bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Analysis Metrology
Authors: Rubinson Kenneth A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMeasurement in chemical analysis requires at its base validation of analytical methods. Validation shows that the measurement of content is correct for a specific type of material within some limit of uncertainty, where the uncertainty is due to random variation after any bias of the measurement is removed. Analyses involve sampling, sample preparation, use of standards, and an assay method that is applied to measure the content. Statistical evaluation of the results in each step can combined to evaluate the overall validty of the measurement.
Hepatitis Viruses
Authors: Zuckerman Arie J 
Published: March 2011

AbstractViral hepatitis, characterised by inflammation of the liver and necrosis of hepatocytes, results from infection with viruses from several different families. The essentially hepatotropic viruses include a range of five different unrelated human pathogens: hepatitis A, B, C, D and E.Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem. The World Health Organisation estimates that 1 in 12 of the human population has been infected with the hepatitis viruses. Over one‐third of the world population, some two billion people, have been infected withhepatitis B virus, and four million cases of acute hepatitis B occur every year. Reliable estimates for infection with hepatitis A, C, D and E are not available.Hepatitis causes considerable morbidity and mortality, from both acute infection and chronic sequelae. It is estimated that there are over 350 million carriers ofhepatitis B virusworldwide, and some 250 million carriers ofhepatitis C virus.Key Concepts:Viral hepatitis remains a major public health problem with considerable morbidity and mortality.Persistent infection may progress to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and primary liver cancer.Liver cancer is the seventh most common cancer in males and the ninth most common cancer in females.Strategies for the prevention of viral hepatitis are still evolving, for example, effective vaccines and universal immunisation.There is an urgent need to develop vaccines against infection with hepatitis C virus and hepatitis E virus infection in some developing regions of the world.There is an urgent need to develop and apply new and more effective antiviral drugs.The need to implement some basic public health measures to reduce the burden of infection with the hepatitis viruses, for example, social conditions and health education.Paid blood donations, which are known to carry a high risk of transmissible viral infections, should be prohibited by law.It is essential that national public health authorities ensure the safety of injections, as the estimated total burden of infection due to unsafe injection practices in developing countries (WHO study, 2000) is 21 million cases of hepatitis B; 2 million cases of hepatitis C and 260 000 cases of HIV infection.Control of viral hepatitis will lead to a highly significant improvement of health in all countries.
Cytogenetic Techniques
Authors: Hsieh Chih‐Lin 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCytogenetics is the study of the genetic material in cells at the light microscopic level, with the goal of achieving optimal resolution for chromosomes or regions of chromosomes on a macrolevel. The traditional techniques of banding allow global analysis of chromosomal structure and have wide applications in clinical diagnosis as well as research. Cytogenetic techniques are gaining in power and usefulness with the development of new detection methods utilising computer technology and molecular tools in the past two decades. The availability of molecular tools has expanded the resolution and capability of cytogenetic analysis. With discovery of genetic changes in various genetic disorders and cancers in the recent years, new developments in molecular cytogenetics provide high‐resolution view of specific genomic regions and facilitate rapid clinical diagnosis.Key Concepts:Conventional cytogenetic techniques apply to the examination of metaphase chromosomes and provide a survey of the global integrity of genetic material in proliferating cells.Molecular cytogenetic techniques facilitate focal analysis of genomic alternations in both dividing and nondividing cells.The conventional and the molecular cytogenetic techniques complement each other to achieve a more complete analysis of the genome, and cannot replace each other at present time.
Factor V Leiden
Authors: Dahlbäck Björn 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Factor V (FV) Leiden is the most common genetic risk factor for venous thrombosis in western societies. It is caused by a single point mutation in the coagulation factor V gene (

F5

), which results in the replacement of arginine at position 506 with a glutamine. Arginine 506 constitutes one of three cleavage sites in FV for the anticoagulant activated protein C (APC) and FV Leiden is resistant to APC cleavage at this site. This causes an imbalance between pro‐ and anticoagulant forces and as a result a lifelong hypercoagulable state that increases the risk of venous thrombosis. The FV Leiden mutation is the result of a single mutation event that is estimated to have occurred around 25000 years ago in a Caucasian ancestor. The prevalence of the mutation varies between zero and 15% in different ethnic populations.

Key Concepts:

Blood coagulation is controlled by anticoagulant pathways.

Venous thrombosis is a multifactorial disease.

Multiple genetic factors contributes to the risk of venous thrombosis.

Protein C, protein S, TFPI (tissue factor pathway inhibitor) and antithrombin are the main anticoagulant proteins in plasma.

Factor V is an important blood coagulation protein, which after its activation by thrombin functions as cofactor to factor Xa in the activation of prothrombin.

Factor V can be both pro‐ and anticoagulant.

