bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Low-Temperature Domestic Laundry on the Decontamination of Healthcare Workers' Uniforms
Authors: Lakdawala N. , Pham J. , Shah M. , Holton J. 
Published: October 2011

Objective.Most professionals in the healthcare environment wear uniforms. For the purpose of this study, we concentrated on nurses' uniforms. In the United Kingdom, many nurses are expected to launder their uniforms at home by using a domestic washing machine that frequently has low-temperature wash cycles. We have investigated whether the use of low-temperature wash cycles results in a microbiologically acceptable product to wear on the wards.Methods.We have assessed the bioburden on uniforms before and after laundry and the effectiveness of low-temperature wash cycles and ironing on removal of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acinetobacter baumannii. We did not assess the role of tumble drying.Results.We demonstrate contamination of uniforms by gram-negative bacteria after wash, the removal of MRSA at low-temperature wash cycles in the presence of detergent, and the eradication of gram-negative bacteria after ironing.Conclusions.Our conclusions are that laundry in a domestic situation at 60°C (140°F) for 10 minutes is sufficient to decontaminate hospital uniforms and reduces the bacterial load by more than 7-log reduction, that items left in the pockets are decontaminated to the same extent, that the addition of either a biological detergent or a nonbiological detergent is beneficial in removing MRSA from experimentally contaminated swatches, and that uniforms become recontaminated with low numbers of principally gram-negative bacteria after laundry but that these are effectively removed by ironing.
Introduction
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The introduction discusses the “patient Job” as a metaphor making this study more tangible and flexible than just a theory. The book uses an historical counterpoint by playing off distinct but related themes one against the other. The most prominent play of theme against theme in this study involves considering the book of Job side by side a famous Yiddish 19th-century short story: “Bontsye Shvayg” or “Bontsye the Silent” by Y. L. Perets in order to give a historical credibility to the book of Job. This study also takes into account the dynamism of the audience throughout history and the critical analysis of the changes that occur. In the same way, readers are reminded that though the questions posed in this study will be answered at the end, no answers are final since they are merely the latest critical line of argument derived from the lines that preceded it.
The “Patience” Problem
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The book of Job predominantly presents a “patient Job” or “ten hupomonen lob” posing an attitude of unquestioning, unresisting fortitude and endurance in the face of suffering. This chapter notes that Job is able to hold on to his fortitude beyond the beginning of Chapter 3 where he suddenly converts into the most impatient man causing him to be greatly persecuted. It stresses that the Epistle of James uses the term “heard of the patience of Job” which is different from “you have read about the patience of Job.” Nonetheless, the problem worsens as the oral tradition about the “patience of Job” takes precedence over the Job that eventually loses patience very quickly and how such opposing ideas coexist. Admittedly, the said problem has always been one of the most difficult problems inhibiting the proper interpretation of the book of Job. The chapter suggests that to be successful in resolving such contradictory pictures, it’s best to go back to how Epistle of James spoke of a “patient Job” as known by many and give precedence about the impatient Job that some have heard.
The Akedah Model
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The chapter states how Abraham’s story and the Akedah Model are relevant to the study of Job as a historical counterfeit. It discusses how Abraham was willing to sacrifice his son Isaac and how his faith was not really tested as God “saved” him from doing so. The same event is made known today by Shalom Spiegel who collected and analyzed it in his book, “The Last Trial.” Spiegel also notes that the story in Akedah has very ancient reverberations and how the story of Abraham and Isaac can be compared with Jephthah and his daughter in Judges 11. The Akedah whose basic theme tells of a son almost sacrificed but was saved by a merciful God at the last moment and Abraham’s story is best seen as a musical counterpoint where traditions that form a biblical narrative are best understood when heard together rather than isolated and analyzed as discrete identities. Spiegel considers the Akedah as a model that will help with the understanding of the book of Job.
The Case against a Linear Reading
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
To further understand the story of Job and how he is the most patient of men, the linear reading of the book of Job specifically in relation to the dating of the Prologue/Epilogue and the Poem is not advisable. Avi Hurtz made a study on the language of the prose sections of Job which points out the role Satan plays in the life of Job but not a single verse in its poetic section at the same time not leaving any trace in the Epilogue. The question is what accounts for the presence of the Satan in the authorized version of the book. The chapter also makes connections with the Joban tradition and the Akedah which both deal with patriarchal figures subjected to severe testing by God. Like the ancient Akedah, the riginal Job story is considered more comprehensive than the one found in the book’s authorized version. It is important, though, that the polyphonic relationship between what is ancient and what is authorized is not neglected or else it will not be the story of Job at all. The ancient story of Job and the authorized version from the Prose Frame Story have the same contrapuntal relationship as the ancient and authorized stories of Akedah. The chapter also shows how Ezekiel equates Job with two other well-known legendary figures—Noah and Danel, all considered as righteous men.
