bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new strategy for synthesis of “umbrella‐like” poly(ethylene glycol) with monofunctional end group for bioconjugation
Authors: Zhang Yannan , Wang Guowei , Huang Junlian 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA novel strategy was used to synthesize poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with “umbrella‐like” structure containing a single reactive group at the “handle” of the “umbrella”. 1‐(Bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)amino)‐3‐(1‐ethoxyethoxy)propan‐2‐ol was used to initiate the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ethylene oxide (EO) in the presence of diphenylmethylpotassium (DPMK) to obtain three‐arm PEG (PEG3), then terminated by benzyl bromide or ethyl bromide. The resultant PEG3 was hydrolyzed to generate hydroxyl group at the conjunction point, and the second step ROP of EO was carried out using PEG3‐OH as macroinitiator in the presence of DPMK. The obtained four‐arm PEG (PEG4) contained a functional hydroxyl group at the end of the fourth arm, which could be easily modified to bioactive groups such as carboxyl, active ester, amino, etc. The well‐defined structure of “umbrella‐like” PEG was characterized by GPC, 1H NMR, and MALDI‐TOF MS in detail. Propionic acid succinimidyl ester of PEG4 (10 kDa) was utilized for protein conjugation with interferon α‐2b. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Elementary children's judgments of the epistemic status of sources of justification
Authors: Sandoval William A. , Çam Aylin 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis study investigated children's judgments of the epistemic status of justifications for causal claims. Twenty‐six children (14 boys, 12 girls) between the ages of 8 and 10 were asked to help two story characters choose the “best reason” for believing a claim. The reasons included appeals to an authority, to a plausible causal mechanism, or to data. Authority and plausible mechanism justifications always supported the claim and were paired with data that either covaried in support of the claim or did not covary and so were ambiguous with respect to the claim. Most children appeared to have a loose ordering of the epistemic status of justifications with data being preferred, plausible mechanisms appealing and preferred to ambiguous data, and appeals to authority least preferable. The children's primary reason for preferring any justification was its credibility. The credibility of data, to these children, seemed to rest on its firsthand nature. We suggest that this preference for data is productive and that instructional attention can usefully be focused on the attributes of measurement and experimentation that make data credible. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed95:383–408, 2011
Youth Empowerment in Context: Exploring Tensions in School‐Based yPAR
Authors: Kohfeldt Danielle , Chhun Lina , Grace Sarah , Langhout Regina Day 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn much of the youth empowerment literature, researchers focus on the relationship between youth and adults involved in empowerment programs while neglecting the broader social framework in which these relationships and the program itself functions. Utilizing an ecological model, the current research examines the tensions that surfaced in attempts to create an empowering setting in an after‐school PAR program with fifth‐graders. Challenging assumptions about youth, structural challenges, and conflicting theories of change are highlighted. Results examine the role of sociocultural context as PAR researchers attempt to create a setting in which students gain skills to become change agents within their school. The study suggests that youth empowerment is a context dependent process that requires attention to a multiplicity of factors that influence possibilities for empowerment via second order change.
Endoscopic diagnosis of laryngeal cancer and precancerous lesions by narrow band imaging
Authors: Ni X-G , He S , Xu Z-G , Gao L , Lu N , Yuan Z , Lai S-Q , Zhang Y-M , Yi J-L , Wang X-L , Zhang L , Li X-Y , Wang G-Q 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjective:To investigate the characteristics of the laryngeal mucosal microvascular network in suspected laryngeal cancer patients, using narrow band imaging, and to evaluate the value of narrow band imaging endoscopy in the early diagnosis of laryngeal precancerous and cancerous lesions.Patients and methods:Eighty-five consecutive patients with suspected precancerous or cancerous laryngeal lesions were enrolled in the study. Endoscopic narrow band imaging findings were classified into five types (I to V) according to the features of the mucosal intraepithelial papillary capillary loops assessed.Results:A total of 104 lesions (45 malignancies and 59 nonmalignancies) was detected under white light and narrow band imaging modes. The sensitivity and specificity of narrow band imaging in detecting malignant lesions were 88.9 and 93.2 per cent, respectively. The intraepithelial papillary capillary loop classification, as determined by narrow band imaging, was closely associated with the laryngeal lesions' histological findings. Type I to IV lesions were considered nonmalignant and type V lesions malignant. For type Va lesions, the sensitivity and specificity of narrow band imaging in detecting severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ were 100 and 79.5 per cent, respectively. In patients with type Vb and Vc lesions, the sensitivity and specificity of narrow band imaging in detecting invasive carcinoma were 83.8 and 100 per cent, respectively.Conclusion:Narrow band imaging is a promising approach enabling in vivo differentiation of nonmalignant from malignant laryngeal lesions by evaluating the morphology of mucosal capillaries. These results suggest endoscopic narrow band imaging may be useful in the early detection of laryngeal cancer and precancerous lesions.
