bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Education or Creativity: What Matters Most for Economic Performance?
Authors: Marrocu Emanuela , Paci Raffaele 
Published: June 2012

abstractThere is a large consensus among social researchers on the positive role that human capital plays in economic performances. The standard way to measure the human capital endowment is to consider the educational attainments of the resident population, usually the share of people with a university degree. Florida (2002) suggested a different measure of human capital—the “creative class”—based on the actual occupations of individuals in specific jobs like science, engineering, the arts, culture, and entertainment. However, the empirical analyses conducted so far have overlooked a serious measurement problem concerning the clear definition of the education and creativity components of human capital. This article aims to disentangle this issue by proposing a disaggregation of human capital into three nonoverlapping categories: creative graduates, bohemians, and noncreative graduates. Using a spatial error model to account for spatial dependence, we assess the concurrent effect of the human capital indicators on total factor productivity for 257 regions of EU27. Our results indicate that highly educated people working in creative occupations are the most relevant component in explaining production efficiency, noncreative graduates exhibit a lower impact, and bohemians do not show a significant effect on regional performance. Moreover, a significant influence is exerted by technological capital, cultural diversity, and industrial and geographic characteristics, thus providing robust evidence that a highly educated, innovative, open, and culturally diverse environment is becoming more central for productivity enhancements.
Dark chocolate for children's blood pressure: randomised trial
Authors: Chan Eunice K , Quach Jon , Mensah Fiona K , Sung Valerie , Cheung Michael , Wake Melissa 
Published: June 2012

BackgroundHigher adult blood pressure, even without hypertension, predicts cardiovascular outcomes, and is predicted by childhood blood pressure. Regular dark chocolate intake lowers blood pressure in adults, but effects in children are unknown.AimTo examine the feasibility of school-based provision of dark chocolate and its short-term efficacy in reducing mean group blood pressure.Methods194 children (aged 10–12 years) were randomised by class to intervention (7 g dark chocolate daily for 7 weeks, n=124) or control (n=70) groups; 98% and 93% provided baseline and follow-up measurements, respectively.ResultsIntervention and control students had similar systolic (mean difference 1.7 mm Hg, 95% CI −0.6 to 4.1) and diastolic (−1.2 mm Hg, 95% CI −3.6 to 1.3) blood pressure, anthropometry and well-being at outcome.ConclusionResults show that providing dark chocolate is feasible and acceptable in the school setting. For a definitive trial, the authors recommend a larger sample, endovascular function measures, and consideration of higher antioxidant ‘dose’ by virtue of duration and/or content.
Primary care providers' perceptions of physical activity counselling in a clinical setting: a systematic review
Authors: Hébert Emily T , Caughy Margaret O , Shuval Kerem 
Published: June 2012

ObjectiveThe evidence regarding the effectiveness of promoting physical activity (PA) in primary care is varied. The present study systematically reviews the literature pertaining to primary care providers' perceptions about PA counselling to identify the barriers and enablers to PA counselling in clinical practice.DesignA systematic literature review (through 2011) of quantitative and qualitative studies was conducted. Articles were included in the review if the study population consisted of primary care providers and the study evaluated providers' attitudes and perceptions pertaining to PA counselling.ResultsNineteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Most primary care providers believe PA counselling is important and that they have a role in promoting PA among their patients. However, providers are uncertain about the effectiveness of counselling, feel uncomfortable providing detailed advice about PA, and cite lack of time, training and reimbursement as barriers. Providers are more likely to counsel their patients about PA if they are active themselves, or if they feel their patients' medical condition would benefit from a lifestyle change.ConclusionPrimary care providers are receptive to the notion of PA promotion in the clinical setting, yet numerous individual and organisational barriers need to be addressed to integrate PA counselling into primary care effectively.
Sports participation increased in Spain: a population-based time trend study of 21 381 adults in the years 2000, 2005 and 2010
Authors: Palacios-Ceña Domingo , Fernandez-de-las-Peñas Cesar , Hernández-Barrera Valentín , Jiménez-Garcia Rodrigo , Alonso-Blanco Cristina , Carrasco-Garrido Pilar 
Published: June 2012

