bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adenosine Deaminase Inhibition PreventsClostridium difficileToxin A-Induced Enteritis in Mice
Authors: de Araújo Junqueira Ana Flávia Torquato , Dias Adriana Abalen Martins , Vale Mariana Lima , Spilborghs Graziela Machado Gruner Turco , Bossa Aline Siqueira , Lima Bruno Bezerra , Carvalho Alex Fiorini , Guerrant Richard Littleton , Ribeiro Ronaldo Albuquerque , Brito Gerly Anne 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTToxin A (TxA) is able to induce most of the classical features ofClostridium difficile-associated disease in animal models. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, EHNA [erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)-adenine], on TxA-induced enteritis in C57BL6 mice and on the gene expression of adenosine receptors. EHNA (90 μmol/kg) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) 30 min prior to TxA (50 μg) or PBS injection into the ileal loop. A2Aadenosine receptor agonist (ATL313; 5 nM) was injected in the ileal loop immediately before TxA (50 μg) in mice pretreated with EHNA. The animals were euthanized 3 h later. The changes in the tissue were assessed by the evaluation of ileal loop weight/length and secretion volume/length ratios, histological analysis, myeloperoxidase assay (MPO), the local expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), pentraxin 3 (PTX3), NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by immunohistochemistry and/or quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). The gene expression profiles of A1, A2A, A2B, and A3adenosine receptors also were evaluated by qRT-PCR. Adenosine deaminase inhibition, by EHNA, reduced tissue injury, neutrophil infiltration, and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) as well as the expression of NOS2, NF-κB, and PTX3 in the ileum of mice injected with TxA. ATL313 had no additional effect on EHNA action. TxA increased the gene expression of A1and A2Aadenosine receptors. Our findings show that the inhibition of adenosine deaminase by EHNA can preventClostridium difficileTxA-induced damage and inflammation possibly through the A2Aadenosine receptor, suggesting that the modulation of adenosine/adenosine deaminase represents an important tool in the management ofC. difficile-induced disease.
The ThreeVibrio choleraeChromosome II-Encoded ParE Toxins Degrade Chromosome I following Loss of Chromosome II
Authors: Yuan Jie , Yamaichi Yoshiharu , Waldor Matthew K. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThree homologues of the plasmid RK2 ParDE toxin-antitoxin system are present in theVibrio choleraegenome within the superintegron on chromosome II. Here we found that these three loci—two of which have identical open reading frames and regulatory sequences—encode functional toxin-antitoxin systems. The ParE toxins inhibit bacterial division and reduce viability, presumably due to their capacity to damage DNA. Thein vivoeffects of ParE1/3 mimic those of ParE2, which we have previously demonstrated to be a DNA gyrase inhibitorin vitro, suggesting that ParE1/3 is likewise a gyrase inhibitor, despite its relatively low degree of sequence identity. ParE-mediated DNA damage activates theV. choleraeSOS response, which in turn likely accounts for ParE's inhibition of cell division. Each toxin's effects can be prevented by the expression of its cognate ParD antitoxin, which acts in a toxin-specific fashion both to block toxicity and to repress the expression of itsparDEoperon. Derepression of ParE activity in ΔparAB2mutantV. choleraecells that have lost chromosome II contributes to the prominent DNA degradation that accompanies the death of these cells. Overall, our findings suggest that the ParE toxins lead to the postsegregational killing of cells missing chromosome II in a manner that closely mimics postsegregational killing mediated by plasmid-encoded homologs. Thus, theparDEloci aid in the maintenance of the integrity of theV. choleraesuperintegron and in ensuring the inheritance of chromosome II.
Unifying Themes in Microbial Associations with Animal and Plant Hosts Described Using the Gene Ontology
Authors: Torto-Alalibo Trudy , Collmer Candace W. , Gwinn-Giglio Michelle , Lindeberg Magdalen , Meng Shaowu , Chibucos Marcus C. , Tseng Tsai-Tien , Lomax Jane , Biehl Bryan , Ireland Amelia , Bird David , Dean Ralph A. , Glasner Jeremy D. , Perna Nicole , Setubal Joao C. , Collmer Alan , Tyler Brett M. 
Published: November 2010

