bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical Treatment of Children with HIV Illness and the Need for Supportive Intervention: The Challenges for Medical Providers, Families, and the State
Authors: WEIMER DEBORAH J. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTHuman immuno‐deficiency virus (HIV) illness in children poses tremendous challenges to medical providers and families to work together to deliver optimal care. An alternative to filing “neglect” reports with the Department of Social Services is necessary to provide support and appropriate intervention to families and medical providers caring for HIV‐positive children.The creation of a neutral entity that could intervene and identify barriers to treatment and communication between the medical providers and the family would benefit all the parties involved. Knowledgeable mediators could help facilitate communication and identify appropriate support for the child and family.Intervention would not be delayed until it is demonstrated that a child has been “neglected” or is at substantial risk of harm. Assistance could be made available without a finding that a parent was guilty of wrongdoing. Involving parents as full partners in medical decision making and monitoring would benefit children living with HIV now and in the future. The creation of an alternative process will also prove valuable in assisting providers and families caring for other medically at‐risk children, e.g., children with asthma, diabetes, or mental illness.
Statewide Assessment of Response to Domestic Violence in Louisiana
Authors: MOAK STACY C. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe Louisiana statewide assessment of domestic violence attitudes and services was a cooperative effort between the Louisiana Community Policing Institute and the Criminal Justice Program at the University of Louisiana, Monroe. The research project included both surveys and focus groups from Louisiana's eight law enforcement planning districts. Results indicate that the response to domestic violence in Louisiana is generally inadequate. Furthermore, problems exist with respect to the definition of domestic violence among agencies. Finally, four basic barriers to successful intervention were identified, including lack of resources, lack of education and training, victims' lack of confidence in the system, and lack of a coordinated response to the problem. Recommendations are presented for overcoming these obstacles.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) and the Role of Family Court Judges in Improving Outcomes for Children and Families
Authors: MALBIN DIANE V. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a physical disability that is 95% underdiagnosed and 40 times over‐represented in juvenile justice. Prenatal alcohol and other drug exposure causes brain damage that affects behaviors, e.g., poor judgment, impulsivity, difficulty learning from experience, and difficulty understanding consequences, leading to multiple diagnoses such as Attention Deficit Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Emotionally Disturbed. FASD is an invisible physical disability; most people with FASD have no observable physical characteristics. The courts are in an important position to increase awareness of this problem by simply asking whether FASD is a factor that needs to be considered. The purpose of this article is to support increased recognition and efficacy of services for people with FASD in the legal system. Sections include: (1) Overview of FASD diagnostic criteria and current terminology; (2) Exploration of FASD as a physical disability with behavioral symptoms; (3) Case example illustrating common patterns of behaviors in children and adults with FASD without identification and improved outcomes following identification and implementation of appropriate treatment; and (4) Recommendations for family court judges.
Treatment Decisions for Critically Ill Infants: The Abrogation of the Best Interests Standard
Authors: CLARK FRANK I. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe issue of withholding or withdrawing medical treatment from seriously ill newborns first gained the attention of the American public in 1982 when Baby Doe was allowed to die without surgery. Since that time, the predominant ethical, medical, and legal approach has been one that allows informed parents to make a reasonable medical treatment decision in the best interests of their infant with the concurrence of the health care providers. There has always been a minority that believes every infant should receive full medical treatment without regard to pain and suffering, until that infant dies a natural death. This viewpoint is reflected in recent judicial and legislative proceedings that have either already drastically changed the prevailing standard of care or threaten do so. This article reviews the significance of these changes.
Domestic Sexual Assault: A New Opportunity for Court Response
Authors: BERMAN JUDITH 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTBased on research conducted for the State Justice Institute, this article examines the invisibility of domestic sexual assault—also known as intimate partner sexual assault or spousal, wife, or marital rape—from the perspective of community and court responses to domestic violence and sexual assault. The article identifies the consequences of invisibility of domestic sexual assault, including the potential for lethality, and offers suggestions to courts for improving outcomes for victims and perpetrators. Areas explored include data collection and analysis, judicial leadership, and specialization in victim response systems, law enforcement and prosecution, court management, and offender intervention.
