bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in cancer
Authors: Holopainen Tanja , Bry Maija , Alitalo Kari , Saaristo Anne 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTumor‐associated neovascularization allows tumor cells to express their critical growth advantage, whereas lymphatic invasion is crucial for the metastatic process. Various growth factors stimulate blood and lymphatic neovascularization and modulate vessel permeability in tumors. The first anti‐angiogenic drugs are already in routine use, and new anti‐vascular therapeutics are evaluated in clinical trials. Conversely, pro‐lymphangiogenic therapy could be implemented to treat cancer survivors suffering from secondary lymphedema. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:484–488. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of nodal status and tumor burden in sentinel lymph nodes on the clinical outcomes of cancer patients
Authors: Leong Stanley P.L. , Zuber Markus , Ferris Robert L. , Kitagawa Yuko , Cabanas Ramon , Levenback Charles , Faries Mark , Saha Sukamal 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe validation of sentinel lymph node (SLN) concept in melanoma and breast cancer has established a new paradigm in cancer metastasis that, in general, cancer cells spread in a orderly fashion from the primary site to the SLNs in the regional nodal basin and then to the distant sites. In this review article, we examine the development of SLN concept in penile carcinoma, melanoma and breast carcinoma and its application to other solid cancers with emphasis of the relationship between micrometastasis in SLNs and clinical outcomes. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:518–530. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic signatures of cancer: Basis for individualized risk assessment, selective staging and therapy
Authors: Baehner Frederick L. , Lee Mark , Demeure Michael J. , Bussey Kimberly J. , Kiefer Jeffrey A. , Barrett Michael T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe development of DNA microarray and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction technologies has allowed for precise quantitation of RNA expression of hundreds to thousands of genes. These technologies have significantly impacted the study and understanding of cancer in terms of its molecular and genetic characteristics. In this review article, breast cancer, colon cancer, and adrenal carcinoma have been chosen to illustrate the principle and techniques of genomic profiling and to illustrate how such methods may be used to develop genomic signatures for personalized risk assessment and to individualize patient treatment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:563–573. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unique patterns of metastases in common and rare types of malignancy
Authors: Leong Stanley P.L. , Nakakura Eric K. , Pollock Raphael , Choti Michael A. , Morton Donald L. , Henner W. David , Lal Anita , Pillai Raji , Clark Orlo H. , Cady Blake 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis review on the unique patterns of metastases by common and rare types of cancer addresses regional lymphatic metastases but also demonstrates general principles by consideration of vital organ metastases. These general features of successfully treated metastases are relationships to basic biological behavior as illustrated by disease‐free interval, organ‐specific behavior, oligo‐metastatic presentation, genetic control of the metastatic pattern, careful selection of patients for surgical resection, and the necessity of complete resection of the few patients eligible for long‐term survival after resection of vital organ metastasis. Lymph node metastases, while illustrating these general features, are not related to overall survival because lymph node metastases themselves do not destroy a vital organ function, and therefore have no causal relationship to overall survival. When a cancer cell spreads to a regional lymph node, does it also simultaneously spread to the systemic site or sites? Alternatively, does the cancer spread to the regional lymph node first and then it subsequently spreads to the distant site(s) after an incubation period of growth in the lymph node? Of course, if the cancer is in its incubation stage in the lymph node, then removal of the lymph node in the majority of cases with cancer cells may be curative. The data from the sentinel lymph node era, particularly in melanoma and breast cancer, is consistent with the spectrum theory of cancer progression to the sentinel lymph node in the majority of cases prior to distant metastasis. Perhaps, different subsets of cancer may be better defined with relevant biomarkers so that mechanisms of metastasis can be more accurately defined on a molecular and genomic level. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:607–614. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CyclinD1, p53, E‐cadherin, and VEGF discordant expression in paired regional metastatic lymph nodes of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A tissue array analysis
