bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gamma/delta T cells and the diagnosis of coeliac disease
Authors: SPENCER J , ISAACSON P G , MACDONALD T T , THOMAS A J , WALKER-SMITH J A 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
Gamma/delta T cells are increased in the gut epithelium of patients with coeliac disease compared with normal controls. The aim of this study was to determine whether the increase in yd intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) is specific for coeliac disease, in which case it could be of diagnostic importance. Biopsies were obtained from children with no intestinal disease, coeliac disease, cow-milk-sensitive enteropathy/post-enteritis syndrome (CMSE/PES) and miscellaneous other enteropathies (n = 67). Intraepithelial CD3+ and γδ T cells were identified in frozen sections using peroxidase immunohisto-chemistry. In normal biopsies there were 0-7 γδ IEL/100 cells in the epithelium. In untreated coeliac patients this increased to 9-22 γδ IEL/100 cells in the epithelium (P=0.000004). Of 27 patients with morphologic intestinal damage which was not due to coeliac disease, four with CMSE/PES had γδ IEL/100 cells in the epithelium in the same range as the patients with coeliac disease. Of these, two had high densities of CD3+ IEL in the epithelium and were indistinguishable from patients with untreated coeliac disease. The other two could be excluded as possible coeliacs because their CD3f IEL/100 epithelial cells were in the normal range. Thus an increase in γδ IEL is not specific for coeliac disease. However, enumeration of both of γδ IEL and CD3+ IEL densities will be useful in the exclusion of coeliac disease as a diagnosis in some children.
Expression of CD34 on human B cell precursors
Authors: SCHMITT C , EAVES C J , LANSDORP P M 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYCD34 is a 110-kD glycoprotein previously shown by a variety of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to be expressed selectively on immature hematopoietic cells. However, more detailed characterization of CD34+ cells has been hampered by lack of anti-CD34 MoAbs that can be labelled directly with fluorochromes to facilitate subpopulation analysis by multi-parameter flow cytometry. We have recently isolated a murine anti-CD34 MoAb, designated as 8G12, that can be directly labelled with fluorochromes such as FITC. In this study, we have exploited this property of 8G12 to compare the reactivity of 8G12 and My10 with normal and leukaemic human marrow cells and to characterize normal early human B cell precursors by two- and three-colour immunofluorescencc analysis. Comparison of three-colour staining profiles of normal bone marrow cells incubated with both 8G12 and MY10, and either anti-CD10 or anti-CD19 MoAb revealed the reactivity patterns of 8G12 and MY10 to be indistinguishable. This conclusion was confirmed by a similar comparative analysis of 8G12 and MY10 staining of blood and bone marrow cells from 4 patients with B lineage acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Of interest, both 8G12and MY 10 detected a CD34+ CD10+ CD19+ population in normal adult bone marrow. To determine whether a CD34+ CD10+ CD19- precursor population previously reported by others to exist in fetal liver could also be identified, CD10+ CD16-marrow cells were first isolated by FACS and the sorted cells then re-analysed for expression of CD19 and CD34. These studies showed that all of the sorted CD10+ cells that expressed CD34 appeared to coexpress CD19. No CD34+ CD10+ CD19- cells were detected (at a sensitivity of 0.1%). Further studies will be required to determine whether a very minor population of CD34+ CDl0+ CD19- cells may still be generated in the normal development of B cells in adult human marrow.
Immunophenotypic analysis of histiocytes involved in AIDS-associatedMycobacterium scrofulaceuminfection: similarities with lepromatous lepra
Authors: DELABIE J , DE WOLF-PEETERS C , BOBBAERS H , BILBE G , DESMET V J 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe present study reports a rare case of systemic M. scrofulaceum infection in an AIDS patient and analyses the inflammatory infiltrate in a lymph node by immunohistochemistry. Special emphasis is put on the histiocytes. The diffuse infiltrate consists mainly of large histiocytes that contain numerous bacilli. These cells display the phenotype of mature histiocytes and in addition coexpress the antigens recognized by RFD7 and RFD9, both markers of different subsets of histiocytes which have been reported to be co-expressed by the infected histiocytes in the infiltrate of lepromatous lepra. Interdigitating reticulum cells are rare as well as T cells which are mainly of the suppressor/cytotoxic type. These findings arc similar to those reported for lepromatous lepra and might indicate common deficiencies in T cell macrophagc interactions in both conditions. Superimposed on the diffuse infiltrate of large histiocytes we observed ‘monocytic granulomas’, the presence of which might be related to a reactional state comparable to erythema nodosum leprosum, a reactional state of lepromatous lepra.
