bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Antiplatelet Medications on Bleeding Events in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Daimon Shoichiro , Terai Hidenobu 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAlthough antiplatelet medication is used in various situations, including for the prevention of ischemic and thrombotic complications, long‐term antiplatelet therapy in hemodialysis patients who are at high risk of bleeding may result in a harmful bleeding tendency. We investigated bleeding events that required the cessation of the use of heparin for hemodialysis in all the hemodialysis patients treated in our clinic. This analysis revealed 111 patients, of whom 52 had been treated with antiplatelet agents (female/male, 15/37; age, 70.4 ± 11.3 years; number of days of hemodialysis treatment in our clinic, 1073 ± 696 [31–2144] days; diabetes mellitus [DM]/non‐DM, 29/23), and 59 had not been treated with them (female/male, 17/42; age, 66.7 ± 14.0 years; number of days of hemodialysis treatment in our clinic, 917 ± 605 [26–2102] days; DM/non‐DM, 21/38). During treatment in our clinic, 21 of the 52 patients undergoing antiplatelet therapy experienced a bleeding event (gastrointestinal bleeding 16, brain stem hemorrhage 2, others 3), while 7 of the 59 patients not receiving them had a bleeding event (gastrointestinal bleeding 7) (P < 0.001). Of note, diabetic patients on antiplatelet therapy had the highest incidence of bleeding events (13 of 29 patients; 44.8%), followed by non‐diabetic patients on antiplatelet therapy (7 of 23 patients; 30.4%), diabetic patients not receiving antiplatelets (3 of 21 patients; 14.3%), and finally non‐diabetic patients not on antiplatelets (4 of 38 patients; 10.5%). Among the patients on antiplatelet therapy, no correlations were apparent between bleeding events and the duration of such therapy or the number of agents. In conclusion, antiplatelet medications can induce bleeding events more frequently in hemodialysis patients, especially in those with DM, than in non‐hemodialysis patients, and such agents should be given only under prudent consideration of the associated risks and benefits.
Outcomes of Salvage Procedures for Occluded Autogenous Radiocephalic Arteriovenous Fistula
Authors: Kim Hyang Kyoung , Kwon Tae‐Won , Cho Yong‐Pil , Moon Ki‐Myung 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe outcomes of surgical and endovascular treatments for thrombosed access fistulas are variable and provide no definitive indications for treatment choice. We purposed to review our experience in treating thrombosed radiocephalic arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) and to evaluate the outcome of procedures, including proximal neo‐anastomosis (NEO), replacement of the stenosed segment with a polytetrafluoroethylene graft (GI), patch angioplasty (PA), and endovascular procedures (such as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty [PTA]). A total of 117 occluded radiocephalic AVFs were treated by surgery or an endovascular procedure from January 2002 to December 2007. We evaluated the rates of initial success, re‐thrombosis, the post‐interventional five‐year patency rate, and temporary catheter requirement. Forty‐five patients (38.5%) underwent NEO, 32 patients (27.4%) GI, 10 patients (8.5%) PA, and 30 patients (25.6%) PTA. The overall initial procedural success rate was 98.3% (surgery 98.9% and PTA 96.7%), and the post‐interventional patency rates at five years were 92.2% (97.1% for NEO, 82.7% for GI, 90.0% for PA, and 96.7% for PTA). Twenty‐four patients (20.5%) required a temporary catheter during healing of the functioning segment after treatment: four patients for NEO, 18 patients for GI, two patients for PA, and no patients for PTA (P < 0.001). Both surgery and endovascular treatment gave high rates of initial success and low re‐thrombosis rates as salvage treatments for occlusion of radiocephalic AVFs, if treatments were selected according to the length, and location of the stenosis to be corrected. When stenosis of a long segment is suspected, endovascular treatment should be attempted first in order to maintain the functional segment and thereby avoid use of a temporary catheter.
Comparison of clinical features and outcomes of medically attended influenza A and influenza B in a defined population over four seasons: 2004–2005 through 2007–2008
Authors: Irving Stephanie A. , Patel Darshan C. , Kieke Burney A. , Donahue James G. , Vandermause Mary F. , Shay David K. , Belongia Edward A. 
