bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structures of ribonucleoprotein particle modification enzymes
Authors: Liang Bo , Li Hong 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSmall nucleolar and Cajal body ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs) are required for the maturation of ribosomes and spliceosomes. They consist of small nucleolar RNA or Cajal body RNA combined with partner proteins and represent the most complex RNA modification enzymes. Recent advances in structure and function studies have revealed detailed information regarding ribonucleoprotein assembly and substrate binding. These enzymes form intertwined RNA–protein assemblies that facilitate reversible binding of the large ribosomal RNA or small nuclear RNA. These revelations explain the specificity among the components in enzyme assembly and substrate modification. The multiple conformations of individual components and those of complete RNPs suggest a dynamic assembly process and justify the requirement of many assembly factorsin vivo.
Understanding ageing in sub-Saharan Africa: exploring the contributions of religious and secular social involvement to life satisfaction
Authors: KODZI IVY A. , GYIMAH STEPHEN OBENG , EMINA JACQUES B. , EZEH ALEX C. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTRapid urbanisation in sub-Saharan Africa is believed to have weakened the traditional family ties which sustained older people in the past, but there is little empirical evidence about how older people today perceive their ageing experience in sub-Saharan Africa. The international gerontology literature demonstrates that, apart from financial wellbeing and health status, religious and secular forms of social involvement are key predictors of life satisfaction in older ages. No formal analysis, however, exists on the effects of religious and non-religious social involvement on the subjective wellbeing of older people in sub-Saharan nations. This study sought to fill this gap by examining the relationship between religious identity, religiosity, and secular social engagement using survey data from a sample of 2,524 men and women aged 50 or more years living in informal settlements of Nairobi City. We found significant differences in life satisfaction between Moslems, Catholics and non-Catholic Christians. Secular social support, personal sociability and community participation had positive effects on subjective wellbeing. In this context, we also observed that next to health status, the social involvement of older people was very important for life satisfaction.
Divorce and the wellbeing of older Australians
Authors: GRAY MATTHEW , DE VAUS DAVID , QU LIXIA , STANTON DAVID 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTIn virtually all Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries the number of older people who have experienced divorce at some point in their lives will increase in coming decades. While there is an extensive literature that analyses the effects of divorce on wellbeing, there is relatively little research on the long-run effects of divorce in later life. This paper uses Australian data to estimate the long-run impacts of divorce on the wellbeing of older Australians. Dimensions of wellbeing examined are social interaction and connectedness, perceived social support, life satisfaction, and physical and mental health. The paper shows that divorce has a long-lasting, negative impact on wellbeing that persists into later life for both men and women. However, the negative effects of divorce on wellbeing are largely confined to those who do not re-partner. An important difference between men and women is that for women who are divorced and remain single, the negative effects of divorce are found for general health, vitality and mental health. Furthermore, these effects are reasonably large. For older men, there appear to be no long-term effects of divorce on physical or mental health. While there appears to be some effect of divorce on perceived social support for both older men and women, the effects of divorce on social support are less pervasive in later life than the effects of divorce on satisfaction with life and, for women, health.
On rough sets, their recent extensions and applications
Authors: Mac Parthaláin N. , Shen Q. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractRough set theory (RST) has enjoyed an enormous amount of attention in recent years and has been applied to many real-world problems including data mining, pattern recognition, and intelligent control. Much research has recently been carried out in respect of both the development of the underlying theory and the application to new problem domains. This paper attempts to summarize the advances in RST, its extensions, and their applications. It also identifies important areas which require further investigation. Typical example application domains are examined which demonstrate the success of the application of RST to a wide variety of areas and disciplines, and which also exhibit the strengths and limitations of the respective underlying approaches.
The Beginnings of Air Radio Navigation and Communication
Authors: Kendal Brian 
Published: November 2010

In our present age, radio communication and navigational aids are taken without comment throughout the aviation industry. However, all developments must start somewhere and it is the intention of this paper to look into the earliest days of “wireless” and its gradual application to aviation.The first step was, as far as I can ascertain, in October 1866 when Mahlon Loomis flew a kite from a mountain top in Virginia, USA. He had fitted a copper mesh to the kite and connected this to a copper wire. Between the wire and earth he connected a galvanometer which, he noted, deflected from static electricity. On flying an identical kite at a similar height some fourteen miles away, if the copper wire were earthed, the deflection on the galvanometer changed. However, if the kite wires were of different length, this effect was not observed. For this, in 1872, he was issued with a US Patent 129971 for “wireless telegraphy” but, as far as we know, apart from a few fading freehand notes, (See Figure 1) no details of his apparatus survive, so it must remain a matter of conjecture what was actually achieved.
