bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Leaf Smut of Gaillardia × grandiflora Caused by Entyloma gaillardianum in North America
Authors: Glawe Dean A. , Barlow Tess , Koike Steven T. 
Published: June 2010

In the summer of 2009, a leaf spot disease occurred on 100% of Gaillardia × grandiflora cv. Goblin in a commercial nursery in coastal Monterey Co., CA. Nearly all of the affected plants were unsalable. The causal agent was determined to be Entyloma gaillardianum based on morphological features, host, and ITS region. This species has not been reported previously from this host in North America. Accepted for publication 16 March 2010. Published 28 April 2010.
The 8th I. E. Melhus Graduate Student Symposium: Forty-Five Years After Van der Plank, New Visions for the Future of Plant Disease Epidemiology
Authors: Nutter Forrest W. 
Published: June 2010

One of the most prestigious events held during each Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society (APS) is the Irving E. Melhus Graduate Student Symposium. This symposium features graduate students who are chosen, on a competitive basis, to present their thesis research results. Published 26 May 2010.
Quantification of Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Bean pod mottle virus at Different Spatial Scales
Authors: Byamukama E. , Robertson A. E. , Nutter F. W. 
Published: June 2010

Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is the most prevalent virus infecting soybean (Glycine max) in the United States; however, the temporal and spatial dynamics in BPMV at varying spatial scales has not been elucidated. To quantify the temporal and spatial dynamics of BPMV at a field scale, a quadrat-based method was developed in which six soybean rows, each consisting of 30-cm-long quadrats, were established within soybean cv. NE3001 field plots (i.e., 150 quadrats per plot) in BPMV-inoculated and non-inoculated plots. Quadrats were sampled by selecting the youngest fully expanded leaflet from each of four plants within each quadrat beginning 25 days after planting, and continued at 8- to 11-day intervals until crop senescence. Leaf sap was extracted from each 4-leaflet (bulked) sample (from each quadrat), and tested for presence of the BPMV by ELISA. Quadrat position (plot, row, and quadrat number) and the date of sampling that each quadrat first tested positive for BPMV was recorded and mapped. The rate of BPMV incidence in 2006 ranged from 0.09 to 0.12 logits/day, indicating that BPMV incidence was doubling every 5.3 to 7.7 days in 2006. Doubling times for BPMV incidence in 2007 were slower, ranging from 17.3 to 34.7 days. Analysis of spatial patterns using ordinary runs revealed that BPMV-infected quadrats were predominantly clustered within both BPMV-inoculated and non-inoculated plots throughout both growing seasons. In addition to within field plot studies, a threeyear statewide disease survey (2005-2007) was conducted in Iowa to quantify county and field scale BPMV prevalence and incidence by systematically selecting 30 plants/soybean field (8 to 16 soybean fields per county). Leaf samples were then tested for BPMV by ELISA and county-level BPMV incidence maps were generated using ArcGIS software. End-of-season BPMV prevalence was 39/96 counties in 2005 (40%), 90/99 counties in 2006 (90.1%), and 74/99 counties in 2007 (74.7%). The incidence of BPMV within Iowa counties ranged from 0 to 100% and BPMV incidence significantly increased statewide from north to south. Spatial autocorrelation (dependence) analysis using Moran's I revealed clustering for BPMV incidence among Iowa counties, indicating that BPMV incidence among counties was not random. The elucidation of the within-field temporal and spatial dynamics of BPMV and the statewide geographic distribution of BPMV in Iowa has important implications with regards to sampling, plant disease forensics, BPMV management, and risk prediction of BPMV. Accepted for publication 28 January 2010. Published 26 May 2010.
New Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Citrus Stubborn Disease in California Orchards
Authors: Mello Alexandre F. S. , Yokomi Raymond K. , Melcher Ulrich , Chen Jianchi , Civerolo Edwin , Wayadande Astri C. , Fletcher Jacqueline 
Published: June 2010

