bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The conformation of the estrogen receptor directs estrogen-induced apoptosis in breast cancer: a hypothesis
Authors: Maximov Philipp , Sengupta Surojeet , Lewis-Wambi Joan S. , Kim Helen R. , Curpan Ramona F. , Jordan V. Craig 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Background: Estrogens are classified as type I (planar) and type II (angular) based on their structures. In this study, we used triphenylethylenes (TPEs) compounds related to 4-hydroxytamoxifen 4OHT to address the hypothesis that the conformation of the liganded estrogen receptor (ERα) can dictate the E2-induced apoptosis of the ER+ breast cancer cells.

Materials and methods: ERα positive MCF7:5C cells were used to study apoptosis induced by E2, 4OHT and TPEs. Growth and apoptosis assays were used to evaluate apoptosis and the ability to reverse E2-induced apoptosis. ERα protein was measured by Western blotting to investigate the destruction of ERα by TPEs in MCF7 cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed to study the in vivo recruitment of ERα and SRC3 at classical E2-responsive promoter TFF1 (PS2) by TPEs. Molecular modeling was used to predict the binding mode of the TPE to the ERα.

Results: TPEs were not only unable to induce efficient apoptosis in MCF7:5C cells but also reversed the E2-induced apoptosis similar to 4OHT. Furthermore, the TPEs and 4OHT did not reduce the ERα protein levels unlike E2. ChIP assay confirmed very weak recruitment of SRC3 despite modest recruitment of ERα in the presence of TPEs. Mole-ular modeling suggests that TPE would bind in antagonistic mode with ERα.

Conclusion: Our results advances the hypothesis that the TPE liganded ERα complex structurally resembles the 4OHT bound ERα and cannot efficiently recruit co-activator SRC3. As a result, the TPE complex cannot induce apoptosis of ER+ breast cancer cells, although it can cause growth of the breast cancer cells. The conformation of the estrogen-ER complex differentially controls growth and apoptosis.
Sex steroids in uterine endometrial cancers
Authors: Fujimoto Jiro , Sato Eriko 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Some uterine endometrial cancers conserve estrogen dependency in advancement. However, the concept of advancement in tumor is complicated, because it involves simple growth in primary tumor and secondary spreading. The expression manner of estrogen receptor alpha exon 5 splicing variant, ER beta, progesterone receptor-A (N-terminus deletion mutant) is associated with metastatic potential in uterine endometrial cancers. Increased estrogen-related receptor alpha expression is related to tumor advancement with the loss of estrogen dependency. Steroid receptor coactivator-3 contributes to tumor progression and can be used as a treatment target for advanced uterine endometrial cancers. Estrogen responsive oncogenes, c-jun and c-Ha-ras, are not modi-fied by progestin in uterine endometrial cancer cells and are considered to be an instinct phenotype as such cancers. By contrast, metastatic potential of estrogen-dependent uterine endometrial cancers can be partially controlled by progestin via metastasis-related genes, E-cadherin/catenins, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor. Thus, sex steroids related phenomena are impress-ive in the advancement of uterine endometrial cancers.
Androgen receptor: acting in the three-dimensional chromatin landscape of prostate cancer cells
Authors: Makkonen Harri , Palvimo Jorma J. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) acts as a hormone-controlled transcription factor that conveys the messages of both natural and synthetic androgens to the level of genes and gene programs. Defective AR signaling leads to a wide array of androgen insensitivity disorders, and deregulated AR function, in particular overexpression of AR, is involved in the growth and progression of prostate cancer. Classic models of AR action view AR-binding sites as upstream regulatory elements in gene promoters or their proximity. However, recent wider genomic screens indicate that AR target genes are commonly activated through very distal chromatin-binding sites. This highlights the importance of long-range chromatin regulation of transcription by the AR, shifting the focus from the linear gene models to three-dimensional models of AR target genes and gene programs. The capability of AR to regulate promoters from long distances in the chromatin is particularly important when evaluating the role of AR in the regulation of genes in malignant prostate cells that frequently show striking genomic aberrations, especially gene fusions. Therefore, in addition to the mechanisms of DNA loop formation between the enhancer bound ARs and the transcription apparatus at the target core promoter, the mechanisms insulating distally bound ARs from promiscuously making contacts and activating other than their normal target gene promoters are critical for proper physiological regulation and thus currently under intense investigation. This review discusses the current knowledge about the AR action in the context of gene aberrations and the three-dimensional chromatin landscape of prostate cancer cells.
