bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) in PKU: effect on dietary treatment, metabolic control, and quality of life
Authors: Ziesch B. , Weigel J. , Thiele A. , Mütze U. , Rohde C. , Ceglarek U. , Thiery J. , Kiess W. , Beblo S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundTetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)‐sensitive phenylketonuria (PKU) can be treated with sapropterin dihydrochloride. We studied metabolic control and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in PKU patients treated with BH4.Subjects and methodsBased on the review of neonatal BH4 test results and mutation analysis in 41 PKU patients, 19 were identified as potentially BH4‐sensitive (9 females, 10 males, age 4–18 years). We analyzed phenylalanine (phe) concentrations in dried blood samples, nutrition protocols, and HRQoL questionnaires (KINDL®) beginning from 1 year before, during the first 42 days, and after 3 months of BH4 therapy.ResultsEight BH4‐sensitive patients increased their phe tolerance (629 ± 476 vs. 2131 ± 1084 mg, p = 0.006) while maintaining good metabolic control (phe concentration in dried blood 283 ± 145 vs. 304 ± 136 μM, p = 1.0). Six of them were able to stop dietary protein restriction entirely. BH4‐sensitive patients had average HRQoL scores that were comparable to age‐matched healthy children. There was no improvement in HRQoL scores after replacing classic dietary treatment with BH4 supply, although personal reports given by the patients and their parents suggest that available questionnaires are inappropriate to detect aspects relevant to inborn metabolic disorders.DiscussionBH4 can allow PKU patients to increase their phe consumption significantly or even stop dietary protein restrictions. Unexpectedly, this does not improve HRQoL as assessed with KINDL®, partly due to high scores even before BH4 therapy. Specific questionnaires should be developed for inborn metabolic disorders.
Crimes Against Humanity and the Limits of International Criminal Law
Authors: Renzo Massimo 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Crimes against humanity are supposed to have a collective dimension with respect both to their victims and their perpetrators. According to the orthodox view, these crimes can be committed by individuals against individuals, but only in the context of a widespread or systematic attack against the group to which the victims belong. In this paper I offer a new conception of crimes against humanity and a new justification for their international prosecution. This conception has important implications as to which crimes can be justifiably prosecuted and punished by the international community. I contend that the scope of the area of international criminal justice that deals with basic human rights violations should be wider than is currently acknowledged, in that it should include some individual violations of human rights, rather than only violations that have a collective dimension.
Psychological Factors Predict Unexpected Diagnoses
Authors: Vranceanu Ana-Maria , Ring David 
Published: March 2012

Background Unexpected diagnoses and treatment recommendations can be awkward for both hand specialist and patient. We tested the hypothesis that psychological factors predict an unexpected hand specialist diagnosis after referral from a primary care provider (PCP) for management of an atraumatic hand condition. Methods One hundred and thirty patients referred to a hand surgeon by their PCP were asked to complete measures of symptoms of depression, catastrophic thinking, hypochondriacal attitudes and beliefs, and disability prior to the visit. Patients indicated their impression of the diagnosis and treatment recommendations. The hand specialist recorded a diagnosis and treatment recommendations after the visit. Results Patients receiving unexpected diagnoses had more psychological symptoms than patients receiving expected diagnoses. In logistic regression analysis, symptoms of depression were the sole predictor of an unexpected diagnosis. Patients receiving unexpected treatment recommendations had greater catastrophic thinking and hypochondriacal attitudes and beliefs than patients receiving expected treatment recommendations. In logistic regression analysis, catastrophic thinking was the sole predictor of unexpected treatment recommendations. Conclusions Given that unexpected hand diagnoses or treatment recommendations are both inherently awkward and associated with greater symptoms of depression, catastrophic thinking, and hypochondriacal beliefs, a practiced, thoughtful, and empathetic communication strategy may improve patient satisfaction and health outcomes.
Pathways for resilience in Mediterranean cork oak land use systems
Authors: Acácio Vanda , Holmgren Milena 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Context

Loss of woodlands and degradation of vegetation and soil have been described for all Mediterranean-type ecosystems worldwide. In the Western Iberian Peninsula, overexploitation of evergreen cork oak land use systems has led to soil erosion, failures in oak recruitment, and loss of forests. Degraded and dry sites are quickly colonised by pioneer heathland rockrose (Cistus spp.) shrubs forming highly persistent patches.

Aims

Although traditionally shrublands have been considered as a transient successional state, we present evidence that they can represent persistent alternative states to former cork oak forests.

