bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile Preparation of Red Luminescent Silicon Nanocrystals via Controlled Chemical Etching
Authors: Sato Keisuke , Tsuji Hiroaki , Fukata Naoki , Hirakuri Kenji , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Silicon nanocrystals with excellent red luminescence properties are prepared by applying controlled chemical etching, which is promising as a high-volume manufacturing technique in the future.
Alkylated 2,6-Bis(dicyanomethylene)-2,6-dihydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophenes: New Soluble n-Channel Organic Semiconductors for Air-stable OFETs
Authors: Kashiki Tomoya , Miyazaki Eigo , Takimiya Kazuo 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
New solution-prosessable n-channel organic semiconductors were developed based on a 2,6-bis(dicyanomethylene)-2,6-dihydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene core. The OFETs showed n-channel transistor characteristics under ambient conditions with electron field-effect mobility up to 6.3×10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Ruthenium Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotubes for Selective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to Glycols
Authors: Wang Juan , Shen Sihe , Li Bodong , Lin Haiqiang , Yuan Youzhu 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Ru nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes showed efficient reactivity for hydrogenolysis of aqueous glycerol solution to produce glycols of 1,2-propanediol and ethylene glycol. The glycerol conversion along with the product selectivity depended essentially on the mean size of Ru nanoparticles. The Ru mean size around 5 nm showed the highest yield of glycols. The results indicated that the hydrogenolysis of glycerol catalyzed by the supported Ru nanoparticles might be structure-sensitive.
Tin–Chromium-modified Nickel/Activated Carbon Catalyst for Vapor-phase Carbonylation of Methyl Acetate to Acetic Anhydride
Authors: Jia Qinglong , Tan Yisheng , Han Yizhuo 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In the present work, a series of Ni/AC, Ni–Sn/AC, and Ni–Sn–Cr/AC catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. Activity tests were performed in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor. The conversion of methyl acetate and selectivity of acetic anhydride reached 81.1 and 38.8% respectively over the screened Ni–Sn–Cr/AC catalyst under optimal reaction conditions. Catalysts were characterized by means of BET and XRD.
Droplet Size Dependence of Line Tension for an Ionic Liquid on a Smooth Silane Coating
Authors: Furuta Tsutomu , Nakajima Akira , Sakai Munetoshi , Isobe Toshihiro , Kameshima Yoshikazu , Okada Kiyoshi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Line tension was measured for microliter-scale and sub-nanoliter-scale droplets of an ionic liquid on a highly smooth and homogeneous fluoroalkylsilane coating. Values for microliter-scale droplets were two orders larger than those for subnanoliter-scale droplets despite their identical combinations of solid surfaces and liquid. Scale factors related to this measurement and hydrostatic pressure from the liquid play an important role in the discrepancy.
In situ Measures of Head Impact Acceleration in NCAA Division I Men’s Ice Hockey: Implications for ASTM F1045 and Other Ice Hockey Helmet Standards
Authors: Gwin Joseph T. , Chu Jeffery J. , McAllister Thomas A. , Greenwald Richard M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A pilot study was performed to measure head impact accelerations in collegiate men’s ice hockey during the 2005–2007 seasons using helmets instrumented with Head Impact Telemetry System technology to monitor and record linear head accelerations and impact locations in situ. The objectives of this study were (1) to quantify the relationship between resultant peak linear head acceleration and impact location for in situ head impacts in collegiate men’s ice hockey, (2) to quantify the frequency and severity of impacts to the facemask, and (3) to determine if in situ impacts occurred such that the peak resultant linear head acceleration was higher than the peak resultant linear headform acceleration from a 40-in. linear drop (as in ASTM F1045–99) on the same helmet at a similar impact location. Voluntary participants (n=5 and 7 for years 1 and 2, respectively) wore instrumented helmets which monitored head impact accelerations sustained by each player during all games and practices. Head impact data were grouped by impact location into five bins representing top, back, side, forehead, and facemask. Forehead impacts represented impacts to the helmet shell as distinguished from facemask impacts. Additionally, a sample instrumented helmet was impacted in the laboratory at forehead, side, rear, and top impact locations (40-in. drop, three trials per location, test setup as specified in ASTM F1045-99). The mean peak resultant linear headform acceleration for each impact location was determined for analysis. Of the 4,393 recorded head impacts, 33.2 % were to the back of the helmet. This percentage increased to 59.2 % for impacts above 70 g. Facemask impacts accounted for 12.2 % of all impacts but only 2.4 % of impacts above 70 g. Over two seasons, five in situ impacts occurred such that the peak resultant linear head acceleration was greater than the mean peak resultant linear headform acceleration for a corresponding impact location in the laboratory. This study found that the most common impact location in ice hockey, particularly for impacts with higher peak linear accelerations, was the back of the head and demonstrated that facemask impacts were typically of a lower magnitude. The five impacts or ∼0.4 per player/season that exceeded the peak linear acceleration associated with 40-in. laboratory drops suggested that the impact energy specified in ASTM F1045 may not reflect the highest energy impacts seen in situ.
