bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrusion history of the Portrush Sill, County Antrim, Northern Ireland: evidence for rapid emplacement and high-temperature contact metamorphism
Authors: LEDEVIN MORGANE , ARNDT NICHOLAS , COOPER MARK R. , EARLS GARTH , LYLE PAUL , AUBOURG CHARLES , LEWIN ERIC 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe gabbroic Portrush Sill in Northern Ireland, part of the North Atlantic Igneous Province, intruded Lower Jurassic mudstones and siltstones about 55 Ma ago. We used petrologic observations and geochemical analyses to study how the sill interacted with the sedimentary rocks. Field relationships show that an Upper Sill and numerous associated Minor Intrusions were emplaced in the sedimentary host rocks before intrusion of the Main Sill, some 10 m above its upper contact. Geochemical analyses reveal two magma contamination processes: Nb and Ta anomalies, coupled with incompatible element enrichment, record contamination by deep crustal rocks, whereas Li, Pb and Ba anomalies reveal a superficial contamination through fluid circulation at the contact between magmatic and sedimentary rocks. Analysis of mineral assemblages and geochemical data from the contact aureole demonstrate uniform metamorphic conditions between the two main intrusions and an absence of a thermal gradient. The identification of pyrrhotite by magnetization analyses and of orthopyroxene by microprobe analyses indicates very high temperatures, up to 660°C. Thermal modelling explains these temperatures as the coupled effects of the Main Sill and the earlier intruded Upper Sill and Minor Intrusions. Even though the chemical composition of the Main Sill suggests another type of parental liquid, all three units were emplaced in a very short time, certainly less than five years.
The prevalence and fertility of hydatid cysts in buffaloes from Iran
Authors: Amin Pour A. , Hosseini S. H. , Shayan P. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCystic echinococcosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus is considered to be an important parasitic infection in livestock. In the present study, which aimed to determine the epidemiology of hydatidosis in buffalo in Iran, slaughterhouses of West Azerbaijan (Urmia), East Azerbaijan (Tabriz), Ardabil (Ardabil), Gilan (Rasht and Hashtpar) and Khuzestan (Ahvaz) were inspected. Age, sex and infected organs were recorded separately, and the observed cysts were examined for fertility and viability. Our results showed that 344 (9%) of 3832 inspected buffaloes were infected with hydatid cysts. The maximum and minimum infection rates occurred in Khuzestan (9.9%) and Ardabil (8%) provinces, respectively. There was no significant difference in the rate of infection in all provinces. Of 344 infected buffaloes, the rate of fertility was 7.3% and the rate of viability in fertile cysts was 78.75%. Hydatid cysts were more prevalent in female compared with male buffaloes (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the age and number of infected hosts in all provinces except East Azerbaijan. The prevalence of infection in lungs was significantly higher than that in the livers of buffaloes in the provinces studied (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the fertility of hydatid cysts in buffaloes was low, as previously demonstrated in cattle, and this animal may play a minor role in the epidemiology of hydatidosis in Iran.
Generalized Hausdorff dimensions of sets of real numbers with zero entropy expansion
Authors: MAUDUIT CHRISTIAN , MOREIRA CARLOS GUSTAVO 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe complexity function of an infinite wordwon a finite alphabetAis the sequence counting, for each non-negative integern, the number of words of lengthnon the alphabetAthat are factors of the infinite wordw. Letfbe a given function with subexponential growth. The goal of this work is to estimate the generalized Hausdorff dimensions of the set of real numbers whoseq-adic expansion has a complexity function bounded byfand the set of real numbers whose continued fraction expansion is bounded byqand has a complexity function bounded byf.
Applications of (a,b)-continued fraction transformations
Authors: KATOK SVETLANA , UGARCOVICI ILIE 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe describe a general method of arithmetic coding of geodesics on the modular surface based on the study of one-dimensional Gauss-like maps associated to a two-parameter family of continued fractions introduced in [Katok and Ugarcovici. Structure of attractors for (a,b)-continued fraction transformations.J. Modern Dynamics4(2010), 637–691]. The finite rectangular structure of the attractors of the natural extension maps and the corresponding ‘reduction theory’ play an essential role. In special cases, when an (a,b)-expansion admits a so-called ‘dual’, the coding sequences are obtained by juxtaposition of the boundary expansions of the fixed points, and the set of coding sequences is a countable sofic shift. We also prove that the natural extension maps are Bernoulli shifts and compute the density of the absolutely continuous invariant measure and the measure-theoretic entropy of the one-dimensional map.
