bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Movement Patterns of American Shad Transported Upstream of Dams on the Roanoke River, North Carolina and Virginia
Authors: Harris Julianne E. , Hightower Joseph E. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
American shad Alosa sapidissima are in decline throughout much of their native range as a result of overfishing, pollution, and habitat alteration in coastal rivers where they spawn. One approach to restoration in regulated rivers is to provide access to historical spawning habitat above dams through a trap-and-transport program. We examined the initial survival, movement patterns, spawning, and downstream passage of sonic-tagged adult American shad transported to reservoir and riverine habitats upstream of hydroelectric dams on the Roanoke River, North Carolina and Virginia, during 2007–2009. Average survival to release in 2007–2008 was 85%, but survival decreased with increasing water temperature. Some tagged fish released in reservoirs migrated upstream to rivers; however, most meandered back and forth within the reservoir. A higher percentage of fish migrated through a smaller (8,215-ha) than a larger (20,234-ha) reservoir, suggesting that the population-level effects of transport may depend on upper basin characteristics. Transported American shad spent little time in upper basin rivers but were there when temperatures were appropriate for spawning. No American shad eggs were collected during weekly plankton sampling in upper basin rivers. The estimated initial survival of sonic-tagged American shad after downstream passage through each dam was 71–100%; however, only 1% of the detected fish migrated downstream through all three dams and many were relocated just upstream of a dam late in the season. Although adult American shad were successfully transported to upstream habitats in the Roanoke River basin, under present conditions transported individuals may have reduced effective fecundity and postspawning survival compared with nontransported fish that spawn in the lower Roanoke River.
Received August 8, 2010; accepted December 30, 2010
Evaluation of Hypotheses for Describing Temporal Trends in Atlantic Salmon Parr Densities in Northeast U.S. Rivers
Authors: Wagner Tyler , Sweka John A. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in the USA have declined dramatically and their persistence is heavily dependent on stocking juvenile fish, predominantly fry. The success of stocking hatchery fry is evaluated annually throughout New England by electrofishing surveys targeting age-1 parr. The objective of this study was to examine temporal trends in Atlantic salmon parr densities throughout New England and determine how trends vary among river basins. We fit generalized additive mixed models to investigate potential linear and nonlinear temporal trends in parr density. Akaike's information criterion was used to evaluate competing hypotheses about how temporal trends vary regionally. The top-ranked model suggested two types of trends. The first type (the Penobscot River) showed a nonlinear trend in which parr densities increased until the 1990s and then rapidly decreased through 2008. The second type (all other rivers) showed a linear decrease throughout the time series. Parr density trends reflected trends in spawning escapement for each river group. We conclude that fry stocking has not been able to overcome the decrease in spawning escapement in altered stream ecosystems in New England and that additional management strategies should be considered.
Received July 2, 2010; accepted January 9, 2011
Gill-Net Saturation in Lake Erie: Effects of Soak Time and Fish Accumulation on Catch per Unit Effort of Walleye and Yellow Perch
Authors: Li Yan , Jiao Yan , Reid Kevin 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Gill-net saturation was analyzed through a delta model (i.e., two-stage model) by examining the effects of soak time and fish accumulation (number of fish of all species enmeshed per square meter of a given gill net, including the species of interest) on catch per unit effort (CPUE) of walleyes Sander vitreus and yellow perch Perca flavescens in Lake Erie. The analysis was based on fishery-independent survey data for 1989–2003. In the delta model, the positive values of CPUE were estimated by a generalized additive model (GAM) assuming a log-gamma distribution, and the probability of obtaining nonzero values of CPUE was estimated by a GAM assuming a binomial distribution. Soak time and fish accumulation had significant effects on CPUE. The CPUE of walleyes decreased in gill nets soaked for 10 h and started to decline when fish accumulation was around 2 fish/m2. We did not observe a substantial decline in the CPUE of yellow perch within the soak time interval we examined, but we did observe a decline when fish accumulation was 6–8 fish/m2. The decline in CPUE with increasing soak time for walleyes and with increasing fish accumulation levels for both walleyes and yellow perch indicates that gill-net saturation did exist in Lake Erie gill-net surveys for these two species and that the gill nets were saturated faster by walleyes than by yellow perch. We suggest that gill-net saturation be considered when applying CPUE from gill-net surveys to stock assessment and that the generalized linear additive-based modeling approach be considered as an alternative in gill-net saturation analyses.
