bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facial Morphologies of an Adult Egyptian Population and an Adult Houstonian White Population Compared Using 3D Imaging
Authors: Seager Dennis Craig , Kau Chung How , English Jeryl D. , Tawfik Wael , Bussa Harry I. , Ahmed Abou El Yazeed M. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Objective: To compare the facial morphologies of an adult Egyptian population with those of a Houstonian white population.
Materials and Methods: The three-dimensional (3D) images were acquired via a commercially available stereophotogrammetric camera capture system. The 3dMDface System photographed 186 subjects from two population groups (Egypt and Houston). All of the participants from both population groups were between 18 and 30 years of age and had no apparent facial anomalies. All facial images were overlaid and superimposed, and a complex mathematical algorithm was performed to generate a composite facial average (one male and one female) for each subgroup (EGY-M: Egyptian male subjects; EGY-F: Egyptian female subjects; HOU-M: Houstonian male subjects; and HOU-F: Houstonian female subjects). The computer-generated facial averages were superimposed based on a previously validated superimposition method, and the facial differences were evaluated and quantified.
Results: Distinct facial differences were evident between the subgroups evaluated, involving various regions of the face including the slant of the forehead, and the nasal, malar, and labial regions. Overall, the mean facial differences between the Egyptian and Houstonian female subjects were 1.33 ± 0.93 mm, while the differences in Egyptian and Houstonian male subjects were 2.32 ± 2.23 mm. The range of differences for the female population pairings and the male population pairings were 14.34 mm and 13.71 mm, respectively.
Conclusions: The average adult Egyptian and white Houstonian face possess distinct differences. Different populations and ethnicities have different facial features and averages.
Long-Term Outcomes of Class III Treatment with Mandibular Cervical Headgear Followed by Fixed Appliances
Authors: Baccetti Tiziano , Rey Diego , Oberti Giovanni , Stahl Franka , McNamara James A. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the stability of the outcomes of mandibular cervical headgear (MCH) and fixed appliance–treated Class III patients at a long-term posttreatment (5 years) observation, compared with well-matched untreated Class III controls, following a previous report on the short-term outcomes of this protocol.
Materials and Methods: The treated group consisted of 20 patients with dentoskeletal Class III malocclusions treated with a two-phase protocol consisting of MCH and fixed appliances, while the control group comprised 18 untreated subjects with similar dentoskeletal Class III malocclusion. Lateral cephalograms of both patients and controls were analyzed at two time points: posttreatment (PT), after two-phase treatment; and long term (LT). All patients were at a postpubertal stage of skeletal maturity at PT, and they showed CS6 at LT, thus revealing completion of pubertal craniofacial growth.
Results: In the long term, the treatment group showed significantly smaller values for mandibular length (Co-Gn), SNB angle, maxillomandibular differential, and molar relation. When compared with the controls, the treated patients exhibited also greater values for ANB angle, Wits appraisal, and overjet at LT. No significant difference between the two groups was found for the changes occurring from PT to LT.
Conclusions: Favorable dentoskeletal outcomes induced by MCH and fixed appliances remained stable in the long term; untreated Class III malocclusion did not show any tendency toward self-improvement during the postpubertal interval.
Adolescent Patients' Treatment Motivation and Satisfaction with Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Anderson Lauren E. , Arruda Airton , Inglehart Marita Rohr 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Objective: To determine whether adolescents' satisfaction with orthodontic treatment outcomes is correlated with the degree to which (1) the adolescents focused on and (2) were energized by imagining their posttreatment possible selves before the treatment, and whether parents' assessments of their children's pretreatment motivation would correlate with their children's posttreatment satisfaction.
