bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Organic Chemistry in Supercritical Fluids
Authors: Rayner Christopher M. , Rose Paul M. , Barnes Douglas C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionHydrogenation in Supercritical FluidsAsymmetric Hydrogenation and Related ReactionsHydroformylation and Related Reactions in Supercritical FluidsOxidation Reactions in Supercritical FluidsPalladium‐mediated Coupling Reactions in Supercritical FluidsMiscellaneous Catalytic Reactions in Supercritical FluidsMetal‐catalyzed ProcessesBase‐catalyzed ProcessesAcid‐Catalyzed ProcessesCycloaddition Reactions in Supercritical FluidsPhotochemical Reactions in Supercritical FluidsRadical Reactions in Supercritical FluidsBiotransformations in Supercritical FluidsConclusionAcknowledgments
Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Gläser Roger 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroduction and ScopeGeneral Aspects of Heterogeneous Catalysis inSCFsandGXLsUtilization ofSCFsin Heterogeneous CatalysisGeneral ConsiderationsRate EnhancementSelectivity TuningLifetime/Stability EnhancementReactor and Process DesignUtilization ofGXLsin Heterogeneous CatalysisSelected Examples of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Conversions inSCFsandGXLsConversions inSCFsHydrogenationsFischer–Tropsch SynthesisHydroformylationsOxidationsAlkylationsIsomerizationsMiscellaneousConversions inGXLsOutlook
Enzymatic Catalysis
Authors: Lozano Pedro , De Diego Teresa , Iborra José L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areEnzymes in Non‐aqueous EnvironmentsSupercritical Fluids for Enzyme CatalysisEnzymatic Reactions in Supercritical FluidsReaction Parameters in Supercritical BiocatalysisStabilized Enzymes for Supercritical BiocatalysisEnzymatic Catalysis inIL–scCO2Biphasic SystemsFuture TrendsAcknowledgments
Polymerization in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Beginn Uwe 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areGeneral AspectsIntroduction and ScopeSupercritical FluidsSolubility of Macromolecules inscCO2Stabilizer Design for Dispersion PolymerizationsLimitations of Polymer Preparation inscCO2Polymerization inscCO2Radical Polymerization inscCO2Side‐chain FluoropolymersFluoroolefin PolymersPoly(Methyl Methacrylate)PolystyreneOther Vinyl MonomersMetal‐catalyzed PolymerizationsPolyolefinsOther Metal‐catalyzed PolymerizationsIonic Chain PolymerizationsCationic PolymerizationsCoordinative Anionic PolymerizationConclusion
Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Authors: Liu Zhimin , Han Buxing 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Metal and Semiconductor Nanocrystals

Direct Synthesis of Nanocrystals in
SCFs

Synthesis in
sc
CO
2

Synthesis in Supercritical Organic Solvents

Synthesis in Supercritical Water (
sc
H

2

O
)

Synthesis of Nanomaterials in
SCF
‐based Microemulsions

Water‐in‐Supercritical Alkane Microemulsion

Water‐in‐
sc
CO

2

Microemulsions

Recovery of Nanoparticles from Reverse Micelles Using
sc
CO
2

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Supercritical Hydrothermal Synthesis

Direct Sol–Gel Synthesis in
sc
CO

2

Synthesis Using Water‐in‐
CO

2

Microemulsions

Carbon Nanomaterials

Carbon (
CNTs
) Nanotubes

Carbon Nanocages

Nanocomposites

Synthesis of Polymer‐based Composites

Decoration of Nanoparticles on Carbon Nanotubes

Deposition of Nanoparticles on Porous Supports

Some Other Nanocomposites

Conclusion
Electrochemical Reactions
Authors: Mabrouk Patricia Ann 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Electrochemical Methods

