bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Area‐wide application of verbenone‐releasing flakes reduces mortality of whitebark pinePinus albicauliscaused by the mountain pine beetleDendroctonus ponderosae
Authors: Gillette Nancy E. , Hansen E. Matthew , Mehmel Constance J. , Mori Sylvia R. , Webster Jeffrey N. , Erbilgin Nadir , Wood David L. 
Published: June 2012

DISRUPT Micro‐Flake Verbenone Bark Beetle Anti‐Aggregant flakes (Hercon Environmental, Inc., Emigsville, Pennsylvania) were applied in two large‐scale tests to assess their efficacy for protecting whitebark pinePinus albicaulisEngelm. from attack by mountain pine beetleDendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) (MPB). At two locations, five plots of equivalent size and stand structure served as untreated controls. All plots had early‐ to mid‐outbreak beetle populations (i.e. 7.1–29.2 attacked trees/ha). Verbenone was applied at 370 g/ha in both studies. Intercept traps baited with MPB aggregation pheromone were placed near the corners of each plot after the treatment in order to monitor beetle flight within the plots. Trap catches were collected at 7‐ to 14‐day intervals, and assessments were made at the end of the season of stand structure, stand composition and MPB attack rate for the current and previous years.Applications of verbenone flakes significantly reduced the numbers of beetles trapped in treated plots compared with controls at both sites by approximately 50% at the first collection date.The applications also significantly reduced the proportion of trees attacked in both Wyoming and Washington using the proportion of trees attacked the previous year as a covariate in the model for analysis of current year attack rates; in both sites, the reduction was ≥ 50%.The flake formulation of verbenone appears to have promise for area‐wide treatment by aerial application when aiming to control the mountain pine beetle in whitebark pine forests.
A 26‐week, placebo‐ and pioglitazone‐controlled monotherapy study of rivoglitazone in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Chou H. S. , Truitt K. E. , Moberly J. B. , Merante D. , Choi Y. , Mun Y. , Pfützner A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of rivoglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ agonist in the thiazolidinedione class, in subjects with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsSubjects aged ≥18 years with T2DM and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) >7.0% and ≤8.5%, who were treatment naïve or receiving a non‐thiazolidinedione antidiabetes monotherapy, entered a 2‐week washout and single‐blind placebo run‐in period and were then randomized 2 : 4 : 11 : 11 to double‐blind treatment with placebo, rivoglitazone 1.0 mg/day, rivoglitazone 1.5 mg/day, or pioglitazone 45 mg/day, for 26 weeks.ResultsA total of 1912 subjects received placebo (n = 137), rivoglitazone 1.0 mg (n = 274), rivoglitazone 1.5 mg (n = 750) or pioglitazone (n = 751). Rivoglitazone 1.5 mg was statistically superior (p = 0.0339) and rivoglitazone 1.0 mg was non‐inferior (p = 0.0339) to pioglitazone in reducing HbA1c from baseline (changes of −0.7%, −0.4% and −0.6%, respectively). Rivoglitazone also significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose from baseline (p < 0.0001). Rivoglitazone significantly improved estimates of insulin sensitivity, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and other metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers. Rivoglitazone was generally well tolerated at both doses, with treatment‐emergent adverse event (TEAE) rates similar to pioglitazone. The most common drug‐related TEAEs were peripheral oedema (active, 5.2–6.2%; placebo 0.7%), increased weight (active, 1.6–3.1%; placebo, 0%) and pitting oedema (active, 1.3–2.2%; placebo, 0%).ConclusionsIn subjects with suboptimally controlled T2DM, rivoglitazone 1.5 mg was associated with statistically superior glycaemic control to pioglitazone 45 mg, while rivoglitazone 1.0 mg was non‐inferior; the safety profiles of the two drugs appeared similar.