Carrier Phase-based RAIM Algorithm Using a Gaussian Sum Filter
Authors: Yun Ho , Yun Youngsun , Kee Changdon 
Published: November 2010

Carrier phase measurements are used to provide high-accuracy estimates of position. For safety-of-life navigation applications such as precision approach and landing, integrity plays a critical role. Carrier phase-based Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (CRAIM) has been investigated for many years (Pervan et al, 1998; Feng et al, 2007). Assuming that the carrier phase error has a Gaussian distribution, conventional CRAIM algorithms were directly derived from the Pseudorange-based RAIM (PRAIM). However, the actual carrier phase error does not exactly follow the Gaussian distribution, hence the performance of the conventional CRAIM algorithm is not optimal.To approach this problem, this paper proposes a new CRAIM algorithm that uses Gaussian sum filters. A Gaussian sum filter can deal with any non-Gaussian error distribution and accurately present the posterior distributions of states. In this paper, a new method of making a Gaussian mixture model, which follows the true error distribution, is introduced. Additionally an integrity monitoring algorithm, using a Gaussian sum filter, is described in detail. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can have about 18% smaller Minimum Detectable Bias (MDB) and generates about 20% lower protection levels than those of the conventional CRAIM algorithm. In other words, by considering a non-Gaussian carrier phase error distribution, the new algorithm can improve the accuracy and the availability.
Weighted RAIM for APV: The Ideal Protection Level
Authors: Milner Carl D. , Ochieng Washington Y. 
Published: November 2010

International standards require the use of a weighted least-squares approach to onboard Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). However, the protection levels developed to determine if the conditions exist to perform a measurement check (i.e. failure detection) are not specified. Various methods for the computation of protection levels exist. However, they are essentially approximations to the complex problem of computing the worst-case missed detection probability under a weighted system. In this paper, a novel approach to determine this probability at the worst-case measurement bias is presented. The missed detection probabilities are then iteratively solved against the integrity risk requirement in order to derive an optimal protection level for the operation. It is shown that the new method improves availability by more than 30% compared to the baseline weighted RAIM algorithm.A version of this paper was first presented at the US Institute of Navigation (ION) GNSS 2009 Conference in Savannah, Georgia.
Older Volunteers: A Precious Resource Under Pressure
Authors: Gottlieb Benjamin 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTDrawing on the literature on the extensive investment older adults make in volunteering, and on the findings of a study of 19 not-for-profit agencies that rely heavily on older adults to provide a variety of community services, this paper identifies several significant changes in the character of the clients who are served by these volunteers and in government health policies affecting the delivery of community services. The paper concludes with suggestions for research and policy development aimed to optimize the contribution which older volunteers make to society and reciprocally, the contribution that volunteering makes to the health and well-being of older adults.
Frail and Disabled Users of Home Care: Confident Consumers or Disentitled Citizens?
Authors: Aronson Jane 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTHealth care cuts and restructuring are shifting the site of acute care from hospitals to homes and prompting provincial governments to introduce varying forms of mixed economies in home care. Typically, such arrangements seek to drive down public costs and to reposition service users as “consumers” of market-modelled care. Drawing on an ongoing study of frail elderly women and women with disabilities receiving home care in Ontario, this paper explores the significance for service users of these economic and political objectives. Rather than feeling like consumers free to exercise choice and demand quality in the mixed economy of home care, they experienced their positioning within it as insecure and subordinate and its supply as unpredictable and meagre. The implications of these findings for fashioning secure and equitable public responses to elderly and disabled citizens who need assistance at home over the long term are discussed.
Older Women's Community Mobility: A Qualitative Exploration
Authors: Finlayson Marcia , Kaufert Joseph 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTMany of the limitations experienced by community-dwelling older women are related to mobility within their communities. This qualitative study explored community mobility from the perspective of older, community-dwelling women in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Semi-structured interviews were completed with 23 older women (mean age 75.9 years) identified through an existing database. In addition to travels to conduct instrumental activities of daily living and participate in social and recreational activities, the women in the study described trips to fulfil social obligations (e.g., attending funerals, visiting sick friends) and emphasized the importance of these trips. The women's travels through the city were influenced by their perception of risk and the strategies they employed to minimize or avoid risk during the day, in the evening, and during bad weather. Autonomous community mobility provided the women with a sense of independence and control. The findings have potential implications for health care providers and community programmers who work to maintain older women in the community.
