bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Analysis of Complex Population Processes
Authors: Holling C. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPopulation ecology requires realistic and precise analyses of whole systems, or processes, and not just fragments of them. This poses some difficult problems because of the distinctive complexity of these processes. Recent studies of predation have shown, however, that it is possible to achieve great analytical depth and to simulate whole systems in the form of realistic and precise mathematical models. This is accomplished by ignoring the degree of simplicity traditionally required of population models and by emphasizing the need for reality. Extensive experimentation is required to suggest and test possible explanations for the action of each component of the process so that the explanation evolves in gradual steps to include one component after another. The form of the explanation and the resulting equations is hence dictated by the process itself and not by the need for mathematical neatness. The considerable complexity of the predation model arose from features common to many biological processes i.e. the prevalence of limits and thresholds, the presence of important discontinuities and the historical character of biological events. These features can be analyzed effectively only by establishing an intimate feed-back between experiment and theory. Mathematical models incorporating these features are admirably solved using digital computers. Computers, and the languages used to program them, seem to be ideally suited to handle the distinctive type of complexity shown by population processes.
The Value of Historical Data in Population Research, with Particular Reference to Hyphantria cunea Drury
Authors: Morris R. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThree different types of historical population data on the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury, are examined graphically. Oscillations in population density have peaks at intervals varying from 8 to 16 years, and are generally synchronous over very large areas in eastern and central Canada. Temperature in late summer is a key factor affecting the rate of change in density, particularly during the development of gradations, and this explains the synchronism of the oscillations. Climate and vegetation appear to be the main factors determining differences in mean density from one area to another. However, oscillations about the mean density have discrete limits, which are usually below the limits imposed by the food supply even where climate is generally favorable, and population decline often occurs despite favorable weather. These limits are imposed by other factors, such as the parasite Campoplex validus Cress. which has a delayed response to webworm density in eastern Canada.It is concluded that similar analyses for other insects, perhaps based on the sort of data being accumulated each year by the Forest Insect Survey, would contribute to the development of population principles and would suggest many useful short-cuts when more intensive work is undertaken on additional species.
Problems and Trends in Systematics
Authors: Munroe Eugene 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAmong the purposes of classification are association and relocation of data, expression of degrees of similarity, prediction of unobserved data, and expression of functional relationships. Classification must conform to the characteristics of the organism classified and also to the thought processes of the classifier. Analysis reveals hidden patterns and acts as a check on intuition, which though valuable is of uneven reliability.The Linnaean system is well adapted to modern needs, though we have had to modify its theoretical basis. Modern information may force us to a fundamentally different system at levels at and below that of the Linnaean species.The data of conventional taxonomy are voluminous, but the obvious need for using more characters greatly increases the problem of recording and processing information. All characters, morphological or otherwise, of a species have potential taxonomic value. The latter are often less convenient but may yield special information.Functional relationships must be distinguished from non-morphological characters. There is a problem of harmonizing classifications based on functional relationships with those based on similarity and difference of attributes. This problem takes different forms at the species level and at the level of higher categories.The strategy of systematic investigation is influenced by the purpose. For identification a simple array of characters, in a dichotomous table, may be adequate. Such tables are well adapted to digital-computer operations. Where large arrays of characters are to be studied, as where functional relationships, variation or capabilities of organisms are important, time becomes critical, and priority should be given to characters that can be observed quickly or that are known to be specially informative. Methods of multivariate analysis are being applied increasingly in systematics. Methods using unweighted arrays of homologous characters are likely to be supplanted by those that permit controlled weighting, use of nonhomologous characters, and incorporation of sequential and functional relationships. Electronic computers will permit study of problems that would formerly have been too large or complicated. Trained observers will have to provide data, but special types of information, such as chromatograms, electrophoretic and serological observations, and biogeographic data, might be read automatically into a computer. With increased complexity and automation of computer operation, sound initial planning and checking will become more important. The whole subject of systematist-computer relationships needs experience, careful thought, and perhaps a reorientation of attitudes.Systematics is an approach to biology rather than a department of it; it is intimately related to evolutionary genetic studies, and is in this generation uniting with them in a general science of population biology. Perhaps in the next generation population biology and individual biology will be united in an integrated body of biological science.
The Morphology and Functions of the Reproductive Systems of Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Cerezke H. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe male and female reproductive organs of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk. are described, and interpretations given for functions of the parts on the basis of activity during mating, sperm transfer, egg formation and ovulation. Some morphological changes of the reproductive organs during the adult life cycle are also noted.Three pairs of accessory glands associated with spermatophore production are evident in the male beetle. One of these was previously termed the seminal vesicles. A complex musculature operates the male genital organ during copulation. The female organs have four telotrophic ovarioles with a posterior calyx region that has a possible secretory function. Evidence indicates that organs previously termed "colleterial glands" have a digestive and reabsorbing function. The bursa copulatrix may be more closely allied with the function of the accessory glands than with the mating process. Parts of the spermatheca have been more precisely defined according to function.