Methods: Data were collected from 75 former adolescent orthodontic patients (28 male, 47 female; 60 European American, 14 other) and from 72 parents (59 female, 12 male, 1 missing) with mailed questionnaires. Satisfaction with the treatment outcome was assessed with a revised version of Kiyak's Post-Surgical Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire.
Results: The more the patients had focused on the posttreatment esthetics and functioning and the more they were energized by thinking about their posttreatment possible selves before the treatment, the more satisfied they were with the outcomes (r = .337, P = .004; r = .231, P = .053; r = .465, P &lt; .001). The more the parents believed that their children were energized by thinking about posttreatment possible selves, the more satisfied the parents were with the outcomes (r = .326, P = .007).
Conclusions: Increasing adolescents' possible self considerations before orthodontic treatment is likely to increase their own and their parents' posttreatment satisfaction.
Forces and Moments Generated with Various Incisor Intrusion Systems on Maxillary and Mandibular Anterior Teeth
Authors: Sifakakis Iosif , Pandis Nikolaos , Makou Margarita , Eliades Theodore , Bourauel Christoph 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the comparative intrusive forces and torquing moments in the sagittal plane generated during anterior intrusion using different incisor intrusion mechanics in the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth.
Materials and Methods: Five wire specimens were used for each of the following intrusive arches: non–heat-treated, 0.016 × 0.016-inch blue Elgiloy utility arch, 0.017 × 0.025-inch TMA utility arch, and 0.017 × 0.025-inch TMA Burstone intrusion arch. The wires were constructed according to the specifications given by their inventors and were inserted on bracketed dental arches on Frasaco models, segmented mesial to the canines. Simulated intrusion from 0.0–1.5 mm was performed on the Orthodontic Measurement and Simulation System (OMSS), and forces and moments were recorded at 0.1 mm vertical displacement increments. All measurements were repeated five times for each specimen, and maximum values recorded at 1.5 mm for all wires were used for all statistical evaluations. The data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with forces and moments serving as the dependent variables, separately, and wire type and jaw as the independent variables. Post hoc multiple comparisons were performed using the Tukey test (.05 error rate).
Results: The 0.017 × 0.025-inch TMA Burstone intrusion arch exerted the lowest intrusive forces, followed by the 0.017 × 0.025-inch TMA utility and the 0.016 × 0.016-inch blue Elgiloy utility arch. The lowest anterior moment in the sagittal plane in this experiment was generated from the 0.017 × 0.025-inch TMA Burstone intrusion arch.
Conclusions: The intrusive forces, as well as the generated moments, were always higher in the mandible, where significant differences were observed among the configurations tested.
Sensitivity of Lipid Metabolism and Insulin Signaling to Genetic Alterations in Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-γ Coactivator-1α Expression
Authors: Estall Jennifer L. , Kahn Mario , Cooper Marcus P. , Fisher ffolliott Martin , Wu Michele K. , Laznik Dina , Qu Lishu , Cohen David E. , Shulman Gerald I. , Spiegelman Bruce M. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
The peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1 family of transcriptional coactivators controls hepatic function by modulating the expression of key metabolic enzymes. Hepatic gain of function and complete genetic ablation of PGC-1α show that this coactivator is important for activating the programs of gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipid secretion during times of nutrient deprivation. However, how moderate changes in PGC-1α activity affect metabolism and energy homeostasis has yet to be determined.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
To identify key metabolic pathways that may be physiologically relevant in the context of reduced hepatic PGC-1α levels, we used the Cre/Lox system to create mice heterozygous for PGC-1α specifically within the liver (LH mice).

