bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Large‐Pore Hemofiltration in a Swine Model of Fulminant Hepatic Failure
Authors: Detry Olivier , Janssen Nathalie , Cheramy‐Bien Jean‐Paul , Cavalier Etienne , Defraigne Jean‐Olivier , Delanaye Pierre , Lambermont Bernard 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAmong the different potential mechanisms that could lead to brain edema and intracranial hypertension in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), the inflammatory hypothesis implies that systemic inflammation might be in part responsible for an increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and brain water content. In this study, the authors used a validated ischemic FHF swine model to evaluate the effects of 80 kDa large‐pore membrane hemofiltration (LPHF) on intracranial pressure (ICP) and CBF, in relation with the clearance of proinflammatory cytokines and blood liver tests, as primary end points. Fifteen pigs were randomized into one of three groups: SHAM, FHF, and FHF + LPHF. All experiments lasted 6 h. In the FHF groups, liver failure was induced by liver ischemia. After 2 h, the FHF + LPHF group underwent 4 h of a zero‐balance continuous veno‐venous hemofiltration using a 0.7‐m2, large‐pore (78 Å) membrane with a cutoff of 80 kDa. ICP, CBF, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and heart rate were continuously monitored and recorded. Arterial aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, creatinine, international normalized ratio, glucose, lactate and serum cytokines interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐10, and tumor necrosis factor‐α were measured at T0, T120, and T360. Over the 6 h following liver ischemia, the FHF group developed a significant increase in ICP. This ICP rise was not observed in the SHAM group and was attenuated in the FHF + LDHF group. However, the ICP levels were not different at T360 in the FHF + LDHF group compared to the FHF group. No significant effect of LPHF on liver tests or levels of proinflammatory cytokines could be demonstrated. In this model, 80 kDa LPHF was not efficient to control FHF intracranial hypertension and to decrease serum cytokine levels.
A video feedback‐based tobacco cessation counselling course for undergraduates‐preliminary results
Authors: Antal M. , Forster A. , Zalai Z. , Barabas K. , Spangler J. , Braunitzer G. , Nagy K. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundHungary has one of the highest rates of tobacco use and decayed, missing and filled teeth in Europe, and the number of lung cancer–related deaths per annum is amongst the highest globally. As it is estimated that the rate of smokers who see their dentist or physician annually is about 70%, to involve all healthcare providers in tobacco intervention seems to be a promising strategy to reduce tobacco use in countries like Hungary. Such an intervention should obviously include the dental health team. It has already been suggested by experts on this topic that instruction in tobacco use prevention and cessation counselling for dental professionals and students of dentistry should be included in under‐ and postgraduate curricula.ObjectivesTo present a novel, video feedback–based undergraduate cessation counselling programme, which has recently been introduced to the dental curriculum at the Faculty of Dentistry, Szeged, Hungary.MethodsApplying a problem‐based learning approach, the programme consists of three main activities: a small‐group interactive training session led by a faculty member, where students learn about the basic science and clinical aspects of tobacco use, including counselling skills; student interactions with professional actors (i.e. standardised patients) simulating real‐life dental situations, which are recorded for post hoc evaluation; and finally an evaluation of the recorded performance of each student, with the participation of the actor, the student and a faculty member.ResultsWith the help of this new approach, students had the chance to learn about and develop a deeper understanding of tobacco‐related professional dental communication in realistic, case‐based dental scenarios. Students have reported increased confidence in tobacco counselling after having participated in this programme. Furthermore, this method appears to be an ideal tool for the evaluation of both verbal and non‐verbal tobacco counselling skills.ConclusionTo our knowledge, we are the first to have applied video feedback combined with behavioural modification methods in the teaching of tobacco cessation counselling. We conclude that teaching method can help dentists better understand smokers, gain confidence in tobacco cessation counselling and become more effective promoters of a smoke‐free lifestyle. In addition, this method can be easily adapted to other healthcare educational settings, including other oral health training programmes.
