bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of nerve growth factor‐induced activation of MAP kinase in PC12 cells by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Kalisch Bettina E. , Demeris C. Shaun , Ishak Margaret , Rylett R. Jane 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNerve growth factor (NGF) increases expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isozymes leading to enhanced production of nitric oxide (NO). NOS inhibitors attenuate NGF‐mediated increases in cholinergic gene expression and neurite outgrowth. Mechanisms underlying this are unknown, but the mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway plays an important role in NGF signaling. Like NGF, NO donors activate Ras leading to phosphorylation of MAP kinase. The present study investigated the role of NO in NGF‐mediated activation of MAP kinase in PC12 cells. Cells were treated with 50 ng/mL NGF to establish the temporal pattern for rapid and sustained activation phases of MAP kinase kinase (MEK)‐1/2 and p42/p44‐MAP kinase. Subsequently, cells were pretreated with NOS inhibitors Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine methylester and s‐methylisothiourea and exposed to NGF for up to 24 h. NGF‐induced activation of MEK‐1/2 and p42/p44‐MAP kinase was not dependent on NO, but sustained phosphorylation of MAP kinase was modulated by NO. This modulation did not occur at the level of Ras‐Raf‐MEK signaling or require activation of cGMP/PKG pathway. NOS inhibitors did not affect NGF‐mediated phosphorylation of MEK. Expression of constitutively active‐MEKK1 in cells led to phosphorylation of p42/p44‐MAP kinase and robust neurite outgrowth; constitutively active‐MKK1 also caused differentiation with neurite extension. NOS inhibitor treatment of cells expressing constitutively active kinases did not affect MAP kinase activation, but neurite outgrowth was attenuated. NOS inhibitors did not alter NGF‐mediated nuclear translocation of phospho‐MAP kinase, but phosphorylated kinases disappeared more rapidly from NOS inhibitor‐treated cells suggesting greater phosphatase activity and termination of sustained activation of MAP kinase.
A missense mutation (L166P) in DJ‐1, linked to familial Parkinson's disease, confers reduced protein stability and impairs homo‐oligomerization
Authors: Moore Darren J. , Zhang Li , Dawson Ted M. , Dawson Valina L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe identification of genetic mutations responsible for rare familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have provided tremendous insight into the molecular pathogenesis of this disorder. Mutations in the DJ‐1 gene cause autosomal recessive early onset PD in two European families. A Dutch kindred displays a large homozygous genomic deletion encompassing exons 1–5 of the DJ‐1 gene, whereas an Italian kindred harbors a single homozygous L166P missense mutation. A homozygous M26I missense mutation was also recently reported in an Ashkenazi Jewish patient with early onset PD. Mutations in DJ‐1 are predicted to be loss of function. The recent determination of the crystal structure of human DJ‐1 demonstrates that it exists in a homo‐dimeric form in vitro, whereas the L166P mutant exists only as a monomer. Here, we examine the in vivo effects of the pathogenic L166P and M26I mutations on the properties of DJ‐1 in cell culture. We report that the L166P mutation confers markedly reduced protein stability to DJ‐1, which results from enhanced degradation by the 20S/26S proteasome but not from a loss of mRNA expression. Furthermore, the L166P mutant protein exhibits an impaired ability to self‐interact to form homo‐oligomers. In contrast, the M26I mutation does not appear to adversely affect either protein stability, turnover by the proteasome, or the capacity of DJ‐1 to form homo‐oligomers. These properties of the L166P mutation may contribute to the loss of normal DJ‐1 function and are likely to be the underlying cause of early onset PD in affected members of the Italian kindred.
Differential enantioselective effects of pentyl‐4‐yn‐valproate on spatial learning in the rat, and neurite outgrowth and cyclin D3 expression in vitro
Authors: D. O'Loinsigh Eamon , Gherardini Lisa M. , Gallagher Helen C. , Foley Andrew G. , Murphy Keith J. , Regan Ciaran M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPreviously, we demonstrated the racemic form of the valproate (VPA) analogue, 2‐n‐pentyl‐4‐pentynoic acid ([±]pentyl‐4‐yn‐VPA), to be neuritogenic in vitro and to enhance cognition in vivo. To determine the enantioselectivity of these effects, the racemate and purified enantiomers of [±]pentyl‐4‐yn‐VPA (84 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered to rodents 20 min prior to multi‐session water maze training. The racemate and R‐enantiomer significantly reduced escape latencies during water maze learning and enhanced its recall in a probe trial 3 days later. In contrast, S‐pentyl‐4‐yn‐VPA did not influence these behavioural parameters. The enantiomer‐specific effects of [±]pentyl‐4‐yn‐VPA were further discriminated in vitro using neuro 2A neuroblastoma and C6 glioma cell lines. In neuro 2A, the S‐enantiomer induced profound neurite outgrowth at concentrations up to 0.5 mm, with the R‐enantiomer and racemate being less neuritogenic. Immunoblot analysis of cyclin D3 expression in C6 glioma indicated the racemate and S‐pentyl‐4‐yn‐VPA to induce dose‐dependent up‐regulation of this protein, similar to that associated with G1‐phase cell cycle arrest mediated by VPA, whereas R‐pentyl‐4‐yn‐VPA was without effect. These results indicate that the cognition‐enhancing effects of pentyl‐4‐yn‐VPA are due to the actions of the R‐enantiomer, and that cyclin D3 up‐regulation and associated anti‐proliferative and pro‐differentiative actions are predominantly associated with the S‐enantiomer.
Some Experiments on the Overdyeing of Nylon
Authors: O‘briain C. D. , Peters R. H. 
Published: July 2010

