bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hardening of Crude Rubber
Authors: Jarrijon André 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Everyone who has handled crude rubber or has seen this material in process is familiar with the fact that bales of rubber, whether crepe or smoked sheet, become hard when they remain exposed to temperatures below about 10° C. The rubber is said to be frozen. When in this state bales of rubber are very difficult to cut, and it is usually necessary to store them in a hot room for a long time in order to thaw them. Even when presses sufficiently powerful to cut such hard bales are available, it is still necessary to heat the cut pieces before they can be put on a mill. This extra handling and expense are only an inconvenience in rubber manufacture. This freezing phenomenon would seem to be relatively simple, and as is shown clearly by x-ray diagrams, would seem to be the result of “crystallization” of the rubber. Actually, however, the phenomenon is unquestionably more complex, since these changes do not take place at any fixed temperature. Moreover, certain observations which the present author has made show that the phenomenon is influenced to a considerable degree by the operating conditions.
X-Ray Investigation of the Calender Effect in Rubber Sheets
Authors: Goppel J. M. , Van Rossem A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Rubber sheets were calendered with a slight and with a strong calender effect. The x-ray diagrams did not show any crystalline structure 2 days after calendering. Gradually x-ray reflections developed, the sheet with calender effect showing the reflections much quicker and stronger than the one with a slight calender effect.
Behavior of Natural Rubber and GR-S under Repeated Stress Cycles
Authors: Parkinson D. , Bloxham J. L. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Vulcanized Hevea rubber resists fatigue better than the butadiene-styrene copolymer GR-S, but not to the extent that might be expected from its superior tensile and tear strengths and its higher resilience. The incorporation of all types of colloidal carbon normally used for reinforcing both natural rubber and GR-S increases the resistance to fatigue of the vulcanizate to a greater or less degree, despite the fact that such compounds develop higher temperatures under constant energy input conditions than do the unloaded (gum) stocks. The high modulus and semireinforcing blacks impart better resistance to fatigue than do the channel blacks, which run at higher temperatures. The evidence as a whole points to the conclusion that fatigue resistance is influenced positively by the reinforcing action of the carbon and negatively by its adverse effect on resilience. Thus the high hysteresis losses in the channel black compounds more than offset the reinforcing effect, and better results are obtained by the use of carbons with larger particles. Further work is needed to determine the type of carbon which gives the best compromise between these opposing tendencies. The indications are that carbon black particles with diameters in the range 45 to 80 mµ are likely to give the greatest resistance to fatigue under constant work conditions. The effect on fatigue of carbon structure superimposed on that of particle size influences the results to a degree not yet determined.
Capacity of Rubber Mixtures to Be Moulded
Authors: Hublin Roger A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The simplicity of the method, its adaptability to the most varied needs, and the ease of construction of the apparatus, are good reasons why it is certain to lead to interesting developments. By utilizing it properly, it is possible to simplify greatly the various problems involved in the development of new rubber mixtures and to avoid the necessity of factory experiments, which are always burdensome.
The Concentration of Latex by Means of Electric Currents of High Frequency
Authors: Leduc Henri , Dufour René 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The rubber industry has at its disposal various types of latex which may conveniently be divided into two general groups: (1) latices with a normal content of dry solids, including ordinary latex stabilized with ammonia; and (2) concentrated latices. The first group comprises latices which contain 38 to 40 per cent of dry solids; the second group comprises latices which frequently contain 60 to 70 per cent, and sometimes even more, of dry solids. Concentrated latices can in turn be divided into three important categories, according to their method of preparation: (1) latex concentrated by centrifugation; (2) latex concentrated by creaming, and (3) latex concentrated by evaporation. Revertex belongs to this last category. Concentration was first carried out in a bowl rotating around an inclined axis and heated externally by a current of hot water circulating in a double jacket. Subsequently the latex was concentrated by spraying it while hot into an evaporating chamber. In this operation, a certain amount of water is eliminated, and the more concentrated mass which collects at the bottom of the evaporating chamber is again heated and returned to the chamber. The cycle is continued until the desired concentration is reached. The preheater is constructed of a set of tubes immersed in a current of hot oil.
