bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of a Marsh on Runoff: I. A Water‐Budget Model
Authors: Huff D. D. , Young H. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA water‐budget model was developed to aid the study of transport of nutrients in surface and subsurface flows across a marsh. The model is based on field studies of Wingra marsh adjacent to Lake Wingra in Madison, Wis., and was used to calculate monthly totals of actual evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and subsurface drainage from April 1970 through August 1976. About 90% of the water entering the marsh comes from urban storm runoff. The remainder is precipitation (8%) and deep ground‐water inflow (2%). Water leaves the marsh through evapotranspiration (7%), shallow ground‐water discharge (8%), and surface outflow (85%). The model was used to estimate the water‐table elevation at an observation well where direct measurements were taken (November 1975 through October 1976). The observed depth to the water table ranged from 0 to 150 cm below the surface and the simulated value usually was within ± 10 cm. This suggests that the model adequately computes the water budget for the marsh and provides a sound basis for calculating dissolved and suspended material loads transported through the marsh into Lake Wingra.
Transport of Resistance‐labeled Escherichia Coli Strains Through a Transition Between Two Soils in a Topographic Sequence
Authors: Mc Coy E. L. , Hagedorn C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments were conducted to determine the pathways and characteristics of bacterial transport through a saturated soil profile which represented a transition between the Steiwer (Ultic Haploxeroll) and Hazelair (Aquultic Haploxeroll) soil series and was located in a concave footslope position. Three separately distinguishable Escherichia coli strains were injected into three perforated horizontal lines installed upslope from the transition, and positioned in the A, B, and C horizons of the soil profile. Migration of the labeled strains was evaluated by collecting water samples from piezometers, sampling various depth zones in the soil, and placed in rows at various distances downslope. In addition, surface runoff samples were collected at the furthest upslope location of observed overland flow. Bacterial translocation patterns varied with depth of injection at the first sampling row downslope; however, as the bacteria penetrated into the transition zone, flow pathways converged and injection depth differences disappeared. Also, a transition from predominately matrix flow to predominately “pipe” flow was observed as the downslope flow of water was directed upward in the soil profile by hydraulic gradients and a restrictive clay layer. Translatory channel flow (“pipe” flow) demonstrated widespread influence through this transition and apparently large volumes of the water passing downslope were intercepted and conducted by these channels. This study provides the link joining results from previous reports and more completely describes septic‐system effluent migration on saturated hillslopes while additionally stressing the influence of pipe flow on hillslope hydrologic processes.
A Survey of Sorption Relationships for Reactive Solutes in Soil
Authors: Travis C. C. , Etnier Elizabeth L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe present study provides a survey of relationships in current use to quantify sorption of reactive solutes by soil. Its purpose is to examine present concepts and to indicate active research directions. Both equilibrium and first‐order kinetic sorption models are reviewed. Equilibrium models discussed include the linear, Freundlich, Langmuir, two‐surface Langmuir, and competitive Langmuir isotherms. Kinetic sorption models reviewed are the reversible linear, reversible nonlinear, kinetic product, bilinear, mass transfer, Elovich, Fava and Eyring, and two‐site kinetic model.The models reviewed appear to provide a reasonably good basis for extrapolation and interpolation of data. There is a continuing need, however, to upgrade these methodologies as demand for accuracy and realism increases. It is expected that the state‐of‐the‐art review provided by this survey will assist in this process.
