bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions between Schwann and olfactory ensheathing cells with a starch/polycaprolactone scaffold aimed at spinal cord injury repair
Authors: Silva Nuno A. , Sousa Rui A. , Pires Ana O. , Sousa Nuno , Salgado António J. , Reis Rui L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) represents a major world health problem. Therefore it is urgent to develop novel strategies that can specifically target it. We have previously shown that the implantation of starch‐based scaffolds (SPCL) aimed for spine stabilization on SCI animals leads to motor skills improvements. Therefore, we hypothesize that the combination of these scaffolds with relevant cell populations for SCI repair will, most likely, lead to further improvements. Therefore, in this work, the ability of SPCL scaffolds to support the 3D culture of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and Schwann cells (SCs) was studied and characterized. The results demonstrate for the first time that SPCL scaffolds were able to support the growth and migration of OECs and SCs. Moreover, the results indicate that two weeks of in vitro culture is the ideal time to reach a high number of transplantable cells. Future work will focus on the spine stabilization of SCI animals using SPCL scaffolds loaded with OECs or SCs for SCI regeneration. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Biophysicochemical evaluation of chitosan‐hydroxyapatite‐marine sponge collagen composite for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Pallela Ramjee , Venkatesan Jayachandran , Janapala Venkateswara Rao , Kim Se‐Kwon 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTricomponent scaffold systems prepared by natural materials especially of marine origin are gaining much attention nowadays for the application in bone tissue engineering. A novel scaffold (Chi‐HAp‐MSCol) containing chitosan (Chi), hydroxyapatite (HAp) derived from Thunnus obesus bone and marine sponge (Ircinia fusca) collagen (MSCol) was prepared using freeze‐drying and lyophilization method. This biomimetic scaffold, along with the Chi and Chi‐HAp scaffolds were characterized biophysicochemically for their comparative significance in bone grafting applications. The structural composition of the chitosan, Chi‐Hap, and Chi‐HAp‐MSCol scaffolds were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. The porosity, water uptake, and retention abilities of the composite scaffolds decreased, whereas Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermal Analyses results revealed the increase in thermal stability in the scaffold because of the highly stable HAp and MSCol. Homogeneous dispersion of HAp and MSCol in chitosan matrix with interconnected porosity of 60–180 μm (Chi‐HAp) and 50–170 μm (Chi‐HAp‐MSCol) was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and optical microscopy. Cell proliferation in composite scaffolds was relatively higher than pure chitosan when observed by MTT assay and Hoechst staining in vitro using MG‐63 cell line. These observations suggest that the novel Chi‐HAp‐MSCol composite scaffolds are promising biomaterials for matrix‐based bone repair and bone augmentation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Updated precipitation series for the UK derived from Met Office gridded data
Authors: Simpson I. R. , Jones P. D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper introduces new, homogenized UK national and regional rainfall series derived from 5‐km gridded daily and monthly precipitation data. These new series have the advantage that they are based on readings from a dense network of rain gauges rather than a maximum of seven per region. Series developed by alternative statistical methods are analysed and compared. Error estimates are derived for the series, based on linear regressive residuals. Using individual regressions for each calendar month, the monthly series are extended back to 1766 for monthly precipitation in England and Wales (EW), to 1873 for monthly values for each of the five EW sub‐regions, and to 1931 for daily values in all regions. A follow‐up paper will provide analysis of how mean precipitation totals and extremes have changed over the respective periods. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Nonaqueous synthesis of uniform polyaniline nanospheres Via cellulose acetate template
Authors: Zhang Li , Ma Huiyan , Cao Fei , Gong Jian , Su Zhongmin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn acetone solution, uniform polyaniline (PANI) nanospheres have been successfully synthesized by using cellulose acetate (CA) as a single template, which provides the first example of uniform PANI nanospheres synthesized in nonaqueous system. Our result exhibits that the CA micelle in nonaqueous medium plays a unique role in controlling size and uniformity of PANI nanospheres. A detail formation mechanism for the uniform PANI nanospheres has been proposed. In addition, the gas sensitivity and time response of the PANI nanospheres to NH3 gas have been investigated, which shows superior gas sensing performance even at 1 ppm of NH3 gas. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
