bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acidizing Optimization: Monterey Shale, California
Authors: Trehan Rakesh , Jones Norman , Haney James 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Hydrofluoric (HF) acidizing in the Monterey shale has had a long history of success, dating back to a case study performed in 1999 (Rowe et al. 2004). A proper acid-design program is critical to the success of these types of treatments. However, proper placement technique carries the same importance as the acid design. This paper will review a placement technique that not only provided proper placement but also reduced placement time significantly.
Monterey shale intervals commonly reach 1,500 to 2,000 ft in vertical height. To further complicate downhole work, intervals are not homogeneous; there are differences in natural fractures, permeability, and porosity. The goal of matrixacidizing treatments is to place the acid below fracture pressures. Formation differences, including degree of damage, can limit injection rates and increase the pump time necessary to place the acid. Physical well conditions, such as the cement bond, create other challenges to overcome. Placement time for these acid treatments often takes several days to complete and can require multiple service providers, such as production rigs, downhole tools, remedial cement work, and coiled tubing (CT) units. With consideration to these issues, several questions arise, such as how can the entire interval be successfully acidized, the number of required services reduced, and placement time decreased.
Using the new placement technique, the entire planned completion interval can be perforated in a rigless manner, acid equipment can be moved in that is capable of producing sufficient injection rates to exceed the formation’s ability to accept fluid below the fracture gradient, and real-time downhole monitoring equipment is installed to provide the operator and service provider adequate data to make decisions and adjust as necessary while pumping.
Impact of California's Greenhouse Gas Law on the Upstream Oil & Gas Industry
Authors: Winslow Don 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The California legislature passed the &quot;Global Warming Solution Act?? (Assembly Bill 32) in 2006. Although the AB32 bill was only 12 pages long, it spawned numerous initiatives that will create the first comprehensive multi-sector greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction program in the US, and arguably, the world. This effort has engaged hundreds of people within the California state government and generated thousands of pages of detailed rules and studies. The upstream oil and gas production industry in California will be directly impacted by multiple initiatives that have arisen due to AB32 including: (1) Cap-and-Trade; (2) mandatory GHG reporting; and indirectly through (3) additional environmental factors to be considered in the context of CEQA permitting of new projects.
Note that the greenhouse gas (GHG) regulations and programs in California are still very much in flux and thus, statements in this paper could become inaccurate. Court cases have been filed in 2010 and 2011 which challenge specific programs associated with AB32. One such example was a recent court decision related to the implementation of the low carbon fuel standard. Finally, this paper is not meant to be a comprehensive treatise on the specific rules of AB32. Instead it is intended to be a short introduction to the various California-sponsored GHG initiatives that impact the oil and gas sector. CARB has generated hundreds of pages of documentation for individual components of the AB32 program such as Cap-and-Trade or reporting. Thus, this paper is intended as a summary of the programs and the regulations for technical personnel in the upstream sector. Finally, this paper does not purport to represent the views of Chevron Corp. Any errors or opinions are solely those of the author.
Living Arrangements and Risk for Late Life Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Published Literature
Authors: Xiu-Ying Hu , Qian Cheng , Xiao-Dong Peng , Xue-Mei Zhang , Chang-Quan Huang 
Published: March 2012

Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between living arrangements and risk for depression among older people. Method: MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library database was used to identify potential studies. The studies were divided into cross-sectional and longitudinal subsets. Qualitative meta-analysis of the cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies was performed, respectively. For prevalence and incidence rates of depression, odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR) were calculated, respectively. Results: The qualitative meta-analysis showed that older people living alone had a higher risk of depression than those not living alone (OR: 1.44; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.04–1.99); Relative risk (RR: 1.27, 95% CI: 0.89–1.80) and those living with families (OR: 2.59, 95% CI: 1.60–4.20). Older people living in a nursing home (OR: 2.90, 95% CI: 0.94–8.94; RR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.18–3.20) or institutionalized setting (OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.37–2.52; RR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.12–3.70) had a higher risk of depression than those living in home. Conclusions: Despite the methodological limitations of this meta-analysis, living arrangements appear related to the risk for depression in the older population. Older persons living alone, in a nursing home, or in an institutionalized setting have higher risk for depression.
The 10-Year Cost-Effectiveness of Lifestyle Intervention or Metformin for Diabetes Prevention
Authors:   The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
Published: March 2012

