bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVISION OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS: PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND CARTOGRAPHIC METHODS OF THE FRIBOURG TEST
Authors: Spiess E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Fribourg test consisted of a comparative study of the entire map revision process at a scale of 1: 25000, with the same topographic map extract being used by the seven participating centres. A description of the test site is given, followed by details of the photography, ground control and map bases which were supplied to the participants. The wide range of photogrammetric and cartographic production procedures adopted by the various organisations is summarised and the results are analysed for completeness, accuracy and quality. Time and cost factors are also evaluated. Full details of all aspects of the test will be published in the final report on the experiment, which was carried out under the auspices of Commission D of OEEPE.RésuméL'essai de Fribourg a comporté une étude comparative du processus complet de révision cartographique à l'échelle du 1: 25000, avec la participation de sept centres travaillant sur le même extrait d'une carte topographique. On décrit dans cet article le site de l'essai, et l'on donne divers détails sur les photographies, les points d'appui au sol et les documents cartographiques qui ont été fournis aux participants. On y résume toute la gamme des procédés de production photogrammétrique et cartographique en usage dans les divers établissements tandis que l'on analyse les résultats obtenus en ce qui concerne leur plénitude, leur précision et leur qualité. Les paramètres de temps et de cost ont étéégalement estimés. Cette expérience, qui a été menée sous les auspices de la Commission D de l'OEEPE, fera l'objet d'un rapport final dans lequel seront publiés de manière détaillée tous les aspects relatifs à cet essai.ZusammenfassungDer Fribourg‐Test bestand aus einer vergleichenden Studie des gesamten Laufendhaltungsprozesses für den Massstab 1: 25 000, wobei dieselbe Kartenunterlage von 7 teilnehmenden Ländern verwendet wurde. Es erfolgt eine Beschreibung des Testgehietes, und es werden Angaben zu den Luftbildern, Passpunktanordnungen und Kartengrundlagen gemacht, die den Teilnehmern am Versuch übergeben wurden. Der grosse Bereich photogrammetrischer und kartographischer Produktionsverfahren, der von den verschiedenen Organisationen angewandt wurde, wird zusammengefasst und die Ergebnisse werden bzgl. Vollständigkeit, Genauigkeit und Qualität analysiert. Zeit‐ und Kostenfaktoren werden ehenfalls bewertet. Vollständige Details aller Gesichtspunkte des Tests werden im Abschlussbericht des Versuches veröffentlicht werden, der unter Aufsicht der Kommission D der OEEPE durchgefürt wurde.
MAPPING WITH AIRCRAFT AND SATELLITE RADAR IMAGES
Authors: Leberl F. W. , Kobrick M. , Domik G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe history of radargrammetry spans about 35 years. It has moved from early plan position indicator (PPI) radar records of 1948 to the current (1984) space shuttle imaging radar SIR‐B. We can look forward to the future 1989 European and Japanese remote sensing satellites ERS‐1 and NASA's 1988 Venus Radar Mapper (VRM) mission. The mapping application requires that methods be available to deal with single images, stereoscopic pairs or blocks of image strips. The predominantly digital data format suggests that radargrammetric methods should be implemented in digital image processing systems for rectification, digital terrain elevation extraction and multi‐image registration for change monitoring. This paper presents a review of current radargrammetric understanding, applications and expected developments.
FOURCADE'S 1904 MAP OF DEVIL'S PEAK ACCURACY TESTED
Authors: Adams L. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn 1904, Dr. H. G. Fourcade compiled the first recorded topographic map made using analytical stereophotogrammetric methods. This paper describes how, in 1985, the stereophotography was repeated in very close proximity to Fourcade's original camera base using a modern metric camera. A new topographic map was compiled by computer graphics from stereoscopic observations made on a modern stereocomparator. A direct comparison of the two sets of interpolated contour lines demonstrates that Fourcade produced a highly accurate map covering part of Devil's Peak which is adjacent to Table Mountain near the city of Cape Town.
EVALUATING IMAGE QUALITY OF SMALL FORMAT AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY SYSTEMS
