bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women’s Writing in Seventeenth‐Century Ireland
Authors: Coolahan Marie‐Louise 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis essay offers a survey of the current state of scholarship in the field of women’s writing in seventeenth‐century Ireland. It begins by charting advances made in the past decade in rendering primary texts available, primarily via anthologies. It then delineates the historical, ethnic and linguistic contexts for women’s textual production in Ireland. The essay argues that genre is an apposite category of analysis for this material. It discusses Gaelic poetry, nuns’ writing, depositions, petitions, coterie poetry and autobiography. It concludes by pointing to further avenues for research and critical analysis.
EFFECTS OF SELECTED INGREDIENTS AND FAT CONTENT ON THE SENSORY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FRANKFURTER‐TYPE SAUSAGES
Authors: PETRIDIS D. , VLAZAKIS EL. , TZIVANOS IAK. , DERLIKIS EM. , RITZOULIS C. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT A Plackett–Burman factorial screening test was set up to examine the effect of six key technological parameters (ascorbic acid, phosphate salts, sodium caseinate, starch, amount of fat, ratio of beef to porcine meat) on the sensory properties of frankfurters. The experiments included texture profile analysis (TPA), objective and hedonic sensory assessments, and color analysis. The TPA tests were in good agreement with the sensory tests. The presence of macromolecules such as starch and sodium caseinate increased the objective biting force, while it reduced factors related to the elasticity of the food matrix. The bovine to porcine ratio influenced mechanical gumminess and chewiness, as well as hedonic elasticity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis work contributes to the potential to reduce nonmeat additives by limiting their useful concentration ranges. These have been established in relation to the fat content and the type of meat used (beef to pork ratio). This is of putative benefit toward the production costs and consumer health. The effect of the factors studied can be of interest to the meat industry in improving existing formulations.
Typology of Finiteness
Authors: Nikolaeva Irina 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe notion of finiteness inherited from the traditional grammar and based on morphological criteria has been ill defined. While some typologists doubt the universality of the finite/nonfinite distinction, others suggest that finiteness is a scalar meta‐phenomenon or a functional tendency defined by a cluster of correlating parameters. In this approach no decision is needed as to what feature is crucial for finiteness because it has different morphosyntactic manifestations across languages. The nature of finiteness has to do with the semantics of subordination (the asymmetry between dependent and independent clauses). But other research argues that the finite/nonfinite opposition is broader because it applies to independent clauses, too. The paper shows that there are different domains of grammar where the notion of finiteness may play a role. The nature of the relationship between them is to some extent arbitrary and depends on an individual language. This implies that if the universal content of this category is to be maintained, it must be decomposed. At this stage what we need is a typologically informed approach which can provide a tool for cross‐linguistic comparison and present the whole area of finiteness‐related phenomena in a structured and principled way. This is a necessary prerequisite for providing a descriptively adequate framework for further theory construction.
Language Teachers’ Philosophies of Teaching: Bases for Development and Possible Lines of Investigation
Authors: Crookes Graham 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe area of philosophy of education provides resources for language teachers’ development of personal philosophies of teaching. The article reviews the need for such entities and discusses the conceptual resources available for their development as well as related research in applied linguistics. Although the field of teacher cognition is identified as a close neighbor of the area, the small amount of relevant empirical research available suggests that little is known about how language teachers develop philosophies of teaching or use resources in this area. A research agenda is advanced with an emphasis on aims in philosophies of teaching.
COI barcoding of true bugs (Insecta, Heteroptera)
Authors: JUNG SUNGHOON , DUWAL RAM K. , LEE SEUNGHWAN 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSeveral recent studies have proposed that partial DNA sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial gene might serve as DNA barcodes for identifying and differentiating between animal species, such as birds, fish and insects. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of a COI barcode to identify true bugs from 139 species collected from Korea and adjacent regions (Japan, Northeastern China and Fareast Russia). All the species had a unique COI barcode sequence except for the genusApolygus(Miridae), and the average interspecific genetic distance between closely related species was about 16 times higher than the average intraspecific genetic distance. DNA barcoding identified one probable new species of true bug and revealed identical or very recently divergent species that were clearly distinguished by morphological characteristics. Therefore, our results suggest that COI barcodes can reveal new cryptic true bug species and are able to contribute for the exact identification of the true bugs.
