bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Chemical Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons—A Tutorial Review
Authors: James Dustin K. , Tour James M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractGraphene, graphene oxide (GO), and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are important materials that are related through their carbon‐based planar structures and attractive physical properties. Many applications have been proposed for these materials, such as composites, touch‐screen displays, and electronic devices. Based on research done in the Tour laboratory, we offer a tutorial on the solution phase chemical synthesis of GNRs through two routes. The first route involves the oxidation of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to produce GO nanoribbons that contain oxidized functionality and that can be reduced to GNRs. The second route to GNRs involves the splitting of MWCNTs by intercalation of potassium metal at elevated temperature. The routes are complementary and produce materials that can be used in diverse applications.
Aging influences central motor conduction less than peripheral motor conduction: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study
Authors: Matsumoto Hideyuki , Konoma Yuko , Shimizu Takahiro , Okabe Shingo , Shirota Yuichiro , Hanajima Ritsuko , Terao Yasuo , Ugawa Yoshikazu 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntroduction: In this study we investigated the effects of aging on corticospinal tract conduction by measuring the corticoconus motor conduction time (CCCT). Methods: Motor evoked potentials were recorded from the right tibialis anterior muscle in 100 healthy volunteers. To activate the most proximal part of the cauda equina, magnetic stimulation was performed using a MATS coil over the L1 spinous process (L1‐level latency). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex was also conducted (cortical latency). To obtain the CCCT, the L1‐level latency was subtracted from the cortical latency. Results: Age was significantly correlated with L1‐level latency, but it was not significantly correlated with CCCT. Conclusions: CCCT is the most direct indicator of corticospinal tract conduction, whereas L1‐level latency reflects whole peripheral motor conduction. Central motor conduction was found to be relatively less affected by aging compared with peripheral motor conduction. Muscle Nerve 000: 000–000, 2012
Ultrasound assessment of placental function: the effectiveness of placental biometry in a low‐risk population as a predictor of a small for gestational age neonate
Authors: McGinty Patricia , Farah Nadine , Dwyer Vicky O. , Hogan Jennifer , Reilly Amanda , Turner Michael J. , Stuart Bernard , Kennelly Máireád M. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aims of the study were to establish reference ranges for placental length and thickness in a low‐risk obstetric population and to assess the likelihood of a small for gestational age (SGA) neonate on the basis of placental length at 18–24 weeks' gestation.MethodsPlacental length and thickness were measured by two sonographers in 520 singleton pregnancies. Uterine artery Doppler studies and a placental morphological assessment were also performed. Placental size was correlated with the birthweight centiles at delivery.ResultsA placental length <10th centile between the gestational age of 18 and 24 weeks is a significant factor associated with SGA neonate [odds ratio (OR) = 2.8, 95% CL, 1.1–6.9]. An abnormal uterine artery Doppler is a significant factor for SGA neonate (OR = 3.4, 95% CL, 1.6–7.4). There was a weak relationship between cord insertion <2 cm from the placental margin and an SGA neonate (OR = 1.8, 95% CL, 0.4–8.2).ConclusionWe have provided reference ranges for placental length and thickness from 18 to 24 weeks' gestation. A single measurement of placental length incorporated into the anatomy scan may assist in the early detection of a group at risk of delivering an SGA neonate. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feasibility and value of PatientViewpoint: a web system for patient‐reported outcomes assessment in clinical practice
Authors: Snyder Claire F. , Blackford Amanda L. , Wolff Antonio C. , Carducci Michael A. , Herman Joseph M. , Wu Albert W. ,   the PatientViewpoint Scientific Advisory Board
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe PatientViewpoint website collects patient‐reported outcomes and links them with the electronic health record to aid patient management. This pilot test evaluated PatientViewpoint's use, usefulness, and acceptability to patients and clinicians.MethodsThis was a single‐arm prospective study that enrolled breast and prostate cancer patients undergoing treatment and the clinicians who managed them. Patients completed patient‐reported outcomes every 2 weeks, and clinicians could access the results for patient visits. Scores that were poor relative to norms or substantially worse than the previous assessment were highlighted. After three on‐study visits, we assessed patient and clinician perspectives on PatientViewpoint using close‐ended and open‐ended questions.ResultsEleven out of 12 eligible