bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonographic Quantitative Estimation of Hepatic Steatosis in Children With NAFLD
Authors: Shannon Angela , Alkhouri Naim , Carter‐Kent Christine , Monti Lidia , Devito Rita , Lopez Rocio , Feldstein Ariel E. , Nobili Valerio 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and Aims:The diagnostic accuracy of hepatic ultrasonography (US) for detection and grading of hepatic steatosis in children with suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the clinical utility of ultrasonographic quantification of hepatic steatosis.Patients and Methods:Our cohort consisted of 208 consecutive pediatric patients with biopsy‐proven NAFLD. Hepatic US was performed within 1 month of the liver biopsy procedure. Steatosis identified by US was scored using a 0 to 3 scale based on echogenicity and visualization of vasculature, parenchyma, and diaphragm, and compared to histological features based on Brunt's classification.Results:The median age at time of first visit was 10.8 years and 64% were boys. Sixty‐nine percent had moderate to severe steatosis on histology. Ultrasonographic steatosis score (USS) had an excellent correlation with histological grade of steatosis (with a Spearman's coefficient of 0.80). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for ultrasonographic detection of moderate‐to‐severe steatosis was 0.87. The USS did not correlate significantly with inflammatory activity or fibrosis stage; however, there was significant correlation with the NAFLD activity score (NAS), albeit this was in large part the result of the strong correlation with the steatosis component of NAS. Serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase were not associated with histological grade of steatosis and showed no correlation with USS.Conclusions:Our results, which represent the largest prospective pediatric study evaluating the role of hepatic US in children with biopsy‐proven NAFLD, demonstrate the utility of this technique for noninvasive diagnosis and estimation of hepatic steatosis in children.
Treatment of patients with relapsed and/or cisplatin‐refractory metastatic germ cell tumours: an update
Authors: Koychev D. , Oechsle K. , Bokemeyer C. , Honecker F. 
Published: July 2011

SummarySince the introduction of cisplatin‐based therapy in the late 1970s, germ cell tumours (GCT) have been one of the successes in oncology with high cure rates even in patients presenting with metastatic disease. For patients with relapse after cisplatin‐based therapy, treatment is still curative in approximately 50% of the cases. Management options for these patients include surgery, radiotherapy and use of conventional dose or high‐dose chemotherapy (HDCT). Therefore, treatment of relapsed or refractory patients is complex and there is no uniformly accepted approach available. Data comparing conventional dose and HDCT in the first salvage therapy is limited to one randomized trial which was not able to ultimately define optimal treatment. More recently, a large retrospective analysis of nearly 1600 patients not only identified prognostic factors in relapse, but retrospectively suggested a 10–15% benefit regarding overall survival for patients receiving HDCT plus autologous stem cell transplantation over patients receiving conventional‐dose chemotherapy. Prognosis in multiply relapsed and primary cisplatin‐refractory patients is generally poor. Currently, a number of mechanisms of cisplatin resistance and potential drug targets like global methylation and BRAF mutation status are under investigation in refractory GCT.
Evaluation of thermodynamic properties using GAB model to describe the desorption process of cocoa beans
Authors: de Oliveira Gabriel Henrique Horta , Corrêa Paulo Cesar , de Souza Santos Emílio , Treto Pedro Casanova , Diniz Mayra Darliane Martins Silva 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThe desorption isotherms and thermodynamic properties of cocoa beans were obtained during the drying process of this product. The isotherms were determined by dynamic method for various temperature (25, 35, 45 and 55 °C) and relative humidity (RH) conditions (30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80%). Equilibrium moisture content data were correlated by the Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) model, which presented good fit to the data, according to statistical procedures. Equilibrium moisture content ranged from 5.90 to 16.67 d.b.; it increased with an increment in the RH and decreased with increased temperature at a constant RH. Enthalpy values for each model coefficient were encountered, ranging from −90.05 to 545.96 kJ kg−1. The integral isosteric heat of desorption and differential entropy increased with decreased equilibrium moisture content, a tendency also found for Gibbs free energy.
Rheological properties of commercial chestnut flour doughs with different gums
Authors: Moreira Ramon , Chenlo Francisco , Torres Maria Dolores 
Published: July 2011

