bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targets of selection in a disease resistance network in wild tomatoes
Authors: ROSE LAURA E. , GRZESKOWIAK LUKASZ , HÖRGER ANJA C. , GROTH MARTIN , STEPHAN WOLFGANG 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYStudies combining comparative genomics and information on biochemical pathways have revealed that protein evolution can be affected by the amount of pleiotropy associated with a particular gene. The amount of pleiotropy, in turn, can be a function of the position at which a gene operates in a pathway and the pathway structure. Genes that serve as convergence points and have several partners (so‐called hubs) often show the greatest constraint and hence the slowest rate of protein evolution. In this article, we have studied five genes (Pto, Fen, Rin4, Prf and Pfi) in a defence signalling network in a wild tomato species, Solanum peruvianum. These proteins operate together and contribute to bacterial resistance in tomato. We predicted that Prf (and possibly Pfi), which serves as a convergence point for upstream signals, should show greater evolutionary constraint. However, we found instead that two of the genes which potentially interact with pathogen ligands, Rin4 and Fen, have evolved under strong evolutionary constraint, whereas Prf and Pfi, which probably function further downstream in the network, show evidence of balancing selection. This counterintuitive observation may be probable in pathogen defence networks, because pathogens may target positions throughout resistance networks to manipulate or nullify host resistance, thereby leaving a molecular signature of host–parasite co‐evolution throughout a single network.
Interventional management of intractable sympathetically mediated pain by computed tomography‐guided catheter implantation for block and neuroablation of the thoracic sympathetic chain: technical approach and review of 322 procedures
Authors: Agarwal‐Kozlowski K. , Lorke D. E. , Habermann C. R. , Schulte am Esch J. , Beck H. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryWe retrospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of computed tomography‐guided placement of percutaneous catheters in close proximity to the thoracic sympathetic chain by rating pain intensity and systematically reviewing charts and computed tomography scans. Interventions were performed 322 times in 293 patients of mean (SD) age 59.4 (17.0) years, and male to female ratio 105:188, with postherpetic neuralgia (n = 103, 35.1%), various neuralgias (n = 88, 30.0%), complex regional pain syndrome (n = 69, 23.6%), facial pain (n = 17, 5.8%), ischaemic limb pain (n = 7, 2.4%), phantom limb pain (n = 4, 1.4%), pain following cerebrovascular accident (n = 2, 0.7%), syringomyelia (n = 2, 0.7%) and palmar hyperhidrosis (n = 1, 0.3%). The interventions were associated with a total of 23 adverse events (7.1% of all procedures): catheter dislocation (n = 9, 2.8%); increase in pain intensity (n = 8, 2.5%); pneumothorax (n = 3, 0.9%); local infection (n = 2, 0.6%); and puncture of the spinal cord (n = 1, 0.3%). Continuous infusion of 10 ml.h−1 ropivacaine 0.2% through the catheters decreased median (IQR [range]) pain scores from 8 (6–9 [2–10]) to 2 (1–3 [0–10]) (p < 0.0001). Chemical neuroablation was necessary in 137 patients (46.8%). We conclude that this procedure leads to a significant reduction of pain intensity in otherwise obstinate burning or stabbing pain and is associated with few hazards.
