bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of Perceptual Performance and Activities of Daily Living in Stroke Patients
Authors: Titus Mary Nelle D. , Gall Norman G. , Yerxa Elizabeth J. , Roberson Trish A. , Mack Wendy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Twenty-five male stroke patients were assessed with the use of a battery of perceptual tests (Gross Visual Skills [Baum, 1981], Adult Visual-Perceptual Assessment [Baylor University Medical Center, Occupational Therapy Department, 1980], Manikin and Feature Profile subtests of the Arthur Point Scale of Performance Tests [Arthur, 1943; Buros, 1974, 1978], Judgment of Line Orientation [Benton, Varney, & DeS. Hamsher, 1978], Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test [Bender, 1946], Haptic Visual Discrimination Test [McCarron & Dial, 1976, 1979a, 1979b], Block Design and Object Assembly subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised [Wechsler, 1981], and Test of Three-Dimensional Constructional Praxis [Benton, 1973a; Benton & Fogel, 1962]). Also administered was the Klein–Bell ADL Scale (Klein & Bell, 1982) to measure performance of activities of daily living. The research questions were as follows: (a) To what extent did this sample of stroke patients differ from the normative samples on perceptual performance? (b) To what extent did any tests of perceptual performance correlate with performance of activities of daily living? and (c) What, if any, instruments were more useful in discriminating the perceptual performance of stroke patients from that of normative samples? The results indicated that stroke patients showed significant deficits in perceptual performance, some of which correlated with activities of daily living performance. Patients with right hemispheric lesions performed similarly to those with left hemispheric lesions except on the Haptic Visual Discrimination Test.
Resilience and Human Adaptability: Who Rises Above Adversity?
Authors: Fine Susan B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
We work in a world of traumas and triumphs. Most of the persons we serve come to us out of necessity, struggling with the sequelae of disease and illness or the aftermath of natural or manmade disasters. We bring our expertise and compassion; they bring their bodies, minds, and compromised lives. Our worlds converge around a shared task: identifying and enhancing their capacities for daily living. We pursue problems of movement, perception, cognition, affect, and social capacity within the context of their roles and aspirations. Our contacts may be extensive, but often they are brief and only partially fulfilled. Our patients move on with varying degrees of functional ability – some with determination and buoyancy, others with little confidence that life is actually worth living. We remain, frequently knowing little about the factors that have influenced the outcome of our efforts, in spite of their compelling importance to our patients, our professional viability, and the health care system.
Ethical Dilemmas in Driver Reeducation
Authors: Cook Carol A. , Semmler Caryl J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article illustrates ethical dilemmas faced by therapists who provide driver reeducation. The dilemmas discussed are (a) accepting a wide range of referral sources and client disabilities versus the inability to know enough to anticipate all driver performance errors, (b) the client’s safety versus the client’s right to independence, (c) financial constraints versus advantages of technology, and (d) the reporting of poor driving risk versus client confidentiality. A method for determining one’s pattern of resolving ethical dilemmas is discussed.
Addressing the Needs of the Cognitively Impaired Elderly From a Family Policy Perspective
Authors: Baum Carolyn Manville 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Management of the cognitively impaired elderly person in the community is presumed to be cost-efficient and the American way. Although this is what should be done, most would agree that paying for the services that make it possible to do so is not currently within the means of the median income of the family ($25,986) or of the female head of household ($15,350) in this country. This paper reviews the changes in the family, current family policies, and practices of our businesses and government and proposes the services that could be used to support both the impaired person and the family in the management of this evolving societal issue. Strategies for development of payment mechanisms for the proposed services are presented.
Access to Computers for Older Adults: Problems and Solutions
Authors: O’Leary Stephanie , Mann Charlotte , Perkash Inder 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Activity that involves a personal computer is a valuable modality for the rehabilitation of older adults. The therapist without specialized training, however, may have difficulty integrating computer use with adults with chronic health problems that impede such use. The purpose of this paper was to describe positioning, visual access, and input problems that may interfere with computer access and to identify solutions for use by the occupational therapist. Through a review of occupational therapy and adaptive computer literature, resources for adaptive computer hardware, software, and positioning devices are identified. Examples of how computer activities can be integrated into existing nursing home, day-care, and homecare programs are provided. Recommendations are made for training for the occupational therapist with limited experience with personal computers and adaptive computer technology.
