bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emulsifier‐Free Graphene Dispersions with High Graphene Content for Printed Electronics and Freestanding Graphene Films
Authors: Tölle Folke Johannes , Fabritius Martin , Mülhaupt Rolf 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA novel and highly versatile synthetic route for the production of functionalized graphene dispersions in water, acetone, and isopropanol (IPA), which exhibit long‐term stability and are easy to scale up, is reported. Both graphene functionalization (wherein the oxygen content can be varied from 4 to 16 wt%) and dispersion are achieved by the thermal reduction of graphite oxide, followed by a high‐pressure homogenization (HPH) process. For the first time, binders, dispersing agents, and reducing agents are not required to produce either dilute or highly concentrated dispersions of single graphene sheets with a graphene content of up to 15 g L−1. High graphene content is essential for the successful printing of graphene dispersions by 3D microextrusion. Free‐standing graphene films and micropatterned graphene materials are successfully prepared using this method. Due to the absence of toxic reducing agents, the graphene exhibits no cytotoxicity and is biocompatible. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of graphene is significantly improved by the absence of binders. Flexible microarrays can be printed on different substrates, producing microarrays that are mechanically stable and can be bent several times without affecting electrical conductivity.
Scalar–tensor representation of f(R) gravity and Birkhoff's theorem
Authors: Capozziello S. , Sáez‐Gómez D. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBirkhoff's theorem is discussed in the frame of f(R) gravity by using its scalar–tensor representation. Modified gravity has become very popular in recent times as it is able to reproduce the unification of inflation and late‐time acceleration with no need of a dark energy component or an inflation field. Here, another aspect of modified f(R) gravity is studied, specifically the range of validity of Birkhoff's theorem, compared with another alternative to general relativity, the well‐known Brans–Dicke theory. As a novelty, here both theories are studied using a conformal transformation and writing the actions in the Einstein frame, where spherically symmetric solutions are studied using perturbation techniques. The differences between both theories are analyzed as well as the validity of the theorem within the Jordan and Einstein frames, where interesting results are obtained.
Preparation and characterization of polyvinylpyrollidone incorporated cellulose acetate membranes for ultrafiltration of metal ion
Authors: Kumari Archana , Sarkhel Gautam , Choudhury Arup 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCellulose acetate (CA) membranes are widely used for reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration (UF) applications. In this study, asymmetric CA membranes were prepared by phase inversion method using different concentration of polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP) as a pore former. The prepared polymeric blend membranes were characterized by Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscope. The effect of PVP concentration on the UF performance of the blend membranes was investigated and discussed in terms of water content (%), compaction, and pure water flux (PWF). It was observed that the thermal stability of the membranes increased with increasing the PVP content, whereas the mechanical strength of membranes was deteriorated. The number of pore and pore size distribution in the membrane structure were evaluated. The PWF and water content (%) of the membranes were dependent on the PVP concentration. Studies were carried to find out the rejection and permeate flux of cadmium ion using humic acid as the chelating agent. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Inner Ear Evolution in Primates Through the Cenozoic: Implications for the Evolution of Hearing
Authors: Coleman Mark N. , Boyer Doug M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractMammals are unique in being the only group of amniotes that can hear sounds in the upper frequency range (>12 kHz), yet details about the evolutionary development of hearing patterns remain poorly understood. In this study, we used high resolution X‐ray computed tomography to investigate several functionally relevant auditory structures of the inner ear in a sample of 21 fossil primate species (60 Ma to recent times) and 25 species of living euarchontans (primates, tree shrews, and flying lemurs). The structures examined include the length of the cochlea, development of bony spiral lamina and area of the oval window (or stapedial footplate when present). Using these measurements we predicted aspects of low‐frequency and high‐frequency sensitivity and show that hearing patterns in primates likely evolved in several stages through the first half of the Cenozoic. These results provide temporal boundaries for the development of hearing patterns in extant lineages and strongly suggest that the ancestral euarchontan hearing pattern was characterized by good high‐frequency hearing but relatively poor low‐frequency sensitivity. They also show that haplorhines are unique among primates (extant or extinct) in having relatively longer cochleae and increased low‐frequency sensitivity. We combined these results with additional, older paleontological evidence to put these findings in a broader evolutionary context. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Body donation in India: Social awareness, willingness, and associated factors
