bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accounting for transients when estimating abundance of bottlenose dolphins in Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida
Authors: Conn Paul B. , Gorgone Antoinette M. , Jugovich Amelia R. , Byrd Barbie L. , Hansen Larry J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe investigated the potential for using mark–recapture models to estimate abundance of bottlenose dolphin populations in open systems (e.g., bays, estuaries). A major challenge in these systems is that immigration and emigration occur during sampling, thus violating one of the most basic assumptions of mark–recapture models. We assumed that dolphins using our study site were composed of both residents (those that used the study area almost exclusively during our study), and transients (those that passed through our study area but did not remain long), and examined several mark–recapture estimators for their ability to accurately and precisely estimate the abundance of residents and the superpopulation (i.e., residents + transients). Using simulated data, we found that a novel approach accounting for transients resulted in estimators with less bias, smaller absolute relative error, and confidence interval coverage closer to nominal than other approaches, but this novel approach required intensive sampling and that the “correct” transient pattern be specified. In contrast, classical mark–recapture estimators for closed populations often overestimated the number of residents and underestimated the superpopulation. Using photo‐identification records, a model‐averaged estimate of the superpopulation of bottlenose dolphins in and around Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida was 232 (SE = 13) animals. We estimated resident abundance at 179 (SE = 8), which was lower than the number of unique animals we encountered (188). Our results appear promising for developing monitoring programs for bottlenose dolphins and other taxa in open systems. Our estimators should prove useful to wildlife managers who wish to base conservation decisions on estimates of the number of animals that reside primarily in their study or management area. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
The oil palm industry bows to NGO campaigns
Authors: Khor Yu Leng 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPalm oil has become the key supplier to the global edible oils market. Continued oil palm development should be a good thing as it is the most effective supplier in terms of low land usage, and it brings much needed development to poor tropical developing regions. It provides livelihoods for an estimated 4.5 million people. As a monocrop that has supplanted forest and peat lands in areas with unmatched biodiversity and inhabited by poor indigenous tribes, it has been heavily criticized for its negative environmental and social impacts. Escalating NGO campaigns, particularly from Europe, over the last seven years have seriously reined in the speed and prospects for oil palm expansion in Indonesia and Malaysia. Large corporate growers have acceded to NGO pressures, as these have resulted in high‐key boycotts by the likes of Unilever and Nestle. Many large companies have signed on as members of the World Wildlife Fund for Nature‐initiated, Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil. Multi‐national consumer brands are being persuaded to change their buying policies, with potential global implications. Strategies to ignore or deny problems in oil palm sustainability have not worked well: a handful of NGOs have played David to the palm oil Goliaths of Indonesia and Malaysia. Since mid‐2010, Indonesia's President is trying to make less‐than‐popular policy changes, and the outcomes bear watching.
A study of thermal effects in an offset‐halves journal bearing profile using different grade oils
Authors: Chauhan Amit , Sehgal Rakesh , Sharma Rajesh Kumar 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe Reynolds equation has been solved simultaneously along with the energy equation and heat conduction equation by finite difference method to find pressure and temperature distribution for circular and offset‐halves journal bearings. Numerical solution of energy equation was achieved using parabolic temperature profile approximation technique for faster computation. A comparative study for the rise in oil temperatures, thermal pressures and load‐carrying capacity for the three different commercially available oils namely Hydrol 68, Mak 2T and Mak Multigrade (Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited [BPCL], Mumbai, India) has been carried out. With an increase in speed, the oil temperature, the thermal pressure and the load‐carrying capacity rose for all the grade oils under study. The rise in computed oil temperature, thermal pressures as well as load‐carrying capacity has been found maximum for Mak Multigrade oil and minimum for Mak 2T oil. The nature of temperature profiles and load‐carrying capacity has been found to be in good agreement with those available in the literature. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corrosion of aluminium, stainless steels and AISI 680 nickel alloy in nitrogen‐based fuels
Authors: Kap I. , Starostin M. , Shter G. E. , Grader G. S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractNitrogen‐based compounds can potentially be used as alternative non‐carbon or low‐carbon fuels. Nevertheless, the corrosion of construction materials at high temperatures and pressures in the presence of such fuel has not been reported yet. This work is focused on the corrosion of AISI Al 6061, 1005 carbon steel (CS), 304, 316L, 310 austenitic stainless steels (SS) and 680 nickel alloy in highly concentrated water solution of ammonium nitrate and urea (ANU). The corrosion at 50 °C and ambient pressure and at 350 °C and 20 bar was investigated to simulate storage and working conditions. Sodium chloride was added to the fuel (0–5 wt%) to simulate industrial fertilizers and accelerated corrosion environment. Heavy corrosion of CS was observed in ANU solution at 50 °C, while Al 6061, 304 and 316L SS showed high resistance both to uniform and pitting corrosion in ANU containing 1% of sodium chloride. Addition of 5% sodium chloride caused pitting of Al 6061 but had no influence on the corrosion of SS. Tests in ANU at 350 °C and 20 bar showed pitting on SS 304 and 316L and 680 nickel alloy. The highest corrosion resistance was found for SS 310 due to formation of stable oxide film on its surface.
