bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relative contributions of diet and associated microbiota to the accumulation of UV‐absorbing mycosporine‐like amino acids in the freshwater copepod Boeckella antiqua
Authors: PÉREZ A. PATRICIA , FERRARO MARCELA A. , ZAGARESE HORACIO E. 
Published: March 2012

Summary1. Mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) are ubiquitous compounds in aquatic organisms that are usually considered sunscreens that protect them from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Given that virtually all animals lack the metabolic pathways to synthesise MAAs de novo, they must acquire them either from their diet or from microorganisms living in close association. In freshwater copepods, accumulation of MAAs is stimulated by exposure to ultraviolet and/or visible radiation.2. A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was performed to assess the contributions of dietary and microbial sources of MAAs in the freshwater copepod Boeckella antiqua. The treatments consisted of two different diets: an MAA‐free diet, including only Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and an MAA‐rich diet, including both C. reinhardtii and Peridinium inconspicuum, crossed with two antibiotic treatments, with and without chloramphenicol. Treatment with chloramphenicol was intended to inhibit the development of bacteria associated with the copepods.3. MAA concentration in B. antiqua was affected by the experimental conditions: (i) exposure to artificial PAR + UVR stimulated the accumulation of several MAAs (up to 62% increase in total MAA concentration with respect to the initial concentration); (ii) the presence of chloramphenicol in the culture media reduced the MAA concentration in copepods fed an MAA‐free diet; (iii) in the absence of chloramphenicol, copepods fed the MAA‐rich diet had significantly higher total MAA concentration than those fed the MAA‐deficient diet; but (iv) dietary supplementation with an MAA‐rich algae in the presence of chloramphenicol failed to significantly increase total MAA concentration.4. Analysis of profiles from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed that the prokaryotic community associated with the copepods was affected by chloramphenicol. Dendograms constructed from digitalised DGGE images consistently grouped the antibiotics treatments separately from the initial samples and the treatments without antibiotics. Two band positions were exclusive to treatments without antibiotics.5. We conclude that when offered an MAA‐rich diet, B. antiqua may accumulate a proportion of MAAs from diet. However, we suspect that in the absence of an MAA‐rich dietary source (as in its natural habitat), virtually all MAAs present in B. antiqua are produced by copepod‐associated prokaryotes.
Burnout and quality of life among Spanish healthcare personnel
Authors: SUÑER‐SOLER R. , GRAU‐MARTÍN A. , FONT‐MAYOLAS S. , GRAS M. E. , BERTRAN C. , SULLMAN M. J. M. 
Published: March 2012

Accessible summary
This study investigates the quality of life in healthcare personnel and the relationship to burnout syndrome.
The health‐related quality of life reported by healthcare personnel from five Spanish hospitals was lower than the reference population.
The results showed that perceived health, especially mental health, was worse amongst personnel that reported a high level of burnout.
The results highlight the need to prevent burnout through organizational strategies and programmes to promote occupational health.
AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between perceived quality of life and levels of burnout among healthcare personnel. A sample of 1095 participants (nurses, physicians, nursing assistants and orderlies) from five hospitals in the province of Girona (Spain) were studied (78% women, mean age = 36.6 years, SD = 8.8) using the 36‐item short‐form health questionnaire (SF‐36) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The results showed that health‐related quality of life reported by this sample of healthcare personnel was lower than the reference population values, especially in those SF‐36 dimensions that comprise the mental component. In comparing the dimensions of the SF‐36 by profession, we found that physicians had better perceived health in the dimensions of the physical component than nurses and other professionals (P < 0.01). No statistical differences were observed between profession and the dimensions of the mental component (P > 0.05). Moreover, perceived health was worse among those that reported a high level on any of the components of burnout. These results should be taken account when designing a burnout prevention programme in the workplace.
