bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Joking as boundary negotiation among “good old boys”: “White trash” as a social category at the bottom of the Southern working class in Alabama
Authors: Davies Catherine Evans 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe point of this article is to show how the “You might be a redneck” joke cycle is appropriated to designate a lower social category within the Southern working class in Alabama, and to negotiate the boundaries between the good old boy working class “red neck” and the lower category of “white trash.” Close attention to language is important in the analysis because the jokers exaggerate features of the vernacular dialect to perform members of the lower social category. Within the tradition of the study of conversational joking (Fry, Sweet madness: A study of humor, Pacific Books, 1963; Tannen, Conversational style: Analyzing talk among friends, Oxford University Press, 1984; Davies, C. E., Joint joking: Improvisational humorous episodes in conversation: 360–371, 1984, Language and American ‘good taste’: Martha Stewart as mass-media role model, Routledge, 2003a, Journal of Pragmatics 35: 361–1385, 2003b; Norrick, Conversational joking: Humor in everyday talk, Indiana University Press, 1993; Kotthoff, Coherent keying in conversational humour: Contextualizing joint fictionalisation, John Benjamins, 1999), combined with the discourse analyis of radio talk (Coupland, Language, situation, and the relational self: Theorizing dialect-style in sociolinguistics, Cambridge University Press, 2002; Goffman, Forms of talk, The University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981), and “performance speech” (Schilling-Estes, Language in Society 27: 53–83, 1998), this study examines joking interaction on a popular morning radio talk show in Alabama that is hosted by two men, known to their audience as Jack and Bubba. The data are a set of CD recordings identified as “The Best of . . .” supplemented with additional regular shows. Examining the joking as an important part of a linguistic “presentation of self” (Goffman, The presentation of self in everyday life, Doubleday, 1959; Davies, C. E., Texas Linguistic Forum 44: 73–89, 2002), the analysis reveals how the joking between the two hosts and with members of the studio audience is rooted in sociolinguistic and cultural dimensions of the working class American South.
Adjuvant High-Dose Interferon-α for Resected Melanoma in a Patient with HIV Infection
Authors: Saba Nakhle S. , George Thomas J. , Boulmay Brian C. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Adjuvant interferon (IFN)-α remains the standard adjuvant therapy for intermediate and high-risk melanoma after definitive surgical resection. Data addressing the role and safety of adjuvant immunotherapy in HIV-infected patients with melanoma are lacking. We report on an HIV+ patient who received IFN-α as adjuvant treatment for high-risk melanoma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of such an approach.
Mobilities of Youth: Social and Spatial Trajectories in a Segregated Sweden
Authors: Lindgren Joakim , Lundahl Lisbeth 
Published: June 2010

This article explores youth mobilities in three geographic and socio-economically diverse Swedish contexts. The concept of mobility has become an important feature of individualistic discourses of responsibility relating to inclusion, lifelong learning and self-regulating entrepreneurial behaviour. This article draws attention to the fact that geographical mobility, as a form of human agency, is closely related to social mobility and hence to both spatial and social inequalities. Using life-history interviews and statistical data, the article explores how space, class and ethnicity are related to education and social inclusion and exclusion as young people are spatially situated yet move, desire to move, dream about moving, seek to move and fail to move, as they migrate through, in and out of social communities. The analysis displays how these mobilities are framed by local traditions and circumstances that both enable and restrict. Such mobility might involve processes of personal development and learning, and be the calculated consequence of each individual's chosen life-career. However, mobility might also arise as flight from a stigmatised place. In these cases, refusal to move can also be seen as a form of resistance. Once we recognize that place and mobility are fundamental attributes of all identities, we open the door for future studies addressing these issues in almost any field. (Easthope, 2009, p. 78)
Psychorheology of food dispersions
Authors: Štern Petr , Panovská Zdeňka , Pokorný Jan 
Published: June 2010

