bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agency‐Communion and Self‐Esteem Relations Are Moderated by Culture, Religiosity, Age, and Sex: Evidence for the “Self‐Centrality Breeds Self‐Enhancement” Principle
Authors: Gebauer Jochen E. , Wagner Jenny , Sedikides Constantine , Neberich Wiebke 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveWho has high self‐esteem? Is it ambitious, competitive, outgoing people—agentic personalities? Or is it caring, honest, understanding people—communal personalities? The literature on agency‐communion and self‐esteem is sparse, indirect, and inconsistent. Based on William James's theorizing, we propose the “self‐centrality breeds self‐enhancement” principle. Accordingly, agency will be linked to self‐esteem, if agency is self‐central. Conversely, communion will be linked to self‐esteem, if communion is self‐central. But what determines the self‐centrality of agency and communion? The literature suggests that agency is self‐central in agentic cultures, as well as among nonreligious individuals, men, and younger adults. Communion is self‐central in communal cultures, as well as among religious individuals, women, and older adults.MethodThis study examined 187,957 people (47% female; mean age = 37.49 years, SD = 12.22) from 11 cultures. The large sample size afforded us the opportunity to test simultaneously the effect of all four moderators in a single two‐level model (participants nested in cultures).ResultsResults supported the unique moderating effect of culture, religiosity, age, and sex on the relation between agency‐communion and self‐esteem.ConclusionsAgentic and communal people can both have high self‐esteem, depending on self‐centrality of agency and communion.
Aspirin versus anticoagulation in intra‐ and extracranial vertebral artery dissection
Authors: Arauz A. , Ruiz A. , Pacheco G. , Rojas P. , Rodríguez‐Armida M. , Cantú C. , Murillo‐Bonilla L. , Ruiz‐Sandoval J. L. , Barinagarrementeria F. 
Published: July 2012

Background and purposeTo evaluate the incidence and predictors of ischaemic recurrent stroke and the adverse events of antithrombotic therapy in patients with first intra‐ or extracranial vertebral artery dissection (VAD) who were treated with aspirin or oral anticoagulation (OA).MethodsA 21‐year database of consecutive patients with confirmed diagnoses of VAD (n = 110, 63% men; mean age 37.9 ± 8.5 years) without intracerebral hemorrhage and who were treated with aspirin or OA were analyzed retrospectively. In all cases, the admission diagnosis was ischaemic stroke. Three groups were defined according to the site of the dissection: (i) extracranial, (ii) intracranial, and (iii) intra‐/extracranial. Clinical follow‐up was obtained by neurologic examination. Outcome measures were (i) recurrent ischaemic events (ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack) and (ii) intra‐ and extracranial major bleeding.ResultsNo difference in age, smoking, or hypertension was found between patients treated with OA (n = 49) and those treated with aspirin (n = 50). Extracranial artery dissection (49%) had preponderance over intracranial (27%) or intra‐/extracranial (23%) location. During the follow‐up, recurrent ischaemic events were rare (one case). There were no bleeding complications. The treatment that was used did not influence the functional outcome or recanalization. A good functional outcome (modified Rankin score ≤ 2) was observed in 82 patients.ConclusionsAlthough this was a non‐randomized study, our data suggest that the frequency of recurrent ischaemic stroke in patients with intra‐ or extracranial VAD is low and most likely independent of the type of antithrombotic treatment.
Guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) Part II
Authors: Ring J. , Alomar A. , Bieber T. , Deleuran M. , Fink‐Wagner A. , Gelmetti C. , Gieler U. , Lipozencic J. , Luger T. , Oranje A.P. , Schäfer T. , Schwennesen T. , Seidenari S. , Simon D. , Ständer S. , Stingl G. , Szalai S. , Szepietowski J.C. , Taïeb A. , Werfel T. , Wollenberg A. , Darsow U. ,   For the European Dermatology Forum (EDF), and the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV), the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis (ETFAD), European Federation of Allergy (EFA), the European Society of Pediatric Dermatology (ESPD), and the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN)
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe existing evidence for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis, AE) is evaluated using the national standard Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation. The consensus process consisted of a nominal group process and a DELPHI procedure. Management of AE must consider the individual symptomatic variability of the disease. Basic therapy is focused on hydrating topical treatment, and avoidance of specific and unspecific provocation factors. Anti‐inflammatory treatment based on topical glucocorticosteroids and topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCI) is used for exacerbation management and more recently for proactive therapy in selected cases. Topical corticosteroids remain the mainstay of therapy, but the TCI tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are preferred in certain locations. Systemic immune‐suppressive treatment is an option for severe refractory cases. Microbial colonization and superinfection may induce disease exacerbation and can justify additional antimicrobial treatment. Adjuvant therapy includes UV irradiation preferably with UVA1 wavelength or UVB 311 nm. Dietary recommendations should be specific and given only in diagnosed individual food allergy. Allergen‐specific immunotherapy to aeroallergens may be useful in selected cases. Stress‐induced exacerbations may make psychosomatic counselling recommendable. ‘Eczema school’ educational programs have been proven to be helpful. Pruritus is targeted with the majority of the recommended therapies, but some patients need additional antipruritic therapies.
Lnk deficiency partially mitigates hematopoietic stem cell aging
Authors: Bersenev Alexey , Rozenova Krasimira , Balcerek Joanna , Jiang Jing , Wu Chao , Tong Wei 
Published: July 2012

