bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring consensus in 21st century projections of climatically suitable areas for African vertebrates
Authors: Garcia Raquel A. , Burgess Neil D. , Cabeza Mar , Rahbek Carsten , Araújo Miguel B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAfrica is predicted to be highly vulnerable to 21st century climatic changes. Assessing the impacts of these changes on Africa's biodiversity is, however, plagued by uncertainties, and markedly different results can be obtained from alternative bioclimatic envelope models or future climate projections. Using an ensemble forecasting framework, we examine projections of future shifts in climatic suitability, and their methodological uncertainties, for over 2500 species of mammals, birds, amphibians and snakes in sub‐Saharan Africa. To summarize a priori the variability in the ensemble of 17 general circulation models, we introduce a consensus methodology that combines co‐varying models. Thus, we quantify and map the relative contribution to uncertainty of seven bioclimatic envelope models, three multi‐model climate projections and three emissions scenarios, and explore the resulting variability in species turnover estimates. We show that bioclimatic envelope models contribute most to variability, particularly in projected novel climatic conditions over Sahelian and southern Saharan Africa. To summarize agreements among projections from the bioclimatic envelope models we compare five consensus methodologies, which generally increase or retain projection accuracy and provide consistent estimates of species turnover. Variability from emissions scenarios increases towards late‐century and affects southern regions of high species turnover centred in arid Namibia. Twofold differences in median species turnover across the study area emerge among alternative climate projections and emissions scenarios. Our ensemble of projections underscores the potential bias when using a single algorithm or climate projection for Africa, and provides a cautious first approximation of the potential exposure of sub‐Saharan African vertebrates to climatic changes. The future use and further development of bioclimatic envelope modelling will hinge on the interpretation of results in the light of methodological as well as biological uncertainties. Here, we provide a framework to address methodological uncertainties and contextualize results.
Recent climate changes interact with stand structure and management to determine changes in tree carbon stocks in Spanish forests
Authors: Vayreda Jordi , Martinez‐Vilalta Jordi , Gracia Marc , Retana Javier 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMost temperate forests are accumulating carbon (C) and may continue to do so in the near future. However, the situation may be different in water‐limited ecosystems, where the potentially positive effects of C and N fertilization and rising temperatures interact with water availability. In this study, we use the extensive network of plots of two consecutive Spanish national forest inventories to identify the factors that determine the spatial variation of the C stock change, growth, and mortality rate of forests in Peninsular Spain (below‐ and aboveground). We fitted general linear models to assess the response of C stock change and its components to the spatial variability of climate (in terms of water availability), forest structure (tree density and C stock), previous forest management, and the recent warming trend. Our results show that undisturbed forests in Peninsular Spain are accumulating C at a rate of ~1.4 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, and that forest structural variables are the main determinants of forest growth and C stock change. Water availability was positively related to growth and C accumulation. On the other hand, recent warming has reduced growth rate and C accumulation, especially in wet areas. Spatial variation in mortality (in terms of C loss) was mostly driven by differences in growth rate across plots, and was consistent with ‘natural’, self‐thinning dynamics related to the recent abandonment of forest management over large areas of Spain, with the consequent increase in tree density and competition. Interestingly, the negative effect of warming on forest C accumulation disappears if only managed stands are considered, emphasizing the potential of forest management to mitigate the effects of climate change. However, the effect of forest management was weak and, in some cases, not significant, implying the need of further research on its impact.
