bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality and Contemporary Literature
Authors: Wilder Amos N. 
Published: August 2011

If we speak here of contemporary literature, let us nevertheless recall that in all ages men have recorded certain common responses to death and mortality that vary little. The universal themes of dread and stupor, of grief and compunction, of transience and corruptibility — such poignancies of our finite condition underlie whatever special cultural or even religious influences come into play, or whatever particular hopes are projected. It is for this reason that elegies for fallen heroes and laments for toppled cities and broken hopes, in Job or Homer, are still moving, or the heartbreak in a papyrus letter, or the plangent grief of Catullus as he comes across many seas to his brother's grave,ut te postremo donarem munere mortiset mutam nequiquam adloquerer cinerem.Indeed, we must say that it is only in total openness to such common experience of grief and trepidation that other more positive overtones of death can make themselves felt and justify themselves.
Neotera
Authors: Bonner Campbell , Nock Arthur Darby 
Published: August 2011

A small gem in the possession of Mr. Henri Seyrig, Director of the French Archaeological Institute in Beyrouth, may be briefly described as follows:Obverse. Inscription in five lines, μέγα τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ κυρίου Σάραπις. Crescent moon under the last line.Reverse. Inscription in six and a half lines,μεγάλη τύχη τῆς ἀνικήτον νεωτέρας. Star after the last letter.Brown and dark green jasper. Upright oval, 18 × 13 mm.The obverse inscription, without κυρίου, encircles a bust a Sarapis engraved on a jasper in the British Museum; see British Museum Quarterly, 11, 33-34. Several more examples, all omitting κυρίου, are cited by Peterson (Heis Theos, 208 f.). Almost all of them treat the name Σάραπις as indeclinable. Evidently the sentence is a common acclamation, which requires no further comment.The inscription on the reverse, which has not been found elsewhere in just this form, needs closer examination.
Monastics and Seculars under Yaroslav the Wise
Authors: Casey R. P. 
Published: August 2011

In Cross's excellent translation of the Russian Primary Chronicle a misunderstanding in the famous passage describing Yaroslav's encouragement of religion and learning has obscured an historical point. Cross translates,“Thus Yaroslav, as we have said, was a lover of books and as he wrote many, he deposited them in the Church of St. Sophia which he himself founded. He adorned it with gold and silver and churchly vessels and in it the usual hymns are raised to God at the customary seasons. He founded other churches in the cities and districts, appointing priests and paying them out of his personal fortune. He bade them teach the people, since that is the duty which God has prescribed them and to go often into the churches. Priests and Christian laymen thus increased in number.”
The Row Heresy
Authors: MacGregor Geddes 
Published: August 2011

On May 25th, 1831, an aged Presbyterian clergyman rose to his feet in the supreme ecclesiastical court of Scotland, the General Assembly, to utter a final plea for his eldest son, who stood accused of a charge of the utmost gravity before the venerable tribunal which was about to determine his fate. An interrupter protested that intervention at that stage was out of order; nevertheless the court allowed him to continue, and at length he ended with these words:“I bow to any decision to which you may think it right to come. Moderator, I am not afraid for my son; though his brethren cast him out the Master whom he serves will not forsake him; and while I live I will never be ashamed to be the father of so holy and blameless a son.”
An Early Papyrus of the First Gospel
Authors: Roberts Colin 
Published: August 2011

I am indebted to Mr. Neil Ker for first drawing my attention to the presence of these small papyrus fragments in the Library of Magdalen College, Oxford, to the Librarian, Dr. C. T. Onions, for enabling me to study them, and to the President and Fellows of the College for permitting their publication.The fragments were purchased by the Reverend Charles B. Huleatt in Luxor in 1901 and presented by him to his old College through the then Librarian, the Reverend H. A. Wilson. It is probable that there were further fragments of the same leaf since a letter by Mr. Huleatt to the Librarian refers to purchases of fragments from the same manuscript in successive years, but nothing beyond what is published below is now extant in the Library. The fragments were correctly identified by their purchaser, and assigned by him to the third century A.D.; a note in the Librarian's report for 1901 reads: “Mr. Huleatt supposes them to be of the third century; but Dr. Hunt who recently examined the fragments thinks they may be assigned with more probability to the fourth century.”
The So-Called Epiclesis in Hippolytus
Authors: Richardson Cyril C. 
Published: August 2011

