bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo evaluation of N‐[18F]fluoroethylpiperidin‐4ylmethyl acetate in rats compared with MP4A as a probe for measuring cerebral acetylcholinesterase activity
Authors: Kikuchi Tatsuya , Okamura Toshimitsu , Zhang Ming‐Rong , Fukushi Kiyoshi , Irie Toshiaki 
Published: October 2009

Abstract[11C]MP4A is an established radioprobe for quantification of cerebral acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by positron emission tomography (PET) based on the kinetics of AChE‐mediated metabolism and metabolite trapping. It has been used to assess the deficiency in cholinergic innervation in the brain of patients with dementia. Because 18F has a longer half‐life than 11C, 18F‐labeled derivatives of [11C]MP4A allow delivery of the probe to other PET centers, making AChE measurement more widely applicable. Previously, N‐[18F]fluoroethylpiperidin‐4ylmethyl acetate ([18F]FEP‐4MA) showed that the 18F‐labeled analog of MP4A possessed desirable properties for the quantification of cerebral AChE activity by PET. Here, we evaluated the in vivo kinetics of [18F]FEP‐4MA and validated the responsiveness of brain uptake to AChE activity based on a mathematical model derived from the AChE‐mediated trapping rationale and compared it with MP4A in rats. Almost all radioactivity in the brain was composed of [18F]FEP‐4MA and the hydrolyzed metabolite at 0–60‐min postinjection. When the authentic radioprobe was not observed in the brain, the regional 18F uptake in the brain correlated well with regional MP4A uptake, and the elimination rate of 18F from the brain was higher than that of the metabolite of MP4A. The responsiveness of regional 18F uptake in the brain was examined by simultaneous assay of 18F concentration, relative blood flow, and AChE activity. Regional 18F uptake correlated with regional AChE activity as well as that of MP4A. Therefore, we concluded that [18F]FEP‐4MA would be applicable to clinical PET study for quantifying cerebral AChE activity. Synapse 64:209–215, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alterations in 5‐HT2A receptor binding in various brain regions among 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced Parkinsonian rats
Authors: Li Yun , Huang Xu‐Feng , Deng Chao , Meyer Barbara , Wu Aimin , Yu Yinghua , Ying Weihai , Yang Guo‐Yuan , Yenari Midori A , Wang Qing 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe serotonergic system has close interactions with the dopaminergic system and is strongly implicated in the pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic paradigms of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aims to investigate regional changes in 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) 2A receptors in the rat brain 3 weeks after unilateral medial forebrain bundle lesion by 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA). 5‐HT 2A receptor distributions and alterations in the postmortem rat brain were detected by [3H]ketanserin‐binding autoradiography. In the 6‐OHDA‐induced Parkinson's rat model, nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron loss significantly mediated the decreased [3H]ketanserin binding, predominantly in the agranular insular cortex (17.3%, P = 0.03), cingulate cortex (18.2%, P < 0.001), prefrontal cortex (8%, P = 0.043), primary somatosensory cortex (17.7%, P = 0.002), and caudate putamen (14.5%, P = 0.02) compared to controls while a profound reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining in the striatum was also observed. Alterations in [3H]ketanserin binding in the examined brain areas may represent the specific regions that mediate cognitive dysfunctions via the serotonin system. The downregulation of 5‐HT2A receptor binding in this study also provides indirect evidence for plasticity in the serotonergic system in the rat brains. This study contributes to a better understanding of the critical roles of 5‐HT2A receptors in treating neurodegenerative disorders and implicates 5‐HT2A receptors as a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of PD. Synapse 64:224–230, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sleeping management for scalable topology control in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Yu Rong , Zhang Yan , Gao Ruchao , Song Lingyang 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWireless sensor network (WSN) is an important instrument to realize wireless monitoring and control in various application fields. Energy conservation are crucial for WSNs to prolong the network lifetime. In this paper, we study sleeping management schemes which can efficiently control the network topology