bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ibn Taymiyya's Criticism of the Syllogism
Authors: Rayan Sobhi 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine Ibn Taymiyya's criticism of Aristotelian logic, and to test the arguments he raises against it, as well as the theory he proposes as an alternative.
Ibn Taymiyya tries to prove that Aristotelian logic cannot contribute to knowledge because it is based on metaphysical foundations. He raises arguments that are intended to expose the contradictions of Aristotelian logic. These arguments are based partly on the principles of relativity and skepticism, and partly on empirical presuppositions.
Ibn Taymiyya proposed the use of analogical reasoning (qiyās al-tamthīl) which is a type of evaluation and measurement based on the comparison between particulars, or the relations between two similar or dissimilar things. It can be seen that the most important and decisive thing in this relation is the common attribute that links two particular occurrences. Therefore, this inference deals with the relations between things and the causal connections between them. This is expressed in the research method used in the Islamic juridical sciences, which are causal methods, such as: the coextensiveness and coexclusiveness (ṭard wa-῾aks), coextensiveness-cum-coexclusiveness (dawarān), and classification and successive elimination (al-sabr wa l-taqsīm).
Aḥmad Sirhindī: A 21st-century update
Authors: Buehler Arthur F. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This article revises current understandings of the Indian Naqshbandī Shaykh, Aḥmad Sirhindī (d. 1624). It moves analytically beyond the pioneering and balanced scholarly accounts of Yohanan Friedmann and J.G.J. ter Haar, directly addressing the issues that Sirhindī's modern scholarly detractors have considered his most alarming statements and alleged exaggerated claims. Looking sociologically at Sirhindī's ashrāfī social context and his role as a sufi teacher the article demonstrates the logic of many of his shocking statements, some of which involve personal issues that have yet to be discussed in western scholarly literature. Finally, the so-called “controversy” generated between two perspectives of unity (waḥdat-i wujūd and waḥdat-i shuhūd) has been vastly overstated in the scholarly literature. The overall sufi consensus is that there is no real controversy. Indeed, both Ibn al-Ἁrabī and Sirhindī agree that these two valid modes of unity are simply two ways of perceiving the One.
Perception of Risk of Vertically Acquired HIV Infection and Acceptability of Provider-Initiated Testing and Counseling Among Adolescents in Zimbabwe
Authors: Ferrand Rashida A. , Trigg Caroline , Bandason Tsitsi , Ndhlovu Chiratidzo E. , Mungofa Stanley , Nathoo Kusum , Gibb Diana M. , Cowan Frances M. , Corbett Elizabeth L. 
Published: October 2011

Objectives. We investigated attitudes toward provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling (PITC) in the suburbs of Harare, Zimbabwe, where late presentation after mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) is a major cause of adolescent mortality. Methods. Adolescents (10–18 years) attending 2 primary clinics were offered PITC. Participants completed a questionnaire investigating acceptability of PITC, and in-depth interviews with 41 adolescents and 30 guardians explored understanding of long-term survival after MTCT. Results. Of 506 participants, 16 were known to be HIV-positive; of the remaining 490, only 5 (1%) declined HIV testing. Infected adolescents and their guardians often anticipated a positive result and reported being advised by relatives (but not health workers) to be tested because of chronic illness, especially if parents or siblings had died or were HIV-infected. However, HIV-negative participants were not aware that long-term survival following MTCT could occur. All adolescents felt that HIV diagnosed at their age would be assumed to have been sexually acquired regardless of the true mode of transmission. Conclusions. Including late diagnosis of MTCT in pretest counseling and health educational messages may facilitate PITC for older children and adolescents, especially for those who have not had their sexual debut.
Expanding the Scope of Environmental Risk Assessment to Better Include Differential Vulnerability and Susceptibility
Authors: Schwartz Joel , Bellinger David , Glass Thomas 
Published: October 2011

