bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunizing mobile ad hoc networks against collaborative attacks using cooperative immune model
Authors: Gong Tao , Bhargava Bharat 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a security problem of cooperative immunization against collaborative attacks such as blackhole attacks and wormhole attacks, in the mobile ad hoc networks such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) networks, was discussed. Because of the vulnerabilities of the protocol suites, collaborative attacks in the mobile ad hoc networks can cause more damages than individual attacks. In human immune system, nonselfs (i.e., viruses, bacteria and cancers etc.) can attack human body in a collaborative way and cause diseases in the human body. With the inspiration from the human immune system, a tri‐tier cooperative immune model was built to detect and eliminate the collaborative attacks (i.e., nonselfs) in the mobile ad hoc networks. ARM‐based Network Simulator (NS2) tests and probability analysis were utilized in the prototype for immune model to analyze and detect the attacks. Experimental results demonstrate the validation and effectiveness of the model proposed by minimizing the collaborative attacks and immunizing the mobile ad hoc networks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Security assurance in wireless acoustic sensors via event forecasting and detection
Authors: Zhong Zhen , Zhao Chenglin , Pi Yiming , Wang Lingming 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we study the security assurance in application layer in wireless acoustic sensors via event forecasting and detection. In order to perform event forecasting and detection, we try to answer several challenging questions in acoustic signal research based on wireless acoustic sensors: (i) Are acoustic signals predictable? (ii) How are acoustic signals predicted? (iii) Are there any event‐forecasting applications for the security in wireless acoustic sensors? We study these questions based on Xbow acoustic sensors and demonstrate that real‐world acoustic signals are self‐similar, which means that they are predictable. We propose an acoustic signal prediction scheme using interval type‐2 fuzzy logic system (FLS). We show that a type‐2 fuzzy membership function (MF); that is, a Gaussian MF with uncertain mean is appropriate to model the acoustic signal strength. Two FLSs, a type‐1 FLS, and an interval type‐2 FLS are designed for signal strength forecasting. Furthermore, we propose a double sliding window scheme for event detection based on the forecasted signals. Simulation results show that the interval type‐2 FLS outperforms the type‐1 FLS in signal strength forecasting and the performance of event detection based on the forecasted signal from type‐2 FLS is much better than that based on type‐1 FLS. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of code‐based change impact analysis techniques
Authors: Li Bixin , Sun Xiaobing , Leung Hareton , Zhang Sai 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYSoftware change impact analysis (CIA) is a technique for identifying the effects of a change, or estimating what needs to be modified to accomplish a change. Since the 1980s, there have been many investigations on CIA, especially for code‐based CIA techniques. However, there have been very few surveys on this topic. This article tries to fill this gap. And 30 papers that provide empirical evaluation on 23 code‐based CIA techniques are identified. Then, data was synthesized against four research questions. The study presents a comparative framework including seven properties, which characterize the CIA techniques, and identifies key applications of CIA techniques in software maintenance. In addition, the need for further research is also presented in the following areas: evaluating existing CIA techniques and proposing new CIA techniques under the proposed framework, developing more mature tools to support CIA, comparing current CIA techniques empirically with unified metrics and common benchmarks, and applying the CIA more extensively and effectively in the software maintenance phase. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation on microstructure and properties of foamed (wood fiber)/(recycled polypropylene) composites
