bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF SEMI‐ AND SOFT‐SOLID FOODS
Authors: FOEGEDING E.A. , DAUBERT C.R. , DRAKE M.A. , ESSICK G. , TRULSSON M. , VINYARD C.J. , VAN DE VELDE F. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTFoods such as starch‐ or gelatine‐based desserts, cheese, and processed meats are considered semi‐solid or soft‐solid, viscoelastic materials. Oral processing of these foods starts with either biting a portion from a larger piece or placing a piece in the mouth. Specific textural elements of a food are evaluated by descriptive sensory analysis; however, the time and costs of sensory analysis have motivated the empirical development of mechanical tests that correlate with sensory analysis of texture. While food scientists were evaluating mechanical properties to understand subjective texture, material scientists were developing rheological and fracture‐mechanics approaches to understand material properties in general. Still another group of scientists have focused on the biological mechanisms involved in mastication, oral processing and oral sensation. Understanding the integration of physical, physiological and psychophysical elements of soft‐solid food texture is a relative new area of research and therefore the current understanding of this multidisciplinary approach will be reviewed.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFood texture is one of the key properties consumers evaluate when determining food quality and acceptability. Changing composition, such as decreasing fat content, is often associated with undesirable changes in texture. This article discusses the interrelationships among physical, physiological and psychophysical elements of soft‐solid food texture. If we could learn how food structure elicits a specific textural response, then a variety of molecules could be used to generate a specific structure and deliver the same texture but with different health implications.
IS THE MOUTHWATERING SENSATION A TRUE SALIVARY REFLEX?
Authors: ILANGAKOON Y. , CARPENTER G.H. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTAlthough widely perceived, there is no clear physiological mechanism for the sensation known as “mouthwatering.” Previous studies conflict as to whether humans have a conditioned reflex to the sight or thought of food despite being well established in other animals. Parotid and submandibular/sublingual secretions to a set of standardized (taste, chewing, smell) stimuli were compared to mouthwatering samples elicited by handling (but not consuming) food. Handling food elicited a small, but measurable, increase in submandibular/sublingual and parotid salivas. Analyses revealed these salivas had a similar protein profile as a resting salivary sample. It is concluded that no true reflex secretion occurs in response to the thought or handling of food but that small amounts of saliva ejected into the mouth, possibly by muscle activity, is likely to be the cause of the mouthwatering sensation.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe concept of mouthwatering is often used to promote or sell a food product and yet the physiological basis of this response is unclear. Unlike animals, and in particular Pavlov's dogs, humans are not able to salivate at the thought of food. Instead small volumes of saliva have been secreted/detected while handling real foods that may relate to the mouthwatering phenomenon.
THE EFFECT OF INULIN ON TRIBOLOGY AND SENSORY PROFILES OF SKIMMED MILK
Authors: MEYER D. , VERMULST J. , TROMP R.H. , DE HOOG E.H.A. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe effects of the addition of long‐ or medium‐chain length inulin (1, 3, 5%) on the friction coefficient and sensory profile of skimmed milk were determined and the correlation between these two sets of data was assessed. Tribological analysis showed that with inulin, the friction coefficient of skimmed milk could be decreased to the value of full fat milk, with long‐chain inulin being more effective than medium‐chain inulin. The addition of inulin had minor effects on mouthfeel; only attributes related to oral friction tended to be lower. Correlation analysis of the sensory and tribology data did not give a significant relationship. For milk with different fat contents trends were observed: a decrease in friction (due to a lowered fat content) tended to correlate with an increase in the attribute “creamy,” whereas the friction‐related attribute “thin as water” tended to be positively correlated with friction.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe data show that friction is an important aspect of creamy mouthfeel. Tribology measurements give information about this parameter and can thus be used to assess the potential of food ingredients such as inulin to improve creaminess in (low fat) food products.