Although citrus stubborn disease (CSD), caused by the phloem resident mollicute Spiroplasma citri, is a significant threat to California citrus industry, our knowledge of its epidemiology is mostly anecdotal. We optimized multiple pathogen-detection protocols, measured disease incidence in two plots of commercial California groves, assessed pathogen impact on fruit quality and yield, and evaluated genetic diversity among S. citri isolates. Fruit columellas and receptacles were more suitable than leaves or bark for bacterial cultivation. Using cultivation and S. citri-specific PCR for detection, the incidence of CSD in two orchards, respectively, ranged from 46 to 85% and 1 to 4%, depending on the sampling technique. Yield and quality of fruits produced by trees that were mildly or severely CSD-symptomatic were compared to those of S. citri-free trees in one California orchard in 2006 and 2007. These infected trees had reduced fruit quality and up to 32% lower yield relative to S. citri-free trees. Using RAPD markers to compare 35 S. citri isolates collected 20 years ago from the United States and Mediterranean region with 34 isolates recently collected from California, significant genetic diversity was identified but was not correlated with the time or location of collection. Our findings suggest that CSD incidence in the commercial groves evaluated could be as high as 85% and its impact on yield and fruit quality are significant. Accepted for publication 1 March 2010. Published 26 May 2010.
Aflatoxin Contamination in Corn Differs Among Inoculation Techniques
Authors: Bruns H. Arnold , Abbas Hamed K. 
Published: June 2010

Aflatoxin research in corn (Zea mays L.) usually requires application of inoculum of Aspergillus flavus to soil or plant ears. The pin-bar vs. side-needle or spray vs. solid material inoculations using A. flavus isolate F3W4 (NRRL 30798) were compared in 2004, 2006, and 2007 using three hybrids in two irrigated experiments each year at Stoneville, MS. Both were planted on a silty clay soil in randomized complete block designs with four replications of treatments. Mature ears inoculated by the pin-bar, side-needle, or spray methods were analyzed for aflatoxin. Ears from controls and solid material inoculum treatments were sampled for analysis at plot harvest. Pin-bar inoculation had more aflatoxin in 2004 (551.9 ng/g) and 2006 (305.8 ng/g) than side-needle inoculation (342.2 ng/g and 151.1 ng/g for 2004 and 2006, respectively), which was greater than controls (76.8 ng/g and 21.6 ng/g for 2004 and 2006, respectively). Solid material inoculation did not differ in aflatoxin from controls. Spraying produced the most aflatoxin (344.1 ng/g) only in 2004. Aflatoxin was low in 2007 when timely rainfall, irrigation, and no temperatures ≥ 35°C resulted in only the pin-bar (20.8 ng/g) and solid material (20.6 ng/g) treatments having > 2.0 ng/g of aflatoxin. Accepted for publication 26 March 2010. Published 1 June 2010.
Arterial and Plethysmographic Waveform Analysis in Anesthetized Patients with Hypovolemia
Authors: Pizov Reuven , Eden Arieh , Bystritski Dmitri , Kalina Elena , Tamir Ada , Gelman Simon 
Published: June 2010

Background
Respiratory-induced arterial and plethysmographic (pulse oximetry) waveform changes were shown to be good predictors of cardiac output response to increased preload. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of arterial and plethysmographic waveform variables in patients with mild hypovolemia.

Methods
Patients undergoing autologous hemodilution were studied. After anesthesia induction, hemodilution was performed by withdrawing blood in steps of 2% of estimated circulating blood volume (ECBV), up to 20%. The patients who did not develop hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 80 mmHg) were studied. Arterial and plethysmographic waveforms were recorded and analyzed off-line at baseline and after each withdrawal of blood. Variations in arterial systolic and pulse pressure were analyzed using standard methods. Plethysmographic waveform variation and delta pulse oximetry plethysmography were determined by using pulse oximetry recordings.

Results
There were 33 study participants. Systolic blood pressure decreased by 11%, and heart rate increased from 73 to 76 beats/min after a 20% reduction of ECBV. Systolic pressure and pulse pressure variations increased (P < 0.005) after a 4% reduction of ECBV. The values of arterial pressure and pulse oximetry waveform variables almost doubled in value after a 20% reduction of ECBV. Systolic pressure variation was the most reliable variable during hypovolemia. Plethysmographic waveform variation increased significantly after a 6% reduction of ECBV and delta pulse oximetry plethysmography after an 8% reduction of ECBV.

