bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Habit Formation and Macroeconomic Models of the Term Structure of Interest Rates
Authors: BURASCHI ANDREA , JILTSOV ALEXEI 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper introduces a new class of nonaffine models of the term structure of interest rates that is supported by an economy with habit formation. Distinguishing features of the model are that the interest rate dynamics are nonlinear, interest rates depend on lagged monetary and consumption shocks, and the price of risk is not a constant multiple of interest rate volatility. We find that habit persistence can help reproduce the nonlinearity of the spot rate process, the documented deviations from the expectations hypothesis, the persistence of the conditional volatility of interest rates, and the lead‐lag relationship between interest rates and monetary aggregates.
Agency Conflicts, Investment, and Asset Pricing
Authors: ALBUQUERUE RUI , WANG NENG 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe separation of ownership and control allows controlling shareholders to pursue private benefits. We develop an analytically tractable dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to study asset pricing and welfare implications of imperfect investor protection. Consistent with empirical evidence, the model predicts that countries with weaker investor protection have more incentives to overinvest, lower Tobin's q, higher return volatility, larger risk premia, and higher interest rate. Calibrating the model to the Korean economy reveals that perfecting investor protection increases the stock market's value by 22%, a gain for which outside shareholders are willing to pay 11% of their capital stock.
THE POLITICS OF COURT REFORM:d IN A NUTSHELL
Authors: Click Henry R. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTState court reform is proceeding at an ever‐quickening pace. A major theme is centralized state judicial leadership and management in court organization and funding, and improved methods for the selection and discipline of judges. Trends in court reform, groups supporting and opposing change and a brief evaluation of some court reform efforts are examined. Court reform is viewed as a political process.
JUDICIAL SELECTION: THE SOCIAL SCIENTISTS' VIEW*
Authors: Voleansek Mary L. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper is an assessment of the contributions which social scientists have made to the debate on the most appropriate mode for selecting state judges. Specific analyses of the assumptions behind differing normative positions qoverning judicial selection (e.g., accountability versus independence) are discussed. Considerable empirical research has been completed on elective and Missouri Plan systemic. It is suggested however, that more definitive conclusions might be possible through cross‐system analysis. The methodological barriers to effective comparisons among the systems are high, but that area of inquiry appears to offer the potential for social scientists to make a significant policy contribution.
A CRITIQUE OF CONVENTIONAL EXPLANATION OF LABOR MARKET, CONDITIONS FOR EMPLOYED BLACKS*
Authors: Ferleger Louis 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTHistorically, the pattern of black employment has differed considerably from the pattern of white employment. In addition, the U.S. economy has undergone structural changes such that service sector employment has increased at a faster pace than has employment in other sectors. While employed blacks have made some occupational advances in non‐service areas (e.g., manufacturing), the employed work force is heavily concentrated in low wage occupations in the service sector. Neo‐classical analyses of the pattern of black employment do not consider the significance of these structural changes. Segmentation theorists do consider these changes but downgrade the importance of the service sector. This paper draws attention to the overwhelming importance of the service sector in explaining the structure of black employment in the last twenty years.