The Lower Serum Immunoglobulin G2 Level in Severe Cases than in Mild Cases of Pandemic H1N1 2009 Influenza Is Associated with Cytokine Dysregulation
Authors: Chan Jasper Fuk-Woo , To Kelvin Kai-Wang , Tse Herman , Lau Candy Choi-Yi , Li Iris Wai-Sum , Hung Ivan Fan-Ngai , Chan Kwok-Hung , Cheng Vincent Chi-Chung , Lai Thomas Sik-To , Woo Patrick Chiu-Yat , Chan Eric Yuk-Tat , Yuen Kwok-Yung 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTThe majority of patients with pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 had mild illness, but some, including those with no risk factors for severe disease, may succumb to this infection. Besides viral factors such as the D222/225G substitution of the hemagglutinin, host factors such as IgG2 subclass deficiency recently was reported to be associated with severe disease in a cohort of Australian patients besides other known risk factors, including underlying chronic illness, extremes of age, and pregnancy. We conducted a case-control study of 38 Asian patients with respiratory failure due to severe pandemic influenza and compared the results to those for 36 mild cases. None had selective IgG2 deficiency, but the level of IgG2 subclass was significantly lower in the severe cases (3.55 g/liter versus 4.75 g/liter;P= 0.002), whereas the levels of IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4 were not significantly different from those of the mild cases. Previous studies suggested that some IgHG2 and FcγRIIa genotypes were associated with IgG2 deficiency. The allelic frequency of the IgHG2 genotypes in our severe cases was not correlated with their levels of IgG2, while that of FcγRIIa was not significantly different from that of the general Han Chinese population (P= 0.216). Only the overall cytokine/chemokine profile (P= 0.029) and serum globulin level (P= 0.005) were found to be independently associated with the IgG2 level by multivariate analysis. The lower IgG2 level in our severe group might be related to cytokine dysregulation rather than being a significant risk factor for severe pandemic influenza. The importance of this finding for therapeutic intervention will require further studies of larger cohorts of patients.
Spherical Body Protein 4 Is a New Serological Antigen for Global Detection of
Babesia bovis
Infection in Cattle
Authors: Terkawi Mohamad Alaa , Huyen Nguyen Xuan , Wibowo Putut Eko , Seuseu Faasoa Junior , Aboulaila Mahmoud , Ueno Akio , Goo Youn-Kyoung , Yokoyama Naoaki , Xuan Xuenan , Igarashi Ikuo 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Five
Babesia bovis
recombinant proteins, including merozoite surface antigen 2c (BbMSA-2c), C-terminal rhoptry-associated protein 1 (BbRAP-1/CT), truncated thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (BbTRAP-T), spherical body protein 1 (BbSBP-1), and spherical body protein 4 (BbSBP-4), were evaluated as diagnostic antigens to detect the infection in cattle. The recombinant proteins were highly antigenic when tested with experimentally
B. bovis
-infected bovine serum in Western blot analysis. Furthermore, five antisera that had been raised against each of the recombinant proteins reacted specifically with the corresponding authentic protein, as determined in Western blot analysis. Next, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using these recombinant proteins were evaluated for diagnostic use, and the sensitivity and specificity of each protein were demonstrated with a series of serum samples from experimentally
B. bovis
-infected cattle. Furthermore, a total of 669 field serum samples collected from cattle in regions of
B. bovis
endemicity in seven countries were tested with the ELISAs, and the results were compared to those of an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), as a reference. Among five recombinant antigens, recombinant BbSBP-4 (rBbSBP-4) had the highest concordance rate (85.3%) and kappa value (0.705), indicating its reliability in the detection of specific antibodies to
B. bovis
in cattle, even in different geographical regions. Overall, we have successfully developed an ELISA based on rBbSBP-4 as a new serological antigen for a practical and sensitive test which will be applicable for epidemiologic survey and control programs in the future.