Validation of a Korean version of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP) among 8‐ to 15‐year‐old school children
Authors: AHN YONG‐SOON , KIM HAE‐YOUNG , HONG SU‐MIN , PATTON LAUREN L. , KIM JI‐HWAN , NOH HIE‐JIN 
Published: November 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 292–301Objectives.  The purpose of this study was to assess reliability, discriminant validity, and convergent validity of the Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP) Korean version in a representative community sample of 8‐ to 15‐year‐old Korean children.Methods.  A Korean version of COHIP was developed according to the standard procedure of cross‐cultural adaptation of self‐reported instruments. A representative community sample of 2236 schoolchildren was selected by cluster sampling method.Results.  Mean age of the participants was 11.8  years. Mean and median of the overall COHIP score were 103.3 (SD 13.3) and 106, respectively. Internal reliability and retest reliability were excellent with Chronbach’s alpha 0.88 and intraclass correlation coefficient 0.88. Face validity was confirmed with 98% of participants reporting the COHIP questionnaire was easy to answer. Nonclinical factors such as self‐rated oral health or satisfaction with oral health were significantly related with overall COHIP score and five subscale scores (P <  0.001) in a consistent manner. Children with carious permanent teeth and with orthodontic treatment need had highly significantly lower overall COHIP score (P < 0.01).Conclusion.  The Korean version of the COHIP was successfully developed. The internal reliability, retest reliability, face validity, discriminant validity, and convergent validity of the COHIP Korean version were confirmed.
Microdontia and hypodontia of premolars and permanent molars in childhood cancer survivors after chemotherapy
Authors: PEDERSEN LISBETH BØNLØKKE , CLAUSEN NIELS , SCHRØDER HENRIK , SCHMIDT MALENE , POULSEN SVEN 
Published: November 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 239–243Background.  Adverse long‐term general and dental health effects of cancer and cancer therapy during childhood have been reported.Aim.  To examine the association between chemotherapy before the age of 8 years and (1): microdontia; (2): hypodontia of premolars and permanent molars.Material and methods.  In The Danish Registry of Childhood Cancer (DBCR), we identified 203 children who met the following inclusion criteria: (1) age below 8 years at the start of treatment; (2) age between 12 to 18 years upon dental examination; (3) had received chemotherapy The exclusion criterion was radiotherapy to the head and neck. A total of 150 children fulfilled the inclusion criteria. As controls, a random sample of 193 age‐matched unexposed children was included.Results.  Microdontia was found in a total of 88 teeth in 29 (19.3%) of the 150 children who had been exposed to chemotherapy, while none of the controls had microdontia of premolars or permanent molars (difference: 19.3%; 95% CL: 13.5%; 26.4%). The earlier the exposure, the more frequent was microdontia. We found a total of 27 missing premolars and permanent molars in 14 (9.3%) of the exposed children and a total of 18 missing premolars and permanent molars in 8 (4.1%) of the controls (difference: 5.2%; 95% CL: −0.1%; 11.3%).Conclusion.  The present study confirms findings from previous studies that chemotherapy, especially in very young children, causes microdontia and hypodontia of premolars and permanent molars.
The indirect consequences of a mutualism: comparing positive and negative components of the net interaction between honeydew‐tending ants and host plants
Authors: Grinath Joshua B. , Inouye Brian D. , Underwood Nora , Billick Ian 
Published: November 2011

Summary1. In ecological webs, net indirect interactions between species are composed of interactions that vary in sign and magnitude. Most studies have focused on negative component interactions (e.g. predation, herbivory) without considering the relative importance of positive interactions (e.g. mutualism, facilitation) for determining net indirect effects.2. In plant/arthropod communities, ants have multiple top‐down effects via mutualisms with honeydew‐producing herbivores and harassment of and predation on other herbivores; these ant effects provide opportunities for testing the relative importance of positive and negative interspecific interactions. We manipulated the presence of ants, honeydew‐producing membracids and leaf‐chewing beetles on perennial host plants in field experiments in Colorado to quantify the relative strength of these different types of interactions and their impact on the ant’s net indirect effect on plants.3. In 2007, we demonstrated that ants simultaneously had a positive effect on membracids and a negative effect on beetles, resulting in less beetle damage on plants hosting the mutualism.4. In 2008, we used structural equation modelling to describe interaction strengths through the entire insect herbivore community on plants with and without ants. The ant’s mutualism with membracids was the sole strong interaction contributing to the net indirect effect of ants on plants. Predation, herbivory and facilitation were weak, and the net effect of ants reduced plant reproduction. This net indirect effect was also partially because of behavioural changes of herbivores in the presence of ants. An additional membracid manipulation showed that the membracid’s effect on ant activity was largely responsible for the ant’s net effect on plants; ant workers were nearly ten times as abundant on plants with mutualists, and effects on other herbivores were similar to those in the ant manipulation experiment.5. These results demonstrate that mutualisms can be strong relative to negative direct interspecific interactions and that positive interactions deserve attention as important components of ecological webs.
