bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine Learning Techniques for Inorganic Scale Precipitation Prediction: A Real Field Data from a Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Harrasi Mohammed Talib Said Al , Kazemi Alireza , Al-Hmouz Rami , Abdulsalaam Abdulrahman Aal , Hajri Rashid Al 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The precipitation of inorganic scales in the oil and gas industry has been identified as a major issue for flow assurance and the optimization of oil and gas fields due to the damage that these precipitations can cause in reservoirs, well completions, and surface facilities. On the other hand, predicting these precipitations has always been challenging for engineers of petroleum, production, and production facilities. Although many commercial computer programs in the industry can predict inorganic scale precipitations with some accuracy, the majority have many limitations that can negatively impact prediction performance.
Machine learning (ML) has received substantial attention in the oil and gas industry in recent years. The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of machine learning algorithms as a new approach to predicting inorganic scale precipitations in oil and gas carbonate formations.
The methodology of the current study consists of gathering input and output data, such as pressure, temperature, artificial lifting type, target formation, water ionic composition, pH, TDS, and whether or not each well tends to precipitate the inorganic scale. The algorithms chosen for prediction are Naive Bayes (NA), Neural Network classifier (NN), Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and K- Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and they will be evaluated based on accuracy and other classification performance metrics.
The results of the models show that SVM, DT, and KNN are the best classifiers in terms of prediction accuracy scores with around 83%. Furthermore, a decision tree chart was created based on the Decision Tree (DT) model and can be used to examine the scale precipitation tendency for any future water sample. The chart is validated using real well cases from the same field, demonstrating a match between the predicted class (the well possesses or does not possess a high potential to precipitate inorganic scale) and the data collected in the well's interventions history reports. Based on the DT model, the artificial lifting method, target formation, pressure at the pump depth, and SO42-, HCO3- ionic compositions are found to be the strongest features that play a significant role in the scale precipitations in the studied field.
Implementing the proposed model will lead to many benefits, including properly employed well intervention resources, reduced oil deferment due to pump failures caused by scale precipitation, and reduced budget overspending entailed by unexpected failures in pumps, valves, or even surface facilities.
Tapping Moveable Oil Rim in Challenging Matured Oil Field Through the Synergy Geosteering Approach
Authors: Sultanov N. , Hendrawati M. S. , Hardiani R. , Buniamin N. , Abdullah N. A. , Alang K. A. , Wang H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
ABC field is located in offshore Peninsula Malaysia where recently a redevelopment project was undertaken to target the unswept oil via drilling horizontal wells. Offset well’s performance suggested highly dynamic fluid contact movement with reservoir sweep being non-uniform. Fluid types were expected to have low resistivity low contrast and vertical depth uncertainty of structure adding the complexity in landing and horizontal section drilling. A multi-disciplinary approach with synergy geosteering was vital to optimize horizontal well placement. A workflow was developed which synergized subsurface and drilling scope to mitigate risks associated with the uncertainties.
Geosteering pre-job model was built with multiple offset wells’ properties and range of expected fluid contacts. Post pilot hole drilling the model was updated by incorporating the actual fluid contacts and structure for an optimum drilling strategy. The structure uncertainty was further reduced with the advantage of deterministic inversion of high-definition reservoir mapping technology while drilling. Due to observed non-uniform fluid contacts away from the landing point, real-time inversion in combination with open hole logs was used in horizontal section to maintain desired stand off from both oil and gas. The high-definition reservoir scale mapping with deterministic inversion method was utilized to identify low resistivity low contrast boundaries of oil from transition zone which was challenging to be achieved by a conventional geosteering tool. The top of reservoirs mapped by geosteering were incorporated with the seismic amplitude analysis to assist in real time decision making. It was essential to ensure smooth landing point for good borehole tortuosity since the landing and horizontal section were drilled in one section. The tool clearly revealed the transition zone and Oil Water Contact (OWC) at 10-20m TVD below the bit with higher confidence compared to standard tool in horizontal section. In the lateral section, OWC and dip angle were mapped concurrently which allowed the team to achieve the required production length while maintaining standoff from the swept zone.
The success of integrated subsurface workflow with synergy of geosteering proven as the ultimate solution to overcome the challenges of horizontal well placement in this field. All wells with geosteering accomplished landing at an optimum depth and planned horizontal length despite tight True Vertical Depth (TVD) window. Ultimately, wells completed and unloaded, delivering higher than the expected rates with close to zero water cut (WC).
