Using a Digital Mental Health Intervention for Crisis Support and Mental Health Care Among Children and Adolescents With Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors: Retrospective Study
Authors: Lawrence-Sidebottom Darian , Huffman Landry Goodgame , Beam Aislinn Brenna , McAlister Kelsey , Guerra Rachael , Parikh Amit , Roots Monika , Huberty Jennifer 
Published: June 2024

Background
Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) are increasing dramatically among children and adolescents. Crisis support is intended to provide immediate mental health care, risk mitigation, and intervention for those experiencing SITBs and acute mental health distress. Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) have emerged as accessible and effective alternatives to in-person care; however, most do not provide crisis support or ongoing care for children and adolescents with SITBs.

Objective
To inform the development of digital crisis support and mental health care for children and adolescents presenting with SITBs, this study aims to (1) characterize children and adolescents with SITBs who participate in a digital crisis response service, (2) compare anxiety and depressive symptoms of children and adolescents presenting with SITBs versus those without SITBs throughout care, and (3) suggest future steps for the implementation of digital crisis support and mental health care for children and adolescents presenting with SITBs.

Methods
This retrospective study was conducted using data from children and adolescents (aged 1-17 y; N=2161) involved in a pediatric collaborative care DMHI. SITB prevalence was assessed during each live session. For children and adolescents who exhibited SITBs during live sessions, a rapid crisis support team provided evidence-based crisis support services. Assessments were completed approximately once a month to measure anxiety and depressive symptom severity. Demographics, mental health symptoms, and change in the mental health symptoms of children and adolescents presenting with SITBs (group with SITBs) were compared to those of children and adolescents with no SITBs (group without SITBs).

Results
Compared to the group without SITBs (1977/2161, 91.49%), the group with SITBs (184/2161, 8.51%) was mostly made up of adolescents (107/184, 58.2%) and female children and adolescents (118/184, 64.1%). At baseline, compared to the group without SITBs, the group with SITBs had more severe anxiety and depressive symptoms. From before to after mental health care with the DMHI, the 2 groups did not differ in the rate of children and adolescents with anxiety symptom improvement (group with SITBs: 54/70, 77% vs group without SITBs: 367/440, 83.4%; χ21=1.2; P=.32) as well as depressive symptom improvement (group with SITBs: 58/72, 81% vs group without SITBs: 255/313, 81.5%; χ21=0; P=.99). The 2 groups also did not differ in the amount of change in symptom severity during care with the DMHI for anxiety (t80.20=1.37; P=.28) and depressive (t83.75=–0.08; P=.99) symptoms.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that participation in a collaborative care DMHI is associated with improved mental health outcomes in children and adolescents experiencing SITBs. These results provide preliminary insights for the use of pediatric DMHIs in crisis support and mental health care for children and adolescents presenting with SITBs, thereby addressing the public health issue of acute mental health crisis in children and adolescents.