bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The natural course of social anxiety disorder among adolescents and young adults
Authors: Beesdo‐Baum K. , Knappe S. , Fehm L. , Höfler M. , Lieb R. , Hofmann S. G. , Wittchen H.‐U. 
Published: May 2012

Beesdo‐Baum K, Knappe S, Fehm L, Höfler M, Lieb R, Hofmann SG, Wittchen H‐U. The natural course of social anxiety disorder among adolescents and young adults.Objective:  To examine the natural course of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in the community and to explore predictors for adverse long‐term outcomes.Method:  A community sample of N = 3021 subjects aged 14–24 was followed‐up over 10 years using the DSM‐IV/M‐CIDI. Persistence of SAD is based on a composite score reflecting the proportion of years affected since onset. Diagnostic stability is the proportion of SAD subjects still affected at follow‐up.Results:  SAD reveals considerable persistence with more than half of the years observed since onset spent with symptoms. 56.7% of SAD cases revealed stability with at least symptomatic expressions at follow‐up; 15.5% met SAD threshold criteria again. 15.1% were completely remitted (no SAD symptoms and no other mental disorders during follow‐up). Several clinical features (early onset, generalized subtype, more anxiety cognitions, severe avoidance and impairment, co‐occurring panic) and vulnerability characteristics (parental SAD and depression, behavioural inhibition, harm avoidance) predicted higher SAD persistence and – less impressively – diagnostic stability.Conclusion:  A persistent course with a considerable degree of fluctuations in symptom severity is characteristic for SAD. Both consistently meeting full threshold diagnostic criteria and complete remissions are rare. Vulnerability and clinical severity indicators predict poor prognosis and might be helpful markers for intervention needs.
Inflammasome Activation of IL‐1 Family Mediators in Response to Cutaneous Photodamage†
Authors: Nasti Tahseen H. , Timares Laura 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAlthough keratinocytes are relatively resistant to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induced damage, repeated UVR exposure result in accumulated DNA mutations that can lead to epidermal malignancies. Keratinocytes play a central role in elaborating innate responses that lead to inflammation and influence the generation of adaptive immune responses in skin. Apart from the minor cellular constituents of the epidermis, specifically Langerhans cells and melanocytes, keratinocytes are the major source of cytokines. UVR exposure stimulates keratinocytes to secrete abundant pro‐inflammatory IL‐1‐family proteins, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐18, and IL‐33. Normal skin contains only low levels of inactive precursor forms of IL‐1β and IL‐18, which require caspase 1‐mediated proteolysis for their maturation and secretion. However, caspase‐1 activation is not constitutive, but dependents on the UV‐induced formation of an active inflammasome complex. IL‐1 family cytokines can induce a secondary cascade of mediators and cytokines from keratinocytes and other cells resulting in wide range of innate processes including infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes, induction of immunosuppression, DNA repair or apoptosis. Thus, the ability of keratinocytes to produce a wide repertoire of proinflammatory cytokines can influence the immune response locally as well as systematically, and alter the host response to photodamaged cells. We will highlight differential roles played by each IL‐1 family molecule generated by UV‐damaged keratinocytes, and reveal their complementary influences in modulating acute inflammatory and immunological events that follow cutaneous UV exposure.
