bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluid Momentum Balance Defines the Effective Force
Authors: Mitchell Robert F. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Once again, the effective force is being scrutinized by the industry. The effective force is a concept developed for including the effects of the surrounding fluids on the pipe. The paper that defined our current understanding of pipe-fluid interaction was written by Klinkenberg (1951), with essential additional discussions by Arthur Lubinski and Henry Woods. There have been many, many papers since that publication, with the intent to improve the understanding of the concept. Why write another paper on this subject?
The first reason is a shift in point of view from the pipe to the fluid. What information can we obtain from a simple balance of momentum of the fluid in bulk? For example, for flow inside a pipe, we can determine exactly the load exerted on the pipe by the flowing fluid in terms of only the fluid density, pressure, and momentum.
The second reason is fluid dynamics. Most effective force papers have dealt with static fluids. How are these static effects modified for a flowing fluid? Do we need to add a pressure gradient to the pipe buoyancy? How is fluid friction included in the pipe loading? How does fluid momentum affect the pipe? For curved pipes we might expect a centrifugal force term. The answers to these questions are often surprising, even counter-intuitive.
In this paper, the general equations for the balance of fluid momentum are then combined with the equilibrium equation for the pipe. The effective force then emerges as a natural combination of pipe force and fluid force terms. A number of numerical examples are calculated to illustrate the new concepts. For example, what is the magnitude of the lateral load generated by the flow of fluid inside a curved pipe? How important is the fluid momentum load?
Multiparameter Autodrilling Capabilities Provide Drilling/Economic Benefits
Authors: Florence Fred , Porche Michael , Thomas Randall , Fox Ryan 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Recent field data have shown significant economic benefits are achievable when utilizing electronic autodrilling technology in conjunction with surface sensors, wellsite computers and data acquisition systems. An electronic autodrilling system was developed to provide steady-state weight at the drill bit and/or differential pressure across the motors to produce a higher quality wellbore and faster rate of penetration (ROP). Recent field applications demonstrated conclusively that the electronic autodriller not only improved control of drilling parameters such as weight on bit (WOB) and ROP, but also provided other favorable drilling attributes like controlled reaming. Longer bit runs and shorter rotating times were also observed. This study outlines the results of an advanced electronic autodriller's field application, reviews the history of various autodrilling systems, and compares and contrasts each design with respect to practical application and economic benefit.
While brake technology improvements historically have led advances in autodrilling development, recent progress in computers and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) have significantly increased the capability of automated drilling machines, culminating in multiparameter control algorithms that maximize drilling efficiency. More recently, signal processing capabilities and variable frequency drive (VFD) electronic control have been extended to allow modern digital control technologies to be combined with older band-brake type braking systems, enabling conventional drilling rigs to be equipped with a sophisticated level of control without brake replacement and the associated capital investment. The new electronic automatic drilling system, when combined with computing and data acquisition technology, optimized drilling by controlling the existing non-linear rig braking system while simultaneously examining multiple drilling parameters: WOB, ROP, differential pressure (also called delta P) and torque. Multiparameter control was proven demonstrably better than single parameter or manual control.
Advances in API/ISO Standard Grade Purified Poly-Anionic Cellulose (PAC) and Drilling Grade Xanthan Gum (XG) Test Procedure and Specifications Definition
Authors: Keith Morton E. , Andrea Balestrini , Ton Maas , Mac Seheult 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This paper will describe the technical work performed to develop reliable and reproducible testing procedures for standard purified Polyanionic Cellulose Polymers (PAC) and Drilling Grade Xanthan Gum Polymers (XG) leading to the introduction of new specification in API 13 A/ISO 13500.
The absence of standard procedures and specifications for PAC and XG materials have created confusing interpretations of the quality and expected performance. This opened the way to adulteration, primarily with starches (in PAC) and guar gum (in XG). A survey made within the API organization identified the need of standard performance testing procedures and specifications for pure-grade PAC and XG materials as well as adopting a test to easily identify the presence of adulterants. Simple procedures have been developed to identify starch or guar gum presence and establish performance testing procedures.
Numerous round-robin tests have been performed to fine-tune the testing procedures and measure intra and inter-labs reproducibility. Only testing procedures providing results with an acceptable standard deviation have been approved.