Probing the interactions of an acyl carrier protein domain from the 6‐deoxyerythronolide B synthase
Authors: Charkoudian Louise K. , Liu Corey W. , Capone Stefania , Kapur Shiven , Cane David E. , Togni Antonio , Seebach Dieter , Khosla Chaitan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe assembly‐line architecture of polyketide synthases (PKSs) provides an opportunity to rationally reprogram polyketide biosynthetic pathways to produce novel antibiotics. A fundamental challenge toward this goal is to identify the factors that control the unidirectional channeling of reactive biosynthetic intermediates through these enzymatic assembly lines. Within the catalytic cycle of every PKS module, the acyl carrier protein (ACP) first collaborates with the ketosynthase (KS) domain of the paired subunit in its own homodimeric module so as to elongate the growing polyketide chain and then with the KS domain of the next module to translocate the newly elongated polyketide chain. Using NMR spectroscopy, we investigated the features of a structurally characterized ACP domain of the 6‐deoxyerythronolide B synthase that contribute to its association with its KS translocation partner. Not only were we able to visualize selective protein–protein interactions between the two partners, but also we detected a significant influence of the acyl chain substrate on this interaction. A novel reagent, CF3‐S‐ACP, was developed as a 19F NMR spectroscopic probe of protein–protein interactions. The implications of our findings for understanding intermodular chain translocation are discussed.
EMMPRIN regulates cytoskeleton reorganization and cell adhesion in prostate cancer
Authors: Zhu Haining , Zhao Jun , Zhu Beibei , Collazo Joanne , Gal Jozsef , Shi Ping , Liu Li , Ström Anna‐Lena , Lu Xiaoning , McCann Richard O. , Toborek Michal , Kyprianou Natasha 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDProteins on cell surface play important roles during cancer progression and metastasis via their ability to mediate cell‐to‐cell interactions and navigate the communication between cells and the microenvironment.METHODSIn this study a targeted proteomic analysis was conducted to identify the differential expression of cell surface proteins in human benign (BPH‐1) versus malignant (LNCaP and PC‐3) prostate epithelial cells. We identified EMMPRIN (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer) as a key candidate and shRNA functional approaches were subsequently applied to determine the role of EMMPRIN in prostate cancer cell adhesion, migration, invasion as well as cytoskeleton organization.RESULTSEMMPRIN was found to be highly expressed on the surface of prostate cancer cells compared to BPH‐1 cells, consistent with a correlation between elevated EMMPRIN and metastasis found in other tumors. No significant changes in cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, or apoptosis were detected in EMMPRIN knockdown cells compared to the scramble controls. Furthermore, EMMPRIN silencing markedly decreased the ability of PC‐3 cells to form filopodia, a critical feature of invasive behavior, while it increased expression of cell–cell adhesion and gap junction proteins.CONCLUSIONSOur results suggest that EMMPRIN regulates cell adhesion, invasion, and cytoskeleton reorganization in prostate cancer cells. This study identifies a new function for EMMPRIN as a contributor to prostate cancer cell–cell communication and cytoskeleton changes towards metastatic spread, and suggests its potential value as a marker of prostate cancer progression to metastasis. Prostate 72:72–81, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serum/glucocorticoid‐regulated kinase 1 expression in primary human prostate cancers
Authors: Szmulewitz Russell Z. , Chung Elizabeth , Al‐Ahmadie Hikmat , Daniel Silver , Kocherginsky Masha , Razmaria Aria , Zagaja Gregory P. , Brendler Charles B. , Stadler Walter M. , Conzen Suzanne D. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDSerum/glucocorticoid‐regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), a known target of the androgen receptor (AR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), is reported to enhance cell survival. This study sought to better define the role of SGK1 and GR in prostate cancer.METHODSImmunohistochemistry was performed for AR, GR, and SGK1 on primary prostate cancers (n = 138) and 18 prostate cancers from patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy. Relative staining intensity was compared utilizing a Fisher's exact test. Univariate analyses were performed using log‐rank and chi‐squared tests to evaluate prostate cancer recurrence with respect to SGK1 expression.RESULTSSGK1 expression was strong (3+) in 79% of untreated cancers versus 44% in androgen‐deprived cancers (P = 0.003). Conversely, GR expression was present in a higher proportion of androgen‐deprived versus untreated cancers (78% vs. 38%, P = 0.002). High‐grade cancers were nearly twice as likely to have relatively low (0 to 2+) SGK1 staining compared to low‐grade cancers (13.8% vs. 26.5%, P = 0.08). Low SGK1 expression in untreated tumors was associated with increased risk of cancer recurrence (adjusted log‐rank test P = 0.077), 5‐year progression‐free survival 47.8% versus 72.6% (P = 0.034).CONCLUSIONSSGK1 expression is high in most untreated prostate cancers and declines with androgen deprivation. However, these data suggest that relatively low expression of SGK1 is associated with higher tumor grade and increased cancer recurrence, and is a potential indicator of aberrant AR signaling in these tumors. GR expression increased with androgen deprivation, potentially providing a mechanism for the maintenance of androgen pathway signaling in these tumors. Further study of the AR/GR/SGK1 network in castration resistance. Prostate 72:157–164, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic variation in the toll‐like receptor 4 and prostate cancer incidence and mortality
