bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesogenic neighbourhoods: the impact of neighbourhood restaurants and convenience stores on adolescents’ food consumption behaviours
Authors: He Meizi , Tucker Patricia , Irwin Jennifer D , Gilliland Jason , Larsen Kristian , Hess Paul 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the relationship between the neighbourhood food environment and dietary intake among adolescents.DesignCross-sectional design using: (i) a geographic information system to assess characteristics of the neighbourhood food environment and neighbourhood socio-economic status; (ii) the modified Healthy Eating Index (HEI) to assess participants’ overall diet quality; and (iii) generalized linear models to examine associations between HEI and home and school food environmental correlates.SettingMid-sized Canadian city in Ontario, Canada.ParticipantsGrade 7 and 8 students (n810) at twenty-one elementary schools.ResultsStudents living in neighbourhoods with a lower diversity of land-use types, compared with their higher diversity counterparts, had higher HEI scores (P< 0·05). Students with more than 1 km between their home and the nearest convenience store had higher HEI scores than those living within 1 km (P< 0·01). Students attending schools with a distance further than 1 km from the nearest convenience store (P< 0·01) and fast-food outlet (P< 0·05) had higher HEI scores than those within 1 km. Those attending schools with three or more fast-food outlets within 1 km had lower HEI scores than those attending schools with no fast-food outlet in the school surroundings (P< 0·05).ConclusionsClose proximity to convenience stores in adolescents’ home environments is associated with low HEI scores. Within adolescents’ school environments, close proximity to convenience and fast-food outlets and a high density of fast-food outlets are associated with low HEI scores.
Egg consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case–control study
Authors: Radzevičienė Lina , Ostrauskas Rytas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveType 2 diabetes mellitus appears to involve an interaction between susceptible genetic backgrounds and environmental factors including highly calorific diets. As it is important to identify modifiable risk factors that may help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the aim of the present study was to determine the association between egg consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.DesignA specifically designed questionnaire was used to collect information on possible risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals for type 2 diabetes mellitus were calculated by conditional logistic regression.SettingA case–control study in a Lithuanian out-patient clinic was performed in 2001.SubjectsA total of 234 cases with a newly confirmed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and 468 controls free of the disease.ResultsVariables such as BMI, family history of diabetes, cigarette smoking, education, morning exercise and plasma TAG level were retained in multivariate logistic regression models as confounders because their inclusion changed the value of the odds ratio by more than 10 % in any exposure category. After adjustment for possible confounders more than twofold increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus was determined for individuals consuming 3–4·9 eggs/week (OR = 2·60; 95 % CI 1·34, 5·08) and threefold increased risk of the disease was determined for individuals consuming ≥5 eggs/week (OR = 3·02; 95 % CI 1·14, 7·98) compared with those eating <1 egg/week.ConclusionsOur data support a possible relationship of egg consumption and increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Nitrogen contribution of rye–hairy vetch cover crop mixtures to organically grown sweet corn
Authors: Lawson Andrew , Fortuna Ann Marie , Cogger Craig , Bary Andy , Stubbs Tami 
Published: March 2012

AbstractOrganic cropping systems that utilize winter grown cereal–legume cover crop mixtures can increase plant available nitrogen (N) to a subsequent cash crop, but the rate of N release is uncertain due to variations in residue composition and environmental conditions. A study was conducted to evaluate N availability from rye (Secale cerealeL.)–hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth) cover crop mixtures and to measure the response of organically grown sweet corn (Zea maysL.) to N provided by cover crop mixtures. Nitrogen availability from pure rye, pure hairy vetch, and rye–vetch mixtures was estimated using laboratory incubation with controlled temperature and soil moisture. Sweet corn N response was determined in a 2-year field experiment in western Washington with three cover crop treatments as main plots (50:50 rye–vetch seed mixture planted mid September, planted early October, and none) and four feather meal N rates as subplots (0, 56, 112 and 168 kg available N ha−1). Pure hairy vetch and a 75% rye–25% hairy vetch biomass mixture (R75V25) released similar amounts of N over 70 days in the laboratory incubation. But, the initial release of N from the (R75V25) treatment was nearly 70% lower, which may result in N release that is better timed with crop uptake. Cover crops in the field were dominated by rye and contained 34–76 kg ha−1total N with C:N ranging from 18 to 27. Although time of planting and management of cover crop quality improved N uptake in sweet corn, cover crops provided only supplemental plant available N in this system.