Authors: Rokade Shrikant A. , Gaikawad Anjana P. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWith the attendant rise of the number of medical colleges in India over past few decades, the demand for cadavers used in medical education and research is growing. However, there is an insufficient supply of donated cadavers available for dissection. This study was undertaken to assess the general population's awareness of body donation programs and willingness to donate in the State of Maharashtra, India. The willingness of participants to donate was compared with age, gender, and education of the respondents. A total of 625 adult individuals from the State of Maharashtra participated in a survey composed of questions about age, sex, education, awareness of body donation programs, and willingness to donate. It was found that 90.9% of the medical colleges surveyed reported an inadequate supply of cadavers. Of the general population, 32.1% of respondents were aware of body donation, compared to 95.83% of health care professionals. However, only 19.5% of the general population and 44.9% of health care professionals were willing to donate their bodies for anatomical education. Younger age groups, males, graduates, and postgraduates were found more willing to donate their bodies. Organ donation was preferred over body donation. A lack of awareness about body donation was the main factor responsible for respondents' “no body donation” response in the general population, along with firm religious beliefs and customs, the fear that the donated body will not be treated with respect and dignity, and the unacceptability of the dissection of one's own body. To overcome the current shortage of donated cadavers, efforts should be undertaken to change the mindset of the wider Indian society toward body donation. The authors believe this is possible through awareness campaigns and that prospective donors' concerns should be addressed appropriately. Proper guidance and assistance regarding body donation should be easily available for potential donors. Anat Sci Educ. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.
Pathways for agro‐bioenergy transition in Ukraine
Authors: Voytenko Yuliya 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEconomies in transition (EiTs) (e. g. Ukraine (UA), Belarus, Moldova, etc.) are significantly dependent on energy imports, and require revitalization of their agricultural sectors and improvements in the state of the environment. Development of national bioenergy potentials can contribute to the solutions to these problems. However, EiTs face technical, political, financial, and capacity‐based constraints in their transition to bioenergy. Biomass can potentially deliver 18% (1 EJ yr‐1) in UA's energy balance while the current figure is only 0.7%. The bioenergy sector is not established in UA. This work identifies facilitating and constraining factors for the transition to agro‐bioenergy in UA, and suggests strategies to pursue such transition.A conceptual framework – agro‐biomass framework for organisation and action (ABF) – developed by the author applies a technology innovation system (TIS) approach, which is expanded to include four categories of analysis: actors and networks, natural resources, technical resources, and non‐technical components. Seven TIS functions are analyzed in relation to each category within UA's bioenergy sector. The results are presented as constraining and facilitating factors for bioenergy in UA in relation to these functions. Strategies for the enhancement of each function are formulated, and recommendations to a variety of stakeholders to facilitate the transition to agro‐bioenergy in UA are made.This work establishes pre‐requisites for a legitimate agro‐industrial bioenergy sector in UA and is unique for the UA and EiT context. New ABFs can be further applied in a variety of settings for the analysis of bioenergy initiatives and the degree of bioenergy development. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Pd Cluster Nanowires as Highly Efficient Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Cheng , Zhang Xin , Yu Qi‐Yu , Liu Zhi‐Chang , Xu Chun‐Ming , Gao Jin‐Sen , Zhuang Jing , Wang Xun 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPalladium is a key catalyst invaluable to many industrial processes and fine‐chemical synthesis. Although recent progress has allowed the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles with various shapes by using different techniques, the facile synthesis of Pd nanocrystals and turning them into a highly active, selective, and stable catalyst systems still remain challenging. Herein, we report the highly selective one‐pot synthesis of monodisperse Pd cluster nanowires in aqueous solution; these consist of interconnected nanoparticles and may serve as highly active catalysts because of the enrichment of high index facets on the surface, including {443}, {331}, and {221} steps. For the first time, carbon nanotube and γ‐Al2O3 immobilized Pd cluster nanowires showed highly enhanced catalytic performance in the liquid‐phase selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde and gas‐phase hydrogenation of 1,3butadiene relative to immobilized Pd icosahedra and nanocubes, as well as commercial Pd catalysts.