Psychorheology of food dispersionsFood dispersions are the most frequent and most important food components. Useful information was obtained in the investigations of liquid emulsions. The results obtained in their study were compared with tomato ketchups. They were chosen as an example of food dispersions with low lipid content. A set of 20 samples of tomato ketchups purchased on the native market were analyzed by several rheological procedures (RheoStress 300) and by sensory profiling both of textural and flavour characteristics. The psychorheology was used for the determination of relationships between results of instrumental and sensory measurements. The data base obtained was processed by statistical methods. The temperature affects the results differently, but it is not useful to study temperatures below room temperature. The rheological parameters agree with the Herschel-Bulkley equation. Therefore, the psychorheology was applied as a suitable complex method. About a third of plots between two variables were significantly related. Several statistically significant relationships were obtained between rheological attributes, sensory attributes, and the combinations between rheological and a sensory attributes. Great variance in all characteristics was observed in all samples variables. Similarly as in case of lipid dispersions, the sensory texture acceptability was significantly related with the overall flavour acceptability, similarly as in case of other food dispersions. It proves the importance of texture in consumption of tomato ketchups.
Molecular Determinants of T Cell Epitope Recognition to the Common Timothy Grass Allergen
Authors: Oseroff Carla , Sidney John , Kotturi Maya F. , Kolla Ravi , Alam Rafeul , Broide David H. , Wasserman Stephen I. , Weiskopf Daniela , McKinney Denise M. , Chung Jo L. , Petersen Arnd , Grey Howard , Peters Bjoern , Sette Alessandro 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
We investigated the molecular determinants of allergen-derived T cell epitopes in humans utilizing the Phleum pratense (Timothy grass) allergens (Phl p). PBMCs from allergic individuals were tested in ELISPOT assays with overlapping peptides spanning known Phl p allergens. A total of 43 distinct antigenic regions were recognized, illustrating the large breadth of grass-specific T cell epitopes. Th2 cytokines (as represented by IL-5) were predominant, whereas IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-17 were detected less frequently. Responses from specific immunotherapy treatment individuals were weaker and less consistent, yet similar in epitope specificity and cytokine pattern to allergic donors, whereas nonallergic individuals were essentially nonreactive. Despite the large breadth of recognition, nine dominant antigenic regions were defined, each recognized by multiple donors, accounting for 51% of the total response. Multiple HLA molecules and loci restricted the dominant regions, and the immunodominant epitopes could be predicted using bioinformatic algorithms specific for 23 common HLA-DR, DP, and DQ molecules. Immunodominance was also apparent at the Phl p Ag level. It was found that 52, 19, and 14% of the total response was directed to Phl p 5, 1, and 3, respectively. Interestingly, little or no correlation between Phl p-specific IgE levels and T cell responses was found. Thus, certain intrinsic features of the allergen protein might influence immunogenicity at the level of T cell reactivity. Consistent with this notion, different Phl p Ags were associated with distinct patterns of IL-5, IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-17 production.
Endothelial Cells: Immunological Aspects
Authors: Sumitran‐Holgersson Suchitra , Holgersson Jan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIt is now clear that the vascular endothelium is not merely a passive vessel wall lining but is actually a multifunctional organ involved in maintaining homeostasis. Strategically located at the interface between blood and the extravascular space, the endothelium is a highly specialised cellular system which plays a key role in physiological processes such as blood supply, nutrient delivery, metabolic homeostasis and immune cell trafficking, as well as pathological processes such as inflammation. Endothelial cells represent a highly heterogeneous population of cells with the ability to interact with and modulate the function of immune cells. These cells regulate the traffic and functions of leucocytes by expressing adhesion molecules and cytokines in a regulated way. The ability of endothelial cells (ECs) to recruit Ag‐specific T cells into the inflammatory sites by displaying cognate major histocompatibility complex (MHC)–peptide complexes contributes a new dimension to the central role played by endothelium in the regulation of immune responses.Key Concepts:Endothelial cells are not just an inert barrier between the blood and parenchyma.The morphology of the endothelial lining differs between vascular beds.The endothelial cell orchestrates cellular processes key to the inflammatory reaction.A regulated use of different adhesion molecules and chemokines guides tissue‐specific leucocyte extravasation.Selectin ligands are carbohydrates with a common structural motif, the tetrasaccharide sialyl‐Lewis X.Especially, microvascular endothelial cells can act as antigen‐presenting cells.Endothelial cells are both targets for and a source of cytokines – soluble polypeptides acting as mediators of communication with leucocytes and other cells.
Plant Exocytosis, Endocytosis and Membrane Recycling in Turgid Cells
Authors: Frigerio Lorenzo 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

