bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying the Latent Failures Underpinning Medication Administration Errors: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Lawton Rebecca , Carruthers Sam , Gardner Peter , Wright John , McEachan Rosie R. C. 
Published: February 2012

ObjectivesThe primary aim of this article was to identify the latent failures that are perceived to underpin medication errors.Study SettingThe study was conducted within three medical wards in a hospital in the United Kingdom.Study DesignThe study employed a cross‐sectional qualitative design.Data Collection MethodsInterviews were conducted with 12 nurses and eight managers. Interviews were transcribed and subject to thematic content analysis. A two‐step inter‐rater comparison tested the reliability of the themes.Principal FindingsTen latent failures were identified based on the analysis of the interviews. These were ward climate, local working environment, workload, human resources, team communication, routine procedures, bed management, written policies and procedures, supervision and leadership, and training. The discussion focuses on ward climate, the most prevalent theme, which is conceptualized here as interacting with failures in the nine other organizational structures and processes.ConclusionsThis study is the first of its kind to identify the latent failures perceived to underpin medication errors in a systematic way. The findings can be used as a platform for researchers to test the impact of organization‐level patient safety interventions and to design proactive error management tools and incident reporting systems in hospitals.
Ambulatory Subspecialty Visits in a Large Pediatric Primary Care Network
Authors: Vernacchio Louis , Muto Jennifer M. , Young Gregory , Risko Wanessa 
Published: February 2012

ObjectiveTo determine patterns of subspecialty utilization within a pediatric primary care network.Data Sources/Study SettingPaid claims from a large not‐for‐profit health plan for patients of The Pediatric Physicians' Organization at Children's, a network of private pediatric practices affiliated with Children's Hospital Boston.Principal FindingsThe subspecialty visit rate was 1.01 visits per subject‐year. In 2007, 56.8 percent of subjects had no subspecialty visits, whereas 4.2 percent had ≥5 visits; the corresponding figures in 2008 were 54.1 and 4.5 percent, respectively. The most frequently visited subspecialties were Ophthalmology, Orthopedics, Dermatology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Allergy/Immunology. Visit rates varied sevenfold by practice.ConclusionsWide practice variability in pediatric subspecialty utilization suggests an opportunity for reducing unnecessary visits. Better integration between primary care and the most commonly used subspecialties will be needed to meaningfully reduce unnecessary visits and enhance value.
ET‐1 actions in the kidney: evidence for sex differences
Authors: Kittikulsuth W , Sullivan JC , Pollock DM 
Published: February 2012

Hypertension and chronic kidney disease are more common in men than in premenopausal women at the same age. In animal models, females are relatively protected against genetic or pharmacological procedures that produce high blood pressure and renal injury. Overactivation or dysfunction of the endothelin (ET) system modulates the progression of hypertension or kidney diseases with the ETA receptor primarily mediating vasoconstriction, injury and anti‐natriuresis, and ETB receptors having opposite effects. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of the ET system in the kidney with a focus on the inequality between the sexes associated with the susceptibility to and progression of hypertension and kidney diseases. In most animal models, males have higher renal ET‐1 mRNA expression, greater ETA‐mediated responses, including renal medullary vasoconstriction, and increased renal injury. These differences are reduced following gonadectomy suggesting a role for sex hormones, mainly testosterone. In contrast, females are relatively protected from high blood pressure and kidney damage via increased ETB versus ETA receptor function. Furthermore, ETA receptors may have a favourable effect on sodium excretion and reducing renal damage in females. In human studies, the genetic polymorphisms of the ET system are more associated with hypertension and renal injury in women. However, the knowledge of sex differences in the efficacy or adverse events of ETA antagonists in the treatment of hypertension and kidney disease is poorly described. Increased understanding how the ET system acts differently in the kidneys between sexes, especially with regard to receptor subtype function, could lead to better treatments for hypertension and renal disease.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Endothelin. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.168.issue-2
Update on the Genetics of Migraine
Authors: Merikangas Kathleen Ries 
Published: February 2012

Genetics and Headache: The Role of the MTHFR Gene in MigraineStuart S, Cox H, Lea R, Griffiths L.Migraine is a common neurological disorder and is characterized by debilitating head pain and an assortment of additional symptoms which can include nausea, emesis, photophobia, phonophobia, and occasionally, visual sensory disturbances. A number of genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease, including genes involved in regulating the vascular system. Of particular importance are the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) and the role it plays in migraine with aura. Migraine with aura has previously been shown to have a significant comorbidity with stroke, making the vascular class of genes a priority for migraine studies. In this report, we outline the importance of the MTHFR gene in migraine and also discuss the use of a genetic isolate to investigate MTHFR genetic variants. From this study, 3 MTHFR single nucleotide polymorphisms showing association with migraine in the Norfolk Island population have been identified, thus reinforcing the potential role of MTHFR in migraine susceptibility. Further studies will continue to build a gene profile of variants involved in the complex disease migraine and improve understanding of the underlying genetic causes of this disorder.
