bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Considerations for Special Populations
Authors: Stone T. Howard , Horton Heather H. , Pestronk Robert M. , Ransom Montrece M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on laws that pertain to special populations and their public health needs. It is divided into sections, each focused on a special population. “Special populations” refer to persons with mental disabilities; persons involved with the criminal justice system; homeless persons; children, including children who may be disproportionately affected by disparities in public health-related intervention; and undocumented immigrants. The chapter is divided into sections, each beginning with a case study of a member of a special population and his or her public health needs. Analysis of the pertinent legal issues follows each case study. Each section closes with practice pointers that incorporate the pertinent legal issues in the context of the case study.
Environmental Health and Protection
Authors: Locke Paul A. , Falk Henry , Kochtitzky Christopher S. , Bump Christine P. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter provides a context for the practice of environmental health law. Public health law practitioners in the field of environmental health are faced with a complex legal landscape. Environmental health law spans portions of both the field of environmental protection and public health law. Public health laws traditionally have provided noncoercive authorities to state, local, and federal agencies and are useful in building an evidence base for change and fostering partnerships for cooperative ventures. In contrast, environmental protection laws are media-based and provide strong coercive authorities to federal and state agencies pursuing environmental health improvement. Attorneys pursuing environmental health improvement efforts have at their disposal a broad and extensive set of legal tools that, when deployed appropriately, are adaptable to address most of today's environmental health problems.
Sexual Orientation and Violent Victimization: Hate Crimes and Intimate Partner Violence among Gay and Bisexual Males in the United States
Authors: Herek Gregory M. , Sims Charles 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides a review of the data regarding the prevalence and correlates of violent victimization among gay and bisexual men in the United States. It specifically focuses on the well-recognized problem of anti-gay violence (hate crimes) and the much less studied and discussed problem of intimate partner violence in male same-sex couples. It shows that gay and bisexual men are at increased risk for violent victimization due to their sexual orientation and of intimate partner violence, compared to heterosexual men. The strengths and limitations of the available data are considered and future directions for research are suggested. The chapter also describes governmental and community-based efforts that have been taken to reduce anti-gay violence (hate crimes) and intimate partner violence in male same-sex couples.
Prevalence of Primary Mental Health Morbidity and Suicide Symptoms among Gay and Bisexual Men
Authors: Cochran Susan D. , Mays Vickie M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the data regarding the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and suicide risk among gay and bisexual men in the United States. It begins by examining the methodological underpinnings of research on gay and bisexual men's health and mental health. It then provides an in-depth review of the evidence for health disparities affecting gay and bisexual men for a range of psychiatric disorders including depression and other affective disorders, anxiety disorders, and suicide symptoms. The chapter discusses the role of social context as one explanation for the increased prevalence of mental health disorders among gay and bisexual men, including the effects of homophobia and discrimination. It ends with recommendations for future research.
Sexually Transmitted Infections among Gay and Bisexual Men
Authors: Valdiserri Ronald O. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides a overview of prevalent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among gay and bisexual men. Descriptive epidemiology is presented for bacterial (gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia), viral (human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus, and human herpes virus 8), and enteric STDs. It discusses various factors responsible for disparate rates of STDs among MSM and identifies promising approaches for resolving disparities, including enhanced surveillance, improved and expanded testing and treatment services, and enhanced community-based responses to STDs among gay and bisexual men.
Health Disparities for Homosexual Youth: The Children Left Behind
Authors: Remafedi Gary 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides a systematic review of the experiences of gay and bisexual adolescents and youth in the United States that affect physical and mental health. It begins by addressing methodological issues in research. The bulk of the chapter provides a thorough overview of the causes, epidemiology, and disparities associated with common problems experienced by young gay and bisexual men including school problems, running away, homelessness, prostitution, substance abuse, suicide risk, eating disorders, and other risk behaviors and threats affecting health. The chapter then reviews what is known about promising responses to resolving the health disparities experienced by gay and bisexual adolescent boys and young men. It concludes by providing a vision for future that has direct implications for research, programs, and policy.