The central paradigm of the Environmental Protection Agency is risk assessment. We examined how differential responses across population groups could be better integrated into the environmental risk assessment process, providing tools to achieve greater equity in health status in addition to risk reduction. Such integration was difficult with paradigms like reference dose and was easier with consideration of dose–response curves, which incorporated nontrivial effects observed at low doses for common exposures. We identified 6 assumptions implicit in standard chemical risk assessments that should changed: (1) risk independence, (2) risk averaging, (3) risk nontransferability, (4) risk synchrony, (5) risk accumulation and chaining, and (6) quantification of numbers of persons above certain thresholds or limit values sufficient to characterize risk.
The Relationship of Oral Health Literacy and Self-Efficacy With Oral Health Status and Dental Neglect
Authors: Lee Jessica Y. , Divaris Kimon , Baker A. Diane , Rozier R. Gary , Vann William F. 
Published: October 2011

Objectives. We examined the associations of oral health literacy (OHL) with oral health status (OHS) and dental neglect (DN), and we explored whether self-efficacy mediated or modified these associations. Methods. We used interview data collected from 1280 female clients of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children from 2007 to 2009 as part of the Carolina Oral Health Literacy Project. We measured OHL with a validated word recognition test (REALD-30), and we measured OHS with the self-reported National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey item. Analyses used descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate methods. Results. Less than one third of participants rated their OHS as very good or excellent. Higher OHL was associated with better OHS (for a 10-unit REALD increase: multivariate prevalence ratio = 1.29; 95% confidence interval = 1.08, 1.54). OHL was not correlated with DN, but self-efficacy showed a strong negative correlation with DN. Self-efficacy remained significantly associated with DN in a fully adjusted model that included OHL. Conclusions. Increased OHL was associated with better OHS but not with DN. Self-efficacy was a strong correlate of DN and may mediate the effects of literacy on OHS.
Community Health Workers’ Perspectives on Their Contribution to Rural Health and Well-Being in Iran
Authors: Javanparast Sara , Baum Fran , Labonte Ronald , Sanders David 
Published: October 2011

Objectives. The activities of community health workers (CHWs) have been identified as key to improvements in the health of Iran's rural population. We explored the perceptions of CHWs regarding their contribution to rural health in Iran. Methods. Three research assistants familiar with the Iranian primary health care network conducted face-to-face interviews with CHWs in 18 provinces in Iran. Results. Findings showed that Iranian CHWs have an in-depth understanding of health, including its social determinants, and are responsible for a wide range of activities. Respondents reported that trust-based relationships with rural communities, an altruistic motivation to serve rural people, and sound health knowledge and skills are the most important factors facilitating successful implementation of the CHW program in Iran. By contrast, high workload and the lack of a support system were mentioned as barriers to effective performance. Conclusions. The CHW program in Iran is a compelling example of comprehensive primary health care, in that CHWs provide basic health care but also work with community members and other sectors to address the social determinants of health.
Community Health Workers Can Be a Public Health Force for Change in the United States: Three Actions for a New Paradigm
Authors: Balcazar Hector , Lee Rosenthal E. , Nell Brownstein J. , Rush Carl H. , Matos Sergio , Hernandez Lorenza 
Published: October 2011

Community health workers (CHWs) have gained increased visibility in the United States. We discuss how to strengthen the roles of CHWs to enable them to become collaborative leaders in dramatically changing health care from “sickness care” systems to systems that provide comprehensive care for individuals and families and supports community and tribal wellness. We recommend drawing on the full spectrum of CHWs’ roles so that they can make optimal contributions to health systems and the building of community capacity for health and wellness. We also urge that CHWs be integrated into ”community health teams” as part of “medical homes” and that evaluation frameworks be improved to better measure community wellness and systems change.
Morphological variability of the Carex oederi s. l. inflorescence
Authors: Więcław Helena 
Published: October 2011

Morphological variability of the Carex oederi s. l. inflorescence
The most variable features describing Carex oederi s. l. include: (i) the distance between two lower female spikes, (ii) the length of the peduncle of a lower female spike, (iii) the distance between two upper female spikes, (iv) the length of inflorescence and peduncle of a male spike. Most of observed stems had (3)4-5 female spikes, which were crowded around a sessile and short male spike. Specimens with fewer female spikes (2-3) were characterized generally by their loose positioning on a stem (occasionally a lower female spike was distant and had a peduncle) and the presence of usually longer male spikes on a peduncle. In conclusion, C. oederi s. l. is highly variable morphologically. In the investigated materials, there are no apparent discontinuities. Further (planned) biometric research will be extended to the characteristics of the perygynium and vegetative features.
Contributions to the distribution and ecology of Carex hordeistichos Vill. in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
Authors: Dítě Daniel , Grulich Vít , Eliáš Pavol 
Published: October 2011