Exposure to the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A alters susceptibility for mammary cancer
Authors: Lamartiniere Coral A. , Jenkins Sarah , Betancourt Angela M. , Wang Jun , Russo Jose 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetically made chemical used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Recent studies have shown that >90% of humans investigated have detectable BPA concentrations. Yet, the biggest concern for BPA is exposure during early development because BPA has been shown to bind to the estrogen receptors (ERs) and cause developmental and reproductive toxicity. We have investigated the potential of perinatal BPA to alter susceptibility for chemically induced mammary cancer in rats. We demonstrate that prepubertal exposure to low concentrations of orally administered BPA given to lactating dams resulted in a significantly decreased tumor latency and increased tumor multiplicity in the dimethylbenz[a]anthra-cene model of rodent mammary carcinogenesis. Our data suggested that the mechanism of action behind this carcinogenic response was mediated through increased cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and centered on an upregulation of steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs) 1–3, erbB3, and increased Akt signaling in the mammary gland. Also, we demonstrate that prenatal exposure to BPA shifts the time of susceptibility from 50 days to 100 days for chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis. Proteomic data suggest that prenatal BPA exposure alters the expression of several proteins involved in regulating protein metabolism, signal transduction, developmental processes, and cell cycle and proliferation. Increases in ER-α, SRCs 1–3, Bcl-2, epidermal growth factor-receptor, phospho-IGF-1R, phospho-c-Raf, phospho-ERKs 1/2, phospho-ErbB2, and phospho-Akt are accompanied by increases in cell proliferation. We conclude that exposure to low concentrations of BPA during the prenatal and early postnatal periods of life can predispose for chemically induced mammary cancer.
Assessment of steroidogenic pathways that do not require testosterone as intermediate
Authors: Luu-The Van 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Traditional literature and textbooks generally describe that estradiol (E2) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) are synthesized from the aromatization and 5α-reduction of testosterone (T), respectively, following a pathway in which T is an essential intermediate (Tpath). This pathway implies that the steps of aromatization and 5α-reduction follow the reaction of the androgenic 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) that catalyzes the conversion of 4-androstenedione (4-dione) into T, and that estrogenic 17β-HSDs are not required. Contrary to this belief, the cloning of many estrogen-specific 17β-HSDs and the observation of higher affinity of aromatase and 5α-reductase for 4-dione than T are strongly in favor of biosynthetic pathways in which the steps catalyzed by aromatase and 5α-reductase precede that catalyzed by 17β-HSDs. Such pathways do not require T as an intermediate, as demonstrated by experiments using [14C]-labeled DHEA and 4-dione as substrates and incubation with SZ95 sebaceous gland, DU-145 prostate cancer and JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cell lines cultured in the presence of inhibitors of 5α-reductase and aromatase. A review of early literature about patients with testicular 17β-HSD deficiency and of steroid metabolism appears to confirm the physiological functionality of the E2 and DHT biosynthetic pathway not requiring T as intermediate (noTpath).
Agent-noun polysemy in Slavic: some examples
Authors: Luschützky Hans Christian 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Agentive formations in Slavic languages employ a vast amount of suffixes, some of which are common to all individual Slavic languages, while others are productive (or have evolved) only in particular regions of the Slavic-speaking area. This contribution presents examples of the most characteristic features of agentive formations across Slavic languages, including Old Church Slavonic as a representative of a diachronically earlier language state. In order to assess the specific setting of polysemy of agentive formations, attention focuses on enhancing factors such as multifunctionality, i.e., applicability of one and the same suffix to verbal and nominal (optionally including adjectival) bases.
