bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some studies of the diffusion of sodium ions through protein solutions and phospholipid sols
Authors: CASTLEDEN JENNIFER A , FLEMING R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Diffusion of sodium-22 in solutions containing sodium chloride, calcium chloride, bovine plasma albumin, lecithin and cholesterol has been examined by two methods which were modifications of the open-end capillary technique of Anderson & Saddington (1949) and the continuous monitoring technique of Mills & Godbole (1958). Preliminary investigations of semi-infinite systems consisting of lecithin sols layered on albumin solutions have been made. The activity in the capillary at various times during diffusion has been compared with the theoretical activity and good agreement has been found.
The absorption by Escherichia coli of phenols and their bactericidal activity
Authors: BEAN H S , DAS A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The uptake of several phenols by E. coli may be represented by absorption isotherms. The uptake pattern for dilute solutions suggests partitioning between the cells and aqueous solution but at higher concentrations a change in the uptake pattern suggests protein precipitation. An inflexion in the absorption isotherms corresponds with concentrations producing high levels of activity and can be used to forecast concentrations needed to produce rapid rates of kill.
A note on spectrophotometric methods for the determination of norethynodrel and mestranol in tablets
Authors: BASTOW R A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The method for assay of norethynodrel involves acid catalysed rearrangement of the Δ5,10 system to a Δ4,3-ketone with stronger ultraviolet absorption. Mestranol is determined from its absorption at 280 mμ after elimination of the interfering ketonic absorption by reduction with borohydride. Residual interference is allowed for by a three point correction.
The autoxidation of sodium salicylate in aqueous solution
Authors: BEYNON C B , JAMES K C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The induction period of the auto-oxidation of aqueous alkaline solutions of sodium salicylate has been examined by following the oxygen concentrations polarographically. The reaction is photochemical, and is catalysed by copper, iron and manganese, although the increase in rate is less than 150% of the rate of the uncatalysed reaction. Bicarbonate ions are not necessary for reaction, which is first order with respect to light intensity and oxygen and salicylate concentrations.
Effect of desipramine on the depolarized isolated renal artery
Authors: HRDINA P , GARATTINI S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Depolarization of the isolated renal artery of the rat by a potassium-rich solution caused a triphasic response. The artery contracted submaximally then relaxed partially, this relaxation being followed by a slowly developing contracture. Desipramine reduced the height of the initial contraction, increased the relaxation and reduced the contracture. The latter action was antagonized by increasing the calcium ion concentration of the depolarizing solution. Calcium caused a contraction of the depolarized artery and the contraction was reduced by the drug. The results suggest that the relaxation of the depolarized artery produced by desipramine may be due to interference with the action of calcium in initiating and maintaining a contraction of the arterial smooth muscle.
The effect of reserpine and α-methyldopa on the analgesic action of morphine in the mouse
Authors: ROSS JANET W , ASHFORD A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In the tail clip test, reserpine inhibited the analgesic action of morphine, and this action of reserpine was prevented by pretreatment with α-methyldopa. In the hot plate test reserpine potentiated the action of morphine, and α-methyldopa pre- treatment had no inhibitory action on reserpine. α-Methyldopa alone, and in combination with reserpine, showed an analgesic action in the hot plate test.
A quantitative comparison of the antagonism of tubocurarine and diallylnortoxiferine by four anticurare agents
Authors: PLEUVRY BARBARA J , HUNTER A R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The antagonism of tubocurarine and diallylnortoxiferine by neostigmine, physostigmine, edrophonium and ambenonium, has been examined on the rat phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation. Ambenonium showed the greatest activity and physostigmine and edrophonium were the least potent and equally active. This order applied to both neuromuscular blocking agents, but all four antagonists show significantly greater activity against diallylnortoxiferine. The possibility that neostigmine and physostigmine have some qualitative differences in anticurare mechanism compared with edrophonium and ambenonium, on this preparation, is discussed.
