bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and biological activities of O‐(E)‐(arylmethyl) 1‐[1‐(arylmethyl)‐5‐methyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl] ethanone oxime ethers
Authors: Zhu Xiao‐Fei , Shi De‐Qing 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
magnified image A series of novel O‐(E)‐(arylmethyl) 1‐[1‐(arylmethyl)‐5‐methyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl] ethanone oxime ethers were synthesized by the O‐alkylation of 1‐[1‐(arylmethyl)‐5‐methyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl] ethanone oximes with various arylmethyl chlorides in the basic condition. Their structures were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. The preliminary bioassay indicated that some of the target compounds (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f) displayed good insecticidal and moderate fungicidal activity. For example, compounds 4c and 4g showed 100% and 90.6% death rates against aphides at the concentration of 250 mg/L, respectively, and compounds 4f and 4g displayed 67% and 78.4% inhibitory rates against Rhizoctonia solani at the dosage of 100 mg/L, respectively. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
An efficient synthesis of 1,3‐diarylbenzo[f]quinolines from 2‐halogenated acetophenone, aromatic aldehyde, and naphthalen‐2‐amine catalyzed by iodine
Authors: Wang Xiang‐Shan , Li Qing , Zhou Jie , Tu Shu‐Jiang 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
magnified image The three‐component reaction of aromatic aldehyde, naphthalen‐2‐amine and 2‐halogenated acetophenone in THF catalyzed by 5 mol % iodine at reflux unexpectedly gave 1,3‐diarylbenzo[f]quinolines, with halogen losing in the formation of the products. The formation of unexpected 1,3‐diarylbenzo[f]quinolines was tentatively explained by Cram's rule to one of the steps in the mechanism. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Mapping global inequalities: Beyond income inequality to multi‐dimensional inequalities
Authors: Crow Ben , Zlatunich Nichole , Fulfrost Brian 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCurrent discussions of global inequality are trapped by their core reliance on measures of income. While our field has become ever‐knowledgeable on poverty's multi‐faceted nature (e.g. the Human Development Index, based on Sen and other's work on the capabilities approach), discussions and debates over global inequalities give short shrift to measurements and understandings of inequality beyond income. The papers in this issue all lend insight to how we may start the long‐term process of moving beyond income inequality to re‐think common understandings of inequality and to present new questions and opportunities in order to work towards a fuller understanding of the shape and pathways of global inequalities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International migration and the world income distribution
Authors: Kapur Devesh , McHale John 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEmigrants moving from poor to rich countries experience large income gains on average. These gains are further augmented by remittances that allow a portion of the gains to be spent at lower sending‐country prices. Taking advantage of recently available estimates of emigration‐related income gains, this paper estimates the direct impact of international migration on the world income distribution. We find that international migration raises world income per person by just under 1 per cent, while it raises the incomes of those born in developing countries by approximately 2¼ per cent relative to the no‐migration benchmark. Allowing for the remittance price effect augments these gains by about half. International migration also decreases the between‐country component of world inequality (as measured by the between‐country Theil coefficient) by about 2 per cent. While these aggregate income gains are significant, even small ‘brain‐drain’ related adverse growth effects could quickly swamp the direct gains to migrants where rich‐country immigration policies have a strong skill bias. A surer route to realising the potential of migration to increase world welfare would be to expand emigration opportunities for the less skilled. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Educational inequalities in the midst of persistent poverty: Diversity across Africa in educational outcomes
