bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cation Diffusion Facilitator Gene cdf-2 Mediates Zinc Metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Davis Diana E , Roh Hyun Cheol , Deshmukh Krupa , Bruinsma Janelle J , Schneider Daniel L , Guthrie James , Robertson J David , Kornfeld Kerry 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Zinc is essential for many cellular processes. To use Caenorhabditis elegans to study zinc metabolism, we developed culture conditions allowing full control of dietary zinc and methods to measure zinc content of animals. Dietary zinc dramatically affected growth and zinc content; wild-type worms survived from 7 μm to 1.3 mm dietary zinc, and zinc content varied 27-fold. We investigated cdf-2, which encodes a predicted zinc transporter in the cation diffusion facilitator family. cdf-2 mRNA levels were increased by high dietary zinc, suggesting cdf-2 promotes zinc homeostasis. CDF-2 protein was expressed in intestinal cells and localized to cytosolic vesicles. A cdf-2 loss-of-function mutant displayed impaired growth and reduced zinc content, indicating that CDF-2 stores zinc by transport into the lumen of vesicles. The relationships between three cdf genes, cdf-1, cdf-2, and sur-7, were analyzed in double and triple mutant animals. A cdf-1 mutant displayed increased zinc content, whereas a cdf-1 cdf-2 double mutant had intermediate zinc content, suggesting cdf-1 and cdf-2 have antagonistic functions. These studies advance C. elegans as a model of zinc metabolism and identify cdf-2 as a new gene that has a critical role in zinc storage.
The impact of native competitors on an alien invasive: temporal niche shifts to avoid interspecific aggression
Authors: Harrington Lauren A. , Harrington Andrew L. , Yamaguchi Nobuyuki , Thom Michael D. , Ferreras Pablo , Windham Thomas R. , Macdonald David W. 
Published: May 2009

The American mink, Neovison vison, is an established, alien invasive species in the United Kingdom that originally colonized the country at a time when two native mustelids (otters, Lutra lutra, and polecats, Mustela putorius) were largely absent. Both of these species are now recovering their populations nationally. We compared the relative abundance and the behavior of mink in the 1990s and in the 2000s in an area of southern England where both otters and polecats were absent in the 1990s but reappeared in the intervening years. We found that mink were still abundant in the 2000s in the presence of otters and polecats, but that they appeared to have altered some aspects of their behavior. In accordance with previous studies, we found that mink consumed fewer fish in the presence of otters. We also found that mink were predominantly nocturnal in the 1990s (in the absence of competitors) but were predominantly diurnal in the 2000s (in the presence of competitors). We hypothesize that this temporal shift may be an avoidance mechanism allowing the coexistence of mink with the otter and the polecat, although we are unable to attribute the shift to one or the other species. We also found that mink in the presence of competitors weighed less but remained the same size, suggesting the possibility of a competitor‐mediated decline in overall body condition.This is one of very few field studies demonstrating a complete temporal shift in apparent response to competitors. The implications of this study are that recovering otter populations may not lead to significant and long‐term reductions in the number of invasive mink in the United Kingdom as has been suggested in the media, although we cannot exclude the possibility of a decline in mink in the longer‐term.
Cost-Related Medication Underuse: A Window Into Patients' Medication-Related Concerns
Authors: Piette John D. 
Published: May 2009

In Brief
Although medication costs pose a very real barrier to diabetic patients' adherence, decisions to forgo treatment due to cost pressures often reflect other issues, including patients' suspicions about medication safety and efficacy. Clinicians should inquire about cost pressures for each treatment in their patients' regimens and open a discussion about potential medication-related concerns that may be driving patients' adherence behavior.
Update on Insulin Management in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Neumiller Joshua J. , Odegard Peggy Soule , Wysham Carol H. 
Published: May 2009

In Brief
This article provides a brief overview of the various insulin products currently available on the market and discusses considerations regarding insulin therapy in people with type 2 diabetes. Issues involving the initiation, titration, and optimization of insulin therapy to meet individual patient treatment goals are discussed.
La Corse et le despotisme éclairé.
Authors: Rovere Ange 
Published: May 2009