Ammonia Volatilization from Liquid Swine Manure Applied to Cropland
Authors: Hoff J. D. , Nelson D. W. , Sutton A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRandomized complete block design field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rates and methods of liquid swine manure application on volatile NH3‐N losses from cropland. In addition, a greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effect of wind on the rate of NH3‐N volatilization from soil and the accuracy of NH3‐N loss measurements under field conditions. A partially closed system was utilized to directly collect volatilized NH3‐N from microplots.The NH3‐N collection system did not accurately estimate volatile N losses when windy conditions existed as often encountered in the field. Using direct measurement of NH4+‐N in waste before and after exposure to the atmosphere to correct for the low estimates of NH3‐N loss under field conditions, an average of 48.1% of the volatilized N was collected under greenhouse conditions with relatively constant temperature and wind.The rate of NH3‐N loss from manure increased with increasing temperature and air movement. The proportions of the applied NH4+‐N lost as NH3‐N during a 3.5‐day sampling period in the spring from swine manure (pH 6.4) applied to soil (pH 6.4) and corrected for the effect of wind were: 14.0%, 12.2%, and 11.2% for the 90, 135 and 180 metric ton/ha, respectively, of surface applied liquid swine manure; 2.5% for both the 90 and 180 metric ton rates, respectively, of injected liquid swine manure; 14.7% for surface applied urea fertilizer (168 kg N/ha); and 65.8% of the applied NH4+‐N from swine manure surface applied (90 metric tons/ha) on a plastic liner. Fresh swine manure (pH 7.8) surface applied at the rate of 135 metric tons/ha on greenhouse loam soil (pH 7.0) lost 82.5% of the applied NH4+‐N in an 8‐day sampling period.
Effect of Cadmium on Soil Bacteria and Actinomycetes
Authors: Williams S. E. , Wollum A. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil procaryotic populations were evaluated from a soybean field (Glycine max L.) that had been amended 3 years previously with Cd (as CdCl2·2½H2O) at rates corresponding to 0, 6, 22, and 40 kg Cd/ha. Replicate aliquots of soil suspensions from the treated plots were plated on media containing increasing concentrations of Cd. This was done to determine if soil bacteria and actinomycetes (procaryotes) that were tolerant of Cd had developed in Cd‐treated soils. It was found that the level of DTPA‐TEA extractable soil Cd had no influence on the development of Cd‐tolerant soil populations on media amended with Cd. Rather, it was found that low levels of media Cd retarded procaryote growth, whereas high levels did not. This also occurred regardless of the level of soil extractable Cd. Soil moisture at the time of sampling was found to be inversely related to procaryote numbers on media containing 0 ppm Cd and directly related on media containing 10, 20, and 40 ppm Cd. On media containing 5 ppm Cd, numbers of soil organisms were low with respect to the control and other Cd media levels and had no relationship to soil moisture. Growth rate constants of 58 pure cultured bacteria were determined at Cd concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 ppm in liquid media. The organisms exhibited tolerant, intolerant, and stimulated responses of Cd; however, 50% were intolerant to 5 ppm Cd but tolerant at concentrations > 5 ppm.
Behavior of Chromium in Soils: IV. Toxicity to Microorganisms
Authors: Ross D. S. , Sjogren R. E. , Bartlett R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe toxicity of Cr to soil bacterial isolates was studied by measuring turbidity of liquid cultures supplemented with Cr(VI) or Cr(III). Ten to 12 ppm Cr(VI) was found inhibitory to most isolates growing in either a soil‐extract medium and or in a semisynthetic medium. Gram negative bacteria were more affected than gram positive bacteria by Cr(VI) both at this level and at 1 ppm. Toxicity due to Cr(III) was not observed at similar levels.Nellis loam (Typic Eutrochrept) and Hinesburg fine sandy loam (Entic Haplorthod) samples were treated with 10 and 100 ppm Cr(VI) and 100 ppm Cr(III). All three treatments significantly decreased CO2 evolution from that of controls for the 3‐week duration of the experiment. Extractable Cr(VI) in these soils decreased rapidly during this time, indicating that reduction of the added Cr(VI) was occurring.The toxicity of low levels of Cr(VI) to gram negative bacteria in aqueous culture indicates that soil microbial transformations, such as nitrification, may be affected. The fact that both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) inhibited microbial activity in soil shows that more caution may be needed in handling Cr‐containing wastes, regardless of the form of Cr.