In plant cells, growth is dependent on cell wall building and plasma membrane growth. Secretion of proteins is vital for cell function and cell–cell communication. The fusion of secretory vesicles at the plasma membrane (exocytosis) is a key mechanism because it delivers proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane and proteins and polysaccharides to the cell wall. The anterograde flow of membranes is balanced by endocytosis, which retrieves excess membrane and recycles plasma membrane receptors and transporters. Exocytosis and endocytosis have recently been shown to underpin the establishment of cell polarity which is key to the control of plant developmental processes. The balance of exocytosis and endocytosis is, therefore, crucial to both plant signalling and development, is highly regulated and is an exciting subject of current research.

Key Concepts:

Exocytosis is the fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane.

Endocytosis retrieves lipids and proteins from the plasma membrane.

The balance of exocytosis and endocytosis regulates cell growth, polarity and expansion, ultimately underpinning all plant developmental processes.
Size‐exclusion Chromatography
Authors: Hagel Lars , Haneskog Lars 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC), also termed gel filtration (GF) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), separates solutes according to decreasing size. Typical applications are desalting (buffer exchange), fractionation (purification) and size or size‐heterogeneity analysis (mass determination). The theory of SEC is well established and simulations of experiments may readily be performed to aid in optimisation of experimental conditions, although optimisation often is not needed. Unlike many other chromatographic techniques separation using SEC allows a limited volume of sample since it is not concentrated on the column. The acceptable volume depends on column size and mode of separation. SEC is possibly the most common final step in protein purification because of its simplicity and its power to remove not only impurities but also aggregates of the target protein. Buffer exchange of protein preparations by SEC is a good alternative to ultrafiltration or dialysis methods because of speed and low risk of protein aggregation.

Key Concepts:

Size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) separates substances according to size.

SEC is used for desalting (buffer exchange), fractionation (purification) and size or size‐heterogeneity analysis.

SEC often accepts a broad range of solvent conditions.

Only a limited sample volume should be applied in SEC since no concentration of sample components take place on the column. A too large sample volume may compromise separation.

Highest separation in SEC requires a long column with small beads and good quality of packing.

In method optimisation the choice of SEC material (selectivity and efficiency) is usually more important than running conditions.

The peak capacity in SEC is generally much smaller than for other chromatography techniques.

SEC is a key technique for the final step (polishing) when purifying proteins. Impurities and aggregated or fragmented target protein can be removed.

SEC can be used for analysis of protein size‐homogeneity under native conditions, for example for screening purification or storage conditions.
Protein Motifs for
DNA
Binding
Authors: Xu Hang , Morrical Scott W 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Protein–
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) interactions play a central role in directing the flow of genetic information and in the control of life itself. Research has demonstrated that many DNA‐binding proteins belong to distinct families containing common structural motifs. In this article, several important motifs are introduced and their interactions with DNA are discussed. Interestingly, these motifs show great variability in their DNA‐binding modes. In some cases, a simple structural element, such as a single α helix or β ribbon, accounts for the most critical interactions, whereas in other protein–DNA complexes, more complicated structural scaffolds are required. In addition, the efficiency and specificity of protein–DNA interactions depend on the nature of bonding, the induced fit of macromolecules and the oligomerisation of protein motifs.

Key Concepts:

DNA‐binding motifs are prototypic structural elements, each representing a group of DNA‐binding proteins.