Conquered by the Monarchy in 1769, Corsica entered into the French orbit at the time when the « Ancien Régime », confronted with the crisis was to do away with it, undertook a series of reforms, inspired by the principles of an enlightened despotism. In an effort at modernisation and rationalisation, in these steps to find, by applying pysiocratic principles a passageway that was original towards capitalism, the island became a testing ground, global and privileged. Hence the interest in the « Corsican Case ». It enables us to measure, as in a laboratory whether the Monarchy possessed the capacity to reform itself or whether, on the contrary, the passage of « Legal Despotism » was not a factor that accelerated and amplified the crisis.
Ange Rovere.
Le Comité de Sûreté Générale en 1793-1794.
Authors: Eude Michel 
Published: May 2009

The Committee of General Security forms withe Committee of Public Safety the major organizations of the Revolutionary Government. The present essay tries to study it duting the most steady period of its history, the Reign of Terror, when, under the direction of Vadier (deputy of Ariège), it plays the part of a real Political Police Ministry, in charge of arresting the enemies of the Revolution. But the Committee of General Security had also a political role. Its relations with the Committee of Public Safery are here investigated. In fact, more than between both committees, the real opposition lies between Robespierre and his friends on one part, the whole of the deputies on the other part. In the crisis which broke on the 8th thermidor wit Robespierre's speech, 3 deputies, in fact, played the prominent part : Voulland (Gard), Dubarran (Gers), and Elie Lacoste (Dordogne).
Michel EUDE.
Un discours de Barère avant la Révolution
Authors: Yamazaki Kōichi 
Published: May 2009

A SPEECH OF BARERE (1788)
Bertrand Barère of Vieuzac (1755-1841), one of the members of the committee of public safety, tried to embark on a literary career before the Revolution, and from 1782 he wrote several discourses and eulogies, which brought him a certain degree of local renown. As a result he was elected member of the Academy of the Floral Games at Toulouse in 1788. His entrance discourse seems to have caused a certain sensation, if not a scandal, and we have some remarks written at the time, but the text itself was considered to be lost. I have found a dictated copy of the discourse at the municipal library in Bagneres-de-Bigorre, and I reproduce it here with this brief comment. It is interesting because it illuminates aspects of Barère's theory of history and his ideas about philosophy. It reveals the last formative stage in the intellectual development of Barère in the period before the Revolution.
Koichi YAMAZUKI.
Une utopie physiocratisante : l' « Ile inconnue » de Guillaume Grivel.
Authors: Conan Jules 
Published: May 2009

L'auteur Guillaume Grivel reste assez mal connu, même si l'on peut suivre sa production et sa carrière des années 1760 à la Révolution Française où il enseigne dans une école Centrale puis à sa mort en 1810.
Il a publié en 1783 cette utopie de « L'Ile inconnue ou Mémoires du Chevalier de Gastines », qui a eu un certain succès si l'on en juge par ses rééditions. L'auteur replace la contribution de Grivel dans le contexte de la « secte » physiocratique dans les années de sa publication. Grivel est un adhérent convaincu, mais non inconditionnel. Sous la fiction romanesque classique de l'Ile déserte repeuplée par un couple de naufragés politique, il propose l'utopie d'une société idéale où l'influence des idées physiocratiques est manifeste. On s'interroge sur l'audience de cet essai et sur sa portée à l'époque de la Révolution française, discours archaïsant ou tourné vers l'avenir ?
Comportements révolutionnaires en Morvan Central au milieu du XIXe siècle : structures foncières, sociales et mentales. Souvenirs de l'Ancien Régime et de la Révolution.
Authors: Vigreux Marcel 
Published: May 2009

Differents forms of revolutionary action spring up in the Central Morvan area in the mid-nineteenth century and in particular under the Second Republic. The author explains these both by the change of political régime and by the circumstances of the economic depression which hit agriculture and even more forestry. But the study also stresses, as a part of any explanation, the importance of the very unequalitarian land structures, the small farmers and the poor are predominant by their very numbers and to understand these phenomena, their fierce indépendance has to be taken into account. The article evokes the nature of these actions: rural peurs, the taxing of corn, conflicts over the forest, actions against the nobles.
But the many memories of the great Revolution must also be taken into account as 1789 and 1793 remained in the collective memory of simple people; they were revived and recalled by the village leaders from 1848 to 1851. In the main, this nineteenth century revolution is a repetition of the 1789 one, This is revealed by the development of the people's actions in a more and more revolutionary direction.
Jacques Godechot (1907-1989)
Authors: Petitfrère Claude 
Published: May 2009