OBJECTIVE
The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) and its Outcomes Study (DPPOS) demonstrated that either intensive lifestyle intervention or metformin could prevent type 2 diabetes in high-risk adults for at least 10 years after randomization. We report the 10-year within-trial cost-effectiveness of the interventions.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data on resource utilization, cost, and quality of life were collected prospectively. Economic analyses were performed from health system and societal perspectives.

RESULTS
Over 10 years, the cumulative, undiscounted per capita direct medical costs of the interventions, as implemented during the DPP, were greater for lifestyle ($4,572) than metformin ($2,281) or placebo ($752). The cumulative direct medical costs of care outside the DPP/DPPOS were least for lifestyle ($26,810 lifestyle vs. $27,384 metformin vs. $29,007 placebo). The cumulative, combined total direct medical costs were greatest for lifestyle and least for metformin ($31,382 lifestyle vs. $29,665 metformin vs. $29,759 placebo). The cumulative quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) accrued over 10 years were greater for lifestyle (6.89) than metformin (6.79) or placebo (6.74). When costs and outcomes were discounted at 3% and adjusted for survival, lifestyle cost $12,878 per QALY, and metformin had slightly lower costs and nearly the same QALYs as placebo.

CONCLUSIONS
Over 10 years, from a payer perspective, lifestyle was cost-effective and metformin was marginally cost-saving compared with placebo. Investment in lifestyle and metformin interventions for diabetes prevention in high-risk adults provides good value for the money spent.
Fish Consumption, Dietary Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acids, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Wallin Alice , Di Giuseppe Daniela , Orsini Nicola , Patel Pinal S. , Forouhi Nita G. , Wolk Alicja 
Published: March 2012

OBJECTIVE
The evidence on the association between fish consumption, dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids, and risk of type 2 diabetes is inconsistent. We therefore performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available prospective evidence.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Studies were identified by searching the PubMed and EMBASE databases through 15 December 2011 and by reviewing the reference lists of retrieved articles. Prospective studies were included if they reported relative risk (RR) estimates with 95% CIs for the association between fish consumption and/or dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids and incidence of type 2 diabetes. A dose-response random-effects model was used to combine study-specific RRs. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored by prespecified stratifications.

RESULTS
Sixteen studies involving 527,441 participants and 24,082 diabetes cases were included. Considerable statistical heterogeneity in the overall summary estimates was partly explained by geographical differences. For each serving per week increment in fish consumption, the RRs (95% CIs) of type 2 diabetes were 1.05 (1.02–1.09), 1.03 (0.96–1.11), and 0.98 (0.97–1.00) combining U.S., European, and Asian/Australian studies, respectively. For each 0.30 g per day increment in long-chain n-3 fatty acids, the corresponding summary estimates were 1.17 (1.09–1.26), 0.98 (0.70–1.37), and 0.90 (0.82–0.98).

CONCLUSIONS
Results from this meta-analysis indicate differences between geographical regions in observed associations of fish consumption and dietary intake of long-chain n-3 fatty acids with risk of type 2 diabetes. In consideration of the heterogeneous results, the relationship warrants further investigation. Meanwhile, current public health recommendations on fish consumption should be upheld unchanged.
Fish Consumption and Incidence of Diabetes
Authors: Xun Pengcheng , He Ka 
Published: March 2012

OBJECTIVE
—Ecological data suggest an inverse correlation between fish consumption and diabetes prevalence. However, epidemiological data on fish intake and diabetes incidence are controversial and inconclusive. Therefore, we aimed to assess the literature and determine the association between fish consumption and diabetes risk quantitatively.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
—Prospective cohort studies published through August 2011 in peer-reviewed journals indexed in PubMed were selected. Additional information was retrieved through Google or a hand search of the references from relevant articles. The weighted relative risk (RR) and corresponding 95% CI for incident diabetes was estimated using random-effects models.