Received March 11, 2010; accepted January 6, 2011
Movement and Survival of Brown Trout and Rainbow Trout in an Ozark Tailwater River
Authors: Quinn Jeffrey W. , Kwak Thomas J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We evaluated the movement of adult brown trout Salmo trutta and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in relation to a catch-and-release area in the White River downstream from Beaver Dam, Arkansas. Nine fish of each species were implanted with radio transmitters and monitored from July 1996 to July 1997. The 1.5-km river length of a catch-and-release area (closed to angler harvest) was greater than the total linear range of 72% of the trout (13 of 18 fish), but it did not include two brown trout spawning riffles, suggesting that it effectively protects resident fish within the catch-and-release area except during spawning. The total detected linear range of movement varied from 172 to 3,559 m for brown trout and from 205 to 3,023 m for rainbow trout. The movements of both species appeared to be generally similar to that in unregulated river systems. The annual apparent survival of both trout species was less than 0.40, and exploitation was 44%. Management to protect fish on spawning riffles may be considered if management for wild brown trout becomes a priority.
Received August 31, 2010; accepted January 20, 2011
Verifying Identification of Salmon and Trout by Boat Anglers in Lake Ontario
Authors: Bowlby James N. , Savoie Paul J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We estimated how well anglers with varying levels of fishing experience identified six salmonid species during creel surveys of the boat angler fishery in Canadian waters of Lake Ontario (1995 and 1996). Anglers were asked to identify the species of their harvested salmon and trout. Angler identifications were compared with identifications made by creel survey technicians. In total, 583 noncharter anglers and 92 charter boat captains identified 1,098 and 271 fish, respectively. Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, rainbow trout O. mykiss, and lake trout Salvelinus namaycush dominated the observations. The greatest accuracy in identification by noncharter anglers was for lake trout (96%), followed by Chinook salmon (93%), rainbow trout (88%), brown trout Salmo trutta (85%), Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (67%), and coho salmon O. kisutch (60%). Identifications by charter captains were closer to identifications made by the creel survey technicians: accuracy for coho salmon and rainbow trout was 100%, followed by Chinook salmon (97%), lake trout (96%), and brown trout (86%). Noncharter anglers with over 8 years of salmonid angling experience on Lake Ontario identified coho salmon more accurately (79%) than anglers with fewer years of experience (18%). Noncharter anglers’ fishing experience had no relationship with identification accuracy for species other than coho salmon; angling experience among charter captains had no effect on identification accuracy for any species. Among Chinook salmon, accurately identified individuals were significantly larger than misidentified fish. Size probably plays a role in identification of Chinook salmon as they are the largest salmonids in the fishery. Accurate identification of salmonids in Lake Ontario allows Ontario fisheries biologists to use catch rates with confidence, and these results may be applicable on a widespread basis throughout the Great Lakes.
Received April 7, 2010; accepted January 1, 2011
Site Fidelity and Movement of Eight Species of Pacific Rockfish at a High-Relief Rocky Reef on the Oregon Coast
Authors: Hannah Robert W. , Rankin Polly S. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We used acoustic telemetry techniques to study the movements of eight species of Pacific rockfish (genus Sebastes) inhabiting Siletz Reef, a high-relief rocky reef complex on the Oregon coast. Our primary interest was evaluating potential residence times for rockfish species in small, no-take marine protected areas (MPAs) like those recently designated for Oregon waters (337–1,502 ha). We tagged 6 black rockfish S. melanops, 31 canary rockfish S. pinniger, 9 yelloweye rockfish S. ruberrimus, 5 quillback rockfish S. maliger, and 2 copper rockfish S. caurinus, along with single specimens of china rockfish S. nebulosus, vermilion rockfish S. miniatus, and tiger rockfish S. nigrocinctus, and monitored their movements with a large (about 5,200-ha) receiver grid for over a year. Canary rockfish showed low site fidelity and wide-ranging movements that exceeded the scale of our detection grid and a wide range of vertical movements (up to 27 m). Quillback, vermilion, tiger, china, and some yelloweye rockfish showed high site fidelity, being detected only at one or two nearby receivers for a full year. The range of vertical movements of yelloweye, quillback, vermilion, and tiger rockfish was small, ranging from only 2–3 m for the single tiger rockfish to 3–13 m for four of the quillback rockfish. Black and copper rockfish showed site fidelity that was intermediate between that of canary rockfish and the other species. Black and copper rockfish showed a wide range in vertical movements (10–35 m and 2–33 m, respectively) within a month. Our results suggest that small, no-take MPAs located on high-relief rocky reefs would provide minimal protection for canary rockfish, some protection for black and copper rockfish, and greater protection for quillback, vermilion, tiger, and some yelloweye rockfish.
