bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of droplet behaviour along a pulsed liquid–liquid extraction column in the presence of nanoparticles
Authors: Khoobi Nafiseh , Bahmanyar Amir , Molavi Hoda , Bastani Dariush , Mozdianfard Mohammad Reza , Bahmanyar Hossein 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn this article, droplet size and its distribution along a pulsed liquid–liquid extraction column, is studied where SiO2 nanoparticles with concentrations of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 vol.% and different hydrophobicities are applied to the dispersed phase. Using ultrasonication, nanoparticles were dispersed in kerosene as the base fluid. Nanofluids' stability was ensured using a UV–vis spectrophotometer. Some 22,000 droplets were measured by photographic technique and results were compared with systems containing no‐nanoparticles (Water–Acetic acid–Kerosene). Addition of nanoparticles changed the droplet shape from ellipsoidal to spherical. Also, there was a marked influence on droplet breakage and droplet coalescence at 0.01 vol.%, and 0.05 vol.% or higher volume fractions, respectively. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Connections of the lateral hypothalamic area juxtadorsomedial region in the male rat
Authors: Hahn Joel D. , Swanson Larry W. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractNeuronal connections of the lateral hypothalamic area juxtadorsomedial region (LHAjd) were visualized and mapped to a series of rat brain reference templates following an LHAjd coinjection of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (yellow lines) and cholera toxin B subunit (yellow dots) tracers. At the transverse level shown, anterograde axonal labeling is prominent in dorsal (d) and ventrolateral (vl) divisions of the periaqueductal gray (PAG); retrograde labeling is abundant in the hippocampal formation, in the pyramidal cell layer of the intermediate subiculum (SUB‐sp). Approximate injection site location and section level are indicated (respectively) by the red dot and line in the cartoon inset. AQ = cerebral aqueduct proper; CLI = caudal linear nucleus, raphé ec = external capsule; MRNm/RR = midbrain reticular nucleus, magnocellular part / retrorubral area; SCig.a–c/dg = superior colliculus, intermediate gray layer, sublayer a–c / deep gray layer; scp = superior cerebellar peduncle; VTA = ventral tegmental area. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Volume 520, Number 9, pages 1831–1890.
Organization and metamorphosis of glia in the Drosophila visual system
Authors: Edwards Tara N. , Nuschke Andrea C. , Nern Aljoscha , Meinertzhagen Ian A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe visual system of Drosophila is an excellent model for determining the interactions that direct the differentiation of the nervous system's many unique cell types. Glia are essential not only in the development of the nervous system, but also in the function of those neurons with which they become associated in the adult. Given their role in visual system development and adult function we need to both accurately and reliably identify the different subtypes of glia, and to relate the glial subtypes in the larval brain to those previously described for the adult. We viewed driver expression in subsets of larval eye disc glia through the earliest stages of pupal development to reveal the counterparts of these cells in the adult. Two populations of glia exist in the lamina, the first neuropil of the adult optic lobe: those that arise from precursors in the eye‐disc/optic stalk and those that arise from precursors in the brain. In both cases, a single larval source gives rise to at least three different types of adult glia. Furthermore, analysis of glial cell types in the second neuropil, the medulla, has identified at least four types of astrocyte‐like (reticular) glia. Our clarification of the lamina's adult glia and identification of their larval origins, particularly the respective eye disc and larval brain contributions, begin to define developmental interactions which establish the different subtypes of glia. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2067–2085, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Proton Crystallization in a Dense Hydrogen Plasma
Authors: Filinov V. S. , Bonitz M. , Fehske H. , Fortov V. E. , Levashov P. R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe perform a first‐principle analysis of Coulomb crystallization in neutral two‐component mass asymmetric plasmas by large‐scale path integral Monte Carlo simulations for a dense hydrogen plasma in a broad density range. We observe two large jumps in the relative distance fluctuations of protons that are connected with qualitative changes in the behavior of the proton pair distribution function and are attributed to the formation of a spatially ordered state. A third smaller jump inside the ordered phase indicates a structural transition (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Collective Modes in Strongly Coupled Binary Liquids