An investigation of nursing students' experiences in an Iranian psychiatric unit
Authors: KARIMOLLAHI M. 
Published: November 2011

Accessible summary
This study investigated the clinical experiences of nursing students in a psychiatric unit in an Iranian hospital.
Data from in‐depth interviews were analysed in order to reveal common themes in the experiences of these students.
The results present distinctive insights on contextualizing, developing and implementing clinical education in Iran, especially in psychiatric units. The exploration and description of students' experiences will help nurse educators to plan the clinical learning opportunities such that they are less stressful, thus ensuring that nursing students are equipped to act as therapeutic professionals.
AbstractThis qualitative study aimed to investigate and explain clinical experiences of nursing students in a psychiatric unit in an Iranian hospital. The researcher performed a Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenological study by conducting in‐depth interviews of 13 participants. An analysis based on Diekelmann's method helped to interpret the data and uncover common themes. The following four correlated themes were obtained: anxiety, maturation, dissatisfaction and enthusiasm. These results present distinctive insights on contextualizing, developing and implementing clinical education in Iran, especially in psychiatric units. The exploration and description of students' experiences will help nurse educators to plan the clinical learning opportunities such that they are less stressful, thus ensuring that nursing students are equipped to act as therapeutic professionals.
Pharmacokinetic assessment of ketanserin in the horse
Authors: ALJUFFALI I. A. , BRAINARD B. M. , MOORE J. N. , KWON S. , ALLEN D. , ROBERTSON T. P. , ARNOLD R. D. 
Published: November 2011

Aljuffali, I. A., Brainard, B. M., Moore, J. N., Kwon, S., Allen, D., Robertson, T. P., Arnold, R. D. Pharmacokinetic assessment of ketanserin in the horse.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 472–477.The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the 5‐HT2Areceptor antagonist ketanserin in healthy adult horses, and to develop a computational model that could be used to optimize dosing. Plasma concentrations of ketanserin were determined using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry after single and multiple intravenous administration in the horse. A two‐compartment linear pharmacokinetic model described the plasma concentration–time profile of ketanserin after single and multiple doses in healthy horses; the terminal half‐life was 11.5 h; steady‐state volume of distribution was 10.5 L/kg; AUC was 115 ng·h/mL; and clearance was 0.87 L/h/kg. Model simulations followed by the examination in three healthy horses suggest 0.3 mg/kg q.8 h exhibited linear PK and produced consistent systemic blood concentrations of ketanserin above 3 ng/mL.
High diversity in populations of the introduced plant pathogen, Cryphonectria parasitica, due to encounters between genetically divergent genotypes
Authors: JEŽIĆ MARIN , KRSTIN LJILJANA , RIGLING DANIEL , ĆURKOVIĆ‐PERICA MIRNA 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe ascomycete fungus Cryphonectria parasitica is an aggressive introduced pathogen of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.). It has spread throughout the chestnut‐growing areas of Europe, with higher diversity in the regions close to its first introduction and lower diversity in its expanding ranges in Europe. To reconstruct the invasion events that could explain the high diversity of C. parasitica in Croatia and Slovenia, 180 samples were genotyped using 11 sequence‐characterized amplified region markers. Eight of 11 loci were found to be polymorphic, and a total of 66 different haplotypes were identified. Bayesian clustering indicated the existence of two clusters, which suggests two separate introductions of C. parasitica in these regions. The first cluster is dominant in western parts of Croatia and Slovenia and the second in eastern and northern regions. The data analysis indicates that northern Italy was the first source of infection, with the subsequent introduction from south‐eastern Europe, which contributed significantly to the diversity of the C. parasitica populations tested. Most haplotypes were probably derived through sexual recombination between a few divergent haplotypes, which suggests that multiple introductions and sexual reproduction are important for the formation of genetically diverse C. parasitica populations.
