bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amount of Bone Loss in Relation to Time around the Final Menstrual Period and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Staging of the Transmenopause
Authors: Sowers MaryFran R. , Zheng Huiyong , Jannausch Mary L. , McConnell Daniel , Nan Bin , Harlow Sioban , Randolph John F. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Background and Objective: The objective of the study was to describe bone loss rates across the transmenopause related to FSH staging and the final menstrual period (FMP).
Design and Setting: This was a population-based cohort of 629 women (baseline age 24–44 yr) with annual data points over 15 yr.
Measurements: Measures were bone mineral density (BMD), FSH to define four FSH stages, and menstrual bleeding cessation to define the FMP. Bone loss rates were reported by obesity status.
Results: Annualized rates of lumbar spine bone loss began in FSH stage 3, which occurs approximately 2 yr prior to the FMP (1.67%/yr); bone loss continued into FSH stage 4 (1.21%/yr). Mean spine BMD in FSH stage 4 was 6.4% less than spine BMD value in FSH stage 1. Annualized rates of femoral neck (FN) bone loss began in FSH stage 3 (0.55%/yr) and continued into FSH stage 4 (0.72%/yr). The FN difference between mean values in FSH stage 1 and FSH stage 4 was 5%. Annualized rates of spine bone loss in the 2 yr prior to the FMP were 1.7%/yr, 3.3%/yr in the 2 yr after the FMP, and 1.1%/yr in the 2- to 7-yr period after the FMP. Nonobese women had lower BMD levels and greater bone loss rates.
Conclusions: Spine and FN bone loss accelerates in FSH stage 3. Bone loss also began to accelerate 2 yr before the FMP with the greatest loss occurring in the 2 yr after the FMP. Bone loss rates in both spine and FN BMD were greater in nonobese women than obese women.
Revisiting Bialik: A Radical Mizrahi Reading of the Jewish National Poet
Authors: Chetrit Sami Shalom 
Published: March 2010

In this essay I offer a radical Mizrahi reading of the poetry of the Ashkenazi Zionist poet Haim Nahman Bialik—that is, a reading that examines Jewish and Israeli history and culture through the radical Mizrahi discourse that has evolved in Israel during the past generation, as part of Mizrahi resistance to the cultural and social oppression of Mizrahim. Equipped with these critical lenses, I read Bialik's poems both in the context of their own time and in the Israeli context of my own life. I focus on three poems that I believe are central to his national poetry: “To the Bird” (“El Hatzipor”) from 1892, “A Small Missive” (“Igeret Ktana”) from 1893, and “City of the Killings” (“Be'ir Hahareiga”) from 1903. I also examine alongside these poems two of Bialik's lesser known lectures: “The Revival of the Sephardim” (“Tchiyat Hasefaradim”), which he gave to an audience of young Sephardim in Jerusalem in 1926, and “Eretz Yisrael,” (“The Land of Israel”), which he delivered to Jewish youths in Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania, 1929.In the course of the essay, I argue that by configuring Arab-Jews (Jews from the Arab world) and, with greater vigor, Palestinians, as those who live outside of history, Zionist historiography has enabled both the economic dispossession and cultural oppression of these groups, including their uprooting and relocation from one region to another. A close and retrospective reading of “poems of diaspora and redemption” written by Bialik and his contemporaries reveals the Orientalist and colonialist world view held by the Ashkenazi-Zionists. By speaking always of Sephardicness but not Jewish-Arabness, Bialik acts as a pioneer of the de-Arabization of Arab Jews and their culture, a trend that grew evermore deeply entrenched in Israel's official policy towards Mizrahi Jews. Indeed, it was Bialik—the institution and the literary symbol—who served three generations of Zionist educators devoted to writing a new Jewish history from which the Jews who lived in Arab and Islamic lands during the last few centuries were erased.
