bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental care in the UK: a developing initiative
Authors: Hamilton K E StC , Redshaw M E 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAim:  To review developmental care over time in the UK.Methods:  Longitudinal study comprising two prospective observational studies of unit organization and developmental care activity collected in 2005 and 2008 in all UK neonatal units. Indices related to developmental care and an aggregated score are reported corresponding to year and level of care.Results:  In 2008, over 90% units had open visiting for parents and modified lighting and 80% modified noise, showing no change since 2005. Incubator cover usage increased from 75% to 95%. Rates of parental tube feeding dropped from 76% to 64% and kangaroo care increased from 50% to 80%. Proportions of units with developmental care personnel and staff trained in developmental care have almost doubled to 64% and 57%. Aggregated scores, reflecting eight basic indices of developmental care, were unchanged: the 2005 mean was 5.7 (SD = 1.5) and 6.2 (SD = 1.5) in 2008. Scores were significantly higher in larger units and in those with developmental care personnel or developmentally trained staff.Conclusion:  Despite a significant increase in developmental care skills and infrastructure, variable approaches persist, with limited improvements over time. These findings reflect a UK culture that is ambivalent towards developmental care, and enable comparison with other countries where developmental care is more fully supported.
Beyond ‘someone else's agenda’: An example of indigenous/academic research collaboration
Authors: Tipa Gail , Panelli Ruth ,   Moeraki Stream Team
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn recent years, Māori and wider indigenous geographies have flourished. These include works by scholars identifying specific Māori or indigenous issues but less attention has been paid to the way such research is conducted. This paper engages with these developments and presents the practices and lessons learnt from one particular research collaboration. Relationship building, multiple methods, flexibility, communication choices and wider support are all noted as key elements in establishing a supportive and fruitful collaboration.
A patient with dry mouth
Authors: Glore R.J. , Spiteri‐Staines K. , Paleri V. 
Published: July 2009

Introduction:  Xerostomia is a common symptom among patients referred to ENT clinics. We present an evidence‐based approach in a patient complaining of xerostomia who has not been exposed to radiotherapy.Method (search strategy):  This review was based on a literature search last performed on 1 July 2008. MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and the Cochrane Library were searched using the subject headings dry mouth, hyposalivation and xerostomia in combination with diagnosis, therapy and surgery. Results were limited to English language articles including clinical trials, randomised controlled trials, meta‐analyses, systematic reviews, review articles and human studies. Relevant references from selected articles were reviewed.Results:  Xerostomia is not synonymous with hyposalivation. Effective management covers symptomatic relief with selected saliva substitutes, sialogogic agents, addressing underlying dental complications and oral infections, and review of prescribed medication.Conclusion:  Xerostomia is a common symptom for a wide range of triggering factors, but the treatment is largely palliative and preventative in nature.
The Biogeomorphology of Mangroves and Their Role in Natural Hazards Mitigation
Authors: Ostling Johanna L. , Butler David R. , Dixon Richard W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlong low‐relief coasts in tropical regions, mangroves occupy the biogeographical landscape usually occupied by salt‐marsh or cypress ecosystems in more temperate regions. Over 50 species of mangroves are found worldwide. In tropical regions, mangroves are the prevalent coastal wetland ecosystem, overshadowed in the public mind by tropical rainforests and coral reefs. Mangroves exist on the tropical rims of all continents except Antarctica. Numerous species of mangroves exist; collectively they create large ecosystems such as the Sundarbans in Bangladesh and India that provide habitats for endangered species, including the Bengal Tiger. As biogeomorphological agents, mangroves interact with tidal flows to entrap and stabilize sediment, create humus, and alter tropical coastal environments. Mangrove sediments and pollen entrapped therein record substantial sea‐level rises and falls during the Holocene, including a mid‐Holocene highstand, and a regression associated with the Little Ice Age. Mangroves provide habitats for a variety of coastal creatures, including crabs, juvenile fish, and sponges. Worldwide, the mangrove ecosystem is threatened by anthropogenic activities such as aquaculture, urban development, and forestry. Removal of mangroves not only endangers sensitive ecosystems, but also reduces the protection from natural hazards that mangroves offer. Tsunami and storm surges from tropical cyclones are dissipated by the intertwined root systems of the mangroves, limiting the destructive potential of the surging water, although the extent of protection offered by mangroves is controversial. The natural protection of the mangroves has proven superior to man‐made objects to deflect tsunami and storm surge. Mangrove revegetation efforts are underway in numerous countries, most notably Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand, and Tanzania. A variety of remote‐sensing platforms provide the ability to monitor mangrove recovery or decline around the world. The ultimate results of anthropogenic influences on mangroves remain to be seen.
MicroRNA expression profile in non‐cancerous colonic tissue associated with lymph node metastasis of colon cancer
Authors: HUANG Zhi Ming , YANG Ji , SHEN Xiao Ying , ZHANG Xiao Yan , MENG Fan Sheng , XU Jiang Tao , ZHANG Bao Feng , GAO Heng Jun 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE:  To identify microRNA expression patterns associated with the lymph node metastasis of colon cancer.METHODS:  MicroRNA were isolated from six frozen non‐cancerous surrounding colonic tissues derived from stage II–III colon cancer patients with (n = 3) and without (n = 3) lymph node metastasis. We compared the microRNA expression profiles of the six non‐cancerous colonic tissues from two colon cancer patient groups; those with confirmed lymph node metastasis, termed the lymph node positive group, and those without detectable lymph node metastasis, termed the lymph node negative group. MicroRNA expression was analyzed with Agilent microarrays containing 723 human microRNA probes. We validated the expression level of differentially expressed microRNA using quantitative real‐time PCR analysis.RESULTS:  Two microRNA (hsa‐miR‐129*, hsa‐miR‐137) were differentially expressed in the lymph node positive group compared with the lymph node negative group. The expression level of hsa‐miR‐137 was quantified via quantitative real‐time PCR analysis for validation. Hsa‐miR‐137 expression was significantly upregulated nearly 6.6‐fold in lymph node positive specimens (P = 0.036). The quantitative real‐time PCR result correlates with the microarray finding.CONCLUSION:  The non‐cancerous colonic tissues from colon cancer patients with lymph node metastasis have a significantly different microRNA expression profile compared to that from colon cancer patients without lymph node metastasis. The differentially expressed microRNA could have relevance to the lymph node metastasis of colon cancer and may provide a simple profiling method to assist in identifying patients with lymph node metastasis. Besides, these data might offer new ideas for preventing and controlling lymphatic metastasis in colon cancer.
Toll-Like Receptor 3 Mediates Establishment of an Antiviral State against Hepatitis C Virus in Hepatoma Cells
Authors: Wang Nan , Liang Yuqiong , Devaraj Santhana , Wang Jie , Lemon Stanley M. , Li Kui 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT
Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) senses double-stranded RNA, initiating signaling that activates NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), thereby inducing the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, type I interferons, and numerous interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). This pathway has not been extensively investigated in human hepatocytes, and its role in sensing and protecting against hepatitis virus infections is uncertain. We show here that primary human hepatocytes express TLR3 and robustly upregulate ISGs upon poly(I·C) stimulation. We also show that TLR3 senses hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection when expressed in permissive hepatoma cells, acting independently of retinoic acid-inducible gene I and inducing IRF-3 activation and the synthesis of ISGs that restrict virus replication. In turn, HCV infection reduces the abundance of TRIF, an essential TLR3 adaptor, and impairs poly(I·C)-induced signaling. The induction and disruption of TLR3 signaling by HCV may be important factors in determining the outcome of infection and the ability of HCV to establish persistent infections.
Delirium in the elderly: a clinical review
Authors: Saxena S , Lawley D 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDelirium is a common condition in the elderly, affecting up to 30% of all older patients admitted to hospital. There is a particularly high risk of delirium in surgical inpatients, especially following operations for hip fracture or vascular surgery, but also for patients in the intensive care unit. Patients with delirium have higher morbidity and mortality rates, higher re-admission rates, and a greater risk of long term institutionalisation care, thereby having a significant impact on both health and social care expenditure. Delirium frequently goes unrecognised by clinicians and is often inadequately managed. Recent evidence suggests that a better understanding and knowledge of delirium among health care professionals can lead to early detection, the reduction of modifiable risk factors, and better management of the condition in the acute phase. Many cases of delirium are potentially preventable, and primary and secondary care services should be taking active steps in order to do prevent this condition.
Intravesical combination treatment with antisense oligonucleotides targeting heat shock protein-27 and HTI-286 as a novel strategy for high-grade bladder cancer
Authors: Matsui Yoshiyuki , Hadaschik Boris A. , Fazli Ladan , Andersen Raymond J. , Gleave Martin E. , So Alan I. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Clinical results of current intravesical chemotherapeutics are insufficient, and novel and safe intravesical options for high-risk bladder cancer are required to prevent both recurrence and progression. In this study, we show promising efficacy of intravesical combination treatment using antisense oligonucleotides targeting heat shock protein-27 (Hsp27; OGX427) with HTI-286, a synthetic analogue of the marine sponge product hemiasterlin. The expression of Hsp27 in bladder cancer was examined using tissue microarray analysis. Then, four bladder cancer cell lines were screened for combination effects of OGX427 with HTI-286, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the synergic effect were analyzed. Chemosensitivity against HTI-286 was also compared between mock-transfected T24 (T24 mock) cells and Hsp27-overexpressing T24 (T24 Hsp27) cells. Furthermore, in vivo data were obtained in a bioluminescent orthotopic murine model of high-grade disease. Hsp27 is expressed at higher levels in bladder cancers compared with normal bladder epithelium. OGX427 significantly enhanced cytotoxicity of HTI-286. Combination treatment induced Akt inactivation and Bcl-2 down-regulation. T24 Hsp27 cells were more resistant to HTI-286 than T24 mock cells and showed stronger Akt activation after HTI-286 treatment. The protective effect of Hsp27 against HTI-286 was suppressed by LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, indicating that Hsp27-Akt interactions are key mechanisms to enhance chemosensitivity via OGX427. Intravesical combination therapy effectively inhibited orthotopic tumor growth without toxic side effects. Our results suggest that OGX427 enhances cytotoxicity of HTI-286 through Akt inactivation and provide strong preclinical proof-of-principle for intravesical administration of OGX427 in combination with HTI-286 for high-grade bladder cancer. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(8):2402–11]
Gender Differences in Needs and Care of Severely Mentally Ill Persons: Findings From a Swedish Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study
Authors: Arvidsson Hans 
Published: July 2009

Background: A great amount of research has been done in the area of gender and severe mental illness. However, there is an apparent lack of studies on gender differences concerning needs and care. Aim: To analyze differences in needs and care between men and women considered to be severely mentally ill (SMI) after the 1995 Swedish mental health care reform. Method: In one area of Sweden, surveys were made in 1995/96 and 2006 of persons considered to be SMI. These persons were interviewed and their needs assessed. In a cross-sectional study in 2006, the needs and care of men and women were compared. In a longitudinal study, men and women interviewed in both 1995/96 and 2006 were compared concerning the development of needs and care. Results: The structure of needs differed between men and women. Men had more needs concerning functional disability and those needs seemed possible to meet in the existing service structure. Women’s needs concerning physical health, information about health and own security, seemed to be more difficult to meet. Only a few gender differences were found in satisfaction with services and service utilization. Conclusion: It seems urgent to have a gender perspective in a needs-led mental healthcare service.
Perspectives for Practice
Authors: Rentfro Anne Rath , McEwen Marylyn , Ritter Leslie 
Published: July 2009

Purpose The purpose of this article is to facilitate translation of the Consensus Statement to practice for diabetes educators and other professionals who contribute to the care of individuals with diabetes. Methods The 2007 Consensus Statement from the American Diabetes Association (ADA), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) called for the standardization of glycated hemoglobin measurement in reporting and use of average glucose values in clinical practice. Results Conversion of glycated hemoglobin percentage to average blood glucose was anchored historically in early laboratory techniques linked to disease outcomes rather than to definitive laboratory standardization. Recently, the A1C-Derived Average Glucose (ADAG) study demonstrated that A1C values can be accurately expressed as estimated average glucose (eAG) and endorsed eAG as the best way to standardize the expression of laboratory values of glycated hemoglobin. Conclusions Adoption of the 2007 Consensus Statement will influence clinical practice and decision making and subsequently influence self-management for individuals with diabetes.
The IKK2/NF-κB pathway suppresses MYC-induced lymphomagenesis
Authors: Klapproth Kay , Sander Sandrine , Marinkovic Dragan , Baumann Bernd , Wirth Thomas 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDeregulated c-MYC is found in a variety of cancers where it promotes proliferation as well as apoptosis. In many hematologic malignancies, enhanced NF-κB exerts prosurvival functions. Here we investigated the role of NF-κB in mouse and human c-MYC–transformed lymphomas. The NF-κB pathway is extinguished in murine lymphoma cells, and extrinsic stimuli typically inducing NF-κB activity fail to activate this pathway. Genetic activation of the NF-κB pathway induces apoptosis in these cells, whereas inhibition of NF-κB by an IκBα superrepressor provides a selective advantage in vivo. Furthermore, in human Burkitt lymphoma cells we find that NF-κB activation induces apoptosis. NF-κB up-regulates Fas and predisposes to Fas-induced cell death, which is caspase-8 mediated and can be prevented by CFLAR overexpression. We conclude that c-MYC overexpression sensitizes cells to NF-κB–induced apoptosis, and persistent inactivity of NF-κB signaling is a prerequisite for MYC-mediated tumorigenesis. We could also show that low immunogenicity and Fas insensitivity of MYC-driven lymphoma cells are reversed by activation of NF-κB. Our observations provide a molecular explanation for the described absence of the NF-κB signaling in Burkitt lymphoma and question the applicability of NF-κB inhibitors as candidates for treatment of this cancer.
Minimal requirement for induction of natural cytotoxicity and intersection of activation signals by inhibitory receptors
Authors: Bryceson Yenan T. , Ljunggren Hans-Gustaf , Long Eric O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells provide innate control of infected and neoplastic cells. Multiple receptors have been implicated in natural cytotoxicity, but their individual contribution remains unclear. Here, we studied the activation of primary, resting human NK cells by Drosophila cells expressing ligands for receptors NKG2D, DNAM-1, 2B4, CD2, and LFA-1. Each receptor was capable of inducing inside-out signals for LFA-1, promoting adhesion, but none induced degranulation. Rather, release of cytolytic granules required synergistic activation through coengagement of receptors, shown here for NKG2D and 2B4. Although engagement of NKG2D and 2B4 was not sufficient for strong target cell lysis, collective engagement of LFA-1, NKG2D, and 2B4 defined a minimal requirement for natural cytotoxicity. Remarkably, inside-out signaling induced by each one of these receptors, including LFA-1, was inhibited by receptor CD94/NKG2A binding to HLA-E. Strong inside-out signals induced by the combination of NKG2D and 2B4 or by CD16 could overcome CD94/NKG2A inhibition. In contrast, degranulation induced by these receptors was still subject to inhibition by CD94/NKG2A. These results reveal multiple layers in the activation pathway for natural cytotoxicity and that steps as distinct as inside-out signaling to LFA-1 and signals for granule release are sensitive to inhibition by CD94/NKG2A.
