bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are the alarm calls of North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) functionally referential?
Authors: Digweed Shannon , Rendall Drew 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNorth American red squirrels are a small-bodied and solitary-living species that faces a diversity of predators and produces two different variants of alarm calls in response to them. Recent studies have yielded conflicting interpretations of the predator-specific and functionally referential nature of these alarm call variants. We undertook a systematic set of playback experiments to quantify the responses of red squirrels to alarm calls produced by other squirrels during encounters with different predators. The experiment was designed to test a core requirement of functionally referential alarm calls, namely that different alarm call types induce distinct and functionally appropriate escape responses in listeners. Results indicated that squirrels registered and responded to alarm calls produced by others; however, their responses were not differentiated according to the type of alarm call they heard and, thus, did not provide evidence that the different alarm call variants hold any predator-specific, referential value. These outcomes are discussed in light of complementary work on alarm call production in red squirrels and broader aspects of this species' life history in an effort to better understand the necessary and sufficient pressures promoting the evolution of referential call systems in animals.
Schistonchus hirtus n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), an associate of Ficus hirta in China
Authors: Zeng Yongsan , Ye Weimin , Giblin-Davis Robin M. , Li Changhui , Du Zhijian , Zhao Chen 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
A nematode recovered from syconia of Ficus hirta from Guangzhou, P. R. China, during a survey of nematode biodiversity from 2007 to 2009, is described herein as Schistonchus hirtus n. sp. and is differentiated by a combination of morphological characters, including excretory pore (EP) located near the metacorpus, a short post-uterine sac (PUS) (0.5 vulval body diam. (VBD) long), rose thorn-shaped spicules, amoeboid sperm, absence of gubernaculum, three pairs of subventral papillae on the male tail, host-Ficus and host-wasp species and DNA sequence data. Morphologically, S. hirtus n. sp. is close to S. centerae, S. altermacrophylla, S. aureus, S. laevigatus and S. virens based upon the length of the PUS (about 0.5 VBD long). However, the relative position of the EP in S. hirtus n. sp. is very different from these species (near metacorpus vs near head). With regard to the EP character, S. hirtus n. sp. is very similar to S. macrophylla, S. guangzhouensis and S. caprifici where the EP is at metacorpus level. However, S. hirtus n. sp. differs from S. macrophylla and S. guangzhouensis by possessing a shorter PUS and smaller spicules, and differs from S. caprifici by a shorter female stylet and smaller spicules. Schistonchus hirtus n. sp. was easily differentiated from other sequenced species by the proportion of parsimony informative changes in the partial small subunit rRNA gene (SSU) and D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit rRNA gene (LSU). Phylogenetic analysis with SSU sequences suggests that S. hirtus n. sp. is in a highly supported monophyletic clade with Aphelenchoides and Laimaphelenchus and is polyphyletic to other sequenced Schistonchus species. With LSU sequence data, it forms a clade with S. caprifici and they appear polyphyletic relative to S. guangzhouensis, S. centerae, S. aureus, S. laevigatus and S. virens.
Description of Bursaphelenchus paraparvispicularis n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) found in packaging wood from Hongkong, China
Authors: Gu Jianfeng , Wang Jiangling , Duan Weijun , Braasch Helen , Burgermeister Wolfgang , Zheng Jingwu 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Bursaphelenchus paraparvispicularis n. sp. is described and figured from pine packaging wood originating in Hongkong, China, and inspected in Ningbo harbour, China. The new species clearly belongs to the hofmanni group. It is characterised by a relatively stout body (a = 26.7 and 26.5 for males and females, respectively), three lines in the lateral field, seven caudal papillae, spicules relatively small (12.6-15.3 μm), mitten-shaped, with lamina dorsal line smoothly arcuate but calomus relatively straight, condylus squared or round, well developed, rostrum well developed with round terminus, cucullus absent, the shape of the female tail, which is short and ventrally bent with a bluntly pointed terminus, and vulval lips not forming a vulval flap. The new species is morphologically closest to B. parvispicularis and can be distinguished by smaller and stouter body, lower female ratio c′ (average 2.8 vs 4.4) and longer spicule condylus. The separate species status is supported by ITS-RFLP patterns and molecular phylogenetic analysis based on ITS1/2 and partial LSU sequences, which revealed that B. paraparvispicularis n. sp. is closest to B. parvispicularis.
