bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eisen‐, Calcium‐ und Magnesium‐Salze. Chemie und Eigenschaften
Authors: Ude Christian , Schubert‐Zsilavecz Manfred 
Published: April 2009

AbstractZusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass Calcium, Magnesium und Eisen in der modernen Pharmazie in den unterschiedlichsten Bereichen vorkommen. Besonders der menschliche Organismus reagiert sehr sensibel auf Schwankungen und einen Mangel am jeweiligen Element. Die Stoffwechselvorgänge im Körper sind somit stark abhängig von einer konstanten Homöostase. Für die Therapie einer Mangelerscheinung ist die Auswahl des richtigen Präparats unumgänglich, wobei sich viele grundlegende Eigenschaften der eingesetzten Mineralpräparate leicht aus den chemischen Grundkenntnissen ableiten lassen.
Physiologische Bedeutung von Eisen. Essenziell und toxisch
Authors: Hahn Andreas 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEisen ist ein essenzielles Spurenelement und besitzt vielfältige Funktionen im Stoffwechsel. Die Homöostase erfolgt auf der Ebene der Absorption, da die Möglichkeiten der Eisen‐Exkretion stark eingeschränkt sind Unter ernährungsphysiologischen Gesichtspunkten ist weniger der absolute Eisen‐Gehalt eines Lebensmittels von Bedeutung als die Bioverfügbarkeit des Mineralstoffs. Das in Lebensmitteln tierischer Herkunft enthaltene Hämeisen ist weitaus besser verwertbar als die in Pflanzen vorkommenden anorganischen Verbindungen. Weltweit betrachtet ist Eisen der Nährstoff, bei dem am häufigsten Mangelerscheinungen auftreten.In Deutschland erreichen mehr als drei Viertel der Frauen im gebärfähigen Alter nicht die von den Fachgesellschaften empfohlene Zufuhr des Mineralstoffs. Ausgeprägte Mangelerscheinungen mit funktionellen Einschränkungen sind dennoch vergleichsweise selten. Eine sehr hohe Aufnahme an Hämeisen scheint das Risiko für Tumoren des Dickdarms zu erhöhen. Die zeitweise postulierte Hypothese, wonach ein hoher Eisen‐Status die Prävalenz von Herz‐Kreislauf‐Erkrankungen erhöht, gilt hingegen als widerlegt.
Magnesium‐Verbindungen. Aufnahme, Funktionen und therapeutische Aspekte
Authors: Eder Klaus 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMagnesium ist nach dem Kalium das mengenmäßig zweithäufigste intrazelluläre mineralische Element in unserem Körper. Aufgrund seiner vielfältigen Funktionen im Körper führt eine unzureichende Versorgung an Magnesium zu einem breiten Spektrum an Mangelsymptomen. Der Magnesium‐Haushalt des Körpers wird durch Resorption aus dem Darm, Ausscheidung über den Stuhl und den Urin sowie Einlagerung oder Freisetzung in das bzw. aus dem Skelett reguliert. Die Resorption von Magnesium erfolgt über den kompletten Darm durch zwei verschiedene Prozesse, zum einen Carrier‐vermittelt, zum anderen parazellulär durch passive Diffusion. Die Resorptionsrate aus der Nahrung liegt normalerweise bei 35 bis 55 %. Bei fettreicher Nahrung oder der Aufnahme verschiedener Nahrungsinhaltsstoffe, die die Magnesium‐Resorption hemmen wie Phosphat, Phytat oder Oxalat, kann sie aber deutlich reduziert sein. Für die Wirksamkeit von Magnesium‐Präparaten spielt die intestinale Bioverfügbarkeit des Magnesiums eine entscheidende Rolle. Organische Magnesium‐Verbindungen wie das Citrat, Aspartat, Aspartat‐hydrochlorid, Gluconat oder Aminosäurekomplexe haben eine deutlich höhere Bioverfügbarkeit als anorganische Magnesium‐Salze wie das Carbonat, Oxid oder Sulfat (mit Ausnahme von Chlorid). Organische Magnesium‐Verbindungen sind als Supplemente daher den weniger gut resorbierbaren anorganischen Verbindungen wie Magnesiumoxid oder ‐carbonat vorzuziehen.
