bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavior of Glass and Supercooled Liquid Alkylbenzenes Vapor-Deposited on Cold Substrates: Toward the Understanding of the Curious Light Scattering Observed in Some Supercooled Liquid States
Authors: Ishii Kikujiro , Nakayama Hideyuki , Moriyama Ryo , Yokoyama Yuki 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Ethylbenzene (EB) films prepared on cold metal substrates by vapor deposition in vacuum show a curious light scattering in the supercooled liquid (SCL) state when the temperature is raised at a constant rate. To investigate the cause of this phenomenon, we examined the behavior of similarly prepared samples of a series of alkylbenzenes. We found that the vapor-deposited glass of propylbenzene (PB) and isopropylbenzene (IPB) showed a deposition-temperature (Td) dependence of the initial molar volume (Vm) on deposition similar to EB glass. Interestingly, the samples of the three compounds, which were formed initially as glasses with Vm much larger than that of SCL at the same temperature, exhibited the curious light scattering when they transformed to SCL states after the temperature elevation to above their glass-transition temperature, while the corresponding samples with initial Vm smaller than that of SCL did not exhibit this light scattering. On the basis of these observations, a hypothesis on the cause of the light scattering in the SCL state is proposed in relation to structural transformation between different SCL states. A microscopic mechanism of the formation of a high-density glass with Vm smaller than that of SCL is briefly discussed by referring to the observations of toluene samples which showed a slightly different Td dependence of Vm and did not show the curious light scattering in the SCL state.
Circular Dichroism of Neutral Zinc Porphyrin–Oligonucleotide Conjugates Modified with Flexible Linker
Authors: Onoda Akira , Igarashi Masahiro , Naganawa Satoshi , Sasaki Kiyomi , Ariyasu Shinya , Yamamura Takeshi 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Neutral zinc porphyrin containing flexible alkyl linker, 5-[4-(5-hydroxypentyloxy)phenyl]-10,15,20-tri-p-tolylporphyrinatozinc, was attached to the 5′ ends of 20- and 30-bp oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) by solid-phase synthesis. Zinc porphyrin-modified double-stranded DNA (dsDNAs), which included dsDNAs with porphyrin moieties on one end and on both ends (ZnPor–ds20, ds20–ZnPor, ZnPor–ds20–ZnPor, ZnPor–ds30, ds30–ZnPor, and ZnPor–ds30–ZnPor), were successfully prepared and were analyzed by variable-temperature UV–vis spectroscopy and CD measurements to elucidate the interaction behavior of the porphyrin ring. Detailed investigation revealed that the zinc porphyrin–DNA conjugates exhibited intra-duplex porphyrin–ODN interaction in a low-salt condition and inter-duplex porphyrin–porphyrin interaction in a high-salt condition.
Roles of Chloride Anions in the Shape Evolution of Anisotropic Silver Nanostructures in Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)-Assisted Polyol Process
Authors: Tang Xinling , Tsuji Masaharu , Nishio Michiko , Jiang Peng 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The roles of Cl− ions on the shape evolution of various silver (Ag) nanostructures including cubes, triangular bipyramids, and rods/wires in AgNO3/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)/ethylene glycol (EG) solution have been investigated by changing the concentration of added NaCl, the reaction solution temperature, and the temperature of injection of NaCl to the original AgNO3/PVP/EG solution under oil-bath heating. The addition of different amounts of NaCl could tune morphologies and sizes of the final products from spheres via cubes to rods/wires. Reaction temperature decided the reduction power and the yield of bipyramids increased with decreasing the reaction temperature from 198 to 120 °C. Changing the solution temperature at which NaCl was introduced into the solution could effectively influence the yields of different Ag structures by adjusting the ratios of Ag and AgCl seeds formed in the solution. We found that AgCl could be an important precursor for the formation of the Ag cubes and bipyramids. The roles of Cl− anions for the evolution of various Ag nanostructures have been discussed by taking account of the formation of AgCl as seeds, selective adsorption of Cl− on {100} facets of Ag nanoparticles, and oxidative etching of the Ag particles by Cl−/O2.
Structure of Lamellar Polysiloxane Induced by Interaction between Carboxylate (Alkanoate and Alkylsuccinate) and Aminosilane (Aminopropyl- and Aminoethylaminopropylsilanes)
Authors: Nakajima Hitomi , Oumi Yasunori , Sano Tsuneji , Yoshitake Hideaki 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
We demonstrate that the dehydration condensation of 3-aminopropylsilane (APTES) and 3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropylsilane (AeAPTES) in the presence of alkylsuccinate and alkanoic acid provide layered polysiloxanes where the interlayer is filled with self-assembled carboxylate. Their structure was investigated by XRD, IR, and 29Si NMR. Lamellar solids were successfully obtained by the combination of monocarboxylate–APTES and dicarboxylate–AeAPTES, while the addition of alkanol and TEOS was necessary for the synthesis by cross combinations, dicarboxylate–APTES and monocarboxylate–AeAPTES. The series of lamellar solids with different interlayer distance are formed with alkylsuccinate and AeAPTES. The d-spacing is increased linearly with the number of carbons in the alkyl chain of surfactant. Only T3 species is detected in the 29Si NMR spectrum of hexadecylsuccinic acid–AeAPTES, implying that the structure of polysiloxane is a thin layer with complete condensation of silane molecules. This structural uniqueness is also supported by the IR bands due to Si–O–Si asymmetric vibration at 1132–1140 cm−1, suggesting a large Si–O–Si angle. This is because an angle near 180° is necessary for the structure of a R–SiO1.5 layer solid that has organic groups equally populated on both sides. The amount of Fe3+ sorbed in diaminoalkylpolysiloxanes was smaller than in monoaminoalkylpolysiloxane.
Gastrointestinal Safety of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors in Patients on Warfarin
Authors: Cheetham T Craig , Levy Gerald , Niu Fang , Bixler Felicia 
Published: October 2009

