bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rates, distributions and mechanisms of change in meander morphology over decadal timescales, River Dane, UK
Authors: Hooke J. M. , Yorke L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper analyses types and rates of change in river meander morphology and the links between mechanisms of change and emergent behaviour of planform morphology. It uses evidence of four dates of aerial photography combined with annual field mapping and ground photography to examine the morphological changes and mechanisms of change in a series of bends on an active meandering river, the River Dane in NW England, over a 25 year period. This unique data set allows insight into the spatial and temporal variability of bank line movement and component processes. Bank lines were mapped photogrametrically from air photos of 1984, 1996, 2001 and 2007 and the digitised courses compared in ArcGIS to produce calculations of erosional and depositional areas and rates. Most bends exhibit morphological change that largely follows the autogenic sequence, identified in qualitative models of meander development, from low sinuosity curves through simple symmetric and asymmetric bends to compound forms with lobe development in the apex region. Rates of erosion and bankline movement increase through this sequence until the compound phase. Relationships of amounts of movement to various curvature measures of bend morphology are complex. Several new loops, distinct from compound bend behaviour, have developed during the study period in formerly straight sections. Mechanisms of morphological change are illustrated for four types of bends: new, rapid growth bend; sharp‐angled bend with mid‐channel bar development; symmetric migrating bend; and simple to compound bend development. The changes take place in phases that are not simply related to discharge but to inherent sequences and feedbacks in development of bars and bend morphology and timescales for these are identified. Overall, emergent behaviour of systematic planform change, moderated by channel confinement and boundary features, is produced from spatially and temporally varied channel processes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Fixed‐Mesh ALE approach for the numerical simulation of floating solids
Authors: Baiges Joan , Codina Ramon , Coppola‐Owen Herbert 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a method to solve the problem of floating solids using always a background mesh for the spatial discretization of the fluid domain. The main feature of the method is that it properly accounts for the advection of information as the domain boundary evolves. To achieve this, we use an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian framework, the distinctive characteristic being that at each time step results are projected onto a fixed, background mesh. We pay special attention to the tracking of the various interfaces and their intersections, and to the approximate imposition of coupling conditions between the solid and the fluid. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soret and Dufour effects on the mixed convection flow of a second grade fluid subject to Hall and ion‐slip currents
Authors: Hayat T. , Nawaz M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn analysis is performed to investigate Soret and Dufour effects on mixed convection boundary layer three‐dimensional flow of an electrically conducting second grade fluid over a linearly stretching vertical sheet. Hall and ion‐slip effects are retained in the presence of mass diffusion of chemically reacting species. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into the ordinary differential equations by the use of similarity variables. The resulting problems are solved analytically by homotopy analysis method (HAM). A comparative study between the present and existing limiting results is carefully made. The convergence of derived series solutions is ensured. The influence of different physical parameters on dimensionless velocities, temperature and concentration field are seen through plots. The variation of skin friction coefficients, Nusselt number and Sherwood number for different values of involved parameters is analyzed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The expression of stem cell‐related indicators as a prognostic factor in human lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhang Xue‐Yan , Dong Qiang‐Gang , Huang Jin‐Su , Huang Ai‐Mi , Shi Chun‐Lei , Jin Bo , Sha Hui‐Fang , Feng Jiu‐Xian , Geng Qin , Zhou Jin , Xu Hui‐Li , Han Bao‐hui 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIntroductionThe purpose of the present study was to detect the presence of BASC‐like stem cell‐related indicators, such as clara cell secretory protein (CCSP), Octamer‐4 (OCT4) and Bmi‐1, and evaluate their implications in the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma.MethodsSpecimens of 134 cases of lung adenocarcinoma were collected after radical surgery from January 1999 to June 2004.ResultsOne hundred and twenty‐six cases showed cells that were positive for CCSP, 99 cases positive for OCT4, 91 cases simultaneous expression of CCSP and OCT4 and 74 cases positive for Bmi‐1. Bmi‐1 was significantly higher in patients at stage III compared to patients at stages I and II. The pattern of survival curves showed that Bmi‐1 was a significant prognostic factor of poor overall survival in lung adenocarcinoma patients (P = 0.0000), and the patients with OCT4+ expression showed a greater increase in mortality than OCT4− patients (P = 0.0103). The results of univariate and multivariate Cox analysis revealed that the pathological stages of tumor node metastases (P = 0.037), OCT4 (P = 0.046) and Bmi‐1 expression (P = 0.001) were independent prognostic factors.ConclusionsOCT4 and Bmi‐1 may be good biomarkers to predict the prognosis of patients with completely resected lung adenocarcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:856–862. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical and biochemical characterization of patients with early infantile onset of autosomal recessive GTP cyclohydrolase I deficiency without hyperphenylalaninemia
