bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multimodality imaging techniques
Authors: Martí‐Bonmatí Luis , Sopena Ramón , Bartumeus Paula , Sopena Pablo 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn multimodality imaging, the need to combine morphofunctional information can be approached by either acquiring images at different times (asynchronous), and fused them through digital image manipulation techniques or simultaneously acquiring images (synchronous) and merging them automatically. The asynchronous post‐processing solution presents various constraints, mainly conditioned by the different positioning of the patient in the two scans acquired at different times in separated machines. The best solution to achieve consistency in time and space is obtained by the synchronous image acquisition. There are many multimodal technologies in molecular imaging. In this review we will focus on those multimodality image techniques more commonly used in the field of diagnostic imaging (SPECT‐CT, PET‐CT) and new developments (as PET‐MR). The technological innovations and development of new tracers and smart probes are the main key points that will condition multimodality image and diagnostic imaging professionals' future. Although SPECT‐CT and PET‐CT are standard in most clinical scenarios, MR imaging has some advantages, providing excellent soft‐tissue contrast and multidimensional functional, structural and morphological information. The next frontier is to develop efficient detectors and electronics systems capable of detecting two modality signals at the same time. Not only PET‐MR but also MR‐US or optic‐PET will be introduced in clinical scenarios. Even more, MR diffusion‐weighted, pharmacokinetic imaging, spectroscopy or functional BOLD imaging will merge with PET tracers to further increase molecular imaging as a relevant medical discipline. Multimodality imaging techniques will play a leading role in relevant clinical applications. The development of new diagnostic imaging research areas, mainly in the field of oncology, cardiology and neuropsychiatry, will impact the way medicine is performed today. Both clinical and experimental multimodality studies, in humans and animals, will have to demonstrate an efficient use of the imaging information provided by the modalities to affect the future of medical imaging. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathologic complete response in breast cancer patients receiving anthracycline‐ and taxane‐based neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Chavez‐MacGregor Mariana , Litton Jennifer , Chen Huiqin , Giordano Sharon H. , Hudis Clifford A. , Wolff Antonio C. , Valero Vicente , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Bondy Melissa L. , Gonzalez‐Angulo Ana Maria 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:The current study was conducted to evaluate the influence of race/ethnicity and tumor subtype in pathologic complete response (pCR) following treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.METHODS:A total of 2074 patients diagnosed with breast cancer between 1994 and 2008 who were treated with neoadjuvant anthracycline‐ and taxane‐based chemotherapy were included. pCR was defined as no residual invasive cancer in the breast and axilla. The Kaplan‐Meier product‐limit was used to calculate survival outcomes. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to determine the relationship of patient and tumor variables with outcome.RESULTS:The median patient age was 50 years; 14.6% of patients were black, were 15.2% Hispanic, 64.3% were white, and 5.9% were of other race. There were no differences in pCR rates among race/ethnicity (12.3% in black, 14.2% in Hispanics, 12.3% in whites, and 11.5% in others, P = .788). Lack of pCR, breast cancer subtype, grade 3 tumors, and lymphovascular invasion were associated with worse recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) (P ≤ .0001). Differences in RFS by race/ethnicity were noted in the patients with hormone receptor‐positive disease (P = .007). On multivariate analysis, Hispanics had improved RFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.69; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.49‐0.97) and OS (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.41‐0.97); blacks had a trend toward worse outcomes (RFS: HR, 1.28 [95% CI, 0.97‐1.68] and OS: HR, 1.32 [95% CI, 0.97‐1.81]) when compared with whites.CONCLUSIONS:In this cohort of patients, race/ethnicity was not found to be significantly associated with pCR rates. On a multivariate analysis, improved outcomes were observed in Hispanics and a trend toward worse outcomes in black patients, when compared with white patients. Further research was needed to explore the potential differences in biology and outcomes. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Bevacizumab and everolimus in the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma
Authors: Hainsworth John D. , Infante Jeffrey R. , Spigel David R. , Peyton James D. , Thompson Dana S. , Lane Cassie M. , Clark Bobby L. , Rubin Mark S. , Trent David F. , Burris Howard A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:In this phase 2 study, the activity and tolerability of the combination of bevacizumab, an inhibitor of angiogenesis, and everolimus, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), was evaluated in the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma.METHODS:Patients with metastatic melanoma who had received up to 2 previous systemic regimens (chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy) were eligible. Previous treatment with angiogenesis or mTOR inhibitors was not allowed. All patients received bevacizumab at a dose of 15 mg/kg intravenously every 21 days and everolimus at a dose of 10 mg orally daily. Patients were re‐evaluated every 6 weeks; those with an objective response or stable disease (according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST]) continued therapy until tumor progression or unacceptable toxicity occurred.RESULTS:Fifty‐seven patients with metastatic melanoma received a median of 4 treatment cycles (range, 1‐14+ cycles). Seven patients (12%) achieved major responses, whereas 33 patients (58%) were found to have stable disease at the time of first evaluation. The median progression‐free and overall survivals were 4 months and 8.6 months, respectively. Approximately 43% of patients were alive after 12 months of follow‐up. The treatment regimen was well tolerated by the majority of patients.CONCLUSIONS:The combination of bevacizumab and everolimus was found to have moderate activity and was well tolerated in the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. Further exploration of agents with these mechanisms of action is indicated, perhaps in combination with inhibitors of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Paired box gene 8, HBME‐1, and cytokeratin 19 expression in preoperative fine‐needle aspiration of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Schmitt Alessandra C. , Cohen Cynthia , Siddiqui Momin T. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Paired box gene 8 (PAX8), a member of the thyroid‐specific transcription factors, has recently been investigated as a useful marker of thyroid epithelial neoplasms. To the authors' knowledge, its utility in the immunohistochemistry of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has not been well studied to date. The goal of the current study was to compare the immunohistochemical expression of PAX8 with HBME‐1 and cytokeratin 19 (CK19) expression on cell block preparations of PTC and benign thyroid nodules (BTN).METHODS:Thirty‐two cases of PTC and 20 cases of BTN diagnosed on fine‐needle aspiration were included. The cell blocks were immunohistochemically stained for PAX8, HBME‐1, and CK19.RESULTS:PAX8 demonstrated nuclear positivity in >90% of cases with PTC (31 of 32 cases; 96.9%) and BTN (20 of 20 cases; 100%), with a high sensitivity (0.97), but low specificity (0). HBME‐1 and CK19 were found to have high sensitivity (0.78 and 0.75, respectively) and specificity (0.95 for both) for PTC. Statistically significant differences in staining intensity and distribution were noted for the PAX8 antibody (negative [1 of 32 cases] to weakly positive [20 of 32 cases] in 65.6% of PAX8‐positive PTCs, and intermediate to strong in 100% of BTNs).CONCLUSIONS:In contrast to PAX8, HBME‐1 and CK19 were found to have a high degree of both sensitivity and specificity for PTC. The results of the current study demonstrate that strong PAX8 staining appears to be typical of BTNs, whereas negative to weakly positive staining is noted in PTC. PAX8, HMBE‐1 and CK19 may all play a role, particularly as a panel; however, the interpretation of PAX8 should consider the intensity and distribution of staining. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Laser‐induced damage of DKDP crystal under different wavelengths
Authors: Xu Mingxia , Sun Xun , Wang Zhengping , Cheng Xiufeng , Sun Shaotao , Ji Lailin , Zhao Yuanan , Liu Baoan , Gao Hui , Xu Xinguang 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this paper, DKDP crystals were grown from 80% deuterated solution by traditional temperature‐reduction method. The crystal samples were selected to test laser damage threshold (LDT) and laser conditioning of 1ω, 2ω and 3ω. We found that the laser conditioning of 3ω has much more effect on improving the LDT. The damage site was observed by microscope and its effects on micro‐structure and optical properties were also studied. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of annealing and composition on crystal structure, surface morphology and optical absorption of chemically deposited Cd1‐xSnxS films
