bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Structure, Evolutionary History, and Conservation Units of Bull Trout in the Coterminous United States
Authors: Ardren William R. , DeHaan Patrick W. , Smith Christian T. , Taylor Eric B. , Leary Robb , Kozfkay Christine C. , Godfrey Lindsay , Diggs Matthew , Fredenberg Wade , Chan Jeffrey , Kilpatrick C. William , Small Maureen P. , Hawkins Denise K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe bull trout Salvelinus confluentus is a broadly distributed char in northwestern North America that has undergone significant population declines. This species is currently protected under the Endangered Species Act across its range in the coterminous United States. To clarify patterns of phylogenetic structure and to assist with identification of conservation units, we examined genetic variation within and among 75 representative bull trout populations sampled throughout the USA. Genealogies from a 520‐base‐pair portion of the mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 1 gene (ND‐1) revealed reciprocal monophyly between coastal and interior lineages that differed by 1.34% in DNA sequence. The geographic distribution of the two lineages was divided by the Cascade Mountains, a pattern that likely reflects postglacial dispersal from separate glacial refugia. Analysis of microsatellite variation revealed that 76% of populations had an estimated effective population size less than 50 and indicated high divergence among populations caused by genetic drift (average genetic differentiation index FST = 0.32) and mutation (average genetic differentiation index RST = 0.58). Concordant phylogeographic and phylogenetic patterns observed with microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses provided evidence for two to six bull trout lineages that largely reflect historic patterns of gene flow and isolation among populations. These lineages can be further subdivided into finer‐scale units due to the extremely low dispersal among populations and small effective population sizes. In fact, Bayesian analysis of population structure identified an optimal solution of 69 genetically different groups. Based on these results, we believe that conservation efforts should ideally be focused on the 118 bull trout core areas originally identified in the draft Endangered Species Act recovery plan, which are broadly defined as metapopulations. We provide examples of how other data, such as unique life history forms and ecological setting, can be used in combination with our genetic results to refine the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's hierarchical conservation strategy for bull trout.
Adalimumab sustains steroid‐free remission after 3 years of therapy for Crohn’s disease
Authors: Kamm M. A. , Hanauer S. B. , Panaccione R. , Colombel J.‐F. , Sandborn W. J. , Pollack P. F. , Zhou Q. , Robinson A. M. 
Published: June 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 306–317SummaryBackground  Treatments that achieve sustainable steroid‐free clinical remission in Crohn’s disease are needed; however, long‐term steroid‐sparing efficacy data are limited.Aim  To evaluate steroid‐sparing efficacy and the impact of steroid discontinuation on adverse events during treatment of Crohn's disease with adalimumab in the phase III randomised, double‐blind 1‐year CHARM trial and for an additional 2 years in its open‐label extension ADHERE.Methods  Steroid‐free remission and response and steroid‐sparing (≥50% steroid dose reduction) remission rates were evaluated over 3 years in patients who were taking corticosteroids at CHARM baseline.Results  Of 778 patients randomised in CHARM (including those who did not achieve clinical response to open‐label induction therapy), 313 patients (40%) were on corticosteroids at baseline. In the 206 patients randomised to adalimumab, rates of steroid‐free remission at 1 year and 3 years were 26% and 23% respectively; corresponding rates were 29% and 25% for steroid‐sparing remission and 32% and 28% for steroid‐free response. Although the incidence of serious infections with adalimumab treatment during CHARM was higher in patients taking steroids at baseline than those who were not, the rates of overall adverse events, serious infections and opportunistic infections were lower in patients who were able to discontinue corticosteroids than those who remained on steroids.Conclusion  Adalimumab therapy resulted in modest but clinically meaningful rates of steroid‐free remission, sustained over 3 years of treatment, in a heavily pretreated population of patients with Crohn's disease receiving steroids at the start of therapy (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT00077779).
Plasma IL‐6 concentration correlates with clinical disease activity and serum C‐reactive protein concentration in chronic urticaria patients
Authors: Kasperska‐Zajac A. , Sztylc J. , Machura E. , Jop G. 
