bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Materials Synthesis
Authors: Strutt Peter R. , Partridge Julian P. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTInteresting possibilities exist for the scientific design of materials with optimized properties for a diversity of technological applications. For example, the reduction of severe wear and erosion in critical turbine and engine components requires basic studies of intrinsic strengthening, where loads are uniformly transferred across interphase inter-faces. The acheivement of this requires a developed capability for producing selected morphologies on the (i) macro, (ii) micro, and (iii) nanoscale. This involves using a combination of techniques that include the deposition of one, or more, atomic or molecular species in gaseous environments. Recent discoveries suggest, in fact, that it is feasible to design layers where the chemistry and structure at any depth can be pre-selected. Such a capability offers exciting opportunities for forming ‘graded property’ materials, as required in mechanical component and fiber-optic applications. Here, specific radial distributions of chemical species can be used to achieve optimal properties. Another in-triguing possibility is the formation of composite-structure materials, even on the nanoscale, by simultaneous growth of filaments and matrix, using appropriate precur-sors. Thus, metal and polymer matrices may, in principle, be strengthened by various types of fiber and particle distributions. In this approach the basic concept is the syn-thesis of scientifically designed materials for specific technological applications.
Advanced Powder Feeding Device for Use in Gas/Solid Plasma Synthesis and Processing Applications
Authors: Giacobbe F. W. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTA series of powder feeders, developed during the course of an experimental study involving the synthesis of carbon monoxide from pure carbon and carbon dioxide, have been described in detail. The most efficient and reliable of these powder feeders was capable of continuously producing uniform mixtures of powdered carbon entrained in carbon dioxide gas. This device was also capable of producing a relatively wide range of solid/ gas mixture ratios (from about 0.8 to 3.2 g/l) at carbon dioxide gas flow rates between 75 and 200 1/min. In addition, it was relatively easy to vary and control solid/gas mixture ratios and gas flow rates using this powder feeder. Similar powder feeders may be useful in other thermal plasma synthesis or processing applications as well as in other applications requiring accurately blended mixtures of gases and powdered solids
A Critical Analysis of Proposed Plasma Jet Models to Predict Temperature and Velocity Profiles
Authors: Wei Daniel Y.C. , Farouk Bakhtier , Apelian Diran 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe prediction of temperature and fluid flow associated with a d.c. plasma jet exiting from the nozzle has been an important issue for-some years. Modeling efforts have mainly relied on incompressible flow formulations and various turbulence models to predict the d.c. plasma at atmospheric conditions. The primary assumption of such models is that the plasma is in local thermodynamic equilibrium, steady state, and that no other species from the ambient are entrained. In the subsonic parabolic approach, the plasma is treated as a free jet with no downstream influence on the upstream calculations. The elliptic approach needs conditions to bespecified along all boundaries, and calculations are dependent on the extent of the solutiondomain and the exit boundary conditions.Very few attempts have been made to model plasma jets which are supersonic upon exiting the nozzle. The problem is important due to the advantages of low pressure plasma deposition but is complex and difficult to analyze. Specifically one has to acount for compressibility and viscous dissipation effects. Off-design operating conditions (over or underexpanded conditions) greatly influence and complicate the plasma temperature and velocity profiles.
Design and Commissioning of a Continuous Transferred ARC Plasma Melter for the Vitrification of Nuclear Waste
Authors: Munz R. J. , Chen G. Q. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTA 40-kW transferred arc plasma melter has been designed and constructed to test the potential of this type of system for the vitrification of high level nuclear waste. Present technology relies on joule or induction heaters which are limited in operating temperature and are characterized by large liquid holdup and long residence times. The use of a plasma melter will allow the production of higher melting glasses and glass ceramics which are more durable and leach resistant in underground storage. The use of a plasma greatly decreases residence times in the heater and may even reduce the loss of volatiles by control of the melting atmosphere and continuous removal of the product as a solid ingot. Standard borosilicate glass has been melted with continuous withdrawal of product in a series of commissioning runs.