clinicians (92%) and 52/76 eligible patients (68%) enrolled. Patients completed a median of 71% of assigned questionnaires; clinicians reported using the information for 79% of patients, most commonly as a source of additional information (51%). At the median, score reports identified three potential issues, of which 1 was discussed during the visit. Patients reported the system was easy to use (92%), useful (70%), aided recall of symptoms/side effects (72%), helped them feel more in control of their care (60%), improved discussions with their provider (49%), and improved care quality (39%). Patients and clinicians desired more information on score interpretation and minor adjustments to site navigation.ConclusionsThese results support the feasibility and value of PatientViewpoint. An ongoing study is using a continuous quality improvement approach to further refine PatientViewpoint. Future studies will evaluate its impact on patient care and outcomes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mice lacking neuropeptide Y show increased sensitivity to cocaine
Authors: Sørensen Gunnar , Woldbye David P.D. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThere is increasing data implicating neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the neurobiology of addiction. This study explored the possible role of NPY in cocaine‐induced behavior using NPY knockout mice. The transgenic mice showed a hypersensitive response to cocaine in three animal models of cocaine addiction. Whether this is due to an observed compensatory increase in striatal dopamine transporter binding or an anxiogenic phenotype of the transgenic mice remains to be determined. Synapse 66:840–843, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Liver Resection for Multiple Colorectal Liver Metastases with Surgery Up‐front Approach: Bi‐institutional Analysis of 736 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Saiura Akio , Yamamoto Junji , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Koga Rintaro , Sakamoto Yoshihiro , Hata Shojiro , Makuuchi Masatoshi , Kokudo Norihiro 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundPreoperative chemotherapy has become more common in the management of multiple resectable colorectal liver metastases; however, the benefit is unclear. This study examined clinical outcomes following liver resection for multiple colorectal liver metastases with the surgery up‐front approach.MethodsData collected prospectively over a 16‐year period for 736 patients who underwent hepatic resection at two different centers were reviewed. Patients were divided into three groups depending on the number of tumors as follows: group A, between one and three tumors (n = 493); group B, between four and seven tumors (n = 141); and group C, eight or more tumors (n = 102).ResultsThe 5‐year overall and recurrence‐free survival rates were 51 and 21 %, respectively, for the entire patient cohort, 56 and 29 % in group A, 41 and 12 % in group B, and 33 and 1.7 % in group C. Multivariate analysis showed that decreased survival was associated with positive lymph node metastasis of the primary tumor, the presence of extrahepatic tumors, a maximum liver tumor size >5 cm, and tumor exposure during liver resection.ConclusionsIn patients with multiple liver metastases, the number of liver metastases has less impact on the prognosis than other prognostic factors. Complete resection with repeat metastasectomy offers a chance of cure even in patients with numerous colorectal liver metastases (i.e., those with eight or more nodules). A further prospective study is necessary to clarify the optimal setting of preoperative chemotherapy.
Rural Embedded Assistants for Community Health (REACH) Network: First‐Person Accounts in a Community–University Partnership
Authors: Brown Louis D. , Alter Theodore R. , Brown Leigh Gordon , Corbin Marilyn A. , Flaherty-Craig Claire , McPhail Lindsay G. , Nevel Pauline , Shoop Kimbra , Sterner Glenn , Terndrup Thomas E. , Weaver M. Ellen 
Published: April 2012

AbstractCommunity research and action projects undertaken by community–university partnerships can lead to contextually appropriate and sustainable community improvements in rural and urban localities. However, effective implementation is challenging and prone to failure when poorly executed. The current paper seeks to inform rural community–university partnership practice through consideration of first‐person accounts from five stakeholders in the Rural Embedded Assistants for Community Health (REACH) Network. The REACH Network is a unique community–university partnership aimed at improving rural health services by identifying, implementing, and evaluating innovative health interventions delivered by local caregivers. The first‐person accounts provide an insider's perspective on the nature of collaboration. The unique perspectives identify three critical challenges facing the REACH Network: trust, coordination, and sustainability. Through consideration of the challenges, we identified several strategies for success. We hope readers can learn their own lessons when considering the details of our partnership's efforts to improve the delivery infrastructure for rural healthcare.
