bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Random Copolymer Films with Molecular‐Scale Compositional Heterogeneities that Interfere with Protein Adsorption
Authors: Baxamusa Salmaan H. , Gleason Karen K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSmooth surfaces with compositional heterogeneities at a molecular‐length scale are presented with the goal of disrupting surface–protein interactions. These surfaces are synthesized by utilizing photoinitiated chemical vapor deposition (piCVD) to deposit thin films of random copolymers consisting of highly hydrophilic and highly hydrophobic comonomers. Swellability, wettability, and surface roughness could be systematically controlled by tuning the copolymer composition. The surface composition was dynamic, and the surface reconstructed based on the hydration state of the film. Proteins adsorbed to the copolymer films less readily than to either of the respective homopolymers, indicating a synergistic effect resulting from the random copolymer presenting molecular‐scale compositional heterogeneity. These results provide direct evidence that protein adsorption can be disrupted by such surfaces and a simple analytical model suggests that the heterogeneities occur over areas encompassing 4–5 repeat units of the polymer. The synthetic method used to create these films can be used to coat arbitrary geometries, enabling practical utility in a number of applications.
Anatomical Sciences Education vol.2, issue 5, 2009 cover image
Authors: Evans Darrell J. R. , Cuffe Tracy 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA near‐peer (NP) teacher discussing structures of the head and neck region with first‐ and second‐year students in the anatomy laboratory at Brighton and Sussex Medical School. NP teachers are fourth‐year medical students who elect to teach in gross anatomy practical classes delivered to first‐ and second‐year medical students. Evans and Cuffe discuss design, implementation and outcomes of the NP teaching program in the current issue of ASE.
Effect of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of everolimus administered by different routes in rats
Authors: Yokomasu Akira , Yano Ikuko , Sato Eriko , Masuda Satohiro , Katsura Toshiya , Inui Ken‐ichi 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe effect of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of everolimus was investigated in rats. Ten minutes after an intravenous or intraintestinal administration of itraconazole, everolimus was delivered intravenously (0.2 mg/kg) or intraintestinally (0.5 mg/kg). Blood concentrations of everolimus were measured up to 240 min, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Intraintestinally administered itraconazole (20 mg/kg) significantly increased the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) of intraintestinally administered everolimus about 4.5‐fold, but even at 50 mg/kg did not affect theAUCof intravenously administered everolimus. However, intravenously administered itraconazole (50 mg/kg) increased theAUCof both intraintestinally and intravenously administered everolimus approximately 2‐fold. Using a value for hepatic blood flow from the literature (50 ml/min/kg), the apparent intestinal and hepatic extraction of everolimus without itraconazole was calculated as about 80% and 13%, respectively. Intraintestinally administered itraconazole (20 mg/kg) changed the apparent intestinal extraction by 0.26‐fold from 0.829 to 0.215, but the hepatic availability of everolimus was almost unchanged after the intravenous or intraintestinal administration of itraconazole even at a dose of 50 mg/kg from 0.871 to 0.923 or 0.867, respectively. In conclusion, intraintestinally administered itraconazole dramatically increased theAUCof everolimus delivered intraintestinally by inhibiting the intestinal first‐pass extraction of this drug. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cancer‐associated neochromosomes: a novel mechanism of oncogenesis
Authors: Garsed Dale W. , Holloway Andrew J. , Thomas David M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMalignant tumours are often characterised by significant rearrangement of the genome. This may be visible in the form of a deranged karyotype with both loss and gain of DNA sequences extending from chromosomal regions to whole chromosomes. In several tumour types, however, gross genomic derangements are minimal, and tumour cells contain one or more additional (supernumerary) chromosomes that may be unrecognisable in terms of a single origin. In this review we term such chromosomes cancer‐associated neochromosomes (CaNCs). In the absence of other identified genomic abnormalities, and because the CaNC is a common feature of the cancer type, it is hypothesised that the genetic alterations required for cell transformation are contained within its structure. In this review, we discuss the potential impact of modern genomic technologies on our understanding of the nature and causes of CaNC formation, which is central to several cancer types, exemplified here by well‐differentiated liposarcoma.
Catalytic antibodies: balancing between Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
Authors: Belogurov Alexey , Kozyr Arina , Ponomarenko Natalia , Gabibov Alexander 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe immunoglobulin molecule is a perfect template for the de novo generation of biocatalytic functions. Catalytic antibodies, or abzymes, obtained by the structural mimicking of enzyme active sites have been shown to catalyze numerous chemical reactions. Natural enzyme analogs for some of these reactions have not yet been found or possibly do not exist at all. Nowadays, the dramatic breakthrough in antibody engineering and expression technologies has promoted a considerable expansion of immunoglobulin's medical applications and is offering abzymes a unique chance to become a promising source of high‐precision “catalytic vaccines.” At the same time, the discovery of natural abzymes on the background of autoimmune disease revealed their beneficial and pathogenic roles in the disease progression. Thus, the conflicting Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde protective and destructive essences of catalytic antibodies should be carefully considered in the development of therapeutic abzyme applications.
