bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nationwide trends in surgery and radioiodine treatment for benign thyroid disease during iodization of salt
Authors: Cerqueira Charlotte , Knudsen Nils , Ovesen Lars , Laurberg Peter , Perrild Hans , Rasmussen Lone B , Jørgensen Torben 
Published: January 2010

ObjectiveIodization of salt was introduced in Denmark in 1998 because of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency (ID). The aim of this study was to analyze the utilization rate of surgery and radioiodine therapy for benign thyroid disorders before and after the introduction of iodization, and to study a possible association between the changes and the raised iodine intake.DesignA nationwide register study.MethodsInformation on operations and radioiodine treatments for benign thyroid disorders was extracted from nationwide registers in the years 1990 to 2007. Treatment rates are presented for surgery and for radioiodine separately, and as a combined rate, both nationwide and split by the regions of prior mild and moderate ID.ResultsA total of 65 605 treatments were identified: 26 456 operations and 39 149 radioiodine treatments. In the first years of iodization (1998–2000; rate ratio 2000/1997), the combined treatment rate increased with 2.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): −1.8–7.1). Split by prior ID level, the increase was seen in the region of moderate ID, but a decrease was seen in the region of mild ID. After 2000, the combined rate decreased, and ended up being 11.1% (95% CI: 7.1–15.0) lower in 2007 than before iodization (rate ratio 2007/1997). The changes were primarily due to changes in the use of radioiodine therapy as the surgery rates remained almost constant.ConclusionsIodization seemed to be associated with a temporary increase in the utilization rate of surgery and radioiodine therapy in the region of prior moderate ID, probably as a result of treatment of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, but the rates ended up being lower than before iodization.
Deleterious Mutations and Selection for Sex in Finite Diploid Populations
Authors: Roze Denis , Michod Richard E 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn diploid populations, indirect benefits of sex may stem from segregation and recombination. Although it has been recognized that finite population size is an important component of selection for recombination, its effects on selection for segregation have been somewhat less studied. In this article, we develop analytical two- and three-locus models to study the effect of recurrent deleterious mutations on a modifier gene increasing sex, in a finite diploid population. The model also incorporates effects of mitotic recombination, causing loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Predictions are tested using multilocus simulations representing deleterious mutations occurring at a large number of loci. The model and simulations show that excess of heterozygosity generated by finite population size is an important component of selection for sex, favoring segregation when deleterious alleles are nearly additive to dominant. Furthermore, sex tends to break correlations in homozygosity among selected loci, which disfavors sex when deleterious alleles are either recessive or dominant. As a result, we find that it is difficult to maintain costly sex when deleterious alleles are recessive. LOH tends to favor sex when deleterious mutations are recessive, but the effect is relatively weak for rates of LOH corresponding to current estimates (of the order 10−4−10−5).
“My Child Doesn't Have a Brain Injury, He Only Has a Concussion”
Authors: DeMatteo Carol A. , Hanna Steven E. , Mahoney William J. , Hollenberg Robert D. , Scott Louise A. , Law Mary C. , Newman Anne , Lin Chia-Yu A. , Xu Liqin 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE:
The term “concussion” is frequently used in clinical records to describe a traumatic head injury; however, there are no standard definitions of this term, particularly in how it is used with children. The goals of this study were to examine the clinical correlates of the concussion diagnosis and to identify the factors that lead to the use of this term in a regional pediatric center.

METHODS:
Medical data were prospectively collected from 434 children with traumatic brain injury who were admitted to a Canadian children's hospital. A proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association of the concussion diagnosis and the times until discharge and school return. A classification-tree analysis modeled the clinical correlates of patients who received a concussion diagnosis.

RESULTS:
The concussion label was significantly more likely to be applied to children with mild Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 13 to 15 (P = .03). The concussion label was strongly predictive of earlier hospital discharge (odds ratio [OR]: 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–1.9; P = .003) and earlier return to school (OR: 2.4 [95% CI: 1.6–3.7]; P &lt; .001). A diagnosis of a concussion was significantly more likely when the computed-tomography results were normal and the child had lost consciousness.