Factors contributing to carbon fluxes from bioenergy harvests in theU.S. Northeast: an analysis using field data
Authors: Mika Anna M. , Keeton William S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWith growing interest in wood bioenergy there is uncertainty over greenhouse gas emissions associated with offsetting fossil fuels. Although quantifying postharvest carbon (C) fluxes will require accurate data, relatively few studies have evaluated these using field data from actual bioenergy harvests. We assessedCreductions and net fluxes immediately postharvest from whole‐tree harvests (WTH), bioenergy harvests withoutWTH, and nonbioenergy harvests at 35 sites across the northeasternUnitedStates. We compared the aboveground forestCin harvested with paired unharvested sites, and analyzed theCtransferred to wood products andCemissions from energy generation from harvested sites, including indirect emissions from harvesting, transporting, and processing. All harvests reduced live treeC; however, only bioenergy harvests usingWTHsignificantly reducedCstored in snags (P < 0.01). On average,WTHsites also decreased downed coarse woody debrisCwhile the other harvest types showed increases, although these results were not statistically significant. Bioenergy harvests usingWTHgenerated fewer wood products and resulted in more emissions released from bioenergy than the other two types of harvests, which resulted in a greater net flux ofC(P < 0.01). AClassification andRegressionTree analysis determined that it was not the type of harvest or amount of bioenergy generated, but rather the type of skidding machinery and specifics of silvicultural treatment that had the largest impact on netCflux. Although additional research is needed to determine the impact of bioenergy harvesting over multiple rotations and at landscape scales, we conclude that operational factors often associated withWTHmay result in an overall intensification ofCfluxes. The intensification of bioenergy harvests, and subsequentCemissions, that result from these operational factors could be reduced if operators select smaller equipment and leave a portion of tree tops on site.
Mitochondrial function in human skeletal muscle following high‐altitude exposure
Authors: Jacobs Robert A. , Boushel Robert , Wright‐Paradis Cynthia , Calbet Jose A. L. , Robach Paul , Gnaiger Erich , Lundby Carsten 
Published: May 2012

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?Are the enzymatic alterations in human skeletal muscle observed following 9–11 days of exposure to high altitude reflected in mitochondrial function?
What is the main finding and its importance?The main findings of this study are that the capacity fat oxidation, individualized respiration capacity through mitochondrial complex I and II, and electron coupling efficiency are not greatly affected by 9–11 days of exposure to high altitude. The importance of this data is that high altitude exposure failed to affect integrated measures of mitochondrial functional capacity in skeletal muscle despite significant decrements to enzyme concentrations involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Studies regarding mitochondrial modifications in human skeletal muscle following acclimatization to high altitude are conflicting, and these inconsistencies may be due to the prevalence of representing mitochondrial function through static and isolated measurements of specific mitochondrial characteristics. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate mitochondrial function in response to high‐altitude acclimatization through measurements of respiratory control in the vastus lateralis muscle. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from 10 lowland natives prior to and again after a total of 9–11 days of exposure to 4559 m. High‐resolution respirometry was performed on the muscle samples to compare respiratory chain function and respiratory capacities. Respirometric analysis revealed that mitochondrial function was largely unaffected, because high‐altitude exposure did not affect the capacity for fat oxidation or individualized respiration capacity through either complex I or complex II. Respiratory chain function remained unaltered, because neither coupling nor respiratory control changed in response to hypoxic exposure. High‐altitude acclimatization did, however, show a tendency (P= 0.059) to limit mass‐specific maximal oxidative phosphorylation capacity. These data suggest that 9–11 days of exposure to high altitude do not markedly modify integrated measures of mitochondrial functional capacity in skeletal muscle despite significant decrements in the concentrations of enzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Cofermentation of Glucose, Xylose, and Cellobiose by the Beetle-Associated Yeast Spathaspora passalidarum
Authors: Long Tanya M. , Su Yi-Kai , Headman Jennifer , Higbee Alan , Willis Laura B. , Jeffries Thomas W. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTFermentation of cellulosic and hemicellulosic sugars from biomass could resolve food-versus-fuel conflicts inherent in the bioconversion of grains. However, the inability to coferment glucose and xylose is a major challenge to the economical use of lignocellulose as a feedstock. Simultaneous cofermentation of glucose, xylose, and cellobiose is problematic for most microbes because glucose represses utilization of the other saccharides. Surprisingly, the ascomycetous, beetle-associated yeastSpathaspora passalidarum, which ferments xylose and cellobiose natively, can also coferment these two sugars in the presence of 30 g/liter glucose.S. passalidarumsimultaneously assimilates glucose and xylose aerobically, it simultaneously coferments glucose, cellobiose, and xylose with an ethanol yield of 0.42 g/g, and it has a specific ethanol production rate on xylose more than 3 times that of the corresponding rate on glucose. Moreover, an adapted strain ofS. passalidarumproduced 39 g/liter ethanol with a yield of 0.37 g/g sugars from a hardwood hydrolysate. Metabolome analysis ofS. passalidarumbefore onset and during the fermentations of glucose and xylose showed that the flux of glycolytic intermediates is significantly higher on xylose than on glucose. The high affinity of its xylose reductase activities for NADH and xylose combined with allosteric activation of glycolysis probably accounts in part for its unusual capacities. These features makeS. passalidarumvery attractive for studying regulatory mechanisms enabling bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials by yeasts.
