bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A PRELIMINARY ACCOUNT OF A COLONY OF GREY SEALS HALICHOERUS GRYPUS (FAB.) IN THE SOUTHERN INNER HEBRIDES
Authors: HEWER H. R. , BACKHOUSE K. M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

A breeding colony of grey seals is centred on Eileaii Ghaoidmeal and Eileaii nan Ron. south of Oronsay. Argyll. Breeding on a very limited scale also takes place on the neighbouring islets and a few pups are born on the beaches of Colonsay. A very tentative figure of 350–400 pups each year is suggested for the whole colony.
Seventy or more seals (of both sexes) may haul out on Eilean nan Ron alone, in August.
The first birth is estimated at about 1st September and there were well over 100 pups (possibly 120–130) by the end of the month. No statistical evidence has yet been collected for October.
The breeding beaches are separated from the open sea by an erosion platform crossed by channels and covered only for about four hours at high water. After the pups are born the cows pass to and from the sea along the channels but occasionally cross the kelp‐covered platform.
During mid‐September a relatively large collection of bulls (40 +) hauls out on the skerries between Eilean nan Ron and Oronsay. All ages are present. There could not be observed any formal contests but the very large bulls tend to haul out separately as on Shillay. The numbers decreased rather suddenly, leaving only the older bulls.
With the onset of pupping on Eilean nan Ron, the remaining bulls established territory near the breeding beaches in chequer‐board formation on the kelp‐covered platform. The positions first chosen are those most favourable for the interception of cows along the channels.
The method of establishment and maintenance of territory by the bulls is described in detail.
The progressive change in the behaviour of the cows and bulls culminating in mating is described. Cows appear to be ready to mate about fourteen days after parturition.
In general the behaviour of both cows and bulls shows resemblances both to that seen in Pembrokeshire and, to a less extent, to that seen in the Hebrides. The presence of the erosion platform largely dictates the details of behaviour.
GROWTH AND FORM OF THE BRINE SHRIMP ARTEMIA SALINA (L.)
Authors: GILCHRIST BARBARA M. 
Published: August 2010

The growth and form of Artemia salina (L.) from three different localities has been investigated under standard conditions of temperature and feeding, in two concentrations of brine.Parthenogenetic females from southern France have a higher growth rate than females of the bisexual Californian stock; the growth rate of sexually mature females is greater than that of males. The extent to which growth is influenced by the salinity of the medium varies with the sex of the animal and the stock from which it is derived.Changes in body proportions occur with increase in size of Artemia; in particular, the abdomen becomes relatively longer. Brine shrimps from different localities, reared through several generations under standard conditions, are morphologically distinct.Body form is also influenced by the salinity of the external medium, but certain intrinsic factors, in particular the sex and genetic constitution of the animal, modify the effects of external salinity.
SOME INTERESTING PATHOLOGICAL CASES IN AMPHIBIANS
Authors: ELKAN E. 
Published: August 2010

Published literature on amphibian pathology is extremely sparse and our knowledge of the amphibian reaction to the factors commonly causing disease in these animals is as yet very incomplete. Apart from accidents, not included in this survey, the main causes of morbidity in amphibians are parasites, tumours, inflammatory conditions and fungal infestation.Presented here are twenty‐three case histories of amphibians either freshly caught and found to be diseased or falling ill while being kept in captivity.
THE DURATION OF PREGNANCY IN RHESUS MONKEYS MACACA MULATTA
Authors: KROHN P. L. 
Published: August 2010

The gestation period has been estimated in 34 pregnancies which have occurred in the Birmingham colony of rhesus monkeys. The placental sign could be identified in 16 of them and the gestation periods in this group varied between the limits of 158 and 173 days. No placental sign could be recognized in the other 18 pregnancies and the records of menstrual bleeding could not be interpreted to give reasonably consistent estimates of the duration of pregnancy.One prolonged labour is described in detail and the exceptionally heavy baby, weighing 840 g, was finally born after a normal gestation period of 165 days.
A REVISION OF THE GENUS SACCOGLOSSUS (ENTEROPNEUSTA) IN BRITISH WATERS
Authors: BURDON‐JONES C. , PATIL A. M. 
Published: August 2010

