bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Maintenance of Sterility in Eye-Drops
Authors: Klein M , Millwood E G , Walther W W 
Published: April 2011

Conclusion and Summary
A number of substances were tested against Ps. pyocyanea (Ps. œruginosa) and their bactericidal concentration determined.
The quaternary ammonium compounds, although bactericidal, are not recommended because of their effect on the cornea.
The mercurial compounds:—thiomersalate 0·005 per cent, and phenylmercuric acetate and nitrate 0·005 per cent., are safe, and are recommended for eserine and sodium fluorescein, which are the most liable to pyocyanea contamination, also for methylcellulose eye-drops, which are liable to contamination by moulds. These compounds are not only powerful bactericides but are also fungicides. Chlorbutol in saturated solution (about 0·8 per cent.) is safe and recommended, but owing to the fact that the solution cannot be heated without detriment to the preservative its use needs great care. Chlorcresol 0·1 per cent, is safe, but in that concentration it causes smarting, and 0·03 per cent, kills pyocyanea within 24 hours. The p-hydroxybenzoates in 0·1 per cent, solution are reliable for most of the eye-drops used except fluorescein. Phenylethyl alcohol is safe in 0·5 per cent, concentration but much quicker in its action at 0·6 per cent., and further clinical trials are needed with this promising preservative.
For cortisone eye-drops 0·9 per cent, of benzyl alcohol, the one used in the original solution, is recommended.
Eye-drops used in hospital wards, outpatient departments and factory medical rooms, should be prepared with bactericidal preservatives, but for eye-drops used by individual patients, a bacteriostatic agent may be permissible. However, for reasons of safety and to make it as foolproof as possible a uniform procedure using a bactericidal preservative is recommended.
Up to now the National Formulary has recommended the use of bacteriostatic agents only. In view of the increasing incidence of eye infections reported by different authorities from many parts of the world, more stringent standards seem desirable.
The Stability of Injection of Succinylcholine Chloride
Authors: Earles M P , Foster G E , Hardstone Beryl L , Stewart G A 
Published: April 2011

Summary
An iodimetric method for estimating the extent of hydrolysis of succinylcholine occurring in injection of succinylcholine chloride has been developed. The method has been employed to study the stability of injection of succinylcholine chloride when stored at room temperature and at 37° C. After a year's storage almost complete hydrolysis occurred at 37° C. and about 20 per cent, hydrolysis at room temperature. The iodimetric results have been confirmed by chromatographic and biological tests. 5 It is suggested that each batch of injection of succinylcholine chloride should be labelled with a date up to which it might be expected to retain satisfactory potency. A suitable statement is recommended for purposes of labelling.
The Active Constituents of Raspberry Leaves
Authors: Beckett A H , Belthle F W , Fell K R , Lockett M F 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A method for the preparation of active extracts from raspberry leaves is described. Aqueous extracts have been shown to contain a number of active constituents including a smooth muscle stimulant, an anticholinesterase, and a “spasmolytic.” The method of separation of the active constituents is described; their pharmacological actions are reported.
The Emulsifying Properties of Polyethyleneglycol Ethers of Cetostearyl Alcohol
Authors: Hadgraft J W 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A preliminary survey of the pharmaceutical uses of a series of polyethyleneglycol ethers of cetostearyl alcohol has been made. When used alone, the lower members of the series (2 or 4 ethylene oxide units) are more effective than the higher members in emulsifying both liquid paraffin and arachis oil. In combination with cetostearyl alcohol, the ethers produce satisfactory non-ionic emulsifying waxes and the variation in emulsifying power is then less marked. Non-ionic emulsifying waxes prepared from the members containing 6 or 10 ethylene oxide units were equally effective in emulsifying 70 per cent, of liquid paraffin or arachis oil. 5 The compatibility of a non-ionic emulsifying ointment containing cetomacrogol 1000 with a range of dermatological medicaments has been determined. 6 Evidence has been produced to suggest the formation of addition compounds between phenolic substances and the ethylene oxide derivatives. 7 A water-soluble ointment base suitable for chloramphenicol is suggested.