Authors: Shui Irene M. , Stark Jennifer R. , Penney Kathryn L. , Schumacher Fredrick R. , Epstein Mara M. , Pitt Michael J. , Stampfer Meir J. , Tamimi Rulla M. , Lindstrom Sara , Sesso Howard D. , Fall Katja , Ma Jing , Kraft Peter , Giovannucci Edward , Mucci Lorelei A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDCommon genetic variants in the Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), which is involved in inflammation and immune response pathways, may be important for prostate cancer.METHODSIn a large nested case–control study of prostate cancer in the Physicians' Health Study (1982–2004), 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected and genotyped to capture common variation within the TLR4 gene as well as 5 kb up and downstream. Unconditional logistic regression was used to assess associations of these SNPs with total prostate cancer incidence, and with prostate cancers defined as advanced stage/lethal (T3/T4, M1/N1(T1–T4), lethal) or high Gleason grade (7 (4 + 3) or greater). Cox‐proportional hazards regression was used to assess progression to metastases and death among prostate cancer cases.RESULTSThe study included 1,267 controls and 1,286 incident prostate cancer cases, including 248 advanced stage/lethal and 306 high grade cases. During a median follow‐up of 10.6 years, 183 men died of prostate cancer or developed distant metastases. No statistically significant associations between the TLR4 SNPs were found for total prostate cancer incidence, including SNPs for which an association was reported in other published studies. Additionally, there were no significant associations with TLR4 SNPS and the incidence of advanced stage/lethal, or high grade cancers; nor was there evidence among prostate cancer cases for associations of TLR4 SNPs with progression to prostate cancer specific mortality or bony metastases.CONCLUSIONSResults from this prospective nested case–control study suggest that genetic variation across TLR4 alone is not strongly associated with prostate cancer risk or mortality. Prostate 72:209–216, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of different droplet size on the knockdown efficacy of directly sprayed insecticides
Authors: Sugiura Masaaki , Horibe Yoshihiro , Kawada Hitoshi , Takagi Masahiro 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Although insecticidal aerosols have been widely accepted for household use, the discharged amount should be maintained at minimum levels because they contain volatile organic compounds. Hence, it would be valuable to develop a technique whereby insecticide droplets adhere efficiently to an insect's body. The present study was undertaken in order to clarify how differences in the mode of adhesion to the insect body influence the knockdown effect.RESULTS: When the discharged volume of droplets with different diameters was the same, the adhesion volume of larger droplets was twice that of smaller droplets, resulting in a higher insect knockdown. In contrast, when the adhesion volume of the two droplet types was the same, a greater number of smaller droplets than larger droplets adhered, and the smaller droplets caused higher insect knockdown. The knockdown effect of both droplet types was lowered when the mesothoracic spiracles of cockroaches were blocked; however, the effect of larger droplets was lowered to a lesser degree.CONCLUSION: The results suggest that, the probability of adhesion to the more susceptible regions of an insect's body, i.e., areas surrounding the mesothoracic spiracles, was improved when a greater number of smaller droplets were adhered, resulting in higher knockdown. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of the extracellular acidification of Escherichia coli by a light‐addressable potentiometric sensor
Authors: Werner Carl Frederik , Krumbe Christoph , Schumacher Katharina , Groebel Simone , Spelthahn Heiko , Stellberg Michael , Wagner Torsten , Yoshinobu Tatsuo , Selmer Thorsten , Keusgen Michael , Baumann Marcus E. M. , Schöning Michael J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe monitoring and control of a biogas digester is important to maximise the energy output and to avoid down times. Within the digester process, the metabolic activity of relevant organisms represents a key parameter. A light‐addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) can be used to determine the extracellular acidification of these organisms. With the developed on‐chip differential LAPS set‐up, external influences, like sensor drift, temperature fluctuations and external pH changes can be compensated. An immobilisation protocol based on polyacrylamide has been developed to immobilise the organisms on the sensor surface. To validate the system, Escherichia coli have been used as a model organism. Measurements with E. coli in suspension and measurements with E. coli embedded in polyacrylamide gel were performed. It was shown, that the activity of the E. coli in the polyacrylamide was as high as in suspension, when determining the effect of the immobilisation towards the extracellular acidification rate.
