bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An isotopic calibration study of precipitation, cave dripwater, and climate in west‐central Florida
Authors: Polk Jason S. , van Beynen Philip , Wynn Jonathan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA calibration study of oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition from precipitation and cave dripwater was conducted in west‐central Florida at Legend Cave during 2007–2008. This study was performed to better understand how modern precipitation patterns can be discerned through examination of cave dripwater and speleothem calcite for paleoclimate reconstruction. The ‘amount effect’ was shown to be a dominant control on the oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation for the study area. A meteoric water line with a slope of 6·7 suggests evaporative effects occur either during precipitation or subsequent hydrological processes. However, δ18O values of cave dripwater averaged near the mean annual amount‐weighted average of precipitation, suggesting that the isotopic composition of dripwater tracks the long‐term average of rainfall. An observed weak seasonal influence occurred in the d‐excess values, with summer precipitation being more enriched due to increased evaporative effects. Comparison of precipitation δ18O values to synoptic weather data shows the dominant amount effect influence occurs due to strong convective storms producing highly 18O‐depleted rainfall at greater amounts during the year. Constant δ18O values of the dripwater indicate that paleoclimate reconstructions using speleothems from this area would record changes in annual to interannual shifts in precipitation amount above the cave. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of SWAT model to assess snowpack development and streamflow in the Cannonsville watershed, New York, USA
Authors: Pradhanang Soni M. , Anandhi Aavudai , Mukundan Rajith , Zion Mark S. , Pierson Donald C. , Schneiderman Eliot M. , Matonse Adao , Frei Allan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSnow is an important component of the water resources of New York State and the watersheds and reservoirs of New York City (NYC) water supply. In many of the NYC water supply watersheds the hydrologic regimes of high‐elevation headwaters are linked to streamflow and channel processes in low‐elevation stream reaches that serve as inputs to water supply reservoirs. To better simulate this linkage there is a need to understand spatial variations in snowpack and snowmelt. Snowmelt hydrology is an important component of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in watersheds where spring runoff is strongly affected by melting snow. This study compares model simulated snowpack and snowmelt at different elevation bands with snow survey data available for the Cannonsville reservoir watershed. Simulations examine the effects of parameterising the SWAT snowmelt sub‐model using 1, 3, and 5 elevation bands by comparison with measured snow and streamflow. Comparison between measured and simulated snowpack produced correlation coefficients ranging from 0·35 to 0·85. Simulations of both daily and seasonal streamflow, improved when using 3 elevation bands with r2 of 0·73 and ENS of 0·72. Streamflow simulations showed slightly lower model performance when basin elevation was assumed to be equal to snow survey site elevation, due to the snow survey sites being somewhat biased toward lower elevations. The effect of climate change was also evaluated and showed that under higher air temperatures in future climate change scenarios, SWAT indicated more precipitation falling as rain, increased and earlier snowmelt, and a reduced snowpack leading to a change in the pattern of streamflow, particularly during winter and early spring. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental radiation: Risk benchmarks or benchmarking risk assessment
Authors: Bates Matthew E. , Valverde L. James , Vogel John T. , Linkov Igor 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
In the wake of the compound March 2011 nuclear disaster at the Fukushima I nuclear power plant in Japan, international public dialogue has repeatedly turned to questions of the accuracy of current risk assessment processes to assess nuclear risks and the adequacy of existing regulatory risk thresholds to protect us from nuclear harm. We confront these issues with an emphasis on learning from the incident in Japan for future US policy discussions. Without delving into a broader philosophical discussion of the general social acceptance of the risk, the relative adequacy of existing US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) risk thresholds is assessed in comparison with the risk thresholds of federal agencies not currently under heightened public scrutiny. Existing NRC thresholds are found to be among the most conservative in the comparison, suggesting that the agency's current regulatory framework is consistent with larger societal ideals. In turning to risk assessment methodologies, the disaster in Japan does indicate room for growth. Emerging lessons seem to indicate an opportunity to enhance resilience through systemic levels of risk aggregation. Specifically, we believe bringing systemic reasoning to the risk management process requires a framework that (i) is able to represent risk-based knowledge and information about a panoply of threats; (ii) provides a systemic understanding (and representation) of the natural and built environments of interest and their dependencies; and (iii) allows for the rational and coherent valuation of a range of outcome variables of interest, both tangible and intangible. Rather than revisiting the thresholds themselves, we see the goal of future nuclear risk management in adopting and implementing risk assessment techniques that systemically evaluate large-scale socio-technical systems with a view toward enhancing resilience and minimizing the potential for surprise. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:400–403. © 2011 SETAC