The effect of concentration, time and temperature on the viability of Penicillium notatum spores exposed to phenols
Authors: CHAUHAN N M , WALTERS V 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Spores of Penicillium notatum exposed to resorcinol, p-chlorophenol, m-cresol, chlorocresol and hexylresorcinol, give values for the concentration exponent, n, from 7.3 to 3.7 when calculated from first order reaction velocities; higher values are obtained from the times for fixed mortality levels. Values of the temperature coefficient, θ, vary from 1.045–1.331. The log survivor-time curves are convex to the axes for resorcinol and increasingly concave in the order of decreasing water solubility for the other phenols. Equitoxic (99% mortality in 20 min) molar concentrations of the phenols have about a 680-fold range, but Ferguson values, except for resorcinol, vary only from 0.10 to 0.26.
An experimental approach to long-lasting hypotensive eledoisin-like peptides
Authors: BERNARDI L , DE CASTIGLIONE R , FREGNAN G B , GLÄSSER A H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A new series of eledoisin-like peptides was synthesized with the object of obtaining long-lasting hypotensive drugs. Acyl residues were introduced into the molecule of the peptide
They were dissolved in some polar solvents (water, diacetin, triacetin, dimethyl-sulphoxide), and injected intramuscularly into either anaesthetized or unanaesthetized dogs. Comparison was made with eledoisin dissolved both in water and diacetin. Some of the peptides, mainly the butyryl and valeryl derivatives, in diacetin had a significantly longer-lasting action. The intensity of the hypotension could be also reduced, to avoid side-effects in unanaesthetized dogs, but it was not possible to make it gradual.
Methaemoglobin formation induced by aromatic amines and amides
Authors: McLEAN S , MURPHY B P , STARMER G A , THOMAS J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Two series of anilides have been examined for their ability to induce the formation of methaemoglobin in cats. The first series is one in which the aniline was acylated by a series of acids and the second is one in which alkyl groups were substituted on the benzene ring and the acyl moiety kept as the acetyl group. In neither series was any correlation found between the methaemoglobin-forming ability and stability of the amide group. In the first series, as the size of the acyl group was increased so the activity rose to a peak and then declined. It is suggested that this phenomenon is related to absorption of the compounds from the gastrointestinal tract. In the second series a parallelism in response was observed between amides given orally and the corresponding amines administered intravenously, suggesting that the nature of the amine liberated on hydrolysis is the major determining factor in the methaemoglobin forming ability of amides.
A method for the quantitative determination of the total concentration of radiopaque agents in plasma
Authors: DE MIRANDA J F RODRIGUES , PETERS J C M , VAN RENS A M F P 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The total concentration of radiopaque agents in plasma can be determined spectrophotometrically after elimination of interfering factors using a double column filled with cross-linked dextran-gel Sephadex G-25c and Se-Sephadex 25c. The method gives a linear relationship between the total concentration in the sample and the maximum concentration in the eluate and is sensitive to about 50μg/ml of radiopaque agent.
The bioassay of γ-aminobutyric acid using a muscle preparation from Ascaris lumbricoides
Authors: ASH A S F , TUCKER J F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method is described for the assay of γ-aminobutyric acid based on inhibition of the isolated dorsal muscle of Ascaris lumbricoides. The degree of relaxation produced by the acid was linearly related to the logarithm of the dose (0.5–2.0 μg/ml). Analyses of variance and indices of precision, calculated from the results of 6 model assays, indicated a satisfactory assay procedure. Ascaris was much more sensitive to γ-aminobutyric acid than to related amino-acids and was unaffected by dopa, dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine or histamine (2 mg/ml) and by bradykinin (50 μg/ml).
Desipramine and amphetamine metabolism
Authors: CONSOLO S , DOLFINI E , GARATTINI S , VALZELLI L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Desipramine (2.5–5 mg/kg) increases the urinary excretion of amphetamine given intraperitoneally at doses of 7.5–15 mg/kg and it decreases the excretion of p-hydroxyamphetamine. The rate of removal of brain amphetamine is decreased by desipramine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) when amphetamine is injected intraperitoneally but not when it is injected intracerebrally. It is suggested that desipramine impairs the hydroxylation of amphetamine in the liver thereby increasing the level of circulating amphetamine and eventually of brain amphetamine.
