bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peramivir Pharmacokinetics in Two Critically Ill Adults with 2009 H1N1 Influenza A Concurrently Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Bazan Jose A. , Bauer Karri A. , Hollister Alan S. , Shidham Ganesh , Firstenberg Michael S. , Reed Erica E. , Mangino Julie E. , Goff Debra A. 
Published: September 2010

Study Objective. To determine the pharmacokinetics of intravenous peramivir—an investigational neuraminidase inhibitor for the treatment of 2009 H1N1 infection or nonsubtypable influenza A thought to be the 2009 H1N1 virus—in patients concurrently receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT).Design. Pharmacokinetic analysis.Setting. Critical care unit at a university‐affiliated hospital.Patients. Two critically ill women with 2009 H1N1 influenza A treated with compassionate‐use intravenous peramivir administered as a daily infusion of 600 mg over 30 minutes while receiving continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF), a form of CRRT.Measurements and Main Results. Plasma samples were collected from the two patients before and 30 minutes after the fourth (first patient) and ninth (second patient) peramivir infusion to estimate minimum (Cmin) and maximum (Cmax) plasma concentrations, respectively. Two additional postinfusion concentrations were measured from each patient to estimate noncompart‐mental pharmacokinetic parameters of peramivir while receiving CVVHDF. In the two patients, respectively, Cmin was 2170 and 251 ng/ml, Cmax was 18,400 and 20,300 ng/ml, area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from 0–24 hours (AUC0–24) was 178,000 and 94,400 ng•hour/ml, drug clearance was 56 and 106 ml/minutes, and plasma half‐life was 7.6 and 3.7 hours. The volume of distribution adjusted for ideal body weight at steady state was 0.51 and 0.54 L/kg, respectively.Conclusion. The first patient had a slower peramivir plasma clearance compared with the second patient, but both patients had higher peramivir clearances as calculated from AUC0–24 than those predicted by CRRT. Thus, the dosage of intravenous peramivir was appropriate in these patients. Additional pharmacokinetic data are needed to confirm these results and help guide dosing in patients receiving various forms of CRRT.
Postoperative Acquired Coagulopathy: A Pilot Study to Determine the Impact on Clinical and Economic Outcomes
Authors: Devine Emily Beth , Chan Lingtak‐Neander , Babigumira Joseph , Kao Henry , Drysdale Troy , Reilly Dominic , Sullivan Sean 
Published: September 2010

