bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequential Herbicide Treatments for Large Crabgrass and Goosegrass Control in Bermudagrass1
Authors: Johnson B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLarge crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.)] and goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] are predominant summer weeds in most turfgrasses. A system for chemically controlling these weeds in late spring and early summer with the least amount of herbicide and labor is needed. Experiments were conducted to determine whether sequential herbicide treatments could be applied in June for control of emerged weeds present in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and prevent further germination of weed seeds during the remainder of the season. Combinations of preemergence and postemergence herbicides were applied in each of 2 years at Gritfin or control of large crabgrass and at Atlanta, Georgia for control of goosegrass. Sequential treatments of metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐tert‐butyl.3‐(methylthio)‐as‐triazin‐b(4H)‐one] at 1.1 kg/ha with either bensulide [0,0‐diisopropyl phosphorodithioate S‐ester with N‐(2‐mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide], oxadiazon [2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐(2,4. dichloro‐ 5‐isopropoxyphenyl) ‐ Δ2‐ 1,3,4‐oxadiazolin‐5‐one], butralin [4‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐N‐(1‐methylpropyl)‐2,6‐dinitrobenzenamine], or napropamide [2‐(α‐naphthoxy)‐N,N‐diethylpropionamide] controlled a higher percentage of large crabgrass than when either chemical was applied alone. Single treatments of MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) or methazole [2‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐methyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazolidine‐3,5‐dione] provide excellent control of large crabgrass. Goosegrass control was greater from sequential treatments of MSMA with oxadiazon, napropamide, or profluralin [N‐(cyclopropylmethyl)‐α,α, α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinit ro‐N‐propyl‐p‐toluidine ] than with MSMA alone. Methazole and metribuzin each controlled goosegrass almost completely.
Identification of Bark in Raw Cottons1
Authors: Morey P. R. , Wanjura D. F. , Baker R. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe presence of the trash component ‘bark’ reduces lint quality, but the constituents that make up the bark fraction have not been clearly identified. Botanical identification of bark constituents might lead to practices that reduce the presence of this trash material in lint. The objective of this study was to determine the botanical nature and the origin of the trash material that a Cotton Classer identified as bark in field‐grown Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lint. Most barklike strands removed from lint at the wagon and at the feeder apron were identified in transverse sections as phloem fiber groups. A few barklike strands from the same samples were found to be wood fragments. The Shirley Analyzer was used to estimate the nonlint content of raw cotton. Ninety % of the barklike strands removed from visible Shirley Analyzer wastes of raw cotton consisted of phloem fiber groups. Anatomical study of transverse sections taken from the pedicel, fruiting branch, and main stem of three lots of cotton plants field grown on Amarillo loam (Aridic Paleustalfs) collected just prior to machine harvest showed that visual rating of barkiness in lint could not be associated with an excessive amount of phloem fibers in any one of these plant parts. The bark content in visible Shirley Analyzer wastes was determined by removing and weighing all barklike strands with a width greater than 25 µm and a length greater than 500 µm. Visual rating of degree of barkiness (DB) of lint at various stages of gin processing and total weight of visible Shirley Analyzer wastes did not accurately predict the content of barklike strands in visible Shirley Analyzer wastes. Stick content at the wagon and at the feeder apron was found to be the most accurate parameter for estimating bark content in visible Shirley Analyzer wastes of raw cottons.
