bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De la « guerre contre le crime » au Brésil : culture autoritaire et politiques publiques de la sécurité
Authors: Deluchey Jean-François 
Published: December 2011

Résumé Au Brésil, l’exercice de la sécurité publique est souvent présenté comme une « guerre contre le crime ». Cet article postule que cette expression n’est pas la simple transcription imagée de l’usage de la force publique dans la lutte contre la criminalité. Trois questions principales sont abordées la « guerre contre le crime » est-elle réellement une guerre ? Illustre-t-elle une guerre sociale opposant riches et pauvres, ou est-elle une guerre civile larvée ? Nous verrons qu’en réalité, le concept de guerre contre le crime trouve son origine dans une « militarisation idéologique » des forces policières brésiliennes héritée du régime militaire qui dura de 1964 à 1985 et s’étend à l’ensemble des rapports sociaux au Brésil. Fortement instrumentalisé, ce concept doit être associé à la persistance d’un « autoritarisme socialement implanté » au sein de la société brésilienne, et constitue l’un des principaux outils conceptuels de la préservation d’un ordre social fortement discriminatoire au Brésil.
Comparison of Age-derived Lens Thickness to Optically Measured Lens Thickness in IOL Power Calculation: A Clinical Study
Authors: Lam Sheridan 
Published: December 2011

PURPOSE:
To assess whether lens thickness derived from age should be used in intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation.

METHODS:
Ninety-three eyes underwent optical low coherence reflectometry (OLCR) prior to cataract surgery. Lens thickness (LT) by OLCR was used to calculate the IOL power. The mean absolute refractive error (MAE) and mean refractive error (ME) were calculated. Regression analysis between age and LT was performed. The expected IOL power, MAE, and ME were calculated with two age-derived lens thickness formulae: LT=4+(age/100) and LT=3.81+(0.0119×age).

RESULTS:
Lens thickness by OLCR was not significantly different from that by age, but the IOL power was different. Refractive outcome was better with OLCR-based LT. Correlation between age and LT was not as linear as implied by the formulae.

CONCLUSIONS:
In its current form, age-derived LT should not be used in IOL power calculation.
Inert 50-nm Polystyrene Nanoparticles That Modify Pulmonary Dendritic Cell Function and Inhibit Allergic Airway Inflammation
Authors: Hardy Charles L. , LeMasurier Jeanne S. , Belz Gabrielle T. , Scalzo-Inguanti Karen , Yao Jun , Xiang Sue D. , Kanellakis Peter , Bobik Alex , Strickland Deborah H. , Rolland Jennifer M. , O’Hehir Robyn E. , Plebanski Magdalena 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Nanoparticles are being developed for diverse biomedical applications, but there is concern about their potential to promote inflammation, particularly in the lung. Although a variety of ambient, anthropogenic and man-made nanoparticles can promote lung inflammation, little is known about the long-term immunomodulatory effects of inert noninflammatory nanoparticles. We previously showed polystyrene 50-nm nanoparticles coated with the neutral amino acid glycine (PS50G nanoparticles) are not inflammatory and are taken up preferentially by dendritic cells (DCs) in the periphery. We tested the effects of such nanoparticles on pulmonary DC function and the development of acute allergic airway inflammation. Surprisingly, exposure to PS50G nanoparticles did not exacerbate but instead inhibited key features of allergic airway inflammation including lung airway and parenchymal inflammation, airway epithelial mucus production, and serum allergen-specific IgE and allergen-specific Th2 cytokines in the lung-draining lymph node (LN) after allergen challenge 1 mo later. PS50G nanoparticles themselves did not induce lung oxidative stress or cardiac or lung inflammation. Mechanistically, PS50G nanoparticles did not impair peripheral allergen sensitization but exerted their effect at the lung allergen challenge phase by inhibiting expansion of CD11c+MHCIIhi DCs in the lung and draining LN and allergen-laden CD11bhiMHCIIhi DCs in the lung after allergen challenge. PS50G nanoparticles further suppressed the ability of CD11bhi DCs in the draining LN of allergen-challenged mice to induce proliferation of OVA-specific CD4+ T cells. The discovery that a defined type of nanoparticle can inhibit, rather than promote, lung inflammation via modulation of DC function opens the door to the discovery of other nanoparticle types with exciting beneficial properties.
Activated CD69+ T Cells Foster Immune Privilege by Regulating IDO Expression in Tumor-Associated Macrophages
Authors: Zhao Qiyi , Kuang Dong-Ming , Wu Yan , Xiao Xiao , Li Xue-Feng , Li Tuan-Jie , Zheng Limin 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that immune activation at stroma can be rerouted in a tumor-promoting direction. CD69 is an immunoregulatory molecule expressed by early-activated leukocytes at sites of chronic inflammation, and CD69+ T cells have been found to promote human tumor progression. In this study, we showed that, upon encountering autologous CD69+ T cells, tumor macrophages (MΦs) acquired the ability to produce much greater amounts of IDO protein in cancer nests. The T cells isolated from the hepatocellular carcinoma tissues expressed significantly more CD69 molecules than did those on paired circulating and nontumor-infiltrating T cells; these tumor-derived CD69+ T cells could induce considerable IDO in monocytes. Interestingly, the tumor-associated monocytes/MΦs isolated from hepatocellular carcinoma tissues or generated by in vitro culture effectively activated circulating T cells to express CD69. IL-12 derived from tumor MΦs was required for early T cell activation and subsequent IDO expression. Moreover, we found that conditioned medium from IDO+ MΦs effectively suppressed T cell responses in vitro, an effect that could be reversed by adding extrinsic IDO substrate tryptophan or by pretreating MΦs with an IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-DL-tryptophan. These data revealed a fine-tuned collaborative action between different types of immune cells to counteract T cell responses in tumor microenvironment. Such an active induction of immune tolerance should be considered for the rational design of effective immune-based anticancer therapies.
NO Is a Macrophage Autonomous Modifier of the Cytokine Response to Streptococcal Single-Stranded RNA
Authors: Deshmukh Sachin D. , Müller Sabrina , Hese Katrin , Rauch Katharina S. , Wennekamp Julia , Takeuchi Osamu , Akira Shizuo , Golenbock Douglas T. , Henneke Philipp 
Published: December 2011

AbstractGroup B streptococci, a major cause of sepsis, induce inflammatory cytokines in strict dependence on bacterial ssRNA and the host molecules MyD88 and UNC-93B. In this study, we show that NO plays an important role in Group B streptococci-induced transcriptional activation of cytokine genes. Phagocytosis induced NO in a MyD88-dependent fashion. In turn, NO propagated the acidification of phagosomes and the processing of phagosomal bacterial nucleic acids and was required for potent transcriptional activation of cytokine genes by streptococci. This NO-dependent amplification loop has important mechanistic implications for the anti-streptococcal macrophage response and sepsis pathogenesis.
Identification of Circulating Human Antigen-Reactive CD4+FOXP3+ Natural Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Litjens Nicolle H. R. , Boer Karin , Betjes Michiel G. H. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Circulating human CD4+CD25++CD127−FOXP3+ T cells with a persistent demethylated regulatory T cell (Treg)-specific demethylated region Foxp3 gene are considered natural Tregs (nTregs). We have shown that it is possible to identify functional Ag-reactive nTregs cells for a range of different common viral and vaccination Ags. The frequency of these Ag-reactive nTregs within the nTreg population is strikingly similar to the frequency of Ag-reactive T effector cells within the CD4+ T cell population. The Ag-reactive nTregs could be recognized with great specificity by induction of CD154 expression. These CD154+ Ag-reactive nTregs showed a memory phenotype and shared all phenotypical and functional characteristics of nTregs. The isolated CD154+ nTregs could be most efficiently expanded by specific antigenic stimulation, while their Ag-reactive suppressive activity was maintained. After an in vivo booster Ag challenge, the ratio of Ag-reactive T cells to Ag-reactive Tregs increased substantially, which could be attributed to the rise in effector T cells but not Tregs. In conclusion, the nTreg population mirrors the effector T cell population in the frequency of Ag-reactive T cells. Isolation and expansion of functional Ag-reactive nTregs is possible and of potential benefit for specific therapeutic goals.
Repression of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Upregulation Disarms and Expands Human Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Klein Matthias , Vaeth Martin , Scheel Tobias , Grabbe Stephan , Baumgrass Ria , Berberich-Siebelt Friederike , Bopp Tobias , Schmitt Edgar , Becker Christian 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The main molecular mechanism of human regulatory T cell (Treg)-mediated suppression has not been elucidated. We show in this study that cAMP represents a key regulator of human Treg function. Repression of cAMP production by inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity or augmentation of cAMP degradation through ectopic expression of a cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterase greatly reduces the suppressive activity of human Treg in vitro and in a humanized mouse model in vivo. Notably, cAMP repression additionally abrogates the anergic state of human Treg, accompanied by nuclear translocation of NFATc1 and induction of its short isoform NFATc1/αA. Treg expanded under cAMP repression, however, do not convert into effector T cells and regain their anergic state and suppressive activity upon proliferation. Together, these findings reveal the cAMP pathway as an attractive target for clinical intervention with Treg function.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a north Indian hospital-based population with obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Agrawal Swastik , Sharma Surendra K. , Sreenivas Vishnubhatla , Lakshmy Ramakrishnan 
Published: December 2011

