bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Runoff‐generating processes in hydromorphic soils on a plot scale: free gravity‐driven versus pressure‐controlled flow
Authors: Lange Benjamin , Germann Peter F. , Lüscher Peter 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDraining soil water is an important runoff generator. This study aims to describe runoff‐generating processes on a plot scale (1 m2) in hydromorphic soils with different initial soil water contents. We irrigated 16 hydromorphic soils in the northern Pre‐Alps in Switzerland and recorded the variations in water content with time domain reflectometry (TDR) at five different depths per plot. Sprinkling was repeated three times at approximately 23‐h intervals and lasted for 1 h with a volume flux density of 70 mm h−1. The comparison between the measured water content of the drainages with two physically based models revealed which of the flow processes dominated during water recessions. We distinguished between vertical drainage, lateral outflow and infiltration without drainage. Approximately 45% of all recorded time series of soil water content did not drain within approximately 20 h after the end of irrigation, about 25% drained laterally and 10% of the outflow was vertical. The drainage of the remaining 20% was the result of both lateral and vertical water flow (≈12%), or was not interpretable with the approaches applied (≈8%). Vertical flow was only observed in layers without any or with just a few hydromorphic features. Lateral draining horizons had approximately half the storage capacity and amplitude of water recession of those with vertical flow. Vertical flow was only observed in the upper soil horizons. Thus, vertical flow transmitted water to layers with lateral outflow and did not delay runoff by deep percolation. Increasing initial soil moisture increased the percentage of water content recordings according to a lateral outflow slightly, while vertical flow was less frequent. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A statistical methodology for assessing the long‐term effects of antecedent drought conditions on stream runoff: applications to the Piedmont Province, southeastern United States
Authors: Rose Seth 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA method was developed to investigate the long‐term (months‐to‐years) effects (both magnitude and duration) of antecedent rainfall upon subsequent runoff coefficients (RCs) or runoff/rainfall ratios. The method was applied to a four‐state region (Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia) within the southeastern Piedmont Province of the United States and incorporated a 59‐year data set of 19 United States Geological Survey stream gages and 57 National Climatic Data Center rain gages. The method was designed to facilitate statistical comparisons [Mann–Whitney rank sum tests] between various groups of normalized runoff coefficients (NRCs) representing 6–36 month periods which differed in terms of antecedent rainfall conditions. The results of this study show that under all subsequent rainfall conditions, with the exception of excess rainfall, a 1‐year period of antecedent drought lowered NRCs for at least 1 year following the drought. The principal finding of this study is that a year‐long drought period within the southeastern Piedmont Province lowers NRCs by ∼25% during the following year when rainfall returns to normal. In most cases, RCs are significantly lower during the second year following a drought than they would be when anteceded by normal rainfall; however, the effects of drought wane during this period. This is a statistical and regional method that can be modified to other study areas; however, it cannot be used to predict storm‐event rainfall–runoff relationships for any specific basin. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical study of the rainstorm characteristics of the June 2005 flash flood with WRF/GSI data assimilation system over south‐east China
Authors: Wan Qilin , Xu Jianjun 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe evolution and structure of rainstorms associated with a flash‐flood event are simulated by the Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF‐ARW) model of the National Center for Atmospheric Research and the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) data assimilation (DA) system of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States. The event is based on a flash flood that occurred in the central Guangdong Province of south‐east China during 20–21 June 2005. Compared to an hourly mixed rain‐gauge and satellite‐retrieved precipitation data, the model shows the capability to reproduce the intensity and location of rainfall; however, the simulation depends on three conditions to a large extent: model resolution, physical processes schemes and