Authors: Luo Kong‐Jia , Hu Yi , Wen Jing , Fu Jian‐Hua 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe correlation of biomarker expression between primary tumors and corresponding metastases has not yet been well reported in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). This study was to confirm whether primary ESCC tumors differ from their regional metastatic lymph nodes (RMLN) in CyclinD1, p53, E‐cadherin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and determine prognostic value of their alteration.MethodsThere were 134 patients with stage T3N1‐3M0 ESCC recruited for the research. Expression of CyclinD1, p53, E‐cadherin, and VEGF was evaluated in primary ESCC tumors and their paired RMLN assembled on tissue microarrays by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The comparison of expression in different lesion and their correlation with prognosis was analyzed.ResultsE‐cadherin was discordant expression in 55.2% cases and appeared to be more frequently positive in metastatic lymph nodes (P < 0.001). The VEGF expression level was significantly higher in primary tumors (P < 0.001). Combined analysis of VEGF expressions in paired lesions (P = 0.003) and its decreased expression (P = 0.006) were both predictive.ConclusionsBiomarker expression was discordant between the primary tumor and its paired lymphatic metastasis in over 25% of patient with ESCC. VEGF discordant expression was a new prognostic factor and combined analysis of expression in paired lesions was useful to predict. Analysis of protein expression only in primary tumors would be inadequate to judge prognosis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:236–243. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crosslinking of Trimethylene Carbonate and D, L‐Lactide (Co‐) Polymers by Gamma Irradiation in the Presence of Pentaerythritol Triacrylate
Authors: Bat Erhan , van Kooten Theo G. , Feijen Jan , Grijpma Dirk W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHigh‐molecular‐weight (co)polymers of trimethylene carbonate and D,L‐lactide are efficiently crosslinked using PETA during gamma irradiation. Form‐stable networks with gel contents of 86 ± 5 to 96 ± 1 are obtained from non‐crystalline (co)polymers. Glass transition temperatures and elastic moduli of the networks can be varied by adjusting the copolymer composition. The PETA‐containing (co)polymer networks are not cytotoxic. Upon incubation in macrophage cultures for 14 d, all (co)polymer films and PETA‐containing network films erode to varying extents, showing that these materials can be degraded by cell‐mediated erosion processes. This method is very useful for the facile preparation of TMC‐ and DLLA‐containing form‐stable networks from high‐molecular‐weight polymers. magnified image
Tobacco carcinogen mediated up‐regulation of AP‐1 dependent pro‐angiogenic cytokines in head and neck carcinogenesis
Authors: Swenson Wade G. , Wuertz Beverly R.K. , Ondrey Frank G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTobacco is notably genotoxic and associated with head and neck carcinogenesis. Cigarette carcinogens have the capacity to alter early response gene expression in tobacco‐related malignancies via genes such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). A number of early response gene activation events are also facilitated by fos/jun activator protein 1 (AP‐1) associated pathways. In the present study, we hypothesize that tobacco products may induce microenvironment alterations, promoting angiogenesis and providing a permissive environment for head and neck cancer progression. In an in vitro analysis, we employed immortalized oral keratinocyte (HOK‐16B) and laryngeal squamous carcinoma (UM‐SCC‐11A) cells to investigate interleukin (IL)‐8 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induction by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). IL‐8 and VEGF expression is based on interactions between NFκB, AP‐1, and NF‐IL6. We identified at least 1.5‐fold dose‐dependent induction of AP‐1, VEGF, and IL‐8 promoter/reporter gene activity after 24 h exposure to CSC. Next, we stably transfected UM‐SCC‐11A cells with A‐Fos, a dominant negative AP‐1 protein. Treatment with CSC of the A‐Fos cell lines compared to empty vector controls significantly down‐regulated AP‐1, VEGF, and IL‐8 promoter/reporter gene expression. We also performed ELISAs and discovered significant up‐regulation of IL‐8 and VEGF secretion by UMSCC 11A after treatment with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and CSC, which was down‐regulated by the A‐Fos dominant negative protein. We conclude tobacco carcinogens up‐regulate AP‐1 activity and AP‐1 dependent IL‐8 and VEGF gene expression in head and neck cancer. This up‐regulation may promote an angiogenic phenotype favoring invasion in both premalignant and squamous cancer cells of the head and neck. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Meta‐analysis of 123I‐MIBG cardiac scintigraphy for the diagnosis of Lewy body–related disorders
Authors: King Alisha E. , Mintz Jim , Royall Donald R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPatients with parkinsonism pose a diagnostic challenge. Parkinson's disease may be difficult to distinguish from multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy, whereas Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies can be difficult to distinguish from Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. A number of studies have found diminished cardiac 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake in Lewy body–related conditions (Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia). In 2005, the Dementia With Lewy Bodies Consortium considered 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine cardiac scintigraphy a “supportive” diagnostic feature, based on limited evidence. We report a meta‐analysis of the literature and an assessment of the utility of 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine for the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease. A search was conducted of articles published between 1950 and June 2010. Forty‐six studies involving neuropsychiatric and movement disorders, comprising 2680 subjects, were included in the analysis. A mixed‐effects regression model was used to analyze the delayed mean heart‐to‐mediastinum ratio of 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake. 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine cardiac scintigraphy sensitively detected and specifically distinguished 2 diagnostic clusters: (1) Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder; and (2) normal controls and patients with Alzheimer's disease, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.987 at a cluster discriminatory heart‐to‐mediastinum ratio threshold of 1.77. This threshold yielded 94% sensitivity and 91% specificity for the discrimination of these diagnostic clusters. 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine cardiac scintigraphy can accurately distinguish between 2 movement disorders, Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy, and between 2 common causes of dementia, Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Synthesis and characterization of semicrystalline triblockcopolymers of isotactic polystyrene and polydimethylsiloxane
