bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organosoluble, low‐dielectric‐constant fluorinated polyimides based on 9,9‐bis[4‐(4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethyl‐ phenoxy)phenyl]xanthene
Authors: Sheng Shouri , Li Daoping , Lai Tianqi , Liu Xiaoling , Song Caisheng 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new trifluoromethylated bis(ether amine) monomer, 9,9‐bis[4‐(4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenyl]xanthene (BATFPX), was prepared through the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of 2‐chloro‐5‐nitrobenzotrifluoride and 9,9‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)xanthene in the presence of potassium carbonate, followed by catalytic reduction with hydrazine and Pd/C in ethanol. A series of novel fluorinated polyimides were synthesized from BATFPX with various commercially available aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides by one‐step polycondensation in m‐cresol. The resulting polyimides were readily soluble in many organic solvents such as N,N‐dimethylacetamide and tetrahydrofuran, and afforded transparent, flexible and strong films with low moisture absorption (0.28–0.51%), low dielectric constant (2.85–3.26 at 1 MHz) and good optical transparency with UV‐visible absorption cut‐off wavelengths at 352–410 nm. All the polyimides were amorphous and exhibited high thermal stability, with glass transition temperatures of 282–330 °C, 5% weight loss temperatures above 520 °C in nitrogen or air and char yields higher than 55% at 800 °C in nitrogen. Also, these polyimides had good mechanical properties with tensile strengths of 93–118 MPa, elongations at break of 9–16% and initial moduli of 2.07–2.58 GPa. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of azide end‐functionalized isotactic polypropylene building block and renewed modular synthesis of diblock copolymers of isotactic polypropylene and poly(ε‐caprolactone)
Authors: Huang Huahua , Niu Hui , Dong Jin‐Yong 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article details a synthesis of azide end‐functionalized isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP), a unique polymeric building block that can engage in Huisgen's 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of azide and alkyne (click reaction) to construct well‐defined i‐PP‐based polymer architecture. Controlled, consecutive chain transfer reaction to 1,2‐bis(4‐vinylphenyl)ethane and hydrogen in metallocene‐mediated propylene polymerization catalyzed by rac‐Me2Si(2‐Me‐4‐Ph‐Ind)2ZrCl2/MAO resulted in styryl‐terminated i‐PP (i‐PP‐t‐St) of controlled molecular weight. Following a regioselective hydrochlorination reaction, the terminal styryl groups were quantatively transformed to 1‐chloroethylbenzene groups, which was further reacted with NaN3 to give i‐PP terminated with an azide group (i‐PP‐t‐N3). Structural monitoring of the polymers through the whole transformation process using 1H NMR and FTIR as well as GPC and DSC reveals a clean and clear formation of i‐PP‐t‐N3 (Mn in between 10,000 and 40,000 g/mol). This clickable i‐PP building block was applied to a renewed, modular synthesis of amphiphilic i‐PP‐b‐PCL (poly(ε‐caprolactone)) diblock copolymers. Composition‐diversified, structure‐well defined diblock copolymers were obtained in high yields, confirming both the high end group selectivity as well as high reactivity of azide the clickable moiety in the i‐PP building block and the effectiveness of azide‐alkyne click reaction in constructing new i‐PP architecture. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Construction of reversible hydration–dehydration system by a model compound and a novel polymer bearing vicinal tricarbonyl structure
Authors: Dei Takehito , Morino Kazuhide , Sudo Atsushi , Endo Takeshi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA novel polymer bearing acyclic vicinal tricarbonyl moieties in the side chains was synthesized by (1) radical polymerization of a styrene derivative with a 1,3‐diketone structure and (2) successive treatment of the resulting polystyrene derivative by N‐bromosuccinimide to convert its 1,3‐diketone moiety in the side chains into the corresponding vicinal tricarbonyl moiety. The tricarbonyl moiety was highly reactive with water to permit its rapid conversion into a geminal diol structure in water‐containing acetone. On the other hand, heating the resulting polymer bearing the geminal diol structure under vacuum enabled successful recovery of the vicinal tricarbonyl moiety to demonstrate the reversible nature of this system, which allowed us to repeat the hydration–dehydration cycle without deteriorating the polymer structure. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Clinical use of dornase alfa is associated with a slower rate of FEV1 decline in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Konstan Michael W. , Wagener Jeffrey S. , Pasta David J. , Millar Stefanie J. , Jacobs Joan R. , Yegin Ashley , Morgan Wayne J. ,   for the Scientific Advisory Group and the Investigators and Coordinators of the Epidemiologic Study of Cystic Fibrosis
