bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ḥaydarī-Niᶜmatī Conflicts in Iran
Authors: Mirjafari Hossein 
Published: September 2011

From earliest times, religion has always been one of the most important factors in social cohesion and at the same time a major cause of urban factionalism and strife. The existence of opposing sects in the same city has invariably provided a breeding ground for economic, social, and political differences in the guise of sectarian disputes.The basic elements of urban organization in the Islamic period were local government (ḥukūmat), religious solidarity (ummat), professional associations (the craft guilds, aṣnāf), and the city wards or quarters (maḥallāt). Occasionally, other social organizations rose to prominence such as esoteric fraternities, mystical and dervish orders, and chivalrous and paramilitary associations (futuvvat, Cayyārān); these too formed part of the overall social life of the city. The wards or city quarters were the centers of group activity based on kinship, or ethnic or sectarian affiliation. Iranian cities during the Islamic period saw political and social activities by the followers of the four rites of the Sunna--Shāfiᶜī, Ḥanbalī, Ḥanafī, and Mālikī--and by Shi'ite and other dissident sects such as the Zaydīs, Carmathians, Mu'tazilites, and Ismāᶜīlīs.
Four songs
Authors: Jara Victor 
Published: September 2011

Victor Jara was a Chilean singer, guitarist and song-writer. Throughout his working life - except for the short period of the Allende regime - he was subject to various kinds of political censorship, personal smears and even physical attacks. He was forty when he died, on 14 or 15 September 1973. in the Estadio Chile in Santiago. The circumstances of his death are still shrouded in mystery. On the morning of 11 September he left his home to go to the Technical University, where he was due to sing at the opening of an exhibition later that day. The University became one of the centres of opposition to the military forces which overthrew the government of President Allende. Jara, together with the students and professors who had assembled there, was taken to the Santiago Sports Stadium which the victorious junta turned into a concentration camp. According to his fellow-prisoners who were later released, he was singled out for specially harsh treatment because he sang to keep up the spirits of the inmates. Guards in Chilean Air Force uniform are said to have killed him by breaking his spine and shooting him with their automatics. In the morning of 18 September - a public holiday commemorating Chile's independence from Spanish rule - Victor Jara's British-born wife was visited by a young civil servant who informed her that her husband was dead and lying in the municipal morgue. Together they went there, and Joan Jara identified her husband, his clothing torn, his spine and the bones of his hands broken, his body full of bullet holes. An official form attached to the body stated that it had been found in the street. Mrs Jara and the civil servant then buried her husband in a marked grave in a cemetery adjoining the morgue. She and her two small daughters now live in England. We are publishing these four lyrics by Victor Jara, translated by the well-known poet and playwright Adrian Mitchell in collaboration with the author's widow, as a tribute to his memory.
On Solzhenitsyn's ‘Gulag Archipelago’
Authors: Medvedev Roy 
Published: September 2011

Soon after the publication of Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago in Russian in Paris last January, it became known that the dissident Soviet historian, Roy Medvedev, had written a long review of the book in which he supported the overwhelming mass of facts cited in it but took issue with Solzhenitsyn's interpretation of the meaning of the Russian Revolution. Medvedev is a Marxist who, while not denying many of the excesses committed by the Bolshevik Party in its seizure of power, assigns to the Revolution - and particularly to Marxism - a positive and progressive role in Russian history. At the same time he is a bitter opponent of Stalinism and his best known and longest work, Let History Judge, is devoted to an exposure of Stalin and Stalinism from a Marxist point of view. Because of his attitude to Stalinism and his hostility to the present Soviet system of government, Medvedev cannot publish his works in the Soviet Union and is forced to circulate them in samizdat ( typewritten manuscript form). It is in this form that they reach the West and, in some cases, are published. The present review has been quoted in articles in The Times and the New York Times, but this is its first full publication in English. The page references are to the Russian edition of The Gulag Archipelago published by the YMCA Press in Paris.
