bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Love, Death, and the Value of Freedom
Authors: Mcfarland Thomas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the literature on the relationship between love, death, and the value of freedom. It explains that the equation of love and death, mentioned in the first chapter as the prime analogue for the linking of freedom and death, comes from a different cultural realm. Despite this, love and freedom have a powerful connection in that they share an ultimate summit in human esteem. This chapter analyses the relevant works of several writers, including William Wordsworth, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Percy Bysshe Shelley.
Reading in the Periodical Press
Authors: Flint Kate 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which reviews and articles served to consolidate Victorian and Edwardian assumptions about women as readers. In the case of magazine articles — apart from those which offered practical advice about methods of reading — women readers were encountered in a number of guises. First, they formed a frequent category of reference or appeal in book reviews. Second, types of the woman reader appear in many chatty, conversational articles. Third are those articles which claimed to investigate precisely what girls or women were reading. And finally, the question of access to suitable reading material for working-class women, particularly in cities, leads into the way in which women’s reading practices were considered as part of the whole debate about how best to set up facilities in public libraries. In all of this, the different audiences for periodicals are presented with a variety of assumptions about the woman reader, deriving from, and in their turn serving different social and ideological stances.
Reading Practices
Authors: Flint Kate 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter looks at the accounts of those who have something to relate concerning their own reading practices. Evidence of what individual women were actually reading throughout the Victorian and early Edwardian period, and the ways in which they incorporated references to their reading activities into autobiographies, letters, and journals, considerably complicates our view of the woman reader, challenging many of the generalizations advanced by contemporary commentators. It emphasizes the extreme heterogeneity of readers and their texts throughout the period and provides a set of examples and narratives through which we may examine the relationship between theory and practice. Simultaneously, it reminds us of the specificities of circumstance, the variables of parental occupation and family affluence, of urban or rural lives, of religious affiliations, enthusiastic relatives, and modes of education which militate against establishing neat patterns of generalization, whether contemporaneous or retrospective. Many of the women who thought it valuable to publish their autobiographies were to some degree unusual in that they were in the public eye, whether as writers, educationists, activists in the women’s movement, or administrators.
The Shakespearian Playing Companies
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book is the first history of the professional acting companies who brought drama to London in William Shakespeare’s time. The book provides a general history of company development from the 1560s, when the first of the major companies belonging to great lords began regularly to offer their plays at court and in London, to 1642, when by Act of Parliament they were closed down. Only in London were the playing companies able to secure purpose-built premises (such as The Globe or The Fortune), and to foster a thriving theatrical and literary culture. This was in direct contrast to much of the rest of England, which was overtly hostile to professional theatre. In the second part of the book, there are detailed and fascinating accounts of each of the forty companies that played in London during the period, including Shakespeare’s company, The Chamberlain’s/King’s Men. Although professional playing was very much a collective endeavour, remarkable individuals emerge — from impresarios such as Philip Henslowe, Christopher Beeston, Richard Gunnell, and Richard Heton, to stars like Richard Burbage and Edward Alleyn. Thoroughly grounding its discussion in the highly mobile social and political historical context, the book focuses on the plays themselves and the distinctive repertory traditions that led the different companies to stage them. These companies, and the growth of the London theatrical culture, are the factors which helped produce Shakespeare and to put into practice Shakespearian conceptions of drama.
Leicester’s Men, 1559–1588
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhen the practice of self-advertisement by using one’s company to entertain the court became an established practice in the 1570s, Leicester’s Men ran into some difficulties. The chief reason was that among the more outspoken of Leicester’s enemies was the Lord Chamberlain, the earl of Sussex. It was probably this enmity that prompted Leicester to take exceptional steps in strengthening the position of his players through the 1570s. The security he obtained for them with the patent of 1574 gave his leading player, James Burbage, enough confidence to build the Theatre in Shoreditch in 1576. Hence, to some degree Leicester can be seen as the noble who enabled the playing companies to get their first real foothold ‘at home’ in London. This chapter looks at the history of Leicester’s Men, their performances from 1559 to 1588, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, and their travelling records.
