bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Actual use of a front-of-pack nutrition logo in the supermarket: consumers’ motives in food choice
Authors: Vyth Ellis L , Steenhuis Ingrid HM , Vlot Jessica A , Wulp Anouk , Hogenes Meefa G , Looije Danielle H , Brug Johannes , Seidell Jacob C 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveA front-of-pack nutrition logo on products with relatively favourable product compositions might help consumers to make more healthful choices. Studies investigating actual nutrition label use in point-of-purchase settings are scarce. The present study investigates the use of the ‘Choices’ nutrition logo in Dutch supermarkets.DesignAdults were asked to complete a validated questionnaire about motivation for food choice and their purchased products were scored for the Choices logo after they had done their shopping.SettingNine supermarkets in The Netherlands.SubjectsA total of 404 respondents participated.ResultsOf the respondents, 62 % reported familiarity with the logo. The motivations for food choice that were positively associated with actually purchasing products with the logo were attention to ‘weight control’ and ‘product information’. The food choice motive ‘hedonism’ was negatively associated with purchasing products with the logo.ConclusionsThis is the first study to investigate actual use of the Choices logo. In order to stimulate consumers to purchase more products with a favourable product composition, extra attention should be paid to hedonistic aspects such as the tastefulness and the image of healthy products.
BLOW-UP OF SMOOTH SOLUTIONS TO THE NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS OF COMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS HEAT-CONDUCTING FLUIDS
Authors: TAN ZHONG , WANG YANJIN 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe give a simpler and refined proof of some blow-up results of smooth solutions to the Cauchy problem for the Navier–Stokes equations of compressible, viscous and heat-conducting fluids in arbitrary space dimensions. Our main results reveal that smooth solutions with compactly supported initial density will blow up in finite time, and that if the initial density decays at infinity in space, then there is no global solution for which the velocity decays as the reciprocal of the elapsed time.
The Internal Validity and Acceptability of the Danish SI-3: A Language-Screening Instrument for 3-Year-Olds
Authors: Bleses Dorthe , Vach Werner , Jørgensen Rune N. , Worm Torben 
Published: April 2010

Purpose
To document the development of a new parent- and day care–administered screening instrument (the Screening Instrument for 3-Year-Olds [SI-3]) to be used in a newly implemented, educationally motivated population language screening in Denmark. The authors investigated whether the basic principles of the SI-3 were working satisfactorily and studied the acceptability of the instrument.

Method
To examine the general properties of the SI-3, 517 children from a population-based sample were screened with the SI-3 instrument, which assesses various receptive and productive language dimensions on the basis of parental checklists and day care staff–administered structured tests. To examine the acceptability of the SI-3, 2 questionnaires were administered and completed by 291 parents and 135 preschool teachers.

Result
We obtained a distribution with sufficient negative skew to differentiate among children with low scores, and the instrument displayed acceptable psychometric properties for most subscales. Results of the acceptability study suggest that the acceptability of the SI-3 is high among parents and day care staff, which supports a high attendance rate.

Conclusion
The SI-3 captures a variety of language skills and is good at differentiating children in the lower end of the tail; it is thereby suitable for population language screening, although results indicated the need for some revision.
Mean Length of Utterance Levels in 6-Month Intervals for Children 3 to 9 Years With and Without Language Impairments
Authors: Rice Mabel L. , Smolik Filip , Perpich Denise , Thompson Travis , Rytting Nathan , Blossom Megan 
Published: April 2010

Purpose
The mean length of children’s utterances is a valuable estimate of their early language acquisition. The available normative data lack documentation of language and nonverbal intelligence levels of the samples. This study reports age-referenced mean length of utterance (MLU) data from children with specific language impairment (SLI) and children without language impairments.

Method
Of the 306 child participants drawn from a data archive, ages 2;6–9;0 (years;months), 170 were in the SLI group and 136 were in the control group. There were 1,564 spontaneous language samples collected, and these were transcribed and analyzed for sample size and MLU in words and morphemes. Means, standard deviations, and effect sizes for group differences are reported for MLUs, along with concurrent language and nonverbal intelligence assessments, per 6-month intervals.

Results
The results document an age progression in MLU words and morphemes and a persistent lower level of performance for children with SLI.

