bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fibered nonlinearities for p(x)-Laplace equations
Authors: Chermisi Milena , Valdinoci Enrico 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
In ℝ
m
× ℝ
n – m
, endowed with coordinates X = (x, y), we consider the PDE
–div(α(x)|∇u(X)|
p(x)–2∇u(X)) = ƒ(x, u(X)).
We prove a geometric inequality and a symmetry result.
Zwischen Emanzipation und Trauma: Soldatinnen im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Deutschland, Sowjetunion, USA). Ein VergleichBetween Emancipation and Trauma. Female Combatants in the World War II (Germany, Sowjet Union, USA). A Comparison
Authors: Maubach Franka , Satjukow Silke 
Published: April 2009

Zusammenfassung
Der weibliche Kombattantenstatus gilt der neueren Genderforschung als Markstein auf dem Weg zur Gleichberechtigung. Nur selten wird in den Blick genommen, was die Zulassung zur Waffe und deren Gebrauch realiter bedeuten. Konfrontationen mit kriegerischer Gewalt, mit Tod und Töten, sind (für Männer und Frauen) häufig weniger befreiend denn traumatisierend. Am Beispiel des Zweiten Weltkriegs, in dem Frauen erstmals massenhaft für den Militärdienst rekrutiert wurden, läßt sich diese These besonders gut überprüfen. Um unterschiedliche Distanzen von Frauen zum bewaffneten Kampf ausmessen und verschiedene Zugangsweisen zum Einsatz nachzeichnen zu können, nimmt der Aufsatz deutsche Wehrmachthelferinnen, sowjetische Rotarmistinnen und US-amerikanische WACs vergleichend in den Blick. Während viele Rotarmistinnen mit der Waffe in der Hand an der Front kämpften, blieben die WACs weitgehend jenseits der Kampffront. Der Dienst der Helferinnen in der deutschen Wehrmacht changiert dazwischen. Obwohl die Soldatinnen 1945 mehrheitlich demobilisiert wurden, zeitigten die neuen weiblichen Kriegserfahrungen weitreichende kurz- und langfristige Folgen. Es stellt sich heraus: Je näher die Frauen dem bewaffneten Kampf gekommen waren, desto weniger konnten sie ihre oft traumatischen Erfahrungen als Emanzipation verstehen und ex post erinnern. Indem die Voraussetzungen der Einsätze, diese selbst wie deren Nachwirkungen untersucht werden, wird jener Raum zwischen Emanzipation und Trauma ausgeleuchtet, in dem weiblicher Militärdienst verortet werden muß.
Small effect of the androgen receptor gene GGN repeat polymorphism on serum testosterone levels in healthy men
Authors: Bogaert Veerle , Vanbillemont Griet , Taes Youri , De Bacquer Dirk , Deschepper Ellen , Van Steen Kristel , Kaufman Jean-Marc 
Published: April 2009

ObjectiveThe human androgen receptor (AR) contains a polyglutamine and a polyglycine stretch which are highly polymorphic and are coded respectively by a CAG and GGN repeat in exon 1 of the AR gene. Although the in vitro studies indicated a possible effect of the GGN repeat polymorphism on the AR gene transcription and clinical observations suggest that it might modulate the androgen action, its functional significance remains unclear. We wanted to assess whether the GGN repeat affects the serum testosterone levels in healthy men, which is the expected outcome through feedback regulation if it influences androgen action as has been shown to be the case for the CAG repeat.Design and patientsA population based cross-sectional cohort study including 1476 healthy young, middle-aged, and elderly men.MeasurementTestosterone and LH levels were determined by immunoassay; free testosterone (FT) levels were calculated. Genotyping of the GGN repeat was performed using the sequencing technique.ResultsThe GGN repeat number was significantly associated with circulating testosterone and FT levels (P=0.017 and P=0.013 respectively). However, taking into account that age, body mass index, and CAG are already in the regression model, the GGN repeat could explain only a small part of the variation of both testosterone and FT.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate a significant positive association between the GGN repeat and androgen levels in a large cohort of healthy men. Although the present study thus adds credence to the view that the polyglycine tract in the AR can modulate AR action, this effect appears to be only small so that its clinical relevance remains questionable.
Genetic Analysis of Zinc-Finger Nuclease-Induced Gene Targeting in Drosophila
Authors: Bozas Ana , Beumer Kelly J , Trautman Jonathan K , Carroll Dana 
Published: April 2009