Rate‐of‐dyeing curves have been measured for nylon dyed under very acid conditions (pH ca. 1.5). The curve falls into two parts; in the initial stages the uptake is rapid, and this is followed by a slow increase in dye concentration which does not reach a maximum. By stripping the dye from the fibre and redyeing under conditions of high pH, the number of free amine ends has been estimated. From the results it has been shown that during the second part of the rate‐of‐dyeing curves hydrolysis occurs, giving an increased number of amine groups. The amount of dye taken up at the low pH values is, how‐ ever, far in excess of that required to saturate the amine group and must be accounted for by “amide group” dyeing. Viscosities have also been used to confirm the hydrolysis.The picture of the dyeing process at low pH is, therefore, initial absorption of dye on to sites provided by the peptide groups either as the free dye acid or by absorption of the hydrogen ions in the dyebath followed by the dye anion. Simultaneous with the absorption is a slow but definite hydrolysis of the nylon molecules with consequent degradation of the fibre.
A Study of Certain Natural Dyes I‐The Adsorption of Brazilwood and Logwood Colouring Matters by Fibres
Authors: Arshid F. M. , Desai J. N. , Duff D. J. , Giles C. H. , Jain S. K. , Macnral I. R. 
Published: July 2010

The adsorption properties of hæmatein, the colouring matter from logwood, and its leueo compound, haEmatoxylin, together with brazilein, the colouring matter from brazilwood, have been studied on several types of fibre. Brazilein and haEmatein are weak acids and are adsorbed by wool or nylon appreciably only from acid solutions, probably by hydrogen bonding between the fibre and the undissociated hæmatein or brazilein molecules, as well as by acid‐base combination with the charged amino groups in the fibre. Very high adsorption values observed at about pH 1.0 may be indicative of some hydrolytic breakdown of the fibre. In solutions less acid than about pH 7 adsorption is very low on account of the mutual repulsion between the colouring matter anions and the negatively charged fibre.HaEmatoxylin is a tetrahydric phenol and has the very unusual property, in a single substance, of appreciable substantivity for cellulose as well as for cellulose acetate, nylon, and protein fibres. A study of the apparent heat of adsorption, of the nature of the isotherms, and of the affinities leads to the conclusion that its adsorption by cellulose acetate, nylon, and wool is most probably attributable to the formation of hydrogen bonds with the fibre, those formed by nylon and wool being stronger than those formed by cellulose acetate.The adsorption by cellulose, studied by the same means, appears to be of a different nature and to be attributable to weaker forces, probably van der Waals attraction. Since hæmatoxylin, with four strong hydrogen‐bonding groups, does not seem to form hydrogen bonds with cellulose in water, it is unlikely that any dyes can do so, and their adsorption may therefore be due to physical attraction and not to hydrogen bonding.Some evidence is given that hæmatoxylin may act as a cross‐linking agent between the peptide groups in the molecular chains of proteins.Analytical methods for the colouring matters are evaluated. Refractometry was used in determining the adsorption of haEmatoxylin. A simple and effective method of packing loose fibres for adsorption tests is described.
Bleaching Jute with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Chatterjee H. , Pal K. B. 
Published: July 2010

