bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qualification of Well Barrier Elements - Test Medium, Test Temperatures and Long-Term Integrity
Authors: Vignes Birgit 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper presents the challenges related to qualification and testing of well barrier elements related to the long-term integrity test, the exposed medium, the temperature, and how the testing and qualification are performed. The paper shows that the International organization for standardization (ISO)/ American Petroleum Institute (API) standards for well barrier elements such as drill pipe, BOP, packers and bridge plugs, subsurface safety valves, casing and tubing connections, gas lift equipment, and cement can be improved in relation to long-term integrity testing, the test temperature and the test medium.NORSOK D-010 is a well integrity standard developed by the Norwegian petroleum industry and available at www.standardnorge.no. The standard defines the well barriers as an envelope of one or several barrier elements preventing fluids or gasses from flowing unintentionally from the formation, into another formation or to surface. The standard states that the permanent well barrier should have long-term integrity properties. The long-term integrity test of well barrier elements is not described in NORSOK D-010 or in any other relevant ISO/API standard. The industry does not perform long-term integrity tests and this paper discusses the factors that need to be considered.The paper illustrates that the industry needs to further concentrate on qualification of the well barrier elements. The well barrier elements will impact well integrity and the possible degradation of the construction of the wells. The control of the well barrier status and quality is an important HSE factor in order to avoid incidents and major accidents caused by unintentional leaks and well control situations. Knowledge of well integrity status at all times enables the companies to take the right action in a proactive manner and thereby prevent incidents from occurring.
Thermal Streamline Simulation: Steam Floods
Authors: Zhu Z. , Thiele M. R. , Gerritsen M. G. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In this work, we extend our previous work on thermal streamline simulation to steam floods. Steam floods exhibit large volume changes and compressibility associated with the phase behavior of steam, strong gravity segregation and override, and highly coupled energy and mass transport. To overcome these challenges we implement a pressure update along the streamlines and a Glowinski θ-scheme operator splitting. We tested our streamline simulator on a 2D horizontal quarter-five-spot steam flood, a 2D vertical cross section steam flood with gravity override, and a 2D multi-well example. We compared our thermal streamline results with those computed by a commercial finite-volume thermal simulator on both accuracy and efficiency. For the cases investigated, we are able to retain solution accuracy while reducing computational cost and gaining connectivity information from the streamlines, which is useful for reservoir engineering purposes.
Method to Improve Well Model Efficiency in Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Edwards David A. , Guyaguler Baris 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Modeling of complicated reservoir processes requires sophisticated field management algorithms that request many well model solves in each simulation timestep. Most field management strategies require the wells to be solved in three different modes: "operating" constraints (all well constraints and those imposed from group/field management strategies), "deliverable" constraints (well rate and pressure limits only), and "potential" constraints (well pressure limits only).
Because these three modes often have very different solutions, the well model often starts from a solution that is far from the actual one; this results in an unnecessarily high number of well Newton iterations.
In this study, a well model that has three solve-spaces corresponding to the three modes results in a significant reduction in the total number of well Newton iterations and a corresponding reduction in overall simulation run times as demonstrated in a suite of real field cases.
Step By Step Developing And Implementing A HSE Culture Project
Authors: Vikland K. M. , Gjøsund G.. , Fagernes E.. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Oil and gas companies operating on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) have recently implemented behavioral safety programs. The aim of these programs is to improve safety behavior and culture because of negative health, safety and environmental (HSE) results. The "Step By Step Developing And Implementing A HSE Culture Project" presented in this paper aims to prepare the organization for an imagined future with good HSE results. The central premise of this project is that everyone in the organization together builds and forms their organizational culture and identity with HSE as the foundation. To fulfill its intentions the HSE culture project has different steps. Firstly, the organizational characteristics were examined and analyzed. Secondly, the organizational characteristics were used to design the organizational model. Thirdly, the organizational model was implemented in the organization. This is a systemic organizational approach to HSE: (i) employees are involved in every step of the project to make sure that the design of the organizational model reflects how they think and act. (ii) HSE is an integrated part of how the organization does their business.
Diversity in perception, understanding and knowhow related to several topics and aspects came out as a potent organizational characteristic in the examination and analysis at the beginning of the project. Because of this, diversity is the basis of the organizational model. Traditionally, diversity and safety have been considered a problem in terms of risk perception, work practice and goals.
