bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequence and Timing of Three Community Interventions to Domestic Violence
Authors: Hovmand Peter S. , Ford David N. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCommunity responses to domestic violence typically involve the introduction of multiple interventions. Yet very little is known about the impact of the timing and sequencing of these interventions on community outcomes. A reason for this is the inherent limitations of traditional methods in social science. New methods are needed to understand the effect of varying the sequence and timing of interventions. This study responds to the issue by introducing system dynamics as a method for modeling community interventions. The paper presents a model of domestic violence cases moving through a criminal justice response, and uses the simulation model to evaluate the impact of implementing three interventions—mandatory arrest, victim advocacy, and changes in level of cooperation—on two system‐level outcomes: improving offender accountability and increasing victim safety. Results illustrate the complex nature of these relationships. Implications for community practice and future research are also discussed.
Researching a Local Heroin Market as a Complex Adaptive System
Authors: Hoffer Lee D. , Bobashev Georgiy , Morris Robert J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis project applies agent‐based modeling (ABM) techniques to better understand the operation, organization, and structure of a local heroin market. The simulation detailed was developed using data from an 18‐month ethnographic case study. The original research, collected in Denver, CO during the 1990s, represents the historic account of users and dealers who operated in the Larimer area heroin market. Working together, the authors studied the behaviors of customers, private dealers, street‐sellers, brokers, and the police, reflecting the core elements pertaining to how the market operated. After evaluating the logical consistency between the data and agent behaviors, simulations scaled‐up interactions to observe their aggregated outcomes. While the concept and findings from this study remain experimental, these methods represent a novel way in which to understand illicit drug markets and the dynamic adaptations and outcomes they generate. Extensions of this research perspective, as well as its strengths and limitations, are discussed.
Examining the Etiology of Childhood Obesity: The IDEA Study
Authors: Lytle Leslie A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe prevalence of childhood obesity is of great public health concern. A social ecological framework that is transdisciplinary and multilevel by nature is recognized as the most promising approach for studying this problem. The purpose of this paper is to describe longitudinal research using a social ecological framework to study the etiology of childhood obesity. Individual and contextual factors are assessed in a cohort of youth and their parents including psychosocial factors, and home, school and neighborhood environments. The conceptual model guiding the research and the study design and measures used to operationalize the factors in the model and the descriptive characteristics of the baseline sample of youth and parents enrolled in the research are presented. The use of a conceptual model to guide the research, a transdisciplinary approach, a longitudinal cohort design and state‐of‐the‐art measures of the individual and the environment are strengths of this research.
Local Food Environments: They're All Stocked Differently
Authors: Freedman Darcy A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe obesity epidemic has widened the aims of prevention research to include the influence of local food environments on health outcomes. This mixed methods study extends existing research focused on local food environments by examining whether community members' find food accessible. Data from food store audits and one‐on‐one interviews were analyzed. Results reveal that most of the food stores surrounding the three research sites were convenience stores and non‐chain grocery stores; interviewees did not perceive these stores to be “real” food stores. Tobacco and alcohol products were more prevalent in the food stores than all varieties of milk, fresh fruits, or fresh vegetables. Food access varied by site in a manner that was designed to appeal to customers' race, class, gender, or environment. Findings reveal that local food environments are reflections of social hierarchies. Unraveling the politics of space ought to be a part of broader efforts to promote the public's health.
Multiple Psychological Senses of Community in Afghan Context: Exploring Commitment and Sacrifice in an Underground Resistance Community
Authors: Brodsky Anne E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe study of positive outcomes associated with strong psychological sense of community (PSOC) has grown worldwide. Yet most research explores PSOC as a uni‐dimensional (positive) variable operating in a single referent community. Theoretical and empirical literature has suggested, however, that PSOC can be positive, neutral or negative (Brodsky in J Commun Psychol 24(4):347–363,1996; Brodsky et al. in Psychological sense of community: Research, applications and implications. Kluwer, New York2002) and since people live in multiple physical and relational communities, there may be multiple PSOCs (M‐PSOC) operating simultaneously and interactively (Brodsky and Marx in J Commun Psychol 29(2):1–18,2001). This paper explores the operation of M‐PSOC in the lives of Afghan women, and male supporters, who belonged to a resistance organization before, during and after the Taliban regime. Decisions to join and stay in this community can be explained, in part, through the differentiation of positive, organizational‐level PSOC from negative, macro‐community‐level PSOC. In addition, M‐PSOC suggests unique cultural meanings of the terms “community” and “choice.” Findings have implications for cross‐cultural community work and for fostering resilient sub‐communities in the face of macro and societal‐level risks and oppression.
