bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Birds, Beasts, and Bombs in Messiaen's Cold War Mass
Authors: Fallon Robert 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Although Messiaen is commonly portrayed as having been disengaged from worldly affairs, his eyes fixed on heaven, many of his works can be shown to possess a subtext of political or social commentary that frames worldly issues in religious rhetoric. In a notable example, the Messe de la Pentecôte for organ (1950), Messiaen dramatizes the Cold War threat of nuclear apocalypse by contrasting a leitmotif he calls the Beast of the Apocalypse with evocations of birdsong that represent peace and freedom. Probably influenced by Picasso's use of birds as symbols of peace and by René Leibowitz's Sartrean calls for artistic commitment, the Mass ends with a chord he describes as an explosion. The work's subtext appears to warn against nuclear catastrophe and to advocate faith in the face of Cold War fear and anxiety.
Górecki's Scontri and Avant-Garde Music in Cold War Poland
Authors: Jakelski Lisa 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Poland's post-1956 cultural liberalizations sat uneasily in the midst of a Cold War binary that equated avant-gardism with artistic freedom and socialist realism with aesthetic coercion. During 1960–61, Polish composers and critics debated the seeming paradox of official support in Poland for avant-garde aesthetics. Their disputes arose after the premiere of Henryk Mikołaj Górecki's Scontri (Collisions) for Orchestra, op. 17, at the 1960 Warsaw Autumn Festival; disrupted the General Assembly of the Polish Composers' Union in December 1960; and persisted in the journal Ruch Muzyczny (Musical Movement) during the early months of 1961.
Taken together, the successive stages of debate show how defenses of Polish avant-garde music intersected with competing cultural imperatives of the Cold War. Maneuvers by composers and critics formed a musical corollary to the “Polish road to socialism” that Władysław Gomułka had engineered with the Soviet Union, an agreement by which expanded internal freedoms would be tolerated as long as no serious steps were taken to abandon state socialism in Poland. The amenability of music to such critical moves, paired with the growing international prestige of Polish avant-garde composers and the Warsaw Autumn Festival, suggests why music was spared the reimposition of restrictive governmental oversight as Poland's Thaw came to a close.
Music at the Edge of the Construct
Authors: Ford Phil 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Writers across a wide spectrum of cold war discourse voiced an anxiety that American minds could be made to see things as some alien will might want us to see them. Cold War popular culture drew on such notions to fashion a spectacle of mind control and depicted advertising, Hollywood, and politics as sites for the manufacture of illusions. Each site finds its critique in a film from the first postwar decades: A Star Is Born (1954) shows Hollywood myths overwhelming the lives of their creators; John Cassavetes's Shadows (1957/1959) voices the hip critique of commodified mass culture; and The Manchurian Candidate (1962) spins a paranoid scenario in which American politics, Communist brainwashing, and television conspire to create a counterfeit reality so total there may be no escape. These films picture their characters struggling to escape the construct of false images that besets them. The musical scoring of these films, though while radically different, defines the boundary of the construct and marks the distance between reality and image.
Incidence and Outcomes of Pediatric Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Zimmerman Jerry J. , Akhtar Saadia R. , Caldwell Ellen , Rubenfeld Gordon D. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE: This population-based, prospective, cohort study was designed to determine the population incidence and outcomes of pediatric acute lung injury.METHODS: Between 1999 and 2000, 1 year of screening was performed at all hospitals admitting critically ill children in King County, Washington. County residents 0.5 to 15 years of age who required invasive (through endotracheal tube or tracheostomy) or noninvasive (through full face mask) mechanical ventilation, regardless of the duration of mechanical ventilation, were screened. From this population, children meeting North American-European Consensus Conference acute lung injury criteria were eligible for enrollment. Postoperative patients who received mechanical ventilation for &lt;24 hours were excluded. Data collected included the presence of predefined cardiac conditions, demographic and physiological data, duration of mechanical ventilation, and deaths. US Census population figures were used to estimate incidence. Associations between outcomes and subgroups identified a priori were assessed.RESULTS: Thirty-nine children met the criteria for acute lung injury, resulting in a calculated incidence of 12.8 cases per 100000 person-years. Severe sepsis (with pneumonia as the infection focus) was the most common risk factor. The median 24-hour Pediatric Risk of Mortality III score was 9.0, and the mean ± SD was 11.7 ± 7.5. The hospital mortality rate was 18%, lower than that reported previously for pediatric acute lung injury. There were no statistically significant associations between age, gender, or risk factors and outcomes.CONCLUSIONS: We present the first population-based estimate of pediatric acute lung injury incidence in the United States. Population incidence and mortality rates are lower than those for adult acute lung injury. Low mortality rates in pediatric acute lung injury may necessitate clinical trial outcome measures other than death.