Effects of a Commercial Nutrient and Evaluation of a Seedling Growth Technique1
Authors: Murphy C. F. , Burns J. C. , Nelson L. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate Seaquist®,3 a commercial nutrient solution advertised to increase grain and dry matter production and seedling responses of small grains when it is applied either as a foliar spray or as a seed treatment. Grain yield and seedling tests were conducted with ‘Blueboy II’ wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), ‘Yancey’ oats (Avena sativa L.), and ‘Clayton’ barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). A dry matter production test was conducted with Blueboy II wheat and ‘Keowee’ ley. Forage was harvested to simulate grazing and cutting silage. Seaquist treatments for the grain‐yield tests were: 1) seed treatment, 2) foliar application, 3) seed treatment + foliar application, and 4) check. Seaquist treatments for the dry‐matter production test were: 1) seed treatment, 2) seed treatment + three (grazing) or one (silage) foliar spray, 3) one foliar spray, 4) three (grazing) or two (silage) foliar sprays, and 5) check. In four seedling experiments the variables tested included treating seed with Seaquist at the recommended rate (R) and 0, ½R, 2R, 4R, 8R, and 16R; treating seed with Seaquist and a similar compound, Fortified Seaquist; use of the three small grain species; and use of distilled water and modified half‐strength Hoagland's solution as growth media.Except for greater root growth after Seaquist treatment (compared to the check) in one of the four seedling tests, no significant differences attributable to Seaquist were found. However, when distilled water was compared with Hoagland's solution as the growth medium for seedlings, the nutrient solution caused a marked increase (2.13 cm) in top growth and a sizeable decrease (4.68 cm) in root growth.A technique was developed for growing large numbers of seedlings in a relatively small space and measuring root and top growth after 10 days. The precision of this technique was evaluated. Increasing the number of replicates from two to four and increasing the number of seedlings/plot from four to 10 provided the greatest reduction in the size of the least significant difference. The number of replicates had a greater impact upon precision than did the number of seedlings.
Effects of Planting Date on Seed, Oil, and Forage Yields of Irrigated Sunflowers1
Authors: Murphy W. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCool climates with short growing seasons of high intermountain areas, such as Central Oregon, limit the kinds of crops that can be grown. A wider choice of crops is needed for crop rotations and production changes. A substitute for corn (Zea mays L.) silage to supplement livestock energy requirements is also needed. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a short season plant potentially useful for seed, oil, and forage crops. Sunflower forage has substituted for corn in silage in other areas. This study evaluated sunflowers for use as a new crop in Central Oregon. Eleven sunflower cultivars were planted in the field on 11‐14 April, 28‐29 April, 12 May, and 26‐28 May in 1975 and 1976. The effects of planting date on seed, oil, and forage yields were determined. Seed yields ranged from 1,694 to 2,082 kg/ha for the 1975 planting dates. The 28 April and 12 May planting dates resulted in highest yields. Seed yields among cultivars ranged from 1,560 to 2,183 kg/ha. In 1976, a late frost in June killed all cultivars planted on all dates except 12 May and reduced average seed yields to 412 kg/ha for the 12 May planting. Oil contents ranged from 38.5 to 41.8% for the 1975 planting dates. The three earliest dates recruited in highest oil contents. Oil contents were not determined in 1976 because of frost damage. Oil yields ranged from 707 to 873 kg/ha for the 1975 planting dates. Highest yields were from 28 April and 12 May planting dates. Oil yields among cultivars ranged from 700 to 900 kg/ha. Forage yields were determined only for the 12 and 26 May 1975 and 12 May 1976 planting dates. Dry for age yields averaged 9.9 metric tons/ha. This study showed that sunflowers are adapted to high intermountain conditions and that seed, oil, and forage yields would be sufficient to warrant their use. Mid‐May would be the optimum planting time for highest yields and least risk of frost damage.
