bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of polyaniline/nylon conducting fabric by layer‐by‐layer assembly method
Authors: He Jinsong , Li Rong , Gu Feng 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this article, layer‐by‐layer assembly technology was used to prepare polyaniline (PANI)/nylon conducting fabrics. PANI/nylon conductive composite fabrics were prepared by deposition of polyanion (PSS) and polycation (aniline cation) alternately. The pretreatment with PSS was discussed. The influence of the reaction time, aniline concentration, acid concentration and assembly time on the conductivity, and K/S values of composite fabric was studied. The optical reaction condition of assembly should be: the concentration of PSS was 20 g/L, the PSS‐treated nylon immersion in blended bath for 24 min, ammonium persulfate 0.1 mol/L, aniline 0.1 mol/L, p‐toluene sulfonic acid 0.3 mol/L. In the end, the conductive composite fabrics were characterized by fourier transformed Infrared‐attenuated total reflection spectroscopy and compared with pure nylon fabrics. At the same time, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscope (AFM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and mechanical properties were studied. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The Enamel Microstructures of Bovine Mandibular Incisors
Authors: Wang Chaoyang , Li Yining , Wang Xiaomiao , Zhang Ling , Tiantang  , Fu Baiping 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBovine teeth have been considered as an excellent substitute for human teeth for dental research, however, the enamel microstructures of bovine incisors that include arrangements of prisms and interprisms, and their spatial relationships have not been well described. The aim of this study was to investigate the detail enamel microstructures of bovine incisors. Eight bovine mandibular incisors were cut into 77 pieces at eight equal intervals either in the longitudinal direction or in the horizontal direction before each piece had been tangentially cut (parallel to enamel–dentin junction) through the middle of the enamel thickness. All the sectioned surfaces were treated 1 M HCl for 10 sec to expose the prisms and interprisms before observation by scanning electron microscopy. The parallel enamel prisms were located in all the outer enamel, the cervical region and the incisal ridge of the bovine incisors. Most labial inner enamel and the cingulum of lingual inner enamel were composed of the Hunter–Schreger bands with the characteristics of decussating groups of prisms and decussating planes between interprisms and prisms. The interprisms were thicker in the inner enamel than in the outer enamel. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
3‐Nitro‐2H‐chromenes as a New Class of Inhibitors against Thioredoxin Reductase and Proliferation of Cancer Cells
Authors: Xiao Guo‐Qiang , Liang Bao‐Xia , Chen Shu‐Han , Ou Tian‐Miao , Bu Xian‐Zhang , Yan Ming 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA series of 3‐nitrochromenes were designed and synthesized. These compounds showed good inhibitory activity against thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and the proliferation of A549 cancer cells. The structure–activity relationship analysis indicates that the 3‐nitrochromene scaffold is the crucial pharmacophore for achieving good inhibitory activity. The bromo‐substitutions at the 6‐ and 8‐position of 3‐nitrochromene significantly increase the inhibitory activity.
Stability Analysis of Linear Time‐Invariant Distributed‐Order Systems
Authors: Jiao Zhuang , Chen YangQuan , Zhong Yisheng 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe bounded‐input bounded‐output stability condition of a linear time invariant (LTI) distributed‐order system over integral interval (0,1) has been established for the first time. Two cases about weighting function of the distributed order are investigated, and sufficient and necessary conditions of stability for these two types of distributed‐order systems are derived. Based on the complex integration analysis, time‐domain responses of distributed‐order systems are also given by analytical method, and numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed conditions.
Active Control for a Perturbed Flexible Structure: An Experimental Study
Authors: Pujol Gisela , Acho Leonardo 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA linear dynamic control is developed for a flexible structure subject to external ground perturbation. This active controller is based on H
∞ frame‐work and designed using linear matrix inequality techniques. According to experiments, our control strategy improves the closed‐loop system performance when it is compared with respect to a given controller.
