bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring the effectiveness of U.S. rice export promotion programs
Authors: Rusmevichientong Pimbucha , Kaiser Harry M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThree issues are examined relating to U.S. rice export promotion. First, the responsiveness of U.S. rice export demand with respect to U.S. rice export promotion is measured to determine the quantity impacts of these programs. Second, the overall effectiveness of the programs is examined in terms of whether the benefits exceed the cost. Finally, the optimality of U.S. rice export promotion in terms of expenditure levels is investigated. A double logarithmic econometric export demand equation is estimated to compute the export promotion elasticity while controlling for other demand determinants such as own price, the export price of competing countries, incomes, and exchange rates. Average benefit–cost ratios are computed for U.S. rice export promotion based on a range of excess supply own‐price elasticities to compute the effectiveness of the programs. Finally, a marginal simulation analysis is conducted to explore the optimality of the investment in rice export promotion. [JEL Codes: Q17, Q18, Q13]. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Middle way leaders
Authors: Little Graham 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper explores the psychology – and the appeal – of “middle way” or “third way” political leaders, with a particular focus on former British Labor prime minister Tony Blair. Reviewing two works by British psychoanalyst and Labor member of parliament (MP), Leo Abse, and Australian management theorist, Alistair Mant, the paper examines the middle way idea and its psychological meaning with particular reference to Blair and others including US president Bill Clinton and Australian Labor prime minister Bob Hawke. The paper, written in 1999, locates the middle way idea in relation to issues of aggression, denial of differences, idealization and parental identifications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunomodulatory and Anticancer Activities of Some Novel 2‐Substituted‐6‐bromo‐3‐methylthiazolo[3,2‐a]benzimidazole Derivatives
Authors: Abdel‐Aziz Hatem A. , Gamal‐Eldeen Amira M. , Hamdy Nehal A. , Fakhr Issa M. I. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEthyl 6‐bromo‐3‐methyl‐1,3‐thiazolo[3,2‐a]benzimidazole‐2‐carboxylate 2 was prepared by the ambient temperature bromination of ethyl 3‐methyl‐1,3‐thiazolo[3,2‐a]benzimidazole‐2‐carboxylate 1. The acid hydrazide 4 was obtained by the reaction of ester 2 with hydrazine hydrate. Treatment of compound 4 with benzaldehyde or 2‐thiophenaldehyde yielded the corresponding hydrazones 6a and 6b, respectively, while the reaction of acid hydrazide 4 with ethoxymethylene malononitrile (7a) or with ethyl ethoxymethylene cyanoacetate (7b) in refluxing ethanol afforded pyrazole derivatives 9a and 9b, respectively. Taken together, from the biological investigations compounds 9a and 9b were the most significant inhibitors of LPS‐stimulated NO generation from Raw murine macrophage 264.7, and, as another result, compounds 2 and 4 had a weak radical scavenging activity against DPPH radicals. Moreover, 2, 4, and 9a had a concomitant strong cytotoxicity against both colon carcinoma cells (HCT‐116) and hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Hep‐G2) while 9b showed specific cytotoxicity only against colon carcinoma cells.
