bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organic adsorbents from indian tannins. I. Preparation, activation and relative adsorptive power
Authors: Bhatnagar M. S. , Nigam P. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany workers have described costly phenol‐formaldehyde or amine‐formaldehyde resins for ion‐exchange. Tannins of the catechol type can also be used for the same purpose. In a previously published communication (Bhatnagar & Singh, 1950), it has been shown that katha (the edible material used in betel leaves) yields on sulphonation products which exhibit calcium and magnesium exchange. More resins from katha and cutch have now been prepared and their adsorptive properties have been studied.The products obtained by sulphonation of katha and cutch and subsequent condensation with formalin are found to adsorb about 95% and 65% fatty acids respectively from centimolar solutions. The resins obtained by mere sulphonation show little adsorption of acids. The products obtained by direct condensation of katha and cutch with formalin exhibit 15% and 0% adsorption respectively of benzoic acid. On the other hand, resinous products obtained by incorporation of katha and cutch in phenolic resins prepared using ammonia as a catalyst show high adsorption values, namely, 55% and 70% respectively of formic acid. The adsorptive properties of standard resins, e.g. Amberlites, Zeo‐karbs, etc., have also been studied. The study reveals that the prepared resins are comparable with standard resins.
Plate‐efficiency correlation in distllling columns and gas absorbers
Authors: Chu Ju Chin , RichardDonovan J. , Clifford Bosewell B. , Charles Furmeister L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo methods are developed for the rstimation of plate effiacncy in distilling colmuns and gas
absorbers. The fint method, which is the more rigorous, deals with the correlation of local Murphree plate efficiency, and a find working formula is derived.It is interesting to note that surface tension has no direct effect in determinin the value of plate efficiency, but enters, together with density of liquid and vapour, slot width and height, temperature and pressure of the system, into the expression for the calculation of critical flow rate which divides flow into turbulent and streamline region for choosing the right equation to calculate the bubble size which, in turn, is an important factor determining plate efficiency.The mold ratio of liquid to vapour rate, L V, is introduced durig either the axlrrenion of local Murphree plate efficiency into overall plate efficiency or the calculation of actual number of plates through the plate‐to‐plate method with Murphree plate efficiency. The ratio L/V might also enter into a function as a correction factor for the bubble‐size calculation if the column is operated at extremely high value of the L/V ratio.The second method correlates the overall plate efficiency of fractionating columns with L/V ratio, effective submergence, relative volatility of key components and viscosity of the feed.Two equations are derived which, although more empirical, represent a convenient route to compute the actual number of plates in distilling columns or gas absorber.
The presence of the persulphuric group in the molecule of nitrous vitriol associated with tower acid
Authors: Guareschi Pietro 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvidence is given for the existence of a compound known as nitropersulphuric acid. This is claimed to be present in acid obtained from a chamber plant which enables oxidation of sulphur dioxide to take place in the liquid phase, and without the liberation of nitrous gases. Analytical tests are outlined which prove the existence of such a compound.
Identification of the cementing material in a light‐weight sand‐lime block
Authors: Taylor H. F. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cementing material of a commercial light‐weight sand‐lime block has been shown by analytical and X‐ray investigations to be calcium silicate hydrate (I) (for nomenclature see Taylor, 1950), of approximate composition 1.28CaO, SiO2, 2.05H2O. The X‐ray powder data are in close agreement with those of laboratory preparations. This result shows that calcium silicate hydrate (I) is capable of being formed under the conditions appertaining in a paste. It therefore appears possible that the cementing agents of sand‐lime bricks in general, and also of hydrated Portland cement, are composed of the same, or a very similar compound.
A new method for the interpolation of ternary vapour‐liquid equilibrium data
Authors: Herington E. F. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method of plotting the logarithms of the activity coefficients of each component in a ternary system is described which takes advantage of information on the three binary systems. For a ternary system A, B, C the values of log γA against xc, log γB against xc, and log γc against xB are plotted for a constant value of xB/(xB + xc), where xA, xB and xc are the mole fractions of the three components in the liquid. If the whole ternary diagram is to be explored these plots are carried out for a series of values of the parameter xB/(xB + xc). A method of interpolation is described and thermodynamic tests for the consistency of the resulting plots are developed. The use of the procedure is illustrated by application to published information on the system acetonitrile (methyl cyanide)‐trichloroethylene‐water.