RESULTS
These mice showed fasting hepatic steatosis and diminished ketogenesis associated with decreased expression of genes involved in mitochondrial β-oxidation. LH mice also exhibited high circulating levels of triglyceride that correlated with increased expression of genes involved in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein assembly. Concomitant with defects in lipid metabolism, hepatic insulin resistance was observed both in LH mice fed a high-fat diet as well as in primary hepatocytes.

CONCLUSIONS
These data highlight both the dose-dependent and long-term effects of reducing hepatic PGC-1α levels, underlining the importance of tightly regulated PGC-1α expression in the maintenance of lipid homeostasis and glucose metabolism.
Association of Type 2 Diabetes Candidate Polymorphisms in KCNQ1 With Incretin and Insulin Secretion
Authors: Müssig Karsten , Staiger Harald , Machicao Fausto , Kirchhoff Kerstin , Guthoff Martina , Schäfer Silke A. , Kantartzis Konstantinos , Silbernagel Günther , Stefan Norbert , Holst Jens J. , Gallwitz Baptist , Häring Hans-Ulrich , Fritsche Andreas 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
KCNQ1 gene polymorphisms are associated with type 2 diabetes. This linkage appears to be mediated by altered β-cell function. In an attempt to study underlying mechanisms, we examined the effect of four KCNQ1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on insulin secretion upon different stimuli.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We genotyped 1,578 nondiabetic subjects at increased risk of type 2 diabetes for rs151290, rs2237892, rs2237895, and rs2237897. All participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and gastric inhibitory peptide secretion was measured in 170 participants. In 519 participants, a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed, in 314 participants an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), and in 102 subjects a hyperglycemic clamp combined with GLP-1 and arginine stimuli.

RESULTS
rs151290 was nominally associated with 30-min C-peptide levels during OGTT, first-phase insulin secretion, and insulinogenic index after adjustment in the dominant model (all P ≤ 0.01). rs2237892, rs2237895, and rs2237897 were nominally associated with OGTT-derived insulin secretion indexes (all P &lt; 0.05). No SNPs were associated with β-cell function during intravenous glucose or GLP-1 administration. However, rs151290 was associated with glucose-stimulated gastric inhibitory polypeptide and GLP-1 increase after adjustment in the dominant model (P = 0.0042 and P = 0.0198, respectively). No associations were detected between the other SNPs and basal or stimulated incretin levels (all P ≥ 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Common genetic variation in KCNQ1 is associated with insulin secretion upon oral glucose load in a German population at increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The discrepancy between orally and intravenously administered glucose seems to be explained not by altered incretin signaling but most likely by changes in incretin secretion.
Diabetes Quality of Care and Outpatient Utilization Associated With Electronic Patient-Provider Messaging: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Authors: Harris Lynne T. , Haneuse Sebastien J. , Martin Diane P. , Ralston James D. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
To test the hypothesis that electronic patient-provider messaging is associated with high care quality for diabetes and lower outpatient utilization.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of electronic patient-provider messaging over a 15-month period between 1 January 2004 and 31 March 2005. The study was set at Group Health Cooperative—a consumer-governed, nonprofit health care system that operates in Washington and Idaho. Participants included all patients aged ≥18 years with a diagnosis of diabetes. In addition to usual care, all patients had the option to use electronic messaging to communicate with their care providers. The primary outcome measures were diabetes-related quality-of-care indicators (A1C, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol) and outpatient visits (primary care, specialty care, and emergency).

RESULTS
Nineteen percent of patients with diabetes used electronic messaging to communicate with their care providers during the study period (n = 2,924) (overall study cohort: 15,427 subjects). In multivariate models, frequent use of electronic messaging was associated with A1C &lt;7% (relative risk [RR] 1.36 [95% CI 1.16–1.58]). Contrary to our hypothesis, frequent use of electronic messaging was also associated with a higher rate of outpatient visits (1.39 [1.26–1.53]).

CONCLUSIONS
Frequent use of electronic secure messaging is associated with better glycemic control and increased outpatient utilization. Electronic patient-provider communication may represent one strategy to meet the health care needs of this unique population. More research is necessary to assess the effect of electronic messaging on care quality and utilization.
Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in the Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Disease (RISC) Population
Authors: de Rooij Susanne R. , Nijpels Giel , Nilsson Peter M. , Nolan John J. , Gabriel Rafael , Bobbioni-Harsch Elisabetta , Mingrone Geltrude , Dekker Jacqueline M. ,   for the Relationship Between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Disease (RISC) Investigators
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
Low-grade chronic inflammation has been hypothesized to underlie the constellation of cardiometabolic risk factors, possibly by inducing insulin resistance. In the present study, we investigated associations between inflammation markers, insulin sensitivity (expressed as the ratio of the M value to the mean plasma insulin concentrations measured during the final 40 min of the clamp [M/I]), and a range of cardiometabolic risk factors in a large, healthy population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Disease (RISC) cohort includes 1,326 nondiabetic European men and women, aged between 30 and 60 years. We measured cardiometabolic risk factors and performed a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. We determined total white blood cell count (WBC) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) as markers of chronic inflammation.

