bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Simple Volumetric Procedure to Measure Oxygen Uptake of Small Aquatic Animals
Authors: Brendel Klaus , Alizade Miguel A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTOxygen uptake of Penaeus californiensis was investigated using a closed manometric chamber. This new manometric approach differs from the classical oxygen measurements in aquatic animals in that no oxygen electrodes (polarographic method) or the chemical assay of Winkler are used in the chamber. The gas phase was continuously recirculated through a base solution. This allows removal of the catabolically produced CO2 which would otherwise interfere with the manometric measurement of O2 and at the same time helps to control the pH over long periods of time. Initial results of oxygen uptake at different temperatures by shrimps of different sizes (0.27 to 9.8 g) over long periods of time (120 hr) are presented.
Beneficial Use of Thermal Effluent in Lobster Culture1
Authors: Ford Richard F. , Van Olst Jon C. , Carlberg James M. , Dorband Wayne R. , Johnson Richard L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTComparative water quality analyses and rearing experiments were conducted to assess benefits and problems in using thermal effluent to culture the American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the egg to market size. Most of this research was conducted in a special laboratory developed in cooperation with the San Diego Gas & Electric Co. at the Encina Power Plant in Carlsbad, California. Separate studies supported by the Southern California Edison Co. were recently initiated at their Redondo Beach, California, generating station, in a similar laboratory supplied with both thermal effluent and ocean quality seawater. Parallel experiments are being conducted at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in electrically heated and ocean temperature water.Salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and concentrations of the heavy metals Cu, Zn, Cd, Co, Pb, Cr, and As were essentially the same in thermal effluent from the Encina Power Plant as in ocean water from the outer Agua Hedionda Lagoon and Scripps. Sensitive H. americanus larvae employed to test effluent water quality were cultured individually and in mass rearing systems at constant temperatures of 18.5 and 21.6 C. Larvae reared to Stage IV in Encina effluent and in water from the two ocean sources did not differ significantly in survival or size attained. Similar results were obtained for larvae and juveniles reared to Stage VIII over a 3–month period at 22.1 C. These results suggest that chemical toxicity may not be a problem in using thermal effluent from the Encina Power Plant.In other tests, juveniles were cultured individually and in mass rearing systems in effluent at varying temperatures (X=22 C) and in lagoon water at ambient temperature (X=19 C). The juveniles reared individually in effluent for 10 months had significantly higher survival and were 11.6% larger than those in lagoon water. Juveniles cultured in mass rearing systems for 6 months were 15.5% larger than those in lagoon water.These preliminary results indicate that thermal effluent may provide a useful and economical source of warm water for lobster culture.
Comparative Growth And Mortality Of Winter‐Cultured Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) In Freshwater And Brackish Water Ponds In South Alabama1
Authors: Tatum Walter M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTComparative experiments in brackish water and freshwater pond culture of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were conducted from November 1974 to March 1975 at Claude Peteet Mariculture Center, Gulf Shores, Alabama. The average weight gain for individual trout was greater in freshwater ponds than in brackish water ponds; however, overall production was less and mortality and food conversion higher. The conclusion is that brackish water provides a buffer to unseasonable warm weather; this buffer does not exist in freshwater ponds in south Alabama.
Two Years Of Brackish Water Pond Culture Of Striped Bass (Morone Saxatilis) In South Alabama1
Authors: Powell Madison R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA total of 615, 789, 2.5–5.0 cm striped bass (Morone saxatilis) fingerlings was produced in brackish water ponds at the Alabama Marine Resources Divisions1 Claude peteet Mariculture Center during the 1974–1975 striped bass production seasons. Due primarily to changes in culture technique, production in 1975 was increased almost five‐fold over 1974 production. During the 1975 season, average percentage survival among fry from thirty, 0.081 ha ponds was 32.3%, producing an average of 199, 977 fingerlings per ha with an average gain of 1.8 kg per ha per day. The fish remained in the ponds an average of 33 days. Fifty thousand 7‐day old striped bass fry stocked into a 0.081 ha pond containing marine predators survived at a rate of 2.7% over a 46‐day period. Differences in survival during pond culture of fry from different female brood fish were observed.
