bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing of Anterior Implant Placement Postextraction: Immediate Versus Early Placement
Authors: Wilson Thomas G. , Buser Daniel 
Published: April 2012

Type of Case: Implant placement in a postextraction site in the esthetic zone is a challenge for clinicians, since esthetic expectations of patients are high and potential esthetic complications can be devastating. The timing of implant placement is crucial, since it has an influence on esthetic treatment outcomes and the risk of complications. The topic of this paper is the timing of dental implant placement in the esthetic zone in relation to removal of the tooth to be replaced. Two opinions on the topic are presented. The first author (TGW) contends that under certain circumstances, immediate implant placement is appropriate in the esthetic zone. The second author (DB) favors early implant placement performed after 4 to 8 weeks of soft tissue healing. Both cite literature to substantiate their position and present their current therapeutic approach. Each author has been allowed to review the paper with the opposing view and comment.Clinical Approach #1 (TGW): By definition, an immediate implant is one that is put into position at the same surgery that the tooth to be replaced is removed. Sites that respond optimally to this approach in the esthetic zone are those with adequate bone for implant stability and an intact socket. Also important is the complete degranulation of the socket and in infected sites, the use of systemic antibiotics. The best implant position is normally to the palatal side of the extraction socket. This allows placement of hard and soft tissue grafts on the facial aspect, which increases the probability of esthetic outcomes.Clinical Approach #2 (DB): Following tooth extraction, early implant placement is performed after 4 to 8 weeks of soft tissue healing. This surgical approach allows implant insertion and simultaneous guided bone regeneration with an intact mucosa, which improves the predictability of contour augmentation. It is done with a resorbable collagen membrane, which is combined with autogenous bone grafts and a low‐substitution, hydroxyapatite‐based bone filler. In combination with a correct 3‐dimensional implant position, successful contour augmentation provides a low risk for mucosal recession, and a convex contour of the alveolar process. Both are important prerequisites for successful esthetic outcomes.
Surgical and Prosthetic Correction of Two Adjacent Anterior Implants: A Clinical Case Report
Authors: Tarnow Dennis P. , Chu Stephen J. 
Published: April 2012

Introduction: This clinical case presentation exemplifies the esthetic complications of two adjacent osseointegrated implants placed in the maxillary left central–lateral incisor region of a young female patient with a high smile line and the challenges associated with surgical and prosthetic correction.Case Presentation: The goal of treatment was to reconstruct the height of the interdental papilla between two adjacent anterior implants to match that of the contralateral teeth and create the proper individual tooth size and proportion of the natural dentition in a stable occlusion. Dermis allograft material was chosen as the graft material because it does not require a donor‐site and it is not dependent on the patient's own tissue volume. Using autogenous tissue could potentially increase the number of surgical procedures and limit the extent of correction. Consecutive surgical procedures using dermis allograft were performed to reconstitute the lost hard and soft tissues. After the height of the interdental tissues was reconstructed to the proper dimensions, then the concept of submerging the implant in a less favorable restorative position and surgically exposing the useful implant was used. A custom implant abutment was fabricated on the exposed left central incisor implant, and two‐unit cement‐retained fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) was fabricated with a cantilevered pontic as the definitive restoration.Conclusions: Esthetic correction of lost hard and soft interdental tissues was successfully performed through multiple surgical procedures using dermis allograft material. The concept of submerging one implant and engaging the useful one was used to fabricate a two‐unit cantilevered FDP.
Fibroblast Growth Factor‐2 Stimulates Periodontal Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Murakami Shinya , Yamada Satoru , Nozaki Takenori , Kitamura Masahiro 
Published: April 2012

Introduction: An ideal goal of periodontal therapy is to achieve the complete regeneration of periodontal tissue destroyed by the progression of periodontal diseases. The use of recombinant cytokines is one of the physiologically efficient procedures to stimulate periodontal tissue regeneration. Recently, the safety and efficacy of topical application of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2) to regenerate 2‐ or 3‐walled vertical bone defects was evaluated in Phase 2 multicenter clinical trials in Japan. The results revealed a significant difference in the percentage of increase in alveolar bone height at 36 weeks after administration between the placebo group and the 0.3% FGF‐2 group.Case Presentation: Two cases of intraosseous bone defects, which were treated with a topical application of FGF‐2, are presented. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of FGF‐2‐induced periodontal tissue regeneration. The flap operation was conducted in accordance with the modified Widman procedure, and recombinant human FGF‐2 with 3% hydroxypropylcellulose was used as a vehicle and topically applied to the vertical bone defects. A standardized dental radiograph revealed a considerable increase in radiopacity at the bone defects 36 weeks after administration; also, no serious adverse events attributable to the drug were identified in either case.Conclusion: These results strongly suggest that topical application of 0.3% FGF‐2 can be efficacious in an increase in the height of alveolar bone that has been destroyed by periodontitis.
Biologic Agents to Promote Periodontal Regeneration and Bone Augmentation
Authors: Bashutski Jill D. , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: April 2012

