bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of Ordovician agnostid genera (Trilobita)
Authors: Nielsen Arne Thorshøj 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe definition and scope of Ordovician genera of agnostid trilobites are discussed, and the generic affiliation of Ordovician species and well-illustrated material referred to in open nomenclature is assessed. Some 198 Ordovician species plus 25 species of uncertain latest Cambrian/earliest Ordovician age are enumerated, representing 24 genera and subgenera, of whichGeragnostus (Novoagnostus)n.subg. andLotagnostus (Semagnostus)n.subg. are new.Geragnostellais ranked as a subgenus ofGeragnostus. The species ofArthrorhachisare tentatively divided among atardusspecies group and anelspethispecies group. Species ofDividuagnostusare divided among asensu strictogroup and an early species group.PseudorhaptagnostusLermontova, 1951 is restored as senior synonym ofNeoagnostusKobayashi, 1955. It is concluded that Ordovician agnostids were largely adapted to temperate and colder water habitats.
Nature and significance of beerbachites in the Ballantrae ophiolite, SW Scotland
Authors: Jelínek E. , Souček J. , Bluck B. J. , Bowes D. R. , Treloar P. J. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTMetamorphosed abyssal ocean-floor tholeiitiic rocks, little affected by crustal contamination and probably formed at a spreading ridge, occur as a dyke complex in banded gabbros with oceanic affinities and as small tectonic lenses in serpentinised peridotite. Igneous textures and mineral assemblages have been partly or completely replaced in both dykes and gabbros. Metamorphic development of clinopyroxene and very Ti-rich hornblende at 900-1000°C was followed by a low temperature actinolite-chlorite assemblage and then by pectolite-bearing veins. Geochemical variations resulting from magmatic and metasomatic processes have been distinguished and plots of major and trace elements used to establish tectonic environment. The very high temperature metamorphic mineral growth associated with beerbachite formation indicates that the dyke rocks were in a high heat-flow environment for a considerable time, presumably in the vicinity of a spreading ridge. Obduction of a very hot slab of oceanic lithosphere accounts for the superimposed mineral assemblages.Spatially associated pillow lavas have been affected by crustal contamination and are not comagmatic with the dykes. There are petrochemical characters indicating that some of the lavas are ocean-floor basalts. For other lavas, features suggesting emplacement in a continental or an island-arc environment could also be consistent with development in a marginal basin. However, there is so much variation in composition of pillows from margin to centre, from small to large and from metasomatic activity, that their compositional fields cannot be used for discrimination of basaltic type with the same confidence as for the dykes. Accordingly, it is suggested that the petrochemistry of sheeted dyke complexes, rather than of pillow lavas, be used for this purpose in the study of ophiolites.
An alternative astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene timescale based on ODP Site 677
Authors: Shackleton N. J. , Berger A. , Peltier W. R. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTOcean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 677 provided excellent material for high resolution stable isotope analysis of both benthonic and planktonic foraminifera through the entire Pleistocene and upper Pliocene. The oxygen isotope record is readily correlated with the SPECMAP stack (Imbrie et al. 1984) and with the record from DSDP 607 (Ruddiman et al. 1986) but a significantly better match with orbital models is obtained by departing from the timescale proposed by these authors below Stage 16 (620 000 years). It is the stronger contribution from the precession signal in the record from ODP Site 677 that provides the basis for the revised timescale. Our proposed modification to the timescale would imply that the currently adopted radiometric dates for the Matuyama–Brunhes boundary, the Jaramillo and Olduvai Subchrons and the Gauss–Matuyama boundary underestimate their true astronomical ages by between 5 and 7%.
