bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fertilizer and soil P uptake by maize, as affected by soil P level, granule size, and solubility of phosphate sources
Authors: Terman G. L. , Allen S. E. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTwo greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to evaluate labelled concentrated superphosphate (CSP) and labelled dicalcium phosphate (DCP) alone and in mixtures for maize grown on soils low, high and very high in available P. On the low P soil yield of dry forage, total uptake of P and uptake of fertilizer P increased linearly with 0, 20, 40 and 80 ppm of P applied as the various fine and granular sources varying widely in P water solubility. Hence, all of these criteria were highly correlated and suitable for evaluating effectiveness of the P on the low P soil. On the soil high and very high in P, only uptake of fertilizer P, which also increased linearly with rate of application, was suitable for evaluating the sources. Total uptake of fertilizer P decreased with increase in soil P level, but relative differences among granular sources were similar at the three soil P levels. Effectiveness of the P fertilizers decreased markedly with decreasing water solubility of the granular sources on all soils; the same trend was true for the fine sources at high soil P levels.Actual uptake of fertilizer P or percentage recovery of labelled P applied was a better basis for source evaluation at high soil P levels than were calculated A values. There was little advantage in this study of labelling with 32P for P source evaluation at the low soil P level over use of multiple rates of the unlabelled fertilizers. However, labelling was essential at the higher soil P levels.
Nutritional stress and pre-implantation embryonic mortality in Merino sheep, 1966
Authors: Edey T. N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYMature Merino ewes (108) which had been hand-mated to fertile rams received the following treatments: 1, submaintenance nutrition days 7–14 (34 ewes); 2, submaintenance nutrition days 20–27 (40 ewes); 3, control (34 ewes).The ewes were in fat condition, and gained weight before mating and throughout pregnancy except when on the submaintenance treatment. Their overall ovulation rate was 180·6%. The percentages of ova not represented by lambs at term were 30·6, 37·5 and 41·0 for groups 1–3 respectively, the differences being non-significant.Loss of ova in multiple ovulators was not significantly different from that in single ovulators and there was no relationship between body weight and prenatal loss. Nine post-mating oestrous cycles longer than 21 days were distributed through all groups in a pattern which bore no apparent relationship to nutritionally-induced embryo mortality. A higher proportion of ewes remained barren when re-mated after long than after normal-length oestrous cycles.
Experiments on vernalisation
Authors: Bell G. D. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. The effect of low-temperature treatment on some varieties of wheat, barley and oats has been found to be profoundly affected by the time of sowing of the treated grain.2. Winter sowing showed the least vernalisation effect, while in the spring the stimulative action became more pronounced as far as earing acceleration is concerned, as the sowing was made progressively later. This was particularly marked in winter varieties.3. Developmental studies of the control and vernalised plants showed the stimulative action on early growth and growing point development in the winter varieties.4. Tiller counts on control and vernalised plants of three winter wheat varieties demonstrated the fact that each variety was stimulated to earlier tiller production, but in two of the varieties this resulted in a reduction of surviving ears at harvest.
Cotton-seed treatment with sulphuric acid
Authors: Christidis Basil G. 
Published: March 2009

1. Several authors have previously reported that the sulphuric acid treatment of the cotton seed resulted in: (a) earlier germination, (b) higher percentage of seeds germinating, (c) higher yield of seed cotton per acre, and (d) better and more uniform planting (this paper is not concerned with the disinfecting effect of this process).2. A series of experiments, both in the laboratory and under field conditions have been carried out to determine whether the above statements are in agreement with actual experimental data.3. In so far as the rate of germination is concerned, it was found that: (a) untreated seeds often show a smaller percentage of germination than seeds treated with sulphuric acid for various time-intervals, particularly when tested in the laboratory; (b) cotton seed treated with the reagent for from 5 min. to 2 hr. or even 5 hr. in some cases, does not show any decrease in its germinative value as determined by laboratory tests. In field trials seeds treated for 5 or 12 hr. practically do not germinate at all, whereas the 2 hr. treatment often shows a small decline in germination; (c) an enormous difference in the rate of germination has been revealed between the laboratory determinations on the one hand and the field determinations on the other.