Conclusions
Arterial and pulse oximetry respiratory-induced changes in waveform variables are reliable indicators of mild hypovolemia in anesthetized patients. The pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveforms accurately reflect arterial waveforms during more progressive hypovolemia.
Rapid Chemical Antagonism of Neuromuscular Blockade by l-Cysteine Adduction to and Inactivation of the Olefinic (Double-bonded) Isoquinolinium Diester Compounds Gantacurium (AV430A), CW 002, and CW 011
Authors: Savarese John J. , McGilvra Jeff D. , Sunaga Hiroshi , Belmont Matthew R. , Van Ornum Scott G. , Savard Peter M. , Heerdt Paul M. 
Published: June 2010

Background
The ultra-short-acting neuromuscular blocker gantacurium is chemically degraded in vitro by rapid adduction of L-cysteine to its central olefinic double bond. Preliminary data have suggested that exogenous (intravenous) L-cysteine abolishes gantacurium blockade. Two new analogues of gantacurium (CW 002 and CW 011) have been synthesized to undergo slower L-cysteine adduction, yielding intermediate duration. L-cysteine adduction to and antagonism of these novel agents is further defined herein.

Methods
Comparative reaction half-time for L-cysteine adduction in vitro of the three compounds was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. ED95 for twitch inhibition in monkeys under isoflurane was calculated, and duration at approximately 4-5x ED95 was correlated with reaction half-time for adduction. Speed of L-cysteine antagonism was contrasted with anticholinesterase reversal. Potencies of CW 002 and its adduction product were compared to provide a basis for L-cysteine antagonism.

Results
Rate of L-cysteine adduction in vitro (reaction half-time) was 11.4 and 13.7 min for CW 002 and CW 011 versus 0.2 min for gantacurium, and was inversely related to duration of block (P < 0.0001). CW 002 and CW 011 were 3x longer acting than gantacurium (28.1 and 33.3 min vs. 10.4 min), but only half the duration of cisatracurium. The adduct of CW 002 was approximately 70x less potent than CW 002. L-cysteine (10-50 mg/kg intravenously) given 1 min after approximately 4-5x ED95 doses of all the three compounds abolished block within 2-3 min.

Conclusions
L-cysteine adduction occurs at different rates by design in olefinic isoquinolinium diester neuromuscular blockers, yielding corresponding durations of action. Antagonism by exogenous L-cysteine is superior to anticholinesterases, inducing inactivation of the active molecules to restore function rapidly at any time.
Effects of Intrathecal Ketamine in the Neonatal Rat
Authors: Walker Suellen M. , Westin B. David , Deumens Ronald , Grafe Marjorie , Yaksh Tony L. 
Published: June 2010

Background
Systemic ketamine can trigger apoptosis in the brain of rodents and primates during susceptible developmental periods. Clinically, spinally administered ketamine may improve the duration or quality of analgesia in children. Ketamine-induced spinal cord toxicity has been reported in adult animals but has not been systematically studied in early development.

Methods
In anesthetized rat pups, intrathecal ketamine was administered by lumbar percutaneous injection. Changes in mechanical withdrawal threshold evaluated dose-dependent antinociceptive and carrageenan-induced antihyperalgesic effects in rat pups at postnatal day (P) 3 and 21. After intrathecal injection of ketamine at P3, 7, or 21, spinal cords were examined for apoptosis (Fluoro-Jade C and activated caspase-3), histopathologic change, and glial responses (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acid protein). After maximal doses of ketamine or saline at P3 or P21, sensory thresholds and gait analysis were evaluated at P35.

Results
Intrathecal injection of 3 mg/kg ketamine at P3 and 15 mg/kg at P21 reverses carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia. Baseline neuronal apoptosis in the spinal cord was greater at P3 than P7, predominantly in the dorsal horn. Intrathecal injection of 3-10 mg/kg ketamine in P3 pups (but not 15 mg/kg at P21) acutely increased apoptosis and microglial activation in the spinal cord and altered spinal function (reduced mechanical withdrawal threshold and altered static gait parameters) at P35.