Impact of nuclear accidents on marine biota
Authors: Vives i Batlle Jordi 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, precipitated by the earthquake and subsequent tsunami that struck the northeastern coast of Japan in March 2011, has raised concerns about the potential impact to marine biota posed by the release of radioactive water and radionuclide particles into the environment. The Fukushima accident is the only major nuclear accident that has resulted in the direct discharge of radioactive materials into a coastal environment. This article briefly summarizes what is currently understood about the effects of radioactive wastewaters and radionuclides to marine life. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:365–367. © 2011 SETAC
Radionuclides released to the environment following nuclear events
Authors: Salbu Brit 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, precipitated by the devastating earthquake and subsequent tsunami that struck the northeastern coast of Japan in March 2011, has raised concerns about the fate of radioactive particles released into the environment. Radioactive particles with different composition, size, shape, structures, and colors have been identified throughout the world in different biotic and abiotic media. This article briefly summarizes what is currently understood about the fate of, and risks posed by, these materials in the environment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:362–364. © 2011 SETAC
Overview of exposure to and effects from radionuclides in terrestrial and marine environments
Authors: Sample Bradley E. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, precipitated by the devastating earthquake and subsequent tsunami that struck the northeastern coast of Japan in March 2011, has raised concerns about potential impacts to terrestrial and marine environments from radionuclides released into the environment. A preliminary understanding of the potential ecological impacts from radionuclides can be ascertained from observations and data developed following previous environmental incidents elsewhere in the world. This article briefly summarizes how biota experience exposure to ionizing radiation, what effects may be produced, and how they may differ among taxa and habitats. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:368–370. © 2011 SETAC
Technology and the forces of nature: A lesson of humility calling for ecocentrism
Authors: Bréchignac Francois 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The incident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, resulting from the powerful earthquake and tsunami that struck the northeastern coast of Japan in March 2011, reminds humankind of the powerful natural forces that shape our world. This article calls for a new ecocentric approach to human interaction with the environment, with particular reference to the environmental consequences of radiation. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:409–410. © 2011 SETAC
Yogurt consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in the Italian European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort
Authors: Pala Valeria , Sieri Sabina , Berrino Franco , Vineis Paolo , Sacerdote Carlotta , Palli Domenico , Masala Giovanna , Panico Salvatore , Mattiello Amalia , Tumino Rosario , Giurdanella Maria C. , Agnoli Claudia , Grioni Sara , Krogh Vittorio 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFermented dairy products like yogurt have been suggested to protect against colorectal cancer (CRC). We conducted a prospective study on 45,241 (14,178 men; 31,063 women) volunteers of the EPIC‐Italy cohort who completed a dietary questionnaire including specific questions on yogurt intake. During 12 years of follow‐up, 289 volunteers were diagnosed with CRC. Hazard ratios (HRs) for the disease and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by Cox proportional hazard models, stratified by dietary questionnaire and adjusted for energy intake and other potential confounders. Yogurt intake was inversely associated with CRC risk. For the energy‐adjusted model, HR for CRC in the highest versus lowest tertile of yogurt intake was 0.62 (95% CI, 0.46–0.83). In the full model adjusted for energy, simple sugar, calcium, fiber, animal fat, alcohol and red meat intake, as well as body mass index, smoking, education and physical activity, HR was 0.65 (95% CI, 0.48–0.89) in the highest versus lowest tertile. The protective effect of yogurt was evident in the entire cohort, but was stronger in men, although there was no interaction of sex with the yogurt–CRC association (pinteraction 0.20, fully adjusted model). In our prospective study, high yogurt intake was significantly associated with decreased CRC risk, suggesting that yogurt should be part of a diet to prevent the disease. Investigation of larger cohorts is necessary to reveal any residual confounding of the association of yogurt intake with CRC risk.
