bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reprogramming cell fates: reconciling rarity with robustness
Authors: Huang Sui 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe stunning possibility of “reprogramming” differentiated somatic cells to express a pluripotent stem cell phenotype (iPS, induced pluripotent stem cell) and the “ground state” character of pluripotency reveal fundamental features of cell fate regulation that lie beyond existing paradigms. The rarity of reprogramming events appears to contradict the robustness with which the unfathomably complex phenotype of stem cells can reliably be generated. This apparent paradox, however, is naturally explained by the rugged “epigenetic landscape” with valleys representing “preprogrammed” attractor states that emerge from the dynamical constraints of the gene regulatory network. This article provides a pedagogical primer to the fundamental principles of gene regulatory networks as integrated dynamic systems and reviews recent insights in gene expression noise and fate determination, thereby offering a formal framework that may help us to understand why cell fate reprogramming events are inherently rare and yet so robust.
Computational identification of altered metabolism using gene expression and metabolic pathways
Authors: Nam Hojung , Lee Jinwon , Lee Doheon 
Published: March 2009

AbstractUnderstanding altered metabolism is an important issue because altered metabolism is often revealed as a cause or an effect in pathogenesis. It has also been shown to be an important factor in the manipulation of an organism's metabolism in metabolic engineering. Unfortunately, it is not yet possible to measure the concentration levels of all metabolites in the genome‐wide scale of a metabolic network; consequently, a method that infers the alteration of metabolism is beneficial. The present study proposes a computational method that identifies genome‐wide altered metabolism by analyzing functional units of KEGG pathways. As control of a metabolic pathway is accomplished by altering the activity of at least one rate‐determining step enzyme, not all gene expressions of enzymes in the pathway demonstrate significant changes even if the pathway is altered. Therefore, we measure the alteration levels of a metabolic pathway by selectively observing expression levels of significantly changed genes in a pathway. The proposed method was applied to two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene expression profiles measured in very high‐gravity (VHG) fermentation. The method identified altered metabolic pathways whose properties are related to ethanol and osmotic stress responses which had been known to be observed in VHG fermentation because of the high sugar concentration in growth media and high ethanol concentration in fermentation products. With the identified altered pathways, the proposed method achieved best accuracy and sensitivity rates for the Red Star (RS) strain compared to other three related studies (gene‐set enrichment analysis (GSEA), significance analysis of microarray to gene set (SAM‐GS), reporter metabolite), and for the CEN.PK 113‐7D (CEN) strain, the proposed method and the GSEA method showed comparably similar performances. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 835–843. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Models of Solute Aggregation Using Cellular Automata
Authors: Kier Lemont B. , Cheng Cho‐Kun , Nelson Jean D. 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA series of models using cellular automata (CA) are created to examine the influences on the phenomenon of solute aggregation. The models used the variations in hydropathic states of the solutes to produce changes in the clustering patterns. It was found that an increase in the hydrophobic character of the solute molecules led to greater aggregation. The effect of concentration of solutes was also modeled. These preliminary models of solute aggregation serve as the basis for subsequent models relative to both biological receptor interactions, and the fate and transport of environmental contaminants of interest.
