bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Solvent Formulations for Efficient CO2 Absorption and Low‐Temperature Desorption
Authors: Barzagli Francesco , Di Vaira Massimo , Mani Fabrizio , Peruzzini Maurizio 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis experimental study describes efficient CO2 capture by 2‐amino‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanol (AMP)/piperazine (PZ) in ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGMEE, 2‐ethoxyethanol) containing approximately 15 wt % of water. In these experiments, the solvent is continuously circulated between the absorber (packed‐bed reactor at 30, 40, or 45 °C) and the desorber (at 80, 85, or 90 °C). The CO2–solvent reaction equilibria have been investigated by using 13C NMR spectroscopy, which provides confirmatory evidence that the formation of mono‐ and biscarbamate derivatives of PZ accounts for most of the CO2 absorbed by the AMP/PZ/EGMEE/H2O blend. The solid‐state structures of AMP carbamate and of the carbonate salt of protonated AMP have been determined by using XRD. Both AMPCO2− and CO32− species completely convert to the monoalkyl carbonates on dissolving the respective salts in methanol, ethanol, or ethylene glycol.
The origin of the stapes and relationship to the otic capsule and oval window
Authors: Thompson Hannah , Ohazama Atsushi , Sharpe Paul T. , Tucker Abigail S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground: The stapes, an ossicle found within the middle ear, is involved in transmitting sound waves to the inner ear by means of the oval window. There are several developmental problems associated with this ossicle and the oval window, which cause hearing loss. The developmental origin of these tissues has not been fully elucidated. Results: Using transgenic reporter mice, we have shown that the stapes is of dual origin with the stapedial footplate being composed of cells of both neural crest and mesodermal origin. Wnt1cre/Dicer mice fail to develop neural crest‐derived cartilages, therefore, have no middle ear ossicles. We have shown in these mice the mesodermal stapedial footplate fails to form and the oval window is induced but underdeveloped. Conclusions: If the neural crest part of the stapes fails to form the mesodermal part does not develop, indicating that the two parts are interdependent. The stapes develops tightly associated with the otic capsule, however, it is not essential for the positioning of the oval window, suggesting that other tissues, perhaps within the inner ear are needed for oval window placement. Developmental Dynamics 241:1396–1404, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dioxirane‐Mediated Heterogeneous Epoxidations with Potassium Caroate: A Solid Catalyst Bearing Anchored Ketone Moieties
Authors: D'Accolti Lucia , Annese Cosimo , De Riccardis Alberto , De Giglio Elvira , Cafagna Damiana , Fanelli Fiorenza , Fusco Caterina 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA new hybrid material (3) consisting of trifluoromethyl ketone (TFMK) moieties, immobilized on silica through an appropriate spacer, was synthesized and characterized. Lacking easily oxidizable functionalities in the spacer chain, this material proved to be an excellent catalyst in heterogeneous epoxidations with potassium caroate (KHSO5), surpassing other reported catalysts in performance and stability. The efficiency of silica‐supported catalyst 3 could be assessed upon carrying out the selective dioxirane‐mediated epoxidation of representative alkenes in high yields. The solid catalyst could then be recovered and reused in a number of consecutive oxidation cycles.
Synthesis of Benzo[c]phenanthridine Alkaloids by Pd(OAc)2‐Induced Direct Aromatic Carbonylation
Authors: Kumazawa Eri , Tokuhashi Takashi , Horibata Akiyoshi , Kurono Nobuhito , Senboku Hisanori , Tokuda Masao , Ohkuma Takashi , Orito Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe Pd(OAc)2‐induced carbonylation of alkoxy‐substituted 1‐amino‐2‐phenyltetralins and 1‐amino‐2‐phenylnaphthalenes was examined to provide the benzo[c]phenanthridine ring system. The carbonylation of substrates containing methylenedioxy groups gave oxysanguinarine and oxyavicine. The tetramethoxy derivatives gave O‐methyloxyfagaronine. The substrate with a benzyloxy group afforded a known synthetic precursor to the antileukemic alkaloid, fagaronine.
Retraction statement: When different is better: Performance following upward comparison
Authors: Johnson Camille S. , Stapel Diederik A. 
