bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UK Atlantic Margin Exploration: Its Petroleum Geology and Associated Technological Challenges
Authors: Quinn Martyn , Ritchie Derek , Gatliff Robert , Johnson Howard , Kimbell Geoff 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The petroleum geology of UK Atlantic Margin presents a variety of technologicalchallenges for exploration of both established and new plays, developing newdiscoveries and maximising production in existing fields. The first explorationwell was drilled in the area in 1972 and over the next 40 years new plays havebeen developed and established plays re-visited. Exploration and developmenthas required new technological advances in order to push boundaries both interms of engineering in harsh environments and also geophysical tools to enablean understanding of the geology and fluids held within the rocks.
This paper focuses on the petroleum geology of the region and highlightstechnical challenges generated as a result of the geology and examples of howthese have been overcome by application of innovative techniques.
Under-explored areas in the Rockall region present opportunities, but withrisks and uncertainties related to hydrocarbon source, the presence ofreservoir and traps, which could be mitigated by a better geologicalunderstanding aided by improved seismic imaging, in particular sub-basaltimaging, and remote sensing technology. Further challenges exist related towater depth, the extreme weather conditions and the great distance to onshoreinstallations.

INTRODUCTION
The UK Atlantic Margin extends for nearly 2000 km from the Møre Basin in thenorth to the Rockall Basin in the south and forms part of a passive marginbounded to the west and north-west by oceanic crust of Cenozoic age (Figure 1). Oil exploration has taken place in the region for over 40 years but only asmall percentage of the UKCS blocks have been drilled. Exploration has focusedin the Faroe-Shetland Basin area with only a few wells drilled to the south inthe Rockall Basin. The area has three producing oil and natural gas fieldswhich, in terms of annual oil production, are in the ‘Top ten’ of UKhydrocarbon fields (Table 1). In addition, a large field development isunderway which is hoped will provide the infrastructure necessary to makeseveral undeveloped accumulations economically viable. Government estimates forundiscovered recoverable reserves west of Shetland range from a lower value ofaround 400 million barrels to a median of about 1 billion barrels and uppervalue of nearly 2 billion barrels of oil (DECC 2011(a)).
Water depth in the region varies from around 2400 m to less than 100 m onintra-basinal highs. Distances are great, with some prospective areas over 1000km from shore-based facilities. The harsh environment with strong currents andoften severe weather is an immense challenge to conducting safe and efficientoperations. Exploration and development has stimulated technological innovationand success in the latter has enabled exploration and development toprogress.
Geohazards and Ocean Hazards in Deepwater: Overview and Methods of Assessment
Authors: Stow Dorrik , Brackenridge Rachel , Patel Urval , Toulmin Suzannah 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Drilling for hydrocarbons in the deep marine environment provides a unique setof challenges for industry. Amongst these are the distinct hazards caused bynatural geological and oceanic processes such as:semi-permanent bottomcurrents,episodic turbidity currents, slope instability and mass transportevents (slides, slumps, debris flows), andgas hydrate escape. We presentdata on the nature, effects and assessment of these deepwater hazards, including current velocities, transport/erosion capacities, recurrenceintervals, and hydrate distribution. It is of upmost importance that theoceanographic conditions are carefully considered prior to deepwater operationsto ensure the work can be carried out safely. Thorough risk assessment requiresknowledge of existing bottom currents, an assessment of potential masstransport events and turbidity currents, and understanding of conditions likelyto induce the formation and destabilisation of gas hydrates. Pipelines, cables, subsea installations, key connections such as the riser and any other seabedinfrastructure are all susceptible to damage. Correct assessment of hazard willallow for the right equipment to be used for the operations including blowoutpreventers, riser size, vibration suppressors, and for the safest siting ofcables and pipelines. It will also aid the subsea architecture design andplanning operations with minimal downtime. All these considerations lead to asafer exploration and production while eliminating unnecessary cost.