A comparative study of topotypes of Saccoglossus ruber (Tattersall) S. serpentinus (Assheton) and S. cambrensis Brambell & Cole shows that they are conspecific, and ought henceforth all to be designated S. ruber (Tattersall).The following characteristics distinguish S. ruber from all other species of the genus:— 4 to 6 concentric rings of longitudinal fibres in the proboscis, one proboscis pore on left of stalk, proboscis 3 to 7 times the length of the collar, 45 to 95 pairs of branchial pores, 6 to 12 oesophageal pores—2 to 5 rudimentary, 5 histologically distinct regions in the collar and 3 in the oesophagus.Munsell, Ridgway and I.S.C.C.—N.S.B. colour designations for the various regions of the body have been tabulated.
THE PECTORAL ANATOMY OF PANTODON BUCHHOLZI PETERS (A FRESHWATER FLYING FISH) AND THE RELATED OSTEOGLOSSIDAE
Authors: GREENWOOD P. H. , THOMSON K. S. 
Published: August 2010

Pantodon buchholzi, a small west African osteoglossid, is thought to be a freshwater flying fish. Its expanded pectoral fins and its body‐form would add credence to this supposition, whilst its pectoral musculature suggests the way in which flight could be effected.Anatomical studies on the pectoral girdle and musculature show that both are remarkably developed and are probably unique amongst the teleosts. The girdle is characterized by the hypertrophy of its mesocoracoid and correlated hyperdevelopment of certain abductor and adductor muscles. Unlike the deep abductor muscles of other fishes, those of Pantodon originate on the mesial aspect of the girdle and pass to the exterior through an enlarged coracoid foramen. The large blocks of deep abductors fill the girdle and even surround part of the pericardium. The superficial abductors are also hypertrophied and even project posteriorly away from the body‐line. The articulation of the pectoral fins is unusual since it does not allow the fins to be folded back against the body; the only fin movement possible is in the vertical plane.Apparently the pectoral musculature is highly adapted to spread and keep open the pectoral fine, at the samo time imparting a powerful dorso‐ventral motion to the fins. To this extent, Pantodon seems capable of true, flapping flight.In both its pectoral osteology and myology, and in body‐form, Pantodon differs markedly from other flying fishes. The latter, although belonging to numerous and phyletically distinct groups, all show convergent adaptations for flight.The pectoral anatomy of the related Osteoglossidæ (Heterotis niloticus and Osteoglossum bicirrhosum) is described. That of Heterotis does not differ greatly from the generalized isospondylid type, but the anatomy of Osteoglossum is intermediate between the Heterotis condition and that of Pantodon. Many characteristics of the Pantodon girdle and myology are clearly foreshadowed in Osteoglossum.The taxonomic status of P. buchholzi has long been uncertain, but the details of its pectoral anatomy and syncranial osteology clearly confirm its place in the Osteoglossidæ and suggest a relatively close relationship with Osteoglossum and Scleropages.
NOTES ON THE HABITS OF THE TASMANIAN DORMOUSE PHALANGERS CERCAERTUS NANUS (DESMAREST) AND EUDROMICIA LEPIDA (THOMAS)
Authors: HICKMAN V. V. , HICKMAN J. L. 
Published: August 2010

The conditions under which specimens of the Tasmanian dormouse phalangers, Cercaertus nanus and Eudromicia lepida, were found in the field are described. Brief descriptions and measurements of the animals are given.The activity and dormancy of the two species kept in captivity were investigated daily over a twelve month period. There was no prolonged hibernation. Activity and dormancy alternated throughout the year, the longest period of dormancy in the case of C. nanus being twelve days and in the case of E. lepida six days.The body temperature of each species during dormancy was about equal to the air temperature. A dormant specimen of C. nanus having a body temperature of 12.5°C. took three hours to become fully active, when roused from dormancy. During this period the body temperature rose to 31°C. In the same way a dormant specimen of E. lepida having a body temperature of 17°C. required three hours and forty minutes to become fully active, its body temperature rising to 32°C.The food and feeding habits of both species were studied, and found to be much the same. Insects were preferred but spiders, dead scorpions and even lizards were readily accepted. The flowers of Eucalyptus and Banksia were pulled to pieces but not eaten.During periods of activity the daily food consumption amounted to about seven per cent of the body‐weight of the animal in each case.The composition of an artificial food on which the animals thrived is given.
A STUDY OF THE COAT OF THE MOUFLON OVIS MUSIMON WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SEASONAL CHANGE
Authors: RYDER M. L. 
Published: August 2010

