bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bird population density estimated from acoustic signals
Authors: Dawson Deanna K. , Efford Murray G. 
Published: August 2010

Summary1.Many animal species are detected primarily by sound. Although songs, calls and other sounds are often used for population assessment, as in bird point counts and hydrophone surveys of cetaceans, there are few rigorous methods for estimating population density from acoustic data.2.The problem has several parts – distinguishing individuals, adjusting for individuals that are missed, and adjusting for the area sampled. Spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) is a statistical methodology that addresses jointly the second and third parts of the problem. We have extended SECR to use uncalibrated information from acoustic signals on the distance to each source.3.We applied this extension of SECR to data from an acoustic survey of ovenbirdSeiurus aurocapilladensity in an eastern US deciduous forest with multiple four‐microphone arrays. We modelled average power from spectrograms of ovenbird songs measured within a window of 0·7 s duration and frequencies between 4200 and 5200 Hz.4.The resulting estimates of the density of singing males (0·19 ha−1SE 0·03 ha−1) were consistent with estimates of the adult male population density from mist‐netting (0·36 ha−1SE 0·12 ha−1). The fitted model predicts sound attenuation of 0·11 dB m−1(SE 0·01 dB m−1) in excess of losses from spherical spreading.5.Synthesis and applications.Our method for estimating animal population density from acoustic signals fills a gap in the census methods available for visually cryptic but vocal taxa, including many species of bird and cetacean. The necessary equipment is simple and readily available; as few as two microphones may provide adequate estimates, given spatial replication. The method requires that individuals detected at the same place are acoustically distinguishable and all individuals vocalize during the recording interval, or that theper capitarate of vocalization is known. We believe these requirements can be met, with suitable field methods, for a significant number of songbird species.
Competition in an invaded rodent community reveals black rats as a threat to native bush rats in littoral rainforest of south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Stokes Vicki L. , Banks Peter B. , Pech Roger P. , Spratt David M. 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1. Interspecific competition is a recognized but under‐studied mechanism by which invasive species affect native fauna. 2. We experimentally reduced populations of the introduced black rat Rattus rattus in relatively undisturbed littoral rainforest in south‐eastern Australia to test its competitive impact on populations of the native bush rat Rattus fuscipes. 3. Removal of R. rattus resulted in significant and sustained increases in populations of the native rodent due to immigration, juvenile recruitment and increases in residency of females. Native juveniles were particularly vulnerable to R. rattus, being largely absent from untreated populations despite indications of breeding in females, but responding rapidly to their removal. 4. The absence of changes in body condition and reproduction of adult R. fuscipes with long‐term removal of R. rattus suggests that direct interference by R. rattus rather than competition for resources best explains the low densities and poor juvenile recruitment of R. fuscipes. 5. The behavioural dominance of R. rattus was not due to an inherent competitive ability because they did not re‐establish post‐removal as expected if competition was asymmetrical. Instead, competitive dominance seemingly shifted to R. fuscipes with changes in residency status of populations. Improved survivorship among native females reveals that they were particularly important in establishing resident populations following removal of R. rattus. 6.
Synthesis and applications. These findings identify R. rattus as a significant competitive threat to native R. fuscipes. Removal of invasive rodents and active conservation of common native species is recommended to forest managers based on the potential for R. fuscipes to prevent re‐invasion subsequent to pest control efforts and maintain invasion resistance.
A new subspecies of Acyrthosiphon Mordvilko, 1914 (Homoptera: Aphidoidea) from Rubus ellipticus in North India
Authors: Stroyan H. L. G. , Nagaich B. B. 
Published: August 2010

SynopsisA new subspecies of Acyrthosiphon rubi is described from a series collected in northern India, and its taxonomic position is discussed.
A review of Laemophloeinae (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) from Réunion and Mauritius
Authors: Lefkovitch L. P. 
Published: August 2010

SynopsisA key is given to the genera of Laemophloeinae found in Madagascar, Réunion and Mauritius, and nine species from four of the genera are reviewed, lectotypes being selected for three of these. Keys are given to those species of Microlaemus and Cryptolestes, and of the subgenus Paracucujinus, at present known to occur in the region.
A new Sphodromantis (Dictyoptera: Mantidae) from Tanganyika, with notes on habits
Authors: Beier M. , Hocking B. 
Published: August 2010

