bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GPU‐Accelerated Urban Flood Modeling Using a Nonuniform Structured Grid and a Super Grid Scale River Channel
Authors: Rong Youtong , Bates Paul , Neal Jeffrey 
Published: June 2024

AbstractNew remote sensing technologies, and the meter‐scale geospatial data they create, now allow for detailed urban landscape characterization, thereby advancing grid‐based hydrodynamic models. However, using a uniform fine grid over urban catchments generally result in dense grids and can lead to prohibitive computational costs. Moreover, an inability to see below the water surface and measure river bathymetry in most terrain remote sensing can severely impact local‐scale river hydraulics calculations given the significant volume of water conveyed by the channel. This paper introduces a super grid channel model which allow river channels with any width above that of the grid resolution to be simulated in 1D manner. As an extension of a previous subgrid model, this integration facilitates a seamless transition between subgrid and super grid channels, accommodating situations where channel width may surpass or fall below the grid resolution. The key contribution is the integration of the novel 1D channel representation with a nonuniform structured 2D floodplain hydrodynamic model and then coding this for application on GPU. Compared with the previous pure 2D nonuniform structured approaches, the new model presents an efficient compromise for riverine urban flooding where we are less concerned about fine‐scale details of in‐channel flow. Three tests reveal that the proposed model maintains accuracy but with significantly reduced computational cost. By leveraging GPU architectures, a ∼10× speedup compared to CPU computations is achieved, and a typical 6‐day urban flooding problem (domain size 1.42 km2) at 1 m resolution can be achieved within 10 hr on a single 8 GB GPU.
Revealing High‐Temporal‐Resolution Flood Evolution With Low Latency Using GRACE Follow‐On Ranging Data
Authors: Li Hao‐si , Yi Shuang , Luo Zi‐ren , Xu Peng 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAn emerging approach is utilizing the line‐of‐sight gravity difference (LGD) between the twin Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow‐On (GFO) satellites to refine the temporal resolution of water storage estimates from 1 month to days, thus making the data applicable to transient extreme climate events like floods. However, applying the approach to medium‐scale climate events (with mass changes of several tens of gigatons) is challenging due to surrounding signal contamination and low signal‐to‐noise ratios. To address this problem, this study develops an improved algorithm accounting for peripheral signal sources and temporal correlations in mass variation. Two floods in July 2021 in Western Europe and Central China (CC) are chosen as case studies to demonstrate our approach's applicability to moderate floods in complex hydrological settings. The results present the temporal progression of the floods up to a maximum of ∼40 Gt with a scale of 3–5 days. However, the GFO‐derived water gain in CC is much lower than expected values from land surface models, indicating a mass deficit during the flood. We find that the potent manipulation of water resources by human activities might impact the predictive capabilities of these models, thereby misrepresenting the hydrological evolution during the flood event. This study refines the viability of applying GFO data to restore transient dynamics characterizing extreme climate events of ∼20 Gt magnitude. We also provide insights on the use of LGD data for high‐temporal‐resolution estimation of water storage changes and underscore the non‐negligible influence of human interventions on short‐term hydrological dynamics.
Accuracy and Resolution of SWOT Altimetry: Foundation Seamounts
Authors: Yu Y. , Sandwell D. T. , Dibarboure G. , Chen C. , Wang J. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractWe assess the accuracy and spatial resolution of the surface water and ocean topography (SWOT) swath altimeter for deriving marine gravity anomalies. The analysis is performed at the Foundation Seamounts in the South Pacific where we developed a highly accurate gravity field by combining the long‐wavelength (>40 km) gravity field derived from previous nadir altimeters with the shorter wavelength gravity field from the seafloor topography as constrained by the ship gravity. In this region, the sea surface slope (SSS) of the ocean variability is 50–100 times smaller than the slope signal of the seamounts so can be ignored in the analysis. Each SWOT cycle can deliver SSS accurately with a standard deviation of 2.6 µrad and a spatial resolution of 14 km at typical sea state (significant wave height 4 m), with accuracy diminishing at high significant wave heights (e.g., exceeds 6 m). Averaging repeated SWOT measurements improves the accuracy and resolution. For example, we expect that averaging just 10 repeats (7 months) results in accuracy/resolution that matches the best marine gravity maps based on 230 months of nadir altimetry. With a mission lasting over a year, SWOT promises a substantial leap in marine gravity accuracy and resolution, uncovering previously uncharted details of the seafloor, including thousands of uncharted seamounts.
Significant Reduction of Potential Exposure to Extreme Marine Heatwaves by Achieving Carbon Neutrality
Authors: Oh Seok‐Geun , Son Seok‐Woo , Jeong Sujong , Cho Yang‐Ki 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMarine heatwave (MHW), a prolonged period of anomalously warm seawater, has a catastrophic repercussion on marine ecosystems. With global warming, MHWs have become increasingly frequent, intense, and prolonged. To avoid irreversible damages from such extreme events, net‐zero carbon emissions by the 2050s, called carbon neutrality, were proposed. Here, we evaluate the impact of carbon neutrality on MHWs in the late 21st century using multi‐model projections from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 1–1.9 and SSP3‐7.0 scenarios. It is found that if the current regional rivalry over carbon emissions continues (i.e., SSP3‐7.0), the MHWs in the late 21st century will become stronger and longer than historical ones, especially in the western boundary current and equatorial current regions. Approximately 68% of the global ocean will be exposed to permanent MHWs, regionally 93% in the Indian Ocean, 76% in the Pacific Ocean, 68% in the Atlantic Ocean, 65% in the Coastal Ocean, and 48% in the Southern Ocean. Such MHWs can be significantly reduced by achieving carbon neutrality (i.e., SSP1‐1.9). In particular, the spatial proportion of the ocean exposed to permanent MHWs can be reduced to as low as 0.02%–0.07%, depending on the regions. This result underscores the critical importance of ongoing efforts to achieve net‐zero carbon emissions to reduce the potential ecological risks induced by extreme MHWs.
Local and General Patterns of Terrestrial Water‐Carbon Coupling
Authors: Short Gianotti Daniel J. , Entekhabi Dara 
Published: June 2024