Cd modifies hepatic Zn deposition and modulates δ‐ALA‐D activity and MT levels by distinct mechanisms
Authors: Braga Marcos Martins , Dick Tuiskon , de Oliveira Diogo Losch , Guerra Adriele Scopel , Leite Marina Concli , Ardais Ana Paula , Souza Diogo Onofre , Rocha João B.T. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTCadmium (Cd) is a pollutant that is harmful to human and animals. The liver is a target for Cd accumulation and it can disrupt Zn homeostasis. Here we examined the interaction of Zn and Cd to determine how these two metals could affect δ‐aminolevulinate‐dehydratase (δ‐ALA‐D) and metallothionein (MT), two potential molecular endpoints for Cd hepatotoxicity. Cd exposure (0.25 and 1 mg kg1 body weight, i.p., for 10 days) caused a marked increase in hepatic Zn deposition, which was not modified by treatment with Zn (2 mg kg1, i.p.). Cd caused a dose‐dependent increase in hepatic Cd content that was not modified by Zn. Zn and/or Cd treatment increased hepatic δ‐ALA‐D activity, although the increase caused by Cd was less marked. Reactivation index of δ‐ALA‐D by DTT was decreased by Zn and Cd exposure, which indicates that Zn protects enzyme from oxidation. Hepatic MT was increased only after exposure to 1 mg kg−1 Cd and Zn reduced the stimulation of MT synthesis. The results presented here indicate that Cd can redistribute Zn from non‐hepatic tissues to liver and the increase in hepatic Zn deposition can account for the increase in hepatic δ‐ALA‐D activity after Cd exposure. However, Zn blocked the increase in hepatic MT levels caused by Cd. Thus, the modulation of the two molecular endpoints of Cd toxicity used here was distinct, which indicates that the mechanism(s) involved in Zn and Cd distribution, δ‐ALA‐D and MT regulation are not coincident. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic organosolv fractionation of willow wood and wheat straw as pretreatment for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis
Authors: Huijgen Wouter J. J. , Smit Arjan T. , Reith Johannes H. , Uil Herman den 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Ethanol‐based organosolv fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass is an effective pretreatment technology for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis to produce sugars and lignin within a biorefinery. This study focuses on the catalytic effect of H2SO4, HCl, and MgCl2 on organosolv pretreatment of willow wood and wheat straw.RESULTS: The use of catalysts improved fractionation of both feedstocks. The maximum enzymatic cellulose digestibility obtained was 87% for willow wood (using 0.01 mol L−1 H2SO4 as catalyst) and 99% for wheat straw (0.02 mol L−1 HCl). Non‐catalytic organosolv fractionation at identical conditions resulted in 74% (willow wood) and 44% (wheat straw) glucose yield by enzymatic hydrolysis. Application of catalysts in organosolv pretreatment was particularly effective for wheat straw. The influence of the acid catalysts was found to be primarily due to their effect on the pH of the organosolv liquor. Acid catalysts particularly promoted xylan hydrolysis. MgCl2 was less effective than the acid catalysts, but it seemed to more selectively improve delignification of willow wood.CONCLUSION: Application of catalysts in organosolv pretreatment of willow wood and wheat straw was found to substantially improve fractionation and enzymatic digestibility. The use of catalysts can contribute to achieving maximum utilization of lignocellulosic biomass in organosolv‐based biorefineries. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Reproducibility analysis of diffusion tensor indices and fiber architecture of human calf muscles in vivo at 1.5 Tesla in neutral and plantarflexed ankle positions at rest
Authors: Sinha Shantanu , Sinha Usha 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPurpose:To investigate the reproducibility of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) ‐derived indices and fiber architecture of calf muscles at 1.5 Tesla (T), to establish an imaging based method to confirm ankle position, and to compare fiber architecture at different ankle positions.Materials and Methods:Six subjects were imaged at 1.5T with the foot in neutral and plantarflexed positions. DTI indices were calculated in four muscle compartments (medial and lateral gastrocnemius [MG, LG], superficial and deep anterior tibialis [AT‐S, AT‐D]). Two subjects were scanned on 3 days