bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A free vein graft cap influences neuroma formation after nerve transection
Authors: Galeano Mariarosaria , Manasseri Benedetto , Risitano Giovanni , Geuna Stefano , Di Scipio Federica , La Rosa Paola , Delia Gabriele , D'Alcontres Francesco Stagno , Colonna Michele R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIntroduction:Neuroma formation is a major problem in nerve surgery and consensus about its prevention has not been reached. It has been suggested that vein covering can reduce neuroma formation in transected nerves. In this article, the Authors propose an easy and novel method of covering by nerve stump capping with a free vein graft.Methods:Neuroma‐like lesions were created on the rat thigh sectioning the femoral nerve above its division in 16 animals. The proximal nerve stump was invaginated into the lumen of a 1.5 cm long femoral free vein graft on the right side, and the vein was closed on itself by microsurgical sutures to form a cap for the nerve stump. On the left side acting as the control neuroma, the nerve was cut and left uncovered. Histological and immunohistochemical assessment was used to quantify the degree of neuroma formation.Results:Significant differences were found in both neuroma size and axon‐glia organization between the treated and control sides indicating that free vein graft capping reduced neuroma formation in comparison to uncovered nerve stumps.Conclusions:Our results confirm that vein‐covering of a transected nerve stump can be effective in reducing neuroma formation. Moreover, unlike previous works that buried the nerve into an adjacent vein left in place, our experiments showed that also the use of a free vein graft cap can hinder neuroma formation. Although translation of rat experiments to the clinics should be dealt with caution, our data suggest a careful clinical use of the technique. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Muscle after spinal cord injury
Authors: Biering‐Sørensen Bo , Kristensen Ida Bruun , Kjær Michael , Biering‐Sørensen Fin 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe morphological and contractile changes of muscles below the level of the lesion after spinal cord injury (SCI) are dramatic. In humans with SCI, a fiber‐type transformation away from type I begins 4–7 months post‐SCI and reaches a new steady state with predominantly fast glycolytic IIX fibers years after the injury. There is a progressive drop in the proportion of slow myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform fibers and a rise in the proportion of fibers that coexpress both the fast and slow MHC isoforms. The oxidative enzymatic activity starts to decline after the first few months post‐SCI. Muscles from individuals with chronic SCI show less resistance to fatigue, and the speed‐related contractile properties change, becoming faster. These findings are also present in animals. Future studies should longitudinally examine changes in muscles from early SCI until steady state is reached in order to determine optimal training protocols for maintaining skeletal muscle after paralysis. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Executive Summary: The International Consultation on Incontinence 2008—Committee on: “Dynamic Testing”; for urinary incontinence and for fecal incontinence. part 1: Innovations in Urodynamic Techniques and Urodynamic Testing for signs and symptoms of urinary incontinence in female patients
Authors: Rosier Peter F.W.M. , GaJewski Jerzy B. , Sand Peter K. , Szabó László , Capewell Ann , Hosker Gordon L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAimsThe members of The International Consultation on Incontinence 2008 (Paris) Committee on Dynamic Testing' provide an executive summary of the chapter ‘Dynamic Testing’ that discusses (urodynamic) testing methods for patients with signs and or symptoms of urinary incontinence. Testing of patients with signs and or symptoms of faecal incontinence is also discussed.MethodsEvidence based and consensus committee report.ResultsThe chapter ‘Dynamic Testing’ is a continuation of previous Consultation‐reports added with a new systematic literature search and expert discussion. Conclusions, based on the published evidence and recommendations, based on the integration of evidence with expert experience and discussion are provided separately, for transparency.ConclusionThis first part of a series of three articles summarizes the committees recommendations about the innovations in urodynamic study techniques ‘in general’, about the test characteristics and normal values of urodynamic studies as well as the assessment of female with signs and or symptoms of incontinence and includes only the most recent and relevant literature references. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29: 140–145, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and testing of a vaginal pressure sensor to measure intra‐abdominal pressure in women
