bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broca’s Area and Language Processing: Evidence for the Cognitive Control Connection
Authors: Novick Jared M. , Trueswell John C. , Thompson‐Schill Sharon L. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA long‐standing pursuit in cognitive neuropsychology has been to understand the role of Broca’s area in language processing. Although a prevailing view has been to equate this region with grammatical abilities in both production and comprehension, a host of recent evidence from brain imaging and patient research has revealed a rather general role for this patch of cortex in complex cognition, even when grammatical performance is untapped—namely, that it regulates mental activity when there is need to resolve among competing representations. In this light, a recent proposal hypothesizes that this broad ‘cognitive control’ function of Broca’s area similarly serves language processing: Broca’s area is responsible for biasing production and comprehension processes when there are strong demands to resolve competition among incompatible characterizations of linguistic stimuli. Some questions that have been asked within this framework are as follows: Does Broca’s area help speakers produce an appropriate word when many alternatives are equally plausible? Does it permit readers and listeners to successfully understand words and sentences, even when the input is ripe for misinterpretation? In the current article, we review new empirical evidence from various fields that supports such an account. A central piece to this discussion is how careful scrutiny of language performance, under varying degrees of cognitive control demands, may shed light on how to suitably describe the idiosyncratic language traits of patients with focal Broca’s area damage, who are decidedly not agrammatic.
Demonstratives’ Special Place in the English Reference System: Why that’s Important for English Language Learners
Authors: Swierzbin Bonnie 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDemonstratives form a vital part of the English system of noun reference, but compared to other forms of reference such as articles and pronouns, their acquisition by second language learners has been researched relatively little. Using the Givenness Hierarchy (Gundel et al. 1993. Language 69. 274–307) as a theoretical backdrop for discussing the research on native English speakers’ use of demonstratives, this review explains the unique position that demonstratives hold as part of the reference system of English. The review then covers the relatively small body of research concerning English language learners’ (ELLs) acquisition and use of demonstratives, mainly in written expository essays and oral narratives. It also illustrates how ELLs would benefit from being taught the discourse uses of demonstratives early in their language education, a topic that is not currently addressed sufficiently in many English‐as‐a‐second‐language textbooks.
Peatland Geomorphology and Carbon Cycling
Authors: Evans Martin G. , Warburton Jeff 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPeatlands in the northern hemisphere are important stores of soil carbon. The stability of peatlands is therefore important for the preservation of a major terrestrial carbon store as well as for the maintenance of the carbon storage function of peatlands. Peatland erosion has the potential to significantly impact carbon storage. This article reviews the evidence from eroding peatland systems, largely in the United Kingdom, to develop the thesis that as peatlands begin to erode, geomorphological processes and form become the dominant controls on peatland carbon cycling. The impacts of geomorphological change on carbon cycling include direct erosional losses of particulate organic carbon (POC) and indirect effects largely resulting from the effect of gully erosion on peatland water tables, and consequently on dissolved and gaseous carbon losses. During erosional phases, POC loss from eroding systems can be sufficient to shift peatlands from net carbon sinks to net carbon sources. Re‐vegetation of eroding peatlands dramatically reduces POC loss but morphological changes resulting from erosion are likely to cause long‐term changes in gaseous and dissolved carbon flux from re‐vegetated peatlands. The potential for enhanced peatland erosion resulting from climatic changes in peatland areas requires a fuller understanding of geomorphological controls on carbon losses. In particular the fate of POC losses from peatlands is an urgent research need.
Children’s Caring Roles and Responsibilities within the Family in Africa
Authors: Evans Ruth 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn many Sub‐Saharan African countries, the care of chronically ill, disabled or elderly relatives is usually regarded as the responsibility of family members, within a broader landscape of often overburdened healthcare systems, the expense of medical fees, very limited access to social protection and policies that emphasise home‐based care. Recent studies have demonstrated that children and youth, particularly girls and young women, take on considerable caring roles for chronically ill and elderly and young relatives in Africa. This article reviews the available research on young people’s caring roles and responsibilities within families affected by chronic illness and disability in Sub‐Saharan Africa. I discuss how children’s caring roles challenge global and local constructions of childhood and suggest ways of conceptualising the socio‐spatial and embodied dimensions of children’s everyday care work within diverse household forms. I analyse evidence on outcomes of caring and children’s resilience in managing their caring responsibilities and examine the complex array of processes that influence whether children take on caring roles within the family. I argue that relational, intergenerational and lifecourse approaches to researching children’s caring responsibilities within the family have considerable potential for future geographical research and could provide further insights into the ways that care is embedded in social relationships, cultural norms and structural inequalities operating in different configurations in particular places.
