bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban Environment and Children's Active Lifestyle: SoftGIS Revealing Children's Behavioral Patterns and Meaningful Places
Authors: Kyttä A. Marketta , Broberg Anna K. , Kahila Maarit H. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose. To determine the relationship between (1) urban structure characteristics, (2) children's environmental experiences and active behavioral patterns, and (3) perceived health and body mass index (BMI). Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. City of Turku, western coast of Finland, 175,000 inhabitants. Average residential density of the studied settings was 17 housing units per hectare, proportion of green structure 43%, and proportion of population under 15 years old 17%. Subjects. One thousand eight hundred thirty seven fifth (10–12 years old) and seventh (13–15 years old) graders from 54 schools in Turku. Measures. Self-reported behavioral patterns (activity of school travel mode, territorial range, mobility licenses, and distance to meaningful places) and environmental experiences (localized meaningful places, likability index, environmental fears) were gathered on the basis of locality with an Internet-based softGIS method. Self-reported BMI, perceived health, and daily symptoms were also queried. Geographic information system–based measures of urban structure (residential density, proportion of green structure, proportion of children), calculated within a 500-m buffer of each respondent's home, were used as independent variables. Analysis. Mainly logistic regression analysis. Results. After controlling for gender, age, and neighborhood socioeconomic status (proportion of academically educated), residential density was significantly associated with active travel mode to school and short distances to the meaningful places of children. The proportions of green structure and children had an association with nonactive transport, long distance to meaningful places, and small territorial range. We also found significant associations between active school travel mode and reduced risk of being overweight when controlled for gender and age but not when the proportion of academically educated was also controlled. The negative association between likability index and daily symptoms and positive association with perceived health remained significant after controlling for all three background variables. The only urban structure variable directly associated with good perceived health was the proportion of green structure around the child's home. Conclusion. Moderate urban density seems to have child-friendly characteristics such as an ability to promote active school journeys and to guarantee a short distance to meaningful places. The studied Finnish children expressed very few environmental fears, and the possibilities for them to independently use the opportunities of the urban environment were very high. The limitation of the study was that the socioeconomic background variables were extracted from register-based geographic grid data rather than from respondents. More refined measures of urban structure are also needed in future studies.
Unwillingness to Participate in Colorectal Cancer Screening: Examining Fears, Attitudes, and Medical Mistrust in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Adults 50 Years and Older
Authors: Bynum Shalanda A. , Davis Jenna L. , Green B. Lee , Katz Ralph V. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose. Identify the influence of medical mistrust, fears, attitudes, and sociodemographic characteristics on unwillingness to participate in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Design. Cross-sectional, disproportionally allocated, stratified, random-digit-dial telephone questionnaire of noninstitutionalized households. Setting. New York City, New York; Baltimore, Maryland; San Juan, Puerto Rico. Subjects. Ethnically diverse sample of 454 adults ≥50 years of age. Measures. Health status, cancer screening effectiveness, psychosocial factors (e.g., perceptions of pain, fear, trust), and CRC screening intentions using the Cancer Screening Questionnaire, which addresses a range of issues related to willingness of minorities to participate in cancer screening. Analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to model the probability of reporting unwillingness to participate in CRC screening. Results. Fear of embarrassment during screening (odds ratio [OR] = 10.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.15–53.39), fear of getting AIDS (OR = 8.75; 95% CI, 2.48–30.86), fear that exam might be painful (OR = 3.43; 95% CI, 1.03–11.35), and older age (OR = 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04–1.17) were positively associated with unwillingness to participate in CRC screening. Fear of developing cancer (OR = .12; 95% CI, .03–.57) and medical mistrust (OR = .19; 95% CI, .06–.60) were negatively associated with unwillingness to screen. Conclusions. Findings suggest that CRC health initiatives should focus on increasing knowledge, addressing fears and mistrust, and normalizing CRC screening as a beneficial preventive practice, and should increase focus on older adults.
Salivary Immunoglobulin Classes in Nigerians with Periodontitis
Authors: Olayanju OA , Rahamon SK , Joseph IO , Arinola OG 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

Aim
To provide information on the usefulness of salivary immunoglobulin classes in the diagnosis of periodontitis.

Materials and methods
About 5 ml of unstimulated saliva was collected from 25 newly diagnosed subjects with periodontitis and 21 sex/age-matched apparently healthy individuals into plain sample bottles. The samples were collected between 9 am and 11 am at least, 1 hour after eating or washing of mouth and levels of salivary immunoglobulin classes (IgA, IgG, IgE and IgM) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results
Only the mean level of IgA was significantly raised (p = 0.05) in the saliva of periodontitis patients compared with controls. The mean levels of IgG, IgM and IgE were not significantly elevated in patients with periodontitis, when compared with controls (p > 0.05).

