bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of thermal treatment on structure and properties of polyester tire cords
Authors: Rath J. P. , Chaki T. K. , Khastgir D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPolyester and nylon are the mostly used reinforcing textile fibers in many industrial rubber applications. Now‐a‐days body ply of a passenger car radial is mostly made up of polyester fiber. Because of its thermoplastic nature, it undergoes some kind of thermal shrinkage during processing and vulcanization, which lead to many problems related to shape, dimension, and dimensional stability. To avoid this, polyester is subjected to thermal treatment at higher temperature. Hence, thermomechanical properties of polyester tire cords become very important. During the thermal treatment, there is not only change in shrinkage, shrinkage force, and mechanical properties but also it affects structural and morphological properties. In this work, the changes in thermomechanical properties due to heat setting have been correlated to structural and morphological changes like crystallinity, crystal size, orientation, crystal perfection, etc. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Solid‐state structural evolution of poly(ethylene terephthalate) during step uniaxial stretching from different initial morphologies: An in situ wide angle x‐ray scattering study
Authors: Todorov Lyudmil V. , Martins Carla I. , Viana Júlio C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis work reports an in situ wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) study of the structural evolution of PET with distinct initial morphologies during step uniaxial stretching in the solid state. Two types of samples were analyzed under synchrotron X‐ray radiation, namely quasi‐amorphous (QA) and semicrystalline (SC) (with 2D and 3D order). Results show that initially different QA morphologies evolve following the same stages: (i) stage I (before neck), at almost constant orientation level the amorphous phase evolves into mesophase; (ii) stage II (neck formation), there is a rapid increase of polymer orientation and the appearance of a periodical mesophase from the highly oriented mesophase; (iii) stage III (necking propagation), there is a leveling off of the average polymer orientation together with partial conversion of the periodical mesophase and mesophase into highly oriented amorphous. The behaviors of the two SC morphologies are completely distinct. A 2D order crystalline morphology evolves with stretching likewise the QA through three stages: (i) at early stages of deformation the polymer orientation remains unchanged while the amorphous phase amount increases slightly, stage I; (ii) in stage II, a fast increase of polymer orientation is accompanied by large formation of mesophase; and (iii) in stage III there is the level off of polymer orientation as the chains approach their finite extensibility and the 3D crystalline order is achieved. Evolution of SC sample with 3D crystalline order mainly features constant orientation increase together with mesophase increment. Structure deformation models are suggested. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Simple kinetic numerical model based on rheometer data for ethylene–propylene–diene monomer accelerated sulfur crosslinking
Authors: Milani G. , Milani F. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA simple numerical model for the interpretation of the reaction kinetics in ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) vulcanized with accelerated sulfur is presented. The model is based on the assumption that during vulcanization, a number of partial reactions occurs, both in series and in parallel, which determine the formation of intermediate compounds, including activated and matured polymers. Once written a standard first‐order differential equation (DIFF‐EQ) for each partial reaction, an ordinary DIFF‐EQ system (ODEs), was obtained and solved through Runge–Kutta algorithms. Alternatively and more efficiently, a single second‐order nonhomogenous DIFF‐EQ with constant coefficients was deduced, for which a closed‐form solution was derived, provided that the nonhomogenous term was approximated with an exponential function. Kinetic constants were evaluated through experimental data fitting on standard rheometer tests. To assess model predictions, an experimental campaign at different temperatures on two EPDM compounds was performed. They exhibited moderate reversion at intermediate and high curing temperatures. A nonlinear least‐squares fitting was performed to evaluate unknown constants entering into the DIFF‐EQ model proposed. Scaled rheometer curves fit rather well, also in the presence of reversion. In addition, partial reaction kinetic constants were provided: this gave an interesting insight into the different reticulation processes occurring during vulcanization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Reduction in percolation threshold of injection molded high‐density polyethylene/exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets composites by solid state ball milling and solid state shear pulverization
