bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidative Carbonylierungen: Organometallverbindungen (RM) oder Kohlenwasserstoffe (RH) als Nucleophile
Authors: Liu Qiang , Zhang Hua , Lei Aiwen 
Published: September 2011

AbstractOxidative Carbonylierungen haben in den letzten Jahren ein breites Interesse geweckt, und insbesondere die Synthese von Carbonat‐ und Harnstoffderivaten durch oxidative Carbonylierung von Alkoholen und Aminen wurde intensiv untersucht. Eine neuartige Entwicklung ist die direkte Verwendung von Organometallverbindungen (RM) und Kohlenwasserstoffen (RH) als Nucleophile zum Aufbau einer C‐C‐Bindung in oxidativen Carbonylierungen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz stellt diese neue Art der oxidativen Carbonylierung vor.
Structural properties of DNA oligomers containing (GACX)n and (GAXC)n tandem repeats
Authors: Dasgupta Indrani , Gao Xiaolian , Fox George E. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe antisense DNA sequence of mature mouse micro RNA, miR341, includes three repeats of the tetranucleotide (GACC). The ‐GAC‐ repeat is known to form a parallel duplex, in acidic environments. The thermal melting profile of miR341 DNA, at pH 4, 5, and 6 indicates the formation of a very stable structure, which loses its stability when pH is increased. Thus, the addition of a cytosine at the 3′ end of the (GAC) motif preserves the molecule's potential to fold into an unusual structure at low pH. The effect of modifying the nucleotide composition of the GACC sequence on the secondary structures formed by oligomers containing seven tandem repeats of the altered motifs was examined here. UV melting profiles were determined, as a function of pH, for 28‐mers of the two series (GAXC)7 and (GACX)7 (X= A/C/T/G). The sequence (GACC)7 was found to be extremely sensitive to pH variations, with a stable structure formed at pH 5 (Tm ≥ 60°C). NMR spectroscopy established that the low pH structure is not B‐DNA. (GACA)7 and (GACT)7 also formed stable structures at low pH but the addition of guanine at the 3′end, as seen in the (GACG) series resulted in the loss of this property. Introducing a break in the 5′‐GAC‐3′ motif, explored in the (GAXC) series, also inhibits formation of stable structures under acidic conditions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97: 155–164, 2012.
Effects of Aromatics on the Stability and Product Distribution of the Methanol to Olefin Process
Authors: Zhang S.‐H. , Gao Z.‐X. , Liu S.‐Y. , Han Y.‐Z. , Zhao Y.‐S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMethanol to olefin process was investigated over a steam‐treated Ca‐ZSM‐5 catalyst in a flow‐type fixed bed reactor by adding aromatics to the methanol feed. As a comparison, the catalytic performance in the presence of nitrogen and water was also investigated. The experimental results exhibit that in the presence of aromatics, the total light olefin selectivity and the ethylene selectivity increased, while propylene selectivity increased with adding o‐xylene and m‐xylene to the methanol feed, but decreased with adding benzene, toluene, p‐xylene and ethylbenzen to the methanol feed. The catalyst was characterized by temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia, N2 adsorption, and scanning electron microscope. The adsorption of water and aromatics on the catalyst was also studied. Based on the results, it is concluded that aromatics may be responsible for the formation of light olefins and be more favorable for ethylene than propylene in methanol conversion.
Advances in Organic Liquid‐Gas Chemical Heat Pumps
Authors: Cai J. , Li X. , Tao Y. , Huai X. , Guo Z. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCompared with inorganic chemical heat pumps (CHPs), organic liquid‐gas CHPs are more amenable to be run as a continuous process because the reactants and products can be fed or removed continuously. Therefore, increasing attention has been paid to investigations of CHPs using the organic liquid‐gas reaction system. Relevant research topics involved reaction catalyst, chemical reaction kinetics, reactive distillation, energy efficiency evaluation, economic analysis, etc. Nevertheless, the research on an organic liquid‐gas CHP system is still in the elementary stage. A detailed review on the current research status of catalyst‐assisted CHPs employing an organic liquid‐gas reaction system has been performed. Existing problems are identified and future research directions are proposed.