The Presence of p47phox in Liver Parenchymal Cells is a Key Mediator in the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Steatosis
Authors: Levin Ivan , Petrasek Jan , Szabo Gyongyi 
Published: February 2012

BackgroundReactive oxygen species contribute to steatosis and inflammation in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Here, we evaluated the selective contribution of p47phox, a critical subunit of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH) oxidase complex, in liver parenchymal cells and in bone marrow (BM)‐derived cells.MethodsFemale C57Bl/6 wild type [WT], total body p47phox‐deficient knockout [KO] or p47phox chimera mice generated by BM transplantation of p47phox‐KO‐BM into irradiated WT mice (WT/p47phox‐KO‐BM mice) received 5% Lieber–DeCarli alcohol or control (pair feeding) diet for 4 weeks.ResultsAlcohol‐induced liver steatosis as measured by Oil Red O staining and serum triglyceride up‐regulation were prevented in p47phox‐KO mice but not in WT/p47phox‐KO‐BM chimeras compared to WT controls. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was significantly increased in alcohol‐fed WT mice but not in p47phox‐KO mice compared to pair‐fed controls. There was no protection from alcohol‐induced increase in ALT and liver damage in the WT/p47phox‐KO‐BM mice. Alcohol‐induced liver steatosis was accompanied by up‐regulation of the lipid droplet–stabilizing protein, adipocyte differentiation–related protein (ADRP), and the fatty acid synthesis–associated genes, fatty acid synthase (FASN) and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACACA). Total body deficiency in p47phox but not selective absence of p47phox in BM‐derived cells prevented alcohol‐induced up‐regulation of ADRP, FASN, and ACACA in the liver. Finally, alcohol‐induced activation and DNA binding of nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB), a master regulator of inflammation, were significantly increased after alcohol feeding in WT but not in p47phox‐KO mice. Selective deficiency of p47phox in BM‐derived cells (WT/p47phox‐KO‐BM chimera) failed to prevent NF‐κB induction after alcohol feeding.ConclusionsTotal body deficiency in p47phox subunit of NADPH oxidase complex protects mice from alcohol‐induced liver steatosis via mechanisms involving ADRP, FASN, and ACACA as well as from alcohol‐induced NF‐κB activation. In contrast, selective absence of p47phox in BM‐derived cells fails to provide protection via these mechanisms. These results suggest that p47phox in parenchymal cells plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ALD.