A new set of specifications including the following were finally defined: –moisture content, fluid loss and viscosity (for PAC)–moisture content, particle size analysis and viscosity (for XG)
The final procedures and specifications for both PAC and XG will be published with the new revision of the API 13 A/ISO 13500 in January 2009.
Efficacy and Safety of the Human Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analog Liraglutide in Combination With Metformin and Thiazolidinedione in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (LEAD-4 Met+TZD)
Authors: Zinman Bernard , Gerich John , Buse John B. , Lewin Andrew , Schwartz Sherwyn , Raskin Philip , Hale Paula M. , Zdravkovic Milan , Blonde Lawrence ,   the LEAD-4 Study Investigators
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE
To determine the efficacy and safety of liraglutide (a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist) when added to metformin and rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This 26-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial randomized 533 subjects (1:1:1) to once-daily liraglutide (1.2 or 1.8 mg) or liraglutide placebo in combination with metformin (1 g twice daily) and rosiglitazone (4 mg twice daily). Subjects had type 2 diabetes, A1C 7–11% (previous oral antidiabetes drug [OAD] monotherapy ≥3 months) or 7–10% (previous OAD combination therapy ≥3 months), and BMI ≤45 kg/m2.

RESULTS
Mean A1C values decreased significantly more in the liraglutide groups versus placebo (mean ± SE −1.5 ± 0.1% for both 1.2 and 1.8 mg liraglutide and −0.5 ± 0.1% for placebo). Fasting plasma glucose decreased by 40, 44, and 8 mg/dl for 1.2 and 1.8 mg and placebo, respectively, and 90-min postprandial glucose decreased by 47, 49, and 14 mg/dl, respectively (P &lt; 0.001 for all liraglutide groups vs. placebo). Dose-dependent weight loss occurred with 1.2 and 1.8 mg liraglutide (1.0 ± 0.3 and 2.0 ± 0.3 kg, respectively) (P &lt; 0.0001) compared with weight gain with placebo (0.6 ± 0.3 kg). Systolic blood pressure decreased by 6.7, 5.6, and 1.1 mmHg with 1.2 and 1.8 mg liraglutide and placebo, respectively. Significant increases in C-peptide and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function and significant decreases in the proinsulin-to-insulin ratio occurred with liraglutide versus placebo. Minor hypoglycemia occurred more frequently with liraglutide, but there was no major hypoglycemia. Gastrointestinal adverse events were more common with liraglutide, but most occurred early and were transient.

CONCLUSIONS
Liraglutide combined with metformin and a thiazolidinedione is a well-tolerated combination therapy for type 2 diabetes, providing significant improvements in glycemic control.
Le ministère français de la guerre face à l'invention des frères Wright (1905-1906)
Authors: Carlier Claude 
Published: March 2009

Le ministère français de la guerre face à l’invention des frères Wright (1905-1906) Il y a désormais plus d’un siècle que les États-Unis et la France se sont lancés dans la conquête des cieux par un appareil plus lourd que l’air motorisé, un des plus importants événements de l’histoire de l’humanité. Les applications militaires ont immédiatement été perçues par le ministère français de la Guerre qui a envisagé l’achat de la machine volante de deux Américains, les frères Wilbur et Orville Wright. Une mission secrète d’achat a été envoyée aux États-Unis. Les négociations n’ont pas abouti pas, mais ont été à l’origine des premiers et spectaculaires vols de Wilbur Wright en France en 1908.
One‐Pot Multienzymatic Synthesis of 12‐Ketoursodeoxycholic Acid: Subtle Cofactor Specificities Rule the Reaction Equilibria of Five Biocatalysts Working in a Row
Authors: Monti Daniela , Ferrandi Erica Elisa , Zanellato Ilaria , Hua Ling , Polentini Fausto , Carrea Giacomo , Riva Sergio 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageThe hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs)‐catalyzed one‐pot enzymatic synthesis of 12‐ketoursodeoxycholic acid (3α,7β‐dihydroxy‐12‐oxo‐5β‐cholanoic acid), a key intermediate for the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid, from cholic acid has been investigated. This goal has been achieved by alternating oxidative and reductive steps in a one‐pot system employing HSDHs with different cofactor specificity, namely NADH‐dependent HSDHs in the oxidative step and an NADPH‐dependent 7β‐HSDH in the reductive one. Coupled in situ regeneration systems have been exploited not only to allow the use of catalytic amounts of the cofactors, but also to provide the necessary driving force to opposite reactions (i.e., oxidation and reduction) acting on different sites of the substrate molecule. Biocatalysts suitable for the set‐up of this process have been selected and their kinetic behaviour in respect of the reactions of interest has been evaluated. Finally, the process has been studied employing the enzymes both in free and compartmentalized form.