Authors: Kalman G.J. , Donkó Z. , Hartmann P. , Golden K.I. , Kyrkos S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe analyze the collective excitations in two‐ and three‐dimensional binary Yukawa systems, consisting of two components with different masses. Theoretical analysis reveals a profound difference between the weakly and strongly correlated limits: at weak coupling the two components interact via the mean field only and the oscillation frequency is governed by the light component. In the strongly correlated limit the mode frequency is governed by the combined mass, where the heavy component dominates. Computer simulations in the full coupling range extend and confirm the theoretical results (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phylogeographic insights into an irruptive pest outbreak
Authors: Cullingham Catherine I. , Roe Amanda D. , Sperling Felix A. H. , Coltman David W. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIrruptive forest insect pests cause considerable ecological and economic damage, and their outbreaks have been increasing in frequency and severity. We use a phylogeographic approach to understand the location and progression of an outbreak by the MPB (Dendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins), an irruptive bark beetle that has caused unprecedented damage to lodgepole pine forests in western North America and is poised to expand its range across the boreal forest. We sampled MPB populations across British Columbia and Alberta and used phylogeographic methods to describe lineage diversification, characterize population structure, investigate expansion dynamics, and identify source populations of the outbreak. Using 1181 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequence from 267 individuals, we found high haplotype diversity, low nucleotide diversity, and limited lineage diversification. The overall pattern was consistent with isolation by distance at a continental scale, and with reduced diversity and population structure in the northerly, outbreak regions. Post‐Pleistocene expansion was detected, however more recent expansion signals were not detected, potentially due to the size and rapid rate of range expansion. Based on the limited genetic structure, there were likely multiple source populations in southern British Columbia, although the magnitude of the demographic expansion and rate of spread have obscured the signature of these source populations. Our data highlight the need for caution in interpreting phylogeographic results for species with similar demographics.
Cytip regulates dendritic‐cell function in contact hypersensitivity
Authors: Heib Valeska , Sparber Florian , Tripp Christoph H. , Ortner Daniela , Stoitzner Patrizia , Heufler Christine 
Published: April 2012

AbstractCytohesin‐interacting protein (Cytip) is induced during dendritic cell (DC) maturation and in T cells upon activation. It has also been shown to be involved in the regulation of immune responses. Here, we evaluated the functional consequences of Cytip deficiency in DCs using Cytip knockout (KO) mice. No difference in DC subpopulations in the skin draining lymph nodes (LNs) was found between Cytip KO mice and their wild‐type counterparts, excluding a role in DC development. To investigate the function of Cytip in DCs in vivo, we used 2,4,6‐trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB)‐induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) as a model system. In the sensitization as well as in the elicitation phase, DCs derived from Cytip KO mice induced an increased inflammatory reaction indicated by more pronounced ear swelling. Furthermore, IL‐12 production was increased in Cytip KO bone marrow‐derived DCs (BMDCs) after CpG stimulation. Additionally, Cytip‐deficient DCs loaded with ovalbumin induced stronger proliferation of antigen‐specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro. Finally, migration of skin DCs was not altered after TNCB application due to Cytip deficiency. Taken together, these data suggest a suppressive function for Cytip in mouse DCs in limiting immune responses.
PACSIN1 regulates the TLR7/9‐mediated type I interferon response in plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Authors: Esashi Eiji , Bao Musheng , Wang Yi‐Hong , Cao Wei , Liu Yong‐Jun 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPlasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the professional interferon (IFN)‐producing cells of the immune system. pDCs specifically express Toll‐like receptor (TLR)7 and TLR9 molecules and produce massive amounts of type I IFN by sensing microbial nucleic acids via TLR7 and TLR9. Here we report that protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons (PACSIN) 1, is specifically expressed in human and mouse pDCs. Knockdown of PACSIN1 by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in a human pDC cell line significantly inhibited the type I IFN response of the pDCs to TLR9 ligand. PACSIN1‐deficient mice exhibited normal levels of conventional DCs and pDCs, demonstrating that development of pDCs was intact although PACSIN1‐deficient pDCs showed reduced levels of IFN‐α production in response to both cytosine guanine dinucleotide (CpG)‐oligonucleotide (ODN) and virus. In contrast, the production of proinflammatory cytokines in response to those ligands was not affected in PACSIN1‐deficient pDCs, suggesting that PACSIN1 represents a pDC‐specific adaptor molecule that plays a specific role in the type I IFN signaling cascade.
