bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vinamilk: from local cooperatives to international corporation
Authors: Walsh John 
Published: April 2012

Subject area
Marketing.

Study level/applicability
This case study would suit any class that deals with the interaction between the nature of business and society and is rooted in a specific basis in developing Asia. The particular nature of the class could be used to shape the subsequent discussion if necessary: a marketing class would focus on the need for development of the local market and consumer behaviour, while a management class might be more interested in the issues relating to an appropriate ownership structure in an emerging market in a company based on an amalgamation of smaller units likely to have been run by technicians (farmers) or party functionaries.

Case overview
Vinamilk is a Vietnamese company that has grown from humble beginnings as a collection of small-scale dairy co-operatives until the current time when it is one of the largest and most successful companies in that country and recognized as a significant developing Asian success. It has managed this while operating in a product category that has had very little tradition in Vietnam and for which demand has had to be created in order to enable the company to expand. The success of Vinamilk has now made it possible to imagine an international or a transnational future in which it would no longer be tied to its Vietnamese home or to be required to support government-supported developmental goals such as supporting employment and using local inputs. A debate is taking place, therefore, about the nature of the continuing relationship between firms and the public sector in a rapidly developing nation.

Expected learning outcomes
The objectives include: evaluation of the nature of the business-state relationship; evaluation of the nature of the home environment with respect to its attitude to business; and understanding better the nature of emerging markets and their interaction with international markets.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for faculty. Please consult your librarian for access.
Being there, teleography andThe Wire
Authors: Parker Martin 
Published: April 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to question some of the assumptions about warm proximity which animate the idea of ethnography as a largely naturalistic mode of enquiry.Design/methodology/approachWatching television and having a think.FindingsThat the history of ethnography can be told as a process of bringing “them” closer to “us”, and this account culminates in the idea of watching a TV show as a mode of academic enquiry.Originality/valueLargely depends on whether anyone is actually convinced by the argument.
Organisational autoethnography
Authors: Doloriert Clair , Sambrook Sally 
Published: April 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review and organise the autoethnography literature: to explore the obstacles of and opportunities for autoethnography in organisation research; to support PhD students and supervisors who have chosen this methodological route to more clearly define their autoethnographic positions and choices; and to propose new research directions for organisational autoethnography.Design/methodology/approachThe authors critically summarise autoethnography as a contemporary approach to organisational ethnography by looking back, looking at the present, and looking to the future. The authors briefly consider the historical and disciplinary development – and vehement critique – of autoethnography, trace its shifting epistemological positions and introduce three emergent “possibilities” of organisation autoethnography.FindingsThe authors highlight how autoethnography can tell stories otherwise silenced; exploring the mundane, ignored and distorted in current academic life, past and other work experiences, working with others through collaborative or co‐produced autoethnography in exciting new organisational contexts.Originality/valueThis paper is one of the first attempts to review autoethnography as a contemporary approach to organisation autoethnography.
Having an eye for it: aesthetics, ethnography and the senses
Authors: Warren Samantha 
Published: April 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss participant‐led photography as a response to the author's need for an “aesthetic approach” to ethnography during fieldwork, including the importance of an embodied, sensory orientation to ethnography in organizational contexts.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reviews a range of literature and draws on the author's experiences to support a conceptual argument.FindingsThere is currently scant attention to the sensory dimension of ethnographic practice and the paper puts forward an agenda for future research.Research limitations/implicationsSuggestions are made as to how aesthetic and/or sensory ethnography can support changing landscapes of organizational research.Originality/valueIn drawing together multidisciplinary literature, the paper advances the agenda of ethnographic research in organizational life.
