bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
White piedra and Trichosporon species in equatorial Africa. II. Clinical and mycological associations: an analysis of 449 superficial inguinal specimens
Authors: Thérizol‐Ferly M. , Kombila M. , de Diaz M. Gomez , Douchet C. , Salaun Y. , Barrabes A. , Duong T. H. , Richard‐Lenoble D. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. Eighty‐one of 449 Gabonese female patients examined were found to be positive for genitopubic white piedra. The association with trichobacteriosis is frequent (53 cases), and mostly seen with inguinal intertrigo. Fifty‐two strains belonging to the genus Trichosporon were isolated from genital hairs as well as from inguinal intertrigo lesions. These strains were identified in accordance with previously defined morphological and biochemical criteria. Three species were recognized. T. mucoides (25 strains), T. inkin (20 strains) and T. asahii (seven strains). Their macroscopic and microscopic morphological properties, as well as their ability to reduce tetrazolium, were determined. In addition, the study of the clinical and pathogenic associations in which each of these strains was involved revealed some of their particular properties.Zusammenfassung. Unter 449 untersuchten gabunesischen Frauen wurden 81 Patientinnen mit weißer Piedra im Genital‐Schamhaar‐Bereich gefunderi. Bei 52 dieser Patientinnen wurde Trichosporon isoliert; die Infektion ging häufig mit Trichobakteriose und meist mit Intertrigo einher. Die isolierten Trichosporon‐Stämme wurden sowohl vom Schamhaar als auch von inguinalen Intertrigo‐Läsionen isoliert. Die Isolate wurden nach den kürzlich definierten morphologischen und biochemischen Kriterien identifiziert. Es wurden drei Arten gefunden: T. mucoides (25 Stämme), T. inkin (20 Stämme) und T. asahii (7 Stämme) Ihre makroskopisch‐ und mikroskopisch‐morphologischen Eigenschaften und ihre Tetrazolium‐Reduktionsfähigkeit werden dargestellt. Bei jedem der Stämme wird auf klinische und pathogenetische Besonderheiten hingewiesen.
Successful treatment of cerebral aspergillosis by stereotactic operation and antifungal therapy
Authors: Kerkmann Marie‐Louise , Blaschke‐Hellmessen Renate , Mikulin H.‐D. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. The following is a case report of a cerebral Aspergillus abscess in a male patient predisposed to this disease on account of many years of alcohol abuse. After timely identification of the pathogenic organism, the patient was cured by stereotactic operation in conjunction with antifungal therapy using amphotericin B and 5‐fluorocytosine. The origin and the starting point of the infection remain obscure.Zusammenfassung. Im folgenden wird ein Fall eines zerebralen Aspergillus‐Abszesses bei einem durch langjährigen Alkoholabusus prädisponierten Patienten beschrieben. Er konnte durch stereotaktische Operation und antimykotische Therapie mit Amphotericin B und 5‐Fluorcytosin nach rechtzeitigem Erregernachweis geheilt werden. Ursprung und Beginn der Infektion blieben unklar.
Bioavailability of fluconazole in the skin after oral medication
Authors: Wildfeuer A. , Faergemann J. , Laufen H. , Pfaff G. , Zimmermann T. , Seidl H. P. , Lach P. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. Fluconazole is an antimycotic drug which until now has been used mostly in the systemic therapy of yeast infections. We have now demonstrated the presence of this drug in various skin structures. After administration of 50 mg of fluconazole per day for 12 days to healthy volunteers, the following mean drug concentrations were measured: serum 1.81 μg ml‐1, sweat 4.58 μg ml‐1, dermis‐epidermis (without stratum corneum) 2.77 μg g‐1 and stratum corneum 73 μg g‐1. Thus, 4 h after the last dose the antimycotic attains a 40‐fold higher concentration in the stratum corneum than in serum. One week after ending the oral treatment, 5.8 μg g‐1 fluconazole was present in stratum corneum. After daily ingestion of 200 mg of fluconazole for 5 days there was a further increase in the mean concentration of fluconazole in stratum corneum, to 127 μg g‐1. Even 4–5 months after completing the oral treatment, fluconazole was detectable in the head hair and toenails of healthy volunteers. Fluconazole is eliminated from the stratum corneum about 2–3 times more slowly than from serum or plasma. After oral administration fluconazole evidently accumulated rapidly and intensively into the stratum corneum. The concentrations then attained or exceeded the