bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and development of a Europe-wide case specific monitoring method
Authors: Ziegler Angelika , Mönkemeyer Wenke , Wilhelm Ralf , Schmidt Kerstin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDirective 2001/18 EC demands the cultivation of genetically modified organisms (GMO) to be accompanied by post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM). It is composed of a general surveillance for unanticipated adverse effects and case specific monitoring (CSM), which is set up to reduce substantial uncertainties in relevant risk scenarios identified in the environmental risk assessment. PMEM should also allow early identification of potential long-term effects of cultivating GMOs. It should facilitate decisions in risk management.In this project, a method for a Europe-wide CSM was to be developed. Starting with critical questions from ERA, exposure scenarios (first for non target organisms, later for all other partitions of the ERA) were to be designed and potential monitoring characters ought to be identified. This was meant to facilitate the identification of potential CSM approach. Consideration was focussed on potatoes and wheat. Relevant pathways of plant-organism interactions through nutrients, toxins or mechanisms of attraction and defence were reviewed. The employment of CSM was reconsidered, taking into account variability among existing potato and wheat varieties, respectively, and environmental conditions.Multiple factors drive variations and fluctuations in metabolites as well as in populations of potentially affected organisms. Moreover, management goals for breeding are missing. These counteract the concept and usability of CSM approaches related to such scenarios for causes and effects as well as reasonable thresholds for decision making cannot be deduced.
One-step DNA melting in the RNA polymerase cleft opens the initiation bubble to form an unstable open complex
Authors: Gries Theodore J. , Kontur Wayne S. , Capp Michael W. , Saecker Ruth M. , Record M. Thomas 
Published: May 2010

Though opening of the start site (+1) region of promoter DNA is required for transcription by RNA polymerase (RNAP), surprisingly little is known about how and when this occurs in the mechanism. Early events at the
λ
P
R
promoter load this region of duplex DNA into the active site cleft of
Escherichia coli
RNAP, forming the closed, permanganate-unreactive intermediate I
1
. Conversion to the subsequent intermediate I
2
overcomes a large enthalpic barrier. Is I
2
open? Here we create a burst of I
2
by rapidly destabilizing open complexes (RP
o
) with 1.1 M NaCl. Fast footprinting reveals that thymines at positions from -11 to +2 in I
2
are permanganate-reactive, demonstrating that RNAP opens the entire initiation bubble in the cleft in a single step. Rates of decay of all observed thymine reactivities are the same as the I
2
to I
1
conversion rate determined by filter binding. In I
2
, permanganate reactivity of the +1 thymine on the template (t) strand is the same as the RP
o
control, whereas nontemplate (nt) thymines are significantly less reactive than in RP
o
. We propose that: (
i
) the +1(t) thymine is in the active site in I
2
; (
ii
) conversion of I
2
to RP
o
repositions the nt strand in the cleft; and (
iii
) movements of the nt strand are coupled to the assembly and DNA binding of the downstream clamp and jaw that occurs after DNA opening and stabilizes RP
o
. We hypothesize that unstable open intermediates at the
λ
P
R
promoter resemble the unstable, transcriptionally competent open complexes formed at ribosomal promoters.
Pathgroups, a dynamic data structure for genome reconstruction problems
Authors: Zheng Chunfang 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Ancestral gene order reconstruction problems, including the median problem, quartet construction, small phylogeny, guided genome halving and genome aliquoting, are NP hard. Available heuristics dedicated to each of these problems are computationally costly for even small instances.
Results: We present a data structure enabling rapid heuristic solution to all these ancestral genome reconstruction problems. A generic greedy algorithm with look-ahead based on an automatically generated priority system suffices for all the problems using this data structure. The efficiency of the algorithm is due to fast updating of the structure during run time and to the simplicity of the priority scheme. We illustrate with the first rapid algorithm for quartet construction and apply this to a set of yeast genomes to corroborate a recent gene sequence-based phylogeny.