Background: The interaction between warfarin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is well known. However, warfarin and NSAIDs are still commonly prescribed together. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, a newer class of NSAID, offer potential advantages over the nonselective NSAIDs in patients treated with warfarin. Objective: To study the rates of hospitalization for gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding events in 3 groups of patients: those taking warfarin only, those taking warfarin plus a nonselective NSAID, and those taking warfarin plus a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort analysis in a large nonprofit health maintenance organization. All warfarin users from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2005, were eligible for inclusion in the study. Eligible patients were grouped by their exposure time to warfarin only, warfarin plus nonselective NSAIDs, or warfarin plus selective COX-2 inhibitor. The study endpoint was hospitalization for a GI bleed. Patients were matched using a propensity scoring methodology. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio for GI bleeding between patient cohorts, controlling for age, sex, baseline medical conditions, prior history of GI bleeding, and prescription drug use. Results: The eligible population consisted of 35,548 patients undergoing 46.214 courses of warfarin therapy. The adjusted hazard ratio for hospital-associated GI bleeding in the warfarin plus nonselective NSAID group versus warfarin alone was 3.58 (95% CI 2.31 to 5.55; p < 0.01) and for warfarin plus selective COX-2 inhibitor versus warfarin alone was 1.71 (95% CI 0.60 to 4.84; p = 0.31). For nonselective NSAIDs plus warfarin versus selective COX-2 inhibitor plus warfarin, the adjusted hazard ratio was 3.69 (95% CI 1.42 to 9.60; p = 0.01). Conclusions: In general, nonselective NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors should be avoided in patients taking warfarin. In situations where patients require NSAIDs and cannot be managed using other therapies, our results suggest that selective COX-2 inhibitors are associated with fewer hospitalizations for GI bleeding.
Staphylococcus aureus Strain Typing by Single-Molecule DNA Mapping in Fluidic Microchips with Fluorescent Tags
Authors: White Eric J , Fridrikh Sergey V , Chennagiri Nirupama , Cameron Douglas B , Gauvin Gregory P , Gilmanshin Rudolf 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Background: Epidemiologic studies require identification or typing of microbial strains. Macrorestriction DNA mapping analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is considered the current gold standard of genomic typing. This technique, however, is difficult to implement because it is labor-intensive and difficult to automate, it requires a long time to obtain results, and results often vary between laboratories.
Methods: We used direct linear analysis (DLA), which uses a single reagent set and long fragments of microbial genomic DNA to identify various microbes. In this technique, an automated system extracts fragments exceeding 100 kb from restriction enzyme digests of genomic DNA from microbial isolates and hybridizes them with a sequence-dependent fluorescent tag. These fragments are then stretched in a microfluidics chip, and the patterns of the distribution of the tags are discerned with fluorescence confocal microscopy. The tag pattern on each DNA fragment is compared with a database of known microbial DNA sequences or with measured patterns of other microbial DNAs.
