bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Papain‐Catalyzed Peptide Bond Formation: Enzyme‐Specific Activation with Guanidinophenyl Esters
Authors: de Beer Roseri J. A. C. , Zarzycka Barbara , Amatdjais‐Groenen Helene I. V. , Jans Sander C. B. , Nuijens Timo , Quaedflieg Peter J. L. M. , van Delft Floris L. , Nabuurs Sander B. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe substrate mimetics approach is a versatile method for small‐scale enzymatic peptide‐bond synthesis in aqueous systems. The protease‐recognized amino acid side chain is incorporated in an ester leaving group, the substrate mimetic. This shift of the specific moiety enables the acceptance of amino acids and peptide sequences that are normally not recognized by the enzyme. The guanidinophenyl group (OGp), a known substrate mimetic for the serine proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin, has now been applied for the first time in combination with papain, a cheap and commercially available cysteine protease. To provide insight in the binding mode of various Z‐XAA‐OGp esters, computational docking studies were performed. The results strongly point at enzyme‐specific activation of the OGp esters in papain through a novel mode of action, rather than their functioning as mimetics. Furthermore, the scope of a model dipeptide synthesis was investigated with respect to both the amino acid donor and the nucleophile. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to prioritize 22 natural and unnatural amino acid donors for synthesis. Experimental results correlate well with the predicted ranking and show that nearly all amino acids are accepted by papain.
Individual‐level interventions for alcohol‐related violence: A rapid evidence assessment
Authors: McMurran Mary 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTBackgroundAlcohol‐related violence is of major concern to society. Around half of all violent crimes are alcohol related, and yet interventions for alcohol‐related violence are under‐developed. Often, offenders receive treatment for substance use or violence, but not the two in nexus.AimMy aim was to conduct a Rapid Evidence Assessment of interventions with a focus on treating established nonsexual violence in the context of alcohol use, to describe the content of these interventions, where they take place and their effectiveness in reducing alcohol problems and/or violence.MethodsThe electronic databases Embase, Medline, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched together with the Campbell Collaboration; Cochrane Reviews and selected government websites using terms for alcohol, violence and treatment/interventions. The search excluded sexual and intimate partner violence. The focus was on psychosocial interventions with people already in difficulties, not prevention. All empirical study types with people of any age and in any setting (criminal justice, health, social services or education) were included. The principal outcomes of interest were change in alcohol use, violence and alcohol‐related violence.ResultsOnly four studies of two different interventions were identified. Control of Violence for Angry Impulsive Drinkers has been evaluated with small samples using a nonequivalent comparison group and a single case methodology. Changes were evident on measures of alcohol‐related aggression. In a randomised controlled trial, SafERteens participants showed greater improvements in attitudes to alcohol and violence compared with a leaflet only condition.DiscussionDirections for developing interventions based on alcohol and aggression research are discussed. Interventions targeting primarily alcohol consumption, primarily violence and alcohol‐related violence in nexus should be compared. In evaluating these interventions, robust outcome measures should be used across studies to allow comparisons to be made. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Clinical Implications

Skills for coping with perceived provocation may be taught, so that nonviolent options are available and so that they become more accessible when people are under the influence of alcohol.
Alcohol's effect on reducing self‐awareness may be counteracted by teaching mindfulness techniques and the ability to ‘act sober’ in provocative situations.
Setting individual implementation intentions may facilitate harm avoidance in high‐risk social situations through preplanning of specific sensible behavioural strategies.
