bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metrics for International Business Research
Authors: Morck Randall , Yeung Bernard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article focuses on performance measures. It starts with the usual focus on profitability and market value as performance measures, followed by alternative performance measures based on firm productivity, growth and survival. It then discusses issues on survey data, and the problem of ex post reasoning in empirical work. There are several important themes in this discussion. First, it discusses the definitional and variable construction issues. Second, it addresses the analytical contents in these variables as performance measures. Third, it highlights the statistical and empirical difficulties in using these performance measures, especially in an international cross-country context.
The Influence of Organizational Politics on Performance Appraisal
Authors: Latham Gary P. , Dello Russo Silvia 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Political behaviors in organizations consist of self-serving actions taken by an individual or group. They are directed toward the goal of furthering one's own self-interest without regard for the wellbeing of others in the organization. Such actions are informal and, as part of an organization's culture, regulate interpersonal relationships. The fact that the politics inherent in organizational behavior affect an employee's appraisal was noted more than a quarter of a century ago by behavioral scientists. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of systematic research on this subject. Thus, the purpose of this article is fourfold. First, the phenomenon of organizational politics is described. Second, studies on the relationship between political behavior and appraising employees are reviewed. Third, steps to minimizing its adverse effects on the appraisal of employees are outlined. Finally, a research agenda is suggested.
Fundamentalism(s)
Authors: Harris Harriet A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Protestant fundamentalists regard the Bible as foundational for faith, and believe that if the Bible were found to be flawed, Christianity would collapse. They therefore also feel concerned at the prospect of more than one meaning to a biblical passage, for their foundation would then seem more like shifting sand than solid rock. Since the late 1970s, so-called fundamentalist movements have been identified across the world's faiths. The term ‘fundamentalism’ has now become so elastic that a core definition is difficult to retain. Within Protestant fundamentalism, notions of biblical authority must be understood in relation to the foundational status given to Scripture. Other religious resurgent movements around the world are foundationalist in some respect, and many select and absolutize particular interpretations of particular texts. This article analyzes fundamentalism as biblical or textual foundationalism to help illuminate points of comparison and contrast across the fundamentalisms of the world.
Mental Causation
Authors: Kim Jaegwon 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The problem of mental causation is essentially coeval with the mind–body problem. Descartes arguably invented the latter when, in Meditation 2, he asked ‘But what then am I?’ to which he replied ‘A thing which thinks’, and then went on to argue, in Meditation 6, that ‘it is certain that this I is entirely and absolutely distinct from my body, and can exist without it’. As every student of western philosophy knows, Descartes's view was that minds and bodies constitute two disjoint categories of substance: minds are immaterial substances whose essential nature is thinking, while bodies are material substances located in physical space whose essence consists in being extended in space. Presumably, substance dualism of this form was not startling news to anyone at the time. However, Descartes, alone among the great rationalists of his day, urged a further view: minds and bodies are in causal interaction with each other, minds influencing bodies in voluntary actions and bodies influencing minds in perception and sensation.
What is the Physical?
Authors: Montero Barbara Gail 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Addressing the question of what is the physical is important not only for understanding the general thesis of physicalism, but also for assessing the strength and significance of a number of the central arguments regarding physicalism and the physical nature of the mind. For example, debates over the possibility of zombies pervade the literature on consciousness. Zombies, in the relevant sense, are supposed to be creatures that are just like us in every physical respect yet lack consciousness. Are such creatures possible? Some have argued that while it is not conceivable, or logically possible, that there could be, say, H2O that is not water, it is conceivable that there could be worlds that are physical duplicates of ours yet populated by zombies rather than conscious human beings, and thus consciousness does not logically supervene on the physical.
The Normativity of the Intentional
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Many philosophers have claimed that the intentional is normative. (This claim is the analogue, within the philosophy of mind, of the claim that is often made within the philosophy of language, that meaning is normative.) The first two sections of this article give a brief clarification of what this claim that ‘the intentional is normative’ actually means. The third section considers a number of arguments that philosophers have advanced in favour of this claim; as the discussion reflects, many of these arguments are inconclusive at best. However, the last section gives a sketch of a different argument, which the author regards as a persuasive argument for this claim.
