bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in a Brazilian population: The Botucatu Eye Study
Authors: Schellini Silvana Artioli , Durkin Shane R , Hoyama Erika , Hirai Flavio , Cordeiro Ricardo , Casson Robert J , Selva Dinesh , Padovani Carlos Roberto 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Background
This paper reports population-based data on the prevalence and causes of visual impairment among children and adults in Botucatu, Brazil.

Methods
A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted involving a random start point and then systematic sampling of an urban Brazilian population in the city of Botucatu. There were approximately 3 300 individuals aged 1 to 91 years who were eligible to participate in the study. Of this sample, 2485 (75.3%) underwent ophthalmic examination. The ophthalmic examination included uncorrected (presenting) and best corrected distance visual acuity using standardized protocols. The primary cause of decreased visual acuity was identified for all patients with visual impairment.

Results
Presenting low vision and presenting blindness were found in 5.2% (95% CI: 4.3–6.1) and 2.2% (95% CI: 1.6–2.8) of the population, respectively. Unilateral presenting low vision and unilateral presenting blindness were found in 8.3% (95% CI: 7.2–9.5) and 3.7% (95% CI: 2.9–4.4) of the population respectively. Best corrected low vision was found in 1.3% of the population (95% CI: 0.9–1.7) and best corrected blindness was discovered in 0.4% of people (95% CI: 0.2–0.7). The main cause of presenting low vision was refractive error (72.3%) and cataract was the most prevalent cause of blindness (50%).

Conclusion
The main causes of low vision and blindness in this Brazilian city were uncorrected refractive errors, cataract, and retinal diseases. Programs to further reduce the burden of visual impairment need to be targeted toward the correction of refractive error and surgery for cataracts.
Psychometric analysis of the Self-Harm Inventory using Rasch modelling
Authors: Latimer Shane , Covic Tanya , Cumming Steven R , Tennant Alan 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Background
Deliberate Self-Harm (DSH) is the intentional destruction of healthy body tissue without suicidal intent. DSH behaviours in non-clinical populations vary, and instruments containing a range of behaviours may be more informative than ones with restricted content. The Self-Harm Inventory (SHI) is a widely used measure of DSH in clinical populations (mental and physical health) and covers a broad range of behaviours (self-injury, risk taking and self-defeating acts). The test authors recommend the SHI to screen for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) using a cut-off score of five or more. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the SHI in non-clinical samples.

Methods
The SHI was administered to a sample of 423 non-clinical participants (university students, age range 17 to 30). External validation was informed by the administration of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21 (DASS-21) to a sub-sample (n = 221). Rasch analysis of the SHI was conducted to provide a stringent test of unidimensionality and to identify the DSH behaviours most likely to be endorsed at each total score.

Results
The SHI showed adequate fit to the Rasch model and no modifications were required following checks of local response dependency, differential item functioning and unidimensionality. The scale identified gender and age differences in scores, with females and older participants reporting higher levels of DSH. SHI scores and DASS-21 scores were related.

Conclusion
The recommended cut-off point of five is likely to comprise mild forms of DSH and may not be indicative of psychopathology in a non-clinical population. Rather it may be more indicative of developmentally related risk taking behaviours while a higher cut-off point may be more suggestive of psychopathology as indicated by higher levels of depression, stress and anxiety.
Human herpesvirus 6 envelope components enriched in lipid rafts: evidence for virion-associated lipid rafts
Authors: Kawabata Akiko , Tang Huamin , Huang Honglan , Yamanishi Koichi , Mori Yasuko 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
In general, enveloped viruses are highly dependent on their lipid envelope for entry into host cells. Here, we demonstrated that during the course of virus maturation, a significant proportion of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) envelope proteins were selectively concentrated in the detergent-resistant glycosphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich membranes (rafts) in HHV-6-infected cells. In addition, the ganglioside GM1, which is known to partition preferentially into lipid rafts, was detected in purified virions, along with viral envelope glycoproteins, gH, gL, gB, gQ1, gQ2 and gO indicating that at least one raft component was included in the viral particle during the assembly process.
Tibialis posterior in health and disease: a review of structure and function with specific reference to electromyographic studies
Authors: Semple Ruth , Murley George S , Woodburn James , Turner Deborah E 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTibialis posterior has a vital role during gait as the primary dynamic stabiliser of the medial longitudinal arch; however, the muscle and tendon are prone to dysfunction with several conditions. We present an overview of tibialis posterior muscle and tendon anatomy with images from cadaveric work on fresh frozen limbs and a review of current evidence that define normal and abnormal tibialis posterior muscle activation during gait. A video is available that demonstrates ultrasound guided intra‐muscular insertion techniques for tibialis posterior electromyography.Current electromyography literature indicates tibialis posterior intensity and timing during walking is variable in healthy adults and has a disease‐specific activation profile among different pathologies. Flat‐arched foot posture and tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction are associated with greater tibialis posterior muscle activity during stance phase, compared to normal or healthy participants, respectively. Cerebral palsy is associated with four potentially abnormal profiles during the entire gait cycle; however it is unclear how these profiles are defined as these studies lack control groups that characterise electromyographic activity from developmentally normal children. Intervention studies show antipronation taping to significantly decrease tibialis posterior muscle activation during walking compared to barefoot, although this research is based on only four participants. However, other interventions such as foot orthoses and footwear do not appear to systematically effect muscle activation during walking or running, respectively. This review highlights deficits in current evidence and provides suggestions for the future research agenda.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis Revisited
Authors: Segarra-Newnham Marisel , Hough Augustus 
Published: August 2009

