bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biosecurity-Based Interventions and Strategies To Reduce Campylobacter spp. on Poultry Farms
Authors: Newell D. G. , Elvers K. T. , Dopfer D. , Hansson I. , Jones P. , James S. , Gittins J. , Stern N. J. , Davies R. , Connerton I. , Pearson D. , Salvat G. , Allen V. M. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

The prevention and control of
Campylobacter
colonization of poultry flocks are important public health strategies for the control of human campylobacteriosis. A critical review of the literature on interventions to control
Campylobacter
in poultry on farms was undertaken using a systematic approach. Although the focus of the review was on aspects appropriate to the United Kingdom poultry industry, the research reviewed was gathered from worldwide literature. Multiple electronic databases were employed to search the literature, in any language, from 1980 to September 2008. A primary set of 4,316 references was identified and scanned, using specific agreed-upon criteria, to select relevant references related to biosecurity-based interventions. The final library comprised 173 references. Identification of the sources of
Campylobacter
in poultry flocks was required to inform the development of targeted interventions to disrupt transmission routes. The approach used generally involved risk factor-based surveys related to culture-positive or -negative flocks, usually combined with a structured questionnaire. In addition, some studies, either in combination or independently, undertook intervention trials. Many of these studies were compromised by poor design, sampling, and statistical analysis. The evidence for each potential source and route of transmission on the poultry farm was reviewed critically, and the options for intervention were considered. The review concluded that, in most instances, biosecurity on conventional broiler farms can be enhanced and this should contribute to the reduction of flock colonization. However, complementary, non-biosecurity-based approaches will also be required in the future to maximize the reduction of
Campylobacter
-positive flocks at the farm level.
Application of a Bacteriophage Lysin To Disrupt Biofilms Formed by the Animal Pathogen Streptococcus suis
Authors: Meng Xiangpeng , Shi Yibo , Ji Wenhui , Meng Xueling , Zhang Jing , Wang Hengan , Lu Chengping , Sun Jianhe , Yan Yaxian 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTBacterial biofilms are crucial to the pathogenesis of many important infections and are difficult to eradicate.Streptococcus suisis an important pathogen of pigs, and here the biofilm-forming ability of 32 strains of this species was determined. Significant biofilms were completely formed by 10 of the strains after 60 h of incubation, with exopolysaccharide production in the biofilm significantly higher than that in the corresponding planktonic cultures.S. suisstrain SS2-4 formed a dense biofilm, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, and in this state exhibited increased resistance to a number of antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, and rifampin) compared to that of planktonic cultures. A bacteriophage lysin, designated LySMP, was used to attack biofilms alone and in combination with antibiotics and bacteriophage. The results demonstrated that the biofilms formed byS. suis, especially strains SS2-4 and SS2-H, could be dispersed by LySMP and with >80% removal compared to a biofilm reduction by treatment with either antibiotics or bacteriophage alone of less than 20%; in addition to disruption of the biofilm structure, theS. suiscells themselves were inactivated by LySMP. The efficacy of LySMP was not dose dependent, and in combination with antibiotics, it acted synergistically to maximize dispersal of theS. suisbiofilm and inactivate the released cells. These data suggest that bacteriophage lysin could form part of an effective strategy to treatS. suisinfections and represents a new class of antibiofilm agents.
Method Enabling Gene Expression Studies of Pathogens in a Complex Food Matrix
Authors: Kjeldgaard Jette , Henriksen Sidsel , Cohn Marianne Thorup , Aabo Sï¿½ren , Ingmer Hanne 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