Phenomenology, Psychoanalysis, and Subjectivity in Java
Authors: Good Byron J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis essay outlines the evolution of my personal thinking about phenomenology and subjectivity. In previous work, I drew heavily on cultural phenomenology for studying illness, subjective experience, and medical knowledge across cultures. Here I describe why I have become increasingly dissatisfied with this framework for understanding subjectivity and the subject and suggest alternatives I consider important for psychological anthropology. I focus in particular on questions of how to investigate that which is largely unspeakable and unspoken in everyday speech but at times erupts into awareness as complex specters haunting the present. I provide a case from my ongoing research in Java of a young man who suffered an acute psychosis, drawing implications for a theory of subjectivity and methods for psychological anthropology. I point briefly to the relation of madness and memories of political violence as sites for investigating subjectivity, suggesting the importance of a “hauntology” for psychological anthropology. Finally, I address questions about whether a method that addresses hidden aspects of psychological experience requires a stance in which ethnographers “know better than” those with whom they are interacting. [subjectivity, phenomenology, psychoanalysis, hauntology]
Psychoanalysis and Phenomenology
Authors: Csordas Thomas J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIf psychoanalysis and phenomenology are thoroughgoing, comprehensive, and complementary accounts of subjectivity, anthropological analyses of subjectivity can benefit from them both as well as from the dialogue between them. In the first part of this article I present and elaborate a preliminary outline of conceptual correspondences between phenomenology and psychoanalysis. These are pairs of ideas that seem intuitively to “go together” on either a parallel level of analysis or in terms of the role they play within the broader intellectual movement. In the second part I call attention to a preexisting body of work that explores the relation between psychoanalysis and phenomenology. This is work in phenomenological or existential psychiatry that developed sometimes as a synthesis of the two fields, and sometimes as a critique of and alternative to psychoanalysis. I conclude by suggesting that anthropology is a field sufficiently fertile for such a cross‐pollinated mode of thinking to take root. [anthropology, subjectivity, psychoanalysis, phenomenology]
Relationship between salivary antioxidant capacity and phases of the menstrual cycle
Authors: Kawamoto A. , Sugano N. , Motohashi M. , Matsumoto S. , Ito K. 
Published: February 2012

Kawamoto A, Sugano N, Motohashi M, Matsumoto S, Ito K. Relationship between salivary antioxidant capacity and phases of the menstrual cycle. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 593–598. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/SBackground and Objective:  Reactive oxygen species and free radicals are involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Previous studies have shown that the stage of the menstrual cycle is associated with the levels of gingival inflammation and discomfort. This study examined changes in salivary antioxidant activities, clinical parameters and bacterial levels during the menstrual cycle.Material and Methods:  The study group consisted of 16 women with periodontitis and 12 healthy women. Clinical and bacterial measurements were performed for all subjects during the ovulatory and follicular phases.Results:  Salivary antioxidant activity during the ovulatory phase was significantly lower than during the follicular phase in the women with periodontitis. The antioxidant activity in all subjects during the ovulatory phase was negatively correlated with Prevotella intermedia (r = −0.430; p = 0.023) and total bacterial counts (r = −0.496; p = 0.007); however, these correlations were not significant for subjects in the follicular phase.Conclusion:  This study showed that salivary antioxidant capacity decreased, while bleeding on probing and P. intermedia increased, over the course of the menstrual cycle in women with periodontitis. Antioxidant capacity could be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
Impact of Bone Harvesting Techniques on Cell Viability and the Release of Growth Factors of Autografts
Authors: Miron Richard J. , Gruber Reinhard , Hedbom Erik , Saulacic Nikola , Zhang Yufeng , Sculean Anton , Bosshardt Dieter D. , Buser Daniel 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTBackground: Autogenous bone grafts obtained by different harvesting techniques behave differently during the process of graft consolidation; the underlying reasons are however not fully understood. One theory is that harvesting techniques have an impact on the number and activity of the transplanted cells which contribute to the process of graft consolidation.Materials and Methods: To test this assumption, porcine bone grafts were harvested with four different surgical procedures: bone mill, piezosurgery, bone drilling (bone slurry), and bone scraper. After determining cell viability, the release of molecules affecting bone formation and resorption was assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoassay. The mitogenic and osteogenic activity of the conditioned media was evaluated in a bioassay with isolated bone cells.Results: Cell viability and the release of molecules affecting bone formation were higher in samples harvested by bone mill and bone scraper when compared with samples prepared by bone drilling and piezosurgery. The harvesting procedure also affected gene expression, for example, bone mill and bone scraper samples revealed significantly higher expression of growth factors such as bone morphogenetic protein‐2 and vascular endothelial growth factor compared with the two other modalities. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand expression was lowest in bone scraper samples.Conclusion: These data can provide a scientific basis to better understand the impact of harvesting techniques on the number and activity of transplanted cells, which might contribute to the therapeutic outcome of the augmentation procedure.
