bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of the carapace shape and growth in two Galápagos tortoise lineages
Authors: Chiari Ylenia , Claude Julien 
Published: January 2011

AbstractGalápagos tortoises possess two main shell forms, domed and saddleback, that correlate with the biogeographic history of this species group. However, the lack of description of morphological shell variation within and among populations has prevented the understanding of the contribution of evolutionary forces and the potential role of ontogeny in shaping morphological shell differences. Here, we analyze two lineages of Galápagos tortoises inhabiting Santa Cruz Island by applying geometric morphometrics in combination with a photogrammetry 3D reconstruction method on a set of tortoises of different ages (from juvenile to adult). The aim of this study is to describe morphological features on the carapace that could be used for taxonomic recognition by taking into account confounding factors, such as the morphological changes occurring during growth. Our results indicate that despite the shared similarities of growth patterns and of morphological changes observed during growth, the two lineages and the different sexes can be distinguished on the basis of distinct carapace features. Lineages differ by the shape of the vertebral (especially concerning their width) and pleural scutes, with one lineage having a more compressed carapace shape, whereas the other possesses a carapace that is more elongated and expanded toward the sides as well as an higher positioning of the first vertebral scute. Furthermore, females have a more elongated and wider carapace shape than males. Finally, carapace shape changes with growth, with vertebral scutes becoming narrower and pleural scutes becoming larger during late ontogeny. J. Morphol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of two statistical downscaling models for daily precipitation over an arid basin in China
Authors: Liu Zhaofei , Xu Zongxue , Charles Stephen P. , Fu Guobin , Liu Liu 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTwo statistical downscaling (SD) models, the nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model (NHMM) and the statistical down‐scaling model (SDSM), which have been widely applied and proved skillful in terms of downscaling precipitation, were evaluated based on observed daily precipitation over the Tarim River basin, an arid basin located in China. The evaluated metrics included residual functions, correlation analyses, probability density functions (PDFs) and distributions. Overall, both models exhibited stability with little model performance difference between the calibration and validation periods. There was little difference for model performance on dry‐spell length (dsl) and wet‐spell length (wsl) between NHMM and SDSM. NHMM showed skill in simulating wet‐day precipitation amount (wpa), whilst SDSM performed relatively poorly on extreme values of wpa, especially for dry stations with annual precipitation lower than 200 mm. Both NHMM and SDSM captured the spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation for most of the stations, as 11 months had an at‐station correlation coefficient being greater than 0.9 and 0.8 for NHMM and SDSM in calibration period. NHMM showed slightly better model performance than SDSM on simulating monthly precipitation, as the former was able to model precipitation well for all months, whereas the later was well only for certain months. SDSM was able to capture the inter‐site correlation characteristics of observed series, whilst the NHMM multi‐site simulation over estimated inter‐site correlation. Both NHMM and SDSM had less skill downscaling annual series because of stochastic components in precipitation amounts modelling. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Factors explaining chronic knee extensor strength deficits after ACL reconstruction
Authors: Krishnan Chandramouli , Williams Glenn N. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPersistent quadriceps muscle weakness is common after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The mechanisms underlying these chronic strength deficits are not clear. This study examined quadriceps strength in people 2–15 years post‐ACL reconstruction and tested the hypothesis that chronic quadriceps weakness is related to levels of voluntary quadriceps muscle activation, antagonistic hamstrings moment, and peripheral changes in muscle. Knee extensor strength and activation were evaluated in 15 ACL reconstructed and 15 matched uninjured control subjects using an interpolated triplet technique. Electrically evoked contractile properties were used to evaluate peripheral adaptations in the quadriceps muscle. Antagonistic hamstrings moments were predicted using a practical mathematical model. Knee extensor strength and evoked torque at rest were significantly lower in the reconstructed legs (p < 0.05). Voluntary activation and antagonistic hamstrings activity were similar across legs and between groups (p > 0.05). Regression analyses indicated that side‐to‐side differences in evoked torque at rest explained 71% of the knee extensor strength differences by side (p < 0.001). Voluntary activation and antagonistic hamstrings moment did not contribute significantly (p > 0.05). Chronic quadriceps weakness in this sample was primarily related to peripheral changes in the quadriceps muscle, not to levels of voluntary activation or antagonistic hamstrings activity. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:633–640, 2011
Overexpression of the orphan receptor Nur77 and its translocation induced by PCH4 may inhibit malignant glioma cell growth and induce cell apoptosis
Authors: Chang Li‐Fu , Lin Po‐Cheng , Ho Li‐Ing , Liu Po‐Yen , Wu Wan‐Chen , Chiang I‐Ping , Chang Hui‐Wen , Lin Shinn‐Zong , Harn Yeu‐Chern , Harn Horng‐Jyh , Chiou Tzyy‐Wen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundIn previous study, n‐butylidenephthalide (BP), a natural compound from Angelica sinensis, has anti‐glioblastoma multiform (GBM) cell effects. In this study, we modified BP structure to increase anti‐GBM cell effects. The anti‐GBM cell effects of one derivative of BP, (Z)‐N‐(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl)‐2‐(3‐((3‐oxoisobenzofuran‐1(3H)‐ylidene)methyl)phenoxy)acetamide (PCH4) were tested in vitro and in vivo.MethodsMTT assay and PI/Annexin V assay were performed to evaluate the anti‐GBM effects of PCH4. The Nur77 expression and translocation were assayed by RT‐PCR and Western blot. The Nur77 siRNA was used to downregulate the Nur77 expression. The JNK inhibitor (SP600125) was used to block the JNK pathway.ResultsThe anti‐GBM effect of PCH4 is four times more than BP. The IC50 of PCH4 on DBTRG‐05MG cells was 50 µg/ml. Nur77 expression and translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm were important in PCH4‐induced apoptosis. Furthermore, the downregulation of PCH4‐induced Nur77 expression by Nur77 siRNA reduced PCH4‐induced apoptosis. In addition, PCH4‐induced apoptosis was associated with the JNK pathway. The JNK inhibitor, SP600125, inhibited Nur77 mRNA expression and reduced PCH4‐induced apoptosis.ConclusionsIn conclusion, PCH4, a derivative of BP, induced Nur77‐mediated apoptosis via the JNK pathway and this mechanism, which is different from that of BP, may explain the increase in the anti‐tumor effects on GBM. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:442–450. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of doripenem and related substances in medicinal product using capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Michalska Katarzyna , Pajchel Genowefa , Tyski Stefan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDoripenem, the latest carbapenem antibiotic licensed in the United States (15 October 2007) and the European Union (25 July 2008), has been implemented into therapeutic use along with imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem. The described method of zone electrophoresis in a low pH buffer for the separation of doripenem from its impurities has been successfully performed using field‐amplified sample stacking (FASS), followed by UV absorption detection at 214 nm. The best results were obtained with phosphate buffer (100 mM) pH 2.9 containing 10% (v/v) of methanol, as the background electrolyte. Uncoated fused‐silica capillary (60/52 cm; 75 μm id) with normal polarity, and voltage values of 25 kV, was used throughout the investigation. The optimised method of doripenem determination was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy and precision, and provides a detection limit of 3.0 μg/mL of doripenem. The repeatability, expressed by relative standard deviation (RSD) of the migration time, for doripenem and its degradation products varied from 1.37 to 2.51%, whereas the corrected peak areas were about 0.91–9.87%. Satisfactory separation was achieved within 20 min of electrophoresis; moreover, all carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem and doripenem) were well separated from each other during this time. The evaluated CZE method was applied in the analysis of a medicinal product containing doripenem Doribax® powder for solution for infusion.
