bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional Contrast of Mesoscale Convective System Structure prior to and during Monsoon Onset across South America
Authors: Rickenbach Thomas M. , Nieto-Ferreira Rosana , Barnhill Richard P. , Nesbitt Stephen W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this study, a 10-yr (1998–2007) climatology of observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite is used to study regional mechanisms of monsoon onset across tropical and subtropical South America. The approach is to contrast regional differences in the structure, intensity, and rainfall of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) prior to and after onset, in the context of thermodynamic conditions from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data. This is accomplished by analyzing the mean annual cycle time series, 10-yr frequency histograms, and 3-month-averaged values prior to and following onset in four regions of distinct rainfall variability. Observed MCS metrics and NCEP variables include lightning flash rate, convective rain fraction, height of the 30-dBZ isosurface, minimum 85-GHz polarization corrected temperature, and the fluxes of sensible and latent heat.The west-central Amazon region had a distinct maximum of MCS intensity 2 months prior to the monsoon onset date of each region, which was well correlated with surface sensible heat flux, despite the observation that thermodynamic instability was greatest after onset. At the mouth of the Amazon, the dry season rainfall minimum, the premonsoon maximum in MCS intensity metrics, and monsoon onset were all delayed by 2–3 months relative to the west-central Amazon. This delay in the annual cycle and comparatively large difference in pre- versus postonset MCSs, combined with previous work, suggest that the slow migration of the Atlantic Ocean intertropical convergence zone controls onset characteristics at the mouth of the Amazon. All metrics of convective intensity in the tropical regions decreased significantly following onset. These results, in the context of previous studies, are consistent with the hypothesis that thermodynamic, land surface, and aerosol controls on MCS intensity operate in concert with each other to control the evolution of precipitation system structure from the dry season to the wet season. The other two regions [the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) and the south], associated with the well-documented dipole of intraseasonal rain variability, have a weaker and more variable annual cycle of all MCS metrics. This is likely related to the strong influence of baroclinic circulations and frontal systems in those regions. In the south, fewer but larger and more electrified MCSs prior to onset transition to more, smaller, and less electrified MCSs after onset, consistent with previous climatologies of strong springtime mesoscale convective complexes in that region.
Influence of ENSO on Tropical Cyclone Intensity in the Fiji Region
Authors: Chand Savin S. , Walsh Kevin J. E. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This study examines the variation in tropical cyclone (TC) intensity for different phases of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon in the Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga (FST) region. The variation in TC intensity is inferred from the accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), which is constructed from the 6-hourly Joint Typhoon Warning Center best-track data for the period 1985–2006. Overall, results suggest that ACE in the FST region is considerably influenced by the ENSO signal. A substantial contribution to this ENSO signal in ACE comes from the region equatorward of 15°S where TC numbers, lifetime, and intensity all play a significant role. However, the ACE–ENSO relationship weakens substantially poleward of 15°S where large-scale environmental variables affecting TC intensity are found to be less favorable during El Niño years than during La Niña years; in the region equatorward of 15°S, the reverse is true. Therefore, TCs entering this region poleward of 15°S are able to sustain their intensity for a longer period of time during La Niña years as opposed to TCs entering the region during El Niño years, when they decay more rapidly.
Multi-Time-Scale Climatic Variations over Eastern China and Implications for the South–North Water Diversion Project
Authors: Ren Guoyu , Liu Hongbin , Chu Ziying , Zhang Li , Li Xiang , Li Weijing , Chen Yu , Gao Ge , Zhang Yan 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Middle and eastern routes of the South–North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) of China, which are approximately located within the area 28°–42°N and 110°–122°E, are being constructed. This paper investigates the past climatic variations on various time scales using instrumental and proxy data. It is found that annual mean surface air temperature has increased significantly during the past 50–100 years, and winter and spring temperatures in the northern part of the region have undergone the most significant changes. A much more significant increase occurs for annual mean minimum temperature and extreme low temperature than for annual mean maximum temperature and extreme high temperature. No significant trend in annual precipitation is found for the region as a whole for the last 50 and 100 years, although obvious decadal and spatial variation is detectable. A seesaw pattern of annual and summer precipitation variability between the north and the south of the region is evident. Over the last 100 years, the Haihe River basin has witnessed a significant negative trend of annual precipitation, but no similar trend is detected for the Yangtze and Huaihe River basins. Pan evaporation has significantly decreased since the mid-1960s in the region in spite of the fact that the trend appears to have ended in the early 1990s. The negative trend of pan evaporation is very significant in the plain area between the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. There was a notable series of dry intervals lasting decades in the north of the region. The northern drought of the past 30 years is not the most severe in view of the past 500 years; however, the southern drought during the period from the 1960s to the 1980s may have been unprecedented. The dryness–wetness index (DWI) shows significant oscillations with periodicities of 9.5 and 20 years in the south and 10.5 and 25 years in the north. Longer periodicities in the DWI series include 160–170- and 70–80-yr oscillations in the north, and 100–150-yr oscillations in the south. The observed climate change could have implications for the construction and management of the SNWDP. The official approval and start of the hydro project was catalyzed by the severe multiyear drought of 1997–2003 in the north, and the operation and management of the project in the future will also be influenced by climate change—in particular by precipitation variability. This paper provides a preliminary discussion of the potential implications of observed climate change for the SNWDP.