in vitro minimal inhibitory concentrations of fluconazole for most of the dermatophytes and yeasts which are involved in cutaneous mycoses.Zusammenfassung. Fluconazol, ein bisher vor allem in der systemischen Therapie von Sproßpilzinfektionen etabliertes Antimykotikum, wird in verschiedenen Strukturen der Haut nachgewiesen. Nach oraler Einnahme von 50 mg Fluconazol einmal täglich über 12 Tage konnten an gesunden Probanden folgende mittlere Wirkstoffkonzentrationen gemessen werden: Serum 1.81 μg ml‐1. Schweiß 4.58 μg ml‐1. Dermis‐Epidermis (ohne Stratum corneum) 2.77 μg g‐1 und Stratum corneum 73 μg g‐1. Damit erreicht das Antimykotikum vier Stunden nach der letzten Einnahme im Stratum corneum eine etwa 40fach höhere Konzentration als im Serum. Eine Woche nach Ende der oralen Behandlung werden noch 5.8 μg g‐1 Fluconazol im Stratum corneum gefunden. Die tägliche Einnahme von 200 mg Fluconazol über fünt Tage zeigt zwei Stunden nach der letzten Applikation einen weiteren Anstieg der mittleren Fluconazol‐Konzentration im Stratum corneum auf 127 μg g‐1. Das Antimykotikum ist in Kopfhaaren und Zehennägeln gesunder Probanden noch vier bzw. fünf Monate nach Beendigung der oralen Therapie nachweisbar. Aus Stratum corneum wird Fluconazol zwei‐ bis dreimal langsamer als aus Serum oder Plasma eliminiert. Fluconazol akkumuliert nach oraler Einnahme schnell und intensiv im Stratum corneum. Die dabei gemessenen Konzentrationen überschreiten die in vitro ermittelten Minimalen Hemmkonzentrationen von Fluconazol gegenüber den meisten an kutanen Mykosen beteiligten Dermatophyten und Sproßpilzen.
Fusarium fungaemia in severely neutropenic patients: Fusarium‐Fungämie bei hochgradig neutropenischen Patienten
Authors: Yildiran Ş. T. , Kömürcü Ş , Saraçh M. A. , Gönlüm A. , Beyan C. , Gün H. , Yalçin A. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. We report two cases of Fusarium infection with evidence of fungaemia in severely neutropenic patients with leukaemia. One patient was a 65‐year‐old woman with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia infected by Fusarium verticillioides. The other patient was a 45‐year‐old woman with acute myeloblastic leukaemia infected by Fusarium spp. Fungaemia was the only evident manifestation of these fungal infections.Zusammenfassung. Es wird über zwei Fälle von Fusarium‐Infektionen mit Fungämie bei zwei neutropenischen Leukämiepatientinnen berichtet. Eine Patientin war eine 65‐jährige Frau mit chronisch‐lymphatischer Leukämie, die mit Fusarium verticillioides infiziert war. Die andere Patientin war ein 45‐jährige Frau mit akuter myeloblastischer Leukämie, infiziert durch Fusarium spp. Die Fungämie war die einzige erkennbare Lokalisation dieser Pilzinfektionen.
Comparison of fungal viability assays using Candida albicans yeast cells undergoing prolonged incubation in the absence of nutrients: Untersuchungen zur Überlebensfähigkeit von Candida albicans bei Langzeitinkubation in Mangelsubstraten
Authors: Hjertstedt Jadwiga , Hahn Beth L. , Kos W. L. , Sohnle P. G. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. Staining methods for determining fungal viability are usually assessed by comparisons with enumeration of colony‐forming units (CFU) on solid media. The purpose of the present study was to compare viability as assessed by the acridine orange (AO) and MTT methods with the numbers of CFUs obtained for Candida albicans yeast cells undergoing prolonged incubation in distilled water. In initial assessments of the assays using various proportions of control and heat‐killed C. albicans, the AO and MTT methods consistently indicated significantly higher values for viability than did CFU determinations. Experiments using organisms cultured overnight revealed that ≅95% of the cells were capable of dividing at least once in a microscopic proliferation assay, whereas only 69% were capable of forming colonies. Parallel assays comparing AO uptake and MTT reduction gave excellent agreement with the microscopic proliferation assay, but not with CFU determinations. Using organisms undergoing prolonged incubations in distilled water, much lower viabilities were obtained with the CFU method at 7 and 10 days than with the microscopic proliferation assay or the two staining methods. These results indicate that the AO and MTT assays correlate well with the ability of C. albicans to divide at least once, but may not accurately indicate the percentage of organisms actually able to form colonies.Zusammenfassung. Färbemethoden zur