bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface‐Directed Spinodal Decomposition of Solvent‐Quenched Organic Transistor Blends
Authors: Michels Jasper J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper describes the first example of the application of a combination of the Flory–Huggins and Cahn–Hilliard theories to model and simulate microstructure evolution in solution‐processed functional blend layers of organic semiconductors, as used in organic electronics devices. Specifically, the work considers phase separation of the active blend components of organic transistors based on triisopropylsilylpentacene (TIPS‐pentacene) and poly(α‐methylstyrene) (PαMS). By calculation and estimation of relevant physical parameters, it is shown that the vertically phase‐separated structure observed in as‐cast blend layers containing PαMS of a sufficiently high molecular weight (of the order of 102 kDa) evolves via surface‐directed spinodal decomposition. The surface‐directed effect can already be triggered by small differences in substrate– and/or air–interface interaction energies of the separating phases. During phase separation, which commences at the interfaces, bulk features of the TIPS‐enriched phase formed by thermal noise collapse to give the experimentally observed trilayer structure of TIPS–PαMS–TIPS. The reported near absence of solution‐state phase separation of as‐cast blend layers containing a low molecular weight PαMS (of the order of 1 kDa) is also reproduced.
The Visible Intensified Cameras for Plasma Imaging in the TJ‐II Stellarator
Authors: de la Cal E. , Carralero D. , de Pablos J. L. , Alonso A. , Rios L. , García Sánchez P. , Hidalgo C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractVisible cameras are widely used in fusion experiments for diagnosis and for machine safety issues. They are generally used to monitor the plasma emission, but are also sensible to surface Blackbody radiation and Bremsstrahlung. Fast or high speed cameras capable of operating in the 105frames per second speed range are today commercially available and offer the opportunity to plasma fusion researchers of two‐dimensional (2D) imaging of fast phenomena such as turbulence, ELMs, disruptions, dust, etc. The tracking of these fast phenomena requires short exposure times down to theμs range and the light intensity can be often near the signal to noise ratio limit especially in low plasma emission regions such as the far SOL Additionally, when using interference filters to monitor, e.g. impurity line emission, the photon flux is strongly reduced and the emission cannot be imaged at high speed. Therefore, the use of image intensifiers that amplify the light intensity onto the camera sensor can be of great help. The present work describes the use of intensifiers in the visible fast cameras of TJ‐II stellarator. We have achieved spectroscopic plasma imaging of filtered impurity atomic line emission at short exposure times down to the 10μs range depending on atomic line and concentration. Additionally, plasma movies at velocities of 2x105frames per second near the camera operation limit can be recorded with exposure times well below 1μs with sufficient signal to noise ratio. Although an increasing degradation of the image quality appears when raising the light amplification, an effective gain of up to two orders of magnitude of the light intensity is feasible for many applications (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wave Instabilities of a Collisionless Plasma in Fluid Approximation
Authors: Dzhalilov N. S. , Kuznetsov V. D. , Staude Jürgen 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWave properties and instabilities in a magnetized, anisotropic, collisionless, rarefied hot plasma in fluid approx‐imation are studied, using the 16‐moments set of the transport equations obtained from the Vlasov equations. These equations differ from the CGL‐MHD fluid model (single fluid equations by Chew, Goldberger, and Low [5,9]) by including two anisotropic heat flux evolution equations, where the fluxes invalidate the double polytropic CGL laws. We derived the general dispersion relation for linear compressible wave modes. Besides the classic incompressible fire hose modes there appear four types of compressible wave modes: two fast and slow mirror modes – strongly modified compared to the CGL model – and two thermal modes. In the presence of initial heat fluxes along the magnetic field the wave properties become different for the waves running forward and backward with respect to the magnetic field. The well known discrepancies between the results of the CGL‐MHD fluid model and the kinetic theory are now removed: i) The mirror slow mode instability criterion is now the same as that in the kinetic theory. ii) Similarly, in kinetic studies there appear two kinds of fire hose instabilities ‐ incompressible and compressible ones. These two instabilities can arise for the same plasma parameters, and the instability of the new compressible oblique fire hose modes can become dominant. The compressible fire hose instability is the result of the resonance coupling of three retrograde modes ‐ two thermal modes and a fast mirror mode. The results can be applied to the theory of solar and stellar coronal and wind models (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantum Theory of Solid State Plasma Dielectric Response
