bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An account of cassava mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) with a description of a new species
Authors: Cox Jennifer M. , Williams D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe literature on the history and biology of the cassava mealybug in AfricaPhenacoccus manihotiMatile-Ferrero is reviewed, and reports on the search for natural enemies of this species in the Neotropics for biological control purposes are summarised. Further records of the distribution ofP manihotiin Africa are presented. A new closely-related species ofPhenacoccus, P. herrenisp. n., which causes distortion to cassava in the Neotropical Region is described, and a key is provided to separate it fromP. manihotiand from a similar species from the Neotropical Region,P. surinamensisGreen, which apparently does not occur on cassava.P. surinamensisis redescribed and illustrated.
Population fluctuations of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Outdoor Cages in Kenya
Authors: Persson B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSpodoptera exempta (Wlk.) was reared for one year at three locations in Kenya: Msabaha on the coast, Nairobi, and Mbita Point on Lake Victoria. The potential yearly number of generations was 15·8 at Msabaha, 6·6 at Nairobi and 13·1 at Mbita Point. Average developmental time from egg deposition to adult emergence was 23·1, 54·9 and 27·8 days, respectively. The longest, 77·3 days, was recorded in Nairobi and the shortest, 19·4 days, at Msabaha. The survival rate varied little seasonally at the coast but was erratic inland, with some generations failing and others very successful. Larvae offered a choice of maize and stargrass (Cynodon dactylon) showed a preference for stargrass. Survival was higher on stargrass than on maize but the developmental time was longer. Mortality was highest in the larval stage. In all generations and at all locations, death was usually caused by a nuclear polyhedrosis virus. There was a positive relationship between larval mortality and rainfall, and a negative one between larval mortality and sunshine. Mating was restricted to after midnight. Females oviposited and then mated during the same night. Peak egg-laying took place before midnight, with a smaller peak at about 02·00–04·00 h.
The relative abundance of the hymenopterous parasites attacking Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) and Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cereals during 1973–79 in southern England
Authors: Dean G. J. , Jones Margaret G. , Powell W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn studies in southern England, the relative abundance of the hymenopterous parasites attacking Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.) and Sitobion avenae (F.) differed between their hosts, between years (1973–79) and on whether they were assessed using field or laboratory-reared mummies. Species of the complex of Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki were usually the commonest parasites, especially from mummies of M. dirhodum, while Aphidius picipes (Nees) was less common and tended to attack mainly S. avenae; Toxares deltiger (Hal.) was common only in 1979. Species of hyperparasites emerged most frequently from mummies of M. dirhodum, except for Dendrocerus carpenteri (Curt.), which emerged most often from S. avenae.
Estimating absolute densities of the bushfly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae), using West Australian blowfly traps
Authors: Vogt W. G. , Woodburn T. L. , Crompton G. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCatches of Musca vetustissima Wlk. in West Australian blowfly traps containing week-old baits were consistently greater (4·5–24·1 times higher) than in traps with fresh baits. Recovery of marked flies within 26·5h of release showed mean dispersal distances of 1·5 ± 0·7 km for males and 1·6 ± 0·6 km for females under favourable weather conditions (mean air temperature 28·8°C and mean wind speed 5·5 m/s). The recovery rate of males (1·3%) and females (1·0%) over this period indicates the feasibility of using single mark-release experiments to estimate absolute fly densities. It is shown that estimates having a 95% probability of being within ± 10% of the true population density could be achieved by the release of 39 000 marked flies.
Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) of Ethiopia. I. Distribution, ecology and host relationships of species infesting livestock
Authors: Pegram Rupert G. , Hoogstraal Harry , Wassef Hilda Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn a survey of adult ticks infesting livestock in Ethiopia, 33 species and subspecies were identified. The distribution and abundance of each are discussed in relation to ecology (altitude, climate and vegetation).Amblyomma variegatum(F.) is the most widespread and abundant tick parasitising cattle.A. cohaerensDön. is common on cattle in wetter western habitats but is replaced byA. gemmaDön. in drier eastern areas.A. lepidumDön. occupies intermediate habitats. The distribution ofBoophilus decoloratus(Koch) is similar to that ofA. variegatum. Hyalomma truncatumKoch andH. marginatum rufipesKoch are both common except in extremely arid and humid zones.H. anatolicum anatolicumKoch,H. anatolicum excavatumKoch,H. dromedariiKoch,H. erythraeumTonelli-Rondelli, andH. impeltatumSchulze & Schlottke are usually associated with camels in semi-arid areas of eastern Ethiopia.Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsiNeum.,R. sanguineus(Latr.) group andR. simusKoch do not display marked ecological preferences. East of the Rift Valley in semi-arid areas below 2000 m,R. pulchellus(Gerst.) is abundant on cattle and camels.R. longicoxatusNeum. andR. pravusDön. inhabit drier localities, butR. lunulatusNeum. occurs only in wetter western areas. Species taken infrequently wereA. nuttalliDön.,A. sparsumNeum.,B. annulatus(Say),Haemaphysalis aciculiferWarb.,H. leachii(Aud.),H. parmataNeum.,H. spinulosaNeum.,Hyalomma marginatum marginatumKoch,H. marginatum turanicumPom.,H. puntHoogst., Kaiser & Pedersen,Ornithodoros savignyi(Aud.),R. longusNeum.,R. muhsamaeMorel & Vassiliades, andR. senegalensisKoch. The seasonal dynamics of the common species and observations on their relationships to tick-borne diseases of man and domestic animals are discussed.
The relative abundance of the mealybug vectors (Hemiptera: Coccidae and Pseudococcidae) of Cocoa swollen shoot disease in Ghana
Authors: Bigger M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA census of the mealybug vectors of cocoa swollen shoot disease was made weekly on 238 Amazon cocoa trees at the Cocoa Research Institute, Tafo, Ghana, between 1971 and 1976. The six species encountered were ranked in descending order of abundance: Planococcoides njalensis (Laing), Planococcus citri (Risso), Phenacoccus hargreavesi (Laing), Ferrisia virgata (Ckll), Pseudococcus concavocerarii James, P. calceolariae (Mask.). Planococcoides njalensis occurred at a much higher density on infested trees than other species but was found on fewer trees than either Planococcus citri or Phenacoccus hargreavesi. Over 13-week periods the probability of finding a mealybug on a particular tree was 0·87 for Planococcus citri, 0·77 for Phenacoccus hargreavesi, 0·36 for F. virgata, 0·32 for Pseudococcus concavocerarii, 0·23 for Planococcoides njalensis and 0·05 for Pseudococcus calceolariae. The results suggest that the first four species are more mobile than Planococcoides njalensis and could be more important in the spread of disease than has previously been supposed.
Megaselia Sandhui sp.n. (Diptera: Phoridae), a Pest of Cultivated Mushrooms in India
Authors: Disney R. H. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMegaselia sandhui sp. n. is described from specimens of the adult male, female and pupa infesting cultivated mushrooms in India. It is closely related to the other species of Megaselia known to be pests of cultivated mushrooms.
Sterilisation of Glossina Palpalis Palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Glossinidae) by beta irradiation
Authors: Hamann H. J. , Iwannek K. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe sterilising effect of 90Sr β-radiation was tested against males and females of Glossina palpalis palpalis (R.-D.) 1–6 days old. The flies were exposed to doses ranging from 2 to 40 krad at a dose-rate of l·09 × 103 rad/min. The optimal sterilising dose for the males was about 7·5 krad. Females that mated with males that had been exposed to this dose failed to produce larvae although the sperm of the treated males was motile. There was no relation between dose and length of life at doses from 2 to 10 krad but at higher doses survival was greatly reduced. Females survived irradiation better than males.
Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae) population growth rates
Authors: Ryan L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDifferences in population growth rates, r, and net reproductive rates, R0, are shown between Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank, G. palpalis palpalis (R.-D.), G. morsitans morsitans Westw., G. morsitans centralis Machado, G. pallidipes Aust. and G. fuscipes fuscipes Newst. from field-collected data and laboratory colonies. The relationships of these population parameters with temperature are shown as well as the temperature-dependence of T, the cohort generation time. Two rapid methods for estimating r from R0 knowing the mean temperature, and a more accurate rapid method of calculating r direct from the capacity for increase, re, were developed from these data. The stable age-structure, C, calculated from these data was used to show that the laboratory-derived age-specific fecundity, mx, is 22% higher than in the field. The difference is probably due to natural abortion in the field and the better nutritional status of laboratory-reared flies. Deviation from the stable age-structure is shown to be an indication of the sample bias and population equilibrium. The relationships of these parameters to the state of a given population and to optimal timing of control efforts are considered.
Distribution of Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Mali
Authors: Goodwin J. T. , Ashton D. R. , Olson J. K. , Cisse A. , Ba A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBased on the results of field surveys carried out between May 1977 and June 1981, the distributions of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst., G. palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank and G. tachinoides Westw. in Mali are presented and compared with previously reported information. The distributions of both G. m. submorsitans and G. p. gambiensis were found to be greater than previously reported, whereas that of G. tachinoides was found to be less. The apparent northern limits of both G. m. submorsitans and G. p. gambiensis are at approximately 14°20′N but that of G. tachinoides is at only about 13°10′N. No specimens of G. longipalpis Wied., previously reported from Mali, were captured.
Adult development in the Australian plague locust,Chortoicetes terminifera(Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Hunter D. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the field in eastern Australia, adult females ofChortoicetes terminifera(Wlk.) underwent stages of body growth, fat accumulation and then egg maturation. Rainfall, and the resulting condition of the feed, determined the speed of development through the stages. If feed was dry, development was slow and stages could be suppressed; but even with feed that was only ‘dry-green’ locusts grew normally, accumulated fat, and then matured eggs after migration. If lush green pasture occurred following rain on the adults, they persisted and soon began to mature eggs. Thus females oviposit in the area where they hatched only if pastures there are lush green, thus ensuring some food for their offspring.
The effects of natural enemies on the growth of Lantana in Brazil
Authors: Winder J. A. , Harley K. L. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObservations were made over a two-year period on the growth and natural enemies of Lantana tiliaefolia and L. glutinosa growing naturally at nine sites covering different climatic areas of Paraná State, south Brazil. Lantana was found to be subjected to continuous attack by insects and/or fungi throughout the year, with different species causing damage at different times. Temperate-climate sites had a more diverse complex of insects and a greater intensity of attack than warmer-climate sites. Shrubs in sites which suffered severe insect attack, especially during the previous season, flowered and fruited significantly less than those which had suffered only light attack. Differential weighting of the principal phytophagous insects demonstrated that feeding by insects of some groups may be more damaging than that by others. The relevance of the results to the search for biological agents for control of lantana in Australia is discussed.
Species diversity and abundance of Dacus (Diptera: Tephritidae) in five ecosystems of Penang, West Malaysia
Authors: Keng-Hong Tan , Soo-Lam Lee 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDacus dorsalis Hend. infested eleven, D. cucurbitae Coq. five and D. umbrosus F. two of the eighteen common fruits and vegetables grown in Penang, West Malaysia. D. tau (Wlk.) infested bacang (Mangifera foetida), D. caudatus F. chilli (Capsicum annuum) and D. frauenfeldi Schin. water guava (Eugenia javanica), together with D. dorsalis. Pomelo (Citrus grandis) was found infested for the first time by D. cucurbitae. No flies were trapped using Capilure and trimedlure as baits. Cue-lure attracted D. caudatus, D. cucurbitae, D. frauenfeldi, D. occipitalis (Bez.) and D. tau. Methyl eugenol attracted D. dorsalis and D. umbrosus. Dorsalure was less attractive to D. caudatus and D. dorsalis than cue-lure and methyl eugenol, respectively, but it was equally attractive to D. frauenfeldi as cue-lure. Using traps baited with cue-lure or methyl eugenol in five ecosystems, the highest numbers of males of D. dorsalis, D. umbrosus, D. frauenfeldi and D. caudatus trapped were from a village, on a vegetable farm for D. cucurbitae, and D. occipitalis was only caught in a forest. Analysis showed that for each species of Dacus the difference between ecosystems was highly significant. The few examples caught in grassland were probably migrants.