SynopsisA new species of Sphodromantis is described from two females taken in Tanganyika, and notes are given on its habits as observed in the laboratory. The resemblance of these females to ant galls on the trees on which it lives is discussed.
New Mango Leafhoppers from the Oriental and Austro‐oriental regions (Homoptera: Cicadelloidea)
Authors: Ghauri M. S. K. 
Published: August 2010

SynopsisA new genus is erected for four species of typhlocybine Cicadellidae, and a key is given for their separation. One of the species is described as new from males and females taken on mango leaves in India, and the remaining three species are transferred from the genus Empoasca. A second new genus is erected for one new species of typhlocybine Cicadellidae described from males taken on mango in Malaysia.
A new diagnostic character in Aphidius (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of special significance in species on pea aphid
Authors: Eady R. D. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISThe sculpture of the first segment of the gaster in Aphidius is described. Keys to the species of Aphidius from the pea aphid and to the subgenera and species groups of Aphidius, based on material in the B.M. (N.H.), are given.
Primary vesicoureteral reflux mediated renal scarring after urinary tract infection in Thai children
Authors: VACHVANICHSANONG PRAYONG , DISSANEEWATE PORNSAK , THONGMAK SUCHITRA , LIM APIRADEE 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY:Aim:  To evaluate the association between primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and renal scarring in children using 99 m Technetium‐labelled dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA).Methods:  Children attending at Songklanagarind Hospital from 1987 to 2002 were evaluated.Results:  Ages at diagnosis of VUR in 46 boys and 52 girls were 1.1 ± 1.6 and 2.9 ± 2.5 years, median 0.6 and 2.3 years, respectively (P < 0.001). DMSA scans were performed at 4.1 ± 3.6 years. Renal parenchymal damage was detected in 34 kidneys (22%) of 154 demonstrated refluxing ureters, and one kidney (2%) of 42 non‐refluxing ureters (P = 0.002). Of 79 refluxing ureters in boys and 75 refluxing ureters in girls, there were 25 and nine renal scars, respectively (32% and 12%, P = 0.003). Renal scars in VUR grades I–V were 11%, 7%, 12%, 44% and 64%, respectively (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that high grade VUR (P < 0.001), age of diagnosis of VUR greater than 5 years (P = 0.001), and male gender (P = 0.002) were the most significant risk factors for renal scarring.Conclusion:  High‐grade VUR, age of diagnosis of VUR greater than 5 years and male gender were the most significant risk factors for renal scarring.
Magnification characteristics of the Optical Coherence Tomograph STRATUS OCT 3000
Authors: Sanchez‐Cano Ana , Baraibar Begoña , Pablo Luis E. , Honrubia Francisco M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPurpose:  To evaluate the magnification characteristics of an Optical Coherence Tomograph (STRATUS OCT 3000) used to measure optic disc size.Methods:  An eye model was designed, built and used to measure changes in the magnification of the Optical Coherence Tomograph (OCT) with variation in the axial length of the eye and OCT correction lenses. Theoretical calculations using ray‐tracing were used to compare the experimental and theoretical results.Results:  OCT‐performed fundus measurements have a magnification that depends on two factors: eye axial length and optical correction with the focusing dial of the OCT. Theoretical calculations showed that the size of the optic disc image for greater axial lengths of the eye model (myopic eye) was less than that for smaller axial lengths (hyperopic eye). The disc diameter measurements of the image obtained with the OCT did not agree with the real disc size. By focussing with the focusing dial of the OCT, the power of the optics can be varied from −12.0 D to +12.0 D and the image size is decreased for all axial lengths. The maximum variation of the disc area was 2.1%. Differences in area measured at intervals of 2.0 D after correcting the eye refraction for measurements with the OCT were equivalent to the repeatability error at that point.Conclusions:  Our results confirm that any variation in the optical system of the eye, in the OCT, and/or in the distance between them, induces a change in the magnification of the tomograph images. These variations will affect the measurements of any of the structures in the retinal plane.
Accommodation in emmetropic and myopic young adults wearing bifocal soft contact lenses
Authors: Tarrant Janice , Severson Holly , Wildsoet Christine F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPurpose:  To assess the effect of bifocal soft contact lenses on the accommodative errors (lags) of young adults. Recent studies suggest that bifocal soft contact lenses are an effective myopia control treatment although the underlying mechanism is not understood.Methods:  Accommodation responses were measured for four target distances: 100, 50, 33 and 25 cm in 35 young adult subjects (10 emmetropes and 25 myopes; mean age, 22.8 ± 2.5 years). Measurements were made under both monocular and binocular conditions with three types of lenses: single vision distance soft contact lenses (SVD), single vision near soft contact lenses (SVN; +1.50 D added to the distance prescription) and bifocal soft contact lenses (BF; +1.50 D add).Results:  For the SVD lenses, all subjects exhibited lags of accommodation, with myopes accommodating significantly less than emmetropes for the 100 and 50 cm target distances (p < 0.05). With the SVN lenses, there was no significant difference in accommodative responses between emmetropes and myopes. With the BF lenses, both emmetropic and myopic groups exhibited leads in accommodation for all target distances, with emmetropes showing significantly greater leads for all distances (p < 0.005).Conclusions:  Overall, myopes tended to accommodate less than emmetropes, irrespective of the contact lens type, which significantly affected accommodation for both groups. The apparent over‐accommodation of myopes when wearing the BF contact lenses may explain the reported efficacy as a myopia control treatment, although further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism underlying this accommodative effect.
Just how useless is an amblyopic eye?
Authors: Panesar Eve , Pacey Ian , Barrett Brendan 
Published: August 2010