Authors: Gall Barbara T. , Thomann Ralf , Mülhaupt Rolf 
Published: April 2011

AbstractiPS‐b‐PDMS‐b‐iPS triblock copolymers were prepared by hydrosilylation of vinyl‐terminated isotactic polystyrenes (iPS) with α,ω‐bis(dimethylsilane)‐terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane)s (PDMS). As a function of the molecular weights of the two components, the triblock copolymer composition was varied between 9.0 and 98 wt % iPS. The resulting triblock copolymers remained soluble during block copolymer synthesis due to slow iPS crystallization in solution. At iPS content exceeding 31 wt %, the iPS crystallization was achieved by postpolymerization annealing and melt processing. The triblock copolymers melted above 200 °C with melting temperatures very similar to those of the corresponding iPS homopolymers. Nanostructure and microstructure formation of both amorphous and semicrystalline triblock copolymers were examined by means of light microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and TEM measurements. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
ABC type miktoarm star copolymers through combination of controlled polymerization techniques with thiol‐ene and azide‐alkyne click reactions
Authors: Iskin Birol , Yilmaz Gorkem , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: April 2011

AbstractABC type miktoarm star copolymer with polystyrene (PS), poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) arms was synthesized using controlled polymerization techniques in combination with thiol‐ene and copper catalyzed azide‐alyne “click” reactions (CuAAC) and characterized. For this purpose, 1‐(allyloxy)‐3‐azidopropan‐2‐ol was synthesized as the core component in a one‐step reaction with high yields (96%). Independently, ω‐thiol functionalized polystyrene (PS‐SH) was synthesized in a two‐step protocol with a very narrow molecular weight distribution. The bromo end function of PS obtained by atom transfer radical polymerization was first converted to xanthate function and then reacted with 1, 2‐ethandithiol to yield desired thiol functional polymer (PS‐SH). The obtained polymer was grafted onto the core by thiol‐ene click chemistry. In the following stage, ε‐caprolactone monomer was polymerized from the core by ring opening polymerization (ROP) using tin octoate as catalyst through hydroxyl groups to form the second arm. Finally, PEG‐acetylene, which was simply synthesized by the esterification of Me‐PEG and 5‐pentynoic acid, was clicked onto the core through azide groups present in the structure. The intermediates at various stages and the final miktoarm star copolymer were characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, and GPC measurements. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Mesomorphic and conducting properties of dendritic‐linear copolymers via ion‐doped additives
Authors: Choi Jin‐Woo , Cho Byoung‐Ki 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe studied the conducting and mesomorphic behavior of a dendritic‐linear copolymer on adding hydrophilic additives and lithium salts. For the preparation of the pristine block copolymer (A), a click reaction of a hydrophobic Y‐shaped dendron block and a hydrophilic linear poly(ethylene oxide) coil with Mn = 750 g mol−1 was performed. For ionic block copolymer samples (1–3), a hydrophilic compound (B) bearing two tri(ethylene oxide) chains was used as the additive. In all ionic samples, the lithium concentration per ethylene oxide was chosen to be 0.05. As characterized by polarized optical microscopy and small angle X‐ray scattering techniques, copolymer A showed a hexagonal columnar mesophase. On addition of lithium‐doped additives, ionic samples 1 and 2 with the additive weight fractions (fw) of 10 and 20%, columnar and bicontinuous structures coexisted in the liquid crystalline phase. On the other hand, ionic sample 3 with fw = 30% displayed only a bicontinuous cubic mesophase. Based on the impedance results, with increasing the amount of additives, the conductivity value increased from 3.80 × 10−6 to 2.34 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 35 °C. The conductivity growth could be explained by the interplay of the plasticization effect of the mobile additive and the morphological transformation from 1D to 3D of the ion‐conducting cylindrical cores. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Populations of predators and parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) after the application of eight biorational insecticides in vegetable crops