The Distinction Between Conceptual and Nonconceptual Content
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The terminology of the conceptual/nonconceptual distinction was originally introduced by Gareth Evans to clarify the relation between perceptual states and what Evans termed the ‘reasoning and concept-applying system’. Evans's basic idea that perceptual experiences represent the environment in a manner independent of the perceiver's conceptual repertoire has antecedents in Dretske's distinction between analogue content and digital content. This way of using the conceptual/nonconceptual distinction has been developed most systematically by Christopher Peacocke, who has argued that we need a notion of nonconceptual content in order adequately to explain the epistemological dimension of concept possession — an argument that, in turn, has attracted spirited critical discussion.
Perspectives on Political Behavior in Time and Space
Authors: Rose Richard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article studies the various perspectives on political behaviour in time and space. It presents an argument that political behaviour does not exist among isolated individuals; rather, it occurs within a three-dimensional space. It determines the right time to conduct a time-series analysis, and the importance of including various locations and contexts in order to gain a more scientific basis for generalization. The last section shows the various elements that can be studied in political behaviour, such as values, inputs, and outputs.
Race and Political Behavior
Authors: Saggar Shamit 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article presents a survey that aims to draw together several central themes found in literature pertaining to race and political behaviour. It attempts to evaluate the broad trends in this volume of research, despite the interests of researchers being clustered around some major topics and approaches. The topics covered in this article are comparative politics, conflict, electoral engagement, the behavioural frameworks of enquiry and understanding, race, and political behaviour.
The Personalization of Politics
Authors: McAllister Ian 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article looks at the personalization of politics, starting with a careful examination of the evidence that leaders are becoming more important. The role of electronic media in personalizing politics and politicians is examined, along with institutions and political leadership. The concept ‘political priming’ is introduced, which is the process where leaders are evaluated by voters based on the leader's performance on issues considered important to the voters. The consequences of the personalization of politics and the decline of electoral participation and parties are discussed in the last portion of the article.
Turnout in Elections
Authors: Blais André 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the turnout in elections. It first examines turnout from an aggregate perspective, and then compares the level of turnout across space and eventually, over time. It deals with ‘simple’ descriptive questions and establishes the basic turnout patterns. The article considers those who vote, before concluding with an examination of the factors that shape the decision of individuals to vote or not to vote. The most influential models that have been proposed to explain electoral participation are included.
The Spread of Protest Politics
Authors: Rucht Dieter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe article discusses the spread of protest politics, which was previously seen as an irrational outburst of the ‘dangerous classes’ that threatened the public order. The article briefly describes the different perspectives and theories on protest politics in the first part. This is followed by a presentation of the empirical findings on the patterns of protest, its determinants, and its effects. A summary of the main results is provided along with several concluding remarks.
Perspectives on Political Participation
Authors: Kaase Max 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses certain perspectives on political participation, and highlights the cache of information on political science and politics that can be found in abstracts and political journals all over the world. The first section in this article begs the question: what have we learned? This is answered by looking at several topics related to politics, including social movements, protest politics, electronic government and the World Wide Web, and civil society. The latter half of the article is devoted to a discussion of the future visions and past achievements of political participation.
Research Resources in Comparative Political Behavior
Authors: Kittilson Miki Caul 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article presents a guide to the major cross-national survey research projects that address political themes. It provides a comparison of global and regional surveys, as well as a common set of dimensions. A brief overview of the most extensive national election study series from countries all over the world is also included. The article also covers some of the major national archives, and concludes with a section on the importance of standardizing procedures for sharing survey data. Comments on the future of cross-national survey projects are also presented.
Memory, Individual and Collective
Authors: Assmann Aleida 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article considers the relevance of individual and collective memory in political analysis. It proposes that there are four formats of memory and these are individual memory, social memory, political memory, and cultural memory. It argues for the existence of collective memory and explains that human beings do not only live in the first person singular, but also in various formats of the first person plural. It contends that each ‘we’ is constructed through specific discourses that mark certain boundary lines and define respective principles of inclusion and exclusion and suggests that to acknowledge the concept of collective memory is to acknowledge the concept of some collective identity.