On Pitch-Class Set Cartography
Authors: Hoffman Justin 
Published: March 2010

Recent music-theoretical research has proposed two ways of mapping the pitch-class set universe. Fourier spaces, constructed by Quinn, relate sets to one another based upon their composition from members of interval cycles, reflecting what might be called “harmonic quality.” Voice-leading spaces, generalized by Callender, Quinn, and Tymoczko, illustrate voice-leading relationships between sets. Though many researchers have noted hints of a relationship between these two types of space, their exact relation remains murky.One way of relating these two spaces involves associating voice leading with motion through Fourier space. Voice-leading displacements of each of the six interval classes can be associated with specific changes of position in each of the six Fourier spaces for twelve-tone equal temperament. Likewise, displacement spaces, showing all of the sets that can be related by voice-leading displacements of a particular interval class, model predictable motion through each of the Fourier spaces.
Geometric conditions on three-dimensional CR submanifolds in S
6
Authors: Djorić Mirjana , Vrancken Luc 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A six-dimensional unit sphere has an almost complex structure J defined by the vector cross product on the space of purely imaginary Cayley numbers, which makes S
6 a nearly Kähler manifold. In this paper, we study 3-dimensional CR submanifolds of S
6(1), investigating certain geometric conditions. We show that if such a submanifold attains equality in Chen's inequality, it is always minimal. We recall that a classification of minimal 3-dimensional submanifolds was obtained in [Djorić, Vrancken, J. Geom. Phys. 56: 2279–2288, 2006].
For 3-dimensional CR submanifolds, the restriction of the almost complex structure J to the tangent space automatically induces an almost contact structure on the submanifold. We prove that this structure is not Sasakian with respect to the induced metric. We also give an example from [Hashimoto, Mashimo, J. Math. 28: 579–591, 2005], see also [Ejiri, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 297: 105–124, 1986], of a tube around a superminimal almost complex curve in S
6(1) for which this almost contact structure is Sasakian with respect to a constant scalar multiple of the induced metric.
On line arrangements with applications to 3-nets
Authors: Urzúa Giancarlo 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We show a one-to-one correspondence between arrangements of d lines in ℙ2, and lines in ℙ
d–2. We apply this correspondence to classify (3, q)-nets over ℂ for all q ≤ 6. When q = 6, we have twelve possible combinatorial cases, but we prove that only nine of them are realizable over ℂ. This new case shows several new properties for 3-nets: different dimensions for moduli, strict realization over certain fields, etc. We also construct a three-dimensional family of (3, 8)-nets corresponding to the quaternion group.
The DNA Inequality in non-convex regions
Authors: Larson Eric 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A simple plane closed curve Γ satisfies the DNA Inequality if the average curvature of any closed curve contained inside Γ exceeds the average curvature of Γ. In 1997 Lagarias and Richardson proved that all convex curves satisfy the DNA Inequality and asked whether this is true for some non-convex curve. They conjectured that the DNA Inequality holds for certain L-shaped curves. In this paper, we disprove this conjecture for all L-shapes and construct a large class of non-convex curves for which the DNA Inequality holds. We also give a polynomial-time procedure for determining whether any specific curve in a much larger class satisfies the DNA Inequality.
On characterizing the long-root geometries
Authors: Shult Ernest 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The long-root geometries of symplectic rank at least three are the polar Grassmannians of lines, the metasymplectic spaces, and three Lie incidence geometries of exceptional Lie type. These geometries were characterized as a class of parapolar spaces of symplectic rank at least three satisfying four axioms (see Theorem 1 below). In this note, it is shown that one can dispense with two of the axioms, if one adds to the set of conclusion geometries all strong parapolar spaces of point-diameter 2 for which x
⊥ ∩ S is never a point for any point-symplecton pair (x, S). Connections with root filtration spaces are discussed.
Exile and Assimilation. Some Notes on Vladimir Nabokov's Journey through Space and Time
Authors: Levie Sophie 
Published: March 2010

Vladimir Nabokov once inimitably reflected on a consequence of exile: “I don't seem to belong to any clear-cut continent. I'm the shuttle-cock above the Atlantic, and how bright and blue it is there, in my private sky, far from the pigeon-holes and the clay pigeons.”
Looking into aspects of Nabokov's work related to exile and assimilation, I suggest that Nabokov's cosmopolitanism is mirrored in the current international reception of his work. The article makes use of Kwame Anthony Appiah's notion of “cosmopolitan contamination” and that of John Burt Foster Jr.'s “cultural multiplicity.”