The Bactericidal Action of Volatile Substances: Part I. Disinfection of Powders Containing Spores, by Means of Gaseous Formaldehyde
Authors: Bullock Kenneth , Rawlins E A 
Published: April 2011

Summary
An apparatus has been described which utilises streaming gases for the disinfection of powders. An examination has been made of the results obtained. The factors affecting the disinfection by formaldehyde of powders containing spores of B. subtilis have been examined. It has been shown that under the fairly wide range of conditions used the death-rate is a function of the amount of formaldehyde permeating the powders in unit time rather than of concentration of the disinfectant in the vapour phase. The role of moisture in disinfection by formaldehyde has been investigated and discussed. Practical applications of the method have been discussed.
A Method for Studying Percutaneous Absorption in the Rat
Authors: Hadgraft J W , Somers G F 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A method is described for comparing the absorption of eserine from ointment bases. It is based on the potentiating action of eserine on the red tear response of the rat to acetylcholine. Absorption of eserine base was better from lard, arachis oil and castor oil than from white soft paraffin.
The Application of Infra-Red Spectroscopy to Pharmaceutical Analysis
Authors: Garratt D C , Marshall P G 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A general outline of infra-red techniques is presented for the purpose of indicating the potential range of applications in the routine examination of pharmaceutical materials. Examples of qualitative investigations include the identification of compounds, the observation of impurities and spectra-structure correlations. Quantitative analyses of single compounds and of multi-component mixtures are described which are impossible, more difficult or time-consuming to perform by chemical or other physical methods. Advantages of the analytical techniques described are the ease of sample preparation, the straightforward nature of extraction procedures, and the fundamental fact that every organic compound has its own specific infra-red spectrum.
The Photometric Determination of Quaternary Ammonium Salts and of Certain Amines by Compound Formation with Indicators
Authors: Ballard C W , Isaacs J , Scott P G W 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Published methods for the determination of quaternary ammonium compounds by (a) titration with anionic surface-active agents, and (b) measuring the change in colour intensity produced in an indicator in aqueous solution, have been found inapplicable to compounds of molecular weight lower than that of cetrimide. The indicator extraction method has been studied in some detail and the results of variations of conditions and the effects produced by interfering substances described and discussed. A general indicator extraction method is proposed which is applicable to all quaternary compounds except those of very low molecular weight.
Demineralised Water for Pharmaceutical Purposes
Authors: Saunders L 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Demineralised water, prepared from tap-water by treatment with mixed anion and cation exchange resins, has been examined by means of the tests of the British Pharmacopœia for distilled water. It has also been subjected to a more detailed analysis. The results show that providing a correct demineralising technique is used and that only water of specific resistance greater than 1 megohm cm., is collected, the purity of the product is at least equal to that of distilled water, B.P. It is suggested that the monograph on distilled water in the British Pharmacopœia should be amended so that demineralised water of suitable purity can be included within it.
The Stability of Penicillin in Sugar-Coated Tablets
Authors: Ashby F W , Muggleton P W , Taylor F , Woodard W A 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Figures have been presented to show the stability for 3 months at 38° C. and at room temperature (18° to 24° C.) for 2 years of penicillin tablets sugar-coated by conventional pan methods. Such sugar-coated penicillin tablets have been shown to withstand a relative humidity of 75 per cent, at 25° C. for at least 2 months. The results presented show that conventional sugar-coating does not interfere with the in vivo absorption of the penicillin from the tablets.
British Pharmaceutical Conference Aberdeen, 1955
Authors: Todd Chairman: J P 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Dr. Seibert: “I started to work with the pyrogen back in 1923 and I can really say that I have never found any more difficult work than the work with pyrogen. In fact, I used to call it my little blue devil because it was there and wasn't there. I was impressed with the elusiveness of it, and the fact that it might be everywhere. It appears in all your flasks, all your water and in everything you work with. I am wary of the possibility of contaminating what I am working with, with a pyrogen. I have to wash all my glassware with freshly distilled water, make all my chemical reagents up with freshly distilled water, and I have to use special filters in order to eliminate the pyrogen.
