bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An approximate matching algorithm for finding (sub-)optimal
sequences in S-attributed grammars
Authors: Waldispühl J. , Behzadi B. , Steyaert J.-M. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Motivation: S-attributed grammars (a generalization of classical Context-Free grammars) provide a versatile formalism for sequence analysis which allows to express long range constraints: the RNA folding problem is a typical example of application. Efficient algorithms have been developed to solve problems expressed with these tools, which generally compute the optimal attribute of the sequence w.r.t. the grammar. However, it is often more meaningful and/or interesting from the biological point of view to consider almost optimal attributes as well as approximate sequences; we thus need more flexible and powerful algorithms able to perform these generalized analyses.
Results: In this paper we present a basic algorithm which, given a grammar G and a sequence ω, computes the optimal attribute for all (approximate) strings ω′∈ L(G) such that d(ω, ω′)≤ M, and whose complexity is 𝒪(nr+1) in time and 𝒪(n2) in space (r is the maximal length of the right-hand side of any production of G). We will also give some extensions and possible improvements of this algorithm.
Keywords: S-Attribute Grammar, Approximate matching, Dynamic Algorithm.
Contact: waldispu@lix.polytechnique.fr
Detecting genomic features under weak selective pressure:
the example of codon usage in animals and plants
Authors: Duret Laurent 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Large scale experiments of gene inactivation in yeast have shown that 50% of genes have no detectable impact on the phenotype, and similar observations have been made in other model organisms. This apparent paradox is probably due to the fact that many genes only have a marginal contribution to the fitness of organisms. Because of the size of populations and the number of generations that can be studied in laboratories, experimental approaches only permit to detect functional elements that have a strong phenotypic impact. Comparative sequence analysis can help to solve this problem: the analysis of sequences evolution permits to detect the action of selection, and hence to reveal functional features of genomes. This approach will be illustrated by the study of synonymous codon usage in animals and plants.
Fusarium Crown and Root Rot of Tarragon in California Caused by Fusarium solani
Authors: Koike S. T. 
Published: May 2011

Tarragon, also known as estragon or dragon's-wort (Artemisia dracunculus), is a perennial plant in the Asteraceae. Tarragon is grown for use in cooking as a fresh and dried herb. In May 2010, commercial tarragon grown in a field on California's central coast was affected by a previously undescribed disease. Initial symptoms consisted of chlorosis of leaves and wilting of shoot tips. As the disease progressed, entire shoots and branches turned brown and died. The plant crown epidermis and cortex and the upper cortex of the main roots turned brown with occasional black streaking. Diseased plants died several weeks after the onset of wilting. A Fusarium species was consistently isolated from symptomatic crown and root tissues. On carnation leaf agar (CLA) incubated under lights, the isolates produced stout, slightly curved macroconidia having blunt apical cells. One- and two-celled oval to cylindrical microconidia were abundant and born in false heads on extremely long monophialides. Chlamydospores were present in 1-month-old cultures. On potato dextrose agar incubated under lights, the isolates produced abundant white aerial mycelium with bluish coloration of the culture surface. The isolates were identified as Fusarium solani (2). Pathogenicity tests were conducted using six isolates, with inoculum produced on CLA. For each isolate, 250 ml of a spore suspension (1 × 106 conidia/ml) were poured onto the roots of 10-cm potted tarragon plants. Ten plants were inoculated for each of the six isolates. A control set of tarragon was treated with 250 ml of water. All plants were maintained in a greenhouse set at 24 to 25°C. After 8 weeks, plants inoculated with the spore suspensions began to show wilting and browning of leaves. Crown epidermis and cortex and root cortex tissues were brown; Fusarium solani was reisolated from the crowns and roots. The experiment was repeated and the results were the same. To my knowledge, this is the first report of F. solani causing a crown and root rot disease of tarragon. The disease caused significant damage with approximately 50% of the commercial field affected. The other Fusarium species previously reported on tarragon is an uncharacterized F. oxysporum isolated from roots of plants grown in California (1). References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , March 8, 2011, (2) P. E. Nelson et al. Fusarium Species: An Illustrated Manual for Identification. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA, 1983.
Nurses attitudes towards the importance of families in psychiatric care following an educational and training intervention program
Authors: SVEINBJARNARDOTTIR E. K. , SVAVARSDOTTIR E. K. , SAVEMAN B.‐I. 
Published: May 2011

Accessible summary
The attitude that psychiatric nurses have towards the importance of involving families in their care is fundamental to the quality of the intervention family members are offered. Research evidence supports the view that psychiatric nurses' positive attitudes towards families, in psychiatric care, encourage them to engage more frequently in therapeutic conversations with families.