Authors: Xie Bo , Cui Yi‐hua , Xu Juan , Wang Xin‐xin , Zhang Hui‐hui , Zhang Zhi‐dan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMicrocellular foamed (wood fiber)‐reinforced recycled polypropylene composites (MFWPCs) were prepared by an injection molding process where azodicarbonamide was used as a chemical foaming agent. The influence of injection parameters (injection temperature, dwell pressure) on the microcellular structure (cell diameter and cell density) and the mechanical properties of the MFWPCs were investigated. The results indicated that when the melting temperature was 180°C and the dwell pressure was 12.5 MPa, a uniformly distributed microcellular structure of MFWPCs was obtained. Compared with solid wood plastic composites, the density of the MFWPCs decreased by 24.5%, and its impact strength of MFWPCs increased by 53%, because the propagation direction of the crack changed to the “skip” or “bifurcation” mechanism as a result of the microcellular structure, and the surrounding matrix of this structure made it easy to produce forced high‐elastic deformation. The toughening mechanism of the microcellular structure was analyzed. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Thermal properties and processability of talc‐ and calcium carbonate‐filled poly(vinyl chloride) hybrid composites
Authors: Tuen Bee Soo , Hassan Azman , Abu Bakar Aznizam 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe main objective of this investigation was to study and compare the thermal rigidity, thermal stability, and processability of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites filled with single fillers of talc and uncoated ground CaCO3 (SM 90) or a hybrid filler consisting of talc/SM 90. To produce the composites, the PVC resin, fillers, and other additives were dry‐blended in a laboratory mixer before being milled into sheets by using a two‐roll mill. Test specimens were prepared by compression molding, after which the thermal properties and processability of the composites were determined. Single and hybrid filler loadings used were fixed at 30 phr (parts per hundred parts of resin). Talc‐filled PVC composite showed slightly better thermal stability and rigidity than the composite filled with SM 90, and its thermal stability and rigidity slightly decreased with SM 90 content increasing from 5 to 25 phr in order to replace talc filler in the hybrid composites. The fusion time of talc‐filled PVC composite was shorter than that of SM 90‐filled PVC composite; thus, the fusion time of hybrid composites increased with increasing SM 90. The fusion torque showed an opposite behavior. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Testis formation in the fetal mouse: dynamic and complex de novo tubulogenesis
Authors: Cool Jonah , DeFalco Tony , Capel Blanche 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSoon after Sry initiates male sex determination, cells in XY gonads undergo an unusual process of de novo cord formation that results in the organization of Sertoli cells into epithelial tubules enclosing germ cells and partitioning mesenchymal cells and vasculature to the interstitial space of the testis. Recent experiments investigating this dynamic process in four dimensions have begun to shed new light on the collective interactions of multiple cell types during morphogenesis of testis cords. WIREs Dev Biol 2012 doi: 10.1002/wdev.62This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Cell Sorting and Boundary Formation
Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Sex Determination
Vertebrate Organogenesis > From a Tubular Primordium: Non-Branched
A New 3D 4d‐4f La–Ag Coordination Polymer Constructed by Interesting [Ag2]n and Flat [La2(IN)6(CH3COO)]n Layers
Authors: Huang Lian , Mei Hua , Chen Lei , Xu Yan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractOne new 3D La‐Ag coordination compound formulated as [La2Ag3(IN)6(OAC)(H2O)3][NO3]2·2H2O (1) (HIN = isonicotinic acid; HOAC = acetic acid) was synthesized. The structure represents an interesting 3D open framework that is built upon 2D lanthanide layers and [Ag(IN)2]+ linkers. The triple helical [La(IN)2(H2O)]n chain and zigzag [LaIN(OAC)]n chain are found in the 2D La‐IN layers. Channels are also found in the framework of 1, owing to shape‐controlled synthesis templated by the free NO3– ions and water molecules.
Major Distinctions in the Molecular and Supramolecular Structures of Selenium‐containing Organotins, (o‐MeSe‐C6H4CH2)SnPh3–nCln (n = 0, 1, 2)
Authors: Metta‐Magaña Alejandro J. , Lopez‐Cardoso Marcela , Vargas Gabriela , Pannell Keith H. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of selenium‐containing stannanes, (o‐MeSeC6H4CH2)Sn(Ph)3–nCln [n = 0 (1Se); 1 (2Se); 2 (3Se)], is presented. The increasing Lewis acidity at tin in the series 1Se → 2Se → 3Se is reflected in their respective solid state arrangements and supramolecular architecture by interactions of the type Se···Se, Sn···Se, and Cl···H–C. Overall the capacity of the selenium atom to form bidentate interactions creates geometric assemblies distinctly different to those of the oxygen and sulfur analogs.