Bestimmung der Lebendkeimzahl werden üblicherweise bewertet durch Vergleich der Zahlen koloniebildender Einheiten (CFU) auf festen Nährmedien. Zweck der vorliegenden Studie war, die Erfassung der Lebensfähigkeit mittels Akridinorange (AO) oder MTT anhand der CFU‐Zahlen von Candida albicans zu prüfen, die in Langzeitkonservierung in destilliertem Wasser gehalten wurde. In der ersten Versuchsserie mit unterschiedlichen Proportionen von unbehandelten und hitzebehandelten C. albicans‐Zellen zeigten sowohl die AO‐ als auch die MTT‐Methode signifikant höhere Überlebensraten als die CFU‐Bestimmungen. Experimente mit Übernachtkulturen ergaben, daß etwa 95% aller Zellen in der Lage waren, sich in einem mikroskopischen Proliferationsansatz wenigstens einmal zu teilen, wührend nur 69% in der Lage waren, Kolonien zu bilden. In Versuchen mit Hefen unter verlüngerter Aufbewahrung in Aqua dest. wurden viel niedrigere Überlebensraten mit der CFU‐Methode nach 7 und 10 d Bebrütung als mit dem mikroskopischen Proliferationsansatz oder den beiden Fürbemethoden bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die AO‐ und MTT‐Ansütze gut mit der Fühigkeit von C. albicans korrelieren, sich wenigsten einmal zu teilen, daß sie aber nicht den Prozentsatz von Organismen widerspiegeln, der in der Lage ist, tatsüchlich Kolonien zu bilden.
Valuation in Emerging Markets: A Simulation Approach
Authors: García‐Sánchez Javier , Preve Lorenzo , Sarria‐Allende Virginia 
Published: July 2010

Most of the foundations of valuation theory have been designed for use in developed markets. Because of the greater, and in some cases different, risks associated with emerging markets (although recent experience might suggest otherwise), investors and corporate managers are often uncomfortable using traditional methods. The typical way of capturing emerging‐market risks is to increase the discount rate in the standard valuation model. But, as the authors argue, such adjustments have the effect of undermining some of the basic assumptions of the CAPM‐based discounted cash flow model.The standard theory of capital budgeting suggests that estimates of unconditional expected cash flows should be discounted at CAPM discount rates (or betas) that reflect only “systematic,” or “nondiversifiable,” market‐wide risks. In practice, however, analysts tend to take what are really estimates of “conditional” expected cash flows—that is, conditional on the firm or its country avoiding a crisis—and discount them at higher rates that reflect not only systematic risks, but diversifiable risks that typically involve a higher probability of crisis‐driven costs of default. But there is almost no basis in theory for the size of the increases in discount rates.In this article, the authors propose that analysts in emerging markets avoid this discount rate problem by using simulation techniques to capture emerging‐market risks in their estimates of unconditional expected cash flows—in other words, estimates that directly incorporate the possibility of an emerging‐market crisis and its consequences. Having produced such estimates, analysts can then discount them using the standard Global CAPM.
ON THE EMERSON ENHANCEMENT EFFECT IN THE FERRICYANIDE HILL REACTION IN CHLOROPLAST FRAGMENTS*
Authors: Govindjee  , Bazzaz Maarib 
Published: July 2010

Abstract— The Emerson effect is demonstrated in the ferricyanide Hill reaction when the rates of steady‐state oxygen evolution are measured in spinach chlorplast fragments exposed to red (650 nm) and far‐red (700 nm) light of high but not saturating intensity. However, at very low light intensity, the Emerson effect could not be observed. These experiments suggest that ferricyanide can be reduced at two sites. At low light intensity, the rate at one site predominates and at this site one photochemical system is active. At high light intensity, however, the action at a site that is dependent on the cooperation of two photochemical systems predominates.The action spectra of the ferricyanide Hill reaction measured in the presence of an excess of 650 nm or in the excess of 700 nm light show two peaks: one at 650 nm due to chlorophyll b and the other around 675 nm due to chlorophyll a. The ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b peaks is about 1.4 when 650 nm background light is used; the same ratio is about 0.7 with 700 nm background light. The two pigment systems seem to contain both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b but in different proportions.
