bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extraction of Substance P by Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometric Analysis
Authors: Chang Yen‐Hsiang , Chen Zhi‐Meng , Peng Hsien‐Yu , Tsai Yuan‐Jen , Lin Tzer‐Bin , Chen Gin‐Den , Wang C. R. Chris , Change Sarah Y. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were used as concentrating probes to extract substance P (SP) from aqueous solution before matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric (MALDI/MS) analysis. Adsorption of SP onto the nanoparticles was mainly due to electrostatic interaction. After simple washing, the SP‐adsorbed nanoparticles were directly analyzed by MALDI/MS. With this concentration strategy, the limit of detection (LOD) of SP in 500 μL buffer solution (pH 8) was 0.1 nM. In addition, the nanoparticles could isolate SP from a solution with high contents of salts and surfactants, thus alleviating suppression effect during MALDI/MS analysis. This new method was successfully applied to the determination of SP in rat spinal cord samples. The LOD and recovery of SP in a rat spinal cord sample were 3.1 nM and 85.7%, respectively.
Diphenylmethane Oxidation Catalyzed by Mononuclear Mn(III) Complexes
Authors: Golchoubian Hamid , Ghasemi Nesa 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCatalytic property of a series of manganese(III) complexes with tetradentate phenol‐ and pyridinebased ligands on the oxidation of the C‐H bond of diphenylmethane in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant at ambient conditions were investigated. In this process, diphenylmethane was oxidized to the corresponding keton and alcohol. The catalytic selectivity of the complexes was evaluated.
Synthesis and Application of Co‐Poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐ethylene dimethacrylate) Coupled with Alizarin Yellow for Preconcentration and Determination of Lead in Water Samples by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Panahi Homayon Ahmad , Zadeh Marjaneh Samadi , Changhizia Reza , Monirib Elham 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPoly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐ethylene dimethacrylate) (PHEMA‐EDMA) beads were produced by free radical co‐polymerization of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA). Then, metal complexing ligand alizarin yellow was covalently attached onto PHEMA‐EDMA beads. The resulting resin has been characterized by FT‐IR and studied for the preconcentration and determination of trace Pb(II) ion from solution samples. The optimum pH value for sorption of the metal ion was 5. The sorption capacity of functionalized resin is 100 mg.g‐1. The chelating resin can be reused for 20 cycles of sorption‐desorption without any significant change in sorption capacity. A recovery of 96% was obtained for the metal ion with 0.1 M nitric acid as eluting agent. The equilibrium adsorption data of Pb(II) on modified resin were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models. Based on equilibrium adsorption data the Langmuir and Freundlich constants were determined 2.571 and 418.7 at pH 5 and 25 °C. The method was applied for lead ions determination from well water sample.
Synthesis and Urease Inhibition Studies of Barbituric and Thiobarbituric Acid Derived Sulphonamides
Authors: Rauf A. , Ahmed F. , Qureshi A. M. , Aziz‐ur‐Rehman  , Khan A. , Qadir M. I. , Choudhary M. I. , Chohan Z. H. , Youssoufid M. H. , Haddad T. Ben 
Published: September 2011

AbstractVarious novel barbituric and thiobarbituric acid derived sulphonamides were synthesized in excellent yield via three components single pot reaction; and these were screened for in vitro urease inhibition studies against jack bean urease. The compounds 1‐7 were found to exhibit a low to moderate activity whereas compounds 8‐14 showed a significant activity (88.3‐99.9% inhibition determined at 500 μM concentration). Structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis data.
