bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La mémoire et la musique au Moyen Âge
Authors: Cullin Olivier , Chaillou Christelle 
Published: June 2012

In the Middles Ages, music and memory are linked by a specifie relation. Loci and res memorabiles are not the same if we consider music in its written articulation in a manuscript or in its oral and practical dimension which is the first one : musical manuscripts always are posterior to the musical facts they contain. If the musical compositions have been notated after they were practised, it is because they were already memorized. This fact implies that they were by themselves composed in the memory.
This study, underlining the fragmentary character of writing, shows how, in a scriptural context, mnemonic technics are more linked to writing history than to music. In the complicated relation of a musical memory divided between eye and ear, oral memory is at least predominant.
This oral memory is strong, linked to a practice in a ritual context. It lays on a specific musical poetic underlining particular modes of construction. These are significant of the capacities of the memory to build and develop a musical composition. Notated signs are indications of an oral memory which preceded them.
Poétique de l'expression de soi dans l'Alexandreis et la paraphrase du Psaume 50 de Gautier de Châtillon
Authors: Ganeva Martha 
Published: June 2012

La mémorabilité du poème, en tant que propriété du message formel, peut-elle être liée à son caractère autobiographique ? La réponse se trouve peut-être dans l'œuvre de Gautier de Châtillon, poète d'expression latine de la fin du XII s., précurseur de ce qui deviendra au siècle suivant le courant poétique des Goliards. Auteur de poèmes rythmiques marqués par un fort caractère personnel, parmi lesquels la paraphrase du psaume 50 de l'Ancien Testament, Gautier est surtout, pour ses contemporains, l'auteur de génie de l'Alexandreis, poème épique en hexamètres dactyliques racontant le vie et la geste d'Alexandre le Grand.
Son œuvre semble ainsi partagée en deux entre les ludicra, composés sur le modèle de la poésie en langue vernaculaire, et l'épopée, modelée sur le genre noble de la poésie antique. Ce qui les unit pourtant, c'est cette figure de l'auteur désireux de se livrer à son lecteur : de manière directe, à travers la mise en scène du dialogue entre le poète et son œuvre dans le prologue de l'Alexandreis ; en s'inscrivant au-delà de l'ordre du discours et de la signification, dans la sonorité et le rythme de la poésie lyrique, dont la paraphrase du Psaume 50 constitue l'aboutissement.
Models of Affective Illness: Chronic Mild Stress in the Rat
Authors: Papp Mariusz 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDescribed in this unit is a chronic mild stress (CMS) procedure used for predicting an antidepressant response. Following exposure to a variety of mild stressors for a period of several weeks, rat behavior is modified in a number of ways. Among these is a substantial reduction in consumption of a 1% sucrose solution. Chronic administration of antidepressant drugs reverses diminished enthusiasm for sucrose in these subjects. While most antidepressants must be administered for at least 3 to 5 weeks to normalize behavior, there are treatments that display a more rapid onset of action. More recently, it has been shown that the CMS‐induced deficit in sucrose consumption can also be reversed by second‐generation antipsychotics. Based on these findings, the CMS model can be employed in discovery programs aimed at identifying antianhedonic drugs (e.g., antidepressants and antipsychotics) that act more quickly than existing agents. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 57:5.9.1‐5.9.11. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Whole‐Cell Configuration of the Patch‐Clamp Technique in the hERG Channel Assay to Predict the Ability of a Compound to Prolong QT Interval