Anti-Job
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The chapter poses the essential question “How does the Poem of Job fit within the contrapuntal harmony that constitutes the Joban tradition?” It focuses more on the similarities of Bontsye and the traditional Job, where the later can also be Super-Job who holds fast to his integrity and has not a word against God nor Man. The chapter assumes that the attitude of the writer of “Poem of Job” when faced with the optimistic tradition of the pious and silent Job is based on anger, much the same as Perets’. Both could have viewed the two characters not as the ultimate figure of piety worthy of praise but as ultimate fools. This explains why the author structured his poem in a manner that the traditional conventions were turned inside out. The Job in the poem is pictured as vocal, impatient, and challenging the divine authority, emitting a feeling of being Anti-Job, the counterpoint to the traditional Job. Three of Job’s friends, Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar, were also seen in a similar perspective. The poet does not wish the reader to simply focus on Job but to look at the nature of God too. The chapter also discusses the Song of Songs to further understand the approach to Scriptures exemplified by Rabbi Aqiba. In explaining the presence of the poem in the center of the book of Job, Aqiba endorses the most traditional of stories whose heroes is the most pious of men.
The “Sincerely Wrong” Approach
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The interpretations of the story of Bontsye Shvayg by Hilde Abel and Arnold Perl are the focus of this chapter. Abel’s rendition, the most widely read, believes that a bitter laugh is the only possible climax to the story and Perl’s play, “The World Sholom Aleichem,” a dramatic rendition that has done more to bring Perets’ story before contemporary audiences, believes in Bontsye’s piety that no prosecutional laugh could challenge. The chapter presents a “wrong” interpretation of Bontsye that goes against what the text plainly expresses. It notes, however, that an interpretation is only wrong from one’s perspective because of historical factors (i.e. Holocaust) which have been a huge influence in transforming the “wrong” interpretation into what has to be right. The discussion of a “sincerely wrong” approach to Bontsye moves back to the larger issue on how to explain the contrapuntal structure of the book of Job. The chapter also mentions Ecclesiastes, whose pietistic terms must be rethought, still worked to mold the canonical shape of the book of Job.
The Art of Parody: The Legal Metaphor
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The legalisms from the “Poem of Job” reflect the poet’s innovation. The author produced a legal metaphor which will be considered largely without reference to the Dialogue/Appeal in the “Poem.” The chapter raises one issue that is usually avoided—the question of God’s righteousness. Though this was presented in the poem “according to the rules” as wholly conventional testimonies, the use of legal metaphor makes it clearer that all is not quite as conventional as how it seemed at first. The Hebrew term “rib” seems to be the very essence of the “Poem of Job” from a legalistic standpoint. “Rib” as used in the Bible is an early affirmation of the rule of law-and-order over the law-of-the-jungle. The poet was able to bring legal metaphor in Job when he feels that God resisted giving proper legal recourse and the said legal metaphor reached its climax at the conclusion of Chapter 31. It is remarkable that Job’s legal strategy results into definitive juridical results. The chapter also connotes that Job’s persecution of God from a legal standpoint goes beyond what makes the legal system work. It also explains how the poet gave the most ironic turn to his legal metaphor when God throws Job’s case out court in Theopany which allows Him to put Job back in the role of a mortal as defendant and Him as Prosecutor, Judge, and the Ultimate Authority.
Interdisciplinary Team Practices
Authors: Mellor M. Joanna 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses interdisciplinary team practice and its importance in providing comprehensive services to older adults. This approach is valuable for its ability to attend to the wide range of needs of the older adult, utilizing the expertise of physical and mental health professionals. Both strengths and weaknesses of this approach are identified and illustrated through the use of a case presentation of how a multidisciplinary approach is superior to any specific profession's approach in identifying both problems and solutions.
Spirituality in Professional Helping Interventions
Authors: Nelson-Becker Holly , Nakashima Mitsuko , Canda Edward 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the inclusion of spiritually-focused assessment and helping activities among the strategies social workers use with older adults. It describes the domains included in a spiritual assessment of the older adult and the use of spiritually-oriented helping activities. It identifies what clinician and client characteristics are most appropriate for spiritually-based interventions.
