bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LOCAL DISPERSAL OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) MOTHS DETERMINED BY MARK, RELEASE, AND RECAPTURE
Authors: Sanders C. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLocal dispersal and survival of male spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), moths under field conditions was determined by mark, release, and recapture in pheromone-baited traps. Recapture rates and distance of recapture were dependent upon height of traps and proximity of traps to the release point, but over 65% of those recaptured were caught within 50 m. With traps 20 m apart, 30% of the recaptures were in traps farthest from the release point (50–70 m), a fact which suggests that male spruce budworm may disperse beyond this distance at low densities. Males were recaptured up to 7 days after release, and had a daily survival rate averaging 67%.
EFFECTS OF ELEVATION ON THE RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Thomson A. J. , Harris J. W. E. , Silversides R. H. , Shepherd R. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA simple empirical model of temperature variation with elevation was successfully used to explain variation in observed rates of development of larvae and pupae of the western spruce budworm in mountainous terrain. Hopkins' Bioclimatic Law did not adequately describe development of stages earlier than the sixth instar. Regional differences in the effect of elevation are demonstrated and related to coastal and interior conditions. Direct solar heating effects appear to be of major significance in the early instars. The empirically-derived rates of temperature decrease could be generally applied to regions with dry inland conditions, but not to moist coastal regions.
PROTECTION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS FROM INACTIVATION BY SUNLIGHT
Authors: Morris O. N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effectiveness of several commercially available sunlight screens in protecting Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (B.t.) against inactivation by solar irradiation was assessed in the laboratory and field. Spore viability and residual insecticidal activity of B.t. were rapidly reduced by solar radiation in the range of 300 to 400 nm wavelength. The addition of ultraviolet absorbers, Uvinul DS49 and Erio Acid Red, to a Thuricide spray formulation prolonged the insecticidal residual activity on coniferous trees, resulting in greater effectiveness against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), compared with a formulation lacking these protectants.
SAMPLING LEAVES TO ESTIMATE THE DENSITY OF BROWN MITE, BRYOBIA RUBRIOCULUS (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE), ON APPLES
Authors: Herbert H. J. , Hamilton D. , Gabor G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the first generation brown mite, Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten), on apple inhabits the wood as well as the leaves. To eliminate sampling the wood, which is very tedious and time consuming, equations were developed to describe the total population of immature stages and adults from observations of the number of mites on the leaves alone.
RESPONSES TO WEATHER OF EIGHT APHID SPECIES COMMONLY FOUND IN PASTURES IN SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Gutierrez A. P. , Yaninek J. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA very simple model of normalized growth rates of temperate pasture legumes and grasses in response to temperature and moisture developed by Fitzpatrick and Nix for Australia was modified and used to examine the favorability of weather for the build-up of eight species of aphids in southeastern Australia. The work takes a physiological approach to describing the condition favorable for aphid population development.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WET GRAIN, CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE) POPULATIONS, AND HEATING IN WHEAT STORED IN GRANARIES
Authors: Smith L. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWater added to stored wheat in the Prairie Provinces of western Canada promotes heating in the autumn and early winter. A rapid increase in a population of C. ferrugineus (Stephens) where the wheat was wet occurred after heating began and was, therefore, a consequence of the heating and not a cause.
IMPACT OF METHAMIDOPHOS AND METHOMYL ON POPULATIONS OF LIRIOMYZA SPECIES (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) AND ASSOCIATED PARASITES IN CELERY
Authors: Trumble John T. , Toscano Nick C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMethamidophos proved more suitable than methomyl for incorporation in an integrated pest management program for celery. Methomyl applications resulted in increased leaf mining and greater emergence of Liriomyza species leafminers. Methomyl use also increased adult parasite mortality, and significantly reduced the rate of parasitism by approximately 50% as compared to methamidophos or control treatments. Species composition of parasites was influenced by pesticide treatments; the Diglyphus species, Chrysocharis species and Halticoptera circulus (Walk.) demonstrated tolerance, but Chrysonotomyia punctiventris (Crawford) was intolerant.