APC resistance caused by a single factor V gene (f5) mutation is the most common genetic risk factor.

Factor V Leiden is the result of a single mutation event that took place around 20–25000 years ago.

Factor V Leiden is mainly present in Caucasians.

The Factor V Leiden mutation results in the replacement of Arg506 with a Gln.

One of the APC (activated protein C) cleavage sites in FV (at Arg506) is lost because of the Factor Leiden mutation.
Crystallins
Authors: de Jong Wilfried W , Lubsen Nicolette H 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

‘Crystallins’ are defined as the abundant water soluble proteins of the eye lens. The α‐, β‐ and
γ‐crystallins
are found in all vertebrate lenses, including those of the lamprey, and must have been recruited as lens proteins in the ancestral vertebrate. The two
α‐crystallins
are members of the small heat‐shock protein family. The six
β‐crystallins
and the eight (depending on species)
γ‐crystallins
are closely related in structure and probably evolved by gene duplication and fusion from a common ancestor. Expression of the ubiquitous crystallins is limited to the lens, with the exception of
αB‐crystallin
, which abounds in brain and muscle and is stress inducible. Additional and unrelated types of crystallins are phylogenetically restricted. These crystallins are identical to housekeeping proteins and usually encoded by the same genes.

Key Concepts:

Lens proteins must last the lifetime of the organism and must be highly stable.

The β‐ and γ‐crystallin gene families originated in the ancestral vertebrate.

The exact protein composition of a lens determines the optical properties and changes with an organism's habitat.
Neuroblastoma
Authors: Lau Loretta MS , Irwin Meredith S 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Neuroblastoma, the third most common childhood tumour, originates from the sympathetic nervous system. Neuroblastoma is well known for its diverse clinical behaviour, ranging from spontaneous regression or maturation to aggressive metastatic disease. Neuroblastoma biology is complex and heterogeneous. The identification of genetic changes (
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) ploidy,

MYCN

amplification and aberrations of chromosome 1p, 11q and 17q) and clinical variables (e.g. age and stage) that are highly predictive of outcome has facilitated stratification of patients into prognostic subsets and delivery of risk‐adapted therapies. However, the key events that govern neuroblastoma initiation, differentiation or progression remain elusive. To date, no single oncogene or tumour suppressor gene has been identified in the majority of neuroblastoma tumours. Furthermore, despite recent improvements with the addition of immunotherapy the survival for high‐risk neuroblastoma patients remains low and will require identification of novel therapeutic targets. The ultimate goal is to provide individualised assessment and therapy based on both the genetic variables of the patient as well as the tumour.

Key Concepts:

Neuroblastoma has diverse clinical behaviour and heterogeneous biology.

Amplification of the
MYCN
gene in neuroblastoma is prototypic for recurrent amplification of a proto‐oncogene in human cancers.

Both germline and somatic
ALK
mutations are present in neuroblastoma.

Specific genetic changes, such as MYCN amplification, or loss of heterozygosity of 1p or 11q are highly predictive of poor prognosis.

Neuroblastoma treatment involves risk‐adapted therapy, where patients are stratified into risk groups based on both clinical variables and tumour biology and the goal of current treatment strategies is to use these prognostic factors to decrease the intensity of therapy delivered to low and intermediate risk patients.

The current International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) Staging System utilises age, disease stage, tumour histology,
MYCN
status, DNA ploidy, aberrations of chromosome 11p to assign pre‐treatment risk groups.

DNA copy number alterations of primary tumours allow the identification of two subgroups: (1) whole chromosome gains that result in hyperdiploidy are usually present in favourable prognosis tumours and (2) segmental chromosomal aberrations (e.g. MYCN amplification) are usually associated with poor prognosis tumours.

Immunotherapy with anti‐GD2 antibody and cytokines following stem cell transplant has led to the first major improvement in survival for patients with high‐risk neuroblastoma in the past two decades.
Proteorhodopsin
Authors: Miyake Sou , Stingl Ulrich 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

The membrane‐bound protein Proteorhodopsin (PR) is a simple light‐dependent proton pump. The single gene that encodes PR was detected in 2000 on genomic fragments of heterotrophic marine bacteria. Over the following years, researchers realised that the majority of bacteria in the photic zone (where light is present) of nearly all oceanic water bodies possess this protein. The high abundance of closely related PR genes in only distantly related bacteria is very likely due to frequent lateral gene transfer. Experiments with PR‐containing pure cultures did not show uniform results on improved growth upon illumination, indicating a functional diversity that probably depends on environmental nutrient conditions. In most cases, PR will help bacteria to produce additional energy without the need of oxidising organic carbon. This energy can be used to grow better, move faster or survive longer during starvation periods.