Novel Application of Citric Acid Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent in Drilling Fluids for Shale Swelling Prevention
Authors: Rasool M. H. , Ahmad M. , Zamir A. , Amjad B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Shale swelling in clastic reservoirs presents a significant challenge, leading to instability issues in wellbores. Using water-based drilling mud with specific shale inhibitors is better for the environment compared to using oil-based mud. Although there's been interest in using ionic liquids (ILs) as shale inhibitors due to their customizable nature and strong electrostatic properties, however, research reveals that widely used imidazolium based ILs in drilling muds are toxic, non-biodegradable, and are expensive. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES), often seen as a more economical and less toxic IL alternative, still lack true environmental sustainability. The latest development in this area is Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES), known for their genuine eco-friendliness. This study uses NADES formulated with citric acid (Hydrogen Bond Acceptor) and glycerine (Hydrogen Bond Donor) as a drilling fluid additive, prepared according to API 13B-1 standards and compares its efficacy with KCl, imidazolium based ionic liquid and Choline Chloride:Urea based DES. The research assesses various mud properties, revealing that NADES improve the yield point to plastic viscosity ratio (YP/PV), reduce mudcake thickness by 26%, and decrease filtrate volume by 30.1% at a 3% concentration. Remarkably, NADES achieve an impressive 49.14% inhibition of swelling, attributed to their ability to modify surface activity, zeta potential, and clay layer spacing. NADES emerge as non-toxic, cost-effective, and highly efficient shale inhibitors, offering a promising alternative to ILs and DES for environmentally conscious drilling operations.
Assessment of the Feasibility of CO2 Storage in Carbonate Saline Aquifers and Structural Traps in North Oman
Authors: Borner N. D. , Aljiroudi F. , Bosch J. , Madaschi A. , Gavnholt J. , Dhahli A. , Al Baloshi S. , Sarfare M. , Bos R. , Al Bulushi N. 
Published: April 2024

Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) has set a target to reduce CO2 emissions to net zero by 2050, which is aligned with Oman’s country vision. A mid- and long-term strategy has been developed to identify cost-competitive abatement staircases, including elimination of routine flaring, driving energy efficiency across operating assets and increasing the share of power generation from renewable power sources (solar and wind). Although these activities will lead to a step-change reduction in CO2 emission levels, Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) will be a key enabler of PDO’s net zero targets.
The extensive Mesozoic carbonate rock sequences of North Oman provide an exciting opportunity for CO2 storage in both dipping saline aquifers and structural traps. While hydrocarbons are produced from these carbonates in numerous fields in the country, they also have enormous potential for carbon storage with multiple reservoir-seal pairs, particularly in the Shuaiba, Kharaib, Lekhwair and Habshan Formations of the Kahmah Group. Unlike the majority of CCS projects globally which utilise clastic saline aquifers and depleted fields, carbonates present an additional challenge due to the pervasive nature of faults and fractures which can exert a large influence on both injectivity potential and containment of the CO2 plume.
Gas Blockage Near Wellbore: A Diagnostic Tool for identifying Critical Flow in Oil and Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Herrera C. G. , Marhoon H. S. , Bo Khamseen S. H. , Sadah M. D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Predicting critical gas rate when a well stops producing due unstable flow demands good understanding of fluid flow behavior in both reservoir and wellbore. Turner equation is well-recognized in the oil and gas industry to estimate critical gas velocity in the wellbore. This paper proposes the use of a basic diagnostic plot derived from Darcy flow equation to predict unstable flow as a phenomenon happening not only in the wellbore, but also in the reservoir due to gas blockage caused by an increase in liquid saturation near wellbore. It will be demonstrated that critical rate in the reservoir is linked to the relative permeabilities. This diagnostic can be used without knowing the relative permeabilities, as it clearly shows maximum limits of Water Gas Ratio (WGR) where the well experience unstable flow.
This proposed approach is a powerful diagnostic tool supported by well-known fluid mechanic equations with excellent track record in gas condensate and volatile oil fields developed under blowdown or gas injection with normal/over-pressure regimes. The objective of this approach is to aid production and reservoir engineers on decision-making process for gas injection strategies, tubing completion changes, artificial lift methods, compression projects, mechanical/chemical stimulations, healthy choke management strategy and well re-activation screening. By combining decline curve analysis or reservoir simulation with the proposed diagnostic plot, it is possible to predict when the well will reach critical flow conditions and proactively assess potential impact on reserves/production. Reservoir simulators have wellbore flow constraint options that can be related to the critical rate in the wellbore, but a constraint at reservoir level is still required to be included. This constraint can easily be implemented by setting a maximum WGR based on the correlation to avoid over estimation of hydrocarbons production forecast.
