bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of isotactic polypropylene containing nucleating agent and dispersant
Authors: Qin Jun , Chen Xiaolang , Yu Jie , Wang Yang , Tian Yaozhu , Wu Song 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this article, nonisothermal crystallization kinetics was investigated by using differential scanning calorimeter. The Avrami, Ozawa, and combined Avrami with Ozawa (Mo method) equations were applied to describe the crystallization kinetics and estimate the kinetic parameters of mathematical models under the nonisothermal crystallization of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) with rosin nucleating agent (RNA) and calcium stearate as dispersant (CSD). The results show that RNA can improve the crystallization temperature and accelerate the nucleation rate because of its heterogeneous nucleation. The crystal grain sizes of spherulites are smaller for iPP with RNA and CSD together than those for pure iPP and its matrix only filled with RNA. Furthermore, iPP blends with RNA and CSD show a lower Avrami values than that of the pure iPP, and the Mo method can successfully describe the crystallization model under the nonisothermal crystallization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Water absorption pattern and dimensional stability of oil palm fiber–linear low density polyethylene composites
Authors: Shinoj S. , Panigrahi S. , Visvanathan R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe water absorption pattern and associated dimensional changes and solid loss of oil palm fiber–linear low density polyethylene composites was studied. The effects of fiber size (425–840, 177–425, and 75–177 μ), fiber loading (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%), and time of immersion (192 h at an interval of 24 h) on these parameters were also studied. Alkali treatment of fibers was done to reduce the hydrophilic nature of the composites and its effect was studied. It was found that the water absorption in most of the combinations followed typical Fickian behavior. The rate of water absorption and swelling increased with fiber loading. However, alkali treatment of the fibers resulted in a reduction of water absorption at higher fiber loadings only, and composites with higher fiber sizes exhibited higher water absorption. A sharp increase in the thickness swelling was observed in the initial days of immersion, which remained constant thereafter. The thickness swelling also increased with fiber size; however, a constant trend was not observed for the 75–177 μ fiber size. In addition to thickness swelling, composites also expanded linearly during water absorption; however, linear expansion was considerably less than thickness swelling. Higher fiber loading and alkali treatment caused more linear expansion. We observed that maximum solid loss on water immersion occurred with small‐sized and also alkali‐treated fiber composites. An increase in thickness and a decrease in linear dimension were observed after one sorption–desorption cycle. This irreversible change was also found to be proportional to fiber loading and alkali treatment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of linear asymmetrical poly(propylene oxide) diol
Authors: Yang Peng Fei , Zhu Xu Wei , Li Jun Ying , Xia Yong Mei , Li Tian Duo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLinear asymmetrical poly(propylene oxide) was synthesized through four‐step reactions: selective benzylation, alcohol exchange reaction, propylene oxide anionic polymerization, debenzylation. One terminal of the asymmetrical polymer chains is alcohol hydroxyl and the other is phenol hydroxyl. It was characterized with infrared (IR) and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H‐NMR). Peaks at 1.11, 3.38, and 3.53 ppm were attributed to side groups (OCH2CH(CH3)), backbone units (OCH2CH(CH3)) and (OCH2CH(CH3)) of poly(propylene oxide), respectively. Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution were measured with 1H‐NMR and laser light scattering (LLS), which showed that the linear asymmetrical poly(propylene oxide) was mono‐disperse (PDI = 1.02–1.07). Then, its carbamate reaction with phenyl isocyanate was studied; the reaction rate constants for phenol hydroxyl and alcohol hydroxyl of poly(propylene oxide) were k1 = 0.209 mol L−1 min−1 and k2 = 0.051 mol L−1 min−1. There was a great reactivity difference for two types of hydroxyls in asymmetrical poly(propylene oxide), contrasting to the single carbamate reaction rate constant of symmetrical poly(propylene oxide) (k3 = 0.049 mol L−1 min−1). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Friendly to environment heterocyclic adducts as corrosion inhibitors for steel in water‐borne paints
