bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of dental fear and anxiety amongst patients in selected dental clinics in Ghana
Authors: Ofori Marian A , Adu-Ababio F. , Nyako E.A. , Ndanu Tom A 
Published: June 2009

Objective To find out the prevalence of dental anxiety and fear amongst patients in various selected dental clinics in Accra, Ghana. Study design Dental patients ( n = 279) who had either been exposed to dental treatments or had no prior dental exposure, attending four selected dental clinics in Accra were randomly sampled. They were interviewed with the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) used to evaluate dental anxiety, and the Dental Fear Survey (DFS) used to measure dental fear among the respondents. Results A high level of dental anxiety was found in 13.6 per cent of the study sample, while 47.3 per cent were fearful of various dental treatments. Female patients recorded a higher DFS score than males (22.84 ± 9.87 and 19.7 ± 8.15 respectively). The MDAS showed a significant difference between the sexes (X2 = 6.912, p = 0.032). The DFS showed a significant difference (F = 2.56, p = 0.039) existing within the age group, with the younger age group showing the highest DFS value. There was no significant difference between the mean scores of the MDAS and the DFS of the study group with regard to educational level. Previous dental experience did not have any impact on fear or anxiety levels ( p > 0.05) Conclusions Dental anxiety and fear has been found to be high amongst dental patients in Ghana. Females are more likely to report higher dental anxiety and fear scores than males. Dental surgeons and the whole dental team should be made aware of this situation and the appropriate treatment plan created for an anxious or fearful patient.
Mislabeled units of umbilical cord blood detected by a quality assurance program at the transplantation center
Authors: McCullough Jeffrey , McKenna David , Kadidlo Diane , Maurer David , Noreen Harriett J. , French Kathy , Brunstein Claudio , Wagner John E. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
We instituted procedures to check the identity of cord blood unit provided for transplantation by carrying out ABO and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing of the thawed units before transplantation. ABO typing is done using standard techniques. Rapid HLA class I serology is with monoclonal antibody trays (One Lambda Inc) using standard incubations. One mislabeled umbilical cord blood (UCB) unit was detected on the day of intended transplantation by repeat ABO typing of the thawed unit at our transplantation center. Because ABO typing will not detect all labeling errors, the rapid serologic class I HLA typing procedure was done on thawed units just before transplantation for all units without an attached segment. This procedure identified a second mislabeled unit. In a 6-year period, 2 of 871 (0.2%) cord blood units sent to us for transplantation were mislabeled and potentially would have been transplanted incorrectly. This error rate of 1 per 249 (0.4%) patients could have potentially devastating consequences.
Carol Hurney
Authors: Mays Hoopes Laura L. 
Published: June 2009

Note from the Editor Educator Highlights for CBE—Life Sciences Education show how professors at different kinds of institutions educate students in life sciences with inspiration and panache. If you have a particularly creative teaching portfolio yourself, or if you wish to nominate an inspiring colleague to be profiled, please e-mail Laura Hoopes at lhoopes@pomona.edu.
Near-infrared Luminescence from Ytterbium(III) Ternary Complexes by Visible-light Excitation of Attached Chlorophyll Derivatives
Authors: Wang Qianming , Sasaki Shin-ichi , Tamiaki Hitoshi 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Ytterbium complex of 1,4,7-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane was assembled with several chlorophyll derivatives bearing a carboxy group in organic solvents. Visible-light sensitization of specific chlorophylls caused a rise of near-infrared emission from Yb3+, due to triplet excited energy transfer in a supramolecule.
Glucose to Value-added Chemicals: Anhydroglucose Formation by Selective Dehydration over Solid Acid Catalysts
Authors: Takagaki Atsushi , Ebitani Kohki 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Selective dehydration of glucose to anhydroglucoses, 1,6-anhydro-β-d-glucopyranose (levoglucosan) and 1,6-anhydro-β-d-glucofuranose, which are highly value-added intermediates for drugs, polymers, and surfactants was performed. Solid acids with sulfonic acid groups like Amberlyst-15 were found to effectively produce anhydroglucoses in polar aprotic solvents.
