bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Note on Conjectures of F. Galvin and R. Rado
Authors: Dorais François G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn 1968, Galvin conjectured that an uncountable poset P is the union of countably many chains if and only if this is true for every subposet Q ⊆ P with size ℵ1. In 1981, Rado formulated a similar conjecture that an uncountable interval graph G is countably chromatic if and only if this is true for every induced subgraph H ⊆ G with size ℵ1. Todorčević has shown that Rado's conjecture is consistent relative to the existence of a supercompact cardinal, while the consistency of Galvin's conjecture remains open. In this paper, we survey and collect a variety of results related to these two conjectures. We also show that the extension of Rado's conjecture to the class of all chordal graphs is relatively consistent with the existence of a supercompact cardinal.
Desafios na prática pedagógica na educação profissional em enfermagem
Authors: Gubert Edilmara , Prado Marta Lenise do 
Published: September 2011

Estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, que teve por objetivo desvelar como a formação dos enfermeiros determina a sua prática pedagógica na educação profissional em enfermagem, principalmente no que se refere ao princípio da interdisciplinaridade. A coleta foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e como procedimentos de análise foram adotadas as etapas de codificação aberta e axial da Teoria Fundamentada de Dados. Os resultados apontam que um dos maiores desafios está relacionado à formação inicial e permanente do educador para atuar em conformidade com os princípios propostos pela Lei de Diretrizes e Bases (LDB), especialmente a interdisciplinaridade. Conclui-se, que há ainda um distanciamento dos princípios propostos pela LDB e a prática de ensino, evidenciando a necessidade da capacitação docente para trabalhar na perspectiva da interdisciplinaridade.
Randomized clinical trial of fluid restriction in colorectal surgery
Authors: Abraham-Nordling M , Hjern F , Pollack J , Prytz M , Borg T , Kressner U 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
Perioperative fluid therapy can influence postoperative hospital stay and complications after elective colorectal surgery. This trial was designed to examine whether an extremely restricted perioperative fluid protocol would reduce hospital stay beyond the existing fast-track hospital time of 7 days after surgery.

Methods
Patients were randomized to restricted or standard perioperative intravenous fluid regimens in a single-centre trial. Randomization was stratified for colonic, rectal, open and laparoscopic surgery. Patients were all treated within a fast-track protocol (careful preoperative preparation, optimal analgesia, early oral nutrition and early mobilization). The primary endpoint was length of postoperative hospital stay. The secondary endpoint was complications within 30 days.

Results
Seventy-nine patients were randomized to restricted and 82 to standard fluid therapy. Patients in the restricted group received a median of 3050 ml fluid on the day of surgery compared with 5775 ml in the standard group (P &lt; 0·001). There was no difference between groups in primary hospital stay (median 6·0 days in both groups; P = 0·194) or stay including readmission (median 6·0 days in both groups; P = 0·158). The proportion of patients with complications was significantly lower in the restricted group (31 of 79 versus 47 of 82; P = 0·027). Vasopressors were more often required in the restricted group (97 versus 80 per cent; P &lt; 0·001).

Conclusion
Restricted perioperative intravenous fluid administration does not reduce length of stay in a fast-track protocol.
Orthopedic gene therapy—lost in translation?
Authors: Evans C.H. , Ghivizzani S.C. , Robbins P.D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractOrthopedic gene therapy has been the topic of considerable research for two decades. The preclinical data are impressive and many orthopedic conditions are well suited to genetic therapies. But there have been few clinical trials and no FDA‐approved product exists. This paper examines why this is so. The reasons are multifactorial. Clinical translation is expensive and difficult to fund by traditional academic routes. Because gene therapy is viewed as unsafe and risky, it does not attract major funding from the pharmaceutical industry. Start‐up companies are burdened by the complex intellectual property environment and difficulties in dealing with the technology transfer offices of major universities. Successful translation requires close interactions between scientists, clinicians and experts in regulatory and compliance issues. It is difficult to create such a favorable translational environment. Other promising fields of biological therapy have contemplated similar frustrations approximately 20 years after their founding, so there seem to be more general constraints on translation that are difficult to define. Gene therapy has noted some major clinical successes in recent years, and a sense of optimism is returning to the field. We hope that orthopedic applications will benefit collaterally from this upswing and move expeditiously into advanced clinical trials. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 416–420, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decline in American marten occupancy rates at Sagehen Experimental Forest, California
Authors: Moriarty Katie M. , Zielinski William J. , Forsman Eric D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe compared the distribution and frequency of American marten (Martes americana) detections during historic surveys and a recent survey on the Sagehen Experimental Forest (SEF) in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. This area has been the location of 9 previous marten surveys during 1980–1993, each involving a systematic detection/non‐detection survey on the same grid. These data are a time series of information on the occupancy of martens that can be related to habitat change in the study area. Our objectives were to 1) resurvey martens in SEF using methodology similar to previous studies to assess current marten occupancy; 2) evaluate changes in marten occupancy during the period 1980–2008; and 3) examine associations between marten occurence and changes in habitat and landscape metrics. Current marten occupancy was estimated using surveys conducted in summer 2007, winter 2007–2008, and summer 2008. From 1978 to 2007 there was a decrease in predicted habitat patch size, core area, and total amount of marten habitat in the study area, as well as an increase in distance between patches. Marten detections in 2007–2008 were approximately 60% lower than in surveys in the 1980s. We detected no martens in the summers of 2007 and 2008, and 10 detections in winter 2007–2008 were limited to higher elevations in the southwestern portion of SEF. No martens were detected in the lower elevations where most of the recent forest management activity occurred. We suggest that the marten population at SEF has been negatively affected by the loss and fragmentation of habitat. We recommend that future management of forests in the Sagehen basin focus on restoring and connecting residual marten habitat to improve habitat quality for martens. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Olfaction in insects
Authors: Sachse Silke , Krieger Jürgen 
Published: September 2011