Circadian and solar clocks interact in seasonal flowering
Authors: Yeang Hoong‐Yeet 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe plant maintains a 24‐h circadian cycle that controls the sequential activation of many physiological and developmental functions. There is empirical evidence suggesting that two types of circadian rhythms exist. Some plant rhythms appear to be set by the light transition at dawn, and are calibrated to circadian (zeitgeber) time, which is measured from sunrise. Other rhythms are set by both dawn and dusk, and are calibrated to solar time that is measured from mid‐day. Rhythms on circadian timing shift seasonally in tandem with the timing of dawn that occurs earlier in summer and later in winter. On the other hand, rhythms set to solar time are maintained independently of the season, the timing of noon being constant year‐round. Various rhythms that run in‐phase and out‐of‐phase with one another seasonally may provide a means to time and induce seasonal events such as flowering.
The granulin gene family: from cancer to dementia
Authors: Bateman Andrew , Bennett Hugh P. J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe growth factor progranulin (PGRN) regulates cell division, survival, and migration. PGRN is an extracellular glycoprotein bearing multiple copies of the cysteine‐rich granulin motif. With PGRN family members in plants and slime mold, it represents one of the most ancient of the extracellular regulatory proteins still extant in modern animals. PRGN has multiple biological roles. It contributes to the regulation of early embryogenesis, to adult tissue repair and inflammation. Elevated PGRN levels often occur in cancers, and PGRN immunotherapy inhibits the growth of hepatic cancer xenografts in mice. Recent studies have demonstrated roles for PGRN in neurobiology. An autosomal dominant mutation in GRN, the gene for PGRN, leads to neuronal atrophy in the frontal and temporal lobes, resulting in the disease frontotemporal lobar dementia. In this review we will discuss current knowledge of the multifaceted biology of PGRN.
Development and validation of a rapid and sensitive HPLC method for the quantification of 5‐fluorocytosine and its metabolites
Authors: Serve Kinta M. , Yáñez Jaime A. , Remsberg Connie M. , Davies Neal M. , Black Margaret E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTo study the intracellular metabolism of the prodrug 5‐fluorocytosine (5FC), we developed a novel reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography method to simultaneously detect 5FC and its four major anabolic metabolites: 5‐fluorouracil, 5‐fluorouridine, 5‐fluorouridine‐monophosphate and 5‐fluoro‐2′deoxyuridine‐5′‐monophosphate. Separation of each compound was accomplished under isocratic conditions using a C18 column and mobile phase of formic acid–water (1 : 99 v/v). The method was validated for both accuracy and reproducibility in cell culture media. Additionally, metabolites were assessed for stability at ambient temperatures and following freeze–thaw cycles. Calibration curves were linear over a range of 1–200 μg/mL. Limit of quantification for four of the five compounds was 1 μg/mL in cell culture media (RSD < 11%). This method was successfully used to monitor intracellular conversion of 5FC to its metabolic products over a 24h period. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐line concentration by field‐enhanced sample injection with reverse migrating micelles in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography for the analysis of coumarins from traditional Chinese medicine and human serum
Authors: Jiang Ting‐Fu , Lv Zhi‐Hua , Wang Yuan‐Hong , Yue Mei‐E 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this work, a simple, reproducible and sensitive micellar electrokinetic chromatography method was developed for the separation and determination of three coumarins, imperatorin (IM), isoimperatorin (IO) and osthole (OS) from traditional Chinese medicine and human serum. Field‐enhanced sample injection with reverse migrating micelles was used for on‐line concentration of the coumarins. The optimum buffer contained 50 mM H3PO4, 160 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, 20% acetonitrile and 15% 2‐propanol, and the pH of buffer was 2.0. The sample solution was diluted with water containing 5 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and injected for 15 s with −8 kV after injection of 2 s water plug. The effects of concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate and organic modifier, the sample matrix, the injection time of water plug, the injection voltage and injection time of sample on the separation and stacking efficiency were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the analytes were well separated and by optimizing the stacking conditions, about 93, 195 and 136 fold improvement in the detection sensitivity was obtained for IM, IO and OS. The contents of three coumarins in Angelica dahurica Benth, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis and Fructus Cnidii were successfully determined with satisfactory repeatability and recovery. The possibilities of using this method for the determination of three coumarins in spiked human serum were also tested. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic cultivation of human mesenchymal stem cells in a rotating bed bioreactor system based on the Z®RP platform
