bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capillary electrophoretic analysis of neutral carbohydrates using ionic liquids as background electrolytes
Authors: Vaher Merike , Koel Mihkel , Kazarjan Jana , Kaljurand Mihkel 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this study, ionic liquids (ILs) as BGE additives were applied for the analysis of neutral carbohydrates in CE. The ILs served primarily as chromophores for indirect UV detection. The influence of imidazolium‐based ionic liquids on the separation, detection limits and mobility of underivatized neutral carbohydrates was investigated. BGEs consisting of 10–50 mM of ILs at pH 12.4 without other additives provided fast separation of neutral sugars. This method was used to determine sucrose, glucose and fructose in certain vegetable juices.
“Proteomineering” serum biomarkers. A Study in Scarlet
Authors: Di Girolamo Francesco , Bala Kumar , Chung Maxey C. M. , Righetti Pier Giorgio 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe performance of sera pre‐treatment for biomarker searching via combinatorial peptide ligand libraries (CPLL) has recently been challenged (Proteomics 2010, 10, 1416–1425) and stated to allow discovery of only medium to high‐abundance proteins. We have thus investigated four elution protocols, as published in recent reports: (i) in 4 M urea+1% CHAPS; (ii) in 4 M urea+1% CHAPS+5% acetic acid; (iii) in 8 M urea+2% CHAPS+5% acetic acid; (iv) in boiling 4% SDS+25 mM DTT. One milliliter of serum, in all cases, was captured with 50 μL of CPLL beads, which were then eluted with the four eluants described above. In the first three cases, after the first elution, the beads were re‐eluted with cocktail (iv), known to offer maximal release of proteins adsorbed by the CPLL ligands. Eluant (i) released only ca. 20% of the species adsorbed, eluant (ii) ca. 60%, eluant (iii) ca. 80%. Thus, the poor performance of the CPLL methodology, as reported in (i) is not due to any fault of the capture technique, but simply to the adoption of a very poor elution protocol. Even those using eluants (ii) and (iii) should know that a substantial fraction of the captured species still remains bound to the beads and is thus not available to biomarker discovery. Once more, eluant (iv) is recognized as the only one able to offer optimal recovery from the CPLL baits.
Seismic response of structures with coupled vertical stiffness–strength irregularities
Authors: Sadashiva Vinod K. , MacRae Gregory A. , Deam Bruce L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSeveral seismic design codes around the world restrict the use of theit Equivalent Lateral Force analysis method to structures satisfying structural regularity limits. These regularity limits are based on engineering judgement and lack quantitative justification. One common irregularity is that of a change in vertical stiffness over the building height. This stiffness irregularity is almost always associated with a change in vertical strength over the building height. For this reason, the effect of various realistic combinations of stiffness–strength irregularity in shear‐type buildings is evaluated to quantify regularity limits.Structures analysed had 3, 5, 9 and 15 storeys, and the floor mass at all the levels were kept the same. Both regular and irregular structures were designed in accordance with the Equivalent Lateral Force procedure to produce the same engineering demand parameter. Structural ductility factors of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6, and target (design) interstorey drift ratios ranging between 0.5 and 3%, were used in this study. The irregular structures were created by modifying specific storey lateral stiffnesses from that of the regular structure. Strengths at these storeys were also modified to ensure realistic relationships between stiffness and strength. The modified structures were then redesigned until the target interstorey drift ratio was achieved at the critical storey. Inelastic dynamic time‐history analysis was conducted to compare the maximum interstorey drift ratio demands of the regular and irregular structures. Simple equations were developed to estimate possible variations in demand due to vertical stiffness–strength irregularity applied at critical locations in structures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An alternative way for the ignition times for solids with radiation absorption in‐depth by simple asymptotic solutions
Authors: Delichatsios Michael A. , Zhang Jianping 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYWe present a new simplified method to calculate the ignition times when both conduction and in‐depth radiation absorption in an externally heated solid are significant by deriving an integral equation for the surface temperature history. We achieve this by decomposing the problem into two simple additive problems and in addition, we also provide asymptotic solutions for the surface temperature history at short and long times. These solutions allow to find the relations between the ignition times at different degrees of in‐depth energy absorption and the relations between the thermal solid parameters and the in‐depth absorption coefficient. In addition, these results are useful in interpreting experimental results on ignition in order to assess when and to what extent in‐depth radiation affects the ignition times. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in the levels of DNA methylation in testis and liver of SD rats neonatally exposed to 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine and cadmium
