bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The State of the Art in Interactive Global Illumination
Authors: Ritschel Tobias , Dachsbacher Carsten , Grosch Thorsten , Kautz Jan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe interaction of light and matter in the world surrounding us is of striking complexity and beauty. Since the very beginning of computer graphics, adequate modelling of these processes and efficient computation is an intensively studied research topic and still not a solved problem. The inherent complexity stems from the underlying physical processes as well as the global nature of the interactions that let light travel within a scene. This paper reviews the state of the art in interactive global illumination (GI) computation, i.e., methods that generate an image of a virtual scene in less than 1 s with an as exact as possible, or plausible, solution to the light transport. Additionally, the theoretical background and attempts to classify the broad field of methods are described. The strengths and weaknesses of different approaches, when applied to the different visual phenomena, arising from light interaction are compared and discussed. Finally, the paper concludes by highlighting design patterns for interactive GI and a list of open problems.
Jobs and Exposure to International Trade within the Service Sector in Sweden
Authors: Eliasson Kent , Hansson Pa¨r , Lindvert Markus 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTo establish in which service industries there is international trade (or it may potentially exist), we calculate locational Ginis for different industries. The basic idea is that from this measure of regional concentration of different activities within a country we can identify industries where there appears to be regional trade, and hence also a potential for international trade. Based on our method, we find that: (i) the number of employed in tradable service appears to be at least as large as in the manufacturing sector, (ii) tradable service is much more skill intensive than manufacturing, and (iii) lately, the employment in tradable service has increased substantially. We argue that the last mentioned result is consistent with the substantial growth of skilled labour in Sweden since the mid‐1990s (Rybczynski effect) and factors leading to increased relative demand for skilled labour. Particularly, increased competition from and offshoring to low‐wage countries seem recently to have had a considerable impact on the creation of skilled jobs and the displacement of less skilled jobs in the tradable sector in Sweden. Furthermore, we apply a similar method as for industries to identify tradable occupations. Using our classification of tradable industries and tradable occupations in a Mincer type wage equation, we find that workers in such industries and occupations receive a wage premia of 12–13 per cent.
The Total Factor Productivity Gap between Internationalised and Domestic Firms: Net Premium or Heterogeneity Effect?
Authors: Ferrante Maria Rosaria , Freo Marzia 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe empirical literature on international trade predicts that internationally involved firms experience a productivity premium when compared to domestic firms. This finding is supported by comparing the unconditional productivity averages or distributions, or regressing the productivity on the international status dummy, controlled for the relevant covariates. In the present paper, we disentangle the distribution of the gross productivity premium from the component that is created by the different structural compositions of the two groups of firms; we can thereby measure the distribution of the net premium that is attributable to internationalisation. To this purpose, we use the quantile decomposition methodology (Melly, 2005). The main results highlight that (i) the net premium is substantially lower than the gross premium and (ii) while the difference in the gross premium is uniform along the entire distribution, the net premium is significant only for the less productive firms. These results are confirmed even if different internationalisation modes are considered (i.e. exports, agreements and commercial penetration) using the domestic firms as baseline. One exception is the net premium for firms enrolled in foreign direct investment and/or offshoring; this premium does not decrease for firms at the top of the productivity distribution.
Treatment‐as‐usual in effectiveness studies: What is it and does it matter?
Authors: Löfholm Cecilia Andrée , Brännström Lars , Olsson Martin , Hansson Kjell 
Published: February 2012

Andrée Löfholm C, Brännström L, Olsson M, Hansson K. Treatment‐as‐usual in effectiveness studies: What is it and does it matter?A hallmark of an evidence‐based practice (EBP) is the systematic appraisal of research related to the effectiveness of interventions. This study addressed the issue of interpreting results from effectiveness studies that use treatment‐as‐usual (TAU) as a comparator. Using randomised controlled studies that evaluate the effectiveness of multisystemic therapy as an illustrative example, we show that TAU includes a wide variety of treatment alternatives. Estimated treatment effects on recidivism suggest that TAU seems to contain a greater variation in underlying risk than experimental conditions, supporting the hypothesis that the content of TAU could affect outcomes. Implications for the realisation of an EBP are discussed.