EGG DISPERSAL PATTERNS AND ADULT FEEDING BEHAVIOUR IN THE LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Hebert Paul D. N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe adults of many Lepidoptera augment carbohydrate and protein reserves accumulated during larval life by feeding on nectar or sap flows. However, the adults of other species have non-functional mouthparts. The feeding behaviour of the species in a particular family or subfamily tends to be stereotyped. Thus in some taxa nearly all of the species have functional mouthparts in the adult stage, while in other taxa the mouth-parts are aborted. In those taxa whose adults feed, eggs are nearly always laid singly or in pairs. By contrast a significant proportion of the species whose adults fail to feed lay their eggs in clusters. This shift in egg laying behaviour can be explained by recognizing that an increased proportion of the energy reserves stored during larval life can be directed towards egg production if females engage in limited flight.
PHENOLOGY OF FLEA BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) FLIGHT IN RELATION TO THEIR INVASION OF CANOLA FIELDS IN MANITOBA
Authors: Lamb R. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA suction trap operating 1.4 m above ground and sticky traps arranged from ground level to 7 m were used to collect flea beetles during 1979–1982. The suction trap showed a peak in flight activity for Phyllotreta striolata (F.) in late April and May, but caught few beetles later in the season. The same trap showed that Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) commenced flying a few days later than P. striolata, but continued to fly through the summer. The highest catch of P. cruciferae occurred in late August and early September. Prior to early June more flea beetles were caught on sticky traps at 1 and 2 m than on traps at ground level or 0.5 m. Subsequently more were caught at the two lower elevations. Beetles were captured on sticky traps up to the highest trapping height of 7 m throughout the growing season. These data suggest that the average flight elevation and level of flight activity are highest until the beginning of June for both species and then drop, and that P. cruciferae usually flies more actively and at higher elevations than P. striolata.Overwintered P. cruciferae flew only when daily maximum temperatures exceeded 14 °C. The new generation of adults was captured flying in August and September when daily maximum temperatures were as low as 4.7 °C. Throughout the season, the catch in a suction trap was negatively correlated with average wind speed.Given the extended flight period of P. cruciferae, late seeding of canola would not prevent invasion of the crop by this pest. Day to day variation in beetle catches by sticky traps or a suction trap, and trap to trap variation for sticky traps was high. Therefore, such traps would not provide sufficiently precise estimates of flea beetle densities prior to seeding to permit farmers to determine whether a field requires a seed treatment.
MAXILLARY, MANDIBULARY, AND HYPOPHARYNGEAL STYLETS OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE); A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY
Authors: Lee Robert M. K. W. , Craig D. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMandibles of females of 10 species of mosquitoes from five genera; hypopharynx of females of 26 species from 11 genera; and laciniae of females of 31 species from 14 genera, were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Mandibular teeth are present inAnophelesandArmigeresfemales, but absent inAedes,Culiseta, andCulex. Interdigitating cuticular projections are present at the tip of the hypopharynx in all females examined. The salivary canal is open both at the tip as well as dorsally along a longitudinal slit. The average number of lateral teeth on the maxillary stylets varies according to species. Mesial and vestigial teeth are present in some species. There is no correlation between number of maxillary teeth and specific hosts of mosquito species. The function of stylet structure in feeding is discussed.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, SEX, AND GENETIC BACKGROUND ON COLORATION OF CHORISTONEURA SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS IN SOUTH-CENTRAL OREGON
Authors: Volney W. J. A. , Liebhold A. M. , Waters W. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractColoration of larval, pupal, and adult progeny of Choristoneura spp. collected from Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. in south-central Oregon depended on the temperature at which the insects were reared. Sex and genetic background were also major sources of variation in coloration. Many of the characters which varied with temperature were thought to be of value in distinguishing C. occidentalis Freeman from C. retiniana (Walsingham). The association between a combination of larval characters and a combination of adult forewing maculations, though weak, allows a calculation of the probability that an adult belongs to a certain lineage defined by larval features. Individuals from mixed families were particularly difficult to categorize because of the variation encountered and the sensitivity of their appearance to rearing temperature. The biological significance of this variation and its implications to pest management are discussed.