Study Objective. To characterize the clinical factors associated with postoperative acquired coagulopathy, and to estimate the economic impact of resources used to treat postoperative patients with this coagulopathy compared with postoperative patients who did not develop the coagulopathy.Design. Case‐control study.Setting. Academically affiliated public hospital and level I trauma referral center.Patients. Twenty‐six patients (mean age 53.9 yrs) who experienced acquired coagulopathy after undergoing an index surgery (cases), and 26 patients (mean age 50.8 yrs) matched to these case patients by index surgery, age, and sex (controls).Measurements and Main Results. Data were collected from a database of 5367 adult surgical admissions over 6 months during 2008, corresponding inpatient electronic health records, billing data, and Medicare Resource‐Based Relative Value Scale payments. Case patients had a minimum of two postoperative consecutively drawn episodes of prothrombin time (PT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) elevated to greater than 20% above the upper limit of normal. Patients with inherited clotting disorders or other identifiable causes of coagulopathy were excluded. Case patients underwent the following surgeries: 12 orthopedic (46%), six cardiovascular (23%), four gastrointestinal (15%), and four neurosurgical (15%). Mean values of the first elevated PT and aPTT were 19.7 and 50.8 seconds, respectively. Mean postoperative stay was 31.5 days for cases versus 9.8 days for controls (p<0.05). Mean cost (2008 U.S. dollars) of resources used was $112,280 for cases versus $38,357 for controls (p<0.001). Costs incurred between the onset of coagulopathy and discharge constituted 67% of postoperative costs. Physician reimbursement expenditures were minimal.Conclusion. Postoperative acquired coagulopathy was associated with stays that were 3 times longer and resource use costs that were 3 times higher than those of controls. This type of coagulopathy may be an under‐recognized and underappreciated event. The case‐control design is limited to exploring associations and does not establish causality. Prospective studies need to be conducted to establish the causes of acquired coagulopathy and methods for screening and diagnosing this condition.
Semigroups of transformations restricted by an equivalence
Authors: Mendes-Gonçalves Suzana , Sullivan Robert 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Suppose σ is an equivalence on a set X and let E(X, σ) denote the semigroup (under composition) of all α: X → X such that σ ⊆ α ∘ α
−1. Here we characterise Green’s relations and ideals in E(X, σ). This is analogous to recent work by Sullivan on K(V, W), the semigroup (under composition) of all linear transformations β of a vector space V such that W ⊆ ker β, where W is a fixed subspace of V.
Generation of vorticity motion by sound in a chemically reacting gas and inversion of acoustic streaming in the non-equilibrium regime
Authors: Perelomova Anna , Wojda Paweł 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Nonlinear stimulation of the vorticity mode caused by losses in the momentum of sound in a chemically reacting gas is considered. The instantaneous dynamic equation for the vorticity mode is derived. It includes a quadratic nonlinear acoustic source, which reflects the fact that the reason for the interaction between sound and the vorticity mode is nonlinear. Both periodic and aperiodic sound may be considered as the origin of the vorticity flow. The equation governing the mean flow (the acoustic streaming) in the field of periodic sound is also derived. In the non-equilibrium regime of a chemical reaction, there may exist streaming vortices whose direction of rotation is opposite to that of the vortices in the standard thermoviscous flows. For periodic sound, this is illustrated by an example. The theory and the example describe both equilibrium and non-equilibrium chemical reactions.
'Reordering and Counterordering': Forestry Preservation, Bush Clearing and the Sociophysical Mapping of Chepalungu, Kericho District, Kenya, 1930-1963
Authors: Otieno Alphonse 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Recent research on Africa has emphasised conservation and trypanosomiasis control as the major factors, which first motivated colonial officials and scientists to embark on forestry preservation and bush clearing policies in colonial Africa. This paper, drawing on recent emphasis on the high modernist nature of colonial policies in general, contends that in Chepalungu, Kenya, forestry preservation and bush clearing were implemented with the objective to create a racially and tribally segregated landscape - not merely to conserve the landscape and control trypanosomiasis. Whereas colonial policies have commonly been generalised into imposed instruments of power which local people merely submitted to or resisted, this paper argues that the bush clearing and forestry preservation in Chepalungu unfolded in ways that exceeded imposition and resistance. The colonial officials and Kipsigis inhabitants of Chepalungu were not only in conflict with each other; they were also in negotiation over the use of the environment. In the process policies were adapted to local Kipsigis practices, just as Kipsigis interests were insinuated into the policies. Thus, just as conflicts were central in the policy making, tangled processes also played a significant role.
Science and Land Use: The Kosciusko Primitive Area Dispute of 1958-65
Authors: Slattery Deirdre 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The Primitive Area dispute of 1958-65 is a seminal episode in the development of a nature conservation philosophy in Australia. Led by the Australian Academy of Science (AAS) and informed by detailed and growing understanding of the specifics of ecology in the Australian Alps, the debate was a turning point in thinking about land use in the mountain catchments. This article examines the conflicts behind the scenes, within the AAS, between the AAS and the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Authority (SMA), and within the SMA. It argues that the scientists' conflict with the SMA over plans for the summit area of Mount Kosciusko (now Kosciuszko) not only established ecology as a scientific basis for conservation thinking: it foreshadowed the current idea that management of healthy country involves recognition of the links between aesthetic and scientific thinking. In this respect science had and still has the capacity to offer alternative visions to the community about the relationship between natural resource management and land health. An important element of modern environmentalism is community acceptance that broad ecological processes underpin sustainable landscapes. Growing concern about catchment health may well see renewed appreciation of the links between the ecological function of mountain catchments and their aesthetic and recreational value.
Colonial Forestry at its Limits: The Latter Day Career of Sir David Hutchins in New Zealand 1915-1920
Authors: Roche Michael 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This paper explores imperial forestry networks by focusing on a single individual, Sir David Hutchins, who spent the final years of his life in New Zealand extolling the need for scientific forest management in the Dominion. Hutchins' career had taken him from India to Southern Africa, to British East Africa and Australia, then finally to New Zealand. In New Zealand he advocated a colonial forestry model derived from his Indian and African experience. Whereas in Africa Hutchins was regarded as a champion of exotic afforestation, in New Zealand he was closely identified with indigenous forest management, further reinforcing Sivaramakrishnan's ideas about how colonial location reshaped the appearance of scientific forestry. Hutchins focused much attention of the Kauri ( Agathis australis ) forests but encountered unexpected opposition and resistance from settler farmers, local politicians, and the local scientific community such as it was.
Dark is the World to Thee: A Historical Perspective on Environmental Forewarnings
Authors: Kwiatowska Teresa , Holland Alan 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Evidence of human impact on the natural world and of environmental degradation has existed from approximately the fifth century B.C. From time to time we find this evidence noted by a variety of sources ranging from the classical through to the medieval period. However, what we like to think of as our modern environmental consciousness was slow to form. We review and offer some analysis both of the evidence and of the responses to it over this period. The overall aim of the paper is to chart and to understand the contingencies of our predecessors' understanding of their environmental predicament, the better to understand and put in context the contingencies of our own understanding.
Toiling in Paradise: Knowledge Acquisition in the Context of Colonial Agriculture in Brazil's Atlantic Forest
Authors: Ribeiro De Oliveira Rogerio , Winiwarter Verena 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Four centuries of colonial extraction lead to severe ecological degradation of the forests and soils of the Atlantic region of Brazil. After an overview of the history of colonial plantation agriculture, we discuss the knowledge developed in this context. Over the course of time, several agricultural manuals were published for or in the colony. Landowners recommended agricultural techniques developed for European temperate climates, but also included their local experience. Indigenous knowledge about cultivation was not suitable for the extractive colonial system and therefore played little role in colonial agriculture. Based on agricultural manuals published in Brazil over a period of more than two centuries, we discuss the management of soil fertility and the relationship between agricultural practices and forest stands. The process of acquisition and distribution of agronomic knowledge by Brazilian authors was slow during the colonial period. The strongest point in common among the authors was their concern with the preservation of forests. Their soil classification systems show clear evidence of indigenous influence. The agricultural manuals have not been studied explicitly as sources for the environmental history of Brazil. Therefore, we studied some of the particular ecological circumstances of their writing. The Atlantic forest does gain substantial nutrients from rainwater, a fact the authors allude to in their recommendations. At least one author developed plant indicators using native species Although written in a colonial context, Brazilian agronomic literature was full of recommendations for a sustainable use of Brazil's biodiversity, and argued against the devastation wrought by colonial exploitation.
Book Reviews
Authors: Benson Etienne , Winchester Angus J.L. , Riley Mark , Fleming James , Barrow, Jr. Mark V. , Collier Peter , Hsiung David , Sen Satadru 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Mark Cioc, The Game of Conservation (Etienne Benson)
Harriet Ritvo, The Dawn of Green (Angus J.L. Winchester)
Sverker Sörlin and Paul Warde, eds., Nature's End (Mark Riley)
Wolfgang Behringer, A Cultural History of Climate (James Fleming)
Kevin C. Armitage, The Nature Study Movement (Mark V. Barrow, Jr.)
Charles E. Closmann, ed., War and the Environment (Peter Collier)
Anthony N. Penna and Conrad Edick Wright, eds., Remaking Boston (David Hsiung)
Anand Pandian, Crooked Stalks (Satadru Sen)
Du bon usage des chefs-d'œuvre : la reproduction et l'exploitation populaire et scolaire des classiques de la peinture universelle au XXe siècle
Authors: Amalvi Christian 
Published: September 2010