Fulfilling the dream: tolerogenic dendritic cells to treat multiple sclerosis
Authors: Gross Catharina C. , Jonuleit Helmut , Wiendl Heinz 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAutoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS) are the result of an imbalanced immune tolerance network. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key players in both initiating immunity (immunogenic DCs) and regulating immune responses (tolerogenic DCs = tolDCs) and are potential targets for the treatment of MS. While the immunogenic potential of DCs in fighting infection and cancer has been well established, approaches that exploit their tolerogenic features to promote transplantation tolerance and autoimmunity have emerged only more recently. TolDCs usually maintain antigen‐specific T‐cell tolerance either directly by inducing anergy, apoptosis, or phenotype skewing or indirectly by induction of regulatory T (Treg) cells. The use of ex vivo‐generated tolDCs is an experimental approach to achieve tolerance towards myelin‐antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells. In the article by Raϊch‐Regué and colleagues (Eur. J. Immunol. 2011. 42:772‐783) in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, advances in human tolDC preparation and promise for autologous therapy are described. These findings raise hopes of achieving the "ideal" of a highly‐specific, causally‐oriented immune intervention for central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity in MS. However, recent experience with antigen‐specific immune interventions in MS and some general caveats associated with cell‐based‐therapies highlight the challenges for clinical translation of the "immunologist's dream" of treating autoimmunity as discussed in this Commentary.
Synthesis, Characterization, Catalytic and Antiamoebic Activity of Vanadium Complexes of Binucleating Bis(dibasic tridentate ONS donor) Ligand Systems
Authors: Maurya Mannar R. , Haldar Chanchal , Khan Aftab Alam , Azam Amir , Salahuddin Attar , Kumar Amit , Costa Pessoa Joao 
Published: April 2012

Abstract[VIVO(acac)2] (acac = acetylacetonate) was treated with ligands CH2(H2L)2 in methanol heated at reflux to yield two neutral binuclear VIV complexes with the formula [CH2{VIVOL(H2O)}2], namely, 1 and 2. Ligands CH2(H2L)2 I and II were derived from 5,5′‐methylenebis(salicylaldehyde) and S‐benzyldithiocarbazate [CH2(H2sal‐sbdt)2, I] or S‐methyldithiocarbazate [CH2(H2sal‐smdt)2, II]. Aerial oxidation of 1 and 2 in the presence of KOH or CsOH·H2O resulted in the formation of dioxidovanadium(V) complexes, K2[CH2{VVO2(sal‐sbdt)}2]·2H2O (3), Cs2[CH2{VVO2(sal‐sbdt)}2]·2H2O (4), K2[CH2{VVO2(sal‐smdt)}2]·2H2O (5) and Cs2[CH2{VVO2(sal‐smdt)}2]·2H2O (6). The compounds were characterized in the solid state and in solution, namely, by spectroscopic techniques (IR, UV/Vis, EPR, 1H, 13C and 51V NMR spectroscopy). It is demonstrated that the VVO2 complexes 3–6 are efficient and selective towards the oxidative bromination by H2O2 of styrene to yield 1,2‐dibromo‐1‐phenylethane, 1‐phenylethane‐1,2‐diol and 2‐bromo‐1‐phenylethane‐1‐ol, and of salicylaldehyde to yield 5‐bromosalicylaldehyde, 3,5‐dibromosalicylaldehyde and 2,4,6‐tribromophenol; they therefore act as functional models of vanadium‐dependent haloperoxidases. It is also shown that Cs2[CH2{VVO2(sal‐sbdt)}2]·2H2O (4) and Cs2[CH2{VVO2(sal‐smdt)}2]·2H2O (6) are catalyst precursors for the catalytic oxidation of styrene by peroxide to yield styrene oxide, benzaldehyde, 1‐phenylethane‐1,2‐diol, benzoic acid and phenylacetaldehyde. Plausible intermediates involved in these catalytic processes were established by UV/Vis, EPR and 51V NMR spectroscopic studies. The VVO2 complexes along with ligands I and II were also screened against HM1:1MSS strains of Entamoeba histolytica; the IC50 values of compounds 3, 4 and 5 were significantly lower than that of metronidazole, thereby suggesting that they may be promising drugs for the treatment of amoebiasis.