Authors: Opladen Thomas , Hoffmann Georg , Hörster Friederike , Hinz Anne‐Bärbel , Neidhardt Katharina , Klein Christine , Wolf Nicole 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAutosomal recessive guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase (GTPCH) type I deficiency is characterized by complex neurological dysfunction. Patients are usually diagnosed with hyperphenylalaninemia in newborn screening. We describe two unrelated patients without hyperphenylalaninemia who presented during early infancy with severe motor retardation, hypokinesia, and truncal hypotonia. CSF homovanillic acid and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid as well as tetrahydrobiopterin and neopterin were decreased. Diagnosis of recessive GTPCH deficiency was confirmed biochemically, and a novel homozygous mutation was identified in one patient and a compound‐heterozygous mutation of GCH1 in the other. Treatment with Levodopa/Carbidopa resulted in striking clinical improvement, with age‐appropriate development at follow‐up at 6 years. Autosomal recessive GTPCH deficiency should be considered in infants with severe truncal hypotonia even if hyperphenylalaninemia or classical extrapyramidal symptoms are missing. Neurotransmitter analysis followed by enzyme or mutation analysis can confirm the diagnosis, and Levodopa treatment should be started at high‐doses. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Tardive dyskinesia and other movement disorders secondary to aripiprazole
Authors: Peña Maria Sierra , Yaltho Toby C. , Jankovic Joseph 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe objective of this report is to draw attention to tardive dyskinesia (TD) caused by aripiprazole, a third generation antipsychotic. TD has been traditionally attributed to typical (first‐generation) antipsychotics, but other dopamine receptor blocking drugs and atypical (second‐ and third‐generation) neuroleptics are emerging as an important cause of TD. We reviewed the medical records of patients with TD seen at the Baylor College of Medicine Movement Disorders Clinic between 2002 and 2010 to identify patients with TD associated with aripiprazole. Among 236 patients with TD seen over the specified period, 8 (3.4%) were found to have aripiprazole‐associated TD. In 5 patients, TD occurred after exclusive exposure to aripiprazole. The mean age at onset was 55.8 ± 14.8 years with a female predominance. The average duration of treatment with aripiprazole was 18.4 ± 26.4 months. Oro‐bucco‐lingual stereotypy was seen in all patients. In most patients, TD did not spontaneously improve after stopping aripiprazole. Of the 5 patients treated with tetrabenazine, 4 improved during follow‐up. Although aripiprazole, a third generation antipsychotic, has been promoted to have a low risk of TD, the drug accounts for about 3.5% of patients with TD evaluated in a movement disorders clinic. This largest reported series draws attention to the growing incidence of TD and other drug‐induced movement disorders associated with “atypical antipsychotics.” © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Enhanced evanescent mode light trapping in organic solar cells and other low index optoelectronic devices
Authors: Green Martin A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA new light‐trapping scheme is described based on tunnelling evanescent waves. The scheme is particularly suitable for low index materials such as organic solar cells and polar inorganic semiconductors such as CdTe, or dielectric layers containing, for example, upconverters. The 4n2 macroscopic limit on light trapping, where n is refractive index, can be exceeded by a large margin using the new scheme. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Further consideration of the correlation of the rates of solvolytic displacement of chloride ion from phosphorus (V)
Authors: Kevill Dennis N. , Park Kyoung‐Ho , Koh Han Joong 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSpecific rates of solvolysis of diphenyl (1) and bis(2,4‐dichlorophenyl) (3) phosphorochloridate (chlorophosphate) have been determined by a conductivity technique. The available specific rates together with those determined earlier for bis(4‐chlorophenyl) phosphorochloridate (2) have been analyzed in terms of the extended (two‐term) Grunwald–Winstein equation. It is found that rather poor overall correlations found earlier for 1 and 2 and now for 3 are considerably improved when data points for 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol–ethanol and acetone–water mixtures are excluded. The large sensitivities toward changes in solvent nucleophilicity are consistent with a bimolecular process. The differences in nucleophilicity of an acetone–water mixture for attack at carbon or at phosphorus are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of γ irradiation on the surface properties of wet polysulfone films containing poly(vinylpyrrolidone)