and significantly reduce the energy consumption by selectively turning off the radios of abundant sensor nodes. Based on the observation that a Matérn Hard‐core Process (MHP) could thin out evenly distributed nodes from a dense graph, we propose Backbone Energy Efficient Sleeping (BEES) management scheme, whose central idea is to generate and maintain the backbone by simulating MHPs. There are three attractive features of BEES: (i) the backbone size could be conveniently scaled according to the practical requirements; (ii) the backbone is energy efficient in the point of view of packet forwarding (or routing); (iii) the construction of backbone is robust to possible ranging errors, which ensures the feasibility and reliability in practice. Theoretical analysis and simulation experiments are carried out to demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of BEES. Numerical results indicate that, compared with two existing sleeping management schemes, BEES provides about 30% wider range of scalability, consumes about 13% less routing energy, and achieves 11% ∼ 20% longer network lifetime under different traffic loads. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal shifts in giant panda feeding behavior: relationships to bamboo plant part consumption
Authors: Hansen Rachel L. , Carr Meghan M. , Apanavicius Carolyn J. , Jiang Pingping , Bissell Heidi A. , Gocinski Barbara L. , Maury Frances , Himmelreich Marian , Beard Sara , Ouellette John R. , Kouba Andy J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is classified as a carnivore, yet subsists on a diet comprised almost exclusively of bamboo. Wild and captive giant pandas use highly selective foraging behaviors for processing and consuming bamboo. These behaviors are for the first time quantified in captive giant pandas over a 5‐year period of time showing highly specific seasonal trends. Giant panda feeding behavior was recorded using live video observations of two giant pandas housed at the Memphis Zoo from November 2003 to June 2008. Leaf was the primary plant part consumed from June to December, whereas culm was consumed primarily from February to May, with both bears displaying similar seasonal shifts in plant part consumption. From May to June, leaf consumption increased significantly (P‐values<0.001); from June to August, leaf consumption remained high and stable. From December to March, leaf consumption decreased significantly (P‐values<0.001). Specific behaviors for bamboo leaf and culm consumption were also observed. Both bears formed wads of leaves before ingestion while feeding on leaf, but the male employed this feeding behavior more often than the female (54 and 33%, respectively). Both bears used similar culm‐stripping behavior (26 and 25%), used to remove the outer layer and isolate the pith for consumption. This study indicates that unique seasonal foraging behaviors observed in wild pandas are also apparent in captive animals in relation to plant part selectivity and feeding behaviors. Zoo Biol 29:470–483, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermally Induced Isomerization of Trilinolein and Trilinoelaidin at 250 °C: Analysis of Products by Gas Chromatography and Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Christy Alfred A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe products formed by thermally induced isomerization of trilinolein and trilinoelaidin at 250 °C were studied by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. The triglycerides of the 9c12c and 9t12t fatty acids, linoleic and linoelaidic acid respectively, were subjected to thermal treatment under nitrogen in glass. The products were removed at regular intervals and analysed by infrared spectroscopy using a single reflectance attenuated total internal reflectance crystal accessory. Trans‐esterification of the products provided the corresponding fatty acid methyl esters which were studied by gas chromatography. The results show that the samples undergo decomposition and isomerization. Thermally induced 9c12c fatty acid (linoleic acid) molecules in the trilinolein molecules isomerize into 9c12t, 9t12c and 9t12t isomers. Thermally induced 9t12t fatty acid (linoelaidic acid) molecules in the trilinoelaidin molecules isomerize into 9c12t, 9t12c and 9c12c isomers. However, the concentration profiles are different for these two triglyceride samples. The rates of formation of isomers from linoleic acid are higher than the rates of formation of isomers from linoelaidic acid. In addition, these two fatty acids also isomerize into conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs). The profiles of the CLAs are identical in both cases.
