bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A cross-sectional study on levels of secondhand smoke in restaurants and bars in five cities in China
Authors: Liu R L , Yang Y , Travers M J , Fong G T , O'Connor R J , Hyland A , Li L , Nan Y , Feng G Z , Li Q , Jiang Y 
Published: September 2009

ObjectivesTo assess indoor secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in restaurants and bars via PM2.5level measurements in five cities in China.MethodsThe study was conducted from July to September in 2007 in Beijing, Xi'an, Wuhan, Kunming and Guiyang. PM2.5concentrations were measured in 404 restaurants and bars using portable aerosol monitors. The occupant density and the active smoker density were calculated for each venue sampled.ResultsAmong the 404 surveyed venues, 23 had complete smoking bans, nine had partial smoking bans and 313 (77.5%) had smoking observed during sampling. The geometric mean of indoor PM2.5levels in venues with smoking observed was 208 μg/m3and 99 μg/m3in venues without smoking observed. When outdoor PM2.5levels were adjusted, indoor PM2.5levels in venues with smoking observed were consistently significantly higher than those in venues without smoking observed (F=80.49, p<0.001). Indoor PM2.5levels were positively correlated with outdoor PM2.5levels (partial ρ=0.37 p<0.001) and active smoker density (partial ρ=0.34, p<0.001).ConclusionsConsistent with findings in other countries, PM2.5levels in smoking places are significantly higher than those in smoke-free places and are strongly related to the number and density of active smokers. These findings document the high levels of SHS in hospitality venues in China and point to the urgent need for comprehensive smoke-free laws in China to protect the public from SHS hazards, as called for in Article 8 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which was ratified by China in 2005.
Phytoplankton productivity across prairie saline lakes of the Great Plains (USA): a step toward deciphering patterns through lake classification models
Authors: Salm Courtney R. , Saros Jasmine E. , Fritz Sherilyn C. , Osburn Christopher L. , Reineke David M. 
Published: September 2009

We investigated patterns of primary production across prairie saline lakes in the central and northern Great Plains of the United States. Based on comparative lake sampling in 2004, seasonal predictors of algal primary productivity were identified within subsets of similar lakes using a combination of Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and classification and regression trees (CART). These models indicated complex patterns of nutrient limitation by nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and iron (Fe) within different lake groups. Nutrient enrichment assays (control, + Fe, + N, + P, + N + P) were performed in spring and summer of 2006 to determine if phytoplankton in selected lakes followed predicted patterns of nutrient limitation. Both the comparative lake sampling and experimental results indicated that N limitation was widespread in these prairie lakes, with evidence for secondary P limitation in certain lakes. In the experiments, iron did not stimulate primary production. Our results suggest that given the diverse geochemical nature of these lakes, classification models that separate saline lakes into subsets may be an effective method for improving predictions of algal production.
Fourier transform spectra of the ν16, 2ν16, and 2ν16–ν16 bands of pyrrole taken with synchrotron radiationThis article is part of a Special Issue on Spectroscopy at the University of New Brunswick in honour of Colan Linton and Ron Lees.
Authors: Tokaryk D. W. , van Wijngaarden J. A. 
Published: September 2009

Rotationally-resolved vibrational spectra of three bands related to the lowest frequency vibration of the five-membered heterocycle pyrrole (c-C4H4NH) have been recorded using infrared light from the Canadian Light Source synchrotron as the source. The N-H out-of-plane wagging fundamental band ν16 (474.6 cm–1) was recorded with 0.001 cm–1 resolution along with the first hot band 2ν16–ν16 (488.1 cm–1). Both are governed by c-type selection rules. The first overtone 2ν16 (962.7 cm–1) was recorded with 0.0013 cm–1 resolution and has a-type rotational structure. A total of 9103 lines were assigned and included in a simultaneous fit of all three bands. The band origins and excited state rotational parameters were well-determined using Watson’s S-reduced Hamiltonian, Ir representation as seen by the low rms error of the global fit: 0.000 172 cm–1.
Birth Weight-Breast Cancer Revisited: Is the Association Confounded by Familial Factors?
