bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute toxicity of nonpolar versus polar narcosis: Is there a difference?
Authors: Vaes Wouter H J , Ramos Eñaut Urrestarazu , Verhaar Henk J M , Hermens Joop L M 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNarcosis I and II chemicals exhibit different lethal body burdens (LBBs) and acute toxicities (median lethal concentrations [LC50's]) in fish, when compared with their log n-octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow). The higher toxicity of polar narcosis chemicals has often been suggested to be related to the polar group in these molecules. Recently we showed that membrane (L-α-dimyristoyl phosphatidyl-choline [DMPC])–water partition coefficients (log KDMPC) are higher than log Kow for narcosis II chemicals. Using log KDMPC to model the acute toxicities to fish (log LC50) of the two classes of chemicals together, gives one high-quality quantitative structure-activity relationship (R2 = 0.98, Q2 = 0.97). In addition, assuming that the apolar fat-water partition coefficient behaves like the n-octanol–water partition coefficient, differences in LBB can also be explained. Thus, using log KDMPCs, all earlier reported quantitative differences between narcosis I and II chemicals can be explained.
Effects of a mixture of non-ortho- and mono-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls on reproduction in Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus)
Authors: Black Dianne E , Gutjahr-Gobell Ruth , Pruell Richard J , Bergen Barbara , McElroy Anne E 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
To assess the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on reproduction, female Fundulus heteroclitus were exposed to a mixture of non-ortho- and mono-ortho-PCBs, mimicking the mixture found in fish collected from New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts, USA, a PCB-contaminated estuary. Exposure was by intraperitoneal injection of the mixture dissolved in corn oil. Doses of 0.76, 3.8, and 19 μg PCB mixture per gram of wet weight produced liver concentrations of 2.99, 12.2, and 32.8 μg non-ortho-and mono-ortho-PCBs per gram of dry liver, with dioxin toxic equivalency concentrations (TEQs) of 0.063, 0.409, and 0.720 ng/g, respectively. Female mortality was 58%, and egg production was reduced by 77% at the highest dose, compared to controls. Food consumption declined with increasing PCB concentration, suggesting that PCBs act indirectly to reduce fecundity through an energetic effect. Pituitary gonadotropin content appeared to be suppressed at the highest dose, but the ability of ovarian follicles to produce estradiol and testosterone in vitro was not impaired. Significant residue-effects linkages were found, with TEQ emerging as a potential indicator of adverse effects. Mortality was directly related, and egg production was inversely related to log10TEQ. Multiple regression analysis indicated that egg production was directly related to pituitary gonadotropin content and food consumption.
Derivation of soil quality criteria using predicted chemical speciation of Pb2+ and Cu2+
Authors: Sauvé Sébastien , Dumestre Alain , McBride Murray , Hendershot William 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA review is made of soil toxicological data that report soil total lead or copper in combination with soil pH. Using these data, free metal activities in the soil solution of those tests are estimated using published regressions that describe the relationships between metal activities and the total metal content, pH, and soil organic matter content. The toxicological significance of the predicted free metal activities is compared to that of total metal contents. In a majority of cases, estimated free metal activity improves the prediction for toxic effects on crops, soil organisms, or soil microbial processes. The free metal activity level corresponding to a defined level of risk can be used to derive a pH-dependent soil criterion for total metal content that should generate a soil solution-free metal activity below the determined critical level.