Availability: http://albuquerque.bioinformatics.uottawa.ca/pathgroup/Quartet.html
Contact: chunfang313@gmail.com
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Acid phosphatase and cathepsin activity in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) eggs: the effects of Ag, Cd, and Cu exposure
Authors: Lacoue-Labarthe Thomas , Le Bihan Estelle , Borg David , Koueta Noussithé , Bustamante Paco 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLacoue-Labarthe, T., Le Bihan, E., Borg, D., Koueta, N., and Bustamante, P. 2010. Acid phosphatase and cathepsin activity in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) eggs: the effects of Ag, Cd, and Cu exposure. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1517–1523. Changes in the activity levels of acid phosphatase (AcP) and cathepsin during cuttlefish embryo development are described, as are the effects of exposure to heavy metals. Enzyme activity kinetics appear to be linked to the developmental stage. The activities of both enzymes increased during the final days of development, suggesting de novo production by the maturing embryo in the digestive gland. The effects of selected heavy metals, Ag (0.06, 1.2, 60, 1200 ng l−1), Cd (31, 61, 305, 610 ng l−1), and Cu (0.23, 2.3, 23, 230 µg l−1), were assessed based on AcP and cathepsin activities at the end of embryonic development and on hatchling weight. Enzyme activities were not impacted by Ag but were significantly inhibited by Cd, at all four concentrations for AcP and at 610 ng l−1 for cathepsin. Cu (at 2.3 µg l−1) stimulated AcP activity. No cause–effect relationship was found between the effects of metals on the enzyme activities and hatchling weight, suggesting that heavy metals could affect other physiological functions during embryogenesis.
RPG1-B-Derived Resistance to AvrB-Expressing Pseudomonas syringae Requires RIN4-Like Proteins in Soybean
Authors: Selote Devarshi , Kachroo Aardra 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) RPG1-B (for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv glycinea) mediates species-specific resistance to P. syringae expressing the avirulence protein AvrB, similar to the nonorthologous RPM1 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). RPM1-derived signaling is presumably induced upon AvrB-derived modification of the RPM1-interacting protein, RIN4 (for RPM1-interacting 4). We show that, similar to RPM1, RPG1-B does not directly interact with AvrB but associates with RIN4-like proteins from soybean. Unlike Arabidopsis, soybean contains at least four RIN4-like proteins (GmRIN4a to GmRIN4d). GmRIN4b, but not GmRIN4a, complements the Arabidopsis rin4 mutation. Both GmRIN4a and GmRIN4b bind AvrB, but only GmRIN4b binds RPG1-B. Silencing either GmRIN4a or GmRIN4b abrogates RPG1-B-derived resistance to P. syringae expressing AvrB. Binding studies show that GmRIN4b interacts with GmRIN4a as well as with two other AvrB/RPG1-B-interacting isoforms, GmRIN4c and GmRIN4d. The lack of functional redundancy among GmRIN4a and GmRIN4b and their abilities to interact with each other suggest that the two proteins might function as a heteromeric complex in mediating RPG1-B-derived resistance. Silencing GmRIN4a or GmRIN4b in rpg1-b plants enhances basal resistance to virulent strains of P. syringae and the oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Interestingly, GmRIN4a- or GmRIN4b-silenced rpg1-b plants respond differently to AvrB-expressing bacteria. Although both GmRIN4a and GmRIN4b function to monitor AvrB in the presence of RPG1-B, GmRIN4a, but not GmRIN4b, negatively regulates AvrB virulence activity in the absence of RPG1-B.
The gender gap in early career in Mongolia
Authors: Pastore Francesco 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe paper's aim is to study the determinants of gender differences in early career in Mongolia, one of the 50 poorest countries of the world.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis takes advantage of anad hocschool to work survey (SWTS) on young people aged 15‐29 years carried out in 2006. Extended and augmented Mincerian earning equations are run and then the Juhn‐Murphy‐Pierce (JMP) decomposition method is applied to them to disentangle the quantity effect, the price effect and the residual wage distribution.FindingsOn average, female wages are not lower than those of males. However, although not statistically significant among teenagers (15‐19), the conditional gender gap becomes significant and sizeable for the over‐20s. The JMP decomposition shows that most of the gap is due to differences in the way the market values the same characteristics of men and women: in fact, quantity effects tend to reduce, whereas price effects tend to increase the gap. If wages were paid equally, women should have 11.7 per cent more for their higher education attainment and overall 22 per cent more, a substantial gap for the low earnings of Mongolians.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research should assess the impact of aspirations of young people on their labour market choices.Practical implicationsThe analysis shows that gender differences emerge in concomitance with women establishing a household and giving birth, suggesting that the current interventions to help mothers cope with maternity are insufficient. Changing this outcome is important to reach the Millennium Development Goals.Originality/valueLabour market issues in Mongolia are under‐studied, not to mention gender differences in early career. This paper fills some of the gaps.
