bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel 4-Aminoquinoline Analogs Highly Active against the Blood and Sexual Stages of Plasmodium
In Vivo
and
In Vitro
Authors: Sáenz Fabián E. , Mutka Tina , Udenze Kenneth , Oduola Ayoade M. J. , Kyle Dennis E. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT

New drugs to treat malaria must act rapidly and be highly potent against asexual blood stages, well tolerated, and affordable to residents of regions of endemicity. This was the case with chloroquine (CQ), a 4-aminoquinoline drug used for the prevention and treatment of malaria. However, since the 1960s,
Plasmodium falciparum
resistance to this drug has spread globally, and more recently, emerging resistance to CQ by
Plasmodium vivax
threatens the health of 70 to 320 million people annually. Despite the emergence of CQ resistance, synthetic quinoline derivatives remain validated leads for new drug discovery, especially if they are effective against CQ-resistant strains of malaria. In this study, we investigated the activities of two novel 4-aminoquinoline derivatives, TDR 58845,
N
1
-(7-chloro-quinolin-4-yl)-2-methyl-propane-1,2-diamine, and TDR 58846,
N
1
-(7-chloro-quinolin-4-yl)-2,
N
2
,
N
2
-trimethylpropane-1,2-diamine and found them to be active against
P. falciparum
in vitro
and
Plasmodium berghei
in vivo
. The
P. falciparum
clones and isolates tested were susceptible to TDR 58845 and TDR 58846 (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC
50
s] ranging from 5.52 to 89.8 nM), including the CQ-resistant reference clone W2 and two multidrug-resistant parasites recently isolated from Thailand and Cambodia. Moreover, these 4-aminoquinolines were active against early and late
P. falciparum
gametocyte stages and cured BALB/c mice infected with
P. berghei
. TDR 58845 and TDR 58846 at 40 mg/kg were sufficient to cure mice, and total doses of 480 mg/kg of body weight were well tolerated. Our findings suggest these novel 4-aminoquinolines should be considered for development as potent antimalarials that can be used in combination to treat multidrug-resistant
P. falciparum
and
P. vivax
.
Mutations That Impact the Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Cpx Envelope Stress Response Attenuate Virulence in Galleria mellonella
Authors: Leuko S. , Raivio T. L. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we show that the larvae of the greater wax moth,
Galleria mellonella
, can be used as a model to study enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(EPEC) virulence.
G. mellonella
larvae are killed after infection with EPEC type strain E2348/69 but not by an attenuated derivative that expresses diminished levels of the major virulence determinants or by a mutant specifically defective in type III secretion (T3S). Infecting EPEC inhabit the larval hemocoel only briefly and then become localized to melanized capsules, where they remain extracellular. Previously, it was shown that mutations affecting the Cpx envelope stress response lead to diminished expression of the bundle-forming pilus (BFP) and the type III secretion system (T3SS). We demonstrate that mutations that activate the Cpx pathway have a dramatic effect on the ability of the bacterium to establish a lethal infection, and this is correlated with an inability to grow
in vivo
. Infection with all
E. coli
strains led to increased expression of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) gloverin and cecropin, although strain- and AMP-specific differences were observed, suggesting that the
G. mellonella
host perceives attenuated strains and Cpx mutants in unique manners. Overall, this study shows that
G. mellonella
is an economical, alternative infection model for the preliminary study of EPEC host-pathogen interactions, and that induction of the Cpx envelope stress response leads to defects in virulence.
