bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A nematode FMRFamide-like peptide, SDPNFLRFamide (PF1), relaxes the dorsal muscle strip preparation ofAscaris suum
Authors: Franks C. J. , Holden-Dye L. , Williams R. G. , Pang F. Y. , Walker R. J. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYPF1 (SDPNFLRFamide) is a FMRFamide-like peptide extracted from the free-living nematodePanagrellus redivivus. Here we show that this peptide causes a hyperpolarization of somatic muscle cells of the parasitic nematodeAscaris suumand a relaxation of the somatic muscle strip preparation. We have assessed whether or not the relaxation ofAscarisdorsal muscle strip by PF1 is due to (i) inhibition of the release of the excitatory neuromuscular junction transmitter acetylcholine (ACh), (ii) potentiation of the release of the inhibitory neuromuscular junction transmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or (iii) a direct inhibitory action of the peptide on the muscle cells. Under the experimental conditions described here, tonic ACh release does not seem to be involved in determining the resting membrane potential or resting tone of theAscarisdorsal muscle strip and thus inhibition of tonic ACh release is unlikely to explain the relaxation elicited by the peptide. Furthermore, PF1 (100 nM–1 μM) inhibited the contraction of the muscle strip elicited by bath application of ACh, suggesting either a direct inhibitory action of the peptide on the muscle cells or a potentiation of GABA release. In electrophysiological experiments, the reversal potential for the PF1 hyperpolarization was not the same as that for GABA. Thus, PF1 hyperpolarizesAscarismuscle by a mechanism that does not involve stimulation of GABA release from inhibitory pre-synaptic terminals.
On Cercaria chungathi Peter & Srivastava, 1955 and its relationship to Gastrothylax crumenifer (Creplin)
Authors: Peter C. T. , Srivastava H. D. 
Published: June 2009

The post-cercarial development of G. crumenifer (Creplin) has been experimentally elucidated.Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton) serves as the intermediate host under natural conditions.The adult stage of the fluke was raised experimentally in ruminants, the time taken by the parasite to attain maturity being 118 days in the kid and 114 in the buffalo calf.Cercaria chungathi Peter & Srivastava, 1955, has been established to be the larva of Gastrothylax crumenifer. The cercaria, the redial parthenita and the metacercaria have been described.The authors are grateful to the Director, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, for his keen interest in these studies.
Synergism between coccidia parasites (Eimeria mitis and E. acervulina)and malarial parasites (Plasmodium gallinaceum and P. juxtanucleare) in the chick
Authors: Al-Dabagh M. A. 
Published: June 2009

1. The coccidial parasites (Eimeria acervulina and E. mitis) cause a recrudescence in chicks harbouring chronic infection with Plasmodium juxtanucleare.2. E. acervulina causes higher levels of parasitaemia in P. juxtanucleare infections in chicks if the coccidial infection is produced during the prepatent period of malaria, but it does not affect the length of patent and prepatent periods or raise the mortality rate among infected chicks.3. E. acervulina induces a severe fatal relapse in chicks harbouring latent P. gallinaceum infections.I wish to express my sincere thanks to Professor P.C.C. Garnham who supervised this work, and Dr R. Lainson who helped in identification, isolation of the coccidial parasites and the establishment of infection in clean laboratory-bred chicks.
Babesia bigemina in ticks grown on non-bovine hosts and its transmission to these hosts
Authors: Callow L. L. 
Published: June 2009

The failure of Boophilus microplus to be cleansed of Babesia bigemina while the ticks were growing on non-bovine hosts, as well as the infection of the non-bovine hosts, was demonstrated in experiments in which infected ticks were released on a number of sheep, a goat and a horse.Seven of ten batches of ticks, collected from six non-bovine hosts, retained their babesia-infection.Blood subinoculated into cattle from seven of nine sheep and from the horse showed that these animals carried B. bigemina whilst the ticks were feeding on them. This suggested that ticks may have become reinfected from the non-bovine hosts, a possibility supported by the finding of B. bigemina in blood smears from two of the sheep.This work was performed at the Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly, and in the Department of Parasitology, University of Queensland, and supported by funds from both organizations. I am indebted to Mr G. D. Daly for technical assistance, to Professor J. F. A. Sprent and Dr H. M. D. Hoyte for their interest and help.
The species of coccidia occurring in cattle and sheep in the South-West of England
Authors: Joyner L. P. , Norton C. C. , Davies S. F. M. , Watkins C. V. 
Published: June 2009

