bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Veterinary ethics and production diseases
Authors: Rollin Bernard E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn animal's welfare should be governed by five freedoms, namely, freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury or disease, freedom to express normal behavior and freedom from fear and distress. If the essence of veterinary medicine is to act like a physician for animals then the profession must be vocal in opposition to production diseases, which can be prevented by changing the system of production.
Host response to bovine respiratory pathogens
Authors: Czuprynski Charles J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBovine respiratory disease (BRD) involves complex interactions amongst viral and bacterial pathogens that can lead to intense pulmonary inflammation (fibrinous pleuropneumonia). Viral infection greatly increases the susceptibility of cattle to secondary infection of the lung with bacterial pathogens likeMannheimia haemolyticaandHistophilus somni. The underlying reason for this viral/bacterial synergism, and the manner in which cattle respond to the virulence strategies of the bacterial pathogens, is incompletely understood. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) infection of bronchial epithelial cellsin vitroenhances the binding ofM. haemolyticaand triggers release of inflammatory mediators that attract and enhance binding of neutrophils. An exotoxin (leukotoxin) released fromM. haemolyticafurther stimulates release of inflammatory mediators and causes leukocyte death. Cattle infected withH. somnifrequently display vasculitis. Exposure of bovine endothelial cells toH. somniior its lipooligosaccharide (LOS) increases endothelium permeability, and makes the surface of the endothelial cells pro-coagulant. These processes are amplified in the presence of platelets. The above findings demonstrate that bovine respiratory pathogens (BHV-1,M. haemolyticaandH. somni) interact with leukocytes and other cells (epithelial and endothelial cells) leading to the inflammation that characterizes BRD.
Update on viral pathogenesis in BRD
Authors: Ellis John A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMany viruses, including bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), parainfluenzavirus-3 (PI3), bovine coronavirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine reovirus, have been etiologically associated with respiratory disease in cattle. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of BHV-1 and BRSV, two very different agents that primarily cause disease in the upper and lower respiratory tract, respectively.
Vaccination for respiratory immunity: latest developments
Authors: Harland Richard 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdvances over the last 20 years in immunology and molecular biology have provided many new tools for identifying the important antigens and new ways to achieve the appropriate immune responses to these antigens. These provide many more options to achieve the best immune response from deletion mutations, subunit antigens, vectors or DNA immunization. These tools are being adopted to screen, discover and produce the appropriate antigens and to deliver them by the optimal method and with novel adjuvants to achieve the appropriate immune response. These developments will result in vaccines for respiratory disease that are safer and more efficacious, and provide greater flexibility for use and administration.
Cultivation and molecular monitoring of halophilic microorganisms inhabiting an extreme environment presented by a salt-attacked monument
Authors: Ettenauer Jörg , Sterflinger Katja , Piñar Guadalupe 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the last few years several investigations, based on culture-dependent and -independent techniques, have shown that salt-attacked stone surfaces present a habitat for extremely salt tolerant and moderate halophilic microorganisms. The inner walls of the Chapel of St. Virgil in Vienna (Austria) are an example of this phenomenon. Salt crusts cover most of the wall surfaces and salt crystallization in the porous space of the stone is causing decohesion of material and destruction of the original medieval paintings. The salt, together with the oligotrophic conditions, creates a very special and extreme habitat for halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms.In this study we investigate and monitor the cultivable and non-cultivable members of the microbial community present on the stonework of the medieval Chapel of St. Virgil after several severe disturbances of the microbial environment caused by desalination and disinfection treatments. With this finality, a combination of culture-dependent and -independent techniques was selected. The genetic diversity of a total of 104 bacterial strains isolated from the stone samples was analysed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Strains were distributed over 29 groups on the basis of their RAPD patterns. Only 19 groups were differentiated by DGGE. Comparative sequence analyses showed that the isolated strains belong to related species of the generaHalobacillus(47.1%),Bacillus(35.6%),Acinetobacter(4.8%),Halomonas(3.9%),Nesterenkonia(2.9%),Paucisalibacillus(2.9%),Paenibacillus(1%),Staphylococcus(1%) andExiguobacterium(1%).In addition, polymerase chain reaction DGGE fingerprints, in combination with the creation of clone libraries and sequencing analyses, were used to monitor and identifyArchaea, the non-cultivable fraction of the microbial community. The detected archaeal sequences were closely related to different uncultured archaeons as well as to the cultured generaHalococcusandHalalkalicoccusandHalobacterium.Cultivation and molecular analyses revealed the presence of highly specialized microorganisms that were able to thrive and survive after several desalination and disinfection treatments in the extreme environment presented by the salt-attacked Chapel of St. Virgil.
Influence of Sound Immersion and Communicative Interaction on the Lombard Effect
Authors: Garnier Maëva , Henrich Nathalie , Dubois Danièle 
Published: December 2009