Embryonic heart rate and hatching behavior of a solitary nesting turtle
Authors: Spencer R.‐J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAssessing environmental cues to coordinate birth or hatching has implications for both immediate and future survival. Predators may ultimately drive early or synchronous birth or hatching, because group formation allows neonate swamping of predators and reduces the impact of prey switching when large groups of neonates emerge from a nest. Turtles often emerge from the nest as a group, but temperature differences between the top and bottom of a nest are significant, making synchronous hatching difficult. The mechanisms of synchronous hatching in turtles are not consistent; with eggs hatching prematurely in one species, and another species displaying accelerated embryonic development, whereby embryos respond to the developmental rates of their siblings to hatch at similar developmental stages. If predation ultimately drives two disparate mechanisms of synchronous hatching, the physiological mechanisms behind synchronous, or early hatching, may be less developed in solitary nesting species, or species with smaller clutch sizes. I tested the hatching behavior of the Australian turtle, Chelodina longicollis, which has small clutch sizes and nests in isolation up to 1 km from water. I established developmental asynchrony within a clutch and used time to pipping to determine whether early or delayed hatching occurred. I also assessed heart rates throughout incubation to monitor changes in development. Synchronous or early hatching did not occur in C. longicollis and embryos did not adjust their rates of development in response to more or less advanced sibs within a clutch. Thus, environmental cues that are related to sibling developmental rates and hatching and which influence hatching times in other species do not affect embryonic development in C. longicollis. These results support the group formation theory for synchronous or early hatching in species that nest at communal areas, or species with large clutch sizes.
Aged regulatory T cells protect from autoimmune inflammation despite reduced STAT3 activation and decreased constraint of IL‐17 producing T cells
Authors: Sun Lishi , Hurez Vincent J. , Thibodeaux Suzanne R. , Kious Mark J. , Liu Aijie , Lin Peiyi , Murthy Kruthi , Pandeswara Srilakshmi , Shin Tahiro , Curiel Tyler J. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryRegulatory T cells (Tregs) are specialized CD4+ T lymphocytes helping defend against autoimmunity and inflammation. Although age is associated with increased inflammation and autoimmunity, few reports address age effects of immune regulation or auto‐aggressive T cells. We show here that young and aged naïve CD4+ T cells are equivalently auto‐aggressive in vivo in T cell‐driven autoimmune colitis. Young and aged CD4+ Tregs equally suppressed age‐matched T cell proliferation in vitro and controlled clinical and pathologic T cell‐driven autoimmune colitis, suggesting equivalent regulatory function. However, whereas young and aged CD4+ Tregs suppressed interferon (IFN)‐γ+ T cells equivalently in this model, aged CD4+ Tregs unexpectedly failed to restrain interleukin (IL)‐17+ T cells. Nonetheless, young and aged CD4+ Tregs equally restrained IL‐17+ T cells in vivo during acute inflammation, suggesting a chronic inflammation‐related defect in aged CD4+ Tregs. In support, aged Tregs expressed reduced STAT3 activation, a defect associated with poor IL‐17‐producing T cell restraint. Aged naïve mice had markedly increased programmed death (PD)‐1+ T cells, but these exhibited no significant auto‐aggressive or regulatory functions in T cell‐driven colitis. Young CD8+ CD122− T cells induce autoimmune bone marrow failure, but we show that aged CD8+ CD122− T cells do not. These data demonstrate no apparent age‐related increase in auto‐aggressive T cell behavior, but disclose previously unrecognized functional defects in aged CD4+ Tregs during chronic inflammation. IL‐17 can be inflammatory and contributes to certain autoimmune disorders. Reduced aged Treg function during chronic inflammation and reduced IL‐17 restraint could contribute to age‐related inflammation or autoimmunity.