CONCLUSIONS:
Children with mild traumatic brain injuries have an increased frequency of receiving the concussion label, although the label may also be applied to children with more-severe injuries. The concussion diagnosis is associated with important clinical outcomes. Its typical use in hospital settings likely refers to an impact-related mild brain injury, in the absence of indicators other than a loss of consciousness. Clinicians may use the concussion label because it is less alarming to parents than the term mild brain injury, with the intent of implying that the injury is transient with no significant long-term health consequences.
A Brief Primary Care Intervention Helps Parents Develop Plans to Discipline
Authors: Scholer Seth J. , Hudnut-Beumler Julia , Dietrich Mary S. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE:
The objective was to determine if a primary care intervention can help caregivers develop appropriate methods of discipline.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
A randomized, controlled trial was conducted in a pediatric primary care clinic. Consecutive English- or Spanish-speaking caregivers of 1- to 5-year-old children were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) at triage. Members of the intervention group (n = 130) were instructed (ie, required) to view at least 4 strategies of their choosing for responding to childhood aggression in the Play Nicely educational program; Spanish-speaking caregivers viewed the Spanish edition. The intervention duration was 5 to 10 minutes. Those in the control group (n = 129) received standard care. At the end of the clinic visit, 258 of 259 caregivers (99.6%) consented to participate in a brief personal interview. The key measure was whether caregivers were helped in their plans to discipline, defined as a caregiver who could verbalize an appropriate change in how they would discipline their child in the future.

RESULTS:
Overall, caregivers in the intervention group were 12 times more likely to have been helped in developing methods of discipline compared with caregivers in the control group (83% vs 7%; P &lt; .001). Within this group, Spanish-speaking caregivers (n = 59) in the intervention group were 8 times more likely to have been helped compared with those in the control group (91% vs 12%; P &lt; .001). Caregivers in the intervention group were more likely than caregivers in the control group to report that they planned to do less spanking (9% vs 0%; P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
A brief, required, primary care intervention helps English- and Spanish-speaking caregivers develop appropriate methods of discipline. The findings have implications for violence prevention, child abuse prevention, and how to incorporate counseling about childhood aggression and discipline into the well-child care visit.
Performance of Low-Risk Criteria in the Evaluation of Young Infants With Fever: Review of the Literature
Authors: Huppler Anna R. , Eickhoff Jens C. , Wald Ellen R. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE:The goal was to determine the performance of low-risk criteria for serious bacterial illnesses (SBIs) in febrile infants in prospective studies in which empiric antibiotic treatment was withheld, compared with studies (prospective and retrospective) in which empiric antibiotic treatment was administered.METHODS:A search of the English-language literature was undertaken by using a PubMed database and reference lists of relevant studies of fever, low-risk criteria, and SBIs. Studies of infants &gt;90 days of age, infants with specific infections, or infants with additional risk factors for infection were excluded. Publications were categorized as retrospective, prospective with empiric antibiotic treatment for all patients, or prospective with antibiotics withheld. The relative risk of SBI in high-risk versus low-risk patients was determined for pooled data in each category. The rates of SBIs in low-risk patients in each category were compared.RESULTS:Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. In prospective studies in which patients were cared for without empiric antibiotic treatment, 6 patients assigned to the low-risk category had SBIs; all recovered uneventfully. The rate of SBIs in these low-risk patients was 0.67%. The relative risk of SBIs in high-risk versus low-risk patients in these studies was 30.56 (95% confidence interval: 7.0–68.13). The rate of SBIs in low-risk patients in all studies was 2.23%. The rate of SBIs in low-risk patients in the prospective studies without empiric antibiotic treatment was significantly different from the rate in all other studies (0.67% vs 2.71%; P = .01).CONCLUSIONS:Low-risk criteria perform well in prospective studies in which empiric antibiotic treatment is withheld. These criteria allow ∼30% of young febrile infants to be observed without antibiotic treatment, thus avoiding unnecessary hospitalization, nosocomial infection, injudicious use of antibiotics, and adverse effects of antibiotics.
Neurodevelopment and In Utero Antiretroviral Exposure of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants
Authors: Williams Paige L. , Marino Miguel , Malee Kathleen , Brogly Susan , Hughes Michael D. , Mofenson Lynne M. ,   for the PACTG 219C Team
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE:
Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are routinely provided to HIV-infected pregnant women to prevent HIV mother-to-child transmission. Although ARV use has significantly reduced mother-to-child transmission to &lt;2% in the United States, it remains crucial to monitor uninfected infants and children for adverse consequences of in utero ARV exposure.