Why and How Culture Matters
Authors: Thompson Michael , Verweij Marco , Ellis Richard J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the importance of culture in politics. It explains that it is cultural to be political and this means that culture is not only contextual to politics but essential. Given that all political science deals with culture, this article investigates how culture can do this. It suggests that culture and behaviour are separate but not unconnected and proposes how to take valid account of culture in relation to politics. It also discusses the theory of constrained relativism and the cultures of climate change.
Does History Repeat?
Authors: Collier Ruth Berins , Mazzuca Sebastián 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article examines the repetition in history in relation to contextual political analysis. It attempts to determine how political science can explain outcomes in a way that does not contradict their fundamentally historical character given that repetition is often considered necessary for making general, explanatory statements in the social sciences. The article explains that history can usefully be seen as repeating and argues that even the most radical critics accept some forms of repetition, and these forms are not logically different from those they reject. It suggests that explanation does not require repetition because explanatory approaches that are usually seen as requiring repetition are those based on correlational arguments. It also considers how political phenomena can be seen as repeating, both in terms of description as cases of the same thing and in terms of common causal patterns.
Space, Place, and Time
Authors: Thrift Nigel J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article aims to review and synthesize work that is currently going on in human geography and other areas of social science which addresses the questions of space, place, and time as cultural processes of spatial and temporal formation. It addresses key questions that arise when space and time are treated as constitutive elements of the work of political relation and argues that treating space and time as active constituents of political relation points towards new kinds of politics which are not just derivative of political forces but represent new and vibrant political terrains and gains. It discusses the continuing importance of political invention and suggests that hat contextual political analysis is the only meaningful form of political analysis and that this principle should be engrained in the practices of political theory.
Organization Theory as a Positive Science
Authors: Donaldson Lex 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Positive science applied to organizations seeks to build a body of knowledge that consists of general causal theories about organizations and their members. These theories are empirically validated through scientific methods. These theories are positive in that they explain how the world works, rather than being normative, that is, prescribing what ought to occur. In positivist organizational science, organizations are explained as being driven by the environment. Organizational science has made considerable progress to date through using the positivist approach. To the degree that organizational portfolio theory is corroborated in future research, it may shed light beyond that presently available from traditional, non-positivist analyses of organizational change. It could eventually help take practice beyond the more customary, ideationalist approach, of trying to change organizations by seeking ‘to change managerial thinking’.
Organization Theory as a Postmodern Science
Authors: Chia Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article seeks to offer a comprehensive and critical exposition of the postmodern imperative and its implications both for the understanding of organization as a theoretical object and its consequences for organization theory as an academic discipline. The central argument made here is that postmodernism must not be understood as a cynical or nihilistic tendency in contemporary thought but as a subtle and complex attempt at reworking the metaphysical bases of modern knowledge. This article begins by examining the roots of Western metaphysics and the manner in which it has shaped modern scientific thought. It then identifies the key axioms and imperatives associated with the modernist impulse. Thus, the study of dominant modes of thought, processes of individuation and identity creation, strategies of objectification and institutionalization, the development of codes of behaviour, social mannerisms, rules of law, and disciplines of knowledge form a part of this extended field of inquiry.
Pluralism, Scientific Progress, and the Structure of Organization Theory
Authors: Knudsen Christian 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The main purpose of this article is to define what intellectual structure best promotes the advancement of the field of organization studies. A conceptual framework is proposed to analyze different intellectual structures and appraise how they perform in promoting scientific progress. The term ‘intellectual structure’ refers to the distribution of activities within a scientific field at a specific point in time. This article focuses on the distribution between activities aimed at refining existing research programs, on the one hand, and activities aimed at searching for new theories, on the other hand. In accordance with studies of adaptive processes, it is argued that in order to make progress over a long period of time a scientific field has to secure a balance between the generation of new theoretical alternatives and the selection and retention of them.
Typologies: Forming Concepts and Creating Categorical Variables
Authors: Collier David , Laporte Jody , Seawright Jason 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article describes the categories and typologies as an optic for looking at concept formation and measurement. It also provides an overview of the multiple contributions of typologies and presents numerous examples from diverse subfields of political science. It gives a framework for working with multidimensional typologies, outlining the building blocks of typologies, and illustrating how the cell types constitute categorical variables. In addition, the role of typologies in concept formation, the source of the concepts and terms in the cells of the typology, and the role of ideal types are explained. Finally, it explores the contribution of typologies to mapping empirical and theoretical change and to structuring comparison in empirical analysis. It suggests norms for the careful use of typologies. Among the guidelines for careful work with typologies, a significant priority to keep clearly in view is their contribution to wider goals of formulating and evaluating explanatory claims.