The performance of Santa Gertrudis, Sahiwal, Brahman and crossbred animals in the Intermediate Savannahs of Guyana: I. General
Authors: Mahadevan P. , Harricharan H. , Springer B. G. F. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYMortality rates, calving intervals, age at first calving, generation intervals and animal productivity of Santa Gertrudis, Sahiwal, Brahman and crossbred animals were determined from 11 years' data collected at the Ebini livestock station in the Intermediate Savannahs of Guyana. These data were condensed and analysed and recommendations made as to the most important factors influencing animal production in the Intermediate Savannahs.
Effect of nitrogen and zinc on yield, protein content and quality of wheat in Egypt
Authors: Youssef S. A. M. , Abdel-Rahman A. Y. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryGrain yield, plant height, spike length, grain weight per spike, 100-kernel weight, protein quantity and quality of Mexipak wheat grown with four rates of applied nitrogen (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg N/ha) and five rates of applied zinc (0, 1·25, 2·5, 5·0 and 7·5 kg Zn/ha) were measured. All these attributes were affected significantly by nitrogen fertilization in a linear manner. Differences among rates of applied zinc were significant for grain weight per spike, 100-kernel weight, grain yield and protein quantity and quality.
The effects of induction of parturition in sows using an analogue of prostaglandin F2α
Authors: Walker N. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA total of 124 pregnant multiparous sows were allocated to either control or treated groups. The treated sows were given 175 μg of an analogue of prostaglandin F2α (I.C.I. Ltd compound no. 80996) on day 113 of gestation. Gestation lengths for the control and treated groups were 116·3 ± 1·44 and 114·0 ± 0·31 days respectively. Two thirds of the treated sows farrowed between 24 and 32 h following administration of the drug. The number of live and stillborn pigs per litter did not differ between the two groups but birth weights were significantly higher in natural than in induced farrowing litters (1·36 v. 1·26 kg). Piglet mortality up to 10 days of age was significantly less in control litters (0·74 v. 1·61). The subsequent reproduction of sows was not affected by treatment with the prostaglandin analogue
A comparison of some small-scale tests for bread-making quality used in wheat breeding
Authors: Blackman J. A. , Gill A. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTwenty-five winter wheat varieties and breeders' lines including hard and soft texture, good or poor bread and biscuit-making types were grown at two locations in the U.K. in 1977 to provide the test samples. Small-scale tests of bread-making quality including extensometer, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) sedimentation volume, residue protein, urea dispersible protein and Pelshenke tests, were compared with loaf volumes and loaf scores.Averaged over the two sites, a modified extensometer test and the SDS test gave the closest correlation with loaf volume and loaf score and were only poorly correlated with Hagberg Falling Number and percentage protein. The SDS test gave the closest correlation between sites followed by the extensometer readings; loaf volume and score had much lower values. The SDS values and extensometer readings give a better measure of the genetic differences in protein quality of varieties than loaf volume and score, being less affected by growing conditions. With its small sample size and high throughput, the SDS sedimentation volume is likely to be the most useful screening test for wheat breeding programmes.
An investigation of resistance to the white potato cyst-nematode
Authors: Dale M. F. B. , Phillips M. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe inheritance of resistance to Globodera pallida was studied in seedling progenies derived from Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena CPC 2802 (H3) and S. vernei and compared with resistance to G. rostochiensis derived from S. tuberosum ssp. andigena CPC 1673(H1). The resistance of CPC 2802 was originally thought to be due to a major gene (H3), but results presented here demonstrate that it and that derived from S. vernei are inherited in a similar manner quite distinct from the major gene inheritance from CPC 1673 (HI). It is concluded that the resistances derived from CPC 2802 and S. vernei are both polygenic in nature. These findings are discussed in relation to breeding policy and screening methods.