Conclusions
Because acute pathology and long-term behavioral change occurred in the same dose range as antihyperalgesic effects, the therapeutic ratio of intrathecal ketamine is less than one in the neonatal rat. This measure facilitates comparison of the relative safety of spinally administered analgesic agents.
Herbivore-Induced SABATH Methyltransferases of Maize That Methylate Anthranilic Acid Using S-Adenosyl-l-Methionine
Authors: Köllner Tobias G. , Lenk Claudia , Zhao Nan , Seidl-Adams Irmgard , Gershenzon Jonathan , Chen Feng , Degenhardt Jörg 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Volatile methyl esters are common constituents of plant volatiles with important functions in plant defense. To study the biosynthesis of these compounds, especially methyl anthranilate and methyl salicylate, we identified a group of methyltransferases that are members of the SABATH enzyme family in maize (Zea mays). In vitro biochemical characterization after bacterial expression revealed three S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methyltransferases with high specificity for anthranilic acid as a substrate. Of these three proteins, Anthranilic Acid Methyltransferase1 (AAMT1) appears to be responsible for most of the S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methyltransferase activity and methyl anthranilate formation observed in maize after herbivore damage. The enzymes may also be involved in the formation of low amounts of methyl salicylate, which are emitted from herbivore-damaged maize. Homology-based structural modeling combined with site-directed mutagenesis identified two amino acid residues, designated tyrosine-246 and glutamine-167 in AAMT1, which are responsible for the high specificity of AAMTs toward anthranilic acid. These residues are conserved in each of the three main clades of the SABATH family, indicating that the carboxyl methyltransferases are functionally separated by these clades. In maize, this gene family has diversified especially toward benzenoid carboxyl methyltransferases that accept anthranilic acid and benzoic acid.
Disruption of Signaling in a Fungal-Grass Symbiosis Leads to Pathogenesis
Authors: Eaton Carla J. , Cox Murray P. , Ambrose Barbara , Becker Matthias , Hesse Uljana , Schardl Christopher L. , Scott Barry 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Symbiotic associations between plants and fungi are a dominant feature of many terrestrial ecosystems, yet relatively little is known about the signaling, and associated transcriptome profiles, that define the symbiotic metabolic state. Using the Epichloë festucae-perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) association as a model symbiotic experimental system, we show an essential role for the fungal stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (sakA) in the establishment and maintenance of this mutualistic interaction. Deletion of sakA switches the fungal interaction with the host from mutualistic to pathogenic. Infected plants exhibit loss of apical dominance, premature senescence, and dramatic changes in development, including the formation of bulb-like structures at the base of tillers that lack anthocyanin pigmentation. A comparison of the transcriptome of wild-type and sakA associations using high-throughput mRNA sequencing reveals dramatic changes in fungal gene expression consistent with the transition from restricted to proliferative growth, including a down-regulation of several clusters of secondary metabolite genes and up-regulation of a large set of genes that encode hydrolytic enzymes and transporters. Analysis of the plant transcriptome reveals up-regulation of host genes involved in pathogen defense and transposon activation as well as dramatic changes in anthocyanin and hormone biosynthetic/responsive gene expression. These results highlight the fine balance between mutualism and antagonism in a plant-fungal interaction and the power of deep mRNA sequencing to identify candidate sets of genes underlying the symbiosis.
Estimates of milk constituents from lactating bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) mothers between two and seven months post‐partum
Authors: Laudenslager Mark L. , Natvig Crystal , Cantwell Holly , Neville Margaret C. , Reite Martin L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  The literature regarding milk composition in non‐human primates collected across offspring development is limited. We assayed milk samples from bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) mothers as part of studies characterizing development of this species.Methods  Milk was obtained when possible longitudinally from seven lactating bonnet macaque mothers. Samples were frozen until analysis. Individual samples were analyzed to determine the concentrations of electrolytes including sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and magnesium, as well as urea, protein, lipids, glucose, and lactose.Results  A trend for increased lipids as well as protein percentage was noted with increasing infant age. Chloride and calcium showed an increase with age, whereas other electrolytes remained relatively stable across development.Conclusions  The composition of the milk of this particular macaque species was similar to other Old World primates as well as humans. These data add to the limited information available on milk constituents among mammals.
A Proposal for Teaching Introductory and Intermediate Accounting in an Environment of International Financial Reporting Standards and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for Private Enterprises*
