bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traveller's thrombosis: airlines still not giving passengers the WRIGHT advice!
Authors: Scurr J R H , Ahmad N , Thavarajan D , Fisher R K 
Published: September 2010

Introduction This study has examined the impact of the World Health Organization's Research into Global Hazards of Travel (WRIGHT) Project's phase 1 report on the information given by airlines to their passengers regarding traveller's thrombosis. Methods Official websites of all airlines flying from Heathrow (UK) and John F Kennedy (USA) were located through links on the websites of these two busy international airports. In June 2007, each site was scrutinized by three independent researchers to identify if traveller's thrombosis and its risk factors were discussed and what methods of prevention were advised. This exercise was repeated a year after the publication of the WRIGHT report. Results One hundred and nineteen international airlines were listed in 2007 (12 were excluded from analysis). A quarter (27/107) of airlines warned of the risk of traveller's thrombosis. A year later, five airlines were no longer operational and there had been no increase in the discussion of traveller's thrombosis (23/102). Additional risk factors discussed in June 2007 versus September 2008: previous venous thromboembolism (16%, 15%); thrombophilia (14%, 15%); family history (11%, 9%); malignancy (12%, 14%); recent surgery (19%, 16%); pregnancy (17%, 16%) and obesity (11%, 12%). Prophylaxis advice given in June 2007 versus September 2008: in-flight exercise (34%, 42%); Hydration (30%, 34%); medical consultation prior to flying (20%, 18%); graduated compression stockings (13%, 12%); aspirin (<1%, <1%) and heparin (5%, 7%). Conclusions The majority of world airlines continue to fail to warn of the risk of traveller's thrombosis or offer appropriate advice. Alerting passengers at risk gives them an opportunity to seek medical advice before flying.
An innovative and cost-effective way of managing ankle fractures prior to surgery – home therapy
Authors: Lloyd John M , Martin Rachel , Rajagopolan Senthil , Zieneh Nedal , Hartley Richard 
Published: September 2010

INTRODUCTION Ankle fractures are common injuries affecting all age groups and constitute a large proportion of the orthopaedic trauma case load. Patients are usually admitted directly to the ward from the emergency department and a large number of bed-days are spent waiting for the ankle swelling to subside prior to surgery. We audited current practice and then implemented a home therapy programme (HTP). The purpose of the study was to assess the pioneering HTP with respect to cost effectiveness, length of stay and patient satisfaction. PATIENTS AND METHODS If HTP criteria were met, patients with reduced, unstable ankle fractures were taught safe mobilisation by physiotherapists in the emergency department. They were then discharged home to ice and elevate their ankle in a plaster backslab. A provisional operation date was allocated on discharge. They were admitted to hospital the day of surgery and then discharged home when safe and comfortable. RESULTS Forty-three consecutive patients met our inclusion criteria and underwent surgical fixation of unstable ankle fractures over a 3-month period (February–April 2008). The average length of hospital stay was 8 days (range, 1–18 days), 4.5 days pre-operatively and 3.5 days postoperatively. Patients were frustrated and dissatisfied with the whole process. In total, 177 patients underwent surgical fixation of unstable ankle fractures over an 11-month period (November 2008 to October 2009) and, of these, 59 met the home therapy criteria. The average length of hospital stay was 2.4 days, 1 day pre-operatively (range, 0–4 days) and 1.4 days postoperatively (range, 0–5 days). All HTP patients expressed satisfaction with the process. Over the course of the HTP, 354 bed-days were saved which equates to a saving of £81,774. The annual estimated cost saving is £90,000. CONCLUSIONS The home therapy programme has proved effective in reducing hospital stay both pre- and postoperatively. It is cost-effective and well received by patients.
The S-Plus lift: a short-scar, long-flap rhytidectomy
Authors: Hopping Steven B , Janjanin Sasa , Tanna Neil , Joshi Arjun S 
Published: September 2010

