bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proton Transfer in the Complex H3N⋅⋅⋅HCl Catalyzed by Encapsulation into a C60 Cage
Authors: Ma Fang , Li Zhi‐Ru , Xu Hong‐Liang , Li Zong‐Jun , Wu Di , Li Ze‐Sheng , Gu Feng Long 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCaged up: In contrast to acid–base behavior in solution, single molecules of NH3 and HCl do not react to form the ion pair NH4+Cl− in isolation. Proton transfer occurs in the complex H3N⋅⋅⋅HCl inside the C60 cage, to form the ion pair NH4+Cl− under the catalytic action of C60 (see picture).magnified imageWe report proton transfer in the complex H3N⋅⋅⋅HCl to form the ion pair NH4+Cl−, which is favored inside the C60 cage according to quantum chemical calculations. The results show that the NH4+Cl−@C60 is stable with an interaction energy of −2.78 kcal mol−1. Compared with the complex H3N⋅⋅⋅HCl without proton transfer, it is found that the C60 cage plays the role of a catalyst for proton transfer. In NH4+Cl−@C60 a negative charge area in the C60 cage is near the cation NH4+ whereas a positive charge area is near the anion Cl−. Also, a confinement effect of the C60 cage is noticed, as the endohedral structure of NH4+Cl− is more compact than the structure of NH4+Cl− in the gas‐phase complex. These findings indicate that the catalysis by the C60 cage comes from two effects: 1) electrostatic inducement between the C60 cage and endohedral molecules and 2) the confinement effect that compresses endohedral molecular structures inside the C60 cage. In the infrared spectrum, it is found that the confinement effect of the cage can cause large blue shifts of the N–H stretching vibrations in NH4+Cl−@C60 compared with those in the NH4+Cl−⋅⋅⋅H2O complex.
CDK9/cyclin complexes modulate endoderm induction by direct interaction with Mix.3/mixer
Authors: Zhu Haiqing , Doherty Joanne R. , Kuliyev Emin , Mead Paul E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMix‐related homeodomain proteins are involved in endoderm formation in the early vertebrate embryo. We used a yeast two‐hybrid screen to identify proteins that interact with Mix.3/mixer to regulate endoderm induction. We demonstrate that cyclin‐dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) interacts with the carboxyl terminal domain of Mix.3. CDK9 is the catalytic subunit of the PTEF‐b transcription elongation complex that phosphorylates the C‐terminal domain of RNA polymerase II to promote efficient elongation of nascent transcripts. Using whole embryo transcription reporter and animal pole explant assays, we show that Mix.3 activity is regulated by CDK9/cyclin complexes. Co‐expression of cyclin T2 and cyclin K had different effects on Mix.3 transcriptional activity and endoderm induction. Our data suggest that binding of CDK9, and the recruitment of different cyclin partners, can modulate the endoderm‐inducing activity of Mix.3 during embryonic development. Developmental Dynamics 238:1346–1357, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for a conserved role of retinoic acid in urodele amphibian meiosis onset
Authors: Wallacides Angelina , Chesnel Amand , Chardard Dominique , Flament Stéphane , Dumond Hélène 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPleurodeles waltl is a urodele amphibian displaying a ZZ/ZW genetic mode of sex determination. Gonad differentiation can later be modulated by hormone treatment. To investigate germ cell differentiation, we analyzed the expression of the meiosis marker PwDmc1 and show that germ cells enter meiosis in late larval life in females, and 2 months after metamorphosis in males. Organotypic cultures of gonad–mesonephros complexes demonstrated that retinoic acid triggers meiosis entry in P. waltl. In vivo analyses of both PwRaldh2 and PwCyp26b1 expressions, the enzymes required for RA synthesis and degradation respectively, indicate that meiosis onset depends on PwCyp26b1 repression in the gonad during normal or steroid‐induced sex‐reversed development. Taken together, our results show that RA‐dependent meiosis entry could be a conserved mechanism of germ cell differentiation in vertebrates and provide evidence for crosstalk between steroid and RA signaling in the course of sex differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 238:1389–1398, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FGF signaling is essential for ophthalmic trigeminal placode cell delamination and differentiation