PurposeTo examine the influence of sound immersion techniques and speech production tasks on speech adaptation in noise.MethodIn Experiment 1, we compared the modification of speakers' perception and speech production in noise when noise is played into headphones (with and without additional self-monitoring feedback) or over loudspeakers. We also examined how this sound immersion effect depends on noise type (broadband or cocktail party) and level (from 62 to 86dB SPL). In Experiment 2, we compared the modification of acoustic and lip articulatory parameters in noise when speakers interact or not with a speech partner.ResultsSpeech modifications in noise were greater when cocktail party noise was played in headphones than over loudspeakers. Such an effect was less noticeable in broadband noise. Adding a self-monitoring feedback into headphones reduced this effect but did not completely compensate for it. Speech modifications in noise were greater in interactive situation and concerned parameters that may not be related to voice intensity.ConclusionsThe results support the idea that the Lombard effect is both a communicative adaptation and an automatic regulation of vocal intensity. The influence of auditory and communicative factors has some methodological implications on the choice of appropriate paradigms to study the Lombard effect.
Improving Quality of Life in Long-Term Care
Authors: Calkins Margaret P. , Brush Jennifer 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The entire field of long-term care is under tremendous pressure to change. Traditional environmental approaches based on staff-centric or medical models are no longer considered appropriate in long-term care settings. The new emphasis is on person-centered or self-directed care. This is reflected in settings where people can live comfortably and feel at home, as opposed to feeling like they are in a hospital. Increasingly, nursing homes are working to be more like assisted living facilities, which emphasize privacy, dignity, and choice. These changes affect all aspects of care from structure of governance to staff training to management structure and facility design. This article will cover the issues and the possible solutions to ensuring that long-term care living is more like a home than a hospital.
Living Dialogues in One Neighborhood: Moving toward Understanding across Discourses and Practices of Literacy and Schooling
Authors: Rogers Theresa , Tyson Cynthia , Marshall Elizabeth 
Published: December 2009

Drawing on a critical discourse perspective, we examine the “living dialogues,” or the complex interplay between discourses, in one neighborhood to recontextualize the often polarized debates about literacy instruction within education. Focusing on three children, their families, teachers, and classrooms, we argue that the creation of more inclusive school literacy practices requires a consideration of how discourses function within and across homes, communities, and schools. Thus we focus less on the merits or limits of one instructional method than on how living dialogues reflect particular and situated beliefs about language and literacy practices. Within this theoretical frame, classrooms arise as contextualized spaces where the living dialogues of unique discourse communities intersect, and where the relational discourses that shape and reflect classroom practices have the potential to open up or close down instructional spaces for children. A critical discourse perspective re-situates debates around literacy instruction and allows us to engage in complex ways with the dilemmas and possibilities of school-based literacy practices. Perhaps the most insidious and least understood form of segregation is that of the word. For if the word has the potency to revive and make us free, it has also the power to bind, imprison, and destroy. - Ralph Ellison
An Analysis of Semantic Products of Disadvantaged and Advantaged Second, Third, and Fourth Grade Good and Poor Readers
Authors: Dinnan James A. , Bickley A. C. , Cowart Harry 
Published: December 2009

One hundred-thirty students were analyzed in this study to discern if there is a significant difference between good and poor readers when the subjects are grouped as advantaged or disadvantaged. The P/S Oral Language Inventory was used and responses from subjects were considered as paradigmatic or syntagmatic. When these results were subjected to an Analysis of Variance, measureable differences were noted. The data are used as background for a proposed frame of reference for both advantaged and disadvantaged learners. In such a frame the individuals would share a common reference base.
Vertical and Horizontal Constraints in the Context Reading of Sentences
Authors: Weaver Wendell W. , Kingston Albert J. , Dinnan James A. 
Published: December 2009

