bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rainforest conifers of Eocene Patagonia: Attached cones and foliage of the extant Southeast Asian and Australasian genusDacrycarpus(Podocarpaceae)
Authors: Wilf Peter 
Published: February 2012

•Premise of the study:Eocene caldera‐lake beds at Laguna del Hunco (LH, ca. 52.2 Ma) and Río Pichileufú (RP, ca. 47.7 Ma) in Argentine Patagonia provide copious information about the biological history of Gondwana. Several plant genera from these sites are known as fossils from southern Australia and New Zealand and survive only in Australasian rainforests. The potential presence ofDacrycarpus(Podocarpaceae) holds considerable interest due to its extensive foliage‐fossil record in Gondwana, its remarkably broad modern distribution in Southeast Asian and Australasian rainforests, its high physiological moisture requirements, and its bird‐dispersed seeds. However, the unique seed cones that firmly diagnoseDacrycarpuswere not previously known from the fossil record.•Methods:I describe and interpret fertile (LH) and vegetative (LH and RP) material ofDacrycarpusand present a nomenclatural revision for fossilDacrycarpusfrom South America.•Key results: Dacrycarpus puertaesp. nov. is the first fossil occurrence of the unusual seed cones that typify livingDacrycarpus, attached to characteristic foliage, and of attachedDacrycarpuspollen cones and foliage.Dacrycarpus puertaeis indistinguishable from livingD. imbricatus(montane, Burma to Fiji).Dacrycarpus chilensis(Engelhardt) comb. nov. is proposed for Eocene vegetative material from Chile.•Conclusions:Modern‐aspectDacrycarpuswas present in Eocene Patagonia, demonstrating an astonishingly wide‐ranging paleogeographic history and implying a long evolutionary association with bird dispersers.Dacrycarpus puertaeprovides the first significant Asian link for Eocene Patagonian floras, strengthens the biogeographic connections from Patagonia to Australasia across Antarctica during the warm Eocene, and indicates high‐rainfall paleoenvironments.
Phylogeny of the tribe Fumarieae (Papaveraceae s.l.) based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences: Evolutionary and biogeographic implications
Authors: Pérez‐Gutiérrez Miguel A. , Romero‐García Ana T. , Salinas María J. , Blanca Gabriel , Fernández M. Carmen , Suárez‐Santiago Víctor N. 
Published: February 2012

• Premise of the Study: Little research has been done at the molecular level on the tribe Fumarieae (Papaveraceae). Papaveraceae is a model plant group for studying evolutionary patterns despite the lack of a reference phylogeny for this tribe. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe to complete the molecular data for this family in order to help understand its character evolution and biogeographic pattern.• Methods: We used maximum‐parsimony and Bayesian approaches to analyze five DNA regions for 25 species representing 10 of the 11 Fumarieae genera and five outgroups. Evolutionary pathways of four characters (habit, life span, type of fruit, and number of seeds per fruit) were inferred on the phylogeny using parsimony. The ancestral distribution areas were reconstructed using dispersal–vicariance analysis.• Key Results: Fumarieae is monophyletic and includes three groups that agree with the morphology‐based subtribes: Discocapninae, Fumariinae, and Sarcocapninae. Within subtribes, the relationships among genera were different from those obtained with morphological data. Annual life span, nonchasmophytic habit, and a several‐seeded capsule were the basal character states for the tribe. The ancestor occupied a continuous area between West Eurasia and Africa. Vicariances explain the divergence between lineages Discocapninae (South Africa) and Fumariinae–Sarcocapninae (Mediterranean), and the disjunction of Fumariinae (Mediterranean–Central Asia).• Conclusions: Molecular phylogeny confirms the subtribal classification of Fumarieae based on morphology. However it provides different results regarding the relationships among genera within each subtribe, which affects the inference of the evolutionary pathway followed by the four selected characters. The disjunct distribution of the tribe is explained by different vicariance scenarios.
Antimicrobial resistance in non-typhi Salmonella enterica isolated from humans and poultry in Palestine
Authors: AL-Dawodi Rula , Farraj Mohammad A , Essawi Tamer 
Published: February 2012