Burrowing nematodes from Colombia and their relationship with Radopholus similis populations, R. arabocoffeae and R. duriophilus
Authors: Múnera Uribe Gladis Emilia , Bert Wim , Vierstraete Andy R. , de la Peña Eduardo , Moens Maurice , Decraemer Wilfrida 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Two burrowing nematode populations from Colombia were characterised using morphological, morphometric and molecular criteria. The morphological and morphometric characters of the two populations did not differ from those of Radopholus similis. The phylogenetic analysis based on sequence comparison of 18S, D2D3 regions of these populations with those of Radopholus sp., R. similis and other Tylenchomorpha from GenBank confirmed the close molecular relationship between the genus Radopholus and the Hoplolaimidae. The consensus tree based on the comparison of ITS1-5.8-ITS2 rDNA sequences of the Colombian populations with R. similis (many sources), R. arabocoffeae and R. duriophilus from GenBank grouped the Colombian populations in a clade which also included R. similis from different localities. Other R. similis populations grouped in separated clades, which were closely related to the clade containing R. arabocoffeae and R. duriophilus. The high genetic variability among the R. similis populations was observed and confirmed by the high ITS1-5.8-ITS2 sequence divergence within the R. similis populations studied (5.4%) which was comparable to the divergence (4.2-6.9%) between the Radopholus species included in the analysis. These findings and the unresolved phylogenetic placement of R. arabocoffeae and R. duriophilus among R. similis suggests that the burrowing nematode could be a species complex. Limited information on the variability of the 18S and D2D3 region gives an indication of their possible value, besides ITS1-5.8-ITS, as molecular markers within Radopholus. No complete and comprehensible relation was found between the phylogenetic position of the Radopholus populations and their geographical origin or host.
Comparative morphometrics and ribosomal DNA sequence analysis of Longidorus orientalis Loof, 1983 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Spain and Iran
Authors: Palomares-Rius Juan E. , Landa Blanca B. , Tanha Maafi Zahra , Hunt David J. , Castillo Pablo 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
During recent nematode surveys in a muddy soil around undetermined graminaceous plants in El Rocío, Huelva Province, in southern Spain, and from the rhizosphere of date palm associated with graminaceous vegetation from Abadan, in Khuzestan Province, south-west Iran, populations of Longidorus orientalis were identified. Morphological and morphometrical studies on these populations fit the original description and represent the first report from Spain and Europe. Molecular characterisation of L. orientalis from Spain and Iran, using D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA and ITS-rRNA, is provided. Sequences of the D2-D3 expansion regions and partial 18S genes were analysed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within L. orientalis and other Longidorus species. The results revealed a closer phylogenetic relationship with L. goodeyi for the D2-D3 expansion region and with L. vineacola for the partial 18S region.
