bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sources of stress in nursing students: a systematic review of quantitative studies
Authors: Pulido‐Martos M. , Augusto‐Landa J.M. , Lopez‐Zafra E. 
Published: September 2011

PULIDO‐MARTOS M., AUGUSTO‐LANDA J.M. & LOPEZ‐ZAFRA E. (2011) Sources of stress in nursing students: a systematic review of quantitative studies. International Nursing Review59, 15–25Aim:  This study aimed to identify the main sources of stress for students of nursing and the evolution of the stressors when training in nursing competences.Background:  Levels of stress are higher for health professionals than for other workers. A higher number of stressors with negative health consequences are present, especially among nursing professionals. Stress is a psychosocial factor that influences the academic performance and well‐being of this group. The interest in analysing sources of stress in nursing students is due to the influence that their training period may have on their perceptions of stress on their future work.Methods:  We conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature on stressors in nursing students. The search comprised all the articles published at the end of 2010.Results:  The most common sources of stress relate to academics (reviews, workload and problems associated with studying, among others). Other sources of stress include clinical sources (such as fear of unknown situations, mistakes with patients or handling of technical equipment). In general, no changes occur at the different years of the student's education.Conclusion:  Comparing studies is difficult because of the differences among them (designs, instruments, number of stressors, etc.). However, our revision gives a current state‐of‐the‐art and includes descriptive information that might be very useful for future research. Furthermore, we offer some recommendations for improving the design of curricula taking into account sources of stress.
Jordanian perspectives on advanced nursing practice: an ethnography
Authors: Zahran Z. , Curtis P. , Lloyd‐Jones M. , Blackett T. 
Published: September 2011

Zahran Z., Curtis P., Lloyd‐Jones M. & Blackett T. (2012) Jordanian perspectives on advanced nursing practice: an ethnography. International Nursing Review59, 222–229Aim:  This study aimed to explore how different groups of participants perceived the concept of advanced nursing practice in Jordan.Background:  In Jordan, there are postgraduate educational programmes offering a Master's degree in clinical nursing for registered nurses. Intended to prepare nurses to practise at an advanced level as potential clinical nurse specialists in critical care, community health nursing and maternal newborn nursing, little was known prior to this study about the development of advanced nursing roles for nurses in Jordan and the drivers behind their establishment.Methods:  Using ethnographic design, narratives from semi‐structured interviews and non‐participant observation with participants from five Jordanian hospitals and two public universities were collected and analysed according to thematic analysis.Findings and discussion:  Four themes emerged from the data: core competencies, specific practice area vs. generic practice, beneficiaries of advanced nursing practice and drivers for educational change. The findings are similar to those found in other countries and highlight the need for a consensual understanding between nurse educationalists, professional bodies and employers about what advanced nursing practice in Jordan should be, so that a common framework can be identified.Conclusion:  Paralleling the lack of consistency in understanding of advanced nursing practice in the broader literature, participants described a number of different elements of advanced practice that are relevant to the specific context of contemporary Jordanian nursing.
USING MODEL SELECTION ALGORITHMS TO OBTAIN RELIABLE COEFFICIENT ESTIMATES
Authors: Castle Jennifer L. , Qin Xiaochuan , Robert Reed W. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis review surveys a number of common model selection algorithms (MSAs), discusses how they relate to each other and identifies factors that explain their relative performances. At the heart of MSA performance is the trade‐off between type I and type II errors. Some relevant variables will be mistakenly excluded, and some irrelevant variables will be retained by chance. A successful MSA will find the optimal trade‐off between the two types of errors for a given data environment. Whether a given MSA will be successful in a given environment depends on the relative costs of these two types of errors. We use Monte Carlo experimentation to illustrate these issues. We confirm that no MSA does best in all circumstances. Even the worst MSA in terms of overall performance – the strategy of including all candidate variables – sometimes performs best (viz., when all candidate variables are relevant). We also show how (1) the ratio of relevant to total candidate variables and (2) data‐generating process noise affect relative MSA performance. Finally, we discuss a number of issues complicating the task of MSAs in producing reliable coefficient estimates.