Modeling Turbulence in a Thermal Plasma Reactor
Authors: Varacalle D. J. , Reynolds L. E. , Shaw C. B. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTNumerical models describing the plasma physics in the column and plume of a nontransferred, dc arc torch were used in conjunction with two experiments to quantify the extent of turbulence in the free plume. Numerical predictions were made by solving the governing conservation equations with suitable boundary conditions. The solutions indicate a high temperature, high velocity region starting at the anode which decays rapidly as the plume interacts with the atmosphere. The turbulent viscosity is predicted to be up to 140 times higher than the molecular viscosity at specific locations. Modeling results for the plume compare favorably with spectroscopic temperature measurements, and with the cone angles measured with holographic interferometry, which quantifies the amount of turbulence in the plume.
Taxonomic Revision of the Oriental Planthopper Genus Putala, with Description of a New Species and Resurrection of the Genus Avephora (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Dictyopharidae)
Authors: Song Zhi-Shun , Liang Ai-Ping 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
There has been confusion regarding the taxonomy and distribution of species in the dictyopharid planthopper genus PutalaMelichar, 1903. Based on critical review and examination of parts of type material, Putala is revised and restricted in southern Asia of the Oriental region. Three Putala species are recognized in the genus, including a new species: Putala maculata Distant, 1906; Putala rostrataMelichar, 1903; and Putala spinula sp. nov. The genus Avephora Bierman stat. rev. is resurrected from synonymy with Dictyophara Germar, 1833 and reestablished here as a valid genus. Four recognized Avephora species are Avephora eugeniae (Stål, 1859) comb. nov.; Avephora brachycephala (Distant, 1906) comb, nov.; Avephora rugosa (Shakila-Mushtaq, 1991) comb. nov.; and Avephora hazarensis (Shakila-Mushtaq, 1991) comb. nov.; the latter three species are from Putala. One new generic and two new specific synonyms are suggested: AvephoraBierman, 1910= ElectryoneKirkaldy, 1913 syn. nov.; Avephora eugeniae (Stål, 1859) comb. nov. = Electryone macaonicaKirkaldy, 1913 syn. nov.; and Philotheria apicemaculata (Stål, 1855) = Putala figurata (Gerstaecker, 1895 nec. Singh-Pruthi, 1925) syn. nov. Photographs of all species of Putala and parts of Avephora are presented. Descriptions of the two genera and their included species are provided together with structural illustrations of male genitalia. Distribution map and keys to the species of the both genera are provided. First description and illustration of male genitalia as well as photograph of Philotheria apicata (Melichar) also are provided to distinguish it easily from Putala species.
Review of the Sharpshooter Genus Splonia, with Descriptions of Three New Submacropterous Species (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae:Cicadellinae: Proconiini)
Authors: Takiya Daniela Maeda , Mejdalani Gabriel 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Three new submacropterous species of SploniaSignoret, 1891 are described and illustrated: Splonia dietrichi (Peru, new record for the genus), Splonia flavoscutellata (Ecuador), and Splonia fritilla (Venezuela). A detailed redescription of the genus is given, including the first account of the female terminalia (based on S. fritilla). A key to males of the now six known Splonia species is provided.
Using a Mixed-Methods Approach to Identify Health Concerns in an African American Community
Authors: Weathers Benita , Barg Frances K. , Bowman Marjorie , Briggs Vanessa , Delmoor Ernestine , Kumanyika Shiriki , Johnson Jerry C. , Purnell Joseph , Rogers Rodney , Halbert Chanita Hughes 
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We used qualitative and quantitative data collection methods to identify the health concerns of African American residents in an urban community and analyzed the extent to which there were consistencies across methods in the concerns identified. Methods. We completed 9 focus groups with 51 residents, 27 key informant interviews, and 201 community health surveys with a random sample of community residents to identify the health issues participants considered of greatest importance. We then compared the issues identified through these methods. Results. Focus group participants and key informants gave priority to cancer and cardiovascular diseases, but most respondents in the community health survey indicated that sexually transmitted diseases, substance abuse, and obesity were conditions in need of intervention. How respondents ranked their concerns varied in the qualitative versus the quantitative methods. Conclusions. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches simultaneously is useful in determining community health concerns. Although quantitative approaches yield concrete evidence of community needs, qualitative approaches provide a context for how these issues can be addressed. Researchers should develop creative ways to address multiple issues that arise when using a mixed-methods approach.
