bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of an artificial neural network to predict head injury outcome
Authors: Rughani Anand I. , Dumont Travis M. , Lu Zhenyu , Bongard Josh , Horgan Michael A. , Penar Paul L. , Tranmer Bruce I. 
Published: December 2009

Object
The authors describe the artificial neural network (ANN) as an innovative and powerful modeling tool that can be increasingly applied to develop predictive models in neurosurgery. They aimed to demonstrate the utility of an ANN in predicting survival following traumatic brain injury and compare its predictive ability with that of regression models and clinicians.

Methods
The authors designed an ANN to predict in-hospital survival following traumatic brain injury. The model was generated with 11 clinical inputs and a single output. Using a subset of the National Trauma Database, the authors “trained” the model to predict outcome by providing the model with patients for whom 11 clinical inputs were paired with known outcomes, which allowed the ANN to “learn” the relevant relationships that predict outcome. The model was tested against actual outcomes in a novel subset of 100 patients derived from the same database. For comparison with traditional forms of modeling, 2 regression models were developed using the same training set and were evaluated on the same testing set. Lastly, the authors used the same 100-patient testing set to evaluate 5 neurosurgery residents and 4 neurosurgery staff physicians on their ability to predict survival on the basis of the same 11 data points that were provided to the ANN. The ANN was compared with the clinicians and the regression models in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and discrimination.

Results
Compared with regression models, the ANN was more accurate (p < 0.001), more sensitive (p < 0.001), as specific (p = 0.260), and more discriminating (p < 0.001). There was no difference between the neurosurgery residents and staff physicians, and all clinicians were pooled to compare with the 5 best neural networks. The ANNs were more accurate (p < 0.0001), more sensitive (p < 0.0001), as specific (p = 0.743), and more discriminating (p < 0.0001) than the clinicians.

Conclusions
When given the same limited clinical information, the ANN significantly outperformed regression models and clinicians on multiple performance measures. While this paradigm certainly does not adequately reflect a real clinical scenario, this form of modeling could ultimately serve as a useful clinical decision support tool. As the model evolves to include more complex clinical variables, the performance gap over clinicians and logistic regression models will persist or, ideally, further increase.
Nanoreactors
Authors: Ostafin Agnes , Chen Yen‐Chi 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSmaller, highly parallel chemical processing using nanosized reactors, or nanoreactors, is an emerging trend. The advantages of using nanoreactors includes improved control over reaction processes and yields, enhanced safety, versatility and cost effectiveness. Understanding chemical reactions inside nanoreactors requires a re‐examination of the basic assumption of reaction mechanisms and an awareness of how the nanoreactor itself alters the normal reaction outcome by virtue of thermodynamic and interfacial effects. This article outlines the basic reasons why nanoreactors are of interest in science and technology and reviews a few of the major classes of materials that are used as nanoreactors.
Effect of stereoregularity of polypropylene on flow instability in capillary extrusion
Authors: Suzuki Makoto , Ali Mohd Amran Md , Okamoto Kenzo , Taniike Toshiaki , Terano Minoru , Yamaguchi Masayuki 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRheological responses in capillary flow extrusion for syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) are studied along with the linear viscoelastic properties. It is found that sPP produced by a metallocene catalyst shows a high level of the onset shear stress for flow instability as compared with conventional isotactic polypropylene. This should enable operation of extrusion processing at high output rates. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 28:185–191, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20159
Analysis of a pressure‐driven folding flow microreactor with nearly plug‐flow characteristics