Health system barriers to implementation of collaborative TB and HIV activities including prevention of mother to child transmission in South Africa
Authors: Uwimana J. , Jackson D. , Hausler H. , Zarowsky C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn South Africa, the control of TB and HIV co‐infection remains a major challenge despite the availability of international and national guidelines for integration of TB and HIV services. This study was undertaken in KwaZulu‐Natal, one of the provinces most affected by both TB and HIV, to identify and understand managers’ and community care workers’ (CCWs) perceptions of health systems barriers related to the implementation of collaborative TB/HIV activities, including prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). We conducted 29 in‐depth interviews with health managers at provincial, district and facility level and with managers of NGOs involved in TB and HIV care, as well as six focus group discussions with CCWs. Thematic analysis of transcripts revealed a convergence of perspectives on the process and the level of the implementation of policy directives on collaborative TB and HIV activities across all categories of respondents (i.e. province‐, district‐, facility‐ and community‐based organizations). The majority of participants felt that the implementation of the policy was insufficiently consultative and that leadership and political will were lacking. The predominant themes related to health systems barriers include challenges related to structure and organisational culture; management, planning and power issues; unequal financing; and human resource capacity and regulatory problems notably relating to scope of practice of nurses and CCWs. Accelerated implementation of collaborative TB/HIV activities including PMTCT will require political will and leadership to address these health systems barriers.
Local infiltration analgesia with levobupivacaine compared with intrathecal morphine in total hip arthroplasty patients
Authors: RIKALAINEN‐SALMI R. , FÖRSTER J. G. , MÄKELÄ K. , VIROLAINEN P. , LEINO K. A. , PITKÄNEN M. T. , NEUVONEN P. J. , KUUSNIEMI K. S. 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundRecently, local infiltration analgesia (LIA) has been promoted for pain control after total hip arthroplasty (THA). We hypothesized that LIA would offer equal analgesic efficacy but less adverse effects, e.g., nausea and vomiting, when compared with an established regimen [intrathecal morphine (it‐M)] after THA.MethodsThis randomized controlled trial comprised 60 patients undergoing THA under spinal anaesthesia. For LIA, the surgeon administered levobupivacaine, ketorolac and epinephrine at the surgical site intraoperatively. LIA patients received a LIA top‐up through a wound catheter on the morning of the 1st post‐operative day (POD). In group it‐M, 0.1 mg morphine was given together with the spinal anaesthetic. Study parameters included pain scores, vital parameters and side effects, e.g., post‐operative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Besides, levobupivacaine plasma concentrations were determined in 10 LIA patients.ResultsThe median (25th/75th percentiles) rescue oxycodone demand differed significantly with LIA 15 (10/25) mg vs. 8.5 (1.5/15) mg with it‐M (P < 0.006) during the day of surgery, but not anymore on 1st or 2nd POD. The LIA top‐up had no effect. However, both analgesic regimens resulted in comparable pain scores and patient satisfaction. PONV incidence and medication did not vary significantly. LIA offered certain advantages regarding early post‐operative mobilization. Maximum levobupivacaine plasma concentrations (229–580 ng/ml) remained under the toxic level.ConclusionsWhile LIA might enable earlier mobilization after THA, it was not associated with less nausea as compared with it‐M. Less rescue oxycodone was given early after it‐M, but urinary retention was more common in that group.
A newly developed scavenging system for administration of nitrous oxide during labour: safe occupational use
Authors: VAN DER KOOY J. , DE GRAAF J. P. , KOLDER Z. M. , WITTERS K. D. , FITZPATRICK E. , DUVEKOT J. J. , DONS‐SINKE I. J. J. , STEEGERS E. A. P. , BONSEL G. J. 