Cyclonic Spirals in Tidally Accelerating Bottom Boundary Layers in the Zhujiang (Pearl River) Estuary
Authors: Wu Jiaxue , Liu Huan , Ren Jie , Deng Junjie 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A velocity spiral in the tidally accelerating bottom boundary layer (BBL) was defined as a directional shear of the prevailing flow with the elevation and the tidal phase. However, so far there is no information on the spiral for the oscillatory BBL flows or a valid explanation for its origin, life history, and persistence. To investigate this rotating current in the tidally accelerating BBL flow, the authors performed instrumented tripod observations in the tidally energetic Zhujiang (Pearl River) estuary. The tidal BBL flows may fall into three distinct regimes: (i) the quasi-steady phase in the peak tide; (ii) the accelerating–decelerating phase at the slack tide; and (iii) the transition between (i) and (ii), when a cyclonic spiral occurs only in the early–late ebb. The subcritical spiral, defined by a Froude number of the oscillatory BBL flow, may be analytically examined by unsteady linearized turbulent BBL equations. The spiral is formed under the momentum balance between local acceleration and bottom friction, independent of stratification conditions. The spiral consists of the “diffusive” and oscillatory boundary layers in the streamwise and spanwise direction, respectively. The streamwise spiral presents an exponential degradation (growth) in the decelerating (accelerating) ebb, indicating its limited life history over a tidal cycle. The transient in bottom stresses induced by the growth or the degradation of the spiral may be the mechanism for sediment trapping in the very little bed friction in the tidal estuary.
Validation and Interpretation of Adjoint-Derived Sensitivity Steering Vector as Targeted Observation Guidance
Authors: Chen Shin-Gan , Wu Chun-Chieh , Chen Jan-Huey , Chou Kun-Hsuan 
Published: February 2011

The adjoint-derived sensitivity steering vector (ADSSV) has been proposed and applied as a guidance for targeted observation in the field programs for improving tropical cyclone predictability, such as The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Pacific Asian Regional Campaign (T-PARC). The ADSSV identifies sensitive areas at the observing time to the steering flow at the verifying time through adjoint calculation. In addition, the ability of the ADSSV to represent signals of influence from synoptic systems such as the midlatitude trough and the subtropical high prior to the recurvature of Typhoon Shanshan (2006) has also been demonstrated. In this study, the impact of initial perturbations associated with the high or low ADSSV sensitivity on model simulations is investigated by systematically perturbing initial vorticity fields in the case of Shanshan. Results show that experiments with the perturbed initial conditions located in the high ADSSV area (i.e., the midlatitude trough and the subtropical high) lead to more track deflection relative to the unperturbed control run than experiments with perturbations in the low sensitivity area. The evolutions of the deep-layer-mean steering flow and the direction of the ADSSV are compared to provide conceptual interpretation and validation on the physical meaning of the ADSSV. Concerning the results associated with the perturbed regions in high sensitivity regions, the variation of the steering flow within the verifying area due to the initial perturbations is generally consistent with that of the direction of the ADSSV. In addition, the bifurcation between the ADSSV and the steering change becomes larger with the increased integration time. However, the result for the perturbed region in the low-sensitivity region indicates that the steering change does not have good agreement with the ADSSV. The large initial perturbations to the low-sensitivity region may interact with the trough to the north due to the nonlinearity, which may not be accounted for in the ADSSV. Furthermore, the effect of perturbations specifically within the sensitive vertical layers is investigated to validate the vertical structure of the ADSSV. The structure of kinetic energy shows that the perturbation associated with the trough (subtropical high) specifically in the mid-to-upper (mid-to-lower) troposphere evolves similarly to that in the deep-layer troposphere, leading to comparable track changes. A sensitivity test in which perturbations are locally introduced in a higher-sensitivity area is conducted to examine the different impact as compared to that perturbed with the broader synoptic feature.