Introduction
Deepwater is defined by different communities in slightly different ways. Forthe marine geologist and oceanographer, it is often taken as that area of theocean beyond the shelf break, i.e. deeper than about 100–200 m water depth. Forthe sedimentologist, it is below storm wave base, which is also around 100–200m. For the industry, deepwater exploration is considered to be that in waterdepths in excess of 500 m. For the purposes of this paper, we consider theshelf-slope transition (i.e. shelf break) as the key boundary between shallowand deep water.
This deepwater environment is far from tranquil. It is subject to a range ofprocesses that will significantly affect drilling operations for hydrocarbonexploration and recovery. Bottom currents are everywhere present and in someareas they are especially active and with considerably elevated velocities. Here we first focus on deepwater bottom currents and the hazards they present. Their occurrence and distribution, nature and variability, and damage potentialare discussed, followed by consideration of the methods of hazard assessment. We present a new method using the bedform-velocity matrix.
High-resolution FWI: Changing the Way we Image and Interpret Seismic
Authors: Lazaratos Spyros , McAdow David Douglas , Routh Partha S. , Chikichev Ivan 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The emergence of Full Wavefield Inversion (FWI) methods represents a paradigmshift with the potential to revolutionize the way we image and interpretseismic. Advances in algorithms and computing technology are now making FWIpractical, making it possible to construct detailed subsurface property modelsthat adequately explain the full bandwidth of the seismic data. We recentlydeveloped new concepts and algorithms that allow us to run 3D FWI using muchhigher frequencies - up to 45 Hz for one of the examples we will be discussing- than what has been shown in most published FWI studies to-date (usually lessthan 8–10 Hz). High-resolution FWI products can be viewed as 3D volumes of welllogs, and their availability creates new opportunities in the way we interpretand use seismic data. We expect FWI to impact applications at all businessstages, ranging from improved structural imaging during exploration to detailedreservoir description and characterization for development andproduction.

Introduction
Seismic imaging has been advancing rapidly over the last two decades, transitioning from post-stack time migration to pre-stack depth migration andfrom ray-theoretic algorithms (Kirchoff migration) to one-way wave-equationsolvers (wave-equation migration), and finally to more accurate reverse-timemigration (RTM) methods. This progression has been motivated by the businessclimate, with exploration moving to more and more challenging environments(e.g. Gulf of Mexico sub-salt) and the demand for more and more accuratereservoir characterization to maximize and maintain production from discoveredfields. The most recent, and perhaps ultimate, step in this evolving sequenceis Full Wavefield Inversion (FWI), which has rapidly become a focal area forresearch and development within the geophysical community and industry. Onecould argue that the FWI approach represents the dream of every geoscientist:generate detailed subsurface property models of the earth that can accuratelyreproduce, through simulation, the seismic data used to construct them. Unlikeevolution in the migration algorithms, which has been continuous andincremental, FWI represents a change in philosophy, both in the way we imagethe seismic data, and also in how we interpret the resulting products.
Although much more research and development will be necessary to capitalize onthe full potential of FWI, we feel that several of the main difficulties(primarily overcoming the computational requirements necessary to implement andapply the method) have been overcome. We are already using FWI to generatesubsurface models with the resolution and quality to impact business decisions. This presentation will provide an overview of the method, some of the advancesthat are making it feasible, and real data examples to illustrate itspotential.