Application of liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography for the determination of alkylphenols and bisphenol‐A in water
Authors: Lin Che‐Yi , Fuh Ming‐Ren , Huang Shang‐Da 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA method termed liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction (LLLME) was utilized to extract 4‐t‐butylphenol, 4‐t‐octylphenol, 4‐n‐nonylphenol, and bisphenol‐A from water. The extracted target analytes were separated and quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography using a fluorescence detector. In LLLME, the donor phase (i.e. water sample) was made weakly acidic by adding monobasic potassium phosphate (KH2PO4); the organic phase adopted was 4‐chlorotoluene; the acceptor phase (i.e. enriched extract) was 0.2 M tetraethylammonium hydroxide dissolved in ethylene glycol. This study solves a problem associated with the surface activity of long‐chain alkylphenolate ions, permitting LLLME to extract long‐chain alkylphenols. Experimental conditions such as acceptor phase composition, organic phase identity, acceptor phase volume, sample agitation, extraction time, and salt addition were optimized. The relative standard deviation (RSD, 2.0–5.8%), coefficient of determination (r2 0.9977–0.9999), and detection limit (0.017–0.0048 ng/mL) of the proposed method were achieved under the selected optimized conditions. The method was successfully applied to analyses of lake and tap water samples, and the relative recoveries of target analytes from the spiked lake and tap water samples were 92.8–106.3 and 93.6–105.6%, respectively. The results obtained with the proposed method confirm this microextraction technique to be reliable for the monitoring of alkylphenols and bisphenol‐A in water samples.
Silicon phthalocyanine (pc 4) photodynamic therapy is a safe modality for cutaneous neoplasms: results of a phase 1 clinical trial
Authors: Baron Elma D. , Malbasa Christi L. , Santo‐Domingo Diana , Fu Pingfu , Miller Janine D. , Hanneman Kaija K. , Hsia Andrew H. , Oleinick Nancy L. , Colussi Valdir C. , Cooper Kevin D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non‐invasive treatment for non‐melanoma skin cancer. However, PDT systems currently used clinically have limitations such as pain and superficial tissue penetration. The silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4 is a second‐generation photosensitizer with peak absorption in the far red at 675 nm.ObjectiveTo assess the safety and tolerability of topically applied Pc 4 followed by red light (Pc 4‐PDT) in treating cutaneous neoplasms.Study Design/Materials and MethodsForty three adults with a diagnosis of neoplasms including actinic keratoses, Bowen's disease, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, or mycosis fungoides were treated with a single administration of Pc 4‐PDT and followed for 14 days. The study utilized a light and Pc 4 dose escalation design in sequential groups of three subjects each.ResultsPc 4‐PDT was well tolerated with no significant local toxicity or increased photosensitivity. It has promising biologic effects, particularly in mycosis fungoides where 14 of 35 subjects demonstrated a clinical response, which correlates with Pc 4‐PDT‐induced apoptosis, as measured by increased active caspase‐3 in the treated skin lesions.ConclusionsPc 4‐PDT is a safe and tolerable treatment modality that effectively triggers apoptosis in cutaneous neoplasms such as mycosis fungoides. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:888–895, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pilot clinical study for quantitative spectral diagnosis of non‐melanoma skin cancer
Authors: Rajaram Narasimhan , Reichenberg Jason S. , Migden Michael R. , Nguyen Tri H. , Tunnell James W. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundSeveral research groups have demonstrated the non‐invasive diagnostic potential of diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) techniques for early cancer detection. By combining both modalities, one can simultaneously measure quantitative parameters related to the morphology, function and biochemical composition of tissue and use them to diagnose malignancy. The objective of this study was to use a quantitative reflectance/fluorescence spectroscopic technique to determine the optical properties of normal skin and non‐melanoma skin cancers and the ability to accurately classify them. An additional goal was to determine the ability of the technique to differentiate non‐melanoma skin cancers from normal skin.Study DesignThe study comprised 48 lesions measured from 40 patients scheduled for a biopsy of suspected non‐melanoma skin cancers. White light reflectance and laser‐induced fluorescence spectra (wavelength range = 350–700 nm) were collected from each suspected lesion and adjacent clinically normal skin using a custom‐built, optical fiber‐based clinical instrument. After measurement, the skin sites were biopsied