The stability of protein–DNA complexes is attributed to both sequence‐specific and nonsequence‐specific interactions, whereas the specificity only depends on the former.

Conformational change is often observed in protein–DNA complexes, which facilitates the complex formation and/or the following biological function.

In addition to promoting extreme conformational change in DNA, oligomerisation of DNA‐binding proteins may also enable regulation of protein–DNA complexes.
Protein Folding and Chaperones
Authors: Sinnige Tessa , Karagöz G Elif , Rüdiger Stefan GD 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Proteins fold via specific pathways to achieve their native structure. Protein structures are, however, inherently unstable; hence folding and unfolding are in equilibrium. Protein instability is a major concern inside the cell. Specialised proteins called molecular chaperones are, therefore, required to assist proteins in folding and to prevent aggregation of folding intermediates. Many different classes of chaperones exist that are conserved throughout all kingdoms of life, many of which are known as heat‐shock proteins. Chaperones typically recognise hydrophobic patches, but the exact functions and mechanisms of action of the various chaperone classes are very different. The main chaperone classes
Hsp70
,
Hsp90
,
Hsp100
and
chaperonins
all depend on
adenosine triphosphatase
(
ATPase
) cycles, which enable subtle activity control by co‐chaperones. The molecular understanding of the mechanism of both chaperones and protein folding are key problems in today's life sciences. The importance is illustrated by the fact that many diseases are associated with these processes.

Key Concepts:

Proteins fold via pathways.

Protein structures are labile.

Protein folding
in vivo
is assisted by molecular chaperones.

Assisted protein folding requires ATP energy.

Molecular chaperones are evolutionarily conserved.

Chaperone activity is controlled by co‐chaperones and cofactors.

Chaperone families differ in structure and function.
Nematodes in Ecological Webs
Authors: Yeates Gregor W 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNematodes, with a simple, tubular body form are the most abundant multicellular animals on earth. Wherever there is active animal life there are nematodes, often with up to 200 species and several million plant and soil nematodes per square metre. Although not active without free water, typically nematode populations are regulated by predators and microbial parasites, and their diverse biological interactions place them in many food webs. Nematode activity may affect plant community composition and succession. Their abundance, diversity and effects on soil processes make indices of nematode assemblage useful indicators of ecosystem condition. Although some parasites cause disease, most nematodes are beneficial, keeping earth's nutrients cycling or enhancing the diversity of natural ecosystems.Key Concepts:Nematodes are abundant, widespread and diverse.Nematodes require free water and food resources to be active but narrow soil pores may prevent them using some resources.Nematodes excrete the excess nitrogen from their food in plant‐available form.Plant and soil nematodes use a wide range of food resources; other nematodes may be parasites of invertebrates and vertebrates.Nematode populations may be regulated by predators and microbial parasites.The diverse biological interactions of nematodes place them in many food webs.Nematode feeding affects their microbial and plant food resources and may result in trophic cascades.Nematode activity may affect plant community composition and succession.Because of their abundance, diversity and effects on soil process indices of nematode assemblages are often useful indicators of ecosystem condition.
Small Silencing
RNAs
and Gene Therapy
Authors: Grimm Dirk 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Within one decade,
ribonucleic acid
interference (RNAi), that is, the sequence‐specific knockdown of gene expression triggered by small silencing RNAs, has rapidly matured from a biological curiosity into our single most promising biotherapeutic for a wide array of human diseases. Its exciting looming clinical translation is particularly accelerated by the increasingly pursued juxtaposition of RNAi technologies with established gene therapy methodologies. Fostering this mutual attraction of two potent clinical modalities and paving the way to fully harness their therapeutic power are the abilities of viral gene transfer vectors to mediate stable, efficient and tailored transduction of RNAi into recipient cells. Finally, moreover adding to the enormous promise of combining small silencing RNAs and gene therapy are latest findings on the role of endogenous microRNAs for various human diseases, further enlarging our already fertile chest of tools and targets for intervention and fortifying the optimism that RNAi gene therapies will soon become a clinical reality.

