bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Students, Reporters Benefit from 3-Part Records Project
Authors: Kunerth William F. 
Published: December 2011

“The first commandment of investigative reporting is this: get the record.” Paul Williams, Investigative Reporting and Editing (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1978) “My college didn't prepare me for the kind of experience I had when I walked into that courthouse on the first day. Nobody prepared me to read a budget that was six inches thick. Nobody taught me to read financial reports or decipher an environmental impact statement.” Reporter at Conference on Reporting Local Government, St. Petersburg, Fla., Feb. 4, 1978. (From Gannett Foundation videotape).
Wide Variety of Texts, Aids Employed in Theory Courses
Authors: Stephens Lowndes F. 
Published: December 2011

The author chaired the 1976–77 teaching committee of the AEJ Theory and Methodology Division which was given the responsibility of assessing communications theory instruction. Other members of the committee participating in the project were Thomas F. Gordon, Temple University; Gerald L. Grotta, then of the University of Oklahoma; Roy L. Moore, Georgia State University, and Michael Ryan, West Virginia University. Assisting in the project as a research aide was Donald Fremont. For another survey of courses and textbooks dealing with theory and methodology, see: Brenda Dervin and Michael Banister, ‘“Theory’ has many definitions in journalism education,” Journalism Educator, Vol. 31, No. 3, October 1976, pp. 10–15, 44.
Articles on Mass Communications in Magazines of the U. S. A.
Authors: Higbie Charles E. , Baker Dean C. , Brown Donald E. , Duncan Charles T. , Pride Armistead S. 
Published: December 2011

A verdict of guilty was returned against the Kansas City Star and its advertising director after a trial on an indictment charging violation of anti-trust laws in relations with advertisers. Publisher Roy Roberts was dropped from the suit shortly before the start of the trial hearings. Second Jelke trial was held in New York with press representatives in attendance during the quarter. Also in the field of courts and the press, Walter Winchell and the Hearst interests publicly apologized to the N. Y. Post for Communist-sympathy remarks as part of settlement of a million dollar libel suit. In the management field, the Brooklyn Eagle announced suspension of the newspaper after 47 days of a strike by Newspaper Guild. Efforts to find a new publisher were being made at the end of the period. The Toronto Globe-Mail was sold to a Montreal industrialist as part of an estate settlement but was announced as continuing under the same editor and policies.
Native American Stereotypes, TV Portrayals, and Personal Contact
Authors: Tan Alexis , Fujioka Yuki , Lucht Nancy 
Published: December 2011

This study tests hypotheses derived from extremity-complexity and stage theories of stereotyping which predict that frequency of contact with a minority group leads to knowledge which then leads to positive group evaluations. We also test hypotheses from learning theories of behavior which predict that evaluations of contact with minority groups determine group evaluations. The hypotheses are tested for direct personal contact and vicarious contact via television. We administered questionnaires to white college students to measure the contact variables and stereotypes of Native Americans. Results show strong support for the learning hypotheses, but not for extremity-complexity theories of stereotyping. Evaluations of first contact as pleasant or unpleasant, frequency of contact, and evaluations of TV portrayals as negative or positive predict stereotyping. Implications for stereotyping theories are discussed.
“Pre-Modern” Online: Converging Discourses of Globalization and Development
Authors: Sosale Sujatha 
Published: December 2011

