bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonpolar/Semipolar GaN Technology for Violet, Blue, and Green Laser Diodes
Authors: Ohta Hiroaki , Okamoto Kuniyoshi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTo achieve 520–532 nm green laser diodes (LDs), nonpolar and semipolar nitrides have attracted much attention because their usage leads to the elimination of the quantum-confined Stark effect and higher optical gains in this wavelength region. Since the breakthrough in the homoepitaxial growth technology for them, many nonpolar m -plane devices such as mW-class blue light-emitting diodes, violet 405 nm LDs, blue 460 nm LDs, and blue-green LDs beyond 490 nm have been announced. Advantages such as small blueshift and high slope efficiency (high output power to injected current ratio) have been confirmed for the first time in m -plane LDs beyond the blue region. On the other hand, the semipolar plane is also a candidate for green LDs. The pulsed operation of semipolar (1011) and (1122) violet LDs and lasing for a (1122) LD at 514 nm by optical pumping also have been reported. Such rapid progress in this research field will be reviewed.
In Situ Mechanical Testing of Biological and Inorganic Materials at the Micro- and Nanoscales
Authors: Eberl C. , Saif T. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA central goal of materials science is to reveal how a material deforms under mechanical stress and how the deformation is related to its microstructure. This goal is best achieved by “seeing” the evolving microstructure when the property is measured quantitatively. Mechanical testing methods have thus evolved over time to test materials at the micro- and nanoscale while observing the changes in the specimen. Recent advances in microtechnology offer a new generation of microscale sensors and actuators that allow in situ studies of both living and nonliving materials in analytical instruments. Such experiments are providing new and fundamental insights on the structure-property relations in materials and revealing remarkable links between the mechanical properties of living cells and their functions. This issue presents five articles that discuss state-of-the-art methodologies for in situ mechanical tests and highlights new findings through the use of these techniques.
The Role of RANK-Ligand Inhibition in Cancer: The Story of Denosumab
Authors: Castellano Daniel , Sepulveda Juan Manuel , García-Escobar Ignacio , Rodriguez-Antolín Alfredo , Sundlöv Anna , Cortes-Funes Hernán 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The diagnosis of bone metastases is an event with certain consequences for the patient. They often mean pain and can also mean pathological fractures, hypercalcemia, and spinal cord compression, all synonymous with a diminished quality of life and often also hospitalization. Since the advent of the intravenous bisphosphonates, things began to look a bit brighter for patients with bone metastases—bone destruction was kept at bay a little longer. The next generation of bone metastasis treatments is well on its way in clinical development, and among them, the most advanced drug is denosumab. Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that inhibits osteoclast maturation, activation, and function by binding to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand, with the final result being a reduced rate of bone resorption. In this review, we give an overview of relevant preclinical and clinical data regarding the use of denosumab in patients with solid tumors in general and prostate cancer in particular.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Intravenous Palonosetron in the Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting in Adults
Authors: Likun Zhou , Xiang Jing , Yi Ba , Xin Duan , Tao Zheng Liu 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Objectives.
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare treatment effectiveness and adverse effects in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with palonosetron to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).

Methods.
We identified randomized controlled clinical trials (RCT) comparing palonosetron with first-generation 5-HT3RA in the prevention of CINV in cancer patients. Meta-analyses were performed on homogeneous studies. Fixed or random-effects models were used to combine data.

Results.
Eight eligible trials were identified, reporting outcomes on 3,592 patients. Meta-analyses showed statistically significant differences in favor of palonosetron compared with first-generation 5-HT3RA in prevention of acute CINV (p = .0003), delayed CINV (p &lt; .00001), and overall phase of CINV (p &lt; .00001). Subgroup analyses showed statistically significant differences in favor of both 0.25 mg and 0.75 mg of palonosetron in prevention of all phases of CINV. There were no statistically significant differences between 0.25 and 0.75 mg of palonosetron. Compared with the first-generation 5-HT3RA, 0.75 mg of palonosetron showed a statistically significant difference in the occurrence of constipation (p = .04).