Metaphor and metonymy: Making their connections more slippery
Authors: Barnden John A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This paper continues the debate about how to distinguish metaphor from metonymy, and whether this can be done. It examines some of the differences that have been alleged to exist, and augments the already existing doubt about them. The main differences addressed are the similarity/contiguity distinction and the issue of whether source-target links are part of the message in metonymy or metaphor. In particular, the paper argues that metaphorical links can always be used metonymically and regarded as contiguities, and conversely that two particular, central types of metonymic contiguity essentially involve similarity. The paper also touches briefly on how metaphor and metonymy interact with domains, frames, etc. and on the role of imaginary identification/categorization of target as/under source items. With the possible exception of this last issue, the paper suggests that no combination of the alleged differences addressed can serve cleanly to categorize source/target associations into metaphorical ones and metonymic ones. It also suggests that it can be more profitable to analyse utterances at the level of the dimensions involved in the differences than at the higher level of metaphor and metonymy as such.
Hearing in Drosophila Requires TilB, a Conserved Protein Associated With Ciliary Motility
Authors: Kavlie Ryan G , Kernan Maurice J , Eberl Daniel F 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Cilia were present in the earliest eukaryotic ancestor and underlie many biological processes ranging from cell motility and propulsion of extracellular fluids to sensory physiology. We investigated the contribution of the touch insensitive larva B (tilB) gene to cilia function in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutants of tilB exhibit dysfunction in sperm flagella and ciliated dendrites of chordotonal organs that mediate hearing and larval touch sensitivity. Mutant sperm axonemes as well as sensory neuron dendrites of Johnston's organ, the fly's auditory organ, lack dynein arms. Through deficiency mapping and sequencing candidate genes, we identified tilB mutations in the annotated gene CG14620. A genomic CG14620 transgene rescued deafness and male sterility of tilB mutants. TilB is a 395-amino-acid protein with a conserved N-terminal leucine-rich repeat region at residues 16–164 and a coiled-coil domain at residues 171–191. A tilB-Gal4 transgene driving fluorescently tagged TilB proteins elicits cytoplasmic expression in embryonic chordotonal organs, in Johnston's organ, and in sperm flagella. TilB does not appear to affect tubulin polyglutamylation or polyglycylation. The phenotypes and expression of tilB indicate function in cilia construction or maintenance, but not in intraflagellar transport. This is also consistent with phylogenetic association of tilB homologs with presence of genes encoding axonemal dynein arm components. Further elucidation of tilB functional mechanisms will provide greater understanding of cilia function and will facilitate understanding ciliary diseases.
The Tandem Inversion Duplication inSalmonella enterica: Selection Drives Unstable Precursors to Final Mutation Types
Authors: Kugelberg Elisabeth , Kofoid Eric , Andersson Dan I , Lu Yong , Mellor Joseph , Roth Frederick P , Roth John R 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDuring growth under selection, mutant types appear that are rare in unselected populations. Stress-induced mechanisms may cause these structures or selection may favor a series of standard events that modify common preexisting structures. One such mutation is the short junction (SJ) duplication with long repeats separated by short sequence elements: AB*(CD)*(CD)*E (* = a few bases). Another mutation type, described here, is the tandem inversion duplication (TID), where two copies of a parent sequence flank an inverse-order segment: AB(CD)(E′D′C′B′)(CD)E. Both duplication types can amplify by unequal exchanges between direct repeats (CD), and both are rare in unselected cultures but common after prolonged selection for amplification. The observed TID junctions are asymmetric (aTIDs) and may arise from a symmetrical precursor (sTID)—ABCDE(E′D′C′B′A′)ABCDE—when sequential deletions remove each palindromic junction. Alternatively, one deletion can remove both sTID junctions to generate an SJ duplication. It is proposed that sTID structures form frequently under all growth conditions, but are usually lost due to their instability and fitness cost. Selection for increased copy number helps retain the sTID and favors deletions that remodel junctions, improve fitness, and allow higher amplification. Growth improves with each step in formation of an SJ or aTID amplification, allowing selection to favor completion of the mutation process.
