bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Language Problem in the Anglo-Japanese Negotiations of 1854
Authors: Beasley W. G. 
Published: January 2010

At the beginning of September 1854, almost six months after Commodore Perry had concluded his convention with Japan, Sir James Stirling, Commander-in-Chief of the British East Indies fleet, took his squadron into Nagasaki harbour to negotiate with the Japanese officials there. Unlike Perry, his primary object was not to obtain a treaty of commerce and friendship. War between Britain and Russia had broken out in March, and it was his duty to hunt down, if possible to destroy, Admiral Poutiatin's squadron then in Pacific waters. This task, he realized, would be made much easier if he could use Japanese ports for obtaining stores and refitting on the terms usually allowed a belligerent by a neutral state, and if this meant that Russia could use those ports on similar terms, he was confident that he could deny her access to them by his own greater strength at sea. In fact, whatever secret hopes he may have had as to the ultimate effect of his discussions on Anglo-Japanese relations, Stirling went to Nagasaki principally to settle a point of practical importance to his conduct of naval operations. He wished to know in what light the Japanese government would view the use'of its ports by the belligerents, and was ready to suggest, perhaps insist on, a policy favourable to Great Britain.Despite this limited objective, there followed an exchange of letters, some weeks of waiting, and a number of discussions with the Nagasaki Bugyoo (the Governor of Nagasaki), as a result of which Stirling obtained a convention similar in many respects to that of Perry, though somewhat more restricted in its provisions.
A Poem from Siu from the Swahili-Arabic text
Authors: Harries Lyndon 
Published: January 2010

Among the ancient towns of the Swahili coast Siu is reputed to be one of the oldest. Stigand wrote: “The people of Siu claim that their town is older than that of Pate.” The poem that follows was written by Sayyid ‘Umar bin Amin bin ‘Umar bin Amin bin Nadhir al-Ahdal, who lived at Siu as Kadhi during the time of Mohammad bin Mataka and when Sayyid Majid, the Sultan of Zanzibar, attacked Siu in A.h. 1273 (A.d. 1856). The composer left a number of other poems, including some written in praise of the Prophet which are still recited in East African mosques on the Birth Day of the Prophet.The present work is of the type formerly known as Waji-waji, an archaic Swahili word for a didactic poem. It is written in the well-known Arabic method of five lines to a verse. Generally this method was employed in composite work, one man composing two or three lines of each verse and another adding the rest but following the style and the meaning. In Sayyid Amin's poem the first three lines in a verse are complete in themselves, while the last two lines are added only to expand the meaning or to give a taste to the verse. Even so, a special feature of this poem indicates that it is the work of one man. Each fourth line begins with a letter of the Swahili-Arabic alphabet. He excludes the letters pei and vei, which are not used with much frequency by most Swahili scribes, the letters bei and fei being preferred.
Modern Literary Hindī
Authors: Bakannikov A. 
Published: January 2010

There was a prevailing opinion in English linguistic literature that the modern prose Hindī, High Hindī, or Kharī bolī, was invented by the English.This point of view was maintained some time ago by such a highly authoritative scholar as Sir G. A. Grierson. Thus, in the preface to his work on the history of Hindī literature he says : “ The first half of the nineteenth century … was the period of the birth of the Hindī language, invented by the English, and first used as a vehicle of literary prose composition in 1803 under Gilchrist‘s tuition, by Lallū Jī Lāl, the author of the Prem Sāgar.”
The Dialectical Position of the Niya Prakrit
Authors: Burrow T. 
Published: January 2010

The “North-Western Prakrit” as Konow has called it is represented by the following documents.(1) The two versions of Aśoka's edicts preserved at Mansehra’ and Shahbazgarhi. At this stage many of the characteristic features of the language have not yet developed, e.g. śr > ṣ, śv > śp.(2) The later Kharoṣṭhi inscriptions, mostly short, collected by Konow in the second volume of the Corp. Inscr. Ind.(3) The Kharoṣṭhi manuscript of the Dhammapada discovered near Khotan (Manuscript Dutreuil du Rhins).(4) The Kharoṣṭhi documents from Niya, representing the administrative language of the Shan-Shan kingdom in the third century A.D. In the Journ. As., 1912, pp. 337 ff., J. Bloch examined the dialectical peculiarities of the Manuscript Dutreuil du Rhins and showed that they appeared in modern times in the languages of the North-West.