Background & objectives:
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is known to be associated with cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome (MS). The burden of MS in patients with OSA in India is unknown. We investigated the prevalence of MS and its components in a cross-sectional study in patients with and without OSA in a hospital-based population of a tertiary health care centre in New Delhi, India.

Methods:
Consecutive patients undergoing overnight polysomnography in the Sleep Laboratory of the Department of Internal Medicine of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) hospital, New Delhi, were studied. Anthropometry and body composition analysis, blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and fasting blood lipid profile were measured. MS was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult treatment panel III criteria, with Asian cut-off values for abdominal obesity.

Results:
Of the 272 subjects recruited, 187 (82%) had OSA [apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI)>5 events/h] while 40 (18%) had a normal sleep study. Prevalence of MS in OSA patients was 79 per cent compared to 48 per cent in non-OSA individuals [OR 4.15, (2.05-8.56), P<0.001]. Prevalence of OSA in mild, moderate and severe OSA was 66, 72 and 86 per cent, respectively (P<0.001). Patients with OSA were more likely to have higher BP [OR: 1.06 (1.02-1.11)], fasting insulin [OR: 1.18 (1.05-1.32)], HOMA-IR [OR: 1.61 (1.11-2.33)] and waist circumference [OR: 1.20 (1.13-1.27)].

Interpretation & conclusions:
Our findings suggest that OSA is associated with a 4-fold higher occurrence of MS than patients without OSA. The prevalence of MS increases with increasing severity of OSA, therefore, early detection will be beneficial.
Prolonged expression of MHC class I - peptide expression in bone marrow derived retrovirus transfected matured dendritic cells by continuous centrifugation in the presence of IL-4
Authors: Hettihewa L.M. 
Published: December 2011

Background & objectives:
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells which proceed from immature to a mature stage during their differentiation. There are several methods of obtaining long lasting mature antigen expressing DCs and different methods show different levels of antigen expressions. We investigated bone marrow derived DCs for the degree of maturation and genetically engineered antigen presentation in the presence of interleukin-4 (IL-4) as a maturity enhancer.

Methods:
DCs and transfected retrovirus were cultured together in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF)-IL4, GMCSF +IL4, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). B 7.1, B7.2 and CD11c were measured by the degree of immune fluorescence using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) shuttled retrovirus transfected antigen. Degree of MHC class I molecule with antigen presentation of antigen was also evaluated by fluorescence activated cell sorting. The antigen presenting capacity of transfected DCs was investigated. Bone marrow DCs were generated in the presence of GMCSF and IL-4 in vitro. Dividing bone marrow cells were infected with EGFP shuttled retrovirus expressing SSP2 by prolonged centrifugation for three consecutive days from day 5, 6 and 7 and continued to culture in the presence of GMSCF and IL-4 until day 8.