Neural basis of emotion recognition deficits in first-episode major depression
Authors: van Wingen G. A. , van Eijndhoven P. , Tendolkar I. , Buitelaar J. , Verkes R. J. , Fernández G. 
Published: November 2010

BackgroundDepressed individuals demonstrate a poorer ability to recognize the emotions of others, which could contribute to difficulties in interpersonal behaviour. This emotion recognition deficit appears related to the depressive state and is particularly pronounced when emotions are labelled semantically. Here, we investigated its neural basis by comparing emotion recognition processing between depressed, recovered and healthy individuals.MethodMedication-naive patients with a first major depressive episode, medication-free patients who had recovered from a first episode, and a group of matched healthy individuals participated. They were requested to identify the emotion of angry and fearful face stimuli, either by matching them to other emotional faces on a perceptual basis or by matching them to a semantic label, while their brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsThe depressed individuals performed worse than recovered and healthy individuals on the emotion-labelling but not the emotion-matching task. The labelling deficit was related to increased recruitment of the right amygdala, left inferior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex.ConclusionsDeficits in semantic labelling of negative emotions are related to increased activation in specific brain regions and these abnormalities are mood state-dependent. These results indicate that accessing semantic knowledge about negative information triggers increased amygdala and left inferior frontal gyrus processing, which subsequently impairs task-relevant behaviour. We propose that this may reflect the activation of negative schemas.
Limits to measurement in experiments governed by algorithms
Authors: BEGGS EDWIN J. , COSTA JOSÉ FÉLIX , TUCKER JOHN V. 
Published: November 2010

We pose the following question: If a physical experiment were to be completely controlled by an algorithm, what effect would the algorithm have on the physical measurements made possible by the experiment?In a programme to study the nature of computation possible by physical systems, and by algorithms coupled with physical systems, we have begun to analyse:
(i)the algorithmic nature of experimental procedures; and(ii)the idea of using a physical experiment as an oracle to Turing Machines.
To answer the question, we will extend our theory of experimental oracles so that we can use Turing machines to model the experimental procedures that govern the conduct of physical experiments. First, we specify an experiment that measures mass via collisions in Newtonian dynamics and examine its properties in preparation for its use as an oracle. We begin the classification of the computational power of polynomial time Turing machines with this experimental oracle using non-uniform complexity classes. Second, we show that modelling an experimenter and experimental procedure algorithmically imposes a limit on what can be measured using equipment. Indeed, the theorems suggest a new form of uncertainty principle for our knowledge of physical quantities measured in simple physical experiments. We argue that the results established here are representative of a huge class of experiments.
Bridge of Understanding, Bridge of Straw
Authors: Tamura Eileen H. 
Published: November 2010

Joseph Kurihara was a son of immigrants, a Japanese American who did everything he could to become a bridge of understanding. Ultimately, however, he came to believe that the bridge that he had built was made of straw.How did he come to this conclusion? When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Kurihara immediately volunteered his services for the war effort. He volunteered a number of times but to no avail. Instead, he was rejected and—like other Japanese Americans and their parents—he was forced to leave his home and job, and move to what the U.S. government first called “concentration camps” and later, euphemistically, “relocation centers.” What Kurihara learned later, he said, was that his “Japanese features” and his job as a fishing-boat navigator made him suspect in the eyes of the U. S. government, and as a result FBI agents had been tailing him since the Pearl Harbor attack. He could accept these actions as government mistakes.
Measuring asthma‐specific quality of life: structured review
Authors: Apfelbacher C. J. , Hankins M. , Stenner P. , Frew A. J. , Smith H. E. 
