bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Fimbrial and Toxin Genes inEscherichia coliand their Prevalence in Piglets with Diarrhoea. The Application of Colony Hybridization Assay, Polymerase Chain Reaction and Phenotypic Assays
Authors: Ojeniyi B. , Ahrens P. , Meyling A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryTwo different genotypic methods, colony hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), were applied to detect enterotoxin, verotoxin and fimbrial genes in 708Escherichia coli (E. coli)strains from piglets with diarrhoea. The results were compared with those obtained by phenotypic methods.DNA fragments specific for each of the enterotoxins LT, STaand STb, the verotoxins VT1, VT2and VT2v, and for each of the fimbrial genes K88 (F4), K99 (F5), 987P (F6), F41 and F107, respectively, were used as probes in a colony hybridization assay of theE. colistrains. A PCR assay was used as genotypic test for the verotoxin gene. An Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies was performed to test for the presence of K88 and K99 fimbriae, and a Vero cell test was performed to test for verotoxin production. Toxin detection kits were applied to detect theE. coliheat‐labile enterotoxin (LT) and the heat‐stable (STa) enterotoxin.The correlation between the results obtained by genotypic and phenotypic methods was 97.7–100 %. The prevalence of the different fimbrial and toxin genes inE. colistrains from piglets with neonatal and postweaning diarrhoea were recorded. The verotoxin and the fimbrial F107 genes were found to be more frequent in postweaningE. colistrains than in neonatalE. colistrains.
Invasion and Replication ofBrucella Abortusin Three Different Trophoblastic Cell Lines
Authors: Samartino L. E. , Truax R. E. , Enright F. M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThis study was performed to compare the replication of the pathogenic strainBrucella abortus2308 in three trophoblastic cell lines derived bovine placentas at different gestational stages. The trophoblastic cell lines were obtained from a 13–15 day embryo, from 5‐month placentomal tissue and from an 8‐month extra‐placentomal portion of the placenta. The infection rate was similar in all cell lines at 4 h. Colony‐forming Units were counted at 4, 8, 12, 24 and 30 h post‐inoculation. At 12, 16, 24 and 30 hB. abortusrapidly replicated within the 5‐month and 8‐month trophoblastic cell lines, but grew slowly within trophoblastic cells derived from embryonic tissue. Electron microscopic studies consistently showed clusters ofB. abortusin trophoblastic cells derived from 5‐ and 8‐month placentas, while few cells of the embryonic line were infected and these contained only 1–2 bacteria per cell. It was concluded thatB. abortuscan infect trophoblastic cells throughout the gestational period but bacterial multiplication does not occur in these cells before middle or late gestation.
Tissue Distribution and Binding to Plasma Proteins of Norfloxacin Nicotinate after Intramuscular Administration in Pigs
Authors: Shem‐Tov M. , Ziv G. , Gips M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThree clinically normal pigs were given a single intramuscular injection of an aqueous solution of norfloxacin nicotinate (NFN) at 14 mg/kg body weight. Animals were killed 4 h after treatment and the concentrations of norfloxacin in various biological fluids and tissues were determined by chemical (high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) and microbiological assay methods. Drug distribution throughout the body was presented as actual concentrations (μg/ml and ppm) in each sample and as the ratio of drug concentration in tissue to drug concentration in plasma. Highest concentrations were found in the urine, kidney, liver and bile. The drug was not detected in ocular fluid, brain tissue (by microbiological assay), fat (by HPLC) and skin (by HPLC). Tissue‐to‐plasma concentrations ratios were near to, or greater than, 1.0 (HPLC assay) for the kidney, liver, spleen, muscle, lung, adrenals, salivary glands, pleural and synovial fluid, and smaller than 1.0 for cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue and lymph nodes. Agreement between the chemical and microbiological assay results was variable, depending on the type of tissue and biological fluid tested. Binding of norfloxacin to plasma proteins in pig is low (23 %‐29 %). The distribution pattern of the drug in pig, laboratory animals and humans is very similar; it can be characterized as extensive, with tissue‐to‐serum ratios reaching 2:1 or more in certain non‐excretory organs. These values may reflect intracellular concentrations of the drug.