Epirubicin as part of a multi‐agent chemotherapy protocol for canine lymphoma
Authors: Elliott J. W. , Cripps P. , Marrington A. M. , Grant I. A. , Blackwood L. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe aim of the study was to report the outcome of treatment of 97 dogs with lymphoma that received a multi‐agent chemotherapy protocol containing epirubicin as the primary anthracycline. Seventy‐five dogs received a 25‐week protocol with no maintenance phase whilst 22 dogs received a maintenance phase. Complete response rate was 96% and time to first relapse (TTR) and overall survival (OS) time for all dogs were 216 and 342 days, respectively. Dogs with T‐cell lymphoma and those classified asWHOsubstage b had significantly poorer OS times and TTR. The protocol was well tolerated with toxicity similar to doxorubicin‐containing protocols. Epirubicin as part of a multi‐agent protocol is safe and effective in the treatment of canine multicentric lymphoma. There is a high initial response rate and an overall median survival time that is similar to other published doxorubicin‐containing protocols.
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in the cat: 18 cases (2000–2010)
Authors: Campbell M. W. , Hess P. R. , Williams L. E. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThere is little information regarding the presentation, biologic behaviour, treatment and prognosis in cats with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and further investigation is needed to characterize this disease in cats. The goal of this study was to describe the clinical presentation, response to treatment and prognosis of feline CLL. A multi‐institutional retrospective study of 18 cats diagnosed with CLL between 2000 and 2010 was performed. CLL was defined as the presence of a mature lymphocytosis (>9000 lymphocytes µL−1) and confirmation of an immunophenotypically monomorphic or clonal lymphoid population. Each patient was required to also have at least one of the two following criteria: (1) concurrent cytopenia of at least one cell line and/or (2) >15% mature lymphocytes in the bone marrow. Data on signalment, history, clinical signs, clinicopathologic features and response to treatment were reviewed. Median age of the cats at initial presentation was 12.5 years (range: 5–20 years). The most common presenting complaint was chronic weight loss, which was present in 8/18 (44%) cats. Sixteen of 18 (89%) cats were treated with chlorambucil and prednisolone; four of these cats also received vincristine. Two (11%) cats were treated with multi‐agent injectable chemotherapy (L‐CHOP, l‐asparaginase, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone). Eighty‐eight percent of cats evaluable for response achieved a complete (nine cats) or partial (six cats) remission. Median overall remission was 15.7 months (range: 1.3–22.8 months). The median overall survival in the 17 cats with follow‐up data was 14.4 months (range: 0.9–25.3 months). Results of this study suggest that CLL affects older‐aged cats and responds favourably to treatment with oral chlorambucil and prednisolone.
The Effect of the Delivery Carrier on the Quality of Bone Formed via Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2
Authors: La Wan‐Geun , Kwon Sun‐Hyun , Lee Tae‐Jin , Yang Hee Seok , Park Jooyeon , Kim Byung‐Soo 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) can induce bone generation in vivo. Although many studies have demonstrated an increased quantity of regenerated bone after the delivery of BMP‐2 using various carriers, little is known about the effect of the carrier type on the quality of the regenerated bone. In this study, we compared the quality of regenerated bone when BMP‐2 was delivered with either β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) or heparin‐conjugated fibrin (HCF), both of which are shown to be excellent carriers for BMP‐2. The profile of the release of BMP‐2 was not significantly different between the delivery carriers. However, the alkaline phosphate activity of cultured osteoblasts was significantly higher when BMP‐2 was delivered using HCF than when BMP‐2 was delivered using β‐TCP. To evaluate the quality of the regenerated bone, both types of BMP‐2 carriers were implanted into critical‐sized calvarial defects in mice. Eight weeks after implantation, the regenerated bone was examined by histomorphometry. Importantly, the treatment using HCF + BMP‐2 and β‐TCP + BMP‐2 resulted in similar bone formation areas. However, the treatment using HCF + BMP‐2 resulted in significantly higher bone density than the treatment using β‐TCP + BMP‐2. This study shows that a BMP‐2 delivery carrier can modulate the quality of bone regenerated via BMP‐2 delivery.