Authors: Vikhansky A. , Macinnes J. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe discuss the possibility of designing a pressure‐driven single‐phase microreactor with characteristics similar to that in an ideal plug‐flow reactor. We consider equations for the moments of the residence time distribution and investigate the behavior of the solution in long spatially‐periodic channels. If the microreactor consists of a large number of folding flow elements, the chaotic advection plays a double role: it mixes the chemical species and suppresses the axial dispersion. It is shown using analytical estimates and numerical modeling that chemical reactions have different sensitivity to the axial dispersion and for some reactions the effect of dispersion can be successfully eliminated. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Frustrierte Lewis‐Paare: metallfreie Wasserstoffaktivierung und mehr
Authors: Stephan Douglas W. , Erker Gerhard 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDie Kombination sterisch gehinderter Lewis‐Säuren und ‐Basen führt nicht zur üblichen Neutralisationsreaktion unter Bildung der “klassischen” Lewis‐Säure/Base‐Addukte. Stattdessen stehen die Lewis‐Acidität und ‐Basizität solcher “frustrierten Lewis‐Paare” (FLPs) gemeinsam für die Durchführung ungewöhnlicher Reaktionen zur Verfügung. Typische Beispiele für FLPs bestehen aus inter‐ und intramolekularen Kombinationen sperriger Phosphine und Amine mit stark elektrophilen RB(C6F5)2‐Komponenten. Viele frustrierte Lewis‐Paare sind in der Lage, Wasserstoff heterolytisch zu spalten. Die resultierenden H+/H−‐Paare (z. B. stabilisiert in Form der entsprechenden Phosphonium‐Kation/Hydridoborat‐Anion‐Salze) fungieren als metallfreie Katalysatoren für die Hydrierung sperriger Imine, Enamine, Enolether usw. FLPs reagieren auch mit Alkenen, Carbonylverbindungen und einer Vielzahl anderer kleiner Moleküle, darunter auch Kohlendioxid, in vermutlich kooperativen Dreikomponentenreaktionen. Auf dieser Beobachtung lassen sich neue Synthesestrategien aufbauen.
A pharmacogenetic study of escitalopram in autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Owley Thomas , Brune Camille W. , Salt Jeff , Walton Laura , Guter Steve , Ayuyao Nelson , Gibbons Robert D. , Leventhal Bennett L. , Cook Edwin H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective: To determine the effect of serotonin transporter polymorphism promoter region (5‐HTTPLR) genotypic variation (low, intermediate, and high expression groups) on response to escitalopram treatment of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Method: The study used a forced titration, open label design, with genotype blind until study completion. Participants were children and adolescents aged 4–17 years of age with a confirmed ASD (autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, or pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified). Results: There was an interaction between genotype group and time on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Irritability Subscale (primary outcome variable) (linear maximum marginal likelihood estimation=−4.84, Z=−2.89, SE=1.67, P=0.004). Examination of baseline to last visit revealed that a genotype grouping based on a previous study of platelet 5‐HT uptake revealed less response in the genotype group that had S/S genotype for 5‐HTTLPR and did not have a diplotype in intron 1 previously shown to be associated with increased platelet 5‐HT uptake. Conclusion: This genotype‐blind, prospective pharmacogenetic study found the group of subjects with associated with the lowest platelet 5‐HT uptake from previous study had the smallest reduction in ABC‐Irritability scores after open label treatment with escitalopram. Replication is necessary to confirm these findings.
Influence of persistent thyroxine reduction on spermatogenesis in rats neonatally exposed to 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′‐hexa‐chlorobiphenyl
Authors: Xiao Wusheng , Li Keyong , Wu Qing , Nishimura Noriko , Chang Xiuli , Zhou Zhijun 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The aim of the present study is to determine the long‐term testicular effects of neonatal exposure to PCB153. METHODS: Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats were treated by oral gavage with PCB153 in corn oil at doses of 0, 0.025, and 2.5 mg/kg per day from postnatal day 3 (PND 3) to PND7. The rats were sacrificed on PND 8 and PND 77. TUNEL in situ detection for testis apoptosis, immunohistochemical staining of thyroid gland for thyroxine (T4), semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR for mRNA expression, and radioimmunoassay (RIA) for serum hormone levels were performed. RESULTS: Neonatal treatment with PCB153 at both doses had no obvious effects on body weight, testis weight, testis histology, and germ cell apoptosis, but decreased T4 staining in thyroid gland was observed on PND 8. On PND 77, neonatal treatment with 2.5 mg/kg per day of PCB153 significantly reduced daily sperm product (DSP). Serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and free thyroxine (FT4) decreased, but there were no differences in thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) level between the control and exposed groups. Gap junction connexin43 (CX43) and cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) P27kip1 mRNA expression, which was associated with Sertoli cell differentiation, was significantly reduced after PCB153 treatment on PND 8 but not on PND 77. Androgen‐binding protein (ABP) and androgen receptor (AR) mRNA expression, which indicates Sertoli cell maturation, was suppressed on PND 77 after neonatal PCB153 exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this study suggest that neonatal exposure to PCB153 induces persistent T4 reduction, which disturbs Sertoli cell function, and subsequently results in alterations in adult spermatogenesis. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:18–25, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental and reproductive toxicology studies in nonhuman primates
Authors: Chellman Gary J. , Bussiere Jeanine L. , Makori Norbert , Martin Pauline L. , Ooshima Yojiro , Weinbauer Gerhard F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDevelopmental and reproductive toxicology testing in nonhuman primates (NHPs) has become more common due to the increasing number of biopharmaceuticals in drug development, since NHPs are frequently the only species to express pharmacologic responses similar to humans. NHPs may also be used to help resolve issues associated with small‐molecule reproductive toxicology in traditional species (rodents and rabbits). Adequate designs in NHP are presented for developmental toxicity (embryo‐fetal development, pre‐postnatal development, enhanced pre‐postnatal development), reproductive toxicity (male and female), and juvenile toxicity studies. Optional parameters that may be included in these studies are discussed, as are new study designs that consolidate multiple aspects of the reproductive assessment and thereby conserve the limited supply of sexually mature NHPs available for testing. The details described will assist scientists in pharmaceutical, regulatory, and contract research organizations who are involved in conducting these unique studies to optimize their design based on case‐by‐case considerations. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 86:446–462, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An LC/MS method for the quantitative determination of 7α‐OH DHEA and 7β‐OH DHEA: an application for the study of the metabolism of DHEA in rat brain
Authors: Li Aiqun , May Matthew P. , Bigelow James C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an important neurosteroid with neuronal protection and memory enhancement functions. 7α‐OH DHEA and 7β‐OH DHEA are the two important metabolites of DHEA in the brain. We have developed an LC/MS method to quantitatively analyze 7α‐OH DHEA and 7β‐OH DHEA. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a C18 column with gradient elution using mobile phases of formic acid in acetonitrile and in water formic acid. Mass spectral detection was performed with a ThermoFinnigan LCQ advantage quadruple ion trap mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization. Positive ion chromatograms were acquired using single ion monitoring. The protonated molecule was 305 m/z, but the most abundant ion (269 m/z) was used for quantification. This method was validated and applied to investigate the 7‐hydroxylation of DHEA. When incubating DHEA with rat brain microsomes, both 7α‐OH DHEA and 7β‐OH DHEA were observed, but 7α‐OH DHEA was the major metabolite. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carotid artery stenting in high surgical risk patients using the FiberNet® embolic protection system: The EPIC trial results
Authors: Myla Subbarao , Bacharach J. Michael , Ansel Gary M. , Dippel Eric J. , McCormick Daniel J. , Popma Jeffrey J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective: The multicenter EPIC (FiberNet Embolic Protection System in Carotid Artery Stenting Trial) single‐arm trial evaluated the 30‐day outcomes of a new design concept for embolic protection during carotid artery stenting (CAS). Background: Embolic protection filters available for use during CAS include fixed and over‐the‐wire systems that rely on embolic material capture within a “basket” structure. The FiberNet® Embolic Protection System (EPS), which features a very low crossing profile, consists of a three‐dimensional fiber‐based filter distally mounted on a 0.014 inch guidewire with integrated aspiration during filter retrieval. Methods: The trial enrolled 237 patients from 26 centers. Demographics, clinical and lesion characteristics, as well as adverse events through a 30‐day follow‐up were recorded. The mean age of the patients was 74 years, 64% were male and 20% had symptomatic carotid artery disease. Results: The combined major adverse event (MAE) rate at 30 days for all death, stroke, and myocardial infarction was 3.0%. There were three major strokes (two ischemic and one hemorrhagic) and two minor strokes (both ischemic) for a 2.1% 30‐day stroke rate. The procedural technical success rate was 97.5% and macroscopic evidence of debris was reported in 90.9% of the procedures. Conclusions: The FiberNet EPS, used with commercially available stents, produced low stroke rates following CAS in high surgical risk patients presenting with carotid artery disease. The unique filter design including aspiration during retrieval may have contributed to the low 30‐day stroke rate reported during CAS in patients considered at high risk for complications following carotid endarterectomy (CEA). © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coil occlusion of a subclavian mycotic aneurysm