Differences in Readiness Between Rural Hospitals and Primary Care Providers for Telemedicine Adoption and Implementation: Findings From a Statewide Telemedicine Survey
Authors: Martin Amy Brock , Probst Janice C. , Shah Kyle , Chen Zhimin , Garr David 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPurpose: Published advantages of and challenges with telemedicine led us to examine the scope of telemedicine adoption, implementation readiness, and barriers in a southern state where adoption has been historically low. We hypothesized that rural hospitals and primary care providers (RPCPs) differ on adoption, readiness, and implementation barriers. We examined the degree to which they differ on (a) telemedicine adoption or readiness; (b) telemedicine training needs; (c) current use of technology for patient care; and (d) environmental concerns in facilities for telemedicine.Methods: Paper surveys were sent to rural hospitals and RPCPs with response rates of 50% (n = 38) and 25.9% (n = 339), respectively. Three of 4 hospitals were represented. Chi‐square analyses were used to test for differences between rural hospitals and RPCPs.Findings: Compared to RPCPs, rural hospitals were significantly more likely to report higher rates of telemedicine knowledge (P= .0007); planning for or implementing telemedicine (P < .0001); and reporting their disaster recovery data systems (P= .0002) and availability and location of outlets and connections (P= .03) as adequate for telemedicine. Rural hospitals were less likely to report having no telemedicine education needs (P= .04).Conclusions: Telemedicine continues to be a viable solution for bridging geographic access gaps to a variety of specialty care. Users need assistance in understanding legal implications, care coordination, billing for services, and disaster data recovery. In rural areas, hospitals appear to best embody characteristics of facilities that successfully implement telemedicine and have the greatest degree of readiness.
New records of Isonychia formosana, Prosopistoma annamense and Prosopistoma sinense (Ephemeroptera) from Thailand
Authors: TUNGPAIROJWONG Nisarat , BOONSOONG Boonsatien 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe describe the distribution and habitats of three new recorded mayfly species from Thailand: Isonychia formosana (Isonychidae), Prosopistoma annamense (Prosopistomatidae) and P. sinense. This is a new record from Thailand, reporting these species for the first time. A key to known larvae of Thai Prosopistoma species is provided.
First record of two cryptine generaCalaminusandEurycryptus(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Korea
Authors: OH Seung‐Ho , KIM Ki‐Beom , AN Seung‐Lak , LEE Jong‐Wook 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPreviously, 62 species under 37 genera of the subfamily Cryptinae were known from Korea. In this paper, two cryptine genera,CalaminusTownes, 1965 andEurycryptusCameron, are first recorded from Korea, based onC. hokkaidensis(Uchida) andE. unicolor(Uchida), respectively. Redescription, habitus photograph and illustration of the female head of each species are provided.
Field efficacy and non‐target effects of temephos granules against Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) and microorganisms in septic tanks, Republic of Korea
Authors: KANG Joo‐Oh , JEONG Dong Kwan , LEE Dong‐Kyu , KANG Hyesook , KIARIE‐MAKARA Martha 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA granular formulation of 1.0% temephos (temephos G) was tested for its efficacy in mosquito larval control, residual effects and effects on non‐target microorganisms. Culex pipiens complex in septic tanks in Yangsan, Republic of Korea were used for this study. Microorganisms in the same septic tanks were used for study of non‐target organisms. After the application of temephos G at the rates of 2.0 and 5.0 mg/L to selected septic tanks, mortalities were recorded for 50 days. The effect of temephos G on non‐target organisms was studied by evaluating its effects on the bacterial populations in the treated septic tanks. It was observed that using 1.0% temephos G at a rate of 2.0 mg/L resulted in 100% mortality against Cx. pipiens larvae by the eighth day after treatment. The residual activity of temephos G was observed to continue for a time; for example 29 days after treatment, average larval mortality rates of >68.0% were observed for both concentrations. At the 50th day after treatment, the mortality rates of the Cx. pipiens larvae were observed to decrease to below 42.7% for both concentrations. Application of temephos G did not have significant effects on the bacteria populations in the septic tanks. Since temephos did not seem to have any major effects on the microorganisms, it was concluded that it is a safe and effective larvicide to use in the septic tanks at a rate of 2.0–5.0 mg/L of 1.0% temephos G.
