bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of arterial spin labeled MRI in the brain
Authors: Detre John A. , Rao Hengyi , Wang Danny J.J. , Chen Yu Fen , Wang Ze 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPerfusion provides oxygen and nutrients to tissues and is closely tied to tissue function while disorders of perfusion are major sources of medical morbidity and mortality. It has been almost two decades since the use of arterial spin labeling (ASL) for noninvasive perfusion imaging was first reported. While initial ASL magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies focused primarily on technological development and validation, a number of robust ASL implementations have emerged, and ASL MRI is now also available commercially on several platforms. As a result, basic science and clinical applications of ASL MRI have begun to proliferate. Although ASL MRI can be carried out in any organ, most studies to date have focused on the brain. This review covers selected research and clinical applications of ASL MRI in the brain to illustrate its potential in both neuroscience research and clinical care. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:1026‐1037. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) MRI of human skeletal muscle at 1.5 and 3 T
Authors: Partovi Sasan , Schulte Anja‐Carina , Jacobi Bjoern , Klarhöfer Markus , Lumsden Alan B. , Loebe Matthias , Davies Mark G. , Noon Georg P. , Karmonik Christof , Zipp Lisa , Bongartz Georg , Bilecen Deniz 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPurpose:To evaluate the dependence of skeletal muscle blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) effect and time course characteristics on magnetic field strength in healthy volunteers using an ischemia/reactive hyperemia paradigm.Materials and Methods:Two consecutive skeletal muscle BOLD magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements in eight healthy volunteers were performed on 1.5 T and 3.0 T whole‐body MRI scanners. For both measurements a fat‐saturated multi‐shot multiecho gradient‐echo EPI sequence was applied. Temporary vascular occlusion was induced by suprasystolic cuff compression of the thigh. T2* time courses were obtained from two different calf muscles and characterized by typical curve parameters. Ischemia‐ and hyperemia‐induced changes in R2* (ΔR2*) were calculated for both muscles in each volunteer at the two field strengths.Results:Skeletal muscle BOLD changes are dependent on magnetic field strength as the ratio ΔR2*(3.0 T)/ΔR2*(1.5 T) was found to range between 1.6 and 2.2. Regarding time course characteristics, significantly higher relative T2* changes were found in both muscles at 3.0 T.Conclusion:The present study shows an approximately linear field strength dependence of ΔR2* in the skeletal muscle in response to ischemia and reactive hyperemia. Using higher magnetic fields is advisable for future BOLD imaging studies of peripheral limb pathologies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:1227‐1232. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lack of genetic diversity in Crimean‐Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses in Turkey: Assessment of present and future patterns of disease
Authors: Kalaycioglu Atila T. , Durmaz Riza , Uyar Yavuz , Unaldi Ozlem , Aksekili Ertugrul , Ozkul Aykut , Korukluoglu Gulay , Ertek Mustafa 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCrimean‐Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick‐borne zoonosis which is common in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and the Balkan Peninsula. CCHF has been reported in Turkey with high frequency since 2002. The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic diversity and genetic relationship between CCHF virus (CCHFV) isolates derived from infected patients over a 2‐year period (2009 and 2010) in several provinces of Turkey. Serum samples (n = 48) were selected from CCHFV RNA positive patients and subjected to sequence analysis of the gene regions encoding the S (48 samples) and M (14 samples) segments. The nucleotide sequence alignments showed that the nucleic acid relatedness of CCHFV isolates ranged from 95.7% to 100% and from 93.7% to 100% for S and M segments, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of both segment sequences revealed that CCHFV isolates circulating in Turkey belonged to the European lineage I and were closely related to the viruses found in the Eastern European‐Russian and Balkan Peninsula. The M gene segment‐based phylogenetic analysis suggested that 2/14 CCHFV isolates (KYSR3159/09 and YZGT714/10) had additional genetic variations. The results of the present study confirmed that the CCHFV isolates present in Turkey associated with human disease had high genetic homology in S segment, but some variability in the M segment of the RNA. J. Med. Virol. 84:471–478, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic diversity of chikungunya virus, India 2006–2010: Evolutionary dynamics and serotype analyses