A series of line drawings of the unsporulated and sporulated oocysts of the species of Eimeria found in cattle and sheep in Britain has been compiled.The incidence of the different species in faecal samples from animals, of which only a minority were known to be suffering from enteritis or diarrhoea, has been recorded. Samples from sheep frequently contained five or six different species among which those that are believed to be pathogenic (E. arloingi, E. crandallis, E. ninaekohlyakimovae) were the most common.The samples from cattle most frequently contained two or three species. E. bovis and E. zuerni, which are associated with acute disease, were the most common.
Diplocotyle (Eucestoda), a parasite of Gammarus zaddachi in the estuary of the Yorkshire Esk, Britain
Authors: Stark G. T. C. 
Published: June 2009

Stream net samples in the Esk estuary reveal the infection, in winter, of the Gammarus zaddachi zaddachi Spooner, 1947 (Crustacea, Amphipoda) population alone with the plerocercoids of Diplocotyle sp. (Eucestoda, Spathebethriidea). Large plerocercoids are found in both sexes of the gammarids but the parasitized females are significantly larger than the non-infected ones and their fertility may be reduced.I wish to express my thanks to Professor I. Chester-Jones of the University of Sheffield Department of Zoology in whose laboratories this work was carried out, and to Dr F. Segrove (of the same Department) for advice and constructive criticism.
Coccidian parasites of the California Banded King Snake, Lampropeltis getulus californiae
Authors: Peenen P. F. D. Van , Birdwell T. L. 
Published: June 2009

Three coccidian parasites were found in California Banded King Snakes, Lampropeltis getulus californiae: Isospora crotali, an intestinal Eimeria, and a haemogregarine. Schizogonous stages of the latter occurred predominantly in liver, and were remarkably similar to those described for other blood Coccidia.Dr Charles E. Shaw of the San Diego Zoological Society identified the snakes, and Dr Gordon Ball, Professor of Zoology at the University of California, Los Angeles, kindly reviewed the manuscript.
The fine-structure of the epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma lewisi in the rectum of the flea, Nosopsyllus fasciatus
Authors: Molyneux David H. 
Published: June 2009

The fine-structure of the epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma lewisi in the rectum of the flea, Nosopsyllus fasciatus is described.The parasites are attached to the rectal wall by penetration of the flagella between the highly folded wall of the rectum, by the wedging of the expanded flagella in these folds and irregularities of the wall and by a zonula adherens functional complex between the flagellar membrane and the cuticle of the rectum.The parasites remain associated with each other by their flagella. The daughter axonemes produced during division are retained within the parent flagellar membrane; this delayed division of the flagella results in up to four axonemes being found within a single flagellar membrane. The parasites accumulate together in masses in the lumen of the rectum and their surfaces interdigitate resulting in the mass of parasites being retained together.The financial assistance of the Agricultural Research Council is gratefully acknowledged. My sincere thanks are due also to my supervisor Dr Tate for his help, encouragement and enthusiasm through the course of this work.
The fine structure and method of feeding of the tissue parasitizing stages ofHistomonas meleagridis
Authors: Lee D. L. , Long P. L. , Millard B. J. , Bradley J. 
Published: June 2009

The structure, method of feeding and relationship with the host cells of the tissue parasitizing stages ofHistomonas meleagridishave been studied by means of light microscopy, cytochemistry and electron microscopy. The invasive stage is amoeboid, lacks flagella but has what appears to be remnants of the flagella apparatus, and feeds by phagocytosis. The vegetative stage is a round quiescent form. It apparently feeds by secreting proteolytic enzymes, which carry out extra-corporeal digestion of the host's tissues, and then taking up small particles of disrupted host cells by means of pinocytosis and probably by diffusion. The vegetative stage also contains remnants of flagella apparatus. Neither the invasive stage nor the vegetative stage contains mitochondria and succinic dehydrogenase is absent. It is concluded that there is no resistant stage.The reaction of the host's tissues to the parasites has been briefly described.The authors are grateful to Dr C. C. D. Shute for permission to use the electron microscope, to Mrs B. Fisher and Mr M. Shirley for technical assistance and to Mr P. Rogers for assistance with the photography.
Studies on the origin of the sticky coat on the eggs of the nematode Thelastoma bulhõesi (Magalhães, 1900)
Authors: Lee D. L. 
Published: June 2009

