bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An application of cathodoluminescence microscopy to the study of textures and reactions in high-grade marbles from Connemara, Ireland
Authors: Yardley B. W. D. , Lloyd G. E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractUpper amphibolite facies dolomite and calcite marbles from the Dalradian Connemara Marble Formation of western Ireland display a wide range of textures when viewed in cathodoluminescence that are invisible in transmitted light. Examples observed include growth zones in calcite that appear to represent the infilling of a metamorphic secondary porosity, produced by the large reduction in solid volume accompanying growth of tremolite from dolomite and quartz. Retrograde phenomena are widespread, and include both carbonate pseudomorphs after tremolite and coarse veining, which is in optical continuity with peak metamorphic calcite but otherwise indistinguishable from it. Admixture of such widely differing calcite types may account for scatter in some stable isotope studies of marbles.
Structure, petrochemistry and evolution of a sheet swarm in an Icelandic central volcano
Authors: Gautneb Håvard , Gudmundsson Agust , Oskarsson Niels 
Published: May 2009

AbstractStrike, dip, and thickness were measured for 504 sheets (inclined sheets and dykes) in the 4–6 Ma old Hafnarfjall central volcano in southwest Iceland. The average dip of sheets is 65°, 80% are less than 1.2 m thick, and the thickness tends to decrease with decreasing dip. In 0.5 km long traverses perpendicular to the average strike of sheets, the percentage of sheets ranges from about 6 to 11.Of 140 chemically analysed sheets most are quartz-tholeiites; a few are intermediate or acid. The sheets are chemically more evolved than the host rock and were generated by a shallow crustal magma chamber at a mature stage of the central volcano, whereas the host rock was generated earlier before the chamber was established. Trace element results suggest that the sheet magmas evolved by low-pressure fractional crystallization as well as by mixing of primitive magmas and crustal melts.A model is proposed where most of the sheets are generated by a growing shallow magma chamber. As the chamber grows its shape changes, and so does the local stress field associated with it. Because the sheets follow the stress trajectories of the local stress field, the potential pathways of the sheets change with the growth of the chamber, which may explain the common occurrence of cross-cutting sheets. From the evolved chemistry of the sheets, as well as from the pattern of the stress trajectories, it is concluded that the bulk of the sheets were injected from the upper part of the shallow magma chamber.
Resetting of the Rb–Sr whole-rock isotope system of an Ordovician microgranite during Devonian low-grade metamorphism
Authors: Evans J. A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Bwlch y Cywion microgranite intrudes an Ordovician sedimentary sequence in northeast Snowdonia, North Wales. Its age is recorded by hornfelses within its metamorphic aureole which give an Ordovician age of 454 ± 20 Ma. The whole-rock Rb–Sr isotope systems of the intrusion, however, and of an associated ash-flow tuff and a rhyolite of the Llewelyn Volcanic Group (Caradoc), were reset during low-grade metamorphism and give Devonian ages of 392±11 Ma, 392±5 Ma, and 405 ± 6 Ma, respectively.
The Skye Main Lava Series: liquid density and the absence of basaltic hawaiites
Authors: Cattell A. C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBasaltic hawaiite lavas are virtually absent in the Eocene Skye Main Lava Series, in contrast to relatively abundant basalts and hawaiites. Fractional crystallization from basalt to basaltic hawaiite involves extraction of a large proportion of plagioclase, and liquid densities thereby increase. From basaltic hawaiite to hawaiite titanomagnetite is a significant fractionating phase, and liquid densities decline. The coincidence between a gap in erupted compositions and a density maximum implies that liquid density exerted a strong control on ‘eruptibility’ of magmas; basaltic hawaiites were too dense to be erupted. Density maxima occur in basalt suites if plagioclase fractionates before Fe–Ti oxides, and may explain compositional gaps in erupted magmas. Compositional gaps are not the inevitable result of density maxima; the density of the rock column above, and the fluid dynamics within, the magma chamber where differentiation occurs are also critical factors.