The effect of cosurfactants and the initiator concentration on the polymer to surfactant concentration in nanolatexes
Authors: Moraes Raul P. , Zavecs Izabelle , Lauvernier Philippe , Smeets Niels M. B. , Hutchinson Robin A. , McKenna Timothy F. L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe effect of cosurfactant and initiator concentration on theab initioproduction of nanolatexes using low surfactant levels was investigated. While the use of cosurfactants (acrylic acid and pentanol) increased the amount of monomer that can be used in styrene‐SDS microemulsion formulations to 13 wt %, high surfactant concentrations are still required, resulting in polymer‐to‐surfactant ratios (Pol/Surf) <1. Latexes with particle size of 30 ± 5 nm were produced upon polymerization of these microemulsions. The Pol/Surf can be significantly increased by increasing the initiator concentration of emulsion polymerization recipes. Particle sizes are comparable with microemulsion latexes, however, less surfactant is required. The reduction in the particle size with higher initiator concentration is attributed to a higher efficiency of particle nucleation and to a higher nucleation rate relative to the rate of monomer transfer. Nanolatexes (particle size < 30 nm) were obtained with 19 wt % solids content and Pol/Surf of 3.6 inab initio. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
The difference between reflectance and electroreflectance spectra of AlGaN/GaN/InGaN LED structures
Authors: Avakyants Lev , Aslanyan Artem , Bokov Pavel , Chervyakov Anatoly , Polozhentsev Kirill 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn recent works one could propose that the periodicity of the interference fringes in the reflectance and electroreflectance spectra is the same. Detailed study of the GaN based LEDs multilayered heterostructures by means of reflectance and electroreflectance spectroscopy show that this proposal is not correct. The possible explanation of such difference has been shown in this paper. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The negligible effects of miscut on indium aluminium nitride growth
Authors: Sadler Thomas , Massabuau Fabien , Kappers Menno , Oliver Rachel 
Published: November 2011

AbstractInAlN has many potential applications in photonics and electronics, but the growth rate of high quality material with smooth surfaces remains low, at ∼4 nm/min, preventing its wider use in thicker structures such as distributed Bragg reflectors, although this is not a significant problem for thin structures like high electron mobility transistors. We have investigated the effects of the vicinal miscut angle on InAlN growth with the hope of increasing the growth rate at higher miscuts, whilst maintaining a smooth surface. InAlN/GaN/Sapphire structures were grown on substrates with three different miscuts (0°, 0.25° and 0.5°) according to two different recipes, with different growth rates.This change in substrate miscut angle had no effect on either the growth rate, the indium incorporation or the surface morphology assessed by atomic force microscopy. Both the surface roughness and the volume of indium present on the surface as indium droplets were unaffected. This negative result suggests that even when the terraces on the underlying pseudo‐substrate are very closely spaced InAlN growth does not proceed by a step flow mode once epilayers are approximately 100 nm thick (although these results cannot be extrapolated to very thin layers). It also demonstrates that differing miscut angle is not an explanation for any differing properties of material produced by different groups. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of annual fluctuation of environmental factors on starch properties in potato tuber development
Authors: Noda Takahiro , Tsuda Shogo , Mori Motoyuki , Suzuki Tatsuro , Takigawa Shigenobu , Matsuura‐Endo Chie , Yamauchi Hiroaki , Islam Sarker Mahammed Zaidul 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTo test the effects of the annual fluctuation of the environmental factors on the starch properties in potato tuber development, starches were isolated from potato cultivars grown for ten consecutive years (2001–2010) on the experimental farm in Memuro, Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. The median granule size, phosphorus content, and rapid visco‐analyzer pasting properties, peak viscosity, breakdown, and pasting temperature of these starches were analyzed. Daily temperature and precipitation records in Memuro were obtained from the Japan Meteorological Agency. Moreover, the correlation coefficients of yearly accumulated temperature and precipitation from flowering to harvesting with all the starch quality parameters were calculated. No relationships of accumulated temperature with median granule size, peak viscosity, and breakdown were found. The low phosphorus content was slightly associated with the high accumulated temperature. The pasting temperature was significantly and positively correlated with the accumulated temperature, suggesting that the pasting temperature strongly responds to the environmental temperature during potato tuber development. In contrast, all the starch quality parameters were almost irrespective of the precipitation during potato tuber development.