Structure, temporal evolution, and heat flux estimates from the Lucky Strike deep‐sea hydrothermal field derived from seafloor image mosaics
Authors: Barreyre Thibaut , Escartín Javier , Garcia Rafael , Cannat Mathilde , Mittelstaedt Eric , Prados Ricard 
Published: March 2012

Here we demonstrate with a study of the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field that image mosaicing over large seafloor areas is feasible with new image processing techniques, and that repeated surveys allow temporal studies of active processes. Lucky Strike mosaics, generated from >56,000 images acquired in 1996, 2006, 2008 and 2009, reveal the distribution and types of diffuse outflow throughout the field, and their association with high‐temperature vents. In detail, the zones of outflow are largely controlled by faults, and we suggest that the spatial clustering of active zones likely reflects the geometry of the underlying plumbing system. Imagery also provides constraints on temporal variability at two time‐scales. First, based upon changes in individual outflow features identified in mosaics acquired in different years, we document a general decline of diffuse outflow throughout the vent field over time‐scales up to 13 years. Second, the image mosaics reveal broad patches of seafloor that we interpret as fossil outflow zones, owing to their association with extinct chimneys and hydrothermal deposits. These areas encompass the entire region of present‐day hydrothermal activity, suggesting that the plumbing system has persisted over long periods of time, loosely constrained to hundreds to thousands of years. The coupling of mosaic interpretation and available field measurements allow us to independently estimate the heat flux of the Lucky Strike system at ∼200 to 1000 MW, with 75% to >90% of this flux taken up by diffuse hydrothermal outflow. Based on these heat flux estimates, we propose that the temporal decline of the system at short and long time scales may be explained by the progressive cooling of the AMC, without replenishment. The results at Lucky Strike demonstrate that repeated image surveys can be routinely performed to characterize and study the temporal variability of a broad range of vent sites hosting active processes (e.g., cold seeps, hydrothermal fields, gas outflows, etc.), allowing a better understanding of fluid flow dynamics from the sub‐seafloor, and a quantification of fluxes.
Co‐seismic deformation of deep slabs based on summed CMT data
Authors: Bailey Iain W. , Alpert Lisa A. , Becker Thorsten W. , Miller Meghan S. 
Published: March 2012

We assess the co‐seismic deformation inferred from earthquake moment tensor solutions for subducting slabs at depths greater than 50 km globally. We rotate each moment tensor into a local slab reference frame, then sum tensors within 50 km depth bins to approximate long term deformation characteristics. This builds upon previous analyses by using the up‐to‐date global Centroid Moment Tensor catalog, incorporating a more complete slab geometry, and focusing on the 3‐D aspects of slab deformation. Results show a general consistency with Isacks and Molnar (1969), who found that most slabs can be divided into intermediate‐extensional, intermediate‐extensional‐deep‐compressional, and intermediate to deep‐compressional categories. Exceptions to these three categories can be related to slab bending in the top 100 km, plate convergence that is oblique to the trench normal direction, and regions of higher focal mechanism heterogeneity. The regions of higher focal mechanism heterogeneity appear where there are along‐strike changes in slab geometry and/or evidence of double‐seismic zones. We find that the sense of deformation in the intermediate strain axis direction is opposite to that of the down‐dip direction, in agreement with Kuge and Kawakatsu (1993). By quantitative comparison to numerical models of global mantle flow, we show that these observations are consistent with deformation of viscous slabs responding to their own negative buoyancy and an upper to lower mantle viscosity increase.
Whistler mode bursts in the Venus ionosphere due to lightning: Statistical properties using Venus Express magnetometer observations
Authors: Daniels J. T. M. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Wei H. Y. , Zhang T. L. 
