bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indonesia, the United Nations and Malaysia
Authors: Green L. C. 
Published: August 2009

Ever since its establishment Indonesia has been notorious for its disregard of international law and world opinion as expressed through the United Nations. The recent policy of confrontation to crush Malaysia is merely the culmination of a series of posturings by Asia's sawdust Caesar.As long ago as early 1945, in the latter days of the Japanese occupation, Soekarno was outlining his views of the Indonesia to be. In February and May of that year he participated in a conference of Indonesian nationalists summoned by the Japanese to discuss the State to be created. Soekarno spoke in a way that is more expected of predatory imperialists than of anti-colonialists believing in selfdetermination. Like Mussolini, who was always harking back to ancient Rome, Soekarno referred to an ancient empire of the Middle Ages which he wished to see revived. Indonesia was to be a restoration of this, consisting not merely of the Dutch colonies which the Japanese occupied, but also of Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, Borneo, Brunei, the Philippines and southern Thailand. In those days at least, Soekarno paid lip service to both international law and the realities of a political situation, recognising that in so far as Malaya, Singapore and the Philippines were concerned there might be difficulties with the United Kingdom and the United States.
The Philippine Political Party System
Authors: Lande Carl H. 
Published: August 2009

The main characteristics of the Philippine political party system since the achievement of Philippine independence in 1946 have been the following:1. It is a two party system. Two major parties, the Nacionalistas and the Liberals, dominate the scene. Their nation-wide combined vote at the six post-war presidential elections held since 1946 averaged 94 per cent of the votes cast. At both the eleven senatorial elections and the six elections for members of the House of Representatives held during the same period, the combined two-party vote was also 94 per cent. At the five gubernatorial elections held since 1947, the corresponding figure was 97 per cent.* In none of these election years did the combined two-party vote for any of these offices fall below 70 per cent.1 While minor parties have appeared from time to time, few have remained active for an extended period of years, and none has seriously threatened to replace either of the two existing major parties as the governing party or as the principal party of the opposition.
The Organization of the British Military Administration in Malaya, 1946–48
Authors: Rudner Martin 
Published: August 2009

The British Military Administration in Malaya: A Political AnalysisOn 15 August 1945 a British Military Administration (BMA) was established by Proclamation in Malaya, newly-liberated from wartime Japanese occupation. In its post-operational phase this BMA comprised the effective government, of Malaya and Singapore pending restoration of civilian regime. From today's perspective this military interregnum demarcated an historic break from Malaya's passive colonial past, as the critical 1945–46 period constituted a political watershed for the movement towards Malayan independence. It is not our purpose here to survey BMA policy and politics, for these have been well documented elsewhere, but rather to study functionally the governmental structures of Malaya's post-war British Military Administration.
Malacca and Goa and the Question of Race Relations in the Portuguese Overseas Provinces
Authors: Jack-Hinton Colin 
Published: August 2009

Over recent years some Portuguese politicians and historians have been very concerned to argue, with undoubted sincerity, as Armando Cortesão has argued, that:‘The Portuguese never had any preconceived notions of race or colour. They always dealt and still do deal with Christian brotherhood towards all peoples, whether they are white, black, khaki or yellow’. and ‘they have always treated indigenes with humanity and, when civilized, as equals amongst equals,’The expression of this viewpoint has taken a variety of forms, often expressed quite categorically and without any qualification whatsoever, and has been supported by official policy and, academically in particular, by the distinguished Brazilian socio-historian Gilberto Freyre. More recently it has been attacked by Professor Charles Boxer in his Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415–1825 (Clarendon, 1963), where the author has presented a substantial body of entirely reliable historical evidence of actual discrimination against indigenes and mestiços within the Portuguese Empire and Provinces, and has argued that whilst this viewpoint is sincerely held it is substantially incorrect in its extreme and bald form.
Tense and aspect in sentence interpretation by children with specific language impairment
Authors: LEONARD LAURENCE B. , DEEVY PATRICIA 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine whether children with specific language impairment (SLI) are sensitive to completion cues in their comprehension of tense. In two experiments, children with SLI (ages 4 ; 1 to 6 ; 4) and typically developing (TD) children (ages 3 ; 5 to 6 ; 5) participated in a sentence-to-scene matching task adapted from Wagner (2001). Sentences were in either present or past progressive and used telic predicates. Actions were performed twice in succession; the action was either completed or not completed in the first instance. In both experiments, the children with SLI were less accurate than the TD children, showing more difficulty with past than present progressive, regardless of completion cues. The TD children were less accurate with past than present progressive requests only when the past actions were incomplete. These findings suggest that children with SLI may be relatively insensitive to cues pertaining to event completion in past tense contexts.
Industrial Development and Wildlife Conservation
Authors: Kelcey John G. 
Published: August 2009

