bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered Ring Systems: With More than One N Atom
Authors: LANG S. A. JUN. , LEE V. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered Ring Systems: With N and S (Se) Atoms
Authors: TANAKA R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered Ring Systems: With O and N Atoms
Authors: BOYD G. V. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Eight‐Membered and Larger Rings
Authors: NEWKOME G. R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New NMR Techniques for the Study of Catalysis
Authors: KOLODZIEJSKI W. , KLINOWSKI J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: NMR Studies of Higher‐Order Structures of Solid Polymers
Authors: KUROSU H. , ANDO S. , YOSHIMIZU H. , ANDO I. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
In situ–Directed Growth of Organic Nanofibers and Nanoflakes: Electrical and Morphological Properties
Authors: de Oliveira Hansen Roana Melina , Madsen Morten , Kjelstrup-Hansen Jakob , Rubahn Horst-Günter 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOrganic nanostructures made from organic molecules such as para-hexaphenylene (p-6P) could form nanoscale components in future electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, the integration of such fragile nanostructures with the necessary interface circuitry such as metal electrodes for electrical connection continues to be a significant hindrance toward their large-scale implementation. Here, we demonstrate in situ–directed growth of such organic nanostructures between pre-fabricated contacts, which are source–drain gold electrodes on a transistor platform (bottom-gate) on silicon dioxide patterned by a combination of optical lithography and electron beam lithography. The dimensions of the gold electrodes strongly influence the morphology of the resulting structures leading to notably different electrical properties. The ability to control such nanofiber or nanoflake growth opens the possibility for large-scale optoelectronic device fabrication.
Concomitants of paranoia in the general population
Authors: Freeman D. , McManus S. , Brugha T. , Meltzer H. , Jenkins R. , Bebbington P. 
Published: August 2010

BackgroundParanoia is an unregarded but pervasive attribute of human populations. In this study we carried out the most comprehensive investigation so far of the demographic, economic, social and clinical correlates of self-reported paranoia in the general population.MethodData weighted to be nationally representative were analysed from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey in England (APMS 2007;n=7281).ResultsThe prevalence of paranoid thinking in the previous year ranged from 18.6% reporting that people were against them, to 1.8% reporting potential plots to cause them serious harm. At all levels, paranoia was associated with youth, lower intellectual functioning, being single, poverty, poor physical health, poor social functioning, less perceived social support, stress at work, less social cohesion, less calmness, less happiness, suicidal ideation, a great range of other psychiatric symptoms (including anxiety, worry, phobias, post-traumatic stress and insomnia), cannabis use, problem drinking and increased use of treatment and services.ConclusionsOverall, the results indicate that paranoia has the widest of implications for health, emotional well-being, social functioning and social inclusion. Some of these concomitants may contribute to the emergence of paranoid thinking, while others may result from it.
Structure and function of eukaryotic fatty acid synthases
Authors: Maier Timm , Leibundgut Marc , Boehringer Daniel , Ban Nenad 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn all organisms, fatty acid synthesis is achieved in variations of a common cyclic reaction pathway by stepwise, iterative elongation of precursors with two-carbon extender units. In bacteria, all individual reaction steps are carried out by monofunctional dissociated enzymes, whereas in eukaryotes the fatty acid synthases (FASs) have evolved into large multifunctional enzymes that integrate the whole process of fatty acid synthesis. During the last few years, important advances in understanding the structural and functional organization of eukaryotic FASs have been made through a combination of biochemical, electron microscopic and X-ray crystallographic approaches. They have revealed the strikingly different architectures of the two distinct types of eukaryotic FASs, the fungal and the animal enzyme system. Fungal FAS is a 2·6 MDa α6β6heterododecamer with a barrel shape enclosing two large chambers, each containing three sets of active sites separated by a central wheel-like structure. It represents a highly specialized micro-compartment strictly optimized for the production of saturated fatty acids. In contrast, the animal FAS is a 540 kDa X-shaped homodimer with two lateral reaction clefts characterized by a modular domain architecture and large extent of conformational flexibility that appears to contribute to catalytic efficiency.