Differential positioning and close spatial proximity of translocation‐prone genes in nonmalignant B‐cells from multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Martin Lorri D. , Harizanova Jana , Zhu George , Righolt Christiaan H. , Belch Andrew R. , Mai Sabine , Pilarski Linda M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests that spatial proximity of potential chromosomal translocation partners influences translocation probability. It is not known, however, whether genome organization differs in nonmalignant cells from patients as compared to their cellular counterparts from healthy donors. This could contribute to translocation potential causing cancer. Multiple myeloma is a hematopoietic cancer of the B‐lineage, characterized by karyotypic instability, including chromosomal translocations involving the IGH locus and several translocation partners. Utilizing 3‐D FISH and confocal imaging, we investigate whether nuclear spatial positioning of the translocation‐prone gene loci, IGH, FGFR3, and CCND1 differs in nonmalignant cell subsets from multiple myeloma patients as compared to positioning in their corresponding healthy donor cell subsets. 3‐D analysis software was used to determine the spatial proximity of potential translocation pairs and the radial distribution of each gene. We observed that in all cell subsets, the translocation‐prone gene loci are intermediately located in the nucleus, while a control locus occupies a more peripheral position. In nonmalignant B‐cells from multiple myeloma patients, however, the translocation‐prone gene loci display a more central nuclear position and close spatial proximity. Our results demonstrate that gene positioning in nonmalignant B‐cells from multiple myeloma patients differs from that in healthy donors, potentially contributing to translocation probability in patient cells. We speculate that genome reorganization in patient B‐cells may closely reflect gene positioning at the time the multiple myeloma‐specific translocation initially formed, thus influencing translocation probability between proximal loci in the B‐cell population from which the malignancy emerged. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ENERGY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORK FOR GROUNDWATER USE IN AGRICULTURE
Authors: Tyson Alice , George Biju , Aye Lu , Nawarathna Bandara , Malano Hector 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTChanges in energy subsidies for Indian agriculture and the introduction of a carbon tax in Australia have the potential to impact on energy use practices in groundwater‐irrigated agriculture in both countries. A general framework for the accounting of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and life cycle energy consumption from groundwater‐irrigated agriculture was developed using life cycle and supply chain analyses to examine the contributing aspects of groundwater irrigation to total associated greenhouse gas emissions and energy use. The framework then formed the basis of a greenhouse gas emission and energy accounting model that was simulated for the groundwater‐ dependent agricultural areas of the Musi catchment in India and the south‐east region of South Australia. The region in South Australia was found to be emitting around twice the greenhouse gas of the Indian region per unit volume of water delivered, while emissions associated with operating electricity powered water pumps contributed more than 99.8% of modelled emissions in the south‐east of South Australia and over 99.1% of emissions in the Musi catchment. Diesel powered water pump irrigation systems emitted the least total amount of greenhouse gas emissions per unit volume of water supplied, compared to grid electricity and diesel generator powered submersible water pump options. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel approach to attenuate proliferative vitreoretinopathy using ultrasound‐targeted microbubble destruction and recombinant adeno‐associated virus‐mediated RNA interference targeting transforming growth factor‐β2 and platelet‐derived growth factor‐B
Authors: Zheng Xiaozhi , Du Lianfang , Wang Huiping , Gu Qing 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundTo date, with the exception of surgery, there are no satisfactory treatments available for proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Ultrasound‐targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) represents a new approach for the gene therapy of eye diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the feasibility of the attenuation of PVR by a combinatorial use of UTMD and recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV)‐mediated RNA interference (RNAi) targeting transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β2 and platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐B.MethodsOne hundred and eighty rats of the PVR model were averagely divided into six groups (G). The left eyes, respectively, received an intravitreal injection as