The simplicity of the proposed diagnostic plot aids engineers to identify and rank wells that need immediate or future interventions. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates that the diagnostic model can be easily calibrated with a single separator test close to its critical flow conditions. Future research could include additional reservoir parameters sensitivities such as skin, permeability, relative permeability, hysteresis, fluid types and finally incorporate this constraint as a standard into analytical and reservoir simulation models.
Influence of Water Saturation and Water Memory on CO2 Hydrate Formation/Dissociation in Porous Media Under Flowing Condition
Authors: Aghajanloo M. , Taghinejad S. M. , Voskov D. , Farajzadeh R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Injection of high-pressure CO2 into depleted gas reservoirs can lead to low temperatures promoting formation of hydrate in the near wellbore area resulting in reduced injection rates. The design of effective mitigation methods requires an understanding of the impact of crucial parameters on the formation and dissociation of CO2 hydrate within the porous medium under flowing conditions. This study investigates the influence of water saturation (ranging from 20% to 40%) on the saturation and kinetics of CO2 hydrate during continuous CO2 injection. The experiments were conducted under a medical X-ray computed tomography (CT) to monitor the dynamics of hydrate growth inside the core and to calculate the hydrate saturation profile. The experimental data reveal increase in CO2 hydrate saturation with increasing water saturation levels. The extent of permeability reduction is strongly dependent on the initial water saturation: beyond a certain water saturation the core is fully blocked. For water saturations representative of the depleted gas fields, although the amount of generated hydrate is not sufficient to fully block the CO2 flow path, a significant reduction in permeability (approximately 80%) is measured. It is also observed that the volume of water+hydrate phases increases during hydrate formation, indicating a lower-than-water density for CO2 hydrate. Having a history of hydrate at the same water saturation leads to an increase in CO2 consumption compared to the primary formation of hydrate, confirming the existence of the water memory effect in porous media.
WITHDRAWN: Lingual Foramina of the Mandible: Anatomic Variations in a Turkish Population
Authors: KURT Bilgesu , KARACA Inci Rana , GULEN Orhan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The full text of this preprint has been withdrawn by the authors due to author disagreement with the posting of the preprint. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as a reference. Questions should be directed to the corresponding author.
The Transition from Galaxy-wide Gas Inflow to Outflow in Quasar Host Galaxies
Authors: Chen Zhifu , He Zhicheng , Liu Guilin , Wang Tinggui , Ho Luis , Wang Junxian , Bian Weihao , Cai Zheng , Mou Guobin , Gu Qiusheng , Wang Zhiwen 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Galactic-wide outflows driven by active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is a routinely invoked mechanism in galaxy evolution models. Hitherto, the interplay among the interstellar gas on galactic scales, the propagation of AGN outflows and the fundamental AGN parameters during evolution remains elusive. Powerful nuclear outflows are found to favorably exist at early AGN stages usually associated with high accretion rates and weak narrow emission lines. In a sample of quasars emitting Mg II narrow absorption lines (NALs) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we discover an unprecedented and spectacular phenomenon where galaxy-scale inflows transforming into outflows accompanied by an increasing strength of the narrow O III line, at a confidence level of 6.7 σ. The fact that nuclear outflows diminish while galaxy-wide outflows intensifies as AGNs evolve implies that early-stage outflows interact with interstellar medium on galactic scales and trigger the gradual transformation into galaxy-wide outflows, providing observational links to the hypothetical multi-stage propagation of AGN outflows that globally regulates galaxy evolution.
Balancing the Encoder and Decoder Complexity in Image Compression for Classification
Authors: Duan Zhihao , Hossain Md Adnan Faisal , He Jiangpeng , Zhu Fengqing Maggie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

This paper presents a study on the computational complexity of coding for machines, with a focus on image coding for classification.We first conduct a comprehensive set of experiments to analyze the size of the encoder (which encodes images to bitstreams), the size of the decoder (which decodes bitstreams and predicts class labels), and their impact on the rate-accuracy trade-off in compression for classification.Through empirical investigation, we demonstrate a complementary relationship between the encoder size and the decoder size, \ie, it is better to employ a large encoder with a small decoder and vice versa.Motivated by this relationship, we introduce a feature compression-based method for efficient image compression for classification.By compressing features at various layers of a neural network-based image classification model, our method achieves adjustable rate, accuracy, and encoder (or decoder) size using a single model.Experimental results on ImageNet classification show that our method achieves competitive results with existing methods while being much more flexible.The code will be made publicly available.
Modified Lemaire extra-articular tenodesis with soft anchors in patients with high-grade anterior knee instability undergoing revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR)
Authors: Conteduca Jacopo , Giaracuni Marco , Pichierri Paolo , Longo Damiano , Meccariello Luigi , Rollo Giuseppe 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Purpose:
Additional lateral extra-articular procedures can reduce the risk of failure of primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of patients treated with modified Lemaire extra-articular tenodesis with soft anchors in combination with revision ACLR for combined ACL graft failure and high-grade anterior knee instability.
