bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Value of Methods for the Differentiation of Bacilli of the Coli-aerogenes Group, when Applied in Shanghai
Authors: Hicks E. P. 
Published: May 2009

1. A collection was made of organisms of the coli-aerogenes group; 100 from the human intestine, 50 from animals, and 50 from the soil. To these were applied the indol test, the methyl red and Voges-Proskauer tests, and Koser' citrate test. The citrate test was also applied to certain non-lactose fermenters.2. 89·4 per cent. of 150 faecal organisms gave the combination of a failure to grow in citrate solution, the production of indol, an acid reaction with methyl red and a negative Voges-Proskauer reaction.3. There is a probability that some faecal organisms have crept into the “soil” series, but the contamination is not heavy enough to make the results useless. The figures show that the citrate and indol test are both useful, the citrate being a little better. The methyl red and Voges-Proskauer reactions were not helpful.4. In the bacteriological examination of water in Shanghai it is safe to take those organisms which can grow in citrate but do not produce indol as being non-faecal.
Experimental Rickets
Authors: Holst Peter M. 
Published: May 2009

Rickets is produced in rats by feeding exclusively with cereals and yellow peas. Whereas feeding with polished rice results in typical rickets, feeding with rice-starch alone will only produce osteoporosis. This difference is not attributable to nitrogen starvation.If oatmeal is extracted with hydrochloric acid and the extract is given in addition to the starch, the animals develop rickets. The rickets-producing factor of oatmeal must therefore be ascribed to some toxic substance. Evidence is given to show that this substance can pass through parchment-paper and that it can be precipitated with alcohol. Rickets produced by feeding with cereals can be prevented by the administration of calcium-salts, whereas phosphates have no such effect.
The dangers of certain Mineral Baking-powders based on Alum, when used for Human Nutrition
Authors: Schaeffer Georges , Fontès G. , Le Breton E. , Oberling Ch. , Thivolle L. 
Published: May 2009

We hope that this summary of our researches will be sufficient to make clear the nature of the danger spoken of at the beginning of this article. We see that certain bodies, not poisons in themselves in the usual sense of the word, can provoke physiological disorders and organic lesions, the etiology of which remains generally unnoticed, when they are absorbed daily for months and years. Such products are most certainly responsible for many illnesses, the frequence of which augments with the alimentary conditions imposed upon us by modern civilisation in a manner inexplicable beforehand.Our object will have been attained if we succeed in attracting the attention of physicians and hygienists to certain problems, the study of which is perhaps not very attractive but the solution of which is of considerable practical interest.
The Influence of Temperature on Bactericidal Action
Authors: Cooper E. A. , Haines R. B. 
Published: May 2009

1. The influence of temperature on the germicidal power of selected disinfectants has been studied, and it has been found that germicides may be classified broadly into three main groups, viz.Germicidal power (a) unaffected by rise in temperature: chiefly chemical substances, possessing reducing properties;(b) approximately doubled by rise in temperature from 20 to 37°C.—phenol, alcohol;(c) increased as much as 10 or 20-fold by the same temperature rise: oxidising agents.2. The effect of temperature on bactericidal action is different for B. coli and B. fluorescens, thus causing very complex changes in selective action, which are discussed in this paper.3. The temperature coefficient for the process of protein-precipitation by phenol is 2·2 per 10°C. rise in temperature, and thus similar in magnitude to the coefficient for disinfection by phenol. This supports the view that the germicidal action of phenol is associated with its denaturating effect on the cell-proteins.4. Previous experimental work had suggested that the bactericidal action of the quinones was due to their chemical reactivity with the simple cell-constituents, e.g. the amino-acids, rather than with the complex colloids. The temperature coefficient of the reaction between benzoquinone and glycine is, however, the normal one, viz. 2 for 10° C. rise, for chemical action, although the germicidal action of the quinones may be actually 20 times more effective at 37° than at 20° C. The presence of certain inorganic cell-constituents accelerates the velocity of reaction between quinone and glycine, but does not increase the temperature coefficient.5. The bactericidal power of picric acid and potassium permanganate, as well as the quinones, is greatly increased by rise in temperature: and there would appear to be some other factor common to all these disinfectants associated with their high temperature coefficient.
Bacteriological and Clinical Study of One Hundred Cases of Scarlet Fever
Authors: Gunn William , Griffith Fred 
Published: May 2009