Grouping of Porcine Enteroviruses by Indirect Immunofluorescence and Description of Two New Serotypes
Authors: Auerbach J. , Prager D. , Neuhaus S. , Loss U. , Witte K. H. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryPorcine enteroviruses (PEV) types 1–11 were assigned to three serologic groups by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). Serotype group I consists of PEV types 1–7 and 11 and is correlated with CPE‐type I. Serotype group II is represented by PEV type 8, producing CPE‐type II, while PEV types 9 and 10 are classified as serotype group III and cause CPE‐type III. Three PEV isolates from the central nervous system of pigs with polioencephalomyelitis were assigned to serotype group I by IIF but to none of the established 11 serotypes by cross‐neutralization. It is concluded that these isolates are representatives of two new PEV types for which the designation PEV12 and 13 is suggested.
Origin of Lymphocytic‐choriomeningitis‐virus‐bearing Mice in Japan
Authors: Morita Chiharu , Suzuki Hitoshi , Tanikawa Tsutomu , Yabe Tatsuo , Eda Jyunji , Hirukawa Hitoshi , Ueno Hiroshi , Chenchittikul Mongkol 
Published: May 2010

SummaryMice found in the port areas in Japan, where antibody to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) was detected, may have originated or partially originated from a southern Asian subspecies, Mus musculus castaneus.
An ELISA Based on Whole Virus for the Detection of Antibodies to Small‐ruminant Lentiviruses
Authors: Zanoni R. G. , Vogt H.‐R. , Pohl B. , Böttcher J. , Bommeli W. , Peterhans E. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA new ELISA kit was developed, based on highly purified whole‐virus antigen derived from the Swiss maedi‐visna virus strain OLV. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of this assay were compared with that of an established ELISA based on recombinant GAG (group‐specific antigens)‐GST (glutathione S‐transferase) fusion protein expressed inE. coli(GAG‐GST ELISA). The whole‐virus ELISA exhibits at least comparable specificity (99.3 %) but higher sensitivity (98.6 versus 86.3 %) and agreement with the ‘true’ status beyond chance in the detection of antiviral antibodies in serum from goats. Antibodies in milk samples are detected with higher specificity (98.9 versus 97.8 %) but lower sensitivity (91.4 versus 98.2 %) than in GAG‐GST ELISA. The specificity of the new ELISA in the detection of antibodies in serum might be superior, since a set of 40 samples falsely rated positive in GAG‐GST ELISA in routine diagnostic work was negative in the new ELISA. In both assays, milk samples can be tested instead of serum, although with slightly reduced sensitivity in the new ELISA. The major advantage of the new test kit is the low number of equivocal samples needing confirmation in a supplementary test. Results obtained with sheep sera indicate that the new ELISA kit is also suitable for the detection of antibodies to maedi‐visna virus.
Changes in some Parameters of the Immune Response in Rats after Cold Stress
Authors: Goundasheva D. , Andonova M. , Ivanov V. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe influence of stress upon the endocrine system and its relationship to the immune system have been studied. The simulation of chronic cold stress in rats caused an increase in ACTH, corticosterone, and T3and T4levels. The different hormonal background in stressed animals affected the characteristics and the intensity of the immune response, which was traced in dynamics and through the action of 109ovine erythrocytes.A strong suppression of B‐lymphocytes and of PFC count was observed. Increased Fcγ‐RFC‐suppressing activity was also determined. The PFC suppression changed simultaneously with the rate and dynamics of Fcγ‐RFC‐suppressing activity in animals under stress.In control rats (immunized with ovine erythrocytes only), the antigen caused insignificant changes in corticosterone level, which was not typical for stress and was not accompanied by suppressing activity in the immune response.
Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Bovine Mastitic Milk: Bacteriophage and Antimicrobial Agent Susceptibility, and Enterotoxigenicity
Authors: Adesiyun A. A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryStaphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitic milk in Trinidad were examined for their susceptibility to bacteriophages and antimicrobial agents and their ability to produce enterotoxins. Phage 42D was used to screen for bovine strains of S. aureus in milk. Of 250 strains tested, 224 (89.6%) were sensitive to phages in the international phage set (IPS), 85 (34.0%) were resistant to antimicrobial agents and 134 (53.6%) were enterotoxigenic. Strains lysed by phages in various groups (mixed) were prevalent, 145 (58.0%), followed by strains sensitive to groups III (17.0%) and I (8.8%) phages. A total of 72 (28.8%) strains were lysed by phage 42D either alone or with others. Resistance to penicillin was most common with 59 (23.6%) strains while 44 (17.6%) and 43 (17.2%) strains were resistant to ampicillin and triple sulphur respectively. Only 3 (1.2%) strains were resistant to methicillin. Prevalence of resistance to penicillin (12.5%) amongst phage 42D‐sensitive strains was significantly (P ≤ 0.01; X2) lower than for strains not lysed by phage 42D (28.1%) but strains susceptible to phage 42D were significantly (P ≤ 0.05; X2) more resistant (4.2%) to methicillin than those not lysed by the phage (0.0%). Amongst 134 enterotoxigenic strains, 32 (23.9%), 77 (57.5%), 67 (50.0%) and 21 (15.7%) produced staphylococcal enterotoxins A(SEA), B(SEB), C(SEC) and D(SED) respectively either alone or mixed. SEB and SEC were significantly (P ≤ 0.01; X2) more produced than either SEA or SED. Strains lysed by groups IV, i.e. 42D (62.5%), and III (56.7%) were more enterotoxigenic than those sensitive to phages in groups II (45.5%) and non‐typable (46.2%) but the differences were not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05; X2). Strains lysed by group II phages (72.7%) were significantly (P ≤ 0.05; X2) more resistant to antimicrobial agents than those lysed by phage 42D (18.8%).It was concluded that bovine mastitis strains of S. aureus in Trinidad were highly susceptible to bacteriophages and antimicrobial agents and enterotoxigenic and less than one‐third may be considered to be bovine strains.
Lipofuscin Pigment in Cerebellar Purkinje Neurones and Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells of Macaque Monkeys with Plasmodium knowlesi Cerebral Malaria: an Electron Microscopical Observation
Authors: Ibiwoye M. O. , Sibbons P. D. , Hasan M. , Howard C. V. , Desalu A. B. O. , Singhal K. C. , van Velzen D. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryExperimental infection of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with a virulent (W1) strain of Plasmodium knowlesi resulted in cerebral malaria. Electron microscopical examination of the brain revealed large numbers of intracytoplasmic lipofuscin pigment deposits in cerebellar Purkinje neurones and choroid plexus epithelium of the lateral ventricle. This lesion may be part of the nervous system response to ischaemic hypoxia.
Comparative RAPD‐PCR Analysis of Lungworms (Dictyocaulidae) from Fallow Deer, Cattle, Sheep, and Horses
Authors: Epe C. , Bienioschek S. , Rehbein S. , Schnieder T. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryGenomic DNA isolated from the four Dictyocaulus species D. viviparus, D. eckerti, D. filaria and D. arnfieldi was compared by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD)‐PCR to get additional information whether lungworms from fallow deer belong to a separate species (D. eckerti) or have to be regarded as an isolate of D. viviparus in wild ruminants. The resulting banding patterns of the electrophoresed PCR products were compared to assess the degree of genetic differences between the different lungworms. For the two D. viviparus isolates a similarity coefficient of 93.4 % was calculated, whereas the similarity coefficient of D. viviparus, D. eckerti, D. filaria and D. arnfieldi ranged from 12 % to 32 %. The similarity coefficient of 32 % between D. eckerti and D. viviparus compared with the intraspecies similarity of 93.4 % indicates that D. eckerti most likely belongs to a separate species and is not a D. viviparus isolate of wild ruminants.
Vaccination of Grasscutters with a Multicomponent Clostridial Vaccine
Authors: Younan M. , Müller W. , Borowy N. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryGrasscutter serum antibodies againstClostridium perfringensß‐toxin were titrated in an enzyme immunoassay. The procedure that is currently used for vaccinating domesticated grasscutters is discussed.
Association of Tumour Necrosis Factor and Acute Phase Reactant Changes with Post Arrival Disease in Swine
Authors: Harding J. C. , Baarsch M. J. , Murtaugh M. P. 