Potentially inappropriate medications in geriatric outpatients with polypharmacy: application of six sets of published explicit criteria
Authors: Chang Chirn‐Bin , Chen Jen‐Hau , Wen Chiung‐Jung , Kuo Hsu‐Ko , Lu I‐Shu , Chiu Lee‐Shu , Wu Shwu‐Chong , Chan Ding‐Cheng (Derrick) 
Published: May 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Many different criteria have been developed to detect potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), with wide variations in prevalence estimates and inconsistent associations with health outcomes.• Without head‐to‐head comparisons, it is difficult to know whether some PIM criteria systematically detect more or fewer PIMs than others in the same cohorts. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Six sets of PIM criteria were applied to a single cohort, with PIM prevalence ranging from 24 to 73%.• Criteria with a higher number of statements and a higher percentage of local market/institution drug availability tended to detect more PIMs.• Caution should be exercised in applying PIM criteria developed in other regions when medication availability in the local market is limited.AIM Our aim was to compare the practicability of six different potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) criteria in geriatric outpatients with polypharmacy.METHODS We analysed baseline data from the Medication Safety Review Clinic in Taiwanese Elders (MSRC‐Taiwan) study. The prevalence and correlates of PIMs were determined on the basis of criteria developed in the USA, Canada, France, Norway, Ireland and Thailand. The percentage of PIMs considered as drug‐related problems and the problem‐solving rate are reported.RESULTS In the 193 participants, the prevalence of PIM varied from 24 to 73%. Application of the criteria revealed that a high number of chronic medications was a common risk factor for having at least one PIM. Of the 1713 medications reviewed, 5.6–14.8% were considered PIMs. Only 30–40% of the identified PIMs were reported as drug‐related problems by the MSRC team experts. Criteria with a higher number of statements and a higher percentage of local market/institution drug availability tended to detect more PIMs.CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of PIM varied significantly when different criteria were applied. Caution should be exercised in applying PIM criteria developed in other regions when medication availability in the local market is limited.
Guideline on the management of haemophilia in the fetus and neonate*
Authors: Chalmers Elizabeth , Williams Michael , Brennand Janet , Liesner Ri , Collins Peter , Richards Michael ,   on behalf of the Paediatric Working Party of the United Kingdom Haemophilia Doctors’ Organization
Published: May 2011

SummaryEvidence‐based guidelines are presented for the management of haemophilia in the fetus and neonate. This includes information regarding the management of pregnancy and delivery as well as aspects of management during the early neonatal period. Specific issues regarding the mode of delivery and the risk of intra‐cranial and extra‐cranial haemorrhage are discussed.
A steroid‐independent regimen of bortezomib, liposomal doxorubicin and thalidomide demonstrate high response rates in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Sher Taimur , Ailawadhi Sikander , Miller Kena C. , Manfredi Debbie , Wood Margaret , Tan Wei , Wilding Gregory , Czuczman Myron S. , Hernandez‐Ilizaliturri Francisco J. , Hong Fredrick , Sood Raman , Soniwala Saif , Lawrence William , Jamshed Saad , Masood Aisha , Iancu Daniel , Lee Kelvin , Chanan‐Khan Asher 
Published: May 2011

SummaryNovel agents have provided a new foundation for multiple myeloma therapies. When combined with other anti‐myeloma agents, these compounds significantly enhance clinical efficacy. High‐dose steroids are frequently used in anti‐myeloma combination regimens; however, the doses employed are often poorly tolerated, especially in patients with concurrent comorbid conditions. We hypothesized that a steroid‐independent combination regimen could be developed without significant compromise of efficacy. The availability of such a regimen will be important for patients whose concurrent ailments make them poor candidates for steroid containing anti‐myeloma regimens. A phase II single institute, non‐randomized clinical trial was conducted to investigate a novel steroid‐free three‐drug combination of bortezomib (V), pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (D), and thalidomide (T), the VDT regimen. Forty‐three newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients requiring treatment were enrolled on this study. The overall response rate and complete response (CR) + near complete response (nCR) rate was 78% and 35%, respectively. Median time to progression was 29·5 months. Fatigue, rash, neuropathy, constipation and infections were the most common side effects. We concluded that VDT is a tolerable and an effective regimen capable of inducing high response rates and can be employed in patients considered to be poor candidates for steroid‐based treatment regimens.
