bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The distribution of esterase enzymes in Ascaris lumbricoides
Authors: Lee D. L. 
Published: June 2009

1. The distribution of non-specific esterase and of cholinesterase in Ascaris lumbricoides has been determined using histochemical methods.2. Non-specific esterase has been shown to be present in the cuticle, in the walls of the excretory canals, in the innervation processes of the muscles, in the coelomocytes, in the oesophageal glands, in the intestine, in the rectal glands, in the male and female reproductive systems, in parts of the nervous system and as 'caps' of enzyme on fat globules in the hypodermis and muscles.3. Cholinesterase has been detected in the innervation processes and sheath of the muscles, in the sphincter muscles, in the intestine, in the sensory papillae and amphids, and in parts of the nervous system, including a nerve in the spicules.4. Parts of the nervous system and the innervation processes of the muscles contain an esterase which is not inhibited by cholinesterase inhibitors and it is suggested that there may be esterase, distinct from cholinesterase, involved in nerve transmission.5. Merocrine secretion of esterase has been observed in the intestine.
The metacercaria of a pleurolophocerca cercaria parasitizingPeringia ulvae(Pennant, 1777)
Authors: Rothschild Miriam 
Published: June 2009

The metacercaria shown in Fig. 1 was obtained in the laboratory from Gobies (Gobius ruthensparriEuphras.) experimentally infected with a Pleurolophocerca cercaria fromPeringia ulvae. This cercaria is regarded as the most interesting of all the Heterophyid larvae infecting this snail. It has been referred to briefly in a previous publication (Rothschild, 1938). It differs from typical Opisthorchid cercariae in the following characteristics:(1) The lateral fin-folds are continuous and extend the whole length of the tail. The dorso-ventral fin-fold is reduced.(2) The oesophagus and intestinal caeca (in addition to the pharynx) can be clearly made out.(3) The cuticle is more heavily spined.(4) The ventral sucker is better developed.(5) The penetration gland ducts (fourteen in number) are not arranged in such definite bundles.(6) Three acicular boring spines are present in the oral sucker.In other respects the cercaria possesses the usual characters of the group.
The intestinal protozoa of the wood-feeding roachPanesthia
Authors: Kidder George W. 
Published: June 2009

1. The Protozoa from the hindgut of the wood-feeding roachesPanesthia javanicaandP. spadicaare described.2. These Protozoa are to be regarded as commensals.3. They belong to three subphyla of the phylum Protozoa.4. Two are flagellates,Monocercomonoides panesthiaesp.nov. andHexamita cryptocerciCleveland.5. Two species ofEndamoebaare described,E. philippinensissp.nov. andE. javanicasp.nov., the former small and a bacteria feeder, the latter large and xylophagous.6. An unidentified amoeba was observed in one roach.7.Nyctotherus uichancoisp.nov. was found in the majority ofPanesthia javanicaand infrequently inP. spadica.8. Nine species of heterotrichous ciliates (Clevelandiagen.nov. andParaclevelandiagen.nov.) make up the family Clevelandiidae fam.nov.9. This family is characterized by the posterior position of the mouth which may occur at the end of a projection, varying in length. It is closely related to the family Plagiotomidae, to whichNyctotherusbelongs.10. A well-integrated neuromotor system is described in the family Clevelandiidae, being practically identical in all members.11. The relationships ofPanesthia, Cryptocercus, the domestic cockroaches, and the termites are discussed on the basis of their protozoan faunas.
On the function of the polar filament of Nosema bombycis
Authors: Ohshima Kaku 
Published: June 2009

Among the new facts discovered in the course of the writer's investigation on the function of the polar filament of the spore of Nosema bombycis (Ohshima, 1927), the following two are considered the most important:(1) As soon as its filament extrusion is accomplished in the midgut of a silkworm, the spore discharges a viscous fluid through the tube of the filament. This fluid remains hanging in a spherical shape at the extremity of the filament.(2) Both the polar filament and the viscous fluid are speedily digested by the digestive ferment of the silkworm in a few seconds.
A mathematical analysis of superparasitism by Collyria calcitrator Grav
Authors: Walker Marjory G. 
Published: June 2009

