bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of young Chinese children's morphological awareness: The role of semantic relatedness and morpheme type
Authors: HAO MEILING , CHEN XI , DRONJIC VEDRAN , SHU HUA , ANDERSON RICHARD C. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe research reported in this paper investigated the effects of semantic relatedness of words (closely related vs. distantly related) and morpheme type (free morpheme vs. bound morpheme) on young Chinese children's homophone awareness, an aspect of morphological awareness, in two experiments. The first experiment was a cross-sectional study including 39 children in a beginning kindergarten class, 39 children in an intermediate kindergarten class, and 36 children in a senior kindergarten class. The second experiment was a 7-month longitudinal study involving 43 first graders and 50 second graders at the beginning of the study. In both experiments, the children judged whether orally presented words shared the same morpheme or contained homophonous morphemes. The results suggest that homophone awareness emerges in Chinese children in the kindergarten years. Children's morpheme identification is facilitated by the semantic proximity of words that share a morpheme, and awareness of free morphemes is developed before that of bound morphemes. Furthermore, although semantic relatedness is the most prominent factor in kindergarten, its effect varies as a function of morpheme type in the early primary grades. Our research sheds light on the developmental course of morphological awareness and the factors that influence it.
Acoustic and perceptual measurements of prosody production on the profiling elements of prosodic systems in children by children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: DIEHL JOSHUA JOHN , PAUL RHEA 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTProsody production atypicalities are a feature of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), but behavioral measures of performance have failed to provide detail on the properties of these deficits. We used acoustic measures of prosody to compare children with ASDs to age-matched groups with learning disabilities and typically developing peers. Overall, the group with ASD had longer utterance durations on multiple subtests on a test of prosodic abilities, and both the ASD and learning disabilities groups had higher pitch ranges and pitch variance than the typically developing group on one subtest. Acoustic differences were present even when the prosody was used correctly. These findings represent differences in the fine details of the acoustic output beyond its functional interpretation inbothclinical groups.
A fast ethanol assay to detect seed deterioration
Authors: Kodde Jan , Buckley Wayne T. , de Groot Corine C. , Retiere Marie , Viquez Zamora Ana Marcela , Groot Steven P.C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe most common way to test seed quality is to use a simple and reliable but time- and space-consuming germination test. In this paper we present a fast and simple method to analyse cabbage seed deterioration by measuring ethanol production from partially imbibed seeds. The method uses a modified breath analyser and is simple compared to gas chromatographic or enzymatic procedures. A modified method using elevated temperatures (40°C instead of 20°C) shortened the assay time and improved its sensitivity. The analysis showed an inverse correlation between ethanol production and seed quality (e.g. the final percentages or speed of germination and the number of normal seedlings). The increase in ethanol production was observed when cabbage seeds were deteriorated by storage under ambient conditions or hot water treatments, both of which reduced the number of normal seedlings. Premature seeds produced more ethanol upon imbibition than mature seeds. Ethanol production occurred simultaneously with oxygen consumption, indicating that lack of oxygen is not the major trigger for ethanol production.
Getting on the Board: The Presence of Women in Political Science Journal Editorial Positions
Authors: Stegmaier Mary , Palmer Barbara , van Assendelft Laura 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlthough the overall representation of women in the field of political science has increased gradually over the last several decades, most gains are being achieved at junior levels. When considering the status of women in the profession, it is instructive to incorporate information on the presence of women in editorial positions at top-ranked political science journals. Our 2010 snapshot of women editors in the top 50 journals in the field finds that on average, women are reasonably well represented in editorial positions in proportion to the ranks they hold in the profession overall and at PhD-granting institutions; however, substantial variation exists across journals. Our discussion of the role-model effect and the gatekeeping power of editors suggests that greater inclusion of women and others who bring different perspectives to research could result in a more vibrant range of research topics and methodological approaches published in a journal.
Understanding Process Tracing