SummaryUpon aging, the number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow increases while their repopulation potential declines. Moreover, aged HSCs exhibit lineage bias in reconstitution experiments with an inclination toward myeloid at the expense of lymphoid potential. The adaptor protein Lnk is an important negative regulator of HSC homeostasis, as Lnk deficiency is associated with a 10‐fold increase in HSC numbers in young mice. However, the age‐related increase in functional HSC numbers found in wild‐type HSCs was not observed in Lnk‐deficient animals. Importantly, HSCs from aged Lnk null mice possess greatly enhanced self‐renewal capacity and diminished exhaustion, as evidenced by serial transplant experiments. In addition, Lnk deficiency ameliorates the aging‐associated lineage bias. Transcriptome analysis revealed that WT and Lnk‐deficient HSCs share many aging‐related changes in gene expression patterns. Nonetheless, Lnk null HSCs displayed altered expression of components in select signaling pathways with potential involvement in HSC self‐renewal and aging. Taken together, these results suggest that loss of Lnk partially mitigates age‐related HSC alterations.
OXYTOCIC ACTIVITY OF BASIC (AMINOMETHYL) DERIVATIVES OF PHENOLS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: COHEN A. , HALL R. A. , HEATH‐BROWN B. , PARKES M. W. , REES A. H. 
Published: July 2012

A series of piperidinomethyl and related derivatives of naphthols, substituted phenols and indoles has been tested for oxytocic activity, using in vitro and in vivo methods of assay. Some of the compounds possessed very high activity, exceeding that of ergometrine. Activity was not associated with any structural resemblance to the ergot alkaloids.Highest activity occurred with 2‐piperidinomethyl derivatives of phenols, among which maximum potency was conferred by substitution, at both the 4‐ and 5‐ positions, by methyl or ethyl or by linkage of these positions to form an indane derivative. In all series, piperidinomethyl derivatives were more active than those formed with other bases and methylation in the position α‐ to the nitrogen atom augmented the activity of both piperidine and morpholine derivatives. Among 2′‐methyl piperidinomethyl phenols, the (—) form was more active than the (+). Acylation or alkylation of the phenolic hydroxyl group did not affect activity.The oxytocic activity was specific, the compounds being less effective upon other forms of smooth muscle. Effects upon blood pressure and respiration of a central nature were observed.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ON THE MULTIPLICATION OF M. TUBERCULOSIS IN NORMAL AND IMMUNE MICE
Authors: ROBSON J. M. , SULLIVAN F. M. 
Published: July 2012

The multiplication of M. tuberculosis, var. bovis inoculated into the cornea of mice was studied by staining the whole cornea at various stages after inoculation. Four groups of animals were studied: untreated animals, animals treated with cortisone, animals previously immunized with the same bovine strain, and immunized animals treated with cortisone.In the untreated immunized group little or no multiplication occurred. In the other three groups multiplication did occur and was about the same for the first week after inoculation. After this stage, cortisone‐treated animals, whether previously immunized or not, showed increased multiplication and massive cord formation, as compared with untreated animals in which little further multiplication was seen. The cortisone treatment had thus completely suppressed immunity. The significance of these results is discussed.
THE ETHYLENEIMINIUM ION AS THE ACTIVE SPECIES IN 2‐HALOALKYLAMINE COMPOUNDS
Authors: GRAHAM J. D. P. 
Published: July 2012