Xenon–Nitrogen Chemistry: Gas‐Phase Generation and Theoretical Investigation of the Xenon–Difluoronitrenium Ion F2NXe+
Authors: Operti Lorenza , Rabezzana Roberto , Turco Francesca , Borocci Stefano , Giordani Maria , Grandinetti Felice 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe xenon–difluoronitrenium ion F2NXe+, a novel xenon–nitrogen species, was obtained in the gas phase by the nucleophilic displacement of HF from protonated NF3by Xe. According to Møller–Plesset (MP2) and CCSD(T) theoretical calculations, the enthalpy and Gibbs energy changes (ΔHand ΔG) of this process are predicted to be −3 kcal mol−1. The conceivable alternative formation of the inserted isomers FNXeF+is instead endothermic by approximately 40–60 kcal mol−1and is not attainable under the employed ion‐trap mass spectrometric conditions. F2NXe+is theoretically characterized as a weak electrostatic complex between NF2+and Xe, with a XeN bond length of 2.4–2.5 Å, and a dissociation enthalpy and free energy into its constituting fragments of 15 and 8 kcal mol−1, respectively. F2NXe+is more fragile than the xenon–nitrenium ions (FO2S)2NXe+, F5SN(H)Xe+, and F5TeN(H)Xe+observed in the condensed phase, but it is still stable enough to be observed in the gas phase. Other otherwise elusive xenon–nitrogen species could be obtained under these experimental conditions.
Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of Some Ellipticine‐Like 11H‐Pyrido[a]carbazole Derivatives
Authors: Ferlin Maria Grazia , Gia Ornella , Dalla Via Lisa 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSome modified 11H‐pyrido[a]carbazoles (11H‐PyC) and their corresponding tetrahydro derivatives (11H‐THPyC) were prepared. A common multistep pathway characterized by conventional reactions, including a Fischer‐indole‐type synthesis, yielded the tetracyclic compounds. To improve cytotoxicity, 11H‐PyC and 11H‐THPyC derivatives were endowed with a diethylaminoethyl side chain. The antiproliferative activity was assessed in three human tumor cell lines, and a number of derivatives showed a cytotoxic effect in agreement with their capacity to form a molecular intercalative complex with DNA and to interfere with the relaxation activity of DNA topoisomerase II. In contrast, three derivatives that exhibited significant antiproliferative efficacy, showed no inhibition of topoisomerase II, thus suggesting an unexpected and novel mode of action for these ellipticine‐like compounds independent of topoisomerase II activity.
Neuropeptide F immunoreactive clock neurons modify evening locomotor activity and free‐running period in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Hermann Christiane , Yoshii Taishi , Dusik Verena , Helfrich‐Förster Charlotte 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDifferent subsets of Drosophila melanogaster's clock neurons are characterized by their specific functions in daily locomotor rhythms and the differences in their neurotransmitter composition. We investigated the function of the neuropeptide F (NPF) immunoreactive clock neurons in the rhythmic locomotor behavior of adult flies. We newly identified the fifth s‐LNv and a subset of the l‐LNvs as NPF‐positive in addition to the three LNds that have been described previously. We then selectively ablated different subsets of NPF‐expressing neurons using npfGal4‐targeted expression of the cell death gene head involution defective (hid) in combination with cryGal80 and pdfGal80. By analyzing daily locomotor rhythms in these flies, we show that the NPF‐positive clock neurons—especially the fifth s‐LNv and the LNds—are involved in both the control of the free‐running period in constant darkness (DD) and the phasing and amplitude of the evening activity in light‐dark (LD) cycles. Furthermore, we show that the simultaneous ablation of NPF and pigment dispersing factor (PDF)‐immunoreactive neurons has additive effects in LD, resulting in an evening peak phase that is even more advanced in comparison to PDF‐ablated flies. We also found that this more advanced evening peak is additionally reduced in amplitude. To putatively assign the observed phenotypes to the action of NPF, we knocked it down in conjunction with PDF using RNA‐interference (RNAi) and further suggest a possible role for NPF in the control of the flies' evening activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:970–987, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural organization of the presynaptic density at identified synapses in the locust central nervous system
Authors: Leitinger Gerd , Masich Sergej , Neumüller Josef , Pabst Maria Anna , Pavelka Margit , Rind F. Claire , Shupliakov Oleg , Simmons Peter J. , Kolb Dagmar 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn a synaptic active zone, vesicles aggregate around a densely staining structure called the presynaptic density. We focus on its three‐dimensional architecture and a major molecular component in the locust. We used electron tomography to study the presynaptic density in synapses made in the brain by identified second‐order neuron of the ocelli. Here, vesicles close to the active zone are organized in two rows on either side of the presynaptic density, a level of organization not previously reported in insect central synapses. The row of vesicles that is closest to the density's base includes vesicles docked with the presynaptic membrane and thus presumably ready for release, whereas the outer row of vesicles does not include any that are docked. We show that a locust ortholog of the Drosophila protein Bruchpilot is localized to the presynaptic density, both in the ocellar pathway and compound eye visual neurons. An antibody recognizing the C‐terminus of the Bruchpilot ortholog selectively labels filamentous extensions of the presynaptic density that reach out toward vesicles. Previous studies on Bruchpilot have focused on its role in neuromuscular junctions in Drosophila, and our study shows it is also a major functional component of presynaptic densities in the central nervous system of an evolutionarily distant insect. Our study thus reveals Bruchpilot executes similar functions in synapses that can sustain transmission of small graded potentials as well as those relaying large, spike‐evoked signals. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:384–400, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toward a single‐cell‐based analysis of neuropeptide expression in Periplaneta americana antennal lobe neurons
