bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of Foreign Substances in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Hartiala Kaarlo 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Foreign Substance Metabolism by the Intestinal MucosaNonsynthetic ReactionsSynthetic ReactionsMultiplicity of Biotransformation ReactionsSpecies and Strain DifferencesFetal Development and Phylogenetic AspectsBiotransformation by Intestinal MicroorganismsAdaptation of Xenobiotic Metabolism in the Gastrointestinal TractEndogenous Compounds in Regulation of Drug MetabolismEnhancement of Biotransformation by Exogenous CompoundsEffect of Luminal ContentsInteraction of Intestinal Microflora and Mucosal FunctionsConcluding Remarks
Biochemistry and Significance of Transferase Reactions in the Metabolism of Foreign Chemicals
Authors: Hollingworth Robert M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Transferase ReactionsIndividual Conjugation MechanismsGlycosidationSulfationMethylationAcylationAmino Acid ConjugationGlutathione ConjugationFactors Influencing ConjugationAge DifferencesSex DifferencesSpecies VariationSubspecific VariationRoute of ExposureDosage LevelEnvironmental FactorsSignificance of Conjugation
Renal Injury and Urinary Excretion
Authors: Magos L. , Clarkson T. W. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Acute Renal FailureNephrotic Syndrome and Tubular DysfunctionInorganic MercuryAtomic Mercury VaporOrganomercurialsUraniumCadmiumChronic NephritisProteinuria and Excretion of Heavy MetalsFactors Affecting Renal Toxicity and ExcretionStorage Capacity of the Tubular CellsToleranceComplexing AgentsSummary
Skeletal Muscle Adaptability: Significance for Metabolism and Performance
Authors: Saltin Bengt , Gollnick Philip D. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Motor UnitFibers per Motor UnitContractile PropertiesBiochemical Basis for Differences in Twitch PropertiesHistochemical Differentiation of Muscle FibersUltrastructural Basis for Skeletal Muscle Fiber TypingMaximal Contractile ForceSpeed of ContractionFatigue CharacteristicsMetabolic CharacteristicsIonic Composition of Skeletal MuscleSummaryMuscle Fiber Composition in Human Skeletal MuscleMotor‐Unit RecruitmentAdaptive Response in Skeletal MuscleMuscle SizeMetabolic CapacityConnective TissueCapillariesMethodologyAnatomyCapillary DensityCapillary Length and DiameterUse and DisuseRegulationSignificance of AdaptationMuscular SizeSubstrate StoresEnzyme ActivitiesSummary
Diseases of Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Edwards R. H. T. , Jones D. A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:HistoryClinical Presentation of Muscle DiseaseWeaknessFatigueMyoglobinuriaUnusual FunctionInvestigation of Patients with Muscle DiseaseClinical History and ExaminationBlood BiochemistryElectromyographyMuscle BiopsyNuclear Magnetic ResonanceMeasurement of Muscle Cross‐Sectional AreaTests of Muscle FunctionIsolated Human Muscle PreparationsExercise and Fasting as Provocation TestsSudies of Protein TurnoverAnalysis of Muscle WeaknessDystrophiesInflammatory MyopathiesAtrophy and HypertrophyFactors Affecting Protein Turnover in MuscleNeuropathiesAnalysis of Abnormal FatigabilityMuscle Fatigue in Normal SubjectsMyasthenia GravisDisorders of Energy MetabolismDisorders of Mitochondrial Oxidative MetabolismDisorders of Fat MetabolismChanges in Muscle FunctionDisordered FunctionMyotonic SyndromesPeriodic ParalysisMalignant HyperpyrexiaMuscle Pain, Cramps, and ContracturesDrug‐Induced MyopathiesMechanisms Underlying Muscle DiseaseVascular and Humoral InfluencesInfluence of Nerve on MuscleDisorders of the Cell MembraneMuscle Protease ActivityInflammatory Disorders of MuscleOveruse and Disuse as Causes of Muscle DamageProspects For Treatment of Muscle Disease
Putative Interventions