Ethylene Regulation of Tobacco Seedling Size, Floral Induction, and Subsequent Growth and Development1
Authors: Kasperbauer M. J. , Hamilton J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seedlings in the starting bed may become too large for mechanical transplanting, especially during periods of rainy weather. Our objective was to hold the seedlings at a suitable size for transplanting without causing undesirable side effects. Ethephon (2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid) was used temporarily stop growth of seedlings in conventional starting beds and in various controlled environments. Resumption of growth was dependent on dosage of the chemical. Growth was suppressed for about 10 days in seedlings that were sprayed, until wet, with 1,000 mg ethephon per liter of solution. Seedlings treated at that level resumed normal growth and development after transplanting to the field. Ethephon treatments during the pretransplant period did not affect yield of cured leaf except when the plants were exposed to a florally inductive environment immediately after the treatment. In that case, ethephon‐treated plants flowered later and produced more leaves and higher yields than did nontreated plants. The seedlings were not responsive to a florally‐lnductive environment during the period of growth suppression. Growth was temporarily suppressed in plants treated in the noninductive environments, but growth later resumed and yield and alkaloid content of those plants were comparable to nontreated plants transplanted at the optimal size. Use of the ethylene‐releasing agent on rapidly growing tobacco seedlings in the starting bed offers the possibility of temporarily holding them at an optimal size without causing undesirable side‐effects.
Accumulation Sites of A1 in Snapbean and Cotton Roots1
Authors: Naidoo G. , McD. Stewart J. , Lewis R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAluminum toxicity is an important growth‐limiting factor in many acid soils. The exact site of A1 injury within roots is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the site of A1 injury within roots of snapbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris L., ‘Dade’ and ‘Romano’) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., ‘Hancock’) treated for 12 days with 20 mg/liter A1 in nutrient solution at pH 4.6. Location of A1 and other elements in roots was determined by X‐ray microanalysis on a scanning electron microscope. Linear scans across root sections revealed that A1 and P coprecipitate on or in the outer cells of the root cap. The major elements detected in spot analysis of nuclei, cytoplasm, and cell walls were A1, P, S, and Ca. Comparison of analyses on the three main cell structures revealed that the greatest concentration of A1 was in the nucleus. Within the cells, A1 probably accumulates by ionic exchange onto esteric P in the nucleic acids and membrane lipids. In the nuclei, A1 probabily reduces or inhibits cell division by interference with nucleic acid replication.
A Technique for Evaluating Nodulation Response of Soybean Genotypes1
Authors: Devine T. E. , Reisinger W. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe traditional Leonard Jar assembly technique for evaluating nodulation response has proved inadequate to accommodate the number of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) genotypes required in our breeding and genetic studies. A plexiglass apparatus consisting of plant growth trays suspended above a large nutrient reservoir was designed and tested as an alternative. The plant growth trays, 58 cm wide, 63 cm long, and 15 cm deep are filled to a 14‐cm depth with a light weight growing media, vermiculite or perlite. Portal tubes of plexiglass, 4.4 cm in diameter, connect the base of the growth trays to the nutrient solution in the reservoir. Two adjacent growth trays are fitted into a reservoir constructed of black plexiglass 61 cm wide, 130 cm long, and 11.4 cm deep. The reservoir holds 80 liters of solution, enough to supply the plants for at least 2 weeks without replenishment. Each apparatus accommodates 72 plants for an 8‐week growth period. The apparatus has proved efficient for the evaluation of large numbers of plants, with less maintenance than the traditional system.
Effect of P Placement on Yield of Tomatoes in Southwestern Nigeria1
Authors: Sobulo R. A. , Agboola A. A. , Fayemi A. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResearch information developed under a temperate climate indicates that soil type, soil temperature, and soil moisture influence the response of arable crops to P placement methods. At a temperature of 10 C, banding was superior to broadcast while at 27 C (warm temperature) there was no difference between the two methods. Banding of P as opposed to broadcast was also suggested on tropical soils which have high phosphate‐fixing capacity to reduce P fixation. There is no research information in Nigeria on the best P placement method on tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), which require a high rate of P for maximum fruit yield. Five common methods of fertilizer placement techniques in Nigeria were therefore evaluated on fruit yield response to P by this crop in a field experiment on two soil types varying widely in their P sorption capacity (PSC). The two soils were lju, a gleyic luvisol (FAO classification), and Alagba, a eutric nitosol, both derived from sedimentary materials in the rain forest zone of Nigeria. The methods were ring, band, broadcast, hole, and hill. The results of the study for five seasons mostly on rainfed tomatoes show that on a soil with a relatively high PSC, P banded was superior to broadcast in fruit yield production of tomatoes in a wet year though banding was not significantly better than ring and hill placement which are more laborious than the band method. In a dry year however, the broadcast method was sometimes better than the band method. Phosphorus placed 15 cm deep and 7.5 cm in a planting hole below the seedling was inferior to all the other methods under various soil water regimes. On a soil with a low P sorption capacity, the differences among the methods were not significant except hole placement which gave the lowest phosphate response. A combination of band and broadcast placement of P is therefore recommended in P fertilization of tomatoes in Nigeria.