Investigation of Deformation Mechanisms in Deep-Drawn and Tensile-Strained Austenitic Mn-Based Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel
Authors: van Tol R. T. , Zhao L. , Schut H. , Sietsma J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The effect of strain on the deformation mechanisms in an austenitic Mn-based twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel is investigated using magnetic measurements, XRD, positron beam Doppler spectroscopy, and finite element method simulations. The experimental observations reveal the formation of
$$ \alpha^{\prime } $$
-martensite at specific degrees of deformation, despite the high stacking fault energy (SFE) of the material (52 mJ/m2). The observed fraction
$$ \alpha^{\prime } $$
-martensite is consistent with the estimated fraction of intersected shear bands acting as preferred nucleation sites for
$$ \alpha^{\prime } $$
-martensite formation as a function of accumulated equivalent strain.
Rheology of vesicle suspensions under combined steady and oscillating shear flows
Authors: Farutin A. , Misbah C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractViscoelastic properties of complex fluids are usually extracted by applying an oscillatory shear rate ($\dot {\gamma } = \ensuremath{\alpha} {\dot {\gamma } }_{0} \cos (\omega t), $ where $\ensuremath{\alpha} {\dot {\gamma } }_{0} $ is a constant which is small for a linear response to make sense) to the fluid. This leads to a complex effective viscosity where its real part carries information on viscous effects while its imaginary part informs us on elastic properties. We show here theoretically, by taking a dilute vesicle suspension as an example, that application of a pure shearing oscillation misses several interesting microscopic features of the suspension. It is shown that if, in addition to the oscillatory part, a basic constant shear rate is applied to the suspension (so that the total shear rate is $\dot {\gamma } = {\dot {\gamma } }_{0} (1+ \ensuremath{\alpha} \cos \omega t)$, with ${\dot {\gamma } }_{0} $ a constant), then the complex viscosity reveals much more insightful properties of the suspension. First, it is found that the complex viscosity exhibits a resonance for tank-treading vesicles as a function of the frequency of oscillation. This resonance is linked to the fact that vesicles, while being in the stable tank-treading regime (with their main axis having a steady orientation with respect to the flow direction), possess damped oscillatory modes. Second, in the region of parameter space where the vesicle exhibits either vacillating-breathing (permanent oscillations of the main axis about the flow direction and breathing of the shape) or tumbling modes, the complex viscosity shows an infinite number of resonances as a function of the frequency. It is shown that these behaviours markedly differ from that obtained when only the classical oscillation $\dot {\gamma } = \ensuremath{\alpha} {\dot {\gamma } }_{0} \cos (\omega t)$ is applied. The results are obtained numerically by solution of the analytical constitutive equation of a dilute vesicle suspension and confirmed analytically by a linear-response phenomenological theory. It is argued that the same type of behaviour is expected for any suspension of soft entities (capsules, red blood cells, etc.) that exhibit periodic motion under constant shear flow. We shall also discuss the reason why this type of behaviour could not have been captured by existing constitutive laws of complex fluids.
Retirement intentions: what is the role of push factors in predicting retirement intentions?
Authors: OAKMAN JODI , WELLS YVONNE 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTPopulation ageing will significantly impact labour markets in most Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries and as a result individuals will need to remain in paid employment for longer to fund their retirement years. This study examines the retirement intentions of employees of a large public-sector organisation located in Victoria, Australia that was interested in developing policies to assist with retention of their mature-age workforce. Multivariate regression analyses were used to identify the most important predictors of intention to retire. The dependent variable, Intended timing of retirement, was analysed in two forms, as continuous and dichotomised measures. Age and Length of service were strong independent predictors of Intention to retire soon (within five years). Of the work factors that were analysed (Job satisfaction, Job demands, Job control, and Social cohesion), low Job satisfaction and high Social cohesion scores indicated an increased likelihood of retiring soon. The results provide some insight into the development of organisational interventions that might assist with retaining older employees for longer.