Shifts in elemental composition, methylmercury content and δ15N ratio during growth of a High Arctic copepod
Authors: CHÉTELAT JOHN , AMYOT MARC , CLOUTIER LOUISE 
Published: April 2012

Summary1. We examined how ontogenetic development in a calanoid copepod from the High Arctic, Limnocalanus macrurus, influenced its elemental composition (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus), methylmercury (MeHg) content and stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios in populations from nine lakes.2. Population structure explained 33–83% of among‐lake variation in the C, N and P composition of the biomass. Biomass dominated by early‐stage copepodites had a greater P content, which declined in more mature populations, as indicated by significant changes in % P and the molar N/P ratio. Carbon and lipid contents increased with the proportion of adult biomass. Copepod populations sampled in warmer waters had a greater proportion of adult biomass, and water temperature was the most significant environmental variable explaining elemental composition.3. A δ15N enrichment of 3.3 ± 1.0‰ was associated with copepodite development. Gut contents of L. macrurus showed no evidence of animal (invertebrate) prey, indicating no change in trophic position.4. Unexpectedly, MeHg concentration was negatively correlated with the proportion of adult biomass. However, this trend was not significant after correcting MeHg concentration to non‐lipid dry mass, suggesting a lipid dilution effect in more mature copepods. Lake surface area, rather than ontogeny, best explained MeHg concentrations in L. macrurus.5. Ontogenetic influences on chemical constituents of this common Arctic copepod, particularly δ15N ratios and uncorrected MeHg concentrations, highlight the relevance of developmental processes for studies of food webs and mercury in species‐poor High Arctic lakes.
Metapopulation dynamics of a diadromous galaxiid fish and potential effects of salmonid aquaculture
Authors: VANHAECKE D. , GARCIA de LEANIZ C. , GAJARDO G. , THOMAS C. J. , CONSUEGRA S. 
Published: April 2012

Summary1. Direct ecological effects of biological invasions have been widely documented, but indirect genetic effects on native species are poorly known. In many cases, this is because of the lack of information on the genetic structure of species affected by invasions.2. We used microsatellite DNA loci to estimate the genetic structure and gene flow patterns of Galaxias maculatus, a galaxiid fish endemic to the southern hemisphere, which is increasingly being threatened by salmonid invasions.3. Analysis of nine diadromous populations of G. maculatus in Chilean Patagonia (an area heavily impacted by farming of non‐native salmonids) indicates that dispersal is mostly a passive process, seemingly driven by wind and currents and resulting in high gene flow and weak population structuring.4. Gene flow was asymmetrical, with three populations acting as sources and six populations acting as sinks. Sinks had lower habitat quality and had a greater incidence of adults than sources, which consisted mostly of juveniles.5. Rivers invaded by salmonid escapees experienced significantly higher aquaculture pressure than rivers where salmonid escapees were apparently absent, but no effect on genetic diversity of G. maculatus could be detected.6. We discuss whether salmonid aquaculture might affect the demography and connectivity of galaxiid metapopulations: indirectly through habitat alteration and directly through escapes of predatory fish.
The Wzx translocases for Salmonella enterica O‐antigen processing have unexpected serotype specificity
Authors: Hong Yaoqin , Cunneen Monica M. , Reeves Peter R. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryMost Gram‐negative bacteria have an O antigen, a polysaccharide with many repeats of a short oligosaccharide that is a part of the lipopolysaccharide, the major lipid in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane. Lipopolysaccharide is variable with 46 forms in Salmonella enterica that underpin the serotyping scheme. Repeat units are assembled on a lipid carrier that is embedded in the cell membrane, and are then translocated by the Wzx translocase from the cytoplasmic face to the outer face of the cell membrane, followed by polymerization. The O antigen is then incorporated into lipopolysaccharide and exported to the outer membrane. The Wzx translocase is widely thought to be specific only for the first sugar of the repeat unit, despite extensive variation in both O antigens and Wzx translocases. However, we found for S. enterica groups B, D2 and E that Wzx translocation exhibits significant specificity for the repeat‐unit structure, as variants with single sugar differences are translocated with lower efficiency and little long‐chain O antigen is produced. It appears that Wzx translocases are specific for their O antigen for normal levels of translocation.