Authors: Das R. , Kumar R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCd1‐xSnxS thin films were successfully deposited on suitably cleaned glass substrate by chemical bath deposition method at 74 °C. Hydrated Stannous Chloride (SnCl2.2H2O) in aqueous solution was added to the CdS growing solution in different proportions. The experimental results indicate, a successful doping for lower concentration of Sn, saturation for intermediate doping levels, and a degradation of the doping process for higher concentration of Sn. Indirect (X‐ray diffraction) and Direct (Scanning electron microscopy) measurements were performed to characterize the growth and the nature of crystallinity of the different Cd1‐xSnxS films. The effect of annealing on the crystal structure and morphology of the deposited films has also been discussed. The X‐ray diffraction spectra show that the thin films are polycrystalline and have both cubic and hexagonal structure. The Interplanar spacing, lattice constant, grain size, strain, and dislocation density were calculated for as‐deposited and annealed films. The grain size was found to decrease from 5 nm to 0.89 nm with doping concentration of Sn. The grain size further decreased due to annealing at 400 °C. SEM studies show layered growth and long needle like structures along with some voids. After annealing the densification and smaller size of the particles was also observed. The optical absorption spectra show shifting of absorption peaks towards lower wavelength side (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A novel role for transcription factor Lmo4 in thymus development through genetic interaction with Cited2
Authors: Michell Anna C. , Bragança José , Broadbent Carol , Joyce Bradley , Franklyn Angela , Schneider Jürgen E. , Bhattacharya Shoumo , Bamforth Simon D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDeletion of the transcriptional modulator Cited2 in the mouse results in embryonic lethality, cardiovascular malformations, adrenal agenesis, cranial ganglia fusion, exencephaly, and left–right patterning defects, all seen with a varying degree of penetrance. The phenotypic heterogeneity, observed on different genetic backgrounds, indicates the existence of both genetic and environmental modifiers. Mice lacking the LIM domain‐containing protein Lmo4 share specific phenotypes with Cited2 null embryos, such as embryonic lethality, cranial ganglia fusion, and exencephaly. These shared phenotypes suggested that Lmo4 may be a potential genetic modifier of the Cited2 phenotype. Examination of Lmo4‐deficient embryos revealed partially penetrant cardiovascular malformations and hypoplastic thymus. Examination of Lmo4;Cited2 compound mutants indicated that there is a genetic interaction between Cited2 and Lmo4 in control of thymus development. Our data suggest that this may occur, in part, through control of expression of a common target gene, Tbx1, which is necessary for normal thymus development. Developmental Dynamics 239:1988–1994, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occurrence of synthetic musk fragrances in human blood from 11 cities in China
Authors: Hu Zhengjun , Shi Yali , Niu Hongyun , Cai Yaqi , Jiang Guibin , Wu Yongning 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
We measured two nitro musk fragrances (musk xylene) and musk ketone) and five polycyclic musk fragrances (galaxolide [HHCB], tonalide [AHTN], celestolide [ADBI], traseolide [ATII], and phantolide [AHMI]) in human blood samples from 11 cities of China (n = 204). Possible temporal trends in musk concentrations and associations with personal factors, such as gender, age, and others, were studied. Galaxolide (HHCB) showed the highest median concentration (0.85 ng/g) followed by AHTN (0.53 ng/g) with high detection frequency (91 and 77%, respectively). Concentrations of the other synthetic musk fragrances, including musk ketone and musk xylene, were all below the quantification limits. The results suggested that musk concentrations were not significantly relative to gender and body weight but positively correlated with age groups and locations. Apparent differences were also observed in the ratios of HHCB to AHTN concentrations among different cities. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1877–1882. © 2010 SETAC
High sensitivity of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa to copper and the prediction of copper toxicity
Authors: Zeng Jin , Yang Liuyan , Wang Wen-Xiong 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa is a dominant cyanobacterium commonly found in Chinese freshwater ecosystems during phytoplankton blooms, and copper sulfate is one of the most frequently used algicides for controlling the nuisance blooms. In this study, we examined the effects of varied water chemistry (dissolved organic matter, pH, and hardness) on copper (Cu) toxicity to M. aeruginosa, as well as the Cu short-term uptake kinetics, using 67Cu as a radioactive tracer. Elevated dissolved organic matter concentrations resulted in a reduction of Cu toxicity, and increasing pH in the range 6.7 to 8.5 led to an increase of Cu toxicity based on the ambient dissolved Cu concentration. The variation of growth inhibition was much more dependent on the intracellular Cu concentration than on the total ambient Cu or calculated free Cu2+ concentration; thus, the biotic ligand model could be used to explain the Cu toxicity to M. aeruginosa under different water chemistry conditions. We demonstrated that M. aeruginosa were extremely sensitive to Cu toxicity compared with other freshwater phytoplankton species based on the intracellular Cu concentration. The median inhibition concentration of intracellular Cu was as low as 3.3 to 13.1 × 10−18 mol Cu/cell for all treatments. The Cu short-term uptake kinetics in M. aeruginosa could be explained by the free-ion activity model. The uptake rate, however, could not explain the discrepancy in Cu sensitivity between M. aeruginosa and other phytoplankton species. Other mechanisms might explain the extreme sensitivity of M. aeruginosa to Cu toxicity. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2260–2268. © 2010 SETAC