Discovery of a
trans
-Dichloroethene-Respiring Dehalogenimonas Species in the 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane-Dechlorinating WBC-2 Consortium
Authors: Manchester Marie J. , Hug Laura A. , Zarek Matt , Zila Anna , Edwards Elizabeth A. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

The WBC-2 consortium is an organohalide-respiring anaerobic microbial enrichment culture capable of dechlorinating 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TeCA) to ethene. In the WBC-2 culture, TeCA is first transformed to
trans
-dichloroethene (tDCE) by dichloroelimination; tDCE is subsequently transformed to vinyl chloride (VC) and then to ethene by hydrogenolysis. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from culture DNA revealed sequences from three putative dechlorinating organisms belonging to
Dehalococcoides
,
Dehalobacter
, and
Dehalogenimonas
genera. Quantitative PCR primers were designed for each of these sequences, and their abundance was quantified in enrichment cultures over time. These data revealed that complete dechlorination of TeCA to ethene involves all three organisms.
Dehalobacter
spp. grew during the dihaloelimination of TeCA to tDCE, while
Dehalococcoides
and
Dehalogenimonas
spp. grew during hydrogenolysis of tDCE to ethene. This is the first time a genus other than
Dehalococcoides
has been implicated in dechlorination of tDCE to VC.
Ciliates Expel Environmental Legionella-Laden Pellets To Stockpile Food
Authors: Hojo Fuhito , Sato Daisuke , Matsuo Junji , Miyake Masaki , Nakamura Shinji , Kunichika Miyuki , Hayashi Yasuhiro , Yoshida Mitsutaka , Takahashi Kaori , Takemura Hiromu , Kamiya Shigeru , Yamaguchi Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

When
Tetrahymena
ciliates are cultured with
Legionella pneumophila
, the ciliates expel bacteria packaged in free spherical pellets. Why the ciliates expel these pellets remains unclear. Hence, we determined the optimal conditions for pellet expulsion and assessed whether pellet expulsion contributes to the maintenance of growth and the survival of ciliates. When incubated with environmental
L. pneumophila
, the ciliates expelled the pellets maximally at 2 days after infection. Heat-killed bacteria failed to produce pellets from ciliates, and there was no obvious difference in pellet production among the ciliates or bacterial strains. Morphological studies assessing lipid accumulation showed that pellets contained tightly packed bacteria with rapid lipid accumulation and were composed of the layers of membranes; bacterial culturability in the pellets rapidly decreased, in contrast to what was seen in ciliate-free culture, although the bacteria maintained membrane integrity in the pellets. Furthermore, ciliates newly cultured with pellets were maintained and grew vigorously compared with those without pellets. In contrast, a human
L. pneumophila
isolate killed ciliates 7 days postinfection in a Dot/Icm-dependent manner, and pellets harboring this strain did not support ciliate growth. Also, pellets harboring the human isolate were resuscitated by coculturing with amoebae, depending on Dot/Icm expression. Thus, while ciliates expel pellet-packaged environmental
L. pneumophila
for stockpiling food, the pellets packaging the human isolate are harmful to ciliate survival, which may be of clinical significance.