SUMMARYMicrobes form intimate relationships with hosts (symbioses) that range from mutualism to parasitism. Common microbial mechanisms involved in a successful host association include adhesion, entry of the microbe or its effector proteins into the host cell, mitigation of host defenses, and nutrient acquisition. Genes associated with these microbial mechanisms are known for a broad range of symbioses, revealing both divergent and convergent strategies. Effective comparisons among these symbioses, however, are hampered by inconsistent descriptive terms in the literature for functionally similar genes. Bioinformatic approaches that use homology-based tools are limited to identifying functionally similar genes based on similarities in their sequences. An effective solution to these limitations is provided by the Gene Ontology (GO), which provides a standardized language to describe gene products from all organisms. The GO comprises three ontologies that enable one to describe the molecular function(s) of gene products, the biological processes to which they contribute, and their cellular locations. Beginning in 2004, the Plant-Associated Microbe Gene Ontology (PAMGO) interest group collaborated with the GO consortium to extend the GO to accommodate terms for describing gene products associated with microbe-host interactions. Currently, over 900 terms that describe biological processes common to diverse plant- and animal-associated microbes are incorporated into the GO database. Here we review some unifying themes common to diverse host-microbe associations and illustrate how the new GO terms facilitate a standardized description of the gene products involved. We also highlight areas where new terms need to be developed, an ongoing process that should involve the whole community.
The effect of HIV infection on time off work in a large cohort of gold miners with known dates of seroconversion
Authors: Sonnenberg Pam , Copas Andrew , Glynn Judith R , Bester Andre , Nelson Gill , Shearer Stuart , Murray Jill 
Published: November 2010

