bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health Status of Incarcerated Adolescents: Implications for Juvenile Justice Decision Making
Authors: MORRIS ROBERT E. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTAdolescents arriving in detention often bring with them significant medical, dental, and psychological problems. These issues have important implications for courts that must decide the best disposition for offending youths. Appropriate treatment benefits the individual by enhancing his/her well‐being and improving his/her chances of successful rehabilitation. Society also benefits by avoiding the higher cost of caring for neglected conditions later in life. A comprehensive health care program for detention facilities involves establishing standardized procedures that address both common adolescent problems plus those more peculiar to detainees. Health care professionals working in a correctional setting have unique duties such as clearing youths for boot camp, monitoring injuries, dealing with resistant patients, monitoring for safe activities, and planning aftercare for youths who may face impediments to accessing care such as poor motivation and poverty. Research concerning issues specific to the needs of incarcerated youths remains infrequent and should be undertaken by health care providers. This article provides an overview of medical issues confronting juvenile offenders that should be considered when a juvenile becomes involved in the juvenile justice system.
Juvenile Accountability and the Specific Deterrent Effects of Short‐Term Confinement
Authors: GREEN GARY S. , CARLSON PETER M. , COLVIN ROBERT E. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTTo assess the specific deterrent (“teaching a lesson”) and normative validation effects of confinement, the intake histories of a random sample of youths (n=87) confined in a local detention facility were analyzed to determine if the amount of the immediately previous confinement or the total amount of confinement experienced affects the amount of time until the next system intake. No statistically significant relationships were found for any of the intakes, up through eight intakes. The findings, however, demonstrate that a non‐graduated approach to imposition of punishment that did not adequately emphasize individual accountability was not an effective deterrent for the more recalcitrant youths included in this study. Theoretical and policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Zero to Three: Critical Issues for the Juvenile and Family Court
Authors: COHEN JULIE , YOUCHA VICTORIA 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTInfants are the fastest growing population in foster care. Without intervention they are at great risk of poor developmental outcomes. Juvenile and family courts have a unique opportunity to make a positive difference in the lives of the babies in their care. This article outlines six critical issues that impact the development of very young children in the child welfare system and recommends strategies that juvenile and family courts can use to address the needs of this most vulnerable population.
Building Bridges for Babies in Foster Care: The Babies Can't Wait Initiative
Authors: DICKER SHERYL , GORDON ELYSA 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTIn 2001, the New York State Permanent Judicial Commission on Justice for Children, chaired by New York State's Chief Judge Judith Kaye, developed the Babies Can't Wait Initiative to maximize the well‐being and permanency prospects of infants in foster care. This court‐based innovation became a path to healthy development for babies in foster care, a bridge to unprecedented collaboration among the New York City Family Court, child welfare system, and service providers and merged knowledge about child development with court and child welfare practice. This article tells the story of the Babies Can't Wait Initiative—its creation, implementation, successes, and lessons.
Questions Every Judge and Lawyer Should Ask About Infants and Toddlers in the Child Welfare System
Authors: OSOFSKY JOY D. , MAZE CANDICE L. , LEDERMAN JUDGE CINDY S. , GRACE MARTHA P. , DICKER SHERYL 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTWe need to change the culture in our courts. Instead of ignoring the special needs of babies and toddlers, we need to recognize that abused and neglected children are at risk for developing negative sequelae as a result of their maltreatment. The science of early development is unequivocal that early intervention can be effective. The following questions were developed as a guide for lawyers, judges, and child advocates in the child welfare system as a first step toward advocacy and intervention for young children. Armed with the questions, the scientific reasons they need to be asked, and the research that provides support, we recommend that these questions be used as a tool and be asked over and over until the needs of maltreated infants and babies are addressed. It is our legal obligation under the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997, and it is our moral responsibility to these young children.
