bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep Water High Capacity Dynamic Power Cables; Recent Developments
Authors: Brown David , Patel Darren , Rossiter Steve 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The design, installation and operation of offshore high power static (seabed) cables are mature technology areas. However, the key missing component in the power transmission system is the water-column portion of the cable that links the floating facility with the static cable on the seabed, the electrical equivalent of a pipeline riser. When such dynamic power cable enabling technology matures it will allow the removal of power generation equipment from platforms, interconnection between offshore installations, utilization of stranded gas for power generation (GTW - Gas to Wire) and its transmission by subsea power networks to the customer, and the transmission to land of power from offshore deep water renewable energy devices.
This paper reviews recent developments in dynamic power cable technology. It discusses the range of configurations and technical requirements required to deliver a fit-for-purpose deep-water product. In particular, mechanical fatigue is addressed together with the need for field specific designs to optimize configurations. Conclusions from the PowerCab JIP recently completed by BPP-Cables are presented. The JIP delivered a prototype 100MW 132kV dynamic AC power cable optimized for extended service life with account taken of the manufacturing and installation issues. The cable has been fatigue tested to verify electrical and mechanical performance in conditions representative of the West of Shetlands.

Introduction
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the need to transmit subsea electrical power over greater distances at higher power ratings and in ever more challenging environments. A key component of the required technology is the water column power cable, which must be electrically, and mechanically fit-for-purpose throughout the field life. This paper gives an overview of the recent developments in high voltage power cable engineering with respect to dynamic deep-water applications. In addition, the design drivers in relation to the failure modes of subsea power cables and umbilicals are presented. Further, the various associated technology developments are briefly reviewed.
Typically, four modes of operation are involved, as described below:–from shore to floating platform
There is a growing need to transmit power from shore to offshore developments. This is primarily to reduce the total CO2 output for a given project in countries such as Norway, where the onshore electricity supply is generated from low-carbon technologies such as hydroelectric, replacing inefficient offshore generators to yield significant CO2 and cost reductions.
Improved NPV Using Shallow Water Subsea Systems to Achieve Early First Oil and Reduce CAPEX
Authors: Streeter Jerry , Moody Ryan Philip 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The conventional practice for developing shallow water oil and gas fields is to install a bottom-founded structure over a drill center, then mobilize a jack-up drilling rig for drilling and completion operations. While this is a time-tested and proven method of producing hydrocarbons, it often does not provide the owner with the best investment economics. This is especially true for brownfield projects where the production capacity of existing infrastructure can readily accommodate new production. These economics are affected by multiple factors including the cost of drilling deviated wells compared to vertical or near vertical wells, time to production, and salvage costs.
Shallow water subsea production systems (SWSPS) are also a time-tested, reliable production technology. Installed on wells equipped with mud-line suspension systems, SWSPS provide advantages in many ways. Because they enable the use of a vertical wellbore positioned directly over the reservoir objective, SWSPS shorten drilling times by eliminating the need for highly deviated or directional wells. As compared to a conventional platform, a shallow water system can greatly improve field economics as measured by net present value (NPV) through many cost-savings features that shorten time to first oil, lower installation costs, and reduce abandonment and salvage costs.
This paper examines three modeled Gulf of Mexico oil developments located in less than 100 meters of water to demonstrate the importance that candidate selection has in maximizing NPV, and how subsea technology specifically designed for a shallow water environment is able to turn a marginal or uneconomic field into an economical development.

Introduction
Compared to deep water subsea production systems, relatively little has been published on shallow water subsea production systems (SWSPS) even though they were the foundation used to develop deep water subsea production systems. The large number of SWSPS in place world-wide, and their many years of successful operation, demonstrates the reliability that can be obtained with this equipment. SWSPS are being seriously considered by many operators to improve asset economics by enabling individual wells to be tied back to the existing platform infrastructure.
The key components of a shallow water system consist of a subsea tree fitted with a net guard (where required), the flowline and umbilical, risers, a production manifold (not shown) and a control system, Figure 1.
DOFT for Monitoring and Optimization of the First Ultra Deepwater FPSO Production in the GoM
Authors: Zambare Neeraj , Coronado Oscar , Reon Greg , Santos Luiz Guilherme 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The Digital Oil Fields Tool (DOFT) for the Cascade and Chinook fields, located in GoM, is a self-learning dynamic model available 24/7. Topsides process simulator, D-SPICETM, was integrated with a multi-phase pipeline simulator to develop the DOFT. A stable interface allows high-fidelity simulations for subsea pipelines together with topsides facilities. The DOFT model scope covers the subsea wells, flowlines, subsea boosting pumps, inlet heaters, separators, gas export flow lines and pigging.