Molecular pathology in adult high‐grade gliomas: from molecular diagnostics to target therapies
Authors: Masui K. , Cloughesy T. F. , Mischel P. S. 
Published: November 2011

K. Masui, T. F. Cloughesy and P. S. Mischel (2012) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology38, 271–291Molecular pathology in adult high‐grade gliomas: from molecular diagnostics to target therapiesThe classification of malignant gliomas is moving from a morphology‐based guide to a system built on molecular criteria. The development of a genomic landscape for gliomas and a better understanding of its functional consequences have led to the development of internally consistent molecular classifiers. However, development of a biologically insightful classification to guide therapy is still a work in progress. Response to targeted treatments is based not only on the presence of drugable targets, but rather on the molecular circuitry of the cells. Further, tumours are heterogeneous and change and adapt in response to drugs. Therefore, the challenge of developing molecular classifiers that provide meaningful ways to stratify patients for therapy remains a major challenge for the field. In this review, we examine the potential role of MGMT methylation, IDH1/2 mutations, 1p/19q deletions, aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor and PI3K pathways, abnormal p53/Rb pathways, cancer stem‐cell markers and microRNAs as prognostic and predictive molecular markers in the setting of adult high‐grade gliomas and we outline the clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma with genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic integrated analyses. Furthermore, we describe how these advances, especially in epidermal growth factor receptor/PI3K/mTOR signalling pathway, affect our approaches towards targeted therapy, raising new challenges and identifying new leads.
Tick saliva suppresses IFN signalling in dendritic cells upon Borrelia afzelii infection
Authors: LIESKOVSKÁ J. , KOPECKÝ J. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryType I interferons (IFN‐α and IFN‐β) are crucial determinants of the host immune response and tick saliva modulates this response, thus facilitating the transmission of tickborne pathogens. The current study therefore examines the effect of Ixodes ricinus tick saliva on IFN‐β signalling in murine dendritic cells using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Borrelia afzelii spirochaetes as inducers. Activated dendritic cells secret IFN that activates Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT‐1). Our results show that Borrelia‐induced activation of STAT‐1 was suppressed by tick saliva. As the amount of secreted IFN‐β was not influenced by tick saliva, the results indicated that saliva affected the interferon pathway at the IFN receptor or downstream of it. By using recombinant IFN‐β, we show that tick saliva attenuates IFN‐triggered STAT‐1 activation. Tick saliva also inhibited LPS‐induced IFN‐β production suggesting that saliva interferes with the activation of the pathway that mediates IFN‐β induction. Our data indicate that I. ricinus tick saliva may modulate the host immune response by attenuating the initial signal transduction pathway of type I IFN.
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is rare in renal transplant recipients receiving only one month of prophylaxis
Authors: Anand S. , Samaniego M. , Kaul D.R. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:Prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is recommended for at least 4–12 months after solid organ transplant. In our center, renal transplant recipients receive only 1 month of post‐transplant trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, which also may provide limited protection against Nocardia. We identified only 4 PCP cases and 4 Nocardia cases in 1352 patients receiving renal and renal‐pancreas transplant from 2003 to 2009 at the University of Michigan Health System. Two PCP cases were identified <1 year after transplant, and 2 PCP cases were identified >1 year after transplant (gross attack rate 4/1352, 0.3%). Two Nocardia cases were identified <1 year after transplant, and 2 cases were identified >1 year after transplant. All identified cases received induction therapy (7 of 8 with anti‐thymocyte globulin), whereas about one‐half of all renal transplant patients received induction therapy at our institution. No patient was treated for rejection within 6 months of PCP; 2 of 4 patients with PCP had recent cytomegalovirus infection. All patients with PCP and 3 of 4 patients with Nocardia survived. The benefits of prolonged PCP prophylaxis should be weighed against the adverse events associated with prolonged use of antimicrobials.