The Peak Trough – a major control on the geology of the North Yorkshire coast
Authors: Milsom J. , Rawson P. F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAlthough the Mesozoic sediments of the Cleveland Basin (North Yorkshire) have generally not been strongly faulted, several approximately N–S trending faults have been identified along the coast. New seismic data from adjacent coastal waters has allowed the offshore extension to the fault system to be examined for the first time. The coastal faults from Peak (Ravenscar) to Red Cliff (Cayton Bay) are shown to form part of a linked system defining a narrow graben only some 5 km wide, the Peak Trough. Faulting has been complex, with decollement levels apparently developed in weak layers at various horizons in the Triassic and Permian strata: fault geometries and regional considerations suggest that extension has been dominant. Movement occurred intermittently from Triassic to latest Cretaceous or early Tertiary times.
The structure and evolution of the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea
Authors: Keller J. V. A. , Coward M. P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractField studies on the island of Elba and seismic lines from the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy, indicate that major extensional displacements were accommodated along east-dipping low-angle detachment faults. The rifting and subsidence in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea basin have followed convergence and collision of the Corso-Sardinian block and the Apulian microplate. This collisional episode produced the Northern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt. Major extensional faults cut down-section through the stratigraphy and pre-existing west-dipping thrust faults. West-dipping thrusts can also be reactivated and form antithetic faults to the east-dipping detachments. Brittle deformation conditions predominated during the extensional phase. The geometry, internal structure and the fabrics (brittle and penetrative) associated with a well-exposed low-angle extensional detachment in Elba are presented in this paper. A geometrical model for the brittle extensional faulting is presented in which regional extension was accommodated on a system consisting of two sets of simultaneously active antithetic faults. The east-dipping detachment faults appear to have started at steeper angles, based on field and seismic observations, and rotated counter-clockwise to lower dips. Due to this rotation, and for space accommodation, antithetic west-dipping faults formed and rotated clockwise. A tectonic model is proposed whereby slowing of the convergence between Apulia and Corsica, as well as Tethys oceanic crust and Apulian crust subduction, led to the delamination of the Apulian litho-spheric mantle away from the crust. Accompanying asthenospheric upwelling and intrusion at the crust—mantle interface beneath the Tyrrhenian Sea caused late orogenic crustal stretching in the Northern Apennines internal zone.
Pan-African volcanism: petrology and geochemistry of the Dokhan Volcanic Suite in the northern Nubian shield
Authors: Abdel-Rahman Abdel-Fattah M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Late Proterozoic Dokhan volcanic suite (620 Ma) of the northern Nubian shield is the product of Late Pan-African volcanism. The suite covers the entire spectrum from basalt to high-silica rhyolite and occurs as two units: a dark-coloured unit containing basalt-andesite-dacite, and a light-coloured unit encompassing dacite-rhyodacite-rhyolite. The latter unit is made up largely of ash flow tuffs and ign-imbrites that are locally interstratified with basalt and andesite lava flows. The suite forms a continuum in composition with a wide range of Si02 (48–77 wt%), CaO (0.1–8.9 wt%), Sr (81–906 ppm), Zr (85–340 ppm) as well as most other elements, and is moderately enriched in incompatible elements, including rare earth elements (REE). The suite exhibits fractionated, subparallel REE patterns that are similar overall to Andean andesites and ignimbrites. Well-defined major and trace element trends and fractionated REE profiles are consistent with a fractionated basalt to rhyolite calc-alkaline magma series. It is a typical calc-alka-line orogenic complex and exhibits mineralogical-geochemical traits of arc-related volcanism. The suite neither resembles products of extensional nor transitional tectonic regimes as previously thought, but was produced in a subduction-related tectonic environment. The mafic nature of the least-evolved rocks of the suite, along with its relatively low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7039) are considered to indicate a mantle source. A mantle-derived basaltic magma fractionated, with amphibole and plagioclase dominating the fractionating assemblage, to produce the more felsic varieties, as suggested by major and trace element fractionation modelling.