Published: May 2011

Please cite this paper as: Irving et al. (2012) Comparison of clinical features and outcomes of medically attended influenza A and influenza B in a defined population over four seasons: 2004–2005 through 2007–2008. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(1), 37–43.Background  There are few prospectively collected data comparing illnesses caused by different subtypes of influenza. We compared the clinical presentation and outcomes of subjects with primarily outpatient‐attended influenza A and B infections during four consecutive influenza seasons (2004–2005 through 2007–2008).Methods  Patients were prospectively enrolled and tested for influenza following an encounter for acute respiratory illness. Influenza infections were confirmed by culture or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; subtype was determined for a sample of influenza A isolates each season. Clinical characteristics of influenza A and B infections were compared across and within individual seasons.Results  We identified 901 cases of influenza A and 284 cases of influenza B; 98% of cases were identified through an outpatient medical encounter. Thirty‐six percent of patients with each strain had received seasonal influenza vaccine prior to illness onset. There were no consistent differences in symptoms associated with influenza A and B. Influenza A infection was associated with earlier care seeking compared with influenza B during the 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 seasons, when H3N2 was the dominant type A virus, and in a combined analysis that included all seasons. Twenty‐six (2·2%) of 1185 cases were diagnosed with radiographically confirmed pneumonia, and 59 (5%) of 1185 patients were hospitalized within 30 days of illness onset.Conclusions  Over four influenza seasons, aside from shorter intervals from illness onset to clinical encounter for infections with the A(H3N2) subtype, clinical symptoms and outcomes were similar for patients with predominantly outpatient‐attended influenza A and B infections.
Intravenous Administration of Docetaxel to Cats with Cancer
Authors: Shiu K.B. , McCartan L. , Kubicek L. , Vail D.M. 
Published: May 2011

Background: The safety of IV administration of docetaxel to cats with cancer has not been reported.Objectives: Document adverse effects of IV administration of docetaxel to cats.Animals: Twenty‐one client‐owned cats with any confirmed malignancy.Methods: Cats received up to 5 docetaxel treatments, administered IV every 3 weeks. The initial dosage was 1.0 mg/kg, and dosages were increased by increments of 0.25 mg/kg in cohorts of 3 cats. Adverse events were determined by a CBC at days 7 and 21, serum chemistry and urine specific gravity at day 21, and medical histories provided by the owners.Results: Cats received docetaxel dosages ranging from 1.0 to 2.5 mg/kg, for a median of 2 treatments. Dose‐limiting toxicoses included fever, neutropenia, and vomiting, seen in 2 of the 4 cats treated at 2.5 mg/kg. Hypersensitivity reactions were infrequent (4 of the 21 cats) and mild. The maximum tolerated dosage was 2.25 mg/kg.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Docetaxel can be administered IV to cats with a low incidence of adverse effects.
Fungal sinusitis resulting in suspected trigeminal neuropathy as a cause of headshaking in five horses
Authors: Fiske‐Jackson A. R. , Pollock P. J. , Witte T. H. , Woolford L. , Perkins J. D. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryPrimary fungal sinusitis was identified in 5 horses displaying signs of headshaking. All 5 horses had fungal plaques adhered to the infraorbital canal (IOC). Headshaking signs were exhibited by 3 horses prior to treatment and 2 horses after treatment. Standing computed tomography (CT) identified erosion of the IOC in the 2 cases in which it was performed. Fungal culture and PCR identified 3 species of fungi, Rhizomucor pusillus, Scedosporium apiospermum and Aspergillus nidulans which have not previously been described as a cause of sinusitis in horses. Surgical debridement followed by topical antifungal therapy was used in all 5 horses. Recurrence of the fungal plaques in 4 horses necessitated further treatment. The headshaking signs and nasal discharge resolved in 3 horses allowing a return to their previous use. Two horses developed persistent headshaking signs despite multiple treatments. Primary fungal sinusitis should be considered as a cause of headshaking signs in horses, due to a suspected trigeminal neuropathy. Computed tomography is valuable in identifying erosion of the IOC which is not identified with conventional radiography. Three out of the 5 cases were treated successfully but permanent resolution of the fungal infection is difficult to achieve once the bone overlying the infraorbital nerve has been eroded.