ObjectivesTo estimate the effect of HIV infection on time off work. To provide baseline estimates for economic and actuarial models, and for evaluations of ART and other workplace interventions.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of gold miners with known dates of seroconversion to HIV, and an HIV-negative comparison group, used routinely collected data to estimate the proportion of time off work by calendar period (1992–2002, prior to the introduction of ART), age, time since seroconversion and period before death. The authors calculated ORs for overall time off work and RR ratios (RRR, using multinomial logistic regression) for reasons off work relative to being at work.Results1703 HIV-positive and 4859 HIV-negative men were followed for 34 424 person-years. HIV-positive miners spent a higher proportion of time off work than negative miners (20.7% vs 16.1%) due to greater medical and unauthorised absence. Compared with HIV-negative miners, overall time off work increased in the first 2 years after seroconversion (adjusted OR 1.40 (95% CI 1.36 to 1.45)) and then remained broadly stable for a number years, reaching 38.8% in the final year before death (adjusted OR 3.27, 95% CI 2.95 to 3.63). Absence for medical reasons showed the strongest link to HIV infection, increasing from an adjusted RRR of 2.66 (95% CI 2.45 to 2.90) for the first 2 years since seroconversion to 13.6 (95% CI 11.8 to 15.6) in the year prior to death.ConclusionsTime off work provides a quantifiable measure of the effect of HIV on overall morbidity. HIV/AIDS affects both labour supply (increased time off work) and demand for health services (increased medical absence). The effects occur soon after seroconversion and stabilise before reaching very high levels in the period prior to death. Occupational health services are an important setting to identify HIV-infected men early.
Fold–thrust belts at Peak Oil
Authors: Roeder Dietrich 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Outside the Middle East, onshore fold–thrust belts (FTB) of Tertiary to Recent age contain a significant part of the globally developed petroleum, but far less of the oil and gas remaining undiscovered. Depending on high quality data and on deep drilling, renewed exploration of former failures is commercially attractive, and it will help in exploring the deepwater belts of compression. In FTB with a defined petroleum system, an under-explored trend may be the informally named ‘deep-updip’ or DUD trend. Shale-gas-prone formations in FTB require new exploration strategies, but in the public domain, this type of prospect has not yet been discussed. FTB discoveries require geological insight, persistence and exponentially rising investment. The paper includes examples from the Northern Alps, from the Llanos foothills of Colombia, from Eastern Venezuela and from the Po Valley basin of Italy.
Structural styles in the Papuan Fold Belt, Papua New Guinea: constraints from analogue modelling
Authors: Hill Kevin C. , Lucas Katie , Bradey Keith 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Cross sections, seismic data and centrifuge analogue modelling reveal the structural styles in the oil-producing areas of the Papuan Fold Belt. They include inverted basement faults, detachment faults in the Jurassic section 1–2 km beneath the Neocomian Toro Sandstone reservoir, and tight, overturned folds in the reservoir sequence with stretched and boudinaged forelimbs, cut by break-thrusts. Additional features include highly variable thicknesses in the Cretaceous Ieru Formation, the regional seal sequence, including through-going detachments that isolate the overlying thick Miocene Darai Limestone. Centrifuge analogue modelling of intact, plane-layered strata determined that the mechanical stratigraphy and the thickness of weak beds above the lower décollement horizon exert the greatest control on the structural style. Large-offset thrust faults were only produced in models with pre-cut faults, generating early inversion and then large ramp anticlines, similar to those in the Kutubu Oilfield, which has reserves of >350 million barrels. It is suggested that the Kutubu Oilfield trend was underlain by a large normal fault and that, by analogy with the Vulcan Sub-basin, oil-rich source rocks may be confined to the hanging wall or north side of this fault. Oil would have been generated and expelled during thin-skinned deformation.
The use of palaeo-thermo-barometers and coupled thermal, fluid flow and pore-fluid pressure modelling for hydrocarbon and reservoir prediction in fold and thrust belts
Authors: Roure F. , Andriessen P. , Callot J. P. , Faure J. L. , Ferket H. , Gonzales E. , Guilhaumou N. , Lacombe O. , Malandain J. , Sassi W. , Schneider F. , Swennen R. , Vilasi N. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Basin modelling tools are now more efficient to reconstruct palinspastic structural cross sections and compute the history of temperature, pore-fluid pressure and fluid flow circulations in complex structural settings. In many cases and especially in areas where limited erosion occurred, the use of well logs, bottom hole temperatures (BHT) and palaeo-thermometers such as vitrinite reflectance (Ro) and Rock-Eval (Tmax) data is usually sufficient to calibrate the heat flow and geothermal gradients across a section. However, in the foothills domains erosion is a dominant process, challenging the reconstruction of reservoir rocks palaeo-burial and the corresponding calibration of their past thermal evolution. Often it is not possible to derive a single solution for palaeo-burial and palaeo-thermal gradient estimates in the foothills, if based solely on maturity ranks of the organic matter.
Alternative methods are then required to narrow down the error bars in palaeo-burial estimates, and to secure more realistic predictions of hydrocarbon generation. Apatite fission tracks (AFT) can provide access to time–temperature paths and absolute ages for the crossing of the 120 °C isotherm and timing of the unroofing. Hydrocarbon-bearing fluid inclusions, when developing contemporaneously with aqueous inclusions, can provide a direct access to the pore-fluid temperature and pressure of cemented fractures or reservoir at the time of cementation and hydrocarbon trapping, on line with the tectonic evolution. Further attempts are also currently made to use calcite twins for constraining reservoir burial and palaeo-stress conditions during the main deformational episodes. Ultimately, the use of magnetic properties and petrographical measurements can also document the impact of tectonic stresses during the evolution of the layer parallel shortening (LPS).
The methodology integrating these complementary constraints will be illustrated using reference case studies from Albania, sub-Andean basins in Colombia and Venezuela, segments of the North American Cordillera in Mexico and in the Canadian Rockies, as well as from the Middle East.
Inhibition and Genetic Ablation of the B7/CD28 T-Cell Costimulation Axis Prevents Experimental Hypertension
Authors: Vinh Antony , Chen Wei , Blinder Yelena , Weiss Daiana , Taylor W. Robert , Goronzy Jörg J. , Weyand Cornelia M. , Harrison David G. , Guzik Tomasz J. 
Published: November 2010

Background—
The pathogenesis of hypertension remains poorly understood, and treatment is often unsuccessful. Recent evidence suggests that the adaptive immune response plays an important role in this disease. Various hypertensive stimuli cause T-cell activation and infiltration into target organs such as the vessel and the kidney, which promotes vascular dysfunction and blood pressure elevation. Classically, T-cell activation requires T-cell receptor ligation and costimulation. The latter often involves interaction between B7 ligands (CD80 and CD86) on antigen-presenting cells with the T-cell coreceptor CD28. This study was therefore performed to examine the role of this pathway in hypertension.