Causation and Explanation in Social Science
Authors: Brady Henry E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides an overview of causal thinking by characterizing four approaches to causal inference. It also describes the INUS model. It specifically presents a user-friendly synopsis of philosophical and statistical musings about causation. The four approaches to causality include neo-Humean regularity, counterfactual, manipulation and mechanisms, and capacities. A counterfactual is a statement, typically in the subjunctive mood, in which a false or ‘counter to fact’ premise is followed by some assertion about what would have happened if the premise were true. Three basic questions about causality are then addressed. Moreover, the article gives a review of four approaches of what causality might be. It pays attention on a counterfactual definition, mostly amounting to a recipe that is now widely used in statistics. It ends with a discussion of the limitations of the recipe and how far it goes toward solving the epistemological and ontological problems.
The Neyman— Rubin Model of Causal Inference and Estimation Via Matching Methods
Authors: Sekhon Jasjeet 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article presents a detailed discussion of the Neyman-Rubin model of causal inference. Additionally, it describes under what conditions ‘matching’ approaches can lead to valid inferences, and what kinds of compromises sometimes have to be made with respect to generalizability to ensure valid causal inferences. Moreover, the article summarizes Mill's first three canons and shows the importance of taking chance into account and comparing conditional probabilities when chance variations cannot be ignored. The significance of searching for causal mechanisms is often overestimated by political scientists and this sometimes leads to an underestimate of the importance of comparing conditional probabilities. The search for causal mechanisms is probably especially useful when working with observational data. Machine learning algorithms can be used against the matching problem.
Structural Equation Models
Authors: Bollen Kenneth A. , Rabe‐Hesketh Sophia , Skrondal Anders 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article explains the use of factor analysis types of models to develop measures of latent concepts which were then combined with causal models of the underlying latent concepts. In particular, it offers an overview of the classic structural equation models (SEMs) when the latent and observed variables are continuous. Then it looks at more recent developments that include categorical, count, and other noncontinuous variables as well as multilevel structural equation models. The model specification, assumptions, and notation are covered. This is followed by addressing implied moments, identification, estimation, model fit, and respecification. The penetration of SEMs has been high in disciplines such as sociology, psychology, educational testing, and marketing, but lower in economics and political science despite the large potential number of applications. Today, SEMs have begun to enter the statistical literature and to re-enter biostatistics, though often under the name ‘latent variable models’ or ‘graphical models’.
Time‐Series Cross‐Section Methods
Authors: Beck Nathaniel 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article outlines the literature on time-series cross-sectional (TSCS) methods. First, it addresses time-series properties including issues of nonstationarity. It moves to cross-sectional issues including heteroskedasticity and spatial autocorrelation. The ways that TSCS methods deal with heterogeneous units through fixed effects and random coefficient models are shown. In addition, a discussion of binary variables and their relationship to event history models is provided. The best way to think about modeling single time series is to think about modeling the time-series component of TSCS data. On the cross-sectional side, the best approach is one based on thinking about cross-sectional issues like a spatial econometrician. In general, the critical insight is that TSCS and binary TSCS data present a series of interesting issues that must be carefully considered, and not a standard set of nuisances that can be dealt with by a command in some statistical package.
Cross‐Level/Ecological Inference
Authors: Cho Wendy Tam , Manski Charles F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article reports the main methodological approaches to the statistical problem. It describes the fundamental indeterminacy of the problem. It also provides a framework that coherently binds the variety of approaches that have been proposed to address this problem. Then, an overview of these various approaches and their respective contributions are mentioned. The ecological inference problem within the literature of partial identification and the recent work generalizing the use of logical bounds on possible solutions as an identification region for the general r × c problem are explained. It finally covers some admonitions about this fascinating problem that has enthralled decades of scholars from varied disciplines. The analysis by Duncan and Davis made clear that aggregate data only partially reveal the structure of individual behaviour. However, their contribution has largely been viewed as limited and an appreciation for the idea of bounds or an identification region has yet to fully emerge.