Authors: Yu Byung P. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Criteria for Claiming Retardation of Aging ProcessesLife Span ExtensionModulation of Functional, Structural, and Morphological Changes as Evidence for Aging RetardationModulation of PathologyDietary Restriction, A Robust Antiaging InterventionHistorical NotesDietary Restriction, an Aging InterventionPopulation Mortality CharacteristicsAge‐Related Disease ProcessesPhysiological CharacteristicsCellular ActionsModulation of the Aging Process by Other InterventionsAntioxidant FeedingDeprenylMelatoninHypophysectomyDehydroepiandrosteroneConcluding Remarks
Exercise
Authors: Holloszy John O. , Kohrt Wendy M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Exercise and LongevityInsights Regarding the Extension of Longevity by Food RestrictionRe‐evaluation of the Rate‐of‐Living ConceptDecline in Maximal Oxygen Uptake Capacity with AgingDecline inin People Who Exercise RegularlyEffect of Exercise Training onin Previously Sedentary Elderly Men and WomenEffects of Aging and Physical Inactivity on Cardiovascular Function: Role in the Decline in Aerobic Exercise CapacityEffect of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Function in Elderly People and RatsRole of Skeletal Muscle in the Decline in Aerobic Exercise CapacityDecline in Muscle Mass and Strength with AgingStudies on HumansStudies on RatsEffects of Strength Training on Muscle Mass and Strength in Old AgeChanges in Body Composition with AgingAge‐Related Changes in Weight and HeightAge‐Related Changes in Fat and Fat‐Free MassAge‐Related Changes in Total Body WaterAge‐Related Changes in Bone Mineral ContentAge‐Related Changes in Fat Distribution PatternExercise, Aging, and Carbohydrate MetabolismExercise and Carbohydrate MetabolismAging and Carbohydrate Metabolism in RatsAging and Carbohydrate Metabolism in HumansEffects of Exercise on Insulin Resistance and Glucose Tolerance in Older PeopleConcluding Remarks
The Physiological Control of Motoneuron Activity
Authors: Binder Marc D. , Heckman C. J. , Powers Randall K. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Patterns of Motor OutputOrderly Recruitment of Motor UnitsRate Modulation of Motor UnitsMotoneuron PropertiesThe Ionic Basis of the Resting PotentialDeterminants of Input ResistanceThreshold BehaviorRepetitive Discharge BehaviorEffects of Neuromodulators on Motoneuron BehaviorMotoneuron ModelsOrganization of Synaptic Inputs to the Motoneuron PoolTransfer of Synaptic Current to the SomaEffective Synaptic CurrentsDistribution of Effective Synaptic Current from Identified Input SystemsEffects of Synaptic Inputs on Motoneuron DischargeSummation of Synaptic InputsThe Motoneuron Pool and its Muscle as a Neural SystemMechanical Properties of Motor UnitsSingle Motor Unit Input‐Output FunctionInput‐Output Function of the Motoneuron PoolMechanisms Controlling Motor OutflowSummary
Reflexes Controlling Circulatory, Ventilatory and Airway Responses to Exercise
Authors: Kaufman Marc P. , Forster Hubert V. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Reflex Cardiovascular Responses to Muscular Contraction in Anesthetized and Decerebrate AnimalsSensory Innervation of Skeletal MuscleReflex Autonomic Responses to Stimulation of Muscle Afferents in Anesthetized AnimalsDischarge Properties of GroupIIIandIVMuscle AfferentsThe Site of the First Synapse—The Dorsal HornRole of Spinal Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators in the Exercise Pressor ReflexPathways Ascending from the Dorsal HornThe Ventrolateral MedullaOther Central Neural StructuresFinal Common PathwaysInteraction Between the Arterial Baroreflex and the Exercise Pressor Reflex in Anesthetized and Decerebrate AnimalsEvidence for the Exercise Pressor Reflex in Humans and Conscious AnimalsFeedback from Contracting Limb Skeletal Muscle in Humans and Conscious AnimalsThe Nature of the Stimulus Evoking the Exercise Pressor ReflexContribution of Peripheral Afferents to the Exercise HyperpneaAfferents from the Exercising limbsThe Carotid Chemoreceptor AfferentsRole in Hyperventilation During Heavy ExerciseThe Pulmonary AfferentsCardiac AfferentsRespiratory Muscle AfferentsMediation of the Exercise Hyperpnea by Multiple MechanismsSummary and ConclusionsPeripheral Afferent Contribution to Circulatory Responses to ExercisePeripheral Afferent Contribution to Ventilatory Responses to Exercise
