bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstructions of the Axial Muscle Insertions in the Occipital Region of Dinosaurs: Evaluations of Past Hypotheses on Marginocephalia and Tyrannosauridae Using the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket Approach
Authors: Tsuihiji Takanobu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe insertions of the cervical axial musculature on the occiput in marginocephalian and tyrannosaurid dinosaurs have been reconstructed in several studies with a view to their functional implications. Most of the past reconstructions on marginocephalians, however, relied on the anatomy of just one clade of reptiles, Lepidosauria, and lack phylogenetic justification. In this study, these past reconstructions were evaluated using the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket approach based on the anatomy of various extant diapsids. Many muscle insertions reconstructed in this study were substantially different from those in the past studies, demonstrating the importance of phylogenetically justified inferences based on the conditions of Aves and Crocodylia for reconstructing the anatomy of non‐avian dinosaurs. The present reconstructions show that axial muscle insertions were generally enlarged in derived marginocephalians, apparently correlated with expansion of their parietosquamosal shelf/frill. Several muscle insertions on the occiput in tyrannosaurids reconstructed in this study using the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket approach were also rather different from recent reconstructions based on the same, phylogenetic and parsimony‐based method. Such differences are mainly due to differences in initial identifications of muscle insertion areas or different hypotheses on muscle homologies in extant diapsids. This result emphasizes the importance of accurate and detailed observations on the anatomy of extant animals as the basis for paleobiological inferences such as anatomical reconstructions and functional analyses. Anat Rec 293:1360–1386, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene Mutations in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Network and Their Association With Survival in Chinese Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancers
Authors: Liao Wangjun , Liao Yulin , Zhou Jeff X. , Xie Jianming , Chen Jinzhang , Huang Weizhen , Luo Rongcheng 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMutations of the KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA genes have been reported in colorectal cancer (CRC), associated with resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐targeted monoclonal antibody therapy. These reports have mainly emanated from Western countries, however, and little is known about the mutation frequencies of these genes and their prognostic value in Asian patients with CRC. In this study, we analyzed the mutation frequencies of these three genes together with EGFR, and their association with overall survival in 61 Chinese patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC). Gene mutations were examined using pyrosequencing. Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis were used to assess the prognostic significance of mutations of these four genes for patients' survival. We found that the mutations of KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and EGFR were present in 12 (19.7%), 3 (4.9%), 3 (4.9%), and 0 patients, respectively. Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis showed that none of these gene mutations correlated significantly with patients' overall survival. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis showed only treatment regimens and age to be independent prognostic factors. Our findings indicate that EGFR signaling network genes are frequently mutated in Chinese mCRC patients, and these gene mutations do not seem to be associated with patients' overall survival. Anat Rec 293:1506–1511, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Germline Cysts and the Formation of the Germinal Epithelium During the Female Gonadal Morphogenesis in Cyprinus carpio (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Cypriniformes)
Authors: Mazzoni Talita Sarah , Grier Harry J. , Quagio‐Grassiotto Irani 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe formation of both germline cysts and the germinal epithelium is described during the ovary development in Cyprinus carpio. As in the undifferentiated gonad of mammals, cords of PGCs become oogonia when they are surrounded by somatic cells. Ovarian differentiation is triggered when oogonia proliferate and enter meiosis, becoming oocytes. Proliferation of single oogonium results in clusters of interconnected oocytes, the germline cysts, that are encompassed by somatic prefollicle cells and form cell nests. Both PGCs and cell nests are delimited by a basement membrane. Ovarian follicles originate from the germline