Authors: Rosenbluth Evan M. , Johnson Paul J. , Hitchcock Robert W. , Nygaard Ingrid E. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAimsElevated intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP) may be a potentially modifiable risk factor for pelvic floor disorders. However, limited evidence exists due to the lack of instruments suitable to measure abdominal pressures in real world settings. The aim of this study was to develop and test a vaginal sensor prototype to measure intra‐abdominal pressure in women.MethodsWe developed a non‐directional vaginal sensor by housing pressure‐sensing circuit boards in 1.2 × 3 cm radially symmetric silicon capsules. We characterized the response in a standardized pressure chamber. Eight women wore a sensor intra‐vaginally while undergoing filling cystometry. We compared peak pressures during coughing, valsalva, squatting, and jumping to those obtained using a #10 French rectal balloon urodynamics catheter. We calculated Pearson's correlation coefficients between rectal and vaginal sensors for each event.ResultsThe vaginal sensors exhibited linear responses during initial bench testing. Each transducer correlated well with the rectal balloon catheter during coughing, valsalva, and squatting (r = 0.97, 0.94, and 0.97, respectively). However, the rectal balloon catheter recorded higher peak and lower, often negative, trough pressures during jumping. The vaginal sensor showed no such artifact.ConclusionsThis vaginal pressure sensor can be used as a surrogate for measuring intra‐abdominal pressure in women without advanced prolapse. By measuring pressure at the physiological source, the vaginal sensor is less prone to extraneous noise and error than current transducers. Using this prototype, we will next develop a remote wireless version to capture a range of abdominal pressures experienced outside of the laboratory setting. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:532–535, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The presence of transurethral cystometry catheter and type of stress test affect the measurement of abdominal leak point pressure (ALPP) in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI)
Authors: Türker Polat , Kilic Gulcan , Tarcan Tufan 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAimsAbdominal leak point pressure (ALPP) measurements in female SUI may show variability because of the variations in measurement protocols. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of cystometry catheter on ALPP measurement and compare the sensitivity of Valsalva and cough maneuvers in demonstrating urinary leakage in women complaining of SUI.MethodsIn this prospective study, 194 female patients complaining of SUI underwent urodynamic studies using a 8‐fr urethral cystometry and 10‐fr rectal catheter. At the cystometric capacity, Valsalva and then cough ALPP was measured in semi‐supine position. The same procedure was repeated after removing the cystometry catheter. The results were analyzed with Chi‐square and student's t‐test where appropriate.ResultsIn the whole study group, more patients lost urine when coughing than with Valsalva (122 vs. 93, P = 0.0013). One hundred thirty‐seven (71%) women revealed a positive stress test both with and without catheter where the presence of the catheter was associated with significantly higher cough and Valsalva ALPP. In this subgroup of 137 patients, cough‐induced ALPP values were significantly higher than Valsalva ALPP. Another 29 (15%) women leaked only after the removal of the catheter. Urine leakage could not be demonstrated in the rest of 28 patients (14%) with any maneuver even without catheter in the semi‐supine position.ConclusionCough‐induced stress test is significantly more sensitive than Valsalva to demonstrate urinary leakage. Cystometry catheter significantly increases cough and Valsalva ALPP whereas stress test can be false negative due obstructive effect of cystometry catheter in a group of patients. Stress test may be negative in the semi‐supine position in about 14% of women complaining of SUI. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:536–539, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A monolithic three‐terminal GaInAsP/GaInAs tandem solar cell