The Steroid Molting Hormone Ecdysone Regulates Sleep in Adult Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Ishimoto Hiroshi , Kitamoto Toshihiro 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Ecdysone is the major steroid hormone in insects and plays essential roles in coordinating developmental transitions such as larval molting and metamorphosis through its active metabolite 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Although ecdysone is present throughout life in both males and females, its functions in adult physiology remain largely unknown. In this study we demonstrate that ecdysone-mediated signaling in the adult is intimately involved in transitions between the physiological states of sleep and wakefulness. First, administering 20E to adult Drosophila melanogaster promoted sleep in a dose-dependent manner, and it did so primarily by altering the length of sleep and wake bouts without affecting waking activity. Second, mutants for ecdysone synthesis displayed the “short-sleep phenotype,” and this was alleviated by administering 20E at the adult stage. Third, mutants for nuclear ecdysone receptors showed reduced sleep, and conditional overexpression of wild-type ecdysone receptors in the adult mushroom bodies resulted in an isoform-specific increase in sleep. Finally, endogenous ecdysone levels increased after sleep deprivation, and mutants defective for ecdysone signaling displayed little sleep rebound, suggesting that ecdysone is involved in homeostatic sleep regulation. In light of the recent finding that lethargus—a period at larval-stage transitions in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans—is a sleep-like state, our results suggest that sleep is functionally and mechanistically linked to a genetically programmed, quiescent behavioral state during development.
Mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans eIF2β Permit Translation Initiation From Non-AUG Start Codons
Authors: Zhang Yinhua , Maduzia Lisa L 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Recognition of the AUG start codon on mRNAs during translation initiation in eukaryotes occurs in a preinitiation complex that includes small ribosomal subunits and multiple translation initiation factors. The complexity of this process and the lack of appropriate tools have prevented its genetic study in multicellular organisms. Here we describe a genetic system in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to study how the AUG start codon is selected. We have generated a sensitive reporter assay that allows for the isolation of mutants with reduced fidelity to recognize the AUG start codon. Two mutants were identified to have dominant missense mutations in iftb-1, which encodes the β-subunit of eIF2 (eIF2β). Both mutations occur in a conserved region located outside of the C2–C2 zinc finger domain where yeast SUI3 mutations are localized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae eIF2β. C. elegans iftb-1, as well as mutant eIF2βs carrying the equivalent SUI3 mutations, are able to initiate translation at non-AUG codons that retain two potential base-pairing interactions with the anticodon of the initiator methionyl tRNA. These analyses further support the critical role of eIF2β in start codon selection, and two functional domains within eIF2β are likely involved, one defined by our C. elegans mutants and the other by the yeast SUI3 mutants.
Dominant Mutations in the Late 40S Biogenesis Factor Ltv1 Affect Cytoplasmic Maturation of the Small Ribosomal Subunit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Fassio Claire A , Schofield Brett J , Seiser Robert M , Johnson Arlen W , Lycan Deborah E 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In eukaryotes, 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits are assembled in the nucleus from rRNAs and ribosomal proteins, exported as premature complexes, and processed in final maturation steps in the cytoplasm. Ltv1 is a conserved 40S ribosome biogenesis factor that interacts with pre-40S complexes in vivo and is proposed to function in yeast in nuclear export. Cells lacking LTV1 grow slowly and are significantly impaired in mature 40S subunit production. Here we show that mutation or deletion of a putative nuclear export sequence in LTV1 is strongly dominant negative, but the protein does not accumulate in the nucleus, as expected for a mutation affecting export. In fact, most of the mutant protein is cytoplasmic and associated with pre-40S subunits. Cells expressing mutant Ltv1 have a 40S biogenesis defect, accumulate 20S rRNA in the cytoplasm as detected by FISH, and retain the late-acting biogenesis factor Tsr1 in the cytoplasm. Finally, overexpression of mutant Ltv1 is associated with nuclear retention of 40S subunit marker proteins, RpS2–GFP and RpS3–GFP. We suggest that the proximal consequence of these LTV1 mutations is inhibition of the cytoplasmic maturation of 40S subunits and that nuclear retention of pre-40S subunits is a downstream consequence of the failure to release and recycle critical factors back to the nucleus.