The general situation concerning the contribution that industrial development has made to the conservation of wildlife in Britain is reviewed. Two major types of site have been identified, namely discrete and linear, each being divided into a number of categories, with further subdivisions depending upon the nature of the site: for example, used or disused (canals, railways, etc.) or wet or dry (gravel pits, clay pits, etc.).The wildlife value of a representative sample of sites of each type is described qualitatively. It is argued that industrial development produces areas which are often richer in wildlife than much of the remaining rural or urban environment. This results from the existence of ‘wilderness areas’ within industrial complexes, from the creation of new habitats, from the passage of time, and from the protection given against public access and against intensive agricultural, forestry, and landscape, management. The linear systems are seen as forming a network of ‘wildlife corridors’ linking together discrete sites, thus providing reservoirs for the colonization of new habitats and enabling wildlife to survive in close proximity to intensively used urban and rural land. Many ‘industrial sites’ provide facilities for field studies, environmental trails, and environmental education, as well as forming the basis of country or linear parks. They also enable many rare species to survive, and probably prevent many of the common species from becoming less frequent.
Pressures on Australian Rain-forests
Authors: Douglas Ian 
Published: August 2009

Australian rain-forests range from tropical to temperate types and offer a great variety of habitats for diverse life-forms. Early colonial descriptions of the rain-forests saw them as a source of timber and an indicator of fertile land. In the nineteenth century, rain-forests were cleared rapidly, without the true nature of their ecosystems being understood. However, at the peak of the period of rain-forest logging and clearance, the National Parks concept began to influence Australia, and National Parks were established in New South Wales and Queensland, starting in 1879. Much of the land cleared from rain-forest is now of little agricultural value, but the exploitation of the rain-forest continues. Forestry policies are directed primarily at increased timber production, and many local communities depend on continued access to rain-forest logging areas for their survival.The debate on the future of Australia's rain-forests has been heightened by the April 1974 Forwood Conference on the development of forestry and wood-based industries. The Conference wisely recommended multiple-use of rain-forests, and the presservation of representative rain-forest sites, as standard forestry policy; but conservation groups are not satisfied that values other than timber production will be given sufficient weight. More thorough consideration of all the factors involved in environmental management is needed for the successful planning of the use of Australia's rain-forest lands.
Objective and Subjective Judgements in Environmental Impact Analysis
Authors: Matthews William H. 
Published: August 2009

Analyses of environmental impacts, and descriptions of methodologies for conducting them, have not always been explicitly cognizant of the subjective value-judgements that must be made in the process of collecting, refining, assessing, and presenting, objective scientific information. This paper has outlined the types of objective and subjective judgements that are made in each of the following major steps of the analysis: identifying major activities; selecting environmental components; selecting types of impacts; assessing the possibilities and/or probabilities of occurrences; determining the degree of the impacts; determining the time-frame of impacts; designating impacts as positive, neutral, or negative; and determining trade-offs among activities and impacts.The subjective judgements that must be made are based on values, feelings, beliefs, and prejudices, and are functions of the personal, institutional, professional, and societal, contexts of the analyst. If great care is not taken in making these judgements, and in making very explicit the value-framework used, the effectiveness and credibility of the analyst may be sharply reduced. There is also the danger that society and its decision-makers will be presented with an analysis having so many built-in biases that the legitimate role of the decision-makers in assessing the analysis and then making important value trade-offs is seriously compromised. This paper has attempted to make the nature of the process of analysis explicit with respect to the introduction and treatment of values, so that these problems can be understood and, it is hoped, properly managed by both scientists and decision-makers.
Ecology and Environmental Issues of the Sierra Redwood (Sequoiadendron giganteum), Now Restricted to California
Authors: Vale Thomas R. 
Published: August 2009