Overturning instability of a two‐rigid block system under ground excitation
Authors: Kounadis A.N. , Papadopoulos G.J. , Cotsovos D.M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe rocking response of a freely standing two‐rigid block 2‐DOF system under ground excitation is comprehensively presented. The highly nonlinear governing equations of motion, properly established, under certain conditions may be linearised leading after integration to closed form solutions. The analysis is based on the assumption that friction at the interface between the two‐rigid blocks or the lower block and the ground is sufficient to prevent sliding. All possible configuration patterns exhibited by the two‐rigid block system during rocking motion are examined in detail. Attention is focused on the determination of the minimum amplitude ground acceleration among all patterns which leads the system to overturning instability. The effect of week damping is included in the analysis by reducing the relative angular velocity after impact. Conditions for overturning instability with or without impact, either between the two blocks or between the lower block and the ground, associated with an escaped motion in the phase‐plane portrait, are thoroughly discussed. It is found that for moderately large values of excitation frequencies overturning instability occurs after impact. Beyond these values overturning instability without impact prevails. In case of overturning instability without impact, surprisingly enough, it was also found that there are ranges of values of excitation frequencies in which a monolithic rigid block as a 1‐DOF system becomes more stable when divided into two equal rigid blocks, acting as a 2‐DOF system.
One‐ and Two‐Year Outcomes and Predictors of Mortality Following Emergency Laparotomy: A Consecutive Series from a United Kingdom Teaching Hospital
Authors: Awad Sherif , Herrod Philip J. J. , Palmer Rachel , Carty Hyun‐mi , Abercrombie John F. , Brooks Adam , de Beer Thearina , Mole Jonathan , Lobo Dileep N. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundData on outcomes of patients who underwent emergency laparotomy (EML) are limited. This prospective observational study examined aspects of inpatient care and outcomes following EML with a view to identifying predictors of mortality.MethodsData collected from consecutive inpatients who underwent EML in a UK teaching hospital over a 3‐month period included perioperative physiology, treatment, morbidity, and mortality (30‐day, in‐hospital, 12‐month, and 24‐month). Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of mortality.ResultsEighty‐five patients (44 male) with a mean ± SD age of 61 ± 18 years were studied. Postoperatively, 51 % of patients were admitted to the intensive care (ICU) or the high‐dependency unit (HDU). 30‐day, in‐hospital, 12‐month, and 24‐month mortality was 14, 16.5, 22.4, and 25.9 %, respectively. After adjusting for confounding variables, age ≥70 years (odds ratio [OR] = 9.2, P = 0.004) and a need for postoperative ICU/HDU (OR = 15.0, P = 0.014) were independent predictors of 30‐day mortality. Independent predictors of in‐hospital mortality were age ≥70 years (OR = 18.2, P = 0.016), ASA ≥III (OR = 22.1, P = 0.034), preoperative sepsis (OR = 20.6, P = 0.045), and need for postoperative ICU/HDU (OR = 21.5, P = 0.038). Independent predictors of 12‐month mortality were preoperative urea >7.5 mmol/L (OR = 3.5, P = 0.038) and need for postoperative ICU/HDU (OR = 3.7, P = 0.044). Age ≥70 years was the only independent predictor of 24‐month mortality (OR = 4.5, P = 0.014). Almost all deaths recorded in the 24 months following surgery resulted from disseminated malignancy.ConclusionPatients who underwent EML had favourable outcomes, with 2‐year survival close to 75 %. Age ≥70 years and the need for postoperative ICU/HDU care were independent predictors of mortality.