RESULTS
WBC and ESR were both strongly associated with M/I. WBC and ESR were further associated with a range of cardiometabolic risk factors. Associations between WBC and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, heart rate, fasting C-peptide, and insulin and 2-h insulin in men and women and between WBC and 2-h glucose in women remained significant after adjustment for both M/I and waist circumference. Associations between ESR and HDL cholesterol, heart rate, fasting, and 2-h insulin in men and women and between ESR and fat mass in women remained significant after adjustment for M/I and waist circumference.

CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that low-grade chronic inflammation is associated with the cardiometabolic risk profile of a healthy population. Insulin resistance, although strongly associated with inflammation, does not seem to play a large intermediary role.
Comparative Study of the Effects of a 1-Year Dietary Intervention of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet Versus a Low-Fat Diet on Weight and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Davis Nichola J. , Tomuta Nora , Schechter Clyde , Isasi Carmen R. , Segal-Isaacson C.J. , Stein Daniel , Zonszein Joel , Wylie-Rosett Judith 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
To compare the effects of a 1-year intervention with a low-carbohydrate and a low-fat diet on weight loss and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This study is a randomized clinical trial of 105 overweight adults with type 2 diabetes. Primary outcomes were weight and A1C. Secondary outcomes included blood pressure and lipids. Outcome measures were obtained at 3, 6, and 12 months.

RESULTS
The greatest reduction in weight and A1C occurred within the first 3 months. Weight loss occurred faster in the low-carbohydrate group than in the low-fat group (P = 0.005), but at 1 year a similar 3.4% weight reduction was seen in both dietary groups. There was no significant change in A1C in either group at 1 year. There was no change in blood pressure, but a greater increase in HDL was observed in the low-carbohydrate group (P = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS
Among patients with type 2 diabetes, after 1 year a low-carbohydrate diet had effects on weight and A1C similar to those seen with a low-fat diet. There was no significant effect on blood pressure, but the low-carbohydrate diet produced a greater increase in HDL cholesterol.
Ranirestat for the Management of Diabetic Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy
Authors: Bril Vera , Hirose Toshiyuki , Tomioka Sasagu , Buchanan Robert ,   for the Ranirestat Study Group
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
Aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) are potential disease modifiers for diabetes complications. We aimed to determine whether ranirestat, an ARI, could slow or reverse the course of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSP).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 549 patients with DSP were randomly assigned to treatment with placebo or 10, 20, or 40 mg/day ranirestat for 52 weeks in this multicenter, double-blind study. Efficacy was evaluated by nerve conduction studies, the modified Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score (mTCNS), and quantitative sensory tests (QSTs).

RESULTS
At week 52, the summed sensory (bilateral sural plus proximal median sensory) nerve conduction velocity (NCV) did not show significant changes from baseline (2.0 m/s for placebo compared with 3.2–3.8 m/s for ranirestat). Significant improvement in the summed motor (peroneal, tibial, and median) NCV was observed with 20 and 40 mg/day ranirestat treatment at week 12 (P ≤ 0.05) and at weeks 24 and 36 and in peroneal motor NCV at weeks 36 and 52 (P ≤ 0.05) for the 20 mg/day ranirestat group. The mTCNS and QST results did not differ among the groups during the study. Ranirestat was well tolerated with no pertinent differences in drug-related adverse events or in effects on clinical laboratory parameters, vital signs, or electrocardiograms among the four groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Treatment with ranirestat appears to have an effect on motor nerve function in mild to moderate DSP, but the results of this study failed to show a statistically significant difference in sensory nerve function relative to placebo.
Automated Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index Measurement by Clinical Staff for Peripheral Arterial Disease Diagnosis in Nondiabetic and Diabetic Patients
Authors: Clairotte Cécile , Retout Sylvie , Potier Louis , Roussel Ronan , Escoubet Brigitte 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a prognostic marker in cardiovascular disease. The use of Doppler-measured ankle-brachial pressure index (Dop-ABI) for PAD diagnosis is limited because of time, required training, and costs. We assessed automated oscillometric measurement of the ankle-brachial pressure index (Osc-ABI) by nurses and clinical staff.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Clinical staff obtained Osc-ABI with an automated oscillometric device in 146 patients (83 with diabetes) at the time of Dop-ABI measurement and ultrasound evaluation.

