bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glacial Beds of Cambrian Age in South Australia
Authors: Howchin Walter 
Published: October 2009

1. I
ntroduction
.

In April 1901, the present writer read a ‘Preliminary Note on the Existence of Glacial Beds of Cambrian Age in South Australia,’ before the Royal Society of South Australia. Subsequent investigations have demonstrated the great extent of these beds, both in thickness and in geographical prevalence, and have materially strengthened the evidences of their glacial origin. Publication of these results was delayed until the stratigraphical relationships of the beds in question had become better known. Researches into the geology of the Mount-Lofty and the Flinders Ranges were undertaken for this purpose, with the result that the subject can now be discussed upon definite data.
The beds under review have their southernmost outcrop on the Onkaparinga River, 20 miles south of Adelaide. South of this position they become obscured by the Tertiary sandstones of McLaren Vale, and by a fault of some magnitude in which the higher beds of the Cambrian series are brought into juxtaposition with the lower beds at a divergent strike.
North of the Onkaparinga, the glacial beds are occasionally seen as inliers of the Tertiary sandstones and clays, until the River Sturt is reached, 7 miles south of Adelaide. Here the beds cross the stream obliquely, about 1 mile from the main South Road, and occupy both sides of the valley for a distance of nearly 2 miles up stream. The glacial beds in this locality are determined on their northern side by a dip-fault, which cuts them off.
From this point, northwards, the deep
The Two Earth-Movements of Colonsay
Authors: Wright William Bourke 
Published: October 2009

The field-work which forms the basis of the present communication was carried out by Mr. E. B. Bailey and the Author in the summer of 1907, in the course of the geological survey of the island of Colonsay. The systems of folding displayed here and in the sister isle of Oronsay were found to possess features of more than usual interest, and special attention was given to the subject as far as the rapid nature of the work permitted. The investigation was facilitated by the rocky character of the islands, the surface of which is but little obscured by superficial deposits. A fairly continuous series of observations was thus rendered possible, and although a thorough understanding of the subject was by no means arrived at, yet certain facts came to light which may possibly have an important bearing on the orogenic history of the Highlands. For clearness and convenience of reference the subject will be discussed under the following heads:—

I.
The Stratigraphy and Chief Tectonic Features of the Islands.

II.
The Igneous Rocks.

III.
The Two Earth-Movements.

IV.
The Relation of the Earth-Movements to the Lamprophyres.

V.
The Relation of the Earth-Movements to the Plutonic Masses.

VI.
The Varied Age of the Lamprophyres.

VII.
The Nature of the Second Cleavage.

The sedimentary rocks of supposed Lower Torridon age which form the greater part of Colonsay and Oronsay consist of an alternating
Notes on the River Wey
Authors: Bury Henry 
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
.

That part of the River Wey which lies within the Wealden area may for convenience be divided into six sections; but it is almost entirely with the last three that the present paper is concerned. (See Pl. XXXVI.)
Section I is a consequent river, cutting through the Chalk at Guildford, and is marked on Pl. XXXVI as ‘River Wey (Consequent).’ It is the only portion of the Wey that rises in the Weald Clay, its upper waters being mainly derived from a subsequent river running nearly parallel to the Lower Greensand escarpment.
Section II is a subsequent stream flowing in from the east, parallel with the Chalk escarpment, and joining Section I at Shalford. It is described in Topley's ‘Geology of the Weald’ as the Tillingbourne.
Section III is another subsequent river joining Section I from the west at Broadford. Between Godalming and Broadford its course is north-easterly, but from Tilford to Godalming its general direction is easterly, parallel to the Hog's Back, which lies about 3 miles to the north. This branch, which may for convenience be called the Godalming River, receives several tributaries from the south, some from Hindhead, others from the Lower Greensand ridge between Hindhead and Hascombe. The latter form notches in that ridge, and seem to have been reduced in length by the retreat of the Lower Greensand escarpment before branches of the River Arun, Some unimportant obsequent streams drain the Lower Greensand area to the north, between this river and the Hog's
The Carboniferous Rocks at Loughshinny (County Dublin).
Authors: Matley Charles Alfred 
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
[C.A.M.].