Levels of lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and antioxidant vitamins in plasma of patients with fibromyalgia
Authors: Akkuş Selami , Nazıroğlu Mustafa , Eriş Sevilay , Yalman Kadir , Yılmaz Nigar , Yener Mahmut 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe etiology of fibromyalgia is not clearly understood. In recent years, a few studies have investigated the possible role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the etiology and pathogenesis of fibromyalgia. The aim of this study was to investigate plasma antioxidant vitamins, lipid peroxidation (LP), and nitric oxide (NO) levels in patients with fibromyalgia and controls. The study was performed on the blood plasma of 30 female patients and 30 age‐matched controls. After a fast of 12 h, blood samples were taken, and plasma samples were obtained for measurement of vitamins A, C, E, and β‐carotene concentrations and levels of LP and NO. Concentrations of vitamins A (p < 0.01) and E (p < 0.001) were significantly lower in patients with fibromyalgia than in controls, and LP levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the plasma of the patients than in controls. Concentrations of vitamin C and β‐carotene and levels of NO did not change significantly. These results provide some evidence for a potential role of LP and fat‐soluble antioxidants in the patients with fibromyalgia. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large‐Scale Synthesis of Few‐Layered Graphene using CVD
Authors: Wang Xianbao , You Haijun , Liu Fangming , Li Mingjian , Wan Li , Li Shaoqing , Li Qin , Xu Yang , Tian Rong , Yu Ziyong , Xiang Dong , Cheng Jing 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLarge‐scale, substrate‐free graphene, with few‐layered sheets, is synthesized by the CVD of methane over cobalt supported on magnesium oxides at 1000 °C in a gas flow of argon. Typically, 50 mg of the few‐layered graphene materials over 500 mg of the Co/MgO catalysts are synthesized under our experimental conditions. Randomly aggregated, thin, crumpled graphene sheets stacked closely together are produced. Both carbon (94.6 at.‐%) and oxygen (5.4 at.‐%) are present in the graphene sheets. The oxygen may originate from air adsorbed on the graphene sheets. Our results indicate the presence of localized sp3 defects within the sp2 carbon network and small sp2 domains in the few‐layered graphene particles.
Anti‐CD3 mAbs for treatment of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Kaufman Adam , Herold Kevan C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe use of anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has moved from the bench to the bedside. The experience with the anti‐human CD3 mAb OKT3 for treatment of transplant rejection identified limitations that were largely overcome with the creation of humanized non‐FcR binding antibodies: Teplizumab, Otelixizumab and Visilizumab. Preclinical studies showed the ability of the drugs to reverse hyperglycaemia in diabetic non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice providing rationale for clinical trials with the agents. The former two drugs have been tested in subjects with new onset type 1 diabetes. They have both shown, in randomized clinical trials, an ability to reduce the loss of insulin production over the first 2 years of the disease. In addition, the need for exogenous insulin to maintain glucose control has been reduced. However, these agents alone do not restore normal glucose control, and future approaches will likely require combinations of agents with complementary immune or metabolic activity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Photochemical Reactions of Phosphonium‐Iodonium Ylides: Synthesis of Phosphonium‐Substituted Oxazoles
Authors: Matveeva Elena D. , Podrugina Tatyana A. , Pavlova Anna S. , Mironov Andrey V. , Gleiter Rolf , Zefirov Nikolai S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIrradiation of the mixed phosphonium‐iodonium ylides 4–6 in the presence of acetonitrile, propionitrile, and benzonitrile yielded the oxazole derivatives 9a–9c, 10a–10c, and 11a–11c in 30 %–50 % yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Total Synthesis of Neoaltenuene
Authors: Altemöller Martina , Podlech Joachim 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe total synthesis of neoaltenuene, a toxin produced by alternaria fungi, has been achieved for the first time in 14 steps in a yield of 10 % starting from quinic acid and phloroglucinic acid, the longest linear sequence consisting of 10 steps. The key reaction was a palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki‐type coupling of an arene boronate with an iodinated cyclohexene.4a‐epi‐Neoaltenuene, a non‐natural isomer has been synthesized similarly. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Analysis of mono‐, di‐ and oligosaccharides by CE using a two‐stage derivatization method and LIF detection
Authors: Tseng Hua‐Ming , Gattolin Stefano , Pritchard Jeremy , Newbury H. John , Barrett David A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA sensitive CE with LIF method has been developed for quantitative analysis of small carbohydrates. In this work, 17 carbohydrates including mono‐, di‐ and oligosaccharides were simultaneously derivatized with 4‐fluoro‐7‐nitrobenzofurazane (NBD‐F) via a two‐step reaction involving reductive amination with ammonia followed by condensation with NBD‐F. Under the optimized derivatization conditions all carbohydrates were successfully derivatized within 2.5 h and separated within 15 min using borate buffer (90 mmol/L, pH 9.2). For sugar standards LODs were in the range of 49.7 to 243.6 nmol/L. Migration time and peak area reproducibility were better than RSD 0.1 and 3%, respectively. The method was applied to measure sugars in nanoliter volume samples of phloem sap obtained by stylectomy from wheat and to honeydew samples obtained from aphids feeding from wheat and willow.