Key Concepts:

Most marine bacteria in surface waters contain proteorhodopsin, a protein that is closely related to other rhodopsins of Archaea and Eukarya.

Proteorhodopsin is a light‐dependent proton pump.

The huge phylogenetic diversity of PRs in the environment might reflect to some degree a functional diversity as well.

Environmental conditions have an impact on the function of PR for the residing bacteria.

The activity of PR can result in enhanced growth, faster movement or extended starvation survival.

The simplicity of the PR photosystem makes it an interesting target for biotechnological exploitation.
Micro
RNAs
in Cancer
Authors: Munker Reinhold , Calin George A 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Initially considered an epiphenomenon, micro
ribonucleic acids
(also called miRNAs) and other small noncoding RNA molecules are now considered major players in cell biology. MiRNAs regulate gene expression through effects on translation, transcription and chromatin modification. Multiple miRNAs are dysregulated in human cancer and affect the proliferation and apoptosis, metastatic behaviour, invasiveness and phenotype of cancer cells. Virtually every cell type and cancer have a particular expression pattern of miRNA expression. This miRNA profile permits to classify cancer and often gives prognostic information. Profiling based on miRNAs may be more specific and robust than profiling based on mRNAs. MiRNAs can be studied in virtually all tissues including plasma. More work is necessary, but miRNAs have already improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of cancer and appear promising for diagnostic purposes as biomarkers and for the development of new genetic treatments.

Key Concepts:

MicroRNAs regulate gene expression.

MicroRNAs are important in the pathogenesis and progression of human cancer.

MicroRNAs can function as tumour suppressors and as tumour promoters (oncomirs).

MicroRNAs can serve as biomarkers for cancer and may become useful for the treatment of cancer.
Automated Protein Production Technologies
Authors: Owens Raymond J , Diprose Jonathan 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

The automation of recombinant protein production enables the rapid and parallel processing of multiple products. Laboratory robotic systems have been developed that deliver a range of automated protein production technologies, including expression screening in both cell‐based and cell‐free systems. Liquid handling robotics are routinely used in the small‐scale purification of proteins in parallel based on affinity capture methods typically on metal chelating matrices. Multidimensional chromatography has also been automated enabling complex protein purification strategies to be carried out with little manual intervention. The increasing use of cell‐based assays in discovery projects has driven the development of dedicated robotic systems for handling the culture of mammalian cells. Critical to the successful implementation of laboratory automation is the development of an information management system to ensure the recording of data and tracking of samples generated during the process of protein production.

Key Concepts:

The automation of recombinant protein production enables the rapid and parallel processing of multiple products.

Automation can be beneficial in both cost and reproducibility.

The automation of liquid handling tasks involving either cells, nucleic acids or protein samples is central to all laboratory robotic systems.

Using modular robotics enables workflow changes to be introduced without the need to rebuild a complete system.

Managing the increased volume of data arising from automation can be a problem in its own right.

The biggest benefits come from integrating automated systems with electronic Laboratory Information Management Systems.