SummaryRheology of chestnut flour (CF) doughs with arabic gum (AG), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), guar gum (GG) and tragacanth gum (TG) at different concentrations (up to 2.0%) were determined at 30 °C using a controlled stress rheometer. The mixing characteristics at 30 °C were achieved using Mixolab® apparatus. Shear (0.01–10 s−1), oscillatory (1–100 rad s−1 at 0.1% strain), creep‐recovery (50 Pa for 60 s) and temperature sweep (30–100 °C) tests were performed. Rheological properties were significantly modified by gum added. Apparent viscosity of CF doughs, storage and loss moduli increased at content of AG (above 0.5%), CMC (at 1.0%), GG (above 1.5%) and TG (at 1.0%). Flow curves and mechanical spectra were fitted using Cross model and power models, respectively. The gelatinisation temperatures increased with gums. The same pasting trend was noticed using Mixolab®. Creep‐recovery data, fitted by Burgers model, showed that elasticity of CF doughs improved with GG.
Aspergillus oryzae Lectin Induces Anaphylactoid Oedema and Mast Cell Activation Through its Interaction With Fucose of Mast Cell–Bound Non‐specific IgE
Authors: Yamaki K. , Yoshino S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe investigated whether Aspergillus oryzae lectin (AOL), a fucose‐specific lectin, induces anaphylactoid reactions and mast cell activation. The injection of AOL into footpads of mice produced a dose‐related acute paw oedema. The AOL‐induced oedema was attenuated by predose of histamine H1 receptor blocker or pretreatment of the lectin with fucose before injection and was not observed in SCID and mast cell–deficient WBB6F1‐W/Wv mice. These results suggested that the AOL‐induced anaphylactoid reaction was mediated by histamine released from mast cells. In addition, the activation of mast cells was seemed to be induced by the crosslinking of IgE on the cell surface following the binding of AOL to fucose residues in IgE. Consistent with the in vivo results, AOL induced the degranulation of the rat mast cell line RBL2H3 sensitized with monoclonal IgE. As AOL induced the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration of IgE‐sensitized RBL2H3 cells as well as antigen stimulation, AOL could input signals from FcεRI. The degranulation of IgE‐sensitized RBL2H3 cells by AOL was diminished by pretreatment of AOL with fucose. Defucosylated IgE did not induce degranulation of RBL2H3 cells in response to AOL stimulation, in spite of its ability to induce degranulation by antigen stimulation as intact IgE. These results indicated that AOL bound to fucose residue of IgE causing antigen‐independent IgE‐mediated mast cell activation and anaphylactoid reactions in vitro and in vivo, respectively. AOL bound to human IgE as well as to mouse IgE, suggesting the possible implication of AOL in the allergic response to Aspergillus oryzae in humans.
Economic implications of three strategies for the control of taeniasis
Authors: Alexander Anu , John K. R. , Jayaraman T. , Oommen Anna , Venkata Raghava M. , Dorny Pierre , Rajshekhar Vedantam 
Published: July 2011

SummaryObjective To evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of three strategies for the control of taeniasis in a community, in terms of cost per case treated.Methods A study was conducted in South India to determine the prevalence of taeniasis by screening stool samples from 653 randomly chosen subjects, for coproantigens. The costs incurred in the project were used to estimate the cost per case screened and treated. A one‐way sensitivity analysis was carried out for varying rates of taeniasis, different screening strategies and mass therapy. Further sensitivity analysis was carried out with different manpower and test costs.Results The rate of taeniasis as detected by ELISA for coproantigen was 3 per 1000 (2 of 653 samples). Our study showed that mass therapy without screening for taeniasis would be the most economical strategy in terms of cost per case treated if field workers are employed exclusively for either mass therapy or screening. For each strategy, costs per case treated are higher at low prevalence of taeniasis, with a sharp rise below 15%.Conclusions In places that are endemic for taeniasis and neurocysticercosis, mass therapy or screening for taeniasis should be considered. Screening by stool microscopy is not cost‐effective in terms of cost per case of taeniasis treated owing to its low sensitivity. Although the cost per case of taeniasis treated is high at low prevalence of taeniasis for all options, incorporating mass therapy into existing mass drug distribution programmes might prove to be the most cost‐effective control strategy.
Segmental ABO‐incompatible liver graft from a donor after cardiac death in neonatal acute liver failure
Authors: Gelas Thomas , Hartley Jane , Mirza Darius F. , Muiesan Paolo , Bowen Claire , Sharif Khalid 
Published: July 2011