Published: March 2012

The Venus Express mission has completed over four years in polar orbit about Venus with periapsis altitudes as low as 180 km. On each orbit around periapsis the fluxgate magnetometer samples the magnetic field at 128 Hz. The data reveal short‐lived bursts with peak‐to‐peak amplitudes up to 1.5 nT in the frequency range 42 to 60 Hz. These signals are whistler mode waves with burst durations of about 100 ms and Poynting vectors similar to terrestrial whistler mode signals generated by atmospheric lightning when detected in the ionosphere. We have examined the occurrence of these bursts as a function of background magnetic field strength, altitude, latitude and local time. The burst rates are highest for magnetic fields of 15–30 nT, at altitudes near 215 km, and at local times near the terminators. The characteristics of these signals are consistent with generation in the dynamic Venus atmosphere, entry into the ionosphere, propagation along the ionospheric magnetic field, and ultimately damping in the ionospheric plasma.
A sub‐grid scale closure for nonlinear hillslope sediment transport models
Authors: Ganti Vamsi , Passalacqua Paola , Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi 
Published: March 2012

Hillslope sediment transport models express the sediment flux at a point as a function of some topographic attributes of the system, such as slope, curvature, soil thickness, etc., at that point only (referred here as “local” transport models) or at an appropriately defined vicinity of that point (referred here as “nonlocal” transport models). Typically, topographic attributes are computed from digital elevation data (DEMs) and thus their estimates depend on the DEM resolution (1 m, 10 m, 90 m, etc.) rendering any sediment flux computation scale‐dependent. Often calibration compensates for this scale‐dependence resulting in effective parameterizations with limited physical meaning. In this paper, we demonstrate the scale‐dependence of local nonlinear hillslope sediment flux models and derive a subgrid scale closure via upscaling. We parameterize the subgrid scale closure in terms of the low resolution, resolved topographic attributes of the landscape, thus allowing the reliable computation of a scale‐independent sediment flux from low resolution digital elevation data. We also show that the accuracy of the derived subgrid scale closure model depends on the dimensionless erosion rate and the dimensionless relief of any given basin. Finally, we present theoretical arguments and demonstrate that the recently proposed nonlocal sediment flux models are scale‐independent. These concepts are demonstrated via an application on a small basin (MR1) of the central Oregon Coast Range using high‐resolution lidar topographic data.
A stochastic parameterization of non‐orographic gravity waves: Formalism and impact on the equatorial stratosphere
Authors: Lott F. , Guez L. , Maury P. 
Published: March 2012

A formalism is proposed to represent a broadband spectrum of Gravity Waves (GWs) via the superposition of a large ensemble of statistically independent monochromatic ones. To produce this large ensemble at a reasonable numerical cost, we use the fact that the life cycles of the waves needed to be parameterized in General Circulation Models (GCMs) have time scales that largely exceed the time step of the model. We can therefore launch few waves with characteristics chosen randomly at each time step, and make them having an effect on a longer time scale by applying an AR1 relation between the gravity waves drag at a given time and that at the next time step. The stochastic GW parameterization is applied to a GCM in the tropics, and its additional drag causes a realistic Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO). The more realistic wind structure also results in a better representation of the large scale equatorial waves, like the Rossby Gravity Waves (RGWs) with periods around 4–5 day.
A single-solenoid pulsed-magnet system for single-crystal scattering studies
Authors: Islam Zahirul , Capatina Dana , Ruff Jacob P. C. , Das Ritesh K. , Trakhtenberg Emil , Nojiri Hiroyuki , Narumi Yasuo , Welp Ulrich , Canfield Paul C. 
Published: March 2012

We present a pulsed-magnet system that enables x-ray single-crystal diffraction in addition to powder and spectroscopic studies with the magnetic field applied on or close to the scattering plane. The apparatus consists of a single large-bore solenoid, cooled by liquid nitrogen. A second independent closed-cycle cryostat is used for cooling samples near liquid helium temperatures. Pulsed magnetic fields close to ∼30 T with a zero-to-peak-field rise time of ∼2.9 ms are generated by discharging a 40 kJ capacitor bank into the magnet coil. The unique characteristic of this instrument is the preservation of maximum scattering angle (∼23.6°) on the entrance and exit sides of the magnet bore by virtue of a novel double-funnel insert. This instrument will facilitate x-ray diffraction and spectroscopic studies that are impractical, if not impossible, to perform using split-pair and narrow-opening solenoid magnets. Furthermore, it offers a practical solution for preserving optical access in future higher-field pulsed magnets.