Diagnostic yield of dual‐phase computed tomography enterography in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and a non‐diagnostic capsule endoscopy
Authors: Agrawal Jaya R , Travis Anne C , Mortele Koenraad J , Silverman Stuart G , Maurer Rie , Reddy Sarathchandra I , Saltzman John R 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground and Aim:  In patients with obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, capsule endoscopy is widely used to determine the source of bleeding. However, there is currently no consensus on how to further evaluate patients with obscure GI bleeding with a non‐diagnostic capsule endoscopy examination. This study aims to determine the diagnostic yield of dual‐phase computed tomographic enterography (CTE) in patients with obscure GI bleeding and a non‐diagnostic capsule endoscopy.Methods:  Patients with obscure GI bleeding who were referred for capsule endoscopy were prospectively enrolled. Obscure GI bleeding was defined as overt if there was obvious GI bleeding; otherwise it was defined as occult. Patients with a non‐diagnostic capsule endoscopy and no contraindications underwent a CTE.Results:  Capsule endoscopy was performed in 52 patients; 26 patients (50%) had occult GI bleeding and 26 patients (50%) had overt GI bleeding. CTE was then performed in 25 of the 48 patients without a definitive source of bleeding seen on capsule endoscopy. The diagnostic yield of CTE was 0% (0/11) in patients with occult bleeding versus 50% (7/14) in patients with overt bleeding (P < 0.01). Using clinical follow up as the gold standard, for the 25 patients with a non‐diagnostic capsule, CTE had a sensitivity of 33% (95% confidence interval 0.15, 0.56) and a specificity of 75% (95% confidence interval 0.22, 0.99).Conclusions:  In patients with a non‐diagnostic capsule endoscopy examination, CTE is useful for detecting a source of GI bleeding in patients with overt, but not occult, obscure GI bleeding.
Evaluation of the adverse effect of premature discontinuation of pegylated interferon α‐2b and ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Results from Kyushu University Liver Disease Study
Authors: Ogawa Eiichi , Furusyo Norihiro , Kajiwara Eiji , Takahashi Kazuhiro , Nomura Hideyuki , Tanabe Yuichi , Satoh Takeaki , Maruyama Toshihiro , Nakamuta Makoto , Kotoh Kazuhiro , Azuma Koichi , Dohmen Kazufumi , Shimoda Shinji , Hayashi Jun ,   The Kyushu University Liver Disease Study [KULDS] Group
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground and Aims:  Pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN) α‐2b and ribavirin (RBV) treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with a substantially elevated risk of discontinuation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the reason for premature discontinuation during PEG‐IFN α‐2b and RBV treatment due to adverse effects in patients with chronic HCV infection.Methods:  A total of 2871 Japanese patients who had chronic HCV infection treated with PEG‐IFN α‐2b and RBV were screened. We prospectively investigated the reasons for premature discontinuation of treatment classified by sex and age, and analyzed the timing of discontinuation.Results:  Of the 2871 patients, 250 (8.7%) discontinued treatment because of adverse effects. The main reasons for premature discontinuation were neurovegetative symptoms (n = 77, 30.8%), depression‐related syndrome (n = 46, 18.4%), hematologic effects (n = 41, 16.4%) and dermatologic effects (n = 27, 10.8%). The rate of discontinuation of treatment for patients aged ≥ 65 years was significantly higher than for patients aged < 65 years, for both men (P < 0.0001) and women (P = 0.0121). Moreover, the frequency of discontinuation due to neurovegetative symptoms, depression‐related syndrome, and hematologic effects for men aged ≥ 65 years was significantly higher than for those aged < 65 years (P = 0.0001, P = 0.0016, and P = 0.0170, respectively), but not for women.Conclusion:  Premature discontinuation due to the adverse effects of PEG‐IFN α‐2b and RBV treatment by patients with chronic HCV infection is mainly due to neuropsychiatric symptoms and is more common for older than for younger patients.