bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Character of Kleinias
Authors: Balot Ryan K. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractFrom the outset, readers will understand that the dialogue is designed to address the “problem of Kleinias.” This chapter aims to clarify not only Kleinias’ self-conscious political views, but also his underlying character and ideals. Acquisitive and aggressive, he is the product of his warlike Dorian culture. These characteristics mask Kleinias’ sense of vulnerability. His fears originate in his belief that wealth, power, and status are the ultimate objects of human striving. The uncertainty of these goods makes Kleinias particularly vulnerable to chance and to others’ aggression. In response, Kleinias aspires to become an all-powerful, immortal tyrant. Diplomatically uncovering these ideals, the Athenian exposes Kleinias’ belief that nature is disordered and chaotic. The Athenian suggests a teleological response to Kleinias’ “materialistic” views. The two men’s disagreements over the good life culminate in the Athenian’s invocation of a “god” who will grant them consonance. This god refers to Magnesia’s civil religion.
The Politics and Psychology of Human History
Authors: Balot Ryan K. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn Book 3, the Athenian offers an account of human history, with the goal of providing a deep “archaeology” that explains the origins of Kleinias’ character and outlook. Kleinias is but the latest in a series of ignorant, vicious “primitives” whose views of the human good have caused untold devastation and suffering. Yet ceaseless warfare and human misery are not inevitable—contrary to Thucydides’ History. If human history seems an empirical vindication of Kleinias’ “Cretan thesis,” the Athenian questions this “realist” outlook and imagines a positive vision of human potential, embodied in a prudent obedience to law, which enables citizens to fortify themselves against tyrannical oppression. Souls and cities can be improved by cultivating the virtues, above all, moderation, in accordance with a correct account of natural human flourishing. Reinforced by the Athenian’s analysis of Persia and Athens, these reflections point forward to his foundation of Magnesia in Book 4.
Persuasive Preambles
Authors: Balot Ryan K. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe Athenian aspires to persuade Kleinias and the Magnesians that justice is essential to the flourishing human life. To do so, he turns to “persuasive preambles” (rather than philosophical argument). The persuasive preambles help citizens to understand why obeying the law is good for them—not just for others or for the city. These preambles aspire to educate the citizens’ judgment in accordance with natural standards. For eudaimonistic reasons, the Athenian is motivated by care for the welfare of citizens as human beings. He likens himself to a free doctor. The free doctor’s grasp of nature makes him a better diagnostician than the slave doctor, but also, more importantly, a more trustworthy supervisor of his patients. Like the free doctor, the legislator composes preambles that appeal to nature. The legislator himself must judge how to employ this multifaceted tool in a variety of contexts.
Developing the Citizens’Thumosin Elections and Courts
Authors: Balot Ryan K. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe Athenian envisions civic participation as the primary venue for the expression of thumos. The central books develop a novel political system that both involves ordinary citizens and does justice to superior virtue. Through their participation in elections and courts, on the one hand, all citizens play a role in determining what meets the lawgiver’s standards. Ordinary citizens have gifts to offer, and, in participating politically, they develop their own faculties of judgment. On the other hand, the Athenian suggests that the city’s top officials will be superior in talent and education; but he leaves readers in suspense as to who they are and how they will be elected. The city’s elite courts are paradigmatic: leading magistrates, functioning as judges, oversee high-stakes cases, while educating other citizens in judicial process and forensic judgment. The Athenian introduces a Socratic ambition to the courts, which different judges will realize to different degrees.
The Athenian’s Theology, Part I
Authors: Balot Ryan K. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn Book 10, the Athenian addresses the greatest crimes of all—crimes against the city’s gods. He begins with an elaborate introduction of the “young atheist” and his “sociology of the impious,” in order to convince Kleinias of the grave threat atheism poses to the city and to persuade him of the city’s need for philosophical defenders. He also positions Kleinias as his eager ally, a helper whose functions he describes in military language. Surprisingly, however, late in Book 10, the Athenian distinguishes between honest, frank-speaking atheists and deceptive, materialistic ones. He thereby carves out space for a small group of naturally just, curious young people who become promising candidates for membership in the Nocturnal Council. His characterization of “deists” and “bribers” enables him to re-engage with larger themes, such as justice versus pleasure and Kleinias’ place in the large, cosmic scheme he unfolds.