Facilities And Methodology For The Culture Of The Southern Sea Bass (Centropristis melana)1
Authors: Roberts Daniel E. , Harpster Brian V. , Havens Walter K. , Halscott Kenneth R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA closed system was designed for mass culture of marine finfish larvae. Southern sea bass (Centropristis melana) brood stock were collected in the Gulf of Mexico during January‐March, 1975, their natural spawning season. Brood stock were maintained in a simulated spawning environment of 17–19 C temperature and 10 hr L:14 hr D photo‐period. Vitellogenesis of ovarian oocytes remained in the tertiary yolk globule stage in females held under these conditions and males would release milt freely upon manual stimulation. Final oocyte maturation and spawning were induced with Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and manual spawning techniques. Approximately 2,500 larvae were reared in three trials using 2,000–liter silo tanks with biological filtration. Laboratory reared rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) were solely used as food the first 4 days after feeding began. Wild plankton, rotifers, Artemia nauplii, and prepared flake were also used as larvae developed. Greatest larval survival from hatching was 10.0%. Larvae grew from 2.78 mm to 9.0 mm in 24 days; the greatest growth rate occurred after day 14. Physiological edema was observed in two trials affecting 30–50% of the larvae. Physiological edema appears to be the principal constraint to successful rearing of sea bass larvae.
Growth Differences Among Families Of The Lobster, Homarus americanus1
Authors: Hedgecock Dennis , Nelson Keith , Shleser Robert A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTResults of a pilot study designed to estimate the variance of growth rates within and between full sibling families of the lobster Homarus americanus are presented. Progenies raised simultaneously for 100 days under optimal temperature (˜21 C) and diet (live, adult brine shrimp fed ad libitum) grow at significantly different rates. Pronounced environmental effects on growth are inferred from an inverse rank correlation (rS = ‐0.91) between progeny mean growth rates and the temporal sequence with which progenies were introduced into the experimental space. Differences in growth rates between siblings grown in two independent, experimental seawater tables are also significant in some cases. Family x table interaction is observed indicating that growth may not always be predictable from knowledge of genetic stock and quality of the rearing system alone. Implications for selective breeding of faster growing lobsters are discussed.
Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) Consumption By The Larval Stages Of The American Lobster (Homarus Americanus) In Relation To Food Density And Water Temperature1
Authors: Carlberg James M. , Van Olst Jon C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCulture of Homarus americanus larval stages commonly involves use of live or frozen adult Artemia salina as the standard food. Our previous studies demonstrated that live brine shrimp are taken more readily than the frozen product by lobster larvae, and that maintenance and feeding problems are reduced by using live Artemia. This study was conducted to determine optimum daily feeding level of live adult Artemia required by larval stages of Homarus at ambient and elevated temperatures. This was done by offering a series of standard rations to individually held larvae and observing the influence of these rations on growth and survival. Results indicate that feeding levels in excess of four brine shrimp per day at ambient San Diego ocean temperatures (15–16 C) and eight brine shrimp per day at an elevated temperature of 19 C are required for optimal production. Larvae fed at these levels achieved fourth stage in the shortest time, had the highest survival, grew to larger size and were most efficient in utilizing the available food.
Controlling Growth And Reproduction In The American Lobster
Authors: Aiken D. E. , Waddy S. L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSomatic and reproductive growth are antagonistic in the lobster, and it is difficult to manipulate one without affecting the other. High temperature may accelerate ovary maturation but cause ovary reabsorption due to molt cycle acceleration. Sustained high temperature promotes rapid molting but may also interfere with ovary development. In the natural environment lobsters have seasonal cycles of molting and are refractory to warm water during winter months. This annual cycle is regulated by the eyestalk neurosecretory complex and can be eliminated by eyestalk ablation. The relationship between temperature and molt frequency is linear between 5 and 20 C. At lower temperatures this relationship can be modified by photoperiod, but at 20 C or higher the effect of photoperiod disappears. Eyestalk ablation may have a place in the culture process but ecdysterone shows little potential because of excessive cost and unpredictable results with intact animals.Vitellogenesis occurs in two distinct phases separated by a coldwater period, and is inhibited during premolt. Each age class of female has a characteristic pattern of molting and reproductive events, and molt and oviposition do not always occur in alternate years. When molt is due to occur shortly after oviposition, the eggs will not be extruded and the ovary will be reabsorbed. Embryonic development shows the same temperature relationship as molting and the two may be very similar, indicating that larval hatching can be spread throughout the year by simple temperature manipulation.
