bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water sources and other determinants of dracunculiasis in the Northern Region of Ghana
Authors: Tayeh A. , Cairncross S. , Maude G. H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper describes a study carried out in a rural area of Ghana on the drinking water sources and other determinants of dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease). The results confirm the association between water source choice and the prevalence of the disease. A logistic regression model was used to show the combined effect of several behavioural, biological, and environmental risk factors. The important behavioural factors were related to the head of household, fetching of water, travelling, and farming. Age was found to be an important biological risk factor for dracunculiasis, but the greatest relative risk applied to those who had suffered from guinea worm disease in the previous year. Although males were significantly more infected than females when analysing the raw data, sex did not prove to be a significant risk factor in this model. Village of residence was an important environmental risk factor for dracunculiasis. Factors related to socio-economic status were not associated with the risk of infection. The paper concludes by presenting the policy implications of the study findings.
The effect of levamisole on acetylcholinesterase secretion by male and female Heligmosomoides polygyrus during ageing
Authors: Mallet S. , Kerboeuf D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe inhibition of acetylcholinesterase secretion by male and female Heligmosomoides polygyrus was tested on worms taken from experimentally infected mice and maintained for 3 days in vitro in levamisole. The dose inhibiting 50% of enzyme secretion (ID 50) of male worms was twice the ID 50 for female worms. A similar difference was observed in vivo between the dose of levamisole removing 50% (LD 50) of male and female worms from the mouse. Acetylcholinesterase secretion by worms and ID 50 were tested in vitro at 3-weekly intervals from 3 to 21 weeks post infection (WPI). Acetylcholinesterase secretion was always significantly higher for male than for female worms. A decrease of ID 50, correlated with the age of the worms was observed: from 1·5 to 0·5 μg/ml for males and from 0·7 to 0·1 μg/ml for females. These results were confirmed in vivo by a higher efficacy of the anthelminthic at 21 than at 4 WPI.
The miracidium ofTransversotrema patialense(Soparkar, 1924)
Authors: Madhavi R. , Jhansilakshmibai K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe miracidium ofTransversotrema patialense(Digenea: Transversotrematidae) has 21 epidermal cells arranged in four tiers with an epidermal formula of 6, 9, 4, 2. The penetration gland is large, conspicuous, contains a posterior globular part with 6 prominent nuclei and opens out through 6 pores arranged in two lateral groups at the tip of the apical papilla. The miracidium lacks lateral papillae, possesses a well developed subepithelium, a pair of flame cells and a germ ball.
Occurrence of Angiostrongylus vasorum in the lungs of the Brazilian fox Dusicyon vetulus
Authors: Lima W.S. , Guimaraes M.P. , Lemos I.S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAngiostrongylus vasorum infection was detected for the first time in eight foxes (Dusicyon vetulus) captured in the south of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two crossbred dogs were successfully infected orally with larvae from the foxes' faeces.
Encapsulated egg deposition pattern of Schistosoma japonicum in the peritoneal cavity of mice
Authors: Fan P.C. , Lin L.L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThirty-four albino mice were each exposed to 20 cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum by the intraperitoneal or percutaneous route and killed after 60–127 days. The peritoneal cavity of each mouse was flushed and worms in the portal vein system were perfused with citrated saline. After sedimentation, washings were examined microscopically. Mature worms were only found in the portal vein system. The worm recovery rate was much higher by percutaneous infection (61.2%) than by intraperitoneal (37.1%). The encapsulated egg granulomas were observed either in the peritoneal cavity or on the intestinal wall; the mean number of encapsulated egg granulomas was also higher in the former (1.6) than in the latter (0.6). The average number of eggs per granuloma was very similar by both routes (10.7 and 11.4). The mean size of encapsulated egg granulomas (529 μm) was increased correspondingly with the number of eggs (range 181–985 μm). The percentage of viable eggs within the granulomas in the peritoneal cavity (77%) was much higher than those on the intestinal wall (18%). Encapsulated egg granulomas were usually ovoid although some had an irregular shape.