Simulating 3D deformable particle suspensions using lattice Boltzmann method with discrete external boundary force
Authors: Wu Jingshu , Aidun Cyrus K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA method for direct numerical analysis of three‐dimensional deformable particles suspended in fluid is presented. The flow is computed on a fixed regular ‘lattice’ using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), where each solid particle is mapped onto a Lagrangian frame moving continuously through the domain. Instead of the bounce‐back method, an external boundary force (EBF) is used to impose the no‐slip boundary condition at the fluid–solid interface for stationary or moving boundaries. The EBF is added directly to the lattice Boltzmann equation. The motion and orientation of the particles are obtained from Newtonian dynamics equations. The advantage of this approach is outlined in comparison with the standard and higher‐order interpolated bounce‐back methods as well as the LBM immersed‐boundary and the volume‐of‐fluid methods. Although the EBF method is general, in this application, it is used in conjunction with the lattice–spring model for deformable particles. The methodology is validated by comparing with experimental and theoretical results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selection and the effect of prenatal smoking
Authors: Fertig Angela R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThere is a debate about the extent to which the effect of prenatal smoking on infant health outcomes is causal. Poor outcomes could be attributable to mother characteristics, which are correlated with smoking. I examine the importance of selection on the effect of prenatal smoking by using three British cohorts where the mothers' knowledge about the harms of prenatal smoking varied substantially. I find that the effect of smoking on the probability of a low birth weight birth conditional on gestation is slightly more than twice as large in 2000 compared with 1958, implying that selection could explain as much as 50% of the current association between smoking and birth outcomes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
5,12‐Diacylated‐5,6,11,12‐tetrahydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]‐diazocines and related compounds
Authors: Yale Harry L. , Spitzmiller Ervin R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBoth N,N′ ‐(o‐phenylene)diformamide (1) and N,N′ ‐(4‐chloro‐1,2‐phenylene)diformamide (30) reacted with α,α‐dibromo‐o‐xylene (2) in DMF at 95–100° to give 5,6,11,12‐tetrahydrodibenzo‐[b,f][1,4]diazocine‐5,12‐dicarboxaldehyde (3a) and the corresponding 2‐chloro derivative (3b). With potassium hydroxide in ethylene glycol at 110°, 3a and 3b were selectively saponified to the 5‐carboxaldehyde derivatives (4) and either 21a or 22a. Reacylation of the latter led to a series of 5,12‐unsymmetrically diacylated derivatives, 5–18. Additionally, 4 was subjected (a) to a basecatalyzed addition to acrylonitrile to give the 12‐cyanoethyl derivative (19) and (b) alkylation with α‐bromotoluene to give the 12‐benzyl compound (20). Saponification of both carboxaldehyde groups in 3a,b required potassium hydroxide in ethylene glycol at 135° and gave the N,N′ ‐unsubstituted heterocycles (23 and 24); these were subsequently reacted with several aldehydes to yield the 5,12‐methano derivatives (25–29).
Reactions of acetylenic β‐keto cyanides and β‐keto esters with different ammonia derivatives
Authors: Al‐Jallo H. , Shandala M. , Al‐Hajjar F. , Al‐Jabour N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDifferent aryl substituted acetylenic β‐keto cyanides (IAa‐o) and β‐keto esters (IBa‐o) reacted with each of hydrazine hydrate, phenylhydrazine, hydroxylamine hydrochloride and semicarbazide hydrochloride in boiling alcohol to give the same heterocyclic nucleus for each type of ammonia derivative. In certain cases, intermediate acetylenic hydrazides were isolated at room or zero temperatures and cyclized to give the appropriate pyrazol‐5‐one compounds when healed above their melting points. It is concluded that Michael addition is favoured at elevated temperatures and Claisen addition is favoured at lower temperatures.
The oxidation of s‐triazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazines with selenium dioxide
Authors: Iwao Masatomo , Kuraishi Tsukasa 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSome s‐triazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazines were oxidized to 2,3‐dihydro‐s‐triazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazin‐3‐ones with selenium dioxide in nitrobenzene at 160–165° (external temperature) for 1–2 hours in 30–40% yields.
