bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Drug Metabolism
Authors: Chang Thomas K. H. , Waxman David J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSex differences in drug metabolism are recognized as a major determinant of sex differences in pharmacokinetics and an important contributor to interindividual differences in drug metabolism and, in some cases, drug action. Sex differences in human drug metabolism have also been observed with a variety of drugs. The biochemical basis of sex differences in hepatic drug metabolism was largely unknown until the 1980s when it was discovered that the expression of many drug‐metabolizing enzymes, including several members of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily, is sex dependent in rat and mouse liver. Well‐studied examples include rat enzymes CYP2C11, which is male specific in its expression, and CYP2C12 (female specific) and CYP2A1 (female predominant). The major gonadal hormones, testosterone and estradiol, regulate the sex‐dependent expression of rat hepatic CYP enzymes indirectly, through their effects on the hypothalamus and its regulation of the sexually dimorphic, ultradian rhythm of pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretion, which ultimately dictates the sex‐dependent patterns of expression of these CYPs and certain other drug‐metabolizing enzymes. In male rats, the intermittent, pulsatile pattern of GH secretion stimulates the expression of male‐specific liver enzymes, whereas the more continuous pattern of GH release in females suppresses the expression male‐specific enzymes while inducing female‐specific enzymes. The current view is that the transcription factors STAT5b and HNF4α coordinately regulate the action of GH and its resultant effect on the sex‐dependent expression of hepatic CYP genes and thus provide a molecular basis for sex differences in drug metabolism.
Age‐Dependent Expression of Human Drug‐Metabolizing Enzymes
Authors: Hines Ronald N. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractChanges in hepatic drug‐metabolizing enzyme expression during development are substantial and can affect the risk of adverse events in the fetus and child. In contrast, modest changes, if any, in the expression of these enzymes occur in the elderly, suggesting observed decreases in metabolic ability, which are more likely attributed to changes in physiological parameters. Increased knowledge of drub‐metabolizing enzyme ontogeny, combined with knowledge regarding life‐stage‐dependent changes in physiological parameters, has permitted the development of robust physiological pharmacokinetic models and improved capability to predict drug disposition.
Imaging Mass Spectrometry
Authors: van Remoortere Alexandra , Jones Emrys A. , Deelder André M. , McDonnell Liam A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractImaging mass spectrometry is a rapidly developing technique that uses spatially resolved proteomic and metabolomic techniques to simultaneously trace the distributions of hundreds of biomolecules directly from patient tissue samples. Using essentially the same technology, peptides, proteins, pharmaceuticals, and metabolites can be analyzed, without a label and without prior knowledge. The driving force behind the high and increasing popularity of imaging mass spectrometry is its demonstrated potential for the determination of new diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers, across several chemical domains, including pathologies of overlapping/identical morphology that cannot be distinguished using established histopathological methods as well as identifying patient subgroups with differential prognosis or response to treatment. In this chapter, we review the methodology of imaging mass spectrometry, detailing its essential elements and how it may be applied in a clinical and pharmacological setting.
Metabolism of Psychotropic Drugs
Authors: Stingl Julia , Oesterheld Jessica , Turpeinen Miia 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn this chapter, the metabolism of psychotropic drugs is explained. The most important enzymes are the polymorphic cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9. The functional impact of other drug‐metabolizing enzymes including CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 or phase II enzymes in psychopharmacology is less, but some agents are cleared predominantly by the latter pathways. The clinical importance of drug metabolism is mainly determined by alteration of the individual activity of a relevant drug‐metabolizing enzyme. This is frequently the case in drug–drug interactions leading to enzyme inhibition or enzyme induction. Alternatively, individual patient factors such as pharmacogenetic polymorphisms may contribute to variability in CYP isozyme activity. In this chapter, specific metabolism of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs is presented for the main CYP enzymes CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP1A2 and the impact of genetic polymorphisms in these enzymes is pointed out. As many psychotropic drugs are metabolized to equally active metabolites, more than one CYP isoform may be important in metabolism and exposure data of both metabolite and parent drug have to be taken into account. For many antidepressants or antipsychotic drugs, therapeutic drug monitoring is practiced regularly.
Bluetongue Virus (BTV): Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
Authors: K.K. Li Joseph 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAs an obligate intracellular parasite, the genome of the Bluetongue virus (BTV) contains ten double‐stranded RNA segments which are encapsidated by viral proteins, forming “transport vesicles” that can transmit the viral progeny cell‐to‐cell efficiently and that can also be transmitted animal‐to‐animal by a biting midge. BTV is a cytoplasmic virus, and its five major steps of viral infection: attachment, entry, uncoating, assembly, and release, occur only in the cytosol within the infected host cell. Viral replication, suppression of cellular processes, and subsequent pathological damage disrupt many cellular pathways, leading to cellular apoptosis. All of these steps are under very rapid, tight, and efficient control. BTV infects both domestic and wild ruminants, especially sheep, but not humans. BTV is also the prototype in the Orbivirus genus of the Reoviridae family, and has been studied very extensively for the last 25 years. The experimental protocols presented here describe most of the methods that have been used routinely and reproducibly in our lab for our studies of the BTV biosystems. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 24:15C.1.1‐15C.1.18. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluation of cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Do cardiovascular biomarkers offer added predictive ability over established clinical risk scores?