Interspecific stimulation of parthenogenesis in Schistosoma intercalatum and S. mansoni
Authors: Tchuenté L.A. Tchuem , Imbert-Establet D. , Southgate V.R. , Jourdane J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractExperimental studies of mating behaviour of Schistosoma intercalatum and Schistosoma mansoni in mixed infections in mice showed that in simultaneous infections, without the possibility of choice of mate, heterologous pairing occurs readily. The paired females reach sexual maturity, are inseminated and lay parthenogenetic eggs. Miracidia originating from the S. mansoni male × S. intercalatum female are non infective to either Biomphalaria glabrata or Bulinus forskalii, whereas those from the reverse cross show a very low infectivity to only B. glabrata. The resulting haploid male cercariae also show a very low infectivity to mice (1.1%) and consequently only a very small number of adult worms develop. It appears from this study, on chromosomal and electrophoretic evidence, that generative (haploid) parthenogenesis occurs in S. mansoni females paired with S. intercalatum males.
Isolation of microfilariae and eggs of Setaria digitata
Authors: Das D. , Das M.K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA simple procedure of gel-filtration was used to purify microfilariae of the cattle parasite, Setaria digitata from its eggs. The eggs of S. digitata were also isolated from the female worms by picking out the uterine canal. Gel-filtration gave a recovery of 70% for microfilariae.
The prevalence of Taenia solium metacestodes in pigs in northern Tanzania
Authors: Boa M.E. , Bøgh H.O. , Kassuku A.A. , Nansen P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEighty three carcasses of pigs were examined at three abattoirs in Moshi, Arusha and Mbulu in northern Tanzania. Taenia solium metacestodes were found in all the three abattoirs with an overall prevalence of 13.3%. During routine meat inspection in Kiboroloni, Moshi 6.2–6.9% of the pigs were found to harbour T. solium metacestodes. The mean number of hooks on the protoscolices was 27 and the length of the small hooks varied from 105 mm to 130 μm while that of the larger hooks varied from 168 mm to 174 mm confirming that the cysts were metacestodes of T. solium. Although cystlike lesions were recovered from livers of both pigs and cattle, no booklets of sizes in the range of 5–37mm were found indicating that no Taiwan Taenia metacestodes were recovered during carcass examination.
Schistosoma haematobiumin the baboon (Papio anubis): assessment of protection levels against either a single mass challenge or repeated trickle challenges after vaccination with irradiated schistosomula
Authors: Reid G.D.F. , Sturrock R.F. , Harrison R.A. , Tarara R.P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBaboons vaccinated intramuscularly with three times 9000 20 krad irradiatedSchistosoma haematobiumschistosomula at monthly intervals were exposed percutaneously to either a single mass challenge of 3000 (VMC) or ten, weekly trickle challenges of 300 (VTC) normalS. haematobiumcercariae. Unvaccinated mass (MCC) or trickle (TCC) challenge controls were exposed simultaneously. Faecal and urine egg production was delayed in the vaccinated groups which also had reduced adult, particularly female, worm recoveries. Total faecal, urine and tissue eggs were lower in the vaccinated groups, as also were the size of granulomata and the gross pathology and severity of inflammatory responses in the bladder and ureters, except for an increased proportion of tissue eggs in the livers of vaccinated animals. Differences in pathology between groups were less marked in the other organs. Most indices were reduced in the trickle versus the mass challenge control groups. Some of these trends were statistically significant, mostly in the trickle vaccination group (VTC), but others were not. Compared with the appropriate unvaccinated controls, the percentage reduction for the trickle challenge (VTC) group (73%) was three times greater than that of the mass challenge (VMC) group (23%). Overall, the protective effect of vaccination was more clearly demonstrated in the trickle than in the mass challenge groups. This conclusion is based on a single experiment. Nevertheless, because trickle infections probably approximate more closely to what humans receive naturally, it is recommended that they should be used for future testing of all potential vaccines in baboons.
