bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft tissue and perivisceral calcification occurring in an infant: a case of brown fat necrosis
Authors: Higgins J N P , Haddock J A A , Shaw D G 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Fat necrosis is a well described cause of widespread subcutaneous calcification occurring in a young infant. In this condition the radiographic demonstration of soft tissue calcification is often dramatic but is clinically irrelevant since the diagnosis is usually evident without recourse to radiology. Visceral fat necrosis and calcification, in the absence of hypercalcaemia, have been reported occasionally in association with sub-cutaneous fat necrosis. We report a case with calcification largely confined to deep perivisceral sites without clinical signs of subcutaneous fat necrosis.
Radiotherapy—an effective treatment for vaginal verrucous carcinoma
Authors: Reinecke L , Thornley A L 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Vaginal carcinoma makes up 1%–2% of all gynaecological tumours. Verrucous carcinoma of the vagina is even more rare—only 16 cases are reported in the scientific literature. A case of a complete regression after 60 Gy fractionated radiotherapy by a tumour 12 cm3 in size is reported. Most authors are of the opinion that radiotherapy causes anaplastic transformation of verrucous carcinoma. The minority view, that anaplastic transformation does not occur, is correct and is supported by our clinical and radiological data. The conflicting literature on vaginal verrucous carcinoma (VVC) is reviewed with reference to verrucous carcinoma at other sites.
Breast imaging in women under 35 with symptomatic breast disease
Authors: Brand I R , Sapherson D A , Brown T S 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWith the increasing utilization of mammography, young women under the age of 35 are being referred for mammographic examination more frequently. A review of the mammograms of 159 consecutive patients aged under 35 was conducted to evaluate the clinical value of the examination in the age group for whom the probability of malignancy is low. 74% of patients referred had no discrete palpable mass and presented predominantly with lumpy or tender breasts, the remaining 24% had a discrete palpable mass. In neither group did radiographic examination beneficially influence clinical management. We propose protocol where no imaging is performed in women under 35 in the absence of a palpable mass unless there is a localized bloody discharge or a strong family history or previous personal history of breast cancer. In patients with a palpable mass, ultrasound should be performed initially to identify simple cysts and if negative only then progressing to mammography.
Colour Doppler and duplex ultrasound assessment of Peyronie's disease in impotent men
Authors: Amin Z , Patel U , Friedman E P , Vale J A , Kirby R , Lees W R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
280 patients (aged 28 to 74 years, mean 57) with erectile failure (EF) underwent colour Doppler and duplex ultrasound imaging (CDI) following intracorporeal papaverine. After achieving a full, or nearly full, erection visual inspection and palpation revealed plaques and/or constriction or deformity of the penis in 55 (20%) cases. 10 (4%) were known to have Peyronie's plaques prior to referral. Of these 55 patients ultrasound showed focal echogenic plaques in 14 (25%) and diffuse thickening of the tunica albuginea in 41 (75%). CDI diagnosed arteriogenic EF in 20 (36%) of these patients, venous leak in 10 (18%), arterial and venous in two (4%) and a normal response in 23 (42%). In 11 (20%) patients (seven with arteriogenic EF and four with venous leak) the plaque was seen to be affecting vessels. These results indicate that abnormalities of the tunica albuginea are far more common in patients presenting with erectile failure than previously thought. We believe that the diffuse thickening is a form of Peyronie's which is only recognized after pharmacological induction of penile erection.
