bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acoustic behavior ofMetaleptea adspersa(Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Lorier Estrellita , García M. Dolores , Clemente M. Eulalia , Presa Juan José 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe sounds produced byMetaleptea adspersa(Blanchard 1843) were recorded in captivity with an analogical tape recorder. The signal was digitized in the laboratory and studied with a software. Three types of sound were described: copulation, rivalry, and crepitation. All three sounds were produced only by males. The frequency of the sounds occupied a broadband, from 3–4 to 16 kHz, although the main peak frequency for each type of song differed. We also studied the structures involved in sound production. Copulation and rivalry songs were produced by the rubbing of the subcostal, radial, medial, and cubital 1 veins of the hind wing against the subcostal and radial veins of the tegmen; the enlarged cubital area of the hind wing acted as a resonator. Crepitation sound was produced by the cubital area of hind wing when its expanded membrane became taut.
Relationship between carrot weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infestation, damage, and planting dates of parsley (Apiaceae)
Authors: Torres Angel N. , Hoy Casey W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSeasonal activity of carrot weevil,Listronotus oregonensis(LeConte), adults, eggs, larvae, and root feeding was studied in plots of parsley,Petroselinum crispum(Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill, by sampling weekly from mid-May to the first week of September in 1998 and 1999. The initial population of overwintering adults, one complete generation, and at least a partial second generation were observed. The majority of eggs were deposited in June and most of the larvae were counted in July; the greatest damage was noticed from July onward. In both 1998 and 1999, the overall seasonal means of adults, eggs, larvae, and root feeding were significantly different among plots that were planted on different dates. Root feeding and all carrot weevil life stages sampled steadily decreased from the earliest to the latest planting. Most of the damage occurred in parsley plantings sown from late February until the third week of April. The number of eggs removed from parsley plants during the first cutting was significantly different among planting dates, but the impact of this removal may not be significant in infestation reduction. Results of this study will help parsley growers to target when control measures for carrot weevil will be most effective and which plantings are most likely to be damaged.
Susceptibility of hulled and hulless barley (Gramineae) to Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Wise I.L. , Lamb R.J. , Smith M.A.H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractModern hulless wheats, Triticum aestivum L., are more susceptible to the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), than the hulled, wild, ancestral species. Hulless cultivars of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., are becoming more widely grown in western Canada than in the past. Hulled and hulless cultivars of two-rowed and six-rowed barleys were tested for their susceptibility to wheat midge, to determine if this midge might become a serious pest of barley and to assess which plant traits might affect host suitability. In the field, larval populations on 10 barley cultivars were much lower than on wheat. In the laboratory, when the flag leaf sheath was peeled back to expose preflowering spikes, female midges readily oviposited on spikes of barley, although less so on younger spikes. Few larvae were able to develop on barley when eggs were laid after spikes had flowered. All barleys completed flowering, or nearly so, before spikes emerged from the flag leaf sheath, with two-rowed cultivars flowering earlier than six-rowed barleys. No differences in larval densities were found between hulless and hulled barleys, and therefore, factors other than the hulled trait must account for reduced susceptibility of barley. Because barley flowers within the flag leaf sheath, its period of susceptibility to infestation is much shorter than for wheat, as evidenced by reduced infestation of earlier-flowering two-rowed cultivars compared with later-flowering six-rowed cultivars. Also, the tight closure of the leaf-like glumes that form the florets of barley probably makes access to young seeds more difficult for newly hatched larvae than is the case for wheat. At comparable crop growth stages, larval densities on all the barleys were < 10% of those on spring wheat. The introduction of hulless barley for production in Canada is unlikely to increase wheat midge damage on barley to an economic level.