Authors: Collier David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractProcess tracing is a fundamental tool of qualitative analysis. This method is often invoked by scholars who carry out within-case analysis based on qualitative data, yet frequently it is neither adequately understood nor rigorously applied. This deficit motivates this article, which offers a new framework for carrying out process tracing. The reformulation integrates discussions of process tracing and causal-process observations, gives greater attention to description as a key contribution, and emphasizes the causal sequence in which process-tracing observations can be situated. In the current period of major innovation inquantitativetools for causal inference, this reformulation is part of a wider, parallel effort to achieve greater systematization ofqualitativemethods. A key point here is that these methods can add inferential leverage that is often lacking in quantitative analysis. This article is accompanied by online teaching exercises, focused on four examples from American politics, two from comparative politics, three from international relations, and one from public health/epidemiology.
Overweight among children decreased, but obesity prevalence remained high among women in South Africa, 1999–2005
Authors: Kruger Herculina S , Steyn Nelia P , Swart Elizabeth C , Maunder Eleni MW , Nel Johanna H , Moeng Lynn , Labadarios Demetre 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to assess anthropometric status in South African children and women in 2005 in order to document temporal trends in selected anthropometric parameters.DesignHeights and weights were measured in a cross-sectional study of children aged 1–9 years and women aged 16–35 years. The WHO reference values and BMI cut-off points were used to determine weight status.SettingSouth Africa, representative sample based on census data.SubjectsChildren (n2157) and women (n2403).ResultsStunting was the most common nutritional disorder affecting 21·7 % of children in 1999 and 20·7 % in 2005. The difference was not statistically significant. Underweight prevalence remained unchanged, affecting 8·1 % of children, whereas wasting affected 5·8 % of children nationally, a significant increase from 4·3 % of children in 1999. Rural children were most severely affected. According to the international BMI cut-off points for overweight and obesity, 10 % of children nationally were classified as overweight and 4 % as obese. The national prevalence of overweight and obesity combined for women was 51·5 %. The prevalence of overweight in children based on weight-for-heightZ-score did not change significantly (8·0 % to 6·8 %,P= 0·138), but the combined overweight/obesity prevalence based on BMI cut-off points (17·1 % to 14·0 %,P= 0·02) decreased significantly from 1999 to 2005.ConclusionsThe double burden of undernutrition in children and overweight among women is evident in South Africa and getting worse due to increased childhood wasting combined with a high prevalence of obesity among urban women, indicating a need for urgent intervention.
Impact of Overweight on Effectiveness of Treatment with Human Growth Hormone in Growth Hormone Deficient Children: Analysis of German KIGS Data
Authors: Reinehr T. , Bechtold-Dalla Pozza S. , Bettendorf M. , Doerr H.-G. , Gohlke B. , Hauffa B. , Kaspers S. , Land C. , Mehls O. , Schwab K.-O. , Stahnke N. , Ranke M. ,   on behalf of the German KIGS Study Board
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe hypothesized that overweight children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) demonstrate a lower response to growth hormone (GH) as a result of a misclassification since obesity is associated with lower GH peaks in stimulation tests.Anthropometric data, response, and responsiveness to GH in the first year of treatment were compared in 1.712 prepubertal children with GHD from the German KIGS database according to BMI (underweight=group A, normal weight=group B, overweight=group C) (median age: group A, B, C: 7.3, 7.28, and 8.4 years).Maximum GH levels to tests (median: group A, B, C: 5.8, 5.8, and 4.0 µg/ml) were significantly lower in group C. IGF-I SDS levels were not different between the groups. Growth velocity in the first year of GH treatment was significantly lower in the underweight cohort (median: group A, B, C: 8.2, 8.8, and 9.0 cm/yr), while the gain in height was not different between groups. The difference between observed and predicted growth velocity expressed as Studentized residuals was not significantly different between groups. Separating the 164 overweight children into obese children (BMI>97th centile; n=71) and moderate overweight children (BMI>90th to 97th centile, n=93) demonstrated no significant difference in any parameter.Overweight prepubertal children with idiopathic GHD demonstrated similar levels of responsiveness to GH treatment compared to normal weight children. Furthermore, the IGF-I levels were low in overweight children. Therefore, a misclassification of GHD in overweight prepubertal children within the KIGS database seems unlikely. The first year growth prediction models can be applied to overweight and obese GHD children.
A Mathematical Review of Polyphase Filterbank Implementations for Radio Astronomy
Authors: Harris Christopher , Haines Karen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe technique of polyphase filterbanks is commonly used for signal processing in radio astronomy. The rapid and ongoing evolution of parallel hardware architectures requires optimised implementations of such techniques to be redeveloped. However, much of the published research regarding polyphase filterbanks refers the reader to signal processing books with a more general scope. Furthermore, these references tend to focus on the design of filters, rather than their implementation. For this reason, this work presents a mathematical background for the implementation of a polyphase filterbank specific to radio astronomy. It also addresses the advantages and disadvantages of polyphase filterbanks in comparison with more commonly used techniques.
Asymmetric Lévy flight in financial ratios
Authors: Podobnik Boris , Valentinčič Aljoša , Horvatić Davor , Stanley H. Eugene 
Published: October 2011

