bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An experimental study of discharge partitioning and flow structure at symmetrical bifurcations
Authors: Thomas Robert E. , Parsons Daniel R. , Sandbach Steven D. , Keevil Gareth M. , Marra Wouter A. , Hardy Richard J. , Best James L. , Lane Stuart N. , Ross Jessica A. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTRecent research has examined the factors controlling the geometrical configuration of bifurcations, determined the range of stability conditions for a number of bifurcation types and assessed the impact of perturbations on bifurcation evolution. However, the flow division process and the parameters that influence flow and sediment partitioning are still poorly characterized. To identify and isolate these parameters, three‐dimensional velocities were measured at 11 cross‐sections in a fixed‐walled experimental bifurcation. Water surface gradients were controlled, and systematically varied, using a weir in each distributary.As may be expected, the steepest distributary conveyed the most discharge (was dominant) while the mildest distributary conveyed the least discharge (was subordinate). A zone of water surface super‐elevation was co‐located with the bifurcation in symmetric cases or displaced into the subordinate branch in asymmetric cases. Downstream of a relatively acute‐angled bifurcation, primary velocity cores were near to the water surface and against the inner banks, with near‐bed zones of lower primary velocity at the outer banks. Downstream of an obtuse‐angled bifurcation, velocity cores were initially at the outer banks, with near‐bed zones of lower velocities at the inner banks, but patterns soon reverted to match the acute‐angled case. A single secondary flow cell was generated in each distributary, with water flowing inwards at the water surface and outwards at the bed. Circulation was relatively enhanced within the subordinate branch, which may help explain why subordinate distributaries remain open, may play a role in determining the size of commonly‐observed topographic features, and may thus exert some control on the stability of asymmetric bifurcations. Further, because larger values of circulation result from larger gradient disadvantages, the length of confluence–diffluence units in braided rivers or between diffluences within delta distributary networks may vary depending upon flow structures inherited from upstream and whether, and how, they are fed by dominant or subordinate distributaries. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of neuromagnetic brain rhythms over time scales of minutes using spatial independent component analysis
Authors: Ramkumar Pavan , Parkkonen Lauri , Hari Riitta , Hyvärinen Aapo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIndependent component analysis (ICA) of electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data is usually performed over the temporal dimension: each channel is one row of the data matrix, and a linear transformation maximizing the independence of component time courses is sought. In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), by contrast, most studies use spatial ICA: each time point constitutes a row of the data matrix, and independence of the spatial patterns is maximized. Here, we show the utility of spatial ICA in characterizing oscillatory neuromagnetic signals. We project the sensor data into cortical space using a standard minimum‐norm estimate and apply a sparsifying transform to focus on oscillatory signals. The resulting method, spatial Fourier‐ICA, provides a concise summary of the spatiotemporal and spectral content of spontaneous neuromagnetic oscillations in cortical source space over time scales of minutes. Spatial Fourier‐ICA applied to resting‐state and naturalistic stimulation MEG data from nine healthy subjects revealed consistent components covering the early visual, somatosensory and motor cortices with spectral peaks at ∼10 and ∼20 Hz. The proposed method seems valuable for inferring functional connectivity, stimulus‐related modulation of rhythmic activity, and their commonalities across subjects from nonaveraged MEG data. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EASING THE PAIN OF AN ECONOMIC DOWNTURN: MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Authors: Dávalos María E. , Fang Hai , French Michael T. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYIndividuals can react to financial stress in a variety of ways, such as reducing discretionary spending or engaging in risky behaviors. This article investigates the effect of changing macroeconomic conditions (measured by the unemployment rate in the state of residence) on one type of risky behavior: excessive alcohol consumption. Using unique and recent panel data from waves 1 and 2 of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) and estimating fixed‐effects models, we find that changes in the unemployment rate are positively related to changes in binge drinking, alcohol‐involved driving, and alcohol abuse and/or dependence. Some differences are present among demographic groups, primarily in the magnitude of the estimated effects. These results contradict previous studies and suggest that problematic drinking may be an indirect and unfortunate consequence of an economic downturn. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognosis in adenocarcinomas of lower oesophagus, gastro‐oesophageal junction and cardia evaluated by uPAR‐immunohistochemistry