Authors: Goineau Sonia , Legrand Christophe , Froget Guillaume 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn vitro electrophysiological safety studies have become an integral part of the drug development process since, in many instances, compound‐induced QT prolongation has been associated with a direct block of human ether‐a‐go‐go‐related gene (hERG) potassium channels or its native current, the rapidly activating delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr). Therefore, the in vitro hERG channel patch‐clamp assay is commonly used as an early screen to predict the ability of a compound to prolong QT interval. The protocol described in this unit is designed to assess the effects of new chemical entities after acute or long‐term exposure on the amplitude of IKr in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells stably transfected with the hERG channel (whole‐cell configuration of the patch‐clamp technique). Examples of results obtained with terfenadine, arsenic, pentamidine, erythromycin, and sotalol are provided for illustrative purposes. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 57:10.15.1‐10.15.14. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Highly Sensitive Skin‐Mountable Strain Gauges Based Entirely on Elastomers
Authors: Lu Nanshu , Lu Chi , Yang Shixuan , Rogers John 
Published: June 2012

AbstractQuantifying naturally occurring strains in soft materials, such as those of the human body, requires strain gauges with equal or greater mechanical compliance. This manuscript reports materials and mechanics approaches are reported for an all‐elastomer strain measurement device with gauge factor as high as 29 and with Young's modulus that approaches that of the human epidermis. These systems use thin carbon‐black‐doped poly(dimethylsiloxane) (CB‐PDMS) for the strain gauges due to its high resistivity and strong dependence on strain, and thick carbon‐nanotube‐doped PDMS (CNT‐PDMS) for the interconnects due to its comparatively low resistivity and weak dependence on strain. Devices composed of molded, straight resistors of CB‐PDMS joined by serpentine‐shaped interconnects of CNT‐PDMS, both in a matrix substrate of PDMS, have electrical responses that depend almost entirely on the strain in the CB‐PDMS. Integrated structures of this type have Young's moduli of 244 kPa, which lies within the range of values for the human epidermis. Such sheets can be readily laminated on and form conformal contact to the human skin, with only modest mechanical constraints on natural motions. Strains measured in this mode on the wrist are between 11.2% and 22.6%.
Role of Oxygen Functional Groups in Carbon Nanotube/Graphene Freestanding Electrodes for High Performance Lithium Batteries
Authors: Byon Hye Ryung , Gallant Betar M. , Lee Seung Woo , Shao‐Horn Yang 
Published: June 2012

AbstractHierarchical functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT)/graphene structures with thicknesses up to tens of micrometers and relatively high density (>1 g cm−3) are synthesized using vacuum filtration for the positive electrode of lithium batteries. These electrodes, which are self‐standing and free of binder and current collectors, utilize oxygen functional groups for Faradaic reactions in addition to double‐layer charging, which can impart high gravimetric (230 Wh kg−1 at 2.6 kW kg−1) and volumetric (450 Wh L−1 at 5 kW L−1) performance. It is demonstrated that the gravimetric and volumetric capacity, capacitance, and energy density can be tuned by selective removal of oxygen species from as‐prepared functionalized MWNT/graphene structures with heat treatments in H2/Ar, potentially opening new pathways for the design of electrodes with controlled surface chemistry.
Encapsulation of Nanoparticles Using Nitrilotriacetic Acid End‐Functionalized Polystyrenes and Their Application for the Separation of Proteins
Authors: Kadir Mohammad Abdul , Kim Su Jeong , Ha Eun‐Ju , Cho Hong Y. , Kim Bong‐Soo , Choi Donghyeuk , Lee Sun‐Gu , Kim Bog G. , Kim Sang‐Wook , Paik Hyun‐jong 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe use of nitrilotriacetic acid end‐functionalized polystyrenes (NTA‐PS) as a multifunctional nanocarrier for the aqueous dispersion of CdSe, γ‐Fe2O3 and gold nanoparticles (NPs) is described. When the amphiphilic end‐ functionalized polystyrenes and NPs are dissolved together in tetrahydrofuran, the addition of water causes the spontaneous formation of micellar aggregates, resulting in the successful encapsulation and aqueous dispersion of NPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) are used to characterize the structure and properties of the NPs‐containing micellar aggregates (nanocarrier). After complexation of Ni2+ with NTA on the surface of the nanocarrier containing γ‐Fe2O3, specific binding between Ni‐NTA complex and histidine‐tagged (His‐tagged) proteins enables selective separation of His‐tagged proteins using a magnet.