Authors: Steiner M. A. , Wanlass M. W. , Carapella J. J. , Duda A. , Ward J. S. , Moriarty T. E. , Emery K. A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe describe the design and performance of a three‐terminal tandem solar cell for low‐concentration terrestrial applications. Designed for operation under a GaAs filter, the tandem demonstrates cumulative conversion efficiencies of 10.2 and 11.9% at 1 sun and 45 suns, respectively, under the concentrated direct spectrum. The middle terminal is shared between the two subcells and allows them to be operated independently at their respective maximum power points. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and mechanism of the reactions of O‐aryl S‐(4‐nitrophenyl) dithiocarbonates with anilines in aqueous ethanol
Authors: Castro Enrique A. , Gazitúa Marcela , Santos José G. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe reactions of O‐(4‐methylphenyl) S‐(4‐nitrophenyl) dithiocarbonate and O‐(4‐chlorophenyl) S‐(4‐nitrophenyl) dithiocarbonate with a series of anilines are subjected to a kinetic investigation in 44 wt% ethanol–water, at 25.0 °C and an ionic strength of 0.2 M. The reactions are followed spectrophotometrically at 420 nm (appearance of 4‐nitrobenzenethiolate anion). Under excess amine, pseudo‐first‐order rate coefficients (kobs) are found. For the reactions of both substrates with anilines, plots of kobs versus free amine concentration at constant pH are nonlinear upwards, according to a second‐order polynomial equation. This kinetic behavior is in agreement with a stepwise mechanism consisting of two tetrahedral intermediates, one zwitterionic (T±) and the other anionic (T−), with a kinetically significant proton transfer from T± to an aniline to yield T−. The rate equation was derived from the proposed mechanism. By nonlinear least‐squares fitting of the rate equation to the experimental data, values of the rate micro‐coefficients involved in both steps were determined. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Premicellar and micelle formation behavior of aqueous anionic surfactants in the presence of triphenylmethane dyes: protonation of dye in ion pair micelles
Authors: Gohain Biren , Boruah Bornali , Saikia Palash M. , Dutta Robin K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe premicellar and micelle formation behaviors of four cationic triphenylmethane dyes, viz, Pararosaniline (RN), Crystal violet (CV), Ethyl violet (EV), and Malachite green (MG), in aqueous anionic surfactant solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), and sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDSN) have been studied by spectral and surface tension measurements. The study was carried out within a pH range where the dyes are stable in their quinoid forms. The dyes have been found to form dye–surfactant ion pairs (DSIPs) with the surfactants, at the surfactant concentrations well below their critical micelle concentration, CMC*. The DSIPs behave like nonionic surfactants and form an air–water interfacial monolayer. The DSIPs have a lower critical micelle concentration (CMCIP), greater efficiency, and lower effectiveness than the corresponding pure surfactants. As the surfactant concentration is increased below the CMC*, the DSIPs start forming micelles of their own where the dye gets protonated and exists as a protonated dye–surfactant ion pair (PDSIP) in the ion pair micelles. As the concentration of the surfactant exceeds the CMC* of the pure surfactant, the protonation reverses gradually with the dye remaining in the micelles in solubilized form and the DSIPs in the air–water interfacial monolayer are replaced by pure surfactants. The distorted helical isomeric form (isomer B) of the dyes is favored in the PDSIPs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced dispersion of nanotubes in organic solvents by donor–acceptor interaction between functionalized poly(phenylacetylene) chains and carbon nanotube walls
Authors: Zhao Hui , Yuan Wang Zhang , Mei Ju , Tang Li , Liu Xiao Qing , Yan Ji Ming , Shen Xiao Yuan , Sun Jing Zhi , Qin Anjun , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPhenylacetylene derivatives containing carbazole (1) and fluorene (2) moieties were polymerized by [Rh(nbd)Cl]2 into corresponding polymers P1 and P2 of high molecular weights (Mw ∼ 150 × 103–465 × 103) in high yields (up to 98%). The polymers were characterized by NMR, IR, UV, PL, and CV techniques. Hybrids of the polymers with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were prepared by simply mixing the two components in common organic solvents such as dichloromethane. The solvating power of the polymer carrying the electron‐donating carbazolyl pendant (P1) is stronger than that of its counterpart carrying fluorenyl pendant (P2), due to the stronger donor–acceptor (D–A) interaction between the P1 chains and the MWNT walls. This work clearly manifests that D–A effect plays an important role in the polymer‐aided MWNT dispersion in organic solvents. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4995–5005, 2009