and categorized according to histopathology. Using a quantitative model, we extracted various optical parameters from the measured spectra that could be correlated to the physiological state of tissue.ResultsScattering from cancerous lesions was significantly lower than normal skin for every lesion group, whereas absorption parameters were significantly higher. Using numerical cut‐offs for our optical parameters, our clinical instrument could classify basal cell carcinomas with a sensitivity and specificity of 94% and 89%, respectively. Similarly, the instrument classified actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinomas with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 50%.ConclusionThe measured optical properties and fluorophore contributions of normal skin and non‐melanoma skin cancers are significantly different from each other and correlate well with tissue pathology. A diagnostic algorithm that combines these extracted properties holds promise for the potential non‐invasive diagnosis of skin cancer. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:876–887, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new, four‐item instrument to measure workplace bullying
Authors: Simons Shellie R. , Stark Roland B. , DeMarco Rosanna F. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractStudies on workplace bullying either in the U.S. or internationally rarely include nurses. We tested the concurrent validity of the Negative Acts Questionnaire—Revised (22 items) with a sample of nurses. Five hundred eleven registered nurses (RNs) responded to a mailed survey. Factor, reliability, and regression analyses tested dimensionality, reliability, and construct and criterion validity. Workplace bullying is best seen as a one‐dimensional construct. A subset of four items was found to be both valid and reliable in measuring bullying in this sample. Findings support the use of a one‐dimensional, four‐item questionnaire to measure perceived bullying in nursing populations. Using a four‐item questionnaire decreases participant and researcher burden and makes available an outcome measure for future descriptive and predictive interventional research. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health
Trends in emergency department visits attributable to acetaminophen overdoses in the United States: 1993–2007
Authors: Li Chenghui , Martin Bradley C. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeWith the heightened concern over acetaminophen overdose induced liver toxicity, it is important to track the overdose incidences over time. We estimated the trends in emergency department (ED) visits attributable to acetaminophen overdoses and compared the risk across sociodemographic groups and geographic regions.MethodsED visits attributable to acetaminophen overdoses were identified using physician diagnosis codes and cause of injury codes from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (1993–2007). Annual rates of ED visits for acetaminophen overdoses per 100 000 persons in the U.S. population and by subgroups (age, gender, race, insurance coverage, geographic region, and presence of alcohol abuse and dependence) were calculated. Bivariate analysis and logistic regressions were used to examine the associations of patient demographic characteristics with ED visits for acetaminophen overdoses. Data were analyzed using STATA 9.2 accounting for complex survey design.ResultsFrom 1993 through 2007, an estimated 751 552 ED visits (0.05% of all ED visits) were attributable to acetaminophen overdoses. The annual rate per 100 000 persons was significantly higher prior to 2000 (21.0 visits in 1993–1999 vs. 15.2 visits in 2000–2007, p = 0.017). Rates were particularly high in young children under 5 years (72.4 visits, 95% confidence interval (CI): 49.1–95.8) and for adolescents between 15–17 years (61.8 visits, 95%CI: 35.4–88.3). Rates also varied cross gender, insurance coverage, and geographic regions.ConclusionsED visits attributable to acetaminophen overdose decreased in recent years. Children less than 5 years of age, adolescents and young adults account for the overwhelming majority of these visits. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of dendronized polymers through bergman cyclization of enediyne‐containing Frechet‐type dendrimers
Authors: Ma Jianguo , Ma Xiaowei , Deng Sheng , Li Fei , Hu Aiguo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this article, dendronized polymers with rigid backbones were synthesized from enediyne‐containing Frechet‐type dendrimers. Two generations of dendrimers were conically incorporated with 3‐(2‐(2‐(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)phenyl)prop‐2‐yn‐1‐ol. The trimethylsilyl protection groups of enediyne units were subsequently removed, and two types of brush polymers with rigid conjugated backbone were prepared through Bergman cyclization polymerization at elevated temperature under vacuum. The dendronized polymers were characterized with GPC, IR, UV–vis, and NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the morphology of the dendronized polymer was revealed by atomic force microscopy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Synthesis and helical properties of N‐substituted p‐benzamide random copolymers possessing chiral/achiral and (S)/(R) side chains