Molecular and morphological characterisation of Sphaeronema alni Turkina & Chizhov, 1986 (Nematoda: Sphaeronematidae) from Spain compared with a topotype population from Russia
Authors: Palomares-Rius Juan , Vovlas Nicola , Subbotin Sergei A. , Troccoli Alberto , Cantalapiedra-Navarrete Carolina , Liébanas Gracia , Chizhov Vladimir N. , Landa Blanca B. , Castillo Pablo 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The occurrence of a male-less population of Sphaeronema alni parasitising chestnut (Castanea sativa) roots and inducing a stelar syncytium is reported for the first time in Pola de Somiedo (Oviedo province), Spain. Morphometric and molecular characters of the Spanish population matched those of a topotype population from Russia. SEM observations showed swollen females having the first lip annulus wider than the second and appearing as a cap-like, circumoral elevation. The second-stage juveniles, having a single band in the lateral fields, were characterised by a non-annulated dome-shaped lip region derived from the fusion of the oral disc with all the lip sectors and lip annuli, and showing slit-like amphidial apertures and an oval prestoma. The sequences of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA, partial 18S rRNA and ITS rRNA gene for the Spanish and topotype populations of S. alni were congruent and matched those deposited in GenBank for another population from Germany, thereby confirming their conspecificity. A PCR-RFLP profile of D2-D3 of 28S rRNA for identification of this species was also provided. The phylogenetic relationships between S. alni populations and representatives of the suborder Criconematina, as inferred from analysis of partial 18S rRNA and D2-D3 of 28S gene sequences obtained in this and previous studies, indicated that S. alni formed a basal clade on the majority consensus Bayesian phylogenetic trees, standing together with Meloidoderita sp. or alone. These findings provide additional evidence of the need to clarify the position of Sphaeronema within Criconematina and its relationships with representatives of Tylenchulinae.
Usefulness of morphological data for the study of nematode biodiversity
Authors: Luc Michel , Doucet Marcelo E. , Fortuner Renaud , Castillo Pablo , Decraemer Wilfrieda , Lax Paola 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Public interest in biodiversity has never been so high, but the necessary inventory of existing species is hindered by the scarcity of taxonomists able to characterise and describe new species (α-taxonomy). This situation is particularly worrisome in nematology where only a small fraction of the estimated 105 to 108 existing species has been described and where experienced taxonomists are fast disappearing while the few that are still active find it increasingly difficult to publish morphological descriptions and to get financial support for biodiversity studies. The present disregard for α-taxonomy is said to originate from the excessive reliance by funding agencies and academic authorities on the Impact Factors attributed to scientific journals by ISI (Institute for Scientific Information). Molecular studies gave back some support and prestige to taxonomy, but that approach suffers from some limitations and it cannot be used alone for reaching taxonomic conclusions. In addition, any described DNA sequence should always be linked to a named species whose morphology has been correctly described by a trained taxonomist. The authors call for a renewed interest in α-taxonomy. Electronic publication according to the Code of Zoological Nomenclature would be one solution, but journals and authors seem reluctant to accept it. A variant would be to publish on paper only the diagnosis of the new species. The complete descriptions could be deposited in an Internet database but the setting-up of such a database would be a costly enterprise that would require several years of work by a team composed of morphological and molecular taxonomists and computer scientists.
Risk factors for failure of continuous veno-venous hemodialysis in the treatment of acute renal failure following cardiac surgery
Authors: Qiang Ji  , YunQing Mei  , XiSheng Wang  , Jing Feng  , JianZhi Cai  , YiFeng Sun  , Wusha Dewei  
Published: July 2010

Objective: To evaluate the risk factors for failure of continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD) in the treatment of acute renal failure (ARF) after cardiac surgery. Methods: Adult patients without any prior pre-operative history of chronic renal failure who underwent CVVHD after cardiac surgery in our medical center from January 2005 to December 2008 were divided into a success or a failure group. All selected patients’ pre-, intra-, and post-operative data were retrospectively analyzed. ARF was described as post-operative urinary output of less than 0.5ml/kg/h and/or a 50% increase in baseline BUN and serum creatinine levels. Results: Fifty-two adult patients (accounting for 3.04%) who underwent CVVHD after cardiac surgery were entered into this study. Thirty-six patients survived, with a mortality rate of 30.8%. Pre-operative mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in the success group was higher than that in the failure group (46±9% versus 40±7%, p=0.0220). Mean duration of oliguria until dialysis in the failure group was significantly longer than that in the success group (22.1±6.9h versus 11.6±2.5h, p<0.0001). Through univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression, independent risk factors for failure of CVVHD in the treatment of post-operative ARF included pre-operative LVEF (OR=0.635, 95% CI 0.358-0.852) and duration of oliguria until dialysis (OR=2.442, 95% CI 1.563-5.768). Conclusions: Pre-operative impaired left ventricular function is an important risk factor for failure of CVVHD in the treatment of ARF after cardiac surgery. The sooner CVVHD is instituted the better prognosis may be.