The Contribution of Phosphorus Leached from Crop Canopy to Losses in Surface Runoff
Authors: Sharpley A. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSimulated rainfall (6 cm/hour) was used to leach P from growing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), sorghum (Sorghum sudanense), and soybean (Glycine max.) plants as a function of soil type and time interval between rainfall events. The relative contribution of plant material and surface soil to the transport of soluble P in surface runoff was estimated. The amount of soluble P in plant leachate, collected before contacting the soil surface, was found to increase with plant age and soil‐water stress when changes in leaf area index were accounted for. A period of at least 1 day between rainfall events was needed for P to reaccumulate on the leaf surface. The contribution of soluble P in plant leachate to that transported in surface runoff was estimated as the difference in runoff concentration between planted and bare soil. When plants were subject to a soil P stress, canopy leachate contributed the major proportion (90%) of that transported in surface runoff. With an increase in plant age from 42 to 82 days, the contribution of plant leachate to surface runoff increased from approximately 20–60%. The possible sorption of leached P is discussed along with estimating leaching losses in improving the predictive ability of nutrient models.
The Establishment of Cheatgrass (Bromus Tectorum L.) on Spent Oil Shale from the Paraho Process
Authors: George Melvin R. , Mc Kell C. M. , Richardson Steven G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted in a greenhouse with the following objectives: (i) to study the emergence and seedling growth of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) in soil and in Paraho spent oil shale that was either leached, treated with sulfuric acid, covered with soil, or mixed with soil, and (ii) to study emergence and seedling growth of cheatgrass on spent shale that was fertilized with ammonium nitrate and triple superphosphate. The ECe of the spent shale was 14 mmhos/cm, the pH was 9 and the shale was low in plant available N and P. The soil from Federal oil shale lease tract U‐a near Bonanza, Utah was a coarse textured alluvium with low moisture retention. Cheatgrass planted on soil alone and shale covered with soil had the highest emergence rates (75–86%) and produced the greatest total biomass (8.55–13.4 g). Seedling emergence rates on leached and unleached spent shale were 44% and 36%, respectively, and total biomass was <1 g on either treatment. Seedlings failed to emerge on sulfuric acid‐treated spent shale. The addition of sulfuric acid to spent shale increased the ECe of the shale to over 21 mmhos/cm. Leached and unleached spent shale was fertilized with N at rates of 0, 28, and 56 kg/ha and P at rates of 0, 24.4, and 48.8 kg/ha. The total biomass for any fertilizer treatment was <1 g. We conclude that covering shale disposal piles with topsoil may improve the site for successful invasion by a colonizing species such as cheatgrass.
Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Cropped Fields
Authors: Mosier A. R. , Hutchinson G. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFrom mid‐May to mid‐September 1978, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from an irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) field in northern Colorado totaled only 2.5 kg N ha−1, and even smaller losses were measured from a nearby sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) field. Fluxes measured by a simple soil cover method compared favorably with micrometeorological estimates of vertical N2O flux density. About 30% of the N2O lost from the corn field was emitted during the 2 weeks following fertilization while NH3 was being rapidly nitrified, and 59% was evolved during the week following the field's first irrigation, when restricted oxygen diffusion favored denitrification. Other occurrences of irrigation or precipitation exceeding 0.7 cm were also followed by rapid, though much smaller, increases in N2O emissions. The flux of N2O was not significantly correlated with soil nitrate concentration but was strongly correlated with soil water content and N2O concentration in the soil atmosphere, which always exceeded the ambient atmospheric concentration. We found no evidence that either site ever behaved as a sink for tropospheric N2O. Total N2O emissions from the corn field amounted to only 1.3% of the 200 kg NH3‐N ha−1 applied to the crop, a much smaller fraction than has been used in models predicting the effect of agricultural fertilizers upon stratospheric ozone depletion.
