bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ionic Tags in Catalyst Optimization: Beyond Catalyst Recycling
Authors: Lombardo Marco , Trombini Claudio 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn the pursuit of sustainability and efficiency in catalysis, the recourse to liquid–liquid biphasic homogeneous conditions is rapidly growing. In this context, the efficient entrapment of a catalyst in a solvent such as water or an ionic liquid can be achieved by installing an ionic substituent on the catalyst structure, the so called ion‐tag strategy. Little attention has been devoted in the literature to the fact that ion tags often improve catalytic performances compared to the parent tag‐free catalyst. From statistical scrutiny of literature data, a working hypothesis has been developed as a basis for further investigation and testing; a decrease of the free‐energy barrier is frequently observed as the result of an interplay of coulombic and steric interactions between developing charges in a polar transition state and the tag’s ion pair. If this is true, a way to develop more efficient catalytic protocols will entail a rational installation of an ionic group onto the structure of a known catalyst, complying with simple empirical guidelines that are discussed herein.
Metal Triflates as Highly Stable and Active Catalysts for the “Immortal” Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Trimethylene Carbonate
Authors: Helou Marion , Miserque Olivier , Brusson Jean‐Michel , Carpentier Jean‐François , Guillaume Sophie M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe controlled “immortal” ring‐opening polymerization of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) using a two‐component catalyst system based on a metal Lewis acid, such as a metal triflate M(OTf)n (M=Ca, Sc, Zn, Al, Bi; OTf=CF3SO3−) or the metallic salt Fe(acac)3, (acac=acetylacetonate) and an alcohol (ROH) as co‐initiator and chain‐transfer agent, is carried out in bulk at 110–150 °C. As a result of the water‐tolerance of these systems, experimental operating conditions do not require any special care. The approach, valorized both with various ROH transfer agents and with either purified or unpurified monomer sources, is highly versatile. Functional telechelic polycarbonates HPTMCOR, devoid of decarboxylation sequences, are obtained [PTMC=poly(trimethylene carbonate)]. The molar mass of the PTMCs can be readily predicted by a simple model, taking into account the [TMC]0/[ROH]0 ratio and the amount of transferring impurities present in the raw/unpurified reagents. Such simple, air‐ and moisture‐robust catalytic systems, which display quite high activities (TOF up to 28 200 h−1) and productivities (TON up to 45 000) are thus extremely valuable, especially industrially. The performances of these systems are described in comparison to the previously established valuable inorganic and organometallic catalytic systems, namely metal amido complexes ([M{N(SiMe3)2}3]) and [(BDI)Zn{N(SiMe3)2}] (BDI=β‐diiminate ligand) derivatives.
Basal body duplication in Paramecium: The key role of Bld10 in assembly and stability of the cartwheel
Authors: Jerka‐Dziadosz Maria , Gogendeau Delphine , Klotz Catherine , Cohen Jean , Beisson Janine , Koll France 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBasal bodies which nucleate cilia and flagella, and centrioles which organize centrosomes share the same architecture characterized by the ninefold symmetry of their microtubular shaft. Among the conserved proteins involved in the biogenesis of the canonical 9‐triplet centriolar structures, Sas‐6 and Bld10 proteins have been shown to play central roles in the early steps of assembly and in establishment/stabilization of the ninefold symmetry. Using fluorescent tagged proteins and RNAi to study the localization and function of these two proteins in Paramecium, we focused on the early effects of their depletion, the consequences of their overexpression and their functional interdependence. We find that both genes are essential and their depletion affects cartwheel assembly and hence basal body duplication. We also show that, contrary to Sas6p, Bld10p is not directly responsible for the establishment of the ninefold symmetry, but is required not only for new basal body assembly and stability but also for Sas6p maintenance at mature basal bodies. Finally, ultrastructural analysis of cells overexpressing either protein revealed two types of early assembly intermediates, hub‐like structures and generative discs, suggesting a conserved scaffolding process. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ten‐year follow‐up of a phase 2 study of dose‐intense paclitaxel with cisplatin and cyclophosphamide as initial therapy for poor‐prognosis, advanced‐stage epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Sarosy Gisele A. , Hussain Mahrukh M. , Seiden Michael V. , Fuller Arlan F. , Nikrui Najmosama , Goodman Annekathryn , Minasian Lori , Reed Eddie , Steinberg Seth M. , Kohn Elise C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:The objective of this study was to assess activity and toxicity in patients with newly diagnosed, advanced‐stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) who were receiving dose‐intense paclitaxel, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and filgrastim delivered with a flexible dosing schedule.METHODS:Patients with stage III/IV EOC received cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2, followed by a 24‐hour infusion of paclitaxel 250 mg/m2 and cisplatin 75 mg/m2 on Day 2. Filgrastim began on Day 3 at 10 μg/kg daily for 9 days. Patients received 6 cycles of all drugs. Those who achieved a pathologic complete response or had microscopic residual disease at the conclusion of 6 cycles of therapy received an additional 2 to 4 cycles of paclitaxel with cyclophosphamide. Patients who had an objective response continued on cyclophosphamide and paclitaxel.RESULTS:Sixty‐two patients were enrolled. Thirty‐two of 62 patients had stage IIIC disease, and 26 of 62 patients had stage IV disease. According to an intent‐to‐treat analysis, 55 patients (89%) experienced a clinical complete remission. At a median potential follow‐up of 11.4 years, the median progression‐free survival was 18.9 months, and the median survival was 5.4 years. The most serious toxicity was grade 3/4 neutropenic fever (35%). Although all participants developed peripheral neuropathy, improvement in neuropathic symptoms began with the decrease or cessation of paclitaxel.CONCLUSIONS:The studied regimen yielded a high response rate and encouraging overall survival. The current data and those reported by the Japanese Gynecologic Oncology Group suggest that further study is warranted of dose‐dense or dose‐intense paclitaxel regimens in women with newly diagnosed, advanced‐stage EOC. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
A phase 2 study of a fixed combination of uracil and ftorafur (UFT) and leucovorin given orally in a 3‐times‐daily regimen to treat patients with recurrent metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Heim William , Hutchins Laura , Rivera Edgardo , Mason Bernard , Booser Daniel J. , Kirshner Jeffrey 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:A combination of uracil and ftorafur (UFT) was developed to combine the cytotoxic effects of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) with convenient oral dosing. Leucovorin was combined with UFT to further potentiate the effect of 5‐FU on tumor cells. Orally administered UFT and leucovorin provided higher peak plasma concentrations of 5‐FU and prolonged therapeutic 5‐FU concentrations compared with continuous infusion of 5‐FU.METHODS:Ninety‐one patients with metastatic breast cancer who had been previously treated with anthracyclines and/or taxanes were treated with UFT and leucovorin, given orally, for the first 28 days of a 35‐day cycle. The total daily dose of UFT was 300 mg/m2, administered in 3 doses of 100 mg/m2 each every 8 hours. The primary endpoint was time to disease progression (TTP). Secondary objectives included overall tumor response rate (overall response equals complete response plus partial response) and overall survival.RESULTS:Of the 91 patients enrolled, 70 were evaluable for efficacy. Although no complete responses were observed, 7 patients had partial responses, for an overall response rate of 10% in the evaluable population. The median TTP for the evaluable population was 10 weeks, and the proportion of patients who were free of disease progression at 6 months was 23%. The median overall survival was 59.4 weeks for all patients enrolled. Common, drug‐related ≥ grade 3 adverse events (graded according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria, version 2) included diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and nausea.CONCLUSIONS:The combination of UFT and leucovorin administered orally in a 3‐times‐daily regimen was found to have modest activity. Grade 3 toxicities were manageable with appropriate dose adjustments in patients with metastatic breast cancer previously treated with anthracyclines and/or taxanes. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Somatostatin interneurons delineate the inner part of the external plexiform layer in the mouse main olfactory bulb
Authors: Lepousez Gabriel , Csaba Zsolt , Bernard Véronique , Loudes Catherine , Videau Catherine , Lacombe Joelle , Epelbaum Jacques , Viollet Cécile 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNeuropeptides play a major role in the modulation of information processing in neural networks. Somatostatin, one of the most concentrated neuropeptides in the brain, is found in many sensory systems including the olfactory pathway. However, its cellular distribution in the mouse main olfactory bulb (MOB) is yet to be characterized. Here we show that ≈95% of mouse bulbar somatostatin‐immunoreactive (SRIF‐ir) cells describe a homogeneous population of interneurons. These are restricted to the inner lamina of the external plexiform layer (iEPL) with dendritic field strictly confined to the region. iEPL