Efficient Feature Selection and Multiclass Classification with Integrated Instance and Model Based Learning
Authors: Liu Zhenqiu , Bensmail Halima , Tan Ming 
Published: April 2012

Multiclass classification and feature (variable) selections are commonly encountered in many biological and medical applications. However, extending binary classification approaches to multiclass problems is not trivial. Instance-based methods such as the K nearest neighbor (KNN) can naturally extend to multiclass problems and usually perform well with unbalanced data, but suffer from the curse of dimensionality. Their performance is degraded when applied to high dimensional data. On the other hand, model-based methods such as logistic regression require the decomposition of the multiclass problem into several binary problems with one-vs.-one or one-vs.-rest schemes. Even though they can be applied to high dimensional data with L1 or L p penalized methods, such approaches can only select independent features and the features selected with different binary problems are usually different. They also produce unbalanced classification problems with one vs. the rest scheme even if the original multiclass problem is balanced. By combining instance-based and model-based learning, we propose an efficient learning method with integrated KNN and constrained logistic regression (KNNLog) for simultaneous multiclass classification and feature selection. Our proposed method simultaneously minimizes the intra-class distance and maximizes the interclass distance with fewer estimated parameters. It is very efficient for problems with small sample size and unbalanced classes, a case common in many real applications. In addition, our model-based feature selection methods can identify highly correlated features simultaneously avoiding the multiplicity problem due to multiple tests. The proposed method is evaluated with simulation and real data including one unbalanced microRNA dataset for leukemia and one multi-class metagenomic dataset from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP). It performs well with limited computational experiments.
Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Waves and Its Effect on Human Ejaculated Semen: An in vitro Study
Authors: Vasan SS , Veerachari Srinivas Belur 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
Mobile phones usage has seen an exponential growth recently. With this increasing demand, the amount of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposed is also increasing. Hence, we studied the effect of these radiations on ejaculated human semen and speculate the contribution of these harmful radiations in male infertility. Samples exposed to EMR showed a significant decrease in sperm motility and viability, increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA fragmentation index (DFI) compared to unexposed group. We concluded that mobile phones emit electromagnetic waves which lead to oxidative stress in human semen and also cause changes in DNA fragmentation. We extrapolate these findings to speculate that these radiations may negatively affect spermatozoa and impair male fertility.

How to cite this article
Veerachari SB, Vasan SS. Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Waves and Its Effect on Human Ejaculated Semen: An in vitro Study. Int J Infertility Fetal Med 2012;3(1):15-21.
Conjugated Polymer Based Nanoparticles as Dual‐Modal Probes for Targeted In Vivo Fluorescence and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Li Kai , Ding Dan , Huo Da , Pu Kan‐Yi , Thao Ngo Nguyen Phuong , Hu Yong , Li Zhi , Liu Bin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA facile strategy is developed to synthesize dual‐modal fluorescent‐magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) with surface folic acid by co‐encapsulation of a far‐red/near‐infrared (FR/NIR)‐emissive conjugated polymer (PFVBT) and lipid‐coated iron oxides (IOs) into a mixture of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic‐acid)‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐folate (PLGA‐PEG‐FOL) and PLGA. The obtained NPs exhibit superparamagnetic properties and high fluorescence, which indicates that the lipid coated on IOs is effective at separating the conjugated polymer from IOs to minimize fluorescence quenching. These NPs are spherical in shape with an average diameter of ≈180 nm in water, as determined by laser light scattering. In vitro studies reveal that these dual‐modal NPs can serve as an effective fluorescent probe to achieve targeted imaging of MCF‐7 breast cancer cells without obvious cytotoxicity. In vivo fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging results suggest that the NPs are able to preferentially accumulate in tumor tissues to allow dual‐modal detection of tumors in a living body. This demonstrates the potential of conjugated polymer based dual‐modal nanoprobes for versatile in vitro and in vivo applications in future.
Highly Concentrated and Conductive Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets by Monovalent Cation–π Interaction: Toward Printed Electronics
Authors: Jeong Seung Yol , Kim Sung Hun , Han Joong Tark , Jeong Hee Jin , Jeong Soo Yeon , Lee Geon‐Woong 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA novel route to preparing highly concentrated and conductive reduced graphene oxide (RGO) in various solvents by monovalent cation–π interaction. Previously, the hydrophobic properties of high‐quality RGO containing few defects and oxygen moieties have precluded the formation of stable dispersion in various solvents. Cation–π interaction between monovalent cations, such as Na+ or K+, and six‐membered sp2 carbons on graphene were achieved by simple aging process of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets dispersed in alkali solvent. The noncovalent binding forces introduced by the cation–π interactions were evident from the chemical shift of the sp2 peak in the solid 13C NMR spectra. Raman spectra and the I‐V characteristics demonstrated the interactions in terms of the presence of n‐type doping effect due to the adsorption of cations with high electron mobility (39 cm2/Vs). The RGO film prepared without a post‐annealing process displayed superior electrical conductivity of 97,500 S/m at a thickness of 1.7 μm. Moreover, mass production of GO paste with a concentration as high as 20 g/L was achieved by accelerating the cation–π interactions with densification process. This strategy can facilitate the development of large scalable production methods for preparing printed electronics made from high‐quality RGO nanosheets.
