bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preferred proline puckerings in cis and trans peptide groups: Implications for collagen stability
Authors: Vitagliano Luigi , Berisio Rita , Mastrangelo Antonio , Mazzarella Lelio , Zagari Adriana 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe interplay between side‐chain and main‐chain conformations is a distinctive characteristic of proline residues. Here we report the results of a statistical analysis of proline conformations using a large protein database. In particular, we found that proline residues with the preceding peptide bond in the cis state preferentially adopt a down puckering. Indeed, out of 178 cis proline residues, as many as 145 (81%) are down. By analyzing the 1–4 and 1–5 nonbonding distances between backbone atoms, we provide a structural explanation for the observed trend. The observed correlation between proline puckering and peptide bond conformation suggests a new mechanism to explain the reported shift of the cis‐trans equilibrium in proline derivatives. The implications of these results for the current models of collagen stability are also discussed.
The rsmA‐like gene rsmAXoo of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae regulates bacterial virulence and production of diffusible signal factor
Authors: ZHU PEI‐LIANG , ZHAO SHUAI , TANG JI‐LIANG , FENG JIA‐XUN 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYThe plant‐pathogenic prokaryote Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight, one of the most destructive diseases of rice. A nonpolar mutant of the rsmA‐like gene rsmAXoo of the Xoo Chinese strain 13751 was constructed by homologous integration with a suicide plasmid. Virulence tests on a host plant, namely the hybrid rice cultivar Teyou 63, showed that the mutant had lost its virulence almost completely, whereas tests on a nonhost, namely castor‐oil plant (Ricinus communis), showed that the mutant had also lost the ability to induce a hypersensitive response in the nonhost. In addition, the rsmAXoo mutant produced significantly smaller amounts of the diffusible signal factor, extracellular endoglucanase, amylase and extracellular polysaccharide, but showed significantly higher glycogen accumulation, bacterial aggregation and cell adhesion. The expression of most hrp genes, genes encoding AvrBs3/PthA family members, rpfB, xrvA, glgA, eglXoB and XOO0175 (encoding an α‐amylase) was down‐regulated in the rsmAXoo mutant. All phenotypes and expression levels of the tested genes in the rsmAXoo mutant were restored to their levels in the wild‐type by the presence of rsmAXoo in trans. These results indicate that rsmAXoo is essential for the virulence of Xoo.
Two nucleotide positions in the Citrus exocortis viroid RNA associated with symptom expression in Etrog citron but not in experimental herbaceous hosts
Authors: MURCIA NUBIA , BERNAD LUCÍA , DURAN‐VILA NÚRIA , SERRA PEDRO 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARY Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) is the causal agent of exocortis disease of citrus. CEVd has a wide host range that includes woody and herbaceous species. A new CEVd strain (CEVdCOL), phylogenetically clustering with CEVd variants of Class A inducing severe symptoms in tomato, was identified in Colombia and shown to induce only extremely mild symptoms in Etrog citron indicator plants. Using site‐directed mutagenesis, two nucleotide substitutions (314A → G and 315U → A) in the lower strand of the P domain of the predicted CEVdCOL secondary structure resulted in a severe artificial CEVdMCOL variant. Conversely, two nucleotide exchanges (314G → A and 315A → U) in the same region of the severe variant CEVdE‐117 resulted in a symptomless artificial CEVdME‐117 variant. Infectivity assays conducted with the natural and mutated variants showed that all induced severe symptoms in Gynura aurantiaca, tomato and chrysanthemum. This is the first report of the identification of pathogenic determinants of CEVd in citrus, and shows that these pathogenicity determinants are host dependent.
