bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AI for interpreting screening mammograms: implications for missed cancer in double reading practices and challenging-to-locate lesions
Authors: Jiang Zhengqiang , Gandomkar Ziba , Trieu Phuong Dung , Taba Seyedamir Tavakoli , Barron Melissa L. , Lewis Sarah J. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAlthough the value of adding AI as a surrogate second reader in various scenarios has been investigated, it is unknown whether implementing an AI tool within double reading practice would capture additional subtle cancers missed by both radiologists who independently assessed the mammograms. This paper assesses the effectiveness of two state-of-the-art Artificial Intelligence (AI) models in detecting retrospectively-identified missed cancers within a screening program employing double reading practices. The study also explores the agreement between AI and radiologists in locating the lesions, considering various levels of concordance among the radiologists in locating the lesions. The Globally-aware Multiple Instance Classifier (GMIC) and Global–Local Activation Maps (GLAM) models were fine-tuned for our dataset. We evaluated the sensitivity of both models on missed cancers retrospectively identified by a panel of three radiologists who reviewed prior examinations of 729 cancer cases detected in a screening program with double reading practice. Two of these experts annotated the lesions, and based on their concordance levels, cases were categorized as 'almost perfect,' 'substantial,' 'moderate,' and 'poor.' We employed Similarity or Histogram Intersection (SIM) and Kullback–Leibler Divergence (KLD) metrics to compare saliency maps of malignant cases from the AI model with annotations from radiologists in each category. In total, 24.82% of cancers were labeled as “missed.” The performance of GMIC and GLAM on the missed cancer cases was 82.98% and 79.79%, respectively, while for the true screen-detected cancers, the performances were 89.54% and 87.25%, respectively (p-values for the difference in sensitivity < 0.05). As anticipated, SIM and KLD from saliency maps were best in ‘almost perfect,’ followed by ‘substantial,’ ‘moderate,’ and ‘poor.’ Both GMIC and GLAM (p-values < 0.05) exhibited greater sensitivity at higher concordance. Even in a screening program with independent double reading, adding AI could potentially identify missed cancers. However, the challenging-to-locate lesions for radiologists impose a similar challenge for AI.
Terahertz-frequency plasmonic-crystal instability in field-effect transistors with asymmetric gate arrays
Authors: Aizin G. R. , Mundaganur S. , Mundaganur A. , Bird J. P. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWe present a theory for plasmonic crystal instability in a semiconductor field-effect transistor with a dual grating gate array, designed with strong asymmetry in the elementary cell of this “crystal”. We demonstrate that, under the action of a dc current bias, the Bloch plasma waves in the plasmonic crystal formed in this transistor develop the Dyakonov–Shur instability. By calculating the energy spectrum and instability increments/decrements—which govern the growth/decay of excitations within the plasmonic crystal—we analyze the dependence of the latter on the electron drift velocity and the extent of the structural asymmetry. In contrast with the corresponding problem for gate arrays with symmetric unit cells, the presence of finite plasma instability increments across the entire Brillouin zone is established. This important difference points to the possibility of exciting sustained, radiating, non-linear electron plasma oscillations in the instability endpoint of the asymmetric array. These structures should be readily implementable in common semiconductor heterostructures, using standard nanofabrication techniques, enabling operation at room temperature. Long-range coherence of the unstable plasma oscillations, generated in the elementary cells of the crystal, should dramatically increase the radiated THz electromagnetic power, making this approach a promising pathway to the generation of THz signals.
Dynamic mechanical response and failure characteristics of coal and rock under saltwater immersion conditions
Authors: Sun Xiaoyuan , Liu Kai , Jin Tingxu , Wang Kai , Lin Shurong , Pang Jiewen , Xie Jianlin 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe stability of coal and rock masses in water-rich mines is affected by both mine water erosion and dynamic disturbances. Thus, it is necessary to study the dynamic mechanical response and failure characteristics of coal and rock under the combination of saltwater and a high strain rate. To this end, a split Hopkinson pressure bar device was employed to investigate the effects of impact velocity, water content, and immersion liquid on the dynamic mechanical behaviours of coal and rock. The results revealed that the weakening effect of saltwater on the dynamic mechanical properties of coal and rock is much greater than that of distilled water. With increasing moisture content, the dynamic compressive strength of the coal specimens decreases monotonically, while that of the rock shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The failure process and destruction of coal and rock are comprehensively affected by both the external impact load and the physical and mechanical properties of the material. The degree of damage of the coal and rock specimens increases with increasing impact velocity and water content. Moreover, the influence of various factors on the impact fracture mechanism of coal and rock under saltwater immersion conditions was revealed. These findings are highly important for the design and maintenance of underground coal and rock building structures.
