bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immediate behavioural consequences of fostering 1-week-old piglets
Authors: Horrell R. I. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwenty-four sows and their 4- to 7-day-old litters were observed in batches of four for approximately 2h to ascertain piglet teat preferences and timings of suckling periods. In each batch, two litters were then selected to have two piglets exchanged between them while the other two remained intact as controls. In the subsequent 3 h, sows with fostered piglets initiated significantly more suckling periods than controls; but many were disturbed at an early stage and only 35% of such periods resulted in milk letdown (compared with 93% in controls). Many sows displayed aggression specifically towards fostered piglets. Many fostered piglets showed signs of distress and attempted to escape. Fostered piglets were significantly more likely to take 10 sec or more from the start of suckling to approach the udder, and less likely to be sucking at milk letdown. Many of these effects were greater when piglets had to compete with a resident piglet with the same teat preference and all were still evident in the third of the three observation hours.
The effect of moving colonies of honeybees to new sites on their subsequent foraging behaviour
Authors: Free J. B. 
Published: March 2009

1. Groups of colonies have been moved to crops requiring pollination: group A, before any blossom appeared; group B, when 5–15% of the crop was in flower; and group C, when the crop was in full flower, and the amount which the colonies of the different groups visited the crop was determined. The results tend to show that colonies of group B visited the experimental crop more than colonies of group A, thus supporting recommendations that colonies should not be moved to a crop requiring pollination until it has started to flower, so that the bees will not have previously become conditioned to visiting other flower species in the locality.2. When a colony is moved to a new site its foragers tend to visit species they have visited previously, and the amount of a particular pollen that a colony collects at a new site is sometimes related to the amount of it the colony collected before it was moved.3. The conclusion of previous workers that different colonies utilize the local flora in different ways have been confirmed. Different colonies vary greatly both in the number and kind of species they visit and in the extent to which they visit the same species. Although the extent to which colonies visit certain species tends to be related to the extent they have visited them previously, exceptions often occur.
A radiographic study of early skeletal development in foetal sheep
Authors: Wenham G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYObservations were made on high resolution radiographs of foetal sheep, from ewes slaughtered at 7-day intervals from 34 to 55 days after mating, to examine the onset of ossification of some of the major components of the axial and appendicular skeleton. There were 83 foetuses measured, retrieved from 24 Finnish Landrace × Polled Dorset Horn ewes mated to Suffolk rams. The litters comprised five sets of twins, eight of triplets, seven of quadruplets, three of quintuplets and one set of sextuplets.Half of the ewes were subjected to a 50% reduction in food on the 28th day of gestation, but this was considered not to have affected skeletal growth and development.There were major changes in skeletal mineralization from one slaughter date to the next, particularly between 34 days, when no skeletal elements were detectable, and 41 days, when components of the skull, thorax, fore and hindlimbs were clearly seen. There were some differences in the number of primary centres present both within and between litters of the same gestational age. The mineralized shaft of the fibula was seen in 30/35 of the foetuses at 41 days, but only in 9/25 at 55 days; other transient centres were also observed.Changes in the linear dimensions of six limb bones were measured and the mean values are presented in tabular form.
Influences of diet and body condition on the nitrogen utilization in the cow
Authors: Paquay R. , De Baere R. , Lousse A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe dietary and individual factors influencing the utilization of digestible nitrogen in the dry cow were studied with numerous rations fed to Friesian cows kept in metabolism stalls.Urinary nitrogen excretion and nitrogen balance were above all influenced by the level of digestible nitrogen intake. They are also correlated to metabolizable energy and digestible potassium intakes.Endogenous urinary nitrogen, estimated by extrapolation, was 30·6 mg N/kg body weight/d or 0·169 W0·73 g/d with the rations meeting approximately the energy maintenance requirements of the cow.The changes in diet accounted for 80% of the variability of nitrogen balance.A method was worked out for calculating the body condition of the cow from the live-weight variations.The changes in body condition accounted for 11% of the variability of nitrogen balance.
Cation activity ratios in the soil solution and availability of potassium to rice in a submerged soil
Authors: Pasricha N. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe activity ratios of potassium in dynamic equilibrium with a submerged soil planted with rice were determined fortnightly for 10 weeks. The simple activity ratio, aK(aCa + aMg)-1, and the modified activity ratio to include the activity functions of Fe2+ and Mn2+ as aK/(aCa+ aMg)½ + B(aFe)½ + C(aMn)½, gave linear relationships when plotted against the change in exchangeable K content of the soil. The modified activity ratio of potassium correlated better with potassium concentration (r = 0·91) in and potassium uptake (r = 0·84) by rice than the simple activity ratio (r = 0·86 and 0·81 respectively).Submergence for 6 weeks almost doubled the potential buffering capacity of potassium, PBCK, showing that the submerged soil sustained a low level of potassium in the soil solution for a long time.A negative intercept of the plot of equilibrium labile K, Kel, on the ‘quantity’ axis, against the modified activity ratio showed that there is some non-labile K which equilibrates with the soil solution during growth. The value of this intercept (3·40 mequiv/kg soil) is a measure of non-labile K.
