bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introgressive hybridization in southern African baboons shapes patterns of mtDNA variation
Authors: Keller C. , Roos C. , Groeneveld L.F. , Fischer J. , Zinner D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSpecies, as main evolutionary units have long been considered to be morphological entities with limited hybridization potential. The occurrence of taxa which maintain morphological distinctness despite extensive hybridization is an interesting phenomenon. To understand the evolution of these taxa, descriptions of contemporary morphological and genetic variation are essential, also to reconstruct sound phylogenies. Baboons, with their wide geographic range, variant morphotypes, and extensive hybridization offer an intriguing model for those studies. We focus on the complex situation in southern Africa that, in contrast to east Africa, has been neglected in terms of baboon hybridization history. We aim to clarify the distribution and identify possible overlapping zones between different, previously described mitochondrial (mt) DNA clades of baboons that do not match with the ranges of traditionally recognized species. On the basis of the widespread sampling and mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequencing, we constructed a phylogenetic tree that separates representatives of the two southern African baboon species, yellow and chacma baboons, into six clades: southern, northern and eastern chacmas, Kinda baboons and southern and Luangwa yellow baboons. The ranges of the chacma clades come into close contact or overlap in two regions in the Republic of South Africa and Namibia. Our phylogenetic reconstruction reveals mitochondrial paraphyly for chacma and yellow baboons, which is probably caused by introgressive hybridization and subsequent nuclear swamping, whereby males of the chacma morphotype population from the south invaded the yellow morphotype population in the north bringing their morphotype into a population that maintained its yellow baboon mtDNA. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incorporating higher moments into value‐at‐risk forecasting
Authors: Polanski Arnold , Stoja Evarist 
Published: November 2009

AbstractValue‐at‐risk (VaR) forecasting generally relies on a parametric density function of portfolio returns that ignores higher moments or assumes them constant. In this paper, we propose a simple approach to forecasting of a portfolio VaR. We employ the Gram‐Charlier expansion (GCE) augmenting the standard normal distribution with the first four moments, which are allowed to vary over time. In an extensive empirical study, we compare the GCE approach to other models of VaR forecasting and conclude that it provides accurate and robust estimates of the realized VaR. In spite of its simplicity, on our dataset GCE outperforms other estimates that are generated by both constant and time‐varying higher‐moments models. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Citation analysis and impact factor trends in the Ergonomics Journal List, 1975–2007
Authors: Smith Derek R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe current study sought to investigate and analyze citation‐based trends in the field of human factors and ergonomics over a relatively long period of time. Journals were selected from the Ergonomics Journal List (EJL), originally formulated by Dul and Karwowski in 2004. Data were extracted from the Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports via a custom order in 2008. Various bibliometric indicators were examined and analyzed, including total citation counts, cited half‐lives, immediacy indices, and journal impact factors. Overall, the results suggest that, although citation counts have increased in recent years, trends were less clear regarding cited half‐lives and immediacy indices. Impact factors rose over time, however, with individual journals increasing their scores between 200% and 613%, with an overall increase of 416% for the EJL between 1975 and 2007. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Model for a solid‐liquid airlift two‐phase partitioning bioscrubber for the treatment of BTEX
Authors: Littlejohns Jennifer V. , McAuley Kim B. , Daugulis Andrew J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Airlift solid–liquid two‐phase partitioning bioreactors (SL‐TPPBs) have been shown to be effective for the treatment of gas streams containing benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o‐xylene (BTEX). The airlift SL‐TPPB is a low‐energy system that utilizes a sequestering phase of solid silicone rubber beads (10%v/v) that will uptake and release large amounts of BTEX in order to maintain equilibrium conditions within the system. This increases mass transfer from the gas phase during dynamic loading periods and improves degradation performance. This study discusses the development and analysis of a steady‐state, tanks‐in‐series mathematical model, arising from mass balances on BTEX and oxygen in the gas, aqueous and polymer phases to predict the performance of the airlift SL‐TPPB over various gas flow rates and BTEX loadings.RESULTS: An estimability analysis on model parameters determined that the parameters to which model output is most sensitive are those that affect biological activity, which were targeted for estimation. The developed tanks‐in‐series model was able to predict the removal of BTEX components and dissolved oxygen concentrations over various inlet loadings (20, 60 and 100 mg L−1 h−1) and gas flow rates (2,3 and 4 L min−1) that resulted in a range of system performance from effective BTEX treatment to oxygen limiting conditions.CONCLUSIONS: The model developed, with estimated parameters, provides a valuable tool to determine operating conditions that will result in favourable performance of the airlift SL‐TPPB. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
The possible role of quinate in the mode of action of glyphosate and acetolactate synthase inhibitors