INTRODUCTION As rhytidectomy is one of the most elective surgical procedures, there is a strong trend toward less aggressive operative techniques. The authors introduce the S-Plus lift, a ‘long flap’ superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) imbrication technique that diminishes risks, decreases recovery time, and yields long-lasting results. PATIENTS AND METHODS This paper describes a novel approach to mid-facial rejuvenation that combines the limited incision of an S-lift with two SMASectomies, purse-string suture imbrication of the extended supraplatysmal plane (ESP) and SMAS, and malar soft tissue suspension. SMAS excisions are performed pre-auricularly, and in the region overlying the anterior edge of the parotid gland. Purse-string imbrication sutures are designed to close the SMAS defects, pull the soft tissues of the neck upward, pull the jowl and lower face posteriorly and superiorly, and tighten the platysma. Ancillary purse-string suture lifts the malar fat pad and cheek soft tissues vertically, which achieves mid-face fullness and lifting. Compared to S-lift, the technique extends its efficacy in those patients who have moderate-to-severe mid-facial laxity, prominent nasolabial folds, and platysma redundancy. RESULTS A review of 144 consecutive S-Plus lifts performed by a single surgeon (SBH), with at least 6 months of follow-up, was performed. Over a 3-year period, 130 (90.3%) females and 14 (9.7%) males underwent S-Plus lift. S-Plus lift as primary rhytidectomy was performed in 132 (91.7%) and as secondary in 12 (8.3%) cases. Complication rate was low and comparable with other techniques of rhytidectomy. CONCLUSIONS The S-Plus lift is a novel, hybrid technique with pleasing results, short down-time, and high patient satisfaction rate. The technique combines two SMASectomies with purse-string suture imbrication of the ESP and SMAS, and malar fat suture suspension.
Audit-induced change reduces complications of the Ganz trochanteric flip approach
Authors: Guyver PM , Cattell A , Reddy RP , Edwards C , Williams D , Dixon SM , Norton MR , Fern ED 
Published: September 2010

INTRODUCTION The Ganz trochanteric flip approach aims to avoid the potential risk of avascular necrosis in hip conserving surgery and may reduce the risk of femoral neck fractures, neck thinning and femoral head implant migration in hip resurfacing. Our initial audit revealed the complications of non-union and trochanteric screw irritation to be associated with this approach. We, therefore, modified our selection criteria and re-audited our results. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The initial audit (IA) ran between January 2003 and November 2007 after which an age limit of 50 years was recommended. The re-audit (RA) ran between November 2007 and December 2008 where one of the senior authors stopped using the approach in the over 50 year age group whilst the other senior author continued on selected patients over 50 years. RESULTS There were 545 hips in the IA and 152 hips in the RA group. The incidence of non-union decreased in the RA after the change of selection criteria (6.2% [IA] vs 1.3% [RA]). In both audit groups, the incidence of non-union increased with age, and in the RA no non-unions were observed under the age of 50 years. The incidence of screw irritation and the necessity for removal remained relatively unchanged (20.7% [IA] vs 28.3% [RA]) with a combined incidence of 22.4%. CONCLUSIONS The trochanteric flip approach to the hip can be used safely with an acceptable complication rate in young adult impingement and resurfacing surgery. Caution must, however, be exercised in patients over 50 years of age as they have a higher incidence of trochanteric non-union. In addition, all patients should be consented for the possibility of screw removal as a second procedure.
Fifteen years' experience in thyroid surgery
Authors: Watkinson John C 
Published: September 2010

INTRODUCTIONThyroid disease is common, thyroid cancer is uncommon. Most goitres are investigated using blood tests, fine needle aspiration cytology together with ultrasound. Surgery usually entails either lobectomy or total thyroidectomy, and for malignancy, patients may need a neck dissection. Recently, significant advances have been made regarding mechanisms involved in both thyroid growth and function (goitrogenesis) and carcinogenesis at a molecular level.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn the study cohort, 1113 patients had benign disease and 387 malignancy. For benign disease, 716 patients had lobectomy or isthmusectomy, 44 had near-total thyroidectomy and 318 a total thyroidectomy. For malignancy, patients received initial lobectomy (180) or total thyroidectomy (152). One hundred and eleven had completion surgery. Thirty patients had extensive surgery. Thyroid growth and function was investigated using 500 human thyroid cell primary cultures obtained at surgery, as well as in three animal models. The role of pituitary tumour transforming gene (PTTG), PTTG binding factor (PBF) and sodium iodide symporter (NIS) in thyroid cell function was then evaluated.RESULTSTemporary and permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy rates were 2.4% and 0.4%. Other complications included temporary (21%) and permanent (3%) hypoparathyroidism, wound infection (1.2%), haematoma (1.2%) and poor scar (0.8%). Six patients have died. Regarding thyroid growth and function, TSH represents (either directly or indirectly) the main factor mediating thyroid follicular cell growth. For carcinogenesis, over-expression of the proto-oncogenes PTTG and PBF induces tumours in nude mice, and PTTG can induce proliferation of human thyroid cells and, in addition, both repress expression and function of NIS.
Acute presentation of intestinal malrotation in adults: a report of two cases
Authors: Hanna Thomas , Akoh Jacob A 
Published: September 2010

