bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where there is no obstetrician – increasing capacity for emergency obstetric care in rural India: An evaluation of a pilot program to train general doctors
Authors: Evans Cherrie Lynn , Maine Deborah , McCloskey Lois , Feeley Frank G. , Sanghvi Harshad 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundMaternal mortality continues to be high in rural India. Chief among the reasons for this is a severe shortage of obstetricians to perform cesarean delivery and other skills required for emergency obstetric care (EmOC). In 2006, the Government of India and the Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India (FOGSI) with technical assistance from Jhpiego, instituted a nationwide, 16‐week comprehensive EmOC (CEmOC) training program for general medical officers (MOs). This program is based on an earlier pilot project (2004–2006).ObjectiveTo evaluate the pilot project, and identify lessons learned to inform the nationwide scale‐up.MethodsThe lead author (CE) visited trainees and their facilities to evaluate the project. Eight data collection tools were created, which included interviews with informants (program/government staff, regional/international experts, trainees and trainers), facility observation, and facility‐based data collection of births and maternal/newborn deaths during the study period.ResultsMore trainees performed each of the basic EmOC skills after the training than before. After training, 10 of 15 facilities to which trainees returned could provide all signal functions for basic EmOC whereas only 2 could do so before. For comprehensive EmOC, 2 facilities with obstetricians were providing all functions before and 2 were doing so after, even though the specialists had left those facilities and services were being provided by CEmOC trainees. Barriers to providing, or continuing to provide, EmOC for some trainees included insufficient training for cesarean delivery, lack of anesthetists, equipment and infrastructure (operating theater, blood services, forceps/vacuum, manual vacuum aspiration syringes).ConclusionAlthough MOs can be trained to provide CEmOC (including cesarean delivery), without proper selection of facilities and trainees, adequate training, and support, this strategy will not substantially improve the availability of comprehensive EmOC in India.RecommendationsTo implement a successful nationwide scale‐up, several steps should be taken. These include, selecting motivated trainees, implementing the training as it was designed, improving support for trainees, and ensuring appropriate staff and infrastructure for trainees at their facilities before they return from training.
Saving mothers and newborns through an innovative partnership with private sector obstetricians: Chiranjeevi scheme of Gujarat, India
Authors: Mavalankar Dileep , Singh Amarjit , Patel Sureshchandra R. , Desai Ajesh , Singh Prabal V. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo document an innovative public–private partnership between the government of Gujarat, India and private obstetricians in rural areas that provides delivery care to the poor.MethodsThis is a descriptive analysis of the scheme and analysis of secondary data. We estimate the lives of mothers and newborns potentially saved because of the scheme.ResultsMore than 800 obstetricians have joined the scheme and more than 269 000 poor women have delivered in private facilities in 2 years. We estimate that the percentage of institutional deliveries among poor women increased from 27% to 48% between April 2007 and September 2008. In addition, there are fewer reported maternal and newborn deaths among the beneficiaries compared with the number of deaths expected in the absence of the scheme.ConclusionsThis innovative program shows that, at least in some areas of India, it is possible to develop a large scale partnership with the private sector to provide skilled birth attendance and emergency obstetric care to poor women at a relatively low cost. This is one way of addressing the human resource deficit in the public sector in rural areas of low‐income countries to achieve Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5. We also conclude that the skilled care thus provided can reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among the poor.
Within-field damage and distribution patterns of the stalk borer, Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in sugarcane and a comparison with nematode damage
Authors: Berry S.D. , Leslie G.W. , Spaull V.W. , Cadet P. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe occurrence of Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was monitored in grids represented by plots in 12 nematicide trials in South African sugarcane fields. The trials encompassed a total of eight plant cane crops and 22 ratoon crops and were situated within commercial cane fields. Several measurements were made to characterize the damage caused by E. saccharina. These included the number of internodes per stalk, the percentage of internodes damaged and the percentage of stalks damaged. The mapping of E. saccharina infestation in plant crops of sugarcane showed that the borders of the trials were as infested as the centre, indicating invasion from outside the field plus internal spread within the field. Ratoon crops were less infested than plant crops. This could be explained by a shorter ratoon crop cycle and by the fields having areas that were more suitable for the borer than elsewhere. The location of these preferred areas could be predicted from one ratoon crop to the next but was not related to the distribution of the borer in the plant crop. This situation was thought to explain the apparent stabilization of E. saccharina infestation in ratoon cane. Because the borer was found at harvest only in stalks with more than 14 to 16 internodes, it appeared that the oldest shoots, or the shoots with the greatest growth potential, attracted the insect, possibly due to their higher nitrogen content, which would stimulate growth. All the trials were on sandy soil, and crop loss from nematodes was greater than that caused by E. saccharina.