Late Cenozoic plateau uplift and climate change
Authors: Ruddiman William F. , Kutzbach John E. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTSensitivity experiments with general circulation models show that uplift of plateau and mountain regions in Southern Asia and the American west during the late Cenozoic was an important factor in the evolution of Northern Hemisphere climate. The climatic trends simulated in the uplift experiments agree in direction with most trends observed in the geological record, including the tendencies toward greater regional differentiation of climate, and particularly the fragmentation into wetter and drier climatic patterns at middle latitudes. These climatic trends result from (1) increased orographic diversion of the mid-latitude westerlies, and (2) increased summer heating and winter cooling over the plateaus, which enhances seasonally reversing (monsoonal) changes in wind directions.Most previous hypotheses addressing the physical impact of orography on climate have focused on mountain ranges and have stressed relatively local responses such as upslope precipitation maxima, cooling of mountain crests due to lapse-rate effects on rising terrain, and lee-side rainshadow effects. In contrast, our results emphasise the importance of large-scale plateau orography. By redirecting the basic directions of wind flow both at surface and upper-tropospheric levels, these rising plateaux cause far-reaching climatic changes that extend across the continents as well as over the oceans.
A first-order global model of late Cenozoic climatic change
Authors: Saltzman Barry , Maasch Kirk A. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe theory of the Quaternary climate will be incomplete unless it is embedded in a more general theory for the fuller Cenozoic that can accommodate the onset of the ice-age fluctuations. Here we construct a simple mathematical model for the late Cenozoic climatic changes based on the hypothesis that forced and free variations of the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases (notably CO2) coupled with changes in the global ocean state and ice mass, under the additional influence or earth-orbital forcing, are primary determinants of the climatic state over this long period. Our goal is to illustrate how a single model governing both very long-term variations and higher frequency oscillatory variations in the Pleistocene can be formulated with relatively few adjustable parameters. Although the details of this model are speculative, and other factors neglected here are undoubtedly of importance, it is hoped that the formalism described can provide a basis for developing a comprehensive theory and systematically extending and improving it. According to our model the major near-100 ka period ice-age oscillations of the Pleistocene were caused by the downdraw of atmospheric CO2 (possibly a result of weathering of rapidly uplifted topography) to low enough levels for the ‘slow climatic system’, including glacial ice and the deep ocean state, to become unstable.
Radiocarbon ages and the full-glacial to Holocene transition in seas adjacent to Scotland and southern Scandinavia: a review
Authors: Peacock J. D. , Harkness D. D. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTWater of southerly origin replaced polar water very rapidly on the coast of NW Europe and an interstadial marine circulation with a weak North Atlantic Drift was fully established off both west Scotland and southern Scandinavia by roughly 12 800BP. A ‘warm’ interval detected in marine strata on the western Scottish coast at the beginning of the Windermere (Bølling plus Allerød) Interstadial lasted from this date to perhaps 12 400 BP and another towards its close from about 11 250 to shortly after 11 000 BP. During the Younger Dryas Stadial polar water returned by about 10 850 BP and was present until about 10 200–10 100 BP. The changes in water circulation at the beginning and end of the Windermere Interstadial and at the end of the Younger Dryas seem to have taken place within the limits of radiocarbon dating, perhaps within a few decades. Warming at the beginning of the Holocene Interglacial may have taken place in two phases, during the first of which, from about 10 100 BP to possibly 9600 BP, marine temperatures seem to have been lower than at present, more especially on the east coast of Scotland and in southern Sweden. Full marine interglacial circulation may not have been established until 9500 BP. Water depth in the Faeroe–Shetland Channel may have been a major factor in controlling sea and air temperature from Scotland northwards during the Windermere Interstadial and Holocene Interglacial and, by implication, during earlier interglacials and interstadials.
