bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of glutaraldehyde on water related properties of solid wood
Authors: Xiao Zefang , Xie Yanjun , Militz Holger , Mai Carsten 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Scots pine sapwood was treated with various concentrations of glutaraldehyde (GA) and magnesium chloride as a catalyst in aqueous solutions. The weight percent gains (WPGs) attained after leaching were 1.0%, 8.6%, 13.7%, and 21.9%, respectively. The treatments reduced the equilibrium moisture content at 90% RH up to 30% compared with the untreated controls. Capillary water uptake of wood was also restrained by GA treatment (8.6% WPG) resulting in water reduction effectiveness of approximately 50% in both radial and tangential direction after 244 h. Wood blocks treated to the highest WPG (22%) attained 70% anti-swelling efficiency (ASE). High ASE values were caused by cell wall bulking through incorporation of GA in the cell wall and as a result of reduction of the maximum degree of swelling in water, i.e., through crosslinking of cell wall polymers. During 10 water submersion and drying cycles, untreated and GA treated specimens displayed equal weight losses indicating that mainly wood constituents were washed out. These cyclic water submersion tests also caused approximately 10% reduction in ASE in samples treated to higher WPG. Magnesium chloride as a catalyst for the reaction of GA imparts wood similar water related properties as sulphur dioxide catalysis of GA treatment, but the application of MgCl2 is much easier to perform in practice.
Aufbau und Betrieb eines Infrarot-Mikrospektrometers auf der Basis eines MEMS-FP-Filters
Authors: Ebermann Martin , Neumann Norbert 
Published: June 2010

Zusammenfassung
In der IR-Absorptionsspektroskopie gibt es ein großes Potenzial für Mikrospektrometer z. B. für die Mehrkomponentenanalyse in der Gasmesstechnik. Es wird ein Mikrospektrometer für den Spektralbereich 3–5 μm vorgestellt, welches auf einem pyroelektrischen Detektor und einem MEMS-Fabry-Pérot-Filter (FPF) basiert. Die Gestaltung des optischen Systems hat großen Einfluss auf das spektrale Auflösungsvermögen und den Signal-Rausch-Abstand des FP-Spektrometers.
FBG-Sensor-Interrogator mit Time-of-Flight- und Peak-Tracking-Algorithmen
Authors: Plattner Markus , Koch Alexander W. , Zeh Thomas , Reutlinger Arnd 
Published: June 2010

Zusammenfassung
Um die Struktur und den Temperaturhaushalt von Ariane-Trägerraketen zu überwachen, wird ein neuartiges Messgerät zum Auslesen faseroptischer Sensoren entwickelt. Dieses System basiert auf einem MG-Y-Diodenlaser, mit dem es möglich ist, jede verfügbare Ausgangswellenlänge innerhalb weniger Nanosekunden auszugeben. Dadurch wird ein sehr vielseitig verwendbares Messgerät realisiert, bei dem verschiedene faserbasierte Sensortypen in beliebiger Reihenfolge ausgelesen werden können. Eine Anpassung der Messrate an jeden einzelnen Sensor ist dadurch genauso einfach zu realisieren wie eine dynamische Auswahl der Sensoren, welche ausgelesen werden sollen. In diesem Artikel stellen wir die Zusammenhänge zwischen der zeitlichen Pulsfolge und der spektralen Abtastung der Sensorantworten dar. Mit einer Methode, welche “Time-of-Flight”- und “Peak-Tracking”-Algorithmen kombiniert, wird die gesamte Messdauer, im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen scannenden Verfahren deutlich reduziert.
3D-Terahertz-Bildgebung für die zerstörungsfreie Materialprüfung
Authors: Löffler Torsten , Quast Holger 
Published: June 2010