Results:
IL-4 as a cytokine increased the maturation of retrovirus transfected DCs by high expression of B 7-1 and B 7-2. Also, IL-4 induced DC enhanced by the prolonged centrifugation and it was shown by increased antigen presentation of these dendric cells as antigen presenting cell (APC). Cytolytic effects were significantly higher in cytotoxic T cell response (CTLs) mixed with transfected DCs than CTLs mixed with pulsed DCs.

Interpretation & conclusions:
There was an enhanced antigen presentation by prolonged expression of antigen loaded MHC class I receptors in DCs in the presence of IL-4 by prolonged centrifugation.
Preventive action of curcumin in experimental acute pancreatitis in mouse
Authors: Yu Wen-Guang , Xu Gang , Ren Gui-Jie , Xu Xia , Yuan Hui-Qing , Qi Xiao-Li , Tian Ke-Li 
Published: December 2011

Background & objectives:

Curcuma longa (turmeric) has a long history of use in Ayurvedic medicine as a treatment for inflammatory conditions. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the preventive effects of curcumin against acute pancreatitis (AP) induced by caerulein in mouse and to elucidate possible mechanism of curcumin action.

Methods:
Curcumin (50 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally injected to Kun Ming male mice for 6 days, followed by injection of caerulein to induce AP. GW9662 (0.3 mg/kg), a specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) antagonist, was intravenously injected along with curcumin. Murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells were treated with 100 μmol/l curcumin for 2 h, and then stimulated with 0.1 μ g/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Serum amylase and transaminase levels were measured at 10 h after AP. TNF-α level in mouse serum and cell culture medium were detected by ELISA. Expression of PPARγ and NF-κB were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blot.

Results:
Curcumin significantly decreased the pancreas injury and reversed the elevation of serum amylase, ALT and AST activities and TNF-α level in mice with AP. Curcumin treatment inhibited the elevation of NF-κB-p65 in the nucleus of mouse pancreas AP group and RAW264.7 cells, but significantly increased the expression of PPARγ. GW9662 could abolish the effects of curcumin on serum levels of amylase, ALT, AST, TNF-α, and NF-κB level.

Interpretation & conclusions:
Our results suggest that curcumin could attenuate pancreas tissue and other organ injury by inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. These effects may involve upregulation of PPARγ and subsequent downregulation of NF-κB.
Mud and tears: The human face of disaster – A case study of the Queensland floods, January 2011
Authors: Härtel Charmine E J , Latemore Greg M 
Published: December 2011

AbstractJanuary 2011 visited on Queensland Australia floods of proportions many thought could not have occurred again, following disaster management planning taken after the historic floods of the 1800s and 1974. This paper presents some reflections on this natural disaster, which affected many members of the ANZAM community and left a permanent mark on those directly affected and those who watched as the waters washed away lives, memories and many of the things that give people a sense of place. Amongst tragedy came stories of generosity of human spirit as well as the occasional case of greed and callousness. When all was over, however, there was no doubt about the human side of disaster management. Through two case studies of a family-owned business and a large organization impacted by the flood in Brisbane, we highlight some lessons for disaster management and propose some strategies for building social capital in times of disaster.
From the Desk of the Guest Editor: Volume Overview
Authors: Cason Jana 
Published: December 2011

This issue of the International Journal of Telerehabilitation (IJT) contains original research evaluating the efficacy of telerehabilitation, viewpoint articles, a letter to the editor, a committee report from a working group within the American Telemedicine Association’s Telerehabilitation Special Interest Group, and an announcement from the American Telemedicine Association. It is important to note that legislation, regulation, and policy related to telerehabilitation continues to evolve. Therefore, the information presented in this issue of the IJT is current as of the time of its publication and reflects the most recent developments in the field.
Isolated Transient Blindness and Isolated Oculomotor Nerve Palsy Secondary to Single Mesencephalic Metastases: Report of 2 Cases
Authors: Rotondo Michele , Lus Giacomo , Scuotto Assunta 
Published: December 2011

