bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neoclassical Theory of Pedestal Flows and Comparison with Alcator C‐Mod Measurements
Authors: Kagan G. , Marr K. D. , Pusztai I. , Landreman M. , Catto P. J. , Lipschultz B. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractNeoclassical implications of the strong radial electric field, inherently present in an H‐mode tokamak pedestal, are considered. The main ion poloidal flow in the pedestal is predicted to be reduced in magnitude, or even reversed, compared with its core counterpart. The resulting change in the neoclassical formula for the impurity flow is shown to result in improved agreement with boron measurements in the Alcator C‐Mod pedestal. In addition, due to the ion flow being modified, the bootstrap current is expected to be enhanced in the pedestal over conventional predictions (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Profiles and Fluctuations in Edge and SOL Turbulence
Authors: Naulin V. , Xu G. , Vianello N. , Madsen J. , Schrittwieser R. , Ionita C. , Maszl C. , Mehlmann F. , Yan N. , Nielsen A. H. , Rasmussen J. J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe time and space averaged profiles of temperature, particle density, and momentum are in the scrape off layer determined by the intermittent transport generated at the edge shear layer. The distinction between profiles and fluctuations becomes arbitrary for situations where the transport is highly intermittent and shows long range correlations. Without this distinction the full range in parameter variability has to be taken into account for simulations, posing extreme demands on the used models. Numerical investigations and experimental results show how the interplay between radially propagating structures and parallel transport sets up the observed profiles and how intermittency influences edge conditions. The filamentary blob structures also transport and generate currents in the SOL, which can be investigated by means of local magnetic diagnostics. Finally, the ratio of ion to electron temperature in the SOL is an important measure for the influence of finite larmor radius effects on the propagation properties of blobs. Numerical investigations indicate that these effects can lead to an increased self confinement and radial reach of these structures (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Grid Convergence Study in a Simulation of LAPD Turbulence
Authors: Friedman B. , Umansky M.V. , Carter T.A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractGrid convergence of plasma drift turbulence simulations in the Large Plasma Device is studied. When first order upwind advection schemes are used, numerical finite difference diffusion errors cause turbulence statistics, especially saturation levels to vary when grid spacing is changed. The significance and magnitude of the variation is explored, and it is found that use of very fine meshes or higher order advection schemes combined with artificial diffusion and viscosity can lead to grid convergence, while maintaining experimentally consistent saturation levels. It is also found that the details of dissipation range dynamics, such as the level of diffusion, have a significant impact on driven range dynamics due to the lack of a large inertial range in the simulations (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling of Radiation Transport in Fluctuating Edge Plasmas: A Statistical Approach
Authors: Rosato J. , Mekkaoui A. , Marandet Y. , Reiter D. , Kotov V. , Capes H. , Godbert‐Mouret L. , Koubiti M. , Stamm R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe radiation due to atomic lines in the tokamak edge and divertor can be strongly coupled to the plasma dynamics. Self‐consistent (charged particle ‐ atom ‐ photon) simulations carried out for ITER conditions with the transport code B2‐EIRENE have indicated modifications of the effective ionization rate induced by photon absorption effects. Up to now, all of the investigations done so far were made assuming a plasma background whose typical spatial variation scales are much larger than the radiation transport scale. In this paper, we examine the validity of this approximation within an effective transport model, relying on a statistical parameterization of the turbulent fluctuations. The model is inspired from the quasilinear theory used for plasma turbulence and assumes a small ratio lturb/lmfp between the turbulence correlation length and the photon mean free path. We apply the model to calculations of the penetration of a radiation pencil in an optically thick turbulent plasma. The validity of this model for intermediate lturb/lmfp is next discussed through comparison to a “model‐coefficient” approach, widely used in problems involving linear stochastic differential equations and suitable for arbitrary turbulence correlation length (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamic Models for Plasma‐Wall Interactions