Certain 2‐haloethylamine compounds which exert antagonism to adrenaline and noradrenaline of the type shown by dibenamine have been examined. The compounds were N‐ethyl‐N‐chlorobenzyl‐2‐chloroethylamine hydrochlorides in which the Cl is in the p‐, o‐, and m‐ positions of the benzene ring, and the three related ethyleneiminium picrylsulphonates. In addition the Cl‐ and Br‐ compounds of the N‐ethyl‐N‐9‐fluorenyl‐2‐haloethylamine hydrohalide series were examined. For the haloethylamines, a curve was provided which showed the relation between probable production and decay of ethyleneiminium ion in neutralized solution with time. A correlation was established between the shape of this curve and the curve relating anti‐adrenaline and anti‐noradrenaline activity of samples of solutions of these compounds treated in an identical way. The relation to antagonism of histamine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine was not so exact and varied with species.The ethyleneiminium ions of the three chlorobenzyl compounds exerted a typical long‐lasting non‐competitive antagonism to the pressor actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline. They also antagonized the effect of 5‐hydroxytryptamine and histamine on blood pressure. The ED50 of the ion when administered as ethyleneiminium picrylsulphonate was always less than the ED50 of the same ion when administered in the form of 2‐haloethylamine. There was, therefore, a variable loss of effective ion during transformation in vivo. The observations throw some light on the importance of the substituent groups on the nitrogen atom for effectiveness. It is concluded from these results and a discussion of other work that 2‐haloethylamine compounds form an ethyleneiminium ion in neutral solution, which is the pharmacologically active species in effective compounds. It is a necessary but not a sufficient condition that a molecule should be an alkylating agent for this type of antagonism to be present, but the importance of the substituent groups on the N atom is equally great because not all ethyleneiminium ions are effective antagonists.
THE ANTIVIRAL ACTION OF THREO‐β‐PHENYLSERINE
Authors: DICKINSON LOÏS , THOMPSON MILDRED J. , NICHOLSON J. S. 
Published: July 2012

l‐threo‐phenylserine and esters of threo‐phenylserine were the most active of a series of compounds tested against influenza A virus in tissue culture. Substitution of the β‐OH or α‐NH2 group abolished activity. The activity of phenylserine was reversed competitively by phenylalanine. Phenylserine did not act on free virus or on the adsorption of virus to host cells. It prevented virus growth if added during the first half of the latent period.Phenylalanine appears to be necessary for virus synthesis and can be supplied by phenylalanylglycine or glycylphenylalanine.Phenylserine had no significant activity against ectromelia infections in mice, even when the amino acid content of the livers had been depleted by starvation.
THE ACTION OF MORPHINE ON THE SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION AND ON THE NICTITATING MEMBRANE OF THE CAT
Authors: TRENDELENBURG U. 
Published: July 2012

The intravenous injection of 0.05 to 2.5 mg. of morphine reduced the response of the nictitating membrane in the cat to pre‐ and post‐ganglionic stimulation. This inhibitory action of morphine was due neither to inhibition of ganglionic transmission nor to a depressant action on the smooth muscle of the nictitating membrane. It is suggested that morphine inhibits the release of the sympathetic transmitter from the postganglionic nerve endings.Small amounts of morphine (5 to 20 μg.) injected intravenously reduced or abolished the contraction of the nictitating membrane due to the injection of histamine, pilocarpine and 5‐HT into the arterial blood supply of the superior cervical ganglion. This inhibitory action of morphine was due to an action on the ganglion cells, since such small amounts of morphine did not reduce the response of the nictitating membrane to postganglionic stimulation. Similar amounts of morphine did not abolish the stimulation of the ganglion by nicotine, tetramethyl‐ammonium and potassium chloride.The results provide further evidence for the view that histamine, pilocarpine, and 5‐hydroxytryptamine have no “nicotine‐like” properties but act on receptors of the ganglion cells different from the acetylcholine receptors.
EFFECTS OF RAUNESCINE AND ISORAUNESCINE ON BEHAVIOUR AND ON THE 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND NORADRENALINE CONTENTS OF BRAIN
Authors: PAASONEN M. K. , DEWS P. B. 
Published: July 2012