Atomic pair distribution function analysis of materials containing crystalline and amorphous phases
Authors: Proffen Thomas , Page Katharine L. , McLain Sylvia E. , Clausen Bjorn , Darling Timothy W. , TenCate James A. , Lee Seung-Yub , Ustundag Ersan 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The atomic pair distribution function (PDF) approach has been used to study the local structure of liquids, glasses and disordered crystalline materials. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of the PDF method to investigate systems containing a crystalline and an amorphous structural phase. We present two examples: Bulk metallic glass with crystalline reinforcements and Fontainebleau sandstone, where an unexpected glassy phase was discovered. In this paper we also discuss the refinement methods used in detail.
Determination of phonon dispersion relations by X-ray thermal diffuse scattering
Authors: Xu Ruqing , Chiang Tai C. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Thermal diffuse scattering (TDS) of X-rays from crystals contains information on phonons. This paper reviews the general theory of TDS and some recent experiments aimed at further developing TDS into a useful and efficient method for studying phonon dispersion relations.
Modelling disorder in 3,3′-dimethoxybenzil, C16H14O4
Authors: Goossens Darren J. , Welberry T. Richard , Heerdegen Aidan P. , Edwards Alison J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This work is part of an extended study of benzil (C14H10O2) and some of its derivatives which aims to understand the role of molecular flexibility in crystal packing and polymorphism. Significant steps have been made in modelling the structured thermal diffuse scattering from 3,3′-dimethoxybenzil, C16H14O4. It appears that the structure can be considered as a stack of layers of molecules in which interactions are strongest within the layers. The layers interact weakly along the a direction but more strongly along c, so shearing of the planes relative to each other is energetically likely. The molecule must be treated as flexible for a good model to be found.
Diffuse scattering in the layered perovskites
Authors: Campbell Branton J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffuse scattering techniques have been used to probe a variety of short-range displacive and magnetic orderings in the layered transition-metal perovskites which arise due to the intimate coupling of their structural, electronic and magnetic degrees of freedom. The present work reviews recent analyses that have successfully modeled short-range intralayer and/or interlayer correlations in these materials leading to useful physical insights, and describes the methods employed within a general formulation of the disordered structure function.
The Functional Transfer of Genes From the Mitochondria to the Nucleus: The Effects of Selection, Mutation, Population Size and Rate of Self-Fertilization
Authors: Brandvain Yaniv , Wade Michael J 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The transfer of mitochondrial genes to the nucleus is a recurrent and consistent feature of eukaryotic genome evolution. Although many theories have been proposed to explain such transfers, little relevant data exist. The observation that clonal and self-fertilizing plants transfer more mitochondrial genes to their nuclei than do outcrossing plants contradicts predictions of major theories based on nuclear recombination and leaves a gap in our conceptual understanding how the observed pattern of gene transfer could arise. Here, with a series of deterministic and stochastic simulations, we show how epistatic selection and relative mutation rates of mitochondrial and nuclear genes influence mitochondrial-to-nuclear gene transfer. Specifically, we show that when there is a benefit to having a mitochondrial gene present in the nucleus, but absent in the mitochondria, self-fertilization dramatically increases both the rate and the probability of gene transfer. However, absent such a benefit, when mitochondrial mutation rates exceed those of the nucleus, self-fertilization decreases the rate and probability of transfer. This latter effect, however, is much weaker than the former. Our results are relevant to understanding the probabilities of fixation when loci in different genomes interact.