Authors: Thomson G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of small format systems for aerial photography as an alternative to employing the more customary larger 230×230 mm format cameras continues to gain acceptance in a number of applications on the basis of the lower operating costs involved. The reduced costs and relative ease of operation with small format systems can attract unskilled operators who, by producing inferior photographic coverage, may delay the more widespread introduction of smaller systems for photo‐interpretation and photogrammetric surveys of local sites. Anticipating the need for a flying and photography specification that would serve the needs of all interested parties, a series of laboratory trials were undertaken in conjunction with a literature review to quantify the comparative image quality performance of both large and small format systems. The spatial resolution of a typical small format system was assessed by photographing a low contrast resolution target using a collimator‐based system and also by directly recording the target at a predetermined reduction scale. Comparative results between the two methods of evaluation are assessed and a comparison is made with the performance of larger format cameras.
COASTAL AIR SURVEY: CHANGING TIDES OF FORTUNE?
Authors: Chisholm N. W. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study of coastal air survey draws together the main characteristics of the coastal zone, scientific sites of interest, statutory spheres of responsibility, existing coastal photography and survey, and evidence of survey practices by many with responsibilities in these environments. In contrast to the surveyor/photogrammetrist steeped in survey techniques and map use, the majority of people who commission and use air photographs and photogrammetric mapping have very different backgrounds and interests and have widely differing objectives. They come largely from the disciplines of economics, planning, engineering, geography, biological sciences and accountancy. They, too, have their own view of the value of air survey and the analysis here of the trends in demand and use for such material suggests that these sources of information play only a minor and occasional part in their everyday work.
THE EVOLUTION OF DIGITALPHOTOGRAMMETRYFROM ANALYTICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Wrobel B. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe evolution of digital photogrammetry from analytical photogrammetry is outlined, partly by considering the methods employed, but with the main emphasis on mathematical and physical principles. A fundamental distinction is obvious from the nature of the primary information measurement data: the image co‐ordinates with analytical photogrammetry and the digital image grey values with digital photogrammetry. For both techniques, appropriate Gauss‐Markov evaluation procedures are compared. The relevant relationships between image space data and object space models are presented; radiometric considerations play a more important role than before. The evaluation of digital image grey value data is no longer based on digital image correlation. Instead, a new principle of image inversion has been introduced by directly back‐projecting grey values of an image on to object space models. The numerical procedures of digital photogrammetry need some stabilisation by appropriate regularisation elements. The new concept of digital photogrammetry may be applied to imagery from almost any sensor.
Effects of the intervals of tie points used in co‐registration on the accuracy of digital elevation models generated by INSAR
Authors: Zou Weibao , Li Zhilin , Ding Xiaoli 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInterferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a new measurement technology, making use of the phase information contained in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. InSAR has been recognised as a potential tool for the generation of digital elevation models (DEMs) and the measurement of ground surface deformation. In InSAR data processing for the generation of DEMs, the first step is image co‐registration, which brings both images into the same coordinate system for the generation of an interferogram for further processing. The accuracy of the resultant DEM will certainly be affected by the quality of the co‐registration, which is in turn affected by the set of tie points used and some other factors. In this study, only the interval of tie points is considered. This means that other factors are kept unchanged. Four pairs of SAR images with size of 1760 × 400 pixels were used for testing. The effects are assessed by a relative measure for the quality of the resultant interferogram and an absolute measure for the accuracy of the resultant DEM. Results show that the effect of tie point interval on the accuracy of the final DEM is not linear. When the tie point interval is smaller than 273 × 44 pixels (273 pixels in row and 44 pixels in column), the variation in the resultant DEM accuracy is not significant. It is also noticeable that an interval of 205 × 34 pixels always results in the best or very good results. Therefore, it seems that an interval of around 200 × 30 pixels (200 pixels in row and 30 pixels in column) is an appropriate choice for the selection of tie points for image co‐registration in hilly areas.
Flandrian pollen deposition rates and tree‐line history in northern Fennoscandia
Authors: HYVÄRINEN HANNU 
Published: July 2010