I should like to suggest that the rather innocent petition, “ut mittas spiritum tuum sanctum in oblationem,” in the Anaphora of Hippolytus, is not a later interpolation.In his valuable edition of the Apostolic Tradition, Dom Gregory Dix has argued that the difficulties of the Latin text are satisfactorily solved by deleting this petition. Much of his case rests on the fact that the Testamentum Domini omits the crucial clause; and it is in the light of this document that he attempts to reconstruct what Hippolytus wrote.
Athenagoras or Pseudo-Athenagoras
Authors: Grant Robert M. 
Published: August 2011

In 1936 Henry Lucks could write of Athenagoras' treatise On the Resurrection of the Dead that “it is rather singular that there is no questioning of the authorship of this work, and no hesitancy evident in attributing it to Athenagoras.” On the other hand, in 1950 P. Keseling made the following statement after speaking of Athenagoras' Legatio:Demselben Verfasser weist eine von der Hand des Erzbischof Arethas selbst herrühende (so Stählin bei Harnack, Lit. 2 1, 317, 4) Eintragung in dem massgebenden Codex Paris, graecus 451 v J. 914 einen Λόγος περὶ ἀναστάεως τῶν νεκρῶν (Oratio de resurrectione mortuorum), also eine Schrift über die Auferstehung der Toten zu, die jedoch, sonst nirgends bezeugt und aus inneren Gründen nicht unverdächtig, hier ausser Betracht geblieben ist.The purpose of this paper is to develop the reasons for believing that Athenagoras could not have written the treatise De resurrectione.
The Golden Priesthood and the Leaden State. A Note on the Influence of a Work Sometimes Ascribed to St. Ambrose: The Sermo de Dignitate Sacerdotali
Authors: Williams George Huntston 
Published: August 2011

The cosmic imagery whereby Innocent III likened the Papacy to the sun and the Empire to the moon has been traced before. The purpose of the present inquiry is to examine Gregory VII's scarcely less striking comparison of the sacerdotium to gold and the regnum to lead in three letters, two to Bishop Hermann of Metz and one to William the Conqueror. The comparison is made in its simplest form in the first letter to Hermann in 1076, wherein Pope Gregory in reference to Henry IV and his counsellors writes as follows:Perchance they imagine that the royal dignity is higher than that of bishops; but how great the difference between them is, they may learn from the difference in their origins. The former came from human lust of power; the latter was instituted by divine grace. The former constantly strives after vain glory; the latter aspires ever toward the heavenly life. Let them learn … how St. Ambrose in his pastoral letter distinguished between them. He said: “If you compare the episcopal dignity with the splendor of kings and the crowns of princes, these are far more inferior to it than the metal lead is to splendorous gold.”
Do the variable surface glycoproteins of parasites have a function?
Authors: Skehel J. J. 
Published: August 2011