Interspecies comparisons of functional genetic variations and their implications in neuropsychiatry
Authors: Kas Martien J.H. , Gelegen Cigdem , Schalkwyk Leonard C. , Collier David A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnimal studies are important for the identification and functional characterization of the biological substrates underlying complex psychiatric disorders. However, novel insights into the relationship between the genome and behavior are needed for the development of fully valid translational models. Based on the notion that in different species, the same genes may independently give rise to alleles with similar functional and phenotypic effects, either under similar selection or through similar genomic mechanisms, we propose the use of genetic validity as a tool for identifying analogous pathology between animals and human neuropsychiatric disorders. Furthermore, the identification of copy number variants which disrupt entire genes, reinforces the notion that transgenic animals, such as knockouts or knock‐ins, may provide unexpectedly valid disease models for psychiatric traits. To illustrate interspecies comparison of genetic variations in relation to neurobehavioral traits, examples are provided for the BDNF, COMT, and DISC1 genes in mouse and man. We propose that alignment of individual genetic variations with endophenotypes obtained from mice and across categories of neuropsychiatric disorders will provide an important step in translational research. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Broken ribs: Paleopathological analysis of costal fractures in the human identified skeletal collection from the Museu Bocage, Lisbon, Portugal (late 19th to middle 20th centuries)
Authors: Matos Vítor 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlthough rarely reported in the anthropological literature, rib fractures are commonly found during the analysis of human skeletal remains of past and modern populations. This lack of published data precludes comparison between studies and restricts an accurate understanding either of the mechanisms involved in thoracic injuries or their impact on past societies. The present study aimed: 1) to report rib fracture prevalence in 197 individuals, 109 males, and 88 females, with ages at death ranging from 13 to 88 years old, from the Human Identified Skeletal Collection, Museu Bocage, Portugal (late 19th‐middle 20th centuries); 2) to test the hypothesis that a higher prevalence of rib stress fractures existed in the 133 individuals who died from respiratory diseases, in a period before antibiotics. The macroscopic analysis revealed 23.9% (n = 47) of individuals with broken ribs. 2.6% (n = 124) out of 4,726 ribs observed were affected. Males presented more rib fractures, and a significantly higher prevalence was noted for older individuals. Fractures were more frequently unilateral (n = 34), left sided (n = 19) and mainly located on the shaft of ribs from the middle thoracic wall. Nineteen individuals presented adjacent fractured ribs. Individuals who died from pulmonary diseases were not preferentially affected. However, a higher mean rate of fractures was found in those who died from pneumonia, a scenario still common nowadays. Since rib involvement in chest wall injury and its related outcomes are important issues both for paleopathology and forensic anthropology, further investigations are warranted. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The type specimen (LB1) ofHomo floresiensisdid not have Laron Syndrome
Authors: Falk Dean , Hildebolt Charles , Smith Kirk , Jungers William , Larson Susan , Morwood Michael , Sutikna Thomas , Jatmiko  , Saptomo E. Wahyu , Prior Fred 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe type specimen (LB1) ofHomo floresiensishas been hypothesized to be a pathological human afflicted with Laron Syndrome (LS), a type of primary growth hormone insensitivity (Hershkovitz et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 134 [2007] 198–208). Comparing measurements, photographs and three‐dimensional, computed‐tomography reconstructions of LB1 with data and diagnoses from the literature on LS, we critically evaluate numerous skull and postcranial traits that Hershkovitz etal. identified as being shared by LB1 and patients with LS. The statements regarding most of these traits are new to the clinical literature and lack quantitative support. LB1 and patients with LS differ markedly in the size and shape of the cranium; thickness and pneumatization of cranial bones; morphology of the face, mandible, teeth, and chin; form of the shoulder, wrist, and pelvis; and general body proportions including relative foot size. Claims that patients with LS are similar to LB1 in displaying protracted scapulae, short clavicles, low degrees of humeral torsion, flaring ilia, and curved tibiae are not supported by data or corroborating images. Some points of similarity (e.g., femoral neck‐shaft angle, femoral bicondylar angle, and estimated stature) can be found in other hominins, and cannot be considered diagnostic. From our review and analysis, we conclude that LB1 did not suffer from LS. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Redoxökonomie in der organischen Synthese
