bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Trypanosoma brucei, T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense and their Ability to Infect Man
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst 
Published: June 2009

1. A strain of T. rhodesiense, isolated from man and readily transmissible by tsetse, was passed by direct inoculation through a series of fourteen guineapigs over a period of 18 months. At the end of that time it had lost its transmissibility by Glossina palpalis, and it also failed to infect a volunteer.2. Another line of the same strain, after 98 days in a bushbuck, 30 days in a fowl and 294 days in oxen, proved still readily transmissible by G. palpalis and also readily infective to man.3. A second strain underwent seven consecutive cyclical passages through tsetse, then two passages by the syringe, and finally another cyclical passage, all save one in monkeys. When tested on man at the tenth and eleventh passages it was found to be non-infective.4. A strain of T. gambiense, isolated in November 1920 from a patient from Fernando Po, was found in February 1934 to be readily infective to man. The strain was entirely non-transmissible by and almost completely non-infective to G. palpalis.5. Three strains of T. brucei, one from the west, one from the north and one from the south of Uganda Protectorate, were found to be incapable of infecting normal healthy man. All the tests were carried out with cyclically infected tsetse.6. A freshly isolated strain of T. gambiense from a Uganda native was transmitted to man by cyclically infected laboratory-bred G. palpalis.7. A strain of T. rhodesiense, shortly after its recovery from a native of Tanganyika Territory, underwent three successive cyclical passages by laboratory-bred G. palpalis from monkey to monkey; at each passage the strain was tested on man and found to be readily infective.8. A strain from Nigeria showing points of resemblance to both T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense was found to be pathogenic to man, on subcutaneous inoculation of infected blood, three years after its first isolation.
The Comparison of the Efficiency of Anthelmintics
Authors: Fraser W. A. Carr 
Published: June 2009

1. The assumptions underlying the current methods of determining the efficiency of drugs or a mixture of drugs as an anthelmintic are set out.2. The method of assessing the efficiency of a given drug or mixture of drugs, as used by Seddon and Ross, is cited and objections to its value are given.3. A method is suggested whereby the mean efficiency of a drug or mixture of drugs can be assessed, in terms of the initial and residual infestation of selected animals.4. In the light of the suggested method, Roberts' data for the efficiency of various drugs and mixtures of drugs, as specifics against H. contortus infestation in sheep, are fully investigated.
Observations upon some common cestode parasites of the wild rabbit,Oryctolagus cuniculus
Authors: Evans W. M. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. Between November 1936 and February 1937, ninety-six rabbits were examined, whilst between August 1937 and July 1938, 446 rabbits were examined for cestode parasites. The rabbits were obtained from the same area.2. The rabbits were infected with the following cestodes to the extent given, for the two periods respectively:3. Two species of the genusHymenolepisare recorded for the first time from the rabbit, and they are briefly described.4. The seasonal fluctuations in the incidence of the above cestodes are discussed.5. The span of life of bothCittotaenia pectinataandC. denticulatais seen to be not greater than 10 months, and evidence is given to show that the intermediate host ofC. denticulatais available between April and December, and that ofC. pectinatafrom August to April.6. Evidence of host and age resistance is demonstrated inCysticercus pisiformis.
The occurrence and morphology of Coenurus serialis in rabbits
Authors: Hamilton A. G. 
Published: June 2009

1. Two specimens of Coenurus serialis in the rabbit are described.2. The duration of infection is estimated at 18–24 months.3. Secondary external daughter coenuri had developed within the same adventitious cyst of host tissue as the primary coenuri.4. No internal daughter coenuri were found within the primary coenuri.5. Both primary coenuri contained some scolices which had developed vesicles (ranging from 3 to 30mm.) in their ‘neck’ region. These vesicular scolices remain attached to the germinal layer until the vesicle is 4–5 mm. in diameter, when they become detached. These would appear to be the internal daughter coenuri of many authors but are here shown to be degenerating scolices.
Notes upon the biology and morphology of the immature stages of Neottiophilum praeustum (Meigen, 1926)(Diptera: Neottiophilidae) parasitic on birds
Authors: Tate P. 
Published: June 2009