A Tonal Analysis of the Disyllabic Noun in the Machame Dialect of Chaga
Authors: Sharp A. E. 
Published: January 2010

This paper deals with certain features of the Bantu dialect spoken at Machame on the western slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanganyika Territory. It arises very largely as the result of work done in London with the help of Mr. S. J. Ntiro, whose home is in Machame, but in part from observations made in the field during study-leave in Africa. The subject-matter of what follows is narrowly circumscribed, but the treatment is relevant to problems of more general interest in linguistic analysis, especially those involved in the analysis of so-called ‘ tone languages ’.The material to be considered consists of disyllabic words of which the syntactical function is identical except in so far as they are sub-categorized by features of grammatical concord: it is by reference to this function that these words are here called ‘ nouns ’. They are all equally analysable in terms of a single prefix and a stem.
The Pahlavi inscription at Mishkīn
Authors: Nyberg H. S. 
Published: January 2010

Āẕarbāyjān has not hitherto yielded any contribution to Sasanian Pahlavi epigraphy, but now we have a specimen. A Pahlavi inscription, dated in the 27th year of Shāpūr II, has been found outside the little town of Mishkīn, in the centre of Mughān. The history of its discovery and publication is as follows.1. Dr. Kambakhsh Fard discovers the inscription in the summer of 1966 during a Persian archaeological expedition to Āẕarbāyjān; photographs are taken and sent to Tehran.
Avestan dušərəθrīš (Y 49.I)
Authors: Kuiper F. B. J. 
Published: January 2010

It is a common experience in Avestan studies that a seemingly novel explanation on closer inspection turns out to have already been published long ago but to have been disregarded by all later authors. A case in point is the Gāthichapax DušƏrƏθrīšY 49.Iwhich Hanns-Peter Schmidt (1968), 172 translates as follows: ‘Wahrlich, mit (Lebens-)Dauer erfiillt ist der Verpester, der sehr Grosse! Der ich auf die schlechtbehiiteten (Kühe) hinhören will mit der Wahrheit, o Weisheit…’. While the first line poses many problems, which, however, are not relevant in the context of this brief note, the general meaning of the second is not disputed.
Relativity in the IERS Conventions
Authors: Petit Gérard 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn the last years, a fully general relativistic definition of reference systems and of their application to astronomy and geodesy has been passed into Resolutions of the scientific unions, following work of several working groups and of the community at large. In this community, the role of the International Earth Rotation and Reference systems Service (IERS) is to generate the terrestrial and celestial reference systems and the transformation between them, and the IERS Conventions provide the set of models and procedures used in the generation of IERS products. It is therefore essential that the IAU framework for relativity is introduced in the IERS Conventions, and that this is done consistently and completely throughout the document. The paper reviews relativistic aspects in the IERS Conventions and presents recent and on-going work aiming at providing a complete and consistent presentation for a new reference edition of the IERS Conventions, expected to appear in the next year.
Reference frames and the physical gravito-electromagnetic analogy
Authors: Costa L. Filipe O. , Herdeiro Carlos A. R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe similarities between linearized gravity and electromagnetism are known since the early days of General Relativity. Using an exact approach based on tidal tensors, we show that such analogy holds only on very special conditions and depends crucially on the reference frame. This places restrictions on the validity of the “gravito-electromagnetic” equations commonly found in literature.