The generalised bio-political border? Re-conceptualising the limits of sovereign power
Authors: VAUGHAN-WILLIAMS NICK 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article is a response to calls from a number of theorists in International Relations and related disciplines for the need to develop alternative ways of thinking ‘the border’ in contemporary political life. These calls stem from an apparent tension between the increasing complexity of the nature and location of bordering practices on the one hand and yet the relative simplicity with which borders often continue to be treated on the other. One of the intellectual challenges, however, is that many of the resources in political thought to which we might turn for new border vocabularies already rely on unproblematised conceptions of what and where borders are. It is argued that some promise can be found in the work of Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben, whose diagnosis of the operation of sovereign power in terms of the production of bare life offers significant, yet largely untapped, implications for analysing borders and the politics of space across a global bio-political terrain.
Soldier photography: visualising the war in Iraq
Authors: KENNEDY LIAM 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article focuses on the production and dissemination of photographic images by serving US soldiers in Iraq who are photographing their experiences and posting them on the Internet. This form of visual communication – in real time and communal – is new in the representation of warfare; in earlier wars soldiers took photographs, but these were not immediately shared in the way websites can disseminate images globally. This digital generation of soldiers exist in a new relationship to their experience of war; they are now potential witnesses and sources within the documentation of events, not just the imaged actors – a blurring of roles that reflects the correlations of revolutions in military and media affairs. This photography documents the everyday experiences of the soldiers and its historical significance may reside less in the controversial or revelatory images but in more mundane documentation of the environments, activities and feelings of American soldiery at war.
The workshop of filthy creation: or do not be alarmed, this is only a test
Authors: BUCKLEY BERNADETTE 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this article I explore the nature of the relationship between art and terror/ism and ask why identifications between the two are so routinely and often insistently made. In so doing, my aim is twofold. Firstly, I explore the possibility of there being a deep-seated structural link that exists between art, terror/ism and creativity. In other words, I ask if terror is a necessary corollary of the ‘creative event’. Secondly, I explore explicit examples in which artists have sought to create or to emphasise this relationship, from the perspective of Contemporary Art practices. In the spirit of experiment rather than of judgment then, this article sets up a series of trials in which art and terror/ism are philosophically, aesthetically and politically blended. It asks where else should such tests be conducted, if not in relation to the artwork and in particular, in relation to those artworks which toy with terror/ism and those artists who claim on some level, to be ‘terrorists’? How is the ‘artist-as-terrorist’ to be interpreted and understood alongside existing definitions of both terrorism and of Art? And finally, what role does imagination play in the construction of experience?
The Intelligence and Security Committee and the challenge of security networks
Authors: GILL PETER 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA major feature of current security is the development of intelligence networks between agencies within and between nations and across public and private sectors. The performance of the UK Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC) is examined within this context, especially regarding allegations of collusion by UK agencies in rendition and torture. Proposed changes to the ISC are discussed and it is argued that the ISC must seek to leverage its limited powers by helping to construct an oversight network.
The International Regulation of the Use of Force: The Politics of Interpretive Method
Authors: BIANCHI ANDREA 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe difficulty in identifying the contours of the international regulation of the use of force is not merely the product of the highly politicized character of this area of international law, let alone of the divide between theory and practice. This paper submits that the problem rather lies in the fact that the interpretive community that produces the official discourse on the use of force is no longer able to agree on the way in which legal categories and interpretive techniques should be used to identify the applicable law. A reflexive consideration, by all actors involved, of the method by which the discourse on the use of force is formed seems to be necessary in order to establish or restore, within that interpretive community, the societal consensus needed to provide the international community with a common understanding of the extant regulatory framework and its scope of application.
Defining Victims of Crimes against Humanity: Martić and the International Criminal Court
Authors: DUNGEL JOAKIM 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn Martić, the ICTY held that the term ‘civilian’ in the chapeau of crimes against humanity excludes persons hors de combat, but that such persons may still be victims of crimes against humanity. This paper analyses that holding and its applicability before the ICC. It observes that the holding may result in additional protection to prisoners of war, leave the group of victims of crimes against humanity undefined, and render the term ‘civilian’ in the chapeau nugatory. Some recommendations are offered in these regards.
The Application of Human Rights Treaties in the Development of Domestic and International Law: A Personal Perspective
Authors: DOHERTY TERESA A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article considers the application of international human rights treaties or conventions to domestic law in common law countries and the historical differences in approach between some jurisdictions. It promotes the view that the judiciary of a country which has signed an international human rights treaty or convention may refer to such a treaty when interpreting domestic law, notwithstanding the fact that the treaty or convention has not been incorporated into domestic legislation. The article also suggests that international human rights treaties and conventions have a role in developing international criminal law and international humanitarian law. It cites the example of the decision that forced marriage is an inhumane act, a crime against humanity, by the Special Court of Sierra Leone, and gives the factual and jurisprudential background to that decision.