PAMPs and DAMPs: signal 0s that spur autophagy and immunity
Authors: Tang Daolin , Kang Rui , Coyne Carolyn B. , Zeh Herbert J. , Lotze Michael T. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryPathogen‐associated molecular pattern molecules (PAMPs) are derived from microorganisms and recognized by pattern recognition receptor (PRR)‐bearing cells of the innate immune system as well as many epithelial cells. In contrast, damage‐associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) are cell‐derived and initiate and perpetuate immunity in response to trauma, ischemia, and tissue damage, either in the absence or presence of pathogenic infection. Most PAMPs and DAMPs serve as so‐called ‘Signal 0s’ that bind specific receptors [Toll‐like receptors, NOD‐like receptors, RIG‐I‐like receptors, AIM2‐like receptors, and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)] to promote autophagy. Autophagy, a conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, is a cell survival mechanism invoked in response to environmental and cellular stress. Autophagy is inferred to have been present in the last common eukaryotic ancestor and only to have been lost by some obligatory intracellular parasites. As such, autophagy represents a unifying biology, subserving survival and the earliest host defense strategies, predating apoptosis, within eukaryotes. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of autophagic molecular mechanisms and functions in emergent immunity.
Amino acid catabolism: a pivotal regulator of innate and adaptive immunity
Authors: McGaha Tracy L. , Huang Lei , Lemos Henrique , Metz Richard , Mautino Mario , Prendergast George C. , Mellor Andrew L. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryEnhanced amino acid catabolism is a common response to inflammation, but the immunologic significance of altered amino acid consumption remains unclear. The finding that tryptophan catabolism helped maintain fetal tolerance during pregnancy provided novel insights into the significance of amino acid metabolism in controlling immunity. Recent advances in identifying molecular pathways that enhance amino acid catabolism and downstream mechanisms that affect immune cells in response to inflammatory cues support the notion that amino acid catabolism regulates innate and adaptive immune cells in pathologic settings. Cells expressing enzymes that degrade amino acids modulate antigen‐presenting cell and lymphocyte functions and reveal critical roles for amino acid‐ and catabolite‐sensing pathways in controlling gene expression, functions, and survival of immune cells. Basal amino acid catabolism may contribute to immune homeostasis that prevents autoimmunity, whereas elevated amino acid catalytic activity may reinforce immune suppression to promote tumorigenesis and persistence of some pathogens that cause chronic infections. For these reasons, there is considerable interest in generating novel drugs that inhibit or induce amino acid consumption and target downstream molecular pathways that control immunity. In this review, we summarize recent developments and highlight novel concepts and key outstanding questions in this active research field.
mTOR, metabolism, and the regulation of T‐cell differentiation and function
Authors: Waickman Adam T. , Powell Jonathan D. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryUpon antigen recognition, naive T cells undergo rapid expansion and activation. The energy requirements for this expansion are formidable, and T‐cell activation is accompanied by dramatic changes in cellular metabolism. Furthermore, the outcome of antigen engagement is guided by multiple cues derived from the immune microenvironment. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is emerging as a central integrator of these signals playing a critical role in driving T‐cell differentiation and function. Indeed, multiple metabolic programs are controlled by mTOR signaling. In this review, we discuss the role of mTOR in regulating metabolism and how these pathways intersect with the ability of mTOR to integrate cues that guide the outcome of T‐cell receptor engagement.
Liver X receptor and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor as integrators of lipid homeostasis and immunity
Authors: Kidani Yoko , Bensinger Steven J. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryLipid metabolism has emerged as an important modulator of innate and adaptive immune cell fate and function. The lipid‐activated transcription factors peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) α, β/δ, γ and liver X receptor (LXR) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that have a well‐defined role in regulating lipid homeostasis and metabolic diseases. Accumulated evidence over the last decade indicates that PPAR and LXR signaling also influence multiple facets of inflammation and immunity, thereby providing important crosstalk between metabolism and immune system. Herein, we provide a brief introduction to LXR and PPAR biology and review recent discoveries highlighting the importance of PPAR and LXR signaling in the modulation of normal and pathologic states of immunity. We also examine advances in our mechanistic understanding of how nuclear receptors impact immune system function and homeostasis. Finally, we discuss whether LXRs and PPARs could be pharmacologically manipulated to provide novel therapeutic approaches for modulation of the immune system under pathologic inflammation or in the context of allergic and autoimmune disease.