Although they were widely distributed during Cainozoic times, both the Sierra Redwood (Sequoiadendron giganteum) and the Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) became restricted to greatly reduced ranges in California (and, in the latter instance, southernmost Oregon) during the late Tertiary and Quaternary periods. Today, the Sierra Redwood occurs in about 70 scattered groves, occupying an aggregate of 144 km2 on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada; about 66% of the areas of these groves remain unlogged, and most of these virgin stands are protected within national parks.Fire suppression policies of the National Park Service and other government land agencies have created conditions that are both unsuited for Sierra Redwood reproduction and hazardous to existing trees. Successful seed germination requires a mineral seed-bed, such as is usually exposed through fire. Burned sites also enhance seedling survival through increased sunlight penetration, reduced competition, and improved soil-moisture content. Fire suppression has, however, allowed the accumulation of large volumes of combustible fuels, increasing the probability of destructive crown-fires. In order to rectify these problems, the National Park Service has begun a programme of prescribed burning in Sequoia–Kings Canyon National Parks; to date, about 3.4 km2 have been treated. Thus, the environmental issues facing the Sierra Redwood involve perpetuating the tree within parks that are secure from commercial utilization.
An Environmentally-oriented Mode of Industrial Project Planning
Authors: Gladwin Thomas N. , Royston Michael G. 
Published: August 2009

Recent research has shown that many industrial projects are not being designed with the environment in mind. The intellectual exercise of thinking ‘what impact does this project have on the environment?’ has not yet been made an integral part of industrial project-planning. More thoughtful and informed planning is needed, for reasons of both sound environmental management and, increasingly, sound project economics. An environmentally-oriented mode of planning, in which inputs and means related to environmental concerns are carefully taken into account during the planning, is discussed. This mode represents a tentative summary statement of an emerging consensus. Its objective is to facilitate informed and socially desirable choice among alternative actions in such a manner that adverse environmental consequences will be avoided or at least minimized.Environmentally-oriented planning requires that a new methodology, that of impact assessment, be fully integrated into the very fabric of planning. Impact assessment consists of three analytical functions: description, prediction, and evaluation. These functions can be translated into a series of tasks, which in their entirety constitute the full process of impact assessment. The process can be achieved operationally by incorporating environmental considerations into planning via five dimensions: multidisciplinary professional involvement, broad public participation, holistic thinking, systematic analysis, and continuous integration. Adoption and application of the process can be encouraged and/or facilitated by a number of internal organizational adjustments, or by external public-policy adjustments.
Conservation and the Tropical Marine Aquarium Trade
Authors: Lubbock H. R. , Polunin N. V. C. 
Published: August 2009

Although mainly developed in the last ten years, the international trade in tropical marine aquarium fishes has now reached remarkable proportions; in the U. S. A. the annual sales of aquaria, aquarium supplies, and aquarium fishes, probably approach US$ 600 millions, while estimates of the numbers of marine aquarium fishes exported each year from the Philippines alone range from about 3 to over 30 millions, valued at approximately US$ 1.25 million to over 6 millions. The exporting areas include the Philippines, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Australia, Sri Lanka, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, Kenya, Mauritius, the U.S.A. (Hawaii and Florida), and several Caribbean islands. The main importing countries are the U.S.A., Hong Kong, West Germany, Japan, U.K., Italy, Belgium, Canada, Australia, France, Holland, and Switzerland.Species extermination through this trade alone is scarcely conceivable, but local extinctions may occur, and indirect effects of collection of these fishes include accompanying destruction of the coral-reef habitat, changes in natural ecosystems, and the possibility of successful introduction of exotic species into areas where they did not occur previously (notably, Indo-Pacific species into the Caribbean). Clearly the trade will continue; but the current exploitation is inefficient, and controls must be applied both towards rational utilization of the resource and, as the most accessible and richest reefs are the most heavily exploited, towards a reduction of conflict between different uses of the resource.
Conservation and Development
Authors: Poore Duncan 
Published: August 2009

Nations face three challenges in the modern world: to ensure the greatest welfare for their people; to make wise use of natural resources; and to do these things in such a way that they contribute to a solution that makes sense for the whole world. To face these challenges requires a high degree of international cooperation and a clear-thinking, unemotional approach.Hitherto the bank of natural capital has been treated as though it were income; this is the antithesis of wisdom. In the future, natural resources should be used so as to get the greatest immediate benefit that is consistent with keeping open a range of choices and maintaining natural capital intact.To be successful in this endeavour, ecological guidelines must be applied in the planning and use of natural resources. The depletion, or restoration, of natural capital, should be fully represented in calculations of costs and benefits, in order that what is good land-use is also seen to be profitable. Where the link between these two qualities is not evident, great political skill may be necessary in presenting proposals for the use or rehabilitation of natural resources. The final challenge is to reassess the values of societies and not to accept blindly those which have become customary—particularly if this has happened through their provision of short-term benefits.
Floods as Man-made Disasters
Authors: Arnold Maurice D. 
Published: August 2009