Reactivation history of the long-lived Billefjorden Fault Zone in north central Spitsbergen, Svalbard
Authors: McCann Andrew J. , Dallmann Winfried K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNew geological mapping has revealed further details of the tectonic and stratigraphic effects of Devonian and later reactivations of the Billefjorden Fault Zone, one of a number of important north—south trending lineaments in Svalbard. Analysis of offsets along the many steeply-dipping faults within the zone, and effects on the subsidence and deformation of the adjacent crustal blocks, is presented as a series of tectonic maps from the Late Devonian through to the Tertiary. Late Devonian sinistral transpression, suggested previously, cannot be ruled out, and Carboniferous reactivation was dominated by extension, with possibly a slight dextral strike-slip component. After Late Carboniferous to Early Cretaceous platform subsidence, during which the fault zone had little effect on sedimentation, development of the Tertiary West Spitsbergen Fold Belt (related to the opening of the Arctic Ocean) involved compressive (and transpressive?) reactivation of basement-seated structures further east, including the Billefjorden Fault Zone. In the Billefjorden—Austfjorden area this produced a large monoclinal fold across the fault zone, which was later cross-cut by extensional structures to produce the present day Billefjorden syncline. This localized late extension is related to a slight variation in the trend of the Billefjorden Fault Zone through this area.
The Neoproterozoic–lower Cambrian in northern Govi-Altay, western Mongolia: regional setting, lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy
Authors: Khomentovsky V. V. , Gibsher A. S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper provides a framework for the stratigraphy and correlation of key sections through the Neoproterozoic–lower Cambrian of the Govi-Altay area, western Mongolia, studied by members of IGCP Project 303. Dzabkhan Formation volcanic rocks at the base of the succession are suggested to have formed during rifting of the Baydrik–Tarbagatay microcontinent in the Baykalian interval (c. 850–650 Ma). Pre-Vendian accretion transformed this rift and adjacent microcontinental fragments into a marginal marine back-arc basin, in which accumulated relatively uninterrupted Neoproterozoic and earliest Palaeozoic sediments. Lithostratigraphy for the latter is defined, with detailed maps, at five sections (Bayan Gol northern and southern blocks, Tsagaan Gol, Salaany Gol and Tayshir). The Tsagaan Oloom Formation lower member contains two diamictites of possible Sturtian age. Middle and upper carbonates are compared with the Yudomian (Vendian) of Siberia, the former ending with a unit ofBoxonia grumulosastromatolites. In the upper member, phosphorite-shale is followed mainly by limestones, with the earliest skeletal fauna. The Bayan Gol Formation comprises siliciclastic–limestone intercalations with increasingly diverse invertebrate biota. Correlation of lithological marker beds across the study area produces a composite stratigraphic section to which the earliest skeletal fossil occurrences are tied. TheAnabarites trisulcatusZone of the Nemakit-Daldynian Stage begins near the base of the Tsagaan Oloom Formation upper member (unit 11). ThePurella antiquaZone begins near the base of the Bayan Gol Formation (unit 18). Assemblages typical of theNochoroicyathus sunnaginicusZone (base of the Tommotian Stage) range through units 19 to 23. Elements typical of theDokidocyathus regularisZone (middle Tommotian) appear in unit 24 near the top of the Bayan Gol Formation.
Glacial facies associations in a Neoproterozoic back-arc setting, Zavkhan Basin, western Mongolia
Authors: Lindsay J. F. , Brasier M. D. , Shields G. , Khomentovsky V. V. , Bat-Ireedui Y. A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDiamictites, many of glacial origin, are globally distributed in the Neoproterozoic. Recently, two relatively thin diamictites in the Maikhan Uul Member at the base of the Neoproterozoic Tsagaan Oloom Formation from the Zavkhan Basin of western Mongolia have been identified as being of glacial origin. The Mongolian diamictites form a series of backstepping units within the transgressive systems tract of two major depositional sequences associated with sea-level changes. In each case the diamictites of the transgressive systems tract are abruptly overlain by deeper water, upward shoaling highstand systems tracts consisting of thinly bedded sandstones and shales in sequence 1 and thinly bedded, dark carbonates in sequence 3. The fact that the sequences conform closely to depositional models established at other localities suggests that all are related to major ice ages and that the depositional sequences they have generated provide a valuable tool for global correlation in this part of the stratigraphic column. Available stratigraphic and isotope geochemical information presented by Brasieret al.(1996, this issue) suggests that both diamictites are likely to be of Sturtian age. A riftogenic setting and Sturtian age for the diamictites provide a link with eastern Australia and western America. It is possible, therefore, that these diamictites formed during the breakup of a supercontinental assembly including Siberia, Australia and Laurentiac. 750–725 Ma BP.