Results from factorial experiments testing amounts and times of granular N-fertilizer, late sprays of liquid N-fertilizer and fungicides to control mildew and brown rust on two varieties of spring barley at Saxmundham, Suffolk 1975–8
Authors: Widdowson F. V. , Jenkyn J. F. , Penny A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYExperiments with spring barley at Saxmundham, in each year from 1975 to 1978, compared two varieties (Julia v Wing), two amounts of granular N-fertilizer (50 v 100kg N/ha) and two times of applying it (seed bed v top-dressing), a liquid N-fertilizer spray (0 v 50 kg N/ha), mildew fungicides (with and without) and a rust fungicide (with and without), in factorial combination (26).Leaf diseases were assessed and grain weighed and analysed for % N each year. Thousand-grain weights were measured in 1977 and 1978.Yields were small in 1975 and 1976 because little rain fell in summer, but larger in 1977 and 1978, years with average rainfall.Mildew was most severe in 1975 and least in 1978, brown rust most severe in 1975 and 1978 and practically absent in 1976. Granular N-fertilizer was best applied to the seed bed in all years, whether or not leaf diseases were controlled. Late sprays of liquid N-fertilizer increased yield less than equivalent amounts of seed-bed N, but increased % N in grain more. However, because they also decreased grain size, less of the N applied as a liquid was recovered by grain than was recovered from granules given earlier. The mildew fungicides increased yields by ca. 0·25 t/ha in 1975 and 1977, but decreased them in 1976. They had little or no effect on % N in grain, but increased grain size in 1977. The rust fungicide, benodanil, increased grain yields each year and especially in 1978 (0·37 t/ha). It had no effect on grain % N, but consistently increased grain size and so enhanced grain yield and N uptake.
A comparative study of non-protein nitrogen supplements for sheep
Authors: Offer N. W. , Evans R. A. , Axford R. F. E. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA basal diet, or the basal diet supplemented with equi-nitrogenous amounts of either ammonium lactate, ammonium acetate or urea was fed to four re-entrant cannulated sheep in a randomized block design.Collections of duodenal digesta were carried out automatically for a continuous period of 4 days following a 10-day equilibration period for each sheep on each diet.Supplementation with non-protein nitrogen increased the passage of total amino acids to the duodenum and increased the proportion attributed to microbial protein. It improved pre-duodenal digestibility of modified acid-detergent fibre and increased post-abomasal digestibility of non-ammonia nitrogen, dry matter and gross energy.Supplementation with non-protein nitrogen increased the energetic efficiency of microbial protein production in the rumen.Ammonium lactate and acetate were safe and effective sources of non-protein nitrogen for dietary supplementation.Supplementation with ammonium lactate led to a greater passage of microbial protein to the duodenum than did equi-nitrogenous supplements of urea or ammonium acetate.
The effect of Sclerotinia stem infection on morphine production and distribution in poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) plants
Authors: Laughlin J. C. , Munro D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe incidence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary infection in poppies (Papaver somniferum L.) was assessed 9 days before dry maturity in a field experiment which incorporated the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer and fungicidal sprays. Infection occurred mainly on the lower stem in the leaf axils.Nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg N/ha) had no effect on the incidence of Sclerotinia infection but phosphorus fertilizer (100 kg P/ha) increased the incidence from 19% of plants infected to 39%. Fungicides (2 kg benomyl, 50% a.i., plus 2 kg mancozeb, 80% a.i./ha) applied at 10-day intervals from flowering till harvest reduced the incidence of Sclerotinia infection to one third that of non-sprayed treatments.Sclerotinia infection occurred late in the crop and had little effect on the dry-matter yields of terminal main-stem capsules, lateral branch capsules or stem and leaves but it did influence the distribution of morphine within the plant. The morphine concentration of terminal capsules was lowered by 13% but the concentration of lateral capsules increased by a similar amount giving a total capsule morphine concentration and yield which was similar in both infected and non-infected plants.The morphine concentration of the stem and leaves of infected plants was 75% greater than that of uninfected plants but the overall morphine concentration of total plant was similar in both infected and non-infected plants. This distribution pattern was interpreted as a result of the restrictive influence of Sclerotinia infection on the vascular system which disrupted the normal translocation of morphine.