Changes in the coat and skin of a mouflon sheep were followed from the age of three months to the age of twenty‐one months. The birth coat was shed between four and six months of age and there was a marked moult the following spring. During both these moults the coat was lost as a single mat. The wool of the under‐coat was shed only once during the spring moult, whereas the hairs of the outer coat were shed a second time in summer, but this was less obvious than the spring moult.Details of the histology of the skin and of fibre shedding are given in addition to incidental observations on growth and the horns.
THE SYSTEMATICS, LIFE HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF THE BANK‐VOLE CLETHRIONOMYS TILESIUS IN NORTH‐WEST SCOTLAND
Authors: DELANY M. J. , BISHOP I. R. 
Published: August 2010

Collections of Clethrionomys glareolus Schreb. have been made from the mainland of north‐west Scotland and the Islands of Mull and Raasay. The skull of the Raasay vole is larger than that of the other two sub‐species although the proportions of all three are similar. The number of re‐entrants on the inner margin of the third upper molar declines as the tooth wears. On the islands, a higher proportion of newly erupted teeth have three re‐entrants.The three collections differ little in coat colour.Life expectancy is higher and breeding less intense in north‐west Scotland than further south. Comparatively little reproduction is performed by Scottish animals in their first year.There appears little basis for separating the Mull and mainland subspecies of Clethrionomys.
SOME CONTROVERSIAL ASPECTS OF SPECIATION OF AFRICAN CICHLID FISHES
Authors: FRYER GEOFFREY 
Published: August 2010

A clear distinction must be made between the intralacustrine speciation shown by some groups of African cichlid fishes and the simple specific proliferation shown by others. The former phenomenon is exhibited by several genera but hardly at all by the genus Tilapia.Inshore dwelling habits and an algal diet have not had restrictive effects on speciation. In fact it is among inshore species that speciation has been most active.While, partially by exploiting their small size, genera which have given rise to the endemic species flocks of the great lakes have become highly specialized for the exploitation of specific niches, the species of Tilapia have usually remained large and unspecialized and therefore capable of existing in a variety of environments.Further consideration of the effects of predation supports the idea that it has accelerated rather than retarded the process of speciation.If certain conditions are fulfilled, closely related species can co‐exist throughout life in one habitat, eat the same kind of food and breed in close proximity to each other.
DENTITION OF THE RIBBON SEAL
Authors: SCHEFFER VICTOR B. 
Published: August 2010

The dental formula of Histriophoca fasciata is: I 3/2, C 1/1, PC 5 (rarely 6) = 34 to 36. The teeth are rather weak, smooth and distantly spaced. The lower incisors are only half the size of the upper ones and are frequently lost. The lower canines point outward at an angle of 45° from the horizontal. In each half of the jaw, upper and lower No. 1 is the smallest of the postcanine series; Nos. 3 and 4 are the largest; Nos. 2 and 5 are nearly equal. On some skulls the gap between upper postcanines Nos. 4 and 5 is distinctly the widest. The upper postcanines may have a small posterior cusp; the lower ones frequently have both anterior and posterior cusps. In each half of the jaw, upper and lower postcanine No. 1 is single rooted; No. 5 is double rooted; Nos. 2, 3 and 4 are transitional.On one specimen, the third pair of upper postcanines is missing and all of the teeth are unusually small. This skull may be pathological or it may be evidence of the variation to be expected in a declining evolutionary form.Male and female are similar in body size and may reach a length of at least 170 cm. and a weight of at least 95 kg. Cranial measurements of five adult males, one adult female and one adult sex‐unknown are given.
SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TESTIS LIPIDS OF THE CASPIAN TERRAPIN CLEMMYS CASPICA
Authors: LOFTS B. , BOSWELL C. 
Published: August 2010