OPTIMAL SAMPLE SIZE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS ON BALSAM FIR AND WHITE SPRUCE
Authors: Régnière Jacques , Sanders C. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn equation is presented for the determination of sample sizes needed to estimate with a given precision the larval population density of spruce budworm on balsam fir and white spruce branch tips in Ontario. This equation is primarily applicable to low densities, but is valid to a density of 50 larvae/branch tip. The distribution of budworm larvae at densities below 0.1/branch tip is nearly random, and is aggregated at higher densities. Their distribution is the same on the two host species.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF PISSODES GERMAR (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE): FEEDING PREFERENCE AND BREEDING SITE SPECIFICITY OF P. STROBI AND P. APPROXIMATUS
Authors: Phillips Thomas W. , Lanier Gerald N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPissodes strobi (Peck) and P. approximatus Hopkins are sibling species that can produce fertile hybrids in the laboratory, but in nature they are isolated by differences in their breeding habits. In a laboratory assay for feeding preference, these species exhibited similar patterns of acceptance of most conifer hosts in the fall, but differed distinctly in their preferences for certain conifers in the spring. Both species had high levels of feeding on white spruce in the fall and spring tests, hut these data apparently do not reflect host preference in nature. In field tests, P. strobi males and females confined on 1-year-old terminal leaders of eastern white pine (their usual breeding sites) produced abundant progeny, whereas P. approximatus pairs confined on leaders produced few progeny. Mixed species pairs were successful in killing and breeding in white pine leaders when the females were P. strobi, but not when the females were P. approximatus. Laboratory-reared hybrids were unsuccessful when forced to breed in leaders. When confined on red pine bolts (the usual breeding sites of P. approximatus), P. strobi and hybrids produced substantially fewer progeny than did P. approximatus. Breeding site separation provides compelling evidence of reproductive isolation between these sympatric species.
WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), ATTACK ON VARIOUS CONIFERS IN NEW YORK
Authors: Phillips Thomas W. , Lanier Gerald N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractField studies were conducted in which adult white pine weevils, Pissodes strobi (Peck), were confined on the leaders of six different conifer species and various parameters of weevil attack were recorded. Eastern white pine, Pinus strobus, the preferred native host, was the most susceptible to attack and the most suitable for brood production. All white pine leaders on which 3 or 6 male–female pairs of weevils were confined were killed, and mean numbers of emerging brood adults per leader were 26.0 and 37.3, respectively. Some leaders of the other species of pine and of spruce, Picea spp., were also killed, but brood production from them was very low. White spruce, P. glauca, leaders proved to be the least suitable for production of brood because no adult progeny emerged, even from leaders that had been killed.
SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) MOTH FLIGHT FROM NEW BRUNSWICK TO NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Dobesberger E. J. , Lim K. P. , Raske A. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNumerous spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), moths were observed and trapped in western Newfoundland between 8 and 17 July 1982. At that time about 91% of the native Newfoundland budworm population was in the 5th and 6th instars and less than 1% had pupated. Spruce budworm moths probably emigrated with the aid of suitable weather from New Brunswick to Newfoundland.
SURVIVAL OF SPRINGAEDESSPP. MOSQUITO (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) LARVAE IN ICE-COVERED POOLS
Authors: Westwood A. R. , Surgeoner G. A. , Helson B. V. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFirst instar larvae of five springAedesspp. mosquitoes survived for at least 25 days beneath moderately thick ice (4.5 cm) in an open field habitat. While survival in the open field was in excess of 85%, larvae inhabiting a nearby deciduous woodland pool suffered 100% mortality within 25 days. Dissolved oxygen levels in the woodland pool fell drastically over the period of ice-cover indicating a trend toward an anaerobic condition which likely contributed to larval mortality.
