bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extending the Place Glacier mass-balance record to AD 1585, using tree rings and wood density
Authors: Wood Lisa J. , Smith Dan J. , Demuth Michael N. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRecognizing that climate influences both annual tree-ring growth and glacier mass balance, changes in the mass balance of Place Glacier, British Columbia, were documented from increment core records. Annually resolved ring-width (RW), maximum (MXD), and mean density (MD) chronologies were developed from Engelmann spruce and Douglas-fir trees sampled at sites within the surrounding region. A snowpack record dating to AD 1730 was reconstructed using a multivariate regression of spruce MD and fir RW chronologies. Spruce MXD and RW chronologies were used to reconstruct winter mass balance (Bw) for Place Glacier to AD 1585. Summer mass balance (Bs) was reconstructed using the RW chronology from spruce, and net balance was calculated from Bw and Bs. The reconstructions provide insight into the changes that snowpack and mass balance have undergone in the last 400 years, as well as identifying relationships to air temperature and circulation indices in southern British Columbia. These changes are consistent with other regional mass-balance reconstructions and indicate that the persistent weather systems characterizing large scale climate-forcing mechanisms play a significant glaciological role in this region. A comparison to dated moraine surfaces in the surrounding region substantiates that the mass-balance shifts recorded in the proxy data are evident in the response of glaciers throughout the region.
A Latin Hymn to the Creator Ascribed to Plato
Authors: Lewy Hans 
Published: August 2011

A hymn to the Creator ascribed to Plato deserves attention, even if both form and content show clearly that it is of much later date. Such a poem is preserved in the Anthologia Latina, where it is introduced as a translation from Greek made by “a certain Tiberianus.” This interesting document, in thirty-two verses, may be translated as follows:“Almighty, borne by age-old heavens, amid Thy myriad virtues Thou art ever One, and no one can measure Thee with number or with time. Now (if by any name it is meet to invoke Thee) Thou shalt be invoked by the unknown name in which Thou, the Holy One, dost rejoice, whereat the mighty earth trembles, and the wandering stars stand in their swift course. Thou art One and likewise Many, Thou art First and Last, Thou art at once the Center and the Survivor of the universe. For Thou art without end, yet Thou bringest an end to the swift passage of time, and on high, from eternity, Thou dost behold harsh fate swept on with immutable whirl, Thou dost behold lives enclosed in time and again led back and returned to the upper spheres — so that the vitality, exhausted by births, which the universe has lost may return to it and may again circulate through the (celestial) bodies.”
An investigation on ovarian development of grooved shrimpMelicertus kerathurusin Izmir Bay, Turkey
Authors: Kücükdermenci Aysun , Lok Aynur 
Published: August 2011

In the current study, commercially valuable penaeid shrimp,Melicertus kerathurus, were attained approximately monthly in the Izmir Bay, southern Aegean Sea from May 2004 to April 2005. For each specimen, we measured body length, body weight and ovarian weight, and calculated gonadosomatic indices (GSI). GSI values results pointed out that the GSI inMelicertus kerathurusincreased during vitellogenesis (2.03 ± 0.24%) but sharply decreased after spawning (0.53 ± 0.35%) to reach levels similar to those in immature females. We also examined oogenesis inMelicertus kerathurusby histological observation of the ovary to determine reproductive cycle for future domestication. The observation on the gonads leads us to conclude that there are five stages of development for the females: (I) previtellogenic; (II) early vitellogenic; (III) late vitellogenic; (IV) mature; and (V) spent. Histological characteristics showed that the best time to capture adult shrimps for breeding purposes was between the months of April and June. The numbers of each oocyte type that were present were also counted, measured, and used to evaluate the following traits: total oocyte number; mean oocytes diameter; and maximum oocyte diameter. Oocyte diameter was significantly different at all stages (P < 0.05) and the largest diameter was observed as 163.92 ± 4.51µm at stage IV.
Three new species ofKruppomenia(Solenogastres: Simrothiellidae) from the abyssal Angola Basin
Authors: Gil-Mansilla E. , García-Álvarez O. , Urgorri V. 
Published: August 2011

During the expedition ‘Me48/1 DIVA 1’, carried out in the abyssal Angola Basin between 5125 and 5415 m depth, several specimens of Solenogastres were collected. Their study has made it possible to describe three new species of the genusKruppomenia(K. angolensissp. nov.,K. glandulatasp. nov. andK. macrodenticulatasp. nov.) with very significant differences in their radular apparatus, reproductive system and pallial cavity. The absence of radular sacs inK. glandulatasp. nov. modifies the genus definition.
Insecure attachment and frequent attendance in primary care: a longitudinal cohort study of medically unexplained symptom presentations in ten UK general practices
Authors: Taylor R. E. , Marshall T. , Mann A. , Goldberg D. P. 
Published: August 2011