Objective: To review studies of antibiotic prophylaxis in acute necrotizing pancreatitis published in the last decade and update recommendations. Data Sources: A search of PubMed (1998–July 2009) was conducted using the terms necrotizing pancreatitis, antibiotics, prophylaxis, and treatment. Clinical studies, meta-analyses, and review articles published in English were included. Additional references were obtained from article bibliographies. Randomized trials published before 1998 were included if indicated. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Relevant studies or meta-analyses on antibiotic prophylaxis since our previous review in 1998 were evaluated; older data were included if still relevant. Data Synthesis: Since our previous review, 4 more randomized trials, including 2 double-blind trials, have been conducted. The blinded studies found no significant difference in mortality with antibiotic prophylaxis compared with placebo, while the unblinded studies found a significant decrease in infections. Given these disparate results, available guidelines and meta-analyses provide different conclusions, usually based on exclusion or inclusion of a single trial. Based on all available data, antibiotic prophylaxis should not be used in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. Instead, a more measured, on-demand use of antibiotics is preferred. Antibiotics should be added if signs and symptoms of infection are present (eg, fever, leukocytosis, positive results of cultures). Given improvements in intensive care and nutritional support, recent trials have found a lower incidence of infected necrotizing pancreatitis than before. Therefore, future trials are likely to need higher numbers of patients. Conclusions: Use of antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with necrotizing pancreatitis is not indicated, based on 2 blinded trials. Instead, on-demand use of antibiotics appears to be appropriate. Given progress in intensive care and the high crossover rate in studies, the need for antibiotic prophylaxis may continue to be debated for decades.
α2-Receptor Agonists for Treatment and Prevention of Iatrogenic Opioid Abstinence Syndrome in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Honey Brooke L , Benefield Russell J , Miller Jamie L , Johnson Peter N 
Published: August 2009

Objective: To review the literature regarding the use of α2-agonists in the treatment and prevention of iatrogenic opioid abstinence syndrome (IOAS) in critically ill patients. Data Sources: Primary literature was identified through a search of MEDLINE (1950–June 2009), EMBASE (1988–June 2009), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–June 2009), and the Cochrane Library (1996–June 2009), using the names of individual α2-agonists and the following key words: children, opioid withdrawal, opioid, and adult. Relevant abstracts from the Society of Critical Care Medicine, reference citations from selected articles, and manufacturers’ product information were also reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language articles identified from the data sources were evaluated. Three retrospective studies and 6 case reports/series representing 44 patients were included for analysis. Data Synthesis: Central α2-agonists are thought to minimize symptoms of IOAS by decreasing presynaptic outflow of catecholamines. Successful use of clonidine and dexmedetomidine for management of IOAS has been reported. Lofexidine, an α2-agonist not yet approved in the US, may offer similar withdrawal symptom relief but has yet to be studied in the intensive care setting. Although the quality of studies identified was limited, preliminary evidence does provide some support for the use of transdermal clonidine and injectable dexmedetomidine in the treatment and prevention of IOAS. These agents were shown to facilitate discontinuation of opioids and to minimize withdrawal symptoms with few reported adverse events. Conclusions: Central α2-agonists appear to be effective and safe second-line agents for treatment and prevention of IOAS. Further studies should be conducted to determine their role in the therapy of patients with IOAS.
Use of Subcutaneous Lepirudin in an Obese Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patient with Heparin Resistance
Authors: Inman Kristin R , Gerlach Anthony T 
Published: August 2009