Elsinoë fawcettii and Elsinoë australis: the fungal pathogens causing citrus scab
Authors: CHUNG KUANG‐REN 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARY Elsinoë fawcettii and E. australis are important pathogens of citrus. Both species are known to produce red or orange pigments, called elsinochrome. Elsinochrome is a nonhost‐selective phytotoxin and is required for full fungal virulence and lesion formation. This article discusses the taxonomy, epidemiology, genetics and pathology of the pathogens. It also provides a perspective on the cellular toxicity, biosynthetic regulation and pathological role of elsinochrome phytotoxin.Taxonomy: Elsinoë fawcettii (anamorph: Sphaceloma fawcettii) and E. australis (anamorph: S. australis) are classified in the Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Myriangiales and Family Elsinoaceae.Host range: Elsinoë fawcettii causes citrus scab (formerly sour orange scab and common scab) on various species and hybrids in the Rutaceae family worldwide, whereas E. australis causes sweet orange scab, primarily on sweet orange and some mandarins, and has a limited geographical distribution.Disease symptoms: Citrus tissues infested with Elsinoë often display erumpent scab pustules with a warty appearance.Toxin production: Elsinochrome and many perylenequinone‐containing phytotoxins of fungal origin are grouped as photosensitizing compounds that are able to absorb light energy, react with oxygen molecules and produce reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide and singlet oxygen. Elsinochrome has been documented to cause peroxidation of cell membranes and to induce rapid electrolyte leakage from citrus tissues. Elsinochrome biosynthesis and conidiation are coordinately regulated in E. fawcettii, and the environmental and physiological inducers commonly involved in both processes have begun to be elucidated.
Tobacco leaf spot and root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn
Authors: GONZALEZ MARLENY , PUJOL MERARDO , METRAUX JEAN‐PIERRE , GONZALEZ‐GARCIA VICENTE , BOLTON MELVIN D. , BORRÁS‐HIDALGO ORLANDO 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARY Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is a soil‐borne fungal pathogen that causes disease in a wide range of plants worldwide. Strains of the fungus are traditionally grouped into genetically isolated anastomosis groups (AGs) based on hyphal anastomosis reactions. This article summarizes aspects related to the infection process, colonization of the host and molecular mechanisms employed by tobacco plants in resistance against R. solani diseases.Taxonomy: Teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk; anamorph: Rhizoctonia solani Kühn; Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Basidiomycota; Class Agaricomycetes; Order Cantharellales; Family Ceratobasidiaceae; genus Thanatephorus.Identification: Somatic hyphae in culture and hyphae colonizing a substrate or host are first hyaline, then buff to dark brown in colour when aging. Hyphae tend to form at right angles at branching points that are usually constricted. Cells lack clamp connections, but possess a complex dolipore septum with continuous parenthesomes and are multinucleate. Hyphae are variable in size, ranging from 3 to 17 µm in diameter. Although the fungus does not produce any conidial structure, ellipsoid to globose, barrel‐shaped cells, named monilioid cells, 10–20 µm wide, can be produced in chains and can give rise to sclerotia. Sclerotia are irregularly shaped, up to 8–10 mm in diameter and light to dark brown in colour.Disease symptoms: Symptoms in tobacco depend on AG as well as on the tissue being colonized. Rhizoctonia solani AG‐2‐2 and AG‐3 infect tobacco seedlings and cause damping off and stem rot. Rhizoctonia solani AG‐3 causes ‘sore shin’ and ‘target spot’ in mature tobacco plants. In general, water‐soaked lesions start on leaves and extend up the stem. Stem lesions vary in colour from brown to black. During late stages, diseased leaves are easily separated from the plant because of severe wilting. In seed beds, disease areas are typically in the form of circular to irregular patches of poorly growing, yellowish and/or stunted seedlings.Resistance: Knowledge is scarce regarding the mechanisms associated with resistance to R. solani in tobacco. However, recent evidence suggests a complex response that involves several constitutive factors, as well as induced barriers controlled by multiple defence pathways.Management: This fungus can survive for many years in soil as mycelium, and also by producing sclerotia, which makes the management of the disease using conventional means very difficult. Integrated pest management has been most successful; it includes timely fungicide applications, crop rotation and attention to soil moisture levels. Recent developments in biocontrol may provide other tools to control R. solani in tobacco.