This study seeks to understand the ways in which global capitalist control and local empowerment in the context of development are acted out on the Internet, involving a venture based in the United States, and rural communities in developing regions. It entails analysis of the web site of the company Greenstar, which promotes environmentally conscious, sustainable development through new information and solar energy technologies in return for local cultural products (many in digital form) from these regions that are then sold on the Net by Greenstar. Its corporate approach to sustainable development and its ecommerce in cultural artifacts produced by rural communities have made the company a constituent of a new global cultural economy. Drawing from theories of development and globalization, and incorporating Giddens's idea of the third way, I constructed a conceptual framework within which to locate the Greenstar phenomenon. To understand the persuasive discourses in which Greenstar engages to inform its audience and influence its donors, I examined the Greenstar web site, its principal presence as a virtual company, using two modes of analyses. First, drawing from Jackson's recently proposed network analysis for web texts, I conducted a qualitative, critical analysis of the architecture of Greenstar's web site. I then employed frame analysis to examine the site's content. The structural analysis indicated the corporation's domination over the site, though some suggestions of a more dispersed, satellite structure in the architecture of the web site were apparent. Mainly, a radial, branching structure positions the company at the center of gravity. Frame analysis yielded five competing frames - the commodity frame, the activist frame, the empowering frame, the developmentalist frame, and the culture-as-nature frame. It is evident from the company's self-representation on the web site that it is seeking a third way of doing development by connecting global capitalism to the grassroots, trying to mobilize it for the empowerment of rural communities in developing regions. The findings reveal a novel and persuasive approach to social change in developing societies. Simultaneously, they also suggest that such a path may not be able to avoid privileging and hierarchizing key aspects of global capitalist over local indigenous cultures.
An Audience Interpretation of Corporate Communication in a Cause-Related Corporate Outreach Event: The Avon Breast Cancer 3-Day Walk
Authors: Edwards Heidi Hatfield , Kreshel Peggy J. 
Published: December 2011

Drawing upon a cultural studies perspective, this study investigates the audience role in shaping corporate involvement in social issues – identified as cause-related corporate outreach. We assert that, more than consumer, voter, or passive receptor of corporate messages, the audience is an active participant in the communication process. This case study of the Avon Breast Cancer 3-Day Walk, one of the most visible fitness-based fundraising events, examines the meaning individual participants construct during their involvement in the event. The study provides a context in which public relations practitioners and scholars alike can better understand the role corporate communication plays in defining and preserving community and social values. This understanding can help corporations build communication that resonates with specific publics and is more beneficial to all involved. The research also extends public relations theory. It develops a cultural understanding of the growing phenomenon of corporate involvement in social issues as it applies to a public's involvement, shifting the traditional public relations research focus from an effects-based approach to one informed by cultural studies. Emphasizing the active role of the audience, the study investigates the experiential relationships of that public as it engages in a cause-related, corporate-sponsored fundraising event. Additionally, this study is methodologically expansive. It uses a variety of qualitative data-collection methods, including in-depth interviews, audio journals kept by walkers, participant observation, and post-walk focus groups to develop an audience-centered understanding of the walk experience and draw implications for public relations research and practice.
Air flow around the point of an arrow
Authors: Park James L , Hodge Michael R , Al-Mulla Salam , Sherry Michael , Sheridan John 
Published: December 2011