Interpretation.
The use of palonosetron should be considered an integral part of adjuvant therapy for prevention of the acute, delayed, and overall phases of CINV. The 0.25 mg intravenous palonosetron dose is as effective as the 0.75 mg intravenous palonosetron dose. However, 0.75 mg intravenous palonosetron causes constipation more frequently than the first-generation 5-HT3RA.
The Accuracy of Identifying the Greater Palatine Neurovascular Bundle: A Cadaver Study
Authors: Fu Jia‐Hui , Hasso Dawlat G. , Yeh Chu‐Yuan , Leong Daylene J.M. , Chan Hsun‐Liang , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: February 2011

Background: The palate is a common site for harvesting subepithelial connective tissue grafts (SCTG). The size of SCTG that can be harvested is dictated by the position of the greater palatine neurovascular bundle (GPB). The aims of this cadaver study are to assess the accuracy of predicting the location of the GPB on study models and to evaluate anatomic factors that might influence the predictability.Methods: Eleven fully dentate or partially edentulous maxillary cadavers were used. Study models were fabricated after the greater palatine foramen was identified. The GPB was recognized after dissection, from which the distance to the cemento‐enamel junction of the first molar and premolar was measured. Eight periodontists and twelve periodontal residents were asked to estimate the location of the GPB on the study models and the same measurements were taken. Comparisons of the estimated and true GPB position were performed. The correlation between the palatal vault height and the variability of detecting the GPB was investigated.Results: The most frequent greater palatine foramen location was between the second and third molars (66.6%). For most cases, there was an underestimation of the location of the GPB up to 4 mm. The interexaminer variability was positively correlated with the vault height.Conclusions: The estimated location of the GPB was commonly closer to the cemento‐enamel junction of posterior teeth. Agreement on the location of the GPB was lowered with the presence of high palatal vaults. The results of this study could assist clinicians in planning the location for harvesting SCTG on the hard palate.
Polymerase I and Transcript Release Factor Regulates Lipolysis via a Phosphorylation-Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Aboulaich Nabila , Chui Patricia C. , Asara John M. , Flier Jeffrey S. , Maratos-Flier Eleftheria 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
Polymerase I and transcript release factor (PTRF) is a protein highly expressed in adipose tissue and is an integral structural component of caveolae. Here, we report on a novel role of PTRF in lipid mobilization.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
PTRF expression was examined in different adipose depots of mice during fasting, refeeding, and after administration of catecholamines and insulin. Involvement of PTRF during lipolysis was studied upon PTRF knockdown and overexpression and mutation of PTRF phosphorylation sites in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

RESULTS
PTRF expression in mouse white adipose tissue (WAT) is regulated by nutritional status, increasing during fasting and decreasing to baseline after refeeding. Expression of PTRF also is hormonally regulated because treatment of mice with insulin leads to a decrease in expression, whereas isoproterenol increases expression in WAT. Manipulation of PTRF levels revealed a role of PTRF in lipolysis. Lentiviral-mediated knockdown of PTRF resulted in a marked attenuation of glycerol release in response to isoproterenol. Conversely, overexpressing PTRF enhanced isoproterenol-stimulated glycerol release. Mass-spectrometric analysis revealed that PTRF is phosphorylated at multiple sites in WAT. Mutation of serine 42, threonine 304, or serine 368 to alanine reduced isoproterenol-stimulated glycerol release in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

CONCLUSIONS
Our study is the first direct demonstration for a novel adipose tissue–specific function of PTRF as a mediator of lipolysis and also shows that phosphorylation of PTRF is required for efficient fat mobilization.
The ENPP1 Q121 Variant Predicts Major Cardiovascular Events in High-Risk Individuals
Authors: Bacci Simonetta , Rizza Stefano , Prudente Sabrina , Spoto Belinda , Powers Christine , Facciorusso Antonio , Pacilli Antonio , Lauro Davide , Testa Alessandra , Zhang Yuan-Yuan , Di Stolfo Giuseppe , Mallamaci Francesca , Tripepi Giovanni , Xu Rui , Mangiacotti Davide , Aucella Filippo , Lauro Renato , Gervino Ernest V. , Hauser Thomas H. , Copetti Massimiliano , De Cosmo Salvatore , Pellegrini Fabio , Zoccali Carmine , Federici Massimo , Doria Alessandro , Trischitta Vincenzo 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
Insulin resistance (IR) and cardiovascular disease may share a common genetic background. We investigated the role of IR-associated ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism (rs1044498) on cardiovascular disease in high-risk individuals.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A prospective study (average follow-up, 37 months) was conducted for major cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction [MI], stroke, cardiovascular death) from the Gargano Heart Study (GHS; n = 330 with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease), the Tor Vergata Atherosclerosis Study (TVAS; n = 141 who had MI), and the Cardiovascular Risk Extended Evaluation in Dialysis (CREED) database (n = 266 with end-stage renal disease). Age at MI was investigated in cross-sectional studies of 339 type 2 diabetic patients (n = 169 from Italy, n = 170 from the U.S.).