Decomposition of Water Hyacinth in Agricultural Drainage Water
Authors: Reddy K. R. , Sacco P. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe present study was designed to evaluate the nutrient release from decomposing water hyacinths [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.] in agricultural drainage water. In a laboratory incubation study, nutrient release from the decomposing water hyacinths was measured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions at varying levels of water hyacinth additions. In a field study, impact of water hyacinth die‐off on drainage canal water quality was evaluated after a herbicide application.In the laboratory study, under both aerobic and anaerobic systems about 21–45% of the added N was lost resulting in low accumulation of inorganic N. At all levels of water hyacinth additions, soluble P release into the water was higher under anaerobic conditions than aerobic conditions. At the end of the 100‐day decomposition, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the water hyacinth treated water was reduced by 42–73% under aerobic conditions, and by 16 to 57% under anaerobic conditions and biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the water was reduced by about 67–85% under aerobic conditions and 20–53% under anaerobic conditions. Electrical conductivity (EC) and K, Mg, and Ca concentration of the water were not influenced by the oxygen status (aerobic or anaerobic conditions) of the water for any level of water hyacinth addition.Under field conditions, water hyacinth die off as a result of a herbicide application resulted in an increased concentration of soluble N and P in the drainage canal water.
Formation of N‐Nitrosodiethanolamine from Diethanolamine in Lake Water and Sewage
Authors: Yordy Jerry R. , Alexander Martin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA thin‐layer chromatographic method using a 14C‐labeled secondary amine was used to measure the possible formation of nitrosamines in samples of natural waters and sewage. The lower limit of sensitivity was 1 ng of nitrosamine/ml.Formation of N‐nitrosodiethanolamine from diethanolamine in lake water and sewage was demonstrated, with the identity of the product verified by combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The greatest amount of the carcinogenic nitrosamine was generated in sewage, considerably less was produced in Caynga Lake water, and the least amount was formed in water from an acid lake. The amount of nitrosamine formed was related to the amount of diethanolamine added and the nitrite level in samples of the environments. Autoclaved samples of sewage and Cayuga Lake water either did not produce N‐nitrosodiethanolamine or formed it at rates much lower than in nonsterile samples, suggesting a role for microorganisms or some other heat‐labile factor in the formation of the nitroso compound. The nitrosamine could be metabolized in all three environments, but it persisted in lake water samples taken in the winter.
Characteristics of Coal Mine Overburden Important to Plant Growth
Authors: Mc Fee W. W. , Byrnes W. R. , Stockton J. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis investigation was conducted to determine physical and chemical properties of mineland overburden, to evaluate plant growth in these materials, and to identify properties of overburden materials before mining that may serve as predictors of potential plant growth.Eighteen overburden materials from five surface coal mines in the Illinois coal basin of southwestern Indiana were sampled and analyzed for 20 physical and chemical properties. Twelve were unconsolidated materials, including A and B horizons, lacustrine sediments, and glacial tills, and six were rock strata that break and weather easily. Growth potential for overburden materials, with and without sewage sludge and fertilizer amendments, was evaluated in greenhouse pot culture using alfalfa, wheat, and white pine. Oats yield, and survival and growth of Virginia pine and yellow‐poplar were evaluated for 10 materials in outdoor containers.Regression analysis of plant growth against chemical and physical properties of the overburden materials did not reveal properties that could be consistently used in a formula approach to predicting plant growth potential of the materials. Electrical conductivity of the material extract and water storage capacity were most frequently significantly related to growth. High plant tissue levels of B, Fe, Mn, and Al suggested toxicity problems on some materials. The general ranking of overburden materials evaluated for plant growth potential was lacustrine sedment ≥ A horizons > B horizons = glacial tills ≥ brown shale > sandstone > gray shale > black fissile shales; however, physical properties unfavorable to extraction and replacement of lacustrine material may limit its use under field conditions. Addition of sewage sludge resulted in vastly improved growth of wheat, and to a lesser extent, alfalfa, on most materials in the greenhouse. Fertilization with N‐P‐K was less effective than sludge but usually produced increased plant growth.