The isolated prolonged PTT
Authors: Tcherniantchouk Oxana , Laposata Michael , Marques Marisa B. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIt is increasingly difficult to choose the proper tests to investigate an abnormal laboratory result, delaying the time to reach the correct diagnosis and increasing the cost of care. A wrong choice may also lead to clinically significant errors, which can be life threatening. To show how errors in test selection occur in routine medical practice, the authors describe an algorithm to evaluate patients with a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and a normal prothrombin time. This exercise challenges the commonly held belief that errors in laboratory utilization occur primarily with esoteric and/or genetic testing, rather than in patients with common abnormalities such as a prolonged PTT. Am. J. Hematol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Designed Surface Modification to Disperse Silica Powder into Polyurethane
Authors: Liu Lianying , Watanabe Hideo , Shirai Takashi , Fuji Masayoshi , Takahashi Minoru 
Published: June 2012

AbstractNanoparticles of silica powder were modified by grafting polyurethane (PU) short chains or oligomers using surface‐started condensation reactions of various di‐ or tri‐ols and di‐isocyanates in step‐by‐step. Surface density of NCO‐groups, introduced by an autoclave method and ready for starting of subsequent reactions, was adjusted by amount of 3‐isocyanatepropyltriethoxysilane (ICPTES). Length of grafted oligomers was determined by reaction steps. TG/DTA measurements demonstrated a gradual increase of NCO‐groups density with the amount of modifier input. FTIR spectra and thermal weight loss analyses confirmed the occurrence of reaction in each step and the growth of grafted oligomer. SEM images of particles dispersed in N, N‐dimethylacetamide or in prepolymer of PU indicated an improved dispersion. Moreover, when as‐modified particles were incorporated in PU prepolymer, the resultant hybrid films displayed an enhanced optical property, thermal stability, and Vicker's hardness, suggesting a better dispersion of modified particles. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 000: 000–000, 2012
Syntheses, characterization, and antibacterial activity of chitosan grafted hydrogels and associated mica‐containing nanocomposite hydrogels
Authors: Noppakundilograt Supaporn , Sonjaipanich Kittichai , Thongchul Nuttha , Kiatkamjornwong Suda 
Published: June 2012

AbstractChitosan (CS) grafted poly[(acrylic acid)‐co‐(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)] (CS‐g‐poly(AA‐co‐HEMA)) at different molar ratios of AA and HEMA, and the associated nanocomposite hydrogels of CS‐g‐poly(AA‐co‐HEMA)/mica were synthesized by radical copolymerization. The grafting positions at the amino or hydroxyl groups in the CS were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. CS‐g‐poly(AA‐co‐HEMA) hydrogels were intercalated in the mica and the amount of hydrogel insertion did not affect the spacing of the silicate layers in mica. The higher mica loadings produced a rougher surface of the nanocomposite hydrogel. The water absorbency of the CS‐g‐poly(AA‐co‐HEMA)/mica nanocomposite hydrogels decreased with increasing levels of mica loading to a lower level than those of the CS‐g‐poly(AA‐co‐HEMA) hydrogels. Both CS‐g‐poly(AA) and CS‐g‐poly(AA‐co‐HEMA)/mica nanocomposite hydrogels exhibited a higher antiproliferative activity against Staphylococcus aureus than did the neat CS hydrogel with CS‐g‐poly(AA) revealing a very pronounced minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 1.56 mg mL−1. The extent of mica loading in the CS‐g‐poly(AA‐co‐HEMA) nanocomposite hydrogels did not affect the MIC (12.5 mg mL−1). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Are there weekly cycles in occurrence frequencies of large‐scale circulation types?
