bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHILD DENTAL HEALTH DIFFERENCES IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Colquhoun John 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe School Dental Service provides regular dental care to 98 per cent of 5–13‐year‐old school children and 68 per cent of pre‐school children in New Zealand. Officially collected statistics are presented for the six main population areas showing:

the dental status of all 12‐ and 13‐year‐old patients completing their final year of treatment, and
the permanent tooth filling rates of all patients with permanent teeth (aged 6–13 years).

These suggest that child dental decay differences are not closely related to the presence or absence of water fluoridation. Official census information on the above and other communities suggests that dental health differences could be related to demographic, especially socio‐economic, factors.
A STUDY ON THE INFORMATION NEEDS OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Durham Gillian 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWomen who had recently had their first babies were surveyed to identify their unmet needs for information, the ease with which they could ask questions of health professionals and family and friends, their locus of control, self‐care and self‐knowledge. Of the 281 women surveyed, 221 responded, giving a response rate of 78.6 per cent.More than 50 per cent of the respondents felt they had too little information on special tests done in pregnancy, postnatal care and ‘blues’, caesarean section and induction of labour. Only 48 per cent of the women felt that they could question their doctor with ease. Most of the decisions about what happened during their pregnancy and labour were made by others for 31 per cent of the women. Of the smokers, 38 per cent stopped smoking during pregnancy. However some women lacked the self‐knowledge for future self‐care, as only 34 per cent of the respondents knew the result of their cervical smear.
SOURCES OF AUSTRALIAN PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY DATA
Authors: Hurley Susan F. , McNeil John J. , Berbatis Con G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractInformation about the use of drugs by the population can be used to monitor the prescribing patterns, safety and costs of drugs. Major deficiencies exist in the routine sources of Australian pharmacoepidemiology data and in data collection. The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), Intercontinental Medical Statistics (IMS) and the Australian Health Survey are the main sources of data, but all are severely limited.At present there is no adequate means of determining what proportion of the Australian community is receiving treatment with a particular drug. The morbidity and prescribing data collected by IMS are not freely available and relate only to prescribing by general practitioners. A comprehensive source of data on drug use in hospitals does not exist because hospital statistics are not merged. Currently, there is no uniform drug coding system and hospital and community drug usage data cannot be easily combined.The quality of Australian pharmacoepidemiology data could be improved by making declaration of sales figures by pharmaceutical companies mandatory, adopting a uniform drug coding system, and establishing an ongoing, comprehensive morbidity and prescribing survey.
HEAD INJURY IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA: INCIDENCE OF HOSPITAL ATTENDANCE AND DISABILITY BASED ON A ONE‐YEAR SAMPLE
Authors: Badcock Klee A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA full‐year sample of 1,698 head injuries treated at the accident and emergency department of a major metropolitan public hospital during 1984 was traced. Using a combination of medical record review of all cases, questionnaires and personal clinical assessment, estimates were made of the incidence rates of hospital attendance, admission and disability due to head injury by residents in the region of the hospital as well as estimates of the extent of the head injury problem in South Australia. The estimates are known to underestimate the actual rates, but provide valuable information on the size of the significant public health problem of head injury morbidity, and the burden on community rehabilitation and support services.
THE LIMITS AND POTENTIAL OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT FOR PERSONAL AND SOCIAL CHANGE
Authors: Dixon Jane 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSome health and welfare workers are making claims for community development which are both unrealistic and misleading. By tracing the history and public policy use of community development and by defining its characteristics, much of the mystique which surrounds this intervention is eliminated. Community development is revealed in this paper to have potential in the areas of personal and planned social change. However, community development's contribution to fundamental social change is circumscribed by the nature of government sponsorship and by its very process which emphasizes parochialism and the generation of self reliance.
THE INCIDENCE AND NOTIFICATION OF MEASLES IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: McGrath Julie , Driver Brian , Bridges‐Webb Charles , Baker Jennifer , Hunter Cynthia 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe incidence of measles in Australia in 1986 was estimated as 43 per 100,000 population, high by the standards of countries where immunization levels are high, low by the standards of countries where immunization levels are low. It is estimated that only 5 per cent of cases are notified in New South Wales, one of only 2 States which require notification. The reasons for this, its significance and a possible remedy are discussed.
THE LEGAL RESPONSE TO AIDS IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Tahmindjis Phillip 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article examines the laws in Australia which relate to AIDS, and considers whether they help or hinder the community health concern of containment of fatal diseases. The laws relating to notifications, blood and organ donations, discrimination and other provisions are canvassed. The author concludes that the legal response to AIDS in Australia is generally characterised by inconsistency, inaccuracy and confusion. The result is that the law is often counter‐productive in the social and medical battle against AIDS.