Movie Character Smoking and Adolescent Smoking: Who Matters More, Good Guys or Bad Guys?
Authors: Tanski Susanne E. , Stoolmiller Mike , Cin Sonya Dal , Worth Keilah , Gibson Jennifer , Sargent James D. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between smoking onset and exposure to movie smoking according to character type.METHODS: A longitudinal, random-digit-dial telephone survey of 6522 US adolescents was performed with movie exposure assessed at 4 time points over 24 months. Adolescents were asked whether they had seen a random subsample of recently released movies, for which we identified smoking by major characters and type of portrayal (divided into negative, positive, and mixed/neutral categories). Multivariate hazard regression analysis was used to assess the independent effects of these exposures on the odds of trying smoking.RESULTS: By the 24-month follow-up survey, 15.9% of baseline never-smokers had tried smoking. Within the sample of movies, 3848 major characters were identified, of whom 69% were male. Smokers represented 22.8% of 518 negative characters, 13.7% of 2486 positive characters, and 21.1% of 844 mixed/neutral characters. Analysis of the crude relationship showed that episodes of negative character smoking exposure had the strongest influence on smoking initiation. However, because most characters were portrayed as positive, exposure to this category was greatest. When the full population effect of each exposure was modeled, each type of character smoking independently affected smoking onset. There was an interaction between negative character smoking and sensation-seeking with stronger response for adolescents lower in sensation-seeking.CONCLUSIONS: Character smoking predicts adolescent smoking initiation regardless of character type, which demonstrates the importance of limiting exposure to all movie smoking. Negative character portrayals of smoking have stronger impact on low risk-taking adolescents, undercutting the argument that greater exposure is a marker for adolescent risk-taking behavior.
Child Protection Outcomes for Infants of Substance-Using Mothers: A Matched-Cohort Study
Authors: McGlade Andrea , Ware Robert , Crawford Maree 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE: Parental drug use is a critical public health issue; it is estimated to be present in up to 80% of referrals to Australian child protection agencies. However, no data regarding the child protection outcomes of infants of substance-using parents exist in Australia, and no comparisons have been made with infants of non–substance-using parents. We assessed differences in substantiated abuse between 2 groups of mothers in Brisbane to quantify this risk.
METHODS: Mothers who disclosed opiate, amphetamine, or methadone use between 2000 and 2003 were identified and compared with non–substance-using mothers who were matched for gender and gestational age. All infants were linked to the Department of Child Safety Child Protection Information System database. Child protection outcomes, such as substantiated notifications and entry into foster care, were compared between groups.
RESULTS: We studied 119 infants of substance-using mothers and 238 matched infants. Infants of substance-using mothers were more likely to suffer substantiated harm (hazard ratio 13.3 [95% confidence interval 4.6–38.3]) and to enter foster care (hazard ratio 13.3 [95% confidence interval 5.1–34.3]). Infants of mothers using illicit drugs were more likely to suffer substantiated harm and more likely to enter foster care than infants of mothers who were compliant with a methadone program.
CONCLUSIONS: Infants of substance-using mothers have much poorer child protection outcomes than infants of non–substance-using mothers. This study adds substantial evidence toward a real association between maternal drug use and child abuse. Greater interagency collaboration is urgently required to reduce this risk.