Periodontal regeneration is preferred over tissue repair and is accomplished through the exclusion of epithelial tissues, which allows cementum, bone, and connective tissue to repopulate the wound. Recently, biologic materials have emerged as adjuncts to aid in regeneration by augmenting the events of wound healing in the area. A review of biologic agents was conducted using the following MeSH terms: guided tissue regeneration, intercellular signaling peptides and proteins, and biologic factors.Enamel matrix derivative (EMD), platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF), platelet‐rich plasma, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) have all shown promise in promoting hard‐ or soft‐tissue regeneration. No biologic agent is ideal for all clinical situations so the clinician must evaluate each situation to identify the best indication for its usage. Currently, EMD and PDGF have Food and Drug Administration approval for periodontal regeneration, whereas BMP‐2 is approved for bone augmentation. FGF and PTH do not have Food and Drug Administration approval for periodontal applications and so their clinical usage is not indicated.
Crown Lengthening Revisited
Authors: Ong Marianne , Tseng Shih‐Chang , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: April 2012

Focused Clinical Question: What are the key considerations in selecting the best approach to crown lengthening?Summary: Crown lengthening is a surgical procedure that involves manipulation of either soft tissue or both soft and hard tissue around a tooth or teeth for esthetic or restorative purposes. Esthetic crown lengthening is indicated in patients with excessive gingival display (known as a gummy smile) or gingival overgrowth, whereas restorative (or functional) crown lengthening aims to gain retention and resistance form of sound tooth structure above the alveolar crest level in cases of subgingival caries, subgingival restorative margins, or tooth fracture. Both aim to increase the amount of supragingival tooth structure for esthetic and/or restorative purposes.Conclusions: In selecting the type of procedure for esthetic or restorative (or functional) crown lengthening, the key considerations include assessment of the width of keratinized gingiva and distance of the cemento‐enamel junction or finished restoration margin to alveolar bone around the tooth/teeth involved. This article reviews and presents a decision tree in the use of both types of procedures. In addition, the subtle differences between esthetic and restorative (or functional) crown lengthening are highlighted.
Basic Suture Techniques for Oral Mucosa
Authors: Griffin Terrence J. , Hur Yong , Bu Jing 
Published: April 2012

Focused Clinical Question:What is the preferred suture method for maintaining wound closure?Summary: Optimal wound healing after surgical procedures requires good soft‐tissue management. The final key step for a refined surgical technique is adequate closure by suturing. This article reviews the most common suturing methods used in dentistry, and their applications in various periodontal surgeries are discussed. The nine most common periodontal suture techniques and six different periodontal surgical categories were selected by the periodontal faculty at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine. A survey was distributed to periodontists in the United States, each of whom selected their choice of suture technique for each of the periodontal surgical procedures. The results of this survey show that simple interrupted sutures were used in the majority for each surgical procedure.Conclusion:Although suture selection and application is complex because of multiple variables, an effort was made to establish a general consensus and current trends regarding suturing techniques.
Comparative Evaluation of Gingival Depigmentation by Diode Laser and Cryosurgery Using Tetrafluoroethane: 18‐Month Follow‐Up
Authors: Singh Vishal , Giliyar Subraya Bhat , Kumar Santhosh , Bhat Mahalinga 
Published: April 2012

Introduction: Pigmentation of the gingiva is a negative factor in an otherwise acceptable “smile window.” Recently, cryosurgery and laser techniques have gained popularity for depigmentation and seem to be the most reliable and satisfactory procedures. To our knowledge, this case series is unique and is the first reporting comparison of cryosurgery and lasers in the literature.Case Series: The study included 20 patients who presented with a chief complaint of “black gums” and requested cosmetic therapy. They were randomly divided into group A and group B of 10 patients each. Patients in group A were treated using a diode laser. The laser beam was set at 0.70 W power, 200 J energy, in continuous mode. Patients in group B were treated using tetrafluoroethane cryosurgery. Patients were followed for 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. Gingival depigmentation was assessed using a new index system, gingival pigmentation index, on the day of first depigmentation and at the end of 18 months. Patient satisfaction was evaluated by using a simple questionnaire. Both procedures were equally effective in depigmentation. At the 18‐month follow‐up, spotted repigmentation was found in one case in each group. Although there was initial healing discomfort and mild pain with cryosurgery, all the patients were satisfied with the esthetic outcomes.Conclusion: During the 18‐month follow‐up, the depigmentation achieved using both the techniques was found equivalent and satisfactory.
The Possible Effect of an Accessory Root‐Like Structure on Periodontitis: A Clinical and Histologic Case Report
Authors: Du Jianxin , Wang Xiaoying , Zhang Jin , Yan Shiguo , Wang Li , Yang Pishan 
Published: April 2012

