bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’enseignement supérieur en contexte anglophone envisagé comme domaine spécialisé : aspects théoriques et méthodologiques
Authors: Détourbe Marie-Agnès 
Published: March 2012

Dans cet article, il est proposé d’envisager le monde de l’enseignement supérieur britannique comme un domaine spécialisé dans le cadre de la recherche en anglais de spécialité (désormais ASP). On sait que l’enseignement supérieur au Royaume-Uni est appréhendé dans différents champs disciplinaires, à l’intérieur et hors de l’anglistique, mais ces points de vue disciplinaires, dont il est proposé un bref panorama, aboutissent le plus souvent à une vision partielle et éclatée du domaine. La perspective disciplinaire de l’ASP permet, pour sa part, de caractériser l’enseignement supérieur britannique de façon globale, en tant qu’il constitue un domaine spécialisé. Dans cet article, cette démarche est adossée à une théorie de l’interdisciplinarité : des éléments d’ordre théorique et méthodologique sont proposés pour la caractérisation des domaines spécialisés en contexte anglophone et ils sont appliqués à l’étude de l’enseignement supérieur britannique.
Words and social change. The impact of power and ideology on the language of Economics and Law
Authors: Resta Simonetta 
Published: March 2012

Le terme « discours » est employé par les sociologues, et par les linguistes. Toute étude de discours doit entendre le langage comme pratique sociale, toujours liée, socialement et historiquement, à son contexte. Ainsi, non seulement, le langage est déterminé par son contexte social, mais il exerce aussi une influence qui construit ce contexte. Son utilisation constitue les identités, les relations et les connaissances sociales. Celles-ci, à leur tour, donnent naissance à de complexes pratiques et usages qui influencent les domaines du droit et du management en créant des « interdiscours » et de l’intertextualité. Nous devons, par conséquent, mener une analyse aussi bien linguistique qu’intertextuelle, ce que Fairclough appelle « critical discourse analysis », afin d’éclaircir les relations entre les différentes pratiques du discours et montrer de quelle manière elles sont influencées par les processus sociaux et économiques. L’évolution sociale et son effet sur l’utilisation du langage nécessitent une redéfinition du concept de LSP (Langue de spécialité) et du rôle du professeur de langues, médiateur entre langage et culture.
A “complex” problem: delimiting sibling species boundaries in black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Conflitti Ida M. , Shields Gerald F. , Currie Douglas C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractRapid and recent lineage radiations pose challenges to systematists. Using members of the highly diverseSimulium arcticumMalloch complex, we tested whether the cytochromecoxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding gene can differentiate black fly sibling species. Members of theS. arcticumcomplex were monophyletic in relation to two morphospecies and two cryptic species of theSimulium malyscheviDorogostaiskyet al.andSimulium noelleriFriederichs species-groups, respectively. Of fiveS. arcticumsibling species analysed, onlySimulium negativumAdleret al.was monophyletic. No other members of the complex could be distinguished using COI barcodes. The inability to resolveS. arcticumsibling species resulted because (1) haplotypes were shared between species and (2) the distribution of interspecific genetic distances completely overlapped the range of variation within species. Potential sources of incongruence between barcode data and species boundaries include imperfect taxonomy, inadequate genetic information, incomplete lineage sorting, and/or introgressive hybridization. We ruled out imperfect taxonomy because chromosomal, ecological, and distributional evidence support the validity ofS. arcticumsibling species. Therefore, current nomenclature should be maintained pending further study. We conclude that one or more of the latter three sources of incongruence could be responsible for the lack of reciprocal monophyly among species of theS. arcticumcomplex.
