bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La privatisation en Europe de l'Est
Authors: Bornstein Morris 
Published: December 2010

La réforme économique en Europe de l'Est comporte cinq grands axes : ajustement macroéconomique, introduction du système de marché, restructuration, insertion au sein de l'économie mondiale et privatisation, qui ont tous été présents, à un degré ou un autre, dans les réformes économiques des pays moins développés. Cependant, la privatisation a un rôle particulièrement important à jouer dans la transition de l'Europe de l'Est (qui recouvre essentiellement ici la Hongrie, la Pologne, la RFTS, la Bulgarie et la Roumanie) d'une économie socialiste centralement planifiée à une économie capitaliste régulée par le marché. C'est pourquoi l'auteur met l'accent sur la privatisation dans les réformes est-européennes.
La première partie est consacrée à une analyse théorique et empirique des principaux aspects de la privatisation. Dans la seconde, est examiné le rapport entre la privatisation et les quatre autres grands axes de la réforme économique. La troisième partie présente la synthèse des résultats obtenus ainsi que des comparaisons avec les processus de privatisation dans d'autres régions du globe.
La réforme économique radicale en Russie : bilan de la première étape
Authors: Korovkine Vladimir 
Published: December 2010

Radical economic reform in Russia : an assessment of the first stage.
Since 1985, there has been a succession of economic reforms in Russia, from straightforward repair of the traditional system to programmes of a distinctly more ambitious nature. As a result of indecisiveness on the part of the authorities, and the drive for independence on the part of the federated republics, hope for a comprehensive economic reform in the USSR have evaporated. In all, these various attempts brought about a noticeable deterioration in the situation, and it was only after the coup was averted, in August 1991, that it became possible to introduce real changes.
The most radical reform was initiated in Russia. Currency stabilization was the first aim of the programme adopted by the Russian government in December 1991. After describing the three aspects of the programme (liberalization of prices, balancing the budget, and a restrictive financial policy), the author criticizes its implementation, and takes a somewhat pessimistic view. He has similar reservations about the reorganization of the country's economic structures which, as far as the Russian authorities were concerned, was confined to privatization, increasing the efficiency of State enterprises, and the setting up of new private firms. The author, in his conclusion, speculates about the contradictions and perspectives of the reform, and considers that the chances for the development of a western-style economy in Russia are highly uncertain.
Libéralisation, changements structurels et chute de la production dans les économies en transition
Authors: Linotte Daniel 
Published: December 2010

Liberalization, structural changes and the fall in output in transition economies.
Following the interpretation of the fall in output in transition economies provided by other scholars, we propose a new explanation based on a simple (graphical) general equilibrium model, which distinguishes the Marxian sector I (producing equipment, intermediates, raw materials and defense related output), from sector II (namely light industry, agriculture and services), which produces mainly consumer goods. We also relate the dynamics of output to critical policy issues (social welfare, « shock therapy » versus gradualism, East- West trade, labour markets).
Chronique d'une métamorphose. II (1990)
Authors: Pianelli Dominique 
Published: December 2010

Après le cyclone politique de 1989, le cheminement des pays de l'Est de l'Europe se personnalise. A l'est et à l'ouest de l'Europe centrale, certains acceptent déjà, à des degrés divers, de payer le prix économique du post-communisme politique.
Deux processus originaux de « sortie du bloc » marquent l'année 1990, l'un politique avec l'inexorable rapprochement des deux Allemagnes, l'autre économique avec un premier plan d'ajustement « de choc », lancé par la Pologne. Cette seconde chronique leur est entièrement consacrée.
L'essence des transformations politiques et constitutionnelles dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale
Authors: Granat Miroslaw 
Published: December 2010

The essence of political and constitutional change in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
Poland, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Czechoslovakia, every one of these Central European countries has undergone changes. These changes, at varying rates of development, have contributed to the removal of the last vestiges of the second world war. A study of the rate of change is less rewarding than an examination of the nature and extent of the changes. Certain common denominators in the position of these countries may be noted :
- Abolition of the dominant, monopolistic role of the communist party, the collapse of the political régime in socialist countries being an inevitable concomitant of this process.
- The reorganization of governmental institutions, or by what process is a state administrative and hierarchical structure, having no answerabihty to society, transformed into a parliamentary democracy ?
- Elections : the Spring of 1990 was the period of free elections and the constitution of parliamentary assemblies in the majority of Eastern European countries. At the same time, one should distinguish between free elections and democratic elections.
- The appearance of juridical and ideological premises for the construction and reconstruction of civil society. Political and constitutional changes are vulnerable and easily reversed if not underpinned by reform of the economic system.
Le rôle du chef de l'État en période de transition
Authors: Lesage Michel 
Published: December 2010