cysts, about the time of meiotic arrest, as prefollicle cells surround oocytes, individualizing them. They synthesize a basement membrane and an oocyte forms a follicle. With the formation of the stroma, unspecialized mesenchymal cells differentiate, and encompass each follicle, forming the theca. The follicle, basement membrane, and theca constitute the follicle complex. Along the ventral region of the differentiating ovary, the epithelium invaginates to form the ovigerous lamellae whose developing surface epithelium, the germinal epithelium, is composed of epithelial cells, germline cysts with oogonia, oocytes, and developing follicles. The germinal epithelium rests upon a basement membrane. The follicles complexes are connected to the germinal epithelium by a shared portion of basement membrane. In the differentiated ovary, germ cell proliferation in the epithelium forms nests in which there are the germline cysts. Germline cysts, groups of cells that form from a single founder cell and are joined by intercellular bridges, are conserved throughout the vertebrates, as is the germinal epithelium. Anat Rec 293:1581–1606, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sesamoids in Anurans: New Data, Old Issues
Authors: Ponssa María Laura , Goldberg Javier , Abdala Virginia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSesamoids are skeletal elements rarely considered in studies of the vertebrate skeleton. In this work, we integrate ontogenetic data of anuran sesamoids in two species (Leptodactylus latinasus and Pleurodema cf. guayapae), the related structures (tendons, muscles, and joints) in L. latinasus, and a survey of sesamoid distribution in 185 anuran taxa. Our main goals are: (1) to contribute to the knowledge of the comparative anatomy of sesamoids in tetrapods; (2) to provide additional developmental evidence to interpret the ontogenetic pattern of sesamoids in anurans, as a key to elucidate that of tetrapods in general; (3) to provide data about tendon development in relation to sesamoid development in anurans for the first time; and (4) to propose a pattern of anuran sesamoid distribution. The homologies of sesamoids across tetrapods are discussed here. Observations were made in cleared and stained skeletal whole‐mounts. Fifty‐four sesamoids were found in anurans, thirty‐seven of which occur in L. latinasus. The traditional point of view of embedded sesamoids always resulting from biomechanical stimuli of a previously existing tendon is not sustained by our data. Many sesamoids arise before the differentiation of a tendinous tissue. Our survey results in a data set where the two big anuran clades, Hyloides (12 families) and Ranoides (14 families), were represented. The matrix has 38% missing entries. Most of the surveyed sesamoids have multiple origins, with only three of them (about 19%) having one origin. Anat Rec 293:1646–1668, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Versatile Benzimidazole/Triphenylamine Hybrids: Efficient Nondoped Deep‐Blue Electroluminescence and Good Host Materials for Phosphorescent Emitters
Authors: Gong Shaolong , Zhao Yongbiao , Wang Meng , Yang Chuluo , Zhong Cheng , Qin Jingui , Ma Dongge 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo new bipolar compounds, N,N,N′,N′‐tetraphenyl‐5′‐(1‐phenyl‐1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐1,1′:3′,1′′‐terphenyl‐4,4′′‐diamine (1) and N,N,N′,N′‐tetraphenyl‐5′‐(1‐phenyl‐1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐1,1′:3′,1′′‐terphenyl‐3,3′′‐diamine (2), were synthesized and characterized, and their thermal, photophysical, and electrochemical properties were investigated. Compounds 1 and 2 possess good thermal stability with high glass‐transition temperatures of 109–129 °C and thermal decomposition temperatures of 501–531 °C. The fluorescence quantum yield of 1 (0.52) is higher than that of 2 (0.16), which could be attributed to greater π conjugation between the donor and acceptor moieties. A nondoped deep‐blue fluorescent organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) using 1 as the blue emitter displays high performance, with a maximum current efficiency of 2.2 cd A−1 and a maximum external efficiency of 2.9 % at the CIE coordinates of (0.17, 0.07) that are very close to the National Television System Committee’s blue standard (0.15, 0.07). Electrophosphorescent devices using the two compounds as host materials for green and red phosphor emitters show high efficiencies. The best performance of a green phosphorescent device was achieved using 2 as the host, with a maximum current efficiency of 64.3 cd A−1 and a maximum power efficiency of 68.3 lm W−1; whereas the best performance of a red phosphorescent device was achieved using 1 as the host, with a maximum current efficiency of 11.5 cd A−1, and a maximum power efficiency of 9.8 lm W−1. The relationship between the molecular structures and optoelectronic properties are discussed.