Metabolic reprogramming and metabolic dependency in T cells
Authors: Wang Ruoning , Green Douglas R. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryUpon activation, quiescent naive T cells undergo a growth phase followed by massive clonal expansion and differentiation that are essential for appropriate immune defense and regulation. Accumulation of cell biomass during the initial growth and rapid proliferation during the expansion phase is associated with dramatically increased bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands. This not only requires a metabolic rewiring during the transition between resting and activation but also ‘addicts’ active T cells to certain metabolic pathways in ways that naive and memory T cells are not. We consider such addiction in terms of the biological effects of deprivation of metabolic substrates or inhibition of specific pathways in T cells. In this review, we illustrate the relevant metabolic pathways revealed by recent metabolic flux analysis and discuss the consequences of metabolic intervention on specific metabolic pathways in T lymphocytes.
The fourth dimension in immunological space: how the struggle for nutrients selects high‐affinity lymphocytes
Authors: Wensveen Felix M. , van Gisbergen Klaas P. J. M. , Eldering Eric 
Published: August 2012

SummaryLymphocyte activation via the antigen receptor is associated with radical shifts in metabolism and changes in requirements for nutrients and cytokines. Concomitantly, drastic changes occur in the expression of pro‐and anti‐apoptotic proteins that alter the sensitivity of lymphocytes to limiting concentrations of key survival factors. Antigen affinity is a primary determinant for the capacity of activated lymphocytes to access these vital resources. The shift in metabolic needs and the variable access to key survival factors is used by the immune system to eliminate activated low‐affinity cells and to generate an optimal high‐affinity response. In this review, we focus on the control of apoptosis regulators in activated lymphocytes by nutrients, cytokines, and costimulation. We propose that the struggle among individual clones that leads to the formation of high‐affinity effector cell populations is in effect an ‘invisible’ fourth signal required for effective immune responses.
LKB1 and AMPK: central regulators of lymphocyte metabolism and function
Authors: Blagih Julianna , Krawczyk Connie M. , Jones Russell G. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryWhen T cells encounter foreign antigen and appropriate costimulatory signals from professional antigen‐presenting cells (APCs), they initiate a coordinated program of rapid proliferation and differentiation, leading to the development of activated T cells with specific effector functions tailored toward pathogen clearance or control. One of the fundamental programs that underpin T‐cell proliferation and function is the regulation of cellular metabolism. Recent efforts to identify the signal transduction pathways that regulate T‐cell metabolism have led to the identification of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) as key regulators of T‐cell metabolism. LKB1 and AMPK are part of an evolutionarily conserved signal transduction pathway that monitors cellular energy status. AMPK senses bioenergetic fluctuations in cells and works in concert with LKB1 to maintain cellular energy homeostasis by promoting catabolic pathways of ATP production and limiting processes that consume ATP. Recent data indicate that LKB1 and AMPK can influence diverse aspects of T‐cell biology beyond metabolism, including T‐cell development, peripheral T‐cell homeostasis, and T‐cell effector function. In this review, we focus on the regulation of lymphocyte metabolism by this energy‐sensing pathway and discuss its influence on T‐cell function.
