bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 and Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 in equine squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in a Connemara mare
Authors: KAINZBAUER C. , RUSHTON J. , TOBER R. , SCASE T. , NELL B. , SYKORA S. , BRANDT S. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryIn January 2010, 18 months after excision of an ocular squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), a Connemara mare presented with anorexia and periorbital/parotideal lesions. Post mortem examination revealed these lesions as forming one entity, with 2 additional growths in the retropharyngeal region and the left jugular groove, respectively. The lesions were confirmed histopathologically as SCCs. Using PCR, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 2008 and 2010, tumour tissue, intact skin and vulval mucosa were screened for Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV‐2) and bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 (BPV‐1/2) DNA. Whereas PBMCs from 2008 scored negative, EcPV‐2 DNA was present in PBMCs and SCCs from 2010. Furthermore, reverse transcription PCR revealed EcPV‐2 E6 transcripts in these samples. BPV‐1/2 DNA, but not RNA, was demonstrated in the periorbital/parotideal mass, the SCC of the jugular groove, vulval mucosa and intact skin, but not in the pharyngeal SCC and PBMCs. Sequencing revealed a 99% similarity of EcPV‐2 amplicons with the published EcPV‐2 sequence. BPV‐1/2 amplicons corresponded to BPV type 1. This report is the first to describe co‐presence of BPV‐1 and EcPV‐2 DNA in a pony affected by an uncommon form of nongenital SCC, and the detection of EcPV‐2 transcripts in lesions and PBMCs.
Synoviocoeles associated with the tarsal sheath: Description of the lesion and treatment in 15 horses
Authors: MINSHALL G. J. , WRIGHT I. M. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study: To describe the presentation, clinical, ultrasonographic and endoscopic features associated with a defect in the tarsal sheath wall, to define the cavity created and to describe a method of treatment.Hypothesis: So called ‘false thoroughpins’ can be caused by defects in the tarsal sheath wall creating a one way valve effect, removal of which could be therapeutic.Methods: Case records and diagnostic images of horses with synoviocoeles associated with the tarsal sheath were reviewed retrospectively and follow‐up information obtained.Results: Synoviocoeles were diagnosed in 15 horses. All were managed similarly and 10 horses had clinical resolution and returned to work.Conclusion: Terminology previously used to describe lesions involving the tarsal sheath does not define accurately the condition described and the term synoviocoele is recommended. Endoscopic enlargement of the sheath wall defect produced good clinical results in 10/15 horses.Potential relevance: Clinicians should include synoviocoele in the list of differential diagnoses of fluid filled cavities associated with the tarsal sheath and should consider endoscopic surgery as a treatment modality.
Disease prevalence in geriatric horses in the United Kingdom: Veterinary clinical assessment of 200 cases
Authors: IRELAND J. L. , CLEGG P. D. , McGOWAN C. M. , McKANE S. A. , CHANDLER K. J. , PINCHBECK G. L. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:Geriatric horses (aged ≥15 years) represent a substantial proportion of the equine population, yet few studies have investigated the prevalence of diseases within this population in the UK.Objectives:To describe the findings of veterinary clinical examination of 200 geriatric horses and ponies in north west England and north Wales, and to assess the effect of animal age and type (horse or pony) on the presence or absence of clinical signs and veterinary diagnosed health problems.Methods:From responses to a cross‐sectional postal questionnaire survey of owners of geriatric horses (n = 918/1144), 200 horses were randomly selected to receive a veterinary clinical examination covering the major body systems.Results:Twenty‐six percent of animals were overweight (body condition score, BCS, >3/5) and 4.5% were underweight (BCS <2/5). Seventy‐one percent had a dermatological abnormality and 22% displayed hirsutism or abnormal moulting. Ophthalmic lesions frequently identified included vitreous degeneration (66.0%), cataracts (58.5%) and senile retinopathy (33.7%). The prevalence of cardiac murmurs was 20%. Whilst only 7.5% of animals had a spontaneous cough during the examination, 18.5% had some form of nasal discharge and 22% had abnormalities on thoracic auscultation at rest. Following rebreathing, 13.6% developed marked abnormalities consistent with lower airway disease. When assessed at walk, 18.6% were lame on at least one limb, while 50.5% were lame in trot. The majority of animals (83.5%) had a reduction in range of motion in at least one joint. Eighty percent of animals had hoof abnormalities. Dental abnormalities were identified in 95.4% of animals, with cheek teeth diastemata, excessive wear/cupped out teeth and focal overgrowths the most frequently identified conditions.Conclusions and potential relevance:This study has identified many prevalent clinical signs of disease in geriatric horses. Description of the most prevalent health problems and further identification of risk factors for these conditions will aid in targeted improvements in veterinary care, owner education and welfare.
Sociobiology and social psychology—Rivalry or symbiosis? The explanation of altruism
Authors: Vine Ian 
Published: June 2011