Aging and Health: An Examination of Differences between Older Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal People
Authors: Wilson Kathi , Rosenberg Mark W. , Abonyi Sylvia , Lovelace Robert 
Published: August 2010

RÉSUMÉLa population autochtone au Canada, beaucoup plus jeune que la population générale, a connu une tendance au vieillissement depuis les dix dernières années. Utilisant les données de l’Enquete auprès des peuples autochtones de 2001 (EAPA) et l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes (ESCC) de 2000/2001, cet article examine les différences dans l’état de santé et les déterminants de la santé et l’utilisation de soins de santé entre la population autochtone de 55 ans et plus et la population non-autochtone. Les résultats montrent que la population plus âgée autochtone est plus malsaine que la population non-autochtone parmi tous les groupes d’âge; cependant, les différences dans l’état de santé entre les groupes d’âge semblent converger avec l’augmentation de l’âge. Parmi personnes âgées de 55 à 64 ans, 7 pour cent de la population autochtone rapport trois ou plusieurs conditions chroniques par rapport à 2 pour cent de la population non-autochtone. Pourtant, parmi personnes âgées de 75 et plus, 51 pour cent de la population autochtone rapport trois ou plusieurs conditions chroniques par rapport à 23 pour cent de la population non-autochtone.
Priorities for an Age-Friendly Bus System
Authors: Broome Kieran , Worrall Linda , McKenna Kryss , Boldy Duncan 
Published: August 2010

RÉSUMÉCette étude a pour but d’identifier les facteurs inhibitant et facilitant l’utilisation de l’autobus chez les personnes âgées de 60 ans et plus d’établir des priorités d’intervention. Deux méthodologies complémentaires, la technique du groupe nominal et l’ethnographie systémique, furent utilisées pour identifier les facteurs inhibiteurs et facilitants et en plus de les classer par ordre d’importance. Deux emplacements de Queensland en Australie etaient choisis: 227 personnes âgées ont participé à la technique du groupe nominal et 40 personnes agées ont participé à l’ethnographie systémique. Sept priorités d’intervention pour des systèmes d’autobus facilement accessibles pour les personnes âgées ont émergé des données obtenues: entrée et sortie du véhicule, amabilité et serviabilité du conducteur d’autobus, horaires des autobus, emplacement des arrêts d’autobus, infrastructure pour les piétons, information et formation pour des aînés et itinéraires et destinations des autobus. Ces résultats permettent aux chercheurs, aux preneurs de décisions et aux fournisseurs de transport de déterminer des directions stratégiques fondées sur des données probantes dans le but d’en arriver à des systèmes d’autobus facilement accessibles aux personnes âgées. Les deux méthodes génèrent des perspectives complémentaires concernant la convivialité de l’utilisation de l’autobus qui n’auraient pas été obtenues par chacune des méthodes utilisée seule.
A failure of serendipity: the Square Kilometre Array will struggle to eavesdrop on human-like extraterrestrial intelligence
Authors: Forgan D.H. , Nichol R.C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will operate in frequency ranges often used by military radar and other communications technology. It has been shown that if extraterrestrial intelligences (ETIs) communicate using similar technology, then the SKA should be able to detect such transmissions up to distances of ~100 pc (~300 light years) from Earth. However, Mankind has greatly improved its communications technology over the last century, dramatically reducing signal leakage and making the Earth ‘radio quiet’. If ETIs follow the same pattern as the human race, will we be able to detect their signal leakage before they become radio quiet? We investigate this question using Monte Carlo realization techniques to simulate the growth and evolution of intelligent life in the Galaxy. We show that if civilizations are ‘human’ in nature (i.e. they are only ‘radio loud’ for ~100 years, and can only detect each other with an SKA-like instrument out to 100 pc, within a maximum communication time of 100 years), then the probability for such civilizations accidentally detecting each other is low (~10−7), much lower than if other, dedicated communication techniques are permissible (e.g. optical SETI or neutrino communication).
The interaction of entrepreneurship and institutions
Authors: HENREKSON MAGNUS , SANANDAJI TINO 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Previous research, notably Baumol (1990), has highlighted the role of institutions in channeling entrepreneurial supply into productive, unproductive, or destructive activities. However, entrepreneurship is not only influenced by institutions – entrepreneurs often help shape institutions themselves. The bilateral causal relation between entrepreneurs and institutions is examined in this paper. Entrepreneurs affect institutions in at least three ways. Entrepreneurshipabidingby existing institutions is occasionally disruptive enough to challenge the foundations of prevailing institutions. Entrepreneurs sometimes have the opportunity toevadeinstitutions, which tends to undermine the effectiveness of the institutions, or cause institutions to change for the better. Lastly, entrepreneurs can directlyalterinstitutions through innovative political entrepreneurship. Like business entrepreneurship, innovative political activity may be productive or unproductive, depending on the incentives facing entrepreneurs.