Pyrogens exist in very small concentration and give such a tremendous reaction. I am so much impressed with all this work that is being done, but I wonder, has it been done that carefully? Are some of these pictures that you get mixtures, due partly to what you are giving but also due to contaminants?”
Proceedings Research Conference on Activities of Bacterial Pyrogens at the University of Pennsylvania March 2, 1951, S. 58.
The Anticoagulant Activity and Toxicity of Laminarin Sulphate K
Authors: Adams S S , Thorpe Hazel M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Four samples of sulphated laminarin, with differing degrees of sulphation, and two samples of fucoidin were examined for anticoagulant activity. Laminarin sulphate K, with 1·83 sulphate groups per glucose unit, showed anticoagulant activity about a third as potent as heparin. It did not cause agglutination of rabbit platelets either in vivo or in vitro, but it proved fatal to rabbits when given intravenously twice daily for periods of seven to twelve days, at a dose approximately three times the clinical dose. It was extremely toxic to guinea pigs in single small intravenous doses and produced the “anaphylactoid” phenomenon associated with some other toxic synthetic anticoagulants. Laminarin sulphate K was too toxic to justify clinical trials.
The Assay of Histamine, 5-Hydroxytryptamine, Adrenaline, and Noradrenaline, on the Blood Pressure of the Fowl
Authors: Natoff I L , Lockett Mary F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, 1 μg./kg. depress, and (–)-adrenaline and (±)-noradrenaline 0·5 μg./kg. raise, the blood pressure of fowls under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. With each compound the response in mm. Hg is linearly related to log dose. The responses have been used satisfactorily for the assay of these compounds.
Toxicological Hazards of Mercurial Paints
Authors: Goldberg A A , Shapero M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The toxicological hazards of ingestion of mercury by absorption through the skin from mercurial ointments and through the lungs from mercury laden air are reviewed. Mice living for 6 months in cages painted with antifungal mercurial paints show no significant Hg levels in the kidneys, liver, lung or spleen. From this it is inferred that no toxic hazard to humans working in rooms treated with these mercurial paints should result. Using the literature figure of 100 μg. Hg/c.m. of air as the upper safe limit for continuous exposure of man for 8 hours per day and assuming that 25 per cent of the inhaled mercury is absorbed it has been deduced that the maximum safe continuous peroral intake of mercury is 1·3 μg./kg./day. This figure should assist in deciding the maximum permissible amount of mercury salts in food and drinking water. Guinea pigs have been given 150 times this dose daily for 6 months and found to remain in perfect health. The hazard arising from the possibility of contamination of foodstuffs by flaking of an antifungal mercurial paint is thought to be negligible.
The Synthesis of Certain BisISOQuinoline Derivatives Structurally Related to Emetine
Authors: Amin M R , Linnell W H , Sharp L K 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
α ω-Bis(3:4-dihydro-6:7-dimethoxy-1 - isoquinolyl) - propane, - butane, and −2- methylpropane have been prepared, the latter for the first time and the structures confirmed by comparing the ultra-violet light spectrophotometric measurements with those for ethyl γ-(3:4-dihydro-6:7-dimethoxy-1-iso-quinolyl) butyrate. The prepared compounds have been hydrogenated to give the corresponding tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives and the structures confirmed by spectrophotometric measurements and by comparison of the pKa values with those of the corresponding dihydrocompounds. The tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives are of comparable basic strength with emetine. Biological results are not yet available. An alternative route to the necessary amides required as intermediates for the above has been found to yield amides free from the unwanted cyclic imides, but the yields are not as good as by the other route. The use of a potassium bisulphate sodium sulphate mixture for ring-closing the amides has been found to yield cyclic imides instead of the required isoquinoline derivatives.
A Simple Method for the Production of High Titre Penicillinase
Authors: Pollock M R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The culture filtrates of certain penicillinase-constitutive mutant strains of B. cereus, grown overnight in casein hydrolysate and citrate, can serve, without further treatment, as a source of stable, high-titre penicillinase suitable for inactivation of penicillin in sterility tests, blood cultures, etc.