The long‐term effects of arteriovenous fistula creation on the development of pulmonary hypertension in hemodialysis patients
Authors: UNAL Aydin , TASDEMIR Kutay , OYMAK Sema , DURAN Mustafa , KOCYIGIT Ismail , OGUZ Fatih , TOKGOZ Bulent , SIPAHIOGLU Murat Hayri , UTAS Cengiz , OYMAK Oktay 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe aim of this prospective study was to evaluate long‐term effects of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) on the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and the relationship between blood flow rate of AVF and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in the patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). This prospective study was performed in 20 patients with ESRD. Before an AVF was surgically created for hemodialysis, the patients were evaluated by echocardiography. Then, an AVF was surgically created in all patients. After mean 23.50 ± 2.25 months, the second evaluation was performed by echocardiography. Also, the blood flow rate of AVF was measured at the second echocardiographic evaluation. Pulmonary arterial hypertension was defined as a systolic PAP above 35 mmHg at rest. Mean age of 20 patients with ESRD was 55.05 ± 13.64 years; 11 of 20 patients were males. Pulmonary arterial hypertension was detected in 6 (30%) patients before AVF creation and in 4 (20%) patients after AVF creation. Systolic PAP value was meaningfully lower after AVF creation than before AVF creation (29.95 ± 10.26 mmHg vs. 35.35 ± 7.86 mmHg, respectively, P: 0.047). However, there was no significant difference between 2 time periods in terms of presence of PAH (P>0.05). Pulmonary artery pressure did not correlate with blood flow rate of AVF and duration after AVF creation (P>0.05). In hemodialysis patients, a surgically created AVF has no significant effect on the development of PAH within a long‐term period. Similarly, blood flow rate of AVF also did not affect remarkably systolic PAP within the long‐term period.
Melanotropin as a Potential Regulator of Pigment Pattern Formation in Embryonic Skin
Authors: Frost‐Mason Sally , Walpita Deepika , Mckay Linda 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTFrozen tissue sections of developing axolotl embryos were labeled by indirect immunofluorescence with anti‐alpha‐MSH. Anti‐MSH immunoreactivity is first detectable in embryos when neural crest cells are migrating from the neural tube. Antibody labeling is visible around the lateral and ventral edges of the neural tube and in the embryonic ectoderm. As development progresses, the amount of labeling increases greatly, particularly in developing ectoderm. Western blots of soluble proteins extracted from various developmental stages of axolotl embryo ectoderm reveal that MSH activity is associated directly with several high molecular weight components that may be part of the embryonic extracellular matrix. Thus, we suggest that melanotropin activity is present in embryonic axolotl skin, is associated with the extracellular matrix, and is thereby in a position to play a supportive and/or directive role in the establishment of embryonic pigment patterns.
Membranous complexes characteristic of melanocytes derived from patients with Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome type 1 are macroautophagosomal entities of the lysosomal compartment
Authors: Smith Justin W. , Koshoffer Amy , Morris Randal E. , Boissy Raymond E. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryHermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from mutations in a family of genes required for efficient transport of lysosomal‐related proteins from the trans‐Golgi network to a target organelle. To date, there are several genetically distinct forms of HPS. Many forms of HPS exhibit aberrant trafficking of melanosome‐targeted proteins resulting in incomplete melanosome biogenesis responsible for oculocutaneous albinism observed in patients. In HPS‐1, melanosome‐targeted proteins are localized to characteristic membranous complexes, which have morphologic similarities to macroautophagosomes. In this report, we evaluated the hypothesis that HPS‐1‐specific membranous complexes comprise a component of the lysosomal compartment of melanocytes. Using indirect immunofluorescence, an increase in co‐localization of misrouted tyrosinase with cathepsin‐L, a lysosomal cysteine protease, occurred in HPS‐1 melanocytes. In addition, ribophorin II, an integral endoplasmic reticulum protein that is also a component of macroautophagosomes, and LC3, a specific marker of macrophagosomes, demonstrated localization to membranous complexes in HPS‐1 melanocytes. At the electron microscopic level, the membranous complexes exhibited acid phosphatase activity and localization of exogenously supplied horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐conjugated gold particles, indicating incorporation of lysosomal and endosomal components to membranous complexes, respectively. These results confirm that membranous complexes of HPS‐1 melanocytes are macroautophagosomal representatives of the lysosomal compartment.
