bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly Controlled Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Chips Using Nanoengineered Gold Blocks
Authors: Yokota Yukie , Ueno Kosei , Misawa Hiroaki 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWell defined gold nanostructures of various sizes are fabricated on glass substrates using high‐resolution electron‐beam lithography/lift‐off techniques and detailed surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) properties of crystal violet molecules are studied in order to elucidate electromagnetic (EM) field enhancement effects on the fabricated structures. SERS measurements are performed with high reproducibility using in situ Raman microspectroscopy in aqueous solution. An analysis based on EM theory is performed using field‐enhancement factors obtained from finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulations and the analysis reproduces experimental results very well. It is noteworthy, furthermore, that the proposed analytic method of EM effects on SERS allows the estimate of the ideal local temperature of gold nanostructures by canceling out the difference in EM field factors at Stokes and anti‐Stokes Raman scattering wavelengths. Thus, these experimental results demonstrate that quantitative analysis based on EM theory can be obtained using highly controlled gold nanostructures for SERS measurements with high reproducibility, a result that is promising for the construction of a SERS analysis chip. Although no SERS chip reported so far has been usable for quantitative analysis, this study opens the door for construction of a quantitative SERS chip.
Sequence of changes in myocardial performance index in relation to aortic isthmus and ductus venosus Doppler in fetuses with early‐onset intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Cruz‐Martinez R. , Figueras F. , Benavides‐Serralde A. , Crispi F. , Hernandez‐Andrade E. , Gratacos E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the sequence of changes in myocardial performance index (MPI) and aortic isthmus (AoI) and ductus venosus (DV) flow in fetuses with early‐onset intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).MethodsMPI and AoI and DV pulsatility indices (PI) were evaluated every 1–7 days in a cohort of IUGR fetuses with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler PI (> 95th percentile) delivered before 34 weeks' gestation. The longitudinal changes were analyzed in the last 30 days before delivery by multilevel and survival analysis.ResultsA total of 430 scans were performed on 115 IUGR fetuses. MPI, AoI‐PI and DV‐PI showed increases with the progression of fetal deterioration throughout the follow‐up study period, but the rates of progression were different. On average, MPI, AoI‐PI and DV‐PI crossed the 95th percentile at 26 days, 12 days and 5 days before delivery, respectively. At the last examination before delivery, the proportion of increased MPI (70.4%) was significantly higher than that of abnormal AoI‐PI (55.7%; P < 0.01) and DV‐PI (47.8%; P < 0.01).ConclusionIn early‐onset IUGR, MPI and AoI and DV Doppler indices all increase but at different rates, which could provide the basis for further research on their use for improving in‐utero monitoring and prediction of long‐term outcome. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Informed decision‐making about the fetal anomaly scan: what knowledge is relevant?
Authors: Schoonen H. M. H. J. D. , Essink‐Bot M. L. , Van AGT H. M. E. , Wildschut H. I. , Steegers E. A. P. , De Koning H. J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjectivesThis study had two objectives. The first was to determine the contents of relevant knowledge needed for informed decision‐making (IDM) in second‐trimester ultrasound screening for fetal anomalies, with the goal of developing a knowledge measure for use in large‐scale program evaluations. The second was to compare the contents of decision‐relevant knowledge for second‐trimester ultrasound screening with those for first‐trimester screening for Down syndrome using the combined test.MethodsA generic list of content domains for knowledge about screening was extracted from the literature. Items reflecting specific knowledge domains for second‐trimester