The Unique Experiences of Older Gay and Bisexual Men: Associations with Health and Well-Being
Authors: Grossman Arnold H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews the experiences of older gay and bisexual men that affect physical and mental health. It discusses the unique experiences of older adults who lived during a time when homosexuality was much less visible and accepted. It discusses the effects of being a double minority (being old and gay or bisexual) and the consequences of hiding or disclosing sexual orientation. The current state of the field is reviewed and data from research on the physical and mental health of older gay and bisexual men in the United States are discussed. The chapter ends with a review of health care barriers experienced by older gay and bisexual men, and provides recommendations for future efforts to improve the health and well-being of this population.
Access to Optimal Care among Gay and Bisexual Men: Identifying Barriers and Promoting Culturally Competent Care
Authors: Ramchand Rajeev , Fox Claude Earl 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses a variety of issues that impact access to optimal health care for gay and bisexual men in the United States. Special consideration is given to health insurance coverage and health insurance discrimination among gay and bisexual men. A discussion of domestic partner benefits highlights the role of legally-sanctioned partnerships and access to health insurance. The chapter concludes with specific recommendations for improving the health care environment and communication practices of providers who care for gay and bisexual men, including special populations of gay youth and elderly gay men.
Two Revolutions
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The two revolutions of this chapter's title are the Industrial Revolution that began in England in the late 18th century, and the Epistemological Revolution that is conventionally attributed to the enunciation of the germ theory of disease by Louis Pasteur in France and by Robert Koch in Germany in the last third of the 19th century. This chapter discusses the many ways in which these two revolutions have intertwined and shaped thinking about the health of populations.
Inequality
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines two related issues: (1) the association between inequality and measures of health is shown to be not the same everywhere but is dependent upon the historical and sociocultural context; and (2) the association of the degree of income inequality in a society and life expectancy in that same society is also shown to be context specific. It is argued that the health and mortality of populations are shaped by so many factors that, as in the case of income per capita, so in the case of income inequality, no universally true generalizations are available. To understand the association, or its absence, between inequality and mortality, it is crucial to understand the epidemiological, sociocultural, political, and economic context of the population being observed.
Community
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Many ideas of social capital have found their way into epidemiology, public health, and health care policy, where they have mingled with and provided a new vocabulary for ideas that have long existed. This chapter examines the way the vocabulary has been used at both the primary and secondary group levels in an effort to explain patterns of morbidity and mortality. The results are mixed, for in some instances there are beneficial effects, and in others, no or harmful, effects.
Introduction
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the three issues addressed in this book: (i) the way inherited ideas about industrial growth, economic expansion, social change, and causes of disease have shaped explanations of the health of populations; (ii) the ways in which these inherited ideas have become assimilated to political ideologies that influence how epidemiologic and demographic data are understood, causal inferences made, anomalies ignored, and abstractions drawn; and (iii) the importance of understanding the social context of the populations whose health we study and hope to improve. It then considers two revolutions that have shaped the ways in which the health of populations is usually understood. An overview of the two parts of the book is presented.
Beloved Community and Beyond
Authors: Wills Sr Richard Wayne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses the degree to which King’s optimism was seriously tempered by subsequent signs of a growing political gradualism, the rise of counterproductive race rhetoric, the troubling response to his stand against the Vietnam War, and the plague of continued economic disparities. It discusses the extent to which this social backlash challenged King to rethink the meaning of image of God and its community implications in more eschatological terms. Given the unanticipated complexities of social transformation and the level of resistance encountered, particularly during the latter years of the movement, King was forced to reconsider his theological anthropology and give thought to additional social measure that would have to be instituted during the interim wait for beloved community’s realization.
Nomads and Nationalists in the Eritrean Sahel
Authors: Ghebrekidan Assefaw Tekeste 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents an account of the plight of the people living in the Sahel, one of Eritrea's most inaccessible regions. It describes the devastation wrought by thirty years of war. It recounts experiences serving as a medical cadre among the pastoralist communities, particularly describes the impromptu cooperation between a liberation front and a marginalized population totally unaware of politics.
The Whole Is Greater:How Polio Was Eradicated from the Western Hemisphere
Authors: de Quadros Ciro A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes an account of experiences in immunization programs around the world. It talks about an involvement campaign to eradicate smallpox. It also describes the challenges faced by the author of this chapter as chief advisor for immunizations at the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and head of the team in charge of technical cooperation for the polio eradication campaign. The chapter talks about the eradication of polio in the Americas which was the result of vision, leadership, and appropriate coordination of resources from the various international agencies that supported the program, including civil society. Furthermore, it was based on a clear and technically sound strategy that was implemented by a superb group of technical staff at PAHO.