Predictors and Incidence of Urinary Incontinence in Elderly Canadians With and Without Dementia — A Five-Year Follow Up: The Canadian Study of Health and Aging
Authors: Østbye Truls , Hunskaar Steinar , Sykes Elizabeth 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTBased on the national Canadian Study of Health and Aging, the objective of this study was to determine the importance of socio-demographic and medical factors, cognitive and functional status as predictors of the development of urinary incontinence, and to estimate five-year incidence by sex and age group. Participants from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging who underwent a clinical examination in 1992 and were continent for urine at the time were followed up and their continence status was again determined in 1997. Multivariate logistic regression models with daily incontinence and daily or less than daily incontinence as the outcomes were developed separately for male (n = 306) and female (n = 520) survivors. Predictor variables were introduced in the following chunks: socio-demographic factors; cognitive status; functional status, diabetes and stroke. Five-year cumulative incidence of daily and less than daily incontinence by sex and age group was also estimated. Results indicated that the incidence of urinary incontinence was higher in women than in men, and increased by age in both men and women. Especially among men, those in institutions were much more likely to develop urinary incontinence than those in the community. Incontinence increased dramatically with severity of dementia, less so with physical immobility. Diabetes mellitus was related to the development incontinence in men but not in women, prior stroke was related to development of incontinence in both sexes. It is concluded that urinary incontinence is common in older persons, and enquiries about its presence should be part of routine medical and nursing assessment of older persons. Those who develop incontinence commonly have dementia and are physically impaired. The extent of assessment and management should be carefully tailored to each individual patient.
Risk Factors for Serious Falls Among Community-Based Seniors: Results from the National Population Health Survey
Authors: Fletcher Paula C. , Hirdes John P. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper examines factors associated with falling among approximately 3,100 individuals aged 65 and older who were participants in the 1994 National Population Health Survey (NPHS). The intent of the NPHS is to monitor the health of Canadians and risk factors that affect their health. Several factors were identified as increasing the risk of falling, such as advanced age, being female, certain medical conditions, medication use and impaired mobility. The results from this survey, conducted on a national level, confirm the findings of many studies utilizing smaller samples within individual communities. Continuation of the NPHS will aid in offering longitudinal data with respect to falls, and allow for establishing a temporal order prior to the fall event, in order to provide more definitive evidence with respect to risk factors for falls.
The Development of Relationships Between Families and Staff in Long-term Care Facilities: Nurses' Perspectives
Authors: Gladstone James , Wexler Evelyn 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to explore the way in which relationships develop between family members and staff working in long-term care facilities. In-depth, qualitative interviews were conducted with 17 registered nurses. Data were analysed inductively using the constant comparative method. Findings showed that RNs perceive their relationships with families to develop in four stages: the “initial greeting,” sizing up,” “making a tentative decision,” and “reaching a final decision”. Several contextual factors were associated with the way in which relationships developed, including structural factors, family recognition of staff efforts, open communication, and professional identity. Findings suggest that relationships can best be understood from an interpretive perspective and that an analysis of family-staff relationships should consider the influence of social power.
Inhome Service Use by Caregivers and Their Elders: Does Cognitive Status Make a Difference?
Authors: Hawranik Pamela 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe intent of this study was to examine the effect of cognitive status on the use of inhome services by caregivers and their elders. Data from the screening, clinical and community-caregiver phases of the Manitoba Study on Health and Aging (MSHA-1) were analysed utilizing a modified Andersen-Newman model. The findings indicated that those with dementia were more likely to use personal care services and use two or more inhome services than caregivers and their elders with no cognitive impairment and those with cognitive impairment but no dementia. Functional status of the elder and living arrangement of the caregiver and elder were strongly associated with the use of specific inhome services and with overall use. Policy and research implications of the findings including other significant factors such as caregiver employment, are presented.
Walking with Visual Restrictions in Healthy Elderly and Young Adults
Authors: Gallagher Sean , Lajoie Yves , Guay Michel 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTVisual requirements for a simple walking task were evaluated for young and elderly persons to determine if, with normal aging, elderly subjects require more visual information. Ten young adults and 10 elderly people were asked to complete a simple walking task within predetermined pathway boundaries under two conditions of visual restriction. In the reactive condition, subjects automatically received a 200 ms flash of visual information at the halfway point of the walkway. For the predictive condition, subjects did not receive any visual information during the walking trial, but were equipped with an emergency button that would provide 200 ms of visual information whenever they needed it. For both experimental conditions, subjects received additional flashes of visual information if they stepped out of the walkway boundaries. Results showed that older persons stepped out of bounds more often in the reactive condition and gave themselves more visual cues than the younger subjects in the predictive condition. The relative importance of vision during locomotion seems to be higher in the elderly population when compared to young adults.
Leon A. Hyer, & Steven J. Sohnle Trauma among older people: Issues and treatment. Philadelphia, PA: Bruner-Routledge, 2001.