Scanning probe-enabled nanocombinatorics define the relationship between fibronectin feature size and stem cell fate
Authors: Giam Louise R. , Massich Matthew D. , Hao Liangliang , Shin Wong Lu , Mader Christopher C. , Mirkin Chad A. 
Published: March 2012

We report the development of a powerful analytical method that utilizes a tilted elastomeric pyramidal pen array in the context of a scanning probe lithography experiment to rapidly prepare libraries having as many as 25 million features over large areas with a range of feature sizes from the nano- to microscale. This technique can be used to probe important chemical and biological processes, opening up the field of nanocombinatorics. In a proof-of-concept investigation of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation, combinatorial patterns first enabled a rapid and systematic screening of MSC adhesion, as a function of feature size, while uniform patterns were used to study differentiation with statistically significant sample sizes. Without media containing osteogenic-inducing chemical cues, cells cultured on nanopatterned fibronectin substrates direct MSC differentiation towards osteogenic fates when compared to nonpatterned fibronectin substrates. This powerful and versatile approach enables studies of many systems spanning biology, chemistry, and engineering areas.
THE CLUSTERED NATURE OF STAR FORMATION. PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE CLUSTERS IN THE STAR-FORMING REGION NGC 602/N90 IN THE SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD*
Authors: Gouliermis Dimitrios A. , Schmeja Stefan , Dolphin Andrew E. , Gennaro Mario , Tognelli Emanuele , Prada Moroni Pier Giorgio 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT
Located at the tip of the wing of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), the star-forming region NGC 602/N90 is characterized by the H ii nebular ring N90 and the young cluster of pre-main-sequence (PMS) and early-type main-sequence stars NGC 602, located in the central area of the ring. We present a thorough cluster analysis of the stellar sample identified with Hubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys in the region. We show that apart from the central cluster low-mass PMS stars are congregated in 13 additional small, compact sub-clusters at the periphery of NGC 602, identified in terms of their higher stellar density with respect to the average background density derived from star counts. We find that the spatial distribution of the PMS stars is bimodal, with an unusually large fraction (∼60%) of the total population being clustered, while the remaining is diffusely distributed in the intercluster area, covering the whole central part of the region. From the corresponding color–magnitude diagrams we disentangle an age difference of ∼2.5 Myr between NGC 602 and the compact sub-clusters, which appear younger, on the basis of comparison of the brighter PMS stars with evolutionary models, which we accurately calculated for the metal abundance of the SMC. The diffuse PMS population appears to host stars as old as those in NGC 602. Almost all detected PMS sub-clusters appear to be centrally concentrated. When the complete PMS stellar sample, including both clustered and diffused stars, is considered in our cluster analysis, it appears as a single centrally concentrated stellar agglomeration, covering the whole central area of the region. Considering also the hot massive stars of the system, we find evidence that this agglomeration is hierarchically structured. Based on our findings, we propose a scenario according to which the region NGC 602/N90 experiences an active clustered star formation for the last ∼5 Myr. The central cluster NGC 602 was formed first and rapidly started dissolving into its immediate ambient environment, possibly ejecting also massive stars found away from its center. Star formation continued in sub-clusters of a larger stellar agglomeration, introducing an age spread of the order of 2.5 Myr among the PMS populations.