Macrocyclic Multicenter Complexes of Nickel and Copper of Increasing Complexity
Authors: Małecka Joanna , Lewandowska Urszula , Kamiński Radosław , Mames Iwona , Więckowska Agnieszka , Bilewicz Renata , Korybut‐Daszkiewicz Bohdan , Woźniak Krzysztof 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMulticenter (bi‐, tri‐, and tetranuclear) tetraazamacrocyclic complexes were self‐assembled from Ni and Cu tetraazamacrocyclic mononuclear units and α,ω‐diamines as building blocks. The structures of all compounds studied were proved by spectroscopic methods (ESI MS and NMR spectroscopy). Electrochemical experiments revealed reversible one‐electron electrode processes at each of the Ni2+ and Cu2+ centers with formation of metal cations in oxidation state +3. Long linkers allow bi‐ and trinuclear complexes with noninteracting metal centers to be obtained. In the case of the short linkers (e.g. ethylenediamine) higher, trinuclear species are formed as major product. The structures of the bis‐ and tris‐macrocyclic systems were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The tris‐macrocyclic systems form cations in the shape of triangles partially filled with counterions and solvent molecules. The cations form positively charged layers, which interact in the crystal lattice with the neighboring negatively charged layers of anions. In solution, the trinuclear complexes exhibit strong host–guest interactions with 9,10‐dimethyltriptycene due to complementarity of shape and size of this guest molecule. The association constants were determined by NMR spectroscopy and voltammetry, and very good agreement was obtained. The structural flexibility of the tetranuclear complex with long linkers allows for attractive interactions between the metal‐complexing macrocycles that result in folding of the molecule. On the contrary, no folding is possible in the case of short linkers consisting of two CH2 groups.
New silica monolith bonded chiral (R)‐γ butyrolactone for enantioselective micro high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Ghanem Ashraf , Ikegami Tohru , Tanaka Nobuo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA single low‐molecular mass chiral selector namely (R)‐acryloyloxy‐β‐β‐dimethyl‐γ‐butyrolactone has been bonded to a modified silica‐based monolith to form a new brush‐type chiral stationary phase for micro‐high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A View through the Cost Binocular: Use of Flow Analysis to Assess and Improve Chemical Production Processes
Authors: Bode Andreas , Bürkle Jochen , Hoffner Bernhard , Wisniewski Thomas 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEine zentrale Aufgabe der Verfahrensentwicklung und ‐optimierung ist die Identifikation von Verfahrensalternativen mit reduzierten Produkt‐Herstellkosten. Der Artikel befasst sich mit grundlegenden Aspekten der strombezogenen Analyse. Die Material‐ und Energiestromanalyse wird durch Kostenstromanalyse ergänzt und auf verfahrenstechnische Prozesse angewendet. Anhand eines Beispiels wird gezeigt, dass die Methode der Kostenzuordnung zu denjenigen Strömen, die einen Produktionsschritt verlassen (Allokation), die Erkennbarkeit von Einsparpotenzialen beeinflusst. Eine vertiefte Untersuchung der Zusammenhänge mit dem Ziel einer besseren Durchdringung und Ableitung von Empfehlungen für die Praxis ist sinnvoll.
Pyrolo[1,2:4,5]‐1,4‐dioxopyrazino[1,2:1,6]pyrido[3,4‐b]indoles: A Group of Urokinase Inhibitors, their Synthesis, and Stereochemistry‐Dependent Activity
Authors: Liu Jiawang , Wang Yuji , Yang Yifan , Jiang Xueyun , Zhao Ming , Wang Wenjing , Wu Guofeng , Wu Jianhui , Zheng Meiqing , Peng Shiqi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAntifibrinolytic agents are required during complex surgeries to decrease bleeding; their pro‐thrombotic potency and efficacy in causing hemostasis has attracted much attention. To discover new inhibitors of urokinase with high selectivity for antifibrinolytic effects over pro‐thrombotic effects, the 12‐position of (5aS,12S,14aS)‐ and (5aS,12R,14aS)‐5,14‐dioxo‐1,2,3,5,5a,6,11, 12,14,14a‐decahydro‐5H,14H‐pyrolo[1,2:4,5]pyrazino[1,2:1,6]pyrido[3,4‐b]indoles were modified with L‐Ala, L‐Asp, L‐Phe, L‐Trp, L‐Lys, L‐Ser, Gly, and L‐Leu to provide 16 (5aS,12S,14aS) and (5aS,12R,14aS) derivatives. In a murine bleeding model, the (5aS,12S,14aS) derivatives containing L‐Ala, L‐Asp, L‐Phe, and L‐Trp induced blood coagulation for the treated mice; they also stimulated thrombus formation in a rat thrombosis model, but the other derivatives inhibited thrombosis. The most potent compound, the L‐Asp derivative, showed a good therapeutic window: the minimum effective dose for coagulation was <1 nmol kg−1, whereas at 10 nmol kg−1, no pro‐thrombotic effect was observed. This type of coagulation action was correlated with a mechanism of urokinase inhibition, and these results could lead to the discovery of novel urokinase inhibitors.