Vertebrate Respiratory Gas Exchange
Authors: Scheid Peter , Piiper Johannes 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:General Model: Symbols and Basic EquationsExternal Medium: Water vs. Air BreathingRespiratory Gas TransferConsequences Arising from Other Physical Properties of WaterInternal Medium: BloodOxygen TransportCarbon Dioxide TransportFour Models for Vertebrate Gas Exchange OrgansStructural DesignModels for Gas ExchangeMedium/Blood Diffusion Limitation in the Gas Exchange ModelsDiffusion and Perfusion in Alveolar LungsDiffusing CapacityCutaneous Gas Exchange in AmphibiaParabronchial Gas Exchange at High AltitudeLimitations to the Applicability of the ModelsUnsteady StateMedium Flow and Composition: Dead SpaceBlood Flow and Composition: Vascular ShuntOther ProblemsDiffusion in the Respired MediumDiffusion Limitation in the Alveolar Space of Mammalian LungsStratification in Air Capillaries of Bird LungsStratification in Skin BreathingDiffusion Limitation in the Interlamellar Water of Fish GillsVentilation, Diffusion, and PerfusionVarious ModelsDiffusion‐Limited Counter‐current Exchange in Fish GillsUnequal Distribution of Ventilation to PerfusionConventional Three‐Compartment Lung ModelDetection of Continuous Distributions ofVentilation–Perfusion Heterogeneity in Nonmammalian VertebratesUnequal Distribution of Diffusing CapacityInequality of the Equilibration CoefficientUnequal Distribution of Gas‐Phase ConductanceSpecial Adaptation: Fish SwimbladderSwimbladder ArchitectureSwimbladder GasMechanisms for Deposition of Gas: The Classical ModelAdditions to the Classical Model
Vertebrate Renal System
Authors: Braun Eldon J. , Dantzler William H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:External and Internal Gross Morphology of Vertebrate KidneysFishesAmphibiansReptilesBirdsMammalsGlomerular UltrafiltrationGlomerular Filtration Rate: Stability and VariabilityChanges in the Number of Filtering NephronsRegulation ofSNGFRsand the Number of Filtering NephronsTubular TransportFine Structure of Tubule CellsTransport of Inorganic IonsTransport of FluidTransport of Organic SubstancesConcentration and Dilution of the UrineIntegrative Summary of Some Renal FunctionsFishesAmphibiansReptilesBirdsMammals
Invertebrate Nervous Systems
Authors: Arbas E. A. , Levine R. B. , Strausfeld N. J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Overview of Invertebrate SystemsPlants and Unicellular MicrobesParazoa: SpongesDiploblastic Metazoa: Anemones, Jellyfish, and Comb JelliesThe First Brains: Flatworms, Flukes, and Tapeworms (Platyhelminthes)Nemertines, Pseudocoelomates, and OthersNematodesAnnelids, Arthropods, and MolluscsEchinodermsChaetognathsInvertebrate ChordatesPrinciple‐Oriented VignettesVoltage‐Gated Ion Channels and Membrane BiophysicsSynaptic Transmission and NeurosecretionSelected Neuronal CircuitsLong‐Term Plasticity of Invertebrate Neuronal CircuitsSensory Representation and ProcessingOlfactionVisionMechanosensation
Invertebrate Respiratory Systems
