bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
B7–CD28 Costimulatory Signals Control the Survival and Proliferation of Murine and Human γδ T Cells via IL-2 Production
Authors: Ribot Julie C. , deBarros Ana , Mancio-Silva Liliana , Pamplona Ana , Silva-Santos Bruno 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
γδ T cells play key nonredundant roles in immunity to infections and tumors. Thus, it is critical to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for γδ T cell activation and expansion in vivo. In striking contrast to their αβ counterparts, the costimulation requirements of γδ T cells remain poorly understood. Having previously described a role for the TNFR superfamily member CD27, we since screened for other nonredundant costimulatory receptors in γδ T cell activation. We report in this article that the Ig superfamily receptor CD28 (but not its related protein ICOS) is expressed on freshly isolated lymphoid γδ T cells and synergizes with the TCR to induce autocrine IL-2 production that promotes γδ cell survival and proliferation in both mice and humans. Specific gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments demonstrated a nonredundant function for CD28 interactions with its B7 ligands, B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86), both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, γδ cell proliferation was significantly enhanced by CD28 receptor agonists but abrogated by B7 Ab-mediated blockade. Furthermore, γδ cell expansion following Plasmodium infection was severely impaired in mice genetically deficient for CD28. This resulted in the failure to mount both IFN-γ–mediated and IL-17–mediated γδ cell responses, which contrasted with the selective effect of CD27 on IFN-γ–producing γδ cells. Our data collectively show that CD28 signals are required for IL-2–mediated survival and proliferation of both CD27+ and CD27− γδ T cell subsets, thus providing new mechanistic insight for their modulation in disease models.
Helminth Infection Impairs Autophagy-Mediated Killing of Bacterial Enteropathogens by Macrophages
Authors: Su Chien-wen , Cao Yue , Zhang Mei , Kaplan Jess , Su Libo , Fu Ying , Walker W. Allan , Xavier Ramnik , Cherayil Bobby J. , Shi Hai Ning 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Autophagy is an important mechanism used by macrophages to kill intracellular pathogens. The results reported in this study demonstrate that autophagy is also involved in the macrophage killing of the extracellular enteropathogen Citrobacter rodentium after phagocytosis. The process was significantly impaired in macrophages isolated from mice chronically infected with the helminth parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus. The H. polygyrus-mediated inhibition of autophagy was Th2 dependent because it was not observed in macrophages isolated from helminth-infected STAT6-deficient mice. Moreover, autophagy of Citrobacter was inhibited by treating macrophages with IL-4 and IL-13. The effect of H. polygyrus on autophagy was associated with decreased expression and processing of L chain protein 3 (LC3), a key component of the autophagic machinery. The helminth-induced inhibition of LC3 expression and processing was STAT6 dependent and could be recapitulated by treatment of macrophages with IL-4 and IL-13. Knockdown of LC3 significantly inhibited autophagic killing of Citrobacter, attesting to the functional importance of the H. polygyrus-mediated downregulation of this process. These observations reveal a new aspect of the immunosuppressive effects of helminth infection and provide mechanistic insights into our earlier finding that H. polygyrus significantly worsens the in vivo course of Citrobacter infection.
Programming of Regulatory T Cells from Pluripotent Stem Cells and Prevention of Autoimmunity
Authors: Haque Rizwanul , Lei Fengyang , Xiong Xiaofang , Bian Yanqing , Zhao Baohua , Wu Yuzhang , Song Jianxun 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are being used to treat autoimmunity and prevent organ rejection; however, Treg cell-based therapies have been hampered by the technical limitation in obtaining a high number of functional Treg cells. In this study, we show how to generate functional Treg cells from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and to determine the potential role of such cells for Treg cell-based immunotherapy against autoimmunity in a therapeutic setting. Ligation of a Notch ligand and transduction of the gene Foxp3 induce iPS cells to differentiate into Treg cells. Expression of Foxp3 and coculture on Notch ligand-expressing stromal cells augment expression of CD3, TCR, CD4, CD25, and CTLA-4 on iPS cell-differentiated Treg cells, which are able to secrete TGF-β and IL-10 both in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, adoptive transfer of iPS cell-derived Treg cells expressing large amounts of Foxp3 and Bcl-xL significantly suppresses host immune responses and reduces arthritis development within murine models. These data suggest that Notch signaling and Foxp3 regulate the development and function of Treg cells derived from iPS cells. Our results provide a novel approach for generating potentially therapeutic Treg cells for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Critical Role for CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein β in Immune Complex-Induced Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Yan Chunguang , Wu Min , Cao Jay , Tang Huifang , Zhu Mei , Johnson Peter F. , Gao Hongwei 
Published: June 2012

AbstractC/EBPs, particularly C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ, are known to participate in the regulation of many genes associated with inflammation. However, very little is known regarding the activation and functions of C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ in acute lung inflammation and injury. In this study, we show that both C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ activation are triggered in lungs and in alveolar macrophages following intrapulmonary deposition of IgG immune complexes. We further show that mice carrying a targeted deletion of the C/EBPβ gene displayed significant attenuation of the permeability index (lung vascular leak of albumin), lung neutrophil accumulation (myeloperoxidase activity), total number of WBCs, and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids compared with wild-type mice. Moreover, the mutant mice expressed considerably less TNF-α, IL-6, and CXC/CC chemokine and soluble ICAM-1 proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, and corresponding mRNAs in the IgG immune complex-injured lung, compared with wild-type mice. These phenotypes were associated with a significant reduction in morphological lung injury. In contrast, C/EBPδ deficiency had no effect on IgG immune complex-induced lung injury. IgG immune complex-stimulated C/EBPβ-deficient alveolar macrophages released significantly less TNF-α, IL-6, MIP-2, keratinocyte cell-derived chemokine, and MIP-1α compared with wild-type cells. Similar decreases in IgG immune complex-induced inflammatory mediator production were observed following small interfering RNA ablation of C/EBPβ in a murine alveolar macrophage cell line. These findings implicate C/EBPβ as a critical regulator of IgG immune complex-induced inflammatory responses and injury in the lung.