A protease activity–depleted environment for heterologous proteins migrating towards the leaf cell apoplast
Authors: Goulet Charles , Khalf Moustafa , Sainsbury Frank , D’Aoust Marc‐André , Michaud Dominique 
Published: September 2011

SummaryRecombinant proteins face major constraints along the plant cell secretory pathway, including proteolytic processing compromising their structural integrity. Here, we demonstrate the potential of protease inhibitors as in situ stabilizing agents for recombinant proteins migrating towards the leaf apoplast. Genomic data for Arabidopsis, rice and Nicotiana spp. were assessed to determine the relative incidence of protease families in the cell secretory pathway. Transient expression assays with the model platform Nicotiana benthamiana were then performed to test the efficiency of protease inhibitors in stabilizing proteins targeted to the apoplast. Current genomic data suggest the occurrence of proteases from several families along the secretory pathway, including A1 and A22 Asp proteases; C1A and C13 Cys proteases; and S1, S8 and S10 Ser proteases. In vitro protease assays confirmed the presence of various proteases in N. benthamiana leaves, notably pointing to the deposition of A1‐ and S1‐type activities preferentially in the apoplast. Accordingly, transient expression and secretion of the A1/S1 protease inhibitor, tomato cathepsin D inhibitor (SlCDI), negatively altered A1 and S1 protease activities in this cell compartment, while increasing the leaf apoplast protein content by ∼45% and improving the accumulation of a murine diagnostic antibody, C5‐1, co‐secreted in the apoplast. SlCYS9, an inhibitor of C1A and C13 Cys proteases, had no impact on the apoplast proteases and protein content, but stabilized C5‐1 in planta, presumably upstream in the secretory pathway. These data confirm, overall, the potential of protease inhibitors for the in situ protection of recombinant proteins along the plant cell secretory pathway.
Resistance to Wheat streak mosaic virus generated by expression of an artificial polycistronic microRNA in wheat
Authors: Fahim Muhammad , Millar Anthony A. , Wood Craig C. , Larkin Philip J. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryWheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) is a persistent threat to wheat production, necessitating novel approaches for protection. We developed an artificial miRNA strategy against WSMV, incorporating five amiRNAs within one polycistronic amiRNA precursor. Using miRNA sequence and folding rules, we chose five amiRNAs targeting conserved regions of WSMV but avoiding off‐targets in wheat. These replaced the natural miRNA in each of five arms of the polycistronic rice miR395, producing amiRNA precursor, FanGuard (FGmiR395), which was transformed into wheat behind a constitutive promoter. Splinted ligation detected all five amiRNAs being processed in transgenic leaves. Resistance was assessed over two generations. Three types of response were observed in T1 plants of different transgenic families: completely immune; initially resistant with resistance breaking down over time; and initially susceptible followed by plant recovery. Deep sequencing of small RNAs from inoculated leaves allowed the virus sequence to be assembled from an immune transgenic, susceptible transgenic, and susceptible non‐transgenic plant; the amiRNA targets were fully conserved in all three isolates, indicating virus replication on some transgenics was not a result of mutational escape by the virus. For resistant families, the resistance segregated with the transgene. Analysis in the T2 generation confirmed the inheritance of immunity and gave further insights into the other phenotypes. Stable resistant lines developed no symptoms and no virus by ELISA; this resistance was classified as immunity when extracts failed to transmit from inoculated leaves to test plants. This study demonstrates the utility of a polycistronic amiRNA strategy in wheat against WSMV.
Field performance of transgenic sugarcane expressing isomaltulose synthase
Authors: Basnayake Shiromani W. V. , Morgan Terrance C. , Wu Luguang , Birch Robert G. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryTransgenic sugarcane plants expressing a vacuole‐targeted isomaltulose (IM) synthase in seven recipient genotypes (elite cultivars) were evaluated over 3 years at a field site typical of commercial cane growing conditions in the Burdekin district of Australia. IM concentration typically increased with internode maturity and comprised up to 217 mm (33% of total sugars) in whole‐cane juice. There was generally a comparable decrease in sucrose concentration, with no overall decrease in total sugars. Sugarcane is vegetatively propagated from stem cuttings known as setts. Culture‐derived plants were slower to establish and generally gave shorter and thinner stalks at harvest than those grown from field‐sourced setts in the initial field generations. However, after several cycles of field propagation, selections were obtained with cane yields similar to the recipient genotypes. There was no apparent adverse effect of IM accumulation on vigour assessed by stalk height and diameter or other visual indicators including germination of setts and establishment of stools. There was some inconsistency in IM levels in juice, between samplings of the vegetatively propagated transgenic lines. Until the causes are resolved, it is prudent to selectively propagate from stalks with higher IM levels in the initial vegetative field generations. Pol/Brix ratio allowed rapid identification of lines with high IM levels, using common sugar industry instruments. Sucrose isomerase activity was low in these transgenic lines, and the results indicate strong potential to develop sugarcane for commercial‐scale production of IM if higher activity can be engineered in appropriate developmental patterns.
How Has CEO Turnover Changed?
Authors: Kaplan Steven N. , Minton Bernadette A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe study CEO turnover – both internal (board driven) and external (through takeover and bankruptcy) – from 1992 to 2007 for a sample of large US companies. Annual CEO turnover is higher than that estimated in previous studies over earlier periods. Turnover is 15.8% from 1992 to 2007, implying an average tenure as CEO of less than 7 years. In the more recent period since 2000, total CEO turnover increases to 16.8%, implying an average tenure of less than 6 years. Internal turnover is significantly related to three components of firm stock performance – performance relative to industry, industry performance relative to the overall market, and the performance of the overall stock market. The relations are stronger in the more recent period since 2000. We find similar patterns for both forced and unforced turnover, suggesting that some, if not most, turnover labeled as unforced is actually not voluntary. The turnover‐performance sensitivity is modestly related to block shareholder ownership and board independence.