ObjectiveTo assess the trend in prevalence of Spanish adults who engaged in sports activities from 2000 to 2010.DesignRetrospective analysis of three population-based cross-sectional surveys conducted on a representative sample of Spanish adults: 2000 (N=5160), 2005 (N=8170) and 2010 (N=8925).ResultsThe overall prevalence of sport-active men increased from 45.8% to 52.12% between 2000 and 2010. Among women the prevalence also increased from 27.26% to 33.27% (adjusted OR 1.03 95% CI 1.02 to 1.04). A significant decrease in the prevalence of sport-active subjects was found as the age increases. Adjusted time trends analysis showed that the prevalence of sport-active women and men increased over time in all age groups, with exception of women aged 15–25 years (adjusted OR 0.99, 0.97 to 1.01). Higher educational level was associated with more sport activity. The first reason for not practising sport was ‘I have no time due to working or studying’. Less than 10% of women and men reported health problems as the reason for not practising any sport.ConclusionsSports participation in Spain has increased between 2000 and 2010 among young-aged and middle-aged adults and decreased among older people. Women showed lower prevalence of sport activity as compared to men.
New guidelines are needed to manage heat stress in elite sports – The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) Heat Stress Monitoring Programme
Authors: Bahr Roald , Reeser Jonathan C 
Published: June 2012

BackgroundThere seems to be a discrepancy between the available heat stress guidelines and the actual risk of heat-related illness among professional beach volleyball players competing under hot and humid conditions.ObjectiveTo monitor heat stress and record cases of heat-related medical forfeits on the Swatch FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour.MethodsThe FIVB Heat Stress Monitoring Protocol covered events on the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour and FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships during the 2009, 2010 and 2011 seasons (51 events, most of these double gender). The protocol consisted of (1) measuring the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) on centre court prior to the start of every match, and (2) recording any heat-related medical forfeits during the tournament.ResultsData were collected during 48 of 51 events. There were nine events where the peak WBGT exceeded the US Navy Black flag conditions of >32.3°C and an additional two events where the peak WBGT exceeded 31°C, (meeting Red flag conditions.) In two events, the average WBGT equalled at least 31°C. One case of a medical forfeit related to heat stress was recorded over the 3-year surveillance period: an athlete whose fluid balance was compromised from a 3-day bout of acute gastroenteritis.ConclusionThe incidence of significant heat illness among athletes competing on the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour appears to be quite low, even though weather conditions frequently result in a WBGT index >32°C. Currently available guidelines appear to be inadequate to fully assess the risk of heat stress and too conservative to inform safety decisions in professional beach volleyball.
Rugby World Cup 2011: International Rugby Board Injury Surveillance Study
Authors: Fuller Colin W , Sheerin Kelly , Targett Steve 
Published: June 2012

ObjectiveTo determine the frequency and nature of injuries sustained during the IRB 2011 Rugby World Cup.DesignA prospective, whole population survey.Population615 international rugby players representing 20 teams competing at the IRB 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand.MethodThe study was implemented according to the international consensus statement for epidemiological studies in rugby union; the main measures included the players' age (years), stature (cm) and body mass (Kg) and the incidence (number of injuries/1000 player-hours), mean and median severity (days absence), location (%), type (%) and cause (%) of match and training injuries.ResultsThe incidences of injuries were 89.1/1000 player-match-hours (forwards: 85.0; backs: 93.8) and 2.2/1000 player-training-hours (forwards: 2.7; backs: 1.7). The mean severity of injuries was 23.6 days (forwards: 21.2; backs: 26.2) during matches and 26.9 (forwards: 33.4; backs: 14.3) during training. During matches, lower-limb muscle/tendon (31.6%) and ligament (15.8%) and, during training, lower-limb muscle/tendon (51.4%) and trunk muscle/tendon (11.4%) injuries were the most common injuries. The most common cause of injury during matches was the tackle (forwards: 43.6%, backs: 45.2%), and during training was full and semicontact skills activities.ConclusionThe results confirm that rugby, like other full-contact sports, has a high incidence of injury: the results from IRB Rugby World Cup (RWC) 2011 were similar to those reported for RWC 2007.
QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS ENHANCE SUPERFLUIDITY IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL WEAKLY INTERACTING BOSON SYSTEM
Authors: HE PEI-SONG , YOU WEN-LONG 
Published: June 2012