Interest of industrial actors in biorefinery concepts in Europe
Authors: Menrad Klaus , Klein Agnes , Kurka Stefan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTo satisfy the rising demand for agricultural and forestry products it is becoming more and more important to use biomass as efficiently as possible. One way of achieving that goal is to implement biorefinery systems in which biomass can be utilized entirely by conversion through multiple processes into a number of valuable products. To pursue the implementation of biorefinery systems, it is important to know to what extent the industry is interested in such concepts. This perspective deals with the results of a cross‐European survey investigating the interests of potential industrial actors in biorefinery concepts. A high resonance was identified amongst companies belonging to the biofuels industry; companies active in this sector, therefore, could possibly provide access to further integrated concepts. On the whole, the results reflect a very positive attitude toward biorefinery concepts. But there are also problems with respect to the political and legal framework; policy and legislation may be required to establish stable framework conditions and provide planning security for investment decisions. Oilseed and lignocellulosic feedstock is primarily utilized within the surveyed companies; fuel, heat and power are the primary products produced from biomass. Additionally, the survey showed that biorefinery concepts are highly influenced by aspects concerning regional value chains. On the upstream side ‘feedstock issues’ appear to be especially important for biorefineries. In general, sustainability aspects are considered to be a benefit of biorefinery concepts. This suggests opportunities for the design of marketing and communication strategies based on ecological aspects of biorefinery implementation. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A tissue‐engineered model of the intestinal lacteal for evaluating lipid transport by lymphatics
Authors: Dixon J. Brandon , Raghunathan Sandeep , Swartz Melody A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLacteals are the entry point of all dietary lipids into the circulation, yet little is known about the active regulation of lipid uptake by these lymphatic vessels, and there lacks in vitro models to study the lacteal—enterocyte interface. We describe an in vitro model of the human intestinal microenvironment containing differentiated Caco‐2 cells and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). We characterize the model for fatty acid, lipoprotein, albumin, and dextran transport, and compare to qualitative uptake of fatty acids into lacteals in vivo. We demonstrate relevant morphological features of both cell types and strongly polarized transport of fatty acid in the intestinal‐to‐lymphatic direction. We found much higher transport rates of lipid than of dextran or albumin across the lymphatic endothelial monolayer, suggesting most lipid transport is active and intracellular. This was confirmed with confocal imaging of Bodipy, a fluorescent fatty acid, along with transmission electron microscopy. Since our model recapitulates crucial aspects of the in vivo lymphatic–enterocyte interface, it is useful for studying the biology of lipid transport by lymphatics and as a tool for screening drugs and nanoparticles that target intestinal lymphatics. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 1224–1235. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Directed evolution of a secretory leader for the improved expression of heterologous proteins and full‐length antibodies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Rakestraw J. Andy , Sazinsky Stephen L. , Piatesi Andrea , Antipov Eugene , Wittrup K. Dane 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBecause of its eukaryotic nature, simple fermentation requirements, and pliable genetics, there have been many attempts at improving recombinant protein production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These strategies typically involve altering the expression of a native protein thought to be involved in heterologous protein trafficking. Usually, these approaches yield three‐ to tenfold improvements over wild‐type strains and are almost always specific to one type of protein. In this study, a library of mutant alpha mating factor 1 leader peptides (MFα1pp) is screened for the enhanced secretion of a single‐chain antibody. One of the isolated mutants is shown to enhance the secretion of the scFv up to 16‐fold over wild type. These leaders also confer a secretory improvement to two other scFvs as well as two additional, structurally unrelated proteins. Moreover, the improved leader sequences, combined with strain engineering, allow for a 180‐fold improvement over previous reports in the secretion of full‐length, functional, glycosylated human IgG1. The production of full‐length IgG1 at milligram per liter titers in a simple, laboratory‐scale system will significantly expedite drug discovery and reagent synthesis while reducing antibody cloning, production, and characterization costs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 1192–1201. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Simple and reliable formula for assessment of maximum volumetric productivities in photobioreactors