Synthesis and pigmental properties of titanium phosphates with the addition of urea
Authors: Onoda H. , Yamaguchi T. , Takenaka A. 
Published: September 2011

SynopsisAs a white pigment, titanium oxide is used for cosmetic application. This oxide is well known to have the photo catalytic activity. Therefore, a certain degree of sebum is decomposed by the ultraviolet radiation in the sunlight. In this work, titanium phosphates were prepared as a novel white pigment. Their chemical composition, powder properties, photo catalytic activity, moisture retention and smooth were studied with the addition of urea. These white pigments had little photo catalytic activity. The addition of urea improved the moisture retention of titanium phosphates. The slipping resistance of samples became small by heating, on the other hand, the roughness of samples became small by the addition of urea.
Mouse class III myosins: kinase activity and phosphorylation sites
Authors: Dalal Jasbir S. , Stevens Stanley M. , Alvarez Sophie , Munoz Nathalie , Kempler Karen E. , Dosé Andrea C. , Burnside Beth , Battelle Barbara‐Anne 
Published: September 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 772–784.AbstractAs class III unconventional myosins are motor proteins with an N‐terminal kinase domain, it seems likely they play a role in both signaling and actin based transport. A growing body of evidence indicates that the motor functions of human class IIIA myosin, which has been implicated in progressive hearing loss, are modulated by intermolecular autophosphorylation. However, the phosphorylation sites have not been identified. We studied the kinase activity and phosphorylation sites of mouse class III myosins, mMyo3A and 3B, which are highly similar to their human orthologs. We demonstrate that the kinase domains of mMyo3A and 3B are active kinases, and that they have similar, if not identical, substrate specificities. We show that the kinase domains of these proteins autophosphorylate, and that they can phosphorylate sites within their myosin and tail domains. Using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, we identified phosphorylated sites in the kinase, myosin motor and tail domains of both mMyo3A and 3B. Most of the phosphorylated sites we identified and their consensus phosphorylation motifs are highly conserved among vertebrate class III myosins, including human class III myosins. Our findings are a major step toward understanding how the functions of class III myosins are regulated by phosphorylation.
The immune molecule CD3zeta and its downstream effectors ZAP‐70/Syk mediate ephrin signaling in neurons to regulate early neuritogenesis
Authors: Angibaud Julie , Louveau Antoine , Baudouin Stéphane J. , Nerrière‐Daguin Véronique , Evain Sarah , Bonnamain Virginie , Hulin Philippe , Csaba Zsolt , Dournaud Pascal , Thinard Reynald , Naveilhan Philippe , Noraz Nelly , Pellier‐Monnin Véronique , Boudin Hélène 
Published: September 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 708–722.AbstractRecent studies have highlighted the key role of the immune protein CD3ζ in the maturation of neuronal circuits in the CNS. Yet, the upstream signals that might recruit and activate CD3ζ in neurons are still unknown. In this study, we show that CD3ζ functions early in neuronal development and we identify ephrinA1‐dependent EphA4 receptor activation as an upstream regulator of CD3ζ. When newly born neurons are still spherical, before neurite extension, we found a transient CD3ζ aggregation at the cell periphery matching the initiation site of the future neurite. This accumulation of CD3ζ correlated with a stimulatory effect on filopodia extension via a Rho‐GEF Vav2 pathway and a repression of neurite outgrowth. Conversely, cultured neurons lacking CD3ζ isolated from CD3ζ−/− mice showed a decreased number of filopodia and an enhanced neurite number. Stimulation with ephrinA1 induces the translocation of both CD3ζ and its activated effector molecules, ZAP‐70/Syk tyrosine kinases, to EphA4 receptor clusters. EphrinA1‐induced growth cone collapse was abrogated in CD3ζ−/− neurons and was markedly reduced by ZAP‐70/Syk inhibition. Moreover, ephrinA1‐induced ZAP‐70/Syk activation was inhibited in CD3ζ−/− neurons. Altogether, our data suggest that CD3ζ mediates the ZAP‐70/Syk kinase activation triggered by ephrinA‐activated pathway to regulate early neuronal morphogenesis.
Smad proteins differentially regulate transforming growth factor‐β‐mediated induction of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans
Authors: Susarla Bala T. S. , Laing Eric D. , Yu Panpan , Katagiri Yasuhiro , Geller Herbert M. , Symes Aviva J. 