Peaks and valleys
Authors: Noussair Charles N. , Powell Owen 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThis paper aims to study how the trajectory of fundamental values affects price discovery in an experimental asset market.Design/methodology/approachAn experiment is conducted with two treatments, in which the time path of fundamentals differs between treatments. In the peak treatment, fundamentals first rise and then fall, while in the valley treatment fundamentals first fall and then recover. The experiment allows market prices to be compared to fundamental values.FindingsBoth peak and valley treatments experience bubbles when traders are inexperienced. However, price discovery is more rapid and complete in the peak than in the valley treatment. In the peak treatment, prices track the value, the direction of the trend, and changes in trend, more closely than in the valley treatment.Originality/valueThis paper documents the first experimental results regarding pricing behavior in markets with non‐monotonic fundamentals. It creates an environment (the valley treatment) in which convergence to close to fundamentals does not occur even with repetition of the market under identical conditions. The results demonstrate that the likelihood that an asset market tracks fundamentals depends on the time path of fundamentals.
Forecasting the South African economy: a hybrid‐DSGE approach
Authors: “Dave” Liu Guangling , Gupta Rangan , Schaling Eric 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThis paper aims to develops an estimable hybrid model that combines the micro‐founded DSGE model with the flexibility of the atheoretical VAR model.Design/methodology/approachThe model is estimated via the maximum likelihood technique based on quarterly data on real gross national product (GNP), consumption, investment and hours worked, for the South African economy, over the period of 1970:1 to 2000:4. Based on a recursive estimation using the Kalman filter algorithm, the out‐of‐sample forecasts from the hybrid model are then compared with the forecasts generated from the Classical and Bayesian variants of the VAR for the period 2001:1‐2005:4.FindingsThe results indicate that, in general, the estimated hybrid‐DSGE model outperforms the classical VAR, but not the Bayesian VARs in terms of out‐of‐sample forecasting performances.Research limitations/implicationsThe model lacks nominal shocks and needs to be extended into a small open economy framework.Practical implicationsThe paper was able to show that, even though the DSGE model is outperformed by the BVAR, a microfounded theoretical DSGE model has a future in forecasting the South African economy.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt to use an estimable DSGE model to forecast the South African economy.
Indicators of knowledge management capability for KM effectiveness
Authors: Aujirapongpan Somnuk , Vadhanasindhu Pakpachong , Chandrachai Achara , Cooparat Pracob 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThis purpose of this paper is to synthesize and propose the indicators of knowledge management capability (KMC) in different knowledge management (KM) processes to assess KM effectiveness. It also intends to provide useful indicators for those who are interested in the study of KMC to create effective KM, who can utilize the aforementioned indicators as guidelines in the development of empirical definitions by testing them.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is a literature review research, through which indicators of KMC for KM effectiveness are synthesized, utilizing related documents, literature and other research studies and the characteristics of which are evaluated by the KM experts as specified in qualitative research.FindingsThe results of the research suggest two main aspects of KMC for KM effectiveness: first, a resource‐based perspective, which comprises technology, structure and culture; and second, a knowledge‐based perspective, which comprises expertise, learning and information. It is suggested that there are 84 indicators in KMC for KM effectiveness, which can be divided into: 22 indicators on KMC‐knowledge acquisition; 21 indicators on KMC‐knowledge creation; 19 indicators on KMC‐knowledge storage; and 22 indicators on KMC‐knowledge application.Originality/valueApparently the existing research concerning KMC does not reveal clear conclusions nor designate indicators of KMC in both aspects: resource‐based perspective and knowledge‐based perspective. The consequence is a lack of direction and precision in developing KMC to achieve its effectiveness. This paper therefore provides clear visions on important aspects of KMC whereby the various indicators of their components need to be developed to enrich the concept and further the development of KM. It also provides future researchers with useful means to assess the KM effectiveness in different KM processes.
“Ethical” cheating in formal education
Authors: Harkins Arthur M. , Kubik George H. 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of modern and forward‐looking educational practices that encourage learner development of open sourcing and collaboration as being desirable competencies for twenty‐first century knowledge and innovation workers. Its intent is to employ the topic of “ethical cheating” as the springboard for opening a constructive dialogue between historic traditions of academic ethics and the emergence of digital‐age learners who are already functioning as digital pioneers, innovators, and content contributors in an increasingly connected, rapidly‐paced world.Design/methodology/approachThe paper examines the subject of academic cheating in the context of emerging high‐technology environments. It defines the term “ethical” cheating from the perspective of digital‐age learning and contrasts it with traditional academic views of cheating in classical educational situations.FindingsRapid developments in digital information technologies such as cell‐phones, pdas, and the internet are profoundly changing student attitudes toward what constitutes cheating in academic settings. The presence of widespread high‐tech devices already enables increasing numbers of learners around the globe to participate in extensive and ongoing collaborative and open‐source activities that reflect competitive business practices but run counter to the accepted norms of traditional educational institutions. The introduction of the term “ethical cheating” here reflects the growing dissonance between traditional academic views of ethical standards and the impatience of learners straining to become twenty‐first century workers and societal members. A new dialogue is needed to reconcile these differences.Originality/valueThe paper introduces the term “ethical cheating” as a springboard to initiate a new dialogue between traditional academic norms and the emergence of new student attitudes regarding the use of digital technologies that facilitate learning through open‐sourcing and collaboration.