ultrasound screening were constructed. An expert group of professionals and pregnant women expressed whether domains and items represented decision‐relevant knowledge.ResultsRegarding second‐trimester ultrasound screening, the experts scored all knowledge domains as (very) important. The meaning of an abnormal test result, the disorders being screened for, and the purpose of the screening were rated as very important for IDM, along with the voluntary nature of the test. All knowledge domains were included in the final measure. Importance ratings of knowledge domains for first‐trimester Down syndrome screening and for second‐trimester ultrasound screening were highly correlated (Pearson's r = 0.71). The domain ‘consequences of a positive test result’ was considered more important in first‐trimester Down syndrome screening than in second‐trimester ultrasound screening.ConclusionsWe have developed a knowledge measure for second‐trimester ultrasound screening for fetal anomalies for use in routine, large‐scale program evaluations. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hochvakuumpumpe gegen Atmosphäre
Authors: Shirinov Aleksandr 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDie OnToolTMBooster‐Vakuumpumpe besteht aus Seitenkanal‐ und HolweckPumpstufen, erzielt einen Druck von 10−5mbar (10−3Pa) und arbeitet gegen Atmosphäre. An Seitenkanal‐Pumpstufen durchgeführte Forschungsarbeiten zeigen auf, wie Kompression und Saugvermögen erhöht und die Leistungsaufnahme gesenkt werden können. Die Versuche belegen, dass Rotoren mit beidseitig bearbeiteten Radialschaufeln am Umfang des Rotors bessere Leistungsdaten aufweisen als Rotoren mit nur einseitig bearbeiteten Radial‐, halbrunden oder geraden Schaufeln. Außerdem zeigte sich, dass die Kompression der SeitenkanalPumpstufen von der Anzahl der Radialschaufeln am Rotorumfang abhängt. Die Kompression der SeitenkanalPumpstufen erreicht ihr Maximum bei einer bestimmten Anzahl von Radialschaufeln im RotorNm=D · km, weil die Bewegungs‐ und Energieübertragung vom Rotor in das Gas im Seitenkanal bei dieser Radialschaufelanzahl ihren höchsten Wert erreicht. Durch eine Reduzierung der Axialspalte zwischen Rotor und Stator steigt die Kompression der Seitenkanal‐Pumpstufen wie erwartet aufgrund der geringeren Undichtigkeit entlang der Spalte.
Reasoning about modesty among adolescents and adults in China and the U.S.
Authors: Genyue Fu , Heyman Gail D. , Lee Kang 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTReasoning about modesty was examined among adolescents and young adults in China and the U.S. Participants made moral judgments of story characters who did a good deed and either truthfully accepted credit for it, or falsely denied having done it. The social context in which statements occurred was manipulated, with some made in private and others in front of a class. Chinese participants judged accepting credit for good deeds less favorably and lying in the service of modesty more favorably than did participants from the U.S. In each country, older participants judged modesty‐based lies more favorably when they were told in public. Additionally, a high collectivist orientation and low individualistic orientation was associated with higher ratings of modesty‐based lying in public, which provides the first direct link between endorsement of these values and moral judgments about lie‐telling.
The workings and limits of subliminal advertising: The role of habits
Authors: Verwijmeren Thijs , Karremans Johan C. , Stroebe Wolfgang , Wigboldus Daniël H.J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDespite years of controversy, recent research demonstrated that, if goal‐relevant, subliminal advertising can be feasible. To further elucidate the workings and limits of subliminal advertising, the present study examined the role of habits. Participants chose between two brands, one of which was subliminally primed. If neither brand was habitually consumed more frequently than the other, results from previous research were replicated. However, subliminally priming the more habitual brand did not increase brand choice. Remarkably, when the advertised brand was competing with a more habitual brand, priming increased choice for the primed brand at even the expense of the habitual choice.
