bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New host records for Plasmodium diploglossi, P. tropiduri Aragão and Neiva, 1909, and P. cnemidophori Carini, 1941
Authors: Lainson R. , Shaw J. J. 
Published: June 2009

Plasmodium (Sauramoeba) diploglossi Aragão & Neiva, 1909, has been rediscovered in the skink Mabuya mabouya (Scincidae). This appears to be the first time that this malaria parasite has been re-encountered since its original description in the lizard Diploglossus fasciatus (Anguidae). Six out of 20 skinks were infected, all from the Utinga Forest, Belém, Pará, north Brazil.P. (Sauramoeba) tropiduri Aragao & Neiva, 1909, is redescribed in the samelizard, Mabuya mabouya, representing a new host record. Many of the infections were concomitant with P. diploglossi. Exo-erythrocytic schizonts were encountered in blood and tissue smears but it remains uncertain to which parasite they belong.P. (Sauramoeba) cnemidophori Carini, 1941, has been found in the teiid lizard Ameiva ameiva, a new host record. Exo-erythrocytic schizonts were abundant in lymphocytes and thrombocytes of the peripheral blood.The cost of the colour plate was defrayed by the Wellcome Parasitology Unit, Institute Evandro Chagas, Fundacao Servico Especial de Saúde Pública, Belem, Pará, Brazil.
Effect of temperature on hatching and viability of the eggs of Bunostomum trigonocephalum Rudolphi, 1808
Authors: Premvati G. , Narain Bandana 
Published: June 2009

The effect of temperature on the hatching and viability of the eggs of Bunostomum trigonocephalum in a tropical climate is described. All experiments were performed with 500 eggs in each dish of saline medium. Experiments on hatching of eggs at any one temperature were repeated twelve times and on viability of eggs eight times.The range of temperature for hatching was found to be 10–34 °C. The time for commencement and for termination of hatching of eggs (in hours) was 18 and 48 at 34 °C, 21 and 51 at 30 °C, 24 and 54 at 25 °C, 45 and 78 at 20 °C, 77 and 119 at 15 °C, and 264 and 360 at 10 °C.The rate of hatching of eggs was observed at temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 34 °C. Maximum hatching took place at 34 °C, which is also the optimum temperature for hatching. At a temperature of 10 °C, 98–99% of the eggs did not develop.The viability of eggs was observed at temperatures above and below the hatching range. Eggs remained viable up to 7 h at – 10 °C, 5 days at 0 °C, 7 days at 5 °C, 10 h at 35 °C, 6 h at 40 °C, 1 h at 45 °C, and 20 min at 50 °C.The authors wish to acknowledge a research grant from the Scientific Research Committee, Uttar Pradesh, India. We also express our thanks to Professor M. B. Lal for his kind encouragement and interest throughout this study.
Studies on the host–parasite interface of strigeoid trematodes
Authors: Erasmus David A. 
Published: June 2009

The ultrastructure of the lappets of Apatemon gracilis minor Yamaguti, 1933, has been described. The tegument covering the lappets is characterized by the presence of long seta-like structures and unicellular gland cells which exhibit a holocrine type of secretion. The setae contain extensions of the tegument cytoplasm and are supported by a bundle of fibrils. The unicellular gland cells are pear-shaped with the tapering neck supported by a ring of 50–60 microtubules. The secretion consists of relatively large, membrane bounded bodies containing a fine granular material.The lappets are regarded as representing a specialized host–parasite interface in which adaptation exists for attachment to the host tissue and the discharge of secretion from the parasite at this region. The concept of the specialized host–parasite interface is discussed and extended to include Apatemon gracilis minor.The author wishes to acknowledge the research grant provided by the S.R.C. for the purchase of a vacuum coating unit and an AEI EM 6 electron microscope. The progress of this study was greatly facilitated by the excellent assistance of Mr T. Davies and Miss C. Green. The stereoscan micrograph (P1. 1, fig. 2) is published by permission of the Cambridge Instrument Company.
A morphological and histochemical study of the cystogenic cells of the cercaria ofFasciola hepaticaL.
Authors: Dixon K. E. 
Published: June 2009