Analytes

Electrolytes

Electrochemical Cell and Supercritical Fluid Delivery System

Electrodes

Working Electrode

Reference Electrode

Solvents

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Electrode Modification

Hydrophobic Electrolytes

Water‐in‐Carbon Dioxide Microemulsions

Hydrofluorocarbon Supercritical Solvents

Applications

Electrochemical Synthesis in Supercritical Solvents

Electrochemical Detection in Supercritical Solvents

Conclusion and Outlook
Green Acid Catalysis in Water
Authors: Ogawa Chikako , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionLewis Acids in WaterIntroduction. Lewis Acids in Aqueous Media: Possible?Lewis Acid Catalysis in Water as “Sole Solvent”LASC: Lewis Acid–Surfactant Combined CatalystPolymer‐supported Scandium TriflateSilica Gel‐supported Scandium with Ionic LiquidChiral Lewis Acid‐catalyzed Asymmetric Reactions in WaterMannich‐type Reactions in WaterMichael Reaction in WaterEpoxide Ring‐opening Reaction in WaterHydroxymethylation in WaterBrønsted Acid Catalysis in Pure WaterSurfactant‐type Brønsted Acid CatalystsPolymer‐supported Brønsted Acid CatalystsConclusion and Perspective
Green Bases in Water
Authors: Fraile José M. , Herrerías Clara I. , Mayoral José A. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The number of examples that can be considered as green efforts towards the use of bases in combination with water is rather small. The chapter has been divided in two main blocks, that is, liquid‐liquid processes (base dissolved in the reaction medium) and solid‐liquid processes (use of a solid base), showing in each case the use of stoichiometric or catalytic amounts of base.
Green Reduction in Water
Authors: Wu Xiaofeng , Xiao Jianliang 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

This chapter summarizes the major advances in aqueous‐phase reduction made in the past several years. The coverage includes water‐soluble ligands and catalysts, hydrogenation, and transfer hydrogenation, drawing examples from both achiral and chiral reactions, and a brief discussion of the role of water. Various functional groups are featured, including CC, CO, CN, CO
2
, and arenes. Although homogeneous metal catalysts are the focal point, examples of heterogeneous reduction are also highlighted, as are biomimetic catalysts.
“On Water” for Green Chemistry
Authors: Liu Li , Wang Dong 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Pericyclic Reactions

Addition of Heteronucleophiles to Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds

Enantioselective Direct Aldol Reactions

Coupling Reactions

Transition Metal‐catalyzed Cross‐coupling Reactions

Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions

Oxidation

Bromination Reactions

Miscellaneous Reactions

Nucleophilic Substitution

Functionalization of
SWNTs

Theoretical Studies

Conclusion
Pericyclic Reactions in Water. Towards Green Chemistry
Authors: Klijn Jaap E. , Engberts Jan B.F.N. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the recent progress in performing synthetically important pericyclic reactions in (and “on”) water. In the past, these reactions were almost exclusively carried out in organic solvents to avoid problems arising from the limited solubility of the reagents in aqueous media. In the early eighties of last century, however, it was found that, rather unexpectedly, many types of pericyclic transformations possess greatly enhanced rates and often more favorable stereochemistry in water. Detailed mechanistic studies have now revealed how these advantages of aqueous reaction media depend on the type of the reaction and on the structural features of the initial state (IS) and activated complex (AC) of the various cycloadditions. This work is reviewed in some detail. Enforced hydrophobic interactions of the IS as well as hydrogen‐bond stabilization of the AC, characteristic for water as the reaction medium, were, in most cases, identified as major reasons for the observed kinetic and stereochemical phenomena. More recently it was found that there are also good possibilities for catalyzing pericyclic reactions in water. Particularly enantioselective Lewis acid‐catalyzed Diels‐Alder reactions have been investigated in detail. Green chemistry greatly benefits from these developments since water is the ultimate green solvent for enviromentally friendly chemical transformations. The future for aqueous organic chemistry looks bright.
Non‐conventional Energy Sources for Green Synthesis in Water (Microwave, Ultrasound, and Photo)
Authors: Polshettiwar Vivek , Varma Rajender S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe most important goal for chemists is to ensure that the next generation of synthetic protocols for drugs and fine chemical synthesis is more sustainable and greener than the current generation. This can be achieved using non‐conventional energy sources, such as microwave, ultrasound, and photochemical chemistry, in conjugation with aqueous reaction media, which dramatically reduce chemical waste and reaction times. This chapter summarizes recent developments in this area.
Functionalization of Carbohydrates in Water
Authors: Scherrmann Marie‐Christine , Lubineau André , Queneau Yves 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCarbohydrate chemistry and chemistry in water go well with each other for three main reasons. First, the synthesis of carbohydrate derivatives of biological relevance has profited from the advances in the use of aqueous media as solvents, leading to new compounds with improved reactivity and selectivity. Second, carbohydrates, being water soluble, have been used as water solubility inducers for water‐promoted reactions. Third, part of the chemistry devoted to the use of carbohydrates as raw materials, as an alternative to fossil resources, is performed in water. Indeed, it is now strategic to combine different key principles of green chemistry, namely the use of clean solvents and the use of renewable starting materials in synthetic chemistry. Moreover, it can be connected with the design of new derivatives with improved environmental properties. The chapter focuses on the chemistry of small carbohydrates (not polysaccharides), reviewing CC bond formation reactions involved in multi‐step syntheses of complex structures or in direct processes towards functional derivatives, CN and CO bond formation reactions. The latter aspect, which deals with the reactivity of sugars as polyols, is an extremely large topic, and for reasons of conciseness the main issues of this chemistry will be illustrated by focusing on the example of sucrose, the most available small carbohydrate. Also, some approaches in which a carbohydrate serves as a polar appendage which provides the water solubility necessary to take advantage of hydrophobic effects are described, in addition to the use of aqueous solutions of sugars as media in which hydrophobic effects are intensified.
Water Under Extreme Conditions for Green Chemistry
Authors: Savage Phillip E. , Rebacz Natalie A. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Background