Mental Health Risk and Social Ecological Variables Associated with Educational Attainment for Gulf War Veterans: Implications for Veterans Returning to Civilian Life
Authors: Smith-Osborne Alexa 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis study examines how post‐secondary educational attainment among young veterans of the first gulf war affects their mental health status. The all‐volunteer military attracts recruits by offering them veterans' educational benefits. Education should help veterans adjust to civilian life. Few studies have shown whether education following military service helps improve veterans' mental health, however. Viewing resiliency, life span and life course, and social geography theories through the lens of social ecology, it is hypothesized that selected contextual factors in the personal, interpersonal, and organizational domains could mediate or moderate the relationship between education and veterans' mental health. Informational social networks showed an association with obtaining mental illness treatment. Recent treatment for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) showed an association with use of veterans' educational benefits. Residing with a small nuclear family in conjunction with having higher levels of health and educational benefits and a higher family income was associated with higher educational attainment.
Value for Money: Health System Efficiency and Preferences for Health Care
Authors: Kotzian Peter 
Published: October 2009

Abstract. Health expenditure is influenced by health system efficiency, but it is also the result of societal decisions and preferences. Existing cross-national efficiency evaluations often do not fully take this into account, misinterpreting differences in preferences as differences in efficiency. This article estimates health system efficiency by taking preferences fully into account. The empirical findings confirm the theoretical argument, that omitting preferences leads to biased efficiency estimates. Countries and health systems differ with regard to health expenditure not so much because their institutional setting affects their efficiency, but because preferences and demands of their “customers” differ.Résumé. L'efficacité du système de santé influe, certes, sur les dépenses de soins de santé, mais celles-ci sont également le résultat des décisions et des préférences de la société. Souvent, les évaluations transnationales existantes de l'efficacité du système de santé ne tiennent pas pleinement compte de ce facteur et prennent des différences de préférences pour des différences d'efficacité. Cet article évalue l'efficacité des systèmes de santé en tenant pleinement compte des préférences. Les données empiriques confirment l'argument théorique voulant que l'omission des préférences mène à des estimations d'efficacité déformées. Les dépenses de soins de santé varient d'un pays et d'un système à l'autre, non pas tant parce que leur cadre institutionnel influe sur l'efficacité, mais plutôt parce que les préférences et les demandes de leurs «clientèles» varient.
Constituency Influence in Parliament
Authors: Soroka Stuart , Penner Erin , Blidook Kelly 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.“Dyadic representation” has received considerable attention in the US, but much less attention in parliamentary systems where party discipline strongly limits representatives' capacity for individual action. A link between the legislative behaviour of representatives and the preferences of their geographic constituencies may nevertheless exist outside the US, however, particularly in single member plurality systems where the “electoral connection” is strong. This paper tests for evidence of this dyadic relationship in Question Period in the Canadian Parliament, across three policy domains: defense, debt and taxes, and welfare. As anticipated, there is evidence of dyadic representation in Canada. Results are discussed as they pertain to the comparative study of legislative institutions and political representation.Résumé.La «représentation dyadique» a reçu une attention considérable aux États-Unis, mais elle est beaucoup moins étudiée au sein des démocraties parlementaires où la discipline de parti limite fortement la marge de manœuvre des élus. Malgré tout, le lien entre le comportement politique des élus et les préférences de leurs commettants demeure important ailleurs qu'aux États-Unis, mais particulièrement dans les systèmes électoraux pluralitaires où la «connexion électorale» est forte. Cet article s'intéresse à cette représentation dyadique dans le cadre de la période des questions au Parlement canadien et plus particulièrement pour les trois enjeux suivants : la défense nationale, la politique fiscale et les services sociaux. Tel qu'attendu, la représentation dyadique semble se confirmer au Canada. Les résultats des analyses statistiques sont discutés et apportent un éclairage original sur l'étude comparée des institutions législatives et de la représentation politique.