1. The bacteriological examination of the throat or nose in 100 cases of scarlet fever on admission to hospital showed the following incidence of the different serological types of streptococci. Of 91 cases yielding positive results on the first examination, haemolytic streptococci of Type 1 were found in 8, Type 2 in 14, Type 3 in 26 and Type 4 in 12; the remaining 31 fell into the heterogeneous group. In the 9 patients who gave a negative swab on admission a later test showed Type 1 in 2 cases, Type 2 in 4 cases, Type 3 in 1 case and heterogeneous strains in 2 cases.2. The heterogeneous group comprised individualistic strains, none of which occurred with sufficient frequency to form a fifth type.3. In 50 out of the 100 cases examined at weekly intervals the type of streptococcus remained the same throughout the attack.4. In 50 cases there was a change of type during the course of the disease; a second type appeared in 38, a third in 10 and a fourth in 2.5. The change of type was considered to be a reinfection since it appeared most often in the youngest children and after the 3rd week of treatment; the source of reinfection was traced in two instances.6. In 3 patients, in whom the Dick reaction remained positive, the appearance of the new type coincided with a second attack of clinical scarlatina.7. Of the 50 patients in whom no change of type was demonstrated 20 still carried the haemolytic streptococci on discharge after periods in hospital ranging from 4 to 8 weeks.8. Of the total 100 cases there were on discharge 49 throat carriers of haemolytic streptococci and 6 nose carriers. None of the 55, so far as was ascertained, gave rise to “return cases” of scarlet fever.9. There was evidence of correlation between serological type of streptococcus on the one hand and severity of scarlatinal attack and occurrence of complications on the other. The importance of this in hospital practice is emphasised.10. The Dick test and Schultz-Charlton reaction were carried out on all cases in the series; the results indicated that the four serological types have different immunological values.11. The evidence in favour of qualitative as opposed to quantitative differences in toxin production by the different types is discussed.
An Unusual Bacillus recovered from Cases presenting Symptoms of Dysentery
Authors: Clayton F. H. A. , Warren S. H. 
Published: May 2009

Organisms which appear to be morphologically, culturally, and serologically identical have been recovered in four separate outbreaks of illness suggestive of dysentery.They have been readily isolated in considerable numbers from all cases examined in the early phase of the attack.When 1 per cent, peptone water is used as a basis for carbohydrates these organisms usually leave lactose, mannite, dulcite, and saccharose unaffected but ferment glucose and maltose with the production of acid. Barely, a minute amount of gas is also produced from glucose and occasionally slight acid and gas from dulcite. On the other hand, when Lemco broth (Dudgeon and Pulvertaft, 1927) is used as a basis, glucose, dulcite, and maltose are consistently fermented with the production of acid and gas.Agglutination tests against normal sera and against anti-sera prepared from the dysentery and paradysentery bacilli and from B. paratyphosus A are uniformly negative but strains of the organism derived from all four sources are agglutinated to approximately the same titre by an anti-serum prepared from one of them although this anti-serum has no effect on three organisms whose reactions present some degree of similarity.The organisms do not appear to be toxic for rabbits.With all patients affected in these outbreaks, whose blood was available for examination, the serum has shown the presence of specific agglutinins which could not be demonstrated in normal serum.On the whole, therefore, the evidence suggests that these organisms may be responsible for the diseased condition.
The Influence of Certain Dietary Supplements in Relation to the Calcium Requirements of Growing African Natives. II
Authors: Henderson John McAskill , Kelly Francis Charles 
Published: May 2009