A Comparison of Linear and Cyclic Peptoid Oligomers as Potent Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Huang Mia Lace , Shin Sung Bin Y. , Benson Meredith A. , Torres Victor J. , Kirshenbaum Kent 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe investigated the antimicrobial activities of N‐substituted glycine “peptoid” oligomers incorporating cationic and hydrophobic side chains. Head‐to‐tail macrocyclization was employed to enhance antimicrobial activity. Both linear and cyclic peptoids, ranging from six to ten residues, demonstrate potent antimicrobial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. These peptoids do not cause significant lysis of human erythrocytes, indicating selective antimicrobial activity. Conformational ordering established upon macrocyclization is generally associated with an enhanced capacity to inhibit bacterial cell growth. Moreover, increased hydrophobic surface area also plays a role in improving antimicrobial activity. We demonstrate the potency of a cyclic peptoid in exerting antimicrobial activity against clinical strains of S. aureus while deterring the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
Is public communication about end‐of‐life care helping to inform all? Cancer news coverage in African American versus mainstream media
Authors: Fishman Jessica M. , Ten Have Thomas , Casarett David 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Because cancers are a leading cause of death, these diseases receive a great deal of news attention. However, because news media frequently target specific racial or ethnic audiences, some populations may receive different information, and it is unknown whether reporting equally informs all audiences about the options for care at the end of life. This study of news reporting compared “mainstream” (general market) media with African American media, which serves the largest minority group. The specific goal of this study was to determine whether these news media communicate differently about cure‐directed cancer treatment and end‐of‐life alternatives.METHODS:This content analysis included 660 cancer news stories from online and print media that targeted either African American or mainstream audiences. The main outcome measures included whether reporting discussed adverse events of cancer treatment, cancer treatment failure, cancer death/dying, and end‐of‐life palliative or hospice care.RESULTS:Unadjusted and adjusted analyses indicated that the news stories in the African American media are less likely than those in mainstream media to discuss each of the topics studied. Comparing the proportions of news stories in mainstream versus African American media, 31.6% versus 13.6% discussed adverse events (odds ratio [OR], 2.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51‐5.66; P = .001); 14.1% versus 4.2% mentioned treatment failure (OR, 3.79; 95% CI, 1.45‐9.88; P = .006); and 11.9% versus 3.8% focused on death/dying (OR, 3.42; 95% CI, 1.39‐8.38; P = .007). Finally, although very few news stories discussed end‐of‐life hospice or palliative care, all were found in mainstream media (7/396 vs 0/264).CONCLUSION:The African American news media sampled are less likely than mainstream news media to portray negative cancer outcomes and end‐of‐life care. Given media's segmented audiences, these findings raise concerns that not all audiences are being informed equally well. Because media content is modifiable, there may be opportunities to improve public cancer communication. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Improvement in the routine screening of cervical smears
Authors: Tavares Suelene Brito Nascimento , Alves de Sousa Nadja L. , Manrique Edna J. C. , Pinheiro de Albuquerque Zair B. , Zeferino Luiz C. , Amaral Rita G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground:High rates of false‐negative results constitute a routine problem in cytology laboratories. Of currently available internal quality control methods, 10% random review is the least effective in detecting false‐negatives in routine screening. There is evidence that 100% rapid review and rapid prescreening perform well for this purpose. This study compared the performance of rapid prescreening and 100% rapid review as internal quality control methods for cervical cytology exams.Methods:Over 27 months, 12,208 cervical cytology smears were submitted to rapid prescreening and routine screening. The 100% rapid