Authors: Mill Peter J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Terrestrial and Aquatic EnvironmentsInterstitial Environments: Burrows and TubesExternal GillsAnnelidaMolluscaArthropodaEchinodermataRespiratory CurrentsAnnelidaMolluscaArthropodaEchinodermataRespiratory ChambersAnnelidaMolluscaArthropodaEchinodermataOpen Tracheal SystemsVentilatory Pumping MovementsSpiracular MovementsAutoventilationMorphology of Gas GillsTemporary (Compressible) Gas GillsPermanent (Incompressible) Gas GillsFunctioning of Gas GillsTemporary (Compressible) Gas GillsPermanent (Incompressible) Gas GillsGaseous Exchange Without an Open Tracheal SystemMotor OutputAbdominal Ventilation in InsectsCoupling between Spiracular Movements and Abdominal VentilationGill Retraction and ProtractionScaphognathite Depression and LevationMolluscan Respiratory ChambersControl of VentilationCommand InterneuronsLocal Control CentersThe PacemakerCoordinating InterneuronsSensory Modulation
Invertebrate Endocrinology
Authors: Landau Matthew , Biggers William J. , Laufer Hans 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Growth and Morphogenetic FactorsInsectsCrustaceansMolluscsOther InvertebratesRegenerative FactorsCrustaceansInsectsCnidariansPlatyhelminthsAnnelidsEchinodermsOthersPigmentary FactorsCrustaceansInsectsOsmoregulatory FactorsFactors that May Increase Osmotic PressureFactors that May Decrease Osmotic PressureMetabolic FactorsBiogenic AminesJHsand FarnesylacetoneAdipokinetic Hormones andRPCHCrustacean Hyperglycemic HormonesOther Metabolic FactorsReproductive FactorsFlatworms, Nemertines, and NematodesMolluscsCrustaceansInsectsOther ArthropodsAnnelidsEchinodermsBehavioral FactorsIn Vitro StudiesIn Vivo StudiesPheromonesSummary
Daily and Seasonal Rhythms
Authors: Underwood Herbert A. , Wassmer Gary T. , Page Terry L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Daily RhythmsModels and MechanismsCircadian Pacemaking Systems in InvertebratesPacemakers in the Arthropod BrainCircadian Pacemakers Outside the Nervous System in InsectsPacemakers in the Gastropod RetinaMultioscillator OrganizationIdentification of Output PathwaysCircadian Pacemaking Systems in VertebratesThe MammalianSCNOther Circadian Oscillators in MammalsHypothalamic Regulation of Circadian Function in Nonmammalian VertebratesThe Pineal OrganEyes as ClocksPhotoreceptor Localization and Mechanisms of Entrainment in InvertebratesPhotoreceptive Input: InvertebratesMechanisms of Regulation of Pacemaker PhasePhotoreceptor Localization and Mechanisms of Entrainment in VertebratesIdentification of PhotoreceptorsMechanisms of Regulation of Pacemaker PhaseSeasonality in InvertebratesModes of SeasonalityTiming of Seasonal CyclesPhotoperiodic Time MeasurementMechanisms of Photoperiodic Time MeasurementThe Photoperiodic TimerThe Photoperiodic CounterAnatomical Location of Timers and CountersPhotoreceptorsCircannual RhythmsSeasonality in VertebratesPhotoperiodic Time Measurement: Models and Experimental ValidationPhysiological MechanismsThe Pineal and Melatonin: MammalsMechanisms of Pineal ActionThe Pineal and Melatonin: Nonmammalian VertebratesPhotoreceptive Inputs: MammalianPhotoreceptive Inputs: NonmammalianMaternal–Fetal Transfer of Photoperiodic InformationCircannual RhythmsPhysiological MechanismsConcluding Comments
Epithelial Transport
Authors: Reuss Luis 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Transporting Epithelia Are Sheets of Polar CellsEpithelial Structure Involves Specialized Cell–Cell and Cell–Matrix JunctionsEpithelial Polarity Is Essential for Vectorial TransportTransporting Epithelia Generate and Maintain Differences in Chemical Composition Between Fluid CompartmentsTransepithelial Transport Involves Active Ion TransportPassive Transport Processes also Contribute to Transepithelial TransportTransepithelial Transport Involves Transcellular and Paracellular PathwaysChemical and Electrical Gradients Couple Ion Fluxes in EpitheliaThe Building Blocks of Epithelial Function Are Membrane TransportersMechanisms of Ion TransportThe Two‐Membrane Hypothesis: A General Epithelial‐Transport ModelMechanisms of Transepithelial NaCl Transport in Absorptive EpitheliaMechanisms of Ion Transport in Primary Cl−‐Transporting EpitheliaMechanisms of Ion Transport in H+— and‐Transporting EpitheliaMechanisms of