bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some consequences of imposing different continuous grazing pressures in the spring on sward morphology, herbage quality and the performance of young beef cattle
Authors: Tallowin J. R. B. , Williams J. H. H. , Large R. V. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of different severities of continuous grazing imposed during the spring followed by a uniform continuous grazing management from midsummer onwards were examined in relation to sward morphology, herbage quality and the performance of young beef cattle in the years 1980 and 1981. The three grazing severities were based upon maintaining a constant sward height, namely 35 mm (severe), 50 mm (moderate) and 75 mm (lenient). From 1 June onwards a uniform grazing severity with a sward height of 60 mm was imposed. The grazing pressure on each paddock was adjusted by either adding or removing of cattle to maintain the target sward heights. When the grazing pressure was changed in June, the digestibility of both the herbage components on offer and the total herbage selected by the cattle was higher in the swards that had been severely grazed than that in the leniently grazed treatments. This appeared to be due to the combination of a higher proportion of younger, more digestible leaf laminae, less dead and less maturing true stem being present in the swards that had previously been severely grazed. Over the season as a whole, there was no significant difference between the grazing treatments in terms of individual animal performance or overall animal live-weight production per hectare.
Response of winter-sown maize cultivars to sowing time and row direction in north-west India
Authors: Narwal S. S. , Poonia S. , Singh G. , Malik D. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn a 3-year study, maize (Zea maysL.) sown on 11 November or 1 December produced longer ears, higher grain yield per plant and greater grain yield per hectare than maize sown on 21 October. However, 100-kernel weight was greater when the crop was sown on 21 October and 11 November than on 1 December. There were no differences in yield characters or grain yield between cultivars or between row orientation. The sowing dates, maize cultivars and row direction had no influence on the number of ears per plant.
A reappraisal of the Pelshenke test as a screening technique in the breeding of bread-making wheats for the United Kingdom
Authors: Pushman Fiona M. , Bingham J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYGrowing conditions and testing methods were varied to investigate the use of the Pelshenke test in breeding wheat varieties for good bread-making quality in the United Kingdom. Varieties of winter wheat representing a range of bread-making quality were consistently differentiated. Fresh compressed yeast gave greater varietal differences than did dried yeast but kneading time and grain moisture content were not critical. The values obtained were relatively insensitive to the early stages of germination, to the addition of α-amylase and to variation in grain protein content resulting from N fertilization and irrigation. Thus it appears that the Pelshenke test mainly reflects gluten quality, rather than the whole complex of characters which are integrated by baking tests, and the ranking of the varieties is sufficiently independent of environmental conditions to be of considerable value for selection of early generation breeding material.
An analysis of the problem of lodging with particular reference to wheat and barley
Authors: Neenan M. , Spencer-Smith J. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIt has been shown that structural failure in small grain cereals occurs by buckling rather than by loss of anchorage. A theoretical study established the relationship between a lateral force applied to the head, and failure of the straw. Resistance to bending is determined by two factors, Young's modulus and outer diameter of the straw. These were determined in laboratory tests. The value of Young's modulus was affected by stage of maturity of the straw. Wind-tunnel experiments established a relationship between air velocity and deflexion of the head. An attempt was made to calculate the wind speed necessary to cause straw breakage in the field. The kinetic effect of raindrops was not a significant factor in lodging. Attention has been drawn to the possible importance of taper in the straw.
Influence of isolation distance on genetic contamination of field bean (Vicia faba L.) seed produced in small plots
Authors: Pope M. , Bond D. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYUse of flower and seed colour genetic markers showed that in plots, each 4·5 m × 4·5 m in size, the genetic contamination decreased from 16·96% at 0·9 m to 1·25% at 92 m, and 0·59% at 184 m distance. Maximum contamination from other Viciafaba outside the experimental field and at least 1·1 km away was 0·44%. Implications for the multiplication of stocks in breeding programmes are discussed.
A comparison of cutaneous evaporation rates in cattle exposed to heat in a climate laboratory and in the field
Authors: Murray D. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. The cutaneous evaporation rates of three animals of different genotype have been determined under artificial heating in a climate laboratory and during exposure to field conditions. Cutaneous evaporation rates were measured from the backthoracic region using a ventilated capsule technique.2. In both climate-laboratory studies and field observations cutaneous evaporation showed little relationship with either rectal temperature, respiratory rate or skin temperature.3. Basal cutaneous evaporation rates in the unheated chamber at 10 a.m. were found to be 40% lower in animals which were housed overnight than in those which entered the chamber following exposure to the early morning sunlight.
Studies in potato agronomy. II. The effects of variety and time of planting on growth, development and yield
Authors: Bremner P. M. , Radley R. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. A factori al experiment involving four varieties (Ulster Chieftain, Arran Pilot, Craig's Royal and Ulster Torch) and three times of planting (28 March, 13 April and 2 May) was undertaken with a view to investigating the effects on growth development and yield of these factors. Only a limited amount of data was obtained in respect of Craig's Royal, because of its extreme variability in the first two times of planting. In addition, data in respect of King Edward and Majestic planted on the second date in an adjacent experiment are discussed.2. In general, yields from Ulster Torch were about twice as great as those from Ulster Chieftain, with the other varieties occupying intermediate positions. The total yield of Ulster Chieftain increased with delay in planting, while in Arran Pilot, Craig's Royal and Ulster Torch, yield was greatest at the intermediate planting date, slightly lower than this at the first, and lowest at the third. Ware yield as a proportion of the total increased with delay in planting.
The indirect estimation of the digestibility of pasture herbage. IV. Regressions of digestibility on faecal nitrogen concentration: effects of different fractions of the herbage upon within- and between-period regressions
Authors: Greenhalgh J. F. D. , Reid G. W. , McDonald I. 
Published: March 2009

