bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biocompatibility of Immobilized Aligned Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Nayagam David A. X. , Williams Richard A. , Chen Jun , Magee Kylie A. , Irwin Jennifer , Tan Justin , Innis Peter , Leung Ronald T. , Finch Sue , Williams Chris E. , Clark Graeme M. , Wallace Gordon G. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn vivo host responses to an electrode‐like array of aligned carbon nanotubes (ACNTs) embedded within a biopolymer sheet are reported. This biocompatibility study assesses the suitability of immobilized carbon nanotubes for bionic devices. Inflammatory responses and foreign‐body histiocytic reactions are not substantially elevated when compared to negative controls following 12 weeks implantation. A fibrous capsule isolates the implanted ACNTs from the surrounding muscle tissue. Filamentous nanotube fragments are engulfed by macrophages, and globular debris is incorporated into the fibrous capsule with no further reaction. Scattered leukocytes are observed, adherent to the ACNT surface. These data indicate that there is a minimal local foreign‐body response to immobilized ACNTs, that detached fragments are phagocytosed into an inert material, and that ACNTs do not attract high levels of surface fouling. Collectively, these results suggest that immobilized nanotube structures should be considered for further investigation as bionic components.
Surface‐Tension‐Driven Gradient Generation in a Fluid Stripe for Bench‐Top and Microwell Applications
Authors: Hancock Matthew J. , He Jiankang , Mano João F. , Khademhosseini Ali 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA simple and inexpensive method is presented employing passive mechanisms to generate centimeters‐long gradients of molecules and particles in under a second with only a coated glass slide and a micropipette. A drop of solution is pipetted onto a fluid stripe held in place on a glass slide by a hydrophobic boundary. The resulting difference in curvature pressure drives the flow and creates a concentration gradient by convection. Experiments and theoretical models characterize the flows and gradient profiles and their dependence on the fluid volumes, properties, and stripe geometry. A bench‐top rapid prototyping method is outlined to allow the user to design and fabricate the coated slides using only tape and hydrophobic spray. The rapid prototyping method is compatible with microwell arrays, allowing soluble gradients to be applied to cells in shear‐protected microwells. The method’s simplicity makes it accessible to virtually any researcher or student and its use of passive mechanisms makes it ideal for field use and compatible with point‐of‐care and global health initiatives.
Combination of a Ptgs2 Inhibitor and an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Signaling Inhibitor Prevents Tumorigenesis of Oligodendrocyte Lineage-Derived Glioma-Initiating Cells
Authors: Hide Takuichiro , Takezaki Tatsuya , Nakatani Yuka , Nakamura Hideo , Kuratsu Jun-ichi , Kondo Toru 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Recent findings have demonstrated that malignant tumors, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), contain cancer-initiating cells (CICs; also known as cancer stem cells), which self-renew and are malignant. However, it remains controversial whether such CICs arise from tissue-specific stem cells, committed precursor cells, or differentiated cells. Here, we sought to examine the origin of the CICs in GBM. We first showed that the overexpression of oncogenic HRasL61 transformed p53-deficient oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) into glioma-initiating cell (GIC)-like cells in mice. When as few as 10 of these GIC-like cells were transplanted in vivo, they formed a transplantable GBM with features of human GBM, suggesting that these GIC-like cells were enriched in CICs. DNA microarray analysis showed that widespread genetic reprogramming occurred during the OPCs' transformation: they largely lost their OPC characteristics and acquired NSC ones, including the expression of prominin1, hmga2, ptgs2, and epiregulin. In addition, the combination of a Ptgs2 inhibitor and an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-signaling inhibitor prevented the tumorigenesis of transformed OPCs and human GICs (hGICs) obtained from anaplastic oligodendroglioma, but not of transformed NSCs or hGICs obtained from GBM. Together, these findings suggest that GBM can arise from either OPCs or NSCs and that the therapeutic targets for GBM might be different, depending on each GIC's cell-of-origin.
Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein in Retinoic Acid-Induced Chromatin Remodeling of Oct4 Gene Promoter
Authors: Chuang Ya-Shan , Huang Wei-Hong , Park Sung Wook , Persaud Shawna D. , Hung Chen-Hsiang , Ho Ping-Chih , Wei Li-Na 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia (Pml) protein is required for Oct4 gene expression and the maintenance of its open chromatin conformation in stem cells. In proliferating stem cells, Pml-nuclear body, along with transcription factors TR2, steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) and Sp1, and Brg1-dependent chromatin remodeling complex (BRGC), associates with conserved region 1 (CR1) of this promoter to maintain a nucleosome-free region for gene activity. Retinoic acid (RA) rapidly downregulates Pml, resulting in the replacement of BRGC with Brm-containing remodeling complex, disassociation of SF1 and Sp1, retaining of TR2, recruitment of receptor-interaction protein 140, G9a and HP1γ, and sequential insertion of two nucleosomes on CR1 that progressively displays repressive heterochromatin marks. This study demonstrates a functional role for Pml in maintaining a specific open chromatin conformation of the Oct4 promoter region for its constant expression in stem cells; and illustrates the mechanism underlying RA-induced chromatin remodeling of Oct4 gene in differentiating cells, in which Pml plays a critical role. The study also demonstrates a novel mode of chromatin remodeling, which occurs by repositioning and sequentially inserting nucleosomes into a specific region of the gene promoter to compact the chromatin in differentiating cells.
Hippocampal mossy fiber long‐term depression in Grm2/3 double knockout mice
Authors: Lyon Louisa , Borel Melodie , CarriÓn Miriam , Kew James N.C. , Corti Corrado , Harrison Paul J. , Burnet Philip W.J. , Paulsen Ole , RodrÍGuez‐Moreno Antonio 
Published: February 2011

AbstractGroup II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2, encoded by Grm2, and mGluR3, encoded by Grm3) are inhibitory autoreceptors that negatively modulate the adenylate cyclase signaling cascade. Within the hippocampus, mGluR2 is believed to play a key role in the induction of long‐term depression (LTD) at mossy fiber‐CA3 synapses. Here, we used Grm2/3 double knockout (dko) mice to investigate to what extent group II mGluRs are necessary for mossy fiber LTD. Surprisingly, we found that these mice displayed prominent mossy fiber LTD. However, the induction of this form of LTD was sensitive to the external Ca2+ concentration. Mossy fiber LTD in Grm2/3 dko mice was indistinguishable from that in wild‐type mice at 4 mM Ca2+, but largely absent at 2 mM external Ca2+. Mossy fiber LTD in Grm2/3 dko mice was not blocked by the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist D‐AP5, confirming that the observed response did not reflect NMDA receptor‐dependent LTD in contaminating associational‐commissural fibers, and enabling us to use the NMDA receptor‐mediated EPSC to monitor mossy fiber LTD. Using whole‐cell recordings, we demonstrated that LTD of the NMDA receptor‐mediated EPSC in Grm2/3 dko mice was not affected by intracellular application of BAPTA and CsF to block postsynaptic Ca2+ and G‐protein‐mediated effects. This presynaptic LTD was, however, blocked by the AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist, NBQX. Thus, an activity‐dependent, external Ca2+ concentration‐sensitive form of mossy fiber LTD can be induced in Grm2/3 dko mice. Two mGluR antagonists also failed to block mossy fiber LTD under 4 mM conditions in wild‐type mice, strengthening the conclusion that group II mGluRs are not obligatory for mossy fiber LTD. Synapse, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adapting to crop pest and pathogen risks under a changing climate
Authors: Sutherst Robert W. , Constable Fiona , Finlay Kyla J. , Harrington Richard , Luck Jo , Zalucki Myron P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe need for pest and pathogen management will increase as the intensification of food production proceeds to feed the burgeoning human population. Climate is a significant driver of pest population dynamics, so climate change will require adaptive management strategies to cope with the altered status of pests and pathogens. A hierarchy of analytical tools is required to conduct risk assessments, inform policy and design pest management on scales from regions to landscapes and fields. Such tools include models for predicting potential geographical distributions, seasonal phenology, and population dynamics at a range of spatial and temporal scales. The level of sophistication of such models and databases will be determined by the economic importance of specific species. Many obstacles remain in the way of designing reliable adaptation strategies, and several issues that ensure continuing uncertainty are discussed. Holistic approaches that include nonclimatic drivers of change are needed to address the combination of global change variables. Changed patterns of crop production will determine the pests and pathogens that require greater effort to control. Linked crop‐pest models offer the best opportunities for management of important pests and pathogens. Examples of risk assessments for pests and pathogens are illustrated mostly with cases from Australia, and guidelines for adaptation of pest and pathogen management are reviewed. The plethora of species and strains of pests and pathogens demands a parsimonious approach to risk assessment and adaptation, based on identified needs to inform management. Due to some intractable issues the best approach may often be scenario planning to design systems which will be resilient under any global change. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 220–237 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.102This article is categorized under:

Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change
Climate change in literature and literary criticism
Authors: Trexler Adam , Johns‐Putra Adeline 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article provides an overview of climate change in literature, focusing on the representation of climate change in Anglophone fiction. It then evaluates the way in which these fictional representations are critiqued in literary studies, and considers the extent to which the methods and tools that are currently employed are adequate to this new critical task. We explore how the complexity of climate change as both scientific and cultural phenomenon demands a corresponding degree of complexity in fictional representation. For example, when authors represent climate change as a global, networked, and controversial phenomenon, they move beyond simply employing the environment as a setting and begin to explore its impact on plot and character, producing unconventional narrative trajectories and innovations in characterization. Then, such creative complexity asks of literary scholars a reassessment of methods and approaches. For one thing, it may require a shift in emphasis from literary fiction to genre fiction. It also particularly demands that environmental criticism, or ecocriticism, moves beyond its long‐standing interest in concepts of ‘nature’ and ‘place’, to embrace a new understanding of the local in relation to the global. We suggest, too, that there are synergies to be forged between these revisionary moves in ecocriticism and developments in literary critical theory and historicism, as these critical modes begin to deal with climate change and reimagine themselves in turn.WIREs Clim Change2011 2 185–200 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.105This article is categorized under:Trans‐Disciplinary Perspectives > Humanities and the Creative Arts
Coping with the immediate experience of climate: regional variations and indoor trajectories
Authors: Hitchings Russell 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article reviews work from across various disciplines that illuminates the changing ways in which people around the world manage their experience of local climate with particular reference to temperature. This topic is important because it has implications for issues that range from the rising energy demands associated with the spread of air‐conditioning to the idea that future societies may eventually forget about the climates outside the buildings into which they have retreated. My purpose is neither to critique the various ways of conceptualizing the relation between human comfort and thermal environment nor to champion any particular argument about the mechanism that guides its development over time. Rather the aim is to integrate a diverse set of studies into an evaluative account that foregrounds the cultural differences and geographical dynamics now characterizing the ways in which people relate to outdoor temperature. Many of us now spend a great deal of our time surrounded by controlled bodies of ambient air which may superficially seem appropriately civilized. Yet this same situation could easily end up making us less willing to experience our local climates and more reliant on some quite resource hungry technologies. Changing practices of coping with outdoor temperature should be examined further. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 170–184 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.106This article is categorized under:

Climate, History, Society, Culture > World Historical Perspectives
Topical and mucosal liposomes for vaccine delivery
Authors: Lilia Romero Eder , Morilla Maria Jose 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMucosal (and in minor extent transcutanous) stimulation can induce local or distant mucosa secretory IgA. Liposomes and other vesicles as mucosal and transcutaneous adjuvants are attractive alternatives to parenteral vaccination. Liposomes can be massively produced under good manufacturing practices and stored for long periods, at high antigen/vesicle mass ratios. However, their uptake by antigen‐presenting cells (APC) at the inductive sites remains as a major challenge. As neurotoxicity is a major concern in intranasal delivery, complexes between archaeosomes and calcium as well as cationic liposomes complexed with plasmids encoding for antigenic proteins could safely elicit secretory and systemic antigen‐specific immune responses. Oral bilosomes generate intense immune responses that remain to be tested against