BackgroundIn primary care frequent attenders with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) pose a clinical and health resource challenge. We sought to understand these presentations in terms of the doctor–patient relationship, specifically to test the hypothesis that such patients have insecure emotional attachment.MethodWe undertook a cohort follow-up study of 410 patients with MUS. Baseline questionnaires assessed adult attachment style, psychological distress, beliefs about the symptom, non-specific somatic symptoms, and physical function. A telephone interview following consultation assessed health worry, general practitioner (GP) management and satisfaction with consultation. The main outcome was annual GP consultation rate.ResultsOf consecutive attenders, 18% had an MUS. This group had a high mean consultation frequency of 5.24 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.79–5.69] over the follow-up year. The prevalence of insecure attachment was 28 (95% CI 23–33) %. A significant association was found between insecure attachment style and frequent attendance, even after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, presence of chronic physical illness and baseline physical function [odds ratio (OR) 1.96 (95% CI 1.05–3.67)]. The association was particularly strong in those patients who believed that there was a physical cause for their initial MUS [OR 9.52 (95% CI 2.67–33.93)]. A possible model for the relationship between attachment style and frequent attendance is presented.ConclusionsPatients with MUS who attend frequently have insecure adult attachment styles, and their high consultation rate may therefore be conceptualized as pathological care-seeking behaviour linked to their insecure attachment. Understanding frequent attendance as pathological help seeking driven by difficulties in relating to caregiving figures may help doctors to manage their frequently attending patients in a different way.
The Three-Dimensional Point Spread Function of Aberration-Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Lupini Andrew R. , de Jonge Niels 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAberration correction reduces the depth of field in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and thus allows three-dimensional (3D) imaging by depth sectioning. This imaging mode offers the potential for sub-Ångstrom lateral resolution and nanometer-scale depth sensitivity. For biological samples, which may be many microns across and where high lateral resolution may not always be needed, optimizing the depth resolution even at the expense of lateral resolution may be desired, aiming to image through thick specimens. Although there has been extensive work examining and optimizing the probe formation in two dimensions, there is less known about the probe shape along the optical axis. Here the probe shape is examined in three dimensions in an attempt to better understand the depth resolution in this mode. Examples are presented of how aberrations change the probe shape in three dimensions, and it is found that off-axial aberrations may need to be considered for focal series of large areas. It is shown that oversized or annular apertures theoretically improve the vertical resolution for 3D imaging of nanoparticles. When imaging nanoparticles of several nanometer size, regular STEM can thereby be optimized such that the vertical full-width at half-maximum approaches that of the aberration-corrected STEM with a standard aperture.
In Situ Hybridization to Somatic Chromosomes in Drosophila
Authors: Dernburg Abby F. 
Published: August 2011

INTRODUCTIONIn situ hybridization was originally developed as a technique for visualizing and physically mapping specific sequences on Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes. Hybridization techniques can also be used to localize sequences on smaller, diploid chromosomes, such as condensed mitotic chromosomes. Variations of the method also allow the hybridization of probes to chromosomes within intact cells and tissues, rather than to chromosomes isolated from their cellular context and flattened on slides. This article presents methods for hybridizing fluorescent probes to chromosomes in whole-mount Drosophila tissues. These methods allow the investigation of nuclear organization even at stages where chromosomes are decondensed (as in interphase) or, for other reasons, cannot be discriminated in the light microscope. Consequently, they are useful for addressing a variety of cell biological questions. In addition to enhancing our understanding of somatic chromosome organization, this experimental approach has also revealed interactions among meiotic chromosomes in Drosophila females, which spend much of meiosis in a compact ball called the karyosome. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) methods can also be used to karyotype individual nuclei using chromosome-specific markers. With appropriate fixation conditions, hybridization to chromosomal DNA can be performed in conjunction with immunostaining, allowing the colocalization of cellular or chromosomal proteins.
Single-Cell Electroporation in Xenopus
Authors: Liu Xue Feng , Haas Kurt 
Published: August 2011

INTRODUCTIONSingle-cell electroporation (SCE) is a versatile technique for delivering electrically charged macromolecules including DNA, RNA, synthetic oligonucleotides, peptides, dyes, and drugs to individual cells within intact tissues. Here, we describe methods for in vivo-targeted electroporation of single tectal neurons within the albino Xenopus laevis tadpole. Focal electroporation is achieved using a pipette electrode filled with a solution of the delivery molecules and with a tip diameter much smaller than the width of the target cell. The small tip allows for localization of an electric field, which restricts pore formation to only the individual cell in direct contact with the tip. Thus, the small tip permits focal delivery of the charged molecules within the pipette into individual cells. Factors affecting the efficiency of SCE, as well as various applications of this technique, are discussed. Particular focus is directed toward combining SCE with in vivo two-photon microscopy for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of neuron growth and cell-autonomous effects of altered protein function.
Effects of seasonal aridity on the ecology and behaviour of invasive cane toads in the Australian wet–dry tropics
Authors: Brown Gregory P. , Kelehear Crystal , Shine Richard 
Published: August 2011