Published: June 2011

Summary
Background Our previous study was the first to demonstrate enhanced plasma IL‐6 concentrations in chronic urticaria (CU). It is known that C‐reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive marker of an underlying systemic inflammation, triggered mainly as a response to IL‐6.
Objective To evaluate plasma IL‐6 concentration in CU patients relating to the clinical disease activity and serum CRP concentration.
Methods Serum CRP and plasma IL‐6 concentrations were measured in 58 CU patients and 30 healthy subjects. Ten CU patients were evaluated twice, during the active period as well as upon the spontaneous clinical remission of the disease. CU activity was assessed with the use of the symptom scores recommended by EAACI/GALEN/EDF guidelines.
Results IL‐6 and CRP concentrations were significantly increased in CU patients as compared with the healthy subjects, whereas they decreased remarkably upon the spontaneous remission. IL‐6 concentration was associated with weekly urticaria activity scores and also significant differences were found between patients showing different degrees of urticarial activity. Significant correlation was observed between IL‐6 and CRP concentrations.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance This study reinforces evidence that, apart from a local cutaneous inflammation, CU is associated with a systemic inflammatory response. Such acute‐phase response is manifested by increased circulating IL‐6, which varies along with CRP changes and may be related to the urticarial activity.
Cite this as: A. Kasperska‐Zajac, J. Sztylc, E. Machura and G. Jop, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 1386–1391.
Basic mechanisms of itch
Authors: Potenzieri C. , Undem B. J. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryChronic itch represents a burdensome clinical problem that can originate from a variety of aetiologies. Pruriceptive itch originates following the activation of peripheral sensory nerve endings following damage or exposure to inflammatory mediators and ascends to the brain through the spinal thalamic tract. Much insight has been gained into the understanding of the mechanisms underlying pruriceptive itch through studies using humans and experimental animals. More than one sensory nerve subtype is thought to subserve pruriceptive itch which includes both unmyelinated C‐fibres and thinly myelinated Aδ nerve fibres. There are a myriad of mediators capable of stimulating these afferent nerves leading to itch, including biogenic amines, proteases, cytokines, and peptides. Some of these mediators can also evoke sensations of pain and the sensory processing underlying both sensations overlaps in complex ways. Studies have demonstrated that both peripheral and central sensitization to pruritogenic stimuli occur during chronic itch.
Cite this as: C. Potenzieri and B. J. Undem, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2012 (42) 8–19.
Unacylated ghrelin is associated with changes in insulin sensitivity and lipid profile during an exercise intervention
Authors: Cederberg Henna , Koivisto Vesa‐Matti , Jokelainen Jari , Surcel Heljä‐Marja , Keinänen‐Kiukaanniemi Sirkka , Rajala Ulla 
Published: June 2011

SummaryObjective  Ghrelin has been implicated in energy homeostasis, body weight regulation and glucose metabolism. Level of unacylated ghrelin (UAG), but not acylated ghrelin (AG), has been suggested to increase during long‐term exercise. However, the association of the level of UAG with exercise‐induced changes of insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism has not been previously investigated. We hypothesized that an increase in UAG level in response to a long‐term exercise programme improves insulin sensitivity and associated lipid profile, independently of weight loss.Design, patients and measurements  A prospective study of 552 young men (mean age 19·3 and range 19–28 years) undergoing military service with structured 6‐month exercise training programme. Exercise performance, clinical and biochemical measurements were obtained at baseline and follow‐up. Association between UAG level and fasting glucose, insulin, insulin sensitivity and lipid levels were evaluated.Results  An overall increase in the level of UAG was observed during the 6‐month follow‐up (P < 0·001), which was largest among those with weight loss ≥ 2·5% or among those whose reduction in waist circumference was largest (P = 0·007 and P < 0·001, respectively). A change in UAG level correlated inversely with a change in fasting glucose and insulin levels, HOMA‐IR, total cholesterol and total triglyceride levels (P < 0·001 for all). The association between change in the UAG level and the change in insulin sensitivity was independent of weight loss or reduction in waist circumference.Conclusions  Increase in UAG level was associated with improved insulin sensitivity via mechanisms independent of weight loss during an intensive, long‐term exercise intervention in young healthy men.