Introduction: The efficacy of chemotherapy can be compromised by drug resistance. This study was undertaken to describe the resistance profiles and fluoroquinolone resistance mechanism of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolated from humans and poultry in West Bank, Palestine. Methodology: One hundred and fifty-one isolates of NTS, obtained from humans (71) and poultry (80), collected between September 2005 and January 2007, were tested for susceptibility to ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline ceftriaxone, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Mutation patterns within gyrA were determined by direct sequencing or by digestion of PCR-amplified DNA fragments with the restriction enzyme HinfI. Results: Resistance rates among human and poultry isolates were respectively 59% and 51% for ampicillin, 31% and 10% for gentamicin, 59% and 80% for tetracycline, 59% and 45% for nalidixic acid, and 30% and 15% for ciprofloxacin. All the isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone. Mutations at positions 83 and/or 87 were detected in gyrA of isolates with resistance to nalidixic acid. Isolates which were resistant to nalidixic acid but susceptible to ciprofloxacin had a single gyr A gene mutation at point 87. This gene mutation was sufficient to induce a new phenotype (6 isolates) with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Mutations in gyrA at positions 83 or 87 were the most prevalent mutation pattern of fluoroquinolone resistant NTS isolates but other unknown mechanisms are also present. Continued surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among NTS isolates is needed to mitigate the increasing prevalence of quinolone resistance.
Prevalence of severe acute rotavirus gastroenteritis and intussusceptions in Ghanaian children under 5 years of age
Authors: Enweronu-Laryea Christabel C , Sagoe Kwamena W.C. , Glover-Addy Hope , Asmah Richard H , Mingle Julius A , Armah George E 
Published: February 2012

Introduction: Vaccination is the most effective preventive strategy against rotavirus disease. Regional differences in prevalent rotavirus genotypes may affect vaccine efficacy. Pre-vaccine surveillance for burden of rotavirus disease, prevalent rotavirus genotypes, and association between rotavirus disease and intussusceptions helps in monitoring the impact of vaccination. Methodology: A prospective study was conducted from January 2008 to December 2009 in children younger than five years hospitalized for longer than 24 hours with acute gastroenteritis. Data on confirmed cases of intussusception were collected retrospectively. Stools were tested by enzyme immunoassay, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing. Results: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) caused 13.1% (2,147/16,348) of hospitalizations among children under five years. Stools were tested for 50.2% (1077/2147) of AGE cases. Of these, 49% (528/1077) were rotavirus positive. Rotavirus gastroenteritis, non-rotavirus gastroenteritis, and intussusceptions were most prevalent in children under 15 months [80.3%, 74% and 91% respectively]. Rotavirus was detected from more than 60% of acute gastroenteritis cases during peak months. The prevalence of intussusception showed no seasonal pattern. The peak ages of six to twelve months for acute gastroenteritis and five to eight months for intussusception overlapped. G1, G2 and mixed G/P genotypes were common in the isolated rotaviruses. Conclusion: Rotavirus gastroenteritis causes significant morbidity in children younger than five years of age in Ghana. Although the peak age of rotavirus gastroenteritis and intussusceptions overlapped, there was no seasonal correlation between them. The high prevalence of mixed G/P genotypes in Ghanaian children may affect the effectiveness of vaccination.
Prevalence and genetic characteristics of Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli from patients with diarrhoea in Maasailand, Kenya
Authors: Sang Willie Kipkemboi , Boga Hamadi Iddi , Waiyaki Peter Gichuhi , Schnabel David , Wamae Njeri C , Kariuki Sam M 
Published: February 2012

