bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the 1969 and 1993 standardizations of the Bayley Mental Scales of Infant Development for infants with Down syndrome
Authors: Glenn S. M. , Cunningham C. C. , Dayus B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) were re‐standardized in 1993 (BSID‐II). The present study reports a comparison of the two versions with infants with Down's syndrome (DS). The BSID‐II was used for 93 assessments of 54 children with DS (age range = 7–43 months). Comparisons were made with the 1969 standardization for 42 of these assessments, and for 45 assessments of 20 typically developing children aged between 6 and 24 months. The 1993 standardization produced significantly lower mean differences of 1.0 months mental age and 8.4 points mental development index for infants with DS, and 1.5 months mental age and 9.2 points mental development index for the typically developing group. Nineteen per cent more infants with DS had scores below two standard deviations and there was a larger decrement for lower functioning children. Both groups of children have to perform at a higher level to achieve the same relative score on BSID‐II compared to BSID. This indicates that caution should be used in comparing cohorts of children tested on different versions of the Bayley scales. In addition, concerns are highlighted regarding the rules for establishing basal and ceiling levels for BSID‐II for children with developmental delays.
Alzheimer dementia in Down's syndrome: the relevance of cognitive ability
Authors: Temple V. , Jozsvai E. , Konstantareas M. M. , Hewitt T.‐A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMore years of education have been found to be associated with a lower rate of Alzheimer disease (AD) in individuals without intellectual disability. It has been proposed that education reflects greater ‘synaptic reserve’ and that greater synaptic reserve may defer the development of AD. The present study compared individuals with Down's syndrome (DS) who were found to have symptoms of dementia with those who remained symptom‐free to determine if the two groups differed in their level of education, employment, recreational activities, years in an institution or overall level of cognitive functioning. Thirty‐five adults with DS aged between 29 and 67 years were assessed. The participants were recruited from a community health facility and included individuals with a wide range of ability levels. Neuropsychological testing, caregiver report and the Dementia Scale for Down Syndrome (Gedye 1995) were used to identify decline in participants over periods of 6 months to 3 years. After the effect of age was statistically removed, multiple regression analyses revealed that level of cognitive functioning was significantly associated with decline such that a higher level of cognitive functioning predicted less decline. None of the environmental variables (i.e. educational level, years in an institution and employment) were directly associated with decline; however, a post hoc regression using level of cognitive functioning as the outcome variable revealed that level of cognitive functioning itself was associated with these environmental variables. A higher level of cognitive functioning was associated with fewer cases of dementia in individuals with DS, and level of cognitive functioning appears to be associated with environmental factors such as level of education, years in an institution and employment. The present findings suggest that environmental interventions aimed at improving level of cognitive functioning may also be useful in deferring the onset of dementia.
Annotation: Early intervention and prevention of self‐injurious behaviour exhibited by young children with developmental disabilities
Authors: Richman D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe ontogeny of self‐injurious behaviour exhibited by young children with developmental delays or disabilities is due to a complex interaction between neurobiological and environmental variables. In this manuscript, the literature on emerging self‐injury in the developmental disability population is reviewed with a focus on an operant conceptual model of how topographies of self‐injurious behaviour can change structurally and become sensitive to various environmental consequences. Results of previous studies are reviewed in terms of extending our research focus from a reactive model of assessment and treatment of well‐established cases of self‐injury to an early intervention and prevention model.
Effects of latex avoidance on latex sensitization, atopy and allergic diseases in patients with spina bifida
Authors: Blumchen K. , Bayer P. , Buck D. , Michael T. , Cremer R. , Fricke C. , Henne T. , Peters H. , Hofmann U. , Keil T. , Schlaud M. , Wahn U. , Niggemann B. 
Published: July 2010