RESULTS
—A database was derived from nine eligible studies (12 independent cohorts), including 438,214 individuals with an average 11.4-year follow-up. Compared with those who never consumed fish or ate fish less than once per month, the pooled RR of incident diabetes was 0.99 (95% CI 0.85–1.16) for individuals who ate fish five or more times per week (Ptrend = 0.80). Similar results were found for long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. Study location was an effect modifier. An inverse association between fish intake and diabetes incidence was found by combining studies conducted in Eastern but not Western countries.

CONCLUSIONS
—Accumulated evidence generated from this meta-analysis does not support an overall inverse association of fish or fish oil intake with incidence of diabetes. The null association was modified by study location (Eastern vs. Western countries), which may reflect the possible difference between Eastern and Western dietary patterns. Further studies are warranted.
Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography — practical impacts of theoretical considerations. A review
Authors: Jandera Pavel 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
A theory of comprehensive two-dimensional separations by liquid chromatographic techniques is overviewed. It includes heart-cutting and comprehensive two-dimensional separation modes, with attention to basic concepts of two-dimensional separations: resolution, peak capacity, efficiency, orthogonality and selectivity. Particular attention is paid to the effects of sample structure on the retention and advantages of a multi-dimensional HPLC for separation of complex samples according to structural correlations. Optimization of 2D separation systems, including correct selection of columns, flow-rate, fraction volumes and mobile phase, is discussed. Benefits of simultaneous programmed elution in both dimensions of LCxLC comprehensive separations are shown.
Experimental setup, modulation of the fraction collection and transfer from the first to the second dimension, compatibility of mobile phases in comprehensive LCxLC, 2D asymmetry and shifts in retention under changing second-dimension elution conditions, are addressed. Illustrative practical examples of comprehensive LCxLC separations are shown.
Tachyonic field theory and neutrino mass running
Authors: Jentschura Ulrich 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
In this paper three things are done. (i) We investigate the analogues of Cerenkov radiation for the decay of a superluminal neutrino and calculate the Cerenkov angles for the emission of a photon through a W loop, and for a collinear electron-positron pair, assuming the tachyonic dispersion relation for the superluminal neutrino. The decay rate of a freely propagating neutrino is found to depend on the shape of the assumed dispersion relation, and is found to decrease with decreasing tachyonic mass of the neutrino. (ii)We discuss a few properties of the tachyonic Dirac equation (symmetries and plane-wave solutions), which may be relevant for the description of superluminal neutrinos seen by the OPERA experiment, and discuss the calculation of the tachyonic propagator. (iii) In the absence of a commonly accepted tachyonic field theory, and in view of an apparent “running” of the observed neutrino mass with the energy, we write down a model Lagrangian, which describes a Yukawa-type interaction of a neutrino coupling to a scalar background field via a scalar-minus-pseudoscalar interaction. This constitutes an extension of the standard model. If the interaction is strong, then it leads to a substantial renormalization-group “running” of the neutrino mass and could potentially explain the experimental observations.
Sensor network scheduling for identification of spatially distributed processes
Authors: Uciński Dariusz 
Published: March 2012

Sensor network scheduling for identification of spatially distributed processesThe work treats the problem of fault detection for processes described by partial differential equations as that of maximizing the power of a parametric hypothesis test which checks whether or not system parameters have nominal values. A simple node activation strategy is discussed for the design of a sensor network deployed in a spatial domain that is supposed to be used while detecting changes in the underlying parameters which govern the process evolution. The setting considered relates to a situation where from among a finite set of potential sensor locations only a subset of them can be selected because of the cost constraints. As a suitable performance measure, theDs-optimality criterion defined on the Fisher information matrix for the estimated parameters is applied. The problem is then formulated as the determination of the density of gauged sites so as to maximize the adopted design criterion, subject to inequality constraints incorporating a maximum allowable sensor density in a given spatial domain. The search for the optimal solution is performed using a simplicial decomposition algorithm. The use of the proposed approach is illustrated by a numerical example involving sensor selection for a two-dimensional diffusion process.
Test signal generation for service diagnosis based on local structural properties
Authors: Ungermann Michael , Lunze Jan , Schwarzmann Dieter 
Published: March 2012