Simple renal cyst: relations to age and arterial blood pressure
Authors: Pedersen J F , Emamian S A , Nielsen M B 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Simple renal cysts are increasingly common with increasing age, as is elevated arterial blood pressure. We studied the natural history of simple renal cysts, and their possible association with arterial hypertension. Renal sonography was performed in an age- and sex-stratified random sample of 686 healthy volunteers aged 30–70 years. Eleven examinations were excluded for various reasons. One or more renal cysts measuring 10–47 mm were found in 35 individuals. The prevalence of simple renal cysts was 5.2%, ranging from 0% at age 30 to 9.7% at age 70. From the cross-sectional data it is estimated that the average renal cyst needs about 10 years to reach 20 mm in size. Mean arterial blood pressure increased with age, and was significantly higher in individuals with cysts (p = 0.0055). Closer analysis showed that the association was confined to and even stronger (p = 0.00066) for individuals with at least one cyst ≤20 mm. We assume that smaller cysts are more likely to be totally intraparenchymal, and therefore more able to create an internal hydrostatic pressure and thus to compress the surrounding renal tissue.
The sonographic appearances of pleural fluid
Authors: Lomas D J , Padley S G , Flower C D R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In order to document the sonographic changes of pleural fluid the appearances of 93 presumed pleural fluid collections in 89 patients were recorded. In all patients the clinical or radiographic appearances were atypical and they were referred for guided aspiration or drainage of suspected pleural fluid. Ultrasound guided aspiration was successful in 90 collections in 86 patients. It was unsuccessful in three “collections” subsequently shown or presumed to be of a solid nature. In nine of the proven fluid collections an earlier attempt at blind aspiration had been unsuccessful. 54 (60%) of the proven fluid collections had a characteristic sonographic appearance of pleural fluid as an anechoic space unrestricted within the pleura. Of the remaining 36 collections, 16 had diffuse internal echoes, 12 were confined to one area of the pleural space (primary loculation) and 13 had internal septa (secondary loculation). Dynamic signs were demonstrated in 75 (83%) of the collections as flapping movements of atelectatic lung (51), of internal septa (12), or of debris attached to the wall of the collection (25). Three (4%) of fluid collections had sonographic features indistinguishable from those of solid pleural lesions, indicating that in a small percentage of cases sonography will not reliably distinguish between solid and fluid in the pleural space.
Perfusion lung scintigraphy in primary pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Ogawa Y , Nishimura T , Hayashida K , Uehara T , Shimonagata T 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
15 cases of primary pulmonary hypertension were classified into two groups by patterns of perfusion lung scintigraphy. Perfusion scintigrams showed multiple, small, ill-defined defects (mottled + ve) pattern in eight cases, and the remaining seven cases had a normal (mottled − ve) pattern. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with a mottled pattern (54 ± 10 mmHg) was higher than in those with a normal pattern (42 ± 9 mmHg, p &lt; 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in right ventricular ejection fraction, partial pressures of oxygen in the arterial blood or alveolo–arterial oxygen difference. All the patients with a mottled pattern died within 2 years following the lung scintigraphy. There was a significant difference in the survival curves between the two groups. Although our statistical analysis must be evaluated with caution because of small numbers of patients it is suggested that perfusion lung scintigraphy is useful in assessing the prognosis in primary pulmonary hypertension.
The efficacy of radiotherapy in the treatment of intraocular metastases
Authors: Minatel E , Trovò M G , Forner L , Franchin G , De Paoli A , Roncadin M , Gobitti C , Bassignano G 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
From January 1980 to May 1991, 28 patients with intraocular metastases were seen at our Institute. Three presented with bilateral metastases and two developed contralateral involvement. Out of the 33 ocular metastases 27 were managed by radiotherapy. The most common primary tumour sites were breast (18/28 patients) and lung (3/28). 22 patients were treated with an 8 MV linear accelerator, using a 4 × 4 cm anterior direct field. The median dose was 40 Gy/20 fractions (range 28 Gy/14 fractions to 50 Gy/25 fractions). Of the 27 treatments reported, 16 resulted in a complete response (59%), six in a partial response (22%) and five resulted in no change (19%). Complete and partial responses lasted for a median time of 13 months (range of 3−89+ months). The median survival time from the start of ocular treatment was 13 months. The aim of radiation treatment is either to prevent or to postpone the visual loss caused by intraocular metastases.