Epigenetics and parental effects
Authors: Kappeler Laurent , Meaney Michael J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractParental effects are a major source of phenotypic plasticity and may influence offspring phenotype in concert with environmental demands. Studies of “environmental epigenetics” suggest that (1) DNA methylation states are variable and that both demethylation and remethylation occur in post‐mitotic cells, and (2) that remodeling of DNA methylation can occur in response to environmentally driven intracellular signaling pathways. Studies of mother‐offspring interactions in rodents suggest that parental signals influence the DNA methylation, leading to stable changes in gene expression. If parental effects do indeed enhance the “match” between prevailing environmental demands and offspring phenotype, then the potential for variation in environmental conditions over time would suggest a mechanism that requires active maintenance across generations through parental signaling. We suggest that parental regulation of DNA methylation states is thus an ideal candidate mechanism for parental effects on phenotypic variation.
Translating Sleeping Beauty transposition into cellular therapies: Victories and challenges
Authors: Izsvák Zsuzsanna , Hackett Perry B. , Cooper Laurence J.N. , Ivics Zoltán 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent results confirm that long‐term expression of therapeutic transgenes can be achieved by using a transposon‐based system in primary stem cells and in vivo. Transposable elements are natural DNA transfer vehicles that are capable of efficient genomic insertion. The latest generation, Sleeping Beauty transposon‐based hyperactive vector (SB100X), is able to address the basic problem of non‐viral approaches – that is, low efficiency of stable gene transfer. The combination of transposon‐based non‐viral gene transfer with the latest improvements of non‐viral delivery techniques could provide a long‐term therapeutic effect without compromising biosafety. The new challenges of pre‐clinical research will focus on further refinement of the technology in large animal models and improving the safety profile of SB vectors by target‐selected transgene integration into genomic “safe harbors.” The first clinical application of the SB system will help to validate the safety of this approach.
Returning to the stem state: Epigenetics of recapitulating pre‐differentiation chromatin structure
Authors: Shafa Mehdi , Krawetz Roman , Rancourt Derrick E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEmbryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can self‐renew indefinitely and contribute to all tissue types of the adult organism. Stem cell‐based therapeutic approaches hold enormous promise for the cure of regenerative diseases. Over the last few years, several studies have attempted to decipher the important role of transcription factor networks and epigenetic regulatory signals in the maintenance of ESC pluripotency, but the exact underlying mechanisms have yet to be identified. Among the epigenetic factors, chromatin dynamics and structure have been found to contribute greatly to maintenance of pluripotency and regulation of differentiation in ESCs. These modifications include: covalent histone acetylation and methylation, histone bivalents and chromatin remodeling, and DNA methylation. Studies in ESCs have shown that genes associated with early development are arranged within a bivalent chromatin structure. This is thought to be a “poised yet repressed” situation, which can be activated upon differentiation. The breakthrough of iPSCs has opened a new era in stem cell biology. During reprogramming, the chromatin state of differentiated cells is reset to an embryonic form via a largely unknown mechanism. In this review, the fundamental impact of chromatin dynamic in ESCs as well as its critical role in the generation of iPSCs is discussed.
PdII‐Catalysed CH Functionalisation of Indoles and Pyrroles Assisted by the Removable N‐(2‐Pyridyl)sulfonyl Group: C2‐Alkenylation and Dehydrogenative Homocoupling
Authors: García‐Rubia Alfonso , Urones Beatriz , Gómez Arrayás Ramón , Carretero Juan Carlos 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe easily installed and removed N‐(2‐pyridyl)sulfonyl group exerts complete C2 regiocontrol over the PdII‐catalysed CH alkenylation of indoles and pyrroles, affording the corresponding products in good isolated yields (typically ≥70 %). A remarkable feature of this catalyst system is that it tolerates a wide variety of substituted alkenes, including conjugated electron‐deficient alkenes, styrenes and 1,3‐dienes, as well as conjugated 1,1‐ and 1,2‐disubstituted olefins. The final reductive desulfonylation affords the C2‐substituted, free‐NH indoles and pyrroles in good yield. This N‐(2‐pyridyl)sulfonyl‐directing strategy has also been extended to the development of a protocol for the intermolecular, dehydrogenative homocoupling of indoles, providing 2,2′‐biindoles. Mechanistic work based upon reactions with isotopically labelled starting materials and competitive kinetic studies of electronically varied substrates suggests a chelation‐assisted electrophilic aromatic substitution palladation mechanism.