Objective: To report the use of subcutaneous lepirudin in an obese patient with heparin resistance. Case Summary: A 34-year-old morbidly obese male (weight 145 kg) presented with hypoxia on postoperative day 1 following a sigmoid colectomy. A continuous unfractionated heparin infusion was started for a suspected pulmonary embolism. Doses were escalated without therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) response and an antithrombin (AT) tevei was obtained. The AT level was reported as 78% (reference range 85–120%). Computed tomography angiography ruled out pulmonary embolism and lepirudin 50 mg administered subcutaneously twice daily was started (serum creatinine 1.3 mg/dL) for prevention of venous thromboembolism. The resulting aPTT values were therapeutic (63 and 60 sec, reference range 24–34, therapeutic heparin range 55–85). The dose was adjusted to 25 mg twice daily, aPTT values were 35 and 48 seconds. His serum creatinine increased to 1.6 mg/dL and minor bleeding was noted. The dose was decreased to 25 mg once daily, with resulting aPTT values of 31, 39, and 41 seconds. The patient was discharged to home without development of venous thromboembolism, as confirmed by duplex ultrasonography. Discussion: Commonly administered anticoagulants, such as unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparins, and fondaparinux, exert their effect by complexing with AT and thrombin (Factor IIa), activating AT and preventing thrombin from exerting coagulation effect. Without AT present, these drugs have little effect on inhibiting the coagulation cascade. Lepirudin is a synthetic irreversible direct thrombin inhibitor and does not rely on AT to exert its anticoagulation action. It can be given subcutaneously and is eliminated primarily by the kidneys, Dosage adjustments for both renal function and obesity need to be considered and aPTT should be monitored. Conclusions: In obese patients or those with heparin resistance, subcutaneous lepirudin can be monitored and the regimen adjusted based on aPTT values. Further studies are warranted to maximize efficacy and define dosing.
Regional Citrate Anticoagulation for PrismaFlex Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Burry Lisa D , Tung David D , Hallett David , Bailie Toni , Carvalhana Virginia , Lee David , Ramganesh Steve , Richardson Robert , Mehta Sangeeta , Lapinsky Stephen E 
Published: August 2009

Background: Since Mehta et al. reported the first successful use of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in 1990, RCA is increasingly used for CRRT because it provides filter patency with minimal risk of bleeding. However, RCA has been associated with significant metabolic complications including hypocalcemia, hypernatremia, metabolic alkalosis, and citrate toxicity. Objective: To describe our experience with a newly implemented RCA protocol with acid citrate dextrose formula A (ACD-A) and intravenous calcium gluconate, for use with PrismaFlex CRRT in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted from May 1, 2006, until May 1, 2007, in a 16-bed medical-surgical university-affiliated intensive care unit. Data collected included dialysis filter life, patient and circuit metabolic parameters, and units of packed red blood cells transfused. Results: Forty-eight patients received dialysis with citrate (n = 178 fitters). Circuit clotting occurred in 24% of all filters. Mean ± SD filter life was 38.4 ± 25.9 hours, and filter survival at 48 hours was 38.2%. Persistent metabolic alkalosis while on CRRT was identified in 6 of 45 (13.3%) patients. Mild hypocalcemia (ionized calcium <3.6 mg/dL) occurred in 11 (23%) patients, but no patient had an ionized calcium level less than 2.8 mg/dL. Six patients, 3 with acute leukemia, required transfusion of 2 or more units of packed red blood cells in 24 hours. Conclusions: We found that anticoagulation of PrismaFlex CRRT with ACD-A and intravenous calcium gluconate provided reasonable filter patency, but with minor metabolic complications. Close monitoring of electrolyte and acid–base balance is required to minimize metabolic derangements.
Anger and childhood sexual abuse are independently associated with irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Beesley Helen , Rhodes Jonathan , Salmon Peter 
Published: August 2009