Zusammenfassung
Terahertz- und Millimeterwellen sind gesundheitlich unbedenkliche elektro-magnetische Wellen im Bereich von 100–10.000 Gigahertz. Bei diesen Frequenzen sind die meisten nicht-leitfähigen Materialien transparent, sodass eine kontaktlose, zerstörungsfreie Prüfung der inneren Struktur moderner (Kunststoff-Komposite-) Werkstücke mit einer Orts- und Tiefenauflösung im Submillimeterbereich möglich ist. Die hier vorgestellte vollelektronische Technologie ermöglicht hochqualitative Bilder in einer extrem kurzen Messzeit.
Bone density and metabolism in subjects with microdeletion of chromosome 22q11 (del22q11)
Authors: Stagi Stefano , Lapi Elisabetta , Gambineri Eleonora , Manoni Cristina , Genuardi Maurizio , Colarusso Gloria , Conti Camilla , Chiarelli Francesco , de Martino Maurizio , Azzari Chiara 
Published: June 2010

IntroductionAlthough hypoparathyroidism with hypocalcaemia is one of the most frequent clinical features of monoallelic microdeletion of chromosome 22q11 (22q11DS), bone mass and metabolism have not yet been assessed in these patients.DesignThis study aimed to evaluate bone mass and metabolism in a cohort of patients, both children and adults, with 22q11DS.MethodsIn twenty-eight patients with 22q11DS (median age 12.5, range 6.1–42.8 years), serum levels of ionised and total calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, osteocalcin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), and urinary deoxypyridinoline concentrations were evaluated. In these patients, bone mineral density (BMD) was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examination, and volumetric BMD (bone mineral apparent density (BMAD)) was calculated.The data obtained from paediatric and adult patients were compared with two age-, sex- and body size-matched healthy subject control groups.ResultsPatients with 22q11DS showed a reduced BMAD Z-score compared with controls (P<0.001). These patients also had significantly lower ionised (P<0.001) and total calcium (P<0.05) levels as well as lower PTH levels (P<0.05), compared with the controls. In particular, children and young patients with 22q11DS had significantly lower serum osteocalcin levels (P<0.001), BSAP levels (P<0.001) and urinary deoxypyridinoline concentrations (P<0.001) than controls. These results were not confirmed in adults.Finally, patients with hypoparathyroidism and/or hypocalcaemia at the time of the study showed significantly lower ionised (P<0.001) and total calcium levels (P<0.001), PTH levels (P<0.05), BSAP levels (P<0.001), osteocalcin levels (P<0.001) and urinary deoxypyridinoline concentrations (P<0.001), compared with patients without hypoparathyroidism and/or hypocalcaemia. Nonetheless, the BMAD Z-score did not show substantial differences between these two groups.ConclusionsSubjects with 22q11DS have a significant reduction in bone mass that appears to be more severe in adults who have already attained peak bone mass than in children who are still growing. Therefore, we suggest a close monitoring of bone mass and metabolism in 22q11DS patients.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes (MEN 2): results from the ItaMEN network analysis on the prevalence of different genotypes and phenotypes
Authors: Romei Cristina , Mariotti Stefano , Fugazzola Laura , Taccaliti Augusto , Pacini Furio , Opocher Giuseppe , Mian Caterina , Castellano Maurizio , degli Uberti Ettore , Ceccherini Isabella , Cremonini Nadia , Seregni Ettore , Orlandi Fabio , Ferolla Piero , Puxeddu Efisio , Giorgino Francesco , Colao Annamaria , Loli Paola , Bondi Fabio , Cosci Barbara , Bottici Valeria , Cappai Antonello , Pinna Giovanni , Persani Luca , Uberta Verga , Boscaro Marco , Castagna Maria Grazia , Cappelli Carlo , Zatelli Maria Chiara , Faggiano Antongiulio , Francia Giuseppe , Brandi Maria Luisa , Falchetti Alberto , Pinchera Aldo , Elisei Rossella , _ _ 
Published: June 2010

ObjectiveMultiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) is a genetic disease characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) associated (MEN 2A and 2B) or not familial MTC (FMTC) with other endocrine neoplasia due to germline RET gene mutations. The prevalence of these rare genetic diseases and their corresponding RET mutations are unknown due to the small size of the study population.MethodsWe collected data on germline RET mutations of 250 families with hereditary MTC followed in 20 different Italian centres.Results and conclusionsThe most frequent RET amino acid substitution was Val804Met (19.6%) followed by Cys634Arg (13.6%). A total of 40 different germline RET mutations were present. Six families (2.4%) were negative for germline RET mutations. The comparison of the prevalence of RET germline mutations in the present study with those published by other European studies showed a higher prevalence of Val804Met and Ser891Ala mutations and a lower prevalence of Leu790Phe and Tyr791Phe (P<0.0001). A statistically significant higher prevalence of mutations affecting non-cysteine codons was also found (P<0.0001).Furthermore, the phenotype data collection showed an unexpected higher prevalence of FMTC (57.6%) with respect to other MEN 2 syndromes (34% MEN 2A and 6.8% of MEN 2B). In conclusion, we observed a statistically significant different pattern of RET mutations in Italian MEN 2 families with respect to other European studies and a higher prevalence of FMTC phenotype. The different ethnic origins of the patients and the particular attention given to analysing apparently sporadic MTC for RET germline mutations may explain these findings.
Association of variants in gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor gene with impaired glucose homeostasis in obese children and adolescents from Berlin
Authors: Sauber Jeannine , Grothe Jessica , Behm Maria , Scherag André , Grallert Harald , Illig Thomas , Hinney Anke , Hebebrand Johannes , Wiegand Susanna , Grüters Annette , Krude Heiko , Biebermann Heike 
Published: June 2010

ObjectiveIn the past 20 years, obesity has become a major health problem due to associated diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus. The gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) modulates body weight and glucose homeostasis and, therefore, represents an interesting candidate gene for obesity and the comorbidity impaired glucose homeostasis. Recently, a GIPR variation was found to be associated with impaired insulin response in humans.In this study, we screened the GIPR gene for mutations and examined the association between three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs8111428, rs2302382, rs1800437) and childhood obesity, as well as impaired glucose homeostasis.MethodsThe coding region of the GIPR was screened for mutations by direct sequencing. We genotyped three known SNPs in 2280 healthy normal weight (1696) and obese (584) children and adolescents. Genotyping was performed using the SNaPshot protocol, the iplex, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight spectrometry technique. Obesity was defined by a body mass index SDS above 2; homeostatic model assessment was calculated.ResultsNo evidence for an association was found between the SNPs and the obesity phenotype. Significant association was found between the minor allele C of the SNP rs1800437 and elevated homeostasis model of insulin resistance values (P=0.001). No further sequence variations in the GIPR were found to be associated with childhood obesity.ConclusionVariations of the GIPR sequence are not associated with childhood obesity. This study points to a potential role for rs1800437 in glucose homeostasis. Further studies are necessary to confirm these results.
Language Shift: A Case Study of Ghana
Authors: Agyekum Kofi 
Published: June 2010

This paper discusses language shift in Ghana from two perspectives. The first will be language shift from a Ghanaian language to English which is the official language. The second category will be the shift from one or two Ghanaian languages to a third Ghanaian language that has become a lingua franca of an area. The paper will define language shift, and discuss the factors that bring about language shift in general and Ghana in particular. We will look at language shift that are societal and based on governmental and institutional policies and others that are individual and based on people’s negative or positive attitudes to certain languages and also for practical reasons on communication. The paper further discusses the characteristics and major features of languages that are being shifted. It will look at major areas where language shift is predominant and focus on politics, parliament and the judiciary, the electronic media, education, commerce, advertising, migratory and settlement patterns. The paper will look at the problems with language shift and resistance to language shift and provide suggestions that can be employed to reduce or curb language shift.
Mining and Risk of Tuberculosis in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Stuckler David , Basu Sanjay , McKee Martin , Lurie Mark 
Published: June 2010

