bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of resting and ligand-bound ErbB1 and ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinases in living cells using number and brightness analysis
Authors: Nagy Peter , Claus Jeroen , Jovin Thomas M. , Arndt-Jovin Donna J. 
Published: September 2010

Ligand-driven dimerizations of ErbB receptor subunits fulfill a fundamental role in their activation. We have used the number and brightness analysis technique to investigate the existence of preformed ligand-independent dimers and clusters and to characterize the initial steps in the activation of ErbB1 and ErbB2. In cells expressing 50,000–200,000 receptors, ErbB1 was monomeric in the absence of ligand stimulation, whereas in CHO cells with receptor levels > 500,000 as much as 30% of ErbB1 was present as preformed dimers. EGF induced the formation of ErbB1 dimers as well as larger clusters (up to pentamers) that colocalized with clathrin-coated pits. The distribution of unstimulated ErbB2 in cells expressing 3·10
5
- 10
6
receptors was fundamentally different, in that this receptor was present in preformed homoassociated aggregates containing 5–10 molecules. These constitutive ErbB2 homoclusters colocalized with caveolae, increased in size at subphysiological temperatures, but decreased in size upon EGF stimulation. We conclude that these ErbB2 clusters are promoted primarily by membrane-mediated interactions and are dispersed upon ligand stimulation.
Parenting Factors Associated with Reduced Adolescent Alcohol Use: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Ryan Siobhan M. , Jorm Anthony F. , Lubman Dan I. 
Published: September 2010