AbstractTerrestrial carbon uptake and water availability have coupled feedbacks; specifically water uptake for plant growth and soil drying via transpiration. While we might expect this coupling over time at arid sites, climatic water availability also widely covaries geographically with biomass variables that control photosynthetic rates. Using eddy covariance data globally, we find convex, positively‐covarying relations between carbon uptake and a turbulent flux metric controlled by land surface moisture (r = 0.73 monthly across sites) at the site level. We estimate a general, empirical relationship based on site‐wise water‐carbon dynamics. Most sites, and the general relationship, show strong power‐law dependence, implicating the role of sub‐seasonal land‐cover dynamics. We also find that long‐term mean carbon/water states follow a similar convex relationship to the site‐specific temporal dynamics. We discuss opportunities and caveats for space‐for‐time frameworks of carbon/water feedback processes globally.
Classifying 8 Years of MMS Dayside Plasma Regions via Unsupervised Machine Learning
Authors: Toy‐Edens Vicki , Mo Wenli , Raptis Savvas , Turner Drew L. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission has probed Earth's magnetosphere, magnetosheath, and near‐Earth solar wind for over 8 years. We utilize an unsupervised learning algorithm, Gaussian mixture model clustering, along with feature generation and simple post‐cleaning methods to automatically classify 8 years of MMS dayside observations into four plasma regions (magnetosphere, magnetosheath, solar wind, and ion foreshock) at 1‐min resolution. With these plasma regions distinguished, we have also identified boundary surfaces (e.g., magnetopause, bow shock). We validate our results on manually generated and rule based region labels described in the literature. We report overlap rates in our cluster determined magnetopauses and bow shocks against Scientist‐in‐the Loop (SITL) identified transitions and published databases. Our features are general and our model is extensible, potentially making it applicable to observational data from multiple other missions.
Patterns of Causative Faults of Normal Earthquakes in the Fluid‐Rich Outer Rise of Northeastern Japan, Constrained With 3D Teleseismic Waveform Modeling
Authors: Qian Yunyi , Chen Xiaofei , Wu Wenbo , Wei Shengji , Ni Sidao , Xu Min , Qin Yanfang , Nakamura Yasuyuki , Zhou Yong , Sun Daoyuan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAccurate earthquake source parameters are crucial for understanding plate tectonics, yet, it is difficult to determine these parameters precisely for offshore events, especially for outer‐rise earthquakes, as the limited availability of direct P or S wave data sets from land‐based seismic networks and the unsuitability of simplified 1D methods for the complex 3D structures of subducting systems. To overcome these challenges, we employ an efficient hybrid numerical simulation method to model these 3D structural effects on teleseismic P/SH and P‐coda waves and determine the reliable centroid locations and focal mechanisms of outer‐rise normal‐faulting earthquakes in northeastern Japan. Two M6+ events with reliable locations from ocean bottom seismic observations are utilized to calibrate the 3D velocity structure. Our findings indicate that 3D synthetic waveforms are sensitive to both event location, thanks to bathymetry and water reverberation effects, and the shallow portion of the lithospheric structure. With our preferred velocity model, which has Vs ∼16% lower than the global average, event locations are determined with uncertainties of <5 km for horizontal position and <1 km for depth. The refined event locations in a good match between one of the nodal strikes and the high‐resolution bathymetry, enabling the determination of the causative fault plane. Our results reveal that trench‐ward dipping normal faults are more active, with three parallel to the trench as expected, while five are associated with the abyssal hills. The significant velocity reduction in the uppermost lithosphere suggests abundant water migrating through active normal faults, enhancing both mineral alteration and pore density.
Synthesis of Current Seismicity and Tectonics Along the 1857 Mw7.9 Fort Tejon Earthquake Rupture and the Southernmost San Andreas Fault, California, USA