Introduction Intestinal malrotation is a rare developmental abnormality occurring as a result of incomplete rotation during fetal life. It usually presents in the first few weeks of life, but may persist unrecognised into adult life. We report two interesting cases in elderly patients both characterised by a significant diagnostic challenge due to atypical clinical and radiological signs and in one case an unusual complication following laparotomy. Case Reports The first case was a 64-year-old man initially treated for diverticulitis but at laparotomy was found to have malrotation of the midgut and a perforated left-sided appendicitis. The second case was a 76-year-old woman admitted with multiple fractures and increasing abdominal distension following a fall. Ten days after admission, she underwent right hemicolectomy to treat faecal peritonitis due to multiple caecal perforations complicating volvulus in the presence of midgut malrotation. Conclusions These cases illustrate challenges associated with managing patients with undiagnosed intestinal malrotation. Delayed diagnosis is a common feature in several case reports describing atypical presentation of appendicitis in patients with malrotation. While abdominal CT scan can remove much of the diagnostic uncertainty, the diagnosis of malrotation can be missed unless there is a high index of suspicion.
An introduction to the molecular basics of aryl hydrocarbon receptor biology
Authors: Abel Josef , Haarmann-Stemmann Thomas 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDepending on their chemical structure and properties, environmental chemicals and other xenobiotics that enter the cell can affect cellular function by either nonselective binding to cellular macromolecules or by interference with cellular receptors, which would initiate a more defined cell biological response. One of these intracellular chemosensor molecules is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a transcription factor of the bHLH/PAS family that is known to mediate the biochemical and toxic effects of dioxins, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds. Numerous investigations have revealed that the AhR is not only a master regulator of drug metabolism activated by anthropogenic chemicals, but is also triggered by natural and endogenous ligands and can influence cell biological endpoints such as growth and differentiation. Cutting-edge research has identified new intriguing functions of the AhR, such as during proteasomal degradation of steroid hormone receptors, the cellular UVB stress response and the differentiation of certain T-cell subsets. In this review we provide both a survey of the fundamental basics of AhR biology and an insight into new functional aspects of AhR signaling to further stimulate research on this intriguing transcription factor at the interface between toxicology, cell biology and immunology.
Loss of gap junctional intercellular communication in rat lung epithelial cells exposed to carbon or silica-based nanoparticles
Authors: Ale-Agha Niloofar , Albrecht Catrin , Klotz Lars-Oliver 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether fine and ultrafine carbon black (fC and ufC), and fine and ultrafine silica (fS, ufS) particles affect gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in rat lung epithelial cells. Exposure of cells to subcytotoxic doses of ufC, fS and ufS resulted in a 63%, 59% and 77% reduction of GJIC, respectively, as determined in a dye transfer assay. In contrast to ufC, fC did not significantly alter GJIC. Changes in subcellular localization of the major gap junction protein in RLE cells, connexin-43 (Cx43), and of β-catenin were observed in cells exposed to ufC, fS or ufS. The loss of GJIC was counteracted by N-acetyl cysteine and was largely prevented by specific inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent signaling, pointing to the crucial role of two known major mediators of nanoparticle action, namely reactive oxygen species and membrane-receptor signaling, in particle-induced modulation of GJIC.
Breakdown products of neoglucobrassicin inhibit activation of Nrf2 target genes mediated by myrosinase-derived glucoraphanin hydrolysis products
Authors: Haack Michael , Löwinger Maria , Lippmann Doris , Kipp Anna , Pagnotta Eleonora , Iori Renato , Monien Bernhard H. , Glatt Hansruedi , Brauer Martin N. , Wessjohann Ludger A. , Brigelius-Flohé Regina 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLSs) present in Brassica vegetables serve as precursors for biologically active metabolites, which are released by myrosinase and induce phase 2 enzymes via the activation of Nrf2. Thus, GLSs are generally considered beneficial. The pattern of GLSs in plants is various, and contents of individual GLSs change with growth phase and culture conditions. Whereas some GLSs, for example, glucoraphanin (GRA), the precursor of sulforaphane (SFN), are intensively studied, functions of others such as the indole GLS neoglucobrassicin (nGBS) are rather unknown as are functions of combinations thereof. We therefore investigated myrosinase-treated GRA, nGBS and synthetic SFN for their ability to induce NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) as typical phase 2 enzyme, and glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPx2) as novel Nrf2 target in HepG2 cells. Breakdown products of nGBS potently inhibit both GRA-mediated stimulation of NQO1 enzyme and Gpx2 promoter activity. Inhibition of promoter activity depends on the presence of an intact xenobiotic responsive element (XRE) and is also observed with benzo[a]pyrene, a typical ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), suggesting that suppressive effects of nGBS are mediated via AhR/XRE pathway. Thus, the AhR/XRE pathway can negatively interfere with the Nrf2/ARE pathway which has consequences for dietary recommendations and, therefore, needs further investigation.
Superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide-induced signaling and damage in angiotensin II and aldosterone action
Authors: Queisser Nina , Fazeli Gholamreza , Schupp Nicole 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be induced by xenobiotic substances, such as redox cycling molecules, but also by endogenous substances such as hormones and cytokines. Recent research shows the importance of ROS in cellular signaling. Here, the signaling pathways of the two blood pressure-regulating hormones angiotensin II and aldosterone are presented, focusing on both their physiological effects and the change of signaling owing to the action of increased concentrations or prolonged exposure. When present in high concentrations, both angiotensin II and aldosterone, as various other endogenous substances, activate NADPH oxidase, which produces superoxide. In this review the generation of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide in cells stimulated with angiotensin II or aldosterone, as well as the subsequently induced signaling processes and DNA damage is discussed.
Twin arginine translocation (Tat)-dependent protein transport: the passenger protein participates in the initial membrane binding step
Authors: Schlesier René , Bernd Klösgen Ralf 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The initial step in twin arginine translocation (Tat)-dependent thylakoid transport of the 16/23 chimera is the interaction of the protein with the lipid bilayer. It results in the formation of the early translocation intermediate Ti-1, which is represented by a protease-protected fragment of 14 kDa. Cys-scanning mutagenesis in combination with in thylakoido and liposome insertion assays was used to precisely map this membrane-interacting and protease-protected fragment within the 16/23 chimera. The fragment comprises 124 residues, which are provided both by the transit peptide (31 residues) and the mature protein (93 residues), demonstrating that the passenger protein directly participates in membrane binding. The implications of this finding on the mechanism of Tat-dependent protein transport are discussed.
Deconstructing Indians, Reconstructing Patria: Indigenous Education in Yucatan from the Porfiriato to the Mexican Revolution
Authors: Eiss Paul K. 
Published: September 2010