Results: We used DLA to type 71 Staphylococcus aureus strains. Of these, 9 had been sequenced, 10 were representative of the major pulsed-field types present in the US, and 52 were isolated recently in a hospital in Cambridge, MA. Matching DNA fragments were identified in different samples by a clustering algorithm and were used to quantify the similarities of the strains.
Conclusions: DLA-based strain typing is a powerful technique with a resolution comparable to macrorestriction mapping with PFGE, but DLA is faster, more automated, and more reproducible.
Introduction
Authors: Bischof Delaloye Angelika , Conti Peter S. , Gisselbrecht Christian , Gregory Stephanie A. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
This article introduces this supplement, which summarizes and explores the emerging data and changing protocols for the diagnosis and treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma discussed at the 6th International Workshop on Nuclear Oncology, held April 17–19, 2008.
Zinc Transporter 8 Antibodies Complement GAD and IA-2 Antibodies in the Identification and Characterization of Adult-Onset Autoimmune Diabetes
Authors: Lampasona Vito , Petrone Antonio , Tiberti Claudio , Capizzi Marco , Spoletini Marialuisa , di Pietro Sergio , Songini Marco , Bonicchio Sara , Giorgino Francesco , Bonifacio Ezio , Bosi Emanuele , Buzzetti Raffaella ,   for the Non Insulin Requiring Autoimmune Diabetes (NIRAD) Study Group
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVEZinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) is an islet β-cell secretory granule membrane protein recently identified as an autoantibody antigen in type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and role of antibodies to ZnT8 (ZnT8As) in adult-onset diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSZnT8As were measured by a radioimmunoprecipitation assay using recombinant ZnT8 COOH-terminal or NH2-terminal proteins in 193 patients with adult-onset autoimmune diabetes having antibodies to either GAD (GADAs) or IA-2 (IA-2As) and in 1,056 antibody-negative patients with type 2 diabetes from the Non Insulin Requiring Autoimmune Diabetes (NIRAD) study.RESULTSZnT8As-COOH were detected in 18.6% patients with autoimmune diabetes and 1.4% with type 2 diabetes. ZnT8As-NH2 were rare. ZnT8As were associated with younger age and a high GADA titer. The use of GADAs, IA-2As, and ZnT8As in combination allowed a stratification of clinical phenotype, with younger age of onset of diabetes and characteristics of more severe insulin deficiency (higher fasting glucose and A1C, lower BMI, total cholesterol, and triglycerides) in patients with all three markers, with progressive attenuation in patients with two, one, and no antibodies (all Ptrend &lt; 0.001). Autoantibody titers, association with high-risk HLA genotypes, and prevalence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies followed the same trend (all P &lt; 0.001).CONCLUSIONSZnT8As are detectable in a proportion of patients with adult-onset autoimmune diabetes and seem to be a valuable marker to differentiate clinical phenotypes.
Relationship Between CarotidIntima-Media Thickness and Silent Cerebral Infarction in Japanese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Nomura Kazuhiro , Hamamoto Yoshiyuki , Takahara Shiho , Kikuchi Osamu , Honjo Sachiko , Ikeda Hiroki , Wada Yoshiharu , Nabe Koichro , Okumra Ryosuke , Koshiyama Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
We examined the relationship between intima-media thickness of common carotid artery (CCA-IMT) and silent cerebral infarction (SCI) with the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The brain MRI study and the carotid ultrasonography were performed in a total of 217 consecutive Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Various risk factors for SCI were examined using multiple logistic analyses.