Congruency of Stereo Lithographically Produced Surgical Guide Bases Made from the Same CBCT File: A Pilot Study
Authors: Stumpel Lambert J. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTPurpose: This is a pilot study evaluating the effect of the algorithms and production processes of four commercial manufacturers of stereolithographically produced surgical guide.Materials and Methods: A singular Dicom file was used to produce six distinct duplicate dentures, which function as the base for surgical guides. The duplicate dentures were repeatedly fitted (n = 10) into an impression of the occlusal surface of the original scan appliance. The gaps between the incisal edge of teeth #8 and #9 and the corresponding imprints in the vinyl polysiloxane impression were photographed, digitally recorded, and measured in a blinded fashion.Results: Nobel Biocare mean was 0.56 mm (range 0.49–0.65), I‐dent mean was 0.57 mm (range 0.31–0.74), Materialise II mean was 1.12 mm (range 0.90–1.40), Blue Sky Bio II mean was 1.13 mm (range 0.93–1.35), Materialise I mean was 1.43 mm (range 1.21–1.86), and Blue Sky Bio I mean was 2.17 mm (range 2.06–2.34). The difference between the fit of the Nobel Biocare and the I‐dent guide bases and the guide bases from Materialise and Blue Sky Bio is statistically significant (p < .05).Conclusion: The algorithms and production processes of the different manufactures do influence the congruency outcome of the produced surgical guide bases. Within the limits of this study, we were unable to produce a perfect fit, although some duplicate dentures showed minimal errors. The implications of the discrepancies need further study.
Soft Tissue Preservation and Pink Aesthetics around Single Immediate Implant Restorations: A 1‐Year Prospective Study
Authors: Cosyn Jan , De Bruyn Hugo , Cleymaet Roberto 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTPurpose: (1) To document soft tissue aspects using a specific protocol for immediate implant treatment (IIT) following single‐tooth removal; (2) to evaluate whether this protocol allows preservation of pink aesthetics as objectively assessed.Materials and Methods: Patients with a thick gingival biotype and intact buccal bone wall upon extraction of a single tooth in the aesthetic zone (15–25) were consecutively treated. The protocol included flapless extraction and implant surgery, socket grafting, immediate nonocclusal loading with a screw‐retained provisional crown, and replacement by a permanent crown 6 months thereafter. The outcome was assessed after 3, 6, and 12 months. Cases demonstrating major alveolar process remodeling and/or advanced midfacial recession (>1 mm) at 3 months were additionally treated with a connective tissue graft (CTG). The emergence profile of the provisional crown was replicated for all permanent crowns.Results: Twenty‐two patients (12 men, 10 women; mean age 50) were treated after tooth extraction for nonperiodontal reasons using a novel bone condensing implant with variable‐thread design, conical connection, and platform switch (NobelActive®, Nobel Biocare, Göteborg, Sweden). One implant failed and mean marginal bone loss was 0.1 mm (p = .059). Temporary mesial papilla reduction occurred, whereas distal papilla reduction was permanent (mean 0.5 mm; p = .001). At 3 months, five cases demonstrated major alveolar process remodeling and two advanced midfacial recession. Hence, slight initial decline in the pink esthetic score (PES) (p = .053) was observed. CTG resulted in a steady improvement of the PES after 3 months (p ≤ .037). At 12 months, pink aesthetics (mean PES 12.15) was comparable to the preoperative status (mean PES 11.86; p = .293). Distal papillae had significantly deteriorated (p = .020) in this time span, whereas midfacial contour had significantly improved (p = .005).Conclusions: Preservation of pink aesthetics is possible following IIT. However, to achieve that, CTG may be necessary in about one‐third of the patients. Major alveolar process remodeling is the main reason for additional treatment.
