bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of Active Surveillance for Men With Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer
Authors: Cooperberg Matthew R. , Cowan Janet E. , Hilton Joan F. , Reese Adam C. , Zaid Harras B. , Porten Sima P. , Shinohara Katsuto , Meng Maxwell V. , Greene Kirsten L. , Carroll Peter R. 
Published: November 2010

Purpose Active surveillance (AS) is an option for the initial management of early-stage prostate cancer. Current risk stratification schema identify patients with low-risk disease who are presumed to be most suitable for AS. However, some men with higher risk disease also elect AS; outcomes for such men have not been widely reported. Patients and Methods Men managed with AS at University of California, San Francisco, were classified as low- or intermediate-risk based on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Gleason grade, extent of biopsy involvement, and T stage. Clinical and demographic characteristics, and progression in terms of Gleason score, PSA kinetics, and active treatment were compared between men with low- and intermediate-risk tumors. Results Compared to men with low-risk tumors, those with intermediate-risk tumors were older (mean, 64.9 v 62.3 years) with higher mean PSA values (10.9 v 5.1 ng/mL), and more tumor involvement (mean, 20.4% v 15.3% positive biopsy cores; all P < .01). Within 4 years of the first positive biopsy, the clinical risk group did not differ in terms of the proportions experiencing progression-free survival, (low [54%] v intermediate [61%]; log-rank P = .22) or the proportions who underwent active treatment (low [30%] v intermediate [35%]; log-rank P = .88). Among men undergoing surgery, none were node positive and none had biochemical recurrence within 3 years. Conclusion Selected men with intermediate-risk features be appropriate candidates for AS, and are not necessarily more likely to progress. AS for these men may provide an opportunity to further reduce overtreatment of disease that is unlikely to progress to advanced cancer.
Developmental and biomechanical considerations in the provision of wrist orthoses in children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy
Authors: Ho Emily S 
Published: November 2010

Introduction Children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy may have motor deficits in wrist extension that impact optimal hand function. Wrist orthoses are recommended for such impairment to address biomechanical and functional needs. The functional need of the child should be considered within the context of their developmental expectation. Methods A review of the literature pertaining to brachial plexus, wrist joint and injuries, orthotics devices and splints in children was conducted. The databases MEDLINE, AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine) and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) were searched from 1950, 1985 and 1981, respectively, to July 2009 using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) brachial plexus, wrist joint and injuries, orthotics devices and splints under the limits of children aged 0–18 years. Results There is a paucity of literature on the orthotic management for this impairment. Therefore, an evaluation of the literature on development and the biomechanics of the wrist joint is necessary to develop clinical guidelines for the provision of wrist orthoses in children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. An algorithm for providing wrist orthoses in this population is proposed. Discussion A balance between biomechanical risks and functional needs at each developmental stage is needed to optimize hand function in the prescription of wrist orthoses.
Where does evidentiality reside? Notes on (alleged) limiting cases: seem and be like
Authors: Lampert Günther , Lampert Martina 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Standard definitions of evidentiality yield unwanted effects for alleged English evidentials: Some (like seem) do not specify an information source at all, but only schematically refer to it, others (like reporting verbs) are, in light of the envisaged cognitive-functional definition, best examples, yet are supposed to be (partially) excluded because of their non-lexicalized meanings. The present meta-study of conceptualizations of evidentiality, a far from trivial issue which must be settled before any database can be compiled, scrutinizes relevant parameters and applies them to two test cases, seem and ‘mediated’ evidentials, suggesting to conceptualize evidentiality as a multi-dimensional contextu­al category.
What counts as an evidential unit? The case of evidential complex constructions in Italian and Modern Greek
Authors: Pietrandrea Paola , Stathi Katerina 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The evidential meaning traditionally attributed to modal auxiliaries is conveyed in Italian and Greek by complex constructions clustering both modal and aspectual features. The evidential reading of Italian and Greek modal auxiliaries, indeed, is only licenced when the modals take as complements stative, progressive, habitual or resultative subordinates. A feature of aspectual incompleteness of the subordinate is therefore necessary in order to obtain an evidential reading of the auxiliary. This leads us to propose the entire construction combining the auxiliary, the subordinate and the specification of its aspectual values be taken as an entry of the database of evidential units.