Assessment of Ventricular Pacing in the Setting of an Institutional Improvement Program: Insights into Physiological Pacing
Authors: Kossaify Antoine , Zoghbi Sylvana , Milliez Paul 
Published: March 2012

Background Excessive ventricular pacing is known to be detrimental. The purpose of this study was to assess ventricular pacing in the setting of an institutional improvement program in order to decrease unnecessary pacing. Method This cross-sectional single-center study performed in a university hospital assessed 80 consecutive patients attending for a cardiac electronic device (pacemaker or cardioverter defibrillator) check. Forty percent of ventricular pacing was set as the cutoff level beyond which pacing was considered excessive. Results Three patients were excluded. Forty-six (59.7%) patients (group 1) had more than 40% ventricular pacing and 31 (40.3%) patients (group 2) showed ventricular pacing less than 41%. In group 1, corrective action was successful in 27 (58.7%) patients, but 19 (41.3%) continued to have ventricular pacing over 40% and were discussed accordingly. An improvement program was established at the institution in order to decrease unnecessary ventricular pacing. Conclusion Unnecessary ventricular pacing was encountered in many of the patients in this study, corrective actions were performed, and an institutional improvement project was set up as a consequence.
Modulation of Bovine Chondrocyte Metabolism by Free Periosteal Grafts in Vitro
Authors: Steinhagen Joern , Niggemeyer Oliver , Bruns Juergen , Klebig Florian , Fuerst Martin , Ruether Wolfgang , Schuenke Michael , Kurz Bodo 
Published: March 2012

Purpose Autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) is an established method in cartilage repair. Although long-term results show durable repair of isolated cartilage defects, some problems still remain. Since hypertrophy of the transplanted periosteum is a common problem, alternatives for periosteum are in demand. Periosteal grafts have been reported to stimulate neochondrogenesis via paracrine effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the modulation of chondrocyte metabolism by periosteal grafts in vitro. Methods Periosteal explants and articular chondrocytes obtained from slaughtered adult cattle were co-cultured in a newly established perfusion system. The experimental groups were: 1. monocultured chondrocytes; 2. chondrocytes cultured with synovial supernatants; 3. chondrocytes cultured with periosteal supernatants; 4. chondrocytes co-cultured with periosteal explants. Results Chondrocyte proliferation, evaluated by measuring total DNA content, was prolongated by periosteal and synovial explants. Immunocytochemical staining of collagen type II was stronger in monoculture than in co-culture. Protein biosynthetic activity estimated by [3H]-proline incorporation, as well as extracellular matrix deposition for collagen type II, were reduced by periosteal and synovial explants. Additionally, co-culturing led to a decrease in aggrecan synthesis and release. The inhibiting effects were significantly stronger when cellular chondrocyte-periosteal cross-talk was made possible via paracrine effects. Conclusions The results of our study suggest a catabolic effect of periosteal explants on isolated chondrocytes in vitro. Further investigations are necessary whether periosteum in ACT is dispensable.
A New Paradigm for Materials Discovery: Heuristics‐Assisted Combinatorial Chemistry Involving Parameterization of Material Novelty
Authors: Park Woon Bae , Shin Namsoo , Hong Kun‐Pyo , Pyo Myoungho , Sohn Kee‐Sun 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe combinatorial chemistry (combi‐chem) of inorganic functional materials has not yet led to the discovery of commercially interesting materials, in contrast to the many successful discoveries of heterogeneous catalysts leading to commercialization. Novel materials for practical use are likely hidden in the multicompositional search space that contains an infinite number of possible stoichiometries, as well as a large number of well‐known materials. To discover new, inorganic luminescent materials (phosphors) from the SrO‐CaO‐BaO‐La2O3‐Y2O3‐Si3N4‐Eu2O3 search space, heuristics optimization strategies, such as the non‐dominated‐sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are coupled with high‐throughput experimentation (HTE) in such a manner that the experimental evaluation of fitness functions for the NSGA and PSO is accomplished by the HTE. The proposed strategy also involves the parameterization of the material novelty to avoid systematically a futile convergence on well‐known, already‐established materials. Although the process starts with random compositions, we finally converge on a novel, single‐phase, yellow‐green‐emitting luminescent material, La4–xCaxSi12O3+xN18−x:Eu2+, that has strong potential for practical use in white light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs).