Preserving the Legacy of the Special Court for Sierra Leone: Challenges and Lessons Learned in Prosecuting Grave Crimes in Sierra Leone
Authors: KAMARA JOSEPH F. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSierra Leone experienced particularly heinous and widespread crimes against humanity and war crimes during its eleven years of civil war from 1991 to 2002. During the war, the civilian population was targeted by all the fighting factions. Civilians were captured, abducted, and held as slaves used for forced labour. The Special Court for Sierra Leone was established by the government of Sierra Leone and the United Nations in 2002, through Security Council Resolution 1315. It is mandated to try those who bear the greatest responsibility for serious violations of international humanitarian law and Sierra Leonean law committed in Sierra Leone since 30 November 1996. The aim of this paper is to sketch out the extent to which the jurisprudence of the Special Court can serve as a model for efficient and effective administration of criminal justice nationally through the preservation of its legacy.
Common Article 1: A Minimum Yardstick for Regulating Private Military and Security Companies
Authors: TONKIN HANNAH 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTens of thousands of contractors work for private military and security companies (PMSCs) during armed conflict and occupation, often hired by states to perform activities that were once the exclusive domain of the armed forces. Many of the obligations and standards that guide states in regulating their armed forces are lacking in relation to PMSCs, raising concerns that states might simply outsource their military policy to PMSCs without taking adequate measures to promote compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL). This article argues that the universally applicable obligation ‘to ensure respect’ for IHL in Common Article 1 of the Geneva Conventions can provide a key mechanism for addressing these concerns.
Moving Ahead in Protecting Freshwater Resources: The International Law Commission's Draft Articles on Transboundary Aquifers
Authors: MECHLEM KERSTIN 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOn 11 December 2008 the UN General Assembly adopted a set of draft articles on the law of transboundary aquifers which had been prepared by the International Law Commission (ILC) between 2002 and August 2008. These draft articles are the first official instrument that lays down rules of international law for the management and protection of groundwater, which makes up 97 per cent of the Earth's freshwater resources, excluding the resources locked in polar ice. This article discusses the contribution of the draft articles to the development of international water law. It first provides some background on the importance of shared groundwater resources, then describes the ILC's work on transboundary aquifers, and finally assesses in detail the draft articles and the way ahead.
Midkine expression is regulated by the circadian clock in the retina of the zebrafish
Authors: CALINESCU ANDA-ALEXANDRA , RAYMOND PAMELA A. , HITCHCOCK PETER F. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe retina displays numerous processes that follow a circadian rhythm. These processes are coordinated through the direct action of light on photoreceptive molecules and, in the absence of light, through autocrine/paracrine actions of extracellular neuromodulators. We previously described the expression of the genes encoding the secreted heparin-binding growth factors,midkine-a(mdka) andmidkine-b(mdkb), in the retina of the zebrafish. Here, we provide evidence that the expression ofmdkaandmdkbfollows a daily rhythm, which is independent of the presence or absence of light, and we propose that the expression ofmdkais regulated by the circadian clock. Both qualitative and quantitative measures show that formdka, the levels of mRNA and protein decrease during the night and increase during the subjective day. Qualitative measures show that the expression ofmdkbincreases during the second half of the subjective night and decreases during the second half of the subjective day. Within horizontal cells, the two midkine paralogs show asynchronous circadian regulation. Though intensely studied in the contexts of physiology and disease, this is the first study to provide evidence for the circadian regulation of midkines in the vertebrate nervous system.