Authors: Lærum Ole Didrik , Ovrebo Kjell , Skarstein Arne , Christensen Ib Jarle , Alpízar‐Alpízar Warner , Helgeland Lars , Danø Keld , Nielsen Boye Schnack , Illemann Martin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAdenocarcinomas of lower oesophagus, gastro‐oesophageal junction and cardia in humans are highly invasive tumours with poor prognosis. The localisation of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) was determined in 66 patients; 60 with adenocarcinomas and six cases with Barrett's oesophagus. uPAR was expressed in nearly all cases of invasive adenocarcinomas by populations of cancer cells, macrophages and myofibroblasts at both the invasion front and the tumour core. In areas with high‐grade dysplasia or with Barrett's metaplasia adjacent to the tumour tissue, no uPAR‐immunoreactivity was found. High local expression of uPAR, therefore, appears to be a characteristic marker for invasive behaviour in this tumour, suggesting that uPAR's contribution to matrix degradation during invasive growth is a late event in carcinogenesis. Using a scoring system for semiquantitative estimation of uPAR‐positivity on immmunohistochemically stained specimens, a significant association was found between poor overall survival and high uPAR‐score for cancer cells in the tumour core and for macrophages peripherally at the tumour invasion zone. In multivariate analysis, these two uPAR‐scores were confirmed as highly significant prognostic parameters independent of Tumour, Node, Metastasis (TNM)‐stage and World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The proteolytic action of these malignant and nonmalignant accessory cells thus seemed to follow two main patterns: one dominated by uPAR positive cancer cells and one by uPAR‐positive macrophages. Scoring of uPAR‐positivity might be a useful parameter for onset of invasion and prognosis in these adenocarcinomas.
Comparison of Two Chemicals for Removing an Entocytherid (Ostracoda: Crustacea) Species from Its Host Crayfish (Cambaridae: Crustacea)
Authors: Mestre Alexandre , Monrós Juan Salvador , Mesquita‐Joanes Francesc 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEntocytherids are epifauna on larger crustaceans. We assessed the effectiveness of chlorobutanol and carbonated water for removing entocytherid, Ankylocythere sinuosa, from crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. This was done using different exposure times and by assessing entocytherid and crayfish survival, together with the number of entocytherids removed. According to our results, chlorobutanol submersion of crayfishes in shorter time periods is more effective for removing entocytherids without killing the crayfish host. However, carbonated water submersion is better to extract larger amounts of living entocytherids. Finally, both chemicals are appropriate tools to establish standardised protocols for removing entocytherids from crayfish for ecological studies because the proportions of removed entocytherids per crayfish become constant whatever the entocytherid load of the crayfish. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Aluminum(III)‐selective PVC Membrane Electrode Based on Salicylaldehyde Salicyloyl Hydrazone
Authors: Liu X. L. , Yuan R. , Xu W. J. , Ma Y. H. , Chai Y. Q. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA highly selective PVC membrane electrode for Al3+ based on salicylaldehyde salicyloyl hydrazone as a neutral carrier has been prepared and studied. The sensor exhibits a good response for Al3+ over a linear range of 9.0 × 10‐6 to 1.0 × 10‐1 mol/L, with a Nernstian slope of 20.0 ± 0.2 mV/decade and detection limit of 7.0 × 10‐6 mol/L. Selectivity coefficients determined by the method of separate solution indicate high selectivity for Al3+. The response mechanism was discussed in view of UV‐Vis spectroscopy technique and the A.C. impedance technique. It was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of Al3+ with EDTA and in the determination of Al3+ in real samples. The electrode has a relatively fast response time, long life time and satisfactory stability.