METHODS:
We studied neurodevelopmental function in HIV-exposed uninfected children who were enrolled in Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 219/219C, a multisite, prospective, cohort study. Mental and motor functioning were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID), first and second editions. ARV exposure information was collected during pregnancy or within the first years of life. Linear regression methods were used to evaluate the association of in utero ARV exposure on Mental Developmental Index and Psychomotor Developmental Index at 2 years of age, controlling for demographic factors (age, gender, and race/ethnicity) and potential confounders: test version, primary language, primary caregiver, caregiver education level, low birth weight, geographic and urban/rural location, birth year, and maternal illicit drug use.

RESULTS:
Among 1840 infants who were born between 1993 and 2006, 1694 (92%) were exposed to ARV in utero and 146 (8%) were not exposed. After controlling for confounders, children who were exposed in utero to any ARV did not have lower Mental Developmental Index and Psychomotor Developmental Index scores than unexposed children. Among low birth weight infants, significantly higher BSID scores were observed for prenatally ARV-exposed than unexposed children. Maternal illicit drug use was reported for 17% of mothers but was not associated with BSID scores.

CONCLUSIONS:
Mental and motor functioning scores were not lower for infants with in utero ARV exposure compared with no exposure. Although these results are reassuring, continued evaluation of uninfected children with in utero ARV exposure for long-term adverse outcomes is important.
Effectiveness of Weight Management Interventions in Children: A Targeted Systematic Review for the USPSTF
Authors: Whitlock Evelyn P. , O'Connor Elizabeth A. , Williams Selvi B. , Beil Tracy L. , Lutz Kevin W. 
Published: January 2010

CONTEXT:Targeted systematic review to support the updated US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation on screening for obesity in children and adolescents.OBJECTIVES:To examine the benefits and harms of behavioral and pharmacologic weight-management interventions for overweight and obese children and adolescents.METHODS:Our data sources were Ovid Medline, PsycINFO, the Education Resources Information Center, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, the Cochrane databases, reference lists of other reviews and trials, and expert recommendations. After 2 investigators reviewed 2786 abstracts and 369 articles against inclusion/exclusion criteria, we included 15 fair- to good-quality trials in which the effects of treatment on weight, weight-related comorbidities, and harms were evaluated. Studies were quality rated by 2 investigators using established criteria. Investigators abstracted data into standard evidence tables.RESULTS:In the available research, obese (or overweight) children and adolescents aged 4 to 18 years were enrolled, and no studies targeted those younger than 4 years. Comprehensive behavioral interventions of medium-to-high intensity were the most effective behavioral approach with 1.9 to 3.3 kg/m2 difference favoring intervention groups at 12 months. More limited evidence suggests that these improvements can be maintained over the 12 months after the end of treatments and that there are few harms with behavioral interventions. Two medications combined with behavioral interventions resulted in small (0.85 kg/m2 for orlistat) or moderate (2.6 kg/m2 for sibutramine) BMI reduction in obese adolescents on active medication; however, no studies followed weight changes after medication use ended. Potential adverse effects were greater than for behavioral interventions alone and varied in severity. Only 1 medication (orlistat) has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for prescription use in those aged ≥12 years.CONCLUSIONS:Over the past several years, research into weight management in obese children and adolescents has improved in quality and quantity. Despite important gaps, available research supports at least short-term benefits of comprehensive medium- to high-intensity behavioral interventions in obese children and adolescents.
Screening for Obesity in Children and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement
Authors:   US Preventive Services Task Force
Published: January 2010

DESCRIPTION:
Update of the 2005 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) statement about screening for overweight in children and adolescents.