The main focus of the family nursing education and intervention program (ETI‐PROGRAM) was to educate psychiatric nurses in family systems nursing. One of the beliefs in family nursing is that illness is a family affair and therefore it is important to involve families in the care of the patients to be able to soften the suffering of the psychiatric patients and their family members.
The main results of this study emphasize that after the psychiatric nurses had received the education and training program (ETI‐PROGRAM) on family system nursing, they viewed families as less burdensome in their psychiatric care.
AbstractThis study measures the attitudes of the psychiatric nurses, after having received an education and training intervention program (ETI‐PROGRAM) in family systems nursing, towards the importance of the families in their care. Nurses' knowledge of the impact that family nursing intervention can have on family members may increase positive attitudes towards families. However, little is known about the impact that education and training intervention can have on nurses' attitudes, towards families in clinical practice. Quasi‐experimental design was used to assess the change in nurses' attitudes towards families in psychiatric care after the intervention, which included a one‐day seminar on the Calgary family nursing conceptual frameworks and skills training with clinical vignettes of families from psychiatry. The Families Importance in Nursing Care – Nurses' Attitude questionnaire was used to evaluate nurses' attitudes. A total of 81 nurses (65%) working in psychiatric care responded to the questionnaire. Nurses with more than 15 years of work experience were significantly more supportive of families in their care compared with less experienced nurses. Out of the 81 nurses, 52 (64%) answered the questionnaire again 14 months later. Furthermore, psychiatric nurses saw families significantly less burdensome after having participated in the ETI‐PROGRAM.
Commentary: the importance of education and vaccination in reducing the risk of hepatitis infection among nursing students
Authors: Cutter Jayne 
Published: May 2011

CUTTER J. (2011) Commentary: the importance of education and vaccination in reducing the risk of hepatitis infection among nursing students. International Nursing Review58, 186–187Background:  Healthcare workers are at risk of contracting blood‐borne viral infection during contact with blood and body fluids. Nursing students may be at particular risk because of their inexperience. Adoption of suitable precautions, hepatitis B vaccination and appropriate post‐exposure prophylaxis will significantly reduce the risk of infection.Aim:  This commentary puts into context the findings of a study by Yamazhan et al. who explored nursing students' knowledge on hepatitis together with their immunization status.Evaluation:  Knowledge of hepatitis, its mode of transmission and the risks of infection following adverse exposure to blood and body fluids are essential to ensure safe practice. This paper identifies that nursing students' knowledge of hepatitis is moderate only and varies between universities. However, the uptake of hepatitis B vaccination among the sample was high, suggesting a high commitment to reducing the risk of this infection by the universities and clinical placements.Implications:  This paper highlights the need for a standardized education package to be developed and delivered by all universities in Turkey to ensure that nursing students have a sound knowledge of hepatitis and other blood‐borne infections. Vaccination programmes must continue to ensure that nursing students are protected from hepatitis B.
GRIEF: A NARRATIVE ACCOUNT
Authors: Goldie Peter 
Published: May 2011

AbstractGrief is not a kind of feeling, or a kind of judgement, or a kind of perception, or any kind of mental state or event the identity of which can be adequately captured at a moment in time. Instead, grief is a kind of process; more specifically, it is a complex pattern of activity and passivity, inner and outer, which unfolds over time, and the unfolding pattern over time is explanatorily prior to what is the case at any particular time. The pattern of a particular grieving is best understood and explained through a narrative account, and not merely through a causal account, for narrative accounts in such cases have powerful explanatory, revelatory, and expressive powers which causal accounts lack. Although I will not argue for it here, I believe that this view of grief can be generalised to other kinds of emotion. If this is so, then many philosophical accounts of emotion are at fault in identifying emotion with a kind of mental state or event.
ENFRANCHISING INCOMPETENTS: SURETYSHIP AND THE JOINT AUTHORSHIP OF LAWS
Authors: Goodin Robert E. , Lau Joanne C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractProposals to lower the age of voting, to 15 for example, are regularly met with worries that people that age are not sufficiently ‘competent’. Notice however that we allow people that age to sign binding legal contracts, provided that those contracts are co‐signed by their parents. Notice, further, that in a democracy voters are collectively ‘joint authors’ of the laws that they enact. Enfranchising some less competent voters is no worry, the Condorcet Jury Theorem assures us, so long as the electorate's competence averaging across all voters remains better‐than‐random.
