bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of agricultural subsidies of nutrients and detritus on fish and plankton of shallow‐reservoir ecosystems
Authors: Pilati Alberto , Vanni Michael J. , González María J. , Gaulke Alicia K. 
Published: May 2009

Agricultural activities increase exports of nutrients and sediments to lakes, with multiple potential impacts on recipient ecosystems. Nutrient inputs enhance phytoplankton and upper trophic levels, and sediment inputs can shade phytoplankton, interfere with feeding of consumers, and degrade benthic habitats. Allochthonous sediments are also a potential food source for detritivores, as is sedimenting autochthonous phytodetritus, the production of which is stimulated by nutrient inputs. We examined effects of allochthonous nutrient and sediment subsidies on fish and plankton, with special emphasis on gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum). This widespread and abundant omnivorous fish has many impacts on reservoir ecosystems, including negative effects on water quality via nutrient cycling and on fisheries via competition with sportfish. Gizzard shad are most abundant in agriculturally impacted, eutrophic systems; thus, agricultural subsidies may affect reservoir food webs directly and by enhancing gizzard shad biomass. We simulated agricultural subsidies of nutrients and sediment detritus by manipulating dissolved nutrients and allochthonous detritus in a 2 × 2 factorial design in experimental ponds.Addition of nutrients alone increased primary production and biomass of zooplanktivorous fish (bluegill and young‐of‐year gizzard shad). Addition of allochthonous sediments alone increased algal sedimentation and decreased seston and sediment C:P ratios. Ponds receiving both nutrients and sediments showed highest levels of phytoplankton and total phosphorus. Adult and juvenile gizzard shad biomass was enhanced equally by nutrient or sediment addition, probably because this apparently P‐limited detritivore ingested similar amounts of P in all subsidy treatments. Nutrient excretion rates of gizzard shad were higher in ponds with nutrient additions, where sediments were composed mainly of phytodetritus. Therefore, gizzard shad can magnify the direct effects of nutrient subsidies on phytoplankton production, and these multiple effects must be considered in strategies to manage eutrophication and fisheries in warmwater reservoir lakes where gizzard shad can dominate fish biomass.
Acute and chronic toxicity of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate to the endangered topeka shiner (Notropis topeka) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)
Authors: Adelman Ira R. , Kusilek Luke I. , Koehle Jessica , Hess Jonathan 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Toxicity tests with ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate were conducted on the endangered Topeka shiner (Notropis topeka) to determine if current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) water quality criteria are protective of this species. Results from acute lethal and chronic growth tests are reported for both Topeka shiners and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Embryolarval tests were conducted with only fathead minnows because Topeka shiner embryos were not available. Predicted outcomes for Topeka shiner embryo-larval toxicity endpoints were calculated by comparing relationships between growth tests and embryo-larval tests for fathead minnows and extrapolating those relationships to Topeka shiners. Results show that the U.S. EPA's criterion for total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), 1.24 mg/L when early life stages are present, would be protective, given that our most sensitive result was a predicted maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for Topeka shiners at 5.63 mg/L TAN, calculated from the fathead minnow chronic embryo-larval test. The U.S. EPA's criterion for nitrite (5 mg/L) would not be protective, given that our most sensitive result was a predicted MATC for Topeka shiners of 3.97 mg/L NO2-N, calculated from the fathead minnow chronic embryo-larval test. However, nitrite is generally transient, and unpublished field data show levels far lower than the criterion. Finally, the U.S. EPA's recommendation of a maximum of 90 mg/L NO3-N for the protection of warmwater fishes would protect Topeka shiners but not fathead minnows. For Topeka shiners, the MATC from the 30-d juvenile growth test was 360 mg/L NO3-N, but for fathead minnows, the MATC was 84 mg/L. More field sampling may be needed to determine if levels comply with criteria, especially in Topeka shiner critical habitat.