Toxicity to embryo and adult zebrafish of copper complexes with two malonic acids as models for dissolved organic matter
Authors: Palmer Felicity B. , Butler Catherine A. , Timperley Michael H. , Evans Clive W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe toxicity to embryo and adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) of Cu complexes with two substituted malonic acids, benzyl‐ and n‐hexadecyl‐, chosen as models for low‐molecular‐weight natural dissolved organic matter, were investigated. Toxicity test solutions at pH 6.5 ± 0.1 with the required Cu speciation were designed using the chemical speciation model MINTEQA2, and the speciation was confirmed by Cu ion‐specific electrode. In the absence of malonic acids, concentrations of Cu2+ up to 1.13 μmol/ L increased the embryo hatching time from approx. 2 d in control solutions (no Cu or malonic acid) and solutions containing malonic acids without Cu to approx. 8 d. The Cu‐benzylmalonic acid complex (n‐octanol/water distribution coefficient [ρow] = 0.00) in the presence of inorganic Cu species did not delay hatching beyond that attributable to Cu2+, In contrast, 0.60 μmol/L Cu‐n‐hexadecylmalonic complexes (ρow = 6.89) delayed hatching by 5.5 d in excess of that attributable to 1.13 μmol/L Cu2+, assuming that the hatching delays caused by the different Cu species were additive, possibly because of Cu entry into the embryo as the lipophilic Cu‐ n‐hexadecylmalonic complex. None of the Cu‐malonic acid complexes was acutely toxic to adult zebrafish at concentrations up to 1.4 μmol/L, possibly because Cu was removed from the Cu‐malonic acid complexes by stronger chelating groups at the gill surface. Substituted malonic acids with similar proton and Cu association constants can be readily prepared with a variety of simple substituents, radiolabeled if required. Our results show that these acids could be useful ligands for investigating intracellular transport and metabolism of metal‐organic complexes.
Evaluation of the immunotoxicity of chlorothalonil to striped bass phagocytes following in vitro exposure
Authors: Baier-Anderson Cal , Anderson Robert S 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The fungicide chlorothalonil (TCIN), with both agricultural and horticultural applications, is a common aquatic pollutant. The immunotoxic potential of TCIN was investigated following a 20-h in vitro exposure of striped bass (Morone saxatilus) macrophages to a range of sublethal concentrations. Cells from the anterior kidney were separated by density-gradient centrifugation to obtain a macrophage-enriched cell population. Following TCIN exposure, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was evaluated using luminol-augmented chemiluminescence; phagocytic capacity was measured by the ingestion of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated yeast; and NADPH production was estimated by monitoring the reduction of a water-soluble tetrazolium, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt. Results indicate that TCIN, at concentrations ≥250 μg/L, decreased ROS production in both zymosan- and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated cells in a dose-dependent manner. The PMA-stimulated NADPH production coincident with the respiratory burst was also decreased at concentration ≥250 μg/L. The TCIN did not appear to alter phagocytic ability. Taken together, these results indicate that the mechanism of toxicity affects the activation or function of the NADPH oxidase but not the uptake of particles by phagocytosis, and that these effects can probably be localized to the signal transduction pathway or the assemblage of NADPH oxidase.
Acute toxicity of a didecyldimethylammonium chloride-based wood preservative, bardac 2280, to aquatic species
Authors: Farrell Anthony P , Kennedy Christopher J , Wood Antony , Johnston Blair D , Bennett William R 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe acute toxicity of the antisapstain wood preservative Bardac 2280 (principal active ingredient 80% didecyldimethylammonium chloride, DDAC) was tested with four fish and four aquatic invertebrate species. White sturgeon fry (Acipenser transmontanus) were the most sensitive fish species tested with a 24-h 50% lethal concentration (LC50) value between 1 and 10 ppb Bardac 2280. The 96-h LC50 values for the three other fish species ranged from 0.39 ppm for fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to 2.0 ppm for juvenile starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). Developmental stage altered the sensitivity of coho salmon to Bardac 2280, with alevins being approximately twice as sensitive as smolts. Altering salinity up to 30‰ seawater had no significant effect on the toxicity of Bardac 2280 to coho smolts. The 48-h LC50 values for Daphnia magna, Mysidopsis bahia, Hyalella azteca, and Neomysis mercedis were 0.037 ppm, 0.039 ppm, 0.106 ppm, and 0.947 ppm, respectively. Bardac 2280 characteristically produced steep concentration–response curves for fish, i.e., a concentration range considerably less than 10-fold for a complete range of mortality, and caused no major symptoms of sublethal stress in juvenile starry flounder following a 24-h exposure.
