bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of immobilization, three forms of remobilization, and subsequent deconditioning on bone mineral content and density in rat femora
Authors: Kannus Pekka , Järvinen Teppo L. N. , Sievänen Harri , Kvist Martti , Rauhaniemi Jyrki , Maunu Vesa-Matti , Hurme Timo , Jozsa Laszlo , Järvinen Markku 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Disuse is associated with bone loss, which may not be recoverable. It is not known whether intensified remobilization is beneficial in restoring disuse-related bone loss nor if any such benefit would depend upon continuing mobilization for its maintenance. After an immobilization period of 3 weeks, the effects of free remobilization (11 weeks), and low- and high-intensity treadmill running (11 weeks) with and without subsequent deconditioning (18 weeks) on the bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) of the hindlimb femora of Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 98) were studied using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometric (DXA) scanner. Our hypothesis was that intensified remobilization is beneficial in restoring the BMC and BMD from disuse to normal while subsequent deconditioning is deleterious to these parameters. Immobilization for 3 weeks produced a significant BMC and BMD loss in the immobilized left femur (range −4.4 to −12.8%; p &lt; 0.05-0.001). In the groups with free remobilization (free cage activity), the body weight-adjusted BMCs and BMDs always remained below those in the controls (range −2.3 to −12.1%; p values ranging from NS to &lt;0.01). Both low- and high-intensity running restored BMC and BMD in the immobilized limb, the effect being better in the latter group. In both of these groups, the values of the immobilized left limbs and those of the free right limbs exclusively exceeded the corresponding values of the age-matched control rats (left limb values 3.0-21.1% higher with p values ranging from NS to &lt;0.01; right limb values 7.9-21.4% higher with p &lt; 0.05-0.01). However, after the deconditioning period of 18 weeks, the above described beneficial effects of low- and high-intensity running were lost, the left and right limb BMC and BMD values being lower than those in the age-matched controls (range −3.8 to −8.7%; p values ranging from NS to &lt;0.05). In conclusion, this study clearly indicates the need for greater than normal activity to restore the BMC and BMD after disuse to normal levels. However, the benefits of intensified remobilization are lost if the activity is terminated, and therefore, after immobilization and disuse, bone loading activities should be continued, perhaps indefinitely.
Protein kinases of cultured osteoblasts: Selectivity for the extracellular matrix proteins of bone and their catalytic competence for osteopontin
Authors: Salih Erdjan , Ashkar Samy , Gerstenfeld Louis C. , Glimcher Melvin J. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The enzyme activities of the major kinases found within the cytosolic and microsomal fractions of embryonic avian calvaria osteoblasts were assayed for their specificity for various noncollagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins of bone. At least 6 proteins with Mr's of 66, 58, 50, 36, 30, and 22 kD out of more than 30 of the noncollagenous proteins of the bone ECM were phosphorylated by the kinase(s) found in both osteoblast cellular fractions. The purification and N-terminal sequence analysis of three of the above proteins, Mr's 66 and 58 kD (+50 kD), identified them as chicken bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin (OPN), respectively. Heparin, a specific inhibitor of factor-independent protein kinase (FIPK) activity, blocked the phosphorylation of all six ECM proteins by the microsomal kinase(s) but only inhibited the phosphorylation of the 66, 50, and 36 kD by the cytosolic enzyme(s). Casein kinase II (a known FIPK) showed a similar phosphorylation pattern of the same bone ECM proteins as the FIPK(s) found in osteoblast cell extracts, while purified cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase did not phosphorylate any of the ECM proteins. Use of dephosphorylated casein showed that in comparison with casein kinase II, casein was a poor substrate for the FIPK found in the osteoblast cellular extracts. Further studies, using FIPK(s) of osteoblasts and purified chicken OPN or bacterially produced recombinant murine OPN as a substrate, showed that both species of OPN were excellent substrates for the FIPK(s) found in osteoblasts. The phosphorylation of the purified chicken and recombinant mouse OPNs were evaluated by quantitative analysis using commercially available protein kinases. cAMP-dependent kinase showed no phosphorylation of either protein, and cyclic guanodine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent kinase and protein kinase C incorporated 1.2 and 0.5 mol phosphate/mol OPN, respectively. However, both chicken and mouse OPNs were significantly phosphorylated by casein kinase II (9.3 and 9.0 mol of phosphate/mol of OPN, respectively). These results demonstrate that the noncollagenous proteins of the bone ECM, and in particular OPN, are predominantly phosphorylated by FIPK(s), and this class of kinase is the major enzyme found within the microsomal fraction of osteoblasts.