Life is elsewhere
Authors: Kundera Milan 
Published: September 2011

Milan Kundera is a leading Czech novelist and short story writer. Born in Brno in 1929, he studied and later was a lecturer at the Film Faculty of the Prague Drama Academy. He first became known to readers with his three books of short stories called Laughable Loves (1963,1965 and 1968); one of these stories, ‘A Game of Make-Believe’, appeared in the Penguin anthology, New Writing in Czechoslovakia (Penguin Books, 1969) and the whole collection has just been published by Alfred A. Knopf in New York. At the same time Kundera's American publisher brought out his latest work, Life Is Elsewhere, which, together with The Joke (1967) and a novel he is at present working on, forms a trilogy giving a vivid picture of life in Communist Czechoslovakia. Whereas the hero of Kundera's previous book becomes a victim of the humourless bureaucratic machine because of a harmless joke he makes on a postcard to his girl friend, Jaromil, the protagonist of Life Is Elsewhere, wrecks his girl's life in his eagerness to be accepted as an equal by the secret policeman who used to be a schoolmate of his. A romantic poet with an over-protective mother, Jaromil wholeheartedly joins the ‘revolution ‘of February 1948, which he believes will change the world. (This excerpt is taken from Part 5 of the book entitled ‘The Poet Is Jealous’.)
Genetic structure of Eurasian and North American mallard ducks based on mtDNA data
Authors: Hou Z.‐C. , Yang F.‐X. , Qu L.‐J. , Zheng J.‐X. , Brun J.‐M. , Basso B. , Pitel F. , Yang N. , Xu G.‐Y. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryTo elucidate the origin and genetic structure of the domesticated duck in Eurasia and North America, we sequenced 114 duck D‐loop sequences and retrieved 489 D‐loop sequences from GenBank. In total, 603 ducks including 50 duck breeds/populations from eight countries (China, France, Russia, India, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Thailand and USA) were used in this study. One hundred and thirty‐four haplotypes and 81 variable sites were detected. H49 was the predominant haplotype, which was considered to be the same dominant haplotype found in the previous studies, and was found in 309 birds. The smallest values for both genetic differentiation index (FST, 0.04156) and the number of the net nucleotide substitutions between two populations (DA, 0.00018) were observed between Eurasian domestic ducks and Eurasian mallards. No geography, breed or population clusters were observed in the Eurasian domestic ducks and mallards. Five haplotypes were shared by USA mallards and Eurasian domestic duck/Eurasian mallards. Only one haplotype (H49) was shared by Eurasian domestic ducks and China spot‐billed ducks. By combining phylogenetic analyses, haplotype network profile, genetic distances and shared haplotypes, we can draw two major conclusions: (i) Eurasian and North American mallards show a clear geographic distribution pattern; (ii) Eurasian domestic ducks are derived from the Eurasian mallards, not from the spot‐billed ducks.
The role of IL‐33 and its receptor ST2 in human nasal epithelium with allergic rhinitis
Authors: Kamekura R. , Kojima T. , Takano K. , Go M. , Sawada N. , Himi T. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryBackgroundInterleukin (IL)‐33 is a novel member of the IL‐1 cytokine family and a ligand for the orphan IL‐1 family receptor ST2. The IL‐33 induces T helper 2‐type inflammatory responses and is considered to play a crucial rule in allergic inflammations, such as asthma and atopic dermatitis. However, the role of IL‐33 and its receptor ST2 in allergic rhinitis remains unknown.ObjectiveWe investigated expression of IL‐33 and ST2 in the nasal epithelium of patients with allergic rhinitis and the mechanisms of the production of cytokines/chemokines induced by treatment with IL‐33 using normal human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) in vitro.MethodsExpression of IL‐33 and ST2 in normal and allergic rhinitis nasal mucosa was evaluated by reverse transcription‐ and real‐time polymerase chain reactions and immunohistochemical methods. The IL‐33 in serum, and IL‐8 and GM‐CSF were measured by ELISA. For in vitro experiments, HNECs in primary culture were used.ResultsThe IL‐33 levels in the sera of patients with allergic rhinitis were significantly higher than that in normal controls. Expression of IL‐33 and ST2 was significantly elevated in the epithelium from patients with allergic rhinitis. The IL‐33 mRNA in HNECs in vitro was significantly induced by treatment with IFN‐γ and the toll‐like receptor 9 ligand ODN2006. The IL‐33‐induced production of IL‐8 and GM‐CSF from HNECs in vitro was significantly suppressed by corticosteroid treatment and distinct signal transduction inhibitors of ERK, p38 MAPK, JNK, NF‐κB and epidermal growth factor receptor.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThe IL‐33 and its receptor ST2 play important roles in allergic rhinitis. The IL‐33‐mediated inflammatory responses via ST2 are regulated by distinct signalling pathways in HNECs and the IL‐33/ST2 pathway may provide new therapeutic targets for allergic rhinitis.