1. The feeding habits of second- and third-instar larvae of Neottiophilum praeustum have been observed and show that this species is a true parasite of birds and feeds by sucking the blood of nestlings.2. If they are too numerous the larvae may kill the nestlings. Although they will continue to feed upon dead birds, and even penetrate into the viscera, such food is unsuitable for the development of the larvae and they become greatly distended and die within a few days.3. The morphology of the hitherto unknown second-instar larva is described and is compared with that of the third instar.4. Within the puparium of Neottiophilum praeustum there is a fourth moult resulting in the formation of a cast prepupal cuticle which resembles that described by Snodgrass in Rhagoletis pomonella and is much better developed than the prepupal cuticle in Calliphora erythrocephala.5. The better development of the prepupal cuticle in the acalypterates than in calypterates indicates that the presence of a prepupal stage in the cyclorrhaphous Diptera is a primitive character and is progressively reduced until in the higher families it is almost vestigial.
Sarcoptes of Cattle
Authors: Cameron A. E. 
Published: June 2009

The differences noted between these Sarcoptes from cattle and those from the horse, described by Buxton, are as follows:There are two lateral setae in all stages. The spines are notched or V-shaped at the ends. There are three cones in the larva as well as in all other stages. There is a pair of setae analogous to that found on the genital apron of the male at the corresponding location in the immature female. In the immature female the ridges on which are located the third ventral setae (V 3) run backward without returning forward on the opposite side. In the adult female, immature female and male, the two short setae on the terminal joint of the first leg, P 7 and 8, are represented by a single seta on the second leg. The third leg in all stages is furnished with four short setae on the terminal joint. The end joint of the fourth leg of both adult and immature females has four short setae. In the nymph none are present on the fourth leg.
On some New Cephaline Gregarines
Authors: Bhatia B. L. , Setna Sam 
Published: June 2009

Host: Xylocopa aestuans (Linn.). Locality: Lahore, India.The gregarine described below has been found abundantly in the alimentary canal of many specimens of the carpenter bee, Xylocopa aestuans (Linn.), and is the first to be described from any Hymenopteran host. Keilin (1918), in describing Leidyana tinei in a Lepidopterous larva, remarked that no gregarines had been found till then in the two large orders of holometabolic insects: Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. He further observed as follows: “The fact that gregarines have not been previously recorded in these two orders cannot be considered as due to lack of observation, since large numbers of these insects have been dissected for many different purposes. Possibly we can account for the infrequency of their occurrence because of the habits of the larvae of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. These are often parasites in other Arthropods (Hymenoptera) or they are gallicolous (Hymenoptera) or phytophagous (Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera) or they live in nests and cells (Hymenoptera).” We have examined about 200 specimens of Xylocopa and found them practically always infected.
Further observations on the structure of nematode cuticle
Authors: Bird Alan F. 
Published: June 2009

1. An examination of the cuticle ofOxyuris equihas revealed the presence of previously unidentified structures. The layers of the cuticle of this nematode have been renamed.2. The cuticle ofStrongylus equinushas been examined in a similar fashion and, whilst the basic nomenclature of the various layers has been retained, previous descriptions of the individual layers have been modified and extended.3. Further evidence is put forward in favour of the presence of pore canals in the cuticle ofAscaris lumbricoides.
A Study of the early stages of infection with the tipula iridescent virus
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2009

Ultra-thin sections and electron microscopy have been used in a study of the empty membranes which occur in the fatbody cells of the larva of T. paludosa infected with the Tipula Iridescent Virus (TIV).It has been observed that these empty membranes are most numerous in the early stages of infection. Later an apparent ‘primary body’, which may be threadlike in its initial stages, develops in the centre of the membrane. This primary body seems to increase in size until the membrane is filled, and the various steps in this process can easily be seen.It is suggested that the formation of the empty membranes and the apparent gradual development of their contents are the means by which the virus multiplies.The remarkable resemblance between the empty virus membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum is pointed out.
Studies on phosphatase systems of cestodes I. Studies onTaenia pisiformis(Cysticercus and adult)
Authors: Erasmus David A. 
Published: June 2009