SRIF‐ir neurons share some morphological features of Van Gehuchten short‐axon cells, and always express glutamic acid decarboxylase, calretinin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. One‐half of SRIF‐ir neurons are parvalbumin‐ir, revealing an atypical neurochemical profile when compared to SRIF‐ir interneurons of other forebrain regions such as cortex or hippocampus. Somatostatin is also present in fibers and in a few sparse presumptive deep short‐axon cells in the granule cell layer (GCL), which were previously reported in other mammalian species. The spatial distribution of somatostatin interneurons in the MOB iEPL clearly outlines the region where lateral dendrites of mitral cells interact with GCL inhibitory interneurons through dendrodendritic reciprocal synapses. Symmetrical and asymmetrical synaptic contacts occur between SRIF‐ir dendrites and mitral cell dendrites. Such restricted localization of somatostatin interneurons and connectivity in the bulbar synaptic network strongly suggest that the peptide plays a functional role in the modulation of olfactory processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1976–1994, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Language‐related Cntnap2 gene is differentially expressed in sexually dimorphic song nuclei essential for vocal learning in songbirds
Authors: Panaitof S. Carmen , Abrahams Brett S. , Dong Hongmei , Geschwind Daniel H. , White Stephanie A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMultiple studies, involving distinct clinical populations, implicate contactin associated protein‐like 2 (CNTNAP2) in aspects of language development and performance. While CNTNAP2 is broadly distributed in developing rodent brain, it shows a striking gradient of frontal cortical enrichment in developing human brain, consistent with a role in patterning circuits that subserve higher cognition and language. To test the hypothesis that CNTNAP2 may be important for learned vocal communication in additional species, we employed in situ hybridization to characterize transcript distribution in the zebra finch, an experimentally tractable songbird for which the neural substrate of this behavior is well established. Consistent with an important role in learned vocalization, Cntnap2 was enriched or diminished in key song control nuclei relative to adjacent brain tissue. Importantly, this punctuated expression was observed in males, but not females, in accord with the sexual dimorphism of neural circuitry and vocal learning in this species. Ongoing functional work will provide important insights into the relationship between Cntnap2 and vocal communication in songbirds and thereby clarify mechanisms at play in disorders of human cognition and language. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1995–2018, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic input of ON‐bipolar cells onto the dopaminergic neurons of the mouse retina
Authors: Contini Massimo , Lin Bin , Kobayashi Kazuto , Okano Hideyuki , Masland Richard H. , Raviola Elio 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn the retina, dopamine fulfills a crucial role in neural adaptation to photopic illumination, but the pathway that carries cone signals to the dopaminergic amacrine (DA) cells was controversial. We identified the site of ON‐cone bipolar input onto DA cells in transgenic mice in which both types of catecholaminergic amacrine (CA) cells were labeled with green fluorescent protein or human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP). In confocal Z series of retinal whole mounts stained with antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), DA cells gave rise to varicose processes that descended obliquely through the scleral half of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and formed a loose, tangential plexus in the middle of this layer. Comparison with the distribution of the dendrites of type 2 CA cells and examination of neurobiotin‐injected DA cells proved that their vitreal processes were situated in stratum S3 of the IPL. Electron microscope demonstration of PLAP activity showed that bipolar cell endings in S3 established ribbon synapses onto a postsynaptic dyad in which one or both processes were labeled by a precipitate of lead phosphate and therefore belonged to DA cells. In places, the postsynaptic DA cell processes returned a reciprocal synapse onto the bipolar endings. Confocal images of sections stained with antibodies to TH, kinesin Kif3a, which labels synaptic ribbons, and glutamate or GABAA receptors, confirmed that ribbon‐containing endings made glutamatergic synapses onto DA cells processes in S3 and received from them GABAergic synapses. The presynaptic ON‐bipolar cells most likely belonged to the CB3 (type 5) variety. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2035–2050, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Progression of neuronal and synaptic remodeling in the rd10 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Phillips M. Joseph , Otteson Deborah C. , Sherry David M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe Pde6brd10 (rd10) mouse has a moderate rate of photoreceptor degeneration and serves as a valuable model for human autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP). We evaluated the progression of neuronal remodeling of second‐ and third‐order retinal cells and their synaptic terminals in retinas from Pde6brd10 (rd10) mice at varying stages of degeneration ranging from postnatal day 30 (P30) to postnatal month 9.5 (PNM9.5) using immunolabeling for well‐known cell‐ and synapse‐specific markers. Following photoreceptor loss, changes occurred progressively from outer to inner retina. Horizontal cells and rod and cone bipolar cells underwent morphological remodeling that included loss of dendrites, cell body migration, and the sprouting of ectopic processes. Gliosis, characterized by translocation of Müller cell bodies to the outer retina and thickening of their processes, was evident by P30 and became more pronounced as degeneration progressed. Following rod degeneration, continued expression of VGluT1 in the outer retina was associated with survival and expression of synaptic proteins by nearby second‐order neurons. Rod bipolar cell terminals showed a progressive reduction in size and ectopic bipolar cell processes extended into the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer by PNM3.5. Putative ectopic conventional synapses, likely arising from amacrine cells, were present in the inner nuclear layer by PNM9.5. Despite these changes, the laminar organization of bipolar and amacrine cells and the ON‐OFF organization in the inner plexiform layer was largely preserved. Surviving cone and bipolar cell terminals continued to express the appropriate cell‐specific presynaptic proteins needed for synaptic function up to PNM9.5. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2071–2089, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connections of the auditory brainstem in a songbird, Taeniopygia guttata. II. Projections of nucleus angularis and nucleus laminaris to the superior olive and lateral lemniscal nuclei
Authors: Krützfeldt Nils O.E. , Logerot Priscilla , Kubke M. Fabiana , Wild J. Martin 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThree nuclei of the lateral lemniscus are present in the zebra finch, ventral (LLV), intermediate (LLI), and dorsal (LLD). LLV is separate from the superior olive (OS): it lies closer to the spinal lemniscus and extends much further rostrally around the pontine periphery. LLI extends from a caudal position ventrolateral to the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (LLIc) to a rostral position medial to the ventrolateral parabrachial nucleus (LLIr). LLD consists of posterior (LLDp) and anterior (LLDa) parts, which are largely coextensive rostrocaudally, although LLDa lies medial to LLDp. All nuclei are identifiable on the basis of cytochrome oxidase activity. The cochlear nucleus angularis (NA) and the third‐order nucleus laminaris (NL) project on OS predominantly ipsilaterally, on LLV and LLI predominantly contralaterally, and on LLD contralaterally only. The NA projections are heavier than those of NL and differ from them primarily in their terminations within LLD: NA projects to LLDp, whereas NL projects to LLDa. In this the projections are similar to those in the barn owl (Takahashi and Konishi [1988] J Comp Neurol 274:212–238), in which time and intensity pathways remain separate as far as the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (MLd). In contrast, in the zebra finch, although NA and NL projections remain separate within LLD, the projections of LLDa and LLDp become intermixed within MLd (Wild et al., J Comp Neurol, this issue), consistent with the intermixing of the direct NA and NL projections to MLd (Krützfeldt et al., J Comp Neurol, this issue). J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2135–2148, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution and phenotype of Phox2a‐containing neurons in the adult sprague‐dawley rat
Authors: Card J. Patrick , Lois James , Sved Alan F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPhox2a is a transcription factor that plays an essential role, with Phox2b, in the specification of the adrenergic and noradrenergic phenotype in developing brain. Localization of Phox2a in developing brainstem has demonstrated a high degree of correspondence between neurons expressing the transcription factor and those involved in the regulation of autonomic function. Although it is well established that the paralogous gene product Phox2b is widely expressed in adult brain, no study has mapped the distribution of Phox2a in the adult. The data reported here address that void. A well‐characterized rabbit polyclonal antiserum was used for immunohistochemical localization of the transcription factor in adult rats. Sections through the rostrocaudal extent of brain were processed for dual immunocytochemical localization of Phox2a and catecholamine enzymes. Adjacent sections were used for dual localization