Response of Corn to Low‐Rate Foliar Sprays of Dinoseb1
Authors: Johnson R. R. , McKibben G. E. , Jeppson R. G. , Jurgens S. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn (Zea mays L.) producers have expressed widespread interest in using low rate foliar sprays of 2‐sec‐butyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenol (dinoseb) as a growth regulator to enhance grain yield. In four experiments conducted at two locations during a 2‐year period, dinoseb was applied as nearly as possible to 3 weeks before tassel emergence to evaluate its effect on yield. Rates of 0, 7.4, 12.4, and 24.7 g dinoseb/ha were used in all experiments, and five adapted commercial hybrids and one two‐ear synthetic were used in the different experiments. Dinoseb applied to four hybrids at one location in 1975 caused a 6 to 8% yield decrease and a 1 to 2% increase in barrenness. An increase in nubbin ears (less than 40 kernels per ear) was also associated with the yield loss. During 1976, yield of the synthetic increased 4% at the 12.4 and 24.7 g/ha dinoseb rates, but a commercial hybrid in the same trials was not affected by treatment. Dinoseb affected the formation of second ears with both increases and decreases in this trait being observed at similar chemical rates. It is concluded that in these experiments corn responded in an unpredictable manner with dinoseb applications to different genotypes in different environments.
Yield and Elemental Composition of Flax as Affected by P and Micronutrients1
Authors: Spratt E. D. , Smid A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies were conducted to ascertain how flax (Linum usitatissimum) would be affected by large amounts of P applied initially for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A Zn ✕ P interaction was suspected.The residual P from 100, 200, and 400 kg P/ha applied in 1965 to two Manitoba soils (orthic haplustolls) affected the yields of flax in 1971 and 1972. In 1972 the levels of NaHCO3 extractable P in the surface soil ranged from 1.5 ppm where no fertilizer P was added to 46.5 ppm in the surface soil where 400 kg/ha of P was applied in 1965. The higher levels of P in the soil increased the P concentration in the plants, but the Zn and Cu concentrations were depressed to near critical levels in some cases. Field applications of Zn and Cu fertilizer did not increase flax seed yields.In the growth chamber, increases in the levels of NaHCO3 extractable P in the soil increased the shoot and root yields, decreased fertilizer P uptake, and decreased Zn and Cu concentrations. Applications of fresh fertilizer P increased yields and further increases were obtained with P‐Zn‐Cu combinations. Concentrations of N, P, and K were similar in both the roots and shoots, but concentrations of Fe, Zn, and Cu were 25, 2, and 2 times greater, respectively, in the roots than in the shoots. Conversely, Mn concentrations were twice as great in the shoots as in the roots.Flax crops grown on calcareous soils in Manitoba should be monitored for Zn deficiencies when NaHCO3 extractable P in the surface soil exceeds 20 ppm.