Conclusion
This study showed that elevated salivary levels of IgA could be used as a screening tool for periodontitis.

Clinical significance
Identification of patients at risk and the diagnosis of active phases of periodontal disease remains a challenge due to lack of laboratory test routinely employed in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with periodontal disease. This study showed that elevated salivary levels of immunoglobulin classes especially, IgA could be used as a screening tool for periodontitis.

How to cite this article
Olayanju OA, Rahamon SK, Joseph IO, Arinola OG. Salivary Immunoglobulin Classes in Nigerians with Periodontitis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(2):163-166.
Lip Dimensions of an Adult Nigerian Population with Normal Occlusion
Authors: Isiekwe Gerald Ikenna , daCosta Oluranti Olatokunbo , Isiekwe Michael Chukwudi 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The soft tissue paradigm is placing greater emphasis on the importance of the soft tissue profile to orthodontic treatment planning. The purpose of this study was to determine the lip dimensions of a Nigerian adult population; compare the male and female values and to compare the values obtained for Nigerians with those reported for other population.

Methodology
Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 100 students (44 males and 56 females) of the College of Medicine, University of Lagos, aged 18 to 25 years were taken. Selected subjects were of Nigerian ancestry with normal occlusion and a harmonious facial appearance. The radiographs were manually traced and the upper and lower lip length and thickness of each subject was measured. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS, while the male and female values were compared using student's t-tests.

Results
Mean values for the lip dimensions were computed for the entire sample. Marked sexual dimorphism was observed with the males having thicker and longer upper and lower lips than the females. The Nigerian sample also had a longer upper lip and a thicker and shorter lower lip than that reported for Caucasians. However, both population had a similar upper lip thickness.

Conclusion
Cephalometric norms were developed for the lip dimensions of a Nigerian population. Marked sexual dimorphism was observed in the Nigerian population studied with the males having longer and thicker lips than the females. The lip dimensions of the Nigerian population studied differed from that reported for Caucasians and other racial groups.

Clinical significance
The lip dimensions established in this study would aid in orthodontic and orthognathic surgery treatment planning for Nigerians. Furthermore, due to the marked sexual dimorphism observed in the Nigerian population studied, gender specific and not generalized norms should be used.

How to cite this article
Isiekwe GI, daCosta OO, Isiekwe MC. Lip Dimensions of an Adult Nigerian Population with Normal Occlusion. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(2):188-193.
Orbital Trauma: Keep an Eye for the Details!
Authors: Kumar VV Harish , Kumar KP Manoj , Varma Sujatha 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
Orbital injuries are often missed out when they occur concomitantly with other facial bone fractures. Clinical examination and plain radiographic findings alone may prove inadequate in the detection of orbital floor fractures. Refined imaging techniques like CT scans and MRI are immensely helpful in the diagnosis of orbital blowout fractures. A case of ‘impure’ orbital blowout fracture which went undetected at the time of initial examination and its secondary surgical reconstruction is reported here. This case report emphasizes the importance of careful clinical and radiologic evaluation in orbital injuries.

How to cite this article
Kumar KPM, Kumar VVH, Varma S. Orbital Trauma: Keep an Eye for the Details! J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(2):232-235.
Effect of Occupation- and Activity-Based Interventions on Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Performance Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Orellano Elsa , Colón Wanda I. , Arbesman Marian 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This systematic review examines the effectiveness of occupation- and activity-based interventions on community-dwelling older adults’ performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). It was conducted as part of the American Occupational Therapy Association’s Evidence-Based Practice Project. Forty studies met the inclusion criteria and were critically appraised and synthesized. Within occupation-based and client-centered interventions, the evidence that multicomponent interventions improve and maintain IADL performance in community-dwelling older adults is strong. The results also indicate that client-centered, occupation-based interventions can be effective in improving and maintaining IADL performance. The evidence is moderate for functional task exercise programs and limited for simulated IADL interventions to improve IADL performance. In the area of performance skills, the evidence related to physical activity and cognitive skills training is mixed, and the evidence that vision rehabilitation interventions improve IADL performance in older adults with low vision is moderate. Implications for practice, education, and research are also discussed.
Effect of Imagery Perspective on Occupational Performance After Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Nilsen Dawn M. , Gillen Glen , DiRusso Theresa , Gordon Andrew M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOBJECTIVE. This preliminary study sought to determine whether the imagery perspective used during mental practice (MP) differentially influenced performance outcomes after stroke.METHOD. Nineteen participants with unilateral subacute stroke (9 men and 10 women, ages 28–77) were randomly allocated to one of three groups. All groups received 30-min occupational therapy sessions 2×/wk for 6 wk. Experimental groups received MP training in functional tasks using either an internal or an external perspective; the control group received relaxation imagery training. Participants were pre- and posttested using the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment (FMA), the Jebsen–Taylor Test of Hand Function (JTTHF), and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM).RESULTS. At posttest, the internal and external experimental groups showed statistically similar improvements on the FMA and JTTHF (p &lt; .05). All groups improved on the COPM (p &lt; .05).CONCLUSION. MP combined with occupational therapy improves upper-extremity recovery after stroke. MP does not appear to enhance self-perception of performance. This preliminary study suggests that imagery perspective may not be an important variable in MP interventions.
Qigong Massage for Motor Skills in Young Children With Cerebral Palsy and Down Syndrome
Authors: Silva Louisa M. T. , Schalock Mark , Garberg Jodi , Smith Cynthia Lammers 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
In this article, we present a small randomized controlled study evaluating the effect of a dual parent- and trainer-delivered qigong massage methodology on motor skills and sensory responses in 28 children under age 4 with developmental delay and motor tone abnormalities. Fourteen children had high motor tone as a result of cerebral palsy (CP), and 14 children had low motor tone as a result of Down syndrome. Multivariate analysis and post hoc analysis of variance showed large effect-size improvements in Peabody Gross Motor Scale (PGMS) Object Manipulation scores (p &lt; .01) and large effect-size improvements in overall PGMS scores (p &lt; .04) in treatment versus control groups after 5 mo intervention. Follow-up evaluation 10 mo from the start indicated continued improvement. Sensory responses showed no treatment effect. The results suggest further investigation of qigong massage as a promising avenue for research to improve motor skills in young children with CP and Down syndrome.
Post-Operative Radiographic Factors and Patient-Reported Outcome after Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Wylde Vikki , Maclean Angus , Blom Ashley W. 
Published: May 2012

