bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of three prostaglandin analogues in the treatment of newly diagnosed cases of ocular hypertension, open‐angle and normal tension glaucoma
Authors: Faridi Usama A , Saleh Tarek A , Ewings Paul , Venkateswaran Meenakshi , Cadman David H , Samarasinghe Rohana A , Vodden Julie , Claridge Kate G 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground:  To compare the efficacy and tolerance of three prostaglandin analogues, bimatoprost, latanoprost and travoprost in patients with previously untreated open‐angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.Methods:  Prospective randomized single (investigator) masked comparative clinical trial at the Taunton and Somerset NHS Hospital, Taunton, UK. Newly diagnosed, treatment naïve glaucoma/ocular hypertension patients were recruited. Patients were randomized into three groups to receive one of the three prostaglandin analogues. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured before starting treatment and after 2 and 6 months of treatment. The IOP reduction and the tolerance profile of each drug were compared. The data were analysed on the basis of intention to treat, using analysis of covariance comparing IOP in the three groups at 2 and 6 months, adjusting for baseline IOP. Tolerance levels were compared using Kruskal–Wallis test.Results:  Of the 122 patients, 40 patients were given bimatoprost, 42 received latanoprost and 40 had travoprost. At 2 months, there was a significant difference between the three treatment groups (P = 0.013) with bimatoprost achieving a greater reduction in IOP than the other two drops. However, at 6 months, the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.13). There was no significant difference in the tolerance profile.Conclusion:  All the three topical prostaglandin analogues are effective at lowering IOP, but bimatoprost was found to be most effective in the initial phase of the trial, and there was no statistically significant difference in the efficacy, among the three prostaglandin analogue eye drops after 6 months of treatment.
Native plantations as an important element for biodiversity in vanishing forested landscapes: A study of the near threatened araucaria tit spinetail (Leptasthenura setaria, Furnariidae)
Authors: PIETREK ALEJANDRO G. , BRANCH LYN C. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAlthough forest loss is still a problem worldwide, estimated rates of deforestation have declined in the last decade, primarily because of an increase in the area of tree plantations. This leads to the central question of how suitable plantations are for indigenous species. Native plantations are thought to have higher value for biodiversity than plantations of non‐native trees; however, not all studies support this view. We assessed occupancy and density of the araucaria tit spinetail (Leptasthenura setaria, Furnariidae), a near threatened species, in the highly endangered araucaria forests of north‐eastern Argentina and in araucaria plantations, which comprise 90% of the remaining habitat for this species. All natural forest remnants were occupied by araucaria tit spinetails. Only 85% of the plantations were occupied; however, density was almost threefold higher in plantations compared with natural forests. Our models indicated that stand age was the most important factor in determining occupancy and density of this bird species in plantations. Plantations <10 years old exhibited lower densities than older plantations. This species does not occur in plantations of non‐native trees, but our results indicate that native plantations may provide important habitat for the araucaria tit spinetail, particularly given that most native forest has been removed. Restoration of natural remnants and conservation of old, connected plantations may assure the protection of significant populations of spinetails. The role of native araucaria plantations as habitat for other species merits further examination.
Balancing Internal and External Knowledge Acquisition: The Gains and Pains from R&D Outsourcing
Authors: Grimpe Christoph , Kaiser Ulrich 
Published: April 2010

abstractThe outsourcing of research and development (R&D) activities has frequently been characterized as an important instrument to acquire external technological knowledge that is subsequently integrated into a firm's own knowledge base. However, in this paper we argue that these ‘gains’ from R&D outsourcing need to be balanced against the ‘pains’ that stem from a dilution of firm‐specific resources, the deterioration of integrative capabilities and the high demands on management attention. Based on a panel dataset of innovating firms in Germany, we find evidence for an inverse U‐shaped relationship between R&D outsourcing and innovation performance. This relationship is positively moderated by the extent to which firms engage in internal R&D and by the breadth of formal R&D collaborations: both serve as an instrument to increase the effectiveness of R&D outsourcing.
The importance of quality of care: effects of perinatal HIV infection and early institutional rearing on preschoolers’ attachment and indiscriminate friendliness
Authors: Dobrova‐Krol Natasha A. , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J. , van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Juffer Femmie 
Published: April 2010