Analysis of the large datasets collected can lead to tools that predict how an untested protein will behave.
Friction Ridge Examination:
ACE
‐
V
Documentation
Authors: Maceo Alice 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Documentation of ACE‐V during the examination of friction ridge evidence serves many purposes. Documentation permits the case analyst to recall the information relied upon during the examination process (anatomical source, distal orientation, search parameters, target data, corresponding detail, distortion concerns, etc.); it permits a reviewing analyst to assess the interpretation of the friction ridge detail by the case analyst; it provides the courts with a demonstrable basis for conclusions; and it provides management a tool to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the analysts. Documentation extends beyond charted images and includes documented protocols regarding ACE‐V by management. Greater transparency further enables the quality system in a latent print unit to detect, correct, and prevent errors
Mass Spectrometry and Gas‐Phase Ion Chemistry of Organomanganese Complexes
Authors: Palii Sergiu P. , Zagorevskii Dmitri V. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis review (782 references) represents an exhaustive up‐to‐date survey of literature on mass spectrometry and gas‐phase ion chemistry of organomanganese complexes. Fundamental physico‐chemical characteristics of organomanganese ionic species, as well as the gas‐phase reactions resulting in the dissociation or formation of manganese‐carbon bond(s) are examined. Circa 300 examples of ion/molecule reactions characterizing the reactivity of Mn+, positively or negatively charged manganese clusters, as well as neutrals, cations and anions of various Mn‐containing species (including coordinatively unsaturated ones) are summarized. A variety of studies involving tandem mass spectrometry, neutralization‐reionization mass spectrometry, collision‐induced dissociation, multiple‐photon dissociation, IRMPD spectroscopy and theoretical calculations for organomanganese ion structure characterization are discussed. Additionally, analytical applications of mass spectrometric techniques to the characterization of compounds containing a MnC bond are reviewed. These include a number of relatively simple mononuclear complexes, polynuclear clusters, complexes incorporating organometallic units bridged with organic fragment(s), bifunctional compounds containing organometallic and classical Werner‐type coordination sites, fullerenes or planar polyaromatic hydrocarbons with an organomanganese fragment attached to them, manganospiralenes, manganoscorpionates, supramolecular entities, cymantrene‐peptide bioconjugates, etc.
Arterial Pressure Monitoring in Mice
Authors: Zhao Xin , Ho David , Gao Shumin , Hong Chull , Vatner Dorothy E. , Vatner Stephen F. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe use of mice for the evaluation and study of cardiovascular pathophysiology is growing rapidly, primarily due to the relative ease of developing genetically engineered mouse models. Arterial pressure monitoring is central to the evaluation of the phenotypic changes associated with cardiovascular pathology and interventions in these transgenic and knockout models. There are four major techniques for measuring arterial pressure in the mouse: tail‐cuff system, implanted fluid‐filled catheters, Millar catheters, and implanted telemetry systems. Here we provide protocols for their use and discuss the advantages and limitations of each of these techniques. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:105‐122. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mouse Strains and Genetic Nomenclature
Authors: Guénet Jean‐Louis , Benavides Fernando J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this article we describe the main characteristics and peculiarities of the different strains and stocks of laboratory animals from the genetic point of view. We explain how they are produced and maintained as well as their advantages and disadvantages in the context of animal experiments. We also provide some guidance to make the best possible choice when establishing an experimental protocol.Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:213‐238. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dynamics of Polar Surfaces on Ceria Nanoparticles Observed In Situ with Single‐Atom Resolution
Authors: Möbus Günter , Saghi Zineb , Sayle Dean C. , Bhatta Umananda M. , Stringfellow Andrew , Sayle Thi X.T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAtomic hopping processes on ceria nanoparticle surfaces are observed by in situ phase contrast high‐resolution electron microscopy with an aberration‐corrected imaging lens. It is shown that single‐atom resolution is possible, and single‐atom dynamics for cerium are observable. Discrete changes in contrast and discrete positional changes of contrast maxima can be safely interpreted as visual fingerprints of atomic displacements. Both single‐atom movements and spontaneous sequential relocations of entire atomic rows are observed. Exclusive occurence of the effect on {100} type facets indicates polar dipole field mediated atomic rearrangements, while {111} facets are found to be stable. Molecular modelling confirms that the relocations follow genuine pathways involving partially occupied oxygen‐terminated surfaces, by means of temperature induced fluctuations. A series of images tracks the detailed atomic motions over a time of 120 s and quantifies the ratio of reversible atom hopping versus atom ablation.
Magnetochromatic Microcapsule Arrays for Displays
Authors: Zhu Cun , Xu Wenyu , Chen Liangshui , Zhang Wendong , Xu Hua , Gu Zhong‐Ze 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAn approach to construct displays based on magnetochromatic microcapsules with narrow size distribution has been proposed. These magnetochromatic microcapsules are fabricated by a microfluidic technology. The shell layer of the obtained microcapsule is composed of transparent photocurable ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA) resin while the core is formed by the aqueous droplet containing monodisperse magnetic nanospheres. The capsule size, shell thickness, and morphology can be easily controlled by the flow rates during the fabrication. In the multipixel array formed by these microcapsules, each microcapsule acts as an individual display unit. The nanospheres in the core droplet can be influenced by an external magnetic field, forming ordered structures which determine light diffraction; therefore, various distinct colors are observed according to the intensity of the external magnetic field. These microcapsules have the advantage of long time stability, viewing angle independence, and dynamic tunable optics.
The Actual Active Species of Sulfur‐Modified Gold‐Supported Palladium as a Highly Effective Palladium Reservoir in the Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling
Authors: Hoshiya Naoyuki , Shuto Satoshi , Arisawa Mitsuhiro 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe actual active species of the recently developed sulfur‐modified, gold‐supported palladium material, S‐modified Au‐supported Pd (SAPd), with one of the lowest Pd‐releasing levels and high recyclability in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling, was investigated. Also, SAPd was found to work repeatedly as an excellent Pd reservoir for liquid‐phase combinatorial synthesis.
Base‐Catalyzed Cascade 1,3‐H Shift/Cyclization Reaction to Construct Polyaromatic Furans
Authors: Wang Ya‐Hui , Liu Heng , Zhu Li‐Li , Li Xiao‐Xiao , Chen Zili 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA convenient new method was developed to prepare unfused polyaromatic furan derivatives from diynyl‐1,6‐diols through a novel base‐catalyzed cascade 1,3‐H shift/cyclization process. Deuterium experiments were performed to determine that the 1,3‐H shift was the rate‐determining step.