Microscopic modeling of large‐scale pedestrian–vehicle conflicts in the city of Madinah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abdelgawad Hossam , Shalaby Amer , Abdulhai Baher , Gutub Adnan Abdul‐Aziz 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYThis paper presents a micro‐simulation modeling framework for evaluating pedestrian–vehicle conflicts in crowded crossing areas. The framework adopts a simulation approach that models vehicles and pedestrians at the microscopic level while satisfying two sets of constraints: (1) flow constraints and (2) non‐collision constraints. Pedestrians move across two‐directional cells as opposed to one‐dimensional lanes as in the case of vehicles; therefore, extra caution is considered when modeling the shared space between vehicles and pedestrians. The framework is used to assess large‐scale pedestrian–vehicle conflicts in a highly congested ring road in the City of Madinah that carries 20 000 vehicles/hour and crossed by 140 000 pedestrians/hour after a major congregational prayer. The quantitative and visual results of the simulation exhibits serious conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles, resulting in considerable delays for pedestrians crossing the road (9 minutes average delay) and slow traffic conditions (average speed <10 km/hour). The model is then used to evaluate the following three mitigating strategies: (1) pedestrian‐only phase; (2) grade separation; and (3) pedestrian mall. A matrix of operational measures of effectiveness for network‐wide performance (e.g., average travel time, average speed) and for pedestrian‐specific performance (e.g., mean speed, mean density, mean delay, mean moving time) is used to assess the effectiveness of the proposed strategies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced early expression of membrane receptors with the Rous sarcoma virus promoter in baculovirus‐infected insect cells
Authors: Näreoja Katja , Åkerman Karl E. , Näsman Johnny 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe effect of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) long terminal repeat enhancer/promoter on expression levels of complementary DNAs (cDNAs) encoding seven transmembrane receptors was studied using the baculovirus expression vector system. Expression of the human α2B‐adrenoceptor (AR) cDNA under the control of the polyhedrin (POL) promoter produced up to 7.6 pmol/mg protein at 28 H post infection (p.i.) in Sf9 cells. The addition of the RSV promoter increased the expression to 11.6 pmol/mg protein. Dramatic increases in expression levels at early times were also obtained with the α2A‐AR, the M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors, and the orexin OX1 receptor. Analysis of the time‐dependent expression revealed that expression driven by the RSV promoter reaches almost maximum 24 H p.i. and that this promoter is superior to the often used POL promoter at early times p.i. when functional studies need to be performed. Functional enhancement of signaling as a result of early expression is demonstrated with the α2B‐AR and the OX1 receptor. Finally, enhanced green fluorescent protein fluorescence in living cells was used to monitor expression by various viral promoters. The results verified the early transcriptional activity of the RSV promoter, whereas the cytomegalovirus promoter was found to be poorly active in Sf9 cells.
Kinetics and Energetics of the Reaction ClO ± O2 (1Δg) → ClO3
Authors: Handwerk V. , Zellner R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe rate coefficient for reaction between ClO (2II) and O2 (1Δg) has been measured using a flow/flash photolysis technique. An upper limit of k1 ≤ 3·10−15 cm3/s at 298 K was found. The formation of symmetrical ClO3 (2A1) as a product is spin and orbital symmetry allowed but is probably prevented by an activation barrier and by equilibrium constraints. The rate coefficient for quenching of O2(1Δ) by Cl2 was found to be 2·10−17 cm3/s at 298 K.
A new bath for the electrodeposition of aluminium. IV. The electrochemical behaviour of the rotating aluminium disc electrode in pure LiAlH4/THF‐toluene solutions
Authors: Badawy W. A. , Hilal N. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe electrochemical behaviour of the rotating aluminium disc electrode in LiAlH4/tetrahydrofuran (THF)‐toluene solutions was studied. The kinetic parameters controlling the electrode process were investigated. The effect of concentration of LiAlH4, the speed of rotation of the rotating disc electrode, and the temperature on the current density‐potential behaviour of the aluminium electrode during the anodic and cathodic polarization was analyzed. The results were compared with those obtained for pur AlCl3 or AlCl3 + LiAlH4/THF‐toluene solutions.
Interaction of ethylene glycol with alumina supported copper —an FTIR study
Authors: Jobson E. , Baiker A. , Wokaun A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe adsorption of ethylene glycol on γ‐alumina as well as on an alumina‐supported copper catalyst has been studied under working conditions using transient FTIR experiments. Time‐dependent spectra were recorded after exposure of the substrates to a pulse of ethylene glycol, or to subsequent stepwise increases in the ethylene glycol concentration. On alumina both dehydration and dehydrogenation products were observed; on supported copper dehydration was suppressed and only the aldehyde formed by dehydrogenation of the reactant glycol was observed. Hydrogen was found to prevent the formation of dialdehydic species (surface bound glyoxal) which were observed in nitrogen carrier gas. The relevance of these results to the mechanism of the copper‐catalyzed amination of alcohols is discussed.