In the present paper, we compute the superfluid density of two-dimensional weakly interacting boson system at zero temperature using one-loop renormalization group calculations under the scheme of newly derived formula [M. Holzmann and G. Baym Phy. Rev. B 76, 092502 (2007)]. We find that the interactions between the boson particles are marginally irrelevant in the renormalization group sense. The fluctuations of high-energy scale enhance superfluid density compared with the result of the mean-field approximation. The correction has ( ln μ) form, where μ is the chemical potential of the boson system.
Nitrite Regulates Hypoxic Vasodilation via Myoglobin-Dependent Nitric Oxide Generation
Authors: Totzeck Matthias , Hendgen-Cotta Ulrike B. , Luedike Peter , Berenbrink Michael , Klare Johann P. , Steinhoff Heinz-Juergen , Semmler Dominik , Shiva Sruti , Williams Daryl , Kipar Anja , Gladwin Mark T. , Schrader Juergen , Kelm Malte , Cossins Andrew R. , Rassaf Tienush 
Published: June 2012

Background—
Hypoxic vasodilation is a physiological response to low oxygen tension that increases blood supply to match metabolic demands. Although this response has been characterized for >100 years, the underlying hypoxic sensing and effector signaling mechanisms remain uncertain. We have shown that deoxygenated myoglobin in the heart can reduce nitrite to nitric oxide (NO·) and thereby contribute to cardiomyocyte NO· signaling during ischemia. On the basis of recent observations that myoglobin is expressed in the vasculature of hypoxia-tolerant fish, we hypothesized that endogenous nitrite may contribute to physiological hypoxic vasodilation via reactions with vascular myoglobin to form NO·.

Methods and Results—
We show in the present study that myoglobin is expressed in vascular smooth muscle and contributes significantly to nitrite-dependent hypoxic vasodilation in vivo and ex vivo. The generation of NO· from nitrite reduction by deoxygenated myoglobin activates canonical soluble guanylate cyclase/cGMP signaling pathways. In vivo and ex vivo vasodilation responses, the reduction of nitrite to NO·, and the subsequent signal transduction mechanisms were all significantly impaired in mice without myoglobin. Hypoxic vasodilation studies in myoglobin and endothelial and inducible NO synthase knockout models suggest that only myoglobin contributes to systemic hypoxic vasodilatory responses in mice.

Conclusions—

Endogenous nitrite is a physiological effector of hypoxic vasodilation. Its reduction to NO· via the heme globin myoglobin enhances blood flow and matches O
2
supply to increased metabolic demands under hypoxic conditions.
Songs of Healing and Regeneration: Pentecostal Gospel Music in Zimbabwe
Authors: MapurangaChitando TapiwaEzra 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis study examines the texts of Zimbabwean gospel music to illustrate images of hope, healing, and regeneration. By analysing songs that were recorded between the late 1990s and 2005, the study highlights the importance of the social context to religious music performance. The study provides a description of the socio-economic context in which gospel music in Zimbabwe has been performed. The message of hope found in selected gospel songs is outlined, the theme of healing in gospel music is examined and the theme of Africa's renewal in Zimbabwean gospel music is highlighted. The study also describes how artists look forward to a new era of Africa's prosperity and progress. Throughout, reference is made to specific biblical passages that have inspired the different songs.
Nummular headache with and without exacerbations: Comparative characteristics in a series of 72 patients*
Authors: Guerrero Ángel L , Cortijo Elisa , Herrero-Velázquez Sonia , Mulero Patricia , Miranda Sara , Peñas María Luz , Pedraza María Isabel , Fernández Rosa 
Published: June 2012