Coronary artery disease is associated with higher epicardial Retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP4) and lower glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 levels in epicardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue
Authors: Salgado‐Somoza Antonio , Teijeira‐Fernández Elvis , Rubio José , Couso Elena , González‐Juanatey José R. , Eiras Sonia 
Published: June 2011

SummaryObjective  Retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP4), produced by adipocytes and hepatocytes, contributes to an unfavourable lipid profile and insulin resistance, which can contribute to the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Recently, several studies have shown that epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) differs from subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and plays a role on the physiopathology of CAD because of its proximity to the coronary arteries. We aimed to study the expression and secretion levels of RBP4 in both fat tissues and explore its possible association with CAD.Research Design and Methods  Fifty‐eight patients undergoing heart surgery were included in the study. We analysed RBP4 mRNA expression by real‐time PCR, protein expression by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, and secretion of EAT and SAT explants from CAD and non‐CAD patients by Enzyme Immunoassay.Results  Retinol‐binding protein 4 is expressed at similar levels in EAT and SAT, mainly from adipocytes. Protein levels were higher in EAT from CAD than non‐CAD patients (0·63 ± 0·09 arbitrary units (a.u).; n = 10) vs (0·41 ± 0·04 a.u.; n = 13, P = 0·039). In contrast, GLUT4 mRNA levels were lower in EAT from CAD than non‐CAD patients (6·55 ± 0·16 a.u.; n = 13) vs (7·21 ± 0·18 a.u.; n = 14, P = 0·012). We also found differential expression in SAT between samples from CAD and non‐CAD patients [(6·63 ± 0·16 a.u.; n = 14) vs (7·21 ± 0·14 a.u.; n = 14, P = 0·009)]. Besides, EAT releases higher RBP4 levels than SAT after 3, 6, 24 and 48 h of culture. These levels were independent of CAD but significantly higher in diabetic than nondiabetic patients.Conclusion  Retinol‐binding protein 4 levels behave differently in EAT and SAT with respect to CAD. However, both adipose tissues have lower GLUT4 levels in patients with CAD. These findings suggest a differential regulation of RBP4 production in EAT and SAT that may be influenced by local factors.
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition explains patterns of plant species loss
Authors: McCLEAN COLIN J. , van den BERG LEON J. L. , ASHMORE MIKE R. , PRESTON CHRIS D. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAtmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition across Europe increased substantially from the 1950s to the 1990s. Targeted surveys suggest a negative correlation between N deposition and species richness within quadrats in sensitive habitats. However, it remains unclear whether plant species losses at national recording scales are correlated with nitrogen deposition. We relate plant species losses before 1987 in Great Britain to reduced and oxidized N deposition, land use change and climate change. The mean Ellenberg fertility (N) indices of plant species lost in each 100 km2 cell before 1987 was compared with those of species that were recorded between 1987 and 1999. In 45% of squares, indices of species lost were significantly lower than those for species present after 1986. For 17%, primarily upland, squares, the opposite effect was found. A generalized least squares regression model, with difference in the mean Ellenberg N index between samples as the dependent variable, showed that higher deposition of reduced N was significantly associated with selective loss of species with a lower index. Arable land use and change in arable land use also demonstrated this positive relationship. Rough grazing, change in rough grazing, change in pasture and change in annual precipitation showed negative effects. Difference in Ellenberg R index was highly correlated with difference in Ellenberg N and was negatively correlated with oxidized N deposition, suggesting that the lack of a significant effect of oxidized N deposition on Ellenberg N was because it had effects through both acidification and eutrophication, while the effect of reduced N deposition was primarily through eutrophication. Our results suggest that N deposition, along with land use and precipitation changes, has been a significant driver of local plant extinctions. With N deposition increasing in many parts of the world, local extinctions of plant species may be experienced in other regions.
