bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les écrits intermédiaires au cycle 3 pour penser et apprendre
Authors: Doquet Claire 
Published: November 2011

L’article s’appuie sur un corpus d’écrits intermédiaires en cycle 3 – des carnets d’expériences en sciences et des carnets de lecture en littérature – mis en écho avec des entretiens d’enseignants qui les ont mis en place. Si la différence entre ces deux types de carnet renvoie à deux perceptions disciplinaires distinctes, c’est plutôt la communauté des deux outils qui est examinée dans l’étude, en particulier sous l’angle de la réflexivité : dans quelle mesure et à quelles conditions ces écrits intermédiaires constituent-ils des espaces de réflexivité pour les élèves ? Quel rôle l’écrit joue l’écriture dans « la pensée à l’écrit » qui s’exerce ? Ces questions sont traitées à partir de l’analyse d’exemples précis des deux types de carnet.
Age: “A Natural Anesthetic” in Pain Perception during the Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Biopsy Procedure
Authors: Dell'atti Lucio , Borea Pier Andrea , Russo Gian Rosario 
Published: November 2011

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate how the age factor might influence the tolerance biopsy examination, and then choose the modality of a local or general anesthetic technique. Materials and Methods This study evaluated 248 consecutive patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy for the first time. Each patient was treated under local anesthesia with lidocaine spray (10gr/100ml). Patients were divided into two groups according to age: Group A) 112 with age range ≤65 years, Group B) 136 with age range >65 years. Our first aim was to obtain a schedule of 14 biopsy samples in both groups. After the procedure each patient was given a verbal numeric pain scale (VNS), which was designed with 0 representing absence of pain and 10 the maximum pain they perceived in life. Results The average pain assessed with VNS was around 4.2 (2–8) and 2.8 (0–6) for the patients in Group A and Group B, respectively. The two groups appeared to be homogeneous in terms of pain perception regarding PSA value and gland volume, and appeared to have different pain scores with regard to age. In fact, the first group of patients, with the same anesthetic technique used, perceived more intense pain sensations related to acute biopsy. Conclusions In conclusion, we can say that a local anesthetic in clinical practice in the course of prostate biopsy is more sensitive if performed in a person aged 65 years.
Resolving the Three‐Dimensional Microstructure of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Electrodes using Nanometer‐Scale X‐ray Computed Tomography
Authors: Epting William K. , Gelb Jeff , Litster Shawn 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe electrodes of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) are composite porous layers consisting of carbon and platinum nanoparticles and a polymer electrolyte binder. The proper composition and arrangement of these materials for fast reactant transport and high electrochemical activity is crucial to achieving high performance, long lifetimes, and low costs. Here, the microstructure of a PEFC electrode using nanometer‐scale X‐ray computed tomography (nano‐CT) with a resolution of 50 nm is investigated. The nano‐CT instrument obtains this resolution for the low‐atomic‐number catalyst support and binder using a combination of a Fresnel zone plate objective and Zernike phase contrast imaging. High‐resolution, non‐destructive imaging of the three‐dimensional (3D) microstructures provides important new information on the size and form of the catalyst particle agglomerates and pore spaces. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) is applied to evaluate the limits of the resolution and to verify the 3D reconstructions. The computational reconstructions and size distributions obtained with nano‐CT can be used for evaluating electrode preparation, performing pore‐scale simulations, and extracting effective morphological parameters for large‐scale computational models.