1. The phosphatases present in the adult and cysticercus stages ofTaenia pisiformishave been investigated using histochemical and biochemical methods.2. Histochemical tests failed to demonstrate the sites of enzyme activity in the cysticercus.3. In the adult, the acid phosphatase is confined to the cuticle. Alkaline phosphatase occurs in the cuticle, subcuticular cells and the membranes bounding the ovary and vitelline tubules.4. The histochemical distribution is uneven along the length of the worm, both acid and alkaline phosphatase being predominant hi the region of ‘mature’ proglottides. The scolex was negative to both tests.5. Biochemical tests have demonstrated distinct acid and alkaline phosphatases in the cysticercus and adult stages. In the cysticercus the acid enzyme is predominant and in the adult it is the alkaline, implying a change in relative magnitude during the completion of the life cycle.6. pH-activity curves have been obtained for the enzymes of both stages.7. The results are discussed in relation to recent findings in the field of cestode enzymology, and it is suggested that these phosphatases may be associated with active transport of materials across the cuticle and ovarian and vitelline membranes.
The life cycle of the British rabbit trypanosome, Trypanosoma nabiasi Railliet, 1895
Authors: Grewal Manohar Singh 
Published: June 2009

This work was carried out with a strain of trypanosomes isolated by inoculation into domestic rabbits of fleas naturally infected from wild rabbits in Hertfordshire.The course of infection was studied in experimentally infected normal and splenectomized rabbits, in which the incubation period varied from 5 to 12 days. After recovery from the infection, rabbits became immune to re-infection. Immune rabbit serum had no protective action against Trypanosoma lewisi.Attempts to infect other animals with the rabbit trypanosome produced negative results.Young rabbits proved to be more susceptible to infection with this trypanosome, and their parasitaemia lasted longer than in adult rabbits, but the parasite was found to be non-pathogenic to these animals.It was demonstrated that this trypanosome multiplies in the spleen, where the stages of division are confined to the capillaries. Multiplication follows the inoculation of metacyclic trypanosomes from infected fleas or blood forms. It proceeds by division of the nucleus and kinetoplast into four, followed by fission of the cytoplasm, giving rise to four small daughter individuals. These are transformed into trypanosome forms, which are shed into the peripheral blood, where they change into the typical adult trypanosomes.The development in the intermediate host takes place in the gut of the rabbit flea, Spilopsyllus cuniculi, with the production of metacyclic trypanosomes in the hind-gut (posterior station).The nomenclature and synonymy of the rabbit trypanosome are discussed, and it is concluded that its valid name is Trypanosoma nabiasi Railliet, 1895.
The capitulum and feeding mechanism of Dermacentor parumapertus Neumann 1901
Authors: Arthur Don R. 
Published: June 2009

The external structure of the capitulum of all stages of Dermacentor parumapertus is described in detail. The capitulum is divisible into an extra-basis and basis regions. The former consists of a dorsally grooved hypostome or food channel overlapped by a labral membrane, along its whole length. The salivary channel lies above the labral membrane, being bordered laterally by the meso-ventral margins of the outer cheliceral sheaths. Within the basis a vertical wall separates the base of the palpal cavity from the rest of the basis. This wall is produced backwards to form a wing or ala on either side of the pharynx and to it are attached dilator and constrictor muscles. Opening of the fore-part of the pharynx, i.e. where it is in the form of a V-shaped depression overlapped by a wedge, is effected by ventral and ventro-lateral dilator muscles, and closure by the elasticity of the pharyngeal walls.The pharynx, oesophagus and salivary glands are described.
The Ixodes schillingsi group: ticks of Africa and Madagascar, parasitic on primates, with descriptions of two new species (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae)
Authors: Arthur D. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. This paper reviews the morphology, distribution and hosts of I. schillingsi Neumann, 1901.2. Two new species, I. rageaui from the Cameroons, and I. lemuris from Madagascar are described and figured. The latter shows obvious African affinities and is but slightly different from its African relative.3. I. schillingsi is, with the exception of Lophiomys ibeanus (crested rat), known only from Colobus monkeys, I. rageaui from monkeys of the Cercopithecus group and I. lemuris from Lemur rufifrons.
A Consideration of the Relation of Host-specificity of Helminths and other Metazoan Parasites to the Phenomena of Age Resistance and Acquired Immunity
Authors: Sandground J. H. 
Published: June 2009