Characterization of transient discharges under atmospheric-pressure conditions applying nitrogen photoemission and current measurements
Authors: Keller Sandra , Rajasekaran Priyadarshini , Bibinov Nikita , Awakowicz Peter 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The plasma parameters such as electron distribution function and electron density of three atmospheric-pressure transient discharges namely filamentary and homogeneous dielectric barrier discharges in air, and the spark discharge of an argon plasma coagulation (APC) system are determined. A combination of numerical simulation as well as diagnostic methods including current measurement and optical emission spectroscopy (OES) based on nitrogen emissions is used. The applied methods supplement each other and resolve problems, which arise when these methods are used individually. Nitrogen is used as a sensor gas and is admixed in low amount to argon for characterizing the APC discharge. Both direct and stepwise electron-impact excitation of nitrogen emissions are included in the plasma-chemical model applied for characterization of these transient discharges using OES where ambiguity arises in the determination of plasma parameters under specific discharge conditions. It is shown that the measured current solves this problem by providing additional information useful for the determination of discharge-specific plasma parameters.
Crystal structure, electronic structure and thermoelectric properties of n-type BiSbSTe2
Authors: Aminorroaya-Yamini Sima , Zhang Chao , Wang Xiaolin , Nevirkovets Ivan 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
N-type bismuth telluride sulfide has received attention as a potential thermoelectric material due to its large thermopower and ability to form solid solutions with bismuth antimony sulfide. Here, we fabricated an n-type tetradymite BiSbSTe2 by solid-state reaction. The crystal structure was found to be rhombohedral, and the thermoelectric properties were measured for the temperature range 50–390 K. A high Seebeck coefficient of −190 µV K−1 was achieved at 385 K. The electronic structure of BiSbSTe2 was investigated using first-principles calculations and compared with its parent counterpart (Bi2STe2). The results have shown that BiSbSTe2 is a narrow band-gap semiconductor. For the first time, we have demonstrated that the vacancies in substitutional atomic sites, which can be altered through different fabrication techniques, can determine the charge carrier nature of tetradymite thermoelectrics. As a proof of concept, we have shown that the vacancies in antimony sites result in a p-type compound while a sulfur deficiency produces an n-type phase with lower electrical conductivity.
Preparation and characterization of titanium dioxide nanotube array supported hydrated ruthenium oxide catalysts
Authors: Giang Thi Phuong Ly , Tran Thi Nhu Mai , Le Xuan Tuan 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This work aimed at preparing and characterizing TiO
2 nanotube supported hydrated ruthenium oxide catalysts. First of all, we succeeded in preparing TiO
2 nanotube arrays by electrochemical anodization of titanium metal at 20 V for 8 h in a 1M H
3
PO
4+0.5 wt% HF solution as evidenced from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results. The hydrated ruthenium oxide was then deposited onto TiO
2 nanotubes by consecutive exchange of protons by Ru
3+ ions, followed by formation of hydrated oxide during the alkali treatment. Further XPS measurements showed that the modified samples contain not only hydrated ruthenium oxide but also hydrated ruthenium species Ru(III)-OH.
Arabidopsis WRKY33 Is a Key Transcriptional Regulator of Hormonal and Metabolic Responses toward Botrytis cinerea Infection
Authors: Birkenbihl Rainer P. , Diezel Celia , Somssich Imre E. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transcription factor WRKY33 is essential for defense toward the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Here, we aimed at identifying early transcriptional responses mediated by WRKY33. Global expression profiling on susceptible wrky33 and resistant wild-type plants uncovered massive differential transcriptional reprogramming upon B. cinerea infection. Subsequent detailed kinetic analyses revealed that loss of WRKY33 function results in inappropriate activation of the salicylic acid (SA)-related host response and elevated SA levels post infection and in the down-regulation of jasmonic acid (JA)-associated responses at later stages. This down-regulation appears to involve direct activation of several jasmonate ZIM-domain genes, encoding repressors of the JA-response pathway, by loss of WRKY33 function and by additional SA-dependent WRKY factors. Moreover, genes involved in redox homeostasis, SA signaling, ethylene-JA-mediated cross-communication, and camalexin biosynthesis were identified as direct targets of WRKY33. Genetic studies indicate that although SA-mediated repression of the JA pathway may contribute to the susceptibility of wrky33 plants to B. cinerea, it is insufficient for WRKY33-mediated resistance. Thus, WRKY33 apparently directly targets other still unidentified components that are also critical for establishing full resistance toward this necrotroph.