Heme Oxygenase Inhibition by 1‐Aryl‐2‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl/1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)ethanones and Their Derivatives
Authors: Roman Gheorghe , Vlahakis Jason Z. , Vukomanovic Dragic , Nakatsu Kanji , Szarek Walter A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrevious studies by our research group have been concerned with the design of selective inhibitors of heme oxygenases (HO‐1 and HO‐2). The majority of these were based on a four‐carbon linkage of an azole, usually an imidazole, and an aromatic moiety. In the present study, we designed and synthesized a series of inhibition candidates containing a shorter linkage between these groups, specifically, a series of 1‐aryl‐2‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl/1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)ethanones and their derivatives. As regards HO‐1 inhibition, the aromatic moieties yielding best results were found to be halogen‐substituted residues such as 3‐bromophenyl, 4‐bromophenyl, and 3,4‐dichlorophenyl, or hydrocarbon residues such as 2‐naphthyl, 4‐biphenyl, 4‐benzylphenyl, and 4‐(2‐phenethyl)phenyl. Among the imidazole‐ketones, five (36–39, and44) were found to be very potent (IC50<5 μM) toward both isozymes. Relative to the imidazole‐ketones, the series of corresponding triazole‐ketones showed four compounds (54,55,61, and62) having a selectivity index >50 in favor of HO‐1. In the case of the azole‐dioxolanes, two of them (80and85), each possessing a 2‐naphthyl moiety, were found to be particularly potent and selective HO‐1 inhibitors. Three non‐carbonyl analogues (87,89, and91) of 1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)ethanone were found to be good inhibitors of HO‐1. For the first time in our studies, two azole‐based inhibitors (37and39) were found to exhibit a modest selectivity index in favor of HO‐2. The present study has revealed additional candidates based on inhibition of heme oxygenases for potentially useful pharmacological and therapeutic applications.
The prognostic value of c‐Kit, K‐ras codon 12, and p53 codon 72 mutations in Egyptian patients with stage II colorectal cancer
Authors: El‐Serafi Mostafa M. , Bahnassy Abeer A. , Ali Nasr M. , Eid Salem M. , Kamel Mahmoud M. , Abdel‐Hamid Nayera A. , Zekri Abdel‐Rahman N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:The prognosis for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) depends mainly on standard clinicopathologic factors. However, patients with similar disease characteristics exhibit various outcomes, especially in stage II. Therefore, the identification of molecular prognostic markers is needed to predict patient outcomes.METHODS:The authors assessed the prognostic value of c‐Kit (also called cluster of differentiation 117 [CD117] or KIT), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), tumor protein 53 (p53), and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (K‐ras) aberrations in 90 patients with stage II CRC using immunohistochemistry and molecular techniques. The results were correlated with standard clinicopathologic prognostic factors, overall survival (OS), and disease‐free survival (DFS).RESULTS:COX2 and c‐Kit overexpression was detected in 54.6% and 59.3% of patients, respectively. Overexpression of p53 was detected in 47 patients, including 29 who had mutations, and a unique mutation pattern was detected with 3 hotspots at codons 72, 245, and 273. Overexpression of ras was detected in 44 patients, including 37 who had mutations. On multivariate analysis, c‐Kit overexpression, p53 codon 72 mutations, perforation, and performance status were independent prognostic factors for DFS (P = .054, P = .015, P < .0001, and P = .043, respectively); whereas codon 12 K‐ras mutation, performance status, and perforation were independent prognostic factors for OS (P = .033, P = .006, and P < .0001, respectively).CONCLUSIONS:The current results provide evidence for the prognostic value of c‐Kit overexpression in patients with stage II CRC. The high p53 mutation rate and the unique hotspot in codon 72 have not been reported previously in CRC. This may be related to environmental or racial features that are unique to the studied population. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Cabin1 expression suggests roles in neuronal development