Relativistic description of astronomical objects in multiple reference systems
Authors: Xu Chongming , Tang Zhenghong 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMany astronomical systems require for their description in the frame of Einstein's theory of gravity not just one but several reference systems. In the first post-Newtonian approximation the Damour-Soffel-Xu (DSX) formalism presents a new and improved treatment of celestial mechanics and astronomical reference systems for the gravitational N-body problem. In the DSX-formalism the astronomical bodies are characterized by their Blanchet-Damour (BD) mass- and spin-multipole moments. However, the time dependence of these moments requires additional dynamical equations, usually local flow equations describing the internal motions inside the bodies or additional assumptions about them. In this article the internal motion of astronomical bodies will be adressed within the 1st post-Newtonian approximation to Einstein's theory of gravity. A concept of quasi-rigid bodies will be introduced; after that, astronomical fluid and elastic bodies will be discussed.
The celestial reference frame stability and apparent motions of the radio sources
Authors: Zharov V. E. , Sazhin M. V. , Sementsov V. N. , Kuimov K. V. , Sazhina O. S. , Ashimbaeva N. T. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTime series of the coordinates of the ICRF radio sources were analyzed. It was shown that part of radio sources, including even the so-called “defining” sources, show a the significant apparent motion. Corrections for their a priori coordinates are time functions. The celestial reference frame stability is provided by the no-net-rotation condition applied to the selected subset of sources, which leads in our case to a rotation of the frame axes with time. Parameters of this rotation were calculated for different subsets of sources.To improve stability of the celestial reference frame new methods of selection of the extragalactic radio sources were suggested. The first one was called “cosmological” and the second one “kinematical”. It was shown that a selected subset of the ICRF sources, according to cosmological criteria, determines the most stable coordinate system during next decade.
Astronomical tests of relativity: beyond parameterized post-Newtonian formalism (PPN), to testing fundamental principles
Authors: Kreinovich Vladik 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBy the early 1970s, the improved accuracy of astrometric and time measurements enabled researchers not only to experimentally compare relativistic gravity with the Newtonian predictions, but also to compare different relativistic gravitational theories (e.g., the Brans-Dicke Scalar-Tensor Theory of Gravitation). For this comparison, Kip Thorne and others developed the Parameterized Post-Newtonian Formalism (PPN), and derived the dependence of different astronomically observable effects on the values of the corresponding parameters.Since then, all the observations have confirmed General Relativity. In other words, the question of which relativistic gravitation theory is in the best accordance with the experiments has been largely settled. This does not mean that General Relativity is the final theory of gravitation: it needs to be reconciled with quantum physics (into quantum gravity), it may also need to be reconciled with numerous surprising cosmological observations, etc. It is, therefore, reasonable to prepare an extended version of the PPN formalism, that will enable us to test possible quantum-related modifications of General Relativity.In particular, we need to include the possibility of violating fundamental principles that underlie the PPN formalism but that may be violated in quantum physics, such as scale-invariance, T-invariance, P-invariance, energy conservation, spatial isotropy violations, etc. In this paper, we present the first attempt to design the corresponding extended PPN formalism, with the (partial) analysis of the relation between the corresponding fundamental physical principles.
Units of relativistic time scales and associated quantities
Authors: Klioner S. A. , Capitaine N. , Folkner W. M. , Guinot B. , Huang T.-Y. , Kopeikin S. M. , Pitjeva E. V. , Seidelmann P. K. , Soffel M. H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis note suggests nomenclature for dealing with the units of various astronomical quantities that are used with the relativistic time scales TT, TDB, TCB and TCG. It is suggested to avoid wordings like “TDB units” and “TT units” and avoid contrasting them to “SI units”. The quantities intended for use with TCG, TCB, TT or TDB should be called “TCG-compatible”, “TCB-compatible”, “TT-compatible” or “TDB-compatible”, respectively. The names of the units second and meter for numerical values of all these quantities should be used without any adjectives. This suggestion comes from a special discussion forum created within IAU Commission 52 “Relativity in Fundamental Astronomy”.