Cellular mRNA expressions of anti‐oxidant factors in the blood of preeclamptic women
Authors: Nakamura Masamitsu , Sekizawa Akihiko , Purwosunu Yuditiya , Okazaki Shiho , Farina Antonio , Wibowo Noroyono , Shimizu Hanako , Okai Takashi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the alterations of mRNA expressions associated with oxidative stress in the cellular component of blood from pregnant women with pre‐eclampsia.MethodsPeripheral blood samples were obtained from pregnant women with and without pre‐eclampsia. Cellular RNA was subjected to a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in order to examine the mRNA distribution among women with pre‐eclampsia (n = 24) and control subjects (n = 24) during 35–41 weeks of gestation. The data were analyzed by non‐parametric statistics.ResultsSignificant differences between the pre‐eclampsia subjects and the controls were observed in the gene expressions associated with oxidative stress. Lower values in the pre‐eclampsia group were found for heme oxygenase (HO)‐1, HO‐2, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The HO‐1, HO‐2 and the catalase levels significantly correlated with proteinuria, and the HO‐2 level with systolic blood pressure.ConclusionSignificantly lower concentrations of HO‐1, HO‐2, SOD and catalase are found in the cellular component of blood from pre‐eclamptic patients. The values correlate with the severity of pre‐eclampsia. These findings indicate that enhanced oxidative stress and a decrease in the number of anti‐oxidant enzymes may be associated with pre‐eclampsia. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The nuchal translucency and the fetal heart: a literature review
Authors: Clur S. A. , Ottenkamp J. , Bilardo C. M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this overview the current knowledge of the relationship between an increased nuchal translucency (NT) measurement and fetal heart structure and function in chromosomally normal fetuses is reviewed. Relevant pathophysiological theories behind the increased NT are discussed. Fetuses with an increased NT have an increased risk for congenital heart disease (CHD) with no particular bias for one form of CHD over another. This risk increases with increasing NT measurement. Although the NT measurement is only a modestly effective screening tool for all CHD when used alone, it may indeed be effective in identifying specific CHD “likely to benefit” from prenatal diagnosis. The combination of an increased NT, tricuspid regurgitation and an abnormal ductus venosus (DV) Doppler flow profile, is a strong marker for CHD. A fetal echocardiogram should be performed at 20 weeks' gestation in fetuses with an NT ≥ 95th percentile but < 99th percentile. When the NT measurement is ≥ 99th percentile, or when tricuspid regurgitation and/or an abnormal DV flow pattern is found along with the increased NT, an earlier echocardiogram is indicated, followed by a repeat scan at around 20 weeks' gestation. The resultant increased demand for early fetal echocardiography and sonographers with this special expertise needs to be planned and provided for. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on cholesterol in HIV‐1 infected children: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kim Jason Y. , Zaoutis Theoklis , Chu Jaclyn , Zhao Huaqing , Rutstein Richard 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the extent to which different highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens pose risks for hypercholesterolemia in children with perinatal HIV‐1.MethodsA single center, retrospective cohort study examined different HAART regimens and total cholesterol (TC) levels. The primary outcomes were TC levels > 180, > 200 mg/dl. HAART was defined as multiple nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), NRTI and protease inhibitor (PI) combinations (NRTI/PI), and NRTI and non‐nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) combinations (NRTI/NNRTI). Controls were HIV‐1 infected children while on no medications (No MED). Univariate and multivariable Cox regression models generated hazard ratios for each of the primary outcomes with duration of therapy in the model.ResultsOf the 178 HIV‐1 infected children eligible for study, 72.4% had TC > 180 mg/dl, 53.4% had TC > 200 mg/dl. For TC > 200, the multivariable analysis showed increased risk with NRTI/NNRTI (HR: 1.86, 95%CI: 1.34–2.19) and NRTI/PI (HR: 3.45, 95%CI: 2.65–4.51) when compared to No MED. Compared to NRTI/NNRTI, NRTI/PI increased the risk for TC > 200 mg/dl (HR: 1.86, 95%CI: 1.45–2.39) in the multivariable model.ConclusionsIn vertically acquired HIV‐1 infected children, HAART elevates the risk of hypercholesterolemia. NRTI/PI increased risk of TC levels threefold, while NRTI/NNRTI increased risk twofold over No MED. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychotropic drug use in the Norwegian general population in 2005: data from the Norwegian Prescription Database