Objective: To identify parenting strategies associated with adolescent alcohol consumption that parents can use to implement new national guidelines regarding alcohol consumption by people under the age of 18. Methods: A systematic search of academic literature employing the PRISMA method identified 77 relevant articles. Inclusion criteria for the review were (i) longitudinal cohort studies; (ii) measurement of one or more parenting factors during adolescence or pre-adolescence (between the ages of 8 and 17) as a predictor (iii) outcome measurement of any alcohol use and/or alcohol related problems during adolescence at least one time point after the initial parenting factor was measured, and/or problem drinking in adulthood. Studies were excluded if alcohol use was combined with other substance use or problem behaviour as an outcome variable, or if different parenting factors were combined as a single predictor variable for analysis. Stouffer's method of combining p values was used to determine whether associations between variables were reliable. Results: Twelve parenting variables were investigated in these studies: parental modelling, provision of alcohol, alcohol-specific communication, disapproval of adolescent drinking, general discipline, rules about alcohol, parental monitoring, parent–child relationship quality, family conflict, parental support, parental involvement, and general communication. We found that delayed alcohol initiation was predicted by: parental modelling, limiting availability of alcohol to the child, parental monitoring, parent–child relationship quality, parental involvement and general communication. Reduced levels of later drinking by adolescents were predicted by: parental modelling, limiting availability of alcohol to the child, disapproval of adolescent drinking, general discipline, parental monitoring, parent–child relationship quality, parental support and general communication. Conclusions: A number of parenting strategies were identified that parents can use to reduce their adolescent's alcohol consumption. These could be promoted to parents to help them implement new national guidelines on alcohol use.
Faecal Calprotectin in Term and Preterm Neonates
Authors: Kapel Nathalie , Campeotto Florence , Kalach Nicolas , Baldassare Mariella , Butel Marie‐José , Dupont Christophe 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of this review was to examine the characteristics of the faecal calprotectin assay in neonates and the evidence for its use as a noninvasive marker of intestinal illnesses during the neonatal period.Methods:Bibliographic searches were performed in the MEDLINE electronic database up to February 2010 looking for the following words (all fields): “infants” or “neonates” and “calprotectin.” Twenty studies, in which 1180 neonates were enrolled, were selected.Results:During the neonatal period, calprotectin levels are characterized by significantly higher values in both healthy full‐term and preterm infants during their first year of life compared with reference values established for children and adults. No difference was observed according to gestational age or birth weight, whereas a higher faecal calprotectin level was detected during intestinal distress in neonates with either inflammatory or patent digestive alterations. Despite high interindividual variations, cutoff levels are proposed to identify infants with a high risk of intestinal illnesses.Conclusions:Compared with adults and children, healthy full‐term and preterm neonates have high calprotectin levels. The measurement of calprotectin levels in faeces can be a promising noninvasive clinical screening test for intestinal distress in neonates.
Regulatory T Cells and T Helper Subsets in Breast‐fed Infants With Hematochezia Caused by Allergic Colitis
Authors: Cseh Áron , Molnár Kriszta , Pintér Petra , Szalay Balazs , Szebeni Beata , Treszl Andras , Arató Andras , Vásárhelyi Barna , Veres Gabor 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe objective of our study was to investigate the prevalence of CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets and their commitment to TH1 or TH2 direction in 10 infants with allergic colitis (AC) and 10 healthy controls. Infants with AC presented with a higher ratio of naïve to memory cells, lower prevalence of activated CD4+CD25+ cells and FoxP3+ regulatory cells, and a shift to TH2 direction in balance compared with controls. These alterations are normalized upon cessation of AC symptoms on elemental L‐amino acid formula. These findings suggest the importance of antigen exposure in AC in infancy.
Performing Kasai Portoenterostomy Beyond 60 Days of Life Is Not Necessarily Associated With a Worse Outcome
Authors: Wong KKY , Chung PHY , Chan IHY , Lan LCL , Tam PKH 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe introduction of Kasai portoenterostomy has dramatically improved the management and survival of children with biliary atresia. The success rate of this operation worldwide varies with different centers. In this respect, many authors have studied the correlation of a successful outcome with various factors, such as the experience and workload of the surgical center, the use of postoperative steroids, the underlying biliary anatomy, as well as the age of patients at the time of the operation. Indeed, the age of 60 days has been used by clinicians as a critical time beyond which the rate of success of the Kasai operation markedly reduces. Despite this worldwide adoption, clear evidence supporting this critical operative time is still lacking. We undertook a review of our experience in the management of children with biliary atresia and focused specifically on the issue of the timing of operation. We showed that performing the Kasai operation beyond the age of 60 days was not associated with a worse outcome and that a high percentage of patients could still achieve good bile flow with normal bilirubin postoperatively. Thus, we believe that until the age of 100 days, the age of the patients does not play a significant role in determining the success of the Kasai operation.
Increased Heat Shock Protein 72 Expression in Celiac Disease
Authors: Sziksz Erna , Veres Gábor , Vannay Ádám , Prókai Ágnes , Gál Krisztina , Ónody Anna , Korponay‐Szabó Ilma Rita , Reusz György , Szabó András , Tulassay Tivadar , Arató András , Szebeni Beáta 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives:Heat shock protein (HSP) 72, a known chaperone, has potential epithelial barrier protecting, antiapoptotic, and immune system regulatory effects; therefore, our aim was to study its involvement in the pathology of celiac disease (CD).Patients and Methods:Duodenal biopsy specimens were collected from children with untreated and treated CD and from controls. mRNA expression, protein level, and localization of HSP72 were determined.Results:Elevated HSP72 mRNA expression and higher protein levels were found in the duodenal mucosa of children with untreated CD as well as in children with treated CD compared with those in controls. In the duodenal mucosa of children with treated CD, HSP72 mRNA expression was decreased and HSP72 protein levels were lower than those in children with untreated CD. We detected intensive HSP72 staining in the villous enterocytes and immune cells of the lamina propria in the duodenal villi of children with untreated CD compared with that in controls.Conclusions:The increased expression and altered localization of HSP72 in CD indicate that HSP72 should have a role in protection against gliadin‐induced cytotoxicity. HSP72 may exert antiapoptotic effect and contribute to preservation of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Moreover, HSP72 as a ligand of TLR2 and TLR4 may promote innate immune responses and warn the cells of the potential injury.
Nursing students’ experiences of their first encounter with death during clinical practice in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Xuan‐Yi , Chang Jen‐Yu , Sun Fan‐Ko , Ma Wei‐Fen 
Published: September 2010

Aims and objectives.  The aim of this study was to elucidate the experiences of first encountering death by nursing students during clinical practice. The objective is to assist nursing educational and clinical professionals to provide essential assistance for nursing students who encounter patient death.Background.  Increasingly, deaths are occurring in hospitals. However, there has been little qualitative research in Taiwan on the experiences of nursing students who encounter patient death for the first time.Design.  A descriptive qualitative method was employed to explore nursing students’ first experience with death during clinical practice in Taiwan.Methods.  Purposive sampling, one‐on‐one, in‐depth with semi‐structured interviews were conducted to collect data. Participants were selected from an acute haematological ward in a major teaching hospital in Central Taiwan. Narratives were analysed using Colaizzi’s seven‐step method.Results.  Data saturation was achieved after interviewing 12 nursing students. The average age of the students was 20, and seven and half days was the average time spent attending dying patients. Three themes and eleven sub‐themes were identified: Providing Care During the Dying Period (feelings of dread and terror, hardship of experiencing patient’s life fading away, devotion to patient care and self‐affirmation); Facing the Moment of Patient Death (state of being scared or trapped, emotional breakdown); Adjustment after Patient Death (acceptance or avoidance, growth or escape).Conclusions.  Findings demonstrate the importance of understanding such first experiences, and the results are beneficial to clinical instructors and nursing personnel in understanding the students’ pressure and difficulties experienced before, during and after the patients’ death.Relevance to clinical practice.  Several recommendations have been made, including teaching and support not only in the period of dying, but at the moment of patient death and postmortality. Avoiding topics about death in local culture have been noted.
A typology of bullying behaviours: the experiences of Australian nurses
Authors: Hutchinson Marie , Vickers Margaret H , Wilkes Lesley , Jackson Debra 
Published: September 2010