Authors: Lassiter Rhonda N.T. , Reynolds Stephanie B. , Marin Kristopher D. , Mayo Tyler F. , Stark Michael R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe ophthalmic trigeminal (opV) placode gives rise exclusively to sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system, providing an advantageous model for understanding neurogenesis. The signaling pathways governing opV placode development have only recently begun to be elucidated. Here, we investigate the fibroblast growth factor receptor‐4 (FGFR4), an opV expressed gene, to examine if and how FGF signaling regulates opV placode development. After inhibiting FGFR4, Pax3+ opV placode cells failed to delaminate from the ectoderm and did not contribute to the opV ganglion. Blocking FGF signaling also led to a loss of the early and late neuronal differentiation markers Ngn2, Islet‐1, NeuN, and Neurofilament. In addition, without FGF signaling, cells that stalled in the ectoderm lost their opV placode‐specific identity by down‐regulating Pax3. We conclude that FGF signaling, through FGFR4, is necessary for delamination and differentiation of opV placode cells. Developmental Dynamics 238:1073–1082, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal properties of conduction current and carrier behavior in an organic electroluminescent device
Authors: Minagawa Masahiro , Shinbo Kazunari , Kato Keizo , Kaneko Futao 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOrganic electroluminescent device (OLED) was fabricated using a vacuum evaporation method and thermal properties were investigated. The OLED has an indium tin oxide (ITO)/N,N′‐diphenyl‐N,N′‐bis(3‐methylphenyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl‐4,4′‐diamine (TPD)/tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq)/lithium fluoride (LiF)/aluminum (Al) structure. An electron‐dominant device of Al/Alq/LiF/Al structure, or a hole‐dominant device of ITO/TPD/Al structure was also fabricated in order to study the carrier behavior in the OLEDs. The current density versus voltage (J–V) properties with various thickness of organic layers were investigated in both electron‐ and hole‐dominant devices, and the thermal dependence of J–V properties was observed in the devices. At room temperature, conductions in a wide current region were considered to be due to space‐charge‐limited current for all of the devices. Especially for the Al/Alq/LiF/Al device and the OLED, $J \propto V^{m+1}$ relationships were observed across a wide current region. At low temperature, tunnel currents were estimated for the ITO/TPD/Al device. For the Al/Alq/LiF/Al device and the OLED, $J \infty V^{m+1}$ relationships were observed across a wide current region at low temperature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(3): 24–31, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10048
Electrocatalytic Oxidation and Determination of Sulfite with a Novel Copper‐Cobalt Hexacyanoferrate Modified Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Siroueinejad Arash , Abbaspour Abdolkarim , Shamsipur Mojtaba 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe electrocatalytic oxidation of sulfite has been studied at a stable electroactive thin film of copper‐cobalt hexacyanoferrate (CuCoHCF) hybrid electrodeposited on a carbon paste electrode (ECMCPE). A linear range of 5 μM to 5 mM of sulfite, with an experimental detection limit of 1 μM, was obtained using the cyclic voltammetric method. The oxidation of sulfite showed no significant fouling effect on the modified electrode surface at sulfite concentrations below 5 mM. The proposed modified electrode exhibited several attractive features, including simple preparation, fast response, good stability and repeatability, and could be applied to sulfite determination in real samples.