Methods:
Between 2020 and 2022, 15 patients with graft failure after primary ACLR and high-grade anterior knee instability who underwent revision ACLR and modified Lemaire extra-articular tenodesis with soft anchors were included in the retrospective study. High-grade anterior knee instability was defined as a high-grade pivot shift and side-to-side difference of more than seven millimetres in the Rolimeter® test.
All patients underwent a standardized bilateral knee subjective and objective evaluation, which included a Rolimeter arthrometric evaluation and bilateral weightbearing anteroposterior radiographs in full extension and lateral views.
Results:
Subjective evaluation yielded a median score of 6 (range, 3-9) on the Tegner activity scale. The mean Lysholm score was 95 (SD=9.5), and the mean subjective IKDC 2000 score was 95.4 (SD=7.8). On clinical examination, twelve patients had a negative Lachman test result one patient had a positive Lachman test result with a firm endpoint, and another patient had a positive Lachman test result. One patient had a grade 1+ pivot shift. No signs of femoral tunnel convergence were observed.
Conclusions:
The results of our study show that the use of modified Lemaire extra-articular tenodesis with soft anchors during revision ACLR represents a valid option in patients with primary ACLR failure and high-grade anterior knee instability.
Screening of quorum sensing inhibitors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the traditional Chinese medicine Phellodendron amurense
Authors: Yi yu , Zhou Ye , Lin Susu , shi Kefan , Mei Jianfeng , Ying guoqing , Wu shujiang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Drug-resistant bacterial infections pose a significant challenge in the field of bacterial disease treatment. Finding new antibacterial pathways and targets to combat drug-resistant bacteria is crucial. The bacterial quorum sensing (QS) system regulates the expression of bacterial virulence factors. Inhibiting bacterial QS and reducing bacterial virulence can achieve antibacterial therapeutic effects, making QS inhibition an effective strategy to control bacterial pathogenicity. This article mainly focused on the PqsA protein in the QS system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An affinity chromatography medium was developed using the SpyTag/SpyCatcher heteropeptide bond system. Berberine, which can interact with the PqsA target, was screened from Phellodendron amurense by affinity chromatography. We characterized its structure, verified its inhibitory activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and preliminarily analyzed its mechanism using molecular docking technology. This method can also be widely applied to the immobilization of various protein targets and effective screening of active substances.
Pasteurella multocida from deep nasal swabs and tracheobronchial lavage in calves
Authors: Myrenås Mattias , Pringle Märit , Harbom Boel , Bengtsson Björn 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is common in intensively raised cattle and is often treated with antibiotics. To guide practitioners, knowledge of the bacteria involved in an outbreak and their antibiotic susceptibility is warranted. To this end, samples from the upper or lower respiratory tract of calves can be submitted for bacteriological culture and susceptibility testing of relevant isolates. However, it is debated whether isolates from the upper respiratory tract are representative of bacteria causing infections in the lower tract. In this study, we used MALDI-TOF MS, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) to compare isolates from deep nasal swabs (DNS) and from tracheobronchial lavage (TBL) in 219 calves from 25 farms.
Results:
The predominant bacterial pathogen in this study was Pasteurella multocida, which was isolated from 37.4% of DNS and 22.4% of TBL. There was no statistically significant difference in isolation frequency between healthy and diseased calves for DNS (p = 0.778) or TBL (p = 0.410). At least one P. multocida isolate was obtained from 83.3% of the calf groups. At the 49 samplings where P. multocida was isolated from TBL, the same species was isolated from DNS at 29 samplings (59.2%). From 28 of these samplings, isolates were evaluated by MLST and at 24 samplings (86.0%) P. multocida from DNS and TBL were of the same sequence type (ST). Moreover, at 21 of the samplings (75.0%), cgMLST showed that the genetic distance within isolate pairs was less than two alleles, and DNS and TBL isolates were considered identical. At seven samplings (25%), the genetic distance within isolate pairs was greater, and DNS and TBL isolates were considered nonidentical. Within farms and groups of calves, P. multocida of several different STs were isolated.
Conclusions:
Pasteurella multocida was readily isolated from DNS and in calves where this species was isolated also from TBL, isolates from DNS and TBL were identical at 75% of the samplings. This suggests that during an outbreak of BRD, submission of DNS samples from 4–6 calves could be a convenient approach for practitioners seeking guidance on bacterial pathogens present and their antibiotic susceptibility.