Family preservation services: incorporating the voice of families into service implementation
Authors: Mullins Jennifer L. , Cheung Justine R. , Lietz Cynthia A. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTFamily preservation services (FPS) include a set of services designed to prevent out‐of‐home placement for children at risk of child maltreatment. Research examining FPS is inconsistent, with some studies reporting positive results, while others fail to demonstrate improved outcomes for many families. To understand the experience of receiving these services from the perspective of consumers, this paper reports the qualitative findings from a mixed methods study to examine families' experiences with FPS. To accomplish this objective, a purposive sample of 36 families was followed from referral to case closure. Specifically, 85 semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews were conducted at onset, midpoint and case closure to examine the perceptions of clients throughout service delivery. Each interview was audiotaped, transcribed and analysed using open and secondary coding strategies. Findings suggest that similar to other studies, families' perceptions of FPS were mixed. Some found the services relevant and supportive, while others were less satisfied. The four qualitative themes discussed by these participants included service content, service delivery, emotional support and tangible support. These themes help to provide in‐depth descriptions of the perspectives of this sample of families. Implications for practice are discussed.
Hundred years of allergen immunotherapy
Authors: Frew A. J. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryAllergic rhinitis was almost unknown until the early 19th century, but within 100 years it was described as a modern epidemic. Pollen was identified as the likely cause of hayfever and although the nature and mechanisms of the sensitivity remained obscure, it was speculated that hayfever might be caused by a toxin in pollen. Vaccination schedules were developed to treat this, but later it became clear that an antibody was responsible. The first clinical trials of specific immunotherapy (SIT) were published in 1911 and 1914 and were followed by several similar papers from the United States. The use of skin prick tests and new allergen extraction techniques accelerated the development of SIT, which became a widespread practice, especially in the United States. Formal controlled clinical trials were reported in 1953 (United Kingdom) and in 1965 (United States). Since then, many controlled clinical trials have confirmed the efficacy of SIT, and although some concerns have arisen around safety, SIT remains a valid option for treating allergic disease. Recent developments include the introduction of sublingual immunotherapy, and clinical trials of recombinant and peptide vaccines. Future developments should increase efficacy and safety, but the biggest challenge to the wider use of SIT is probably economic, as patients and healthcare providers become increasingly critical of all forms of allergy treatments. Cite this as: A. J. Frew, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 1221–1225.
Acoustic emissions associated with the formation of fracture sets in sandstone under polyaxial stress conditions‡
Authors: King M.S. , Pettitt W.S. , Haycox J.R. , Young R.P. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTA polyaxial (true‐triaxial) stress‐loading system, developed originally for determining all nine components of P‐ and S‐wave velocities and attenuation and fluid permeability for 50.8 mm‐side cubic rock specimens tested to failure, has been modified to permit the measurement of acoustic emission events associated with the failure process. Results are reported for Crosland Hill sandstone tested to failure under loading conditions leading to the formation of sets of aligned microcracks, achieved by maintaining the minor principal stress at a low value while increasing the two other principal stresses until failure of the rock. An ultrasonic survey associated with the test has been employed to map the transversely‐isotropic velocity structure created by through‐going parallel fractures resulting from the sets of aligned microcracks. This velocity structure has then been employed to locate acoustic emission events recorded during the test by four acoustic emission sensors located in each of the six specimen loading platens. A selection of acoustic emission events associated with one of the fractures has been processed for moment tensor analysis information, in order to determine the source type and orientation of microcracking as the fracture grows. The mechanisms indicate tensile behaviour during initial fracture propagation. Shear failure, however, appears to dominate as the fracture finally approaches the opposite face of the cubic specimen. The work presented here has, in part, led to the development of new rock testing systems and geophysical monitoring and processing technologies that will enable laboratory study of rock behaviour under conditions better resembling those experienced in situ.