Previous absolute polien diagrams from northern Fennoscandia yielded evidence for a retreat of the pine limit from an earlier extended position to a position near the modern one between about 5000 and 3000 B.P. New absolute pollen data from the sediment core of Domsvatnet, a small tundra lake near the eastern coast of Varanger Peninsula, are used to demonstrate a parallel retreat in the birch limit. Areas outside the modern birch limit were colonized by early Flandrian pioneer birch woods between 9500 and 9000 B.P. and remained as birch woodland through middle Flandrian times until a retreat started around 5000 B.P. leading to the present tundra situation.The Domsvatnet core shows anomalous high pollen deposition rates combined with relatively rapid matrix sedimentation, suggesting that pollen from outside the basin has been washed in with allochthonous material and concentrated in the sediment.
Holocene glacial variations in Sarek National Park, northern Sweden
Authors: KARLÉN WIBJÖRN , DENTON GEORGE H. 
Published: July 2010

Detailed mapping of well‐preserved moraine systems fronting 17 small alpine glaciers in Sarek National Park in Swedish Lapland reveals two Holocene intervals of prolonged glacier expansion, each involving a complex of minor fluctuations. The younger interval, which corresponds to the Little Ice Age, experienced advances that culminated about A.D. 1916–1920, 1880–1890, 1850–1860, 1800–1810, 1780, 1700–1720, 1680, 1650, and 1590–1620. The older expansion interval, which probably centered around 2500 14C yr B.P., experienced several minor fluctuations spread through about 600 years.Lichen data collected on moraine systems in Sarek are internally consistent from glacier to glacier. Lichen measurements on surfaces of known age in Sarek and nearby Kebnekaise match closely, allowing moraine correlations between these areas. Several older expansion intervals are recorded in the Kebnekaise Mountains. Taken together, the two sequences suggest that a series of prolonged expansion intervals, each similar to the Little Ice Age, has characterized the Holocene in Lapland. Fluctuations of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in Sweden suggest that this series of Little‐Ice‐Age events extends back into the late Weichsel in the form of the Younger Dryas and Oldest Dryas stadials.
The stratigraphy of the Quaternary Clyde Foreland Formation, Baffin Island, illustrated by the distribution of benthic foraminifera
Authors: FEYLING‐HANSSEN ROLF W. 
Published: July 2010

The Clyde Foreland Formation is defined as comprising unconsolidated or only slightly consolidated deposits, varying in grain size from very coarse boulder gravel to clay, situated between the outermost part of Clyde Inlet and the coastal mountains west‐northwest of Kogalu River on the northeast coast of Baffin Island, Arctic Canada. They outcrop in an up to 40 m high almost straight‐lined coastal cliff facing Baffin Bay and are composed of mainly marine deposits interbedded with glacigenic layers.Investigation of assemblages of fossil foraminifera revealed three main stratigraphical units of the marine deposits, viz., the hlandiella zone, being the youngest, the Cibicides rotundatus zone, and the Nonion tallahattensis zone, being the oldest.The hlandiella zone is supposed to be upper Pleistocene of age, comprising a large Mid‐Wisconsinian (Mid‐Weichselian) interstadial, and an interglacial that can be correlated with the Sangamonian (Eemian) interglacial. The Cibicides rotundatus zone may comprise Illinoian interstadial deposits as well as deposits of Yarmouthian (Holsteinian) interglacial age. The Nonion tallahattensis zone represents an older (Aftonian?) mild interval.
Classification and terminology of morainic landforms in Finland
Authors: AARIO RISTO 
Published: July 2010

The terms assigned to Finnish morainic landforms were frequently originally established for areas where the glacial environment was different from that in Finland. The terms therefore are not always applicable to the conditions found here and there is a need for some revision. Some new proposals are presented in this paper. The term cover moraine could be adopted to refer to a vencer of till, which has a rather flat surface, devoid of transverse or lineal elements. The term ground moraine would then only he applied when the relief is independent of the underlying bedrock topography. As regards the term hummocky moraine, it would he advantageous to subdivide it into at lcast hummocky disintegration moraine, thehummocky squeezed‐up moraine, and the hummocky active‐ice moraine. Today the term is of little value since it is commonly used to describe forms with varied origins.Landforms tend to form groups of closely related genetic assenihlagcs or of complexes where the members are areally related, but often genetically different. It is more logical to handle them as an association of forms, rather than to split the group artificially into a number of separate units. A gradational series of assemblages from a fluting assemblage into a drumlin assemblage and further into a hummocky active‐ice assemblage characterizes the Koillisinaa reference area. A bimodal flow system prevailed during the formation of the landforins. Spiral flow predominates in the formation of flutings and linear drumlins, ahercas up and down movement predominates in the formation of the transverse ridges of Kogen moraine. Between these end members coinhinations of these flow patterns occur.
Subaquatic flow tills: a new interpretation for the genesis of some laminated till deposits
Authors: EVENSON EDWARD B. , DREIMANIS ALEKSIS , NEWSOME JOHAIL W. 
Published: July 2010

Detailed field mapping, till fabric, granulometric, and thin section investigations indicate that a 500 m long unit of laminated tills and interstratified glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine sediments, belonging to the Catfish Creek Formation and exposed along the north shore of Lake Erie, Ontario, were deposited contemporaneously into a proglacial lake by coherent subaqueous mass flows of till (subaquatic flow tills) accompanied by glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine contribution from supra‐ and/or subglacial and ice marginal sources.Comparison with descriptions of other stratified tills suggest that several of them may have a similar origin.
Plant colonisation patterns on a gletschervorfeld, southern Norway: a meso‐scale geographical approach to vegetation change and phytometric dating
Authors: MATTHEWS JOHN A. 
Published: July 2010