Phase 2 study of neoadjuvant docetaxel plus bevacizumab in patients with high‐risk localized prostate cancer
Authors: Ross Robert W. , Galsky Matthew D. , Febbo Phil , Barry Marc , Richie Jerome P. , Xie Wanling , Fennessy Fiona M. , Bhatt Rupal S. , Hayes Julia , Choueiri Toni K. , Tempany Clare M. , Kantoff Philip W. , Taplin Mary E. , Oh William K. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Treatment of high‐risk localized prostate cancer remains inadequate. The authors performed a phase 2 multicenter trial of neoadjuvant docetaxel plus bevacizumab before radical prostatectomy.METHODS:Eligibility included any of the following: prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) >20 ng/mL or PSA velocity >2 ng/mL/y, cT3 disease, any biopsy Gleason score 8 to 10, and Gleason score 7 with T3 disease by endorectal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 1.5 T. Also, those with ≥50% biopsy cores involved and either Gleason score 7, PSA >10, or cT2 disease were eligible. Patients were treated with docetaxel 70 mg/m2 every 3 weeks for 6 cycles and bevacizumab 15 mg/m2 every 3 weeks for 5 cycles. The primary endpoint was partial response by endorectal MRI.RESULTS:Forty‐one patients were treated. Median age was 55 years (range, 40‐66 years). Baseline characteristics included: median PSA, 10.1 ng/mL; cT2, 49%, cT3, 32%; and Gleason score 8 to 10, 73%. Thirty‐eight of 41 (93%) patients completed all 6 cycles. Grade ≥3 adverse events were rare, although 3 of 41 (7%) experienced febrile neutropenia. Twelve patients (29%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 16%‐45%) achieved a >50% reduction in tumor volume, and 9 patients (22%; 95% CI, 11%‐38%) achieved a >50% post‐treatment decline in PSA. Thirty‐seven of the 41 patients underwent radical prostatectomy; there were no complete pathologic responses.CONCLUSIONS:Neoadjuvant docetaxel and bevacizumab is safe, and results in reductions in both tumor volume and serum PSA, in men with high‐risk localized prostate cancer. The role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in prostate cancer, and perioperative antiangiogenic therapy in general, requires further elucidation through ongoing and planned trials. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Clofarabine plus low‐dose cytarabine followed by clofarabine plus low‐dose cytarabine alternating with decitabine in acute myeloid leukemia frontline therapy for older patients
Authors: Faderl Stefan , Ravandi Farhad , Huang Xuelin , Wang Xuemei , Jabbour Elias , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Kadia Tapan , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Konopleva Marina , Borthakur Gautam , Burger Jan , Feliu Jennie , Kantarjian Hagop M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Standard therapy for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has a poor outcome. The authors have designed a combination of clofarabine plus low‐dose cytarabine followed by a prolonged consolidation alternating with decitabine.METHODS:Sixty patients with a median age of 70 years (range, 60‐81 years) with newly diagnosed AML were included. They received clofarabine 20 mg/m2intravenously daily for 5 days plus cytarabine 20 mg subcutaneously twice daily for 10 days. Responding patients continued for up to 17 courses of consolidation therapy including decitabine.RESULTS:Forty of 59 evaluable patients responded (66%). Complete remission rate was 58%. Median relapse‐free survival (RFS) was 14.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.9 to not estimable), and median overall survival (OS) was 12.7 months (95% CI, 8.8 to not estimable). Median OS of responding patients (complete response [CR]/CR with platelet count <100 × 109/L) was 24.2 months (95% CI, 17 to not estimable). Compared with a historical group of patients who received clofarabine plus low‐dose cytarabine with a shorter consolidation, RFS was not statistically different. Induction mortality was low (7% at 8 weeks) and toxicities manageable.CONCLUSIONS:Clofarabine plus low‐dose cytarabine alternating with decitabine in consolidation is active in older patients with newly diagnosed AML. The benefits of a prolonged consolidation remain unproven. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Effects of ghrelin administration during chemotherapy with advanced esophageal cancer patients