Crystal Structure and Proton Conductivity of a One-dimensional Coordination Polymer, {Mn(DHBQ)(H2O)2}
Authors: Morikawa Shota , Yamada Teppei , Kitagawa Hiroshi 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
{Mn(DHBQ)(H2O)2} (H2DHBQ = 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone) was investigated by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, sorption isotherm of water, and proton conductivity measurements. It showed a one-dimensional coordination-polymer structure with axial coordination waters, which is the first report on the crystal structure of a one-dimensional coordination polymer with the DHBQ ligand. It also exhibited reversible structural change associated with desorption/sorption of the waters. The proton conductivities of the anhydride and dihydrate states were measured. The dihydrate showed a high proton conductivity of 4×10−5 S cm−1, while the anhydride was below the lower limit of the measurable range (&lt;10−13 S cm−1).
Sandwich-type Electrochemical Immunoassay for Carbohydrate Antigen-125 Using Multifunctional Magnetic Beads with Ferrocenyl-tethered Dendrimer as Label
Authors: Fu Xiao-Hong 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
This letter describes a new sandwich-type electrochemical immunoassay for carbohydrate antigen-125 (CA125) by using multifunctional magnetic beads with ferrocenyl-tethered dendrimer as labels.
A Discovery of Tetravalent Ge4+ Ion Conduction in Solids
Authors: Nunotani Naoyoshi , Tamura Shinji , Imanaka Nobuhito 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Tetravalent Ge4+ ion conduction in solids was first demonstrated by selecting a NASICON-type GeNb(PO4)3 solid and partially replacing P5+ ion in GeNb(PO4)3 with Si4+ ion to expand the crystal lattice, which allows for realization of a Ge4+ ion with high valence and electronegativity. Among the Ge1+x⁄4NbP3−xSixO12 solids prepared, it was found that Ge41⁄40NbP2.9Si0.1O12 (x=0.1) solid showed the highest Ge4+ ion conductivity.
Water Droplets for the Symmetric Adhesion of Two Poly(methyl methacrylate) Films
Authors: Date Takaaki , Ishikawa Mizuki , Hori Koichiro , Tanaka Keiji , Nagamura Toshihiko , Iwahashi Makio , Serizawa Takeshi 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate) films were prepared by annealing below their glass-transition temperatures after spin-casting and were symmetrically pressed against each other with constant pressure in air. The films successfully adhered together with only water droplets. The interfacial adhesion strength was quantitatively examined by lap–shear tests. Polymer chains swollen with water molecules caused significant entanglement and resulted in strong adhesions.
Development of a HPLC-ESR Spin-trapping System for Post-column On-line Detection of Superoxide Radical Scavenging Ability of Column Eluates
Authors: Sakurai Yasuhiro , Kawai Kiyoshi , Komatsu-Watanabe Rushiru , Morimoto Chie , Sakamoto Shunji , Nakajima Akira , Kanaori Kenji , Tajima Kunihiko 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A new HPLC-ESR spin-trapping system for post-column on-line detection of the superoxide radical scavenging activity of column eluates was developed. HPLC-ESR analysis are performed on a mixture of three phenolic compounds, gallic acid (Gal), 4-hydroxycoumaric acid (Cou), and caffeic acid (Caf), by monitoring ESR signal intensity of the superoxide radical adduct of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO/O2).
Acidity Control by On/Off Switching of an Intramolecular NH···O Hydrogen Bond by E/Z Photoisomerization of Cinnamate Framework
Authors: Matsuhira Takashi , Yamamoto Hitoshi , Okamura Taka-aki 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Acidity control by photoswitching of intramolecular NH···O hydrogen bond using E/Z photoisomerization of cinnamate framework was achieved. According to the photoisomerization, the distance between amide NH and carboxylic oxygen was disgregated, and an intramolecular NH···O hydrogen bond formed in E carboxylate was interrupted in Z compound in DMSO-d6 solution. The pKa value of Z carboxylic acid was increased in E compound in DMSO solution.
Phosphorofluoridic Acid-catalyzed Condensation Reaction of Carboxylic Acids with 1-Arylalkyl Alcohols Leading to Esters under Solvent-free Conditions
Authors: Murai Toshiaki , Tanaka Nagisa , Higashijima Shinji , Miura Hidetoshi 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Phosphorofluoridic acid with an l-menthyl group catalyzed condensation reaction between carboxylic acids and 1-arylalkyl alcohols under solvent-free conditions to give esters in moderate to high yields. Results using aliphatic acids are shown.