Polyiodized‐PCL as multisite transfer agent: Towards an enlarged library of degradable graft copolymers
Authors: Nottelet Benjamin , Darcos Vincent , Coudane Jean 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPoly(ε‐caprolactone)‐based graft copolymers were prepared via a “grafting from” technique derived from iodine transfer polymerization. This copolymerization was done thanks to a poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐α‐iodo‐ε‐caprolactone) (PCL‐I), which was used as a multisite transfer agent. Styrene (Sty) and n‐butyl acrylate (n‐BuA) were firstly used as model monomers to establish the feasibility of using PCL‐I as multisite transfer agent, and investigate some general properties of the polymerization. The formation of PCL‐g‐PSty and PCL‐g‐P(n‐BuA) copolymers was confirmed by SEC and NMR analyzes of the copolymers before and after degradation of the PCL backbone. This method was extended to an acrylamide monomer, namely (N,N‐dimethyl) acrylamide (DMA), to prepare original amphiphilic copolymers with PCL as hydrophobic backbone and amido‐functionalized hydrophilic grafted chains. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5006–5016, 2009
Linear‐dendritic block copolymer hosts for the encapsulation of electro‐optic chromophores via H‐Bonding
Authors: Leolukman Melvina , Paoprasert Peerasak , Mandel Ian , Diaz Solimar J. , Mcgee David J. , Gopalan Padma 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLinear‐dendritic block copolymer hosts were synthesized by end‐functionalizing poly(methylmethacrylate) with dendrons that acted as hydrogen‐bonding acceptors for nonlinear optical chromophores. Second harmonic generation experiments indicate that the d33 coefficients and maximum chromophore loading are increased in linear‐dendritic block copolymer hosts over comparable homopolymer hosts. Transmission electron microscopy shows 5–10 nm chromophore domains, confirming the effective spatial dispersion of the chromophores. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5017–5026, 2009
Charge‐transfer piperazine‐containing polymeric systems via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization
Authors: Chance Brandon S. , Mostafa Adel , Nair Anjali , Hongfa Chayanant , Bazzi Hassan S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis article describes the synthesis of piperazine‐containing homopolymer systems via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). These systems were subsequently used as electron donors in the formation of charge‐transfer (CT) complexes. Using exo‐N‐(6‐bromohexyl)‐7‐oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐ene‐2,3‐dicarboxamide as a starting material, monomers were synthesized to act as electron donors. The amine group at the “open” end of the piperazine was either left open or alkylated with various alkyl groups. The monomers' ability to act as electron donors and their polymerization rates were studied. After initial photometric titration studies using 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) as an electron acceptor proved that these monomers would act as electron donors, they were subsequently polymerized into homopolymers via ROMP. The experimental results showed that a methanol:chloroform mixed solvent system enhanced the rate of polymerization over a single solvent (chloroform) system. Studies also showed that the alkylated piperazine‐containing monomer had a faster rate of polymerization than the secondary piperazine monomer. These monomers were used to make piperazine‐containing homopolymers via ROMP and the resulting polymers, like the monomers, also functioned as electron donors. Potential functions of these polymers include electronics, solar cells, optical systems, and biological applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5034–5043, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of low bandgap copolymers based on indenofluorene and thiophene derivative