Mitigating candidiasis with acarbose by targeting Candida albicans α-glucosidase: in-silico, in-vitro and transcriptomic approaches
Authors: David Helma , Vasudevan Sahana , Solomon Adline Princy 
Published: May 2024

AbstractBiofilm-associated candidiasis poses a significant challenge in clinical settings due to the limited effectiveness of existing antifungal treatments. The challenges include increased pathogen virulence, multi-drug resistance, and inadequate penetration of antimicrobials into biofilm structures. One potential solution to this problem involves the development of novel drugs that can modulate fungal virulence and biofilm formation, which is essential for pathogenesis. Resistance in Candida albicans is initiated by morphological changes from yeast to hyphal form. This transition triggers a series of events such as cell wall elongation, increased adhesion, invasion of host tissues, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and the initiation of an immune response. The cell wall is a critical interface for interactions with host cells, primarily through various cell wall proteins, particularly mannoproteins. Thus, cell wall proteins and enzymes are considered potential antifungal targets. In this regard, we explored α-glucosidase as our potential target which plays a crucial role in processing mannoproteins. Previous studies have shown that inhibition of α-glucosidase leads to defects in cell wall integrity, reduced adhesion, diminished secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, alterations in immune recognition, and reduced pathogenicity. Since α-glucosidase, primarily converts carbohydrates, our study focuses on FDA-approved carbohydrate mimic drugs (Glycomimetics) with well-documented applications in various biological contexts. Through virtual screening of 114 FDA-approved carbohydrate-based drugs, a pseudo-sugar Acarbose, emerged as a top hit. Acarbose is known for its pharmacological potential in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus by targeting α-glucosidase. Our preliminary investigations indicate that Acarbose effectively inhibits C. albicans biofilm formation, reduces virulence, impairs morphological switching, and hinders the adhesion and invasion of host cells, all at very low concentrations in the nanomolar range. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis reveals the mechanism of action of Acarbose, highlighting its role in targeting α-glucosidase.
Developing and validating a Domain-specific Grit Scale for College Athletic Students
Authors: Gao Feng , Wei Qiang , Dong Xiyue , Gao Jing , Lu Shan , Liu Yang 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe aim of this study was to create and validate a ten-item Domain-specific Grit Scale for College Athletic Students (DGSCAS) to assess the level of grit among college athletic students. College athletic students from a single independent college located in a northern city in China (526 participants at time 1 and 589 participants at time 2) were assessed according to the scale. Various analyses were conducted in this study, including exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and measurement invariance analysis across different sex and birthplaces. The results of the EFA revealed two factors: consistency of interests and perseverance of effort. The CFA results demonstrated acceptable fit indices (x2 = 160.048, df = 34, x2/df = 4.707, CFI = 0.983, TLI = 0.978, SRMR = 0.021, and RMSEA = 0.079). The scale exhibited satisfactory convergent validity and discriminant validity. The significant correlation of these factors with the Grit scale provided strong evidence of criterion-related validity. Measurement invariance analysis indicated that the scale performed consistently across different sex and birthplaces. Three limitations and corresponding recommendations were discussed, including sample heterogeneity, the lack of a unified test result as a criterion for predictive validity, and the cross-sectional design of the study. In conclusion, the DGSCAS is a practical and validated instrument that can be used to assess the level of grit among college athletic students in an educational context.
Association between pre-treatment computed tomography findings and post-treatment persistent decrease in lung perfusion blood volume
Authors: Hirata Tetsuhiro , Yoshimura Norihiko , Yagi Takuya , Yamazaki Motohiko , Horii Yosuke , Ishikawa Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate pre-treatment CT findings in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) and determine the imaging findings associated with residual hypoperfused segments in post-treatment lung perfused blood volume (LPBV). We evaluated 91 patients with acute PE who underwent dual-energy CT before and after treatment. The location of thrombi (proximal or distal) and patency of the pulmonary artery (occlusive or non-occlusive) were recorded using pre-treatment computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). Residual hypoperfusion was defined as a perfusion-decreased area seen in both the pre- and post-treatment LPBVs. The association of the location of the thrombus and vascular patency of pre-treatment CTPA with residual hypoperfusion on a segmental and patient basis was examined. In the segment-based analysis, the proportion of residual hypoperfusion in the proximal group was significantly higher than that in the peripheral group (33/125 [26.4%] vs. 9/87 [10.3%], P = 0.004). Patient-based analysis also showed that the proportion of residual hypoperfusion in patients with pre-treatment proximal thrombus was significantly higher than those without (16/42 [38.1%] vs. 3/25 (12.0%); P = 0.022). Pre-treatment vascular patency was not significantly associated with residual hypoperfusion (P > 0.05). Therefore, careful follow-up is necessary, especially in patients with proximal thrombi.