A Redescription of Aceodromus Muma and its Transfer to the Blattisociinae (Acarina: Blattisociidae)
Authors: Lindquist Evert E. , Chant D. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe genus Aceodromus is redefined on the basis of the type species, A. convolvuli Muma, and a new species, A. asternalis, both of which are described and illustrated. The subfamily Aceodrominae Muma is removed from the Phytoseiidae and synonymized under the subfamily Blattisociinae (Blattisociidae), and reasons for this action are discussed.
Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Agricultural Lands near Belleville, Ontario
Authors: Rivard I. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCarabid beetles found in agricultural lands in the Belleville district in 1959-62 are listed, together with notes on their habitats, relative abundance, and months of occurrence. Twelve of the 159 recorded species were sufficiently numerous to warrant investigations on their possible use as control agents for particular crop insect pests.
A New Species of Pineus (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on Abies
Authors: Underwood G. R. , Balch R. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA new anholocyclic species from the coastal region of western North America on Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes and A. grandis (Dougl.) Lindl. is described. This is the first species of Pineus found on true firs.
The Rhagio dimidiatus Group in Western North America (Diptera, Rhagionidae)
Authors: James Maurice T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Rhagio dimidiatus group in western North America consists of four species, all but one polytypic. Traditional taxonomic procedure has not been successfully applied to this complex, since the component taxa are variable and often poorly defined. Consequently, a quantitative approach, involving deme-by-deme comparison on the basis of the ten most significant differentiating characters, and interpreted in the light of geographic distribution, is used. The group is reviewed, a key presented, and the included forms described. New taxa are: R. maculifer styx, Montana, R. m. byersi, California, R. expansus expansus, Oregon, California, and R. e. franciscanus, California. R. dimidiatus albibarbis (Bigot) and R. maculifer concavus Leonard are given new status as subspecies.
The Development of Pineus strobi (Hartig) (Adelginae, Phylloxeridae) on White Pine and Black Spruce
Authors: Raske Arthur G. , Hudson Alexander C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPineus strobi (Htg.) feeds on eastern white pine, where the sedentary apterous form reproduces itself repeatedly without the sexual form. The insects overwinter as immature females mostly in the third instar. Some eggs laid in spring produce winged forms, but most eggs produce apterous forms. Winged forms migrate to black spruce where they settle on the needles, lay eggs, and then die. The eggs hatch, but the immatures soon perish. On pine the crawler stage is the only one, except the adult alate form, that is capable of dispersing. In 1960 the bulk of the population passed through five generations. Although P. strobi can survive in shady areas, it is not found on bark exposed to sunlight for long periods because air temperatures of 30 °C. or above are unfavorable to it. The mouthparts are inserted intracellularly and extend at least into the outer tissues of the live phloem. During the summer, populations of P. strobi were extremely small due to predation. The three commonest insect predators were: Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls., Microweisea marginata LeC. and Leucopis simplex Loew. Other associated organisms had little effect.
Cold-Hardiness, Habitat and Winter Survival of Some Orchard Arthropods in Nova Scotia
Authors: MacPhee A. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn Kings County, Nova Scotia, low temperatures in the coldest nights of winter can differ by as much as 10°F. from one area to another. This has an important bearing on winter survival of some arthropods. Overwintering sites of orchard arthropods range from exposed situations which remain at air temperature to well protected ones on the ground where temperatures rarely go below 20°F. The cold-hardiness of each of 24 species of arthropods was measured: seven were sufficiently cold-hardy to survive any winter conditions in Nova Scotia, five were less cold-hardy but overwinter in well protected sites and twelve had marginal cold-hardiness, their mortality varying with the winter and the locality.
Resistance to Cyclodiene Insecticides in Root Maggots Infesting Tobacco
Authors: Telford J. N. , Brown A. W. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA study was made of the resistance to cyclodiene insecticides in the root maggots H. cilicrura and H. liturata infesting tobacco in southwestern Ontario; the resistance tests were made with dieldrin by the WHO impregnated-paper method. Field-collected adults classifiable as H. liturata showed a dieldrin-resistance which did not extend to DDT; the few F1 offspring obtainable by laboratory rearing were highly dieldrin-resistant. A strain of H. cilicrura originating from a collection of both species made at Delhi in 1960, and considered at the time to be dieldrin-resistant, proved to be just as susceptible to dieldrin as the Chatham laboratory strain. Individuals of H. cilicrura admixed with dieldrin-resistant H. liturata in a collection made at St. Thomas in August 1962 were all susceptible. The hypothesis is offered that the reversal in the proportions of the two species on tobacco in recent years is partly due to a difference between them in that H. liturata is capable of cyclodiene-resistance whereas H. cilicrura is not.