The Athenian’s Theology, Part II
Authors: Balot Ryan K. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAlthough most scholars discover “Plato’s final theology” in Book 10, the Athenian’s three arguments are psychological, ethical, and political in character. They respond to the disorder of Kleinias’ soul and to his belief that chaotic motion characterizes nature. The first argument refutes materialists by presenting the heavens as governed by intelligence. This argument will engage the curiosity of the young atheist. For Kleinias and ordinary citizens, however, a “mythopoetic” interpretation is more appropriate: to “imitate the god” means to embrace the Athenian’s eudaimonism. In the second argument, the Athenian reforms the deists’ flawed conceptions of happiness. His presentation of the gods shows that they care for justice by exemplifying it in their own souls, rather than by intervening to support misguided ideas of happiness. The Athenian’s third argument will neither persuade nor dissuade “bribers.” Rather, it is best understood as an exhortation to Kleinias.
The Rule ofNous
Authors: Balot Ryan K. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractScholars have either integrated the Nocturnal Council into the regime of law or dismissed it as an afterthought, incompatible with the dialogue as a whole. Engaging with the controversy between “integrationists” and “incompatibilists,” this chapter charts a novel path. The appropriate question to pose is, Why would the Athenian install figures resembling philosopher rulers at the end of a dialogue focused on establishing an ambitious regime of law? Verbal echoes link the establishment of the Nocturnal Council with the foundation of Magnesia in Book 4; instead of “handing over the city” to magistrates who are the law’s “slaves,” as readers had been led to believe, the Athenian now proposes to hand it over to philosophers in the Nocturnal Council, a major shift in orientation. The Athenian’s presentation of the Nocturnal Council implies a downgrading of the quality and worth of the regime of law.
Islamophobia without Muslims? Not Only in Eastern Europe
Authors: Kalmar Ivan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
It is commonly asserted that Islamophobia is particularly strong in the East of the European Union. The assertion is followed by the observation that this is happening in a region with very few Muslims. But Islamophobia is also relatively strong in those parts of Western Europe and America, where the number of Muslims is similarly low: rural areas and some lower-prestige, mostly white neighborhoods in the cities. What East Central Europe has in common with such areas in the West is peripherality. Peripherality is generated by unequal relations typical of capitalism, both in the West and in the formerly communist-run countries of the European Union. Among the effects of peripherality is relative economic backwardness, which makes these areas less attractive to migrants of color, including those who are Muslim. Some groups in such peripheral areas, both East and West, see Muslim migrants as threatening their entitlement to white privilege.
Contesting the Spatialization of Islamophobia in Urban India
Authors: Govil Stuti , Ghertner D. Asher 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter delineates key patterns of Muslim marginalization in contemporary New Delhi within the context of rising Hindu majoritarianism in India. Since the controversial demolition of the historic Babri Masjid, a mosque in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (1992), and the communal riots that followed, Muslim ghettoization has deepened through systematic exclusion from mixed-religion neighborhoods. The chapter thus proposes that Islamophobia be understood as a gradual material process of peripheralization, infrastructural exclusion, and municipal disconnection alongside its more spectacular forms. It further explores the spatial predicates of a three-month-long sit-in led by the women in the Muslim-majority locality of Shaheen Bagh. This protest was triggered by the Citizenship Amendment Act (2019). In examining how Shaheen Bagh emerged as a site of protest against both exclusionary national citizenship and legacies of urban exclusion, the chapter draws linkages between infrastructures of Muslim exclusion and the new terrains of national and urban citizenship upon which the struggle against Islamophobia plays out in contemporary India.
Islamophobia and Genocide
Authors: Lee Ronan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Rohingya’s exclusion from Myanmar’s political community, the genocide against them that this enabled, and their high-profile 2017 forced deportation provide a disturbing illustration of how quickly Islamophobia can be weaponized to diminish the social and political standing of a previously well-integrated minority. While Islamophobic policies might have been expected from Myanmar’s military rulers, these practices continued in a democratic context and were aided by improved access to modern media technologies. Using language about demographic threat that mirrored Great Replacement narratives, Buddhist nationalists successfully advocated for policies that severely limited Muslim rights and had devastating consequences for the Rohingya. Despite Myanmar’s moves toward democracy, once anti-Muslim and anti-Rohingya speech was normalized, the path to genocide was a short one and occurred with little meaningful public outcry. This should provide a serious warning that in democratic contexts, normalized hate rhetoric can lead to atrocity crimes against even previously well-integrated groups.