Sexual dimorphism in lung function responses to acute influenza A infection
Authors: Larcombe Alexander N. , Foong Rachel E. , Bozanich Elizabeth M. , Berry Luke J. , Garratt Luke W. , Gualano Rosa C. , Jones Jessica E. , Dousha Lovisa F. , Zosky Graeme R. , Sly Peter D. 
Published: March 2011

Please cite this paper as: Larcombe et al. (2011) Sexual dimorphism in lung function responses to acute influenza A infection. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(5), 334–342.Background  Males are generally more susceptible to respiratory infections; however, there are few data on the physiological responses to such infections in males and females.Objectives  To determine whether sexual dimorphism exists in the physiological/inflammatory responses of weanling and adult BALB/c mice to influenza.Methods  Weanling and adult mice of both sexes were inoculated with influenza A or appropriate control solution. Respiratory mechanics, responsiveness to methacholine (MCh), viral titre and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cellular inflammation/cytokines were measured 4 (acute) and 21 (resolution) days post‐inoculation.Results  Acute infection impaired lung function and induced hyperresponsiveness and cellular inflammation in both sexes at both ages. Males and females responded differently with female mice developing greater abnormalities in tissue damping and elastance and greater MCh responsiveness at both ages. BAL inflammation, cytokines and lung viral titres were similar between the sexes. At resolution, all parameters had returned to baseline levels in adults and weanling males; however, female weanlings had persisting hyperresponsiveness.Conclusions  We identified significant differences in the physiological responses of male and female mice to infection with influenza A, which occurred in the absence of variation in viral titre and cellular inflammation.
The retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in glaucomatous hydrophthalmic eyes assessed by scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation in comparison with age‐matched healthy children
Authors: Hložánek Martin , Ošmera Jakub , Ležatková Pavlína , Sedláčková Petra , Filouš Aleš 
Published: March 2011

Abstract.Purpose:  To compare the thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) in hydrophthalmic glaucomatous eyes in children with age‐matched healthy controls using scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDxVCC).Methods:  Twenty hydrophthalmic eyes of 20 patients with the mean age of 10.64 ± 3.02 years being treated for congenital or infantile glaucoma were included in the analysis. Evaluation of RNFL thickness measured by GDxVCC in standard Temporal‐Superior‐Nasal‐Inferior‐Temporal (TSNIT) parameters was performed. The results were compared to TSNIT values of an age‐matched control group of 120 healthy children published recently as referential values. The correlation between horizontal corneal diameter and RNFL thickness in hydrophthalmic eyes was also investigated.Results:  The mean ± SD values in TSNIT Average, Superior Average, Inferior Average and TSNIT SD in hydrophthalmic eyes were 52.3 ± 11.4, 59.7 ± 17.1, 62.0 ± 15.6 and 20.0 ± 7.8 μm, respectively. All these values were significantly lower compared to referential TSNIT parameters of age‐matched healthy eyes (p = 0.021, p = 0.001, p = 0.003 and p = 0.018, respectively). A substantial number of hydrophthalmic eyes laid below the level of 5% probability of normality in respective TSNIT parameters: 30% of the eyes in TSNIT average, 50% of the eyes in superior average, 30% of the eyes in inferior average and 45% of the eyes in TSNIT SD. No significant correlation between enlarged corneal diameter and RNFL thickness was found.Conclusions:  The mean values of all standard TSNIT parameters assessed using GDxVCC in hydrophthalmic glaucomatous eyes in children were significantly lower in comparison with referential values of healthy age‐matched children.