The preparation of anhydrous lanthanon chlorides by high‐temperature chlorination of monazite
Authors: Hartley F. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction between monazite, chlorine and carbon has been investigated at temperatures above the melting point of the mixed lanthanon chlorides. Conditions have been established, on a laboratory scale, for recovering over 85% of the lanthanons as anhydrous chlorides. At temperatures over 900° c. these are virtually free of thorium chloride and phosphorus compounds, which volatilize together with impurities such as iron, aluminium, chromium and titanium chlorides.The nature of the volatile products has been examined and particular reference is made to the evolution of elementary phosphorus. The thermodynamics and mechanism of the reactions have been discussed.
Studies in the coal‐tar bases. IV. Lutidine and collidine fractions
Authors: Coulson E. A. , Hales J. L. , Holt E. C. , Ditcham J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe lutidine and collidine fractions of coal‐tar bases contain as predominating constituents 2:5‐, 2:4‐, and 2:3‐lutidines, 6‐ethyl‐2‐methylpyridine, 3‐ethylpyridine, and 2:4:6‐ and 2:3: 6‐collidines. The four first‐mentioned bases occur in commercial ‘2: 4–2: 5‐lutidine.’ 3‐Ethylpyridine has been isolated from a coal‐tar collidine for the first time. All these bases form maximum‐boiling‐point azeotropes with phenol, some of which can be used to effect the concentration or separation of individual bases: 6‐ethyl‐2‐methylpyridine in particular is readily obtained in this way. 2:5‐Lutidine forms a high‐melting complex with phenol which can be applied to the separation of a high proportion of this base from mixtures in which it occurs.Infra‐red absorption spectroscopy provides convenient methods for the analysis of picoline, lutidine and collidine fractions.
An improved automatic mercury‐distillation apparatus
Authors: Yorke S. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA vacuum mercury still is described, the operation of which is unaffected by normal changes of atmospheric pressure. An air‐leak system, operating in conjunction with a vacuum pump, is used to feed droplets of mercury to the still from a reservoir open to the atmosphere. Automatic protection against failure of any part of the system is provided by making appropriate sections of the mercury columns part of the control circuit.
Determination of the ‘extinction coefficient’‐particle size relationship for spherical bodies
Authors: Rose H. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the present paper an account is given of an experimental investigation into the ‘extinction coefficient’–particle size relationship for small spherical particles.An accurate knowledge of this relationship is essential if the photo‐extinction method of powder‐size analysis is to be applied with the highest accuracy of which the technique appears to be capable; an insufficient knowledge of this relationship is probably responsible for the introduction of the large margin of uncertainty at present encountered in the application of the method.In the present investigation efforts have been made to eliminate the errors usually encountered in the experimental determination of the relationship and the experimentally determined curve appears to be in good agreement with the limited theoretical results available.
A method for determining low concentrations of oxygen in gases
Authors: McArthur I. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe method was developed primarily to determine the oxygen content of a plant gas, containing 99% carbon dioxide but is also suitable for use with other gases, e.g. hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon monoxide. The amount of oxygen is measured by passing the gas through a known volume of dilute acidified chromous chloride solution and determining the resultant change in chromous ion concentration. The method can be applied to determine concentrations of oxygen over a wide range. Its accuracy has been proved over the range of 5–55 parts per million.
Organic fluorides. X. The formation of fluoro‐oils and resins by the polymerization of hydrofluorocarbons with fluorine
Authors: Smith F. , Stacey M. , Tatlow J. C. , Dawson J. K. , Thomas B. R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFluorine diluted with nitrogen reacted with hydrofluorocarbons such as benzotrifluoride, in solution in fluorocarbons or in pentachloroethane, to give high‐boiling products, presumably from condensation reactions proceeding simultaneously with fluorination. Treatment of these products in the liquid phase first with fluorine under more drastic conditions, and then with silver difluoride, gave a series of perfluoro‐lubricants and resins.