Highly Conductive and Transparent PEDOT:PSS Films with a Fluorosurfactant for Stretchable and Flexible Transparent Electrodes
Authors: Vosgueritchian Michael , Lipomi Darren J. , Bao Zhenan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractHighly conductive and transparent poly‐(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) films, incorporating a fluorosurfactant as an additive, have been prepared for stretchable and transparent electrodes. The fluorosurfactant‐treated PEDOT:PSS films show a 35% improvement in sheet resistance (Rs) compared to untreated films. In addition, the fluorosurfactant renders PEDOT:PSS solutions amenable for deposition on hydrophobic surfaces, including pre‐deposited, annealed films of PEDOT:PSS (enabling the deposition of thick, highly conductive, multilayer films) and stretchable poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrates (enabling stretchable electronics). Four‐layer PEDOT:PSS films have an Rs of 46 Ω per square with 82% transmittance (at 550 nm). These films, deposited on a pre‐strained PDMS substrate and buckled, are shown to be reversibly stretchable, with no change to Rs, during the course of over 5000 cycles of 0 to 10% strain. Using the multilayer PEDOT:PSS films as anodes, indium tin oxide (ITO)‐free organic photovoltaics are prepared and shown to have power conversion efficiencies comparable to that of devices with ITO as the anode. These results show that these highly conductive PEDOT:PSS films can not only be used as transparent electrodes in novel devices (where ITO cannot be used), such as stretchable OPVs, but also have the potential to replace ITO in conventional devices.
Boron Subphthalocyanine Chloride as an Electron Acceptor for High‐Voltage Fullerene‐Free Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Beaumont Nicola , Cho Sang Wan , Sullivan Paul , Newby David , Smith Kevin E. , Jones Tim. S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractHigh‐efficiency fullerene‐free single‐heterojunction (SHJ) organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells consisting of tetracene (Tc) as a typical donor material and boron subphthalocyanine chloride (SubPc) as an acceptor material are reported. Cells containing SubPc as a direct replacement for C60 exhibit an ∼60% improvement in open circuit voltage (Voc) achieving a maximum Voc of 1.24 V, which is amongst the highest values acheived to date for SHJ devices. This resulted in an overall improvement of ∼60% in power conversion efficiency from 1.8%, for Tc/C60 cells, to 2.9% for Tc/SubPc. The OPV device results are complemented by soft X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) measurements of the interfacial energetics of both systems. The results demonstrate that SubPc shows considerable promise as an electron acceptor material for future cell designs.
Interspecies difference in placement of developing teeth and its relationship with cross‐sectional geometry of the mandibular symphysis in four primate species including modern humans
Authors: Fukase Hitoshi 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe form of the anthropoid mandibular symphysis has recently been addressed in association with spatial requirements for the forming anterior teeth. To evaluate potential relationships between the symphyseal shape and teeth further, the growth patterns of the symphyseal region and the positioning of the tooth crypts were examined using CT data, comparing four primate species (modern humans, chimpanzees, Japanese monkeys, and hamadryas baboons) with varied symphyseal curvature and tooth size. First, results showed that interspecies differences in overall mandibular shape including symphyseal inclination and bicanine width are consistently expressed throughout postnatal ontogeny, although local symphyseal configurations related to the superior transverse torus (STT) tended to change considerably during growth in chimpanzees. Second, the four species were found to exhibit differentiated formation positions of the incisor and canine crypts. In particular, I2 developed between I1 and C in humans with a broad bicanine space and small teeth, whereas it was positioned posterior to I1 and above C in the cercopithecines with an extremely narrow bicanine space. In chimpanzees, despite the large bicanine width, I1 and I2 grew with a large antero‐posterior overlap owing to their large size. These results indicate that the dental positioning is determined in concert with the size balance of the available mandibular space and forming teeth. Finally, the positions/contours of I2 crypt were shown to correspond strongly with the STT across the taxa. This suggests that interspecies differences in symphyseal shape should be interpreted partially by the species‐specific positional relationships of the developing anterior teeth. Am J Phys Anthropol 147:217–226, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cell therapy for neonatal hypoxia–ischemia and cerebral palsy