Helmet use in BIXI cyclists in Toronto, Canada: an observational study
Authors: Bonyun Marissa , Camden Andi , Macarthur Colin , Howard Andrew 
Published: June 2012

ObjectiveTo investigate the use of helmets for cyclists choosing to use BIXI bikes in comparison to personal bike riders in the City of Toronto.DesignCross-sectional study design.SettingCyclists were observed in Toronto, Canada.ParticipantsOf the 6732 sample size, 306 cyclists on BIXI bikes and 6426 personal bike riders were observed.Outcome measureThe outcome of interest was helmet use.ResultsOverall, 50.3% of cyclists wore helmets. The proportion of BIXI bike riders using helmets was significantly lower than the proportion of helmet users on personal bikes (20.9% vs 51.7%, respectively, p<0.0001).ConclusionsAlthough the BIXI bike programme has provided an alternate means for Torontonians to use a bicycle, cyclists using BIXI bikes are much less likely to wear a helmet. Since the prevalence of helmet use in cyclists in general is already low, helmet use should be especially promoted in BIXI bike riders in order to promote a safe and healthy environment for cyclists.
A Monocultural Usage: διακον - words in Classical, Hellenistic, and Patristic Sources
Authors: Collins John N. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
A scholarly consensus about the interpretation of the διακον - words has been in place for 70 years. The consensus maintains that early Christian writers adopted διακον - words because of their lowly connotations and imbued them with new meanings specific to Christian living and community arrangements. The new meanings had developed on the model of Jesus who came to serve others in self-giving love. A 1990 study of pre-Christian and early Christian Greek claimed to invalidate the consensus, a claim now supported in specialist publications. This paper extends sampling of usage into patristic usage. Implications for exegesis and ecclesiology are immediate.
Optimization of Printed Antennas Using Genetic Algorithm Coupled with Improved Cavity Model
Authors: Sathi Vahid , Ehteshami Nasrin , Ghobadi C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAn accurate electromagnetic optimization tool for designing rectangular and circular microstrip antennas is proposed. This optimization method is based on the improved cavity model analysis in conjunction with the well-known genetic algorithm, which is employed to optimize the dimensions and feed point location of rectangular and circular microstrip antennas. Results obtained by this technique agree quite well with the measured data and the data obtained by the FEM based software HFSS by ANSOFT. This technique can be fruitfully used in microwave CAD applications.
Synthesis of Copper Nanofluids Using Ascorbic Acid Reduction Method Via One Step Solution Phase Approach
Authors: Shenoy Sandhya U. , Shetty A. Nityananda 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
A simple one step solution phase approach to synthesize copper nanofluids has been developed, involving simultaneous in situ synthesis of nanoparticles and their dispersion in the base fluid. Copper nitrate has been reduced using ascorbic acid in ethylene glycol under thermal as well as microwave conditions. Sodium lauryl sulfate has been used to control the size of the particle as well as to act as a stabilizing agent. The effect of ratio of the reactants, pH, power of microwave, reaction time, and dilution on the size of the particles has been studied using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The characterization of the fluids has also been done using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of the fluid were also measured at various particle concentrations. The copper particles in the fluid were found to have size less than 50nm and were well dispersed in the fluid. Thus this method was found to preserve the advantages of the polyol process and aqueous chemical reduction method as well. The fluid was stable up to 5 weeks under stationary conditions at room temperature. This method employs fast, inexpensive, extendible process for the synthesis of copper nanofluids and also overcomes the drawbacks of two step process.
What Makes Episiotomy Rates Change?:A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Hussein Suha Abed Almajeed Abdallah , Dahlen Hannah , Schmied Virginia 
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND:Episiotomy is still a commonly used surgical intervention during birth in some parts of the world, such as the Middle East and Eastern Europe. Evidence supports the restrictive use of episiotomy, and this is reflected in policy statements and clinical practice recommendations. Internationally, various strategies have been used to change and reduce the incidence of episiotomy.AIM:To identify and describe the strategies and practices that have been used internationally to effectively reduce the rate of episiotomy.METHOD:We searched CINAHL, Medline, Scopus, PubMed and Nursing Consultant from 1980 to 2010 by using the keywords episiotomy, change, practice, midwife, routine use and evidence-based. A review of the literature was undertaken, which examined factors that facilitate the reduction in episiotomy rates.RESULTS:Two hundred articles were found, and after examination, only nine provided relevant data and are included in this review. The findings of this review are discussed under the following headings: impact of practice change on episiotomy rates, continuous quality improvement, implementing clinical guidelines, practice change (system change), and the impact of health beliefs and organizational culture. Strategies for changing practice that were identified focused on challenging rationales for current practice and on creating a social and organizational environments that encourage motivation and, therefore, are more effective in reducing episiotomy rates. The literature identified the importance of clarifying critical success factors before trying to implement change with regards to episiotomy usage.CONCLUSION:Greater efforts to reduce episiotomy rates are currently needed, particularly in countries with high rates. Researchers need to continue to examine the barriers to change and investigate approaches that promote clinician behavior change.