Purpose:  The extent to which individuals with amblyopia are visually disadvantaged has generated renewed research interest. Investigation of the contribution of the amblyopic eye to visual performance under habitual conditions is a key component of this issue. This study aims to evaluate the contribution of each eye to a simple light detection task when both eyes are open and in their habitual motor position.Methods:  A custom program on the Humphrey Field Analyzer (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA, USA) was used to measure detection thresholds for a blue light on a yellow background along the horizontal meridian at two degree intervals to an eccentricity of 25 degrees either side of fixation. Three viewing conditions were used: (1) both eyes open, (2) a yellow filter in front of the amblyopic eye and (3) a yellow filter in front of the fellow eye. The purpose of the yellow filter was to produce minimal dissociation as it only prevented the eye behind the filter from seeing the blue stimulus; the fixation mark and the background remained visible to both eyes. Participants included 10 visual normals and 16 volunteers with amblyopia.Results:  Within the sample of amblyopes there were three basic patterns of results, and each applied to around one third of the group: (1) habitual sensitivity governed by the sensitivity of the fellow eye at each stimulus location, (2) habitual sensitivity exceeding the sensitivities of either eye at each stimulus location and (3) a pattern of contribution that varied across the range of eccentricities. Surprisingly, in one amblyope the habitual sensitivity appeared to be governed by the sensitivity of the amblyopic eye. The pattern of contribution of each eye to the habitual sensitivity did not vary in a manner that was predictable by the visual acuity deficit or the presumed aetiology of the amblyopia. The control sample showed either pattern 2 (70%) or pattern 3 (30%).Conclusions:  The amblyopic eye did not contribute to the habitual performance in approximately one‐third of cases in this simple detection task. Thus, in many cases the amblyopic eye may be a useful contributor to visual performance in the binocular field. This challenges the traditional view that an amblyopic eye is useful only for peripheral vision.
Peripheral retinal shape measurements, using the IOLMaster, in myopia and hyperopia
Authors: Macfadden Lucy A. , Gray Lyle S. , Strang Niall C. , Seidel Dirk 
Published: August 2010