The DOFT includes four modes. The Real-time (on-line) and Look-ahead (off-line) modes are used to monitor operations throughout the process. Functionalities include monitoring of hydrate margins, tracking of various chemicals, liquid/gas holdup monitoring, virtual flow metering, and leak detection among others. The Planning simulator (off-line) is used for detailed diagnosis of problems, analyzing "what if" scenarios, and planning critical operations. The Training mode (off-line) is used to familiarize the operators with everyday operations without risking the real production facility.
The Real-time simulator and the data historian are linked via a unidirectional OPC link in order to get required "live" measurements. Wherever available, real-time and simulated data are presented together for comparison. Current real-time condition of the DOFT can be transferred to the Planning simulator for off-line planning simulations. Look-ahead scenarios can be run on the Real-time simulator which displays "future" trends which warn of impending problems. Speed of at least 36 times real time can be achieved in the Look-head and Planning modes.
There are numerous advantages of a system like DOFT such as verifying operating procedures, training operators, monitoring the process in real-time, performing engineering studies, helping in decision making for day-to-day operations, helping find mistakes in P&IDs, operator screens and shutdown and interlock logic. The DOFT has already been verified by a third-party to be a useful tool to prepare and check operating procedures for this project. It is beyond doubt that production in deep and ultra deep waters is extremely challenging, and hence the use of systems like DOFT is becoming more and more important.
Development of a New Generation of Innovative Synthetic Wire Mooring Ropes
Authors: Mohanraj Jagan , Cawthorne Stephen , Calverley Stephen , Fletcher Sara Louise , Verwaayen Johannes 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The paper outlines the latest stages into the research and development of an innovative new material for offshore floating system mooring ropes. This new material combines the benefits of robust steel solutions with the lighter weight of polyester fibre ropes. In this paper the experimental sample assessments and full scale production prototype developments are presented. Floating production systems are being located in ever challenging environments. Deeper waters and increasing environmental loads require station keeping systems to offer optimum performance. Traditional materials are reaching their natural limitations, requiring innovative solutions to ensure performance in critical locations - control of weight and extension to achieve cost effective station keeping.
With support from industry and academic partners, a methodology for manufacture of high strength polymer wire at economically viable production speeds has been established. The material has been selected for its high strength, light weight, low creep characteristics, to achieve suitable base properties for a stable strength member.
The resultant wire exhibits dimensional and performance characteristic suitable for use within traditional wire rope constructions. This allows efficiencies in manufacturing, including health and safety advantages, and assessment of design performance, benchmarking achievements with well known performance data. This material allows for additional R&D opportunities in other more novel constructions and combinations.
Investigation and development of a termination medium and methodology specific to the synthetic wire rope has been a challenge which has been ably met. Understanding the impact of traditional methods and materials on rope properties has been investigated, new materials and methods developed to ensure a robust, 100% efficient and repeatable socketed solution.
Through such reliable terminations, laboratory testing has generated a range of performance data allowing detailed assessment within taut, catenary and combination mooring systems.
A review of the current relevant international mooring component specification has been necessary to establish product specific testing parameters for potential pre-qualification prior to use. Development of a new product has required selection of the appropriate criteria to ensure the rope performance in operation; this has not necessarily mirrored the requirement for traditional components.
Ensuring efficient and economical station keeping in given locations is essential to realising the potential from these fields. Without development of leading edge mooring and station keeping some resources remain out of reach. Manufacturers of station keeping equipment supplying to the offshore industry are constantly investigating and developing solutions to support the move of exploration and production to ever more extreme locations.
Use Of Safety Case To Accomplish With Brazilian Regulations For Drilling Units
Authors: Bardy Mariana , Silveira Paula Dias , Sodré Felipe 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The growing operation of foreign oil and gas production and drilling units in Brazilian waters requires special attention to the Brazilian legislation requirements concerning health, safety and environment. Based on this aspect it is essential to an evaluation of Brazilian law applied, especially in relation to requirements established by the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP), through Resolution Nº. 43 establishing the Operational Safety Management System (SGSO - "Sistema de Gestão de Segurança Operacional"), compared to international requirements and development of Safety Cases, which are grounded in brief guide for the IADC - International Association of Drilling Contractors called Health, Safety and Environment Case Guidelines for Mobile Offshore Drilling Units. This comparison allows us to assess whether the Safety Case can be used as a basis for compliance with the ANP requirements and whether there are additional requirements that must be in according to.

1. Introduction
Given the presence of a large number of foreign companies interested in drilling operations in Brazilian waters and the extensive requirements of Brazilian legislation concerning health, safety and environment, this work aims to verify the contents of the Safety Case proposed by IADC- International Association of Drilling Contractors, meets the requirements of Brazilian legislation, specifically the ANP for the drilling unit.