Authors: Pigarov A.Yu. , Krstic P. , Krasheninnikov S.I. , Doerner R. , Rognlien T.D. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn theory and modeling of plasma‐wall interactions, very different spatial and temporal scales need to be resolved. Hierarchy of material models (e.g. macroscopic transport, Kinetic Monte Carlo, Molecular Dynamics, and quantum models) used in fusion applications is reviewed and a way of their integration is highlighted. Physics background, theory and applications of macroscopic transport models, which are the main focus of the paper, are thoroughly discussed. The results on self‐consistent macroscopic modeling of major physics phenomena, e.g. hydrogen recycling, retention, chemistry, chemical sputtering, and radiation enhanced sublimation for fusion related materials are presented. An example of coupled plasma and material transport simulations is given. The results on Molecular Dynamics modeling of deuterium irradiation of carbon leading to formation of supersaturated surfaces and chemical sputtering are presented (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Conditions for the Release of a Metallic Dust Particle from a Plasma‐Facing Wall
Authors: Ueno M. , Ohno N. , Tomita Y. , Kawamura G. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe conditions for the release of a dust particle from a plasma‐facing wall into a fusion plasma, which is the starting point of the dust transport process, is studied theoretically. The analytical model in this study is for a spherical conducting dust particle on a flat plasma‐facing wall. The forces on the dust particle considered in this model are the electrostatic force, ion friction force and gravitational force. The electrostatic force and ion friction force depend on Ti/Te, where Ti and Te are ion and electron temperatures. A maximum Ti/Te is required for the release of a dust particle from the wall. The gravitational force is important in the case of a dust particle on a horizontal wall. In this case, the release condition is determined by the quantity Rd/nseTe, as well as the temperature ratio, where Rd, nse are the dust radius and the electron density at the sheath entrance, respectively (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Development and Benchmarking of a New Kinetic Code for Plasma Periphery (KIPP)
Authors: Chankin A.V. , Coster D.P. , Meisl G. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA new kinetic code is presently being developed at IPP Garching to describe parallel (along magnetic field lines) plasma transport in the SOL and divertor of tokamaks. The development of the code is aimed at replacing parallel transport equations used in the present day fluid codes such as SOLPS(B2), EDGE2D, UEDGE. The code is based on the continuum discretisation scheme for the Fokker‐Planck equation for parallel plasma transport. In the physical space (along B‐lines) the fine spatial structure on the scale of the Debye length is not resolved, instead, plasma quasi‐neutrality on a much longer scale, controlled by the parallel electron momentum balance equation, is assumed. At the interface with a material surface, the logical sheath condition is used. The code initially is 1D2V, with parallel and gyro‐averaged perpendicular velocities being independent velocity variables. In the future, extension of the kinetic treatment on ions, and extension of the code dimensionality to 2D2V to cover also radial (across magnetic field lines) dimension is envisaged. Details of the code, together with its benchmarking by comparing code results with analytical theory in the limit of highly collisional plasmas, are presented in the paper (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Test Simulations of the Kinetic Model for the Thermal Force based on the Monte Carlo Binary Collision Model
Authors: Homma Y. , Hatayama A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe have developed a numerical model of the thermal force based on the Monte Carlo Binary Collision model, where a distorted Maxwellian velocity distribution is used for a background plasma. Our numerical model can be applied to transport simulation of test ions in a high‐collisionality background plasma without magnetic field. In this study, by a series of systematic test simulations, we have confirmed the consistency of our numerical modeling approach with the form of the thermal force analytically derived from the distorted Maxwllian velocity distribution. The test of our model has been done with respect to its dependence on parameters such as: (1) direction of the background temperature gradient, (2) test particle mass, (3) background plasma ion species, and (4) background flow velocity (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Heat Flux Dependence of Ambipolar Potential and Plasma Profile in a Long Mean‐Free‐Path Plasma Along Non‐Uniform Open Magnetic Field Lines
Authors: Guo Z. , Tang X.‐Z. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractParallel transport along an open magnetic field line produces and sustains temperature anisotropy for a long mean‐free‐path plasma. The parallel variation of ambipolar potential (Φ) and plasma profiles such as density (n), parallel and perpendicular temperature (T‖ and T⊥), and parallel flow (u), is found to be critically dependent on the two distinct components of the parallel heat flux, qn and qs. Both their profile (qn/B and qs/B2) and the upstream values of the ratio of the conductive and convective thermal flux (qn/nuT‖ and qs/nuT⊥) provide the controlling physics, in addition to B modulation (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cytometric quantification of singlet oxygen in the human malaria parasitePlasmodium falciparum