To cite this article: Blumchen K, Bayer P, Buck D, Michael T, Cremer R, Fricke C, Henne T, Peters H, Hofmann U, Keil T, Schlaud M, Wahn U, Niggemann B. Effects of latex avoidance on latex sensitization, atopy and allergic diseases in patients with spina bifida. Allergy 2010; 65: 1585–1593.AbstractBackground:  Ten years ago, avoidance measures such as the performance of latex‐free operations were implemented in children with spina bifida. Since then, latex sensitization and latex allergy have decreased in this high‐risk group.Objective:  To study the effect of primary latex‐free prophylaxis on the prevalence of allergic diseases and atopy as a marker for sensitization spreading in children with spina bifida.Methods:  One hundred and twenty children with spina bifida born after the introduction of latex‐free prophylaxis and operated on under latex‐free conditions (‘current group’) were examined for latex sensitization, latex allergy, sensitization to aero‐ and food allergens and allergic diseases. Results were compared to a ‘historic’ (not latex‐free operated) group of children with spina bifida and comparable age (n = 87) and to a recent sample of children from the general population (n = 12 403).Results:  In comparison with the ‘historic group’, latex sensitization (55%vs 5%, P < 0.001) and latex allergy (37%vs 0.8%, P < 0.001) were significantly reduced in the ‘current group’. Furthermore, a significant reduction could be demonstrated for sensitization to aeroallergens (41.4%vs 20.8%, P = 0.001) and for allergic diseases (35%vs 15%, P = 0.001). The prevalence for atopy, sensitization to aero‐/foodallergens and for allergic diseases in children of the ‘current group’ was similar to those in children of the weighted population sample.Conclusions:  Latex avoidance in children with spina bifida prevents latex sensitization and latex allergy. Additionally, it also seems to prevent sensitization to other allergens and allergic diseases which might be explained by the prevention of sensitization spreading.
Further Studies on the Effect of Neuraminidase on Tumor Cell Transplantability
Authors: SANFORD BARBARA H. , CODINGTON JOHN F. 
Published: July 2010

Neuraminidase‐induced alteration of transplantability was studied using a relatively nonspecific subline of strain A mouse mammary adenocarcinoma TA3. Reduction of lethal takes in allogeneic C3H hosts occurred after in vitro removal of sialic acid from the tumor cells. This was shown by a variety of criteria to be due to cellular alteration rather than to decreased cellular viability. Absorption studies with monospecific H‐2 antisera directed against subcomponents 3, 4, 11, or 28 showed essentially the same absorption capacity for neuraminidase‐treated or untreated TA3 cells, with both absorbing approximately as well as positive control strain A spleen cells.On the other hand, neuraminidase‐treated TA3 cells were destroyed by normal guinea pig serum or by allogeneic C3H serum while control TA3 cells were unaffected. Carbohydrate specificity was suggested by the fact that such toxicity could be removed by absorption with either agarose or neuraminidase‐treated TA3 cells without destroying complement activity. It is proposed that altered transplantability of neuraminidase‐treated TA3 cells reflects an antigenic change, either through direct exposure of new antigenic sites by cleavage of neuraminosyl groups at the cell surface or because of altered molecular conformation resulting from decreased negative charge.
The Production of Anti HL‐A Cytotoxic Antisera Through Planned Immunization by Intravenous Injection of Small Aliquots of Whole Blood
Authors: FERRARA G. B. , TOSI R. M. , AZZOLINA G. , CARMINATI G. , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN F. 
Published: July 2010

Planned immunizations were performed in 20 pairs of unrelated individuals.The immunization procedure, employing weekly injections of small aliquots of whole blood, was shown to be safe and adequate to elicit an anti‐HL‐A response in the great majority of cases.The antibody responses showed two sharply distinguishable patterns: “Restricted”, with the production of monospecific, non cross‐reacting antibody; and “Broad → Restricted”, with the production of an antibody reacting against specificities other than those possessed by the donor, and becoming more and more restricted with time. Both patterns are constantly reproduced upon subsequent stimulations.The pattern of response appears to be determined primarily by some peculiarity of the donor's specificity(ies) or by some characteristic relationship between donor and recipient antigenic constitution, rather than by a special reactivity of the recipient per se.
Cross‐Reactions of HL‐A Antibodies. V. Relationship between the Human HL‐A11 and Chimpanzee ChW‐11 Specificities
Authors: DORF MARTIN E. , TOTH ESTHER K. , BALNER HANS 
Published: July 2010