Authors: Hauksson Egill , Jones Lucile M. , Stock Joann M. , Husker Allen L. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractWe evaluate seismicity and tectonics along the San Andreas Fault (SAF) in southern California to elucidate ongoing near‐field crustal deformation processes. The principal slip surfaces (PSSs) or the fault core that accommodate major earthquakes, form the boundary between the tectonic plates. We analyze seismicity catalogs extending back to 1857, 1932, and 1981 with progressively improved magnitude of completeness and spatial resolution. The 1857 to present statewide catalog that is complete at M5.5+ documents minimal aftershock activity for the Mw7.9 1857 and 1906 Mw7.8 San Francisco earthquakes. The higher quality 1932 and 1981 catalogs show that the PSSs (the rupture zone) of the 1857 Mw7.9 Fort Tejon earthquake exhibits remarkable seismic quiescence both in the core and in the adjacent extended‐damage zone. Further south, the fault core is still aseismic but the shape of the SAF is more complex, and the rate of adjacent seismicity is much higher. This fault complexity and the seismicity rate are larger the more the strike of the SAF deviates from the Pacific plate velocity‐vector direction. The focal mechanisms of the SAF adjacent earthquakes are also heterogeneous and rarely have strikes and dips that are consistent with slip on the nearby PSSs. We infer that the southern SAF is locked, and a lack of seismicity at the core of the fault may be a standard feature of faults that almost exclusively accommodate high‐slip rates by producing major earthquakes. Correspondingly future aftershock sequences of major earthquakes on the southern SAF will likely have below average aftershock productivity.
Comparing Discrete and Empirical Troposphere Delay Models: A Global IGS‐Based Evaluation
Authors: Yao Yifan , Yang Fei , Li Jian , Wang Lei , Zheng Junxi , Hao Ruixian , Xu Tairan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractZenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) is an important atmospheric parameter in radio‐space‐geodetic techniques such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which is pivotal for GNSS positioning, navigation and meteorology. The Vienna Mapping Function (VMF) data server is a widely utilized source for implementing ZTD, offering two types of models, that is, the empirical one and the discrete one with Grid‐wise and Site‐wise models. Therefore, to evaluate the accuracy of these models becomes the focus of this article. Specifically, this study investigates their performances in terms of calculation of ZTD, using the hourly values derived from the International GNSS Service data as references. The results show that the root mean square err (RMSE) of the Site‐wise, Grid‐wise and global pressure and temperature 3 model are 11.71/13.03/38.56 mm, respectively, indicating the discrete model performs generally better than the empirical model, and the Site‐wise model is the better of the two discrete models. From the perspective of spatial resolution, the performance of these three models in ZTD calculation shows obvious influences of latitude changes and elevation differences. From the temporal analysis, the accuracy of the discrete model shows differences over different UTC epochs, while the empirical model can only express the seasonal ZTD characteristics with the average RMSE at different epochs being similar, the specifically values are 39.67, 39.26, 39.38 and 39.18 mm at UTC 0:00, 6:00, 12:00 and 18:00, respectively. The histogram and boxplot well indicate the accuracy differences of the three models in different seasons. Additionally, the time series of three models at different latitudes were also explored in this research. These explorations are conducive to the selection of appropriate models for calculating ZTD based on specific requirements.
Causality or confounding? Applying E values to examine associations between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of weight gain
Authors: Robinson Eric , Jones Andrew 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Background
Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption is associated prospectively with weight gain and obesity in observational studies of adults. Unaccounted for confounding is a risk when attempting to make causal inference from observational studies. Limited research has examined how feasible it is that unmeasured confounding may explain associations between UPF consumption and weight gain in observational research.