The Stepwise Alkoxylation of Phenyl Phosphorodichloridate
Authors: Mathieson D W , Russell D W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The reaction of phenylphosphorodichloridate (P.P.D.C.) with various alcohols in the presence of a tertiary base has been studied. With equimolar proportions of the P.P.D.C. and the requisite alcohol in light petroleum, the following compounds have been obtained: phenyl n-undecyl, phenyl n-butyl and phenyl methyl hydrogen phosphates. When two molar proportions of the alcohol in acetonitrile are added to P.P.D.C., phenyl bis-n-undecyl, phenyl bis-n-butyl and phenyl bis-n-amyl phosphates may be isolated. By hydrogenolysis (of the phenyl group diundecyl, dibutyl, and dimethyl hydrogen phosphates result.
Morphine Antagonism
Authors: Shaw F H , Gershon S , Bentley G A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A series of compounds which antagonise the depressant activity of morphine in dogs is described. The most active compounds are the previously described 2:4-diamino-5-phenylthiazole and tetrahydro-5-aminoacridine. A mixture of both substances is more active than either alone. Certain antihistamine drugs display antimorphine activity.
Water-Soluble Cellulose Derivatives
Authors: Davies R E M , Rowson J M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effects of temperature and of the presence of acid and alkali on the viscosity of aqueous dispersions of methyl-, methylethyl- and sodium carboxymethylcellulose have been studied. Irreversible viscosity decreases may occur on heating dispersions of all three. The magnitude of the decrease varied with the temperature and time of heating, and with the viscosity grade and type of derivative. The efflux time reductions caused by heat in the presence of acid were greater than in neutral or alkaline dispersions. Viscosity changes may also occur in unheated dispersions in the presence of acid and alkali. The magnitude of the changes was related to the pH value of the dispersion, the time of storage and the nature of the derivative. There were no significant pH changes in the dispersions either on heating or after storage.
Pharmacology of (±)-, (+)- and (–)-2:2-Diphenyl-3-Methyl-4-Morpholino-Butyrylpyrrolidine
Authors: de Jongh D K , van Proosdij-Hartzema E G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
(±)-2:2-Diphenyl-3-methyl-4-morpholino-butyrylpyrrolidine (R610) is a more active analgesic agent in mice, rats and guinea pigs than morphine. The analgesic activity is due to the (+)-isomer (R875). The (–)-isomer (R898) is nearly inactive. R610 lowers the body temperature to below control levels in immobilised rats, inhibits the respiration in unnarcotised rats, lowers the blood pressure in unnarcotised rats with experimental renal hypertension, and causes mydriasis in mice. It also augments the action of barbiturates in mice. In all these respects the (+)-isomer is the active compound of the racemic mixture. The (–)-isomer is almost as toxic as the (+)-isomer, which has a broader therapeutic margin than the (±)-form. The dosage-toxicity relation of highly active analgesic agents in mice and rats is irregular especially in the lower dosage range.
The Pharmacognosy of the Aspidosperma Barks of British Guiana
Authors: Kulkarni J D , Rowson J M , Trease G E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Three samples of barks of each of the two species Aspidosperma megalocarpon Muell. Arg. and Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Schlecht. have been examined histologically. The arrangement of tissues, cell structure and cell contents in each bark are accurately described and illustrated. The diagnostic characters by which the two barks may be identified and distinguished from each other are tabulated. Those characters by which the bark of A. megalocarpon differs from those of A. album, A. excelsum and A. ulei are also discussed.