Proteolytic regulation of alginate overproduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Damron F. Heath , Goldberg Joanna B. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryPseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram‐negative bacterium, is a significant opportunistic pathogen associated with skin and soft tissue infections, nosocomial pneumonia and sepsis. In addition, it can chronically colonize the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Overproduction of the exopolysaccharide called alginate provides P. aeruginosa with a selective advantage and facilitates survival in the CF lung. The in vitro phenotype of alginate overproduction observed on solid culture media is referred to as mucoid. Expression of the alginate machinery and biosynthetic enzymes are controlled by the extracytoplasmic sigma factor, σ22 (AlgU/T). The key negative regulator of both σ22 activity and the mucoid phenotype is the cognate anti‐sigma factor MucA. MucA sequesters σ22 to the inner membrane inhibiting the sigma factor's transcriptional activity. The well‐studied mechanism for transition to the mucoid phenotype is mutation of mucA, leading to loss of MucA function and therefore activation of σ22. Recently, regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) has been recognized as a mechanism whereby proteolysis of the anti‐sigma factor MucA leads to active σ22 allowing P. aeruginosa to respond to environmental stress conditions by overproduction of alginate. The goal of this review is to illuminate the pathways leading to RIP that have been identified and proposed.
Differences in distribution and regulation of astrocytic aquaporin‐4 in human and rat hydrocephalic brain
Authors: Skjolding A. D. , Holst A. V. , Broholm H. , Laursen H. , Juhler M. 
Published: April 2012

A. D. Skjolding, A. V. Holst, H. Broholm, H. Laursen and M. Juhler (2013) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology39, 179–191Differences in distribution and regulation of astrocytic aquaporin‐4 in human and rat hydrocephalic brainAims: Aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) is the most abundant cellular water channel in brain and could be a molecular basis for a cerebrospinal fluid absorption route additional to the arachnoid villi. In the search for ‘alternative’ cerebrospinal fluid absorption pathways it is important to compare experimental findings with human pathophysiology. This study compares expression of AQP4 in hydrocephalic human brain with human controls and hydrocephalic rat brain. Methods: Cortical biopsies from patients with chronic hydrocephalus (n = 29) were sampled secondary to planned surgical intervention. AQP4 in human hydrocephalic cortex relative to controls was quantified by Western blotting (n = 28). A second biopsy (n = 13) was processed for immunohistochemistry [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), CD68, CD34 and AQP4] and double immunofluorescence (AQP4 + GFAP and AQP4 + CD34). Brain tissue from human controls and kaolin‐induced hydrocephalic rats was processed in parallel. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were assessed qualitatively. Results: Western blotting showed that AQP4 abundance was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in hydrocephalic human brain compared with controls. AQP4 immunoreactivity was present in both white and grey matter. In human brain (hydrocephalic and controls) AQP4 immunoreactivity was found on the entire astrocyte membrane, unlike hydrocephalic rat brain where pronounced endfeet polarization was present. Endothelial AQP4 immunoreactivity was not observed. Conclusions: This study shows a significant increase in astrocytic AQP4 in human hydrocephalic cortex compared with control. Cell type specific expression in astrocytes is conserved between rat and human, although differences of expression in specific membrane domains are seen. This study addresses direct translational aspects from rat to human, hereby emphasizing the relevance and use of models in hydrocephalus research.