Published: March 2012

ObjectiveNitrous oxide (N2O) is routinely used as an analgesic in obstetrics during labour. Epidemiological studies have linked chronic occupational exposure to N2O to specific health problems, including reproductive risks. Occupational exposure limits (OELs) allow the use of N2O once appropriate preventive and safety measures have been taken. We assessed the effectiveness of a scavenger system (Anevac P‐system®, Medicvent Heinen & Löwestein Benelux, Barneveld, the Netherlands) applied in N2O administration during labour in a midwifery‐led birthing centre in the Netherlands.MethodsAfter informed consent, non‐pregnant midwives were trained to administer N2O. N2O was delivered as a 50 : 50 mixture with oxygen and was self administered by the patient. The scavenging device, containing a double mask and a chin mask, was connected to the local evacuation system vented outside the building. Data on the 8‐h time‐weighted average (8‐h TWA) as well as the 15‐min TWA (15‐min TWA) were obtained.ResultsThirteen patients were included. Six patients were included in the first study period. In this period the 8‐h TWA was not exceeded, however, in all patients, the 15‐min TWA occasionally exceeded the OELs. After four additional measures, seven patients were included. After implementation of these measures, the 8‐h TWA and 15‐min TWA never exceeded the OELs. System leakage was not observed during both study periods.ConclusionThe Anevac P‐scavenging system during N2O analgesia in labour prevents exceeding OELs in professional workers. The scavenging system appeared acceptable and effective, and can be considered in hospital settings that use N2O as analgesic during labour.
Screening for depression: integrating training into the professional development programme for low vision rehabilitation staff
Authors: Rees Gwyneth , Holloway Edith E , Craig Graeme , Hepi Niky , Coad Samantha , Keeffe Jill E , Lamoureux Ecosse L 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground:  To describe the integration of depression screening training into the professional development programme for low vision rehabilitation staff and report on staff evaluation of this training.Design:  Pre‐post intervention study, in a single population of low vision rehabilitation staff.Participants:  Three hundred and thirty‐six staff from Australia's largest low vision rehabilitation organization, Vision Australia.Methods:  Staff completed the depression screening and referral training as part of a wider professional development programme. A pre‐post‐training questionnaire was administered to all staff.Main Outcome Measures:  Descriptive and non‐parametric statistics were used to determine differences in self‐reported knowledge, confidence, barriers to recognition and management of depression between baseline and post training.Results:  One hundred and seventy‐two participants completed both questionnaires. Following training, participants reported an increased knowledge of depression, were more likely to respond to depression in their clients and reported to be more confident in managing depression (P < 0.05). A range of barriers were identified including issues related to the client (e.g. acceptance of referrals); practitioners (e.g. skill, role); availability and accessibility of psychological services; time and contact constraints; and environmental barriers (e.g. lack of privacy). Additional training incorporating more active and ‘hands‐on’ sessions are likely to be required.Conclusions:  This training is a promising first step in integrating a depression screening tool into low vision rehabilitation practice. Further work is needed to determine the barriers and facilitators to implementation in practice and to assess clients' acceptability and outcomes.
Proteomic analysis of ophthalmic disease
Authors: Jay Narelle L , Gillies Mark 
Published: March 2012

AbstractProteomics, a highly sophisticated way to study the protein profile of various biological tissues or fluids, has hitherto had a relatively limited role ophthalmic science. Of the few proteomic studies that have been performed, liquid chromatography, electrophoresis gel separation and mass spectrometry have been utilized to investigate the proteome of several different eye structures and fluids from both humans and animal models. Ophthalmic proteomic studies have so far attempted to identify proteins unique to the eye, to investigate protein changes due to the onset of various diseases and to identify proteins that could act as markers of disease. Proteomics has the potential to improve the way in which eye disease is diagnosed and potentially even treated by identifying novel pathogenic pathways that may be susceptible to therapeutic manipulation. The aim of this review is to give an overview the current and potential application of proteomic science to ophthalmic research.