VARIATION IN SPRING EMERGENCE PATTERNS AMONG WESTERN CHORISTONEURA SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS IN SOUTHERN OREGON
Authors: Volney W. Jan A. , Waters William E. , Akers R. Patrick , Liebhold Andrew M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn analysis of the times to emergence in three sparse populations of Choristoneura spp. in western North America indicates that there was considerable variation in the calculated threshold of development among populations. Also, the number of heat units required to effect the emergence of any specified proportion of the population varied considerably among populations. The pattern of intra-population variation in times to emergence is such that the within-family variation was much larger than the among-family variation in the two populations from areas in which white fir is the only host. In the other population, from an area with a mixed stand of Douglas-fir and white fir, the pattern is reversed. This pattern remains even after an accounting is made for the parental host and larval color morph. It is hypothesized that the pattern of variation in the times to emergence may be due to the presence, in the latter population, of physiological morphs which cannot be recognized either by their appearance or their host of origin. These results have clear implications for pest management procedures which attempt to schedule activities related to the emergence of these insects in the spring.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW PTEROSTICHUS (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) FROM BEAVER HOUSES IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Goulet Henri , Bousquet Yves 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA new carabid species, Pterostichus (Melanius) castor, is described and characterized. The species appears to be restricted to beaver houses in eastern North America. The new species is closely related to P. ebeninus Dejean but can be distinguished from that species mainly by the form of the pronotum. Lindroth's key to Pterostichus of Canada is modified to include the new species.
DIAPAUSE TERMINATION AND THE THERMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR POSTDIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT IN SIX ONTARIO POPULATIONS OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Trimble R. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe timing of diapause termination and the thermal characteristics of postdiapause development were compared in six Ontario populations of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.). The populations studied were from the major apple growing areas which are located in four climatically different zones. Pupae of all populations collected in the fall and stored under simulated overwintering conditions had terminated diapause by the end of January. Pupae overwintering under natural conditions had also terminated diapause by this time. Significant population differences occurred in the postdiapause developmental threshold (t0) and thermal constant (K). Simulating postdiapause development and emergence of the six populations using the 1981 temperature records from one location resulted in a 9-day difference between the earliest and latest mean emergence times. The implications of these results for pest management are discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL HYBRIDIZATIONS BETWEEN POPULATIONS OF CAVERNICOLOUSPTOMAPHAGUSBEETLES (COLEOPTERA: LEIODIDAE: CHOLEVINAE)
Authors: Peck Stewart B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFourteen reciprocal crosses between 11 populations (demes) of troglobitic (obligately cavernicolous)Ptomaphagusbeetles were made. Numbers of F1and F2larvae and adults are reported. Markedly lower fecundity (but not fertility), viability, and longevity in the hybrids between morphologically distinct populations from Alabama caves indicate substantial reproductive isolation. This and distributional data suggest that the morphologically distinguishable populations are full species.
INTRODUCED AND NATIVE LEAFHOPPERS COMMON TO THE OLD AND NEW WORLDS (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFourteen new records of introduced leafhoppers are added to the 157 leafhoppers previously recorded as occurring in both the Old and New worlds. Of these, 62 were erroneously recorded previously although 12 of the European species subsequently have been found in North America. Two North American species have been introduced into Europe, and one European species has been found in South America; North America has received 61 species from Europe, 3 from Asia, and 1 from Africa. One pan-tropical species is probably a recent introduction into the Caribbean from the Old World. There are 30 transboreal leafhoppers, 5 transarctic species inhabiting the tundra and alpine meadows, and 9 inhabiting temperate regions of both Eurasia and North America.The Aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes) is removed from synonymy with the transboreal sedge-feeding M. fascifrons (Stål) and 25 other confused species are distinguished in the genera Aphrodes, Euscelis, Evacanthus, Limotettix, Macrosteles, and Typhlocyba. These include 11 new species: Evacanthus bellaustralis, E. chlamidatus, E. grandipes, E. lacunar, E. nigramericanus, E. ustanucha, Macrosteles lagus, M. severini, M. tesselatus, M. vilbastei, and Typhlocyba frigida, all from North America, Balclutha punctata confluens Rey and Limotettix striola ferganensis Dubovsky are elevated to species status. One new generic synonymy, 23 new specific synonymies, and 3 new combinations are created.