A Brief History of the Philosophy of Time
Authors: Bardon Adrian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Adrian Bardon’s A Brief History of the Philosophy of Time is a short introduction to the history, philosophy, and science of the study of time—from the pre-Socratic philosophers through Einstein and beyond. A Brief History of the Philosophy of Time covers subjects such as time and change, the experience of time, physical and metaphysical approaches to the nature of time, the direction of time, time travel, time and freedom of the will, and scientific and philosophical approaches to cosmology and the beginning of time. Bardon employs helpful illustrations and keeps technical language to a minimum in bringing the resources of over twenty-five hundred years of philosophy and science to bear on some of humanity’s most fundamental and enduring questions.
Higher Further Faster
Authors: Toal Gerard 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The chapter discusses how new technological infrastructures reshaped geopolitical power. It considers the concept of geospatial revolutions to explain the ethos institutionalized by the emergence of rocket technologies and the space revolution. The desire for unrestrained military power over the Earth’s spaces deepens collective insecurity while undermining collective action against climate change. Military-industrial systems have long operated without regard for the earthly extractions they demand, the fuels they burn, and the waste they dump into the atmosphere. Moreover, conservative German political theorist and prominent Nazi-era jurist Carl Schmitt presented the interrelation between geospatial revolutions, power militarism, and the climate emergency.
Strategic Narratives
Authors: Oates Sarah , Ramsay Gordon Neil 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 defines the concept of strategic narrative in more depth and explores the key strategic narratives that Russia wishes to project into the U.S. media system. Strategic narratives are how countries construct and project their preferred image and destiny on the world stage. This chapter explores the history and rationale behind these four key narratives: Russia is resurgent as a great nation; Russia will protect Russia and Russians no matter where they live; the West is against Russia; and democracy is a corrupt and dying system. Within each of these narratives, one can identify stories in English-language propaganda sources such as RT and Sputnik. This approach creates a system of identifying and tracking markers of central narratives as they appear in U.S. news.
U.S. 2020 Presidential Campaign Narratives and Russian Propaganda
Authors: Oates Sarah , Ramsay Gordon Neil 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 compares campaign news in the 2020 U.S. presidential election in Russian English-language sources such as RT and Sputnik with six U.S. news outlets. The chapter analyzes campaign news through the lens of narratives that presented the acrimonious election in ways that promoted a particular view of the world. How did Russian outlets characterize the U.S. 2020 presidential campaign for its English-speaking audience? How did this converge with—or diverge from—how The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, USA Today, The Washington Post, CNN, and Fox News presented important campaign issues and their implications for the American audience? The analysis finds a strong resonance between Fox News and Russian propaganda due in large part to a shared interest in both supporting Trump and attacking democracy, although Russian outlets were less enthusiastic about Trump.
Dementia Due to Parkinson’s Disease or Lewy Body Disease
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10 describes two related, but nevertheless distinct forms of dementia: dementia due to Parkinson’s disease, and dementia due to Lewy bodies. First, it is emphasized that not everyone with Parkinson’s disease develops dementia, but about a third of people with Parkinson’s disease do experience cognitive decline leading to dementia. The cause of Parkinson’s disease is then discussed, as well as its effects on cognition and motor behavior. Then Lewy body disease is described, along with its cognitive and sometimes striking behavioral effects, including hallucinations and drastic fluctuations in attention. The next section describes how dementia due to Parkinson’s disease versus Lewy bodies differ, both in the time course of cognitive and motor symptoms and in the nature of the motor symptoms.
What Is a Risk Factor? What Is Prevalence? What Is Incidence?
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 11 sets the stage for Section Three of this book. It defines what is meant by a risk factor (and its opposite, protective factors), with a strong emphasis on three important points: that risk factors are not causal factors, that having risk factors does not mean one will get dementia, and that most risk factors are under our control. Then, this chapter distinguishes between prevalence (the number of people with a disease at a given point in time) and incidence (the number of people developing a disease within a given time frame). Current knowledge about the prevalence and incidence of MCI is provided, as well as the sources of the wide ranges in both estimates.
Risk Factors for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia That Are Under Your Control
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 13 provides information about a number of modifiable risk factors for MCI and dementia that people can do something about to reduce their risk. These include hypo- and hyper-thyroid disease; vitamin B12 deficiency; sleep disorders including sleep apnea; alcohol overuse, cigarette smoking, and caffeine intake; vascular and metabolic disorders such as hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, and overweight, and how these cluster to form “metabolic syndrome”; depression; anxiety; and the worry that comes with subjective cognitive decline. For each risk factor, we describe how it affects cognition, thereby increasing the risk of MCI or dementia, and how, when treated, cognition benefits.