Loughshinny, a tiny fishing-village on the coast of County Dublin, about midway between the larger villages of Rush and Skerries, is well known to Dublin geologists for the fine exposures of contorted strata exhibited in the neighbouring cliffs. These exposures form part of an extensive coast-section of Carboniferous rocks which may be followed, with a few interruptions, for about 5 miles from Rush on the south to Skerries on the north.
A description of the rocks in the southern portion of this coast section, from Rush as far north as a small cove called Brook's End, was given by us in 1905, together with an account of the faunal succession and correlation of the beds. The present paper continues the description northward from Brook's End, and is intended to be read in conjunction with our previous paper. The references given to former literature and maps in that paper apply equally to the ground now to be described.
Before, however, describing in some detail the rocks around Loughshinny, it seems desirable to recapitulate very briefly the sequence of the rocks in the Rush portion of the coast-section. At Rush the lowest beds are a thick mass of dark slates (Rush Slates), with intercalated limestone-bands; they pass up into the Rush Conglomerates, and the latter into a calcareous group (Supra-Conglomerate Limestones and Carlyan Limestones). The ascending succession is as a whole from south to north, and the beds mentioned appeared, from the palæontological evidence available at the time, to
On the Occurrence of Footprints in the Lower Sandstones of the Exeter District.
Authors: Clayden Arthur William 
Published: October 2009

I have long felt, for reasons which need not be detailed here, that the Red Rock Series of the Exeter district was mainly of subaërial origin, the breccias and associated sands having accumulated on a strip of country bounded on the west by high hills carved out of the folded Culm, while a large sheet of water lay to the east. The frequent indications of aqueous deposit would be due to variations in the level of the water such that it occasionally over-spread much of the littoral region, and rearranged and levelled the subaerial accumulations.
Such a district seems to be exactly suited for the preservation of the footprints of any animals which might descend from the hills to wander over the low-lying sandy shores. I have, therefore, repeatedly searched the surfaces of blocks freshly fallen from the cliffs near Exmouth, where the ‘Lower Marls with occasional Sandstones’ reach the coast, and every other section that I could find in which the natural surfaces were laid bare.

Sun-cracks on the surfaces of thin lenticular seams of marl are often to be found, as well as other signs of the s opposed conditions. The upper part of some of the sandstones weathers out in a curious way, leaving an irregular network of concretionary structures, strongly suggestive of a matted network of underground stems, such as those of the sand
Carex
or the recent Equisetaceas. But nothing of undoubtedly organic origin has been found.

Away from the coast suitable exposures are rare.
On some Intrusive Rocks in the Neighbourhood of Eskdale, Cumberland
Authors: Dwerryhouse Arthur Richard 
Published: October 2009

Chief amongst the group of intrusive rocks which it is my purpose to describe is the granite of Eskdale and Wasdale Head, which possesses petrological characters of peculiar theoretical interest; but I shall also deal with certain minor intrusions near the foot of Peers Gill in Upper Wasdale, and with several groups of dykes which have been usually thought to be associated with the Eskdale Granite, but appear to me to have had a separate origin at a period remote from that of the intrusion of the granite.