to calculate the coefficient of variability (CV) and the repeatability coefficient (RC).Results:DTI indices were close to the values obtained in earlier 3T and 1.5T studies. Fractional anisotropy decreased significantly in the MG and increased significantly in the AT‐S and AT‐D compartments while fiber orientation with respect to the magnet Z‐axis increased significantly in the MG and decreased significantly in the AT‐S compartment with plantarflexion. The CV and RC for the DTI indices and fiber orientations were comparable to 3T studies. Fiber lengths and orientation angles in the MG matched corresponding measures from ultrasound studies.Conclusion:DTI at 1.5T provides reproducible measures of diffusion indices and fiber architecture of calf muscle at different muscle lengths. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exercise training increases myocardial perfusion in residual viable myocardium within infarct zone
Authors: Su Mao‐Yuan M. , Lee Bai‐Chin , Yu Hsi‐Yu , Wu Yen‐Wen , Chu Woei‐Chyn , Tseng Wen‐Yih I 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPurpose:To study the effect of exercise training on the myocardial perfusion in the postinfarct myocardium.Materials and Methods:Twenty‐nine patients with stable chronic myocardial infarction were randomly assigned to either a training group (N = 17) or a control group (N = 12). The training group received a 3‐month exercise program. Cardiovascular MR was first performed before the training to establish a baseline, and subsequently performed once again upon conclusion of the program. Late gadolinium enhancement was used both to define the infarct and remote zones and to quantify the ratio of the residual viable myocardium (VMR) within the infarct zone. The myocardium was divided into subendocardial and subepicardial layers with equal thickness. The interval change of myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) was computed for each zone and layer. The association between the exercise‐induced perfusion change and VMR was analyzed for layers of the infarct zone.Results:In the training group, the remote zone showed significantly increased MPR. The infarct zone showed no perfusion change in the subendocardial layer, but it demonstrated significantly increased MPR in the subepicardial layer. In the infarct zone, the change in MPR was associated with VMR.Conclusion:In chronic myocardial infarction, the exercise‐induced perfusion change in the infarct zone is proportional to the amount of residual viable myocardium. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcome of hypovascular hepatic nodules revealing no gadoxetic acid uptake in patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: Motosugi Utaroh , Ichikawa Tomoaki , Sano Katsuhiro , Sou Hironobu , Onohara Kojiro , Muhi Ali , Amemiya Fumitake , Enomoto Nobuyuki , Matsuda Masanori , Fujii Hideki , Araki Tsutomu 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPurpose:To elucidate the natural history of hypovascular nodules that appear hypointense on hepatocyte‐phase gadoxetic acid‐enhanced MR images by focusing on hypervascularization over time.Materials and Methods:In this study, 135 hypovascular nodules revealing no gadoxetic acid uptake in 53 patients were examined. All nodules were retrospectively examined using serial follow‐up computed tomography (CT) and MRI examinations until hypervascularity was observed on arterial‐phase dynamic CT or gadoxetic acid‐enhanced MR images, or on CT during hepatic arteriography. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between hypervascularization and MR findings including a presence of fat assessed by a signal drop on opposed‐phase T1‐weighted images.Results:Of the 135 nodules, 16 underwent hypervascularization. The size of the nodules and the presence of fat in the nodules were independent indicators of hypervascularization. The 1‐year cumulative risk of hypervascularization was 15.6%. This risk was significantly increased in the case of nodules >10 mm (37.6%, P < 0.01) and fat‐containing nodules (26.5%, P < 0.01).Conclusion:Hypovascular nodules that appear hypointense on hepatocyte‐phase gadoxetic acid‐enhanced MR images may progress to conventional hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma. Nodules more than 10 mm in diameter and containing fat are at high risk for developing hypervascularization. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Macroporous monolithic supports for affinity chromatography