Edward O. Wilson (1975) proposed to make sociobiology the core of a ‘new synthesis’ for the study of social behaviour. In general this project has met with either indifference or hostility from students of human nature and society working within the established disciplines, despite the prima facie attractions of developing a genuinely interdisciplinary biosocial science of the person, as both organism and agent.In an attempt to show that there is no fundamental incompatibility between sociobiology and disciplines such as psychology, the essential features of sociobiological theory are outlined, focusing on the concept of ‘inclusive fitness’ and its implications for an understanding of human altruism. It is argued that accounts of the psychological bases of altruism need not be incompatible with sociobiological analyses; and that our most typical forms of behavioural altruism may well involve motivational systems which do normally operate to serve adaptive functions for the individual, even if these can sometimes be overridden. In principle, sociobiological and psychological analyses of human altruism can be developed in parallel, with each providing a useful corrective for the excesses of the other, and stimulating more productive theorizing and more effective empirical research.
Belfast children's awareness of violent death
Authors: McWhirter Liz , Young Valerie , Majury Juanita 
Published: June 2011

Although violent deaths due to the Northern Ireland civil strife receive wide publicity, up to three times as many people are killed in road accidents, and death‐rate statistics reveal that natural causes predominate. Against this backcloth the study explores development of the death concept in Belfast children (n=200).A disguised test technique was supplemented by more probing questions. Subject variables were age (five groups from 3 years 8 months to 15 years 8 months), sex, verbal ability, religious denomination, and place of residence.Vocabulary scores were significantly related to conceptual level for the 7‐ and 13‐year‐olds only. More advanced definitions were given by the 4‐year‐olds living in the ‘troubled’ areas, by both groups of 13‐year‐old Protestants and by the 15‐year‐old Protestants living in the ‘less troubled’ areas. Overall, the children attributed death more often to sickness than to accidents or to violence; just as frequently to heart disease and to old age as to explosions and shootings and more often to road accidents and to cancer than to specific local violence. These attributions quite accurately reflect the total objective situation, and suggest that violence is not a salient dimension for the children of the area.
Cynical boys, determined girls? Success and failure anxiety in British adolescents
Authors: Weinreich‐Haste Helen 
Published: June 2011

Fifteen‐year‐old British adolescents of both sexes were presented with success or failure story cues, in sex‐appropriate and sex‐inappropriate fields of endeavour. Responses were analysed to establish the extent and nature of ‘motive to avoid success’. The effects of cue variables (sex appropriateness, success versus failure), sex‐role attitude, locus of control, social class and maternal employment were explored.It was found that boys were generally more negative, predicting failure and demonstrating anxiety in various ways. Girls were generally more positive, more likely to predict success outcomes, and tended to treat the obstacles to girls' achievement as challenges to be overcome. They tended to show a realistic appreciation of the problems likely to be encountered rather than anxiety or a motive to avoid success.
Strategies for linking individual psychology and social structure: Interdisciplinary and cross‐disciplinary social psychology
Authors: Taylor Marylee C. , Johnson Michael P. 
Published: June 2011

Exploring relationships between individual psychology and social structure is taken to be the critical task of social psychology. Two alternate strategies for accomplishing this task are identified. The interdisciplinary strategy, embodied in the interpretive sociologies, develops a unified body of research and theory concerned with interaction, a phenomenon that exists at the intersection of psychology and sociology, and forms a bridge between them. The cross‐disciplinary strategy examines relationships between psychological and social‐structural variables.A review of relevant literature embodying each of these strategies suggests that the limits and liabilities of each are partially checked and remedied by the advantages and strengths of the other. The interdisciplinary strategy has the advantage of theoretical coherence, but as currently practised it tends to underemphasize social‐structural issues. The cross‐disciplinary strategy gives social structure its due but often ignores mediational processes and suffers from theoretical as well as professional fragmentation. A social psychology containing interdisciplinary and cross‐disciplinary enterprises, both operating in concert with ‘psychological social psychology’, can provide the strongest base for understanding the mutual dependence of individual psychology and social structure.
The significance of social identities
Authors: Duveen Gerard , Lloyd Barbara 
Published: June 2011