Colony stimulating factor-1 plays a role in osteoclast formation and function in bone resorption induced by parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein
Authors: Dr. Weir Eleanor C. , Lowik Clemens W.G.M. , Paliwal Indu , Insogna Karl L. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Although colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) plays a key role in osteoclast recruitment, studies examining the effect of CSF-1 on mature osteoclasts indicate that it may directly inhibit bone resorption by isolated rat osteoclasts. To define further CSF-1's role in bone remodeling, we examined the effect of neutralizing antisera to CSF-1 on basal and parathyroid hormone (PTH)-induced bone resorption using two organ culture assays designed to examine the recruitment of osteoclast precursors and the activation of mature osteoclasts, respectively. We first assessed whether PTH increases CSF-1 production from bone in organ culture by examining conditioned medium from 19-day-old fetal rat long bones in a mitogenesis assay employing a CSF-1-responsive cell line, CRX-1. Conditioned medium from untreated bones induced a titratable increase in CRX-1 cell proliferation, and treatment of bones with PTH for 72 h caused a significant increase in mitogenic activity. CSF-1 antiserum caused a significant decrease in mitogenic activity in conditioned medium, indicating that bone in organ culture produces CSF-1 constitutively and in response to PTH. To examine bone-derived CSF-1's role in bone resorption, we examined the effect of neutralizing antisera to CSF-1 on basal and PTH-induced bone resorption in the fetal rat long bone assay, which reflects activation of mature osteoclasts. Anti-CSF-1 caused a significant increase in unstimulated and PTH-induced bone resorption compared with control. By contrast, in the fetal mouse metacarpal assay, which examines proliferation and recruitment of osteoclast progenitors and precursors, anti-CSF-1 caused significant inhibition of PTH related protein (PTHrP)-induced bone resorption after 3 and 6 days of incubation. Consistent with these findings, histological examination of cultured 17-day-old fetal metacarpals demonstrated that anti-CSF-1 inhibits the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts in PTHrP-treated explants, whereas it has no effect on unstimulated bones. We conclude that bone-derived CSF-1 may have a dual role in PTH/PTHrP-induced bone resorption by enhancing the appearance of osteoclast precursors while restraining the resorptive function of mature osteoclasts.
The bisphosphonate tiludronate is a potent inhibitor of the osteoclast vacuolar H+-ATPase
Authors: David Pe'Er , Nguyen Hieu , Barbier Alain , Baron Roland 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Although bisphosphonates have been shown to be potent inhibitors of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in vivo and in vitro and are used as therapeutic agents in hyper-resorptive bone diseases such as Paget disease or hypercalcemia of malignancy, their exact biochemical target(s) and mode(s) of action are for the most part still unknown. The resorption of bone requires solubilization of the mineral component of the matrix, achieved by acidification of the resorbing compartment by a vacuolar-type proton ATPase (V-ATPase) present in the ruffled border membrane of osteoclasts. Since we have shown that the V-ATPase is inhibited by both ADP and phosphate, which share structural characteristics with bisphosphonates, we hypothesized that inhibition of the osteoclast V-ATPase could be one of the mechanism(s) by which bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption. Pyrophosphate and the bisphosphonates etidronate, alendronate, and YM-175 inhibited proton transport in membrane vesicles derived from chicken kidney and osteoclasts but with very low potency (IC50 ⩾ 5 mM). In contrast, the ability of tiludronate to inhibit proton transport was 5-fold higher in kidney-derived vesicles (IC50 = 1.1 mM) and 10,000-fold higher in vesicles derived from osteoclasts (IC50 = 466 nM). Tiludronate also potently inhibited proton transport in yeast microsomal preparations (IC50 = 3.5 μM) and inhibited the activity of purified yeast V-ATPase. The inhibition of the osteoclast V-ATPase-mediated proton transport by tiludronate was rapid, pH-dependent, and reversible. No change in membrane vesicle permeability to protons was detected. The inhibition was noncompetitive with respect to ATP, and tiludronate did not protect the pump from inactivation by N-ethylmaleimide, strongly suggesting that tiludronate does not bind to the catalytic site of the enzyme. It is concluded that tiludronate is a significantly more potent inhibitor of V-ATPases than other bisphosphonates and that it has a significant degree of selectivity for the avian osteoclast V-ATPase relative to the avian kidney V-ATPase.