RESULTS
Measurements were obtained in most legs (Dop-ABI 98%; Osc-ABI 95.5%). Dop- and Osc-ABI were significantly related in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with good agreement over a wide range of values. When Dop-ABI ≤0.90 was used as the gold standard for PAD, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that PAD was accurately diagnosed with Osc-ABI in diabetic patients. When ultrasound was used to define PAD, Dop-ABI had better diagnostic performance than Osc-ABI in the whole population and in diabetic patients (P = 0.026). Both methods gave similar results in nondiabetic patients. The cutoff values for the highest sensitivity and specificity for PAD screening were between 1.0 and 1.1. Estimation of cost with the French medical care system fees showed a potential reduction by three of the screening procedures.

CONCLUSIONS
PAD screening could be improved by using Osc-ABI measured by clinical staff with the benefit of greater cost-effectiveness but at the risk of lower diagnostic performance in diabetic patients.
Customized Feedback to Patients and Providers Failed to Improve Safety or Quality of Diabetes Care
Authors: O'Connor Patrick J. , Sperl-Hillen JoAnn , Johnson Paul E. , Rush William A. , Crain A. Lauren 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
To assess whether providing customized clinical information to patients and physicians improves safety or quality of diabetes care.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Study subjects included 123 primary care physicians and 3,703 eligible adult diabetic patients with elevated A1C or LDL cholesterol, who were randomly assigned to receive customized feedback of clinical information as follows: 1) patient only, 2) physician only, 3) both the patient and physician, or 4) neither patient nor physician. In the intervention groups, patients received customized mailed information or physicians received printed, prioritized lists of patients with recommended clinical actions and performance feedback. Hierarchical models were used to accommodate group random assignment.

RESULTS
Study interventions did not improve A1C test ordering (P = 0.35) and negatively affected LDL cholesterol test ordering (P &lt; 0.001) in the 12 months postintervention. Interventions had no effect on LDL cholesterol values (P = 0.64), which improved in all groups over time. Interventions had a borderline unfavorable effect on A1C values among those with baseline A1C ≥7% (P = 0.10) and an unfavorable effect on A1C values among those with baseline A1C ≥8% (P &lt; 0.01). Interventions did not reduce risky prescribing events or increase treatment intensification. Time to next visit was longer in all intervention groups compared with that for the control group (P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Providing customized decision support to physicians and/or patients did not improve quality or safety of diabetes care and worsened A1C control in patients with baseline A1C ≥8%. Future researchers should consider providing point-of-care decision support with redesign of office systems and/or incentives to increase appropriate actions in response to decision-support information.
Anti–Heat Shock Protein 27 Antibody Levels and Diabetes Complications in the EURODIAB Study
Authors: Burt Davina , Bruno Graziella , Chaturvedi Nish , Schalkwijk Casper , Stehouwer Coen D. , Witte Daniel R. , Fuller John H. , Pinach Silvia , Cavallo Perin Paolo , Gruden Gabriella 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
To assess whether serum anti–heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) antibody levels are associated with micro- and macrovascular complications of type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Anti-HSP27 IgG antibody levels were measured in 531 type 1 diabetic subjects recruited as part of the cross-sectional analysis of the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Case subjects (n = 363) were defined as individuals with one or more diabetes complications and control subjects (n = 168) as individuals with no evidence of any diabetes complication.

RESULTS
Anti-HSP27 levels were comparable in case and control subjects (19.6 arbitrary units/ml [11.3–32.7] vs. 20.4 arbitrary units/ml [11.7–35.3], geometric mean [interquartile range]), and there was no correlation between HSP27 and anti-HSP27 levels (r = 0.01, P = 0.81). In logistic regression analysis, anti-HSP27 was not associated with the presence of complications, even after adjustment for main risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS
Anti-HSP27 antibody levels are not a marker of vascular complications in type 1 diabetes.