Aim and objective.  This study sought to explore the nature of bullying in the Australian nursing workplace.Background.  While there is widespread concern about the extent and consequences of bullying among nurses, to date, there have been no published reports cataloguing the types of behaviours that constitute bullying.Design.  Reported here are findings from the first stage of a three‐stage sequential mixed methods study.Methods.  The first, qualitative stage of this study employed in‐depth, semi structured interviews with 26 nurses who had experienced bullying from two Australian area health services. Content analysis of the verbatim interview transcripts was performed using the nvivo 7 software program.Results.  The analysis identified six major categories and constituent sub‐categories. The typology of bullying behaviours reported here is one of these major categories.Conclusion.  The typology of behaviours developed from the study provides detailed insights into the complexity of bullying experienced by nurses. The behaviours were labelled: personal attack, erosion of professional competence and reputation, and attack through work roles and tasks. These themes provide insight into the construct of bullying by providing a detailed catalogue of bullying behaviours that show that bullying is frequently masked in work tasks or work processes and focused on damaging the reputation and status of targets.Relevance to clinical practice.  The detailed catalogue of bullying behaviours draws attention to the breadth of the bullying experience. It is anticipated the typology will be of use to nurses, managers and other professionals who are interested in responding to the problem of bullying in nursing.
A literature review of children’s and young people’s participation in decisions relating to health care
Authors: Moore Lucie , Kirk Susan 
Published: September 2010

Aims and objectives.  To review and critique the research literature on children’s and young people’s participation in health care decision‐making, to highlight gaps in the research and to identify implications for nursing practice.Background.  Children have a right to participate in decisions about their lives. The recognition of this, along with greater acknowledgement of children’s capabilities, has led to an increasing awareness that children’s views must be given value in both national policy and individual decisions. Health professionals have also been given explicit direction to ensure that children are actively involved in decision‐making.Design.  Literature review.Method.  Search of electronic databases and manual searching of journals and reference lists between 1990–2009.Results.  Children want to be involved in discussions about their care but it is unclear to what extent this happens in practice. The research conducted has interpreted participation in different ways. Studies have compared decisions of differing importance in terms of risk and many have a wide age range in their samples, including children who are arguably too young for meaningful participation. However, this heterogeneity is often overlooked in the reporting of studies. Aspects of practice which can help or hinder participation are identified but there is little evidence on the outcome benefits of participation. In addition, there has been an over‐reliance on interviews as the method of data collection.Conclusions.  Research using a combination of observation and interviewing would provide more in‐depth knowledge about participation in practice. In addition, studies should consider decisions of similar consequence and children at an age when participation is appropriate.Relevance to clinical practice.  The need for health professionals to ensure children are protected is undisputed but should not prevent children’s rights to participate from being enacted. Practitioners, therefore, need further guidance on how to facilitate the participation of children.
Coping strategies, social support and responsibility in chemical intolerance
Authors: Nordin Maria , Andersson Linus , Nordin Steven 
Published: September 2010