Background:  The rearing environment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected children is often compromised, putting these children at additional risks. Positive caregiving may ameliorate the impact of adverse circumstances and promote attachment security. The goal of the present study was to examine the attachment relationships of HIV‐infected children in biological families and institutions; to examine the effects of HIV infection and institutional rearing on attachment security and indiscriminate friendliness; and to assess the role of caregiving in the face of HIV‐related adversities.Methods:  We studied 64 Ukrainian uninfected and HIV‐infected children reared in families and institutions (mean age 50.9 months). Physical and cognitive development of children as well as attachment‐related domains and indiscriminate friendliness were assessed.Results:  Institutional care but not the presence of HIV was associated with lower levels of attachment security and higher levels of indiscriminate friendliness. On average, the level of indiscriminate friendliness among institution‐reared children was more than twice as high as among family‐reared children. Only 24% of institution‐reared children had clearly developed attachment patterns, as opposed to 97% among family‐reared children. Controlling for physical and cognitive development, type of care (institution or family), and HIV status, positive caregiving was associated with higher levels of attachment security. Indiscriminate friendliness was associated with lower levels of attachment security among family‐reared children, but with higher levels of positive caregiving among institution‐reared children.Conclusions:  Etiology and function of indiscriminate friendliness may differ for family‐reared versus institution‐reared children. The findings of this study suggest the necessity of early interventions improving the quality of care for HIV‐infected children.
Improving the flavor of fresh fruits: genomics, biochemistry, and biotechnology
Authors: Klee Harry J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIt is generally accepted that the flavor quality of many fruits has significantly declined over recent decades. While some of this decline can be linked to selection for certain traits, such as firmness and postharvest shelf life, that run counter to good flavor, a major contributing factor has been the challenge of breeding for such a complex quality trait. Flavor involves integration of sugars, acids and a set of 20 or more volatile chemicals. Together, these compounds involve a large number of primary and secondary metabolic pathways, many of which have only recently been established. This review describes recent advances in the understanding of the pathways and genes controlling synthesis of the volatile components of flavor. Because of tomato’s unique role as a model for fruit development, the review emphasizes advances in this fruit. In the last decade we have literally advanced from a list of chemicals known to influence flavor to a detailed understanding of how and where they are made. However, our knowledge of the regulation of the critical metabolic pathways is still limited. Nonetheless, the pieces are in place for rapid advances to be made in the manipulation of flavor chemistry in the immediate future.

Contents

Summary
44

I.
Introduction
44

II.
The importance of flavor and nutrition
45

III.
Defining the problem
45

IV.
Where did the flavor go?
48

V.
Identifying the important genes
48

VI.
Biosynthetic gene isolation
49

VII.
Fixes
53

VIII.
Conclusions
54

References
54
Randomised prospective single‐blinded study comparing ‘inside‐out’ versus ‘outside‐in’ transobturator tapes in the management of urodynamic stress incontinence: 1‐year outcomes from the E‐TOT study
Authors: Abdel‐fattah M , Ramsay I , Pringle S , Hardwick C , Ali H , Young D , Mostafa A 
Published: April 2010