RNA‐mediated gene silencing in the cereal fungal pathogen Cochliobolus sativus
Authors: LENG YUEQIANG , WU CHENGXIANG , LIU ZHAOHUI , FRIESEN TIMOTHY L. , RASMUSSEN JACK B. , ZHONG SHAOBIN 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYA high‐throughput RNA‐mediated gene silencing system was developed for Cochliobolus sativus (anamorph: Bipolaris sorokiniana), the causal agent of spot blotch, common root rot and black point in barley and wheat. The green fluorescent protein gene (GFP) and the proteinaceous host‐selective toxin gene (ToxA) were first introduced into C. sativus via the polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐mediated transformation method. Transformants with a high level of expression of GFP or ToxA were generated. A silencing vector (pSGate1) based on the Gateway cloning system was developed and used to construct RNA interference (RNAi) vectors. Silencing of GFP and ToxA in the transformants was demonstrated by transformation with the RNAi construct expressing hairpin RNA (hpRNA) of the target gene. The polyketide synthase gene (CsPKS1), involved in melanin biosynthesis pathways in C. sativus, was also targeted by transformation with the RNAi vector (pSGate1‐CsPKS1) encoding hpRNA of the CsPKS1 gene. The transformants with pSGate1‐CsPKS1 exhibited an albino phenotype or reduced melanization, suggesting effective silencing of the endogenous CsPKS1 in C. sativus. Sectors exhibiting the wild‐type phenotype of the fungus appeared in some of the CsPKS1‐silenced transformants after subcultures as a result of inactivation or deletions of the RNAi transgene. The gene silencing system established provides a useful tool for functional genomics studies in C. sativus and other filamentous fungi.
Hormone receptor‐like in 96 and Broad‐Complex modulate phenobarbital induced transcription of cytochrome P450CYP6D1inDrosophilaS2 cells
Authors: Lin G. G.‐H. , Kozaki T. , Scott J. G. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPhenobarbital (PB) is a prototypical inducer for studies of xenobiotic responses in animals. In mammals, the nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) have been identified as key transcription factors regulating PB induced transcription of xenobiotic responsive genes. In insects, much less is known about the transcription factors involved in regulating PB induced transcription, although CAR and PXR have a single orthologue hormone receptor‐like in 96 (HR96) inDrosophila melanogaster. Using dual luciferase reporter assays inDrosophilaSchneider (S2) cells, constructs containing variable lengths of the promoter of the PB inducible cytochrome P450CYP6D1were evaluated in the presence and absence of PB. The promoter region between −330 and −280 (relative to the position of transcription start site, +1) was found to be critical for PB induction. Putative binding sites forDrosophilaBroad‐Complex (BR‐C) and deformed (Dfd) were identified within this promoter region using TFsearch. RNA interference (RNAi) treatment of S2 cells in conjunction withCYP6D1promoter assays showed that suppression ofDrosophilaHR96 and BR‐C transcription in S2 cells resulted in a significant decrease and increase, respectively, of PB induction. Effects of HR96 and BR‐C in mediating PB induction were PB specific and PB dependent. This represents new functional evidence thatDrosophilaHR96 and BR‐C can act as an activator and repressor, respectively, in regulating PB induced transcription in insects.
Polymorphisms, haplotypes and mutations in the protamine 1 and 2 genes
Authors: Jodar M. , Oriola J. , Mestre G. , Castillo J. , Giwercman A. , Vidal‐Taboada J. M. , Ballescà J. L. , Oliva R. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryProtamines are the most abundant nuclear proteins and alterations in their expression have been described in infertile patients. Also, protamine haplo‐insufficient mice have been described as infertile. Therefore, the protamine 1 and 2 genes have been considered important candidates in different mutational studies. In this article, we review all published articles related to protamine gene mutations and report new data on mutations from patients and controls drawn from the Spanish and Swedish populations. Sequencing of the protamine 1 and 2 genes in a total of 209 infertile patients and 152 fertility‐proven controls from the Spanish and Swedish populations identified two novel and rare non‐pathogenic missense mutations (R17C and R38M) in the protamine 1 gene and several additional polymorphisms. Furthermore, we have identified and we report for the first time five novel rare haplotypes encompassing the protamine 1 and 2 genes. A review of all available protamine gene mutational studies indicates that none of the reported missense mutations can be considered of proven pathogenicity. However, it is interesting to note that rare protamine 1 promoter variants have been reported only in infertile patients, but not in fertile control groups. Pathogenic high penetrance protamine gene missense mutations, if any, must be extremely rare. However, the detected presence of rare variants and haplotypes in infertile patients deserves further investigation.