The effects of freezing on the viability of Toxocara canis and T. catiembryonated eggs
Authors: O'Lorcain P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSuspensions of embryonated (L2) Toxocara canis and T. cati eggs were maintained under freezing conditions in order to study the impact on their long term viability The eggs had been removed from the uteri of adult Toxocara spp. worms and the suspended in a 0.4% formalin solution before being frozen in 20 ml plastic tubes in the freezer compartment of a domestic refrigerator. Assessment of embryonated egg viability over a period of 34 days was conducted by microscopic examination under a high light intensity Embryonated T. cati eggs were found to exhibit a greater resistance to freezing than those of T. canis. A difference in the size, design of the egg shell or the metabolism of the larval form may have accounted for the observed differences in the percentage viabilities over time between the two species of Toxocara.
Effects of free and liposomized praziquantel on worm burden and antibody response in mice infected withMesocestoides cortitetrathyridia
Authors: Hrčkova G. , Velebny S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe parasite burden in the liver and peritoneal cavity and antibody levels directed to whole worm extract, have been monitored in serum from ICR-strain mice, infected orally with 55 tetrathyridia ofMesocestoides corti(Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea). The subcurative doses (3x or 6x) of praziquantel (PZQ) (10 mg.kg−1body weight) were administered to mice from day 14 post infection (p.i.) in two drug formulations: as PZQ suspended in Dorfman vehicle, or as PZQ incorporated in liposomes (lip.PZQ). The appearance of antibodies was time-dependent and correlated with the rate of reduction in numbers of tetrathyridia. PZQ in three and six doses caused the highest fall of parasite numbers in the liver on day 1 post therapy (p.t.). In the peritoneal cavity, a similar reduction in worm burden occurred but only after six doses of the drug. The worm count in the peritoneal cavity from groups of mice injected with lip.PZQ decreased most markedly on day 7 p.t., in the group treated with six doses of the drug. In the liver, the highest larvicidal effect, compared with the controls, was observed 6 days later (i.e. day 13 p.t.), following three doses of lip.PZQ. In all treated groups, two peak values of antitetrathyridial antibody levels were detected between days 1 and 13 p.t. (i.e. days 17 to 29 p.i.), after which there was a gradual but continuous increase in antibody titre. After treatment with six doses of both drug formulations (PZQ and lip.PZQ), the occurrence of the first maximum and minimum of antibody serum levels was delayed 6 days, compared to those groups treated with three doses of the drugs. Empty liposomes had some immunomodulatory effect on the antibody response, with significant decrease in antibody titres after three doses over the experimental period, but not after six doses.
Distribution of cobalt in parasitic helminths
Authors: Chowdhury N. , Singh R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe distribution of cobalt in parasitic helminths belonging to the trematodes, cestodes or nematodes was determined by the use of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of these analyses have demonstrated that growing trematodes (smaller forms) with active oogenesis and spermatogenesis contained more cobalt than older forms (large or very old adults) with empty uteri and large lobulated testes. In cestodes, the neck region of cysticerci and immature proglottids of adults showed more cobalt than the cyst portion of cysticerci and hydatid or mature and gravid proglottids of worms. Similarly, the youngest endogenous daughter cysts of Echinococcus granulosus showed more cobalt in their walls than those of larger forms. The element was found more concentrated in nematode eggs than in adult females, irrespective of species of host.
Ultrastructure and histochemistry of the tegument of juvenile paramphistomes during migration in Indian ruminants
Authors: Mattison R.G. , Hanna R.E.B. , Nizami W.A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe tegument of juvenileParamphistomum epiclitumandFischoederius elongatus(Paramphistomidae: Digenea) resembles those of other digeneans. Seven types of papillae were observed, mostly on the oral and acetabular surfaces, and increase in number during migration. Also evident are two types of secretory body (T1 and T2) which are synthesized separately in tegumental cytons underlying the syncytium. Exocytosis of T2 bodies occurs at the apical membrane and appears to contribute to a fibrous glycocalyx. The tegumental syncytium lining the pharynx and acetabulum is thinner and has a higher capacity for vacuolation than the general tegument. These may represent important sites for osmoregulation. The absence of mitochondria from the tegument in migrating juveniles suggests limited involvement in energy demanding processes. Pigmentation of the subtegument is first evident in mature cercariae and is progressively eliminated during migration.