We describe a simple method for stabilizing and extracting high-quality prokaryotic RNA from meat. Heat and salt stress of
Escherichia coli
and
Salmonella
spp. in minced meat reproducibly induced
dnaK
and
otsB
expression, respectively, as observed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (>5-fold relative changes). Thus, the method is applicable in studies of bacterial gene expression in a meat matrix.
Production of a Particulate Hepatitis C Vaccine Candidate by an Engineered Lactococcus lactis Strain
Authors: Parlane Natalie A. , Grage Katrin , Lee Jason W. , Buddle Bryce M. , Denis Michel , Rehm Bernd H. A. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTVaccine delivery systems based on display of antigens on bioengineered bacterial polyester inclusions can stimulate cellular immune responses. The food-grade Gram-positive bacteriumLactococcus lactiswas engineered to produce spherical polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) inclusions which abundantly displayed the hepatitis C virus core (HCc) antigen. In mice, the immune response induced by this antigen delivery system was compared to that induced by vaccination with HCc antigen displayed on PHB beads produced inEscherichia coli, to PHB beads without antigen produced inL. lactisorE. coli, or directly to the recombinant HCc protein. Vaccination site lesions were minimal in all mice vaccinated with HCc PHB beads or recombinant protein, all mixed in the oil-in-water adjuvant Emulsigen, while vaccination with the recombinant protein in complete Freund's adjuvant produced a marked inflammatory reaction at the vaccination site. Vaccination with the PHB beads produced inL. lactisand displaying HCc antigen produced antigen-specific cellular immune responses with significant release of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) from splenocyte cultures and no significant antigen-specific serum antibody, while the PHB beads displaying HCc but produced inE. colireleased IFN-γ and IL-17A as well as the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 and low levels of IgG2c antibody. In contrast, recombinant HCc antigen in Emulsigen produced a diverse cytokine response and a strong IgG1 antibody response. Overall it was shown thatL. lactiscan be used to produce immunogenic PHB beads displaying viral antigens, making the beads suitable for vaccination against viral infections.
Robust Utilization of Phospholipase-Generated Metabolites, Glycerophosphodiesters, by Candida albicans: Role of the CaGit1 Permease
Authors: Bishop Andrew C. , Sun Tao , Johnson Mitchell E. , Bruno Vincent M. , Patton-Vogt Jana 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

Glycerophosphodiesters are the products of phospholipase-mediated deacylation of phospholipids. In
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, a single gene,
GIT1
, encodes a permease responsible for importing glycerophosphodiesters, such as glycerophosphoinositol and glycerophosphocholine, into the cell. In contrast, the
Candida albicans
genome contains four open reading frames (ORFs) with a high degree of similarity to
S. cerevisiae
GIT1
(
ScGIT1
) Here, we report that
C. albicans
utilizes glycerophosphoinositol (GroPIns) and glycerophosphocholine (GroPCho) as sources of phosphate at both mildly acidic and physiological pHs. Insertional mutagenesis of
C. albicans
GIT1
(
CaGIT1
) (orf19.34), the ORF most similar to
ScGit1
, abolished the ability of cells to use GroPIns as a phosphate source at acidic pH and to transport [
3
H]GroPIns at acidic and physiological pHs, while reintegration of a
GIT1
allele into the genome restored those functions. Several lines of evidence, including the detection of internal [
3
H]GroPIns, indicated that GroPIns is transported intact through CaGit1. GroPIns transport was shown to conform to Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with an apparent

K
m

of 28 ± 6 μM. Notably, uptake of label from [
3
H]GroPCho was found to be roughly 50-fold greater than uptake of label from [
3
H]GroPIns and roughly 500-fold greater than the equivalent activity in
S. cerevisiae.
Insertional mutagenesis of
CaGIT1
had no effect on the utilization of GroPCho as a phosphate source or on the uptake of label from [
3
H]GroPCho. Growth under low-phosphate conditions was shown to increase label uptake from both [
3
H]GroPIns and [
3
H]GroPCho. Screening of a transcription factor deletion set identified
CaPHO4
as required for the utilization of GroPIns, but not GroPCho, as a phosphate source.
Carbohydrate–protein ingestion improves subsequent running capacity towards the end of a football-specific intermittent exercise
Authors: Alghannam Abdullah F. 
Published: October 2011