The cercaria ofFasciola hepaticahas four types of cystogenic cells which can be characterized by their position and by their histochemical properties. On the basis of their histochemical reactions, each type of cell was related to a specific layer in the cyst wall of the metacercaria.The tanned protein cells occupy almost all of the ventral half of the body and contain large granules consisting of basic protein and phenols. Although the presence of a phenolase could not be demonstrated, it is considered that the granules are composed of tanned protein. Before the cercaria leaves the redia, the granules are secreted to the exterior to form a layer contained by a thin, bounding membrane. The tanned protein cells form layer I of the cyst wall.The mucopolysaccharide cells are concentrated at the dorsal and dorso–lateral surface except for a few around the ventral sucker. They contain acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides and contribute to layers II and IIIbandc.Some of the granules are secreted to the exterior before the cercaria leaves the redia, in a similar manner to the tanned protein granules.The mucoprotein cells are few in number and lie centrally between the ventral sucker and the pharynx. They give reactions for proteins and carbohydrate-protein complexes and probably help to form layers II and IIIaof the cyst wall.The keratin cells fill almost the entire dorsal half of the body and contain numerous rod-like granules. These rods are composed of a protein containing sulphydryl groups and disulphide bonds and give rise to layer IV. After secretion of the tanned protein granules to the exterior, some of the keratin cells move to the ventral part of the body formerly occupied by the tanned protein cells.The outer cyst wall exists in a preformed state in the free swimming cercaria.I am grateful to Professor J. D. Smyth and Dr J. A. Clegg of this department for advice and encouragement during this investigation and in the preparation of the manuscript. The work was done during the tenure of a Commonwealth Post-Graduate Scholarship.
Significance of Achromobacter nematophilus Poinar and Thomas (Achromobacteraceae: Eubacteriales) in the development of the nematode, DD-136 (Neoaplectana sp. Steinernematidae)
Authors: Poinar George O. , Thomas Gerard M. 
Published: June 2009

By culturing Galleria mellonella, Neoaplectana sp. (DD-136) and Achromobacter nematophilus separately under axenic conditions in the laboratory, it was possible to study the relationship between the bacterium and nematode during nematode parasitism of the insect.The infective-stage juveniles of the nematode were able to penetrate and kill the insect host without the presence of A. nematophilus or any other bacterium. However, without accompanying bacteria the nematode was unable to reproduce. Only when A. nematophilus or a possible replacement, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was added to the blood did reproduction occur.The relationship between A. nematophilus and the nematode is considered a mutualistic one, since the bacterium lives and is protected inside the intestine of the free-living stage of the nematode and is transported and released by the nematode to the haemolymph of a host insect. The nematode, in turn, is dependent on the bacterium for reproduction.
The significance of size in the immature stages of the Ixodoidea
Authors: Arthur Don. R. , Snow Keith 
Published: June 2009

Previous studies on variation in size in the immature stages of ixodid ticks have been based on the assumption that the progeny of single females constitute a homogeneous population.From the present work on the immature stages of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, and by following larvae and nymphs to the adult stage, it is clear that there are two size groups of larvae and nymphs which reflect their potential sexuality. Larvae and nymphs which give rise to males are smaller in size than those which produce females. This size difference of the immature stages has other implications, for larvae and nymphs destined to become males imbibe, on average, about two-thirds the quantity of nutrients of those which yield females. Because of these apparent morphological and behavioural feeding mechanisms, which appear to be genetically determined, differences in physiological patterns of activity in the immature stages of the two sexes cannot be overlooked and may prove useful in elucidating the transmission of pathogenic organisms by larvae and nymphs.We are grateful to Dr R. P. Chaudhuri for providing us with the original ticks from which our culture was started, and one of us (K.S.) to the Science Research Council for the provision of a research grant.
Nerve cells inAcanthobothrium coronatum(Rud.) (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea)
Authors: Rees Gwendolen 
Published: June 2009

