bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repression of Mammary Stem/Progenitor Cells by p53 Is Mediated by Notch and Separable from Apoptotic Activity
Authors: Tao Luwei , Roberts Amy L. , Dunphy Karen A. , Bigelow Carol , Yan Haoheng , Jerry D. Joseph 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common tumor among women with inherited mutations in the p53 gene (Li-Fraumeni syndrome). The tumors represent the basal-like subtype, which has been suggested to originate from mammary stem/progenitor cells. In mouse mammary epithelium, mammosphere-forming potential was increased with decreased dosage of the gene encoding the p53 tumor suppressor protein (Trp53). Limiting dilution transplantation also showed a 3.3-fold increase in the frequency of long-term regenerative mammary stem cells in Trp53−/− mice. The repression of mammospheres by p53 was apparent despite the absence of apoptotic responses to radiation indicating a dissociation of these two activities of p53. The effects of p53 on progenitor cells were also observed in TM40A cells using both mammosphere-forming assays and the DsRed-let7c-sensor. The frequency of long-term label-retaining epithelial cells was decreased in Trp53−/− mammary glands indicating that asymmetric segregation of DNA is diminished and contributes to the expansion of the mammary stem cells. Treatment with an inhibitor of γ-secretase (N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester) reduced the number of Trp53−/− mammospheres to the level found in Trp53+/+ cells. These results demonstrate that basal levels of p53 restrict mammary stem/progenitor cells through Notch and that the Notch pathway is a therapeutic target to prevent expansion of this vulnerable pool of cells.
Postnatal manganese exposure alters the expression of D2L and D2S receptor isoforms: Relationship to PKA activity and Akt levels
Authors: Mcdougall Sanders A. , Der‐Ghazarian Taleen , Britt Cynthia E. , Varela Fausto A. , Crawford Cynthia A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPostnatal manganese chloride (Mn) exposure causes persistent changes in presynaptic dopamine (DA) functioning (e.g., Mn reduces DA transporter levels and DA uptake), but evidence that Mn affects postsynaptic DA receptors and their associated second messenger systems is equivocal. Therefore, a goal of the present study was to determine whether exposing rats to Mn on postnatal days (PD) 1‐21 would cause long‐term alterations in D2 long (D2L) and D2 short (D2S) receptors that were detectible in adulthood (i.e., on PD 90). Signaling systems associated with D2 receptors were also assessed. Specifically, we measured protein kinase A (PKA) activity in the dorsal striatum and prefrontal cortex (PFC), whereas immunoblotting was used to quantify phosphorylated Akt (p‐Akt) and phosphorylated ERK. Results showed that early Mn exposure caused a persistent elevation of D2L and D2S protein expression in the dorsal striatum, as well as an increase in the number of D2 binding sites. Conversely, Mn reduced D2 specific binding in the PFC on PD 90. PKA activity of Mn‐treated rats was enhanced in both the dorsal striatum and PFC, whereas p‐Akt levels were elevated in the dorsal striatum. When considered together, these results suggest that postnatal Mn exposure either directly or indirectly alters the functioning of postsynaptic DA receptors. One possibility is that early Mn exposure depresses presynaptic dopaminergic functioning and reduces DA levels, thereby causing an up‐regulation of D2 receptors and a dysregulation of DA‐associated signaling pathways. An alternative explanation is that early Mn exposure affects D2 receptors and PKA/p‐Akt levels via independent mechanisms. Synapse, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do we have what it takes to put all students on the graduation path?
Authors: Legters Nettie , Balfanz Robert 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAccording to current estimates, more than a quarter of all students and over 40 percent of African American and Hispanic students do not graduate from high school on time. The vast majority of those young people who do not graduate with their peers drop out. The enormous costs to these individuals, their communities, and our society require us to invest in systems that accurately identify young people at risk of dropping out and provide the supports necessary to keep them on track to graduation. This chapter offers a framework for action that calls on communities to identify the scale and scope of the dropout problem and understand why students disengage from school; transform or replace low‐performing schools; install early warning and multitiered response systems that provide comprehensive, targeted, and intensive supports to students in and out of school; establish supportive policies and resource allocations; and build community will and capacity so positive changes are deeply implemented and sustained.
The new dropout challenge: Bridging gaps among students, parents, and teachers
Authors: Bridgeland John M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractInterview and survey data reveal significant disconnects among the insights and perspectives of dropouts, parents, teachers, and administrators on the causes and solutions to the dropout challenge. Many educators, for example, do not see boredom as a factor for most dropouts, while young people who drop out see it as the central cause. The author argues that if these disconnects are not more fully understood and bridged, they will continue to set back efforts to keep more students in school and on track to graduate ready for postsecondary education. Models for how communities can engage these constituencies in productive dialogue and transformative action are included in reports and in Grad Nation, a guidebook that helps communities tackle their dropout crises.
A greater society: The transformation of the federal role in education
Authors: Wise Bob , Rothman Robert 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe federal role in education will soon be transformed in ways that could produce an even greater society than President Lyndon B. Johnson envisioned. The authors identify underlying principles of this new role and describe how it represents a significant departure from the past. Historically, for example, the federal government has been prescriptive about the kinds of practices that states and districts must adopt as a condition of receiving federal funds, but it has not specified outcomes. Under the new approach, the federal government would specify the goals and outcomes while allowing states, districts, and schools flexibility in how they use federal funds to innovate and adopt best practices. The authors argue for immediate action. Every day of delay, they note, yields another seven thousand dropouts and leaves schools and communities without the tools and resources that can help turn the situation around.
Predator‐recognition training: a conservation strategy to increase postrelease survival of hellbenders in head‐starting programs
Authors: Crane Adam L. , Mathis Alicia 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFor species with declining populations, captive rearing with subsequent release into natural habitats (“head‐starting”) is often used as part of a conservation strategy. One challenge to head‐starting programs is that head‐started individuals can suffer high rates of postrelease predation. Head‐starting programs are currently being established for hellbenders (Cryptobrancus alleganeinsis), large aquatic salamanders that are experiencing population declines throughout much of the species' range. Although hellbenders have innate recognition of many predators, inexperienced juveniles show only weak recognition of introduced trout. We used a classical conditioning protocol to train captive‐reared hellbender larvae to show fright responses to the scent of trout. We exposed hellbender larvae to trout‐scented water plus a hellbender distress secretion during training trials. In a subsequent test, these larvae responded to trout cues alone with a fright response; control larvae that were trained with the trout scent plus a blank control did not show a fright response to the trout cues. Learning was specific to trout because trained larvae did not respond to water that had been scented by a suckermouth catfish. Although a number of details remain to be addressed concerning standardized procedures, we recommend that head‐starting programs for hellbenders include trout‐recognition training. Zoo Biol 30:611–622, 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The developmental association of sexual self‐concept with sexual behavior among adolescent women
Authors: Hensel Devon J. , Fortenberry J. Dennis , O'Sullivan Lucia F. , Orr Donald P. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTDeveloping a sexual self‐concept is an important developmental task of adolescence; however, little empirical evidence describes this development, nor how these changes are related to development in sexual behavior. Using longitudinal cohort data from adolescent women, we invoked latent growth curve analysis to: (1) examine reciprocal development in sexual self‐concept (sexual openness, sexual esteem and sexual anxiety) over a four year time frame; (2) describe the relationship of these trajectories with changes in sexual behavior. We found significant transactional effects between these dimensions and behavior: sexual self‐concept evolved during adolescence in a manner consistent with less reserve, less anxiety and greater personal comfort with sexuality and sexual behavior. Moreover, we found that sexual self‐concept results from sexual behavior, as well as regulates future behavior.
Association of Shoulder Pain With the Use of Mobility Devices in Persons With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Jain Nitin B. , Higgins Laurence D. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Garshick Eric 
Published: October 2010

ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of shoulder pain and its association with the use of assistive devices for mobility in persons with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI).DesignCross‐sectional analysis conducted within a cohort study.SettingSCI service in a hospital and the community.ParticipantsBetween August 2005 and January 2008, 93 participants with chronic SCI completed a standardized health questionnaire and pain questionnaire.Main Outcome MeasuresShoulder pain in last 6 months elicited by use of the McGill Pain Questionnaire pain diagram.ResultsOf the 93 participants, 65 (69.9%) reported pain at any site in the 6 months before testing. Shoulder pain, reported by 39.8% of participants, was the third most common site of pain after the legs and back. When stratified by the use of assistive mobility devices, shoulder pain was reported by 46.7% of motorized wheelchair users, 35.4% of manual wheelchair users, 47.6% of participants using aids such as crutch(es) or canes, and 33.3% of participants walking without assistance (P = .7 for comparison of 4 groups).ConclusionsShoulder pain is highly prevalent in SCI. The authors of previous studies have largely attributed shoulder pain in SCI to manual wheelchair use. However, our results provide evidence for similarly elevated prevalence of shoulder pain among motorized wheelchair users and those patients using crutches or canes. This finding suggests that in addition to overuse injury from cyclic wheelchair propulsion, the assessment of other mechanical and nonmechanical factors that lead to shoulder pain in SCI is an unmet research need that may have treatment implications.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Exercise to Improve Mood After Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Hoffman Jeanne M. , Bell Kathleen R. , Powell Janet M. , Behr James , Dunn Erin C. , Dikmen Sureyya , Bombardier Charles H. 
Published: October 2010