Authors: Neupert Susanne , Fusca Debora , Schachtner Joachim , Kloppenburg Peter , Predel Reinhard 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA multitude of potential neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, including peptides, have been detected in the antennal lobe (AL), the first synaptic relay of the central olfactory pathway in the insect brain. However, the functional role of neuropeptides in this system has yet to be revealed. An important prerequisite to understanding the role of neuropeptides is to match the functionally different cell types in the AL with their peptide profiles by using electrophysiological recordings combined with immunocytochemical studies and/or single‐cell mass spectrometry. The olfactory system of Periplaneta americana is particularly well suited to accomplish this goal because several physiologically distinct neuron types can be unequivocally identified. With the aim to analyze the neuropeptide inventory of the P. americana AL, this study is an essential step in this direction. First, we systematically analyzed different parts of the AL by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry to obtain the complete set of neuropeptides present. Altogether, 56 ion signals could be assigned to products of 10 neuropeptide genes (allatostatins A, B, C, SIFamide, allatotropin, FMRFamide‐related peptides [myosuppressin, short neuropeptides F, extended FMRFamides], crustacean cardioactive peptide, tachykinin‐related peptides). In a second step, a combination of immunocytochemistry and mass spectrometric profiling of defined AL compartments was used to reveal the spatial distribution of neuropeptide‐containing cells. Finally, we demonstrated the feasibility of MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometric profiling of single AL neurons, which is an important precondition for combining electrophysiology with peptide profiling at the single‐cell level. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variability and asymmetry of the sulcal contours defining Broca's area homologue in the chimpanzee brain
Authors: Keller Simon S. , Deppe Michael , Herbin Marc , Gilissen Emmanuel 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThere has been recent motivation to search for neuroanatomical asymmetries in nonhuman primates in order to provide comparative information on how the human brain is structurally organized to support specific cognitive capabilities, such as language functions. We took the opportunity to study Broca's area homologue in a novel sample of 80 preserved postmortem chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) cerebral hemispheres. Consistent with the only prior study documenting the morphology of Broca's area homologue in the chimpanzee (Sherwood et al. [2003] Anat Rec 271:276–285), we report great interindividual variation in the structure and connections of the sulci investigated, most notably a left‐sided bias in the bifurcation of the inferior precentral sulcus, an anatomical feature that occurs much more frequently in chimpanzees relative to humans. Consistent with our recent neuroimaging report (Keller et al. [2009b] J Neurosci 29:14607–14616), no population‐based interhemispheric asymmetries of sulcal length existed that could be considered markers of the size of Broca's area homologue. With strict anatomical guidelines, we report that the diagonal sulcus was present in 25% left and 20% right chimpanzee hemispheres studied, which is substantially less that the general prevalence in humans. Through the presentation of schematic drawings, photographs, morphological recordings and sulcal length metrics, our data illustrate the interindividual variability of Broca's area homologue in the chimpanzee and support the notion of no macroscopic asymmetry of this important homologous language brain region in one of the closest evolutionary ancestor to modern humans J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1165–1180, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of PIP2 on Bilayer Structure and Phase Behavior of DOPC: An X‐ray Scattering Study
Authors: Ghosh Sajal Kumar , Aeffner Sebastian , Salditt Tim 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPhosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bis‐phosphate (PIP2) is an important lipid in regulation of several cellular processes, particularly membrane fusion. We use X‐ray diffraction from solid‐supported multilamellar 1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DOPC)/PIP2 samples to study changes in bilayer structure and the lyotropic phase behavior induced by physiologically relevant concentrations of PIP2. Electron‐density profiles reconstructed from X‐ray reflectivity measurements indicate that PIP2 strongly affects structural parameters such as lipid head‐group width, bilayer thickness, and lamellar repeat spacing of DOPC bilayer stacks. In addition, at lower degrees of hydration, a few molar per cent of PIP2 facilitates stalk‐phase formation and also leads to formation of a hexagonal phase, which is not observed in pure DOPC. These results indicate that the role of PIP2 in membrane fusion could be, in part, due to its effect on the properties of the lipid bilayer matrix. Furthermore, coexistence of two lamellar phases with different lattice constants is observed in single‐component PIP2 samples.