RESULTS
The SCI was found in 60.4% of the diabetic subjects. In the diabetic subjects, age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), pulse wave velocity, and CCA-IMT were significantly higher in the subjects with SCI than in those without it. Multiple logistic analyses indicated that age, SBP, and CCA-IMT were significant and independent risk factors of SCI in the diabetic subjects.

CONCLUSIONS
CCA-IMT, but not pulse wave velocity, was independently associated with SCI in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes.
Patients Diagnosed With Diabetes Are at Increased Risk for Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Pulmonary Fibrosis, and Pneumonia but Not Lung Cancer
Authors: Ehrlich Samantha F. , Quesenberry Charles P. , Van Den Eeden Stephen K. , Shan Jun , Ferrara Assiamira 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVEThere are limited data on the risk of pulmonary disease in patients with diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the incidence of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, and lung cancer in patients with and without a diagnosis of diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe conducted a retrospective, longitudinal cohort study using the electronic records of a large health plan in northern California. Age and sex data were available for all cohort members (n = 1,811,228). Data on confounders were available for a subcohort that responded to surveys (n = 121,886), among whom Cox proportional hazards regression models were fit.RESULTSAge- and sex-adjusted incidence rates and 95% CIs were calculated for members with and without diabetes in the full cohort and the subcohort. No difference was observed for lung cancer, but the incidence of asthma, COPD, fibrosis, and pneumonia was significantly higher in those members with a diagnosis of diabetes. These differences remained significant in regression models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking, BMI, education, alcohol consumption, and outpatient visits (asthma hazard ratio [HR] 1.08 [95% CI 1.03–1.12], COPD HR 1.22 [1.15–1.28], pulmonary fibrosis HR 1.54 [1.31–1.81], and pneumonia HR 1.92 [1.84–1.99]). The risk of pneumonia and COPD increased significantly with increasing A1C.CONCLUSIONSIndividuals with diabetes are at increased risk of several pulmonary conditions (asthma, COPD, fibrosis, and pneumonia) but not lung cancer. This increased risk may be a consequence of declining lung function in patients with diabetes.
Utility of Homeostasis Model Assessment of β-Cell Function in Predicting Diabetes in 12,924 Healthy Koreans
Authors: Sung Ki-Chul , Reaven Gerald M. , Kim Sun H. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
It is unclear how well homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) predicts diabetes development beyond its components, especially glucose.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We identified 12,924 nondiabetic Koreans who had fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations measured in 2003 and again in 2008. To minimize the impact of differences in baseline glucose concentration, individuals were divided into three glucose categories: normal fasting glucose (NFG, glucose &lt;5.6 mmol/l), impaired fasting glucose (IFG-100) (5.6–6.0 mmol/l), and IFG-110 (6.1–6.9 mmol/l).

RESULTS
Diabetes developed in 29% of individuals in the IFG-110 group, compared with 5% in IFG-100 and 0.3% in NFG groups. Within each glucose category, those who progressed to diabetes had higher baseline glucose concentrations (P ≤ 0.04). Baseline HOMA-β, however, was not lower but higher in individuals who developed diabetes in the NFG group (P = 0.009) and similar in the IFG-100 and IFG-110 groups.

CONCLUSIONS
These data question the utility of using HOMA-β to predict the development of diabetes.
Insulin Resistance, β-Cell Dysfunction, and Conversion to Type 2 Diabetes in a Multiethnic Population
Authors: Lorenzo Carlos , Wagenknecht Lynne E. , D'Agostino Ralph B. , Rewers Marian J. , Karter Andrew J. , Haffner Steven M. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
Insulin resistance and β-cell function are major predictors of type 2 diabetes, but studies using direct methods of insulin resistance and secretion are few and relatively small. Furthermore, the strength of these associations has not been tested in different ethnic groups and various states of glucose tolerance, family history of diabetes, and obesity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Predictors of incident diabetes were evaluated in Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, and African American participants in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (aged 40–69 years). In 557 participants with normal glucose tolerance and 269 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), insulin sensitivity (insulin sensitivity index [SI]) and first-phase insulin secretion (acute insulin response [AIR]) were directly measured using the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test.