Received April 2, 2010; accepted February 21, 2011
Long-Term PIT and T-Bar Anchor Tag Retention Rates in Adult Muskellunge
Authors: Rude Neil P. , Whitledge Gregory W. , Phelps Quinton E. , Hirst Shawn 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Mark–recapture studies require knowledge of tag retention rates specific to the tag types, fish species and size, and study duration. We determined the probability of tag loss for passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags implanted into dorsal musculature, T-bar anchor tags attached to dorsal pterygiophores, and both tags in relation to years posttagging for double-marked adult muskellunge Esox masquinongy over a 10-year period. We also used PIT tags as a benchmark to assess the interactive effects of fish length at tagging, sex, and years posttagging on T-bar anchor tag loss rates. Only five instances of PIT tag loss were identified; the calculated probability of a fish's losing its PIT tag was consistently less than 1.0% for up to 10 years posttagging. The probability of T-bar anchor tag loss by muskellunge was related to both the number of years posttagging and the total length (TL) of the fish at tagging. The T-bar anchor tag loss rate 1 year after tagging was 6.5%. Individuals of less than 750 mm TL at tagging had anchor tag loss rates less than 10% for up to 6 years after tagging. However, the proportion of fish losing T-bar anchor tags steadily increased with increasing years posttagging (∼30% after 6 years) for larger muskellunge. Fish gender did not influence the probability of T-bar anchor tag loss. Our results indicate that T-bar anchor tags are best suited for short-term applications (≤1 year) involving adult muskellunge. We recommend use of PIT tags for longer-term tagging studies, particularly for muskellunge larger than 750 mm TL.
Received November 19, 2010; accepted March 28, 2011
Predicting Fish Assemblages from Substrate Variation in a Turbid River: Grab Samples Compared with Pole Probing
Authors: Pritchett Jennifer , Pyron Mark 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We tested two substrate quantification methods at 28 500-m-long sites in the Wabash River in 2008. We predicted boat electrofishing collections of fish using substrate characterization based on grab samples and pole probing. Our approach was to compare discrete scores with a nonparametric approach and use canonical correspondence analyses to analyze alternative substrate quantification methods to predict fish assemblage structure. There was no difference in the ranks of grab and pole samples. Both substrate quantification approaches provided reasonable predictions of fish assemblage variation. Mantel tests were used as an additional method of comparing the two substrate methods for concordance with fish assemblages. We suggest that the pole method is most cost effective because it does not require additional time for laboratory processing.
Received August 6, 2010; accepted April 21, 2011
Relative Performance of Diploid and Triploid Catchable Rainbow Trout Stocked in Idaho Lakes and Reservoirs
Authors: Koenig Martin K. , Meyer Kevin A. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Idaho Department of Fish and Game hatcheries stock predominantly sterile triploid (3n) rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to provide sportfishing opportunities while minimizing the genetic risks to wild stocks. Triploid catchable-sized rainbow trout are stocked in over 500 water bodies across Idaho annually, but there remains some uncertainty regarding the performance of triploid rainbow trout relative to their diploid (2n) counterparts. We examined the relative survival, growth, and returns of diploid and triploid all-female catchable rainbow trout across 13 lakes and reservoirs. Most reservoirs showed higher returns of 2n rainbow trout to anglers. In 2008, 3n rainbow trout returned on average at only 72% and 81% of the rates of 2n trout in gill nets and snout collection boxes, respectively, and the difference for both methods was statistically significant. Carryover of marked rainbow trout from 2008 was low or zero in most reservoirs. Where there was carryover, snout collection boxes suggested that 3n rainbow trout returned to anglers at 71% of the rate of 2n rainbow trout in the second year after planting, but the difference was not statistically significant. Triploid rainbow trout did not show any growth advantages over 2n rainbow trout but were similar in length, weight, and dressed weight. The disparity in returns between 2n and 3n trout varied across reservoirs but was more pronounced in locations subjected to greater drawdown and with greater species diversity. While 2n rainbow trout may grow and survive better in reservoirs subject to low water levels, triploid rainbow trout may perform equally well under good habitat conditions while not having genetic impacts on native stocks. These findings are rather fortuitous for fisheries managers, as triploids probably perform better in higher-quality habitats where native trout often exist, whereas diploids are better suited to reservoirs with degraded habitats where native stocks have usually been extirpated.
Received September 14, 2010; accepted May 18, 2011
Biology, Status, and Management of the Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout
Authors: Gresswell Robert E. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri were historically distributed in the Yellowstone River drainage (Montana and Wyoming) and the Snake River drainage (Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, and probably Washington). Individual populations evolved distinct life history characteristics in response to the diverse environments in which they were isolated after the last glaciation. Anthropogenic activities have resulted in a substantial decline (42% of the historical range is currently occupied; 28% is occupied by core [genetically unaltered] populations), but the number of extant populations, especially in headwater streams, has precluded listing of this taxon under the Endangered Species Act. Primary threats to persistence of Yellowstone cutthroat trout include (1) invasive species, resulting in hybridization, predation, disease, and interspecific competition; (2) habitat degradation from human activities such as agricultural practices, water diversions, grazing, dam construction, mineral extraction, grazing, timber harvest, and road construction; and (3) climate change, including an escalating risk of drought, wildfire, winter flooding, and rising temperatures. Extirpation of individual populations or assemblages has led to increasing isolation and fragmentation of remaining groups, which in turn raises susceptibility to the demographic influences of disturbance (both human and stochastic) and genetic factors. Primary conservation strategies include (1) preventing risks associated with invasive species by isolating populations of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and (2) connecting occupied habitats (where possible) to preserve metapopulation function and the expression of multiple life histories. Because persistence of isolated populations may be greater in the short term, current management is focused on isolating individual populations and restoring habitats; however, this approach implies that humans will act as dispersal agents if a population is extirpated because of stochastic events.