Online conductivity and stability in the emulsion polymerization of N‐butyl methacrylate: Nonreactive versus reactive systems
Authors: Zhao Funian , Sudol E. David , Daniels Eric S. , Klein Andrew , El‐Aasser Mohamed S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTwo different types of conductivity probes, that is, a torroidal probe and a resistance probe, were used as online sensors to monitor conductivity during the course of emulsion polymerizations of n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA). These measurements were first applied to a nonreactive system, but the results showed that this method cannot be used to monitor latex stability in this system. Batch emulsion polymerizations of BMA were then carried out using different concentrations (0.6, 1.2, 2.4, and 7.8 mM) of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as surfactant. The profiles of the two conductivity curves changed with the variation of the SLS concentration. Because deposition of polymers on the surfaces of the electrodes of the resistance probe can reduce the measured conductivity values obtained from this probe (R) such that they are lower than the true values, as measured by the torroidal probe (T), the final conductivity ratio (R/T) between the two conductivity curves was chosen as a parameter to correlate the conductivity measurements to latex stability, which was estimated using blender tests and turbidity measurements. A linear relationship between them was found, indicating that the online conductivity measurements could be used to predict latex stability in the BMA emulsion polymerization system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation of core–shell nanoparticle‐based hindered amine stabilizer and its application in polyoxymethylene
Authors: You Bin , Zhou Daojun , Zhang Shiling , Yang Fan , Ren Xiancheng 
Published: April 2012

AbstractCore–shell nanoparticles chemically functionalized by hindered amine stabilizer (HAS), poly(BA‐MMA‐co‐PMPA) (PBMP), were prepared by two‐stage emulsion polymerization from butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and 1,2,2,6,6‐pentamethylpiperidin‐4‐yl acrylate. The incorporation of HAS into the particles was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) and the core–shell microstructure of PBMP particles was revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, PBMP capable of one‐step toughening and photostabilizing, was melt‐blended with polyoxymethylene (POM), and its dispersion in POM was investigated by scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the core–shell nanoparticles could be well dispersed in POM matrix, indicating its good compatibility with POM. The UV resistance and impact resistance of POM were obviously improved by the HAS‐functional core–shell nanoparticles simultaneously. In addition, the core–shell nanoparticles could confer excellent protection to the surface of POM from UV‐light damage, regardless of the adverse effects on the thermal‐oxidative stability of POM, as investigated by thermogravimetry analysis under aerobic condition. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
A nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor based on Pt/PPy hollow hybrid microspheres
Authors: Li Yulin , Chang Yunzhen , Jin Ming , Liu Yanyun , Han Gaoyi 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe surface of silica particles was NH2 functionalized by 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, then the platinum/polypyrrole hybrid hollow microspheres were prepared by treating the SiO2 template decorated by the H2PtCl6 via the NH2 group with pyrrole vapor and developed as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensor. The platinum/polypyrrole hybrid hollow sphere materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy, and the catalytic electrodes were investigated by electrochemical method. The results showed that the nonenzymatic sensor displayed a good electro‐catalytic response and high sensitivity to the oxidation of H2O2, and the resulting sensor showed a wide linear range from 1.9 to 9.7 mM H2O2. The obvious response could be still observed in i–t curve when the concentration of H2O2 was as low as 1.0 μM. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis, cure and pyrolysis behavior of heat‐resistant boron‐silicon hybrid polymer containing acetylene