REMINDER LETTERS FOR WOMEN WHEN REPEAT PAP SMEARS ARE DUE
Authors: Mitchell Heather 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRegular participation in a high‐quality screening program by all ‘at risk’ women is necessary if Australia is to be maximally successful in preventing cervical cancer. This paper discusses the use of reminder letters as one method of facilitating participation. Options for the source of the letters are discussed. It is concluded that basing the recall letters on a register of previously screened women is the only feasible approach within the Australian health care system. The impact of reminder letters on achieving regular participation by Australian women remains to be tested.
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF AUSTRALIAN CANCER ORGANIZATIONS’ PUBLIC EDUCATION MATERIAL
Authors: Webb Gloria , Jurisich Rosemary , Sanson‐Fisher Rob 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBecause of the potential benefits of primary prevention and early detection of cancer, a considerable proportion of the efforts of State cancer organizations has been directed towards public educational programs. The study aimed to determine the level of agreement in the messages contained in the written educational material of the State and Territory cancer organizations in Australia. Pamphlets and brochures dealing with primary and secondary prevention of breast, cervical, skin and bowel cancers were obtained. The materials were compared on a number of dimensions: the characteristics of people who are at increased risk of contracting the cancer, how to avoid the cancer through primary prevention, how and when to screen in the case of secondary prevention, and action to be taken if a sign or symptom indicative of cancer is discovered. The study found a lack of agreement in the messages of the State cancer organizations. Some hypotheses are suggested to explain the discrepancies. In addition, some suggestions for remedying this situation are provided.
EVALUATING IN VITRO FERTILIZATION TECHNOLOGY IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Rutnam Romaine 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFollowing a summary background to the research, development and diffusion of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and related technologies in Australia from 1971 to 1989, two arguments are developed. The first is that what evaluations have so far been done of the safety, efficacy and effectiveness of the techniques used in this country have revealed worrying results. The second suggests that the existing methodologies of technology assessment and ethical control of human experimentation are themselves too limited to meet the recent goal, adopted by the 1988 Australian Health Ministers' Conference, of reducing inequities in health. The discussion offers suggestions for a more comprehensive methodology for the technical, ethical and social evaluation of these (and other) medical and health technologies, derived from recent social science research.
PAP SMEAR USAGE IN NEW SOUTH WALES ‐ IMPACT OF ACTIVE PROMOTION
Authors: Young Margrette , Trevan Elizabeth 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLess than 25 per cent of eligible Australian women have cervical (‘Pap’) smear tests in any year. Rates are particularly low (<8%) for women over 55 years, the group at highest risk of cervical cancer. A regional program, actively promoting Pap smears by widespread direct community intervention and attention to service needs, targeting women over 55 years and under 25 years, was conducted on the North Coast (population 132,000 women) immediately after a New South Wales State‐wide media campaign in February 1988. The number of Pap smears done in the region increased 119 per cent for women over 55 years and 44 per cent for 15–24 year‐olds during the promotion (63% overall) compared to New South Wales increases of 58 per cent for women over 55 years and 23 per cent for 15–24 year‐olds (31% overall). Differences between the North Coast and New South Wales were statistically significant for all age groups in March and in April for women over 55 years. Differences between New South Wales and Australia (no active promotion) were significant for women over 55 years in March and April. Records from a sample of 152 women attending clinics during the campaign showed 63 per cent had not had a smear test for three or more years, 10 per cent never. The results indicate that an intensive, low‐cost public health program, working in conjunction with general practitioners, can be effective in increasing smear rates and that well‐designed strategies will have an impact on older women, a high risk group who traditionally are poor users of Pap smear services. The combined impact of the two campaign strategies on Pap smear usage was significantly greater than media alone. A Central New South Wales cervical screening database is essential for evaluation of screening promotion.
AN EVALUATION OF A CAMPAIGN TO INCREASE CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING IN RURAL VICTORIA
Authors: Hirst Sheila , Mitchell Heather , Medley Gabriele 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper reports on the second of four regionally‐based campaigns co‐ordinated in rural Victoria by the Anti‐Cancer Council of Victoria. The campaign encompassed community‐based activities, general practitioner involvement and screening clinics. The impact of the campaign on Pap test rates and on the profile of women whose tests were reported by the Victorian Cytology Gynaecological Service is examined. We conclude that the campaign was successful in achieving its primary objective of attracting older and relatively underscreened women into having a Pap test. The special screening clinics were considered particularly effective in reaching women in the target audience. As a result of this campaign, new initiatives, were incorporated into subsequent programs.