Horizontal constraints such as the word class of a word deleted from a passage and vertical constraints, which operate over the distribution of words that can occur at a particular word class deletion, affect the word a subject will supply from his repertoire. Forty upper division college women were administered ten sentences; in each sentence a lexical word was deleted. The subjects were asked to supply all the words they could think of that made sense in each deletion. The study seems to indicate that a skilled reader does receive information from the constraints of the sentences that he reads and that the responses are in some way constrained by the responses he makes while reading. Probably horizontal and vertical constraints are important in the comprehension of competent readers.
An Experimental Study in Perceptual Modality Training
Authors: Segal Marilyn 
Published: December 2009

In this study the differential effects of four different types of perceptual skill training programs on a population of disadvantaged kindergarten children were investigated. One program stressed general auditory and visual perceptual skills, a second auditory skills specific to decoding, a third visual skills specific to decoding, and a fourth auditory and visual skills specific to decoding. Each treatment group was taught by the same teachers. Post-tests included IQ, auditory and visual measures of reading readiness, and two learning rate tests. Two questions were investigated: (1) optimal sequence of perceptual training, and (2) the relative value of the four approaches. Results support the position that proficiency in lower level skills involving non-letter shapes and sounds is not a necessary prerequisite for success with letters shapes and sounds. On the question of the relative value of the four programs, differential performance of the four groups on individual post-tests suggests that the optimum perceptual program for a particular group could depend on the perceptual strength requirements of the projected reading program.
Appalachian: People, Dialect and Communication Problems
Authors: Qazilbash Husain 
Published: December 2009

There were three major purposes of this research: (1) to determine the linguistic structure of the Appalachian region in terms of functional vocabulary, misused words, colloquial terms and corrected functional vocabulary; an overall list of misused words, their corrected forms, colloquial terms and their explanations were developed; (2) to determine the relationship between education, urban contact and media contact and functional vocabulary, misused words, colloquial terms and corrected functional vocabulary; and (3) to determine the relationship of age, sex and income to functional vocabulary, misused words, colloquial terms and corrected functional vocabulary. An analysis of 117 hours of spoken discourse, or 471,656 words, revealed that rustic speakers have a smaller functional vocabulary than modern and cultured speakers, and modern speakers have a smaller vocabulary than cultured speakers in six states. The variations in average functional vocabulary were greatest among rustic and least for cultured speakers. The data supports the hypothesis that rustic speakers misuse more words than modem speakers and modern speakers misuse more words than cultured speakers. The corrected functional vocabulary increases with an increase in the degree of an individual's linguistic sophistication. An overall variation of 19.4 percent of Appalachian English from the “standard English” leads us to believe that there is a distinct pattern or linguistic structure throughout the Appalachian region.
The Construction of Two Types of Cloze Reading Tests for College Students
Authors: Cranney A. Garr 
Published: December 2009

A machine-scorable multiple-choice cloze test based on college textbooks was administered to 100 sophomores who also took the Cooperative Reading Test, C-2, Form R. Validity coefficients of a long and a short form of the cloze test indicated about 26% of common variance with the comprehension section of the Cooperative Reading Test. Kuder-Richardson-20 reliability coefficients were .88 and .86 on the cloze test. A similar cloze test, but without the multiple-choice format, was constructed and shortened from 300 to 135 items. Elimination of the less effective items diminished both the reliability coefficient from .93 to .83 and the validity coefficient from .52 to .51. Further study of item selection procedures and cross validation was recommended.
Multi-Ethnic Reading Texts: The Role of Inferred Story-Character Identification and Reading Comprehension
Authors: Messmore Peter B. 
Published: December 2009

This study attempted to investigate the relationship between inferred identification and two types of reading comprehension, molar and specific, at the third grade level. Subjects for this study were selected from six schools located in four midwestern urban centers. The 121 Negro and Caucasian children who participated in the study attended schools designated as Title I schools. Findings suggested that children who identified at high and moderate identification levels achieved significantly higher molar reading comprehension scores than low identifying children of both races. Initial interpretation of these results seems to offer some justification for recent efforts to include diverse ethnic characters in elementary reading texts. A more thoughtful examination of this relationship, however, may indicate the possible presence of a third and as yet unknown factor which acted in conjunction with the identification process and to which the gain witnessed in molar reading comprehension may be attributed.
Another Look at the Dolch List
Authors: Johns Jerry L. , Higdon Jean E. 
Published: December 2009