The utilization of dietary energy by steers during periods of restricted food intake and subsequent realimentaion
Authors: Ledger H. P. , Sayers A. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYGroups of Bos indicus (Boran) and Bos taurus (Hereford) × Bos indicus steers were kept at constant live weights of 185, 275 and 450 kg for periods of up to 24 weeks. Maintenance of these live weights was achieved by control of the daily ration of a diet having an energy concentration of 10·477 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg d.m. AS time progressed it was noted that less of the diet had to be fed daily to maintain constant live weight. Body composition of steers slaughtered at 0, 12 and 24 weeks showed that the live weights had been maintained by the compensating effect of empty body weight gains and digestive tract content-weight losses.No significant differences were found between slaughter groups for the energy values of the boneless carcass meat nor the internal deposits of empty digestive tract, omental and mesenteric fat. It was therefore concluded that there had been a progressive increase in the efficiency of energy utilization for the production of edible meat.The percentage reduction of daily food intake from 3 to 24 weeks necessary to maintain the prescribed live weights ranged from 51·8% for the 185 kg Borans to 17·9% for the 450 kg ¾ Boran × Hereford cross-breds.Comparison with published estimates for maintenance of live weight showed that after 24 weeks at constant live weight the 185 and 275 kg Borans and the 450 kg ¾ Borans needed 50·5, 37·9 and 34·2% less and the 275 kg Hereford × Boran cross-breds and 450 kg ¾ Herefords 40·8 and 37·9% respectively less food than estimated.Correction for age effects on the fasting metabolic rates of the 185 and 275 kg weight groups reduced the difference between theoretical and actual maintenance requirements from 50·5, 37·9 and 40·8% to 37·3, 29·3 and 33·8% respectively.Attention is drawn to the need to differentiate between the live-weight maintenance needs of fast and slow growing animals which may be of similar live weights but differing ages.
The nitrogen economy of winter wheat
Authors: Austin R. B. , Ford M. A. , Edrich J. A. , Blackwell R. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn a field experiment with 47 wheat genotypes, plant samples were taken at anthesis and maturity and analysed for nitrogen. Taking means over all genotypes, the plants contained at anthesis 83 % of the total present at maturity, while at maturity 68 % of the plant nitrogen was present in the grain.There was significant genetic variation in most of the component attributes determining nitrogen uptake. At anthesis, the heaviest plants contained most nitrogen. Because the nitrogen concentration in the leaves (average 2·8%) was much greater than in the stems and ears (average O8 %) and the leaves comprised, on average, 37 % of the plant weight at anthesis, variation in leanness was the main cause of variation in the nitrogen content of plants of a given weight. During grain filling, plants which lost the most dry weight from their stems and leaves took up the least nitrogen.It is suggested that the strong positive correlation between the accumulation of dry matter and of nitrogen, both until anthesis and during grain filling, occurred because both carbon assimilation and nitrate reduction depend on energy made available from chloroplasts. In addition, assimilate is required to sustain the growth of roots which is necessary for continued nitrate uptake.The results show that it should be easier for breeders to select for high nitrogen uptake from among heavy than from among light genotypes. However, although dwarf genotypes tended to be light, none of the correlations found was strong enough to render it impossible to produce dwarf genotypes capable of giving high yields of high-protein grain.