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectivesRandomized controlled trials of dornase alfa have shown forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) to improve in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) but have not assessed change in the rate of lung function decline. We assessed the relationship of dornase alfa use and FEV1 decline using the Epidemiologic Study of Cystic Fibrosis (ESCF).MethodologyPatients aged 8–38 years who had been enrolled in ESCF for 2 years when initially treated with dornase alfa were selected if they remained on treatment during the following 2 years. A comparator group included patients aged 8–38 who were not yet reported to have received dornase alfa. For each patient we estimated the annual rate of decline in FEV1% predicted before and after the index using a mixed‐effects model adjusted for age, gender, pulmonary exacerbations, respiratory therapies, and nutritional supplements.ResultsThe dornase alfa group (n = 2,230) had a lower FEV1% predicted at index and a more rapid decline during the pre‐index period. The mean rate of FEV1 decline improved for the dornase alfa group; the improvement was similar in adults and children 8–17 years old but was not statistically significant in adults. The comparator group (n = 5,970) showed no change among adults and an increased rate of decline among children 8–17 years old.ConclusionsThe use of dornase alfa for a 2‐year period is associated with a reduction in the rate of FEV1 decline. These results also demonstrate the value of using an observational study to assess the association of instituting new therapies in the clinical setting with changes in the rate of FEV1 decline in patients with CF. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:545–553. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resonant frequency does not predict high‐frequency chest compression settings that maximize airflow or volume
Authors: Luthy Sarah K. , Marinkovic Aleksandar , Weiner Daniel J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHigh‐frequency chest compression (HFCC) is a therapy for cystic fibrosis (CF). We hypothesized that the resonant frequency (fres), as measured by impulse oscillometry, could be used to determine what HFCC vest settings produce maximal airflow or volume in pediatric CF patients. In 45 subjects, we studied: fres, HFCC vest frequencies that subjects used (fused), and the HFCC vest frequencies that generated the greatest volume (fvol) and airflow (fflow) changes as measured by pneumotachometer. Median fused for 32 subjects was 14 Hz (range, 6–30). The rank order of the three most common fused was 15 Hz (28%) and 12 Hz (21%); three frequencies tied for third: 10, 11, and 14 Hz (5% each). Median fres for 43 subjects was 20.30 Hz (range, 7.85–33.65). Nineteen subjects underwent vest‐tuning to determine fvol and fflow. Median fvol was 8 Hz (range, 6–30). The rank order of the three most common fvol was: 8 Hz (42%), 6 Hz (32%), and 10 Hz (21%). Median fflow was 26 Hz (range, 8–30). The rank order of the three most common fflow was: 30 Hz (26%) and 28 Hz (21%); three frequencies tied for third: 8, 14, and 18 Hz (11% each). There was no correlation between fused and fflow (r2 = −0.12) or fvol (r2 = 0.031). There was no correlation between fres and fflow (r2 = 0.19) or fvol (r2 = 0.023). Multivariable analysis showed no independent variables were predictive of fflow or fvol. Vest‐tuning may be required to optimize clinical utility of HFCC. Multiple HFCC frequencies may need to be used to incorporate fflow and fvol. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:604–609. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro comparison of heliox and oxygen in aerosol delivery using pediatric high flow nasal cannula