II.
The
Eskdale
Granite
.

The granite comes to the surface in two exposures. The larger and more southerly of these occupies an extensive tract of country in Eskdale and Mitredale, and extends southwards as far as Beetle Fell, while it reaches to within a mile of the sea in the neighbourhood of Ravenglass.
The smaller outcrop lies in the floor of Upper Wasdale and extends from Down-in-the-Dale, beneath the hotel at Wasdale Head, and up the valley to about half a mile above Burnthwaite Farm. The larger outcrop has a total length of some 12 miles and a breadth of 4 at its widest part, while the smaller mass measures about 1 mile in length by half a mile in breadth, and is roughly elliptical in form.
The rock is mentioned by Clifton Ward in a paper entitled ‘ The Granitic, Granitoid, & Associated Metamorphic Rocks of the Lake District,’ and also in the Geological Survey memoir on the district. In the
The Depth and Succession of the Bovey Deposits (Devon)
Authors: Jukes-Browne Alfred John 
Published: October 2009

The
total thickness of the Tertiary Beds in the Bovey Basin has never yet been ascertained, because no boring has yet reached the bottom of the basin in which they lie; and no one has yet attempted to make out a stratigraphical succession from the sections exposed in the numerous clay-pits.

Some years ago, however, Messrs. Candy & Co., of the Heathfield Potteries, put down a boring which reached a depth of 526 feet from the surface. Having obtained some particulars concerning the beds traversed by this boring, the Author is able to discuss the succession of the Bovey deposits, so far as they hate been explored. The following is a generalized description of the strata seen in the Heathfield pit, and penetrated by the boring from the bottom of that excavation :—
The Author confirms the conclusion arrived at by Pengelly in 1861, with regard to the relative age of the beds exposed in the ‘ old coal-pit’ south-east of Bovey Tracey and those proved in a boring to the east of it. From all the data mentioned, and assuming the actual base of the Tertiary deposits to be not more than 30 feet below the bottom of the Heathfield boring, he estimates the total thickness of the ‘ :Eocene’ beds to be about 613 feet.
The Bovey Basin itself is regarded as a tectonic basin or post-Eocene centrocline, and not as a lake-basin; although, during the deposition of the higher part of the series, it may have formed
On some Reptillian Tracks from the Trias of Runcorn (Chesire)
Authors: Watson D. M. S. 
Published: October 2009

Very little information exists as to the tracks of the smaller reptilia of the Trias, although several types of footprints have been described from isolated examples. Four types of tracks which occur on the slab of sandstone from Weston Point, described in 1840 by Dr. Black, are discussed in this paper. They belong to forms generally included in the Rhynchosauroid types and to the footprint I, Beasley.
Both pes and manus are impressed in three of the cases, the other being so small that it is doubtful whether the manus would have made a recognizable impression if it did touch the ground.
Footprint A 2, Beasley, has a manus very similar to the pes, but showing some traces of the palm.
Footprint A 8, spec. nov., has five toes in the pes connected by a web. The manus is also five-toed, but corresponds to some extent to I, Beasley. There is a well-marked tail-streak in the track.
E, Beasley, which is very similar to I, really has five digits, the fifth being directed backwards and only just touching the ground.
A very small footprint is described as A 9.

It is suggested that some of these prints may quite well belong to such Thecodonts as
Ornithosuchus
.
On the Geology of the Neighbourhood of Seaford (Sussex)
Authors: Elsden James Vincent 
Published: October 2009