Pathways from Traumatic Child Victimization to Delinquency: Implications for Juvenile and Permanency Court Proceedings and Decisions
Authors: FORD JULIAN D. , CHAPMAN JOHN , MACK JUDGE MICHAEL , PEARSON GERALDINE 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTResearch studies and observations by mental health and judicial professionals suggest that childhood traumatic victimization may contribute to the development of juvenile delinquency. Based on this evidence, we describe a chronological pathway that runs from: (a) early childhood victimization, to (b) escalating dysregulation of emotion and social information processing (“survival coping,” which takes the form of depression, anxiety, social isolation, peer rejection, and conflicted relationships), to (c) severe and persistent problems with oppositional‐defiance and overt or covert aggression compounded by post‐traumatic reactivity and hypervigilance (“victim coping”). A case vignette is provided, and implications for judicial review and decisions are discussed.
Juvenile Diversion: An Outcome Study of the Hamilton County, Ohio Unofficial Juvenile Community Courts
Authors: BECK VICTORIA SIMPSON , RAMSEY ROBERT J. , LIPPS JUDGE THOMAS R. , TRAVIS LAWRENCE F. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTAn overall goal of juvenile diversion programs is to deinstitutionalize and decriminalize minor types of delinquent behavior by minimizing penetration into the justice system. Proponents of juvenile diversion programs have argued that diversion programs provide additional services to youths; and, since diversion programs are less stigmatizing, they may restrain the escalation of delinquency. Nonetheless, many diversion programs are never analyzed. This study describes and presents outcome data from a diversion program in Hamilton County, Ohio.
Asking the Right Questions: Utilizing a Judicial Checklist to Track the Educational Success of Youth in Foster Care
Authors: WEISS SUSAN A. , STAUB DEBBIE , CAMPBELL PAULA , GATOWSKI SOPHIA I. , LITCHFIELD MELISSA 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTAsking about the educational objectives for children in foster care has not been a priority in most juvenile and family courts. Research has shown that compared to the general school population, children in foster care have lower grade point averages, change schools more frequently, earn fewer credits toward graduation, and are more likely to be placed in special education programs. In response, Casey Family Programs, in collaboration with the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges' Permanency Planning for Children Department, developed a Judicial Checklist with key educational questions to be asked from the bench. The Checklist has become a useful tool for juvenile and family court judges when assessing the effectiveness of current educational placements of the children who come before their courts, tracking their performance, and in making a positive future impact on their educational outcomes.
Children and Young People in Conflict with the Law: Asking the Hard Questions
Authors: BECROFT ANDREW J. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTShocking crimes elicit calls to “get tough” on youth offenders, but knee‐jerk responses are inappropriate and potentially dangerous. Although accountability and deterrence are important, rehabilitation is vital for young people who are more likely to benefit from such measures than their adult counterparts. However, balancing these factors raises a number of hard questions. For example, at what age should children be held criminally responsible for their actions, what is the correct role of welfare assistance in the process, and to what extent should state power to deal with child offending be transferred to families, victims, and communities? In assessing eight of these “hard questions,” this paper calls for a principled approach to the treatment of child and youth offenders in line with international human rights instruments.
The RWJF Reclaiming Futures Initiative: Improving Substance Abuse Interventions for Justice‐Involved Youths
Authors: NISSEN LAURA BURNEY , BUTTS JEFFREY A. , MERRIGAN DANIEL , KRAFT M. KATHERINE 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTJuvenile justice systems in the United States do not always respond effectively to substance abuse problems among young offenders. In 2002, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation launched a 10‐community demonstration project to address this problem. Reclaiming Futures (RF) relies on community partnerships to improve treatment quality, strengthen local leadership, expand inter‐organizational collaboration, and create systems of shared performance management. The initial findings of a cross‐site evaluation suggest that Reclaiming Futures is yielding important and positive change. Bi‐annual surveys of key informants measure the quality and integration of juvenile justice and substance abuse treatment systems in each community. Of 13 indices measured by the surveys, 11 showed significant improvements between 2003 and 2005.
Family Values: How Children's Lawyers Can Help Their Clients by Advocating for Parents
Authors: GOTTLIEB CHRIS , PITCHAL ERIK S. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTChildren's lawyers too often view themselves as standing in opposition to parents in dependency proceedings. In this article, the authors argue that child advocates do a disservice to their clients by not using their considerable skills, role advantages, and moral authority to actively help parents. Noting that areas of common ground far exceed those places where the children's bar and the parents' bar might part company, the authors contend that children's lawyers have an obligation to actively fight for parents' rights. In particular, spending time early in a case to ensure that appropriate reunification services are being offered is well worth the investment, as it redounds to the benefit of all parties. Several concrete practice tips are offered regarding how children's lawyers can better serve their clients by regularly advocating for parents.
