bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RAMPART (Rapid Anticonvulsant Medication Prior to Arrival Trial): A double‐blind randomized clinical trial of the efficacy of intramuscular midazolam versus intravenous lorazepam in the prehospital treatment of status epilepticus by paramedics
Authors: Silbergleit Robert , Lowenstein Daniel , Durkalski Valerie , Conwit Robin ,   the Neurological Emergency Treatment Trials (NETT) Investigators
Published: October 2011

SummaryEarly treatment of prolonged seizures with benzodiazepines given intravenously by paramedics in the prehospital setting has been shown to be associated with improved outcomes. However, an increasing number of Emergency Medical System (EMS) protocols use an intramuscular (IM) route because it is faster and consistently achievable. RAMPART (Rapid Anticonvulsant Medication Prior to Arrival Trial) is a double‐blind randomized clinical trial to determine if the efficacy of IM midazolam is noninferior by a margin of 10% to that of intravenous (IV) lorazepam in patients treated by paramedics for status epilepticus (SE). Children and adults with >5 min of convulsions who are still seizing after paramedic arrival are administered study medication by IM autoinjector or IV infusion. The primary efficacy outcome is absence of seizures at emergency department (ED) arrival, without EMS rescue therapy. Safety outcomes include acute endotracheal intubation and recurrent seizures. Secondary outcomes include timing of treatment and initial seizure cessation. At the time of writing this communication, enrollment of all subjects is near completion and the study data will soon be analyzed.
Multimodal MRI assessment of damage and plasticity caused by status epilepticus in the rat brain
Authors: Gröhn Olli , Sierra Alejandra , Immonen Riikka , Laitinen Teemu , Lehtimäki Kimmo , Airaksinen Antti , Hayward Nick , Nairismagi Jaak , Lehto Lauri , Pitkänen Asla 
Published: October 2011

SummaryStatus epilepticus or other brain‐damaging insults launch a cascade of events that may lead to the development of epilepsy. MRI techniques available today, including T2‐ and T1‐weighted imaging, functional MRI, manganese enhanced MRI (MEMRI), arterial spin labeling (ASL), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and phase imaging, can detect not only damage caused by status epilepticus but also plastic changes in the brain that occur in response to damage. Optimal balance between damage and recovery processes is a key for planning possible treatments, and noninvasive imaging has the potential to greatly facilitate this process and to make personalized treatment plans possible.
Rational polytherapy in the treatment of acute seizures and status epilepticus
Authors: Wasterlain Claude G. , Baldwin Roger , Naylor David E. , Thompson Kerry W. , Suchomelova Lucie , Niquet Jerome 
Published: October 2011

SummaryWe used a model of severe cholinergic status epilepticus (SE) to study polytherapy aimed at reversing the effects of seizure‐induced loss of synaptic GABAA receptors and seizure‐induced gain of synaptic NMDA receptors. Combinations of a benzodiazepine with ketamine and valproate, or with ketamine and brivaracetam, were more effective and less toxic than benzodiazepine monotherapy in this model of SE.
Damping behavior of implant‐supported restorations
Authors: Magne Pascal , Silva Michael , Oderich Elisa , Boff Luis Leonildo , Enciso Reyes 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to assess the shock absorbing capacity of implant‐supported restorations (CAD/CAMcomposite resin or zirconia abutment with composite resin or porcelain crown/onlay) and a simulated natural tooth complex using the Periometer®.Material and methodsOne hundred and twenty Morse taper implants (Titamax CM 11 mm) were mounted on bone‐simulating acrylic resin base and restored withCAD/CAMzirconia (60) and metal composite resin Paradigm MZ100 (60) abutments. Using CEREC3, standardized onlays (60) and crowns (60) were designed and milled in ceramic (Paradigm C) or composite resin (Paradigm MZ100) to simulate a maxillary premolar. All restorations were luted with a preheated light curing composite resin (Filtek Z100). Fifteen extracted human upper premolars were mounted with a simulatedPDLand used as control group. The Periometer®, a new handheld percussion probe that measures the energy loss coefficient (LC) for both natural teeth and implant‐supported structures, was positioned perpendicularly to the buccal surface of each restoration. Three measurements of theLCwere collected for each specimen. The effect of each variable (abutment material, restoration material, and restoration design) on theLCwas explored using multiple regression analysis.ResultsDifferences inLCbetween the abutment material (zirconia/Paradigm MZ100), the restoration material (Paradigm C/Paradigm MZ100) and the restoration design (onlay/crown) were recorded. The averageLCof zirconia and metal composite resin abutments ranged from 0.040 to 0.053 and 0.059 to 0.068, respectively. Zirconia abutments restored with composite resin restorations (LC0.051–0.053) had the closestLCvalue when compared with teeth with simulatedPDL(0.049).ConclusionComposite resin onlays/crowns bonded to zirconia implant abutments presented similar dynamic response to load (damping behavior) when compared to teeth with a simulatedPDL.
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis during maintenance therapy influences methotrexate/6‐mercaptopurine dosing but not event‐free survival for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Levinsen Mette , Shabaneh Diana , Bohnstedt Cathrine , Harila‐Saari Arja , Jonsson Olafur G. , Kanerva Jukka , Lindblom Anna , Lund Bendik , Andersen Elisabeth W. , Schmiegelow Kjeld ,   for the Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (NOPHO)
Published: October 2011

AbstractTrimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) is used in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). We explored to which extent TMP/SMX influenced methotrexate (MTX)/6‐mercaptopurine (6MP) dosage, myelosuppression, and event‐free survival (EFS) during maintenance therapy. Of 447 study patients treated by the NOPHO ALL92 protocol, 120 patients received TMP/SMX continuously for 2–7 d/wk (TMP/SMX2–7) and 287 patients never received TMP/SMX (TMP/SMXnever). Ten patients (all TMP/SMXnever) developed PCP, eight of which occurred within 7 months from the start of maintenance therapy. The TMP/SMX2–7 group received lower oral 6MP doses than TMP/SMXnever patients (50.6 vs. 63.9 mg/m2/d; P < 0.001) but had lower absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) (median 1.7 vs. 2.0 × 109/L; P < 0.001). In Cox multivariate analysis, higher ANC levels (P = 0.04) and male gender (P = 0.06) were related to reduced EFS. ANC had no effect on EFS among TMP/SMX2–7 patients (P = 0.40) but did for TMP/SMXnever patients (P = 0.02). The difference in the effect on EFS between TMP/SMX2–7 and TMP/SMXnever patients was not significant (P = 0.46). EFS did not differ between TMP/SMX2–7 and TMP/SMXnever patients (0.83 vs. 0.83; P = 0.82). These results suggest that TMP/SMX is effective in preventing PCP and may have an antileukemic effect. TMP/SMX should be given the entire duration of maintenance therapy.
Seasonal residency and movement patterns of two co‐occurring catadromous percichthyids within a south‐eastern Australian river
Authors: Walsh Chris T. , Reinfelds Ivars V. , Gray Charles A. , West Ron J. , van der Meulen Dylan E. , Craig James R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract –  Understanding movement patterns and habitat utilisation is critical for the management of diadromous fishes. An acoustic telemetry array was used to monitor 33 estuary perch, Macquaria colonorum and 39 Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata in the freshwater and estuarine reaches on the Shoalhaven River, south‐east Australia. On average, tagged M. novemaculeata were detected for a considerably shorter period than M. colonorum, and evidence suggested that fishing pressure may have impacted on their survival. Macquaria colonorum displayed significant shifts in seasonal and size‐related habitat use, with fish predominantly residing in deep (>5 m) areas within the middle (mesohaline) reaches of the estuary during the austral spring to autumn months. In winter, M. colonorum individuals made frequent downstream migrations, often to localised areas, within the lower estuary (LE). In contrast, M. novemaculeata were distributed in shallow (<2 m) habitats throughout the year, within the upper (oligohaline) estuarine reaches of the river, as well as in fresh water. Like M. colonorum, M. novemaculeata made extensive downstream and upstream movements, often coincident with reproductive behaviour, water temperature and increased freshwater inflows. It is postulated that the high site fidelity and repetitive homing displayed by both species is influenced by ontogenetic behaviour and prey availability. Furthermore, the extent of instream distribution by both species, and the lack of observed annual spawning migrations by some M. novemaculeata individuals, indicates the once considered ‘catadromous’ life cycle of these fishes may not be obligatory. A management approach is recommended to ensure that both these species are not over‐exploited within a portion of their instream range, thus maintaining their full reproductive potential.
Pathophysiology of Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Buvat Jacques 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Although the characteristics of premature ejaculation (PE) are established, the exact aetiology is largely unknown. Genetic, neurobiological, pharmacological, psychological, urological and endocrine factors have all been proposed. In addition PE and erectile dysfunction are often co-morbid.