High temperature dissociation of CN
Authors: Mozzhukhin E. , Burmeister M. , Roth P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe thermal decomposition of CN radicals has been measured behind reflected shock waves in the temperature range 4060 K ≤ T ≤ 6060 K. Very low initial concentrations of C2N2 highly diluted in argon were shock heated and the concentrations of N and C atoms were monitored in the post shock reaction zone by using Atomin Resonance Absorption Spectroscopy (ARAS). From the initial slope of the measured N and C atom concentration profiles, a rate coefficient for the reactionCN + M → C + N + M of	(R2)k2 = 2.5 · 1014 exp(−71000 K/T cm3 mol−1 s−1could be directly determined. For the secondary reactionsCN + CN → C2 + C2	(R3)CN + C → C2 + N	(R4)CN + N → R2 + C	(R5)rate coefficients were obtained from best computer fits of the experimental results. The inferred values of these rate coefficients are given in this paper.
The reaction of CH2(X̄3B1) with C6H6
Authors: Böhland T. , Héberger K. , Temps F. , Gg. Wagner H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe kinetics of the reaction CH2(X̄3B1) + C6H6 → products (1) has been studied in a discharge flow reactor using Laser Magnetic Resonance (LMR) detection for CH2. The experiments yielded the overall rate constant kexp1 = (4.7 ± 2.4) · 10t3 exp(−(37.5 ± 2.4) kJ mol−1/RT) in the temperature range 448 K ≦T ≦ 683 K. The product formation was investigated for reaction (1) as well as the corresponding reaction CH2(ã1A1) + C6H6 → products (2) in a stationary photolysis reactor employing gas chromatographic analysis by photolyzing mixtures of CH2CO and C6H6 at λ1 = 366 nm and λ2 = 313 nm. The relative yields of the products cycloheptatriene (CHT) and toluene (T) were found to depend on the wavelength, [T]/([CHT] + [T]) = (0.13 ± 0.02) and (0.23 ± 0.02) at λ1, and λ2, respectively. The implications of these results and the mechanisms are discussed.
The local order in liquid dimethylsulfoxide and KI‐dimethylsulfoxide solution determined by X‐ray and neutron diffraction experiments
Authors: Bertagnolli H. , Schultz E. , Chieux P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe intra‐ and intermolecular structure of liquid dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was investigated by X‐ray and neutron diffraction. The weighted sums of the atom pair correlation functions were evaluated by Fourier transformation of the total corrected intensities obtained by applying the usual data reduction procedures on the measured intensities. Subsequently the intramolecular structures were determined and the intermolecular contributions were separated from the total intensities. The X‐ray scattering data obtained from a concentrate KI‐DMSO mixture (mole fraction K+ = 0.1231, mole fraction DMSO = 0.7538) were evaluated in the same manner. In case of pure DMSO X‐ray and neutron data were combined to eliminate single atom pair correlation functions in order to assign distances to atom pairs. Additionally structural models of the local order in the liquids were deduced and refined by least square fits of the intermolecular reduced intensities. It turned out that the local order of pure liquid DMSO is similar to the crystal structure. The KI‐DMSO mixture consists of solvent separated ion pairs according to our calculations.
Disordering and heat capacity of sodium hexabromouranate (IV)
Authors: Gambino M. , Gaune P. , Szczepaniak W. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractHeat capacity measurements of Na2UBr6 have been carried out in the temperature range 473 — 723 K with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Na2UBr6 undergoes a λ‐transition in the range 550–683 K which was ascribed to disordering in the cationic sub‐lattice. Enthalpy and entropy of this transition are equal to 8.8 kJ · mol−1 and 13.8 J · mol−1 K−1, respectively. The results were compared with literature data on structure and electrical conductivity.