Authors: Mohamed H. A. , Farag A. A. , Badran B. M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTwo groups of emulsion paints were formulated to evaluate the efficiency of emulsified heterocyclic adducts: 2‐mercaptothiazoline (2‐MT), 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole (2‐MBT), 2‐mercapto‐5‐methyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole (2‐MMT), and 3‐mercapto‐4‐methyl‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole (3‐MMT). Different concentrations of 2‐MT adduct, which has the simplest structure were added in water‐borne paint formulations based on urabrid AC 100 emulsion resin to detect the optimum concentration range of the adduct as corrosion inhibitor. The efficiency of all the emulsified adducts has been studied at constant concentration within the optimum range in order to arrange them according to their efficiency as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel. Chemical, mechanical, corrosion resistance and water up‐take tests of paint films were measured. Weight loss measurements (mg/cm2), for steel panels under paint films and the steel corrosion inhibition efficiency of adduct has been determined. It was found that the prepared water‐borne adducts could protect steel from corrosion and their efficiencies as corrosion inhibitors could be arranged in descending order: 3‐MMT > 2‐MMT > 2‐MBT > 2‐MT adducts. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Gamma radiation synthesis and swelling properties of hydrogels based on poly(ethylene glycol)/methacrylic acid (MAc) mixtures
Authors: El‐Din Horia M. Nizam , El‐Naggar Abdel Wahab M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this work, gamma radiation was used to prepare hydrophilic hydrogels based on different mass ratios of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and methacrylic acid (MAc) monomer. The thermal stability of hydrogels was characterized thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of temperature and pH, as external environments, on the equilibrium swelling of PEG/MAc hydrogels was also studied. The results showed that the gel fraction of PEG/MAc hydrogels is lower than that of PMAc hydrogel, in which the gel fraction of PMAc hydrogel was decreased greatly with increasing the mass ratio of PEG polymer in the initial solutions. The results showed that PEG/MAc hydrogels reached the equilibrium swelling state in water after 6 hours. It was found that the equilibrium swelling of PEG/MAc hydrogels displayed a transition change within the temperature range 30–40°C. This change in equilibrium swelling was illustrated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). However, it was observed that the equilibrium swelling of PEG/MAc hydrogels increases progressively with increasing the pH value from 4 up to 8. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and properties of organosoluble polyimides derived from 2,2′‐dibromo‐ and 2,2′,6,6′‐tetrabromo‐4,4′‐oxydianilines
Authors: Chen Jyh‐Chien , Liu Yuan‐Tsai , Leu Chyi‐Ming , Liao Hsueh‐Yi , Lee Wen‐Chin , Lee Tzong‐Ming 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTwo new aromatic diamines, 2,2′‐dibromo‐4,4′‐oxydianiline (DB‐ODA 4) and 2,2′,6,6′‐tetrabromo‐4,4′‐oxydianiline (TB‐ODA 5), have been synthesized by oxidation, bromination, and reduction of 4,4′‐oxydianiline (4,4′‐ODA). Novel polyimides 6a–f and 7a–f were prepared by reacting DB‐ODA (4) and TB‐ODA (5) with several dianhydrides by one‐step method, respectively. The inherent viscosities of these polyimides ranged from 0.31 to 0.99 dL/g (0.5 g/dL, in NMP at 30°C). These polyimides showed enhanced solubilities compared to those derived from 4,4′‐oxydianiline and corresponding dianhydrides. Especially, polyimides 7a, derived from rigid PMDA and TB‐ODA (5) can also be soluble in THF, DMF, DMAc, DMSO, and NMP. These polyimides also exhibited good thermal stability. Their glass transition temperatures measured by thermal mechanical analysis (TMA) ranged from 251 to 328°C. When the same dianhydrides were used, polyimides 7 containing four bromide substituents had higher glass transition temperatures than polyimides 6 containing two bromide substituents. The effects of incorporating more polarizable bromides on the refractive indices of polyimides were also investigated. The average refractive indices (nav) measured at 633 nm were from 1.6088 to 1.7072, and the in‐plane/out‐of‐plane birefringences (Δn) were from 0.0098 to 0.0445. It was found that the refractive indices are slightly higher when polyimides contain more bromides. However, this effect is not very obvious. It might be due to loose chain packing resulted from bromide substituents at the 2,2′ and 2,2′,6,6′ positions of the oxydiphenylene moieties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of an amphiphilic hyperbranched poly(amine‐ester)‐co‐D,L‐lactide (HPAE‐co‐PLA) copolymers and their nanoparticles for protein drug delivery