An observational study of endothelial function in early arthritis
Authors: Foster Will , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Raza Karim , Carruthers David , Blann Andrew D. 
Published: September 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (5): 510–516AbstractBackground  Endothelial dysfunction is present in established rheumatoid arthritis, but it is not clear at what stage of the disease this abnormality develops. We set out to determine whether endothelial damage/dysfunction is present in a group of patients with early arthritis (EA) (new onset inflammatory arthritis, EA).Materials and methods  Eighteen patients with EA, 48 healthy controls and 25 disease controls were recruited. Plasma was obtained for endothelial [von Willebrand factor (vWF) and soluble E‐selectin] and angiogenesis markers (vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor sFlt‐1), adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) and circulating endothelial cells (CECs, as a marker of endothelial damage). Microvascular endothelial function was assessed using laser Doppler perfusion imaging and macrovascular function using flow‐mediated dilatation of the brachial artery.Results  von Willebrand factor and CECs (both P < 0·05) were significantly elevated in EA suggesting endothelial dysfunction and damage but were unrelated to classical laboratory markers of inflammation C‐reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate or IL6. No other biomarkers was elevated in EA. Microvascular and macrovascular abnormalities were confined to endothelium‐independent (smooth muscle cell) responses.Conclusions  Endothelial damage/dysfunction is present early in the course of inflammatory arthritis but is not directly related to inflammation markers.
Evaluating the effects of trophic complexity on a keystone predator by disassembling a partial intraguild predation food web
Authors: Davenport Jon M. , Chalcraft David R. 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. Many taxa can be found in food webs that differ in trophic complexity, but it is unclear how trophic complexity affects the performance of particular taxa. In pond food webs, larvae of the salamanderAmbystoma opacumoccupy the intermediate predator trophic position in a partial intraguild predation (IGP) food web and can function as keystone predators. LarvalA. opacumare also found in simpler food webs lacking either top predators or shared prey.2. We conducted an experiment where a partial IGP food web was simplified, and we measured the growth and survival of larvalA. opacumin each set of food webs. Partial IGP food webs that had either a low abundance or high abundance of total prey were also simplified by independently removing top predators and/or shared prey.3. Removing top predators always increasedA. opacumsurvival, but removal of shared prey had no effect onA. opacumsurvival, regardless of total prey abundance.4. Surprisingly, food web simplification had no effect on the growth ofA. opacumwhen present in food webs with a low abundance of prey but had important effects onA. opacumgrowth in food webs with a high abundance of prey. Simplifying a partial IGP food web with a high abundance of prey reducedA. opacumgrowth when either top predators or shared prey were removed from the food web and the loss of top predators and shared prey influencedA. opacumgrowth in a non‐additive fashion.5. The non‐additive response inA. opacumgrowth appears to be the result of supplemental prey availability augmenting the beneficial effects of top predators. Top predators had a beneficial effect onA. opacumpopulations by reducing the abundance ofA. opacumpresent and thereby reducing the intensity of intraspecific competition.6. Our study indicates that the effects of food web simplification on the performance ofA. opacumare complex and depend on both how a partial IGP food web is simplified and how abundant prey are in the food web. These findings are important because they demonstrate how trophic complexity can create variation in the performance of intermediate predators that play important roles in temporary pond food webs.