Purpose Metastatic lesions of midbrain are quite rare, and only unusually they produce isolated cranial nerve palsy. Methods We report two cases of 2nd and 3rd cranial nerves impairment, produced by solitary midbrain metastases. Results In both patients Magnetic Resonance (MR) allowed a correct diagnosis, subsequently confirmed by histology. Conclusions The metastatic involvement of midbrain would be included in the differential diagnosis of neuro-ophthalmic conditions to avoid the risk of misdiagnosis and consequently delay in management of this special population. MR is crucial for early detection of this infrequent pathology.
Nondestructive sampling of human skeletal remains yields ancient nuclear and mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Bolnick Deborah A. , Bonine Holly M. , Mata‐Míguez Jaime , Kemp Brian M. , Snow Meradeth H. , LeBlanc Steven A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMuseum curators and living communities are sometimes reluctant to permit ancient DNA (aDNA) studies of human skeletal remains because the extraction of aDNA usually requires the destruction of at least some skeletal material. Whether these views stem from a desire to conserve precious materials or an objection to destroying ancestral remains, they limit the potential of aDNA research. To help address concerns about destructive analysis and to minimize damage to valuable specimens, we describe a nondestructive method for extracting DNA from ancient human remains. This method can be used with both teeth and bone, but it preserves the structural integrity of teeth much more effectively than that of bone. Using this method, we demonstrate that it is possible to extract both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA from human remains dating between 300 BC and 1600 AD. Importantly, the method does not expose the remains to hazardous chemicals, allowing them to be safely returned to curators, custodians, and/or owners of the samples. We successfully amplified mitochondrial DNA from 90% of the individuals tested, and we were able to analyze 1–9 nuclear loci in 70% of individuals. We also show that repeated nondestructive extractions from the same tooth can yield amplifiable mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. The high success rate of this method and its ability to yield DNA from samples spanning a wide geographic and temporal range without destroying the structural integrity of the sampled material may make possible the genetic study of skeletal collections that are not available for destructive analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 147:293–300, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Russian ethnic history inferred from mitochondrial DNA diversity
Authors: Morozova Irina , Evsyukov Alexey , Kon'kov Andrey , Grosheva Alexandra , Zhukova Olga , Rychkov Sergey 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWith the aim of gaining insight into the genetic history of the Russians, we have studied mitochondrial DNA diversity among a number of modern Russian populations. Polymorphisms in mtDNA markers (HVS‐I and restriction sites of the coding region) of populations from 14 regions within present‐day European Russia were investigated. Based on analysis of the mitochondrial gene pool geographic structure, we have identified three different elements in it and a vast “intermediate” zone between them. The analysis of the genetic distances from these elements to the European ethnic groups revealed the main causes of the Russian mitochondrial gene pool differentiation. The investigation of this pattern in historic perspective showed that the structure of the mitochondrial gene pool of the present‐day Russians largely conforms to the tribal structure of the medieval Slavs who laid the foundation of modern Russians. Our results indicate that the formation of the genetic diversity currently observed among Russians can be traced to the second half of the first millennium A.D., the time of the colonization of the East European Plain by the Slavic tribes. Patterns of diversity are explained by both the impact of the native population of the East European Plain and by genetic differences among the early Slavs. Am J Phys Anthropol , 2012. © 2011Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A three‐level dark state and double‐control single‐photon logic gates via quantum coherent control
Authors: Shen J.Q. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMultilevel quantum coherence and its quantum‐vacuum counterpart, where a three‐level dark state is involved, are suggested in order to achieve new photonic and quantum optical applications. It is shown that such a three‐level dark state in a four‐level tripod‐configuration atomic system consists of three lower levels, where constructive and destructive quantum interference between two control transitions (driven by two control fields) arises. We point out that the controllable optical response due to the double‐control tunable quantum interference can be utilized to design some fascinating new photonic devices such as logic gates, photonic transistors and switches at quantum level. A single‐photon two‐input XOR logic gate (in which the incident “gate” photons are the individual light quanta of the two control fields) based on such an effect of optical switching control with an EIT (electromagnetically induced transparency) microcavity is suggested as an illustrative example of the application of the dark‐state manipulation via the double‐control quantum interference. The present work would open up possibility of new applications in both fundamental physics (e.g., field quantization and relevant quantum optical effects in artificial systems that can mimic atomic energy levels) and applied physics (e.g., photonic devices such as integrated optical circuits at quantum level).