Summary1. Measuring the costs imposed by specific environmental challenges is difficult, because organisms adapt in ways that reduce those costs. Invasive species provide an opportunity to quantify environmental impacts before organisms can make adaptive changes.2. The native range of cane toads (Rhinella marina) lies within the wet neotropics; although part of this range experiences seasonal drought, many of the places recently invaded by this large anuran species are much more arid.3. Five years’ fieldwork from a seasonally arid site in the Australian wet–dry tropics shows strong seasonal shifts in the toads’ (i) population structure, reflecting seasonality in breeding and recruitment; (ii) adult morphology (secondary sexual characteristics in males); (iii) growth rates; (iv) energy balance; (v) spatial ecology (philopatry, dispersal rates) and (vi) adult mortality rates.4. Some of these patterns accord with intuition: for example, wet‐season conditions resulted in higher rates of growth, reproduction and movement, better body condition and more pronounced secondary sexual characteristics. However, seasonal patterns for other traits were non‐intuitive: for example, neither hematocrit levels (reflecting hydration state) nor corticosterone levels (reflecting stress) showed significant seasonal variation, and mortality rates were higher in the wet season than the dry season.5. The toads’ ability to flexibly adjust their behaviour and ecology to local hydric conditions has allowed them to thrive even under climatic conditions that preclude activity, feeding and reproduction for most of the year.
Effect of a calcium hydroxide/chlorhexidine paste as intracanal dressing in human primary teeth with necrotic pulp against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: GONDIM JULIANA O. , AVACA‐CRUSCA JULIANA S. , VALENTINI SANDRO R. , ZANELLI CLESLEI F. , SPOLIDORIO DENISE M. P. , GIRO ELISA M. A. 
Published: August 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 116–124Background.  Intracanal medication is important for endodontic treatment success as it eliminates microorganisms that persist after biomechanical preparation.Aim.  To evaluate the effect of two intracanal medications against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Enterococcus faecalis in the root canals of human primary teeth with necrotic pulp with and without furcal/periapical lesion, using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR).Design.  Thirty‐two teeth with necrotic pulp were used. Twelve teeth did not present lesion, and 20 teeth presented radiographically visible furca/periapical lesion. Microbiological samples were collected after coronal access and biomechanical preparation. The teeth were medicated with calcium hydroxide pastes prepared with either polyethylene glycol or chlorhexidine. After 30 days, the medication was removed and a third collection was performed. Microbiological samples were processed using qRT‐PCR. Data were analysed by Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney tests (α = 0.05).Results.  There was no significant difference in the microbiota present in the primary teeth with and without furcal/periapical lesion. Biomechanical preparation was effective in reducing the number of microorganisms (P < 0.05). The intracanal medications had similar antibacterial activity.Conclusion.  The association of chlorhexidine with calcium hydroxide did not increase the antibacterial activity of the intracanal medication in the treatment of primary teeth with necrotic pulp with and without furcal/periapical lesion.
The role of school‐based dental programme on dental caries experience in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia
Authors: AMALIA ROSA , SCHAUB ROB M. H. , WIDYANTI NIKEN , STEWART ROY , GROOTHOFF JOHAN W. 
Published: August 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 203–210Objectives.  To assess the effectiveness of a school‐based dental programme (SBDP) in controlling caries by measuring the relationship between the SBDP performance and caries experience in children aged 12 in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia, by taking into account influencing factors.Methods.  A cross‐sectional survey was undertaken of 1906 children participating in SBDPs. Four SBDPs were chosen by good and poor performances in urban and rural areas. Caries was assessed using WHO criteria whereas behaviour and socio‐demographic factors were collected using a questionnaire administered to the children.Results.  The decayed, missed, and filled teeth (DMFT) of children in good SBDPs (2.8 ± 2.4) was lower than that of the counterparts (3.8 ± 3.4). From path analysis using a structural equation model (SEM), place of residence (OR = 4.0) was shown to have a strongest direct relationship to caries experience, whereas SBDP performance showed no direct relationship. At the same time, SBDP performance was significantly related to frequencies of dental visits (OR = 0.3), sugar consumption (OR = 0.8), and tooth brushing (OR = 3.2), which in turn are interrelated with place of residence, gender, and mother’s education.Conclusions.  The study suggests that the differences in DMFT of children in good and poor performance SBDPs were caused by relation to social factors rather than by relation to oral health service activities.
The lifeworld characteristics of mental health nurses engaging in talk‐based therapies: a qualitative study from Scotland and England
Authors: HURLEY J. 
Published: August 2011