of Phox2a and NADPH diaphorase, a marker of nitric oxide‐containing neurons. The data demonstrate that Phox2a is present in all brainstem catecholamine neurons, in circumscribed populations of NADPH+ neurons, and in a subset of neurons that influences sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow. In addition, Phox2a+ neurons were observed within diencephalic and brainstem nuclei that regulate behavioral state. Considered with data demonstrating that Phox2a is part of the transcriptional complex that drives expression of dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase and can also up‐regulate expression of other genes, the data support the conclusion that Phox2a plays an important role in brainstem catecholamine neurotransmission and in the regulation of adaptive homeostatic functions in the adult nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2202–2220, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antigenic compartmentation of the cerebellar cortex in the chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Marzban Hassan , Chung Seung‐Hyuk , Pezhouh Maryam Kherad , Feirabend Hans , Watanabe Masahiko , Voogd Jan , Hawkes Richard 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe chick is a well‐understood developmental model of cerebellar pattern formation,but we know much less about the patterning of the adult chicken cerebellum. Therefore an expression study of two Purkinje cell stripe antigens—zebrin II/aldolase C and phospholipase Cβ4 (PLCβ4)—has been carried out in the adult chicken (Gallus domesticus). The mammalian cerebellar cortex is built around transverse expression domains (“transverse zones”), each of which is further subdivided into parasagittally oriented stripes. The results from the adult chicken reveal a similar pattern. Five distinct transverse domains were identified. In the anterior lobe a uniformly zebrin II‐immunopositive/PLCβ4‐immunonegative lingular zone (LZ; lobule I) and a striped anterior zone (AZ; lobules II–VIa) were distinguished. A central zone (CZ; ∼lobules VIa–VIIIa,b) and a posterior zone (PZ; ∼lobules VIIIa,b–IXc,d) were distinguished in the posterior lobe. Finally, the nodular zone (NZ; lobule X) is uniformly zebrin II‐immunoreactive and is innervated by vestibular mossy fibers. Lobule IXc,d is considered as a transitional region between the PZ and the NZ, because the vestibular mossy fiber projection extends into these lobules and because they receive optokinetic mossy and climbing fiber input. It is proposed that the zebrin II‐immunonegative P3‐ stripe corresponds to the lateral vermal B zone of the mammalian cerebellum and that the border between the avian homologs of the mammalian vermis and hemispheres is located immediately lateral to P3−. Thus, there seem to be transverse zones in chicken that are plausible homologs of those identified in mammals, together with an LZ that is characteristic of birds. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2221–2239, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connections of the auditory brainstem in a Songbird, Taeniopygia guttata. I. Projections of nucleus angularis and nucleus laminaris to the auditory torus
Authors: Krützfeldt Nils O.E. , Logerot Priscilla , Kubke M. Fabiana , Wild J. Martin 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAuditory information is important for social and reproductive behaviors in birds generally, but is crucial for oscine species (songbirds), in particular because in these species auditory feedback ensures the learning and accurate maintenance of song. While there is considerable information on the auditory projections through the forebrain of songbirds, there is no information available for projections through the brainstem. At the latter levels the prevalent model of auditory processing in birds derives from an auditory specialist, the barn owl, which uses time and intensity parameters to compute the location of sounds in space, but whether the auditory brainstem of songbirds is similarly functionally organized is unknown. To examine the songbird auditory brainstem we charted the projections of the cochlear nuclei angularis (NA) and magnocellularis (NM) and the third‐order nucleus laminaris (NL) in zebra finches using standard tract‐tracing techniques. As in other avian species, the projections of NM were found to be confined to NL, and NL and NA provided the ascending projections. Here we report on differential projections of NA and NL to the torus semicircularis, known in birds as nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis (MLd), and in mammals as the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICc). Unlike the case in nonsongbirds, the projections of NA and NL to MLd in the zebra finch showed substantial overlap, in agreement with the projections of the cochlear nuclei to the ICc in mammals. This organization could suggest that the “what” of auditory stimuli is as important as “where.” J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2109–2134, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.