Authors: Yokoyama Akihiro , Inagaki Yuko , Ono Tomomi , Yokozawa Tsutomu 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRandom copolymers of poly(p‐benzamide)s having a methyl‐substituted tri(ethylene glycol) unit as a chiral side chain and a nonsubstituted tri(ethylene glycol) or branching alkyl unit as an achiral side chain were synthesized by copolymerization of N‐substituted 4‐aminobenzoic acid ester monomers with a base in the presence of an initiator. Copolymerizations of the chiral (S)‐monomer with N‐tri(ethylene glycol) achiral monomer and with the racemic monomer were carried out by the addition of a mixture of two monomers and an initiator to a solution of a base all at once, affording the corresponding random copolymers. On the other hand, random copolymerization of the chiral monomer with monomer having an achiral branching alkyl side chain required dropwise addition of the achiral monomer to a mixture of the chiral monomer, the initiator, and the base. These copolymers formed helical structures, but analysis of the CD spectra indicated the absence of cooperativity between the monomer units along the copolymers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Molecular model studies based on ab initio calculations of nucleophilic and electrophilic addition‐substitution reactions focused on carbon–halogen compounds
Authors: Buck Henk M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe describe with molecular model studies based on the intrinsic parameters of van't Hoff's regular tetrahedron nucleophilic and electrophilic addition‐substitution reactions via a selected reaction coordinate for the displacement of carbon. Geometries of stable, intermediate transition complexes or transition states are compared with the corresponding ab initio values. Specific attention is given on the hypervalent and nonhypervalent character of carbon supported by ab initio calculations, our model consideration and experimental evidence. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Correlated n1,3S states for coulomb three‐body systems
Authors: Ancarani L. U. , Rodriguez K. V. , Gasaneo G. 
Published: January 2011

Abstractn1,3S (n = 1 − 4) states for atomic three‐body systems are studied with the Angular Correlated Configuration Interaction method. A recently proposed angularly correlated basis set is used to construct, simultaneously and with a single diagonalization, ground and excited states wave functions which: (i) satisfy exactly Kato cusp conditions at the two‐body coalescence points; (ii) involve only linear parameters; (iii) show a fast convergency rate for the energy; and (iv) form an orthogonal set. The efficiency of the method is illustrated by the study a variety of three‐body atomic systems [m m m] with two negatively charged light particles, with diverse masses m and m, and a heavy positively charged nucleus m. The calculated ground 11S and excited n1,3S (n = 2 − 4) state energies are compared with those given in the literature, when available. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Interaction energy‐based drug–receptor interaction study of metal–bicyclam complexes
Authors: Singh R. K. , Khan Mohd. Adil 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBicyclams inhibit HIV replication by binding to the CXCR4 chemokine receptor, which is the main coreceptor for gp120 used by X4, T‐tropic strains of HIV for membrane fusion and cell entry. Bicyclam AMD3100 mainly interacts with the aspartic acid residues namely Asp171 and Asp262, which are located at the extracellular ends in the CXCR4 coreceptor. Incorporation of some metal ions by the macrocyclic rings of bicyclam enhances its binding affinity to the CXCR4 receptor and enhances their anti‐HIV activity because the acetate can make a strong coordination bond to the metal and one weaker hydrogen bond to nitrogen in the cyclam ring. The interaction energy (Eint) between 150 metal–bicyclam complexes and aspartic acid has been evaluated. The metal–bicyclam complexes are obtained by the incorporation of six metal ions namely Fe3+, Co3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Pd2+ in 25 well‐known bicyclams including AMD3100. In most of the cases, Fe and Co–bicyclam complexes interact best with aspartic acid. The anti‐HIV activity of metal–bicyclam complexes can be predicted on the basis of interaction energy before the synthesis of the metal–bicyclam complex. On the basis of interaction energy, the anti‐HIV activity of bicyclam complexes can be predicted in advance to their synthesis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011