Escherichia coliO157 infection on cattle farms: the formulation of the force of infection and its effect on control effectiveness
Authors: ZHANG X.-S. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThe kernel of modelling transmission dynamics of infectious diseases lies in constructing the force of infection (FOI). Traditionally, it was based on mass-action law. In this paper, we show, based on survey data ofEscherichia coliO157 infection on Scottish cattle farms, that the actual form of FOI deviates greatly from mass-action law. Further, control effectiveness deviates qualitatively: the epidemic of mass-action FOI can be controlled with a control effort larger than the so-called herd immunity, while the epidemic inferred from the survey data ofE. coliO157 infection was shown to be difficult to control. This indicates that, at least forE. coliO157 infection on cattle farms, it is risky to rely on models of transmission dynamics that were based on mass-action law to design the optimal intervention programme for infectious diseases. This suggests the importance of collecting epidemic data and model selection from data-driven models to infer the most likely model of transmission dynamics.
Quality of Internet information related to the Mediterranean diet
Authors: Hirasawa Reiko , Saito Kazumi , Yachi Yoko , Ibe Yoko , Kodama Satoru , Asumi Mihoko , Horikawa Chika , Saito Aki , Heianza Yoriko , Kondo Kazuo , Shimano Hitoshi , Sone Hirohito 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to evaluate the quality of Internet information on the Mediterranean diet and to determine the relationship between the quality of information and the website source.DesignWebsite sources were categorized as institutional, pharmaceutical, non-pharmaceutical commercial, charitable, support and alternative medicine. Content quality was evaluated using the DISCERN rating instrument, the Health On the Net Foundation's (HON) code principles, andJournal of the American Medical Association(JAMA) benchmarks. Readability was graded by the Flesch Reading Ease score and Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level score.SettingThe phrase ‘Mediterranean diet’ was entered as a search term into the six most commonly used English-language search engines.SubjectsThe first thirty websites forthcoming by each engine were examined.ResultsOf the 180 websites identified, thirty-two met our inclusion criteria. Distribution of the website sources was: institutional,n8 (25 %); non-pharmaceutical commercial,n12 (38 %); and support,n12 (38 %). As evaluated by the DISCERN, thirty-one of the thirty-two websites were rated as fair to very poor. Non-pharmaceutical commercial sites scored significantly lower than institutional and support sites (P= 0·002). The mean Flesch Reading Ease score and mean Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level were 55·9 (fairly difficult) and 7·2, respectively. The Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level score determines the difficulty of material by measuring the length of words and sentences and converting the results into a grade level ranging from 0 to 12 (US grade level).ConclusionsDue to the poor quality of website information on the Mediterranean diet, patients or consumers who are interested in the Mediterranean diet should get advice from physicians or dietitians.
Outcome‐based education: a critique
Authors: Brady Laurie 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIn Australia, the National Curriculum framework contains a national position on each of eight learning areas, and a profile indicating outcomes that students have to achieve. Thus Australia's National Curriculum involves the implementation of outcome‐based education. This term has little currency in England and Wales, despite programmes of national testing, and there is a paucity of research in Australia because of the recentness of implementation. For this reason the bulk of the theoretical and empirical literature relates to the United States. This article examines the concept of outcome‐based education focusing on the various ways it is interpreted, and its claimed advantages and disadvantages. The author concludes that the adoption of a mastery learning model involving the teaching of structured hierarchical units with frequent testing is unlikely in Australia with its constructivist ethos and the lack of a strong behaviourist tradition.
A curriculum for food: places left at the school table?
Authors: Morrison Marlene 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe paper examines recent developments in food‐focused education following the implementation of the 1988 Education Reform Act. Drawing on data from an ESRC‐funded project on Teaching and Learning about Food and Nutrition in Schools (1993‐4), the paper explores evidence which demonstrates a marginalized and fragmented curriculum for food, and considers its implications. The paper comprises two sections. The first focuses on literature and curriculum documentation available at the start of the research and examines the formal corpus of school knowledge about food. This informs the second section which draws on data collected during case‐studies of four English secondary and primary schools and on what the data tell us about the food curriculum and its implications for transmission in the case‐study schools. Specific examples highlight issues of diversity, ambiguity and contradiction in implementation. Conclusions emphasize the need for greater curriculum coherence in policy and practice and for a reassessment of the framing and interpretation of food knowledge and skills. In the absence of systematic evaluations, schools continue to replicate rather than challenge the contradictions in understandings about food use which are documented features of the adult population in general.