An abnormal T cell repertoire in hypergammaglobulinaemic primary Sjogren’s syndrome
Authors: KAY R A , HAY E M , DYER P A , DENNETT C , GREEN L M , BERNSTEIN R M , HOLT P J L , PUMPHREY R S H , BOYLSTON A W , OLLLER W E R 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYT cell antigen specificity is determined by the products of the genes which encode the variable regions of their receptors. Of the T cell receptor (TCR) variable region gene products examined, only Vβ6.7a TCR-positive lymphocytes were reduced in primary Sjogren’s syndrome patients with IgG 1 hypergammaglobulinaemia compared with an age-, sex- and HLA-matched control population. The levels of Vβ6.7a T cells were also significantly reduced when these patients were compared with an age- and sex-matched but HLA-unmatched control group and non-tissue typed normal people of both sexes. Since published studies show no such abnormality in rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus or other autoimmune diseases, this abnormality may reflect a pathogenic process specific to primary Sjogren’s syndrome.
Abnormalities within CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte subsets in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes
Authors: ILONEN J , SURCEL H M , KÄÄR M-L 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYAbnormalities in the proportions of various T lymphocyte subpopulations have been found in a number of autoimmune diseases. Monoclonal antibodies labelled with various fluorochromes were used here to define the percentages of subsets, and especially to divide CD4+ (helper/inducer) and CD8+ (suppressor/cytotoxic) cells into phenotypic subgroups. Blood samples were analysed from 25 patients (age 10.1±3.7 years) with recently diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and 25 age- and sex-matched control subjects. The percentages of CD4+ cells and CD4+CD45RA+ cells described as naive T helper cells or suppressor/inducers were increased in the IDDM patients (P&lt;0.05 and P&lt;0.05, Student’s t-test, respectively), whereas the percentage of CD4+CD45RA-cells (memory T-helper cells, helper/inducers) was similar in the patients and controls. The percentage of CD8+CD11b+ cells containing suppressor/effector lymphocytes was decreased in the IDDM patients as compared with the controls (P&lt;0.01) but no significant difference was seen in total CD8+ cells. The percentages of CD3+ cells and the proportions of these simultaneously positive for HLA-DR antigen (activated T cells) were also increased in the recent IDDM patients (P&lt;0.001 and P&lt;0.05, respectively), while the proportion of CD20+ B cells was decreased (P&lt;0.05). The findings support the view that disturbed immune regulation occurs in IDDM and indicate that further division of T cell subpopulations may clarify our understanding of the disease process.
Soluble IL-2 receptor and CD25 cells in psoriasis: effects of cyclosporin A and PUVA therapy
Authors: DUNCAN J I , HORROCKS C , ORMEROD A D , POWLES A V , WHITING P H , FRY L , THOMSON A W 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYA study was conducted to quantify soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels in sera of 57 chronic plaque psoriasis patients and correlate these measurements with disease activity and the numbers of IL-2R-positive (CD25+) lymphocytes in lesional biopsies of 11 cyclosporin A (CsA) and 13 psoralen plus ultraviolet radiation (PUVA) treated patients. Levels of sIL-2R showed a strong correlation with the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI). CsA and PUVA significantly reduced the PASI and sIL-2R levels to a similar degree after 4 weeks of treatment. Although the majority of CsA-treated patients who were biopsied showed reductions in lesional CD25+ cells, these did not reach statistical significance; in five patients biopsied who had PUVA treatment, no consistent effect on the numbers of CD25+ cells was observed. A significant correlation was found between CD25+ cells in lesional biopsies and the PASI score.