Estimation of abdominal fat in laying hens, turkeys and broilers using calipers
Authors: Rose S. P. , Michie W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYMeasurements were taken on 36 laying hens, 46 growing female turkeys and 36 broiler chickens using modified abdominal fat calipers to determine the prediction of abdominal fat in different classes of poultry. Four pairs of caliper measurements were taken on each bird by three operators (layers and turkeys) and one operator (broilers). The live laying hens and the plucked turkey carcasses were also scored for fatness. The caliper measurements were significantly related to the proportion of abdominal fat (g abdominal fat/kg body weight) in all three groups of birds. The correlation was greater in laying hens (0·81) and turkeys (0·76) than in broilers (0·51). There were significant operator effects upon the prediction of abdominal fat. In each case the measures obtained by two practised operators gave better prediction of abdominal fat than those from an unpractised operator.
Studies of the cattle of Northern Rhodesia: II. The apocrine gland population of the skin of Northern Rhodesian cattle and its connexion with the heat toleration coefficient
Authors: Walker C. A. 
Published: March 2009

An investigation has been undertaken to study the apocrine gland population of the skin of the three indigenous breeds of cattle native to Northern Rhodesia, and a comparison made between them and the Africander.It was found that the Angoni had the greatest density of glands/sq.cm. and that this density agreed closely with mean figures quoted for Bos indicus. The Barotse and the Tonga, both Sanga types, had significantly lower gland density, but were both significantly greater than the Africander which is a relict Zebu form.Dowling's finding that the decrease in the density of the glands with age is due to the ‘spread’ of the constant number laid down at birth by the growth of the skin was confirmed.A very close correlation between the density of the apocrine glands and the heat toleration coefficient was established.From a consideration of previous work, it is concluded that the density of the apocrine gland population is only one of the factors concerned in the control of thermo-neutrality by cattle; in this there is some disagreement with the conclusions reached by Australian workers.
Variations in Motor Activity and in Food and Water Intake over 24 h Periods in Pigs
Authors: Ingram D. L. , Walters D. E. , Legge K. F. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYGroups of weaner pigs, and single animals, were observed in a temperature-controlled room isolated from external noise and light for periods of up to 4 weeks. Continuous records were made of motor activity, food intake and water consumption.In the presence of a cycle of 12 h light and 12 h dark at 25 °C groups of pigs were most active in the light and took most of their food towards the end of the light period. Single pigs also tended to be more active in the light, but the rhythms were less marked, and one animal was most active during the dark period.In continuous light, rhythms of activity and ingestion tended to collapse after only a few days, particularly in pigs which were kept by themselves. When the ambient temperature was increased to 35 °C during 12 h light and decreased to 25 °C during 12 h dark, a group of pigs was most active in the dark.
Observations on reproduction in a pedigree herd of Large White pigs
Authors: Perry J. S. 
Published: March 2009

1. The information analysed in this report is taken from records of the Compton herd of Large White pigs over a period of about 4 years.2. Length of gestation period: close concentration about the mean of 114·17 days; no apparent relationship between litter size and extremely long or short gestation period. There was no difference in the average duration of pregnancy as between old and young sows, nor was there any evidence of a characteristic tendency to long or short pregnancies in individuals. The incidence of stillbirths appears to be independent of the length of the gestation period.3. The number of pigs born, alive or dead, ranged from 3 to 24, the average being 13·12. The average number of pigs born alive was 12·4 and the average number weaned was 8·1.4. The average number of pigs born rose with successive pregnancies to a maximum of more than 15 in the 6th and 7th litter and declined thereafter. The average number born alive reached a maximum of more than 14 in the 5th litter and declined thereafter, the decline being less marked among pigs born alive than among all pigs including stillbirths, apparently because embryonic mortality (before parturition) bears more heavily on the litters of older sows, whereas the incidence of stillbirths is not related to age (or to the ordinal number of the litter).5. The incidence of stillbirths was studied in relation to litter size, the data being compared with similar data recorded elsewhere. The proportion of stillbirths was higher among female piglets than among males. The reverse was true in litters of less than average size, and the possible significance of this difference between smaller and larger litters is discussed.6. The foetal sex ratio appears to bear no relation to the ordinal number of the litter or to its size.7. The reasons for discard of sows which have been culled during the period under review have been recorded and are briefly discussed.