Conclusion
The results support the reliability and validity of MLU as an index of normative language acquisition and a marker of language impairment. The findings can be used for clinical benchmarking of deficits and language intervention outcomes as well as for comparisons across research samples.
Generalized Motor Abilities and Timing Behavior in Children With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Zelaznik Howard N. , Goffman Lisa 
Published: April 2010

PurposeTo examine whether children with specific language impairment (SLI) differ from normally developing peers in motor skills, especially those skills related to timing.MethodStandard measures of gross and fine motor development were obtained. Furthermore, finger and hand movements were recorded while children engaged in 4 different timing tasks, including tapping and drawing circles in time with a metronome or a visual target. Fourteen children with SLI (age 6 to 8 years) and 14 age-matched peers who were typically developing participated.ResultsAs expected, children with SLI showed poorer performance on a standardized test of gross and fine motor skill than did their normally developing peers. However, timing skill in the manual domain was equivalent to that seen in typically developing children.ConclusionsConsistent with earlier findings, relatively poor gross and fine motor performance is observed in children with SLI. Surprisingly, rhythmic timing is spared.
Relation of Executive Functioning to Pragmatic Outcome Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Douglas Jacinta M. 
Published: April 2010

PurposeThis study was designed to explore the behavioral nature of pragmatic impairment following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to evaluate the contribution of executive skills to the experience of pragmatic difficulties after TBI.MethodParticipants were grouped into 43 TBI dyads (TBI adults and close relatives) and 43 control dyads. All TBI participants had sustained severe injury (mean posttraumatic amnesia duration = 45.19 days,SD= 39.15) due to a moving vehicle-related trauma. A minimum of 2 years had elapsed since injury (M= 5.36 years,SD= 3.61). The La Trobe Communication Questionnaire (LCQ; Douglas, O’Flaherty, & Snow, 2000) was administered to all participants. Measures of executive function included the following: the FAS verbal fluency task (Spreen & Benton, 1969), the Speed and Capacity of Language Processing test (Baddeley, Emslie, & Nimmo-Smith, 1992), and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task (Rey, 1964).ResultsPerceptions of TBI participants and their relatives were significantly correlated (r = .63,p< .001) and significantly different from those of controls,F(1, 84) = 37.2,p< .001. Pragmatic difficulties represented violations in 3 domains of Grice’s (1975) Cooperative Principle (Quantity, Relation, and Manner), and executive function measures predicted 37% (32% adjusted) of the variability in LCQ scores.ConclusionsThe study demonstrates evidence of a significant association between executive impairment and the pragmatic communication difficulties experienced by individuals with TBI.
Dyslexia and the school counsellor: A Maltese case study
Authors: Falzon Ruth , Camilleri Stephen 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAim: This paper seeks to understand whether Maltese school counsellors are equipped to deal with dyslexic clients, considers whether specific strategies need to be used, and what positive effects, if any, counselling has on these clients. Previous studies: A literature review on self‐concept and techniques on how to improve the self‐concept of children with Learning Disabilities (LD)/Specific Learning Difficulties (SpLD) will place the current study in context. Method: Questionnaires (available from the authors on request) were distributed to all school counsellors on the island and analysed using content analysis. Findings: Findings from respondents indicate a need for more training, evidence‐based knowledge of specific techniques when dealing effectively and successfully with dyslexic clients, specific specialised training to understand dyslexic clients and that counselling has a positive effect on dyslexic clients.
The challenge of counselling and psychotherapy research
Authors: Cooper Mick 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAims: The purpose of this commentary is to argue that the value of counselling and psychotherapy research lies, not only in what it teaches us as therapists, but also in its ability to challenge us and our assumptions. Method: The paper identifies eight beliefs that may be prevalent in sections of the counselling and psychotherapy community, and presents evidence that challenges them. Findings: While many of our beliefs may hold true for some clients some of the time, the research evidence suggests that they are unlikely to be true for all clients all of the time. Discussion: By questioning and challenging therapists' a priori assumptions, research findings can help counsellors and psychotherapists to be less set in their beliefs; and more open to the unique experiences, characteristics and wants of each individual client.
The irreducibility of symmetric Yagzhev maps
Authors: Bakalarski Sławomir 
Published: April 2010

Let

F
:

C

n

→

C

n

F:\mathbb {C}^n \rightarrow \mathbb {C}^n

be a polynomial mapping in Yagzhev form, i.e.
\[

F
(

x
1

,
…
,

x
n

)
=
(

x
1

+

H
1

(

x
1

,
…
,

x
n

)
,
…
,

x
n

+

H
n

(

x
1

,
…
,

x
n

)
)
,

F(x_1,\ldots ,x_n)=(x_1+H_1(x_1,\ldots ,x_n),\ldots ,x_n+H_n(x_1,\ldots ,x_n)),

\]
where

H
i

H_i

are homogeneous polynomials of degree 3. We show that if

J
a
c

(
F
)
∈

C

∗

\mathrm {Jac}(F) \in \mathbb {C}^*

and the Jacobian matrix of

F
F

is symmetric, then the polynomials

x
i

+

H
i

(

x
1

,
…
,

x
n

)

x_i+H_i(x_1,\ldots ,x_n)

are irreducible as elements of the ring

C

[

x
1

,
…
,

x
n

]

\mathbb {C}[x_1,\ldots ,x_n]

.
Upper bounds for series involving moderate and small deviations
Authors: Spătaru Aurel 
Published: April 2010

Let

X
,

X

1

,

X

2

,
.
.
.