Introduction: Tooth‐related factors, such as cemento‐enamel projections and furcations, are contributing factors to periodontal disease. Tooth morphologic variations in the anterior teeth are less frequently reported.Case Presentation: A 25‐year‐old female patient was referred to our clinic with generalized severe aggressive periodontitis. An accessory root‐like structure on the mesio‐labial surface of the root of tooth #9 was identified. This root‐like structure was ≈7 mm long and had a sharp tip. Clinical examination revealed tooth #9 had Miller Class III mobility, a 7‐mm‐deep periodontal pocket on the mesio‐labial aspect of the tooth, and a clinical attachment loss of 12 mm. Although periodontal destruction could also be observed at other tooth sites, the destruction on tooth #9 was more prominent. After initial periodontal treatment, tooth #9 was deemed hopeless, extracted, and then replaced with a provisional removable partial denture.Conclusions: Although developmental dental anomalies are important contributing factors for the development and progression of periodontitis, they are frequently undiagnosed. Therefore, early recognition of the abnormal dental morphology is of great clinical significance in effectively treating periodontitis.
Consecutive Earnings Surprises: Small and Large Trader Reactions
Authors: Shanthikumar Devin M. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
Prior research demonstrates that investors respond differently to earnings surprises that are part of a string of consecutive earnings increases or surprises than to those that are not. To shed light on who values these patterns, I compare trading responses of small and large traders to earnings surprises that occur during a series of positive or negative surprises. I find that the relative intensity of small traders' trading response (and, to a lesser extent, that of medium traders) to earnings surprises generally increases as a series progresses. Small traders respond more negatively to the second (third) negative surprise in a series than to the first (second), and more positively for the first three surprises in a positive series. Moreover, I find that announcement-period returns are related to the trading of small and medium traders. These results suggest that less sophisticated smaller traders, responding to earnings series, contribute to previously documented pricing patterns.
Data Availability: All data used in this study, with the exception of data obtained from an anonymous discount brokerage firm, are publicly available from the sources indicated in the text.
Some Considerations in Designing a GPS Pseudolite
Authors: Rapinski J. , Koziar M. , Rzepecka Z. , Cellmer S. , Chrzanowski A. 
Published: April 2012

Some Considerations in Designing a GPS Pseudolite
Pseudolites are transmitters of GPS-like signals placed on the ground. Though pseudolites are well known devices and have already been used in the project where visibility to the GNSS satellites is limited, there are still many issues that need enhancement. A prototype of a low-cost pseudolite is being designed and assembled at the University of Warmia and Mazury. This will allow for conducting tests with various codes, signals and software. The goal of the project is to apply the pseudolite as an augmentation to GNSS positioning tasks in geodetic engineering projects. Some practical considerations crucial for the design are discussed in this paper.
A hybrid PSO approach for solving non-convex optimization problems
Authors: Ganesan Timothy , Vasant Pandian , Elamvazuthy Irraivan 
Published: April 2012

A hybrid PSO approach for solving non-convex optimization problemsThe aim of this paper is to propose an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) procedure for non-convex optimization problems. This approach embeds classical methods which are the Kuhn-Tucker (KT) conditions and the Hessian matrix into the fitness function. This generates a semi-classical PSO algorithm (SPSO). The classical component improves the PSO method in terms of its capacity to search for optimal solutions in non-convex scenarios. In this work, the development and the testing of the refined the SPSO algorithm was carried out. The SPSO algorithm was tested against two engineering design problems which were; ‘optimization of the design of a pressure vessel’ (P1) and the ‘optimization of the design of a tension/compression spring’ (P2). The computational performance of the SPSO algorithm was then compared against the modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm of previous work on the same engineering problems. Comparative studies and analysis were then carried out based on the optimized results. It was observed that the SPSO provides a better minimum with a higher quality constraint satisfaction as compared to the PSO approach in the previous work.
Analysis of Coding Gain and Optimal Bit Allocation in Motion-Compensated Video Compression
Authors: Samčović Andreja 
Published: April 2012