Claude Petitfrère : Jacques Godechot (1907-1989).
Sous la plume d'un des élèves du Doyen Godechot, une biographie qui retrace les grandes étapes de cette carrière longue et exemplaire, des études en Lorraine, jusqu'aux premiers postes et aux premières recherches, sous la direction d'Albert Mathiez puis de Georges Lefebvre, à la césure de la seconde guerre mondiale, et à la nomination à Toulouse où Jacques Godechot enseigna durant trente-cinq ans. L'auteur évoque les aspects pédagogiques de ce parcours, et analyse l'ample bibliographie d'un historien particulièrement fécond.
Étudiants brésiliens à Montpellier et Révolution française
Authors: Chacon Vamireh 
Published: May 2009

Vamireh Chacon : Étudiants brésiliens à Montpellier et Révolution française.
La pénétration des idées des lumières au Brésil a créé une situation prérévolutionnaire qui s'est exprimée dans les conspirations réprimées du Minas Gérais, de Rio de Janeiro, et de Salvador de Bahia. On étudie ici les milieux éclairés réceptifs aux idées nouvelles, l'influence de la Révolution américaine, puis de la France où un certain nombre de Brésiliens ont fait leurs études à l'Université de Montpellier dans les dernières années de l'Ancien Régime, et sont entrés en contact avec Jefferson. Les bibliothèques de l'élite brésilienne témoignent de cette influence, notamment de celle des écrits de l'abbé Raynal que ces étudiants avaient ramenés de Montpellier.
Jean-François Varlet après la Révolution
Authors: Blavier Yves 
Published: May 2009

Yves Blavier : Jean-François Varlet après la Révolution.
Varlet's career after his years of revolutionary activity is little known. The main episodes are traced in this study. He took no part in the babouvist conspiracy but he did join the Neojacobins in the Club du Manège. In 1814 he was a patriotic bonapar- tist. He settled in Nantes during the Restoration, gravitated in republican cercles and became active in politics again in 1831 when he was candidate to the Electoral College. He kept in touch with Parisian groups and in 1834 he was in charge of the Nantes section of the Society far the Rights of Man. He came back to Corbeil where he was carefully watched by the authorities and he died in 1837.
Histoire de la presse et Révolution
Authors: Bertaud Jean-Paul 
Published: May 2009

Jean-Paul Bertaud : The History of the Press during the Revolution.
This synthesis describes the current state of research on the revolutionary press. The article makes an inventory of recent historiography and of classic studies. It analyses the areas that have been researched recently : group portraits of journalists, the kinds of production, the weight of the political press of both the patriots and the opposition, the current interest in the provincial press. But Bertaud also emphasizes the areas of research still to be prospected : the administration of the press, its circulation and audience, the typology of transmitters and receivers. The article presents the perspectives that have been opened up by the critical bibliography of the press of the year II and encourages scholars to multiply the monographs in the field.
La Révolution française vue de l'ambassade de Danemark à Paris (1788-1794)
Authors: Bizière Jean-Maurice 
Published: May 2009

Jean-Maurice Bizière : The French Revolution as seen from the Danish embassy in Paris (1788-1794).
The correspondance of the Danish diplomatic agents in Paris during the Revolution is particularly valuable because of its impressive time span. Otto Von Blome stayed in Paris until July 1793 ; he was replaced by a legation secretary, Johan Kønemann until July 1797 and then by a new ambassador Christopher Vilhelm Dreyer. These different correspondants drew up a rich chronicle of the revolutionary years which mirrors their definitely hostile reactions to the events but also their criticisms of the Ancien Régime and their appreciation of certain positive aspects of revolutionary policy. They did not underestimate the very scale of the revolutionary changes.
Paris au printemps 1791, les Sociétés Fraternelles et le problème de la souveraineté
Authors: Monnier Raymonde 
Published: May 2009

Raymonde Monnier, Paris in the Spring of 1791 : The Fraternal Societies and the Question of Sovereignty.
If a good deal has been written about the part played by the Parisian Section Societies during Year II, much still remains to be studied concerning the development of the ideas and political behaviour which brought the sans-culotte to life. This is especially true in the spring of 1791. The growing role of the Fraternal Societies merged with the activity of the press and of leaders to create a new democratic culture. The author analyses the number, activity and geographical location of these societies and their struggles against the policies of the City Government and the Assembly. This history of Robert and the Central Committee of Patriotic Societies is studied, as well as that of the Social Cercle and the Friends of Truth. After the flight to Varennes, the campaign in favour of a republic cannot be separated from the questions of sovereignty and representation : universal suffrage and the people's acceptance of laws were called for as the necessary instruments of a true democracy.
Une histoire oubliée : les assignats dans l'historiographie
Authors: Albertone Manuela 
Published: May 2009