The Coagulation of Latex
Authors: Seifriz William 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The mechanism of the coagulation of latex is a very brief chapter in most treatises on rubber. The theories are numerous and conflicting. The most widely accepted interpretation is one in which the destruction of the stabilization membrane is postulated. Recently, in Haiti, I made an electrophoretic study of latex involving the determination of mobility rates and isoelectric points. The timing of the migration of individual latex particles obviously necessitated the use of a microscope. This permitted constant observation of the globules, so that not only were their rate and direction of movement observed, but their aggregation as well. When latex is put into a buffer mixture of a pH value at or near the isoelectric point of the latex, agglutination of the particles takes place. While observing this incipient coagulation of the latex, I was led to the conclusion that, though pH values of isoelectric points indicate a protein covering on latex particles, electrophoretic behavior points to a surface which is, in part, non-protein. The very feeble charge on Cryptostegia latex globules in comparison with the greater charge on Castilloa and the still greater charge on Hevea suggests that there is least protein on the Cryptostegia particles, and most on the Hevea particles. This deduction receives even better support from the complete dissimilarity in the mobility curves of Cryptostegia latex particles and the isolated serum proteins. That there is a nonprotein component of the particle surface is hardly to be doubted. I thought it very probable that this nonionizable component is hydrocarbon, the same which constitutes the core of the latex globule.
Isolation and Applications of Prostate Side Population Cells Based on Dye Cycle Violet Efflux
Authors: Gangavarapu Kalyan J. , Huss Wendy J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis unit describes methods for digestion of human prostate clinical specimens and dye cycle violet (DCV) staining for identification, isolation, and quantitation of radiolabeled dihydrotestosterone (DHT) retention of side population cells. The principle of the side population assay is based on differential efflux of DCV, a cell‐membrane‐permeable fluorescent dye, by cells with high ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter activity. Cells with high ABC transporter activity that efflux DCV and fall in the lower left quadrant of a flow cytograph are designated as “side population” cells. This unit emphasizes tissue digestion, DCV staining, flow settings for sorting side population cells, and quantitation of radiolabeled DHT retention.Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 47:22.2.1‐22.2.14. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Numerical simulation of reactive pulsing flow for the catalytic wet oxidation in TBR using a VOF technique
Authors: Lopes Rodrigo J. G. , de Sousa Vera S. L. , Quinta‐Ferreira Rosa M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractGuided by the intrinsic advantages of the dynamic nature of mass/heat transfer fluctuations in pulsing flow, here we performed volume‐of‐fluid (VOF) numerical simulations to evaluate how liquid flow modulations can improve the detoxification of liquid effluents by catalytic wet oxidation. First, prominent numerical parameters were optimized in terms of mesh aperture and time step. Second, the effect of oxidation temperature and the influence of gas and liquid flow rates have been investigated comparatively under different flow regimes. The VOF computations have correctly handled the experimental observations both in terms of the axial conversion and temperature. The increase of oxidation temperature was found to move the trickling and pulsing intersection point on the conversion toward the top of the trickle bed. Finally, in comparison with trickling flow regimes, these computed and experimental findings revealed a considerable improvement on the detoxification of organic matter highlighting the benefits of process intensification covered by the periodic liquid flow modulations. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Calculations of complex phase equilibrium by equal‐area method
Authors: Tang Yiping , Stephenson Grant , Zhao Ensheng , Agrawal Mayur , Saha Sanjoy 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe equal‐area (EA) method is studied with respect to its applicability to a wide range of phase equilibrium scenarios for pure fluids and binary mixtures. The study covers vapor‐liquid equilibrium (VLE), liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE), solid‐liquid equilibrium (SLE) and their crossover transitions. The thermodynamic models studied include equation of state, activity coefficient and solid solubility models and their combinations. The performance of the EA method for chain molecules, at very low temperature and nearby the critical point is also investigated. We conclude that the EA method is very reliable and efficient and has a number of advantages over the conventional method. Finally, we apply the EA method to the regression of the model parameters to demonstrate its attractive application. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Newborn screening for lysosomal storage disorders
Authors: Nakamura Kimitoshi , Hattori Kiyoko , Endo Fumio 
Published: February 2011