Preparation and X-ray Structures of trans-5,6-Diaryl-5,6-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-diols: Formation of Supramolecular Rod by Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Suzuki Takanori , Miura Youhei , Tamaki Ryuuichi , Kawai Hidetoshi , Fujiwara Kenshu 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A series of X-ray analyses on the newly prepared title molecules have revealed that the one-dimensional rod-like structures are commonly present in the crystals of trans-dihydrophenanthrolinediols. The architecture is of interest from the viewpoint of supramolecular chirality because homochiral diol molecules with the same sense of helicity are connected in a head-to-tail fashion by a pair of N···H–O hydrogen bonds.
Synthesis of Zr-containing SBA-15 with Hollow Spherical Morphology
Authors: Liang Dong , Chen Jianjian , Wang Yan , Liu Jianhong , Li Ruifeng 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Zr-containing SBA-15 materials with hollow spherical morphology were synthesized via adding zirconium into SBA-15 synthesis solution and adjusting pH to about 4–5 with ammonia water. The hollow spherical mesoporous materials were observed in micron scale, and the shell thickness was about 100 nanometers. Zirconium was well dispersed inside the mesoporous structure. The sulfated hollow Zr-doped SBA-15 spheres showed better catalytic activity than conventional SBA-15 spheres in dehydration reactions.
Size-controlled Fabrication of Periodic Nanocrystal Arrays by Using the Hemispherical Metal Nanowells
Authors: Sato Yumina , Koide Yoshihiro 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A periodic array of NaCl nanocrystals is prepared using a nanoreactor array, which consists of hemispherical nanowells of 800 nm in diameter fused side-by-side prepared by sputter deposition of Fe and Au layers over hexagonally close-packed 1-μm polystyrene (PS) beads. The size of the nanocrystals can be controlled simply by changing the concentration of the precursor solution.
Preparation of CdSe Quantum Dots via Thermolysis of a Novel Single Source Cd/Se Precursor Derived from Cyclohexeno-1,2,3-selenadiazole
Authors: Khanna Pawan K , More Priyesh , Shewate Rahul , Beri Rupinder K , Viswanath A Kasi , Singh Vidyanand , Mehta Bodh R 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Reduction of bis(2-bromocyclohexenyl)diselenide, prepared from cyclohexeno-1,2,3-selenadiazole by the procedure of Meier et al., followed by reaction with cadmium chloride, yielded the novel single source Cd/Se precursor [Cd(SeC6H8Br)2], which upon thermolysis in a high boiling reaction medium formed CdSe quantum dots (Q.dots). Powder X-ray diffraction analysis showed them to contain cubic CdSe and TEM indicated the particle size to be &lt;5 nm. The absorption spectrum of the as-prepared Q.dots had a blue shift of &gt;200 nm with respect to bulk CdSe and photoluminescence measurements at an excitation energy of 350 nm showed shallow trap band-edge emission.
NO Cations as Highly Efficient Catalysts for Carbon–Carbon Bond Forming Reactions
Authors: Yamashita Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
NO cations were found to be a highly effective catalysts in several carbon–carbon bond forming reactions. For example, [3+2] cycloadditions of nitrones or azomethine imines with vinyl ethers proceeded in the presence of 0.1–1 mol % of the NO cation to afford the desired adducts in high yields.
Pseudo-intramolecular Cyclization of α-Nitro-δ-keto Nitrile Leading to 2-Amino-3-nitro-1,4-dihydropyridines
Authors: Nishiwaki Nagatoshi , Kakutani Kengo , Tamura Mina , Ariga Masahiro 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A novel concept—the pseudo-intramolecular process—is applied to the synthesis of multiply functionalized heterocyclic compounds. Acidic α-nitro-δ-keto nitrile easily forms an ammonium salt upon treatment with an amine. When the amine is liberated under equilibrium, an intimate pair, namely, a nucleophilic amine and an electrophilic keto nitrile are located close to each other, is formed; thus the amine efficiently attacks a cyano group of keto nitrile. As a result of subsequent cyclization, 1,4-dihydropyridines containing an amino and a nitro group at the vicinal positions as a partial structure are afforded.