The Influence of Primary Care and Hospital Supply on Ambulatory Care–Sensitive Hospitalizations Among Adults in Brazil, 1999–2007
Authors: Macinko James , de Oliveira Veneza B. , Turci Maria A. , Guanais Frederico C. , Bonolo Palmira F. , Lima-Costa Maria F. 
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We assessed the influence of changes in primary care and hospital supply on rates of ambulatory care–sensitive (ACS) hospitalizations among adults in Brazil. Methods. We aggregated data on nearly 60 million public sector hospitalizations between 1999 and 2007 to Brazil's 558 microregions. We modeled adult ACS hospitalization rates as a function of area-level socioeconomic factors, health services supply, Family Health Program (FHP) availability, and health needs by using dynamic panel estimation techniques to control for endogenous explanatory variables. Results. The ACS hospitalization rates declined by more than 5% annually. When we controlled for other factors, FHP availability was associated with lower ACS hospitalization rates, whereas private or nonprofit hospital beds were associated with higher rates. Areas with highest predicted ACS hospitalization rates were those with the highest private or nonprofit hospital bed supply and with low (< 25%) FHP coverage. The lowest predicted rates were seen for areas with high (> 75%) FHP coverage and very few private or nonprofit hospital beds. Conclusions. These results highlight the contribution of the FHP to improved health system performance and reflect the complexity of the health reform processes under way in Brazil.
Hematopoietic Cell–Restricted Deletion of CD36 Reduces High-Fat Diet–Induced Macrophage Infiltration and Improves Insulin Signaling in Adipose Tissue
Authors: Nicholls Hayley T. , Kowalski Greg , Kennedy David J. , Risis Steve , Zaffino Lee A. , Watson Nadine , Kanellakis Peter , Watt Matthew J. , Bobik Alex , Bonen Arend , Febbraio Maria , Lancaster Graeme I. , Febbraio Mark A. 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE
The fatty acid translocase and scavenger receptor CD36 is important in the recognition and uptake of lipids. Accordingly, we hypothesized that it plays a role in saturated fatty acid–induced macrophage lipid accumulation and proinflammatory activation.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In vitro, the effect of CD36 inhibition and deletion in lipid-induced macrophage inflammation was assessed using the putative CD36 inhibitor, sulfosuccinimidyl oleate (SSO), and bone marrow–derived macrophages from mice with (CD36KO) or without (wild-type) global deletion of CD36. To investigate whether deletion of macrophage CD36 would improve insulin sensitivity in vivo, wild-type mice were transplanted with bone marrow from CD36KO or wild-type mice and then fed a standard or high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks.

RESULTS
SSO treatment markedly reduced saturated fatty acid–induced lipid accumulation and inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages. Mice harboring CD36-specific deletion in hematopoietic-derived cells (HSC CD36KO) fed an HFD displayed improved insulin signaling and reduced macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue compared with wild-type mice, but this did not translate into protection against HFD-induced whole-body insulin resistance. Contrary to our hypothesis and our results using SSO in RAW264.7 macrophages, neither saturated fatty acid–induced lipid accumulation nor inflammation was reduced when comparing CD36KO with wild-type bone marrow–derived macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS
Although CD36 does not appear important in saturated fatty acid–induced macrophage lipid accumulation, our study uncovers a novel role for CD36 in the migration of proinflammatory phagocytes to adipose tissue in obesity, with a concomitant improvement in insulin action.
Application of Statistical Methods for Analysis of Agricultural Runoff Monitoring Data
Authors: Lagzdins Ainis , Jansons Viesturs 
Published: March 2011

Application of Statistical Methods for Analysis of Agricultural Runoff Monitoring Data
The paper presents a study on water quality concerning nutrients in relation to the hydrological and meteorological conditions in three agricultural catchments in Latvia. Statistical analysis, i.e., descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's Rank-Order correlation and cumulative probability function has been used to quantify relationships between variables. Results of the study could be used to evaluate the impact of agricultural intensity on water quality.