The majority of football players succumb to fatigue towards the end of the game. This study was designed to examine the influence of protein coingestion with carbohydrate (CHO) vs. an isocaloric CHO supplement on subsequent running capacity towards the end of a simulated football match. Six male amateur football players participated in 3 trials applied in a randomized cross-over experimental design. A laboratory-based, football-specific intermittent exercise was allocated for 75 min interspersed with a 15-min recovery, immediately followed by run time to fatigue (RTF) at 80% peak oxygen consumption. In each trial, prior to exercise and during half-time, participants randomly ingested a placebo (PLC), 6.9% CHO, or 4.8% CHO plus 2.1% protein (CHO-P) supplements matched for color and taste. CHO-P resulted in longer RTF (23.02 ± 5.27 min) than did CHO (16.49 ± 3.25 min) and PLC (11.00 ± 2.80 min) (p < 0.05). Blood glucose was higher in CHO-P at the point of fatigue (4.68 ± 0.64) compared with CHO and PLC (3.92 ± 0.29 and 3.66 ± 0.36, respectively; p < 0.05). Ratings of perceived exertion were lower in the CHO-P subjects at the onset of exercise and towards the end of intermittent exercise when compared with the PLC and CHO subjects (p < 0.05). When protein was added to a CHO supplement, subsequent running capacity following limited recovery from intermittent exercise was enhanced. This improvement suggests that protein coingestion may exert an ergogenic benefit upon endurance capacity during intermittent activity.
Improved Prediction of Poor Outcome After Thrombolysis Using Conservative Definitions of Symptomatic Hemorrhage
Authors: Gumbinger Christoph , Gruschka Philipp , Böttinger Markus , Heerlein Kristin , Barrows Robin , Hacke Werner , Ringleb Peter 
Published: October 2011

Background and Purpose—
Direct comparison of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) rates among different thrombolysis studies is complicated by the variability of definitions of sICH. The prediction of outcome still remains unclear.

Methods—
Baseline data and clinical courses of patients treated with thrombolytic therapy were collected in a prospective database. The 3-month outcome was evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale. Results of 24-hour follow-up imaging were reevaluated by at least 2 independent raters. Four common definitions of sICH (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NINDS], European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study [ECASS] 2, Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke [SITS], ECASS 3) were applied. Kappa interrater statistics were calculated. Our objective was to find the sICH definition with the highest predictive value for mortality, poor (modified Rankin Scale 5 or 6) and unfavorable (modified Rankin Scale ≥3) clinical outcome after 90 days.

Results—
The data of 314 patients were analyzed. The NINDS definition revealed the highest sICH rate (7.7%); the lowest rate was found for the ECASS 3 definition (3.2%) of sICH. The highest interrater agreement was found for the ECASS 2 definition (κ 0.85) and the lowest for the NINDS definition (κ 0.57). Patients with sICH according to the SITS definition had the highest risk for death (OR, 14.4) and poor outcome (OR, 26.6).

Conclusions—
None of the different definitions contains an optimal combination of prediction of mortality and outcome and a high interrater agreement rate. For the clinical evaluation of mortality, we recommend using the SITS definition; for studies needing a high interrater agreement rate, we recommend using the ECASS 2 definition. Due to the lack of 1 single optimal definition, future thrombolytic trials should preferably use different definitions.
New Probabilistic Forecast Models for the Prediction of Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification
Authors: Rozoff Christopher M. , Kossin James P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The National Hurricane Center currently employs a skillful probabilistic rapid intensification index (RII) based on linear discriminant analysis of the environmental and satellite-derived features from the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) dataset. Probabilistic prediction of rapid intensity change in tropical cyclones is revisited here using two additional models: one based on logistic regression and the other on a naïve Bayesian framework. Each model incorporates data from the SHIPS dataset over both the North Atlantic and eastern North Pacific Ocean basins to provide the probability of exceeding the standard rapid intensification thresholds [25, 30, and 35 kt (24 h)−1] for 24 h into the future. The optimal SHIPS and satellite-based predictors of rapid intensification differ slightly between each probabilistic model and ocean basin, but each set of optimal predictors incorporates thermodynamic and dynamic aspects of the tropical cyclone’s environment (such as vertical wind shear) and its structure (such as departure from convective axisymmetry). Cross validation shows that both the logistic regression and Bayesian probabilistic models are skillful relative to climatology. Dependent testing indicates both models exhibit forecast skill that generally exceeds the skill of the present operational SHIPS-RII and a simple average of the probabilities provided by the logistic regression, Bayesian, and SHIPS-RII models provides greater skill than any individual model. For the rapid intensification threshold of 25 kt (24 h)−1, the three-member ensemble mean improves the Brier skill scores of the current operational SHIPS-RII by 33% in the North Atlantic and 52% in the eastern North Pacific.
Interferon gamma receptor expression on granulocytes of cardiac surgical patients is modulated differently by the type of cardiopulmonary bypass used
Authors: Jankovicova K , Kolackova M , Kunes P , Holubcova Z , Krejsek J , Mandak J 
Published: October 2011