Test signal generation for service diagnosis based on local structural propertiesThe paper presents a new approach to the generation of test signals used in service diagnosis. The tests make it possible to isolate faults, which are isolable only if the system is brought into specific operating points. The basis for the test signal selection is a structure graph that represents the couplings among the external and internal signals of the system and the fault signals. Graph-theoretic methods are used to identify edges that disappear under certain operating conditions and prevent a fault from changing the system behavior at this operating point. These operating conditions are identified by validuals, which are indicators obtained during the graph-theoretic analysis. The test generation method is illustrated by a process engineering example.
Fault-tolerant control strategy for actuator faults using LPV techniques: Application to a two degree of freedom helicopter
Authors: de Oca Saúl , Puig Vicenç , Witczak Marcin , Dziekan Łukasz 
Published: March 2012

Fault-tolerant control strategy for actuator faults using LPV techniques: Application to a two degree of freedom helicopter
In this paper, a Fault Tolerant Control (FTC) strategy for Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) systems that can be used in the case of actuator faults is proposed. The idea of this FTC method is to adapt the faulty plant instead of adapting the controller to the faulty plant. This approach can be seen as a kind of virtual actuator. An integrated FTC design procedure for the fault identification and fault-tolerant control schemes using LPV techniques is provided as well. Fault identification is based on the use of an Unknown Input Observer (UIO). The FTC controller is implemented as a state feedback controller and designed using polytopic LPV techniques and Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) regions in such a way as to guarantee the closed-loop behavior in terms of several LMI constraints. To assess the performance of the proposed approach, a two degree of freedom helicopter is used.
Nonlinear actuator fault estimation observer: An inverse system approach via a T-S fuzzy model
Authors: Xu Dezhi , Jiang Bin , Shi Peng 
Published: March 2012

Nonlinear actuator fault estimation observer: An inverse system approach via a T-S fuzzy modelBased on a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model and an inverse system method, this paper deals with the problem of actuator fault estimation for a class of nonlinear dynamic systems. Two different estimation strategies are developed. Firstly, T-S fuzzy models are used to describe nonlinear dynamic systems with an actuator fault. Then, a robust sliding mode observer is designed based on a T-S fuzzy model, and an inverse system method is used to estimate the actuator fault. Next, the second fault estimation strategy is developed. Compared with some existing techniques, such as adaptive and sliding mode methods, the one presented in this paper is easier to be implemented in practice. Finally, two numerical examples are given to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed techniques.
Acumulação primitiva: um processo atuante na sociedade contemporânea
Authors: Lencioni Sandra 
Published: March 2012

Com a hegemonia da reprodução social capitalista, a acumulação primitiva é interpretada ora como sendo um fato do passado, ora como um processo que perdura até hoje. Nosso ponto de vista é de que a acumulação primitiva historicamente não desapareceu, sendo, inclusive, um importante componente da sociedade contemporânea. Nela, os processos capitalistas de acumulação primitiva e de reprodução do capital coexistem e se complementam de forma contraditória e dialética. O primeiro, o processo de acumulação primitiva está relacionado à espoliação e à produção de um capital novo, enquanto que o segundo, o de reprodução do capital está relacionado à exploração e tem como ponto de partida um capital já constituído. A diferença entre os termos espoliação e exploração é apresentada, bem como a posição de Harvey sob essa polêmica, se constituindo nas discussões que constituindo a primeira parte do texto. Na segunda parte se discute que a acumulação primitiva dos dias atuais repete a fraude, o roubo e a violência que estiveram presentes no momento da gênese do capitalismo. Embora o mundo pareça ter mudado, com tanto avanço técnico e tantas leis acerca dos direitos humanos, não mudou muito, pois persistem práticas de fraude, roubo e violência como expedientes de produção de capital. Vários exemplos de rapinagem dos recursos naturais são dados, incluindo-se aí a biopirataria. Também é destacada a escravidão por dívida, como uma forma violenta de espoliação, uma forma de acumulação primitiva de capital em que o trabalhador livre, pelos mecanismos de sujeição ao qual está submetido, perde sua liberdade. O roubo de terras se constitui num outro exemplo de acumulação primitiva dessa sociedade contemporânea. Afirma-se que todas as formas de espoliação são produtoras de dinheiro e produtoras de capital em potencial e que o capital financeiro é que constrói, em especial, o elo entre acumulação primitiva e reprodução do capital na sociedade contemporânea.
La métropolisation parisienne : particularités et généralités
Authors: Alves Glória da Anunciação 
Published: March 2012

