bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Genus and two New Species of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) from the Banana Scab Moth,Nacoleia octasema(Meyr.)
Authors: Eady R. D. 
Published: July 2009

The material on which this paper is based was bred fromNacoleia octasema(Meyr.) in New Guinea. The species of the new genus, herein described, was found to be an important primary parasite of the larva. TheTyndarichusspecies is a hyperparasite.The new genus is close toCopidosomaandLitomastix, and very closely resembles the other genera of this group in both structure and habits. In the species described below the male is not unlike the males of some species ofCopidosoma, and the female resemblesLitomastix; the species appears to be polyembryonic. In the present state of the systematics of the ENcyrtidaeit is deemed advisable to describe this species under a new genus.I am grateful to Dr. J. Ghesquière, who consented to examine material of this genus and was generous in his advice and assistance.
The Simuliidae (Diptera) of British Honduras
Authors: Lewis D. J. , Garnham P. C. C. 
Published: July 2009

Several collections of pupae and adults of Simuliid Diptera were made in British Honduras between 9th January and 18th February 1958. Samples were collected in the Mountain Pine Ridge and El Cayo areas in the west, and along the highway traversing the eastern part of the country between Caves Branch and Stann Creek.Thirteen species of Simulium were found, nine of which are named, including S. quadrivittatum Lw. and S. metallicum Bellardi which are very annoying biters. A, few observations on distribution and habits are recorded.Of the two anthropophilic species of Simulium found, one is known to be a vector of onchocerciasis, if only of secondary importance, and the capability of the other to transmit the disease is unknown. The disease has apparently never been established in British Honduras and is present in Guatemala. The risk of infection to settlers moving into territory near Guatemala cannot be assessed without detailed knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease in Central America.
Parasites of Ancylostomia stercorea (Zell.), (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera) a Pod Borer attacking Pigeon Pea in Trinidad
Authors: Bennett Fred D. 
Published: July 2009

In Trinidad, the only serious pod borer attacking pigeon peas is Ancylostomia stercorea (Zell.). This species breeds throughout the year. The eggs are laid on the young pods and the larvae feed on the developing seeds and later pupate in the soil. The complete life-cycle requires 26–32 days.Eight species of parasites were reared from the larvae of Ancylostomia. Life-history studies and rearing techniques for the six commonest species are presented.Apantelcs etiellae isolatus Mues. is a solitary endoparasite attacking first- to third-stage host larvae. It emerges from the fourth-stage host and constructs a white cocoon in the pod. The life-cycle takes 14–18 days.Phanerotoma bennetti Mues. is a solitary egg-larval parasite. The egg is laid in that of the host, but the parasite does not complete development until the host has reached the final larval stage and constructed a cocoon. A generation is completed in 20 to 28 days. A method of breeding this species on Ephestia cautella (Wlk.) is described.Eiphosoma annulatum Cress, is a solitary endoparasite attacking first- to fourth-stage hosts. The parasites emerge from fifth-stage hosts which may be stunted in size but construct normal cocoons. The life-cycle is completed in 26–35 days.Bracon thurberiphagae (Mues.) and Bracon cajani Mues. are gregarious ectoparasites of similar habit. They paralyse second- to fifth-stage larvae and deposit eggs on or near them. The life-cycle is completed in 13 to 16 days. A method of rearing field-collected immature stages is described.Perisierola sp. is a gregarious ectoparasite. The adult enters the pod, paralyses a host, and attaches her eggs directly on to the caterpillar. Second- to fifth-stage hosts may be attacked but the larger hosts are preferred. The female frequently remains with her progeny until they have completed their development, which requires 11 to 15-days.Hyperparasites attacking the parasite pupae are listed.Details of a shipping container and methods of rearing and shipping parasites to Mauritius for trial against Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) and Maruca testulalis (Geyer) are described. From a stock of more than 44,000 cocoons so sent two species, Bracon cajani and Eiphosoma annulatum, have been successfully established in Mauritius.
The effect of humidity and temperature on the extent of abdominal pigmentation inGlossina pallidipesAusten
Authors: Bursell E. 
Published: July 2009

