bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROCESS OPTIMIZATION WITH RESPECT TO THE EXPANSION RATIOS OF MILLET‐ AND LEGUME (PIGEON PEA)‐BASED EXTRUDED SNACKS
Authors: CHAKRABORTY SUBIR KUMAR , SINGH DAYA S. , KUMBHAR B.K. , CHAKRABORTY SHALINI 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT Extruded snacks were made from five blends of millet and legume at varying moisture content (12, 15, 18, 21 and 24%, wet basis [wb]). The percent of legume in the blends were, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28. Designed experiments were conducted based on central composite rotatable design to determine the optimum processing condition with respect to the expansion ratios of the extrudates. A single‐screw laboratory Brabender DA47055 (Duisburg, Germany) extruder was operated at different die head temperatures (160–200C), barrel temperatures (100–140C) and screw speeds (100–140 rpm). The optimum processing conditions obtained using response surface methodology were: moisture content – 19%, wb; blend ratio – 15.7% legume; die head temperature – 190C; barrel temperature – 136.5C and screw speed – 140 rpm. The corresponding expansion ratios viz. specific length,sectional expansion index, longitudinal expansion index and volumetric expansion index were 64.3, 5.5, 0.6 and 3.3, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSExpansion ratios are a good means to estimate the texturization caused because of the starch in the extruded products. The findings of the present research work can be used to relate the operating variables of extruder with the expansion ratios of the extrudates. The limitations of soil and irrigation facility in the developing countries compel the farmers to grow hardy crops like millets. Legume flour for the snack can be made out of the brokens (a by‐product of legume milling) formed from the legume mills. The snack thus made shall benefit the farmers as well as the mill owners. Moreover, the consumption of a highly nutritive snack, rich in fiber (millet) and protein (legumes) would help meet the nutritional requirements of the consumers.
OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR THE OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION OF BEETROOT IN SUGAR SOLUTION
Authors: MANIVANNAN P. , RAJASIMMAN M. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT Water and sugar transfer were quantitatively investigated during osmotic dehydration of beetroot slices using response surface methodology with the temperature (25–45C), processing time (30–150 min), sugar concentrations (20–60% w/w) and solution‐to‐sample to ratio (5:1–25:1) being the independent process variables. Quadratic regression equations describing the effects of independent process variables on the water loss (WL), solid gain (SG) and water reduction were developed. It was found that immersion time and concentration of sugar solution were the most significant factors affecting the WL during osmotic dehydration of beet root followed by temperature. Effect of temperature and time were more pronounced for SG than the concentration of sugar solution. The osmotic dehydration process was optimized for water loss, solute gain, and weight reduction. The optimum conditions were found to be: temperature 33.64C; immersion time 115.37 min; sugar concentration 27.71%; and solution‐to‐sample ratio 17.5:1. At these optimum values, water loss, solid gain and weight reduction were found to be 53.74 (g/100 g initial sample), 8.34 (g/100 g initial sample) and 45.41(g/100 g initial sample), respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSOsmotic dehydration is one of the preservation techniques, which increase the shelf life of the food material. The quality of preosmosed beetroots is much superior than the one obtained from the conventional dehydration. The osmotically dehydrated beetroots can be used for cooking asvegetables after rehydration. It is also used for making juice, wine, pickles and as colorants.
Immature platelet fraction measurement in patients with chronic liver disease: a convenient marker for evaluating cirrhotic change
Authors: NOMURA T. , KUBOTA Y. , KITANAKA A. , KUROKOUCHI K. , INAGE T. , SAIGO K. , ISEKI K. , BABA N. , YAMAOKA G. , ARAI T. , TAMINATO T. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryPlatelet number is often used as an indicator of the severity of liver disease. Although inadequate thrombopoietin production and decreased platelet production have been proposed as major causes of cirrhotic thrombocytopenia, the underlying mechanism has not yet been fully clarified. We examined whether the measurement of the immature platelet fraction (IPF) in thrombocytopenic patients with liver dysfunction is useful as a rapid and noninvasive method for the differential diagnosis of chronic liver diseases. We examined 20 liver cirrhosis patients, 56 patients with chronic hepatitis, 9 patients with fatty liver, and 86 patients without liver disease. The percentage value of IPF (IPF%) was measured using an XE‐2100 multiparameter automatic hematology analyzer. Using a receiver operating characteristic curve, we found diagnostic significance of the absolute platelet count and the absolute number of the IPF between cirrhotic patients and noncirrhotic patients, and developed a powerful multivariate discriminant analysis (MDA) function based on the platelet count and the IPF%. The diagnostic accuracy obtained by the MDA function was superior to that obtained by the absolute number of platelets and the IPF. We therefore propose our IPF% measurement for the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis.