Authors: Hammond Dena R. , Udvadia Ava J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNervous system assembly and function depends on precise regulation of developmental gene expression. Cabin1, an essential gene in developing mice, is enriched in regions of the developing zebrafish central nervous system (CNS). Cabin1 is a repressor of MEF2‐ (myocyte enhancer factor 2) and calcineurin‐mediated transcription in the immune system, but its function in the CNS during development is unknown. We identified Cabin1 from a library of genes enriched in developing neurons and determined the temporal and spatial expression of Cabin1 mRNA during CNS development. We found Cabin1 mRNA expression in the developing brain at times correlated with later aspects of neuronal differentiation. In some regions of the CNS Cabin1 expression overlaps with regions that also express proteins known to interact with Cabin1: MEF2 and/or calcineurin. We suggest that Cabin1 could act as a regulator of MEF2 and calcineurin activity in the developing nervous system, given their roles in neuronal differentiation and synaptic refinement. Developmental Dynamics 239:2443–2451, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of downstream targets of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein pathway in the Drosophila nervous system
Authors: Kim Nam Chul , Marqués Guillermo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling mediated by the receptor Wishful thinking (Wit) is essential for nervous system development in Drosophila. Mutants lacking wit function show defects in neuromuscular junction development and function, specification of neurosecretory phenotypes, and eclosion behavior that result in lethality. The ligand is Glass bottom boat, the Drosophila ortholog of mammalian BMP‐7, which acts as a retrograde signal through the Wit receptor. In order to identify transcriptional targets of the BMP pathway in the Drosophila nervous system, we have analyzed the gene expression profile of wit mutant larval central nervous system. Genes differentially expressed identified by microarray analysis have been verified by quantitative PCR and studied by in situ hybridization. Among the genes thus identified, we find solute transporters, neuropeptides, mitochondrial proteins, and novel genes. In addition, several genes are regulated by wit in an isoform‐specific manner that suggest regulation of alternative splicing by BMP signaling. Developmental Dynamics 239:2413–2425, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the AP‐1 μ1A and μ1B adaptins in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Zizioli Daniela , Forlanelli Elena , Guarienti Michela , Nicoli Stefania , Fanzani Alessandro , Bresciani Roberto , Borsani Giuseppe , Preti Augusto , Cotelli Franco , Schu Peter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProtein transport between the trans‐Golgi network and endosomes is mediated by transport vesicles formed by the adaptor‐protein complex AP‐1, consisting of the adaptins γ1, β1, μ1, σ1. Mammalia express μ1A ubiquitously and isoform μ1B in polarized epithelia. Mouse γ1 or μ1A 'knock out's revealed that AP‐1 is indispensable for embryonic development. We isolated μ1A and μ1B from Danio rerio. Analysis of μ1A and μ1B expression revealed tissue‐specific expression for either one during embryogenesis and in adult tissues in contrast to their expression in mammalia. μ1B transcript was detected in organs of endodermal derivation and “knock‐down” experiments gave rise to embryos defective in formation of intestine, liver, and pronephric ducts. Development ceased at 7–8 dpf. μ1B is not expressed in murine liver, indicating loss of μ1B expression and establishment of alternative sorting mechanisms during mammalian development. Developmental Dynamics 239:2404–2412, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gata2is required for the development of inner ear semicircular ducts and the surrounding perilymphatic space
Authors: Haugas Maarja , Lilleväli Kersti , Hakanen Janne , Salminen Marjo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGata2 has essential roles in the development of many organs. During mouse inner ear morphogenesis, it is expressed in otic vesicle and the surrounding periotic mesenchyme from early on, but no defects in the ear development ofGata2null mice have been observed before lethality at embryonic day (E) 10.5. Here, we used conditional gene targeting to reveal the role of Gata2 at later stages of inner ear development. We show that Gata2 is critically required from E14.5–E15.5 onward for vestibular morphogenesis. Without Gata2 the semicircular ducts fail to grow to their normal size and the surrounding mesenchymal cells are not removed properly to generate the perilymphatic space. Gata2 is the first factor known to control the clearing of the vestibular perilymphatic mesenchyme, but interestingly, it is not required for the formation of the cochlear perilymphatic areas, suggesting distinct molecular control for these processes. Developmental Dynamics 239:2452–2469, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.