Please cite this paper as: Abdel‐fattah M, Ramsay I, Pringle S, Hardwick C, Ali H, Young D, Mostafa A. Randomised prospective single‐blinded study comparing ‘inside‐out’ versus ‘outside‐in’ transobturator tapes in the management of urodynamic stress incontinence: 1‐year outcomes from the E‐TOT study. BJOG 2010;117:870–878.Objective  To compare the ‘inside‐out’ versus ‘outside‐in’ routes for transobturator tape insertion for urodynamic stress incontinence, and to identify independent risk factors for failure at 1 year.Design  Prospective single‐blinded randomised trial.Setting  Tertiary urogynaecology centre.Population  A cohort of 341 women undergoing transobturator tape procedures between April 2005 and April 2007.Methods  Women were randomised to tension‐free vaginal tape‐obturator (TVT)‐O™ for the ‘inside‐out’ route (n = 170) and transobturator tape (TOT)‐ARIS® for the ‘outside‐in’ route (n = 171). Participants completed validated symptom‐severity, quality‐of‐life and sexual‐function questionnaires before and after surgery. In addition, they completed the patient global impression of improvement questionnaire (PGI‐I) and standard 1‐hour pad test postoperatively.Main outcome measures  The primary outcome was the patient‐reported success rate reported on the PGI‐I scale. Secondary outcomes included objective cure rate and improvement in King’s Health Questionnaire scores.Results  A total of 341 women were recruited: 171 women to the ‘outside‐in’ (TOT‐ARIS®) group and 170 to the ‘inside‐out’ (TVT‐O™) group; 299 completed the 1‐year follow up. The patient‐reported success rate was 80% with no statistically significant differences between the groups (‘outside‐in’ 77.6% versus ‘inside‐out’ 81.2%; OR 1.25; 95% CI 0.71, 2.20; P = 0.54). The objective cure rate was 91% with no statistically significant difference between the groups (‘outside‐in’ 88% versus ‘inside‐out’ 94%; OR 2.21; 95% CI 0.85, 5.75; P = 0.157). Previous incontinence surgery (OR 1.41; 95% CI 1.18, 1.91; P = 0.029) and preoperative urgency incontinence (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.21, 3.91, P = 0.048) were significant risk factors for failure of transobturator tape at the 1‐year follow up.Conclusions  There are no significant differences in patient reported and objective cure rates between ‘inside‐out’ and ‘outside‐in’ transobturator tapes. Quality of life and sexual function significantly improved following surgery. Both previous incontinence surgery and preoperative urgency incontinence are associated with significantly lower patient‐reported cure rates.
Progestogen treatment options for early endometrial cancer
Authors: Cade TJ , Quinn MA , Rome RM , Neesham D 
Published: April 2010