Carbogenic Nanodots: Photoluminescence and Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetism
Authors: Srivastava Sachchidanand , Gajbhiye Namdeo S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractHerein, blue fluorescent carbogenic nanodots (CNDs) with room‐temperature ferromagnetism were synthesized by thermal decomposition of organic precursors at different temperatures. Photoluminescence (PL) studies show excitation‐wavelength‐dependent emission properties and PL excitation (PLE) studies confirm the triplet ground state of carbene at the zigzag edge as the fluorescent center. Room‐temperature magnetic studies reveal the ferromagnetic nature of CNDs and temperature‐dependent studies show the presence of an antiferromagnetic phase along with a ferromagnetic phase below 50 K. EPR studies reveal the presence of conduction electrons and localized spins with different g factors. Localized spins at zigzag edges are the origin of the unconventional magnetic behavior, whereas exchange coupling between conduction and localized spins are responsible for long‐range magnetic ordering.
Reformer and Membrane Modules for Methane Conversion: Experimental Assessment and Perspectives of an Innovative Architecture
Authors: De Falco Marcello , Salladini Annarita , Iaquaniello Gaetano 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAn innovative concept for steam methane reforming (SMR), based on reformer and membrane modules (RMMs), has been developed and tested to investigate its performance, in terms of feed conversion, on an industrial scale. A major benefit of the proposed RMM configuration is a shift of the chemical equilibrium of SMR reactions, achieved by removing the hydrogen produced at high temperature through the integration of highly selective palladium‐based membranes, which enhances the yield of product. In this manner the process can operate at temperatures as low as 600–650 °C, compared to the 850–880 °C range used in conventional plants, and allows for the use of a low‐temperature heat source. This Full Paper discusses experimental data on feed conversion at different operating parameters, gathered during 1000 h of testing, and processes these data to optimize the overall architecture, defining the maximum achievable feed conversion. An overall conversion of 59 % is achieved with two‐step reactions at a reforming temperature of 620 °C. A conversion as high as 90 % can be obtained with a three‐step architecture at 650 °C by properly extending the design parameters within reasonable limits.