Perceptions of pain control by consumers with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Williams Allison Fiona , Manias Elizabeth 
Published: August 2009

Aims and objectives. This study investigated the perceptions of consumers with chronic kidney disease in relation to their pain control, the barriers and enablers to effective pain control, and how they made decisions in relation to their pain control.Background. Consumers with chronic kidney disease are likely to experience pain as a consequence of their kidney disease, comorbidities, treatment and complications which is in need of investigation.Methods. Twenty consumers were recruited from two metropolitan hospitals in Australia in 2007. Structured interviews and medical record review was conducted to gain an understanding of analgesic use and the facilitators and barriers to effective pain control in chronic kidney disease.Results. The consumers’ mean age was 70 years. Consumers had a median of seven chronic health conditions, and multiple sources of acute and chronic pain. Athematic analysis of the interviews revealed five themes, which included the complexity of pain, pain relief approaches, ineffective pain control, limited analgesic options, and health professional factors.Conclusions. Consumers in this study regularly experienced pain that averaged 6·7 on the numerical pain rating scale that was unrelieved with medically recommended analgesic regimens. Chronic pain was harder to control because of its unrelenting nature and the nephrotoxic risk of analgesic medicines. Consumers’ concomitant chronic health problem, interfered with what analgesia the consumers could be prescribed to relieve pain. General Practitioners were most frequently consulted for pain control rather than medical specialists. Consumers were prescribed a median of nine different medicines per day which influenced their approach to pain relief.Relevance to clinical practice. Consumers with chronic kidney disease require guidance to help them to manage their pain effectively. Prescribers concerned about analgesics’ nephrotoxic risk need to carefully consider the consumer’s everyday quality of life when managing pain. Educational strategies to improve consumers’ pain management practices in collaboration with health professionals are warranted.
Using photographs and narratives to contextualise and map the experience of caring for a person with dementia
Authors: Hibberd Penny , Keady John , Reed Jan , Lemmer Bill 
Published: August 2009

Aim.  To capture the meaning and context of how carers adapt and develop their relationships throughout their caring role.Background.  Family carers play a pivotal role in supporting and caring for a person living with dementia at home. To date, the majority of social research on carers has focussed upon the stress and burden that such demands evoke, and limited attention has been paid to locating the carer’s own construction of their role with a relationship‐centred approach. This paper attempts to build on this emerging understanding.Design.  A participative, qualitative study using photographs and supportive narratives to contextualise and map carer’s experiences of caring for a person with dementia. The study was conducted in one area of South East England, UK with all necessary ethical permission to conduct the study obtained prior to data collection.Method.  Data was obtained between May–June 2008 with nine carers recruited from a not for profit organisation based in the UK. Photographs were taken by participants using a 27‐print disposable camera with supporting written narratives provided on six photographs that participants selected to best represent their caring role and relationship. These photographs and supporting text were then shared with other participants in a focus group. Through this process, participants were helped to sort and group the data into narrative themes.Results.  From this collaborative process, the group identified four types of caring relationships, these were: recognising (1); transforming (2); stabilising (3); and ‘moving on’ (4). Photographs and the supporting narratives were used to illustrate each type of relationship that helped to give meaning and shape to everyday life.Conclusion.  The four types of caring relationships help nurses and other service providers to understand how carers of people with dementia construct and manage their day‐to‐day life. Recognition of a carer’s personhood needs to be acknowledged in order to promote and support their role throughout the caring trajectory.Relevance to clinical practice.  Recognition of the knowledge and skills held by carers of people with dementia can help inform professional decision‐making and provide a platform for practice intervention.
