bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Worst of Both Worlds
Authors: Barrett Ron , Zuckerman Molly K. , Dudgeon Matthew R. , Armelagos George J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Although the Second Epidemiological Transition eventually spread to most societies, the change was substantially different in low- and middle-income countries (LIMCs). In the poorest societies, the transition occurred much later and the health improvements were more modest than in wealthier societies. Yet at the same time, the health challenges of increasing non-infectious diseases and aging populations occurred quite rapidly, leading to a worst-of-both-worlds situation for nations that were the least equipped to deal with them. This chapter critically examines these issues within the framework of syndemics: synergistic epidemics of infectious and non-infectious diseases occurring in the context of poverty and social stratification in vulnerable populations. These dynamics set the stage for the new, virulent, and antimicrobial resistant infections we experience today.
The Production and Circulation of the US Novel
Authors: Nielsen Nikolaj Ramsdal , Patell Cyrus R. K. , Williams Deborah Lindsay 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the story of the marketplace for US fiction since 1940 as the story of middlemen—publishers, distributors, and agents—who propagated distinctions among kinds of novels in order to sell them more effectively, while working in a context increasingly marked by the interventions of educational institutions and various other cultural tastemakers. This marketplace was organized around systems of classification that shaped the ways in which writers write and readers read. The distinctions that arose during this period—between hardbacks and paperbacks, between “literary fiction” and “genre fiction,” between the “highbrow” and the “middlebrow,” between writers affiliated with the academy and writers who are not—created what reader-response theorists refer to as a “horizon of expectations” for the novel, a horizon that some writers and readers would embrace and that others would challenge.
Mediating the Novel in the Age of Warhol
Authors: Waterman Bryan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a history of the late twentieth-century avant-garde US novel using the idea of “The Age of Warhol” as a periodizing rubric. Whereas most approaches to literary postmodernism focus on its metafictional qualities, its experiments with history and historiography, or its emphasis on the fundamental instability of language, using Warhol’s work as a lens foregrounds a different set of concerns. Warhol’s language games are always, ultimately, media games—contemplations not only of language as the medium of fiction, but of words as they exist, mediated, in the world. This chapter uses Warhol’s a: a Novel to highlight three abiding interests among US avant-garde novelists: the material effects of late-twentieth-century media; questions raised by new media—the “electrosphere”—about the novel’s relationship to print; and awareness of how new media blurred distinctions between art and life, calling into question fiction’s fate in the larger cultural landscape.
US Postmodernist Fiction
Authors: Ickstadt Heinz 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter defines US postmodern fiction by placing it in a central historical moment of cultural change: the early 1960s to the early 1980s. Marked by intense social conflicts and a fervent longing for new beginnings, as well as by the rise of multiculturalism and of the literatures that thrived with it, this period also witnessed the flourishing of literary postmodernism, which was characterized by a variety of experimental, especially self-reflexive, anti-realist/anti-modernist strategies of narration. The chapter charts the shift from late modernist to postmodernist aesthetics, which aim to decenter textual hierarchies as a part, yet also as a metaphor, of a larger process of cultural dehierarchization. The rise of literatures hitherto on the margins and their gradual institutionalization in academia—against much resistance from institutionalized “white” traditions—occur simultaneously and follow a similar logic of succession: they assert themselves by challenging what they perceive as a firmly established institution of literary postmodernism.
The Short Story
Authors: Fallon Siobhan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the standing of the short story in late twentieth- and early twenty-first century literary culture in the United States. Arguing that both the precise meaning of the term and the place that it holds in the publishing world are matters of debate, the chapter examines the idea that the short story has become an adjunct to the novel; short story collections are often viewed as the proving ground for would-be novelists, and most agents and publishers seem to hope that a well-regarded short story is a harbinger of something longer. The chapter investigates the formative role played by magazines—in particular the New Yorker—and anthologies in creating the landscape for short-story writing, while surveying major achievements in the genre.
The Detective Novel and Film
Authors: Grimstad Paul , Patell Cyrus R. K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Noting the affinity between modernist aesthetics and the vernacular “entertainment” of genre fiction—in particular, the detective story—this chapter charts the ways in which the style and tone of US detective fiction was intimately bound up with the growth of a Hollywood studio system organized around genres like westerns, adventure stories, musicals, screwball comedy, gangster dramas, and crime stories. The chapter charts the influence of the idea of film noir—conceived as a fusion of US hard-boiled crime fiction and German expressionist cinematography—on detective fiction in both text and film after 1940. It concludes by noting that in the last quarter of the twentieth century, hard-boiled detective fiction veered in two different directions: it was given new life as genre fiction by women writers, even as some notable practitioners of “literary fiction” took the idea of “mystery” in the direction of the fantastic.