Authors: Finckh Axel , Courvoisier Delphine S. , Pagano Sabrina , Bas Sylvette , Chevallier‐Ruggeri Paola , Hochstrasser Denis , Roux‐Lombard Pascale , Gabay Cem , Vuilleumier Nicolas 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether adding C‐reactive protein, anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, rheumatoid factor, N‐terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL), or anti–apolipoprotein A‐I (anti–Apo A‐I) IgG to the Framingham 10‐year cardiovascular (CV) risk score (FRS) could improve its CV prognostic accuracy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsWe performed an ancillary study derived from a prospective single‐center cohort consisting of 118 RA patients without CV disease at baseline. The FRS and the various biomarkers were assessed at enrollment and their prognostic accuracy was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The incremental predictive ability of biomarkers was assessed using the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) statistics.ResultsDuring a median followup period of 9 years, the incidence of CV events was 16%. Both the FRS and 3 of the biomarkers (NT‐proBNP, ox‐LDL, and anti–Apo A‐I) were significant predictors of subsequent CV events (area under the ROC curve [AUC] between 0.68 and 0.73). Anti–Apo A‐I was the only biomarker to significantly improve the prognostic ability of the FRS, with AUCs increasing from 0.72 to 0.81 and the IDI improving by 175% (P < 0.001).ConclusionAmong the biomarkers tested, only anti–Apo A‐I significantly improved the FRS predictive ability.
In Situ Studies of Ion Transport in Microporous Supercapacitor Electrodes at Ultralow Temperatures
Authors: Korenblit Yair , Kajdos Adam , West William C. , Smart Marshall C. , Brandon Erik J. , Kvit Alexander , Jagiello Jacek , Yushin Gleb 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe ability to quickly store and deliver a significant amount of electrical energy at ultralow temperatures is critical for the energy‐efficient operation of high altitude aircraft and spacecraft, exploration of natural resources in polar regions and extreme altitudes, and astronomical observatories exposed to ultralow temperatures. Commercial high‐power electrochemical capacitors fail to operate at temperatures below –40 °C. According to conventional wisdom, mesoporous electrochemical capacitor electrodes with pores large enough to accommodate fully solvated ions are needed for sufficiently rapid ion transport at lower temperatures. It is demonstrated that strictly microporous carbon electrodes with much higher volumetric capacitance can be efficiently used at temperatures as low as –70 °C. The critical parameters, with respect to electrolyte properties and electrode porosity and microstructure, needed for achieving both rapid ion transport and efficient ion electroadsorption in porous carbons are discussed. As an example, the fabrication of an electrochemical capacitor with an outstanding performance at temperatures as low as –60 and –70 °C is demonstrated. At such low temperatures the capacitance of the synthesized electrodes is up to 123 F g−1 (≈76 F cm−3), which is 50–100% higher than that of the most common commercial electrochemical capacitor electrode at room temperature. At –60 °C selected cells based on ≈0.2 mm electrodes exhibited characteristic charge–discharge time constants of less than 9 s, which is faster than the majority of commercial devices at room temperature. The achieved combination of high energy and power densities at such ultralow temperatures is unprecedented and extremely promising for the advancement of energy storage systems.