On the syntactic status of sentential adverbs and modal particles
Authors: Cruschina Silvio 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This paper sets out a number of reasons for establishing a distinction between sentential (modal) adverbs and modal particles. Adverbs and particles are generally difficult to define as two distinct and independent word classes in terms of unitary criteria and distinctive properties. The traditional role of an adverb is that of modifying a verb or a verb phrase. In reality, adverbs also modify adjectives, sentences, and other adverbs. Particles also serve a sort of ‘modification’ function. Modal particles, for example, take the whole sentence as their object and fit its content to the context of speech. This ‘vague’ similarity, though, should not be interpreted as a motivation for assimilating the two categories, especially when other syntactic properties, such as the sentential position, the distribution, and the sensitivity to sentence types, together with their correlated semantic interpretations, are taken into consideration.
Probiotics and Prebiotics in Pediatrics
Authors: Thomas Dan W. , Greer Frank R. ,   Committee on Nutrition; Section on Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
Published: November 2010

This Clinical Report was reaffirmed March 2021.
This clinical report reviews the currently known health benefits of probiotic and prebiotic products, including those added to commercially available infant formula and other food products for use in children. Probiotics are supplements or foods that contain viable microorganisms that cause alterations of the microflora of the host. Use of probiotics has been shown to be modestly effective in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in (1) treating acute viral gastroenteritis in healthy children; and (2) preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea in healthy children. There is some evidence that probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants (birth weight between 1000 and 1500 g), but more studies are needed. The results of RCTs in which probiotics were used to treat childhood Helicobacter pylori gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic ulcerative colitis, and infantile colic, as well as in preventing childhood atopy, although encouraging, are preliminary and require further confirmation. Probiotics have not been proven to be beneficial in treating or preventing human cancers or in treating children with Crohn disease. There are also safety concerns with the use of probiotics in infants and children who are immunocompromised, chronically debilitated, or seriously ill with indwelling medical devices.
Prebiotics are supplements or foods that contain a nondigestible food ingredient that selectively stimulates the favorable growth and/or activity of indigenous probiotic bacteria. Human milk contains substantial quantities of prebiotics. There is a paucity of RCTs examining prebiotics in children, although there may be some long-term benefit of prebiotics for the prevention of atopic eczema and common infections in healthy infants. Confirmatory well-designed clinical research studies are necessary.
A Simple and Accurate Model for Well Productivity for Hydraulically Fractured Wells
Authors: Friehauf Kyle E. , Suri Ajay , Sharma Mukul M. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
A new model is developed that calculates the productivity of a hydraulically fractured well, including the effect of fracture-face damage caused by fluid leakoff. Results of the new model are compared with three previous models (McGuire and Sikora 1960; Prats 1961; Binder and Raymond 1967). The existing models assume either elliptical or radial flow around the well, with permeability varying azimuthally. Significant differences in the calculated well productivity indicate that earlier assumptions made regarding the flow geometry can lead to significant overestimates of well productivity index (PI). Agreement with the analytical solution of Prats (1961) is achieved for finite-conductivity fractures and no fracture damage. It is shown that the use of either McGuire's model (McGuire and Sikora 1960) or Raymond's model (Binder and Raymond 1967) to estimate improvement in well PI in fractured wells can lead to a significant overestimation of the well PI. The new model provides a useful tool to quickly calculate the productivity of wells that have both a finite-conductivity fracture and damage in the invaded zone. The simple and discrete nature of the model makes it ideal for implementation in spreadsheets and to connect to fracture-performance models.
Cleanup of the damage in the invaded zone depends on the capillary properties of the formation and the drawdown pressure applied across the damaged zone during production. If capillary forces are small and drawdown pressure is high, the water will be recovered, resulting in negligible damage. It is found that the invaded zone will cause significant damage when the permeability of the damaged zone is reduced by more than 90%. For low-permeability, depleted formations where water recovery is poor, the fracturing fluid should be energized with a gas component so that the relative permeability damage to gas inflow can be minimized.
The Effect of Gas on the Injectivity of Particles in Sandstone
Authors: Nguyen Q.P.. P. , Currie Peter K. , Bouzanga P.S.R.. S.R. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Many operations involve the injection of fluids into the formation around a well. In many cases, the fluids contain colloidal particles, either initially present or introduced during the operation through dirt or naturally occurring particles. Therefore, all injection schemes potentially suffer from injectivity decline. This injectivity decline is caused by clogging of the formation by particles, forming an external filter cake on the surface of the formation and blocking the pores inside the formation.
This paper reports on the effects of gas on the injectivity of particles in sandstone. Experiments were performed in which water containing micron-sized particles (hematite) was injected into sandstone cores with or without small gas bubbles (nitrogen) present in the water. The position and amount of particle deposition could be determined both visually and by chemical analysis. It was found that the presence of gas reduces the external filter cake formed on the inlet surface of the core. Also, with gas, the particles penetrate deeper inside the core and more particles pass through the core and are detected in the effluent stream.