Quantifying internal medicine resident clinical experience using resident‐selected primary diagnosis codes
Authors: Mattana Joseph , Kerpen Howard , Lee Clifton , Multz Alan , Pekmezaris Renee , Napolitano Barbara , Walia Rajni , Steinberg Harry 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:While experiential learning is a desirable goal of residency education, little is known regarding the actual clinical experience of internal medicine residents during their training.METHODS:We modified an electronic patient handoff tool to include a system for resident entry of a primary diagnosis for each of their patients. Using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD‐9) system, we created two methods to select the code: 1) an organ system‐based dropdown list containing frequently used codes; and 2) a search option for the complete ICD‐9 database. The codes were then grouped using ICD‐9 categorization.RESULTS:A total of 7562 resident–patient diagnostic encounters were studied. A wide spectrum of clinical conditions was observed, with symptoms and ill‐defined conditions, circulatory disorders, respiratory disorders, neoplasms, genitourinary disorders, digestive disorders, diseases of the blood/blood forming organs, endocrinologic/nutritional/metabolic/immune disorders, and disorders of the skin and subcutaneous tissue accounting for about 86% of resident clinical experience. Symptoms and ill‐defined conditions were noted to represent a sizable portion of resident clinical experience. Within this category, the most common conditions were fever; abdominal pain; and chest pain, unspecified.CONCLUSIONS:Analysis of resident‐selected ICD‐9 codes might serve as a method to attempt to define resident clinical experience, and may be useful in the development of innovative experiential learning‐based residency curricula. This might also be used to assess gaps in experiential learning at the program or resident level, and may serve to identify topics that require additional teaching supplementation. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Rhinovirus frequently detected in elderly adults attending an emergency department
Authors: Pierangeli Alessandra , Scagnolari Carolina , Selvaggi Carla , Verzaro Simona , Spina Maria Teresa , Bresciani Emanuela , Antonelli Guido , Bertazzoni Giuliano 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe general aim was to investigate the burden of respiratory virus illness in a hospital emergency department, during two different epidemic seasons. Consecutive patients attending an emergency department during two study periods (February/March 2009 and 2010) were enrolled using broad inclusion criteria (fever/preceding fever and one of a set of ICD‐9 codes suggestive of respiratory illness); nasopharyngeal washes were tested for the most common respiratory viruses using PCR‐based methods. Influenza A virus was detected in 24% of samples collected in February/March 2009, whereas no samples tested positive for influenza during February/March 2010 (pandemic H1N1 Influenza A having circulated earlier in October–December 2009). Rhinovirus (HRV) was detected in 16% and 8% of patients recruited over the two study periods, respectively. Other respiratory viruses were detected rarely. Patient data were then analyzed with specific PCR results, comparing the HRV‐positive group with virus‐positive and no virus‐detected groups. Individuals over 65 years old with HRV presented with signs, symptoms and underlying conditions and were admitted to hospital as often as the other enrolled patients, mainly for dyspnoea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease acute exacerbation. Conversely, younger individuals with HRV, although presenting with respiratory signs and symptoms, were generally diagnosed with non‐respiratory conditions. HRV was detected frequently in elderly patients attending the emergency department for respiratory distress without distinguishing clinical features. Molecular diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections and surveillance of infectious diseases should include tests for HRV, as this virus is associated frequently with hospitalization of the elderly. J. Med. Virol. 83:2043–2047, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Empirical models for matrix cracking in a CFRP cross‐ply laminate under static‐ and cyclic‐fatigue loadings
Authors: Ogi Keiji , Takahashi Manabu , Yashiro Shigeki 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis paper presents empirical models for predicting matrix crack density in a carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) cross‐ply laminate under static‐fatigue and cyclic‐fatigue loadings. First, a modified slow crack growth (SCG) law, that covers the whole range of stress ratio R of tension‐tension fatigue (0 ≤ R ≤ 1), was proposed. The modified SCG law and three conventional SCG laws were then combined with Weibull's probabilistic failure concept for predicting fatigue matrix crack density in a cross‐ply laminate. Matrix crack density was expressed as a function of R, the maximum stress in the transverse ply and the number of cycles. Next, fatigue tests were performed for R of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 1 to determine the applicability of these four models. Finally, constant fatigue life (CFL) diagrams were investigated based on the modified model. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
A poem to carp about? Poem 16–3828 of theMan'yōshūcollection
Authors: Palmer Edwina 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe poem discussed has long been regarded as a “nonsense” poem that was extemporized as part of some kind of poetry game at Court. This article presents evidence to demonstrate that through the use of puns anddouble entendrethe poet in fact ingeniously devised a witty scatological verse. Rather than “nonsense”, the poem is discovered to offer covertly a deeply satirical social commentary on the contemporaneous relationships between men and women, aristocrats and outcastes.
Centroid and envelope dynamics of charged particle beams in an oscillating wobbler and external focusing lattice for heavy ion fusion applications
Authors: Qin Hong , Davidson Ronald C. , Logan B. Grant 
Published: September 2011

AbstractRecent heavy ion fusion target studies show that it is possible to achieve ignition with direct drive and energy gain larger than 100 at 1 MJ. To realize these advanced, high-gain schemes based on direct drive, it is necessary to develop a reliable beam smoothing technique to mitigate instabilities and facilitate uniform deposition on the target. The dynamics of the beam centroid can be explored as a possible beam smoothing technique to achieve a uniform illumination over a suitably chosen region of the target. The basic idea of this technique is to induce an oscillatory motion of the centroid for each transverse slice of the beam in such a way that the centroids of different slices strike different locations on the target. The centroid dynamics is controlled by a set of biased electrical plates called “wobblers.” Using a model based on moments of the Vlasov-Maxwell equations, we show that the wobbler deflection force acts only on the centroid motion, and that the envelope dynamics are independent of the wobbler fields. If the conducting wall is far away from the beam, then the envelope dynamics and centroid dynamics are completely decoupled. This is a preferred situation for the beam wobbling technique, because the wobbler system can be designed to generate the desired centroid motion on the target without considering its effects on the envelope and emittance. A conceptual design of the wobbler system for a heavy ion fusion driver is briefly summarized.