Authors: Zhu Hongyan , Li Keyong , Liang Jiren , Zhang Jie , Wu Qing 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTTo investigate the changes in the levels of DNA methylation in the testis during development after neonatal transient exposure to DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors, we orally administered Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats with 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5‐aza‐CdR; 0.025 or 0.25 mg kg−1) or cadmium (Cd; 1, 2 or 4 mg kg−1) daily from days 3–7 postpartum (pp). Sperm numbers decreased at day 70 pp in all exposure groups. We then used a PCR‐based assay, combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) and pyrosequencing to determine the degrees of DNA methylation. Both 5‐aza‐CdR and Cd reduced DNMT activityin vivoafter 5 days' exposure at day 8 pp but not at day 70 pp. In contrast, the DNA methylation level ofLINE‐1was not changed in the testis, either at day 8 pp or at day 70 pp. We observed increased apoptosis and an increase in thep53mRNA level, accompanied by a decreased DNA methylation level in thep53gene promoter region, at day 8 pp in testis for the 5‐aza‐CdR–exposed groups but not in the Cd‐exposed group. The Cd‐exposed group exhibited a degradation of seminiferous tubules and inhibition of a stepwise change in methylation in the coding region ofc‐fosin testis at day 70 pp. Because we observed toxic phenotype development accompanied by aberrant DNA methylation, DNA methylation may play a role in chemical induced testis damage, with different DNMT inhibitors affecting DNA methylation levels in gene‐ or stage‐specific manner. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knockdown of GAD67 protein levels normalizes neuronal activity in a rat model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Horvath Lazlo , van Marion Ingrid , Taï Khalid , Nielsen Troels Tolstrup , Lundberg Cecilia 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundDopamine depletion of the striatum is one of the hallmarks of Parkinson's disease. The loss of dopamine upregulates GAD67 expression in the striatal projection neurons and causes other changes in the activity of the basal ganglia circuit.MethodsTo normalize the GAD67 expression in the striatum after dopamine depletion, we developed several lentiviral vectors that express RNA interference (RNAi) directed against GAD67 mitochondrial RNA. The vectors were injected into the striatum of hemiparkinsonian rats and the level of GAD67 protein as well as a marker of neuronal activity, mtCO1, was analyzed using western blots.ResultsUnilateral lesions of the dopamine neurons in substantia nigra resulted in an increased level of GAD67 protein in the ipsilateral striatum. Furthermore, we detected significantly higher levels of mtCO1, after dopamine depletion in the striatum. Using a lentiviral vectors with a synthetic miRNA scaffold to deliver RNAi, we were able to normalize the GAD67 protein levels in the parkinsonian rat striatum. In addition, we were able to normalize the increased neural activity, which resulted from the loss of dopamine as measured by the marker mtCO1.ConclusionsWe conclude that RNAi directed against GAD67 may be a valid approach to correct the dysregulation of the basal ganglia circuit in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. The possibility to correct for a loss of dopamine using nondopamimetic tools is interesting because it may be more directed towards the casual mechanisms of the motor symptoms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling tunable band‐pass filters based on RF‐MEMS metamaterials
Authors: Morata Marta , Gil Ignacio , Fernández‐García Raúl 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis work describes progress toward designing and modeling reconfigurable band‐pass filters based on RF microelectromechanical systems (RF‐MEMS) metamaterials. A device consisting of a coplanar waveguide structure that combines complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) and RF‐MEMS varactor bridges, operating at K and Ka‐band, is proposed. Several layouts have been designed and electromagnetically (EM) simulated. A full equivalent‐circuit model for the description of the proposed structure, including transmission lines, RF‐MEMS, subwavelength resonators and coupling parameters, is provided. A high degree of accuracy between EM simulations behavior and electrical model has been obtained. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas7 mediates the differentiation of human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells into functional osteoblasts by enhancing Runx2‐dependent gene expression
Authors: Hung Feng‐Chun , Chang Yuhan , Lin‐Chao Sue , Chao Chuck C.‐K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblasts is a crucial step during bone formation. However, the mechanisms regulating the early stages of osteogenic differentiation are not fully understood. In the present study, we found that growth‐arrest specific gene 7b (Gas7b) was up‐regulated during dexamethasone‐induced differentiation of human MSCs (hMSCs) into osteoblasts. Knockdown of Gas7 using short‐hairpin RNA decreased the expression of the osteogenic transcription factor Runx2 and its target genes alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen, osteocalcin (OC), and osteopontin. In addition, knockdown of Gas7 decreased matrix mineralization of dexamethasone‐treated hMSCs in vitro. In contrast, ectopic expression of Gas7 isoforms a and b promoted gene expression associated with osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization, and also induced the mineralization of hMSCs in vitro. Furthermore, a gene reporter assay designed to monitor OC expression in hMSCs revealed that Runx2‐dependent transcriptional activity was enhanced by over‐expression of human Gas7 isoforms a and b. These findings reveal that Gas7 regulates the differentiation of hMSCs into osteoblasts by enhancing Runx2‐dependent gene expression. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1528–1535, 2011
Discontinuous elliptic problems involving the p(x)‐Laplacian
Authors: Bonanno Gabriele , Chinnì Antonia 
Published: March 2011

AbstractUsing a multiple critical points theorem for non‐differentiable functionals, we investigate the existence and multiplicity of solutions for p(x)‐Laplacian Dirichlet problems with discontinuous nonlinearities. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Understanding the Multiple Length Scales Describing the Structure of Bottle‐brush Polymers by Monte Carlo Simulation Methods