Methane emissions from sheep pasture, measured with an open‐path eddy covariance system
Authors: Dengel Sigrid , Levy Peter E. , Grace John , Jones Stephanie K. , Skiba Ute M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMethane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas, contributing 0.4–0.5 W m−2 to global warming. Methane emissions originate from several sources, including wetlands, rice paddies, termites and ruminating animals. Previous measurements of methane flux from farm animals have been carried out on animals in unnatural conditions, in laboratory chambers or fitted with cumbersome masks. This study introduces eddy covariance measurements of CH4, using the newly developed LI‐COR LI‐7700 open‐path methane analyser, to measure field‐scale fluxes from sheep grazing freely on pasture. Under summer conditions, fluxes of methane in the morning averaged 30 nmol m−2 s−1, whereas those in the afternoon were above 100 nmol m−2 s−1, and were roughly two orders of magnitude larger than the small methane emissions from the soil. Methane emissions showed no clear relationship with air temperature or photosynthetically active radiation, but some diurnal pattern was apparent, probably linked to sheep grazing behaviour and metabolism. Over the measurement period (days 60–277, year 2010), cumulative methane fluxes were 0.34 mol CH4 m−2, equating to 134.3 g CO2 equivalents m−2. By comparison, a carbon dioxide (CO2) sink of 819 g CO2 equivalents m−2 was measured over the same period, but it is likely that much of this would be released back to the atmosphere during the winter or as off‐site losses (through microbial and animal respiration). By dividing methane fluxes by the number of sheep in the field each day, we calculated CH4 emissions per head of livestock as 7.4 kg CH4 sheep−1 yr−1, close to the published IPCC emission factor of 8 kg CH4 sheep−1 yr−1.
The contribution of high pressure carbon dioxide in the inactivation kinetics and structural alteration of myrosinase
Authors: Yang Yingjie , Liao Xiaojun , Hu Xiaosong , Zhang Yan , Chen Fang , Wu Jihong 
Published: June 2011

SummaryHigh pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) has been verified to be an efficient way of inactivating enzyme activity. This work investigates the influence of temperature (T), pressure (P), exposure times (t) on the activity of commercial myrosinase (MYR) submitted to HPCD. Results showed that only 1.00% of MYR activity retained at 22 MPa and 65 °C for 5 min. Moreover, the first‐order reaction kinetic data of MYR inactivation as influenced by pressure of HPCD were analysed. With the pressure rising from 8 to 22 MPa at 55 °C, the inactivation rate constant (k) increased from 0.015 to 0.024 min−1, while the decimal reduction time (D) decreased from 157.2 to 96.1 min. Additionally, a series of exploratory experiments were conducted to investigate the contribution of the HPCD parameters (T, P and CO2 dissolution), with analysing circular dichroism spectroscopy and tryptophan fluorescence spectra, illustrate that CO2 dissolution plays a dominant role in MYR inactivation and structural alteration.
Effect of heat treatment on the properties of soy protein‐stabilised emulsions
Authors: Li Fang , Kong Xiangzhen , Zhang Caimeng , Hua Yufei 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe effect of heat treatment on the properties of soy protein‐stabilised emulsions was investigated. Emulsions were prepared with unheated and heat‐treated soy protein (NSP and HSP) dispersions. Heating on soy protein dispersions at 95 °C for 30 min resulted in smaller average oil droplet size, lower tendency for oil droplet flocculation, higher protein adsorption and lower viscosity. The properties of emulsions were significantly influenced by the protein concentration. The sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) profiles showed that the heat treatment on soy protein dispersions increased the protein adsorption at O/W interface. The viscosity of all samples at low shear rate was inversely proportional to the d32, suggesting a positive relation to the total interfacial area per unit volume. Emulsions showed shear‐thinning behaviour. The relaxation time was found to increase with aqueous phase viscosity determined by the Cross viscosity model.