Suitability of felt traps to monitor oviposition by cabbage maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Dixon P.L. , West R.J. , McRae K.B. , Spaner D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe effectiveness of felt egg traps to detect oviposition by the cabbage maggot,Delia radicum(L.), was studied under field conditions for cabbage,Brassica oleraceaL. var.capitataL. (Brassicaceae), and rutabaga,Brassica napusL. var.napobrassica(L.) Reichenb. (Brassicaceae), in 1994 and 1995. The numbers of eggs laid on traps were compared with the numbers deposited in the soil next to the plant. Also, the incidence of oviposition (i.e., the percentage of samples with eggs) on soil and traps was compared. A total of 5160 eggs was collected from 5208 samples, but just 16% of all samples had eggs. For cabbage, early in the 1994 season, the incidence of oviposition in soil samples was double that on traps, and the number of eggs per sample was greater also. Oviposition incidence and the number of eggs per sample during the rest of the summer were similar. In the 1995 cabbage trial, the incidence of oviposition early in the season was again higher in soil samples than on traps, and there were fewer eggs per trap than per soil sample. For rutabaga, the number of eggs was similar using both methods early in the second generation, but from mid-August there were more eggs per trap than per soil sample. The incidence of oviposition in the rutabaga trial was similar on traps and in soil through most of the experiment. In this study, felt traps did not adequately detect the timing of cabbage maggot oviposition in the critical early season.
Bird predation and the host-plant shift by the goldenrod stem galler
Authors: Poff A.C. , Haynes K.J. , Szymanski M. , Back D. , Williams M.A. , Cronin J.T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEscape from natural enemies may favor the incorporation of a novel host plant into the diet of an herbivorous insect. This scenario has been suggested for the recent host-plant shift by the goldenrod stem galler,Eurosta solidaginisFitch (Diptera: Tephritidae), from the ancestral hostSolidago altissimaL. (Compositae) to the derived hostSolidago giganteaAit. In this study, we examined the effects of predation from downy woodpeckers,Picoides pubescensL. (Aves: Picidae), and black-capped chickadees,Parus atricapillusL. (Aves: Paridae), on these two host races of insects at the western edge of their zone of sympatry. Based on a field census, bird predation was concentrated near the cover of trees whereS.giganteatends to occur; few attacks occurred in the open whereS.altissimais prevalent. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the preference of these avian predators for galls of the two host races when differences in the microgeographic distribution, size, and height of galls were controlled. In allopatric sites where onlyS.giganteaoccurs, attacks by birds were 58% more frequent onS.giganteathan onS.altissimagalls. Similar results were found for sympatric sites, although the difference in attack was only 26% and not significant. We could find no difference in the toughness of galls or the nutritional value of a larva within the gall (in terms of biomass) to explain avian preference for theS.giganteahost race; however, we found that from 1999 to 2000, theS.gigantearace offered a 27–107% higher reward rate (i.e., the probability that a gall harbored a larva ofE.solidaginis) than theS.altissimarace. Our studies suggest that avian predators can assess a gall’s content prior to pecking it open, preferring galls that are inhabited by bothE.solidaginislarvae and the inquiline predatorMordellistena convictaLeconte (Coleoptera: Mordellidae). It is possible that birds have either learned through experience or evolved through natural selection to choose the more profitableS.giganteagalls. Finally, our results suggest that avian predators act against the maintenance of two distinct host races in the midwestern United States.
Flight takeoff behavior of Colorado potato beetle
Authors: Boiteau Gilles 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe successful flight takeoff of untethered Colorado potato beetles,Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), consists of a strongly sequenced set of behaviors beginning with site location and followed by expansion of the hind wings, rising of the mesothoracic legs, air lifting, and rising of the prothoracic legs, leading to a low angle flight departure. A series of ablation experiments demonstrated that the antennae, the elytra, the mesothoracic legs, and the prothoracic legs all play a significant role in determining the percentage of successful flight takeoffs, as well as the proportion of upwardversusdownward liftoffs. Flight takeoff of tetheredL.decemlineatais positively stimulated by head winds of increasing speeds up to speeds of slightly more than 5.5 m/s. The absence of tarsal contact does not stimulate flight takeoff inL.decemlineata, but tarsal contact interrupts flight. The flight characteristics during liftoff indicate that this species is an in-phase functionally four-winged insect, probably with the hind pair of wings leading the wing beat. Among Coleoptera, the takeoff ofL.decemlineatawas found to belong to theMelolonthatype (classification of Schneider 1975), because the elytra are active.