Ameliorative effects of konjac glucomannan on human faecal β-glucuronidase activity, secondary bile acid levels and faecal water toxicity towards Caco-2 cells
Authors: Wu Wen-Tzu , Cheng Han-Chung , Chen Hsiao-Ling 
Published: December 2010

Konjac glucomannan (KGM) has been shown to increase human colon microbial ecology and reduce faecal toxicity in mice. The main goal of the present study was to assess the effects of a KGM supplement into a low-fibre diet on precancerous markers of colon cancer in a double-blind, placebo- and diet-controlled study. Adult volunteers consumed defined diets supplemented with konjac (4·5 g/d) or placebo (maize starch) for 4 weeks. Stools collected before and at the end of the supplementation were analysed for β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase activities, microflora and bile acids. Faecal water was co-incubated with Caco-2 cells, a model of human colonocytes, to determine the cytotoxicity and DNA-damaging effect as assessed by the comet assay. The results indicated that the KGM supplement significantly decreased faecal β-glucuronidase activity by 25·6 (se7·8) % and faecal secondary bile acid level by 42·4 (se11·8) %. In contrast, consuming the defined diet supplemented with placebo for 4 weeks did not improve these determinants. The KGM-supplemented diet, but not the placebo diet, significantly increased the survival rate (%) of Caco-2 cells co-incubated with faecal water for 1 and 3 h, respectively. In addition, KGM significantly reduced the DNA damage induced by the faecal water alone or in combination with H2O2. The faecal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli levels increased only with the KGM-supplemented diet. Therefore, we conclude that supplementation of KGM into a low-fibre diet improved the faecal microbial ecology and metabolites, which may contribute to the reduced toxicity of faecal water and precancerous risk factors of human colon cancer.
A possible role of plasma aldosterone in hypotension secondary to iron-deficiency anaemia combined with zinc deficiency in rats
Authors: Konomi Aki , Yokoi Katsuhiko 
Published: December 2010

Patients with Fe-deficiency anaemia are often afflicted by hypotension. However, the mechanism of secondary hypotension in Fe-deficiency anaemia is unknown. To investigate the pathogenesis of secondary hypotension in Fe-deficiency anaemia, we examined the effects of Fe deprivation on plasma aldosterone concentration and blood pressure in rats. A total of forty 4-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned into four treatment groups of ten each for the 4-week study: Fe-deficient group (FD), Zn-deficient group (ZD), Fe/Zn-deficient group (FZD) and control group (CON). At days 26 and 27, blood pressure was measured by the tail-cuff method. Plasma aldosterone concentration was determined by ELISA. The data were analysed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. Rats in the FZD had significantly lower mean blood pressure (P < 0·01) and diastolic blood pressures (P < 0·05) and plasma aldosterone concentration (P < 0·01) compared to the CON. These results suggest that blood pressure is decreased in Fe-deficiency anaemia combined with Zn deficiency partly due to decreased circulating aldosterone concentrations in addition to decreased haematocrit.
Digging Holes and Building Pillars: Simeon Stylites and the “Geometry” of Ascetic Practice
Authors: Stang Charles M. 
Published: December 2010

In Constantine P. Cavafy's 1917 poem, “Simeon,” a young cultured aesthete (probably from Antioch), writes his friend Mebis about a recent chance encounter with the famous stylite that left him “shattered, unnerved, and aghast,” and entirely unfit to resume his sophistic career inbelles lettres:Ah, don—t smile; for thirty-five years, think of it—winter, summer, daytime, night, for thirty-fiveyears he's been living, martyring himself, atop a pillar.Before we were born—I—m twenty-nine years old,you are, I think, younger than I am—before we were born, imagine it,Simeon climbed up that pillar.And since that time he has stayed there facing God.1
Socio-cultural aspects of cow–calf operation persistence in a peri-urban county in Iowa
Authors: Wiltshire Karie , Delate Kathleen , Flora Jan , Wiedenhoeft Mary 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCow–calf operations in grass-based agricultural systems in Marion County, Iowa, are multifunctional in their provision of agronomic, ecological, economic and social uses. Since 1992, however, pastureland and cow–calf operations have decreased because of urban encroachment, leading to a speculative loss of some beneficial functions. The goal of this interdisciplinary project, conducted from 2003 to 2005, was to employ a farming systems research and evaluation platform to investigate grassland multifunctionality at farm, field and community levels. A socio-cultural analysis was conducted with the objective of identifying motivations of cow–calf operators to remain on the land despite increasing urban pressure. Environmental, as well as socio-economic, parameters were evaluated in understanding grassland multifunctionality in semi-structured interviews and a focus group. Typology classes derived from the study placed the majority of participants as maintaining integrated cattle and grain operations as full-time income sources. At the farm and community levels, themes from participants’ responses suggested that the relevance of profit from a cow–calf operation is mediated by a wide range of livelihood and lifestyle choices, and that operators have diverse criteria regarding the suitability of land for pasture. Themes encompassing farm preservation and building intergenerational social capital were particularly evident among the full-time, integrated cattle/grain crop family farm members. At the community level, governmental policies rewarding practices that increase field and farm biodiversity, as demonstrated by a prairie pasture system implemented in a follow-up on-farm experiment, will facilitate greater support of grass-based systems from local institutions. In order to address the educational needs expressed by study participants, extension and federal environmental agencies are encouraged to provide relevant design and implementation recommendations in recognition of local knowledge related to farmland multifunctionality and sustainable land usage for integrated crop and livestock operations.