The Cocoon of the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera L.
Authors: Jay S. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDuring cocoon construction the predominant movement made by larvae of the three honey bee castes is a forward somersault which is made dorsal side outermost. Worker, drone, and queen larvae complete one somersault in 52, 46 or 67 (at two different times), and 32 minutes respectively with the total number of somersaults made during cocoon construction being 27-37, 40-50, and 40-80 respectively; the larvae take 37, 54, and 30 hours respectively to complete their cocoons. Weight changes of larvae before and after the cocoons are made are given.Worker and drone larvae build completely enclosed cocoons directly on the side walls and end walls of cells, but queen larvae leave spaces between the cappings and the cocoons and do not cover the bases of their cells with cocoon material.Cocoons consist of silk gland secretion (in thin sheets and threads), a colourless material, a light yellow material, and a more solid brown material (faeces); the last three are discharged from the larval anus. When, how, and where these various secretions and excretions are placed in the cocoon, and their probable origins, are described. Possibly some brood food is incorporated into the cocoon but skin secretions or larval blood are not.
Borborids (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) infesting Sewage Disposal Tanks, with Notes on the Life Cycle, Behaviour and Control ofLeptocera(Leptocera)caenosa(Rondani)
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H. , Taylor M. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA unique problem involving borborid infestations in modern septic sewage-disposal tanks is described. Two species,Leptocera(Leptocera)caenosa(Rondani) andL. (Limosina)empirica(Hutton) are new to North America. A third, yet undetermined, is related toL. (Limosina)gracilipennisSpul.Adults emerging from tanks in new schools sometimes blackened lavatory windows. Domestic septic tanks were seldom infested and chemical tanks never infested. Factors responsible, prevention and control are discussed. The main pest species,L.caenosa, was cultured. At about 72°F. the egg stage lasted about 48 hrs. and the larval and pupal stages 7 or more days each. In a humid atmosphere males survived up to 32 days and females 79 days. Fertile eggs were laid as late as 47 days after mating, with a maximum of more than 1300 eggs per female. Observations, including olfactometer tests, indicated thatL.caenosashould not initiate a public health problem.
Chlamisus cribripennis (Lec.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a New Pest of Blueberries in Nova Scotia
Authors: Ellis C. R. , LeRoux E. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis report constitutes the first mention of Chlamisus cribripennis (Lec.) in Nova Scotia and its first mention as an economically important pest of blueberries in Canada. Also included are observations on the life history, parasitism, and laboratory rearing of this species.
A New Subgenus of Ammophila from the Neotropical Region (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
Authors: Menke A. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA new subgenus is proposed for the following species of Ammophila: opulenta Guérin-Méneville, melanaria Dahlbom, binodis (Fabricius), aureonotata Cameron, catamarcensis Schrottky, willinki Menke, eximia Lepeletier, auromaculata Perez, and asperata Fox. A key to species is provided, with comparative and distributional notes. Ammophila willinki from Argentina and Brazil is described as new. Lectotypes are established for the following species: A. bimaculigera Strand, A. melanaria Dahlbom, A. miliaris Cameron, A. iridipennis Cameron, A. aureonotata Cameron, and A. asperata Fox. The following new synonymy is proposed: A. bimaculigera Strand (= opulenta Guérin-Méneville); A. lobicollis Cameron (= melanaria Dahlbom); Pelopoeus abbreviatus Fabricius, A. guiana Cameron, A. oxystoma Cameron (= binodis (Fabricius)); A. eugenia Smith, Sphex nigrocinctus Fernald, A. friedrichi Schrottky, A. trimaculigera Strand (= eximia Lepeletier); A. giacomellii Schrottky, (= auromaculata Perez); A. miliaris Cameron, A. iridipennis Cameron, A. velutina Schrottky (?= melanaria Dahlbom).
Some Biological Control Aspects of Taxonomy Exemplified by the Genus Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
Authors: Flanders S. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe biological control of agricultural pests is not dependent on the specific identification of the natural enemies employed if their host relations are known. Such identification is often made after the natural enemies are imported and established in a new habitat. This is well exemplified by the genus Aphytis, a genus notable for species that consist of “host-controlling” and “non-host-controlling” races and for certain species that, after importation from South China into California and Israel, were colonized by two methods, direct and indirect. The direct method is characterized by the “screening out” of species in the field, the indirect method by the “screening out” of species in the laboratory.