EPM ephemerides and relativity
Authors: Pitjeva E. V. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn the seventies of the last century the EPM ephemerides (Ephemerides of Planets and the Moon) of IAA RAS originated and have been developed since that time. These ephemerides are based upon relativistic equations of motion of celestial bodies and light rays and upon relativistic time scales. The updated model of EPM2008 includes the new values of planet masses and other constants, the improved dynamical model with adding Trans–Neptunian Objects and the expanded database (1913–2008). More than 260 parameters have been determined while improving the planetary part of EPM2008 to 550000 observations. EPM2008 have been oriented to ICRF by including into the total solution the VLBI data of spacecraft near the planets. The real uncertainty of EPM ephemerides has been checked by comparison with the JPL's DE ephemerides. Some estimates of the post–model parameters have been obtained: |1−β| < 0.0002, |1−γ| < 0.0002, /G = (−5.9±4.4) ⋅ 10−14 per year, the statistic zero corrections to the planet perihelion advances.
Astrometric solar-system anomalies
Authors: Anderson John D. , Nieto Michael Martin 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThere are at least four unexplained anomalies connected with astrometric data. Perhaps the most disturbing is the fact that when a spacecraft on a flyby trajectory approaches the Earth within 2000 km or less, it often experiences a change in total orbital energy per unit mass. Next, a secular change in the astronomical unit AU is definitely a concern. It is reportedly increasing by about 15 cm yr−1. The other two anomalies are perhaps less disturbing because of known sources of nongravitational acceleration. The first is an apparent slowing of the two Pioneer spacecraft as they exit the solar system in opposite directions. Some astronomers and physicists, including us, are convinced this effect is of concern, but many others are convinced it is produced by a nearly identical thermal emission from both spacecraft, in a direction away from the Sun, thereby producing acceleration toward the Sun. The fourth anomaly is a measured increase in the eccentricity of the Moon's orbit. Here again, an increase is expected from tidal friction in both the Earth and Moon. However, there is a reported unexplained increase that is significant at the three-sigma level. It is prudent to suspect that all four anomalies have mundane explanations, or that one or more anomalies are a result of systematic error. Yet they might eventually be explained by new physics. For example, a slightly modified theory of gravitation is not ruled out, perhaps analogous to Einstein's 1916 explanation for the excess precession of Mercury's perihelion.
Strong gravitational lensing: relativity in action
Authors: Wambsganss Joachim 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDeflection of light by gravity was predicted by Einstein's Theory of General Relativity and observationally confirmed in 1919. In the following decades, various aspects of the gravitational lens effect were explored theoretically, among them measuring the Hubble constant from multiple images of a background source, making use of the magnifying effect as a gravitational telescope, or the possibility of a “relativistic eclipse” as a perfect test of GR. Only in 1979, gravitational lensing became an observational science when the first doubly imaged quasar was discovered. Today lensing is a booming part of astrophysics and cosmology. A whole suite of strong lensing phenomena have been investigated: multiple quasars, giant luminous arcs, Einstein rings, quasar microlensing, and galactic microlensing. The most recent lensing application is the detection of extrasolar planets. Lensing has contributed significant new results in areas as different as the cosmological distance scale, mass determination of galaxy clusters, physics of quasars, searches for dark matter in galaxy halos, structure of the Milky Way, stellar atmospheres and exoplanets. A guided tour through some of these applications will illustrate how gravitational lensing has established itself as a very useful universal astrophysical tool.
Very long baseline interferometry: accuracy limits and relativistic tests
Authors: Heinkelmann Robert , Schuh Harald 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe present a review on relativistic effects and best estimates of the relativistic PPN parameter γ obtained by analysis of data from the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS). Relativistic implications are also considered in view of the upcoming new generation VLBI System: VLBI2010.
Recent VLBA/VERA/IVS tests of general relativity
Authors: Fomalont Ed , Kopeikin Sergei , Jones Dayton , Honma Mareki , Titov Oleg 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe report on recent VLBA/VERA/IVS observational tests of General Relativity. First, we will summarize the results from the 2005 VLBA experiment that determined gamma with an accuracy of 0.0003 by measuring the deflection of four compact radio sources by the solar gravitational field. We discuss the limits of precision that can be obtained with VLBA experiments in the future. We describe recent experiments using the three global arrays to measure the aberration of gravity when Jupiter and Saturn passed within a few arcmin of bright radio sources. These reductions are still in progress, but the anticipated positional accuracy of the VLBA experiment may be about 0.01 mas.