review method was performed on all smears classified as negative or unsatisfactory at routine screening. Conflicting results obtained with either method were reviewed in detail to define final diagnosis, which was considered the gold standard for evaluating the performance of rapid prescreening and 100% rapid review.Results:Compared with final diagnosis, the sensitivity of routine screening and rapid prescreening was 72.9% and 75.6%, respectively. Considering only smears classified as negative or unsatisfactory at routine screening, the sensitivity of rapid prescreening and 100% rapid review was 90.2% and 57,0%, respectively. Of 244 cases (2.0%) of false‐negative results at routine screening, rapid prescreening identified 220 cases (1.80%), whereas 100% rapid review identified 140 (1.15%). Rapid prescreening detected all cases of HSIL identified as false‐negatives.Conclusions:Rapid prescreening is more effective than 100% rapid review for the detection of false‐negatives at routine screening, thus providing subsidies for the performance of cervical cytology, the principal function of which is to detect precursor lesions of cervical cancer. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Differential sensitivity of specific neuronal populations of the rat hypothalamus to prolactin action
Authors: Sapsford Tony J. , Kokay Ilona C. , Östberg Lovisa , Bridges Robert S. , Grattan David R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractProlactin stimulates dopamine release from neuroendocrine dopaminergic (NEDA) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) to maintain low levels of serum prolactin. Elevated prolactin levels during pregnancy and lactation may mediate actions in other hypothalamic regions such as the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and rostral preoptic area (rPOA). We predicted that NEDA neurons would be more sensitive prolactin targets than neurons in other regions because they are required to regulate basal prolactin secretion. Moreover, differences in the accessibility of the ARC to prolactin in blood may influence the responsiveness of this population. Therefore, we compared prolactin‐induced signaling in different hypothalamic neuronal populations following either systemic or intracerebroventricular (icv) prolactin administration. Phosphorylation of the signal transduction factor, STAT5 (pSTAT5), was used to identify prolactin‐responsive neurons. In response to systemic prolactin, pSTAT5‐labeled cells were widely observed in the ARC but absent from the rPOA and PVN. Many of these responsive cells in the ARC were identified as NEDA neurons. The lowest icv prolactin dose (10 ng) induced pSTAT5 in the ARC, but with higher doses (>500 ng) pSTAT5 was detected in numerous regions, including the rPOA and PVN. NEDA neurons were maximally labeled with nuclear pSTAT5 in response to 500 ng prolactin and appeared to be more sensitive than dopaminergic neurons in the rPOA. Subpopulations of oxytocin neurons in the hypothalamus were also found to be differentially sensitive to prolactin. These data suggest that differences in the accessibility of the arcuate nucleus to prolactin, together with intrinsic differences in the NEDA neurons, may facilitate homeostatic feedback regulation of prolactin release. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1062–1077, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solvatochromic Effects on the Photoinduced Charge‐Transfer States in Donor–Acceptor Substituted Polydioctylfluorenes
Authors: Richards Caryl E. , Phillips Richard T. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPolymer morphology affects quantum efficiency. The influence of polymer morphology on the emission from charge transfer states within donor–acceptor (D–A) polydioctylfluorene derivatives is investigated. Two D–A copolymers, comprising one‐ and two‐electron‐donating triphenylamines substituted into the electron‐accepting dioctylfluorene repeat unit were studied. Time‐resolved emission spectra (with a resolution of 330 fs) in both liquid and glass phase isolate nuclear relaxation to the large‐amplitude motion of the triphenylamine moiety about the single bond, analogous to the twisted intramolecular charge‐transfer (TICT) model. The charge separation in the polymers′ emitting states is therefore increased, suggesting a potential approach to enhance quantum efficiency in devices otherwise limited by exciton recombination.