Summary
Odorants provide insects with crucial information about their environment and trigger various insect behaviors. A remarkably sensitive and selective sense of smell allows the animals to detect extremely low amounts of relevant odorants and thereby recognize, e.g., food, conspecifics, and predators. In recent years, significant progress has been made to­wards understanding the molecular elements and cellular mechanisms of odorant detection in the antenna and the principles under­lying the primary processing of olfactory signals in the brain. These findings show that olfactory hairs on the antenna are specifically equipped with chemosensory detector units. They contain several binding proteins, which transfer odorants to specific receptors resid­ing in the dendritic membrane of olfacto­ry sensory neurons (OSN). Binding of odor­ant to the receptor initiates ionotropic and/or metabotropic mechanisms, translating the chemical signal into potential changes, which alter the spontaneous action potential frequency in the axon of the sensory neurons. The odor-dependent action potentials propagate from the antennae along the axon to the brain leading to an input signal with­in the antennal lobe. In the antennal lobe, the first relay station for olfactory information, the input signals are extensively processed by a complex network of local interneurons be­fore being relayed by projection neurons to higher brain centers, where olfactory perception takes place.
Streamwise variation of turbulent dynamics in boundary layer flow of drag-reducing fluid
Authors: Tamano Shinji , Graham Michael D. , Morinishi Yohei 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDirect numerical simulations (DNSs) of a zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer flow of a polymeric fluid have been performed. The FENE-P model was used for the polymer stresses and a wide range of Weissenberg numbers ($\mathit{We}$) was addressed. In all cases, the streamwise variations of the level of polymer stretching and the level of drag reduction are anticorrelated. Consistent with earlier studies, the inlet condition for the flow consists of Newtonian velocity data with no polymer stretching, so in the upstream region of the boundary layer the polymer molecules stretch strongly in response, leading to an initial spatial maximum in polymer stretching. Beyond this initial region, the level of drag reduction increases with increasing downstream position, while the polymer stretch is decreasing. At sufficiently high Weissenberg numbers, these variations are monotonic with streamwise position (outside the upstream region), but at $\mathit{We}= 25$, both the polymer stretching and level of drag reduction display a decaying oscillation in the downstream position. The streamwise dependence of the velocity statistics is also shown. In addition, simulations in which the polymer stress is turned off beyond a chosen downstream position were performed; in this case the flow continues to exhibit substantial drag reduction well downstream of the cutoff position. These observations are analysed in light of other recent literature and in particular the observations of ‘active’ and ‘hibernating’ turbulence recently found in minimal channel flow by Xi and Graham. All of these observations suggest that an important role for viscoelasticity in the turbulent drag reduction phenomenon, at least near solid surfaces, is to suppress conventional turbulence, while leaving behind a much weaker form of turbulence that can persist for a substantial length of time (or downstream distance) even in the absence of viscoelastic stresses.
Differential responses to selenomethionine supplementation by sex and genotype in healthy adults
Authors: Combs Gerald F. , Jackson Matthew I. , Watts Jennifer C. , Johnson LuAnn K. , Zeng Huawei , Idso Joseph , Schomburg Lutz , Hoeg Antonia , Hoefig Carolin S. , Chiang Emily C. , Waters David J. , Davis Cindy D. , Milner John A. 
Published: September 2011