Aims and objectives.  To study coping strategies, social support and responsibility for improvement in chemical intolerance (CI).Background.  Limited knowledge of CI among health professionals and lay persons places demands on the chemically intolerant individual’s coping strategies and perception of social support and ability to take responsibility for improvement. However, there is sparse literature on these issues in CI.Design.  A cross‐sectional, questionnaire‐based, quasi‐experimental study.Method.  Fifty‐nine persons with mild, 92 with moderate and 31 with severe CI participated by rating (i) usage and effectiveness of six problem‐ and six emotion‐focused coping strategies, (ii) emotional, instrumental and informative support provided by various sources and (iii) society’s and the inflicted individual’s responsibility for improvement.Results.  The participants reported that the most commonly used and effective coping strategies were avoiding odorous/pungent environments and asking persons to limit their use of odorous/pungent substances (problem‐focused strategies) as well as accepting the situation and reprioritising (emotion‐focused strategies). High intolerance severity was associated with problem‐focused coping strategies and relatively low intolerance with emotion‐focused strategies. More emotional than instrumental and informative support was perceived, predominantly from the partner and other family members. Responsibility attributed to society was also found to increase from mild to moderate/severe intolerance.Conclusions.  Certain coping strategies are more commonly used and perceived as more effective than others in CI. However, intolerance severity plays a role regarding both coping strategies and responsibility. Emotional support appears to be the most available type of support.Relevance to clinical practice.  For improved care, certain coping strategies may be suggested by nurses, the healthcare system needs to provide better social support to these patients and the issue of responsibility for improvement may be discussed with the patient.
Managing pain in children: where to from here?
Authors: Twycross Alison 
Published: September 2010

Aims and objectives.  The aims of this study are to review research published in the past 15 years to provide insight into the factors impacting on the management of pain in children and identify strategies that can be used to improve pain management practices.Background.  The evidence to guide nurses’ pain management practices is readily available, in the form of clinical guidelines. However, children’s nurses’ pain management practices continue to fall short of the ideal with children experiencing moderate to severe unrelieved pain. Several factors have been suggested as providing an explanation for this. There is a need to explore the impact each of these factors have on pain management practices further. With this in mind, a literature review was undertaken.Design.  Literature review.Methods.  A computerised literature search was carried out using CINAHL, Medline and the British Nursing Index. The search terms used were as follows: pain, pain assessment, pain management, education, quality and nurses. Articles published in the last 15 years were included in the review.Results.  Several themes emerged from this review of the literature as possible explanations for why children’s pain is still not managed effectively. These include knowledge deficits; incorrect or outdated beliefs about pain and pain management; the decision‐making strategies used and organisational culture.Conclusions.  Improving pain management requires a multifactorial approach encompassing: education, institutional support, attitude shifts and change leaders. Issues that need addressing include education, decision‐making strategies and organisational practices. Further research needs to be carried out to determine other factors that impact on pain management practices.Relevance to clinical practice.  Despite the evidence to guide practice being readily available children continue to experience unrelieved pain. The strategies identified in this article may help to ensure that pain is relieved effectively.
Mapping the pinhole formation pathway of S21
Authors: Pang Ting , Park Taehyun , Young Ry 
Published: September 2010

SummaryPhage holins are small, lethal membrane proteins of two general types: canonical holins, like λ S105, which oligomerizes and forms large membrane holes of unprecedented size; and pinholins, like S2168 of lambdoid phage 21, which forms homo‐heptameric channels, or pinholes, with a lumen of < 2 nm. Pinholes depolarize the membrane, leading to activation of secreted endolysins and murein degradation. S2168 has two transmembrane domains, TMD1 and TMD2. TMD2 alone lines the pinhole, making heterotypic interactions involving two surfaces, A and B. Mutational analysis on S2168 suggested that S2168 initially forms inactive dimer, with TMD1 inhibiting TMD2 both in cis and trans. When TMD1 exits the membrane to the periplasm, it liberates TMD2 to participate in the pathway to pinhole formation. In this study, further mutational analysis suggests a refined pinhole formation pathway, with the existence of at least two intermediate states. We propose that the pathway begins in the activated dimer state, with a homotypic TMD2 interface involving the A surface. Evidence is presented for a further oligomeric state involving a heterotypic A:B interaction. Moreover, the data suggest that a glycine‐zipper motif present in the A interface of TMD2 is involved in every stage downstream of the inactive dimer.
Experimental test of a trade‐off between moult and immune response in house sparrowsPasser domesticus
Authors: MORENO‐RUEDA G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA trade‐off between immune system and moulting is predicted in birds, given that both functions compete for resources. However, it is unclear whether such a trade‐off exists during post‐breeding moult. This study tests such a trade‐off in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). Males injected with an antigen (lipopolysaccharide) significantly moulted slower than sham‐injected males. Moreover, males whose seventh primaries were plucked to simulate moult showed smaller immune response to phytohaemagglutinin than control males, in which seventh primaries were clipped. A trade‐off between moult speed and body mass was also found. The results show a clear trade‐off between moult and immune response in the house sparrow: immune response negatively affected moult and moult negatively affected immune response. These findings suggest that only individuals in good condition may have an efficient moult and simultaneously respond effectively in terms of immunity to pathogens, which could explain how plumage traits honestly indicate parasite resistance in birds.