Authors: Jiang Ming , Wu Yan , He Yong , Nie Jun 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA series of hyperbranched poly(amine‐ester)‐co‐D,L‐lactide (HPAE‐co‐PLA) copolymer were synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization of D,L‐lactide with Sn(Oct)2 as catalyst to a fourth generation branched poly(amine‐ester) (HPAE‐OHs4). The chemical structures of copolymers were determined by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and TGA. Double emulsion (DE) and nanoprecipitation (NP) method were used to fabricate the nanoparticles of these copolymers encapsulating bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model. DSC thermo‐grams indicated that the nanoparticles with BSA kept stable below 40°C. Different factors which influence on particular size and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were investigated. Their EE to BSA could reach 97.8% at an available condition. In vitro release behavior of NPs showed a continuous release after a burst release. The stability maintenance of BSA in the nanoparticle release in vitro was also measured via circular dichroism and fluorescence spectrometry. The results showed that the copolymer nanoparticles have a promising potential in protein delivery system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and properties of new thermally stable and optically active organosoluble poly(ether‐amide‐imide)s containing bicyclo segment in the main chain
Authors: Faghihi Khalil , Shabanian Meisam , Hajibeygi Mohsen , Mohammadi Yasser 
Published: March 2010

AbstractN,N′‐(bicyclo[2,2,2]oct‐7‐ene‐tetracarboxylic)‐bis‐L‐amino acids 3a‐f were synthesized by the condensation reaction of bicyclo[2,2,2]oct‐7‐ene‐2,3,5,6‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride 1 with two equimolars of L‐alanine 2a, L‐valine 2b, L‐leucine 2c, L‐isoleucine 2d, L‐phenyl alanine 2e and L‐2‐aminobutyric acid 2f in an acetic acid solution. Also 1,4‐bis[4′‐nitrophenoxy]butane 6 was prepared by reaction of 4‐nitrophenol 4 with 1,4‐dibromo butane 5 in DMF solution. Then dinitro 6 was reduced to 1,4‐bis[4′‐aminophenoxy]butane 7 by using 10% Pd‐C, ethanol and hydrazine monohydrate. Then, six new poly(ether‐amide‐imide)s PEAIs 8a‐f were synthesized through the direct polycondensation reaction of six chiral N,N′‐(bicyclo[2,2,2]oct‐7‐ene‐tetracarboxylic)‐bis‐L‐amino acids 3a‐f with diamine 7 by direct polycondensation methods in a medium consisting of N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP)/triphenyl phosphite (TPP)/calcium chloride (CaCl2)/pyridine (Py). The polymerization reaction produced a series of organsoluble and thermally stable poly (ether‐amide‐imide)s 8a‐f with high yield. The resulted polymers were fully characterized by means of FTIR, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyzes, inherent viscosity, specific rotation and solubility tests. Data obtained by thermal analysis (TGA and DTG) revealed that these polymers show good thermal stability. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Controlled degradation of natural rubber and modification of the obtained telechelic oligoisoprenes: Preliminary study of their potentiality as polyurethane foam precursors
Authors: Saetung Anuwat , Rungvichaniwat Adisai , Campistron Irène , Klinpituksa Pairote , Laguerre Albert , Phinyocheep Pranee , Pilard Jean‐François 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTelechelic oligoisoprenes were successfully prepared by the selective controlled degradation of natural rubber, a renewable source, via epoxidation and cleavage reactions. The molar mass of the oligoisoprene product obtained depends on the degree of epoxidation of the starting materials. The chemically modified structures obtained via epoxidation, hydrogenation, and ring opening of epoxide groups were also studied, and the chemical structures and thermal properties of the oligoisoprene products were determined. Moreover, the preliminary study of preparation of hydroxytelechelic natural rubber (HTNR)‐based polyurethane foam was performed. A novel HTNR‐based polyurethane foam was successfully prepared and its thermal properties were investigated and the results indicated that the HTNR‐based polyurethane foam has a good low temperature flexibility. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Precipitation of submicrometer‐sized poly(methyl methacrylate) particles with a compressed fluid antisolvent
Authors: Lin I‐Hsiang , Liang Pei‐Fang , Tan Chung‐Sung 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSubmicrometer‐sized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles were generated by precipitation with a compressed fluid antisolvent technique. The precipitation was carried out as follows. A solution containing PMMA was sprayed through a nozzle into a precipitator. The antisolvent CO2 was continuously passed through the precipitator during the operation at a flow rate of 2000 mL/min. When toluene was used as the solvent, scanning electron microscopy images showed that solid, spherical PMMA particles with less coalescence could be generated only when both vapor and liquid CO2 was present and the liquid CO2 level in the precipitator was one‐eighth. The morphology and size of the precipitated PMMA were found to be dependent on the solvents. Toluene, which had the lowest solubility parameter, was the most appropriate solvent in comparison with tetrahydrofuran, acetone, and nitromethane. More uniform submicrometer‐sized PMMA particles were obtained at PMMA concentrations equal to or less than 1.0 wt % in the toluene solution. A narrower particle size distribution was observed for precipitating PMMA with a molecular weight of 85,000 versus PMMA with a molecular weight of 36,000. To generate PMMA particles with less coalescence, liquid CO2 instead of supercritical CO2 was suggested for use in drying immediately after the spraying of the PMMA solution. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Randomized, prospective, placebo‐controlled trial of bosentan in interstitial lung disease secondary to systemic sclerosis