Proteomic Analysis of Bacillus thuringiensis at Different Growth Phases by Using an Automated Online Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Strategy
Authors: Huang Shaoya , Ding Xuezhi , Sun Yunjun , Yang Qi , Xiao Xiuqing , Cao Zhenping , Xia Liqiu 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe proteome of a newBacillus thuringiensissubsp.kurstakistrain, 4.0718, from the middle vegetative (T1), early sporulation (T2), and late sporulation (T3) phases was analyzed using an integrated liquid chromatography (LC)-based protein identification system. The system comprised two-dimensional (2D) LC coupled with nanoscale electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) on a high-resolution hybrid mass spectrometer with an automated data analysis system. After deletion of redundant proteins from the different batches andB. thuringiensissubspecies, 918, 703, and 778 proteins were identified in the respective three phases. Their molecular masses ranged from 4.6 Da to 477.4 Da, and their isoelectric points ranged from 4.01 to 11.84. Function clustering revealed that most of the proteins in the three phases were functional metabolic proteins, followed by proteins participating in cell processes. Small molecular and macromolecular metabolic proteins were further classified according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome and BioCyc metabolic pathway database. Three protoxins (Cry2Aa, Cry1Aa, and Cry1Ac) as well as a series of potential intracellular active factors were detected. Many significant proteins related to spore and crystal formation, including sporulation proteins, help proteins, chaperones, and so on, were identified. The expression patterns of two identified proteins, CotJc and glutamine synthetase, were validated by Western blot analysis, which further confirmed the MS results. This study is the first to use shotgun technology to research the proteome ofB. thuringiensis. Valuable experimental data are provided regarding the methodology of analyzing theB. thuringiensisproteome (which can be used to produce insecticidal crystal proteins) and have been added to the related protein database.
High-Pressure Inactivation of Human Norovirus Virus-Like Particles Provides Evidence that the Capsid of Human Norovirus Is Highly Pressure Resistant
Authors: Lou Fangfei , Huang Pengwei , Neetoo Hudaa , Gurtler Joshua B. , Niemira Brendan A. , Chen Haiqiang , Jiang Xi , Li Jianrong 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis epidemics worldwide. High-pressure processing (HPP) has been considered a promising nonthermal processing technology to inactivate food- and waterborne viral pathogens. Due to the lack of an effective cell culture method for human NoV, the effectiveness of HPP in inactivating human NoV remains poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of HPP in disrupting the capsid of human NoV based on the structural and functional integrity of virus-like particles (VLPs) and histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) receptor binding assays. We found that pressurization at 500 to 600 MPa for 2 min, a pressure level that completely inactivates murine norovirus and feline calicivirus, was not sufficient to disrupt the structure and function of human NoV VLPs, even with a holding time of 60 min. Degradation of VLPs increased commensurate with increasing pressure levels more than increasing time. The times required for complete disruption of human NoV VLPs at 700, 800, and 900 MPa were 45, 15, and 2 min, respectively. Human NoV VLPs were more resistant to HPP in their ability to bind type A than type B and O HBGAs. Additionally, the 23-nm VLPs appeared to be much more stable than the 38-nm VLPs. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the human NoV capsid is highly resistant to HPP. While human NoV VLPs may not be fully representative of viable human NoV, destruction of the VLP capsid is highly suggestive of a typical response for viable human NoV.
Oral Spirochetes Implicated in Dental Diseases Are Widespread in Normal Human Subjects and Carry Extremely Diverse Integron Gene Cassettes
Authors: Wu Yu-Wei , Rho Mina , Doak Thomas G. , Ye Yuzhen 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

The NIH Human Microbiome Project (HMP) has produced several hundred metagenomic data sets, allowing studies of the many functional elements in human-associated microbial communities. Here, we survey the distribution of oral spirochetes implicated in dental diseases in normal human individuals, using recombination sites associated with the chromosomal integron in
Treponema
genomes, taking advantage of the multiple copies of the integron recombination sites (repeats) in the genomes, and using a targeted assembly approach that we have developed. We find that integron-containing
Treponema
species are present in ∼80% of the normal human subjects included in the HMP. Further, we are able to
de novo
assemble the integron gene cassettes using our constrained assembly approach, which employs a unique application of the de Bruijn graph assembly information; most of these cassette genes were not assembled in whole-metagenome assemblies and could not be identified by mapping sequencing reads onto the known reference
Treponema
genomes due to the dynamic nature of integron gene cassettes. Our study significantly enriches the gene pool known to be carried by
Treponema
chromosomal integrons, totaling 826 (598 97% nonredundant) genes. We characterize the functions of these gene cassettes: many of these genes have unknown functions. The integron gene cassette arrays found in the human microbiome are extraordinarily dynamic, with different microbial communities sharing only a small number of common genes.