A single‐bath process of bleaching jute with hydrogen peroxide is described with particular reference to loss of weight, lignin, and breaking strength as well as the colour of the bleached material and the composition of the residual lignin. The influence of variablesndashe.g. reaction temperature, time, bleach concentration, liquor ratio, pH, bleachability with peroxide compared with chloritendashhas been studied.Jute may be bleached white with peroxide with only a small loss of lignin, and the composition of its residual lignin remains more or less unchanged. It is believed that the point of attack by peroxide is a phenolic hydroxyl group and that the colour change is mainly due to an unknown structural modification of native lignin. A one‐volume bath of peroxide containing a stabiliser under alkaline conditions, and a 1% solution of acidified chlorite at a liquor ratio of 10: 1 and a temperature of 60–70d̀c., are suitable for bleaching jute. In both cases over 70% of the yarn strength can be maintained in the fully wet condition. The tendency of the bleached material to become yellow on storage is much less pronounced with peroxide than with hypochlorite or chlorite. The quality of such a yarn is unimpaired by long storage.
Thin‐layer Chromatography and its Application to Dyes
Authors: Rettie G. H. , Haynes C. G. 
Published: July 2010

Joint Meeting of the Huddersfield Region and the Huddersfield Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry, held at the Queen Hotel, Huddersfield, on 18th February 1964, Dr. G. Sheldrick in the chairThe technique of thin‐layer chromatography is described in its practical aspects, with details of the apparatus required, selection of adsorbent and preparation of thin layers, methods of development, and choice of solvent. Brief details are given of the application of thin‐layer chromatography to the characterisation of the main classes of dyes: qualitative and quantitative aspects are considered. The use of the technique for the study and control of reactions is also discussed. The advantages of thin‐layer chromatography over other chromatographic techniques are summarised.
Low Wet Pick‐up Processing for the 80s
Authors: Leah Robert D 
Published: July 2010

The paper reviews the development of low wet pick‐up finishing from the time when the main incentive was that of product improvement to more recent times where energy conservation has become the main consideration. The degree of uniformity of treatment is governed to a large extent by the liquor‐transport properties of the textile substrate, and the paper describes the effect of preparation and construction on the wicking properties of cotton fabrics. Various low wet pick‐up applicators are described briefly and an attempt is made to suggest what factors are likely to need particular attention for these to be used successfully.It is suggested that there are several degrees of sophistication and that, very largely, the precise details of intended usage determines which of the available systems will be suitable.
Epidemiology of Bipolar Disorders
Authors: Bauer Michael , Pfennig Andrea 
Published: July 2010