Contributions to the distribution and ecology of Carex hordeistichos Vill. in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
Current and historical occurrence as well as habitat requirements of Carex hordeistichos in the Czech Republic and Slovakia are presented. The study is based on the revision of herbarium specimens from 25 herbaria and a field survey carried out during 2004-2009. Altogether, 195 sites were documented in the Czech Republic, exclusively in the Moravia region. Recent occurrence was confirmed at only four localities (2% of sites), therefore the status of threat was confirmed - the species is critically endangered. In Slovakia, 184 localities of the species were recorded in total; 34 sites were found in period 1975-1999 and 35 sites were confirmed recently (19% of sites recorded), but only 6 in the Pannonia (3% of sites). The number of localities was stable over the last 35 years, therefore, we re-evaluated the IUCN status of C. hordeistichos in Slovakia. The species is now assessed in the category vulnerable - VU. Results of the study are summarised in the maps of historical and actual species distribution. C. hordeistichos usually occurred in various wet grassland communities and it had no well-defined coenotic relationships. On the basis of our knowledge, we consider C. hordeistichos as a facultative halophyte.
Invasive alien plant species of the southern part of the Nowogard Plain (NW Poland)
Authors: Konopska Karolina 
Published: October 2011

Invasive alien plant species of the southern part of the Nowogard Plain (NW Poland)
Investigations on the distribution of selected invasive plant species in southern part of the Nowogard Plain were conducted in the vegetation seasons of years 2008-2010. Field studies were based on the cartogram method. The article shows the distribution of twelve selected invasive plant species: Echinocystis lobata, Heracleum sosnowskyi, Impatiens glandulifera, Impatiens parvifora, Padus serotina, Reynoutria japonica, Robinia pseudacacia, Solidago canadensis, Solidago gigantea, Quercus rubra, Rosa rugosa and Acer negundo in the study area.
Changes in the vegetation of "Wrzosiec" mire in 1991-2009 (Western Pomerania)
Authors: Popiela Agnieszka , Fudali Ewa , Łysko Andrzej 
Published: October 2011

Changes in the vegetation of "Wrzosiec" mire in 1991-2009 (Western Pomerania)
Changes in the vegetation of a mire developing in forest lake hinterland in 1991-2009 are analysed and documented three times by phytosociological method. Within peat bog "islands", situated in the southern part of the lake, the most visible change is the development of a sparse pine-stand and thick shrubs of Salix species, Frangula alnus as well as increase in the participation of Molinia caerulea and some species of Scheuzerio-Caricetea class (Calamagrostis neglecta, Carex lasiocarpa and Sphagnum fallax). Vegetation of the lag zone shows fluctuating changes in the composition of plant communities depending on the water level that periodically changes. In the north-eastern part of the lake, a consistent slow process of terrestrialization was recognised.
Translocation of Nuphar lutea (L.) Sibth. & Sm. from the A2 road near Nowy Tomyśl (Poland) into alternative sites
Authors: Borysiak Anna , Borysiak Janina , Joniak Tomasz , Nagengast Barbara 
Published: October 2011