Authors: Matsuda Masato , Yakushiji Taiji , Sakai Kiyotaka 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn Japan, hemodialyzers are usually sterilized by γ irradiation. However, the polymer materials used in the dialysis membrane, such as polysulfone (PSf) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), undergo crosslinking or degradation on exposure to γ radiation. In the present study, we prepared PSf/PVP films (PVP content, 0–50 wt%) and used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to perform nanoscale evaluations of the effect of γ irradiation (25 and 50 kGy) on the surface properties of wet PSf/PVP surfaces. Force‐curve measurements were used to evaluate the hardness of and fibrinogen adsorbability on the wet PSf/PVP surface; fibrinogen adsorbability on the wet PSf/PVP surface was evaluated using AFM probes with fibrinogen immobilized on the tips of the probes. At PVP levels greater than 5 wt%, the wet PSf/PVP film surface was completely covered with hydrated and swollen PVP particles. The surface hardness of the wet PSf/PVP films exposed to 25‐kGy γ irradiation greatly decreased with increasing PVP content, whereas the surface hardness of the wet PSf/PVP films exposed to 50‐kGy γ irradiation did not decrease significantly. At higher PVP levels, the reduction in the fibrinogen adsorbability on a wet PSf/PVP film exposed to 25‐kGy γ irradiation was more significant than that on a wet PSf/PVP film exposed to 50‐kGy γ irradiation. PVP particles on the wet PSf/PVP film surface exposed to 50‐kGy γ irradiation did not show significant hydration and swelling because the polymer materials PVP–PSf and PVP‐PVP in these membranes has undergone excessive crosslinking due to γ irradiation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alkyl Passivation and Amphiphilic Polymer Coating of Silicon Nanocrystals for Diagnostic Imaging
Authors: Hessel Colin M. , Rasch Michael R. , Hueso Jose L. , Goodfellow Brian W. , Akhavan Vahid A. , Puvanakrishnan Priyaveena , Tunnel James W. , Korgel Brian A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA method to produce biocompatible polymer‐coated silicon nanocrystals for medical imaging is shown. Silica‐embedded Si nanocrystals are formed by HSQ thermolysis. The nanocrystals are then liberated from the oxide and terminated with Si–H bonds by HF etching, followed by alkyl monolayer passivation by thermal hydrosilylation. The Si nanocrystals have an average diameter of 2.1 nm ± 0.6 nm and photoluminesce with a peak emission wavelength of 650 nm, which lies within the transmission window of 650–900 nm that is useful for biological imaging. The hydrophobic Si nanocrystals are then coated with an amphiphilic polymer for dispersion in aqueous media with the pH ranging between 7 and 10 and an ionic strength between 30 mM and 2 M, while maintaining a bright and stable photoluminescence and a hydrodynamic radius of only 20 nm. Fluorescence imaging of polymer‐coated Si nanocrystals in biological tissue is demonstrated, showing the potential for in vivo imaging.
Correlation between unconjugated bilirubin and total cholesterol in the sera of 1‐month‐old infants
Authors: Nagao Yoshiro , Ohsawa Maki , Kobayashi Tomoka 
Published: September 2010

Aim:  To investigate why breastfed infants are more likely to have prolonged jaundice than formula‐fed infants.Methods:  Serum unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were measured for 102 infants of 1 month. Enrolled infants were 42 breastfed, 40 mixed‐fed and 20 bottle‐fed infants. Statistic analyses for relationship among UCB, TC, TG, perinatal factors and post‐natal factors were performed for these infants.Results:  In correlation analyses UCB was correlated with peak transcutaneous bilirubin value in neonatal period (TcBn) (r = 0.612, P < 0.0001) and with TC (r = 0.383, P < 0.0001). When analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) for UCB were performed using TcBn as the covariate, the results indicated that there was neither significant main nor interaction effect of feeding method on UCB, and that main and interaction effects of TC on UCB were significant when TC was categorised into two groups (≤150 mg/dL and >150 mg/dL).Conclusions:  It is suggested that both neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and subsequent higher plasma TC are associated factors for prolonged jaundice.
Effect of distraction on the performance of endourological tasks: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Persoon Marjolein C. , van Putten Kim , Muijtjens Arno M.M. , Witjes J. Alfred , Hendrikx Ad J.M. , Scherpbier Albert J.J.M. 
Published: September 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series)  Level of Evidence 4What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?Although research in other fields of society demonstrate a negative effect of distraction on performance, little research is done within the surgical specialties. We aimed to establish what the effect of distraction is, on the performance of basic endourological tasks by medical students.OBJECTIVE• To establish the effect of distraction on the performance of cystoscopy and basic endourological tasks by using a virtual reality (VR) simulator.SUBJECTS AND METHODS• A total of 86 third‐year medical students from Maastricht University, who had no previous experience in performing the tasks on a VR simulator, were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group.• All participants performed three endourological tasks on the VR simulator. Participants in the intervention group were distracted 1 min into the third task. The distraction consisted of being asked to answer questions about a medical case that had been presented to all the participants before the hands‐on session. After two adequate verbal responses the conversation was terminated.• Number of traumata, number of missed lesions in the bladder and time to completion were measured by the VR simulator.RESULTS• Number of traumata and missed lesions, as well as time to completion were significantly higher in the intervention than in the control group with effect sizes (using Cohen’s categorization) of 0.48, 0.41 and 0.50 respectively.• Nevertheless, only 9.5% of the participants in the intervention group reported feeling burdened by the distraction.CONCLUSIONS• Distraction during the performance of endourological skills results in significantly poorer performance by medical students on all the variables measured in a controlled learning environment.• Most students do not realize they are affected by distraction.• Further research is needed to determine the impact of distraction on more experienced participants and on patient safety.