follows: normal saline (G1), rAAV2‐control small interfering RNA (siRNA) (G2), rAAV2‐TGF‐β2‐siRNA (G3), rAAV2‐PDGF‐B‐siRNA (G4), rAAV2‐TGF‐β2‐siRNA and rAAV2‐PDGF‐B‐siRNA (G5, G6) on day 3 after PVR induction. In G6, a condition of UTMD was used additionally. On days 14 and 28, pathological changes of eye fundus were assessed by ophthalmoscopic and histopathologic examination, and the protein and mRNA levels of TGF‐β2 and PDGF‐B expression were tested using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and a reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, respectively.ResultsThe average grade scales of proliferation and the protein and mRNA expression levels of TGF‐β2 and PDGF‐B in G6 were all lower than that in G5 on day 28 (p < 0.05, unpaired t‐test). They were all lower in G5 and G6 than in G1, G2, G3 and G4 on day 28 (p < 0.05, one‐way analysis of variance), although the protein and mRNA expression levels of PDGF‐B in G6 did not differ from that in G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5 on day 14.ConclusionsThe combinatorial use of UTMD and rAAV2‐mediated RNAi targeting TGF‐β2 and PDGF‐B can serve as a novel approach to attenuate PVR. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the postoperative hip
Authors: Hayter Catherine L. , Koff Matthew F. , Potter Hollis G. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is ideally suited to imaging the patient with painful hip arthroplasty due to its superior soft tissue contrast, multiplanar capabilities, and lack of ionizing radiation. MRI is the most accurate imaging modality in the assessment of periprosthetic osteolysis and wear‐induced synovitis, and can also assess regional tendons and neurovascular structures. This article discusses the technical aspects of MRI around metallic implants as well as the appearance of potential complications following hip arthroplasty, including osteolysis, wear‐induced synovitis, infection, hemarthrosis, fracture, loosening, component displacement, heterotopic ossification, tendinopathy, and neurovascular impingement. The specific complication of metal hypersensitivity following metal‐on‐metal prostheses is reviewed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:1013‐1025. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physics of MRI: A primer
Authors: Plewes Donald B. , Kucharczyk Walter 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article is based on an introductory lecture given for the past many years during the “MR Physics and Techniques for Clinicians” course at the Annual Meeting of the ISMRM. This introduction is not intended to be a comprehensive overview of the field, as the subject of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) physics is large and complex. Rather, it is intended to lay a conceptual foundation by which magnetic resonance image formation can be understood from an intuitive perspective. The presentation is nonmathematical, relying on simple models that take the reader progressively from the basic spin physics of nuclei, through descriptions of how the magnetic resonance signal is generated and detected in an MRI scanner, the foundations of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation, and a discussion of the Fourier transform and its relation to MR image formation. The article continues with a discussion of how magnetic field gradients are used to facilitate spatial encoding and concludes with a development of basic pulse sequences and the factors defining image contrast. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hepatitis B virus with a proposed genotype I was found in Sichuan Province, China
Authors: Tong Wenbin , He Jilan , Sun Li , He Shusen , Qi Qi 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTo date, eight hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes, A–H, have been designated, and two additional genotypes, I and J, have also been proposed. A serological survey targeting children in difficult‐to‐reach vaccination areas was carried out in remote counties of Sichuan Province, China. HBV genotypes and serotypes were also determined from HBsAg‐positive serum samples by direct sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis showed two strains isolated from the Yi ethnic children clustered with the proposed genotype I. The pairwise genome genetic distance was 7.5% between genotypes I and C, and ranged from 8.4% to 15.2% between genotype I and other genotypes, except genotype C. Grouping Scan analyses of the two strains revealed apparent recombination events between an unknown genotype and genotype C. Two out of four HBV strains isolated from the Yi ethnic children were confirmed to be genotype I, suggesting widespread circulation and common infection with genotype I HBV in the local Yi population. High prevalence of HBsAg and low hepatitis B vaccination coverage indicated that additional efforts are needed to control HBV infection in those areas. J. Med. Virol. 84:866–870, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.