Effects of N Fertilization and Population Rate‐Spacing on Safflower Yield and other Characteristics1
Authors: Nasr H. G. , Katkhuda N. , Tannir L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSince information on the culture of safflower in Lebanon is not yet available, field trials were conducted in 1973 and 1974 to: (a) determine the effects of N fertilization and (b) plant population spacing on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) yields and other characteristics.Nitrogen application at the rate of 75 kg N/ha was necessary for higher seed, oil, and protein yield when compared to the zero N. Rates of 150 kg N/ha or higher gave no additional yield increases, but significantly increased plant height and number of heads/plant. Seed weight and number of seeds/head were not affected. In 1973, when zero N was not included, differences in seed yield were not significant except for protein yield which increased with higher N rates. This was due to the significant increases in percent protein.Increasing population rates from 133,333 to 266,667 and even to 533,333 plants/ha increased seed, oil, and protein yield and plant height. However, the number of heads/plant and number of seeds/head were reduced and seed weight, percent oil and percent protein were not affected. The 37.5 cm row spacing gave better yields than the 75 cm. Response to the 5 cm within row spacing as compared to the 10 cm was generally absent.The interaction N by population rate‐spacing was not significant. However, the combination of 75 kg N/ha and the 10 cm × 37.5 cm spacing (266,667 plants/ha) appeared to have produced the most profitable seed yield (3,410 kg/ha).
Plant Maturity and Cutting Frequency Effect on Total Nonstructural Carbohydrate Percentages in the Stubble and Crown of Timothy and Orchardgrass1
Authors: Mislevy P. , Washko J. B. , Harrington J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConcentration of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) in perennial bunch‐grass stubble is an indicator of its physiological condition. However, there is little information connecting management systems with stubble carbohydrate reserves. The object of this study was to evaluate the influence of initial harvest and subsequent height of regrowth at cutting on TNC levels in the stubble and crown of ‘Climax’ timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and ‘Pennlate’ orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Firstgrowth was harvested at: transition (changing of apical meristem from vegetative to reproductive growth), boot (flower head emergence), or anthesis stage. After initial harvest, regrowth was harvested at 10. to 15‐, 20‐ to 25‐,30‐ to 36‐, 41‐ to 46‐, or 51‐ to 56‐cm plant heights.Both grasses had low TNC percentages (4 to 5%) at their transition stage. Delaying initial harvest of timothy until boot or anthesis stage increased stubble and crown TNC percentages four to five times.Delaying initial harvest of orchardgrass to boot stage had little effect on stubble and crown TNC percentages. However, stubble‐crown reserves increased 5 percentage points when initial harvest was delayed to anthesis. With frequent harvesting of both grasses, TNC percentages remained low, but the trends of TNC increased as the frequency of harvest decreased. By early November both species had a high stubble and crown TNC percent. age regardless of the regrowth harvest schedule. Stubble and crown TNC percentage was generally lower by the following spring for all treatments, with orchardgrass exhibiting the greatest decrease. These data indicate that the seasonal trend of stubble and crown TNC accumulated by each grass species reflects the harvest management system imposed during that growing season.
Alfalfa Winter Injury, Survival, and Vigor Determined from Aerial Photographs1
Authors: Wallen V. R. , Jackson H. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome of the difficulties of assessing the physiological condition of an experimental plant population are the necessarily repetitive observations and the extensive time required to accomplish a thorough survey. Based on earlier work by the authors, a study was conducted to determine if aerial photographs of a plot of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) could provide information on plant survival and vigor, soil moisture, and the influence of soil drainage on winter injury beyond that obtainable solely from field observations. Aerial photographs were made over an alfalfa plot originally containing over 10,000 plants using black‐and‐white and color‐infrared film. The photos were taken at 105 m with a 70 mm camera mounted on a helicopter. Visual assessments from the photographs made in the spring and fall of 1974 and in the spring of 1975 showed that from more than 6,000 surviving plants in 1974 only slightly more than 4,800 existed in the fall of that year; in the following spring, almost 400 more plants had not survived and from the total original population, 1,600 were rated as weak. Photointerpretation allowed an evaluation of plant vigor and the effect of soil drainage and high moisture on winter injury and survival. The study demonstrated that the use of aerial photographs, in addition to providing a permanent record of field conditions at a time selected by the plant breeder or pathologist, permitted large areas to be recorded and, because of their permanancy, increased the capability of reassessment.