Review: The understanding of spirituality and the potential role of spiritual care in end-of-life and palliative care: a meta-study of qualitative research
Authors: Edwards A. , Pang N. , Shiu V. , Chan C. 
Published: July 2010

Spirituality and spiritual care are gaining increasing attention but their potential contribution to palliative care remains unclear. The aim of this study was to synthesize qualitative literature on spirituality and spiritual care at the end of life using a systematic (‘meta-study’) review. Eleven patient articles and eight with healthcare providers were included, incorporating data from 178 patients and 116 healthcare providers, mainly from elderly White and Judaeo-Christian origin patients with cancer. Spirituality principally focused on relationships, rather than just meaning making, and was given as a relationship. Spirituality was a broader term that may or may not encompass religion. A ‘spirit to spirit’ framework for spiritual care-giving respects individual personhood. This was achieved in the way physical care was given, by focusing on presence, journeying together, listening, connecting, creating openings, and engaging in reciprocal sharing. Affirmative relationships supported patients, enabling them to respond to their spiritual needs. The engagement of family caregivers in spiritual care appears underutilized. Relationships formed an integral part of spirituality as they were a spiritual need, caused spiritual distress when broken and were the way spiritual care was given. Barriers to spiritual care include lack of time, personal, cultural or institutional factors, and professional educational needs. By addressing these, we may make an important contribution to the improvement of patient care towards the end of life.
Spatial relationship between clay content and geophysical data
Authors: de Benedetto D. , Castrignanò A. , Sollitto D. , Modugno F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn important attribute for soil use is clay content, because it affects the water-holding capacity and hydraulic properties of a soil. Soil surveys are time-consuming, labour-intensive and costly, while geophysical methods, such as Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), offer a non-invasive and non-destructive approach to mapping soil features. The objective of this paper is to assess the spatial relationship between clay content and geophysical data. The EMI and GPR data and soil cores were collected and analysed in a field of about 3 ha size in Rutigliano, Bari, in SE Italy. The EMI data and clay contents were interpolated using ordinary cokriging. The GPR data were pre-processed and the envelope of the filtered GPR data was used to produce 3Dmaps of the kriged estimates. The correlation with clay content was large and positive for EMI, whereas it was negative for the GPR measurement. In this work, a combination of geostatistical and statistical analysis has shown a significant correlation between the EMI and GPR observations. Estimation of the mathematical function relating these two groups of variables requires a multivariate approach of non-stationary geostatistics.
HRTEM investigation of intralayer and interlayer stacking defects and pyrophyllite interlayers in illite
Authors: Chen Tao , Wang Hejing , Mason Roger , Chen Li 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMetastable authigenic 1Millite from shale of diagenetic grade has been studied using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) equipped with energy-dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. The illite occurs as deformed flakes deficient in interlayer K+cations with 0.6 per half cell, and with abnormally high Al in both octahedral and tetrahedral sites. Complex structural adjustments reflecting the unusual chemical composition are observed in images of illite at near-atomic resolution. Different distances and directions of intralayer shift between the upper tetrahedral sheet and the lower tetrahedral sheet within 2:1 layers are found in this sample. Intralayer undershift structure coupled with interlayer displacement is found in a 1Millite crystal, and intralayer overshift structure coupled with no interlayer displacement is found in a 1Mdomain of a larger crystal. Two tetrahedral sheets across the interlayer region sometimes deviate from ideal positions causing interlayer displacement. Two pyrophyllite layers are found overlying a stack of ordered 1Millite layers, and are overlain by illite layers with anomalous interlayer offsets. This offset is considered to result from an increase in the lateral dimensions of the tetrahedral sheet due to anomalous high Al content. Our observation of intralayer and interlayer deficiencies indicate that authigenic illite that crystallized in the early stage of diagenesis at low temperatures tends to give rise to heterogeneous, disordered, and metastable structures.