The nervous system ofAcanthobothrium coronatumconsists of paired bilobed cerebral ganglia in the scolex joined by a transverse and a dorsal and ventral commissure, and a number of longitudinal nerve cords joined by ring commissures from which arise delicate nerves supplying various organs.Bipolar neurons are present in the transverse commissure and scattered throughout the longitudinal nerves in the strobila.Multipolar neurons occur outside and in close association with the nerve cords.A band of ganglionic cells lies on the inner side of the lateral nerve cords in the scolex.Binding cells are present around the longitudinal nerve cords and ring commissures in the strobila.Stretch receptors are present in the anterior half of the scolex in association with the powerful muscles moving the bothridia and hooks.
Infections with Heterakis gallinarum in chickens following recovery from histomoniasis
Authors: Joyner L. P. 
Published: June 2009

Chickens which have recovered from an initial Histomonas infection are better hosts for Heterakis gallinarum than chickens which are fully susceptible to Histomonas. Not only do they support more nematodes but the immature worms, measured 12 and 14 days after infection, are larger.Acknowledgements are due to Miss C. N. Hebert who carried out the statistical analysis and to Mr C. C. Norton for technical assistance.
Nematode parasites of Oceanica
Authors: Wakelin D. , Schmidt Gerald D. , Kuntz R. E. 
Published: June 2009

The capillariid nematodes present in avian hosts collected in Palawan and Borneo are recorded and described. Three new species are established, Capillaria javanensis from Dinopium javanense everetti, Drycopus javanensis hargitti, Mei-glyptes tukki tukki and Megalaima chrysopogon chrysopsis, Capillaria pitti from Pitta sordida sordida, Copyschus niger niger, Copyschus saularis and Chalcophaps indica indica, and Capillaria anthracocerosi from Anthracoceros marchei. Capillaria tridens and C. madseni are recorded from new hosts.We wish to acknowledge the field support by Dr D. S. Rabor, Department of Biology, Silliman University, Damaguete City, Negros Oriental, Republic of the Philippines, and the technicians of the Parasitology Department of Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 for general assistance in procurement and examination of hosts. The authors are indebted to Messrs H. G. Deignan (deceased) and George Watson, U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., as well as to Dr Rabor for identification of hosts. Dr B. J. Myers assisted with the initial handling of the speInitial work for this study was supported by funding under Public Law 480, Section 104(c), by funds provided by the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department Work Unit MR 005.20–0098, by contract no. NR 103–690/N 0014–66–C 0094, between the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy and the Southwest Foundation for Research and Education, and grant no. 5 P01-GM-13252–02 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, DHEW. Final efforts were sponsored by the Department of the Army, contract no. DADA 17–68-C-8094.
The use of red cell antigens for timing break-down of erythrocytes during digestion inOrnithodoros savignyi(Audouin, 1827)
Authors: Osterhoff D. R. , Gothe R. 
Published: June 2009

The commencement and duration of haemolysis and the length of time the erythrocytes remain intact in engorged virgin and fertilized females and in maleOrnithodoros savignyiwere investigated by means of red cell antigens.There were no differences between fertilized and unfertilized females, haemolytic tests were possible in both groups up to 120 h after engorgement.In the male group haemolytic tests were possible only up to 24 h after engorgement.In both female groups inhibition of thein vitrohaemolysis could be observed until the fifth day, after feeding on a calf with erythrocyte mosaicism, indicating the loss or masking of antigens due to the damage of cell walls.The authors wish to thank Dr G. Theiler for her interest and advice during this work.
The dynamics of the host–parasite relationship IV. The response of sheep to graded and to repeated infection with Haemonchus contortus
Authors: Dineen J. K. , Wagland B. M. 
Published: June 2009