Schistocerca piceifrons (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), the swarming locust of tropical America: a review
Authors: Harvey A. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSchistocerca piceifrons (Wlk.) is the swarming locust of tropical America. It has until recently been confused with closely related species and has usually been misidentified as S. paranensis (Burm.). The biological information that can definitely be attributed to this species is reviewed and is supplemented with some original observations. The invasion area of the locust includes Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador and Peru. Permanent populations are known from the Yuc´tan Peninsula, northern Honduras, the Pacific coast of Central America and the highlands of Peru. There are two subspecies, S. piceifrons piceifrons, known from Mexico and Central America, and S. piceifrons peruviana Lynch Arrib., from Peru. S. piceifrons exhibits phase polymorphism in nymphal colouration and adult morphometrics. The femur length/maximum head width (F/C) ratio is most effective in separating the phases. There are two generations a year. Immature adults of the second generation survive the dry season. Its habitat is subclimax mosaic communities in areas where the natural vegetation is dry tropical woodland. Plagues are believed to have originated when swarms formed in the permanent breeding areas. Records of susceptible crops and natural enemies are given, and the behaviour of hopper bands is described.
Integration of insect sterility and insecticides for control of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Tanzania. I. Production of tsetse flies for release
Authors: Williamson D. L. , Baumgartner H. H. , Mtuya A. G. , Warner P. V. , Tarimo S. A. , Dame D. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA colony of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. was established in the laboratory in Tanga, Tanzania. After being expanded to the planned level of 60 000 flies, the stabilised colony was used to support a field trial using surplus males that were sterilised and released. The production system consisted of an adaptation of the in vivo rearing techniques developed at the Tsetse Research Laboratory, England. Goats were hosts for 90 % of the production; the balance was fed on rabbits. Techniques were developed to standardise the pupal off-take from stabilised colonies in each of three separate insectary units. Puparia were collected daily and kept separately until 52% emergence had occurred; these emerging flies, mostly females, were used to replenish the stock colony as needed. Further eclosion was prevented by chilling the remaining puparia (mostly males) quickly at 4°C and then storing at 10 ± 1°C for up to four days prior to irradiation and shipment to the field. About 68 % of the males produced were available for sterilisation. During the 15-month period of production in support of the field experiments, 1·3 million puparia were produced; 0·6 million of these puparia were released at a production cost of $220 per thousand.
Integration of insect sterility and insecticides for control of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Tanzania. II. Methods of sterilisation, transportation and release of sterilised males
Authors: Williamson D. L. , Baumgartner H. H. , Mtuya A. G. , Gates D. B. , Cobb P. E. , Dame D. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSurplus puparia from a colony of about 50 000 females of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. provided males for sterilisation and release in an experimental assessment of the sterile insect technique in Tanzania. Excess males were stored late in the puparial stage at 10 ±1°C for up to four days prior to being irradiated at ambient temperatures in a nitrogen atmosphere with 11·8 krad in a radioactive caesium (137Cs) source. Puparia chilled at 8 ± 1°C were transported to the field release area twice weekly for manual release. At the release sites, the adults emerged synchronously within 60 min and were automatically marked as they crawled through sand containing fluorescent powder.
Studies on the flight of black-flies (Diptera:Simuliidae). II. Flight performance of three cytospecies in the complex of Simulium damnosum Theobald
Authors: Cooter R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe flight performance of three cytospecies from the West African complex of Simulium damnosum Theo. was tested under controlled laboratory conditions. A total of 293 individuals (174 of S. squamosum (End.), 65 of a new form of the subgroup of S. soubrense Vajime & Dunbar and S. sanctipauli Vajime & Dunbar and 54 of S. sirbanum Vajime & Dunbar) was tested on 526 occasions, of which 380 involved sucrose-fed insects, 65 water-only-fed insects, of both sexes, from laboratory-emerged stock and 81 blood-fed, wild-caught females. A high percentage of tests resulted in flights. Frequency distributions of both flight duration and distance flown were skewed, more flights being of short than of long duration. Sucrose-fed females and females caught wild at human bait generally flew well. Insects given access to water only made short flights, but S. sirbanum flew fairly well under these conditions. The recorded maximum flight durations and distances were 262 min (in a male) and 5·25 km (in a female) in S. squamosum, 282 min (in a male) and 6·15 km (in a male) in S. soubrense/sanctipauli, and 186 min (in a female) and 5 27 km (in a female) in S. sirbanum, all from sucrose-fed groups. Some insects were flown on several days up to 11 days after emergence. Some insects made long flights on one day but not on others. Further long flights could be induced on the same day if the insect was allowed access to sucrose solution prior to retesting. These results are discussed in relation to previous findings from S. ornatum Mg. s.l. and to the migration potential of the important vectors of onchocerciasis in West Africa.