Authors: Lloyd Cynthia B. , Hewett Paul 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper explores inequalities in education across sub‐Saharan Africa, the poorest continent. Although we primarily focus on primary school completion rates, some attention is also given to measures of basic literacy as a more proximate indicator of human capital acquisition. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), we present data on cross‐country variations in primary school completion rates, including gender and wealth gaps. While these data paint a picture of overall educational progress, particularly for girls, this general picture is juxtaposed against an extremely diverse landscape across Africa with respect to primary school completion as well as retained literacy. Cross‐country variation in primary school completion can be partially explained by variations in national per capita income and is highly correlated with cross‐country variations in primary completion rates achieved 20 years ago, but we still find surprising variations in educational outcomes, among the poorest countries. Among the 24 sub‐Saharan African countries with a purchasing power parity GNI less than $1000, we find a significant variation in both primary completion rates and achieved literacy, suggesting that educational progress is possible even in resource challenged environments. At the same time, our findings are sobering; in many countries, international educational goals are unlikely to be reached by 2015 and learning outcomes are frequently abysmal. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding relationships between global health indicators via visualisation and statistical analysis
Authors: Lodha Suresh , Gunawardane Prabath , Middleton Erin , Crow Ben 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSeveral agencies such as World Bank, United Nations and UNESCO are disseminating a large amount of socio‐economic data at national level. Various websites such as UC Atlas, Gapminder, CIESIN and NationMaster are attempting to provide general users visualisation tools to display this data. Typical visualisation methods include line graphs, bar graphs, scatter plots, colour‐coded glyphs (such as circles) and world maps. In addition to the general public, there is great interest in educational, research and public policy institutes to try to understand the relationships between these socio‐economic indicators. In this paper, we juxtapose two techniques to investigate the relationships between global health indicators. The first approach employs sophisticated statistical techniques to develop a causality model between various global health indicators. The second approach, typically employed by the visualisation users of the various websites mentioned above, is to utilise a bivariate display between the health indicators in order to discover relationships between these variables. This visualisation approach is perhaps closest to a bivariate regression or correlation. Therefore, we employ these simple statistical techniques and associated visualisations as well. In this work, we analyse the two approaches using two specific examples related to health indicators. We find that the two approaches sometimes agree strengthening the conclusions or may provide different perspectives that require more careful analysis of the conclusions and need for further research. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Double‐cavity Fabry–Pérot tunable equalizer based on 1D photonic crystals
Authors: Cos J. , Ferré‐Borrull J. , Pallarès J. , Marsal L. F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this work we study theoretically the tunability of a double‐cavity Fabry–Pérot multilayer structure composed of porous silicon mirrors and liquid crystal cavities. By means of the anisotropic Transfer Matrix Method we analyze changes on wavelength and transmission of two resonant frequencies within the stop band. Tuning is achieved by allowing different orientations of the LC optical axes within the cavities, while keeping the optical axes parallel to the layers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of olive ripeness on chemical properties and phenolic composition of chétoui virgin olive oil
Authors: Youssef Nabil Ben , Zarrouk Wissem , Carrasco‐Pancorbo Alegría , Ouni Youssef , Segura‐Carretero Antonio , Fernández‐Gutiérrez Alberto , Daoud Douja , Zarrouk Mokhtar 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of fruit ripening on oil quality in an attempt to establish an optimum harvesting time for Chétoui olives, the second main olive variety cultivated in Tunisia.RESULTS: Our results showed that many analytical parameters, i.e., peroxide value, UV absorbance at 232 and 270 nm, chlorophyll pigments, carotenoids and oleic acid contents decreased during ripening, whilst oil content and linolenic acid increased. Free acidity remained practically stable with a very slight rise at the highest maturity index. The trend of oxidative stability, total phenols and o‐diphenols, showed an increase at the early stages followed by a reduction at more advanced stages of maturity. The major phenolic compounds, such as hydroxytyrosol, ligstroside aglycon, elenolic acid, acetoxy‐pinoresinol and oleuropein aglycon, seemed to have the same behaviour. In the case of tyrosol, a strong decrease was observed directly related with the ripening progress.CONLUSION: On the basis of the evolution of the analytical parameters studied, the best stage of Chétoui olive fruits for oil processing seems to be at ripeness index higher than 2.0 and lower than 3.0. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of potato peel, sugar beet pulp and sesame cake