Educating Entry-Level Occupational Therapy Students in Gerontology
Authors: Stone Ronald G. , Mertens Krista B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The need for gerontic occupational therapists is increasing as the number of elders increases. The practice of including gerontologic content in occupational therapy entry-level curricula is relatively new. This article provides a rationale for including gerontologic content in entry-level occupational therapy curricula and presents the results of a brief survey conducted in November 1990 of all accredited and developing entry-level professional occupational therapy programs in the United States. Seventy-one percent of the entry-level programs responded. All of the responding programs included some gerontologic content in their curricula, and 82% of the responding programs indicated that the amount of gerontologic content in the required curriculum had increased in the past 5 years. Other gerontologic elements examined were courses offered and topics included in entry-level curricula, textbooks used, and gerontic fieldwork requirements.
The Contribution of Motor Skills and Playfulness to the Play Performance of Preschoolers
Authors: Morrison Christine Doyle , Bundy Anita C. , Fisher Anne G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Consideration of a child’s motor proficiency, intrinsic motivation, internal locus of control, and freedom to suspend many of the constraints of objective reality were proposed to provide a more comprehensive assessment of play than would an assessment of play performance alone. For empirical validation of this conceptual model of play, 29 subjects (15 nondisabled children and 14 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis) between the ages of 4 years 6 months and 6 years 6 months were given four assessments: (a) the Preschool Play Scale (Bledsoe & Shepherd, 1982, Knox, 1974); (b) the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Bruininks, 1978); (c) the Preschool and Primary Internal–External Locus of Control Scale (Nowicki & Duke, 1974); and (d) tests of associative fluency (Wallach & Koogan, 1965; Ward, 1968).
Multiple regression procedures revealed that, when considered together, scores on the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, tests of associative fluency, and the Preschool and Primary Internal–External Locus of Control Scale predicted scores on the preschool Play Scale, thereby supporting the usefulness of the proposed theoretical model. Further, there was no significant difference in the mean scores of the two groups on the Preschool Play Scale. Although this finding may be an artifact of the small sample size, it also may support the authors’ belief that children with motor impairments are able to compensate for their limitations by developing areas of relative strength that allow them to play normally. When this belief was further tested with Pearson product-moment correlations and Fisher’s Z transformations, it was found that correlations between the test scores of the nondisabled children were not significantly different from those of the children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Clearly, further research is needed.
Ventilatory and Cardiometabolic Responses to Unilateral Sanding in Elderly Women With Ischemic Heart Disease: A Pilot Study
Authors: Muraki Toshiaki , Kujime Kenichi , Kaneko Tasuku , Su Michiyo , Ueba Yasuyuki 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate how 8 elderly women with ischemic heart disease would respond to a unilateral sanding activity. Three ventilatory measures – expiratory tidal volume, respiratory rate, and expiratory volume – and four cardiometabolic measures – metabolic equivalent, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and pressure rate product – were continuously recorded during the sanding activity. The two independent variables were angle of the sanding board and sanding velocity. The activity was graded to yield five conditions: (a) sitting at rest; (b) 0° at 15 cycles per min (cpm); (c) 0° at 30 cpm; (d) 15° at 15 cpm; and (e) 15° at 30 cpm. The findings indicated that increasing the angle of the board while holding the velocity constant did not always increase the mean values of the ventilatory and cardiometabolic measures. However, increasing the velocity while holding the angle constant always increased the mean values of the dependent variables. The data also indicated that the metabolic equivalent reached during the sanding activity was no greater than 2, which corresponds to a light activity, such as playing a musical instrument. Replication of the study with a larger sample size may further elucidate the behavior of these two functions during a graded sanding activity. In the present study, a unilateral sanding activity by elderly patients with cardiac impairment was shown to provide valuable data on ventilatory and cardiometabolic functions. The study also demonstrated that a unilateral sanding activity can be safely used as a graded activity in occupational therapy for the cardiac rehabilitation of elderly women.
The Effects of a Short Thumb Opponens Splint on Hand Function in Cerebral Palsy: A Single-Subject Study
Authors: Goodman Glenn , Bazyk Susan 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
An AB single-subject research design was used to assess the effectiveness of a short thumb opponens splint on hand function in a 4-year-old girl with cerebral palsy. Baseline data for active range of motion, grip and pinch strength, grasp patterns, the Box and Block Test of manual dexterity (Mathiowetz, Voland, Kashman, & Weber, 1985), and 1-in. cube stacking were collected twice a week for 4 weeks. The child was fitted with a short thumb opponens splint, which was worn 6 hr during the day and all night for 4 weeks. The twice-weekly measures of the dependent variables continued during the treatment phase. Visual and statistical analysis of the data indicate that the child showed a clinically significant improvement in palmar and radial abduction, thumb opposition, grip strength, performance on the Box and Block Test scores, cube stacking, and lateral pinch. These results suggest that for this child with cerebral palsy, the use of a short thumb opponens splint improved underlying aspects of hand function as well as hand function itself. Replication of this study with a more complex single-subject design involving more subjects is recommended to confirm these results.