Neurologic development of the newborn and young child in relation to maternal thyroid function
Authors: Smit BJ , Kok JH , Vulsma T , Briët JM , Boer K , Wiersinga WM 
Published: August 2012

Smit BJ, Kok JH, Vulsma T, Briët JM, Boer K, Wiersinga WM. Neurologic development of the newborn and young child in relation to maternal thyroid function. Acta Paediatr 2000; 89: 291‐5. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5253A prospective observational study was performed in pregnant women with known thyroid disease. We studied the effect of maternal thyroid function in the first half of pregnancy on the neurologic development of the infant in the first 2 y of life. Clinical and thyroid function data were collected from 20 pregnant women with known thyroid disease and their newborn children. Infants were divided into three groups according to their maternal thyroid function within the first half of pregnancy: Group A (n= 7): maternal subclinical hypothyroidism, Group B (n= 6): maternal euthyroidism, and Group C (n= 7): maternal hyperthyroidism or subclinical hyperthyroidism. Neurophysiologic, i.e. motor nerve conduction velocity and somatosensory evoked potentials and neurologic and developmental (Bayley scales) assessments were done. One infant, born to a mother with Graves' disease, developed transient hyperthyroidism. At the age of 6 and 12 mo, the mean mental developmental index (MDI) score was 16 points lower for infants in Group A than for those in Group B (p= 0.03 and 0.02, respectively). At the age of 24 mo, the mean MDI score was 6 points lower, which was not statistically significant. Neurophysiologic and neurologic assessments and the mean Psychomotor Developmental scores did not differ among the three groups.In conclusion, maternal subclinical hypothyroidism in the first half of pregnancy was associated with a lower mean MDI score in their infants during the first year of life.
Interactions between Ants and Non‐myrmecochorous Fruits in Miconia (Melastomataceae) in a Neotropical Savanna
Authors: Lima Mônica H. C. , Oliveira Evandro G. , Silveira Fernando A. O. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the role of ants as secondary seed dispersers of six primarily bird‐dispersed Miconia species in the cerrados of southeastern Brazil. Vertebrate exclosure and seed germination experiments were performed for M. albicans, M. alborufescens, M. corallina, M. ferruginata, M. ibaguensis, and M. irwinii. Excluding vertebrates did not significantly alter fruit removal rate for any of the Miconia species relative to open controls. Fruits on stalks and fallen fruits were removed and transported to nests mainly by species of Atta, Acromyrmex, and Ectatomma (dispersal distance ranging from 0.1 to 45.2 m), while Camponotus ants tended to be observed removing the fruit pulp (seed cleaning) where the fruits were found. Seed manipulation by Atta decreased germination of M. irwinii, but not M. ferruginata. Germination did not occur in intact fruits, and thus seed cleaning was an important service provided by the ants. Ant nest soils did not inhibit germination of any of the Miconia species, suggesting they are a good substrate for long‐lived Miconia seeds. We conclude that ant activity could have important effects on the fate of Miconia seeds adapted for bird dispersal.
Evidence‐based practice for the busy nurse practitioner: Part four: Putting it all together
Authors: Facchiano Lynda , Snyder Charlene Hoffman 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurposeUnderstanding the critical appraisal process allows nurse practitioners (NPs) to determine a study's reliability, validity, and applicability to their client(s)/families, and to their clinical practice setting. The purpose of this final part of this four‐part evidence‐based practice (EBP) series is designed to utilize a clinical scenario that will walk the NP through EBP steps 1 through 3 while providing an example of how to critically appraise a randomized control trial.Data sourcesScientific literature review, gray literature, PubMed and other online literature databases and resources, and online EBP websites.ConclusionsAs healthcare providers, our role is to provide the best possible care we can to our client(s) and their families. One way to do this is through the utilization of the EBP process. When EBP processes are integrated into our clinical practice settings it augments the existing provider–client relationship and shared decision‐making process.Implications for practiceIt is hoped that this four‐part series enhanced NPs’ understanding of the EBP processes of developing a clinical inquiry, searching for the best evidence, critically appraising the evidence, and integrating EBP into clinical practice.