Review trends and conclusions

We first describe how Mediterranean vegetation evolved in the Iberian Peninsula and the role of fire and long-term human management as main disturbances. We then discuss alternative pathways through state-and-transition models indicating the ecological and land use variables that halt cork oak regeneration and recruitment and drive vegetation transitions towards persistent shrublands. Unless concerted management actions and restoration programmes are undertaken, the cork oak land use systems will not be sustainable.
Sexual minority status, peer harassment, and adolescent depression
Authors: Martin‐Storey Alexa , Crosnoe Robert 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe well‐documented higher rates of depression among sexual minority youth are increasingly viewed by developmentalists as a byproduct of the stigmatization of sexual minority status in American society and of the negative impact this stigma has on the processes associated with depression. This study attempted to spur future research by testing Hatzenbuehler's (2009) psychological mediation framework to investigate the ways in which peer harassment related to sexuality puts young people at risk by influencing the cognitive, social, and regulatory factors associated with depression. Analyses of 15 year olds in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development revealed that sexual minority status was largely associated with depressive outcomes via harassment, which was subsequently associated with depression via cognitive and social factors. Results point to various avenues for exploring the importance of the social world and self‐concept for the outcomes of sexual minority adolescents in the future.
Factors Influencing Patients' Treatment Selection for Localised Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Robles L.A. , Chou S. , Cole O. , Hamid A. , Griffiths A. , Vedhara K. 
Published: March 2012

Objective: Men diagnosed with localised prostate cancer (LPCa) are usually offered a range of treatment options. Patients' beliefs about their illness and treatments have been shown to be influential in treatment selection for chronic conditions. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the role of these beliefs in influencing treatment selection in LPCa. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted in electronic journal databases and major charity, government and dissertation databases. Content experts were contacted for recommendations of studies of relevance. Results: The search yielded 10 published papers; six of which used a qualitative approach. Content analysis was performed to identify the factors frequently associated with treatment decisions. The salient beliefs influencing each of the most common treatment choices for LPCa, including the factors external to the patient that inform these beliefs, were reported. Conclusion: Patients' treatment choices are influenced by their beliefs, and the beliefs of others, regarding the disease, the effectiveness of treatment and the severity of possible side effects. The findings of this review highlight that psychosocial interventions may be necessary to challenge erroneous beliefs and ensure that patients are making informed decisions regarding their treatment.
The Assessment of Anemia from Attenuation Values of Cranial Venous Drainage on Unenhanced Computed Tomography of the Head
Authors: Bruni Silvio G. , Patafio Francis M. , Dufton John A. , Nolan Robert L. , Islam Omar 
Published: March 2012