Small Steps in a Long Journey in Nepal
Authors: Uprety Aruna 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes the strategies and tactics that were employed during an eighteen-year struggle for the right to safe abortion in Nepal. The chapter recalls the passage of the women's rights bill by the vast majority of parliament in 2002. It also identifies the many challenges that remain despite the opening of clinics throughout Nepal that provide safe, legal abortions to women from rural areas.
A Collective Response to the Health Sector Reform in Guatemala
Authors: Cerón Alejandro , Fort Meredith 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes individual experiences during the initial years of the health-sector reform in Guatemala and their collective participation in a coalition of grassroots organizations called the Instancia Nacional de Salud. Instancia Nacional de Salud is a coalition of community-based organizations that responded to the Guatemalan government's top-down health care reform by creating an alternative program that integrated Mayan medicine into a comprehensive primary health-care structure.
Social Marketing and Franchising for Reproductive Health in India
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Gopi , Ukil Paromita 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents a personal account of how Janani, a non-profit Indian society, ingeniously used “free-market” mechanisms to improve access to family planning and abortion in Bihar, India. Janani has made condoms and contraceptives widely available and has become one of the largest public/private networks delivering family planning and reproductive health care in India. In nine years of programming, Janani had averted 5.52 million unwanted births. In 2005 alone, the program protected 1.68 million couples in reproductive union, averting 962,000 births.
Betinho: Celebration of a Life in Brazil
Authors: Galvão Jane 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents a tribute to Herbert de Souza, known to most simply as “Betinho”—well known in Brazil for his efforts to address the prevention and treatment of HIV and AIDS. Betinho founded the Brazilian Interdisciplinary AIDS Association (ABIA) in 1986, a nongovernmental, nonprofit organization intended to take action against the spread of the epidemic by creating awareness of the disease and mobilizing Brazilian society as well as by advocating for the rights of people living with AIDS.
Finance and Funding
Authors: Barr Nicholas , Diamond Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFinance and funding are controversial topics. This chapter discusses the pros and cons of relying on dedicated revenue; how to measure the financial position of pensions, including the difference between implicit and explicit debt; the relationships among funding, national saving, and economic growth; and the proper methodology for comparing the returns from PAYG and funded systems. The chapter also discusses some analytical errors.
Gender and Family
Authors: Barr Nicholas , Diamond Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWages, hours of work, and labor force participation differ across men and women, as do pensions. The issue of pension differences for men and women is framed in this chapter. The chapter also discusses the different effects on men and women of annual taxes on earnings. Pension issues related to gender, including survivor pensions, are discussed towards the end of the chapter. The final section offers some conclusions.
Implementing Pensions
Authors: Barr Nicholas , Diamond Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter first sets out the tasks that a government must be able to carry out if a pension reform is to succeed, tasks that clearly vary with the type of pension system. It then describes the capacities that private pension providers need to have to implement voluntary or mandatory individual accounts effectively—that is, to ensure that the supply side is working well. Next the chapter considers the demand side of the market for individual accounts, notably the extent to which workers are well informed about the decisions they need to make, about the characteristics of different pension arrangements, and about the quality of different pension providers.
International Diversity and Change
Authors: Barr Nicholas , Diamond Peter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter first discusses some of the reasons why pension systems today rightly look different from systems fifty years ago. It then considers developments in pension systems and their design and economic and political responses to long-term trends. Policy errors are discussed as well. The chapter goes on to offer brief descriptions of a number of pension systems, including those of Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Chile, China, Hungary, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Singapore, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States, to illustrate the wide variety of possible choices.
China: Potential Directions for Reform
Authors: Barr Nicholas , Diamond Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter sets out a series of recommendations to strengthen the pension system of China in ways compatible with China's capacity to implement reforms effectively. It first discusses overall structure and administration. It then considers options for the basic pension, individual accounts, and voluntary pensions, respectively. The chapter also discusses issues connected with the age of retirement, and finally it considers ways of extending coverage to more of the population.