Solvothermal synthesis of hollow Eu2O3 microspheres using carbon template-assisted method
Authors: Zhang Li-Xin , Sun Yi-Xin , Jiu Hong-Fang , Fu Yue-Hua , Wang Yuan-Zhong , Zhang Jun-Yan 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis work presents a sol-gel carbon sphere template-assisted method of hollow Eu2O3 microspheres preparation. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), as well as photoluminescence (PL) were used to characterise the products. The formation of hollow structure Eu2O3 microspheres can be assigned to a sol-gel carbon template. Furthermore, this work may confirm that the precursor sol-gel can be loaded onto the inner as well as the outer surface of carbon templates similarly as ions and nanocrystals. The presented method can afford a simple and efficient technique to obtain a series of hollow structure inorganic materials with high productivity.
Lessons to Be Learned: A Retrospective Analysis of Physiotherapy Injury Claims
Authors: Johnson Gillian M. , Skinner Margot A. , Stephen Rachel E. 
Published: June 2012

Study Design Retrospective, descriptive analysis. Objectives To describe the prevalence and nature of insurance claims for injuries attributed to physiotherapy care. Background In New Zealand, a national insurance scheme, the Accident Compensation Corporation, provides comprehensive, no-fault personal injury coverage. The patterns of injury sustained during physiotherapy care have not previously been described. Methods De-identified data for all injuries registered with the Accident Compensation Corporation from 2005 to 2010 and attributed to physiotherapy were accessed. Prevalence patterns (percentages) of new-claim data were determined for physiotherapy intervention category, injury site, nature of injury, age, and sex. A subcategory, exercise-related injuries, was analyzed according to injury site and whether the injury was related (primary) or unrelated (secondary) to the intended therapeutic goal. Results There were 279 claims related to physiotherapy care filed with the Accident Compensation Corporation during the studied reporting period. Injury was attributed predominantly to exercise (n = 88, 31.5% of cases) and manual therapy (n = 74, 26.5% of cases). The prevalence of events categorized as exercise related was greatest in those who were 55 to 59 years of age (n = 14, 16.3%) and greater in females (n = 47, 54.7%). Of the exercise-related injuries, 39.8% were in the lower-limb region and 35.2% were categorized as sprains/strains. Conclusion Injuries attributed to exercise exceeded those linked to other therapies provided by physiotherapists, yet exercise therapy rarely features as a cause of adverse events reported to the physiotherapy profession. The proportion of exercise-related injury events underlines the need for ensuring safe and careful consideration of exercise prescription. Level of Evidence Harm, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(8):698–704, Epub 18 June 2012. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.3877
Numerical Investigation of Paperboard Forming
Authors: Huang Hui , Nygårds Mikeal 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
A three dimensional numerical investigation of a commercial four-ply paperboard formed into a pear-shaped mould was presented. The numerical investigation included the effect of pressure, boundary conditions, material properties and different deformation and damage mechanisms such as delamination and plasticity. Simulations were done in both the MD and CD using different pressures. A paperboard model with a combination of anisotropic continuum model and a softening interface model had good deformation behavior during the forming simulations. Forming experiment that mimicked the simulations was performed. Numerical and experiment results were compared with good agreement.