PORPHYRIN‐LIPOSOME INTERACTIONS: INFLUENCE OF THE PHYSICO‐CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
Authors: Ricchelli* Fernanda , Stevanin Daniela , Jori Giulio 
Published: July 2010

Abstract— The quenching of the fluorescence emitted by hematoporphyrin incorporated into unilamellar liposomes of dipalmitoyl‐phosphatidylcholine and dimyristoyl‐phosphatidylcholine, was studied by using methylviologen, 9,10‐anthraquinone‐2,6‐disulfonate and 9,10‐anthraquinone‐2‐sulfonate as quenchers, in order to assess how the distribution of the porphyrin and the interaction mode of the various quenchers with the porphyrin is affected by the physico‐chemical properties of the vesicles.The results obtained indicate that, below the critical temperature for the phase transition of the lipids, hematoporphyrin is preferentially distributed in the outer lipid monolayer of liposomes of dipalmitoyl‐phosphatidylcholine while most hematoporphyrin molecules are located in the inner monolayer in liposomes of dimyristoyl‐phosphatidylcholine. This distribution is only slightly changed when the external mean radius of liposomes increases from 26 to 50 nm.The rise of temperature above the critical value for the liquid‐gel phase transition causes a shift of the hematoporphyrin molecules toward the inner phospholipid monolayer. This shift is more pronounced in liposomes of dimyristoyl‐phosphatidylcholine.Studies on model systems, i.e. neutral and ionic micelles, indicate that methylviologen and anthra‐quinone‐type quenchers drastically differ in their interaction mechanism with hematoporphyrin. In particular, methylviologen is the only quencher which can discriminate different hematoporphyrin populations in liposomes of dimyristoyl‐phosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoyl‐phosphatidylcholine in both the liquid and gel phase. Anthraquinone‐type quenchers interact with both hematoporphyrin populations when the lipids are in the gel phase. When the lipids are in a fluid state, the quenching occurs only on the external hematoporphyrin population in liposomes of dipalmitoyl‐phosphatidylcho‐line while in liposomes of dimyristoyl‐phosphatidylcholine no discrimination is observed. The influence of the liposomal structure at different temperatures and of the length of the hydrocarbon chains is discussed.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF EXCITON JUMPING STATISTICS AND ENERGY FLOW IN C‐PHYCOCYANIN OF ALGAE Agmenellum quadruplicatum IN THE PRESENCE OF TRAPS
Authors: Demidov Andrey A. , Borisov Alexander Yu. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract—Energy migration has been studied in C‐phycocyanin (C‐PC) rods with traps located in the terminal trimer disc, using the Monte Carlo method and the system of differential equations. It has been found that jump time statistics can be described by the function F = C(t/<t0>)exp(‐t/ < to>), where C is the constant, t and < t0 > are, respectively, the exciton jump time and its averaged value for chromophores of the corresponding spectral types (α84, β84 or β155). The values < t0 > were calculated for the cases of C‐PC monomers, trimers and higher associates.The C‐PC model, which consists of three hexamers with traps located in the β84 chromophores of the peripheral trimer, was examined. It was found that the total efficiency of excitation capturing, øtr, exceeds 90%, provided “local” quantum yield of energy trapping ø0 > 10%. The ø0 value influences both the excitation lifetime (τ) and the mean number of excitation jumps (Niump) before its conversion. For the ø0= 100% and 10%, the corresponding lifetimes and numbers of jumps were calculated to be τ= 75 and 155 ps and Njump= 105 and 222 jumps, respectively.The dynamics of excitation redistribution along the C‐PC rods and the fluorescence kinetics for various ø0 values were calculated for C‐PC chromophores excited by a +, and the correlation between these processes and ø0, was disclosed. The transient processes of excitation redistribution were shown to proceed within a time period t < 30 ps.
INDUCTION and DISAPPEARANCE OF THYMINE DIMERS IN HUMAN SKIN EXPOSED TO UVB RADIATION: FLOW CYTOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS IN REPLICATING and NONREPLICATING EPIDERMAL CELLS
Authors: Berg Rob J. W. , Bueger Susan C. de , Guikers Kees , Weelden Huib van , Vloten Willem A. van , Leun Jan C. van der , Gruul Frank R. de 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe have earlier reported on determining UV‐induced DNA damage in murine epidermal cell suspensions by flow cytometric analysis of the fluorescence from a fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labeled antibody (H3) directed against thymine dimers (T><T). Here we present an optimization of the technique for analysis of epidermal cell suspensions from 4 mm biopsies from human skin. Cells with different DNA contents can easily be distinguished in flow cytometry by the intensity of DNA‐specific 7‐amino‐actinomycin D fluorescence. Genuine G2‐M‐phase cells can further be distinguished from cell doublets by pulse‐shape discrimination. Thus, T><T levels in individual cells with different DNA contents (i.e. G0‐G1, S or G2‐M phases) can be determined after in vivo exposure of human skin to environmentally relevant UVB (280–315nm) doses. The method was applied to measure the decrease of T><T in nonreplicating cells (G0‐G1 phase) and replicating cells (S phase or G2‐M phase) from seven volunteers exposed to twice their minimal erythema dose. The reduction in the average T><T‐specific fluorescence at 24 h after exposure was 46% (ranging between 16% and 66%) for the G0‐G1 cells and 70% (ranging between 37% and 100%) for the S + G2‐M cells. The difference was statistically highly significant. Determination of individual DNA repair capacities with this method can become a convenient diagnostic tool for patients with DNA repair disorders, or it may even be used to identify individuals with low repair proficiencies and increased risk of developing skin cancers.