Menacing or Mimicking? Realities of Youth Gangs
Authors: HOWELL JAMES C. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTSince the 1980s, youth gangs in the United States have been a high priority for law enforcement and the subject of a great deal of media attention, particularly in urban areas. Despite all the attention given to them, youth gangs remain poorly defined and vaguely characterized, and in many less populated communities, myths about youth gangs complicate the determination of appropriate community responses. To assist communities in combating gangs, this article illuminates numerous gang myths and contrasts them with research‐based realities. It concludes with implications and recommendations for community—including juvenile court—responses to gangs.
Aftercare Reality and Reform
Authors: GRIFFIN PATRICK , STEELE RICHARD , FRANKLIN KELLY 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTAftercare is widely acknowledged to be a weak link in the juvenile justice continuum. This report describes Pennsylvania's recent efforts to envision and articulate a comprehensive aftercare system, to assess current local variations in aftercare practice in light of that vision, and to bring about the state‐ and county‐level reforms that will make comprehensive aftercare a reality statewide.
Cross‐feeding of methane carbon among bacteria on rice roots revealed by DNA‐stable isotope probing
Authors: Qiu Qiongfen , Conrad Ralf , Lu Yahai 
Published: July 2009

SummaryMost of methane in flooded rice fields is emitted via transport through the plant gas vascular system. In the reverse direction, oxygen is diffusing to the living roots, and hence, the rhizosphere and roots of rice serve as an important habitat for CH4 oxidation which reduces CH4 emission from flooded rice fields. A laboratory incubation experiment was performed to determine the activity and composition of the methanotrophic Proteobacteria inhabiting the rice root system. Excised root material from young‐ and old‐nodal roots was collected and used for aerobic incubation in the presence of 13C‐labelled CH4. Prior to the incubation, the root material was treated with ammonium to test the effect of N availability on the activity of methanotrophs. Analyses of pmoA genes revealed that type II methanotrophs related to Methylocystaceae were predominant and remained relatively stable during the incubation regardless of root material and ammonium treatments. The abundance of type I methanotrophs was much smaller but their composition was relatively more variable. 16S rDNA‐based stable isotope probing revealed that Sphingomonadales and methanotrophic Methylocystaceae were the most active bacteria assimilating CH4‐derived carbon on young‐nodal roots, whereas methylotrophic Methylophilales were active on old‐nodal roots. These observations indicate the existence on rice roots of a bacterial food web that is driven by CH4‐derived carbon.
The quest for atmospheric methane oxidizers in forest soils
Authors: Kolb Steffen 
Published: July 2009

SummaryAerobic methanotrophs in forest soils are the largest biological sink for atmospheric methane (CH4). Community structures in 53 soils from Europe, Russia, North and South America, Asia and New Zealand located in boreal, temperate and tropical forests were analysed and maximal abundances of 2.1 × 107 methanotrophs g−1 DW were measured. In acidic soils, the most frequently detected pmoA genotypes were Upland Soil Cluster α (USCα) and Methylocystis spp. Phospholipid fatty acids that were labelled by consumption of 14/13CH4 suggested the activity of type II methanotrophs. Cluster 1 (Methylocystaceae), USCγ and Methylocystis spp. were frequently detected genotypes in pH‐neutral soils. Genotypes with ambiguous functional affiliation were co‐detected (Clusters MR1, RA21, 2) and may represent aerobic methanotrophs, ammonia oxidizers or enzymes with an unknown function. The physiological traits of atmospheric CH4 oxidizers are largely unknown because organisms possessing the key forest soil pmoA genotypes (USCα, USCγ, Cluster 1) have not been cultivated. Some methanotrophic strains belonging to the family Methylocystaceae have been shown to oxidize CH4 at atmospheric mixing ratios. Methylocystis strain SC2 was found to have an alternative particulate CH4 monooxygenase responsible for CH4 oxidation at atmospheric mixing ratios. pH, forest type and temperature might be environmental factors that shape methanotrophic communities in forest soils. However, specific effects on individual species are largely unknown, and only a limited number of studies have addressed environmental controls of methanotrophic diversity, pointing to the need for future research in this area.