Some behavioural effects of raunescine and isoraunescine on pigeons have been studied; no qualitative difference was detected between their effects and those of reserpine. Isoraunescine is between five and ten times less potent than raunescine, which, in turn, is much less potent than reserpine in producing these effects.Both raunescine (5 mg./kg.) and isoraunescine (50 mg./kg.) were found to cause a reduction in the concentration of noradrenaline in the brains of rats. Raunescine (5 mg./kg.) also caused a reduction in the concentration of 5‐hydroxytryptamine in brain; isoraunescine did not do so in the same dose; higher dose levels were not studied.
A COMPARISON OF SOME ACTIVITIES OF ARGININE VASOPRESSIN AND LYSINE VASOPRESSIN ON KIDNEY FUNCTION IN CONSCIOUS DOGS
Authors: ALI M. N. 
Published: July 2012

Comparison was made on conscious trained dogs of the effect of highly purified arginine vasopressin and lysine vasopressin on the rate of urine flow, the excretion rate of Na and K and the renal clearances of creatinine and diodone, and of the actions of the vasopressins when administered together with oxytocin. The vasopressins were used in doses causing a maximal antidiuresis.The results showed, first, that the antidiuretic potency of arginine vasopressin was greater than that of lysine vasopressin and that its action lasted longer; second, that during water diuresis arginine vasopressin increased only Na excretion while lysine vasopressin increased both Na and K excretion; third, that arginine vasopressin had a potency about 5 to 6 times that of lysine vasopressin in antagonizing the augmentor effect of oxytocin on glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow.
A METHOD FOR RECORDING THE EFFECTS OF ANTHELMINTICS ON THE MOVEMENTS OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
Authors: GOODWIN L. G. 
Published: July 2012

Adult roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides) obtained from pigs were suspended in modified Tyrode solution at 37° in fine nylon stockings, and the movements of the stockings were recorded. This method of suspension avoided damage to the cuticle or occlusion of the alimentary tract of the worm.Piperazine salts caused gradual narcosis, the time of onset of which was related linearly to the logarithm of the concentration of drug in the bath. The method is suitable for the assay of preparations of piperazine. Tetrachlorethylene, hexylresorcinol, and oil of chenopodium all caused stimulation of movement before the worm was immobilized. Santonin caused incoordination of the movements of the anterior end of the worm; the movements of the body were apparently unaffected. Piperazine is the safest preparation available for the treatment of ascariasis.
THE DEPRESSOR ACTION OF DOPAMINE AND ADRENALINE
Authors: BURN J. H. , RAND M. J. 
Published: July 2012

Dopamine is a pressor agent in the spinal cat, but causes a fall of blood pressure in the guinea‐pig and rabbit under urethane anaesthesia. When guinea‐pigs and rabbits are injected with reserpine, which depletes the vessel walls of noradrenaline, dopamine then becomes pressor. If an intravenous infusion of noradrenaline is given the depressor action returns. An intravenous infusion of vasopressin does not have this effect.A strip of rabbit aorta is caused to contract by noradrenaline and by dopamine, but if dopamine is added at the height of a noradrenaline contraction it causes relaxation.Adrenaline causes a fall of blood pressure in the cat under ether with vagi cut. However, in a reserpine‐treated cat its action is pressor. The depressor action is restored during an infusion of noradrenaline. Noradrenaline has thus been shown to cause a vasomotor reversal of dopamine and of adrenaline.
THE EFFECT OF DRUGS ON SPONTANEOUS MOTILITY AND ON RESPONSE TO STIMULATION OF THE EXTRINSIC NERVES OF THE GUT OF A TELEOSTEAN FISH
Authors: BURNSTOCK G. 
Published: July 2012