Authors: Diederichs Solvig , Röker Stefanie , Marten Dana , Peterbauer Anja , Scheper Thomas , van Griensven Martijn , Kasper Cornelia 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBecause the regeneration of large bone defects is limited by quantitative restrictions and risks of infections, the development of bioartificial bone substitutes is of great importance. To obtain a three‐dimensional functional tissue‐like graft, static cultivation is inexpedient due to limitations in cell density, nutrition and oxygen support. Dynamic cultivation in a bioreactor system can overcome these restrictions and furthermore provide the possibility to control the environment with regard to pH, oxygen content, and temperature. In this study, a three‐dimensional bone construct was engineered by the use of dynamic bioreactor technology. Human adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells were cultivated on a macroporous zirconium dioxide based ceramic disc called Sponceram®. Furthermore, hydroxyapatite coated Sponceram® was used. The cells were cultivated under dynamic conditions and compared with statically cultivated cells. The differentiation into osteoblasts was initiated by osteogenic supplements. Cellular proliferation during static and dynamic cultivation was compared measuring glucose and lactate concentration. The differentiation process was analysed determining AP‐expression and using different specific staining methods. Our results demonstrate much higher proliferation rates during dynamic conditions in the bioreactor system compared to static cultivation measured by glucose consumption and lactate production. Cell densities on the scaffolds indicated higher proliferation on native Sponceram® compared to hydroxyapatite coated Sponceram®. With this study, we present an excellent method to enhance cellular proliferation and bone lineage specific growth of tissue like structures comprising fibrous (collagen) and globular (mineral) extracellular components. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Superior outcome with hypomethylating therapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and high‐risk myelodysplastic syndrome and chromosome 5 and 7 abnormalities
Authors: Ravandi Farhad , Issa Jean‐Pierre , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , O'Brien Susan , Pierce Sherry , Shan Jianqin , Borthakur Gautam , Verstovsek Srdan , Faderl Stefan , Cortes Jorge , Kantarjian Hagop 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Outcome of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and high‐risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with chromosome 5 and 7 abnormalities (excluding del 5[q]) has been poor, with <10% of patients alive at 2 years.METHODS:The authors investigated whether treatment with hypomethylating agents (5‐azacytidine/decitabine) leads to an improved outcome. Between January 2004 and December 2007, 81 patients (37 [46%] with AML [≥20% blasts]; 44 [54%] with high‐risk MDS) with chromosome 5 and 7 abnormalities were treated with hypomethylating agents as their initial therapy. These included 68 patients with complex (≥3) abnormalities and 13 with <3 aberrations. During the same period, 151 patients (126 with AML, 25 with MDS) with chromosome 5 and 7 abnormalities (128 complex, 23 noncomplex) were treated with intensive chemotherapy (including cytarabine‐based regimens in 72% and other regimes in 28%).RESULTS:The median ages for the 2 groups were 66 years and 61 years, respectively (ranges, 37‐85 years and 19‐89 years). Thirty‐three (41%) patients in the hypomethylating group achieved complete remission (CR) versus 53 (35%) in the chemotherapy group (P = .395). With a median follow‐up of 51 weeks (range, 12‐101 weeks) and 40 weeks (range, 5–128 weeks), 22 of 33 patients in the hypomethylating group and 33 of 53 patients in the chemotherapy group had developed disease recurrence. The median CR duration was 45 weeks and 23 weeks, respectively (P = .153). The overall survival was superior for the hypomethylating group compared with the chemotherapy group (P = .019).CONCLUSIONS:Treatment with hypomethylating agents may be superior to chemotherapy in patients with chromosome 5 and 7 abnormalities. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Selective projection patterns from subtypes of retinal ganglion cells to tectum and pretectum: Distribution and relation to behavior
Authors: Jones Marcus Robert , Grillner Sten , Robertson Brita 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAn important issue to understand is how visual information can influence the motor system and affect behavior. Using the lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) as an experimental model we examined the morphological subtypes of retinal ganglion cells and their projection pattern to the tectum, which controls eye, head, and body movements, and to the pretectum, which mediates both visual escape responses and the dorsal light response. We identified six distinct morphological types of retinal ganglion cell. Four of these distribute their dendrites in the inner plexiform layer (image forming layer) and project in a retinotopic manner to all areas of the tectum. The posterior part of the retina has the highest density of ganglion cells and projects to the rostral part of the tectum, in which the visual field in front of the lamprey will be represented. From this area both orienting and evasive behaviors can be elicited. In contrast, pretectum receives input from two ganglion cells types that send their dendrites only to the outer plexiform layer or the outer limiting membrane and therefore may directly contact photoreceptors, and transmit information without additional delay to pretectum, which may be particularly important for visual escape responses. One of these two types, the bipolar ganglion cell, is only found in a small patch of retina just ventral of the optic nerve. Due to its distribution, morphology, and projections we suggest that this cell may control the dorsal light response. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:257–275, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and properties of nanocomposites prepared from ball milled 6061aluminium alloy with ZrO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Dutkiewicz J. , Lityńska L. , Maziarz W. , Haberko K. , Pyda W. , Kanciruk A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBall milling of 6061 aluminum alloy and nanocrystalline ZrO2 powder allowed to obtain homogeneous mixture of nanocrystalline aluminum solid solution of grain size near 50 nm and ZrO2 particles. The ZrO2 particles are partially transformed after milling from tetragonal to the monoclinic crystal structure. After hot pressing in vacuum at temperature of 380 °C bulk nanocomposites were obtained of porosity below 1% consisting of aluminum solid solution of the average grain size near 80 nm and nano‐size ZrO2 particles. Partial recrystallization occurred after hot pressing particularly near particles boundaries, where elongated recrystallized grains free from ZrO2 nanoparticles of thickness near 1 μm and length of a few μm were identified. Estimated fraction of recrystallized grains was below 10%. The compression strength approaching 1000 MPa was obtained in composites containing 20% ZrO2 nanoparticles, what is more than reported for ultra and nano‐grain 6XXX aluminum alloys. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and optical homogeneity investigations of Fe and Fe:Mn codoped LiNbO3 crystals
Authors: Kar S. , Verma Sunil , Khan M. S. , Bartwal K. S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystals doped with Fe and Fe:Mn were grown by Czochralski technique. The doping concentrations of Fe and Mn were optimized. Transmission studies reveal broad absorption band centered at 488 nm. The UV cutoff observed for Fe doped LiNbO3 is 358 nm whereas for Fe:Mn codoped LiNbO3 is 352 nm. This decrease in UV cutoff for Fe and Mn codoped LiNbO3 compared to only Fe doped LiNbO3 is due to the increase in Li/Nb ratio. Optical homogeneity was assessed using conoscopy and birefringence interferometry. Dark and photo conductivity measurements prove that LiNbO3 is a negative photo conducting material. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inflammatory events as detected in cervical smears and squamous intraepithelial lesions
Authors: Roeters Anne M. E. , Boon Mathilde E. , van Haaften Maarten , Vernooij F. , Bontekoe Tj. Romke , Heintz A. Peter M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Dutch cytological coding system, KOPAC, enables to code for eight inflammatory events, that is koilocytosis (related to human papillomavirus (HPV)), Trichomonas, dysbacteriosis [related to bacterial vaginosis (BV)], Candida, Gardnerella, Actinomyces, Chlamydia, and non‐specific inflammation (leucocytosis). This study presents an analysis of 1,008,879 smears. Of each smear, the age of the woman and the reason for smear taking (screening or indication) was available. The cytoscores (per mille) for these codes were calculated. For the screening smears, the cytoscores were for koilocytosis (HPV) 2.6, for Trichomonas vaginalis 1.9, for dysbacteriosis 31.4, for Candida albicans 9.8, for Gardnerella vaginalis 0.7, for Actinomyces 6.9, for Chlamydia 0.8, and for non‐specific inflammatory changes 66.4. For the calculation of the Odds Ratio (OR), normal smears were used as a reference. The cytoscores for Chlamydia and Gardnerella covaried with high grade SIL (HSIL), with an OR of 7 and 12, respectively. In addition, the OR for Trichomonas vaginalis, for dysbacteriosis, and for leucocytosis proved to be significantly high in the indication smears. This study provides an oversight of HSIL and the full range of cervical infections as detected by cytology, proving that this infectious byproduct of screening can be very valuable. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration of primary osseous lesions: A cost effectiveness study
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Dodd Leslie G. , Hirschowitz Sharon , Crabtree Susie Newman 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is not widely used in the work‐up of osseous lesions because of concerns regarding its high incidence of nondiagnostic specimens. Although several studies have shown that FNA is less expensive than surgical biopsy, the authors are aware of only one prior study evaluating the cost effectiveness of FNA, which includes the cost of incisional or core needle biopsies necessary to establish a diagnosis when the initial FNA was noncontributory. A computerized search of the pathology records of three medical centers was performed to obtain all FNAs of primary osseous lesions. For each FNA case, all subsequent core needle, incisional or excisional biopsies were recorded as was the result of the definitive operative procedure. The cost of obtaining the definitive diagnosis was calculated for each case including the cost of FNA, imaging guidance utilized, and cost of subsequent surgical biopsy when necessary. The cost of an alternate approach using only surgical biopsy was calculated. The average per patient costs of these two protocols were compared.A total of 165 primary bone tumors underwent FNA. One hundred six of these yielded a definitive cytologic diagnosis. In 59 cases, FNA yielded a result insufficient for definitive therapy necessitating surgical biopsy. FNA investigation of the 165 bone lesions cost 575,932 (average of 3,490 per patient). Surgical biopsy alone would have cost 5,760 per patient. FNA resulted in a cost savings of 2,215 per patient. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010 © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.