotient of the metal content in a plant and that in Swiss chard [Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla (L.) Koch] grown under the same soil conditions. The relative concentrations of Cd and Zn of food plants grown in several sludge‐treated soils were significantly different (p < 0.01), but the relative concentrations of these plants in one soil has the statistical characteristics (e.g., range, mean, median, coefficient of variation, etc.) as those in another soil.
Soil Microbial Populations and Activities under Conventional and Organic Management
Authors: Fraser D. G. , Doran J. W. , Sahs W. W. , Lesoing G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvaluation of microbial populations and activities, and their relationship to N cycling in soils under organic and conventional farm management was conducted in eastern Nebraska in 1981 and 1982, on an experiment initiated in 1975. The experimental treatments consisted of 3 × 4 factorial with three management systems (organic, fertilizer only, and fertilizer plus herbicide) for a 4‐yr grain/legume crop rotation plus one treatment of continuous corn (Zea mays L.) receiving fertilizer, herbicide, and insecticide (including one subplot without insecticide). Soil physical, chemical, and microbiological characterizations were made at soil depth intervals of 0 to 7.5, 7.5 to 15, and 15 to 30 cm. Soil chemical properties were significantly influenced by chemical management, primarily the application of beef (Bos taurus) feedlot manure in the organic management system. Total organic C, Kjeldahl N, and potentially mineralizable N in manure‐amended surface soils (0–7.5 cm) were 22 to 40% greater than nonmanured soils receiving fertilizer and/or herbicide. Soluble P levels were eightfold greater in manure‐amended surface soils, and soil nitrate levels after harvest in 1981 were two‐ to threefold greater to a depth of 30 cm than nonmanured chemical treatments. Soil microbial biomass, bacterial and fungal counts, dehydrogenase activity, and CO2 evolution were greater in soils planted to oat/clover (Avena sativa L./Trifolium pratense L. + Melilotus officinalis Lam.) and treatments receiving manure. Increases in microbial populations and their activities paralleled increases in soil organic C content, Kjeldahl N, and water‐filled pore space. Differences in N2 fixation and denitrification between crops and management systems were minimal—possibly resulting from suboptimal water availability at midseason sampling. No significant differences were found in measured soil physical, chemical, or biological properties due to herbicide or insecticide at field application rates.
Growth and Nutrient Content of Red Spruce Seedlings in Soil Amended with Aluminum
Authors: Ohno Tsutomu , Sucoff Edward I. , Erich M. Susan , Bloom Paul R. , Buschena Cynthia A. , Dixon Robert K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAluminum toxicity may be a factor linking acid deposition to forest decline. Acid precipitation may lower soil pH, which would raise the level of phytotoxic forms of Al in soil solution. A greenhouse study was conducted to examine the effects of soil Al on the growth and nutrient composition of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.). A Becket series forest soil (Typic Fragiorthod) was amended with AlCl3 to give a range of saturated paste extract Al concentrations from 37 to 537 µmol L−1 at harvest. Bare‐rooted seedlings were transplanted into pots and grown for 52 d. Biomass of needles, primary roots, and lateral roots were not significantly decreased by soil Al levels. The biomass of needles were negatively correlated with the concentration of Al in the needles. All seedlings were P‐deficient, which may account for the lack of response to soil Al levels. The concentration of Al in seedling needles increased significantly with increasing soil Al levels, but not in the primary or lateral roots. The concentration of Mn in seedling needles, primary roots, and lateral roots decreased with higher concentrations of Al in the soil. The concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and B in the needles were not affected by soil Al. However, the Mg, Ca, and B concentrations in both primary and lateral roots were significantly lower with increasing levels of soil Al. Increasing soil Al levels resulted in lower nitrification rates in the soils. The addition of Al significantly reduced colonies of bacteria relative to the control soil. However, fungi/actinomycetes colonies were not significantly reduced by soil Al.
Mobility and Persistence of Metolachlor and Aldicarb in Field Lysimeters
Authors: Bowman B. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe mobility and persistence of metolachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl)acetamide], a herbicide, and aldicarb [2‐methyl‐2‐(methylthio)propanaldehyde O‐(methylcarbamoyl) oxime], an insecticide, were studied using field lysimeters containing 15 cm (diam.) by 70 cm (length) cores of Plainfield sand (mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments). One‐half of the cores received only rainfall, while the remainder received rainfall plus simulated 50.8‐mm rainfalls on the second and eighth days after treatment, followed by simulated irrigation for the duration of the study. Metolachlor exhibited limited mobility, except in the supplementary watering treatment, in which there was rapid transport of some herbicide 40 cm down the core, with accompanying traces in the effluent. Metolachlor half‐life was in the 3‐ to 4‐wk range. Aldicarb rapidly converted to its sulfoxide [2‐methyl‐2‐(methylsulfinyl)propanal O‐(methylamino)carbonyl oxime] and sulfone [2‐methyl‐2‐(methylsulfonyl)propanal O‐(methylamino)carbonyl oxime] (50% in 3–5 d). Under normal rainfall, about 9% of the applied aldicarb leached out of the soil cores as sulfoxide or sulfone. In cores receiving supplementary watering, up to 64% of applied aldicarb appeared in the effluent principally as sulfoxide or sulfone.