Authors: Beck J. Gayle 
Published: November 2010

RÉSUMÉL'évaluation et le traitement du syndrome de stress post-traumatique (SSPT) chez les aîné(e)s constitue un domaine quelque peu négligé de la documentation, une situation que ce livre tente de corriger. Trauma among older people: Issues and treatment est un texte réfléchi et approfondi destiné à aider le clinicien à comprendre et à gérer les problèmes posttraumatiques chez les aîné(e)s. Le travail présente une variété d'orientations théoriques, de résumés de recherche et d'expertise clinique sur la conceptualisation et le traitement du stress post-traumatique. Les auteurs prônent une vaste approche de la conceptualisation et du traitement du SSPT chez les adultes vieillissants et s'attardent à un modèle de «réadaptation» plutôt que de guérison. À ce titre, on a accordé beaucoup d'attention à la personnalité, au counseling et au pardon, dans la mesure où ces thèmes s'appliquent à l'approche intégrante du traitement mis de l'avant par les auteurs. De plus, on présente des résumés succincts et des directives d'approches courantes au traitement du SSPT, notamment pour les interventions d'exposition, les techniques de relaxation et les thérapies cognitives-comportementales.La force du document repose sur le fait que les auteurs sont bien renseignés sur les aîné(e)s. Ils présentent des idées innovatrices sur la façon dont le SSPT peut se manifester différemment chez les aîné(e)s, particulièrement chez ceux qui ont des antécédents traumatiques importants et prolongés. Il aurait été intéressant, dans ce contexte, d'en apprendre plus sur les facteurs de résilience, particulièrement à la lumière de la constatation empirique que les aîné(e)s ont recours à des stratégies souvent différentes pour faire face à un facteur de stress important. En résumé, Hyer et Sohnle ont accompli un travail magnifique dans la rédaction de Trauma among older people: Issues and treatment. Le volume est bien divisé, vise l'information du praticien sur des questions de vieillissement et de SSPT et atteint un bon équilibre entre l'information théorique et appliquée.
Beauty in Later Life: Older Women's Perceptions of Physical Attractiveness
Authors: Clarke Laura C. Hurd 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTUsing data from 96 hours of semi-structured interviews with women aged 61 to 92, this paper explores the meanings that older women attribute to beauty and aging. The women in my study tend to equate physical attractiveness with youthfulness and slimness. However, they reject the extremes of thinness embodied in today's fashion models and actresses. Even as they disparage obese individuals, the women argue that thin older women appear scrawny. The women express a preference for more rounded female bodies than current beauty standards allow and emphasize the importance of inner beauty. While some women view their wrinkles negatively, others suggest that their facial creases are badges of honour. I argue that older women do not simply internalize beauty ideals to the detriment of their sense of self. Rather, older women resist and challenge current ideals of feminine attractiveness and suggest alternative beauty ideals and definitions of personal desirability.
Carlos G. Prado. The Last Choice: Preemptive Suicide in Advanced Age, 2d ed. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998.
Authors: Mishara Brian L. 
Published: November 2010

RÉSUMÉCe livre défend le point de vue selon lequel il est raisonnable pour tout individu doué de « capacités réflexives » de se suicider afin d'éviter dans le futur la détérioration et la dépendance horribles associées au vieillissement. Le choix de 1'auteur pour un abandon aussi précipité de la vie n'est aucunement justifié par la recherche en suicidologie et sa conception négative du vieillissement est en contradiction évidente avec les découvertes de la gérontologie contemporaine.
Programme d'intervention visant à réduire l'utilisation des contentions physiques dans des unités de soins de longue durée — mise en oeuvre et effets sur le personnel soignant
Authors: Durand Pierre J. , Ouellet Jean-Paul , Beauchesne Line , Tourigny André , Verreault René , Dicaire Louise , Lévesque Louise , Lauzon Sylvie , Gagnon Robin , Rochette Louis 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThis study aimed at (a) developing a restraint reduction program, (b) describing its implementation in long-term care units, and (c) examining its effects on care staff's perceptions of and knowledge about the use of restraints. The program was composed of three parts: consciousness-raising meetings, staff education, and clinical follow-up. The study was a randomized, controlled clinical trial with eight intervention care units (five nursing homes) and 11 controls (five additional nursing homes). Care staff was surveyed at two time intervals over a 7-month period (pre- and post-test intervention; intervention care units:N= 171 [T0] andN= 158 [T1]; controls:N= 181 [T0] andN= 166 [T1]). The implementation of the program was successful and results showed significant changes in care staff perceptions of and knowledge about the use of restraints.