Authors: Kische Stephan , Ince Hüseyin , Peuster Matthias 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe report the first successful application of nonferromagnetic embolization coils for endovascular exclusion of a mycotic right subclavian artery aneurysm. A 58‐year‐old woman presented with acute cervical pain and a pulsatile mass in the right supraclavicular fossa under antibiotic medication for subacute infectious endocarditis. Diagnostic work‐up including duplex sonography, digital subtraction angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a saccular aneurysm of the extrathoracic right subclavian artery. As an alternative to open surgery or stent‐graft repair, this pathology was electively treated by transcatheter coil embolization. No neurological deficit or ischemic symptoms were noted during 9 months clinical follow‐up. Multislice computed tomography scan revealed complete occlusion of the mycotic aneurysm 6 months after the interventional procedure. Transcatheter closure with Inconel embolization coils is a cost‐effective and safe therapeutic option in patients with mycotic aneurysm originating from the subclavian artery. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous transcatheter arterial embolization of inferior pancreatico‐duodenal artery aneurysms associated with celiac artery stenosis or occlusion
Authors: Dave Bhavika , Sharma Ashish , Kwolek Christopher , DeMoya Mark , Wicky Stephan , Kalva Sanjeeva 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectives: To report our experience with percutaneous TAE of true IPDA aneurysms. Background: Most IPDA aneurysms are ruptured at presentation causing a high mortality risk. Minimally invasive treatment approaches may improve overall outcomes in such patients. Methods: Between 1996 and 2007, seven patients (5 Males; mean age 55y) with symptomatic IPDA aneurysms and severe degree (>75%) celiac artery stenosis were treated with percutaneous TAE. The medical and imaging records were reviewed for demographics, clinical presentation, treatment, complications and follow‐up. Patients presented with epigastric pain (7/7), hemodynamic shock (2/7) and rectal bleeding (2/7). Selective catheter angiography was performed in all patients with the intent to embolize the aneurysms. Results: A total of nine aneurysms were seen in seven patients. Two patients had two aneurysms each. The aneurysms ranged in size from 0.5 to 4.0 cm (mean 1.9 cm). Trans‐catheter coil embolization was successful in 8/9 (89%) aneurysms in 6 patients. Following unsuccessful TAE of one aneurysm in one of the patient, the aneurysm was treated successfully with direct CT‐guided percutaneous transabdominal injection of N‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate. There were no complications on follow up. Angioplasty and stenting of the celiac artery were performed in one patient for complete occlusion. None of the patients developed clinical or imaging evidence of visceral ischemia following embolization. None had recurrent symptoms during clinical follow‐up (median 3 years, range 0.5–13.5 years). Follow‐up CT (Median 6.6 months, range 4 days–11.5 years) in all patients showed no recurrence of the aneurysm. Conclusion:IPDA aneurysms associated with celiac axis stenosis can be successfully treated with percutaneous embolization with minimal recurrence. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paravalvular regurgitation one year after transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Rajani Ronak , Kakad Mitesh , Khawaja Muhammed Z. , Lee Lorraine , James Rachael , Saha Mrinal , Hildick‐Smith David 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to assess the natural history of paravalvular regurgitation at 1 year in patients undergoing TAVI. Background: The immediate incidence of paravalvular regurgitation is estimated to be between 65 and 85% following transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). There is limited data as to whether this deteriorates during follow‐up. Methods: Forty‐six patients were recruited from a TAVI programme at our institute. All patients underwent an assessment of prosthetic valve function periprocedurally with aortography and immediately postprocedurally with transthoracic echocardiography. Twenty‐one patients with a median age was 83 (66–91) years of whom 14 were male reached 1 year follow‐up, 13 of whom were available for repeat transthoracic echocardiography. Results: The incidence of paravalvular regurgitation immediately following TAVI was 86%. Of them 57% had ≤ mild regurgitation and 29% had > mild regurgitation. At 1 year the incidence of paravalvular regurgitation was 77%. 