A new anodic method for the transfer of oxide films from heat‐tinted iron to glass or plastic
Authors: Evans U. R. , Tomlinson R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the new anodic method, the specimen carrying the oxide film to be transferred is cemented to glass, and the whole of the metal is dissolved away by anodic action, leaving the film attached to the glass. The method has the advantage that large areas of films are transferred to a rigid, transparent support, without any doubt as to which of the two surfaces represents the outer surface of the film as present on the metal. The area of the pieces transferred can be measured, and the metal (or metals) in the films estimated by microanalysis; alternatively by transferring to glass coated with petroleum jelly, the wrinkling or curling of the film gives information about the stresses present in the films when they are clinging to the metal. The validity of the method is shown by the fact that the transparency and appearance of the film depend on the temperature and time of the heating of the metal but are independent of the electrical conditions in the cell.
The biological and therapeutic significance of organic phosphates occurring in nature
Authors: Bergel F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe search for technically applicable methods for the synthesis and preparation of naturally occurring organic phosphates includes finding new ways of phosphorylation and the application of up‐to‐date physico‐chemical methods for purification and analysis. The achievements of Todd and his collaborators in synthesizing pyrimidine and purine nucleotides, including adenosine triphosphate, have contributed greatly to the advances in this field, in which so many others have taken part, including my colleagues and myself.The purpose of this paper is to present the background of this synthetic adventure—a kind of stocktaking and a story largely dependent on published and printed matter, scattered in many journals and treated in articles and books [e.g. Baldwin, 1947; Lipmann, 1941; Lipmann & Kaplan, 1949; Umbreit, 1947 (added at the proof‐reading stage: Avison & Hawkins, 1951; Lynen & Koenigsberger, 1950, 1951; Oesper, 1950; Hill & Morales, 1950, 1951)], and as such far from complete.
Film resistances in rectification. II
Authors: Storrow J. Anderson 
Published: July 2010

AbstractData from the rectification of ethanol–water mixtures in a wetted‐wall column have been analysed using measured values for the diffusion coefficient of ethanol in the liquid phase. The data from differential measurements of the concentration distribution cannot be correlated satisfactorily but the liquid‐film resistance appears to depend on a function of the Hatta group magnified image confirming the conclusions of Chari & Storrow for data on methanol–water mixtures.
Sodium benzoate and other metal benzoates as corrosion‐inhibitors in water and in aqueous solutions
Authors: Wormwell F. , Mercer A. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSodium benzoate has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of the corrosion of mild steel in distilled water, a moderately hard mains‐water and very dilute (e.g. 0·03%) sodium chloride solutions. The concentration of benzoate required for inhibition is greater (0·5%) for machined than for emeried surfaces (0·1% in favourable conditions) and for mains water or chloride solutions (1·0 or 1·5%) as compared with distilled water (0·5%).Movement of the solution, or saturation with oxygen, assists inhibition, but a pH below 6 causes breakdown. Comparisons with sodium chromate show that sodium benzoate is less efficient; it is, however, a ‘safe’ inhibitor since it does not lead to intense localized corrosion when the concentration is just below the minimum for protection. The following benzoates have also been shown to possess inhibitive properties: potassium, lithium, zinc and magnesium. Zinc is partly, and copper and aluminium completely, protected in 0·05% sodium benzoate solution at room temperature.An unusually high rate of hydrogen gas evolution occurs in dilute sodium chloride solutions containing insufficient sodium benzoate for complete inhibition. A tentative explanation is suggested. The detailed mechanism of the protective action of sodium benzoate is not yet established, but electrode‐potential measurements and film‐stripping experiments provide evidence for the view that anodio inhibition produces and maintains a continuous film. Electron‐diffraction examination of the stripped film has so far yielded definite evidence of γ‐ferric oxide (or Fe3O4) only.