A quantitative geographical approach is made to colonisation by vascular plant species on Storbreen gletschervorfeld, Jotunheimen, southern Norway. The approach adds a second dimension to the study of plant colonisation patterns on recently deglaciated terrain, allows inferences to be made about vegetation change and has implications for phytometric dating. An atlas of computer maps is presented based on the frequency of the most commonly occurring species over a dense pattern of sites. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling is used to compare the maps and to describe their similarities. Species diversity is mapped and described with the aid of trend surface analysis.Colonisation is interpreted as proceeding by a series of environmentally‐conditioned waves of immigration by species. A ‘pioneer’ species group is replaced by ‘snowbed’ species at high altitudes and by ‘heath’ species at lower altitudes. A peak of diversity is reached after 25–35 years but diversity later declines and may then rise or fall to the climax. The marked spatial discontinuity in species occurrence at the gletschervorfeld boundary indicates that a dynamic equilibrium (the climax state) is still to be reached after 220 years of development. Few species can be regarded as universal indicators of surface age but many species are potentially useful for phytometric dating over a limited environmental range. Species that are characteristic of a particular phase of a succession are most useful for dating purposes.
Structures and textures in till indicating subglacial deposition
Authors: KRÜGER JOHANNES 
Published: July 2010

Five structural and textural features are discussed: (1) small lenses of sorted material, (2) smudges, (3) small‐scale deformations of till matrix and smudges by clasts, (4) clasts consistently striated, and (5) clasts with stoss‐and‐lee sides. Analyses suggest that these features may be produced by subglacial processes acting in the ice‐bed interface. Long axes of small sand lenses and smudges as well as the striation on the upper surface of scattered clasts in lodgement till have a strong preferred orientation in good agreement with the glacier flow direction as indicated by clast fabrics, bedrock striation, and surface fluting of ground moraine. When in traction against the till bed, clasts may plough up till banks. Clasts with stoss‐and‐lee sides development were also very distinctly oriented as their stoss sides faced significantly up‐glacier.It is concluded (1) that each of the five features discussed is useful as a criterion for subglacial deposition by lodgement, (2) that they indicate important differential movement along the ice‐bed interface and therefore suggest a temperate regime in this part of the glacier during the till deposition, (3) that very few orientation measurements of one or more of these features signify the ice movement direction; i.e. a time‐saving method to find the paleoflow direction of Pleistocene glaciers, and (4) that taken together with till preconsolidation, mechanical composition, and clast fabric, they may support each other and give good indications of the genesis of Pleistocene tills.
A model of Weichselian glacier variation in the North Atlantic region
Authors: BOULTON GEOFFREY S. 
Published: July 2010

The evidence for the extent and timing of Weichselian glaciation in Arctic regions shows that: (1) there were no major marine ice domes in the Arctic at 18,000 B.P. but that glaciers were relatively limited in extent; (2) there were no extensive ice shelves at 18,000 B.P. as envisaged by Hughes, Denton & Grosswald(1977); (3) the major periods of glacier expansion were between 125,000 and 80,000 B.P., just prior to 45,000 B.P., and between 11,000 and 8,000 B.P., and thus that glacier fluctuations at the southern margins of the Laurentide and Fennoscandian ice sheets were out of phase with those in the Arctic which advanced during southern interstadials.Phases of glacier advance in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic can be identified in deep sea cores by the peaks in concentration of iceberg‐dropped detritus and an increase in sedimentation rates, which are highest when sub‐polar water penetrates to the north. The key to the temporal pattern of Arctic glaciation and its association with oceanic changes is given by the intimate association of present‐day Arctic glacierisation with the two major low pressure troughs which penetrate the Arctic in the Atlantic sector and in Baffin Bay. The chronology of glaciation in the Atlantic sector is associated with the activity of these troughs and the related oceanic circulation. Cooling of the Arctic due to reduction in solar radiation at the end of the last interglacial, when the pack ice lay north of 75d̀N in the Atlantic, produced ideal conditions for Arctic glacier growth, with moisture transported by a strong cyclonic flux into a cooling Arctic from a strong North Atlantic Drift current.A positive feedback loop involving ocean and atmospheric circulation and pack ice, caused movement of the polar front to the south, thus slowly cutting off the supply of moisture to the Arctic. Further cooling at 75,000 B.P. caused a rapid extension of the polar front south of 45d̀N, effectively cut off the northward movement of surface currents on the North Atlantic, and produced a strong zonal oceanic and atmospheric circulation which starved Arctic glaciers of nourishment and caused their retreat, and initiated rapid build up of the Fennoscandian and Laurentide ice sheets. Subsequent extensions of Arctic glaciers were associated with limited northward movement of sub‐polar water and associated Atlantic depressions. The expansion of glaciers within the Arctic between 11,000 and 8,000 B.P. was associated with the first and diachronous penetration of moisture into a still cool Arctic during decay of the two great ice sheets.
Microfossils from the Cambrian to the Recent
Authors: ALHONEN PENTTI 
Published: July 2010

Books reviewed in this article:Bate, R. H., Robinson. E. & Shcppard, L. M. (eds.) 1982: Fossil and Recent Ostracods.Neale, J. W. & Brasicr, M. D. (cds.) 1981: Microfossils from Recent and Fossil Shelf Seas.