Aptamer‐Based Label‐Free Immunosensors Using Carbon Nanotube Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Maehashi Kenzo , Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Takamura Yuzuru , Tamiya Eiichi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAptamer‐based label‐free immunosensors were fabricated for immunoglobulin E (IgE) detection using carbon nanotube field‐effect transistors (CNTFETs). Aptamers are artificial oligonucleotides and thus are smaller than the Debye length. After aptamers were covalently immobilized on CNT channels, the electrical properties of the CNTFETs were monitored in real time. Introduction of IgE at various concentrations caused a sharp decrease in the source‐drain current and gradual saturation at lower currents. From the measurement of the dependence of CNTFET electrical properties on IgE concentration, the dissociation constant between aptamer and IgE reactions was estimated to be 1.9×10−9 M using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
A simulation tool for designing nutrient monitoring programmes for eutrophication assessments
Authors: Heffernan Janet , Barry Jon , Devlin Michelle , Fryer Rob 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper describes a simulation tool to aid the design of nutrient monitoring programmes in coastal waters. The tool is developed by using time series of water quality data from a Smart Buoy, an in situ monitoring device. The tool models the seasonality and temporal dependence in the data and then filters out these features to leave a white noise series. New data sets are then simulated by sampling from the white noise series and re‐introducing the modelled seasonality and temporal dependence. Simulating many independent realisations allows us to study the performance of different monitoring designs and assessment methods. We illustrate the approach using total oxidised nitrogen (TOxN) and chlorophyll data from Liverpool Bay, U.K. We consider assessments of whether the underlying mean concentrations of these water quality variables are sufficiently low; i.e. below specified assessment concentrations. We show that for TOxN, even when mean concentrations are at background, daily data from a Smart Buoy or multi‐annual sampling from a research vessel would be needed to obtain adequate power. Copyright © 2009 Crown Copyright
A screen for cognitive assessments for patients with vascular cognitive impairment no dementia
Authors: Zhou Aihong , Jia Jianping 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo screen for cognitive assessment for patients with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) no dementia (V‐CIND) from a set of cognitive measures.MethodsExtensive neuropsychological tests covering five cognitive domains were performed on 80 V‐CIND patients and 80 normal controls. The impaired domains in V‐CIND were determined and the most discriminating tests were selected to form a comprehensive assessment. The discriminating validity of the individual tests and the comprehensive assessment were explored.ResultsCompared with the control group, five cognitive domains were all impaired in V‐CIND group. World Health Organization‐University of California‐Los Angeles Auditory Verbal Learning Test (WHO‐UCLA AVLT) immediate recall, Semantic Category Verbal Fluency Test (animal), Chinese version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test (WAIS‐RC) Digit Symbol Subtest, and Block Design Subtest were finally selected to form a comprehensive assessment tool, which achieved a sensitivity of 92.5% and a specificity of 98.8% in differentiating V‐CIND patients from normal controls. Even in the subjects with Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores of 28 or above, high discriminative validity was also obtained.ConclusionsOur study revealed a multiple domain cognitive deficit in V‐CIND patients. The comprehensive assessment tapping memory, executive functions, mental processing speed, and visuoconstructive skill may be potentially useful for an overall cognitive evaluation for V‐CIND. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical suggestions on how to differentiate dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer's disease with common cognitive tests
Authors: Palmqvist Sebastian , Hansson Oskar , Minthon Lennart , Londos Elisabet 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveDementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common neurodegenerative dementia, but it is often underdiagnosed and mistaken for Alzheimer's disease (AD) with sometimes lethal consequences. Over 35 studies have established the differences between DLB and AD in neuropsychological tests, but none have provided easy interpretations of common tests suitable for the clinician. The aim of this study was to suggest practical interpretations of the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), clock drawing, and cube‐copying to identify DLB and differentiate it from AD.MethodsThirty‐three DLB patients were matched according to gender, MMSE, and age with 66 AD patients. The median MMSE score was 24. Easy interpretations of the tests, including the MMSE orientation subscore, were sought for.ResultsThe identified criteria to separate DLB from AD were (1) the MMSE orientation score × 3 ≥ the total MMSE score, (2) an impaired clock drawing, and (3) a non‐3D cube‐copying. If (1) was fulfilled, the sensitivity and specificity were 100 and 57% in patients with MMSE 21–27. If (1) and (2) were fulfilled in patients with MMSE 21–27, the sensitivity and specificity were 93 and 70%. If at least two of the three criteria were fulfilled, the sensitivity was 85%, and the specificity 75% regardless of MMSE score.ConclusionIf the orientation score × 3 ≥ the total MMSE score together with an impaired clock drawing and possibly a non‐3D cube‐copying, the patient should be thoroughly investigated according to the DLB consensus criteria. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cortical neuronal loss and hippocampal sclerosis are not detected by voxel‐based morphometry in individual epilepsy surgery patients