Recycling of Aqueous Supernatants in Soybean Oleosome Isolation
Authors: Kapchie Virginie N. , Towa Lili T. , Hauck Catherine , Murphy Patricia A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOleosome extractions from soybean flour typically generate significant quantities of aqueous sucrose‐ and sodium chloride‐rich supernatant which could be recycled. To determine the feasibility of recycling the oleosome process aqueous supernatants, three extraction protocols were evaluated. The first extraction used the original extraction solution, 0.1 M fresh potassium acetate pH 4.6 containing 0.4 M sucrose and 0.5 M NaCl. The second protocol reused the aqueous supernatant obtained from the first extraction. The third protocol reused the aqueous supernatant obtained from the second protocol. Oleosome extraction yields were significantly higher in the first extraction with enzymes (Multifect® Pectinase FE, Multifect® GC, and Multifect® CX B, 1% each, v/w) compared to the yield when the supernatant was reused with no additional enzymes (81.41 ± 2.24 vs. 73.09 ± 3.39%, respectively). Oil yields from oleosome fractions were not statistically different when extractions were made with 0 or 3% enzymes in the third protocol. Protein was the predominant constituent in the supernatant in addition to mineral and carbohydrate. Soybean storage protein profile from recycled supernatants obtained without adding enzyme were similar to a traditional soy protein water extract but with a decrease of intensity of the β‐conglycinin bands. Addition of 3% enzymes in both recycling protocols resulted in the disappearance of the α′ and α subunits of the β‐conglycinin due to a protease contaminant in Multifect® Pectinase FE. Results from this work revealed essential information for a promising possibility of the future industrial application of this technology.
Comparison of the protective effects of steamed and cooked broccolis on ischaemia–reperfusion-induced cardiac injury
Authors: Mukherjee Subhendu , Lekli Istvan , Ray Diptarka , Gangopadhyay Hiranmoy , Raychaudhuri Utpal , Das Dipak K. 
Published: October 2009

Recently, broccoli, a vegetable of the Brassica family, has been found to protect the myocardium from ischaemic reperfusion injury through the redox signalling of sulphoraphane, which is being formed from glucosinolate present in this vegetable. Since cooked broccoli loses most of its glucosinolate, we assumed that fresh broccoli could be a superior cardioprotective agent compared to cooked broccoli. To test this, two groups of rats were fed with fresh (steamed) broccoli or cooked broccoli for 30 d, while a third group was given vehicle only for the same period of time. After 30 d, all the rats were sacrificed, and the isolated working hearts were subjected to 30 min ischaemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Both cooked and steamed broccolis displayed significantly improved post-ischaemic ventricular function and reduced myocardial infarction and cardiomyocyte apoptosis compared to control, but steamed broccoli showed superior cardioprotective abilities compared with the cooked broccoli. Corroborating with these results, both cooked and steamed broccolis demonstrated significantly enhanced induction of the survival signalling proteins including Bcl2, Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, haemoxygenase-1, NFE2 related factor 2, superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and SOD2 and down-regulation of the proteins (e.g. Bax, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) of the death signalling pathway, steamed broccoli displaying superior results over its cooked counterpart. The expressions of proteins of the thioredoxin (Trx) superfamily including Trx1 and its precursor sulphoraphane, Trx2 and Trx reductase, were enhanced only in the steamed broccoli group. The results of the present study documented superior cardioprotective properties of the steamed broccoli over cooked broccoli because of the ability of fresh broccoli to perform redox signalling of Trx.
RISK ANALYSIS OF MAIZE-LEGUME CROP COMBINATIONS WITH SMALLHOLDER FARMERS VARYING IN RESOURCE ENDOWMENT IN CENTRAL MALAWI
Authors: KAMANGA B. C. G. , WADDINGTON S. R. , ROBERTSON M. J. , GILLER K. E. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYUsing farmer resource typologies, adaptability analysis and an on-farm mother and baby trial approach, we evaluated the production risks of alternative maize-legume crop combinations for smallholder farmers in Chisepo, central Malawi between 1998 and 2002. Production benefits and risks of four soil fertility and food legumes, pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), tephrosia (Tephrosia vogelii) and mucuna (Mucuna pruriens), intercropped or rotated with maize, were compared by 32 farmers in 4 farmer resource groups (RGs) of different wealth status. The calculation of lower confidence limits was used to determine the production risk of the crops. Alternative crop technologies presented different risks to farmers of different wealth status, and the degree of risk affected their choice of soil fertility management strategy. The better-resourced farmers (RG 1) had larger yields with all crop combinations than the poorly resourced farmers (RG 4). Legumes integrated with maize significantly (p< 0.001) raised maize grain yields by between 0.5 t ha−1and 3.4 t ha−1, when compared with sole crop unfertilized maize. Fertilized maize was less of a risk for the better-resourced farmers (RG 1 and RG 2), and it yielded well when combined with the legumes. Maize-legume intercrops yielded more and were associated with less risk than the maize-legume rotations. Maize intercropped with pigeonpea was predicted overall to be the least risky technology for all RGs. We conclude that new crop technologies may pose more risk to poorly resourced farmers than to wealthier farmers.