RESUMENDurante las primeras décadas del siglo XX, las atenciones de varios grupos reformistas yucatecos y mexicanos se fijaron en la educación indígena en Yucatán, situando a ese estado en la vanguardia de la educación indígena en México. Las propuestas de los hacendados yucatecos reformistas, y de los gobiernos constitucionalistas y socialistas del período revolucionario, evidenciaban marcadas diferencias teóricas y prácticas en questiones educativas, conforme a sus distintas políticas e ideologías. Pero a pesar de las diferencias, muchas de las propuestas para la educación de las poblaciones mayas de Yucatán se basaban en un racismo utópico, según el cual las poblaciones indígenas se consideraban como poblaciones degeneradas, primitivas, y atrasadas, o sea por herencia biológica, o por formación cultural o linguística. Sólo a través de un proceso educativo que “liberara” a los “indios” de su idioma, costumbres, y cultura, se podrían asimilar a la patria mexicana como ciudadanos leales y productivos. Los diversos reformistas, en proyectos llevados a la práctica, se proponían eradicar toda manifestación de diferencia étnica, para inculcar en su lugar una conciencia de mexicanidad y de modernidad. Este proceso fue concebido—tanto por hacendados, reformistas, revolucionarios, y socialistas—en términos espirituales, como un proceso de redención.
Rethinking Mayan Resistance: Changing Relations between Federal Teachers and Mayan Communities in Eastern Yucatan, 1929–1935
Authors: Fallaw Ben 
Published: September 2010