A 60‐year‐old obese woman with osteoarthritis of the knee: a case‐report
Authors: Christensen P. , Riecke B. F. , Christensen R. , Bliddal H. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryA case is presented of a 60‐year‐old woman with concomitant obesity and knee osteoarthritis. The bad knees prevented the patient from exercising; however, with a focused dietary intervention employing food supplements for the first period of 8 weeks, an ordinary low‐energy diet for another 8 weeks, the patient lost 17.3 kg; and a further weight loss was achieved during 1‐year follow‐up totalling 30.6 kg. Lean body mass only changed slightly, 96.8% of the weight loss being fat mass. Along with this her metabolic syndrome decreased and her gait improved. It is suggested that a major weight loss is the treatment of choice in patients with this combination of diseases.
Comparison of the Effects of Ivabradine and Atenolol on Heart Rate and Echocardiographic Variables of Left Heart Function in Healthy Cats
Authors: Riesen S.C. , Schober K.E. , Cervenec R.M. , Bonagura J.D. 
Published: March 2011

Background: Ivabradine is a novel negative chronotropic drug used for treatment of ischemic heart disease in people. Little is known about its effects and safety in cats.Hypothesis/Objectives: Ivabradine is not inferior to atenolol with regard to clinical tolerance, heart rate (HR) reduction, and effects on cardiac function in healthy, lightly sedated cats.Animals: Ten healthy laboratory cats.Methods: Physical examination, systolic blood pressure measurement, and transthoracic echocardiography were performed in all cats at baseline and after oral administration (4 weeks each) of ivabradine (0.3 mg/kg q12h) and atenolol (6.25 mg/cat q12h; 1.0–1.7 mg/kg) in a prospective, double‐blind, randomized, active‐control, fully crossed study. A priori noninferiority margins for the effects of ivabradine compared with atenolol were set at 50% (f= 0.5) based on predicted clinical relevance, observer measurement variability, and in agreement with FDA guidelines. Variables were compared by use of 2‐way repeated measures ANOVA.Results: Ivabradine was clinically well tolerated with no adverse events observed. HR (ivabradine, P < .001; atenolol, P < .001; ivabradine versus atenolol, P= .721) and rate‐pressure product (RPP) (ivabradine, P < .001; atenolol, P= .001; ivabradine versus atenolol, P= .847) were not different between treatments. At the dosages used, ivabradine demonstrated more favorable effects than atenolol on echocardiographic indices of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function and left atrial performance.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Ivabradine is not inferior to atenolol with regard to effects on HR, RPP, LV function, left atrial performance, and clinical tolerance. Clinical studies in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are needed to validate these findings.
Retrospective Comparison of the Efficacy of Fluconazole or Itraconazole for the Treatment of Systemic Blastomycosis in Dogs
Authors: Mazepa A.S.W. , Trepanier L.A. , Foy D.S. 
Published: March 2011

Background: Itraconazole is recommended for treatment of blastomycosis in dogs. Some evidence suggests that fluconazole might be less hepatotoxic than itraconazole.Objectives: To compare (1) incidence of clinical remission and death; (2) treatment duration; (3) total drug cost; (4) incidence of relapse; and (5) incidence of increased ALT activities in dogs with blastomycosis treated with fluconazole or itraconazole.Animals: One hundred and forty‐four dogs with systemic blastomycosis treated with itraconazole or fluconazole from 1998 to 2008.Methods: Retrospective case review. Information obtained included signalment, body weight, clinical signs, drug regimen, treatment duration, time to clinical remission, and laboratory results.Results: Neither treatment efficacy between fluconazole (75% remission) and itraconazole (90% remission) nor relapse rate (18% for itraconazole, 22% for fluconazole) was significantly different (P= .13, .75, respectively). Treatment duration was significantly longer for fluconazole (median 183 days) than for itraconazole (138 days; P= .001). Costs for fluconazole (median $1,223) were significantly less than for itraconazole ($3,717; P < .001). Incidence of increased ALT activities was not significantly different between groups (17% [3/18] for fluconazole, 26% [6/23] for itraconazole; P= .71).Conclusions: Fluconazole is associated with survival to clinical remission in 75% of dogs with blastomycosis. Although dogs receiving fluconazole were treated longer, drug costs were one‐third those of itraconazole. Hepatotoxicosis, as estimated by increases in serum ALT activity, can be observed with similar incidence for both drugs.