Immunolocalization of CD44 and the ERM family in bone cells of mouse tibiae
Authors: Nakamura Hiroaki , Ozawa Hidehiro 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
We studied the immunohistochemical localization of CD44, hyaluronate receptor, and the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family, actin binding proteins, in bone cells using confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to clarify the mechanism of the organization of their cytoskeletons. In osteoclasts, intense immunoreactivity to CD44 could be detected on their basolateral plasma membranes. There was less reactivity observed in the area of the plasma membrane in direct contact with the bone surface. The immunogold electron-microscopical method revealed that CD44 was mainly localized on the microvilli of the basolateral plasma membrane. The plasma membrane of the clear zone and the ruffled border were not immunolabeled with CD44. As for the ERM family, the basolateral plasma membrane of osteoclasts was stained with antimoesin monoclonal antibody, but not with ezrin or radixin. In osteoblasts attached to the bone surface, immunoreactivity to CD44 was restricted to their cytoplasmic processes. They showed immunoreactivities to radixin and moesin on the cytoplasmic side of their plasma membrane when in contact with each other. However, although osteocytes in the bone matrix demonstrate an intense immunolabeling with CD44 on their plasma membrane, they scarcely show immunoreactivity to the ERM family. These findings suggest that: (1) the CD44-moesin-actin filament system is involved in the organization of cytoskeletons in the basolateral plasma membrane of osteoclasts; and (2) other mechanisms, rather than the CD44 and the ERM family, may be involved in the cells of osteoblast lineage. (J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:1715-1722)
Development of mass, density, and estimated mechanical characteristics of bones in caucasian females
Authors: Haapasalo H. , Kannus P. , Sievänen H. , Pasanen M. , Uusi-Rasi K. , Heinonen A. , Oja P. , Vuori I. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Three hundred and thirty healthy Finnish girls and premenopausal women, aged 7–47 years, were examined to evaluate the natural development of bone mineral mass and density from early childhood to menopause. Bone mineral content (BMC, g) and areal density (BMD, g/cm2) were measured from the spine (L2–L4), femoral neck, trochanter region of the femur, and distal radius using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In addition, the bone mineral apparent density (BMAD, g/cm3) was assessed from the above described skeletal sites, and the mechanical competence of the femoral neck was estimated. Special attention was paid to the timing of the peak values of these bone parameters as well as to the evidence of premenopausal bone loss. The BMC, BMD, and BMAD of the spine, femoral neck, and trochanter region of the femur achieved peak values around the age of 20, and the bone loss seemed to start soon thereafter. In contrast, the bone mass of the distal radius slightly increased between the ages of 20 and 47. In the femoral neck, the estimated bending strength achieved its peak value around the age of 20 and showed a slight decrease during the following decades. The highest body weight and neck-length adjusted strength values of the femoral neck were, however, found in early childhood, with the values decreasing linearly thereafter. In conclusion, this study supports previous findings of rapid bone mineral accumulation in late adolescence, and occurrence of the peak bone mass and density around the age of 20. Premenopausal bone loss seems to occur in the proximal femur and lumbar spine. Our observations of femur strength development imply that from childhood to menopause the mechanical strength of the femoral neck is well adjusted to the biomechanical loading requirements of the body. (J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:1751–1760)