Translocation of Nuphar lutea (L.) Sibth. & Sm. from the A2 road near Nowy Tomyśl (Poland) into alternative sites
A translocation of Nuphar lutea (L.) Sibth. & Sm. was made from its primary location in Prądówka, situated in the path of the construction site of the A2 motorway, into replacement biotopes. All rhizomes were taken out of the water and used to prepare cuttings. These were divided into three approximately homogeneous groups. Each group was introduced into different replacement water bodies with environmental conditions that resembled those of the biotope in the Prądówka site. Two of the water bodies were fish ponds. A third was a so called ‘ecological water body’ (settling pond, settling basin) that collected fall effluents delivered from the surface of motorway. The results of the examination of the physical-chemical features of water and bottom sediments from the Prądówka peat pit, two fish ponds and four settling basins are presented in the article. Biological and autecological features of the species Nuphar lutea, which are significant from the aspect of the growth of the seedlings within the alternative sites, have been discussed. A year after translocation it was observed that in the case of fish ponds, 83% and 75% of the introduced plants survived, while in the settling basin only 50%. A conservation project was undertaken by the investor in order to compensate for the negative effects of the A2 motorway within the area of the European Ecological Natura 2000 Network.
Relics of cultivation in the vascular flora of medieval West Slavic settlements and castles
Authors: Celka Zbigniew 
Published: October 2011

Relics of cultivation in the vascular flora of medieval West Slavic settlements and castles
This monograph presents results of research on relics of cultivation and the present vascular flora of sites of medieval fortified settlements and castles in Central Europe. Special attention was paid to 109 West Slavic sites located in Poland, northeastern Germany, and the Czech Republic. For comparison, floristic data were collected also at 21 sites of medieval settlements and castles of Baltic tribes, East Slavs, and Teutonic knights. Results of this study confirm the hypothesis that remnants of medieval fortified settlements and castles are valuable habitat islands in the agricultural landscape, and are refuges of the plants that have accompanied West Slavs since the Middle Ages. At the 109 West Slavic archaeological sites, 876 vascular plant species were recorded. The present flora of the study sites is highly specific, clearly distinct from the surrounding natural environment, as shown by results of analyses of taxonomic composition, geographical-historical and synecological groups, indices of anthropogenic changes of the flora, and degrees of hemeroby (i.e. human influence) at the studied habitats. The sites of fortified settlements and castles are centres of concentration and sources of dispersal of alien species. Aliens account for nearly 21% of the vascular flora of the study sites. Among them, a major role is played by archaeophytes (101 species). Some archaeological sites are characterized by a high contribution of so-called species of old deciduous forests (98 species). Despite many features in common, floras of archaeological sites vary significantly, depending on their geographical location, size, typology, and chronology of their origin. Historical sites occupied in the past by West Slavs differ in the current vascular flora from the sites occupied in the Middle Ages by East Slavs or Baltic tribes and from Teutonic castles. West Slavic archaeological sites are primarily refuges for 22 relics of cultivation. Considering the time of cultivation, 3 groups of relics were distinguished: (i) relics of medieval cultivation (plants cultivated till the late 15th century); (ii) relics of cultivation in the modern era (introduced into cultivation in the 16th century or later), and (iii) relics of medieval-modern cultivation. These species play a special role in research on the history of the flora of Central Europe and thus also of the world flora. Thus the best-preserved sites of medieval West Slavic settlements and castles should be protected as our both cultural and natural heritage. This work is a key contribution to geobotanical research on transformation of the vegetation associated with human activity. Considering the problem of relics of cultivation it corresponds also to basic ethnobotanical issues.
Granular Cell tumor of the male breast
Authors: Baidya R , Sigdel B , Baidya NL , Chakraborti S 
Published: October 2011