The results from the project so far indicate that employees and managers at every level have adopted the concept of the HSE culture project by using the terminology in the organizational model. The focus now is on operationalizing the content in the organizational model "from speech to action;" for instance, how to make use of diversity to achieve good HSE results and an overall good performance. At this point in the project, the conclusion is a continuation of the HSE culture project as an everyday process. Managers have a decisive role to make this happen, and it is of crucial importance that managers at every level understand the correspondence between saying and doing. Suggestions on how to make this happen will be presented.
The "Step By Step Developing And Implementing A HSE Culture Project" is taking place at GDF SUEZ E&P Norge AS (GDF SUEZ Norge), which is the Norwegian affiliate of GDF SUEZ Exploration & Production.
Major Accident Indicators for Monitoring and Predicting Risk Levels
Authors: Haugen S.. , Seljelid J.. , Mo K.. , Nyheim O. M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Monitoring of risk is a key element in the overall risk management process. Monitoring major accident risk is difficult because accidents are rare and monitoring therefore requires use of indirect measures rather than statistics. Extensive efforts are presently put into developing good indicators which can predict trends in major accident risk, as a basis for taking actions when risk is increasing. This paper presents a method for developing major accident risk indicators which uses a risk model as a basis. The risk model includes all key factors which influence the major accident risk, including human and organizational factors, and also describes influences between the factors. This gives a multi-level risk model, from which indicators can be identified. Through regular monitoring of these indicators, the major accident risk level can be followed closely. The method is described step by step and an example of application is also briefly presented.
An Integrated Modeling Framework for Decision Support in Ecosystem-Based Management: Case Study Lofoten/Barents Sea
Authors: Carroll JoLynn , Smit Mathijs 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Ecosystem based management is today the foundation of international regulatory frameworks for managing the oceans and seas. The approach enables sustainable use of marine goods and services while maintaining good environmental status and preventing subsequent deterioration. However we lack holistic models capable of supporting ecosystem based management decision-making. Standard methods for regulatory risk assessment are based on precautionary principles and worst case assumptions. Although these methods are useful for environmental management and risk mitigation they have limited value in ecosystem-based management approaches where comparative risk/benefit assessments are essential. Advanced models are needed that simulate in more realistic detail the marine biosphere and allow prediction of actual potential impacts and uncertainty intervals instead of worst-case risks only.
To resolve this problem, an international consortium of petroleum industry partners has established a project to develop an integrated modeling framework for ecosystem based impact assessments of the marine environment. The framework is initially being developed for applications in the spatially managed area of the Lofoten/Barents Sea to address the combined effects of fisheries and petroleum activities. The region is rich in petroleum resources and is also a key spawning and egg/larval drift area for several important North Atlantic commercial fish species. This integrated modeling framework includes an ecosystem and ecotoxicology module, which integrates existing ecosystem models for adult fish, fish eggs & juveniles, phyto- and zoo- plankton, chemical fate and ecotoxicology. Here we describe the model system and development process and show how such approaches are of value toward providing stakeholders with more quantitative information on the environmental risks and benefits of petroleum development activities in potentially contentious areas.
New Approach to Risk Monitoring for Acute Environmental Spill to Sea on the Norwegian Continental Shelf
Authors: Vinnem J. E. , Wagnild B. R. , Heide B.. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A holistic approach to risk monitoring for acute environmental spill to sea from all petroleum activities on the Norwegian Continental Shelf has been developed. The approach yields risk indicators based on reported discharges, as well as indicators based on precursor events which may result in spills if several barriers fail. Well kicks that have reservoir blowout potential have the highest indicator value. The second largest value is other hydrocarbon releases which may lead to secondary blowouts, riser/pipeline failure or structural damage and hence release of stored oil. External events that may cause structural damage to the extent that stored oil is released or secondary blowouts, is also a significant category. The suitability of the method is dicussed thoroughly.
Trial Teleconsultation Sessions On Castoro 12 In North Caspian Sea
Authors: Kevlishvili G.. , Mika F.. , Sanctis S. De 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In the view of continuous improvement we wanted to explore the possibilities to improve the management of health on offshore location (Kashagan Project) in Kazakhstan (Urgent and non-urgent medical cases). The scope of this program was to determine the feasibility of implementing tele-consultations and e-health based on the use of narrow and medium internet lines that are easily available and with relatively cheap technologies. With this scope, we launched pilot tele-consultation program creating communication bridge between an offshore operating barge (Castoro12) and a private multidiscipline clinic (Doctor Plus) located in Atyrau. The communication tools used to enable the data transfer between these two locations were Skype software, digital camera, web camera and 12 channels ECG.