Effects of Chronic Exposure to Simulated Power Plant Emissions and Ozone in Soybean Production
Authors: Jones Herbert C. , Noggle J. C. , McDuffie Charlie 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAcute SO2 effects on vegetation are less likely because large point sources comply with ambient air quality standards and emission limits. The remaining concern is for direct effects of SO2, which might occur from exposure to intermittent, subacute dosages. Limited data exist for assessing chronic effects because experimental exposure regimes used in most effect studies on soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] are from field and laboratory exposure regimes consisting of SO2, NO2, and O3 dosages with a high degree of uncertainty. Chronic exposure of ‘Essex’ soybean to 0.06 µL L−1 (0.06 ppm) O3 for 8 h d−1, 5 d wK+−1, for 18 wk in the greenhouse caused a 34% reduction in yield compared to charcoal‐filtered air. Sulfur dioxide in combination with O3 and NO2 caused no additional reduction in yield, but lower dosages of SO2 increased yields compared to the O3 treatment, apparently by retarding O3‐induced premature senescence. Emissions from a power plant had no adverse effect on yield on the cultivar Essex during a 3‐yr field study (1981–1983).
Form and Availability of Copper and Zinc following Long‐Term Copper Sulfate and Zinc Sulfate Applications
Authors: Payne G. G. , Martens D. C. , Winarko C. , Perera N. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHigh levels of Cu and Zn application to agricultural land poses potential environmental hazards due to reduced plant growth and accumulations of undesirable levels of Cu and Zn in the food chain. The levels of Cu and Zn that can be safely added to cropland have yet to be established. This study was conducted on a Davidson silty clay (Rhodic Paleudult) to determine the response of corn (Zea mays L.) to the cumulative application of up to 415 kg Cu and 897 kg Zn ha−1 as CuSO4 and ZnSO4, respectively, over the 20‐yr period from 1967 through 1986. Neither corn grain nor silage yields were affected by the metal additions, even though the cumulative added amounts of Cu and Zn greatly exceeded the maximum allowed Cu and Zn loading rates (i.e., 250 kg Cu and 560 kg Zn ha−1) for this soil. Over the period from 1984 through 1986, Cu concentrations in leaf and grain tissue were generally unaffected by metal applications, whereas Zn concentration in ear leaves increased linearly with the cumulative level of applied Zn. Zinc concentration in corn grain was increased only by the highest rate of Zn application. Copper and Zn concentrations in the corn leaves and grain were within normal ranges for all treatments. Levels of DTPA‐extractable Cu and Zn in the Ap horizon sampled annually from 1984 through 1985 increased linearly with the amount of metals applied (r2 = 0.97 and 0.98, α = 0.001, for Cu and Zn, respectively). Extractable Cu was also influenced by Zn applications with a larger amount of extractable Cu being present when both Cu and Zn were added compared to when only Cu was applied. Analysis of subsoil samples indicated limited downward movement of Cu and Zn. Sequential extraction data revealed that the applied Cu and Zn was distributed among both potentially plant‐available (exchangeable, specifically adsorbed, and organically bound) and plant‐unavailable (oxide associated) fractions. The results of this study indicate that application of 135 kg Cu and 337 kg Zn ha−1 in excess of the limits set forth by USEPA guidelines was not detrimental to corn production on the Davidson soil with a pH > 6.5. The reasons for the lack of phytotoxicity of the metals include the relatively high soil pH maintained at the site, which limits the availability and the conversion of the applied Cu and Zn to plant‐unavailable forms over time.