The rôle of the Head of State during a period of transition.
There are two main paths taken by a country in transition : the democratic path, i.e. free elections and a multi-party system, and that of the market economy, in other words an economic system based on exchanges between the participants, and no longer on administrative décisions. In all those countries of Central and Eastern Europe which are in a state of transition, regulation of the newly introduced political system is entrusted to a head of state, elected by a parliament or by a popular vote, whose powers vary in their scope, depending on the country in question. What are the essential functions of a head of state in a period of democratic transition ? What should be his powers, and how should his responsibilities be brought into play ? These are the questions which the author sets out to answer, alternately studying situations which are normal, and those which are exceptional. He bases himself on experience already acquired in the countries in question, which he compares with that of France under the Fifth Republic.
Réforme constitutionnelle et administrative en Hongrie
Authors: Lorincz Lajos 
Published: December 2010

Constitutional and administrative reform in Hungary.
The particular nature of the political changes in Hungary might be described as the way in which the various stages of evolution of the political regime have almost imperceptibly merged into each other. So much so that certain observers are still in doubt about the precise dating of the change. The Hungarian constitution evolved through a succession of changes. However, the latest of these, which took place on 23rd October, 1989, and the elections of Spring 1990 which followed, mark a key date in the evolution of the political system. This new régime, whose characteristics are studied by the present author, was reluctant to invest the President of the Republic with over-dominant powers, and decided to give the Prime Minister a key role m the Republic, like the German chancellor. Will the 1994 elections result in a sufficiently large majority to start a move for the adoption of a new Constitution ? Past experience shows that, were this not to happen, repercussions on the political and constitutional front would not be too serious.
Les problèmes institutionnels de la transition en Tchécoslovaquie
Authors: Svoboda Karel 
Published: December 2010

Institutional problems of transition in Czechoslovakia.
In this three-part study, the author first of all looks at the problems attending the transition of the institutions, the political, economic and social structures of a totalitarian Czechoslovakia to a regime of parliamentary democracy and a market economy, after the fall of the communist regime in Novembrer 1989. He then goes on to study the development of discussions on the future of the upper tier of Czechoslovak federal institutions and the form they will take in the new Constitution : the function and powers of the President of the Republic, of parliament and the government, and their respective relationships within a democratic state.
Despite the parliamentary elections of June 1992, which set the seal on the division of the Czechoslovak federation into two independent states, many of the conclusions of these discussions on the institutional future of the federation have been used in the working-out of the Constitution of the Czech Republic, which was adopted at the end of 1992, and came into force on the 1st January, 1993.
L'institution du chef de l'État en Serbie et en Yougoslavie
Authors: Nikolic Pavle 
Published: December 2010

The office of head of State in Serbia and in Yugoslavia.
Responsibility for the main initiatives in the Yugoslav crisis may be attributed to the Republic's Presidency, but the behaviour of those holding office, the nature of their office, and the decisive influence exerted upon it by the Republics, have indubitably contributed to the inability of this body to find an effective solution to the crisis. The institution of head of State in Yugoslavia was not only novel, but also, and above all, incompatible with the concept of federal organization. The terms of reference of the Yugoslav presidency, the method by which its members are elected, and its relations with the national assembly give it, in effect, a dominant position, which is totally opposed to the principle of government by assembly established by the Yugoslav Constitution, but at the same time render it powerless. From another point of view, constitutional recognition of wide powers accorded to the head of State carries the risk of an excessive personalization of power.
Présentation
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Dorota 
Published: December 2010

Poland's "Little Constitution". An introduction.
After a survey of Polish constitutional history since 1952, the author recalls the circumstances leading to, and then surrounding, the adoption of the Constitutional law of 17th October, 1992, the so-called "Little Constitution". There follows a brief analysis of the good and bad points of this compromise texte, whose aim was to order and to regulate relations among the top organs of the State. The article is followed by the translation into French of the complete text of the "Little Constitution".
Différences économiques régionales, transition et politiques de stabilisation en Russie
Authors: Sapir Jacques 
Published: December 2010

Regional economic differences, transition and policies of stabilization in Russia.
This article sees the problem of regional differentiation of the Russian economy as a consequence of transition and the macro-economic policies which have been in operation since January 1992. Following an appraisal of the macro-economic context, the article deals with the regional evolution and dispersion of revenue, both actual and nominal. There follows an examination of the evolution of supply, in its regional aspect, with particular attention to agricultural and industrial production, and likewise distribution. Finally, the article tackles the problem of regional variations in privatization policy.
Empirical data enable the observer to estimate the country's present drift toward economic and possibly political collapse. A reinterpretation of the economic policies which have been in force since the beginning of 1992 thus becomes possible. So it appears that the freeing of prices, together with a sharp reduction in budgetary outgoings, did much to hasten these underlying tendencies.
Les régions russes du « Centre-Terres noires » : des pouvoirs locaux en transition ou en opposition ?
Authors: Gazier Anne 
Published: December 2010