Transepithelial Water TransportTransepithelial Water Transport Is Linked to Transepithelial Salt TransportEpithelia Are Widely Diverse in Their Water‐Transport CharacteristicsTransepithelial Water Transport in Leaky Epithelia Is Nearly IsosmoticTransepithelial Water Transport in Leaky Epithelia Can Be Transcellular and/or ParacellularWater Permeation across Cell Membranes of Some Leaky Epithelia Is via Constitutive PoresMechanisms of Transepithelial Water Transport inADH‐Sensitive EpitheliaMolecular Identity of Water Pores in Epithelial‐Cell MembranesMechanisms of Regulation of Transepithelial TransportRapid RegulationLong‐term RegulationIntramembrane Regulation and Cross‐Talk Mechanisms
Cilia and Related Microtubular Arrays in the Eukaryotic Cell
Authors: Satir Peter 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Cell Biology of MicrotubulesMicrotubules and the CytoskeletonStructure, Assembly, and DisassemblyStability and Pattern FormationPrimary CiliaEvolution of Centrioles, Cilia, and MicrotubulesMotor Molecules of Cilia and Microtubule‐Based ArraysDynein‐ and Microtubule‐Based MotilityAxonemal DyneinCytoplasmic DyneinKinesinThe Kinesin SuperfamilyInteractions Between Dynein and KinesinOther Putative MotorsMotile Cilia and the Mechanism of MotilityIntroduction to Ciliary StructureExperimental Analysis of MotilityCellular Control of Ciliary Motility
The Flexible Coordination Modes of Guanidine Ligands in Zn Alkyl and Halide Complexes: Chances for Catalysis
Authors: Reinmuth Matthias , Neuhäuser Christiane , Walter Petra , Enders Markus , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDue to their high basicity, guanidines are versatile ligand systems. In principal, they could use both their imino and amino nitrogen to establish a dative metal–N bond. However, generally only the imino N of a guanidine ligand is bound to a metal. Herein we present some examples in which both the imino and amino groups of guanidine ligands are directly engaged in the bonding to a metal ion. Under certain conditions the amino group could establish an additional link to a metal center acting as a hemilabile ligand. This result is likely to be of relevance for catalytic reactions, demonstrating the possibility to stabilize a vacancy at the metal (for instance generated by ligand dissociation).
The Effects of Operating Conditions on the Performance of a Solid Oxide Steam Electrolyser: A Model‐Based Study
Authors: Cai Q. , Luna‐Ortiz E. , Adjiman C. S. , Brandon N. P. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTo support the development of hydrogen production by high temperature electrolysis using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), the effects of operating conditions on the performance of the SOECs were investigated using a one‐dimensional model of a cathode‐supported planar SOEC stack. Among all the operating parameters, temperature is the most influential factor on the performance of an SOEC, in terms of both cell voltage and operation mode (i.e. endothermic, thermoneutral and exothermic). Current density is another influential factor, in terms of both cell voltage and operation mode. For the conditions used in this study it is recommended that the SOEC be operated at 1,073 K and with an average current density of 10,000 A m–2, as this results in the stack operating at almost constant temperature along the cell length. Both the steam molar fraction at the inlet and the steam utilisation factor have little influence on the cell voltage of the SOEC but their influence on the temperature distribution cannot be neglected. Changes in the operating parameters of the SOEC can result in a transition between endothermic and exothermic operation modes, calling for careful temperature control. The introduction of air into the anode stream appears to be a promising approach to ensure small temperature variations along the cell.