In the present experiment the response of sheep to a single infection with Haemonchus contortus at graded doses, and their responses to two subsequent infections with 3000 infective larvae, were studied. The response of the sheep was investigated by estimation of faecal worm egg counts on alternate days throughout the course of the experiment and by following the development of the parasite by differential worm counts performed on animals slaughtered at crucial times.Initial infections were established with graded doses of 500–2700 infective larvae. The proportion of infective larvae which became established at each dose, development of the worm burden and fecundity per adult worm were similar for each dose.Following first challenge infection with 3000 infective larvae there were no effects which could be related to the previous level of infection. Whereas there was no difference in egg production per female worm, a small but consistent increase in the number of retarded larvae was observed in the previously infected animals (6% of the burden was in the 4th larval stage at day 56) compared with the previously uninfected control animals (2% in the 4th stage at day 56).Following a second challenge with 3000 infective larvae an increase in the number of retarded larvae was again observed, and, in addition, egg production per female worm was reduced compared with egg production in previously uninfected sheep given a similar challenge infection.The results of the initial infections suggest that control of the growth and development of H. contortus infection by factors independent of an active host response does not occur in worm burdens established from doses as high as 2700 infective larvae.
The structure and permeability of the shell and vitelline membrane of the egg of Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Wilson R. A. 
Published: June 2009

The egg shell of Fasciola was investigated by electron microscopy and found to consist of a fine reticulum of fibrils. No evidence for concentric lamellae was discovered.The amino acids of the shell were identified using chromatography and it was suggested that the original protein was of a simple fibrous type. An unidentified spot was thought to represent a hydrolysis product of the cross-linkage. The effect of sodium hypochlorite on the shell, was also studied.The ‘vitelline membrane’ of the fully developed egg was found to consist of a layer of peri-vitelline material beneath which were two closely opposed unit membranes. The origin of these layers was discussed.The permeability of the shell and vitelline membrane was studied using simple physical techniques and radiotracers. The shell was found to be freely permeable to small molecules. The vitelline membrane complex was thought to represent the main barrier to permeability but an uptake of phosphate ions amounting to 8% of total phosphate, was recorded. This may have been more apparent than real as most of the activity was probably associated with egg shells rather than contents.I would like to thank Professor O. W. Richards in whose department this work was carried out, Dr F. Call for supervision of the work and Professor B. G. Peters for his many helpful criticisms. Lastly, I am indebted to Miss M. Morris without whose expert assistance the electron microscope studies would not have been possible.
The ultrastructure of the capsule of the larval stages of Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala) in the cockroach Periplaneta americana
Authors: Mercer E. H. , Nicholas W. L. 
Published: June 2009

The capsule, which surrounds the acanthocephalan parasite Moniliformis dubius in its intermediate host, the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, has been studied in the electron microscope. Some observations were also made with the light microscope.The capsule surrounding the developing parasite (acanthella) taken from the haemocoel of its host consists largely of closely packed vesicles, which are empty of electron-dense contents.The vesicles arise from the surface membrane of the insect's haemocytes, which surround the parasite. Long tubular protrusions arise from the haemocyte's surface and, on separating, swell to form rounded vesicles.The capsule, which surrounds the later resting stage (cystacanth), has apparently been stretched by the growth of the parasite after haemocytic activity has declined. An amorphous, electron–dense component is also evident at this stage.We are grateful to Mrs A. Baker and Miss R. Jantunen for their technical assistance and to Dr A. C. S. Crossley for his comments on the work.
Some effects of cortisone and sex on the biology of coenuriasis in laboratory mice and jackrabbits
Authors: Esch Gerald W. 
Published: June 2009

Experimentally infected female mice and naturally infected female jackrabbits are more susceptible to infection with Taenia multiceps than males. It appears that cortisone has the greatest effect in altering rates in mice when injected between days 1 and 14 following exposure of mice. Cortisone elevates infection rates in male mice but not in females. Cortisone does, however, alter the distribution pattern in a similar manner in both sexes. The biology of coenuriasis in rabbits and mice is discussed and compared.I wish to thank Dr J. R. Egerton of the Merck Institute, Rahway, New Jersey, for supplying cortisone used in this study. I also thank Dr Robert Sullivan and Dr Ralph Amen for their criticisms and suggestions in the preparation of this manuscript.
Caryospora demansiae sp.nov. (Sporozoa: Eimeriidae) from the Australian snake Demansia psammophis (Elapidae)
Authors: Cannon L. R. G. 
Published: June 2009

