bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing and duration of Palaeoproterozoic events producing ore-bearing layered intrusions of the Baltic Shield: metallogenic, petrological and geodynamic implications
Authors: Bayanova T. , Ludden J. , Mitrofanov F. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

There are two 300–500 km long belts of Palaeoproterozoic layered intrusions in the Baltic (Fennoscandian) Shield; the Northern (Kola) Belt and the Southern (Fenno-Karelian) Belt. New U–Pb (TIMS) ages and radiogenic isotopic (Nd–Sr–He) data have been determined for mafic-ultramafic Cu–Ni–Ti–Cr and PGE-bearing layered intrusions of the Kola Belt. U–Pb zircon and baddeleyite data from gabbronorite and anorthosite bodies of the Fedorovo-Pansky, Monchepluton, Main Ridge (Monchetundra and Chunatundra) and Mt Generalskaya intrusions, and from gabbronorite intrusions and dykes associated with the Imandra lopolith, yield ages from
c
. 2.52–2.39 Ga. The age range of 130 Ma recorded in the Kola Belt samples, associated with at least four intrusive phases (three PGE-bearing and one barren), is significantly greater than that for intrusions of the Southern (Fenno-Karelian) Belt which clusters at 2.44 Ga. Nd isotopic values for the Kola Belt range from −1.1 to −2.4 and indicate an enriched mantle ‘EM-1 type’ reservoir for these layered intrusions. Initial Sr isotopic data for the Kola intrusions are radiogenic relative to bulk mantle, with I
Sr
values from 0.703 to 0.704, but geochemical data and
4
He/
3
He isotopic ratios of various minerals record a significant contribution from a mantle source rather than simply crustal melting. The geological and geochronological data indicate that in the eastern part of the Baltic Shield, mafic‐ultramafic intrusive magmatism was active over a protracted period and was related to plume magmatism associated with continental breakup that also involved the Superior and Wyoming provinces.
Ramon Lull's New World Order: Esoteric Evangelism and Frontline Philosophy Raimundo Lullo e il nuove ordine mondiale: evangelismo esoterico e filosofia militante
Authors: Goodrick-Clarke Nicholas 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTra le sue numerose conquiste, il poeta, romanziere, linguista e missionario e mistico catalano Raimondo Lullo (1232–1316) deve la sua fama soprattutto alla sua celebre Arte, un sistema di produzione logico e metafisico. Nelle intenzioni di Lullo, tale Arte doveva servire come evangelo esoterico per Christiani, Ebrei e Musulmani attraverso l'istituzione di una forma di conoscenza assoluta e indipendente dall'autorità dottrinale. La forma esoterica di evangelismo cristiano elaborata da Lulla traeva ispirazione da varie fonti del Neoplatonismo cristiano, del Sufismo, della filosofia musulmana e forse della Kabbalah presenti nella Spagna del tardo XIII secolo. Il pensiero lulliano, nutritosi in questo modo di una varietà di tradizioni, offre un perfetto esempio medievale do come diverse correnti dell'esoterismo occidentale potessero trovare un'armonizzazione e una concordanza. La sua condordanza puntava fungesse da strumento missionario per la conversione al Cristianesimo di Musulmani e Mongoli, in un'epoca di grave instabilità globale. L'Arte lulliana esemplifica esoterismo occidentale in fuzione di una specifica finalità politica, che investiva evangelismo e impegno militante. La sua visione di un nuovo ordine globale presentano tratti decisamente profetici se considerati nell'attuale contesto di rinascita dell'Islam.
Graft Orientation Influences the Knee Flexion Moment During Walking in Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Scanlan Sean F. , Blazek Katerina , Chaudhari Ajit M. W. , Safran Marc R. , Andriacchi Thomas P. 
Published: September 2009