Authors: Ari Arzu , Harwood Robert , Sheard Meryl , Dailey Patricia , Fink James B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDrug administration via high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has been described in pediatrics but the amount of albuterol delivery with an HFNC is not known. The purpose of this study is to quantify aerosol delivery with heliox and oxygen (O2) in a model of pediatric ventilation. A vibrating mesh nebulizer (Aeroneb Solo, Aerogen) was placed on the inspiratory inlet of a heated humidifier and heated wire circuit attached to a pediatric nasal cannula (Optiflow, Fisher & Paykel). Breathing parameters were tidal volume (Vt) 100 ml, respiratory rate (RR) 20/min, and I‐time of 1 sec. Albuterol sulfate (2.5 mg/3 ml) was administered through a pediatric HFNC with O2 (100%) and heliox (80/20% mixture). A total of 12 runs, using O2 and heliox were conducted at 3 and 6 L/min (n = 3). Drug was collected on an absolute filter, eluted and measured using spectrophotometry. The percent inhaled dose (mean ± SD) was similar with heliox and O2 at 3 L/min (11.41 ± 1.54 and 10.65 ± 0.51, respectively; P = 0.465). However at 6 L/min drug deposition was ≥2‐fold greater with heliox (5.42 ± 0.54) than O2 (1.95 ± 0.50; P = 0.01). Using a pediatric model of HFNC, reducing delivered flow from 6 to 3 L/min increased inhaled albuterol delivery ≥2‐fold but eliminated the increase in inhaled drug efficiency associated with heliox. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:795–801. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Field‐evolved resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), from India
Authors: Dhurua Sanyasi , Gujar Govind T 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The pink bollworm is one of the most destructive pests of cotton. Transgenic cotton producing Bt toxin Cry1Ac or a combination of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 has been used effectively against this pest. However, some other insects have evolved resistance to Bt toxins in the field. During the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 seasons, pink bollworm populations in India were surveyed to evaluate their responses to Cry1Ac and seed powder containing Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2.RESULTS: The results provide evidence that resistance to Cry1Ac had evolved by 2008 in a population sampled from non‐Bt cotton in the Amreli district of Gujarat in western India. The median lethal concentration of Cry1Ac for five‐day‐old larvae (LC50) was significantly higher for insects derived in 2008 from Amreli than for any of the other field populations tested from four locations in India. For Cry1Ac, the mean LC50 for the strain derived from Amreli in 2008 was 44 times higher than for the most susceptible population. However, for seed powder of Bollgard II containing primarily Cry2Ab2, the 2008 Amreli population was only slightly less susceptible than the most susceptible population.CONCLUSIONS: The data reported here constitute the first evidence of field‐evolved resistance of pink bollworm to Cry1Ac. This initial evidence spurred more extensive evaluations during the 2009–2010 growing season, which confirmed field‐evolved resistance to Cry1Ac in Amreli. The lack of cross‐resistance to Cry2Ab2 suggests that plants producing this toxin are likely to be more effective against resistant populations than plants producing only Cry1Ac. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Stem injection of a systemic insecticide to control Uraba lugens on urban Lophostemon confertus trees
Authors: Rolando Carol A , Gous Stefan F , Berndt Lisa A , Bulman Lindsay S , Carlson Colleen A 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Uraba lugens Walker (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) has the potential to become a serious pest of susceptible forestry and urban trees in New Zealand. Stem injection of insecticides provides a method for the control of U. lugens in public locations where foliar applications are not suitable. Field and laboratory studies were conducted in 2009 and 2010 to determine a dose response profile of U. lugens larvae to acephate injected at 0.0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 g cm−1 tree diameter measured at breast height (dbh). The concentration of the injected solution varied across years.RESULTS: The highest mortality (85–100%) of U. lugens larvae occurred at 1.00 g acephate injected cm−1 dbh. The lower rates (0.25 and 0.50 g acephate cm−1) were more effective in 2010 than in 2009, a factor attributed to the change in volume of injected solution.CONCLUSION: Systemic injections of acephate at rates above 0.50 g cm−1 dbh provide a tool for the management of U. lugens in public places. It is recommended that stem injection operations for control of U. lugens larvae be timed to coincide with the emergence of first instars so that larvae are exposed to lethal insecticide doses. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of Processing, Packaging and Vibration Treatment on the Sensory Quality of Fresh‐cut Apple Slices