Gaia: Relativistic modelling and testing
Authors: Mignard F. , Klioner S. A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractGaia is an ambitious space astrometry mission of ESA with a main objective to map the sky in astrometry and photometry down to a magnitude 20 by the end of the next decade. Given its extreme astrometric accuracy and the repeated observations over five years, the observation modelling is done in a fully relativistic framework and several tests of General Relativity or of its extensions can be carried out during the data processing. The paper presents an overview of the current activities in this area and of the expected performances.
Determining PPN γ with Gaia's astrometric core solution
Authors: Hobbs David , Holl Berry , Lindegren Lennart , Raison Frédéric , Klioner Sergei , Butkevich Alexey 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe ESA space astrometry mission Gaia, due for launch in early 2012, will in addition to its huge output of fundamental astrometric and astrophysical data also provide stringent tests of general relativity. In this paper we present an updated analysis of Gaia's capacity to measure the PPN parameter γ as part of its core astrometric solution. The analysis is based on small-scale astrometric solutions taking into account the simultaneous determination of stellar astrometric parameters and the satellite attitude. In particular, the statistical correlation between PPN γ and the stellar parallaxes is considered. Extrapolating the results to a full-scale solution using some 100 million stars, we find that PPN γ could be obtained to about 10−6, which is significantly better than today's best estimate from the Cassini mission of 2 × 10−5.
Space clocks to test relativiy: ACES and SAGAS
Authors: Wolf Peter , Salomon Christophe , Reynaud Serge 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAtomic clocks are an outstanding tool for the experimental verification of general relativity and more generally for fundamental astronomy (VLBI, pulsar timing, navigation, etc). Recent years have seen a rapid improvement in the performance of such clocks, promising new improved tests of relativity, in particular onboard terrestrial and interplanetary space missions. We present the scientific motivations of such tests taking the ACES Salomon et al. and SAGAS Wolf et al. (2009) projects as particular examples.
Testing the weak equivalence principle
Authors: Nobili Anna M. , Comandi Gian Luca , Pegna Raffaello , Bramanti Donato , Doravari Suresh , Maccarone Francesco , Lucchesi David M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe discovery of Dark Energy and the fact that only about 5% of the mass of the universe can be explained on the basis of the current laws of physics have led to a serious impasse. Based on past history, physics might indeed be on the verge of major discoveries; but the challenge is enormous. The way to tackle it is twofold. On one side, scientists try to perform large scale direct observations and measurements – mostly from space. On the other, they multiply their efforts to put to the most stringent tests ever the physical theories underlying the current view of the physical world, from the very small to the very large. On the extremely small scale very exciting results are expected from one of the most impressive experiments in the history of mankind: the Large Hadron Collider. On the very large scale, the universe is dominated by gravity and the present impasse undoubtedly calls for more powerful tests of General Relativity – the best theory of gravity to date. Experiments testing the Weak Equivalence Principle, on which General Relativity ultimately lies, have the strongest probing power of them all; a breakthrough in sensitivity is possible with the “Galileo Galilei” (GG) satellite experiment to fly in low Earth orbit.
Malaria Diagnosis and the Plasmodium Life Cycle: the BFO Perspective
Authors: Ceusters Werner , Smith Barry 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDefinitive diagnosis of malaria requires the demonstration through laboratory tests of the presence within the patient of malaria parasites or their components. Since malaria parasites can be present even in the absence of malaria manifestations, and since symptoms of malaria can be manifested even in the absence of malaria parasites, malaria diagnosis raises important issues for the adequate understanding of disease, etiology and diagnosis. One approach to the resolution of these issues adopts a realist view, according to which the needed clarifications will be derived from a careful representation of the entities on the side of the patient which form the ultimate truthmakers for clinical statements. We here address a challenge to this realist approach relating to the diagnosis of malaria, and show how this challenge can be resolved by appeal to Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) and to the Ontology for General Medical Science (OGMS) constructed in its terms.