Dynamic safety information modeling of underground cavern groups in the entire construction process
Authors: Ankui Hu , Mengkun Wu , Bo Zhong , Rui Zhao , Haizhen Li 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe construction of underground cavern groups represents a particularly challenging task in current subsurface engineering due to a multitude of variable and often unknown factors, including diverse geological conditions. This study introduces a four-dimensional spatiotemporal model and formulates a dynamic safety information model for these underground systems. Developed using C# and Python, the model integrates the finite element analysis software ABAQUS and Microsoft SQL Server database. The framework allows for real-time visual management of monitoring data, dynamic coupling of construction phases with safety metrics, and continual updates correlating with construction progress. The theoretical findings offer valuable insights for enhancing the safety and efficiency of underground cavern group construction while also supplying methods for real-time safety feedback and control throughout the construction process.
Excitable dynamics driven by mechanical feedback in biological tissues
Authors: Pérez-Verdugo Fernanda , Banks Samuel , Banerjee Shiladitya 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPulsatory activity patterns, driven by mechanochemical feedback, are prevalent in many biological systems. However, the role of cellular mechanics and geometry in the propagation of pulsatory signals remains poorly understood. Here we present a theoretical framework to elucidate the mechanical origin and regulation of pulsatile activity patterns within excitable multicellular tissues. We show that a simple mechanical feedback at the level of individual cells – activation of contractility upon stretch and subsequent inactivation upon turnover of active elements – is sufficient to explain the emergence of quiescent states, long-range wave propagation, and traveling activity pulse at the tissue-level. We find that the transition between a propagating pulse and a wave is driven by the competition between timescales associated with cellular mechanical response and geometrical disorder in the tissue. This sheds light on the fundamental role of cell packing geometry on tissue excitability and spatial propagation of activity patterns.
Acting without considering personal costs signals trustworthiness in helpers but not punishers
Authors: Engeler Nicole C. , Raihani Nichola J. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThird-party punishment and helping can signal trustworthiness, but the interpretation of deliberation may vary: uncalculated help signals trustworthiness, but this may not hold for punishment. Using online experiments, we measured how deliberation over personal costs and impacts to targets affected the trustworthiness of helpers and punishers. We expected that personal cost-checking punishers and helpers would be trusted less. Conversely, impact deliberation was expected to increase the perceived trustworthiness of punishers but not helpers. Replicating previous work, we found that refraining from checking the personal cost of helping signals trustworthiness (although evidence for observers trusting uncalculating over calculating helpers was mixed). This did not extend to punishment: only uncalculating non-punishers were more trustworthy than cost-checking non-punishers. Impact deliberation results were mixed: deliberation affected the trust and trustworthiness of non-helpers more than helpers and no conclusive results were found for punishment. These results show that deliberation differentially affects assessments of those who help or punish others.
Endothelin and the tumor microenvironment: a finger in every pie
Authors: Arndt Philipp F. , Turkowski Kati , Cekay Michael J. , Eul Bastian , Grimminger Friedrich , Savai Rajkumar 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a central role in the development of cancer. Within this complex milieu, the endothelin (ET) system plays a key role by triggering epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, causing degradation of the extracellular matrix and modulating hypoxia response, cell proliferation, composition, and activation. These multiple effects of the ET system on cancer progression have prompted numerous preclinical studies targeting the ET system with promising results, leading to considerable optimism for subsequent clinical trials. However, these clinical trials have not lived up to the high expectations; in fact, the clinical trials have failed to demonstrate any substantiated benefit of targeting the ET system in cancer patients. This review discusses the major and recent advances of the ET system with respect to TME and comments on past and ongoing clinical trials of the ET system.
Expected performance of the Pyramid wavefront sensor with a laser guide star for 40 m class telescopes
Authors: Oyarzún F. , Chambouleyron V. , Neichel B. , Fusco T. , Guesalaga A. 
Published: May 2024

Context. The use of artificial laser guide stars (LGS) is planned for the new generation of giant segmented mirror telescopes in order to extend the sky coverage of their adaptive optics systems. The LGS, being a 3D object at a finite distance, will have a large elongation that will affect its use with the Shack–Hartmann (SH) wavefront sensor.