Starch/zirconium phosphate composite films: Hydration, thermal stability, and mechanical properties
Authors: Pica Monica , Donnadio Anna , Casciola Mario 
Published: November 2011

AbstractComposite films of plasticized potato starch filled with 1, 4, and 6 wt% zirconium phosphate (ZrP) particles have been prepared by casting mixtures of gelatinized starch, a gel of partially exfoliated ZrP in water, and glycerol. The XRD patterns of the composite films reveal the formation of glycerol intercalated ZrP for the highest filler loadings (4 and 6 wt%) while suggest partial filler exfoliation for the composite with 1 wt% ZrP, in agreement with TEM analysis. The presence of the filler improves the thermal resistance of the starch, both at low and, particularly, at high temperature. The composites also exhibit a significant enhancement in the Young's modulus (from ∼700 MPa for neat starch up to ∼1600 MPa for 6 wt% filler loading) and in the yield stress (from ∼17 to ∼38 MPa). The increase in stiffness is concomitant with a water uptake reduction, which is maximum at 100% relative humidity.
Switchable electrode interfaces controlled by physical, chemical and biological signals
Authors: Bocharova Vera , Katz Evgeny 
Published: November 2011

AbstractElectrode interfaces functionalized with various signal‐responsive materials have been designed to allow switchable properties of the modified electrodes. External signals of different nature (electrical potential, magnetic field, light, chemical/biochemical inputs) were applied to reversibly activate–deactivate the electrode interfaces upon demand. Multifunctional properties of the modified interfaces have allowed their responses to complex combinations of external signals. Further increase of their complexity has been achieved by integrating the signal‐responsive interfaces with unconventional biomolecular computing systems logically processing multiple biochemical signals. This approach has resulted in electrochemical systems controlled by complex variations of biomarkers corresponding to different physiological conditions, thus allowing biological control over electronic systems. The switchable electrodes have been integrated with various “smart” biosensing and signal‐processing systems and have been used to assemble biofuel cells producing power on demand. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201100025
Synthesis and Characterization of Ca2(PO2NH)4·8H2O
Authors: Sedlmaier Stefan J. , Römer S. Rebecca , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCa2(PO2NH)4·8H2O was obtained as single‐phase crystalline powder starting from aqueous solution of K4(PO2NH)4·4H2O and Ca(NO3)2·4H2O. A small fiber‐like specimen has been used for single‐crystal X‐ray structure determination. In the structure of Ca2(PO2NH)4·8H2O (Pbcn (no. 60), a = 1700.6(3), b = 1069.3(2), c = 963.2(2) pm, Z = 4) there are (PO2NH)44– ions in saddle conformation which are interconnected by N–H···O hydrogen bonds forming infinite columns running along [001]. These columns are hold together by a complex hydrogen bonding network with crystal water molecules involved. The FTIR spectrum of the title compound has been measured and the relevant bands were assigned. 31P solid‐state NMR investigations yielded three resolved resonances with chemical shift values of –3.1, –4.9 and –7.9 ppm. DTA / TG data are also discussed.
Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 4 Detected as a Novel Gastric Cancer Suppressor Gene using Double Combination Array Analysis
Authors: Kobayashi Daisuke , Nomoto Shuji , Kodera Yasuhiro , Fujiwara Michitaka , Koike Masahiko , Nakayama Goro , Ohashi Norifumi , Nakao Akimasa 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundMolecular mechanisms behind the oncogenesis of gastric cancer (GC) have yet to be identified.MethodsA novel candidate tumor‐suppressor gene, which is also associated with inhibition of epidermal growth factor (EGF), was sought by means of double combination array analysis for use as a prognostic marker of GC. This consisted of expression array and single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis, along with a literature search. Cancerous and noncancerous tissues from an 82‐year‐old man with GC were analyzed simultaneously.ResultsThe expression array and literature search identified that the suppressor of cytokine signaling 4 (SOCS4), a negative feedback regulator of EGF signaling, had significantly attenuated expression in tumor tissue. Although chromosomal deletion was not found at 14q22 where SOCS4 is located, numerous CpG sites were observed in the promoter region of the SOCS4 gene. Several GC cell lines showed reactivation of SOCS4 mRNA expression after treatment with 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine. Using surgically resected specimens, we found that 40 of 50 (80%) tumor tissues exhibited promoter hypermethylation of the SOCS4 gene. Consequently, SOCS4 expression in tumor tissues was significantly weaker than in noncancerous counterparts (P < 0.0001). In the survival analysis, SOCS4 hypermethylation was associated with a poor prognosis of GC patients (P = 0.0320).ConclusionsDouble combination array analysis suggested that SOCS4 could be a novel candidate for further exploration as a tumor‐suppressor gene in GC. Hypermethylation was the mechanism by which SOCS4 was silenced and was implicated in the development of GC. SOCS4 methylation might be an informative marker in predicting the prognosis.
Diagnostic yield of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and of EUS‐guided fine needle aspiration sampling in gallbladder carcinomas
Authors: Hijioka Susumu , Hara Kazuo , Mizuno Nobumasa , Imaoka Hiroshi , Ogura Takeshi , Haba Shin , Mekky Mohamed A. , Bhatia Vikram , Hosoda Waki , Yatabe Yasushi , Shimizu Yasuhiro , Niwa Yasumasa , Tajika Masahiro , Kondo Shinya , Tanaka Tsutomu , Tamada Kiichi , Yamao Kenji 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundObtaining histological evidence of gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is difficult due to its extraductal nature, and pathological confirmation remains challenging. We compared the diagnostic value and safety of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) in patients with suspected GBC.PatientsEighty‐three patients with GBC were evaluated. Prior to definitive management, pathological evidence of GBC was obtained through either ERC cytopathologic sampling (n = 33), EUS‐FNA (n = 24) or both (n = 26).ResultsAmong the 83 patients, 59 (71.0%) with biliary obstruction were sampled using ERC with 47.4% (28/59) sensitivity. In 19 of the remaining 31 cases, EUS‐FNA sampling had 100% diagnostic sensitivity. Likewise, 50 (60.2%) of the 83 patients with suspected GBC underwent EUS‐FNA of regional lymph nodes or the gallbladder (GB) mass itself with 94.8% sensitivity. The overall diagnostic sensitivity rates of ERC and EUS‐FNA were 47.4 and 96%, respectively (P < 0.001). Post‐procedural complications were seen in 6.7% of the ERC group (4/59, all were mild pancreatitis), and in none of the EUS‐FNA group (P = 0.10).ConclusionsGallbladder carcinoma sampling using ERC and EUS‐FNA should be incorporated into the diagnostic workup of GB lesions as complementary tools, and EUS‐FNA should be applied in the setting of failed or not indicated ERC.
A tale of two polar bear populations: ice habitat, harvest, and body condition
Authors: Rode Karyn D. , Peacock Elizabeth , Taylor Mitchell , Stirling Ian , Born Erik W. , Laidre Kristin L. , Wiig Øystein 
Published: November 2011

AbstractOne of the primary mechanisms by which sea ice loss is expected to affect polar bears is via reduced body condition and growth resulting from reduced access to prey. To date, negative effects of sea ice loss have been documented for two of 19 recognized populations. Effects of sea ice loss on other polar bear populations that differ in harvest rate, population density, and/or feeding ecology have been assumed, but empirical support, especially quantitative data on population size, demography, and/or body condition spanning two or more decades, have been lacking. We examined trends in body condition metrics of captured bears and relationships with summertime ice concentration between 1977 and 2010 for the Baffin Bay (BB) and Davis Strait (DS) polar bear populations. Polar bears in these regions occupy areas with annual sea ice that has decreased markedly starting in the 1990s. Despite differences in harvest rate, population density, sea ice concentration, and prey base, polar bears in both populations exhibited positive relationships between body condition and summertime sea ice cover during the recent period of sea ice decline. Furthermore, females and cubs exhibited relationships with sea ice that were not apparent during the earlier period (1977–1990s) when sea ice loss did not occur. We suggest that declining body condition in BB may be a result of recent declines in sea ice habitat. In DS, high population density and/or sea ice loss, may be responsible for the declines in body condition.