Power, Politics, and Political Entrepreneurs: Realising Universal Free Basic Education in Indonesia
Authors: Rosser Andrew , Joshi Anuradha , Edwin Donni 
Published: March 2011

SummarySeveral developing countries have recently introduced policies supporting universal basic free education (UFBE). Experience suggests such policies often fail to increase access and quality of education, and illegal fees are widely prevalent. The literature identifies several reasons including the lack of replacement funding in place of fees and the loss of quality due to overcrowding and subsequent high drop‐out rates. This paper, using evidence from Indonesia's experience, argues that the underlying problem is political. We suggest that fee‐free education is an attainable goal, but only if pro‐UFBE coalitions are empowered to influence policy, demand accountability and seek redress against illegal fees.
The Politics and Policy of Aid in Spain
Authors: de la Iglesia‐Caruncho Manuel 
Published: March 2011

SummarySpanish aid policy is changing: official development assistance (ODA) doubled between 2004 and 2008 reaching almost €5 billion annually (ODA/GDP 0.45 per cent). At the same time ODA disbursements to United Nations organisations increased 23 times and the Spanish–UNDP Fund was set up to move Millennium Goals forward with €528 million. The Spanish Agency for International Cooperation (AECID) is now a state agency with more autonomy and a Managerial Contract with measurable objectives, some of them related to aid effectiveness. Moreover, despite the economic crisis, spending on ODA increased slightly in 2009–10, although the Spanish government has announced aid cuts for 2011. What factors explain these changes? Was it just a new foreign policy when the Socialist party won the election in 2004? Was there an agreement within the government to develop a new aid policy? Are factors of change still impacting on aid improvements or have they diminished or even vanished?This paper tries to answer these and other relevant questions, such as how Spanish aid policy is likely to evolve over the coming years, what changes must Spain carry out to approach or even draw level with the more advanced donors and which lessons might be relevant to other aid donors, especially to the bilateral newcomers and emerging donors.After a brief reflection on aid effectiveness, the paper analyses the politics of aid in Spain, the changes that have improved Spanish aid effectiveness in recent years and the main dilemmas and challenges which are still waiting to be resolved. It focuses on traditionally selected areas of assessment in development policy and goes beyond, taking into account the political economy of aid, analysing its actors and their different interests.
Honey bee risk assessment: new approaches for in vitro larvae rearing and data analyses
Authors: Hendriksma Harmen P. , Härtel Stephan , Steffan‐Dewenter Ingolf 
Published: March 2011

Summary1. To sustain the vital ecosystem service of pollination, new methodical developments are needed for research on the underlying factors of globally observed bee losses. In particular, robust laboratory methods for assessing adverse effects on honey bee brood are required. In addition, from a statistical point of view, the shared origin of test individuals must be considered when analysing ecotoxicological data.2. To improve honey bee in vitro rearing, we adopted a nongrafting method to collect honey bee larvae without direct manipulation. Linear mixed effects model to evaluate LD50, larvae survival and prepupae weights integrated the colony background of larvae as a random factor into the statistical analyses. The novel rearing approach and appropriate statistical tools for data analyses are illustrated in an in vitro case study on acute oral dimethoate toxicity.3. We recommend our honey bee larvae collection approach for in vitro larvae‐rearing applications, because of (i) a mere 3% background mortality upon the prepupae stage, (ii) a high quantitative capacity and (iii) because of robustness of performance which are great benefits for standardization.4. The analyses indicate clear adverse effects of dimethoate by a significant survival reduction and prepupae weight reduction. For second instars, the acute 48‐h LD50 was 1·67 μg dimethoate per larva.5. We conclude that both our larvae collection method and the applied statistical approaches will help to improve the quality of environmental risk assessment studies on honey bees, to secure honey bee pollination and to sustain biodiversity.