Authors: Sumathy K. , Ella Krishna M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe genetic diversity of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causing recurring outbreaks in India since 2006 was studied. The 2006 epidemic was caused by a virus strain of the East, Central and South African (ECSA) genotype with 226A in the E1 glycoprotein. The variant strain with E1‐A226V mutation caused outbreaks since 2007 in the state of Kerala where Aedes albopictus is the abundant mosquito vector. Molecular epidemiology data since 2007 is scarce from other regions of the country. RT‐PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of CHIKV isolates from the 2009 to 2010 epidemics in the States of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh placed them in a separate clade within the ECSA lineage. The isolates of the study had 226A in the E1 glycoprotein. The isolates had a novel E1‐K211E mutation that was under significant positive selection. E1‐211E is highly conserved in the Asian genotype of the virus circulated by Aedes aegypti. Unique mutations in E2 glycoprotein were identified. The two sub‐lineages of ECSA genotype circulating in India parallel the abundance of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti. Novel mutations in the envelope glycoproteins suggest adaptive evolution of the virus to local vector abundance. Cross neutralization of the virus isolates from recurring Indian epidemics indicated that no distinct serotypes had evolved. The study has provided insights into the origin, distribution and evolutionary adaptation of the virus to local vector abundance in the region that has reportedly, the highest incidence of CHIKV infection in the world. J. Med. Virol. 84:462–470, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of hepatitis B virus genome variability in Iranian patients with chronic infection, a nationwide study
Authors: Mohebbi Seyed Reza , Amini‐Bavil‐Olyaee Samad , Zali Narges , Damavand Behzad , Azimzadeh Pedram , Derakhshan Faramarz , Sabahi Farzaneh , Zali Mohammad Reza 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates from Iranian patients around the country were characterized. Eighty‐one complete genomes from HBV isolates were sequenced and analyzed. The studied population was grouped into three categories including inactive carriers, patients with chronic hepatitis, and patients with liver cirrhosis. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses revealed that Iranian patients were infected with HBV genotype D and subgenotype D1. The most common subtype was ayw2, followed by ayw3 and ayw4. Several deletions and insertions that had no correlation with disease outcome were observed in the HBV genomes. The most frequent mutation in the major hydrophilic region (MHR) of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) was sP120S. Almost half of the patients studied carried precore (PC) mutant variants and one‐third of the studied population was infected with variants carrying basal core promoter (BCP) mutations. PC and BCP mutations were observed in older patients, especially in those with chronic liver disease. Sixty‐seven patients (82.7%) were HBeAg negative, and the prevalence of precore mutant isolates (G1896A) was higher in this group than in HBeAg‐positive patients. Lamivudine drug resistance mutations were detected after 1 year of treatment in about 30% of lamivudine‐treated patients. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that HBV subgenotype D1 is the only subgenotype circulating in Iran, and there is no evidence of any exotic genotype in the region. The HBV PC (G1896A) mutation may play an important role in the clinical outcome of the disease by increasing the risk of progressive liver disease among Iranian patients infected with HBV. J. Med. Virol. 84:414–423, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonstructural protein NS1 immunodominant epitope detected specifically in dengue virus infected material by a SELDI‐TOF/MS based assay
Authors: Steidel Marine , Fragnoud Romain , Guillotte Michelle , Roesch Céline , Michel Sandrine , Meunier Thomas , Paranhos‐Baccalà Glàucia , Gervasi Gaspard , Bedin Frederic 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDengue virus (DV) infection is the most common mosquito‐born viral disease of public health significance. Though most patients only suffer from flu‐like symptoms, a small group of patients experiences more severe forms of the disease. The viral nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), a secreted protein correlating with viremia, is a key element used for dengue diagnosis with potential implications in severe dengue prognosis. Capture‐ELISAs for the early detection of the NS1 protein in the sera during the acute febrile stage are commonly used in routine by diagnostic laboratories. In this study, the detection of NS1 protein in DV‐infected material was assessed by an alternative method combining a single NS1‐directed monoclonal antibody and the SELDI‐TOF/MS technology. According to the epitope mapping, the antibodies used are mainly directed against an immuno‐dominant peptide located on the C‐terminal part of the protein. The NS1 SELDI‐TOF assay is specific, has a sensitivity level close to capture‐ELISAs and is potentially useful for a coupled serotyping/detection assay or for the detection of subtle post‐translational modifications on the protein. J. Med. Virol. 