One- and Two-Locus Population Models With Differential Viability Between Sexes: Parallels Between Haploid Parental Selection and Genomic Imprinting
Authors: Yanchukov Alexey 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A model of genomic imprinting with complete inactivation of the imprinted allele is shown to be formally equivalent to the haploid model of parental selection. When single-locus dynamics are considered, an internal equilibrium is possible only if selection acts in the opposite directions in males and females. I study a two-locus version of the latter model, in which maternal and paternal effects are attributed to the single alleles at two different loci. A necessary condition for the allele frequency equilibria to remain on the linkage equilibrium surface is the multiplicative interaction between maternal and paternal fitness parameters. In this case the equilibrium dynamics are independent at both loci and results from the single-locus model apply. When fitness parameters are additive, analytic treatment was not possible but numerical simulations revealed that stable polymorphism characterized by association between loci is possible only in several special cases in which maternal and paternal fitness contributions are precisely balanced. As in the single-locus case, antagonistic selection in males and females is a necessary condition for the maintenance of polymorphism. I also show that the above two-locus results of the parental selection model are very sensitive to the inclusion of weak directional selection on the individual's own genotypes.
Evolution of Neo-Sex Chromosomes inSilene diclinis
Authors: Howell Elaine C , Armstrong Susan J , Filatov Dmitry A 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA small cluster of dioecious species in the plant genus Silene has evolved chromosomal sex determination and sex chromosomes relatively recently, within the last 10 million years (MY). Five dioecious Silene species (section Elisanthe) are very closely related (1–2 MY of divergence) and it was previously thought that all five have similar sex chromosomes. Here we demonstrate that in one of these species, Silene diclinis, the sex chromosomes have been significantly rearranged, resulting in the formation of neo-sex chromosomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with genic and repetitive probes revealed that in S. diclinis a reciprocal translocation has occurred between the ancestral Y chromosome and an autosome, resulting in chromosomes designated Y1 and Y2. Both Y1 and Y2 chromosomes are male specific. Y1 pairs with the X chromosome and with the autosome (the neo-X), which cosegregates with X. Y2 pairs only with the neo-X, forming a chain X-Y1-neo-X-Y2 in male meiosis. Despite very recent formation of the neo-sex chromosomes in S. diclinis, they are present in all surveyed individuals throughout the species range. Evolution of neo-sex chromosomes may be the cause of partial reproductive isolation of this species and could have been the isolating mechanism that drove speciation of S. diclinis.
The Role of Environmental Factors in Determining Early Survival and Invasion Success of Exotic Brown Trout
Authors: Wood Jeremiah , Budy Phaedra 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDue to significant threats to native species posed by nonnative fishes, it is important to understand how species life history strategies interact with environmental conditions to explain the outcome of nonnative fish invasions. Brown troutSalmo truttaare prolific invaders but often exhibit upstream distributional limits in streams of the intermountain western United States. We used redd counts, embryo survival experiments, and temperature modeling to identify limits to brown trout invasion. Brown trout spawned later than previously reported and established spawning areas in high‐elevation stream reaches (1,983‐m elevation), where adult recruitment is typically very low. While embryo survival was lower in high‐elevation, cooler‐water areas, these harsh overwinter conditions did not necessarily preclude hatching success (≥36%). However, model predictions based on winter temperature data indicate that during most years, brown trout fry probably would fail to emerge from the gravel before the onset of peak spring flooding in these high‐elevation reaches, suggesting that high spring flows could limit invasion success. A better understanding of mechanistic limits to invasion success across multiple life stages is crucial to predicting the future expansion of exotic fish species.