Authors: Beck Christoph 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe existence of weekly cycles in occurrence frequency distributions of circulation types is examined on the basis of a comprehensive data base of automated circulation‐type classifications for the greater North Atlantic European region and sub‐domains during the period 1957–2002. The main result is that the percentage of circulation types for which a statistical significant weekly cycle (95% level of confidence) could be detected by a chi‐square goodness‐of‐fit test does not exceed the number that would be expected by chance. Thus it is concluded that no consistent weekly cycles in occurrence frequencies of circulation types exist. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Environmental and genetic contributors to hypospadias: A review of the epidemiologic evidence
Authors: Carmichael Suzan L. , Shaw Gary M. , Lammer Edward J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis review evaluates current knowledge related to trends in the prevalence of hypospadias, the association of hypospadias with endocrine‐disrupting exposures, and the potential contribution of genetic susceptibility to its etiology. The review focuses on epidemiologic evidence. Increasing prevalence of hypospadias has been observed, but such increases tend to be localized to specific regions or time periods. Thus, generalized statements that hypospadias is increasing are unsupported. Owing to the limitations of study designs and inconsistent results, firm conclusions cannot be made regarding the association of endocrine‐disrupting exposures with hypospadias. Studies with more rigorous study designs (e.g., larger and more detailed phenotypes) and exposure assessment that encompasses more breadth and depth (e.g., specific endocrine‐related chemicals) will be critical to make better inferences about these important environmental exposures. Many candidate genes for hypospadias have been identified, but few of them have been examined to an extent that enables solid conclusions. Further study is needed that includes larger sample sizes, comparison groups that are more representative of the populations from which the cases were derived, phenotype‐specific analyses, and more extensive exploration of variants. In conclusion, examining the associations of environmental and genetic factors with hypospadias remain important areas of inquiry, although our actual understanding of their contribution to hypospadias risk in humans is currently limited. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mouse as a model for multifactorial inheritance of neural tube defects
Authors: Zohn Irene E. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractNeural tube defects (NTDs) such as spina bifida and anencephaly are some of the most common structural birth defects found in humans. These defects occur due to failures of neurulation, a process where the flat neural plate rolls into a tube. In spite of their prevalence, the causes of NTDs are poorly understood. The multifactorial threshold model best describes the pattern of inheritance of NTDs where multiple undefined gene variants interact with environmental factors to cause an NTD. To date, mouse models have implicated a multitude of genes as required for neurulation, providing a mechanistic understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways that control neurulation. However, the majority of these mouse models exhibit NTDs with a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. Still, many examples of multifactorial inheritance have been demonstrated in mouse models of NTDs. These include null and hypomorphic alleles of neurulation genes that interact in a complex fashion with other genetic mutations or environmental factors to cause NTDs. These models have implicated several genes and pathways for testing as candidates for the genetic basis of NTDs in humans, resulting in identification of putative pathogenic mutations in some patients. Mouse models also provide an experimental paradigm to gain a mechanistic understanding of the environmental factors that influence NTD occurrence, such as folic acid and maternal diabetes, and have led to the discovery of additional preventative nutritional supplements such as inositol. This review provides examples of how multifactorial inheritance of NTDs can be modeled in the mouse. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 96:193–205, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Video composition by optimized 3D mean‐value coordinates
Authors: Shen Yang , Lin Xiao , Gao Yan , Sheng Bin , Liu Qisong 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we propose a new video composition method by 3D mean‐value coordinate (MVC). 2D MVCs have been widely used in image composition; however, when 2D MVC is applied to a video sequence directly, because of over‐blending and the lack of temporal consistency, some unnatural effects may appear in the final composite results. Although 3D Poisson editing can maintain spatial and temporal consistency, it also leads to high algorithm complexity. Instead of 3D Poisson editing, we use the 3D MVC to seamlessly blend a given source video patch into a target video sequence; this approach is able to achieve high‐performance blending with less computation. We show that the combination of alpha matte‐based approaches and our method can further refine the produced video when the boundaries of the source object and the target object are very different. Our algorithm can be paralleled and run on a graphics processing unit. The experimental results show that our method is effective and efficient. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time horse gait synthesis