A goal‐directed spatial navigation model using forward trajectory planning based on grid cells
Authors: Erdem Uğur M. , Hasselmo Michael 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA goal‐directed navigation model is proposed based on forward linear look‐ahead probe of trajectories in a network of head direction cells, grid cells, place cells and prefrontal cortex (PFC) cells. The model allows selection of new goal‐directed trajectories. In a novel environment, the virtual rat incrementally creates a map composed of place cells and PFC cells by random exploration. After exploration, the rat retrieves memory of the goal location, picks its next movement direction by forward linear look‐ahead probe of trajectories in several candidate directions while stationary in one location, and finds the one activating PFC cells with the highest reward signal. Each probe direction involves activation of a static pattern of head direction cells to drive an interference model of grid cells to update their phases in a specific direction. The updating of grid cell spiking drives place cells along the probed look‐ahead trajectory similar to the forward replay during waking seen in place cell recordings. Directions are probed until the look‐ahead trajectory activates the reward signal and the corresponding direction is used to guide goal‐finding behavior. We report simulation results in several mazes with and without barriers. Navigation with barriers requires a PFC map topology based on the temporal vicinity of visited place cells and a reward signal diffusion process. The interaction of the forward linear look‐ahead trajectory probes with the reward diffusion allows discovery of never‐before experienced shortcuts towards a goal location.
Smoking behaviours among young people in custody in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: INDIG DEVON , HAYSOM LEIGH 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Despite smoking prevalence reductions in the general community, rates remain high among socially disadvantaged populations. This study describes the prevalence and predictors for smoking among young people in custody.Design and Methods. The 2009 NSW Young People in Custody Health Survey was conducted in nine juvenile detention centres. This paper reports on findings from the baseline questionnaire which included questions about smoking behaviours. Chi‐squared statistics were used to compare the smoking characteristics by gender and Aboriginality. Logistic regression was used to determine predictors of smoking behaviours.Results. The baseline questionnaire included 316 participants with a response rate of 83%. The sample was 88% male, 48% Aboriginal, with an average age of 17 years (range 13–21 years). Nearly all (94%) participants had ever smoked tobacco, with 79% reporting smoking daily prior to custody. Predictors of heavy smoking (20 or more cigarettes per day) prior to custody included being female, high psychological distress and conduct disorder. Predictors for being a current smoker included being on remand, risky drinking and most or all friends as smokers. Predictors of being an aspirational smoker (will smoke on release) included using illicit drugs at least weekly prior to custody, and having most or all friends as smokersDiscussion and Conclusions. Rates of smoking in young people entering custody are exceptionally high. Many young people continue to smoke during their incarceration, with an increasing aspiration to smoke upon release. Effective programs are needed that address these smoking behaviours in young people in custody.[Indig D, Haysom L. Smoking behaviours among young people in custody in New South Wales, Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:631–637]
Linking Theory and Context: ‘Strategy Research in Emerging Economies’ after Wright et al. (2005)
Authors: Xu Dean , Meyer Klaus E. 
Published: March 2012

abstractEmerging economies provide a laboratory for investigating the interaction between firm strategies and local contexts. Mike Wright and colleagues have shaped this research agenda by creating legitimacy for this line of research, and by outlining how research in four types of strategy contexts can advance theories. We assess how this agenda has progressed in eight leading journals in the past decade, particularly during the five years following their review, with the aims to identify broad trends of theorizing, and to outline future research challenges. Emerging economy contexts challenge some of the assumptions of theories originally developed for markets that are relatively stable and efficient. Researchers have advanced several theoretical perspectives by addressing these challenges. Wright and colleagues focused on institutional theory as a major foundation for such work, and we find it continuing to be the most popular theoretical perspective. In addition, new perspectives have emerged, focusing on learning, relationships, real options, and spillovers as focal concepts for theorizing.
