bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Involvement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in a Murine Model of Coronary Arteritis Mimicking Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Schulte Danica J. , Yilmaz Atilla , Shimada Kenichi , Fishbein Michael C. , Lowe Emily L. , Chen Shuang , Wong Michelle , Doherty Terence M. , Lehman Thomas , Crother Timothy R. , Sorrentino Rosalinda , Arditi Moshe 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is the most common cause of acquired cardiac disease and acute vasculitis in children in the developed world. Injection of a cell wall extract isolated from Lactobacillus casei (LCCWE) into mice causes a focal coronary arteritis that histopathologically mimics the coronary lesions observed in KD patients. In this study we used this model to investigate the participation of T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells (DC) in the development of coronary arteritis. RAG1−/−, B cellnull, and wild-type (WT) mice were injected with a single dose of LCCWE (500 μg/mouse i.p.). None of the RAG1−/− mice developed coronary arteritis, whereas 70% of WT and 100% of B cellnull mice developed coronary lesions, indicating that T cells were required for lesion formation. When splenocytes isolated from LCCWE-treated mice were restimulated with LCCWE, we observed significant IFN-γ secretion in WT but not in RAG1−/− mice. Immunohistochemical staining showed F4/80+ macrophages, activated MIDC-8+ myeloid DCs (mDC), plasmacytoid DCs, and colocalization of CD3+ T cells with mDCs in coronary artery lesions, suggesting an Ag-driven process. T cells but not B cells are required for LCCWE-induced coronary arteritis. Similar to human lesions, the coronary lesions contain macrophages, activated mDCs, and plaslmacytoid DCs all in close proximity to T cells, further strengthening the relevance of this mouse model to the immunopathology of coronary disease in KD. These studies are consistent with the interpretation that macrophages and DCs may collaborate with T cells in the pathological mechanisms of coronary arteritis.
Fine Structural Variations of αβTCRs Selected by Vaccination with Natural versus Altered Self-Antigen in Melanoma Patients
Authors: Wieckowski Sébastien , Baumgaertner Petra , Corthesy Patricia , Voelter Verena , Romero Pedro , Speiser Daniel E. , Rufer Nathalie 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Immunotherapy of cancer is often performed with altered “analog” peptide Ags optimized for HLA class I binding, resulting in enhanced immunogenicity, but the induced T cell responses require further evaluation. Recently, we demonstrated fine specificity differences and enhanced recognition of naturally presented Ag by T cells after vaccination with natural Melan-A/MART-1 peptide, as compared with analog peptide. In this study, we compared the TCR primary structures of 1489 HLA-A*0201/Melan-A26–35-specific CD8 T cells derived from both cohorts of patients. Although a strong preference for TRAV12-2 segment usage was present in nearly all patients, usage of particular TRAJ gene segments and CDR3α composition differed slightly after vaccination with natural vs analog peptide. Moreover, TCR β-chain repertoires were broader after natural than analog peptide vaccination. In all patients, we observed a marked conservation of the CDR3β amino acid composition with recurrent sequences centered on a glycyl-leucyl/valyl/alanyl-glycyl motif. In contrast to viral-specific TCR repertoires, such “public” motifs were primarily expressed by nondominant T cell clonotypes, which contrasted with “private” CDR3β signatures frequently found in T cell clonotypes that dominated repertoires of individual patients. Interestingly, no differences in functional avidity were observed between public and private T cell clonotypes. Collectively, our data indicate that T cell repertoires generated against natural or analog Melan-A peptide exhibited slightly distinct but otherwise overlapping and structurally conserved TCR features, suggesting that the differences in binding affinity/avidity of TCRs toward pMHC observed in the two cohorts of patients are caused by subtle structural TCR variations.