Arsenic in South Asia Groundwater
Authors: Benner Shawn G. , Fendorf Scott 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWithin the deltas of South Asia, widespread consumption of groundwater containing dangerous levels of arsenic adversely impacts tens of millions of people in Bangladesh, West Bengal, India, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Myanmar. This massive health crisis is the product of a confluence of processes initiated by the erosion of arsenic‐bearing minerals in the Himalaya, transport of sediments containing arsenic‐bearing iron oxides down the Brahmaputra–Ganges, Mekong, Irrawaddy and Red river systems, and deposition as deltaic sediments. Upon burial, dissolution of these arsenic‐bearing iron‐oxide minerals is triggered by reaction with organic carbon, releasing arsenic to the aquifer and producing aqueous concentrations that can exceed 1000 μg/L, 100 times the World Health Organization drinking water standard. These waters are the primary drinking water source for the majority of the people living in these low‐lying regions of Asia. Although groundwater contamination has likely persisted for millennia on the Asian deltas, consumption of these waters became widespread in the 1970s as groundwater was tapped to avoid water‐borne diseases in surface water bodies. Groundwater pumping for irrigation and other land use changes, including widespread rice cultivation, are now impacting the distribution of arsenic in (presently) unpredictable ways. Further, irrigation with arsenic‐rich waters is decreasing rice yields and providing an additional pathway of human exposure. In general, deeper groundwater contains low levels of arsenic. Efforts must continue to focus on protecting this resource for human consumption.
Urban Explorers: Quests for Myth, Mystery and Meaning
Authors: Garrett Bradley L. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article is about urban exploration, a cultural practice of exploring derelict, closed and normally inaccessible built environments. The article is, in a sense, an experiment in research, learning and representation and is as much about the way the information is presented as it is about the topic itself. It consists of two parts. The first component is a video article that can be viewed online at http://vimeo.com/5366045 [Correction added on 13 October 2010 after first publication on 3 October 2010: The URL has been corrected]. The second is this document, an annotated script and short article meant to support the videographic document. This piece, as a whole, is a review of the work of five scholars (Alastair Bonnett, Tim Edensor, Caitlin DeSilvey, Hayden Lorimer and David Pinder) who have studied the theories and practices behind contemporary urban exploration from a number of different perspectives. I include video footage of my own ethnographic research on the topic, though I allow discussion of previous work to contextualize those images to establish what might be considered a videographic literature review.
Climate Change in the Arctic – Permafrost, Thermokarst, and Why They Matter to the Non‐Arctic World
Authors: Bowden William B. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThermokarst terrain develops when some forms of permafrost – or so‐called frozen ground – thaw and the soil subsides under its own mass. The processes that create thermokarst terrain alter the Arctic landscape substantially. The formation of thermokarst terrain is a natural phenomenon that increases or decreases as the climate warms or cools. There is now strong evidence that permafrost has been warming for several decades and that the rate of thermokarst formation has accelerated in many parts of the Arctic. Based on predictions of future climate in Arctic regions, a substantial portion of the permafrost that exists today will disappear in the next 50–100 years. The increase in thermokarst activity observed recently is likely to be an early indicator of permafrost retreat. Taken individually a particular thermokarst feature is perhaps merely an interesting oddity. However, taking a longer temporal and larger spatial perspective, it is reasonable to conclude that thermokarst formation has important impacts on the hydrology, geomorphology, biogeochemistry and ecology of the Arctic landscape. If the rate of thermokarst formation increases as expected, then it is possible that important aspects of the structure and function of the Arctic landscape will change rapidly as well. It is of particular concern that permafrost contains more total carbon than is currently in circulation in the modern atmosphere. New experimental evidence suggests that when permafrost thaws, the carbon it contains will become available for microbial processing and much of the carbon may end up as carbon dioxide or methane in the atmosphere. It is important that we understand these interacting process to better understand how climate change will affect the Arctic environment as well as the global climate, in the future.
‘Maturing’ a Sub‐discipline: The Intersectional Geographies of Masculinities and Old Age
Authors: Tarrant Anna 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFrom the early 1990s, the study of men and masculinities and the spatiality of their identities, has established itself as a significant subfield of critical social geographies. At the same time, geographies of childhood and youth, and to a much lesser extent old age identities, have emerged and become intersected. Recently, it has been suggested that these studies of social markers of difference have reached a critical mass (Hopkins 2008). Upon further exploration however, it is evident that together these literatures have focused more on childhood and young men, neglecting older and ageing men. Curiously, there are few literatures that connect old age and men and masculinities from a spatial perspective. This is not only reflected in social geography literatures but across the social sciences. In this article, I briefly review the subfields of masculinities and age, both within the discipline of geography and elsewhere, and seek to join the currently disconnected literatures to identify older men’s age identities as an absent presence in geography. I argue that this will contribute to the maturation of the current literatures of men and masculinities and enhance theoretical understandings of men’s power, both in critical social geographies and beyond.