1. The eggs of Thelastoma bulhõesi are shown to have a sticky outer coat of acid mucopolysaccharide.2. The acid mucopolysaccharide is secreted by the lower uterus wall and by the vagina uterina.3. A protein substance of unknown function has been observed in invaginations in the ovijector of T. bulhõesi.4. This protein substance appears to be secreted by the lower part of the vagina uterina and passed along into the ovijector.5. Possible functions of the mucopolysaccharide coat on the eggs, and of the protein substance in the ovijector, are discussed.I wish to express my thanks to Dr P. Tate for many invaluable suggestions and for his constant encouragement during this investigation.
Echinobothrium acanthinophyllum, n.sp. from the spiral valve of Raja montagui Fowler
Authors: Rees Gwendolen 
Published: June 2009

1. Echinobothrium acanthinophyllum sp.nov. occurs in the spiral valve of Raja montagui Fowler. E. affine Diesing was also present.2. E. acanthinophyllum possesses 23 large hooks in each apical group flanked by 4 small hooks on either side. There are 13 spines in each of the 8 longitudinal rows on the cephalic peduncle and 13 testes in each proglottid. The ripe eggs aggregate into clusters of 8–10, which fill the gravid uterus.3. Euzet's key is revised to include the 9 species of the genus.
Some cyclophyllidean cestodes from carnivores in Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Mettrick D. F. , Beverley-Burton Mary 
Published: June 2009

Three new species of cestodes are described. They are: Joyeuxiella paucitestis sp.nov. from the Rusty Spotted Genet, Genetta rubiginosa; Diplopylidium paurodex sp.nov. from the Rusty Spotted Genet, Genetta rubiginosa; Taenia crocutae sp.nov. from the Spotted Hyaena, Crocuta crocuta.Re-descriptions are given of Joyeuxiella fuhrmanni (Baer, 1924), Fuhrmann, 1935, and Taenia ingwei Ortlepp, 1938, with particular reference to differences between the original descriptions and those based upon the present material.
Chromosome cycle in the gregarine Stylocephalus mesomorphi Dev.
Authors: Desai R. N. 
Published: June 2009

The gregarine Stylocephalus mesomorphi has a diploid chromosome number of 8. The diploid stage is represented only by the zygote nucleus before the metagamic divisions start. The other stages in the entire life history of this gregarine are haploid.The mitotic chromosomes are four in number, one being the longest, two of medium size and the fourth the smallest.I am grateful to Professor J. C. Uttangi, Head of the Zoology Department, Karnatak Science College, Dharwar, for the encouragement he gave me throughout this work. I am also greatly indebted to my colleague Dr M. J. Devadhar, for having given me many valuable suggestions.
The effects of various treatments on the surfaces of the cercariae and schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansoni
Authors: Kusel J. R. 
Published: June 2009