Authors: Kjosavik Svein R , Ruths Sabine , Hunskaar Steinar 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPurposeTo analyse psychotropic drug utilisation patterns in the general population of Norway in 2005.MethodsData on 4 163 045 prescriptions of psychotropic drugs dispensed at all pharmacies in Norway during 2005 were extracted from The Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD), including antipsychotics (ATC‐code N05A), anxiolytics (N05B), hypnotics (N05C) and antidepressants (N06A). This information was merged with data concerning the 3857 general practitioners (GPs) from the Norwegian Regular GP Scheme.ResultsA total of 705 230 individuals, or 15.3% of the general population, received at least one prescription of a psychotropic drug. The figures for the four therapeutic subgroups were 2.4% for antipsychotics, 6.2% for anxiolytics, 7.9% for hypnotics and 6.0% for antidepressants, respectively. For all subgroups, prevalence was higher among women than among men, and increased steadily by patients' age. The mean annual drug volume per patient was highest among persons aged 40–59 years, except for hypnotics where it continued to increase with age. GPs prescribed 80% of overall psychotropic drug volume, psychiatrists 5%, and other prescribers 15%. The proportion of the drugs issued by the three prescriber groups differed with the patients' age group. While children and adolescents received a relatively large share from paediatricians and child and adolescent psychiatrists, adults mostly got their prescriptions from GPs.ConclusionsThe majority of psychotropic drugs were prescribed by GPs. Overall drug use increased significantly, and psychiatrists' contribution decreased significantly with patients' age. The quality of pharmacological treatment for mental health problems of the general and aging population therefore relies mainly on the GPs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of multiwall carbon nanotubes on the mechanical properties and unusual crystallization behavior in melt‐mixed co‐continuous blends of polyamide6 and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
Authors: Bose Suryasarathi , Bhattacharyya Arup R. , Häußler Liane , Pötschke Petra 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe mechanical and the crystallization behavior of melt‐mixed cocontinuous blends of polyamide6 (PA6) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene were studied in presence of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT). Young's modulus was observed to be significantly improved with increasing concentration of MWNT, while only moderate improvements were observed in the tensile strength. To overcome the van der Waals' forces between MWNT a unique modifier, sodium salt of 6 amino hexanoic acid (Na‐AHA) was employed where it was envisaged that specific interactions between Na+ of the modifier and the delocalized “π‐electron” clouds of MWNT would lead to significant debundlling of the tubes. The mechanical properties of the blends with Na‐AHA modified MWNT were found to be improved as compared to the blends with purified MWNT however, were found to be adversely affected above certain concentration of Na‐AHA in the blends. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis supported the plasticization effect induced by Na‐AHA manifesting in decrease in the glass transition temperature of PA6 in the blends with Na‐AHA modified MWNT. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed two crystallization exotherms for PA6 in the blends with both purified and Na‐AHA modified MWNT. This unusual crystallization behavior of PA6 was addressed in context to confined crystallization of PA6 in the tube “network‐like” structure. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation of highly H+ permeable sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) cation exchange membranes and their applications in electro‐generation of thioglycolic acid
Authors: Huang Xuehong , Chen Zhen , Lin Pu , Huang Jinbiao , Chen Wenjian 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) was successfully synthesized from sulfonated 4,4′‐difluorobenzophenone, 4,4′‐difluorobenzophenone and bisphenol A. SPEEK cation exchange membranes were prepared by the casting method. The composition and morphology of SPEEK were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopies, respectively. The ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake and degree of swelling of the membranes were also investigated. SPEEK120 was used as a separator in an electrolysis cell to produce thioglycolic acid (TGA).RESULTS: SPEEK polymerization was carried out at 145 and 175 °C for 10 h. The IEC of the SPEEK membranes was measured as 0.24–2.02 meq g−1 and the water uptake as 2.26–26.45%. The degree of swelling of the membranes was 1.71–15.28%. TGA was effectively prepared by electro‐reduction of dithioglycolic acid. The current efficiency peaked at 58.31% at room temperature with a current density of 15 mA cm−2.CONCLUSION: SPEEK120 membrane shows good dimensional stability and H+ permeability. Compared to the traditional metal‐reduction method, the current electro‐reduction technique avoids the use of zinc powder and so reduces environmental pollution. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Simulating material inhomogeneities and defects in CIGS thin‐film solar cells