RESUMENEn las escuelas federales abiertas en el oriente de Valladolid ent e 1928 y 1935, se suponía que las comunidades Mayas rechazaron a los maest os en defensa de su cultura e identitad. De hecho, la esistencia cont a las escuelas fue por ot as causas: el apoyo económico exigido por las escuelas a las comunidades, el echazo de la coeducación, y la envidia de los políticos. Vista desde esta perspectiva, es necesario modificar substancialmente la idea de resistencia étnica de los Maya.
“You Can Buy a Player's Legs, But Not His Heart”: A Critique of Clientelism and Modernity among Soccer Fans in Mexico City
Authors: Magazine Roger 
Published: September 2010

RESUMENEste artículo presenta una crítica local del clientelismo en México, expresada en el lenguaje de jugar al fútbol y la forma de animar. Los miembros jóvenes y varones de un club de aficionados al fútbol, que apoyan a un equipo conocido por la juventud de sus jugadores, conceptualizan la durabilidad, la rigidez y la extensión del clientelismo a través de una analogía con la manera aburrida y cautelosa de jugar y animar que tienen los jugadores y aficionados de los equipos rivales. Los miembros del club aseguran que ellos y los jugadores de su equipo, a diferencia de la mayoría de los miembros de la sociedad mexicana, viven fuera de la influencia del clientelismo, puesto que aún no se han transformado en clientes gracias a su juventud. Su alternativa al clientelismo no es la democracia moderna o la racionalidad burocrática, sino más bien, un juego de fútbol, la animación u otra actividad inspirada en el ferviente amor y caracterizado por la espontaneidad, pasión y creatividad. Esta crítica local sirve como un recordatorio de un comentario social serio que no sigue la forma de una ideología política y que es encontrado en otros contextos, como por ejemplo, en el estadio de fútbol, frecuentemente no tenido en cuenta por los científicos sociales.
Imagining Home: Race and the West Indian Diaspora in the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: Hintzen Percy C. 
Published: September 2010

RESUMENExiste un entendimiento ordinario que concibe la identidad diaspórica como el producto de un fenómeno colectivo de desplazamiento y de dispersión a partír de una tierra de orígen real o imaginada. Esta concepción ignora la manera integral por la cual las identidades son incrustadas en geografías nacionales, locales, sociales, culturales y políticas. Especiicamente, la identidad diaspórica emerge dentro de coyunturas históricas, sociales y culturales cuando discursos que construyen la pertenencia nacional niegan airmaciones de ciudadanía evocando razones raciales, culturales, religiosas, linguísticas o otras. La identidad diaspórica es una respuesta a nociones de populación nacional de las cuales los sujetos diaspóricos son excluídos. Alguién es “caribeño”, “negro”, o “jamaiquino”, o negro norteamericano, por ejemplo, no en relación con mitos originarios ijados en África, sino en relación a una geografía social, política y cultural de locación; en relación a su posicionalidad social y económica, y a contextos sociales e institucionales. Esto es lo que argumento en este ensayo, con un análisis de la presencia de inmigrantes caribeños (West Indians) en la región de la bahía de San Francisco, en California focolizando sobre la construcción/imaginación de una tierra de orígen caribeña (West Indian) que surge en respuesta a, o en contra de, discursos y prácticas de exclusión la gente negra quien parece como no ciudadana. Ellos utilizan representaciones de si mismo en términos de una subjetividad moderna para hacer airmaciones de su pertenencia legítima al espacio de los Estados Unidos. Con este afán, aprovechan de imágenes de “minoría modela” (model minority) de las cuales gozan en los Estados Unidos. Estas, combinadas con su estatuto de inmigrantes, les sirven para distinguirse de los negros norte‐americanos, un grupo al cual están ligados “racialmente”.