Degree-day model for timing insecticide applications to controlDioryctria amatella(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in loblolly pine seed orchards
Authors: Hanula James L. , DeBarr Gary L. , Weatherby Julie C. , Barber Larry R. , Berisford C. Wayne 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBecauseDioryctria amatella(Hulst) is a key pest in loblolly pine,Pinus taedaL. (Pinaceae), seed orchards in the southeastern United States, improved timing of insecticide applications would be valuable for its control. To time two fenvalerate (Pydrin® 2.4 EC) applications we tested four variations of a degree-day model that was developed to predicted when various proportions ofD.amatellaeggs would hatch during the spring generation. We compared reductions inDioryctriaspp. cone damage to unsprayed checks and a standard operational spray regime of four monthly applications of fenvalerate. In addition, we examined seeds from healthy cones to determine if sprays to controlD.amatellaalso reduced seed damage caused byLeptoglossus corculusSay (Heteroptera: Coreidae) andTetyra bipunctata(Herrich-Schäffer) (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae). Trials were conducted from 1984 to 1986 in two orchards in South Carolina and one in Alabama. Degree-day accumulations (threshold = 11 °C) were begun on the day when the cumulative number of maleD.amatellaequaled or exceeded five captured in 15 Pherocon 1C® traps baited with 100 μg ofZ-11-hexadecenyl acetate. One application per year was insufficient to controlD.amatellaor reduced seed-bug damage. Two sprays based onD.amatellaphenology significantly reduced coneworm and seed bug damage, and were as effective as four sprays applied monthly. None of the treatments reduce spring cone losses, which are primarily caused byDioryctria merkeliMutuura and Monroe. Several variations of the model performed well, but we suggest that the best, based on efficacy and ease of use, was when sprays were applied immediately after five males were caught (degree-day = 0) and again when the model predicted 50% of the spring generation eggs had hatched.
Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) infestation in queen, worker, and drone brood of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Santillán-Galicia M.T. , Otero-Colina G. , Romero-Vera C. , Cibrián-Tovar J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractVarroa destructor Anderson and Trueman females were placed in contact with queen, worker, and drone brood cells of Apis mellifera L. that were soon to be sealed. In a non-choice test, V. destructor adult females were introduced into a comb containing either queen or worker brood cells; 0.62 and 18.28% of the mites entered the queen and worker brood cells, respectively. Only 1 of the 11 mites that entered queen brood cells oviposited, laying a single egg. In another test, brood cells were combined in the same comb in a 1:25:3 queen:worker:drone ratio. The percentages of egg-laying mites in queen, worker, and drone brood cells were 16.66, 61.86, and 79.06%, respectively. When queen, worker, and drone brood cells were combined in equal proportions (33.3:33.3:33.3), percent infestation was significantly different among queen (3.25%), worker (49.12%), and drone (90.07%) brood. Multiple infestation was found in drone brood cells but not in others. Also, mites were inoculated into sealed queen cells. These cells contained either one or two mites (either at the egg or protonymph stage). Conversely, in a simultaneous test with worker brood cells, the offspring per foundress mite included a mean of three individuals (either at the egg, protonymph, or deutonymph stage). It is concluded that V. destructor can infest queen, worker, and drone brood cells, but drone brood cells are preferred; in addition, queen brood cells do not provide an optimal environment for reproduction because it causes a delay in mite oviposition and (or) progeny development.
Larval morphology of genusLancetes(Coleoptera: Adephaga: Dytiscidae): the hypothesis of sister-group relationship with the subfamily Dytiscinae revisited
Authors: Alarie Yves , Archangelsky Miguel , Nilsson Anders N. , Watts Chris H.S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDescriptions of the larvae ofLancetes angusticollis(Curtis),L.lanceolatus(Clark),L.subseriatusZimmermann,L.flavoscutatusEnderlein,L.delkeskampiRíha, andL.nigriceps(Erichson) are provided. Characters from larval morphology are analyzed to infer the phylogenetic relationships of the genusLancetesSharp with other genera of Dytiscidae. A parsimony analysis based on 51 informative larval characteristics was conducted with the program NONA. The most parsimonious tree supports a sister-group relationship between the genusLancetesand members of the subfamily Dytiscinae. The only unambiguous synapomorphy in support of this hypothesis is the secondary subdivision of some cephalic appendages. Other putative synapomorphies are the proximal articulation of the primary seta CO7 both on meso- and meta-coxa and the presence of additional primary setae on the ventral margin of the tibiae. Based on several character states including the presence of multifragmented urogomphi, the genusLancetesis monophyletic.