Nuclear quadrupole coupling in hexachlorometallates A2[MCl6] and A'[MCl6], A⊕, A'2⊕ = several inorganic or organic cations, M = Sn, Pb, Te, Pt
Authors: Borchers Dirk , Weiss Alarich 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe electric field gradient (EFG) at the chlorine site of the hexachlorometallates A2[MCl6] and A'[MCl6], M = Sn, Te, Pb, Pt, and A⊕, A'2⊕ = alkali metal ion, hexahydrated bivalent metal ion, or organic ammonium cation, is investigated and the dependence of the EFG on the size of the cation is discussed. — For the cubic alkali hexachlorometallates the observed trend in the EFG with increasing size of the cation is corroborated by quantum mechanical calculations using the Multiple‐Scattering‐Xα‐method (MS‐Xα) and the point charge model. A correlation v(35Cl) ∼ 1/r3 is found, where r is the distance between the ions in the lattice and the chlorine nucleus considered. For hexachlorometallates with organic cations, like pyridine, piperazine, 4‐picoline, ethylenediamine, 1.3‐propylenediamine, and other aliphatic or aromatic amines, this 1/r3 dependence is found for the averaged 35Cl NQR frequency, too. This is due to the distortion of the [MCl6]2⊕ octahedra, caused by hydrogen bonds N—H…Cl, and to the decrease of the lattice symmetry because of non‐sphericity of the cations. — A hydrogen bond has a large influence on the properties of one of the chlorine atoms of the hexachlorometallate complex. The M‐Cl distance is increased and therefore the EFG at the nucleus site is decreased. However, the average of the M‐Cl bond lengths or the 35Cl NQR frequencies, taken over all six chlorine atoms of a [MCl6]2⊕ complex, is not influenced by the chemical nature of the cation but only by its size or the size of the unit cell, respectively. The increase of 35Cl NQR frequency with increasing size of the cation originates from a decrease of the lattice energy.
The Equation of State of Dense Liquid Iodine up to 1000°C and 200 MPa
Authors: Erdmann R. , Schmutzler R. W. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDensity measurements of liquid iodine from the melting curve up to 1000°C and 200 MPa are reported. The measurements have been performed in an internally heated autoclave by a dilatometric method. The results indicate, that liquid iodine remains a normal molecular liquid along its liquid‐vapour coexistence curve. The observed strong curvatures of the isochores at high pressures and high temperatures are consistent with the assumption of a formation of strongly localized charged centers resembling a partial dissociation of iodine into solvated ions.
1H NMR Studies on Cationic Dynamics in Solid Methylguanidinium, 1,1‐Dimethylguanidinium, 1,2,3‐Trimethylguanidinium, and 1,1,3,3‐Tetramethylguanidinium Chlorides
Authors: Furukawa Yoshihiro , Kojima Chiaki , Nakamura Daiyu 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe temperature dependence of 1H NMR second moments and spin‐lattice relaxation times, T1 and T1ϱ in the laboratory and rotating frames, respectively, were observed for solid methylguanidinium (MeguH+), 1,1‐dimethylguanidinium (1,1‐Me2guH+), 1,2,3‐trimethylguanidinium (1,2,3‐Me3guH+), and 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylguanidinium (1,1,3,3‐Me4guH+) chlorides. Phase transitions were found for (1,1‐Me2guH)Cl and (1,2,3‐Me3guH)Cl at 400 and 409 K, respectively, which were confirmed by differential thermal analysis experiments. Below room temperature, rapid C3 reorientational motions of CH3 groups were detected for the all cations in the above crystals. The activation energy for the motion of each CH3 group in the cations was evaluated. Above room temperature, the temperature dependences of T1ϱ were determined against T−1 for (1,1‐Me2guH)Cl, (1,1,3,3‐Me4guH)Cl, and their partially deuterated (NH2 → ND2) analogs. For these salts, 1H T1ρ minima were observed and could be interpreted as arising from the 180° flip motions of the NMe2 group and also of the whole cation for (1,1‐Me2guH)Cl and its deuterated analog about the C+—NMe2 axis of the cations, and the whole cationic 180° flip motion about the C+—NH2 or C+—ND2 bond axis of the cation for (1,1,3,3‐Me4guH)Cl or its deuterated analog, respectively, in addition to the NMe2 180° flip motions.