The Glas Eilean lavas: evidence of a Lower Permian volcano-tectonic basin between Islay and Jura, Inner Hebrides
Authors: Upton B. G. J. , Fitton J. G. , Macintyre R. M. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTSubaerial lavas and intercalated sediments crop out on the islet of Glas Eilean and the Black Rock skerries in the Sound of Islay between Islay and Jura. The visible succession is c. 120 m thick and is traceable c. 2 km along strike (NNW–SSE). The lavas are alkali olivine-basalts containing olivine ± plagioclase and augite phenocrysts. Decreasing Mg, Cr and Ni upwards, coupled with decreasing average flow thickness and increasing amounts of inter-flow sediment, suggest progressively waning volcanic activity marked by decreasing ascent rates and greater degrees of differentiation. K-Ar dating on one sample gave an early Permian age of 285 ± 5 Ma. It is inferred that the lavas erupted from an isolated basalt volcano situated on a NNW–SSE trending fracture, associated with a narrow developing half-graben within the Dalradian metasediments. The tectonism and magmatism is inferred to be related to the ‘Clyde Belt’ of fault-bounded basins extending from Cheshire to the Little Minch.
Ocean temperatures and isotopic compositions through time
Authors: Hudson J. D. , Anderson T. F. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTFossil assemblages can give quantitative estimates of palaeotemperatures, by comparison with modern biota, only in the recent geological past. Oxygen isotopic palaeotemperatures on calcareous or phosphatic fossils are potentially available for the whole Phanerozoic. Their reliability is limited by physiological effects (generally believed minor), preservation (for which criteria are available), and by uncertainty in the isotopic composition of ancient seawater. The latter is greatly affected by glaciation. In the Cenozoic, the relative contribution of ice-volume change and temperature change in producing isotopic variations can largely be resolved by analysing planktonic and benthic foraminifera in deep-sea cores. For earlier times only continental shelf deposits are available. In the Mesozoic, reasonable assumptions about ocean isotopic composition lead to palaeotemperature estimates that suggest generally higher temperatures than at present, particularly for mid- to high latitudes. This agrees with estimates based on biotic distributions. Late Palaeozoic glaciation is reflected in variable isotopic compositions in high palaeolatitude areas. In the earlier Palaeozoic, well-preserved fossils indicate either oceans enriched in16O compared to today's or generally higher temperatures; controversy continues about the relative importance of the two effects.
Physiological adaptations to extreme pressures: the implications for palaeoecology
Authors: Macdonald A. G. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTPresent-day organisms have colonised two distinct high pressure environments: the deep sea and oil well and other crustal fluids. In the former, pressures attain 100 MPa and temperatures are generally less than 4°C. In the latter, the temperatures are high, up to 150°C, and occur in combination with pressures of up to 50 MPa. The high temperature is close to the limit of thermal stability of the macromolecules essential for life. The adaptation of present-day marine organisms to high pressure is known to involve modifications to their cell membrane lipids and subtle changes in both structural proteins and enzymes. There is no reason to suppose that they are close to the maximum pressure to which they could adapt and higher pressures could have been colonised in the geological past. The existence of “marker” compounds, characteristic of high pressure organisms, is discussed, and the possibility that isotope ratios are distorted by metabolic processes at high pressure is raised.
The persistence of Burgess Shale-type faunas: implications for the evolution of deeper-water faunas
Authors: Morris S. Conway 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTDiscoveries, most of them recently, in more than thirty Lower and Middle Cambrian horizons with soft-bodied fossils have shown that forty-one of the genera occur also in the celebrated Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian). Significantly, they tend to have lengthy stratigraphic durations which together encompass an interval from the early Lower Cambrian (Tommotian) to near the end of the Middle Cambrian. At least some genera have also wide geographical ranges, with occurrences around much of the Laurentian (N America) craton, and also in N and S China, Australia, Siberia, Spain and Poland. Although a few genera, e.g.Isoxys, may have been pelagic, for the most part these distributions are explained in terms of a deeper-water biota with an evolutionarily conservative aspect. Both the origins and further recruitment to this biota may have been from shallower water, with more limitedin situdiversification. It is speculated that this distinctive Cambrian biota was gradually driven to extinction with the arrival of Ordovician competitors, although some relics may have survived until at least the Devonian. This history has implications for our understanding of deeper-water faunas throughout the Phanerozoic, and supports the notion that archaic forms may take refuge in this environment.