Authors: Hsu Hsiao‐Ping , Paul Wolfgang , Binder Kurt 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBottle‐brush polymers contain a long flexible macromolecule as a backbone to which flexible side chains are grafted. Through the choice of the grafting density and the length of the side chains the local stiffness of this cylindrical molecular brush can be controlled, but a quantitative understanding of these phenomena is lacking. Monte Carlo simulation results are presented and discussed which address this issue, extracting mesoscopic length scales (such as the cross‐sectional radius, persistence length, and contour length of these objects). Large‐scale simulations of the bond fluctuation model are combined with simulations of the simple self‐avoiding walk (SAW) model with flexibility controlled by a bond‐angle potential, using the pruned‐enriched Rosenbluth algorithm. It is shown that under good solvent conditions the bottle‐brush polymers never display a pre‐asymptotic Gaussian regime that would be described by the Kratky–Porod worm‐like chain model, unlike the semiflexible SAW model. Implications of these results for the proper interpretation of experiments are discussed.magnified image
Rate of 6‐[18F]fluorodopa uptake decline in striatal subregions in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Gallagher Catherine L. , Oakes Terrence R. , Johnson Sterling C. , Chung Moo K. , Holden James E. , Bendlin Barbara B. , McLaren Donald G. , Xu Guofan , Nickles Robert J. , Pyzalski Robert , DeJesus Onofre , Brown W. Douglas 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground:Rate of decline in 6‐L‐[18F]fluorodopa (FDOPA) uptake within the striatum has been reported as showing regional differences in Parkinson's disease (PD).Methods:We acquired longitudinal brain FDOPA positron emission tomography (PET) studies in 26 PD subjects and 11 controls over 4.5 years. We analyzed both spatially normalized voxel‐wise maps of radiotracer influx (Kocc) and average Kocc values for six non‐overlapping volumes of interest (VOIs) encompassing the striatum.Results:The voxel‐wise analysis showed that in PD, FDOPA Kocc decline spanned the striatum but was greatest in the posterior putamen ipsilateral and anterior putamen contralateral to initial symptoms. The VOI approached showed that absolute rates of Kocc decline were significantly greater in PD than control subjects, but that the slope of decline did not differ between subregions. In PD, ratios of uptake between subregions did not change during the study with the exception of the ipsilateral putamen/caudate ratio. Decline rates were marginally greater during earlier time segments. Both male gender and advancing age were associated with lower baseline FDOPA uptake, but no difference in decline rates. VOI Kocc values were significantly correlated with disease duration, but only moderately correlated with clinical measures.Discussion:We conclude that FDOPA uptake in subregions of the striatum is strongly correlated with disease duration and age, and declines approximately equally from symptom onset in PD. This implies that in idiopathic PD, relative preservation of uptake in the anterior striatum reflects a delay in pathologic involvement of nigrostriatal projections to this region. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Finger muscle control in children with dystonia
Authors: Young Scott J. , van Doornik Johan , Sanger Terence D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground: Childhood dystonia is a disorder that involves inappropriate muscle activation during attempts at voluntary movement. Few studies have investigated the muscle activity associated with dystonia in children, and none have done so in the hands.Methods: In this study, we measured surface electromyographic activity in four intrinsic hand muscles while participants attempted to perform an isometric tracking task using one of the muscles.Results: Children with dystonia had greater tracking error with the task‐related muscle and greater overflow to non‐task muscles. Both tracking error and overflow correlated with the Barry‐Albright Dystonia scale of the respective upper limb. Overflow also decreased when participants received visual feedback of non‐task muscle activity.Dicussion: We conclude that two of the motor deficits in childhood dystonia—motor overflow and difficulties in actively controlling muscles—can be seen in the surface electromyographic activity of individual muscles during an isometric task. As expected from results in adults, overflow is an important feature of childhood dystonia. However, overflow may be at least partially dependent on an individual's level of awareness of their muscle activity. Most importantly, poor single‐muscle tracking shows that children with dystonia have deficits of individual muscle control in addition to overflow or co‐contraction. These results provide the first quantitative measures of the muscle activity associated with hand dystonia in children, and they suggest possible directions for control of dystonic symptoms. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
A unified mathematical programming formulation of strain driven and interior point algorithms for shakedown and limit analysis
Authors: Garcea G. , Leonetti L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA mathematical programming formulation of strain‐driven path‐following strategies to perform shakedown and limit analysis for perfectly elastoplastic materials in an FEM context is presented. From the optimization point of view, standard arc‐length strain‐driven elastoplastic analyses, recently extended to shakedown, are identified as particular decomposition strategies used to solve a proximal point algorithm applied to the static shakedown theorem that is then solved by means of a convergent sequence of safe states. The mathematical programming approach allows: a direct comparison with other non‐linear programming methods, simpler convergence proofs and duality to be exploited. Owing to the unified approach in terms of total stresses, the strain‐driven algorithms become more effective and less non‐linear with respect to a self‐equilibrated stress formulation and easier to implement in the existing codes performing elastoplastic analysis. The elastic domain is represented avoiding any linearization of the yield function so improving both the accuracy and the performance. Better results are obtained using two different finite elements, one with a good behavior in the elastic range and the other suitable for performing elastoplastic analysis. The proposed formulation is compared with a specialized implementation of the primal–dual interior point method suitable to solve the problems at hand. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A parallel and multiscale strategy for the parametric study of transient dynamic problems with friction