Polycondensed nitrogen heterocycles. VI. Pyrrolo[3,4‐b]‐1,4‐thiazine. A new heterocyclic ring system
Authors: Aiello Enrico , Dattolo Gaeteno , Plescia Salvatore 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the synthesis of a new ring system, pyrrolo[3,4‐b]‐1,4‐thiazine, obtained via H → III → IV.
Reaction of substituted benzylideneacetylacetones with hydroxylamine hydrochloride
Authors: Kurihara Takushi , Sakaguchi Toshiko , Hirano Hiroshi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe reaction of α,β‐unsaturated β‐diketones, such as 3‐(o‐chloro, m‐nitro, and o‐nitrobenzylidene)acetylacetones (I, II, and III) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride was carried out. Among them, compound I and II in acetonitrile, methanol, and acetic acid afforded 4‐(α‐hydroxy, methoxy, acetoxy, and chlorobenzyl)‐3,5‐dimethylisoxazoles (IV‐XI) in fairly good yield. On the other hand, III yielded 3‐(3′,5′‐dimethylpyrazolo)‐5‐chloroanthranil (XV) under the almost same conditions by the participation of o‐nitro group.
Photochemistry of 1‐methoxyphthalazine 3‐oxide
Authors: Šket Boris , Zupan Marko , Pollak Alfred 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIrradiation of 1‐methoxyphthalazine 3‐oxide in cyclohexane at 3500 Å resulted in the formation of phthalimide. On the other hand, irradiation in the presence of maleic anhydride resulted in the formation of 1‐methoxynaphthalene‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid anhydride. The similar cycloadduct was also observed by irradiation in the presence of benzoquinone. The formation of the cycloaddition products was also observed in acetic anhydride at 60°.
Weapons used by juveniles and adult offenders in sexual homicides: An empirical analysis of 29 years of US data
Authors: Chan Heng Choon (Oliver) , Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMost studies of sexual murderers consist of small samples made up of primarily adult offenders. Accordingly, little is known about similarities and differences between juvenile (under 18) and adult (over 18) sexual murderers. This article is the first to utilise a large sample (n = 3845) that spans almost three decades (1976–2004) of Supplemental Homicide Reports data to analyse juvenile (n = 452) and adult (n = 3393) sexual murderers, particularly in terms of weapons used to kill different victim types. This study underscores the importance of analyses of specific types of murderers. In comparison with homicide arrestees, those arrested for sexual murder were more likely to be male, less likely to be black, and about as likely to be under 18. Consistent with previous literature, sexual murderers in this study were more likely to use personal and close contact weapons than firearms and other more distant methods of killing. Several significant differences emerged in weapons selected to kill different victim types between juvenile and adult offenders. Findings with respect to weapon selection by offender age groups are consistent with Heide's physical strength hypothesis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current HIV‐2 diagnostic strategy overestimates HIV‐2 prevalence in China
Authors: Qiu Maofeng , Liu Xin , Jiang Yan , Nkengasong John N. , Xing Wenge , Pei Lijian , Parekh Bharat S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA significant number of HIV‐2 infections have been reported in China using Western blot as per current guidelines for HIV‐2 diagnosis in China. However, most specimens were also positive on HIV‐1 Western blot suggesting cross‐reactivity and possible overestimation. We carried out the current study to evaluate a strategy to diagnose the HIV‐2 infections in China. A total of 119 specimens received from 16 provinces were likely to be HIV‐2 when tested according to current guidelines in China using the Genelabs Western blot (HIV Blot 2.2 WB). Further testing by HIV‐2 WB (Bio‐Rad New LAV Blot II or Genelabs HIV Blot 1.2 WB) scored 56 (47.1%) of 119 samples with banding pattern suggestive of HIV‐2 infection, and 63 (52.9%) were HIV‐2 indeterminate. A peptide‐based HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 enzyme immunoassay for differential diagnosis of HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 infections was validated and used. This in‐house EIA demonstrated that only 1 (0.8%) of 119 specimens had HIV‐2 specific antibodies, while 2 (1.7%) were dually reactive. These results were highly concordant (>99%) with those by Inno‐LIA HIV‐I/II (Innogenetics, Belgium), which also use specific peptides for type‐specific diagnosis. Our data demonstrates that HIV‐2 infection is rare in China, and HIV‐2 Western blot may overestimate the prevalence of HIV‐2 in the population with HIV‐1. The HIV‐2 diagnostic strategy in China needs to be revised to include more specific peptide‐based immunoassays. J. Med. Virol. 81:790–797, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor in HCV genotype‐1 patients who develop Peg‐IFN‐α2b related severe neutropenia: A preliminary report on treatment, safety and efficacy