Effects of Structured Versus Usual Care on Renal Endpoint in Type 2 Diabetes: The SURE Study
Authors: Chan Juliana C. , So Wing-Yee , Yeung Chun-Yip , Ko Gary T. , Lau Ip-Tim , Tsang Man-Wo , Lau Kam-Piu , Siu Sing-Chung , Li June K. , Yeung Vincent T. , Leung Wilson Y. , Tong Peter C. ,   for the SURE Study Group
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE
Multifaceted care has been shown to reduce mortality and complications in type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that structured care would reduce renal complications in type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 205 Chinese type 2 diabetic patients from nine public hospitals who had plasma creatinine levels of 150–350 μmol/l were randomly assigned to receive structured care (n = 104) or usual care (n = 101) for 2 years. The structured care group was managed according to a prespecified protocol with the following treatment goals: blood pressure &lt;130/80 mmHg, A1C &lt;7%, LDL cholesterol &lt;2.6 mmol/l, triglyceride &lt;2 mmol/l, and persistent treatment with renin-angiotensin blockers. The primary end point was death and/or renal end point (creatinine &gt;500 μmol/l or dialysis).

RESULTS
Of these 205 patients (mean ± SD age 65 ± 7.2 years; disease duration 14 ± 7.9 years), the structured care group achieved better control than the usual care group (diastolic blood pressure 68 ± 12 vs. 71 ± 12 mmHg, respectively, P = 0.02; A1C 7.3 ± 1.3 vs. 8.0 ± 1.6%, P &lt; 0.01). After adjustment for age, sex, and study sites, the structured care (23.1%, n = 24) and usual care (23.8%, n = 24; NS) groups had similar end points, but more patients in the structured care group attained ≥3 treatment goals (61%, n = 63, vs. 28%, n = 28; P &lt; 0.001). Patients who attained ≥3 treatment targets (n = 91) had reduced risk of the primary end point (14 vs. 34; relative risk 0.43 [95% CI 0.21–0.86] compared with that of those who attained ≤2 targets (n = 114).

CONCLUSIONS
Attainment of multiple treatment targets reduced the renal end point and death in type 2 diabetes. In addition to protocol, audits and feedback are needed to improve outcomes.
Valence intersubband gain without population inversion
Authors: Pereira Mauro 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Terahertz gain without population inversion is studied in thin III–V semiconductor quantum wells. Nonequilibrium hole populations leading to intervalence gain in the transverse electric mode are investigated. The results are obtained with a Keldysh Nonequilibrium Green’s Functions approach that takes into account bandstructure, manybody and nonequilibrium effects.
Health, well-being and wellness: An anthropological eco-systemic approach
Authors: Kirsten Tiaan G.J.C. , Van der Walt Hannes J.L. , Viljoen Charles T. 
Published: May 2009

More than two decades ago, Fritjof Capra commended - and indeed advocated – a paradigm shift in health science and care. In his book The Turning Point (1982) he talks of a major shift from the preoccupation with micro-organisms to a careful study of the ‘host organism and its environment’, of ‘significant attempts to develop a unified approach to the mind/body system’ in Western medicine, of ‘a new holistic paradigm’ (as opposed to ‘the old biomedical paradigm’) regarding the problem of health and healing, of ‘a holistic and humanistic approach to primary care’, and of ‘a holistic therapy’ as opposed to ‘the traditional biochemical practice of associating a physical disease with a specific physical cause’. Our concern in this article is with the paradigm shift advocated by Capra in this book and the progress that has since been made.OpsommingMeer as twee dekades gelede het Fritjof Capra ‘n pleidooi gelewer vir ‘n paradigmaskuif vanaf die bio- mediese model na ‘n meer holistiese, ekosistemiese model van gesondheid en genesing. Die vraag wat in hierdie artikel aan die orde kom is of praktisyns in die veld van die gesondheidswetenskappe sedertdien daarin geslaag het om die oorgang na die aanbevole paradigma te maak. ‘n Oorsig van die literatuur sedert 1982 toon dat die skuif nog nie regtig gemaak is nie. ‘n Ander literatuuroorsig toon voorts dat die terme ‘gesondheid’, ‘well-being’ en ‘wellness’ as uitruilbaar beskou word en dat hulle betekenisse meermale afhang van die gebruikskonteks. Op grond van hulle bespreking van die antropologiese ekosistemiese benadering tot gesondheid en genesing stel die outeurs voor dat die terme ‘gesondheid’ en ‘wellness’ as korrelatiewe gebruik word, en dat die term ‘well-being’ gebruik word vir al die domeine van menslike lewe en bestaan wat kan bydra tot gesondheid, oftewel ‘wellness’.