Out‐of‐area provision for adults with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour in England: policy perspectives and clinical reality
Authors: Barron D. Andrea , Hassiotis A. , Paschos D. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground  The use of out‐of‐area placements to meet the needs of individuals with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour has been increasing in the UK. Such placements claim a large proportion of service budget expenditure; therefore, it is important to consider whether they offer the best‐quality care. This paper reports on current evidence relating to such placements and uses a scoping review across five London boroughs to illustrate key issues on provider characteristics and aspects of good practice.Methods  We conducted a literature review to identify papers that describe out‐of‐area placements and carried out a postal survey of 54 service providers that delivered services to service users from five London boroughs.Results  Individuals with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour are more likely to be placed out‐of‐area in services of variable quality and a minority may underperform. Our empirical data suggest that the private sector that is the main accommodation provider is most likely to underperform on meeting standards of care.Conclusion  Overall, the majority of out‐of‐area providers appear to supply a good standard of care but there are many factors that continue to hinder the local treatment of individuals who present with challenging behaviour. There is an imperative to identify poorly performing providers as well as exploring ways in which service users, out‐of‐area, can be supported effectively.
Mental health aspects of autistic spectrum disorders in children
Authors: Skokauskas N. , Gallagher L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground  Previous studies have reported variable and at times opposite findings on comorbid psychiatric problems in children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD).Aims  This study aimed to examine patterns of comorbid psychiatric problems in children with ASD and their parents compared with IQ matched controls and their parents.Methods  Behavioural/emotional problems were evaluated in a sample of children with ASD [a diagnosis of ASD was given if they met criteria for ASD on both of the ADI‐R (Autism Diagnostic Interview‐Revised) and ADOS (Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule)] and an age and IQ matched control group using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/6–18). Parental psychological distress for both groups was evaluated with the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI).Results  There were 59 (88%) boys and 8 (12%) girls in the ASD group. Similarly, 57 (85%) of the control group were male and 10 (15%) were female. The groups did not differ significantly on mean age, mean IQ scores, gender and parents mean age. Results of the CBCL/6–18 revealed that the majority of parents reported their child with ASD as having either internalising (clinical range: 47.8%; borderline range: 16.4%) or externalising problems (clinical range: 10.4%; borderline range: 20.9%). In the control group more parents reported their children having externalising (clinical range: 46.3%; borderline range: 16.4%) than internalising problems (clinical range: 35.8%; borderline range: 11.9%). Almost a half of the ASD group met CBCL DSM criteria for clinically significant attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (44.78%) and anxiety (46.2%) problems. Based on the Brief Symptom Inventory Global Severity Index 22.4% of fathers and 23.8% of mothers of ASD children produced scores that were indicative of possible psychopathology.Conclusions  High rates of clinically significant psychiatric problems were detected in ASD children, with anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder being the most frequently detected syndromes.
Mismatch between subjective alertness and objective performance under sleep restriction is greatest during the biological night
Authors: ZHOU XUAN , FERGUSON SALLY A. , MATTHEWS RAYMOND W. , SARGENT CHARLI , DARWENT DAVID , KENNAWAY DAVID J. , ROACH GREGORY D. 
Published: May 2011

SummarySubjective alertness may provide some insight into reduced performance capacity under conditions suboptimal to neurobehavioural functioning, yet the accuracy of this insight remains unclear. We therefore investigated whether subjective alertness reflects the full extent of neurobehavioural impairment during the biological night when sleep is restricted. Twenty‐seven young healthy males were assigned to a standard forced desynchrony (FD) protocol (n = 13; 9.33 h in bed/28 h day) or a sleep‐restricted FD protocol (n = 14; 4.67 h in bed/28 h day). For both protocols, subjective alertness and neurobehavioural performance were measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), respectively; both measures were given at various combinations of prior wake and circadian phase (biological night versus biological day). Scores on both measures were standardized within individuals against their respective baseline average and standard deviation. We found that PVT performance and VAS rating deviated from their respective baseline to a similar extent during the standard protocol, yet a greater deviation was observed for PVT performance than VAS rating during the sleep‐restricted protocol. The discrepancy between the two measures during the sleep‐restricted protocol was particularly prominent during the biological night compared with the biological day. Thus, subjective alertness did not reflect the full extent of performance impairment when sleep was restricted, particularly during the biological night. Given that subjective alertness is often the only available information upon which performance capacity is assessed, our results suggest that sleep‐restricted individuals are likely to under‐estimate neurobehavioural impairment, particularly during the biological night.