Methods
We introduce the E value to obesity researchers. The E value is defined as the minimum hypothetical strength of association that one or more unaccounted for confounding variables would need to have with an exposure (UPF consumption) and outcome (weight gain) to explain the association between the exposure and outcome of interest. We meta-analysed prospective studies on the association between UPF consumption and weight gain in adults to provide an effect estimation. Next, we applied the E value approach to this effect estimate and illustrated the potential role that unmeasured or hypothetical residual confounding variables could theoretically have in explaining associations.

Results
Higher consumption of UPFs was associated with increased weight gain in meta-analysis (RR = 1.14). The corresponding E value = 1.55, indicating that unaccounted for confounding variables with small-to-moderate sized associations with UPF consumption and weight gain (e.g., depressive symptoms, trait overeating tendencies, access to healthy and nutritious food) could individually or collectively hypothetically account for observed associations between UPF consumption and weight gain.

Conclusions
Unaccounted for confounding could plausibly explain the prospective association between UPF consumption and weight gain in adults. High quality observational research controlling for potential confounders and evidence from study types devoid of confounding are now needed.
Air quality and attributable mortality among city dwellers in Kampala, Uganda: results from 4 years of continuous PM2.5 concentration monitoring using BAM 1022 reference instrument
Authors: Atuyambe Lynn M. , Etajak Samuel , Walyawula Felix , Kasasa Simon , Nyabigambo Agnes , Bazeyo William , Wipfli Heather , Samet Jonathan M. , Berhane Kiros T. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Background
Air pollution is a known risk factor for non-communicable diseases that causes substantial premature death globally. Rapid urban growth, burning of biomass and solid waste, unpaved sections of the road network, rising numbers of vehicles, some with highly polluting engines, contribute to the poor air quality in Kampala.

Objective
To provide evidence-based estimates of air pollution attributable mortality in Kampala city, with focus on ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5).

Methods
We utilized a time series design and prospectively collected data on daily ambient PM2.5 concentration levels in micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3) using a Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM-1022) in Kampala city, Uganda. We combined the PM2.5 data with all-cause mortality data obtained from the Uganda Bureau of Statistics and the Ministry of Health in Kampala. We calculated attributable risk estimates for mortality using the WHO AirQ+ tools.