Facies and sequence controls on the appearance of the Cambrian biota in southwestern Mongolia: implications for the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary
Authors: Lindsay J. F. , Brasier M. D. , Dorjnamjaa D. , Goldring R. , Kruse P. D. , Wood R. A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNeoproterozoic–Cambrian rocks of the Zavkhan Basin (Govi-Altay, western Mongolia) comprise large-scale alternations of siliciclastic- and carbonate-dominated units (cf. ‘Grand Cycles’). Analysis of such depositional sequences near the base of the Cambrian confirms that the distribution of trace fossils, small shelly fossils and calcimicrobial structures was strongly controlled by ecology and taphonomy, corresponding to specific points in a sea-level cycle. Evolution of the Cambrian biota is thus viewed through aseries of narrow time windows, once only for each depositional cycle. Correlation of the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary level on the basis of the first appearance of thePhycodes pedumassemblage is also fraught with difficulty, since stratigraphic resolution may be limited to a single sea-level cycle(c. 1–5 Ma). It is suggested that, in many cases, basin analysis will need to be undertaken before this boundary can be drawn.
Early Cambrian bioconstructions in the Zavkhan Basin of western Mongolia
Authors: Kruse Peter D. , Gandin Anna , Debrenne Françoise , Wood Rachel 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Neoproterozoic–Cambrian succession in the Zavkhan Basin of western Mongolia preserves early Cambrian bioconstructions of Nemakit-Daldynian to Botomian age. As elsewhere (Siberia, Morocco), the Nemakit-Daldynian bioconstructions in the upper Tsagaan Oloom Formation to lower Bayan Gol Formation interval were purely calcimicrobial. Spectacular calcimicrobial ‘patch reefs’ of presumed Tommotian age are present in the lower Bayan Gol Formation. In contrast, late Atdabanian–early Botomian bioconstructions are varied and well developed in the upper Salaany Gol Formation including, in addition to calcimicrobial bioherms, Gordonophyton–Razumovskia crusts, radiocyathan—archaeocyathan bioherms and thickets of the ramose archaeocyath Cambrocyathellus.These latter Zavkhan Basin buildups show some ecological and sedimentological features in common with coeval bioconstructions in South Australia, which also developed under a tectonically active regime.
Integrated chronostratigraphy of Proterozoic–Cambrian boundary beds in the western Anabar region, northern Siberia
Authors: Kaufman Alan J. , Knoll Andrew H. , Semikhatov Mikhail A. , Grotzinger John P. , Jacobsen Stein B. , Adams William 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCarbonate-rich sedimentary rocks of the western Anabar region, northern Siberia, preserve an exceptional record of evolutionary and biogeochemical events near the Proterozoic/Cambrian boundary. Sedimentologically, the boundary succession can be divided into three sequences representing successive episodes of late transgressive to early highstand deposition; four parasequences are recognized in the sequence corresponding lithostratigraphically to the Manykai Formation. Small shelly fossils are abundant and include many taxa that also occur in standard sections of southeastern Siberia. Despite this coincidence of faunal elements, biostratigraphic correlations between the two regions have been controversial because numerous species that first appear at or immediately above the basal Tommotian boundary in southeastern sections have first appearances scattered through more than thirty metres of section in the western Anabar. Carbon- and Sr-isotopic data on petrographically and geochemically screened samples collected at one- to two-metre intervals in a section along the Kotuikan River, favour correlation of the Staraya Reckha Formation and most of the overlying Manykai Formation with sub-Tommotian carbonates in southeastern Siberia. In contrast, isotopic data suggest that the uppermost Manykai Formation and the basal 26 m of the unconformably overlying Medvezhya Formation may have no equivalent in the southeast; they appear to provide a sedimentary and palaeontological record of an evolutionarily significant time interval represented in southeastern Siberia only by the sub-Tommotian unconformity. Correlations with radiometrically dated horizons in the Olenek and Kharaulakh regions of northern Siberia suggest that this interval lasted approximately three to six million years, during which essentially all 'basal Tommotian' small shelly fossils evolved.