The testis of Clemmys caspica undergoes a sequence of well defined cyclical events. These include a seasonal enlargement of the Sertoli cells and the genesis of large quantities of lipoidal material in their cytoplasm. Intra‐tubular lipids disappear at the onset of the following spermatogenetic rhythm. This seasonal accumulation of dense sudanophil material within the seminiferous tubules and its disappearance prior to spermatogenesis is comparable with the events which occur in seasonal birds and other sub‐mammalian vertebrates. A lipid cycle occurs also in the interstitial Leydig cells which become denuded of their lipid contents at a time when spermatozoa are being discharged from the epididymal canals. This is the time of maximum sexual activity.By September the seminiferous tubules have reached a peak of spermatogenesis and contain bunched spermatozoa. This is then followed by the transference of spermatozoa from the tubule lumena into the epididymal canals where they are stored for several months until the following breeding season. Meantime the ‘spent’ tubules become collapsed and enter a period of sexual negativity. In this, the terrapin differs from the viper (vipera berus) where the next spermatogenetic rhythm begins almost, immediately after the spring shedding of spermatozoa and becomes well‐established whilst the tubules are still clotted with large quantities of post‐nuptial lipids.The spermatogenetic cycle closely parallels the environmental temperature cycle. It commences in April when environmental temperatures are rising rapidly and does not start to decline until October, by which time the daily temperature is beginning to drop. This cycle commences whilst day‐lengths are increasing, but declining day‐lengths after the summer solstice (21st June) appears to have no effect on spermatogenesis which continues unabated until late September.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE MAMMALIAN FEMUR
Authors: PARRINGTON F. R. 
Published: August 2010

Comparison of the femora of advanced cynodonts, tritylodonts and monotremes shows that the antero‐ventral trochanter of the cynodonts is the mammalian trochanter minor and not the reptilian trochanter internus as has been held. Consideration of the form of the pelvis supports this conclusion.The femora and pelves of anomodonts indicate that an essentially mammalian musculature was developed and that, though no trochanter minor is known in the group, an iliacus muscle must be presumed to have been developed.Among Theriodontia, the gorgonopsids are considered to have retained a largely reptilian thigh musculature, but the therocephalia and scaloposaurid bauriamorphs appear to have achieved a condition intermediate between those of reptiles and mammals.It is claimed that the femora of primitive Theria are very similar to those of advanced cynodonts and could have been derived directly from one of this type. The femora of tritylodonts and monotremes, and two of the three supposed mammalian femora from the Jurassic, are considered to be specialized.
THE OCCURRENCE OF CURVED AND UNGULATE FORMS OF THE MUSSEL MYTILUS EDULIS L. IN THE BRITISH ISLES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO M. GALLOPROVINCIALIS LAMARCK
Authors: LEWIS J. R. , POWELL H. T. 
Published: August 2010

The discovery that mussels showing some features used to identify M. galloprovincialis Lmk. (the so‐called “Mediterranean Mussel”) are more widespread in Britain than had previously been supposed, led to a re‐appraisal of the distinction between this entity and M. edulis L. It is concluded that shell characters are too variable to afford a distinction between these two mussels: the most reliable separating character appears to be the very dark colour of the mantle edge in mussels from the Mediterranean.Curved and ungulate forms of British mussels are described and it is concluded that these are merely a form of M. edulis—probably the outcome of old age or slow growth. These ungulate mussels share similar shell characteristics with some populations of M. galloprovincialis; also a very dark mantle edge may occur to some extent in populations of otherwise normal M. edulis. This intermingling of characters lends support to the taxonomic conclusion that M. galloprovincialis Lmk. cannot be regarded (on present evidence) as more than a race or subspecies of M. edulis L. In certain circumstances it appears to be impossible to distinguish between the two entities.
THE RELATION BETWEEN HUNGER, ACTIVITY AND WORKER FUNCTION IN AN ANT COLONY*
Authors: Wallis D. I. 
Published: August 2010