CONTRASTS IN THE TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOUR OF THREE SPECIES OF HOVER FLIES (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)
Authors: Fitzpatrick Shelia M. , Wellington William G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAmong territorial syrphids, males of Eumerus tuberculatus (Rond.) are less aggressive than Merodon equestris (Fab.) and Eristalis tenax (L.) males. This difference in aggressiveness persists even when territorial pressures increase with increasing numbers of conspecifics.Males of each species recognized conspecific females mainly by a combination of visual and behavioural cues. A territorial male might approach any intruder, but would only attempt to mate if, like the appropriate female, the intruder did not respond to the male's approach. Differences in behavioural patterns may be due to different mating strategies.
BIOASSAY OF TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES IN SOIL USING EGGS AND LARVAE OF THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Read D. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA bioassay method was developed for estimating persistence and rate of vertical movement of toxic residues of insecticides in soil Laboratory or field microplots of soil 15 to 45 cm deep were enclosed within a metal or plastic framework comprised of 1 or 5 cm sections which could be readily separated for bioassay. Using eggs and larvae of the cabbage maggot, toxic residues of carbofuran could be estimated at concentrations ranging from ca. 0.2 to 30 μg AI/g of dry soil. Higher concentrations were estimated from bioassays on treated soil serially diluted with untreated soil.
PHEROMONE TRAPS FOR MONITORING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA) ABUNDANCES: EVALUATION OF CONE-ORIFICE AND OMNI-DIRECTIONAL DESIGNS
Authors: Struble D. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDirectional cone-orifice traps were suitable for monitoring population densities of five Lepidoptera species, provided the captured moths were removed from the traps on a regular basis of at least once a week throughout the flight period. Omni-directional traps with circular screen barriers in the entrance area and a slow-release insecticide in the receiver to kill the captured moths functioned well over extended periods of unattended use. These traps would be useful for monitoring and mass trapping purposes. Similar traps without the circular screen barriers were less efficient but, due to their simplicity, they would also be suitable for monitoring purposes. The optimum quantity of pheromone per dispenser was the same for the directional cone-orifice and omni-directional traps.
LYGUS HESPERUS FIELD LIFE TABLE STUDIES IN COTTON AND ALFALFA (HETEROPTERA: MHUDAE)
Authors: Cave R. D. , Gutierrez A. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLygus bugs (Lygus hesperus Knight) were reared in the field on cotton and alfalfa to estimate their longevity, fecundity, and survivorship. In some tests, individuals were switched from one host plant to the other at the beginning of the adult stage.Net reproductive rates (Ro) and innate capacities for increase (rm) were calculated for each of the three test populations and used as indices of host suitability. Females reared on alfalfa had greater Ro and rm values than those on cotton, while those switched from alfalfa to cotton at the adult molt had the lowest Ro value and an intermediate value of Rm.
OVIPOSITION BY GLYPTA FUMIFERANAE (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) IN CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) LARVAE AND THE EFFECT OF HONEY ON THEIR FECUNDITY AND SURVIVAL
Authors: Stairs Gordon R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFemales of Glypta fumiferanae (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) lived 8–28 days and oviposited 42–176 eggs if fed honey but lived only 2–5 days and oviposited 4–89 eggs if unfed. Experiments were done under near natural conditions of temperature and humidity (15°–26 °C and 50–80% R.H.). At low host densities fed adults oviposited live eggs daily and unfed adults, 10. Starved adults at low host densities lived about a day longer than those at high host densities indicating that resorption of eggs may occur in this species. General parasite and host density relationships are discussed.