Authors: Arrua Ruben Dario , Alvarez Igarzabal Cecilia Inés 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn the early 1990s, three research groups simultaneously developed continuous macroporous rod‐shaped polymeric systems to eliminate the problem of flow through the interparticle spaces generally presented by the chromatography columns that use particles as filler. The great advantage of those materials, forming a continuous phase rod, is to increase the mass transfer by convective transport, as the mobile phase is forced to go through all means of separation, in contrast to particulate media where the mobile phase flows through the interparticle spaces. Due to their special characteristics, the monolithic polymers are used as base‐supports in different separation techniques, those chromatographic processes being the most important and, to a greater extent, those involving the separation of biomolecules as in the case of affinity chromatography. This mini‐review reports the contributions of several groups to the development of macroporous monoliths and their modification by immobilization of specific ligands on the products for their application in affinity chromatography.
Computational Insights into Ligand Selectivity of Estrogen Receptors from Pharmacophore Modeling
Authors: Fang Jing , Shen Jie , Cheng Feixiong , Xu Zhejun , Liu Guixia , Tang Yun 
Published: May 2011

AbstractEstrogen receptors (ERs) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily, which play crucial roles in the human body. To date, two subtypes, ERα and ERβ, have been identified. The function and expression of both subtypes are various, stimulating the interest for discovering subtype selective ligands. However, ERα and ERβ are highly homologous. They share 56 % sequence identity in the ligand binding domain and only two pairs of residues differ in the ligand binding pocket. In this study, pharmacophore models were built for both subtypes based on 23 ERα and 24 ERβ selective ligands, respectively. It was found from these pharmacophore models that hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions were essential for the subtype selectivity. The hydrogen bond donor feature in the phenol part was a favorable contribution to ERβ selectivity, whereas the one in the benzopyran part of the ligand was important for ERα selectivity. Furthermore, simulated virtual screening was performed with both subtype specific pharmacophore models. The results confirmed the reliability and discrimination ability of both models. These findings could not only be helpful for the understanding of a possible mechanism underlying ligand selectivity of ERs, but could also pave a new avenue for the discovery of novel selective ER ligands.
Characterization of paramagnetic effects of molecular oxygen on blood oxygenation level‐dependent‐modulated hyperoxic contrast studies of the human brain
Authors: Pilkinton David T. , Gaddam Santosh R. , Reddy Ravinder 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn hyperoxic contrast studies modulated by the blood oxygenation level‐dependent effect, it is often assumed that hyperoxia is a purely intravascular, positive contrast agent in T‐weighted images, and the effects that are not due to blood oxygenation level‐dependent contrast are small enough to be ignored. In this study, this assumption is re‐evaluated and non‐blood oxygenation level‐dependent effects in T‐weighted hyperoxic contrast studies of the human brain were characterized. We observed significant negative signal changes in T‐weighted images in the frontal lobes; B0 maps suggest that this effect was primarily due to increased intravoxel dephasing from increased static field inhomogeneity due to susceptibility changes from oxygen in and around the upper airway. These static field effects were shown to scale with magnetic field strength. Signal changes observed around the brain periphery and in the ventricles suggest the effect of image distortions from oxygen‐induced bulk B0 shifts, along with a possible contribution from decreased T due to oxygen dissolved in the cerebrospinal fluid. Reducing the concentration of inhaled oxygen was shown to mitigate negative contrast of molecular oxygen due to these effects, while still maintaining sufficient blood oxygenation level‐dependent contrast to produce accurate measurements of cerebral blood volume. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.