People’s reasoning about diagnosis in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Smide Bibbi , Hörnsten Åsa 
Published: August 2009

Aim and objective.  To identify how people with type 2 diabetes reason around their experiences of acquiring diabetes.Background.  Effective self management after getting the diabetes diagnosis lowers the risk to developing late diabetes complications. However the diagnosis experience has received little attention in nursing research as well as psychological and sociological research and therefore the interest in the current study was to further explore the diagnosis experience among people with type 2 diabetes.Methods.  Face‐to‐face narrative interviews were conducted in 2006 with nine persons with type 2 diabetes living in Mid Sweden and with 14 living in North Sweden.Results.  Three main categories emerged. They were ‘Diagnosis in a time perspective’, and included the three subcategories ‘Was prepared and diagnosis was easily integrated’, ‘Was not prepared and not having diabetes yet’ and ‘Was not prepared but diagnosis is successively integrated’. The second category emerged as ‘Emotional reactions on diagnosis’ and consisted of the following subcategories ‘Reacted neutrally – the diagnosis was not threatening at all’, ‘Strived to take control over one’s emotions’ and ‘Diminished the threats – is not really ill yet’. The third category was ‘Cognitive reasoning about the diagnosis’. It consisted of the subcategories ‘Did not consider diabetes to be an illness’, ‘Experienced diabetes as a disease hard to understand’ and ‘Decided not to bother about it’.Conclusion.  The findings may help nurses working in any country to understand the importance of how to give information about diagnosis and focus on diagnosis experiences among persons with type 2 diabetes.Relevance to clinical practice.  Persons newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes should get adequate time to discuss the situation ongoing with the diabetes specialist nurse or a doctor but our findings are easily transferable to other diseases or other health professionals.
Characterization of 15 microsatellite loci in the pulmonate snail Pseudosuccinea columella (Mollusca, Gastropoda)
Authors: NICOT ANTOINE , DUBOIS MARIE‐PIERRE , DEBAIN CHANTAL , DAVID PATRICE , JARNE PHILIPPE 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe characterized 15 new variable microsatellites in the freshwater snail Pseudosuccinea (Lymnaea) columella, as well as conditions for multiplexing and simultaneously genotyping sets of loci. Two to six alleles were detected per locus over the six populations studied. Gene diversity ranged from 0.000 to 0.498, but essentially no heterozygous individuals were observed. This resulted in extremely high FIS estimates, and therefore high selfing rates. The FST estimates ranged from 0.18 to 1 among populations, but was generally high. These markers will constitute efficient tools for investigating the population structure of this invasive species. Cross‐species amplification was on the whole unsuccessful.
Sixteen EST‐linked microsatellite markers in Günther's walking catfish, Clarias macrocephalus
Authors: SUKKORNTONG CHANTAPIM , PANPROMMIN DUTRUDI , POOMPUANG SUPAWADEE 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTwenty‐seven new microsatellite sequences were identified by screening 2029 expressed sequence tags from Günther's walking catfish, Clarias macrocephalus. Sixteen loci were polymorphic with the number of alleles ranging from two to 16 per locus and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.4667 to 0.9333 and from 0.427 to 0.8819 per locus, respectively. Cross‐species amplifications of all 16 primer pairs were tested in four other species of catfish including Clarias gariepinus, Pangasius hypophthalmus, Pangasius larnaudii and Pangasianodon gigas. Eleven loci were found to amplify in other species, with the number of polymorphic loci ranging from one in P. larnaudii to nine in C. gariepinus.
Development of DNA microsatellite markers in the multiband butterflyfish (Chaetodon multicinctus)
Authors: HEIST EDWARD J. , SIPIORSKI JUSTIN , TRICAS TIMOTHY C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTwelve polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed in the multiband (pebbled) butterflyfish Chaetodon multicinctus. The loci were scored in 45 individuals from Hawaii. There were five to 21 alleles per locus with observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.419 to 0.883. Four of the primer sets also reliably amplified polymorphic loci in Chaetodon quadrimaculatus. We expect these markers to be useful for studies of genetic population structure and kinship, for example to determine whether new recruits settling onto reefs are related.