The same effects are enhanced when the mixture of gas bubbles and water is replaced by foam. This suggests that the presence of gas/water interfaces has a major influence on the retention of particles in the sandstone. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
The pressure drop across the core when gas or foam is present is initially higher than in an identical test without gas because of relative permeability effects or foam-flow resistance. However, because fewer particles are retained, ultimately the pressure drop is significantly less when gas is present. This effect may be significant in injection operations involving foam and offers ways to mitigate injectivity loss.
Data Assimilation Using the Constrained Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Phale Hemant A. , Oliver Dean S. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
When the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is used for history matching, the resulting updates to reservoir properties sometimes exceed physical bounds, especially when the problem is highly nonlinear. Problems of this type are often encountered during history matching compositional models using the EnKF. In this paper, we illustrate the problem using an example in which the updated molar density of CO2 in some regions is observed to take negative values while molar densities of the remaining components are increased. Standard truncation schemes avoid negative values of molar densities but do not address the problem of increased molar densities of other components. The results can include a spurious increase in reservoir pressure with a subsequent inability to maintain injection. In this paper, we present a method for constrained EnKF (CEnKF), which takes into account the physical constraints on the plausible values of state variables during data assimilation. In the proposed method, inequality constraints are converted to a small number of equality constraints, which are used as virtual observations for calibrating the model parameters within plausible ranges.
The CEnKF method is tested on a 2D compositional model and on a highly heterogeneous three-phase-flow reservoir model. The effect of the constraints on mass conservation is illustrated using a 1D Buckley-Leverett flow example. Results show that the CEnKF technique is able to enforce the nonnegativity constraints on molar densities and the bound constraints on saturations (all phase saturations must be between 0 and 1) and achieve a better estimation of reservoir properties than is obtained using only truncation with the EnKF.
Sour Serviceability of Higher-Strength Coiled Tubing: Final Results
Authors: Padron Tomas 
Published: November 2010

Summary
As early as 1999, the need for industry guidelines regarding the use of coiled tubing (CT) in sour wells was recognized (Luft and Wilde 1999). Small-scale standard National Assocation of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) tests (i.e., proof-ring, C-ring, double-cantilever-beam, and slow-strain-rate tests) have been performed to evaluate the behavior of CT materials in sour environments (Cayard and Kane 1997; McCoy 2005; McCoy and Thomas 2006; Luft 2003). Although these tests evaluate the crack-resistance properties of the material in sour conditions, they do not give data regarding the low-cycle fatigue performance of CT after sour exposure that could be used for CT-string management in real operating conditions.
By 2003, uniaxial low-cycle corrosion fatigue tests of short, full-body CT samples were used to evaluate the sour performance of Grade-70 and -80 materials (Luft 2003). These tests, although they considered fatigue performance, were based on uniaxial reversing loads rather than reversing bending strains, which is what occurs in CT operations. In addition to this, the need for high-strength CT materials (i.e., 90-grade and higher) in sour wells required additional knowledge regarding their sour performance.
By the end of 2004, a joint-industry project (JIP) among ExxonMobil Development Company, Shell Canada Limited, and BJ Services Company was initiated to investigate the serviceability of high-strength CT in sour environments, with the main emphasis on the measurement of low-cycle bending-fatigue life after sour exposure using full-body CT samples. Some of the early results of this project were included in a previous paper (Luft et al. 2007).
The present paper summarizes more than 4 years of laboratory testing aimed at establishing the effect of sour exposure on the low-cycle fatigue life of CT materials. Other aspects related to the possible CT degradation from sour exposure are also included, such as the effect of varying sour-environment severities, performance of anticracking (H2S) inhibitors, effect of prefatigue, butt- and bias- weld performance, and tensile-strength integrity. The results have led to changes in the current operating procedures regarding CT-strings management and CT-material selection criteria for sour service.
Effect of Elasticity During Viscoelastic Polymer Flooding: A Possible Mechanism of Increasing the Sweep Efficiency
Authors: Urbissinova Tolkynay S. , Trivedi Japan , Kuru Ergun 
Published: November 2010

Summary
It has been long believed that the viscoelasticity of polymer solution improves the displacement efficiency in polymer flood operations, but the individual effect of elasticity has not been clearly distilled for a single viscoelastic polymer. In this study, the effect of elasticity of polymer-based fluids on the microscopic sweep efficiency is investigated by injecting two polymer solutions with similar shear viscosity, but significantly different elastic characteristics.