X,~X_{1},~X_{2},...

be i.i.d. random variables with

0
>
E

X

2

=

σ

2

>
∞

0>EX^{2}=\sigma ^{2}>\infty

and

E
X
=
0
,

EX=0,

and set

S

n

=

X

1

+
⋯
+

X

n

.

S_{n}=X_{1}+\cdots +X_{n}.

We prove Paley-type inequalities for series involving probabilities of moderate deviations

P
(

|

S

n

|

≥
λ

n
log
⁡
n

)
,

P(\left \vert S_{n}\right \vert \geq \lambda \sqrt {n\log n}),

λ
>
0
,

\lambda >0,

and probabilities of small deviations

P
(

|

S

n

|

≥

P(\left \vert S_{n}\right \vert \geq

λ

n
log
⁡
log
⁡
n

)

\lambda \sqrt {n\log \log n})

,

λ
>
σ

2

.

\lambda >\sigma \sqrt {2}.
Hitting time in regular sets and logarithm law for rapidly mixing dynamical systems
Authors: Galatolo Stefano 
Published: April 2010

We prove that if a system has superpolynomial (faster than any power law) decay of correlations (with respect to Lipschitz observables), then the time

τ
(
x
,

S

r

)

\tau (x,S_{r})

is needed for a typical point

x
x

to enter for the first time a set

S

r

=
{
x
:
f
(
x
)
≤
r
}

S_{r}=\{x:f(x)\leq r\}

which is a sublevel of a Lipschitz function

f
f

scales as

1

μ
(

S

r

)

\frac {1}{\mu (S_{r})}

i.e.,

lim

r
→
0

log
⁡
τ
(
x
,

S

r

)

−
log
⁡
r

=

lim

r
→
0

log
⁡
μ
(

S

r

)

log
⁡
r

.

\begin{equation*} \underset {r\rightarrow 0}{\lim }\frac {\log \tau (x,S_{r})}{-\log r}=\underset {r\rightarrow 0}{\lim }\frac {\log \mu (S_{r})}{\log r}. \end{equation*}

This generalizes a previous result obtained for balls. We will also consider relations with the return time distributions, an application to observed systems and to the geodesic flow in negatively curved manifolds.
Uniform asymptotic expansions of the Tricomi-Carlitz polynomials
Authors: Lee K. , Wong R. 
Published: April 2010

The Tricomi-Carlitz polynomials satisfy the second-order linear difference equation

(
n
+
1
)

f

n
+
1

(
α
)

(
x
)
−
(
n
+
α
)

x

f
n

(
α
)

(
x
)
+

f

n
−
1

(
α
)

(
x
)
=
0
,

n
≥
1
,

\begin{equation*} (n+1)f_{n+1}^{(\alpha )}(x)-(n+\alpha )\,x\,f_n^{(\alpha )}(x)+ f_{n-1}^{(\alpha )}(x)=0, \qquad \qquad n\geq 1, \end{equation*}

with initial values

f
0

(
α
)

(
x
)
=
1

f_0^{(\alpha )}(x)=1

and

f
1

(
α
)

(
x
)
=
α
x

f_1^{(\alpha )}(x)=\alpha x

, where

x
x

is a real variable and

α
\alpha

is a positive parameter. An asymptotic expansion is derived for these polynomials by using the turning-point theory for three-term recurrence relations developed by Wang and Wong [Numer. Math. 91(2002) and 94(2003)]. The result holds uniformly in regions containing the critical values

x
=
±
2

/

ν

x=\pm 2/\sqrt {\nu }

, where

ν
=
n
+
2
α
−
1

/

2

\nu =n+2\alpha -1/2

.
Approximation of probability distributions by convex mixtures of Gaussian measures
Authors: Bacharoglou Athanassia 
Published: April 2010