The prevention of corrosion in packaging. II. Temporary protecttves from rubber latex and other aqueous dispersions
Authors: Stroud E. G. , Vernon W. H. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMetal articles can be given a strippable protective coating by dipping in cold concentrated rubber latex (preferably vulcanized) in which a corrosion‐inhibitor, compatible with the latex, is incorporated. Sodium benzoate is effective for this purpose for steel and certain other metals under adverse conditions of storage or transport. The sodium salts of certain other carboxylic acids may also be used. The best all‐round protection (embracing cast iron, solder, tinplate and non‐ferrous metals except cadmium and magnesium) is afforded by sodium benzoate with a smaller proportion of sodium nitrite.Protective films which, however, are hard and generally non‐strippable, may also be obtained by the addition of benzoate to emulsions of other organic high polymers such as polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride and copolymers.
Essential oils of New Zealand podocarpaceae. I. Dacrydium colensoi
Authors: Briasco J. D. , Murray J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe essential oil of Dacrydium colensoi has been fractionated in an efficient column and is shown to contain at least 16 constituents. Ten of these have been identified with known compounds, namely, α‐pinene, myrcene, limonene, terpinolene, longifolene, (?) muurolene, cadinene, macrocarpol, phyllocladene and isophyllocladene. Other constituents include a sesquiterpene similar to aromadendrene and one of the cadalene type. The status of ‘cadinene’ is discussed.
The assessment of specific surface by single‐observation photo‐extinction methods
Authors: Rose H. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn previous papers, it has been shown that owing to the variation of the ‘extinction coefficient’ with particle size the specific surface of a powder, as determined from the measurement of the total extinction of a suspension of the material, is subject to errors of considerable magnitude.Thus, the convenient method based upon a single measurement of the opacity of the suspension is unsatisfactory where results of even moderate accuracy are required and recourse must then be made to the tedious method in which a size‐frequency curve is obtained and the specific surface is then calculated from these data.In the present paper empirical expressions are derived whereby a value of specific surface in close agreement with that obtained from a size‐frequency analysis may be obtained from a single measurement of the opacity of a suspension of the powder.
The influence of soap‐phase structure on some physical properties of lithium greases
Authors: Evans D. , Hutton J. F. , Matthews J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA calorimeter and technique for the differential thermal analysis of soap‐oil systems such as greases are described. Results are given for the temperatures and latent heats of the phase transformations which occur in grease systems made from lithium stearate, lithium 12‐hydroxystearate, or mixtures of these two soaps, and a hydrocarbon lubricating oil. Estimates of the solubilities of the soaps in the oil as functions of temperature have been made on the basis of the latent‐heat data.Lithium greases have been prepared, varying the temperature conditions during their preparation so that the soap fibres present in the final greases were grown while the system existed in different phase structures. The hardness and the resistance to oil separation are found to be determined by the soap phase existing during the growth of the fibres; this is attributed to the influence of the soap phase structure on the shape and size of the fibres produced.
The chromatographic purification of inorganic salts on activated alumina
Authors: Lister B. A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolutions of zinc, cadmium, manganese, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium salts and of ammonium and sodium tungstates have been freed from trace impurities of iron, copper, silver and lead by one passage through a column packed with activated alumina. In most cases, the contamination in the resulting solutions is below the limits of polarographic or photometric analysis.
Two‐line‐pair nomograph for non‐parallel working curves in spectrographic evaluation
Authors: Flounders J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNomographic evaluation of the two‐line‐pair method of spectrographic analysis [Sanders (1948) and Argyle & Price (1948)] is here extended, by a simple geometric construction, to include non‐parallel working curves such as are obtained when a neutral filter is not used.