Intellectual Property, Dissemination of Innovation and Sustainable Development
Authors: Henry Claude , Stiglitz Joseph E. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe live in a knowledge economy. The production and dissemination of knowledge will be central to solving the problems of climate change and environmental sustainability, reducing global poverty and addressing other global problems. This article asks: do intellectual property rights – with their increasingly global reach –further or hinder the production and dissemination of knowledge? Experience with genetically modified organisms shows that a model markedly different from the current one is more likely to bring wider social benefits, both in the short and the long run. Indeed, the current system may impede both innovation and dissemination. There are reforms in the intellectual property regime, and more broadly in the way we finance, organize and incentivize innovation, that would increase the pace of innovation and its utilization. The spread of the current dysfunctional system owes much to the evolution of intellectual property rights in the US – and the influence of particular special interests there.Policy Implications A well‐functioning patent system requires careful attention to a number of details, including: (1) what can be patented; (2) the breadth of a patent; and (3) the standards of novelty that determine whether an innovation is eligible for a patent. Corporate interests have resulted in a patent system which answers each of these questions in a way that may impede not only the utilization of knowledge, but even innovation. Among the details that matter is the process by which patents are granted. The current system grants too many ‘bad’ patents. Opening the process of examination of patent candidates to all parties that reveal themselves as having private information relevant to a thorough examination (in a process called opposition) should reduce the number of ‘bad’ patents. The patent system is only one part of a society’s innovation system, through which the production of knowledge is financed, incentivized and organized. Too much attention has been focused on IPR (intellectual property rights), and too little on alternatives, e.g. open source systems, publicly financed innovation and prizes. Providing more scope for compulsory licenses – making it easier for countries to issue them – would reduce some of the inefficiencies associated with the current patent system.
Evaluation of a screening method by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for estimating effect of drugs on the activation andβ-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria
Authors: Kasuya Fumiyo , Nishizawa Ryota , Masuyama Teiichi , Kazumi Maya 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectivesFatty acid metabolism is controlled not only by the acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetases but by some enzymes in the β-oxidation cycle. Medium-chain and long-chain acyl-CoA esters are key metabolites in fatty acid metabolism. We have developed an enzymatic assay method for determining chain shortening of the acyl-CoAs via β-oxidation from palmitic and octanoic acids in liver mitochondria. We have evaluated the assay method for detecting whether drugs influence the activation or the β-oxidation of fatty acids.MethodsLiver mitochondria were used for investigating the effect of drugs on fatty acid metabolism. The drugs selected were salicylic acid, diclofenac, valproic acid and paracetamol. Each acyl-CoA formed was analysed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.Key findingsAfter less than 5 min of incubation, the levels of acyl-CoAs reflected the acyl-CoA synthetase activity, whereas after 60-min incubation they reflected the activity of some enzymes in the β-oxidation cycle. Salicylic acid, diclofenac and valproic acid inhibited the medium-chain acyl-CoA synthetases, whereas valproic acid only exhibited a weak inhibitory activity toward the β-oxidation of the medium-chain fatty acids. In the case of long-chain fatty acid metabolism, salicylic acid and diclofenac inhibited both the activation and β-oxidation, whereas valproic acid was a weak inhibitor for only the β-oxidation activity. Paracetamol showed hardly any influence on the metabolism of medium-chain and long-chain fatty acids.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that salicylic acid, diclofenac, valproic acid and paracetamol exert a different influence on fatty acid metabolism depending on the length of the acyl chain. This assay allows sensitive and selective analysis for predicting the pathways by which drugs exert a greater influence over fatty acid metabolism.
Enzymatically degraded Eurylon 6 HP-PG: ethylcellulose film coatings for colon targeting in inflammatory bowel disease patients
Authors: Karrout Youness , Neut Christel , Siepmann Florence , Wils Daniel , Ravaux Pierre , Deremaux Laetitia , Flament Marie-Pierre , Dubreuil Luc , Lemdani Mohamed , Desreumaux Pierre , Siepmann Juergen 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
Film coatings based on blends of Eurylon 6 HP-PG (a hydroxypropylated and pregelatinized high amylose starch) and ethylcellulose were to be evaluated as promising coating materials for site-specific drug delivery to the colon of patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases.