Species Selectivity in Poxviral Complement Regulators Is Dictated by the Charge Reversal in the Central Complement Control Protein Modules
Authors: Yadav Viveka Nand , Pyaram Kalyani , Ahmad Muzammil , Sahu Arvind 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Variola and vaccinia viruses, the two most important members of the family Poxviridae, are known to encode homologs of the human complement regulators named smallpox inhibitor of complement enzymes (SPICE) and vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), respectively, to subvert the host complement system. Intriguingly, consistent with the host tropism of these viruses, SPICE has been shown to be more human complement-specific than VCP, and in this study we show that VCP is more bovine complement-specific than SPICE. Based on mutagenesis and mechanistic studies, we suggest that the major determinant for the switch in species selectivity of SPICE and VCP is the presence of oppositely charged residues in the central complement control modules, which help enhance their interaction with factor I and C3b, the proteolytically cleaved form of C3. Thus, our results provide a molecular basis for the species selectivity in poxviral complement regulators.
Cutting Edge: Clec9A+ Dendritic Cells Mediate the Development of Experimental Cerebral Malaria
Authors: Piva Lucia , Tetlak Piotr , Claser Carla , Karjalainen Klaus , Renia Laurent , Ruedl Christiane 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Plasmodium infections trigger strong innate and acquired immune responses, which can lead to severe complications, including the most feared and often fatal cerebral malaria (CM). To begin to dissect the roles of different dendritic cell (DC) subsets in Plasmodium-induced pathology, we have generated a transgenic strain, Clec9A-diphtheria toxin receptor that allows us to ablate in vivo Clec9A+ DCs. Specifically, we have analyzed the in vivo contribution of this DC subset in an experimental CM model using Plasmodium berghei, and we provide strong evidence that the absence of this DC subset resulted in complete resistance to experimental CM. This was accompanied with dramatic reduction of brain CD8+ T cells, and those few cerebral CD8+ T cells present had a less activated phenotype, unlike their wildtype counterparts that expressed IFN-γ and especially granzyme B. This almost complete absence of local cellular responses was also associated with reduced parasite load in the brain.
Acute versus Chronic Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Piromchai Patorn , Thanaviratananich Sanguansak 
Published: June 2012

Introduction Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis is a challenging condition that can be found mostly in immunocompromised patients. Failure to diagnose and treat this entity promptly usually results in rapid progression and death. The purpose of this study was to determine clinical presentation, complication and morbidity in patients with acute versus chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. Setting and design Case-control study at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University between January 1998 and May 2008. Methods The patient's data with the diagnosis of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis was included. Demographic data, underlying diseases, presenting symptoms, histologic sinonasal tissue evaluations, sinonasal tissue cultures, CT scan findings, surgical interventions, morbidity, and mortality were collected. Results Sixty-five patients were diagnosed as invasive fungal rhinosinusitis between January 1998 and May 2008. The data of six patients were unable to obtain. Fifty-nine patients were included in this study. Patients with immunocompromised status have significant greater risk for acute than chronic IFS, OR = 6.5 ( P = 0.004). Patients with mucosal necrosis have the significant higher risk for acute IFS, OR = 5.5 ( P = 0.01). There was no significant difference in orbital complications proportion between acute and chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, OR = 2.42 ( P = 0.15). Sinus wall erosion have found significantly in chronic IFS group, OR = 0.24 ( P = 0.02). The average hospital stayed was 30.58 ± 26.43 days with no difference between groups ( P = 0.50). Fourteen patients in acute IFS group were dead (31.11%) while all patients in chronic IFS group were survived. Conclusions Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis continues to present a challenge to the otolaryngologist. Acute IFS was found most commonly in immunocompromised patients. The most consistent finding of acute IFS was mucosal necrosis and black crust/debris. The CT finding of sinus wall erosion may help in diagnosis of chronic IFS.