Authors: Orcaray Luis , Igal María , Marino Daniel , Zabalza Ana , Royuela Mercedes 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The herbicide glyphosate inhibits the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids by blocking the shikimate pathway. Imazethapyr and chlorsulfuron are two herbicides that act by inhibiting branched‐chain amino acid biosynthesis. These herbicides stimulate secondary metabolism derived from the aromatic amino acids. The aim of this study was to test if they cause any cross‐effect in the amino acid content and if they have similar effects on the shikimate pathway.RESULTS: The herbicides inhibiting two different amino acid biosynthesis pathways showed a common pattern in general content of free amino acids. There was a general increase in total free amino acid content, with a transient decrease in the proportion of amino acids whose pathways were specifically inhibited. Afterwards, an increase in these inhibited amino acids was detected; this was probably related to proteolysis. All herbicides caused quinate accumulation. Exogenous application of quinate arrested growth, decreased net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and was ultimately lethal, similarly to glyphosate and imazethapyr.CONCLUSIONS: Quinate accumulation was a common effect of the two different classes of herbicide. Moreover, exogenous quinate application had phytotoxic effects, showing that this plant metabolite can trigger the toxic effects of the herbicides. This ability to mimic the herbicide effects suggests a possible link between the mode of action of these herbicides and the potential role of quinate as a natural herbicide. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of absolute photoionization cross‐sections of aromatics and aromatic derivatives
Authors: Zhou Zhongyue , Xie Mingfeng , Wang Zhandong , Qi Fei 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe absolute photoionization cross‐sections of aromatics and aromatic derivatives including toluene, ethylbenzene, n‐propylbenzene, o‐xylene, m‐xylene, p‐xylene, 1,3,5‐trimethylbenzene, styrene, phenylacetylene, indene, indane, 1‐methylnaphthalene, benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde were measured at the photon energy range from ionization thresholds to 11.7 eV. The experiments were performed by tunable synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization mass spectrometry. Benzene was chosen as a calibration standard, since its photoionization cross‐section is well known. Binary liquid mixtures of the investigated molecules and benzene were used in the measurements. Photo‐induced fragments from the molecules were also observed, and their photoionization cross‐sections are also presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Retina and Erythrocyte Glycerophospholipid Alterations in a Rat Model of Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Lydic Todd A. , Renis Rebecca , Busik Julia V. , Reid Gavin E. 
Published: November 2009

An automated tandem mass spectrometry—based analysis using precursor ion and neutral loss scans in a triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass spectrometer has been used to identify and quantify changes in the abundances of glycerophospholipids extracted from retina and erythrocytes in a rat streptozotocin model of type I diabetes, 6 and 36 weeks after the induction of diabetes, compared with age-matched nondiabetic controls. The utility of an “internal standard” method compared with an “internal standard free” method for quantification of differences in the abundances of specific lipid ions was evaluated in both retina and erythrocyte lipid extracts. In retina, equivalent results were obtained by using the internal standard and internal standard free methods for quantification. In erythrocytes, the two methods of analysis yielded significantly different results, suggesting that factors intrinsic to particular sample types may influence the outcome of label-free lipidome quantification approaches. Overall increases (∼25–35%) in the abundances of major retina glycerophospholipid classes were demonstrated in rats at 6 weeks of diabetes, relative to control animals. However, at 36 weeks of diabetes, subsequent overall decreases in retina glycerophosphatidylcholine (GPCho) and glycerophosphatidylethanolamine (GPEtn) abundances of 16% and 33%, respectively, were observed. Additionally, retina and erythrocyte GPCho lipids at both 6 and 36 weeks of diabetes exhibited increased incorporation of linoleic acid(18:2n6) and a decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA(22:6n3)) content. Finally, an approximately fivefold increase in the abundances of specific glycated GPEtn (Amadori-GPEtn) lipids were observed in the retina of 36-week diabetic rats, with a corresponding 1.6-fold increase of Amadori-GPEtn lipids in diabetic erythrocytes.
Roles, perceptions and control of infant feeding among low-income fathers
Authors: Anderson Kirsten E , Nicklas Jennifer C , Spence Marsha , Kavanagh Katherine 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectiveIntroduction of solid foods before the recommended age of 4–6 months is a common practice in the USA, and appears to be especially prevalent among infants who are enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Currently, little is known about how fathers influence early infant feeding decisions, outside the decision to breast- or formula-feed. The purpose of the current study was to explore how fathers perceive the role they play in feeding and caring for their infants.DesignParticipants were twenty-one male caregivers, who were fathers or partners of the mothers of WIC income-eligible infants residing in two rural East Tennessee counties. In-depth, audio-taped telephone interviews were completed. Interviews were transcribed, coded and analysed according to standard grounded theory procedures to identify emergent concepts. These concepts were explored and linked together to become themes.ResultsThree themes emerged: (i) fathers’ roles; (ii) fathers’ perceptions; and (iii) control. Concepts within the theme of fathers’ roles included physical and emotional support for both mother and infant, validation of maternal decisions, and financial support. In the present study, fathers’ perceptions were primarily shaped by their own experiences, advice from those with experience, and information sought by the fathers. The theme of control appears to be the linkage between the fathers’ attempts to modify infant behaviour and infants’ response.ConclusionsA final conceptual model was created to explain the interrelated nature of the themes and may be helpful to those who work with fathers and/or families of new infants.