The ties that bind: family and private life as bars to the deportation of immigrants
Authors: Ronen Yaël 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article analyses the way in which the use of the rights to family life and to private life has evolved as a bar to the deportation of immigrants. The analysis focuses on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) with respect to the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which uses a rights-based framework; and of the UN Human Rights Committee (HRC) with respect to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which uses a status-based framework. It notes the interaction between the two bodies and the attempt in each forum to modify its normative framework to follow the other's. The article further considers the implications of each normative framework for both integrated immigrants and other immigrants.
Downriver Passage of Juvenile Blueback Herring near an Ultrasonic Field in the Mohawk River
Authors: Dunning Dennis J. , Gurshin Christopher W. D. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
At the Crescent Hydroelectric Project (Crescent), New York, the Mohawk River is impounded by two dams separated by an island, which creates two channels; the turbine channel conveys water to the hydroelectric turbines, and the main channel conveys water around the turbines. Our objective was to determine whether ultrasound could be used to divert juvenile blueback herring Alosa aestivalis from entering the turbine channel during their fall downriver migration. Fixed-location hydroacoustics (420 kHz) was used to continuously monitor fish passage in the main channel upriver and downriver of the 122–128-kHz ultrasonic projectors. A relative index of abundance was derived from echo integration of acoustic backscatter collected from three horizontally aimed single-beam transducers sampling across each channel, while the proportion and speed of fish moving downriver were estimated from upward-facing split-beam transducers. The presence of juvenile blueback herring was verified by castnetting. Fish migrated downriver episodically for periods of hours rather than days. The mean daily number of downstream migrants (Nd) in the main channel was estimated to be 4.2 times higher at the upriver site than at the downriver site. The estimate for Nd at the main-channel downriver site (NDM) was compared with the expected Nd (NEDM) based on the proportion of total river flow moving through the main-channel downriver site as measured by acoustic Doppler current profilers. The mean daily difference between NDM and NEDM was significantly different from zero. The estimated proportion of fish that passed the main-channel downriver site (31.3%) was almost three times greater than the proportion expected (11.5%). If it is valid to assume that water flow directly influences entrainment and impingement, then the significantly higher-than-expected number of blueback herring that migrated downriver in the main channel could be an indication that ultrasound at Crescent was partially effective in diverting fish.
Received July 17, 2011; accepted February 2, 2012
Towards quantitative magnetic force microscopy: theory and experiment
Authors: Häberle Thomas , Haering Felix , Pfeifer Holger , Han Luyang , Achinuq Barat , Wiedwald Ulf , Herr Ulrich , Koslowski Berndt 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
We introduce a simple and effective model of a commercial magnetic thin-film sensor for magnetic force microscopy (MFM), and we test the model employing buried magnetic dipoles. The model can be solved analytically in the half-space in front of the sensor tip, leading to a simple 1/R dependence of the magnetic stray field projected to the symmetry axis. The model resolves the earlier issue as to why the magnetic sensors cannot be described reasonably by a restricted multipole expansion as in the point pole approximation: the point pole model must be extended to incorporate a ‘lower-order’ pole, which we term ‘pseudo-pole’. The near-field dependence (∝R
−1) turns into the well-known and frequently used dipole behavior (∝R
−3) if the separation, R, exceeds the height of the sensor. Using magnetic nanoparticles (average diameter 18 nm) embedded in a SiO cover as dipolar point probes, we show that the force gradient–distance curves and magnetic images fit almost perfectly to the proposed model. The easy axis of magnetization of single nanoparticles is successfully deduced from these magnetic images. Our model paves the way for quantitative MFM, at least if the sensor and the sample are independent.