The relationship between number of seeds and the frequency of ovule fertilization in field beans (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Rowland G. G. , Bond D. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA correlation coefficient of r = 0·985 (P < 0·01) between the number of fertilized ovules at each cultivar-ovule position (Rowland, Bond & Parker, 1983) and the number of mature seeds for each cultivar-ovule position indicated an extremely close relationship between fertilized ovules and seed set in four field bean cultivars. This suggests that unreliability in seed yield in field beans could be due to variability in frequency of fertilization as well as in frequency of abortion of seeds and of whole pods.Frequency of ovule abortion occurred differentially among cultivars and this abortion rate varied according to the flowering node and flower position within a raceme. Under stress conditions single-seeded pods were preferentially aborted. The data suggest that a way to increase the average number of seeds per pod is through increased frequency of ovule fertilization.
The emergence of maize from field sowings in Great Britain: I. The effect of date of sowing on the extent and speed of emergence of different varieties
Authors: Bunting E. S. , Willey L. A. 
Published: March 2009

Between 1953 and 1955 a series of field experiments have been carried out in Great Britain to assess the effect of sowing date on the extent and the rate of emergence of a number of varieties of maize.The range of sowing dates was from late March till May. Records were kept of the soil temperatures, these will be reported later, and in certain experiments the water content of the soil was maintained at field capacity. In all experiments a northern flint variety and a southern dent variety were sown, in the first year only flint × dent hybrids were also grown.There was an increase in final emergence with the later sowing dates. The northern flint varieties were superior to the southern dent varieties, while the flint × dent hybrids occupied an intermediate position. The lower final emergence of the southern dent variety was most marked at the earlier sowing dates.Differences between varieties in the speed of emergence, taken as the number of days from sowing until half of the surviving seedlings had emerged, was observed at several centres. The open-pollinated varieties usually emerged more slowly than the flint × dent hybrids. There was a very marked difference between early- and late-sowing dates in speed of emergence.It was possible in the second year to compare seed of high quality with that of low quality as determined by the ‘cold test’ of germination capacity. The lowquality seed gave greatly reduced final emergence, the experiments stressing the need for the adoption of a standard ‘cold test’ for maize seed, especially of that intended for sowing in north-western Europe.The high final emergence of the northern flint varieties suggest that a gene source for resistance to soil pathogen attack is readily available. The possibilities in north-western Europe for expansion of growing grain maize would be greatly strengthened by development of varieties capable of growth at low temperatures. The experiments suggest that until such varieties are available little advantage in time of emergence will be gained by sowing maize before late April in Britain.
Nitrogen fixation in field beans (Vicia faba) as affected by population density, shading and its relationship with soil moisture
Authors: Sprent Janet I. , Bradford Alison M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYN fixation data, estimated by the acetylene reduction technique and by total N content are given for the field experiments reported by Sprent, Bradford & Norton (1977).Maximum potential acetylene reducing activity per plant varied little from year to year. At low population densities a maximum rate of activity was observed shortly after flowering. As density increased this maximum became less pronounced and environmental factors (such as water supply) exerted increasing effects on activity. Shading prolonged activity and delayed nodule senescence.Total plant N continued to increase almost to seed maturation. As plants aged, the acetylene reduction technique progressively underestimated N accumulation. Maximum Nfixed/ha/year was over 600 kg. Itis concluded that the potential for N fixation in this crop is sufficient to sustain high yields.
Resistance to bean yellow mosaic virus in Phaseolus vulgaris
Authors: Walkey D. G. A. , Innes N. L. , Miller Ann 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAccessions of green and dry-podded Phaseolus vulgaris beans were tested for resistance to seven isolates of bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) originating from a wide geographical area. Based on their level of resistance, the beans could be divided into four groups, (i) accessions with a high level of resistance to most BYMV isolates; (ii) accessions containing previously known sources of resistance in germplasm derived from the cv. Great Northern, which were mainly susceptible to the BOS 25 isolate, but had high levels of resistance to most other isolates; (iii) and (iv) groups showing increasing levels of susceptibility with the accession Red Mexican (common) the most susceptible bean tested. The seven BYMV isolates induced distinct reactions when inoculated to arange of plant species, indicating that they possessed different pathogenicity genes.
The Effect of Sowing Date on the Yield and Yield Components of Spring Oil-Seed Rape
Authors: Scarisbrick D. H. , Daniels R. W. , Alcock Mary 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThree spring oil-seed rape cultivars were drilled on five dates during 1979 and 1980. Delayed drilling (1) reduced seed yield, (2) increased the main stem contribution to seed production, and (3) increased the percentage of damaged pods at harvest. The results indicated that cultivars similar to those used in this trial should be drilled between the 3rd week of March and mid-April.