Background Anterior cruciate ligament graft orientation has been proposed as a potential mechanism for failure of single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and has been considered important in the restoration of normal ambulatory knee mechanics. Purpose To evaluate the possibility that patients adapt their mechanics of walking to the orientation of the anterior cruciate ligament graft. This was determined by testing the hypothesis that peak external knee flexion moment (net quadriceps moment) during walking in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is correlated with coronal and sagittal anterior cruciate ligament graft orientations. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Gait analysis was performed to assess dynamic knee function during walking in 17 subjects with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure coronal and sagittal anterior cruciate ligament graft orientations. Results A negative correlation was observed between peak external knee flexion moment during walking and coronal angle of the anterior cruciate ligament graft (1.0 m/s walking speed, r = −0.87, P < .001; 1.3 m/s, r = −0.66, P = .004; 1.6 m/s, r = −0.24, P > .05); no correlation was found with the sagittal graft angle (1.0 m/s walking speed, r = 0.21, P > .05; 1.3 m/s, r = 0.20, P > .05; 1.6 m/s, r = 0.13, P > .05). Conclusion The negative correlation between peak external knee flexion moment during walking and the coronal angle of the anterior cruciate ligament graft indicates that as the anterior cruciate ligament graft is placed in a more vertical coronal orientation, patients reduce their net quadriceps usage during walking. Clinical Relevance This finding supports the hypothesis that graft placement plays a critical role in the restoration of normal ambulatory mechanics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and thus could provide a partial explanation for the increased incidence of premature osteoarthritis at long-term follow-up in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Coupled transcription-splicing regulation of mutually exclusive splicing events at the 5′ exons of protein 4.1R gene
Authors: Huang Shu-Ching , Cho Aeri , Norton Stephanie , Liu Eva S. , Park Jennie , Zhou Anyu , Munagala Indira D. , Ou Alexander C. , Yang Guang , Wickrema Amittha , Tang Tang K. , Benz Edward J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe tightly regulated production of distinct erythrocyte protein 4.1R isoforms involves differential splicing of 3 mutually exclusive first exons (1A, 1B, 1C) to the alternative 3′ splice sites (ss) of exon 2′/2. Here, we demonstrate that exon 1 and 2′/2 splicing diversity is regulated by a transcription-coupled splicing mechanism. We also implicate distinctive regulatory elements that promote the splicing of exon 1A to the distal 3′ ss and exon 1B to the proximal 3′ ss in murine erythroleukemia cells. A hybrid minigene driven by cytomegalovirus promoter mimicked 1B-promoter–driven splicing patterns but differed from 1A-promoter–driven splicing patterns, suggesting that promoter identity affects exon 2′/2 splicing. Furthermore, splicing factor SF2/ASF ultraviolet (UV) cross-linked to the exon 2′/2 junction CAGAGAA, a sequence that overlaps the distal U2AF35-binding 3′ ss. Consequently, depletion of SF2/ASF allowed exon 1B to splice to the distal 3′ ss but had no effect on exon 1A splicing. These findings identify for the first time that an SF2/ASF binding site also can serve as a 3′ ss in a transcript-dependent manner. Taken together, our results suggest that 4.1R gene expression involves transcriptional regulation coupled with a complex splicing regulatory network.
Myofibril-Inducing RNA (MIR) is essential for tropomyosin expression and myofibrillogenesis in axolotl hearts
Authors: Zhang Chi , Jia Pingping , Huang Xupei , Sferrazza Gian Franco , Athauda Gagani , Achary Mohan P , Wang Jikui , Lemanski Sharon L , Dube Dipak K , Lemanski Larry F 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, carries the naturally-occurring recessive mutant gene 'c' that results in a failure of homozygous (c/c) embryos to form hearts that beat because of an absence of organized myofibrils. Our previous studies have shown that a noncoding RNA, M yofibril-I nducing R NA (MIR), is capable of promoting myofibrillogenesis and heart beating in the mutant (c/c) axolotls. The present study demonstrates that the MIR gene is essential for tropomyosin (TM) expression in axolotl hearts during development. Gene expression studies show that mRNA expression of various tropomyosin isoforms in untreated mutant hearts and in normal hearts knocked down with double-stranded MIR (dsMIR) are similar to untreated normal. However, at the protein level, selected tropomyosin isoforms are significantly reduced in mutant and dsMIR treated normal hearts. These results suggest that MIR is involved in controlling the translation or post-translation of various TM isoforms and subsequently of regulating cardiac contractility.
Bactericidal activities of the cationic steroid CSA-13 and the cathelicidin peptide LL-37 against Helicobacter pylori in simulated gastric juice
Authors: Leszczyńska Katarzyna , Namiot Andrzej , Fein David E , Wen Qi , Namiot Zbigniew , Savage Paul B , Diamond Scott , Janmey Paul A , Bucki Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
The worldwide appearance of drug-resistant strains of H. pylori motivates a search for new agents with therapeutic potential against this family of bacteria that colonizes the stomach, and is associated with adenocarcinoma development. This study was designed to assess in vitro the anti-H. pylori potential of cathelicidin LL-37 peptide, which is naturally present in gastric juice, its optimized synthetic analog WLBU2, and the non-peptide antibacterial agent ceragenin CSA-13.