The Survival of Memory CD4+ T Cells within the Gut Lamina Propria Requires OX40 and CD30 Signals
Authors: Withers David R. , Jaensson Elin , Gaspal Fabrina , McConnell Fiona M. , Eksteen Bertus , Anderson Graham , Agace William W. , Lane Peter J. L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Although CD4+ memory T cells reside within secondary lymphoid tissue, the major reservoir of these cells is in the lamina propria of the intestine. In this study, we demonstrate that, in the absence of signals through both OX40 and CD30, CD4+ T cells are comprehensively depleted from the lamina propria. Deficiency in either CD30 or OX40 alone reduced CD4+ T cell numbers, however, in mice deficient in both OX40 and CD30, CD4+ T cell loss was greatly exacerbated. This loss of CD4+ T cells was not due to a homing defect because CD30 × OX40-deficient OTII cells were not impaired in their ability to express CCR9 and α4β7 or traffic to the small intestine. There was also no difference in the priming of wild-type (WT) and CD30 × OX40-deficient OTII cells in the mesenteric lymph node after oral immunization. However, following oral immunization, CD30 × OX40-deficient OTII cells trafficked to the lamina propria but failed to persist compared with WT OTII cells. This was not due to reduced levels of Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL, because expression of these was comparable between WT and double knockout OTII cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate that signals through CD30 and OX40 are required for the survival of CD4+ T cells within the small intestine lamina propria.
Receptor-Mediated and Lectin-Like Activities of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) TNF-α
Authors: Forlenza Maria , Magez Stefan , Scharsack Jörn P. , Westphal Adrie , Savelkoul Huub F. J. , Wiegertjes Geert F. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Functional characterization of TNF-α in species other than mammalian vertebrates is limited, and TNF-α has been studied in a limited number of fish species, primarily in vitro using recombinant proteins. Studies on TNF-α from different fish species so far pointed to several inconsistencies, in particular with respect to some receptor-mediated activities of fish TNF-α, such as the ability to directly activate phagocytes. In the present study a comprehensive analysis of in vitro as well as in vivo biological activities of two isoforms of carp TNF-α was performed. Our results show that carp TNF-α directly primes carp phagocytes and indirectly promotes typical receptor-mediated activities such as phagocyte activation by acting via endothelial cells. Additionally, for the first time in nonmammalian vertebrate species, the lectin-like activity of fish TNF-α homologs was investigated. Our results show an evolutionary conservation of function of this receptor-independent activity of TNF-α not only in cyprinid fish, but also in perciform and salmonid fish. The role of TNF-α in vivo, during infections of carp with the blood parasite Trypanoplasma borreli, was examined using three fundamentally different but complementary approaches: (1) inhibition of TNF-α expression, (2) overexpression of TNF-α, and (3) inhibition of shedding of membrane-bound TNF-α. Our results show that, also in fish, a tight regulation of TNF-α expression is important, since depletion or excess of TNF-α can make an important difference to survival of infection. Finally, we demonstrate a crucial protective role for membrane-bound TNF-α, which has a yet unexploited function in fish.
De Novo Recruitment of Antigen-Experienced and Naive T Cells Contributes to the Long-Term Maintenance of Antiviral T Cell Populations in the Persistently Infected Central Nervous System
Authors: Zhao Jingxian , Zhao Jincun , Perlman Stanley 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Mice infected with attenuated strains of mouse hepatitis virus, strain JHM, develop a chronic infection in the brain and spinal cord characterized by low levels of viral Ag persistence and retention of virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells at the site of infection. It is not known whether these cells are maintained by proliferation of T cells that entered the CNS during acute infection or are newly recruited from Ag-experienced or naive T cell pools. In this study, using adoptive transfer experiments and bone marrow chimeras, we show that at least some of these cells are recruited from the periphery, predominantly from the viral Ag-experienced T cell pool. Both virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells are functional, as assessed by cytokine expression and degranulation after peptide exposure. In addition, populations of virus-specific CD4 T cells undergo dynamic changes in the infected CNS, as previously shown for CD8 T cells, because ratios of cells responding to two CD4 T cell epitopes change by a factor of five during the course of persistence. Collectively, these results show that maintenance of T cell responses in the virus-infected CNS is a dynamic process. Further, virus-specific T cell numbers at this site of infection are maintained by recruitment from peripheral Ag-experienced and naive T cell pools.