Authors: Mohdaly Adel AA , Sarhan Mohamed A , Smetanska Iryna , Mahmoud Awad 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Growing interest in the replacement of synthetic food antioxidants by natural ones has fostered research on vegetable sources and screening of raw materials to identify new antioxidants. The food‐processing industry generates substantial quantities of phenolic‐rich by‐products that could be valuable natural sources of antioxidants. In this study the antioxidant properties and total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents of three industrial by‐products, sugar beet pulp, sesame cake and potato peel, extracted with various solvents were examined. Since different antioxidant compounds have different mechanisms of action, several methods were used to assess the antioxidant efficacy of extracts.RESULTS: Among the six solvents tested, methanol gave the highest extract yield of potato peel and sugar beet pulp, while diethyl ether gave the highest extract yield of sesame cake. Methanol exhibited the highest extraction ability for phenolic compounds, with total phenolics amounting to 2.91, 1.79 and 0.81 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1 dry weight in potato peel, sugar beet pulp and sesame cake extracts respectively, and also showed the strongest antioxidant capacity in the three assays used. All three methods proved that potato peel extract had the highest antioxidant activity owing to its high content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids.CONCLUSION: On the basis of the results obtained, potato peel, sugar beet pulp and sesame cake extracts could serve as natural antioxidants owing to their significant antioxidant activity. Therefore they could be used as preservative ingredients in the food and/or pharmaceutical industries. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Formation of a promazine radical and promazine 5‐oxide in the reaction of promazine with hydrogen peroxide: Mechanistic insight from kinetic and EPR measurements
Authors: Wiśniewska Joanna , Wrzeszcz Grzegorz , Koter Stanisław 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe kinetics of the oxidation of promazine (PMZ) by hydrogen peroxide was studied in the presence of a large excess of H2O2in acidic chloride media using UV–vis spectroscopy. The reaction proceeds via two consecutive steps. In the first step, oxidation leads to formation of a promazine radical. In the second step, the promazine radical is oxidized to promazine 5‐oxide. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) results provide clear evidence for the formation of an intermediate promazine radical. Linear dependences of the pseudo‐first‐order rate constants (k1andk2) on [H2O2] with a nonzero intercept were established for the first and the second process, respectively. The rate of the first stage of the reaction increased slightly with increasing concentration of O2, indicating the role of the OH•radicals on the redox process, which are transformed into the Clradicals. The mechanism of the overall reaction is discussed on the basis of all these kinetic measurements. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 1–9, 2010
Construction of Smart Glutathione Peroxidase Mimic Based on Hydrophilic Block Copolymer with Temperature Responsive Activity
Authors: Huang Xin , Yin Yanzhen , Jiang Xu , Tang Yong , Xu Jiayun , Liu Junqiu , Shen Jiacong 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA temperature‐sensitive block copolymer (PAAm‐b‐PNIPAAm‐Te) with a glutathione peroxidase‐like active site was synthesized via ATRP. As a new glutathione peroxidase (GPx) mimic, it displays typical saturation kinetic behaviors and high catalytic activity. More importantly, the catalytic activity of the polymer can be well modulated by changing the temperature. The experiments proved that a change in the self‐assembly structure of the polymer plays a key role for the modulation of catalytic activity. As a contrast, another block copolymer, PAAm‐Te‐b‐PNIPAAm, was synthesized. In comparison with PAAm‐b‐PNIPAAm‐Te, the different temperature dependent catalytic behavior seen further indicates that the micellar structure plays an important role in modulating the catalytic activity of the smart enzyme model.magnified image
Self‐Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes Modified by Amphiphilic Block Polymers in Selective Solvent