The influence of pesticides and herbicides on the growth and virulence of Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli
Authors: Mussa A. E. A. , Russell P. E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThree herbicides, Treflan, Basagran and Avadex BW and three pesticides, Metasystox 55, Nicotine and Hostathion stimulated the growth of Fusarium solanif. sp. phaseoli in culture and increased the virulence of this pathogen on Phaseolus vulgaris. The implications of these results to the chemical treatment of this crop are discussed.
Interpretation of the faecal excretion patterns of solute and particle markers introduced into the rumen of sheep
Authors: Faichney G. J. , Boston R. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA two-pool + time delay model was used to analyse ideal marker concentration patterns generated, using an interactive computer simulation program, from data for the mean retention times of [51Cr]EDTA and [103Ru]phen in the reticulo-rumen, abomasum and caecum-proximal colon and the transit times of these markers through the omasum, small intestine and distal large intestine of sheep. Although providing a reasonably close fit to the generated data, the fitted curves showed small but systematic deviations, indicating that the model does not consistently characterize the kinetics of the markers in the ruminant gastro-intestinal tract.When the components of the two-pool model were correctly identified, predicted rumen mean retention times (MRT) were within – 1 to + 13% of the observed values. However, identifying the component with the longer MRT as the rumen resulted in up to 2·6-fold overestimation (17·5 v. 6·77 h). The model underestimated the time delay and the overall MRT. It is suggested that the correct identification of the two components can be achieved by the simultaneous use of a solute-and a particulate-phase marker because, in ruminants, they do not behave independently in the caecumproximal colon.
The cytogenetics of the differences between someSecalespecies
Authors: Riley Ralph 
Published: March 2009

1. The seed of crosses ofSecale cerealewithS. montanumandS. dalmaticumgerminated only whenS. cerealewas the seed parent.2.S. cerealewas found to differ fromS. montanumandS. dalmaticumby two large translocations involving three pairs of chromosomes, and a small translocation involving a fourth pair. The fertility of theF1plants was low, and in ear morphology and perennial habit they were similar to theS. montanumandS. dalmaticumparents.3.S. montanumandS. dalmaticumwere found to be similar in gross chromosome structure and their hybrids were phenotypically intermediate and fertile.4. TheF2of the crossS. cereale x S. dalmaticumconsisted of three types, in terms of chromosome structural condition and plant morphology, those like one or other parent and those like theF1.5. The genetic and evolutionary significance of this situation is discussed, together with the problem of the fixation of translocations in populations.
The experimental production of ‘green yolks’ by the oral administration of sodium copper chlorophyllin
Authors: Worden Alastair N. , Bunyan J. , Davies A. W. , Kleissner M. 
Published: March 2009

1. A condition that appears to be identical with ‘green yolks’ as observed in natural cases has been reproduced by the oral administration in gelatin capsule of from 250 to 1000 mg. sodium copper chlorophyllin 100% daily for 4 days upwards to Light Sussex hens in second lay.2. Following suitable extraction procedures the presence of a chlorophyll derivative has been determined spectrophotometrically in the affected yolks.3. Quantities of sodium copper chlorophyllin of the order of 1 mg. have been recovered from affected yolks.4. It is considered that the passage of chlorophyll to the yolk indicates that intestinal absorption has occurred.
Field nitrates in the Gezira soil. II
Authors: Jewitt T. N. 
Published: March 2009

The yields of cotton from five three-course rotations are given; they show marked seasonal variations, the variations of the different rotations being in close accord with one another. The average yields of the rotations are related fairly closely to the average soil nitrates; in individual years this is not so, though considerable responses to nitrogenous manuring are always obtained on Gezira soil.The distribution of nitrate in Gezira soil shows an unusual accumulation at depth; though cotton roots can reach the zone of accumulation, the variability of nitrate at these depths renders it impossible to relate changes to uptake. The figures show that under growing cotton the whole of the upper 4 ft. of soil can have low nitrates (of the order of 1 p.p.m.). Unless the roots obtain nitrate from the fifth and sixth feet accumulations the plants must be taking up nitrate as fast as it is formed, and the nitrate-supplying power of the soil must be of first importance. Figures are given showing differences in nitrification in soil from the different rotations.The effect of heavy nitrogenous manuring on soil nitrate is shown to be largely confined to the year of application, and no accumulations could be demonstrated. The average recovery of added nitrogen in this experiment is only of the order of 10%. The yields of the heavily manured treatments show the same violent fluctuations as do the unmanured treatments.In the three-course rotation experiment surface nitrates in August and September in the wider rotations are strongly negatively correlated with the rainfall of the period 1 July to 15 August. Over the period July to September the distribution of nitrates in the upper 2 ft. of the profile changes; there are differences between the rotations in this respect.