Authors: Morgenstern Horing N. J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe review the quantum mechanical derivation of the random phase approximation (RPA) for solid state plasmas, starting from the Hamilton equations for canonically paired “second quantized” creation and annhilation field operators of interacting quantum many‐body systems. Discussing variational differentiation, the coupled equations of motion for the quantum field operators are derived. The concept of Green's functions is reviewed and interpreted, first for retarded Green's functions, and their equations of motion are developed from the equations of motion for the field operators. Thermodynamic Green's functions are discussed, and their periodicity/antiperiodicity properties in imaginary time are carefully examined with discussion of Matsubara Fourier series and representation in terms of a spectral weight function. The analytic continuation from imaginary time to real time is treated. Finally, we define nonequilibrium Green's functions and discuss the linearized timedependent Hartree approximation leading to the random phase approximation. An interesting application to the case of Graphene in a perpendicular magnetic field is discussed in detail, along with applications to normal systems, in terms of attendant phenomenology involving electron‐hole pair excitations and plasmons (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Appropriate Bmp7 levels are required for the differentiation of midline guidepost cells involved in corpus callosum formation
Authors: Sánchez‐Camacho Cristina , Ortega Juan Alberto , Ocaña Inmaculada , Alcántara Soledad , Bovolenta Paola 
Published: December 2010

AbstractGuidepost cells are essential structures for the establishment of major axonal tracts. How these structures are specified and acquire their axon guidance properties is still poorly understood. Here, we show that in mouse embryos appropriate levels of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (Bmp7), a member of the TGF‐β superfamily of secreted proteins, are required for the correct development of the glial wedge, the indusium griseum, and the subcallosal sling, three groups of cells that act as guidepost cells for growing callosal axons. Bmp7 is expressed in the region occupied by these structures and its genetic inactivation in mouse embryos caused a marked reduction and disorganization of these cell populations. On the contrary, infusion of recombinant Bmp7 in the developing forebrain induced their premature differentiation. In both cases, changes were associated with the disruption of callosal axon growth and, in most animals fibers did not cross the midline forming typical Probst bundles. Addition of Bmp7 to cortical explants did not modify the extent of their outgrowth nor their directionality, when explants were exposed to a focalized source of the protein. Together, these results indicate that Bmp7 is indirectly required for corpus callosum formation by controlling the timely differentiation of its guidepost cells. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 337–350, 2011
Stability‐indicating spectrophotometric and spectrodensitometric methods for the determination of diacerein in the presence of its degradation product
Authors: Nebsen Marianne , Abd El‐Rahman Mohamed K. , Salem Maissa Y. , El‐Kosasy Amira M. , El‐Bardicy Mohamed G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThree sensitive, selective, and precise stability‐indicating methods for the determination of the novel osteoarthritis drug, diacerein (DIA) in the presence of its alkaline degradation product (active metabolite, rhein) and in pharmaceutical formulation were developed and validated. The first method is a first derivative (D1) spectrophotometric one, which allows the determination of DIA in the presence of its degradate at 322 nm (corresponding to zero crossing of the degradate) over a concentration range of 4–40 µg/mL with mean percentage recovery 100.21 ± 0.833. The second method is the first derivative of the ratio spectra (DD1) by measuring the peak amplitude at 352 nm over the same concentration range as (D1) spectrophotometric method, with mean percentage recovery 100.09 ± 0.912. The third method is a TLC‐densitometric one, where DIA was separated from its degradate on silica gel plates using ethyl acetate:methanol:chloroform (8:1.5:0.5 v:v:v) as a developing system. This method depends on quantitative densitometric evaluation of thin layer chromatogram of DIA at 340 nm over a concentration range of 1–10 µg/spot, with mean percentage recovery 100.24 ± 1.412. The selectivity of the proposed methods was tested using laboratory‐prepared mixtures. The proposed methods have been successfully applied to the analysis of DIA in pharmaceutical dosage forms without interference from other dosage form additives and the results were statistically compared with reference method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practicing IEF‐PAGE of EPO: The impact of detergents and sample application methods on analytical performance in doping control
Authors: Reichel Christian 
Published: December 2010