‘How does your teacher help you to make your work better?’ Children's understanding of formative assessment
Authors: Tunstall Pat , Gipps Caroline 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper on children's perceptions of formative assessment summarizes one important part of the research carried out by our project on teacher feedback which was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council1 over the two years 1994‐5. Our major research questions were:• What sort of feedback do teachers give children?• How do children interpret, understand and act on this feedback?The research involved both teachers and children directly in discussion of feedback and assessment through interviews. Observations and recording in classrooms were also carried out. The findings have shown that the role of feedback is central in learning, and that systematic study in this area can make an important contribution to the conceptual framework of the relationship between teaching, assessment and learning. Our discussions with children provided us with a range of insights into how they perceived feedback, what they felt about it and how they used it. The typology itself is presented in full in Tunstall and Gipps (1996). In this paper, we concentrate on what formative assessment means to young children.
The social construction of pedagogic discourse in physical education teacher education in Australia
Authors: Kirk David , Macdonald Doune , Tinning Richard 
Published: September 2011

AbstractOnce the exclusive domain of teacher education, physical education in Australian tertiary institutions has during the last twenty years evolved into a series of discipline‐based fields concerned with human movement studies, leisure studies and sport science that have begun to feed new vocational opportunities in the sport, exercise and leisure industries. Concomitant with these changes in the social organization of knowledge in tertiary physical education has been a realignment of school physical education programmes, particularly in the senior school curriculum. Inevitably, the once sole focus of physical education in tertiary institutions on teacher education is now being forced to reinvent itself in light of these dynamic changes in the social organization of school and university knowledge. Following the work of Bernstein, Goodson and others, this article analyses current policy and practice in physical education teacher education and identifies several future scenarios. The first part of the article provides an historical overview of the emergence of new forms of tertiary knowledge in physical education from the mid‐1970s until the present. The second part provides a similar overview of developments in school physical education with a focus on senior school and matriculation physical education during the same period. The third part analyses the current state of affairs in the social organization of knowledge for physical education teacher education. In the fourth part, a series of questions is raised concerning relationships between knowledge in physical education teacher education, school physical education and university forms of the field through the presentation of several future scenarios. The article concludes with several proposals for policy development concerned with physical education teacher education programmes.
A feeling for learning: modelling affective learning in school science
Authors: Watts Mike , Alsop Steve 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMuch of the work on conceptual change in the learning of science has focused on the cognitive domain—the factors influencing and underwriting the knowledge acquired by learners. Many writers have used the model developed by Strike and Posner (1985) who suggest that conceptual exchange will only take place when the matter to be learned is seen to be intelligible, plausible and fruitful. While these are important ingredients for learning, this is a particularly cognitive approach and their model takes little account of the affective domain. Through a series of studies in the UK and elsewhere we argue that subject matter needs also be seen to be ‘salient’, ‘palatable’ and ‘germane’. We explain our use of these expressions through a range of examples drawn from our own studies in the area, though we focus in particular on a recent survey of teachers and student teachers concerning the learning of radiation and radioactivity in schools. This argument takes discussions of conceptual change clearly into the affective domain and we explore a small range of contemporary literature which deals with the emotional aspects of learning. Our summary comments examine the need for teachers to have greater awareness of this major component of classroom work.
Differences in educational computer use: the influence of subject cultures
Authors: Selwyn Neil 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDespite two decades of computer use in schools and colleges, considerable differences persist in levels of IT use throughout all levels of education. Within institutions it is noticeable that huge variations in computer use exist between different subject areas, yet little analytical work has been carried out to explore the reasons behind this. On the basis of interviews with 96 students and 20 teachers in 16‐19 education, this article examines the underlying influences behind the varying levels of computer use in different subject areas. In particular, the influence of subject ‘cultures’ are highlighted as having a significant effect on teachers’ and students’ use of IT in school, most notably in terms of subject content, pedagogy and assessment. Furthermore, subjects were found to differ in terms of their cultures of interest and access to IT within the institution. On the basis of these data, conclusions are then drawn as to alleviating subject differences in the use of IT.
On the Mental Representation of Conditional Sentences
Authors: Evans Jonathan St. B. T. , Ellis Charles E. , Newstead Stephen E. 
Published: September 2011

Four experiments are reported which attempt to externalize subjects’ mental representation of conditional sentences, using novel research methods. In Experiment 1, subjects were shown arrays of coloured shapes and asked to rate the degree to which they appeared to be true of conditional statements such as “If the figure is green then it is a triangle”. The arrays contained different distributions of the four logically possible cases in which the antecedent or consequent is true or false: TT, TF, FT, and FF. For example, a blue triangle would be FT for the conditional quoted above. In Experiments 2 to 4, subjects were able to construct their own arrays to make conditionals either true or false with any distribution of the four cases they wished to choose. The presence and absence of negative components was varied, as was the form of the conditional, being either “if then” as above or “only if”: “The figure is green only if it is a triangle”. The first finding was that subjects represent conditionals in fuzzy way: conditionals that include some counter-example TF cases (Experiment 1) may be rated as true, and such cases are often included when subjects construct an array to make the rule true (Experiments 2 to 4). Other findings included a strong tendency to include psychologically irrelevant FT and FF cases in constructed arrays, presumably to show that conditional statements only apply some of the time. A tendency to construct cases in line with the “matching bias” reported on analogous tasks in the literature was found, but only in Experiment 4, where the number of symbols available to construct each case was controlled. The findings are discussed in relation to the major contemporary theories of conditional reasoning based upon inference rules and mental models, neither of which can account for all the results.
What Are the Functional Orthographic Units in Chinese Word Recognition: The Stroke or the Stroke Pattern?
Authors: Chen Y. P. , Allport D. A. , Marshall J. C. 
Published: September 2011

We present evidence that the visual analysis of Chinese characters by skilled readers is based upon well-defined orthographic constituents. These functional units are the recurrent, integral stroke-patterns, not the individual strokes as previously thought. The speed of simultaneous “same-different” comparisons of Chinese characters is affected by the number of these orthographic units and, for “different” judgements, by the proportion of mismatching units, but not by the number of individual strokes. We further define a category of orthographic unit, referred to here as the “lexical radical”, which requires strict positional regularity within each composite character. Violation of positional regularity results in illegal non-characters. In contrast, recombination of orthographic units (stroke patterns) with the lexical radical in its regular position forms a regular pseudocharacter. We show that real characters are matched faster than pseudocharacters and non-characters—a word superiority effect in Chinese. Pseudocharacters are matched faster than non-characters, a pseudoword advantage in Chinese. We also present evidence suggesting that individual stroke patterns may be better recognized in real characters than in pseudocharacters and non-characters—a word superiority effect in terms of unit recognition. These results support the hypothesis that the functional orthographic unit in the recognition of Chinese characters, comparable to the letter in alphabetic word recognition, is the recurring integral stroke pattern.
Inferring Sublexical Correspondences from Sight Vocabulary: Evidence from 6- and 7-year-olds
Authors: Stuart Morag , Masterson Jackie , Dixon Maureen , Quinlan Philip 
Published: September 2011

We report an experiment designed to investigate 6-to-7-year-old children's ability to acquire knowledge of sublexical correspondences between print and sound from their reading experience. A computer database containing the printed word vocabulary of children taking part in the experiment was compiled and used to devise stimuli controlled for grapheme-phoneme correspondence (GPC) frequency and rime neighbourhood consistency according to the children's reading experience. Knowledge of GPC rules and rime units was compared by asking children to read aloud three types of nonword varying in regularity of GPC and consistency of rime pronunciation. Results supported the view that children can acquire knowledge of both GPC rules and rime units from their reading experience. GPC rule strength affects the likelihood of a GPC response; rime consistency affects the likelihood of a rime response.
Identification, Management, and Clinical Characteristics of Hospitalized Patients with Influenza-Like Illness during the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic, Cook County, Illinois
Authors: Metzger Kristen E. , Black Stephanie R. , Jones Roderick C. , Nelson Shaun R. , Robicsek Ari , Trenholme Gordon M. , Lavin Mary Alice , Weber Stephen G. , Garcia-Houchins Sylvia , Landon Emily , Parada Jorge P. , Gerber Susan I. 
Published: September 2011

Objective.To describe the identification, management, and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) during the peak period of activity of the 2009 pandemic strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (2009 H1N1).Design.Retrospective review of electronic medical records.Patients and Setting.Hospitalized patients who presented to the emergency department during the period October 18 through November 14, 2009, at 4 hospitals in Cook County, Illinois, with the capacity to perform real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction testing for influenza.Methods.Vital signs and notes recorded within 1 calendar day after emergency department arrival were reviewed for signs and symptoms consistent with ILI. Cases of ILI were classified as recognized by healthcare providers if an influenza test was performed or if influenza was mentioned as a possible diagnosis in the physician notes. Logistic regression was used to determine the patient attributes and symptoms that were associated with ILI recognition and with influenza infection.Results.We identified 460 ILI case patients, of whom 412 (90%) had ILI recognized by healthcare providers, 389 (85%) were placed under airborne or droplet isolation precautions, and 243 (53%) were treated with antiviral medication. Of 401 ILI case patients tested for influenza, 91 (23%) had a positive result. Fourteen (3%) ILI case patients and none of the case patients who tested positive for influenza had sore throat in the absence of cough.Conclusions.Healthcare providers identified a high proportion of hospitalized ILI case patients. Further improvements in disease detection can be made through the use of advanced electronic health records and efficient diagnostic tests. Future studies should evaluate the inclusion of sore throat in the ILI case definition.