Influence of tragacanth gum exudates from specie of Astragalus gossypinus on rheological and physical properties of whey protein isolate stabilised emulsions
Authors: Samavati Vahid , Emam‐Djomeh Zahra , Mohammadifar Mohammad Amin , Omid Mahmoud , Mehdinia Ali 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe aim of this work was to investigate the effects of Iranian tragacanth gum (Astragalus gossypinus) (0.5, 1 wt.%), Whey protein isolate (WPI) (2, 4 wt.%) and acid oleic‐phase volume fraction (5, 10% v/v) on droplet size distribution, creaming index and rheological properties of emulsions with various compositions. Rheological investigations showed that both loss and storage modules increased with gum and oil contents. However, the viscoelastic behaviour was mainly governed by the gum concentration. Delta degree (storage and loss modules ratio) increased with frequency indicated that liquid like viscose behaviour dominates over solid like elastic behaviour. The shear‐thinning behaviour of all dispersions was successfully modelled with power law and Ellis models and Ellis model was founded as the better model to describe the flow behaviour of dispersions. Droplet size distribution was measured by light scattering; microscopic observations revealed a flocculated system. Increase in gum, WPI and oil contents resulted in decrease in creaming index of emulsions with dominant effect of gum concentration.
Effect of ageing on different egg yolk fractions on surface properties at the air–water interface
Authors: Freschi Jérôme , Razafindralambo Hary , Danthine Sabine , Blecker Christophe 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of egg ageing on the surface properties of whole and fractionated yolk at the air–water interface. Eggs were stored at 4°C for 24 h, 1 week and 3 weeks after laying. A laboratory scale fractionation process was then applied at each ageing time. Egg yolk was separated into two fractions, plasma composed of low‐density lipoproteins (LDLs) and livetins, and granules formed by high‐density lipoproteins (HDLs), phosvitins and LDLg (g  =  granule). Moreover, recombined plasma and granules fractions were investigated to highlight a potential synergic effect on surface properties. Results have shown the main contribution of LDLs on surface properties of yolk and an improvement of granules surface properties when they are disrupted. Moreover, ageing affected surface properties differently depending on the considered fractions. Broken LDLs and disrupted granules could explain this observed behaviour. Recombined fractions showed different compression isotherms at the air–water interface than whole yolk.
Iron content and availability studies in some Sri Lankan rice varieties
Authors: Herath Herath M. T. , Rajapakse Damitha , Wimalasena Sukumal , Weerasooriya M. K. Bandu 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThirty‐eight rice varieties, grown in Low Country Wet Zone, during Yala (2006) and Maha (2006/2007) seasons were screened for stable high iron rice varieties and were statistically analysed. Iron contents ranged 1.89–3.73 mg 100 g−1 and varied significantly (P < 0.05) with variety and season. Selected fifteen high iron rice varieties, at degree of polishing 8–10% were analysed for iron, zinc and phytate. High iron contents in endosperm were observed in Suduru Samba (0.47 mg 100 g−1), Basmati 370 (0.37 mg 100 g−1), Kalu Heenati (0.42 mg 100 g−1), Rathu Heenati (0.44 mg 100 g−1) and Sudu Heenati (0.37 mg 100 g−1). Phytate contents of polished rice varieties ranged from 200–300 mg 100 g−1. Large reduction in iron content (84.5–93.6%) was observed in polished rice while the reduction in phytate content (18.9–40.8%) was low. Percentage dialyzability of iron in selected endosperm high iron rice varieties ranged from 1.73 to 8.71. Dialysability of iron in cooked polished rice did not show a relation to the phytate content in raw rice.
Recycling preservation solutions in black ripe olive processing
Authors: Medina Eduardo , García Pedro , Romero Concepción , Brenes Manuel 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the reuse of the liquid employed to preserve black ripe olives in a new fermentation process. The fermentation of olives in these reused solutions (ozonated, acetic acid distillate and old storage solutions) produced similar results as with a fresh acetic acid solution. The pH was between 3.8 and 4.1, and the free acidity ranged from 1.4 to 2.6. Yeasts and acetic acid bacteria were the predominant microorganisms, while lactic acid bacteria grew occasionally after 6–8 months of storage. Off‐odours, fruit defects or any other spoilage were not detected in any case. Moreover, the quality of the darkened product (colour, firmness, flavour) was statistically similar for all treatments, although fruits preserved in a reused ozonated liquid showed less dark fruits (R700 = 9.7–10.7) than the others (R700 = 7.7–9.3). These results open the possibility of reusing the black olive solutions in a new preservation process.