Published: November 2010

To cite this article: Apfelbacher CJ, Hankins M, Stenner P, Frew AJ, Smith HE. Measuring asthma‐specific quality of life: structured review. Allergy 2011; 66: 439–457.AbstractMeasuring quality of life (QoL) has become an increasingly important dimension of assessing patient well‐being and drug efficacy. As there are now several asthma QoL questionnaires to choose from, it is important to appreciate their strengths and weaknesses. To assist in this choice, we have reviewed the existing questionnaires in a structured way. Information relating to the conceptual and measurement model, reliability, validity, interpretability, burden, administration format and translations was extracted from the published literature. The instruments differ in almost all criteria considered, and therefore it cannot be assumed that they measure the same thing. We recommend the selection of questionnaires that are designed only for asthma and that do not assess symptoms as part of QoL. Only two of the questionnaires reviewed fulfill these requirements: the Sydney Asthma QoL Questionnaire (AQLQ‐S) and the Living with Asthma Questionnaire (LWAQ). However, for multinational studies, it may be convenient or practical to use questionnaires that have been linguistically validated in many languages (AQLQ‐J, SGRQ). It remains unclear which of these questionnaires best reflects patient perceptions of QoL. Our review did not involve patients, so for the time being choosing from existing questionnaires requires a compromise based on the rigor of the development process and the target patient group.
Changes in Photosynthesis of Wheat Plants Infected with Wheat Stem Rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici)
Authors: Berghaus R. , Reisener H. J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSeven wheat cultivars of infection types 0, 1, 2 and 4 were inoculated with wheat stem rust, Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici race 32. Net photosynthesis activity was measured polarographically with an oxygen sensor during the first ten days of pathogenesis. With the exception of highly resistant cultivars, which showed only small changes in assimilation activity, oxygen evolution in infected plants declined 4—5 days after inoculation as compared to healthy ones. The decrease was more pronounced in resistant plants belonging to infection type 1—2 than in susceptible cultivars, which, even though they were heavily inoculated maintained a part of their photosynthetic activity. Some cultivars showed an increase in assimilation activity during the first few days. This phenomenon proved to be independent of infection type. Chlorophyll content decreased in all interactions, and was most marked in infection type 1—2. Our results suggest that in moderately‐resistant cultivars the decline in the rate of net photosynthesis is due to a drop in chlorophyll content but that in susceptible cultivars additional factors are responsible for the decrease in O2 evolution. The possibility is discussed of the reduction in photosynthesis and chlorophyll content alone acting as a resistance factor which is quite distinct from the hypersensitive reaction (HR).ZusammenfassungEs wurden sieben Weizensorten mit den Infektionstypen 0, 1, 2 und 4 mit Schwarzrost, Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, Rasse 32, inokuliert, und die Nettophotosyntheserate wurde polarographisch mittels einer Sauerstoffelektrode während der ersten 10 Tage der Pathogenese gemessen. Auβer bei hochresistenten Sorten nahm die Assimilation infizierter Pflanzen 4—5 Tage nach der Inokulation signifikant gegenüber den gesunden Kontrollen ab, wobei gemäβigt resistente Varietäten des Infektionstyps 1—2 einen deutlicheren Rückgang aufwiesen als suszeptible Formen, die auch bei starker Inokulation einen Restbetrag ihrer Photosynthesekapazität behielten. Einige Sorten zeigten einen anfänglichen, resistenzunabhängigen Anstieg der Assimilationsrate. Der Chlorophyllgehalt nahm bei allen Interaktionen ab, besonders jedoch bei Sorten mit dem Infektionstyp 1—2. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, daβ der Rückgang der Photosyntheserate bei gemäβigt resistenten Varietäten hauptsächlich auf eine Verminderung des Chlorophyllgehaltes zurückzuführen ist, während bei suszeptiblen Formen zusätzliche Faktoren eine Rolle spielen. Der Rückgang der Assimilationsrate und des Chlorophyllgehaltes wird als eigenständiger Resistenzmechanismus gegenüber der HS‐Reaktion diskutiert.