Authors: Burns Noah Z. , Baran Phil S. , Hoffmann Reinhard W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnregungen für die organische Synthese: Stufen‐ und Atomökonomie haben sich als nützliche Kriterien erwiesen, an denen sich die Effizienz einer Synthese festmachen lässt. Dieser Aufsatz weist auf eine weitere Form der Ökonomie hin, die bei der Planung und Bewertung einer mehrstufigen Synthese berücksichtigt werden sollte: die Redoxökonomie. Etliche Beispiele und Leitfäden werden vorgestellt, die das Konzept illustrieren und Anregungen für die Syntheseplanung geben.magnified image“Ökonomie” bezeichnet den sparsamen und effizienten Umgang mit materiellen Ressourcen, das Prinzip, sein Ziel mit einem minimalen Aufwand zu erreichen. Vielleicht noch treffender: “Seine Kräfte so einzuteilen, um möglichst wenig davon zur Erreichung eines Ziels zu verbrauchen”. Diese Aussagen treffen sicher auch zu, wenn es darum geht, ein komplexes Zielmolekül zu synthetisieren. Redoxökonomie bedeutet dann, so wenig wie möglich Redoxschritte in der Synthese eines Zielmoleküls einzusetzen. Während jede Art von Ökonomie hilft, den Aufwand einer Totalsynthese in Grenzen zu halten, betrifft Redoxökonomie einen besonderen Schwachpunkt heutiger Totalsynthesen. Es genügt nicht, auf dieses Defizit zu verweisen, vielmehr soll dieser Aufsatz allen mit Totalsynthese Befassten einen Leitfaden geben und Hinweise beisteuern, wie sich die Redoxökonomie in mehrstufigen Synthesefolgen der organischen Chemie verbessern lässt.
Iron‐Catalyzed Chemoselective ortho Arylation of Aryl Imines by Directed CH Bond Activation
Authors: Yoshikai Naohiko , Matsumoto Arimasa , Norinder Jakob , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNaheliegende Alternative: Eine eisenkatalysierte Imin‐gesteuerte C‐H‐Aktivierung mit einem Diarylzinkreagens führt eine Arylgruppe in ortho‐Stellung an einem von Acetophenon abgeleiteten Imin ein (siehe Schema); mit einem Palladiumkatalysator tritt dagegen eine gewöhnliche Substitution auf. Die Titelreaktion ist eine milde C‐H‐Aktivierung, die in Gegenwart von 1,2‐Dichlorisobutan mit Arylbromiden, ‐chloriden oder ‐sulfonaten selektiv verläuft.magnified image
Innentitelbild: A Nanoscale Molecular Switch Triggered by Thermal, Light, and Guest Perturbation (Angew. Chem. 14/2009)
Authors: Duriska Martin B. , Neville Suzanne M. , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Cashion John D. , Halder Gregory J. , Chapman Karena W. , Balde Chérif , Létard Jean‐François , Murray Keith S. , Kepert Cameron J. , Batten Stuart R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEin kontinuierlicher Wechsel zwischen magnetischen High‐Spin‐ und Low‐Spin‐Zuständen wird durch Einstrahlen von rotem bzw. grünem Laserlicht erreicht. In der Zuschrift auf S. 2587 ff. berichten S. R. Batten et al. über ein Metallosupramolekül, bei dem durch Temperaturwechsel oder durch Einstrahlen von Licht ein Spin‐Crossover(SCO)‐Schalten möglich ist. Das SCO‐Verhalten hängt zudem von der Gegenwart und der Art eingeschlossener Lösungsmittelmoleküle in der porösen Kristallstruktur ab.magnified image
Chemical and Structural Diversity in Eumelanins: Unexplored Bio‐Optoelectronic Materials
Authors: d'Ischia Marco , Napolitano Alessandra , Pezzella Alessandro , Meredith Paul , Sarna Tadeusz 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA black whole: The black insoluble biopolymer eumelanin is prepared through the oxidative polymerization of 5,6‐dihydroxyindoles (see scheme). It has a largely unknown heterogeneous structure and unique optoelectronic properties. Current structural models are presented and possible applications are discussed.magnified imageEumelanins, the characteristic black, insoluble, and heterogeneous biopolymers of human skin, hair, and eyes, have intrigued and challenged generations of chemists, physicists, and biologists because of their unique structural and optoelectronic properties. Recently, the methods of organic chemistry have been combined with advanced spectroscopic and imaging techniques, theoretical calculations, and methods of condensed‐matter physics to gradually force these materials to reveal their secrets. Herein we review the latest advances in the field with a view to showing how the emerging knowledge is not only helping to explain eumelanin functionality, but may also be translated into effective strategies for exploiting their properties to create a new class of biologically inspired high‐tech materials.