Authors: Jiang Xian , Drzal Lawrence T. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPrevious work showed that high density polyethylene (HDPE)/exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) nanocomposites fabricated with melt extrusion followed by injection molding had a relatively high percolation threshold of between 10 and 15 vol % GNP loading. To lower the percolation threshold of injection molded HDPE/GNP nanocomposites, two special processing methods were investigated: solid state ball milling (SSBM) and solid state shear pulverization (SSSP). Results have confirmed that the percolation threshold of HDPE/GNP nanocomposites could be reduced to between 3 and 5 vol % GNP loading by these two approaches. The mechanism by which SSBM and SSSP are capable of producing lower percolation is to coat the polymer surface with GNP platelets which facilitates the formation of conductive networks during injection molding. However, it was found that HDPE/GNP nanocomposites obtained from these two techniques exhibited lower mechanical properties at high GNP loadings. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Transitions of morphological patterns of crystallizing polycarbonate in thin films
Authors: Ye Yuesheng , Kim Bohyun , Seog Joonil , Yong Choi Kyu 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article reports the transitions of morphological patterns of polycarbonate crystals in thin films by solvent‐induced crystallization (SINC). As a substrate (silica glass) deposited with an amorphous and micron‐thick bisphenol A polycarbonate polymer film is partially dipped into a liquid acetone bath, acetone penetrated rapidly through the polymer film. The rate of acetone penetration is significantly higher than the predicted by Fickian diffusion or anomalous diffusion model, indicating that the capillary force through stress‐induced cracks may have played a major role in the upward transport of acetone through the polymer films. The morphologies of polycarbonate at different vertical positions on a substrate surface were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. It was observed that depending on the local acetone concentration the polymer morphologies showed quite diverse patterns ranging from stress‐induced cracks to fully developed three‐dimensional spherulites. The diverse morphologies developed during the thin film SINC may serve as a useful platform for further detailed mechanistic analysis of structures and crystallization kinetics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Miscibility of mixed stereoregular PMMA/PVCN monolayers at the air/water interface
Authors: Hsu Wen‐Ping , Chiou Ming‐Shen , Li Hsing‐Ya 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe mixed monolayer behavior of stereoregular poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(vinyl cinnamate) (PVCN) was investigated from the measurements of surface pressure–area per molecule (π–A) isotherms at three different temperatures of 25 ± 1, 32.5 ± 1, and 40 ± 1°C. The miscibility and nonideality of the mixed monolayers were examined by calculating the excess area as a function of composition. Positive and negative deviations from ideality were observed. Negative deviations were observed mostly in syndiotactic PMMA (sPMMA) and PVCN blends suggesting the existence of favorable interactions. However, positive deviations in most isotactic PMMA (iPMMA) and PVCN blends indicated that the existence of unfavorable interactions. Atactic PMMA and PVCN blends demonstrated intermediate deviation behavior to sPMMA and iPMMA blends. On the basis of the results of π–A isotherms, the monolayer miscibility between PMMA and PVCN was in the majority not in agreement with the studies on the same blends in the bulk state. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Epoxy composites based on amino‐silylated MMT: The role of interfaces and clay morphology
Authors: Piscitelli Filomena , Scamardella Anna Maria , Romeo Valentina , Lavorgna Marino , Barra Giuseppina , Amendola Eugenio 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEpoxy‐based composites containing sodium montmorillonite (MMT) modified by silylation reaction with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (A1100) and N‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (A1120) were prepared. The effect of MMT chemical functionalization, as well as inorganic content and dispersion method (i.e., sonication or combination of sonication and ball‐milling) on the morphology and mechanical and thermal properties of composites was thoroughly investigated by X‐ray diffraction analysis, dynamic mechanical and tensile static analysis, nanoindentation measurements and cone calorimeter tests. Morphological characterization showed that the MMT particles are only slightly intercalated by epoxy molecules. Tensile stress, elongation at failure, and toughness of the epoxy composites based on silylated MMT were found to be improved. The presence of 1 and 3% wt/wt of A1100 and A1120 silylated MMT clays allowed the tensile elastic modulus to increase respectively, of about 10 and 15% with respect to the pristine epoxy matrix. The overall results showed that (1) the silylation of MMT clays is a valuable method to improve the interfacial interaction between filler and epoxy matrix and (2) the interfacial interaction plays a role more significant than the clay morphology (i.e., the extent of clay intercalation/exfoliation) over the composite properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis and Immunomodulating Activity of New Analogues of Fingolimod
Authors: Feng Xiang‐Jun , Yang Xiao‐Ying , Luo Yu , Li Xin , Tang Wei , Zuo Jian‐Ping , Lu Wei 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFive new immunomodulators 1a–1e by using a trans‐4‐alkyl‐substituted cyclohexane to replace the flexible C8 alkyl chain of Fingolimod were synthesized. For in‐vitro test, the compounds were dissolved in DMSO as a stock solution and diluted to a desired concentration with RPMI 1640 nutrient solution. For in‐vivo test, the compounds were prepared in pathogen‐free saline containing 0.5% DMSO. These new immunomodulators displayed more potent immunoinhibitory activities in vitro and moderate immunomodulating activities in vivo. They show therapeutic effects on DNFB‐induced DTH reaction and inhibitory effects on the antigen‐specific T‐cell proliferation.