Because financial crises are characterized by dangerous rare events that occur more frequently than those predicted by models with finite variances, we investigate the underlying stochastic process generating these events. In the 1960s Mandelbrot [Mandelbrot B (1963)
J Bus
36:394–419] and Fama [Fama EF (1965)
J Bus
38:34–105] proposed a symmetric Lévy probability distribution function (PDF) to describe the stochastic properties of commodity changes and price changes. We find that an asymmetric Lévy PDF,

, characterized by infinite variance, models several multiple credit ratios used in financial accounting to quantify a firm’s financial health, such as the Altman [Altman EI (1968)
J Financ
23:589–609]
Z
score and the Zmijewski [Zmijewski ME (1984)
J Accounting Res
22:59–82] score, and models changes of individual financial ratios, Δ
X

i

. We thus find that Lévy PDFs describe both the static and dynamics of credit ratings. We find that for the majority of ratios, Δ
X

i

scales with the Lévy parameter
α
≈ 1, even though only a few of the individual ratios are characterized by a PDF with power-law tails

with infinite variance. We also find that α exhibits a striking stability over time. A key element in estimating credit losses is the distribution of credit rating changes, the functional form of which is unknown for alphabetical ratings. For continuous credit ratings, the Altman
Z
score, we find that
P
(Δ
Z
) follows a Lévy PDF with power-law exponent
α
≈ 1, consistent with changes of individual financial ratios. Estimating the conditional
P
(Δ
Z
|
Z
) versus
Z
, we demonstrate how this continuous credit rating approach and its dynamics can be used to evaluate credit risk.
Compact and flexible raster scanning multiphoton endoscope capable of imaging unstained tissue
Authors: Rivera David R. , Brown Christopher M. , Ouzounov Dimitre G. , Pavlova Ina , Kobat Demirhan , Webb Watt W. , Xu Chris 
Published: October 2011

