bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfur in Plant Materials by Digestion with Nitric and Perchloric Acid
Authors: Blanchar R. W. , Rehm George , Caldwell A. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method for the determination of S in plant materials is described. The material is oxidized by nitric and perchloric acid using a heating block to reduce perchloric acid loss. The SO4 content of the solution is determined turbidimetrically as BaSO4. The proposed method has been found to be more accurate and rapid than the conventional dry ashing procedures for the determination of S in plant material.
Accumulation and Decline of Available Phosphorus and Potassium in a Heavily Fertilized Honeoye Silt Loam Soil
Authors: Peck N. H. , MacDonald G. E. , Vittum M. T. , Lathwell D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeven years of different rates of fertilizer application on vegetable crops were followed by 2 years when only N was applied. Fertilizer P and K treatments were then superimposed for the next 6 years.During years of application of fertilizer P and K, residual soil P and K accumulated in available forms as measured by soil test. The higher the rate of application of fertilizer P and K, the higher was the accumulation of available soil P and K. After application of fertilizer P and K was discontinued, there was a rapid decline in residual available soil P and K. After 8 years without application of fertilizer P and K, there was still a highly significant residual soil P effect, and a significant residual soil K effect in one of the two fields.
Soil Individuals and Soil Classification
Authors: Knox Ellis G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe standing of 8 kinds of soil bodies as soil individuals was evaluated in the light of the following principles, derived from an analysis of basic ideas: 1) Classes are abstract fields, not groups of individuals. 2) Artificial individuals of continuous universes are different from natural individuals of particulate universes. 3) Classes in continuous universes are independent of individuals. 4) Artificial individuals are memberbodies of minimum size. Soil particles, soil horizons, soil landscape units (including polypedons), and delineated soil bodies are natural individuals, but only within nonsoil universes. The universes of soil resulting from any of the common concepts of soil as an isotropic material or an anisotropic body are continuous, and contain hand specimens, soil profiles taken as bodies, “individuals”, and pedons as artificial individuals. These may be regarded as soil individuals. There is need for a concept of soil corresponding to some kind of soil landscape unit.
The Characterization of Some Soils Developed from Mixed Brown and Gray Tills in Central Minnesota
Authors: Grimes Myron F. , Arneman Harold F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSuperposition and interbedding of various glacial drifts of the Wisconsin age are common in central Minnesota.Morphological characteristics of soils developed from calcareous gray till (Hayden series), noncalcareous brown till (Flak), and from mixed tills (Holdingford) are shown in the profile descriptions. The series were characterized in the laboratory by pebble identification, particle size distribution, bulk density, moisture holding capacity, total exchangeable cations, exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen, percent base saturation, pH, and C/N ratio.The characterization of the profiles studied showed definite morphological, physical, and chemical differences between the soils developed from the mixed tills and those from the unmixed modal brown or gray tills. The study shows the need for a series separation between these soils.
Unsaturated Flow Phenomena in Panoche Sandy Clay Loam as Indicated by Leaching of Chloride and Nitrate Ions
Authors: Dyer Kenneth L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMoisture suctions greater than 15 atmospheres are a common occurrence in the subsoils and substrata underlying unirrigated soils of the Panoche series. One such soil which contained appreciable quantities of Cl‐ and NO3‐ was taken from the field at a moisture suction of 16 atmospheres and packed into a column measuring 117 inches in height. This column was partially leached under unsaturated flow conditions with a saturated gypsum solution. Subsequent analyses indicated that about half the original soil moisture was not displaced downward with the dissolved Cl‐ and NO3‐. The Cl‐ and NO3‐ concentrations contained in the displaced portion of the soil solution were about double those in the original soil solution existing at 16 atmospheres suction.
Deviations from Darcy's Law in Saturated Clays
Authors: Olsen Harold W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAtmospheric contamination causes an error in the conventional use of air‐water menisci and air bubbles in capillary tubes for measuring flow rates through clays. This error gives rise to spurious deviations from the conventional criterion for Darcy's law. Data are presented which show the error can be of sufficient magnitude to account for the deviations from Darcy's law in much of the published data on confined clay samples. The error is negligible compared with the deviations in the published data on unconfined clay and sandstone samples.