Trout gut shows, in addition to changes in general muscle tone, longitudinal “pendular” rhythms, peristaltic waves, and longitudinal “colic” contractions. Both vagus and splanchnic nerves are motor and there is no evidence of antagonistic “sympathetic” and “parasympathetic” nervous control. A posterior autonomic nerve supplying the rectum stimulated or inhibited according to the duration and frequency of the electrical pulses applied. Acetylcholine increased the tone and amplitude of pendular movements in all regions of the gut, and produced strong contraction of the circular muscles. Both nicotine and hexamethonium antagonized the action of acetylcholine, suggesting that its principal site of action is the neurone. Adrenaline lowered the tone of the longitudinal muscle and abolished pendular activity in the intestine and rectum, but contracted the longitudinal and circular muscles of the stomach. Hexamethonium bromide abolished peristalsis but greatly increased the amplitude of pendular contractions.The reaction of the trout intestine to both histamine and pilocarpine was slight, but nicotine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, eserine, and barium caused strong contractions. The actions of atropine and piperoxan (933F) are discussed. Evidence is presented which suggests that the postganglionic vagus nerve fibres supplying the trout stomach may be adrenergic, while both the splanchnic nerve fibres to the stomach and intestine, and the preganglionic vagal fibres to the stomach, may be cholinergic. It is also suggested that there is a continuous release of acetylcholine by cholinergic neurones in the gut wall.
ABSORPTION, METABOLISM AND ELIMINATION OF PEMPIDINE IN THE RAT
Authors: MUGGLETON D. F. , READING H. W. 
Published: July 2012

Pempidine (1,2,2,6,6‐pentamethylpiperidine) is a ganglion blocking agent introduced recently for the treatment of hypertension by oral administration of its hydrogen tartrate. It can be estimated colorimetrically by coupling with methyl orange, or fluorimetrically by reaction with eosin in xylene, the limits of sensitivity being 0. 5 μg./ml. and 0.001 μg./ml. respectively. These methods, combined with appropriate extraction techniques, were suitable for estimating pempidine in aqueous solutions of its salts, in biological fluids and the like, and for investigating the biochemical properties of the drug when given orally to rats in amounts similar to those used clinically.When administered orally to rats pempidine was rapidly absorbed, the maximum concentration in plasma being attained after 30 min. The drug was preferentially taken up by erythrocytes and a red cell/plasma partition ratio of about 1.2 established with clinical doses. Pempidine was soon distributed throughout the body, including the cerebrospinal fluid, and the highest concentrations were found in kidney, spleen and liver. Pempidine also entered the foetus and passed thence into the amniotic fluid. Protein‐binding of the drug occurred only to a very limited extent and there was little evidence that it was metabolized. Pempidine was excreted rapidly in urine during 24 hr. following oral administration.
The interaction between angiotensin and sympathetic vasoconstriction in the isolated artery of the rabbit ear
Authors: DAY M. D. , OWEN D. A. A. 
Published: July 2012

. Infusions or injections of angiotensin into the isolated ear artery preparation of the rabbit produced only feeble vasoconstrictions and depressed the sensitivity of the preparation to sympathetic stimulation, tyramine and noradrenaline.
. The anti‐sympathetic effect of angiotensin was not prevented or reversed by noradrenaline or cocaine.
. The vasoconstrictor response to angiotensin was usually markedly increased during sympathetic stimulation or other procedures which liberate endogenous noradrenaline (for example, infusion of tyramine), but not when the perfusion pressure was raised by increasing the flow rate or by infusing noradrenaline.
. The vasoconstrictor action of tyramine was also potentiated by sympathetic stimulation.
. The potentiation by sympathetic stimulation of the responses to angiotensin was prevented by reserpine, guanethidine and phentolamine in concentrations which abolished sympathetic vasoconstriction.
. It is suggested that angiotensin facilitates the release of endogenous noradrenaline and owes part of its vasoconstrictor activity to this property.
The Schultz—Dale reaction of the depolarized guinea‐pig uterus
Authors: ARONSON A. S. 
Published: July 2012

. The sensitized guinea‐pig uterus contracted on addition of antigen (egg‐albumin), even after it had been completely depolarized in an isotonic potassium sulphate solution.
. The contractile response of the depolarized preparation started at a later time after addition of the antigen, and had a smaller amplitude, than the Schultz—Dale contraction induced in the ordinary Ringer solution.
. A contracting substance was released from the depolarized uterus. The average histamine equivalent of this substance was 89% of the histamine concentration which reproduced the anaphylactic contraction and probably proportional to the mechanical response.
. The main component of the material released from the uterus in the ordinary Ringer was histamine. The material released from the depolarized uterus did not contain any demonstrable histamine activity.