Let

A

+

=
{
a
=
(

a

n

)
∈

⋂

p
>
1

ℓ

p

:

a

n

>
0
,

∀
n
∈

N

}

\mathcal {A_{+}}=\{a=(a_{n})\in \bigcap _{p>1}\ell _{p}:a_{n}>0,\,\forall n\in \mathbb {N}\}

and let

{

ϕ

j

}

j
=
1

∞

\{\phi _{j}\}_{j=1}^{\infty }

be an enumeration of all normal distributions with mean a rational number and variance

1

n

2

,

n
=
1
,
2
…

\frac {1}{n^{2}},\,n=1,2\dots

. We prove that there exists an

a
∈

A

+

a\in \mathcal {A_{+}}

such that every probability density function, continuous, with compact support in

R

\mathbb {R}

, can be approximated in

L

1

L^{1}

and

L

∞

L^{\infty }

norm simultaneously by the averages

1

∑

j
=
1

n

a

j

∑

j
=
1

n

a

j

ϕ

j

\frac {1}{\sum _{j=1}^{n}a_{j}}\,\sum _{j=1}^{n}a_{j}\phi _{j}

. The set of such sequences is a dense

G

δ

G_{\delta }

set in

A

+

\mathcal {A_{+}}

and contains a dense positive cone.
Studying the co-evolution of protein families with the Mirrortree web server
Authors: Ochoa David , Pazos Florencio 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Summary: The Mirrortree server allows to graphically and interactively study the co-evolution of two protein families, and investigate their possible interactions and functional relationships in a taxonomic context. The server includes the possibility of starting from single sequences and hence it can be used by non-expert users.
Availability and Implementation: The web server is freely available at http://csbg.cnb.csic.es/mtserver. It was tested in the main web browsers. Adobe Flash Player is required at the client side to perform the interactive assessment of co-evolution.
Contact: pazos@cnb.csic.es
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients with heart failure receiving bronchodilators in the CHARM programme
Authors: Hawkins Nathaniel M. , Wang Duolao , Petrie Mark C. , Pfeffer Marc A. , Swedberg Karl , Granger Christopher B. , Yusuf Salim , Solomon Scott D. , Östergren Jan , Michelson Eric L. , Pocock Stuart J. , Maggioni Aldo P. , McMurray John J.V. ,   for the CHARM Investigators and Committees
Published: April 2010

AimsHeart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are common partners. Bronchodilators are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with pulmonary disease. The outcome of patients with HF prescribed bronchodilators is poorly defined.Methods and resultsThe Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme randomized 7599 patients with symptomatic HF to receive candesartan or placebo. The relative risk conveyed by bronchodilator therapy was examined using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. The prevalence of bronchodilator therapy was similar in patients with reduced and preserved systolic function (respectively, 8.7 vs. 9.2%, P = 0.46). Beta‐blocker utilization was markedly lower in patients receiving bronchodilators compared with those without (overall 31.9 vs. 57.6%, P < 0.0001). Bronchodilator use was associated with increased all‐cause mortality [HR 1.26 (1.09–1.45), P = 0.0015], cardiovascular death [HR 1.21 (1.03–1.42), P = 0.0216], HF hospitalization [HR 1.49 (1.29–1.72), P < 0.0001], and major adverse cardiovascular events [HR 1.32 (1.17–1.76), P < 0.0001]. The adverse outcomes were consistent in patients with reduced and preserved systolic function. No significant interaction was observed between bronchodilators and beta‐blockade with respect to outcomes.ConclusionBronchodilator use is a powerful independent predictor of worsening HF and increased mortality in a broad spectrum of patients with HF. Whether this relates to a toxic effect of bronchodilators, underlying pulmonary disease, or both is unclear and warrants further investigation.
Purification of Tetrahymena Nuclei by Sedimentation at Unit Gravity: Figure 1.
Authors: Sweet Melody T. , Allis C. David 
Published: April 2010

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol provides a method for purification of Tetrahymena nuclei using sedimentation at unit gravity. It is useful for applications where purity of micro- and macronuclei is required beyond that which is typically achieved by differential sedimentation alone. When differential sedimentation is followed by sedimentation at unit gravity, micro- and macronuclei can be purified to virtual homogeneity. This method also permits the purification of homogeneous populations of developing new macronuclei (anlagen) and distinct classes of micronuclei from various stages of conjugation.
Phenotypic Analysis of Arabidopsis Mutants: Germination Rate under Salt/Hormone-Induced Stress
Authors: Lee Byeong-ha , Zhu Jian-Kang 
Published: April 2010