Introduction: Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli strains are food-borne bacterial pathogens that may cause haemorrhagic colitis (HC) in humans which can lead to life-threatening systemic complication, including haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). This study aimed to characterize and analyze virulence properties of pathogenic E. coli isolates among patients with diarrhoea from a Maasai community in Kenya. Methodology: Stool samples from 380 patients of all ages from the Kajiado and Narok districts of Kenya were investigated for the presence of enteric bacterial pathogens by conventional and molecular methods. Results: Bacterial diarrhoea was diagnosed in 141/380 (37.1%) cases, of which enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) compromised 29.8%, shigatoxigenic E. coli (STEC) 24.1%, enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) 14.2%, enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) 12.8% and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) 3.5%. Gene analysis for STEC virulence factors showed that 52.9% isolates carried stx1, 29.4% possessed stx2, 14.7% carried both stx1 and stx2, and 2.9% had stx2e. 23.5% isolates carried enterohaemolysin and 20.5% isolates possessed the Intimin gene. From 9 strains that exhibited adherence, 7 contained both Intimin and Haemolysin genes. Infections with Intimin-positive STEC strains (46%) were more frequent in patients with bloody diarrhoea, especially in children under 5 years of age, whereas Intimin-negative STEC infections dominated in adults. Conclusion: Although STEC infection as a cause of bloody diarrhoea has not attracted much attention as a medical problem in Kenya, our findings indicate that this is a problem that must be investigated. The 24.1% isolation rate of STEC among the Maasai is one of the highest reported rates worldwide.
Antibiotic and systemic therapies for pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-exposed children
Authors: Punpanich Warunee , Groome Michelle , Muhe Lulu , Qazi Shamim A , Madhi Shabir Ahmed 
Published: February 2012

Introduction: Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality in both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-exposed children. Administration of appropriate empirical antimicrobial and/or adjunctive systemic therapies may improve clinical outcomes. Methodology: To identify effective antimicrobial and/or adjunctive systemic therapy for pneumonia in HIV-infected and HIV-exposed, uninfected children, we searched for published and unpublished studies from 11 databases including MedLine, Global Health Database, Biological Abstracts (BIOSIS), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the World Health Organization Library Information System, AIDSLine, and the System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe, along with additional four regional databases including African Index Medicus, Latin America and Caribbean, Eastern Mediterranean, and South-East Asian databases. Data from full articles of selected studies were independently extracted by two reviewers. Results: No a priori planned randomized controlled trials (RCT) were identified, only subgroup analyses of an RCT comparing oral amoxicillin versus parenteral penicillin for severe pneumonia in children. HIV-infected children had significantly higher treatment failure rates compared to their uninfected counterparts. An RCT study investigating adjunctive corticosteroid therapy for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) failed to identify a statistically significant reduction in mortality in the treatment group with a relative risk of 0.57 (95% CI 0.30-1.07). A before-after observational study showed substantial beneficial effect of corticosteroid treatment in reducing mortality among HIV-infected children with PCP. Conclusions: Insufficient evidence exists to identify effective antimicrobial treatment regimens for HIV-associated pneumonia in paediatric populations or confirm the beneficial effect of corticosteroid treatment for HIV-infected children with PCP.
High-cylinder Acrylic Toric Intraocular Lenses: A Case Series of Eyes With Cataracts and Large Amounts of Corneal Astigmatism
Authors: Cervantes-Coste Guadalupe , Garcia-Ramirez Laura , Mendoza-Schuster Erick , Velasco-Barona Cecilio 
Published: February 2012

PURPOSE:
To examine the stability and efficacy of high-cylinder power AcrySof toric intraocular lenses (IOLs), models SN60T6, SN60T7, SN60T8, and SN60T9 (Alcon Laboratories Inc).

METHODS:
Eligible eyes had cataract and symmetric corneal astigmatism ⩾2.25 diopters (D). Outcomes included monocular uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), manifest refraction, and assessment of IOL axis.

RESULTS:

Nineteen eyes from 14 patients had preoperative corneal astigmatism of 4.00±1.10 D. Postoperatively, residual refractive cylinder was 0.55±0.60 D at 3 months. Uncorrected distance visual acuity was 1.3±0.5 logMAR preoperatively and improved to 0.11±0.09 logMAR 3 months postoperatively (
P
<.0001). All IOLs were stable within 5°.