Purpose:  When measuring peripheral retinal shape using the IOLMaster, measurements have been taken with the instrument in a fixed position and the subjects rotating their eye to measure peripherally. However, eye rotation could affect the peripheral ocular shape measures. The aim of this experiment is to determine the effect of eye rotation upon the measurement of peripheral retinal shape in myopic and hyperopic subjects using the IOLMaster.Methods:  20 subjects participated with informed consent in the experiment [10 myopes (MYO) and 10 hyperopes (HYP)]. All subjects were visually normal with visual acuity of 0.0 logMAR or better. The mean age of the subjects was 21.4 ± 2.2 years, and all were students in the University. Cycloplegia and mydriasis were induced using 1.0% cyclopentolate and the measurements were taken 30 min after instillation of the eyedrops. Peripheral retinal dimensions were measured with the IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, UK) which measures axial length using partial coherence interferometry. 5 measures of axial length were taken at 10 degree intervals from 0–40 degree nasally and temporally using two different experimental paradigms. Experiment 1: Subjects rotated their eye to view an LED target array, attached to the front of the instrument. Experiment 2: Subjects maintained fixation upon a stationary target in the primary position while the IOL‐Master was rotated about the centre of rotation of the eye. The data was fitted with second order polynomials with separate curves being fitted to the temporal and nasal profiles to take into account any retinal asymmetry.Results:  A significant difference (p < 0.01) was found in the mean second order coefficients for the temporal and nasal retinal profiles in the MYO subjects, with the temporal retina having the lower coefficient. There was no significant difference between temporal and nasal second order coefficients in the HYP subjects. Eye rotation produced a significant shift in the second order coefficients for both temporal (p < 0.01) and nasal (p < 0.01) retinal profiles in the MYO group, with the coefficients becoming smaller with ocular rotation. No significant effect of eye rotation was found in the HYP group.Conclusions:  Asymmetry between the temporal and nasal retinal profiles is more pronounced in the myopic eye. Ocular rotation has a substantial and measurable effect on the shape of the myopic eye, but no measurable effect is found in the hyperopic eye. These results are indicative of substantial structural differences between the eyes of subjects with myopia and hyperopia. When measuring peripheral retinal shape these factors should be taken into account.
Negotiating a raised surface: gait adaptations when wearing multifocal compared to single vision distance spectacles in the elderly
Authors: Elliott David B. , Johnson Louise , Buckley John G. , Harley Clare 
Published: August 2010

Purpose:  The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of wearing multifocal compared to single vision distance spectacles upon gait characteristics and toe clearance parameters when negotiating a raised surface. Epidemiological evidence indicates that elderly multifocal‐wearers are at increased risk of falling, especially on curbs or stairs.Methods:  Nineteen healthy older adults (72.7 ± 4.2 years) repeatedly approached and stepped up and along a raised platform (15.3 cm high, 3 m long, 1 m wide) whilst wearing bifocal, varifocal or single vision distance spectacles. Toe clearance parameters and gait characteristics from lead limb heel contact before the platform until lead limb foot contact on the platform were assessed using a 6‐camera, Vicon motion analysis system (Vicon, Oxford, UK).Results:  When wearing multifocal compared to single vision distance spectacles the trail limb was placed further from the platform (p = 0.05) and the lead foot landed closer to the step edge at the end of the crossing step (p = 0.003). There was also greater variability in lead and trail foot‐platform distance (p = 0.001) and platform‐lead heel distance (p = 0.004), when wearing varifocal or bifocal compared to single vision spectacles. There was an increased incidence of ‘inadvertent’ step contacts when wearing multifocals (seven in bifocal, five in progressive addition lenses) when the lead heel or sole (but never the toe) accidentally scuffed the apex of the platform during swing phase of the crossing step.Conclusions:  Adapted toe clearance and foot placement strategies are indicative of pro‐active control strategies aimed at decreasing the risk of tripping. Despite this, precision of control of foot placement prior to the crossing step deteriorated and this led to several inadvertent foot‐platform contacts occurring when wearing multifocal spectacles. These findings suggest that the optical effects inherent in the design of multifocal spectacles, result in unreliable visual information regarding the exact location and dimensions of a raised edge. Consequently, some elderly individuals who are at high risk of falling may benefit from wearing single vision distance rather than multifocal spectacles when walking.Acknowledgements:  This study was funded by a Nursing & AHP Researcher Development Award from the Department of Health and NHS R&D (grant ref: R694) and by a Nursing & AHP Fellowship from the Health Foundation, UK (grant ref: 3991/3322).
Asynchrony adaptation is not specific to sound and vision
Authors: Hanson James V. M. , Heron James , Whitaker David 
Published: August 2010