Sequential Low‐Dose Rate Half‐Body Irradiation and Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Canine Multicentric Lymphoma
Authors: Lurie D.M. , Gordon I.K. , Théon A.P. , Rodriguez C.O. , Suter S.E. , Kent M.S. 
Published: July 2009

Background: Sequential half‐body irradiation (HBI) combined with chemotherapy is feasible in treating canine lymphoma, but prolonged interradiation intervals may affect efficacy. A 2‐week interradiation interval is possible in most dogs receiving low‐dose rate irradiation (LDRI) protocols at 6 Gy dose levels.Hypothesis: LDRI incorporated into a cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincritine, and prednisone (CHOP)‐based chemotherapy protocol is effective for the treatment of lymphoma in dogs.Animals: Thirty‐eight client‐owned animals diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma.Methods: Retrospective study evaluating the efficacy and prognostic factors for the treatment of canine lymphoma with sequential HBI and chemotherapy.Results: The median 1st remission was 410 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 241–803 days). The 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year 1st remission rates were 54, 42, and 31%. The median overall survival was 684 days (95% CI 334–1,223 days). The 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year survival rates were 66, 47, and 44%.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results of this study suggest that treatment intensification by a 2‐week interradiation treatment interval coupled with interradiation chemotherapy is an effective treatment for dogs with lymphoma.
Periodic Motions With Impacting Chatter and Stick in a Gear Transmission System
Authors: Luo Albert C. J. , O’Connor Dennis 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In this paper, an impact model with possible stick between the two gears is proposed for gear transmission systems, which includes the piecewise backlash model and the traditional impact model for the first time. The new model presented in this paper possesses a time-varying boundary for two dynamical systems either to switch or to impact. Such a model can catch impacting chatter and stick phenomena in gear transmission systems. Based on the new model, periodic impacting chatter and stick in a gear transmission system can be investigated. For doing so, switching sets on the time-varying boundaries are introduced to define basic mappings. Mapping structures based on basic mappings are developed for characterizing motions in gear transmission systems, and from such mapping structures, periodic motions with impacting chatter and stick in such a gear transmission system are predicted analytically. Numerical simulations are performed for illustration of periodic motions with impacting chatter and stick phenomena.
Burst Pressure of Pressurized Cylinders With Hillside Nozzle
Authors: Wang H. F. , Sang Z. F. , Xue L. P. , Widera G. E. O. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The burst pressure of cylinders with hillside nozzle is determined using both experimental and finite element analysis (FEA) approaches. Three full-scale test models with different angles of the hillside nozzle were designed and fabricated specifically for a hydrostatic test in which the cylinders were pressurized with water. 3D static nonlinear finite element simulations of the experimental models were performed to obtain the burst pressures. The burst pressure is defined as the internal pressure for which the structure approaches dimensional instability, i.e., unbounded strain for a small increment in pressure. Good agreement between the predicted and measured burst pressures shows that elastic-plastic finite element analysis is a viable option to estimate the burst pressure of the cylinders with hillside nozzles. The preliminary results also suggest that the failure location is near the longitudinal plane of the cylinder-nozzle intersection and that the burst pressure increases slightly with an increment in the angle of the hillside nozzle.
In Vitro Trafficking and Efficacy of Core-Shell Nanostructures for Treating Intracellular
Salmonella
Infections
Authors: Ranjan A. , Pothayee N. , Seleem M. N. , Sriranganathan N. , Kasimanickam R. , Makris M. , Riffle J. S. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT

Nanostructures encapsulating gentamicin and having either amphiphilic (N1) or hydrophilic (N2) surfaces were designed. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy studies demonstrated a higher rate of uptake for amphiphilic surfaces. A majority of N1 were localized in the cytoplasm, whereas N2 colocalized with the endosomes/lysosomes. Colocalization was not observed between nanostructures and intracellular
Salmonella
bacteria. However, significant in vitro reductions in bacterial counts (0.44 log
10
) were observed after incubation with N1, suggesting that the surface property of the nanostructure influences intracellular bacterial clearance.