The contribution of rapid KATP channel gene mutation analysis to the clinical management of children with congenital hyperinsulinism
Authors: Banerjee I , Skae M , Flanagan S E , Rigby L , Patel L , Didi M , Blair J , Ehtisham S , Ellard S , Cosgrove K E , Dunne M J , Clayton P E 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveIn children with congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI), KATP channel genes (ABCC8 and KCNJ11) can be screened rapidly for potential pathogenic mutations. We aimed to assess the contribution of rapid genetic testing to the clinical management of CHI.DesignFollow-up observational study at two CHI referral hospitals.MethodsClinical outcomes such as subtotal pancreatectomy, 18F-Dopa positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET–CT) scanning, stability on medical treatment and remission were assessed in a cohort of 101 children with CHI.ResultsIn total, 32 (32%) children had pathogenic mutations in KATP channel genes (27 in ABCC8 and five in KCNJ11), of which 11 (34%) were novel. In those negative at initial screening, other mutations (GLUD1, GCK, and HNF4A) were identified in three children. Those with homozygous/compound heterozygous ABCC8/KCNJ11 mutations were more likely to require a subtotal pancreatectomy CHI (7/10, 70%). Those with paternal heterozygous mutations were investigated with 18F-Dopa PET–CT scanning and 7/13 (54%) had a focal lesionectomy, whereas four (31%) required subtotal pancreatectomy for diffuse CHI. Those with maternal heterozygous mutations were most likely to achieve remission (5/5, 100%). In 66 with no identified mutation, 43 (65%) achieved remission, 22 (33%) were stable on medical treatment and only one child required a subtotal pancreatectomy.ConclusionsRapid genetic analysis is important in the management pathway of CHI; it provides aetiological confirmation of the diagnosis, indicates the likely need for a subtotal pancreatectomy and identifies those who require 18F-Dopa PET–CT scanning. In the absence of a mutation, reassurance of a favourable outcome can be given early in the course of CHI.
Materials Interactions in the Firing of Copper Thick Film Multilayer Ceramics
Authors: Borland William , Siuta Vincent P. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTIn recent years, copper thick film materials have gained rapid acceptance in ceramic multilayer interconnect boards because of their ability to meet advanced packaging requirements at reasonable cost. With high volume production, however, problems such as opens, shorts, blisters and porosity have been experienced. Many of these failures may be attributed to undesirable materials interactions caused by reducing conditions which can be caused by incomplete burnout of thick film organics during firing.This paper considers the interactions in current copper thick film material systems. Primary emphasis will be placed on chemical interactions that occur in both ideal and non-ideal conditions during firing. Failure modes will be related to chemistry and processing. New systems designed to overcome processing sensitivity will be discussed.
AEM Study of thin and Thick Film Metallization on AIN Substrates
Authors: Westwood Alistair D. , Notis Michael R. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTMicrostructural characterization of thin film (Au-Pt-Ti) and thick film (Mo-Mn) metallization on AIN substrates has been performed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Analytical Electron Microscopy (AEM), Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (CBED) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). The reaction mechanisms for both types of metallization methods are proposed. In particular, the microchemical and morphological nature of grain boundary penetration and precipitation within the AIN near the metallization interface has been examined.
Relationship Between Glass Leaching Mechanism and Geochemical Transport of Radionuclides
Authors: Avogadro A. , Lanza F. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTWhen the leaching of glasses is taken into consideration in risk analysis models, it is necessary to make a distinction between accidental and normal conditions in the repository. In accidental conditions, it is assumed that the glass will be leached by ground-water which can also be renewed. The composition of this water will be related to the aquifer existing around the repository. Under normal repository conditions the leaching process has to be analyzed separately for each geological formation considered.