Self‐inflicted lingual trauma secondary to inferior alveolar nerve block in 3 horses
Authors: Caldwell F. J. , Easley K. J. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryExodontia is the typical treatment recommended in severe cases of dental disease where alternative treatment techniques fail to salvage the affected tooth. Exodontias are frequently performed in the standing horse with the benefit of sedation and regional anaesthesia in order to avoid the risks and expense of general anaesthesia. The inferior alveolar nerve block is commonly utilised when extracting diseased mandibular dentition. Because of the close anatomical relationship of the lingual and inferior alveolar nerves both may be desensitised following anaesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve. Desensitisation of the tongue may result in horses traumatising it during mastication before sensation returns. This report describes 3 horses that sustained self‐inflicted lingual trauma following inferior alveolar nerve blocks performed for standing oral surgical procedures.
Laryngeal neuroendocrine tumour in a horse
Authors: Koenig J. , Silveira A. , Chalmers H. , Buenviaje G. , Lillie B. N. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryA 13‐year‐old Quarter Horse mare was presented to the Ontario Veterinary College Teaching Hospital with chronic progressive respiratory noise and exercise intolerance. Severe respiratory stridor associated with a laryngeal mass was seen on upper airway endoscopy. Ultrasonography revealed an intra‐cartilagenous mass and allowed for a guided biopsy. Histological analysis of the mass characterised a neuroendocrine tumour and the mare was subjected to euthanasia due to the poor prognosis. Ultrasound examination was paramount in making the diagnosis and facilitating the biopsy. To our knowledge, neuroendocrine tumours have not previously been reported in the equine larynx.
Intralesional 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) for the treatment of eyelid squamous cell carcinoma in 5 horses
Authors: Pucket J. D. , Gilmour M. A. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryEyelid squamous cell carcinoma in equine patients often presents a therapeutic challenge to practitioners due to the generally large area affected upon presentation. Surgical excision can be curative if wide enough margins are achieved, but this is not often attainable without enucleation. Other alternatives have been examined including cryotherapy, radiotherapy, brachytherapy, intralesional chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. Intralesional chemotherapy using cisplatin, mitomycin‐C and bleomycin have been shown to be successful in treating eyelid squamous cell carcinomas but may be prohibitive to some owners due to the cost of therapy. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case series to illustrate the effectiveness of intralesional 5‐fluoruracil in treating large equine eyelid squamous cell carcinomas. Macroscopic reduction in the size of the affected areas was noted in each case together with regression of clinical signs associated with the mass. This, coupled with the relative inexpensive nature of the procedure, makes this technique an attractive therapy for either primary treatment of eyelid squamous cell carcinoma or as a cytoreductive technique prior to surgical excision.
HIV-1 Vpu Blocks Recycling and Biosynthetic Transport of the Intrinsic Immunity Factor CD317/Tetherin To Overcome the Virion Release Restriction
Authors: Schmidt Sarah , Fritz Joëlle V. , Bitzegeio Julia , Fackler Oliver T. , Keppler Oliver T. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

The intrinsic immunity factor CD317 (BST-2/HM1.24/tetherin) imposes a barrier to HIV-1 release at the cell surface that can be overcome by the viral protein Vpu. Expression of Vpu results in a reduction of CD317 surface levels; however, the mechanism of this Vpu activity and its contribution to the virological antagonism are incompletely understood. Here, we characterized the influence of Vpu on major CD317 trafficking pathways using quantitative antibody-based endocytosis and recycling assays as well as a microinjection/microscopy-based kinetic
de novo
expression approach. We report that HIV-1 Vpu inhibited both the anterograde transport of newly synthesized CD317 and the recycling of CD317 to the cell surface, while the kinetics of CD317 endocytosis remained unaffected. Vpu trapped trafficking CD317 molecules at the
trans
-Golgi network, where the two molecules colocalized. The subversion of both CD317 transport pathways was dependent on the highly conserved diserine S52/S56 motif of Vpu; however, it did not require recruitment of the diserine motif interactor and substrate adaptor of the SCF-E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, β-TrCP. Treatment of cells with the malaria drug primaquine resulted in a CD317 trafficking defect that mirrored that induced by Vpu. Importantly, primaquine could functionally replace Vpu as a CD317 antagonist and rescue HIV-1 particle release.