initial condition. In this case, the Eta Ferrier microphysics scheme and the initialization with satellite radiance DA with a fine 4‐km grid spacing nested grid and coarse 12‐km grid spacing outer grid are the best options. The model‐predicted rain rates, however, are slightly overestimated, and the activities of the storms do not precisely correspond with those observed, although peak values are obtained. Abundant moisture brought by the south‐westerly winds with a mesoscale low‐level jet from the South China Sea or Bay of Bengal and trapped within the XingfengJiang region encompassed by northern Jiulian, southern Lianhua and eastern small mountains are apparently the primary elements responsible for the flood event. All simulated rainstorms were initiated over the southern slopes of the Jiulian Mountain and moved south or north‐eastward within the Xingfengjiang region. Meanwhile, the Skew‐T/Log‐P diagrams show that there is a fairly high convective available potential energy (CAPE) over the active areas of the rainstorms. The higher CAPE provides a beneficial thermodynamic condition for the development of rainstorms, but the higher convective inhibition near the northern, eastern and southern mountains prohibits the storms from moving out of the region and causes heavy rainfall that is trapped within the area. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling plant canopy effects on annual variability of evapotranspiration and heat fluxes for a semi‐arid grassland on the southern periphery of the Eurasian cryosphere in Mongolia
Authors: Zhang Yinsheng , Ohata T. , Zhou J. , Davaa G. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe ability to predict vegetation cover effects on thermal/water regimes can enhance our understanding of canopy controls on evapotranspiration. The Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model is a detailed process model of heat and water movement in a snow–residue–soil system. This paper describes provisions added to the SHAW model for vegetation cover and simulation of heat and water transfer through the soil–plant–air continuum. The model was applied to four full years (May 2003–April 2007) of data collected on sparse grassland at Nalaikh in north‐eastern Mongolia. Simulated soil temperature and radiation components agreed reasonably well with measured values. The absolute differences between simulated and measured soil temperatures were larger at both the surface layer and deeper layer, but relatively smaller in the layer from 0·8 to 2·4 m. Radiation components were mimicked by the SHAW model with model efficiency (ME) reaching 0·93–0·72. Latent and sensible heat fluxes were simulated well with MEs of 0·93 and 0·87, respectively. The vegetation control on evapotranspiration was investigated by sensitivity experiments of model performance with changing leaf area index (LAI) values but constant of other variables. The results suggest that annual evapotranspiration ranged from 16 to − 22% in response to extremes of doubled and zero LAI. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of intracellular signalling by insulin and the hypermitogenic AspB10 analogue in MCF‐7 breast adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Oleksiewicz Martin B. , Bonnesen Christine , Hegelund Anne Charlotte , Lundby Anders , Holm Gitte‐Mai Nelander , Jensen Marianne B. , Krabbe Jonas S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe compared mitogenicity and intracellular signalling by human insulin and the AspB10 (X‐10) human insulin analogue in MCF‐7 human mammary adenocarcinoma cells. By flow analysis of phosphorylated histone H3 or cell cycle distributions, insulin and X‐10 were mitogenic at physiologically relevant concentrations (2 nm to 74 pm range), with X‐10 being approximately 3‐fold more mitogenic than insulin. By western blotting with phospho‐specific antibodies, insulin induced phosphorylation of IRS‐1, Akt, p70S6K, S6 ribosomal protein, 4E‐BP1, FoxO3a, FoxO1, p44/42 MAPK and the EGFR. Blocking with wortmannin, rapamycin and U0126 showed that these signalling events conformed to the canonical PI3K pathway. IRS‐1 (Ser302) phosphorylation was abolished by wortmannin and rapamycin, suggesting a feedback from the PI3K pathway on insulin signalling. Compared with equimolar insulin, X‐10 caused up to 2‐fold higher phosphorylation of all proteins examined in this study. The phosphorylation sites that responded most strongly to insulin were not generally the same as those responding most strongly to X‐10. In the PI3K pathway, the most X‐10‐sensitive protein localized to the translation‐regulating arm (p70S6K), with FoxO3a and FoxO1 transcription factors showing a more comparable response to insulin and X‐10. Using flow analysis, we confirmed the correlation between insulin‐triggered translational activation in G0/G1 (S6 phosphorylation) and S‐phase entry by MCF‐7 cells. In summary, our findings implicate asymmetrical PI3K pathway activation and specifically stimulation of protein translation in the hypermitogenic effect of insulin analogues such as X‐10. It remains to be shown whether these findings are relevant to other human mammary cancer cell types. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transplantation of neuronal cells induced from human mesenchymal stem cells improves neurological functions after stroke without cell fusion