Authors: Chen MingFeng , Zhou Quan , Ni LiZhong , Wang GengChao 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of a novel heat‐resistant boron‐silicon hybrid polymer containing acetylene (PBSA) and its conversion to a highly crosslinked thermoset were discussed. The polymer was synthesized from phenylboron dichloride using Grignard reagent method. The structure of PBSA was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectra, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and gel permeation chromatography. PBSA was thermosetting, highly heat‐resistant, high‐viscous, orange liquid at room temperature and good solubility in common organic solvents. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis analyses showed that the PBSA had excellent thermal and oxidative stability and the temperature of 5% weight loss (Td5) were 650 and 638°C under nitrogen and air, respectively, and the residue at 1000°C were 93.3 and 91.3%, respectively, which indicated that the incorporation of boron and silicon into polymeric backbone was found to improve thermal and oxidative properties. X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope were also used to analyze the formation of pyrolytic products. The results showed that the pyrolysis of PBSA resin was made up of β‐SiC and graphite. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synergistic effect of ammonium polyphosphate and expandable graphite on flame‐retardant properties of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene
Authors: Ge Lan‐Lan , Duan Hong‐Ji , Zhang Xiao‐Guang , Chen Chen , Tang Jian‐Hua , Li Zhong‐Ming 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA new intumescent flame‐retardant (IFR) system consisting of expandable graphite (EG) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was applied in acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) resin. A synergistic effect between EG and APP on the flame retardancy of ABS was observed. Fixing the total loading of flame retardant at 15 wt %, the limited oxygen index (LOI) could reach 31 vol % at a weight ratio of 3 : 1 for EG and APP. While LOI values of EG‐ and APP‐filled ABS were only 26.0 and 21.5 vol % at the same loading, respectively. The UL‐94 vertical burning test suggested that samples with different ratios of EG and APP could all pass V‐0 rating while the samples containing EG and APP alone only passed V‐1 rating. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the addition of EG and APP (3 : 1 by weight) to ABS led to an increase in the amount of high‐temperature residue by 11.8 wt %, and a decrease of mass loss rate by 0.7%/°C compared with pure ABS. Scanning electronic microscopy revealed a homogeneous compact intumescent char layer of ABS/EG/APP samples. Based on our experiment and combined with others' previous studies, the synergistic mechanism is inferred. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Fluorescence quenching method for the determination of carbazochrome sodium sulfonate with aromatic amino acids
Authors: Gan Xiao‐Juan , Liu Shao‐Pu , Liu Zhong‐Fang , Hu Xiao‐Li , Tian Jing , Xue Jia‐Xing 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTIn Britton‐Robinson (BR) buffer medium (pH 3.3), carbazochrome sodium sulfonate (CSS) can react with some aromatic amino acids such as tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr) and phenylalanine (Phe) to form a 1:1 complex by electrostatic attraction, aromatic stacking interaction and Van der Waals' force, resulting in fluorescence quenching of these amino acids. Maximum quenching wavelengths were located at 352 nm (CSS‐Trp system), 303 nm (CSS‐Tyr system) and 284 nm (CSS‐Phe system), respectively. The fluorescence quenching value (ΔF) was proportional to the concentration of CSS in a certain range. The fluorescence quenching method for the determination of CSS showed high sensitivity, with detection limits of 31.3 ng/mL (CSS‐Trp system), 44.6 ng/mL (CSS‐Tyr system) and 315.0 ng/mL (CSS‐Phe system), respectively. The optimum conditions of the reaction conditions and the effect of coexisting substances were investigated and results showed that the method had good selectivity. The method was successfully applied for the rapid determination of CSS in blood and urine samples. Based on the bimolecular quenching constant Kq, the effect of temperature and Stern‐Volmer plots, this study showed that quenching of fluorescence of amino acids by CSS was a static quenching process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.