Aim
This article provides an overview of the proposed biological and psychological aetiologies of PE.

Methods
Review of the literature.

Main Outcome Measures
Current data on the pathophysiology of PE.

Results
This review shows that most of the proposed biological and psychological aetiologies of PE are not evidence-based and/or that attempts to confirm them have given conflicting results. There are good data to support roles for genetic and psychological factors, either causal, or secondary to PE for the latter, in lifelong PE. Conversely, more evidence-based data support the responsibility of opioid substance withdrawal, prostatic inflammation or hyperthyroidism in some cases of acquired PE, in addition to a probable role of psychological factors.

Conclusions
The determinants of PE are certainly complex and multifactorial, while each partner's reaction to the frustration caused by the sexual dysfunction may exacerbate or perpetuate it. It is important to understand, as far as possible, the aetiology in the individual patient to ensure appropriate assessment and treatment. It should be noted that identification of an aetiological factor does not necessarily mean the cause of the PE has been completely explained, and the patient may require a combination of treatment approaches.
Effects of Icariin on Improving Erectile Function in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Liu Tao , Xin Hua , Li Wei-Ren , Zhou Feng , Li Guang-Yong , Gong Yan-Qing , Gao Zhe-Zhu , Qin Xin-Cheng , Cui Wan-Shou , Shindel Alan W. , Xin Zhong-Cheng 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Introduction
Icariin has been shown to improve penile hemodynamics in animal models of erectile dysfunction from cavernous nerve injury and castration. The effects of icariin on penile hemodynamics in diabetic animals remain to be determined. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes-related erectile dysfunction.

Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of icariin in the penis of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat.

Methods
Two-month-old Sprague–Dawley male rats received one-time intraperitoneal (IP) STZ (60 mg/kg) or vehicle injection after a 16-hour fast. Three days later, the STZ-induced diabetic rats were randomly divided into four groups and were treated with daily gavage feedings of a 50:50 mix of normal saline and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or icariin dissolved in DMSO at doses of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg for 3 months. A positive control group underwent IP injection of saline followed by daily gavage of saline/DMSO solution. Treatment was stopped 1 week prior to functional assay and euthanasia.

Main Outcome Measure
Penile hemodynamics was assessed by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerves with real-time intracavernous pressure (ICP) measurement. After euthanasia, penile tissue was studied using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO-cGMP) and TGFβ1/Smad2 signaling pathway.

Results
Diabetes attenuated ICP response in control animals. Untreated diabetic animals had decreased smooth muscle/collagen ratio and endothelial cell content in the corpora cavernosa; treatment with icariin partially attenuating these effects. Icariin-treated animals also had a significantly greater expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-positive nerves and the endothelial cell markers, von Willebrand factor (vWF), and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM). TGFβ1/Smad2 signaling pathway was down-regulated in the penis from icariin-treated models relative to what was observed in negative control animals.

Conclusion
Icariin treatment preserved penile hemodynamics, smooth muscle and endothelial integrity, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in the penis of diabetic rats. Down-regulation of TGFβ1/Smad2 signaling pathway might mediate this effect.
The Importance of Follow-up in Patients with Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Moncada Ignacio 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Follow-up is an important aspect of managing patients with premature ejaculation (PE). However, there is limited information for the clinician on the optimal follow-up regimen in men with PE. At present, follow-up remains largely at the discretion of each treating physician.