Nine‐month‐old infants generalize object labels, but not object preferences across individuals
Authors: Henderson Annette M.E. , Woodward Amanda L. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAs with all culturally relevant human behaviours, words are meaningful because they are shared by the members of a community. This research investigates whether 9‐month‐old infants understand this fundamental fact about language. Experiment 1 examined whether infants who are trained on, and subsequently habituated to, a new word–referent link expect the link to be consistent across a second speaker. Experiment 2 examined whether 9‐month‐old infants distinguish between behaviours that are shared across individuals (i.e. words) from those that are not (i.e. object preferences). The present findings indicate that infants as young as 9 months of age expect new word–referent links, but not object preferences, to be consistent across individuals. Thus, by 9 months, infants have identified at least one of the aspects of human behaviour that is shared across individuals within a community. The implications for children’s acquisition of language and culture are discussed.
Gut microbial adaptation to dietary consumption of fructose, artificial sweeteners and sugar alcohols: implications for host–microbe interactions contributing to obesity
Authors: Payne A. N. , Chassard C. , Lacroix C. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThe Western diet, comprised of highly refined carbohydrates and fat but reduced complex plant polysaccharides, has been attributed to the prevalence of obesity. A concomitant rise in the consumption of fructose and sugar substitutes such as sugar alcohols, artificial sweeteners, even rare sugars, has mirrored this trend, as both probable contributor and solution to the epidemic. Acknowledgement of the gut microbiota as a factor involved in obesity has sparked much controversy as to the cause and consequence of this relationship. Dietary intakes are a known modulator of gut microbial phylogeny and metabolic activity, frequently exploited to stimulate beneficial bacteria, promoting health benefits. Comparably little research exists on the impact of ‘unconscious’ dietary modulation on the resident commensal community mediated by increased fructose and sugar substitute consumption. This review highlights mechanisms of potential host and gut microbial fructose and sugar substitute metabolism. Evidence is presented suggesting these sugar compounds, particularly fructose, condition the microbiota, resulting in acquisition of a westernized microbiome with altered metabolic capacity. Disturbances in host–microbe interactions resulting from fructose consumption are also explored.
Why do individuals not lose more weight from an exercise intervention at a defined dose? An energy balance analysis
Authors: Thomas D. M. , Bouchard C. , Church T. , Slentz C. , Kraus W. E. , Redman L. M. , Martin C. K. , Silva A. M. , Vossen M. , Westerterp K. , Heymsfield S. B. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryWeight loss resulting from an exercise intervention tends to be lower than predicted. Modest weight loss can arise from an increase in energy intake, physiological reductions in resting energy expenditure, an increase in lean tissue or a decrease in non‐exercise activity. Lower than expected, weight loss could also arise from weak and invalidated assumptions within predictive models. To investigate these causes, we systematically reviewed studies that monitored compliance to exercise prescriptions and measured exercise‐induced change in body composition. Changed body energy stores were calculated to determine the deficit between total daily energy intake and energy expenditures. This information combined with available measurements was used to critically evaluate explanations for low exercise‐induced weight loss. We conclude that the small magnitude of weight loss observed from the majority of evaluated exercise interventions is primarily due to low doses of prescribed exercise energy expenditures compounded by a concomitant increase in caloric intake.