Impact of the Conjugation Method on the Immunogenicity of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Serotype 19F Polysaccharide in Conjugate Vaccines
Authors: Poolman Jan , Frasch Carl , Nurkka Anu , Käyhty Helena , Biemans Ralph , Schuerman Lode 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

7vCRM (Pfizer, Inc.) and PHiD-CV (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) are two pneumococcal conjugate vaccines licensed for the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease and acute otitis media caused by the vaccine serotypes of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. Neither vaccine contains serotype 19A, but both contain the closely related serotype 19F. No decrease in the incidence of serotype 19A disease has been observed following the introduction of 7vCRM, suggesting that this serotype 19F-containing vaccine provides limited cross-protection against serotype 19A. To investigate the impact that conjugation methods may have on antipolysaccharide immune responses and to determine whether this limited cross-protection is characteristic of the serotype 19F polysaccharide or rather of the 19F-CRM (cross-reacting material) conjugate, we compared naturally induced antibodies against serotypes 19F and 19A with antibodies induced after vaccination with different pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. We found that conjugation of the serotype 19F polysaccharide using reductive amination (as in 7vCRM) resulted in the formation of at least one additional epitope that is not present in the native form of the 19F polysaccharide or following 19F conjugation using a bifunctional spacer (as in the prototype vaccine 7vOMPC) or cyanylation (as in PHiD-CV). We also found that pneumococcal vaccines conjugated using cyanylation induce more opsonophagocytic antibodies against serotype 19F and a considerably higher level of cross-opsonophagocytic antibodies against serotype 19A than vaccines conjugated using reductive amination. In conclusion, these results suggest that the conjugation method can influence the functionality of the antibodies induced against the homologous serotype 19F and the cross-reactive serotype 19A of
S. pneumoniae
.
Novel Multiplex Real-Time PCR Diagnostic Assay for Identification and Differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium canettii, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Strains
Authors: Reddington Kate , O'Grady Justin , Dorai-Raj Siobhan , Maher Majella , van Soolingen Dick , Barry Thomas 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Tuberculosis (TB) in humans is caused by members of the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex (MTC). Rapid detection of the MTC is necessary for the timely initiation of antibiotic treatment, while differentiation between members of the complex may be important to guide the appropriate antibiotic treatment and provide epidemiological information. In this study, a multiplex real-time PCR diagnostics assay using novel molecular targets was designed to identify the MTC while simultaneously differentiating between
M. tuberculosis
and
M. canettii
. The
lepA
gene was targeted for the detection of members of the MTC, the
wbbl1
gene was used for the differentiation of
M. tuberculosis
and
M. canettii
from the remainder of the complex, and a unique region of the
M. canettii
genome, a possible novel region of difference (RD), was targeted for the specific identification of
M. canettii
. The multiplex real-time PCR assay was tested using 125 bacterial strains (64 MTC isolates, 44 nontuberculosis mycobacteria [NTM], and 17 other bacteria). The assay was determined to be 100% specific for the mycobacteria tested. Limits of detection of 2.2, 2.17, and 0.73 cell equivalents were determined for
M. tuberculosis
/
M. canettii
, the MTC, and
M. canettii
, respectively, using probit regression analysis. Further validation of this diagnostics assay, using clinical samples, should demonstrate its potential for the rapid, accurate, and sensitive diagnosis of TB caused by
M. tuberculosis
,
M. canettii
, and the other members of the MTC.
Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection and Classification of Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase Gene (
bla
KPC
) Variants
Authors: Chen Liang , Mediavilla José R. , Endimiani Andrea , Rosenthal Marnie E. , Zhao Yanan , Bonomo Robert A. , Kreiswirth Barry N. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Carbapenem resistance mediated by plasmid-borne
Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenemases (KPC) is an emerging problem of significant clinical importance in Gram-negative bacteria. Multiple KPC gene variants (
bla
KPC
) have been reported, with KPC-2 (
bla
KPC-2
) and KPC-3 (
bla
KPC-3
) associated with epidemic outbreaks in New York City and various international settings. Here, we describe the development of a multiplex real-time PCR assay using molecular beacons (MB-PCR) for rapid and accurate identification of
bla
KPC
variants. The assay consists of six molecular beacons and two oligonucleotide primer pairs, allowing for detection and classification of all currently described
bla
KPC
variants (
bla
KPC-2
to
bla
KPC-11
). The MB-PCR detection limit was 5 to 40 DNA copies per reaction and 4 CFU per reaction using laboratory-prepared samples. The MB-PCR probes were highly specific for each
bla
KPC
variant, and cross-reactivity was not observed using DNA isolated from several bacterial species. A total of 457 clinical Gram-negative isolates were successfully characterized by our MB-PCR assay, with
bla
KPC-3
and
bla
KPC-2
identified as the most common types in the New York/New Jersey metropolitan region. The MB-PCR assay described herein is rapid, sensitive, and specific and should be useful for understanding the ongoing evolution of carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. As novel
bla
KPC
variants continue to emerge, the MB-PCR assay can be modified in response to epidemiologic developments.