Solubility Relationships of Zinc Associated with Acid Mine Drainage
Authors: Reddy K.J. , Sullivan Patrick J. , Yelton Jennifer L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAcid mine drainage, produced from the oxidation of iron‐sulfides, often contains elevated levels of dissolved Zn. To predict environmental hazards, it is important to understand the solubility relationships of Zn associated with acid mine drainage. Two eastern oil shales were leached under aerobic unsaturated environments using the humidity cell method. This study used a New Albany Shale (unweathered, 4.6% pyrite) and a Chattanooga Shale (weathered, 1.5% pyrite). The leachates from the humidity cells were filtered, and the filtrates were analyzed for total concentrations of cations and anions. From the total concentrations, ion activities were calculated, after correcting for significant solution complexes and ion pairs. The results show that the pH of the leachates decreased due to oxidation of pyrite. Furthermore, oxidation of pyrite increased the solubility of Fe3+ and Zn2+ in leachates. Above pH 7.00, the Zn2+ activity was supported by Zn2SiO4 (willemite) in equilibrium with measured H4SiO04 activity. Below pH 5.00, Zn2+ activity for both shales appeared to be saturated by ZnFe2O4 (franklinite) in equilibrium with measured Fe3+ activity. The results in this study suggest that Zn2+ solubility in acid mine drainage, produced in an aerobic unsaturated environment, may be limited by ZnFe2O4 solid phase.
Solid State Cadmium‐113 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Cadmium Speciation in Environmentally Contaminated Sediments
Authors: Bank Shelton , Bank Janet F. , Marchetti Paul S. , Ellis Paul D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn initial investigation used solid state 113Cd nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to analyze five soil samples taken from an environmental site that is heavily contaminated with Cd and other metals. The experiments performed used Bloch decays, cross polarization, and echo train pulse sequences. The signals were obtained by coaddition transients numbering from 1000 to 500 000. Not all of the Cd present was observed by the NMR experiments likely due to the presence of paramagnetic species as indicated by the magnetic susceptibilities of the samples. Four cadmium species are indicated: (1) the carbonate as the major component; (2) a carbonate‐like species but in a soil‐like matrix; (3) a mixed hydroxycarbonate species; and (4) a species similar to (3) but in a soil‐like environment. Dynamics (motion) is considered as a possibility for the larger linewidths of the species in the soil‐matrix.
Soil Loss Comparisons between Reclaimed Strip‐Mined and Undisturbed Grasslands in North Dakota
Authors: Schroeder S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMinimizing erosion from reclaimed strip‐mined lands is one goal of successful reclamation. This study was conducted at two mining locations to determine reclamation effects on soil loss/runoff ratios (SLRO) and soil loss amounts from grasslands several years after revegetation as compared to undisturbed grasslands of the same soil series present before mining. Artificial rainfall applications were applied at 56 mm h−1 to replicated 1.8 by 4.9 m plots to simulate dry, wet, and very wet surface conditions. Slope gradient effects on SLRO or soil loss were not significant (P = 0.10) except on one reclaimed site. No definitive trends in the SLRO or soil loss amounts were observed due to slope gradient. Significant differences for SLRO and soil loss amounts were found at one location only between the reclaimed and undisturbed grasslands due to no measurable soil loss on the undisturbed site. Soil losses ranged from 0 to 0.48 Mg ha−1 for the reclaimed and 0 to 0.46 Mg ha−1 for the undisturbed grasslands for the three surface conditions. Estimated soil credibility factors for the Universal Soil Loss Equation showed no significant differences within locations when calculated from the nomograph, but one location showed significant differences when calculated from the actual field data. Agreement between the two estimates was close for two of the three reclaimed grasslands but not so for the other grasslands.
Natural Inactivation of Enteric Viruses in Seawater
Authors: Girones R. , Jofre J. , Bosch A. 
Published: July 2010

abstractThe stability of viruses in marine water was evaluated. Poliovirus 1 was readily inactivated in seawater from five different sources. Moderately polluted water samples showed more antiviral activity than more heavily polluted or unpolluted samples. An antiviral activity coefficient (AVA) was calculated to express the level of antiviral activity in the test samples, demonstrating the occurrence of natural virus‐inactivating phenomena in all the marine samples but not in freshwater samples. The major virus‐inactivating agent(s) appeared to be of bacteriological nature on the basis of the physical size and the susceptibility of the antiviral activity to thermal and antibiotic treatments. In studies on comparative survival, poliovirus 1 showed faster decay rates than rotavirus SA11, coliphage f2, and bacteriophage B40‐8 under laboratory and field conditions. No differences among the other viral strains were observed. The validity of bacteriophages as surrogate indicators of viral pollutants in the marine environment is discussed.