Analysis of Coding Gain and Optimal Bit Allocation in Motion-Compensated Video CompressionThis paper describes mathematical frameworks on temporal and spatial predictive processing in the motion-compensated video compression. Firstly, the coding gain over intra coding is derived, regarding the bit allocation algorithm and Lagrange multiplier method. The optimal ordering of three different picture types (I, P and B pictures) is clarified according to image source characteristics. Secondly, a novel framework with the block-based multihypothesis motion-compensated optimal coding gain and bit allocation are derived in a closed-form expression.
Association between drinking and victimisation among Finnish adolescents: estimating the extent of the spurious effect
Authors: Ellonen Noora , Aaltonen Mikko 
Published: April 2012

Aims This paper examines how the frequency of adolescent drinking predicts total violent victimisation (while sober or intoxicated) vs. victimisation while sober. Background The general correlations between alcohol use and violence among adolescents are well established. However, the nature of the association is less clear. While some findings show that drinking predicts violence in general, others claim that drinking predicts violence only when the offender is intoxicated. If the latter is true, the association appears causal rather than spurious. Recent research led by Felson has examined the issue with respect to adolescent offenders. The purpose of our study is to apply the same methodological approach to adolescent victimisation. Data The analysis is based on data of 9th graders (N= 5,775) in the Finnish Child Victim Survey 2008. Results Our findings suggest that there are gender differences in adolescents’ alcohol use and victimisation. Among frequently-drinking boys the high risk of victimisation is attributable to violent situations while intoxicated. Among girls the connection between the frequency of drinking and victimisation seemed mostly spurious, as the girls who consumed alcohol often were victimised also when sober.
Population, professional and client views on the dangerousness of addictions: testing the familiarity hypothesis
Authors: Koski-Jännes Anja , Hirschovits-Gerz Tanja , Pennonen Marjo , Nyyssönen Milla 
Published: April 2012

Aims This study compares how different stakeholder groups in Finland perceive the dangerousness of diverse addictions to the individual and society. It also tests the hypothesis that familiar addictions are regarded as less dangerous than unfamiliar ones. Data The data consisted of surveys with 1) a random general population sample (n=740); 2) addiction treatment professionals (n=520); and 3) inpatient clients (n=78). The dangerousness of alcohol, hard drugs, cannabis, prescription drugs, tobacco, gambling and Internet use were assessed by their perceived addiction potential, chances of recovery and relative gravity as societal problems. Results The observed group differences, even if significant, were mostly of degree rather than of kind. The largest disagreements involved cannabis and prescription drugs. Lay respondents worried more about cannabis while professionals were rather more concerned about prescribed drugs. Clients saw less difference in the addiction potential of legal and illegal substances than did lay respondents. Professionals trusted most in treatment but they saw less need to treat cannabis dependence than the others. All groups ranked alcohol as the greatest addiction-related societal problem in Finland. The familiarity hypothesis was not consistently supported by the data. Clients familiar with many addictive substances and behaviours did not downplay their harmfulness.
Variation in intra‐annual wood formation, and foliage and shoot development of three major Canadian boreal tree species
Authors: Zhai Lihong , Bergeron Yves , Huang Jian‐Guo , Berninger Frank 
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: In a warming climate, boreal trees may have adjusted their growth strategy (e.g., onset and coordination of growth among different organs such as stem, shoot, and foliage, within and among species) to cope with the extended growing seasons. A detailed investigation into growth of different organs during a growing season may help us assess the potential effects of climate change on tree growth in the boreal forest.• Methods: The intra‐annual growth of stem xylem, shoot tips, and foliage area of Pinus banksiana, Populus tremuloides, and Betula papyrifera was monitored in a boreal forest in Quebec, Canada during the growing season of 2007. Xylem formation was measured at weekly intervals, and shoot elongation and foliage expansion were measured three times per week from May to September. Growth indices for stem, shoot, and foliage were calculated and used to identify any climate–growth dependence.• Key results: The time periods required for stem growth, branch extension, and foliage expansion differed among species. Of the three species, P. banksiana had the earliest budburst (20 May) yet the latest completion date of the foliage growth (2 August); P. tremuloides had the latest budburst (27 May) yet the earliest completion date of the foliage growth (10 July). Air temperature positively affected shoot extension growth of all three species. Precipitation positively influenced stem growth of the two broadleaf species, whereas growing season temperature positively impacted stem growth of P. banksiana.• Conclusion: The results show that both the timing of growth processes and environmental dependences differ among co‐occurring species, thereby leading to different adaptive capability of these boreal tree species to climate change.