Incidence and survival of patients with carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis in the USA, 1973–2005
Authors: Raman Jay D. , Messer Jamie , Sielatycki John A. , Hollenbeak Christopher S. 
Published: September 2010

Study Type – Prognosis (retrospective cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Upper‐tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a relatively uncommon urological malignancy with survival and outcomes data largely determined from single‐centre series which can be limited by relatively small case numbers.Through review of a large population based cohort, this study provides valuable information regarding epidemiological and survival patterns for over 13,000 patients with UTUC diagnosed over the past three decades.OBJECTIVE• To evaluate epidemiological and survival patterns of upper‐tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) over the past 30 years through a review of a large, population‐based database.PATIENTS AND METHODS• Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database from 1973 to 2005 were reviewed in 10‐year increments to evaluate disease trends.• Univariate and multivariate survival analyses identified prognostic variables for outcomes.RESULTS• In total, 13 800 SEER‐registered cases of UTUC were included. The overall incidence of UTUC increased from 1.88 to 2.06 cases per 100 000 person‐years during the period studied, with an associated increase in ureteral disease (0.69 to 0.91) and a decrease in renal pelvic cancers (1.19 to 1.15).• The proportion of in situ tumours increased from 7.2% to 31.0% (P < 0.001), whereas local tumours declined from 50.4% to 23.6% (P < 0.001).• There was no change in the proportion of patients presenting with distant disease.• In multivariate analysis, increasing patient age (P < 0.001), male gender (P < 0.001), black non‐Hispanic race (P < 0.001), bilateral UTUC (P= 0.001) and regional/distant disease (P < 0.001) were all associated with poorer survival outcomes.CONCLUSIONS• The incidence of UTUC has slowly risen over the past 30 years.• Increased use of bladder cancer surveillance regimens and improved abdominal cross‐sectional imaging may contribute to the observed stage migration towards more in situ lesions.• Although pathological disease characteristics impact cancer outcomes, certain sociodemographic factors also appear to portend worse prognosis.
Corporal punishment and child maltreatment in New Zealand
Authors: Kelly Patrick 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOn 2 May, 2007, the New Zealand Parliament passed a law repealing Section 59 of the Crimes Act. In so doing, New Zealand became the first English‐speaking nation in the world to make corporal punishment of a child illegal. The passage of this legislation was surrounded by intense and persistent public debate, and supporters of corporal punishment continue to advocate against the law change to the present day. In Sweden, where the first stage of similar repeal took place in 1957, it may be difficult for many to understand the strength of the public opposition to this change in New Zealand. This article will present a viewpoint on the evolution of the debate in New Zealand, review the wider context of child maltreatment and family violence in New Zealand and summarize a range of attempts to prevent or intervene effectively in the cycle of dysfunction.Conclusion: Child maltreatment and family violence are public health issues of great importance, and a stain on all societies. While corporal punishment may be a significant contributing factor, there is no single ‘solution’. Change must occur on multiple levels (political, economic, cultural, familial and professional) before the tide will turn.
Postmenopausal females and the link between oral bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw: A clinical review
Authors: Haumschild Mary S. , Haumschild Ryan J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Purpose: To increase awareness for nurse practitioners (NPs) of new information concerning the plausible link between the oral bisphosphonate drug classification and necrosis in the jaw. Data sources: Selected research and clinical articles. In addition, several peer‐reviewed, refereed medical and dental journals were consulted. Conclusions: Oral bisphosphonates are commonly prescribed by NPs for postmenopausal females with the diagnosis of osteoporosis to arrest bone loss and preserve bone density. Recent reports have shown a link between these medications and osteonecrosis of the jaw, which is a complication resulting in necrotic bone inside the mouth. Implications for practice: NPs must be able to determine early warning signs of osteonecrosis to ensure prompt referral to a dental specialist in order to prevent irreversible sequelae. Because of the aging population, osteoporosis is predicted to increase; therefore, treatment with these drugs and the side effects that go along with them will most likely also increase.