PEI–PEG–Chitosan‐Copolymer‐Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Safe Gene Delivery: Synthesis, Complexation, and Transfection
Authors: Kievit Forrest M. , Veiseh Omid , Bhattarai Narayan , Fang Chen , Gunn Jonathan W. , Lee Donghoon , Ellenbogen Richard G. , Olson James M. , Zhang Miqin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractGene therapy offers the potential of mediating disease through modification of specific cellular functions of target cells. However, effective transport of nucleic acids to target cells with minimal side effects remains a challenge despite the use of unique viral and non‐viral delivery approaches. Here, a non‐viral nanoparticle gene carrier that demonstrates effective gene delivery and transfection both in vitro and in vivo is presented. The nanoparticle system (NP–CP–PEI) is made of a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (NP), which enables magnetic resonance imaging, coated with a novel copolymer (CP–PEI) comprised of short chain polyethylenimine (PEI) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafted to the natural polysaccharide, chitosan (CP), which allows efficient loading and protection of the nucleic acids. The function of each component material in this nanoparticle system is illustrated by comparative studies of three nanoparticle systems of different surface chemistries, through material property characterization, DNA loading and transfection analyses, and toxicity assessment. Significantly, NP–CP–PEI demonstrates an innocuous toxic profile and a high level of expression of the delivered plasmid DNA in a C6 xenograft mouse model, making it a potential candidate for safe in vivo delivery of DNA for gene therapy.
Thermomechanical characteristics of benzoxazine–urethane copolymers and their carbon fiber‐reinforced composites
Authors: Rimdusit Sarawut , Liengvachiranon Chalinee , Tiptipakorn Sunan , Jubsilp Chanchira 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCopolymers of polybenzoxazine (BA‐a) and urethane elastomer (PU) with three different structures of isocyanates [i.e., toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and isophorone diisocyanate], were examined. The experimental results reveal that the enhancement in glass transition temperature (Tg) of BA‐a/PU copolymers was clearly observed [i.e., Tg of the BA‐a/PU copolymers in 60 : 40 BA‐a : PU system for all isocyanate types (Tg beyond 230°C) was higher than those of the parent resins (165°C for BA‐a and −70°C for PU)]. It was reported that the degradation temperature increased from 321°C to about 330°C with increasing urethane content. Furthermore, the flexural strength synergism was found at the BA‐a : PU ratio of 90 : 10 for all types of isocyanates. The effect of urethane prepolymer based on TDI rendered the highest Tg, flexural modulus, and flexural strength of the copolymers among the three isocyanates used. The preferable isocyanate of the binary systems for making high processable carbon fiber composites was based on TDI. The flexural strength of the carbon fiber‐reinforced BA‐a : PU based on TDI at 80 wt % of the fiber in cross‐ply orientation provided relatively high values of about 490 MPa. The flexural modulus slightly decreased from 51 GPa for polybenzoxazine to 48 GPa in the 60 : 40 BA‐a : PU system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Polymer structure of commercial hydrolyzable tannins by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Pizzi A. , Pasch H. , Rode K. , Giovando S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe structures of six commercial hydrolyzable tannins, chestnut, oak, tara, sumach, chinese gall, and turkey gall tannins have been examined by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry. Their oligomeric structures and structure distributions have been defined. Degradation products of rather different structure than what previously reported were present. Different galloyl glucose monomers were observed for chestnut and oak tannin extracts and in chinese gall gallotannin extract. Combination of positive‐ and negative‐mode MALDI‐TOF showed that most galloyl residues of the galloyl glucose chains were stripped from a skeletal glucose chain. Oligomers, in some cases up to 16 or 17 glucose units long, almost totally stripped of galloyl residues were observed. This indicated that a wide distribution up to very long gaIloylglucose chains exist in most commercial hydrolyzable tannin extracts. This indicated that these commercial tannin extracts are mainly composed of long galloyl glucose chains of mixed di‐, tri‐, and pentagalloyl glucose repeating units being present in the same chain. The presence of long glucose chains where most of the galloyl residues have been stripped indicates that their linkage may be sugar residue to sugar residue. Commercial tara and turkey gall tannins have been shown to be mainly polygallic oligomers of up to eight gallic acid residues linked to each other in a chain. Commercial sumach extract revealed itself a more complex mixture of glucose oligomers up to 13 repeating units. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Inducing normality from non‐Gaussian long memory time series and its application to stock return data