Multiplex SNP‐SCALE: a cost‐effective medium‐throughput single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping method
Authors: KENTA T. , GRATTEN J. , HAIGH N. S. , HINTEN G. N. , SLATE J. , BUTLIN R. K. , BURKE T. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe describe a convenient, cost‐effective and flexible medium‐throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping method, Multiplex SNP‐SCALE, which enables the simultaneous amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of up to 25 (or potentially more) loci followed by electrophoresis in an automated DNA sequencer. We extended the original SNP‐SCALE method to include (i) use of a commercial multiplex PCR kit, (ii) a four‐dye system, (iii) much‐reduced (2‐µL) reaction volumes, (iv) drying down of template DNA before PCR, (v) use of pig‐tailed primers, (vi) a PCR product weighting system, (vii) a standard optimized touchdown PCR thermocycling programme, and (viii) software (SNP‐SCALE Primer Designer) that automatically designs suitable SNP‐SCALE primers for a batch of loci. This new protocol was validated for different types of SNPs. The method is cost‐ and time‐effective for medium‐scale evolutionary and ecological projects involving 10s to 100s of loci.
tetra: an improved program for population genetic analysis of allotetraploid microsatellite data
Authors: LIAO WAN‐JIN , ZHU BI‐RU , ZENG YAN‐FEI , ZHANG DA‐YONG 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPopulation genetic analysis of allotetraploid microsatellite data has lagged far behind that of diploid data, largely because of an inability to determine allele copy number for partial heterozygotes. tetrasat developed by Markwith et al. (2006) uses an iterative substitution process to account for all probable combinations of allele copy numbers in populations with partial heterozygote samples. However, tetrasat cannot deal with microsatellite data containing more than 15 partial heterozygotes, because of an exponential increase in genotype combinations. tetra can handle the microsatellite data containing infinite partial heterozygotes. In the program tetra, the frequencies of alleles are measured as the probability with which the known alleles occur in unknown allele locations. The Hardy–Weinberg expected heterozygosity and Nei's coefficient of gene differentiation are calculated based on allele frequencies. The mean and standard error of expected heterozygosity are estimated through bootstrap method.
Development of new microsatellite markers from a salt‐marsh sedge Carex rugulosa by compound simple sequence repeat–polymerase chain reaction
Authors: OHBAYASHI K. , HODOKI Y. , NAKAYAMA S. , SHIMADA M. , KUNII H. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractsWe developed 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers from a salt‐marsh sedge Carex rugulosa. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to four, with an average of 2.75. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.067 to 0.600 and from 0.128 to 0.620, respectively. These simple sequence repeat markers will allow the identification of genets and evaluation of the genetic diversity of C. rugulosa.
Development of microsatellite markers for the bracken fern, Pteridium aquilinum
Authors: CHEN XIAOQING , WANG JIANXIU , TIAN HONGLI , ZHANG XIANCHUN , WEN JUN , ZHOU SHILIANG 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe isolated eight novel polymorphic microsatellite loci from Pteridium aquilinum. These loci were characterized in 30 individuals, one from Bolivia, two from Peru, one from the USA, one from Japan, and 25 from Northeast China to Southwest China. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to seven. The observed heterozygosity (HO) ranged from 0.000 to 0.600 with an average of 0.3051, and the expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 0.0966 to 0.7780 with an average of 0.4267. One locus deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and four pairs of loci were found to be in linkage disequilibrium. These polymorphic loci will be useful in the study of the population genetic structure of Pteridium.
Development and cross‐species testing of western bluebird (Sialia mexicana) microsatellite primers
Authors: FERREE ELISE D. , DICKINSON JANIS L. , KLEIBER DANIKA , STERN CAITLIN A. , HAYDOCK JOEY , STANBACK MARK T. , SCHMIDT VICTORIA , EISENBERG LIZ , STOLZENBURG CAROLYN 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWestern and eastern bluebirds (Sialia mexicana and S. sialis) are socially monogamous passerines that engage in extra‐pair copulations. We obtained microsatellites from S. mexicana and optimized and characterized 15 microsatellite DNA loci in 60 individuals of this species. Primer pairs yielded an average of 13 alleles per locus in western bluebirds (range 3–35 alleles) with an average observed heterozygosity of 0.68 (range 0.27–0.88). All 15 loci also successfully amplified in S. sialis (n = 24), with an average of 11.5 alleles per locus (range 4–26) and an average observed heterozygosity of 0.59 (range 0.22–0.90).