RESULTS
At the 5-year follow-up examination, 128 (15.5%) individuals had developed diabetes. Both SI (odds ratio × 1 SD 0.50 [95% CI 0.37–0.68]) and AIR (0.51 [0.40–0.65]) were independent predictors of incident diabetes even after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, center, IGT, family history of diabetes, and BMI. The strength of the relation of SI and AIR to incident diabetes was not significantly affected by potential interactions of age, sex, ethnicity, glucose tolerance, BMI, or family history of diabetes (P ≥ 0.15).

CONCLUSIONS
Both insulin sensitivity and β-cell function predict conversion to diabetes in different ethnic groups and various states of glucose tolerance, family history of diabetes, and obesity. The prevention of type 2 diabetes should focus on interventions that improve both insulin resistance and insulin secretion.
Growth mechanism and characterization of ZnO nano-tubes synthesized using the hydrothermal-etching method
Authors: Li Yan , Liu Chuan-Sheng , Zou Yun-Ling 
Published: October 2009

AbstractZnO nano-tubes (ZNTs) have been successfully synthesized via a simple hydrothermal-etching method, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and room temperature photoluminescence measurement. The as-synthesized ZNTs have a diameter of 500 nm, wall thickness of 20–30 nm, and length of 5 µm. Intensity of the plane (0002) diffraction peak, compared with that of plane (10$$ \bar 1 $$0) of ZNTs, is obviously lower than that of ZnO nano-rods. This phenomenon can be caused by the smaller cross section of plane (0002) of the nano-tubes compared with that of other morphologies. On basis of the morphological analysis, the formation process of nano-tubes can be proposed in two stages: hydrothermal growth and reaction etching process.
Liquid Chromatography Metabolite Profiling of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
Authors: Kokil Sachin , Bhatia Manish 
Published: October 2009

Liquid Chromatography Metabolite Profiling of Tenofovir Disoproxil FumarateReverse transcriptase inhibitors are the most frequently prescribed agents for HIV infections. This publication presents a validated, highly sensitive and selective isocratic HPLC method for the quantitative determination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and its metabolite tenofovir. Detection was performed on a UV detector. The linearity for the calibration curve in the concentration range of 80-20400 ng/mL for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TENDF) and 10-2560 ng/mL for tenofovir (TEN) is presented. Inter- and intra-day precision and accuracy of the proposed method were characterised by relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) and percentage deviation, respectively: with both lower than 4% for all analytes. The limit of detection was 33.46 ng/mL for TENDF and 2.10 ng/mL for TEN.
Effects of Glucocorticoid Immunosuppression on Serum Cystatin C Levels
Authors: Gruev Todor , Chakalarovski Koco , Stojceva-Taneva Olivera , Grueva Ani , Trenceva Katerina 
Published: October 2009

Effects of Glucocorticoid Immunosuppression on Serum Cystatin C LevelsThe aim of the present study is to describe the influence of glucocorticoid immunosuppression on serum cystatin C concentration in renal transplant patients. To evaluate the influence of immunosuppressive regimens, especially glucocorticoids, on serum cystatin C level, 38 clinically stable patients on immunosuppression therapy with low-dose glucocorticoids were compared to 30 clinically stable patients receiving cyclosporin A alone, and 18 clinically stable patients receiving cyclosporin A together with azathioprine. Clinical stability was defined as the absence of acute rejection, febrile infection, and cyclosporin A toxicity, as well as stability of creatinine clearance as estimated by the formula of Cockroft and Gault. All groups were compared for estimated creatinine clearance (CrCl) values and had comparable gender, age and time since transplantation. The group receiving short-course, high-dose methylprednisolone was analyzed at four time points: a) before methylprednisolone commencement (median, 15 days); b) the day methylprednisolone was introduced (before medication); c) after 3 days of methylprednisolone therapy; and d) on a follow-up 9-10 days after the last dose. Intravenous administration of high-dose methylprednisolone led to significant differences in cystatin C levels at different time points (before administration, after three doses, and 8 days after discontinuation). Glucocorticoid medication in adult renal transplant patients is associated in a dose-de pendent manner with increased cystatin C, leading to systematic under estimation of GFR. Moreover, our data illustrate the need for specific reference intervals in patients on glucocorticoid therapy. In clinical routine settings, as well as in future clinical studies, it is important to take glucocorticoid medication into account when interpreting serum cystatin C concentrations in renal transplant patients presumably, as well as in other patient groups.