Degraded and undegraded carrageenans and antipeptic activity
Authors: ANDERSON W , HARTHILL J E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The antipeptic activities of a series of undegraded κ- and Λ-carrageenans and degraded carrageenans have been examined by two methods. The activities differ quantitatively. Compared with the κ-carrageenans, the Λ-carrageenans, as a group, have greater activity and this is associated with low 3,6-anhydro-d-galactose and high ester sulphate content. Within the series of undegraded carrageenans, both κ and Λ, differences in antipeptic activity are significantly and positively related to differences in sulphate content. In addition to the effect of sulphate, 3,6-anhydrogalactose content appears to be inversely related to activity but in the Λ-series only; differences in viscosity are without effect. Initial degradation without loss of sulphate resulted in loss of activity but further degradation, also without loss of sulphate did not reduce activity further. Antipeptic activity appears to depend on a combination of structural features of which the differences between κ-Λ carrageenans, molecular size and polyanionic properties are aspects.
The influence of 1-hexadecanol on the acid-catalysed hydrolysis of sodium dodecyl sulphate
Authors: BARRY B W , SHOTTON E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The kinetics at 60° of the acid-catalysed hydrolysis of sodium dodecyl sulphate in the presence of 1-hexadecanol above the critical micelle concentration showed the hydrolysis to be first order and the rate to depend on the molar ratio of alcohol to alkyl sulphate. Up to a ratio of 0.75 the rate increases; above this there is a steady decrease. The changes in rate have been correlated with phase changes and explained on the basis of the effect on the charge density on the micelle, and on the dielectric constant of the associated medium, in passing from a mixed spherical micelle to the lamellar structure and then to the expanded lamellar structure prevailing in liquid crystals.
Abortifacient and toxic actions of the glycoside ‘albitocin’ extracted from some Albizia species
Authors: LIPTON A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Conscious intact mice, rats, guinea-pigs, rabbits and monkeys were dosed with “albitocin”, an active glycoside extracted from plants of certain Albizia species used by East African native doctors to accelerate labour and procure abortion. In pregnant animals abortion usually occurred within 12 hr at dose levels characteristic for each species irrespective of stage of gestation. In larger doses the drug was toxic, and with lethal doses animals survived 12–170 hr, with increasing apathy and anorexia, conscious but moribund as death approached. Toxicity in the orally dosed animals was lower than in those dosed intraperiotoneally or intravenously. The changes observed which could account for the mortality are discussed.
The antibacterial action of crystal violet
Authors: ADAMS E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Crystal violet has an antibacterial action against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Bacillus subtilis. The effect of the dye, measured as minimum inhibitory concentration or retardation of growth, increases as the pH rises from 6 to 8. Of the four species E. coli is most resistant to the dye; the resistances of the other organisms are similar. The mode of action put forward by Steam & Stearn (1928) that the action of crystal violet is due to the formation of an unionized complex of bacteria with dye, is supported. Gram-negative organisms, such as E. coli, have high isoelectric points and contain less acidic components than Gram-positive bacteria which usually have lower isoelectric points, so the former combine with crystal violet less readily and are more resistant to the dye. In extension of this theory, the negative charge on bacteria is increased as the pH of the medium is increased, and the organisms become more sensitive to dye. Evidence is presented which refutes the theory of a poising of the redox potential by crystal violet suggested by Dubos (1929) and Ingraham (1933).
The mechanism of the inhibition of dehydrogenases by salicylate
Authors: DAWKINS P D , GOULD B J , STURMAN J A , SMITH M J H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Salicylate inhibits rabbit muscle lactate dehydrogenase, horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, pig heart malate dehydrogenase and pig heart isocitrate dehydrogenase in vitro. The inhibitions are reversible, involving competition with nad, nadh2 or nadp. The results are discussed with reference to some of the in vivo actions of the drug.