Chemical Control Of Lagenidium, A Fungal Pathogen Of Marine Crustacea
Authors: Bland C. E. , Ruch D. G. , Salser B. R. , Lightner D. V. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTEffects of 12 potentially fungitoxic compounds on growth and development of two strains of Lagenidium callinectes Couch were studied. The compounds tested were Benlate, Captan, Dichlone, Difolaton, DS 9073, Dyrene, malachite green, Manzate 200 (Dithane M‐45), Terrachlor, tribasic copper sulfate, and Vitavax. In vitro tests included determination of the minimum lethal concentration (LC100) of each fungicide, the effects of the LC100 on length of motility, flagellar retraction or detachment, encystment and germination, and the length of time necessary for the LC100 of each fungicide to kill zoospores of L. callinectes. Various animal toxicity tests were conducted also with several of the fungitoxic compounds. In evaluating the total efficacy of these 12 compounds, only two, malachite green and DS 9073, appear to be of potential use as disease deterrents in mariculture. The problems associated with the use of each of these compounds are discussed.
A Possible Chemical Control Method For Filamentous Gill Disease
Authors: Lightner Donald V. , Supplee Vashti C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA commercially available algacide was tested as a chemotherapeutic agent for filamentous (= Leucothrix) gill disease of penaeid shrimp. The algacide, Cutrine‐Plus, was tested in 2 to 4‐hr static treatments and in 24‐hr flow‐through treatments over a concentration range of 0.1 to 1.0 ppm Cu++ (as Cutrine‐Plus) of water containing shrimp having the disease.The effective concentration for static treatments was 0.5 ppm Cu++, while 0.1 ppm Cu++ was found to be most effective in 24‐hr flow‐through treatments. Higher concentrations were found to be toxic to the shrimp.
The Effects Of Disease Treatment On Nitrification In Closed System Aquaculture
Authors: Levine Gerald , Meade Thomas L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe generally accepted method for disease treatment and control is the addition of therapeutic agents to the diet or the water within the culture system. If agents are to be added to a recirculating unit it is necessary to have a knowledge of the effect of these agents upon the nitrifying bacteria. A rapid and simple method has been developed to screen therapeutic agents to determine their short term effects upon nitrification. The results of testing a group of commonly accepted therapeutic agents are listed. The procedure will show the feasibility of using various agents in conjunction with nitrification in a recirculating system.
Closed Circulating System For Striped Bass Production1
Authors: McIlwain Thomas D. , AG P.O. Drawer 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTProduction of striped bass, (Morone saxatilis), fingerlings for stocking into Mississippi coastal streams in support of Mississippi's striped bass restoration program has been a continuing goal of the Anadromous Fish Section of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory since 1969. Hydrological conditions and land use restrictions necessitated the development of a closed culture system for production of striped bass fingerlings. The closed culture system was composed of two earthern ponds plumbed to twenty‐five 3,900 liter circular tanks used for rearing. Pond No. 1 was stocked with water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) and used as a biological filter and Pond No. 2 served as a water reservoir for the 25 raceways.Eight hundred and sixty‐nine thousand, 24‐hours old, striped bass sac‐fry were stocked into the circular raceways at the rate of 8.9 fry per liter and 6,424 fish were harvested for a survival rate of 0.73%. Rearing fry to fingerlings took a mean of 60 days (55–63 days). At harvest the fish ranged in total length from 28 to 72 mm and averaged 45.1 mm with an average coefficient of condition of 1.02.