Common‐sense meanings of the ‘individual’ and the ‘social’ are examined emphasizing the fallacy of viewing them as denoting separate entities given in nature. The concept of social representations is used to explain the construction of these categories in terms of the particular systems of values, ideas and practices of different societies. The concept of social identity marks the individual‐social interface interpreted as the construction of individuals in relation to the social representations of significant groups in their society.The earliest constructions of a social identity are traced in the domain of gender because this is a ubiquitous feature of social life, involving the differentiation of only two groups; they are obligatory and use physical differences to provide the signifiers in a semiotic system of social representations. Empirical evidence is reviewed showing that the development of a social gender identity is a complex process and involves many aspects of children's activity slowly coming to be regulated by the particular social representation of gender dominant in their society.
Constructing emotions: Weaving meaning from memories
Authors: Kippax Susan , Crawford June , Benton Pam , Gault Una , Noesjirwan Jenny 
Published: June 2011

This paper is in three sections—theory, method and data. We consider that emotions are socially constructed, and begin with an interpretation of social constructionism as it applies to emotion. The conclusion drawn from the analysis of theories from a variety of disciplines is that it is important to incorporate and extend the notion of appraisal into a study of emotion. This notion is prominent in the cognitive approach and the social constructionist approach allows the cognitive and social views of emotion to be integrated.This approach enabled us to examine the process whereby individuals engage with each other, and hence with the social structures, in their construction of emotions. We employed a method ‘memory‐work’ which uses written memories as source material. This is discussed at some length since it is integrated within a theory of socialization which is closely related to social constructionism.Finally, we present an analysis of some data which illustrate and demonstrate the processes involved in constructing emotion. Our work confirms and extends the social constructionist view. Paradoxically, in highlighting the notion of agency, we stress the essentially social nature of the individual and overcome some of the problems which arise in methods which examine only the individual or the society.
Effect of semantic valence on implicit causality of verbs
Authors: Franco Fabia , Arcuri Luciano 
Published: June 2011

This work studied the relationship between language and causal attribution. A first aim was to replicate an experiment by Fiedler & Semin (1988) using Italian instead of German; it was found that, when antecedent and consequent of an interpersonal event are inferred, attributions are made to the sentence subject or object according to the type of verb used in the target sentence. A second aim was to test the hypothesis that other variables might affect the attribution of causality, namely, negativity of semantic valence of verb, syntactic form and gender of actors.Fifty‐three subjects (males and females) were given a questionnaire containing 32 items; each item was a subject—verb—object sentence describing an interpersonal event, the antecedent and consequent of which had to be inferred.Results indicate that Fiedler & Semin's effect also is present with the Italian language. Nevertheless, a significant position × verb × valence interaction reveals that, in inferring the antecedent, the effect does not show for verbs with positive semantic valence.
The roles of outcome satisfaction and comparison alternatives in envy
Authors: Smith Richard H. , Diener Ed , Garonzik Ron 
Published: June 2011

We examined the perception of envy using an approach patterned after Thibaut & Kelley's (1959) analysis of outcome evaluations. Subjects read scenarios about a hypothetical target person who had experienced an apparent setback. The target person was described as either satisfied or dissatisfied with this outcome by virtue of it either matching or falling short of expectations (comparison level). In addition, the target person was shown to have either enjoyed a recent success or to have suffered a recent failure in an alternative domain. Finally, the target person encountered a comparison person who had either suffered a similar setback or who had experienced a success in the same domain. Subjects rated how envious they would feel if, hypothetically, they were the target person depicted in the story. As predicted, subjects gave more intense ratings of envy in reaction to the advantaged comparison person when the target person was dissatisfied (outcomes below comparison level) compared to when the target person was satisfied (outcomes matching comparison level). Furthermore, subjects expressed more envy when the target person had experienced a failure in an alternative domain compared to when the target person had experienced a success in an alternative domain. Some theoretical implications of the results are discussed.No doubt there are few positions in life that do not throw together some persons who are there by virtue of failure and other persons who are there by virtue of success. In this sense, the dead are sorted but not segregated, and continue to walk among the living. (Goffman, 1952, p. 463)
Charity advertising: For or against people with a mental handicap?
Authors: Eayrs Caroline B. , Ellis Nick 
Published: June 2011