Published: September 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 868–878.AbstractTraumatic injury to the CNS results in increased expression and deposition of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that are inhibitory to axonal regeneration. Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) has been implicated as a major mediator of these changes, but the mechanisms through which TGF‐β regulates CSPG expression are not known. Using lentiviral expressed Smad‐specific ShRNA we show that TGF‐β induction of CSPG expression in astrocytes is Smad‐dependent. However, we find a differential dependence of the synthetic machinery on Smad2 and/or Smad3. TGF‐β induction of neurocan and xylosyl transferase 1 required both Smad2 and Smad3, whereas induction of phosphacan and chondroitin synthase 1 required Smad2 but not Smad3. Smad3 knockdown selectively reduced induction of chondroitin‐4‐sulfotransferase 1 and the amount of 4‐sulfated CSPGs secreted by astrocytes. Additionally, Smad3 knockdown in astrocytes was more efficacious in promoting neurite outgrowth of neurons cultured on the TGF‐β‐treated astrocytes. Our data implicate TGF‐β Smad3‐mediated induction of 4‐sulfation as a critical determinant of the permissiveness of astrocyte secreted CSPGs for axonal growth.
Integrating detection probabilities in species distribution models of amphibians breeding in Mediterranean temporary ponds
Authors: Gómez‐Rodríguez Carola , Bustamante Javier , Díaz‐Paniagua Carmen , Guisan Antoine 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAim  The imperfect detection of species may lead to erroneous conclusions about species–environment relationships. Accuracy in species detection usually requires temporal replication at sampling sites, a time‐consuming and costly monitoring scheme. Here, we applied a lower‐cost alternative based on a double‐sampling approach to incorporate the reliability of species detection into regression‐based species distribution modelling.Location  Doñana National Park (south‐western Spain).Methods  Using species‐specific monthly detection probabilities, we estimated the detection reliability as the probability of having detected the species given the species‐specific survey time. Such reliability estimates were used to account explicitly for data uncertainty by weighting each absence. We illustrated how this novel framework can be used to evaluate four competing hypotheses as to what constitutes primary environmental control of amphibian distribution: breeding habitat, aestivating habitat, spatial distribution of surrounding habitats and/or major ecosystems zonation. The study was conducted on six pond‐breeding amphibian species during a 4‐year period.Results  Non‐detections should not be considered equivalent to real absences, as their reliability varied considerably. The occurrence of Hyla meridionalis and Triturus pygmaeus was related to a particular major ecosystem of the study area, where suitable habitat for these species seemed to be widely available. Characteristics of the breeding habitat (area and hydroperiod) were of high importance for the occurrence of Pelobates cultripes and Pleurodeles waltl. Terrestrial characteristics were the most important predictors of the occurrence of Discoglossus galganoi and Lissotriton boscai, along with spatial distribution of breeding habitats for the last species.Main conclusions  We did not find a single best supported hypothesis valid for all species, which stresses the importance of multiscale and multifactor approaches. More importantly, this study shows that estimating the reliability of non‐detection records, an exercise that had been previously seen as a naïve goal in species distribution modelling, is feasible and could be promoted in future studies, at least in comparable systems.
Identifying hotspots for biodiversity management using rank abundance distributions
Authors: Dunstan Piers K. , Bax Nicholas J. , Foster Scott D. , Williams Alan , Althaus Franziska 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAim Identification of biodiversity hotspots has typically relied on species richness. We extend this approach to include prediction to regional scales of other attributes of biodiversity based on the prediction of Rank Abundance Distributions (RADs). This allows us to identify areas that have high numbers of rare species and areas that have a rare assemblage structure.Location Continental slope and shelf of south‐western Australia, between 20.5 and 30° S and depths of 100–1500 m.Methods We use a recently developed method to analyse RADs from biological surveys and predict attributes of RADs to regional scales from spatially abundant physical data for demersal fish and invertebrates. Predictions were made for total abundance (N), species richness (S) and relative evenness at 147,996 unsampled locations using data from two spatially limited surveys. The predictions for S and relative evenness were then independently split into categories, creating a bivariate distribution. The RAD categories are mapped spatially between 20.5 and 30° S to depths of 1500 m to allow identification of areas with rare species and assemblage structure across this region.Results Rank abundance distributions for demersal fish vary with large scale oceanographic patterns. Peaks in abundance and unevenness are found on the shelf break. The bivariate distributions for richness and evenness for both fish and invertebrates show that all assemblage structures are not equally likely. The RAD categories identify regions that have high numbers of rare species and areas with unique assemblage structure.Main conclusions Predicted RADs over large regions can be used to identify biodiversity hotspots in more detail than richness alone. Areas of rare species and rare assemblage structure identified from fish and invertebrates largely overlap, despite the underlying data coming from two different data sets with two different collection methods. This approach allows us to target conservation management at species that would otherwise be missed.