It was concluded in a recent investigation that the Dolch list of basic sight words has outlived its usefulness. The 220 most frequent words on the Kucera-Francis Corpus were offered as a substitute-for the Dolch list. It was assumed that young children's oral vocabularies included a higher number of Corpus words than Dolch words. This study focused on the above assumption by investigating whether the Dolch list or Corpus list was more common to the oral vocabularies of beginning readers (ages five, six, and seven). Both word lists were compared to the Wepman-Hass spoken word count. The results indicated that young children's spoken vocabularies contained significantly more Dolch words than Kucera-Francis words.
Revolution in Teacher Education for Reading Instruction
Authors: Ramsey Wallace 
Published: December 2009

Teacher education for reading instruction is undergoing rapid change in response to several professional pressures. The focus is fast shifting to competency attainment. Programs are becoming individualized through the use of self-contained modules utilizing educational technology. Professional organizations, like I.R.A., are facilitating the changes. Useful modules provide objectives and background information, the latter through audio and videotapes and readings. Examination of teaching materials, observation of classroom practices, simulation, and microteaching are also used. Mastery tests of a performance nature evaluate student progress. The new programs are changing the facilities and equipment needed, as well as the task of the reading methods professor. They demand that he bring to his duties a new set of background experiences and expectations for his students.
A New Sequence for Teaching Lower-Case Letters
Authors: Groff Patrick 
Published: December 2009

Comments from experts in reading agree that a knowledge of letters is important to the child learning to read. In spite of this consensus few experts in reading have set forth sequences in which the letters should be taught. Those that are offered are based on a single criterion, e.g., the contrasts in the sounds the letters represent, the order in which the child learns to speak these sounds, letters that “appeal” to children, and the order letters appear in the alphabet. A new and preferred sequence for teaching letters is presented here. It is based on a combination of factors in this order of importance: the differing graphic features of letters, the frequency with which letters appear at the beginnings of words and syllables, the order in which children learn to pronounce sounds when shown letters, the ease with which children can learn to copy, write and name letters, and the phonological differences among sounds letters represent.
Sensory Integration Skills as Predictors of Reading Acquisition
Authors: Whiton Mary Beth , Singer David L. , Cook Harold 
Published: December 2009

This research investigated the relative importance of auditory and visual intra-sensory, as compared with audiovisual cross-sensory integration skills for reading acquisition in first grade boys. Stimuli for the sensory integration tasks were presented both sequentially and simultaneously so that the effect of timing of presentation upon difficulty level of the tasks could also be studied. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that for each of the five reading subscores and for the Total score an audiovisual cross-sensory task emerged as the best single predictor. For two key reading measures (Word Attack subtest and Total Reading Score) cross-sensory integration scores were significantly better simple predictors than intra-sensory integration scores. Both cross-sensory and intra-sensory integration skills were significantly correlated with other reading scores. Simultaneously and sequentially presented tasks did not differ significantly in their degree of correlation with reading measures; however, subjects' scores on the simultaneously presented tasks were significantly higher than on sequentially presented tasks for both intra- and cross-sensory modalities.
Words and Pictures: A Test of Samuel's Findings
Authors: Montare Alberto , Elman Elaine , Cohen Joanne 
Published: December 2009

This work is concerned with a study of the graphemic-phonemic associations formed during beginning reading responses and with the heuristic value of viewing the formation of such associations as a classical conditioning process. The study consists of two experiments designed as replication and extension of earlier work done by Samuels (1967). S's drawn from grades one and three were tested with a range of picture/no-picture-word association tasks. Experiment I concludes that Samuels' 1967 study was not a test of attentional processes and was not a proper test of whether pictures act as distractors. However, within the visual modality, pictorial representations of extraneous objects may have distracting effects upon reading responses to specific words. Experiment II results suggest that in 1st and 3rd grades there are no significant differences in acquisition of reading responses to printed words between groups that have learned with pictures present and those that have learned in the absence of pictures. Concluding observations are made regarding limitations of the Samuels 1967 design.
Re-Opening the Cloze Blank Issue
Authors: Rush Robert J. , Klare George R. 
Published: December 2009

One aspect of cloze methodology that has received little systematic attention concerns the blanks that remain when the passage is mutilated. Taylor (1953) stated that the deleted word should be replaced by a line of a standard length. The standard length was recommended to avoid giving the subjects information on word length, i.e., the number of letters on the deleted words. The standard length line has since been general practice in cloze research, as shown by many studies. Anderson (1971), however, compared standard-length blanks and exact-length blanks (same length as the deleted words) on three English language passages of differing levels of difficulty. Spooncer (1974) compared a standard-length blank and a blank the size of the deleted word. No significant differences were found between scores when using the two variations. This experiment was designed to examine more closely the effects of word length cues on cloze scores.