Breeding, genetics and models.
Authors: Dixon G. R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter focuses on various aspects of Brassica breeding and genetics research. Information is given on genomic characters and taxonomy; floral biology as related to controlled pollination; micropropagation; genomics and mapping; callus culture, fusion and transformation of brassicas. Some procedures used for brassica breeding are described and the use of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model to elucidate genetic and molecular functions in brassicas is discussed.
Postharvest quality and value.
Authors: Dixon G. R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter describes the various postharvest quality parameters (colour and gloss, viscosity, size and shape, defects, texture, and flavour) as well as the health and welfare benefits of vegetable brassicas. It discusses the changes in this postharvest qualities in relation to conditions during cultivation, harvesting, storage and transport. Different physiological disorders of brassicas are described, and the interaction of brassica genotype, pathogen and quality is discussed.
Introduction: the tomato crop and industry.
Authors: Costa J. M. , Heuvelink E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter briefly covers the classification and taxonomy of the tomato, genetic variation within the Lycopersicon genus, and the origin, history and uses of the tomato. The general characteristics of fresh and processed tomatoes are mentioned and the types available (classic round; cherry and cocktail; plum and baby plum; beefsteak; and vine or truss) are briefly described. A worldwide overview of today's tomato industry is presented, followed by short descriptions of tomato production in different countries grouped under the following geographical regions: Europe and Turkey (Italy, Spain, Greece and Portugal, Netherlands and Belgium, France, Germany and the UK, and Turkey), South Asia (China, India, Japan and South Korea), North America (USA and Canada), Central and South America (Chile and Mexico, and Brazil), Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) and Africa and the Middle East. Finally, future perspectives for the tomato industry are considered.
Production in the open field.
Authors: Csizinszky A. A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

The tomato is the second most widely grown vegetable crop in the world after the potato. Several different production systems are used successfully under local conditions in different parts of the world to produce tomatoes (see Chapter 1). In this chapter, the methods used in the USA are presented, but the principles involved can be applied to field production anywhere. The following aspects are discussed: environmental requirements for timing of operations; soil preparation (bare ground and plastic mulch culture); stand establishment (direct sowing and transplanting); mulching and plant covers; nutrient management (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and micronutrients); irrigation (crop water requirement and irrigation systems); crop management; and harvesting and handling.
Genetic improvement of apple: breeding, markers, mapping and biotechnology.
Authors: Brown S. K. , Maloney K. E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the traditional breeding of apples, natural and induced variation in the crop and the apple breeding programmes in 31 countries from around the world. Notes are presented on the breeding of apples for disease resistance, improved quality and nutrient contents, and reduced flesh browning and allergenicity. The use of genetic markers for the selection of crops with improved traits, as well as the use of biotechnology in the improvement of the crop are discussed.
Destination policy, planning and development.
Authors: Ritchie J. R. B. , Crouch G. I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter examines the nature of tourism policy and describes how effective tourism policy, planning and development should be structured, formulated and implemented. The chapter emphasizes that, in all cases, competitiveness and sustainability must be the primary goal of policy and that the effective pursuit of each of these goals requires a different set of skills and capabilities.
The destination audit: putting the model to work.
Authors: Ritchie J. R. B. , Crouch G. I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter examines the application of a destination audit model. The audit is an official examination that ensures that everything is in order, and where things are not in order the audit makes recommendations and seeks to provide answers to questions which might arise. Such questions may include the following. Where is the destination headed? Which are the destination's most significant competitors? What is the destination's image in key market segments? In what areas is the destination competitively strong or weak? Does the destination's current strategy meet present and future challenges? Does the present development of the destination meet the needs and aspirations of the residents of the destination? This audit is different from the periodic, organizational review of the principal tourism-related organizations promoting a destination. This is an audit of the destination itself.
Decision analysis: outline and basic assumptions.
Authors: Hardaker J. B. , Huirne R. B. M. , Anderson J. R. , Lien G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the steps in risk management dealing with decision analysis. To illustrate the application of the basic decision analytic approach, the chapter takes as an example a choice faced by a dairy farmer in Europe who is worried about the risk of another outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. Sections of the chapter explain: the structuring of the problem; decision tree representation; analysis of the decision tree; the components of decision analysis and its axiomatic foundation; and rational choice under risk.