AbstractUsing zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) to cleave the chromosomal target, we have achieved high frequencies of gene targeting in the Drosophila germline. Both local mutagenesis through nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and gene replacement via homologous recombination (HR) are stimulated by target cleavage. In this study we investigated the mechanisms that underlie these processes, using materials for the rosy (ry) locus. The frequency of HR dropped significantly in flies homozygous for mutations in spnA (Rad51) or okr (Rad54), two components of the invasion-mediated synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) pathway. When single-strand annealing (SSA) was also blocked by the use of a circular donor DNA, HR was completely abolished. This indicates that the majority of HR proceeds via SDSA, with a minority mediated by SSA. In flies deficient in lig4 (DNA ligase IV), a component of the major NHEJ pathway, the proportion of HR products rose significantly. This indicates that most NHEJ products are produced in a lig4-dependent process. When both spnA and lig4 were mutated and a circular donor was provided, the frequency of ry mutations was still high and no HR products were recovered. The local mutations produced in these circumstances must have arisen through an alternative, lig4-independent end-joining mechanism. These results show what repair pathways operate on double-strand breaks in this gene targeting system. They also demonstrate that the outcome can be biased toward gene replacement by disabling the major NHEJ pathway and toward simple mutagenesis by interfering with the major HR process.
Drosophila ISWI Regulates the Association of Histone H1 With Interphase Chromosomesin Vivo
Authors: Siriaco Giorgia , Deuring Renate , Chioda Mariacristina , Becker Peter B , Tamkun John W 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAlthough tremendous progress has been made toward identifying factors that regulate nucleosome structure and positioning, the mechanisms that regulate higher-order chromatin structure remain poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that the ISWI chromatin-remodeling factor plays a key role in this process by promoting the assembly of chromatin containing histone H1. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the function of H1 in Drosophila. The association of H1 with salivary gland polytene chromosomes is regulated by a dynamic, ATP-dependent process. Reducing cellular ATP levels triggers the dissociation of H1 from polytene chromosomes and causes chromosome defects similar to those resulting from the loss of ISWI function. H1 knockdown causes even more severe defects in chromosome structure and a reduction in nucleosome repeat length, presumably due to the failure to incorporate H1 during replication-dependent chromatin assembly. Our findings suggest that ISWI regulates higher-order chromatin structure by modulating the interaction of H1 with interphase chromosomes.
Telomere Maintenance and Survival in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Absence of Telomerase and RAD52
Authors: LeBel Catherine , Rosonina Emanuel , Sealey David C F , Pryde Fiona , Lydall David , Maringele Laura , Harrington Lea A 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Telomeres are essential features of linear genomes that are crucial for chromosome stability. Telomeric DNA is usually replenished by telomerase. Deletion of genes encoding telomerase components leads to telomere attrition with each cycle of DNA replication, eventually causing cell senescence or death. In the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain W303, telomerase-null populations bypass senescence and, unless EXO1 is also deleted, this survival is RAD52 dependent. Unexpectedly, we found that the S. cerevisiae strain S288C could survive the removal of RAD52 and telomerase at a low frequency without additional gene deletions. These RAD52-independent survivors were propagated stably and exhibited a telomere organization typical of recombination between telomeric DNA tracts, and in diploids behaved as a multigenic trait. The polymerase-δ subunit Pol32 was dispensable for the maintenance of RAD52-independent survivors. The incidence of this rare escape was not affected by deletion of other genes necessary for RAD52-dependent survival, but correlated with initial telomere length. If W303 strains lacking telomerase and RAD52 first underwent telomere elongation, rare colonies could then bypass senescence. We suggest that longer telomeres provide a more proficient substrate for a novel telomere maintenance mechanism that does not rely on telomerase, RAD52, or POL32.
Hydroacoustic Target Strength Distributions of Alewives in a Net‐Cage Compared with Field Surveys: Deciphering Target Strength Distributions and Effect on Density Estimates
Authors: Brooking Thomas E. , Rudstam Lars G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAcoustic estimation of fish abundance requires knowledge of the target strength (TS) distribution associated with the fish present. We measured the TS distribution at 70 kHz for five size‐groups of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus (mean total length = 68‐138 mm) swimming freely in a large net‐cage. Although the mean and mode of the distributions were significantly related to fish length, the TS range obtained from each length‐class was over 25 decibels (dB). The TS distributions were negatively skewed and had a tendency toward bimodality. The TS distributions at 70 and 123 kHz were similar for one alewife size‐group that was measured with both frequencies. Small but inconsistent differences were found between day and night for the same groups of fish. Shapes of the TS distributions were similar when centered on the mode, and we derived a probability density function (PDF) for TS at 70 kHz as a function of fish length to describe these distributions. We used this PDF to predict TS distributions based on alewife gill‐net catch from six lake surveys and compared predictions with in situ TS distributions from each acoustic survey. Observed and predicted distributions were similar for TS values greater than −50 dB, but the observed number of small TS values exceeded the predicted number for several of the surveys. Some of these smaller TS values were probably from invertebrates or smaller fish or were indicative of noise. Estimates of alewife density from lake surveys were highly affected by inclusion or exclusion of these smaller targets. We used the predicted TS distribution derived either from catch data or from the TS values greater than −50 dB to calculate the proportion of smaller TS values that were probably from alewives. Both methods resulted in similar abundance estimates, which were higher than estimates based on an existing TS‐length regression for alewives.
Beyond Soft Law? An Assessment of International Labour Organisation Freedom of Association Complaints as a Means to Protect Collective Bargaining Rights in the United States
Authors: Ziaja Andrew J 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
This article examines the effectiveness of International Labour Organisation Complaints (ILO) as a means to protect workers' ability to bargain collectively in the United States. It focuses, as a case study, on an ILO Committee on Freedom of Association (“CFA") report that was issued in 2007. Two years prior, in 2005, The United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America (“UE") filed an ILO complaint alleging that a North Carolina statute, NCGS § 95-98, which prohibits any public entity from entering into a collective bargaining agreement with a trade union, violated international law and the United States' treaty obligations under the ILO regime. The CFA agreed and recommended that the statute be repealed.Any attempt to enforce the CFA's report (UE Report) in a U.S. district court would be fraught with obstacles. This article addresses these obstacles in turn. Part I discusses the UE Report in relation to domestic precedent upholding NCGS § 95-98 under United States constitutional law. Part II examines the legal basis of the UE Report under international law, including whether the right to bargain collectively is a preemptory norm. Part III, finally, considers the domestic enforceability of ILO treaty law and the UE Report under the U.S. Supreme Court's recent ruling in Medellín v. Texas, an immediately important transnational law decision.
Sero-surveillance and immunization in sheep and goats against peste des petits ruminants in Bangladesh
Authors: Banik SC , Podder SC , Samad MA , Islam MT 
Published: April 2009