Les rapides progrès techniques de la gravure et de la photographie ont permis, au xxe siècle, d’élargir considérablement le public des classiques de l’art. C’est pourtant moins pour des motifs esthétiques que pour des raisons partisanes que les plus belles productions de la peinture et de la sculpture pénètrent, à partir des années 1930, à l’école et au foyer, grâce aux périodiques, aux manuels scolaires et aux livres populaires, notamment le Petit Larousse illustré des familles.
L’objet du présent article est de dresser un inventaire non exhaustif des usages polémiques des reproductions de tableaux les plus célèbres. Trois dossiers sont plus spécialement examinés: le détournement par de talentueux caricaturistes, à des fins politiques, de tableaux universellement connus; la diffusion, dans des ouvrages scolaires et populaires, d’oeuvres artistiques réalisées, au
xixe siècle, pour répondre à une commande relevant explicitement de la propagande idéologique et religieuse; le remploi d’images religieuses, a priori dépourvues de toute intention idéologique explicite, mais qui, accompagnées de commentaires virulents, deviennent des oeuvres de combat politique et religieux. Les classifications évoluent elles aussi et, au fil du temps, certaines icônes changent de statut: longtemps vecteur d’une nostalgie passéiste pour une France rurale en voie de disparition, L’Angélus de Millet, repeint en vert, est ainsi en passe de devenir aujourd’hui le symbole d’une utopie écologiste.
Les abrupts asymétriques du Massif armoricain. 2e série : les abrupts de l'ellipse de Réminiac
Authors: Darte André 
Published: September 2010