Sex Differences in MCI: It’s Complicated
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 14 describes the meaning of the terms sex and gender. More females than males develop Alzheimer’s type dementia. One reason for this may relate to the kinds of cognitive tests health professionals use to detect the presence of cognitive decline. These cognitive tests tend to favor females, meaning they are not as good at finding evidence of early cognitive change in females that could lead to future dementia. Hormone changes in females as they age is another critical factor related to dementia risk. The female sex hormone estrogen declines in menopause, and this influences a variety of health systems in complex ways. Research seeking to better understand sex differences is important because it may improve how we treat diseases that cause dementia.
Drug Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 21 begins by describing the drugs that were, until recently, the only drugs available to treat Alzheimer’s disease over the last 20 years. These include the cholinesterase inhibitors and glutamate receptor agonists. It is also discussed how these drugs are not approved for mild cognitive impairment because they have not shown to be effective at reducing progression to dementia. Nevertheless, it is acknowledged that some physicians will prescribe cholinesterase inhibitors to people with mild cognitive impairment. The next section describes other drugs that might be prescribed to people with mild cognitive impairment, such as antidepressants, and medications to control things like high blood pressure or high cholesterol. To set the stage for the third section of this chapter, the section describes the drug development pipeline from preclinical studies, through to Phase IV trials. The third section talks about the various Alzheimer’s drugs that have been promising, but failed, as well as those that are currently in late-phase clinical trials. Finally, this chapter ends by discussing two drugs that have recently been approved by the FDA—aducanumab and lecanumab—including both their ability to clear amyloid from the brain and their increased risk of brain swelling and small effect on cognition.
Life as a Person Close to Someone with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 25 explores how those closest to the person with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) are affected by their relative’s cognitive decline. These close others may be family members or friends; however, they are grouped together under the term “family” in recognition of their close relationship with the person who has MCI. Research shows mild health impacts with respect to elevated stress hormone levels, negative mood symptoms, and feelings of stress in some family members. The chapter also touches on how having a relative with MCI can be a positive experience, bringing people closer together as they team up to take steps together to promote each other’s brain health and wellness.
Healthy Lifestyles: How Do We Know What We Know?
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 33 reviews how researchers design studies to test the link between lifestyle and brain health. These studies test cause and effect, answering the chicken-and-egg question—which came first? To do this, researchers may use randomized controlled trials, parallel-group designs, and systematic reviews. A large body of research using these designs has led to theories of “reserve,” which have two important ideas. First, healthy lifestyles create changes in the brain that make the brain more efficient. Second, this increased efficiency helps the brain function well in the face of stress or damage. This background sets the stage for the remaining chapters in the book that review how nutrition, exercise, keeping the brain active, and socializing are good for the brain.
Using a Memory Book
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A memory book is part of a larger category called external memory strategies or memory aids. Using a memory book is a very reliable way to keep information at your fingertips. Most people have a memory book, or parts of one. Chapter 47 provides tips for how to make it even more useful. An effective memory book is comprehensive, with a calendar, list of things to do, scratch pad, and permanent files. An ideal memory book is a single tool that is portable and used regularly. Research has shown that writing information down can be an active memory strategy that helps you remember information later.
Drawing Lots
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This book offers the first comprehensive study of drawing lots as a central institution of ancient Greek society. It reveals how an egalitarian mindset guided selection, procedure, and distribution by lot and how drawing lots was introduced for polis governance, a Greek innovation that may be relevant today. The first two parts (Irad Malkin) explore the egalitarian mindset geared toward horizontal relationships, expressed in drawing lots instead of a top-down vision of authority and sovereignty. Drawing lots presupposes equality among participants deserving equal “portions” and was used for distributing land, inheritance, booty, and sacrificial meat; selecting individuals, setting turns, mixing, and reorganizing groups; and divining the will of the gods. It was a self-evident method broadly applied. Drawing lots crystallized community boundaries and emphasized its sovereignty. The guiding values were equality and fairness. The gods were the guardians of the just procedure of drawing lots, but they did not predetermine the outcome. The third part (Josine Blok) investigates the transposition of the drawing of lots to the governance of the polis. The implied egalitarianism was often in conflict with a top-down perception of society and the values of inequality, status, and merit. Drawing lots was introduced into oligarchies and democracies at an uneven pace and scale. Its use in the democracy of classical Athens was an exceptional case, eye-catching both in antiquity and today. Conclusions about the meaning of the Greek examples for drawing lots today and an appendix (Elena Iaffe) surveying the Greek vocabulary of drawing lots close the book.