The sero-surveillance and immunization studies on Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in non-descriptive indigenous sheep and Black Bengal goats aged between 5 to 12 months were carried out in the district of Mymensingh during the period from June to November 2003. Sero-prevalence of PPR by using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA) was conducted on 100 sheep and 100 goats which were selected randomly from 10 different areas in the district of Mymensingh. Of the 100 sheep and 100 goats tested, 27% sheep and 25% goats had positive (â¥ 50) antibody titre. This indicates that 27% sheep and 25% goats might have the capability to resist natural PPR infection and accordingly, sero-monitoring could be required to give a better indication of nation herd immunity. The immunization study against PPR with a commercial PPR VACÂ® was conducted on 10 sheep and 10 goats by inoculating @ 1.0 ml vaccine / animal subcutaneously. The clinical, haematological, biochemical and antibody levels were determined at pre-immunization and at 7th, 14th and 21st day of postimmunization. The mean antibody titre at 7th, 14th and 21st day of post-immunization in sheep (38.28 Â± 4.34, 58.63 Â± 3.60 & 68.27 Â± 3.09) and goats (49.84 Â± 4.37, 63.23 Â± 3.64 & 76.60 Â± 4.07) were significantly (p < 0.01) increased in comparison to the respective pre-immunization mean titre of sheep (20.0 Â± 6.78) and goats (14.00 Â± 6.96). Results of haematological examination showed that the PPR VACÂ® has no effects on haemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), packed celled volume (PCV) and total erythrocyte count (TEC). The TLC was markedly increased at all the stages of postimmunization in both sheep and goats but significantly (p < 0.05) increased at 21st day (10.08 Â± 1.55 103 / mm3) in sheep and at 14th day (14.76 Â± 0.84 103 / mm3) in goats in comparison to pre-immunization values of sheep (7.95 Â± 0.97 103 / mm3) and goats (9.00 Â± 1.28 103 / mm3). No distinct difference was observed on rectal temperature, pulse and respiratory rate between the pre- and post-immunization values which indicates PPR-VACÂ® has no clinical effects in vaccinated animals. No significant differences on calcium, albumin, total serum protein (TSP) and glucose levels were observed between the pre- and post-immunization values in both the sheep and goats. But the TSP in both the sheep 8.43 Â± 0.69 g/dl) and goats (8.26 Â± 0.50 g / dl) at 21st day of post-immunization increased insignificantly (p > 0.05) in comparison to the pre-immunization values of sheep (7.66 Â± 0.79 g / dl) and goats (7.89 Â± 0.92 g / dl). The results of humoral immune response produced by PPR-VACÂ® indicates the activity of the inoculated vaccine but challenge studies with virulent PPR virus would be required to confirm its efficacy. Key words: PPR, sheep, goats, sero-surveillance, C-ELISA, PPR-VACÂ®, haematology, biochemistry Â doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2334 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 185-190
Compliance efficacy of modified curing methods to control black bengal goat skin deterioration
Authors: Rashid MHO , Siddique MP , Zinnah MA , Huq MA , Samad MA , Rahman MM 
Published: April 2009