The Role of Simple Renal Cysts, Abdominal Wall Hernia, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease as Predictive Factors for Aortoiliac Aneurysmatic Disease
Authors: Pitoulias Georgios A. , Donas Konstantinos P. , Chatzimavroudis Grigoris , Torsello Giovanni , Papadimitriou Dimitrios K. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundThis study was designed to investigate the possible predictive value of simple renal cysts (SRCs), abdominal wall hernia (AWH), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for the presence of abdominal aortoiliac aneurysms (AAA).MethodsBetween January 2006 and January 2011, we treated 170 consecutive patients with aortoiliac pathology. Patients’ data were prospectively collected and were retrospectively analyzed. Of these patients, 110 (study group) had AAA (group 1) and 60 (control group) had aortoiliac occlusive disease (AOD; group 2). Moreover, patients of group 1 were subdivided, according to aneurysm’s diameter to subgroup 1A (aortic aneurysm diameter >55 mm and/or common iliac diameter >22 mm; n = 62) and subgroup 1B (aortic aneurysm diameter ≤55 mm and/or common iliac diameter ≤22 mm; n = 48). All patients underwent a computed tomographic angiography, and datasets were analyzed for aortoiliac and SRCs’ anatomical data. Additionally collected data were atherosclerotic risk factors, history of previous or current AWH, and COPD.ResultsThe two groups as well as the two AAA subgroups were homogenous regarding demographics and atherosclerotic risk factors. Univariate analysis showed that incidence of SRCs, AWH, and COPD were significant predictive factors for presence of AAA. Multivariate analysis identified SRCs and AWH as independent predictive factors for the presence of AAA. In association with the aneurysm’s size, multivariate analysis failed to show any predictive value of SRCs, AWH, or COPD.ConclusionsResults of our study showed a positive predictive value of SRCs and AWH for presence of AAA and a strong relationship but not with predictive value between COPD and AAA. These data might be helpful for the early recognition of patients at risk for an aortoiliac aneurysm formation and for establishment of AAAs population‐based screening. Further research of pathophysiological commonalities between the four studied entities may be extremely helpful for designing future preventive and treatment strategy of AAAs.
Surface and Solution Properties of Amphiphilic Drug‐Nonionic Surfactant Systems
Authors: Kabir‐ud‐Din  , Al‐dahbali Gamal A. , Naqvi Andleeb Z. , Akram Mohd. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA surface tension study was performed on mixed amphiphilic drug‐nonionic surfactant systems. The drugs used were adiphenine hydrochloride and nortriptyline hydrochloride whereas surfactants were ethoxylated sorbitan esters and polyethylene oxide–polypropylene oxide–polyethylene oxide triblocks. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and CMCid (CMC at ideal mixing condition) values suggest nonideal and attractive interactions among the components. The micellar mole fraction values calculated using Rubingh's model indicate predominance of the nonionic surfactant in micelle formation. The mole fraction of surfactant in mixed monolayer values are greater than values, indicating a greater contribution of surfactant in monolayer formation. Thermodynamic parameters, viz. Gibbs energy of micellization , Gibbs energy of adsorption , and excess free energy of mixed micelles and monolayers were also evaluated. All these values suggest stable mixed micelle and mixed monolayer formation.
Use of an Adsorption Process for Purification of Pollock‐Oil‐Based Biodiesel Comprises Methyl Esters
Authors: Mis Solval Kevin , Sathivel Subramaniam 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe quality of biodiesel from crude pollock oil and the effect of a purification process on the physicochemical properties of pollock oil biodiesel were evaluated. Unpurified pollock oil (PO) was transesterified to biodiesel from pollock oil (BPO) using methyl alcohol (1:6 molar ratio) and NaOH (1 % w/w of the oil weight); and the resulting fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) were purified with 10 % (w/w) activated earth to yield purified biodiesel from pollock oil (PBPO). The samples were evaluated for yield, FAME composition, free fatty acids (FFA), peroxides value (PV), moisture, bulk density, cloud point, flash point, free and total glycerin, color, rheological properties, and minerals. BPO and PBPO were evaluated for the kinetics of lipid oxidation. The transesterification and purification processes had no effect on the FAME composition of PO. The yield of PBPO was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced after the transesterification and purification processes. Moreover, the transesterification process significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the FFA, moisture, bulk density, flash point, total glycerides, redness, viscosity, arsenic and silicon content in PO. Meanwhile, the purification process significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the PV, redness, and sulfur content of BPO. The flash point of BPO was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by the purification process from 79 to 84 °C. PO, BPO, and PBPO behaved as non‐Newtonian and Newtonian fluids at 0 and 25 °C, respectively. BPO showed a lower oxidation rate and activation energy compared to those of PBPO. BPO and PBPO met the ASTM biodiesel standard D6751 for moisture, bulk density, cloud point, free and total glycerin, Na, P, and S. The study demonstrated that high viscosity crude pollock oil could be converted into low viscosity purified pollock oil biodiesel.