Operational Aspects of Epidemiologic Field Investigations
Authors: Goodman Richard A. , Hadler James L. , Vugia Duc J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes certain critical operational and management principles that apply before, during, and after the field work. These principles encompass the basic steps of: determining whether additional persons from outside the jurisdiction should be invited in; initiating an invitation; evaluating and responding to an invitation; preparing for the investigation through collaboration and consultation; developing and issuing basic administrative instructions prior to departure to the field; and initiating, implementing, and addressing the aftermath of the field investigation. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of selected emerging developments in the operational approach to field investigations.
Using a Computer for Field Investigations
Authors: Dean Andrew G. , Beck-Sagué Consuelo M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the use of computers for field investigations. Computers require an investment of technical skill and setup time that must be balanced against the anticipated increase in quantity and quality of output. Computers are most useful for: tasks that are clearly defined and that will be done many times in the same way; rapid computation or counting involving large numbers of similar records; tasks matching the capabilities of existing software; numerically intensive calculations; accurate retention of details; and investigators who have used the same system before.
Analyzing and Interpreting Data
Authors: Dicker Richard C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe purpose of many field investigations is to identify causes, risk factors, sources, vehicles, routes of transmission, or other factors that put some members of the population at greater risk than others of having an adverse health event. In some field investigations, identifying a “culprit” is sufficient; if the culprit can be eliminated, the problem is solved. In other field settings, the goal is to quantify the relationship between exposure (or any population characteristic) and a health outcome. Quantifying this relationship may lead not only to appropriate interventions but also to advances in knowledge about disease causation. Both types of field investigation require appropriate analytical methods. This chapter describes the strategy for planning an analysis, methods for conducting the analysis, and guidelines for interpreting the results.
Investigations in Health-Care Settings
Authors: Jarvis William R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe term health-care setting refers to hospitals, rehabilitative centers, transitional care, ambulatory care, outpatient, private physicians' offices, free-standing clinics, dialysis centers, long-term acute care, long-term care facilities, and homes where health care is being delivered. Investigations of outbreaks in these settings require special attention and differ from community outbreaks in several ways. This chapter prepares field epidemiologists for field investigations in health-care settings. It highlights the differences between conducting a community investigation and one confined to a health-care facility or setting where health care is being delivered. The emphasis is on how to find the information needed and how to use data and resources that are generally readily available only in health-care settings.
Field Investigations of Environmental Epidemics
Authors: Etzel Ruth A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Environmental epidemics are disease clusters linked to three main categories of agents: (a) pollutants and chemicals such as lead, mercury, and ozone, (b) useful commercial products that enter our environment and may have health implications, such as pesticides and herbicides, and (c) natural toxins that are part of our everyday life, such as toxins produced by molds and dust mites. This chapter describes some of the key considerations when conducting field investigations of environmental disease clusters. An evaluation of a reported disease cluster includes four distinct stages: (i) collection of preliminary information; (ii) verification using preexisting records; (iii) full case ascertainment; and (iv) epidemiologic study.
Field Investigations of Occupational Disease and Injury
Authors: Halperin William , Trout Douglas 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses field investigations of occupational disease and injury. The area of occupational disease and injury is a highly challenging and difficult world that requires not only great operational and technical skills, but, in may ways for the field epidemiologist, a very different mindset. Preparations for the investigations, kinds of studies in the workplace, and sources of information are discussed.
Field Investigations From the State and Local Health Department Perspective
Authors: Davis Jeffrey P. , Birkhead Guthrie S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWorking and networking diligently with colleagues and appropriately communicating ideas and information across jurisdictional lines and between scientific disciplines are keys to the success of state and local field epidemiologic activities. However, epidemiologists should be aware of certain critical factors that can provide new insights into the conduct of even the most routine investigations and related activities. This chapter presents a framework for investigations in this field and discusses issues in state and local surveillance. The conduct of field epidemiologic investigations and surveillance activities by state and local health department staff and their partners occurs within a framework that involves: understanding state and local laws and codes; awareness of personnel and resource constraints; effective collaboration, networking, and information sharing; maximizing information transfer and appropriate incorporation of technologic advances; sensitivity to local, state, and federal political issues that are germane to field epidemiologists; and cooperative and productive working relationships using print and electronic media.