Authors: Bennet Laura , Tan Sidhartha , Van den Heuij Lotte , Derrick Matthew , Groenendaal Floris , van Bel Frank , Juul Sandra , Back Stephen A. , Northington Frances , Robertson Nicola J. , Mallard Carina , Gunn Alistair Jan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPerinatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury remains a major cause of cerebral palsy. Although therapeutic hypothermia is now established to improve recovery from hypoxia–ischemia (HI) at term, many infants continue to survive with disability, and hypothermia has not yet been tested in preterm infants. There is increasing evidence from in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies that stem/progenitor cells may have multiple beneficial effects on outcome after hypoxic–ischemic injury. Stem/progenitor cells have shown great promise in animal studies in decreasing neurological impairment; however, the mechanisms of action of stem cells, and the optimal type, dose, and method of administration remain surprisingly unclear, and some studies have found no benefit. Although cell‐based interventions after completion of the majority of secondary cell death appear to have potential to improve functional outcome for neonates after HI, further rigorous testing in translational animal models is required before randomized controlled trials should be considered. ANN NEUROL 2012;
FXN methylation predicts expression and clinical outcome in Friedreich ataxia
Authors: Evans‐Galea Marguerite V. , Carrodus Nissa , Rowley Simone M. , Corben Louise A. , Tai Geneieve , Saffery Richard , Galati John C. , Wong Nicholas C. , Craig Jeffrey M. , Lynch David R. , Regner Sean R. , Brocht Alicia F. D. , Perlman Susan L. , Bushara Khalaf O. , Gomez Christopher M. , Wilmot George R. , Li Lingli , Varley Elizabeth , Delatycki Martin B. , Sarsero Joseph P. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjective:Friedreich ataxia (FA) is the most common ataxia and results from an expanded GAA repeat in the first intron of FXN. This leads to epigenetic modifications and reduced frataxin. We investigated the relationships between genetic, epigenetic, and clinical parameters in a large case–control study of FA.Methods:Clinical data and samples were obtained from individuals with FA during annual visits to our dedicated FA clinic. GAA expansions were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction endonuclease digest. DNA methylation was measured using bisulfite‐based EpiTYPER MassARRAY (Sequenom, San Diego, CA). FXN expression was determined using real‐time reverse transcriptase PCR. Significant correlations between the different parameters were examined using the nonparametric Spearman rank correlation coefficient, as well as univariate and multivariate regression modeling.Results:Characteristic DNA methylation was identified upstream and downstream of the expansion, and validated in an independent FA cohort. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed significant inverse correlations between upstream methylation and FXN expression, and variation in downstream methylation and age of onset. FXN expression also inversely correlated with the Friedreich Ataxia Rating Scale score, an indicator of disease severity.Interpretation:These novel findings provide compelling evidence for the link between the GAA expansion, the DNA methylation profile, FXN expression, and clinical outcome in FA. Epigenetic profiling of FXN could be used to gain greater insight into disease onset and progression, but also as a biomarker to learn more about specific treatment responses and pharmacological mechanism(s). This work also highlights the potential for developing therapies aimed at increasing frataxin levels to treat this debilitating disease. ANN NEUROL 2012;
Comparative effectiveness and implementation research: Directions for Neurology
Authors: Vickrey Barbara G. , Hirtz Deborah , Waddy Salina , Cheng Eric M. , Johnston S. Claiborne 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThere is an enormous unmet need for knowledge about how new insights from discovery and translational research can yield measurable, population‐level improvements in health and reduction in mortality among those having or at risk for neurological disease. Once several, well‐conducted randomized controlled trials establish the efficacy of a given therapy, implementation research can generate new knowledge about barriers to uptake of the therapy into widespread clinical care, and what strategies are effective in overcoming those barriers and in addressing health disparities. Comparative effectiveness research aims to elucidate the relative value (including clinical benefit, clinical harms, and/or costs) of alternative efficacious management approaches to a neurological disorder, generally through direct comparisons, and may include comparisons of methodologies for implementation. Congress has recently appropriated resources and established an institute to prioritize funding for such research. Neurologists and neuroscientists should understand the scope and objectives of comparative effectiveness and implementation research, their range of methodological approaches (formal literature syntheses, randomized trials, observational studies, modeling), and existing research resources (centers for literature synthesis, registries, practice networks) relevant to research for neurological conditions, to close the well‐documented evidence‐to‐practice gap. Future directions include building this research resource capacity, producing scientists trained to conduct rigorous comparative effectiveness and implementation research, and embracing innovative strategies to set research priorities in these areas. Ann Neurol 2012;71:732–742
A novel X‐linked disorder with developmental delay and autistic features