CONCLUSIONS:
The IOLs were stable and effective in correcting high amounts of preexisting astigmatism at the time of cataract surgery.
Revision ofSpeolepta(Diptera: Mycetophilidae), with descriptions of new Nearctic and Oriental species
Authors: Ševčík Jan , Kjærandsen Jostein , Marshall Stephen A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe cave-living and monobasic fungus gnat genusSpeoleptaEdwards is reviewed with a description of the first Nearctic species,Speolepta vockerothisp. nov., from Canada (caves in Ontario and British Columbia) and the United States (Alaska). Its morphology, life history, and biology are documented and compared with the single European speciesSpeolepta leptogaster(Winnertz). A further new species,Speolepta orientalissp.nov., is described based on a single male from northern Vietnam, representing the first record of this genus from the Oriental Region.
Revision of the Nearctic species of Cerodontha (Icteromyza) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
Authors: Boucher Stéphanie 
Published: February 2012

AbstractNine species of Icteromyza Hendel, a subgenus of Cerodontha Rondani, were previously known in the Nearctic: Cerodontha (Icteromyza) atrissima Spencer, Cerodontha (Icteromyza) capitata (Zetterstedt), Cerodontha (Icteromyza) churchillensis Spencer, Cerodontha (Icteromyza) fuscifrons Spencer, Cerodontha (Icteromyza) lineella (Zetterstedt), Cerodontha (Icteromyza) longipennis (Loew), Cerodontha (Icteromyza) montanoides Spencer, Cerodontha (Icteromyza) pilosa Boucher, and Cerodontha (Icteromyza) temeculensis Spencer. Three new species are here described for this region: Cerodontha (Icteromyza) griffonensissp. nov.; Cerodontha (Icteromyza) vockerothisp. nov.; Cerodontha (Icteromyza) woodisp. nov. Species descriptions and illustrations, additional notes, and a new identification key for the Nearctic species of Cerodontha (Icteromyza) are provided.
Parallel evolution in Patagonian Pinacocerus and Australian Yumbera (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sympycninae), with the description of new species
Authors: Bickel Daniel J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPinacocerus Van Duzee and Yumbera Bickel are reviewed. Pinacocerus is found in Chile and Argentina and comprises two species, Pinacocerus nodicornis Van Duzee and Pinacocerus candiptorumsp. nov. from Chile. Yumbera comprises six species, five from eastern mainland Australia and Yumbera trisignatasp. nov. from Tasmania. The two genera show remarkable parallel evolution in modification of the male antenna.
Characterization of Lactococcus strains and their using in dairy technology
Authors: Hladí­ková Zuzana , Smetanková Jana , Greif Gabriel , Greifová Mária 
Published: February 2012