Do colleges of education need a 10‐year/100,000‐mile warranty?
Authors: Abeles Tom P. 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThis paper seeks to dentify the problems of K‐12 teachers as resting in large part on the failure of the post‐secondary institutions responsible for teacher education to restructure themselves both at the level of the institution itself and at that of the schools of education, in particular.Design/methodology/approachThe approach takes the form of an editorial.Practical implicationsThe innovative alternatives to the traditional post‐secondary institutions will continue to increase their market share and challenge the intellectual hegemony in the arena of undergraduate education in general and schools of education in particular.Social implicationsPost‐secondary institutions, particularly in the social science and humanities, will continue to lose their position as the arbiter or voice of social authority. The knowledge once massed inside the Ivory Tower is flowing through breaches in the walls and challenging the legitimacy of the academic community.Originality/valueThe analysis suggests that the ability of the post‐secondary institutions to continue to avoid responsibility for their graduates by shifting the responsibility on to their shoulders can no longer be maintained.
The role of cultural context in direct communication
Authors: Tanova Cem , Nadiri Halil 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to examine how the cultural context and other institutional factors may influence the amount of direct communication with employees in nine European countries.Design/methodology/approachNine countries were selected from the Cranfield Network on Comparative Human Resource Management database varying from high to low context. The dependent or criterion variable, was direct communication, independent variables were organization size age and industry, strategic role of human resource management (HRM), union presence and communication culture context. Data were analysed using one‐way analysis of variance and hierarchical regression.FindingsThe results show that cultural communication context, union presence and strategic role of HRM all have an influence on direct communication. The authors also see that union presence and cultural context interact.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper relied on data collected from the human resource managers of the organizations; therefore the authors do not know how the communication is perceived by the employees themselves. Future research can investigate not only the amount, also but the quality of the communication by collecting data from employees.Practical implicationsIn today's environment where people from different cultures and companies from different legal systems are increasingly working together, the authors need to realise that context matters. What has worked in one environment may not be successful in another. The authors need to develop models that can guide managers in how they can deal with the differences and be effective in communicating with their employees.Originality/valueThe paper investigates direct communication in low‐ and high‐context countries as well as medium‐context countries. European integration provides a move towards convergence in some practices, however, there remains cultural differences between groups of countries.
A theoretical responsibility and accountability framework for CSR and global responsibility
Authors: Bergsteiner Harald , Avery Gayle C. 
Published: May 2010

PurposeResponsibility and accountability are central to much of what managers do, but in the literature these complex social science concepts are confused. The paper aims to bring theoretical rigour, structure, consistency and parsimony to this field, using as an example the subcategories of responsibility referred to as corporate social responsibility (CSR) and global responsibility.Design/methodology/approachThis conceptual paper analyses and identifies overlaps, redundancies, gaps, limitations and flaws in current constructs of responsibility and accountability. Using this as a base, we propose a responsibility and accountability matrix comprised of eight constructs, which in turn underpin a process model in which responsibility precedes accountability.FindingsThe eight constructs are shown to be sufficient and necessary to explain: the nature of the obligation that one party has to another (role, legal, ethical and moral responsibility); the responsibilities and accountabilities that arise from decisions, actions and behaviours (causal, judged and felt responsibility; external and felt accountability); and how these responsibilities differ from constructs that define the ambit of responsibility (personal, team, corporate, social and global responsibility). This then forms the basis of a proposed generic process model of responsibility and accountability that shows how the discrete and sequential stages of the process typically unfold, and how the responsibility and accountability constructs proposed above relate to each other and to the various process stages. It argues that concepts of CSR and global responsibility, poorly defined both in practice and in the literature, can be better understood when these eight constructs are applied to them.Practical implicationsTo underscore the practical implications of the theory, it shows, by reference to the model, how CSR and global responsibility can play out in the case of banks. However, being a generic model, it extends to many other applications in management and the social sciences.Originality/valueThe proposed model is highly original, clarifying, augmenting, categorising and integrating concepts of accountability and responsibility. The paper is also original in providing a framework for reducing CSR and global responsibility to their constituent first‐order constructs.