Testing of individual fiber-fiber joints under biaxial load and simultaneous analysis of deformation
Authors: Fischer Wolfgang J. , Hirn Ulrich , Bauer Wolfgang , Schennach Robert 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
In this paper a novel direct method for mechanical testing of single fibers and fiber joints is presented. Additional to the measurement of joint strength it is also possible to investigate loading geometry, deformation during testing, bending stiffness of fibers as well as bonding energy. Furthermore biaxial loading of fiber-fiber joints is possible. Initial experiments have shown that mode II and III shear strength of fiber-fiber joints can be measured with this setup. Initial results for fibers and fiber joints of unbleached softwood kraft pulp are presented. The resulting values are 1.1724·10-9to 3.8798·10-11Nm² for bending stiffness, 3.9180·10-10to 2.8793·10-11kJ/bond for bonding energy, 6.54 mN for mode II and 1.057 mN for mode III mean shear strength. Mode II mean shear strength under biaxial load with a preload of 20 mN perpendicular to the loading direction of the fiber-fiber joint was found to be 2.52 mN. These values are compared to results of other measurement techniques and discussed.
Gender inequity in the lives of women involved in sex work in Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Mbonye Martin , Nalukenge Winifred , Nakamanya Sarah , Nalusiba Betty , King Rachel , Vandepitte Judith , Seeley Janet 
Published: June 2012

BackgroundGender inequity is manifested in the social and economic burden women carry in relation to men. We investigate women's experiences of gender relations from childhood to adult life and how these may have led to and kept women in sex work.MethodsParticipants were drawn from an ongoing epidemiological cohort study of women working in high HIV/STI risk environments in Kampala. From over 1000 enrolled women, we selected 101 for a qualitative sub‐study. This analysis focuses on 58 women who engaged in sex work either as a main job or as a side job. In‐depth life history interviews were conducted to capture points of vulnerability that enhance gender inequity throughout their lives.ResultsMost participants were young, single parents, poorly educated, who occupied low skilled and poorly paying jobs. All women knew their HIV status and they disclosed this in the interview; 31 were uninfected while 27 said they were infected. Parental neglect in childhood was reported by many. Participants described experiences of violence while growing up sometimes perpetuated by relatives and teachers. Early unwanted pregnancies were common and for many led to leaving school. Some women stated a preference for multiple and short‐term money‐driven sexual relationships. Needing to earn money for child care was often the main reason for starting and persisting with sex work. Violence perpetrated by clients and the police was commonly reported. Alcohol and drug use was described as a necessary “evil” for courage and warmth, but sometimes this affected clear decision making. Many felt powerless to bargain for and maintain condom use. Leaving sex work was considered but rarely implemented.ConclusionsInequities in gender and power relations reduce economic and social opportunities for better lives among women and increase risky sexual behaviour. Interventions focused on these inequities that also target men are crucial in improving safer practices and reducing risk.
HIV prevention, structural change and social values: the need for an explicit normative approach
Authors: Parkhurst Justin O 
Published: June 2012

BackgroundThe fact that HIV prevention often deals with politicised sexual and drug taking behaviour is well known, but structural HIV prevention interventions in particular can involve alteration of social arrangements over which there may be further contested values at stake. As such, normative frameworks are required to inform HIV prevention decisions and avoid conflicts between social goals.MethodsThis paper provides a conceptual review and discussion of the normative issues surrounding structural HIV prevention strategies. It applies political and ethical concepts to explore the contested nature of HIV planning and suggests conceptual frameworks to inform future structural HIV responses.ResultsHIV prevention is an activity that cannot be pursued without making value judgements; it is inherently political. Appeals to health outcomes alone are insufficient when intervention strategies have broader social impacts, or when incidence reduction can be achieved at the expense of other social values such as freedom, equality, or economic growth. This is illustrated by the widespread unacceptability of forced isolation which may be efficacious in preventing spread of infectious agents, but conflicts with other social values.ConclusionsWhile no universal value system exists, the capability approach provides one potential framework to help overcome seeming contradictions or value trade‐offs in structural HIV prevention approaches. However, even within the capability approach, valuations must still be made. Making normative values explicit in decision making processes is required to ensure transparency, accountability, and representativeness of the public interest, while ensuring structural HIV prevention efforts align with broader social development goals as well.