Authors: Xu Haiyan , Miki Kazunori , Ishibashi Satoru , Inoue Jun , Sun Liyuan , Endo Shu , Sekiya Ichiro , Muneta Takeshi , Inazawa Joji , Dezawa Mari , Mizusawa Hidehiro 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe options for treating stroke are limited, but stem cells hold promise as a therapy because of their multipotency. Neuronal cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were reported to have more therapeutic effect than MSCs. For elucidating the therapeutic mechanism of neuronal cells, here we generated a model of focal cerebral infarction by performing left common carotid artery occlusion in adult gerbils. We transfected human trabecular bone‐derived MSCs (hMSCs) with the Notch intracellular domain to induce their differentiation into neuronal cells (hN‐MSCs). These cells were stereotaxically transplanted into the local ischemic hemisphere 4 days after the occlusion. Behavioral analyses were conducted 28 days after transplantation, and then fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and a histological evaluation were performed. Histologically, transplanted cells were distributed around the periinfarct region, and approximately 8.5% and 4.2% of hN‐MSCs and hMSCs survived, respectively; 53.2% ± 9.6% of hN‐MSCs were microtubule‐associated protein 2+ (MAP‐2+) and extended neurites, whereas only 0.9% ± 0.3% of hMSCs were MAP‐2+. In FISH, human nucleus‐specific signals were detected in both hN‐MSCs and hMSCs grafted brains, but no transplanted cell had a merged gerbil‐specific nuclear signals. hN‐MSC‐transplanted animals showed significantly better recovery than animals given control vehicle in the T‐maze, bilateral asymmetry, and open field tests. These findings suggested that hN‐MSCs have greater therapeutic potential than hMSCs for stroke and that cell fusion does not primarily contribute to the therapeutic mechanism of MSC transplantation. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypoxic preconditioning failure in aging hippocampal neurons: Impaired gene expression and rescue with intracellular calcium chelation
Authors: Bickler Philip E. , Fahlman Christian S. , Gray Jonathan J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractHypoxic preconditioning in the brain (HPC), a phenomenon whereby noninjurious hypoxia induces resistance to cell death following ischemia, requires the expression of specific genes. Declines in signal transduction pathway activity with aging may decrease the genomic response to HPC and limit its neuroprotective efficacy. To test this, we determined how signal transduction gene expression, intracellular Ca2+ levels, and phosphorylation of the survival‐associated kinase Akt differ in hippocampal slice cultures (HSCs) made from postnatal day 7–10 (P7–10) and 2‐year‐old rats following HPC. HPC neuroprotection decreased with increasing source animal age, and HPC could not be demonstrated in HCSs made from animals >6 months of age, despite adjusting the duration of hypoxic exposure. Preconditioning protection required the survival kinase Akt in P10 hippocampal slices cultures. In P9 cultures, HPC increased Akt phosphorylation and the expression of prosurvival genes, including Bcl‐2, heat shock proteins, protein kinases, c‐jun, and NfκB. Lack of increased Akt phosphorylation and a greatly diminished signaling pathway gene response were found in HSCs from aging animals. Moderate and transient increases in [Ca2+]i during HPC occurred in P7–10 HSCs, but [Ca2+]i was persistently increased at 1 and 24 hr after preconditioning in HSCs from 2‐year‐old rats. The intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA‐AM facilitated HPC neuroprotection in 2‐year‐old HSCs and restored the pattern of post‐HPC gene expression seen in immature animals. We conclude that age‐related loss of preconditioning may be due to altered intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis (excess and sustained increase in [Ca2+]i) and is a lesion that prevents critical elements of neuroprotective signal transduction. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of inhibitory neurotransmission by the scaffolding protein ankyrin repeat‐rich membrane spanning/kinase D‐interacting substrate of 220 kDa
Authors: Sutachan Jhon‐Jairo , Chao Moses V. , Ninan Ipe 
Published: October 2010