Effects of Electroshock on Cyprinid Embryos: Implications for Threatened and Endangered Fishes
Authors: Bohl Russell J. , Henry Theodore B. , Strange Richard J. , Rakes Patrick L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of electroshock on survival to hatching in embryos of Cyprinidae, which includes numerous fish species designated as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Embryos of three cyprinids were exposed for 20 s to a homogeneous electric field (DC or 60‐Hz pulsed DC [PDC], 3‐ms pulse width) at voltage gradients similar to those used during electrofishing. Exposure occurred only once and was at a specific stage of development. Zebrafish Danio rerio were electroshocked at numerous stages of embryonic development, and the most sensitive developmental stage was determined and used to guide subsequent experiments. Embryos of two minnows native to the southeast United States, the spotfin chub Erimonax monachus and whitetail shiner Cyprinella galactura, were exposed to a range of DC (3‐15 V/cm) and 60‐Hz PDC (8‐15 V/cm) voltage gradients, and survival to hatching was evaluated. Additionally, the potential for electrofishing to induce premature hatching in late‐stage cyprinid embryos was investigated by exposing eyed spotfin chub embryos to 8‐V/cm DC electroshock. Embryos were most vulnerable to electroshock‐induced mortality early in development, particularly near epiboly, and DC was more harmful than 60‐Hz PDC. At older developmental stages, embryos were less vulnerable to electroshock‐induced mortality, although premature hatching was induced in some older developmental stages of electroshocked spotfin chub embryos. Whitetail shiner embryos were more vulnerable (lethal voltage gradient predicted to induce 50% mortality [LV50], 5 V/cm) to electroshock‐induced mortality than were spotfin chub embryos (LV50, 6 V/cm). Results indicate that cyprinid embryos can be killed by DC electroshock at electric field intensities commonly generated by electrofishing equipment, and electrofishing near spawning grounds of threatened or endangered cyprinids should be avoided when embryos are present.
Prairie forb response to timing of vole herbivory
Authors: Sullivan Amy T. , Howe Henry F. 
Published: May 2009

The timing of herbivory can be an important factor in the strength and direction of plant response to herbivore damage. To determine the effect of vole herbivory timing within a growing season on tallgrass prairie forbs, we used individual plant enclosures to limit vole access to three species, Desmanthus illinoensis, Echinacea purpurea, and Heliopsis helianthoides, in an experimental restoration in northern Illinois, USA. As part of a long‐term experiment, we implemented five vole access treatments in 2003: (1) vole access for the entire growing season, (2) early‐season access, (3) mid‐season access, (4) late‐season access, and (5) no vole access. We protected all plants from herbivory in the following growing season (2004) to test whether the effects of herbivory in one growing season carried over to the next. We also tested how restoration planting design, including seeding time (June or December) and density (35 or 350 seeds/m2 of each species) affected patterns of herbivory and plant recovery.Vole access for the entire growing season was most detrimental for the growth and reproduction of all three species. In contrast, vole access for a portion of the growing season had different effects on the three species: Desmanthus growth and reproduction was negatively affected by early‐season access, Echinacea reproductive output was reduced by late‐season access, and Heliopsis was not affected by early‐, mid‐, or late‐season vole access. Negative effects of continual vole access carried over to the following growing season for Desmanthus and Heliopsis, but not for Echinacea. Effects of herbivory did not carry over to the next season for Echinacea and Heliopsis when plants were accessible to voles for only part of the growing season. In contrast, Desmanthus plants exposed to early‐season herbivory in one year continued to produce fewer seeds per plant after being protected from vole herbivory for a growing season.Planting density and planting season had mixed effects. Echinacea and Desmanthus were larger in plots planted in June, showing that restoration design continued to affect plant population dynamics seven years after seeding. However, there was no interaction between plant response to vole herbivory and restoration design.
Pratique et théorie de la démocratie directe : l'exemple des districts parisiens (1789-1790)
Authors: Genty Maurice 
Published: May 2009

The districts of Paris started an original experience of direct democracy, which worked almost freely : their members, meeting in general assemblies coupled with committees, were in charge of the administration of their own area. Paris was kept united by a town-council which they have elected, but which was controlled by them, and also by the maintenance of direct links between the districts through a correspondence bureau, or assemblies specially contrived for particular purposes.