RESULTS
Incidence of cardiovascular events per 100 person--years was 4.2 in GHS, 10.8 in TVAS, and 11.7 in CREED. Hazard ratios (HRs) for KQ+QQ versus individuals carrying the K121/K121 genotype (KK) individuals were 1.47 (95% CI 0.80–2.70) in GHS, 2.31 (95% CI 1.22–4.34) in TVAS, and 1.36 (95% CI 0.88–2.10) in CREED, and 1.56 (95% CI 1.15–2.12) in the three cohorts combined. In the 395 diabetic patients, the Q121 variant predicted cardiovascular events among obese but not among nonobese individuals (HR 5.94 vs. 0.62, P = 0.003 for interaction). A similar synergism was observed in cross-sectional studies, with age at MI being 3 years younger in Q121 carriers than in KK homozygotes among obese but not among nonobese patients (P = 0.035 for interaction).

CONCLUSIONS
The ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism is an independent predictor of major cardiovascular events in high-risk individuals. In type 2 diabetes, this effect is exacerbated by obesity. Future larger studies are needed to confirm our finding.
Ethnic Differences in Diabetes Management in Patients With and Without Comorbid Medical Conditions
Authors: Alshamsan Riyadh , Majeed Azeem , Vamos Eszter Panna , Khunti Kamlesh , Curcin Vasa , Rawaf Salman , Millett Christopher 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
To examine ethnic disparities in diabetes management among patients with and without comorbid medical conditions after a period of sustained investment in quality improvement in the U.K.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This cross-sectional study examined associations between ethnicity, comorbidity, and intermediate outcomes for mean A1C, total cholesterol, and blood pressure levels in 6,690 diabetes patients in South West London.

RESULTS
The presence of ≥2 cardiovascular comorbidities was associated with similar blood pressure control among white and South Asian patients when compared with whites without comorbidity but with worse blood pressure control among black patients, with a mean difference in systolic blood pressure of +1.5, +1.4, and +6.2 mmHg, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite major reforms to improve quality, disparities in blood pressure management have persisted in the U.K., particularly among patients with cardiovascular comorbidities. Policy makers should consider the potential impacts of quality initiatives on high-risk groups.
Prediabetes and Prehypertension in Healthy Adults Are Associated With Low Vitamin D Levels
Authors: Gupta Alok K. , Brashear Meghan M. , Johnson William D. 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether modest elevations of fasting serum glucose (FSG) and resting blood pressure (BP) in healthy adults are associated with differential serum vitamin D concentrations.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Disease-free adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2006 were assessed. Prediabetes (PreDM) and prehypertension (PreHTN) were diagnosed using American Diabetes Association and Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure criteria: FSG 100–125 mg/dL and systolic BP 120–139 mmHg and/or diastolic BP 80–89 mmHg. Logistic regression was used to assess the effects of low vitamin D levels on the odds for PreDM and PreHTN in asymptomatic adults (n = 1,711).

RESULTS
The odds ratio for comorbid PreDM and PreHTN in Caucasian men (n = 898) and women (n = 813) was 2.41 (P &lt; 0.0001) with vitamin D levels ≤76.3 versus &gt;76.3 nmol/L after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI.