1. Of five experimental subjects—growing East African native boys—four proved to have definitely negative calcium balances on the diet in use at the Nairobi Prison, while the fifth was merely in calcium equilibrium.2. The diet in question was found to be so low in calcium (0·32 grm. Ca per day) that the occurrence of negative balances is not altogether surprising.3. These negative calcium balances became positive on the addition of calcium as milk or in a mineral mixture with or without cod-liver oil.4. Cod-liver oil alone was not effective in bringing about any appreciable reduction of a negative balance.5. Our findings showed that 0·43 grm. Ca daily was the maintenance requirement for the subjects under experiment. This figure is practically the same as that found by Sherman in a summary of work on white races.6. On giving additional calcium in a mineral mixture it was found that after the maintenance requirement had been satisfied, as much as 50 per cent. of any excess might be retained. The calcium of milk, on the other hand, was found to be utilised more efficiently; the corresponding retention figure being over 70 per cent.7. The influence of the various supplements on growth is briefly discussed.
The bacteriology of meat and fish pastes, including a new method of detection of certain anaerobic bacteria
Authors: Crossley E. L. 
Published: May 2009

1. The bacteriological problems involved in the production of meat and fish pastes in sealed glass jars have been studied.2. Data are presented showing the normal flora of the raw materials used. Particular attention is drawn to the anaerobic species present in seasoning materials.3. Bacterial contamination due to manufacturing operations is discussed.4. The requirements of a satisfactory heat treatment are outlined, together with experimental methods of study used to overcome possible causes of failure.5. Bacteriological examinations of 14,365 samples of paste showed that 88% were sterile: the flora of the remainder was examined.6. Experimental evidence is presented to show that certain anaerobic spore-forming bacilli are the main possible cause of spoilage, and the significance of aerobic spore-forming bacilli has been established. An extremely heat-resistant anaerobe was isolated.7. Routine bacteriological control of the finished products is suggested.8. A simple, inexpensive, and rapid method of detecting anaerobic species has been devised, which can also be applied to other foodstuffs. Data are presented from the examination of a further 6110 samples using this method.
Growth of Salmonella typhi and certain other members of the Salmonella group in milk and butter stored at atmospheric temperatures
Authors: Pullinger E. J. , Kemp Audrey E. 
Published: May 2009

1. A technique for studying the behaviour of Salmonella in milk is described.2. S. typhi, paratyphi B, dublin, cholerae-suis, typhi-murium, enteritidis and bovis-morbificans all multiplied readily even in absolutely fresh raw milk stored at 15°C., and in commercial grades of raw and of heat-treated milk rapid multiplication also occurred.3. Strains of S. typhi recently isolated from man showed more rapid multiplication in milk than did stock laboratory cultures.4. These Salmonella all survived at least 2 months when incorporated in various grades of salted and unsalted butter.
A Vi variant ofSalmonella typhiand its application to the serology of typhoid fever
Authors: Bhatnagar S. S. , Speechly C. G. J. , Singh M. 
Published: May 2009

1. The description of a strain which behaves as a pure Vi variant ofS. typhiis given. Complete absence of H antigen from it is demonstrated. The non-interference in its Vi agglutinating activity by the very small amount of O antigen contained in it is shown. This strain has been designated “Vi 1”.2. With the help of this strain, the practical applicability of Vi agglutination as a reliable method for the routine serological diagnosis of typhoid infection and for the detection of typhoid carrier condition, in preference to O and H types of agglutination, is stressed.
The concentration of carcinogenic materials in mineral oils by distillation processes
Authors: Twort J. M. , Lyth R. 
Published: May 2009