Authors: Eriksson Sofia H. , Thom Maria , Symms Mark R. , Focke Niels K. , Martinian Lillian , Sisodiya Sanjay M. , Duncan John S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractVoxel‐based morphometry (VBM) has detected differences between brains of groups of patients with epilepsy and controls, but the sensitivity for detecting subtle pathological changes in single subjects has not been established. The aim of the study was to test the sensitivity of VBM using statistical parametric mapping (SPM5) to detect hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and cortical neuronal loss in individual patients. T1‐weighted volumetric 1.5 T MR images from 13 patients with HS and laminar cortical neuronal loss were segmented, normalised and smoothed using SPM5. Both modulated and non‐modulated analyses were performed. Comparisons of one control subject against the rest (n = 23) were first performed to ascertain the smoothing level with the lowest number of SPM changes in controls. Each patient was then compared against the whole control group. The lowest number of SPM changes in control subjects was found at a smoothing level of 10 mm full width half maximum for modulated and non‐modulated data. In the patient group, no SPM abnormalities were found in the affected temporal lobe or hippocampus at this smoothing level. At lower smoothing levels there were numerous SPM findings in controls and patients. VBM did not detect any abnormalities associated with either laminar cortical neuronal loss or HS. This may be due to normalisation and smoothing of images and low statistical power in areas with larger inter‐individual differences. This suggests that the methodology may currently not be suitable to detect particular occult abnormalities possibly associated with seizure onset zone in individual epilepsy patients with unremarkable standard structural MRI. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of differential speech‐specific processes in the temporal lobe using fMRI and a dynamic “sound morphing” technique
Authors: Specht Karsten , Osnes Berge , Hugdahl Kenneth 
Published: April 2009

AbstractContrary to the classical view, recent neuroimaging studies claim that phonological processing, as part of auditory speech perception, is subserved by both the left and right temporal lobes and not the left temporal lobe alone. This study seeks to explore whether there are variations in the lateralization of response to verbal and nonverbal sounds by varying spectral complexity of those sounds. White noise was gradually transformed into either speech or music sounds using a “sound morphing” procedure. The stimuli were presented in an event‐related design and the evoked brain responses were measured using fMRI. The results demonstrated that the left temporal lobe was predominantly sensitive to gradual manipulation of the speech sounds while the right temporal lobe responded to all sounds and manipulations. This effect was especially pronounced within the middle region of the left superior temporal sulcus (mid‐STS). This area could be further subdivided into a more posterior area, which showed a linear response to the manipulation of speech sounds, and an anteriorly adjacent area which showed the strongest interaction between the speech and music sound manipulations. Such a differential and selective response was not seen in other brain areas and not when the sound “morphed” into a music stimulus. This gives further experimental evidence for the assumption of a posterior‐anterior processing stream in the left temporal lobe. In addition, the present findings support the notion that the left mid STS area is more sensitive to speech signals compared to the right homologue. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comovements and heterogeneity in the euro area analyzed in a non‐stationary dynamic factor model
Authors: Eickmeier Sandra 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper establishes stylized facts on comovements and heterogeneity of individual euro area countries' output and price developments in the past two decades. For this purpose, a non‐stationary structural dynamic factor model is fitted to a large dataset of euro area macroeconomic variables. The main results are as follows. Both common factors and idiosyncratic components are important in explaining individual countries' output and price developments in the euro area and are also both very persistent. Idiosyncratic shocks and adjustments to these shocks are mainly responsible for cross‐country heterogeneity. The asymmetric transmission of common shocks plays a minor role. Finally, there is no strong evidence that some common shocks lead to greater heterogeneity than others. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapamycin selectively reduces the association of transcripts containing complex 5′ UTRs with ribosomes in C4‐2B prostate cancer cells
Authors: Opdenaker Lynn M. , Farach‐Carson Mary C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractmTOR pathway inhibitors, specifically rapamycin and its derivatives, are promising therapeutics that targets downstream pathways including protein translation. We examined the effects of a series of inhibitors targeting various pathways on ribosomal polysome distribution, overall translation rates, and translation of specific mRNAs in the bone derived prostate cancer cell line, C4‐2B. Treatment with either rapamycin, PD98059 or LY294002 failed to change the distribution of polysomes in sucrose gradients. Although no change in the accumulation of heavy polysomes was observed, there was an overall decrease in the rate of translation caused by treatment with rapamycin or LY294002. Inhibiting the MAPK pathway with PD98059 decreased overall translation by 20%, but had no effect on mRNAs containing a 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract (TOP) sequences or those with complex 5′ UTRs. In contrast, treatment with rapamycin for 24 h reduced overall translation by approximately 45% and affected the translation of mRNAs with complex 5′ UTRs, specifically VEGF and HIF1α. After 24 h, LY294002 treatment alone decreased overall translation by 60%, more than was observed with rapamycin. Although LY294002 and similar inhibitors are effective at blocking prostate cancer cell growth, they act upstream of AKT and PTEN and cancer cells can find a way to bypass this inhibition. Thus, we propose that inhibiting downstream targets such as mTOR or targets of mTOR will provide rational approaches to developing new combination therapies focused on reducing growth of prostate cancer after arrival in the bone environment. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 473–481, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of N‐methyl‐3‐aza[10] paracyclophane: A rigid analog of phenethylamine
Authors: Wu Geng‐Shuen , Martinelli I. C. , Btanton C. Dewitt , Cox Richard H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of N‐methyl‐3‐aza[10]paracyclophane is reported which represents the first example of this ring system being formed via an acyloin reaction. This 3‐aza[10]paraeyclophane ring system behaves physiochemically inbetween the normal [9]‐ and [10]paracyclophane ring systems. Reductive desulfurization of N‐methyl‐3‐aza[10]paracyclophane‐6‐ethylene thioketal in ethanol provides a small amount of the title compound and an unexpected, ring‐opened product, N‐ethyl‐N‐methyl‐p‐heptylphenethylamine. A possible mechanism for the ring‐opening process is suggested.