Methods
Pellet starter cores containing 60% 5-aminosalicylic acid were prepared by extrusion/spheronization and coated with different Eurylon 6 HP-PG : ethylcellulose blends at various coating levels. Drug release was measured in media simulating the contents of the upper gastrointestinal tract (in the presence and absence of enzymes) as well as in media simulating the contents of the colon.

Key findings
5-Aminosalicylic acid release could effectively be suppressed in 0.1 N HCl and phosphate buffer pH 6.8, optionally containing pepsin or pancreatin, but occurred as soon as the pellets came into contact with culture medium inoculated with faecal samples from inflammatory bowel disease patients. This can be attributed to the partial degradation of the starch derivative by enzymes secreted by bacteria present in the colon of these patients.

Conclusions
The presented drug delivery system is adapted to the pathophysiological conditions in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Furthermore, drug release remained unaltered upon 1 year open storage.
Subconjunctival haemorrhages in neonatal thoroughbred foals
Authors: Munroe G. 
Published: October 2010

A survey of 169 neonatal thoroughbred foals revealed that 8.3 per cent had subconjunctival haemorrhages, but there was no indication of a relationship between retinal and subconjunctival haemorrhages. The haemorrhages were not related to any abnormality of the foals and there was no sex or eye predisposition. In most cases the haemorrhages were fresh and red, occurred mainly dorsally or dorsonasally and extended up to the limbus; they resolved completely within four to 10 days, depending on their initial severity and extent They had no effect on the foals' vision in the short or long term. The incidence of subconjunctival haemorrhages was associated with foaling category, multiparity and country of birth.
Associations between prion protein genotype and type traits in East Friesian milk sheep
Authors: de Vries F. , Hamann H. , Drögemüller C. , Distl O. 
Published: October 2010

Linear models were used to analyse the relationships between the prion protein genotypes and the height at the withers and rump, the heart girth and the length of the trunk of 440 East Friesian milk sheep. Significant associations were found between the ARR allele and the height of the withers and rump, and heart girth. The average height at the withers of the homozygous ARR/ARR sheep was 1·9 cm less than that of ARQ/ARQ sheep and 1·6 cm less than in sheep heterozygous for ARR; the height at the rump, length of the trunk and heart girth were similarly smaller. In the ARR/ARR ewes, the average height at the withers was 2·6 cm less and the height at the rump was 1·9 cm less than in the ARQ/ARQ ewes.
Survey of veterinary practice policies and opinions on neutering dogs
Authors: Diesel G. , Brodbelt D. , Laurence C. 
Published: October 2010

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in 2008 to obtain information on the advice veterinary practices currently give to their clients and the opinions of veterinary surgeons regarding neutering of dogs. An additional survey of dog owners was conducted to obtain information on the neuter status of the general dog population in Great Britain. A significantly higher proportion of practices had a policy for the age of neutering bitches than for dogs. The average recommended age for neutering bitches was 6.5 months (95 per cent confidence interval [CI] 3.1 to 9.7 months) and for dogs it was 7.5 months (95 per cent CI 1.4 to 13.6 months). There was very little agreement between veterinary practices as to whether bitches should be allowed to have their first season before neutering, with 164 of 973 respondents (16.9 per cent) always recommending this, 198 (20.3 per cent) recommending it most of the time, 203 (20.9 per cent) sometimes, 203 (20.9 per cent) rarely and 201 (20.6 per cent) never recommending it. The owner study showed that 54 per cent of dogs (233 of 431) were neutered, with the North region having the lowest proportion of neutered dogs (11 of 25; 44.0 per cent).
Repeated cross‐sectional skin testing for bovine tuberculosis in cattle kept in a traditional husbandry system in Ethiopia
Authors: Tschopp R. , Schelling E. , Hattendorf J. , Young D. , Aseffa A. , Zinsstag J. 
Published: October 2010

Representative repeated cross‐sectional skin testing for bovine tuberculosis (TB) was conducted over a period of three years in a total of 5377 cattle in three randomly selected woredas (districts) in Ethiopia (Meskan, Woldia and Bako‐Gazer) that had never previously been tested for TB. Almost all (99 per cent) of the animals included local zebus kept in traditional husbandry systems. The comparative intradermal tuberculin test with two diagnostic thresholds were used to define positive test results, one according to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) recommended cut‐off of more than 4 mm, and the other with a cut‐off of >2 mm. Data analysis was performed using a logistic regression model with a random effect at the village level. Applying the OIE definition, the overall representative apparent prevalence of bovine TB in skin test‐positive local zebus was 0.9 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval [CI] 0.6 to 1.3 per cent). Using a cut‐off of more than 2 mm the overall representative prevalence increased to 4 per cent (95 per cent CI 2.4 to 4.8 per cent). Due to the low apparent prevalence, the true prevalence could be calculated only in Meskan (4.5 per cent) and Bako‐Gazer (2.4 per cent) for the more than 2 mm cutoff. With the exception of Meskan, prevalence by woreda did not change significantly over the years. Mycobacterium avium reactor animals were found at all study sites, but there were significant geographical variations. Overall, bulls and oxen were more at risk of being positive reactors (odds ratio [OR] 1.6, 95 per cent CI 1.1 to 2.3; OR 2, 95 per cent CI 1.4 to 2.6, respectively), as were animals in good body condition (OR 2, 95 per cent CI 1.5 to 2.9). Similar results were found at woreda level with the exception of Woldia, where none of the analysed variables was significantly associated with a positive test result.