White Mutants of Chloroperoxidase-Secreting Caldariomyces fumago as Superior Production Strains, Revealing an Interaction between Pigmentation and Enzyme Secretion
Authors: Buchhaupt Markus , Hüttmann Sonja , Schrader Jens 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

By mutant-colony screening of
Caldariomyces fumago
, several white mutants were isolated that are superior strains for the production of the valuable enzyme chloroperoxidase (CPO). Their culture supernatant lacks the contaminating dark pigment, which simplifies downstream processing. Furthermore, the CPO content increased significantly faster than the wild-type rate, which uncovers possible interactions between pigmentation and enzyme secretion.
Influence of Artisan Bakery- or Laboratory-Propagated Sourdoughs on the Diversity of Lactic Acid Bacterium and Yeast Microbiotas
Authors: Minervini Fabio , Lattanzi Anna , De Angelis Maria , Di Cagno Raffaella , Gobbetti Marco 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

Seven mature type I sourdoughs were comparatively back-slopped (80 days) at artisan bakery and laboratory levels under constant technology parameters. The cell density of presumptive lactic acid bacteria and related biochemical features were not affected by the environment of propagation. On the contrary, the number of yeasts markedly decreased from artisan bakery to laboratory propagation. During late laboratory propagation, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed that the DNA band corresponding to
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
was no longer detectable in several sourdoughs. Twelve species of lactic acid bacteria were variously identified through a culture-dependent approach. All sourdoughs harbored a certain number of species and strains, which were dominant throughout time and, in several cases, varied depending on the environment of propagation. As shown by statistical permutation analysis, the lactic acid bacterium populations differed among sourdoughs propagated at artisan bakery and laboratory levels.
Lactobacillus plantarum
,
Lactobacillus sakei
, and
Weissella cibaria
dominated in only some sourdoughs back-slopped at artisan bakeries, and
Leuconostoc citreum
seemed to be more persistent under laboratory conditions. Strains of
Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis
were indifferently found in some sourdoughs. Together with the other stable species and strains, other lactic acid bacteria temporarily contaminated the sourdoughs and largely differed between artisan bakery and laboratory levels. The environment of propagation has an undoubted influence on the composition of sourdough yeast and lactic acid bacterium microbiotas.
Intricate Interactions between the Bloom-Forming Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and Foreign Genetic Elements, Revealed by Diversified Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) Signatures
Authors: Kuno Sotaro , Yoshida Takashi , Kaneko Takakazu , Sako Yoshihiko 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTClustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) confer sequence-dependent, adaptive resistance in prokaryotes against viruses and plasmids via incorporation of short sequences, called spacers, derived from foreign genetic elements. CRISPR loci are thus considered to provide records of past infections. To describe the host-parasite (i.e., cyanophages and plasmids) interactions involving the bloom-forming freshwater cyanobacteriumMicrocystis aeruginosa, we investigated CRISPR in fourM. aeruginosastrains and in two previously sequenced genomes. The number of spacers in each locus was larger than the average among prokaryotes. All spacers were strain specific, except for a string of 11 spacers shared in two closely related strains, suggesting diversification of the loci. Using CRISPR repeat-based PCR, 24 CRISPR genotypes were identified in a natural cyanobacterial community. Among 995 unique spacers obtained, only 10 sequences showed similarity toM. aeruginosaphage Ma-LMM01. Of these, six spacers showed only silent or conservative nucleotide mutations compared to Ma-LMM01 sequences, suggesting a strategy by the cyanophage to avert CRISPR immunity dependent on nucleotide identity. These results imply that host-phage interactions can be divided intoM. aeruginosa-cyanophage combinations rather than pandemics of population-wide infectious cyanophages. Spacer similarity also showed frequent exposure ofM. aeruginosato small cryptic plasmids that were observed only in a few strains. Thus, the diversification of CRISPR implies thatM. aeruginosahas been challenged by diverse communities (almost entirely uncharacterized) of cyanophages and plasmids.