Classroom discourse analysis and educational outcomes in the era of education reform
Authors: Lam Shui‐fong , Law Yin‐kum , Shum Mark Shiu‐kee 
Published: June 2009

Background In the era of education reform when new teaching approaches are being advocated, it is important to investigate how different classroom discourse patterns are related to different educational outcomes.Aim The purpose of the study was to analyse the whole classroom discourse of two teacher interns' writing classes. It was conducted against a background of education reform in which teachers were being encouraged to make major changes in their teaching approaches. We investigated what approaches were adopted and what discourse patterns were related to better educational outcomes.Sample The participants were two teacher interns and their 61 students in Hong Kong. The students (35 boys, 26 girls) were seventh graders from two classes in the same secondary school.Method An instruction unit of each teacher intern on expository writing (120 min) was video‐recorded and analysed. Discourse analysis of the whole classroom interaction was supplemented by the students' perceptions and independent observers' evaluations of the instruction.Results The results indicated that both teacher interns adopted a traditional direct instruction although student‐centred approaches were being recommended in the education reform. The effectiveness of the instruction was associated with certain features of the classroom discourse patterns. Better educational outcomes were associated positively with utterances of high cognitive demand but negatively with utterances related to discipline. Students tended to have better performances in writing when they and the independent observers perceived that the teachers used more motivating strategies.Conclusions The effectiveness of instruction is a complicated phenomenon that involves a myriad of interrelated factors. Teacher‐ or student‐centred approaches are only part of these diverse factors.
Ease of imagination, message framing, and physical activity messages
Authors: Berry Tanya R. , Carson Valerie 
Published: June 2009

ObjectivesThe purpose of this research was to replicate a study that examined how message framing and ease of imagination interact to influence attitudes towards the prevention of heart disease through physical activity and a healthy diet. Changes were made such that only physical activity behaviour was profiled and assessed as a moderating variable. It was hypothesized that gain‐framed messages would positively influence attitudes with hard to imagine symptoms, that loss‐framed messages would positively influence attitudes with easy to imagine symptoms and exercise frequency would moderate the findings.DesignThis study employed a 2 (easy or hard to imagine symptoms) by 2 (gain‐ or loss‐framed) Solomon square design whereby participants, half of whom completed a pre‐test, were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: easy to imagine/gain‐framed, hard to imagine/gain‐framed, easy to imagine/loss‐framed, or hard to imagine/loss‐framed.MethodsParticipants included adults over the age of 55 years (N=57) and undergraduate students (18–22 years; N=118). They were described either hard to imagine or easy to imagine symptoms of heart disease and diabetes and asked to imagine them. Participants then read either a gain‐ or loss‐framed physical activity message followed by post‐test questionnaires that assessed attitudes, exercise frequency, and demographics.ResultsRegression analyses showed no significant framing effects but significant effects for ease of imagination and exercise frequency as a moderating variable.ConclusionsThis study failed to replicate the original research findings but showed that participants who exercised the least and were in the hard to imagine condition had the worst attitudes towards physical activity.
Incident Dysglycemia and Progression to Type 1 Diabetes Among Participants in the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1
Authors: Sosenko Jay M. , Palmer Jerry P. , Rafkin-Mervis Lisa , Krischer Jeffrey P. , Cuthbertson David , Mahon Jeffery , Greenbaum Carla J. , Cowie Catherine C. , Skyler Jay S. ,   the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 Study Group
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE
We studied the incidence of dysglycemia and its prediction of the development of type 1 diabetes in islet cell autoantibody (ICA)-positive individuals. In addition, we assessed whether dysglycemia was sustained.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Participants (n = 515) in the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 (DPT-1) with normal glucose tolerance who underwent periodic oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were followed for incident dysglycemia (impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and/or high glucose levels at intermediate time points of OGTTs). Incident dysglycemia at the 6-month visit was assessed for type 1 diabetes prediction.

RESULTS
Of 515 participants with a normal baseline OGTT, 310 (60%) had at least one episode of dysglycemia over a maximum follow-up of 7 years. Dysglycemia at the 6-month visit was highly predictive of the development of type 1 diabetes, both in those aged &lt;13 years (P &lt; 0.001) and those aged ≥13 years (P &lt; 0.01). Those aged &lt;13 years with dysglycemia at the 6-month visit had a high cumulative incidence (94% estimate by 5 years). Among those who developed type 1 diabetes after a dysglycemic OGTT and who had at least two OGTTs after the dysglycemic OGTT, 33 of 64 (52%) reverted back to a normal OGTT. However, 26 (79%) of the 33 then had another dysglycemic OGTT before diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS
ICA-positive individuals with normal glucose tolerance had a high incidence of dysglycemia. Incident dysglycemia in those who are ICA positive is strongly predictive of type 1 diabetes. Children with incident dysglycemia have an especially high risk. Fluctuations in and out of the dysglycemic state are not uncommon before the onset of type 1 diabetes.
Italian Version of Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale: Normative Data in Patients Undergoing Oral Surgery and Relationship With the ASA Physical Status Classification
Authors: Facco Enrico , Zanette Gastone , Manani Giovanni 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
To test the Italian translation of Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) and to check the relationship between dental anxiety and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification (ASA-PS), the DAS was translated into Italian and administered to 1072 Italian patients (620 male and 452 female patients, ages 14–85 years) undergoing oral surgery. Patients' conditions were checked and rated according to the ASA-PS. The DAS ranged from 4 to 20 (modus  =  8, median  =  10); 59.5% of patients had a DAS of 7–12, 26.1% had a DAS >12, and 10.3% had a DAS >15. The mean DAS was 10.29 (95% confidence limit  =  0.19); female patients were more anxious than male patients (P < .001), while patients older than 60 years showed a significant decrease in the level of anxiety. Five hundred two patients were rated as ASA-PS class P1, 502 as ASA-PS class P2, and 68 as ASA-PS class P3, with a mean DAS score of 9.69, 10.78, and 11.09, respectively: the DAS difference between groups was significant (P < .001).
Retrospective Outcomes Evaluation of 100 Parenteral Moderate and Deep Sedations Conducted in a General Practice Dental Residency
Authors: Messieha Zakaria , Cruz-Gonzalez Wanda , Hakim Michel I. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
An abstract of this study was presented at the American Association for Dental Research (AADR) Dental Anesthesiology Research Group in Honolulu, Hawaii, in March of 2004. This study was conducted to correlate the intraoperative and postoperative morbidity associated with moderate and deep sedation, also known as monitored anesthesia care (MAC), provided in a General Practice Residency (GPR) clinic under the supervision of a dentist anesthesiologist. After internal review board approval was obtained, 100 parenteral moderate and deep sedation cases performed by the same dentist anesthesiologist in collaboration with second year GPR residents were randomly selected and reviewed by 2 independent evaluators. Eleven morbidity criteria were assessed and were correlated with patient age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Status Classification (ASAPS), duration of procedure, and anesthetic protocol. A total of 39 males and 61 females were evaluated. Patients' ASAPS were classified as I, II, and III, with the average ASAPS of 1.61 and the standard deviation (STDEV) of 0.584. No ASPS IV or V was noted. Average patient age was 33.8 years (STDEV, 14.57), and the average duration of procedure was 97.5 minutes (STDEV, 42.39). Three incidents of postoperative nausea and vomiting were reported. All 3 incidents involved the ketamine-midazolam-propofol anesthetic combination. All patients were treated and were well controlled with ondansetron. One incident of tongue biting in an autistic child was regarded as an effect of local anesthesia. One patient demonstrated intermittent premature atrial contractions (PACs) intraoperatively but was stable. Moderate and deep sedation, also known as MAC, is safe and beneficial in an outpatient GPR setting with proper personnel and monitoring. This study did not demonstrate a correlation between length of procedure and morbidity. Ketamine was associated with all reported nausea and vomiting incidents because propofol and midazolam are rarely associated with such events.
Perioperative Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea With Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
Authors: Arisaka Hirofumi , Sakuraba Shigeki , Kobayashi Reiko , Kitahama Homare , Nishida Naofumi , Furuya Munetaka , Yoshida Kazu-ichi 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The high risks associated with general anesthesia in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients have been reported. Many authors have suggested that the intraoperative administration of opioids and sedatives should be limited or avoided because these drugs selectively impair muscle activity in the upper airway. We report the case of an OSAS patient who was managed with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) and treated safely in spite of the use of conventional anesthetic and analgesic agents typically used for patients without OSAS. She had little pain during the perioperative period. It is suggested that NCPAP is an effective treatment for not only preventing airway obstructive apnea but for allowing the administration of anesthetic and analgesic drugs without major complications.