Computed tomographic dacryocystography
Authors: Waite D W , Whittet H B , Shun-Shin G A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The technique of computed tomographic dacryocystography is described. It was developed in response to the pre-operative imaging requirements for transnasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, a new minimally invasive operation performed as a primary procedure to relieve epiphora. However, it is also helpful in the assessment of patients after failed conventional external dacryocystorhinostomy when the information provided will help to determine the subsequent surgical approach. In addition the technique will assist surgical planning in cases of epiphora associated with sinus surgery, facial trauma and maxillofacial tumours by determining the site and extent of pathology.
Percutaneous pigtail catheter straighteners — a warning
Authors: Dick R , Tibballs J 
Published: July 2009

We wish to report a potential hazard of pigtail catheter straighteners.
Following an intital unsuccessful attempt to advance a Ring Lunderquist drainage catheter (8.4 F) through a malignant biliary stricture, the catheter was exchanged for a 9 F dilator, which met with unexpected resistance in the liver tract.
Computed tomographic cholangiography using spiral scanning and 3D image processing
Authors: Klein H-M , Wein B , Truong S , Pfingsten F-P , Günther R W 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Volumetric computed tomography (CT) scans (“spiral CT”) were performed after intravenous (i.v.) cholangiography followed by additional 3D surface reconstructions of gallbladder and biliary ducts. 34 patients were investigated prior to cholecystectomy. No allergic adverse reactions were observed. The scan time was 24 s. Contrast enhancement in the extrahepatic bile duct and gallbladder were measured. All CT image series were reviewed independently by four experienced physicians (two radiologists, two surgeons) and compared for quality with conventional cholangiography on a three-point scale. The average rating for the demonstration of the biliary tract was significantly better for spiral CT than for conventional cholangiography (p &lt; 0.01). In all cases sufficient contrast was found in the common bile duct (mean 315 HU). 3D imaging was considered to be helpful for intraoperative orientation during laparoscopic surgery.
Elevation of the larynx on normal and abnormal cineradiogram
Authors: Sundgren P , Maly P , Gullberg B 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The relationship between bolus volume (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 ml) and larynx elevation during swallowing was assessed in 10 non-dysphagic and 10 dysphagic individuals without pharyngeal dysfunction. Laryngeal elevation in different types of pharyngeal dysfunction was assessed in 60 non-dysphagic and 75 dysphagic patients. All subjects were examined with liquid barium and cineradiography at 50 frames/s. The laryngeal elevation was measured at the moment when the bolus reached the level of the valleculae and at maximum elevation. Elevation of the larynx, both the initial and maximal, was not influenced by sex, age or presence of dysphagia. Elevation of the larynx at the moment when the bolus reached the valleculae, when expressed in per cent of maximum elevation, was lower with 10 and 20 ml bolus volumes compared with 2.5 ml bolus volume (p &lt; 0.05) in the 10 dysphagic individuals. Pharyngeal dysfunction was associated with significantly lower initial elevation of the larynx, at the moment when the bolus reached the level of the valleculae, although the maximal laryngeal elevation was normal. Initial elevation was 30% lower (p = 0.03) in patients with aspiration of bolus material into the trachea, 22% lower (p = 0.007) in those with defective closure of the laryngeal vestibule without aspiration and 16% lower (p = 0.06) in those with incoordination of the cricopharyngeal muscle compared with patients without dysfunction.