Authors: Huang Ting‐Chieh , Huang Yi‐Jheng , Lin Wen‐Chieh 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTHorse locomotion exhibits rich variations in gaits and styles. Although there have been many approaches proposed for animating quadrupeds, there is not much research on synthesizing horse locomotion. In this paper, we present a horse locomotion synthesis approach. A user can arbitrarily change a horse's moving speed and direction, and our system would automatically adjust the horse's motion to fulfill the user's commands. At preprocessing, we manually capture horse locomotion data from Eadweard Muybridge's famous photographs of animal locomotion and expand the captured motion database to various speeds for each gait. At runtime, our approach automatically changes gaits based on speed, synthesizes the horse's root trajectory, and adjusts its body orientation based on the horse's turning direction. We propose an asynchronous time warping approach to handle gait transition, which is critical for generating realistic and controllable horse locomotion. Our experiments demonstrate that our system can produce smooth, rich, and controllable horse locomotion in real time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pseudo‐C2‐Symmetric Bimetallic Bissalen Catalysts for Efficient and Enantioselective Ring‐Opening of meso‐Epoxides
Authors: Ma Da‐You , Xiao Ze‐Yun , Etxabe Julen , Wärnmark Kenneth 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBimetallic catalysts have been synthesised based on Jacobsen’s C2‐symmetric bissalen ligand. They constitute the first examples of compounds with pseuodo‐C2 symmetry, owing to the presence of two different metal ions. They have been investigated in the ring‐opening of meso‐epoxides by trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN3). Pseudo‐C2‐symmetric [CrIIICo]–bissalen complexes were the best in inducing ee (93–94 %) in the ring‐opened product of cyclohexene oxide by TMSN3 under solvent‐free conditions, whereas a pseudo‐C2‐symmetric [CrIIIMnIII]‐bissalen complex displayed the highest turnover frequency (183 h−1) but induced a lower ee (66 %). A broad substrate scope was displayed by a pseudo‐C2‐symmetric [CrIIICo]–bissalen catalyst: at 0.1 mol % catalytic loading and under solvent‐free conditions, it induced the highest ee to date in the ring‐opened product of a range of different meso‐epoxides by using TMSN3.
Thermal Decomposition of Branched Silanes: A Computational Study on Mechanisms
Authors: Eger Wilhelm A. , Genest Alexander , Rösch Notker 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe initial steps of the thermal decomposition of silanes in the gas phase were examined by DFT‐B3LYP calculations, with particular attention being paid to the way in which the reactivity pattern changes with the degree of branching of the silane. Besides the established pathways—1,2‐hydrogen shift, H2 elimination, and homolytic dissociation—1,3‐hydrogen shift was also explored as an initial reaction step which leads to disilene structures. Subsequent silylene insertion and initial steps of radical chain reactions were also studied. To estimate the energetic changes with temperature, various reaction free energies and the corresponding activation free energies up to 650 °C were calculated. Accordingly, the leading reaction channel at room temperature is 1,2‐hydrogen shift with subsequent silylene insertion; for higher degrees of branching, competing pathways (homolytic dissociation, 1,3‐hydrogen shift, and radical polymerization) gain in relative importance. At high temperatures, the rate‐determining step changes to homolytic dissociation, and thereby the apparent rates of decomposition become dependent on the degree of branching.
3‐Fluoro‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid (3F‐NMDA) Stereoisomers as Conformational Probes for Exploring Agonist Binding at NMDA Receptors
Authors: Chia Poh Wai , Livesey Matthew R. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , van Mourik Tanja , Wyllie David J. A. , O'Hagan David 
Published: June 2012

AbstractN‐Methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) is the prototypical agonist of the NMDA receptor subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Stereogenic placement of a CF bond at the 3‐position of (S)‐NMDA generates either the (2S,3S)‐ or (2S,3R)‐ diastereoisomers of 3F‐NMDA. The individual diastereoisomers were prepared by synthesis in enantiomerically pure forms and it was found that (2S,3S)‐3F‐NMDA is an agonist with a comparable potency to NMDA itself, whereas the (2S,3R)‐diastereoisomer has negligible potency. The difference in potency of these stereoisomers is attributed to a preference of the CF bond (2S,3S)‐3F‐NMDA to adopt a gauche conformation to the CN+ bond in the binding conformation, whereas the (2S,3R)‐3F‐NMDA forces these bonds anti, losing electrostatic stabilisation, to achieve the required binding conformation. These observations illustrate the utility of stereoselective fluorination in influencing the molecular conformation of β‐fluorinated amino acids and thus probing the active conformations of bioactive compounds at receptors.