Authors: Ko Kyungduk 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMotivated by Lee and Ko (Appl. Stochastic Models. Bus. Ind.2007;23:493–502) but not limited to the study, this paper proposes a wavelet‐based Bayesian power transformation procedure through the well‐known Box–Cox transformation to induce normality from non‐Gaussian long memory processes. We consider power transformations of non‐Gaussian long memory time series under the assumption of anunknowntransformation parameter, a situation that arises commonly in practice, while most research has been devoted to non‐linear transformations of Gaussian long memory time series withknowntransformation parameter. Specially, this study is mainly focused on the simultaneous estimation of the transformation parameter and long memory parameter. To this end, posterior estimations via Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are performed in the wavelet domain. Performances are assessed on a simulation study and a German stock return data set. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Considerations in assessing the developmental and reproductive toxicity potential of biopharmaceuticals
Authors: Martin Pauline L. , Breslin William , Rocca Meredith , Wright David , Cavagnaro Joy 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis report discusses the principles of developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) testing for biopharmaceuticals. Biopharmaceuticals are large‐molecular‐weight proteins or peptides produced by modern biotechnology techniques incorporating genetic engineering and hybridoma technologies. The principles of DART testing for biopharmaceuticals are similar to those for small‐molecule pharmaceuticals and in general follow the regulatory guidance outlined in International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) document S5(R2). However, because many biopharmaceuticals are species‐specific, alternate approaches may be needed to evaluate DART potential as outlined in ICH S6. For molecules that show species‐specific cross‐reactivity restricted to non‐human primates (NHP), some aspects of DART may require NHP testing. For biopharmaceuticals that are uniquely specific and only active on intended human targets or human and chimpanzee targets, surrogate molecules that cross‐react with the more traditional rodent species may need to be developed and used for DART testing. Alternatively, genetically modified transgenic animals may also need to be considered. Surrogate molecules and transgenic animals may also be considered for DART testing even if the biopharmaceutical is active in NHPs in order to reduce the use of NHPs. Because of the unique properties of biopharmaceuticals, a case‐by‐case approach is needed for DART and general toxicity evaluation, which requires consideration of specific product attributes including biochemical and biophysical characteristics, pharmacological activity, and intended clinical indication. Birth Defects Res (Part B), 33:176–203, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrogenotrophic denitrification and perchlorate reduction in ion exchange brines using membrane biofilm reactors
Authors: Sahu Ashish K. , Conneely Teresa , Nüsslein Klaus , Ergas Sarina J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHalophilic (salt loving), hydrogenotrophic (H2 oxidizing) denitrifying bacteria were investigated for treatment of nitrate <$>({\rm NO}_3^ ‐ )<$> and perchlorate <$>({\rm ClO}_4^ ‐ )<$> contaminated groundwater and ion exchange (IX) brines. Hydrogenotrophic denitrifying bacteria were enriched from a denitrifying wastewater seed under both halophilc and non‐halophilc conditions. The cultures were inoculated into bench‐scale membrane biofilm reactors (MBfRs) with an “outside in” configuration, with contaminated water supplied to the lumen of the membranes and H2 supplied to the shell. Abiotic mass transfer tests showed that H2 mass transfer coefficients were lower in brines than in tap water at highest Reynolds number, possibly due to increased transport of salts and decreased H2 solubility at the membrane/liquid interface. An average <$>{\rm NO}_3^ ‐ <$> removal efficiency of 93% was observed for the MBfR operated in continuous flow mode with synthetic contaminated groundwater. Removal efficiencies of 30% for <$>{\rm NO}_3^ ‐ <$> and 42% for <$>{\rm ClO}_4^ ‐ <$> were observed for the MBfR operated with synthetic IX brine in batch operating mode with a reaction time of 53 h. Phylogenetic analysis focused on the active microbial community and revealed that halotolerant, <$>{\rm NO}_3^ ‐ <$>‐reducing bacteria of the bacterial classes Gamma‐Proteobacteria and Sphingobacteria were the metabolically dominant members within the stabilized biofilm. This study shows that, despite decreased H2 transfer under high salt conditions, hydrogenotrophic biological reduction may be successfully used for the treatment of <$>{\rm NO}_3^ ‐ <$> and <$>{\rm ClO}_4^ ‐ <$> in a MBfR. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 483–491 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measurement of Residence Time in Hot Compressed Water: 2. Salts in Continuously Stirred Tank Reactors
Authors: Kruse A. , Ederer H. , Ernst D. , Seine B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe behavior of alkali salts in a continuously stirred tank reactor is of particular interest with respect to the development of the hydrothermal biomass gasification process. On the one hand, alkali salts increase gas formation. On the other hand, they may plug reactors due to precipitation. To obtain information on the potential enrichment of salts in continuously stirred tank reactors, cumulative residence time distribution functions were measured using K2CO3 and NaHCO3 tracers and phenol as a reference.