Published: May 2010

SummarySevere weight loss in the absence of respiratory, enteric or systemic clinical discase or gross pathologic lesions is often observed when immunologically naive boars are placed in conventional health swine facilities. Affected animals develop this weight loss in spite of receiving pre‐entry vaccinations against common swine pathogens, such asHaemophilus parasuisorMycoplasma hyopneumoniae. In many cases, the weight loss is non‐responsive to long term antibiotic therapy. In order to determine the relationships between the severity of post arrival weight loss and disease and its potential immunological or physiological indicators, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and acute phase reactant levels were correlated with the clinical status in immunologically naive boars following their transfer to a conventional facility. Boars had higher TNF (P < 0.0001) and plasma protein (P = 0.0054) levels and decreased zinc (P = 0.0004) levels during periods of clinical sickness. Likewise, peak and average plasma TNF, serum haptoglobin, and serum zinc were correlated indicating a prolonged stress or pathogenic insult (r = 0.89, P < 0.0001 for TNF; r = 0.67, P = 0.01 for haptoglobin; r = 0.73, P = 0.005 for zinc). An acute phase response, a systemic TNF increase and the development of a lymphopenia were observed in post arrival disease in swine. This is the first time cytokines and acute phase reactants have been investigated in a field study involving immunologically naive or high health swine.
Development of an Experimental Tissue Culture Vaccine Against Mediterranean Theileriosis in Spain
Authors: Viseras J. , García‐Fernández P. , Adroher F. J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryVaccines against Mediterranean theileriosis have been developed in several countries where the disease is an economic problem. Tissue culture vaccines have been widely and successfully used to immunize cattle. Although Mediterranean theileriosis represents a constraint to dairy cattle production in Spain, no vaccines against this disease have been developed previously. The successful development of a tissue culture vaccine consisting of attenuated Theileria annulata schizont infected cells from an enzootic area of Spain and its efficacy under experimental conditions is reported. Vaccinated calves were resistant to homologous challenge showing no signs of theileriosis while non‐vaccinated calves showed typical signs of disease.
Type IV Hypersensitivity in the Pathogenesis of FIPV‐Induced Lesions
Authors: Paltrinieri S. , Parodi M. Cammarata , Cammarata G. , Mambretti M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn focal lesions of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), the cells involved in the delayed‐type hypersensitivity were identified in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded and frozen samples taken from 35 affected cats. The clinical diagnosis of FIP was confirmed by necropsy, histology and direct immunofluorescence against the coronaviruses on cryostatic sections. The immune cells were detected immunohistochemically by the Avidin‐Biotin‐Complex (ABC) method using either polyclonal antibodies against lymphoid antigens (CD3) or monoclonal antibodies against lymphoid (PAN‐T, CD4, CD8) and myeloid antigens (MAC387). Better identification of T cells and macrophages was found on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded sections than on cryostatic ones, while T lymphocyte subpopulations could be differentiated only in cryostatic sections. Type IV hypersensitivity was detected in focal feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)‐induced lesions from progressive activation of T lymphocytes, mainly CD4+, and the presence of granulocytes and macrophages. The FIPV‐induced lesions could be studied as examples of granulomas caused by unconventional antigens, such as viruses or immune complexes.
Experimental Infection withEhrlichia phagocytophilain Cattle
Authors: Brun‐Hansen H. , Grønstøl H. , Hardeng F. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryTwenty Norwegian Red cattle, aged 8–10 months were used. Ten animals were inoculated intravenously with 3 ml of a whole blood dimethyl sulphoxide stabilate of a bovine strain ofEhrlichia (Cytoecetes) phagocytophila.The animals were observed on a daily basis for clinical symptoms and rectal temperatures were recorded daily for 36 days post inoculation. Blood and serum samples were collected regularly during the observation period. All infected animals developed fever of 2–4 days duration within a week. Six out of 10 animals had secondary temperature rises of 1–2 days duration. Three animals showed swellings in the hind limbs and a stiff gait. Compared with the control group, there was a 10% decrease in the mean haematocrit and a leukopenia that initially was due to a lymphopenia and later to a neutropenia. A monocytosis occurred after the subsidence of the primary fever period. A thrombocytopenia occurred during the early phase of infection. Granulocytic inclusions were detected for 18–32 days. All infected animals developed antibodies ≥ 1: 4096 toE. phagocytophilawithin 14 days post infection.