In order to learn more about the nature of the chemical bonds stabilizing the surface membranes of the cercariae and schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansoni, these organisms were treated with a variety of reagents. The cercarial surface was dissolved by 8 M urea alone (pH 9·0) but was protected from such dissolution if a certain critical concentration of cation or anion was included in the 8 M urea solution. Divalent cations were more effective than monovalent cations in this protective effect. The 8 M urea was also unable to dissolve the cercarial surface at any pH below 5·8. The cercarial surface was very rapidly dissolved by sodium hydroxide solutions at pH 11·4 and above. The divalent cation calcium, if included in the sodium hydroxide solution, slowed down the rate of surface solution by sodium hydroxide. The schistosomular surface was stable to 8 M urea at pH 9·0 but was readily dissolved in 8 M urea at pH 10·7 and 11·7. The schistosomular surface was stable in aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions at pH 12·0. Anionic detergents were very effective in dissolving the cercarial surface at concentrations above 0·001%. Cationic and non-ionic detergents were ineffective at 0·01% or below. A saturated solution of digitonin if diluted 1:100 caused destruction of the cercarial surface. At higher concentrations it caused expansion and stabilization of this surface.It is suggested that in both the cercarial and the schistosomular surface, bonds between carboxyl (—COO′) and amino (—NH3+) groups are very important in maintaining structure. The origin of the —NH3+ group is possibly from —NH2lysyl group in cercariae, and a guanido group in schistosomula. The suggestion that cations are incorporated into the cercarial surface and stabilize it during and after penetration has been tested by treating schistosomula with EDTA. The EDTA had no visible effect on the surface, nor did it labilize the surface to other reagents.I should like to thank very warmly Dr S. A. Ibrahim, in whose Department this work was carried out. My grateful thanks are given to the Medical Research Council (U.K.) for a grant. I should also like to thank Mr J. R. Lauder, Mr Ahmed Gandour and Mr Saleh for their help during the work. I am very grateful to Dr J. A. Clegg and Dr S. R. Smithers for helpful discussions.
Studies on immunity to Haemonchus contortus infection: the elimination of a challenge infection by immune sheep
Authors: Bitakaramire P. K. 
Published: June 2009

Ten-month-old Blackface sheep double vaccinated with X-irradiated larvae of H. contortus were shown to be highly resistent to individual challenge with 50000 larvae. Compared to unvaccinated sheep, the percentage reductions in the numbers of worms established 6, 9, 12 and 16 days after challenge were 83, 90, 99 and 100 respectively. The immune response was directed against the 3rd and 4th larval stages.The author wishes to express his thanks to his colleagues at the Wellcome Laboratories for Experimental Parasitology for their co-operation and help during the period of this experiment.This work was supported by a grant from Allen and Hanburys Ltd., Ware, England.
The hygroreaction of the larvae of the Oriental rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis Rothsch. (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)
Authors: Yinon U. , Shulov A. , Margalit J. 
Published: June 2009

The humidity reaction of the larvae of Xenopsylla cheopis Rothsch. was studied in an air-chamber with a 0–100% relative humidity gradient.Highly significant differences (P < 0·001) between the reactions in the various R.H. ranges was found. The most preferred relative humidity along this gradient was 100%. Relatively few larvae were collected at each R.H. in the range between 0 and 90% R.H.The reaction of the larvae under the experimental conditions was seen to be of orthokinetic type.
Experiences with vaccines against cutaneous leishmaniasis: of men and mice
Authors: Modabber Farrokh 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe need for a vaccine(s) against cutaneous leishmaniasis and the populations at risk for whom such vaccines should be developed are briefly discussed. The current human vaccine studies are reviewed, as are some experimental mouse studies with emphasis onLeishmania majorinfection relevant to vaccine development. Based on the information available from the mouse model and those data which are being sought in human studies, the benign nature of the cutaneous disease, the ease with whichL. majorcan be manipulated to yield the required material, and the ongoing practice of leishmanization which allows rapid evaluation of candidate vaccine(s), it is suggested that a vaccine, at least againstL. major, is imminent in the not too distant future.
Immunological control of ticks and tick-borne parasitic diseases of livestock
Authors: Morrison W. I. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryParasitic diseases inflict major losses on livestock production throughout the world. Currently, control of the diseases relies largely on prophylactic or therapeutic application of anti-parasitic drugs. In many instances, these measures are only partially effective. Moreover, they must be applied frequently, are therefore costly and time-consuming, and lead to the selection of drug resistance within the parasite populations. Thus, it has been recognized for several decades that effective methods of vaccination against parasitic diseases would have a major impact on livestock production. However, despite considerable efforts over the last 30 years, only a few parasite vaccines are currently in use and all of these involve the administration of live organisms.
Acquired immunity toTrichuris murisin the albino laboratory mouse
Authors: Wakelin D. 
Published: June 2009