The Vitamin B12 Potency of Pharmaceutical (Including Dietetic) Products Estimated by the Ochromonas Method
Authors: Wokesz F , Woollam M H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The vitamin B12 potencies of a number of pharmaceutical products were estimated microbiologically using Ochromonas malhamensis. The low B12 contents found in 9 samples of dried milk, compared with the contents of fresh milk samples, indicated losses during normal drying processes. Rather smaller losses occurred during vacuum drying. In 12 samples of infants' and children's foods the vitamin B12 contents ranged from nil to 21 mμg./g., excluding one sample fortified with the vitamin. Storage experiments indicated no significant loss of vitamin B12 in dried milk, in foods based on dried milk or in non-allergenic foods based on modified cows' milk or on malt and soya fortified with the vitamin. There was, however, a marked and rapid loss of the vitamin in products which also contained ascorbic acid. This could be prevented by stabilisation of the vitamin with gelatin. Storage experiments on capsules and tablets containing vitamin B12 and ascorbic acid did not detect losses of vitamin B12 during normal storage in this country. There were marked losses of the vitamin in two brands of capsules, but not in one brand of tablets, during a year's storage in the tropics. These all contained ascorbic acid.
The Preparation and Antifungal Activity of Some Salicylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Coates L V , Drain D J , Kerridge K A , Macrae F June , Tattersall K 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A series of 2-alkoxy derivatives of benzamide, halogenated benzamides, 3-naphthamide, and N-substituted benzamides has been prepared and tested in vitro as potential antifungal agents. 2-n-Amyloxybenzamide, the most active of the derivatives studied, is a slow-acting fungicide of greater fungistatic potency than undecylenic acid, N-n-butyl-3-phenyl-salicylamide, salicylanilide, Nystatin, phenylmercuric acetate, sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate and 8-hydroxyquinoline.
The Resistances of Vegetative Bacteria to Moist Heat
Authors: Wills B A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Washed suspensions of Escherichia coli required much shorter exposure to heating at 57° for sterilisation than unwashed suspensions, the greater resistance of which was due to materials carried over from the culture medium. The heat resistances of washed suspensions resuspended in solutions of electrolytes differed from those in non-electrolytes. The mode of protection is discussed in terms of the charge and permeability of the bacterial surface. Varying methods of culture and periods of growth markedly affected the heat resistances of washed suspensions. Aeration, exclusion of air, presence or absence of carbon dioxide and the surface moisture of solid media all influenced the heat resistance. Washed suspensions of E. coli, on storage, retained heat resistance poorly, in contrast to retention of viability and resistance to bactericides and bacteriostats.
Killing of bacteria by moist heat causes leakage from the cells of substances which will support growth of unexposed E. coli, but which will not support growth of survivors. Growth is also supported by killed cells themselves as distinct from substances leaking from the cells.
Pharmacological Properties of Hydrallazine, Dihydrallazine and Some Related Compounds
Authors: Kirpekar S M , Lewis J J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Hydrallazine and dihydrallazine cause adrenaline reversal and antagonise the pressor effects of noradrenaline on the cat blood pressure. Both hydrallazine and dihydrallazine antagonise vasoconstriction caused by adrenaline, noradrenaline, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine or barium chloride in isolated perfused preparations of the rat hind quarters or rabbit ear. In isolated aortic strips antagonism is shown to the constrictor action of adrenaline, noradrenaline, histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine but not to barium chloride. Marked antagonism to 5-hydroxytryptamine is shown only on the perfused rat hind quarters or rabbit ear. Antagonism to pressor reflexes is of moderate potency or is absent. Applied locally to the carotid sinuses of the cat, hydrallazine causes a rise of blood pressure. Hydrallazine and dihydrallazine have mainly a peripheral site of action involving an effect upon the contractile elements of the blood vessel walls. 3-Phenyl-6-hydrazino-pyridazine HCl, 1-hydrazinoisoquinoline HCl and 3:6-dihydrazino-pyridazine nitrate appear to have similar properties to hydrallazine and dihydrallazine.
The Spectrophotometric Determination of αβ-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones With Girard-T Reagent
Authors: Stenlake J B , Williams W D 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of citral, cinnamaldehyde and carvone in essential oils using Girard-T reagent are described. The results are compared with those obtained by the hydroxylamine hydrochloride method.
Some Effects of Increasing Stillhead Surface Area on Liquid Entrainment During Distillation
Authors: Train David , Velasquez-Guerrero Bayardo 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effect on the amount of entrainment passing during distillation when the surface area of a stillhead is increased has been investigated. The conditions suitable for supporting a liquid film on such a surface and which favour flooding at high flow rates have been observed.