Methods and Results—

Angiotensin II–induced hypertension increased the presence of activated (CD86
+
) dendritic cells in secondary lymphatic tissues. Blockade of B7-dependent costimulation with CTLA4-Ig reduced both angiotensin II– and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)–salt–induced hypertension. Activation of circulating T cells, T-cell cytokine production, and vascular T-cell accumulation caused by these hypertensive stimuli were abrogated by CTLA4-Ig. Furthermore, in mice lacking B7 ligands, angiotensin II caused minimal blood pressure elevation and vascular inflammation, and these effects were restored by transplantation with wild-type bone marrow.

Conclusions—
T-cell costimulation via B7 ligands is essential for development of experimental hypertension, and inhibition of this process could have therapeutic benefit in the treatment of this disease.
Marked Variability in Susceptibility to Ventricular Fibrillation in an Experimental Commotio Cordis Model
Authors: Alsheikh-Ali Alawi A. , Madias Christopher , Supran Stacey , Link Mark S. 
Published: November 2010

Background—
Precordial blows in sports and daily activities can trigger ventricular fibrillation (VF) (commotio cordis). Whereas chest wall blows are common, commotio cordis is rare. Although factors such as timing, location, orientation, and energy of impact are critically important, we also hypothesize that there is individual susceptibility to commotio cordis. Using our model of commotio cordis, we evaluated individual animal susceptibility to VF induction and assessed animal characteristics that might be involved.

Methods and Results—
This retrospective analysis included 139 juvenile swine (weight, 8 to 54 kg) that were anesthetized and placed prone in a sling to receive chest wall strikes with a ball propelled at 30 to 40 mph. Each animal received a minimum of 4 impacts directly over the cardiac silhouette, all timed to a narrow vulnerable window during cardiac repolarization. Of 1274 total impacts, 360 impacts (28%) resulted in VF. There was wide variability in individual animal susceptibility to VF. In 38 animals, none of the impacts resulted in VF (range, 4 to 18 impacts per animal). The majority of animals (91; 65%) were induced into VF with <30% of the strikes. In fact, only 19 animals (14%) had >50% occurrence of VF with chest wall impacts, and only 7 (5%) had >80% occurrence of chest impacts that induced VF. In the animal-based analysis, individual correlates of VF included animal weight, mean impact velocity, mean left ventricular pressure generated by the blow, mean QRS duration, mean QTc, and QTc variability. In multivariable analysis, mean left ventricular pressure generated by the blow, mean QRS duration, and QTc variability remained significant correlates of risk, and number of impacts gained statistical significance such that animals with more impacts were less susceptible to VF.

Conclusions—
Swine display a wide range of individual vulnerability to VF triggered by chest wall impact, with a distinct minority being uniquely susceptible. Mild abnormalities in cardiac depolarization and repolarization might underlie this susceptibility. Such individual susceptibility may also be present in humans and contribute to the rarity of commotio cordis.
Lifetime Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Arterial Pulse Wave Velocity in Adulthood
Authors: Aatola Heikki , Koivistoinen Teemu , Hutri-Kähönen Nina , Juonala Markus , Mikkilä Vera , Lehtimäki Terho , Viikari Jorma S.A. , Raitakari Olli T. , Kähönen Mika 
Published: November 2010

Background—
The relationships between childhood lifestyle risk factors and adulthood pulse wave velocity (PWV) have not been reported. We studied whether childhood and adulthood lifestyle risk factors are associated with PWV assessed in adulthood.