Gelas T, Hartley J, Mirza DF, Muiesan P, Bowen C, Sharif K. Segmental ABO‐incompatible liver graft from a donor after cardiac death in neonatal acute liver failure. Pediatr Transplantation 2012: 16: E53–E57. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Segmental liver grafts from DCD in pediatric LT have been safely used even in acute liver failure situations. Furthermore, despite the risk of antibody‐mediated acute rejection, some studies have also demonstrated the safety of ABO incompatible LT in infants. The use of such grafts can be beneficial by reducing the time on the transplant waiting list but they are more susceptible to initial dysfunction and there is a lack of enthusiasm to consider their use especially for an emergency LT as a life‐saving procedure. In this short article, we describe the use and successful outcome in a neonate with fulminant acute liver failure secondary to neonatal hemochromatosis who received an ABO‐incompatible reduced‐size DCD graft.
Iron studies and red cell transfusion in cardiothoracic and orthopaedic surgical patients: a retrospective audit at a tertiary hospital
Authors: Grey D. E. , Smith V. , Finlayson J. 
Published: July 2011

Background and Objectives  Preoperative diagnosis and treatment of anaemia are important to minimize adverse postoperative outcomes. This audit reviewed red cell transfusion practice, degree of anaemia, iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and chronic disease or anaemia of inflammation (AI) in cardiothoracic and orthopaedic surgical patients who had available iron studies.Materials and Methods  A total of 178 consecutive cardiothoracic and orthopaedic surgical patients with available iron studies were retrospectively reviewed.Results  Of patients, 36·5% had preoperative iron studies. However, 63·2% males and 45·3% females with postoperative iron studies presented with anaemia; 38·5% patients with preoperative iron studies had AI; 21·5% IDA; 23·1% normal. For patients with iron studies requested within the first two postoperative intervals (≤5 days and 6 ≤ 10 days) 73·8% and 63·6%, respectively, had AI; few had classical IDA or were normal, and 51·5% patients transfused postsurgery had a discharge Hb ≥110 g/l. Restricting the discharge Hb to 90 or 100 g/l may have eliminated postsurgical transfusion in 14·8–42·6% patients.Conclusion  Iron studies were more commonly requested postoperatively despite many being anaemic at admission. A higher proportion of patients with postoperative iron studies had AI, and few had classical IDA or normal iron parameters, suggesting a transient inflammatory effect of surgery. This may mask underlying IDA or normal iron parameters and affect treatment. Preadmission assessment, including iron status, should be emphasized allowing diagnosis and correction of presurgical anaemia with treatment modalities other than red cell transfusion. In the postsurgical setting, consideration of a restrictive transfusion regimen sufficient to alleviate a patient’s clinical symptoms would ensure that this valuable resource is appropriately used.
Ultrasonographic and Macroscopic Anatomy of the Enucleated Eyes of the Buffalo (Bos bubalis) and the One‐Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius) of Different Ages
Authors: Kassab A. 
Published: July 2011