AbstractScaffolding proteins play a critical role in the proper development and function of neural circuits. In contrast to the case for excitatory circuits, in which the role of several scaffolding proteins has been characterized, less is known about the scaffolding proteins that regulate inhibitory neurotransmission. The ankyrin repeat‐rich membrane spanning (ARMS)/kinase D‐interacting substrate of 220 kDa (Kidins220) scaffolding protein is expressed during the establishment of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission and is highly regulated by activity. To evaluate whether ARMS/Kidins220 expression affects GABAergic neurotransmission, we modified the ARMS/Kidins220 levels during the period of its maximum expression in culture (DIV 1–10). Whereas a decrease in ARMS/Kidins220 levels suppressed GABAergic neurotransmission, overexpression of ARMS/Kidins220 produced an increase in GABAergic neurotransmission in hippocampal neurons. In addition, we found that ARMS/Kidins220 regulates GABAergic neurotransmission by a presynaptic mechanism. Our results suggest that the ARMS/Kidins220 scaffold protein plays a critical role in the regulation of inhibitory transmission in hippocampal neurons. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amyloid β accelerates phosphorylation of tau and neurofibrillary tangle formation in an amyloid precursor protein and tau double‐transgenic mouse model
Authors: Seino Yusuke , Kawarabayashi Takeshi , Wakasaya Yasuhito , Watanabe Mitsunori , Takamura Ayumi , Yamamoto‐Watanabe Yukiko , Kurata Tomoko , Abe Koji , Ikeda Masaki , Westaway David , Murakami Tetsuro , Hyslop Peter St. George , Matsubara Etsuro , Shoji Mikio 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn Alzheimer's disease, Aβ deposits are considered the initial cardinal events that induce tauopathy secondarily. However, the relationship between Aβ amyloidosis and tauopathy has not been determined in detail. We produced double transgenic mice, 2×TgTau+/–APP+/–, by mating Tg2576 mice that exhibit Aβ amyloidosis and TgTauP301L mice that show tauopathy, and statistically analyzed the effect of Aβ accumulation on tauopathy. There was no significant difference in theprogression of Aβ accumulation among 2×TgTau+/–APP+/– and 1×TgTau−/–APP+/–, and tau accumulation among 2×TgTau+/−APP+/− and 1×Tg Tau+/–APP−/–. The appearance rates of phosphorylated tau developing in neurons and processes were significantly accelerated in 2×TgTau+/–APP+/– mice compared with those in 1×TgTau+/–APP−/– mice at 23 months of age. Accumulation of phosphorylated and confomationally altered tau and GSK3β in neuronal processes was accelerated in the white matter in 2×TgTau+/–APP+/–. The level of phosphorylated tau in the sarkosyl‐insoluble fraction was increased in 2×TgTau+/–APP+/– brains compared with that in 1×TgTau+/–APP−/– brains. Thus, Aβ amyloid partially enhances tauopathy through accumulation of insoluble, phosphorylated, and conformationally changed tau in neuronal cytoplasm and processes in the late stage. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of the galanin system by repeated electroconvulsive seizures in mice
Authors: Christiansen S.H. , Woldbye D.P.D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractEven though induction of seizures by electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS) is a treatment widely used for major depression in humans, the working mechanism of ECS remains uncertain. The antiepileptic effect of ECS has been suggested to be involved in mediating the therapeutic effect of ECS. The neuropeptide galanin exerts antiepileptic and antidepressant‐like effects and has also been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. To explore a potential role of galanin in working mechanisms of ECS, the present study examined effects of repeated ECS on the galanin system using QRT‐PCR, in situ hybridization, and [125I]galanin receptor binding. ECS was administered to adult mice daily for 14 days, and this paradigm was confirmed to exert antidepressant‐like effect in the tail suspension test. Prominent increases in galanin gene expression were found in several brain regions involved in regulation of epileptic activity and depression, including the piriform cortex, hippocampal dentate gyrus, and amygdala. Likewise, GalR2 gene expression was up‐regulated in both the central and the medial amygdala, whereas GalR1 gene expression showed a modest down‐regulation in the medial amygdala. [125I]galanin receptor binding in the piriform cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala was found to be significantly down‐regulated. These data show that the galanin system is regulated by repeated ECS in a number of brain regions implicated in seizure regulation and depression. These changes may play a role in the therapeutic effect of ECS. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Green tea polyphenols potentiate the action of nerve growth factor to induce neuritogenesis: Possible role of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Gundimeda Usha , McNeill Thomas H. , Schiffman Jason E. , Hinton David R. , Gopalakrishna Rayudu 