1.The relation of host-parasite specificity to age resistance.Conclusive demonstration of a substantial resistance developing concomitantly with the ageing of the host has been made with reference to four helminths, namely: Ancylostoma duodenale andA. caninumin the dog andAscaridia lineataandSyngamus tracheain the chicken.A. duodenalein the dog andS. tracheain the chicken are manifestly in abnormal hosts. In contrast with this, it is to be noted that the normal hosts of these parasites, respectively man and the turkey, exhibit no appreciable age resistance. With regard to the remaining two cases, those ofAncylostoma caninumandAscaridia lineata, the association of age resistance and a specific host-parasite mal-adjustment is not nearly so clear. In nature, both parasites enjoy a polyxenous distribution, neither having acquired the need for strictly specific host conditions for development. As a result of recent researches withA. caninumit has been brought out that the species is comprised of strains better adapted to one species of host than to another, and it has been demonstrated that a higher degree of age resistance is exhibited in the host parasitised with a foreign strain. Although no information on the matter is available, it is quite possible that age resistance will be found to be less markedly expressed in other species or races of suitable hosts, when the bionomics of bothAncylostoma caninumandAscaridia lineataare further investigated.
A Coccidian from the eggs of Thalassema neptuni Gaertner
Authors: Mackinnon Doris L. , Ray H. N. 
Published: June 2009

1. An account is given of a sporozoan parasite, hitherto known as Monocystis thalassemae Lankester, and its coccidian nature is demonstrated.2. Schizogony and sporogony both occur in the eggs of Thalassema neptuni while these are in the genital pouches (nephridial sacs). Schizogony was observed on three occasions, and only the later stages were seen.3. The full-grown sexual parasites are vermiform and immobile. The males are smaller than the females.4. The microgametocyte, when it becomes spherical, gives rise to very numerous, elongate microgametes, similar to those of Aggregata.5. Fertilization has not been observed. The oocystic membrane is only sometimes formed and is always inconspicuous.6. At all stages where a chromosome count was possible, the number of chromosomes was seven. The reduction division is zygotic. No polymitotic figures were observed either in microgametogenesis or in sporogony.7. Numerous sporocysts are produced. These may contain as many as twelve nuclei, and presumably give rise to at least twelve sporozoites. The formation of sporozoites has not been observed by us, but was noted by Lankester.8. A new coccidian genus, Ovivora, is created for this organism, which now becomes Ovivora thalassemae (Lankester) and is relegated to the subfamily Aggregatinae in Hoare's classification.
Immunity in trypanosomiasis
Authors: Ingram D. G. , Soltys M. A. 
Published: June 2009

Studies on immuno-conglutinin levels in animals infected with T. brucei have shown that immuno-conglutinin appears in rabbits infected with T. brucei ‘M’ variant within 7 days after infection and reaches its peak titre within 30 days. In rabbits infected with the more virulent ‘R’ variant immuno-conglutinin levels rose more rapidly and reached peak titres within 10–14 days after infection.High levels of immuno-conglutinin are detectable in the sera of rabbits and cats infected with trypanosomes before a significant amount of neutralizing antibody is produced. This difference is most marked in animals infected with the antibody-resistant variant ‘R’ which is more virulent for rabbits.In animals treated effectively the immuno-conglutinin level dropped to its pre-infection level, while the titre of neutralizing antibody only decreased to a slightly lower level.No change in the titres of immuno-conglutinin and neutralizing antibody was observed after treatment of animals infected with a drug-resistant strain.These results are very promising for further field trials and introduce a new approach and method for testing the efficiency of chemotherapy in trypanosomiasis.
Rat-fleas in Plymouth
Authors: Mayfield R. B. 
Published: June 2009

1. Three species of flea were found on rats caught on the docks of Plymouth, England, namely, Nosopsyllus (Ceratophyllus) fasciatus, Xenopsylla cheopis, and Leptopsylla segnis (musculi).2. The findings of Xenopsylla cheopis were almost entirely confined to a certain grain store, whence the flea was obtained constantly throughout the period of the investigation.3. A few rats caught in the town of Plymouth yielded Leptopsylla segnis and Nosopsyllus fasciatus, but no Xenopsylla cheopis.
Sheep myiasis in south-west Scotland, with special reference to the species involved
Authors: Haddow A. J. , Thomson R. C. Muirhead 
Published: June 2009