Aims. In this paper, we compute the expected performance for a Pyramid WaveFront Sensor (PWFS) using an LGS for a 40 m telescope affected by photon noise, and also extend the analysis to a flat 2D object as reference.
Methods. We developed a new way to discretize the LGS, and a new, faster method of propagating the light for any Fourier filtering wavefront sensors (FFWFS) when using extended objects. We present the use of a sensitivity model to predict the performance of a closed-loop adaptive optic system. We optimized a point-source-calibrated interaction matrix to accommodate the signal of an extended object by computing optical gains using a convolutional model.
Results. We find that the sensitivity drop, given the size of the extended laser source, is large enough to make the system operate in a low-performance regime given the expected return flux of the LGS. The width of the laser beam is identified as the limiting factor, rather than the thickness of the sodium layer. Even an ideal, flat LGS will have a drop in performance due to the flux of the LGS, and small variations in the return flux will result in large variations in performance.
Conclusions. We conclude that knife-edge-like wavefront sensors, such as the PWFS, are not recommended for use with LGS for a 40 m telescope, as they will operate in a low-performance regime, given the size of the extended object.
Role of magnetic fields in disc galaxies: spiral arm instability
Authors: Arora Raghav , Federrath Christoph , Banerjee Robi , Körtgen Bastian 
Published: May 2024

Context. Regularly spaced star-forming regions along the spiral arms of nearby galaxies provide insight into the early stages and initial conditions of star formation. The regular separation of these star-forming regions suggests spiral arm instability as their origin.
Aims. We explore the effects of magnetic fields on the spiral arm instability.
Methods. We use 3D global magnetohydrodynamical simulations of isolated spiral galaxies, comparing three different initial plasma β values (ratios of the thermal to magnetic pressure) of β = ∞, 50, and 10. We perform a Fourier analysis to calculate the separation of the over-dense regions that formed as a result of the spiral instability. We then compare the separations with observations.
Results. We find that the spiral arms in the hydro case (β = ∞) are unstable. The fragments are initially connected by gas streams that are reminiscent of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. For β = 50, the spiral arms also fragment, but the fragments separate earlier and tend to be slightly elongated in the direction perpendicular to the spiral arms. However, in the β = 10 run, the arms are stabilised against fragmentation by magnetic pressure. Despite the difference in the initial magnetic field strengths of the β = 50 and 10 runs, the magnetic field is amplified to βarm ∼ 1 inside the spiral arms for both runs. The spiral arms in the unstable cases (hydro and β = 50) fragment into regularly spaced over-dense regions. We determine their separation to be ∼0.5 kpc in the hydro and ∼0.65 kpc in the β = 50 case. These two values agree with the observed values found in nearby galaxies. We find a smaller median characteristic wavelength of the over-densities along the spiral arms of 0.73−0.36+0.31 kpc in the hydro case compared to 0.98−0.46+0.49 kpc in the β = 50 case. Moreover, we find a higher growth rate of the over-densities in the β = 50 run compared to the hydro run. We observe magnetic hills and valleys along the fragmented arms in the β = 50 run, which is characteristic of the Parker instability.
Toward the measurement of neutrino masses: Performance of cosmic magnification with submillimeter galaxies
Authors: Cueli M. M. , Cabo S. R. , González-Nuevo J. , Bonavera L. , Lapi A. , Viel M. , Crespo D. , Casas J. M. , Fernández-Fernández R. 
Published: May 2024

Context. The phenomenon of magnification bias can induce a non-negligible angular correlation between two samples of galaxies with nonoverlapping redshift distributions. This signal is particularly clear when background submillimeter galaxies are used, and has been shown to constitute an independent cosmological probe.
Aims. This work extends prior studies on the submillimeter galaxy magnification bias to the massive neutrino scenario, with the aim being to assess its sensitivity as a cosmological observable to the sum of neutrino masses.
Methods. The measurements of the angular cross-correlation function between moderate redshift GAMA galaxies and high-redshift submillimeter H-ATLAS galaxies are fit to the weak lensing prediction down to the arcmin scale. The signal is interpreted under the halo model, which is modified to accommodate massive neutrinos. We discuss the impact of the choice of cosmological parametrization on the sensitivity to neutrino masses.
Results. The currently available data on the magnification bias affecting submillimeter galaxies are sensitive to neutrino masses when a cosmological parametrization in terms of the primordial amplitude of the power spectrum (As) is chosen over the local root mean square of smoothed linear density perturbations (σ8). A clear upper limit on the sum of neutrino masses can be derived if the value of As is either fixed or assigned a narrow Gaussian prior, a behavior that is robust against changes to the chosen value.