Methods and Results—

The study cohort comprised 1622 subjects of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study followed up for 27 years since baseline (1980; aged 3 to 18 years) with lifestyle risk factor data available since childhood. Arterial PWV was measured in 2007 by whole-body impedance cardiography device. Vegetable consumption in childhood was inversely associated with adulthood PWV (β=−0.06,
P
=0.02), and this association remained significant (β=−0.07,
P
=0.004) when adjusted for traditional risk factors (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, and smoking). Vegetable consumption was also an independent predictor of PWV in adulthood when adjusted for lifestyle or traditional risk factors (β=−0.08,
P
=0.002 and β=−0.07,
P
=0.0007, respectively). Persistently high consumption of both fruits and vegetables from childhood to adulthood was associated with lower PWV compared with persistently low consumption (
P
=0.03 for both). The number of lifestyle risk factors (the lowest quintile for vegetable consumption, fruit consumption, physical activity, and smoking) in childhood was directly associated with PWV in adulthood (
P
=0.001). This association remained significant when adjusted for the number of lifestyle risk factors in adulthood (
P
=0.003).

Conclusions—
These findings suggest that lifetime lifestyle risk factors, with low consumption of fruits and vegetables in particular, are related to arterial stiffness in young adulthood.
The Impact of Symptomatology on Response to a Health Promoting Intervention among Older Adults with Schizophrenia
Authors: Leutwyler Heather C. , Wallhagen Margaret , McKibbin Christine 
Published: November 2010

Purpose To explore the relationship between the symptoms of schizophrenia experienced by older persons diagnosed with schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes mellitus and their response to a health promoting intervention. Methods Secondary data analysis of data obtained from a lifestyle intervention program that recruited participants over age 40 with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and type 2 diabetes mellitus from board-and-care facilities and day treatment programs. Participants had been randomly assigned to a 24-week diabetes awareness and rehabilitation training (DART; n = 32) or a usual care plus information (UCI; n = 32) comparison group. Baseline and 6-month (intervention completion) assessments included a diabetes knowledge test (DKT), diabetes self-efficacy measured by the diabetes empowerment scale (DES), and symptomatology defined by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Simple linear regression models in 3 steps were used to analyze the data. Results A significant condition by symptom interaction was found for DKT. The difference between change in knowledge for DART and UCI groups depended on the prevalence and severity of the total, negative, and general symptoms. There was no significant condition by positive symptom interaction for DKT. A significant main effect was found between total, negative, positive, and general symptoms in the total sample for improvement in DES scores. Higher prevalence and severity of symptoms was negatively associated with improvement in DES scores. Conclusion Researchers need to consider the impact of schizophrenia symptoms in response to health promoting interventions.
Suppression of hepatic hepcidin expression in response to acute iron deprivation is associated with an increase of matriptase-2 protein
Authors: Zhang An-Sheng , Anderson Sheila A. , Wang Jiaohong , Yang Fan , DeMaster Kristina , Ahmed Riffat , Nizzi Christopher P. , Eisenstein Richard S. , Tsukamoto Hidekazu , Enns Caroline A. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate a pivotal role for bone morphogenic protein-6 (BMP6) and matriptase-2, a protein encoded by the TMPRSS6 gene, in the induction and suppression of hepatic hepcidin expression, respectively. We examined their expression profiles in the liver and showed a predominant localization of BMP6 mRNA in nonparenchymal cells and exclusive expression of TMPRSS6 mRNA in hepatocytes. In rats fed an iron-deficient (ID) diet for 24 hours, the rapid decrease of transferrin saturation from 71% to 24% (control vs ID diet) was associated with a 100-fold decrease in hepcidin mRNA compared with the corresponding controls. These results indicated a close correlation of low transferrin saturation with decreased hepcidin mRNA. The lower phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 detected in the ID rat livers suggests that the suppressed hepcidin expression results from the inhibition of BMP signaling. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed no significant change in either BMP6 or TMPRSS6 mRNA in the liver. However, an increase in matriptase-2 protein in the liver from ID rats was detected, suggesting that suppression of hepcidin expression in response to acute iron deprivation is mediated by an increase in matriptase-2 protein levels.