Authors: Öberg Sara , Cnattingius Sven , Sandin Sven , Lichtenstein Paul , Iliadou Anastasia 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPurpose: The study aimed to investigate whether the association between birth weight and the risk of breast cancer can be confounded by familial factors, such as shared environment and common genes.Materials and Methods: Eligible were all female like-sexed twins of the Swedish Twin Registry, born during the period 1926-1958 and alive in 1973. Data were obtained from birth records, and the final study population with reliable birth weight data was made up of 11,923 twins. Hazard ratios (HR) for breast cancer according to birth weight were estimated through Cox regression, using robust SE to account for the dependence within twin pairs. Paired analysis was done to account for potential confounding by familial factors.Results: In the cohort analysis, a birth weight ≥3,000 g was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer diagnosed at or before 50 years [adjusted HR, 1.57; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.03-2.42] but not with breast cancer with a later onset (adjusted HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.57-1.12). From ≥2,500 g, a 500-g increase in birth weight conferred a HR of 1.62 (95% CI, 1.16-2.27) for breast cancer diagnosed at or before 50 years. This risk remained in analysis within twin pairs (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.00-2.48).Conclusion: In the present study, findings indicate that the association between birth weight and breast cancer risk, seen only in women diagnosed early (≤50 years), is not confounded by familial factors. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(9):2447–52)
Genetic Variants inXRCC2: New Insights Into Colorectal Cancer Tumorigenesis
Authors: Curtin Karen , Lin Wei-Yu , George Rina , Katory Mark , Shorto Jennifer , Cannon-Albright Lisa A. , Smith Gillian , Bishop D. Timothy , Cox Angela , Camp Nicola J. ,   Colorectal Cancer Study Group
Published: September 2009

AbstractPolymorphisms in DNA double-strand break repair gene XRCC2 may play an important role in colorectal cancer etiology, specifically in disease subtypes. Associations of XRCC2 variants and colorectal cancer were investigated by tumor site and tumor instability status in a four-center collaboration including three U.K. case-control studies (Sheffield, Leeds, and Dundee) and a U.S. case-control study of cases from high-risk Utah pedigrees (total: 1,252 cases and 1,422 controls). The 14 variants studied were tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) selected from National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/HapMap data supplemented with SNPs identified from sequencing of 125 cases chosen to represent multiple colorectal cancer groups (familial, metastatic disease, and tumor subsite). Monte Carlo significance testing using Genie software provided valid meta-analyses of the total resource that includes family-based data. Similar to reports of colorectal cancer and other cancer sites, the rs3218536 R188H allele was not associated with increased risk. However, we observed a novel, highly significant association of a common SNP, rs3218499G&gt;C, with increased risk of rectal tumors (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-3.3; Pχ2 = 0.0006) versus controls, with the largest risk found for female rectal cases (odds ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-6.1; Pχ2 = 0.0006). This difference was significantly different to that for proximal and distal colon cancers (Pχ2 = 0.02). Our investigation supports a role for XRCC2 in colorectal cancer tumorigenesis, conferring susceptibility to rectal tumors. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(9):2476–84)
Prospective Study of Solar Exposure, Dietary Vitamin D Intake, and Risk of Breast Cancer among Middle-aged Women
Authors: Kuper Hannah , Yang Ling , Sandin Sven , Lof Marie , Adami Hans-Olov , Weiderpass Elisabete 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The relationship between solar exposure or dietary vitamin D intake and breast cancer risk has not been fully elucidated. These associations were studied within the Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study, a cohort of 49,259 Swedish women ages 30 to 50 years at baseline (1991-1992). Women were asked about solar exposure and completed a food frequency questionnaire and were followed-up through linkages to national registries until December 2004. In the current analyses, 41,889 women were included, 840 of whom were diagnosed with breast cancer during follow-up. Breast cancer risk was not related to solar exposure variables, including sun sensitivity, annual number of sunburns, time spent on sunbathing vacations, or solarium use at any age period of exposure. There was also no association with dietary vitamin D intake or supplementary multivitamin use. These relationships were not modified after stratifying by estrogen or progesterone receptor status.(Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(9):2558–61)
No Increase in Breast Cancer Recurrence with Concurrent Use of Tamoxifen and Some CYP2D6-Inhibiting Medications
Authors: Ahern Thomas P. , Pedersen Lars , Cronin-Fenton Deirdre P. , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Lash Timothy L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Tamoxifen reduces recurrence risk among women treated for estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer. Its effectiveness partly depends on metabolic activation via cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). Some medications compromise CYP2D6 activity and may lower plasma concentrations of active tamoxifen metabolites. We studied the association between concurrent use of tamoxifen and CYP2D6-inhibiting medications and breast cancer recurrence among Danish women diagnosed with early-stage, estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer. Using the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group Registry, we identified 366 cases with local or distant breast cancer recurrence and 366 matched breast cancer controls. We ascertained concurrent prescription of CYP2D6-inhibiting medications during tamoxifen treatment by linking to the national prescription database covering all Danish pharmacies. We computed the breast cancer recurrence odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval for each medication. The pooled recurrence OR was null (OR, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.8-1.3); recurrence ORs for individual drugs ranged from 0.3 to 3.4. The individual ORs followed the pattern expected under a null-centered Gaussian distribution. Null associations were apparent for all drugs after empirical Bayes adjustment for multiple comparisons. Together, these results provide evidence for a null association between drug-compromised CYP2D6 activity and breast cancer recurrence among tamoxifen-treated women. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(9):2562–4)
Two Types of Taqdīr? A Study in Ibn Hišām's Concept of 'Speaker's Intention'
Authors: Kasher Almog 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe term taqdīr is mostly used in Arabic grammatical tradition to refer to underlying structures, i.e. to sentences, forms etc. intended by the speakers but which differ from the sentences, forms etc. which they actually utter. This is also the sense modern scholars have in mind when discussing taqdīr. Yet the term proves to have a significantly wider extension, embracing also cases where it pertains not to underlying structures, but to properties possessed by constituents at surface structure, such as the syntactic functions they assume and the parts of speech to which they belong. Both usages of the term taqdīr, however, are derived from the single basic sense it conveys, viz. speakers' intention. This argument is illustrated in the present article through Ibn Hišām's writings.