1. In each of 6 digestibility trials, comprising a total of 21 measurement periods of 3-4 days, two steers were fed on herbage cut from the top of the sward, two on the remaining bottom growth and two on a mixture of equal parts of these fractions. Within each period the fractions were similar in digestibility although the top growth had a higher content of nitrogen.2. The trials were divided into three groups, according to time of year, for the purpose of calculating regressions of digestibility on faecal nitrogen concentration. Regressions calculated in the usual manner on a between-period basis (i.e. within animals) had constant terms which differed significantly among animals but not from one fraction of the herbage to another.
The effect of dietary intake of calcium and phosphorus on their absorption and retention by mature Ca-replete sheep
Authors: Braithwaite G. D. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA combination of a mineral balance and a radioisotope technique has been used to study the effect of increased intakes of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the Ca and P metabolism of mature, Ca-replete wether sheep. Between Ca intakes of 40 and 100 mg/ day per kg body weight Ca absorption remained constant at a level just sufficient to supply maintenance requirements. Above 100 mg/day per kg body weight, however, absorption increased in direct relation to intake. It is suggested that the increased absorption occurred by diffusion and that at lower Ca intakes, increased diffusion was offset by a corresponding decrease, until it reached a negligible level, in the rate of active absorption.In spite of the fact that the wethers were already Ca-replete, the increased Ca absorption resulted in increased Ca retention and not as might have been expected in increased excretion. Increased retention was brought about by a decrease in the rate of bone resorption and bone accretion remained constant. Maximum retention occurred when bone resorption ceased and it was equal to the rate of bone accretion. It was only when retention of Ca reached a maximum that further increases in absorption resulted in increased excretion of Ca into urine and intestine. P retention was also increased with increased Ca and P intakes and probably occurred as a result of the increased Ca retention.The relevence of these findings to the control of parturient paresis (milk fever) in the dairy cow by dietary manipulation is discussed.
Milk-fed calves: 5. The effect of a change in milk intake upon the herbage intake and performance of grazing calves
Authors: Du Y. L. P. Le , Baker R. D. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effect of the amount of milk consumed upon the herbage intake and performance of calves at pasture, following a standard rearing period, was investigated using 50 Hereford × Friesian calves purchased at 10–12 days ofage. All calves were offered 6 kg reconstituted milk substitute for a 58 day period indoors and for a subsequent 31 days at pasture. Ten calves were then allocated to each of five milk treatments (0, 2, 4, 6, 10 kg/day) and grazed for a further 63 days. The calves were offered a daily herbage allowance of 60 g dry matter/kg live weight.Daily weight gain was increased by 59 g for each additional kilogramme of reconstituted milk consumed, and herbage intake per unit live weight decreased by 1–24 g/g milk organic matter consumed, equivalent to a reduction in metabolizable energy intake of 9 kJ. Clear effects of both age and diet upon the consumption of herbage were demonstrated. An explanation of the mechanisms governing intake of herbage in milk–fed calves is offered.
Protein and energy nutrition of the bacon pig. II. The effect of varying the protein and energy levels in diets of ‘finishing’ pigs
Authors: Robinson D. W. , Lewis D. 
Published: March 2009