Authors: Malm Ulf , Edoff Marika 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThin‐film CIGS solar cells are simulated using a hybrid model consisting of a distributed form of the analytical one diode model paired with a numerical finite element model of the d.c. conduction in the front contact layers. Variations in material quality over the substrate surface, from measured J–V curves, are incorporated into the model and the effects of cell width and window layer thickness are evaluated for homogeneous and inhomogeneous material quality. Furthermore, the effects of discrete shunt defects of different sizes are modelled, and in different positions on the cell surface. The results from optimizing cell width and window layer thickness show that the effects of material inhomogeneities include a small shift of the optimal parameters together with a less pronounced maximum. As expected, the defect size is important to the shunt conductance parameter of the resulting J–V curves. The passivating effect of the highly resistive ZnO layer is confirmed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reciprocity between electroluminescence and quantum efficiency used for the characterization of silicon solar cells
Authors: Kirchartz Thomas , Helbig Anke , Reetz Wilfried , Reuter Michael , Werner Jürgen H. , Rau Uwe 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSpectrally and spatially resolved electroluminescence emission of crystalline silicon solar cells is interpreted in terms of two electro‐optical reciprocity relations. The first relation links the photovoltaic quantum efficiency to the electroluminescence spectrum. Both methods contain information on recombination and the optical pathlength of the incident light, simultaneously. From the electroluminescence spectrum, we derive the pathlength enhancement factor of textured and untextured crystalline silicon solar cells. Further, we use local quantum efficiency measurements to quantitatively explain light induced current as well as panchromatic electroluminescence images. A second reciprocity relation connects open circuit voltage of a solar cell with the light emitting diode quantum efficiency of the same device. For a given quality of light trapping and a given open circuit voltage, we predict the attainable LED quantum efficiency and verify our results experimentally. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Zn(S,O,OH)/ZnMgO buffer in thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2‐based solar cells part II: Magnetron sputtering of the ZnMgO buffer layer for in‐line co‐evaporated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells
Authors: Hariskos D. , Fuchs B. , Menner R. , Naghavi N. , Hubert C. , Lincot D. , Powalla M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA ZnS/Zn1‐xMgxO buffer combination was developed to replace the CdS/i‐ZnO layers in in‐line co‐evaporated Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS)‐based solar cells. The ZnS was deposited by the chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique and the Zn1‐xMgxO layer by RF magnetron sputtering from ceramic targets. The [Mg]/([Mg] + [Zn]) ratio in the target was varied between x = 0·0 and 0·4. The composition, the crystal structure, and the optical properties of the resulting layers were analyzed. Small laboratory cells and 10 × 10 cm2 modules were realized with high reproducibility and enhanced stability. The transmission is improved in the wavelength region between 330 and 550 nm for the ZnS/Zn1‐xMgxO layers. Therefore, a large gain in the short‐circuit current density up to 12% was obtained, which resulted in higher conversion efficiencies up to 9% relative as compared to cells with the CdS/i‐ZnO buffer system. Peak efficiencies of 18% with small laboratory cells and 15·2% with 10 × 10 cm2 mini‐modules were demonstrated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Die zweite Entdeckung des Top‐Quarks
Authors: Hirschbühl Dominik , Lück Jan , Müller Thomas , Wagner Wolfgang 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDas Top‐Quark ist das schwerste bekannte Elementarteilchen. Mit einer Masse von rund 173 GeV ist es fast so schwer wie ein Goldatom und etwa 20 000‐mal schwerer als ein Up‐Quark, das zusammen mit dem Down‐Quark ein Proton aufbaut. Dieser riesige Unterschied ließ einige Theoretiker vermuten, das Top‐Quark könne vielleicht Eigenschaften besitzen, die das Standardmodell der Elementarteilchenphysik nicht beschreibt. Neue Ergebnisse vom Proton‐Antiproton‐Collider Tevatron am Fermilab bestätigen nun auch in diesem Bereich die Vorhersagen des Standardmodells.
Schüler in die Wissenschaft
Authors: Bilow Uta , Kobel Michael 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWissenschaft zum Ausprobieren kommt bei Schülern grundsätzlich gut an, vor allem, wenn es sich um moderne Physik handelt. Bei dem vor fünf Jahren gestarteten internationalen Projekt Hands on Particle Physics Masterclasses können Jugendliche das Fachgebiet der Teilchenphysik kennenlernen und aktiv erleben. Vom 16. März bis 4. April hatten sie wieder Gelegenheit dazu.
Glitzernde Tautropfen in der Morgensonne
Authors: Schlichting Hans‐J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLässt man in der frühen Morgensonne den Blick über die feuchten Blätter von Pflanzen schweifen, so sieht man vereinzelte Tautropfen wie funkelnde Edelsteine im Wechsel der Blickrichtung in verschiedenen Farben aufblitzen. Die Farben lassen sich mit einem fotografischen Trick hervorheben.