Published: July 2012

The following article from European Journal of Social Psychology, “When different is better: Performance following upward comparison” by Camille S. Johnson and Diederik A. Stapel, published online on 18 August 2006 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the co‐author, the journal Editor in Chief, Tom Postmes, and John Wiley and Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed following the results of an investigation into the work of Diederik A. Stapel (https://www.commissielevelt.nl/). The Levelt Committee has determined that this article contained data that was fabricated by Diederik A. Stapel. His co‐author was unaware of his actions, and not in any way involved.REFERENCEJohnson, C. S., & Stapel D. A.(2007). When different is better: Performance following upward comparison.European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(2), 258–275. DOI:10.1002/ejsp.361
Unfolding the concept of person by verbal abuse
Authors: Semin G. R. , Rubini Monica 
Published: July 2012

AbstractExamined the prevalence of an interpersonal device, namely insult types, in a collectivistic and individualistic cultural context as an index of how the concept of person is culturally constructed. Insults were divided into three general categories, individualistic (those that refer directly to a person), relational (those that refer to a person and his/her significant relations) and swear‐words. An examination of the insults subjects produced in Catania, southern Italy (collectivistic), Trieste, northern Italy (individualistic) and Bologna, central Italy, partially confirmed the hypothesized differences in types of verbal abuse. In the collectivistic context instances of verbal abuse are significantly more likely to be directed to a person and his/her relations than in the individualistic context. The social psychological implications of these findings are discussed.
Interfacial breakdown on contaminated electrolytic surfaces
Authors: Farag A. S. , Shwehdi M. H. , Cheng T. C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe insulation of overhead transmission lines and substations is subjected to several basic types of abnormal conditions that can cause flashovers and outages of long duration. One of these types is the abnormal voltage gradients in the insulation system caused by the contamination of solid insulator surfaces. The number of insulators needed to protect against contamination is uncertain, because there is a wide range in the severity of contamination, and there is considerable uncertainty as to the basic mechanisms by which contamination affects the insulation level of a given configuration. This paper outlines the results of investigations of interfacial breakdown on electrolytic surfaces. Models are used to simulate such polluted insulator problems. Effects of chemical nature of the contaminants and contamination levels on the critical flasher voltage are studied. In order to study such effects, different salts and salt combinations were used on the laboratory model. Single‐arc and multiple‐arc models are introduced where the phenomena of multiple discharges existing simultaneously on an electrolytic surface is also investigated. Mathematical models are suggested which include the successive formation of multiple arcs. The results obtained based on the new model agree quite well with the experimental values.
Numerical simulation of transient protector co‐ordination
Authors: Larsson A. , Tang H. , Scuka V. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe issue of protection and protection co‐ordination is of increasing importance due to the vulnerability of electronic equipment to voltage surges. In order to properly co‐ordinate the different protection units of a protection system, all the different parts must be considered in the design process. This paper presents models for the varistor, the gas discharge protector and the installation cable, and these models have been implemented in the software ATP‐EMTP. The models have also been used for simulation of complex surge protection circuits and the results are shown to be in good agreement with measurements.
Optimisation of the switching process by modelling the contact surface
Authors: Schoenemann Th. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to show the design procedure of a disconnector starting at basic modelling up to a product used in practice. The relation between switchgear mechanics and electrophysics arc phenomena is discussed and the influence of short arcs on the opening contacts of a high voltage disconnector is analysed. With regard to contact erosion the most severe switching stress occurs during the bus‐transfer current switching procedure. Based on simplified models the influence of various parameters on the contact design and the disconnectors reliability is discussed. Finally a new contact design using main and auxiliary contact fingers is shown. The system uses the spring effect of flexible fingers mounted on the main contacts. The new disconnector type fulfils the type tests according to the appropriate international standards and is successfully used in practice.
Current and voltage unbalance balancing operation of arc or arc‐resistance furnaces
Authors: Wasowski A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe paper presents a theoretical analysis of unbalanced operational states of arc and arc‐resistance furnaces. The following aspects have been determined: ‐ the dependencies enabling assessment of current and heating power unbalance occurring in a furnace circuit, taking into account the unbalance of supply voltages and asymmetry of supply‐circuit impedances and of equivalent heating resistances; ‐ the conditions ensuring the desired operational states of a furnace‐operation with current balance or with heating power balance or their desired unbalance. Theoretical investigations have been illustrated using, as an example, a selection of supply transformation phase ratios in order to balance the operation of a carbide furnace.
Load flow based on Newton's method using norton equivalent circuit for AC‐DC multiterminal systems
Authors: Arifoglu U. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper presents the Newton‐Ruphson approach using new equations to the power‐flow analysis in steady‐state for multiterminal DC‐AC systems. A flexible and practical choice of per‐unit system is used to formulate the DC network and converter equations. A converter is represented by Norton's equations of a current source in parallel with the commutation resistance. Unlike in previous literature, the DC network equations are used to derive the controller equations for the DC system using a subset of specifications. The specifications considered are power at all terminals except the slack terminal where the DC voltage specified. Similar Newton's approach uses six variables per converter but this approach uses three variables per converter. This property provides less storage requirement and computation time than the others. Unlike the proposed paper, in some papers based on Newton's method, the main problem is that some of the diagonal elements of Jacobian matrix are weak and zero, and partial pivoting in the solution by triangular reduction is essential.