Reducing errors of wind speed forecasts by an optimal combination of post‐processing methods
Authors: Sweeney Conor P. , Lynch Peter , Nolan Paul 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSeven adaptive approaches to post‐processing wind speed forecasts are discussed and compared. Forecasts of the wind speed over 48 h are run at horizontal resolutions of 7 and 3 km for a domain centred over Ireland. Forecast wind speeds over a 2 year period are compared to observed wind speeds at seven synoptic stations around Ireland and skill scores calculated. Two automatic methods for combining forecast streams are applied. The forecasts produced by the combined methods give bias and root mean squared errors that are better than the numerical weather prediction forecasts at all station locations. One of the combined forecast methods results in skill scores that are equal to or better than all of its component forecast streams. This method is straightforward to apply and should prove beneficial in operational wind forecasting. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A dual‐primal FETI method for solving a class of fluid–structure interaction problems in the frequency domain
Authors: Li Jing , Farhat Charbel , Avery Philip , Tezaur Radek 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThe dual‐primal finite element tearing and interconnecting method (FETI‐DP) is extended to systems of linear equations arising from a finite element discretization for a class of fluid–structure interaction problems in the frequency domain. A preconditioned generalized minimal residual method is used to solve the linear equations for the Lagrange multipliers introduced on the subdomain boundaries to enforce continuity of the solution. The coupling between the fluid and the structure on the fluid–structure interface requires an appropriate choice of coarse level degrees of freedom in the FETI‐DP algorithm to achieve fast convergence. Several choices are proposed and tested by numerical experiments on three‐dimensional fluid–structure interaction problems in the mid‐frequency regime that demonstrate the greatly improved performance of the proposed algorithm over the standard FETI‐DP method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug certainty‐response in interview‐based studies
Authors: Yau Wai‐Ping , Lin Kueiyu Joshua , Werler Martha M. , Louik Carol , Mitchell Allen A. , Hernández‐Díaz Sonia 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeImperfect recall of exposure timing challenges the ascertainment of medications in interview‐based studies.MethodsWe propose an algorithm to classify medication exposure, taking into account recall certainty. The availability of medication use details, including duration of use, start and stop dates, and maternal estimates of how certain they were about these dates, allowed classification of subjects as either likely or possibly exposed in the first trimester of pregnancy. We applied the algorithm to study an association between prenatal tetracycline exposure and risk of congenital heart defects previously reported by the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, using 1993–2008 data from 11 517 subjects in the Slone Epidemiology Center Birth Defects Study.ResultsAmong women exposed to tetracyclines during pregnancy (n = 58), 50% and 19% were likely and possibly exposed, respectively, in the first trimester, and 31% were exposed outside the first trimester. Compared with non‐use during pregnancy, the crude OR for exposure outside the first trimester was 1.0 (95%CI 0.4–2.5), and that for exposed (likely or possibly, combined) in the first trimester was 1.7 (95%CI 0.9–3.2); however, the ORs based on the algorithms were 0.9 (95%CI 0.3–3.0) for possibly exposed and 2.2 (95%CI 1.0–4.6) for likely exposed.ConclusionsA “certainty‐response” (stronger association with higher level of certainty) was found within exposures in the window of etiological interest. Algorithms for exposure classification that incorporate recall certainty may be useful in interview‐based studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Countering hepatitis B virus infection using RNAi: how far are we from the clinic?
Authors: Ivacik Dejana , Ely Abdullah , Arbuthnot Patrick 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYGlobally, persistent HBV infection is a significant cause of public health problems. Currently available HBV therapies have variable efficacy and there is a need to develop improved treatment to prevent cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although RNA interference (RNAi)‐based approaches have shown promise, accomplishing safe and sustained silencing by RNAi activators, as well as their efficient delivery to hepatocytes have hampered clinical translation of this very promising technology. Expressed silencers may be produced in a sustained manner from stable DNA templates, which makes them suited to treatment of chronic HBV infection. DNA expression cassettes can be incorporated into both viral and non‐viral vectors, but in vivo delivery of these cassettes with non‐viral vectors is currently inefficient. Synthetic short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which may be chemically modified to improve stability, specificity and efficacy, are more conveniently delivered to their cytoplasmic sites of action with synthetic non‐viral vectors. However, the short duration of action of this class of RNAi activator is a drawback for treatment of chronic HBV infection. Despite the impressive progress that has been made in developing highly effective HBV gene silencers, challenges continue to face implementation of RNAi‐based HBV therapy. This review will discuss the current status of the topic and consider the developments that are required to advance RNAi‐based HBV therapy to clinical application. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long-term effects of a protein-enriched diet on blood pressure in older women
Authors: Hodgson Jonathan M. , Zhu Kun , Lewis Joshua R. , Kerr Deborah , Meng Xingqiong , Solah Vicky , Devine Amanda , Binns Colin W. , Woodman Richard J. , Prince Richard L. 