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that a structured aerobic exercise regimen would decrease the severity of depressive symptoms in people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who reported at least mild depression severity at baseline.DesignProspective, randomized, controlled trial.SettingCommunity gymnasium.ParticipantsSubjects with a history of a prior TBI (6 months to 5 years post‐injury), recruited from the community. Inclusion criteria included scoring ≥5 on the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9. Subjects were excluded if they were non‐English speakers, had a medical condition precluding exercise, had suicidal ideation, regularly exercised, or could not use standard aerobic exercise equipment.InterventionWeekly supervised exercise sessions over a 10‐week period consisted of education, warm‐up, 30 minutes of aerobic exercise, and cool down. The exercise intensity was adjusted to reach a heart rate goal of 60% of the participant's estimated maximal heart rate.Main Outcome MeasurementBeck Depression Inventory (BDI) comparing exercise to control groups. Post hoc analyses compared groups exercising ≥90 minutes or <90 minutes per week.ResultsBetween‐group comparisons at 10 weeks revealed no difference between groups on the BDI (P = .250). For the groups divided by minutes exercised per week, the high‐activity group had significantly better depression scores than those in the low‐activity group (P = .033).ConclusionsAlthough there was no statistically significant difference between the treated and the control group on mood after intervention, those persons with TBI who recounted higher levels of exercise per week also reported less depression and improved sleep, community participation, and overall quality of life.
Mining Gene Expression Profiles: An Integrated Implementation of Kernel Principal Component Analysis and Singular Value Decomposition
Authors: Reverter Ferran , Vegas Esteban , Sánchez Pedro 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The detection of genes that show similar profiles under different experimental conditions is often an initial step in inferring the biological significance of such genes. Visualization tools are used to identify genes with similar profiles in microarray studies. Given the large number of genes recorded in microarray experiments, gene expression data are generally displayed on a low dimensional plot, based on linear methods. However, microarray data show nonlinearity, due to high-order terms of interaction between genes, so alternative approaches, such as kernel methods, may be more appropriate. We introduce a technique that combines kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) and Biplot to visualize gene expression profiles. Our approach relies on the singular value decomposition of the input matrix and incorporates an additional step that involves KPCA. The main properties of our method are the extraction of nonlinear features and the preservation of the input variables (genes) in the output display. We apply this algorithm to colon tumor, leukemia and lymphoma datasets. Our approach reveals the underlying structure of the gene expression profiles and provides a more intuitive understanding of the gene and sample association.
Comparative studies provide evidence for neural reuse
Authors: Katz Paul S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractComparative studies demonstrate that homologous neural structures differ in function and that neural mechanisms underlying behavior evolved independently. A neural structure does not serve a particular function so much as it executes an algorithm on its inputs though its dynamics. Neural dynamics are altered by a neuromodulation, and species-differences in neuromodulation can account for behavioral differences.
Neural reuse as a source of developmental homology
Authors: Moore David S. , Moore Chris 
Published: October 2010

AbstractNeural reuse theories should interest developmental psychologists because these theories can potentially illuminate the developmental relations among psychological characteristics observed across the lifespan. Characteristics that develop by exploiting pre-existing neural circuits can be thought of as developmental homologues. And, understood in this way, the homology concept that has proven valuable for evolutionary biologists can be used productively to study psychological/behavioral development.
Reuse of identified neurons in multiple neural circuits
Authors: Niven Jeremy E. , Chittka Lars 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe growing recognition by cognitive neuroscientists that areas of vertebrate brains may be reused for multiple purposes either functionally during development or during evolution echoes a similar realization made by neuroscientists working on invertebrates. Because of these animals' relatively more accessible nervous systems, neuronal reuse can be examined at the level of individual identified neurons and fully characterized neural circuits.
More than modularity and metaphor: The power of preadaptation and access
Authors: Rozin Paul 
Published: October 2010

AbstractNeural reuse demonstrates preadaptation. In accord with Rozin (1976), the process is an increase in accessibility of an originally dedicated module. Access is a dimension that can vary from sharing by two systems to availability to all systems (conscious access). An alternate manifestation is to reproduce the genetic blueprint of a program. The major challenge is how to get a preadaptation into a “position” so that it can be selected for a new function.
Belling the cat: Why reuse theory is not enough
Authors: Vilarroya Oscar 
Published: October 2010