AbstractElectrophoretic techniques, namely isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF‐PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) are key techniques used for confirming the doping‐related abuse of recombinant erythropoietins and analogs. IEF‐PAGE is performed on horizontal slab‐gels with samples applied to the surface of the gel. Different sample application techniques can be employed, but application pieces and applicator strips are most frequently used. However, defective application pieces cause lane streaking during IEF of erythropoietin (EPO), which is especially pronounced in the acidic region of the gel. The effect is due to an incompatibility of the substance used for enhancing the wettability of the cellulose‐based commercial product and is batch‐dependant. A detailed mass spectrometric study was performed, which revealed that defective sample application pieces (bought between 2007 and 2010) contained a complex mixture of alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxysulfates, and alkyl sulfates (e.g. SDS). Anionic detergents, like the sulfates contained in these application pieces, are in general incompatible with IEF. Alternative application techniques proved partly useful. While homemade pieces made of blotting paper are a good alternative, the usage of applicator strips or shims is hampered by the risk of leaking wells, which lead to laterally diffused samples. Casting IEF‐gels with wells appears to be the best solution, since sustained release of retained proteins from the application pieces can be avoided. Edge effects do not occur if wells are correctly filled with the samples. The evaluation of EPO‐profiles with defects is prohibited by the technical document on EPO‐analytics (TD2009EPO) of the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the use of Kinetex™‐C18 core‐shell 2.6 µm stationary phase to the multiclass determination of antibiotics
Authors: Samanidou Victoria F. , Karageorgou Eftichia G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFast and accurate analysis is a prerequisite in all analytical fields especially in food, biological, pharmaceutical, and environmental samples. The new trend of ultra performance liquid chromatography (LC) has the main drawback of expensive instrumentation, which can't be easily found in low‐budget analytical laboratories. The evolution of core shell technology has contributed to this direction, since ultra high efficiency can be achieved on common LC instrument platforms.Herein the novel core shell analytical column, KINETEX ™2.6 µm, (150 mm × 4.6 mm) was comparatively studied against two conventional reversed‐phase silica‐based and one monolithic column. Eight antimicrobial agents representing two different classes: penicillins and amphenicols, were separated using a typical 400 bar high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipment.Comparison of column performance was carried out by calculation of the number of theoretical plates N, the tailing factor Tf, the relative retention time RRT, the retention factor k, the resolution factor Rs, and the precision of the retention time and peak area.Optimal chromatographic conditions were used to validate the method. Its applicability was proven by the analysis of veterinary drug formulations. The examined antibiotics were well resolved within 17 min. Limit of quantitation values were 25.9 ng for amoxicillin, 14.1 ng for ampicillin, 41.6 ng for thiamphenicol, 9.6 ng for oxacillin, 23.5 ng for florfenicol, 26.7 for cloxacillin, 23.5 ng for chloramphenicol and 42.3 ng for dicloxacillin for 20 µL injection volume. The developed method can be easily and readily transferred to any laboratory. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry method for the estimation of miglitol in human plasma using metformin as the internal standard
Authors: Jain Rajeev , Lukram Ojitkumar , Dwivedi Ashish 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA rapid and sensitive method for the determination of miglitol in human plasma was developed using ultra‐performance liquid chromatographic separation with tandem mass spectrometry detection. The preparation of samples required a deproteinization step with acetonitrile. Chromatography was performed on a 5 µ (50 mm × 4.6 mm, ID.) C18 inertsil column, with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile 2 mM and ammonium acetate (pH 3.5) with formic acid. Detection was performed using an Applied Biosystems Sciex API 2000 mass spectrometer set at unit resolution in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Electrospray ionization was used for ion production. The mean recovery of miglitol was 88.9%, with the lower limit of quantification set at 150 ng/mL. Linearity was established for concentrations in the range of 150–4000 ng/mL, with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.9981. This assay method makes use of the increased sensitivity and selectivity of tandem mass spectrometric detection, resulting in high‐throughput analysis of miglitol for bioequivalence studies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The detection of doping by means of chromatographic methods
Authors: Donike Manfred 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article was first published in German inDer Sportarzt, 1966,2,81–84as Der Dopingnachweis mit Hilfe chromatographischer Methoden. Translated and republished with permission.Doping has become an issue in elite sport and necessitates sensitive detection assays that enable the identification of organic compounds on a microscale level in urine. In agreement with modern toxicological methods, sports drug testing approaches can utilize paper, thin layer or gas chromatographic methods to reveal the presence of prohibited substances such as strychnine, pervitine, captagone, benzedrine etc. in doping control specimens. Basic principles of these strategies are summarized and considerations for future applications discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of drug testing and analysis. Each bibliography is divided into 18 sections: 1 Reviews; 2 Sports doping ‐ General; 3 Steroids; 4 Peptides; 5 Diuretics; 6 CNS agents; 7 Equine; 8 Recreational drugs ‐ General; 9 Stimulants; 10 Hallucinogens; 11 Narcotics; 12 Forensics; 13 Alcohol; 14 Tobacco; 15 Homeland security; 16 Workplace; 17 Product authenticity; 18 Techniques. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
Spatial and seasonal variability of peatland stream ecosystems