Volumetric Comparison of Seated and Standing Test Postures
Authors: Stern Erica B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Published protocols for the volumetric assessment of upper-extremity edema differ regarding patients’ posture. The present study was designed to determine the effect of posture on test–retest reliability and mean volume. Thirty women were tested in both seated and standing postures. For the dominant hand, test–retest reliabilities for the seated posture were identical to those for the standing posture. Test–retest reliability was slightly stronger for the nondominant hand in sitting than for the same hand in standing. Both postures afforded clinically acceptable test–retest reliabilities. The mean volumes in sitting were significantly lower than those in standing (p &lt; .0001), thus suggesting that volumetric measures should be considered discontinuous if the patient’s test posture is altered. Mean volumes of the dominant hand averaged 9.3 ml more than those of the nondominant hand. It is suggested that this discrepancy be considered in the establishment of goals for edema control and in the determination of the need for continued edema treatment.
Motor Function and Activities of Daily Living Assessments: A Study of Three Tests for Persons With Hemiplegia
Authors: Filiatrault Johanne , Arsenault A. Bertrand , Dutil Elisabeth , Bourbonnais Daniel 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The relationship between upper extremity motor function and independence in basic activities of daily living in subjects with hemiplegia was explored. The Barthel Index (Mahoney & Barthel, 1965) and the Fugl-Meyer Test (Fugl-Meyer, Jääskö, Leyman, Olsson, & Steglind, 1975) were selected as the standard instruments for the evaluation of activities of daily living and upper extremity motor function, respectively, because their validity and reliability have been demonstrated many times. The Functional Test for the Hemiplegic/Paretic Upper Extremity (Wilson, Baker, & Craddock, 1984a, 1984b) was also used for the evaluation of upper extremity motor function. The results obtained in 18 subjects with hemiplegia indicate that the scores on the Barthel Index are poorly correlated with both the Fugl-Meyer Test and the Functional Test for the Hemiplegic/Paretic Upper Extremity scores. It is suggested that variables other than motor function, such as the learning of compensatory techniques and perceptual–cognitive status, are responsible for this discrepancy because they can influence activities of daily living performance in persons with hemiplegia. The high correlation between the scores on the Fugl-Meyer Test and the Functional Test for the Hemiplegic/Paretic Upper Extremity indicates that either test may be used for the assessment of upper extremity motor function.
The Effects of Tactile Defensiveness and Tactile Discrimination on In-Hand Manipulation
Authors: Case-Smith Jane 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare in-hand manipulation efficiency in children with and without tactile defensiveness and low tactile discrimination. Fifty children, aged 4 to 6 years, were tested with the use of three subtests of the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests (SCSIT) (Ayres, 1980), which measured tactile function, and three in-hand manipulation tasks. Tactile defensiveness was rated during performance of the selected SCSIT subtests. Nine of the children had mild developmental delays and 41 were without delays. Low correlations between scores on tactile defensiveness and tactile discrimination suggested that these two aspects of tactile function are separate but related phenomena. Children with both defensiveness and discrimination problems demonstrated the least efficiency on all of the in-hand manipulation tasks and had significantly higher time scores on the turn and translation in-hand manipulation tasks. Poor discrimination or tactile defensiveness alone did not relate to poor in-hand manipulation. The results suggest that a child’s tactile function should be considered in therapy to improve manipulation skill. Strategies to decrease tactile defensiveness and improve tactile discrimination may facilitate achievement of higher levels of in-hand manipulation.
A Model for Database Design
Authors: Renwick Rebecca M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Computerized databases can facilitate several types of occupational therapy research. The value and usefulness of any database, however, is dependent on how well it has been designed. In this paper, a systematic, sequential-process model for the development of a computerized database is introduced. Each component of the model is illustrated by examples of its application to the actual design of a database for a community agency that provides occupational therapy services. The model focuses on issues related to the development of the contents of a database rather than on computer hardware and software. The issues addressed by the model include decisions about the purpose of the database, selection of the variables, and identification of the most appropriate measures with which to operationalize these variables. Content-related development issues have been given little attention in the literature, yet their neglect typically results in important limitations on the usefulness of a database. Therefore, this paper provides a set of guidelines for occupational therapists planning to establish a database for facilitating research.