Longitudinal findings from a Norwegian case–cohort study on internalizing problems in children with congenital heart defects
Authors: Stene‐Larsen Kim , Brandlistuen Ragnhild Eek , Holmstrøm Henrik , Landolt Markus A , Eskedal Leif T , Engdahl Bo , Vollrath Margarete E 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim:  To examine the association of the severity of congenital heart defects (CHDs) with internalizing problems in 18‐month‐olds and to explore the extent to which the internalizing problems are influenced by maternal distress and emotional reactivity in the child at age 6 months.Methods:  We linked prospective data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, with a nationwide CHD registry and identified 198 18‐month‐olds with CHDs in a cohort of 47 692 toddlers. Maternal reports on the children’s emotional reactivity at age 6 months, the children’s internalizing problems (anxiety, sleep problems, emotional reactivity) at age 18 months and maternal distress were assessed by questionnaires.Results:  We found an association at age 18 months between the severity of the CHD and anxiety but not sleep problems or emotional reactivity. Children with severe but not with mild or moderate CHDs were twice as likely to experience the symptoms of anxiety compared with controls. These symptoms are not merely sequelae of earlier psychological reactions or concurrent maternal distress.Conclusion:  Should these findings be replicated, future studies ought to investigate the mechanisms leading to elevated anxiety in toddlers with CHDs. In addition, clinical interventions should address the child’s anxiety as well as the interaction between the parents and the child.
Milk protein polymorphisms in cattle (Bos indicus), mithun (Bos frontalis) and yak (Bos grunniens) breeds and their hybrids indigenous to Bhutan
Authors: DORJI Tashi , NAMIKAWA Takao , MANNEN Hideyuki , KAWAMOTO Yoshi 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIn the current study, milk protein variation was examined in cattle (Bos indicus), mithun (Bos frontalis), yak (Bos grunniens) and their hybrid populations in Bhutan to estimate genetic variability, conduct genetic characterization and assess the possibility of gene flow between mithun and cattle. Isoelectric focusing of 372 milk samples from 11 populations detected four molecular types of β‐lactoglobulin (A, B, E and M), five molecular types of αS1‐casein (A, B, C, E and X) and three molecular types of k‐casein (A, B and X). Mithun and yak shared alleles but were found to exhibit different allele frequencies for the proteins studied. The degree of genetic variability within populations was measured by average heterozygosity and ranged from 24–40% in cattle, 26% for yak and 33% for mithun. We also resolved the traditional mithun and cattle hybridization system via principal component analysis. Our results suggested secondary introgression of mithun genes to the village Thrabum population, and a close genetic relationship between Bhutanese indigenous cattle and Indian cattle.
Spontaneous reversion of complete A‐V block to sinus rhythm in the dog
Authors: DEAR M. G. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTA case of complete atrioventricular block in a dog is reported. Emphasis is placed upon the spontaneous reversion of the dysrhythmia to sinus rhythm. The clinical veterinary literature on complete block is reviewed with particular reference to the incidence of the condition, the aetiology of complete block, the aetiology of Stokes—Adams attacks, the clinical features of the latter and the nature of the block, whether acquired or congenital. Comparative features with the human analogue of the dysrhythmia are discussed.Résumé.On rapporte le cas d'un bloc atrio‐ventriculaire complet chez un chien. On souligne la reversion spontanée de la dysrythmie en rythme sinusal. La littérature vétérinaire clinique sur le bloc complet du ceur est passée en révue et on souligne particulièrement la fréquence relative de cet état, l'étiologie du bloc complet et celle des accès de Stokes—Adams. Le tableau clinique de ce dernier syndrome et la nature du bloc atrioventriculaire acquis ou congénital sont décrits. On discute les analogies entre Ie cas de dysrythmie présenté ici et l'affection analogue dans l'espèce humaine.Zusammenfassung.Es wird über einen Fall von vollständigem atrioventrikularem Block bei einem Hund berichtet. Hervorgehoben wird die spontane Rückkehr von der Dysrhythmie zum Sinusrhythmus. Die tierärztliche klinische Literatur über den vollständigen Block wird besonders hinsichtlich der Häufigkeit des Zustands, der Ätiologie des vollständigen Blocks, der Ätiologie der Stokes—Adams‐Anfälle, ihrer klinischen Merkmale und des Charakters des Blocks, ob erworben oder kongenital, betrachtet. Vergleichbare Merkmale der analogen Dysrhythmie beim Menschen werden besprochen.