Published: September 2011

Short-term randomised, controlled trials have found that dietary protein relative to carbohydrate can reduce blood pressure. Our objective was to investigate the effects on blood pressure of an increase in protein intake from whey over 2 years in women aged over 70 years. From the general population, 219 women aged between 70 and 80 years were recruited to a 2-year randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-design trial: 181 women completed the trial to the end of year 2. Participants were randomly assigned to consume a daily whey protein-based beverage (protein) or an energy-matched low-protein high-carbohydrate beverage (control). Blood pressure measurements were performed at baseline, year 1 and year 2. For protein relative to control, the estimated mean net differences in protein and carbohydrate intakes were 18 (95 % CI 13, 23) and − 22 (95 % CI − 9, − 35) g/d at year 1, and 22 (95 % CI 17, 28) and − 18 (95 % CI − 6, − 31) g/d at year 2. Intention-to-treat analysis found no overall differences between groups in blood pressure (P>0·5). Net differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were − 2·3 (95 % CI − 5·3, 0·7) and − 1·5 (95 % CI − 3·6, 0·6) mmHg at year 1, and 1·6 (95 % CI − 1·5, 4·7) and 0·3 (95 % CI − 1·9, 2·4) mmHg at year 2. Similar differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure at years 1 and 2 were observed with per-protocol analysis. Therefore, the present study did not provide evidence that a higher whey protein intake in older women can have prolonged effects on blood pressure.
EFFICIENT TILLAGE AND NUTRIENT PRACTICES FOR SUSTAINABLE PEARL MILLET PRODUCTIVITY IN DIFFERENT SOIL AND AGRO-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Authors: MARUTHI SANKAR G. R. , MISHRA P. K. , SHARMA K. L. , SINGH S. P. , NEMA A. K. , KATHMALE D. K. , UPADHYE S. K. , SIDHPURIA M. S. , OSMAN M. , RAVINDRA CHARY G. , KUSUMA GRACE J. , VENKATESWARLU B. , SINGH A. K. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYLong-term field experiments were conducted at Agra, Solapur and Hisar from 2000 to 2008 to identify efficient tillage and nutrient management practices and to develop predictive models that would describe the relationship between crop yields and monthly rainfall for rainfed pearl millet grown on arid and semi-arid Inceptisol, Vertisol and Aridisol soils. Nine treatments comprising a factorial combination of three tillage practices, viz., conventional tillage (CT), low tillage + interculture (LT1) and low tillage + herbicide (LT2) and three fertilizer treatments viz., 100% N from an organic source (F1), 50% organic N + 50% inorganic N (F2) and 100% inorganic N (F3) were tested in a split-plot design at the three locations. Studies revealed that tillage and fertilizer treatments, and their interactions, significantly influenced pearl millet grain yields at the three locations. Prediction models describing the relation between grain yield and monthly rainfall indicated that rainfall occurring in June, July and August at Agra; June and July at Solapur; and June and August at Hisar significantly influenced pearl millet grain yield attained by different treatments. The R2 values of the model ranged from 0.64 to 0.81 at Agra; 0.63 to 0.92 at Solapur, and 0.75 to 0.89 at Hisar. When averaged over all the treatment combinations, mean pearl millet grain yields varied from 1590 to 1744 kg ha−1 at Agra; 1424 to 1786 kg ha−1 at Solapur; and 1675 to 1766 kg ha−1 at Hisar while their corresponding sustainability yield indice (SYI) varied from 35.4 to 42.2%, 19.9 to 45.6% and 64.1 to 68.3%, respectively. At Agra (Inceptisol), CTF3 resulted in significantly higher mean net returns (Rs 11 439 ha−1), benefit-cost ratio (2.33), rainwater use efficiency (RWUE) (3.52 kg ha−1 mm−1) and the second best SYI (39.9%). At Solapur (Vertisol), the LT1F3 resulted in significantly higher net returns (Rs 12 818 ha−1), benefit-cost ratio (3.52), RWUE (3.89 kg ha−1 mm−1) and the fourth best SYI (42.6%). At Hisar (Aridisol), the LT1F3 treatment gave higher net returns (Rs 3866 ha−1), benefit-cost ratio (1.26), RWUE (5.05 kg ha−1 mm−1) and the fourth best SYI (67.8%). These treatment combinations can be recommended for their respective locations to achieve maximum RWUE, productivity and profitability.