Gender Wage Differentials in Mexico: A Distributional Approach
Authors: Popli Gurleen K. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThe paper examines the gender wage differentials in both the formal and the informal sectors of the economy, in Mexico from 1996 to 2006. To estimate and understand the gender wage gap, the paper considers the entire distribution of wages, taking into account the probability of employment into the wage sector. The main findings of the paper suggest that the gender wage gap differs by the sector of employment. Unlike the raw gender wage differentials, the selection-adjusted gender wage differentials are higher in the formal sector, relative to the informal sector. The unexplained gender wage gaps also vary by sector of employment with the unexplained component being higher in the formal sector relative to the informal sector. Although the average unexplained gender wage gap has decreased over time (from 1996 to 2006) in both sectors, there is some evidence of a glass ceiling in the formal sector, with the unexplained gender wage gap being higher in the upper tail.
Higher Education Finance in the UK*
Authors: Dearden Lorraine , Goodman Alissa , Wyness Gill 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe introduction of top‐up fees for home‐domiciled undergraduate tuition in England from 2006–07 – and their planned increase in 2012–13 – raises important issues for university funding in Scotland, since it abolished tuition fees for Scottish and EU students in 2000–01. This paper focuses on what the increase in resources directed at English universities arising from top‐up fees means for the relative funding of English and Scottish undergraduates. Widely‐used funding‐per‐head figures do not provide an accurate picture of home‐ and EU‐domiciled undergraduate funding, as they include funding for research, postgraduate degrees and overseas students. The empirical work of this paper focuses on creating a consistent series of funding per full‐time equivalent undergraduate over time for England and for Scotland, stripping out funding for research, non‐EU students and postgraduate degrees to create a more accurate picture of the funding gap between the two countries. It also takes into account the different composition of undergraduate degree subjects taken in England and Scotland. The findings indicate that the apparent historical advantage in funding per head in Scottish institutions compared with English ones has been largely driven by compositional differences: Scotland has a high proportion of medical, science and engineering undergraduates – subjects that command greater funding due to their relative complexity to teach. The top‐up fee introduced in 2006–07 brought funding per head in England to a level similar to that experienced in Scotland, and the future increase will result in funding per head in England outstripping that in Scotland by some magnitude. This suggests that the funding of Scottish students will fall significantly behind that of English students unless additional new sources of public or private funding for nScottish universities are found.
Bien‐être, attitudes et comportements au travail des travailleurs temporaires en Europe et en Israël
Authors: GRACIA Francisco J. , RAMOS José , PEIRÓ José María , CABALLER Amparo , SORA Beatriz 
Published: March 2012

Résumé.Cette étude empirique sur quatre types de travailleurs temporaires (et un groupe de travailleurs permanents aux fins de comparaison) utilise une typologie innovante basée sur la préférence pour le travail temporaire et la perception de l'employabilité. Sur un échantillon de 1 300 salariés de six pays, et au moyen de variables comprenant des caractéristiques démographiques et relatives à l'emploi, le comportement et l'insécurité, les auteurs observent des différences significatives entre les quatre types, mais pas sur la satisfaction personnelle et le bien‐être. Ils argumentent contre l'idée reçue du travail temporaire affectant des travailleurs peu qualifiés incapables de trouver un travail permanent, et soulignent l'intérêt de recherches plus fines sur les politiques de flexicurité.
Travail décent et réseaux de production mondiaux: construire le débat politique
Authors: BARRIENTOS Stephanie , MAYER Frederick , PICKLES John , POSTHUMA Anne 
Published: March 2012

Résumé.Cet article liminaire au dossier intitulé«Le travail décent et les réseaux de production mondiaux» (RPM), publié dans ce numéro de la Revue internationale du Travail, passe en revue les défis lancés à la recherche par ces réseaux, qui modifient la structure des échanges, de la production et de l'emploi dans l'économie mondialisée. Les auteurs définissent les concepts de régression et progrès économique et social utilisés dans les autres contributions pour explorer les effets des RPM. Ils concluent par une discussion des initiatives prises par les gouvernements et autres acteurs face au «manque de gouvernance mondiale» et à la pénurie de travail décent induits par l'expansion des RPM.