Reinforcement of power cables crossing thermally unfavourable regions
Authors: Brakelmann H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe highest conductor temperature of a buried power cable is often governed by the most unfavourable section of the cable route, e. g. the crossing of a street or of another cable system. It can be shown, that an essential increase of current ampacity can be achieved, if air‐filled pipes are used, laying parallel to the cable cores or containing them, and if the ends of these pipes are led up to the soil surface and therefore interacting with the ambient air. For many street crossings, such pipes are used anyhow. By this, a self‐supporting cooling system for hot spots in cable routes can be established without neither cooling stations, nor pumps or fans. During low‐load periods, this cooling system extracts heat out of the cable trench, so that thermal reserves are given for extreme summer temperatures as well as for overload operations.
Breakdown strength of air, SF6 and a mixture of air plus SF6 containing a small amount of SF6
Authors: Mardikyan K. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe breakdown strengths of dry air, sulphur‐hexafluoride (SF6) and a mixture of dry air plus SF6 containing 1% of SF6 were studied. For this purpose, 50‐Hz AC and lightning impulse breakdown voltages in uniform and non‐uniform fields up to a pressure of 400 kPa were measured. The results show that the addition of 1% of SF6 to dry air increases considerably the breakdown voltage in a non‐uniform field. By the aid of breakdown voltage versus pressure curves the relative breakdown strength of the mixture with respect to components was calculated both in 50‐Hz AC and lightning impulse voltages. The analysis of Paschen curves reveals a slight improvement of breakdown strength in the case of mixture but in non‐uniform fields the maximum AC breakdown voltage of the mixture is slightly lower than that of pure SF6. However, for positive lightning impulses maximum breakdown voltage of the mixture was found to be greater than that of pure SF6 alone.
Design and optimization of two‐spring linear actuators
Authors: Lequesne B. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTwo‐spring linear actuators constitute a new class of electromechanical actuators capable of better performance than conventional solenoids, in particular faster motion for strokes on the order of 5 mm to 20 mm. This paper develops a design procedure for this new actuator concept. Moreover, it shows that, for a given displacement and value of mass to be moved, there is a minimum achievable travel time and a corresponding optimum actuator size. Larger actuators, therefore, do not necessarily provide faster motion. A design example is given, and the impact of various parameters such as mass to be moved and displacement on travel time potential and optimum actuator size are given. A smaller displacement reduces travel time more significantly than a smaller mass.
Highway vehicle fire data based on the experiences of US fire departments
Authors: Ahrens Marty 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTIn 2003–2007, US fire departments responded to an average of 267 600 highway vehicle fires per year. These fires caused an average of 441 civilian deaths, 1326 civilian injuries, and $1.0bn (in US dollars) in direct property damage annually. Highway vehicles include cars, trucks, and other vehicles designed for highway use; highway vehicle fires can occur anywhere, not just on a highway. While these fires and associated losses have been falling in recent years, highway vehicles fires accounted for 17% of reported US fires, 12% of US fire deaths, 8% of US civilian fire injuries, and 9% of the direct property damage from reported fires. Data from the US Fire Administration's National Fire Incident Reporting System and the National Fire Protection Association's fire department survey were used to provide details about the circumstances of highway vehicle fires.Mechanical or electrical failures caused roughly three‐quarters of the highway vehicle fires but only 11% of the deaths. Collisions and overturns were factors contributing to the ignition in only 3% of the fires, but fires resulting from these incidents caused 58% of these vehicle fire deaths. The rate of bus fires per billion miles driven was 3.5 times that for highway vehicle fires overall. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of pre‐applied wetting agents in prevention of wildland urban interface fires
Authors: Urbas Joe 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the work described in this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of pre‐wetting structures, dead fuels, and landscaping plants in preventing fire spread from wildland fires to structures. Critical fluxes for fire growth were determined using intermediate‐scale testing for three wetting agents (water, type A foam, and gel) applied to 10 landscaping plants conditioned to 20% moisture, a mulch material, and four external structural materials (vinyl siding, plywood siding, asphalt shingle roofing, and cedar shake roofing). The critical flux for fire growth values was determined at 3‐min heat radiation exposure and simultaneous 300‐mm long flame exposure. Test specimens were exposed to various durations and intensities of drying prior to exposing them to heat radiation. Application of water or foam provided no noticeable protection. Gel was effective in providing protection even after 60 min of laboratory condition drying but was less successful when exposed to fire weather simulating accelerated drying. Some uncertainty is associated with the results of this work because of the variability of landscaping plants and gel wetting agent application uniformity. The intermediate‐scale test results were verified using full‐scale testing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overexpression of a serine carboxypeptidase increases carpel number and seed production in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Wen Jiangqi , Li Jia , Walker John C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSeed production is an ultimate component of crop yield. Increasing seed production has long been a pursuit for crop breeders and is an indisputable measure of food safety. Advances in biotechnology can provide novel means to achieve increased seed production by genetic engineering. Overexpression of ECS1 (Extra Carpels and Seeds), a gene encoding a serine carboxypeptidase, partially suppresses the leaf phenotypes of mutant bri1‐5, a weak allele of brassinosteroid‐insensitive 1 (BRI1). Moreover, overexpression of ECS1 increases the number of carpels and seeds per fruit (silique) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Most of the ECS1‐overexpressing lines have three‐carpel siliques instead of two‐carpel siliques found in wild type, while some even have four‐carpel siliques. Wild‐type plants have an average seed number of 66.2 ± 3.6 per silique, whereas ECS1‐overexpressing lines contain 88.1 ± 4.1 seeds per silique. The total seed weight per silique increases by about 33% in ECS1‐overexpressing plants due to the increased total number of seeds. In addition, ECS1 overexpression enhances the multi‐carpel phenotypes in clavata3‐2 and causes severely fasciated stems in det2 mutants. To the best of our knowledge, it has not been previously shown that overexpressions of genes that encode serine carboxypeptidases are implicated in reproductive development or produce an increased carpel and seed numbers in any plant species.