International law protecting the environment during armed conflict: gaps and opportunities
Authors: Bothe Michael , Bruch Carl , Diamond Jordan , Jensen David 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThere are three key deficiencies in the existing body of international humanitarian law (IHL) relating to protection of the environment during armed conflict. First, the definition of impermissible environmental damage is both too restrictive and unclear; second, there are legal uncertainties regarding the protection of elements of the environment as civilian objects; and third, the application of the principle of proportionality where harm to the environment constitutes ‘collateral damage’ is also problematic. These gaps present specific opportunities for clarifying and developing the existing framework. One approach to addressing some of the inadequacies of IHL could be application of international environmental law during armed conflict. The detailed norms, standards, approaches, and mechanisms found in international environmental law might also help to clarify and extend basic principles of IHL to prevent, address, or assess liability for environmental damage incurred during armed conflict.
Screening Approaches for Stem Cells
Authors: Buschke David G. , Hei Derek J. , Eliceiri Kevin W. , Ogle Brenda M. 
Published: December 2010

Cell screening, the process of distinguishing one cell type from another, is particularly essential for stem cells as cell genotype, phenotype and function can change rapidly and unpredictably over time. Initial stem cell characterization efforts were derived primarily from cell biology techniques that were limited in throughput and content and did not typically maintain cellular integrity. More recently, high-throughput techniques including gene or protein arrays, flow cytometry and robotic-based assaying and high-content type techniques including imaging flow cytometry have been developed to more efficiently and comprehensively screen stem cells. However these approaches still rely on sample manipulation to gain information beyond morphology and are incapable of analyzing intact cell aggregates or tissues – structures known to be crucial for the maintenance of stem cell state. To address these limitations, multiphoton laser scanning microscopy, an imaging modality capable of deep sample penetration at high resolution and sensitivity, has been coupled to imaging flow cytometry systems to assay intrinsic fluorescent properties of intact multicell aggregates. Future advances in stem cell screening will likely follow this trend – the coupling of advanced imaging techniques to high throughput/high content modalities – to generate a panel of screening approaches capable of providing not only spatial and temporal information but also physical and chemical properties of cells and their microenvironment in a rapid and noninvasive manner. In this way, stem cell screening might be advanced beyond the identification of cell state to the determination of likely cell function.
Regeneration of the Lower Urinary Tract: Clinical Applications and Future Outlook
Authors: Renninger Markus , Amend Bastian , Seibold Jörg , Feil Gerhard , Stenzl Arnulf , Sievert Karl-Dietrich 
Published: December 2010

Due to the absence of transplantable organ resources and the reconstructive urological demand, researchers have been called to action in order advance tissue engineering and stem cell research.As the archetype of pluripotent cells, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and inducible stem cells (iPS) are still far from any clinical application, whereas new and interestingly adult sources of stem cells are coming into focus. Such urological reconstructive approaches such as adult myoblasts for an autologous therapy option of stress urinary incontinence and the recently advances in pluripotent adult human germline stem cells (haGSCs) have a potentially suitable application in male reconstructive medicine. Further and comparable progress must be made in the female approach. Despite its histological complexity, there has been a huge progression in the development of renal tissue formation. Even the feasibility of engineering the entire pendular penile corporal bodies in a rabbit model could be shown. The further development of suitable surgical harvesting and implantation techniques allow sufficient and functional graft survival.Urological TE should be positioned as “a young field” that promises to influence urological treatment in the “near future”.