Objectives. We estimated the relationship between mining and tuberculosis (TB) among countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods. We used multivariate regression to estimate the contribution of mining activity to TB incidence, prevalence, and mortality, as well as rates of TB among people living with HIV, with control for economic, health system, and population confounders. Results. Mining production was associated with higher population TB incidence rates (adjusted b = 0.093; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.067, 0.120; with an increase of mining production of 1 SD corresponding to about 33% higher TB incidence or 760 000 more incident cases), after adjustment for economic and population controls. Similar results were observed for TB prevalence and mortality, as well as with alternative measures of mining activity. Independent of HIV, there were significant associations between mining production and TB incidence in countries with high HIV prevalence (≥ 4% antenatal HIV prevalence; HIV-adjusted B = 0.066; 95% CI = 0.050, 0.082) and between log gold mining production and TB incidence in all studied countries (HIV-adjusted B = 0.053; 95% CI = 0.032, 0.073). Conclusions. Mining is a significant determinant of countrywide variation in TB among sub-Saharan African nations. Comprehensive TB control strategies should explicitly address the role of mining activity and environments in the epidemic.
Investigation of the Effect of Rock Mechanical Properties and In-Situ Stresses on Seismic Velocity Through a Coupled Geomechanical Reservoir Model
Authors: Vidal-Gilbert S.. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe dynamic poroelastic model identifies how dynamic elastic properties (P-wave and S-wave velocities and density) change during reservoir production. This forms the basis of time-lapse seismic feasibility studies. To provide accurate and meaningful predictions, the model requires appropriate input from reservoir engineering (pore-pressure and saturation variations) and geomechanics (stress and strain variations). In stress-sensitive reservoirs, a geomechanical simulation, coupled with the conventional reservoir simulation, updates vertical deformation and provides the mean-effective-stress field in and around the reservoir. The key objective of this work is to identify how combined reservoir and geomechanical effects will influence predictions of the dynamic poroelastic model.A method integrating reservoir engineering, geomechanics, and rock physics is applied to a 3D synthetic case. The first task of this study is to model deformation and stresses induced by exploitation within the reservoir and surrounding formations. For this, the pore pressure extracted from the reservoir simulation is introduced into the geomechanical model. Then, a sensitivity analysis with different mechanical parameters (Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio) and with different conditions (initial effective-stress ratio, plasticity behavior) is performed on a 3D model that includes the reservoir and its surroundings. The results of this geomechanical modeling are analyzed by considering the compression effect, the stress arching effect, and the mean effective-stress value in and above the reservoir. Then, the mean effective stress resulting from each geomechanical simulation enables us to update seismic velocities and the time shifts associated with seismic horizons, using Hertz-Mindlin's model. Last, this approach, considering the geomechanical aspect, is improved by the contribution of the fluid substitution on the dynamic poroelastic model, taking the saturation effects into account. The geomechanical approach is compared with some classical nongeomechanical approaches commonly used. This work demonstrates that the geomechanical approach influences the results in and around the reservoir. The time-shift values of the seismic horizons produced using this approach would be detectable on 4D-seismic data, and in this case study, the effect is much stronger than the saturation effect alone.
Detection and Spatial Delineation of Thin-Sand Sedimentary Sequences With Joint Stochastic Inversion of Well Logs and 3D Prestack Seismic Amplitude Data
Authors: Merletti Germán D. , Torres-Verdín Carlos 
Published: June 2010