Immediate Nonfunctional Loading of NobelPerfect Implants in the Anterior Dental Arch in Private Practice – 5‐Year Data
Authors: Noelken Robert , Kunkel Martin , Jung Britta A , Wagner Wilfried 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTBackground: The concept of scalloped implants to maintain the natural contour of the alveolar ridge has been a source of controversy for many years.Purpose: This study examined the long‐term clinical performance of the scalloped NobelPerfect implant in a one‐stage procedure (immediate loading in the esthetic zone).Materials and Methods: In 20 patients, immediate prosthetic restorations were placed on 31 NobelPerfect implants in a private practice and followed for up to 78 months. Twenty‐one implants were placed immediately after extraction, seven implants were placed after osseous consolidation of the extraction sockets, and three implants were placed secondary to extended alveolar ridge augmentation procedures. All implants were provisionalized on the day of implant placement and adjusted to clear all contacts in centric occlusion and during eccentric movements. Outcome variables were success rates, marginal bone levels, and pink esthetic score (PES) assessed per implant.Results: One implant failed after 1.4 months. Five patients with six implants in total were scored in the 5‐year follow‐up as dropouts. Mean follow‐up period of remaining 24 implants was 65 months (range, 55–78 months). Cumulative success rates according to the criteria specified by Smith and Zarb were 96.8%. Marginal bone levels averaged 1.1 mm above the first thread. Mean PES ratings were 10.5 (range, 3–13).Conclusions: Survival rates, marginal bone levels, and esthetic results suggest proof of principle for the preservation of the interproximal bony lamella with a scalloped implant design in long‐term data.
Venous thromboembolism in emergency department patients with rigid immobilization for lower leg injury: Incidence and risk factors
Authors: Meek Robert , Tong Roger Lien‐Kien 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectives: To determine the incidence and risk factors for symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) in adults who are discharged from the ED with rigid immobilization for lower limb injury.Methods: Eligible patients presenting between 1 December 2008 and 31 December 2010 were identified retrospectively from the Southern Health ED (Monash Medical Centre, Dandenong Hospital, Casey Hospital, all located in Melbourne, Australia) information system. Age, sex, diagnosis, type of splint and other defined potential VTE risk factors were recorded. VTE was confirmed from archived diagnostic imaging or hospital re‐attendance records. Patients presenting between 1 October 2010 and 31 December 2010 were contacted to detect VTE diagnosed and treated outside of Southern Health. VTE incidence is reported, and comparison of risk factors performed.Results: VTE was initially confirmed in 33 of 1231 patients (2.7%, 95% confidence interval 1.9–3.7). VTE was reported by 3 of 174 in the contacted subgroup (1.7%, 0.4–4.6). Applying this ‘missed rate’ to the whole sample, the estimated VTE incidence is between 3.1% and 7.1%. Multivariate risk factor analysis found VTE risk to increase with age and a diagnosis of Achilles tendon rupture.Conclusion: The estimated VTE incidence was between 3% and 7% in this ED population with age and diagnosis of Achilles tendon rupture increasing risk. Prospective research to more accurately determine incidence, severity and risk stratification is required before firm recommendations on the likely risk versus benefit profile of thromboprophylaxis can be made for this population.
HOW MANY JUDGES SHOULD ONE USE FOR SENSORY DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS?
Authors: HEYMANN H. , MACHADO B. , TORRI L. , ROBINSON A.L. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThere are widely divergent opinions on the number of judges required for sensory descriptive analysis (DA) with some authors saying 6 and others up to 15. Yet, there are very little data to support these numbers. Therefore, the data from three DA studies with between 14 and 22 trained judges, evaluating between 8 and 30 different red wines in triplicate using between 20 and 30 descriptors, were re‐analyzed using randomly selected subsets of assessors. The results were compared using analyses of variance, multifactor analysis and Tucker‐1 analyses. The results showed some variability in the minimum number of panelists that gave a stable result, but, in general, at least 8 and preferably 10 seems sufficient.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThese results are comforting because clearly the standard 8–12 judges fell within the grouping. This information could be important for timing and cost constraints.