The extent of pigmentation of the abdominal bands ofGlossina pallidipesAust. was studied in specimens emerging in the laboratory from puparia maintained at constant temperature and a range of relative humidities and derived from females collected in the field at Shinyanga, Tanganyika. An index of pigmentation was obtained by regarding the bands as consisting in all of 15 zones, each carrying a score of 1.The index was closely dependent on the humidity experienced during pupal development, almost full pigmentation being produced in saturated air and almost complete suppression of it in dry air; it is inversely related to size and little affected in nearly saturated air by temperatures below 28°C. during pupal development, although still higher temperatures reduce it quite sharply.In flies collected in the field throughout the year, most of those taken towards the end of the rains (March and April) fell into the darker pigment categories; as the dry season advanced the distribution tended to become bimodal, with the darker mode relatively steady at an index of about 12 and the paler mode moving progressively down the scale, reaching an index of about 5 in October and then disappearing. December and January collections (rainy season) were again unimodal, resembling those of March. It is suggested that these changes reflect the use of two types of larviposition site, the darker mode representing pupae from the evergreen thickets along the drainage lines and the lighter mode those from semi-deciduous thickets on the eluvial slopes, and that during the dry season the soil-space humidity in the latter sites may reach levels inimical to survival.The depth to which larvae ofG. pallidipesburrow appears to be related to the temperature, and perhaps the humidity, obtaining at the time of larviposition.The possible effect of humidity on coloration was tested in four other species of tsetse fly, namelyG. swynnertoniAust.,G. morsitansWestw.,G. palpalis fuscipesNewst. andG. longipennisCorti. OnlyG. swynnertonigave indications of some slight effect.
Further observations on lake-side and riverine communities of Glossina palpalis fuscipes Newstead
Authors: Bursell E. , Glasgow J. P. 
Published: July 2009

Earlier work in Nyanza Province, Kenya, had led to the conclusion that riverine communities of Glossina palpalis fuscipes Newst. were permanently hungrier than lake-side communities. This was based on analysis of catches (percentage of teneral flies in the whole catch, and percentage of females among non-teneral flies) and on a behaviour criterion (percentage of non-teneral males caught on the party), but subsequent observations in the two types of habitat, in which a different area was used to represent the lake side, showed the lake-side flies to be slightly smaller than the riverine flies and not to differ in fat content, and a further investigation was accordingly made.Puparia were collected on three dates between January and March 1958 and their surface area measured. A measure of the thoracic surface and fat content was taken of all adults emerging. Non-teneral flies were collected, for comparison, about two weeks later than the puparia.In all samples, the riverine puparia were significantly larger than those from the lake side, and flies that emerged showed a comparable difference in size, but not in fat content corrected for size. Non-teneral riverine flies were slightly larger than lake-side ones but the difference was less than half that shown by the puparia and the teneral flies obtained from them. Evidence is adduced to show that this discrepancy is due to elimination of the lower size-groups in the lake-side community. Estimates of fat content of non-teneral flies support the conclusion that the lake-side community was under stress as compared with the riverine one, and analysis of available fly-round data from the lake side also suggests stress conditions.The lake-side results are at variance with those from the site used in the earlier work. Available meteorological data show that the average temperature during February and March is 2°C. higher at the present site than at the former; such difference may directly cause the stresses that appear to be operating in the present instance.The results suggest that the percentage of non-teneral males caught on the party has a real meaning in terms of nutritional status, and that it is also a very responsive indicator, but that the proportions of tenerals and of female nontenerals may not be simply related to the nutritional state as had hitherto been supposed.
The effects of different plant foods on the fecundity, fertility and development of a cotton stainer,Dysdercus superstitiosus(F.)
Authors: Geering Q. A. , Coaker T. H. 
Published: July 2009