Mimicking of Cerebral Autoregulation by Flow‐Dependent Cerebrovascular Resistance: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Kaufmann Tim A.S. , Wong Kai C. , Schmitz‐Rode Thomas , Steinseifer Ulrich 
Published: February 2012

AbstractUnderstanding circulatory autoregulation is essential for improving physiological control of rotary blood pumps and support conditions during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Cerebral autoregulation (CAR), arguably the most critical, is the body's intrinsic ability to maintain sufficient cerebral blood flow (CBF) despite changes in aortic perfusion pressure. It is therefore imperative to include this mechanism into computational fluid dynamics (CFD), particle image velocimetry (PIV), or mock circulation loop (MCL) studies. Without such inclusions, potential losses of CBF are overestimated. In this study, a mathematical model to mimic CAR is implemented in a MCL‐ and PIV‐validated CFD model. A three‐dimensional model of the human vascular system was created from magnetic resonance imaging records. Numerical flow simulations were performed for physiological conditions and CPB. The inlet flow was varied between 4.5 and 6 L/min. Arterial outlets were modeled using vessel‐specific, flow‐dependent cerebrovascular resistances (CVRs), resulting in a variation of the pressure drop between 0 and 80 mm Hg. CBF is highly dependent on the level of CAR during CPB. By varying the CVR parameters up to the beginning of plateau phase, it can be regulated between 0 and 80% of physiological CBF. So while implementing autoregulation, CBF remains unchanged during a simulated native cardiac output of 5 L/min or CPB support of 6 L/min. Neglecting CAR, constant backflow from the brain occurs for some cannula positions. Using flow‐dependent CVR, CBF returns to its baseline at a rate of recovery of 0.25 s. Results demonstrate that modeling of CAR by flow‐dependent CVR delivers feasible results. The presented method can be used to optimize physiological control of assist devices dependent upon different levels of CAR representing different patients.
Regular and Platform Switching: Bone Stress Analysis Varying Implant Type
Authors: Gurgel‐Juarez Nália Cecília , de Almeida Erika Oliveira , Rocha Eduardo Passos , Júnior Amílcar Chagas Freitas , Anchieta Rodolfo Bruniera , de Vargas Luis Carlos Merçon , Kina Sidney , França Fabiana Mantovani Gomes 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPurpose: This study aimed to evaluate stress distribution on peri‐implant bone simulating the influence of platform switching in external and internal hexagon implants using three‐dimensional finite element analysis.Materials and Methods: Four mathematical models of a central incisor supported by an implant were created: External Regular model (ER) with 5.0 mm × 11.5 mm external hexagon implant and 5.0 mm abutment (0% abutment shifting), Internal Regular model (IR) with 4.5 mm × 11.5 mm internal hexagon implant and 4.5 mm abutment (0% abutment shifting), External Switching model (ES) with 5.0 mm × 11.5 mm external hexagon implant and 4.1 mm abutment (18% abutment shifting), and Internal Switching model (IS) with 4.5 mm × 11.5 mm internal hexagon implant and 3.8 mm abutment (15% abutment shifting). The models were created by SolidWorks software. The numerical analysis was performed using ANSYS Workbench. Oblique forces (100 N) were applied to the palatal surface of the central incisor. The maximum (σmax) and minimum (σmin) principal stress, equivalent von Mises stress (σvM), and maximum principal elastic strain (εmax) values were evaluated for the cortical and trabecular bone.Results: For cortical bone, the highest stress values (σmax and σvm) (MPa) were observed in IR (87.4 and 82.3), followed by IS (83.3 and 72.4), ER (82 and 65.1), and ES (56.7 and 51.6). For εmax, IR showed the highest stress (5.46e‐003), followed by IS (5.23e‐003), ER (5.22e‐003), and ES (3.67e‐003). For the trabecular bone, the highest stress values (σmax) (MPa) were observed in ER (12.5), followed by IS (12), ES (11.9), and IR (4.95). For σvM, the highest stress values (MPa) were observed in IS (9.65), followed by ER (9.3), ES (8.61), and IR (5.62). For εmax, ER showed the highest stress (5.5e‐003), followed by ES (5.43e‐003), IS (3.75e‐003), and IR (3.15e‐003).Conclusion: The influence of platform switching was more evident for cortical bone than for trabecular bone, mainly for the external hexagon implants. In addition, the external hexagon implants showed less stress concentration in the regular and switching platforms in comparison to the internal hexagon implants.