Accessible summary
Nursing enviconanunderronments challenge new roles in talk based therapies.
These environments are uncertain, complex and unpredictable.
Intra‐personal capabilities help mitigate these challenges.
AbstractTwenty‐four mental health nurses were interviewed to gain a greater understanding of their experiences of working within roles delivering talk‐based therapies. The study participants, while echoing the broad direction and purpose of policy that supports mental health nurses expanding talk‐based therapy roles, also offered insights into the challenges associated with embedding these roles into mental health settings. One area of findings analysed using Nvivo 8 software related to the characteristics of the environments in which these roles are, or will be enacted. Three key characteristics of these environments were: (1) low power and worth; (2) obstacles to success; and (3) uncertainty. Responses to the challenges found within this study are required from individual nurses, local organizations and strategic levels of nursing to ensure the successful implementation and uptake of talk‐based therapy roles into the mental health nursing profession.
Lack of Jun‐N‐terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) does not protect against neurodegeneration induced by 3‐nitropropionic acid
Authors: Junyent F. , de Lemos L. , Verdaguer E. , Pallàs M. , Folch J. , Beas‐Zárate C. , Camins A. , Auladell C. 
Published: August 2011

F. Junyent, L. de Lemos, E. Verdaguer, M. Pallàs, J. Folch, C. Beas‐Zárate, A. Camins and C. Auladell (2012) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology38, 311–321Lack of Jun‐N‐terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) does not protect against neurodegeneration induced by 3‐nitropropionic acidAims: 3‐Nitropropionic acid (3‐NP) is a toxin that replicates most of the clinical and pathophysiological symptoms of Huntington's disease, inducing neurodegeneration in the striatum due to the inhibition of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase. Different pathways have been implicated in the cell death induced by 3‐NP in rodents. One of them is the Jun‐N‐terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, which may play a role in the neurodegenerative process in different diseases. Moreover, the lack of one isoform of JNK (JNK3) has been associated with neuroprotection in different experimental models of neurodegeneration. Therefore, in the present study the role of JNK3 in the experimental Huntington's model induced by 3‐NP administration was evaluated. Methods: 3‐NP was intraperitoneally administered once a day for 3 days to wild‐type and Jnk3‐null mice. Coronal brain sections were used to determine cell death and astrogliosis in striatum. Western blots were performed to determine the involvement of different pathways in both wild‐type and Jnk3‐null mice. Results: Although JNK activation was observed following 3‐NP administration, the results indicate that the lack of JNK3 does not confer neuroprotection against 3‐NP toxicity. Thus, other pathways must be involved in the neurodegeneration induced in this model. One of the possible pathways towards 3‐NP‐induced apoptosis could involve the calpains, as their activity was increased in wild‐type and Jnk3‐null mice. Conclusion: Although JNK3 is a key protein involved in cell death in different neurodegenerative diseases, the present study demonstrates that the lack of JNK3 does not confer neuroprotection against 3‐NP‐induced neuronal death.
Infectivity and sporulation potential of Phytophthora kernoviae to select North American native plants
Authors: Fichtner E. J. , Rizzo D. M. , Kirk S. A. , Webber J. F. 
Published: August 2011

Phytophthora kernoviae exhibits comparable epidemiology to Phytophthora ramorum in invaded UK woodlands. Because both pathogens have an overlapping geographic range in the UK and often concurrently invade the same site, it is speculated that P. kernoviae may also invade North American (NA) forests threatened by P. ramorum, the cause of Sudden Oak Death. This paper addresses the susceptibility of select NA plants to P. kernoviae, including measures of disease incidence and severity on wounded and unwounded foliage. The potential for pathogen transmission and survival was investigated by assessing sporangia and oospore production in infected tissues. Detached leaves of Rhododendron macrophyllum, Rhododendron occidentale and Umbellularia californica, and excised roots of U. californica and R. occidentale were inoculated with P. kernoviae and percent lesion area was determined after 6 days. Leaves were then surface sterilized and misted to stimulate sporulation and after 24 h sporangia production was assessed. The incidence of symptomless infections and sporulation were recorded. All NA native plants tested were susceptible to P. kernoviae and supported sporangia production; roots of U. californica and R. occidentale were both susceptible to P. kernoviae and supported sporangia production. Oospore production was also observed in U. californica roots. The results highlight the vulnerability of select NA native plants to infection by P. kernoviae, suggest that symptomless infections may thwart pathogen detection, and underscore the importance of implementing a proactive and adaptive biosecurity plan.