Another aspect of the study was to monitor and verify the level of satisfaction of both users - doctors and patients/employees.
During this pilot program we carried out 34 consultations, 23 in synchronous (real time) mode and 11 in "store and forward" one. The last were performed as part of the Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention Program. Out of 23 multidisciplinary urgent and emergency medical cases 17 remained and completed their treatment offshore, while 5 patients had to be evacuated on shore, three of which were hospitalized.
This short and limited experience proved the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of telemedicine even when simple technology is used, and verified sufficient level of satisfaction of both medical personnel and employees/patients. This allows us to recommend wide use of technically simple tele-medical systems, combination of real time telecommunication with store-and-forward method, using narrow or medium bandwidth, based on Internet.
Search for multidisciplinary and certified medical canters with qualified medical personnel operating on 24/7 basis is recommended. In future, the rapid development of ICT opportunities will enable tele-consultation practices to be applied to other sites in remote and isolated areas.
Managing Tuberculosis in Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Mika F.. , Martin A.. , Cox Rob 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) still represents the leading cause of death due to a single infectious agent. It is a resurgent disease in most regions of the world, particularly in non-developed and developing countries
Today TB, together with Malaria and HIV/AIDS, represents one of the major health related burdens for the O&G Industry. Being preventable it is also a challenging health related issue.
Many countries have developed their own National Tuberculosis Programs, and it is with these programs that O&G industry, together with NGOes has to interact and develop its specific prevention programs. But how and to which extent? How to manage the sick or TB positive employee? How to screen the employees and possible contacts? Which actions to undertake in case of a sickness being detected in the field?
To answer at the above questions, and many other related to TB, OGP/IPIECA created a task force with a scope of preparing and issuing a guiding document that will help the Managers and supervisors in O&G industry to manage Tuberculosis. The document is not a new textbook of tuberculosis, but a simple guideline for prevention and management of the disease in field operations and their practical implementation.
The document was published in 2010. Its’ main chapters are: The importance of effective TB management; Relevance to O&G facilities; Clinical aspects of tuberculosis; Workplace programmes for TB management; and Appendices. These last ones, five of them, are giving the concrete guidelines on TB detection, Development of TB program, and Responding to a suspected case
Being TB a serious health burden to O&G operations OGP/IPIECA issued a document to help and support the Management in coping with all the aspects of this disease. The document has the ambition to become the reference point for the industry on this issue.
Assessing the Physical Ecological Impact (Footprint) of Industrial Development on Landscapes Beyond Protected Areas
Authors: Willis K. J. , Jeffers E. S. , Tovar C.. , Smit M. G. , Hagemann R.. , Collin-Hansen C.. , Weissenberger J.. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A tool to measure the potential ecological impact (footprint) of developments outside of protected areas is novel and long overdue. Whilst there are numerous methods currently available for mapping important regions for conservation within protected areas, there are few suitable tools available for assessing the ecological value of landscapes that are ‘beyond the reserves’. Given that this accounts for over 88% of the world's terrestrial surface, a systematic tool for determining the ecological value of these landscapes could be relevant to any industrial development that results in a parcel of land being transformed from ‘natural’ to ‘industrial’.
Results are presented of a joint project between Statoil and University of Oxford, UK to develop an automatic web-based tool that can assess the ecological value of land outside of protected areas. Ecological factors currently considered within this tool include i) biodiversity, ii) vulnerability, iii) fragmentation, iv) connectivity and v) resilience. The tool has the capability to provide ecological valuations for parcels of land at 300m resolution and uses data that are publicly available and have mostly global coverage. We present results for three case study areas in Canada, Algeria and the Russian Federation to demonstrate its potential and how it can be used to plan development within a concession area in order that damage to local ecosystems and ecosystem functioning is minimized.
Performance Standards For Safety Critical Elements - Are We Doing Enough?