The efficacy of temozolomide for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Chen Chao , Xu Tao , Lu Yicheng , Chen Juxiang , Wu Shenhong 
Published: June 2012

Background and purposeThe efficacy of temozolomide (TMZ) in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has been evaluated by several clinical trials. A meta‐analysis to assess the overall efficacy of TMZ in the treatment of recurrent GBM was carried out by the authors.MethodsMedline, EMBASE database and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant studies. Eligible studies were clinical trials of recurrent GBMs assigned to TMZ with data on efficacy including tumor response, progression‐free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) available. The overall efficacy was calculated using a random‐effects or fixed‐effects model, depending on the heterogeneity of the included trials.ResultsA total of 15 phase II clinical trials including 902 recurrent GBMs were analyzed. The overall clinical benefit rate was 50.5% (95% CI: 44.3–56.7%) with significant difference between metronomic and standard schedules of TMZ (61.4% vs. 46.3%, P = 0.037). The overall 6‐month PFS (PFS‐6) rate was found to be 27.8% (95% CI: 22.7–33.5%) with significant difference between metronomic and standard schedules (33.1% vs. 20.1%, P < 0.001). In addition, significant difference in PFS‐6 was detected between high (average daily dose >100 mg/m2) and low (average daily dose ≤100 mg/m2) dose metronomic schedules (RR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.17–2.09, P = 0.002). The overall 6‐month OS (OS‐6) and 12‐month OS (OS‐12) rates were 65.0% (95% CI: 57.4–71.9%) and 36.4% (95% CI: 26.9–47.1%) separately. There was no significant difference in OS‐6 between metronomic and standard schedules (P = 0.266); however, a trend was noted favoring the metronomic schedule for OS‐12 (P = 0.089).ConclusionsTemozolomide is effective for recurrent GBMs, and its efficacy may be increased with metronomic schedule and high average daily dose (>100 mg/m2).
Mismeasure of secondary sexual traits: an example with horn growth in the Iberian ibex
Authors: Sarasa M. , Soriguer R. C. , Granados J. ‐E. , Casajus N. , Pérez J. M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractMonitoring programmes and studies focused on secondary sexual characters (SSCs) depend on the accuracy of measurements. However, methods of measurements of SSC, such as horns of ungulates, vary throughout the literature. Thus, the accuracy of horn growth measurements as proxies of true horn growth and the comparability of results inferred from different horn growth measurements may be questionable. We used the horns of Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica to compare horn growth measurements and to analyse reliability with true horn growth. Our results reveal that measurements used in previous studies differed substantially from true horn growth and volume estimated as a barrel appeared as the best proxy of annular segments of horns in the Iberian ibex. Horn growth measurements are not necessarily mutually comparable, just as classical measurements are not necessarily representative of true horn growth. We discuss the wider implications of these results and suggest that biological processes linked to horns of ungulates should be reappraised using improved and accurate measurements because horn growth pattern is a key factor in sustainable management and conservation plans of ungulate species around the world.
Phylogenetic relationship of two threatened endemic viverrids from the Sunda Islands, Hose's civet and Sulawesi civet
Authors: Wilting A. , Fickel J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAlthough phylogenetic relationships among most genera and species in the mammalian family Viverridae have been analysed genetically, no molecular data exist for two threatened island‐endemic species, Hose's civet Diplogale hosei of Borneo and the Sulawesi civet Macrogalidia musschenbroekii (both monospecific genera). We obtained the first DNA sequences (large parts of the mitochondrial cytochrome b and NADH2 genes) for these species, using museum specimens, and confirmed that both species warrant their own genus. Hose's civet is a member of the subfamily Hemigalinae and is a sister taxon of the banded civet Hemigalus derbyanus and Owston's civet Chrotogale owstoni; but the relationship among these three species remained unresolved. The Sulawesi civet does not belong to the subfamily Paradoxurinae, in which it is currently classified (hence its widely used English name Sulawesi palm civet), but instead to the subfamily Hemigalinae. We recommend dropping ‘palm’ from all vernacular names of the Hemigalinae to distinguish the Hemigalinae from the ‘true’ palm civets – the Paradoxurinae.
Are chest marks unique to Asiatic black bear individuals?
Authors: Higashide D. , Miura S. , Miguchi H. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractEstimating population size based on a capture‐recapture model requires identification of individual animals. We evaluated the reliability of the chest mark to noninvasively identify individual Asiatic black bears Ursus thibetanus. Using image analysis, we collated the chest marks of bears from the photographs taken while the bears were in captivity (Ani Mataginosato Bear Park) to examine the universality, uniqueness and persistence of the marks. Of the 62 bears, 95% had a distinct chest mark by which they could be reliably identified, and the probability of mistakenly identifying two different bears as identical was calculated to be 0.00075. The shape of the mark was found to change slightly from year to year, but this did not hamper individual identification. Thus, individual identification of the bears was highly reliable. A high percentage of correct answers was obtained in a blind test to visually identify individuals based on their chest mark. Considering that it is both an inexpensive and an easy‐to‐use technique, chest mark comparison is suitable for individual identification in order to estimate the abundance of the black bear population.