Nanowrinkled and Nanoporous Polyethylene Membranes Via Entanglement Arrangement Control
Authors: Uehara Hiroki , Tamura Takuya , Kakiage Masaki , Yamanobe Takeshi 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCrystalline homopolymers, including polyethylene (PE), which has the simplest architecture, form a nanometer‐sized combination of crystalline and amorphous components, but their arrangement control, similar to self‐assembled phase‐separation of block‐copolymers, is usually difficult. However, molecular entanglements trapped between crystalline and amorphous components of homopolymers coincide with the segmental linking points on the interfaces of the microphase separation for block copolymers. Nanowrinkled PE membranes are prepared with a network of 30 nm‐thick homogeneous lamellae using a novel entanglement control technique composed of biaxial melt‐drawing and melt‐shrinking procedures, which are limited for highly entangled ultrahigh molecular weight materials. Such a network arrangement of nanowrinkling lamellae spreading on membrane surface and also across the membrane thickness improves the mechanical properties of both tensile strength and tearing strength. Subsequent cold‐drawing causes delamination of the lamellar interfaces, leading to the resultant nanoporous morphology composed of passing‐through channels that are several tens of nanometers in diameter, without any solvent processing.
The Iridium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Symmetrically and Unsymmetrically Alkylated Diamines under Mild Reaction Conditions
Authors: Michlik Stefan , Hille Toni , Kempe Rhett 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAn iridium catalyst – stabilized by an anionic P,N ligand – was used for the symmetrical and unsymmetrical monoalkylation of para‐, meta‐, and ortho‐benzenediamines. Benzyl and aliphatic alcohols were used as alkylating reagents. 28 derivatives were synthesized. 14 of them are new compounds. Furthermore, the alkylation of the pharmacological important diamine Dapson® (dapsone) is described. 14 dapsone derivatives were synthesized among them 9 new compounds.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Biaryl Lactones by Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reactions of 4‐Chloro‐3‐formylcoumarin and Subsequent Domino [5+1] Cyclization/Deacetylation Reactions with 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Iaroshenko Viktor O. , Abbasi Muhammad S. A. , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBiaryl lactones were prepared by a new palladium(0) and base‐catalyzed one‐pot reaction of 4‐chloro‐3‐formylcoumarin with alkynes and 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds.
Copper (I) Iodide‐Catalyzed One‐Step Preparation of Functionalized Allenes from Terminal Alkynes: Amine Effect
Authors: Kuang Jinqiang , Luo Hongwen , Ma Shengming 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAn efficient one‐step synthesis of functionalized allenes from readily available functionalized terminal alkynes and aldehydes by applying the effect of a dialkylamine has been developed. The protocol is catalyzed by copper(I) iodide and the dialkylamine is believed to play a very important role in the transformation.
A Highly Efficient Palladium‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Aryl Alkyl Thioethers under Mild Conditions in Water
Authors: Wang Liang , Zhou Wei‐You , Chen Sheng‐Chun , He Ming‐Yang , Chen Qun 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed, one‐pot synthesis of unsymmetrical aryl alkyl thioethers involving aryl halides (aryl bromides and chlorides), thiourea and alkyl bromides has been realized under mild conditions (room temperature to 50 °C) in water with polyoxyethanyl α‐tocopheryl sebacate (PTS) as amphiphile. The PTS/water could be recycled in up to eight runs without an obvious change in its activity.
Ontogeny of Proteolytic Signaling and Antioxidant Capacity in Fetal and Neonatal Diaphragm
Authors: Song Yong , Jane Pillow J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAlthough upregulation of protein degradation pathways contributes to the development of muscle weakness in response to muscle injury and inflammation in the adult diaphragm, less is known about the preterm diaphragm. Muscle development during the antenatal and early postnatal periods normally results in net growth. However, the structural and functional immaturity of the preterm diaphragm may predispose it to injury and inflammation induced by adverse antenatal and postnatal exposures. Characterization of the ontogeny of diaphragm protein degradation pathways in early life is essential to recognize altered signaling pathways under pathologic conditions in preterm babies. We assessed the relative role of the major proteolytic pathways and antioxidant capacity during muscle maturation in ovine fetuses and lambs from 75 days to 200 days postconceptual age. Gene expression and protein content of calpain and caspase 3 exhibited a similar profile with advancing gestation, increasing from 75 days to 100 days/128 days and subsequently decreasing gradually toward the end of gestation. In contrast, ubiquitin conjugating and ligase genes did not change during gestation. All proteolytic genes examined (except Ubiquitin) were upregulated rapidly after delivery, with a similar developmental trend observed in calpain II protein content as well as calpain protease activity. In contrast, antioxidant gene expression demonstrated a steady increase from 75 days gestation to 24 hr after birth, followed by a significant reduction at 7 weeks of postnatal age (P ≤ 0.002). The proteolytic signaling and antioxidant capacity patterns reflect the adaptive process to metabolic change and muscle maturity with development. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reaction of Frustrated Lewis Pairs with Ketones and Esters