Acrylic Elastomers
Authors: Spelta A. L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAcrylic elastomers have the ASTM designation ACM for polymers of ethyl acrylate and other acryates. Conventionally the M indicates a polymer having a saturated chain of the polymethylene type. The repeat structure of this polymer family shows both the presence of a saturated backbone, which is responsible for the high heat and oxidation resistance, and the ester groups, which contribute to the polarity of this elastomer chain. These two main properties are not present in general‐purpose rubbers. As a result ACMs are designated as specialty elastomers and are used extensively in highly demanding applications such as automotive underhood components. However because of their wide property range, clarity and resistance to degradation by environmental forces, acrylic polymers are used in a large variety of applications.
Dyes and Dye Intermediates
Authors: Gregory Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe first synthetic dye, Mauveine, was discovered by Perkins in 1856, hence the dye industry is mature.The scale and growth of the dye industry depends on textiles. The most important textiles are cotton and polyester. Dyes may be classified according to their chemical structure or application method. Chemical classification is the most appropriate since it identifies dyes belonging to a group that has characteristic properties. Secondly, there are a manageable number of chemical groups (about a dozen). Also it is most used by dye chemists and technologists. Classification by use falls into the following: reactive, direct, vat, sulfur, mordant, disperse, basic, solvent, and acid dyes. Dyes are named either by their commercial trade name or by their CI (Colour Index) name. Classification by chemical name is detailed starting with the most important, azo dyes. Chemistry of the primary dye intermediates is discussed. Equipment and basics of dye manufacture are given. The toxic nature of some dyes and their intermediates is known. Dyes, because of their intense color, present special problems in effluent discharge. Removal and treatment of these wastes are detailed.
Enamels, Porcelain Or Vitreous
Authors: Faust William D. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Porcelain enamel is a glassy coating applied to various metal substrates through a high temperature fusion process, usually greater than 425°C. Enamel glass formulations are primarily alkali borosilicates. The firing, metal selection and preparation, application processes including electrostatic powder and electrophoretic deposition, and various properties are discussed. Standardized tests are listed. Porcelain enamels are used as protective, decorative,and functional coatings on steel, cast iron, aluminum, and other alloys. Products produced using porcelain enamel coatings include domestic appliances, such as ranges, refrigerators and dishwashers, and hot water tank interiors. Industrial uses include coatings for heat exchangers, chemical vessels, cast‐iron pipe, and electronic substrates. Architectural uses include interior and exterior panels. Institutional applications include chalk boards and marker boards. U.S. environmental regulations are discussed.
Insulation, Acoustic
Authors: Hirtle Parker W. , Parssinen Carol E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAcoustic insulation may be defined s a material or construction that reduces the passage of sound into or out of a medium such as air, water or solid structure. For purposes of this article, sound is a vibratory disturbance in the air consisting of alternating compressions and rarefactions transmitted through the air waves. The term acoustic insulation covers a broad range of materials and mechanisms for the control of sound: sound absorbing materials that reduce the reflections of impinging sounds; sound blocking materials that reduce sound transmission from one location to another; vibration isolating materials and devices that reduce transmissions of vibrations from a vibrating source to potential sound‐radiating structures; and vibration dampings that reduce vibrations and sound radiation in and from materials and structures.