Biology of eggs, embryos and larvae ofRhinelepis aspera(Spix & Agassiz, 1829) (Pisces: Siluriformes)
Authors: da Rocha Perini Violeta , Sato Yoshimi , Rizzo Elizete , Bazzoli Nilo 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe black armoured catfishRhinelepis asperais an important commercial species found in the São Francisco River (Brazil) that has great potential for pisciculture. This paper presents, for the first time, information on the embryogenesis and larval development of this species. The breeder fish were subjected to spawning induction with crude carp pituitary extract. Eggs were kept in incubators at 24°C and embryogenesis was observed with a stereomicroscope until hatching. Ovary fragments, samples of recently extruded oocytes and larvae were fixed in Bouin's solution and subjected to routine histology techniques. Recently extruded oocytes were also analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Females (80%) had a positive response to hypophysation. Oocyte extrusion was performed at 8 h and 30 min after the second hormone injection and the fertilization rate achieved 72.4 ± 8.8%. Recently extruded oocytes had a mean diameter of 1360.80 ± 40.87 μm and presented a conspicuous jelly coat covering the zona pellucida. Histochemical reactions indicated the presence of neutral glycoproteins in the yolk globules and in the zona pellucida. These reactions also indicated the presence of neutral glycoproteins and carboxylated acid glycoconjugates in the follicular cells and the jelly coat. These compounds form mucosubstances that can be related to the adhesiveness of the eggs. Under the SEM the oocytes presented a micropyle disc and a thick jelly coat over their surface. The closure of the blastopore occurred 9 h and 40 min after fertilization and embryogenesis was completed at 45 h and 50 min after fertilization, when the embryos were incubated at 24°C. The total absorption of the yolk sac occurred during the fifth day indicating the need for an exogenous food supply. These results provide essential information for the successful breeding and management of the promisingR. aspera.
Browsing for conservation: Springtime forage value of midstory shrubs of degraded oak savannas in southern Wisconsin
Authors: Hedtcke Janet , Posner Joshua , Rosemeyer Martha , Albrecht Ken 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOak (Quercusspp.) savanna is a rare and dwindling ecosystem primarily due to the clearing of vast areas for agriculture and encroachment of woody midstory shrubs in the remnant areas. There is interest in introducing controlled grazing to re-open these ecologically sensitive semi-wooded areas. We report the forage quality and diet selection by Scottish Highland cattle (Bos taurusspp.), a breed recognized for their browsing behavior, of the most common shrubs in this ecosystem. Shrub species sampled included prickly ash (Xanthoxylem americanaMill), gooseberry (Ribes missourienseNutt.), gray dogwood (Cornus racemesaL.), multiflora rose (Rosa multifloraThunb. ex Murr.), black or red raspberry (Rubusspp.) and wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativaL). Leaf biomass was collected in June 2001 and 2002 and analyzed for forage quality. Animal observations showed that diet included a fairly even mixture of shrub leaves, grass and herbaceous forbs. Prickly ash and raspberry were most frequently browsed and had the highest crude protein (CP; 190 g kg−1), while multiflora rose and gray dogwood, neither highly browsed upon, had the lowest levels of CP (120 g kg−1). All shrubs had highin-vitrotrue digestibility, with prickly ash approaching 850 g kg−1(as compared to 688 g kg−1for mature alfalfa). The quality of the shrub layer in late spring is adequate to provide nutritional support for beef cattle as long as dry matter intake is not limited. Integrating shrubs into the rotation could expand the pasture base by providing feed at a time when cool-season pastures are typically quasi-dormant.
Analysis of feral pig (Sus scrofa) movement in a Hawaiian forest ecosystem using GPS satellite collars
Authors: Salbosa Lasha-Lynn , Lepczyk Dr. Christopher 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe ecosystem altering impacts of feral pigs have been widely documented around the world. However, a general framework for their control and management has been lacking, especially in island ecosystems. One reason for this lack of management is that we have little knowledge of how pigs move through different island ecosystems, especially ones that are topographically challenging such as Hawai‛i. With recent advances in telemetry and movement modeling, it is now becoming practical to understand where these large introduced animals are moving and how they are using habitat. Hence, the primary goal of this study is to understand feral pig movement in terms of terrain, slope restrictions, and distance traveled beyond a natal site, within an island forested landscape. Based upon this goal, the objectives were to (1) assess different methods of time-series analysis in terms of animal movement and home range, and (2) use the information to inform wildlife management and policy. In 2008, a total of 36 feral pigs were collared with Global Positioning System (GPS) units across four different field sites on three Hawaiian Islands (Maui, Molokai, and Kauai) and tracked for an average of 60 +/- 10 days. Of the 36 collared animals, only four could be used for analysis due to various technological failures. Using three different movement modeling approaches (Brownian Bridge, minimum convex polygon, and the kernel density estimator), we found that feral pigs, within the heterogeneous landscape of Hawaiian watersheds have a spatial recognition limit or ecological neighborhood of between 1.65 and 2 km. All three methods indicated a slight variation of individual home range estimates. These results demonstrated that pigs move less in heterogeneous and heavily vegetated ecosystems. Even under the most conservative estimate, pigs moved 0.2 km/day. Considering that feral pigs disperse exotic plants and increase nutrient loading of streams, our results indicate that even a small abundance of pigs have a very large impact on the native ecosystems of Hawaii, due to their concentration around a natal site or resource center. Based upon this work, we suggest that managers must increase measures to limit habitat connectivity, such as perimeter fences and trapping along remote roadways that are used as feral pig dispersal mechanisms.