Authors: Seibold J. R. , Denton C. P. , Furst D. E. , Guillevin L. , Rubin L. J. , Wells A. , Matucci Cerinic M. , Riemekasten G. , Emery P. , Chadha‐Boreham H. , Charef P. , Roux S. , Black C. M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveEndothelin is implicated as a participatory pathway in systemic sclerosis (SSc). We tested this hypothesis in a 12‐month trial of bosentan, a nonselective endothelin receptor antagonist, as a therapy for SSc‐related interstitial lung disease (ILD).MethodPatients with SSc and significant ILD were recruited to this prospective, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, parallel group study. The inclusion criteria were designed to select a cohort enriched for patients with active and progressive disease. Exclusion factors included significant pulmonary hypertension. Patients with a diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide of <80% predicted and a 6‐minute walk distance of 150–500 meters or a 6‐minute walk distance of ≥500 meters with a decrease in oxygen saturation received bosentan or placebo. The primary efficacy end point was a change in the 6‐minute walk distance from baseline up to month 12. Secondary end points included time to death or worsening results of pulmonary function tests (PFTs). The safety and tolerability of bosentan were also assessed.ResultsAmong the 163 patients, 77 were randomized to receive bosentan, and 86 were randomized to receive placebo. No significant difference between treatment groups was observed for change in the 6‐minute walk distance up to month 12. No deaths occurred in this study group. Forced vital capacity and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide remained stable in the majority of patients in both groups. Significant worsening of PFT results occurred in 25.6% of patients receiving placebo and 22.5% of those receiving bosentan (P not significant).ConclusionNo improvement in exercise capacity was observed in the bosentan‐treated group compared with the placebo group, and no significant treatment effect was observed for the other end points. Although many outcome variables were stable, bosentan did not reduce the frequency of clinically important worsening. These data do not support the use of endothelin receptor antagonists as therapy for ILD secondary to SSc.
Treg cell numbers and function in patients with antibiotic‐refractory or antibiotic‐responsive lyme arthritis
Authors: Shen Shiqian , Shin Junghee J. , Strle Klemen , McHugh Gail , Li Xin , Glickstein Lisa J. , Drouin Elise E. , Steere Allen C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveIn a murine model of antibiotic‐refractory Lyme arthritis, the numbers of Treg cells are dramatically reduced. The aim of this study was to examine Treg cell numbers and function in patients with antibiotic‐refractory Lyme arthritis.MethodsCD4+ T cell subsets were enumerated in the peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) of 12 patients with antibiotic‐refractory arthritis and 6 patients with antibiotic‐responsive arthritis. Treg cell function was examined using Borrelia‐specific and nonspecific Treg cell proliferation assays.ResultsIn both patient groups, interferon‐γ–positive Th1 cells in SF were abundant and enriched (∼50% of CD4+ T cells). In patients with antibiotic‐refractory arthritis, the median percentages of FoxP3‐positive Treg cells were significantly higher in SF than in PB (12% versus 6%; P = 0.03) or in SF from patients with antibiotic‐responsive arthritis (12% versus 5%; P = 0.04). Moreover, in the antibiotic‐refractory group, a higher percentage of Treg cells in SF correlated with a shorter duration until resolution of arthritis (r = −0.74, P = 0.006). In contrast, patients with fewer Treg cells had suboptimal responses to disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs and a longer duration of arthritis after antibiotic treatment, and they often required synovectomies for arthritis resolution. In each group, Treg cells in SF dampened Borrelia burgdorferi–specific proliferative responses, and in 2 patients with antibiotic‐refractory arthritis, Treg cells were functional in nonspecific suppression assays.ConclusionTreg cells were functional in patients with antibiotic‐refractory arthritis, and in some patients, higher numbers of these cells in SF appeared to participate in arthritis resolution. However, as in the murine model, patients with antibiotic‐refractory arthritis and lower numbers of Treg cells seemed unable to achieve resolution of synovial inflammation.