Achene slime content in some taxa of Matricaria L. (Asteraceae)
Authors: Inceer Huseyin 
Published: March 2011

Achene slime content in some taxa ofMatricariaL. (Asteraceae)The achenes ofMatricaria aureaand two varieties ofM. chamomilla(var.chamomillaand var.recutita) have slime cells on the surface and they are characterized by slime envelope formation during hydration. The slime in these taxa is composed of pectins and cellulose. The slime could play important role in the distribution and colonisation of new habitats inMatricariataxa.
Life Course as a Policy Lens: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: McDaniel Susan , Bernard Paul 
Published: March 2011

This set of research studies on the life course as a policy lens springs from research and discussions over more than a year and a half among academic researchers and policy analysts. The six empirical studies in this special issue all rely on the life-course perspective to extend the reach of the perspective into areas with policy relevance that have not been examined previously with a life-course lens. The studies examine aboriginal health, social participation, housing instability and evictions, earnings trajectories, and late-life transitions. Key conclusions overall from the project are that (1) Canada may have an early lead in conceptual thinking on life course as a policy lens, giving us the momentum to push this advantage further; (2) the life-course perspective focuses less on individual trajectories and more on the ongoing interactions of individuals with social structures, particularly structures of inequality and life-course scripts; (3) the conceptualization of the life course as a tale of path dependency, gravity, and shocks focuses attention on social circumstances rather than on individual choices; (4) a life-course perspective for policy-makers is more realistic, more attuned to the reality experienced by social actors, and social actors accordingly recognize themselves in policies; and (5) the life-course perspective offers the possibility of making social actors, researchers, and policy-makers work more in tandem.
Public Involvement in the Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project
Authors: Nassaney Michael 
Published: March 2011

The Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project was initiated in 1998 to locate and investigate an eighteenth-century French mission, garrison, and trading post. Public education and outreach have been essential to the success of the project from the start. Various stakeholders are recognizing the potential benefits and consequences of site investigation, heritage tourism, and a partnership with a large state university. The future of public involvement in the project and the lessons to be learned are dependent upon our ability to identify common ground in which archaeology serves as a metaphor for the discovery and recovery of our collective past.
Using CisGenome to Analyze ChIP‐chip and ChIP‐seq Data
Authors: Ji Hongkai , Jiang Hui , Ma Wenxiu , Wong Wing Hung 
Published: March 2011

AbstractChromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with genome tiling array hybridization (ChIP‐chip) and ChIP followed by massively parallel sequencing (ChIP‐seq) are high‐throughput approaches to profiling genome‐wide protein‐DNA interactions. Both technologies are increasingly used to study transcription‐factor binding sites and chromatin modifications. CisGenome is an integrated software system for analyzing ChIP‐chip and ChIP‐seq data. This unit describes basic functions of CisGenome and how to use them to find genomic regions with protein‐DNA interactions, visualize binding signals, associate binding regions with nearby genes, search for novel transcription‐factor binding motifs, and map existing DNA sequence motifs to user‐supplied genomic regions to define their exact locations.Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 33:2.13.1‐2.13.45. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Zinc(II) Triflate‐Catalyzed Divergent Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Pyrroles
Authors: Attanasi Orazio A. , Berretta Stefano , De Crescentini Lucia , Favi Gianfranco , Giorgi Gianluca , Mantellini Fabio , Nicolini Simona 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe zinc(II) triflate‐catalyzed synthesis of highly functionalized pyrroles is described. The sequence involves the preliminary preparation of α‐aminohydrazones by Michael addition of primary amines to 1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐dienes. The treatment of these intermediates with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates produces α‐(N‐enamino)‐hydrazones that are converted into the corresponding pyrroles. The substituents on the carbon in position four of 1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐dienes drive the regioselectivity of the ring closure process. Starting from 4‐aminocarbonyl‐1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐dienes only dialkyl 1‐substituted 5‐aminocarbonyl‐1H‐pyrrole‐2,3‐dicarboxylates are achieved by Lewis acid‐catalyzed ring closure. A screening of several Lewis/Brønsted acid catalysts is performed. Zinc(II) triflate is the most efficient catalyst. Under similar reaction conditions, employing 4‐alkoxycarbonyl‐1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐dienes, only 4‐hydroxy‐1H‐pyrrole‐2,3‐dicarboxylates are synthesized. These latter reactions can be accomplished regioselectively also in one pot. Using 4‐aminocarbonyl‐1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐dienes, diamines and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates the sequence provides the corresponding α,ω‐di(N‐pyrrolyl)alkanes.