Published: October 2010

AbstractExogenously administered nerve growth factor (NGF) repairs injured axons, but it does not cross the blood–brain barrier. Thus, agents that could potentiate the neuritogenic ability of endogenous NGF would be of great utility in treating neurological injuries. Using the PC12 cell model, we show here that unfractionated green tea polyphenols (GTPP) at low concentrations (0.1 μg/ml) potentiate the ability of low concentrations of NGF (2 ng/ml) to induce neuritogenesis at a level comparable to that induced by optimally high concentrations of NGF (50 ng/ml) alone. In our experiments, GTPP by itself did not induce neuritogenesis or increase immunofluorescent staining for β‐tubulin III; however, it increased expression of mRNA and proteins for the neuronal markers neurofilament‐L and GAP‐43. Among the polyphenols present in GTPP, epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) alone appreciably potentiated NGF‐induced neurite outgrowth. Although other polyphenols present in GTPP, particularly epigallocatechin and epicatechin, lack this activity, they synergistically promoted this action of EGCG. GTPP also induced an activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERKs). PD98059, an inhibitor of the ERK pathway, blocked the expression of GAP‐43. K252a, an inhibitor of TrkA‐associated tyrosine kinase, partially blocked the expression of these genes and ERK activation. Antioxidants, catalase (cell‐permeable form), and N‐acetylcysteine (both L and D‐forms) inhibited these events and abolished the GTPP potentiation of NGF‐induced neuritogenesis. Taken together, these results show for the first time that GTPP potentiates NGF‐induced neuritogenesis, likely through the involvement of sublethal levels of reactive oxygen species, and suggest that unfractionated GTPP is more effective in this respect than its fractionated polyphenols. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Observation of carbon‐facilitated phase transformation of titanium dioxide forming mixed‐phase titania by confocal Raman microscopy
Authors: Chatterjee A. , Wu S.‐B. , Chou P.‐W. , Wong M. S. , Cheng C.‐L. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractConfocal Raman microscopy, a relatively new and advanced technique, is found to be suitable for imaging the chemical morphology below the submicrometer scale. It has been employed to probe the phase transformation of carbon‐containing titania (TiO2) nanopowder and titania thin film subjected to laser annealing. The observation of phase transformation from the anatase phase to the rutile phase at high laser power annealing is attributed to carbon inclusion inside or on the surface of titania. Upon annealing, carbon could react with the oxygen of titania and create oxygen vacancies favoring the transformation from the anatase to the rutile phase. This study provides evidence for the carbon‐assisted phase transformation for creating carbon‐containing mixed‐phase titanium dioxide by laser annealing. We explicitly focus on the presence of carbon in the phase transformation of TiO2 using confocal Raman microscopy. In all of the investigated samples, mixed anatase/rutile phases with carbon specifically was found at the rutile site. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) studies have been performed in addition to Raman mapping to verify the mixed‐phase titania formation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐Raman spectroscopic study of cord‐marked pottery decorated with red coatings from Taiwan, ca 2600–1700 B.C.
Authors: Liou Ying San , Chang Liu Yi , Huang Hsing Yi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMicro‐Raman spectroscopy is applied for the first time to identify mineralogical characteristics of ceramic bodies and red coatings on decorative cord‐marked pottery (ca 2600–1700 B.C.) from an archeological site in northern Taiwan. X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry were used as complementary techniques. The combined results of mineralogical and elemental composition suggest that the pottery items were produced from illitic clays and fired to a temperature less than 800 °C under oxidizing conditions. The slight discrepancy in composition between the red coatings and ceramic bodies possibly indicates a somewhat different source of raw materials and/or clay refining processes used by ancient potters. Additionally, feldspar, hornblende, and pyroxenes detected in the samples are closely related to the main compositions of nearby volcanic rocks, implying that the raw materials could have come from a local source. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.