AbstractI agree with Anderson's approach to reuse theories. My main concern is twofold. Anderson assumes certain nomological regularities in reuse phenomena that are simply conjectures supported by thin evidence. On the other hand, a biological theory of reuse is insufficient, in and of itself, to address the evaluation of particular models of cognition, such as concept empiricism or conceptual metaphor.
Reuse (neural, bodily, and environmental) as a fundamental organizational principle of human cognition
Authors: Foglia Lucia , Grush Rick 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe taxonomize the varieties of representational reuse and point out that all the sorts of reuse that the brain engages in (1) involve something like a model (or schema or simulator), and (2) are effected in bodily and external media, as well as neural media. This suggests that the real fundamental organizational principle is not neural reuse, but model reuse.
Neural reuse: A polysemous and redundant biological system subserving niche-construction
Authors: Iriki Atsushi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractNovel functions, which emerge by reusing existing resources formerly adapted to other original usages, cannot be anticipated before the need eventually arises. Simple reuse must be accidental. However, to survive the evolutionary race, one cannot merely keep hoping for a string of good fortune. So, successful species might be gifted with “rational” and “purposeful” biological mechanisms to prepare for future reuse. Neural reuse must be extrapolated from such mechanisms.
Massive redeployment or distributed modularity?
Authors: Toskos Dils Alexia , Flusberg Stephen J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn distinguishing itself from other distributed approaches to cognition, Anderson's theory of neural reuse is susceptible to some of the same criticisms that have been leveled at modular approaches. Specifically, neural reuse theories state that: (1) the “working” of a given brain circuit is fixed, rather than shaped by its input, and (2) that high-level cognitive behaviors can be cleanly mapped onto a specific set of brain circuits in a non-contextualized manner.
Culpable control or moral concepts?
Authors: Alicke Mark , Rose David 
Published: October 2010

AbstractKnobe argues in his target article that asymmetries in intentionality judgments can be explained by the view that concepts such as intentionality are suffused with moral considerations. We believe that the “culpable control” model of blame can account both for Knobe's side effect findings and for findings that do not involve side effects.
Person as moralist and scientist
Authors: Baldo Marcus Vinícius C. , Barberousse Anouk 
Published: October 2010

AbstractScientific inquiry possibly shares with people's ordinary understanding the same evolutionary determinants, and affect-laden intuitions that shape moral judgments also play a decisive role in decision-making, planning, and scientific reasoning. Therefore, if ordinary understanding does differ from scientific inquiry, the reason does not reside in the fact that the former (but not the latter) is endowed with moral considerations.
“Stupid people deserve what they get”: The effects of personality assessment on judgments of intentional action
Authors: Brogaard Berit 
Published: October 2010

AbstractKnobe argues that people's judgments of the moral status of a side-effect of action influence their assessment of whether the side-effect is intentional. I tested this hypothesis using vignettes akin to Knobe's but involving economically or eudaimonistically (wellness-related) negative side-effects. My results show that it is people's sense of what agents deserve, and not the moral status of side-effects, that drives intuition.
Are mental states assessed relative to what most people “should” or “would” think? Prescriptive and descriptive components of expected attitudes
Authors: Kreps Tamar A. , Monin Benoît 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFor Knobe, observers evaluate mental states by comparing agents' statements with “defaults,” the attitudes they are expected to hold. In our analysis, Knobe's model relies primarily on what agents should think, and little on expectancies of what they would think. We show the importance and complexity of including descriptive and prescriptive norms if one is to take expectancies seriously.
Putting normativity in its proper place
Authors: Lombrozo Tania , Uttich Kevin 
Published: October 2010

AbstractKnobe considers two explanations for the influence of moral considerations on “non-moral” cognitive systems: the “person as moralist” position, and the “person as [biased] scientist” position. We suggest that this dichotomy conflates questions at computational and algorithmic levels, and suggest that distinguishing the issues at these levels reveals a third, viable option, which we call the “rational scientist” position.
“Very like a whale”: Analogies about the mind need salient similarity to convey information
Authors: Spurrett David , Martin Jeffrey 
Published: October 2010

AbstractKnobe relies on unhelpful analogies in stating his main thesis about the mind. It isn't clear what saying the mind works, or doesn't work, “like a modern university” or “a scientific investigation” means. We suggest he should say that some think that human cognition respects a ban on fallacies of relevance, where considerations actually irrelevant to truth are taken as evidence. His research shows that no such ban is respected.
Analyzing language samples of Spanish–English bilingual children for the automated prediction of language dominance
Authors: SOLORIO T. , SHERMAN M. , LIU Y. , BEDORE L. M. , PEÑA E. D. , IGLESIAS A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this work we study how features typically used in natural language processing tasks, together with measures from syntactic complexity, can be adapted to the problem of developing language profiles of bilingual children. Our experiments show that these features can provide high discriminative value for predicting language dominance from story retells in a Spanish–English bilingual population of children. Moreover, some of our proposed features are even more powerful than measures commonly used by clinical researchers and practitioners for analyzing spontaneous language samples of children. This study shows that the field of natural language processing has the potential to make significant contributions to communication disorders and related areas.