54% had ≤ mild regurgitation and 34% > mild regurgitation. No patient had severe regurgitation. The degree of regurgitation reduced in 6 (46%), stayed the same in 3 (23%), and increased in 4 (31%) of patients. Conclusions: Patients undergoing TAVI have an immediate postprocedural risk of regurgitation of 86%. In the majority of cases the degree of paravalvular CoreValve® regurgitation is mild, and remains stable in 70% of patients during medium term follow‐up. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel application of the “CART” technique for endovascular treatment of external iliac artery occlusions
Authors: Rogers R. Kevin , Tsai Thomas , Casserly Ivan P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe report the novel application of the Controlled Antegrade and Retrograde subintimal Tracking technique for the endovascular treatment of occlusions of the external iliac artery (EIA). We hypothesized that this technique would limit the extent of subintimal dissection to the length of the EIA occlusion, thus preserving patency of the internal iliac artery proximally and the circumflex iliac artery distally and minimizing the length of stent required to treat the occlusion, including the length of stent placed in the common femoral artery. The technical execution and clinical experience with this technique is reported. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
σ‐Alkylpalladium Intermediates in Intramolecular Heck Reactions:Isolation and Catalytic Activity
Authors: Beccalli Egle M. , Borsini Elena , Brenna Stefano , Galli Simona , Rigamonti Micol , Broggini Gianluigi 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe isolation of σ‐alkylpalladium Heck intermediates, possible when β‐hydride elimination is inhibited, is a rather rare event. Performing intramolecular Heck reactions on N‐allyl‐2‐halobenzylamines in the presence of [Pd(PPh3)4], we isolated and characterized a series of stable bridged palladacycles containing an iodine or bromine atom on the palladium atom. Indolyl substrates were also tested for isolation of the corresponding complexes. X‐ray crystallographic analysis of one of the indolyl derivatives revealed the presence of a five‐membered palladacycle with the metal center bearing a PPh3 ligand and an iodine atom in a cis position with respect to the nitrogen atom. The stability of the σ‐alkylpalladium complexes is probably a consequence of the strong constraint resulting from the bridged junction that hampers the cisoid conformation essential for β‐hydride elimination. Subsequently, the thus obtained bridged five‐membered palladacycles were proven to be effective precatalysts in Heck reactions as well as in cross‐coupling processes such as Suzuki and Stille reactions.
Direct Growth of Single‐Crystal Pt Nanowires on Sn@CNT Nanocable: 3D Electrodes for Highly Active Electrocatalysts
Authors: Sun Shuhui , Zhang Gaixia , Geng Dongsheng , Chen Yougui , Banis Mohammad Norouzi , Li Ruying , Cai Mei , Sun Xueliang 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA newly designed and fabricated novel three dimensional (3D) nanocomposite composed of single‐crystal Pt nanowires (PtNW) and a coaxial nanocable support consisting of a tin nanowire and a carbon nanotube (Sn@CNT) is reported. This nanocomposite is fabricated by the synthesis of Sn@CNT nanocables by means of a thermal evaporation method, followed by the direct growth with PtNWs through a facile aqueous solution approach at room temperature. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the PtNWSn@CNT 3D electrode exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic performance in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), methanol oxidation (MOR) for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), and CO tolerance compared with commercial ETEK Pt/C catalyst made of Pt nanoparticles.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Electron Density in the Apatite‐Type Ionic Conductor La9.71(Si5.81Mg0.18)O26.37.
Authors: Ali Roushown , Yashima Masatomo , Matsushita Yoshitaka , Yoshioka Hideki , Izumi Fujio 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Characterization of the Perovskite Series SrxCa1‐x‐yNdyMnO3: Influence of the Jahn—Teller Effect.
Authors: Kennedy Brendan J. , Saines Paul J. , Ting Jimmy , Zhou Qingdi , Kimpton Justin A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.