Baseline egg load of southern pine beetle parasitoid complex
Authors: VanLaerhoven Sherah L. , Hanano Tanya L. , Stephen Fred M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEgg load of newly emerged adult parasitoids of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was examined. Infested bark was collected from D. frontalis infestations in southwestern Arkansas (Clark and Montgomery counties; 1995), the Bankhead National Forest in Alabama (1999), and the Talladega National Forest in Alabama (1998–2000) between June and September of each collection year. Newly emerged parasitoid females were dissected and numbers of mature and immature eggs counted. There was no significant difference in number of eggs within a species and between parasitoids from the Bankhead National Forest compared with those from the Talladega National Forest in Alabama in 1999. There were differences in number of eggs within a species between years at the same location. Dendroctonus frontalis parasitoids in the family Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera) had the most mature eggs, followed by Braconidae (Hymenoptera) and Eurytomidae (Hymenoptera). Within the D. frontalis parasitoids in the family Pteromalidae, Dinotiscus dendroctoni (Ashmead) and Heydenia unica Cook and Davis had more mature eggs than did Roptrocerus xylophagorum Ratzeburg. Within the D. frontalis parasitoids in the family Braconidae, Meteorus hypophloei Cushman females contained the most mature eggs, followed by Dendrosoter sulcatus Muesebeck, Spathius pallidus Ashmead, and Coeloides pissodis (Ashmead). These data constitute a foundation for defining baseline egg load of the D. frontalis parasitoid complex.
Revision of Nearctic species ofCerodontha(Cerodontha) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
Authors: Boucher Stéphanie 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Nearctic fauna of the subgenusCerodontha(Cerodontha) Rondani is revised and contains 10 species:C.aduncasp.nov. (Mexico),C.dorsalis(Loew) (widespread Nearctic, eastern Palaearctic, Neotropical),C.gracilisSpencer (western Nearctic),C.inflatasp.nov. (Mexico),C.occidentalisSehgal (northwestern Nearctic),C.occidoparvasp.nov. (western Nearctic),C.tolucasp.nov. (Mexico),C.trispinataSpencer (Mexico),C.trispinellaSpencer (Mexico), andC.trispinosaSpencer (Mexico). All Nearctic species are described and illustrated and a key to species is provided. There are two colour forms of the widespread Nearctic speciesC.dorsalis: a pale eastern form and a dark western form, although there is overlap in the geographic distribution of the two forms and intermediates exist. The six Mexican species are known from a total of only nine specimens, suggesting that the diversity of this subgenus in Mexico and Central America may be higher than currently known.
Systematics, distributions, and bionomics of the small carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Cholevini) of North America
Authors: Peck Stewart B. , Cook Joyce 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn North America, the tribe Cholevini (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) is composed of the generaPrionochaetaHorn with 1 species,CatoptrichusMurray with 1 species,SciodrepoidesHatch with 3 species, andCatopsPaykull with 17 species. The species are mostly forest inhabitants that feed on carrion and other decaying materials, but some occur in tundra habitats, in caves, and in rodent burrows. Resurrected status is proposed forSciodrepoides terminans(LeConte). The subspecies status ofSciodrepoides watsoni hornianus(Blanchard) is not supported. Lectotypes are designated forCatops terminansLeConte (=Sciodrepoides terminans(LeConte)),Choleva gratiosaBlanchard (=Catops gratiosus(Blanchard)), andCholeva egenaHorn (=Catops egenus(Horn)). Neotypes are designated forCatops simplexSay andCatops basilarisSay.Catops luteipesThomson is reported from North America for the first time. New species areSciodrepoides latinotumPeck and Cooksp.nov.,Catops paramericanusPeck and Cooksp.nov.,Catops apterusPeck and Cooksp.nov., andCatops meridionalisPeck and Cooksp.nov. FourCatopsspecies are Holarctic in distribution, whereas the others are restricted to North America, south to Mexico.