Objective To determine if prediction of anemia is possible from quantitative analyses of unenhanced cranial computed tomography (CT) images. Methods A retrospective chart review revealed 101 patients who had hemoglobin and hematocrit levels obtained within 24 hours of an unenhanced cranial CT. Regions of interest were the place on the torcular Herophili (confluence of sinuses) and the left and right transverse sinuses. Attenuation values were correlated with hemoglobin and hematocrit to investigate any possible relationship. Results Hemoglobin levels were correlated with torcular and transverse sinus attenuation levels. For every 10 Hounsfield unit (HU) increase in torcular attenuation, hemoglobin levels increased by 16.3 g/L ( P < .001). When subgroup analysis was performed, by sex, for every 10 HU increase in torcular attenuation, hemoglobin levels increased by 22.6 g/L ( P < .001) in men and 8.96 g/L ( P < .05) in women. Conclusion The attenuation values for venous drainage on unenhanced cranial CT constitute a practical adjunct in the assessment of anemia. Given the number of individuals undergoing CT without blood work, this rapid assessment technique for anemia is a convenient means for narrowing possible diagnoses.
Brands as intentional agents framework: How perceived intentions and ability can map brand perception
Authors: Kervyn Nicolas , Fiske Susan T. , Malone Chris 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBuilding on the Stereotype Content Model, this paper introduces and tests the Brands as Intentional Agents Framework. A growing body of research suggests that consumers have relationships with brands that resemble relations between people. We propose that consumers perceive brands in the same way they perceive people. This approach allows us to explore how social perception theories and processes can predict brand purchase interest and loyalty. Brands as Intentional Agents Framework is based on a well‐established social perception approach: the Stereotype Content Model. Two studies support the Brands as Intentional Agents Framework prediction that consumers assess a brand's perceived intentions and ability and that these perceptions elicit distinct emotions and drive differential brand behaviors. The research shows that human social interaction relationships translate to consumer–brand interactions in ways that are useful to inform brand positioning and brand communications.
Self‐regulatory strength amplification through selective information processing
Authors: Trudel Remi , Murray Kyle B. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe propose and demonstrate that although depletion of self‐regulatory strength is common, it is not inevitable. Four experiments show that under certain conditions, consumers can amplify their self‐regulatory strength and, as a result, increase their ability to control their behavior. Experiments 1–3 examine the depleting effects of information processing by exposing dieters and nondieters to either cost or pleasure information about chocolate. The results of experiments 1–3 show that when dieters have the ability to monitor the costs of consumption, they are motivated to mobilize additional strength and increase their ability to self‐regulate. In experiment 4 we show the practical implications of our work and show that dieters are better able to control their eating because they choose to focus more on the cost (versus pleasure) of consumption.
Knowledge does not necessarily make the heart grow fonder: The moderating role of knowledge on accessibility experiences
Authors: Sinha Jayati , Naykankuppam Dhananjay 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAccessibility experiences have been a subject of interest since Tversky and Kahneman (1973) published their account of the availability heuristic—specifically, individuals often utilize the phenomenological experience of ease or difficulty of recall in constructing a judgment (Schwarz, 1998). The reported studies contribute further to work in this area by examining the moderating role of knowledge on accessibility experiences and their use in evaluative judgments. We argue that knowledgeable individuals are more likely to experience interference effects in early stages of recall. This would result in a reversal of the usual phenomenon such that while low knowledge individuals would find recalling larger sets effortful, which would lead them to form more negative evaluations when recalling larger amounts of information, high knowledge individuals would find recalling smaller sets effortful and would form more negative evaluations when recalling smaller amounts of information. We discuss potential explanations and draw attention to the distinction between generating a response and the appropriateness of the response in accessibility experiences.
Bifurcation and stability analysis of a jet in cross-flow: onset of global instability at a low velocity ratio
Authors: Ilak Miloš , Schlatter Philipp , Bagheri Shervin , Henningson Dan S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe study direct numerical simulations (DNS) of a jet in cross-flow at low values of the jet-to-cross-flow velocity ratio$R$. We observe that, as the ratio$R$increases, the flow evolves from simple periodic vortex shedding (a limit cycle) to more complicated quasi-periodic behaviour, before finally becoming turbulent, as seen in the simulation of Bagheriet al. (J. Fluid. Mech., vol. 624, 2009b, pp. 33–44). The value of$R$at which the first bifurcation occurs for our numerical set-up is found, and shedding of hairpin vortices characteristic of a shear layer instability is observed. We focus on this first bifurcation, and find that a global linear stability analysis predicts well the frequency and initial growth rate of the nonlinear DNS at the critical value of$R$and that good qualitative predictions about the dynamics can still be made at slightly higher values of$R$where multiple unstable eigenmodes are present. In addition, we compute the adjoint global eigenmodes, and find that the overlap of the direct and the adjoint eigenmode, also known as a ‘wavemaker’, provides evidence that the source of the first instability lies in the shear layer just downstream of the jet.
The laminar free surface boundary layer of a solitary wave
Authors: Klettner Christian A. , Eames Ian 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe laminar free surface boundary layer beneath a solitary wave is investigated using numerical simulations. Across the boundary layer $\partial {u}_{s} / \partial {x}_{n} $ and $\partial {u}_{n} / \partial {x}_{s} $ are comparable in magnitude, where $u$ is the velocity, $x$ position and subscripts $s$ and $n$ refer to components tangential and normal to the free surface. In this region $\partial {u}_{n} / \partial {x}_{s} $ is approximately constant across the boundary layer while $\partial {u}_{s} / \partial {x}_{n} $ varies with ${x}_{n} $ and outside the boundary layer tends to ${\ensuremath{-} } \mathop{ (\partial {u}_{s} / \partial {x}_{n} )} \nolimits _{n= 0} $. The numerical results are compared to analytical models and good agreement is found.