Altered mineral metabolism and bone mass in children during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Halton Jacqueline M. , Dr. Atkinson Stephanie A. , Fraher Laurence , Webber Colin , Gill Gerald J. , Dawson Susan , Barr Ronald D. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) often develop bone pain, abnormal gait, and unusual fractures while in remission and receiving continuing chemotherapy. A prospective longitudinal cohort study was undertaken of bone mass and biochemical mineral status in 40 consecutive children (27 male, 13 female, aged 0.3–17.0 years) receiving therapy on the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute protocol 87–01. Radiography, lumbar spine dual-photon absorptiometry, and biochemical measurements of mineral status were performed at diagnosis and at 6-month intervals throughout 24 months of chemotherapy. Eleven patients were not completely evaluated (4 deaths and 7 off study). Radiographic evidence of osteopenia was observed in 10, 64, and 76% at diagnosis, 12 and 24 months, respectively. Fractures occurred in 39% of children during treatment. Reduction in bone mineral content (BMC), as measured by Z scores, occurred in 64% of patients and was most severe in those greater than 11 years of age at diagnosis. Reduction in BMC during the first 6 months of therapy had a positive predictive value of 64%, while an increase in BMC had a negative predictive value of 82% for subsequent fracture. By 6 months of therapy, 31/37 (84%) children were hypomagnesemic, of whom 16 (52%) were hypermagnesuric. Plasma osteocalcin was subnormal at diagnosis in 29/40 (73%) but increased to normal by 6 months of treatment. Vitamin D status was normal throughout, but plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D remained subnormal in greater than 70% of children. Urinary cross-link N-telopeptide was normal at diagnosis and became elevated in 58% of children by the end of therapy. Suppressed bone mineralization is evident at diagnosis in a minority of children with ALL. Skeletal morbidity and a reduction in bone mineral mass become more prevalent during treatment, with increased bone resorption, perhaps mainly as a consequence of corticosteroid administration. (J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:1774–1783)
Bone density in type 1 gaucher disease
Authors: Pastores Gregory M. , Wallenstein Sylvan , Desnick Robert J. , Luckey Marjorie M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Skeletal involvement is a major source of complications in patients with Type 1 Gaucher disease. To investigate the bone density and potential usefulness of bone densitometry in Gaucher disease, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the density of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, trochanter, and distal radius in 61 adult patients ranging in age from 22 to 77 years. The mean bone density at each site was significantly lower than expected for age and sex. The severity of the osteopenia correlated significantly with other clinical indicators of disease severity, including the N370S/84GG genotype, prior splenectomy, and hepatomegaly. The bone density measurements also correlated significantly with the severity of skeletal disease as assessed by skeletal radiography. Vertebral density remained an independent predictor of the severity of bone involvement even after controlling for age, sex, weight, genotype, splenectomy, and hepatomegaly. These findings suggest that bone density measurements provide a quantitative assessment of bone involvement in Type 1 Gaucher disease, which may permit serial, noninvasive monitoring of bone changes in this progressive disorder. (J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:1801–1807)
Distinguishing affective and somatic dimensions of pain and depression: a confirmatory factor analytic study
Authors: Lerman Sheera F. , Rudich Zvia , Shahar Golan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this study, we examined the overlap between pain and depression in a sample of 342 chronic pain patients treated at a specialty pain clinic. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test the differentiation of pain and depression measured as latent factors derived from the subscales of the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. The affective pain subscale did not load on latent depression and the somatic depression subscale loaded weakly on latent pain. Although pain and depression are linked, we found that affective pain is distinct from depression, and that somatic depression is distinct from pain. This finding justifies further examination of the casual relationship between pain and depression. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 66: 1–10, 2010.