84:490–499, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic diversity of HA1 domain of hemagglutinin gene of pandemic influenza H1N1pdm09 viruses in New Delhi, India
Authors: Mir Muneer A. , Lal Renu B. , Sullender Wayne , Singh Yashpal , Garten Rebecca , Krishnan Anand , Broor Shobha 
Published: January 2012

AbstractGenetic analysis of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1; H1N1pdm09) virus was undertaken to understand virus evolution during 2009 and 2010 in India. Surveillance of influenza viruses from July 2009 to December 2010 revealed major peaks of circulating H1N1pdm09 viruses in August–September and December–January 2009 and then in August–September 2010. To understand the diversity of the H1N1pdm09 virus, selected specimens (n = 23) from 2009 or 2010 were characterized by nucleotide sequence determination of the HA1 subunit of the HA gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 22 clustered with clade 7 viruses characterized by S203T mutations, whereas one virus from 2010 fell within clade 6. None of the viruses from either 2009 or 2010 formed a monophyletic group, suggesting a continuum of independent introduction of circulating viral strains. Amino acid analysis revealed minor amino acid changes in the antigenic or receptor‐binding domains. Importantly, we observed mutations that were also present in 1918 pandemic virus, which includes S183P in 4 and S185T mutation in 3 of 13 viruses analyzed from 2010, while none of the 2009 viruses carried these mutations. Whether antibody‐mediated pressure is imposing such changes remains to be determined. Continued genetic surveillance is warranted to monitor pathogenicity as the virus evolves to acquire new features. J. Med. Virol. 84:386–393, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
EBV lytic infection enhances transformation of B‐lymphocytes infected with EBV in the presence of T‐lymphocytes
Authors: Katsumura Koichi Ricardo , Maruo Seiji , Takada Kenzo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEpstein–Barr virus (EBV) establishes lifelong latency in B‐lymphocytes following infection. Although in immune‐competent individuals EBV remains in a quiescent state, in immunodeficient individuals, such as those with AIDS or transplant recipients, B‐lymphocytes infected with EBV proliferate to give rise to lymphoproliferative diseases. Similarly, in vitro, EBV transforms human B‐lymphocytes into indefinitely growing lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) in the absence of cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes. Although LCLs harbor the entire EBV genome as an episome, in most cells the virus remains in a latent state expressing a fraction of EBV genes, and lytic infection occurs spontaneously but only in a small percentage of cells. Here, we report that lytic infection contributes to EBV‐induced lymphoproliferation by a paracrine mechanism. An EBV immediate‐early protein, BZLF1, induces IL‐13, thus facilitating the proliferation of EBV‐transformed B‐lymphocytes in the presence of T‐lymphocytes. These data suggest that lytic gene products could contribute to virus‐induced oncogenesis by a paracrine mechanism. J. Med. Virol. 84:504–510, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of a hepatitis delta virus antibody assay for study of the prevalence of HDV among individuals infected with hepatitis B virus in China
Authors: Shen Liping , Gu Ying , Sun Le , Yang Yingchao , Wang Feng , Li Yimin , Bi Shengli 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCo‐infection with hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been shown to be associated with a more severe form of acute and chronic hepatitis. Cloning and expression of recombinant HDV antigen (rHDAg) in Escherichiacoli are described. Using purified rHDAg, a cost‐effective indirect anti‐HDV enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit was developed. Direct comparison of 15 known HDV‐positive sera and 15 HDV‐negative sera showed concordance agreement between the new assay kit and the Abbott Murex Anti‐Delta (total) kit. In addition, 1,486 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive blood samples collected from various areas of China were tested using this indirect anti‐HDV ELISA. It was found that 1.2% (95% CI: 0.7–1.9%) of the samples were anti‐HDAg positive. It is suggested that the prevalence of HDV and HBV co‐infection in China is relatively low. J. Med. Virol. 84:445–449, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epidemiology of dengue infections in Kassala, Eastern Sudan