Role of transmembrane semaphorin Sema6A in oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination
Authors: Bernard Frédéric , Moreau‐Fauvarque Caroline , Heitz‐Marchaland Céline , Zagar Yvrick , Dumas Laura , Fouquet Stéphane , Lee Xinhua , Shao Zhaohui , Mi Sha , Chédotal Alain 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMyelination is regulated by extracellular proteins, which control interactions between oligodendrocytes and axons. Semaphorins are repulsive axon guidance molecules, which control the migration of oligodendrocyte precursors during normal development and possibly in demyelinating diseases. We show here that the transmembrane semaphorin 6A (Sema6A) is highly expressed by myelinating oligodendrocytes in the postnatal mouse brain. In adult mice, Sema6A expression is upregulated in demyelinating lesions in cuprizone‐treated mice. The analysis of the optic nerve and anterior commissure of Sema6A‐deficient mice revealed a marked delay of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Accordingly, the development of the nodes of Ranvier is also transiently delayed. We also observed an arrest in the in vitro differentiation of purified oligodendrocytes lacking Sema6A, with a reduction of the expression level of Myelin Basic Protein. Their morphology is also abnormal, with less complex and ramified processes than wild‐type oligodendrocytes. In myelinating co‐cultures of dorsal root ganglion neurons and purified oligodendrocytes we found that myelination is perturbed in absence of Sema6A. These results suggest that Sema6A might have a role in myelination by controlling oligodendrocyte differentiation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Polystyrene‐supported AlCl3 as a highly active and reusable heterogeneous lewis acid catalyst for the one‐pot synthesis of quinoxalines
Authors: Rahmatpour Ali 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA new and environmentally benign protocol for the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives through the condensation reactions of 1,2‐diketones and 1,2‐phenylenediamines using cross‐linked polystyrene‐supported aluminum chloride (PS/AlCl3) as a highly active and reusable heterogeneous Lewis acid catalyst is described. This polymeric catalyst is stable and can be easily recovered and reused without appreciable change in its efficiency. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:472–477, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21039
Application of Chernobyl‐derived 137Cs fallout for sediment redistribution studies: lessons from European Russia
Authors: Golosov V. N. , Belyaev V. R. , Markelov M. V. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractVast areas of Europe were contaminated by the radioactive isotope 137Cs after the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in April 1986. More than two decades have since passed and Chernobyl‐derived 137Cs has proved to be useful a tracer for quantitative assessment of erosion and deposition rates. This paper firstly summarizes the results of detailed studies of the spatial variability of its initial fallout in different landscape zones of European Russia. From 4 to 28 bulk soil samples were taken at each of the reference locations to characterize local variability of the isotope inventories in topsoil. In addition, one section with depth‐incremental sampling at 2‐ to 3‐cm intervals to a depth of 30–40 cm was taken at the uncultivated sites for determination of the 137Cs vertical distribution. Local spatial variability of 137Cs fallout inventories did not exceed 20% in areas with high to moderate levels of Chernobyl contamination. However, it is necessary to sample several reference locations for each study site to document possible larger‐scale spatial trends in the initial Chernobyl‐derived 137Cs fallout, which should be taken into account in calculations of erosion/deposition rates. The second part of the paper considers several examples of the application of Chernobyl‐derived 137Cs in sediment redistribution studies within European Russia. These include evaluation of erosion and deposition rates along individual slope transects, assessment of sediment redistribution within small catchments, and determination of recent floodplain sedimentation rates. It has been shown that the main advantages of the Chernobyl‐derived 137Cs are the short period of fallout, which means it can be treated as a single event, and the existence of a detailed map of the initial fallout for the majority of European countries. The latter facilitates collection of reliable initial fallout data for input into calibration models. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.