Authors: Xu Bao‐Hua , Yanez Raul Alfonso Adler , Nakatsuka Hiroshi , Kitamura Masato , Fröhlich Roland , Kehr Gerald , Erker Gerhard 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) Mes2PCH2CH2B(C6F5)2 (1) reacts with an enolizable conjugated ynone by 1,4‐addition involving enolate tautomerization to give an eight‐membered zwitterionic heterocycle. The conjugated endione PhCO‐CHCH‐COPh reacts with the intermolecular FLP tBu3P/B(C6F5)3 by a simple 1,4‐addition to an enone subunit. The same substrate undergoes a more complex reaction with the FLP 1 that involves internal acetal formation to give a heterobicyclic zwitterionic product. FLP 1 reacts with dimethyl maleate by selective overall addition to the CC double bond to give a six‐membered heterocycle. It adds analogously to the triple bond of an acetylenic ester to give a similarly structured six‐membered heterocycle. The intermolecular FLP P(o‐tolyl)3/B(C6F5)3 reacts analogously with acetylenic ester by trans‐addition to the carbon–carbon triple bond. An excess of the intermolecular FLP tBu3P/B(C6F5)3, which contains a more nucleophilic phosphane, reacts differently with acetylenic ester examples, namely by OC(alkyl) bond cleavage to give the {R‐CO2[B(C6F5)3]2−}[alkyl‐PtBu3+] salts. Simple aryl or alkyl esters react analogously by using the borane‐stabilized carboxylates as good leaving groups. All essential products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction.
SN1‐Type Substitution Reactions of N‐Protected β‐Hydroxytyrosine Esters: Stereoselective Synthesis of β‐Aryl and β‐Alkyltyrosines
Authors: Wilcke David , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Bach Thorsten 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe title compounds were prepared by aldol reaction of anisaldehyde and the respective N,N‐dibenzyl glycinates. Deprotection of the nitrogen atom with Pearlman’s catalyst delivered the unprotected β‐hydroxytyrosine esters, which were further N‐protected as N,N‐phthaloyl (Phth) and N‐fluorenylmethylcarbonyloxy (Fmoc) derivatives. The Friedel–Crafts reaction with various arenes was studied employing these alcohols as electrophiles. It turned out that the facial diastereoselectivitiy depends on the nitrogen protecting group and on the ester group. The unprotected substrates (NH2) gave preferentially syn‐products but the anti‐selectivity increased when going from NHFmoc over NPhth to NBn2. If the ester substituent was varied the syn‐preference increased in the order Me <Et <iPr. The reactions were shown to be fully stereoconvergent and proceeded under kinetic product control. A model is suggested to explain the facial diastereoselectivity based on a conformationally locked benzylic cation intermediate. The reactions are preparatively useful for the N‐unprotected isopropyl ester, which gave Friedel–Crafts alkylation products with good syn‐selectivity (anti/syn=21:79 to 7:93), and for the N,N‐dibenzyl‐protected methyl ester, which led preferentially to anti‐products (anti/syn=80:20 to >95:5). Upon acetylation of the latter compound to the respective acetate, Bi(OTf)3‐catalyzed alkylation reactions became possible, in which silyl enol ethers served as nucleophiles. The respective alkylation products were obtained in high yield and with excellent anti‐selectivitiy (anti/syn≥95:5).
Max Planck – ein Gegner des Christentums? Die Debatte um Plancks Haltung zur Religion nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
Authors: Löhr Gebhard 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMax Planck – an Adversary of Christianity? The Debate About Planck's Attitude Towards Religion after World War II. The article discusses a debate which unfolded in the early 1950s and 1960s between East German Marxist philosophers and historians of science and West German theologians and scientists. The subject treated was the attitude towards religion of famous physicist Max Planck who had died a few years earlier, in 1947. The article analyses the different positions of the contributors, mainly with a view to developing a categorial framework usable in descriptions and analyses of the religious attitudes of natural scientists. Moreover the different stages of the debate are outlined in order to exhibit their connections to the larger historical context, i.e. the unfolding of the cold war. In the light of this the debate can be regarded as a religious or ideological war, albeit a cold one, on German soil, which fortunately did not escalate into a hot conflict. It ended, as can be illustrated in a late contribution to the debate, with the collapse of the GDR in 1989 or shortly thereafter.