Histamine release from the mast cells of guinea-pig lung
Authors: EILBECK J F , SMITH W G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The distribution of mast cells and the effects of antigen on the mast cell population of sensitized guinea-pig lung have been examined. Doses of antigen, phospholipase A, trypsin, and compound 48/80 which released similar amounts of histamine also caused mast cell damage to similar extents following in vitro or in vivo administration. Pretreatment with ethanolamine, hydrocortisone or theophylline reduced the release of histamine and of srs-a, and mast cell damage during subsequent anaphylaxis. Whilst there is evidence that the mast cell might be a selective target for the anaphylactic reaction in guinea-pig lung tissues, there is also evidence to suggest that the anaphylactic reaction induces generalized cell damage in these tissues.
The tissue distribution and metabolism of amidopyrine in the rat and pregnant and non-pregnant rabbit
Authors: BERTÉ F , BENZI G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The tissue distribution of amidopyrine and its metabolites 4-amino-antipyrine and N-acetyl-4-amino-antipyrine has been determined at intervals following oral doses of 300 mg/kg of amidopyrine in pregnant, non-pregnant and foetal rabbits, and also in adult non-pregnant rats. Except in lung, their concentration was higher in the normal rabbit than the rat. In both species amidopyrine levels were maximal at 2 hr, but the metabolite levels varied with tissue, species and time interval. The dominant pathways were demethylation in the rabbit and acetylation in the rat. Plasma and tissue levels of amidopyrine were higher in non-pregnant than pregnant rabbits, whereas those of the metabolites varied. Studies indicate that 25-day, but not 14-day foetuses may metabolize amidopyrine.
Antagonism of anti-inflammatory drugs on bradykinin-induced increase of capillary permeability
Authors: MARTELLI E ARRIGONI 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Phenylbutazone, sodium salicylate, calcium acetylsalicylate and sodium mefenamate each antagonize the bradykinin-induced increase of capillary permeability in the rat paw. The method described was not affected to any extent by urethane anaesthesia nor by mecamylamine, papaverine, reserpine or chlorothiazide. Hexobarbitone partially inhibited the bradykinin effect, as did bretylium and acetic acid.
Acetylcarbocholine and acetylsilicocholine: Directly or indirectly acting cholinergic spasmogens?
Authors: Henderson P TH , Ariëns E J , Ellenbroek B W J , Simonis A M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The cholinergic and anticholinergic actions of nitrogen-free isosteres of acetylcholine and benzilylcholine are described. Esters of two kinds of choline analogues, carbocholine and silicocholine, were used. The spasmogenic activity of acetylcarbocholine and acetylsilicocholine on the guinea-pig ileum was identified as an indirect cholinergic action, in contrast to the direct cholinergic action of furtrethonium and the mainly non-cholinergic action of barium ions. In addition to this indirect cholinergic action, both esters show a weak anticholinergic and a weak noncompetitive “papaverine-like” spasmolytic activity. The corresponding benzilyl esters, although without an onium group, are relatively potent anticholinergic compounds.
Subcellular distribution of [3H]ε-aminocaproic acid and its effects on amine storage mechanisms
Authors: Stitzel Robert , Lundborg Per , Obianwu Hopé 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
ε-Aminocaproic acid (EACA) is an amino-acid reported to cause almost complete depletion of cardiac noradrenaline stores. The present report indicates that this compound can be found in both the particulate and supernatant fractions derived from heart homogenates. The [3H]EACA in the supernatant probably represents a mixture of intra- and extraneuronally located drug. Protriptyline pretreatment decreases the uptake of [3H]EACA suggesting that the amino-acid probably utilizes the amine membrane transport system, EACA, like reserpine, can both impair the retention of exogenously administered amines by adrenergic storage particles and cause the release of amines previously stored in such particles.
The chromatographic analysis of spermaceti
Authors: Holloway P J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The alkyl esters of spermaceti can be analysed directly by high temperature gas chromatography on a 10% Silicone Elastomer E301 column following the injection of the whole wax. The validity of the technique was established by initial chromatographic work on the isolated alkyl ester fraction and its saponification products. In three commercial wax samples, four homologues C28 (hexadecyl dodecanoate), C30 (hexadecyl tetradecanoate), C32 (hexadecyl hexadecanoate) and C34 (hexadecyl octadecanoate), accounted for 86–89% of the total alkyl esters. Variation in the ester homologue content is produced only by variations in the fatty acid homologue content.