How to Frame History
Authors: Keshk Khaled 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis work looks at two examples of a literary device, which I have labeled the “set-up” story, used within the narratives of historical works. This literary device, as this paper will illustrate, were used to help the listener/reader frame the historical narrative that he/she was about to hear/read. It does this in three ways: the first is to have the set-up story follow a certain pattern that the listener/reader is familiar with. The second way is to use the set-up story as a moral micro-narrative of what is about to occur, The third is for the set-up story to be a lead-in; that is, the narrator would like the listener/reader to understand the protocols of certain actions. This paper will look at two examples of the second and third form of the set-up story.
'Āšūrā' as a Female Ritual Challenge to Masculinity
Authors: Maarouf Mohammed 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper presents an ethnographic image of 'Āšūrā' delineating how a cultural and religious ritual may play the role of establishing and sustaining cultural hegemony in Morocco. It forwards into a position of prominence the carnivalesque aspect of the ritual. The cultural authority of the male is transgressed, mocked and crushed down by the joyful moment of female becoming in a ritual outlet that permits power to rejuvenate its yoke of domination over women in the normal existing social conditions. Carnival is a form of social control of the low by the high and thus serves the interests of the official culture that it apparently opposes. It is a licensed relief. Hegemony permits the ritual inversions of hierarchy and status degradations to re-affirm the status quo. In this sense, 'Āšūrā' seems to offer an occasion for the ritual emancipation of women fulfilled by their practice of magic and ceremonial alfresco gatherings, chanting songs of challenge to the male authority.
An Addendum to the Dīwān of Abū Mansūr al-Ta'ālibī
Authors: Orfali Bilal 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThere have been several attempts in modern scholarship to reconstruct the lost dīwān of Abū Mansūr al-Tālibī (350-429/961-1038 or 9). This article is an addendum to this dīwān that collects verses that were overlooked by previous scholarship or selected from recently published anthologies contemporary to al-Tālibī. It also sheds light on al-Tālibī's minor literary character, i.e. being a poet, and offers some observations on his poetry in general.
Portraits of Righteousness: Noah in Early Christian and Jewish Hymnography
Authors: Lieber Laura 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe transformation of Noah into a Christian ideal in the writings of Aphrahat and Ephrem (4th century), with the resulting denigration of Noah in much rabbinic exegesis, is well documented. The purpose of this essay is to examine the characterization of Noah in the liturgical (as opposed to the scholarly) setting. Four groups of works are examined: the Hebrew Avodah poems and the hymns of Ephrem the Syrian (4th century); and the kontakia of Romanos the Melodist and the liturgical poems of the Jewish poet Yannai (6th century). These sources reveal that the individual poets felt great freedom to shape the character of Noah in distinctive ways, engaging with the various traditions of interpretation evident in the prose sources but using them in individualized ways. The resulting picture of Noah, when these poetic sources are brought to bear on the discussion, is much less predictable and more dynamic than might be assumed from study of the more“academic” prose sources alone.
Joachim Wachs Bild vom George-Kreis und seine Revision von Max Webers Soziologie religiöser Gemeinschaften
Authors: Kippenberg Hans G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSince the publication of the In Memoriam of Stefan George in “Understanding and Believing. Essays by Jochim Wach edited by Joseph Kitagawa” (1968), the George-circle is seen as a major source for Wach's understanding of religion. According to the author nature is not a realm of abstract laws but the place where the divine reveals itself in the physical. Yet the In Memoriam was not composed by Wach, but by Gerardus van der Leeuw in 1934 and happend, by chance, to find its way among the posthumous papers of Wach. From other statements we know that Wach rejected pagan conceptions of the epiphany of the divine. Nevertheless there exists an impact of the George-circle on Wach's sociology of religion. He was an early reader of Max Webers “Sociology of Religion (Types of Religious Communities)” (1921/22), in which Weber chose as perspective a growing disenchantment of the world. Wach adopted the typology, but rejected Weber's systematics. The reason can be found in his essay on the relationship between Master and Disciple from 1925. Here he analyzed the George-circle as a case in point that the charisma of a master possesses a metaphysical quality that is resistant against the power of disenchantment. In contrast to Weber who correlated the varieties of religious communities with social conditions, Wach studied them as variations of genuine religious expressions.