Faith‐Based Programs for Reentry Courts: A Summary of Issues and Recommendations
Authors: HERZ DENISE C. , WALSH JENNIFER E. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTIn 2002, the Bush Administration directed the Department of Justice to include faith‐based organizations in its distribution of funds earmarked for programs targeting the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency and substance abuse. Among the initiatives most likely to be affected by this new policy are reentry court programs that endeavor to reintegrate juvenile delinquents into their communities by placing them within local neighborhood‐based programs. However, reentry court personnel and leaders of faith‐based organizations are likely to encounter numerous challenges as they try to establish appropriate programming. In this article, we discuss the current understanding of First Amendment jurisprudence governing the federal funding of faith‐based organizations and summarize key issues identified by a National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges' workgroup on faith‐based programming that are necessary for including faith‐based organizations within a reentry court's continuum of care. We also discuss several concerns that reentry court personnel and faith‐based organizations should consider as they seek to maximize the impact of their programs.
Treating Substance‐Abusing Parents: A Study of the Pima County Family Drug Court Approach
Authors: ASHFORD JOSÉ B. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTA geographical comparison‐group design was used to examine the effectiveness of the Pima County (Arizona) Court Assisted Treatment Services (CATS) program and its drug court intervention. The study compared the summary statistics for the volunteers to the family drug court (n=33) with a treatment‐refusal group (n=42) and a treatment‐as‐usual group (n=45) from a matched geographical area. The findings of this study indicate that the family drug court group had higher engagement and completion rates of residential treatment than was true of the other comparison groups. In addition, the volunteers to the family drug court group had fewer parental rights severed, a higher percentage of permanency decisions reached within one year, earlier permanency decisions, and a higher percentage of children placed with their parents. The implications of this study's findings for future evaluations of the components of a family drug court intervention are discussed.
The Impact of Trauma on Child Development
Authors: PUTNAM FRANK W. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTA growing body of research links childhood experiences of abuse and neglect with serious life‐long problems including depression, suicide, alcoholism and drug abuse, and major medical problems such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Two basic processes, neurodevelopment and psychosocial development, are affected by early abuse and neglect. Scientists have begun to understand the mechanisms through which these adverse experiences alter child development and produce pernicious mental, medical, and social outcomes. These insights have opened opportunities to intervene to prevent maltreatment and to mitigate its effects. Future success depends on the greater dissemination and refinement of these interventions.
The State of the Debate About Children's Disclosure Patterns in Child Sexual Abuse Cases
Authors: OLAFSON ERNA , LEDERMAN JUDGE CINDY S. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTIn current research studies about the disclosure patterns of sexually abused children, experts agree that most victims delay disclosure for years, often until adulthood. Researchers disagree about disclosure rates and recantation rates among children during formal interviews. Studies of children who had not previously disclosed but are known through corroborative evidence to have been sexually abused show lower rates of disclosure than do studies of children who had disclosed prior to the formal interview. Gradual disclosures among children are common, and more than a single interview may be necessary in some cases. Prior disclosure, level of support by non‐offending parents, developmental level, and relationship to perpetrator affect children's rates of disclosure and their disclosure patterns. More research is necessary to clarify children's post‐disclosure recantation rates and predictors.
Medical Evidence and Expert Testimony in Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: FRASIER LORI D. , MAKOROFF KATHI L. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTExpert medical testimony in child sexual abuse cases can be critical to the outcome of a legal case. This article will review the development of the medical knowledge and clinical expertise in child sexual abuse. Since the passage of mandatory child abuse reporting laws, the forensic medical examination of a child for evidence of sexual abuse has become standard. Until recently, many myths regarding female genital anatomy existed but were based primarily on dogma and lack of empirical research. Over the past 25 years, many research studies and accumulating clinical evidence have expanded medical knowledge and debunked old myths. Physical evidence, even in cases of alleged genital or anal penetration is rare. Sexually transmitted infections are also uncommon and often require medical interpretation as to their significance in a prepubertal child. Specialized medical knowledge, training, and clinical expertise have developed in order to evaluate children presenting with allegations of sexual abuse. Such medical expertise provides invaluable service to courts. We review criteria for evaluating such expertise in light of current medical practice.
Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Making Trauma‐Informed Custody and Visitation Decisions
Authors: VAN HORN PATRICIA , GROVES BETSY MCALISTER 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThis article explores the risks for young children and the challenges for courts that emerge when parents who are victims or perpetrators of intimate partner violence seek court decisions on child visitation or custody matters. We focus particularly on children age five and younger, a group that is disproportionately represented in families affected by intimate partner violence, and especially vulnerable to its traumatic impact. We examine the literature on children's response to violence between their parents and the literature on parental alienation, a counter‐charge that may arise when one parent alleges violence as a reason to limit the other parent's access to the children. We look at challenges faced by both mental health professionals and courts involved in custody determinations and make policy recommendations to help courts make trauma‐informed decisions that best serve children.