AbstractLysosomes are intracellular organelles containing acid hydrolases that degrade biological macromolecules. Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are caused by absent activity of one or more of these enzymes due to mutations of genes encoding lysosomal hydrolases or enzymes that process, target, and transport these enzymes. The specific signs and symptoms of each LSD derive from the type of material accumulated within the lysosome, the site (organ) of accumulation and the response of the body (sometimes in the form of an inflammatory or immune response) to the accumulated material. Interest for inclusion of these disorders in newborn screening programs derives from the availability of effective therapy in the form of enzyme replacement or substrate reduction therapy and bone marrow transplant that may improve long‐term outcome especially if started prior to irreversible organ damage. Based on the availability of therapy and suitable screening methods, Gaucher disease, Fabry disease, Pompe disease, mucopolysaccharidosis I and II, Niemann–Pick disease, and Krabbe disease are candidates for newborn screening. Pilot newborn screening projects have been performed for some of these conditions that indicate the feasibility of this approach. This review will provide insight into these screening strategies and discuss their advantages and limitations. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Odontometric sex discrimination in the herculaneum sample (79 AD, Naples, Italy), with application to juveniles
Authors: Viciano Joan , Alemán Inmaculada , D'Anastasio Ruggero , Capasso Luigi , Botella Miguel C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSex determination of subadult skeletal remains with satisfactory accuracy represents one of the most important limitations of archaeological research and forensic practice. Teeth are one of the most durable physical elements of an individual that remain after death, and constitute a potential source of information about the biological sex of that individual. This study was based on the skeletal remains of 117 individuals from the ancient city of Herculaneum (Naples, Italy), victims of the eruption of the nearby volcano Vesuvius on 24/25 August, 79 AD. It has been possible to develop discriminant function formulae based on dental dimensions of adult individuals whose sex had previously been determined based on descriptive osteologic criteria. These formulae were subsequently applied to the permanent dentitions of immature individuals of the same population in order to estimate their sex. The results show that the canine is the tooth with the greatest sex dimorphism in adults, providing percentages of correct assignment of sex between 76.5% and 100% depending on the dimension used. Of the 30 subadult individuals in the target sample, estimation of sex was possible for 22 individuals. Sex assignments matched those determined from descriptive characteristics of the ilia and mandible in 73.33% of the cases. The results provide some optimism that this method may be applicable to juvenile archaeological samples. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: A genetic survey of their paternal heritage
Authors: Ottoni Claudio , Larmuseau Maarten H.D. , Vanderheyden Nancy , Martínez‐Labarga Cristina , Primativo Giuseppina , Biondi Gianfranco , Decorte Ronny , Rickards Olga 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRecent genetic studies of the Tuareg have begun to uncover the origin of this semi‐nomadic northwest African people and their relationship with African populations. For centuries they were caravan traders plying the trade routes between the Mediterranean coast and south‐Saharan Africa. Their origin most likely coincides with the fall of the Garamantes who inhabited the Fezzan (Libya) between the 1st millennium BC and the 5th century AD. In this study we report novel data on the Y‐chromosome variation in the Libyan Tuareg from Al Awaynat and Tahala, two villages in Fezzan, whose maternal genetic pool was previously characterized. High‐resolution investigation of 37 Y‐chromosome STR loci and analysis of 35 bi‐allelic markers in 47 individuals revealed a predominant northwest African component (E‐M81, haplogroup E1b1b1b) which likely originated in the second half of the Holocene in the same ancestral population that contributed to the maternal pool of the Libyan Tuareg. A significant paternal contribution from south‐Saharan Africa (E‐U175, haplogroup E1b1a8) was also detected, which may likely be due to recent secondary introduction, possibly through slavery practices or fusion between different tribal groups. The difference in haplogroup composition between the villages of Al Awaynat and Tahala suggests that founder effects and drift played a significant role in shaping the genetic pool of the Libyan Tuareg. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrapopulation variation in stature and body proportions: Social status and sex differences in an Italian medieval population (Trino Vercellese, VC)
Authors: Vercellotti Giuseppe , Stout Sam D. , Boano Rosa , Sciulli Paul W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe phenotypic expression of adult body size and shape results from synergistic interactions between hereditary factors and environmental conditions experienced during growth. Variation in body size and shape occurs even in genetically relatively homogeneous groups, due to different occurrence, duration, and timing of growth insults. Understanding the causes and patterns of intrapopulation variation can foster meaningful information on early life conditions in living and past populations. This study assesses the pattern of biological variation in body size and shape attributable to sex and social status in a medieval Italian population. The sample includes 52 (20 female, 32 male) adult individuals from the medieval population of Trino Vercellese, Italy. Differences in element size and overall body size (skeletal height and body mass) were assessed