Aims: To follow the IFNγ receptor expression on monocytes and granulocytes of cardiac surgical patients with respect to the type of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods: Expression of IFNγ receptor on monocytes and granulocytes of 26 cardiac surgical patients operated with the use of either “standard” or “miniaturised” CPB was determined by flow cytometry. Results: The significant increase in IFNγ receptor expression on monocytes on the 1st and on the 3rd postoperative days was revealed in both groups of patients (p<0.001) irrespective of the type of CPB used, being non-significantly different between groups. In contrast, the expression of IFNγ on granulocytes displayed significant differences in terms of the CPB used. Whereas, in “standard” CPB patients, granulocyte INFγ receptor expression reached its maximum immediately after surgery (p<0.01), in “miniivasive” CPB patients, the peak in INFγ receptor expression was postponed to the 1st postoperative day (p<0.05). Statistically significantly higher IFNγ receptor expression on granulocytes was found in “standard” CPB patients (p<0.05). Conclusion: Compared to “miniaturised” CPB patients, the significantly higher IFNγ receptor expression on granulocytes was found in “standard” CPB patients (p<0.05) on the 1st postoperative day.
The effects of a 12-week leisure centre-based, group exercise intervention for people moderately affected with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: Learmonth YC , Paul L , Miller L , Mattison P , McFadyen AK 
Published: October 2011

Objective: To establish the effects of a 12-week, community-based group exercise intervention for people moderately affected with multiple sclerosis. Design: Randomized controlled pilot trial. Setting: Two community leisure centres. Participants: Thirty-two participants with multiple sclerosis randomized into intervention or control groups. Intervention: The intervention group received 12 weeks of twice weekly, 60-minute group exercise sessions, including mobility, balance and resistance exercises. The control group received usual care. Main outcome measures: An assessor blinded to group allocation assessed participants at baseline, after eight weeks and after 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure was 25-foot (7.6 m) walk time, secondary outcomes assessed walking endurance, balance, physical function, leg strength, body mass index, activity levels, fatigue, anxiety and depression, quality of life and goal attainment. Results: The intervention made no statistically significant difference to the results of participants’ 25-foot walk time. However the intervention led to many improvements. In the intervention group levels of physical activity improved statistically between baseline and week 8 ( P < 0.001) and baseline and week 12 ( P = 0.005). Balance confidence results showed a significant difference between baseline and week 12 ( P = 0.013). Good effect sizes were found for dynamic balance ( d = 0.80), leg strength ( d = 1.33), activity levels ( d = 1.05) and perceived balance ( d = 0.94). Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that community-based group exercise classes are a feasible option for people moderately affected with multiple sclerosis, and offer benefits such as improved physical activity levels, balance and leg strength.
The cumulative amount of serum-free light chain is a strong prognosticator in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Morabito Fortunato , De Filippi Rosaria , Laurenti Luca , Zirlik Katja , Recchia Anna Grazia , Gentile Massimo , Morelli Emanuela , Vigna Ernesto , Gigliotti Vincenzo , Calemma Rosa , Amoroso Barbara , Neri Antonino , Cutrona Giovanna , Ferrarini Manlio , Molica Stefano , Del Poeta Giovanni , Tripodo Claudio , Pinto Antonio 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIdentification of patients at risk of early disease progression is the mainstay of tailored management in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Although application of established biomarkers is limited by intrinsic detection/readout complexities, abnormality of κ and λ serum-free light chain ratio [sFLC (κ/λ)] was proposed as a straightforward prognosticator in CLL. By analyzing 449 therapy-naive patients, we show that an abnormal sFLC(κ/λ), along with CD38, ZAP-70, IGHV mutations, cytogenetics and stage, independently predicts treatment-free survival (TFS) but becomes prognostically irrelevant if the cumulative amount of clonal and nonclonal FLCs [sFLC(κ + λ)], a variable associated with cytogenetic risk, exceeds the threshold of 60.6 mg/mL. Patients with sFLC(κ + λ) above cut-off displayed a poorer TFS outcome, irrespective of sFLC(κ/λ). Only ZAP-70, cytogenetics, stage, and TFS remained associated with sFLC(κ + λ) in a multivariate model. By assigning 1 point each for these variables, the 3-year probability of TFS was 94.8%, 84.5%, 61.6%, and 21.1% for patients scoring 0, 1, 2, and 3 + 4, respectively (P < .0001). These data, and the demonstration that monoclonal and polyclonal B cells concur to FLC synthesis in tumor tissues, suggest that sFLC(κ/λ) and sFLC(κ + λ) mirror distinct biologic processes in CLL. sFLC(κ + λ) assessment represents a sensitive and cost-effective tool for identifying CLL patients requiring early treatment.
Misinformation increases symptom reporting: a test – retest study
Authors: Merckelbach Harald , Jelicic Marko , Pieters Maarten 
Published: October 2011