In order to legitimate this experience, the districts searched for historical and theoretical references, chiefly in Rousseau's works. They elaborated a doctrine based on the sovereignty of the people and the rejection of the representative principle : those who have been elected by the people are but « mandataires », entrusted with a limited charge, which can be revoked at any time.
Maurice GENTY.
Jacobins et presse provinciale sous le Directoire : Bias Parent et le Questionneur
Authors: Waquet Simone 
Published: May 2009

The purpose of Le Questionneur was to prepare the Germinal year V elections. The preceding elections having been clearly reactionary in the Nièvre department, the well-known leader of the Nièvre Jacobins, Bias Parent, a former clergyman, ex national agent and terrorist in Clamecy, become a member of the Directoire du canton intra-muros of Nevers and professor in the High School of the town, founded and published a shortlived daily paper (from the first of Ventose to the eighth of Prairial year V), against the so called « honest men », very numerous and well organized in the region.
We have retained three points :
Le Questionneur is a good testimony of the Jacobin spirit as illustred by Parent's relations with the Panthéon club and the Parisian jacobin papers as well as the themes chosen ;
the pedagogical procedures, selected to seduce the reader, are those of the Parisian newspapermen, enlivened by the vernaculary spirit of Clamecy ;
Le Questionneur provides a better acquaintance of a very complicated personality, generally condemned without pity.
Simone WAQUET.
De Mably à Robespierre : un programme économique égalitaire 1775-1793
Authors: Gauthier Florence 
Published: May 2009

Between 1789 and 1794, the popular movement, through the claim for an agrarian reform and the regulation of first need goods, revealed the contradiction between political and economical liberty. The equalitarian movement set up a project of society applying the principals of liberty and equality to property. Contrary to what has been thought up to now, the robespierans were the leading theoriticians of that « popular economical policy », taking up and developping the project Mably had thought out in response to the attemps of libertuy of trade that had brought about the Guerre des Farines in 1775.
Florence GAUTHIER.
Un gentilhomme paisible, le « Batave » Jacobus Blaauw (1759-1829).
Authors: Alexandre Jean , Perrin-Chevrier Marie-Rose 
Published: May 2009

Jacobus Blaauw has been a prominent Dutch diplomat, intensely tied with Dutch political circles, just after the Batavian Revolution in with he dealt, and, above all, in Paris, where he represented the Batavian Republic before its creation and during the principal years of its existence.
Suspected of having encouraged the Canoneers' Riots of Amsterdam (1793), Blaauw was asked to leave his functions by the French Directory, and then went to italy where he represented also the Batavian government, before, going back in Holland, to participate in the works and troubles of the first Dutch Assemblies. Back in Paris for confidential missions, he soon lost the confidence of his Dutch committants and, definitely, of the French Government, led by his friends Barras, Talleyrand and Bonaparte.
That didn't stop him from sustaining the power of the Consulate and Empire, to assume a fiscal function of the Ist Empire in th Netherlands, before requesting and getting a well deserved retreat in France, troubled by the dramatic end of the Empire he was an attentive witness of.
J. ALEXANDRE et M.R. PERRIN-CHEVRIER.
Travail et politique à Paris pendant la Révolution : l'exemple des Ateliers Municipaux.
Authors: Godineau Dominique 
Published: May 2009

Our purpose here is to show, on the basis of an example of work conflict in Paris during the Révolution, the effects the Revolution has had on the working world as well as its reception by the female working population.
Our first step is to study primarily the struggle within the municipal spinster's workshop, particularly in the year II. Then we will point out how this struggle inscribes itself in a political framework : by its chronology, by its modality (petitions to the Convention, appeals to the « sociétés populaires »), by the political language it expresses itself with, as these women workers think themselves as « citoyennes » rather than a productive forces. These women workers were not political militants but they did not separate the will to create a more just society founded on the rights of the people from their working conditions.
Dominique GODINEAU.