Aplasia ras homolog member I is downregulated in gastric cancer and silencing its expression promotes cell growth in vitro
Authors: Tang Hai‐Ling , Hu Yi‐Qun , Qin Xing‐Ping , Jazag Amarsanaa , Yang Hong , Yang Yi‐Xuan , Yang Xiao‐Ning , Liu Jing‐Jing , Chen Jian‐Min , Guleng Bayasi , Ren Jian‐Lin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Aplasia ras homolog member I (ARHI) is a maternally imprinted tumor suppressor gene. ARHI protein is widely expressed in many types of human tissues; however, its expression is frequently reduced or absent in various tumors and plays a tumor suppressor role for in vitro study. In this study, we investigated the expression level of ARHI in gastric cancer in order to investigate the function of ARHI and signaling pathways that might be linked during gastric cancer development.Methods:  ARHI mRNA and protein expression levels were analyzed in primary gastric cancer tissues, adjacent noncancerous gastric tissues and gastric cancer cell lines using semi‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively.Results:  Our results showed that both mRNA and protein expression levels of the ARHI gene were significantly downregulated (P < 0.05) in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines compared to the corresponding normal control groups. The protein expression level of ARHI was not associated with age, gender, location of tumor, tumor size or metastasis in patients with gastric cancer. However, a significant correlation between the level of ARHI protein expression and the degree of tumor differentiation and Tumor‐Node‐Metastasis stage was observed (P < 0.05). Furthermore, results of the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and Transwell assays and flow cytometric analysis showed increased cell proliferation, migration and anti‐apoptotic capacities in the well‐differentiated gastric cancer MKN‐28 cell line, which has stably silenced ARHI protein expression.Conclusion:  Our data indicate that ARHI expression is downregulated in human gastric cancer and it may be a novel tumor suppressive target for gastric cancer therapy.
Acute irreversible oxalate nephropathy in a lung transplant recipient treated successfully with a renal transplant
Authors: DHEDA SHYAM , SWAMINATHAN RAMYASUDA , MUSK MICHAEL , SINNIAH RAJALINGAM , LAWRENCE SHARON , IRISH ASHLEY 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTWe report a 29 year old male cystic fibrosis patient with end stage lung disease and normal renal function who underwent a sequential double lung transplant. Medical history included: an ileal resection and pancreatic exocrine dysfunction. The postoperative period was complicated with haemorrhage and repeat surgery, requiring multiple blood transfusions and extensive antibiotic cover. Pancreatic supplements were interrupted. Acute renal failure attributed to haemodynamically‐mediated acute tubular necrosis was managed expectantly. He remained dialysis dependent 8 weeks post surgery and was maintained on triple immunosuppression with tacrolimus, mycophenolate and prednisolone. A DTPA study was consistent with ATN. Renal biopsy revealed features consistent with tubular injury due to acute oxalate nephropathy (AON). Further biochemical characterization excluded primary hyperoxaluria but confirmed increased 24 hour urinary oxalate. He was maintained on enhanced frequency HDF and subsequently received an uncomplicated live related renal transplant 10 months post lung transplant with only additional Basiliximab. Calcium Carbonate was continued to manage post transplant hyperoxaluria and an early renal biopsy excluded recurrent oxalate injury. Enteric hyperoxaluria due to malabsorption in patients with CF especially with ileal resection, in addition to loss of gut Oxalobacter Formigenes due to prolonged antimicrobials, increases the risk of AON. Increased awareness of this condition and screening prior to lung transplant is recommended.