Proteomic analysis of the development and germination of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) zygotic embryos
Authors: Sghaier‐Hammami Besma , Valledor Luis , Drira Noureddine , Jorrin‐Novo Jesús V. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBy using a comparative proteomic approach (2‐DE coupled to MS/MS), the development, maturation, and germination of date palm zygotic embryos, have been studied. Proteins were trichloroacetic acid (TCA)–acetone–phenol extracted and resolved by 2‐DE in the 5–8 pH range. The total protein content and the number of spots resolved increased from early (12 weeks after pollination (WAP); 68.96 mg/g DW: 207 spots) to late (17 WAP; 240.85 mg/g DW: 261 spots) stages, decreasing upon germination (from 120.8 mg/g DW: 273 spots in mature embryos to 26.35 mg/g DW: 87 spots in 15 days after germination). Up to 194 spots showed qualitative or quantitative differences between stages. Statistical analysis of spot variation was performed by PCA, obtaining a more accurate grouping of the samples and determining the most discriminant spots. Samples were also clustered based on Pearson distance and Ward's minimum distance. Sixty‐five variable spots were subjected to MS analysis, resulting in 21 identifications. The identified proteins belong to the following functional categories: enzymes of glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and carbohydrate biosynthesis, protein translation, storage (glutelin), and stress‐related proteins. The evolution pattern of the functional groups was examined and discussed in terms of metabolism adaptation to the different embryogenic and germination stages.
Diabetic dyslipidemia and exercise alter the plasma low‐density lipoproteome in Yucatan pigs
Authors: Richardson Matthew R. , Lai Xianyin , Dixon Joseph L. , Sturek Michael , Witzmann Frank A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAlthough low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a predominant role in atherogenesis, the low‐density lipoproteome has not been fully characterized. Moreover, alterations from a Western diet, diabetes, and physical inactivity on this proteome have yet to be determined. Accordingly, relative quantification was determined in LDL proteins from male Yucatan diabetic dyslipidemic (DD) swine in the early stages of atherosclerosis compared to healthy control (C) and non‐diabetic hyperlipidemic (H) swine. Importantly, coronary vascular dysfunction was prevented by aerobic exercise training in these animals (DDX) without altering total LDL concentration. Using 2‐DE, Western blot, label‐free quantitative MS, and selected reaction monitoring, alterations in the abundance of apolipoproteins A‐I, B, C‐III, D, E, and J and noncovalently associated proteins were determined in LDL isolated using fast protein liquid chromatography. At least 28 unique proteins, many of which were novel, were identified with high confidence. An apolipoprotein E isoform demonstrated stronger correlation to disease (percent of coronary artery segments with intimal thickening) than some traditional risk factors (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and LDL/HDL cholesterol). Taken together, this work identifies new possible biomarkers, potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis, and generates new hypotheses regarding the role of LDL in atherogenesis.
The cell wall and secretory proteome of a tobacco cell line synthesising secondary wall
Authors: Millar David J. , Whitelegge Julian P. , Bindschedler Laurence V. , Rayon Catherine , Boudet Alain‐Michel , Rossignol Michel , Borderies Gisèle , Bolwell G. Paul 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe utility of plant secondary cell wall biomass for industrial and biofuel purposes depends upon improving cellulose amount, availability and extractability. The possibility of engineering such biomass requires much more knowledge of the genes and proteins involved in the synthesis, modification and assembly of cellulose, lignin and xylans. Proteomic data are essential to aid gene annotation and understanding of polymer biosynthesis. Comparative proteomes were determined for secondary walls of stem xylem and transgenic xylogenic cells of tobacco and detected peroxidase, cellulase, chitinase, pectinesterase and a number of defence/cell death related proteins, but not marker proteins of primary walls such as xyloglucan endotransglycosidase and expansins. Only the corresponding detergent soluble proteome of secretory microsomes from the xylogenic cultured cells, subjected to ion‐exchange chromatography, could be determined accurately since, xylem‐specific membrane yields were of poor quality from stem tissue. Among the 109 proteins analysed, many of the protein markers of the ER such as BiP, HSP70, calreticulin and calnexin were identified, together with some of the biosynthetic enzymes and associated polypeptides involved in polymer synthesis. However 53% of these endomembrane proteins failed identification despite the use of two different MS methods, leaving considerable possibilities for future identification of novel proteins involved in secondary wall polymer synthesis once full genomic data are available.