A granular cell tumor is an unusual benign soft tissue neoplasm, occurring in the tongue, oral cavity or subcutaneous tissue and rarely occurs in the breast. We report a case of 44 years old male, who presented with a swelling in the right breast since 7 years measuring 6 x 4 cm. Fine needle aspiration cytology was suggestive of low grade carcinoma and on histopathologic examination, it was diagnosed as granular cell tumour, with S-100 immunopositivity. Keywords: Granular cell tumour; Male breast; S-100 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v1i2.5414 JPN 2011; 1(2): 161-163
An Overview of Gingival and Periodontal Diseases in 12 to 15 years using Gingivitis and Periodontitis Site Prevalence Index (WHO, 1978)
Authors: Shigli Anand , Deshpande Shobha D , Ravindranath Reddy PV 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe aim of the study was to overview the gingival and periodontal disease in children and adolescents aged 12 to 15 years in Belgaum city. Visible plaque, gingival bleeding, supragingival and subgingival calculus and periodontal pockets were measured. Examination of buccal, lingual and mesial areas of each tooth was recorded sequentially in both arches using Gingivitis and Periodontitis Site Prevalence Index (WHO, 1978). The prevalence of gingival and periodontal disease was more in males than females and in Hindu population compared to others. The sites affected by gingivitis and periodontitis increased with the age. Periodontal problems were significantly more prevalent in patients with betel nut chewing habit. Visible plaque was most common while periodontal pockets were least common in the adolescents. Age, socioeconomic status, brushing habits and brushing frequency did not affect much to the prevalence of sites of gingivitis and periodontal disease. It was concluded that early diagnosis and preventive measures would surely reduce the growing problem of gingival and periodontal diseases among the children and adolescents.
A Comparative Evaluation of Noninstrumentation Endodontic Techniques with Conventional ZOE Pulpectomy in Deciduous Molars: An in vivo Study
Authors: Agarwal Manisha , Das Usha Mohan , Vishwanath Deepak 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT
Pulp exposures secondary to caries are the most common in primary teeth due to the relatively large size of pulp chamber. Pulp in primary teeth is capable of healing, following control of infection and inflammation. Pulpotec and LSTR are the simple noninstrumentation endodontic treatment procedures which are capable of compensating for the inconvenience caused by conventional pulpectomy, and thereby preserve the vitality of the pulp. This study was conducted to assess clinical efficacy of pulpotec and LSTR and compare with that of conventional ZOE pulpectomy at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Around 34 children in the age group of 4 to 9 years with deep carious lesions affecting the pulps of 60 primary mandibular molars were randomly divided into three groups with 20 teeth in each group.

Results
Clinical evaluation was done at 1 month's interval. Both clinical and radiographic evaluations were done at 3, 6 and 12 months. Data obtained was analyzed statistically using Fisher's exact test. The results concluded that pulpotomy and pulpotec could be a good alternative for conventional ZOE pulpectomy. Long-term radiographic evaluations should be undertaken to further strengthen the efficacy of lesion sterilization and tissue repair (LSTR) as NIET.
Cephalometric Norms for Indian Adults using Digital Posteroanterior Analysis
Authors: Marianayagam David , Vallathan Ashima 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Facial and radiographic records in orthodontics are based on the profile. Aim of this study is to establish norms from digital posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms for Indian adults.

Materials and methods
The subjects included 45 Indian men and 55 Indian women, mean age 25 to 30 years. Subjects had ideal occlusion and a well-balanced face. About 12 linear measurements were determined using digital radiograph.

Results
There was statistically significant difference between male and female samples. Comparison between the Indian men and women indicated larger measurements for men.

Conclusion
According to these results new PA clinical norms are presented to Indian orthodontists for diagnosis and planning.

Abbreviations
ANS—Anterior nasal spine, A3-B3—Upper and lower canine right side, 3A-3B—Upper and lower canine left side Me—Menton.
Therapeutic Management of Oral Lichen Planus: A Review for the Clinicians
Authors: Kini Raghavendra , Nagaratna DV , Saha Ankit 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTLichen planus is a chronic, noninfectious, inflammatory disease of skin and mucous membrane. Intraorally the buccal mucosa, tongue and gingiva are the sites commonly involved. It affects women more often than men in a ratio 3:2. It has well-recognized clinical signs and symptoms, the symptoms may range from none, through mild discomfort to severe burning sensation. In comparison with cutaneous form, the oral lesions are more resistant to therapy and are less likely to undergo spontaneous remission.Treatment is administered mainly to resolve symptoms and discomfort. Choice of treatment may vary from patient to patient depending on the severity of the lesion and systemic condition of the patient. A variety of agents have been employed to treat oral lichen planus, but corticosteroid remains the mainstay of treatment. However, in the recent past, newer drugs like Tacrolimus have shown promising results. In view of fact that there is a risk of malignant transformation of atrophic and erosive forms of oral lichen planus, the patients need to be actively treated and kept on long-term follow-up. This article highlights various agents used in treatment of oral lichen planus, their mechanism of action, dosage and untoward effects.