Manuela Albertone, A Forgotten History : the Assignats and Historiography.
The author examines the part played by the assignat in the history of the French Revolution through a historiographical analysis beginning with the attitudes of contemporaries from Edmond Burke to Mme de Staël. The Nineteenth Century historians such as Thiers or Mignet also evaluated the experience and its history was somewhat reexamined by Louis Blanc and Jean Jaurès. Twentieth Century French historiography from Mathiez to Lefebvre and Soboul considered more particularly the social consequences of the assignat connected with the sale of biens nationaux. English and American historians such as Harris or White studied the question as did scholars from Soviet Union such as Smirnov and Falkner in a context which invited comparisons. The most recent French studies can be divided into the technical analyses produced by scholars of monetary history and the often polemic essays which assess the strengths and weaknesses of the French economy under the Revolution.
La Révolution française et le problème colonial : le cas Robespierre
Authors: Gauthier Florence 
Published: May 2009

Florence Gauthier, La Révolution française et le problème colonial. Le Cas Robespierre.
Le titre de cet article reprend des interrogations formulées, en 1961, par Aimé Césaire : Robespierre posa la question coloniale dans toute son ampleur et sa vraie dimension en 1791 , mais on ne le voit plus réintervenir par la suite. Pourquoi ce silence ?
A partir d'une documentation restée inexplorée jusqu'ici, cette étude montre que ni Robespierre, ni le Club des Jacobins ne sont restés inertes sur le problème colonial en 1793-1794, contrairement à ce que l'on a cru.
L'abolition de l'esclavage, déclarée le 16 pluviôse an II-4 février 1794, a été préparée par toute une série de manifestations et de décisions d'ordre constitutionnel, et suivie par les actes du Comité de salut public. Les sources de cette occultation sont également mises en lumière.
Projets d'occupation des colonies hispano-américaines (1792-1793)
Authors: Olivares Itamar 
Published: May 2009

Itamar Olivares, Projets d'occupation des colonies hispano-américaines (1792-1793).
On analyse dans cette étude une série de projets présentés sous la Convention girondine ou montagnarde, visant à provoquer l'occupation des colonies espagnoles d'Amérique, singulièrement la Louisiane et les Caraïbes. Les auteurs en sont des militaires, des politiques ou simplement des aventuriers, français ou américains. Leurs entreprises visent à profiter de la fragilité de l'implantation espagnole, principalement en Louisiane pour y entreprendre une subversion opérée par des groupes armés soutenus par la population, avec l'aide plus ou moins discrète de la France. On en espère une déstabilisation qui pourrait gagner d'autres parties de l'empire espagnol. Ces projets, plus avantageux pour les États-Unis que pour la France, n'ont pas abouti dans la mesure où la Révolution, retenue par d'autres urgences, ne leur a prêté qu'un intérêt limité, et n'avait pas les moyens d'une politique aussi aventurée.
Quelques remarques concernant la politique étrangère de Vienne, de Paris et de la faction Duport-Lameth après le 20 avril 1792
Authors: Wolf Gehrard 
Published: May 2009

Gehrard Wolf, Quelques remarques concernant la politique étrangère de Vienne, de Paris et de la faction Duport Lameth après le 20 avril 1792.
Menée à partir des sources diplomatiques à Paris comme à Vienne, pour la période du printemps 1792, avant et après la déclaration de guerre, cette étude pose le problème des rapports entre les leaders du parti feuillant, en particulier Duport avec le cabinet de Vienne avec lequel ils avaient été en contact en 1791. En fait, il semble que ceux-ci n'aient pas pu profiter du séjour prolongé à Vienne de l'ambassadeur de Noailles. Pour l'Empereur et ses conseillers les feuillants hostiles à la guerre ne représentaient plus un contact intéressant, et l'heure n'était plus à la diplomatie.
Iconographie des monnaies et médailles des républiques sœurs italiennes (1796-1802)
Authors: Benzaken Jean-Charles 
Published: May 2009

