bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late Quaternary mass movement events in Lake El′gygytgyn, North‐eastern Siberia
Authors: JUSCHUS OLAF , MELLES MARTIN , GEBHARDT A. CATALINA , NIESSEN FRANK 
Published: May 2009

AbstractLake El′gygytgyn is situated in a 3·6 Myr old impact crater in North‐eastern Siberia. Its sedimentary record probably represents the most complete archive of Pliocene and Quaternary climate change in the terrestrial Arctic. In order to investigate the influence of gravitational sediment transport on the pelagic sediment record in the lake centre, two sediment cores were recovered from the lower western lake slope. The cores penetrate a sub‐recent mass movement deposit that was identified by 3·5 kHz echo sounding. In the proximal part of this deposit, deformed sediments reflect an initial debris flow characterized by limited sediment mixture. Above and in front of the debrite, a wide massive densite indicates a second stage with a liquefied dense flow. The mass movement event led to basal erosion of ca 1 m thick unconsolidated sediments along parts of its flow path. The event produced a suspension cloud, whose deposition led to the formation of a turbidite. The occurrence of the turbidite throughout the lake and the limited erosion at its base mainly suggest deposition by ‘pelagic rain’ following Stokes’ Law. Very similar radiocarbon dates obtained in the sediments directly beneath and above the turbidite in the central lake confirm this interpretation. When applying the depositional model for the Late Quaternary sediment record of Lake El′gygytgyn, the recovered turbidites allow reconstruction of the frequency and temporal distribution of large mass movement events at the lake slopes. In total, 28 turbidites and related deposits were identified in two, 12·9 and 16·6 m long, sediment cores from the central lake area covering approximately 300 kyr.
AtECB2, a pentatricopeptide repeat protein, is required for chloroplast transcript accD RNA editing and early chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Yu Qing‐Bo , Jiang Yan , Chong Kang , Yang Zhong‐Nan 
Published: May 2009

SummaryChloroplast biogenesis is a complex process in higher plants. Screening chloroplast biogenesis mutants, and elucidating their molecular mechanisms, will provide insight into the process of chloroplast biogenesis. In this paper, we obtained an early chloroplast biogenesis mutant atecb2 that displayed albino cotyledons and was seedling lethal. Microscopy observations revealed that the chloroplast of atecb2 mutants lacked an organized thylakoid membrane. The AtECB2 gene, which is highly expressed in cotyledons and seedlings, encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat protein (PPR) with a C‐terminal DYW domain. The AtECB2 protein is localized in the chloroplast, and contains a conserved HxExnCxxC motif that is similar to the activated site of cytidine deaminase. The AtECB2 mutation affects the expression pattern of plastid‐encoded genes. Immunoblot analyses showed that the levels of photosynthetic proteins decreased substantially in atecb2 mutants. Inspection of all reported plastid RNA editing sites revealed that one editing site, accD, is not edited in atecb2 mutants. Therefore, the AtECB2 protein must regulate the RNA editing of this site, and the dysfunctional AccD protein from the unedited RNA molecules could lead to the mutated phenotype. All of these results indicate that AtECB2 is required for chloroplast transcript accD RNA editing and early chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Histone occupancy‐dependent and ‐independent removal of H3K27 trimethylation at cold‐responsive genes in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kwon Chang Seob , Lee Daeyoup , Choi Giltsu , Chung Won‐Il 
Published: May 2009

SummaryTrimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) is a histone marker that is present in inactive gene loci in both plants and animals. Transcription of some of the genes with H3K27me3 should be induced by internal or external cues, yet the dynamic fate of H3K27me3 in these genes during transcriptional regulation is poorly understood in plants. Here we show that H3K27me3 in two cold‐responsive genes, COR15A and ATGOLS3, decreases gradually in Arabidopsis during exposure to cold temperatures. We found that removal of H3K27me3 can occur by both histone occupancy‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms. Upon cold exposure, histone H3 levels decreased in the promoter regions of COR15A and ATGOLS3 but not in their transcribed regions. When we returned cold‐exposed plants to normal growth conditions, transcription of COR15A and ATGOLS3 was completely repressed to the initial level before cold exposure in 1 day. In contrast, plants still maintained the cold‐triggered decrease in H3K27me3 at COR15A and ATGOLS3, but this decrease did not enhance transcriptional induction of the two genes upon re‐exposure to cold. Taken together, these results indicate that gene activation is not inhibited by H3K27me3 itself but rather leads to removal of H3K27me3, and that H3K27me3 can be inherited at a quantitative level, thereby serving as a memory marker for recent transcriptional activity in Arabidopsis.