Toxicity of water-soluble fractions derived from whole creosote and creosote-contaminated sediments
Authors: Padma Tiruponithura V , Hale Robert C , Roberts Morris H 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Creosote, a complex mixture of aromatic compounds (ACs), contaminates numerous sites in the USA and elsewhere. In addition to pollution of the water column directly after a creosote spill, contaminated sediments can continue to act as source of pollution for many years, because natural and anthropogenic perturbations may redissolve or resuspend sediment-associated contaminants. A 48-h static renewal assay compared survival of the bay mysid, Mysidopsis bahia, exposed to water-soluble fractions (WSFs) generated from two different sources: whole creosote and creosote-contaminated sediment. Sediment was obtained from a Super Fund site located on the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River in Virginia, USA. Whole creosote, contaminated sediment, and WSFs derived from these source materials were characterized. Median lethal concentrations of WSFs generated from whole creosote and sediment (expressed as total identified ACs) were 180 μg/L and 700 μg/L, respectively. The creosote-derived WSF consisted of more than 70% low molecular weight nitrogen heterocyclics. These heterocyclics were below detectable limits in the sediment-generated WSF, suggesting that losses of these compounds had occurred via weathering. Nitrogen heterocyclics likely contributed to the acute toxicity of the whole creosote WSF.
Risk identification associated with iron-dominated mine discharges and their effect upon freshwater bivalves
Authors: Milam Cristin D , Farris Jerry L 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The controlled release of a partially treated mine-water discharge dominated by iron was evaluated for impact on the aquatic community during July and August of 1993 in southeastern Ohio. The discovery of an endangered mussel species, Lampsilis abrupta, prompted further validation of a lowest observable effect concentration for the discharge as it was diluted by the Ohio River. In-stream monitoring detected no significant postrelease responses among individuals of the surrogate species Quadrula quadrula from sites above and below the release. To evaluate the effects of the mine water on bivalve mollusks, laboratory simulation of the controlled release conditions using artificial streams and 30 daily renewals of mine water revealed that cellulolytic activity of Corbicula fluminea was reduced in mine-water exposures as low as 1.25% (0.19 mg Fe[II]/L). Recovery was evaluated for 30 d after initial exposure and indicated that specific response thresholds for siphoning and bioconcentration were apparent for the bioavailable form of iron and that enzyme activity for exposed Corbicula could return to prestress conditions. Bivalve responses to this threshold limit for the iron-dominated mine effluent were compared to other standardized test responses (acute and chronic effects using Daphnia pulex, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Pimephales promelas) and resulted in support of criteria for the bioavailable form of iron at 0.37 mg ferrous iron/L.
Hydroxylated and methylsulfonyl polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites in albatrosses from Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Klasson-Wehler Eva , Bergman Åke , Athanasiadou Maria , Ludwig James P , Auman Heidi J , Kannan Kurunthachalam , Berg Martin Van Den , Murk Albertinka J , Feyk Lori A , Giesy John P 
Published: March 2010

AbstractConcentrations of hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (OH-PCBs) and methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCBs (MeSO2-PCBs) were determined in plasma and liver of albatrosses collected from the Midway Atoll in the central North Pacific Ocean. The mean total concentrations of OH-PCBs in plasma of Laysan albatrosses (Diomedea immutabilis) and black-footed albatrosses (Diomedea nigripes) were 11.5 and 27.1 ng/g wet weight, respectively. Total concentrations of OH-PCBs were only one- to fivefold less than those of total PCBs. 4-hydroxy-2,2′,3,4′,5,5′,6-heptachlorinated biphenyl and 4-hydroxy-2,2′,3,4′,5,5′-hexachlorinated biphenyl were the predominant polychlorinated biphenylols, constituting 70 to 90% of the total OH-PCBs. Concentrations of MeSO2-PCBs in liver were between 10.6 and 77 ng/g, lipid weight, approximately 250 times less than those of total PCBs. The MeSO2-PCBs congeners retained in the liver were dominated by those having the methylsulfonyl group in the 3-position.