Early morphological productivity in Hungarian: evidence from sentence repetition and elicited production
Authors: GÁBOR BÁLINT , LUKÁCS ÁGNES 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates early productivity of morpheme use in Hungarian children aged between 2 ; 1 and 5 ; 3. Hungarian has a rich morphology which is the core marker of grammatical functions. A new method is introduced using the novel word paradigm in a sentence repetition task with masked inflections (i.e. a disguised elicited production task). Results suggest that Hungarian nominal and verbal suffixes can be used productively before the age of three. Children showed greater productivity with nominal than with verbal suffixes, and no productivity with novel suffixes; greater input variability facilitated productive use. These findings confirm that although morphological productivity is an early achievement, it is a gradual process influenced by several characteristics (e.g. syntactic category and variability) of the input. They also confirm that the new method is an effective way of testing morphological knowledge even at younger ages where other ways of eliciting grammatical knowledge often fail.
A Novel Algorithm for the Determination of Bacterial Cell Volumes That is Unbiased by Cell Morphology
Authors: Zeder M. , Kohler E. , Zeder L. , Pernthaler J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe determination of cell volumes and biomass offers a means of comparing the standing stocks of auto- and heterotrophic microbes of vastly different sizes for applications including the assessment of the flux of organic carbon within aquatic ecosystems. Conclusions about the importance of particular genotypes within microbial communities (e.g., of filamentous bacteria) may strongly depend on whether their contribution to total abundance or to biomass is regarded. Fluorescence microscopy and image analysis are suitable tools for determining bacterial biomass that moreover hold the potential to replace labor-intensive manual measurements by fully automated approaches. However, the current approaches to calculate bacterial cell volumes from digital images are intrinsically biased by the models that are used to approximate the morphology of the cells. Therefore, we developed a generic contour based algorithm to reconstruct the volumes of prokaryotic cells from two-dimensional representations (i.e., microscopic images) irrespective of their shape. Geometric models of commonly encountered bacterial morphotypes were used to verify the algorithm and to compare its performance with previously described approaches. The algorithm is embedded in a freely available computer program that is able to process both raw (8-bit grayscale) and thresholded (binary) images in a fully automated manner.
Development, specificity and sublethal effects of symbiont‐conferred resistance to parasitoids in aphids
Authors: Schmid Maike , Sieber Raphael , Zimmermann Yannick‐Serge , Vorburger Christoph 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. One of the most exciting recent discoveries in the field of ecological immunology has been that insects employ the help of heritable symbionts as a defence against parasitoids and pathogens. Aphids commonly harbour the facultative bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa, which is known to increase their resistance to parasitoids. It is unknown how this resistance develops during the aphids’ ontogeny, following the transmission bottleneck between mother and offspring, and how specific symbiont‐conferred defences are.2. We addressed these issues in the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, by exposing aphids of different age classes to the parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum. The susceptibility of aphids that were either naturally or experimentally infected with H. defensa was compared with that of uninfected aphids.3. Susceptibility to parasitoids decreased with aphid age, but aphids harbouring H. defensa showed an earlier and/or steeper decline to lower levels of susceptibility than aphids without this symbiont. This is consistent with the hypothesis that during aphid development, symbiont‐conferred resistance builds up with bacterial population growth, which we documented using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).4. Parasitoids that successfully overcame the symbiont‐conferred resistance still suffered from sublethal effects of H. defensa. They exhibited lower emergence, delayed development and reduced size compared with parasitoids developing in aphids without H. defensa.5. The most striking result was a strong interaction on the rates of parasitism between aphid sublines infected with different isolates of H. defensa and the parasitoid lines they were exposed to, suggesting a high specificity of symbiont‐conferred resistance.6. Based on these results, we conclude that when faced with hosts possessing H. defensa, aphid parasitoids are under selection to preferentially attack the youngest host stages and/or to discriminate against symbiont‐protected aphids. Furthermore, the specificity induced by H. defensa in the interaction between host and parasitoid is likely to have important consequences for co‐evolution. It may result in negative frequency‐dependent selection and thus promote genotypic variation.