Authors: Cornet Jean‐François , Dussap Claude‐Gilles 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article establishes and discusses the consistency and the range of applicability of a simple but general and predictive analytical formula, enabling to easily assess the maximum volumetric biomass growth rates (the productivities) in several kinds of photobioreactors with more or less 15% of deviation. Experimental validations are performed on photobioreactors of very different conceptions and designs, cultivating the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis, on a wide range of volumes and hemispherical incident light fluxes. The practical usefulness of the proposed formula is demonstrated by the fact that it appears completely independent of the characteristics of the material phase (as the type of reactor, the kind of mixing, the biomass concentration…), according to the first principle of thermodynamics and to the Gauss‐Ostrogradsky theorem. Its ability to give the maximum (only) kinetic performance of photobioreactors cultivating many different photoautotrophic strains (cyanobacteria, green algae, eukaryotic microalgae) is theoretically discussed but experimental results are reported to a future work of the authors or to any other contribution arising from the scientific community working in the field of photobioreactor engineering and potentially interested by this approach. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Detailed Description of the Metal‐to‐Ligand Charge‐Transfer State in Monoterpyridine IrIII Complexes
Authors: Yoshikawa Naokazu , Yamabe Shinichi , Kanehisa Nobuko , Inoue Tsuyoshi , Takashima Hiroshi , Tsukahara Keiichi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe synthesized four IrIII terpyridine complexes with three Cl– anions by using microwave irradiation. By introducing three Cl– anions to the Ir3+ cation, it can be expected that the absorption and emission properties of the complexes change from π–π* to metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT). These complexes having intrinsic C2v symmetry are suitable for analyzing orbital interactions. This symmetry has four irreducible representations, a1, a2, b1, and b2, which results in no degenerate orbitals. Charge transfers (CTs) from three nitrogen lone‐pair orbitals to the 5d and 5d atomic orbitals give three Ir–N coordination bonds in the in‐plane molecular orbital (MO) overlap of a1 symmetry. These CTs are described by the 60th and 66th MOs in the [IrCl3(terpy)] complex, (terpy = 2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine). The antibonding combination of the 5dxz and the lone‐pair orbital of Cl– gives rise to the high‐lying HOMO in b1 symmetry. The back CT, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) (b1) → the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) (b1), corresponds to MLCT, and the small‐energy excitation is confirmed by the long wavelength λmax ≈ 500 nm in the absorption spectroscopy.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Biomimetic Chromanol Cyclisation: A Common Route to α‐Tocotrienol and α‐Tocopherol
Authors: Chapelat Julien , Chougnet Antoinette , Woggon Wolf‐D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA common synthetic route to α‐tocotrienol and α‐tocopherol has been accomplished by a biomimetic cyclisation that yields the chromanol ring. The chirality at C2 of the chromanol was induced by a covalently attached chiral dipeptide. Its terminal Asp participates in the enantioface‐selective protonation of the double bond of the α‐tocotrienol precursor.α‐Tocotrienol was diastereoselectively hydrogenated toα‐tocopherol. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Co‐assembly of a Nafion–Mesoporous Zirconium Phosphate Composite Membrane for PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Sahu A. K. , Pitchumani S. , Sridhar P. , Shukla A. K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSynthesis of mesoporous zirconium phosphate (MZP) by co‐assembly of a tri‐block copolymer, namely pluronic‐F127, as a structure‐directing agent, and a mixture of zirconium butoxide and phosphorous trichloride as inorganic precursors is reported. MZP with a specific surface area of 84 m2 g–1, average pore diameter of about 17 nm and pore volume of 0.35 cm3 g–1 has been prepared, and characterised by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy. Nafion–MZP composite membrane is obtained by employing MZP as a surface‐functionalised solid‐super‐acid‐proton‐conducting medium as well as an inorganic filler with high affinity to absorb water and fast proton‐transport across the electrolyte membrane even under low relative humidity (RH) conditions. The composite membranes have been evaluated in H2/O2 polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) at varying RH values between 18 and 100%; a peak power density of 355 mW cm–2 at a load current density of 1,100 mA cm–2 is achieved with the PEFC employing Nafion–MZP composite membrane while operating at optimum temperature (70 °C) under 18% RH and ambient pressure. On operating the PEFC employing Nafion–MZP membrane electrolyte with hydrogen and air feeds at ambient pressure and a RH value of 18%, a peak power density of 285 mW cm–2 at the optimum temperature (60 °C) is achieved. In contrast, operating under identical conditions, a peak power density of only ∼170 mW cm–2 is achieved with the PEFC employing Nafion‐1135 membrane electrolyte.