Authors: Boucard P.‐A. , Odièvre D. , Gatuingt F. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe objective of this work is to develop an efficient strategy for the parametric study of dynamic problems involving contacts with friction. Our approach is based on the multiscale LATIN method with domain decomposition. This is a mixed method that deals with the forces and velocities at the interfaces between the different subdomains simultaneously. We propose to take advantage of the capability of the multiscale LATIN method, called the multiparametric strategy, to reuse the solution of a given problem in order to solve similar problems. This strategy has already been applied successfully to a variety of static problems; here, it is extended to dynamics. First, we present the multiscale strategy in dynamics. Then, we show how the multiparametric strategy can be extended to dynamics. We illustrate the capabilities of the method through an academic 3D example and the simulation of a bolted joint. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retail outlets as a successful fundraising medium
Authors: Holden Charles 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCharity shops have been part of the voluntary sector for many years. Competition and professionalism have brought about major shifts in the expectation of charity shops, be it the quality of the product sold, the way in which it is marketed or the return on investment. In the following article Charles Holden draws on his experience to offer a perspective to the reader who is either contemplating the introduction of retailing into the fundraising portfolio or seeking to assess the strengths and weaknesses of an established operation.
Donor commitment: An investigation of fundraising strategies in churches and mainstream charities
Authors: Morgan Gareth G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOne of the central questions in relationship fundraising is how to convert someone who makes a small yearly donation into someone who is a major donor covenanting a substantial part of his/her income.Drawing on research among 200 major UK fundraising charities, this paper explores how far the issue, of donor commitment is used in mainstream fundraising strategies, and finds that only a minority of charities place emphasis on this. This finding is compared with an analysis of models of giving in churches.It is argued that while churches may lack sophisticated approaches to fundraising, they may have important experiences in the area of committed giving which are relevant to fundraising strategies in other organisations.
The MYB–NFIB gene fusion—a novel genetic link between adenoid cystic carcinoma and dermal cylindroma
Authors: Fehr A , Kovács A , Löning T , Frierson HF , van den Oord JJ , Stenman G 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe have recently shown that the recurrent t(6;9)(q22 ∼ 23;p23 ∼ 24) translocation in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast and head and neck results in a fusion of the two transcription factor genes MYB and NFIB. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, that benign sporadic, dermal cylindromas also express the MYB–NFIB gene fusion. RT–PCR and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that eight of 12 analysed tumours (67%) expressed MYB–NFIB fusion transcripts and/or stained positive for MYB protein. Nucleotide sequence analyses confirmed that the composition of the chimeric transcript variants identified was identical to that in ACC, suggesting a similar molecular mechanism of activation of MYB in cylindroma as in ACC. In contrast, no evidence for the presence of the MYB–NFIB fusion was found in other types of basaloid skin and salivary gland tumours, indicating that the fusion indeed has a restricted expression pattern. Our findings broaden the spectrum of neoplasms associated with MYB oncogene activation and reveal a novel genetic link between ACC and dermal cylindroma. These results, together with our previous observations, further strengthen the evidence for common molecular pathways of importance for the development of both benign and malignant breast, salivary and adnexal tumours. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DSM—a view from sociology
Authors: Manning Nick 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTIn this article, a sociological analysis of the DSM, particularly axis II, is presented. Every discipline poses its own questions and answers them with its own particular methods. In this case, the distinction is drawn between an analysis that examines the DSM from the outside as an object of study and an analysis that examines the DSM from the inside, which attempts to serve the interests of the professional work being studied. This article takes the former approach, and the DSM is analysed in relation to the general problems of classification systems, the diffusion of innovations and the effects of social context. The conclusion reached is that the DSM has been very substantially shaped by external influences. This is consistent with the general dissatisfaction felt in both the clinical and research fields with the performance of axis II definitions of personality disorder. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.