National Advocacy Groups for Older Adults
Authors: Harootyan Linda Krogh , O’Neill Greg 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses on national advocacy groups for older adults. Although individual advocacy in social work is important and necessary, organizational advocacy is also essential, and has the advantage of potentially bringing greater and more sustained resources to advocacy efforts. Organizational advocacy can be most powerful when combined with individual stories, thereby giving a personal face to the issues.
Assumptions and Hypotheses
Authors: Scott Clive 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter undertakes an analysis of one of Alain Fournier's free-verse poems, ‘Et maintenant que c'est la pluie’, as a way of addressing larger issues concerning poetry. This analysis in particular seeks to analyse free verse's connections with different kinds of relativity: temporal, paralinguistic, and psychological. How is the relative to be registered in a scansional system? What scansional strategies are available to the reader to capture the flux and variability of enunciation? In addition to addressing questions and providing analysis, the present chapter also provides a framework of terms and concepts from which the subsequent chapters can operate.
Theories and Enquiries
Authors: Scott Clive 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the theoretical foundations of free verse. A discussion of the theoretical works of Gustave Kahn's ‘Preface sur le vers libre’, Albert Mockel's Propos de literature and Edouard Dijardin's Les Premiers Poetes du vers libre is included in this chapter. The chapter also includes a presentation of the findings of two literary enquiries made by Huret's Enquete sur l'evolution litteraire and F. T. Marinetti's Enquete international sur le vers libre. Included as well in this chapter are quotations of the text examined and analysis of the related poems to give the chapter a documentary value and to allow measurement of the difference between theory and practice.
Conclusion
Authors: Scott Clive 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Free verse provided fundamental shifts in the manner of perceiving accentuation, syllabicity, verse-music, and its functions. However, amongst these changes is the change in the rhythm and the perceptions attached to it. In free verse, the rhythm ceases to be an affair of aesthetics, of genre, and of linguistic convention. It stops being something objective, something which inheres in a certain linguistic configuration, something which is perceptible in language and becomes the very relationship between the subject and language. It becomes the experiential dimension of utterance. Rhythm of vers libre is not quantitative but qualitative. It is not susceptible to the metronome but is deeply implicated in the relativities of inner duration. Rhythm in free verse is not what makes vers libre poetic but what makes free verse mundane.
Setting the Scene
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter sets the stage for the discussions in the subsequent chapters. It presents a ‘no-truth’ theory of literature. That is, it is argued that, inter alia, that the concept of truth has no central or ineliminable role in critical practice. The point is not, of course, that critics have no concern with true judgements but only that there is no significant place for truth as a critical term applied to works of literature. The rejection of truth as an essential facet of literature is hardly original; indeed versions of ‘no-truth’ theories probably have wider support in the critical community at present than do ‘pro-truth’ theories. So why return again to such well-worn ground? Part of the answer — the positive part — is that a new paradigm is needed, replacing the standard truth/world axis which still dominates the debate, for explaining the values of literature and the nature of fiction. Another, more polemical, reason for taking up again the old debate about literature and truth is because the most prominent arguments currently advanced against ‘literary truth’ are radically misconceived.
Truth-Value and Pretence
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of falsity thesis, which states that ‘pure fiction’, by definition, consists of false sentences. It then considers an alternative to the falsity thesis, the no-truth-value view of fictive utterance. There are at least three versions of this: (i) sentences in works of fiction are neither true nor false because their (existential) presuppositions are false; (ii) sentences in works of fiction are neither true nor false because the sentences are not asserted; and (iii) it is inappropriate (mistaken, etc.) to ascribe truth or falsity to sentences in works of fiction. The chapter discusses the precise place pretence occupies in the practice of story-telling and what kinds of pretence there are.
Reference and ‘About’
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines different kinds of referential or quasi-referential relations compatible with fiction (fictive utterance, the fictive stance). While acknowledging that such referential relations do obtain, thereby rejecting non-reference and anti-reference views, the chapter resists the stronger claim that reference is somehow indispensable to literary fiction or is an indicator of literary value. A modest pro-reference position does nothing to support traditional conceptions of ‘literary truth’. Of far greater significance for literary fiction than reference is ‘aboutness’. To speak of what a work is about is not equivalent to speaking of its references. The discussion of ‘aboutness’ in the literary context shows that what a work is about not only helps to determine its value but is connected with its very status as a work of literature.