Cationic Heteroleptic Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes with 1‐Pyridylimidazo[1,5‐α]pyridine Ligands: Exploitation of an Efficient Intersystem Crossing
Authors: Volpi Giorgio , Garino Claudio , Salassa Luca , Fiedler Jan , Hardcastle Kenneth I. , Gobetto Roberto , Nervi Carlo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractLuminescent ligands in IrIII cyclometalated complexes. The photophysical and photochemical properties of Ir‐cyclometalated complexes containing luminescent ligands are evaluated (see figure). Significant admixture between Ir and ligand orbitals induces an efficient intersystem crossing. Photochemical reactions performed in the presence of oxygen lead to new Ir‐cyclometalated complexes containing N(amido) groups directly bound to Ir.magnified imageA series of phosphorescent cyclometalated heteroleptic iridi um(III) phenylpyridinato (ppy) complexes containing luminescent 1‐pyridylimidazo[1,5‐α]pyridine (pip) ligands, namely [Ir(ppy)2(pip)]+, have been synthesised, characterised and their electrochemical, photophysical and electronic properties studied. Seven X‐ray structures have been resolved. Excitation of [Ir(ppy)2(pip)]+ in acetonitrile at room temperature results in a dual luminescence, strongly quenched by O2. Four complexes show, in absence of O2, a high‐energy emission (assigned to a 3MLLCT transition) with two maxima in the blue region of the visible spectra, and a second structured emission (assigned largely to a 3LC π–π* transition) centred around λ=555 nm. Lifetimes of high‐energy emissions are between 0.6 and 1.3 μs. Time‐dependent density functional calculations combined with the conductor‐like polarisable continuum model method, with acetonitrile as solvent, have been used to calculate a series of ground and excited states of the derivatives under investigation, and the transitions compared with the experimental UV/Vis absorption spectra. A quick and efficient photochemical reaction has been observed for these iridium derivatives that leads to the formation of a new class of cyclometalated iridium complexes containing a stable deprotonated amide unusually coordinated to the metal through a nitrogen bond. The synthesis of a 15N enriched selected ligand has been performed to investigate, by means of NMR, the particular facile route to these new set of derivatives. The electrochemical behaviour of all complexes is also reported.
Synthesis and Structure of an Extremely Air‐Stable Binuclear Hafnocene Perfluorooctanesulfonate Complex and Its Use in Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Qiu Renhua , Zhang Guoping , Zhu Yuyang , Xu Xinhua , Shao Lingling , Li Yinhui , An Delie , Yin Shuangfeng 
Published: May 2009

AbstractStable complexes: An extremely air‐stable μ2‐hydroxy‐bridged binuclear hafonocene perfluorooctanesulfoante complex shows high catalytic efficiency in Lewis acid‐catalyzed reactions, such as esterification, Friedel–Crafts acylation, the Mukaiyama aldol reation, and the allylation of aldehyde (see scheme).magnified imageAn extremely air‐stable μ2‐hydroxy‐bridged binuclear hafonocene perfluorooctanesulfoante complex was successfully synthesized. This complex showed high catalytic efficiency in the esterification of alcohols, phenol, thiol, and amines, in the Friedel–Crafts acylation of alylaryl ethers, in the Mukaiyama aldol reaction, and in the allylation of aldehydes and could be reused.
Color Tuning in New Metal‐Free Organic Sensitizers (Bodipys) for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Kumaresan Duraisamy , Thummel Randolph P. , Bura Thomas , Ulrich Gilles , Ziessel Raymond 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFun in the sun! A strategy has been devised for functionalizing and solubilizing boron dipyrromethene (Bodipy) dyes at the central boron atom and changing the color by increasing delocalization on the central core. This approach leads to the formation of stable BC≡C and pyrroleCC linkages suitable for use in TiO2‐sensitized devices (see figure).magnified image