THE EFFICACY OF SHORT DAILY DIALYSIS—A SINGLE‐CENTRE EXPERIENCE
Authors: Rayment Glenda , Chow Josephine 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYStudies have shown that patients converted to short daily haemodialysis (SDHD) have reported many clinical benefits, decreased complications during dialysis and a better quality of life.A six‐month prospective cohort study was conducted to examine the efficacy of SDHD to patients previously receiving three times per week haemodialysis therapy. Following informed consent, participants received haemodialysis daily, Monday–Saturday, between 2 and 2.5 hours for each treatment and followed‐up for a six‐month period. The participants continued to experience hypotension, cramping and headache and were noncompliant with fluid intake. There was a gradual reduction in blood pressure, cessation of antihypertensives and reduction of erythropoietin therapy (ERT). There were no hospital admissions or reports of access complications. The nursing staff reported an increase in activity levels and nursing interventions with the participants following conversion to SDHD. However, the participants reported a better quality of life.
The Geology in Eastern Shantung*
Authors: Wang H. S. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYFollowing the deposition of Wutai formation, there occured a period of intense disturbance accompanied by igneous intrusion through which the Wutai formation has been strongly folded and metamorphosed. Since then ensued a long period of erosion until Mesozoic time when the folded mountains were completely reduced to a peneplane. It was due to subsequent warping and faulting of this old peneplaned surface that came into existence the Laiyang basin which extended at that time in NE‐SW direction. So far as the present exposures are concerned, it began from Tieh Kou Tsi on the northeast and thence southwestward through the Lai Yang city to Chang Ying of Chiao Hsien on the southwest. Like most of the Mesozoic basins in other parts of the country, its sediments including the fossils as well were of a continental type, accumulated probably under a dominantly moist and warm climate. The rocks composing the floor are usually of the very ancient type, ranging from Archaean to Algonkian; they are as a rule rather complicated in structure. The Laiyang basin was then closed by the explosion of the Ching Shan volcanics which were in turn succeeded by the Wangshih series, the last record in Mesozoic time. After the deposition of the last Cretaceous sediment, warping as well as faulting became active again in Tertiary time. Some of them are still very conspicuous in the present topographical features.
SOME QUATERNARY GASTROPODS FROM EASTERN SZECHWAN*
Authors: Yen Teng‐Chien 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn summarizing the foregoing pages, the following points may be noted as of particular interest:1. All the species comprised in this small collection are terrestrial forms, and they appear to be identical with the recent gastropods of the province.2. These forms, except Cyclophorus youngi, a new species here described, are all represented in living state, and were originally described either from the same province or from its neighbouring districts.3. Some of the species are rather widely distributed in east, central and south China.4. The geological age of these gastropods, judging from its close resemblance to the recent forms, seems not to be earlier than the Middle Quaternary or the Pleistocene Epoch, or it may even belong to the base of the Upper Quaternary. Any further suggestion in regard to this question can only be made by examining additional collections around the locality where this collection was made.
PHYSIOGRAPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OCCURRENCE OF RED EARTHS IN NANNING BASIN KWANGSI
Authors: Lien‐chieh Li 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYIn this paper, the author has brought out three points in connection with the occurrence of red earths in Nanning Basin.First of all, the occurrence of red earth has a remarkable physiographical significance: they occur exclusively on the terrace topography where drainage is perfect. Much of the red earth was undoubtedly developed before the present topography was shaped. It is supposed that by the time of late Pliocene when the basin was nearly filled up to a peneplain and when activities of erosion and deposition were reduced to their minimum, the red earth was in full development. The same condition existed in other basins in Hunan, Kiangsi and other provinces in South China.Secondly, the development of red earths is under definite pedological process which is now known as lateritization. The process beside its climatic factors is favored by a gentle mature topography. The soils as occurring in the basin have undergone more than one cycle. Generally the red earths have all been podzolized—forming a highly leached or podzolic surface soil and a lateritic subsoil.Thirdly, the author holds that lateritization is still going on, and therefore the separation of Pliocene from Pleistocene cannot be based on lateritization.
On the Triassic Dicynodonts from Shansi*
Authors: Young C. C. 
Published: August 2010

The three localities with bone remains prove to be true sites of Dicynodonts. The best preserved part is derived from Shipi. It is a form resembling Kannemeyeria in general structure but one which shows also distinct differences in many respects. I propose to name it Sinokannemeyeria pearsoni. The age is Upper Triassic.The well preserved specimens of different localities suggest that the so far supposed barren Triassic formation may turn to be a good field for Permo‐Triassic vertebrate palæontology.The South African affinity of the fauna is highly interesting not only because we have the eastern extension of the Sinkiang Teromorpha fauna, but also because it raises many interesting problems of the palæogeography as well as vertebrate palæontology.