Simultaneous Flow of Water and Salt Through Unsaturated Porous Media: I. Rate Equations
Authors: Abd‐el‐Aziz Mahmoud H. , Taylor S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe thermodynamic theory of irreversible proceses was used as a basis in developing two rate equations for the simultaneous movement of potassium chloride and water through porous media under isothermal conditions. The two rate equations are
urn:x-wiley:03615995:saj2sssaj196503615995002900020010x:equation:saj2sssaj196503615995002900020010x-math-0001 where T is Kelvin temperature, Jw and Js are flux of water and salt, ΔP and ΔCs are the pressure and salt concentration differences across the sample, C̄s is the mean salt concentration, r is the concentration ratio, v̄w is the partial molar or specific volume of matric water, depending upon units selected for measuring Jw and R, Lww and Lss are the direct transfer coefficients for water and salt, and Lsw and Lws are the interaction or linked transfer coefficients. The equations were tested under conditions of flow through unsaturated kaolinite and Millville silt loam at constant temperatures of 15, 25, 35C. The results showed that the interaction coefficients, Lws and Lsw, were equal, suggesting that the Onsager theorem was met in both kaolinite and soil systems at the temperatures, pressure, and concentrations used.
Quartz, Feldspar, and Mica Determination for Soils by Sodium Pyrosulfate Fusion
Authors: Kiely P. V. , Jackson M. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil fractions are treated with the J. Lawrence Smith Na2S2O7 fusion which is shown to decompose micas and other layer silicates common in soils. The layer silicate relics are dissolved by washing with 3n HCl and hot 0.5n NaOH for 2.5 min leaving quartz and feldspar in the residue. Recovery of quartz after the treatment ranged from 99.4% in the 50 to 20µ fraction to 96.6% in the 2 to 0.2µ fraction; correction factors are applied to the respective fractions accordingly.Recovery of K feldspar ranged from 96.5% in the 500 to 50µ fraction to 64% in the 2 to 0.2µ fraction; Na feldspar recovery varied from 95% in the 500 to 50µ fraction to 68% in the 2 to 0.2µ fraction. Highly calcic feldspars (bytownite, An 70–90, and anorthite) were completely dissolved in the finer fractions but such feldspars are uncommon in soils. Labradorite (An 50–70) is determinable in fractions coarser than 5µ. Feldspars are determined by allocation of residue K, Na and Ca to their equivalent endmember feldspars, with suitable correction factors for mineral solubility and for increase of Na from pyrosulfate in K and Ca feldspars. The remainder of the residue is allocated to quartz. Mica K2O is obtained as the difference of total K2O less feldspar K2O in the residue, a differentiation important to soil fertility.Quartz is almost invariably present with layer silicates in soil clays. As much as 15% quartz frequently is undetectable in X‐ray diffractograms in the presence of appreciable mica, because of the coincidence of the 3.35A peak of quartz with the 3.33A peak of micas and because the 4.26A quartz peak is relatively weak. The quartz present can be determined by the proposed method to within ± 1% in samples low in feldspars.
Mineralogical Changes Associated with Ammonium and Potassium Fixation in Soil Clays
Authors: Rich C. I. , Lutz J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAmmonium and potassium fixation by the 2 to 0.2µ fraction of 14 surface soils, mainly from Southeastern United States, was related to both the decrease in intensity (ΔI) of the 14A X‐ray diffraction peak and its shifting (Δd) toward 10A.A statistical study of the relationship of X‐ray diffraction characteristics with K and NH4 fixation showed that in the case of NH4 fixation, 82% of the variation in fixation could be attributed the two factors, ΔI and Δd. The determination of K fixation apparently was confounded by release of native K.The relationship of NH4 and K fixation to interstratification and interlayering is discussed.Fixation on a unit weight basis increased with decrease in particle size, but, because of its abundance as well as high fixing ability, the 2 to 0.2µ fraction was generally the most important.