Aim
The aim of this study was to provide an overview of follow-up in patients with PE.

Methods
This study used a review of the literature and informed expert opinion.

Main Outcome Measures
The main outcome measures used by the study are the factors influencing follow-up in PE.

Results
Following up with the patient is important to reconfirm the diagnosis, assess the patient's progress on treatment, monitor efficacy and side effects and, where necessary, make informed adjustments to treatment. In addition, follow-up sessions provide an opportunity to reeducate the patient, check that they remember the key information, fill in missing gaps in knowledge, and ensure that they are adhering to the correct dosing schedule. The frequency and duration of follow-up visits depend on a number of factors, such as the type and severity of PE, type of treatment, durability of response to PE treatment, the presence of comorbidities and individual partner/partnership issues. A cooperative and interested partner often has positive effects on treatment outcomes. Therefore, the partner should be encouraged to attend follow-up sessions for a better understanding of the impact of PE on their relationship and tailoring the treatment to suit the couple as a whole.

Conclusions
In clinical practice, follow-up forms an essential component of the overall management of PE to help ensure optimal treatment outcomes.
Exact extreme value statistics and the halo mass function
Authors: Harrison Ian , Coles Peter 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT
Motivated by observations that suggest the presence of extremely massive clusters at uncomfortably high redshifts for the standard cosmological model to explain, we develop a theoretical framework for the study of the most massive haloes, e.g. the most massive cluster found in a given volume, based on extreme value statistics (EVS). We proceed from the exact distribution of the extreme values drawn from a known underlying distribution, rather than relying on asymptotic theory (which is independent of the underlying form), arguing that the former is much more likely to furnish robust statistical results. We illustrate this argument with a discussion of the use of extreme value statistics as a probe of primordial non-Gaussianity.
A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF EGG AND EGG REPLACERS ON THE PRODUCT QUALITY OF MUFFINS
Authors: GEERA BHIMALINGESWARAPPA , REILING JULIE A. , HUTCHISON MARK A. , RYBAK DANA , SANTHA BRIGITTA , RATNAYAKE WAJIRA S. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTFive muffin formulations, liquid whole egg, dry whole egg, and three commercial egg replacers, which partially replaced egg in the formulations, were evaluated to determine differences in product qualities caused by egg and egg replacers. The products were prepared following the same procedure and other ingredient compositions, except for egg or egg replacer used in the formulation. Physical product characteristics and sensory properties of the samples were evaluated. It was found that egg, as an ingredient in the muffin formulation, is critical to obtain expected product quality characteristics. None of the commercial egg replacers produced acceptable quality muffins at 100% replacement. Partial replacement of egg with commercial egg replacers changed product characteristics altering moisture retention, bulk volume, color, texture and flavor. Some of these differences, however, were not readily detected by the sensory panelists.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study comprehensively evaluated the effects of egg and egg replacers on final product quality, when used in pilot‐scale muffin production. An array of tests were conducted on samples prepared according to respective ingredient manufacturers' recommendations – partially replacing egg with commercial egg replacers – to objectively evaluate the differences in quality and sensory attributes. The functionalities of each ingredient (egg replacer) in muffin formulations were interpreted based on the results obtained. The observations and results of this study would be important in selecting appropriate ingredients for muffin formulations to obtain desired product qualities.
SENSORY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUFFINS MADE WITH WAXY WHOLE WHEAT FLOUR