A year-long intervention trial was conducted to characterise the responses of multiple biomarkers of Se status in healthy American adults to supplemental selenomethionine (SeMet) and to identify factors affecting those responses. A total of 261 men and women were randomised to four doses of Se (0, 50, 100 or 200 μg/d asl-SeMet) for 12 months. Responses of several biomarkers of Se status (plasma Se, serum selenoprotein P (SEPP1), plasma glutathione peroxidase activity (GPX3), buccal cell Se, urinary Se) were determined relative to genotype of four selenoproteins (GPX1, GPX3, SEPP1, selenoprotein 15), dietary Se intake and parameters of single-carbon metabolism. Results showed that supplemental SeMet did not affect GPX3 activity or SEPP1 concentration, but produced significant, dose-dependent increases in the Se contents of plasma, urine and buccal cells, each of which plateaued by 9–12 months and was linearly related to effective Se dose (μg/d per kg0·75). The increase in urinary Se excretion was greater for women than men, and for individuals of the GPX1 679 T/T genotype than for those of the GPX1 679 C/C genotype. It is concluded that the most responsive Se-biomarkers in this non-deficient cohort were those related to body Se pools: plasma, buccal cell and urinary Se concentrations. Changes in plasma Se resulted from increases in its non-specific component and were affected by both sex and GPX1 genotype. In a cohort of relatively high Se status, the Se intake (as SeMet) required to support plasma Se concentration at a target level (Sepl-target) is:Se_{in} = [(Se_{pl - target} - Se_{pl})/(18.2\hairsp ng\,d\,kg^{0.75}/ml\,per\,\mu g)].
Cost-effectiveness of a cervical screening program with human papillomavirus vaccine
Authors: Sopina Elizaveta , Ashton Toni 
Published: September 2011