Evaluation of CLSI Agar Dilution Method and Trek Sensititre Broth Microdilution Panel for Determining Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Zhang Sean X. , Rawte Prasad , Brown Shirley , Lo Steven , Siebert Heather , Pong-Porter Sylvia , Low Donald E. , Jamieson Frances B. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Both the CLSI agar dilution method and Trek Sensititre broth microdilution panel for
Streptococcus pneumoniae
antimicrobial susceptibility testing were evaluated against the reference CLSI broth microdilution method using the most recently published CLSI breakpoints. While agar dilution was not an optimal method, the commercial panel appeared to be an acceptable method, with minor errors encountered for ceftriaxone, penicillin, and meropenem.
Pneumococcal Serotypes Causing Pneumonia with Pleural Effusion in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Yu Jigui , Salamon Douglas , Marcon Mario , Nahm Moon H. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

To determine the prevalence of serotypes of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
responsible for pneumonia with pleural effusion, we determined the capsular polysaccharide (PS) type directly on 49 pleural fluid specimens collected from pediatric patients during 2007 to 2009 with laboratory-confirmed pneumococcal pneumonia by using monoclonal antibodies and a multiplex, bead array immunoassay. Because the fluids had to be heated to remove nonspecific reactivity before being tested in the immunoassay and type 19A PS is heat labile, the pleural fluid samples were also tested for serotype 19A capsule gene locus by PCR. Use of the multiplex immunoassay combined with type-specific 19A PCR allowed for serotype determination on 40 of 49 pleural fluids. Pneumococcal pneumonia with pleural effusion was associated with a limited number of serotypes, with types 1, 3, 7F/A, and 19A accounting for 75% of the typeable cases. The concentration of capsular PS in the pleural fluids was often greater than 1 μg/ml and sufficient to inhibit the opsonic capacity of sera from individuals who had received the 23-valent pneumococcal PS vaccine. Based on the serotypes observed before and after introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, the recently licensed 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine may reduce the incidence of pneumonia with pleural effusions.
Rapid PCR Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398 by Targeting the Restriction-Modification System Carrying
sau1-hsdS1
Authors: Stegger Marc , Lindsay Jodi A. , Moodley Arshnee , Skov Robert , Broens Els M. , Guardabassi Luca 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

A PCR targeting
sau1-hsdS1
was developed for rapid detection of
Staphylococcus aureus
clonal complex 398 (CC398). High sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) were shown by evaluating the test on a large strain collection (
n
= 1,307). We recommend this test for accurate, rapid, and inexpensive diagnosis of methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) CC398 in hospitals and on farms.
Strain-Specific Barriers against Bovine Prions in Hamsters
Authors: Nicot Simon , Baron Thierry 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTWe investigated the susceptibilities of Syrian golden hamsters to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents from cattle. We report efficient transmission of the L-type atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent into hamsters. Importantly, hamsters were also susceptible to the transmissible mink encephalopathy agent from cattle, which has molecular features similar to those of the L-type BSE agent, as also shown in bovinized transgenic mice. In sharp contrast, hamsters could not be infected with classical or H-type BSE agents from cattle. However, previous adaptation of the classical BSE agent in wild-type mice led to efficient transmission. Thus, this study demonstrates the existence of distinct “strain barriers” upon the transmission of bovine prions in hamsters.