Ultrasound diagnosis of splenic lymphoma: ROC analysis of multidimensional splenic indices
Authors: Hess C F , Kurtz B , Hoffmann W , Bamberg M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
To assess the efficacy of splenic size in the sonographic diagnosis of lymphomatous involvement of the spleen, the authors studied 31 patients with splenic lymphoma (Hodgkin's disease, 17 and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 14) and 218 individuals without evidence of splenic disease. All subjects were studied with both a linear and a sector transducer. The longitudinal, transverse and diagonal diameters of the spleen were measured, and two-and three-dimensional splenic indices were calculated. The analysis of the diagnostic performance of these criteria, compared by means of receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves, revealed that diagnosis of splenic involvement by malignant lymphoma was considerably more reliable with a sector than with a linear scanner. If the longitudinal diameter was measured with a sector scanner, sensitivities were 66% and 74%, at specificities of 95% and 90% respectively (cut-off points: 12.5 cm and 11.3 cm, respectively). For the sector scanner, there was no advantage in using other diameters or multidimensional indices. Additional ROC analysis of recently published data indicating excellent discrimination capacity of a computed tomography index revealed that these results were largely owing to patient selection. In contrast, our data suggest that the potential of current non-invasive assessment of splenic lymphoma is limited. However, ultrasound may eventually help to eliminate staging laparotomy in selected cases, e.g. in patients with low risk of abdominal disease and with increased surgical risk.
Quality assurance in obstetric ultrasound
Authors: Dudley N J , Potter R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Ultrasound examination is a routine element of antenatal care, and an accurate and reliable ultrasound service is essential for confident patient management. Qualitative findings, e.g. fetal normality and placental site, may be confirmed at delivery, but this form of audit is not suitable for fetal measurements owing to the variation in gestation at delivery and the complexity of neonatal assessment. Our aim was to develop a simple audit method applied a short time after the ultrasound scan. The method was based on assessment of measured images against measurement criteria which are clearly defined in the literature, results for each criterion being recorded in a spreadsheet. Two main forms of report were generated, the first showing overall achievement of satisfactory measurements for each sonographer, the second providing graphical information to show which criteria required greater attention by individual sonographers. Over several phases of audit problems of quality recognition and technical skill were isolated, graphical reports were used to guide tuition and the levels of performance were improved. The method itself and the results satisfy managers at all levels that standards are in place and are being maintained.
A double blind study to evaluate the tolerability of gadodiamide injection and its effect on renal function in patients undergoing cerebral magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Lundby B , Berg K J , Lien H H , Aamdal S 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Gadodiamide injection was administered intravenously to 28 patients with cancer undergoing cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two parallel groups were used to evaluate the safety of single doses of 0.1 and 0.3 mmol per kilogram body weight (kgbw). Adverse events, vital signs, blood chemistry, haematology and urinalysis were the principal measures of safety. Four patients, all in the 0.1 mmol kgbw−1 group, experienced a total of six adverse events. No adverse events were reported in the 0.3 mmol kgbw−1 group. No clinically significant changes in blood chemistry, haematology or urinalysis occurred. No significant changes in renal tubular function or glomerular filtration rate were observed after injection at either dose. Overall, this study suggests that gadodiamide injection is a safe and effective contrast medium for use in patients undergoing cerebral MRI at both the 0.1 and 0.3 mmol kgbw−1 doses.
The 62 MeV proton beam for the treatment of ocular melanoma at Clatterbridge
Authors: Bonnett D E , Kacperek A , Sheen M A , Goodall R , Saxton T E 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A second treatment room and beam line has been constructed at the Cyclotron Unit at Clatterbridge for the purpose of using 62 MeV protons for the treatment of ocular melanoma. A uniform beam is produced by a double foil scattering system. The initial Bragg peak is spread across the target volume by the use of beam modulators. These are rotating four-vaned stepped absorbers made from Perspex. Two beam lines can be configured with different positions of modulators and range limiters. The first has a maximum penetration of 31.9 ± 0.2 mm in water and the second a penetration of 31.2 ± 0.2 mm. The second configuration has the advantage of less variation in beam penumbra, with a typical value of 1.7 ± 0.1 mm for the 90% to 10% decrement lines. The patients are treated with individually shaped collimators. Beam output varies by less than 2% over the range of collimator areas used. The resulting whole-body dose equivalent to patient has also been assessed. In the first three years of operation over 250 patients have been treated.