In Vivo Characterization of the Peptide Deformylase Inhibitor LBM415 in Murine Infection Models
Authors: Osborne Colin S. , Neckermann Georg , Fischer Evelin , Pecanka Robert , Yu Donghui , Manni Kari , Goldovitz Julie , Amaral Kerri , Dzink-Fox JoAnn , Ryder Neil S. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTLBM415 is an antibacterial agent belonging to the peptide deformylase inhibitor class of compounds. It has previously been shown to demonstrate good activity in vitro against a range of pathogens. In this study, the in vivo efficacy of LBM415 was evaluated in various mouse infection models. We investigated activity against a systemic infection model caused by intraperitoneal inoculation ofStaphylococcus aureus(methicillin [meticillin] susceptible [MSSA] and methicillin resistant [MRSA]) andStreptococcus pneumoniae(penicillin susceptible [PSSP] and multidrug resistant [MDRSP]), a thigh infection model caused by intramuscular injection of MRSA, and a lung infection produced by intranasal inoculation of PSSP. In the systemic MSSA and MRSA infections, LBM415 was equivalent to linezolid and vancomycin. In the systemic PSSP infection, LBM415 was equivalent to linezolid, whereas against systemic MDRSP infection, the LBM415 50% effective dose (ED50) was 4.8 mg/kg (dosed subcutaneously) and 36.6 mg/kg (dosed orally), compared to 13.2 mg/kg for telithromycin and >60 mg/kg for penicillin V and clarithromycin. In the MRSA thigh infection, LBM415 significantly reduced thigh bacterial levels compared to those of untreated mice, with levels similar to those after treatment with linezolid at the same dose levels. In the pneumonia model, the ED50to reduce the bacterial lung burden by >4 log10in 50% of treated animals was 23.3 mg/kg for LBM415, whereas moxifloxacin showed an ED50of 14.3 mg/kg. In summary, LBM415 showed in vivo efficacy in sepsis and specific organ infection models irrespective of resistance to other antibiotics. Results suggest the potential of peptide deformylase inhibitors as a novel class of therapeutic agents against antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
The Arabinosyltransferase EmbC Is Inhibited by Ethambutol in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Goude R. , Amin A. G. , Chatterjee D. , Parish T. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT

Ethambutol (EMB) is an antimycobacterial drug used extensively for the treatment of tuberculosis caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. EMB targets the biosynthesis of the cell wall, inhibiting the synthesis of both arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan (LAM), and is assumed to act via inhibition of three arabinosyltransferases: EmbA, EmbB, and EmbC. EmbA and EmbB are required for the synthesis of arabinogalactan, and at least one enzyme (
M. tuberculosis
EmbA [EmbA
Mt
]) is essential in
M. tuberculosis
. EmbC
Mt
is also essential for the viability of
M. tuberculosis
but is involved in the synthesis of LAM. We show that mutations in EmbC
Mt
that reduce its arabinosyltransferase activity result in increased sensitivity to EMB and the production of smaller LAM species in
M. tuberculosis
. Overexpression of EmbC
Mt
was not tolerated in
M. tuberculosis
, but overexpression of
M
ycobacterium smegmatis
EmbC (EmbC
Ms
) led to EMB resistance and the production of larger LAM species in
M. tuberculosis
. Treatment of wild-type
M. tuberculosis
strains with EMB led to inhibition of LAM synthesis, resulting in the production of smaller species of LAM. In contrast, no change in LAM production was seen in EMB-resistant strains. Overexpression of EmbB
Ms
in
M. tuberculosis
also resulted in EMB resistance, but at a lower level than that caused by EmbC
Ms
. Overexpression of EmbA
Mt
in
M. tuberculosis
had no effect on EMB resistance. Thus, there is a direct correlation between EmbC activity and EMB resistance, as well as between EmbC activity and the size of the LAM species produced, confirming that EmbC is one of the cellular targets of EMB action.