Pathotypes et variations du pouvoir pathogène chez Chalara elegans Nag Raj et Kendrick (= Thielaviopsis basicola)
Authors: Corbaz R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe pathogenicity of 24 strains of Chalara elegans Nag Raj et Kendrick was examined and the presence of races was looked for. These strains were isolated from root of cherry and plum trees, japanese holly, gooseberry, cyclamen, poinsettia, French beans and tobacco. Some of the strain isolated from cherry‐tree could infect tobacco, others were unable. Endoconidial subcultures of a pathogenic strain from cherry‐tree were heterogenous on tobacco. The strains were divided in 4 groups, whose spectra covered themselves partially: 1) strains isolated from tobacco and/or legumes. 2) from Prunus sp. 3) from Centrospermae. 4) from Ribes sp. One white pigmentfree but stable subculture los completely its pathogenicity.RésuméA partir de 24 souches de Chalara elegans Nag Raj et Kendrick isolées de racines de cerisier, prunier, houx du Japon, groseiller, cyclamen, poinsettia, haricot et tabac, on a tenté d'établir l'existence de pathotypes. Certains isolats de cerisier peuvent infecter le tabac, d'autres pas. La descendance endoconidienne d'une souche pathogène envers cerisier et tabac est hétérogène sur tabac. On a réparti les souches en 4 groupes selon les plantes hôtes, et dont les spectres se recoupent partiellement: 1) les souches isolées de tabac et/ou de légumineuses. 2) Celles isolées de Prunus sp. 3) Celles de Centrospermées. 4) Celles de Ribes sp. Une sous‐culture, dépourvue de pigment, mais stable, a perdu tout pouvoir pathogène.ZusammenfassungMit der Untersuchung von 24 Stämmen von Chalara elegans Nag Raj et Kendrick wurde versucht, das Vorhandensein von Pathotypen festzustellen. Die Stämme wurden aus Wurzeln von Kirsch‐ und Pflaumenbäumen, Japanischer Stechpalme, Johannisbeere, Zyklamen, Weihnachtstern, Buschbohnen und Tabak isoliert. Gewisse aus Kirschbaumwurzeln isolierte Pilzstämme konnten den Tabak infizieren, andere nicht. Die Endokonidiennachkommenschaft eines pathogenen Stammes erweist sich auf Tabak als heterogen. Die Pilzstämme wurden in 4 Gruppen eingeteilt, deren Spektra sich zum Teil überschneiden: 1) die vom Tabak und/oder Schmetterlingsblüter isolierten Stämme, 2) aus Prunus sp. 3) aus Centrospermeen, 4) aus Ribes sp. Eine pigmentlose aber stabile Subkultur hatte seine Pathogenität ganz verloren.
Antagonistische Wirkung von Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link ex Gray auf Pestalotia funerea Desm
Authors: Urbasch I. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWhen Trichothecium roseum and Pestalotia funerea occurred together on Thuja occidentalis cones from the previous year, Trichothecium always asserted itself after vigorous mycelial growth and sporulation, whereas Pestalotia died.In vitro T. roseum produced water soluble, heat resistant metabolites with toxic effects on the mycelial growth and conidia germination of P. funerea.The significance of this toxin production by T. roseum as possible cause of its competitive ability against P. funerea in the natural environment is discussed.ZusammenfassungBei gleichzeitigem Vorkommen von Trichothecium roseum und Pestalotia funerea auf vorjährigen Zapfen von Thuja occidentalis setzte sich Trichothecium nach kräftigem Mycelwachstum und Sporulation stets durch, während Pestalotia abstarb.In vitro bildete T. roseum wasserlösliche, hitzebeständige Stoffwechselprodukte mit toxischer Wirkung auf das Mycelwachstum und die Konidienkeimung von P. funerea.Die Bedeutung dieser Toxinproduktion durch T. roseum als wahrscheinliche Ursache für dessen Konkurrenzfähigkeit gegenüber P. funerea am natürlichen Standort wird diskutiert.