Combination therapy with transarterial chemoembolization and interferon‐α compared with transarterial chemoembolization alone for hepatitis B virus related unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Li Maoquan , Lu Chenhui , Cheng Jie , Zhang Jiaxing , Cao Chuanwu , Xu Jiahua , Xu Jichong , Pan Hui , Zhong Baoliang , Tucker Steven , Wang Daoyuan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackground and Aims:  The present study was carried out to test the hypothesis that interferon‐α (IFN‐α) treatment would reduce or postpone the recurrence rate and improve the overall survival rate in patients after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) related unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods:  216 patients with unresectable HBV‐related HCC were randomized into a TACE group and a TACE‐IFN group, each group had 108 patients. In the TACE‐IFN group, patients received IFN‐α1b at a dose of 3 million units (mu) three times a week by intramuscular injection one week after/before TACE treatment, for 48 weeks.Results:  The median disease‐free survival in the TACE‐IFN treatment group was 23.6 months (95% CI: 21.4–25.8) and 20.3 months (95% CI: 15.8–24.8) in the TACE group (P = 0.027). The disease free rate at 24 months in the TACE group was lower than in the TACE‐IFN group (39.8% vs 59.3%, P = 0.004). The median overall survival was 29 months (95% CI: 27.5–32.1) in the TACE‐IFN group and 26 months (95% CI: 20.1–31.9) in the TACE group (P = 0.003). The 2‐year overall survival in the TACE‐IFN group was higher than in the TACE group (72.2% vs 52.8%, P = 0.003).Conclusions:  IFN‐α treatment reduced recurrence and improved the survival of patients after TACE treatment of HBV‐related HCC, with acceptable toxicities.
Incidence of sterile cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis in infants with urinary tract infection
Authors: Yam Andrew OW , Andresen David , Kesson Alison M , Isaacs David 
Published: May 2009

Aim:  To determine the incidence of sterile cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis in infants ≤6 months old with urinary tract infection (UTI).Methods:  Retrospective study of children admitted to a tertiary children's hospital in 2006 and 2007 with UTI who also had a lumbar puncture performed. All urine specimens were tested for anti‐microbial activity.Results:  Twelve (11.3%) of 106 infants with UTI had concurrent CSF pleocytosis. None of these patients had anti‐microbial activity in the urine, showing that they had not received prior antibiotics. None of the 15 neonates (≤28 days old) with UTI and lumbar puncture had CSF pleocytosis. Antibiotics were stopped after a maximum of 10 days.Conclusion:  Our results are compatible with published reports on the proportion of infants with UTI who have concurrent sterile CSF pleocytosis. We were able to exclude previous antibiotic therapy by measuring urinary anti‐microbial activity. Our work supports the hypothesis that CSF pleocytosis in UTI is inflammatory and not because of infection of the central nervous system.