Authors: Siddiq M. , Harte J. B. , Singh S. P. , Khan A. A. , Dolan K. D. , Saha K. 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYFresh‐cut fruit industry has seen tremendous growth in recent years. The present study was designed with the objective of studying the sensory quality of fresh‐cut apple slices that were treated with different antibrowning agents, packed in three types of packaging materials and subjected to vibration treatment to simulate commercial transportation. The slices were treated with two commercial antibrowning agents [NatureSeal (Mantrose‐Haeuser Co., Inc., Westport, CT, USA) and Ever‐Fresh (Kraft Foods, Inc., Rye Brook, NY, USA)] at 5% (w/v) application rate. The treated slices were packaged in 5 oz polystyrene rigid container, 2 lb polyethylene bag or 2 oz polyethylene bag. A nine‐member trained panel and a 100‐member consumer panel evaluated the treated slices for selected sensory attributes. The trained sensory small panel found minimal difference in the fresh‐cut slices in comparison with the control (non‐vibrated) sample, with the slices treated with NatureSeal better in quality than those treated with Ever‐Fresh. Case positions (bottom, middle or top) within the vibration stack did not affect the quality of the slices significantly; similar results were found from the consumer panel sensory evaluation. The consumer panel evaluation results showed that the slices treated with NatureSeal were better in sensory attributes of colour, texture, flavour and overall acceptability. Overall, package type had no or minimal effect on the slice quality attributes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate variability monitoring using EWMA control charts based on squared deviation of observations from target
Authors: Memar Ahmad Ostadsharif , Niaki Seyed Taghi Akhavan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRecent research works have shown that control statistics based on squared deviation of observations from target have the ability to monitor variability in both univariate and multivariate processes. In the current research, the properties of the control statistic St that has been proposed by Huwang et al. (J. Quality Technology 2007; 39:258–278) are first reviewed and three new St‐based multivariate schemes are then presented. Extensive simulation experiments are performed to compare the performances of the proposed schemes with those of the multivariate exponentially weighted mean squared deviation (MEWMS) and the L1‐norm distance of the MEWMS deviation from its expected value (MEWMSL1) charts. The results show that one of the proposed schemes outperforms the others in detecting shifts in correlation coefficients and another has the best general performance among the compared charts in detecting shifts in which at least one of the variances changes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classification NanoSAR Development for Cytotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Rong , Rallo Robert , George Saji , Ji Zhaoxia , Nair Sumitra , Nel André E. , Cohen Yoram 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA classification‐based cytotoxicity nanostructure–activity relationship (nanoSAR) is presented based on a set of nine metal oxide nanoparticles to which transformed bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS‐2B) were exposed over a range of concentrations (0.375–200 mg L−1) and exposure times up to 24 h. The nanoSAR is developed using cytotoxicity data from a high‐throughput screening assay that was processed to identify and label toxic (in terms of the propidium iodide uptake of BEAS‐2B cells) versus nontoxic events relative to an unexposed control cell population. Starting with a set of fourteen intuitive but fundamental physicochemical nanoSAR input parameters, a number of models were identified which had a classification accuracy above 95%. The best‐performing model had a 100% classification accuracy in both internal and external validations. This model is based on three descriptors: atomization energy of the metal oxide, period of the nanoparticle metal, and nanoparticle primary size, in addition to nanoparticle volume fraction (in solution). Notwithstanding the success of the present modeling approach with a relatively small nanoparticle library, it is important to recognize that a significantly larger data set would be needed in order to expand the applicability domain and increase the confidence and reliability of data‐driven nanoSARs.