Authors: Abdallah Tajeldin M. , Ali Abdel Aziem A. , Karsany Mubarak S. , Adam Ishag 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEighty‐one (71.7%) out of 113 patients had confirmed dengue infection (using ELISA IgM serology) at Kassala, Eastern Sudan during the period of August through November 2010. According to the WHO criteria, dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) were observed in 30.9, 58, and 11.1% of these patients, respectively. The mean age of these 81 patients was 25.5 years. Male:female ratio was 1.8:1. Various symptoms including fever (100%), headache (75.3%), vomiting (55.6%), nausea (53.1%), and backache (30.9%) were observed among these patients. Thrombocytopenia (<100/109 platelets/L), and leucopenia (WBC count <4,000 × 109 cells/L) and hemoconcentration (hematocrit >45) were reported in 86.4, 69.1, and 67.9% of the patients, respectively. High alanine aminotransferase (ALT, >65 U/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST >37 U/L) were seen in 9.9 and 14.8% of the patients, respectively. There were five (6.1%) deaths, three of them had DHF and the other two patients had DSS. J. Med. Virol. 84:500–503, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of active human cytomegalovirus by the promyelocytic leukemia body assay in cultures of PBMCs from patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Ogawa‐Goto Kiyoko , Ueno Tomonori , Oshima Kumi , Yamamoto Hisashi , Sasaki Jun , Fujita Kazumasa , Sata Tetsutaro , Taniguchi Shuichi , Kanda Yoshinobu , Katano Harutaka 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA novel detection system was established previously for cells infected with the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in vitro that utilizes the unique IE1‐dependent nuclear dispersion of promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies early in the HCMV replication cycle. This assay system, designated “the PML assay,” makes use of the GFP‐PML‐expressing cell line SE/15, and allows real‐time monitoring of infected cells by fluorescence microscopy without any staining procedures. A rapid and quantitative drug susceptibility testing was developed for low‐titer clinical isolates propagated in fibroblasts in vitro. The present study sought to exploit the PML assay for evaluating in vivo status of HCMV without virus isolation. Progeny viruses were detected directly from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected in vivo obtained from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. The overall positivity of the PML assay tended to correlate with the levels of genomic DNA. Direct phenotypic susceptibility testing detected one ganciclovir (GCV)‐resistant case among 19 samples, which was confirmed further by genomic and plaque reduction assays. However, in another patient with the sequence‐proven mutant confirmed by sequencing, the progeny viruses exhibiting GCV‐resistance were not detected. Studies on the isolated virus from the latter patient suggested the possibility that replication efficiency may differ between PBMCs and lesions infected in vivo, which may hamper the detection of GCV‐resistant viruses by the PML assay, at least in this case. Taken together, the PML assay is sufficiently sensitive to monitor replication‐competent HCMV directly from PBMCs infected in vivo, and provides a novel tool for comparing the characteristics of HCMV strains infected in vivo. J. Med. Virol. 84:479–486, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antiviral efficacy of combination therapy with entecavir and adefovir for entecavir/lamivudine‐resistant hepatitis B virus with or without adefovir resistance
Authors: Yang Hyo‐Joon , Lee Jeong‐Hoon , Kim Yoon Jun , Yoon Jung‐Hwan , Lee Hyo‐Suk 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThere is little clinical information on the management of hepatitis B virus (HBV) that is resistant to multiple drugs including entecavir (ETV). The present retrospective cohort study assessed the antiviral efficacy of ETV/adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) combination therapy for ETV‐resistant HBV with prior lamivudine (LAM) resistance, and either with or without previous ADV resistance. The cumulative probability of achieving a virological response (undetectable serum HBV DNA) was compared by Kaplan–Meier analysis and the Breslow method. Seventeen patients with ETV‐resistant HBV who were treated with ETV/ADV combination therapy for at least 6 months at a tertiary care center, were included; seven had dual resistance to ETV and LAM [ADV‐r(−) group] and 10 had triple resistance to ETV, LAM, and ADV [ADV‐r(+) group]. The median follow‐up period