Treatment of Kawasaki Disease: Analysis of 27 US Pediatric Hospitals From 2001 to 2006
Authors: Son Mary Beth F. , Gauvreau Kimberlee , Ma Lin , Baker Annette L. , Sundel Robert P. , Fulton David R. , Newburger Jane W. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVES: We sought to analyze trends in admissions and to describe therapies used for acute Kawasaki disease over a 6-year period.
METHODS: The Pediatric Health Information System provides patient data including demographic variables, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes, and services billed to patients. Patient identifiers enable tracking of medication use in and across multiple admissions within a center. We analyzed data for patients with (1) a diagnosis code for Kawasaki disease, (2) intravenously administered immunoglobulin treatment during hospitalization, and (3) discharge between January 1, 2001, and December 30, 2006, from 27 hospitals contributing complete data over the study period.
RESULTS: During the study period, 5197 Kawasaki disease admissions were identified for 4811 patients; numbers increased 32.6% from 2001 (n = 678) to 2006 (n = 899). Retreatment with intravenous immunoglobulin was administered to 712 patients (14.8%) over the study period. Other antiinflammatory therapies included intravenously administered methylprednisolone (5.8%), orally administered prednisone (2.8%), and infliximab (1%). Use of infliximab steadily increased from 0.0% (0 of 678 patients) in 2001 to 2.3% (21 of 899 patients) in 2006. Coronary artery aneurysms were coded for 3.3% of patients. Male patients, patients &lt;1 year of age, and Hispanic patients were significantly more likely to have coding for coronary artery aneurysms.
CONCLUSIONS: Our report provides the first large multicenter description of agents used in the treatment of intravenously administered immunoglobulin-resistant Kawasaki disease in the United States. Trends include increased numbers of admissions attributable to Kawasaki disease and increased usage of infliximab.
Intravenous Lipid and Bilirubin-Albumin Binding Variables in Premature Infants
Authors: Amin Sanjiv B. , Harte Theresa , Scholer Lori , Wang Hongyue 
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: The lipid intake at which a significant bilirubin-displacing effect occurs as a function of gestational age (GA) is unclear.OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of gradual increase in IL intake from 1.5 to 3 g/kg per day on bilirubin-albumin binding variables as a function of GA in premature infants with indirect hyperbilirubinemia.METHODS: Infants of 24 to 33 weeks' gestation at birth who received IL (20% Intralipid [Fresenius Kabi, Uppsala, Sweden]) doses of 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 g/kg per day over 4 consecutive days were prospectively evaluated. The blood samples were drawn twice at least 8 hours apart on each IL intake to measure total serum bilirubin and free bilirubin by the peroxidase test. The highest free bilirubin on each IL intake, the corresponding total serum bilirubin, and serum albumin were used to calculate the bilirubin/albumin binding constant or binding affinity.RESULTS: Sixty-two infants (median GA: 28 weeks) were studied during the first 10 days of life. None of the subjects had culture-proven sepsis, had triglyceride levels of &gt;2.05 mmol/L, or were receiving steroids. Infants were grouped in 2-week GA intervals. The cumulative frequency of elevated free bilirubin concentration (≥90th percentile or Bf ≥ 32 nmol/L) as a function of IL intake was inversely related to GA and was significantly different among 2-week GA groups. There was significant decrease in binding affinity and increase in free bilirubin concentration with higher IL intake for ≤28 week but not for &gt;28 week GA groups.CONCLUSIONS: The IL intake may be associated with a significant fall in the binding affinity of bilirubin for plasma protein and a concomitant increase in free bilirubin concentration in premature infants. The lipid intake at which this occurs depends on GA.
Convalescent Care of Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Community Hospitals: Risk or Benefit?