Prevalence and severity of pulmonary hypertension in asymptomatic rural residents with schistosomal infection in the Nile Delta
Authors: Farrag Azza , El‐Aroussy Wafaa , Zaghloul Salah , El‐Guindy Mohamed , Yacoub Magdi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectives  Millions of people in the developing world may suffer from pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) because of preexisting infectious conditions. Schistosomiasis can cause pulmonary lesions that eventually lead to PHTN. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of PHTN together with assessment of right ventricular (RV) function in asymptomatic rural residents previously infected with schistosomiasis.Methods  Three hundred and seventy asymptomatic people from an endemic area in the Nile Delta were screened for antibodies against schistosomiasis. All were scheduled for transthoracic echocardiographic study to assess pulmonary artery systolic (PASP) and diastolic (PADP) pressures as well as RV function. PASP >40 mmHg was considered elevated.Results  Seropositive (SP) and seronegative (SN) groups had comparable age and body mass index. PASP >40 mmHg was met in 18 subjects (Range 42–72 mmHg) (8.6%) of SP group and in no subject in SN group (P = 0.000). Compared with SN group, the SP group had higher mean values of PASP (30 ± 10 vs. 24 ± 7 mmHg, P < 0.000) and PADP (12 ± 4 vs. 9 ± 3 mmHg, P < 0.000). The SP group had lower values of RV ejection fraction.Conclusion  Prevalence of PHTN as detected by echocardiography in asymptomatic rural residents with schistosomiasis in Nile Delta is low with mild affection of RV function.
Anxiety and depression in patients with allergic and non‐allergic cutaneous disorders
Authors: Ponarovsky Baruch , Amital Daniela , Lazarov Aneta , Kotler Moshe , Amital Howard 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground  Numerous studies have shown that anxiety and depression are more prevalent among patients suffering from chronic skin disorders.Objectives  The aims of this study were to assess the prevalences of depression and anxiety in patients suffering from chronic skin disorders, focusing particularly on allergic skin conditions. Additionally, we investigated resilience to disease progression using the Sense of Coherence Scale.Methods  A total of 112 consecutive patients without known psychiatric disease were interviewed and asked to complete questionnaires in order to assess psychiatric symptomatology. The following scales were completed: the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS); the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS); and the self‐administered questionnaire for the Sense of Coherence Scale (SoCS).Results  Rates of anxiety and depression in patients with allergic and non‐allergic conditions were considerably higher than those in the general population. This difference was notable in patients with allergic skin diseases, reaching 58.3 and 48.3%, compared with 15.4 and 23.1% for participants with non‐allergic conditions, as measured by the HAS and HDRS, respectively (P < 0.05). Statistically significant negative correlations between scores on the SoCS and scores on the HAS (r = −0.45, P < 0.01) and HDRS (r = −0.37, P < 0.01) were observed.Conclusions  Our findings support the hypothesis that rates of anxiety and depression are higher among patients suffering from allergic chronic skin disorders. High SoCS scores may protect against the development of psychiatric illness in patients suffering from allergic skin disease.
Lipoatrophy in patients with AIDS: treatment with polymethylmethacrylate in Amazonas, Brazil
Authors: Orsi Ana Tereza , Miranda Angélica Espinosa , Souza Andrea Cavalcante , Silva Leila Cristina , Dias Gisele Reis , Talhari Carolina , Talhari Sinesio , Santos Monica 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground  The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in AIDS has been associated with lipodystrophic syndrome, which is characterized by metabolic alterations and abnormal corporal fat distribution. Our goal was to describe and evaluate the use of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to treat lipoatrophy in patients with AIDS from Amazonas, Brazil.Methods  Patients with AIDS undergoing ART and presenting with facial lipoatrophy were invited to participate in the study. A face‐to‐face interview was conducted, and patients were treated with applications of PMMA 30%.Results  A total of 49 cases were included. The mean age was 45 (SD 6.1) years old, and the mean educational level (measured in schooling years) was 10.5 (SD 3.2) years of schooling. The median of CD4 cell count was 482.5 (interquartile range: 338–574.5) cells/mm3. Stavudine and zidovudine were the most frequently prescribed ART drugs. The total number of PMMA injections ranged from one to five times, and side effects were not frequent. A total of 42 (85.7%) patients reported satisfaction after a follow‐up of more than 12 months, presenting good fullness of the deformity.Conclusions  Our data showed that patients with AIDS with lipoatrophy related to ART could safely benefit from PMMA‐based treatment.