Authors: PRIES FRED , BAKER RON 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTeaching introductory and intermediate financial accounting in an environment of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) and generally accepted accounting principles for private enterprises (GAAP for PEs) is an issue facing faculty at Canadian universities and colleges. We present a number of options and then propose an approach that we believe provides a balanced treatment of accounting standards for both publicly accountable and private enterprises. This approach focuses on the concepts and principles that are common to both IFRS and GAAP for PEs. We argue that this approach encourages deep learning resulting in students’ better understanding of accounting standards and their application.
The Ontario Securities Commission on Accounting and Auditing from the 1960s to 2008 – Part 1: 1960s to 1985*
Authors: ZEFF STEPHEN A. , RADCLIFFE VAUGHAN S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe present Part 1 of a historical review and analysis of the role played by the Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) in accounting and auditing from the 1960s onwards. Part 1 deals with the period from the 1960s to 1985. Parts 2 and 3 will treat the roles played by the first five Chief Accountants, from 1986 to 2008. As the principal Canadian stock exchange in recent times has been the Toronto Stock Exchange, the OSC has been the most important securities market regulator in Canada. Prior to this article, the academic and professional accounting literature has been largely barren on the OSC’s evolving role on accounting and auditing issues.
The Wild-Type Hepatitis C Virus Core Inhibits Initiation of Antigen-Specific T- and B-Cell Immune Responses in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Zhu Wenbo , Chang Yanzi , Wu Chunchen , Han Qingxia , Pei Rongjuan , Lu Mengji , Chen Xinwen 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTIn this study, the effects of wild-type and deletion mutant hepatitis C virus (HCV) core proteins on the induction of immune responses in BALB/c mice were assessed. p2HA-C145-S23, encoding a core protein with the C-terminal 46 amino acids truncated, significantly produced stronger antibody and cellular responses than p2HA-C191-S23. The induction of immune responses by p2HA-C145-S23 was dose dependent. However, increasing the doses or repeated administration did not enhance immune responses by the wild-type core protein. In addition, p2HA-C191-S23 was apparently able to interfere with the priming of specific immune responses by p2HA-C145-S23 when the two were coadministered. These results demonstrated that the wild-type HCV core protein itself could inhibit the priming of immune responses in the course of a DNA vaccination, whereas the truncated HCV core protein could provide potential applications for the development of DNA- and peptide-based HCV vaccines.
Detection of Human Parechoviruses from Clinical Stool Samples in Aichi, Japan
Authors: Ito Miyabi , Yamashita Teruo , Tsuzuki Hideaki , Kabashima Yuka , Hasegawa Akiko , Nagaya Satoko , Kawaguchi Mariko , Kobayashi Shinichi , Fujiura Akira , Sakae Kenji , Minagawa Hiroko 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT
Between April 1999 and March 2008, a total of 4,976 stool specimens collected from patients with suspected viral infection through infectious agent surveillance in Aichi, Japan, were tested for the presence of human parechoviruses (HPeVs). We detected HPeVs in 110 samples by either cell culture, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), or both. Serotyping either by neutralization test or by nucleotide sequence determination and phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 region and 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) regions revealed that 63 were HPeV type 1 (HPeV-1), followed by 44 HPeV-3 strains, 2 HPeV-4 strains, and 1 HPeV-6 strain. The high nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities of the Japanese HPeV-3 isolates in 2006 to the strains previously reported from Canada and Netherlands confirmed the worldwide prevalence of HPeV-3 infection. Ninety-seven percent of the HPeV-positive patients were younger than 3 years, and 86.2% younger than 12 months. The clinical diagnoses of HPeV-positive patients were gastroenteritis, respiratory illness, febrile illness, exanthema, “hand, foot, and mouth disease,” aseptic meningitis, and herpangina. Among 49 HPeV-positive patients with gastroenteritis, 35 were positive with HPeV-1 and 12 with HPeV-3, and out of 25 with respiratory illness, 11 were positive with HPeV-1 and 14 with HPeV-3. HPeV-3 seemed to be an important etiological agent of respiratory infection of children. While HPeV-1 was detected predominantly during fall and winter, the majority of the HPeV-3 cases were detected during summer and fall. A different pattern of clinical manifestations as well as seasonality suggested that there are different mechanisms of pathogenesis between HPeV-1 and HPeV-3 infections.
Multiple Nucleotide Substitutions in the
Neisseria meningitidis
Serogroup C
ctrA
Gene Cause False-Negative Detection by Real-Time PCR
Authors: Cavrini Francesca , Liguori Giovanna , Andreoli Arianna , Sambri Vittorio 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

Two strains of
Neisseria meningitidis
serogroup C with disparate sequences of
ctrA
were isolated. The nucleotide substitutions did not alter the corresponding protein sequences, but they impeded the detection of these meningococcal isolates by real-time PCR.