We present a compact and flexible endoscope (3-mm outer diameter, 4-cm rigid length) that utilizes a miniaturized resonant/nonresonant fiber raster scanner and a multielement gradient-index lens assembly for two-photon excited intrinsic fluorescence and second-harmonic generation imaging of biological tissues. The miniaturized raster scanner is fabricated by mounting a commercial double-clad optical fiber (DCF) onto two piezo bimorphs that are aligned such that their bending axes are perpendicular to each other. Fast lateral scanning of the laser illumination at 4.1 frames/s (512 lines per frame) is achieved by simultaneously driving the DCF cantilever at its resonant frequency in one dimension and nonresonantly in the orthogonal axis. The implementation of a DCF into the scanner enables simultaneous delivery of the femtosecond pulsed 800-nm excitation source and epi-collection of the signal. Our device is able to achieve a field-of-view (FOV
xy
) of 110 μm by 110 μm with a highly uniform pixel dwell time. The lateral and axial resolutions for two-photon imaging are 0.8 and 10 μm, respectively. The endoscope’s imaging capabilities were demonstrated by imaging ex vivo mouse tissue through the collection of intrinsic fluorescence and second-harmonic signal without the need for staining. The results presented here indicate that our device can be applied in the future to perform minimally invasive in vivo optical biopsies for medical diagnostics.
Enrich: software for analysis of protein function by enrichment and depletion of variants
Authors: Fowler Douglas M. , Araya Carlos L. , Gerard Wayne , Fields Stanley 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Summary: Measuring the consequences of mutation in proteins is critical to understanding their function. These measurements are essential in such applications as protein engineering, drug development, protein design and genome sequence analysis. Recently, high-throughput sequencing has been coupled to assays of protein activity, enabling the analysis of large numbers of mutations in parallel. We present Enrich, a tool for analyzing such deep mutational scanning data. Enrich identifies all unique variants (mutants) of a protein in high-throughput sequencing datasets and can correct for sequencing errors using overlapping paired-end reads. Enrich uses the frequency of each variant before and after selection to calculate an enrichment ratio, which is used to estimate fitness. Enrich provides an interactive interface to guide users. It generates user-accessible output for downstream analyses as well as several visualizations of the effects of mutation on function, thereby allowing the user to rapidly quantify and comprehend sequence–function relationships.
Availability and Implementation: Enrich is implemented in Python and is available under a FreeBSD license at http://depts.washington.edu/sfields/software/enrich/. Enrich includes detailed documentation as well as a small example dataset.
Contact: dfowler@uw.edu; fields@uw.edu
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data is available at Bioinformatics online.
Adenovirus infection in paediatric allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients is a major independent factor for significantly increasing the risk of treatment related mortality
Authors: George Diane , El‐Mallawany Nader Kim , Jin Zhezhen , Geyer Mark , Della‐Latta Phyllis , Satwani Prakash , Garvin James H. , Bradley Mary Brigid , Bhatia Monica , van de Ven Carmella , Morris Erin , Schwartz Joseph , Cairo Mitchell S. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAdenovirus infection is a significant complication in paediatric AlloSCT recipients with a mortality rate for disseminated adenovirus that may exceed 80%. We sought to determine the incidence, risk factors, and associated outcomes of adenovirus infection in 123 consecutive paediatric AlloSCT recipients. Adenovirus was diagnosed by antigen detection or viral culture, and was defined by isolation of virus with presence of correlating clinical symptoms. The probability of developing adenovirus infection was 12·3% (CI95 6·0–18·6). There were no statistically significant differences in probability of adenovirus infection in univariate analysis of risk factors including donor source, use of ATG/Alemtuzumab, ≥Grade II GVHD, among others (age, diagnosis, conditioning regimen). Probability of overall survival for patients that experienced adenovirus infection was 15·4% vs. 50% for those without adenovirus (P = 0·0286). In multivariate analysis, the most important risk factor for an increased risk of death was adenovirus infection [HR 3·15 (CI95 1·6–6·18) P = 0·0009]. In this series of paediatric AlloSCT recipients, the development of adenovirus infection was the leading multivariate predictor of treatment‐related mortality. Enhanced surveillance with adenovirus PCR and identification of the risk factors associated with poor outcomes from adenovirus infection may identify patients that may benefit from pre‐emptive therapeutic interventions including adenovirus‐specific cellular immunotherapies.
Crossing the transition chasm: experiences and recommendations for improving transitional care of young adults, parents and providers
Authors: van Staa A. L. , Jedeloo S. , van Meeteren J. , Latour J. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground  Transition from paediatric to adult healthcare has received little attention in the Netherlands. This study aimed to: (i) map experiences with the transfer to adult care of young adults with chronic conditions; and (ii) identify recommendations for transitional care of young adults, their parents and healthcare providers.Methods  Semi‐structured interviews with 24 young adults after transfer (aged 15–22 years; diagnosed with haemophilia, diabetes mellitus, spina bifida, congenital heart disorders, cystic fibrosis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or sickle cell disease), 24 parents and 17 healthcare providers. Thematic analysis was performed.Results  Only the haemophilia department offered a structured transition programme, most patients had not been prepared for transition. Experiences and views of patients, parents and professionals mainly overlapped and were condensed into four core themes. Two are related to moving to adult care: (1) ‘leaving paediatric care is a logical step’. Leaving familiar surroundings was harder for parents than for young adults who displayed a positive ‘wait‐and‐see’ attitude; and (2) ‘transition is complicated by cultural gaps between paediatric and adult services’. Young adults and parents felt lost after transfer and recommended their peers ‘to be alert and involved’. Providers also recognized the cultural chasm between both services and worried about non‐compliance, lost to follow‐up and lack of independence. Two other themes indicated priorities for improvement: (3) ‘better patient and parent preparation’ for differences between healthcare settings and for new roles and responsibilities with respect to self‐management; and (4) ‘more collaboration and personal links’ between paediatric and adult care providers.Conclusions  Action is required to cross the chasm between paediatric and adult‐oriented care. Preparation for transition should start early and focus on strengthening adolescents' independency without undermining parental involvement. Building bridges between services, gaining trust and investing in new personal relations is a challenge for all parties involved: transition is about responding and bonding.
A social‐ecological model of readiness for transition to adult‐oriented care for adolescents and young adults with chronic health conditions
Authors: Schwartz L. A. , Tuchman L. K. , Hobbie W. L. , Ginsberg J. P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground Policy and research related to transition to adult care for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) has focused primarily on patient age, disease skills and knowledge.Objective In an effort to broaden conceptualization of transition and move beyond isolated patient variables, a new social‐ecological model of AYA readiness for transition (SMART) was developed.Methods SMART development was informed by related theories, literature, expert opinion and pilot data collection using a questionnaire developed to assess provider report of SMART components with 100 consecutive patients in a childhood cancer survivorship clinic.Results The literature, expert opinion and pilot data collection support the relevance of SMART components and a social‐ecological conceptualization of transition. Provider report revealed that many components, representing more than age, disease knowledge and skills, related to provider plans for transferring patients.Conclusions SMART consists of inter‐related constructs of patients, parents and providers with emphasis on variables amenable to intervention. Results support SMART's broadened conceptualization of transition readiness and need for assessment of multiple stakeholders' perspectives of patient transition readiness. A companion measure of SMART, which will be able to be completed by patients, parents and providers, will be developed to target areas of intervention to facilitate optimal transition readiness. Similar research programmes to establish evidence‐based transition measures and interventions are needed.