Genomic selection strategies in dairy cattle breeding programmes: Sexed semen cannot replace multiple ovulation and embryo transfer as superior reproductive technology
Authors: Pedersen L.D. , Kargo M. , Berg P. , Voergaard J. , Buch L.H. , Sørensen A.C. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThe aim of this study was to test whether the use of X‐semen in a dairy cattle population using genomic selection (GS) and multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) increases the selection intensity on cow dams and thereby the genetic gain in the entire population. Also, the dynamics of using different types of sexed semen (X, Y or conventional) in the nucleus were investigated. The stochastic simulation study partly supported the hypothesis as the genetic gain in the entire population was elevated when X‐semen was used in the production population as GS exploited the higher selection intensity among heifers with great accuracy. However, when MOET was applied, the effect was considerably diminished as was the exchange of females between the nucleus and the production population, thus causing modest genetic profit from using X‐sorted semen in the production population. In addition, the effect of using sexed semen on the genetic gain was very small compared with the effect of MOET and highly dependent on whether cow dams or bull dams were inseminated with sexed semen and on what type of semen that was used for the bull dams. The rate of inbreeding was seldom affected by the use of sexed semen. However, when all young bull candidates were born following MOET, the results showed that the use of Y‐semen in the breeding nucleus tended to decrease the rate of inbreeding as it enabled GS to increase within‐family selection. This implies that the benefit from using sexed semen in a modern dairy cattle breeding scheme applying both GS and MOET may be found in its beneficial effect on the rate of inbreeding.
Time to treatment initiation with oral antihyperglycaemic therapy in US patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes
Authors: Zhang Q. , Rajagopalan S. , Marrett E. , Davies M. J. , Radican L. , Engel S. S. 
Published: September 2011

Aim: To compare the time from initial diagnosis to initiation with oral antihyperglycaemic treatment in younger versus older patients with type 2 diabetes, and to evaluate factors associated with initiating treatment.Methods: This was a retrospective US cohort study with a 2‐year follow‐up period after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Using the General Electric Healthcare's Clinical Data Services electronic medical record database, eligible patients included those aged ≥30 years at initial diagnosis of type 2 diabetes between January 2003 and December 2005. In the 2‐year period following diagnosis, the time to the first prescription of an oral antihyperglycaemic agent was compared between younger (30–64 years) and older (≥65 years) patients. Factors associated with time to treatment with an oral antihyperglycaemic agent were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression.Results: Of the 10 743 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, 43% were ≥65 years old. The mean age at diagnosis was 73 years for older patients and 52 years for younger patients. Compared to younger patients, a greater proportion of older patients had a baseline haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) value <7% (38 vs. 32%; p < 0.001). In the 2‐year follow‐up period, a significantly greater proportion of younger patients (59%) received oral antihyperglycaemic treatment compared to older patients (44%; p < 0.001). The median time between diagnosis and initiating treatment with an oral antihyperglycaemic agent was 350 days for younger patients and >2 years for older patients. After adjusting for covariates, older patients had a greater risk of not receiving treatment with oral antihyperglycaemic therapy than younger patients [adjusted hazard ratio = 0.82 (95% confidence interval: 0.75, 0.90)].Conclusions: In patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, the time to initiation of oral antihyperglycaemic therapy was significantly longer in older patients (≥65 years old) than younger patients (<65 years).