Sweatshops: Kant and Consequences
Authors: Sollars Gordon G. , Englander Fred 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:Arnold and Bowie (2003) attempt to derive ethical constraints on the actions of the managers of multinational enterprises (MNEs), or the MNEs themselves, from a Kantian perspective. We contest Arnold and Bowie's claims regarding MNE duties, in particular that MNEs have a duty to pay a subsistence wage above market levels. We conclude that even within Arnold and Bowie's Kantian framework such a duty does not properly emerge. In addition, we argue that the account of coercion used by Arnold and Bowie does not serve their purposes. Arnold and Bowie address consequentialist issues by arguing that their conclusions are not undercut by economic considerations regarding unemployment. We argue that Arnold and Bowie have misread the economic literature in this regard.
Reasoned Moral Agreement: Applying Discourse Ethics within Organizations
Authors: Stansbury Jason 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:Whether at the executive or the line-management levels, businesspeople face moral decisions that cannot be easily resolved with reference to a shared ethos, whether because of diversity of ethea in the organization or its environment, or because the organization's ethos is inadequate for the problem at hand. These decisions are made more common by the changing norms of a pluralistic business environment, and require collective moral deliberation to be adequately resolved. Discourse ethics ideally characterizes the form of valid collective moral deliberation. I argue that accommodation for the limitations of actual discourse makes discourse ethics, conceived in terms of the rules of practical discourse, practical for realizing improvements in the openness and validity of moral decision-making over states in which these rules are flagrantly violated. These rules have normative implications at the organizational level for the integrity approach to corporate ethics programs, and at the individual level for ethical leadership.
Moral Imagination, Collective Action, and the Achievement of Moral Outcomes
Authors: Hargrave Timothy J. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:Drawing upon the collective action model of institutional change, I reconceptualize moral imagination as both a social process and a cognitive one. I argue that moral outcomes are not produced by individual actors alone; rather, they emerge from collective action processes that are influenced by political conditions and involve behaviors that include issue framing and resource mobilization. I also contend that individual moral imagination involves the integration of moral sensitivity with consideration of collective action dynamics. I illustrate my arguments with a case study of the Chad-Cameroon oil project. The paper suggests new directions in teaching and research on moral imagination.
Marketing’s Consequences: Stakeholder Marketing and Supply Chain Corporate Social Responsibility Issues
Authors: Smith N. Craig , Palazzo Guido , Bhattacharya C. B. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:While considerable attention has been given to the harm donetoconsumers by marketing, less attention has been given to the harm donebyconsumers as an indirect effect of marketing activities, particularly in regard to supply chains. The recent development of dramatically expanded global supply chains has resulted in social and environmental problems upstream that are attributable at least in part to downstream marketers and consumers. Marketers have responded mainly by using corporate social responsibility (CSR)communicationto counter the critique of CSRpractice, but these claims of ethical corporate behavior often lack credibility and can result in a backlash against brands. The article argues that more adequate attention to the harmful upstream effects of downstream marketing and consumption decisions requires greater attention to stakeholder marketing and marketer efforts to help create responsible consumers. It concludes by identifying implications for further research in this important emergent area of marketing ethics.
When Organization Theory Met Business Ethics: Toward Further Symbioses
Authors: Heugens Pursey P. M. A. R. , Scherer Andreas Georg 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:Organization theory and business ethics are essentially the positive and normative sides of the very same coin, reflecting on how human cooperative activities are organized and how they ought to be organized respectively. It is therefore unfortunate that—due to the relatively impermeable manmade boundaries segregating the corresponding scholarly communities into separate schools and departments, professional associations, and scientific journals—the potential symbiosis between the two fields has not yet fully materialized. In this essay we make a modest attempt at establishing further connectivity by surveying the terrain covered by the two disciplines jointly, as if the boundaries between them did not matter. We commence by providing a concise overview of the organization theory discipline for interested non-specialists from the field of business ethics. Next, we proceed to point out four research themes commonly investigated by members of both communities, and also a variety of organization-theoretical perspectives on each. In the final part of this essay we explore what organization theory has to offer business ethics, and what the boundaries of that potential contribution are. We warn skeptical readers in advance that the spirit and tone of our essay is most definitely upbeat, as we are convinced that the potential for symbiosis between the two fields is vast and inspiring, even though it has only been unleashed partially and incidentally thus far.