Objectives: Recent introduction of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine for girls in New Zealand is expected to decrease the incidence of HPV infection as well as resultant cytological abnormalities and cervical cancer. This may affect the cost-effectiveness of the national cervical screening program by reducing the incidence of lesions detected. This study investigates the cost-effectiveness of the current cervical screening policy with and without the HPV vaccine and compares these results with the cost-effectiveness of a range of other screening strategies.Methods: A Markov state-transition model was built based on the natural history of HPV and cervical carcinogenesis. The model followed a hypothetical cohort of girls from 12 years to 85 years of age or death, through screening and treatment pathways. The model compared a “no vaccine and current screening” strategy with a selection of screening strategies with different age ranges and frequency intervals.Results: The most cost-effective cervical screening strategy in the presence of the HPV vaccine would be screening women aged 30–60 every 5 years. Moving to this screening strategy from the base case of no vaccine and the current New Zealand strategy of screening women aged 20–69 every 3 years is predicted to have an incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained of NZ$9,841 (€4,428).Conclusions: Reducing screening intensity from 3 to 5 years as well as narrowing the screening age range for the vaccinated cohort once they reach mid-twenties is recommended. The importance of achieving a high vaccine uptake in New Zealand remains high.
Coniveau spectral sequences of classifying spaces for exceptional and Spin groups
Authors: KAMEKO M. , TEZUKA M. , YAGITA N. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractLetkbe an algebraically closed field ofch(k) = 0 andGbe a simple simply connected algebraic groupGoverk. By using results about cohomological invariants, we compute the coniveau spectral sequence for classifying spacesBG.
From Campus Racism to Cyber Racism: Discourse of Race and Chinese Nationalism
Authors: Cheng Yinghong 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAs Sino-African engagement keeps developing, racial relations have emerged to concern people on both sides. The recent Chinese cyber discussions on Africans have shown a blatant racialism against Africans. Comparing this with the campus racism in the 1980s and contextualizing it in China's modern history and, more importantly, China's recent rise as a global power, the article argues that racial discourse has become an important component in Chinese nationalism without public awareness of it.
From Resistance to Advocacy: Political Representation for Disabled People in China
Authors: Chen Xi , Xu Ping 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAlthough many state agencies in China are designated with a function of “representing” ordinary people's interests, they are poorly structured for that purpose. It is therefore puzzling why some of them have at times actively and effectively advocated the interests of ordinary people, even when such interests may conflict with state policies. To solve this puzzle, this article examines a recent campaign by the Chinese Disabled Persons Federation to resist a national trend to ban the use of three-wheelers for passenger transport by many local governments. Our analysis recognizes the importance of personal motivations and favourable political structure, but it emphasizes that forceful popular collective action can create both pressure and opportunity for active state advocacy. Such a pattern of mutual-reinforcement between mass organizations and their constituency has sometimes contributed to the dynamics of political change in the reform era.
Government Advisors or Public Advocates? Roles of Think Tanks in China from the Perspective of Regional Variations
Authors: Zhu Xufeng 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThink tanks in China simultaneously play advisory, academic and advocacy roles in the policy process. In this article, I recommend an analytical framework that evaluates think tanks by studying their specific activities in addition to their nature. Empirical data involving 301 think tanks in 25 provinces were collected through the China Think Tank Survey 2004. The 1998 regional Integrated Knowledge Development Index database was also used for the analysis. Based on these two independent sets of survey data, the article concludes that connections with the government and knowledge capacity in regions where think tanks are located are the two differing forces that drive China's think tanks to operate as either advisors or advocates. Moreover, these two determinants differentially influence the individual roles of the two types of think tanks.
Food intake of European adolescents in the light of different food-based dietary guidelines: results of the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study
Authors: Diethelm Katharina , Jankovic Nicole , Moreno Luis A , Huybrechts Inge , De Henauw Stefaan , De Vriendt Tineke , González-Gross Marcela , Leclercq Catherine , Gottrand Frédéric , Gilbert Chantal C , Dallongeville Jean , Cuenca-Garcia Magdalena , Manios Yannis , Kafatos Anthony , Plada María , Kersting Mathilde 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveSince inadequate food consumption patterns during adolescence are not only linked with the occurrence of obesity in youth but also with the subsequent risk of developing diseases in adulthood, the establishment and maintenance of a healthy diet early in life is of great public health importance. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to describe and evaluate the food consumption of a well-characterized sample of European adolescents against food-based dietary guidelines for the first time.DesignThe HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study is a cross-sectional study, whose main objective was to obtain comparable data on a variety of nutritional and health-related parameters in adolescents aged 12·5–17·5 years.SettingTen cities in Europe.SubjectsThe initial sample consisted of more than 3000 European adolescents. Among these, 1593 adolescents (54 % female) had sufficient and plausible dietary data on energy and food intakes from two 24 h recalls using the HELENA-DIAT software.ResultsFood intake of adolescents in Europe is not optimal compared with the two food-based dietary guidelines, Optimized Mixed Diet and Food Guide Pyramid, examined in this study. Adolescents eat half of the recommended amount of fruit and vegetables and less than two-thirds of the recommended amount of milk (and milk products), but consume much more meat (and meat products), fats and sweets than recommended. However, median total energy intake may be estimated to be nearly in line with the recommendations.ConclusionThe results urge the need to improve the dietary habits of adolescents in order to maintain health in later life.
Shifts in soil microorganisms in response to warming are consistent across a range of Antarctic environments
Authors: Yergeau Etienne , Bokhorst Stef , Kang Sanghoon , Zhou Jizhong , Greer Charles W , Aerts Rien , Kowalchuk George A 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Because of severe abiotic limitations, Antarctic soils represent simplified systems, where microorganisms are the principal drivers of nutrient cycling. This relative simplicity makes these ecosystems particularly vulnerable to perturbations, like global warming, and the Antarctic Peninsula is among the most rapidly warming regions on the planet. However, the consequences of the ongoing warming of Antarctica on microorganisms and the processes they mediate are unknown. Here, using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and qPCR, we report highly consistent responses in microbial communities across disparate sub-Antarctic and Antarctic environments in response to 3 years of experimental field warming (+0.5 to 2 °C). Specifically, we found significant increases in the abundance of fungi and bacteria and in the Alphaproteobacteria-to-Acidobacteria ratio, which could result in an increase in soil respiration. Furthermore, shifts toward generalist bacterial communities following warming weakened the linkage between the bacterial taxonomic and functional richness. GeoChip microarray analyses also revealed significant warming effects on functional communities, specifically in the N-cycling microorganisms. Our results demonstrate that soil microorganisms across a range of sub-Antarctic and Antarctic environments can respond consistently and rapidly to increasing temperatures.
Unveiling in situ interactions between marine protists and bacteria through single cell sequencing
Authors: Martinez-Garcia Manuel , Brazel David , Poulton Nicole J , Swan Brandon K , Gomez Monica Lluesma , Masland Dashiell , Sieracki Michael E , Stepanauskas Ramunas 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Heterotrophic protists are a highly diverse and biogeochemically significant component of marine ecosystems, yet little is known about their species-specific prey preferences and symbiotic interactions in situ. Here we demonstrate how these previously unresolved questions can be addressed by sequencing the eukaryote and bacterial SSU rRNA genes from individual, uncultured protist cells collected from their natural marine environment and sorted by flow cytometry. We detected Pelagibacter ubique in association with a MAST-4 protist, an actinobacterium in association with a chrysophyte and three bacteroidetes in association with diverse protist groups. The presence of identical phylotypes among the putative prey and the free bacterioplankton in the same sample provides evidence for predator–prey interactions. Our results also suggest a discovery of novel symbionts, distantly related to Rickettsiales and the candidate divisions ZB3 and TG2, associated with Cercozoa and Chrysophyta cells. This study demonstrates the power of single cell sequencing to untangle ecological interactions between uncultured protists and prokaryotes.