Virtual cerebral ventricular system: An MR‐based three‐dimensional computer model
Authors: Adams Christina M. , Wilson Timothy D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe inherent spatial complexity of the human cerebral ventricular system, coupled with its deep position within the brain, poses a problem for conceptualizing its anatomy. Cadaveric dissection, while considered the gold standard of anatomical learning, may be inadequate for learning the anatomy of the cerebral ventricular system; even with intricate dissection, ventricular structures remain difficult to observe. Three‐dimensional (3D) computer reconstruction of the ventricular system offers a solution to this problem. This study aims to create an accurate 3D computer reconstruction of the ventricular system with surrounding structures, including the brain and cerebellum, using commercially available 3D rendering software. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of a male cadaver were segmented using both semiautomatic and manual tools. Segmentation involves separating voxels of different grayscale values to highlight specific neural structures. User controls enable adding or removing of structures, altering their opacity, and making cross‐sectional slices through the model to highlight inner structures. Complex physiologic concepts, such as the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, are also shown using the 3D model of the ventricular system through a video animation. The model can be projected stereoscopically, to increase depth perception and to emphasize spatial relationships between anatomical structures. This model is suited for both self‐directed learning and classroom teaching of the 3D anatomical structure and spatial orientation of the ventricles, their connections, and their relation to adjacent neural and skeletal structures. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
A highly sensitive and temporal visualization system for gaseous ethanol with chemiluminescence enhancer
Authors: Arakawa Takahiro , Ando Eri , Wang Xin , Kumiko Miyajima , Kudo Hiroyuki , Saito Hirokazu , Mitani Tomoyo , Takahashi Mitsuo , Mitsubayashi Kohji 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTA two‐dimensional gaseous ethanol visualization system has been developed and demonstrated using a horseradish peroxidase–luminol–hydrogen peroxide system with high‐purity luminol solution and a chemiluminescence (CL) enhancer. This system measures ethanol concentrations as intensities of CL via the luminol reaction. CL was emitted when the gaseous ethanol was injected onto an enzyme‐immobilized membrane, which was employed as a screen for two‐dimensional gas visualization. The average intensity of CL on the substrate was linearly related to the concentration of standard ethanol gas. These results were compared with the CL intensity of the CCD camera recording image in the visualization system. This system is available for gas components not only for spatial but also for temporal analysis in real time. A high‐purity sodium salt HG solution (L‐HG) instead of standard luminol solution and an enhancer, eosin Y (EY) solution, were adapted for improvement of CL intensity of the system. The visualization of gaseous ethanol was achieved at a detection limit of 3 ppm at optimized concentrations of L‐HG solution and EY. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal luminescence spectra of polyamides and their Maillard reaction with reducing sugars
Authors: Karakisawa Taketo , Yamada Taishi , Sekine Masahiko , Ishii Hiroshi , Satoh Chikahiro , Millington Keith R. , Nakata Munetaka 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThermal luminescence (TL) spectra of polyamides were measured with a Fourier‐transform chemiluminescence spectrometer to elucidate the emission mechanism. A TL band of ε‐polylysine with a peak at 542 nm observed at 403 K was assigned to the emission due to the interaction of the –CO–NH– group with oxygen molecules by comparison with nylon‐6, polyglycine, and polyalanine. When the sample was kept at 453 K, the intensity of the TL band decreased and the wavelength of the peak shifted to 602 nm, which was assigned to the emission due to the interaction of the NH2 group on the side chain with oxygen molecules by comparison with monomeric lysine. A weak emission with a peak at 668 nm was assigned to the advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) yielded by the Maillard reaction with a catalytic amount of water. To understand this reaction and to examine the TL emission of AGEs, we measured TL spectra of mixtures of polylysine and reducing sugars such as glucose, maltose, lactose, and dextrin. The minimum temperature for TL emission, wavelength of the peak and the relative intensities of the TL emission were found to depend on the size of the sugars. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One plug may not be enough: A novel technique for the occlusion of high‐flow vascular connections
Authors: Weems Courtney , Peuster Matthias , Trivedi Kalyani 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA 5‐year‐old male presented at birth with tachypnea and abnormal chest x‐ray. He was diagnosed with Scimitar Syndrome in the neonatal period by ultrasound, which revealed partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) of the right pulmonary vein to the inferior vena cava, as well as dextroversion of the heart, hypoplastic right pulmonary artery, and right lung hypoplasia. Due to the large shunt volume, the patient exhibited signs of congestive heart failure with dilatation of the left atrium and left ventricle. The patient underwent cardiac catheterization, which confirmed the presence of PAPVR as well as a large aorto‐pulmonary collateral connecting the sequester to the descending aorta. Due to the high flow within the sequester artery a combined “sandwich” technique was used with two AGA vascular plugs (II) and MWCE Tornado coils. Complete closure of the collateral was achieved. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Durch Verzerrung zur Sauerstofftoleranz
Authors: Feil Sylvia 
Published: October 2011

AbstractKnallgasbakterien beherrschen die Reaktion, die ihnen den Namen gibt – ohne dabei zu zerplatzen. Sie schleusen mit speziellen Enzymen (“Hydrogenasen”) Wasserstoff in den Stoffwechsel ein, der dann schlussendlich mit Sauerstoff reagiert. Obwohl Hydrogenasen meist sehr empfindlich gegenüber Sauerstoff sind, haben einige offensichtlich eine Toleranz entwickelt. Die Untersuchung der Elektronentransportkette einer Hydrogenase aus dem Bakterium Aquifex aeolicus zeigte, dass dabei ein Eisen‐Schwefel‐Cluster mit ganz besonderen, bisher unbekannten Eigenschaften eine große Rolle spielt.