Authors: Koskinas John , Zacharakis George , Sidiropoulos John , Elefsiniotis John , Savvas Savvas , Kotsiou Stamatia , Kountouras Dimitrios , Schina Maria , Kostopoulos Panagiotis , Archimandritis Athanasios 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDose reductions of Peg‐IFNa because of severe neutropenia may affect the virologic response in patients with hepatitis C infection (HCV). Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) has been used occasionally but studies addressing its safety and efficacy in the current treatment of HCV infection are missing. The database of 232 naïve patients with HCV genotype‐1 who received PEG‐IFNα2b 1.5 mcg/kg/week plus Ribavirin 800–1,400 mg/day and completed the treatment was examined. Nineteen patients who exhibited significant neutropenia and received 150–300 µg G‐CSF (Group A) with 19 matched control patients who had dose reductions of Peg‐IFNα according to the standard recommendations (Group B) were examined. None of the patients had treatment modifications due to thrombocytopenia or anemia. The mean decline of the neutrophils was similar in groups A and B (1,760 ± 1,030/mm3at 11 ± 8.6 weeks and 1,630 ± 890 at 12.3 ± 6.1, respectively). Nadir neutrophil values were also not statistically different. Patients who received G‐CSF two before IFNα, maintained neutrophils between 1,400/mm3and 2,700/mm3and remained on G‐CSF for 29 weeks (2–40). Virologic response at the end of treatment was observed in 12/19 (63%) patients and at 6 months follow‐up in 6/19 (32%) in group A as compared to 9/19 (47%) and 4/19 (21%) in group B, respectively. No side effects related to G‐CSF were encountered. Administration of G‐CSF 2 days before Peg‐IFNα is safe, maintains sustained neutrophil count, improves adherence to treatment and seems to increase the virologic response in patients infected with HCV genotype 1 who develop Peg‐IFN‐α2b related severe neutropenia. J. Med. Virol. 81:848–852, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A meta‐analytic investigation into the moderating effects of situational strength on the conscientiousness–performance relationship
Authors: Meyer Rustin D. , Dalal Reeshad S. , Bonaccio Silvia 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDebates about the utility of conscientiousness as a predictor of job performance have focused primarily on mean effect size estimates, despite theoretical and empirical reasons to expect variability across situations. The present study meta‐analytically demonstrates that occupation‐level situational strength is one important source of this variability. Consistent with theory, predicted uncorrected conscientiousness–performance correlations ranged from r = .09 to .23 (overall performance) and r = .06 to .18 (task performance), with stronger correlations observed in weak occupations. These results highlight the need for continued inquiry into the nature of situational strength, its impact on other predictor–outcome relationships, and the implications of these issues vis‐à‐vis theory and practice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Posttraumatic stress in AIDS‐orphaned children exposed to high levels of trauma: The protective role of perceived social support
Authors: Cluver Lucie , Fincham Dylan S. , Seedat Soraya 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPoor urban children in South Africa are exposed to multiple community traumas, but AIDS‐orphaned children are at particular risk for posttraumatic stress. This study examined the hypothesis that social support may moderate the relationship between trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress for this group. Four hundred twenty‐five AIDS‐orphaned children were interviewed using standardized measures of psychopathology. Compared to participants with low perceived social support, those with high perceived social support demonstrated significantly lower levels of PTSD symptoms after both low and high levels of trauma exposure. This suggests that strong perception of social support from carers, school staff, and friends may lessen deleterious effects of exposure to trauma, and could be a focus of intervention efforts to improve psychological outcomes for AIDS‐orphaned children.