Authors: Hiura Yuichiro , Takiguchi Shuji , Yamamoto Kazuyoshi , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Kurokawa Yukinori , Yamasaki Makoto , Nakajima Kiyokazu , Miyata Hiroshi , Fujiwara Yoshiyuki , Mori Masaki , Kangawa Kenji , Doki Yuichiro 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Cisplatin reduces plasma ghrelin levels through the 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) receptor. This may cause cisplatin‐induced gastrointestinal disorders and hinders the continuation of chemotherapy. The authors of this report conducted a prospective, randomized phase 2 trial to evaluate the effects of exogenous ghrelin during cisplatin‐based chemotherapy.METHODS:Forty‐two patients with esophageal cancer who were receiving cisplatin‐based neoadjuvant chemotherapy were assigned to either a ghrelin group (n = 21) or a placebo group (n = 21). They received either intravenous infusions of synthetic human ghrelin (3 μg/kg) or saline twice daily for 1 week with cisplatin administration. The primary endpoint was changes in oral calorie intake, and the secondary endpoints were chemotherapy‐related adverse events; appetite visual analog scale (VAS) scores; changes in gastrointestinal hormones and nutritional status, including rapid turnover proteins, and quality of life (QoL) estimated with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QoL core questionnaire (QLQ‐C30).RESULTS:Two patients were excluded from the final analysis: One patient suspended ghrelin administration because of excessive diaphoresis, and another patient in the placebo group failed to monitor the self‐questionnaire. Food intake and appetite VAS scores were significantly higher in the ghrelin group than in the placebo group (18.2 ± 5.2 kcal/kg/day vs 12.7 ± 3.4 kcal/kg/day [P = .001] and 6.2 ± 0.9 vs 4.1 ± 0.9 [P < .0001], respectively). Patients in the ghrelin group had fewer adverse events during chemotherapy related to anorexia and nausea than patients in the control group. Significant deterioration was noted after chemotherapy in the placebo group in QoL scores, appetite, nausea and vomiting, and global health status.CONCLUSIONS:Short‐term administration of exogenous ghrelin at the start of cisplatin‐based chemotherapy stimulated food intake and minimized adverse events. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Fabrication of Soft Submicrospheres by Sequential Boronate Esterification and Their Dynamic Behavior
Authors: Nishiyabu Ryuhei , Teraoka Shiori , Matsushima Yusuke , Kubo Yuji 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPyridine‐assisted sequential boronate esterification of benzene‐1,4‐diboronic acid and 1,2,4,5‐tetrahydroxybenzene has induced hierarchical molecular self‐assembly, and in turn producing well‐defined submicrospheres. Spectroscopic analyses such as FE‐SEM, TEM, DLS, NMR, XRD, and IR absorption spectroscopy indicates that the particles are composed of lamellar structures of sp2‐hybridized trigonal planar poly(dioxaborole). The spontaneous self‐organization is ascribable to reactive layer‐by‐layer assembly through sequential boronate esterification of the diboronic acid and the tetrahydroxybenzene whereby initially formed oligo(dioxaborole) may provide a platform for further reactions, thus resulting in the production of submicrospheres. It is interesting to note that the dynamic covalent functionality as a result of the dioxaborole linkage induced a stimuli‐responsive change in morphology by not only a pH switch but also the exchange reaction with pentaerythritol. Further, a selective saccharide‐induced change in the submicrosphere morphology was observed through a simple exchange reaction of dynamic covalent boronate esters with saccharides in THF; the selective change in morphology is visually detected through the color change in the solution. These findings can provide a useful insight into the design of stimuli‐responsive hierarchical architectures based on boron‐containing dynamic covalent bond.