A systematic review of the terms used to refer to people who use mental health services: User perspectives
Authors: Dickens Geoff , Picchioni Marco 
Published: February 2011

Objective: The terms used to refer to people who receive mental healthcare have been described as either potentially stigmatizing or empowering. This paper systematically reviews empirical studies of terminological usage in order to ascertain current knowledge. Methods: Multiple databases were searched using the terms ‘patient’, ‘client’, ‘service user’ and ‘consumer’. Empirical, English language studies were included where an aim was to measure outcome related to the various terms used to describe or refer to people who use mental health services. Studies were assessed (i) against a hierarchy of evidence and (ii) using a 12-item checklist of methodological quality. Results: The search resulted in the screening of 13,765 abstracts; full text versions of 69 papers were examined and 11 studies that met the inclusion criteria were identified. All were cross-sectional surveys and all measured participant preference. Nine studies satisfied four or fewer quality markers. ‘Client’ and ‘patient’ were the terms preferred by study participants. Conclusions: Despite a stream of debate in editorial columns and letters pages, it is unclear whether terminological use is important to the people who use mental health services. Preference is the sole outcome investigated empirically. Methodological rigour of extant study findings is largely questionable. Generalization and interpretation from included studies should be approached very cautiously.
Perioperative blood conservation strategies in pediatric patients undergoing open-heart surgery: impact of non-autologous blood transfusion and surface-coated extracorporeal circuits
Authors: Gunaydin Serdar , McCusker Kevin , Vijay Venkatramana 
Published: February 2011

Background: The aim of this study was to explore the relative clinical and biomaterial effects of blood transfusions (Tx) and novel low-prime, surface-coated circuitry on perioperative outcome in a pediatric population undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods: Over a 12-month period, 80 patients weighing >10 kg undergoing ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair with CPB were prospectively randomized into two groups according to the type of CBP circuit used, then each randomized group was enrolled into two groups again, according to the need for transfusion (N=20): Group 1- Tx-free procedures on low-prime, surface-coated extracorporeal circuitry (FX05, Terumo); Group 2- procedures requiring Tx on coated circuitry; Group 3- Tx-free procedures with standard uncoated circuitry (D902, Sorin); Group 4 (Control)- procedures requiring Tx on uncoated circuitry. Blood samples were collected at baseline (T1), at the end of the CPB (T2) and 24 h (T3) postoperatively. rSO2 desaturation risk score >6000 (Invos, Somanetics) was calculated by multiplying rSO2 <50% by time. Results: IL-6 levels (pg/ml) were significantly lower in Groups 1 and 3 versus control at T2 (13±4; 17±5 versus 33±8; p<0.05). CD11b/CD18 levels (%) were significantly lower in Group 1 (12±4) versus control (25±8) at T2 (p<0.05). Respiratory support time (h) was significantly less in Group 1 (11.4±6) versus control (19.8±7) (p<0.05). rSO2 desaturation risk >6000 (%) was 15.7±9 in Group 1 and 26.8±11 in control (p<0.05). Conclusion: Allogenic Tx amplifies the CPB-related inflammatory response. It is feasible to do congenital procedures safely without Tx for patients weighing >10 kg by using combined blood management strategies.
Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: an interstitial lung disease associated with autoimmune disorders?
Authors: Romagnoli M. , Nannini C. , Piciucchi S. , Girelli F. , Gurioli C. , Casoni G. , Ravaglia C. , Tomassetti S. , Gurioli Ch. , Gavelli G. , Carloni A. , Dubini A. , Cantini F. , Chilosi M. , Poletti V. 
Published: February 2011

Recent evidence suggests that idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (iNSIP) is a distinct clinical entity amongst other idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, and some data seem to suggest a possible pathogenetic role of autoimmunity. The aim of the present study was to assess if iNSIP might represent an early lung manifestation of an autoimmune disease.After initial review of cases found in the medical records database by searching for the term “NSIP” (n = 63), 37 iNSIP cases were identified, and were re-evaluated using a dynamic integrated multidisciplinary approach.27 cases with iNSIP were selected for the study. Mean±sdage at first respiratory symptom was 54.2±8 yrs, 70% were females, and 59% were never-smokers. At follow-up (mean±sd59.7±29 months, range 12–138 months), autoimmune diseases occurred in 14 (52%) patients, with seven (26%) cases of autoimmune thyroiditis, six (22%) of undifferentiated connective tissue disease and three (11%) of connective tissue disease. Patients developing autoimmune diseases were older and more frequently never-smoking females.In >50% of patients diagnosed with iNSIP, evidence of autoimmune diseases develops within 2 yrs, suggesting a probable link between the clinical entity of iNSIP and autoimmune disorders.