Trauma Interventions and Systems Change in Rural Areas: The Role of the Juvenile Court Judge in Collaboration with Mental Health Professionals
Authors: KLIEBERT JUDGE THOMAS , OSOFSKY JOY D. , OSOFSKY HOWARD J. , COSTA RICHARD N. , DRENNAN PATRICK , MORSE PATRICIA , MORSE EDWARD 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThis article will focus on the evolution of the collaborative work of the Louisiana Rural Trauma Services Center (LRTSC), a Center within the National Child Traumatic Stress Network, and the 23rd Judicial District, a jurisdiction in south Louisiana serving three rural parishes. We will describe how the collaboration and joint efforts, and the changes that have been made in terms of availability of evaluation and treatment resources, seem to be influencing both the educational and judicial systems in St. James Parish and potential sustainability of some of the identified resources. The article will examine how the court and the LRTSC work together with emphasis on the evaluation, reporting and recommendation processes, outcomes and benefits to date, and challenges for the future.
Advancing Accountability: Moving Toward Victim Restoration
Authors: BENDER VALERIE , KING MELANIE , TORBET PATRICIA 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTOne of the goals of Pennsylvania's juvenile justice system is the “imposition of accountability” for offenses committed. This White Paper, originally published in 2006, takes the position that true accountability requires juvenile offenders to repair the harm caused by their offending behavior and to understand and acknowledge the wrongfulness of their actions, their responsibility for causing harm, and the impact of the crime on the crime victim and community. It identifies system responsibilities, restorative practices, and outcomes relative to accountability. This White Paper was the result of debate among focus group participants under the auspices of the State Advisory Group.
The Transition to Group Decision Making in Child Protection Cases: Obtaining Better Results for Children and Families
Authors: (RET.) JUDGE LEONARD EDWARDS , SAGATUN‐EDWARDS DEAN INGER 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTIt was only a few years ago that in most jurisdictions across the United States, decisions at each stage of a child welfare case were made by individual professionals (law enforcement, child protection workers, social workers, and judges) who were all a part of the community's response to child abuse and neglect crises. In the last decade, the development and continuing evolution of best practices have brought about many changes in how professionals approach the resolution of these issues, how they convene interested persons in the decision‐making process, and how families and children participate in decisions. This article will examine some of these changes, with a particular focus on the expanding use of groups and the inclusion of families in these groups to make better decisions in child protection cases.
Achieving Timely Permanency in Child Protection Courts: The Importance of Frontloading the Court Process
Authors: EDWARDS JUDGE LEONARD P. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTTimely permanency for foster children has been an unrealized goal in our nation's juvenile courts. The goal of timely permanency is a legal mandate, it serves the needs of families, it is consistent with evolving case management standards, it is required by the Canons of Judicial Ethics, and it serves the best interests of children. Judges must take a leadership role within their courts to reduce delays in child protection courts. Through a series of changes including legislation, court rules, case management techniques, and judicial control, timely permanency for foster children can be achieved.
Guidelines for Collecting and Recording the Race and Ethnicity of Juveniles in Conjunction with Juvenile Delinquency Disposition Reporting to the Juvenile Court Judges' Commission
Authors: TORBET PATRICIA , HURST HUNTER , SOLER MARK 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTOne of the most compelling reasons for accurate racial coding of juveniles involved in the juvenile justice system is to ensure that all youth are treated fairly, regardless of race or ethnicity. Pennsylvania juvenile courts and probation departments now have instructions and guidelines for collecting and recording race and ethnicity in compliance with Federal standards. These guidelines can be easily adopted by other states and jurisdictions.
Minor Discrepancies: Forging a Common Understanding of Adolescent Competence in Healthcare Decision‐Making and Criminal Responsibility
Authors: MUTCHERSON KIMBERLY M. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThis article seeks to understand the divide between those who advocate for a broad belief in adolescent competence in the realm of healthcare decision‐making and those who advocate for a broad belief in adolescent incompetence in criminal law. After detailing various ways of understanding competence for adolescents and delineating how advocates and the Supreme Court have dealt with these issues, the article explores the possibility that contrasting views of adolescent competence are quite compatible. The author argues that the milieu in which young people make decisions, i.e., in formal versus informal settings, demonstrably affects the quality of the decision‐making process. As such, it is logical to conclude that the decision‐making process in formal healthcare settings leads to better decisions that the law should support than is the case in the informal settings in which young people decide to participate in criminal activities.