Primary intrathoracic rhabdomyosarcoma: a rare childhood malignancy
Authors: McDermott V G M , Mackenzie S , Hendry G M A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Primary intrathoracic rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare tumour in childhood. Three cases are presented and the radiological findings and clinical course are reviewed. The radiological manifestations are varied but a rapidly growing soft tissue mass with compression of adjacent structures is the most common. A rare association with an underlying congenital pulmonary cyst is described. The prognosis is worse than for rhabdomyosarcoma at other sites, with a predisposition for cerebral metastases.
An unusual cause of epistaxis: non-traumatic intracavernous carotid aneurysm. A case report with 12 year follow-up and review of the literature
Authors: Romaniuk C S , Bartlett R J V , Kavanagh G , Salam M A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Intracavernous carotid aneurysms are uncommon. We report the natural history and radiological appearances of a giant, non-traumatic, intracavernous carotid aneurysm which extended through the skull base to the anterior nares and caused epistaxis. The magnetic resonance imaging appearances of such an aneurysm have not been previously described. The importance of correct diagnosis is discussed.
Infected false aneurysm at the site of an iliac stent
Authors: Chalmers N , Eadington D W , Gandanhamo D , Gillespie I N , Ruckley C V 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
False aneurysm formation at the site of iliac artery stent placement is an uncommon but serious complication of the procedure. We report a case of infected false aneurysm at the site of an iliac stent, complicated by renal failure.
Survival, patterns of spread and prognostic factors in uterine sarcoma: a study of 76 patients
Authors: Moskovic E , Macsweeney E , Law M , Price A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We have analysed the medical records and diagnostic imaging of 76 patients presenting to this hospital for treatment of uterine sarcoma between 1970 and 1990. Patients were divided into those presenting before 1980 (n = 22) and after 1980 (n = 54), when sectional imaging (ultrasound, CT scanning) and more modern radiotherapy and chemotherapy were introduced. No survival difference was observed between these two groups. In those patients presenting after 1980, the median age was 54 years (range 18–80), and median survival 22 months from initial diagnosis. Factors associated with a significantly improved survival included low grade (although not histological type) of initial tumour (p = 0.001) and Stage I disease at presentation (p = 0.006). In 17 patients receiving pelvic radiotherapy following initial surgery, both the time to relapse (p = 0.005) and overall survival (p = 0.045) were increased. Adjuvant chemotherapy in 19 patients did not improve outcome. Most diagnoses of relapse were established clinically; they occurred most frequently in the pelvis, followed by lung and abdomen. Pulmonary relapse was accompanied by spontaneous pneumothorax in two cases. Bone and brain metastases were uncommon (&lt; 10%). Following diagnosis of relapse, the median survival was 9 months, with the outcome significantly worse if multiple metastatic sites were involved (p &lt; 0.001). No survival benefit was demonstrated from either local radiotherapy or combination chemotherapy once relapse had occurred. Prognostic factors and current policies for the diagnosis and management of uterine sarcomas are discussed.
Interstitial laser photocoagulation for the treatment of prostatic cancer
Authors: Amin Z , Lees W R , Bown S G 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) is a new percutaneous technique for local ablation of deep-seated tumours. We have applied this to treat a focal abnormality in a patient with prostatic carcinoma, under local anaesthesia and sedation. Transrectal ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) were used to guide three 18G needles, inserted transperineally, into the abnormal area. A thin (0.8 mm outer diameter) optical fibre was passed down each needle, so that the tip of the fibre lay within the tumour. The other end of the fibre was connected to a portable diode laser, which was activated at 2 W for 500 s. Real-time monitoring with ultrasound showed a gradually enlarging echogenic zone around the fibre-tip and a marked increase in colour Doppler signal; the echogenicity and Doppler signal decreased within a few minutes of completing treatment. Dynamic CT treatment 10 days later showed the treated area as a non-enhancing, avascular zone. Biopsies from this region confirmed the presence of necrosis. There were no complications. ILP appears to be a safe and effective way of ablating areas of focal abnormality in the prostate.