The following paper deals with that part of the South Downs which adjoins the coast between Beachy Head and Newhaven. Its primary object was to investigate the variations of the dip and strike of the Chalk strata in that area, with the view of discovering the interpretation of the sudden westerly dip of the Chalk at Seaford Head. Incidentally, the geological features of the surrounding country and their relation to the surface-contours are discussed, and reasons are given for the view that the true eastern extremity of the structural area known as the Hampshire Basin lies within this district. With regard to previous literature on this part of Sussex, the whole question is summed up by Mr. Jukes-Browne in the following statement, published in 1904:—
‘At Newhaven the beds are nearly horizontal, so there must be a quick recovery from the steep inclination which they show in Seafurd Head. Whether they are re-curved or faulted we have no means of knowing.’
The Carboniferous Limestone of County Clare (Ireland)
Authors: Douglas James Archibald 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The work of examining the Carboniferous Limestone of County Clare was undertaken with a view to ascertaining whether the zonal sequence of the fauna, established by Dr. Arthur Vaughan for contemporaneous rocks in the Bristol district, and since proved to hold good for other localities in Great Britain, was also applicable to these beds in the West of Ireland. This district, which forms the western limit of the great limestone-plain of Central Ireland, furnishes one of the most typical examples of a limestone country in the British Isles, and it is strange that it has not attracted more attention from Irish geologists. Although Dr. Wheelton Hind has studied the overlying shales and shown them to be the equivalent of the Pendleside Series, the fauna of the limestone has up to the present remained undescribed.
A brief allusion to the limestone in the extreme south of the county is given in the recent Survey Memoir on the Geology of the Limerick District; but, with the exception of accounts of cave-explorations, there are, so far as I am aware, no papers bearing on the geology of Eastern Clare of more recent date than the original Memoirs published by the Irish Geological Survey in 1860 and 1863.
Mapping, at that time, was executed by sole reference to the lithological characters of the rocks, and little attention seems to have been paid to their fossil contents. The evidence, now adduced by a study of the latter, necessitates very little alteration in the
The Howgill Fells and their Topography
Authors: Marr John Edward , Fearnsides William George 
Published: October 2009

The Howgill Fells form a well-defined geographical unit. They occur as an upland tract of roughly triangular form, the angles being blunted. The northern side of the triangle is defined by the valley in which the village of Ravenstonedale lies. It extends for 8 miles measured in a straight line, in a direction a little north of west, from a point 2 miles south-east of that village to the village of Tebay. This valley was originally watered by the streams of the Lune drainage, although (owing to subsequent diversion) the waters at its eastern end now find their way into the Eden.
At Tebay the main waters of the Lune flow southwards, and this part of the course of the Lune forms the western side of the triangle for a distance of 8 miles to a point a little west of the town of Sedbergh. The trend of this side is about 5° east of south.
The third and longest side is curved, and measured along the straight is about 9 miles long. At the north-eastern end it is defined by the Dent Fault and its parallel fractures as far as Rawthey Bridge, after which it follows the line of the Rawthey to the southern end of the second side immediately west of Sedbergh.
Along these lines a continuous depression separates the Howgill Fells from the adjoining heights on the west, north, and south-east. The bottom of this depression along the major portion of its length is less than 600
Certain Jurassic (‘Inferior Oolite’) Species of Ammonites and Brachiopoda
Authors: Buckman S. S. 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
species described or mentioned in the following pages have a more or less definite connexion with the Jurassic strata of the Dorset coast described in the foregoing paper; but, although this communication is offered as an Appendix to that one, it may perhaps more rightly be regarded as an Appendix to that and the other communications on similar strata mentioned on p. 53.

The Inferior Oolite rocks are so remarkably prolific in species of Mollusca and Molluscoids—there is so great a number of species yet awaiting description—that there seems to be an idea among those who have not studied the rocks in the field, that they receive a kind of preferential treatment in this respect. Another explanation may be suggested—that our judgment as to the time occupied in the forming of the so-called ‘Inferior Oolite’ strata is warped owing to their tenuity—that they represent a time during which destruction of strata was particularly active, therefore the remaining deposits are only the fragmentary representatives of a whole.
This is particularly the case in Dorset. A schoolboy once defined a net as a series of holes strung together, and the Dorset Inferior Oolite might be defined as a series of gaps united by thin bauds of deposit. And one reason for the prolificness of the deposits is that the amount of deposit can be no indication of the amount of time, as shown by the changes in successive faunas; and also that the deposits are so local—the deposits of
The Tremadoc Slates and Associated Rocks of South-East Carnarvonshire
Authors: Fearnsides William George 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
ancient parish of Ynyscynhaiarn lies along the northern shore of Cardigan Bay, at the mouth of the Afon Glaslyn, and forms the south-eastern corner of the county of Carnarvon. The area to be described in the present paper is the country represented upon the 6-inch Ordnance Survey maps of Carnarvonshire, Sheet XXXIV S.E. (Criccieth) and Sheet XXXIV S.W. (Portmadoc), with portions of Sheets XLII N.E. & N.W. and XXXIV N.E. & N.W. to the north and south of these. It includes portions of all four quarter-sheets of Sheet 75 of the 1-inch Geological Survey map.