Metapopulation dynamics: Indirect effects and multiple distinct outcomes in ecological risk assessment
Authors: Spromberg Julann A , John Bettina M , Landis Wayne G 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA toxicant-dosed metapopulation model was used to explore the range of possible dynamics of populations in contaminated field sites. A single species metapopulation model was developed that is discrete, deterministic, and incorporates doseresponse curves and biotic growth rates to describe the effects of contamination on a metapopulation. The distribution of the chemical contamination is assumed limited to one patch and contagious within that patch. Both persistent and degradable toxicants were modeled. Five principal conclusions resulted from our simulation studies. (1) Mortality in one subpopulation has ecologically significant effects on nondosed subpopulations. This hypothesis we term “action at a distance” because no direct contact with a toxicant has occurred except in the dosed patch. (2) Because uncontaminated sites connected to the contaminated site by migration of the biota are affected, these uncontaminated sites cannot be reference sites. (3) The arrangement of the patches is critical to the dynamics of the system and the overall impact of a toxicant. (4) Due to the contagious distribution of the toxicant and the stochastic function describing exposure effect, multiple discrete outcomes often are possible from the same initial conditions. These outcomes can range from extinction to the reaching of the carrying capacity for a patch. (5) If sufficient cleanup is not possible, it may be necessary to isolate the contaminated patch, allowing the formerly connected patches to regain more typical population dynamics.
Bioconcentration kinetics of hydrophobic chemicals in different densities of Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Authors: Sijm Dick T H M , Broersen Kelvin W , de Roode Daphne F , Mayer Philipp 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Algal density-dependent bioconcentration factors and rate constants were determined for a series of hydrophobic compounds in Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The apparent uptake rate constants of the hydrophobic compounds in algae varied between 200 and 710,000 L/kg/d, slightly increased with hydrophobicity within an experiment, were relatively constant for each algal density, and fitted fairly within existing allometric relationships. The bioavailability of the hydrophobic test compounds was significantly reduced by sorption by algal exudates. The sorption coefficients of the hydrophobic compounds to the algal exudates were between 80 and 1,200 L/kg, and were for most algal densities in the same order of magnitude as the apparent bioconcentration factors to the algae, that is, between 80 and 60,200 L/kg. In typical field situations, however, no significant reduction in bioavailability due to exudates is expected. The apparent elimination rate constants of the hydrophobic compounds were high and fairly constant for each algal density and varied between 2 and 190/d. Because the apparent elimination rate constants were higher than the growth rate constant, and were independent of hydrophobicity, we speculated that other factors dominate excretion, such as exudate excretion-enhanced elimination. Bioconcentration factors increased less than proportional with hydrophobicity, i.e., the octanol–water partition coefficient [Kow]. The role of algal composition in bioconcentration is evaluated. Bioconcentrations (kinetics) of hydrophobic compounds that are determined at high algal densities should be applied with caution to field situations.
Removal of alcohol ethoxylates, alkyl ethoxylate sulfates, and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in wastewater treatment
Authors: McAvoy Drew C , Dyer Scott D , Fendinger Nicholas J , Eckhoff William S , Lawrence David L , Begley William M 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
An environmental monitoring study was conducted to assess the removal of alkyl ethoxylate sulfates (AESs), alcohol ethoxylates (AEs), and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) during wastewater treatment. Samples were obtained from six trickling filter and four activated sludge treatment plants located in the midwestern United States. The average removal rates for AESs, AEs, and LASs in activated sludge treatment were 98, 97, and &gt;99%, respectively. Lower and more variable removal rates were observed at trickling filter treatment plants with average values of 83, 90, and 82% for AESs, AEs, and LASs, respectively. Using average influent concentrations and removal rates, the predicted exposure concentrations for these surfactants in U.S. receiving waters immediately below treatment plant outfalls were less than their corresponding biological predicted no-effect concentrations in greater than 98% of the locations under low-flow conditions.
Environmental transformation mechanisms of thiodiglycol
Authors: Lee K Patrick , Allen Herbert E 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The fate of thiodiglycol (TDG) in environmental samples was studied through analysis of batch solid-solution suspensions. We monitored aqueous-phase TDG concentrations and thiodiglycolic acid (TGDA) concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. We investigated TDG and TDGA sorption to six soils. Thiodiglycol sorption was insignificant, with a maximum sorption capacity of less than 10 mg/kg. Sorption of TDGA varied, with maximum sorption capacities ranging from 19.9 to 427.4 mg/kg. Photolysis, hydrolysis, and the presence of iron oxide and aluminum oxide had little effect on the fate of TDG and TDGA. However, manganese oxide sorbed TDG and was pH dependent. Biological transformation of TDG to TDGA, with the formation of [(2-hydroxyethyl)thio]acetic acid (TDGMA) as an intermediate, occurred with zero-order rate coefficients ranging from 0 to 6.26 × 10−6 mol/L·h−1. Biological toxins hindered this transformation. The major process affecting TDG was biotransformation to form TDGMA and subsequently its biotransformation to TDGA.
Estrogenicity of selected biphenyls evaluated using a recombinant yeast assay
Authors: Schultz T. Wayne , Kraut Daniel H , Sayler Gary S , Layton Alice C 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe estrogenic activity of biphenyl and 4-hydroxylatedderivatives with varied levels of chloro- and/or hydroxyl substitution was measured in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based lac-Z (β-galactosidase) reporter assay. β-Galactosidase activity was compared with competitive binding to soluble mouse uterine estrogen receptor protein. The comparison of relative potency for biphenyls hydroxylated on one ring and chlorinated on the other ring (n = 5) revealed excellent correlation between the two systems (r2 = 0.995). However, estrogenicities of biphenyls hydroxylated and chlorinated on the same ring were not in agreement. Although weak ligand binding was demonstrated for these compounds, β-galactosidase activity was not observed. Rather, these compounds were shown to be cytotoxic to yeast. The results of this study further support the hypothesis that both an unhindered phenolic ring and molecular symmetry are structural features associated with estrogenicity.
Chemical accumulation and toxicological stress in three brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) populations of the Detroit River, Michigan, USA
Authors: Leadley Todd A , Balch Gordon , Metcalfe Chris D , Lazar Rodica , Mazak Edward , Habowsky Joseph , Haffner G Douglas 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThree populations of brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) were sampled in the Detroit River and analyzed for concentrations of persistent organic contaminants as well as incidences of external lesions and liver histopathology. Chemical analysis revealed that both the sediments and the bullheads of the Trenton Channel had the highest concentrations of organochlorine compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons compared with the other two sites (Amherstburg Channel and Peche Island). Furthermore, the Trenton Channel bullhead population had a higher prevalence of external abnormalities such as lip and skin lesions as well as truncated barbels. Histopathological analysis of the livers revealed higher prevalences of cholangiocarcinomas, cholangiomas, and other lesions in the Trenton Channel population. These observations support the conclusion that the health of the Trenton Channel bullhead population in the Detroit River is affected by exposure to organic chemicals, primarily through exposure to contaminated sediments.
Profenofos toxicity to the eastern rainbow fish (Melanotaenia duboulayi)
Authors: Kumar A , Chapman John C 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The 96-h median lethal concentration for profenofos in the Australian eastern rainbow fish (Melanotaenia duboulayi) was 0.9 mg/L, corresponding with an 83% reduction in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in fish head. This is an order of magnitude less sensitive than the figure reported for crucian carp (Carassius carassius). Higher lethal body burdens were found in rainbow fish exposed to high concentrations of profenofos but the inhibition of AChE activity in these fish was less than in those killed by longer, normally sublethal, exposures. During sublethal exposure to 10 μg/L for 10 d, the fish accumulated profenofos residues of 5.3 mg/kg associated with a 70% reduction in AChE activity in fish head. Decreases in food intake, food conversion efficiency, and growth were observed at 10 d and significant loss of weight was noted at 21 d. These were associated with markedly increased swimming activity and response to light. A clear relationship existed between the depression of AChE activity and observed behavioral responses, such as swimming activity and food intake.