INTRODUCTIONAbiotic stress, such as high salt or low temperature, adversely affects plant growth and development. Salt stress inhibits seed germination, retards plant growth, and accelerates senescence. Freezing or drought stress can cause cell damage and plant death. The following parameters can be used to evaluate plant tolerance to salt, drought, or freezing stress: root elongation, fresh weight gain, seed germination (described here), electrolyte leakage, or water loss measurement. Several stress mutants have been characterized using these tests, including hos1 and hos2, which show higher expression of some stress-regulated genes when exposed to low-temperature stress; hos5, which shows higher expression of some stress-regulated genes under abscisic acid (ABA) and salt treatments; sfr mutants, which are deficient in freezing tolerance; and eskimo1, which is constitutively freezing-tolerant. This protocol describes a germination assay that can be carried out on seeds subjected to osmotic or hormone-induced stress. The seeds are plated on filter paper saturated with ABA (for hormonal stress) or with NaCl or mannitol (for osmotic stress). The germination rate can be scored on different days; germination is considered to have occurred when the radicles have penetrated the seed coats. The levels of stress suggested in this protocol may need to be adjusted, depending on the ecotype and growth conditions used.
Collection and Mounting of Drosophila Embryos for Imaging: Figure 1.
Authors: Parton Richard M. , Vallés Ana Maria , Dobbie Ian M. , Davis Ilan 
Published: April 2010

INTRODUCTIONThe fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an important model for basic research into the molecular mechanisms underlying cell function and development, as well as a major biomedical research tool. A significant advantage of Drosophila is the ability to apply live cell imaging to a variety of living tissues that can be dissected and imaged in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro. For example, such imaging can be used for visual genetic screens such as analysis of morphological characteristics or of the distribution of fluorescently tagged proteins in living embryos. Indeed, Drosophila embryos have proven to be a useful model system for studying a variety of cellular processes such as asymmetric division, migration, wound healing, apoptosis, and fasciculation, as well as for tracking lipid droplet motility, protein recycling, fast mRNA transport, and the movement of chromosomal loci within individual cells. A crucial first step before imaging is preparation of the experimental material to ensure physiological relevance and to achieve the best conditions for image quality. Because it contributes to autofluorescence and lack of transparency, it is useful to remove the chorion before imaging by treating the embryos with bleach. This protocol describes the collection and mounting of Drosophila embryos for live cell imaging.
Drosophila Larval Fillet Preparation and Imaging of Neurons: Figure 1.
Authors: Parton Richard M. , Vallés Ana Maria , Dobbie Ian M. , Davis Ilan 
Published: April 2010

INTRODUCTIONDrosophila is an established system in which to study synaptic development, function, and plasticity. A particular advantage of the larval neuromuscular system is its consistent well-defined segmental arrangement of neurons and muscle targets. Indeed, the motor neurons of the Drosophila central nervous system are particularly well characterized in terms of origin, identity, morphology, and electrophysiology, and have been used for studies on axonal transport of organelles, vesicle trafficking, and recycling. To facilitate the identification of nerves and synapses in vivo, specific fluorescent protein markers can be used. For example, UASmCD8-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and UASmyr-red fluorescent protein (RFP) both preferentially label plasma membranes, whereas Discs large (DLG) reveals synapses. Gal4 drivers can be used to target all neurons (e.g., elavGal4) or specifically label motor neurons (e.g., d42Gal4). This protocol describes the dissection of Drosophila larvae to isolate neurons for live cell imaging.
Identifying and Removing Artificial Replicates from 454 Pyrosequencing Data
Authors: Teal Tracy K. , Schmidt Thomas M. 
Published: April 2010

INTRODUCTIONAn intrinsic artifact of 454-based pyrosequencing leads to artificial overrepresentation of >10% of the original DNA sequencing templates. This artificial amplification of sequences is unbiased with regard to position on the pyrosequencing plate or sequence identity, and it occurs in all currently available 454 technologies. The amplified sequences start at the same position and are identical (duplicates), or vary in length, or contain a sequencing discrepancy. If the abundance of any sequence in a data set is going to be enumerated, either for comparative community analysis, transcriptional analysis or other applications, it is important to remove these artificial replicates before analysis. A web-based tool that incorporates the clustering algorithm cd-hit was developed to identify and remove artificially replicated sequences in 454-based pyrosequencing data sets. This tool cannot be used for data sets that have an initial amplification step before the standard pyrosequencing procedure, because artificial replicates cannot be distinguished from expected replication due to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, e.g., in sequencing of amplified gene “tags.” This protocol provides details on how to use the replicate filter and obtain a file of unique sequences for use in metagenomic or transcriptomic analyses.