Microwave Preparation of Mullite Powders
Authors: Komarneni Sridhar , Breval Else , Roy Rustum 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTMullite, Al6Si2O13 composition gels were made by the single phase and diphasic routes. The wet mullite gels were heated in the insulated cavity of an ordinary kitchen microwave oven (2.45 GHz; 700 watts). Crystalline mullite powders were obtained from single phase gels while the diphasic gels yielded α-Al2O3 and mullite in a matter of 20–25 minutes of microwave heating. Trans- mission electron microscopy showed that the mullite particle size varied between 50 nm to 1 μm. The results of this study suggest that fine powders of mullite can be obtained from single phase mullite gels by optimizing the microwave processing parameters.
Microwave Heating of Fused Quartz to High Temperatures in the Fabrication Process of Optical Fibers
Authors: Hassler Y. , Johansen L. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTMicrowave heating in the fabrication process of high quality quartz fibers for telecommunication is described. In this process tubes and rods of ultrapure quartz are heated to temperatures above 2000 °C.High quality fibers, referring to both optical attenuation and geometrical properties, have been manufactured. The homogeneous nature of microwave heating results in a significantly decreased production time per fiberkilometer.Measurements of the most important materials parameter, the dielecric loss factor of quartz as function of temperature and frequency, are presented.
Time-Resolved Study of Silicon During Pulsed-Laser Annealing
Authors: Larson B. C. , White C. W. , Noggle T. S. , Barhorst J. F. , Mills D. M. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTNear surface temperatures and temperature gradients have been studied in silicon during pulsed laser annealing. The investigation was carried out using nanosecond resolution x-ray diffraction measurements made at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source. Thermal-induced-strain analyses of these real-time, extended Bragg scattering measurements have shown that the lattice temperature reached the melting point during 15 ns, 1.1–1.5 J/cm2 ruby laser pulses and that the temperature of the liquid-solid interface remained at that temperature throughout the high reflectivity phase, after which time the surface temperature subsided rapidly. The temperature gradients below the liquid-solid interface were found to be in the range of 107°C/cm.
Electronic Structure of bcc Cr-Ru Alloys in the Region of Coexisting Antiferromagnetism and Superconductivity
Authors: Johnson D. D. , Pickett W. E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe self-consistent Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker coherent potential approximation (KKR-CPA) method is applied to determine the changes in the Cr electronic structure due to addition of up to 30% Ru. The results provide an interpretation of the coexisting antiferromagnetism and superconductivity in terms of specific pieces of Fermi surface. The strong nesting which occurs for the Cr Fermi surface survives the addition of at least 20% Ru, in agreement with the observed persistence of antiferromagnetism into this region.
Defect Studies in Silicon Dioxide by Local Density Approximation Total Energy Methods
Authors: Allan Douglas C. , Teter Michael P. , Joannopoulos John D. , Bar-Yam Yaneer , Pantelides Sokrates T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe oxygen vacancy in silicon dioxide is currently believed to explain one of the most important defects observed in this material, the E1 ' center. To get a better understanding of the oxygen vacancy, we have investigated the equilibrium geometric structures, total energies, and charge densities of several charge states of the defect in alpha cristobalite. We also present some preliminary results for alpha quartz.
Variational Quantum Monte Carlo Calculation of Materials Properties
Authors: Louie Steven G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new method of calculating the total energy and other ground-state properties of solids which employs nonlocal pseudopotentials in conjunction with the variational quantum Monte Carlo approach is presented. Valence electron correlations are treated using the exact interaction with a correlated many-electron wavefunction of the Jastrow-Slater form. The use of pseudopotentials for the electron-ion interaction removes from the problem the large fluctuations of electron energies in the core region which occur in quantum Monte Carlo all-electron schemes. We discuss calculation of the cohesive energy and structural properties of diamond and graphite and the ionization energy and electron affinity of atoms using the present approach. The results are in excellent agreement with experiment.