On the thermal decomposition of dolomite. IV.thermogravimetric investigation of the dolomite decomposition
Authors: Haul R. A. W. , Markus J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe thermal decomposition of dolomite at various constant temperatures and carbon dioxide pressures has been investigated by the ‘loss‐of‐weight method.’ Depending on these conditions, dolomite can be decomposed either stepwise to magnesium oxide and calcium carbonate (‘half‐burnt dolomite’) with subsequent dissociation of calcium carbonate, or in a single stage to both magnesium oxide and calcium oxide. It is most significant that partial decomposition is independent of the carbon dioxide pressure occurring within the same narrow temperature range, about 680°. If the ambient carbon dioxide pressure is lowered below the dissociation pressure of calcite corresponding to this temperature, then decomposition curves are shifted to lower temperatures. The second stage of the step‐wise decomposition occurs at increasingly higher temperatures with increased carbon dioxide pressure. However, complete decomposition becomes progressively more difficult owing to remaining calcium carbonate. A reaction mechanism of the thermal decomposition of dolomite is propounded based on these thermogravimetric results in conjunction with thermodynamic calculations and X‐ray studies.
The oxidation of carbon by air. I. Catalysis in the oxidation of carbon black by air
Authors: Patai Saul , Hoffmann E. , Rajbenbach L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe oxidation of carbon black by air in a closed system was studied at 367°, in the presence of ten different potassium salts, and of the chlorides of six different metals. The reaction follows overall second‐order kinetics. The apparent activation energy of the air oxidation of carbon black is 24·7 kcal. / mole; this figure is reduced to 22·3 and 15·6 kcal. by the presence of potassium chloride and potassium carbonate respectively. An explanation is presented for the catalytic action of halogenides; the formation of an oxygenated intermediate from the halogenide anion is assumed, which can thus act as an oxygen carrier.
Solvent extraction of phenol from coal‐tar hydrocarbons: The use of glycerol, triethylene glycol and their aqueous solutions as solvents
Authors: Cumming A. P. C. , Morton F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTernary solubility data for the systems glycerol‐phenol‐hydrocarbons and triethylene glycolphenol‐hydrocarbons at 20°, 40° and 60° and phase‐equilibrium data for the same systems are presented. The hydrocarbon fraction used, prepared from a high‐temperature tar, had a boiling range 173–180° and was free from phenols and bases. It is shown that the addition of water to glycerol reduces the efficiency of the separation, but with triethylene glycol a limited addition gives an improved product. The data are compared with published data for the system 70% methanol‐water‐hydrocarbon‐phenol, which is the basis of the Metasolvan process.
The determination of fluorine in polytetrafluoroethylene
Authors: Haslam J. , Whettem S. M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method has been developed for the determination of fluorine in polytetrafluoroethylene. In this method the sample is fused with sodium peroxide in a Parr bomb and the aqueous extract of the melt is distilled with perchloric acid in the presence of silica. The fluoride in the distillate is titrated at a controlled pH of 3·0 with thorium nitrate solution using sodium alizarinsulphonate as indicator; the end‐point in the titration is determined by comparison with a colour standard containing thorium fluoride, cobalt sulphate and potassium dichromate. The thorium nitrate is standardized against pure sodium fluoride which has been submitted to the peroxide fusion and perchloric acid distillation process.
Pyrazolyltetrazoles
Authors: Scott F. L. , O'Donovan D. G. , Reilly J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe prototype of a new class of tetrazoles, the 5‐1′‐pyrazolyls, has been synthesized. This substance, 5‐3′: 5′‐dimethyl‐1′‐pyrazolyltetrazole, in its reactions with the halogens substitutes in the 4‐position of the 1:2‐diazole ring without displacement of the 1‐5′‐tetrazolyl substituent.Reduction of azidonitroamidine to the monoazide of diaminoguanidine, followed by cyclization, could lead to 5‐hydrazinotetrazole, the starting point in the above pyrazole synthesis. With even the weakly basic reducing agents used, however, nitroguanidine resulted.When hydrazine and some of its derivatives (namely phenylhydrazine and 4:4‐diphenylsemicarbazide) were used, hydrazinolysis occurred. With other hydrazines, e.g. semicarbazide hydrochloride, methylhydrazine sulphate, 2:4‐dinitrophenylsemicarbazide and 2‐quinolylhydrazine, anomalous results are obtained. With 2:4‐dinitrophenyl‐ or p‐nitrophenyl‐hydrazines no reaction resulted.