1. Sheep myiasis was investigated in certain districts in Ayrshire, Arran and Argyllshire.2. Larvae from cases of myiasis were collected and bred out in flyproof apparatus.3. The fly season was found to last approximately from May till September, reaching its height in July and August.4. The western districts were found to be the most heavily affected.5. The flies were found to be partial to low-lying, sheltered ground, especially where much bracken was present.6. The methods of carcass burial were found to be primitive and inadequate. In most of the farms dipping was carried out without sufficient attention to cleanliness and adequate time of immersion.7. The hibernation of various species of blow-fly was studied. They were found to pass the winter as prepupae, pupation never occurring normally till April or May.8. Several species of carrion-feeding blow-fly besides Lucilia sericata were found to be causing secondary myiasis, occasionally and in small numbers, in certain districts, mainly in the west. The species involved were: Lucilia caesar, L. illustris, Protophormia terraenovae, Calliphora erythrocephala, C. vomitoria and Muscina pabulorum. Four of these species Lucilia illustris, Protophormia terraenovae, Calliphora vomitoria and Muscina pabulorum have not previously been recorded from sheep. Records of cases in which these flies occurred are given.
Life history ofGigantobilharzia huronensisNajim, 1950. A dermatitis-producing bird blood-fluke (Trematoda-Schistosomatidae)
Authors: Najim Abbas T. 
Published: June 2009

1. The life cycle ofGigantobilharzia huronensisNajim, 1950, was determined experimentally. The snail,Physa gyrina(Say), served as the intermediate host. The natural definitive hosts were goldfinches (Spinus tristis tristis) and the cardinals (Richmondena cardinalis). Chicks and canaries served as susceptible hosts in the laboratory2. The shortest time recorded for the hatching of eggs in water is about 20 min. Cercariae were liberated from the snail as early as 24 days after exposure. Eggs were found in the faeces of the definitive host 31 days after the first exposure to the cercariae.3. Adult worms are elongate and filiform. Females are longer than males, and in both sexes the oral and ventral suckers are absent. The cuticle has no spines. A short gynaecophoric canal is present. Up to 300 testes are present in the male and the cirrus is spiny. Laurer's canal is present and vitelline follicles fill most of the body of the female. Eggs are spherical to very broadly ovoid in shape and averaged 93µ in length by 88µ in width. The uterus contains from one to several eggs at a time, and the genital pore is located shortly posterior to the mouth opening.4. The miracidium has a peculiar wide gap between the second and third rows of epidermal plates. The body covering consists of twenty-two epidermal plates arranged in four rows of 6:9:4:3. The mother sporocyst has an elongate, sac-like body. A birth pore is present in the mature mother sporocysts. The daughter sporocyst also has an elongate body, but the anterior end is covered with spines. A birth pore is present in the mature daughter sporocysts.5. The cercaria is an apharyngeal, furcocercous, brevifurcate, distome with pigmented eyespots; the body averaging 240µ in length by 72·5µ in width; the tail stem averaging 268·5µ in length by 30µ, in width; the furca averaging 146·8µ in length by 15µ in width. The furcae have fin folds. The body and tail are covered with spines. There are five pairs of penetration glands and an oral gland. The excretory system is usually 2[(2) + (2+1)]. The cercaria attaches to the surface film of the water with the body parallel to it and the tail hanging downward at different angles. The cercaria is a dermatitis producer in human skin.
The life history and pathogenicity of Eimeria Meleagrimitis Tyzzer 1929, in the turkey poult
Authors: Clarkson M. J. 
Published: June 2009

The life cycle and pathogenicity are described of a pure strain of Eimeria isolated from turkey poults in Great Britain and identified as E. meleagrimitis.There were three schizogony cycles followed by a sexual generation.The coccidium produced a high mortality and loss of weight in young poults.An age resistance developed by the time the poults were 8–10 weeks of age.The pathology of the infection is described.
Ditrachybothridium macrocephalum gen.nov., sp.nov., a cestode from some elasmobranch fishes
Authors: Rees Gwendolen 
Published: June 2009

1. Ditrachybothridium macrocephalum gen.nov., sp.nov., is described.2. The systematic position is discussed and the species compared with species of the genus Echinobothrium to which it seems to be fairly closely related.