Jean-Charles Benzaken : The Iconography of Coins and Medals of the Italian Sister Republics (1796-1802).
This study makes an exhaustive inventory of the issues of currency and medals during the revolutionary "triennio" and up until 1802. Different representations were used depending on the states and on the local context. The author compares the Italian allegorical symbols with those of France and emphasizes in certain cases the specificity of the Italian examples. The derivative character of the Italian representations is often obvious but the weight of tradition and the survival of models from the earlier coins are also underlined here.
« De supplément indépendant à un rez-de-chaussée sous le filet »
Authors: Oscarsson Ingemar 
Published: May 2009

Ingemar Oscarsson, From the indépendant supplement to an under rule. Some notes on the feuilleton in the french press during the 1790 's and the beginning of the 19th century.
During the 1790's the word feuilleton (serial story) started to loose its technical significance (little journal or single sheet). It refers to a supplement of a newspaper. In 1800 (Journal des Débats) the supplement is incorporated in the newspaper itself at the bottom of the page. The author studies the contains of many feuilletons in the revolutionary and consulate press. The qualitative and quantitative importance of politics during the revolution and the technical restraint of the printing of newspapers forced them to push back all the other informations in a space, separated from the political section. From 1800 the contents of the feuilleton become largely cultural.
L'esclavage sur la scène révolutionnaire
Authors: Halpern Jean-Claude 
Published: May 2009

Jean-Claude Halpern, Slavery on the revolutionary stage.
Only eight plays, between 1789 and 1799, dealt directly with the question of colonial slavery. Even when they shared the antislavery of the "Amis des Noirs" or other revolutionaries, they preferred liberty accorded by generous whites to freedom achieved by the blacks themselves. The revolutionary theatre could not find the right tone when it came to showing blacks. Despite the generous feelings of some authors, we see above all the embarrassment of the majority of the French concerning blacks, who were only known to the slavers, and concerning the colonial situation which was of course disapproved of but whose abolition aroused fear.
Un Jacobin esclavagiste, Benoît Gouly.
Authors: Wanquet Claude 
Published: May 2009

Claude Wanquet, Un giacobino schiavista : Benoît Gouly.
Benoît Gouly fu deputato alla Convenzione dell'Ile de France. Approve in apparenza il decreto di abolizione del 16 Piovoso delPanno II, usando poi con maestria un linguaggio estremamente ambiguo. Filosoficamente contro la schiavitù la giudicava indispensabile sul piano economico e politico. Usô tutti gli argomenti per ritardare Papplicazione del decreto : bisognava lasciar decidere le amministrazioni locali e più particolarmente le colonie dell'Oceano Indiano in cui la situazione era specifica, voile anche rivalutare Pimpresa coloniale e sostenne che i Neri sarebbero stati per primi le vittime di un' abolizione troppo rapida.
La Fraternité au temps du dénigrement (1800-1814)
Authors: David Marcel 
Published: May 2009

Marcel David, La Fraternità al tempo della denigrazione.
I valori promossi dal periodo napoleonico furono la salvaguardia delle leggi e delle proprietà, l'amore, la gloria. Se la libertà e l'uguaglianza giuridiche continuarono a figurare nella filosofia del regime, non c'era nessun posto per la fraternità, valore vicino alla réciprocité ed alla filantropia.
La massoneria risorgente in particolare nell'esercito sembra anche aver fatto silenzio su questo valore intorno al quale si era pure costituita.
I regni che dirigono i fratelli dell'Imperatore sono ancora più lontani dalla fraternità rivoluzionaria, eppure scarsa, che aveva unito un tempo la Francia aile « Républiques Sœurs ».
È infine verso il romanticismo cristiano (Chateaubriand) che si rifugia una fraternità che non ha più niente di repubblicana.
Qui étaient les "Jacobins" hauts-normands ? Objectifs, sources, méthodes d'une enquête prosopographique
Authors: Pingue Danièle 
Published: May 2009

Danielle Pingue, Who were the Jacobins of Haute-Normandie? Objectives, sources, methods of a prosopographic survey.
Danielle Pingue has recorded nearly 8,000 members of 358 popular societies in Haute-Normandie. Based on registers of deliberations of these societies, censuses of the communal population and tax rolls, she concludes by establishing a collective portrait.