1. An outline of the life history of Cephus pygmaeus Linnaeus is given.2. The parasites of Cephus are listed and are discussed briefly in relation to the particular parasite Collyria calcitrator Gravenhorst.3. It is shown that if the host larvae collected from wheat-stubble in autumn are used for the investigation of the extent of parasitism by Collyria, allowance must be made for the fact that the parasite Pleurotropis benefica Gahan is intrinsically inferior to Collyria, and that its cocoons must represent hosts left unparasitized by Collyria.4. In summer the adults of Collyria emerge, on the whole, earlier than those of the host Cephus. This suggests that at the beginning of the season of oviposition there will be a scarcity of hosts in comparison with the numbers of parasites wishing to oviposit. The relative activity of host and parasite during the egg-laying period is worked out on hypotheses of the average length of life of the individuals, and is shown diagrammatically.5. The Cephus larvae travel down the stem and hibernate at the base. When the wheat is cut, a proportion of the larvae and their parasites are removed with the straw. The way in which this may prevent the stubble material from giving a true indication of the degree of parasitism in the population as a whole is discussed.6. On the basis that 3910 hosts receive 3600 parasites, various hypothetical distributions are worked out arithmetically in order to find which type of discrimination between healthy and parasitized hosts gives an arrangement of parasites most in agreement with what has been found for Collyria in Cephus. The most satisfactory result is that obtained when it is assumed that the probability of an already parasitized host being re-attacked varies with the proportion of parasitized hosts. It is also shown that a shortage of hosts at a time of parasite activity may cause a high degree of superparasitism, thus giving a false impression of the parasite's power of discrimination.7. Suggestions for further field work are given.
Studies onPenetrocephalus ganapatii, a new genus (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) from the marine teleostSaurida tumbil(Bloch)
Authors: Rao K. Hanumantha 
Published: June 2009

1. The character of the scolex, the long filamentous neck and the morphology of the proglottids are features which justify the establishment of a new genus,Penetrocephalus,to accommodate the pseudophyllid speciesP. ganapatii(=Both-riocephalus ganapatii(Rao, 1954),B. penetratus(Subhapradha, 1955)) from the marine teleostSaurida tumbilBloch, off Waltair, Bay of Bengal.2. The anatomy of the female reproductive system is described in detail, and a preliminary interpretation of the histochemistry of egg-shell formation is given.3. On the basis of histochemical tests it is suggested that Mehlis's gland, which surrounds the cellular ootype, secretes a phospholipid-like material which may aid in the release of shell precursors from the vitelline cells, but it does not form part of the shell. It appears also to be responsible for the synthesis of PAS-positive yolky matter found in these cells in the egg capsule. The functions of Mehlis's gland in helminths are discussed.4. In a majority of helminths where the egg-shell is a quinone-tanned protein, it is considered that it is solely if not entirely derived from shell globules in the vitelline cells.
The distribution of glycogen and fat in Thelastoma bulhõesi (Magalhães, 1900), a nematode parasitic in cockroaches
Authors: Lee D. L. 
Published: June 2009

1. The distribution of glycogen and fat in Thelastoma bulhõesi has been shown to be essentially the same as in Ascaris lumbricoides.2. The chief storage areas of glycogen are the muscle cells and the lateral lines, with smaller amounts in the dorsal and ventral lines, the intestine and the oesophagus.3. The chief storage areas of fat are the dorsal, ventral and lateral lines, the intestine, the oocytes, oogonia and ova.4. Fat has been found in the lumen of the intestine of several nematodes, especially in the males of Hammerschmidtiella diesingi after 24 hr. starvation.5. Both glycogen and fat in females of T. bulhõesi were considerably reduced, except in the gonads, after 12 days starvation.6. Staining whole mounts with oil red O was found to be the most convenient method of determining if the food reserves were being used or not.
Development of Carmyerius exoporus Maplestone (Trematoda: Gastrothylacidae) in a snail host
Authors: Dinnik J. A. , Dinnik N. N. 
Published: June 2009