METHODS:
The USPSTF examined the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions that are primary care feasible or referable. It also examined the evidence for the magnitude of potential harms of treatment in children and adolescents.

RECOMMENDATION.
The USPSTF recommends that clinicians screen children aged 6 years and older for obesity and offer them or refer them to intensive counseling and behavioral interventions to promote improvements in weight status (grade B recommendation).
The Use of Warm Air Stream for Solvent Evaporation: Effects on the Durability of Resin-dentin Bonds
Authors: Reis A. , Klein-Junior C. A. , de Souza F. H. Coelho , Stanislawczuk R. , Loguercio A. D. 
Published: January 2010

Clinical Relevance
In terms of silver nitrate uptake, the use of a warm air stream may improve bonding interface resistance to degradation over time. In terms of bond strength values, a warm air stream only improved the resin-dentin bond strengths of the ethanol/water-based system.
Effect of Configuration Factor on Shear Bond Strengths of Self-etch Adhesive Systems to Ground Enamel and Dentin
Authors: Mcleod M. E. , Price R. B. T. , Felix C. M. 
Published: January 2010

Clinical Relevance
Despite recent improvements in self-etch bonding systems, a two-step etch and rinse system gave consistently higher shear bond strengths to both ground enamel and dentin and would be the best system to use clinically.
Microtensile Bond Strength and Interfacial Characterization of 11 Contemporary Adhesives Bonded to Bur-cut Dentin
Authors: Sarr M. , Kane A. W. , Vreven J. , Mine A. , Van Landuyt K. L. , Peumans M. , Lambrechts P. , Van Meerbeek B. , De Munck J. 
Published: January 2010

Clinical Relevance
In the current study, contemporary adhesives are assessed mechanically and ultra-morphologically to predict clinical effectiveness. Adhesives with simplified application procedures (in particular, one-step self-etch adhesives) still underperform as compared to conventional “gold-standard” multi-step adhesives. “Mild” two-step self-etch adhesives that provide additional chemical bonding appear to most optimally combine bonding effectiveness with a simplified application protocol.
The Effect of Mouthrinses on Salivary Sorption, Solubility and Surface Degradation of a Nanofilled and a Hybrid Resin Composite
Authors: Almeida G. S. , Poskus L. T. , Guimarães J. G. A. , Silva E. Mda 
Published: January 2010

Clinical Relevance
The use of alcohol-containing mouth rinses with a low pH may increase the sorption and solubility of resin composites. The nanofilled resin composite underwent more surface degradation than the hybrid type.
Effect of Light Energy Density on Conversion Degree and Hardness of Dual-cured Resin Cement
Authors: Komori P. C. P. , Paula A. B. , Martin A. A. , Tango R. N. , Sinhoreti M. A. C. , Correr-Sobrinho L. 
Published: January 2010