Breed‐associated phenotypes in canine atopic dermatitis
Authors: Wilhem Sylvia , Kovalik Marcel , Favrot Claude 
Published: October 2010

AbstractCanine atopic dermatitis is a multifaceted disease, whose clinical presentation may be affected by numerous factors, including the genetic background of the animal, the environment, the offending allergens and flare factors. In particular, breed‐associated differences have often been mentioned but never defined precisely. Using a large data set of atopic dogs, we document in this study the clinical presentation of nine often‐affected breeds and demonstrate the existence of substantial differences between the clinical phenotype of each breed and the whole population. Some of the differences may be due to genetic differences while others are most likely to be associated with variations in environmental factors.
Reptiles with dermatological lesions: a retrospective study of 301 cases at two university veterinary teaching hospitals (1992–2008)
Authors: White Stephen D. , Bourdeau Patrick , Bruet Vincent , Kass Philip H. , Tell Lisa , Hawkins Michelle G. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis retrospective study reviews the medical records of 301 reptiles with dermatological lesions that were examined at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California at Davis (VMTH‐UCD) and the Unité de Dermatologie‐Parasitologie‐Mycologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (UDPM‐ENVN) from 1 January 1992 to 1 July 2008. The most common reptile groups differed between the two hospitals, with lizards being the most common at the VMTH‐UCD and chelonians at the UDPM‐ENVN. At the VMTH‐UCD, boa constrictors (Boa constrictor), ball pythons (Python regius) and other Python species were over‐represented, and box turtles (Terrapene carolina) were under‐represented in the dermatological lesion caseload. When institutional data were combined, 47% of all reptiles at both institutions with confirmed or suspected cases of sepsis had petechiae, with the highest association seen in chelonians at 82%. Dependent on institution and reptile group, from 29% to 64% of the cases had underlying husbandry issues. Sixty‐two per cent of all cases were alive at final status. Veterinarians treating reptiles with skin disease should be aware of the following: (i) that boa constrictors and Python species may be predisposed to dermatological lesions; (ii) that client education is important for proper husbandry; and (iii) that there is a possible association between petechiae and sepsis, especially in chelonians. The conjectural association between certain skin lesions and sepsis remains to be confirmed by systematically derived data that demonstrate a causal relationship between the two.
Sutureless thyroidectomy: surgical technique
Authors: O'Neill Christine J. , Chang Lin‐Yun , Suliburk James W. , Sidhu Stan B. , Delbridge Leigh W. , Sywak Mark S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe technique of thyroid surgery has continued to evolve over the last 200 years. Sutureless thyroidectomy is one of the recent developments in surgical technique and is made possible by the use of vessel sealing devices. The most frequently used devices include a bipolar coagulation device (Ligasure Precise) and ultrasonic dissecting shears (Harmonic Scalpel FOCUS). The use of this technology is safe with minimal morbidity and has been shown in numerous studies to significantly decrease operative time. Over 3000 thyroid and parathyroid procedures, both open and minimally invasive, have been performed with vessel sealing devices within the University of Sydney Endocrine Surgery Unit since the technology was introduced in 2005. This manuscript discusses the technique of sutureless thyroidectomy focusing on points of difference in comparison with conventional thyroidectomy using ligatures or clips.
Does surgical decompression in Ludwig's angina decrease hospital length of stay?
Authors: Rowe David Phillip , Ollapallil Jacob 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIntroduction:  Ludwig's angina (LA) is an uncommon and potentially life‐threatening condition of the upper aero‐digestive tract that often requires the coordinated efforts of the surgical, anesthetic and intensive care teams to optimize management. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the documented clinical features and the surgical and airway management of LA at Alice Springs Hospital for the purpose of assessing surgical outcomes with particular reference to length of stay (LOS).Methods:  Retrospective chart review from January 1998 to January 2008 examined patients admitted with LA at Alice Springs Hospital. Documented clinical features, interventions, and operative findings including floor of mouth swelling, Mallampati score, and airway compromise were collected. Outcomes, with particular respect to LOS, for those who received intravenous (IV) or inhalational induction and those that received awake fibre‐optic intubations were compared.Results:  Of 30 patients with LA, 28 (93%) were managed with operative drainage with a LOS in the intensive care unit (ICU) of 2 days and a hospital LOS of 5 days. Seven received awake fibre‐optic intubation and 21 had IV or inhalational anesthesia with none requiring tracheotomy. There was no statistical difference in LOS between those patients whose microbiological culture results showed no growth and those whose cultures had positive growth.Discussion:  Management was generally operative decompression with IV antibiotics. LOS is not affected by the presence or absence of culture positive infection. It is proposed that operative intervention is safe, effective, and is associated with shorter patient stays in the intensive care unit and the hospital overall.