Sticholotis chittagongi sp.n. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a predator on aphids on Ziziphus in Bangladesh
Authors: Vazirani T. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSticholotis chittagongi sp.n., reported as feeding on aphids infesting Ziziphus mauritiana in Bangladesh, is described. It is compared with S. amator Kapur from which it differs in size, shape of pronotum and male genitalic characters.
Bacterial odours as oviposition stimulants for Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), the Australian sheep blowfly
Authors: Emmens R. L. , Murray M. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExtracts from unsterile sheep fleeces seeded with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae or Bacillus subtilis equally stimulated oviposition by females of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.). However, with increasing length of incubation, significant differences emerged, the cultures of P. mirabilis, E. cloacae and B. subtilis becoming contaminated with increasing numbers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the responses of the flies to the culture extracts becoming greater. The maximum number of eggs was laid over four–g day–old cultures. The response was highly significant for Proteus mirabilis and E. cloacae but not significant for B. subtilis. Although contamination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa appeared to be the cause of the increased oviposition, pure P. aeruginosa cultures did not elicit high responses. The response to cultures of P. aeruginosa was apparently enhanced by interactions with other bacteria.
Phycita melongenae sp.n. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) associated with eggplant in West Africa
Authors: Aina J. O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA new species in the genus Phycita, the larva of which is a pest of eggplant in Nigeria and Senegal, is described and named P. melongenae sp.n. Notes on its biology and illustrations of the adult insect and genitalia of both sexes are given
Life–histories and host specificities of Ceutorhynchus geographicus (Goeze) and C. larvatus Schultze (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), potential biological control agents for Echium
Authors: Vayssières J. F. , Wapshere A. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe two weevils Ceutorhynchus geographicus (Goeze) and C. larvatus Schultze, which live and develop on Echium plantagineum (Boraginaceae) in the western Mediterranean regions, are potential biological control agents for this plant, which is an important weed in Australia. Adults bite holes in the leaves and petioles, but this damage is not great in comparison with that caused by their larvae, which mine the collar and root, causing massive necrosis and often the death of the plant. C. larvatus larvae are found especially in the aerial parts of the collar of the plant, while those of C. geographicus attack principally the rootstocks. Quarantine safety testing was based on plants selected by the criteria already used for the Echium leaf–miner Dialectica scalariella (Zell.), and it was confirmed that the two weevils would be safe and effective agents for the biological control of E. plantagineum in Australia.
Descriptions of Psectrosema spp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) reared from galls on Tamarix spp. in Pakistan, including four new species
Authors: Harris K. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIllustrated descriptions of galls, larvae, pupae and adults, with a diagnostic key, are given for five species of Psectrosema Kieffer (= Amblardiella Kieffer = Isosandalum Kieffer) collected from various species of Tamarix during field surveys of potential biocontrol agents undertaken by the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control in Pakistan. The genus Psectrosema is re-defined and the eleven species previously described from Europe, North Africa, India and Kazakhastan, USSR, are listed, mostly as new combinations. The five species recorded from Pakistan are P. manü nom. nov., stat. rev., comb. n. (= tamaricis Mani) from T. dioica; P. indicum sp.n. from T. indica; P. reticulatum sp.n. from T. hispida, T. androssowii and T. arceuthoides; P. unicornis sp.n. from T. dioica; and P. parvum sp.n. from T. indica.