Enzyme‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Monoacylglycerols Citrate: Kinetics and Thermodynamics
Authors: Huang Jianhua , Liu Yuanfa , Jin Qingzhe , Wu Xiaojuan , Wang Xingguo , Song Zhihua 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe kinetics and thermodynamics of the esterification of citric acid (CA) and monoglycerides (MGs) for citrate esters of monoacylglycerols catalyzed by Novozym 435 in tert‐butyl alcohol system was studied in this work. The relationship between initial reaction rate and temperature was established, based on the Arrhenius law. A linear relationship was established between the initial reaction rate and enzyme load up to 3 g/L, which demonstrated that the influence of external mass transfer limitations on the reaction could be eliminated. The reaction kinetics agreed with the Ping‐Pong Bi–Bi mechanism with CA inhibition characterized by Vmax, KB, KA, and KiA, values of 0.7092 mmol/(min g), 0.0553, 0.0136 and 0.1948 mol/L, respectively. The model was used to simulate the reaction process. The values calculated from the kinetic mode agreed well with the experimental rate data under the different MG and CA concentrations.
Implementing AORN Recommended Practices for Laser Safety
Authors: Castelluccio Donna 
Published: April 2012

AbstractLasers used in the OR pose many risks to both patients and personnel. AORN's “Recommended practices for laser safety in perioperative practice settings” identifies the potential hazards associated with laser use, such as eye damage and fire‐ and smoke‐related injuries. The practice recommendations are intended to be used as a guide for establishing best practices in the workplace and to give perioperative nurses strategies for implementing the recommended safety measures. A laser safety program should include measures to control access to laser use areas; protect staff members and patients from exposure to the laser beam; provide staff members and patients with the appropriate safety eyewear for use in the laser use area; and protect staff members and patients from surgical smoke, electrical, and fire hazards. Measures such as using a safety checklist or creating a laser cart can help perioperative nurses successfully incorporate the practice recommendations. Patient scenarios are included as examples of how to use the document in real‐life situations.
Treatment Patterns and Costs in Patients With Generalised Anxiety Disorder: One-Year Retrospective Analysis of Data From National Registers in Sweden
Authors: Sandelin R. , Kowalski J. , Ahnemark E. , Allgulander C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPurposeTo investigate medication use, direct healthcare costs and comorbidities in patients with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) within specialised care in Sweden 2006–2007.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted using data from the National Patient Register and the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. All patients with a primary GAD (ICD-10) diagnosis in 2006 were followed for 12 months to study medication use and health care consumption. Resource use was evaluated from the number of hospitalisation episodes, number of visits to outpatient care and medication dispensed. Costs were calculated by multiplying the number of visits and hospitalisation episodes with the corresponding unit costs. Descriptive statistics were used for all analyses.ResultsThree thousand seven hundred and one patients with a primary GAD diagnosis were included in the study. Thirty-four percent of the patients (n= 1246) had at least one secondary comorbid diagnosis. SSRIs/SNRIs were the most commonly dispensed medications, followed by benzodiazepine-anxiolytics, hypnotics and antihistamines. The mean number of treatment days for all medications prescribed and dispensed was highest (1144 days) for elderly women aged 65 years or more (treatment days per patient could exceed 365 days due to multiple concomitant medication use). Elderly patients were frequently prescribed benzodiazepine-anxiolytics (n= 92/117 men [79%];n= 238/284 women [84%]) and hypnotics (n= 70 men [60%];n= 178 women [63%]) compared to the overall study population (n= 612/1303 men [47%] andn= 935/2398 women [39%], respectively). GAD-related direct costs accounted for 96% of all direct costs. Mean number of hospitalisation days and corresponding costs were high (19 days; SEK 92,156;n= 358 [9.7%]) in relation to medication (SEK 5520;n= 3352 [91%]) and outpatient costs (SEK 7698;n= 3461 [94%]).ConclusionsThe high rate of polypharmacy, significant psychiatric comorbidity and widespread use of benzodiazepine-anxiolytics and medications not indicated for GAD suggest that the disease burden is high. Total direct costs associated with the disease were high but still likely to be underestimated.