Please cite this paper as: Cade T, Quinn M, Rome R, Neesham D. Progestogen treatment options for early endometrial cancer. BJOG 2010;117:879–884.Objective  Premenopausal women with early endometrial cancer may wish to maintain their fertility, and for some patients non‐surgical treatment options may be attractive. We have examined our own experience with such patients, as there are limited published data so far to support clear guidelines in this area.Design  Retrospective analysis of a case series.Setting  Case series from a specialist gynaecological oncology unit in a major tertiary referral hospital.Sample  Sixteen patients receiving progestogen therapy for stage‐1 endometrial cancer.Methods  We reviewed our experience of all patients receiving progestogen therapy for stage‐1 endometrial cancer, and we particularly examined their cancer‐free outcome and fertility potential.Main outcome measures  Response to treatment, duration of response, and subsequent pregnancies.Results  Of the 16 patients investigated, four received an oral progestogen, five received the levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system (Mirena), and seven received both forms of treatment. Ten patients (63%) responded to treatment, with a median time to response of 5.5 months. Six patients did not respond to treatment, but all were either early in treatment or opted for surgical management before the average time of response. No patient who responded had a later recurrence. The mean total follow‐up time was 27 months (range 3–134 months), with no patient deaths. Three patients had successful pregnancies, with one patient having two children.Conclusions  This form of treatment appears to be a realistic treatment option in selected patients in the closely supervised environment of a specialist gynaecological oncology unit.
Dopamine D1 and D3 receptors are differentially involved in cue‐elicited cocaine seeking
Authors: Chen Liping , Xu Ming 
Published: April 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 530–541.AbstractEnvironmental cues previously associated with reinforcing drugs can play a key role in relapse to drug seeking behaviors in humans. The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system plays a critical role in cocaine‐induced neurobiological changes. Dopamine D1 and D3 receptors modulate locomotor‐stimulant and positive reinforcing effects of cocaine, and cue‐induced reinstatement of cocaine‐seeking. Moreover, activation of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) induced by acute cocaine administration is regulated by both D1 and D3 receptors. How D1 and D3 receptors modulate the acquisition and extinction of cue‐elicited cocaine seeking behavior and associated changes in the MAPK signaling pathway in different brain regions, however, remains unclear. In the present study, we found that D1 receptor mutant mice failed to acquire conditioned place preference (CPP) while D3 receptor mutant mice show delayed CPP extinction compared with wild‐type mice. Moreover, ERK, but not the c‐jun N‐terminal kinase and p38, is activated in wild‐type and D3 receptor mutant mice but not in D1 receptor mutant mice following CPP acquisition. D3 receptor mutant mice also exhibit sustained ERK activation compared with wild‐type mice following extinction training. Our results suggest that D1 and D3 receptors differentially contribute to learned association between cues and the rewarding properties of cocaine by regulating, at least in part, ERK activation in specific areas of the brain.
Calcium‐permeable AMPA receptors are involved in the induction and expression of l‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Kobylecki Christopher , Cenci M. Angela , Crossman Alan R. , Ravenscroft Paula 
Published: April 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)114, 409–511.AbstractOveractivity of striatal α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptors is implicated in the pathophysiology ofl‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia (LID) in Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this study, we evaluated the behavioural and molecular effects of acute and chronic blockade of Ca2+‐permeable AMPA receptors in animal models of PD and LID. The acute effects of the Ca2+‐permeable AMPA receptor antagonist 1‐trimethylammonio‐5‐(1‐adamantane‐methylammoniopentane) dibromide hydrobromide (IEM 1460) on abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in the 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐lesioned rat and LID in the MPTP‐lesioned non‐human primate were assessed. Subsequently, the effects of chronic treatment of 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rats with vehicle,l‐DOPA/benserazide (6/15 mg/kg, i.p.) + vehicle orl‐DOPA + IEM 1460 (3 mg/kg, i.p.) on behavioural and molecular correlates of priming for LID were evaluated. In the 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rat and MPTP‐lesioned non‐human primate, acute treatment with IEM 1460 (1–3 mg/kg) dose‐dependently reduced LID without adverse effects on motor performance. Chronic co‐treatment for 21 days with IEM 1460 reduced the induction of AIMs byl‐DOPA in the 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rat without affecting peak rotarod performance, and attenuated AIMs score by 75% followingl‐DOPA challenge (p < 0.05). Chronic IEM 1460 treatment reversedl‐DOPA‐induced up‐regulation of pre‐proenkephalin‐A, and normalised pre‐proenkephalin‐B mRNA expression in the lateral striatum, indicating an inhibition of both behavioural and molecular correlates of priming. These data suggest that Ca2+‐permeable AMPA receptors are critically involved in both the induction and subsequent expression of LID, and represent a potential target for anti‐dyskinetic therapies.
The Effects of Regulated Premium Subsidies on Insurance Costs: An Empirical Analysis of Automobile Insurance
Authors: Weiss Mary A. , Tennyson Sharon , Regan Laureen 
Published: April 2010

AbstractState regulation of rates is sometimes used as a means to make automobile insurance more affordable to consumers by restricting insurer profits and pricing practices. Incentive distortions arising from this type of rate regulation might lead to higher accident rates and higher insurance loss costs. Annual state‐level panel data for the time period 1980–1998 are used to investigate these effects, using empirical methods that recognize the endogenous determination of states’ regulatory choices. Results suggest that rate regulation that systematically suppresses (some or all) drivers’ insurance premiums is associated with significantly higher average loss costs and higher insurance claim frequency.
A Re‐Evaluation of Story Grammars*
Authors: Frisch Alan M. , Perlis Donald 
Published: April 2010