Properties of
HTW

Process Engineering Considerations

Theoretical, Computational, and Experimental Methods

Classical Theory

Molecular and Computational Modeling

Experimental Methods

p
H
Effects

Recent Progress in
HTW
Synthesis

Hydrogenation

C

C
Bond Formation

Friedel–Crafts Alkylation

Heck Coupling

Nazarov Cyclization

Condensation

Hydrolysis

Rearrangements

Hydration/Dehydration

Elimination

Partial Oxidation to Form Carboxylic Acids

C

C
Bond Cleavage

H
–
D
Exchange

Amidation

Acknowledgments
Water as a Green Solvent for Bulk Chemicals
Authors: Joó Ferenc , Kathó Ágnes 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBulk chemicals industry rely mostly on heterogeneous catalysis; nevertheless, there are also several homogeneous processes applying soluble catalysts. This chapter describes those transition metal complex‐catalyzed processes for bulk chemicals in which the use of water as a solvent is a key element of technology and catalyst recovery. Water is used as the solvent in the biphasic hydroformylation of propene with a water‐soluble rhodium–sulfonated triphenylphosphine catalyst (the Ruhrchemie–Rhône‐Poulenc process) and in the telomerization of butadiene and water with a water‐soluble Pd(II)–phosphine catalyst (Kuraray process). These processes are described in detail and compared with those in which organic solvents are used. Other hydroformylation processes treated in this chapter use water as a solvent for induced phase separation and/or extraction. In general, the use of water allowed efficient catalyst recovery and recycle with losses in the lower ppb range and dramatic simplifications of technologies. In addition to its other advantageous properties, the non‐flammability and high heat capacity of water are outstandingly important characteristics for safety and in designing technological process details in the production of large quantities of chemicals. The overall result is characterized by improved economics and substantially reduced environmental impact.
The Green Synthesis of Ionic Liquids
Authors: Deetlefs Maggel , Seddon Kenneth R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areTheStatus Quoof Green Ionic Liquid SynthesesIonic Liquid Preparations Evaluated for GreennessWhich Principles of Green Chemistry are Relevant to Ionic Liquid Preparations?Atom Economy and theE‐factorAtom EconomyTheE‐factorStrengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) AnalysesConductive Heating Preparation of 1‐Alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Halide SaltsPurification of 1‐Alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Halide SaltsSWOTAnalysis: Conductively Heated Preparation of 1‐Alkyl‐3‐Methylimidazolium Halide Salts and Their Subsequent PurificationIonic Liquid Syntheses Promoted by Microwave IrradiationMicrowave‐assisted Versus Traditional Ionic Liquid PreparationsSWOTAnalysis: Microwave‐promoted Syntheses of Ionic LiquidsSyntheses of Ionic Liquids Promoted by Ultrasonic IrradiationSWOTAnalysis: Ultrasound‐promoted Syntheses of Ionic LiquidsSimultaneous Use of Microwave and Ultrasonic Irradiation to Prepare Ionic LiquidsSWOTAnalysis: Simultaneous Use of Microwave and Ultrasonic Irradiation to Prepare Ionic LiquidsPreparation of Ionic Liquids Using MicroreactorsSWOTAnalysis: Preparation of Ionic Liquids Using MicroreactorsPurification of Ionic Liquids with Non‐halide AnionsPurification of HydrophobicVersusHydrophilic Ionic LiquidsSWOTAnalyses: Purification of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Ionic LiquidsDecolorization of Ionic LiquidsSWOTAnalysis: Decolorization of Ionic LiquidsConclusionAcknowledgments
Green Organic Synthesis in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Wasserscheid Peter , Joni Joni 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areGeneral AspectsThe Extremely Low Vapor Pressure of Ionic LiquidsStability of Ionic Liquids in Organic ReactionsLiquid–Liquid Biphasic Organic ReactionsTunable Solubility PropertiesProduct Isolation from Organic Reactions with Ionic LiquidsReactive or Catalytic Ionic Liquids in Organic SynthesisFriedel–Crafts AlkylationIntroduction and Technical BackgroundIonic Liquids in Friedel–Crafts Reaction ‐ the Unique Selling PointLiquid–Liquid Biphasic CatalysisSupported Ionic Liquid Phase (SILP) Friedel–Crafts Catalysis