Authors: Butzloff Sabine , Groves Matthew R. , Wrenger Carsten , Müller Ingrid B. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe malaria parasitePlasmodium falciparumproliferates within human erythrocytes and is thereby exposed to a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, and highly reactive singlet oxygen (1O2). While most ROS are already well studied in the malaria parasite, singlet oxygen has been neglected to date. In this study we visualized the generation of1O2by live cell fluorescence microscopy using 3‐(p‐aminophenyl) fluorescein as an indicator dye. While1O2is found restrictively in the parasite, its amount varies during erythrocytic schizogony. Since the photosensitizer cercosporin generates defined amounts of1O2we have established a new cytometric method that allows the stage specific quantification of1O2. Therefore, the parasites were first classified into three main stages according to their respective pixel‐area of 200–600 pixels for rings, 700–1,200 pixels for trophozoites and 1,400–2,500 pixels for schizonts. Interestingly the highest mean concentration of endogenous1O2of 0.34 nM is found in the trophozoites stage, followed by 0.20 nM (ring stage) and 0.10 nM (schizont stage) suggesting that1O2derives predominantly from the digestion of hemoglobin. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Design support system for coloring illustrations by using the colors preferred by a user as determined from the hue patterns of illustrations prepared by that user
Authors: Fukai Hironobu , Mitsukura Yasue 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe propose a new design support system that can color illustrations according to a person's color preferences that are determined on the basis of the color patterns used by the same person in his previous work. Recently, many design tools for promoting free design have been developed. However, preferences for various colors differ depending on individual taste. Therefore, a system that can automatically color various designs on the basis of human preference is required. In this study, we propose an automatic modeling system that can be used to model illustrations. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed system, we simulate a coloring design experiment to determine the color patterns preferred by test subjects by using various design data. By using the design data, we determine each subject's preferred color pattern, and send feedback on these individual color patterns in the proposed system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 181(1): 19–27, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21283
A new CST method for Carrier‐type dynamic strain amplifier with C component on four legs of bridge
Authors: Kubodera Shinji , Tanzawa Tsutomu , Kiyohiro Noriaki 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCarrier‐type dynamic strain amplifiers are frequently used for stress measurement with strain gages. That is because the carrier‐type dynamic strain amplifier can perform high precision measurement since it is highly resistant to external noise or power noise in the field. The strain gage has little effect on the specimen being measured since it is small and light. However, it is required to connect the input cable from the target strain gage to the amplifier. When using the carrier‐type dynamic amplifier, distributed capacitance due to the input cable greatly affects zero point variation. Changes in the distributed capacitance degrade the stability of the dynamic strain amplifier.We present a new Dual Feedback CST (Capacitance Self Tracing) method that detects, self‐tracks, and eliminates the capacitive component generated in any leg of the measuring bridge. The zero‐point variation is not affected by the carrier frequency and resistance value and can be canceled if the bridge is balanced in the CST method. We conducted experiments with strain gage resistances of 120 and 350 ohms and carrier frequencies of 5, 12, and 28 kHz and verified the zero‐point stability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 181(1): 11–18, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22294
Indium‐Mediated Aza‐Henry Reaction of Imines: Access to 2‐Nitroamines
Authors: Soengas Raquel G. , Silva Sandrina , Estévez Amalia M. , Estévez Juan C. , Estévez Ramón J. , Rodríguez‐Solla Humberto 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA new method has been developed to obtain 2‐nitroamines by an indium‐promoted reaction of bromonitromethane with a variety of imines. On the strength of these results, the reaction was also performed with 2‐bromo‐2‐nitropropanes to afford 2,2‐dialkyl‐2‐nitroamines. Moreover, the indium‐mediated reaction of 1‐bromo‐1‐nitroethane and imines afforded 1‐methyl‐2‐nitroamines with remarkably high anti selectivity. The use of chiral sugar‐derived imines furnished the corresponding 2‐nitroamines with excellent stereoselectivity.