Effects of Pioglitazone and Metformin Fixed‐Dose Combination Therapy on Cardiovascular Risk Markers of Inflammation and Lipid Profile Compared With Pioglitazone and Metformin Monotherapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Perez Alfonso , Jacks Randal , Arora Vipin , Spanheimer Robert 
Published: November 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment should not increase cardiovascular (CV) risk and at best could provide benefit beyond lowering glucose. Pioglitazone has demonstrated a favorable CV profile relative to other oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) in outcome and observational studies. This randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group controlled study examined circulating biomarkers of CV risk in T2DM patients receiving a fixed‐dose combination (FDC) of pioglitazone/metformin compared with the respective monotherapies. Patients with stable glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) for 3 months taking no OADs were treated with pioglitazone 15 mg/metformin 850 mg FDC twice daily (bid), pioglitazone 15 mg bid, or metformin 850 mg bid for 24 weeks. FDC and pioglitazone increased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol by 14.20% and 9.88%, respectively, vs an increase of 6.09% with metformin (P<.05, metformin vs FDC). Triglycerides decreased with all three treatments −5.95%, −5.54% and −1.78%, respectively; P=not significant). FDC and pioglitazone significantly decreased small low‐density lipoprotein and increased large low‐density lipoprotein particle concentrations. Reductions in high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein were greater in the FDC and pioglitazone groups. Increases in adiponectin were significant in the FDC and pioglitazone groups (P<.0001 vs metformin). Overall, adverse events were not higher with the FDC. Thus, treatment with the FDC resulted in improved levels of CV biomarkers, which were better than or equal to monotherapy. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:973–982. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydration and electrolyte balance in horses during an endurance season
Authors: ROBERT C. , GOACHET A.‐G. , FRAIPONT A. , VOTION D.‐M. , Van ERCK E. , LECLERC J.‐L. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Limited information exists about the physiological training‐induced changes in electrolyte balance of horses competing in long distance endurance races.Objectives:To determine the effects of endurance training and racing on hydration and electrolyte balance in horses.Methods:Blood and urine were sampled at rest in 8 endurance horses before training and after two 11 week training periods (T1 and T2). Each training was followed by a 120 km endurance ride and horses were sampled before, during and 2 h after the rides. Blood was analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), total protein (TP), urea, creatinine and electrolyte concentrations. Urine was analysed for pH, specific gravity, creatinine and electrolyte concentrations, which allowed calculation of fractional excretion of electrolytes (FE). Changes associated with training and with the rides were assessed using a Student pairedttest (P≤0.05).Results:Plasma TP, urea, creatinine and sodium concentrations increased during T1 and PCV decreased significantly during T2. FEClincreased during T1 then decreased. FEKincreased significantly during both training periods. Other blood and urine parameters did not show remarkable changes with training. PCV, plasma TP, urea, creatinine and total Ca concentrations increased and plasma Na+and Cl‐concentrations decreased during both rides. Urine concentrations of Na+, K+and Cl‐, FENaand FECldecreased during the rides while urinary creatinine increased. FEKincreased during the first part of the rides then decreased.Conclusions:These data contribute to the understanding of changes associated with training and prolonged endurance exercise.
Distances travelled by feral horses in ‘outback’ Australia
Authors: HAMPSON B. A. , De LAAT M. A. , MILLS P. C. , POLLITT C. C. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: The distance travelled by Australian feral horses in an unrestricted environment has not previously been determined. It is important to investigate horse movement in wilderness environments to establish baseline data against which the movement of domestically managed horses and wild equids can be compared.Objectives: To determine the travel dynamics of 2 groups of feral horses in unrestricted but different wilderness environments.Methods: Twelve feral horses living in 2 wilderness environments (2000 vs. 20,000 km2) in outback Australia were tracked for 6.5 consecutive days using custom designed, collar mounted global positioning systems (GPS). Collars were attached after darting and immobilising the horses. The collars were recovered after a minimum of 6.5 days by re‐darting the horses. Average daily distance travelled was calculated. Range use and watering patterns of horses were analysed by viewing GPS tracks overlaid on satellite photographs of the study area.Results: Average distance travelled was 15.9 ± 1.9 km/day (range 8.1–28.3 km/day). Horses were recorded up to 55 km from their watering points and some horses walked for 12 h to water from feeding grounds. Mean watering frequency was 2.67 days (range 1–4 days). Central Australian horses watered less frequently and showed a different range use compared to horses from central Queensland. Central Australian horses walked for long distances in direct lines to patchy food sources whereas central Queensland horses were able to graze close to water sources and moved in a more or less circular pattern around the central water source.Conclusions: The distances travelled by feral horses were far greater than those previously observed for managed domestic horses and other species of equid. Feral horses are able to travel long distances and withstand long periods without water, allowing them to survive in semi‐arid conditions.