Deficiency of CXCR2, but not other chemokine receptors, attenuates autoantibody‐mediated arthritis in a murine model
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan P. , Ortiz‐Lopez Adriana , Campbell James J. , Gerard Craig J. , Mathis Diane , Benoist Christophe 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveChemokines coordinate leukocyte trafficking in homeostasis and during immune responses. Prior studies of their role in arthritis have used animal models with both an initial adaptive immune response and an inflammatory effector phase. We undertook analysis of chemokines and their receptors in the effector phase of arthritis using the K/BxN mouse serum–transfer model.MethodsA time‐course microarray analysis of serum‐transferred arthritis was performed, examining ankle tissue, synovial fluid, and peripheral blood leukocytes. Up‐regulation of chemokines was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. The functional relevance of chemokine induction was assessed by transferring serum into mice deficient in CCR1–7, CCR9, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR5, CX3CR1, CCL2, or CCL3. Further mechanistic analysis of CXCR2 involved treatment of arthritic mice with a CXCR2 antagonist, bone marrow (BM) cell transfers with CXCR2+/− and CXCR2−/− donors and recipients, flow cytometry of synovial cells, and competition experiments measuring enrichment of CXCR2‐expressing neutrophils in arthritic joints of mice with mixed CXCR2+/+ and CXCR2−/− BM cells.ResultsGene expression profiling revealed up‐regulation of the CXCR2 ligands CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5 in the joint in parallel with disease activity. CXCR2−/− mice had attenuated disease relative to CXCR2+/− littermates, as did mice receiving the CXCR2 inhibitor, while deficiency of other chemokine receptors did not affect arthritis severity. CXCR2 was required only on hematopoietic cells and was widely expressed on synovial neutrophils. CXCR2‐expressing neutrophils were preferentially recruited to arthritic joints in the presence of CXCR2‐deficient neutrophils.ConclusionCXCR2 (but not other chemokine receptors) is critical for the development of autoantibody‐mediated arthritis, exhibiting a cell‐autonomous role in neutrophil recruitment to inflamed joints.
A unified theory of autism revisited: linkage evidence points to chromosome X using a high‐risk subset of AGRE families
Authors: Allen‐Brady Kristina , Cannon Dale , Robison Reid , McMahon William M. , Coon Hilary 
Published: March 2010

AbstractZhao et al. [2007] in their “Unified Theory of Autism” hypothesized that incidence of autism in males could be explained by essentially two types of family structures: majority of autism cases are from low‐risk autism families with de novo mutations, and a minority of cases are from high‐risk multiplex families, where risk to male offspring approximates 50% consistent with a dominant model and high penetrance. Using the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) data set, Zhao et al. identified 86 high‐risk families with likely dominant transmission. As genotype data are now available for many members of the AGRE resource, the objective of this manuscript was to determine if dominant linkage evidence for an autism predisposition gene exists in these 86 high‐risk families. HumanHap550K Illumina SNP data were available for 92% of 455 total family members in these 86 high‐risk families. We performed a linkage analysis using a pruned subset of markers where markers in high linkage disequilibrium were removed. We observed a single suggestive peak (maximum LOD 2.01, maximum HLOD 2.08) under a dominant model on chromosome Xp22.11‐p21.2 that encompasses the IL1RAPL1 gene. Mutations or deletions in IL1RAPL1 have been previously reported in three families with autism. In our study, 11 families contributed nominally (P<0.05, HLOD>0.588) to the chromosome X peak. These results demonstrate that identification of a more homogeneous subset of autism cases, which was based on family structure in this study, may help to identify, localize and further our understanding of autism predisposition genes.