Risk of colorectal adenomas and advanced neoplasia in Hispanic, black and white patients undergoing screening colonoscopy
Authors: Lebwohl B. , Capiak K. , Neugut A. I. , Kastrinos F. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryBackgroundRacial and ethnic differences in the risk of premalignant colorectal neoplasia have not been extensively studied.AimTo measure adenoma prevalence among asymptomatic white, black and Hispanic patients undergoing screening colonoscopy.MethodsIn this cross sectional cohort study, data from individuals ≥50 years undergoing first‐time colonoscopy since 2006 at a single tertiary‐care medical centre were obtained from the electronic medical record. Adenoma prevalence among whites, blacks and Hispanics was calculated; multivariate Poisson and logistic regression were used to identify factors independently associated with adenoma rates and the presence of advanced adenomas.ResultsWe identified 5075 eligible subjects: 3542 (70%) whites, 942 (18%) Hispanics and 591 (12%) blacks. The mean age was 62.2 years with 58% women. At least one adenoma was detected in 19%, 22% and 26% of whites, Hispanics and blacks respectively (Hispanics vs. whites P = 0.09; blacks vs. whites P = 0.0001). Isolated proximal adenomas were present in 9% of whites, 11% of Hispanics (P = 0.03) and 11% of blacks (P = 0.03). In multivariate analyses, a higher rate of adenomas was present in Hispanics (RR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.20–1.57) and blacks (RR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.52–2.04) than whites. Hispanics and blacks also had an increased risk of advanced adenomas compared to whites (ORHispanics: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.62–3.11; ORblacks: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.27–2.86).ConclusionsAdenoma prevalence was higher in blacks and Hispanics than in whites. Both groups were at greater risk of having proximal adenomas in the absence of any distal pathology than whites, where these lesions would have only been detected by colonoscopy. Efforts to promote screening are necessary among diverse, under‐represented populations.
A randomised trial comparing the CEL‐100 videolaryngoscopeTM with the Macintosh laryngoscope blade for insertion of double‐lumen tubes
Authors: Lin W. , Li H. , Liu W. , Cao L. , Tan H. , Zhong Z. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryWe performed a randomised trial comparing the CEL‐100 videolaryngoscopeTM with the Macintosh laryngoscope blade in 170 patients undergoing double‐lumen tube placement for thoracic surgery. Compared with the Macintosh laryngoscope blade, use of the CEL‐100 resulted in significantly more patients with a Cormack and Lehane Grade‐1 laryngeal view (90.4% vs 61.0%, p < 0.001), a higher rate of successful intubation on the first attempt (92.8% vs 79.3%, p = 0.012), a lower median (IQR [range]) intubation difficulty score (0 (0–0 [0–60]) vs 15 (0–30 [0–80]), p < 0.001), a higher incidence of correct positioning of the tube (90.3% vs 79.2%, p = 0.041) and significantly fewer patients requiring external laryngeal pressure (19.3% vs 32.9%, p = 0.046). Median (IQR [range]) time to successful intubation was 45 (38–55 [22–132]) s with the CEL‐100 compared with 51 (40–61 [30–160] s using the Macintosh laryngoscope blade. We conclude that the CEL‐100 videolaryngoscope is superior to the Macintosh laryngoscope blade for double‐lumen tube insertion.
A systematic review of interventions to support looked‐after children in school
Authors: Liabo Kristin , Gray Kerry , Mulcahy David 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTA systematic review of interventions to support looked‐after children in school included interventions that aimed to improve attainment, or prevent drop‐out or exclusions, and those that aimed to reduce absenteeism in the care population. Studies were critically appraised and their results were considered. No study was found robust enough to provide evidence on effectiveness, but promising interventions were identified. The review highlights the lack of evidence in an area that has received a lot of policy attention in the past few years. Future evaluations need to be underpinned by lessons learned from existing evaluations, clearly defined theories and definitions, and by the views of professionals, researchers, policy‐makers and young people in care.