Annotare—a tool for annotating high-throughput biomedical investigations and resulting data
Authors: Shankar Ravi , Parkinson Helen , Burdett Tony , Hastings Emma , Liu Junmin , Miller Michael , Srinivasa Rashmi , White Joseph , Brazma Alvis , Sherlock Gavin , Stoeckert Christian J. , Ball Catherine A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Summary: Computational methods in molecular biology will increasingly depend on standards-based annotations that describe biological experiments in an unambiguous manner. Annotare is a software tool that enables biologists to easily annotate their high-throughput experiments, biomaterials and data in a standards-compliant way that facilitates meaningful search and analysis.
Availability and Implementation: Annotare is available from http://code.google.com/p/annotare/ under the terms of the open-source MIT License (http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php). It has been tested on both Mac and Windows.
Contact: rshankar@stanford.edu
4. Contributions to the Osteology of Birds.—Part IX. Tyranni; Hirundines; Muscicapæ, Lanii, and Gymno‐rhines
Authors: Pycraft W. P. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.I have ventured, on the evidence chiefly of osteological and inyological characters, to associate many Families which have hitherto been separated, often widely. Furthermore I have endeavoured, in the course of this summary, to show that the ranks of these Families must be enlarged to receive forms which till now have been regarded a9 having no ailhities therewith.It will be remarked that I have included in this paper the Families Phytotomidæ, Pittidæ, arid Tyrannidæ. This I have done because there seems good reason to regard these three nearly related Families as close allies of the Diacroniyodean Passeres.
The Skull of the False Killer Dolphin, Pseudorca crassidens (Owen)
Authors: Cowley Lionel F. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The skull of the False Killer Dolphin, Pseudorca crassidens, has been described and points of difference with allied forms mentioned. Measurements of the fœtal and adult skull have been compared and it has been shown that increase in size is accompanied by a change in form; and that in its anteroposterior dimension the cranial region of the skull grows at a slower rate than does the facial portion.
Some Structural Variations in the Second Upper Premolar of the Lesser One‐horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus).
Authors: POCOCK R. I. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.Two main conclusions may be deduced from the foregoing description:—(1) In Rh. sondaicus pm2 of the permanent dentition, when unworn, may differ from pm3 and pm4, as well as from the molars, in having the ectoloph and protoloph superficially separated and the anterior fossa opening in front between them. This at all events is the case in two youngish skulls, one without locality, the other from Lower Tenasserim. These may be set aside for the time being, pending the examination of additional skulls, if any, to prove that the newly erupted pm2 is always so constructed.(2) In two fully adult, if not oldish, skulls from the Sanderbans, with pm2 considerably worn, the condition above described persists, whereas in several skulls from the Sunda Islands, younger than the last, or about the same age, with pm2 less or about equally worn, the ectoloph and protoloph are connected by a vertical crest which completely closes the anterior fossa in front. I provisionally attach racial significance to this difference and restore the name inermis for the now extinct Rhinoceros of the Sanderbans, restricting sondaicus in a racial sense to the form from the Sunda Islands.
On a Collection of Diplopods from North India, both Cavernicolous and Epigaean.
Authors: Turk Frank A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The following new forms are described either from caves or as epigaean species in the Himalayan area: Glenniea nova, Orthomorpha (Kalorthomorpha) almorensis. Chondromorpha kaimura, Sundanina septentrionalis, Glyphiulus sp., Siphonophora larwoodi and Saroxenus mirus. The cavernicolous genus Glenniea Turk is re‐studied and re‐described as well as its type species G. indica Turk. The genus Saroxenus often regarded as a doubtful one is re‐instated and its range extended to the continent of Asia by the discovery of the new species. Some faunistic notes on the collection are appended.All type specimens of the new species are, at present, in my collection.
Experimental Studies of the Biological Significance of Non‐Cryptic Pigmentation with Special Reference to Insects.