Summary
We describe the successful application of a new prestack stochastic inversion algorithm to the spatial delineation of thin reservoir units otherwise poorly defined with deterministic inversion procedures. The inversion algorithm effectively combines the high vertical resolution of wireline logs with the relatively dense horizontal coverage of 3D prestack seismic amplitude data. Multiple partial-angle stacks of seismic amplitude data provide the degrees of freedom necessary to estimate spatial distributions of lithotype and compressional-wave (P-wave) and shear-wave (S-wave) velocities in a high-resolution stratigraphic/sedimentary grid. In turn, the estimated volumes of P- and S-wave velocity permit the statistical cosimulation of lithotype-dependent spatial distributions of porosity and permeability.
The new stochastic inversion algorithm maximizes a Bayesian selection criterion to populate values of lithotype and P- and S-wave velocities in the 3D simulation grid between wells. Property values are accepted by the Bayesian selection criterion only when they increase the statistical correlation between the simulated and recorded seismic amplitudes of all partial-angle stacks. Furthermore, inversion results are conditioned by the predefined measures of spatial correlation (variograms) of the unknown properties, their statistical cross correlation, and the assumed global lithotype proportions.
Using field data acquired in a fluvial-deltaic sedimentary-rock sequence, we show that deterministic prestack seismic-inversion techniques fail to delineate thin reservoir units (10-15 m) penetrated by wells because of insufficient vertical resolution and low contrast of elastic properties. By comparison, the new stochastic inversion yields spatial distributions of lithotype and elastic properties with a vertical resolution between 10-15 m that accurately describe spatial trends of clinoform sedimentary sequences and their associated reservoir units.
Blind-well tests and cross validation of inversion results confirm the reliability of the estimated distributions of lithotype and P- and S-wave velocities. Inversion results provide new insight to the spatial and petrophysical character of existing flow units and enable the efficient planning of primary and secondary hydrocarbon recovery operations.
A Semianalytical Approach To Model Pressure Transients in Heterogeneous Reservoirs
Authors: Medeiros F.. , Ozkan E.. , Kazemi H.. 
Published: June 2010

Summary
Pressure-transient responses of wells in a heterogeneous reservoir are usually computed with numerical models by using fine gridding and very short timesteps. An exceptions to this practice has been the use of analytical, semianalytical, and boundary-element methods for relatively simpler forms of heterogeneity, such as layering or the existence of natural fractures. This paper presents a semianalytical approach to compute pressure transients for more-complex forms of heterogeneity including composite, layered, and compartmentalized reservoirs. In this approach, the reservoir is divided into blocks corresponding to locally homogeneous substructures, and analytical pressure-transient solutions for adjacent blocks are coupled at the boundaries. This approach is consistent with the averaging effect of pressure transients and provides an alternative to full numerical modeling of pressure-transient responses in heterogeneous formations. The validation of the approach is demonstrated in comparison to the analytical solution for horizontal wells in a homogeneous reservoir. Application examples highlight the physical consistency of the approach and demonstrate its capability to model different types of reservoir heterogeneity.
An Efficient Algebraic Multigrid Solver Strategy for Adaptive Implicit Methods in Oil-Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Clees T.. , Ganzer L.. 
Published: June 2010

Summary
We propose a new, efficient, adaptive algebraic multigrid (AMG) solver strategy for the discrete systems of partial-differential equations (PDEs) arising from structured or unstructured grid models in reservoir simulation. The proposed strategy has been particularly tailored to linear systems of equations arising in adaptive implicit methods (AIMs). The coarsening process of the AMG method designed automatically employs information on the physical structure of the models; as a smoother, an adaptive incomplete LU factorization with thresholding (ILUT) method is employed, taking care of an efficient solution of the hyperbolic parts while providing adequately smooth errors for the elliptic parts. To achieve a good compromise of high efficiency and robustness for a variety of problem classes—ranging from simple, small black-oil to challenging, large compositional models—an automatic, adaptive ILUT parameter and AMG solver switching strategy, α-SAMG. has been developed. Its efficiency is demonstrated for eight industrial benchmark cases by comparison against standard one-level and AMG solvers, including constraint pressure residual (CPR), as well as the pure one-level variant of the proposed new strategy. In addition, very promising results of first parallel runs are shown.