Excavations at Lincoln 1970–1972: The Western Defences of the Lower Town: An Interim Report
Authors: Colyer Christina 
Published: November 2011

During 1970–2 three sites on the western defences of the lower Roman and medieval town were examined. The earliest defences, which consisted of a rampart fronted by a stone wall 5 feet (1·5 m.) wide, and a ditch-system, were built in the late second or early third century. At some later date, interval-towers were added to the back of the wall: that at The Park was replaced by a new gateway which was rebuilt in the later fourth century. There was slight evidence that the other gate presumed to lie on the west side of the lower town at West Parade was rebuilt at the same time. North of this, on Mother by Hill, the third-century interval-tower was partially demolished in the fourth century and replaced by an internal platform. There was contemporary thickening or rebuilding of the wall at various other points, including either side of the gate at The Park. At some time in the late Roman period a new wider ditch was dug.The Roman defences continued substantially in use throughout the medieval period, although the gateway at The Park was no longer functioning. In the thirteenth century the line of the western defences was extended southwards to the Brayford Pool, terminating in the circular Lucy Tower. North of the tower, the new defences comprised a stone wall 7 feet (2·1 m.) wide and a ditch whose size could not be determined.The excavations also revealed interesting but fragmentary information about occupation within the defences. There were Roman buildings as far south as The Park from the Flavian period.
Excavations at Winchester, 1971: Tenth and Final Interim Report: Part II
Authors: Biddle Martin 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe excavations of 1971 concluded the eleven-year programme begun in 1961. Eight sites were investigated in a season whose main emphasis was on the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods down to about A. D. 1000. The Iron Age defences were examined at Assize Courts North and shown to date to the mid first century B.C. The Roman defences were sectioned at Castle Yard. The Roman south gate was discovered and its development followed from c. A.D. 70. Inside the Roman city extensive areas were examined at Lower Brook Street and Wolvesey Palace. At the former a possible military phase of the mid first century A.D. was followed by urban development c. A.D. 70 which continued down into the fifth century and included a Romano-Celtic temple and a large late third- or fourth-century workshop. At Wolvesey one house was entirely excavated and parts of two others examined. At Lankhills the excavation of the late Roman cemetery was concluded with a further season in 1972. A total of about 450 graves, many of them furnished and ranging in date from c. A.D. 310 to the early fifth century, was examined in 1967–72. A small fourth-century cemetery was excavated at Winnall. Information about the defence of the late Roman town was provided by the discovery of a bastion added to the town wall at South Gate, and by the implications of structures and objects from Lower Brook Street, Wolvesey, and Lankhills. Important evidence for the state of Winchester in the fifth to ninth centuries was recovered from South Gate, Lower Brook Street, and Wolvesey. At South Gate the gate was blocked first by a ditch and then by a wall, probably in the eighth century.
A Century of Ancient Monuments Legislation 1882–1982
Authors: Saunders A. D. 
Published: November 2011

In his Anniversary Address to the Fellowship on St. George's Day 1883 Lord Carnarvon commented on The Act for the Better Protection of Ancient Monuments of the previous year:Gentlemen, I am sure you will agree with me that one of the first subjects on which I ought to congratulate both this Society and the archaeological world of England is the passing into law of the Bill for the Protection of Ancient Monuments to which successive Presidents of this Society have so often, during the last ten years, wished success from this place. Perhaps I ought rather to have said a Bill than the Bill, for we all know, and so knowing we all regret—no one more than Sir John Lubbock himself—in what a mutilated condition, shorn of many of its original provisions, crippled in its powers and limited in its scope that measure finally become the law of the land. For these untoward results we must thank the supineness of the public, the prejudices of Parliament and perhaps I may add the all absorbing pressure of Irish Measures.