The Queen’s Men, 1583–1603
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThere is no tangible evidence about what prompted the queen, or her agent, the Privy Council’s secretary Francis Walsingham, to set up the Queen’s Men, a new and monopolistic playing company with her patronage, on March 10, 1583. One possible reason must have been the weight of the city’s hostility to playing, and the need for the court to give some protection to the leading players, or at least enough to permit them to play in London and so fulfil their duties in the Christmas revels. The negotiations that the new Lord Chamberlain took in hand with the Lord Mayor in 1584 over accommodation for the Queen’s company in London indicate that this last motive was at least as strong as the others. The claim that support for the leading playing companies was necessary in order to ensure the annual supply of plays to the court now became the Privy Council’s standard argument in defence of playing. This chapter looks at the history of the Queen’s Men, their performances from 1583 to 1603, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, their playing sharers, and their travelling records.
Hunsdon’s/Chamberlain’s/King’s Men, 1594–1608
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHenry Carey was evidently a supporter of plays and playing throughout his life. He worked closely with his son-in-law, Charles Howard, putting national policy and loyalty to his queen first, only sponsoring a company himself when he was not in authority over playing on the queen’s behalf. An early company in the livery of Carey, Lord Hunsdon, is recorded playing between 1564 and 1566, followed by a ten-year gap till 1576, then at York on September 8, 1580 and elsewhere in the following years. After the then Lord Chamberlain, Sussex, died in 1583 and the major playing companies were decapitated to make the Queen’s Men, all the patrons of the remaining companies with a foothold in London seem to have backed or been fended off. Carey certainly went along with that. This chapter looks at the history of Hunsdon’s/Chamberlain’s/King’s Men, their performances between 1594 and 1608, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, their playing sharers, and their travelling records.
The Blackfriars Boys, 1600–1613, and the King’s Revels Boys, 1607–1608
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe company of boys that in 1600 found its playhouse in the Blackfriars venture which, four years previously, had been lost by the Chamberlain’s Men, had an ironist of sorts behind it. Henry Evans, a scrivener and entrepreneur, had worked with a group of Chapel Children at Farrant’s Blackfriars in the 1580s. He was payee at court in December 1584 for the company that was then briefly known as Oxford’s Children. His earlier time with the Chapel Children may have prompted him to set up a new company in the new Blackfriars playhouse which he chose to call ‘the Children of the Chappell’. He was relying on people’s memories to secure him a place in the exclusive neighbourhood that had brought down a ban on the playhouse four years earlier, and was using the familiar old name for the players from a royal choir-school to which he had no right. This chapter looks at the history of the Blackfriars Boys, their performances between 1600 and 1613, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, and their travelling records.
The Jacobean Royal Children’s Companies: The Duke of York’s/Prince Charles’s (I) Company, and the Lady Elizabeth’s Men
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe story of the London playing companies that the royal children patronized is not well-documented. King James, having taken one company for himself and then allocated two more to his son and his wife, may have taken a personal hand in giving his two younger children companies when they were thought to be old enough, but how active the young patrons were in providing for their companies it is impossible to say. At first, the companies were assumed to owe some allegiance to their specific patrons when they performed at court. The two younger royal children, for instance, had special performances laid on for their personal pleasure. For the first years, most plays were performed to the king and Prince of Wales. This chapter looks at the history of the Jacobean royal children’s companies: The Duke of York’s/Prince Charles’s (I) Company and the Lady Elizabeth’s Men. It focuses on their performances, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, their playing sharers, and their travelling records.
The Caroline Amphitheatre Companies: The King and Queen of Bohemia’s Men, 1626–1631, Prince Charles’s (II) Men, 1631–1642 and the Red Bull Company, 1626–1642
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFor all the increasing distinction that playgoers made in Caroline years between the hall-playhouse companies and the amphitheatre companies, grouping them separately by the kind of playhouse they performed in can be misleading. Aside from the King’s Men straddling the two kinds of venue, the fact that one of the ‘citizen’ companies switched places with a hall company without any visible sign of discomfort either for their repertory, their acting style, or their playgoers suggests that company loyalty was never as fixed as audience loyalty. The court put its thumb into some of the hall-playhouse activities, but below that level of rich plums the general run of audiences proved more loyal to the playhouses than to individual playing companies and their repertories. This chapter looks at the history of the Caroline amphitheatre companies: the King and Queen of Bohemia’s Men, Prince Charles’s (II) Men, and the Red Bull Company. It focuses on their performances, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, and their travelling records.