1. A feeding trial has been carried out with sixty-four individually fed Large White pigs offered eight different diets prepared at four energy levels and two levels of crude protein. A record was maintained of the rate of live-weight gain and food was given at a defined restricted level. Carcass quality was assessed by a procedure of complete dissection into visible fat, lean, etc.2. Though differences in the rates of live-weight gain and food conversion efficiency were not statistically significant, the best performance was recorded when the diets contained 16 % crude protein and yielded the equivalent of 2950 kcal. digestible energy per kg. upon oxidation. The energy: lysine ratio (kcal. digestible energy per kg. per unit percentage lysine in the ration) was approximately 3500.
Studies of natural herbage of the sub-tropics. III. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia in the rumen of sheep fed fresh herbage
Authors: Topps J. H. , Elliott R. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. Concentrations of ammonia, volatile fatty acids, and molar proportions of acetic, propionic and butyric acids were determined in the rumen liquor of sheep fed fresh herbage harvested in the first month of growth.2. Concentrations ofammoniacal nitrogen ranged from 4·06 to 13·65 mg./1OO ml. rumen liquor with a mean value of 8·21.3. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids ranged from 7·50 to 12·20 m-moles/100 ml. rumen liquor with a mean value of 9·81. Mean molar proportions of acids were: acetic 65·8%, propionic 19·5%, n-butyric 9·0 % and higher acids 5·7 %. Differences in the proportions of acids found at different sampling times were not statistically significant.
Infrequent drinking, digestive efficiency and particle size of digesta in black Bedouin goats
Authors: Brosh A. , Choshniak I. , Tadmor A. , Shkolnik A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryWhen given access to water once every 4 days, black Bedouin goats that were fed dry lucerne hay required, on average, only half the water and 60% of the gross energy they consumed when water was offered to them once daily. Digestibility of the feed in these goats was increased by 4%. The outflow of fluid from the rumen slowed down during the water deprivation period. A flow rate of 1080 ml/kg0.75. day was recorded during the 1st day of the period and only 350 ml/kg0.75. day during the last day. While being offered water once daily the outflow from the rumen amounted to 1243 ml/kg0.75.day.Following the subjection of black Bedouin goats to infrequent drinking the mean retention time of the digesta in the rumen was extended by 33 % and in the entire gastrointestinal tract by 43 %. It is suggested that the slowing down of the ruminal flow that followed the subjection of the goats to infrequent drinking enabled the particulate matter to stay longer in the digestive tract despite their smaller size.
Water content and turnover of identical twin Bos indicus and B. taurus in Kenya
Authors: Macfarlane W. V. , Howard B. 
Published: March 2009

The water content and turnover of six pairs of identical twin cattle were measured in the Kenya highlands. Three pairs were stall fed, and one twin of each pair received water daily. Their water turnover averaged 14.21./24 hr. while the others watered each 4 days had an average turnover of 12.41./24 hr. These stall-fed animals used 74-132 ml./kg.0.82/ 24 hr., about one-third the water turned over by grazing cattle (261-364 ml./kg.0.82/24 hr.). There was little relationship between estimates of water intake measured from the trough and that derived from tritium dilution.Members of each grazing pair differed in weight by an average of 4.2% and their total body water by 5.9%, whereas the water turnover differed by only 2.2% amongst the twin pairs.
The assessment of herbage legume varieties. II. In vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and mineral content of primary growth of clover and lucerne
Authors: Davies W. Ellis , ap Griffith G. , Ellington A. 
Published: March 2009

The primary growth of eight varieties of three species–white clover (3), red clover (4) and lucerne (1)–was sampled at fortnightly intervals and the percentage dry matter, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, P, Ca, K, Na and Mg were determined.Differences between species were nearly always significant and the general order of merit was white clover, red clover and lucerne. The exceptions were for dry-matter percentage where this order was reversed, and red clover had the lowest Na and highest Mg content.
The metabolism of caesium-137 in dairy cows
Authors: Sansom B. F. 
Published: March 2009

1. The metabolism of 137Cs in dairy cows has been studied after single oral and intravenous doses and during twice daily oral dosing for 28 days.2. Gastrointestinal absorption of 137Cs was about 70-80% of the oral doses.3. After 28 days continuous feeding the mean concentration of 137Cs in milk was 0.84% daily dose/1. and the body burden of the isotope varied between 5.7 and 8.2 times the daily intake.4. When feeding of 137Cs stopped the concentration of the isotope in milk fell by a factor of five in 8 days, by a factor of ten in 16 days, by a factor of twenty in 32 days, and thereafter exponentially with a half-life of 30 days. The concentrations of the isotope in muscle decreased at first rather slowly but finally also exponentially with a half-life of approximately 30 days.
The pollination requirements of broad beans and field beans (Vicia faba)
Authors: Free J. B. 
Published: March 2009

1. Broad bean plants caged with bees produced more seeds per pod, more seeds per plant, heavier seeds and a greater weight of seeds per plant than plants caged without bees. They also had more mature pods at the first harvest but the total number of pods picked was about the same for cages with and without bees. The flowering season of plants caged without bees was extended.2. Field bean plants caged with bees had more seeds per pod and more seeds per plant than plants without bees.3. For both crops, plants in the open had about double the number of pods, beans and weight of beans as plants in cages.
Inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight of cotton. III. Herbaceum resistance transferred to tetraploid cotton
Authors: Innes N. L. 
Published: March 2009