Aufwuchs And Sediment Fouling Rates In Flow‐Through Aquaria Receiving A Heated Effluent From Upper Galveston Bay, Texas
Authors: Parker Nick C. , Strawn Kirk 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDevelopmental rates of the Aufwuchs community on glass slides, plastic and asbestos plates, and sedimentation rates were determined in flow‐through aquaria located in a greenhouse. These aquaria, used to culture selected marine and estuarine organisms, were provided with thermally regulated water (either 20, 25, 30, 35 C or ambient) taken from the discharge canal of a power plant on upper Galveston Bay, Texas.Aufwuchs accrual was influenced by temperature, salinity, and species cultured. Sedimentation rates due to the supplemental feeding of organisms and sloughing from the Aufwuchs community were as great as 7 ml/liter per day. Biological fouling and accumulation of sediments limit growth and production of intensively cultured organisms by lowering dissolved oxygen levels and producing anaerobic substrates. Organisms which feed by grazing can be effectively used to minimize substrate fouling in mariculture operations.
Engineering Aspects Of Bivalve Molluscan Mariculture Progress At Delaware 1975
Authors: Pruder Gary D. , Bolton Ellis T. , Greenhaugh Earl F. , Baggaley Robert E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe University of Delaware Project is working toward development of commercial, closed‐cycle, controlled environment shellfish mariculture. As the result of several years' effort, the technical feasibility of raising bivalve molluscs from egg to market size in a recirculating system on a diet of cultured algae has been demonstrated.System optimization and cost reduction efforts are leading to an economically feasible system. Progress toward this goal has been made in several areas, including improved oyster growth rate, reduction in make‐up nutrient cost, and incorporation of a foam fractionation device for water quality maintenance and waste removal.
Pond Culture Of The Malaysian Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man), In South Carolina, 1974–19751
Authors: Smith Theodore I. J. , Sandifer Paul A. , Trimble William C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe feasibility of growing Macrobrachium rosenbergii commercially in ponds is under investigation in South Carolina, USA. Laboratory‐reared prawns (mean size, 0.006 to 2.66 g) were stocked into earthen ponds (0.02 to 0.25 ha) at densities ranging from 29,400 to 166,600 prawns/ha surface area. Mortality was generally low, with survival rates to 81.2% even when new postlarvae were stocked. Excellent growth was observed among some male prawns which grew from a mean size of 0.7 g to 100.6 g in five months in a brackish water (mean salinity 7.2 ppt) pond. Maximum gross production (equivalent to 1,660 kg/ha surface area) was achieved in 1974 when larger juveniles were reared for 146 days. Gross production in 1975 ranged from an equivalent of 572–1,499 kg/ha (mean, 904 kg/ha) during the 131 to 160‐day grow‐out studies. Feed conversions of 2.1–7.5 (mean, 4.4) in 1974 and 2.6–4.9 (mean, 3.6) in 1975 were obtained with an extruded ration, Ralston Purina Marine Ration 20.Duration of grow‐out season and the possibility of rearing prawns in brackish water were also examined. Outdoor culture season in South Carolina varies from about 5 to 6.5 months depending on site selection. Results from a brackish water study indicate that many coastal areas can be considered for farming M. rosenbergii.
Effects Of Four Stocking Densities And Three Diets On Growth And Survival Of Postlarval, Macrobrachium rosenbergii and M. acanthurus1
Authors: Willis Scott A. , Hagood Randolph W. , Eliason George T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTEffects of stocking density and three diets on growth and survival of 1 week post‐metamorphic Macrobrachium rosenbergii and M. acanthurus were studied. Experiments were conducted on shrimp held for 2 months in laboratory tanks under a controlled temperature, light, and feeding regime.Initial stocking densities were 215, 430, 645, and 860 shrimp/m2 tank bottom. Shrimp were fed Purina 20% protein marine ration at 5% body weight daily. Habitat was gravel bottom. M. rosenbergii survival was highest at 215 shrimp/m2, but overall growth was best at 430 shrimp/ m2. M. acanthurus survival and growth were very erratic.Two commercially available diets (Purina 25% marine ration, and Purina No. 1 trout chow) and a “natural” diet composed of chopped fish, shrimp, earthworm, rice, and mung beans were selected for dietary studies. Shrimp were stocked at 107.5 shrimp/m2 tank bottom. A three‐tiered habitat was added to reduce aggression and food competition. Shrimp were fed at 20% body weight daily for the first six weeks and 12% daily for the final two weeks. Trout chow produced the most rapid growth; maximum average increase in M. rosenbergii was from 0.03 g initially to 1.20 g after 2 months.