The Impact of Selective Oxidation on the Phase Transformation in the Sub‐Surface of Advanced High Strength Steels
Authors: Norden M. , Paul G. , Blumenau M. , Heller T. , Peters K.‐J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe present paper contributes in the discussion of heterogeneous gas/metal reactions by discussing the influence of the dew point (dp) during intercritical annealing on the sub‐surface constitution. Annealing trials with different Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) were carried out and the element distribution within the sub‐surface was analysed by glow discharge optical emission spectrometer (GD‐OES). For modelling purpose the gained element distribution data were adjusted in a way that the selective oxidation products were considered within the sub‐surface element profiles. Several transformation temperatures along the depth profiles according to the adjusted GD‐OES data have been computed for the dp −30 °C and +5 °C. In all cases the according models have been implemented in Matlab. The thermodynamic data have been obtained via the Matlab‐ThermoCalc interface. Empirical equations have been applied for the determination of the bainite and martensite start temperatures. It is shown that the sub‐surface constitution and the transformation temperature differ significantly. In most cases the change of the transformation temperature within the surface and sub‐surface reaches up to 100 °C compared to the bulk. For a Dual‐Phase (DP) Steel with C(0.15%)Mn(1.7%)Al(1.7%)Cr(0.5%), the change of the Ae1‐temperature is with 300 °C significantly higher. However one has to keep in mind that the 2‐phase composition can not be assumed to be constant during intercritical annealing. It is therefore concluded that for the purpose of simulating the selective oxidation processes during intercritical annealing of AHSS the continuous change of the sub‐surface constitution must be incorporated in the future work.
Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in the Ladle during Teeming
Authors: Glaser Björn , Görnerup Mårten , Sichen Du 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA two dimensional axisymmetric model was developed to predict the heat flux in a steelmaking ladle during the teeming process. The model predicts dynamically the flow fields in both liquid phase and gas phase along with the movement of the liquid upper surface. The model also predicts the temperature distributions in the liquid metal, gas phase and all layers in the ladle wall. Industrial measurements using infrared radiation camera inside the ladle after teeming and at the wall outside the ladle during the whole process were carried out. The model predictions were found to be in agreement with the measured data. It was found that the heat transfer to the surrounding atmosphere and the conductivity of the highly insulating layer were the most important factors for the heat loss. The decrease of the thickness of the working lining was found to have limited effect on the total heat flux.
Comparison Between Vessel Vibration and Audiometry for Slopping Control in the Top‐Blown BOS Process
Authors: Brämming Mats , Parker Gareth , Millman Stuart , Kapilashrami Abha , Malmberg Donald , Björkman Bo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractExcess slag foam growth is a frequent problem in the BOS process. In the worst case, foam is forced out of the vessel and this phenomenon, commonly called slopping, not only results in loss of valuable metal yield but also in equipment damage and lost production time. In order to minimize slopping, accurate estimation of the foam level inside the vessel is an important part of BOS process control. In the top blown BOS vessel, slopping control is achieved using both static and dynamic measures. The most common implemented technique for dynamic foam height estimation and slopping control is the audiometer system. An alternative method, vessel vibration monitoring, has been investigated as part of the work in a RFCS funded research project called IMPHOS. In order to judge the usefulness of this method, parallel vibration and audio measurements have been carried out on 130 tonne as well as on 300 tonne BOS vessels. The results show that during stable process conditions there is good agreement between the two methods with regard to foam height estimation and, as vessel vibration and audiometry are largely independent of each other, a combination of the two is likely to increase significantly the accuracy of slopping prediction.
Resistant starch as prebiotic: A review
Authors: Fuentes‐Zaragoza Evangélica , Sánchez‐Zapata Elena , Sendra Esther , Sayas Estrella , Navarro Casilda , Fernández‐López Juana , Pérez‐Alvarez José A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe increase in consumers demand for high‐quality food products has led to the growth in the use of new technologies and ingredients such as RS. RS occurs basically in all starchy foods and has a long history as food source for humans. RS includes the portion of starch that can resist digestion by human pancreatic amylase in the small intestine and thus, reach the colon. His great nutritional interest is associated with his physiological effects, similar to those of dietary fibre. The regular consumption of certain subclasses of highly fermentable dietary fibre sources result in gut associated immune and microbiota modulation as well as a significant production of SCFAs. Among the different physiological roles of RS, its prebiotic effect is of great interest. RS can be considered prebiotic and it is not absorbed in the intestine. The best approach of prebiotic–probiotic symbiosis is achieved by encapsulation. But other food biocompounds can be encapsulated too using RS.