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in Iberolacerta monticola, and cross‐species amplification in Iberolacerta galani and Zootoca vivipara
Authors: REMÓN N. , VILA M. , GALÁN P. , NAVEIRA H. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFourteen polymorphic microsatellite loci are described for the Iberian rock lizard, Iberolacerta monticola. Genetic variation in a sample of 20 individuals from Piornedo (northwestern Spain) was quantified both by the number of alleles per locus, which ranged from six to 13, and by the expected frequency of heterozygotes under random mating (heterozygosity), which ranged from 0.761 to 0.902. Single locus and global exclusion probabilities were also computed, and indicate a high power of these markers for paternity assignments and mating system studies of I. monticola. All the analysed loci were also polymorphic in Iberolacerta galani, but only seven in Zootoca vivipara.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for Hibiscus glaber Matsum. ex Nakai, an endemic tree species of the oceanic Bonin Islands, Japan
Authors: OHTANI MASATO , TANI NAOKI , YOSHIMARU HIROSHI 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPolymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for Hibiscus glaber, an endemic tree of the Bonin Islands. Eighty‐seven of the 208 sequences from an enriched library were unique and containing microsatellites. Ten loci were proved to be highly polymorphic among 78 individuals from the Nishi‐jima Island. Total exclusionary powers for the first and the second parents were 99.989% and 99.999%, respectively. Nine loci also amplified single fragment from genomic DNA of H. tiliaceus, a related and widespread congener. Our markers can be reliably used for the estimation of current gene flow within/among populations of the two woody Hibiscus species.
Development and characterization of 11 microsatellite loci in a historically introduced carnivoran, the common genet (Genetta genetta)
Authors: GAUBERT P. , DEL CERRO I. , PALOMARES F. , GODOY J. A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMicrosatellite markers were developed to assess population structure and patterns of translocation in the introduced European common genet (Genetta genetta). Primer pairs were designed for 60 microsatellite sequences enriched for CA, GA, CATC and TAGA repeat motifs. Eleven loci that proved to be polymorphic were genotyped in 33 individuals from southwestern France. The number of alleles per locus and observed heterozygosities varied from three to seven and from 0.2121 to 0.7576, respectively. One locus (B103) showed significant departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, probably due to the presence of null alleles. Tests of linkage disequilibrium did not detect significant associations among loci.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for lippia (Phyla canescens: Verbenaceae)
Authors: FATEMI M. , GROSS C. L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLippia (Phyla canescens: Verbenaceae) is a serious weed of wetlands, riparian zones and floodplains, particularly in eastern Australia where many Ramsar wetlands are threatened by hydrological changes precipitated by soil‐accreting lippia mats. Enriched genomic DNA libraries were used to develop nine informative microsatellite markers. These markers will be valuable tools to understand the genetic structure of the lippia populations in different regions throughout the world.
Development and characterization of nine polymorphic microsatellite markers for Mexican spadefoot toads (Spea multiplicata) with cross‐amplification in Plains spadefoot toads (S. bombifrons)
Authors: RICE A. M. , PEARSE D. E. , BECKER T. , NEWMAN R. A. , LEBONVILLE C. , HARPER G. R. , PFENNIG K. S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe developed nine polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Mexican spadefoot toad, Spea multiplicata. Allele numbers range from five to 12, with observed heterozygosities from 0.48 to 0.87. Because two loci are in linkage disequilibrium, these nine loci provide eight independent markers. Three loci exhibit departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, possibly resulting from null alleles or population admixture. These markers will be useful for assessing population structure and relatedness in S. multiplicata. Based on our success at cross‐amplification in the Plains spadefoot toad (Spea bombifrons), these loci also may be useful in this species with additional optimization.