In the south eastern center of Brittany, between the Landes de Lanvaux heights and the appalachian region of the middle course of the Vilaine, the ellipse of Reminiac, formed by two synclines of primitive terranes, provides the example of two asymetrical scarps.
The first one is located on the northern flank of the ellipse ; it rises above the stream Oyon, north of which one finds the syncline of Coëtquidan. If the Oyon Valley may, with some evidence, appear as a depressed area of selective erosion, one supplies numerous arguments, both geological and morphological, to retain the assumption of a partially tectonic origin of the relief : the synclines of Coëtquidan and of the Corbinais, situated respectively north and south of the Oyon are southward silted blocks.
Between the two synclines of the ellipse, the course of the stream Vaupayen is situated similary to that of the Oyon. One can show that the southern side of the dissymetrical depression — a gentle northern slope and abrupt southern slopes which il runs through, — is a fault zone.
L'évolution démographique des communes rurales de plus de 2.000 habitants de la région Poitou-Charentes de 1821 à 1962
Authors: Pinard Jacques 
Published: September 2010

Les communes qui ont eu plus de 2.000 habitants dans les 150 dernières années sont suffisamment nombreuses (près de 150) dans la région économique Poitou- Charentes pour que l'on soit tenté de rechercher les conditions de leur évolution démographique récente.
Une première catégorie de communes qui ont périclité, n'a pas su fixer d'activités industrielles qui auraient pu enrayer l'exode rural.
Un second groupe de localités a vu son nombre d'habitants rester slation- naire, même si les chiffres ont quelque peu varié, parce qu'elles possèdent des entreprises industrielles plus ou moins importantes qui ont eu l'avantage de retenir tout un secteur de la population.
Enfin le dernier groupe est celui des communes à fort développement démographique — en dehors des villes et des communes suburbaines où des établissements industriels de plusieurs dizaines d'ouvriers sinon plusieurs centaines occupent un fort secteur secondaire de la population et drainent même les habitants des bourgs voisins.
Des exemples précis illustrent chacune de ces catégories et il ressort de cette étude que ce sont les activités industrielles qui retiennent dans les communes de moyenne importance une grande partie de la population, à côté du secteur tertiaire et qui peuvent constituer un remède à l'exode rural.
Considérations sur les teneurs en carbonates de quelques sources karstiques de Basse-Provence
Authors: Nicod Jean 
Published: September 2010

Les principales sources karstiques se caractérisent par un débit soutenu au cours de l'été. Le stockage dans le karst profond est susceptible de leur fournir de l'eau même au cours des étés les plus secs, et d'assurer ainsi une certaine régulation inter -annuelle (années 1964-1965).
Ces sources se caractérisent par une homothermie remarquable, par une constance de leurs propriétés physiques et chimiques, sauf en période de crue.
Le pH est voisin de 7, et, comme la teneur en carbonates est élevée, ces eaux sont proches de la limite de saturation, qu'elles dépassent en été.
La teneur en COS M g est très élevée dans les sources des régions dolomitiques, et s'accroît au cours de l'été. Elle semble liée aux conditions de la dissolution superficielle. Aux émergences et à proximité, par suite du triple effet, en été, de l'augmentation de la température de l'eau, de son aération, et de l'assimilation chlorophylienne de la végétation aquatique, se forment des tufs par précipitation du CO3 Ca, alors que le CO3 Mg reste en solution dans l'eau sursaturée des rivières.
Les circulations souterraines dans la région d'Orléans et quelques grosses sources existant dans le monde
Authors: Pardé Maurice 
Published: September 2010