A study of immune responses to myelin and cardiolipin in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Authors: KHALILI A , COOPER R C 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYSera from 39 patients with SLE. 20 patients with cerebrovascular disease with no evidence of SLE, and 20 normal controls were tested for antibodies to cardiolipin (CL), brain total upper (UPG) and lower phase (LPG)glycolipids, myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin, and single strand DN A (ssDNA) by ELISA. Binding to the glycolipids and MBP was negative or negligible in all the groups, but significant binding was observed against CL, myelin and ssDNA in some of the SLE patients. Many sera from SLE patients with cerebral disorders and high CL binding also demonstrated high binding to myelin. These sera also labelled cell surface antigens on neonatal mouse neurons and astrocytes by immunofluorescence in tissue culture. A correlation was found to exist between anti-CL and antimyelin antibodies in SLE patients with cerebral lesions, but not between anti-ssDNA and anti-CL antibodies. As much as 80–90% of the specific activity of these antibodies could be absorbed out by the relevant antigens but only partially by the other antigens. In the control groups binding was low and no specific absorption could be demonstrated.
Immune adherence and clearance of hepatitis B surface Ag/Ab complexes is abnormal in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Authors: MADI N , STEIGER G , ESTREICHER J , SCHIFFERLI J A 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYComplement levels and complement receptor 1 (CR1) on erythrocytes (E) are reduced in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To see whether these abnormalities are responsible for defective transport and elimination of immune complexes (IC) from the circulation, patients with active SLE (14) and normal volunteers (14) were injected with preformed IC (hepatitis B surface Ag/Ab). Two minutes after injection only 25±9 ± 19±1% (mean ± 1 s.d.) of the circulating IC were bound to Ein the SLE patients as compared to 63 ± 3±7% in the normal subjects (P= 0±0001). For SLE patients, the reduced immune adherence was best explained by a combination of complement depletion and low CRI binding capacity (±= 0±80, P = 0±0001).The disappearance of IC as estimated from the area under the elimination curve was faster in SLE lhan in controls (P= 0±02), and correlated with CRI (±= 0±54, P= 0±0001) and immune adherence observed in vivo (±= 0±33, P= 0±013). Finally, immune adherence was absent and IC disappeared very rapidly in a patient with C2 deficiency and an SLE-like disease. These observations suggest that in SLE the defective immune adherence reaction might be responsible for the accelerated disappearance of IC from the circulation.
The effect of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies on the signal transduction in human neutrophils
Authors: LAI K N , LOCKWOOD C M 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
The effect of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies (ANCA) on neutrophil activation was studied by pre-incubating neutrophils with IgG and F(ab')2 prepared from ANCA patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis or microscopic polyarteritis. We measured the generation of inositol triphosphate (IP3) (a product of hydrolysis of membrane phospholipid which acts as a second intracellular messenger), and the translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) upon stimulation by a chemotactic peptide, fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP). ANCA+ F(ab')2 did not induce a significant increase in IP3 generation. Nonetheless, ANCA+ F(ab')2 and ANCA+ IgG pretreatment of human neutrophils reduced the production of inositol phosphates upon subsequent fMLP stimulation compared with experiments performed when cells were pretreated with F(ab')2 and IgG prepared from ANCA healthy subjects. A significantly reduced generation of IP3 and inositol biphosphate (IP2) was observed. ANCA+ F(ab')2 pretreatment of neutrophils inhibited fMLP-stimulated IP3 generation in a dose-dependent manner. The membrane-bound PKC activity upon stimulation by FMLP and PMA was reduced in neutrophils pretreated with ANCA+ F(ab')2 and IgG. These results indicate that ANCA affect in vitro signal transduction (IP3 generation, and translocation of PKC) in human neutrophils. Apparently, further activation of signal transduction by chemotactic peptide is significantly blunted in cells pre-incubated with ANCA+ F(ab')2 but not with F(ab')2 from healthy controls.