Prevalence of Toxocara canis ova in public playgrounds in the Dublin area of Ireland
Authors: O'Lorcain P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA total of nine playground sites in Dublin city and county were surveyed from which 228 samples were removed. Of these samples, 15% were positive for Toxocara canis ova and a mean egg density of 1.4 ova/100 g was calculated. Two types of playground sites were identified and that the level of toxocaral contamination was found to be greater in ‘neighbourhood playgrounds’ than in ‘adventure playgrounds’. There was no significant difference in the number of positive samples taken from sites both inside and outside these playgrounds. No evidence of Toxocara cati ova was found. Only one sample was positive for Toxascaris leonina ova. Over 50% of the T. canis ova identified were infective. The findings in this study suggest that the sample's moisture content contributes to the long term survival of infective Toxocara ova in the environment. A recovery rate of 69.8% was achieved with a modified version of the flotation method.
A hidden break in the 28.0S rRNA from Diphyllobothrium dendriticum
Authors: Karlstedt K. A. , Paatero G. I. L. , Mäkelä J.-H. , Wikgren B.-J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTNondenatured and denatured total RNA from the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoda) was analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis. It was found that the large subunit ribosomal RNA (lrRNA) is 28.0S and the small subunit ribosomal RNA (srRNA) is 19.5S. Following denaturation the 28.0S rRNA was disrupted into a 19.5S subfragment and a 20.7S subfragment due to the presence of a centrally located hidden break. By hybridization of Northern blot membranes with oligonucleotide probes specific for the 5′- and 3′-ends of the lrRNA respectively, we have shown that the 19.5S sub-fragment is from the 5′-end (the α-subfragment) and the 20.7S subfragment from the 3′-end (the β-subfragment) of the 28.0S rRNA of D. dendriticum.
Influence of desiccation of faeces on survival and infectivity of first-stage larvae of Muellerius capillaris and Neostrongylus linearis
Authors: Morrondo-Pelayo P. , Diez-Baños P. , Cabaret J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTFirst-stage larvae of pure strains of M. capillaris and N. linearis (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) from goats were used to assess the influence of rapid desiccation on survival. M. capillaris survived desiccation of faeces better than N. linearis. The latter species was particularly susceptible to duration of storage after desiccation (0 to 10 days). Surviving larvae of desiccated batches of M. capillaris were less able to infect the land-snail Candidula intersecta. Resistance of first-stage larvae to desiccation is a key factor in infectivity and may partly account for the geographical distribution of the two species of protostrongylids.
Treatment of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in normal and SPF rats using tetramisole loaded into zeolite
Authors: Shaker S. K. , Dyer A. , Storey D. M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAdministration to rats of tetramisole loaded into zeolite was more successful in killing adults of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis than the administration of tetramisole alone. The most successful treatment occurred in SPF (Specific Pathogen Free) rats dosed with tetramisole loaded into zeolite and no worms were present in this group at autopsy eight days post-infection. It is concluded that the slow release of drug from the zeolite matrix improved its efficacy, especially in removing worms from low-grade infections.
Enhancement of intestinal eosinophilia duringHymenolepis nanainfection in mice
Authors: Niwa A. , Miyazato T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe ability ofHymenolepis nanaoncosphere extract to induce eosinophil chemotactic response was examinedin vitroandin vivo. The extract showed a chemotactic activity specific for eosinophils but not for neutrophils. Partially purified eosinophil chemotactic factors (ECFs) from the oncosphere extract showed apparent molecular mass from 5.5 to 9.6kDa and 30 to 40kDa. These were resistant to heating and proteinase K digestion but sensitive to periodate oxidation. Peritoneal injection of the crude extract or partially purified ECFs to mice resulted in a preferential eosinophil infiltration. The chemotactic activity for eosinophils was not separable from the adhesion molecule expression or oxygen radical-inducing activity by means of chromatography or chemical treatments. Furthermore, histological examination demonstrated a marked tissue eosinophilia aroundH. nanalarvae in the intestinal lamina propria of both humoral and cell-mediated immunodeficiency mice. The present findings suggest thatH. nanaoncosphere-derived molecules facilitatein vivothe intestinal eosinophilia during the infection.