The aerodynamic drag of an arrow is of importance in relation to the arrow’s drift in wind and to its down-range velocity. A significant contributor to that drag is the viscous drag from the arrow shaft, and consequently the nature of air flow over the arrow point and the location of the transition from laminar to turbulent flow are of interest. In this paper the flow was investigated using a scale model in a water channel for two arrow point profiles and for circumferential gaps at the rear of the arrow point. The normal ‘bullet point’ was found to have laminar flow along the front of the shaft and transition at a Reynolds number of approximately 450,000, and that circumferential gaps did not affect the flow. The frequently used ‘short bulge point’ was found to have flow separation at the rear taper of the point and turbulent flow for the full length of the shaft, which would be expected to result in greater drag than for the bullet point or for a bulge point with less aggressive rear taper.
High ERp5/ADAM10 expression in lymph node microenvironment and impaired NKG2D ligands recognition in Hodgkin lymphomas
Authors: Zocchi Maria Raffaella , Catellani Silvia , Canevali Paolo , Tavella Sara , Garuti Anna , Villaggio Barbara , Zunino Annalisa , Gobbi Marco , Fraternali-Orcioni Giulio , Kunkl Annalisa , Ravetti Jean-Louis , Boero Silvia , Musso Alessandra , Poggi Alessandro 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Herein we describe that in classic Hodgkin lymphomas (cHL, n = 25) the lymph node (LN) stroma displayed in situ high levels of transcription and expression of the disulfide-isomerase ERp5 and of the disintegrin-metalloproteinase ADAM10, able to shed the ligands for NKG2D (NKG2D-L) from the cell membrane. These enzymes were detected both in LN mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and in Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells; in addition, MIC-A and ULBP3 were present in culture supernatants of LN MSCs or RS cells. NKG2D-L–negative RS cells could not be killed by CD8+αβT or γδT cells; tumor cell killing was partially restored by treating RS cells with valproic acid, which enhanced NKG2D-L surface expression. Upon coculture with LN MSCs, CD8+αβT and γδT cells strongly reduced their cytolytic activity against NKG2D-L+ targets; this seems to be the result of TGF-β, present at the tumor site, produced in vitro by LN MSCs and able to down-regulate the expression of NKG2D on T lymphocytes. In addition, CD8+αβT and γδT cells from the lymph nodes of cHL patients, cocultured in vitro with LN MSCs, underwent TGF-β–mediated down regulation of NKG2D. Thus, in cHL the tumor microenvironment is prone to inhibit the development of an efficient antitumor response.
The streptococcal collagen-like protein-1 (Scl1) is a significant determinant for biofilm formation by group a Streptococcus
Authors: Oliver-Kozup Heaven A , Elliott Meenal , Bachert Beth A , Martin Karen H , Reid Sean D , Schwegler-Berry Diane E , Green Brett J , Lukomski Slawomir 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundGroup AStreptococcus(GAS) is a human-specific pathogen responsible for a number of diseases characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations. During host colonization GAS-cell aggregates or microcolonies are observed in tissues. GAS biofilm, which is anin vitroequivalent of tissue microcolony, has only recently been studied and little is known about the specific surface determinants that aid biofilm formation. In this study, we demonstrate that surface-associated streptococcal collagen-like protein-1 (Scl1) plays an important role in GAS biofilm formation.ResultsBiofilm formation by M1-, M3-, M28-, and M41-type GAS strains, representing an intraspecies breadth, were analyzed spectrophotometrically following crystal violet staining, and characterized using confocal and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The M41-type strain formed the most robust biofilm under static conditions, followed by M28- and M1-type strains, while the M3-type strains analyzed here did not form biofilm under the same experimental conditions. Differences in architecture and cell-surface morphology were observed in biofilms formed by the M1- and M41-wild-type strains, accompanied by varying amounts of deposited extracellular matrix and differences in cell-to-cell junctions within each biofilm. Importantly, all Scl1-negative mutants examined showed significantly decreased ability to form biofilmin vitro. Furthermore, the Scl1 protein expressed on the surface of a heterologous host,Lactococcus lactis, was sufficient to induce biofilm formation by this organism.ConclusionsOverall, this work (i) identifies variations in biofilm formation capacity among pathogenically different GAS strains, (ii) identifies GAS surface properties that may aid in biofilm stability and, (iii) establishes that the Scl1 surface protein is an important determinant of GAS biofilm, which is sufficient to enable biofilm formation in the heterologous hostLactococcus. In summary, the GAS surface adhesin Scl1 may have an important role in biofilm-associated pathogenicity.
Phylogenetic analysis and classification of the Brassica rapa SET-domain protein family
Authors: Huang Yong , Liu Chunlin , Shen Wen-Hui , Ruan Ying 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background
The SET (Su(var)3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste, Trithorax) domain is an evolutionarily conserved sequence of approximately 130-150 amino acids, and constitutes the catalytic site of lysine methyltransferases (KMTs). KMTs perform many crucial biological functions via histone methylation of chromatin. Histone methylation marks are interpreted differently depending on the histone type (i.e. H3 or H4), the lysine position (e.g. H3K4, H3K9, H3K27, H3K36 or H4K20) and the number of added methyl groups (i.e. me1, me2 or me3). For example, H3K4me3 and H3K36me3 are associated with transcriptional activation, but H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 are associated with gene silencing. The substrate specificity and activity of KMTs are determined by sequences within the SET domain and other regions of the protein.