A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE SPAWNING GROUNDS OF MILKFISH AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS THAT INFLUENCE FRY ABUNDANCE AND COLLECTION ALONG THE ANTIQUE COAST OF PANAY ISLAND, PHILIPPINES1/
Authors: Schmittou H. R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe most serious problem affecting the milkfish (Chanos chanos (Forskal)) farming industry throughout its range (Philippines, Indonesia and Taiwan) is inadequate supply of fry. For example, the requirement for milkfish fry in the Philippines in 1974 was approximately 875 million, but the supply was less that one‐half the demand. Demands for fry are expected to continue to increase. Milkfish have never been artificially reproduced, and milkfish farmers depend entirely on fry captured from coastal waters for their stock.The objectives of this study were to determine the environmental conditions influencing milkfish fry abundance and capture and to determine the location of the spawning grounds of milkfish that supply the fry collected along the Antique coast of Panay Island, Philippines.Some environmental factors influencing milkfish fry abundance and capture are reported. Conclusions were: 1) milkfish fry collected along the coast are spawned far from the collecting grounds, 2) surface oceans currents transport the fry from the spawning grounds to the Antique coast, and are responsible for the seasonality of milkfish fry there.
BRACKISH WATER CULTURE OF STRIPED BASS IN LOUISIANA
Authors: Perry W. Guthrie , Carver Dudley C. , Williams Arthur M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTStriped bass (Morone saxatilis) have been cultured in brackish water ponds since 1972 as part of Louisiana's Anadromus fisheries project. Over the past five years, 648,872 fingerlings have been reared to stocking size in ponds with salinities ranging up to 10.8 ppt. Annual percent survival from fry to fingerling ranged from .03% in 1972 to 34.0% in 1976. Increased survival is attributed to improvements in nursery and pond rearing techniques.A bioassey in 1976 indicated two‐day old fry were dead at 30 hours in 24.5 ppt salinity. Fry in 10, 15 and 20 ppt survived two weeks with no apparent harmful effect.
Artemia CULTURE ON A COMMERCIAL PILOT SCALE
Authors: Jahnig Charles E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTArtemia salina were raised and marketed successfully on a small commercial scale using indoor closed systems to provide dependable year round production. Common wholewheat flour alone proved to be an adequate food for growth through many generations. When eggs became unavailable breeding was used to maintain production. From the production data obtained we extrapolate yields of 8400‐14,400 kg/ha per year which are comparable to the yields projected for commercial raising of lobsters or shrimp. Methods and economics are given for raising large quantities of Artemia for sale or to use as food in mariculture.
AIR‐WATER PUMPS AS CHEAP AND CONVENIENT TOOLS FOR HIGH DENSITY CULTURING OF MICROSCOPIC ALGAE
Authors: Sorgeloos P. , Persoone G. , de Winter F. , Bossuyt E. , de Pauw N. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe culturing of microscopic algae in sufficient quantities as a live food source for larval mollusks and crustaceans remains a major problem in many hatcheries, not at least from the technological and financial standpoint. Presently, a variety of more or less sophisticated techniques are utilized, depending on the degree of purity and/or algal volumes required.After considerable experimentation with a number of different technologies, the authors adopted a modification of the Salser and Mock algal culturing tank as a very convenient and cheap algal culturing system for small as well as large volumes of algae. For indoor culturing, the use of transparent culturing vessels (glass aquaria) illuminated laterally by fluorescent tubes allows a much better and more economical utilization of the expensive artificial light. PVC air‐water lifts, inexpensive and easy to handle, assure a constant and most efficient circulation of the algal suspension, providing the maximal possible photosynthetic activity in indoor as well as outdoor conditions.