Objectives: Apart from the characteristic chronic head pain in a coin-shaped circumscribed area, superimposed exacerbations have been described from early reports of nummular headache (NH). In a prospective series, we aim to compare the demographic and clinical characteristics between cases of exacerbations (ENH) and non-exacerbations (NENH) in NH. Methods and results: Seventy-two NH patients (44 female, 28 male) attending a headache outpatient office. As eight patients presented with bifocal NH we analysed 80 painful areas; 47 (58.8%) presented in situ exacerbations. Mean intensity of exacerbations was 7.5 ± 1.6 and they lasted 5.7 ± 11.6 minutes. Exacerbation quality was mostly stabbing. We found no differences between ENH and NEHN groups in age at onset, baseline pain intensity, size of painful area, allodynia or other sensory symptoms, or baseline pain quality. There were no differences between populations with respect to relief with symptomatic therapy, requirement of preventative therapy and its response to preventatives. Conclusion: In situ exacerbations superimposed on baseline pain are frequent in NH and might be included in diagnostic criteria. No statistically significant differences were found between ENH and NENH cases in demographic and nosological characteristics, or needing or response to therapy, but these sample sizes are small.
“Less Feminine and Less a Woman”:The Impact of Unplanned Postpartum Hysterectomy on Women
Authors: Elmir Rakime , Jackson Debra , Schmied Virginia , Wilkes Lesley 
Published: June 2012

AIM: This article is a report of the women’s experiences of unplanned emergency hysterectomy following severe postpartum hemorrhage (PPH).BACKGROUND: Every year, thousands of women worldwide undergo hysterectomies for either gynecological issues or following childbirth to save their life from severe PPH. Little attention has been given to the experiences of women with secondary infertility, despite many of these women being of childbearing age. Some of the issues concerning this group of women are related to their feminine identity, sexuality, sense of being, and womanhood.METHOD: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 Australian women between the ages of 24 and 57 years. The data were collected between May and October 2009. Data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.FINDINGS: One major theme; loss of normality, and four subthemes emerged, “being incomplete: half a woman,” “not myself: a changed body,” “being alone: isolation and disconnectedness,” and “fearing intimacy: insecure and wary.”CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that irrespective of the number of children women have, they may continue to experience significant emotional distress following their hysterectomy after childbirth. The distress these women experience is not only during the immediate postsurgical period but continues long term, and affects social, familial, and interpersonal relationships. Health professionals, particularly those providing community-based child and family health services, are in a position to provide ongoing professional support to women who experience an emergency hysterectomy following childbirth.
Adjunctive Antimicrobial Photodynamic Treatment of Experimentally Induced Periodontitis in Rats With Ovariectomy
Authors: Garcia Valdir Gouveia , Gualberto Júnior Erivan Clementino , Fernandes Leandro Araújo , Bosco Alvaro Francisco , Hitomi Nagata Maria José , Casatti Cláudio Aparecido , Ervolino Edilson , Theodoro Letícia Helena 
Published: June 2012

Background:The aim of this study is to compare antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing (SRP) for the treatment of experimentally induced periodontitis in rats with ovariectomy (OVX) that are or are not treated with estrogen replacement.Methods:A total of 270 female rats were divided into three groups: 1) normal rats; 2) rats with OVX; and 3) rats with OVX with estrogen replacement. Periodontal disease was induced through the introduction of a cotton thread around the mandibular left first molar. After 7 days, the ligature was removed, and the rats were randomly divided into the following treatment groups: 1) SRP plus saline solution; 2) SRP plus low‐level laser therapy (LLLT); and 3) SRP plus toluidine blue O irrigation followed by LLLT. Ten rats from each group were euthanized at days 7, 15, and 30 after dental treatment. Bone loss (BL) in the furcation region was evaluated using histometric and immunohistochemical analyses.Results:aPDT treatment resulted in reduced BL compared with SRP treatment at all time points. Additionally, rats treated with aPDT exhibited reduced numbers of tartrate‐resistant acid‐phosphatase–positive cells and more proliferating cell nuclear antigen–positive cells in all treatment groups regardless of estrogen status. Whereas rats treated with aPDT showed weak immunoreactivity to the receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κ B ligand at day 7 post‐treatment, strong osteoprotegerin immunoreactivity was observed at day 15 post‐treatment.Conclusion:aPDT is an effective adjunctive therapy for the treatment of periodontitis in rats with OVX that are or are not given estrogen replacement therapy.
Toll‐Like Receptor 2 Knockdown Modulates Interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐8 but not Stromal Derived Factor‐1 (SDF‐1/CXCL12) in Human Periodontal Ligament and Gingival Fibroblasts
Authors: Morandini Ana Carolina F. , Chaves Souza Pedro Paulo , Ramos‐Junior Erivan Schnaider , Brozoski Daniel Thomas , Sipert Carla Renata , Souza Costa Carlos Alberto , Santos Carlos Ferreira 
Published: June 2012