Hybrid modeling of inulinase bio‐production process
Authors: Mazutti Marcio A. , Corazza Marcos L. , Maugeri Francisco , Rodrigues Maria I. , Oliveira J. Vladimir , Treichel Helen , Corazza Fernanda C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: A potential application of inulinase in the food industry is the production of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) through transfructosilation of sucrose. Besides their ability to increase the shelf‐life and flavor of many products, FOS have many interesting functional properties. The use of an industrial medium may represent a good, cost‐effective alternative to produce inulinase, since the activity of the enzyme produced may be improved or at least remain the same compared with that obtained using a synthetic medium. Thus, inulinase production for use in FOS synthesis is of considerable scientific and technological appeal, as is the development of a reliable mathematical model of the process. This paper describes a hybrid neural network approach to model inulinase production in a batch bioreactor using agroindustrial residues as substrate. The hybrid modeling makes use of a series artificial neural network to estimate the kinetic parameters of the process and the mass balance as constitutive equations.RESULTS: The proposed model was shown to be capable of describing the complex behavior of inulinase production employing agroindustrial residues as substrate, so that the mathematical framework developed is a useful tool for simulation of this process.CONCLUSION: The hybrid neural network model developed was shown to be an interesting alternative to estimate model parameters since complete elucidation of the phenomena and mechanisms involved in the fermentation is not required owing to the black‐box nature of the ANN used as parameter estimator. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Tropical hornbills (Aceros cassidix, Aceros undulatus, and Buceros hydrocorax) use ballistic transport to feed with their large beaks
Authors: Baussart Sabine , Bels Vincent 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe most common and plesiomorphic mechanism of food transport in tetrapods is lingual‐based. Neognathous birds use this mechanism for exploiting a large diversity of food resources, whereas paleognathous birds use cranioinertial mechanism with or without tongue involvement. Food transport in three hornbills' species (Aceros cassidix, A. undulatus, and Buceros hydrocorax) is defined by a ballistic transport mechanism. Only one transport cycle is used for moving the food from the tip of the beak to the pharynx. The tongue never makes contact with the food nor is it used to expand the buccal cavity. In hornbills, filmed through high‐speed video, time to food release occurred between 0.11 and 0.16 sec before time to maximum gape. The ballistic curves show similar patterns. Maximum gape angle is significantly different between the three species. Each species show a different kinematic and motor pattern of head movements associated with ballistic transport. In A. undulatus, head rotation follows a continuous pattern similar to that reported earlier in toucans. A. cassidix rotates head downward at the time of maximum gape to permit food to reach the pharynx without touching the mandible. B. hydrocorax elevates the head along the transport cycle to avoid contact with the food to the cavity of the upper beak. Selection of large food items in the diet may explain the evolutionary trend of using ballistic transport in the feeding behavior of hornbills, which play a key role in tropical forest ecology by dispersing seeds. J. Exp. Zool. 315:72–83, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Administration of nonviral gene vector encoding rat β‐defensin‐2 ameliorates chronicPseudomonas aeruginosalung infection in rats
Authors: Hu Qiongjie , Zuo Peng , Shao Bing , Yang Shuo , Xu Guopeng , Lan Fen , Lu Xiaoxia , Xiong Weining , Xu Yongjian , Xiong Shengdao 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackgroundBeta‐defensin‐2 (BD‐2) plays an important role in host defense against pathogenic microbe challenge by its direct antimicrobial activity and immunomodulatory functions. The present study aimed to determine whether genetic up‐regulation of rat BD‐2 (rBD‐2) could ameliorate chronicPseudomonas aeruginosalung infection in rats.MethodsPlasmid‐encoding rBD‐2 was delivered to lungsin vivousing linear polyethylenimine at 48 h before challenging with seaweed alginate beads containingP. aeruginosa. Macroscopic and histopathological changes of the lungs, bacterial loads, inflammatory infiltration, and the levels of cytokines/chemokines [interleukin (IL)‐1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, kertinocyte‐derived chemokine (KC), macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 (MIP‐2)] were measured at 3 and 7 days post‐infection (p.i.).ResultsThe overexpression of rBD‐2 resulted in a significant increase in animal survival rate (at 3 days p.i.), a significant decrease in bacterial loads in the lungs (at 3 and 7 days p.i.), and significantly milder lung pathology. In addition, the overexpression of rBD‐2 led to increased infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), and elevated protein expression of cytokines/chemokines (IL‐1β, TNF‐α, KC and MIP‐2) at the early stage of infection (at 3 days p.i.), at the same time as being dramatically decreased at the later stage of infection (at 7 days p.i.).ConclusionsGenetic up‐regulation of rBD‐2 increased animal survival rate, and reduced bacterial loads in lungs after bacterial infection. The overexpression of rBD‐2 also modulated the production of several cytokines/chemokines and increased PMN recruitment at the early stage of infection. Our findings indicate that the enhancement of BD‐2 may be an efficacious intervention for chronicP. aeruginosalung infection. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.