The development of Carmyerius exoporus Maplestone in the snail Anisus nata-lensis Krauss is described with the emphasis laid on the redial and cercarial productivity of the rediae of the first and subsequent generations.The miracidium gives rise to one sporocyst. From 25 to 32 germinal cells present in the miracidium, only six to eleven develop into embryo balls in the sporocyst and, of these, only three to nine develop into rediae of the first generation.The redia of the first generation gives birth to daughter rediae and cercariae. No alternation in the development of redial and cercarial embryos was noted in the rediae of C. exoporus and a small number of redial embryos was observed to develop alongside the more numerous cercarial embryos throughout the life of the first generation rediae.The rediae of the second and subsequent generations also give birth to daughter rediae and cercariae.The cercariae leave their parent redia when they are still immature and continue the development in the snail tissue.
Invasion of the egg masses of the mollusc Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus, by larval chironomids
Authors: Pringle G. 
Published: June 2009

1. It has been observed that the larvae of four species of chironomid midges invade and destroy the contents of the egg masses of Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus in Amani lake, Tanganyika.2. There was no indication that this type of predation exercised any restraint on the density of adult snails.
Nuclear division in the trophic stages of Iodamoeba bütschlii (Prowazek, 1912) Dobell, 1919
Authors: Pan Chia-Tung 
Published: June 2009

1. Study of the nuclear morphology of a large number of haematoxylin-stained specimens of Iodamoeba bütschlii has permitted description of the process of nuclear division in this organism.2. The interphase nuclei of the trophozoites were classified into four types (types I to IV) depending on the distribution of the periendosomal granules. The development of the four types of interphase nuclei appears to follow the process of nuclear division.3. During the early prophase stages the periendosomal granules are incorporated into the endosome. More than twenty small granules are formed from the organizing endosome.4. In late metaphase stages more than ten, and probably twelve, granules can usually be counted per set of the daughter chromosomes.5. The centrodesmus may extend beyond the nuclear boundary during the anaphase stages, while the nuclear membrane appears intact.6. The periendosomal granules reappear by the end of telophase stages when the two daughter nuclei are nearly completely separated.7. In the freshly separated daughter cell the nucleus may still retain the trailing tail and appear tadpole-shaped, but the periendosomal granules are usually arranged like those in the type I interphase nucleus.8. The validity of the genus Iodamoeba is re-emphasized on the basis of the characteristic nuclear structures and the unique process of nuclear division as here described for I. bütschlii.
Dirofilaria aethiops Webber, 1955, a filarial parasite of monkeys I. The morphology of the adult worms and microfilariae
Authors: Webber Winfrith A. F. 
Published: June 2009

1. Dirofilaria aethiops Webber, 1955 has been discovered in African monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Adult worms were found in the interfascicular connective tissue, especially in the thighs; microfilariae were found in the blood.2. The adult worms are morphologically similar to other members of the genus, from which they differ principally in the structure of the spicules of the male worms. The thickening of the left spicule is complex at the twist; the latter is nearer to the proximal than to the distal end. The right spicule is robust and ends in a cap-like structure.3. The microfilariae are indistinguishable from those of other members of the genus.4. In Dirofilaria schoutedeni Vuylsteke & Rodhain, 1938 the left spicule is simpler in structure than the left spicule of D. aethiops, and the twist is nearer to the distal end than to the proximal end. The distal part of the right spicule of D. schoutedeni has longitudinal markings but no cap.5. D. aethiops has been recorded from Tanganyika, Uganda and Gambia, in Cercopithecus and Colobus monkeys.6. The anatomy of the female D. aethiops, as it is shown in serial sections, is briefly described.
On the family Parasubuluridae van den Berghe & Vuylsteke, 1938, and the subfamily Numidicinae López-Neyra, 1945 (Nematoda)
Authors: Inglis William G. 
Published: June 2009

1. Oxynema crassispiculum (Sonsino, 1889) has been redescribed and shown to possess two spicules.2. The genus Numidica Barreto, 1919 has been shown to be synonymous with the genus Oxynema von Linstow, 1899.3. The genus Oxynema has been redefined and a synonymic list is given of the species that it now contains.4. Oxynema typicum Kreis, 1940 is considered to be a species incertae sedis.5. Baylisnumidica petrodromi (Baylis, 1934) has been redescribed and shown to belong to the genus Parasubulura Berghe & Vuylsteke, 1938.6. The family Parasubuluridae is reduced to subfamily rank, and placed in the family Subuluridae.
studies on Entamoeba invadens Rodhain, 1934, in vitro, and its relationship to some other species of Entamoeba
Authors: McConnachie Elspeth W. 
Published: June 2009