Results
In agreement with previous studies, increased expression of hCAP-18/LL-37 was observed in gastric mucosa obtained from H. pylori infected subjects. MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) values determined in nutrient-containing media range from 100-800 μg/ml for LL-37, 17.8-142 μg/ml for WLBU2 and 0.275-8.9 μg/ml for ceragenin CSA-13. These data indicate substantial, but widely differing antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of H. pylori. After incubation in simulated gastric juice (low pH with presence of pepsin) CSA-13, but not LL-37 or WLBU2, retained antibacterial activity. Compared to LL-37 and WLBU2 peptides, CSA-13 activity was also more resistant to inhibition by isolated host gastric mucins.

Conclusion
These data indicate that cholic acid-based antimicrobial agents such as CSA-13 resist proteolytic degradation and inhibition by mucin and have potential for treatment of H. pylori infections, including those caused by the clarithromycin and/or metronidazole-resistant strains.
Stromal regulatory T-cells are associated with a favourable prognosis in gastric cancer of the cardia
Authors: Haas Matthias , Dimmler Arno , Hohenberger Werner , Grabenbauer Gerhard G , Niedobitek Gerald , Distel Luitpold V 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
Recent evidence suggests that CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T-cells (Treg) may be responsible for the failure of host anti-tumour immunity by suppressing cytotoxic T- cells. We assessed the prognostic significance of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in intestinal-type gastric cardiac cancer.

Methods
Tumour infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) subsets and tumour infiltrating macrophages (TIM) were investigated in 52 cases using tissue microarrays. The interrelationship between the cell populations (CD3+, CD8+, CD20+, CD68+, GranzymeB+, FoxP3+) in different compartments and NED-survival was investigated (median follow-up time: 61 months).

Results
Intraepithelial infiltration with TIL and TIM including Treg was generally low and not related to NED-survival. However, patients with large numbers of FoxP3+ Treg in the tumour stroma (>125.9 FoxP3+TILs/mm2) had a median survival time of 58 months while those with low FoxP3+ TIL counts (<125.9 FoxP3+TILs/mm2) had a median survival time of 32 months (p = 0.006). Patients with high versus low stromal CD68+/FoxP3+ cell ratios in primary tumour displayed median survivals of 32 and 55 months, respectively (p = 0.008).

Conclusion
Our results suggest that inflammatory processes within the tumour stroma of gastric intestinal-type adenocarcinomas located at the gastric cardia may affect outcome in two ways. Tumour-infiltrating macrophages are likely to promote carcinogenesis while large numbers of Treg are associated with improved outcome probably by inhibiting local inflammatory processes promoting carcinogenesis. Thus, inhibition of Treg may not be a feasible treatment option in gastric adenocarcinoma.
Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region
Authors: Victoriano Ann Florence B , Smythe Lee D , Gloriani-Barzaga Nina , Cavinta Lolita L , Kasai Takeshi , Limpakarnjanarat Khanchit , Ong Bee Lee , Gongal Gyanendra , Hall Julie , Coulombe Caroline Anne , Yanagihara Yasutake , Yoshida Shin-ichi , Adler Ben 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic infection that has been recognized for decades, but the problem of the disease has not been fully addressed, particularly in resource-poor, developing countries, where the major burden of the disease occurs. This paper presents an overview of the current situation of leptospirosis in the region. It describes the current trends in the epidemiology of leptospirosis, the existing surveillance systems, and presents the existing prevention and control programs in the Asia Pacific region.