mGluR5 positive modulators both potentiate activation and restore inhibition in NMDA receptors by PKC dependent pathway
Authors: Chen Hwei-Hsien , Liao Pei-Fei , Chan Ming-Huan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackgroundIn order to understand the interaction between the metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 (mGluR5) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, the influence of mGluR5 positive modulators in the inhibition of NMDA receptors by the noncompetitive antagonist ketamine, the competitive antagonist D-APV and the selective NR2B inhibitor ifenprodil was investigated.MethodsThis study used the multi-electrode dish (MED) system to observe field potentials in hippocampal slices of mice.ResultsData showed that the mGluR5 agonist (RS)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG), as well as the positive allosteric modulators 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) benzamide (CDPPB) and 3,3'-difluorobenzaldazine (DFB) alone did not alter the basal field potentials, but enhanced the amplitude of field potentials induced by NMDA. The inhibitory action of ketamine on NMDA-induced response was reversed by CHPG, DFB, and CDPPB, whereas the blockade of NMDA receptor by D-APV was restored by CHPG and CDPPB, but not by DFB. Alternatively, activation of NMDA receptors prior to the application of mGluR5 modulators, CHPG was able to enhance NMDA-induced field potentials and reverse the suppressive effect of ketamine and D-APV, but not ifenprodil. In addition, chelerythrine chloride (CTC), a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, blocked the regulation of mGluR5 positive modulators in enhancing NMDA receptor activation and recovering NMDA receptor inhibition. The PKC activator (PMA) mimicked the effects of mGluR5 positive modulators on enhancing NMDA receptor activation and reversing NMDA antagonist-evoked NMDA receptor suppression.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that the PKC-dependent pathway may be involved in the positive modulation of mGluR5 resulting in potentiating NMDA receptor activation and reversing NMDA receptor suppression induced by NMDA antagonists.
Distinct colonization patterns and cDNA-AFLP transcriptome profiles in compatible and incompatible interactions between melon and different races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis
Authors: Sestili Sara , Polverari Annalisa , Luongo Laura , Ferrarini Alberto , Scotton Michele , Hussain Jamshaid , Delledonne Massimo , Ficcadenti Nadia , Belisario Alessandra 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackgroundFusarium oxysporumf. sp.melonisSnyd. & Hans. (FOM) causes Fusarium wilt, the most important infectious disease of melon (Cucumis meloL.). The four known races of this pathogen can be distinguished only by infection on appropriate cultivars. No molecular tools are available that can discriminate among the races, and the molecular basis of compatibility and disease progression are poorly understood. Resistance to races 1 and 2 is controlled by a single dominant gene, whereas only partial polygenic resistance to race 1,2 has been described. We carried out a large-scale cDNA-AFLP analysis to identify host genes potentially related to resistance and susceptibility as well as fungal genes associated with the infection process. At the same time, a systematic reisolation procedure on infected stems allowed us to monitor fungal colonization in compatible and incompatible host-pathogen combinations.ResultsMelon plants (cv. CharentaisFom-2), which are susceptible to race 1,2 and resistant to race 1, were artificially infected with a race 1 strain of FOM or one of two race 1,2 w strains. Host colonization of stems was assessed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 14, 16, 18 and 21 days post inoculation (dpi), and the fungus was reisolated from infected plants. Markedly different colonization patterns were observed in compatible and incompatible host-pathogen combinations. Five time points from the symptomless early stage (2 dpi) to obvious wilting symptoms (21 dpi) were considered for cDNA-AFLP analysis. After successful sequencing of 627 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) differentially expressed in infected plants, homology searching retrieved 305 melon transcripts, 195 FOM transcripts expressedin plantaand 127 orphan TDFs. RNA samples from FOM colonies of the three strains grownin vitrowere also included in the analysis to facilitate the detection ofin planta-specific transcripts and to identify TDFs differentially expressed among races/strains.ConclusionOur data suggest that resistance against FOM in melon involves only limited transcriptional changes, and that wilting symptoms could derive, at least partially, from an active plant response.We discuss the pathogen-derived transcripts expressedin plantaduring the infection process and potentially related to virulence functions, as well as transcripts that are differentially expressed between the two FOM races grownin vitro. These transcripts provide candidate sequences that can be further tested for their ability to distinguish between races.Sequence data from this article have been deposited in GenBank, Accession Numbers: HO867279-HO867981.