Background: Fibroblasts are now seen as active components of the immune response because these cells express Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), recognize pathogen‐associated molecular patterns, and mediate the production of cytokines and chemokines during inflammation. The innate host response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis is unusual inasmuch as different studies have reported that it can be an agonist for Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) and an antagonist or agonist for Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4). This study investigates and compares whether signaling through TLR2 or TLR4 could affect the secretion of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, and stromal derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1/CXCL12) in both human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLF).Methods: After small interfering RNA‐mediated silencing of TLR2 and TLR4, HGF and HPDLF from the same donors were stimulated with P. gingivalis LPS or with two synthetic ligands of TLR2, Pam2CSK4 and Pam3CSK4, for 6 hours. IL‐6, IL‐8, and CXCL12 mRNA expression and protein secretion were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.Results: TLR2 mRNA expression was upregulated in HGF but not in HPDLF by all the stimuli applied. Knockdown of TLR2 decreased IL‐6 and IL‐8 in response to P. gingivalis LPS, or Pam2CSK4 and Pam3CSK4, in a similar manner in both fibroblasts subpopulations. Conversely, CXCL12 remained unchanged by TLR2 or TLR4 silencing.Conclusion: These results suggest that signaling through TLR2 by gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts can control the secretion of IL‐6 and IL‐8, which contribute to periodontal pathogenesis, but do not interfere with CXCL12 levels, an important chemokine in the repair process.
Histologic Comparison of Healing Following Tooth Extraction With Ridge Preservation Using Two Different Xenograft Protocols
Authors: Cook Deana Clare , Mealey Brian L. 
Published: June 2012

Background: The objectives of this study are to compare differences in histologic and clinical healing following tooth extraction and ridge preservation using two different xenograft treatment protocols.Methods: Forty‐four patients with a non‐molar tooth that required extraction and planned implant placement were randomly allocated into two ridge preservation protocol groups. Protocol 1 used a xenograft material consisting of 90% anorganic bovine bone in combination with 10% porcine collagen fibers combined with a resorbable bilayer membrane composed of non‐cross‐linked porcine types I and III collagen. Protocol 2 used a xenograft sponge composed of 70% cross‐linked type I bovine collagen coated with a layer of non‐sintered hydroxyapatite mineral on its surface combined with a resorbable membrane composed of type I porcine collagen cross‐linked by natural ribose glycation. Following 21 weeks of healing, clinical measurements were repeated, and a core biopsy was obtained and prepared for histologic evaluation of percentages of vital bone, residual graft, and connective tissue/other (CT/other).Results: Similar percentages of CT/other were detected between protocols, with no significant difference between groups (P = 0.763). A significantly greater percentage of vital bone was detected in specimens in protocol 2 (P <0.001). Protocol 1 presented with a mean of 32.83% ± 14.72% vital bone, 13.44% ± 11.57% residual graft material, and 53.73% ± 6.76% CT/other. Protocol 2 presented with a mean of 47.03% ± 9.09% vital bone, no detectable residual graft material, and 52.97% ± 9.09% CT/other. Clinically, no significant differences in dimensional changes were evident between ridge preservation protocols.Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first randomized controlled trial to evaluate clinical and histologic differences seen when using these two xenograft protocols for ridge preservation.