Mercury and halogenated organic contaminants in river otters (Lontra canadensis) in New Jersey, USA
Authors: Stansley William , Velinsky David , Thomas Roger 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Liver samples collected from New Jersey river otters (Lontra canadensis) in 2005 and 2007 were tested for Hg, organochlorine (OC) pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The highest mercury concentrations were found in otters living in the Pinelands region, where acidic soils and surface waters enhance Hg bioavailability. The highest individual Hg concentration was 19.8 µg/g wet weight, approximately 60% of the experimentally determined lethal threshold. Concentrations of OC pesticides were generally similar to those in otters from areas of Oregon and Washington close to agricultural and industrial sources. The geometric mean total PCB concentration (540 ng/g wet wt) was similar to the concentration in otters from the heavily populated and industrialized lower Columbia River in Oregon and Washington. Seven liver samples that were among the highest in terms of total PCBs were analyzed for PCDDs and PCDFs. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins were detected in six of the samples at total concentrations ranging from 172 to 2,783 pg/g wet weight. Polychlorinated dibenzofurans were detected in three of the samples at total concentrations ranging from 1.50 to 2,719 pg/g wet weight. The geometric mean PBDE concentration was 10.6 ng/g wet weight, with a range of 0.82 to 436 ng/g wet weight. No statistically significant relationship was observed between liver contaminant concentrations and land use within an 8-km radius of the trapping location. Overall, the data suggest that contaminant concentrations are not high enough to adversely affect the overall otter population in New Jersey. However, contaminant-related effects on the health or reproductive success of individual otters in some areas are possible. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2235–2242. © 2010 SETAC
A numerical study of fluids with pressure‐dependent viscosity flowing through a rigid porous medium
Authors: Nakshatrala K. B. , Rajagopal K. R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMuch of the work on flow through porous media, especially with regard to studies on the flow of oil, are based on ‘Darcy's law’ or modifications to it, such as Darcy–Forchheimer or Brinkman models. While many theoretical and numerical studies concerning flow through porous media have taken into account the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of the porous solid, they have not taken into account the fact that the viscosity of the fluid and drag coefficient could depend on the pressure in applications, such as enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Experiments clearly indicate that the viscosity varies exponentially with respect to the pressure and the viscosity can change, in some applications, by several orders of magnitude. The fact that the viscosity depends on pressure immediately implies that the ‘drag coefficient’ would also depend on the pressure. In this paper we consider modifications to Darcy's equation wherein the drag coefficient is a function of pressure, which is a realistic model for technological applications, such as EOR and geological carbon sequestration. We first outline the approximations behind Darcy's equation and the modifications that we propose to Darcy's equation, and derive the governing equations through a systematic approach using mixture theory. We then propose a stabilized mixed finite element formulation for the modified Darcy's equation. To solve the resulting nonlinear equations we present a solution procedure based on the consistent Newton–Raphson method. We solve representative test problems to illustrate the performance of the proposed stabilized formulation. One of the objectives of this paper is to show that the dependence of viscosity on the pressure can have a significant effect both on the qualitative and quantitative nature of the solution. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stack Modelling of a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
Authors: Pfafferodt M. , Heidebrecht P. , Sundmacher K. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA model of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) stack including internal steam reforming is presented. It comprises a symmetric section of the stack, consisting of one half indirect internal reforming unit (IIR) and four fuel cells. The model describes the gas phase compositions, the gas and solid temperatures and the current density distribution within the highly integrated system. The model assumptions, the differential equations and boundary conditions as well as the coupling equations used in the model are shown. The strategy to solve the system of partial differential equations is outlined. The simulation results show that the fuel cells within the stack operate at different temperatures. This is expected to have an impact on the voltages as well as the degradation rates within the individual fuel cells.