Silica‐Catalysed and Highly Stereoselective Convergent and Nonconvergent Rearrangements of Menthone Enol Acetate Epoxides: Easy Access to the Four α‐Hydroxymenthone Stereoisomers
Authors: Tranchimand Sylvain , Faure Bruno , Naubron Jean‐Valère , Alphand Véronique , Archelas Alain , Iacazio Gilles 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDuring a program dedicated to the biocatalytic access of structurally useful α‐hydroxy ketones, we made the unexpected observation that epoxy enol acetates derived from (+)‐ and (–)‐menthone stereoselectively rearranged on exposure to silica through a diastereoselective process, providing easy access to the complete set of α‐hydroxymenthone stereoisomers. The absolute configurations of the four stereoisomers were unambiguously established by IR‐VCD and X‐ray diffraction, thus clarifying some literature discrepancy. Two of the four stereoisomers could also be obtained through astereoconvergent process, thus avoiding the inherent 50 % yield limitations of such diastereoselective reactions. A solvent‐free version allowing an extremely rapid reaction (< 2 h) is also described. Finally, the observed diastereoselection was investigated by DFT calculations.
Electrochemical Examination of Copper(II) Complexes with Octaazamacrocyclic Ligand and Heterocyclic Dithiocarbamate
Authors: Petković B. , Stevanović S. , Budimir M. , Sovilj S. P. , Jovanović V. M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractMixed ligand dinuclear copper(II) complexes of the general formula [Cu2(Rdtc)tpmc)](ClO4)3 with octaazamacrocyclic ligand tpmc and four different heterocyclic dithiocarbamate ligands Rdtc−, as well as the complexes [Cu2(tpmc)](ClO4)4 and [Cu(tpmc)](ClO4)2⋅2H2O were studied in aqueous NaClO4 and HClO4 solutions by cyclic voltammetry on glassy carbon electrode. The electrochemical properties of the ligands and Cu(II) complexes were correlated with their electronic structure. Conductometric experiments showed different stoichiometry in complexation of tpmc with Cu2+ ions and transport of ions in acetonitrile and in aqueous media. These studies clarified the application of this macrocyclic ligand as ionophore in a PVC membrane copper(II) selective electrode and contributed elucidation of its sensor properties.
Statistical problems in the probabilistic prediction of climate change
Authors: Stephenson David B. , Collins Matthew , Rougier Jonathan C. , Chandler Richard E. 