Virulence Factors ofStreptococcus uberisIsolated From Cows With Mastitis
Authors: Oliver S. P. , Almeida R. A. , Calvinho L. F. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryFor intramammary infections (IMI) to occur, mechanisms associated with avoidance of phagocytic defenses, rapid growth of bacteria, adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells, and/or bacterial colonization of mammary tissue are probably present. During the last decade, several potential virulence factors ofStreptococcus uberishave been identified. Some of these factors are cell‐associated while other factors are extracellular. Proposed antiphagocytic factors ofS. uberisinclude capsule, neutrophil toxin, M‐like protein and R‐like protein. Activation of plasminogen byS. uberishas been proposed as an important mechanism for this organism to obtain nutrients for optimal bacterial growth. Potential virulence factors produced byS. uberisand released extracellularly include hyaluronic acid capsule, hyaluronidase and uberis factor.Streptococcus uberisisolated from bovine IMI adhere to and invade mammary epithelial cells. Involvement of intact microfilaments andde novoeukaryotic protein synthesis are required for bacterial invasion of mammary epithelial cells; a process that appeared to occur by a receptor‐mediated endocytosis mechanism.De novobacterial protein synthesis was also required for invasion ofS. uberisinto mammary epithelial cells. Furthermore,S. uberissurvived within mammary epithelial cells for extended periods of time without losing viability or damaging the eukaryotic cell. Further research directed towards characterization of host‐pathogen interactions that take place during the early stages ofS. uberisintramammary infection are needed to enhance our understanding of pathogenesis and thus contribute to development of methods to minimize production losses associated withS. uberismastitis in dairy cows.
Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Chronic Canine Otitis Externa to Twenty Antibiotics
Authors: Guedeja‐Marrón J. , Blanco J. L. , Ruperez C. , Garcia M.‐E. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn this paper we present the results of studies on the susceptibility to antibiotics of bacteria isolated from chronic canine otitis externa. We tested 46 bacterial strains (S. aureus, coagulase‐negative staphylococci,Corynebacteriumspp., and gram‐negative bacilli) with 20 different antibiotics. We observed increased resistance to antibiotics of bacteria isolated from canine otitis externa as compared to the resistance reported earlier. This may be due to the indiscriminate use of some antibiotics in the last years and indicates the importance of sensitivity testing for the effective treatment of chronic otitis externa, especially that caused by gram‐negative bacilli.The clinician may initiate empiric treatment with antibiotics before obtaining the sensitivity test results; the best results may be expected from a topical application of Bacitracin or Chloramphenicol, and from a systemic therapy with Cephalosporines. Therapeutical scheme for treating various bacterial groups are presented in the paper.
Salmonellosis in Relation to Chlamydiosis and Pox and Salmonella Infections in Captive Falcons in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Wernery U. , Wernery R. , Zachariah R. , Kinne J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryDuring the spring of 1995, 1996 and 1997 following tests on six peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) and two gyr falcons (Falco rusticolus), Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from liver, spleen and small intestines. Four of the falcons (two peregrines and two gyrs) had also contracted Chlamydia infection, three peregrines a pox infection and one peregrine a Herpesvirus infection. It is believed that this dual infection was fatal for these birds. The disease was marked by anorexia, dehydration and green‐coloured droppings. Necropsy of all falcons revealed discolouration of the liver and enlargement of liver and spleen. Miliary necrosis was detected in all livers. A total of 12 salmonella serovars, includingS. typhimurium, were cultured from faeces of 48 falcons which showed no clinical signs.
The effects of organic and conventional fertilizers on cereal aphids and their natural enemies
Authors: Garratt Michael P. D. , Wright Denis J. , Leather Simon R. 
Published: May 2010

Aphids are important pests of spring cereals and their abundance and the impact of their natural enemies may be influenced by fertilizer regime.
We conducted a 2‐year field study investigating the effects of organic slow‐release and conventional fertilizers on cereal aphids, hymenopteran parasitoids and syrphid predators and considered how the effects of fertilizers on barley morphology and colour might influence these species.
Barley yield was greater in conventionally fertilized pots. Barley morphology was also affected by treatment: vegetative growth was greater under conventional treatments. Barley receiving organic fertilizers or no fertilizer was visually more attractive to aphids compared with plants receiving conventional fertilizers.
Aphids were more abundant in conventionally fertilized barley but the reason for this increased abundance was species specific. Metopolophium dirhodum was responding to fertilizer effects on plant morphology, whereas Rhopalosiphum padi was sensitive to the temporal availability of nutrients.
Syrphid eggs were more numerous in conventionally fertilized pots, whereas the response of parasitoids appeared to be dependent on the abundance of aphids, although the number of parasitoid mummies was low in both years.
This research shows that the fertilizer treatment used can affect numerous characteristics of plant growth and colour, which can then influence higher trophic levels. This knowledge might be used to make more informed fertilizer application choices.