Influence of Sterilization Methods on Selected Soil Microbiological, Physical, and Chemical Properties
Authors: Wolf D. C. , Dao T. H. , Scott H. D. , Lavy T. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractValid results from studies of adsorption of labile organic compounds in soil can be obtained only if microbial degradation of the compound is inhibited. This study investigated effectiveness of sterilization of three silt loams with dry heat, cobalt‐60 irradiation, propylene oxide, mercuric chloride, autoclaving, sodium azide, microwave, chloroform, and antibiotics. These treatments were begun after air‐dried, sieved soil was moistened to −30 kPa water potential and incubated for 48 h at 25 °C. Sterilization was effective and microorganisms were eliminated by cobalt‐60 irradiation, propylene oxide, mercuric chloride, and autoclaving 2 × or 3 × as evidenced by a lack of microbial growth on potato‐glucose agar, plate count agar, and nutrient broth. Soil physical and chemical properties were altered by most sterilization treatments. Measured surface areas of the three soils were significantly reduced by propylene oxide. Propylene oxide and sodium azide produced an average pH increase for the three soils of 0.7 and 0.3 units, respectively. All effective sterilization methods except mercuric chloride significantly increased extractable Mn levels in the three soils. None of the effective treatments significantly influenced cation exchange capacity or levels of extractable Ca, Mg, and K of the soils. Mercuric chloride resulted in effective sterilization with minimal changes in soil chemical and physical properties. Following proper safeguards, mercuric chloride could be used to prevent microbial degradation in studies to evaluate adsorption of labile organic chemicals by soil.
Sorption‐Desorption of Dicamba and 3,6‐Dichlorosalicylic Acid in Soils
Authors: Murray M. R. , Hall J. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSorption‐desorption of the herbicide dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐2‐methoxybenzoic acid) and its metabolite 3,6‐dichlorosalicylic acid (DCSA) was studied in soils using experimental conditions that modeled selected physical and chemical properties of soils. Changing the soil/solution ratio (1:1 and 1:10) and temperature (15, 25, and 35 °C) of the soil slurry had no significant effect on sorption of dicamba for the soils studied, except for the Elkton (Typic Ochraoquults) Ap where, at a 1:1 soil/solution ratio, Freundlich constants, Kf, of 0.08 and 0.07 were found at 15 and 25 °C, respectively. The DCSA sorbed to all five soils under all experimental conditions with Kf values ranging from 1.23 for the Evesboro soil (Typic Quartzipsamments) to 34.04 for the Hagerstown Bt soil (Typic Hapludalfs). Changing the soil/solution ratio from 1:1 to 1:10 did not significantly change the Kf, except for the Hagerstown Bt, where an increase in Kf value from 27.54 to 29.79 was obtained. Increasing temperature from 15 to 35 °C generally resulted in a decreased Kf value for DCSA. Both dicamba and DCSA showed increased sorption with decreasing equilibrium solution pH. The percent of sorbed DCSA that was desorbed after two washings with deionized water was 28.2% or less for these soils. Dicamba was readily desorbed (79.2%) after two washings from the Elkton soil. Dicamba showed increased sorption when the Hagerstown Ap was saturated with Fe3+, but did not show any response to Cu2+, Al3+, and Ca2+ saturations. The DCSA showed increased sorption to all four cation saturations. A complexation bonding mechanism between DCSA and polyvalent surface cations is proposed. For limed agricultural soils, dicamba would be highly mobile in both topsoil and subsoil matrices. Once dicamba degrades to DCSA, however, sorption can be expected to become significant. Under field conditions, DCSA sorption can be expected to increase with soil depth, especially where soil pH and temperature decrease and exposed surface metal groups increase.
Effects of Ozone or Sulfur Dioxide on Pitch Pine Seedlings
Authors: Scherzer Amy J. , McClenahen James R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPitch pine seedlings (Pinus rigida Mill.) were fumigated with O3 or SO2 to determine their effects on growth and symptom expression. Seedlings fumigated twice with 0.20 µL O3 L−1 for 4 hr at age 14 and 22 wk had significantly greater shoot weight than those fumigated with 0.30 µL O3 L1; 0, 0.08, 0.10, and 0.15 µL L1 were intermediate and not significantly different. Root starch content tended to decrease with increasing O3 with control seedlings being significantly higher than the 0.15, 0.20, and 0.30 µL O3 L−1 treatments. Root starch of seedlings treated with 0.20, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, and 0.90 µL SO2 L−1 was significantly lower than the controls. Seedlings from six families fumigated for 5 wk starting at age 6 wk differed in direction and degree of growth response when exposed to 0.08 and 0.30 µL O3 L1. Significant differences exited among families for needle weight, shoot weight, and total weight. No differences were found among O3 treatments within a family, but patterns suggest some pitch pine individuals may be sensitive to low O3 while others are stimulated. Visible injury consisted of light chlorotic mottle on oldest needles. Discriminant function analysis indicated that growth responses were indistinguishable among families receiving no treatment; however, treated seedlings could be classified based on various height measurements and/or shoot weight. Differences in visible injury were apparent among families of seedlings treated with 0.40 µL O3 L1, indicating some pitch pine families are more sensitive to O3 than others.