2,4,6‐Trichloranisol – verdirbt Weine und Häuser
Authors: Krippenstapel Christian 
Published: October 2011

AbstractÄltere Fertighäuser, die meist aus den 60er oder 70er Jahren stammen, fallen gelegentlich durch einen charakteristischen, muffig‐schimmligen Geruch auf und werden deswegen manchmal auch als “Stinkehäuser” bezeichnet. Der üble Geruch wird meist nur unmittelbar nach dem Betreten des Hauses wahrgenommen, weil sich der Geruchssinn schon nach wenigen Augenblicken daran gewöhnt hat. Dafür hängt der Geruch außerordentlich hartnäckig in der Kleidung, was von den Betroffenen selbst aber gar nicht mehr wahrgenommen wird – oft werden Betroffene erst von Freunden und Bekannten darauf aufmerksam gemacht.
Use of CE‐SDS gel for characterization of monoclonal antibody hinge region clipping due to copper and high pH stress
Authors: Rustandi Richard R. , Wang Yang 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCE‐SDS gel technique has been used extensively in the field of monoclonal antibody (mAb) as a tool for product purity, stability, and characterization. It offers many advantages over the traditional labor‐intensive SDS‐PAGE slab gel technology with respect to speed and resolution. Monoclonal antibodies are known to cleave in the hinge region due to extreme pH, high temperature and in the presence of metals, especially copper. This cleavage will impact the shelf lifetime of mAb product hence its quality. CE‐SDS gel method using Beckman PA800 with UV detection is used to characterize the effects of copper and other metals such as iron and zinc on mAb clipping. In addition, mAb integrity under high temperature and high pH stress conditions was also evaluated and the results clearly show that CE‐SDS gel can distinguish clipping due to copper versus heat and/or high pH. The data presented illustrate the power of this simple CE‐SDS gel technique in supporting the development of mAb from product quality and stability to the final product characterization.
Flexible use of qsar models in predictive toxicology: A case study on aromatic amines
Authors: Benigni Romualdo , Bossa Cecilia 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOver the last years, predictive toxicology approaches based on Structure–Activity Relationships have emerged as fundamental tools in the regulatory assessments of chemicals, especially in those programs where regulatory constraints and assessment schemes limit the amount of data available from experimental test methods. Both the qualitative (e.g., Structural Alerts) and the quantitative (Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships, QSAR) approach can play important roles. However, the two approaches are not familiar to the same extent to the regulators that most often use only the qualitative approach, so that the potentiality of the more sophisticated QSAR approach is neglected. In fact, QSAR is a very flexible tool that allows the user to modulate its response according to different goals and requirements. Here, we present a non‐naïve approach to the use of a QSAR relative to a dichotomous biological activity (such as mutagen/nonmutagen), and we show how the user can maximize alternatively the reliability of the prediction of negative compounds (i.e., safe chemicals) or that of positive chemicals (i.e., chemicals that pose high hazard). Because of the environmental and industrial importance of the class of aromatic amines, we apply the approach to a previously published QSAR on the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity of these chemicals. © Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. Published 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the Methanol Permeability through Pristine Nafion® and Nafion/PVA Membranes Measured by Different Techniques. A Comparison of Methodologies
Authors: Mollá S. , Compañ V. , Luis Lafuente S. , Prats J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMethanol crossover through polymer electrolyte membranes is a critical issue and causes an important reduction of performance in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Measuring the evolution of CO2 gas in the cathode is a common method to determine the methanol crossover under real operating conditions, although an easier and simpler method is preferable for the screening of membranes during their step of development. In this sense, this work has been focused on the ex situ characterization of the methanol permeability in novel nanofiber‐reinforced composite Nafion/PVA membranes for DMFC application by means of three different experimental procedures: (a) potentiometric method, (b) gas chromatography technique, and (c) measuring the density. It was found that all these methods resulted in comparable results and it was observed that the incorporation of the PVA nanofiber phase within the Nafion® matrix causes a remarkable reduction of the methanol permeability. The optimal choice of the most suitable technique depends on the accuracy expected for the methanol concentration, the availability of the required instrumental, and the complexity of the procedure.