In direct cross‐species typing, the chimpanzee ChW‐11 and human HL‐A11 leukocyte groups seem identical since ChW‐11 antisera detect HL‐A11 on human cells and human HL‐A11 sera recognize the ChW‐11 specificity on chimpanzee cells. However, when using quantitative platelet absorption and pH gradient elution it was possible to distinguish these specificities serologically; homologous antigen‐antibody binding avidities were greater than those between species.The use of quantitative absorption followed by cross‐species typing is discussed also as a means of identifying heterogeneity among certain leukocyte specificities. These techniques were used to characterize cross‐reacting chimpanzee leukocyte specificities, ChW‐11 and ChW‐111, which appear to form part of the chimpanzee “LA‐like segregant series” and to compare these specificities with the human HL‐A11 determinant(s).
Further Studies on the Histological Distribution of H‐2 Antigens
Authors: GERVAIS A. G. 
Published: July 2010

Using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique with H—2 alloantisera, histocompatibility antigens have been localized in unfixed frozen sections of normal mouse tissues of three inbred strains‐C3H, CBA and C57B1.In lymph node sections, all the lymphocytes appeared to contain antigenic material, while in thymus sections considerable variation in their intensity of specific staining was observed. In the sub‐maxillary gland, these antigens were found in cells of the alveoli, the terminal tubules and the central interlobular ducts. In the kidney, specific fluorescence was detected in the tubular cells and the capsule of Bowman. In controls as well as in sections treated with positive antisera, the glomerular tuft displayed variably‐sized fluorescent clumps extending into the capsular space. This is believed to result from a specific but unwanted reaction between normal gamma globulins and the anti‐IgG conjugate.
Further Evidence of a Third HL‐A Locus
Authors: Solheim B. G. , Bratlie A. , Sandberg L. , Staub‐Nielsen L. , Thorsby E. 
Published: July 2010

Lymphocytes were incubated with specific HL–A antisera to induce aggregation and capping in the cell membrane of antigens belonging to the first or second segregant series. Typing by the cytotoxicity test immediately afterwards revealed negative, or markedly reduced, reactions with the same antiserum as used for pretreatment, or sera recognizing other determinants on the same HL–A molecules. The expression of other HL–A antigens, not included in the reactivity of the serum used for pretreatment, was not inhibited. Thus it was confirmed that the products of the two HL–A loci are not firmly attached to each other, and reside on different molecules.Similar studies were performed with antisera recognizing HL–A antigens possibly belonging to a third‐segregant series, the ‘AJ’ series. By induction of aggregation/capping followed either by typing or by immunofluorescence microscopy, it could be shown that the expression of ‘AJ’ antigens could be eliminated without appreciably affecting the expression of first and second series HL–A antigens, and vice versa. The antigens of the ‘AJ’ series therefore must be parts of separate molecular structures, and probably belong to a third segregant series of HL–A antigens.
Synthesis and Expression of Surface Antigens During the Cell Cycle
Authors: Sumner M. C. B. , Collin R. C. L. S. , Pasternak C. A. 
Published: July 2010

The expression of H–2 histocompatibility antigens, assayed by immune cytolysis, is minimal during the S period of the cell cycle. In order to investigate this phenomenon, we have measured the amount of H–2 antigens on P815Y cells at different stages of the cell cycle by two different techniques. The first involves the binding of [125I] labelled antibody, the second the inhibition of immune cytolysis of indicator cells by bound and salt‐extractable antigens.Each method shows that the amount of H–2 antigens increases during the G1 period and then remains constant. On the other hand, the fragility of cells assayed by cytolysis caused by detergents, hypotonicity or freeze thawing shows the same minimum in S as does the expression of H–2 measured by immune cytolysis.It is concluded that cell surface antigens are inserted into the plasma membrane during G1 and remain accessible to combination with antibody thereafter. Because of a decrease in cellular fragility during interphase, cytolytic techniques should be used with caution.
Application of the Autoanalyser to H‐2 Typing in the Mouse
Authors: Douglas R. , Nieman H. G. 
Published: July 2010

Supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (Contract PH‐43‐65‐992), the Dutch Organization for Applied Research (TNO), the J. A. Cohen Institute for Radiology and Radiation Protection, the Whitehall Foundation, and the Dutch Organization for Pure Research (FUNGO).The results of testing erythrocytes from eight mouse strains with 20 haemagglutinating antisera and five lymphocytotoxic antisera, using a Technicon Haemagglutinating Autoanalyser, are presented. The suitability of the autoanalyser to regular H–2 typing is proved and the adaptability of this methodology to an investigation of the haemagglutinating capacity of lymphocytotoxic antisera is demonstrated. The implications of specific haemagglutination in the autoanalyser by antisera defining the H–2 ‘cytotoxic’ antigens are discussed.
Cross Reactions of HL‐A Antibodies. VI. Dissection of a Complex Serum
Authors: Eguro Setsuko Y. , Dorf Martin E. , Amos D. B. 
Published: July 2010

A series of 23 platelet absorptions and elutions were performed with a broadly reactive HL–A antiserum, Tuckerman. This multispecific reagent could be separated into three components: anti‐HL–A1 (10,11); anti‐W23 (W24) and anti‐HL–A12.2 (12.1,13). Each component was examined in detail, revealing some of the intricacies of the specific and cross‐reacting antibodies.A possible subdivision of HL–A12 followed the observation that platelets from certain HL–A12 donors failed to absorb anti‐HL–A12 cytotoxins, even against their own lymphocytes. These absorptive deficiencies were inherited with the HL–A12 genotype.Subdivision of HL–A9 was primarily along racial lines. Antigen W23 predominated among subjects of Negro or Mediterranean ancestry, while specificity W24 was found among donors of the Caucasian and Oriental races.
Some Genetic Characteristics of the HL‐A System in the Russian Population
Authors: Zaretskaya Yu. , Fedrunova V. 
Published: July 2010

In a study of 100–124 individuals of Russian nationality by microtyping in lymphocytotoxicity and leucoagglutination, the frequencies of the genes of the HL–A system were found to be as follows:Despite intensive studies of human histocompatibility antigens during the last decade, the Russian population remained unexamined in this respect. This article reports the preliminary findings on gene frequencies of the HL–A system in Russians.
Effect of Cross Reactions on HL‐A Antigen Immunogenicity
Authors: Colombani J. , Colombani MONIQUE , Degos L. , Terrier ELISABETH , Gaudy YVETTE , Dastot HÉLÈNE 
Published: July 2010

The sera of 172 HL‐A typed subjects immunized mostly by multiple transfusions were studied and the specificities of the produced HL‐A antibodies were determined. The probability of non‐response against an antigen cross reacting with an antigen of the immunized subject was calculated by the use of Bayes’ method. A lower immunogenicity within the main cross reacting groups (CREG) was confirmed: [HL‐A2, W28], [HL‐A3,1,11], connected to [HL‐A10, W19 (= W29,30,31,32)], [W5, HL‐A5, W15,W21], [HI‐A7,W10,W22]. Some antigens were not connected to any CREG: HL‐A9,12,13, W27. Others were insufficiently studied in the material to allow definite conclusions: W18,W14,HL‐A8. An asymmetry of the phenomenon i.e. non reciprocal inhibition of antibody production for two antigens was observed often.The comparison of one part of the material studied with the platelet complement fixation test, to another part studied with the lymphocytotoxicity technique suggested that the specific inhibition of antibody production was not complete but that such a situation only decreased the frequency and intensity of the response against the antigen.A study of the co‐occurrence of various HL‐A specificities in the immune sera lead to a similar but somewhat broader description of the CREG.
Membrane Antigens Characteristic of Human Lymphoid Cells in Established Cultures
Authors: Thieme THOMAS R. , Colombe BETH WINOCUR 
Published: July 2010