Discovery of Triassic Saurischian and Primitive Mammalian Remains at Lufeng, Yunnan*
Authors: BIEN M. N. 
Published: August 2010

(1) Through the discovery of determinable fossils in thè so‐called “Red Beds” at Lufeng, Yunnan, parts of these beds have been accurately dated.(2) The name “Shihmen Series” is proposed for the unfossiliferous capping escarpment sandstones.(3) The name “Lufeng Series” is proposed for the fossiliferous beds which lie disconformably under the Shihmen Series and unconformably above the pre‐Cambrian Metamorphic Series (in the Lufeng area)
Caffeic acid as a taxonomic marker in dicotyledons
Authors: Mølgaard Per 
Published: August 2010

Caffeic acid is plotted in the Dahlgren diagram and its distribution is compared to that of proanthocyanidins, the condensed tannins. The two chemicals derived from the same basic substance by a shift in the later steps in the pathway. Caffeic acid derivatives may be seen as more advanced constituents than proanthocyanidins.Caffeic acid may function as a biosynthetical sink for surplus cinnamic acid in a system where the end‐product, proanthocyanidins, has lost importance, and where lignin is not formed. Consequently, this may apply to all groups where a shift from woody to herbaceous habit has occurred, i.e. Asteridae, Araliiflorae and Ranuncu‐liflorae. This is used as an argument in the presentation of a theory that evolution in dicotyledons was dichotomous. One main Magnoliiflorean‐Caryophylliflorean group terminates in Ranunculiflorae and Caryophylliflorae with caffeic acid and ferulic acid, respectively. The other group, comprising most other dicotyledons, terminates in the Asteridae, also with caffeic acid.There is much evidence pointing towards a similar protective effect of caffeic acid as has long been known for the condensed tannins. The advantages of caffeic acid as compared to condensed tannins is the shorter biosynthetic pathway, the less carbon bound in the molecule, and the possibility of re‐entering the substance into the primary metabolism.
The genus Blaeria (Ericaceae) in Ethiopia
Authors: Hedberg Olov 
Published: August 2010

Detailed morphological studies of a comprehensive herbarium material of Blaeria L. from Ethiopia and West Africa demonstrate the variation to be practically continuous within each of these areas, whereas there are some statistical differences between them. All Ethiopian collections are referred to B. spicata Hochst. ex A. Rich. ssp. spicata, with B. guguënsis Pic.‐Serm. & Hein. as a synonym. The West African material is retained in B. spicata ssp. mannii (Engl.) Wickens. Key, descriptions and distribution maps are provided for the two subspecies.The Blaeria material from East Africa South of Ethiopia could not be included in the present study. Some specimens evidently belong to B. spicata, but the variation seems wider in East Africa than in Ethiopia or West Africa, and the relations between B. spicata and a number of later described taxa from East Africa need further detailed studies.
Bargaining and the Multinational Corporation: Lessons from Chilean Experience
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY If neo‐classical theories of foreign investment are rejected then approaches to direct foreign investment bargaining, as a form of planning, have a special importance. The assumptions on which the neo‐classical theories concerned are based are reviewed and strategic considerations for negotiations with multinationals identified. The Chilean motor industry negotiations are reviewed as a pioneer example.RESUME Les Negociations sur L'investissement et les Sociétés Multinationales: Lecons de L'expérience ChilienneSi on rejète les théories néo‐classiques de l'investissement à l'étranger, alors prend une importance spéciale la façon d'aborder les négociations directes sur l'investissement à l'étranger, en tant que forme de planification. On passe en revue les suppositions sur lesquelles sont basées les théories néo‐classiques concernées, et on définit des considérations stratégiques portant sur les négociations avec les sociétés multinationales. Celles de l'Industrie Automobile Chilienne sont analysées en tant qu'exemple pionnier.RESUMEN Negociaciones y Corporaciones Multinacionales : Lecciones de la Experiencia ChilenaSi se rechazan las teorías neo‐clásicas de la inversión extranjera, los enfoques que ven las negociaciones sobre inversión extranjera directa como una forma de planificación adquieren importancia especial. El articulo revisa los supuestos en que se basan las teorias neo‐clásicas correspondientes e identifica las consideraciones estratégicas para las negociaciones con corporaciones multinacionales. Como ejemplo pionero se revisan las negociaciones en la industria automotriz chilena.