Development of the Tetraphenylboron Method for the Determination of Extractable Soil Potassium
Authors: Bennett Allison C. , Reed Robert M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany county and small commercial laboratories make quick tests on soil samples. These laboratories need a simple precise analytical procedure for extractable soil potassium. A turbidimetric method, using sodium tetraphenylboron, proposed by Sunderman and Sunderman was modified and further developed. Six Oklahoma soils were collected for this investigation. Sodium acetate and sodium nitrate at three concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 3.0n) were used as extractants. Three extractant‐soil ratios (5:1, 7:1 and 10:1) were also employed. The most suitable extractant was 0.1n sodium nitrate at an extractant‐soil ratio of 5:1. Injection of sodium tetraphenylboron with a hypodermic syringe was the most satisfactory method. For maximum flocculation, there was a time‐temperature interaction. Ammonium ion concentrations of 3 ppm or less were complexed by formaldehyde. Calcium and magnesium interferences were alleviated by EDTA.
Fertilizer Needs for Restoring Productivity on Pullman Silty Clay Loam After Various Degrees of Soil Removal
Authors: Eck H. V. , Hauser V. L. , Ford R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGreenhouse and field studies were conducted on Pullman silty clay loam to assess the relative productivities of its genetic horizons and permissible depth of cut in land leveling. German millet was grown in the greenhouse experiment. Without fertilizer, the 0‐ to 5‐inch horizon produced highest yields. Under high N and P levels, only the 13‐ to 19‐inch depth produced yields lower than the surface soil. The 28‐ to 38‐inch horizon produced yields equivalent to the 0‐ to 5‐inch horizon and greater than all other nonsurface depths studied. Trends in N and P uptake were generally similar to those in dry matter yields.In the field experiment, N was required for maximum yields of grain sorghum on undisturbed soil and on all degrees of cut. Nitrogen and P were required when 4 or more inches of top‐soil was removed and restored yields where up to 12 inches of topsoil was removed. Yields on heavily fertilized 16‐inch cuts were 80% of those on similarly fertilized, undisturbed soil.
Composition and Precision of Classification of Several Mapping Units of the Appling, Cecil, and Lloyd Series in Walton County, Georgia
Authors: Powell James C. , Springer M. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoils of the Appling, Cecil, and Lloyd series comprise about 80% of Walton County, Ga., according to a medium‐intensity soil survey completed in 1962. To study the composition and precision of classification of mapping units of these series, straight‐line transects using the point‐intercept method were made along diagonal lines across 16 randomly selected 160‐acre blocks of land. The soil was checked every 33 paces along these transects on mapping units of the Appling, Cecil, and Lloyd series. Slope was mapped correctly at 91% of the 518 stops; texture of surface layer, 82%; erosion, 77%; soil series, 74%; soil type, 64%; and all of these, together, were correct at 59% of the stops. All but one of the 19 mapping units studied contain more than 15% of inclusions of other soils. The mapping, however, is highly reliable from the standpoint of grouping pedons that can be interpreted similarly. Only a small proportion of included soils would behave differently from the dominant soil in each mapping unit.
Conductance of Frozen Bentonite Suspensions
Authors: Hoekstra Pieter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe conductance of frozen Wyoming bentonite suspensions was measured. The magnitude of the observed conductance was consistent with an expression derived from the assumption that the films of unfrozen water on the clay particle surfaces are continuous through the frozen soil matrix. For the range of water contents used, the conductance per gram of clay was found independent of water content in the frozen suspensions. There was a large difference in conductance between frozen and unfrozen soil; this difference was larger for Na than for Ca‐bentonite.
Detection and Determination of Gypsum in Soils
Authors: Lagerwerff J. V. , Akin G. W. , Moses S. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rapid, semiquantitative method (I) and a quantitative method (II) are proposed for the determination of gypsum in soils. Method I involves the determination of the degree of gypsum‐unsaturation of an aqueous soil extract nearly saturated with gypsum, i.e., sufficiently dilute to dissolve all gypsum initially present. The unsaturation is determined by electrical conductivity (EC) measurements before and after saturating the extract with reagent CaSO4·2H2O. Increasing the water content of the soil in preparation of the dilute soil extract causes an exchange of adsorbed cations for Ca2+ from gypsum, and the formation of an equivalent amount of sulfate salts of cations other than Ca2+ (“exchange error”). The error is equal to the difference between the observed and calculated contents of salts‐other‐than‐gypsum in the dilute extract. It has been estimated from EC measurements.Method II is a modification of an existing method, where gypsum is precipitated in the dilute soil extract by acetone. The exchange error is avoided by determining gypsum on the basis of sulfate associated with calcium. The method minimizes several potential errors, such as those due to acetone and ions occluded in the gypsum precipitate.For a group of gypsiferous soils, errors due to Ca2+‐exchange and acetone occlusion averaged about −22% and −3%, respectively. Gypsum contents, and recovery of added amounts of gypsum, as determined independently by Methods I and II, compare favorably for the soils studied.