Although total hip replacement (THR) is considered a very successful surgical intervention, a proportion of patients experience persistent pain or disability, and/or dissatisfaction with the outcome of surgery. Our aim was to determine whether post-operative radiographic variables were predictive of patient-reported pain, function and satisfaction after primary THR. At 1-3 years after surgery patients completed the WOMAC Pain scale, WOMAC Function scale and a validated measure of satisfaction with the outcome of surgery. Post-operative radiographs taken prior to discharge were graded for the restoration of offset, restoration of leg length, anteroposterior (AP) alignment of the femoral stem and AP acetabular inclination. Binary logistic regression was used to identify whether radiographic variables were significant predictors of patient-reported outcome scores. Radiographic and patient-reported outcomes data were available for 452 THR patients. No radiographic predictors were found to be significant predictors of patient reported pain, function or satisfaction at 1–3 years after THR. This highlights that patients with continuing problems after THR may benefit from a thorough multi-disciplinary assessment to diagnose the underlying cause of the problems.
Bone Remodelling around A Cementless Straight Tha Stem: A Prospective Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Study
Authors: Stukenborg-Colsman Christina M. , von der Haar-Tran Annelene , Windhagen Henning , Bouguecha Anas , Wefstaedt Patrick , Lerch Matthias 
Published: May 2012

The design of the Bicontact® stem (BBraun, Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany) and the implantation technique have undergone no major alterations in the last 20 years leading, and good clinical results have been reported. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the implant encourages beneficial bone remodelling. Twenty-four patients were included in a prospective dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) study of this stem, after appropriate statistical power analysis. Preoperative and postoperative (1 week, 6 months, and 12 months) clinical and DEXA examinations were performed. The Harris Hip Score increased significantly by 39 points. The strongest decreases in BMD were observed in the greater trochanter region (–11%) and the calcar (–12%). In the second half of the study period the bone mineral density recovered slightly and even returned to baseline values in the lesser trochanter region. Therefore, proximal load transfer and physiological bone remodelling around the Bicontact® stem appeared to be achieved.
Prevalence of Dementia in Elderly Patients with Hip Fracture
Authors: Yiannopoulou Konstantina G. , Anastasiou Ioannis P. , Ganetsos Theodore K. , Efthimiopoulos Petros , Papageorgiou Sokratis G. 
Published: May 2012

Hip fractures occur commonly and are a cause of disability for older adults and lead to increased dependence and requirements for social support. Dementia is one of the possible risk factors for falling and hip fracture, a potential source for complications during surgery and during the postoperative period, difficulties in rehabilitation and a risk factor for hip fracture reccurence. However, in previous studies of hip fracture patients, cognitive status has not been formally assessed during the inpatient stay and diagnosis was based only on previous history. Additionally, no previous studies have compared prevalence of dementia between elderly patients with hip fracture and patients with other surgical pathology. Our aim was to define whether dementia was more prevalent in older subjects with hip fracture than in other elderly patients undergoing surgery. In this study, we prospectively assessed all patients aged 68 and older admitted to our hospital for hip fracture surgery during a one year period and compared them with age and gender matched patients attending other surgical departments. 80 hip fracture patients and 80 controls were assessed for dementia. Dementia was common in both groups, presumably reflecting the advanced mean age of both groups and cognitive deterioration due to hospitalization-status. Dementia was significantly higher in the hip fracture group (85%) compared to the control group (61.5%; p=0.002). Dementia is very common in older patients admitted for surgery to a general hospital and extremely common in those with hip fracture. It seems that dementia is under diagnosed in elderly hospitalised patients. Our data confirm that dementia is a major risk factor for hip fracture in the elderly.
Long-Term Patient-Reported Outcomes after Total Hip Replacement: Comparison to the General Population
Authors: Gould Virginia C. , Blom Ashley W. , Wylde Vikki 
Published: May 2012