Making better probability judgements.
Authors: Hardaker J. B. , Huirne R. B. M. , Anderson J. R. , Lien G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter outlines methods to improve subjective probability judgements in the context of risk analysis in agriculture. First, methods of using data in probability assessments are explained, referring both to abundant and sparse data situations. In situations where there are no relevant data, taking expert advice is suggested as a good option to get the best possible probabilities. Then ways to obtain joint probability distributions using a combination of subjective judgements and data are presented. The last part of the chapter is devoted to psychological pitfalls that the decision maker should be aware of in making probability judgments.
Strategies decision makers can use to manage risk.
Authors: Hardaker J. B. , Huirne R. B. M. , Anderson J. R. , Lien G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter distinguishes between on-farm risk-management strategies and risk-management strategies that share risks with others. Compared with risk-sharing strategies, on-farm management strategies can more readily be used to avoid or soften the impact of undesirable events (downside risk). On-farm strategies include: avoiding or reducing exposure to risk; collecting information; selecting less risky technologies; diversification; and flexibility. Risk sharing strategies include: farm financing; insurance; share contracts; contract marketing; and trading in commodity derivatives.
The role of feed processing on gastrointestinal function and health in poultry.
Authors: Svihus B. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Nearly all feeds used in commercial poultry production are subjected to some form of feed processing. A majority of the feed is ground through a hammer mill and formed into pellets by pressing the heated feed through a pellet press. The two major effects of processing are thus: (i) changes in the micro- and macrostructure of the feed; and (ii) heat-induced chemical changes of some components in the feed. It has been shown that the microstructure of the feed, i.e. the particle distribution of the dissolved feed particles, has a significant impact on gut function. Gizzard activity increases significantly, resulting in a very finely ground feed material entering the small intestine. An increased feed volume in the gizzard and a decrease in gizzard pH when coarse material is fed results in a lower jejunal microflora number and changes in microfloral composition. In addition, secretion of bile acids and pancreatic enzymes is enhanced. The macrostructure determines to a large extent the feed intake pattern. It has been shown that a feed structure that allows for a high feed intake, such as pellets, may affect starch digestibility negatively. This may be associated with overconsumption of feed, and may be linked to a suboptimal feed flow regulation due to reduced gizzard function. Although poultry feeds are subjected to only moderate heat treatment, heat-induced chemical changes may take place. A small fraction of the starch will gelatinize, solubility of fibres may increase and proteins may form indigestible new bonds. In addition, vitamins and enzymes may lose their effect.
Wet litter: its causes and prevention and the role of nutrition.
Authors: Collett S. R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Poultry litter becomes wet when the rate of water addition (urine/faeces/spillage) exceeds the rate of removal (evaporation). Anti-nutritional factors, toxins, pathogens and nutrient imbalances may cause wet litter directly by altering normal digestive physiology or indirectly by disturbing normal gut ecology. Poor-quality ingredients and those with excess oligosaccharides or minerals can cause a nutritionally induced polydypsia, polyuria and diarrhoea which may increase water output sufficiently to cause wet litter. If the situation persists for long enough the ensuing inflammatory response causes mild to severe gastroenteritis which further increases water output. The damage so caused to the cytoskeleton of the gastrointestinal tract reduces the surface area for nutrient absorption and allows the opportunity for pathogen proliferation, gut colonization and even invasion and systemic disease. Historically the solution to the downstream effect of compromised digestion and absorption on gut ecology has been to supplement birds with antibiotic growth promoters, a practice that has not been permitted within Europe from January 2006. The only alternative is to use a holistic approach in managing the gut ecology by manipulating the microbial populations and host inflammatory response through non-antibiotic nutritional techniques. Enzymes, probiotics, prebiotics, immune modulators and mycotoxin binders have all shown promise in this regard. Seeding the gastrointestinal tract with bacteria at hatch and subsequently managing the gastrointestinal environment, whilst at the same time reducing anti-nutritional factors and the use of precision diet formulation, has proved advantageous in minimizing the incidence of wet litter in birds whilst maintaining and improving bird performance.
Control of follicular development: intra-ovarian actions of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily members.
Authors: Knight P. G. , Al-Musawi S. L. , Lovell T. M. , Gladwell R. T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This article discusses the development of ovarian follicles; the laying hen as a model; regulation of follicle development and ovulation; intra-ovarian growth factors and follicle development; different transforming growth factors (TGF)-β superfamily (activins, inhibins and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)); and the presence of TGF-β superfamily members in the avian ovary.