Derivatives trading, volatility spillover, and regulation: Evidence from the Korean securities markets
Authors: Bae Sung C. , Kwon Taek Ho , Park Jong Won 
Published: April 2009

AbstractUnlike the U.S. and Japanese securities markets, we find new evidence of volatility spillover between index stocks and non‐index stocks following the introductions of index derivatives trading in the Korean securities markets. We further find that the degree of volatility spillover is closely related to the level of market deregulation; significant return volatility spills over from non‐index to index stocks during deregulation period but in the opposite direction during post‐deregulation period. Our empirical results show that the former volatility spillover from non‐index to index stocks can be explained by the transitory contagion effect associated with the 1997 Korean financial crisis and the subsequent market deregulation, whereas the latter volatility spillover from index to non‐index stocks is attributed to the permanent information spillover effect. This latter evidence suggests that the information regarding investors' expectations on the future common market factors is first reflected into the return volatility of index stocks and then transferred to the trading of non‐index stocks against which derivatives are not traded. Our results are robust to different estimation and sample construction methods. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 29:563–597, 2009
VIX option pricing
Authors: Lin Yueh‐Neng , Chang Chien‐Hung 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSubstantial progress has been made in developing more realistic option pricing models for S&P 500 index (SPX) options. Empirically, however, it is not known whether and by how much each generalization of SPX price dynamics improves VIX option pricing. This article fills this gap by first deriving a VIX option model that reconciles the most general price processes of the SPX in the literature. The relative empirical performance of several models of distinct interest is examined. Our results show that state‐dependent price jumps and volatility jumps are important for pricing VIX options. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 29:523–543, 2009
Synchronous papillary carcinoma in thyroglossal duct cyst and thyroid gland: Case report and review of literature
Authors: Cherian Mathew Pynumootil , Nair Balakrishnan , Thomas Shaji , Somanathan Thara , Sebastian Paul 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundWe report a rare case of synchronous occurrence of thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma and thyroid carcinoma and discuss its management in detail.MethodsA 59‐year‐old woman was clinically diagnosed to have a thyroglossal duct cyst and a solitary nodule. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology revealed a papillary carcinoma in the thyroglossal duct cyst and a colloid in the thyroid nodule. Sistrunk's procedure along with a total thyroidectomy was performed followed by postoperative radioiodine ablation.ResultsHistopathologic examination revealed thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma and bilateral foci of papillary carcinoma in the thyroid gland. She has remained free of disease on follow‐up.ConclusionMost cancers arising in thyroglossal duct cysts are of low risk, and Sistrunk's procedure is an adequate treatment for such cancers. However, for synchronously occurring cancers of the thyroglossal duct cyst and thyroid gland, or high‐risk thyroglossal duct cyst cancers, more aggressive treatment comprising total thyroidectomy, Sistrunk's procedure, and radioiodine therapy is indicated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Postradiation nasopharyngeal necrosis in the patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Hua Yi‐Jun , Chen Ming‐Yuan , Qian Chao‐Nan , Hong Ming‐Huang , Zhao Chong , Guo Ling , Guo Xiang , Cao Kao‐Jia 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundRadiation‐induced nasopharyngeal necrosis is a consequential late effect in the patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Patients with NPC who have been treated with high‐dose radiotherapy are at risk of developing postradiation nasopharyngeal necrosis (PRNN). However, the analysis of PRNN with a significant cohort of patients has not been reported in English‐language literature. In this study, we aimed to evaluate PRNN in 28 patients with NPC.MethodsFrom June 2006 to December 2007, 28 patients were diagnosed with PRNN with pathologic evidence. Surgical procedure of endoscopy‐guided debridement and systemic anti‐inflammatory treatments were conducted for the patients. Their clinical features, treatment procedures, and outcomes were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsClinical symptoms such as foul odor and headache were alleviated in all, 8 patients were cured of their PRNN, 9 patients with exposed internal carotid artery died of sudden nasopharyngeal massive bleeding, and 3 patients died of exhaustion (cachexia).ConclusionPRNN is an important consequential late effect of radiotherapy in the patients with NPC. Internal carotid artery erosion is a severe situation and acts as an independent prognostic factor for the patients. Diagnosis of PRNN could be made after ruling out the persistent‐recurrent NPC proven by pathologic examination. Surgery is effective for improving the quality of life and for curing PRNN. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Efficacy and safety of treating T4 oral cavity tumors with primary chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Cohen Ezra E. W. , Baru Joshua , Huo Dezheng , Haraf Daniel J. , Crowley Maureen , Witt Mary Ellyn , Blair Elizabeth A. , Weichselbaum Ralph R. , Rosen Fred , Vokes Everett E. , Stenson Kerstin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundPatients with T4 oral cavity (OC) tumors are often treated with surgery followed by adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT).MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of 4 multi‐institutional phase II studies estimating long‐term toxicity, locoregional control (LC), progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) of primary CRT.ResultsThirty‐nine subjects were identified; 16 (42%) with bony involvement. Median radiotherapy dose delivered to primary tumor was 74 Gy. Five‐year OS, PFS, and LC rates were 56%, 51%, and 75%, respectively. Sixty‐nine percent of subjects with bony involvement never relapsed. Seven subjects developed osteoradionecrosis. Bone involvement with primary tumor did not appear to be associated with increased risk of death, relapse, or long‐term complication.ConclusionThese data suggest that primary CRT is an effective treatment approach in patients with T4 OC tumors including those with bony involvement producing LC, survival, and complication rates comparable to historical series. Prospective clinical trials should evaluate primary surgical versus CRT treatment in these patients. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Anatomical variations of the superior thyroid and superior laryngeal arteries
Authors: Vázquez Teresa , Cobiella Rosana , Maranillo Eva , Valderrama Francisco Jose , McHanwell Stephen , Parkin Ian , Sañudo Jose Ramon 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundThere are known to be variations in the origins of the superior thyroid artery (STA), an important surgical landmark, and 1 of its branches, the superior laryngeal artery (SLA).MethodsThree hundred thirty human embalmed heminecks were dissected. The results of previous studies were reviewed, and a meta‐analysis is presented.ResultsFour different origins for the STA were found. The most frequent was type I, from the carotid bifurcation (49%). Four different origins were also found for the SLA being the most frequent the type I in which the artery arose from STA (78%). The mean external diameters of STA and SLA were 0.26 and 0.20 cm, respectively, with no statistically significant differences by side or sex.ConclusionVariations in the origin of STA and SLA from the carotid arterial tree and the similarity of their diameters mean that there is a significant possibility of their misidentified during surgery. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
From program participant to engaged citizen: a developmental journey
Authors: Borden Lynne , Serido Joyce 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAmerican youth who participate in both school‐based and community‐based programs during high school remain more civically engaged than their contemporaries throughout adulthood. However, few studies have examined the developmental processes through which participation in a youth directed program promotes civic responsibility. In this qualitative study, 23 males and 9 females took part in one of five focus groups to talk about their experiences as members of a youth empowerment center in the southwest. The results reveal a three‐phased process model of development from program participant to civically engaged youth. Each of the three phases, participation, connection and expansion, is explained using the words and examples provided by the youth. Implications for application and future research are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Defined Poly(silsesquioxane)s: Fast Polycondensation of Trialkoxysilanes in a Continuous‐Flow Microreactor
Authors: Kessler Daniel , Löwe Holger , Theato Patrick 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe polycondensation of trialkoxysilanes to PSSQs in a microreactor setup is demonstrated. While continuous‐flow processes involving microreactors found various applications in chain growth polymerization, their influence on step‐growth polymerization is less explored, and the polycondensation of multifunctional monomers has not been studied in detail. We found significantly increased yields and a decreased polydispersity of the obtained polymers in comparison to the batch process. By variation of the residence time molecular weights could be adjusted reproducibly ranging from $\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 1 900 to 11 000 g · mol−1. Thus, the microreactor setup offers for the first time the possibility to synthesize PSSQ with adjustable properties.magnified image