Authors: Wang Guojian , Liu Yuedong 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBlock copolymers of polystyrene and poly(tert‐butyl methyacrylate) were prepared by ATRP. Halogen atoms at the chain ends were transformed into azide groups to obtain N3 terminated block copolymers, which were connected to the surface of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) by reacting N3 with MWNT's surface. Amphiphilic diblock copolymer modified MWNTs were obtained after PtBMA blocks were hydrolyzed to polymethyacrylic acid (PMAA). Results showed that the amphiphilic diblock copolymer was grafted onto MWNTs by covalent bonds. TEM showed that they formed self‐assembly structures by hydrophilic/hydrophobic interaction in good solvents. As the block length of PMAA increased, the self‐assembly structures of amphiphilic MWNTs became increasingly ordered and uniform.magnified image
Kinetic Study of the Thermopolymerization of Furfuryl Methacrylate in Bulk by Mathematical Modeling. Part A: Simulation of Experimental Data and Sensitivity Analysis of Kinetic Parameters
Authors: Lange Jurgen , Davidenko Natalia , Sastre Roberto 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMathematical modeling of the thermopolymerization of FM and CMFMA was carried out using a cross‐linked kinetic model proposed for the photo‐initiated polymerization of acryl‐furanic compounds. In this model, the photochemical initiation step was substituted by a thermal one and it was assumed that the constant of radical termination was time‐dependent, which allowed the gel effect (Trommsdorff) at high monomer conversion to be simulated. Optimization of all kinetic constants was achieved and the results of simulation suitably fitted the experimental data of the monomer conversion. The contribution of each step in the mechanism and its dependence on the experimental conditions were estimated by a sensitivity analysis technique.magnified image
Organic cation/carnitine transporter, OCTN2, transcriptional activity is regulated by osmotic stress in epididymal cells
Authors: Cotton Leanne M. , Rodriguez Carmen M. , Suzuki Kichiya , Orgebin‐Crist Marie‐Claire , Hinton Barry T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractProtection of cells from osmotic stress is crucial for their survival. Exposure to high osmolarity promotes rapid diffusion of water across cell membranes, dramatically increasing cellular ionic strength, leading to disruption of key proteins/DNA resulting in cell‐cycle arrest and apoptosis. The luminal microenvironment of the epididymis is hypertonic; therefore, epididymal cells adapt to the higher osmolarity by accumulating organic osmolytes, such asl‐carnitine. Osmolytes do not perturb cells when accumulated in high concentrations, nor do they affect key proteins or damage DNA. Therefore, osmolytes and their transporters are crucial for cell survival. Transporters that are responsible for the accumulation of organic osmolytes have been shown to be regulated at the transcriptional level by hypertonicity. The present study examines the gene expression of known osmoprotective/stress genes in epididymal cells exposed to changes in tonicity. We demonstrate that the osmoprotective/stress pathways present in other organs, such as the kidney, operate in the epididymis, potentially aiding in the protection of its luminal cells and spermatozoa. Further, it was also seen that OCTN2, a transporter that is thought to be responsible for the accumulation ofl‐carnitine in the epididymal lumen, is regulated in response to changes in tonicity. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 114–125, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐reported outcomes during treatment with tumour necrosis factor α inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Bala Sidona‐Valentina , Forslind Kristina , Månsson Marie Edwinson 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjective: To study how patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) self‐report their experience of disease‐related symptoms (fatigue, morning stiffness, pain) and their ability to cope with everyday life (capacity) using a nurse‐led structured follow‐up during the first year after starting treatment with tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) inhibitors.Methods: Thirty‐nine patients, who were being treated for their RA in our outpatient rheumatology clinic and were beginning treatment with TNF‐α inhibitors, agreed to evaluate and self‐report their experience of fatigue, morning stiffness, pain, and capacity using the visual analogue scale (VAS) every third month during their first year of treatment. A quantitative method was used to study the changes in these four variables. In addition, at the same time, we studied the relationship between self‐reported capacity and each of the three symptoms.Results: After 12 months' treatment with TNF‐α inhibitors, the change (median interquartile range [IQR]) measured with VAS was −14 (−38, −7) mm for fatigue, −22 (−47, −4) mm for morning stiffness, −28 (−50, 0) mm for pain and −27 (−48, −6) mm for capacity. All changes were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Baseline and 12 months' capacity correlated significantly with fatigue, morning stiffness and pain (all p < 0.01). In addition, the median change in self‐reported capacity correlated significantly with the median change in each of the three symptoms (p < 0.01).Conclusion: During the first year of treatment with TNF‐α inhibitors, patients reported decreased fatigue, morning stiffness and pain, while their capacity increased. The increased capacity rate closely followed the decrease in symptom rate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new method to measure vaginal sensibility