Tracking of vortices in a turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Elsinga G. E. , Poelma C. , Schröder A. , Geisler R. , Scarano F. , Westerweel J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe motion of spanwise vortical elements and large-scale bulges has been tracked in the outer region between wall-normal distance $z/ \delta = 0. 11$ and 0.30 of a turbulent boundary layer at ${\mathit{Re}}_{\theta } = 2460$. The experimental dataset of time-resolved three-dimensional velocity fields used has been obtained by tomographic particle image velocimetry. The tracking of these structures yields their respective average trajectories as well as the variations thereof, quantified by the root mean square of the trajectory coordinates as a function of time. It is demonstrated that the variation in convection can be described by a dispersion model for infinitesimal particles in homogeneous turbulence, which suggests that these vortical structures and bulges are transported passively by the external velocity field without significant changes in their topology, at least over the present observation time of $1. 2\delta / {U}_{e} $. However, this does not mean that the structure’s convection velocity is equal to the local flow velocity at each instant. Differences of the order of the Kolmogorov or wall friction velocity have been observed for the spanwise vortical elements. In addition, the simultaneous detection and tracking of multiple structures allows an evaluation of the relative velocity between two spanwise vortex elements, which are approximately aligned along the streamwise direction. The typical streamwise distance between such neighbouring structures is found to be around $0. 2\delta $. Their relative velocities are small, especially the streamwise component, which shows less variation as may be expected based on the relative flow velocity statistics for the same separation distance. This appears consistent with the hairpin packet model, which comprises a set of streamwise aligned hairpins travelling coherently. In exceptional cases, however, the structures approach each other rapidly, forcing an interaction on a time scale of the order of $1\delta / {U}_{e} $. It is shown that the measured variation in convection velocity can further be used successfully to predict the temporal development of space–time correlation functions starting from the instantaneous correlation map. In this prediction the structures are assumed to convect without change, following our observations.
von Kármán self-preservation hypothesis for magnetohydrodynamic turbulence and its consequences for universality
Authors: Wan Minping , Oughton Sean , Servidio Sergio , Matthaeus William H. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe argue that the hypothesis of preservation of shape of dimensionless second- and third-order correlations during decay of incompressible homogeneous magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence requires, in general, at least two independent similarity length scales. These are associated with the two Elsässer energies. The existence of similarity solutions for the decay of turbulence with varying cross-helicity implies that these length scales cannot remain in proportion, opening the possibility for a wide variety of decay behaviour, in contrast to the simpler classic hydrodynamics case. Although the evolution equations for the second-order correlations lack explicit dependence on either the mean magnetic field or the magnetic helicity, there is inherent implicit dependence on these (and other) quantities through the third-order correlations. The self-similar inertial range, a subclass of the general similarity case, inherits this complexity so that a single universal energy spectral law cannot be anticipated, even though the same pair of third-order laws holds for arbitrary cross-helicity and magnetic helicity. The straightforward notion of universality associated with Kolmogorov theory in hydrodynamics therefore requires careful generalization and reformulation in MHD.
Boundary layers and wind in cylindrical Rayleigh–Bénard cells
Authors: Wagner Sebastian , Shishkina Olga , Wagner Claus 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe analyse the wind and boundary layer properties of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a cylindrical container with aspect ratio one for Prandtl number $\mathit{Pr}= 0. 786$ and Rayleigh numbers ($\mathit{Ra}$) up to $1{0}^{9} $ by means of highly resolved direct numerical simulations. We identify time periods in which the orientation of the large-scale circulation (LSC) is nearly constant in order to perform a statistical analysis of the LSC. The analysis is then reduced to two dimensions by considering only the plane of the LSC. Within this plane the LSC is treated as a wind with thermal and viscous boundary layers developing close to the horizontal plates. Special focus is on the spatial development of the wind magnitude and the boundary layer thicknesses along the bottom plate. A method for the local analysis of the instantaneous boundary layer thicknesses is introduced which shows a dramatically changing wind magnitude along the wind path. Furthermore a linear increase of the viscous and thermal boundary layer thickness along the wind direction is observed for all $\mathit{Ra}$ considered while their ratio is spatially constant but depends weakly on $\mathit{Ra}$. A possible explanation is a strong spatial variation of the wind magnitude and fluctuations in the boundary layer region.
Bounds for growth rates for dynamos with shear
Authors: Proctor M. R. E. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn several recent papers it has been established that the addition of a shear flow to a small-scale velocity field can enhance dynamo action. Many of these studies show that the growth rate of the magnetic energy increases linearly with the shear amplitude over a range of shears. In this paper it is shown analytically that for a variety of dynamo models and very large shear amplitudes $S$, growth rates increase no faster than ${S}^{2/ 3} $ under plausible conditions on the amplitude of the remaining velocity.
Visual signal processing in the macaque lateral geniculate nucleus
Authors: SEIM THORSTEIN , VALBERG ARNE , LEE BARRY B. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractComparisons of S- or prepotential activity, thought to derive from a retinal ganglion cell afferent, with the activity of relay cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) have sometimes implied a loss, or leak, of visual information. The idea of the “leaky” relay cell is reconsidered in the present analysis of prepotential firing and LGN responses of color-opponent cells of the macaque LGN to stimuli varying in size, relative luminance, and spectral distribution. Above a threshold prepotential spike frequency, called the signal transfer threshold (STT), there is a range of more than 2 log units of test field luminance that has a 1:1 relationship between prepotential- and LGN-cell firing rates. Consequently, above this threshold, the LGN cell response can be viewed as an extension of prepotential firing (a “nonleaky relay cell”). The STT level decreased when the size of the stimulus increased beyond the classical receptive field center, indicating that the LGN cell is influenced by factors other than the prepotential input. For opponent ON cells, both the excitatory and the inhibitory response decreased similarly when the test field size increased beyond the center of the receptive field. These findings have consequences for the modeling of LGN cell responses and transmission of visual information, particularly for small fields. For instance, for LGN ON cells, information in the prepotential intensity–response curve for firing rates below the STT is left to be discriminated by OFF cells. Consequently, for a given light adaptation, the STT improves the separation of the response range of retinal ganglion cells into “complementary” ON and OFF pathways.