Frequencies of blood type A, B and AB in non‐pedigree domestic cats in Turkey
Authors: Arikan Ş. , Gurkan M. , Ozaytekin E. , Dodurka T. , Giger U. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives:To determine the distribution of blood types and to estimate the proportion of matings at risk for neonatal isoerythrolysis in non‐pedigree domestic cats.Methods:The present survey determined the frequency of blood types in 301 cats from four distinct regions of Turkey. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid‐anticoagulated blood samples were typed by simple tube and slide agglutination assays. Serum obtained from type B cats and an anti‐B solution, prepared withTriticum vulgaris, were used to determine type A and type B blood, respectively.Results:Of the 301 cats typed, 220 had type A blood, 74 had type B and seven had type AB. There was a significant difference (P<0·01) between the locations of the cats, with fewer type B cats in the eastern than in the western parts of Turkey. Risk for the development of neonatal isoerythrolysis due to A‐B mismatch was estimated to be 18·6 per cent.ClinicalSignificance:The overall type B frequency in Turkish domestic cats is high. Thus, untyped transfusions in these cats carry a high risk of life‐threatening acute haemolytic transfusion reactions and neonatal isoerythrolysis. It is therefore strongly recommended that blood typing be performed before breeding or transfusing in order to minimise blood type incompatibility risks.
Evaluation of colonoscopic allergen provocation as a diagnostic tool in dogs with proven food hypersensitivity reactions
Authors: Allenspach K. , Vaden S. L. , Harris T. S. , Gröne A. , Doherr M. G. , Griot‐Wenk M. E. , Bischoff S. C. , Gaschen F. 
Published: September 2010

Objective:To evaluate the colonoscopic allergen provocation (COLAP) test as a new tool for the diagnosis of IgE‐mediated food allergy.Methods:Oral food challenges as well as COLAP testing were performed in a colony of nine research dogs with proven immediate‐type food allergic reactions. In addition, COLAP was performed in five healthy dogs.Results:When compared with the oral challenge test, COLAP accurately determined 18 of 23 (73 per cent) positive oral challenge reactions (73 per cent) in dogs with food allergies and was negative in the healthy dogs.ClinicalSignificance:The accuracy of this new test may be higher than that for gastric sensitivity testing. Therefore, COLAP holds promise as a new test to confirm the diagnosis of suspect IgE‐mediated food allergy in dogs.
Treatment of inherently unstable open or infected fractures by open wound management and external skeletal fixation
Authors: Ness M. G. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives: To assess the use of external skeletal fixation with open wound management for the treatment of inherently unstable open or infected fractures in dogs. Methods: A retrospective review of 10 cases. Results: Fracture stabilisation and wound management required only a single anaesthetic, and despite the challenging nature of these injuries, the final outcome was acceptable or good in every case. However, minor complications associated with the fixator pins were quite common, and two dogs developed complications which required additional surgery. Clinical Significance: Open management of wounds, even when bone was exposed, proved to be an effective technique, and external skeletal fixators were usually effective at maintaining stability throughout an inevitably extended fracture healing period.
Health Information Exchange in Memphis: Impact on the Physician-Patient Relationship
Authors: Frisse Mark E. 
Published: September 2010

Patients and their physicians frequently make important health care decisions with incomplete information. Memory fails; records are incomplete; the onset of significant events is confused with other life stories; and even the most basic information about medications, laboratory tests, allergies, and problems is often the result of guesswork. As providers and as patients, we suffer because information vital to health care is not available when and where it is needed. Data required for care are dispersed across various settings and represented in a range of formats; incentives to bring these data together do not exist.In recent years, four specific approaches have emerged to address patient-centered information access. The first model attempts to consolidate all care into a single care delivery and financing system. This model — prevalent in many European countries — is to some degree extant at Kaiser-Permanente and other integrated care and financing systems. This model is ideal if and when one organization is responsible for all care delivery and financing. Such models present “one-stop shopping” for managing health information, coordinating care, communicating with providers and support groups, and ensuring both payment and accountability.