Recurrence of anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody vasculitis in the kidney allograft
Authors: LAU DAVID , SUMMERS SHAUN , AMOS LIV , SIMPSON IAN , MULLEY WILLIAM 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTWe report a case of recurrent anti‐cytoplasmic neutrophil antibody (ANCA)‐associated vasculitis post kidney transplantation. A 60‐year‐old woman underwent uncomplicated deceased‐donor kidney transplantation for end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) secondary to myeloperoxidase‐specific ANCA‐associated vasculitis, after six years of haemodialysis, and clinical remission. Immunosuppression was with Tacrolimus/Mycophenolate and Prednisolone after Basiliximab induction therapy. Five weeks post‐transplantation, an allograft biopsy, done for a rising creatinine and glomerular haematuria, revealed pauci‐immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. This was treated with pulse Methylprednisolone, increase in maintenance Prednisolone, 7 sessions of plasma exchange, and replacement of Mycophenolate with Cyclophosphamide. Tacrolimus was continued throughout. After 3 months of therapy a repeat allograft biopsy showed quiescent vasculitis. The Cyclophosphamide was then ceased, and Mycophenolate reinstituted. The patient has maintained clinical and histological stability. Reported rates of ANCA‐associated vasculitis recurrence post‐kidney transplantation have varied but are low compared with other types of glomerulonephritis and seemed to have further declined in the era of modern immunosuppression. Given the low recurrence rate and excellent outcomes in suitable patients, kidney transplantation remains the optimal form of renal replacement therapy for ESRD due to ANCA‐associated vasculitis. Whilst re‐introduction of Cyclophosphamide has been the mainstay of therapy, additional reported successful therapeutic strategies have included pulse Methylprednisolone, Plasma Exchange and Rituximab. Further study on the most effective and safest treatment options would be of use given the current paucity of data in this area.
Access to the kidney transplant waiting list: a time for reflection
Authors: Pussell B. A. , Bendorf A. , Kerridge I. H. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe limited availability of deceased donor kidneys for transplantation in Australia continues to be a matter of concern. Analysis of registry data suggests that the current renal transplant waiting list under‐represents the real demand for three reasons. Firstly, a very low proportion of dialysis patients across all age groups are wait‐listed for kidney transplantation; secondly, the percentage of dialysis patients listed for transplantation has fallen over time across all Australian states and territories; and thirdly, the number of patients wait‐listed varies significantly across the country. We explore possible reasons for these issues and call for new eligibility criteria that are both transparent and justifiable and balance equity and utility.
Prostate‐specific antigen concentration in young men: new estimates and review of the literature
Authors: Sutcliffe Siobhan , Pakpahan Ratna , Sokoll Lori J. , Elliott Debra J. , Nevin Remington L. , Cersovsky Steven B. , Walsh Patrick C. , Platz Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2012

Study Type – Diagnostic (cohort)Level of Evidence 2bWhat's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Although non‐recommended PSA testing has been reported in men younger than 40 years of age, there are few recognized data on PSA in younger American men, particularly younger African‐American men, to provide age‐ and race‐specific references.Using data from an existing large study of young, male members of the US military, aged 28–36 years, the present study provides PSA reference distributions for young Caucasian‐American men (median = 0.56, 95th percentile = 1.42, range: <0.01–3.34 ng/mL) and African‐American men (median = 0.64, 95th percentile = 1.89, range: 0.12–6.45 ng/mL). Previous estimates from the literature are also summarized.OBJECTIVE
To provide race‐specific prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) reference distributions for young men less than 40 years of age who might have undergone non‐recommended PSA testing because of their family history of prostate cancer or inadvertently as part of a standard panel of tests.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We used data from a large existing study of young, male Caucasian‐ and African‐American members of the US military with stored serum in the Department of Defense serum repository.
As part of this previous study, we selected a random sample of 373 Caucasian‐ and 366 African‐American men aged 28–36 years with an archived serum specimen collected for standard military purposes from 2004 to 2006.
We measured serum total PSA concentration in this specimen using the Beckman Coulter Access Hybritech PSA assay.
RESULTS
The PSA level ranged from <0.01 to 3.34 ng/mL among Caucasian‐American men, with a median of 0.56 ng/mL and a 95th percentile of 1.42 ng/mL.
The PSA level ranged from 0.12 to 6.45 ng/mL among African‐American men, with a median of 0.64 ng/mL and 95th percentile of 1.89 ng/mL.
The PSA level was significantly higher in African‐ than in Caucasian‐American men (P= 0.001).
CONCLUSION
The PSA estimates, together with those summarized from the literature, provide age‐ and race‐specific PSA reference distributions for young men who might have undergone non‐recommended PSA testing.
Comparisons by race could also begin to inform the timing of divergence of prostate cancer risk by race.