Effect of hunger und subsequent feeding on the activity of both the individual ant and the colony has been investigated. Variations in activity are associated with different roles in the colony. The activity of the individual can be influenced by hunger, season und the response of other ants. Individual activity fluctuates with time and activity peaks are associated with particular responses. In a colony, hunger increases the number of ants moving and most responses are seen more frequently. The effect of the forager returning is to boost activity in the colony and there is a steep increase in those responses directly connected with food‐sharing, while other responses probably increase as a secondary effect via the excitation of food‐sharing responses.Hunger plus food arriving via the forager in some way summate as excitatory stimuli.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE SUBDERMAL GLANDS OF HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS
Authors: ALLBROOK DAVID 
Published: August 2010

The subdermal glands of Hippopotamus amphibius are scattered over almost the entire skin surface, but are most frequent over the dorsal and flank skin. They are situated in the plane between the dermis and the subcutaneous tissue. They are from 2–5 cm. to 0–5 cm. in diameter, lenticular in form, and usually possess two secretory ducts.Histologically, they are compound tubulo‐acinar glands. The acini are composed of varying proportions of mucous cells and granular serous cells. The tubular system of secretory cells opens into a collecting system of larger ducts, which in turn open into the main secretory duct, which spirals through the thick collagenous dermis to end at a punctum on the epidermal surface.The communications of Tomes (1850) and Crisp (1867) to the Society are quoted, and the relationship between the observable phases of secretion and the various types of secretory cell is described.SummaryThe subdermal glands of Hippopotamus amphibius are numerous, lenticular, discrete organs. Microscopic examination shows them to be compound tubulo‐acinar glands, the secretory cells of which are of three different types, cuboidal eccrine, serous granular and mucous gland cells. The cytological characteristics of these cells suggest that they are related to the three phases of active secretion from the subdermal glands.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE MILK OF THE GIRAFFE (GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS RETICULATA)
Authors: ASCHAFFENBURG R. , GREGORY MARGARET E. , ROWLAND S. J. , THOMPSON S. Y. , KON VANDA M. 
Published: August 2010

A sample of milk was obtained from a giraffe while under anaesthesia for a minor operation. Since we have been unable to find any previous reports on the composition of giraffe's milk, we present here our findings for the chemical composition and vitamin content of this one sample taken during the fifth month of lactation.Summary1. A sample of milk was obtained from a giraffe on the 150th day of lactation. The milk was analysed for fat, lactose, protein, casein, soluble proteins, nonprotein nitrogen, ash, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and iron. The main characteristic of the milk was its high fat content, 12.5 per cent.2. The soluble‐protein fraction was examined by paper electrophoresis and found to be of a complex nature with both globulins and albumins present.3. The contents of Ca pantothenate, riboflavin, thiamine and vitamin B6 (pyridoxal) were similar to those in good quality cow's milk. The contents of biotin and α‐tocopherol were lower and those of nicotinic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin A higher than in cow's milk. No carotenoids were present.
MYCOSIS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT IN PENGUINS
Authors: Appleby E. C. 
Published: August 2010

An analysis of the causes of death among penguins in the collection of the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland at Edinburgh over a forty year period shows respiratory mycosis to be the most important cause of death.The disease is common in newly arrived birds and is usually well‐established before symptoms are detectable. The causal organism is almost always Aspergillus fumigalus but there is reason to believe that loss of condition is an important precursor to infection.The pathology of the disease in the penguin is similar to that described in other birds and the various forms of treatment tried have so far proved ineffective.SummaryAn account of respiratory mycosis in the penguin is given based on mortality records and post‐mortem studies carried out at Edinburgh. The disease is by far the largest single cause of death among these birds and reference is made to some less important causes. The organism responsible for the lesions is almost always Aspergillus fumigatus. In disoussing the incidence and pathogenesis of the disease it appears that other factors than the presence of the organism, notably loss of bodily condition due to transport or the strain of chick rearing, are necessary before the condition can become apparent.Diagnosis at an early stage is diffioult as symptoms are not shown until lesions are well established. One attempt to use an extract of the fungus given intradermally as a diagnostic agent proved unsuccessful. Various forms of treatment are described including the use of aerosol sprays, all of which have so far proved ineffective.