Some pharmacological effects of 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-2-naphthylamine (β-tetra) and its secondary N-alkyl derivatives
Authors: Pennefather Jocelyn N 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Some effects of 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-2-naphthylamine (β-tetra, β-tetrahydronaphthylamine, 2-aminotetralin) and four of its secondary N-alkyl derivatives on blood pressure in the cat and in the pithed rat are described. Pressor responses were obtained with β-tetra in both preparations. The introduction of an β-methyl group to form 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-2-naphthylmethylamine led to a decrease in pressor potency in both species. The substitution of higher alkyl groups yielded compounds which were depressor in the cat and had markedly reduced pressor potency in the pithed rat. Increases in substituent chain length resulted in slight decreases in adrenaline-blocking potency and slight decreases in the tendency of the compounds to depress breathing. Experiments with β-tetra in reserpine-treated, adrenalectomized and hexamethonium-treated animals led to the conclusion that the pressor effect of 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-2-naphthylamine is mediated by an action at the sympathetic neuron resulting in the release of noradrenaline.
Actions of phencyclidine on the perfused rabbit ear
Authors: O'donnell Stella R , Wanstall Janet C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Phencyclidine potentiated the responses of the rabbit perfused ear and its isolated central artery to noradrenaline, adrenaline and periarterial nerve stimulation. The potentiation of nerve stimulation was more pronounced than the potentiation of exogenous noradrenaline or adrenaline. Where the access of noradrenaline was restricted to one surface of the artery only, phencyclidine caused a much greater potentiation of extraluminal than of intraluminal noradrenaline. A biphasic response to tyramine was observed, the secondary prolonged vasoconstrictor phase being blocked by phencyclidine. It is postulated that phencyclidine inhibits the uptake of both noradrenaline and tyramine by the adrenergic axons in the blood vessel wall in a manner similar to that suggested for cocaine.
Effect of desipramine injected intracerebrally in normal or reserpinized rats
Authors: Rewerski W , Jori A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Desipramine, 7·5–30 μg in 1 μl, injected under stereotaxic control into the brain of rats elicits a moderate hyperthermic response. This effect is more marked in animals made hypothermic by a previous treatment with reserpine. The response is not specific for any one of the six brain areas investigated (anterior part of the hypothalamus; nucleus rhomboideus thalami; third ventricle; posterior part of the hypothalamus; lateral part of the area amygdaloidea basalis; and lobus frontalis).
Infrared identification of barbiturates with particular reference to the occurrence of polymorphism
Authors: Mesley R J , Clements R L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Infrared spectra of twelve substituted barbituric acids, in a total of 34 polymorphic forms, have been compared. Comparison of a sample spectrum with that of an authentic specimen provides a reliable means of identification, provided that both are in the same crystalline form. To ensure consistent production of a single form a specific treatment is recommended for each substance exhibiting polymorphism.
Effect of electrolytes on coacervation of the systems gelatin—water—ethanol and gelatin—water—sodium sulphate
Authors: Nixon J R , Khalil Saleh A H , Carless J E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In the ethanol system the electrolytes had a suppressive effect on the coacervation of isoionic gelatin, whilst at other pH values the phenomenon was favoured in the presence of polyvalent ions. In the sodium sulphate system the added electrolytes produced insignificant effects. The similarity between the systems studied and the complex coacervating system: gelatin(+)-water-acacia(−) is discussed.
The action of ampicillin on Aerobacter (Klebsiella) aerogenes
Authors: Dean A C R , Smith R W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The action of ampicillin (α-aminobenzylpenicillin) on Aerobacter (Klebsiella) aerogenes (NCTC 418, Bact. aerogenes no. 240) has been investigated. Enzymatic destruction of the drug, although a necessary prelude to the growth of the sensitive strain, does not precede growth of resistant strains at concentrations to which they have been “conditioned”. Instead a gradual inactivation occurs throughout the growth cycle. It is concluded that other factors are also involved in resistance. Cloxacillin, which was not destroyed by the cells, had little action on the ampicillin-sensitive strain and did not induce any ampicillin-destroying activity. The results are discussed in terms of the modes of action of penicillins and the origin of the resistance is examined.