Understanding the Magnetic Shape Memory System Fe–Pd–X by Thin Film Experiments and First Principle Calculations
Authors: Kauffmann‐Weiss Sandra , Hamann Sven , Gruner Markus Ernst , Buschbeck Jörg , Ludwig Alfred , Schultz Ludwig , Fähler Sebastian 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloy Fe70Pd30 is of particular interest for novel microactuator and sensor applications. This review summarizes the underlying physical and material science concepts for this MSM alloy system. First‐principles calculations of the electronic and crystallographic structure together with combinatorial and epitaxial film studies are presented. By these complementary methods we can address the open key questions of MSM alloys and microsystems: Which are the driving forces for a martensitic transformation and how does this transformation proceed? How is it possible to improve the MSM properties by adding third elements? What is the role of external interfaces and which routes allow the preparation of freestanding epitaxial films?
Using Cartilage Extracellular Matrix (CECM) Membrane to Enhance the Reparability of the Bone Marrow Stimulation Technique for Articular Cartilage Defect in Canine Model
Authors: Li Tian Zhu , Jin Cheng Zhe , Choi Byung Hyune , Kim Moon Suk , Kim Young Jick , Park So Ra , Yoon Jeong Ho , Min Byoung‐Hyun 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBone marrow stimulation techniques (BSTs) are widely used in clinics to treat cartilage defects, but yet have a critical limitation from the loss of blood clots. In this work, a novel cartilage extracellular matrix (CECM) membrane is developed to protect blood clots after BSTs. The CECM membrane was made of ECM fabricated naturally by cultured porcine chondrocytes, and then decellularized and multi‐layered to confer optimal mechanical strength. Highly compatible with cells, the CECM membrane did not show any cytotoxicity or immune responses in vivo. The CECM membrane was very thin (30–60 μm thick) and bendable, but had good tensile strength (85.64 N), suitable for protecting blood clots from leakage in rabbit cartilage defect. Moreover, the CECM membrane showed low but enough diffusion coefficient to allow delivery of small proteins in synovial fluid into the repaired tissue. In a beagle model, covering the cartilage defect with the CECM membrane after BST generated more hyaline cartilage‐like tissues than the BST alone in histology and chemical analyses at 18 weeks. Its ICRS score was approximately 2.5 times higher than that of the BST alone. Therefore, the CECM membrane is proposed as a useful tool that can improve the outcome of BSTs to treat cartilage defects.
Hierarchically Ordered Arrays of Noncircular Silicon Nanowires Featured by Holographic Lithography Toward a High‐Fidelity Sensing Platform
Authors: Jeon Hwan Chul , Heo Chul‐Joon , Lee Su Yeon , Yang Seung‐Man 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA novel, highly uniform and tunable hybrid plasmonic array is created via ion‐milling, catalytic wet‐etching and electron‐beam evaporation, using a holographically featured structure as a milling mask. A simple and low‐cost prism holographic lithography (HL) technique is applied to create an unprecedentedly coordinated array of elliptic gold (Au) holes, which act as the silicon (Si) etching catalyst in the reaction solution used to fabricate an elliptic silicon nanowire (SiNW) array; here, the SiNWs are arrayed hierarchically in such a way that three SiNWs are triangularly coordinated, and the triangles are arranged hexagonally. After removing the polymeric mask and metal thin film, the highly anisotropic thick Au film is deposited on the SiNW arrays. This hybrid substrate shows tunable optical properties in the near‐infrared (NIR) region from 875 nm to 1030 nm and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activities; these characteristics depend on the catalytic wet etching time, which changes the size of the vertical gap between the Au thick films deposited separately on the SiNWs. In addition, lateral interparticle coupling induces highly intensified SERS signals with good homogeneity. Finally, the Au‐capped elliptical SiNW arrays can be hierarchically patterned by combining prism HL and conventional photolithography, and the highly enhanced fluorescence intensity associated with both the structural effects and the plasmon resonances is investigated.