Influence of Crown Ferrule Heights and Dowel Material Selection on the Mechanical Behavior of Root‐Filled Teeth: A Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Watanabe Mauricio U. , Anchieta Rodolfo Bruniera , Rocha Eduardo Passos , Kina Sidney , Almeida Erika Oliveira de , Junior Amilcar Chagas Freitas , Basting Roberta Tarkany 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPurpose: This study used the 3D finite element (FE) method to evaluate the mechanical behavior of a maxillary central incisor with three types of dowels with variable heights of the remaining crown structure, namely 0, 1, and 2 mm.Materials and Methods: Based on computed microtomography, nine models of a maxillary central incisor restored with complete ceramic crowns were obtained, with three ferrule heights (0, 1, and 2 mm) and three types of dowels (glass fiber = GFD; nickel‐chromium = NiCr; gold alloy = Au), as follows: GFD0 – restored with GFD with absence (0 mm) of ferrule; GFD1 – similar, with 1 mm ferrule; GFD2 – glass fiber with 2 mm ferrule; NiCr0 – restored with NiCr alloy dowel with absence (0 mm) of ferrule; NiCr1 – similar, with 1 mm ferrule; NiCr2 – similar, with 2 mm ferrule; Au0 – restored with Au alloy dowel with absence (0 mm) of ferrule; Au1 – similar, with 1 mm ferrule; Au2 – similar, with 2 mm ferrule. A 180 N distributed load was applied to the lingual aspect of the tooth, at 45° to the tooth long axis. The surface of the periodontal ligament was fixed in the three axes (x = y = z = 0). The maximum principal stress (σmax), minimum principal stress (σmin), equivalent von Mises (σvM) stress, and shear stress (σshear) were calculated for the remaining crown dentin, root dentin, and dowels using the FE software.Results: The σmax (MPa) in the crown dentin were: GFD0 = 117; NiCr0 = 30; Au0 = 64; GFD1 = 113; NiCr1 = 102; Au1 = 84; GFD2 = 102; NiCr2 = 260; Au2 = 266. The σmax (MPa) in the root dentin were: GFD0 = 159; NiCr0 = 151; Au0 = 158; GFD1 = 92; NiCr1 = 60; Au1 = 67; GFD2 = 97; NiCr2 = 87; Au2 = 109.Conclusion: The maximum stress was found for the NiCr dowel, followed by the Au dowel and GFD; teeth without ferrule are more susceptible to the occurrence of fractures in the apical root third.
Bilateral Implant‐Retained Auricular Prosthesis for a Patient with Congenitally Missing Ears. A Clinical Report
Authors: Kumar Preeti Satheesh , Satheesh Kumar K.S. , Savadi Ravindra C. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTMicrotia is a major congenital anomaly of the external ear. It includes a spectrum of deformities from a grossly normal but small ear to the absence of the entire external ear. These deformities account for three in every 10,000 births, with bilaterally missing ears seen in fewer than 10% of all cases. Congenital abnormalities of the ear are unlikely to result in the complete absence of the ears, but the patient presented in this article had bilateral congenitally missing ears. There was loss of anatomic landmarks and alteration of normal bony architecture. Minimal tissue was available for retention; therefore, conventional techniques could not be used for achieving retention. A two‐implant‐supported auricular prosthesis was planned, but the patient was found to have deficient bone in the implant site. Hence the implants were placed posterior to these sites, and the superstructure was modified to accommodate for this change in position of the implant to ensure the esthetic positioning of the prosthesis.