The Company They Keep: How Formal Associations Impact Business Social Performance
Authors: Besser Terry L. , Miller Nancy J. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:Business networks, which include joint ventures, supply chains, industry and trade associations, industrial districts, and community business associations, are considered the signature organizational form of the global economy. However, little is known about how they affect the social performance of their members. We utilize institutional theory to develop the position that business social performance has collectivist roots that deserve at least as much scholarly attention as owner/manager characteristics and business attributes. Hypotheses are tested using multilevel analysis on data gathered from 898 members of twenty-nine business associations. Support is provided for institutional theory’s explanation for business social performance. Members of business associations are likely to conform to the pattern of social performance prevailing in their association, but not necessarily to the articulated values of the association. The potential of business associations to influence members’ social performance should be considered by agencies that start and support them as mechanisms for regional and local economic development.
The Limits of Corporate Human Rights Obligations and the Rights of For-Profit Corporations
Authors: Bishop John Douglas 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:The extension of human rights obligations to corporations raises questions about whose rights and which rights corporations are responsible for. This paper gives a partial answer by asking what legal rights corporations would need to have to fulfil various sorts of human rights obligations. We should compare the chances of human rights fulfilment (and violations) that are likely to result from assigning human rights obligations to corporations with the chances of human rights fulfilment (and violations) that are likely to result from giving corporations the legal rights needed to undertake those human rights obligations. Corporations should respect basic human rights of all people. Non-complicity in human rights violations requires that corporations have the right to political freedom of speech. To actively protect people from human rights violations, corporations need the right to hire armed security personnel; such obligations should be limited to protecting corporate property and narrowly defined stakeholders. Obligations to spend corporate resources on human rights fulfilment are confined to contributing to specific projects. Corporations have no obligation to ensure a society in which human rights are fulfilled. This principle helps us understand why corporate obligations are substantially different from those of governments.
Brief communication: Paleobiological inferences on the locomotor repertoire of extinct hominoids based on femoral neck cortical thickness: The fossil great ape hispanopithecus laietanus as a test‐case study
Authors: Pina Marta , Alba David M. , Almécija Sergio , Fortuny Josep , Moyà‐Solà Salvador 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe relationship between femoral neck superior and inferior cortical thickness in primates is related to locomotor behavior. This relationship has been employed to infer bipedalism in fossil hominins, although bipeds share the same pattern of generalized quadrupeds, where the superior cortex is thinner than the inferior one. In contrast, knuckle‐walkers and specialized suspensory taxa display a more homogeneous distribution of cortical bone. These different patterns, probably related to the range of movement at the hip joint and concomitant differences in the load stresses at the femoral neck, are very promising for making locomotor inferences in extinct primates. To evaluate the utility of this feature in the fossil record, we relied on computed tomography applied to the femur of the Late Miocene hominoid Hispanopithecus laietanus as a test‐case study. Both an orthograde body plan and orang‐like suspensory adaptations had been previously documented for this taxon on different anatomical grounds, leading to the hypothesis that this fossil ape should display a modern ape‐like distribution of femoral neck cortical thickness. This is confirmed by the results of this study, leading to the conclusion that Hispanopithecus represents the oldest evidence of a homogeneous cortical bone distribution in the hominoid fossil record. Our results therefore strengthen the utility of femoral neck cortical thickness for making paleobiological inferences on the locomotor repertoire of fossil primates. This feature would be particularly useful for assessing the degree of orthograde arboreal locomotor behaviors vs. terrestrial bipedalism in putative early hominins. Am J PhyAnthropol 2012. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oligo(p‐phenylene‐ethynylene)‐Derived Super‐π‐Gelators with Tunable Emission and Self‐Assembled Polymorphic Structures
Authors: Gopal Anesh , Varghese Reji , Ajayaghosh Ayyappanpillai 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLinear π‐conjugated oligomers are known to form organogels through noncovalent interactions. Herein, we report the effect of π‐repeat units on the gelation and morphological properties of three different oligo(p‐phenylene‐ethynylene)s: OPE3, OPE5, and OPE7. All of these molecules form fluorescent gels in nonpolar solvents at low critical gel concentrations, thereby resulting in a blue gel for OPE3, a green gel for OPE5, and a greenish yellow gel for OPE7. The molecule–molecule and molecule–substrate interactions in these OPEs are strongly influenced by the conjugation length of the molecules. Silicon wafer suppresses substrate–molecule interactions whereas a mica surface facilitates such interactions. At lower concentrations, OPE3 formed vesicular assemblies and OPE5 gave entangled fibers, whereas OPE7 resulted in spiral assemblies on a mica surface. At higher concentrations, OPE3 and OPE5 resulted in super‐bundles of fibers and flowerlike short‐fiber agglomerates when different conditions were applied. The number of polymorphic structures increases on increasing the conjugation length, as seen in the case of OPE7 with n=5, which resulted in a variety of exotic structures, the formation of which could be controlled by varying the substrate, concentration, and humidity.