High-Mg potassic rocks in the Balkan segment of the Variscan belt (Bulgaria): implications for the genesis of orogenic lamproite magmas
Authors: BUZZI L. , GAGGERO L. , GROZDANOV L. , YANEV S. , SLEJKO F. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractUltrapotassic plutons from several domains of the Variscan orogenic belt have been in turn interpreted as syn- to post-orogenic due to their age spread, but assessment of their geodynamic setting and source regions is still open to interpretation. In the Svoge region (Bulgaria), at the southern margin of the Balkan orogen, peralkalic plutons are hosted within Ordovician pelites. The main intrusion, with lamproitic affinity, which hosts monzodiorite xenoliths and a polyphase syenite suite, was emplaced at a shallow level.40Ar–39Ar dating by step-heating of amphibole and biotite yielded a Early Carboniferous intrusion age for the main body (337 ± 4 and 339.1 ± 1.6 Ma). The lamproite intrusion is silica-rich compared with bona fide lamproites and characterized by moderate LILE and LaN/YbNenrichments. Sr and Nd isotopic data (initial ϵNdin the range −4.87 to −5.88) suggest an origin in a depleted lithospheric mantle, possibly refertilized by eo-Variscan subduction. The high-K syn-tectonic plutonism in several zones of the Variscan orogen (Bohemian, Austro-Alpine, Vosges, French and Corsica domains) is consistent with a derivation of high-K magmatism from partial melting of metasomatized mantle following the subduction along the collision front between Gondwana and Laurasia.
A new, high precision U–Pb date from the oldest known rocks in southern Britain
Authors: SCHOFIELD D. I. , MILLAR I. L. , WILBY P. R. , EVANS J. A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA new high precision U–Pb zircon age of 710.8 ± 1.5 Ma for granophyric granitic rock from the Stanner Hanter Complex of the Welsh Borderland lies just within error of an older Rb–Sr isochron age. ϵNd values of −0.3 and −1.2 combined withTDMof 1394 Ma and 1468 Ma indicate that the magma incorporated an older crustal source component. The Nd data highlight differences with western Avalonia, the widely considered Late Neoproterozoic north American counterpart to southern Britain, and point toward a closer similarity with other Peri-Gondwanan terranes that incorporate older, cratonic source material.
The United Nations and Antarctica
Authors: Beck Peter J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe United Nations as a body has hitherto shown little interest or involvement in Antarctica. A recently developed campaign, led by several of the developing nations, now aims to involve the international community more closely in the management of the continent and its resources. Argument that Antarctica should be regarded as part of the common heritage of mankind finds little support among Antarctic Treaty nations, who favour continuing management under the treaty system. A nine-hour discussion in the First Committee of the United Nations General Assembly during November 1983 resulted in a resolution on ‘the question of Antarctica’ which the General Assembly adopted unanimously on 15 December; the Secretary-General has been asked to report on ‘all aspects of Antarctica’ in time for further discussion in September 1984.
Whaling in classical Iceland
Authors: Whitaker Ian 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSagas, law texts, court and ecclesiastical manuscripts, the King's Mirror, and later texts of the 17th and 18th centuries provide information on whaling activities in Iceland during the classical period (up to 1300) and later. Most references concern whales washed or driven ashore, rather than hunted in the open sea. Beached whales were clearly regarded as valuable food resources, generating disputes, litigation and other social conflict among the communities of the Icelandic Commonwealth.
Glaciological investigations of surging ice caps in Nordaustlandet, Svalbard, 1983
Authors: Drewry D. J. , Liestøl O. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDuring spring 1983 a joint British-Norwegian expedition from the Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) and the Norsk Polarinstitutt (NP) undertook a programme of glaciological research in the Svalbard archipelago. Work focussed on obtaining airborne radio echo sounding measurements using a newly-constructed digital system and some reconnaissance observations (temperatures, net mass budgets and ice velocities) on the ice caps of Nordaustlandet for the investigation of their surging behaviour. Valley glaciers in Spitsbergen and the ice cap on Kvitøya were also sounded from the air.