CD5+ B cells and naturally occurring autoantibodies in cancer patients
Authors: STEIN R , WITZ I P , OVADLA J , GOLDENBERG D M , YRON I 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYWe have determined the percentage of CD5+ B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of cancer patients and healthy controls, using antibodies directed at the CDS and CD 19 (pan-B) markers. The frequencies of CD5+ B cells, expressed as a percentage of total B cells, ranged from 14.3 to 57.5% in the controls and from 14.8 to 82.8% in the patient population. One-third of the cancer patients had frequencies &gt; 2 s.d. above the mean of the control population. The CD5+ B cell fraction expressed as a percentage of total lymphocytes was also significantly elevated in this group of cancer patients. These results suggest that the CD5+ B cell compartment may be affected by the malignant process or by the therapy modality employed. The plasma levels of several naturally occurring autoantibodies, the products of the CD5+ B cells, were also assessed in cancer patients and controls. No significant differences were observed when reactivity to several autoantigens was measured. These included nuclear components and phospholipids.
Identification of the major fibroblast growth factors released spontaneously in inflammatory arthritis as platelet derived growth factor and tumour necrosis factor-alpha
Authors: THORNTON S C , POR S B , PENNY R , RICHTER M , SHELLEY L , BREIT S N 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYRheumatoid arthritis is characterized by chronic inflammation and proliferation of a number of important elements within the joint including the synovial fibroblasts. Elevated levels of a number of cytokines such as II-1, IL-2, IL-6, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor-β and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) have been detected in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthritides. It seems likely that local release of such mediators may be responsible for the proliferation and overgrowth of connective tissue elements in these disorders. In order to ascertain whether there was evidence to suggest local production or release of fibroblast growth factors in the joint in inflammatory arthritis, and to determine their identity, cells were obtained from the synovial fluid of 15 patients with chronic inflammatory arthritides, All subjects’ synovial fluid cells spontaneously released growth factor activity for fibroblasts. This was present in large amounts, being detectable in culture supernatants diluted to a titre of at least 1/625. By a series of depletion experiments using solid-phase bound antibodies to cytokines, it was possible to demonstrate that this activity was due to TNF-α and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Thus, this study showed for the first time that functionally active PDGF was released from synovial fluid cells. Both PDGF and TNF-α appeared to contribute in approximately equal amounts to this fibroblast growth factor activity, and were synergistic in effect. Thus this study provides evidence for the local production and release of these two cytokines and suggests that together they are the dominant factors in fibroblast proliferation within the synovial cavity.
Effects of interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha on the development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autologous mixed lymphocyte tumour cultures with human melanoma
Authors: ROTH A D , HORNICEK F J , GERSTNER C G , KIRKWOOD J M 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYWe have studied the influence of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) on the development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against melanoma in mixed lymphocyte tumour cultures (MLTC). In these MLTC, TNF-α at 104 U/ml increased the expansion of the CTL up to 104-fold over recornbinant IL-2(rIL-2) alone. IFN-γ at 104 U/ml and combinations of TNF-α plus IFN-γ at 102-103 U/ml promoted the proliferation more variably. MLTC generated with rIL-2 showed a predominance of CD8+ cells, while 2 weeks of culture in the presence of IFN-γ at 104 U/ml, or with IFN-γ and TNFα at 1 ± 102-103 U/ml, favoured the emergence of CD4+ cell populations. The cytotoxic activity of the lymphocytes generated in these MLTC showed a consistent decline of K562 cytotoxic activity following exposure to the combination of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Despite the altered T cell subset distribution with different combinations of cytokines. no consistent alteration in the specific anti-tumour cytotoxicity against melanoma was detected. These results suggest that TNF-α and IFN-γ influence the activation, phenolypic. and functional outcome of MLTC-generated CTL, and may account for the phenotypic variations observed in T cell populations generated in vitro.