Spatial heterogeneity of methanotrophs: a geostatistical analysis of pmoA‐based T‐RFLP patterns in a paddy soil
Authors: Krause Sascha , Lüke Claudia , Frenzel Peter 
Published: July 2009

SummaryDespite numerous studies on methanotrophs, virtually nothing is known about their spatial heterogeneity in nature. These patterns, however, have strong influences on the interpretations made from analysing microbial processes and community structure. Here we report the first use of geostatistics to analyse the spatial heterogeneity of methanotrophs in a rice field soil (Vercelli, Italy). We used the gene encoding the particulate methane monooxygenase, pmoA, for terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) analysis. The profiles obtained were compared using a pseudo‐variogram analysis to study autocorrelation as a function of distance. We demonstrated that there was no large‐scale spatial structure at this study site, but a micro‐scale spatial structure could not be excluded. A species accumulation curve with all terminal restriction fragments revealed that even 75 samples were insufficient to cover the diversity of methanotrophs in a rice field. However, a species accumulation curve of methanotrophs defined as operational taxonomic units validated from a clone library with 90% coverage demonstrated saturation after approximately 15 samples. The results of this study have consequences for studying the diversity and function of methanotrophs. In this agroecosystem population structure showed no spatial pattern implying that both a systematic and random sampling design would be adequate.
Dietary Management of Hepatic Copper Accumulation in Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Hoffmann G. , Jones P.G. , Biourge V. , Van Den Ingh T.S.G.A.M. , Mesu S.J. , Bode P. , Rothuizen J. 
Published: July 2009

Background:Copper‐associated chronic hepatitis (CACH) recently has been recognized in the Labrador Retriever as an inherited disorder with a late onset of clinical signs. No studies have investigated dietary management for the long‐term treatment of this disease or for its potential in delaying the onset of clinical signs in subclinical cases.Objectives:To investigate the effects of a low‐copper diet and zinc gluconate on hepatic copper concentrations in Labrador Retrievers with abnormal hepatic copper concentrations.Animals:Twenty‐four client‐owned Labradors that were related to patients affected with CACH and that had been diagnosed with increased hepatic copper concentrations.Methods:Hepatic copper concentrations were assessed before and after an average of 8 and 16 months of treatment. During this time, all dogs were fed exclusively a low‐copper diet. In addition, dogs were assigned to 1 of 2 groups in a randomized double‐blind manner to receive a supplement of zinc gluconate or placebo.Results:Twenty‐one dogs completed the study. Hepatic copper concentrations decreased in both groups at recheck 1 (n = 21; group 1,P< .001; group 2,P= .001) and at recheck 2 (n= 16; group 1,P= .03; group 2,P= .04). No difference in hepatic copper concentrations was found between the 2 groups before treatment (P= .65), at recheck 1 or at recheck 2 (P= .52–.79).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:Feeding low‐copper diets to Labradors is effective in decreasing hepatic copper concentrations. Adjunctive treatment with zinc does not appear to increase the copper‐lowering effects of dietary management.
Optimal Positioning and Control of a MR-Squeeze Film Damper for Reducing Unbalanced Vibrations in a Rotor System With Multiple Masses
Authors: Kim Keun-Joo , Lee Chong-Won , Koo Jeong-Hoi 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This paper presents a new semi-active control scheme that can reduce the unbalance responses in a flexible rotor system with multiple masses (i.e., disks) using a magnetorheological fluid based squeeze film damper (MR-SFD). The proposed control scheme is designed to effectively attenuate multiple vibration modes of the rotor system. The control algorithm begins with the determination of the optimal location of the MR squeeze film damper to maximize its control performance over several flexural critical speeds of interest. After identifying the optimal position of the damper based on the structure dynamics modification method, the singular value analysis was performed, with varying rotor speed, to determine the scheduled input current to the MR squeeze film damper at each rotational speed. Using a rotor-bearing model coupled with three disks and a MR-SFD, a series of numerical simulations was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the control algorithm. In addition to the numerical study, a test rotor system (equivalent to the numerical model) and a prototype MR squeeze film damper were constructed and tested to experimentally evaluate the performance of the prototype with the control and validate the simulation results. The numerical and test results indicate that optimal positioning of the damper alone (without implementing the control) significantly reduced the unbalance responses of the disks near the first critical speed. Activating the controller, the damper further attenuated the unbalanced vibrations of the rotor system at the second critical speed. The results show that, at this critical speed, the peak vibration magnitudes of the disks were attenuated by nearly 70%.