A new coccidium Caryospora demansiae sp.nov. is described from the Australian snake Demansia psammophis (Elapidae). This is the first report of this genus from Australia. A host check-list of the genus Caryospora is given and the characters of the known species are tabulated.I would like to thank Mr O. Kelly and Mr J. Winter of the Zoology Department, University of Queensland, for help with supplying the snakes and to Dr H. M. D. Hoyte of the Parasitology Department, University of Queensland, for his careful reading of the manuscript.
New coccidia from Australian lizards I. Isospora
Authors: Cannon L. R. G. 
Published: June 2009

Three new species of Isospora from Australian lizards are described, viz. Isospora amphiboluri from Amphibolurus barbatus (Agamidae), I. egerniae from Egernia whitii (Scincidae), and I. ablephari from Ablepharus boutonii (Scincidae) and Heteronota bineoi (Gekkonidae). A further Isospora sp. is mentioned from Phyllurus cornutus (Gekkonidae). A table of comparative data of lacertilian Isospora is given, and also a host check-list.I would like to thank Miss J. Arnold of the Department of Zoology, University of Western Australia, for her identification of many of the lizards, and Miss S. Curtis for her drawings. Finally I wish to thank Dr H. M. D. Hoyte, Department of Parasitology, University of Queensland, for his interest, and helpful criticism of the manuscript.
The ultrastructure of a haemogregarine parasitic inGehyra variegata(Duméril & Bibron, 1836)
Authors: Stehbens W. E. , Johnston M. R. L. 
Published: June 2009

The ultrastructure of the intra-erythrocytic stage of a haemogregarine in the gecko,Gehyra variegata, has been studied and numerous points of similarity toPlasmodium, Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Lankesterella, Eimeriaand the M-organism were found. The protozoon was invested by a triple-layered pellicle, and possessed at least two micropyles. A conoid and apical rings were observed at the anterior end. Other cell constituents included nucleus, microtubules, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, toxonemes and a variety of vacuoles. Loosely surrounding the parasite was an unusual convoluted membrane, which in appropriate planes of section, displayed corrugations on both surfaces. It was not clear whether this membranous structure should be regarded as an integral part of the protozoon or as an external coat which could be discarded upon emergence from the host red cell. Within its external sheath, the parasite lay in a periparasitic vacuole which was limited by a conventional unit membrane from the host red cell cytoplasm. The parasite did not exhibit any evidence of pinocytosis or phagocytosis.Our sincere thanks are due to Dr E. H. Mercer, Professor J. D. Smyth and Dr M. J. Mackerras for advice. Miss N. Carroll gave technical assistance.
Induction of immunological tolerance in rats toNippostrongylus brasiliensisinfection
Authors: Kassai T. , Aitken I. D. 
Published: June 2009

A successful attempt was made to induce immunological tolerance toN. brasiliensisin laboratory rats by exposing them to larval infections before the age of immunological maturity.The adult capacity of rats to eliminate a primary infection in 3 weeks and to acquire resistance to reinfection was developed by 5 weeks of age. On the other hand, primary infections of 250–660 larvae, originating before 4 weeks of age, survived in 61 of 83 rats up to 10 weeks. These rats were not resistant to challenge at 5 or 7 weeks of age, nor did the challenge infection undergo immune elimination. Such tolerance was evident even in rats whose primary worm burden was chemically abbreviated prior to challenge.It was not always possible to distinguish between tolerant and immune animals on the basis of egg output patterns. Suppression of egg output occurred even in tolerant rats harbouring relatively stable female populations.For immunological experiments onN. brasiliensisinfection in rats, the determination of a ‘take ratio’ is advocated: (20 day take/10 day take) × 100. This ratioeliminates the error inherent in variability oftakes and renders comparable the results of different experiments.The work was carried out in 1965 during tenure by one of us (T.K.) of an Exchange Scholarship under the British–Hungarian Cultural Agreement. Supervision by Professor W. Mulligan and the co-operation of colleagues in the Wellcome Laboratories are gratefully acknowledged.