Macro‐invertebrate associations in sewage filter‐beds and their relationship to operational practice
Authors: Learner M. A. , Chawner H. A. 
Published: December 2010

1. The macro‐invertebrate faunas of 67 filter‐beds in 48 sewage works throughout Great Britain were surveyed in relation to the physico‐chemical characteristics of the bed environment. Faunal samples were collected from the surface medium and from the bed effluent. Fifty‐nine of the beds were sampled twice (autumn and spring); the others were sampled in the spring only. 2. Eighty‐seven species were found, of which 39 occurred in the surface samples. Of these latter species, 24 (nine oligochaetes, eight insects, four copepods and three mites) were particularly successful, being widespread and often abundant. The worm Lumbricillus rivalis, the moth fly Psychoda alternata and the mite Histiostoma feroniarum were almost ubiquitous. 3. The filter‐bed fauna was essentially hygropetric and microbivorous. All but one (the predatory mite Platyseius italicus) of the 24 particularly successful species grazed the biofilm. 4. The successful species characteristically had prolonged or frequent periods of reproduction. Therefore, they could respond rapidly to changes in the bed environment and they were able to persist despite continuous wash‐out from the bed. 5.
decorana ordination indicated that abiotic variables likely to affect faunal composition were principally: the organic loading the bed received, the amount of biofilm present, air temperature, the size of the bed medium, and bed age. All except air temperature are under operational control, so there is potential for the faunal community structure to be modified, if required, by manipulation of the bed environment. 6. Classification by twinspan identified the moth fly Psychoda albipennis and the copepod Bryocamptus pygmaeus as indicators of beds that received a low organic loading, whereas abundant Psychoda alternata (>1000 larvae litre−1 medium) indicated more heavily loaded beds. 7. The results of the present study emphasize the prime importance of the physico‐chemical environment in shaping faunal community structure in sewage filter‐beds. 8. The study illustrates how knowledge of the faunal community of sewage filter‐beds and its relationship to the bed environment and to bed performance can potentially aid the management of such beds to improve purification efficiency or reduce fly nuisance.
Large‐scale habitat use of some declining British birds
Authors: Gregory R. D. , Baillie S. R. 
Published: December 2010

1. Large‐scale habitat use of eight species of breeding birds was considered using data collected across Britain. The species were skylark Alauda arvensis (L.), dunnock Prunella modularis (L.), blackbird Turdus merula (L.), song thrush Turdus philomelos (L.), starling Sturnus vulgaris (L.), linnet Carduelis cannabina (L.), bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula (L.) and reed bunting Emberiza schoeniclus (L.). All are linked by roughly synchronous population declines over the last 25 years in southern Britain (and mostly in farmland landscapes). Discussion is limited to the conservation status of these species. 2. Breeding densities were estimated for broad habitat types and these were used to estimate population sizes within habitat types. Confidence limits on the estimates were derived using a bootstrap procedure. 3. For most species considered, farmland holds a high proportion of their population (in excess of 50% for four species), reflecting the predominance of this land use across Britain. This suggests that sympathetic changes in farming practices are likely to provide the best mechanism for improving the status of these species. 4. Substantial proportions of particular species occur outside farmland, but different species occur in different habitats. A considerable proportion of skylarks occur on upland moor, bullfinches in wooded habitats, and reed buntings in riparian habitats. Conservation of this group of species thus requires appropriate management of the wider countryside, including their main habitats. 5. Habitats associated with human habitation hold > 20% of the British populations of blackbird, song thrush and starling, and considerable numbers of other species. The management of parks, gardens and other ‘green space’ may have an important impact on their populations and should not be neglected by conservationists.