Sand‐Filter Trenches for Purification of Septic Tank Effluent: I. The Clogging Mechanism and Soil Physical Environment
Authors: Kristiansen Rolv 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInvestigations were conducted for 17 months in three pilot plant sand filters to elucidate the relationship between clogging and soil physical and chemical environment in sand filters. Two trenches (A and C) were loaded with septic tank effluent at a rate of 4–6 cm/day, and one (B) at 12–18 cm/day. The temperature in A was 12–15°C, and in B and C was ambient (4–16°C).The septic tank effluent concentrated in one end of the filters. Here the sand surface clogged and ponding occurred. Ponding rates of 0.33, 0.27, and 0.16 m2/month and crust resistances of 35, 5.5, and 4 days were found in units A, B, and C, respectively. The C/N ratio in the crust zone was 5.9 ± 0.2, and in the rest of the sandfill was 5.8 ± 0.3. Bacterial cells occupied 0.74% of the pore volume in the clogged layer of A. Production of extracellular slimy material, which probably filled a larger proportion of the pore volume than the cells, was probably temperature dependent.Increased clogging intensity induced reduced soil water content below the crust zone. Because the filters were aerated from below, the increased clogging led to improved aeration that was shown by gas and redox measurements. While low Eh values (<0 mV) and O2 contents (<2%) regularly were found down to 30 cm in the clogged end of the least clogged unit (C), such values were predominantly detected in the crusted zone of A. Here, up to 15.5% CH4 was measured. In zones of sand containing <1% O2, up to 93% N2 was found. N2O contents above the detection limit (200 ppm) were never measured.
Sand‐Filter Trenches for Purification of Septic Tank Effluent: III. The Microflora
Authors: Kristiansen Rolv 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe microbial flora of sand filters play an important role in purification and clogging processes in sand. The organisms were studied by plate counts, microscopic counts, and biomass calculations. Fecal coliforms were estimated by MPN techniques.In sand‐filter trenches A, B, and C, operated at different temperatures and loading rates for further treatment of septic tank effluent, the number of viable bacteria in the infiltrative surface generally increased from 106 to 107–108/g sand, and was about 107 in the sandfill below. The total number of bacteria was a 100–1,000 times the viable count, and decreased with depth. This was most profound in a heavily clogged filter (A) which was kept at the highest temperature (12–15°C). Fecal coliform numbers followed the same pattern with depth.Rods (ca. 0.3 µm3) and cocci (ca. 0.06 and 0.5 µm3) dominated the bacterial flora of the sand‐filter trenches. Cocci (ca. 0.5 µm3) and small rods penetrated the whole profile in the least clogged unit, but were retained to a certain degree in unit A.In the crust layer of a heavily clogged sand filter, 44 mg C and 13 mg N/100 g sand were bound in bacteria. The bottom sand layers contained about 0.2 mg C and 0.006 mg N/100 g sand bound in the biomass. In a slightly clogged filter these values were about 40–50 times as high. In the most clogged unit the biomass was strongly correlated with the amount of total C. This was not the case in a slightly clogged unit.Concentrations of fecal coliforms in sand and outlet water from filters with low clogging intensities operated at ambient temperature were considerably higher than concentrations from a filter operated at a higher temperature and thus a higher clogging intensity.
Empirical Prediction of Organic Pollutant Sorption in Natural Sediments
Authors: Brown D. S. , Flagg E. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn empirical relationship between the octanol/water partition coefficients (Kow) and sediment sorption coefficients (Koc) was determined for nine chloro‐s‐triazine and dinitroaniline compounds. Results were compared with earlier work that reported an excellent correlation between Kow and Koc for polynuclear aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons. The more polar character of the present compounds, however, reduced the precision of estimating sorption from octanol/water partition coefficients. A fit of the combined data sets for a total of 19 compounds of widely varied properties (five orders of magnitude variation in solubility) yielded a relationship that should be useful for predicting simple partition coefficients (Kp) in a number of modeling and assessment applications. Reasonable estimates of Kp or Koc can be obtained from a single determination of the octanol/water partition coefficient and knowledge of the organic carbon content of the sediment.