Meta-analysis of volumetric abnormalities in cortico-striatal-pallidal-thalamic circuits in major depressive disorder
Authors: Bora E. , Harrison B. J. , Davey C. G. , Yücel M. , Pantelis C. 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundAbnormalities in cortico-striatal-pallidal-thalamic (CSPT) circuits have been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the robustness of these findings across studies is unclear, as is the extent to which they are influenced by demographic, clinical and pharmacological factors.MethodWith the aim of clarifying these questions, we conducted a meta-analysis to map the volumetric abnormalities that were most robustly identified in CSPT circuits of individuals with MDD. A systematic search identified 41 studies meeting our inclusion criteria.ResultsThere were significant volume reductions in prefrontal (especially orbitofrontal) and anterior cingulate cortices, and also in subcortical structures such as the caudate nucleus and putamen, with effect sizes ranging from small to moderate. The subgenual anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices were significantly smaller in antidepressant-free samples compared to medicated patients. Late-life depression (LLD) tended to be associated with smaller volumes in circumscribed frontal and subcortical structures, with the most robust differences being found in thalamic volume.ConclusionsIndividuals with major depression demonstrate volumetric abnormalities of CSPT circuits. However, these observations may be restricted to certain subgroups, highlighting the clinical heterogeneity of the disorder. On the basis of this meta-analysis, CSPT abnormalities were more prominent in those with LLD whereas antidepressant use seemed to normalize certain cortical volumetric abnormalities.
Shared characteristics of suicides and other unnatural deaths following non-fatal self-harm? A multicentre study of risk factors
Authors: Bergen H. , Hawton K. , Kapur N. , Cooper J. , Steeg S. , Ness J. , Waters K. 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundMortality, including suicide and accidents, is elevated in self-harm populations. Although risk factors for suicide following self-harm are often investigated, rarely have those for accidents been studied. Our aim was to compare risk factors for suicide and accidents.MethodA prospective cohort (n=30 202) from the Multicentre Study of Self-harm in England, 2000–2007, was followed up to 2010 using national death registers. Risk factors for suicide (intentional self-harm and undetermined intent) and accidents (narcotic poisoning, non-narcotic poisoning, and non-poisoning) following the last hospital presentation for self-harm were estimated using Cox models.ResultsDuring follow-up, 1833 individuals died, 378 (20.6%) by suicide and 242 (13.2%) by accidents. Independent predictors of both suicide and accidents were: male gender, age ⩾35 years (except accidental narcotic poisoning) and psychiatric treatment (except accidental narcotic poisoning). Factors differentiating suicide from accident risk were previous self-harm, last method of self-harm (twofold increased risks for cutting and violent self-injury versus self-poisoning) and mental health problems. A risk factor specific to accidental narcotic poisoning was recreational/illicit drug problems, and a risk factor specific to accidental non-narcotic poisoning and non-poisoning accidents was alcohol involvement with self-harm.ConclusionsThe similarity of risk factors for suicide and accidents indicates common experiences of socio-economic disadvantage, life problems and psychopathology resulting in a variety of self-destructive behaviour. Of factors associated with the accidental death groups, those for non-narcotic poisoning and other accidents were most similar to suicide; differences seemed to be related to criteria coroners use in reaching verdicts. Our findings support the idea of a continuum of premature death.