Cydia strobilella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): antennal and behavioral responses to host and nonhost volatiles
Authors: Bédard C. , Gries R. , Gries G. , Bennett R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFemale spruce seed moths, Cydia strobilella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), oviposit on seed cones of most North American spruces (Picea spp.) (Pinaceae) at the time of pollination, and larvae feed on seeds in the maturing cones. We tested the hypothesis that host-seeking moths respond to volatiles from both host and nonhost trees. In coupled gas chromatographic – electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) analyses of extracts of spruce seed cone volatiles, > 17 compounds elicited antennal responses from male and female C. strobilella. A blend of seven compounds, including (−)-α-pinene and (−)-β-pinene, α-longipinene and α-humulene, Z3-hexenol, methyl eugenol, and cymen-8-ol, was more attractive to female C. strobilella in laboratory bioassay experiments than the complete seed cone volatile blend, containing these compounds at equivalent quantities and ratios. In GC–EAD analyses of volatile extracts from nonhost angiosperm trees, EAD-activity was associated with compounds present in (almost) every volatile source, including trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides (Michx.) (Salicaceae), paper birch, Betula papyrifera (Marsh.) (Betulaceae), black Cottonwood, Populus balsamifera trichocarpa (Torr. and Gray) (Salicaceae), and bigleaf maple, Acer macrophyllum (Pursh.) (Aceraceae). In a field experiment in the interior of British Columbia, the antennally active nonhost aldehydes, alcohols, and (±)-conophthorin all reduced captures of male C. strobilella in pheromone-baited traps. Collectively, our data suggest that host selection by C. strobilella is mediated, in part, by semiochemicals from both host and nonhost trees.
Interaction of foliage and larval age influences preference and performance of a geometrid caterpillar
Authors: Pinault Lauren , Thurston Graham , Quiring Dan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn two recent studies it was reported that feeding on foliage of multiple age classes can improve insect fitness, but it was not determined whether the increase in fitness was due to larvae obtaining a more balanced diet (the balanced-diet hypothesis) or to a difference in the nutritional requirements between young and old larvae (the ontogenetic hypothesis). To test these two hypotheses, we examined the foraging behaviour and performance of young (second or third to fourth instar) and old (third or fourth to fifth instar) larvae of the pale-winged gray moth, Iridopsis ephyraria (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), on different-aged foliage of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière (Pinaceae), during an outbreak in southwestern Nova Scotia. Defoliation attributed to I. ephyraria was highest on current-year foliage and gradually declined with foliage age. Young larvae were only observed feeding on current-year shoots but old larvae fed on foliage of all ages. When forced to feed on foliage of specific ages in manipulative field studies, survival rates of young and old larvae were highest on current-year and old (≥1 year old) foliage, respectively. However, both young and old larvae had higher survival rates when provided with access to foliage of all age classes than when they were forced to feed on only young or old foliage. Thus, this study supports both the balanced-diet and ontogenetic hypotheses.
The bizarre male of Spalangia dozieri (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae): adaptations for male phoresy or the result of sexual selection?
Authors: Gibson Gary A.P. , Reigada Carolina 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSpalangia dozieri Burks is newly recorded as a gregarious parasitoid in the puparia of Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), C. putoria (Wiedemann), Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann), and L. sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and represents the first report of gregariousness in Spalangia Latreille. The previously unknown males of S. dozieri are described and compared with females. Males have highly modified legs and several other sexually dimorphic features that differ from those of other Spalangia species. Most of the unusual features are hypothesized to be adaptations for grasping and holding and it is suggested that males either are phoretic on adults of their dipteran hosts or, possibly, that males exhibit aggressive or other atypical behaviour toward siblings that is correlated with being gregarious. Barbados, Brazil, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Trinidad are recorded as new country distribution records for S. dozieri.