BILIRUBIN PHOTOTOXICITY TO HUMAN CELLS BY GREEN LIGHT PHOTOTHERAPY in vitro
Authors: Böhm F. , Drygalla F. , Charlesworth P. , Böhm K. , Truscott T. G. , Jokiel K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhototherapy of newborn infants with blue or green light is the most common treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Using bilirubin bound to human lymphoid and basal skin cells we obtained the green light dose dependency of the bilirubin phototoxicity to these cell types. Cells (3–5× 106/mL) were incubated with bilirubin complexed to human serum albumin (final concentrations 340 μM bilirubin, 150 μM albumin). Under these conditions all cells showed maximum binding of bilirubin. Irradiation with broadband green light (Λmax= 512 nm) over 24 h led to a light dose‐dependent population of cells, which contained no bilirubin on the cell membrane as determined by Nomarski interference microscopy. The light‐induced mechanism of the disappearance of bilirubin caused lethal membrane damage to the cells (trypan blue exclusion test). The cell kill rate increased with the irradiation dose and with the fraction of cells with no bilirubin. When 90% of lymphoid cells were bilirubin free, 46% of them were dead (using 480 J cm−1 green light). Similar results were obtained with basal skin cells. In addition, bilirubin‐induced damage of cell membrane and nuclear membrane was also shown by transmission electron microscopy. Bilirubin (340 μM) in the dark led to 5% of the cells being killed. Basal skin cells bind 2.5 times more bilirubin molecules than lymphoid cells and showed a different bilirubin disappearance. Irradiation of bilirubin in carbon tetrachloride with 514.5 nm laser light showed generation of singlet oxygen via its luminescence at 1270 nm. These results demonstrate that green light phototherapy of hyperbilirubinemia may cause both skin and immune system damage.
PHOTOREACTION OF 5‐METHOXYPSORALEN WITH THYMIDINE and THE THYMINE MOIETY OF ISOLATED and Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA. CHARACTERIZATION and MEASUREMENT OF THE TWO cis‐syn FURAN‐SIDE MONOCYCLOADDUCTS
Authors: Anselmino Catherine , Averbeck Dietrich , Cadet Jean 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe photoreaction of the furan‐side moiety of 5‐methoxypsoralen (5‐MOP) with thymidine used as a DNA model compound was investigated in the dry state. Under these conditions, two main fluorescent photoadducts were formed and isolated by HPLC. The two modified nucleosides were characterized as the twocis‐syndiastereoisomers of furan‐side monoadducts of 5‐MOP to thymidine on the basis of spectroscopic measurements including UV, fluorescence,1H‐NMR and circular dichroism analysis. The identification and quantification of the latter photoproducts within naked DNA exposed to photoexcited 5‐MOP were achieved by enzymatic digestion completed by HPLC separation and fluorescence detection. Similarly, the twocis‐synfuran‐side monoadducts were found to be formed in the DNA ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaecells after incubation with 5‐MOP and subsequent exposure to 365 nm at an incident dose of 38.4 kJ m−2. Under these conditions, the rate of induction of two diastereoisomeric photoadducts was as low as one modification per 106and 2 × 105bases, respectively.
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN COASTAL WATERS and ITS DETECTION BY BACKSCATTERING MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Piazena H. , Häder D.‐P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRemote sensing using backscattering data sampled by satellite or airplane is a promising method of monitoring the content of phytoplankton in marine waters. Usually the analysis of the organism concentration is based on the ratio of signals in suitable spectral channels. However, the attenuation of the optical signals involved in the analysis does not only depend on the concentration of organisms but also on their vertical distribution in the water column, on the water type and on the individual content of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in the species that establish the population. The present paper discusses the results of direct measurements of both vertical distribution of phytoplankton concentration and of solar spectral irradiation scattered and absorbed in different waters of the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean. From these measurements relations are derived between backscattered spectral signals, water type and the vertical distribution of the organisms. The content of organisms in the column is consistently underestimated if no additional information on water type and vertical distribution of the organisms is taken into account. These data can be estimated from backscattering data of high resolution. In addition, a calibration and adaptation of the remote sensing data by ground truth is necessary to determine the optical properties of different species.