Authors: Simmons Alvin M , Shaaban Abd‐Rabou 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is an important pest of vegetables and many other crops worldwide. Eight biorational insecticides (based on oil, plant derivatives, insect growth regulator and fungus) were evaluated in the field for their influence on populations of six natural enemies of B. tabaci. Natural populations of two predators [Chrysoperla carnea Stephen (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Orius spp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)] and two genera of parasitoids [Encarsia spp. and Eretmocerus spp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)] were evaluated in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Also, augmented field populations of three predators [C. carnea, Coccinella undecimpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Macrolophus caliginosus (Wagner) (Hemiptera: Miridae)] were evaluated in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and squash (Cucurbita pepo L.).RESULTS:Regardless of natural enemy or crop, jojoba oil, Biovar and Neemix had the least effect on abundance of the natural enemies in comparison with the other insecticides during a 14 day evaluation period. Conversely, Admiral, KZ oil, Mesrona oil, Mesrona oil + sulfur and natural oil had a high detrimental effect on abundance of the natural enemies.CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate the differential effects of biorational insecticides for whitefly control on predators and parasitoids in the field. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Threat scenario‐based security risk analysis using use case modeling in information systems
Authors: Kim Young‐Gab , Cha Sungdeok 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTSuccessful Security Risk Analysis (SRA) enables us to develop a secure information management system and provides valuable analysis data for future risk estimation. One of the qualitative techniques for SRA is the scenario method. This provides a framework for our explorations that raises our awareness and appreciation of uncertainty. However, the existing scenario methods are too abstract to be applicable to some situations and have not been formalized in information systems (ISs) because they do not explicitly define artifacts or have any standard notation. Therefore, this paper proposes the improved scenario‐based SRA approach, which can create SRA reports using threat scenario templates and manage security risk directly in ISs. Furthermore, in order to show how to apply the proposed method in a specific environment, especially in a Broadband convergence Network (BcN) environment, a case study is presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth and Stability of ZnTe Magic‐Size Nanocrystals
Authors: Groeneveld Esther , van Berkum Susanne , Meijerink Andries , de Mello Donegá Celso 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA synthetic method for ZnTe magic‐sized clusters (MSCs) is reported, and the stability and growth kinetics of these clusters are investigated. Four distinct MSC families, with lowest‐energy absorption peaks at 330, 354, 378, and 392 nm, are observed. The stability and growth kinetics of the MSCs are strongly influenced by the reaction temperature, precursor concentration, and nature of the ligands used as the coordinating solvent. High precursor concentrations result in faster growth and MSC formation at lower temperatures. Higher temperatures accelerate the growth kinetics and lead to a gradual shift from the stepwise MSC growth regime to a continuous growth regime. For temperatures above 260 °C, only continuous growth of nanocrystals is observed. The nature of the ligands also influences the stability and growth of ZnTe MSCs, which are formed with primary alkylamines as ligands, but not when trioctylphosphine, trioctylphosphine oxide, or trioctylamine are used as the sole ligands. This demonstrates the crucial role of ligands in the formation of stable ZnTe MSCs using colloidal synthetic methods. Under optimal synthetic conditions (200 °C, hexadecylamine as ligand, and suitable precursor concentrations), the method presented here allows the synthesis and isolation of a single MSC family absorbing at 330 nm.
Outage performance of orthogonal space–time block code transmission in opportunistic decode‐and‐forward cooperative networks
Authors: Yang Changqing , Wang Wenbo , Chen Shuping , Peng Mugen 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTOutage performance is analyzed for opportunistic decode‐and‐forward cooperative networks employing orthogonal space–time block codes. The closed‐form expressions of diversity order and the end‐to‐end outage probability at high signal‐to‐noise ratio regime are derived for arbitrary relay number (K) and antenna configuration (N antennas at the source and each relay, ND antennas at the destination) under independent but not necessarily identical Rayleigh fading channels. The analysis is carried out in terms of the availability of the direct link between the source and the destination. It is demonstrated that the diversity order is min{N, ND} ⋅ KN if the direct link is blocked, and if the direct link is available, the diversity order becomes min{N, ND} ⋅ KN + NND. Simulation and numerical results verify the analysis well. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inborn errors of ketogenesis and ketone body utilization
Authors: Sass Jörn Oliver 
Published: April 2011

AbstractKetone bodies acetoacetate and 3‐hydroxy‐n‐butyric acid are metabolites derived from fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids such as leucine. They are mainly produced in the liver via reactions catalyzed by the ketogenic enzymes mitochondrial 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutary‐coenzyme A synthase and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutary‐coenzyme A lyase. After prolonged starvation, ketone bodies can provide up to two‐thirds of the brain's energy requirements. The rate‐limiting enzyme of ketone body utilization (ketolysis) is succinyl‐coenzyme A:3‐oxoacid coenzyme A transferase. The subsequent step of ketolysis is catalyzed by 2‐methylactoacetyl‐coenzyme A thiolase, which is also involved in isoleucine catabolism. Inborn errors of metabolism affecting those four enzymes are presented and discussed in the context of differential diagnoses. While disorders of ketogenesis can present with hypoketotic hypoglycemia, inborn errors of ketolysis are characterized by metabolic decompensations with ketoacidosis. If those diseases are considered early and appropriate treatment is initiated without delay, patients with inborn errors of ketone body metabolism often have a good clinical outcome.