The impact of moving to a novel environment on social networks, activity and wellbeing in two new world primates
Authors: Dufour V. , Sueur C. , Whiten A. , Buchanan‐Smith H.M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAmong the stressors that can affect animal welfare in zoos, the immediate effect of relocation to a novel environment is one that has received little attention in the literature. Here, we compare the social network, daily activity and the expression of stress‐related behavior in capuchins (Cebus apella) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) before and just after they were relocated to a new enriched enclosure. Results showed similar immediate responses to the move in the two species. Both showed a substantial increase in the time spent resting and spent more time in the highest and “safest” part of their enclosure after relocation. Both capuchins and squirrel monkeys spent significantly more time in close proximity to other group members after relocation, compared to before. In squirrel monkeys, the structure of the social network, which was initially correlated to affiliation, was no longer so after the move. In capuchins, the network analysis showed that individuals regrouped by age, with the youngsters who were potentially more affected by stress being in the center of the network. Social network analysis helped to achieve a more complete picture of how individuals were affected by relocation. We suggest that this type of analysis should be used alongside traditional methods of observation and analysis to encompass the most complex aspects of animal behavior in times of stress and to improve welfare. Am. J. Primatol. 73:802–811, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aktuelle Trends in der Thermodynamik in endlicher Zeit
Authors: Andresen Bjarne 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDas Leitmotiv der Thermodynamik in endlicher Zeit (“finite‐time thermodynamics”) ist der Preis der Ungeduld und seine Minimierung. Reversible Prozesse können vollständig effizient sein, laufen jedoch meist unverhältnismäßig langsam ab. In allen Situationen – chemisch, mechanisch oder ökonomisch – sind wir bereit, mehr zu zahlen, damit eine Aufgabe schneller erledigt wird. Die Thermodynamik in endlicher Zeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung von Methoden, diese Zusatzkosten zu begrenzen, wobei diese nicht zwingend monetär sein müssen, sondern sich auch auf Energieaufwand, Entropieproduktion oder dergleichen beziehen können. Die Thermodynamik in endlicher Zeit bietet Verfahren, den optimalen Pfad oder Betriebsmodus bei minimalem Zusatzaufwand zu berechnen. Ausgangspunkt ist es dabei, das System durch den Einfluss einer zeitlich variierenden Umgebung auf den optimalen Weg zu bringen; dies ist wie das Lenken eines Pferdes, das man einer Karotte an einem Stock nachlaufen lässt.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of Fused‐Ring‐Expanded Aza‐Boradiazaindacenes
Authors: Lu Hua , Shimizu Soji , Mack John , Shen Zhen , Kobayashi Nagao 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA series of fused‐ring‐expanded aza‐boradiazaindacene (aza‐BODIPY) dyes have been synthesized by reacting arylmagnesium bromides with phthalonitriles or naphthalenedicarbonitriles. An analysis of the structure–property relationships has been carried out based on X‐ray crystallography, optical spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. Benzo and 1,2‐naphtho‐fused 3,5‐diaryl aza‐BODIPY dyes display markedly red shifted absorption and emission bands in the near‐IR region (>700 nm) due to changes in the energies of the frontier MOs relative to those of 1,3,5,7‐tetraaryl aza‐BODIPYs. Only one 1,2‐naphtho‐fused aza‐BODIPY of the three possible isomers is formed due to steric effects, and 2,3‐naphtho‐fused compounds could not be characterized because the final BF2 complexes are unstable in solution. The incorporation of a N(CH3)2 group at the para‐positions of a benzo‐fused 3,5‐diaryl aza‐BODIPY quenches the fluorescence in polar solvents and results in a ratiometric pH response, which could be used in future practical applications as an NIR “turn‐on” fluorescence sensor.