In common with a number of parasite surface antigens about which we have heard, the influenza haemagglutinin is a membrane glycoprotein which varies in antigenicity.A question which often arises concerns the contribution of the carbohydrate side-chains to antigenicity, and we have recently observed that a number of monoclonal antibodies are able to discriminate between glycosylated and nonglycosylated haemagglutinin molecules. Specifically these antibodies select antigenic variants with haemagglutinins which contain asparagine substitutions in the sequence asparagine–cysteine–threonine and the asparagine is glycosylated. By infecting cells incubated in medium containing tunicamycin non-glycosylated variant haemagglutinin can be obtained, and it is possible to show that such molecules are precipitated by the antibodies used to select the variant. These results directly indicate that carbohydrate side-chains can modulate the antigenic properties of glycoproteins and may be involved in antigenic variation.
Ontogenetic changes in helminth membrane function
Authors: Arme C. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYDuring their life-cycle many parasites experience a wide range of environments including free living and those provided by a variety of intermediate and final hosts. The nutritional requirements of parasites are met by physiological processes adapted to exploit the physico-chemical characteristics provided by different hosts. In helminth parasites these adaptations are frequently expressed on the tegumentary surface. As an example of adaptations within the Trematoda, the control of monosaccharide transport inProterometrasp. is described. Environmental sodium, although not directly involved in the uptake process, nevertheless regulates the expression of transport capabilities. In the Cestoda, the uptake of monosaccharides and amino acids is described forHymenolepis diminuta. The metacestode of this tapeworm inhabits the blood system of an arthropod, and the adult the gut of a mammal. There are quantitative and qualitative differences in the amino acids and monosaccharides in these two environments and these are reflected in the transport mechanisms exhibited by the two forms of the life-cycle. InEchinococcus granulosusthe transfer of amino acids, sugars and macromolecules across the membranes of hydatid cysts and protoscoleces is described. The major difference between these two stages in the life-cycle relates to the ability of hydatid cysts to absorb macromolecules, whereas protoscoleces are impermeable to these compounds. The potential for future work is emphasized.
The relative roles of the intestines and external surfaces in the nutrition of monogeneans, digeneans and nematodes
Authors: Pappas P. W. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYSeveral major groups of parasitic helminths (Monogenea, Digenea and Nematoda) possess two surfaces that are potentially absorptive in nature. These are an external surface, a tegument in the platyhelminths and cuticle in the nematodes, and the intestine. This paper discusses the relative contributions of these absorptive surfaces in the nutrition of these parasitic helminths. There are many factors that determine the availability of, and a parasite's ability to absorb nutrients via either of these surfaces, and this review discusses individually some of the more important morphological, physiological and environmental factors affecting the potential nutritional roles of these surfaces. It is clear from such a summary of previous studies that the intestines and teguments (cuticles) of helminth parasites can each serve an important nutritional role. However, insufficient data make it impossible at this time to determine the relative nutritional roles of these surfaces in any single parasitic helminth.
Urbanization and human health
Authors: Phillips D.R. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYUrbanization involves a physical change in which increasing proportions of populations live in urban settings, however defined. It also implies considerable changes in the ways in which these people live, how they earn their livelihoods, the food which they eat, and the wide range of environmental factors to which they are exposed. There is another underlying assumption that, increasingly, urban populations will be more healthy than their rural counterparts and that higher levels of urbanization will equate with better health status. This paper discusses some of the assumptions underlying this contention. It takes issue with certain of them, particularly the assumption that urbanization affects the health of all residents equally. It is manifestly evident that in many cities, particularly in the developing world, the poor are exposed to greater risks and have much lower health status than their richer neighbours. In addition, whilst urban residents may theoretically have a better access to health care and services than do residents in many rural areas, and whilst many indicators of health do appear better in more highly urbanized societies than ones less so, there are caveats. The paper introduces the concept of epidemiological