Thermal degradation characteristics of oil‐filled cable joint with extremely degraded tan δ oil
Authors: Ide Kenichi , Nakade Masahiko , Takahashi Tohru , Nakajima Takenori 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMuch of oil‐filled (OF) cable has been used for a long time as 66‐ to 500‐kV extrahigh‐voltage cable. Sometimes we can see extremely degraded tan δ oil (several tens of percent of tan δ, for example) in joint boxes, etc. The values of tan δ calculated by a simple combination model of paper/oil show that the oil‐impregnated paper with such a high tan δ oil likewise has an extremely high tan δ, which must result in thermal breakdown. However, such an event has not taken place up to the present in actually operated transmission lines. This fact suggests that some mechanism for the suppression of tan δ has acted in the paper insulation impregnated with degraded tan δ oil. Therefore, we investigated in detail the tan δ characteristics of paper impregnated with extremely high tan δ oil. In addition, based on the investigation results, we developed a method for simulation of heat generation by dielectric loss in an OF cable joint (which has degraded tan δ oil). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 178(1): 1–10, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21184
Classification of defect spatial signatures using independent component analysis and estimation of process/tool malfunctions using χ2 test and exact test
Authors: Yamada Eiji , Imai Katsuki , Toyoshima Tetsuro 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe developed a system that detects spatial signatures from the defect inspection data of individual substrates and thus performs fault detection in device manufacturing. Leveraging of independent component analysis facilitates the unsupervised simultaneous classification of any defect distribution generated as a result of one or more tool malfunctions. All substrates are classified according to our proposed coefficient of similarity for each defect distribution. A root cause process is identified through a test of independence between the manufacturing tools and their rates of the number of classified substrates on the basis of the classification results and their fabrication history data. The tests of independence use χ2 tests in combination with exact tests to decrease the incidence of false‐positive errors. The root cause tool is identified in terms of the highest rate between the tools in the identified process. Our system functions automatically and requires no experience or technical skill. We present a case in which for approximately 2 days, our system detected a tool malfunction earlier than the conventional monitoring of substrates, and with greater total defect counts per substrate than a control limit. We present another case in which our system detected a greater number of substrates than conventional monitoring. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 178(1): 29–39, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21239
New vistas on TLR9 activation
Authors: Wagner Hermann 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTogether with other reports, evidence published in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology by Avalos and Ploegh (Eur. J. Immunol. 2011. 41: 2820–2827) implies that trafficking of TLR9 from the ER to endolysosomal compartments, which is aided by the transmembrane UNC93B1 ER protein, is followed by proteolytic cleavage of the TLR9 ectodomain (TLR9ecto). Furthermore, Avalos and Ploegh elegantly show that RAW 264.7 macrophages stably expressing tagged TLR9 display significant amounts of cleaved TLR9 already when at rest. It is of note that inhibitory oligonucleotides (IN‐ODNs) do not affect TLR9 cleavage but competitively prevent CpG‐ligand binding to the C‐terminal TLR9 fragment. Compared with phosphorothioated (PS) CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), natural phosphorodiester (PD) CpG‐ODNs differ in their TLR9 activation efficiency. In this Commentary, a model is proposed that accounts for the differences in PS‐ and PD‐ODNs with respect to TLR binding and activation.
Computational Investigations into Hydrogen‐Atom Abstraction from Rhodium Hydride Complexes by Methyl Radicals in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Keith Jason M. , Meyerstein Dan , Hall Michael B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe controversy in the reported kinetics for the hydrogen‐atom abstraction reaction by methyl radicals for cis‐ and trans‐[(Cyclam)RhIIIHCl]+ and trans‐[(Cyclam)(H2O)RhIIIH]2+ has been resolved by studying several feasible mechanistic pathways with density functional theory. The only low‐energy reaction mechanism predicted by these calculations involves a single‐step radical‐propagation mechanism in which the methyl radical simply abstracts the Rh bound H atom from the complex to form methane and the reduced Rh product. Previous experimental work on the chloride and aquo complexes suggested contradictory kinetic isotope effect (KIE) values of 0.66 ± 0.30 and 1.42 ± 0.07 as well as rate constants for the reaction differing by four orders of magnitude. The calculated mechanism predicts a KIE value of 1.08 and a high reaction rate. The alternative mechanisms are described briefly.
Gold‐Catalyzed Dehydrative Transformations of Unsaturated Alcohols
Authors: Biannic Berenger , Aponick Aaron 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe activation of allylic and propargylic alcohols for use as electrophiles represents a burgeoning new area in homogeneous gold catalysis. This review covers Au‐catalyzed substitution reactions of unsaturated alcohols in which water serves as leaving group. Attention is given to different substrate classes and the mechanisms by which the reactions are believed to occur. Recent advances in chirality transfer and enantioselective reactions are also reviewed.