The study was conducted to determine microbial spoilage of skins of Black Bengal goats at various stages and to assess the efficacy of modified curing processes of that skins, during the period of July to November 2006. A total number of six intact skins from Black Bengal goat of two years of age were obtained from markets located at Bangladesh Agricultural University Campus and Mymensingh town. After the usual traditional method of flaying these skins were properly washed prior to curing process. Raw or green skin samples without subjected to treatment process were used as control. Two categories of samples were prepared, one immediately after the completion of flaying, i.e. considered as zero hour of sampling and the other after twenty-four hours of storage at the ambient temperature. The rest of the samples were treated with different preparations of Neem oil, Tolcide (30L), and Busan (40L) and common salt and kept for various periods. From each of the differently treated skins, bacteriological samples were taken aseptically from the regions of shoulder, belly and butt each sampling weighing about 10 grams. The bacteriological analysis of the samples was performed by determining total viable count in order to find out the extent of contamination and varying bacterial load of the three different regions. Moreover, the isolation and identification of various bacteria contaminating the skin samples was done and the efficacy of curing agents to minimize bacterial load and the survivability of microbes were studied. The results showed that Staphylococci, E. coli, Bacillus, Pseudomonas etc bacteria were isolated from raw and cured skin samples and Tolcide (30L) 0.04% and Busan (40L) 0.04% and Neem oil 10% and common salt 20% were the best curing agents from microbial quality point of view. Key words: Goats skin, curing agent, bacterial load, TVC, TCC, TSC Â doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2335 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 191-196
Morphology of esophagus of Black Bengal Goat
Authors: Islam MS , Awal MA , Quasem MA , Asaduzzaman M , Das SK 
Published: April 2009

The morphology of esophagus of Black Bengal goat was studied 6 Black Bengal goats of over six months of age of both sex in the Department of Anatomy and Histology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh using. The topography, shape, size, esophageal length including cervical and thoracic parts were measured. The esophagus was sampled at six sites - cranial cervical, middle cervical, caudal cervical, at the level of thoracic inlet, at the middle mediastinum and at the level of cardia. The esophagus was 45-50 cm long. The cervical part of esophagus was 13-15 cm long and the thoracic part was 32-30 cm long. The highest and lowest diameter was found 5.1 cm and 3.2 cm at the cardia and at the cranial cervical part of the esophagus respectively. Key words: Morphology, esophagus, Black Bengal goat doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2340 Â Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 223-225
Arthrodesis of the Knee Using Computer Navigation in Failed Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Jung Kwang Am , Lee Su Chan , Song Moon Bok 
Published: April 2009