transition, which suggests that, whilst life expectancy might be higher in many urbanized countries and in certain cities, the inhabitants are often merely suffering from different forms of ill-health, often chronic or degenerative, rather than infective. In certain cities in middle-income countries, residents, particularly the poor, are exposed to a double risk of both infection and chronic degenerative ailments. The paper concludes with a consideration of more general recent statements from the World Health Organization among others, on the impact of urbanization on health. The ‘Healthy Cities’ project is also discussed. WHO identifies a range of general determinants of urban health: physical, social, cultural and environmental. Many represent the by-products of modernization and especially industrialization. It is emphasized that urbanization, and the concentration of human beings into new areas in particular, can bring exposure to new risk factors for large numbers of people. The growth of infectious and parasitic disease in some urban settings must therefore be recognized, as must the emergence of chronic diseases, with the concomitant need for investment in new types of health and social care. However, a number of constraints militate against the achievement of improved urban health, especially in developing countries. The paper concludes by considering some important constraints: the very scale of urban health problems; the impacts of structural adjustment programmes which cut public expenditure on environmental health, health services and nutrition, thereby increasing the vulnerability of the poor; urban management problems; lack of political will; and the difficulties of measuring change in health and effects of policies.
Intestinal parasitic infections in an industrialized country; a new focus on children with better DNA-based diagnostics
Authors: VERWEIJ JACO J. , VAN LIESHOUT LISETTE 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYIn recent years, the isolation of parasitic DNA from faecal samples and PCR techniques, have been improved and simplified. Moreover, the introduction of real-time PCR has made it possible to multiplex different targets into one reaction. These new technical possibilities make it feasible to introduce PCR with its unsurpassed sensitivity and specificity in a routine laboratory setting for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites. Detection rates of the parasitic infections included in the PCR are increased significantly compared with microscopy. Molecular diagnostics, especially in children, reveal a possible cause of the gastrointestinal complaints in many more cases compared with conventional methods. Usually in GP patients no other pathogenic parasites are detected using microscopy and in the returning travellers additional parasites are found with microscopy in a minority of cases only. Multiplex real-time PCR offers a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic alternative for labour intensive microscopy in clinical laboratory practice. Additional diagnostic methods for the detection of parasitic infections that are not included as PCR target can be limited to a selected group of patients.
The public health nutrition intervention management bi-cycle: a model for training and practice improvement
Authors: Hughes Roger , Margetts Barrie 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe present paper describes a model for public health nutrition practice designed to facilitate practice improvement and provide a step-wise approach to assist with workforce development.DesignThe bi-cycle model for public health nutrition practice has been developed based on existing cyclical models for intervention management but modified to integrate discrete capacity-building practices.SettingEducation and practice settings.SubjectsThis model will have applications for educators and practitioners.ResultsModifications to existing models have been informed by the authors’ observations and experiences as practitioners and educators, and reflect a conceptual framework with applications in workforce development and practice improvement. From a workforce development and educational perspective, the model is designed to reflect adult learning principles, exposing students to experiential, problem-solving and practical learning experiences that reflect the realities of work as a public health nutritionist. In doing so, it assists the development of competency beyond knowing to knowing how, showing how and doing. This progression of learning from knowledge to performance is critical to effective competency development for effective practice.ConclusionsPublic health nutrition practice is dynamic and varied, and models need to be adaptable and applicable to practice context to have utility. The paper serves to stimulate debate in the public health nutrition community, to encourage critical feedback about the validity, applicability and utility of this model in different practice contexts.
Effekte kompetenzieller Rückmeldung beim wissenschaftlichen Denken
Authors: Wollenschläger Mareike , Möller Jens , Harms Ute 
Published: August 2011