1. Optimum growth of E. invadens occurred in HSre + S in the presence of Bact. coli, at 24–30° C. The amoebae could not be ‘trained’ to grow above 35° C.2. The amoebae ingested normal rat erythrocytes, but not those of chick or frog.3. Mass encystation occurred only under conditions which favoured the growth of the amoebae, but was not dependent on an acceleration in growth rate; in certain strains, an increased production of cysts was correlated with the depletion of starch in the medium.4. The amoebae were always killed by treatment with N/20-HCl for 1 hr. at room temperature, although usually they did not survive after treatment for only 10 min. At room temperature, the cysts survived treatment with N/10-HC1 for at least 6 days, and with 0·002% HgCl2 for at least 4 hr.5. The amoebae of E. invadens were adversely affected by aerobic conditions.6. The amoebae could survive for up to 35 days at 8° C. but for not more than 7 days at 37° C. The cysts survived for at least 14 days at 8° C., for 7, but not 11, days at 24° C., and for less than 7 days at 37° C.7. It is suggested that, in view of the morphological identity of E. aulastomi, E. invadens, E. moshkovskii and E. histolytica, and the fact that the amoebae of these groups form a series growing at increasingly higher temperatures, these four organisms constitute subspecies rather than full species. The taxonomic status of E. ranarum is still open to question.
Neurosecretory granules in the infective stage of Haemonchus contortus
Authors: Rogers W. P. 
Published: June 2009

Large numbers of electron-dense bodies, 700–1900 Å in diameter, usually seen each with its own limiting membrane, were found in axons of the ventral nerve of infective juveniles of H. contortus. Axons containing these granules merged, without limiting membranes, with a ‘light’, diffusely granular region, about 1·5–2 μm3. The ‘light’ area also merged without boundaries with the underlying cuticle which was different from the surrounding cuticle. This modified cuticle, of which the anterior border lies about 1·3 μm from the posterior edge of the excretory pore, extends slightly beyond the ‘light’ area. Otherwise it is a useful topographical marker for the extent of the ‘light’ area.It is considered that the ‘light’ region has a special role in the physiology of the cuticle.I wish to thank Mrs M. Ross for expert technical assistance and Mr R. I. Sommerville for valuable advice. This work was supported by a U.S. Public Health Service Grant, AI 04093–05. The use of the Siemens electron microscope was made possible by a grant from the Australian Research Grants Committee. Financial help from Parke, Davis and Co. (Australia) is also gratefully acknowledged.
Observations on the tissue and post-tissue larval development of Ascaridia dissimilis Vigeuras 1931, and a comparison with that of Ascaridia galli, in turkeys
Authors: Horton-Smith C. , Long P. L. , Lee D. L. 
Published: June 2009

A tissue phase of the nematode A. dissimilis has been demonstrated. The larvae enter the tissue soon after hatching and not, as previously thought, after 7 days.The growth rate of A. dissimilis in young poults has been studied. Sexual differentiation can be observed from the 14th day and sexual maturity occurs as early as 28 days after infection.From the recorded figures it is evident that A. dissimilis is not necessarily a smaller species than A. galli. The age of the host influences the development of maturity of the worms and probably the size of the nematodes as well. The largest female recorded here was 128 mm and the largest male was 77 mm when removed from a turkey 76 days after infection.The infectivity of A. dissimilis ova is not impaired after storage at room temperature in 1 % formalin for up to 237 days. Embryonation is complete in 9–10 days at 30 °C.It has been shown that chickens are probably refractory to A. dissimilis.We wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of Mr J. Brownbill, Mrs B. Fisher and Mr P. R. Mills.
The fine structure of the acanthor shell of Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala)
Authors: Stranack F. R. 
Published: June 2009

The fine structure of the shell formed round developing zygotes of an acanthocephalan has been described and compared with the descriptions from light microscopy. The origin of layer 1 from globules in the ovum has been postulated and a sequence of elaboration of the three shell layers has been suggested. The layers of the shell should continue to be numbered rather than labelled with descriptive terms until their origin and chemical composition have been established.I should like to thank the Avon and Dorset River Authority for collection of the fish.
Organization of frozen-etched Thelohania bracteata (Strickland, 1913) (Microsporida, Nosematidae) emphasizing the fine structure of the posterior vacuole
Authors: Liu T. P. , Davies D. M. 
Published: June 2009