CONCLUSIONS
This study strengthens the plausibility that low serum vitamin D levels elevate the risk for early-stage diabetes (PreDM) and hypertension (PreHTN).
Perceived Impact of Diabetes Genetic Risk Testing Among Patients at High Phenotypic Risk for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Markowitz Sarah M. , Park Elyse R. , Delahanty Linda M. , O’Brien Kelsey E. , Grant Richard W. 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
Rapid advances in diabetes genetic epidemiology may lead to a new era of “personalized medicine” based on individual genetic risk assessment. There is minimal experience to guide how best to clinically implement such testing so that results (e.g., “higher” or “lower” relative genetic risk) improve rather than reduce patient motivation for behavior change.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Between November 2009 and May 2010, we conducted in-depth interviews with 22 overweight participants at high phenotypic risk for type 2 diabetes to explore perceptions of diabetes genetic risk testing compared with currently available prediction using nongenetic risk factors (e.g., family history, abnormal fasting glucose, obesity). We used hypothetical scenarios to specifically investigate the impact of both “higher” and “lower” relative genetic risk results on participants’ views about diabetes prevention.

RESULTS
Many participants conferred a unique value on personal genetic risk information relative to nongenetic risk based on the perceived scientific certainty and durability of genetic results. In contrast, other participants considered their genetic risk within the overall context of their other measured risk factors. Reactions to diabetes genetic test results differed by current motivation levels. Whereas most subjects reported that “higher” risk results would motivate behavior change, subjects with lower current motivation often reported that “lower” genetic risk results would further reduce their motivation to engage in diabetes prevention behaviors.