The National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) is the regulator of activities that integrate the industry of petroleum and natural gas and biofuels in Brazil. It aims to promote the regulation, contracting and monitoring of economic activities in the petroleum industry, in accordance with the legislation, the guidelines issued by the National Energy Policy Council - herewith and in accordance with the interests of the country.
The development of Safety Cases is based on the guide IADC - International Association of Drilling Contractors called Health, Safety and Environment Case Guidelines for Mobile Offshore Drilling Units. This guide provides the minimum requirements for the development of a Safety Case According to the IADC, such as Description of the Unit, HSE management system, Risk Management, Emergency Response and Performance Monitoring.
The ANP through Resolution No. 43 establishing an Operation Safety Management System (SGSO) for Drilling and Production Vessels of Oil and Natural Gas, aims the maintenance of safety in offshore facilities, in order to protect human life and the environment through the adoption of 17 management practices.
The main objective of this paper is to compare the minimum content of a Safety Case developed using IADC Guidelines with the requirements of the ANP, and establish if the Safety Case can be used as a basis for meeting the requirements of SGSO of ANP and verify if additional items are needed for the latter based on their technical regulation.
Pre-Commissioning of First Interfield Pipline of Brazilian Pre-Salt Projects
Authors: Feitosa Sergio Ricardo , Estites Carlos , Everard John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Aside from the huge production potential of the Brazilian deep water, pre-salt reservoirs, the technical, operational and management challenges in this harsh environment have driven the largest engineering, construction and service companies to acommon goal: To meet the nation's expectations of continuing the rates of growth in the Oil and Gas industry that raise thecountry to its place as one of the world's leaders in energy production.
When asked to undertake the task of certification and pre-commissioning of the first wet-end to wet-end gas pipelines running between the first large scale pre-salt production fields, Weatherford realized they had come into a Brazilian historical challenge. The Uruguá and Tupi gas pipelines figure to be some of the largest in the world in terms of fill volume and water depth: 18?? x174km with the deep end of the system located from 1300 meters (Uruguá) to 2200 meters (Tupi) equivalent to 4200 to 7200 feetrespectively below sea level.
The Uruguá gas pipeline project was successfully managed engineered and executed by our local staff in Brazil and was the majorproject that was given completely to the local group. The integrated scope of work included for flooding, cleaning, gauging, caliper pigging, hydrotesting, dewatering, conditioning and nitrogen purging of the entire pipeline system at once. AWeatherford designed and fabricated caliper pig was modified to be able to run bi-directionally. For the hydrotesting activities, Weatherford also designed and built subsea dataloggers for use in extreme deep water with a ROV friendly self-standing support while Saipem purchased and operated a 3?? ID 1600 m long non-collapsible downline in order to be able to dewater the pipeline.
All activities were completed while working together with our client Saipem, within the pre-commissioning schedule, in strict accordance with all Petrobras requirements and under the close supervision of DNV, who provided the project certification. Two Saipem vessels, Chloé Candy and Normand Cutter, were involved in the entire project duration.
All of the equipment required to meet the entire project parameters for pig speed and pressurization were taken from Weatherford Brazilian fleet. All phases of the project were undertaken using best practices and standards for quality, health, safety and environment. There were zero safety and environmental incidents recorded for this project.
Pre-commissioning activities were successfully completed for the Uruguá project by Saipem and Weatherford between the 14th of April and the 23rd of September, 2010.
Dual Coil - Long Offset, Full Azimuth Marine Towed Streamer Acquisition
Authors: Bunting Timothy John , Moldoveanu Nick , Brice Tim 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Driven, primarily, by the desire to image sub salt targets in the GOM, the industry has made significant improvements in towed streamer acquisition technology, to improve imaging through complex over-burdens. This paper will review a new towed streamer technique which makes a full azimuth seismic measurement with ultra-long offsets (14,000m), which was designed to mitigate imaging limitations of the commonly used WAZ designs in the US GOM. The final design was based on a very intensive modeling study, on real and synthetic models, using a finite difference modeling approach.

Introduction
As the "easy to produce" hydrocarbon reservoirs become more sparse, the industry is exploring in more challenging areas such as deep water, pre-salt, sub basalt etc.. The complexity of these geologies significantly increases the seismic imaging challenges. Conventional marine towed streamer (NAZ) acquires a very limited azimuth range because of the long/thin geometry of the surface receiver spread. While the source generates a wavefield which propogates in all directions, the receiver spread only records a very limited proportion of the reflected wavefield. If the target and over burden geology is relatively benign (low dip and homogeneous) even this limited spread can illuminate the reservoir reasonably consistently. However, if the target and overburden geology is complex, the seismic rays will bend and scatter on their way to and from the reservoir, resulting in inconsistent illumination. Over the last ten years the industry has developed towed marine solutions which generate a more diverse set of ray paths by more fully sampling the azimuth range, which consequently more evenly illuminate target reservoirs in geologically complex areas.