Physiological characteristics of land plants in relation to environment through time
Authors: Spicer Robert A. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe spatially fixed sporophyte body of vascular land plants has to be adapted to both atmospheric and substrate environments. Potentially almost all stages in the life cycle of a land plant are fossilisable and the physiological adaptations to these environments are reflected in the morphology, anatomy, and chemistry of the plant. Although solutions to the plant's physiological problems have been refined through evolution, the basic responses to fundamental environmental parameters such as temperature, water availability, nutrient supply, gas exchange and light, evolved early in land plant history. These taxon-independent solutions can be used qualitatively, and sometimes quantitatively, to track changes in atmospheric and edaphic conditions throughout much of the Phanerozoic. Increase in body size and height in Middle and Late Devonian times was coupled with intense demand for light, nutrients and water supply and with elaborations of vascular systems, photosynthetic surfaces, organ abscission and ‘root’ organisation. During the Carboniferous extreme adaptations to substrate waterlogging evolved. Mycorrhizal associations and “phi” layers in Triassic roots represent early aspects of modern root physiology. From the mid-Cretaceous, angiosperms exhibit leaf architectural characteristics which in modern plants relate qualitatively to moisture and light, and quantitatively to temperature, while vessel size and distribution in trunk wood is related to water stress and susceptibility to freezing. The relative proportion of plants utilising C3, CAM, and C4photosynthetic pathways varies with environment. Isotopic analysis of plant fossils may demonstrate changing relative frequencies of photosynthetic pathways through time in relation to atmospheric composition and temperature.
Empire des Nègres Blancs: The Hybridity of International Personality and the Abyssinia Crisis of 1935–36
Authors: PARFITT ROSE 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe ‘Abyssinia Crisis’ of 1935–36 – in which one League of Nations member (imperial Ethiopia) was annexed by another (Fascist Italy) – presents one of the clearest twentieth-century illustrations of international law's ‘progress narrative’. International lawyers are encouraged to draw a salutary lesson from the crisis: namely that Ethiopia's sovereignty – and, indeed, the peace of the entire world – might have survived the 1930s if only international law had been properly enforced. Yet, the assumption upon which this lesson depends – to the effect that Ethiopia'sonlydiscursive contribution to the crisis was passively to regurgitate the relevant clauses of the Covenant – is profoundly ideological. For this assumption effects a double suppression: erasing Ethiopia's strategic construction of a hybrid, partially Abyssinian international law from the discipline's memory; and concealing from scholarly view the possibility that Ethiopia's annexation might have resulted from actions that werein accordance with, rather than in violation of, interwar international legal norms regarding sovereignty and the use of force.
Testifying about ‘Uncivilized Events’: Problematic Representations of Africa in the Trial against Charles Taylor
Authors: ANDERS GERHARD 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article presents an anthropological analysis of witness testimony about ritual murder, cannibalism, and secret societies in the trial against Charles Taylor in The Hague. In the first part, a comprehensive in-depth analysis of the testimony of one prosecution witness serves as a case study to illustrate the difficulties of assessing the veracity of witness statements on alleged atrocities linked to African religious and spiritual beliefs. The second part contextualizes the testimony heard in the trial against Charles Taylor by drawing on historical sources and the academic literature on West Africa. The analysis reveals striking parallels between the prosecution narrative and colonial representations of Africa as a mysterious and savage place.
Israeli Civilians versus Palestinian Combatants? Reading the Goldstone Report in Light of the Israeli Conception of the Principle of Distinction
Authors: KOT JEAN-PHILIPPE 
Published: November 2011

AbstractGoldstone's recent retraction can leave the reader of the report that bears his name somewhat perplexed. Indeed, if the deliberate intent to target civilians could be discussed in some specific attacks listed, such a report nevertheless describes a pattern of behaviour that cannot be swept aside without disregarding the order of priorities set by the Israeli legal system itself. Through analysis of the new Israeli military code of ethics as well as the Israeli Supreme Court case law, this paper examines how civilians in Gaza were deliberately put at risk by a specific interpretation breaking down the flat rule of civilian immunity into a more complex construction opposing the Israeli soldiers’ right to life to the rights of an ‘enemy population’.