through Monte Carlo methods, while univariate non‐parametric tests and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were employed to examine segmental and overall body proportions. Discriminant Analysis was employed to determine the predictive value of individual skeletal elements for social status in the population. Our results highlight a distinct pattern in body size and shape variation in relation to status and sex. Male subsamples exhibit significant postcranial variation in body size, while female subsamples express smaller, nonsignificant differences. The analysis of segmental proportions highlighted differences in trunk/lower limb proportions between different status samples, and PCA indicated that in terms of purely morphological variation high status males were distinct from all other groups. The pattern observed likely resulted from a combination of biological factors and cultural practices. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Data‐driven fault detection and isolation for multimode processes
Authors: Liu Jialin 
Published: February 2011

AbstractContribution plots of the monitored statistics, Q and T2, are investigated to locate faulty variables when the statistics are out of their control limits. It is a popular method for fault isolation; however, it is well known that the smearing out of contributions leads to misdiagnose the faulty variables. Alternatively, the reconstruction‐based contribution approach is claimed to guarantee correct diagnosis. It has been examined in this paper that the approach fails to locate faulty variables when encountering multiple sensor faults. A fault isolation chart on principal component subspace is provided to locate faulty variables for a process with multiple operating regions. The results of an industrial application show that the proposed approach locates faulty variables precisely, whereas the root causes of the abnormalities have been successfully identified. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of solid mixing mechanisms in a bubbling fluidized bed using a DEM—CFD approach
Authors: Liu Daoyin , Xiao Shuangquan , Chen Xiaoping , Bu Changsheng 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTSolid mixing has a great influence on heat transfer and reaction processes in fluidized bed reactors; however, a review shows that the quantitative results are scattered. In this work, the mechanisms of solid mixing in a bubbling fluidized bed are investigated by numerical simulation. A three‐dimensional discrete element model (DEM)–computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation tool is developed and employed to investigate solid mixing behaviors due to the passage of isolated bubbles, continuous bubbles, and interacting bubbles. The vital role of bubbles on solid mixing has been clearly demonstrated. The results show that: (a) solid mixing in the vertical direction is dominant; (b) when a bubble forms near the air distributor, the continuous jet directly penetrates into the bubble, leading the bubble growing up; (c) lateral solid transport is promoted by bubble interaction, especially when the bubble sizes are different. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kühldeckensystem mit Aktivierung der Speichermasse der Betondecke
Authors: Nüßle Fritz , Pfafferott Jens 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBüro‐ und Verwaltungsgebäude werden seit vielen Jahren zur allgemeinen Nutzerzufriedenheit mit Flächensystemen beheizt und gekühlt. Am Anfang dieser Entwicklung stand die abgehängte Kühldecke, die sich wegen ihrer hohen Kundenakzeptanz in ganz Europa verbreitet hat. Eine weitere, inzwischen ebenfalls weitverbreitete Anwendungsform von Strahlungssystemen ist die thermische Aktivierung von Betondecken, auch als Betonkerntemperierung bezeichnet. Dass diese nach dem Strahlungsprinzip funktionierenden Systeme auch zur Beheizung von Gebäuden geeignet sind, stellen viele erfolgreich ausgeführte Bauprojekte eindrucksvoll unter Beweis, [9] und [10]. Obwohl beide Systemvarianten nach demselben Strahlungsprinzip arbeiten, bestehen signifikante Unterschiede. Vor der Entscheidung für die eine oder andere Systemvariante müssen die typischen Merkmale sorgfältig geprüft und gegeneinander abgewogen werden. Dieser Fachbericht beschreibt eine Mischform, die aus beiden Systemvarianten heraus entwickelt wurde und immer häufiger Anwendung findet. Messungen in einem thermisch schweren Versuchsraum belegen die Leistungsfähigkeit von beidseitig aktivierten Kühlsegeln in Kombination mit der Betondecke.Suspended radiant cooling system with thermally activated concrete ceiling. Office buildings are heated and cooled by thermoactive building systems for many years. These energy efficient heating and cooling concepts provide excellent thermal comfort. The first systems were installed as suspended cooling ceilings which are applied all‐over Europe and go along with a high user satisfaction. Another widely adopted construction principle is the concrete conditioning. Monitoring campaigns in energy efficient office buildings show clearly that radiant systems can be successfully operated for both cooling and heating. Although both the radiant ceiling and the concrete core conditioning use the same long‐wave radiative heat transfer the operation is different due to the thermal storage effect. Architects and HVAC planners have to decide for one of these solutions based on the pros and cons for each system. This article presents a hybrid form which can be used for new buildings and refurbishment projects. Laboratory measurements in a thermally heavy test chamber prove the thermal performance of a double‐sided suspended radiant panel in interaction with the concrete ceiling.