Kurilite – Ag8Te3Se – a new mineral from the Prasolovskoe deposit, Kuril islands, Russian Federation
Authors: Kovalenker V. A. , Plotinskaya O. Yu. , Stanley C. J. , Roberts A. C. , McDonald A. M. , Cooper M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKurilite, with the simplified formula, Ag8Te3Se, is a new mineral from the Prasolovskoe epithermal Au-Ag deposit, Kunashir Island, Kuril arc, Russian Federation. It occurs as aggregates up to 2 mm in size, composed of brittle xenomorphic grains, up to several μm in size, in quartz, associated with tetrahedrite, hessite, sylvanite and petzite. Kurilite is opaque, grey, with a metallic lustre and a black streak. Under plane-polarized light, kurilite is white with no observed bireflectance, cleavage, or parting observed. Under crossed polars it appears isotropic without internal reflections. Reflectance values in air and in oil, are tabulated. It has a mean VHN (25 g load) of 99.9 kg/mm2 which equates roughly to a Mohs hardness of 3. Electron microprobe analyses yield a mean composition of Ag 63.71, Au 0.29, Te 29.48, Se 5.04, S 0.07, total 98.71 wt.%. The empirical formula (based on 12 atoms) is (Ag7.97Au0.02)Σ7.99Te3.00(Se0.86Te0.12S0.03)Σ1.01. The calculated density is 7.799 g/cm3 (based on the empirical formula and unit-cell parameters refined from single-crystal data). Kurilite is rhombohedral, R3 or , a 15.80(1), c 19.57(6) Å, V 4231(12)Å3, c:a 1.2386, Z = 15. Its crystal structure remains unsolved. The seven strongest lines of the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å (I)(hkl)] are: 3.727(20)(131), 2.996(50)(232), 2.510(30)(226,422), 2.201(100)(128,416,342), 2.152(20)(603), 2.079(30)(253), 2.046(20)(336,434). The mineral is named after the locality.
Diversifying selection and functional analysis of interleukin-4 suggests antagonism-driven evolution at receptor-binding interfaces
Authors: Koyanagi Madoka , Kerns Julie A , Chung Linda , Zhang Yan , Brown Scott , Moldoveanu Tudor , Malik Harmit S , Bix Mark 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Interleukin-4 (IL4) is a secreted immunoregulatory cytokine critically involved in host protection from parasitic helminths [1]. Reasoning that helminths may have evolved mechanisms to antagonize IL4 to maximize their dispersal, we explored mammalian IL4 evolution.

Results
This analysis revealed evidence of diversifying selection at 15 residues, clustered in epitopes responsible for IL4 binding to its Type I and Type II receptors. Such a striking signature of selective pressure suggested either recurrent episodes of pathogen antagonism or ligand/receptor co-evolution. To test the latter possibility, we performed detailed functional analysis of IL4 allotypes expressed by Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus castaneus, which happen to differ at 5 residues (including three at positively selected sites) in and adjacent to the site 1 epitope that binds the IL4Rα subunit shared by the Type I and Type II IL4 receptors. We show that this intra-species variation affects the ability of IL4 neither to bind IL4 receptor alpha (IL4Rα) nor to signal biological responses through its Type I receptor.

Conclusions
Our results -- reminiscent of clustered positively selected sites revealing functionally important residues at host-virus interaction interfaces -- are consistent with IL4 having evolved to avoid recurrent pathogen antagonism, while maintaining the capacity to bind and signal through its cognate receptor. This work exposes what may be a general feature of evolutionary conflicts fought by pathogen antagonists at host protein-protein interaction interfaces involved in immune signaling: the emergence of receptor-binding ligand epitopes capable of buffering amino acid variation.