Link stability‐aware reliable packet transmitting mechanism in mobile ad hoc network
Authors: Wu Dapeng , Wang Ruyan , Zhen Yan 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYTo guarantee the QoS of multimedia applications in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET), a reliable packet transmitting mechanism in MANET is proposed. In this paper, we introduce an effective link lifetime estimation scheme. According to the current network topology and corresponding estimated link lifetime, the end‐to‐end connection is established adaptively in the best effort manner. Consequently, utilizing the network coding method the relay node combines and forwards the packets on the working path. Furthermore, to keep the balance between the gain in reliability and the amount of redundant packets, the time for sending the redundant packets on the backup path is determined for the link stability intelligently. Simulations show that our mechanisms can provide reliable transmissions for data packets and enhance the performance of the entire network, such as the packet delivery ratio, the end‐to‐end delay and the number of control messages. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Verklebung von Planziegelmauerwerk mit Polyurethanklebern
Authors: Jäger Andreas , Habian Erich , Kasa Martin , Kuhlemann Clemens , Lu Suikai 
Published: August 2011

AbstractEs wurde eine neuartige Mauerwerkskonstruktion von Wienerberger entwickelt, die auf der Verklebung von Planziegeln mit einem Einkomponenten‐Polyurethankleber basiert. Dieser Mauerwerkskleber wird direkt auf die Lagerfugen der Planziegel aufgebracht und stellt nach Aushärtung eine dauerhafte und feste Verbindung unter den Ziegeln her. Die Vorteile des neuen Systems können wie folgt zusammengefasst werden:– einfache Anwendung– Zeitersparnis im Vergleich zu mit konventionellem oder Dünnbettmörtel hergestelltem Mauerwerk– Verlängerung der Bauperiode in den Winter hinein (die Verklebung wurde auch zur Verwendung bei Temperaturen unter Null optimiert und geprüft)– saubere Baustelle und geringerer Aufwand für Logistik– Reduktion des erforderlichen LagerplatzesIn dieser Publikation werden exemplarisch die wichtigsten Versuche und Versuchsergebnisse dargestellt, die im Zuge der Forschung und Entwicklung und für die Erlangung der technischen Zulassungen erforderlich waren. Dabei werden unter anderem mechanische, ökologische, bauphysikalische, biologische, chemische, gesundheitliche, ökonomische und Aspekte zur Dauerhaftigkeit angesprochen. Es wird die neue Technologie der Planziegelverklebung mit Einkomponenten‐Polyurethanklebern beschrieben, und dem Leser soll ein Überblick über das vielseitige Versuchsprogramm gegeben werden.Gluing of plane ground block masonry with polyurethane adhesives. A novel type of masonry has been developed which is based on gluing of plane ground blocks with one‐component polyurethane adhesive. This masonry adhesive is applied directly on the bed joint of plane ground blocks and ensures a durable and strong bond between bricks. The advantages of the new system can be summarized as follows:– easy application– time efficiency compared to thin‐layer and general purpose mortar– extension of construction period until winter time (adhesive is tested and optimized for use at temperatures below zero)– clean construction site and reduced effort in logistics– reduced need of storage areaIn this publication the most relevant experiments and experimental results, which have been carried out in the course of research and development and for obtaining the technical approvals, are presented. Among others, mechanical, ecological, structural‐physical, biological, chemical, hygienic, economical and aspects concerning durability are addressed. The novel technology of gluing plane ground blocks with one‐component polyurethane adhesives is described and the reader should get an overview of the wide‐ranging test program.
Neue Systemvarianten für KS‐QUADRO THERM und KS‐QUADRO ETRONIC
Authors: Hobbie André , Zapf Wolfgang 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDie Marktanforderungen an den Baustoff Mauerwerk sind vielseitiger denn je und erfordern eine stetige Weiterentwicklung. KS‐QUADRO Bausysteme, Durmersheim, gehen mit ihren gewerkeübergreifenden Systemen, der Wandtemperierung KS‐QUADRO THERM wie auch der Elektroinstallation KS‐QUADRO ETRONIC bereits seit Jahren erfolgreich neue Wege, dem Mauerwerksbau neue Impulse zu geben, die weit über seine traditionellen Aufgaben hinausgehen [1]. Beide Systeme sind ab sofort mit zahlreichen völlig neuen Komponenten und Innovationen ausgestattet. In dem Beitrag werden die Neuerungen, deren Handhabung und wirtschaftliche wie auch konstruktive Vorteile detailliert sowie praxisgerecht dargestellt.
PD solutions: New and old
Authors: Diaz‐Buxo Jose A. , Sawin Dixie‐Ann , Himmele Rainer 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPeritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions have evolved since Boen described the appropriate composition of a suitable fluid comprising an osmotic agent, electrolytes, and buffer substance in 1969. New solutions introducing alternative osmotic agents and bicarbonate as an alternative to lactate‐buffered solutions have been developed. These so‐called biocompatible solutions belong to a very heterogeneous group of PD fluids that share some features but are distinct in other aspects. All biocompatible solutions have a substantially reduced level of toxic glucose degradation products (GDPs). However, the new solutions differ in their absolute GDP content, osmotic agent, buffer substance, and pH. The differences from the conventional solutions and the characteristics of the distinct new solutions are presented in this review together with a discussion of their potential clinical benefits and implications. Dial. Transplant. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.