Hip replacement is one of the most common elective procedures performed in the NHS, with patients generally reporting good mid-term outcomes. However, patient-reported long-term outcomes have been less well studied. The aim of this study was to explore the extent of variation in long-term patient reported outcomes after total hip replacement (THR), and to compare outcomes to a control population without THR. All patients who had undergone primary THR at one centre 12–16 years ago and who had previously completed an Oxford hip score (OHS) 5–8 years post-operatively were invited to complete a postal OHS. Participants in the control group who had not undergone hip or knee replacement also completed an OHS. The Oxford hip score (OHS) was completed by 407 THR patients and 927 controls. The median score of 18 for the THR patients was significantly worse than the median score of 12 for the control group (p <0.001). Similar results were found when comparisons were stratified by age. There was considerable variation in change in OHS from 5–8 years to 12–16 years post-operatively, although a significant worsening in outcome was found only in patients over 80 years old. Patients continue to report good functional outcomes at 12–16 years after THR, although function is signficantly worse than the general population who have not undergone THR.
Morphological Assessment of Neurite Outgrowth in Hippocampal Neuron‐Astrocyte Co‐Cultures
Authors: Giordano Gennaro , Costa Lucio G. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNeurite outgrowth is a fundamental event in brain development, as well as in regeneration of damaged neurons. Astrocytes play a major role in neuritogenesis, by expressing and releasing factors that facilitate neurite outgrowth, such as extracellular matrix proteins, and factors that can inhibit neuritogenesis, such as the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan neurocan. In this unit we describe a noncontact co‐culture system of hippocampal neurons and cortical (or hippocampal) astrocytes for measurement of neurite outgrowth. Hippocampal pyramidal neurons are plated on glass coverslips, which are inverted onto an astrocyte feeder layer, allowing exposure of neurons to astrocyte‐derived factors without direct contact between these two cell types. After co‐culture, neurons are stained and photographed, and processes are assessed morphologically using Metamorph software. This method allows exposing astrocytes to various agents before co‐culture in order to assess how these exposures may influence the ability of astrocytes to foster neurite outgrowth. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 52:11.16.1‐11.16.26. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measuring Altered Disposition of Xenobiotics in Experimental Models of Liver Disease
Authors: Hardwick Rhiannon N. , Cherrington Nathan J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractUnderstanding the metabolic pathway and excretion mechanisms governing the disposition of a compound is essential to the safe use of pharmaceutical agents. Because the liver is the primary organ responsible for the metabolism and elimination of xenobiotics, chronic liver disease can have a significant effect on the disposition of many xenobiotics due to changes in the expression or function of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Liver disease can result in increased retention of a xenobiotic within the body, causing greater exposure of the individual to a potentially harmful compound, which may lead to toxicity. On the other hand, liver disease may also up‐regulate the elimination processes of a xenobiotic, accelerating its removal from the body. With regard to a pharmaceutical agent, enhanced elimination may result in a decreased pharmacologic effect. Such alterations may necessitate dosage adjustments to achieve the desired therapeutic outcome. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 52:23.1.1‐23.1.17. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Use of Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology to Knock Out Efflux Transporters in C2BBe1 Cells
Authors: Pratt Jennifer , Venkatraman Neetu , Brinker Amanda , Xiao Yongling , Blasberg Jim , Thompson David C. , Bourner Maureen 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA limitation of the traditional Caco‐2 cell assay for measuring transporter‐mediated efflux of a given substrate is that it is not possible to determine which specific transporter is involved. The methods in this unit describe an approach for generating specific transporter knockout cell lines that can be used to test efflux with any desired substrates. In this approach, human C2BBe1 cells (a subclone of Caco‐2 cells) are nucleofected with specific zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), which can be designed to target any gene of interest and generate a double‐stranded break. The cell's normal repair mechanisms can then generate targeted deletions (or integrations). A single ZFN can be used to generate a single transporter knockout, or multiple ZFNs can be used to knock out more than one transporter. This unit provides all methods needed to design the required plasmids, generate and identify transporter knockout cell lines, verify their membrane integrity, and test them with functional transport assays. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 52:23.2.1‐23.2.22. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.