Aspects, Points of View, and Objectivity
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe aspectival nature of fictional content is not an intrinsic feature of a ‘language of fiction’ but a feature of the conventional response associated with the fictive stance. For it is a consequence of adopting the fictive stance to propositional content, under the conventions of the practice, that the aspects through which that content is characterized acquire special prominence. The notion that fictional content is aspectival in this way relates to familiar conceptions of ‘point of view’ in literary criticism. A central task for the literary critic is to identify the means by which a certain content is presented, and the literary purposes behind such a presentation, usually with the working assumption that the content itself is not clearly independent of the mode of its presentation. Less familiar issues, however, of a more philosophical nature, need to be addressed about ‘point of view’ with regard to fiction per se. This chapter discusses the idea of objectivity in order to secure the position on ‘point of view’ — based on the fictive stance — against metaphysically motivated arguments that seek to show that it is not only fictional objects, but in fact all objects, that possess an aspectival nature.
Narrative and Imagination
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter addresses two further challenges posed by the alleged ‘ubiquity of narrative’ and ‘ubiquity of imagination’. There are strikingly similar pressures thought to be imposed by narrative and the imagination on the distinction between truth-teller and fiction-maker. Although there need be no direct relation between the two, it has been claimed for both narrative and the imagination: that they are indispensable for human cognition; that they are natural (innate, unlearned) dispositions apparent at the earliest stages of infant development; that their paradigmatic forms are in literary expression; that there is no difference in kind between the way each functions in literary and non-literary applications; and that their fundamental role in all intellectual processes weakens the distinctions between different modes of discourse, historical, philosophical, scientific, and literary. The chapter explores some of these claims and defends the view that the functions of both narrative and the imagination in the practice of fiction are distinct in significant ways from their functions in other contexts, for example in history, philosophy, and science. In doing so it shows that the pressures arising from the apparent ubiquity of narration and imagination do not constitute any serious threat to the distinction between fiction and non-fiction as it bears on literature.
Literature and Fiction
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the relationship between literature and fiction. It argues that some literary works undoubtedly have invented content and in that regard can be construed as being fictional. Some works do contain passages that can be firmly tied to the biography of the author, passages that describe historical events, persons, and real places. Works of literature do have themes, and a number also present theses. And works do present readers with modes of experience. The question for the literary theorist is whether any of these aspects of literature define the peculiar value which makes literature culturally and humanly significant, and thus provide what the reader demands from a work as literature.
The Mimetic Aspect of Literature
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThematic statements and thematic concepts are integrated into philosophical discourse in a different way from that of the discourse belonging to literary practice. Of course, there are analogies between philosophical and literary discourse. In philosophical works thematic statements and thematic concepts are applied in the discussion of examples just as in literary interpretation they are applied in the discussion of fictional situations. However, this chapter argues that this does not turn philosophical discourse into literature nor literature into philosophy, no matter how complex the examples become.
Agrarian Politics and Rural Development in West Bengal
Authors: Sengupta Sunil , Gazdar Haris 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines recent attempts to address the challenge of rural poverty in West Bengal. One distinguishing feature of the recent history of the said state is a significant change in the balance of political power in favour of disadvantaged groups, which took a concrete expression in 1977 when the Left Front coalition came to office at the state level. This change in the balance of power has made it possible to implement a number of far-reaching social programmes that are often considered ‘politically infeasible’ in many other states, notably including land reform and the revitalization of democratic institutions at the village level. Public policies concerned with health education and related matters have also been neglected, and correspondingly, the improvement of living conditions in West Bengal in recent years has remained relatively slow.
Placements: The Geographical and Social Locations of the Mareotic Group
Authors: Taylor Joan E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIt is easy to configure the Mareotic group in the light of later Christian monasteries, and become blind to the evidence that Philo provides in his text. For Philo and for others in the Graeco-Roman world, the stories of Indian sages and Buddhist monks and nuns provided examples of those who lived a contemplative life. In early Christian monasticism, ascetics such as St Antony went far away from human society into the wilderness. Traditionally, in Theravada Buddhism, the sangha (the community of monks and nuns) has a special relationship with the wider Buddhist community, which supports those who live in the monastery: the wider community supplies the sangha with food, when the monks come to beg, and the sangha gives advice to the wider community. The location of a monastery is often right in the heart of a town. This chapter examines the geographical and social location of the group Philo describes in order to define more precisely how it might be placed in terms of the community from which it came.