Risperidone versus olanzapine for the treatment of delirium
Authors: Kim Sung‐Wan , Yoo Joon‐An , Lee Sam‐Yeon , Kim Seon‐Young , Bae Kyung‐Yeol , Yang Su‐Jin , Kim Jae‐Min , Shin Il‐Seon , Yoon Jin‐Sang 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjectiveThis study compared the effectiveness of risperidone and olanzapine in the treatment of delirium.MethodsThis was a 7‐day, randomized, comparative clinical trial of risperidone and olanzapine in patients with delirium. The primary outcome measure was the Delirium Rating Scale‐Revised‐98 (DRS‐R‐98).ResultsWe enrolled 32 subjects (median age, 70 years). Significant within‐group improvements in the DRS‐R‐98 scores over time were observed at every time point in both treatment groups; however, differences in the change of the DRS‐R‐98 score from baseline were not significant between the treatment groups. On the first day after drug treatment, there was a trend toward greater improvement in the DRS‐R‐98 score in the olanzapine group compared with the risperidone group, but it did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.076). The response rates did not differ significantly between the two groups (risperidone group: 64.7%, olanzapine group: 73.3%). However, the response to risperidone was significantly poorer in patients ≥70 years of age compared with those aged <70 years. There was no significant difference in the safety profiles, including extrapyramidal symptoms (EPSs), between the two groups.ConclusionRisperidone and olanzapine were equally effective in reducing delirium symptoms. The response to risperidone was poorer in the older age group. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neutron radiography and tomography of water distribution in the root zone
Authors: Esser Hanna G. , Carminati Andrea , Vontobel Peter , Lehmann Eberhard H. , Oswald Sascha E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWater uptake by roots and resulting water redistribution along the soil profile depend on soil hydraulic properties and root distribution, as well as on the physical, chemical, and biological soil–plant interactions that occur in the root zone. The hydraulic properties of the soil in the root zone are difficult to investigate in situ at the needed high spatial resolution, and they still present important open questions. For instance, is there more or less water at the root–soil interface compared to the bulk soil? Neutron radiography (2‐D) and tomography (3‐D) are efficient methods to answer such questions, providing the possibility to image simultaneously water distributions and root structure in situ at high spatial resolution. We planted a lupin and a maize in rectangular boxes filled with sandy soils. The plants were grown for 3 weeks at controlled conditions.Infiltrated water and subsequent water redistribution were imaged for 5 d at regular intervals by means of neutron radiography and tomography. Soil water‐content distributions were quantified from the radiographs after correcting for neutron scattering. The radiographs showed that the water content in the root zone was higher than in the bulk soil both during and after infiltration. Similarly, the tomograms showed localized regions of high water content around some locations of the roots, in particular near the tips of the lupin. Local regions of water depletion, which are expected as a consequence of water uptake, were visible along the main root where laterals branched. These results reflect the complexity of soil–plant–water relations, showing the different properties of bulk soil and root zone, as well as the varying moisture gradients along the root system.