Dysdercus superstitiosus(F.) is capable of utilising a much wider range of food-plants than was previously supposed, and is able to complete a full breeding cycle on the several diets other than cotton. This has been demonstrated by rearing and breeding adults and nymphs in the laboratory, in Uganda, on selected food material,e.g., Sorghum vulgare, Pennisetum typhoides, Zea maysandVigna unguiculata, immature seeds of each being used. Diets other than mature cotton seeds are less suitable for breeding, as judged by fecundity of females and development of nymphs, but the influence of nymphal diet on adult fecundity is not consistent. Females reared on sorghum are smaller than those reared on cotton seed and they may lay fewer eggs.There is an indication that varieties of sorghum may differ in their suitability for producing maximum fecundity and fertility. Those varieties to which the stainer exhibits a predisposition in the field may not be the most suitable.When adults are fed on cotton bolls of ages 1–10 weeks, the fecundity of females, and the rate of egg-production increase with increasing age of boll, and the preoviposition period decreases.Stored cotton seed may be less suitable for egg-production than freshly harvested seed cotton.Extraction of oil from cotton seed with petroleum ether does not wholly impair the fecundity rate of females fed on the seed, but may reduce the fertility and nymphal survival in the first instar.A diet of cotton seed, heat treated at 150–190°C. for one hour, reduces the fecundity in the females, possibly by destroying the accessary food factors. Nymphal survival is possible on such treated seed, but not when thus heated for two hours at or above 150°C.
The swamp-breeding mosquitos of Uganda: records of larvae and their habitats
Authors: Goma L. K. H. 
Published: July 2009

Some 246 species of mosquitos are known to occur in Uganda. Of these, 92 (37·4%) have been recorded as breeding in swamps, and the present paper brings together published data and the results of work on the collection and identification of larvae from habitats in a wide variety of types of swamp between 1955 and 1958. Notes on the occurrence and habitats of the larvae are given under each species.In the present work, only 58 species were found breeding, but these included six new swamp records. Only 26 species appear to breed exclusively in swamps. In addition to the species identified, larvae representing some 14 unrecognised and probably undescribed species were collected. The majority of the swampbreeding species are Culicines, the Anophelines comprising only 21·7 per cent.The swamp environment in Uganda, with respect to the breeding of mosquitos, is extremely varied. Some possible classifications of the many and various swamps found in the country are given. The distribution of certain species of mosquitos is more or less limited to certain types of swamp This is briefly discussed and examples are given. There is also a definite zonal distribution of some species within a swamp,e.g., Culex (Culex) grahamiTheo.,C. (C.) guiartiBlanch, andFicalbia (Ficalbia) malfeytiNewst. occur only in peripheral zones. In general, the interior of the large swamps is unfavourable to the breeding of Anophelines, but Culicines are very abundant there.Breeding of mosquitos is profoundly affected when swamps are altered by human interference. In certain cases this has resulted in increased production of Anophelines, with the consequent aggravation of the malaria situation.It is concluded that, from the point of view of human disease, the swamps of Uganda (especially in their natural untouched state) are not as dangerous as previously thought.
Occurrence of the red spider, Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner), on tea in north-east India in relation to pruning and defoliation.
Authors: Das G. M. 
Published: July 2009

The red spider, Oligonychus coffeae (Niet.), persists in all stages of its development on a few old leaves and ‘ janams ’ (small leaves at the base of the shoot) of tea bushes during the cold weather, and this persisting population is primarily responsible for the attack in the spring.In pruning, a great many of the old leaves (including janams) are removed from bushes, and, concomitantly, the red spider. Pruned tea is, therefore, less attacked than unpruned tea or ‘ skiffed ’ tea (where just a little is cut off the tops of the shoots) in which comparatively more leaves are left on bushes.
The biology of two species of mosquito,Mansonia africana(Theobald) andMansonia uniformis(Theobald), belonging to the subgenusMansonioides(Diptera, Culicidae).
Authors: Laurence B. R. 
Published: July 2009