Targeting Bone Metastases with a Bispecific Anticancer and Antiangiogenic Polymer–Alendronate–Taxane Conjugate
Authors: Miller Keren , Erez Rotem , Segal Ehud , Shabat Doron , Satchi‐Fainaro Ronit 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA polymer therapeutic designed for combination anticancer and antiangiogenic therapy inhibited the proliferation of prostate carcinoma cells and the proliferation, migration, and tube‐formation of endothelial cells. The nanoconjugate was formed from an N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer, the bisphosphonate alendronate (for bone targeting), and the chemotherapy agent paclitaxel (PTX), which is cleaved by cathepsin B (see scheme).magnified image
Enhanced Hydrogen Storage by Palladium Nanoparticles Fabricated in a Redox‐Active Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Cheon Young Eun , Suh Myunghyun Paik 
Published: March 2009

AbstractQuick on the uptake: Palladium nanoparticles were fabricated simply by immersing {[Zn3(ntb)2(EtOH)2]⋅4 EtOH}n (1) in an MeCN solution of Pd(NO3)2 at room temperature, without any extra reducing agent. 3 wt % PdNPs@[1]0.54+(NO3−)0.54 significantly increase H2 uptake capacities, both at 77 K and 1 bar and at 298 K and high pressures (see picture, red curve) compared to [Zn3(ntb)2]n (black). ntb=4,4′,4′′‐nitrilotrisbenzoate.magnified image
Total Synthesis of Ciguatoxin
Authors: Hamajima Akinari , Isobe Minoru 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSomething fishy: Ciguatoxin (see structure) is one of the principal toxins involved in ciguatera poisoning and the target of a total synthesis involving the coupling of three segments. The key transformations in this synthesis feature acetylene–dicobalthexacarbonyl complexation.magnified image
Redox Economy in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Burns Noah Z. , Baran Phil S. , Hoffmann Reinhard W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractStimulus package for organic synthesis: The economy of step and atom usage has been widely reviewed and acknowledged as being useful frameworks to evaluate the efficiency of synthesis. This Review brings to attention another form of economy which should be considered in the planning and evaluation of a multistep synthesis: redox economy. Several guidelines and examples are included to illustrate the logic of this approach and to stimulate the design of syntheses.magnified image“Economy” is referred to as the thrifty and efficient use of material resources, as the principle of “minimum effort to reach a goal.” More illuminating is: “the aim to portion one's forces in order to use as little as possible of them to reach a goal.” Such statements certainly apply when the goal is to synthesize a complex target molecule. Redox economy then implies the use of as few redox steps as possible in the synthetic conquest of a target compound. While any sort of economy will help to streamline the effort of total synthesis, redox economy addresses a particularly weak area in present‐day total synthesis. It is not enough to point out the present deficiencies, rather the purpose of this Review is to serve as a teaching tool for all practitioners of the field by giving and illustrating guidelines to increase redox economy in multistep organic synthesis.
Evidence for CCl/CBr⋅⋅⋅π Interactions as an Important Contribution to Protein–Ligand Binding Affinity
Authors: Matter Hans , Nazaré Marc , Güssregen Stefan , Will David W. , Schreuder Herman , Bauer Armin , Urmann Matthias , Ritter Kurt , Wagner Michael , Wehner Volkmar 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAttractive chlorine: Noncovalent interactions between chlorine or bromine atoms and aromatic rings in proteins open up a new method for the manipulation of molecular recognition. Substitution at distinct positions of two factor Xa inhibitors improves the free energy of binding by interaction with a tyrosine unit. The generality of this motif was underscored by multiple crystal structures as well as high‐level quantum chemical calculations (see picture).magnified image