Improved flux‐pinning properties of REBa2Cu3O7–z films by low‐level Co doping
Authors: Wang Wentao , Pu Minghua , Wang Weiwei , Lei Ming , Cheng Cuihua , Zhao Yong 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBiaxially textured REBa2Cu3–xCoxO7–z (RE = Gd,Y) films were prepared on (00l) LaAlO3 substrate using self‐developed fluorine‐free chemical solution deposition (CSD) approach. The in‐field Jc values are significantly improved for REBa2Cu3–xCoxO7–z films through low‐level Co doping. Co‐doped GdBa2Cu3O7–z film shows the highest Jc values at higher temperatures and fields, whereas the Jc values of Co‐doped YBa2Cu3O7–z film surpass that of other films at lower temperatures and fields. In addition, the volume pinning force densities of films with Co doping have been distinctly enhanced in the applied fields, indicating improved flux‐pinning properties. The possible reasons are discussed in detail.
Excellent silicon surface passivation with 5 Å thin ALD Al2O3 layers: Influence of different thermal post‐deposition treatments
Authors: Richter Armin , Benick Jan , Hermle Martin , Glunz Stefan W. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThin layers of Al2O3 always require a thermal post‐deposition treatment to activate the passivation on crystalline silicon surfaces. In this work, we studied the influence of different thermal post‐deposition treatments for the activation of passivating ALD Al2O3 single layers and Al2O3/SiNx stacks. For the stacks, especially with less than 5 nm Al2O3, a short high temperature process at ∼800 °C results in a remarkably lower surface recombination compared to a commonly applied annealing at 425 °C. We observed that four ALD cycles of Al2O3 are sufficient to reach the full potential of surface passivation, and even with one atomic layer of Al2O3 (one ALD cycle) emitter saturation current densities as low as 45 fA/cm2 can be reached on boron‐diffused emitters. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Variance plus bias optimal response surface designs with qualitative factors applied to stem choice modeling
Authors: Allen Theodore T. , Tseng Shih‐Hsien 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper explores the issue of model misspecification, or bias, in the context of response surface design problems involving quantitative and qualitative factors. New designs are proposed specifically to address bias and compared with five types of alternatives ranging from types of composite to D‐optimal designs using four criteria including D‐efficiency and measured accuracy on test problems. Findings include that certain designs from the literature are expected to cause prediction errors that practitioners would likely find unacceptable. A case study relating to the selection of science, technology, engineering, or mathematics majors by college students confirms that the expected substantial improvements in prediction accuracy using the proposed designs can be realized in relevant situations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The first steps of the Li‐B‐H cluster formation
Authors: Vázquez‐Villavicencio Mario , Aburto Andrea , Orgaz Emilio 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe have theoretically investigated the formation of Li:B:H clusters from standard reactants in gas phase. Molecular electronic structure computations as well as Born‐Oppenheimer molecular dynamics have been carried out to investigate the early stages of the formation of Li:B:H clusters. We describe the thermochemical properties of the different possible reactions and the first stable structures that could initiate the growing process. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Non‐human viruses developed as therapeutic agent for use in humans
Authors: Koppers‐Lalic Danijela , Hoeben Rob C. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYViruses usually infect a restricted set of host species, and only in rare cases does productive infection occur outside the natural host range. Infection of a new host species can manifest as a distinct disease. In this respect, the use of non‐human viruses in clinical therapy may be a cause for concern. It could provide the opportunity for the viruses to adapt to the new host and be transferred to the recipient's relatives or medical caretakers, or even to the normal host species. Such environmental impact is evidently undesirable. To forecast future clinical use of non‐human viruses, a literature study was performed to identify the viruses that are being considered for application as therapeutic agents for use in humans. Twenty‐seven non‐human virus species were identified that are in (pre)clinical development, mainly as oncolytic agents. For risk management, it is essential that the potential environmental consequences are assessed before initiating clinical use, even if the virus is not formally classified as a genetically modified organism. To aid such assessment, each of these viruses was classified in one of five relative environmental risk categories, ranging from “Negligible” to “Very High”. Canary pox virus and the Autographa californica baculovirus were assigned a “Negligible” classification, and Seneca Valley virus, murine leukemia virus, and Maraba virus to the “High” category. A complicating factor in the classification is the scarcity of publicly available information on key aspects of virus biology in some species. In such cases the relative environmental risk score was increased as a precaution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.