was 9 months (range, 6–23). A virological response was noted in seven patients after a median of 3 months (range, 3–12) of treatment; five in the ADV‐r(−) group and two in the ADV‐r(+) group. The cumulative probability of a virological response was significantly higher in the ADV‐r(−) group than in the ADV‐r(+) group (6 months cumulative probability, 57.1% vs. 11.1%). In conclusion, ETV/ADV combination therapy led to virological responses in five of seven patients with resistance to ETV and LAM, but a significantly poorer response in patients with prior ADV resistance than in those without prior ADV resistance. Therefore, ETV/ADV combination therapy could be a useful therapeutic option for ETV‐ and LAM‐resistant HBV without prior ADV resistance. J. Med. Virol. 84:424–430, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From causes to conditions in group research
Authors: Hackman J. Richard 
Published: January 2012

SummaryIt is time to move beyond standard conceptual and research paradigms in scientific work on group behavior and performance to better align our models and methods with the phenomena we are studying. Cause–effect models are of limited use in conducting research and generating useable theory about group behavior and performance. This paper proposes and illustrates an alternative conceptual approach that focuses on the conditions within which groups chart their own courses. The paper suggests three implications of a condition‐focused approach for those who create, lead, and serve in purposive groups, and closes with a discussion of the conceptual challenges that must be overcome if the potential of a condition‐focused approach is to be realized. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite facilitates bone apposition to polymethylmethacrylate: Histological investigation using a sheep model
Authors: Arabmotlagh Mohammad , Sommer Ursula , Dingeldein Elvira , Rauschmann Michael , Schnettler Reinhard 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPolymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is the most commonly used bone void filler for vertebral augmentation in osteoporotic fracture. It provides mechanical stability and immediate pain relief; however, PMMA is not osteointegrated and is separated from the surrounding bone tissue by a thin fibrous layer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) on osteointegration of PMMA in a sheep model. A composite material, consisting of PMMA and nanocrystalline HA (70:30, v/v), was implanted in one distal femur, with pure PMMA in the other femur as a control. Three and 6 months after implantation, the distal femora were histologically investigated. All composite implants exhibited a tight junction to the surrounding bone tissue, with minimal bone ingrowth into the outer surface of the implant. In comparison, with use of the control implants, we observed an overall bone resorption around pure PMMA, with fibrous connective tissue encapsulating the implant. These results suggest that nanocrystalline HA enables osteointegration of PMMA in bone tissue, which might alter the biomechanical characteristics of the osteoporotic vertebral body after augmentation. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1290–1295, 2012
A large‐scale replication study for the association of rs17039192 in HIF‐2α with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Nakajima Masahiro , Shi Dongquan , Dai Jin , Tsezou Aspasia , Zheng Minghao , Norman Paul E. , Chou Ching‐Heng , Lee Ming Ta Michael , Hwang Joo‐Yeon , Kim Dong‐Hyun , Takahashi Atsushi , Ikegawa Shiro , Jiang Qing 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is a common disease with a genetic component for its etiology. Recently, a genetic association of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs17039192 in HIF‐2α with knee OA has been reported in a Japanese population; however, controversy exits for its replication and a role of HIF‐2α in OA. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the SNP by a large‐scale replication study. A total of 8,457 subjects (3,129 OA cases and 5,328 controls) from seven independent cohorts from six countries (Japan, China, Taiwan, Korea, Greece, and Australia) were recruited and genotyped. The association of rs17039192 with knee OA was evaluated by meta‐analyses. The association of the HIF‐2α SNP was not replicated in any of the populations. Contrary to the previous report, the odds ratios (ORs) of the risk allele frequency were all less than 1. A combined analysis for the seven populations also showed no replication of the association (OR = 0.91, 95% confidence interval = 0.81–1.03). Our large‐scale meta‐analysis showed that the association of rs17039192 in HIF‐2α with knee OA is negative. The significance of HIF‐2α in human OA (idiopathic OA as a common disease) should be further evaluated carefully. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1244–1248, 2012