Methods
Data on leptospirosis in each member country were sought from official national organizations, international public health organizations, online articles and the scientific literature. Papers were reviewed and relevant data were extracted.

Results
Leptospirosis is highly prevalent in the Asia Pacific region. Infections in developed countries arise mainly from occupational exposure, travel to endemic areas, recreational activities, or importation of domestic and wild animals, whereas outbreaks in developing countries are most frequently related to normal daily activities, over-crowding, poor sanitation and climatic conditions.

Conclusion
In the Asia Pacific region, predominantly in developing countries, leptospirosis is largely a water-borne disease. Unless interventions to minimize exposure are aggressively implemented, the current global climate change will further aggravate the extent of the disease problem. Although trends indicate successful control of leptospirosis in some areas, there is no clear evidence that the disease has decreased in the last decade. The efficiency of surveillance systems and data collection varies significantly among the countries and areas within the region, leading to incomplete information in some instances. Thus, an accurate reflection of the true burden of the disease remains unknown.
Identifiability, exchangeability and confounding revisited
Authors: Greenland Sander , Robins James M 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn 1986 the International Journal of Epidemiology published "Identifiability, Exchangeability and Epidemiological Confounding". We review the article from the perspective of a quarter century after it was first drafted and relate it to subsequent developments on confounding, ignorability, and collapsibility.
Ptf1a is expressed transiently in all types of amacrine cells in the embryonic zebrafish retina
Authors: Jusuf Patricia R , Harris William A 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Background
The vertebrate retina is composed of five major types of neurons: three excitatory (photoreceptors, bipolar cells and ganglion cells) and two inhibitory (horizontal and amacrine cells). The transcription factor Ptf1a (pancreas transcription factor 1a) is important for the normal development of the inhibitory retinal neurons.

Results
Using a transgenic Ptf1a:GFP reporter and in situ hybridization in the zebrafish retina, we show that ptf1a message is transiently expressed in all amacrine and horizontal cells within hours after the terminal division of multipotent progenitors at the apical surface of the retinal neuroepithelium, and remains on as these cells migrate to their final laminar location. The message then shuts off, but we can follow the stable Ptf1a:GFP protein for up to 120 hours post-fertilization. A variety of anatomically and neurochemically distinct subtypes of amacrine cells can already be distinguished at this embryonic time point.

Conclusion
The timing of Ptf1a expression suggests that it is involved in the very early stages or steps in the differentiation of amacrine cells, which, due to the perdurance of the Ptf1a:GFP, can be seen to rapidly diversify into a large number of subtypes. This work sets the stage for future studies looking at genetic specification of amacrine subtypes.
Complex and dynamic patterns of Wnt pathway gene expression in the developing chick forebrain
Authors: Quinlan Robyn , Graf Manuela , Mason Ivor , Lumsden Andrew , Kiecker Clemens 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Background
Wnt signalling regulates multiple aspects of brain development in vertebrate embryos. A large number of Wnts are expressed in the embryonic forebrain; however, it is poorly understood which specific Wnt performs which function and how they interact. Wnts are able to activate different intracellular pathways, but which of these pathways become activated in different brain subdivisions also remains enigmatic.

Results
We have compiled the first comprehensive spatiotemporal atlas of Wnt pathway gene expression at critical stages of forebrain regionalisation in the chick embryo and found that most of these genes are expressed in strikingly dynamic and complex patterns. Several expression domains do not respect proposed compartment boundaries in the developing forebrain, suggesting that areal identities are more dynamic than previously thought. Using an in ovo electroporation approach, we show that Wnt4 expression in the thalamus is negatively regulated by Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling from the zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI), a known organising centre of forebrain development.