Authors: Yen Wei‐Che , Pal Bikash , Yang Jye‐Shane , Hung Ying‐Chieh , Lin Shiang‐Tai , Chao Chi‐Yang , Su Wei‐Fang 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA series of low band gap, highly soluble alternating conjugated copolymers, comprised of 11,11,12,12‐tetrahexylindenofluorene and thiophene derivatives (P1‐P4), were synthesized via Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction with very good yields. Described here are the synthesis, thermal, optical, and electrochemical properties of these new copolymers as potential new active materials for electronic and optoelectronic device applications. P1 and P2 have electron donating non‐π‐substituents with ethylenedioxy and propylenedioxy bridging the 3,3 positions of the cyclopentadithiophene groups; whereas P3 and P4 have electron withdrawing π‐substituents (carbonyl and pyrazine groups on P3 and P4, respectively). For the main absorptions in UV‐vis spectrum, P1 and P2 displayed more red absorptions in comparison with P3 and P4. Nevertheless, much suppressed quantum yields are exhibited by P3 and P4. The behaviors of P3 can be attributed to the significant charge transfer interactions between the π‐substituents and the conjugated polymer backbone that leads to a less allowed optical transition between the ground and the lowest excited state. For P4, the weak fluoresence might associate with energy transfer from indenofluorene to the low band gap thiophene‐pyrazinethiophene‐thiophene (T‐PT‐T) unit. In comparison with the corresponding polymers containing fluorene instead of indenofluorene, the use of indenofluorene exhibited mixed effects on the optical properties and improved solubility. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5044–5056, 2009
Synthesis of novel conjugated polymer based on cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene and vinylene with strong interchain interaction
Authors: Jin Youngeup , Lee Minjung , Kim Sun Hee , Song Suhee , Kim Il , Woo Han Young , Lee Kwanghee , Suh Hongsuk 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this study, a novel conjugated polymer, poly(4,4‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4H‐cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene‐2,6‐vinylene) (PCPPV) has been synthesized and characterized. For the polymerization, Gilch's reaction was applied for the first time with the cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene system. The absorption and emission spectra of PCPPV are red‐shifted about 40–50 nm due to the vinylene units when compared with those of poly(2,6‐(4,4‐bis(2‐ethylhex‐yl)‐4H‐cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene)) (PCPP). The solid‐state fluorescence is significantly broadened, possibly due to π–π interactions introduced by the phenanthrene and vinylene moieties. In solution, as the concentration of polar solvent increased, the photoluminescence (PL) intensity decreased due to quenching and aggregation by the interchain interactions between the conjugated backbones. After annealing the film at 80 °C, the PL and electroluminescence (EL) emission spectra exhibited also the quenching and aggregation effects indicating the interchain interactions of PCPPV. The large number of aromatic rings in a unit and the increased planarity achieved through introduction of vinylene units are able to give interchain interactions stronger than fluorene or phenylene units. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5068–5077, 2009
Preparation and characterization of high‐molecular‐weight atactic poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate/silver nanocomposite by electrospinning
Authors: Lee Young Jae , Lyoo Won Seok 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHigh‐molecular‐weight poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/sodium alginate (SA)/ silver nanocomposite was successfully prepared via electrospinning technique. Water‐based colloidal silver in a PVA/SA blend solution was directly mixing without any chemical and structural modifications into PVA/SA matrix to form an organic‐metallic nanocomposite. The effect of the addition of silver colloidal solution on the PVA/SA/silver nanocomposite was investigated through a series of experiments varying molecular weight of PVA and electrospinning processing parameters such as concentration of PVA solution, PVA/SA blend ratio, applied voltage, and tip‐to‐collector distance. In the case of PVA with number‐average degree of polymerization of 1700, by increasing the amount of SA in spinning solution, the morphology was changed from fine uniform fiber to beaded fiber or bead‐on‐string fiber structure. Increase of the amount of silver colloidal solution resulted in higher charge density on the surface of ejected jet during spinning, thus more electric charges carried by the electrospinning jet. As the charge density increased, the diameter of the nanocomposites became smaller. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that the dense silver nanoparticles were well separately dispersed in PVA/SA matrix. Energy‐disperse X‐ray analysis indicated that carbon, oxygen, natrium, and silver were the principle element of PVA/SA/silver nanocomposite. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1916–1926, 2009