Antisera specific for human lymphoid cells in tissue culture were prepared. Rabbits were immunized with a lymphoid cell membrane fraction solubilized by papain and purified by physicochemical means. After appropriate absorption (with peripheral blood leukocytes of the same HL—A type) the antisera reacted with all established lymphoid cell cultures tested, but not with peripheral blood leukocytes.The antigen(s) reacting with these antisera seem to be unique for cells in culture and appear at the time the cell becomes an established cell line. The antigens were not detectable in normal PBL, non‐lymphoid human cell lines in tissue culture or in normal human serum or fetal calf serum, but were present in several leukemic cell samples.
The Complexity of the HL‐A Gene Product I: Study of a Serum Produced Against HL‐A5 in an HL‐A Semi‐Identical Situation
Authors: Legrand L. , Dausset J. 
Published: July 2010

A complex antibody developed in a W18 father immunized by his HL–A5 daughter was analysed. Four different antibodies appeared successively and were isolated by absorption and elution. These antibodies react directly or indirectly (CYNAP) with HL‐A5, W21, W5, W17 and W15 cells. Some W21 cells are not reactive (ET*); some W5 cells are directly reactive, others only in CYNAP, which enables these two categories of cells to be subdivided.By absorption‐inhibition, it was possible to demonstrate the existence of several determinants on the gene product, since the saturation of the absorbing cells by one antibody does not prevent the absorption of a second antibody (anti‐HL‐A5 and anti‐[5, W21, W5]). These distinct determinants or antigenic factors (Dausset et al. 1965) are shared by several allelic products. Their structures are probably similar since they are cross‐reactive. Capping experiments indicate that all these determinants are borne by the same second locus molecule and are independent of the third locus molecule.The hypothesis that these shared and cross‐reactive antigenic factors derived from each other by successive duplication and mutation of the corresponding gene is again emphasized.
Antibody Induced Cell‐Mediated Cytotoxicity. Studies of Human Alloantibodies in a Micro‐Plate‐Test
Authors: Kaakinen A. , Bondevik H. , Kiss E. , Thorsby E. 
Published: July 2010

Human alloantisera were investigated for their ability to induce antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (AICC) in a micro‐plate‐system. Ten to 20 × 103 fresh (non‐stimulated) lymphocytes were used as targets, and an effector: target cell ratio of 33:1 was usually satisfactory. Harvesting was performed after 8–16 h of incubation. This system proved as reliable as tests in tubes with larger volumes and cell numbers. The HL‐A specificity of the sera determined by complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) was found to be completely included in the specificity determined by the AICC test. The latter specificity, however, was broader and the AICC test also revealed much higher titers of alloantibody activity.When antibodies reacted with HL‐A antigens of the effector cells, as revealed by CDC tests, the AICC test was inhibited.By running the test system in medium not containing serum with alloantibody activity, the presence of cytotoxic (T) lymphocytes in the effector cell population could also be detected. Thus, the micro‐test system is a sensitive test for both pre‐existing cellular and humoral immunity against human alloantigens.
The Use of Microtiter Plates in Mixed Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: DU Bois RIA , Meinesz ANNEKE , Bierhorst‐eijlander ANJA , Groenewoud MARJORIE , Schellekens P. TH. A. , Eijsvoogel V. P. 
Published: July 2010

Experiments were performed to develop a lymphocyte culture system in which microtiter plates could be used as a practical and time‐saving technique. The suitability of different types of microtiter plates was tested, analyzing lymphocyte reactivity by means of thymidine incorporation after stimulation by PHA and in the MLG.Furthermore, it became clear that in this system the number of lymphocytes required per culture could be diminished. According to a Workshop program (this issue), some experiments were carried out to further clarify the reproducibility and reliability of this culture system.
MLC — A Micro‐Modification of the Mixed Leucocyte Culture Technique
Authors: Jørgensen F. , Lamm L. U. 
Published: July 2010

A micro‐modification of the MLC technique is described, using 5 × 104responding cells per single culture in round bottomed microtiter plates. Over a wide range, there is a linear relation between the number of cells grown per well and the obtained response; and with the number of responding cells chosen, there is a linearity between log dose stimulating cells and response in linear scale. The system normally allows log phase growth (or near to this) for 120 h.The system has primarily been designed for large scale population genetic investigations using X‐rayed stimulator cells stored frozen in the irradiated state. It suits this purpose well, and is comparable with other systems in discrimination between zero, one and two haplotype differences in families. The more refined discriminative power between low and no stimulation remains to be evaluated.