challenge, but the admixing with toxins or derivatives is mandatory to reduce the amount of antigen. Most of the current experimental designs, however, underestimate the mucus blanket 100‐ to 1000‐fold thicker than a 100‐nm diameter liposome, which has first to be penetrated to access the underlying M cells. Overall, designing mucoadhesive chemoenzymatic resistant liposomes, or selectively targeted to M cells, has produced less relevant results than tailoring the liposomes to make them mucus penetrating. Opposing, the nearly 10 µm thickness stratum corneum interposed between liposomes and underlying APC can be surpassed by ultradeformable liposomes (UDL), with lipid matrices that penetrate up to the limit with the viable epidermis. UDL made of phospholipids and detergents, proved to be better transfection agents than conventional liposomes and niosomes, without the toxicity of ethosomes, in the absence of classical immunomodulators. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 356–375 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.131This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Human mitochondrial diseases caused by lack of taurine modification in mitochondrial tRNAs
Authors: Tsutomu Suzuki , Asuteka Nagao , Takeo Suzuki 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMitochondrial DNA mutations that cause mitochondrial dysfunction are responsible for a wide spectrum of human diseases, referred to as mitochondrial diseases. Pathogenic point mutations are found frequently in genes encoding mitochondrial (mt) tRNAs, indicating that impaired functioning of mutant mt tRNAs is the primary cause of mitochondrial dysfunction. Our previous studies revealed the absence of posttranscriptional taurine modification at the anticodon wobble uridine in mutant mt tRNAs isolated from cells derived from patients with two major classes of mitochondrial diseases, MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke‐like episodes) and MERRF (myoclonus epilepsy associated with ragged red fibers). Defective taurine modification of the mutant mt tRNAs results in a deficiency in protein synthesis as the cognate codons of the mutant mt tRNA cannot be decoded. These findings represent the first evidence of a molecular pathogenesis caused by an RNA modification disorder. WIREs RNA 2011 2 376–386 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.65This article is categorized under:

RNA-Based Catalysis > Miscellaneous RNA-Catalyzed Reactions
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
RNA Processing > tRNA Processing
Eukaryotic 5S rRNA biogenesis
Authors: Ciganda Martin , Williams Noreen 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe ribosome is a large complex containing both protein and RNA which must be assembled in a precise manner to allow proper functioning in the critical role of protein synthesis. 5S rRNA is the smallest of the RNA components of the ribosome, and although it has been studied for decades, we still do not have a clear understanding of its function within the complex ribosome machine. It is the only RNA species that binds ribosomal proteins prior to its assembly into the ribosome. Its transport into the nucleolus requires this interaction. Here we present an overview of some of the key findings concerning the structure and function of 5S rRNA and how its association with specific proteins impacts its localization and function.WIREs RNA2011 2 523–533 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.74This article is categorized under:Translation > Translation MechanismsRNA Processing > RNA Editing and ModificationRNA Processing > tRNA ProcessingRNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Synthesis and Characterization of Three New Zipper‐like Lanthanide [Ln = TmIII, NdIII, CeIII] Coordination Polymers Containing 1,3‐Benzenedicarboxylate and 2‐Phenyl‐1H‐1,3,7,8‐tetraazacyclopenta[l]phenanthrene Ligands
Authors: Wang Xiang‐Cheng , Liu Chun‐Bo , Chen Jing , Li Xiu‐Ying , Che Guang‐Bo , Yan Yong‐Sheng 
Published: February 2011

AbstractReaction of the ligands 2‐phenyl‐1H‐1,3,7,8‐tetraazacyclopenta[l]phenanthrene (PTCP) and benzene‐1,3‐dicarboxylic acid (m‐H2BDC) with Ln2O3 under hydrothermal conditions lead to three isomorphous coordination polymers [Ln2(PTCP)2(m‐BDC)3·H2O]n (Ln = Tm, 1; Nd, 2; Ce, 3). The coordination polymers crystallize in monoclinic, space group P21/m with a = 9.8340(2), b = 17.9140(4), c = 15.6050(3) Å, β = 100.51(3)° for 1, with a = 9.8423(3), b = 18.3562(4), c = 15.6209(3) Å, β = 102.138(3)° for 2, and with a = 9.8620(2), b = 18.4960(4), c = 15.6530(3) Å, β = 102.42(3)° for 3, respectively. The metal ions (Ln3+) are located in an octacoordinated environment and the dinuclear [Ln2O12N4] units act as octahedral secondary building units (SBU), which are bridged in two coordination modes by six m‐BDC ligands to form a three‐strand‐like chain. These chains are decorated by PTCP ligands and form unique three zipper‐like structures, which are further assembled into three‐dimensional supramolecular nets by π···π stacking interactions. Additionally, hydrogen bonds are observed in the structures. Furthermore, compounds 1–3 were studied by IR spectrocopy and thermogravimetric analyses.
Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Studies of a New Wheel‐Shaped [LiMnIII6] Cluster
Authors: Yang Pei‐Pei 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of a new hexanuclear manganese(III) complex are reported. The complex [LiMn6(L)6]OH·2MeCN·4MeOH·1.5H2O (LiH2L = lithium 2‐{[bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}‐4‐methylphenate) (1), was obtained from the reaction of one equivalent of LiH2L with Mn(OAc)2 in MeCN/MeOH (v:v/1:1). Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction shows that six octahedrally coordinated manganese(III) ions define a ring and are linked by twelve bridging oxygen atoms from alkoxo groups. The resulting [Mn6(OCH2)12] skeleton has the remarkable property of acting as a host for a octahedrally coordinated lithium ion in the center of the ring. Variable‐temperature solid‐state magnetic susceptibility studies of 1 in the temperature range 2.0–300 K reveal that the complex has a S = 12 ground state spin, showing ferromagnetic exchange interactions between the constituent manganese(III) ions.
Activation of AMP‐kinase by Policosanol Requires Peroxisomal Metabolism
Authors: Banerjee Subhashis , Ghoshal Sarbani , Porter Todd D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPolicosanol, a well‐defined mixture of very long chain primary alcohols that is available as a nutraceutical product, has been reported to lower blood cholesterol levels. The present studies demonstrate that policosanol promotes the phosphorylation of AMP‐kinase and HMG‐CoA reductase in hepatoma cells and in mouse liver after intragastric administration, providing a possible means by which policosanol might lower blood cholesterol levels. Treatment of hepatoma cells with policosanol produced a 2.5‐fold or greater increase in the phosphorylation of AMP‐kinase and HMG‐CoA reductase, and increased the phosphorylation of Ca++/calmodulin‐dependent kinase kinase (CaMKK), an upstream AMP‐kinase kinase. Intragastric administration of policosanol to mice similarly increased the phosphorylation of hepatic HMG‐CoA reductase and AMP‐kinase by greater than 2‐fold. siRNA‐mediated suppression of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase, fatty acyl‐CoA synthetase 4, and acyl‐CoA acetyltransferase expression in hepatoma cells prevented the phosphorylation of AMP‐kinase and HMG‐CoA reductase by policosanol, indicating that metabolism of these very long chain alcohols to activated fatty acids is necessary for the suppression of cholesterol synthesis, presumably by increasing cellular AMP levels. Subsequent peroxisomal β‐oxidation probably augments this effect.
Changing Culture in Interventional Areas to Promote Patient Safety
Authors: Schmidt Terry 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDuring the past decade, physicians have begun to perform an increasing number of interventional procedures in various locations outside the traditional OR. Changes in technology and practice have generated the need for a paradigm shift about perioperative practice because these interventional areas have become perioperative centers of care in which patients undergo operative and other invasive procedures. Physicians, nursing staff members, support staff members, and administrators in these interventional areas must consider perioperative practice standards, institutional policies, state practice acts, and regulatory and accreditation requirements when creating policies and procedures. Personnel must be familiar with AORN standards and recommended practices and understand the perioperative practice guidelines related to nurse staffing in invasive procedure areas. Advanced practice nurses and other leaders must use evidence‐based research as the basis for policy and procedure changes.
Clinical Issues—March 2011
Authors: Ogg Mary J. 
Published: February 2011

This MonthFirst surgical hand scrub of the dayKey words: alcohol‐based surgical hand rub products, surgical hand antisepsis, standardized surgical hand rub protocol.The correct method for sterilizing towel clipsKey words: ratcheted instruments, instrument hinges, bloodborne pathogens standard, glove tears, percutaneous punctures, instrument stringers.Patient abandonmentKey words: patient abandonment, patient assignment, nurse‐patient relationship.Determining shelf lifeKey words: event‐related sterility, expiration dates, moisture‐controlled environment, dust‐controlled environment, storage conditions, sterile storage, shelf life, sterile items.