Alkali Metal Picrate Complexes of “Crowned”‐Phthalocyanines. Solid State Structures and Electrical Properties
Authors: Sielcken O. E. , van Lindert H. C. A. , Drenth W. , Schoonman J. , Schram J. , Nolte R. J. M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMolecules of copper phthalocyanine substituted with four 18‐crown‐6 moieties, were aggregated with the help of K+, Rb+, and Cs+ picrates. Possible structures were proposed based on computer analysis of X‐ray powder diffraction patterns: for the crowned phthalocyanine an orthorhombic cell with: a = 50.77, b = 25, c = 8.7 Å. For its metal picrate complexes, tetragonal structures were found: a = b = 22.76, c = 12.99 Å (K+‐complex); a = b = 29.44, c = 10.63 Å (Cs+‐complex); a = b = 29.44, c = 10.40 Å (Rb+‐complex). A.c. impedance spectroscopy showed an increase in the electronic conductivity of 2 to 3 powers of ten, if crowned phthalocyanine was aggregated by means of a metal picrate salt. In the K+ complex only electronic conductivity could be detected. The Rb+ and Cs+ complexes exhibited cation conductivity as well.
Photo‐Akustische (PA) Phasenwinkelspektroskopie an wäßrigen Farbstofflösungen — Einführung einer semiempirischen Phasenwinkelfunktion
Authors: Holter A. , Perkampus H.‐H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe phase angle functions ϕ(β) are discussed in terms of the composite piston model and of the Poulet‐Chambron‐Unterreiner approximation of the Rosencwaig‐Gersho theory. Specially in the case of the refined CP model the expressions for the real and imaginary part of the appropriate equations are given explicitely. — The comparison of experimental values with functions ϕ(β) calculated in this way shows that the models described in the literature are unable to reproduce the experimental pattern of the function ϕexp(β) for β < ∞. — Therefore, a semiempirical phase angle function was set up, which describes the pattern of the experimental values in every detail. The parameters Pz and Pe introduced are obviously valid for aqueous solutions in general, as the simulation of the phaseangle spectra of different dye solutions shows. — In highly concentrated solutions, e.g. β → ∞, the absorption coefficients can be determined by the reverse function of the phase angle function of the PCU approximation; absorption coefficients at these concentrations are not accessible to direct photometric measurements.
Excess Enthalpies of Alkyl Formates + (n‐Alkanes or 1‐Chloroalkanes). Experimental Data and their Analysis in Terms of the UNIFAC Model
Authors: Ortega Juan 
Published: July 2012

AbstracthE data, obtained at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure, are presented for the binary systems alkyl formates (propyl and butyl) with n‐alkanes (n‐heptane, n‐octane and n‐nonane) and with 1‐chloroalkanes (1‐chloropentane, 1‐chlorohexane, 1‐chloroheptane and 1‐chlorooctane). The results for hE indicate interactions of alkyl formates which are stronger with aliphatic hydrocarbons than with alkyl chlorides. Experimental results are examined on the basis of the UNIFAC group‐contribution model. In general, the model represents the available experimental hE data with limits of errors smaller than 8%.
Ellipsometric Study of the Complex Dielectric Function of KxKCl1‐x Approaching the NM‐M Transition
Authors: Nattland D. , Freyland W. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe report the first ellipsometric measurements of the optical constants, refractive index n and absorption coefficient k, for a fluid system at high temperatures, i.e. salt rich KxKCl1‐x solutions up to 800°C. The applicability and realization of the ellipsometric technique under these experimental conditions is described in detail. First data of the optical conductivity σ (ω, x) and the real part of the dielectric function ϵ1 (ω, x) are presented. In a qualitative discussion of these results emphasis is given on the NM‐M transition region. The behaviour of σ (ω, x) in the IR‐region indicates the occurrence of metal clustering approaching the NM‐M transition. From the dielectric anomaly of ϵ1 (x) it is concluded that the onset of metallic behaviour is well separated from the consolute composition of the critical point of liquid‐liquid immiscibility.
The Phasediagram of the Semiconductor Alloy ZnkHg(1‐k)SelTe(1‐l)
Authors: Leute Volkmar , Plate Hermann 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe phase diagram of the quasiternary system ZnkHg(1‐k)SelTe(1‐l) was investigated by X‐ray diffraction and DTA measurements. The phase diagrams of the quasibinary subsystems were recalculated using the interaction parameters determined from the isothermal quasiternary sections. The subsolidus region of the quasiternary system shows an extended miscibility gap inspite of complete solid solutions on the quasibinary edges. The tie line field is fan shaped converging on the ZnSe corner of the phase square. The enthalpies of pair formation in the sublattices are calculated using the model of 4‐particle‐clusters. It is also shown, that the assumption of random distribution for the clusters is a rather good approximation for the calculation of the quasiternary phase diagram.