In-Situ Hrem Observation of Low Temperature Fracture Near the Oxide Surface of Iron Doped Silicon
Authors: Rhee M.H. , Barry J.C. , Coghlan W.A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFracture of iron-doped silicon has been studied using HREM. Fractures were introduced into cross section specimens of oxidized silicon using microhardness indents. A crack is extended using thermal stresses generated by the electron beam. The tip of the advancing crack is made up of two or more parallel sub-cracks. As the crack grows, one of these sub-cracks appears to dominate while the multiple crack front still exists at the tip. Also shear strain has been seen across the crack interface. The process appears to be much more complicated that existing models suggest.
A Non-Destructive Technique to Measure the Extent of Inter-Diffusion in Oxide Solid Solution Interfaces Between Metals and Ceramics
Authors: Narayan C. , Velosa A. , Purushothaman S. , Reddy S.N.S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAdhesion of metals to ceramics is an area of extreme importance for packaging of electronic devices. In one of the several adhesion schemes that can be employed to promote adhesion between metals and ceramics, the metal is preferentially oxidized at the interface and there is solid solution mixing between the substrate and the oxidized metal at the interface. An example is the Ni/MgO system. Estimation of the extent of mixing at the interface is often difficult and time consuming. This work describes a simple non-destructive method to estimate the extent of interdiffusion between the oxides using a standard x-ray diffraction measurement. This technique relies on the changes in the peak shapes and positions as a function of the nature and extent of interdiffusion. The technique is precise enough to allow one to estimate interdiffasion coefficients in some oxide/oxide systems. The diffusion and intermixing phenomena in the NiO/MgO system will be examined as an illustrative example.
Dislocation Related D-Band Luminescence; the Effects of Transition Metal Contamination
Authors: Higgs Victor , Lightowlers E.C. , Kightley P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPhotoluminescence measurements have been made on plastically formed silicon, free from metal contamination, with dislocation densities in the range 104-108cm-2. Only after deliberate contamination with Cu, Fe or Ni were the dislocation related D-bands the dominant spectral features observed. TEM analysis has revealed that there are no differences in the dislocation structures before and after contamination and that there is no evidence for precipitation on the dislocations or in their strain fields. The D-band features may, therefore, be due to impurities (metal atoms or point defect complexes) trapped in the strain fields of the dislocations.
Solvent Diffusion in Selected Polyimide Films
Authors: Pawlowski W. P. , Jacobson M. I. , Teixeira M. E. , Sakorafos K. G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe absorption of several solvents including methylene chloride (MC), methyl chloroform (MCF), gamma-butyrolactone (BLO), dibromomethane (DBRO), 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), and 1,2-dichloropropane (DCP) in Kapton H*, Upilex S**, and Upilex R** polyimide film was measured gravimetrically. A significant difference in the rate and amount of absorption of these chemicals by the various films was observed. Complimentary Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) measurements provided additional information regarding the amount of solvent absorbed and mode of transport.
Electromigration in Thin Films of Au on GaAs
Authors: Tang P. F. , Milnes A. G. , Bauer C. L. , Mahajan S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractEvolution of the fractional change of electrical resistance ΔR/R in thin films of Au on (001) substrates of semi-insulating GaAs has been investigated as a function of time t, temperature T, and current density j. Initially, ΔR/R increases linearly with increasing t for constant T and j, and exponentially with increasing T for constant t and j, characterized by an activation energy of 0.73 eV. An analytical model is developed to evaluate ΔR/R for the early stages of electromigration. This model is based on flux divergence at grain boundary triple junctions resulting from variations of grain boundary inclination and/or diffusivity. Using a Monte Carlo method, conducting lines containing a prescribed number of random triple junctions are simulated, wherein distribution of mass flux divergence determines initial values of ΔR/R. Moreover, by selection of an appropriate failure criterion, the sequence of cumulative failures is characterized by a log-normal-like distribution, which defines mean time to failure and corresponding standard deviation. In general, the model is in good agreement with experimental observations.