ABNORMALITY AND GETTIER SITUATIONS: AN EXPLANATORY PROPOSAL
Authors: Hetherington Stephen 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAnalytic epistemologists reach regularly for favoured ‘intuitions’. And the anti‐luck intuition (as Duncan Pritchard calls it) is possibly one of the best‐entrenched epistemological intuitions at present, seemingly guiding standard reactions to Gettier situations. But why is that intuition true (if it is)? This paper argues that the anti‐luck intuition (like the ability intuition) rests upon something even more deeply explanatory – the normality intuition. And to recognise this is to understand better what most epistemologists want from a concept of knowledge. (It also helps to explain recent epistemological reactions to lottery cases.)1
Evaluation of modified Wright‐staining of dried urinary sediment as a method for accurate detection of bacteriuria in cats
Authors: Swenson Cheryl L. , Boisvert Agatha M. , Gibbons‐Burgener Suzanne N. , Kruger John M. 
Published: May 2011

Background:Urinary sediment examination and quantitative urinary culture results are frequently discordant.Objectives:The aims of this study were to compare accuracy of light microscopic examination of wet‐mounted unstained (wet‐unstained) and air‐dried modified Wright‐stained (dry‐stained) sedimented preparations of urine with results of quantitative aerobic bacterial culture for detection and characterization of bacteriuria in cats. In addition, the presence of pyuria detected by urinalysis and potential risk factors were assessed.Methods:A blinded prospective study was conducted on 472 urinary samples collected from 410 cats by cystocentesis. The age and sex of each cat were recorded. Complete urinalyses were performed and included quantification of WBCs. Quantity and morphology of bacteria in each specimen were determined by light microscopic examination of wet‐unstained (performed by certified medical technologists) and dry‐stained (performed by a veterinary clinical pathologist) sedimented preparations of urine and compared with results of quantitative bacterial cultures.Results:Of 472 urinary specimens, 29 were positive for bacteriuria by culture and considered true positives and 443 were considered true negatives. Compared with these results, examination of wet‐unstained and dry‐stained urines had sensitivities of 75.9% and 82.8%, specificities of 56.7% and 98.7%, and test efficiencies of 57.8% and 97.7%, respectively. Positive likelihood ratios were 1.8 and 63.7 and negative likelihood ratios were 0.42 and 0.17 for wet‐unstained and dry‐stained examinations, respectively. Compared with 29 culture‐positive samples, the wet‐unstained method had morphologic concordance and misclassification rates of 37.9% and 62.1%, respectively, whereas the dry‐stained method had morphologic concordance and misclassification rates of 65.5% and 34.5%, respectively. Only 34% of samples with bacteriuria had pyuria. Frequency of bacteriuria was not significantly different based on age and sex of the cats, but there was a tendency for increased frequency in female cats and in cats >10 years old.Conclusions:Staining dried urinary sediment with a modified Wright‐stain significantly improved sensitivity, specificity, and test efficiency of microscopic detection and classification of bacteriuria compared with the wet‐unstained method. Pyuria should not be a criterion for determining the presence or absence of bacteriuria.
Teaching and Learning Democracy: Collaborative Development of Courses on Citizenship
Authors: Kahane David , von Lieres Bettina 
Published: May 2011

SummaryHow can educators work together to enhance work on democracy and citizenship? This paper analyses the trajectory and dynamics of the Teaching and Learning (T&L) group, an initiative that brought together educators from seven countries to address the challenges of developing and delivering courses on citizenship and democratising teaching and learning environments. Part of the Citizenship DRC, a wider research consortium that examined the dynamics of citizen participation in diverse contexts, the T&L group centred on peer‐to‐peer reflection, learning and support. Its innovative ways of working and success in developing a wide range of courses and trainings challenge expert‐driven models of pedagogical development. They also point to the importance of transnational collaborations in enhancing curricula, courses and teaching methods that effectively support both learning about democracy and citizenship, and democratic teaching capacities.
Europe overview
Authors: Goffey G. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Over 35 years, the Petroleum Geology Conference series has been the leading UK conference dedicated to making public the scientific advances and findings of some four decades of NW European hydrocarbon exploration and production. Leading edge issues in the NW European province after four decades include small pool and high pressure high temperature (HPHT) exploration, late-stage field exploitation and field redevelopment. The rich subsurface datasets and pioneering of emerging technologies provide a stream of valuable models, lessons, techniques and ideas which have both local and international applicability. Papers grouped under the exploration theme contain regional, local and detailed studies which illustrate the nature of current exploration activity for small, deep and complex structural and stratigraphic prospects. Closer and more comprehensive integration of seismic-derived understanding of structural evolution and seismic, well and analogue-derived depositional and sequence stratigraphic constraints are probably the most fruitful approaches and are shown by a number of papers. Papers on field development and production themes describe the industry's response to challenges such as low permeability and reservoir prediction through the use of multiple 3D and 4D seismic datasets and the exploitation of advances in drilling, well logging and completion technologies to drain progressively smaller per well reserves. Again, integration is the watchword, here between interpretations and analyses of subsurface data with well planning and construction. Finally, a number of papers describe current techniques in petrophysics, 3D and 4D seismic applications and remote sensing approaches.