With 1 figure and 2 tablesSummaryThe ultrasonographic appearance and measurements of the normal buffalo and camel eye globes were described in 60 buffaloes (Bos bubalis) aged 1 year (28 eyes) and 10 years (32 eyes), and in 51 humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) aged 1 year (26 eyes) and 10 years (24 eyes). Ocular measurements were recorded by A‐ and B‐scan ultrasonographic examination of 40 buffalo eyes (18 young and 22 adult eyes) and 34 camel eyes (14 young and 20 adult eyes) using a KANGH ultrasound scanner equipped with 10 MHz probe. For gross measurements, 20 buffalo and 16 camel eye globes were frozen and dissected and the same measurements were made using fine callipers macroscopically. The aqueous and vitreous humour of the buffalo and camel eyes appeared anechoic. The cornea, anterior and posterior lens capsule and iris appeared hyperechoic. The ocular measurements for the axial length, vitreous chamber depth (VCD), corneal thickness, lens thickness and scleroretinal rim thickness increase with the advance of age in both buffaloes and camels. Except for the anterior chamber depth, VCD and lens thickness, which were larger in adult camels than in adult buffaloes, no other differences between ocular dimensions were observed in both species. The results of this study are valuable for comparative ocular anatomy and will be useful for ultrasonographic evaluation of ocular diseases in buffaloes and camels.
Sequence matters – selective adaptation in electroantennographic response to binary odour mixtures by the Colorado potato beetle
Authors: Kosanke‐Schütz K. , Gabriel M. , Weißbecker B. , Reinecke H. , Werner D. , Koch U. T. , Schütz S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractChemically mediated behaviour of insects is often strongly affected by mixtures of odour stimuli and their temporal characteristics. Both sensory transduction and central processing of odour mixtures can give rise to several different kinds of interaction, which can influence how individual components are perceived and processed. In particular, odour mixtures have been examined in model experiments as premixed binary mixtures in comparison with pure odour stimuli. Only in few experiments, the influence of the temporal structure of odour mixtures on odour perception has been taken into account. Natural odour stimuli often have a pulsed structure and may in general be superimposed on a background of irrelevant or interfering compounds, which can fluctuate with different frequencies, depending on their source. To achieve a better representation of these natural conditions, our odour mixing experiments apply a new kind of stimulation protocol: odours were not premixed but superimposed with a specific time pattern; one odour stimulus was presented as a longer persisting background and the second stimulus was a superimposed short test signal. To gain an overview of odour interaction patterns in the Colorado potato beetle by causing adaptation of one receptor population at naturally occurring levels of concentration and time intervals, electroantennographic recordings were made on excised antennae. A matrix of 12 stimulus compounds led to 132 pairs of compounds tested, each in the role of background and test stimulus. In 64 cases, the interaction was significantly different, when the role of background and stimulus was exchanged. Interaction patterns ranging from no interference (independence) to suppression were found and assigned to four clearly distinguishable types. We discuss that the observed effects of the presentation sequence in odour mixtures may contribute to the mechanisms of olfactory pattern recognition and olfactory contrast perception by insects.
We cannot staff for ‘what ifs’: the social organization of rural nurses’ safeguarding work
Authors: MacKinnon Karen 
Published: July 2011

MACKINNON K. Nursing Inquiry 2012; 19: 259–269  We cannot staff for ‘what ifs’: the social organization of rural nurses’ safeguarding workRural nurses play an important role in the provision of maternity care for Canadian women. This care is an important part of how rural nurses safeguard the patients who receive care in small rural hospitals. This study utilized institutional ethnography as an approach for describing rural nursing work and for exploring how nurses’ work experiences are socially organized. Rural nurses advocated for safe healthcare environments by ensuring that skilled nurses were available for every shift, day and night, at their local hospital. Rural nurses noted that this work was particularly difficult for the provision of maternity care. This article explores two threads or cues to institutional organization that were identified in our interviews and observations; namely staffing and safety standards, and the need for flexibility in staffing in small rural hospitals. Rural nurses’ concerns about ensuring that skilled nurses are available in small rural hospitals do not enter into current management discourses that focus on efficiency and cost savings or find a home within current discourses of patient safety ‘competencies’.
Ultrasound‐guided fascia iliaca compartment block in pediatric patients using a long‐axis, in‐plane needle technique: a report of three cases
Authors: Miller Blaine R. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryUltrasound guided fascia iliaca compartment block (FICB) has not been previously described in pediatric patients. Reported here is an ultrasound guided long axis, in‐plane needle technique used to perform FICB in three pediatric patients undergoing hip or femur surgery. Postoperative assessment revealed nerve blockade of the lateral femoral cutaneous, femoral, and obturator nerves or no requirement for narcotics in the PACU. FICB using this ultrasound guided technique was easy to perform and provided postoperative analgesia for hip and femur surgical procedures within the presumed distribution of the lateral femoral cutaneous, femoral, and obturator nerves.
Do edge responses cascade up or down a multi‐trophic food web?
Authors: Wimp Gina M. , Murphy Shannon M. , Lewis Danny , Ries Leslie 
Published: July 2011