Lactococcus lactis species is one of the most important groups of lactic acid bacteria that are used in the dairy industry. Lactococci are generally found on plants and the skins of animals. Special interest is placed on the study of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris, as they are the strains used as starter cultures in industrial dairy fermentation. The major functions of this species in dairy fermentation are the production of lactic acid, formation of flavour and aroma compounds, development of ripened cheese texture and antimicrobial activity against spoilage bacteria and moulds.
The Challenge of Globalization for the Logistics Industry: Evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Tongzon Jose 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTrade liberalization is increasingly accompanied by efforts to liberalize logistics services as nations have realized the importance of logistics services in achieving economic progress and integration. However, liberalization also brings with it costs and challenges. In this light, this article tries to assess the progress in implementing the liberalization commitments and their implications on the logistics sector using Indonesia as a case study. The implementation of Indonesia's liberalization commitments has been slow and cautious. Substantial barriers to trade in logistics services still exist, constraining the path toward economic progress and integration. Its logistics sector is also unlikely to benefit from trade liberalization, except in the maritime, air transport, and cargo-handling services. Indonesia's experience could be applicable to emerging nations that are in the process of liberalizing their respective logistics services industries, as this study contributes to the understanding of the liberalization process.
The Effect of Risk Aversion on Manufacturer Advertising in a Two-Stage Supply Chain
Authors: Liang Donghan , Li Gang , Sun Linyan , Gao Jie , Sun Xinyu 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
We consider a supply chain system with a risk-neutral manufacturer as the leader and a risk-averse retailer as the follower with uncertain demand. At the beginning of the game, the manufacturer makes efforts on advertising and then the retailer decides its order quantity before demand realization. The retailer's risk aversion is modeled by the Value-at-Risk (VaR) approach with the downside risk constraint. The analysis of equilibrium strategies indicates some characteristics of the game are different from those under risk-neutral assumptions. We find that the manufacturer can effectively prevent the risk-averse retailer from downsizing the order quantity through advertising. In order to explain the difference, we investigate the impacts of risk aversion on the manufacturer's advertising decision and the retailer's ordering decision. We find that the retailer with moderate degree of risk aversion orders a larger volume and receives greater advertising support from the manufacturer. Moreover, the feasible combinations of target profit and downside risk for moderate risk aversion are discussed to derive the relationship of the two parameters. In addition, we make a simple analysis of the situation with two independent retailers who have heterogeneous degrees of risk aversion.
Low back pain: Epidemiology of consultations
Authors: Jöud Anna , Petersson Ingemar F. , Englund Martin 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectiveLow back pain (LBP) affects most people at some stage in life. However, the burden on the health care system is unclear. We studied: 1) the 1‐year consultation prevalence, 2) the rate of first‐time consultation for LBP and the relationship of the frequency to other musculoskeletal conditions, and 3) the health care utilization of patients with LBP compared to the general population.MethodsUsing the health care register in Southern Sweden (population 1.2 million), including diagnoses (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision) by physicians, we identified all patients who in 2009 were diagnosed with LBP, defined as lumbago with sciatica, low back pain, or other/unspecified dorsalgia. We defined first‐time consultation as a consultation in 2009 without a record of an LBP diagnosis in 2004–2008. Standardized health care utilization ratios were calculated for LBP patients compared to the general population seeking care.ResultsThe 1‐year consultation prevalence of LBP in the population was 3.8% (4.3% for women, 3.3% for men) and increased with age. LBP had been recorded in 17.1% of all patients (16.5% for women, 18.0% for men) who had been diagnosed with any musculoskeletal condition. The rate of first‐time consultation was 238 per 10,000 adults (265 for women, 209 for men). The health care utilization ratios in female and male patients with LBP were 1.74 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.73–1.75) and 1.81 (95% CI 1.80–1.82), respectively.ConclusionLBP, diagnosed in every sixth patient who consulted due to a musculoskeletal problem, is a public health concern that needs structured management. Patients with LBP consume close to twice as much health care as the general population and this warrants more awareness.
Is ultrasound a validated imaging tool for the diagnosis and management of synovitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis? A systematic literature review
Authors: Collado Paz , Jousse‐Joulin Sandrine , Alcalde María , Naredo Esperanza , D'Agostino Maria Antonietta 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectiveUltrasound (US) has been shown to be a sensitive tool for evaluating synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis. However, the validity of US has not yet been established in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of US for detecting synovitis for both diagnosis and followup in JIA.MethodsA systematic literature search in Embase and PubMed was performed before February 25, 2011. Selection criteria included original articles on children, JIA, US, Doppler, synovitis, and management published in the English language. Data were extracted from the articles meeting the inclusion criteria, particularly those focused on the US definition of synovitis, scoring systems used, and metric properties studied. The type and number of joints tested, study design, and quality of the studies were assessed.ResultsTwenty studies were identified using US to assess synovitis in JIA. The knee was the joint most commonly studied in these articles. There was heterogeneity regarding the US definition and quantification of synovitis. Synovitis was commonly assessed by using gray scale and only a few studies included the Doppler technique. Construct validity was reported in 80% of articles, including the clinical examination as the main comparator. US demonstrated higher sensitivity in detecting synovitis as compared to clinical examination. Few studies reported US reliability and responsiveness in JIA.ConclusionUS is a valuable tool for detecting synovitis in JIA, and demonstrated higher sensitivity in assessing synovitis as compared to clinical examination. However, further studies are needed for evaluating the reliability and responsiveness to assess synovitis changes over time.