Channel structures formed by contour currents and fluid expulsion: significance for Late Neogene development of the central North Sea basin
Authors: Knutz P. C. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Channel horizons, delimiting a major Pliocene sedimentary prism in the central North Sea basin, have been investigated in the context of oceanographic, climatic and tectonic controls, using 3D seismic and well data from the UK and Norwegian sector. Aggrading channel structures, forming 700–2500 m wide and 75–150 m deep linear to arcuate troughs, superimpose the truncated distal part of the prism in the northern Central Graben. The origin of the aggradational channel and prism complex is related to differential deposition and erosion by contour currents that intensified as tectonic subsidence formed a deep marine basin (>600 m) with open connections to the Atlantic and Norwegian Sea. The largest channel troughs appear to be filled with consolidated sediments and emerge from areas where the Neogene strata is pierced by salt diapir chimneys. From Early Pleistocene (
c
. 2.5 Ma) the channels were subject to progressive burial by rapid clinoform progradation. Based on the seismic observations, a depositional model is proposed that relates contourite channel development to fluid expulsion from salt diapir structures and fracture zones extending from lower Miocene strata. The sedimentary prism accumulated over a Late Miocene/Early Pliocene Unconformity marked by incised channels that are reminiscent of a northward diverging drainage system. This erosive low-stand development is probably related to late Alpine compression, which promoted uplift in the British Isles and the Channel region. The ensuing subsidence of the central North Sea, associated with concomitant uplift of the Norwegian–Danish Basin, generated the present southwestward dip of 0.5–0.8° of the basal unconformity. The Late Miocene compressional phase followed by rapid basin depending during Pliocene to early Pleistocene suggests that present concepts of North Sea basin development have to be re-evaluated.
The Ensign enigma: improving well deliverability in a tight gas reservoir
Authors: Purvis K. , Overshott K. E. , Madgett J. C. , Niven T. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The Ensign Gas Field is located in the Sole Pit basin in the Southern North Sea. The reservoir is the Rotliegend Group Leman Sandstone Formation of Lower Permian age and comprises sediments deposited in an arid continental environment. The main gas-bearing interval in the field consists of sabkha, waterlain and minor aeolian sands, reflecting deposition in an erg margin/lake margin setting. The poor primary reservoir quality of these sands has been severely reduced by extensive illite cementation resulting in average air permeabilities of <1 mD. Attempts to develop the field economically utilizing fracture‐stimulated vertical wells has met with mixed results, with flow rates of 14 MMscf per day and lower being measured during testing. The most recent appraisal well drilled on the field was a long horizontal well that was stimulated with five hydraulic fractures resulting in an economic flow rate of 44 MMscf per day. Analysis of the core and log data acquired during the appraisal of the field has shown that the reservoir contains a heterogeneous distribution of fractures, faults and micro-faults. The fracture population is dominated by conductive north–south striking fractures, with subordinate NNW–SSE resistive fractures and NE–SW mixed fractures that are arranged in clusters, with zones of high and low fracture density. Well results to date suggest that the NE–SW open and partially open fractures observed in core do not improve reservoir productivity, but those orientated north–south that are conductive appear to improve well deliverability.
Sedimentology and unexpected pressure decline: the HP/HT Kristin Field
Authors: Quin J. G. , Zweigel P. , Eldholm E. , Hansen O. R. , Christoffersen K. R. , Zaostrovski A. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Since production began in the HP/HT Kristin Field off mid-Norway, reservoir pressure in each of the three mid to late Jurassic reservoir units (the Garn, Ile and Tofte formations) has declined significantly more rapidly than was initially predicted. In the Garn Formation, the Tofte Formation and to some extent also the Ile Formation, this has occurred at least partly because an unusual distribution of reservoir properties led to bias in the four-well appraisal dataset and this in turn resulted in an overestimation of reservoir properties. Of particular importance to this bias was the fact that very good but unrepresentative reservoir properties were encountered in all three reservoir zones in the discovery well located in the centre of the field. These, it is now realized, are not even typical of most of the central part of the field but are, instead, restricted within one, small, anomalous area. Study of cores and thin sections indicates that in each reservoir unit this directly reflects a concentration of more energetic depositional facies in the area while less energetic facies are present on three sides. This pattern was not predictable from the original dataset and seems to have arisen because there was structural control upon facies positioning during accumulation of the reservoir section. This influenced the distribution of cleaner, coarser grained, more proximal depositional facies and, ultimately, reservoir quality distribution and pressure development. What is interesting about Kristin Field is that the structural influence upon sedimentation is observed within the footwall stratigraphy of a major relay structure where the primary provenance direction was on the hanging-wall side. This pattern is the reverse of what is normally reported in tectono-stratigraphic studies.