This study examines the ultrastructure of the posterior vacuole in frozen-etched spores of Thelohania bracteata (Nosematidae), a microsporidian infecting the fat body of larval black-flies (Simuliidae). This organelle, considered important in providing intrasporal pressure for sporoplasm extrusion through the polar filament, has a double membrane with particles on its internal faces as revealed by the freeze-etching technique. The size and pattern of these particles differ from those in membranes of the polar filament and nucleus, and this difference may have functional significance. The posterior vacuole, and also the polaroplast, may originate from expanded sacs that occur in the immature spore. There is evidence from this study that there are many basic ultrastructural similarities between spores of different microsporidian species and that at least some reported differences are the result of varying techniques.We gratefully acknowledge the freeze-etching facilities provided by the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, McMaster University. The research was supported by Grant A-130 from the National Research Council of Canada.
Observations on the fine structural changes associated with schizogony and gametogony in Eimeria tenella
Authors: McLaren Diane J. 
Published: June 2009

Changes associated with schizogony and gametogony in Eimeria tenella have been studied by means of electron microscopy.In infections of E. tenella both small and large schizonts are formed, and in both cases merozoites are developed by a surface ‘budding’ mechanism. The final severance of the merozoite from the schizont appears to give rise to the dorsal pore of the merozoite. Newly formed merozoites contain structures which are absent in the mature organism.Early in microgametogony the nucleus of the microgametocyte divides repeatedly to produce a number of smaller nuclei which migrate peripherally in the cell. The chromatin aggregates into the peripheral part of each nucleus, which then elongates to form the nucleus of the of microgamete. That part of the gametocyte nucleus which is devoid of chromatin, probably gives rise to the perforatorium and three flagella of the gamete. Residual material is left in the gametocyte cytoplasm in the form of a gametogenic cyst.‘Wall-forming’ bodies are present in the earliest macrogametocyte and ‘dark bodies’ are developed later. After fertilization these bodies migrate to the periphery of the zygote. In E. tenella the oocyst wall is trilaminate. The limiting membrane of the zygote separates from the cell to become the outermost membrane of the cyst wall. The middle layer of the cyst wall is developed from the ‘dark bodies’, and the ‘wall forming’ bodies give rise to the inner layer of the oocyst wall.
The effect of host lactation on the self-cure of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in rats
Authors: Connan R. M. 
Published: June 2009

The primary infection of breeding female rates with N. brasiliensis was examined as an experimental model for the study of the effect of lactation on host-parasite relationships.Self-cure was inhibited when the period of infection corresponded with lactation, and a majority of worms could persist to day 34 when lactation was prolonged. A normal self-cure occurred during pregnancy, when litters were removed at birth or when the suckling litter was reduced to 3 young.
Egg size and desiccation survival in Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae)
Authors: Waller P. J. , Donald A. D. 
Published: June 2009

It has been shown that in samples of the eggs of T. colubriformis, the smaller eggs (i) have a greater probability of survival when incubated at fixed temperature and saturation deficit; (ii) require less time to develop and hatch when incubated in water at constant temperature, and (iii) have a greater surface area relative to volume, than do the larger eggs.A hypothetical basis for the relation between egg size and desiccation survival is briefly discussed.
Localization, length and reproduction in single- and multiple-worm infections of Echinostoma revolutum (Trematoda) in the chick
Authors: Fried B. , Alenick D. S. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYMono-metacercarial infections of Echinostoma revolutum in the domestic chick yielded 14- or 15-day-old worms that produced viable eggs, indicating that this species can self-fertilize under conditions which preclude cross-fertilization. In multiple infection studies, chicks were fed either 5 or 10 cysts and each infected chick contained 2–7 worms at necropsy 14 or 15 days later. Worms from multiple infections were mainly paired or clustered and they tended to locate more posteriorly in the intestine than single worms. Length measurements of single and multiple worms were similar. Both the number of eggs and the percentage of hatched eggs were considerably greater in multiple than in single infections.