IMPORTANCE
HIV efficiently replicates in the human host and induces the life-threatening immunodeficiency AIDS. Mammalian genomes encode proteins such as CD317 that can inhibit viral replication at the cellular level. As a countermeasure, HIV has evolved genes like
vpu
that can antagonize these intrinsic immunity factors. Investigating the mechanism by which Vpu overcomes the virion release restriction imposed by CD317, we find that Vpu subverts recycling and anterograde trafficking pathways of CD317, resulting in surface levels of the restriction factor insufficient to block HIV-1 spread. This describes a novel mechanism of immune evasion by HIV.
Transient Suppression of Shigella flexneri Type 3 Secretion by a Protective O-Antigen-Specific Monoclonal IgA
Authors: Forbes Stephen J. , Bumpus Tia , McCarthy Elizabeth A. , Corthésy Blaise , Mantis Nicholas J. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Mucosal immunity to the enteric pathogen
Shigella flexneri
is mediated by secretory IgA (S-IgA) antibodies directed against the O-antigen (O-Ag) side chain of lipopolysaccharide. While secretory antibodies against the O-Ag are known to prevent bacterial invasion of the intestinal epithelium, the mechanisms by which this occurs are not fully understood. In this study, we report that the binding of a murine monoclonal IgA (IgAC5) to the O-Ag of
S. flexneri
serotype 5a suppresses activity of the type 3 secretion (T3S) system, which is necessary for
S. flexneri
to gain entry into intestinal epithelial cells. IgAC5’s effects on the T3S were rapid (5 to 15 min) and were coincident with a partial reduction in the bacterial membrane potential and a decrease in intracellular ATP levels. Activity of the T3S system returned to normal levels 45 to 90 min following antibody treatment, demonstrating that IgAC5’s effects were transient. Nonetheless, these data suggest a model in which the association of IgA with the O-Ag of
S. flexneri
partially de-energizes the T3S system and temporarily renders the bacterium incapable of invading intestinal epithelial cells.

IMPORTANCE
Secretory IgA (S-IgA) serves as the first line of defense against enteric infections. However, despite its well-recognized role in mucosal immunity, relatively little is known at the molecular level about how this class of antibody functions to prevent pathogenic bacteria from penetrating the epithelial barrier. It is generally assumed that S-IgA functions primarily by “immune exclusion,” a phenomenon in which the antibody binds to microbial surface antigens and thereby promotes bacterial agglutination, entrapment in mucus, and physical clearance from the gastrointestinal tract via peristalsis. The results of the present study suggest that in addition to serving as a physical barrier, S-IgA may have a direct impact on the ability of microbial pathogens to secrete virulence factors required for invasion of intestinal epithelial cells.
Streptococcus pneumoniae Is Desiccation Tolerant and Infectious upon Rehydration
Authors: Walsh Rebecca L. , Camilli Andrew 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Streptococcus pneumoniae
(pneumococcus) is a frequent colonizer of the nasopharynx and one of the leading causative agents of otitis media, pneumonia, and meningitis. The current literature asserts that
S. pneumoniae
is transmitted person to person via respiratory droplets; however, environmental surfaces (fomites) have been linked to the spread of other respiratory pathogens. Desiccation tolerance has been to shown to be essential for long-term survival on dry surfaces. This study investigated the survival and infectivity of
S. pneumoniae
following desiccation under ambient conditions. We recovered viable bacteria after all desiccation periods tested, ranging from 1 h to 4 weeks. Experiments conducted under nutrient limitation indicate that desiccation is a condition separate from starvation. Desiccation of an acapsular mutant and 15 different clinical isolates shows that
S. pneumoniae
desiccation tolerance is independent of the polysaccharide capsule and is a species-wide phenomenon, respectively. Experiments demonstrating that nondesiccated and desiccated
S. pneumoniae
strains colonize the nasopharynx at comparable levels, combined with their ability to survive long-term desiccation, suggest that fomites may serve as alternate sources of pneumococcal infection.