After infection with the nematodeTrichuris muris70–75% of mice of the Schofield strain developed an immunity to the parasite and eliminated the worms between the 16th and 19th days after infection. In these mice the acquired immunity persisted for at least 3 months and prevented the establishment of subsequent infections.In 25–30% of the mice immunity was not produced and infections developed into mature worms. These non-resistant mice remained susceptible to further infection.The development and action of the immune response were suppressed completely by the administration of cortisone acetate.
The structure of Mehlis's gland complex and histochemistry of Artyfechinostomum mehrai (Faruqui) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) from a girl at Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Rao K. Hanumantha 
Published: June 2009

1. The functional anatomy of the ducts associated with Mehlis's gland in the echinostome Artyfechinostomum mehrai (Faruqui) recovered from a girl has been described.2. The mechanism and histochemistry of egg-shell formation are described and discussed.Appreciation is extended to Dr V. S. Raghunathan, M.D., Physician and Superintendent, and Dr T. Sreenivasan, M.D., of King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam, for their kind co-operation and the gift of specimens of A. mehrai. My thanks are due to Professor P. N. Ganapati for facilities and encouragement.
Virulence of lizard malaria: the evolutionary ecology of an ancient parasite—host association
Authors: Schall J. J. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe negative consequences of parasitic infection (virulence) were examined for two lizard malaria parasite—host associa tions:Plasmodium agamae and P. giganteum, parasites of the rainbow lizard,Agama agania, in Sierra Leone, West Africa; andP. mexicanumin the western fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis, in northern California. These malaria species vary greatly in their reproductive characteristics:P. agamaeproduces only 8 merozoites per schizont,P. giganteumyields over 100, andP. mexicanuman intermediate number. All three parasites appear to have had an ancient association with their host. In fence lizards, infection with malaria is associated with increased numbers of immature erythrocytes, decreased haemoglobin levels, decreased maximal oxygen consumption, and decreased running stamina. Not affected were numbers of erythrocytes, resting metabolic rate, and sprint running speed which is supported by anaerobic means in lizards. Infected male fence lizards had smaller testes, stored less fat in preparation for winter dormancy, were more often socially submissive and, unexpectedly, were more extravagantly coloured on the ventral surface (a sexually dimorphic trait) than non-infected males. Females also stored less fat and produced smaller clutches of eggs, a directly observed reduction in fitness. Infected fence lizards do not develop behavioural fevers.P. mexicanumappears to have broad thermal buffering abilities and thermal tolerance; the parasite's population growth was unaffected by experimental alterations in the lizard's body temperature. The data are less complete forA. agama, but infected lizards suffered similar haematological and physiological effects. Infected animals may be socially submissive because they appear to gather less insect prey, possibly a result of being forced into inferior territories. Infection does not reduce clutch size in rainbow lizards, but may lengthen the time between clutches. These results are compared with predictions emerging from several models of the evolution of parasite virulence. The lack of behavioural fevers in fence lizards may represent a physiological constraint by the lizards in evolving a thermal tolerance large enough to allow elimination of the parasite via fever. Such constraints may be important in determining the outcome of parasite—host coevolution. Some theory predicts low virulence in old parasite—host systems and higher virulence in parasites with greater reproductive output. However, in conflict with this argument, all three malarial species exhibited similar high costs to their hosts.
Studies on the adult and diplostomulum ofDiplostomum(Dolichorchis)leonensis(Strigeida: Trematoda)
Authors: Williams M. O. 
Published: June 2009

Large number of fishes of the family Cryprinodontidae collected from a stream at Hastings, Sierra Leone, were found with a diplostomulum encysting on the skin and in the musculature.Infected pieces of fish were fed to day-old chicks and cattle-egrets, and adult stages of a worm, considered to be new species and namedDiplostomum(Dolichorchis)leonensis, were obtained.Morphological details of the diplostomulum and the adult worm are described.The author wishes to express his gratitude to Dr G. Dubois for his interest and advice in connexion with the study, to Miss M. R. Coker who prepared the diagrams; and to Messrs F. Deen, T. Alhassan and M. Seisay for technical help.