Published: June 2012

Future climate change projections are constructed from simulated numerical output from a small set of global climate models—samples of opportunity known as multi‐model ensembles. Climate models do not produce probabilities, nor are they perfect representations of the real climate, and there are complex inter‐relationships due to shared model features. This creates interesting statistical challenges for making inference about the real climate.These issues were the focus of discussions at an Isaac Newton Institute workshop on probabilistic prediction of climate change held at the University of Exeter on 20–23 September 2010. This article presents a summary of the issues discussed between the statisticians, mathematicians, and climate scientists present at the workshop. In addition, we also report the discussion that took place on how to define the concept of climate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PANEL PROBIT WITH FLEXIBLE CORRELATED EFFECTS: QUANTIFYING TECHNOLOGY SPILLOVERS IN THE PRESENCE OF LATENT HETEROGENEITY
Authors: Burda Martin , Harding Matthew 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, we introduce a Bayesian panel probit model with two flexible latent effects: first, unobserved individual heterogeneity that is allowed to vary in the population according to a nonparametric distribution; and second, a latent serially correlated common error component. In doing so, we extend the approach developed in Albert and Chib (Journal of the American Statistical Association 1993; 88: 669–679; in Bayesian Biostatistics, Berry DA, Stangl DK (eds), Marcel Dekker: New York, 1996), and in Chib and Carlin (Statistics and Computing 1999; 9: 17–26) by releasing restrictive parametric assumptions on the latent individual effect and eliminating potential spurious state dependence with latent time effects. The model is found to outperform more traditional approaches in an extensive series of Monte Carlo simulations. We then apply the model to the estimation of a patent equation using firm‐level data on research and development (R&D). We find a strong effect of technology spillovers on R&D but little evidence of product market spillovers, consistent with economic theory. The distribution of latent firm effects is found to have a multimodal structure featuring within‐industry firm clustering. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early pathogenesis in the adult‐onset neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: van Zundert Brigitte , Izaurieta Pamela , Fritz Elsa , Alvarez Francisco J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating paralytic disorder caused by dysfunction and degeneration of motor neurons starting in adulthood. Most of our knowledge about the pathophysiological mechanisms of ALS comes from transgenic mice models that emulate a subgroup of familial ALS cases (FALS), with mutations in the gene encoding superoxide dismutase (SOD1). In the more than 15 years since these mice were generated, a large number of abnormal cellular mechanisms underlying motor neuron degeneration have been identified, but to date this effort has led to few improvements in therapy, and no cure. Here, we consider that this surfeit of mechanisms is best interpreted by current insights that suggest a very early initiation of pathology in motor neurons, followed by a diversity of secondary cascades and compensatory mechanisms that mask symptoms for decades, until trauma and/or aging overloads their protective function. This view thus posits that adult‐onset ALS is the consequence of processes initiated during early development. In fact, motor neurons in neonatal mutant SOD mice display important alterations in their intrinsic electrical properties, synaptic inputs and morphology that are accompanied by subtle behavioral abnormalities. We consider evidence that human mutant SOD1 protein in neonatal hSOD1G93A mice instigates motor neuron degeneration by increasing persistent sodium currents and excitability, in turn altering synaptic circuits that control excessive motor neuron firing and leads to excitotoxicity. We also discuss how therapies that are aimed at suppressing abnormal neuronal activity might effectively mitigate or prevent the onset of irreversible neuronal damage in adulthood. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 3301–3312, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Immobilization of commercial hydrolytic enzymes on poly (acrylonitrile) nanofibers for anti‐biofilm activity
Authors: du Plessis Danielle Marguerite , Botes Marelize , Dicks Leon Milner Theodore , Cloete Thomas Eugene 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Chemical methods used to control biofilm formation in filtration systems are not always effective. Two commercially available proteases and an amylase were immobilized onto polymer nanofibers that are used in the production of filtration membranes.RESULTS: The enzymes were immobilized onto poly acrylonitrile nanofibers that were chemically activated by imidoesterification to allow the covalent immobilization of enzymes. The immobilized enzymes retained above 80% of the specific activity of the free enzymes. For each of the immobilized enzymes, just below 30% of initial activity was retained after 10 repeated cycles of use. No biofilm formation was observed on nanofibers that were coated with the enzymes, where biofilms formed on non‐coated nanofibers.CONCLUSION: When considering the combined advantages of this effective immobilization process, the robustness of the enzymes used in this study, and the results of this study indicating activity against biofilms, a valuable addition has been made to filtration membrane technology. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Cushing's syndrome
Authors: Hatipoglu Betul A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCushing's syndrome (CS) results from prolonged exposure to elevated endogenous cortisol. Majority of cases are caused by ACTH, pituitary, or ectopic origin. Primary adrenal hypersecretion is 15–20% caused by adenomas, carcinomas (ACC), and rarely by nodular adrenocortical disease. CS presents with all typical features. Commonly recommended initial testing are urinary free cortisol, late‐night salivary cortisol, and 1‐mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Imaging is the key to diagnosis. CS continues to pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges; life‐long follow‐up is mandatory. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:565–571. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.