Charles Darwin and the Falkland Islands
Authors: Grove Richard 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCharles Darwin's notes, diary entries and letters covering visits to southern South America and the Falkland Islands in 1833 and 1834 throw light on the revolutionary events of the time. His notes also contain the first indication of an evolutionary concept, suggested by the endemic flora and fauna of the Falklands, which guided his later observations on the Galapagos Islands and lead ultimately to his theory of evolution by natural selection.
‘A disastrous affair’; the Franco-British attack on Petropavlovsk, 1854
Authors: Stone I. R. , Crampton R. J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe battle of Petropavlovsk in August/September 1854 was a significant though little known victory for the Russians during the Crimean War. Petropavlovsk, i n Kamchatka, was attacked by a Franco-British naval force intending to destroy Russian ships within the harbour and to render the port unusable as a naval base. Allied plans were disrupted by the death ofthe commander in chief, the British Admiral Price, just before the action was joined. A bombardment on 31 August badly damaged the harbour defences and, if followed up, would probably have resulted in success. After a gap of three days, the allies mounted a landing in the rear of the town which was, after severefighting, repelled by the Russians. After this defeat, the squadron dispersed t o ports on the other side of the Pacific.
Preparatory meetings for the Antarctic Treaty, 1958–59
Authors: Beck Peter J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe personal papers of Admiral Dufek, former Antarctic Projects Officer of the United States Department of Defense, provide insights into the political negotiations (May 1958 to October 1959) that immediately preceded the international Antarctic Conference and prepared the way for the Antarctic Treaty of 1959. The papers, lodged with the University of Syracuse, disclose information hitherto unpublished on the first 26 preparatory meetings, with interesting sidelights recording the attitudes of the 12 governments taking part in the discussions, and showing the origins of the draft treaty from which the Antarctic Treaty evolved.
Profile: Thomas Crean
Authors: Hallock Judith Lee 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBorn in Annascaul, Ireland in 1877, Thomas Crean enlisted in the Royal Navy in 1893 and was serving in New Zealand when Scott's British National Antarctic Expedition passed through en route for McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. As an AB in Discovery he gained experience which he later put to good use in two further British expeditions, Scott's British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, in which he sledged to the polar plateau, and Shackleton's Imperial Tran-Antarctic (Endurance) Expedition, in which he was given charge of the dog teams, drifted on the pack ice of the Weddell Sea and took part in the epic open-boat journey to South Georgia.
Antarctic marine ecosystem management
Authors: Butterworth Douglas S. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis article describes a framework within which an initial strategy could be developed for managing commercial exploitation of marine living resources of the Southern Ocean, particularly of krill and fish, in accordance with Article II of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). Quantitative predictions involving multi–species models are needed to assess any indirect impacts of fish or krill exploitation, and also for management to restore depleted populations. This article recommends research to provide the knowledge necessary for the models (identifying key species, estimating their demographic status, and experimental interference), and suggests interim management action to delimit management areas, agree target levels for stock–size, and monitor stocks. Early efforts to model the fishing operation are particularly recommended.
British-Russian rivalry and the search for the Northwest Passage in the early 19th century
Authors: Gough Barry M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTBritish-Russian rivalry along the North Pacific littoral after 1815 was at once an extension of 18th century ambitions, commercial and geopolitical, and an enlargement of the interests of both nations in the existence of a Northwest Passage. John Barrow in Britain and Adam John von Krusenstern in Russia exhibited the opposing yet complementary interests of the two powers. British Admiralty activities resulted partly from a fear of Russian pre-emption, partly from ambitions for territorial and commercial aggrandizement. The Russian government supported the Russian American Company, and consolidated its overseas empire in Alaska. This paper describes die maritime activities and plans of both nations concerning the North Pacific and Northwest Passage, explaining political and territorial ambitions of the two powers that underlay the exploration, and their expansion of territorial empire and commerce in this area.