Gene genealogies reveal cryptic species and host preferences for the pine fungal pathogenGrosmannia clavigera
Authors: ALAMOUTI SEPIDEH M. , WANG VINCENT , DiGUISTINI SCOTT , SIX DIANA L. , BOHLMANN JÖRG , HAMELIN RICHARD C. , FEAU NICOLAS , BREUIL COLETTE 
Published: May 2011

AbstractGrosmannia clavigerais a fungal pathogen of pine forests in western North America and a symbiotic associate of two sister bark beetles:Dendroctonus ponderosaeandD. jeffreyi. This fungus and its beetle associateD. ponderosaeare expanding in large epidemics in western North America. Using the fungal genome sequence and gene annotations, we assessed whether fungal isolates from the two beetles inhabiting different species of pine in epidemic regions of western Canada and the USA, as well as in localized populations outside of the current epidemic, represent different genetic lineages. We characterized nucleotide variations in 67 genomic regions and selected 15 for the phylogenetic analysis. Using concordance of gene genealogies and distinct ecological characteristics, we identified two sibling phylogenetic species: Gc and Gs. Where the closely relatedPinus ponderosaandP. jeffreyiare infested by localized populations of their respective beetles, Gc is present. In contrast, Gs is an exclusive associate ofD. ponderosaemainly present on its primary host‐treeP. contorta; however, in the current epidemic areas, it is also found in other pine species. These results suggest that the host‐tree species and the beetle population dynamics may be important factors associated with the genetic divergence and diversity of fungal partners in the beetle‐tree ecosystems. Gc represents the originalG. clavigeraholotype, and Gs should be described as a new species.
Proper gibberellin localization in vascular tissue is required to control auxin‐dependent leaf development and bud outgrowth in hybrid aspen
Authors: Mauriat Mélanie , Sandberg Linda G. , Moritz Thomas 
Published: May 2011

SummaryBioactive gibberellins (GAs) are involved in many developmental aspects in the life cycle of plants, acting either directly or through interaction with other hormones. One way to study the role of GA in specific mechanisms is to modify the levels of bioactive GA in specific tissues. We increased GA catabolism in different parts of the vascular tissue by overexpressing two different GA 2‐oxidase genes that encode oxidases with affinity for C20‐ or C19‐GA. We show that, irrespective of their localization in the vascular tissue, the expression of different members of this gene family leads to similar modifications in the primary and secondary growth of the stem of hybrid aspen. We also show that the precise localization of bioactive GA downregulation is important for the proper control of other developmental aspects, namely leaf shape and bud dormancy. Expression under the control of one of the studied promoters significantly affected both the shape of the leaves and the number of sylleptic branches. These phenotypic defects were correlated with alterations in the levels and repartitioning of auxins. We conclude that a precise localization of bioactive GA in the vasculature of the apex is necessary for the normal development of the plant through the effect of GAs on auxin transport.
Polarization of PIN3‐dependent auxin transport for hypocotyl gravitropic response in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Rakusová Hana , Gallego‐Bartolomé Javier , Vanstraelen Marleen , Robert Hélène S. , Alabadí David , Blázquez Miguel A. , Benková Eva , Friml Jiří 
Published: May 2011

SummaryGravitropism aligns plant growth with gravity. It involves gravity perception and the asymmetric distribution of the phytohormone auxin. Here we provide insights into the mechanism for hypocotyl gravitropic growth. We show that the Arabidopsis thaliana PIN3 auxin transporter is required for the asymmetric auxin distribution for the gravitropic response. Gravistimulation polarizes PIN3 to the bottom side of hypocotyl endodermal cells, which correlates with an increased auxin response at the lower hypocotyl side. Both PIN3 polarization and hypocotyl bending require the activity of the trafficking regulator GNOM and the protein kinase PINOID. Our data suggest that gravity‐induced PIN3 polarization diverts the auxin flow to mediate the asymmetric distribution of auxin for gravitropic shoot bending.