Insulation, Thermal
Authors: Tye Ronald P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe applications of both open and closed cell cellular plastics for use as thermal insulation to improve energy efficiency in buildings and industrial processes are discussed. Brief details of the types and forms of cellular plastics available for such uses are included as well as typical data on thermal and other relevant performance properties and characteristics. Materials include extruded and expanded polystyrene, polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, and phenolic‐based materials. A variety of lesser used specialty materials include polyethylene, polyimide, and melamine. Temperature‐dependent properties discussed are thermal performance including aging phenomena and its required accelerated aging testing procedures, mechanical and structural performance. Flame resistance and other fire‐related issues are included as are health and safety issues. Thermal insulation is the second largest application of cellular polymers and the largest application of rigid foams. Refrigeration and residential and industrial construction are the biggest consumers of thermal insulation materials.
Elastomers, Synthetic, Survey
Authors: Morton Maurice 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of the materials designated synthetic elastomers and the elastomeric or rubbery state. The term elastomer describes a material that exhibits rubbery properties, ie, that can recover most of its original dimensions after extension or compression. When elastomers are extended or stretched, the individual long‐chain molecules are partially uncoiled, but will retract when the force is removed. The properties of elastomeric materials are greatly influenced by the presence of strong interchain, ie, intermolecular forces that can result in the formation of crystalline domains. Two principal forces that govern the ability of a polymer to crystallize are the interchain attractive forces and the countervailing kinetic energy. In order to cure or vulcanize an elastomer, ie, cross‐link, certain additives are mixed and compounded with the rubber. Specific elastomers discussed are styrene‐butadiene rubber, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, elastomers resistant to age, solvent, and temperature,liquid rubber, and thermoplastics.
Safety Instrumented Systems
Authors: Summers Angela E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOne of the most common engineered safeguards in the process industry is a safety instrumented system (SIS). It uses instrumentation to detect process excursions and takes action on the process to prevent further propagation. Over the years, many terms have been used to describe types of SISs. Often, terms are used which facilitate more rapid understanding of the system's specific purpose, such as safety critical systems, high integrity protective systems, emergency shutdown systems and safety interlocks. Because they have a wide variety of functions and applications, SISs are generally designed to address specific process hazards.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Analysis of Chemicals Related to the Chemical Weapons Convention
Authors: Mesilaakso Markku , Meier Urs , Koskela Harri 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful analytical techniques in organic chemistry for elucidating the molecular structures of chemicals. Moreover, an NMR spectrum may be used like a fingerprint to identify a chemical by comparing it with its reference spectrum recorded from the authentic chemical under comparable conditions. During the 20 years of international interlaboratory comparison (round‐robin) and proficiency tests for the verification of chemical disarmament, NMR spectroscopy has proved itself to be a useful complementary technique to mass spectrometry (MS) and other analytical techniques in the analysis of chemicals related to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Compared with MS, the main problems associated with NMR experiments are the lower sensitivity and the resonance overlap caused by background chemicals present in the sample. The low sensitivity of NMR experiments can be compensated in part by concentrating the NMR samples and by running long‐term experiments. The structural specificity of NMR spectra, the capability for the observation of different nuclei (
1
H,
31
P,
19
F, and
13
C), and the two‐dimensional (2D) correlation experiments make NMR spectroscopy a valuable technique to be used alongside other techniques. With regard to the chemicals listed in the Schedules of the CWC, NMR spectroscopy is useful for the analysis of almost all of them. This article describes the NMR spectroscopic methods used in the analysis of chemicals related to the CWC.
Discovery in the
U
nited
S
tates: Civil Cases
Authors: Moenssens Andre 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The disclosure of expert findings to opposing parties in civil litigation is governed by codes of civil practice that are particular to each jurisdiction. For federal civil trials, the applicable provisions are set out in the Rules of Civil Procedure of 1937, as amended. The federal rules heavily favor voluntary disclosure to avoid surprise at trial. State provisions of the 50 state jurisdictions are largely modeled on the current federal statute. To avoid unwieldiness, the state rules are not discussed separately in this article.