Mutual Admiration
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The nature of the Bohr–Einstein debate was framed long before our protagonists became engaged in it. Both were reformers, ready to embrace controversy and even absurdity in their theories. But where Einstein held fast to classical principles he considered sacrosanct, Bohr would cheerfully embrace their violent reworking or replacement. Einstein’s 1921 Nobel prize was awarded in 1922. He had entertained the absurd notion that light consists of ‘quanta’, endowing particle-like properties governed by a characteristic wave frequency. Bohr’s 1922 Nobel prize involved entertaining the absurd notion of quantum ‘jumps’ between atomic orbits driven entirely by chance. He defended the inconsistencies with vague wordplay, declaring the quantities defining the orbits as ‘symbolic’, and introduced a fuzzy demand called the ‘correspondence principle’. At appropriate limits, the value of a quantity should be the same whether calculated using classical or quantum rules. Few quantum physicists could make it work.
EPR, Faust, and the Cat
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
‘At the next meeting with Einstein at the Solvay Conference in 1930 our discussions took quite a dramatic turn’, Bohr wrote. Bohr turned Einstein’s ‘photon box’ experiment on its head to defend the uncertainty relations. But Einstein’s purpose was more subtle, arguing that quantum theory implied that the properties of a photon are governed by the choice made by an experimenter, no matter how distant. This argument resurfaced in his epoch-making paper with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen. The experimenter chooses what kind of measurement to make on one of a pair of correlated particles, instantly determining the properties of the distant other. Schrödinger called it ‘entanglement’, and exposed the theory’s absurdities in his paradox of the cat. As the founders were rewarded with Nobel prizes, Pauli resolved the problem of nuclear beta-decay by proposing the neutrino, inspiring a witty parody of Goethe’s Faust performed in Bohr’s institute in 1932.
Small Business Tax
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Small business taxes are critically evaluated in Chapter 5 and a reform proposal is suggested. The proposal includes two classifications of small business. Mirco-enterprises would be subject to a patent (fixed fee) and small businesses would pay tax based on net cash flow. Provision for the transition from one system to another and to the general tax system are included. A small business tax may be a component of a collection-based tax system, at least initially. Through time we have developed a view that a country might be better served by not implementing such a charge, or at least should evaluate the option of doing nothing. We believe the supposed administrative gains from having a small business tax are either low or nonexistent, at least on a net basis. In addition, the supposed revenue gain, as well as compliance gains, from the small business tax may be offset by reduced revenue and compliance from the other parts of the tax system.
Mining and Natural Resources
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Fiscal policy for mining is discussed in this chapter. Separation of payments is maintained in return for the ownership of the resource stock and taxes. The chapter argues that any mineral producer should be subject to the generally applicable tax system with no specific modifications in a contract. Mineral-specific provisions in the income tax include capitalization of exploration and development expenses and amortization of reclamation expenses. Depletion should be allowed only to the resource owner, the state in most cases. An alternative to the Resource Rent Tax (RRT) and other rent capture schemes in proposed. In addition, the chapter proposes that stabilization be limited both in time and in scope.
Proposed Capital Gains Statute
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A capital gains tax should be imposed on both the direct transfer of a mining licence and on the transfer of any equity interest in the domestic entities holding a mining licence (Type 1 indirect transfer). A withholding tax should be imposed on Type 2 indirect transfers. Such distinctions are necessary because it is important to identify whether the transferor of any interest is subject to the country’s income tax and, if not, to ensure that the proper person withholds tax on the gain from the transfer made by a nonresident person. Type 2 indirect transfers will be made by persons who are not domestic taxpayers, so that a withholding tax, or a final tax, is employed in lieu of the generally applicable tax. In the case of Type 2 indirect transfers, the domestic person whose equity is transferred (the last entity in any chain of domestic entities) will be the withholding agent for the tax and will be required to comply with all reporting requirements.