The Russian « Central-Black Earth » regions : are local authorities in a state of transition or opposition ?
More than a year after the failure of the coup in August 1991, what kind of authority has been established in Russia ? Study of the development of local authority in five neighbouring regions, belonging to the same economic zone, the « Central-Black Earth » region, highlights an astonishing state of continuity. Indeed, despite the establishment of new local institutions, considered to be democratic, and the implementation of liberally inspired economic reforms, it appears that power in these regions has, with the connivance of the Centre, remained essentially in the hands of members of the former nomenklatura. Furthermore, the exercise of this power is shown to be very strongly marked by use of the authoritarian methods and modes of action which characterized the Soviet system.
Théories du rapport salarial et question de la transition dans les économies de type soviétique (E.T.S.) : bilan et perspectives
Authors: Dieuaide Patrick , Motamed-Nejad Ramine 
Published: December 2010

Theories on the wage relationship, and the problem of transition in Soviet-type economies (STE) : appraisal and future prospects.
The purpose of the article is to consider how effective the concept of wage relationship may be as a gauge for measuring the dynamics of the crisis, and the recent changes, affecting Soviet-type economies (STE). At the outset, the authors show that what the various attempts at regulation of the wage relarionship have in common is a view of this concept as a structural invariant. Then, following a different track, they sketch an interpretation of the transition of the STE as revolving round the idea of socialization. For this purpose, they argue that enterprises must play a part in the formation of social relationships themselves. From there, they touch upon a study of the wage relationship in the wider context of an analysis of the market mechanisms governing enterprise decisions and attitudes. This problem is based on the idea that circulation of use values must be taken into account not only as an alternative mode to the Plan in the decentralized co-ordination of economic activities, but also as the mode of evaluating the product of these various activities. In their conclusion, they show how credit plays a crucial preliminary role in decentralizing trade and production decisions.
A la recherche de la firme post­communiste : droits de propriété et débureaucratisation
Authors: Deffains Bruno 
Published: December 2010

In search of the post-communist firm : property rights and debureaucra- tization.
In countries which are in transition to a market economy, a widereaching movement in the transfer of property rights is at present in progress. This movement is partly based on a free distribution of coupons which are ultimately exchanged for shares in privatized firms. The principles underlying an operation of this kind assume that a shareowning public is the ideal medium for the transition to capitalism, and that it is possible for enterprises to be privatized before they are restructured. What is really at stake is privatization of the economy by enabling the private sector to achieve progressive dominance of the economy. Privatizations of State enterprises seem a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition. Above all, what Eastern Europe urgently needs is genuine entrepreneurs and good lawyers. Moves to privatize must be accompanied by effective demonopolization and debureaucratization of economic activities. It is also advisable to establish institutional guidelines which are simple but favourable to the expansion of private enterprise in a commercial context. It is the new enterprises which will be required to be the principal sources of economic growth in the long term, and not the privatized remnants of State firms. Special attention should be paid to commercial law, contract law and the kind of legislation governing competition which theses firms will be facing. While the authorities certainly have a part to play in laying down such guide-lines, there is a danger that efforts at privatization, carried out in a technocratic manner, could in fact increase the economic weight of a State which is already politically weakened, without solving the problems of management and efficiency that are associated with State enterprises.
La restructuration agraire dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale
Authors: Blotnicki Laurence 
Published: December 2010

Restructuring of agriculture in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
Agricultural policy in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe has entered upon a qualitatively new phase, inevitably caught up in the major sweep of the transition from planned to market economy. Beyond the change in the economic environment, the reform in agriculture has relied upon the priority accorded to privatization, seen as a guarantee of change in micro-economic attitudes, and greater efficiency in resource allocation. The process begun in 1991 turns out to be much more slow and difficult to implement then was foreseen. As in the case of industry, privatization has encountered a multiplicity of difficulties, certain of which seem even to be aggravated by the specific nature of the agricultural sector. The peasant world, eliminated as a class by the former regime, is not prepared to operate this change. The economic context in which the change is set only serves to worsen the situation. All the indications are that the process will require many years yet before these countries see the development of a new agricultural model.
Chronique d'une métamorphose. III. (1990-1991)
Authors: Pianelli Dominique 
Published: December 2010

Chronicles of a metamorphosis. Ill (1990-1991).
This chronicle is wholly concerned with the end of the USSR, from the loss of control, which set in at the end of 1989, until the rise to power of Russia, which swiftly asserted its dominance, not without clashes with the federal authorities, then progressively acquired the economic means to support this dominance, and finally in December 1991 took the place of the USSR (now the CIS) at the UNO, under the title of the Federation of Russia, having divested itself of its soviet socialist attributes.
Les protestants en Russie
Authors: Podberezskij Igor V. 
Published: December 2010