The gabbro–dyke transition zone demonstrated on Tviberg, Solund–Stavfjord Ophiolite Complex
Authors: Skjerlie K. P. , Furnes H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe transition zone between 100 % dykes and high-level plutonic rocks of the Solund-Stavfjord Ophiolite Complex is complex due to the existence of many lithologies with different and variable contact relationships. The rocks of the plutonic complex vary in composition from FeTi basaltic to quartz dioritic, and the grain sizes vary from fine to pegmatitic. Felsic varieties are produced by fractional crystallization of basaltic magma as demonstrated by geochemical evolution and by gradual transition from gabbro to quartz diorite. Patches of fractionated dioritic rocks may show both gradual and intrusive relationships with the surrounding host gabbro. This demonstrates that late-stage liquids commonly left the source region and locally intruded the surrounding parent rocks. The high-level plutonic rocks are thoroughly epidotized and are cut by dykes consisting of granoblastic epidote and quartz. The high-level plutonic complex is associated with irregular bodies of fine- to medium-grained plagioclase-porphyritic diabase of high MgO content. These diabase bodies are intruded by dykes that become progressively more regular in shape. The plutonic complex locally shows intrusive relationships with the overlying 100% dyke complex, but is itself cut by two dyke swarms. The dykes of the first swarm formed while the plutonic complex experienced sinistral shear strain, and the dykes are generally less regular and thinner than the dykes of the second swarm. This indicates that the dykes of the first swarm intruded while the rocks of the plutonic complex were still hot, while the next dyke swarm intruded later when the rock complex was colder. Dykes of both swarms range in composition from slightly to strongly fractionated, suggesting that the magma chambers they were expelled from underwent significant fractionation in between magma replenishment. Numerous dykes of both swarms carry large quantities of glomeroporphyritic aggregates of plagioclase and altered clinopyroxene, indicating that the source area to the dykes very often was a crystal mush.
Very low- and low-grade metamorphism in the Trinity Peninsula Group (Permo-Triassic) of northern Graham Land, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Smellie J. L. , Roberts B. , Hirons S. R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Permo-Triassic Trinity Peninsula Group is a widespread, regionally metamorphosed metasedimentary sequence in northern Graham Land, Antarctica, which forms the local ‘basement’ to the mainly Jurassic–Cretaceous Antarctic Peninsula magmatic arc. The metamorphic grade, thermal evolution and pressure series of this major tectono-stratigraphical unit are largely unknown. Determining the nature of the metamorphism has relied hitherto on conventional optical identifications of the major phases, mainly in rare volcanic beds. However, diagnostic mineral parageneses are generally absent and the precise metamorphic grade is unknown or has to be inferred over large areas. Using white mica (illite) crystallinity of interbedded mudrocks, the Trinity Peninsula Group is now shown to have been pervasively altered mainly at anchizonal and epizonal grades. Conditions ranged from upper anchizonal in the northeast to thoroughly epizonal in the southwest. Outwith thermal aureoles near plutonic intrusions, the alteration temperatures ranged mainly from 250 to 325 °C, exceeding 300 °C in the highest-grade (epizone/greenschist facies) parts of the sequence. The facies series, K-white mica b cell dimension measurements and mineral phases present are characteristic of an intermediate pressure series altered under moderate geothermal gradients (<35 °C/km), corresponding to burial depths of c. 7–10 km. Unroofing and substantial erosion of the Trinity Peninsula Group took place during polyphasal vertical tectonic movements linked to the development of the magmatic arc in northern Graham Land. The geological setting of the Trinity Peninsula Group is ambiguous and could have been a foreland (or back-arc) basin or the mid- to upper levels of an accretionary prism.
Orthoconic nautiloid cephalopod genera
Authors: Holland C. H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractUse of the nautiloid cephalopod generic namesOrthocerasandMichelinocerasis briefly reviewed. Two new genera,Imbricatoceras(upper Ordovician-Silurian) andRadnoroceras(Wenlock-Ludlow), are proposed for common taxa with distinctive ornamentation.