Authors: Donohue Pamela K. , Hussey-Gardner Brenda , Sulpar Leslie J. , Fox Renee , Aucott Susan W. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE: To compare very low birth weight (VLBW) infants transported to a community hospital (CH) before discharge with infants who received convalescent care in a regional-referral NICU (RR-NICU) on 4 parameters: health indicators at the time of hospital discharge, health care use during the 4 months after discharge to home, parent satisfaction with hospital care, and cost of hospitalization.PATIENTS AND METHODS: VLBW infants cared for in 2 RR-NICUs during 2004–2006 were enrolled in the study. One RR-NICU transfers infants to a CH for convalescent care and the other discharges infants directly home. Infants were followed prospectively. Information was gathered from medical charts, parent interviews, and hospital business offices.RESULTS: A total of 255 VLBW infants were enrolled in the study, and 148 were transferred to 15 CHs. Nineteen percent of transferred infants were readmitted to a higher level of care before discharge from the hospital. Preventative health measures and screening examinations were more frequently missed, readmission within 2 weeks of discharge from the hospital was more frequent, parents were less satisfied with hospital care, and duration of hospitalization was 12 days longer, although not statistically different, if infants were transferred to a CH for convalescence rather than discharged from the RR-NICU. Total hospital charges did not differ significantly between the groups.CONCLUSION: Transfer of infants to a CH from an RR-NICU for convalescent care has become routine but may place infants at risk. Our study indicates room for improvement by both CHs and RR-NICUs in the care of transferred VLBW infants.
Early Resuscitation of Children With Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Zebrack Michelle , Dandoy Christopher , Hansen Kristine , Scaife Eric , Mann N. Clay , Bratton Susan L. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVES: Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in children. Guidelines have been established to prevent secondary brain injury caused by hypotension or hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence, monitoring, and treatment of hypotension and hypoxia during “early” (prehospital and emergency department) care and to evaluate their relationship to vital status and neurologic outcomes at hospital discharge.
METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 299 children with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury presenting to a level 1 pediatric trauma center. We recorded vital signs and medical provider response to hypotension and/or hypoxia during all portions of early care.
RESULTS: Blood pressure (31%) and oxygenation (34%) were not recorded during some portion of “early care.” Documented hypotension occurred in 118 children (39%). An attempt to treat documented hypotension was made in 48% (57 of 118 children). After adjusting for severity of illness, children who did not receive an attempt to treat hypotension had an increased odds of death of 3.4 and were 3.7 times more likely to suffer disability compared with treated hypotensive children. Documented hypoxia occurred in 131 children (44%). An attempt to treat hypoxia was made in 92% (121 of 131 children). Untreated hypoxia was not significantly associated with death or disability, except in the setting of hypotension.
CONCLUSIONS: Hypotension and hypoxia are common events in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Approximately one third of children are not properly monitored in the early phases of their management. Attempts to treat hypotension and hypoxia significantly improved outcomes.
Age-Related Renal Parenchymal Lesions in Children With First Febrile Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Pecile Paolo , Miorin Elisabetta , Romanello Carla , Vidal Enrico , Contardo Marzia , Valent Francesca , Tenore Alfred 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to define the association between age and the occurrence of acute pyelonephritis and renal scars.
METHODS: Between 1999 and 2002, all children 0 to 14 years of age consecutively seen with a first febrile urinary tract infection were enrolled in the study. 99mTc-Dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy was performed within 5 days after admission for the detection of renal parenchymal involvement. The presence of vesicoureteral reflux was assessed by using cystography performed 1 month after the infection. If the acute scan results were abnormal, then follow-up 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid scanning was performed after 6 months, to assess the frequency of scars.