Purpose:  When formulating an estimate of event time, the human sensory system has been shown to possess a degree of perceptual flexibility. Specifically, the perceived relative timing of auditory and visual stimuli is, to some extent, a product of recent experience (Fujisaki et al., 2004). It has been suggested that this form of sensory recalibration may be peculiar to the audiovisual domain (Miyazaki et al., 2006). Here we investigate how adaptation to sensory asynchrony influences the perceived temporal order of audiovisual, audiotactile and visuotactile stimulus pairs.Methods:  Observers (the authors and naïve observer CV) made temporal order judgments (TOJ) in the audiovisual, audiotactile and visuotactile stimulus pairings. The data were collected both with and without adaptation to asynchrony; in the adaptation conditions, observers underwent a period of exposure to asynchronous stimulus pairs prior to collecting data. From the resultant psychometric functions, the Point of Subjective Simultaneity (PSS; the physical temporal offset between two stimuli required for perceived simultaneity) was obtained for all observers and each condition.Results:  Our data show that a brief period of repeated exposure to asynchrony in any of these sensory pairings results in marked changes in subsequent temporal order judgments: the point of perceived simultaneity shifts toward the level of adaptation asynchrony. We find that the size and nature of this shift is very similar in all three pairings and that sensitivity to asynchrony is unaffected by the adaptation process.Conclusions:  Our results represent the first convincing demonstrations of asynchrony adaptation involving the tactile modality, and show that perceived timing in all three stimulus pairings tested is markedly influenced by recent experience. The fact that sensitivity to asynchrony is unaffected by the adaptation process suggests a genuine recalibration of perceived time. In light of these findings we suggest that a single supramodal mechanism may be responsible for the observed recalibration of multisensory perceived time.
Validity of visual data captured by a register of children with cerebral palsy
Authors: McClelland J. F. , Saunders K. J. , Parkes J. , Hill A. E. , Jackson A. J. 
Published: August 2010

Purpose:  To compare visual data held by the Northern Ireland Cerebral Palsy Register (NICPR) with that collected prospectively as part of a survey of visual function in cerebral palsy (CP) by an optometrist.Methods:  90 subjects with CP (aged 4–15 years) were recruited via the NICPR to a population‐based study of visual function in CP. Objective measurements of visual function were obtained and compared with data held on the NICPR (Parkes et al., 2001). The NICPR captures cross‐sectional information at a specific point in time, usually at 5 years of age and records known visual impairment, use of glasses and classification of level of vision. Level of vision is recorded as either: ‘normal/near normal’ (equivalent to 6/18); ‘moderately impaired’ (6/18–6/60); ‘severely impaired’ (< 6/60); or ‘no vision’.Results:  Classification of the subjects’ level of vision as described by the NICPR was available for 49 subjects (54.4%). Direct visual acuity and refractive error data were available for 82 (91%) and 89 subjects (98.9%) respectively. One‐way ANOVA demonstrated an association between visual acuity and the level of vision classified by the NICPR (p < 0.05) with those classified as having a visual impairment demonstrating poorer acuity. Chi‐squared analyses revealed no associations (p > 0.05) between clinically significant refractive errors (mean spherical, astigmatism and anisometropia) and whether or not the child wore spectacles at the time of data collection for the register.Conclusions:  The NICPR holds a limited amount of information regarding visual status of children with CP, recorded at one point in time (approximately five years of age). The NICPR accurately reflected visual acuity status suggesting that the information held is both accurate and that visual acuity is relatively invariant beyond five years of age in this population. The lack of association between spectacle wear recorded in the register and presence of clinically significant refractive errors may suggest that clinicians need to be more proactive in detecting and correcting errors. It may suggest, however, that contrary to the typically developing visual system, refractive errors develop after five years of age in CP. Prospective data are not available to determine between these hypotheses but the data underline the need for thorough, early visual assessment in CP.