Results
Here we identified 49 SET-domain proteins from the recently sequenced Brassica rapa genome. We performed sequence similarity and protein domain organization analysis of these proteins, along with the SET-domain proteins from the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana, the monocots Oryza sativa and Brachypodium distachyon, and the green alga Ostreococcus tauri. We showed that plant SET-domain proteins can be grouped into 6 distinct classes, namely KMT1, KMT2, KMT3, KMT6, KMT7 and S-ET. Apart from the S-ET class, which has an interrupted SET domain and may be involved in methylation of nonhistone proteins, the other classes have characteristics of histone methyltransferases exhibiting different substrate specificities: KMT1 for H3K9, KMT2 for H3K4, KMT3 for H3K36, KMT6 for H3K27 and KMT7 also for H3K4. We also propose a coherent and rational nomenclature for plant SET-domain proteins. Comparisons of sequence similarity and synteny of B. rapa and A. thaliana SET-domain proteins revealed recent gene duplication events for some KMTs.

Conclusion
This study provides the first characterization of the SET-domain KMT proteins of B. rapa. Phylogenetic analysis data allowed the development of a coherent and rational nomenclature of this important family of proteins in plants, as in animals. The results obtained in this study will provide a base for nomenclature of KMTs in other plant species and facilitate the functional characterization of these important epigenetic regulatory genes in Brassica crops.
Molecular analysis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in an HIV co-infected patient with reactivation of occult HBV infection following discontinuation of lamivudine-including antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Costantini Andrea , Marinelli Katia , Biagioni Giulia , Monachetti Alessia , Ferreri Monica L , Butini Luca , Montroni Maria , Manzin Aldo , Bagnarelli Patrizia 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background
Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) is characterized by HBV DNA persistence even though the pattern of serological markers indicates an otherwise resolved HBV infection. Although OBI is usually clinically silent, immunocompromised patients may experience reactivation of the liver disease.

Case presentation
We report the case of an individual with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and anti-HBV core antibody positivity, who experienced severe HBV reactivation after discontinuation of lamivudine-including antiretroviral therapy (ART). HBV sequencing analysis showed a hepatitis B surface antigen escape mutant whose presence in an earlier sample excluded reinfection. Molecular sequencing showed some differences between two isolates collected at a 9-year interval, indicating HBV evolution. Resumption of ART containing an emtricitabine/tenofovir combination allowed control of plasma HBV DNA, which fell to undetectable levels.

Conclusion
This case stresses the ability of HBV to evolve continuously, even during occult infection, and the effectiveness of ART in controlling OBI reactivation in HIV-infected individuals.
Detection of human bocavirus from children and adults with acute respiratory tract illness in Guangzhou, southern China
Authors: Liu Wen-Kuan , Chen De-Hui , Liu Qian , Liang Huan-Xi , Yang Zi-Feng , Qin Sheng , Zhou Rong 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundHuman bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly discovered parvovirus associated with acute respiratory tract illness (ARTI) and gastrointestinal illness. Our study is the first to analyze the characteristics of HBoV-positive samples from ARTI patients with a wide age distribution from Guangzhou, southern China.MethodsThroat swabs (n=2811) were collected and analyzed from children and adults with ARTI over a 13-month period. The HBoV complete genome from a 60 year-old female patient isolate was also determined.ResultsHBoV DNA was detected in 65/2811 (2.3%) samples, of which 61/1797 were from children (<18 years old) and 4/1014 from adults (≥18 years old). Seasonal peaks of 4.8% and 7.7% were detected in May and June, respectively. 28 of 65 (43.1%) HBoV-positive samples were co-detected with 11/16 other potential pathogens.Mycoplasma pneumoniaehad the highest frequency of 16.9% (11/65). Upper and lower respiratory tract illness were common symptoms, with 19/65 (29.2%) patients diagnosed with pneumonia by chest radiography. All four adult patients had systemic influenza-like symptoms. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome revealed a close relationship with other HBoVs, and a more distant relationship with HBoV2 and HBoV3.ConclusionsHBoV was detected from children and adults with ARTI from Guangzhou, southern China. Elderly people were also susceptive to HBoV. A single lineage of HBoV was detected among a wide age distribution of patients with ARTI.
An outbreak of coxsackievirus A6 hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with onychomadesis in Taiwan, 2010
Authors: Wei Sung-Hsi , Huang Yuan-Pin , Liu Ming-Chih , Tsou Tsung-Pei , Lin Hui-Chen , Lin Tsuey-Li , Tsai Chen-Yen , Chao Yen-Nan , Chang Luan-Yin , Hsu Chun-Ming 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background
In 2010, an outbreak of coxsackievirus A6 (CA6) hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) occurred in Taiwan and some patients presented with onychomadesis and desquamation following HFMD. Therefore, we performed an epidemiological and molecular investigation to elucidate the characteristics of this outbreak.