Après avoir replacé le protestantisme dans le contexte actuel de " renouveau religieux " en Russie et tenté d'en apprécier le poids relatif, l'auteur examine les relations entre les diverses dénominations protestantes ainsi que celles entretenues avec l'orthodoxie, l'État et le protestantisme à l'étranger.
Il apparaît ainsi que la dénomination la plus nombreuse en Russie, celle des chrétiens evangéliques-baptistes (auxquels les Russes ont tendance à assimiler tous les protestants) rencontre de sérieuses oppositions, dans son aspiration à l'union et à l'œcuménisme, de la part de forces centrifuges. L'ensemble du courant protestant lui- même voit ses relations avec l'orthodoxie se dégrader depuis 1988, la polémique concernant les questions théologiques et sociologiques ainsi que les notions de russité et de patriotisme. Les relations avec l'État, quant à elles, s'améliorent, sous l'influence notamment de la loi de 1990 sur la liberté des cultes, mais son application n'est pas sans susciter certaines inquiétudes. Enfin, l'élargissement de la coopération entre mouvements protestants en Occident et en Russie a permis aux seconds de développer leurs activités.
L'auteur conclut son étude en soulignant que, même si une certaine hostilité à l'égard des protestants ne faiblit pas, la Russie connaît aujourd'hui, au plan religieux, une situation de tolérance générale qui permet à chaque confession de s'exprimer librement.
Les cultes orientaux et la nouvelle religiosité en Russie
Authors: Agadjanian Alexandre 
Published: December 2010

Les adeptes des cultes orientaux et les personnes intéressées par la spiritualité orientale forment un pourcentage très faible de la population russe et sont avant tout présents dans les milieux urbains et instruits. Les cultes orientaux occupent néanmoins une place importante dans le paysage religieux dans la mesure où ils attirent les jeunes et représentent cette nouvelle religiosité dont l'étude pourrait contribuer à une analyse plus générale des formes de spiritualité de la Russie contemporaine.
L'étude, basée sur l'observation directe de sept communautés moscovites et des entretiens approfondis avec leaders et adeptes, permet de cerner certains aspects du contexte socio-religieux russe actuel. Elle révèle les conséquences de la chute dramatique de l'ordre symbolique ancien en 1989-1992 et de l'émergence d'une Grenzsitua- tion, caractérisée par une population désorientée et une crise profonde des identités individuelles : repli sur l'individu et la vie privée ; développement du non-conformisme ; et souci du transcendantal se marquant par une opposition au vide spirituel du communisme, au pragmatisme ambiant et à la dépersonnalisation. Les réactions sont diverses selon les individus. Les " chercheurs de sens " notamment se tournent plus fréquemment vers le religieux, qu'il s'agisse de l'orthodoxie (religion traditionnelle de la Russie) ou de nouvelles formes de religiosité, perçues comme un " ailleurs ", un " autre " et présentant, de ce fait, de nombreux attraits. Ce choix a des racines tant cognitives que socio-culturelles. Mais, progressivement, le non-conformisme initial tend à laisser la place à une nouvelle religiosité institutionnalisée.
Les premiers pas de la privatisation en Bulgarie
Authors: Keremidtchiev Spartak 
Published: December 2010

Privatization in Bulgaria : the first steps.
Although widely held, the belief that privatization has not yet began in Bulgaria does not fit the facts. In certain sectors, such as housing, it can be seen as having been completed, while in matters relating to the land, it has been progressing gradually since the middle of 1991. If one adds to this instances of " secret " and " illegal " transfers of state property into private hands, it is obvious that privatization in Bulgaria has not followed a steady, straight course, but that the overall picture shows all the colourful details of an economy in transition. A sectoral approach to the question is the most suitable, because it permits an in-depth appreciation of the various component factors without the risk of underestimating their relationship to the global problem. The purpose of the present article is to show the state of the privatization process, the questions which arise, and what solutions are possible, while briefly touching upon the basic problems of privatization in the various sectors.
Les déséquilibres à géométrie variable dans les économies en transition : le cas roumain
Authors: Daianu Daniel 
Published: December 2010

The changing mix of (dis)equilibria in transforming economies : the case of Romania.
The stabilization and transformation policy in Romania after December 1989 is studied in this paper from the point of view of (dis)equilibrium. Part one refers to (dis)equilibria in general, and is followed by an attempt to define an optimal mix between external and internal disequilibrium, the latter seen in a broad sense. Part three presents the forced adjustment of the balance of payments in Romania in the 1980s as a prologue to the analysis of transformation policy. Results and dilemmas of stabilization policy during the first three years of transformation in post-communist Romania (till the end of 1 992) are presented in section four. The next part is devoted to (dis)equilibria in transforming economies by providing some insights into this problématique. The paper ends with concluding remarks.