Cross‐sectional survey of risk factors for asthma in 6–7‐year‐old children in New Zealand: International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood Phase Three
Authors: Mitchell Edwin A , Stewart Alistair W , Clayton Tadd , Asher M Innes , Ellwood Phillipa , Mackay Richard , Moyes Christopher , Pattemore Phillip K , Pearce Neil 
Published: May 2009

Aim:  To identify risk factors for asthma in primary school‐aged children in New Zealand.Methods:  A cross‐sectional survey of 10 873 6–7‐year‐old children in Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Nelson and Christchurch (a response rate of 85.2%). A questionnaire was completed by the parent or care giver.Results:  22.2% of children wheezed in the last 12 months (current wheeze). Maori children were at greater risk of current wheeze compared with European children (adjusted odds ratio (adjOR) = 1.37; 95% confidence interval = 1.18–1.59). Antibiotics and paracetamol used in the first year of life were associated with an increased risk of current wheeze (adjOR = 1.78 (1.56–2.04) and adjOR = 1.31 (1.06–1.61), respectively). Watching television for 5 or more hours per day was associated with an increased risk of current wheeze (adjOR = 1.44 (1.13–1.83)). Milk and egg consumption in the last 12 months was associated with a reduced risk of current wheeze.Conclusions:  This study has identified risk factors for asthma in children aged 6–7 years, although causal pathways cannot be established. These associations have important public health implications if causal.
Assessing the skeleton in children and adolescents with disabilities: Avoiding pitfalls, maximising outcomes. A guide for the general paediatrician
Authors: Zacharin Margaret 
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  Assessment of bone health of a young person with a severe disability is complex. Age of onset of disability, degree of physical limitation, nutritional status, calcium and vitamin D intake and pubertal progress all contribute to adult outcomes. Concomitant medical conditions may further adversely affect bone accrual.Bone quality, until growth is complete, must be interpreted in light of growth, height and puberty. For those children and adolescents who have disabilities where weight bearing is limited, satisfactory and reproducible measurements of bone density may be impossible to obtain. Fracture risk is dependent on the degree of immobilisation and on bone quality at any age. Meeting the goal of reducing extent and complications of adult osteoporosis is dependent upon an understanding of the nature and contribution of individual components of bone accrual, so that interventions can be appropriately targeted to optimise outcomes.
Relationship between manual preferences for object manipulation and pointing gestures in infants and toddlers
Authors: Vauclair Jacques , Imbault Juliette 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to measure the pattern of hand preferences for pointing gestures as a function of object‐manipulation handedness in 123 infants and toddlers (10–40 months). The results showed that not only right‐handers but also left‐handers and ambidextrous participants tended to use their right hand for pointing. There was a significant correlation between manual preferences and pointing lateralization. Further analyses showed that the correlation between these two indexes was at its strongest during two key phases of language development (i.e. vocabulary spurt and syntax improvement) and weakened to become nonsignificant in the interim. These findings support the view that humans have a specialized area for communicative gestures and language in the left cerebral hemisphere that may be independent of the system controlling the purely motor functions of hand use.
Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically large amygdala volume and difficulties in emotion regulation
Authors: Tottenham Nim , Hare Todd A. , Quinn Brian T. , McCarry Thomas W. , Nurse Marcella , Gilhooly Tara , Millner Alexander , Galvan Adriana , Davidson Matthew C. , Eigsti Inge‐Marie , Thomas Kathleen M. , Freed Peter J. , Booma Elizabeth S. , Gunnar Megan R. , Altemus Margaret , Aronson Jane , Casey B.J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractEarly adversity, for example poor caregiving, can have profound effects on emotional development. Orphanage rearing, even in the best circumstances, lies outside of the bounds of a species‐typical caregiving environment. The long‐term effects of this early adversity on the neurobiological development associated with socio‐emotional behaviors are not well understood. Seventy‐eight children, who include those who have experienced orphanage care and a comparison group, were assessed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure volumes of whole brain and limbic structures (e.g. amygdala, hippocampus). Emotion regulation was assessed with an emotional go‐nogo paradigm, and anxiety and internalizing behaviors were assessed using the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, the Child Behavior Checklist, and a structured clinical interview. Late adoption was associated with larger corrected amygdala volumes, poorer emotion regulation, and increased anxiety. Although more than 50% of the children who experienced orphanage rearing met criteria for a psychiatric disorder, with a third having an anxiety disorder, the group differences observed in amygdala volume were not driven by the presence of an anxiety disorder. The findings are consistent with previous reports describing negative effects of prolonged orphanage care on emotional behavior and with animal models that show long‐term changes in the amygdala and emotional behavior following early postnatal stress. These changes in limbic circuitry may underlie residual emotional and social problems experienced by children who have been internationally adopted.