Blends of various grades of polyethylene oxide (PEO) with similar average molecular weight and different molecular weight distribution (MWD) were prepared by dissolving in deionized water. The polymer solutions exhibited identical shear viscosity, but different elasticity. A series of experiments were performed by injecting the polymer solutions through a sandpack saturated with mineral oil. The experiments were performed using a special core holder designed to simulate radial flow. Injection was done through a perforated injection line located at the centre of the cell and fluids were produced through two production lines located at the periphery. The experiments were conducted within a shear rate range of field applications. Because both polymer solutions had similar shear viscosity behaviour, but different elastic properties, it was possible to see the effect of elasticity on the sweep efficiency alone.
Results of the polymer flooding experiments indicated that the sweep efficiency of a polymeric fluid could be effectively improved by adjusting the MWD of the solution at constant shear viscosity and polymer concentration. The polymer solution with higher elasticity exhibited considerably higher resistance to flow through porous media than the one with lower elasticity, resulting in higher sweep efficiency and lower residual oil saturation.
Managing Drilling Vibrations Through BHA Design Optimization
Authors: Bailey J.R.. R. , Remmert S.M.. M. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Significant performance improvement has been achieved by successfully managing drilling vibrations through bottomhole-assembly (BHA) redesign. This effort has resulted in increased footage per day and reduced tool damage. Prior literature has described improvements in operating practices to manage vibrations (Dupriest et al. 2005; Remmert et al. 2007) as a key component of this rate-of-penetration management process. In a parallel work activity, BHA redesign efforts have provided additional performance improvements of approximately 36% in one drilling application. Dynamic modeling of the BHA has identified the key design changes leading to these improvements. The redesigned BHA has lower calculated vibration indices than the standard BHA.
The BHA design evaluation process uses a frequency-domain lateral dynamic model in both predrill forecast and post-drill hindcast modes. BHA lateral vibrations are characterized such that alternative BHA configurations may be developed and compared directly with a proposed baseline assembly. In the hindcast mode, the BHA model can be operated at the recorded weight on bit (WOB) and revolutions per minute (RPM) to generate corresponding model results in time or depth, and these values can be compared with the measured performance data.
In one case study, the redesign of a BHA with downhole motor and roller reamer is described, with corresponding field data for four original BHAs and four redesigned assemblies. In a second application, model and field drilling results for two rotary-steerable assemblies are compared to evaluate the predictive ability of the model in smaller hole size and with different BHA types. Finally, the utility of the model to identify preferred rotary-speed "sweet spots" is demonstrated in a motor BHA operating in larger hole.
Passive Reservoir Heating for Improved Bitumen Recovery
Authors: Cimolai Mauro P. , Solanki S.C. , Edmunds Neil 
Published: November 2010

Summary
A new strategy for heavy oil recovery is identified for layered reservoirs, where hydraulic restrictions or barriers to vertical flow separate adjacent oil-saturated strata. Passive heat conduction from a thermal operation in one layer is used to preheat bitumen in the adjacent strata. Once preheated, the oil properties within the adjacent strata are favourably conditioned to either primary production or the effective in-situ application of solvents. This strategy permits greater thermal efficiency for heat either applied or generated within the reservoir, producing a higher recovery and access to otherwise uneconomic pay intervals.
A key insight in the passive heating assisted recovery method (PHARM) process is that the reservoir is preheated without the introduction of a secondary working fluid for heat transfer. To the exploitation of the secondary zone, this forms something of an ideal situation. In thermal, solvent-assisted or pure solvent applications, a means of heating heavy oils is essential to an economically effective process. Commonly, heat is introduced to the formation directly by means of a preheated working fluid. Working fluids, such as steam or condensing solvents, carry related costs, design restrictions and potential productivity impairment limitations with their application. If heat otherwise lost from an offsetting thermal process, or in-situ heat generated from waste fuel in offsetting strata, can be harnessed, the desired bitumen heating can be achieved independent to the introduction of an in-situ working fluid for heat transfer. Limitations inherent to the cycling of a working fluid for heat transfer are consequently overcome.
As an example, the PHARM strategy can be applied within the bitumen-saturated Grosmont formation, per the geological stratification within Laricina's Saleski project. Here, the Upper Grosmont C and D strata are separated by a regional marlstone, which, in areas forming a vertical hydraulic flow restriction, does not constitute a thermal barrier. Thermal processes in either layer will passively heat the adjacent strata by conduction. The preheated bitumen layer, rather than presenting a process heat loss, can now be more effectively exploited. The inherent advantage permits incremental bitumen volumes to be accessed at a markedly reduced CSOR equivalent. For a steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process, a generic example provided illustrates an overall CSOR reduction from 3.2-2.5 for primary drainage, with potential system CSOR reductions below two with the application of solvents. Solvents further permit access to a significantly lower-permeability reservoir where the host rock below 100 md may be resourced.