Authors: ACOSTA KATHRYN , CAVENDER GEORGE , KERR WILLIAM L. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe quality of muffins made with different amounts (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60%) of waxy whole wheat flour (WWWF) blended with conventional whole wheat flour were characterized. High amounts of WWWF blends produced darker but acceptable crust color. WWWF formulations had a softer crumb on day 0 and day 4, but greater firmness after 16 days storage. Samples did not differ in springiness on day 0, but a slight decrease occurred in all samples, and WWWF samples were slightly less springy after 16 days. Proton (1H) NMR showed two distinct relaxation times, indicative of water migration from the crumb of the muffin to the crust. Sensory evaluation showed high overall likability, except for muffins made with 60% WWWF. The 60% muffins had lower volume than all other formulations. Results show that 15–30% WWWF produces a softer, moister muffin, but this advantage is lost after 8–16 days storage.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study shows that 15–30% waxy whole wheat flour blended with conventional whole wheat flour produces softer and moisture whole wheat muffins, with good consumer acceptability. Muffins with WWWF remained softer for 4–8 days, but were firmer than control after 16 days storage. Waxy whole wheat flour also adds additional fiber, so its inclusion in blends with conventional whole wheat may help in the development of higher fiber products with a softer and moister crumb.
EFFECT OF ROSEMARY ON THE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF WHITE SHRIMP (LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI)
Authors: SEABRA L.M.J. , DAMASCENO K.S.F.S.C. , ANDRADE S.A.C. , DANTAS M.M.G. , SOARES N.K.M. , PEDROSA L.F.C. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTWe assessed the influence of rosemary on some of the quality characteristics of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp stored under freezing temperature for 180 days. Whole shrimp (WS), peeled shrimp (PS) and PS with dehydrated rosemary (RS) were stored at −28.3 ± 3.8C. Physicochemical and sensorial analysis was carried out. After 180 days, RS had lower pH (P = 0.001) and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS; P = 0.001) values and higher carotenoids (P = 0.003). WS samples were firmer at 180 days (P = 0.001), although rancid taste and smell were perceived with greater intensity (P = 0.001). The color was more intense in RS and PS than in WS (P = 0.030). Rancid taste was detected in RS only at 120 days at significantly lower intensity (P = 0.001) than WS and PS. Our study suggests that dehydrated rosemary can improve the quality of frozen L. vannamei peeled shrimp.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFarmed shrimp has gained importance in the global market, and the study of their physicochemical and sensory characteristics is therefore essential. Commercially, shrimp is mainly available in the frozen form, and alternatives to extend its quality during storage are of great interest for consumers and suppliers in the food industry. Dehydrated rosemary can be added to frozen shrimp to improve its quality and maintain the nutritional characteristics during storage.
CORRELATION AMONG METALLIC IONS, PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION IN MEDICINAL PLANTS EXTRACTS
Authors: DUCAT GISELI , TORRES YOHANDRA REYES , DALLA SANTA HERTA STUTZ , CAETANO ISIS KAMINSKI , KLEINUBING SIRLENE ADRIANA , STOCK DANIELE , TUSSOLINI LOYSE , JUSTO TAIS HOBOLD , QUINÁIA SUELI PÉRCIO 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe extracts of three different medicinal plants –Calendula officinalis L., Maytenus ilicifolia Martius ex Reissek and Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf – obtained with 70% and 95% v/v ethanol had their antimicrobial activity tested against five pathogenic microorganisms. A quantitative analysis of total phenols, flavonoids and mineral species was performed on the extracts using UV‐vis spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed the greatest sensibility to the extracts tested. The mineral content of the medicinal herbs varied according to the type of plant (Cu = not detected to 10.90; Zn = 0.85 to 10.04; Na = 24.94 to 153.62; Al = 90.04 to 420.39; Mg = 9.62 to 1,129.15; Ca = 7.15 to 167.27 and K = 913.85 to 9,578.94 µg/g); however, the concentration of heavy elements (Pb, Cd and Cr) was null in the extracts. The concentrations of flavonoids ranged from 13.55 to 41.54 mg/g and 92.35 to 518.28 mg/g for phenolic acids.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe use of plants with pharmacological activities has increased significantly because of their functional properties in the diet for the promotion of human health and antimicrobial effects. Moreover, medicinal herbs play an important role in public health, especially in developing countries. In Brazil, the use of plant extracts in the treatment of certain diseases is very common. This habit can be explained, at least in part, by the belief that herbs with therapeutic effects do not have toxic effects on the organism. In this paper, ethanolic extracts of three medicinal plants, widely cultivated and used by the population of Brazil and worldwide, had their levels of metals ions and total phenolic compounds determined. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated against foodborne pathogens or food spoilage organisms or clinically isolates microorganisms.