The distribution and biology of two related species of mosquito,Mansonia(Mansonioides)africana(Theo.) and M. (M.) uniformis (Theo.), have been compared.M. uniformisis found from China to Africa, whereas M. africana is restricted to the continent of Africa. The two species do not interbreed although mating, but no insemination, is possible in the laboratory. Strains ofM. uniformisfrom Africa, Ceylon and Malaya are interfertile, but crosses between the African and the other strains, especially, showed a reduction in fertility of the eggs produced and thus some evidence of speciation.The two species show the same adult behaviour at mating, feeding (both in the field and in the laboratory) and during oviposition. Both species are stenogamous and mate readily in small cages. The first blood-meal is taken approximately 24 hours after emergence and immediately after each oviposition, 3–5 days after the previous blood-meal.M. uniformisis more active directly after the blood-meal.
The infestibility of stored paddy bySitophilus sasakii(Tak.) andRhyzopertha dominica(F.).
Authors: Breese Michael H. 
Published: July 2009

Indications of the type of paddy grain most commonly infested bySitophilus sasakii(Tak.) andRhyzopertha dominica(F.) have been obtained from the examination of infested samples of paddy grown in Trinidad, W.I., and in British Guiana.Small-scale experiments with sound mature paddy have shown that S.sasakii is unable to feed and breed in a grain with an intact husk, even when the moisture content is high. It is also probable that R.dominicafinds it extremely difficult to attack and infest such grains.The rapid multiplication of S.sasakiiin paddy is dependent on there being a high proportion of grains with badly damaged husks. Infestation can occur in grains with a slight separation of the lemma and palea, or with slightly split husks, but the adult that develops is often unable to emerge from such grains.
Further Considerations regarding the repellency of spray components
Authors: Hocking B. 
Published: July 2009

The apparatus previously used to demonstrate the repellent properties of DDT, fuel oil and methylated naphthalene auxiliary solvents towards certain Diptera was used in further studies of olfactory repellency in an attempt to narrow down the ingredients responsible for this effect, and consideration was given to the possibility of finding substitutes for them with less repellent or even attractive properties.Light, medium and heavy fractions were obtained by fractional distillation of fuel oil and each of two methylated naphthalene auxiliary solvents. In all these spray components the repellent properties are inversely related to the boiling point, and appear to be non-specific both chemically and by insects. Tests with materials of low volatility, however, showed that the effect is not a simple broad relationship between volatility and repellency.Butoxy-polypropylene glycol, widely used as a ‘repellent’ ingredient of livestock sprays, shows olfactory attractiveness to Musca domestica L. and Aëdes aegypti (L.). The odour of Drosophila melanogaster Mg. was shown to be attractive to the insect, regardless of sex.It is concluded that there seems little hope of an economic non-repellent material.It is suggested that the repellency of spray components might be counteracted by the addition of specific attractants, sex or other, to spray formulae. Alternatively, a useful space repellent spray, containing no toxicant, might be formulated from the lighter fractions of the solvent materials.
The development and oviposition of Oryzaephilus spp. on unrefined sugars
Authors: Breese Michael H. 
Published: July 2009

Experiments were conducted with Trinidad strains of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) and O. mercator (Fauv.), the average sizes of which were smaller than those given in the literature. Limited observations on their biology on cereal products showed that whereas the egg-production of O. mercator was comparable with that recorded by other workers under similar conditions, that of O. surinamensis was much lower.Larvae of both species were able to complete their development on raw and yellow-crystal sugar, but there was a high mortality among those of O. surinamensis. Both species showed very low oviposition rates on sugar and this, together with a high larval mortality, would indicate that infestations of O. surinamensis on these products would die out. O. mercator, on the other hand, could multiply very slowly. Oviposition rates rise rapidly when females return from sugar to cereal products.Unrefined sugars should accordingly not be disregarded as sources of Oryzaephilus infestation, especially in the humid tropics.
The attraction of mosquitos by human or animal baits in relation to the transmission of disease
Authors: Reid J. A. 
Published: July 2009