Goal attribution to schematic animals: do 6‐month‐olds perceive biological motion as animate?
Authors: Schlottmann Anne , Ray Elizabeth 
Published: May 2009

AbstractInfants are sensitive to biological motion, but do they recognize it as animate? As a first step towards answering this question, two experiments investigated whether 6‐month‐olds selectively attribute goals to shapes moving like animals. We habituated infants to a square moving towards one of two targets. When target locations were switched, infants reacted more to movement towards a new goal than a new location – but only if the square moved non‐rigidly and rhythmically, in a schematic version of bio‐mechanical movement older observers describe as animal‐like (Michotte, 1963). Goal attribution was specific to schematic animal motion: It did not occur if the square moved rigidly with the same rhythm as the animate stimulus, or if the square had the same amount of non‐rigid deformation, but in an inanimate configuration. The data would seem to show that perception of schematic animal motion is linked to a system for psychological reasoning from infancy. This in turn suggests that 6‐month‐olds may already interpret biological motion as animate.
Why is visual search superior in autism spectrum disorder?
Authors: Joseph Robert M. , Keehn Brandon , Connolly Christine , Wolfe Jeremy M. , Horowitz Todd S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis study investigated the possibility that enhanced memory for rejected distractor locations underlies the superior visual search skills exhibited by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We compared the performance of 21 children with ASD and 21 age‐ and IQ‐matched typically developing (TD) children in a standard static search task and a dynamic search task, in which targets and distractors randomly changed locations every 500 ms, precluding the use of memory in search. Children with ASD exhibited overall faster reaction time (RT) relative to TD children, and showed no disruption in search efficiency in the dynamic condition, discounting the possibility that memory for rejected distractors augments their visual search abilities. Analyses of RT x set size functions showed no group differences in slopes but lower intercepts for the ASD group in both static and dynamic search, suggesting that the ASD advantage derived from non‐search processes, such as an enhanced ability to discriminate between targets and distractors at the locus of attention. Eye‐movement analyses revealed that the ASD and TD groups were similar in the number and spatial distribution of fixations across the search array, but that fixation duration was significantly shorter among children with ASD. Lower intercepts in static search were related to increased symptom severity in children with ASD. In summary, ASD search superiority did not derive from differences in the manner in which individuals with ASD deployed their attention while searching, but from anomalously enhanced perception of stimulus features, which was in turn positively associated with autism symptom severity.
Seven‐year‐olds allocate attention like adults unless working memory is overloaded
Authors: Cowan Nelson , Morey Candice C. , AuBuchon Angela M. , Zwilling Christopher E. , Gilchrist Amanda L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPrevious studies have indicated that visual working memory performance increases with age in childhood, but it is not clear why. One main hypothesis has been that younger children are less efficient in their attention; specifically, they are less able to exclude irrelevant items from working memory to make room for relevant items. We examined this hypothesis by measuring visual working memory capacity under a continuum of five attention conditions. A recognition advantage was found for items to be attended as opposed to ignored. The size of this attention‐related effect was adult‐like in young children with small arrays, suggesting that their attention processes are efficient even though their working memory capacity is smaller than that of older children and adults. With a larger working memory load, this efficiency in young children was compromised. The efficiency of attention cannot be the sole explanation for the capacity difference.
A potential way of enquiry into human curiosity
Authors: Guo Shesen , Zhang Ganzhou , Zhai Run 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA powerful search for ‘curiosity’ or its related topics at the online American Psychological Association PsycNET database will produce comparatively disappointing meagreness of resource. This reflects our scanty knowledge in this field though curiosity is widely recognised as one of the most important factors that contribute to motivation and effectiveness in education and scientific discovery. Lack of understanding in curiosity may be due partly to limitation of research methodology and technology. This paper suggests using Google Trends as a tool for the study of curiosity and its measurement. The observation based on this tool discusses external stimuli, accessible resource and surprisingness that are closely related to curiosity.