General synthesis of: 5‐substituted‐3‐acyl‐4‐carbethoxypyrazoles 3,6‐subslituted‐5‐carbethoxy‐4(h)pyridazinones and 3,7‐substitutedpyrazoio[3,4‐d] pyridazine‐4(5h)ones via reactions between 2‐hydroxy, methoxy, and acetoxy‐3(2h)furanones and hydrazine
Authors: Suzanne  , Gelin RenÉ 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSynthesis of substituted 3‐acyl‐4‐carbethoxypyrazoles, 5‐earbethoxy‐4(1H)pyridazinones and pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazine‐4(5H)ones is described. They involve the reaction of the 2,5‐substituted‐4‐earbelhoxy‐2‐hydroxy, methoxy and acetoxy‐3(2H)furanones with hydrazine hydrate. The reaction was found to be dependent on the hydroxy, methoxy or acetoxy substituents of these furanones and proceeds with ring opening followed by cy clisation. Pyrazoles were formed with hydroxy or methoxy substituents while pyridazinones are afforded with acetoxy group. The pyrazoles so formed were readily converted to pyrazolo[3,4‐d] pyridazinones by condensation with excess hydrazine.
A mew method of synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐telrahydro‐5H‐5‐oxo‐1,4‐benzodiazepines
Authors: Corral Carlos , Madroñcro Iiamón , Vrga Salvador 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA new one‐step facile method for the synthesis of 1,12,3,4‐tetrahydro5H‐5‐oxo‐1,4‐benzo‐diuzepines is described. The method involves the addition of methyl anlhranilates to elhyl‐enimine followed by intramolecular cyclizalion of the resulting intermediate compounds. Another attempted method starting from β‐anilinoethylisocyanales is also described.
Some reactions of 5h‐indeno[2,1‐b ]pyrylium, thiopyrylium and pyridinium derivatives
Authors: Van Allan J. A. , Reynolds G. A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe reactions of 5H‐indeno[2,1‐b]pyrylium, thiopyrylium and pyridinium derivatives with aldehydes and 2,6‐diphenyl‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one are described. The products obtained from the pyrylium salt and piperidine as well as the Vilsmeier reagent are reported.
A facile synthesis of 2‐aminothiazolo[5,4‐b]‐ and 2‐aminothiazolo[4,5‐c] pyridines
Authors: Aitland Henry W. , Molander Gary A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe hydrochlorides of the title compounds are obtained in moderate yields by refluxing 2‐chloro‐3‐aminopyridine or 3‐amino‐4‐chloropyridine, respectively, with an alkyl. Aralkyl‐, or aryl isothiocyanate in absolute ethanol solution. A proof is presented that the 2‐aminothiazolopyridine hydrochloride and not the isomeric o‐chloropyridylthiourea is the product of this reaction. The free‐bases may be obtained from the hydrochlorides with aqueous sodium bicarbonate. A mechanism for the formation of the thiazole ring is briefly considered. The interactions of 2‐chloro‐3‐aminopyridine with l‐substituted‐5‐mereapto‐1H‐tetrazoles are also described.