1. A range of commercial distillates of a topped crude Borneo, mineral oil were tested for carcinogenic activity and it was found that the peak was around a viscosity at 25° C. of 200 to 250 Centipoises.2. The whole range of oils was biologically active. This activity had been foreseen from an examination of the physical characteristics, alone sufficient to condemn the utilization of any single representative as a lubricant when likely to come into contact with the user.3. A greater concentration of the carcinogenic material was obtained by molecular distillation of oils than by ordinary distillation at from 3 to 10 mm.4. The middle fractions of a Borneo crude oil were mostly responsible for pathological changes in the organs—fatty infiltration of the liver and hyaline degeneration of the spleen. These results again confirm previous findings.5. Lung tumours were, according to our experience with mineral oils more prevalent than is usual when utilizing this type of agent for testing carcinogenicity for the skin. Their incidence was somewhat higher in the more viscous fractions but was not apparently related to their carcinogenicity for the skin.In conclusion we should like to thank Dr C. C. Twort, former Director of this Department and now of the Portslade Laboratories, Sussex, for his helpful suggestions and advice in the compilation of this paper, and wish also to acknowledge their indebtedness to Dr J. R. Bowman of the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, University of Pittsburgh, for a micro method of viscosity determination.
Diphtheria: A suggested explanation of the relative change in age incidence
Authors: Cheeseman E. A. , Martin W. J. , Russell W. T. 
Published: May 2009

The purpose of the investigation was to examine the reason for the relative age shift in the incidence of diphtheria. The disease has been represented as now concentrating on children of school ages. We analysed, for various quinquennial periods beginning with 1901–5, the statistics of the notifications and deaths according to age and sex in the London boroughs which we classified into four social classes where I to IV represented descending order in the social scale. The conclusions arrived at were:I. The age shift as represented by the ratio of the mortality at ages 0–4 to ages 5–9 years which has taken place in London has been found to occur mainly in the poorer districts. The ratio in the residential districts has not altered appreciably during the thirty years under review (Table V).II. The age shift is also indicated by the morbidity statistics for the three quinquennial periods, 1901–5, 1909–13 and 1919–23, as there was a significant increase in the mean age of attack of children under 15 years of age.The case rate at ages 5–14 during 1929–33 as compared with that in 1901–5 has increased most amongst children in the lowest social group.III. Each of the variables (a) the decrease in the birth-rate between 1911 and 1931 in each London borough—an index of the change in the size of family—and (b) the decrease in infant mortality—a measurement of environmental improvement—is positively and significantly correlated with (c) the corresponding change in the size of the ratio of the case rates at ages 0–4 to 5–9 years. The coefficients were:but the partial correlation coefficientsindicate that the change in the size of family is the more important factor as the value of rac.b is fairly large and significant, whereas the correlation between the change in the ratio and the environmental improvement when the effects of the decreasing birth-rate are made constant—rbc.a—becomes statistically unimportant.
A slide agglutination test for the exclusion and diagnosis of typhoid fever
Authors: Berger F. M. , Brecher G. 
Published: May 2009

A sensitive antigen suspension is described for use with a simple slide agglutination method which makes possible a serological diagnosis or exclusion of typhoid fever without recourse to a laboratory. The method has been tested on 414 sera sent to our laboratory; it detected all cases with a titre of 1: 80 or more, and most of those with a titre of 1: 40. The method was further tested on 130 clinically observed cases, in which it gave satisfactory results. The S. A. method gave a positive result with 98 out of 100 sera from patients with typhoid fever, whereas the classical Widal reaction gave a positive result with 68 of them only.The intensity and rapidity of the slide agglutination reaction provide a rough measure of the titre of a serum. A quick and distinct agglutination indicates a titre of 1: 80 or more and is diagnostic of typhoid fever. A slow and indistinct result is obtained when the titre of the serum is about 1: 40. A negative test indicates with great probablity that a diagnosis of typhoid fever may be excluded.We think the method succeeds because the nature of the suspension employed and the peculiar behaviour of slide agglutinations permit the detection of O agglutinins as well as H agglutinins.
The relationship of field rodents to plague in Kenya
Authors: Roberts J. I. 
Published: May 2009