Key Concepts:

Expression of RNAi triggers from viral gene transfer vehicles is a potent strategy to optimise the issues of
in vivo
delivery and specificity.

Vice versa, the development of expressible, vector‐compatible RNAi triggers adds a crucial therapeutically relevant template to our arsenal of gene therapy vectors.

The combination of RNAi and gene therapy thus synergistically enhances the power and promise of each individual approach.

Beyond exploiting RNAi to directly target and destroy disease‐associated genes, cellular miRNAs can also be used to segregate vectors or viruses.

This allows to either direct transgene expression to a certain subset of cells in the body, or to increase the specificity and safety of oncolytic viruses.

Further improvements of RNAi gene therapy vectors concern the promoter, which can be constitutive or inducible, weak or strong, or specific or ubiquitous.

Concurrent advances in viral vector genome designs and structures help to maintain a threshold of RNAi expression required for potent gene silencing.

Latest improvements in the field of RNAi gene therapy vectors comprise combinatorial approaches either aiming at enhancing custom vector properties or juxtaposing various RNAi triggers and other gene silencers, or co‐targeting different viral or cellular genes, to avert target viral escape by mutation.
Thermal Decomposition of Mono‐ and Bimetallic Magnesium Amidoborane Complexes
Authors: Spielmann Jan , Piesik Dirk F.‐J. , Harder Sjoerd 
Published: June 2010

AbstractComplexes of the type [(DIPPnacnac)MgNH(R)BH3] have been prepared (DIPPnacnac=CH{(CMe)(2,6‐iPr2C6H3N)}2). The following substituents R have been used: H, Me, iPr, DIPP (DIPP=2,6‐diisopropylphenyl). Complexes [(DIPPnac‐ nac)MgNH2BH3]⋅THF, [{(DIPPnac‐ nac)MgNH(iPr)BH3}2] and [(DIPPnacnac)MgNH(DIPP)BH3] were structurally characterised. The Mg amidoborane complexes decompose at a significantly higher temperature (90–110 °C) than the corresponding Ca amidoborane complexes (20–110 °C). The complexes with the smaller R substituents (H, Me) gave a mixture of decomposition products of which one could be structurally characterised as [{(DIPPnacnac)Mg}2(H3B‐NMe‐BH‐NMe)]⋅THF. [{(DIPP‐ nacnac)MgNH(iPr)BH3}2] cleanly decomposed to [(DIPPnacnac)MgH], which was characterised as a dimeric THF adduct. The amidoborane complex with the larger DIPP‐substituent decomposed into a borylamide complex [(DIPPnacnac)MgN(DIPP)BH2], which was structurally characterised as its THF adduct. Bimetallic Mg amidoborane complexes decompose at lower temperatures (60–90 °C) and show a different decomposition pathway. The dinuclear Mg amidoborane complexes presented here are based on DIPPnacnac units that are either directly coupled through NN bonding (abbreviated NN) or through a 2,6‐pyridylene bridge (abbreviated PYR). Crystal structures of [PYR‐{Mg(nBu)}2], [PYR‐{MgNH(iPr)BH3}2], [NN‐{MgNH(iPr)BH3}2]⋅THF and the decomposition products [PYR‐Mg2(iPrN‐BH‐iPrN‐BH3)] and [NN‐Mg2(iPrN‐BH‐iPrN‐BH3)]⋅THF are presented. The following conclusions can be drawn from these studies: i) The first step in the decomposition of a metal amidoborane complex is β‐hydride elimination, which results in formation of a metal hydride complex and R(H)NBH2, ii) depending on the nature of the metal, the metal hydride is either stable and can be isolated or it reacts further, iii) amidoborane anions with small R substituents decompose into the dianionic species (RN‐BH‐RN‐BH3)2−, whereas large substituents result in formation of the borylamide RNBH2− and iv) enforced proximity of two Mg amidoborane units results in decomposition at a significantly lower temperature and cleanly follows the BNBN pathway.