Transition Metal Catalysis in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Wasserscheid Peter 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areSolubility and Immobilization of Transition Metal Complexes in Ionic LiquidsIonic Liquid–Catalyst InteractionActivation of Transition Metal Complexes by Lewis Acidic Ionic LiquidsIn SituCarbene Complex FormationDistillative Product Isolation from Ionic Catalyst SolutionsNew Opportunities for Biphasic CatalysisGreen Aspects of Nanoparticle and Nanocluster Catalysis in Ionic LiquidsGreen Aspects of Heterogeneous Catalysis in Ionic LiquidsGreen Chemistry Aspects of Hydroformylation Catalysis in Ionic LiquidsFeedstock SolubilityCatalyst Solubility and ImmobilizationUse of Phosphite Ligands in Ionic LiquidsHalogen‐containing Ionic Liquids Versus Halogen‐free Ionic Liquids in HydroformylationHydroformylation inscCO2–Ionic Liquid Multiphasic SystemsReducing the Amount of Ionic liquid Necessary – the Supported Ionic Liquid Phase (SILP) Catalyst Technology in HydroformylationConclusion
Ionic Liquids in the Manufacture of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural from Saccharides. An Example of the Conversion of Renewable Resources to Platform Chemicals
Authors: Stark Annegret , Ondruschka Bernd 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionAreas of Application forHMFand its DerivativesDirect Uses ofHMFDerivatives ofHMFSummary: Application ofHMFand Its DerivativesHMFManufactureGeneral Aspects ofHMFManufactureMethods of Manufacture ofHMFfrom FructoseMethods of Manufacture ofHMFfrom Sugars Other Than FructoseDeficits inHMFManufactureGoals of StudyHMFManufacture in Ionic Liquids – Results of Detailed Studies in the Jena LaboratoriesTemperatureConcentration and TimeEffect of WaterEffect of PurityEffect of the Choice of Ionic LiquidOther SaccharidesContinuous Processing ofHMFConclusion
Cellulose Dissolution and Processing with Ionic Liquids
Authors: Vagt Uwe 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areGeneral AspectsDissolution of Cellulose in Ionic LiquidsRheological Behavior of Cellulose Solutions in Ionic LiquidsRegeneration of the Cellulose and Recycling of the Ionic LiquidCellulosic FibersCellulose DerivativesFractionation of Biomass with Ionic LiquidsConclusion and Outlook
Green Separation Processes with Ionic Liquids
Authors: Meindersma Wytze (G. W.) , Onink Ferdy (S. A. F.) , de Haan André B. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionLiquid SeparationsExtractionMetal ExtractionExtraction of Aromatic HydrocarbonsProteinsExtractive DistillationConventional ProcessIonic Liquids in Extractive DistillationConclusionsEnvironmental SeparationsDesulfurization and Denitrogenation of FuelsConventional DesulfurizationDesulfurization with Ionic LiquidsOxidative DesulfurizationConclusionsCombination of Separations in the Liquid Phase with MembranesConclusionsGas SeparationsConventional ProcessesCO2Separation with Standard Ionic LiquidsCO2Separation with Functionalized Ionic LiquidsCO2Separation with Ionic Liquid (Supported) MembranesOlefin–Paraffin Separations with Ionic LiquidsConclusionsEngineering AspectsEquipmentHydrodynamicsMass TransferConclusionsDesign of a Separation ProcessIntroductionApplication ofCOSMO‐RSConclusionsConclusions
Ionic Liquids as Lubricants
Authors: Uerdingen Marc 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionWhy Are Ionic Liquids Good Lubricants?Wear and Friction BehaviorPressure BehaviorThermal StabilityViscosity Index and Pour PointCorrosionElectric ConductivityIonic GreasesApplications, Conclusion and Future Challenges
New Working Pairs for Absorption Chillers
Authors: Seiler Matthias , Schwab Peter 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionAbsorption ChillersRequirements and ChallengesThermodynamics, Heat and Mass TransferCrystallization BehaviorCorrosion BehaviorViscosityThermal StabilityState of the Art and Selected ResultsAbbreviations
Design of Inherently Safer Ionic Liquids: Toxicology and Biodegradation
Authors: Matzke Marianne , Arning Jürgen , Ranke Johannes , Jastorff Bernd , Stolte Stefan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionTheT‐SARApproach and the “Test Kit” ConceptStrategy for the Design of Sustainable Ionic Liquids(Eco)toxicity of Ionic LiquidsInfluence of the Side ChainInfluence of the Head GroupInfluence of the AnionToxicity of Ionic Liquids as a Function of the Surrounding MediumCombination Effects(Quantitative) Structure–Activity Relationships and Modes of Toxic ActionConclusionBiodegradability of Ionic LiquidsIntroductionTesting of BiodegradabilityResults from Biodegradation ExperimentsBiodegradability of Ionic Liquid AnionsBiodegradability of Imidazolium CompoundsPyridinium and 4‐(Dimethylamino)pyridinium CompoundsBiodegradability of Other Head GroupsMisleading Interpretation of Biodegradation DataMetabolic Pathways of Ionic Liquid CationsAbiotic DegradationOutlookConclusionToxicity and (Eco)toxicity of Ionic LiquidsBiodegradability of Ionic LiquidsThe Goal Conflict in Designing Sustainable Ionic LiquidsFinal Remarks