CONCLUSIONS
To be effective, future clinical implementation of type 2 diabetes genetic risk testing should be individualized based on each patient’s risk perception and current level of motivation to prevent diabetes.
Use of a meal challenge test to estimate peak postprandial triglyceride concentrations in dogs
Authors: Elliott Kathryn F. , Rand Jacquie S. , Fleeman Linda M. , Morton John M. , Markwell Peter J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjective—To develop a standardized meal challenge test by assessing associations between food-withheld preprandial (ie, fasting) and postprandial triglyceride concentrations, determining the most appropriate sampling time to detect the peak concentration (highest postprandial concentration), and estimating reference intervals for fasting and postprandial concentrations in healthy dogs.
Animals—12 lean healthy mixed-breed dogs.
Procedures—Dogs were fed a dry commercially available diet (fat, 31% metabolizable energy) for 3 weeks. After food was withheld for 23 to 24 hours, plasma triglyceride concentrations were measured 1 and 0.083 hours before and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12 hours after feeding of a standardized challenge meal (median amount eaten, 63 kcal/kg [127 kcal/kg0.75]). Correlation and agreement between concentrations at peak and other time points were assessed by use of correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman limits of agreement. Reference intervals were calculated by use of a robust method.
Results—Fasting and peak triglyceride concentrations were not closely associated. The highest concentration among samples obtained 2, 5, and 6 hours after meal consumption had closest agreement with peak concentration. In 5 of 12 dogs, concentrations 12 hours after eating were still significantly above baseline concentration (mean of each dog's fasting concentrations).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Fasting triglyceride concentration could not be used to accurately predict peak concentration. When estimating peak concentration, multiple samples should be collected 2, 5, and 6 hours after consumption of a standardized meal. Food may need to be withheld for > 12 hours when assessing fasting concentrations in healthy dogs.
Refinement and initial validation of a multidimensional composite scale for use in assessing acute postoperative pain in cats
Authors: Brondani Juliana Tabarelli , Luna Stelio Pacca Loureiro , Padovani Carlos Roberto 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjective—To refine and test construct validity and reliability of a composite pain scale for use in assessing acute postoperative pain in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
Sample Population—40 cats that underwent ovariohysterectomy in a previous study.
Procedures—In a previous randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, a composite pain scale was developed to assess postoperative pain in cats that received a placebo or an analgesic (tramadol, vedaprofen, or tramadol-vedaprofen combination). In the present study, the scale was refined via item analysis (distribution frequency and occurrence), a nonparametric ANOVA, and item-to-total score correlation. Construct validity was assessed via factor analysis and known-groups discrimination, and reliability was measured by assessing internal consistency.
Results—Respiratory rate and respiratory pattern were rejected after item analysis. Factor analysis resulted in 5 dimensions (F1 [psychomotor change], posture, comfort, activity, mental status, and miscellaneous behaviors; F2 [protection of wound area], reaction to palpation of the surgical wound and palpation of the abdomen and flank; F3 [physiologic variables], systolic arterial blood pressure and appetite; F4 [vocal expression of pain], vocalization; and F5 [heart rate]). Internal consistency was excellent for the overall scale and for F1, F2, and F3; very good for F4; and unacceptable for F5. Except for heart rate, the identified factors and scale total score could be used to detect differences between the analgesic and placebo groups and differences among the analgesic treatments.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results provided initial evidence of construct validity and reliability of a multidimensional composite tool for use in assessing acute postoperative pain in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
Evaluation of the cyclooxygenase selectivity of robenacoxib and its effect on recovery of ischemia-injured jejunal mucosa in horses
Authors: Marshall John F , Bhatnagar Adria S. , Bowman Susan G. , Howard Christina M. , Morris Natalie N. , Skorich Dinah A. , Redding Caitlyn D. , Blikslager Anthony T. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjective—To determine the cyclooxygenase (COX) selectivity of robenacoxib and its effect on recovery of jejunal mucosa following ischemic injury in horses.
Animals—12 healthy horses.
Procedures—Half the maximal inhibition (EC50) of robenacoxib for COX-1 and COX-2 activity was established in bloods samples from 6 horses via measurement of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and prostaglandin E2 concentrations, respectively; COX selectivity was subsequently calculated. Six other horses were anesthetized, and ischemia was induced in the jejunum for 2 hours. Control and ischemia-injured mucosa were collected and incubated with Ringer's solution (control treatment), flunixin meglumine (2.7 × 10−5M), or robenacoxib (2.7 × 10−5M). Transepithelial electrical resistance and mannitol flux were measured over a 4-hour recovery period. Bathing solution TXB2 and prostaglandin E metabolite concentrations were measured to assess COX-1 and COX-2 function, respectively.
Results—The mean ± SD EC50 value of robenacoxib for COX-1 and COX-2 was 11.46 ± 4.46μM and 0.19 ± 0.07μM, respectively, resulting in a COX selectivity ratio of 61.01. The transepithelial electrical resistance of ischemia-injured jejunum treated with flunixin meglumine was significantly lower than that of control and robenacoxib-treated tissues. A significant increase in concentrations of prostaglandin E metabolites and TXB2 was detected in control and robenacoxib-treated tissues but not flunixin meglumine—treated tissues.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Robenacoxib selectively inhibited COX-2 and allowed recovery of barrier function in ischemia-injured equine jejunal tissue in vitro.
Characterization of the temporal and spatial distribution and reproductive ratio of vesicular stomatitis outbreaks in Mexico in 2008
Authors: Arroyo Montserrat , Perez Andres M. , Rodriguez Luis L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjective—To characterize the temporal and spatial distribution and reproductive ratio of vesicular stomatitis (VS) outbreaks reported in Mexico in 2008.
Animals—Bovine herds in Mexico in which VS outbreaks were officially reported and confirmed from January 1 through December 31, 2008.
Procedures—The Poisson model of the space-time scan statistic was used to identify periods and geographical locations at highest risk for VS in Mexico in 2008. The herd reproductive ratio (Rh) of the epidemic was computed by use of the doubling-time method.
Results—1 significant space-time cluster of VS was detected in the state of Michoacan from September 4 through December 10, 2008. The temporal extent of the VS outbreaks and the value and pattern of decrease of the Rh were different in the endemic zone of Tabasco and Chiapas, compared with findings in the region included in the space-time cluster.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The large number of VS outbreaks reported in Mexico in 2008 was associated with the spread of the disease from the endemic zone in southern Mexico to areas sporadically affected by the disease. Results suggested that implementation of a surveillance system in the endemic zone of Mexico aimed at early detection of changes in the value of Rh and space-time clustering of the disease could help predict occurrence of future VS outbreaks originating from this endemic zone. This information will help prevent VS spread into regions of Mexico and neighboring countries that are only sporadically affected by the disease.