Clinical Relevance
Light energy density can influence the curing of dual-cured resin cement. The ultimate physical properties of dual-cured resin cement depend on light energy delivered from the light-curing unit. It can guide the clinicians to select the appropriate curing unit for curing dual cement.
A rare cause of carpal tunnel syndrome in childhood: Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis
Authors: Balamtekin Necati , Uslu Nuray , Temucin Cagri , Demir Hulya , Saltik Temizel Inci 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Carpal tunnel syndrome and benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis are rare conditions in childhood. Benign intrahepatic cholestasis is characterized by repeated self-limited attacks of cholestasis that can start at any age and last from weeks to months. The patients are asymptomatic between these attacks. We report a 16 year-old male patient with benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis who developed carpal tunnel syndrome during a cholestatic attack. He was admitted with complaints of jaundice, pruritus and pain, tingling and muscle weakness in both hands for 15 days. Nerve conduction studies revealed findings compatible with carpal tunnel syndrome. He was started on ursodeoxycholic acid, fat soluble vitamins and cholestyramine and cholestasis regressed after four weeks of therapy. With the improvement of cholestasis, the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome also disappeared. In conclusion, benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis can be a rare cause of carpal tunnel syndrome in childhood. We also advocate treating the underlying disease as an appropriate conservative treatment before surgery.
Coexistence of pancreatic tuberculosis with systemic brucellosis: a case report
Authors: Acar Ali , Sücüllü İlker , Baylan Orhan , Filiz Ali , Diktaş Hüsrev , Kıvanc Mert , Öncül Oral , Görenek Levent 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Isolated pancreatic tuberculosis is an extremely rare clinical entity and is difficult to diagnose particularly in immunocompetent individuals. Clinical findings and symptomatology of brucellosis are often similar to tuberculosis thus making the differentiation amongst the two entities difficult. We report a case of pancreatic tuberculosis with systemic brucellosis in a 29 year old veterinarian who presented with epigastric pain and loss of appetite. Initial investigations revealed leukocytosis with moderately elevated transaminase, gamma glutamyl transferase, amylase and lipase levels. Imaging studies revealed an anechoic multiloculated cyst in the body and tail of the pancreas. Given the patient’s occupational risk coupled with the presence of a positive Brucella agglutination test (with a titer of 1:320); a diagnosis of pancreatitis secondary to brucellosis was given. In addition to standard pancreatitis therapy of bowel rest with intravenous fluid/electrolyte replacement, anti-brucellosis therapy was also administered. The patient’s initial response to therapy was positive however, 6 weeks into therapy, his abdominal pain recurred and repeat CT scan revealed the development of a pseudocyst in the pancreas. After failing a second attempt at conservative supportive therapy, the patient underwent an explorative laparotomy. Histological examination of the resected pancreatic specimen showed necrosis and was positive for tuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction. Herein, we describe the first case reported in the medical literature of the coexistence of systemic brucellosis with pancreatic tuberculosis. We suggest that the possibility of the coexistence of brucellosis with tuberculosis be kept in mind when assessing pancreatitis patients in endemic regions and in individuals with occupational risk hazards.
Obliczenia Numeryczne Wytrzymałości Resztkowej Poszycia Statków Powietrznych z Uszkodzeniem Wielomiejscowym
Authors: Leski Andrzej 
Published: January 2010

Obliczenia Numeryczne Wytrzymałości Resztkowej Poszycia Statków Powietrznych z Uszkodzeniem WielomiejscowymObecność wielomiejscowego uszkodzenia w strukturze statku powietrznego może doprowadzić do uszkodzenia katastroficznego, gdy wytrzymałość resztkowa struktury będzie niewystarczająca do przeniesienia obciążeń działających na konstrukcję. W prezentowanej pracy badano wpływ długości pęknięć MSD na wytrzymałość resztkową. Do symulacji numerycznych procesu rozdzierania wykorzystano kąt rozwarcia szczeliny pęknięcia (CTOA) jako kryterium pękania. Kryterium CTOA zostało zaimplementowane w programie komercyjnym MSC.Marc w postaci dodatkowych procedur użytkownika. Przeprowadzono weryfikację tej implementacji, a otrzymane wyniki są zgodne z prezentowanymi w literaturze. Wpływ długości pęknięć MSD wyznaczono dla dwóch konfiguracji pęknięć: z obecnością i bez obecności pęknięcia wiodącego.
Numerical Calculation of the Aircraft Skin with Multi-Site Damage
Authors: Leski Andrzej 
Published: January 2010

Numerical Calculation of the Aircraft Skin with Multi-Site DamageThe presence of the multi-site damage (MSD) in an aircraft structure can result in catastrophic damage when the residual strength is not sufficient to sustain operational loads. In this paper the influence of the MSD crack size on the residual strength was examined. As a crack criterion the crack tip opening angle (CTOA) was applied in the numerical simulation of the stable tearing. The CTOA criterion was implemented in the commercial software, the MSC.Marc, by means of additional user subroutines. The verification of this implementation was carried out and the obtained results are consistent with those presented in literature. The influence of the MSD crack size was determined for two crack scenarios: with a leading crack and without one.