Ethics: Codes of Conduct for Expert Witnesses
Authors: Moenssens Andre 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
What constitutes unethical conduct of experts is difficult to define. To attempt to do so requires an exploration of the ethical codes of the various professional societies to which the expert belongs, as well as a study of the enforcement mechanisms enacted by these organizations. This article explores the various issues that go into examining the broader principles upon which a determination is made that a person has violated the ethical principles of a society to which he belongs.
W

eisgram v
.

M

arley
Authors: Smith Ann C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Weisgram v. Marley—
hereinafter
Weisgram
—is the latest of three decisions wherein the US Supreme Court explained the meaning of its
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals
ruling that, since 1993, requires experts to establish the validity of the methodology used and conclusions reached when presenting opinion evidence.
Weisgram
addressed a narrow technical issue of interest to trial and appeals courts. The case may be cited by referring to any of the following law reports: 528 U.S. 440, 120S,Ct. 1011, or 145 L.Ed.2d 958 (2000).

The US Supreme Court held that when an appeals court finds that a trial court erroneously admitted expert testimony, the tribunal is not automatically required to remand for a new trial but may, if it decides that without the offending evidence the plaintiff's case lacks sufficient evidence to support a verdict, dismiss the case outright.
This case impresses upon forensic scientists the need to carefully prepare the scientific justification that validates expert opinions reached. This article explains the Court's reasoning.
Autopsy
Authors: Saukko Pekka J. , Pollak Stefan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
An autopsy, necropsy, or postmortem examination is a detailed systematic external and internal examination of a corpse usually carried out as a hospital autopsy by a pathologist or as a medicolegal one by one or more medicolegal experts to ascertain the immediate, underlying, and possible contributing causes of death, and in the latter type of an autopsy depending on the jurisdiction, also the manner of death. In some parts of the world, in particular where autopsies are rarely performed, the terms “autopsy” and “postmortem examination” are not necessarily unambiguous and may refer only to the external examination of a corpse.
Medical Malpractice
Authors: Madea Burkhard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractClear data on the epidemiology of medical malpractice are missing, at least for Germany. According to a review of the German Alliance of Patient Safety, adverse events can be expected in 5–10%, preventable adverse events in 2–4%, negligent adverse events in about 1%, and lethal outcome in about 0.1% of hospitalized patients. However, these data are not compatible with figures from civil and penal law and there seems to be a great “litigation gap”.Data on malpractice cases are available from the files of the arbitration committees, files of liability insurance companies, and files of the institutes of forensic medicine.The arbitration committees are, however, mainly dealing with living patients. Lethal cases are a special subgroup and the best available data source are the files of the institutes of forensic medicine. This subgroup is of special importance since death is the most severe outcome of medical malpractice and the reproach to have caused the death of a patient by medical negligence is the most severe malpractice claim.From a retrospective multicenter study on autopsies performed in cases of medical malpractice claims (altogether 101.358 autopsies, 4450 due to medical malpractice claims), the most important data will be presented. These data are not only of a descriptive value but have utmost importance also for risk analysis and to increase patient safety. Identification and evaluation of errors as well as reporting of errors may also contribute to the prevention of errors, which is among other medical disciplines also a task of forensic medicine
Traffic Fatalities
Authors: Eriksson Anders F. , Öström Mats G. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article describes the role of the medicolegal investigation of the fatally injured traffic victim. The main objects of this part of the crash investigation are to reveal the cause and manner of death and to reconstruct the event, but also to reveal any precrash or postcrash factors that may have contributed to the crash and/or the fatal outcome. Another purpose of the medicolegal investigation is also act as a “whistle blower” and highlight, e.g., changes in drug panorama. The article further ventilates the epidemiology of accidental/unintentional vs intentional–mainly suicidal–deaths in traffic, as well as the role of disease–causing the death and/or causing the crash. It also describes some aspects in the work to prevent traffic events resulting in death or serious bodily harm, especially the problem of drunken and drugged driving. Finally, the typical injury panorama of different categories of road users (pedestrians, motorcyclists, car drivers, and car passengers) is described in detail.