Authors: Popham E. J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.(1) Under the experimental conditions employed, nymphs of Aeschna grandis, adults of Dytiscus marginalis, Common Rudd (Leuciscus erythrophthalmus), Minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) and the Common Toad (Bufo bufo bufo) were able to distinguish between two types of prey, one brown, the other red, having approximately equal grey values. Owing to the ability of insects to perceive ultra‐violet light the experiments with insects predators are of doubtful value as this factor was not controlled. In comparison with the colour vision of man these predators have a very poor sense of colour.(2) Minnows were fed on three types of Corixa distincta coloured respectively red, yellow and brown and all having approximately the same tonal value. The survival value of each of the three colours of prey depended upon the colour of the background upon which it was placed. In each case the insect with a colour harmonizing with the background was destroyed in the smallest numbers.(3) When the Minnows were given two types of Corixa distincta painted different tones of red, the type having the greater tonal difference with the background was destroyed in the larger numbers.(4) Specimens of Corixa distincta painted with three transverse bands of yellow were less conspicuous than evenly coloured yellow insects on a brown background to Minnows, but more conspicuous to Toads.(5) Some vertebrate and invertebrate predators were offered specimens of insects belonging to the orders Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera and Diptera. Toads learned to avoid various species of Hymenoptera with stings and in some cases Lady‐birds of the species Coccinella 7‐punctata. Nymphs of Aeschna grandis learned to avoid Water Mites of the genus Hydra‐rachna.(6) Starlings, Great and Blue Tits were observed to cat various Hymenoptera in such a way as to avoid being stung.(7) The rate at which Toads learned to avoid a given species of Hymenoptera or Lady‐bird depended upon (a) the individual toad, (b) the nature and quantity of other types of food.(8) Toads trained to avoid any one species of Hymenoptera would accept unrelated species with similar coloration and refuse related species with a different pigmentation. This suggests that to a partially colour‐blind predator, such as the Toad, the pigmentation of the prey is of little importance in enabling a predator to recognize it and that factors such as size, shape, habits and movement of the prey are of greater value.
Diademodus hydei, a new fossil shark from the Cleveland Shale.
Authors: HARRIS JOHN E. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Diademodus hydei, a new genus and species of shark from the Cleveland Shale, is described and figured from the holotype in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.
About 40 centimetres in length, the fish is an adult male with well‐developed claspers; it shows a combination of hybodont and cladoselachian characteristics.
The teeth are many‐cusped and bilaterally symmetrical, with the outer cusps longer than the inner; they approach more closely to the sculpturing of the scale pattern than in orther primitive sharks.
A comparison with the contemporaneous Cladoselache and Ctenacanthus clarki suggests that Diademdus is an early and not distant offshoot from the primitive chondrichthyan stock, the main line of which led through Ctenacanthus and the hybodonts to the modern elamobranchs; Cladoselache is a specialized side line of this main stock and is not an appropriate ancestral type for the Chondrichthyes.
The egg and larval stages of Nyctiphanes simplex, a euphausiid crustacean from California*
Authors: BODEN BRIAN P. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.The female of Nyctiphanes simplex carries her eggs in an egg sac. The eggs hatch in the nauplius stage and remain in the egg sac throughout that stage. The larva emerges from the sac as a pseudo‐metanauplius and moults immediately into the metanauplius stage. This is followed by three calyptopis stages and the furcilia stages. There are probably nineteen types of furcilia larvae. Since six of these are numerically dominant, it is probable that the larvae “jump” stages in the furcilia series. The six dominant types are described as the six furcilia stages. A key to the furcilia stages is included.
On the organ of Jacobson and the nasal‐floor cartilages in the chondrocranium of Galago senegalensis.
Authors: ELOFF F. C. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.The palatine cartilage does not give any clue to the possible ancestry of the Galaginae. It occurs in all Insectivora and even in the Platyrrhini and therefore does not throw any light on the point in question. The cartilago ductus nasopalatini can also be disregarded as it is most probably a cartilage of recent development and even its independence has not yet been conclusively demonstrated. One must, therefore, rely on the outer bar of Jacobson's cartilage which, although it cannot be used as a criterion in mammalian taxonomy, has been shown to be a reliable guide to mammalian affinities, being a remnant of a primitive turbinal. In this characteristic there is a striking agreement between Tupaia and Galago, not only in the mere presence of the outer bar but also in the finer details thereof. The presence of this element in Galago indicates a low state of development. It has been shown by Broom (1915) that Tupaia and Macroscelides agree in practically every detail with the Marsupialia, as far as Jacobson's organ and its cartilages are concerned.Although the supposed relationship between the Lemuroidea and the Tupaiidae as maintained by Gregory (1910), Le Gros Clark (1925), Wood Jones (1929), Simpson (1945) and others, is still emphatically denied by some, the conditions of the organ of Jacobson and its cartilages provide additional proof of the intimate relationship supposed to exist between the Primates and the Tupaiidae.