This area is a rectangular block of some 20 square miles, and includes the townships of Portmadoc and Tremadoc (now united as the Urban District of Ynyscynhaiarn) and the flourishing health-resorts of Borth-y-gest and Criccieth. It is traversed by the Cambrian Railway, between Barmouth and Pwllheli, and is approached either by that railway or by the London and North-Western Railway (through Bangor and Afonwen), or again by the narrow-gauge railway from Ffestiniog.
For its scenery the district has long been famous, and there are few British districts which can show so great a variety of tide-flat, salt-marsh, sea-cliff, sand-dune, park, coppice, meadow, cornland, bog, moor, lake, and mountain, even over an area of many times its size. The bigger hills of the district, rising abruptly almost to 1000 feet above sea-level, occur in the north and east; and while, both geologically and topographically, Tremadoc may he said to lie among the Snowdonian
The Rhætic and Contiguous Deposits of West, MID, & Part of East Somerset
Authors: Richardson Linsdall 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

I
n
Somerset the Rhætic rocks have a greater superficial extent than in any other county. It was anticipated that their investigation would prove of exceptional interest for several reasons: notably because—

(a) It has long been known that the Series attains an unusual thickness in places in this county, while it also frequently assumes a littoral facies when in contact with the Palæozoic rocks that formed land-areas during its time of deposition;

(b) The discovery in the top-portion of the ‘Grey Marls’ of Watchet of
Microlestes
teeth, associated with characteristic Rhætic fossils, has long been an important fact in the discussion as to whether the ‘Grey and Tea-green Marls’ (auctt.) should be classed with the Rhætic or with the Keuper;

(c) The
Pteria-contorta
Shales, with their associated hard beds, have yielded a rich assemblage of invertebrate fossils; and

(d) The White Lias is excellently developed, and its relationship to the Lower Lias can be studied in many sections.
In order, however, that students of the Series should have at their disposal easily-comprehended facts concerning the detailed stratigraphy, as also a knowledge of the position of certain strata bearing well-known names, and the horizons whence many of the well-preserved specimens now housed in our museums came, much detailed work was necessary. The main points that required to be settled were:—

(a) The stratigraphical position of the marls that had yielded the
Microlestes
teeth and other characteristic Rhætic fossils;

(β) The true position of the ‘Wedmore Stone,’ Moore's ‘Flinty Bed,’
Notes on the Culm of South Devon: Part I—Exeter District
Authors: Collins Frederick George 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

S
ome
ten years ago, my friend Mr. C. Davies Sherborn pressed upon me the desirability of making a thorough examination of the Culm Measures of South Devon, and promised every assistance in his power if I would undertake the task. He pointed out that a great part of the area was practically unexplored, and, if systematically worked, might yield results that would fix exactly the position of the beds in the Carboniferous System.

The sequel has shown the soundness of his judgment. But, living on the spot, I knew well the reputation of the beds. To quote some recent writers, Mr. E. A. Newell Arber says:—
From a palaeobotanical standpoint the Culm Measures offer a most unpromising field....; it is nowadays a matter of the greatest difficulty to obtain specimens sufficiently wel. preserved to admit of satisfactory determination.
Principal A. W. Clayden writes:—
They [the Exeter type of Culm Measures] are singularly devoid of recognizable fossils.
Occasional essays of my own at collecting had but confirmed me in a similar opinion. However, I at length undertook a more systematic search for fossils than appears to have hitherto been made. Since then my schoolboy son Oliver and I have spent much of our leisure in patiently searching the Culm rocks of the neighbourhood, and the examination of a definite line of country having now been completed, the time has arrived to publish the results thus far obtained.
The city of Exeter stands almost at the eastern extremity of the