Authors: Kaya Namik , Colak Dilek , Albakheet Albandary , Al‐Owain Mohammad , Abu‐Dheim Nada , Al‐Younes Banan , Al‐Zahrani Jawaher , Mukaddes Nahit M. , Dervent Aysin , Al‐Dosari Naji , Al‐Odaib Ali , Kayaalp Inci V. , Al‐Sayed Moeenaladin , Al‐Hassnan Zuhair , Nester Michael J. , Al‐Dosari Mohammad , Al‐Dhalaan Hesham , Chedrawi Aziza , Gunoz Hulya , Karakas Bedri , Sakati Nadia , Alkuraya Fowzan S. , Gascon Generaso G. , Ozand Pinar T. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjective:Genomic duplications that lead to autism and other human diseases are interesting pathological lesions since the underlying mechanism almost certainly involves dosage sensitive genes. We aim to understand a novel genomic disorder with profound phenotypic consequences, most notably global developmental delay, autism, psychosis, and anorexia nervosa.Methods:We evaluated the affected individuals, all maternally related, using childhood autism rating scale (CARS) and Vineland Adaptive scales, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) brain, electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), muscle biopsy, high‐resolution molecular karyotype arrays, Giemsa banding (G‐banding) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing, X‐chromosome inactivation study, global gene expression analysis on Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐transformed lymphoblasts, and quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR).Results:We have identified a novel Xq12–q13.3 duplication in an extended family. Clinically normal mothers were completely skewed in favor of the normal chromosome X. Global transcriptional profiling of affected individuals and controls revealed significant alterations of genes and pathways in a pattern consistent with previous microarray studies of autism spectrum disorder patients. Moreover, expression analysis revealed copy number–dependent increased messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in affected patients compared to control individuals. A subset of differentially expressed genes was validated using qRT‐PCR.Interpretation:Xq12–q13.3 duplication is a novel global developmental delay and autism‐predisposing chromosomal aberration; pathogenesis of which may be mediated by increased dosage of genes contained in the duplication, including NLGN3, OPHN1, AR, EFNB1, TAF1, GJB1, and MED12. ANN NEUROL 2012
Rare variants in the CYP27B1 gene are associated with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ramagopalan Sreeram V. , Dyment David A. , Cader M. Zameel , Morrison Katie M. , Disanto Giulio , Morahan Julia M. , Berlanga‐Taylor Antonio J. , Handel Adam , De Luca Gabriele C. , Sadovnick A. Dessa , Lepage Pierre , Montpetit Alexandre , Ebers George C. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjective:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurological disease. Genetic linkage analysis and genotyping of candidate genes in families with 4 or more affected individuals more heavily loaded for susceptibility genes has not fully explained familial disease clustering.Methods:We performed whole exome sequencing to further understand the heightened prevalence of MS in these families.Results:Forty‐three individuals with MS (1 from each family) were sequenced to find rare variants in candidate MS susceptibility genes. On average, >58,000 variants were identified in each individual. A rare variant in the CYP27B1 gene causing complete loss of gene function was identified in 1 individual. Homozygosity for this mutation results in vitamin D‐dependent rickets I (VDDR1), whereas heterozygosity results in lower calcitriol levels. This variant showed significant heterozygous association in 3,046 parent‐affected child trios (p = 1 × 10−5). Further genotyping in >12,500 individuals showed that other rare loss of function CYP27B1 variants also conferred significant risk of MS, Peto odds ratio = 4.7 (95% confidence interval, 2.3–9.4; p = 5 × 10−7). Four known VDDR1 mutations were identified, all overtransmitted. Heterozygous parents transmitted these alleles to MS offspring 35 of 35× (p = 3 × 10−9).Interpretation:A causative role for CYP27B1 in MS is supported; the mutations identified are known to alter function having been shown in vivo to result in rickets when 2 copies are present. CYP27B1 encodes the vitamin D‐activating 1‐alpha hydroxylase enzyme, and thus a role for vitamin D in MS pathogenesis is strongly implicated. ANN NEUROL 2011;70:881–886
Durch N‐heterocyclische Carbene katalysierte Dominoreaktionen
Authors: Grossmann André , Enders Dieter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWährend sich die organokatalytischen Dominoreaktionen (auch Organokaskadenkatalysen genannt) im letzten Jahrzehnt zu einem wichtigen Hilfsmittel in der Synthesechemie entwickelt haben, fand die Anwendung von N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen (NHCs) als Katalysatoren in Dominoreaktionen erst in den letzten drei Jahren zunehmend Beachtung. Unter Berücksichtigung der besonderen Aktivierungsmodi der Substrate durch die NHC‐Katalysatoren ist eine Unterscheidung zwischen einer einzelnen chemischen Transformation und einer sequenziellen Eintopfreaktion schwierig. Das Ziel dieses Kurzaufsatzes besteht darin, die Domino‐, Kaskaden‐ und Tandemkatalyse in Gegenwart von NHC‐Katalysatoren kritisch zu betrachten und jüngste Publikationen auf diesem Gebiet vorzustellen.