The eminent polamologist of the Science Faculty in Grenoble, having noted the divergence between the losses of the Loire at Bouteille and its flow downstream from the junction of the Loiret, recommends gauging and exploration of subterranean sheets of water to explain the origin of these divergences.
He adds to his advice some recent data on the abundant springs in the sandstone of the Congo Region, in the basalt which encloses Snake River and he concludes with an enumeration of heavy flows from depth to surface of the Vauclusian type, specially that of Manavgal in the North-East of the Gulf of Antalya in Anatolia, a flow which atteins 180 m3 per sec. on the average.
Le bourg cantonal, point d'ancrage de la vie rurale urbanisée en Auvergne
Authors: Gachon Lucien 
Published: September 2010

Chacun voit, sait, comprend sans effort que, région par région, la France entre dans l'ère moderne qu'il faut dire agro-industrielle, à partir de ses Centres principaux, de ses grandes villes, et d'abord de son Pôle : pour la Région Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, maintenant District urbain étendu sur 300 km2 et peuplé de 180.000 habitants.
D'où l'objet de celle communication : « le bourg cantonal, lieu d'ancrage de la vie rurale urbanisée ».
Mais, outre les villes préfectures et sous-préfectures, les villes minières, les villes thermales, l'Auvergne dispose aussi pour s'urbaniser et se ruraliser des Centres cantonaux. D'où l'objet de celle communication : « le bourg cantonal, lieu d'ancrage de la vie rurale urbanisée ».
L'évolution récente de la population vendéenne
Authors: Bouhier Abel 
Published: September 2010

L'étude porte sur l'évolution, au cours des deux à trois dernières décennies (1936-1962), de la population totale (définition 1954) des communes constituant le département de la Vendée. Pour chacune des deux périodes 1936-1954 et 1954-1962, deux caries ont été établies, l'une (carte par « plages») des variations en valeur relative, l'autre (carte par cercles et points) des variations en valeur absolue. Ces cartes font ressortir un certain nombre de faits : existence de deux zones d'accroissement, d'une part le littoral, d'autre part l'angle Nord- Est du département ; déplacement, d'une période à l'autre, au sein de chacune de ces zones, du Sud vers le Nord, de la tendance à l'augmentation ; accentuation des croissances urbaines, mais sur un rythme inégal, l'avantage passant des villes du littoral à celles de l'intérieur et, parmi ces dernières, la Roche-sur-Yon étant, en raison de son dynamisme étonnant (+ 5.625 habitants de 1954 à 1962, soit 27 %), mise à pari, des agglomérations d'importance moyenne aux organismes de petite taille (de 2.000 à 5.000 habitants) ; nette accélération, en dehors des zones et des secteurs en progrès, de la dépopulation rurale. Mais aucune distribution préférentielle et aucune différenciation régionale ne peuvent être, dans les manifestations de cette dépopulation rurale, clairement reconnues.
En raison de cette carence, il a semblé nécessaire de rechercher un système de représentation à la fois synthétique et plus précis (recours à deux séries de triangles, une pour chaque période, les triangles se superposant ou s'emboîtant). La carte obtenue prouve qu'abstraction faite des inévitables anomalies et cas particuliers, la dépopulation des campagnes, malgré sa récente et brutale aggravation, continue de se conformer à des impératifs régionaux et qu'elle n'est, par conséquent, ni totalement uniforme ou homogène, ni, à l'inverse, complètement anarchique ou désordonnée. La règle énoncée n'est pas particulière au département de la Vendée. Elle peut être étendue à l'ensemble du Poitou et, d'une façon plus générale, à la plus grande partie du Centre- Ouest.