1. A study of the literature of East Africa on the incidence of plague in field rodents shows that in no single instance has evidence been offered to prove they have any relation to the disease.2. Recent epizootics in field rats in Kenya are described.3. The health of house and field rats is discussed, with an account of the work carried out on a septicaemic condition present in field rats.4. The results of bacteriological examination of 2750 field rats and attempted transmission experiments with 1285 field fleas, both investigations conducted during a period when there was heavy mortality among them, failed to establish the presence of B. pestis.At the same time, mortality among the Rattus population, proved bacteriologically to have been caused by B. pestis, enabled successful transmissions to be accomplished with fleas from that species.5. In the absence of any confirmatory bacteriological evidence to prove that epizootics among field rats are caused by B. pestis, and the failure to find natural infection among field fleas, together with the knowledge of their aversion to feed on man and lack of opportunity to develop such tastes, the theories that field rodents and their fleas “are definitely assisting in the perpetuation and spread of plague” or that they “ are possible factors in initial outbreaks of plague” (Thornton, 1930) appear to be fallacious.6. Plague in Kenya is distinguished by its isolated and sporadic nature, even in endemic areas, and it is not dependent on types of housing or the general hygiene of inhabited areas, but on individual domestic habits. Any individual, neglectful in regard to food, particularly its storage and wastage, is the person responsible for the disease, by offering an unlimited supply of food to a dense rat population and encouraging its survival.
Notes on typhus fevers in Kenya
Authors: Roberts J. I. 
Published: May 2009

1. The history of a typical sanguineus-borne human case of typhus is given, together with the results of intraperitoneal inoculation of material from the initial lesion into guinea-pigs.2. This material in the earlier inoculations caused a high mortality rate among guinea-pigs, and is characterized from the other material obtained from rats and fleas by the swing of temperatures between morning and evening.3. Three cases of non-lesion typhus occurred in a brewery heavily infested with rats and fleas, the patients affirming they had been bitten only by fleas.A high rat infestation was noted and a Xenopsylla index of 15·0 per rat.4. Inoculation into guinea-pigs of emulsified brain and testicle material from Rattus rattus trapped at this typhus focus, and of emulsified fleas from the rats, resulted in the establishment of a strain of virus which produced a typhus-like syndrome in guinea-pigs.5. Infection of guinea-pigs with strains of virus from rats, ticks and fleas, has been secured without any difficulty in Kenya, and it has not been found necessary to keep guinea-pigs on vitamin-deficient diets.6. Typical scrotal reaction has been observed in the majority of guinea-pigs inoculated. The onset is generally sudden and coincides with the rise in temperature. Subsidence of the swelling and inflammation is gradual over about 3 days.7. Loss in weight is not a marked feature of the forms of virus encountered in Kenya.8. Post-mortem appearances in the rat-and flea-forms differ from those of the tick-type mainly in less ascites and slight enlargement of the spleen.
The survival of the Calmette-Guérin strain of tubercle bacillus (B.C.G.) in the blood and mamma of goats
Authors: Griffith A. Stanley 
Published: May 2009

Intravenously injected into a goat in a single dose of 50·0 mg. b.c.g. caused the death of the animal from pneumonia in 9 days and was demonstrated in the blood until the day of death, though in progressively diminishing numbers.Intravenously injected into a goat on successive occasions, the dose on each being 10·0 mg., b.c.g. was filtered from the blood by the tissues within 3–5 days. There was little or no evidence that b.c.g. disappeared from the blood more quickly after previous injection of that micro-organism. b.c.g. was not excreted into the milk cisterns of this goat or, if excreted, the bacilli did not long survive.Intramammarily injected b.c.g. produced inflammatory reactions in the mamma with formation of caseo-pus and ultimate destruction of the gland as a secretory organ. The micro-organisms, however, did not remain alive for any lengthy period in the mamma and in the two instances reported were not viable after about 15 weeks.