Methods
Patients who had HFMD with positive enterovirus isolation results were enrolled. We performed a telephone interview with enrolled patients or their caregivers to collect information concerning symptoms, treatments, the presence of desquamation, and the presence of nail abnormalities. The serotypes of the enterovirus isolates were determined using indirect immunofluorescence assays. The VP1 gene was sequenced and the phylogenetic tree for the current CA6 strains in 2010, 52 previous CA6 strains isolated in Taiwan from 1998 through 2009, along with 8 reference sequences from other countries was constructed using the neighbor-joining command in MEGA software.

Results
Of the 130 patients with laboratory-confirmed CA6 infection, some patients with CA6 infection also had eruptions around the perioral area (28, 22%), the trunk and/or the neck (39, 30%) and generalized skin eruptions (6, 5%) in addition to the typical presentation of skin eruptions on the hands, feet, and mouths. Sixty-six (51%) CA6 patients experienced desquamation of palms and soles after the infection episode and 48 (37%) CA6 patients developed onychomadesis, which only occurred in 7 (5%) of 145 cases with non-CA6 enterovirus infection (p < 0.001). The sequences of viral protein 1 of CA6 in 2010 differ from those found in Taiwan before 2010, but are similar to those found in patients in Finland in 2008.

Conclusions
HFMD patients with CA6 infection experienced symptoms targeting a broader spectrum of skin sites and more profound tissue destruction, i.e., desquamation and nail abnormalities.
Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Cytotoxicity of Phaleria macrocarpa (Boerl.) Scheff Fruit
Authors: Hendra Rudi , Ahmad Syahida , Oskoueian Ehsan , Sukari Aspollah , Shukor M Yunus 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl (Thymelaceae) originates from Papua Island, Indonesia and grows in tropical areas. The different parts of the fruit of P. macrocarpa were evaluated for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities.

Methods

Phaleria macrocarpa fruit were divided into pericarp, mesocarp and seed. All parts of the fruit were reflux extracted with methanol. The antioxidant activity of the extracts were characterized in various in vitro model systems such as FTC, TBA, DPPH radical, reducing power and NO radical. Anti-inflammatory assays were done by using NO production by macrophage RAW 264.7 cell lines induced by LPS/IFN-γ and cytotoxic activities were determined by using several cancer cell lines and one normal cell line

Results
The results showed that different parts (pericarp, mesocarp, and seed) of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit contain various amount of total phenolic (59.2 ± 0.04, 60.5 ± 0.17, 47.7 ± 1.04 mg gallic acid equivalent/g DW) and flavonoid compounds (161.3 ± 1.58, 131.7 ± 1.66, 35.9 ± 2.47 mg rutin equivalent/g DW). Pericarp and mesocarp showed high antioxidant activities by using DPPH (71.97%, 62.41%), ferric reducing antioxidant power (92.35%, 78.78%) and NO scavenging activity (65.68%, 53.45%). Ferric thiocyanate and thiobarbituric acid tests showed appreciable antioxidant activity in the percentage hydroperoxides inhibitory activity from pericarp and mesocarp in the last day of the assay. Similarly, the pericarp and mesocarp inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthesis with values of 63.4 ± 1.4% and 69.5 ± 1.4% in macrophage RAW 264.7 cell lines induced by LPS/IFN-γ indicating their notable anti-inflammatory potential. Cytotoxic activities against HT-29, MCF-7, HeLa and Chang cell lines were observed in all parts.

Conclusions
These results indicated the possible application of P. macrocarpa fruit as a source of bioactive compounds, potent as an antioxidant, anti inflammatory and cytotoxic agents.