Eine analytische Bildpraxis. Die pathologisch‐anatomischen Zeichnungen Jean Cruveilhiers in ihrem Verhältnis zu klinischen Beobachtungen
Authors: Engelmann Lukas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAn Analytical Visualization Practice. The Pathological‐anatomical Illustrations of Jean Cruveilhier in Relation to Clinical Observations. The article examines the meaning and function of medical illustrations in the famous Atlas Anatomie pathologique, published by the French surgeon Jean Cruveilhier (1791–1874). By tracing the complex representation of pathological entities both back to the visual tradition of anatomy and the semiotic tradition of case descriptions and case histories, the article identifies the visualization technique of Cruveilhier as an analytical practice. The illustration of pathological anatomy gains a functional diagnostic quality when bound to case descriptions and clinical histories. The Atlas serves thereby as a sample to trace the genealogies of a clinical visualization practice in characteristic images that is both engaged with an individual case and classificational tasks.
Scale‐up of cell culture bioreactors using biomechatronic design
Authors: Mandenius Carl‐Fredrik , Björkman Mats 
Published: March 2012

AbstractScale‐up of cell culture bioreactors is a challenging engineering work that requires wide competence in cell biology, mechanical engineering and bioprocess design. In this article, a new approach for cell culture bioreactor scale‐up is suggested that is based on biomechatronic design methodology. The approach differs from traditional biochemical engineering methodology by applying a sequential design procedure where the needs of the users and alternative design solutions are systematically analysed. The procedure is based on the biological and technical functions of the scaled‐up bioreactor that are derived in functional maps, concept generation charts and scoring and interaction matrices. Basic reactor engineering properties, such as mass and heat transfer and kinetics are integrated in the procedure. The methodology results in the generation of alternative design solutions that are thoroughly ranked with help of the user needs. Examples from monoclonal antibodies and recombinant protein production illuminate the steps of the procedure. The methodology provides engineering teams with additional tools that can significantly facilitate the design of new production methods for cell culture processes.
Product Loss Minimization of an Integrated Cryogenic Separation System
Authors: Yang X. , Xu Q. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe integrated cold box and demethanizer system as one of the most critical production sections in an ethylene plant couples multistage refrigeration and cryogenic separation to extract hydrogen and methane from the cracked gas feed. Ethylene and the heavier components are liquefied for recovery in the downstream process. During separation, ethylene contained in the methane and hydrogen streams is accounted as the product loss which in reality is significant. To reduce the ethylene loss with energy consumption consideration, a systematic methodology has been developed to optimize the process operation of the integrated cold box and demethanizer system. It covers rigorous simulation model development and validation, sensitivity analysis, operational optimization, and result analysis. The optimization results demonstrate the significant economic benefits of the proposed methodology.
Determination of Gallic Acid by Flow Injection Analysis Based on Luminol‐AgNO3‐Ag NPs Chemiluminescence System
Authors: Li Shifeng , Sun Huimin , Wang Dong , Qian Li , Zhu Yan , Tao Shanjun 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA novel flow injection procedure has been developed for the determination of gallic acid based on the enhancement function for luminol‐AgNO3‐Ag NPs chemiluminescence (CL) system by gallic acid. The enhancement mechanism was proposed for the reinforcing effect of the gallic acid on the CL system. The UV‐vis absorption spectrum and CL emission spectrum were applied to confirm the mechanism. The method is simple, rapid and sensitive with a detection limit of 5×10−10 g·mL−1 and a linear range of 8.0×10−10–1.0×10−7 g·mL−1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) is 1.3% for eleven measurements of 5×10−8 g·mL−1 gallic acid. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of gallic acid in Chinese proprietary medicine–Jianmin Yanhou tablets and synthesized samples.