Received August 19, 2010; accepted April 28, 2011
Coarse Woody Habitat, Lakeshore Residential Development, and Largemouth Bass Nesting Behavior
Authors: Lawson Zach J. , Gaeta Jereme W. , Carpenter Stephen R. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Lakeshore residential development (LRD) is associated with both low riparian tree density and reduced structural complexity of the littoral zone. Fallen trees from riparian zones (coarse woody habitat [CWH]) provide littoral structure for fish refuge, substrate for invertebrate production, and habitat for nesting fish. We performed a subsurface viewing and snorkel survey comparing the spawning behavior of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in six lakes that span the known regional gradients of CWH and LRD in Wisconsin's Northern Highlands Lake District. We tested for differences in the water depth at nest sites and the nest distance to littoral structures (including every dock encountered) among lakes with contrasting CWH or LRD density. Largemouth bass nested under or near CWH in lakes with high CWH density. In lakes with low CWH, many males nested near CWH; however, nests contained smaller pieces of wood and were established in deeper water within low-CWH lakes than within high-CWH lakes. No nests were closer to a dock than to CWH, which suggested that docks do not act as surrogates for CWH. Habitat alterations associated with LRD significantly affect largemouth bass nest site location, and an understanding of these impacts will be important for maintaining viable populations of this prized game fish as LRD pressures expand.
Received November 16, 2010; accepted May 11, 2011
Habitat Use by Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Nearshore Areas of Lake Washington: Effects of Depth, Lakeshore Development, Substrate, and Vegetation
Authors: Tabor Roger A. , Fresh Kurt L. , Piaskowski Richard M. , Gearns Howard A. , Hayes Daniel B. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in nearshore areas of Lake Washington, Washington, were studied to determine their depth distribution, substrate associations, and use of overhanging vegetation (OHV) and shoreline armoring. From March to May, juvenile Chinook salmon progressively shifted to deeper waters as they increased in size. At night, they were associated with small substrates, whereas no association with a particular substrate type was detected during daytime. Juveniles were commonly found in open areas or within 5 m of overwater structures (e.g., piers and docks) but were rarely found directly under such structures. The number of juveniles associated with armored shorelines was lower than expected given the availability of this habitat type. Large numbers of small juveniles often used OHV during the day; however, at night they moved away from cover and occupied open areas with no structure. Larger juveniles did not show a strong affinity to overhead cover. Our results suggest that continued development of the Lake Washington shoreline has the potential to restrict the amount of habitat that is useable by the Chinook salmon. They used shallow shoreline areas with fine substrates (sands and gravels), including both open beaches and areas with riparian vegetation for providing woody debris and OHV. These types of habitat features tend to be reduced as a result of lakeshore development. We hypothesize that habitat use by juvenile Chinook salmon was most likely being driven by predation risk. Habitat changes resulting from shoreline development could therefore potentially increase their vulnerability to predators.
Received November 30, 2010; accepted June 1, 2011
A Proposed Change to Palmetto Bass Proportional Size Distribution Length Categories
Authors: Dumont Spencer C. , Neely Ben C. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Palmetto bass (female striped bass Morone saxatilis × male white bass M. chrysops) are an important sport fish in the Southeast and Midwest regions of the United States. Because palmetto bass populations must be established and maintained by regular stocking, population assessments are necessary to evaluate and refine stocking plans. A commonly used metric for fish population assessment is the proportional size distribution (PSD). However, the value of this metric is limited for palmetto bass because the original lengths designated for the stock (8 in), quality (12 in), preferred (15 in), memorable (20 in), and trophy length categories (25 in) were based on the old world-record length of 31 in, which is much shorter than the current length of 39 in. Thus, new lengths of 10, 16, 20, 24, and 28 in are proposed for assessing palmetto bass populations via PSD indices. These proposed lengths more accurately reflect the maximal length and life history characteristics (i.e., fast growing, short lived, and seldom stunting) of palmetto bass than the current PSD length categories. With the proposed length categories, PSD estimates are likely to provide a more useful index of the growth, mortality, and recruitment of palmetto bass and improve communication among fisheries managers.
Received February 21, 2011; accepted May 8, 2011