Gastrointestinal manifestations of leukemia
Authors: Ebert Ellen C , Hagspiel Klaus D 
Published: September 2011

AbstractGastrointestinal (GI) manifestations of leukemia occur in up to 25% of patients at autopsy, generally during relapse. Its presence varies with the type of leukemia and has been decreasing over time due to improved chemotherapy. Gross leukemic lesions are most common in the stomach, ileum, and proximal colon. Leukemia in the esophagus and stomach includes hemorrhagic lesions from petechiae to ulcers, leukemic infiltrates, pseudomembranous esophagitis, and fungal esophagitis. Lesions in the small and large bowel are usually hemorrhagic or infiltrative. Infiltration of lymphoreticular organs, mainly spleen, liver, and lymph nodes, is more prominent in chronic than acute leukemia. Neutropenic enterocolitis, a necrotizing process involving the cecum, ascending colon, and terminal ileum, is increasing in incidence due to greater intensity of chemotherapy. Distension of bowel leads to mucosal breaches, permitting entry of organisms that grow profusely in the absence of neutrophils. Ischemic necrosis follows, leading to perforation and/or peritonitis. Patients present with fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension and tenderness. Ultrasound and computed tomography scans show thickening of the bowel wall. Treatment is supportive with surgery for necrosis and perforation. The main GI causes of death in leukemia are hemorrhage, infection, and necrotizing enterocolitis.
Changes in serum prolactin, sex hormones and thyroid function with alternate nightly nocturnal home haemodialysis
Authors: VAN EPS CAROLYN , HAWLEY CARMEL , JEFFRIES JANINE , JOHNSON DAVID W , CAMPBELL SCOTT , ISBEL NICOLE , MUDGE DAVID W , PRINS JOHANNES 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT:Aim:  Uraemia is associated with hyperprolactinaemia, low total (TT) and free (FT) serum testosterone, high luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and, in women, anovulatory cycles and premature menopause. We hypothesize that extended hours haemodialysis may improve these derangements.Methods:  This is an observational cohort study of 30 men (age 54 ± 13 years, body mass index (BMI) 28.1 ± 5.8 kg/m2) and seven women (age 41 ± 11 years, BMI 32.2 ± 11.2 kg/m2) established on chronic home haemodialysis (3–5 h, 3.5–5 sessions weekly) who were converted to nocturnal home haemodialysis (6–9 h, 3.5–5 sessions weekly). Serum was collected at baseline and 6 months for measurement of TT, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), LH, FSH, prolactin, thyroid‐stimulating hormone and thyroxine.Results:  In the male patients (n = 25), serum prolactin significantly fell (281 (209.5–520) vs 243 (187–359) mU/L, P = 0.001) and TT (12.6 ± 5.8 vs 15.2 ± 8.1 nmol/L, P = 0.06) and FT (281 ± 118 vs 359 ± 221 pmol/L, P = 0.01) increased. SHBG, LH and FSH were unchanged. At 6 months, two of the three women under 40 years of age had return of regular menses after being amenorrhoeic or having prolonged and irregular menses at baseline. There were insufficient women in this study to further analyse changes in sex hormone levels. Thyroid function tests remained stable.Conclusion:  Alternate nightly nocturnal haemodialysis significantly improves hyperprolactinaemia and hypotestosteronaemia in men. Menstrual cycling may be re‐established in young women. The effect of these changes on fertility has not been established. Patients should be counselled about the possibility of increased fertility before conversion to extended hours haemodialysis regimens.
Patient experience of hypoglycaemia unawareness in Type 1 diabetes: are patients appropriately concerned?
Authors: Rogers H. A. , de Zoysa N. , Amiel S. A. 
Published: September 2011

Diabet. Med. 29, 321–327 (2012)AbstractObjective  Risk of severe hypoglycaemia is increased by absence of subjective awareness of hypoglycaemia and reduced by avoidance of minor hypoglycaemia. For many, problems persist despite educational strategies that work for others. We explored psychological factors that might inhibit the efforts of an individual in hypoglycaemia avoidance.Methods  People with Type 1 diabetes and hypoglycaemia unawareness gave semi‐structured interviews exploring their perceptions and experiences of their condition. Identified factors were grouped into categories and analysed to establish links and form a grounded theory in a constant comparative analysis. A questionnaire was devised from the qualitative analysis to identify patients with problematic beliefs about their hypoglycaemia.Results  Saturation (no new themes emerging) was reached with 17 patients. Responses fell into two groups: high concern and low concern regarding hypoglycaemia unawareness. Those in the first group described severe hypoglycaemia as aversive and wanted to regain awareness. The second group included three patients in whom unawareness was not associated with severe hypoglycaemia, nevertheless unhelpful attitudes which inhibited hypoglycaemia avoidance were expressed. Responses from this group fell into categories: (1) normalizing the presence of unawareness; (2) underestimating its consequences; (3) wanting to avoiding the ‘sick role’; and (4) overestimating the consequences of hyperglycaemia.Conclusions  A qualitative analysis of patient interviews identified deficits in education, technology and motivation in hypoglycaemia unawareness. Interventions can therefore be tailored to target underlying problems that prevent individual patients from regaining awareness. A brief assessment tool was devised to categorize patients’ hypoglycaemia unawareness accordingly. Psychological interventions should be developed to address the problems of ‘low concern’ regarding hypoglycaemia unawareness.