This research investigated whether it is possible for charity advertising campaigns to stimulate donations successfully as well as to represent people with disabilities as valued human beings. Thirty‐eight subjects were required to rank 10 MENCAP posters along 15 bipolar constructs using a variation of the Q sort procedure. Constructs included feelings such as pity, guilt and sympathy, constructive helping behaviours such as giving money and time, and perceptions such as having rights, value and capabilities.Correlational, cluster and factor analyses suggest that images which elicit the greatest commitment to give money are those most closely associated with feelings of guilt, sympathy and pity and are negatively associated with posters which illustrate people with a mental handicap as having the same rights, value and capability as non‐handicapped persons. The implications of these findings with regard to advertising and the principle of normalization (social role valorization) are discussed.
Children's experiences of the Children's Hearing System: A preliminary study of anxiety
Authors: Howells Lesley A. L. , Furnell James R. G. , Puckering Christine , Harris John 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. This study attempted systematic assessment of children's experience of anxiety before, during and after a hearing within the Scottish Children's Hearing System, together with possible maladaptive effects of such anxiety during a Hearing and causes of any anxiety. It was hypothesized that, firstly, children would experience different levels of anxiety before, during and after the Hearing compared with a comparison group of children who did not attend a Hearing; secondly, anxiety within a Hearing would vary with the age of the child; and thirdly, participation in the Hearing proceedings would also vary with anxiety level.Methods. Experimental participants were 47 children attending a Children's Panel Hearing. A semi‐structured interview was undertaken and questionnaires administered including the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (for participants up to 12 years), the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (for participants over 13 years), and the Faces scales, all with each participant immediately before and after his or her appearance at a Hearing. Hearings were observed to record behavioural indicators of child anxiety and participation. The questionnaire measures were also completed by a normative comparison group of schoolchildren.Results. Children attending Hearings experienced higher mean levels of State (transient) anxiety and negative affect, before and during Hearing proceedings. Negative correlations were demonstrated between state anxiety and participation in Hearings by older attenders. Attenders were concerned the Hearing would have a negative outcome for them; specifically, that they would be ‘sent away from home’.Conclusions. Research using child‐orientated methodology can be undertaken in the Hearing setting. The results suggest children experience anxiety before and during Hearings, with important implications for the preparation and support of child attenders at Hearings.
Antisocial personality disorder: An evolutionary game theory analysis
Authors: Colman Andrew M. , Wilson J. Clare 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. To develop a multi‐person evolutionary game, with population replicator dynamics based on the payoffs of the Chicken (Hawk‐Dove) game, to model Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), and to offer an explanation for the relatively stable prevalence of APD in widely diverse societies despite increasing resources devoted to reducing antisocial behaviour.Methods. Beginning with a basic two‐person game, a multi‐person evolutionary model is developed. According to the model, changes in the frequency of APD in the population depend on frequency‐dependent Darwinian selection or a form of social evolution that mimics it.Results. The population evolves to a stable equilibrium with a fixed proportion of individuals habitually behaving antisocially, and with suitable payoffs the proportion of antisocial individuals corresponds to the known prevalence of APD. An unexpected result of the analysis is the finding that the prevalence is necessarily low when the relative gain from behaving antisocially towards a cooperator is very much smaller than the relative loss to the cooperator.Conclusion. The model provides an evolutionary game‐theoretic explanation for the low but stable prevalence of APD. If the evolutionary mechanism is social rather than biological, then removing increasing numbers of antisocial individuals from society will result in others taking their places, and the population will return to the equilibrium point.
Remediating anger and aggression with violent offenders
Authors: Novaco Raymond W. 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. Interventions for problems of anger and aggression among violent offenders are in their nascency. An overview of existing studies on anger management with violent offenders is given, along with a discussion of the impediments to anger treatment interventions with such clientele. Articles comprising this Special Section are introduced.Argument. Conducting anger treatment with persons who are prone to violence is beset with special challenges, especially for patients who have serious clinical disorder and/or who are in secure settings. In part due to these difficulties of treatment implementation, anger treatment research with violent offenders is sparse and controlled clinical trials are virtually non‐existent. Considerably more needs to be done regarding treatment protocol development for application to seriously disordered persons.Conclusions. Improvements in treatment protocol, the application of an integrated systems approach, and continued acquisition of knowledge concerning intervention implementation will move the field forward. Articles in this Special Section, which present evidence of treatment gains with treatment‐resistant patients, provide direction and encouragement.
Developing programmes for violent offenders
Authors: Howells Kevin , Watt Bruce , Hall Guy , Baldwin Steven 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. The objectives of this paper are to review issues arising in the development of intervention and rehabilitative programmes for violent offenders. The scope of the paper is mainly restricted to programmes within prison and correctional settings.Argument. Relevant literature relating to the development of programmes for violent offenders is reviewed. We argue that a number of preconditions exist for well‐founded programmes. These include an adequate theoretical basis, individual formulation, population needs analysis, breadth of approach, cultural relevance, systemic integration, targeting of programmes and evaluation of outcomes.Conclusions. We conclude that addressing these issues is likely to lead to improved effectiveness in violence prevention.