Zusammenfassung. Kompetenzielle Rückmeldung wurde in dieser Studie als Leistungsbewertung in Relation zu definierten Kompetenzstufen eines domänenspezifischen Kompetenzmodells verstanden. In einem Pre-Posttest-Design (N = 38) wurde eine Experimentalbedingung mit kompetenzieller Rückmeldung mit einer Kontrollgruppe ohne Rückmeldung verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Lernende, die während der Bearbeitung von Aufgaben zum wissenschaftlichen Denken eine kompetenzielle Rückmeldung erhielten, besser abschnitten als Lernende, die keine Rückmeldung erhielten. Zudem zeigten sich tendenziell positive Effekte der kompetenziellen Rückmeldung auf motivationale Variablen, wie beispielsweise Interesse und Kompetenzerleben der Lernenden.
A high temperature high pressure cell for quasielastic neutron scattering
Authors: Yang F. , Kaplonski J. , Unruh T. , Mamontov E. , Meyer A. 
Published: August 2011

We present our recent development of a high temperature high pressure cell for neutron scattering. Combining a water cooled Nb1Zr pressure cell body with an internal heating furnace, the sample environment can reach temperatures of up to 1500 K at a pressure of up to 200 MPa at the sample position, with an available sample volume of about 700 mm3. The cell material Nb1Zr is specifically chosen due to its reasonable mechanical strength at elevated temperatures and fairly small neutron absorption and incoherent scattering cross sections. With this design, an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio of about 10:1 can be achieved. This opens new possibilities for quasielastic neutron scattering studies on different types of neutron spectrometers under high temperature high pressure conditions, which is particularly interesting for geological research on, e.g., water dynamics in silicate melts.
Three-dimensional structure and function of the
Paramecium bursaria
chlorella virus capsid
Authors: Zhang Xinzheng , Xiang Ye , Dunigan David D. , Klose Thomas , Chipman Paul R. , Van Etten James L. , Rossmann Michael G. 
Published: August 2011

A cryoelectron microscopy 8.5 Å resolution map of the 1,900 Å diameter, icosahedral, internally enveloped
Paramecium bursaria
chlorella virus was used to interpret structures of the virus at initial stages of cell infection. A fivefold averaged map demonstrated that two minor capsid proteins involved in stabilizing the capsid are missing in the vicinity of the unique vertex. Reconstruction of the virus in the presence of host chlorella cell walls established that the spike at the unique vertex initiates binding to the cell wall, which results in the enveloped nucleocapsid moving closer to the cell. This process is concurrent with the release of the internal viral membrane that was linked to the capsid by many copies of a viral membrane protein in the mature infectous virus. Simultaneously, part of the trisymmetrons around the unique vertex disassemble, probably in part because two minor capsid proteins are absent, causing
Paramecium bursaria
chlorella virus and the cellular contents to merge, possibly as a result of enzyme(s) within the spike assembly. This may be one of only a few recordings of successive stages of a virus while infecting a eukaryotic host in pseudoatomic detail in three dimensions.
PTPan—overcoming memory limitations in oligonucleotide string matching for primer/probe design
Authors: Eißler Tilo , Hodges Christopher P. , Meier Harald 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Motivation: Nucleic acid diagnostics has high demands for non-heuristic exact and approximate oligonucleotide string matching concerning in silico primer/probe design in huge nucleic acid sequence collections. Unfortunately, public sequence repositories grow much faster than computer hardware performance and main memory capacity do. This growth imposes severe problems on existing oligonucleotide primer/probe design applications necessitating new approaches based on space-efficient indexing structures.
Results: We developed PTPan (spoken Peter Pan, ‘PT’ is for Position Tree, the earlier name of suffix trees), a space-efficient indexing structure for approximate oligonucleotide string matching in nucleic acid sequence data. Based on suffix trees, it combines partitioning, truncation and a new suffix tree stream compression to deal with large amounts of aligned and unaligned data. PTPan operates efficiently in main memory and on secondary storage, balancing between memory consumption and runtime during construction and application. Based on PTPan, applications supporting similarity search and primer/probe design have been implemented, namely FindFamily, ProbeMatch and ProbeDesign. All three use a weighted Levenshtein distance metric for approximative queries to find and rate matches with indels as well as substitutions.
We integrated PTPan in the worldwide used software package ARB to demonstrate usability and performance. Comparing PTPan and the original ARB index for the very large ssu-rRNA database SILVA, we recognized a shorter construction time, extended functionality and dramatically reduced memory requirements at the price of expanded, but very reasonable query times.
PTPan enables indexing of huge nucleic acid sequence collections at reasonable application response times. Not being limited by main memory, PTPan constitutes a major advancement regarding rapid oligonucleotide string matching in primer/probe design now and in the future facing the enormous growth of molecular sequence data.
Availability: Supplementary Material, PTPan stand-alone library and ARB-PTPan binary on http://ptpan.lrr.in.tum.de/.
Contact: meierh@in.tum.de
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.