The Argument Concerning Animal Sacrifice
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
No one has yet analysed Adversus nationes 7 to see if there is any connection between Arnobius' argument concerning animal sacrifice and Porphyry's philosophical doctrines on the same subject found in his Abstinentia. This is what this chapter sets out to do. Porphyry's disqualification of Christ as the via universalis animae liberandae, and his attempt to offer such a way to the non-philosopher, appears to have been a principal reason why Arnobius has attempted to prove that Christ is the only via salutis animae universalis. The latter has also apparently taken Porphyry's criticism of the faith just as seriously as Eusebius did in the PE and DE. And like Eusebius, he can use the same argument not only to ‘prove’ that Christianity is the only way of universal salvation for the soul, but also to provide evidence clearly demonstrating the fact that everything about Graeco–Roman religious culture is a lie.
Statistics and Symposia: LʼHomme aux quarante écus
Authors: PEARSON ROGER 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses one of the works of Voltaire: the LʼHomme aux quarante écus. A few years after it was published, the LʼHomme aux quarante écus was ordered to be burned by the Parlement of Paris and was also placed on the list of forbidden works by the Vatican. The LʼHomme aux quarante écus soon earned a reputation for being hastily conceived and is described as a rather irritable outburst against the economic theorists of the Physiocrats. Some of the features of this literary work that are examined in this chapter include the story's protagonist, the narrative lines or the conte, and the value of modernity presented.
Man in the World: Le Monde comme il van, Zadig, Memnon, and Lettre dʼun turc
Authors: PEARSON ROGER 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses four of Voltaire's works, which are centered on anthropology and ethics. One of Voltaire's literary tools present in these four stories is the problem of evil, with Leibniz and the Pope as two of his targets. Nevertheless, Voltaire shows that he never completely lost faith in a rational God, which can be seen in the Histoire de Jenni. The voyage of reason has become the central narrative device that is used in most of Voltaire's contes.
Education and ‘Merry Hissing’: Histoire dʼun bon brahmin, Pot-pourri, Le Blanc et le noir, Jeannot et Colin, Petite digression, and Aventure indienne.
Authors: PEARSON ROGER 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the different works that Voltaire wrote during the 1760s. It was during this time that the debate regarding education in France had reached its peak. The main issue surrounding this debate was whether education in the country should be handled by the State or the Church. Through these stories, Voltaire showed that mankind shares the same notions of right and wrong and that moral education is what counts. This is best effected by listening to reason. These works also include the different philosophies and philosophers as purveyors of fiction, including Descartes, Spinoza, and Pascal.
Blaise Cendrars, Prose du Transsibérien et de la petite Jeanne de France(1913)
Authors: Scott Clive 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses Cendrars' Prose du Transsibérien. It discusses Cendrars' cavalier attitude to syllable, his choice for the cadence-accentual mode, a prosodic mode which centres the measure on its accent rather than on its syllabic count, and the line on the number of measures rather than on the number of syllables. Within the context of the Cendrars'poem, the chapter focuses on the train journey as an exploration and enactment of rhythmic possibilities, and of their limits, in free verse.
Reinventing the BBC in the 1950s
Authors: Tracey Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhile the scale of current events may be unprecedented, they are far from unique. Step back 30 years and consider how the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responded to new circumstances, to those shifts in ideology and technology which respect not regulations and traditions and which mean that either the institution evolves or perishes. This chapter sets its sights firmly on broadcasting in Britain in the 1950s and 1960s. Implicitly it is about the strong parallels with events and conditions today: the ideological challenge of commercial television, the antagonisms implicit in the breaking of the monopoly, and a forcing of a reexamination of the BBC's cultural leadership; the potential economic problems caused by a declining audience share threatening the integrity of the licence fee; and the rise of a new technology, television.
Conquerors, Culture, and Communication: The Intellectual Roots of Post-war German Broadcasting
Authors: Tracey Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the establishment of public service broadcasting in post-war Germany. Or, perhaps more accurately, it is about the intellectual history within which that history is embedded. The Allied powers were haunted by their inheritance, the shattered remnants of a gangster state, the ultimate abuse of centralised power. Their thinking, however, was also much influenced by a sense of the pressures which political parties had placed on broadcasting before Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. Despite its great artistic achievements, German broadcasting had not then been in a healthy condition. The regional broadcasting organisations were grouped together under the Reichsrundfunkgesellschaft, in which the Post Office held the majority of shares. The Reith of German broadcasting, Dr Hans Bredow, spoke of how the dead hand of party political control led to colourless reporting, a lack of actuality, and an unnatural neutrality towards the events of the day.