Conclusion
The forebrain is exposed to a multitude of Wnts and Wnt inhibitors that are expressed in a highly dynamic and complex fashion, precluding simple correlative conclusions about their respective functions or signalling mechanisms. In various biological systems, Wnts are antagonised by Shh signalling. By demonstrating that Wnt4 expression in the thalamus is repressed by Shh from the ZLI we reveal an additional level of interaction between these two pathways and provide an example for the cross-regulation between patterning centres during forebrain regionalisation.
Networking of differentially expressed genes in human cancer cells resistant to methotrexate
Authors: Selga Elisabet , Oleaga Carlota , Ramírez Sara , de Almagro M Cristina , Noé Véronique , Ciudad Carlos J 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Background
The need for an integrated view of data obtained from high-throughput technologies gave rise to network analyses. These are especially useful to rationalize how external perturbations propagate through the expression of genes. To address this issue in the case of drug resistance, we constructed biological association networks of genes differentially expressed in cell lines resistant to methotrexate (MTX).

Methods
Seven cell lines representative of different types of cancer, including colon cancer (HT29 and Caco2), breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468), pancreatic cancer (MIA PaCa-2), erythroblastic leukemia (K562) and osteosarcoma (Saos-2), were used. The differential expression pattern between sensitive and MTX-resistant cells was determined by whole human genome microarrays and analyzed with the GeneSpring GX software package. Genes deregulated in common between the different cancer cell lines served to generate biological association networks using the Pathway Architect software.

Results
Dikkopf homolog-1 (DKK1) is a highly interconnected node in the network generated with genes in common between the two colon cancer cell lines, and functional validations of this target using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) showed a chemosensitization toward MTX. Members of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A (UGT1A) family formed a network of genes differentially expressed in the two breast cancer cell lines. siRNA treatment against UGT1A also showed an increase in MTX sensitivity. Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 (EEF1A1) was overexpressed among the pancreatic cancer, leukemia and osteosarcoma cell lines, and siRNA treatment against EEF1A1 produced a chemosensitization toward MTX.

Conclusions
Biological association networks identified DKK1, UGT1A s and EEF1A1 as important gene nodes in MTX-resistance. Treatments using siRNA technology against these three genes showed chemosensitization toward MTX.
Keynes, Induction, and Econometrics
Authors: Bateman Bradley W. 
Published: September 2009

Finally, it is necessary to refer to a doctrine which may, from one point of view, be regarded as the core of the whole book.
—Roy Harrod
Part III., “Induction and Analogy,” is the most important in the book from the point of view of philosophy and theory of knowledge.
—Bertrand Russell
Protein and albumin-to-creatinine ratios in random urines accurately predict 24 h protein and albumin loss in patients with kidney disease
Authors: Guy Mark , Borzomato Joanna K , Newall Ronald G , Kalra Philip A , Price Christopher P 
Published: September 2009

Background Random urine protein-to-creatinine (PCR) and albumin-to-creatinine (ACR) ratios have been proposed as alternatives to 24 h urine measurements to simplify sample collection and overcome errors. The aim of this study was to examine the ability of PCR and ACR to predict urinary 24 h protein and albumin loss, respectively, in patients with kidney disease, and determine the most appropriate time of collection. Methods Eighty-three patients were recruited from a renal outpatient clinic. In a 24 h period, each collected an early-morning urine (EMU), second and third voids, and the remaining urine passed that day. PCR and ACR were determined in random urines and compared with the 24 h loss of protein and albumin, respectively. Results For all patients, median (range) 24 h urine protein and albumin losses were 220 (30–15600) and 60 (<8–10,557) mg, respectively. Ratios derived from each of three random urines correlated well with 24 h protein or albumin loss (Spearman's rs > 0.87, P < 0.0001). Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed PCR accurately predicted both an abnormal 24 h urine protein ≥150 mg/24 h (areas under curves [AUC] 0.90–0.92) and significant proteinuria above 300 mg/24 h (AUC between 0.97 and 1.00). ACR accurately predicted both an abnormal 24 h urine albumin ≥30 mg/24 h (AUC 0.98 to 0.99) and frank albuminuria at ≥300 mg/24 h or ≥700 mg/24 h (AUC between 0.99 and 1.00). EMU and random urines performed equally well in predicting proteinuria and albuminuria from PCR and ACR, respectively. Conclusions By careful choice of cut-offs, both PCR and ACR can be used in patients with kidney disease to rule in or rule out abnormal 24 h losses of protein and albumin. EMU and, importantly, random samples can be used as surrogates for 24 h urine collections.