Arthrodesis is used most commonly as a salvage procedure for failed total knee arthroplasty (TKA). For successful arthrodesis, a stable fusion technique and acceptable limb mechanical alignment are needed. Although the use of TKA intramedullary alignment rods may be helpful in terms of achieving an acceptable limb mechanical axis, fat embolism and intramedullary dissemination of an infection or reactivation of latent infection may occur in failed TKA cases with an active infection or a past history of infections. In this situation, computer-assisted surgery allows precise cuts to be made in the frontal and sagittal planes without breaching medullary cavities.
Navigated femoral and tibial bone resections were performed perpendicular to the coronal mechanical axis. Also, femoral resection was conducted at 0° of flexion to the sagittal axis, and the tibial resection at 7° of flexion to the sagittal axis. The arthrodesis was held in proper axial and rotational alignment. First, the tibia was placed against the femur, ensuring good bony apposition mediolaterally and anteroposteriorly. Second, the rotational alignment was also rechecked based on the information obtained from the navigation system, suggesting that the mechanical axis will be neutral if the rotational alignment is correct because the tibial slope was increased posteriorly. Knee arthrodesis was completed using the Ilizarov method. Postoperative radiographs revealed satisfactory alignment.
We believe that computer navigation could be an alternative surgical option for arthrodesis for failed TKA secondary to intra-articular infection and could be used for failed TKA with extra-articular deformity.
Fracture of a Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Retentive Liner
Authors: Samuelson Eric M. , Cordero Gustavo X. , Fehringer Edward V. 
Published: April 2009

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty may be indicated in shoulders that cannot be effectively managed by conventional reconstruction procedures. Reported complications include instability, infection, hematoma, scapular notching, and premature component loosening. To our knowledge, however, fracture of a humeral component polyethylene inlay has not been described.
A 72-year-old man presented with unstable, painful shoulders after undergoing unsuccessful open repairs and acromioplasties at an outside institution for bilateral massive rotator cuff tears. We performed a left reversed shoulder arthroplasty with a 36-mm glenosphere and a +9-mm polyethylene liner. In the operating room under general anesthesia with chemical paralysis and an interscalene block, his shoulder was stable. The patient required revision with a metal 9-mm lateralizer following an atraumatic dislocation 4 weeks postoperatively. Four weeks following the revision, the patient again presented with a dislocated left shoulder without antecedent trauma. During this second revision, the +6-mm standard polyethylene liner was replaced with a +6-mm lateral retentive polyethylene liner. A third revision surgery was performed after the patient experienced 2 more dislocations with minor activity. Intraoperatively, a fracture of the previously placed +6-mm retentive polyethylene liner was noted.
This article may represent a case of dramatic scapular impingement by the humeral components. More subtle forms of scapular notching are common and may suggest significant long-term problems. Many reverse shoulder prostheses are being refined or modified in an attempt to eliminate or reduce the scapular notching phenomenon.
Small Cell Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma
Authors: Yang Jun Young , Kim Jin Man 
Published: April 2009

Extraskeletal osteosarcoma is a rare malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that accounts for <4% of all osteosarcomas and approximately 1.2% of all soft tissue sarcomas. Among the extraskeletal osteosarcomas, the small cell type is extremely rare. This article describes a 31-year-old man who had small cell extraskeletal osteosarcoma arising from the semimembranosus muscle. An incisional biopsy was performed and the histopathological findings showed many small cells and osteoid formation. The results were reported as a malignant small round cell tumor, consistent with an extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma or primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Immunohistochemically, the tumor showed reactivity with antibodies against CD99 and neuron-specific enolase, but not with antibodies against S100 protein, CD138, α smooth muscle actin, chromogranin, Ki-67, leukocyte common antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, CD30, or desmin.
The patient refused neoadjuvant chemotherapy. One week after an open biopsy, a wide marginal resection was performed. The final diagnosis was small cell extraskeletal osteosarcoma. Adjuvant chemotherapy was performed using doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and cisplatin together with a total of 60 Gy of radiation therapy. At 2-year followup, the functional Enneking score of the operated lower extremity was 28 points. We performed chest computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography–computed tomography. There were no regional recurrence and distant metastasis. Presently the patient is disease free.