RESULTS: A total of 316 children were enrolled in the study (190 children &lt;1 year, 99 children 1–4 years, and 27 children 5–14 years of age). 99mTc-Dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy revealed that 59% of the children had renal involvement in the acute phase of infection. The frequency of kidney involvement in infants &lt;1 year of age (49%) was significantly lower than that in children 1 to 4 years of age (73%) and &gt;5 years of age (81%). Of the 187 children with positive acute 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid scan results, 123 underwent repeat scintigraphy after 6 months. Renal scars were found for 28% of children &lt;1 year, 37% of children 1 to 4 years, and 53% of children 5 to 14 years of age. No significant differences in the frequency of scars and the presence or absence of vesicoureteral reflux were noted.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that acute pyelonephritis and subsequent renal scarring occur only in some children with first febrile urinary tract infections. Children &lt;1 year of age with febrile urinary tract infections have a lower risk of parenchymal localization of infection and renal scarring.
Risk Factors for Persistent Fatigue With Significant School Absence in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Bakker Robert J. , van de Putte Elise M. , Kuis Wietse , Sinnema Gerben 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE: To assess children and adolescents with severe fatigue who are referred to pediatricians and to examine whether factors can be identified at their first visit that predict worse outcomes at 1 year.
METHODS: Ninety-one patients, aged 8 to 18 years completed questionnaires about sleep, somatic symptoms, physical activity, and fatigue. They were reassessed 12 months later. Measurements at baseline and outcome were analyzed by using univariable logistic regression with persistent, severe fatigue (yes/no) and persistent school absence (yes/no) as dependent variables and baseline scores as independent variables.
RESULTS: After 12 months, 50.6% of the children and adolescents showed improvement; 29.1% had persistent fatigue, and 20.3% had persistent fatigue with significant school absence. Factors associated with the poorest outcome were sleep problems (odds ratio [OR]: 1.4 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1–1.8]), initial fatigue score (OR: 1.1 [95% CI: 1.0–1.2]), somatic complaints such as hot and cold spells (OR: 1.9 [95% CI: 1.2–3.0]), blurred vision (OR: 2.1 [95% CI: 1.1–4.0]), pain in arms and legs (OR: 2.0 [95% CI: 1.0–3.2]), back pain (OR: 1.8 [95% CI: 1.0–3.2]), constipation (OR: 1.7 [95% CI: 1.0–2.7]), and memory deficits (OR: 1.8 [95% CI: 1.0–3.2]). Resolved fatigue was associated with male gender (OR: 5.0 [95% CI: 1.6–15.5]) and a physically active lifestyle (OR: 1.3 [95% CI: 1.1–1.5]).
CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of predictive factors at the first visit enables the pediatrician to identify those patients with severe fatigue who are at risk of a poor outcome. Female gender, poor sleep quality, physically inactive lifestyle, and specific somatic complaints were important predictive factors.
The Association of Lung Disease With Cerebral White Matter Abnormalities in Preterm Infants
Authors: Anjari Mustafa , Counsell Serena J. , Srinivasan Latha , Allsop Joanna M. , Hajnal Joseph V. , Rutherford Mary A. , Edwards A. David 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE: Preterm infants have a high incidence of neurodevelopmental impairment associated with diffuse cerebral white matter abnormalities and also a high incidence of serious respiratory disease. However, it is unclear if lung disease and brain injury are related, and previous research has been impeded by confounding effects, including prematurity and infection. Using a new approach that permits multivariate statistical analysis, we tested the hypothesis that lung disease is associated with specific white matter abnormalities, detected as reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) in diffusion tensor imaging data.METHODS: Fifty-three preterm infants with no evidence of focal abnormality on conventional MRI were studied at term-equivalent age by using tract-based spatial statistics, an automated observer-independent method for voxelwise analysis of major white matter pathways.RESULTS: In several white matter tracts, FA decreased with a linear relation to the gestational age at birth. Independent of the confounding effects of prematurity and age at scan, respiratory disease was associated with specific white matter abnormalities in preterm infants; those infants receiving mechanical ventilation for &gt;2 days in the perinatal period (n = 10) showed reduced FA in the genu of the corpus callosum, whereas subjects with chronic lung disease (n = 15) displayed a reduction in FA in the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus.CONCLUSION: Independent of the degree of prematurity, respiratory disease is associated with cerebral white matter abnormalities.