Objectives. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) presents in the absence of identifiable organic pathology. Clinical and research literature has suggested that both childhood abuse and anger are linked to functional gastrointestinal conditions including IBS. The present study tested the predictions that IBS patients, when compared to patients with an organic bowel disease (Crohn's disease), have higher levels of trait and suppressed anger, and that these mediate the link between abuse and IBS.Design. The study was a cross‐sectional multivariate comparison between groups of patients with IBS and Crohn's disease.Method. Levels of self‐reported trait and suppressed anger and recalled childhood abuse in patients with IBS (N =75) or Crohn's disease (N =76) were compared, using self‐report questionnaires and controlling for other psychological characteristics (anxiety, depression, and dissociation).Results. Trait and suppressed anger were greater in IBS patients, and differences in trait anger remained significant after controlling for other psychological variables. Childhood sexual abuse was more prevalent in IBS than Crohn's disease patients but was unrelated to trait anger.Conclusions. Higher levels of anger characterize IBS patients when compared to an organic bowel disease group, but do not explain the link between childhood abuse and IBS.
Shining light on supramolecular assemblies
Authors: Darcos Vincent , Huang Chih-Hao , McClenaghan Nathan , Molard Yann , Tucker James H. R. , Vida Pol Yolanda , Perez-Inestrosa Ezequiel , Bassani Dario M. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The organizational effect induced by noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen-bonding (H-B) and metal ion complexation on photoinduced processes is discussed. These include the intermolecular photodimerization of cinnamates, which is shown to occur under topochemical control within the supramolecular assemblies, and the intramolecular photodimerization of a bis-anthracene receptor where photoregulation of the recognition event is achieved. Progress in using supramolecular interactions toward the preparation of assemblies promoting charge separation and charge transport in all-organic photovoltaic devices rests on the preparation of materials that are adapted to the requirements of solid-state devices.
Interaction of UV radiation with DNA helices
Authors: Markovitsi Dimitra 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Recent experimental and theoretical investigations dealing with model DNA double helices, composed of either adenine–thymine (A–T) or guanine–cytosine (G–C) base pairs, and G quadruplexes shed some light on the excited states populated by photon absorption and their relaxation, energy transfer among bases, and one-photon ionization. These studies revealed that the Franck–Condon excited states of DNA helices cannot be considered as the sum of their monomeric constituents because electronic coupling induces delocalization of the excitation over a few bases. Energy transfer takes place via intraband scattering in less than 100 fs. The fluorescence lifetimes of DNA helices detected by fluorescence upconversion and corresponding mainly to ππ* transitions are longer than that of an equimolar mixture of nucleotides; the only exception was observed for alternating G–C polymers. Moreover, nanosecond flash photolysis experiments showed that organization of bases within single and double helices may lead to a lowering of their ionization potential. Finally, the first determination regarding the time-scale needed for the formation of T dimers, the (6–4) adducts, was determined for the single strand (dT)20.
Modification of molecular organization of polymers by gas sorption: Thermodynamic aspects and industrial applications
Authors: Boyer Séverine A. E. , Yamada Takeshi , Yoshida Hirohisa , Grolier Jean-Pierre E. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn polymer science, gas–polymer interactions play a central role for the development of new polymeric structures for specific applications. This is typically the case for polymer foaming and for self-assembling of nanoscale structures where the nature of the gas and the thermodynamic conditions are essential to control. An important applied field where gas sorption in polymers has to be documented through intensive investigations concerns the (non)-controlled solubilization of light gases in the polymers serving, for example, in the oil industry for the transport of petroleum fluids. An experimental set-up coupling a vibrating-wire (VW) detector and apVTtechnique has been used to simultaneously evaluate the amount of gas entering a polymer under controlled temperature and pressure and the concomitant swelling of the polymer. Scanning transitiometry has been used to determine the interaction energy during gas sorption in different polymers; the technique was also used to determine the thermophysical properties of polymers submitted to gas sorption. The role of the pressurizing fluid has been documented in terms of the influence of pressure, temperature, and nature of the fluid.
Bicanonical map of surfaces with χ = 1 fibered by hyperelliptic curves of genus 3
Authors: Borrelli Giuseppe 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
We investigate surfaces of general type S with χ(S) = 1 that admit a fibration ƒ : S → ℙ1 whose general fiber is a hyperelliptic curve of genus 3. We show that the bicanonical map of S factors through a generically finite rational map of degree two onto a ruled surface.
Together with a previous result, this yields a characterization of surfaces with χ = 1 whose bicanonical map factors through a 2 : 1 map onto a ruled surface in terms of the existence of fibrations of small genus.
Association between hepatic steatosis and serum IGF1 and IGFBP-3 levels in a population-based sample
Authors: Völzke Henry , Nauck Matthias , Rettig Rainer , Dörr Marcus , Higham Claire , Brabant Georg , Wallaschofski Henri 
Published: August 2009

ContextIt is assumed that hepatic steatosis plays a role in the development and progression of the metabolic syndrome and its cardiovascular sequelae. Low serum IGF1 levels might mediate these associations.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were i) to investigate the associations of hepatic steatosis with serum IGF1 and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels using ultrasound and serum alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) data to define hepatic steatosis, and ii) to analyze the specific role of alcohol consumption in this context.DesignWe analyzed data from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania.MethodsWe used data from 3863 subjects (1971 women) aged 20–79 years who had no history of viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, or malignant diseases. Liver hyperechogenicity was diagnosed using ultrasound. Serum IGF1 and IGFBP-3 levels were determined by automated two-site chemiluminescence immunoassays.ResultsHyperechogenic liver pattern was associated with low serum IGF1 levels and low serum IGF1/IGFBP-3 ratios. The lowest serum IGF1 and IGF1/IGFBP-3 values and highest IGFBP-3 levels were present in subjects who had a hyperechogenic liver pattern and increased serum ALT levels. All of these associations were independent of alcohol consumption.ConclusionsOur data show that hepatic steatosis is associated with low serum IGF1 levels. This association is independent of alcohol consumption.