Moderate to severe depressive symptoms and rehabilitation outcome in older adults with hip fracture
Authors: Morghen Sara , Bellelli Giuseppe , Manuele Sara , Guerini Fabio , Frisoni Giovanni B , Trabucchi Marco 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate if depressive symptoms affect recovery of walking ability and 1‐year institutionalization or mortality in older adults who underwent post‐hip fracture (HF) surgery rehabilitation.MethodsDepressive symptoms were assessed on admission using the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), with scores ≥10/15 indicating moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Multidimensional assessment included Mini Mental State Examination, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Body Mass Index, albumin serum levels, number of drugs, antidepressants and Barthel Index (BI) on admission and at discharge. Walking ability was evaluated using the BI walking sub‐item referred to 1 month before HF, on admission, and at discharge. Patients scoring ≤3/15 BI walking sub‐item on admission (i.e. those fully dependent or requiring major supervision in walking) were included. Walking independence at discharge was defined as a score ≥12/15 at the BI walking sub‐item.ResultsIn multivariate analyses, after adjustment for covariates and potential confounders, patients with moderate to severe depressive symptoms were more likely to fail walking independence at discharge (odds ratio, OR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.3 to 7.8; p = 0.010) and to be institutionalized or died at 1 year (OR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.4 to 9.1, p = 0.007). In further analyses, the failure to recover walking independence at discharge partly mediates the relationship between moderate to severe depressive symptoms and 1‐year adverse events.ConclusionsModerate to severe depressive symptoms affect the recovery of walking independence after HF rehabilitation and are associated with severe adverse outcomes at 1 year. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Type‐specific HPV geno‐typing improves detection of recurrent high‐grade cervical neoplasia after conisation
Authors: Heymans Julie , Benoy Ina H. , Poppe Willy , Depuydt Christophe E. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe aim of this case–control study was to examine if type‐specific human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA geno‐typing before and after treatment of high‐grade cervical intra‐epithelial neoplasia (CIN) improves prediction of recurring or persisting CIN 2 or 3 compared with follow‐up cytology or high‐risk (hr)HPV testing. Women with biopsy‐proven recurrence of CIN 2 or 3 (cases) in a follow‐up period of at least 24 months after treatment of high‐grade CIN were compared with women without recurrence (controls). These cohorts were identified by a database search of the Riatol Laboratoria (Antwerp, Belgium). In a cohort of 823 women treated with conisation for high‐grade CIN between January 2001 and December 2007, 21 patients with a histologically proven recurrence of CIN2+ were identified. A group of women (n = 42) from the same cohort without recurrence was randomly chosen. We found that hrHPV testing at 6 months post‐treatment is significantly more sensitive compared with follow‐up cytology (ratio: 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10–1.54), but less specific (ratio: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.81–0.90) to predict failure of treatment. When compared with hrHPV testing, HPV geno‐typing is more efficient (equal sensitivity, but higher specificity, ratio: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.280–1.62). When compared with follow‐up cytology, HPV geno‐typing is more sensitive (ratio: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.10–1.54) and more specific (ratio: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.14–1.36). All women who developed a recurrence tested positive for hrHPV. The negative predictive value in the absence of hrHPV DNA was 100%. Six months after treatment HPV geno‐typing is the most sensitive and specific method to predict recurrent or persistent CIN 2‐3 in the next 24 months.