While the leaf resistance of many of Knight's B genes in a Sakel background is now much lower than that found in his original studies, that of B9K has remained unimpaired and this gene still segregates as a major gene. It is proposed to ascribe to the weak gene transferred by Knight from Wagad 8 (G. herbaceum) to Sakel the symbol B11, as gene homology tests between this gene and other B genes indicate that is non-homologous with them. The strong effect of environment on the expression of B11 was confirmed and it was noted that in Upland stocks B11 was much more effective than in Sakel, whereas the opposite was true of B9K.While the leaf resistance of Bm Sakel is high its stem resistance is of a low level and it suggested that leaf, stem and boll resistance may be under the same control in some genetic systems but not in others.
Nitrogen fixation (C2H2reduction) as influenced by sulphate in paddy soils
Authors: Rao J. L. N. , Rao V. Bajaramamohan 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe influence of addition of sulphate on acetylene reduction in three paddy soils differing in their properties under two water regimes was investigated in a laboratory experiment. Nitrogenase activity was high in a P-deficient alkaline soil and addition of sulphate further enhanced the activity under two water regimes, with a pronounced stimulation under non-flooded conditions. Sulphate application to submerged alluvial soil enhanced nitrogenase activity with no apparent effect under non-flooded conditions. In acid sulphate saline Pokkali soil sulphate addition had little effect on the nitrogenase activity. Sulphate addition did not result in significant changes in the soil pH and redox potential. No relationship seemed to exist between the sulphate disappearance and stimulation of nitrogenase in these soils. A differential stimulation of N2-fixing microorganisms was noticed as a result of sulphate application. Results suggest that sulphate-induced stimulation of nitrogenase activity occurs in non-flooded soils.
The effects of ‘adequate’ and ‘low’ sodium intake on reproductive performance of Scottish Blackface ewes and growth of their lambs
Authors: Vincent Isobel C. , Williams H. Ll. , Michell A. R. , Hill R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA low sodium diet was given to Scottish Blackface ewes over two reproductive seasons. It provided a total of 3–7 mmol sodium per day, except during lactation when the intake was about 11 mmol sodium per day. Control ewes were given the same diet supplemented with sodium chloride to Agricultural Research Council recommended concentration which was about ten times greater than that in the experimental diet.The ewes remained clinically healthy throughout the experiment. The length of gestation and the birth weight of lambs were unaffected by diet. The number of lambs born alive per ewe lambing was unaffected by year or diet.The percentage of ewes producing twins was similar in control ewes in both years at about 64; in treatment ewes this was 70% in year 1, and 50% in year 2. Lamb mortality was higher in both years in the treatment ewes than in control ewes. None of these differences reached significance.
Amounts of NO3-N and NH4-N in soil, from autumn to spring, under winter wheat and their relationship to soil type, sowing date, previous crop and N uptake at Rothamsted, Woburn and Saxmundham, 1979–85
Authors: Widdowson F. V. , Penny A. , Darby R. J. , Bird E. , Hewitt M. V. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySoil NO3-N and NH4-N were measured to 90 cm depth in autumn and again in spring, under several sets of winter wheat experiments, on contrasting sites. Crop samples were taken throughout the growing season, both before and after the fertilizer N was applied, to measure N uptake. The amount of NO3-N in soil at the outset of growth in autumn was related to the uptake of N by wheat not given any fertilizer N until April.The effect of sowing date (September v. October) on both crop and soil N was compared, as also was the effect of soil type (retentive of NO3-N v. readily leached) and previous crop (potatoes v. oats and wheat v. beans).The amounts of NO3-N in the soils in autumn related well with previous crop and declined gradually during winter on the heavier soils, but rapidly on the sandy soil, in the latter case as a consequence of leaching. On the heavier soils, where little leaching occurred, the decline in soil NO3-N related well with the amount of N taken up by September-sown wheat during autumn and winter, but not with that taken up by October-sown wheat, where NO3-N accumulated in the soil during winter, because uptake was so small. Hence delayed sowing enhanced the likelihood of losses of NO3-N by leaching or by denitrification. On the sandy soil at Woburn, whilst the September-sown wheat removed more N than the October-sown, losses of NO3-N by leaching were severe, so that late winter growth was restricted by shortage of N in soil, and the amount of N taken up was far smaller than at Rothamsted.The soil measurements distinguished between the NO3-N residues remaining after beans or wheat in the same field and between residues after oats or potatoes on soils of the same soil series, but in different fields on the same farm.The amount of NO3-N in soil and the N taken up by wheat in February-March were together used to adjust the amount of fertilizer N applied in April, using a balance sheet approach to meet a specific yield objective. Some of the N uptake data from these experiments are presented. This should aid the calculation of N requirement during specific growth periods and thus help improve the prediction of fertilizer N dressings in spring.