Authors: Dhar Rahul 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Safety Critical Element (SCE) lifecycle management involves identification of Major Accident Hazards (MAHs); selection of the Safety Critical Elements by identifying structures and plant which can cause, contribute to, prevent or help recover from a major accident event; and to develop the performance standards for the identified SCEs. It also involves alignment of maintenance routines, inspection and testing, performance history etc. required to maintain the SCE in a suitable condition. Managing deviations and impacts on management of change also form a part of the lifecycle management of SCEs. The continual monitoring of the status of the hardware barriers and performance assurance tasks enable the operating staff and the management to analyse the ongoing conformance of the SCEs with their performance standards. This provides opportunities for improvement and possibilities for further risk reduction.
The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the Safety Critical Element (SCE) lifecycle management process for new and existing facilities. It aims to highlight weaknesses in lifecycle management of Safety Critical Elements and helps the reader to identify improvements both in terms of the processes and content of the Performance Standards. It further highlights the benefits of the use of Safety Critical Elements and Performance Standards in achieving overall improvements and risk reduction.
Estimating Onshore Plant Effluent Concentrations Using OPEM
Authors: Binay N. P. , Smit M. G. , Frost T. K. , Stone K.. , Firth S.. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWhen assessing environmental risks from industrial discharges it is a prerequisite to properly estimate concentrations of many chemicals in the discharge effluent. For many chemicals (e.g. hydrocarbons, metals) analytical methods are available and effluent concentrations can directly be measured. However, for many man-added, process chemicals (e.g. biocides, corrosion inhibitors) no analytical methods are available and concentrations need to be estimated based on the amounts used and physical chemical behaviour of the components. For this purpose a designated model was developed to be applied to oil refineries and terminals. The Onshore Plant Effluent Model (OPEM) estimates the annual average effluent volume and concentrations of chemical components in the discharged water from upstream oil plants.OPEM can be tailored to a specific facility by using a generic process diagram in which all relevant parts of the process can be included; creating a system that represents the facility that the model will be run for. To be able to run and provide accurate output, the model needs information including composition of each process chemical, physico-chemical properties, effect thresholds (i.e. PNECs) and basic toxicity data. This data is stored in databases that form an integrated part of OPEM. Another input for the model is the characterisation of the inflows. Here a selection can be made from flows of oil with traces of water and chemicals from a specific field, flows of chemicals that are applied directly to the system and additional water flows like rain and drainage water. Finally, mass balance data must be entered, which represents a quantification of the inflows or chemicals used.OPEM uses dilution and mass balance equations to calculate the effluent concentration of each component in any part of the facility including the discharged effluent. For every chemical component OPEM produces a pie-chart presenting the origin of the component (where is it used and in which process chemicals).Even though developed for upstream oil industry, OPEM is a generic model that can be used for complex effluent concentration calculations for any process facility. Estimated effluent concentrations of chemical components together with the information on the origin of the components are an important input for environmental risk management.
Analysis of Causes of Hydrocarbon Leaks from Process Plants
Authors: Haugen S.. , Vinnem J. E. , Seljelid J.. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The PSA Risk Level Project has collected near-miss data for all installations on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, since 1996, where one of the most extensive categories is the hydrocarbon leaks. The most detailed data are available for the period 2001–09. The leaks have been analyzed with respect to causes and operations being undertaken at the time of the leak. The Norwegian offshore industry has achieved a considerable reduction in the number of leaks since the period around 2000. It is demonstrated that reduction has not been achieved in several critical areas, which still may be considered a significant improvement potential. It is illustrated how new measures need to be implemented which are directed at the main causes of leaks, if further improvement is to be made.
Safety Leadership that Engages the Workforce to Create Sustainable HSE Performance
Authors: Read B. R. , Zartl-Klik A.. , Winter J. D. , Veit C.. , Samhaber R.. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper focuses on what it takes to create sustainable HSE performance. It outlines the journey that an Oil & Gas Producer in Central Europe has taken to create a HSE Culture where health, safety and environment are an integral part of business. Since September 2004 this E&P company has been on a journey to change its HSE culture. This has required new understanding of what safety leadership actually is and the very powerful role that leadership has in engaging the workforce to create a HSE Culture which is committed to an injury free workplace.The results achieved in HSE performance improvement that are presented in this paper are well documented through KPIs over a 5 year period. The business case and the commercial sustainability of the Safety Leadership approach is clearly presented through multi-million dollar savings. The experience of this change in approach is that it is sustainable and readily implemented; however, the fundamental principles are not well understood by many E&P companies. Many E&P companies are continuing to invest heavily in a flawed approach.