Parler du phénomène métropolitain aujourd’hui, en plein xxie siècle, suppose que l’on aille au-delà des phénomènes de croissance et de multiplication qui sont en général constants dans les grandes agglomérations urbaines. La métropolisation de l’espace est un processus qui peut également se caractériser aujourd’hui par la discontinuité territoriale qui articule les villes à partir de méthodes de production, grâce à l’existence de réseaux (techniques et informationnels) permettant de relier les espaces non continus. Selon Lencioni (2003), la zone d’influence et les articulations de la métropole instaurent une limite à cela.Mais discuter de la métropolisation, c’est aussi aller au-delà de la croissance et de la multiplication des agglomérations et des richesses. C’est essayer de comprendre la contradiction présente dans cette relation et dans les lieux qui configurent la métropole traditionnelle, c’est-à-dire, sa continuité territoriale. C’est aussi étudier l’accroissement de la pauvreté et de la distinction sociale et spatiale. Avec l’expansion métropolitaine naissent, avec ou sans l’aval des pouvoirs publics, des zones périphériques qui sont nécessaires pour la croissance de la richesse métropolitaine.La question du phénomène métropolitain se pose aujourd’hui d’un point de vue institutionnel. Le projet « Grand Paris » propose d’agir pour promouvoir l’institutionnalisation d’une future métropolisation parisienne qui, selon l’État, est nécessaire pour que Paris continue à faire partie des métropoles internationales attirant des investissements au niveau mondial.Mais que signifie institutionnaliser la métropole ? C’est d’une part, mettre officiellement en pratique un projet national de compétitivité internationale (à l’échelle mondiale) et de l’autre, c’est braquer les projecteurs sur les conflits et les rapports Paris-banlieues (à l’échelle locale et régionale).Cet article propose une réfléxion sur la métropolisation parisienne et les transformations socio-spatiales qui en découlent, en démontrant de quelle manière le discours sur la mixité sociale est utilisé pour justifier la ségrégation socio-spatiale.
Impact des coopératives féminines sur la préservation et la valorisation de l’arganeraie : cas de la coopérative Tafyoucht (confédération des Ait Baamrane, Anti-Atlas, Maroc)
Authors: Faouzi Hassan 
Published: March 2012

L'arganier (Argania spinosa) est un arbre qui pousse principalement au Maroc. Les arganeraies occupent environ 800 000 hectares au sud-ouest du pays. Dans ces zones semi-arides et arides, 1,3 million de personnes sont concernées par l’exploitation de systèmes agroforestiers traditionnels reposant sur l’arganier. L'aire de l’arganier se dégrade d’année en année sous l’effet conjugué de la croissance démographique et du surpâturage. En moins d'un siècle, plus d'un tiers de la forêt a disparu. Depuis une quinzaine d’années, des efforts sont déployés pour définir les conditions d’un développement véritablement durable. L’huile d’argan, est certainement la production sur laquelle pourrait reposer un projet de développement socio-économique. Les populations concernées et les autorités locales ont pris conscience de l’ampleur du problème que représente le développement de l’arganeraie et de sa valeur socioculturelle et économique et de la nécessité d’agir. Cela s’est traduit par la création de coopératives associant l’amélioration de l’extraction et de la commercialisation de l’huile au bénéfice des femmes et la préservation de cette ressource ainsi que la lutte contre la désertification.