bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene expression profiling to examine the thyroid hormone‐disrupting activity of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls in metamorphosing amphibian tadpole
Authors: Ishihara Akinori , Makita Yu , Yamauchi Kiyoshi 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls are the metabolites produced from parent compounds by the drug‐metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450. These compounds are suspected to disrupt postembryonic neural development in the brains of mammals including humans. We studied the effects of these compounds on thyroid hormone function in the brain by using metamorphosing tadpoles of the African clawed toad (Xenopus laevis) as a model for mammalian postembryonic development. The metamorphosis assay revealed that these compounds inhibit thyroid hormone‐induced metamorphosis. Genome‐wide gene expression analysis in the brain following short‐term exposure demonstrated that delayed metamorphosis could partially be caused by disruption of thyroid hormone‐induced gene expression. Furthermore, we associated the terms of functional ontology with the genes, whose expression was disrupted by these compounds. We suggest that the use of a genome‐wide analysis coupled with bioinformatics might provide an overview of the molecular mechanism underlying thyroid‐disrupting activities in vivo. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 25:303–311, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20390
Ornithine decarboxylase prevents dibenzoylmethane‐induced apoptosis through repressing reactive oxygen species generation
Authors: Wu Chih‐Lung , Liao Ya‐Fan , Hung Ying‐Cheng , Lu Ko‐Hsiu , Hung Hui‐Chih , Liu Guang‐Yaw 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDibenzoylmethane (DBM) belongs to the flavonoid family and is a minor constituent of the root extract of licorice and the β‐diketone analogue of curcumin. It exhibits antimutagenic, anticancer, and chemopreventive effects. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate‐limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, plays an important role in growth, proliferation, and transformation. Our previous studies showed ODC overexpression prevented etoposide‐, paclitaxel‐, and cisplatin‐induced apoptosis. Here, we investigated one mechanism of DBM‐induced apoptosis and the antiapoptotic effects of ODC during DBM treatment. We found that DBM induced apoptosis, promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ ψm. N‐acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger, reduced DBM‐induced apoptosis, which led to the loss of Δ ψm due to reduced ROS. Overexpression of ODC in parental cells had the same effects as the ROS scavenger. The results demonstrated that DBM‐induced apoptosis was a ROS‐dependent pathway and ODC overexpression blocked DBM‐induced apoptosis by inhibiting intracellular ROS production. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 25:312–319, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20391
Analytical strategies for assessing comparability of biosimilars
Authors: Falconer Robert J. , Jackson‐Matthews Dianne , Mahler Stephen M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBiosimilar products are required by regulatory authorities to have appropriate and comparable quality, safety and efficacy with a reference biologic product. The analytical techniques that are available to manufacturers of biosimilar medicines are well advanced and present a range of options to characterize the products and compare them with the relevant marketed reference product. This variety of analytical methods can be used to investigate the attributes of a candidate biosimilar and a reference biologic, and ensures that orthogonal methods can be deployed to characterize a single attribute, facilitating rigorous structural characterization and physicochemical evaluation. These analytical methodologies not only enable evidence for bio‐comparability to be amassed but also enable a developer of biosimilars to incorporate risk mitigation into the development strategy. This review discusses the analytical techniques available to support comparability testing, the handling of reference material and the strategic aspects to commercializing biosimilar or follow‐on biological medicinal products. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Improvement of heat removal in solid‐state fermentation tray bioreactors by forced air convection
Authors: Figueroa‐Montero Arturo , Esparza‐Isunza Tristán , Saucedo‐Castañeda Gerardo , Huerta‐Ochoa Sergio , Gutiérrez‐Rojas Mariano , Favela‐Torres Ernesto 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Heat removal is one of the major constraints in large‐scale solid‐state fermentation (SSF) processes. The effect of internal air circulation by forced convection on heat and water transfer has not been studied in SSF tray bioreactors. Formulation of a mathematical model for SSF requires a good estimation of the mass and heat transfer coefficients.RESULTS: A stainless steel tray bioreactor (80.6 L capacity) was used. Aspergillus niger C28B25 was cultivated under SSF conditions on an inert support. Temperature, moisture content, biomass and substrate concentrations were measured. Water and energy integral balances were used to estimate the heat and mass transfer coefficients involved in the process. The Reynolds number (NRe) in the headspace of the tray bioreactor ranged from 2.5 to 2839, which increased the global heat transfer coefficient from 4.2 to 6.9 (W m−2 K−1) and the mass transfer coefficient from 1.0 to 2.1 (g m−2 s−1). Mathematical model predictions of the temperature and moisture content of the fermentation bed showed a high goodness‐of‐fit with the experimental results.CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report describing the effect of NRe of air in the headspace of a SSF tray bioreactor on the heat and mass transfer coefficients and temperature regulation in SSF. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Linkage for the diamond and the path with four vertices
Authors: Ellingham M. N. , Plummer Michael D. , Yu Gexin 
Published: April 2011

AbstractGiven graphs G and H, we say G is H‐linked if for every injective mapping ℓ: V(H)→V(G), we can find a subgraph H′ of G that is a subdivision of H with ℓ(v) being the vertex of H′ corresponding to each vertex v of H. In this article, we prove two results on H‐linkage for 4‐vertex graphs H. Goddard showed that 4‐connected planar triangulations are 4‐ordered, or in other words C4‐linked. We strengthen this by showing that 4‐connected planar triangulations are (K4−e)‐linked. X. Yu characterized certain graphs related to P4‐linkage. We use his characterization to show that every 7‐connected graph is P4‐linked, and to construct 6‐connected graphs that are not P4‐linked. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Synthetic route to isotopically labelled‐oxamate
Authors: Siwek Agata , Trotsko Nazar , Wujec Monika , Kamiński Rafał , Paneth Piotr 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSince none of the available methods was suitable for the synthesis of isotopically labelled oxamate, a new procedure has been developed in our laboratory, based on the known procedures, but with substantial modifications. The method is convenient and gives reproducibly 17% yield based on KCN used. The strategy is considered suitable for labelling oxamate with 15N and 13C or 14C when starting with labelled KCN and can be easily modified for the synthesis of 18O‐carbonyl‐labelled oxamate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of deuterium‐labelled etravirine
Authors: Wang Wei , Wu Wenchao , Shen Zucheng , Chen Liqin 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis study describes the synthesis of deuterium‐labelled etravirine. Etravirine labelled with six deuteriums was prepared in eight steps starting from phenol with excellent chemical purity and isotopic enrichment. It provides important internal standard for the clinical studies of etravirine. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of sequentially deuterated 1‐n‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium ionic liquids
Authors: Khrizman Alexander , Cheng Hiu Yan , Moyna Guillermo 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDeuterium isotopologues of the ionic liquid (IL) 1–n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) sequentially labeled on the C‐1″, C‐1′, C‐2′, C‐3′, and C‐4′ positions of the N‐alkyl groups were prepared following a strategy that minimizes the number of distinct reactions through the use of analogous synthetic routes. In several cases, good yields after the initial deuterium incorporation reaction were achieved by combining well‐established chemical transformations into efficient single‐step processes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A modified approach to C‐14‐labeled 2‐(3,4‐difluorophenoxy)‐5‐fluoronicotinic acid and other halogen‐substituted analogs
Authors: Zhang Yinsheng , Jian Zhigang , Stolle Wayne T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA modified approach to a carbon‐14‐labeled pyridine ring system was developed based on the electrocyclic ring‐closure of 1,4,4‐trisubstituted butadiene. The new method was applied to prepare 2‐(3,4‐difluorophenoxy)‐5‐fluoro‐[2‐14C] nicotinic acid and other halogen‐substituted analogs. The targeted compound was isolated with a radiochemical purity of >98% and a specific activity of 53 mCi/mmol from four radiochemical steps, starting from ethyl [1‐14C] cyanoacetate in an overall radiochemical yield of 39%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction to the special issue: Terrorism, disaster, and organizational science
Authors: James Keith 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHere, the editor introduces the special issue on organizations' preparation for and response to disaster and terrorism. The topic and meta‐constructs within it are defined. The papers included in the special issue are outlined. The methodological and conceptual variety and strengths of the new empirical papers are summarized, as are some major gaps in current knowledge and paradigms that became clear from the full set of submissions to the special issue—those that were rejected, as well as those accepted. Together, the papers in this special issue set the stage for potential important future advances in the science of disaster/terrorism preparation and response by organizations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The psychological contract: What is missing? What is next?
Authors: Joseph Taylere M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPsychological contracts have been linked within organizational behavior literature to employee motivation and productivity. Classically, a psychological contract is defined as “individual beliefs, shaped by the organization, regarding terms of exchange agreement between individuals and their organizational goals” (Rousseau, 2001, p. 2). Recently, psychological contract violations have been identified in the research literature as correlated to employee resistance in system‐wide organizational change, putting change initiatives at risk. Understanding the complex ways that psychological contract violations can induce change resistance highlights the need for organizations to manage the psychological contracts between leadership and employees. Organizations need not only recognize how psychological contracts are formed, but also should heed the need for psychological contracts to be managed. This article reviews what is missing in psychological contract and change management. It then proposes that consultants who are trained in both organizational and individual psychology implement psychological contract management services into their practice.
If I belong, do I believe? An integrative framework for culture and identification
Authors: Bligh Michelle C. , Hatch Mary Jo 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOrganizational culture has become firmly entrenched in the fields of organizational behavior and theory, yet remains a conceptual and methodological challenge for researchers. Because culture involves the processes of sense making, interpretation, and social construction, while identification is more clearly linked theoretically and empirically to attitudes and behavior, bringing these two concepts together helps to address the limits of both. In this article, we develop a multidimensional framework to introduce identification into the discussion of culture, illustrating how tensions of generality–contextuality and unity–multiplicity highlight identification as an important mediator between macrolevel cultural meanings and individual‐level behavioral outcomes. We subsequently explore the framework's potential for integrating disparate approaches and encouraging meso‐level organizational research, arguing that the dual consideration of these concepts may help to elucidate some of the complexities inherent in organizations, as well as focusing attention on the complex influences of both culture and identification in determining organizational outcomes.
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and organizational citizenship behavior: A functional approach to organizational citizenship behavior
Authors: Finkelstein Marcia A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis study was the first to link a functional view of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Citizenship behavior and motives were assessed along with motivational orientation and prosocial personality. The results suggest that motives, and the types of OCB they foster, derive in part from individual differences in motivational orientation. Intrinsically motivated individuals manifested internal, other‐oriented motives for OCB, while those with extrinsic orientations were driven largely by external, self‐focused objectives. Mediation analyses implicated motivational orientation as a causal factor in determining specific motives. Citizenship activities directed at coworkers also showed a strong relationship with prosocial personality. A strong, positive correlation between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation suggested the usefulness of viewing them as complementary rather than competing tendencies, working together to help individuals accomplish a goal. The data further highlight the efficacy of a functional approach to understanding a broad spectrum of prosocial actions.
The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and smoking outcome expectancies among U.S. military veterans who served since September 11, 2001
Authors: Calhoun Patrick S. , Levin Holly F. , Dedert Eric A. , Johnson Yashika ,   The VA Mid‐Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, Clinical Center Registry Workgroup, Beckham Jean C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with increased rates of smoking although little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying this relationship. The current study examined expectations about smoking outcomes among smokers with and without PTSD. The sample included 96 veterans (mean age of 34 years) and included 17% women and 50% racial minorities. Smoking expectancies were measured with the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire‐Adult (Copeland, Brandon, & Quinn, 1995). Consistent with previous work suggesting that smokers with PTSD smoke in an effort to reduce negative affect, unadjusted analyses indicated that smokers with PTSD (n = 38) had higher expectations that smoking reduces negative affect than smokers without PTSD (d = 0.61). Smokers with PTSD also had increased expectancies associated with boredom reduction (d = 0.48), stimulation (d = 0.61), taste/sensorimotor manipulation aspects of smoking (d = 0.73), and social facilitation (d = 0.61). Results of hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated that PTSD symptom severity was uniquely associated with these expectancies beyond the effects of gender and nicotine dependence. More positive beliefs about the consequences of smoking may increase risk of continued smoking among those with PTSD who smoke. Further understanding of smoking expectancies in this group may help in developing interventions tailored for this vulnerable population.
The bipedicled anterior septal flap
Authors: Bleier Benjamin S. , Curry William T. , Wang Eric W. , Schlosser Rodney J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Pedicled mucosal flaps are the preferred method of endoscopic skull base reconstruction. Vascularized coverage of the anterior and posterior frontal tables remains a challenge given the lack of large caliber vessels supplying the anterior septum. The objective of this study was to define a novel bipedicled anterior septal (BAS) flap that is hypothesized to be capable of providing reproducible coverage of these difficult areas.Study Design:Radioanatomic and cadaveric study.Methods:The flap outline was superimposed over nine midline sagittal computed tomography images. The pedicles are comprised of the septal branch of the superior labial artery and the nasopalatine artery. The flap length subtended the distance from the incisive canal to the sphenoid face at the level of the choanal arch. Radiometric analysis of the flap length to base ratio and anterior/posterior frontal table coverage were calculated. These projected values were confirmed in four cadaveric dissection specimens.Results:The mean flap length was 39.64 ± 4.26 mm with a mean length:base ratio of 3.29 ± 0.70 and a total surface area of 916.46 ± 262.66 mm2. The flap was estimated to provide coverage of 100.31± 21.34% of the frontal beak and 50.74 ± 32.54% of the posterior frontal table. In all cadaveric specimens the flap extended beyond the superior aspect of the frontal beak and at least 50% of the posterior table.Conclusions:The BAS flap represents a novel septal mucosal flap based on two well‐defined arterial inputs. This flap is capable of providing reliable vascularized coverage of the posterior frontal table and the frontal beak following frontal drillout.
Systematic review and meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials examining tinnitus management
Authors: Hoare Derek J. , Kowalkowski Victoria L. , Kang Sujin , Hall Deborah A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To evaluate the existing level of evidence for tinnitus management strategies identified in the UK Department of Health's Good Practice Guideline.Study Design:Systematic review of peer‐reviewed literature and meta‐analyses.Methods:Searches were conducted in PubMed, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Web of Science, and EMBASE (earliest to August 2010), supplemented by hand searches in October 2010. Only randomized controlled trials that used validated questionnaire measures of symptoms (i.e., measures of tinnitus distress, anxiety, depression) were included.Results:Twenty‐eight randomized controlled trials met our inclusion criteria, most of which provide moderate levels of evidence for the effects they reported. Levels of evidence were generally limited by the lack of blinding, lack of power calculations, and incomplete data reporting in these studies. Only studies examining cognitive behavioral therapy were numerous and similar enough to perform meta‐analysis, from which the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (moderate effect size) appears to be reasonably established. Antidepressants were the only drug class to show any evidence of potential benefit.Conclusions:The efficacy of most interventions for tinnitus benefit remains to be demonstrated conclusively. In particular, high‐level assessment of the benefit derived from those interventions most commonly used in practice, namely hearing aids, maskers, and tinnitus retraining therapy needs to be performed.
New Method for Real‐time Monitoring of Photopolymerization by UV–Vis Spectroscopy
Authors: Schmitt Michael 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA new technology to measure the kinetics of bulk radical polymerization is presented. This technology is easy to connect with all systems using irradiation light, including Raman and IR measurement setups. The curing kinetics of commercially available offset printing dyes (acrylic esters) with initiators have been studied in situ in real‐time by light transmission. The setup consists of a slightly modified diode array UV–Vis spectrometer with a dual purpose xenon arc flash lamp light source. The lateral dependency (irradiation dosage) of the change in the transmitted light has the potential to be interesting for scientific and industrial applications. In addition, options for kinetics studies and quantum efficiencies are introduced to expand the possibilities of studying the polymerization processes. magnified image
Fluorescent Vesicles Consisting of Galactose‐based Amphiphilic Copolymers with a π‐Conjugated Sequence Self‐assembled in Water
Authors: Aissou Karim , Pfaff André , Giacomelli Cristiano , Travelet Christophe , Müller Axel H.E. , Borsali Redouane 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFluorescent vesicles considered as a mimic of natural primitive cells are prepared from poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐block‐poly(3‐O‐methacryloyl‐D‐galactopyranose) P3HT‐b‐PMAGP copolymers. The unique characteristic of such vesicular nanostructures is their architecture, which comprises a hydrophobic π‐conjugated P3HT wall stabilized by a hydrophilic PMAGP interface featuring glucose units. The results of this work offer a very efficient and straightforward method for engineering well‐controlled fluorescent nanoparticles (without the addition of dyes), which provide an excellent support to the study of carbohydrate‐protein interactions. magnified image
Direct Synthesis of Biodegradable Polysaccharide Derivative Hydrogels Through Aqueous Diels‐Alder Chemistry
Authors: Tan Huaping , Rubin J. Peter , Marra Kacey G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA robust synthetic strategy where polysaccharide derivative precursors react through aqueous Diels–Alder chemistry without the involvement of catalysts and coupling reagents, allowing for the direct encapsulation of positive and negative proteins within biodegradable hydrogels. The results demonstrated that the aqueous Diels–Alder chemistry provides an extremely selective reaction and proceeds with high efficiency for polysaccharide bioconjugation. This synthetic approach uniquely allows for the direct fabrication of biologically functionalized gels with ideal structures, which provides a competitive alternative to conventional conjugation techniques such as click chemistry. magnified image
Appetitive motivational deficits in individuals with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Shore Danielle M. , Rafal Robert , Parkinson John A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractParkinson's disease is known for its effects on sensorimotor coordination caused by degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway. Dopamine‐innervated areas of the ventral striatum also become compromised in Parkinson's disease, and little is known about the potential impact of this pathology on motivational processes mediated by the mesolimbic dopamine system. The current study tested the hypothesis that patients with Parkinson's disease would show a deficit in appetitive motivational arousal. Patients with Parkinson's disease and age‐matched healthy controls completed a visual discrimination task in which control and appetitive food images (incidental to the task) were presented in the background. Response rate changes indicated appetitive motivational arousal. The healthy controls showed an increase in response rate on the task when appetitive food cues were present compared with control stimuli. In contrast, the Parkinson's disease group showed an inverse pattern to the healthy controls. The reduction in appetitive motivation correlated with an individual's Parkinsonian symptomology. Patients with Parkinson's disease demonstrated an impairment in appetitive motivational arousal consistent with the progression of dopaminergic degeneration across the course of the disease. Dysfunction of this system affects quality of life in Parkinson's disease, and a blunting of the anticipatory motivation may contribute to the high prevalence of depression in Parkinson's disease. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society