Black and Wilensky (1979) have made serious methodological errors in analyzing story grammars, and in the process they have committed additional errors in applying formal language theory. Our arguments involve clarifying certain aspects of knowledge representation crucial to a proper treatment of story understanding.Particular criticisms focus on the following shortcomings of their presentation: 1) an erroneous statement from formal language theory, 2) misapplication of formal language theory to story grammars, 3) unsubstantiated and doubtful analogies with English grammar, 4) various non sequiturs concerning the generation of non‐stories, 5) a false claim based on the artificial distinction between syntax and semantics, and 6) misinterpretation of the role of story grammars in story understanding.We conclude by suggesting appropriate criteria for the evaluation of story grammars.
Predictive value of clinical and radiological findings in inflicted traumatic brain injury
Authors: Ilves Pilvi , Lintrop Mare , Talvik Inga , Sisko Annika , Talvik Tiina 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAims:  The aim of this study is to evaluate the value of early radiological investigations in predicting the long‐term neurodevelopmental outcome of infants with inflicted traumatic brain injury (ITBI).Methods:  Clinical and radiological investigations of 24 infants with ITBI were performed during the acute phase of injury (1–3 days), and during the early (4 days up to 3 months) and late (>9 months) postinjury phases. The clinical outcome in survivors (n = 22) was based on the Rankin Disability Scale and the Glasgow Outcome Score.Results:  Five out of 24 infants (21%) had a poor neurodevelopmental outcome (death and severe disability), 17 infants (71%) had different developmental problems and 2 infants were normal at the mean age of 62 (54–70) (95% CI) months. A low initial Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or below [p < 0.05, OR 13.0 (1.3–133.3)], the development of brain oedema [p < 0.005, OR 13.0 (1.6–773)], focal changes in the basal ganglia during the acute phase [p < 0.01, OR 45 (2.1–937.3)], the development of new intracerebral focal changes early postinjury [p < 0.05, OR 24.1(1.0–559.1)], a decrease in white matter [p < 0.01, OR 33 (1.37–793.4)] and the development of severe atrophy before 3 months postinjury [p < 0.05, OR 24 (11.0–559.1)] were significantly correlated with a poor neurodevelopmental outcome.Conclusions:  Early clinical and radiological findings in ITBI are of prognostic value for neurodevelopmental outcome.
Safety and Immunogenicity of a 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Compared to Those of a 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Given as a Three-Dose Series with Routine Vaccines in Healthy Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Esposito Susanna , Tansey Susan , Thompson Allison , Razmpour Ahmad , Liang John , Jones Thomas R. , Ferrera Giuseppe , Maida Alessandro , Bona Gianni , Sabatini Caterina , Pugni Lorenza , Emini Emilio A. , Gruber William C. , Scott Daniel A. , Principi Nicola 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTA 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) has been developed to improve protection against pneumococcal disease beyond that possible with the licensed 7-valent vaccine (PCV7). This study compared the safety and immunogenicity of PCV13 with those of PCV7 when given as part of the pediatric vaccination schedule recommended in Italy. A total of 606 subjects were randomly assigned to receive either PCV13 or PCV7 at 3, 5, and 11 months of age; all subjects concomitantly received diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated polio-Haemophilus influenzaetype B (DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib) vaccine. Vaccine reactions were monitored. Antibody responses to DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib antigens, serotype-specific anticapsular polysaccharide IgG responses, and antipneumococcal opsonophagocytic assay (OPA) activity were measured 1 month after the two-dose primary series and 1 month after the toddler dose. Overall, the safety profile of PCV13 was similar to that of PCV7. The response to DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib antigens was substantially the same with both PCV13 and PCV7. PCV13 elicited antipneumococcal capsular IgG antibodies to all 13 vaccine serotypes, with notable increases in concentrations seen after the toddler dose. Despite a lower immunogenicity for serotypes 6B and 23F after the primary series of PCV13, responses to the seven common serotypes were comparable between the PCV13 and PCV7 groups when measured after the toddler dose. PCV13 also elicited substantial levels of OPA activity against all 13 serotypes following both the infant series and the toddler dose. In conclusion, PCV13 appeared comparable to PCV7 in safety profile and immunogenicity for common serotypes, demonstrated functional OPA responses for all 13 serotypes, and did not interfere with immune responses to concomitantly administered DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine.