bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haemodynamic effects of water-soluble contrast media on the isolated perfused rat kidney
Authors: El Sayed A. A. , Haylor J. L. , Nahas A. M. El , Salzano S. , Morcos S. K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The precise mechanism underlying the nephrotoxicity of radiocontrast media remains ill defined. In this study we have examined the direct effect of a wide range of low- and high-osmolar water-soluble contrast media (WSCM) on the vascular resistance of the isolated perfused rat kidney (IPRK). Water-soluble contrast media led to a significant fall in the renal perfusate flow and an increase in the renal vascular resistance (RVR). The magnitude of these haemodynamic changes was independent of the osmolality of the tested agents. This study shows a direct effect of WSCM on the vascular resistance of the isolated perfused rat kidney.
Intersite comparison of the Hologic QDR-1000 dual energy X-ray bone densitometer
Authors: Blake G. M. , Tong C. M. , Fogelman I. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We have compared results from 13 Hologic QDR-1000 bone densitometers: (i) by performing spine and hip scans on two normal volunteers; (ii) by acquiring sets of 10 sequential scans on a Hologic anthropomorphic spine phantom. For each QDR-1000 site visited a set of spine phantom scans was also acquired on a QDR-1000 at Guy's Hospital to serve as a control study. All scans were analysed using the Hologic scan comparison software. Radiographers at each site were asked to perform their own independent analysis of the scans of the two volunteers. The precision of the bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and projected area (Area) results for a set of 10 phantom scans was 0.11%, 0.14% and 0.12% respectively. The coefficient of variation (CV) between sites for the sets of phantom scans was 0.58% for BMD, 0.71% for BMC and 0.35% for Area. In comparison, CVs for the phantom scans acquired on a single QDR-1000 were 0.23%, 0.23% and 0.09% respectively. The CV for the BMD results on the two volunteers obtained using the scan comparison software averaged 1.4% for the spine and 2.1% for the femoral neck. The CV for the results obtained by site radiographers averaged 2.2% for the spine and 3.7% for the femoral neck. Significant differences in the technique used for hip analysis were found. Conclusions: (i) differences in calibration between systems were generally less than 1%; (ii) variations in results resulting from differences in analytical technique were more significant than those resulting from differences in calibration.
Assessment of the psychological impact of a breast screening programme
Authors: Bull A. R. , Campbell M. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In order to assess the psychological effect of mammographic screening, questionnaires (which included psychometric tests) were sent to 750 women at invitation and, 6 weeks after screening, to 420 women normal after the first mammograph, to 240 women normal after special assessment, and to 68 women normal after open biopsy. Increasing degree of the investigation was associated both with increasing frequency of breast self examination (10% were practising breast self-examination at least once a week before screening compared with 24% for women after special assessment and 35% of women who had had an open biopsy (p &lt; 0.001)), and with greater confidence that any malignancy in the breast would have been found. Psychometric scores showed no increase of general levels of anxiety or depression in the screened groups. For anxiety, percentages abnormal were 5, 4, 2 and 6 for the four groups, respectively, and for depression the percentages abnormal were 5, 4, 4 and 6, respectively; 10% of screened women were more anxious about having breast cancer as a result of the screening. At least 10% of women proceeding to open biopsy of benign lesions require professional counselling and support. Psychological ill effects were not detected by the psychometric test among women who did not proceed to this final investigation. Behavioural changes did suggest a raised awareness or fear of potential cancer among the screened population.
Ovarian ablation failures by radiation: a comparison of two dose schedules
Authors: Leung S. F. , Tsao S. Y. , Teo Peter M. L. , Choi Peter H. K. , Shiu Wesely C. T. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Sixty Chinese breast cancer patients underwent ovarian irradiation with one of two dose schedules: 12 Gy/4 fractions/4–6 days or 14 Gy/4 fractions/4–6 days. The ovarian ablation failure rates were 14% and 0% respectively in patients above 40 years of age. The overall ablation failure rate in younger patients was unacceptably high at 35%. The significance of the findings is discussed.
Fibrous dysplasia of the skull: disease activity in relation to age
Authors: Davies M. L. , Macpherson P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Eighteen of 19 patients with histologically confirmed fibrous dysplasia of the skull seen at the Institute of Neurological Sciences, Glasgow, in the past 20 years have been reviewed and recent radiographs obtained. Sex, age at presentation and at follow-up were recorded, in addition to the site, type and extent of cranial involvement. The findings have been related to disease activity and progression. In comparison with other reports we found the proportion of patients with activity in adulthood to be relatively high (37%). Overall, there was an equal sex distribution, but of seven patients presenting as adults, six were female as were six of seven patients with evidence of disease activity in adulthood.
Dose to red bone marrow from natural radon and thoron exposure
Authors: Richardson R. B. , Eatough J. P. , Henshaw D. L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The age-dependent radiation dose to the haematopoietic tissue of bone marrow has been calculated for exposure to radon, thoron and their daughter products. The component of dose due to pure radon is dependent on the fat content of the marrow, since the solubility of radon in fat is about 16 times that in tissue. The mean dose equivalent μSv to the total active marrow is estimated for a range of fat cell diameters from 25 to 200 μm, taking account of the percentage cellularity and distribution of active marrow as a function of age. Similarly, the dose due to the inhalation of short-lived radon daughters was estimated, based on measurements in blood and marrow, modified to allow for the greater deposition of daughter products expected in children. An estimate of the age-dependent dose from long-lived radon daughters was made from uranium miner and natural exposure data. Dose estimates were made for the average UK indoor exposure to radon gas of 20 Bq/m3 and an equilibrium equivalent thoron concentration of 0.3 Bq/m3. The annual radon and thoron derived dose to the active marrow of the newborn was calculated as 30 and 40 μSv, respectively. For a 10-year-old child, the radon and thoron derived annual dose are 70 and 40 μSv, and for a 40-year-old adult 90 and 30 μSv, respectively. The above values exhibit wide range limits due principally to uncertainties in the accumulation of 210Pb in bone, and 210Po in marrow. These data indicate that at the average UK exposure, the alpha-particle dose to active marrow is dominated by that derived from inhaled radon and thoron compared with dietary intake. In infants the dose is dominated by thoron daughters. At the UK radon Action Limit of 200 Bq/m3, the radon and associated thoron derived dose is similar to that from all low LET sources. This work shows that the dose to red bone marrow from radon and thoron is significant, and that the possibility of leukaemia induced by these radiation sources warrants further investigation.
Magnetic resonance imaging in the staging of renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Kabala J. E. , Gillatt D. A. , Persad R. A. , Penry J. B. , Gingell J. C. , Chadwick D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A prospective study has been carried out to examine the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the investigation of renal cell carcinoma in 24 patients. In all cases the inferior vena cava (IVC) was well demonstrated with MRI. In 14 out of 15 patients where surgical correlation was available, the MRI and operative staging were in agreement. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic (CT) staging were in agreement in 16 out of the 17 patients where both were performed. In one case, CT suggested hepatic invasion but this was found not to be present on MRI and at operation. Magnetic resonance imaging also provided substantial additional information in three patients, including two cases where MRI demonstrated a patent IVC that appeared occluded on CT (one of which also had vertebral metastases seen on MRI but missed on CT) and one case where CT failed to demonstrate minimal involvement of the IVC. Magnetic resonance imaging is an accurate means of staging renal cell carcinoma with clear advantages over CT. In no case in this series was inferior vena cavography found to be necessary.
Body composition by intercomparison of underwater weighing, skinfold measurements and dual-photon absorptiometry
Authors: Verlooy H. , Dequeker J. , Geusens P. , Nijs J. , Goris M. 
Published: July 2009

Since Stern (1901) and Behnke (1961) introduced their techniques for densitometry by submersion, many other methods have been described to estimate body composition in men, ranging from simple to very complex (Siri, 1956, 1961; Garrow, 1982). None of them meets all the desirable criteria: cost, ease of operation and accuracy.
Dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) is based on measurements of radiation transmission of two separate photon energies through a medium consisting of two different materials, bone and soft tissue. The dichromatic beam from a gadolinium- 153 source, with photon energy peaks at 44 and 100 keV, can be used for this purpose. Dual-photon absorptiometry allows measurements on hitherto inaccessible body areas (Peppier & Mazess, 1981).
The present study was designed to validate DPA as an alternative technique for the assessment of the lean body mass and the percentage fat.
Comparison of colour Doppler ultrasound with venography in the diagnosis of axillary and subclavian vein thrombosis
Authors: Baxter G. M. , Kincaid W. , Jeffrey R. F. , Millar G. M. , Porteous C. , Morley P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The primary imaging technique in suspected venous occlusive disease has for many years been contrast venography. Recent studies have shown ultrasound with the addition of colour Doppler imaging to be a suitable alternative method in the diagnosis of lower limb venous thrombosis. We have applied these techniques to the upper limb venous system, and have performed a prospective study of 19 patients (30 limbs) comparing colour Doppler ultrasound with venography in the diagnosis of axillary and subclavian vein thrombosis, for which colour Doppler ultrasound has a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. If vein stenosis is included, the sensitivity falls to 89%. We propose that colour Doppler ultrasound is a suitable first-line alternative to venography in the diagnosis of axillary and subclavian vein thrombosis. In addition to showing the major venous drainage of the upper limb, ultrasound routinely assesses patency of the internal jugular vein, which is, on occasion, of clinical relevance when determining possible future sites of venous access. If, however, colour Doppler ultrasound is normal then bilateral upper limb venography is indicated to exclude a more central venous problem or localized stenotic lesion.
Tumour size as a prognostic factor in carcinoma of the cervix: assessment by transrectal ultrasound
Authors: Magee B. J. , Logue J. P. , Swindell R. , McHugh D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) was used to measure tumour size in patients with carcinoma of the cervix and to assess its prognostic significance. Clinical staging was conducted and at the time of examination under anaesthesia, TRUS was used to assess maximum transverse diameter of the tumour. Eighty-one patients were studied. FIGO stages were 1B 34 patients, IIA seven patients, IIB 31 patients, IIIA two patients and IIIB seven patients. Mean tumour diameters by stage were IB 37 mm, IIA 37 mm, IIB 49 mm, IIIA 42 mm and IIIB 50 mm. There was a significant correlation between size and stage (p = 0.001). With a median follow-up of 18 months, 16 relapses have occurred. The actuarial relapse rates at median follow-up by stage were IB 10%, IIA 17%, IIB 22%, IIIA 0% and IIIB 35%. The actuarial relapse rates by size grouping at median follow-up were less than 30 mm 0%, greater than 30 and less than 40 mm 11%, greater than 40 and less than 50 mm 22%, and greater than 50 mm 38%. There was a significant difference between the mean recorded size of the tumours in the relapsed group and the relapse-free group (p = 0.02). Despite the small number of patients and short follow-up, tumour size as measured by TRUS appears to predict relapse.
Spinal cord compression in Paget's disease due to extradural pagetic ossification
Authors: Nicholson D. A. , Roberts T. , Sanville P. R. 
Published: July 2009

Neurological complications resulting from single vertebral involvement have been described but the condition is usually asymptomatic (Dinneen & Buckley, 1987). The mechanisms for neurological involvement include compression of the spinal cord by bony expansion from the pagetic process, vertebral collapse with haemorrhage, or neoplastic degeneration (Resnick, 1988). Other non-compressive vascular causes have also been described (Herzberg & Bayliss, 1980; Douglas et al, 1981).
We describe a case of severe spinal cord compression secondary to Paget's disease, as a result of extradural pagetic ossification of the ligamentum flavum and epidural fat, with the actual bony spinal canal being of normal size.
Ultrasound diagnosis of horseshoe kidney
Authors: Banerjee B. , Brett I. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Ultrasound diagnosis of horseshoe kidneys depends on the demonstration of an isthmus or band of renal tissue across the midline of abdomen connecting the lower poles of the kidneys. In a number of cases this band of renal tissue may evade ultrasonic detection. In a series of 11 patients with horseshoe kidneys, sonographic detection of renal isthmus was achieved in seven patients, but in all 11 cases there was demonstrable alteration of renal outlines. Instead of normal reniform shape, the kidneys appeared “inverted pyriform” or “inverted triangular”. Detection of such an altered renal outline should raise suspicion of horseshoe kidney.
Spiking of the tubercles of the intercondylar eminence of the tibial plateau in osteoarthritis
Authors: Reiff D. B. , Heron C. W. , Stoker D. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
“Spiking”, “sharpening” or “peaking” ofthe tubercles of the intercondylar eminence of the tibial plateau has been described as an early sign of osteoarthritis of the knee joint, but there are no reports confirming this association. The radiographs of 55 patients with established osteoarthritis of the knee joint and 36 controls were reviewed. Measurements were made of the angulation of the tips of the medial andlateral tubercles, and the ratio of the tubercle height to the width of the tibial plateau was calculated. There was a significant difference in both these parameters between the two groups, confirming that lengthening and sharpening of the angles of the tubercles are features of osteoarthritis of the knee joint.
Endothelial cell population dynamics in rat brain after local irradiation
Authors: Ljubimova N. V. , Levitman M. Kh. , Plotnikova E. D. , Eidus L. Kh. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The dynamics of the endothelial cell population was investigated in the ratbrain after local irradiation with different doses of X rays. A fluorescent–histochemical technique was used for the visualization of the cells. A decrease in endothelial cell number was observed within 1 day of irradiation with doses of 5–200 Gy. At this time the endothelial cell number had decreased by up to 15% compared with the pre-treatment values. This early dose-independent loss in cell number was maintained for up to 1 month after irradiation. This was then followed by a slow dose-independent decrease in cell density up to 6 months after exposure. Subsequently the depletion of the endothelial cell population exposed to 40 and 60 Gy continued. After a dose of 25 Gy an abortive recovery of cell numbers occurred followed by an abrupt depletion of the endothelial cell population. The possible mechanisms of such changes are discussed.
Measurement of regional left ventricular function using labelled magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Buchalter M. B. , Sims C. , Dixon A. K. , Weissberg P. L. , Stone D. L. , Shah N. J. , Hall L. D. , Wilkinson I. D. , Lomas D. J. , Freer C. E. L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A technique for assessing regional left ventricular function using magnetic resonance imaging is described. Spatial modulation of magnetization (SPAMM) is effected immediately before images are obtained at various intervals during the cardiac cycle using a modified field echo even rephasing technique (FEER). By performing such modulation in two planes, a grid pattern of labelling can be produced across the image. On the resulting labelled short axis images of the left ventricle, the systolic increase in thickness (thickening) and decrease in length (shortening) of different regions of myocardium can then be measured. The findings in five normal volunteers are presented. Radial shortening was twice as great in the endocardium (mean 20.4%, standard deviation (SD) 5.7) than in the epicardium (mean 10.2%, SD 5.5) and appears to offer more promise as a marker of regional function than simple thickening (mean 9.8%, SD 13.6).
Comparative performance in vitro and in vivo of Lunar DPX and Hologic QDR-1000 dual energy X-ray absorptiometers
Authors: Laskey M. A. , Flaxman M. E. , Barber R. W. , Trafford S. , Hayball M. P. , Lyttle K. D. , Crisp A. J. , Compston J. E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The measured absolute bone mineral density values of spine and femur and their precision were compared on two dual energy X-ray absorptiometers, the Lunar DPX and the Hologic QDR-1000. There were systematic differences between the two systems, the Lunar DPX always giving a higher bone density value. The ratio of the mean Lunar DPX/Hologic QDR-1000 bone density measurements obtained in vivo was 1.13 g/cm2 for spine (L2–L4) and 1.20–1.43 g/cm2 for femur measurements. For both systems, short- and long-term precision (coefficient of variation) was below 0.5% for spine in vitro measurements and below 1.5% for neck of femur in vitro measurements. Precision of in vivo measurements was less good, especially for femur measurements. The coefficient of variation of spine measurements was dependent on bone density and deteriorated with decreased bone mineral density and increased body thickness.
Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging of the gallbladder and dilated biliary tree: reconstruction from real-time B-scans
Authors: Fine D. , Perring S. , Herbetko J. , Hacking C. N. , Fleming J. S. , Dewbury K. C. 
Published: July 2009

Ultrasound is perhaps the most operator-dependent imaging technique. Clinicians rarely master the interpretation of ultrasound images and even experienced ultrasonographers may experience difficulty interpreting “hard copy” images produced by other operators. Reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) computer images of computed tomography (CT) scans have been shown to aid interpretation of CT data by clinicians, particularly before reconstructive and orthopaedic surgery (Lafferty et al, 1986; Linney et al, 1989). We propose that similar reconstruction of ultrasound images may aid clinicians' understanding of the anatomy of the enlarged biliary tree and gallbladder.
Ultrasound studies of the biliary tree were performed using a Toshiba 100 real-time ultrasound system with a 3.5 MHz curved array transducer. The probe was located on the skin surface, then smoothly rotated by hand at the probe face so as to obtain a continuous, sequential sweep across the volume of the liver. The sequence of B-scans obtained was recorded on videotape. The angle of rotation of the probe was estimated by eye. Regular sample frames of the videotaped data were selected for digitization by frame by frame examination of the videotaped data. Images were digitized using an Oggitronics 8-bit recursive video processor. The images were transferred to a DEC VAX 11–730 minicomputer and SIGMEX A7000 display processor, running the Southampton General Hospital PICS general image processing software (Fleming et al, 1987). Images were compressed to 256 × 256 pixel square matrix format. In each study, 20–30 sample images were taken.
Neonatal hepatic calcification in subcapsular haematoma with hydrops fetalis
Authors: Buxton P. J. , Maheswaran P. , Dewbury K. C. , Moore I. E. 
Published: July 2009

There are many causes of fetal and infant hepatic calcification. We present two cases of hepatic calcification in a subcapsular haematoma in neonates with hydrops fetalis and chromosomal abnormalities. We do not believe that such an association has been described previously.
A 22-year-old woman presented at 30 weeks gestation with polyhydramnios. An ultrasound scan at 14 weeks had shown no abnormality. A scan at 30 weeks showed gross fetal ascites and a diagnosis of non-Rhesus hydrops was made. The pregnancy was allowed to continue and a normal vaginal delivery occurred at 33 weeks. A female infant with external features of Down's syndrome was delivered. Chest and abdominal radiographs taken on the first day showed areas of reticular calcification in the right upper quadrant (Fig. 1). An ultrasound examination on the fourth day showed this calcification to lie on the liver surface and to be concentrated mainly around the porta hepatis. There was gross ascites but no other areas of calcification could be seen (Fig. 2). An ultrasound scan of the brain was normal. There was no growth of organisms from blood or ascitic fluid and antibody titres for varicella and toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex (TORCH) complex viruses were negative. On the fifth day of life she became cyanotic and died. Trisomy 21 was confirmed cytogenetically.
A 27-year-old woman presented at 18 weeks gestation for a routine antenatal ultrasound scan.
The chest X ray in Q-fever: a report on 69 cases from the 1989 West Midlands outbreak
Authors: Smith D. L. , Wellings R. , Walker C. , Ayres J. G. , Burge P. S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Acute and serial chest radiographic appearances of Q-fever in a large UK outbreak in the West Midlands are described. In 69 acute films (taken within 20 days of onset of illness), 10% of films were normal. Appearances in 62 abnormal films were varied and, in contrast to some previous reports, showed no features that might distinguish Q-fever pneumonia from pneumonias of other origins. Analysis of serial films in 47 cases showed that complete radiographic resolution frequently took up to 6 months, longer than has been described previously. Initial appearances deteriorated over the first 2 weeks of radiographic surveillance in 20% of cases. No relationship was found between the extent of radiographic change and the age of the patient or the presence or absence of respiratory symptoms. Age did not affect time to resolution.