Prediction of seizure outcome in childhood epilepsies in countries with limited resources: a prospective study
Authors: BANU SELINA H , KHAN NAILA Z , HOSSAIN MAHMUDA , FERDOUSI SAADIA , BOYD STEWART , SCOTT ROD C , NEVILLE BRIAN 
Published: June 2012

Aim  To identify predictors of seizure control in newly presenting children with epilepsy in countries with limited resources.Method  Three hundred and ninety children (273 males, 117 females) aged 2 months to 15 years with newly diagnosed epilepsy were enrolled prospectively at first visit to the multidisciplinary clinic at the children’s hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data about seizures, motor disability, psychomotor development, and electroencephalography were obtained. Regular monitoring of antiepileptic drug treatment was continued at least for one year. Associations between seizure control and potential predictors were determined by multivariate analysis.Results  Three hundred and ninety children were enrolled in 6 months, of whom over 60% were from low‐income families, 60% had onset at under 1 year, 74% had more than one seizure per week, 69% a single‐seizure type, and 38% a history of delayed onset of breathing at birth. Cognitive deficits (IQ<70; 58%) and/or motor (significant limitation of daily living activities; 47%) deficits were common. After 1 year of regular treatment, seizure control was good (seizure freedom) in 53%, and poor (at least one seizure in the last 3mo of follow‐up) in 47%. The predictors of poor seizure control were an IQ<70, associated motor disability, multiple seizure types, and a history of cognitive regression (1.9 times more likely to have poor seizure control).Interpretation  Seizure control can be predicted using three clinical factors (motor disability, cognitive impairment, and multiple seizure types) at the first clinic visit. Such predictors assist the development of referral plans and management guidelines for childhood epilepsies in resource‐poor countries.
Heritability of male mandible length in the stag beetle Cyclommatus metallifer
Authors: GOTOH Hiroki , FUKAYA Keiichi , MIURA Toru 
Published: June 2012

AbstractNumerous coleopteran species express male‐specific “weapon traits” that often show size variations among males, even within a single population. Many empirical studies have demonstrated that environmental conditions during development affect absolute weapon size. However, relatively few studies in horned beetles support the hypothesis that the relationship between weapon size and body size, also referred to as a “scaling relationship” or “static allometry”, is largely determined by genetic factors. In this study, the heritability of absolute mandible length and static allometry between mandible length and body size were estimated in the stag beetle Cyclommatus metallifer. While no significant heritable variation was observed in absolute mandible length, high heritability (h2 = 0.57 ± 0.25) was detected in the static allometry between mandible length and body size. This is the first report on the genetic effect on male mandible size in Lucanidae, suggesting that absolute mandible size is largely determined by environmental conditions while the static allometry between weapon size and body size is primarily determined by genetic factors.
High Incidence of Perigraft Seroma Formation with Gelatin‐Coated Polytetrafluoroethylene Grafts
Authors: Ladenheim Eric D. , Lum Craig , Chadwick Nathan , Agrawal Siddartha 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe reviewed the effectiveness of a gelatin‐coated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft designed to reduce suture line bleeding and graft weeping. Twenty‐nine adults with end‐stage renal disease underwent implantation the graft (n = 30) in the arm. All had preoperative ultrasound vascular mapping to assess their options for an autogenous arteriovenous fistula and patients with a history of prior central venous devices or sternotomy underwent contrast venography. A 4‐ to 7‐mm tapered graft (n = 10) was used if the inflow artery was <4.0 mm in diameter, and a 6‐mm straight graft (n = 20) was used if the artery was ≥4.0 mm. Intraoperative volume flows were measured by duplex methodology. Precautions to prevent ultrafiltration and seroma development were taken. Eleven clinically significant seromas were detected in 30 sealed PTFE grafts (36.7%), 10 in the 6‐mm grafts (50%), and 1 in a 4‐ to 7‐mm graft (10%), a significant difference between graft types. There were no significant differences in flow between the graft types and between grafts with seromas versus no seromas. Five grafts were explanted and one was ligated, resulting in cannulation delays from 2 to 4 months. We conclude that the gelatin‐sealed PTFE vascular graft is not the ideal prosthesis for hemodialysis access.
Assessment of Extracellular Fluid Volume and Fluid Status in Hemodialysis Patients: Current Status and Technical Advances
Authors: Dou Yanna , Zhu Fansan , Kotanko Peter 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe assessment of extracellular fluid volume (ECV) and fluid status is both important and challenging in hemodialysis patients. Extracellular fluid is distributed in two major sub‐compartments: interstitial fluid and plasma. A variety of methods are used to assess the ECV, with tracer dilution techniques considered gold standard. However, ECV defined as the distribution space of bromide, sodium, chloride, and ferrocyanide appears to be larger than the distribution volume of inulin and sucrose, suggesting a partial distribution into the intracellular volume. Relative blood volume monitoring, measurement of inferior vena cava diameter by ultrasound and biochemical markers are indirect methods, which do not reflect the ECV and fluid status accurately. Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) techniques enable assessment of ECV and intracellular volume. Currently, BIS appears to be the most practical method for assessing ECV volume and fluid status in dialysis patients.
Clinical Decision Rules to Improve the Detection of Adverse Drug Events in Emergency Department Patients
Authors: Hohl Corinne M. , Yu Eugenia , Hunte Garth S. , Brubacher Jeffrey R. , Hosseini Faegheh , Argent Chelsea P. , Chan Winnie W.Y. , Wiens Matthew O. , Sheps Samuel B. , Singer Joel 
Published: June 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:640–649 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Adverse drug events (ADEs) are unintended and harmful consequences of medication use. They are associated with high health resource use and cost. Yet, high levels of inaccuracy exist in their identification in clinical practice, with over one‐third remaining unidentified in the emergency department (ED). The study objective was to derive clinical decision rules (CDRs) that are sensitive for the detection of ADEs, allowing their systematic identification early in a patient’s hospital course.Methods:  This was a prospective observational cohort study carried out in two Canadian tertiary care hospitals. Participants were adults presenting to the ED having ingested at least one prescription or over‐the‐counter medication within 2 weeks. Nurses and physicians evaluated patients for standardized clinical findings. A second evaluator performed interobserver assessments of predictor variables in a subset of patients. Pharmacists, who were blinded to the predictor variables, evaluated all patients for ADEs. An independent committee reviewed and adjudicated cases where the ADE assessment was uncertain or the pharmacist’s diagnosis differed from the physician’s working diagnosis. The primary outcome was an ADE that required a change in medical therapy, diagnostic testing, consultation, or hospital admission. CDRs were derived using kappa coefficients, chi‐square statistics, and recursive partitioning.Results:  Among 1,591 patients, 131 (8.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.0% to 9.7%) were diagnosed with the primary outcome. The following variables were associated with ADEs and were used to derive two CDRs: 1) presence of comorbid conditions, 2) antibiotic use within 7 days, 3) medication changes within 28 days, 4) age ≥80 years, 5) arrival by ambulance, 6) triage acuity, 7) recent hospital admission, 8) renal failure, and 9) use of three or more prescription medications. The more sensitive rule had a sensitivity of 96.7% (95% CI = 91.8% to 98.6%) and required 40.8% (95% CI = 37.7% to 42.9%) of patients to have medication review. The more specific rule had a sensitivity 90.8% (95% CI = 81.4% to 95.7%) and required 28.3% of patients to proceed to medication review.Conclusions:  The authors derived CDRs that identified patients with ADEs with high sensitivity. These rules may improve the identification of ADEs early in a patient’s hospital course while limiting the number of patients requiring a detailed medication review.