Results
Overall, the annual average concentration for PM2.5 for the period of 4 years, 2018–2021, was 39 μg/m3. There was seasonal variation, with the rainy season months (March–June and October–December) having lower values. PM2.5 concentrations tend to be highest in the morning (09.00 h) and in the evening (21.00 h.) likely due to increased vehicular emissions as well as the influence of weather patterns (atmospheric temperature, relative humidity and wind). Saturday has the most pollution (daily average over 4 years of 41.2 μg/m3). Regarding attributable risk, we found that of all the deaths in Kampala, 2777 (19.3%), 2136 (17.9%), 1281 (17.9%) and 1063 (19.8%) were attributable to long-term exposure to air pollution (i.e., exposure to PM2.5 concentrations above the WHO annual guideline of 5 μg/m3) from 2018 to 2021, respectively. For the 4 years and considering the WHO annual guideline as the reference, there were 7257 air pollution-related deaths in Kampala city.

Impact
Our study is the first to estimate air pollution attributable deaths in Kampala city considering the target as the WHO annual guideline value for PM2.5 of 5 μg/m3. Our monitoring data show that fine particulate matter air pollution in Kampala is above the WHO Air Quality Guideline value, likely resulting in substantial adverse health effects and premature death. While further monitoring is necessary, there is a clear need for control measures to improve air quality in Kampala city.
Deciphering macronutrient information about human milk
Authors: Belfort Mandy B. , Stellwagen Lisa , North Krysten , Unger Sharon , O’Connor Deborah L. , Perrin Maryanne T. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractClinicians caring for small, vulnerable newborns increasingly have access to specific nutritional information about human milk through point-of-care analyzers and labeled products. It is critical for clinicians to recognize that there is considerable variability in how human milk nutritional data are derived and reported, which impacts the interpretation of nutritional values, comparison of nutritional data between products, and ultimately the ability to deliver optimal nutritional care. This article distills key issues that will enable clinicians to interpret human milk nutritional labels/analysis more effectively, ultimately allowing them to make better decisions about dietary strategies. We aim to empower clinicians to ask questions about milk sampling techniques, reported nutrient values, analysis techniques, and milk bank pooling practices. This knowledge can put human milk nutrient values in context, improve clinical care, and help to drive more rigorous research for exploring the impact of human milk feeding on infant outcomes.
METTL3-mediated N6-methyladenosine modification of STAT5A promotes gastric cancer progression by regulating KLF4
Authors: Zang Yichen , Tian Zhuangfei , Wang Dandan , Li Yaxuan , Zhang Wenhui , Ma Cunying , Liao Zhenzhi , Gao Wenrong , Qian Lilin , Xu Xia , Jia Jihui , Liu Zhifang 
Published: June 2024

AbstractN6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the predominant post-transcriptional RNA modification in eukaryotes and plays a pivotal regulatory role in various aspects of RNA fate determination, such as mRNA stability, alternative splicing, and translation. Dysregulation of the critical m6A methyltransferase METTL3 is implicated in tumorigenesis and development. Here, this work showed that METTL3 is upregulated in gastric cancer tissues and is associated with poor prognosis. METTL3 methylates the A2318 site within the coding sequence (CDS) region of STAT5A. IGF2BP2 recognizes and binds METTL3-mediated m6A modification of STAT5A through its GXXG motif in the KH3 and KH4 domains, leading to increased stability of STAT5A mRNA. In addition, both METTL3 and IGF2BP2 are positively correlated with STAT5A in human gastric cancer tissue samples. Helicobacter pylori infection increased the expression level of METTL3 in gastric cancer cells, thereby leading to the upregulation of STAT5A. Functional studies indicated that STAT5A overexpression markedly enhances the proliferation and migration of GC cells, whereas STAT5A knockdown has inhibitory effects. Further nude mouse experiments showed that STAT5A knockdown effectively inhibits the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer in vivo. Moreover, as a transcription factor, STAT5A represses KLF4 transcription by binding to its promoter region. The overexpression of KLF4 can counteract the oncogenic impact of STAT5A. Overall, this study highlights the crucial role of m6A in gastric cancer and provides potential therapeutic targets for gastric cancer.