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Denitrogenative Transannulation: Converting Triazoles into Other Heterocyclic Systems
Authors: Chattopadhyay Buddhadeb , Gevorgyan Vladimir 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTransition metal catalyzed denitrogenative transannulation of a triazole ring has recently received considerable attention as a new concept for the construction of diverse nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic cores. This method allows a single‐step synthesis of complex nitrogen heterocycles from easily available and cheap triazole precursors. In this Minireview, recent progress of the transition metal catalyzed denitrogenative transannulation of a triazole ring, which was discovered in 2007, is discussed.
Quantitative determination of bioactive alkaloids lysergol and chanoclavine in Ipomoea muricata by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Maurya Anupam , Verma Ram Kishore , Srivastava Santosh Kumar 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTA rapid, simple, sensitive, gradient and reproducible, reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the quantitative estimation of bioactive alkaloids, lysergol and chanoclavine in the seeds of Ipomoea muricata. The clavine alkaloid, lysergol, is a bioenhancer for the drugs and nutrients. The samples were analyzed by reverse‐phase chromatography on a Waters spherisorb ODS2 column (250 × 4.6 mm, i.d., 10 µm) using binary gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.01 m phosphate buffer (NaH2PO4) containing 0.1% glacial acetic acid at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, a column temperature of 25 °C and UV detection at λ 254 nm. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were 0.035 and 0.106 µg/mL for lysergol and 0.039 and 0.118 µg/mL for chanoclavine, respectively. Standard curves were linear in the range of 2–10 µg/mL (r > 99) for both analytes. Good results were achieved with respect to repeatability (RSD < 2%) and recovery (99.20–102.0). The method was validated for linearity, accuracy repeatability, LOQ and LOD. The method is simple, accurate and precise, and may be recommended for routine quality control analysis of I. muricata seed extracts containing these two clavine alkaloids (1, 2) as bioactive principles of the herb. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beliefs Contributing to HIV‐related Stigma in African and Afro‐Caribbean Communities in the Netherlands
Authors: Stutterheim Sarah E. , Bos Arjan E. R. , van Kesteren Nicole M. C. , Shiripinda Iris , Pryor John B. , de Bruin Marijn , Schaalma Herman P. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThirty years after the first diagnosis, people living with HIV (PLWH) around the world continue to report stigmatizing experiences. In this study, beliefs contributing to HIV‐related stigma in African and Afro‐Caribbean diaspora communities and their cultural context were explored through semi‐structured interviews with HIV‐positive (N = 42) and HIV‐negative (N = 52) African, Antillean and Surinamese diaspora community members in the Netherlands. Beliefs that HIV is highly contagious, that HIV is a very severe disease, and that PLWH are personally responsible for acquiring their HIV infection were found to contribute to HIV‐related stigma, as did the belief that PLWH are HIV‐positive because they engaged in norm‐violating behaviour such as promiscuity, commercial sex work, and, for Afro‐Caribbean diaspora, also homosexuality. These beliefs were found to be exacerbated and perpetuated by cultural taboos on talking about HIV and sexuality. HIV‐related stigma reduction interventions should focus on changing these beliefs and breaking cultural taboos on HIV and sexuality in a manner that is participatory and consistent with the current theory and empirical findings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.