The neurologic findings in Taybi–Linder syndrome (MOPD I/III): Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Pierce Melinda J. , Morse Richard P. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTaybi–Linder syndrome, also known as microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism types I and III, is a rare disorder with presumed autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, distinctive bone dysplasia, and central nervous system malformations. We present two siblings with Taybi–Linder syndrome, with an emphasis on the neurological profile in this disease, which includes brain malformations, intractable epilepsy, sensory deficits, profound cognitive deficits, and neuroendocrine dysfunction. We also present distinctive correlative neuroimaging (MRI) and electroencephalographic (EEG) findings. Increased knowledge of the neurological profile of Taybi–Linder syndrome may be helpful for clinicians and genetic counselors managing these patients. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First reported case of interstitial 15 q15.3‐q21.3 deletion diagnosed prenatally and characterized with array CGH in a fetus with an isolated short femur
Authors: Abdelhedi Fatma , Corcos Johanna , Cuisset Laurence , Tsatsaris Vassilis , Tantau Julia , Le Tessier Dominique , Lebbar Aziza , Dupont Jean‐Michel 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe report on a fetus with an isolated short femur detected by ultrasound and a de novo interstitial deletion of chromosome 15. The deletion was diagnosed prenatally by karyotype and further mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and array comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH) to bands 15q15.3 to 15q21.3 with a size of 11.11 Mb. Fetal autopsy showed characteristic minor anomalies, urinary abnormalities, and delayed bone maturation, but neither craniosynostosis, nor congenital heart defects as observed in previously reported cases. Despite the existence of ultrasound abnormalities, all five cases reported so far were diagnosed after birth. This is the first case of an interstitial deletion involving chromosomal band 15q15.3‐q21.3 diagnosed prenatally and characterized at the molecular level. Our observation suggests the absence of imprinted genes in the area of 15q15–q22 and strengthens the hypothesis that a critical region for craniosynostosis may be mapped outside the deleted region in the present patient. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radiological clues to the early diagnosis of hypochondroplasia in the neonatal period: Report of two patients
Authors: Saito Tomoko , Nagasaki Keisuke , Nishimura Gen , Takagi Masaki , Hasegawa Tomonobu , Uchiyama Makoto 
Published: February 2012

AbstractHypochondroplasia (HCH) is the mildest phenotype among fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3)‐associated skeletal dysplasias. Affected individuals usually presents with mild short stature in preschool age. It was uncommon that a diagnosis of HCH is made in young affected children. Recently, however, prenatal ultrasound (US) has increased likelihood of detecting in utero mild short limbs. There have been a few reports on the early diagnosis of HCH in the neonatal period preceded by a suspicion of skeletal dysplasia on fetal US. However, the proper diagnosis of HCH is hampered by absence of the radiological criteria relevant to age, particularly those in the neonatal period. We report on the clinical and radiological findings in two HCH children with a FGFR3 mutation. In both children, fetal US showed short femora and relatively increased biparietal diameter (BPD). However, postnatal assessment failed to make a specific diagnosis in the neonatal period. The correct diagnosis of HCH was accomplished by reassessment after exacerbation of postnatal short stature. In retrospective radiological review, the radiological findings relevant to HCH were discernible more easily in the neonatal period than at age of 3 years. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chromosome 4q deletion syndrome: Narrowing the cardiovascular critical region to 4q32.2–q34.3
Authors: Xu Wenbo , Ahmad Ayesha , Dagenais Susan , Iyer Ramaswamy K. , Innis Jeffrey W. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe 4q deletion syndrome is a rare chromosome deletion syndrome with a wide range of clinical phenotypes. There is limited clinical phenotype and molecular correlation for congenital heart defects (CHDs) reported so far for this region primarily because many cases are large deletions, often terminal, and because high‐resolution array has not been reported in the evaluation of this group of patients. CHDs are reported in about 60% of patients with 4q deletion syndrome, occurring in the presence or absence ofdHANDdeletion, implying the existence of additional genes in 4q whose dosage influences cardiac development. We report an 8‐month‐old patient with a large mid‐muscular to outlet ventricular septal defect (VSD), moderate‐sized secundum‐type atrial septal defect (ASD), thickened, dysplastic pulmonary valve with mild stenosis and moderate pulmonic regurgitation, and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Illumina CytoSNP array analysis disclosed a de novo, heterozygous, interstitial deletion of 11.6 Mb of genomic material from the long arm of chromosome 4, at 4q32.3–q34.3 (Chr4:167236114–178816031; hg18). The deleted region affects 37 RefSeq genes (hg18), including two provisional microRNA stemloops. Three genes in this region, namelyTLL1(Tolloid‐like‐1),HPGD(15‐hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase), andHAND2(Heart and neural crest derivatives‐expressed protein 2), are known to be involved in cardiac morphogenesis. This report narrows the critical region responsible for CHDs seen in 4q deletion syndrome. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The inhomogeneous extended Bose‐Hubbard model: A mean‐field theory
Authors: Kurdestany J.M. , Pai R.V. , Pandit R. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe develop an inhomogeneous mean‐field theory for the extended Bose‐Hubbard model with a quadratic, confining potential. In the absence of this potential, our mean‐field theory yields the phase diagram of the homogeneous extended Bose‐Hubbard model. This phase diagram shows a superfluid (SF) phase and lobes of Mott‐insulator (MI), density‐wave (DW), and supersolid (SS) phases in the plane of the chemical potential µ and on‐site repulsion U; we present phase diagrams for representative values of V, the repulsive energy for bosons on nearest‐neighbor sites. We demonstrate that, when the confining potential is present, superfluid and density‐wave order parameters are nonuniform; in particular, we obtain, for a few representative values of parameters, spherical shells of SF, MI, DW, and SS phases. We explore the implications of our study for experiments on cold‐atom dipolar condensates in optical lattices in a confining potential.
Charge susceptibility in Kondo systems at half filling: DMRG study
Authors: Schmitteckert P. , Evers F. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn this brief communication, the charge susceptibility, χc,imp, is calculated for the single impurity Anderson model in the Kondo regime with the density matrix renormalization group theory (DMRG). Excellent agreement with the Bethe‐Ansatz (BA) results is found in the appropriate limit where the (effective) level broadening Γ☆ and the charging energy, U, are much smaller than the conduction electron bandwidth, D. Deviations occur for large interactions U>D, where we find that χc,imp decays faster, approximately by a factor D/U, as compared to the BA‐prediction. Our work is of methodological relevance, e.g., for studies of the Kondo‐effect in molecular systems, in the sense that it prepares treatments of (spinful) few‐orbital models in the Kondo regime.
TiO2 Nanoparticles prepared by MOCVD: effect of temperature, flowrate, and precursor
Authors: Othman Siti Hajar , Abdul Rashid Suraya , Mohd. Ghazi Tinia Idaty , Abdullah Norhafizah 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTTitanium dioxide nanoparticles were produced by metal organic chemical vapour deposition method. The effect of deposition temperatures (400–900 °C), flowrates of the carrier gas (200–600 mL/min), and the precursors [titanium (IV) butoxide (TBOT) and titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP)] on the particle size, surface area, crystallinity, and photocatalytic activity of the samples were investigated. The results showed that the particle size decreased and the surface area increased with increasing deposition temperature from 400 to 700 °C. However, particle size increased and surface area decreased with increasing temperature from 700 to 900 °C because of sintering effects. The phase transition from anatase to rutile occurred at temperatures above 700 °C. Increasing flowrate of carrier gas reduced particle size, increased surface area, and enhanced crystallinity of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Sample produced at 900 °C has the best photocatalytic activity compared with other samples including the commercial Degussa P25. Crystallinity was found to have a more significant role on photocatalytic activity in contrast to particle size. It is noteworthy that for samples deposited at 700 °C, the TBOT precursor was found to produce smaller and more uniform particle size compared with the TTIP precursor. However, it is easier to form crystalline phase using TTIP than TBOT. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation of supercritical CO2–ionic liquid vapor–liquid equilibria with the ε*‐modified Sanchez–Lacombe equation of state
Authors: Iguchi Masayuki , Machida Hiroshi , Sato Yoshiyuki , Smith Richard L. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThe ε*‐modified Sanchez–Lacombe equation of state (ε*‐modified SL EOS) contains a temperature‐dependent interaction energy that allows it to provide better pure component ionic liquid pressure–volume–temperature representation than the original SL EOS. In this work, we applied the ε*‐modified SL EOS to correlate available high pressure CO2–ionic liquid vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data, which are important for developing viscosity correlations. Usual SL EOS mixing rules were applied with one interaction parameter, kij, which was fitted to the data. For the case of kij equal to zero, the ε*‐modified SL EOS could greatly improve the average relative deviation (ARD) of the VLE (ARD 14.6%) over that of the original SL EOS (ARD 44.0%). For the case of kij being fitted for both EOS, representation of the VLE of both equations was similar (ARD ≤ 9%). The ε*‐modified SL EOS is able to describe the vapor–liquid equilibria data over a wide range of pressures (0.1 < P < 100 MPa) and gives semi‐quantitative (ARD < 15%) representation of CO2 solubilities in many ionic liquids from knowledge of only the pure component properties. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of nanoclay on the rheological properties of polyamide 6/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene nanocomposites
Authors: Mojarrad Alireza , Jahani Yousef , Barikani Mehdi 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to study the influence of nanoclay on rheological behavior and phase morphology of immiscible polyamide 6/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PA6/ABS) blends. For this purpose, the rheological behavior of PA6/ABS/Nanoclay blends such as storage modulus, relaxation time mechanism, zero‐shear viscosity, interfacial relaxation time, relaxation modulus, interface modulus, and the relationship between rheology and morphology was investigated. It was observed that the relaxation time (λ) and zero‐shear viscosity (η0) increases by increasing of the nanoclay (2–6 wt %) and ABS (15–35 wt %) content. As, the increase in relaxation time of PA6/ABS/Nanoclay blends with increasing of the nanoclay explained through deformation of droplets and the physical interactions across the interface that causes to enhancement of elasticity behavior at low frequencies. In other words, this occurrence causes the relaxation time slightly shifted toward higher values by increasing of nanoclay loading. The relaxation time spectrum caused by the interfacial tension of the droplets can be calculated by subtracting the contribution of the components from the nanocomposite spectrum reported by Gramespacher and Meissner. The results of the study show that the nanoclay localization in blend can be suggested from H(λ)λinterface as a function of relaxation time diagram which nanoclay plates located in matrix, disperse phase, or interphase. In addition, the slopes of relaxation modulus curves decrease by increasing nanoclay and ABS weight fraction, indicating that the relaxation time increases with the addition of nanoclay. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012