Spatial patterns, processes and predictions in ecohydrology: integrating technologies to meet the challenge
Authors: Vivoni Enrique R. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTSpatial organization is the pre‐eminent challenge of ecohydrology as a geospatial science. Ecohydrological patterns emerge as a result of interactions of fine‐scale processes and functions that are difficult to observe, quantify and predict. As a result, an integrated approach to the study of spatial patterns in ecohydrology requires a more focused engagement of sampling, sensing and computational tools that are presently available to the scientific community. Here, an incremental and iterative process is proposed consisting of field experiments sequenced with distributed ecohydrological modelling aimed at identifying emergent spatial patterns. In this commentary, three case studies are presented that illustrate how the integration of spatial technologies can provide new insights into the ecohydrological patterns of arid and semiarid ecosystems. The search for emergent ecohydrological behaviour arising from cross‐scale interactions can also yield improved process understanding, predictive capabilities and relevance to societal needs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Conformation and Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Imidazolyl‐Substituted Naphthalenediimide and Its HgII, CdII, and CuII Halide Complexes
Authors: Jiang Jia‐Jian , Yan Cheng , Pan Mei , Wang Zi , Deng Hai‐Ying , He Jian‐Rong , Yang Qing‐Yuan , Fu Lei , Xu Xian‐Fang , Su Cheng‐Yong 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA new end–core–end naphthalenediimide‐based ligand N,N′‐bis(3‐imidazol‐1‐yl‐propyl)naphthalene diimide (3‐imntd) was synthesized. Single crystals of the free ligand and its HgII, CdII, and CuII halide complexes were obtained. All the compounds were fully characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, single‐crystal XRD, and DFT studies. The XRD and DFT calculations revealed three different kinds of conformations for 3‐imntd (cis, trans, and L). The variation in the ligand conformation and the resulting final structures of the coordination assemblies, M2L2 metallacycle, 1D zigzag chain, or ML metallacycle, seem to be induced by the different geometric characters of the coordination tetrahedra around the metal centers. The optical and electrochemical properties of the compounds were also investigated.
Synthesis, Reactivity and Ring‐Opening Polymerization of a Tin‐Bridged ansa‐Cycloheptatrienyl‐Cyclopentadienyl Titanium Sandwich Complex
Authors: Tagne Kuate Alain C. , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Jones Peter G. , Tamm Matthias 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe tBu2Sn‐bridged [1]troticenophane [(η7‐C7H6)Ti(η5‐C5H4)]SntBu2 (2) has been synthesized by low‐temperature salt elimination reaction between stoichiometric amounts of the dilithiated troticene [(η7‐C7H6Li)Ti(η5‐C5H4Li)]·pmdta (1; pmdta = N,N′,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyltriethylenetriamine) and tBu2SnCl2. Compound 2 was isolated as a blue‐green crystalline solid in moderate yield and characterized by multinuclear 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Compound 2 and the co‐crystal 2·[(pmdta)LiCl] were characterized in the solid state by X‐ray diffraction analyses. The dihedral angles between the planes of the C5H4 and C7H6 rings are 16.3(3) and 17.2(1)°, respectively, for 2 and its co‐crystal. Compound 2 is the first monocrystalline structurally characterized heteroleptic stanna[1]troticenophane. The reaction of 2 with [Pt(PEt3)3] afforded the platinastanna[2]troticenophane 3, in which the Pt0 fragment was inserted by regioselective cleavage of the ipso‐C7H6–Sn bond, as evidenced by 13C NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Compound 2 underwent thermal ring‐opening polymerization in the solid state to form poly(troticenylstannane) 4. In solution and in the presence of nBuLi as initiator, 2 opens and reassembles to form the metallopolymer 5. The polymeric nature of both 4 and 5 was determined by gel permeation chromatography.
Glaser Coupling of 4‐Ethynyl[2.2]paracyclophane: The Formation of Two Diastereomers
Authors: Hopf Henning , Dix Ina , Raev Vitaly , Ernst Ludger 
Published: January 2012

AbstractGlaser coupling of 4‐ethynyl[2.2]paracyclophane (1) led to a mixture of dimers that could not be separated by either chromatographic or chemical methods. That two diasteromers of the dimer 2 were produced in a 7:3 ratio was demonstrated by the resolving power of modern NMR spectroscopy.