Changes in the treatment of inpatient hyperglycemia: What every nurse practitioner should know about the 2012 Standards of Care
Authors: Talley Michele H. , Hill Alethea , Steadman Laura , Hess Mary Annette 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose: To provide nurse practitioners (NPs) with a review of the 2012 Standards of Care for the management of hospitalized patients who are hyperglycemic.Data sources: The 2012 American Diabetes Association's (ADA) Standards of Care for the treatment of inpatient hyperglycemia and selected evidence‐based articles.Conclusions: Because hyperglycemia occurs at alarming rates in the inpatient setting when hyperglycemia is not controlled, there is a great impact on acute and even chronic conditions. These complications will lead to increased healthcare costs.Implications for practice: It is essential that NPs who care for hospitalized, hyperglycemic patients are aware of the 2012 ADA Standards of Care.To obtain CE credit for this activity, go to http://www.aanp.org and click on the CE Center. Locate the listing for this article and complete the post‐test. Follow the instructions to print your CE certificate.Disclosure The authors report no competing interests.
The enigma of heart disease in women: New insights may precipitate diagnosis and improve patient outcomes
Authors: Edwards Michelle L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose: To highlight the unique pathophysiology and clinical presentation of ischemic heart disease in women. The article will emphasize the atypical clinical manifestations, reinforce the pitfalls of standard testing, and provide new insights into novel risk factors as well as diagnostic tools to enable earlier detection of disease.Data sources: An extensive review of the literature was conducted using Pub Med and CINAHL databases. The reference lists of applicable published reports were also reviewed.Conclusions: Significant evidence now exists to support the presence of coronary ischemia even in the absence of obstructive epicardial coronary occlusions. Coronary microvascular disease and/or endothelial dysfunction account for roughly 50% of heart disease cases in women. Understanding the different pathophysiologic mechanisms of coronary disease, the uncommon expression of symptoms, and the avoidance of over‐reliance on standard testing to reveal disease is essential for early and accurate diagnosis.Implications for practice: A lack of awareness persists regarding the phenomenon of ischemic heart disease in women. Healthcare providers must optimize their understanding of these variations and implement strategies for early recognition and treatment. Evaluation of novel risk factors, coronary calcium screening, evaluation of endothelial function, and estimation of functional capacity offers significant advantages over traditional evaluations.
Queer politics at home: Gay men's management of the public/private boundary
Authors: Gorman‐Murray Andrew 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWhile idealised as a private space, the residential home is embedded in public relationships, and a critical aspect of homemaking is managing the public/private boundary. Geographers of sexualities show this is fraught for sexual minorities, with gay men having a heightened need to control the public/private boundary, fearing discrimination from neighbours. This paper re‐examines the ways in which gay men manage the public/private boundary and considers how these practices are entwined with social power and queer politics. Analysing data from research with gay men in Australia, I find diversity in their management of home as a site of both privacy and public connections. Some men do try to seal their homes from neighbours, fearing repercussions if their sexuality is publicised. But others engage with local communities and open their homes to neighbourly visits. This has important reparative effects for social change: by utilising the porosity of domestic borders, these men's homes become sites of queer politics that help reconcile the inequitable social power of the heterosexual/homosexual binary.
Effects of sex premises on neighbourhoods: Residents, local planning and the geographies of a controversial land use
Authors: Prior Jason , Crofts Penny 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe paper examines 284 resident submissions to sex premises planning processes, and a survey of 401 residents living near sex premises in New South Wales, Australia, to investigate resident concerns about the effect of sex premises on local environs, and how these concerns inform resident views on the spatial ordering of sex premises. The investigation found that there was a discrepancy between the views of the broader residential population and the views of participants in planning processes. The investigation suggests that geographers need to consider more deeply the connections between residents, planning and the geographies of this controversial land use.
Queens Gardens, 1949: The anxious spaces of post‐war New Zealand masculinity
Authors: Brickell Chris 
Published: August 2012

AbstractOne evening in 1949, five met men on the steps of the Cenotaph in Queens Gardens in Dunedin, New Zealand. Two were under arrest by the end of the night, charged with indecently assaulting the others. This article explores these five men's sexual encounters, the space in which these took place, and the meanings given to both. These particular relationships take place in relation to wider global patterns of masculine spatiality and the post‐war emergence of new sexual categories. The article suggests that men's intimate and sexual lives have been highly contested within the sexualized spaces of the city.