Reexamining the Workplace Justice to Outcome Relationship: Does Frame of Reference Matter?
Authors: Bernerth Jeremy , Walker H. Jack 
Published: October 2010

abstractUsing a combination of self‐interest and deontological theories as justification, we propose a demarcated view of workplace justice that separates justice for an individual (personal justice) and inferred assessments of justice for organizational members (third party justice). Results of two studies confirmed the appropriateness of separate justice measures and demonstrated differential effects on key criteria based on the relevancy (personal or joint) of the outcome in question. Specifically, Studies 1 and 2 found that personal justice was a better predictor of organizational commitment and turnover intentions while third party justice was more closely related to workplace cohesion (Study 1), citizenship behaviours (Study 2), and deviance behaviours (Study 2). Implications of these findings and future research needs are discussed.
Anatomy in ancient India: a focus on the Susruta Samhita
Authors: Loukas Marios , Lanteri Alexis , Ferrauiola Julie , Tubbs R. Shane , Maharaja Goppi , Shoja Mohammadali Mohajel , Yadav Abhishek , Rao Vishnu Chellapilla 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis review focuses on how the study of anatomy in India has evolved through the centuries. Anatomical knowledge in ancient India was derived principally from animal sacrifice, chance observations of improperly buried human bodies, and examinations of patients made by doctors during treatment. The Vedic philosophies form the basis of the Ayurvedic tradition, which is considered to be one of the oldest known systems of medicine. Two sets of texts form the foundation of Ayurvedic medicine, the Susruta Samhita and the Charaka Samhita. The Susruta Samhita provided important surgical and anatomical information of the understanding of anatomy by Indians in the 6th century BCE. Here we review the anatomical knowledge known to this society.
Episodic growth of zircon in UHP orthogneisses from the North Dabie Terrane of east‐central China: implications for crustal architecture of a collisional orogen
Authors: XIE Z. , CHEN J.‐F. , CUI Y.‐R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractZircon U‐Pb dating of three orthogneiss samples from the North Dabie terrane (NDT) is undertaken in order to reconstruct their formation and evolutionary histories, and also the crustal architecture of the Dabie orogen after Triassic subduction and exhumation. SHRIMP zircon U‐Pb dating, in combination with back scattered electron (BSE) imaging and Laser Raman spectrometry, provides accurate identification of the core, mantle and rim structure for zircon growth during protolith formation and overgrowth during subduction/exhumation and post‐collisional metamorphism. Concordant U‐Pb ages of 760–730 Ma and high Th/U ratios of >0.4 are obtained for relict oscillatory zoning fields of inherited cores that were not metamictized. These features suggest that these ages represent the time of magmatic protolith formation during the breakup of Rodinia. The overgrown mantle domains around the metamictized cores are clean with few mineral inclusions (e.g. quartz, garnet and apatite). Mantle domains have low Th/U ratios of <0.1 and yielded U‐Pb ages of 215–205 Ma, which are slightly younger than the known ages of peak ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphism, suggesting that overgrowth took place during initial exhumation. The ages are similar to the time of retrograde metamorphism of the UHP orthogneisses in the Central Dabie terrane (CDT). Overgrown rims are also clean, with a few mineral inclusions of apatite and quartz. They yield two groups of U‐Pb ages, 138–137 Ma and 124–120 Ma. The former is considered to be the time of onset of orogenic extension and tectonic collapse, whereas the latter falls into the age range of widespread magmatism in the Dabie orogen, and is regarded as the time of extension climax that resulted in intensive anatexis of the crust. Whole‐rock Sr‐Nd isotope analyses of four orthogneisses show εNd(t) values of −1.2 to −15 and ISr values >0.719, similar to the values obtained from UHP orthogneisses in the CDT. It is concluded that, as with the CDT, the orthogneisses with episodic zircon growths from the NDT should also be a part of the exhumed slice following the continental deep subduction. However, the orthogneisses in this study were buried at a lower level in the orogenic crust compared with those of the CDT prior to the Cretaceous magmatism. Therefore, the orthogneisses from the NDT were affected by the Cretaceous magmatism whereas the CDT orthogneisses were not affected.