Milk production from subtropical non-dairy sheep. 2. Method of measuring
Authors: Aboul-Naga A. M. , El-Shobokshy A. S. , Moustafa M. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryMilk yield of 240 single-suckled ewes from Rahmani, Ossimi and Barki subtropical non-dairy Egyptian sheep, in addition to 64 twin-suckled Rahmani ewes, was estimated over two lambing seasons using three methods of measuring, i.e. lamb-suckling (plus residual milk), oxytocin technique and hand milking.For single-suckled ewes, the oxytocin technique resulted in higher (P < 0·05) estimates of milk yield during the first 4 weeks of lactation than lamb-suckling. However, over 12 weeks of lactation the two methods showed closely similar estimates. Hand milking produced 31·6% less milk than the other two methods.For twin-suckled ewes, the lamb-suckling method produced significantly (P < 0·05) higher estimates than the oxytocin technique. Estimates obtained by hand milking were 65·2 and 50·8% less than that of the other two methods, respectively.
Studies of the growth and development of winter-heading cauliflowers
Authors: Wurr D. C. E. , Kay Rosemary H. , Allen E. J. , Patel J. C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe winter-heading cauliflower varieties St Thomas, St Gwithian, St Agnes, Janavon, St Hilary, St Buryan, BB74605, St David and St Keverne were grown at Trefloyne, Tenby for 3 years from 1977 to 1980. Plants of all varieties were sampled periodically to determine the rate of curd expansion, the final number of leaves, the time of curd initiation, and the distribution of dry matter within the plant.The patterns of development of leaf area were similar in all varieties. Dry-matter distribution was similar for all varieties except for root growth; later-maturing varieties had a greater dry weight of root and a higher proportion of the total dry matter as root, than early varieties. Early rates of curd growth declined with later-maturing varieties and it is suggested that there may be a relationship between the time of curd initiation, root growth and the rate of curd growth.The mean total number of leaves formed before curd initiation varied from 49 to 102 depending on the variety and year. The earliest varieties St Thomas and St Gwithian took co. 120 days to reach 50% curd initiation and matured in 6–7 months from sowing while the late variety St Keverne took over 200 days to reach 50% initiation and more than 11 months to mature. The time interval between 50% initiation and 50% maturity increased with later-maturing varieties but on the basis of accumulated day degrees > 6 °C it declined with later varieties. The latter also matured more uniformly than earlier varieties when using an accumulated day-degree scale > 6 °C as a time scale.The results suggest that the low temperature threshold below which curd induction occurs may vary with variety. There was also evidence that the base temperature for curd growth is lower with later-maturing varieties.
Influence of foliar fertilizers on the toxicity and tolerance to some insecticides in the cotton leafworm
Authors: El Attal Z. M. , Moustafa Omayma K. , Diab Samiha A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe joint action of two pyrethroid insecticides with several foliar fertilizers against the fourth-instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis was determined. The rate of development of tolerance throughout three successive generations to insecticides alone and their combinations with fertilizers was also assessed. The results indicate that the toxicity of the insecticides tested was greatly enhanced by using fertilizers in admixture with each of them. Moreover, the inclusion of such fertilizers in spray emulsions slows down the development of tolerance to both insecticides. The synergistic action of fertilizers and the decrease in the induction of tolerance to insecticides can be attributed to the presence of inorganic ions and to decreasing the pH of both acidic experimental insecticides resulting in increasing the penetration rate of the internal membranes of the cotton leafworm.
The effects of the timing of management actions on the performance of a grassland sheep flock
Authors: Speedy A. W. , Black W. J. M. , Fitzsimons J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA production system is defined which involves the production of lambs from crossbred ewes kept in a cool, temperate grassland environment at an altitude of 250–300 m. Within the production system, an investigation was carried out on the effect of the timing of weaning, pre-mating treatment (flushing) and concentrate feeding before lambing in a flock of 180 Border Leicester (♂) × Scottish Blackface (♀) ewes maintained for a production span of four lamb crops. Weaning treatment had no significant effects on changes in live weight or body condition score. Pre-mating treatment affected live weight and condition at mating. It did not affect the number of lambs born but had a significant effect on the subsequent birth weight of twin lambs in the 1st year it was applied but not thereafter. The timing of introduction and total quantity of concentrate feed affected the birth weight of lambs from ewes at their first lambing (24 months old) but not subsequently. There were no long-term effects of treatment on ewe survival or on the production characters measured. The results are discussed in relation to the seasonal patterns of grass supply and the normal limits of commercial practice. In this study, when grass and forage were in reasonable supply, pre-mating management and concentrate feeding were not critical to ewe performance. Only in circumstances of an unusual grass shortage and also in young ewes did these factors have significant effects on performance.