The History of Work in Physical Dysfunction
Authors: Hanson Carolyn Schmidt , Walker Kay F. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Work has been at the core of occupational therapy for the last seven and a half decades. The tenets of work, which include providing a way of making a living and giving meaning to one’s existence, have remained consistent throughout occupational therapists’ use of work in the treatment of physical disabilities during three eras: World Wars I and II, the era of industrial therapy, and the work-hardening era. Although technological advances and economics have changed the scope of work, it is evident that the work-hardening programs of today have their roots in the work cure of the early 1900s.
Therefore Be It Resolved: 25 Years of Delegate Assembly/Representative Assembly Legislation
Authors: Jones Jacqueline L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In 1965, the power to legislate the affairs of the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) passed from the Board of Management to the newly created Delegate Assembly. AOTA’s progress in the 25-year period from 1965 to 1990 can be traced by studying the resolutions deliberated upon by that Assembly and its successor, the Representative Assembly. Of interest historically are not only the resolutions passed, but those defeated as well, because all indicate concern for the issues of the times in which the resolutions originated. This paper discusses certain trends that became evident, such as health care legislation concerns, strategic planning, the position of the certified occupational therapy assistant in AOTA, standards in practice and research, and advanced education. It emphasizes such issues as membership fees, continuing competency and continuing education, recruitment and personnel, and specialization.
Occupational Adaptation: Toward a Holistic Approach for Contemporary Practice, Part 2
Authors: Schultz Sally , Schkade Janette K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper introduces a practice model based on the occupational adaptation frame of reference (Schkade & Schultz, 1992). The occupational adaptation practice model emphasizes the creation of a therapeutic climate, the use of occupational activity, and the importance of relative mastery. Practice based on occupational adaptation differs from treatment that focuses on acquisition of functional skills because the practice model directs occupational therapy interventions toward the patient’s internal processes and how such processes are facilitated to improve occupational functioning. The occupational adaptation practice model is holistic. The patient’s occupational environments (as influenced by physical, social, and cultural properties) are as important as the patient’s sensorimotor, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning and the patient’s experience of personal limitations and potential is validated. The integration of these concepts drives the treatment process. Through a description of treatment with a variety of patients, this paper presents the model’s diversity and illustrates the relationship between the concepts. The occupational adaptation practice model reflects the uniqueness of occupational therapy and integrates the profession’s historical practice with contemporary interventions and methods.
Recovering Relationships: A Feminist Analysis of Recovery Models
Authors: Brown Kate , Gillespie Diane 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Two models of recovery based on the concepts of independence and interdependence are contrasted from a feminist perspective. Drawing on social and psychological analyses, the authors critique the overemphasis of independence as the goal of health care and instead advocate a more relational model of therapy that reinforces social and emotional connections between people. Two narratives from occupational therapy are used to illustrate the differing assumptions underlying these models. The authors discuss some of the structural and interactional barriers to the expression of interdependence in health care institutions. They suggest that through purposefully sharing practice experiences and instating collaborative, nonhierarchical models of organization, practitioners can begin to overcome these barriers.
A Woman’s Place: Unpaid Work in the Home
Authors: Primeau Loree A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Household work has only recently become a valid topic of study. Feminist scholars were among the first social scientists to draw attention to women’s unpaid work in the home. Although household work occupations are frequently used for assessment and treatment within practice, occupational therapy literature demonstrates a paucity in the area of these occupations. This review of the feminist literature summarizes theory and research that explore the historical, political, social, and personal meanings of household work. Feminist analysis of household work may sensitize occupational therapists to the complex interactions of these meanings and lead them to the realization that women’s responsibility for unpaid work in the home may have repercussions in the daily lives of both women and men.
Ten Milestone Issues in AOTA History
Authors: West Wilma L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper identifies 10 professional questions that the author has labeled milestone issues in the history of the American Occupational Therapy Association. Subjects encompassed by these issues are medical control, certified occupational therapy assistants, licensure, proficiency testing, entry-level degrees, treatment media, maintenance of competency, whether occupational therapists serve patients or clients, professional autonomy, and the status of occupational therapy as a profession. Although this paper is primarily a factual record of events and discussions referenced in official publications, the reader will recognize the insertion of author commentary and opinion in several of the issues discussed.