Summary:  Bipolar, or manic–depressive, disorders are frequent and severe mental illnesses associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Epilepsy and bipolar disorder could probably share some aspects of pathophysiology because manic as well as depressive symptoms are seen in patients with seizures, and a number of antiepileptic drugs are effectively used in the acute and prophylactic treatment of bipolar disorder. Epidemiologic research suggests a dimensional composition of bipolar illness at the population level. Apart from the DSM‐IV diagnostic features of bipolar I (mania and depression) and bipolar II (hypomania and depression), the concept of bipolar spectrum disorders comprises a range of bipolar conditions with less obvious manifestations with estimated lifetime prevalence rates ranging from 2.8 to 6.5%. Expanding the definition of bipolar II disorders shows that half of the patients currently diagnosed with a unipolar depressive episode could suffer from unrecognized bipolar II disorder, and about the same number of mild depressive patients could be minor bipolars. Research efforts to refine the diagnostic criteria of bipolar disorder aim at an earlier and complete recognition of the disease to provide appropriate pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment early in the course of the illness to anticipate individual suffering, suicidal behavior, and increased socioeconomic costs for society. This article also discusses risk factors, comorbid conditions, course of illness, as well as the individual and socioeconomic impact of bipolar disorders. Conclusions: The findings suggest reconceptualizing bipolar illnesses as highly recurrent, malignant disorders that occur far more frequently than previously thought. Interdisciplinary knowledge transfer could help to increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders as well as provide grounds for better recognition and treatment of patients with manic and/or depressive symptoms.
The treatment of the first seizure: The benefits
Authors: Chadwick David W. 
Published: July 2010

Summary The benefits of antiepileptic drug treatment are among the best quantified of any area of epilepsy management, because of the number and quality of randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta‐analyses that address these issues. It is evident that there are groups of readily identified patients at higher risk of seizure recurrence for whom the benefits of early drug treatment in preventing short‐term seizure recurrence may be attractive for individual patients, although for the majority of patients at lower risk, benefit is minimal. It is now possible to exclude any modification of the long‐term prognosis for patients arising from early treatment.
Strategies for developing multi‐epitope, subunit‐based, chemically synthesized anti‐malarial vaccines
Authors: Patarroyo M. E. , Cifuentes G. , Bermúdez A. , Patarroyo M. A. 
Published: July 2010

Introduction
P. falciparum invasion of RBCs
Merozoite proteins involved in invading erythrocytes
Erythrocyte proteins involved in merozoite invasion
The state of current worldwide anti‐malarial vaccine approaches
A rational approach towards developing subunit‐based synthetic vaccines
The immune response elicited by conserved HABPs
Structural analysis of native and modified HABPs
Secondary structure analysis
Native and modified HABP 3D structure explains some immunological phenomena
Supporting the haplotype – and allele‐conscious TCR concept
Modified HABPs' 3D structure revealed a fit into HLA molecules
Conclusion
AbstractAn anti‐malarial vaccine against the extremely lethal Plasmodium falciparum is desperately needed. Peptides from this parasite's proteins involved in invasion and having high red blood cell‐binding ability were identified; these conserved peptides were not immun genic or protection‐inducing when used for immunizing Aotus monkeys. Modifying some critical binding residues in these high‐activi binding peptides' (HABPs') attachment to red blood cells (RBC) allowed them to induce immunogenicity and protection against expermental challenge and acquire the ability to bind to specific HLA‐DRp1* alleles. These modified HABPs adopted certain characterist structural configurations as determined by circular dichroism (CD) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) associated with certain HLA‐DRβ1* haplotype binding activities and characteristics, such as a 2‐Å‐distance difference between amino acids fitting into HLA‐DRp1 Pockets 1 to 9, residues participating in binding to HLA‐DR pockets and residues making contact with the TCR, suggesting haplotyp and allele‐conscious TCR. This has been demonstrated in HLA‐DR‐like genotyped monkeys and provides the basis for designing high effective, subunit‐based, multi‐antigen, multi‐stage, synthetic vaccines, for immediate human use, malaria being one of them.
Today's Requirements in Food, Drug and Chemical Control.
Authors: Osterberg R.E. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract The acute toxicity tests which generate LD50's or LC 50's have been used for several decades to detect potential acute hazards to humans who are exposed to toxic substances. Several federal regulatory agencies use the results of these tests in regulating chemicals such as food additives, drugs, products found in homes such as pesticides and household cleaners, chemicals produced in industrial environments and chemicals which are transported in interstate commerce.Acute toxicity data are used by these federal agencies in many different ways depending upon their regulatory missions and the regulations that these agencies utilize to accomplish their missions. For instance, the Federal Hazardous Substances Act regulations used by the Consumer Product Safety Commission address the specific labeling of consumer products dependent upon the calculated oral or dermal LD50. In some instances, a consumer product can be banned from commerce as an imminent hazard dependent upon the peculiar toxicity of the product.However, the Food and Drug Administration with the authority contained in the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act uses acute toxicity data in determining the approvability of intentional food additives and indirect food additives contained in food packaging. In addition, such data are used to provide guidance for the design of longer term studies in man and animal needed to obtain food and drug approvals.Since many federal regulatory agencies require acute toxicity tests in some phase of their regulatory activities, it was decided to develop common guidelines for these tests. As a result, the Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group (IRLG) was established in 1977, in part to develop guidelines to resolve existing test protocols and to design tests to be used by all IRLG agencies for chemical testing.In mid 1979, a draft acute oral toxicity protocol for rodents was released for general public comment. As a result of this action, the guidelines were modified to incorporate some of the expressed public ideas. One modification provided for the use of a limit test involving 10 rats dosed at a level of 5g/kg which could preclude the use of further numbers of animals. If no compound related mortality was observed at this dose, the compound would be considered as non‐toxic. The acute toxicity guidelines were finalized and published in January, 1981.Although the IRLG recognizes that at present the acute toxicity rodent test is the most reliable method to determine potential acute hazards to man, it also recognizes that alternatives such as in vitro tests may prove useful once further research and development refine them to the point of regulatory utility.
Correlating family nurse practitioners' perspectives of adult ADD/ADHD with employed pharmacotherapy: A pilot study
Authors: Martinson Jennifer , Tang Hsin‐Yi (Jean) 
Published: July 2010