Eosinophils adhere to and stimulate replication of lung fibroblasts ‘in vitro’
Authors: SHOCK A , RABE K F , DENT G , CHAMBERS R C , GRAY A J , CHUNG K F , BARNES P J , LAURENT G J 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYEosinophils have been implicated in several disorders associated with the development of fibrosis. This led us to investigate the interactions between eosinophils and fibroblasts in vitro. Adhesion between purified guinea pig peritoneal eosinophils and monolayers of human fetal lung fibroblasts was assessed using the rose bengal dye staining assay. Fibroblast replication was assessed using a colorimetric assay based upon the uptake and subsequent release of methylcnc blue. Addition of phorbol myristate acetate induced a rapid, time-dependent increase in cosinophil adhesion (127% and 328% over basal adhesion after 10 and 30 min, respectively). Phorbol myristate acetate-induced adhesion was inhibited by the peptides RGDS and GRGDS (48% and 42%, respectively using 1 mM peptide) and by nordihydroguaiaretic acid, an inhibitor of the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism (46% inhibition at 15 μm), In addition. 24 h culture of fibroblast monolayers with interleukin 1α (IL-lα) or tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) resulted in enhanced adhesion (10 U/ml IL-lα stimulated adhesion by 55% of control, 500 U/ml TNFα by 75% of control). Conditioned media from cultured eosinophils stimulated fibroblast replication in a time-dependent fashion with maximal stimulation at 3 h. In contrast, media from guinea pig peritoneal macrophages in culture did not show such an effect. This study indicates that eosinophils are capable of both adhering to and releasing mitogens for fibroblasts in vitro. These observations suggest that eosinophils have the capacity to play a role in the development of fibrosis in disorders where they have been shown to be present.
Cytokines in sera from insulin-dependent diabetic patients at diagnosis
Authors: CAVALLO M G , POZZILLI J P , BIRD C , WADHWA M , MEAGER A , VISALLI N , GEARING A J H , ANDREANI D , THORPE R 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYCytokines are known to play an important role in autoimmunity and have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM). In the present study we have measured IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, interferon-gamma(IFN-γ)and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) (using both immunoassays and bioassays) in sera from 50 patients affected by IDDM at the time of clinical diagnosis and 51 age and sex matched controls. Detectable levels of IL-I, IL-2, IL-6 and IFN-μgK were found in the serum of a small percentage of subjects and were not significantly different between patients and controls. IL-4 was detectable in a higher number of both patients and controls and circulating TNF-α (&gt; I U/ml) was found in a percentage of patients (24%) significantly higher than controls (P&lt;0.01). Raised levels of TNF-α were detectable using an immunoenzymatic assay whereas TNF bioactivity in these samples was negligible. We conclude that the presence of immunoreactive TNF-α in the patient’s sera may reflect an increased localized production of this cytokine at pancreatic level. However, the measurement in serum of other cytokines does not add information on the role that they may play in the pathogenesis of IDDM.
Sputum eosinophils from asthmatics express ICAM-1 and HLA-DR
Authors: HANSEL T T , BRAUNSTEIN J B , WALKER C , BLASER K , BRUIJNZEEL P L B , VIRCHOW J-C , VIRCHOW C 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYSputum from symptomatic asthmatics is a rich source of eosinophils from the respiratory tract. Following liquefaction of sputum with dithioerythritol (DTE), a cell suspension suitable for indirect double immunofluorescence with flow cytometry was obtained. Eosinophils were identified using anti-CD9 fluorescein conjugate, and particular surface markers measured with the relevant mouse MoAb followed by goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin phycoerythrin conjugate. Blood and sputum eosinophil surface markers were determined in parallel from asthmatics not receiving steroid therapy. Sputum eosinophils were found to have considerably elevated levels of CDl1b, a reflection of eosinophil activation. Sputum but not blood eosinophils were found to express ICAM-I (nine out of 11 cases) and HLA-DR (eight out of 11 cases). Furthermore, following culture of normal blood eosinophils with pooled T cell supernatants, ICAM-l and HLA-DR could be induced in vitro. The induction of eosinophil adhesion molecules such as ICAM-l and HLA-DR may influence eosinophil localization and function in asthma.
Neutrophil chemotactic factor produced by Japanese encephalitis virus stimulated macrophages
Authors: KHANNA N , AGNIHOTRI M , MATHUR A , CHATURVEDI U C 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe mechanism of neutrophil leucocytosis in cases of Japanese encephalitis is not known. We here report that during Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection in mice the splenic macrophages secrete a chemotactic factor that attracts the neutrophils. The peak activity of macrophage derived factor (MDF) was observed on day 7 following infection. The MDF acted in a dose-dependent manner. This chemoattractant was purified by low pressure liquid chromatography and gave a single band of 10 kD on silver stained polyacrylamide gel. The MDF was found to be heat resistant and sensitive to prolonged incubation with proteases.