A Comparative Study of Developmental Color in a Chestnut‐Chernozem‐Brunizem Soil Climosequence
Authors: Buntley G. J. , Westin F. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA comparative study was made of the function of the interaction of the hue and chroma color components on the genetic or developmental color in seven well‐drained soil profiles arrayed across a Chestnut‐Chernozem‐Brunizem soil climosequence. Earlier attempts to assess the aspect of developmental color associated with hue and chroma on the basis of hue alone or chroma alone have not proven satisfactory, especially in grassland soils. The numerical method used in this study involves the interaction of the hue and chroma components. Quantitative numerical color‐development equivalents were obtained for the individual horizons in each profile studied. This made possible the graphic portrayal of the color‐development profile which in turn facilitated the direct comparison of the distribution and magnitude of the developmental color in the profiles in the climosequence. Among the profiles studied, characteristic color‐development curves were obtained for the Chestnut, Chernozem, and Brunizem profiles as well as for the intergradational profiles. The curves obtained appear to comprise an evolutionary sequence of color development across the climosequence of the grassland soils used in this study.
Water Movement Through Acrylic Plastic
Authors: Willis W. O. , Nielsen D. R. , Biggar J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater movement through acrylic plastic was quantitatively determined. Measurements showed an average diffusion coefficient of 8 × 10‐6 cm2/sec for water through 0.053‐, 0.129‐, and 0.250‐inch thick acrylic plastic. This amount of water movement through plastic is considered significant for some experimental work.
Ion Diffusion: III. The Effect of Soil Compaction on Self Diffusion of Rubidium‐86 and Strontium‐89
Authors: Phillips R. E. , Brown D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSelf diffusion coefficients of Rb80 and Sr89 diffusing in Dundee silt loam soil and of Sr80 diffusing in Sharkey clay soil were measured at several soil bulk densities. The relationship between soil bulk density and self diffusion coefficients was found to be curvilinear. The soils were prepared as homoionic systems and the exchange complex was saturated with one symmetry value of either Rb or Sr and washed free of salts. Maximum self diffusion coefficients occurred at soil bulk densities of 1.58 and 1.31 g/cc for Sr89 self diffusing in Dundee silt loam and Sharkey clay, respectively, and a bulk density of 1.30 g/cc for Rb80 self diffusing in Dundee silt loam. The ratio of the maximum to the minimum self diffusion coefficients were 1.40, 1.25, and 1.17 for Sr89 and Rb80 diffusing in Dundee silt loam and Sr89 diffusing in Sharkey clay, respectively. The magnitude of self diffusion coefficients measured in soil which was compacted, saturated with water, and then drained to a given volumetric water content were approximately one‐half those determined in soil which at the time of compaction contained the same volumetric water content and which received no further treatment prior to the determination of the self diffusion coefficients.
Test of an Ascorbic Acid Method for Determining Phosphorus in Water and NaHCO3 Extracts from Soil
Authors: Watanabe F. S. , Olsen S. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMurphy and Riley proposed use of a single reagent for determining P. The method was found to be accurate for determining P in soil extracts. This method is based on reduction of the ammonium molybdiphosphate complex by ascorbic acid in the presence of antimony. The color produced is stable for 24 hours. It is less subject to interfering substances than are methods involving reduction by SnCl2.