Abstract Purpose: This study explores how family nurse practitioners (FNPs) in the state of Washington view adulthood attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD) and how these views affect the pharmacotherapy FNPs employ. Data sources: A confidential survey containing 30 questions was mailed to self‐selected FNPs who practice in the state of Washington (N= 126). Descriptive and Kendall's rank correlations coefficient statistical methods were used for data analysis. Conclusions: The majority of respondents do not hold negative views toward adults with ADD/ADHD and are aware that their personal views may affect how they treat the disorder. Most of the respondents agreed that given the likelihood of co‐morbidity of adult ADD/ADHD, it can be a challenge to diagnose the disorder. The predominant prescribed medications for adult ADD/ADHD are consistent with current pediatric guidelines, with the exception of buproprion, which was identified by 40% of the respondents as either their primary or secondary drug of choice for treating adult ADD/ADHD. Implications for practice: Research effort needs to focus on the efficacy of buproprion for treating ADD/ADHD in adults. Moreover, exploration of the effectiveness of current pediatric guidelines to treat ADD/ADHD in adults must be assessed.
Evaluation and treatment of depression in patients with heart failure
Authors: Smith Louise 
Published: July 2010

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of relevant clinical issues including pathophysiology, clinical presentation, assessment/diagnosis, and treatment strategies regarding depression in the heart failure (HF) patient. This information was synthesized to create a clinical protocol to guide the practitioner in identifying, diagnosing, and treating depression in adult HF patients. This protocol was designed for use in the primary care or HF clinic setting. Data sources: PubMed and CINAHL were utilized to search for articles pertaining to HF and depression. Conclusions: The presence of depression in HF is associated with a worsening prognosis, increased risk of death, rehospitalization, and functional decline. The practitioner must identify predisposing factors for depression and evaluate symptoms. Self‐rated screening instruments can assist the practitioner in identifying those with depression. Evidence is lacking regarding the treatment of depression in HF but selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are likely the best option. Implications for practice: Understanding depression as it occurs in patients with HF is critical. If depression is identified and properly managed it may lead to better patient outcomes.