Hereditary fibrinogen A α-chain amyloidosis: phenotypic characterization of a systemic disease and the role of liver transplantation
Authors: Stangou Arie J. , Banner Nicholas R. , Hendry Bruce M. , Rela Mohamed , Portmann Bernard , Wendon Julia , Monaghan Mark , MacCarthy Philip , Buxton-Thomas Muriel , Mathias Christopher J. , Liepnieks Juris J. , O'Grady John , Heaton Nigel D. , Benson Merrill D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Variants of fibrinogen A α-chain (AFib) cause the most common type of hereditary renal amyloidosis in Europe and, possibly, the United States as well. Variant fibrinogen is produced in the liver, and solitary renal allografts fail within 1 to 7 years with recurrent amyloidosis. We assessed 22 AFib patients for combined liver and kidney transplantation (LKT) and report the clinical features and outcome. Twenty-one had E526V and 1, the R554L variant. Coronary atherosclerosis was identified in 68% and systemic atheromatosis in 55%. Vascular atheroma excised at endarterectomy and endomyocardial biopsies contained purely variant fibrinogen amyloid. Half had autonomic neuropathy. Six of 9 patients who underwent LKT are alive (67%), with good allograft function and no amyloidosis at median 67 months (range, 33-155 months) of follow-up. Serial technetium-99m–labeled dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA) renal scintigraphy in 2 cases of preemptive LKT demonstrated preserved native kidney residual function at 5 years. Four explanted livers were used successfully for domino transplantation. Fibrinogen amyloidosis is a systemic amyloid disease with visceral, vascular, cardiac, and neurologic involvement. LKT is curative; however, cardiovascular amyloidosis may preclude this option. Our data encourage evaluation of preemptive solitary liver transplantation early in the course of amyloid nephropathy to prevent hemodialysis and kidney transplantation.
Analysis of fine-scale mammalian evolutionary breakpoints provides new insight into their relation to genome organisation
Authors: Lemaitre Claire , Zaghloul Lamia , Sagot Marie-France , Gautier Christian , Arneodo Alain , Tannier Eric , Audit Benjamin 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Background
The Intergenic Breakage Model, which is the current model of structural genome evolution, considers that evolutionary rearrangement breakages happen with a uniform propensity along the genome but are selected against in genes, their regulatory regions and in-between. However, a growing body of evidence shows that there exists regions along mammalian genomes that present a high susceptibility to breakage. We reconsidered this question taking advantage of a recently published methodology for the precise detection of rearrangement breakpoints based on pairwise genome comparisons.

Results
We applied this methodology between the genome of human and those of five sequenced eutherian mammals which allowed us to delineate evolutionary breakpoint regions along the human genome with a finer resolution (median size 26.6 kb) than obtained before. We investigated the distribution of these breakpoints with respect to genome organisation into domains of different activity. In agreement with the Intergenic Breakage Model, we observed that breakpoints are under-represented in genes. Surprisingly however, the density of breakpoints in small intergenes (1 per Mb) appears significantly higher than in gene deserts (0.1 per Mb).
More generally, we found a heterogeneous distribution of breakpoints that follows the organisation of the genome into isochores (breakpoints are more frequent in GC-rich regions). We then discuss the hypothesis that regions with an enhanced susceptibility to breakage correspond to regions of high transcriptional activity and replication initiation.

Conclusion
We propose a model to describe the heterogeneous distribution of evolutionary breakpoints along human chromosomes that combines natural selection and a mutational bias linked to local open chromatin state.
The role of pharmacists in developing countries: the current scenario in Pakistan
Authors: Azhar Saira , Hassali Mohamed Azmi , Ibrahim Mohamed Izham Mohamed , Ahmad Maqsood , Masood Imran , Shafie Asrul Akmal 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
During the past few years, the pharmacy profession has expanded significantly in terms of professional services delivery and now has been recognized as an important profession in the multidisciplinary provision of health care. In contrast to the situation in developed countries, pharmacists in developing countries are still underutilized and their role as health care professionals is not deemed important by either the community or other health care providers. The aim of this paper is to highlight the role of pharmacists in developing countries, particularly in Pakistan. The paper draws on the literature related to the socioeconomic and health status of Pakistan's population, along with background on the pharmacy profession in the country in the context of the current directions of health care.
The paper highlights the current scenario and portrays the pharmacy profession in Pakistan. It concludes that although the pharmacy profession in Pakistan is continuously evolving, the health care system of Pakistan has yet to recognize the pharmacist's role. This lack of recognition is due to the limited interaction of pharmacists with the public. Pharmacists in Pakistan are concerned about their present professional role in the health care system. The main problem they are facing is the shortage of pharmacists in pharmacies. Moreover, their services are focused towards management more than towards customers. For these reasons, the pharmacist's role as a health care professional is not familiar to the public.