Life History and Habits of a Midge, Phytophaga thujae Hedlin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Western Red Cedar Cones
Authors: Hedlin A. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe midge, Phytophaga thujae Hedlin, is a common pest in cones of western red cedar, Thuja plicata Donn. In some years nearly 100% of cones in localities on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, are infested.Adults emerge in March and April to oviposit on young cones. Eggs hatch during April and May. Larvae feed on seeds and scales, and in late summer spin cocoons in the cones, in which to overwinter. Prepupal and pupal development occur during winter.Mortality factors include parasites and competition. Species of Torymus and Tetrastichus parasitize larvae of the midge. In years of severe infestation, competition in early stages can cause considerable mortality.A portion of the population may remain in diapause in the larval stage each year.
Further Notes on the Genus Evylaeus Robertson (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
Authors: Knerer G. , Atwood C. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMining bees of the genus Evylaeus are remarkable in that their behaviour ranges from a strictly solitary to a complex social level. Knowledge of the many sexually dimorphic species is fragmentary, and the present paper describes one new species from northern Ontario and associates the sexes in two others. Biological notes and the illustration of male terminalia of closely related species are presented to facilitate their separation.
L'Élevage du Puceron du Pois sur une Diète Artificielle de Composition Chimique Connue
Authors: Auclair J. L. , Cartier J. J. 
Published: December 2009

La diète se compose du sucrose, de 23 acides aminés et amides dont les proportions ont été établies à la suite de l'analyse de l'hémolymphe et du miellat du puceron, de dix vitamines du complexe B, d'acide ascorbique, de benzoate de cholestérol et d'un mélange de sels, le tout en solution dans l'eau.Sur cette diéte, les pucerons du pois du biotype R1 se développent normalement, ont une croissance larvaire légèrement inférieure à celle des pucerons témoins maintenus sur des pois de la variété Perfection et presque tous atteignent l'état adulte sans mortalité.
Some Maternal Influences on Progeny Quality in the Western Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar)
Authors: Wellington W. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe different types of individuals among the progeny of the western tent caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar), are concentrated in different parts of the egg mass. The most agile progeny come from some of the first eggs laid, and the least viable are among the last deposited. There is evidence that this serial arrangement stems from unequal partitioning of the maternal food reserves during egg production: a relationship similar to that recently demonstrated in the spruce budworm by I. M. Campbell. In M. pluviale, however, there also is evidence that the differences in feeding rate and food capacity displayed by the different types of females during their own larval stage affect the proportions of the various types of progeny per egg mass as well as the viability of consecutive groups of eggs within the mass. Although these maternal influences are not heritable in the usual genetic sense, they are clearly transmissible between generations. And field studies have shown that their more adverse consequences for local populations are cumulative and ultimately lethal.
A New Genus, New Species and Previously Undescribed Morphs of Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Robinson A. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA new genus,Pseudasiphonaphis, is described, with type speciesAsiphonaphis anogisHottes and Frison, 1931. Two new species are described,Macrosiphum olmsteadifromAsterspp., andMacrosiphum(Sitobion)manitobensisfromCornus stoloniferaMichx. Descriptions of previously undescribed fundatrix, ovipara and male ofMasonaphis wahnaga(Hottes), and ovipara and male ofDactynotus richardsiRobinson are also given.
Diaphnidia Uhler and Diaphnocoris Kelton in North America (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDiaphnidia richardsi n. sp. is described. Orthotylus chlorionis (Say) and O. ulmi Knight are transferred to Diaphnocoris Kelton n. comb. Orthotylus translucens Tucker is a synonym of Diaphnocoris provancheri (Burque) n. syn. Diaphnidia capitata Van D. (= Diaphnocoris capitata, Kelton 1961) is transferred to Paraproba Distant n. comb. Species are keyed and male genitalia are illustrated.
Density and Spatial Relationships Between a Wasp Parasite and Its Housefly Host
Authors: Madden John L. , Pimentel David 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe density and spatial relationship between the wasp parasite, Nasonia vitripennis, and the housefly host, Musca domestica, were investigated. As parasite dispersion decreased in a defined space, parasitism increased from 30 to 76% and host survival decreased from an average of 65.0 to 18.9%. The number of host pupae producing parasite progeny and the survival of host pupae decreased as the proportion of small host pupae increased. With host numbers increasing and parasite numbers constant, the mean number of eggs deposited per host increased significantly from 31.25 to 87.25 and the number of stings increased from 2.25 to 8.00. As parasite density increased and host number remained constant, the number of hosts which were nor attacked declined from a mean of 2.2 with 1 parasite to none with 32 parasites. Host survival declined from about 50% at the 1:8 ratio of female parasites to hosts to no survival at the 2:1 ratio.