Paul Hofmann, die Berliner Universität und seine neue Humanitätsphilosophie
Authors: Wirth Günter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn light of the upcoming anniversary of the Berlin University, this study of the philosopher Paul Hofmann analyzes his precarious position as lecturer at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, which was abruptly terminated in 1938 because of his Jewish ancestry and his anti-Nazi position. After years of inner migration, Hofmann resumed teaching as Ordinarius and with new impulses in 1945. At the core of his philosophy was the philosophy of humanity that developed from different positions in his major work “Sinn und Geschichte.” He provided his philosophy with new accents after 1945, while already suffering from severe illness. The study is based on extensive archival material.
Kontroversen um die Deutungshoheit Museumsdebatte, Historikerstreit und ,,neue Geschichtsbewegung“ in der Bundesrepublik der 1980er Jahre
Authors: Grotrian Etta 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn the 1980s, identity was a key concept in historical political debates in the Federal Republic of Germany. But this identity discourse comprised not only the publicly fought Historikerstreit (Historians' Debate) and the discussion of plans by the federal government to establish two major history museums, but also the conflict with the ,,new history movement“, which developed as a counterpoint to the field of history at the universities.
Early Application Development/Tuning and Application Characterization/ Segmentation
Authors: Kale Laxmikant 
Published: September 2009

This position paper makes two separate, only tangentially related points: 1. A research program is necessary to produce tools and techniques that allow application developers to develop and tune applications for future exascale machines, well before the machines are deployed. 2. In order to cope with, or facilitate, segmentation of exascale architectures, it is necessary to carry out an extensive study characterizing the needs and behaviors of applications that are expected to run on exascale machines.
The role of B cells in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Shimabukuro-Vornhagen Alexander , Hallek Michael J. , Storb Rainer F. , von Bergwelt-Baildon Michael S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAllogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an established treatment modality for malignant and nonmalignant hematologic diseases. Acute and chronic graft-versus-host diseases (GVHDs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. T cells have been identified as key players in the graft-versus-host reaction and, therefore, most established drugs used against GVHD target T cells. Despite our knowledge on the pathogenesis of the GVH reaction, success of established therapies for prevention and treatment of GHVD is unsatisfactory. Recently, animal and human studies demonstrated that B cells are involved in the immunopathophysiology of acute and chronic GVHD. Early phase clinical trials of B-cell depletion with rituximab have shown beneficial effects on both acute and chronic GVHD. This review summarizes the current experimental and clinical evidence for the involvement of B cells in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic GVHD and discusses the clinical implications for the management of patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
miR-128b is a potent glucocorticoid sensitizer in MLL-AF4 acute lymphocytic leukemia cells and exerts cooperative effects with miR-221
Authors: Kotani Ai , Ha Daon , Hsieh James , Rao Prakash K. , Schotte Diana , den Boer Monique L. , Armstrong Scott A. , Lodish Harvey F. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
MLL-AF4 acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) has a poor prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate expression of target mRNAs. Our analysis of previously published data showed that expression of miR-128b and miR-221 is down-regulated in MLL-rearranged ALL relative to other types of ALL. Reexpression of these miRNAs cooperatively sensitizes 2 cultured lines of MLL-AF4 ALL cells to glucocorticoids. Target genes down-regulated by miR-128b include MLL, AF4, and both MLL-AF4 and AF4-MLL fusion genes; miR-221 down-regulates CDKN1B. These results demonstrate that down-regulation of miR-128b and miR-221 is implicated in glucocorticoid resistance and that restoration of their levels is a potentially promising therapeutic in MLL-AF4 ALL.
Spatial gradients of blood vessels and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells within the marrow cavities of the human skeleton
Authors: Bourke Vincent A. , Watchman Christopher J. , Reith John D. , Jorgensen Marda L. , Dieudonnè Arnaud , Bolch Wesley E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis report evaluates the spatial profile of blood vessel fragments (BVFs) and CD34+ and CD117+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in human cancellous bone. Bone specimens were sectioned, immunostained (anti-CD34 and anti-CD117), and digitally imaged. Immunoreactive cells and vessels were then optically and morphometrically identified and labeled on the corresponding digital image. The distance of each BVF, or CD34+ or CD117+ HSPC to the nearest trabecular surface was measured and binned in 50-μm increments. The relative concentration of HSPCs and BVFs within cancellous marrow was observed to diminish with increasing distance in the marrow space. On average, 50% of the CD34+ HSPC population, 60% of the CD117+ HSPC population, and 72% of the BVFs were found within 100 μm of the bone surfaces. HSPCs were also found to exist in close proximity to BVFs, which supports the notion of a shared HSPC and vessel spatial niche.