Developmental Timing of DNA Elimination Following Allopolyploidization in Wheat
Authors: Khasdan Vadim , Yaakov Beery , Kraitshtein Zina , Kashkush Khalil 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The elimination of DNA sequences following allopolyploidization is a well-known phenomenon. Yet, nothing is known about the biological significance, the mechanism, or the precise developmental timing of this event. In this study, we have observed reproducible elimination of an Aegilops tauschii allele in the genome of the second generation (S2) of a newly synthesized allohexaploid derived from a cross between Triticum turgidum and Ae. tauschii. We show that elimination of the Ae. tauschii allele did not occur in germ cells but instead occurred during S2 embryo development. This work shows that deletion of DNA sequences following allopolyploidization might occur also in a tissue-specific manner.
Towards Heterogeneous Biodegradable Nanorods for Controlled Drug Delivery
Authors: Dougherty Shelley , Liang Jianyu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHeterogeneous, one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials, such as nanorods and nanowires, have been utilized for a variety of different biomedical applications because they offer a unique combination of properties and provide a material platform for integrating multiple functions. In this paper, we propose a template-assisted wetting approach to fabricate segmented polymer nanorods using biodegradable polymers for controlled drug delivery. Our previous work with polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) heterogeneous, segmented nanorods is described briefly to introduce our current preliminary work with the fabrication of homogeneous biodegradable nanorods and drug release from polymer thin films. Since the template-assisted fabrication approach provides us unprecedented control over the size, spacing, and length of the heterogeneous polymer nanorods, this technique will provide for the opportunity to evaluate drug release kinetics as a function of the segment spacing, size of the nanorods, and aspect ratio in the future.
Nano-scale Debye Capacitive Sensors for Highly Sensitive, Label-free, Nucleic Acid Analysis
Authors: Sebastian Mannoor Manu , James Teena , Ivanov Dentcho V. , Braunlin Bill , Beadling Les 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn electrochemical capacitive sensor with electrode separation in the order of the Electrical Double Layer width (Debye length) of the analyte solution is presented for extremely sensitive and label-free analysis of Nucleic Acids. As the Electrical Double Layers (EDL) from both the capacitive electrodes interact and overlap each other in the reduced space confinement, the contribution from the electrode polarization effects and noises due to bulk sample resistance are found to be minimized. The dielectric property changes during hybridization reaction were measured using 10-mer nucleotide sequences. A 30-45% change in relative permittivity (capacitance) was observed due to DNA hybridization at 10Hz.
A Study to Estimate the Number of Active Particles in CMP
Authors: Mpagazehe Jeremiah , Thukalil Geo , Higgs C. Fred 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTo improve yield rates during integrated circuit fabrication a better understanding of the material removal process during CMP is sought. Many material removal models have been generated to predict the material removal rate (MRR) during CMP. The majority of such models estimate that the MRR is equal to the material removed by a single particle multiplied by the total number of particles contributing to the wear process. Particles contributing to the wear process are known as ‘active particles’. Several authors have proposed analytical models to estimate this quantity. This work introduces a new method for estimating the number of active particles in CMP by deducing it from the polish results of a multi-physics CMP model. By employing the particle-augmented mixed lubrication model (PAML) developed by Terrell and Higgs (2008), it is possible to determine the number of active particles in CMP. The predictions of PAML are compared with two popular analytical approaches which have been commonly used to predict the number of active particles during CMP.
Opportunities and Challenges to Sustainable Manufacturing and CMP
Authors: Dornfeld David 
Published: March 2010

AbstractToday the requirements for reducing the impact of our manufacturing activities are increasing as the world awakes to and addresses the environmental impacts of our society. Energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, materials availability and use, environmental impact levels, etc. are all topics of interest. Semiconductor manufacturing in general and process steps such as CMP are not exempt from this and, in many cases, the industry has led the efforts in reducing impacts. This paper will first review some of the drivers for sustainable manufacturing, then define some of the terms that will be useful for determining the engineering aspects of sustainability and sustainable manufacturing, as well as metrics for assessing the impact of manufacturing in general and CMP in particular. An assessments of CMP will be given to illustrate the potential for “design for the environment” in CMP and related processes. Consideration will be given to research opportunities, including process modeling, that this focus provides to CMP researchers, consumable suppliers and industry.