Human IgG Subclasses:In VitroNeutralization of andIn VivoProtection against West Nile Virus
Authors: Hofmeister Yvonne , Planitzer Christina B. , Farcet Maria R. , Teschner Wolfgang , Butterweck H. Arno , Weber Alfred , Holzer Georg W. , Kreil Thomas R. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTWest Nile virus (WNV)-neutralizing intravenous immune globulins (IVIG) were fractionated into IgG subclasses, and the contribution of each subclass toin vitroneutralization of andin vivoprotection against WNV was evaluated. The results indicate that IgG1 (i) is the main subclass induced following WNV infection of humans, (ii) contained nearly all thein vitroWNV neutralization capacity, and (iii) mediates effector functionsin vivothat render it superior to other subclasses in protection against WNV. The importance of human IgG1 indicates that a candidate WNV vaccine should induce an immune response that includes WNV-specific IgG1.
Pathogenesis and Transmission of Triple-Reassortant Swine H1N1 Influenza Viruses Isolated before the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic
Authors: Belser Jessica A. , Gustin Kortney M. , Maines Taronna R. , Blau Dianna M. , Zaki Sherif R. , Katz Jacqueline M. , Tumpey Terrence M. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
The 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus represents the greatest incidence of human infection with an influenza virus of swine origin to date. Moreover, triple-reassortant swine (TRS) H1N1 viruses, which share similar host and lineage origins with 2009 H1N1 viruses, have been responsible for sporadic human cases since 2005. Similar to 2009 H1N1 viruses, TRS viruses are capable of causing severe disease in previously healthy individuals and frequently manifest with gastrointestinal symptoms; however, their ability to cause severe disease has not been extensively studied. Here, we evaluated the pathogenicity and transmissibility of two TRS viruses associated with disease in humans in the ferret model. TRS and 2009 H1N1 viruses exhibited comparable viral titers and histopathologies following virus infection and were similarly unable to transmit efficiently via respiratory droplets in the ferret model. Utilizing TRS and 2009 H1N1 viruses, we conducted extensive hematologic and blood serum analyses on infected ferrets to identify lymphohematopoietic parameters associated with mild to severe influenza virus infection. Following H1N1 or H5N1 influenza virus infection, ferrets were found to recapitulate several laboratory abnormalities previously documented with human disease, furthering the utility of the ferret model for the assessment of influenza virus pathogenicity.
Post-traumatic stress in Crohn's disease and its association with disease activity
Authors: Cámara Rafael J A , Gander Marie-Louise , Begré Stefan , von Känel Roland ,   Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study Group
Published: December 2010

ObjectiveViolence, accidents and natural disasters are known to cause post-traumatic stress, which is typically accompanied by fear, suffering and impaired quality of life. Similar to chronic diseases, such events preoccupy the patient over longer periods. We hypothesised that post-traumatic stress could also be caused by Crohn's disease (CD), and that CD specific post-traumatic stress could be associated with an increased risk of disease exacerbation.MethodsA cohort of CD patients was observed over 18 months in various types of locations providing gastroenterological treatment in Switzerland. The cohort included 597 consecutively recruited adults. At inclusion, CD specific post-traumatic stress was assessed using the Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale (range 0–51 points). During follow-up, clinical aggravation was assessed by combining important outcome measures. Patients with post-traumatic stress levels suggestive of a post-traumatic stress disorder (≥ 15 points) were compared with patients with lower post-traumatic stress levels as well as with patients without post-traumatic stress. Also, the continuous relation between post-traumatic stress severity and risk of disease exacerbation was assessed.ResultsThe 88 (19.1%) patients scoring ≥15 points had 4.3 times higher odds of exacerbation (95% CI 2.6 to 7.2) than the 372 (80.9%) patients scoring <15 points, and 13.0 times higher odds (95% CI 3.6 to 46.2) than the 45 (9.8%) patients scoring 0 points. The odds of exacerbation increased by 2.2 (95% CI 1.6 to 2.8) per standard deviation of post-traumatic stress.ConclusionsCD specific post-traumatic stress is frequent and seems to be associated with exacerbation of CD. Thus gastroenterologists may want to ask about symptoms of post-traumatic stress and, where relevant, offer appropriate management according to current knowledge.