Four Strategies to Advance Arts and Aging Policy
Authors: Lambert Patricia Dewey , Blandy Doug , Wyszomirski Margaret J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
“Four Strategies to Advance Arts and Aging Policy” introduces and applies key policy concepts, such as agenda-setting, political context, window of opportunity and advocacy coalition in a 50-year analysis of the tactics, outcomes, and lessons learned in efforts to demonstrate that the arts are a valued asset of healthy aging. This evolution unfolded in four distinct, but overlapping, approaches that explored policy formulation, generated specialized knowledge and evidence, built programming capacity, and expanded network building. This chapter also identifies gaps, unfinished developments, and contextual conditions that have hindered the arts and aging policy community from fully achieving its goal and realizing its potential public benefits. This historical analysis of arts and aging policy strategies and the relevant institutional infrastructure in America lays the foundation for the authors’ recommendations for activating the arts in healthy aging ecosystem.
History of Communist Czechoslovakia and Its Secret Police
Authors: Drumbl Mark A. , Holá Barbora 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides a brief survey of the forty years of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia focusing on the Czechoslovak secret police, to wit, the Státní bezpečnost (StB). This chapter identifies the StB as among the principal tools of state repression and presents StB officers as securocrats. This chapter distils aggregated findings on the background, mission, and operations of the StB. It unwraps the StB’s use of informers. It outlines the formalities and steps in the creation and dissolution of cooperation agreements between informers and StB officers. Considerable details are proffered on the various categories of informers, methods of recruitment and management, and how the StB as an agency adapted over time to changing circumstances. This chapter also reassesses the dominant post-Communist revisionist narrative that affirms the putative dissonance between state and society in the Communist years and inflates the prevalence of resistance over the actuality of complicity.
Informers Here, Informers There, Informers Everywhere
Authors: Drumbl Mark A. , Holá Barbora 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 concludes by recapping what we have discovered over the course of our journey to the file-stories of Communist Czechoslovakia. It also uncorks new areas for scholarly inquiry. Based on existing literature and our analysis of the file-stories, Chapter 7 examines motivational similarities between StB informers in repressive times and generic informers in so-called liberal states who assist police in ordinary criminal investigations and public authorities with regulatory compliance. This chapter introduces the concept of ‘just or unjust informing’ to ruminate upon public perceptions of individuals who help authorities in liberal states enforce laws (including COVID lockdowns and abortion restrictions) by informing on individuals who ‘break the rules’. This, then, returns the book full-circle to the complexity of informing, the panoply of the various ‘kinds’ of informing, and the selectivity and conditionality of public derision. Informers indeed have been, are, and will be ‘here, there, and everywhere’. Informers are ubiquitous. They are essential for any state—however virtuous or venal—to maintain authority. On a preliminary note, carry-overs and parallels seem to emerge across repressive and liberal contexts.
Old Order, New Order
Authors: Simon Hendrik 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10 investigates another German ‘special path’. It reconstructs why the German thesis of liberum ius ad bellum prevailed in the broader academic research discourse after the First World War. To this end, the chapter takes up the debates in the interwar and post-war periods and examines the influence of realist proponents of the myth of liberum ius ad bellum, such as Carl Schmitt and Wilhelm G. Grewe, on the further development of the history of international law and international relations. Paradoxically, however, the emerging myth of liberum ius ad bellum was supported also by liberal scholars of that time: for the international legalization initiated after 1920 seemed all the brighter, the darker the preceding era was painted. Only the hitherto overlooked interplay between the realist narrative of anarchy and the liberal narrative of progress can explain how the thesis of the ‘free right to go to war’ gained its appeal in scientific debates until today.
Political Parties, Accessibility and Political Recruitment
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Reher Stefanie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Political parties wield significant power over the make-up of our legislatures and executives, acting as gatekeepers during political recruitment processes. Whether political parties are accessible to disabled people, and whether they have a strategy for selecting disabled candidates, are therefore critical questions. This chapter examines the extent to which political parties in the UK are accessible to disabled people by analysing party websites, manifestos, constitutions, and the role played by internal party disability groups. The chapter finds a great deal of variety in how the parties think about disability and accessibility in terms of their organization and structure. Some parties, notably Labour and the SNP, have codified and institutionalized the role of disabled members as wellas including a commitment to accessibility in all areas of their activism. While most parties pay lip service to the idea of increasing the number of disabled politicians, there are few examples of parties developing specific strategic approaches which would guarantee the recruitment and election of more disabled candidates. Moreover, beyond the parties, approaches to the issue have been inconsistent, especially when it comes to the provision of extra funding to support disabled candidates.
Representing the Preferences of Disabled People?