The Normative Erosion of International Refugee Protection through UN Security Council Practice
Authors: AHLBORN CHRISTIANE 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSince the early 1990s, the UN Security Council has used its enforcement measures under Chapter VII of the UN Charter to address different aspects of international refugee protection from the root causes of forced displacement to the search for durable solutions to the refugee problem. At the same time, however, the Security Council has been criticized for impelling trends towards state security concerns that have emerged in the refugee-protection regime over the past two decades. By establishing safe areas in Iraq, Bosnia, and Rwanda, or linking refugee status to terrorism, the Security Council has been accused of violating established refugee-protection standards. This paper seeks to use the prism of international refugee protection to draw a more nuanced picture of the normative effects of SC actions on the development of international law generally. Shifting the analytical focus from the much-discussed responsibility of the Security Council for wrongful acts, it is submitted that the practice of the Security Council has had a considerable influence on the development and even making of norms in the field of international refugee protection, thereby eroding established refugee-protection standards. This normative erosion through the inherently political actions of the Security Council will be assessed with regard to the principal measures by which the Security Council has addressed international refugee protection, namely peace operations and economic sanctions.
From colonial port to socialist metropolis: imperialist legacies and the making of ‘New Dalian’
Authors: HESS CHRISTIAN A. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT:This article explores the transformation of the city of Dalian from a colonial export port to an industrialized core city of the Japanese wartime empire and finally a model production city of the People's Republic of China. These shifts in the economic and political function of the city also resulted in complex identity issues for Dalian's urban residents. Dalian's rise reminds that there were trajectories of urban development and modernity in China which were different from that of Shanghai. Dalian provides an important, local view of the transition from empire to nation in this strategically important part of Manchuria.
OBSTETRIC ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME - A REVIEW
Authors: SCHREIBER K , ATEKA-BARRUTIA O , KHAMASHTA MA , HUGHES GRV 
Published: November 2011

The Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is one of the current hot topics embracing rheumatology and obstetrics.The first clinical description of APS was in 1983. Venous or arterial thrombosis, abortion and cerebral manifestations along with circulating antibodies were the first described hallmarks of the syndrome. In the following years other clinical features, which include pregnancy complications, such as recurrent miscarriages (RM), pre-eclampsia or severe placental insufficiency were described.
Nonrigid Registration of CLSM Images of Physical Sections with Discontinuous Deformations
Authors: Michálek Jan , Čapek Martin , Kubínová Lucie 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWhen biological specimens are cut into physical sections for three-dimensional (3D) imaging by confocal laser scanning microscopy, the slices may get distorted or ruptured. For subsequent 3D reconstruction, images from different physical sections need to be spatially aligned by optimization of a function composed of a data fidelity term evaluating similarity between the reference and target images, and a regularization term enforcing transformation smoothness. A regularization term evaluating the total variation (TV), which enables the registration algorithm to account for discontinuities in slice deformation (ruptures), while enforcing smoothness on continuously deformed regions, was proposed previously. The function with TV regularization was optimized using a graph-cut (GC) based iterative solution. However, GC may generate visible registration artifacts, which impair the 3D reconstruction. We present an alternative, multilabel TV optimization algorithm, which in the examined samples prevents the artifacts produced by GC. The algorithm is slower than GC but can be sped up several times when implemented in a multiprocessor computing environment. For image pairs with uneven brightness distribution, we introduce a reformulation of the TV-based registration, in which intensity-based data terms are replaced by comparison of salient features in the reference and target images quantified by local image entropies.