Authors: Ramchunder Sorain J. , Brown Lee E. , Holden Joseph , Langton Rebecca 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHeadwater stream ecosystems draining blanket peat‐dominated catchments occur in many high‐latitude river systems. These systems are thought to be very sensitive to threats from climate change, and land‐use modification including artificial drainage, overgrazing, afforestation and vegetation burning. This study examined ten peatland streams in the headwaters of the River Tees to examine spatial and seasonal patterns of instream physicochemical variables and benthic macroinvertebrate communities across the stream network. Principle component analysis revealed significant positive relationships between catchment size and electrical conductivity, sulfate concentration, pH and median bed sediment size, and negative relationships with suspended sediment and aluminium concentrations. Seasonal variability was particularly evident in stream water temperature, benthic particulate organic matter and nitrate and chloride concentrations. Macroinvertebrate community abundance and diversity were typically similar across streams, but redundancy analysis demonstrated turnover of macroinvertebrate assemblages with increases in stream size. In particular, first‐ and second‐order streams hosted small‐sized stoneflies such asAmphinemura standfussiandNemoura cambrica, while larger streams (third‐ and fourth‐order) supported more mayflies and larger predatory stoneflies (e.g.Dinocras cephalotesandPerla bipunctata). Many environmental drivers of ecological patterns appear to work in synergy in peatland headwater streams, and controlled experiments may be necessary to disentangle some of the variables to guide effective conservation and management strategies in impacted peatland river systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molybdenum Nitrosyl Complexes and Their Application in Catalytic Imine Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Dybov Alexander , Blacque Olivier , Berke Heinz 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe reaction between [Mo(CO)4(NO)(ClAlCl3)] and the sterically hindered diphosphanes (P∩P) 1,3‐bis(diisopropylphosphanyl)propane (dippp, a), 1,2‐bis(diisopropylphosphanyl)ethane (dippe, b), 1,1′‐bis(diisopropylphosphanyl)ferrocene (dippf, c) and 1,2‐bis(dicyclohexylphosphanyl)ethane (dcype, d) produced the chlorides [Mo(P∩P)(CO)2(NO)Cl] (1a–1d), which were transformed into the corresponding hydrides [Mo(P∩P)(CO)2(NO)H] (2a–2d) by reaction with LiBH4 in Et3N at room temperature. The molybdenum–THF complex [Mo(dippp)(CO)2(NO)(THF)][BArF4] [3a; ArF = 3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3], obtained by the reaction of 2a with [H(Et2O)2][BArF4], was exemplarily tested in the hydrogenation of the imine PhCH=N(α‐naphthyl). Replacement of the [BArF4]– counterion by the more stable [B(C6F5)4]– anion greatly increased the catalytic activity. The use of in situ mixtures of the hydrides 2a–2d and [H(Et2O)2][B(C6F5)4] improved the hydrogenation activity. The hydride 2b in combination with [H(Et2O)2][B(C6F5)4] exhibited the highest TOF value of 123 h–1 in the reduction of PhCH=N(α‐naphthyl). The hydrogenation of the imines PhCH=NPh, p‐ClC6H4CH=NPh, p‐ClC6H4CH=N‐p‐C6H4Cl, PhCH=NCH(Ph)2 and PhCH=NMes showed TOF values of 34, 74, 41, 18 and 84 h–1 at room temperatureand a H2 pressure of 30 bar. A mechanism for the ionic hydrogenation with “proton‐before‐hydride transfer” is anticipated.
Spectroscopic and Photophysical Studies of Charge‐Transfer in a Cd8 Thiolate Cluster Complex Containing a Coordinated N‐Methyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium Ligand
Authors: Fu Ming‐Lai , Adams Richard D. , Cristancho Dahiyana , Leon‐Plata Paola , Seminario Jorge M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe hybrid cluster complex Cd8S(SPh)15(MeQ)·CH3CN (1) (MeQ+ = N‐methyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium) was synthesized and characterized structurally by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The MeQ+ ion is coordinated to one of the cadmium atoms of the cluster by the nitrogen atom of its pyridine group. The reflectance absorption and emission spectra of complex 1 and it's parent complex [NEt4]2[Cd8S(SPh)16] (2) have been recorded and compared. DFT calculations reveal low energy cluster to ligand charge‐transfer processes involving the MeQ+ ligand.
Valuing the regulatory services provided by marine ecosystems
Authors: Mangi Stephen C. , Davis Clare E. , Payne Laura A. , Austen Melanie C. , Simmonds Dave , Beaumont Nicola J. , Smyth Tim 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIt is widely accepted that mankind derives benefits from ecosystem services provided by the marine environment. It is less clear how these benefits can be quantified in order to make objective and responsible environmental management decisions. Providing an economic quantification of these benefits is one approach that can help. While it is relatively simple to derive monetary values for benefits accruing from activities with an economic basis, such as food provision and tourism, different approaches must be taken to provide economic values for services with less obvious links to economic activity. Here we demonstrate how a range of approaches may be used to derive economic values for three very different ecosystem services provided by marine environments, namely the bioremediation of waste by marine biota, the fixation of carbon dioxide by photosynthetic marine organisms, and the sea defence role provided by wetlands in coastal areas of the UK. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.