In the United States, the numbers of humans living on floodplains seem recently to have increased, and so probably have the annual costs of flood damage. This is despite expenditures of many millions of dollars on flood-control devices in the United States alone.The means which we use to control or contain excessive water-energy are the dam, channel, levee, sea-wall, and floodplain management. Logic and evidence, although incomplete, seem to argue against employing only structures; indeed there now seems good reason to think that structures should rarely be employed for flood-control. The case against relying solely on a structural strategy to abate floods rests on four main arguments: it is often counter-productive in that it encourages human occupation of the floodplain, thus introducing the elements of future disaster that may be more serious than if nothing had been done; it causes severe and unnecessary losses of resources; it discourages the economic use of land; and it is not cost-effective.Floodplain management, keeping the floodplain generally free from flood-control structures, is the only method which is effective in the long run. If it is planned adequately, its life is not as dependent on maintenance and upstream activity as are the structural alternatives. Moreover floodplains, when left undeveloped, are ideal and highly productive for a wide range of conservation and allied uses—including farming, parklands, open spaces, and habitats for wildlife.
Use of Public Rangelands in the American West
Authors: Vale Thomas R. 
Published: August 2009

The Bureau of Land Management, the land agency that administers much of the federal rangeland in the American West, has frequently been characterized as excessively responsive to the desires of ranchers, with resulting land deterioration and loss of resource values. Both the generally poor condition of the public domain, and the Bureau's attempt to maintain stocking levels while improving the range, support this characterization.Several policies and programmes over the last decade, however, suggest that the Bureau today is less strongly tied to the livestock industry, and certainly its lands are being increasingly coveted by groups other than grazers. This recent trend towards a more ‘multiple use’ agency has been strengthened by Congressional passage of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act in 1976. Whether or not diversification of land policies will continue into the future is, however, at present unclear.
Reflections on the Role of Science and Technology in Development
Authors: Malone Thomas F. 
Published: August 2009

The International Symposium on Science and Technology for Development, held in Singapore from 22–26 January 1979:(1) Demonstrated that cooperative action could be taken by international nongovernmental organizations which are concerned about the role of science and technology in the UN Conference on Science and Technology for Development (UNCSTD);(2) Caused a coalescing of these concerns in a commitment to bring the resources of science and technology to bear on Third-World problems;(3) Resulted in a strengthened commitment to revitalize the patterns of cooperation of nongovernmental scientific and technical (S&T) organizations to expand their ties to intergovernmental agencies; and(4) Led to an advised framework of action involving four groups, proposing: a) a network of institutions in developing countries to identify problems from the perspective of the developing countries themselves; b) a ‘switching mechanism’ in the nongovernmental sector to link the less developed countries (LDCs) with the resources of scientific and technological talent in industrialized nations; c) a multiplication of the collaboration of donor institutions; and d) a revitalization of the UN system for due application of S&T to development, accompanied by a more active working partnership with international nongovernmental organizations.
Worked-out Gravel Land: a Challenge and an Opportunity
Authors: Hartwright Timothy U. 
Published: August 2009

In environmental terms the after-treatment and subsequent utilization of worked-out opencast mining areas is of the greatest importance. One of the largest extractive industries in the world using the opencast method is that of sand and gravel. Ready Mixed Concrete Limited is the largest sand and gravel producer in the United Kingdom, and is pioneering new approaches to the problems of after-treatment.Unlike other forms of development, mineral workings constitute a temporary use of land of comparatively short duration, yet often involving considerable areas. Therefore the planned after-treatment and after-use of the worked-out areas is of the utmost importance.Dry gravel workings can either be filled with waste materials and restored to the original ground-level or the soils can be replaced, so that a new surface is created on the floor of the excavation. In both cases the new surfaces can be made available for agriculture, playing fields, or other forms of development. Flooded gravel workings can also be filled in a similar manner. However, the British Government is now anxious to retain many of these artificial lakes for water sports and other leisure purposes. If the new lake areas are to be made available for public leisure and recreation, then large sums of capital expenditure will be necessary. Leisure Sport Limited has been formed for the purpose of designing, building, and operating, centres of this kind.