Effects of the anthelmintics clorsulon, rafoxanide, mebendazole and arprinocid on Echinostoma caproni in ICR mice
Authors: Maurer K. , Decere M. , Fried B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFemale ICR mice, 5 to 6 weeks old, were exposed by stomach tube to 25 metacercarial cysts of Echinostoma caproni per mouse. At 14 days post-exposure, mice were fed by stomach tube clorsulon (1000 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) or rafoxanide (50 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) carrier and mebendazole (1000 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) or arprinocid (100 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) suspended in a 2:1 polyethylene glycol (PEG)/DMSO carrier. All drugs were obtained from Merck Inc. (Rahway, New Jersey, USA) and only single dose regimes were used. Experimentally infected mice that served as controls received either DMSO or 2:1 PEG/DMSO carriers or were not given the carrier. Mice were necropsied 15, 16, 18 and 20 days post-exposure to worms. Doses of 100 mg/kg of clorsulon and 50 mg/kg of rafoxanide were 100% effective in eliminating the echinostomes on day 1 post-administration of the anthelmintics. Mebendazole and arprinocid were ineffective in eliminating worms at 1 or 2 days post drug administration.
Morphometric variability of Schistosoma intercalatum eggs: a diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Almeda J. , Ascaso C. , Marçal G. A. , Corachan M. , Southgate V. R. , Rollinson D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractVariability of Schistosoma intercalatum eggs in shape and size, and their similarity to those of S. haematobium presented a problem of species identification when egg morphology was the diagnostic criterion used in a study of human schistosomiasis conducted on São Tomé and Principe. More than 2500 egg measurements were obtained by light micoscopy to gather data relating to size variability of S. intercalatum eggs, to evaluate whether factors such as age of host, sex of host and intensity of infection are correlated with variability, and the data were compared with previously published measurements on different isolates and strains of S. intercalatum: the range in length (104–203 μm) embraces most of the measurements reported in other studies of S. intercalatum eggs. There was no correlation either between age and sex of the host, or intensity of infection with variability of egg size. Comparison between measurements of the eggs of S. haematobium, S. intercalatum and S. bovis eggs are presented.
Benedeniine capsalid monogeneans from Australian fishes: pathogenic species, site-specificity and camouflage
Authors: Whittington I.D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThere are about 70 species of capsalid monogeneans in the Benedeniinae worldwide but only about half are described from the diverse fish fauna in the Pacific Ocean. Up to 1992, only five species of benedeniines were known from Australia. Two potentially destructive species of benedeniines, Benedenia seriolae from Seriola lalandi and B. sciaenae from Argyrosomus hololepidotus from temperate Australian waters, are new host and geographic records for these monogeneans. A survey of some fishes from the Great Barrier Reef has revealed at least 15 undescribed species of benedeniines in addition to three species which have been described recently (B. lutjani, B. rohdei and Metabenedeniella parva). The few previous records for benedeniines from Australian fishes are probably the result of three factors. First, there have been relatively few careful studies of the external surfaces of fishes from Australia for monogeneans. Second, some benedeniines display a previously unsuspected specificity for particular external microhabitats on their hosts such as specific fins or sites previously unrecognized as microhabitats for monogeneans on the head of some species of fishes such as lip folds and branchiostegal membranes. Third, some benedeniines on the flanks and fins of some fish are extremely difficult to see because they are transparent and/or possess pigment spots throughout the body. Sometimes, benedeniines from colourful species of reef fish bear bright colours in their bodies. It is highly likely that these features serve as camouflage to conceal the parasites from predators such as cleaner organisms.