Objectives We examined whether misleading information (i.e. misinformation) may promote symptom reporting in non-clinical participants. Design A test–retest study in which we collected baseline data about participants' psychological symptoms and then misinformed them that they had rated two target symptoms relatively highly. During an interview, we determined whether participants would notice this misinformation and at direct and one-week follow-up, we evaluated whether the misinformation would exacerbate retest measures of the same symptoms. Setting A psychological laboratory. Participants A total of 78 undergraduate students. Main outcome measures Participants' scores on a widely used self-report measure of psychological symptoms. Results We found that most participants (63%) were blind to the discrepancies between their original symptom ratings and the upgraded scores they were misinformed with. Furthermore, at the one-week follow-up retest, blind participants revised their symptom ratings in the direction of the misinformation (i.e. they increased their ratings of these symptoms). Conclusion Introspective monitoring of common psychological symptoms is poor and this creates an opportunity for misinformation and symptom escalation. Our finding bears relevance to theories about the iatrogenic amplification of medically unexplained symptoms.
Split or Steal? Cooperative Behavior When the Stakes Are Large
Authors: van den Assem Martijn J. , van Dolder Dennie , Thaler Richard H. 
Published: October 2011

We examine cooperative behavior when large sums of money are at stake, using data from the television game show Golden Balls. At the end of each episode, contestants play a variant on the classic prisoner's dilemma for large and widely ranging stakes averaging over $20,000. Cooperation is surprisingly high for amounts that would normally be considered consequential but look tiny in their current context, what we call a “big peanuts” phenomenon. Utilizing the prior interaction among contestants, we find evidence that people have reciprocal preferences. Surprisingly, there is little support for conditional cooperation in our sample. That is, players do not seem to be more likely to cooperate if their opponent might be expected to cooperate. Further, we replicate earlier findings that males are less cooperative than females, but this gender effect reverses for older contestants because men become increasingly cooperative as their age increases. This paper was accepted by Brad Barber, Teck Ho, and Terrance Odean, special issue editors.
Calendar Cycles, Infrequent Decisions, and the Cross Section of Stock Returns
Authors: Jagannathan Ravi , Marakani Srikant , Takehara Hitoshi , Wang Yong 
Published: October 2011

We show that when investors review their consumption and investment plans infrequently at different points in time with interim information flows, the standard consumption-based capital asset pricing model (CCAPM) will continue to hold only at those points in time when all investors review their plans. Stylized facts suggest that the end of the tax year is a candidate for one such points in time. Therefore, we should expect more support for the CCAPM during the period surrounding the end of the tax year, i.e., the fourth and first quarters in Japan where the tax year ends in December, and the first and second quarters in the United Kingdom where the tax year ends in April. Our empirical findings are consistent with these expectations.This paper was accepted by Wei Xiong, finance.