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 863–870AbstractDespite nearly 100 years of edge studies, there has been little effort to document how edge responses ‘cascade’ to impact multi‐trophic food webs. We examined changes within two, four‐tiered food webs located on opposite sides of a habitat edge. Based on a ‘bottom‐up’ resource‐based model, we predicted plant resources would decline near edges, causing similar declines in specialist herbivores and their associated predators, while a generalist predator was predicted to increase due to complementary resource use. As predicted, we found declines in both specialist herbivores and predators near edges, but, contrary to expectations, this was not driven by gradients in plant resources. Instead, the increase in generalist predators near edges offers one alternative explanation for the observed declines. Furthermore, our results suggest how recent advances in food web theory could improve resource‐based edge models, and vice versa.
Lung spirometry parameters and diffusion capacity are decreased in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Klein O. L. , Kalhan R. , Williams M. V. , Tipping M. , Lee J. , Peng J. , Smith L. J. 
Published: July 2011

Diabet. Med. 29, 212–219 (2012)AbstractAims  In cohort studies, Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been associated with decreased forced 1 s expiratory volume and forced vital capacity. We examined if forced vital capacity, forced 1 s expiratory volume and diffusion lung capacity correlate with diabetes mellitus across different races in a clinical setting.Methods  We examined the medical records of 19 882 adults 18–97 years of age in our centre from 1 January 2000 to 1 May 2009. After excluding patients with diseases causing abnormal lung function, 4164 subjects were available for analysis. We used multiple linear regressions to examine cross‐sectional differences in forced vital capacity, forced 1 s expiratory volume and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity between patients with and without diabetes mellitus, after adjustment for age, age2, sex, race, height, height2, smoking, BMI and heart failure.Results  Patients with diabetes (n = 560) were older (62 ± 12 vs. 55 ± 16 years), more likely to be men (56 vs. 43%), overweight (BMI 31.7 ± 8.5 vs. 27.3 ± 6.7 kg/m2), have heart failure (33 vs. 14%) and less likely to be Caucasians (65 vs. 76%) and never smokers (66 vs. 72%) compared with patients without diabetes (n = 3604). The mean unadjusted values in patients with diabetes vs. those without were: forced vital capacity 2.78 ± 0.91 vs. 3.19 ± 1.03 l; forced 1 s expiratory volume 2.17 ± 0.74 vs. 2.49 ± 0.0.83 l; and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity 16.67 ± 5.53 vs. 19.18 ± 6.72 ml−1 min−1 mmHg, all P < 0.0001. These differences remained significant after adjustment for covariates. After race stratification, only Caucasians with diabetes had a significant decrease in all lung function measures.Conclusions  Patients with diabetes have decreased lung function compared with those without diabetes. Caucasians with diabetes have more global lung function impairment compared with African‐Americans and Hispanics.
Relations over Time among Children's Shyness, Emotionality, and Internalizing Problems
Authors: Eggum Natalie D. , Eisenberg Nancy , Reiser Mark , Spinrad Tracy L. , Valiente Carlos , Sallquist Julie , Michalik Nicole M. , Liew Jeffrey 
Published: July 2011

AbstractData regarding children's shyness and emotionality were collected at three time points, two years apart (T1: N = 214, M = 6.12 years; T2: N = 185, M = 7.67 years; T3: N = 185, M = 9.70 years), and internalizing data were collected at T1 and T3. Relations among parent‐rated shyness, emotionality [parent‐ and teacher‐rated anger, sadness, and positive emotional intensity (EI)], and mother‐rated internalizing were examined in panel models. In some cases, shyness predicted emotionality two years later (teacher‐rated anger, parent‐rated sadness, and teacher‐rated positive EI) and emotionality sometimes predicted shyness two years later (teacher‐rated sadness, parent‐rated positive EI, and teacher‐rated positive EI). Parent‐rated shyness and/or emotionality (parent‐rated anger and parent‐rated sadness) predicted internalizing at T3. Results shed light on developmental relations between emotionality and shyness, as well as processes of risk for, or protection against, the development of internalizing problems.