Authors: Lakeman M.M.E. , Laan E. , Vaart C.H. , Roovers J.P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIntroductionVaginal surgery may affect sexual function both positively and negatively. Possibly, negative consequences of surgical interventions on sexuality may be caused by reduced sensibility of the vaginal wall.AimsTo develop a new method to measure vaginal sensibility.MethodsWe developed a technique to measure the sensibility of the vaginal wall consisting of a St Marks electrode on a gloved index finger, with a stimulating electrode mounted at the tip. Measurements were performed in four different target areas (caudal and cranial, posterior and anterior) by two independent female researchers in a random order. Subjects were 12 healthy women.ResultsThe intra‐observer reproducibility of both researchers was almost perfect (Pearsons‐Rho correlation coefficient 0.77–0.96  < 0.001). The inter‐observer reproducibility was moderate (Pearsons‐Rho correlation coefficient 0.39–0.49). Both researchers measured increased sensibility in the cranial posterior vaginal wall relative to the cranial anterior vaginal wall, but for all measurements, researcher 2 obtained higher sensibility ratings than researcher 1. In addition, researcher 2 found a decreased sensibility in the cranial anterior vaginal wall for women not using oral contraceptives. Phase of the menstrual cycle did not influence vaginal sensibility.ConclusionWe developed a new instrument to measure vaginal sensibility. The instrument has excellent intra‐observer reproducibility. This method is sufficiently sensitive so as to differentiate between anterior and posterior cranial vaginal wall sensibility, but outcome differs as a function of researcher. Further evaluation of the clinical use of this method is needed, provided that measurements are performed by the same researcher. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:753–756, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population affinities of Parsis in the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Jonnalagadda Manjari , Ozarkar Shantanu , Mushrif‐Tripathy Veena 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe present study was an attempt to document changes in frequencies of dental morphology traits and understand phenetic affinities of Parsis, who migrated to the Indian subcontinent around the 8th century. Despite successfully integrating themselves into the Indian society, they have retained their ethnicity and distinct cultural practices. This study was conceived as a result of an excavation at the site of Sanjan, Gujarat which, as per historical records, is believed to be the first town in the Indian subcontinent with a large Parsi settlement thereby facilitating a diachronic comparison between the ancestral and extant Parsi groups. We compared and analysed dental traits between the two groups expecting a very close relationship between them owing to their ancestor–descendent relationship. Eleven discrete dental traits were selected and scored using the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS). Frequency changes were assessed by comparing trait frequencies; whereas phenetic affinity between Parsis was assessed by statistically comparing them with 13 populations using Smith's mean measure of divergence (MMD) statistic. Comparison of dental trait frequencies between Sanjan and extant Parsi samples show significant differences in incisor morphology, Carabelli cusp and Hypocone development. Trait frequencies, MMD values and 2D multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot indicate that extant Parsis and Sanjan samples are distantly separated from each other. Extant Parsis show closer affinity to low caste Mahars and tribal Madia Gonds than South and Central Asian groups. Sanjan is distant from all other groups including extant Parsis. It is likely that genetic drift accentuated by their small numbers and strict endogamy has resulted in divergence of Parsi groups. Similarly, their convergence with Maharashtran groups indicates admixture of Parsis with local groups, which supports earlier conducted mtDNA studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.