Sulfur Dioxide as a Source of Sulfur for Wheat
Authors: Roberts S. , Koehler F. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSulfur dioxide was injected into the soil as a source of S for wheat in greenhouse and field studies with S‐deficient Athena and Palouse silt loam soils. Yields were approximately doubled when SO2 was applied at a rate of 2.5 ppm S in the greenhouse. Higher rates of SO2 up to 500 ppm S gave little additional growth. Plant growth responses to SO2 and gypsum at 10 ppm S were almost identical. In greenhouse experiments SO2 applied at 2,500 ppm S greatly reduced plant growth, and 5,000 ppm S proved lethal to the plants soon after emergence. Concentration of S in plants was directly related to rate of S application. In field trials, SO2 was applied at rates of 8, 16, 32, and 64 lb S/acre. No adverse effects were noted at the higher rates of application. Sulfur dioxide compared favorably with gypsum as a source of S with respect to plant growth response, total sulfur uptake and wheat yield in the greenhouse, and with respect to total S uptake in the field.
Characteristics and Genesis of a Gravelly Brunizemic Regosol
Authors: Gaikawad S. T. , Hole F. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA Rodman gravelly, cobbly sandy loam profile was sampled in Wisconsin in a prairie “oak opening” at the crest of an eskerkame ridge of Woodfordian (Cary) age largely composed of gravel and cobbles of dolomitic limestone. Laboratory analyses reveal a shallow profile resembling a Brunizem soil with respect to distribution of organic matter. Distributions of pedogenic calcium carbonate and clay somewhat resemble those in the upper horizons of calcareous parent materials of some soil profiles in the North Central Region of the USA. The slight concentration of silt and clay near the surface of the Rodman soil may be largely aeolian in origin. The weathering mean of this shallow soil profile is 5.6 on the basis of the entire clay and 7.8 on the basis of noncarbonate clay. A depth function is suggested by the slight concentration of weathered ferromagnesian sand particles near the surface. Distribution and character of the carbonate crusts on the under surfaces of coarse particles exhibit a pronounced depth function by volume but not with respect to content of noncarbonate silt and clay.
Nitrifying Organisms Affected by Climatic Region in Western United States
Authors: Mahendrappa M. K. , Smith R. L. , Christiansen A. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrification of ammoniacal (NH4+) N added as (NH4)2SO4 to different soils of western USA and incubated at 20, 25, 35 and 40C with moisture at 0.3 bar moisture tension was investigated. In all soils from northern regions, nitrification was faster at 20 and 25C than at 35 and 40C. The reverse was true in the case of the southern soils which nitrified fastest at 35C. Nitrites accumulated in larger quantities under the temperature conditions less favorable for nitrification.
A Thermogravimetric Approach to the Classification of Organic Soils
Authors: Schnitzer M. , Hoffman I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe thermogravimetric method is shown to offer a simple but valid and meaningful method for assessing the degree of humification of organic soils. Heights of the 280C maxima in the differential thermogravimetric (DTG) curves of 22 organic soil samples, ranging from peats, mucky peats, peaty mucks to mucks, were inversely proportional to the degree of humification as determined by pyrophosphate solubility. Highly significant negative correlations were found between peak height at 280C and (i) solubility in 0.025m sodium pyrophosphate solution, (ii) percent ash, and (iii) percent moisture. The analytical data were fitted by the method of least squares to polynomials of various degrees on an IBM 1620 computer. The thermogravimetric technique offers a new approach to the classification of organic soils and should also find wide application in humification studies.
Parent Material‐Clay Relations in Some Northern Utah Soils
Authors: Southard A. R. , Miller R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is frequently stated that soils with well‐developed A and B horizons are sufficiently weathered that their clays will reflect strongly the influence of the climatic environment. Studies of three profiles developed from sedimentary rock materials in northern Utah show a high association between parent material, kind of clay in each parent material, and kind of clay in the soil derived from the rock materials.Soil derived from a calcareous, red matrixed conglomerate (Wasatch) contains 20 to 50% of clay as kaolinite. Soil formed from a particular and distinctly calcareous tuffaceous deposit has dominantly montmorillonite clays, with no evidence of kaolinite even in horizons lying adjacent to soil layers developed from Wasatch conglomerate. Where a particular limestone is the main parent rock, the soil contains some kaolinite and montmorillonite, but the proportions of different clays are little changed at different depths. These data and other observations not reported here strongly support the concept that clays in soils of the northern Utah area developed since Pleistocene times or even longer are mostly a result of heredity, if the soils are derived from sedimentary parent rock. Climate is a subordinate factor in altering the kinds of clays found in these soils.