IMPORTANCE
Even with the advent of multivalent capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccines,
S. pneumoniae
continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Every year, there are approximately 7 million cases of pneumococcus-based otitis media in the United States alone, while pneumococcal invasive diseases are responsible for more than 1 million deaths globally. It is believed that the human upper respiratory tract is the sole niche of
S. pneumoniae
and, thus, that spread occurs via close contact with an infected individual. In this study, we characterized the desiccation tolerance of
S. pneumoniae
and found that it can survive for many weeks postdehydration and retain infectivity. Our results suggest that desiccation tolerance is an inherent trait of this genetically variable species and that fomites may be a source of transmission.
A rich Ediacaran assemblage from eastern Avalonia: Evidence of early widespread diversity in the deep ocean
Authors: Wilby Philip R. , Carney John N. , Howe Michael P.A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe Avalon Assemblage (Ediacaran, late Neoproterozoic) provides some of the oldest evidence of diverse macroscopic life and underpins current understanding of the early evolution of epibenthic communities. However, its overall diversity and provincial variability are poorly constrained and are based largely on biotas preserved in Newfoundland, Canada. We report coeval high-diversity biotas from Charnwood Forest, UK, which share at least 60% of their genera in common with ones in Newfoundland. This indicates that substantial taxonomic exchange took place between different regions of Avalonia, probably facilitated by ocean currents, and suggests that a diverse deepwater biota may already have been widespread at the time. Contrasts in the relative abundance of prostrate versus erect taxa likely record differential sensitivity to physical environmental parameters (hydrodynamic regime, substrate) and highlight their significance in controlling community structure.
Dunites from Isua, Greenland: A ca. 3720 Ma window into subcrustal metasomatism of depleted mantle
Authors: Friend C.R.L. , Nutman A.P. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe chemistry of surviving pieces of Eoarchaean mantle together with related crust helps us determine early crust-forming mechanisms. Two lenses of high-Mg, low-Al dunite within a ca. 3720 Ma part of the Isua supracrustal belt in Greenland are interpreted as relicts of Eoarchaean mantle with minimal crustal disturbance. The lenses are within altered, higher Al, Ca ultramafic schists and are intercalated with amphibolitized pillow basalts and gabbros with island arc chemical signatures, all intruded by 3715–3710 Ma tonalites. One variety of dunite is dominated by forsterite (Fo90–92) olivine with accessory chromite and rare clinopyroxene, which does not show high field strength element (HFSE) anomalies. Another variety contains olivine (Fo96–98), some intergrown with Ti-humite group minerals with strong positive HFSE anomalies that are complementary to the negative HFSE anomalies of the adjacent amphibolites. We propose that these dunites are tectonic slivers of ca. 3720 Ma subarc mantle that preserve evidence for varying interaction with mafic magmas in a ≥850 °C, 1.7–2.0 GPa subcrustal environment. These are by far the oldest direct geochemical link between coeval mantle and crustal rocks, and are new evidence for subduction zone–like environments on the early Earth.
Taphonomic study of Ediacaran organic-walled fossils confirms the importance of clay minerals and pyrite in Burgess Shale−type preservation
Authors: Anderson Evan P. , Schiffbauer James D. , Xiao Shuhai 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBurgess Shale−type (BST) macrofossils and organic-walled microfossils are preserved as carbonaceous compressions and may share similar taphonomic processes. Previous taphonomic investigations of carbonaceous compressions have primarily focused on the microchemistry of Cambrian BST fossils, but comparative data from organic-walled microfossils were not available. To address these issues, we analyzed two organic-walled taxa from the Yangtze Gorges area of the South China block, Chuaria (an acritarch) and Vendotaenia (a ribbon-shaped fossil). Their abundance offers the opportunity for destructive microanalysis, including petrography, electron microscopy, and elemental mapping on both bedding planes and in cross sections. Our data suggest that Chuaria preservation is remarkably similar to BST fossils in that its vesicle walls are closely associated with clay minerals. In addition, like many BST macrofossils, Chuaria and Vendotaenia are also closely associated with pyrite; Chuaria vesicles are often filled with framboidal pyrite, and Vendotaenia fossils are associated with sulfate, partly derived from pyrite oxidation. The comparative taphonomy of Chuaria and Vendotaenia and BST macrofossils indicates that the preservation of organic-walled acritarchs may be aided by clay and pyrite mineralization, and that these abundant microfossils may serve as proxies for uncovering in more detail the taphonomic histories of BST preservation.