Hamlet: Thy Commandment All Alone
Authors: Fisch Harold 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Hamlet, where Shakespeare wrestles openly and unremittingly with the contradictions of art and memory. It argues that radical shift in the consciousness of time and memory which marks off Shakespearian tragedy from that of the Greeks and Romans, has something to do with the revolutionary impact of the Bible in the intervening centuries and especially in Shakespeare’s own time with the rise of Reformation Biblicism. From this point of view Hamlet is a crucial example.
Samson and the Poetics of Covenant
Authors: Fisch Harold 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter analyses Samson Agonistes as a model of covenantal discourse or midrash. It argues that Samson Agonistes is not merely an example of midrashic discourse; it is also a reflection on the nature of such discourse. One would almost want to say that such discourse is the subject of the poem. If Urania in Paradise Lost is the agent of covenantal hermeneutics then Samson Agonistes provides us with an even better model in Samson himself. The chapter discusses the hero’s paradoxical combination of power and constraint as a reflexive image of the poet. In particular, Samson seemed to symbolize the relation of the poet with his source.
Mock on Voltaire Rousseau
Authors: Fisch Harold 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues that Blake both identified with the spirit of the Enlightenment and found his most passionately held convictions threatened by that spirit. The clearest and subtlest statement of this situation is his poem, ‘Mock on, Mock on, Voltaire, Rousseau’. Here Blake actually foregrounds the dual focus that we are considering, making it the very matter of the poem. He presents the duality itself, the fundamental agon within himself and within the spiritual history of his time with such lucidity that he comes as near as anywhere in his writing to overcoming it. Blake here brilliantly combines the two voices of which we have spoken by a kind of dialogic interplay, with the poet-narrator taking both sides in the dialogue.
Holland and the Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis is a study of the politics of the pivotal province of Holland and of its role in the political system of the Dutch Republic as a whole in the 17th century. It treats the reality of politics from the ground up. The book explores the politics of the towns of Holland in detail, examines the province's political system, and assesses the ways in which Holland influenced the policies of the Dutch Republic in its Golden Age. It argues, controversially, that not only did the decentralised political system of the Republic work well, but that a more unified state would have been a failure. Its approach to this subject sets politics in its economic and social context, and offers insights into the practical politics of the Dutch during the period when they played a major role on the world stage.
Independent Nations: The Parochial Administration of the Poor Law and Beyond
Authors: Eastwood David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the essence and parochial administration of the poor law, which articulated authority within parishes, sharply defining the office-holding elite of leading ratepayers, and establishing complex networks of power, paternalism and dependence. Attempts to cultivate the habit of industry, administration and administrative reform, and amendment are also described.
Reconstructing Gothic History
Authors: Heather P. J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter introduces the broad outlines of the political history of the Goths in the migration period. It surveys the major surviving sources, both archaeological and literary, and how they have been pieced together in modern historical reconstructions. The chapter also attempts to demonstrate the extent of the influence of Jordanes and then tests the reliability of the Getica against what can be taken from other sources.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Howard G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the impact of the French Revolution and international war in the 1790s on the formation of the modern French state. This book aims to identify the precise interplay of factors generating state bureaucracy during the revolution, especially after 1791. It attempts to explain how power struggles between legislators, ministers, generals, and army contractors determined the nature, timing, and scope of changes to army control and administration.
Fragmenting Executive Power
Authors: Brown Howard G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the so-called second revolution in France during the summer of 1792 which resulted in the fragmentation of executive power. This revolution, catalysed by the Paris Commune, completed the revolutionary shift to a fully democratic state elite that was started by the French Revolution. The conflict between the War Ministry and the military establishment also contributed to the violent vortex of revolutionary politics that steadily fragmented executive power until the state could no longer manage a war effort without instruments of terror.
Irish Violence and Roman Intrigue, 1847–1848
Authors: KERR DONAL A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
While the lord lieutenant and the bishops were grappling as best they could with the problems posed by the Famine, European attention was focusing on Rome. By 1847 Pius IX’s position had become the centre of intense diplomacy, a pivotal point in the liberal and revolutionary movements as the events that took place in Italy began to have an impact on other European countries. The British government felt obliged to enter into this world of political manoeuvres. The events that took place in Rome and the decisions taken there were to influence government attitudes up to and beyond the Ecclesiastical Titles Act three years later. The repercussions of the Mahon murder and the wave of violent denunciations it evoked were damaging enough. Other events in the momentous year of 1848 were to affect relations between Britain and Ireland. A revolutionary fever swept Europe and Ireland had not remained immune.