Eco‐efficiency Analysis of an Industrially Implemented Ionic Liquid‐based Process – theBASFBASILProcess
Authors: Saling Peter , Maase Matthias , Vagt Uwe 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areThe Eco‐efficiency Analysis ToolGeneral AspectsThe Methodological ApproachIntroductionWhat is Eco‐efficiency Analysis?Preparation of a Specific Life‐cycle Analysis for All Investigated Products and ProcessesThe Design of the Eco‐efficiency Study ofBASILSelected Single ResultsEnergy ConsumptionGlobal Warming Potential (GWP)Water EmissionsThe Ecological FingerprintCost CalculationThe Creation of the Eco‐efficiency PortfolioScenario AnalysisConclusionOutlook
Perspectives of Ionic Liquids as Environmentally Benign Substitutes for Molecular Solvents
Authors: Ott Denise , Kralisch Dana , Stark Annegret 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionEvaluation and Optimization ofR&DProcesses: Developing a MethodologySolvent Selection ToolsLCAMethodologyTheECOMethodThe Key ObjectivesThe Evaluation and Optimization ProcedureAssessment of Ionic Liquid Synthesis – Case StudiesSynthesis of Ionic Liquids: Extract from the Optimization ProcedureValidation ofEFas an Indicator for Several Impact Categories of theLCAMethodologyComparison of the Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of the Manufacture of Ionic Liquids with Molecular SolventsAssessment of the Application of Ionic Liquids in Contrast to Molecular SolventsCase Study: Diels–Alder ReactionEvaluation of the Solvent PerformanceEvaluation of the Energy FactorEFEvaluation of the Environmental and Human Health FactorEHF‐ ExamplesEvaluation of the Cost FactorCFAlternative Ionic Liquid ChoicesDecision SupportConclusions
Exploiting all combinations of microphone sensors in overdetermined frequency domain blind separation of speech signals
Authors: Zhang Yonggang , Chambers Jonathon A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA new approach to overdetermined frequency domain blind source separation (BSS) of speech signals which exploits all combinations of observations and hence varying inter microphone spacings is proposed. The observations are divided into subgroups so that conventional frequency domain BSS algorithms can be used. By evaluating the separation performance obtained from each group on the basis of approximately measuring the independence of separated signals, the output of the group that has the best performance among all groups on a frequency‐by‐frequency basis is chosen as the overall output. The separated signals of the overall system are then obtained by transforming their frequency domain representations into the time domain. Simulation results based on speech signals confirm that the proposed approach has better performance based on the performance index (PI) as compared with a conventional scheme using only one microphone group and an existing overdetermined frequency domain BSS algorithm. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
H∞ filtering for continuous‐time singular systems with time‐varying delay
Authors: Zhu Xunlin , Wang Youyi , Gan Yong 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper focuses on H∞ filter design for continuous‐time singular systems with time‐varying delay. A delay‐dependent H∞ performance analysis result is first established for error systems via a novel estimation method. By combining a well‐known inequality with a delay partition technique, the upper bound of the derivative of the Lyapunov functional is estimated more tightly and expressed as a convex combination with respect to the reciprocal of the delay rather than the delay. Based on the derived H∞ performance analysis results, a regular and impulse‐free H∞ filter is designed in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). A numerical example is given to demonstrate the merits of the proposed method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.