Experiments were made at three different sites in Malaya between 1952 and 1957 to compare the numbers of mosquitos attracted to man, calf or goat under the same conditions. The baits being compared (either two men and one calf or two men and two goats) were exposed simultaneously in two net traps placed about 50 yd. apart. This procedure is referred to as comparative trapping.The total number of mosquitos caught with each bait showed calf to be much the most attractive, followed by goats and then men. However, there were three species, the dark-winged form of Anopheles barbirostris Wulp, Aëdes albo-pictus (Skuse) and Culex pipiens fatigans Wied. that were attracted in larger numbers to man than to calf, and six species attracted in larger numbers to man than to goat.To compare the host preferences of the different species as between man and calf, the numbers of each caught with man and with calf have been expressed as a ratio (the man: calf attraction ratio). For most species the ratios from the different sites were much the same, showing that the method produced repeatable results. The data from the three sites were therefore combined.On the combined data the ratios range from 3·4:1 in favour of man for the dark-winged form of Anopheles barbirostris to 1:82 in favour of calf for A. vagus Dön.As might be expected, the ratios show that the vectors of malaria, filariasis and virus diseases are among the more anthropophilous species.Attraction ratios have been calculated from suitable data published by various authors for ten different species in five countries. The ratios obtained place the Anophelines in an order that agrees well with their status as vectors of malaria.It appears that if the results of comparative trapping are expressed as attraction ratios, this offers a method of comparing the host preferences of mosquitos of the same or different species, at different times and places in a country, or even in different countries.
Observations on the effects of carotene on the growth and pigmentation of locusts
Authors: Dadd R. H. 
Published: July 2009

A method of obtaining locust eggs which could be expected to be deficient in carotene is described. It involved rearing a parental generation on an artificial diet which, because of certain pigmentation abnormalities it induced, was probably itself deficient in carotene.Using crowded hatchlings ofLocusta migratoria(L.) from eggs thus modified, it was shown that they were sensitive to dietary carotene, whereas hatchlings from normal eggs were indifferent. The absence of carotene was marked by inferior growth, lessened activity and most notably by an extremely different coloration in both hoppers and adults. Without carotene, melanisation was absent or greatly reduced and in many cases the integument developed a greenish-blue colour. With carotene, heavy melanisation occurred in the hoppers, and the colour of the adults was characteristically gregarious.It was concluded that in normal eggs the amount of carotene present is usually sufficient to mask the expression of a dietary deficiency during nymphal growth, but that with normal eggs having low amounts of carotene, a dietary deficiency might become apparent as it did with modified eggs.It is suggested that the blue colour of modifiedLocustahoppers reared without carotene is due to mesobiliverdin, a prochromogen of insectoverdin, the green pigment of thesolitariaphase of locusts. Insectoverdin itself could not be formed because it contains carotenoids, and these were absent from the diet. The effect of extreme deprivation of carotene is therefore to induce solitaroid tendencies, notably in regard to colour (suppression of melanin and production of mesobiliverdin) but also in regard to activity.Crowded hoppers ofSchistocerca gregaria(Forsk.) reared on synthetic diets lacking carotene usually had turquoise-blue blood by the fifth instar. It was shown, by the electrophoresis of yellow, green and blue bloods in parallel, that the blue chromoprotein of blue blood is the same as the blue chromoprotein of green blood. Its prosthetic pigment must therefore be mesobiliverdin.The abnormalities of coloration which arise in crowdedLocustaandSchistocercawhen deprived of carotene are normal in the solitary phase. Moreover, they resemble those abnormalities of coloration consequent upon the implantation of additional corpora allata into gregarious hoppers. The implications of this are discussed in relation to the validity of phase criteria, and an attempt is made to relate these findings to hypotheses on the humoral regulation of phase.