Association between SNP Heterozygosity and Quantitative Traits in the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Govindaraju Didahally R. , Larson Martin G. , Yin Xiaoyan , Benjamin Emelia J. , Rao Marepalli B. , Vasan Ramachandran S. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryAssociations between multilocus heterozygosity and fitness traits, also termed heterozygosity and fitness correlations (HFCs), have been reported in numerous organisms. These studies, in general, indicate a positive relationship between heterozygosity and fitness traits. We studied the association between genome‐wide heterozygosity at 706 non‐synonymous and synonymous SNPs and 19 quantitative traits, including morphological, biochemical and fitness traits in the Framingham Heart Study. Statistically significant association was found between heterozygosity and systolic and diastolic blood pressures as well as left ventricular diameter and wall thickness. These results suggest that heterozygosity may be associated with traits, such as blood pressure that closely track environmental variations. Balancing selection may be operating in the maintenance of heterozygosity and the major components of blood pressure and hypertension. Genome wide SNP heterozygosity may be used to understand the phenomenon of dominance as well as the evolutionary basis of many quantitative traits in humans.
Ancient DNA and Family Relationships in a Pompeian House
Authors: Di Bernardo Giovanni , Del Gaudio Stefania , Galderisi Umberto , Cascino Antonino , Cipollaro Marilena 
Published: May 2009

SummaryArchaeological, anthropological and pathological data suggest that thirteen skeletons found in a house at the Pompeii archaeological site, dated to 79 A.D., belong to one family. To verify this and to identify the relationships between these individuals, we analyzed DNA extracted from bone specimens. Specifically, hypervariable segment 1 (HVS1) of the human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region was amplified in two overlapping polymerase chain reactions and the sequences were compared to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence. As independent controls, other polymorphic sites in HVS1, HVS2 and in the coding region were analyzed. We also amplified some short tandem repeats of the thirteen specimens. This study revealed that six of the thirteen individuals are indeed closely related.
Cystathionine γ‐lyase expression during avian embryogenesis
Authors: Krück Stefanie , Mittapalli Venugopal Rao , Pröls Felicitas , Scaal Martin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCystathionine γ‐lyase (CSE) is a key enzyme in the trans‐sulphuration pathway for the biosynthesis of cysteine from methionine and catalyses the hydrolysis of cystathionine into cysteine. It has been reported to be expressed in mammalian liver and kidney but so far no comprehensive developmental expression analysis of CSE has been available. We cloned a 600 bp fragment of chick CSE cDNA and analysed its expression pattern during avian embryonic development until embryonic day 13. We found CSE expression in various developing organs including the notochord, eye, neural tube, limb bud mesenchyme and sclerotomal compartment of the somites. Notably, prominent expression was found in renal epithelia throughout kidney development, i.e. in the tubular structures of pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros. Our data introduce CSE as a novel marker gene to study avian kidney development.
The effect of inpatient care on measured Health Needs in children and adolescents
Authors: Jacobs Brian , Green Jonathan , Kroll Leopold , Tobias Catherine , Dunn Graham , Briskman Jacqueline 
Published: May 2009

Background:  The concept of ‘health need’ relates patient problems in symptom and psychosocial domains to available appropriate treatments. We studied the effectiveness of inpatient treatment in modifying measured ‘Health Needs’ in children and adolescents admitted to UK inpatient units.Methods:  A prospective cohort study of 150 children and adolescents admitted to eight UK inpatient units, using formal pre‐admission, pre‐discharge and 1‐year follow‐up measurement of Health Needs.Results:  Total patient ‘Cardinal Problems’ reduced highly significantly (p < .001) from 8.5 at admission to 5.7 at discharge (effect size .81) and to 4.1 one year after discharge (effect size 1.35). Functional domains free of ‘Health Needs’ increased from 14.9 to 19.4 (effect size 1.08) from the point of admission to the end of follow‐up. These changes were clinically meaningful, present in all domains and reduced morbidity to a level typical of outpatient cases.Conclusions:  Admission (mean length 116 days, SD 88) leads to clinically important improvement in measured Health Needs over multiple domains for children with serious, complex mental health difficulties. These improvements in multiple symptom and functional domains persist over the next year.