These techniques include multi-azimuth (MAZ), wide-azimuth (WAZ), rich-azimuth (RAZ) and more recently Coil Shooting. MAZ is a technique in which a conventional NAZ survey is acquired multiple times using different primary orientations; Generally, the data is merged post stack either using a weighted or unit summation. WAZ is a technique in which multiple vessels are used to extend the range of azimuths collected and RAZ itechnique in which WAZ geometry surveys are repeated in multiple acquisition directions.
Coil Shooting is a technique in which a marine towed streamer vessel follows a circular pre-plot. This circular line is then repeated in the inline and crossline direction, to build up fold, offset distribution and azimuth distribution. As well as acquiring a dataset very well sampled in azimuth, the technique benefits from some acquisition efficiencies associated with the very sdowntime (line change) between circular lines. This downtime is of the order of minutes as opposed to hours for conventional race-track acquisition.
Cyclooxygenase-2 Deficiency Leads to Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Increased Mortality during Polymicrobial Sepsis
Authors: Fredenburgh Laura E. , Suárez Velandia Margarita M. , Ma Jun , Olszak Torsten , Cernadas Manuela , Englert Joshua A. , Chung Su Wol , Liu Xiaoli , Begay Cynthia , Padera Robert F. , Blumberg Richard S. , Walsh Stephen R. , Baron Rebecca M. , Perrella Mark A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Sepsis remains the leading cause of death in critically ill patients, despite modern advances in critical care. Intestinal barrier dysfunction may lead to secondary bacterial translocation and the development of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome during sepsis. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is highly upregulated in the intestine during sepsis, and we hypothesized that it may be critical in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial barrier function during peritonitis-induced polymicrobial sepsis. COX-2−/− and COX-2+/+ BALB/c mice underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham surgery. Mice chimeric for COX-2 were derived by bone marrow transplantation and underwent CLP. C2BBe1 cells, an intestinal epithelial cell line, were treated with the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398, PGD2, or vehicle and stimulated with cytokines. COX-2−/− mice developed exaggerated bacteremia and increased mortality compared with COX-2+/+ mice following CLP. Mice chimeric for COX-2 exhibited the recipient phenotype, suggesting that epithelial COX-2 expression in the ileum attenuates bacteremia following CLP. Absence of COX-2 significantly increased epithelial permeability of the ileum and reduced expression of the tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, occludin, and claudin-1 in the ileum following CLP. Furthermore, PGD2 attenuated cytokine-induced hyperpermeability and zonula occludens-1 downregulation in NS-398–treated C2BBe1 cells. Our findings reveal that absence of COX-2 is associated with enhanced intestinal epithelial permeability and leads to exaggerated bacterial translocation and increased mortality during peritonitis-induced sepsis. Taken together, our results suggest that epithelial expression of COX-2 in the ileum is a critical modulator of tight junction protein expression and intestinal barrier function during sepsis.
Vascular Access Flow Reduction for Arteriovenous Fistula Salvage in Symptomatic Patients with Central Venous Occlusion
Authors: Jennings William C. , Miller Gregg A. , Coburn M. Zachary , Howard C. Anthony , Lawless Michael A. 
Published: October 2011

Purpose Vascular access patients with central vein (CV) stenosis or occlusion may have significant symptoms. Treatment is generally by balloon angioplasty, with or without stenting. However, CV lesions may not be correctable and when treated, tend to recur. Surgical bypass of CV obstruction is a major procedure and ligation of the access may leave the patient dependent on catheter dialysis. We review a precision inflow banding procedure to limit vascular access flow and pressure for symptomatic patients with CV obstruction while preserving access functionality. Materials and Methods All individuals with symptomatic CV occlusive disease who underwent an autogenous vascular access inflow restriction procedure by the two senior authors were identified. All had failed attempts to correct CV lesions by angioplasty and stent placement. A precision banding procedure was used for access inflow reduction with the addition of real-time intravascular flow monitoring. Results Twenty-two patients were identified. Ages were 22–72 years (mean=43 years). Nine patients (40.9%) were women, and 8 (36.4%) obese. Mean access flow was 1640 mL/minute before banding decreased to 820 mL/minute after banding (P<.01). All patients had access salvage. Swelling resolved promptly in 20 patients and was markedly improved in two individuals. Three patients underwent aneurysm repair with simultaneous inflow banding and decreased intra-access pressure after flow restriction. Two fistulas failed at eight and 13 months. Mean follow-up was 8 months. Conclusions The symptoms of hemodialysis vascular access patients associated with non-correctable central venous lesions resolved successfully and their access was maintained using a precision inflow banding procedure.