Ethics, Information Technology, and Public Health: New Challenges for the Clinician-Patient Relationship
Authors: Goodman Kenneth W. 
Published: September 2010

One of the largest, oldest, and most interesting challenges in health care is the balancing act in which clinicians have generally uncontroversial duties both to individual patients and to communities. Physicians and nurses must — so we teach them — put patients first, and at the same time recognize that individuals are members of communities. Individuals affect the health of communities, and communities affect the health of individuals. Thus, the moral and professional duties that result are sometimes in conflict.Moreover, the traditional, prosaic clinical encounter is evolving in an environment increasingly shaped (albeit too slowly according to some) by electronic health records, personal health records, pharmacogenomics and vast networks of data collection and storage for public health surveillance, human subjects research, health services evaluation, and comparative effectiveness research. Health information technology is changing everything. It would be perverse otherwise: imagine large amounts of data and information either ignored, missed, or collected and then ignored.
Television Food Marketing to Children Revisited: The Federal Trade Commission Has the Constitutional and Statutory Authority to Regulate
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. 
Published: September 2010

In response to the obesity epidemic, much discussion in the public health and child advocacy communities has centered on restricting food and beverage marketing practices directed at children. A common retort to appeals for government regulation is that such advertising and marketing constitutes protected commercial speech under the First Amendment. This perception has allowed the industry to function largely unregulated since the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)'s foray into the topic, termed KidVid, was terminated by an act of Congress in 1981. The FTC has since focused on self-regulation as a potential solution to such concerns. However, this method of control has proven ineffective to protect children, and has led to growing recognition that federal regulation may be necessary.Since KidVid, the evidence has only mounted that children are uniquely vulnerable to the effects of advertising. Over the same time period, the exposition of commercial speech jurisprudence has plateaued, as the Supreme Court has not decided a pure commercial speech case since 2002.
Randomized Controlled Trial to Treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia with Overactive Bladder Using an Alpha‐blocker Combined with Anticholinergics
Authors: NISHIZAWA Osamu , YAMAGUCHI Osamu , TAKEDA Masayuki , YOKOYAMA Osamu ,   for the TAABO Study Group
Published: September 2010

Objectives: TAABO was a randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination therapy of tamsulosin (TAM) with propiverine (PROP) in men with both benign prostatic hyperplasia and overactive bladder. Methods: It enrolled men 50 years or older who had an international prostate symptom score (IPSS) of 8 or higher, an urgency item score of 1 or higher, and a quality of life (QOL) score of 2 or higher. After 8 weeks of TAM 0.2 mg/day, patients who met the inclusion criteria (8 micturitions per 24 h and 1 urgency per 24 h, evaluated by bladder diary) and were eligible for 12‐weeks of continued Treatment II. Five hundred and fifteen patients were enrolled. Thereafter, 214 patients were assigned randomly to receive either TAM alone (n = 67), TAM plus PROP 10 mg (n = 72), or TAM plus PROP 20 mg (n = 75) in Treatment II. The primary efficacy end point was a change in micturitions per 24 h documented in the bladder diary. The change from baseline in urgency episodes per 24 h, IPSS, IPSS/QOL subscore, urinary flow rate and postvoid residual volume were assessed as secondary efficacy measures. Results: A total of 141 men (47 TAM, 49 TAM plus PROP 10 mg, and 45 TAM plus PROP 20 mg patients) were assessed by week 12. Compared with the TAM, TAM plus PROP 10 mg patients experienced significantly fewer micturitions (P = 0.0261), urgencies (P = 0.0093) per 24 h, lower IPSS storage (P = 0.0465), and IPSS urgency (P = 0.0252) subscores. Conclusions: These results suggest that combining TAM and 10 mg of PROP for 12 weeks provides added benefit for men with both benign prostatic hyperplasia and overactive bladder.