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Reher Stefanie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Given the ubiquitous disability gap in voter turnout, we might anticipate that the interests and preferences of disabled citizens are not well reflected by political representatives and in the policy-making process. This chapter examines this issue in two ways: by studying policy congruence between citizens and governments across Europe, through analysing data from the European Social Survey and Chapel Hill Expert Survey, and by analysing disability pledges in UK political party manifestos. This two-pronged approach is rooted in wider research on the political representation of group preferences and interests and integrates the role played by political parties in developing disability policy. The findings indicate that the preferences of disabled people are overall less well represented by governments than those of non-disabled citizens. This gap cannot be explained by differences in education, income, and employment levels or lower turnout levels amongst disabled voters. There is a strong asymmetry in the extent to which political parties pay attention to disability, with most parties paying scant attention to this group of citizens and their specific interests and needs.
Revolution and Democracy in Tunisia
Authors: Sadiki Larbi , Saleh Layla 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This book offers a novel and interdisciplinary exploration of revolution as “situated protest” in Tunisia. It posits a “double articulation” of revolution and peoplehood that feed into each other in a twin ferment. Thus, the book re-narrates Tunisia’s postcolonial politics through the prism of key historical protests. Beginning with the “crucible” of Tunisian constitutionalism (1861) and anti-monarchical revolt (Ali Ben Ghedhahem, 1864–5), it re-conceptualizes the dynamics of change and the resulting key shifts in relations between rulers and ruled. It delves into revolution through a longue durée prism, highlighting spatialities and temporalities of insurgency, reading protest as relational, intersubjective, partial, and demotic. Tunisia’s revolution did not begin in 2010, nor did its rebellious peoplehood. Both, the book argues, were over a century and a half in the making. The book focusses on politics and histories from below, in encounters between bottom-up activism/movement (hirak) and revolution (thawrah). It catalogues the onset of protests in the 1960s with the rejection of collectivization-like cooperatives, through the 2011 “Arab Spring” revolution, and since. Its interpretivist epistemology of synchronic “protestscapes” draws on local knowledge and a rich archive of indigenous discourses, written and spoken. One aim is to re-ontologize protest lives and subjectivities. The book uncovers “traces” of morally-imbued agentic, affective, and cognitive practices and imaginaries of socially acted and en-acted peoplehood across the diachrony of Tunisia’s revolutionary milieu. The protestscapes vividly depict an active citizenry and the becoming of a demos. Their collective memories and imaginaries are stamped by trials of anti-colonial and anti-dictatorial rebellion.
Revelation of the Torah
Authors: Segal Aaron 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter develops a puzzle about one of the central tenets of Judaism: that God revealed the Torah at Mount Sinai. The puzzle arises from a combination of more specific views, each of which is widely held in the Jewish theological tradition. First, that the realization of the Torah is the purpose for which the world was created. Second, that we couldn’t on our own discover the truths in which the Torah consists. Third and finally, that the Torah is a sort of wisdom; indeed, that once revealed we can see the wisdom in it. The combination of these views is puzzling. If the Torah is a kind of wisdom, it seems that God could have endowed us with cognitive faculties powerful enough to discover it on our own. Given that the Torah is the purpose of creation, it seems that God would have done so. But God didn’t. It looks like creation wasn’t properly matched to its purpose. The author of this chapter suggests two ways of solving the puzzle, both of which contend that while a way of life in keeping with the Torah exhibits great wisdom, it’s not the kind of thing that a wise individual could discover. One, drawing on the work of Hasdai Crescas, points to the demands of love, and love of God in particular. The other, drawing on the work of Nahmanides, points to the intrinsic systematicity of philosophy and theology, and the collective nature of the Sinaitic revelation.
Peace, Violence, and Saints, c. 1000–1150
Authors: Arnold John H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The chapter addresses the so-called ‘Peace of God’ movement, looking specifically at the evidence related to southern France, principally ecclesiastical councils plus some saints’ lives and miracles. Historiographical critiques of earlier interpretations of the Peace movement are rehearsed, noting that it is wrong to see the Church as straightforwardly opposing (lay, knightly) violence; rather, the peace councils constrained some kinds of violence whilst operating clearly within an existing framework of both ecclesial and lay lordship. Moreover, as previous studies have pointed out, the miraculous interventions of saints in this period were themselves quite frequently another form of violence, albeit directed toward the preservation of episcopal or monastic rights. The Peace councils are analysed also for what one can glean of ordinary expectations of lay faith, as are the preambles to charters. The chapter argues that the Peace councils coopted existing, albeit extraordinary, practices of saint worship orchestrated by bishops, and that the principal dynamic of ordinary lay people’s worship of saints was more akin to their relationship to lordship than something opposed to it.