Deliberative Democratic Practices in Canada: An Analysis of Institutional Empowerment in Three Cases
Authors: Johnson Genevieve Fuji 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.Analyzing three timely Canadian cases, this article develops an important relationship between the theory and practice of deliberative democracy. The Canadian Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO), Nova Scotia Power Incorporated (NSP), and Toronto Community Housing Corporation (TCHC) recently held consultative initiatives appearing to seek the democratic empowerment of citizens. In each case, we see institutional features of deliberative democracy. But only the TCHC's participatory budgeting process begins to fulfill the promise of deliberative empowerment, that is, inclusive, informed, and equal public deliberation focused on a common good at the policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation stages. Why is the case of the TCHC characterized by greater deliberative empowerment than the cases of NSP and the NWMO? I explore possible explanations, all of which focus on the political context in which deliberation takes place. My overarching finding is that the motivation of policy elites within these organizations is key in the deliberative empowerment of citizens at the institutional level. I conclude by identifying factors that might account for the presence or absence of this motivation.Résumé.En analysant trois cas canadiens opportuns, cet article développe une relation importante entre la théorie et la pratique de la démocratie délibérative. La Société de gestion des déchets nucléaires (SGDN) du Canada, Nova Scotia Power Incorporated (NSPI) et la Toronto Community Housing Corporation (TCHC) ont récemment mis en oeuvre des initiatives consultatives qui semblent vouloir donner le pouvoir démocratique délibératif aux citoyens. Dans chaque cas, on observe des caractéristiques institutionnelles représentant les valeurs d'une démocratie délibérative. Mais le processus budgétaire participatif de la TCHC est le seul qui commence à tenir les promesses d'une prise de pouvoir délibérative, caractérisée par une délibération inclusive, informée et égalitaire, axée sur un bien commun, aux étapes de la formulation, de la mise en oeuvre et de l'évaluation d'une politique. Pourquoi le cas de la TCHC atteste-t-il d'une plus grande prise de pouvoir délibérative que ceux de NSPI et de la SGDN? J'explore des explications possibles, qui sont toutes centrées sur le contexte politique dans lequel survient la délibération. En général, je constate que la motivation des élites politiques à l'intérieur de ces organisations est primordiale pour la prise de pouvoir délibérative des citoyens au niveau institutionnel. En conclusion, j'identifie les facteurs pouvant justifier la présence ou l'absence de cette motivation.
La création de la première structure administrative postsecondaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique : une étude de cas dans le domaine de la francophonie
Authors: Dudas Adriana , Chenard Kina 
Published: October 2009

Résumé. Cet article propose une réflexion autour de la création du Bureau des affaires francophones et francophiles de l'Université Simon Fraser, institution dont la mission est de stimuler le rayonnement du français dans un contexte majoritairement anglophone et qui attribue sa réussite aux efforts conjoints des communautés francophone et francophile de la Colombie-Britannique ainsi qu'aux structures gouvernementales provinciales et fédérales. La recherche vise à identifier l'apport de chacun des groupes pour l'aboutissement du projet, en utilisant dans l'explication le modèle de la fenêtre d'opportunité de Kingdon ainsi qu'un corpus constitué de 17 entrevues réalisées avec plusieurs acteurs ayant participé au processus et des documents portant sur la création du programme.Abstract. This article proposes a reflection on the creation of the Bureau des affaires francophones et francophiles from Simon Fraser University. The institution's mission is to foster the influence of French in a predominantly English-Speaking environment. The Bureau attributes its success to the joint efforts of Francophone and Francophile communities from British Columbia and the Provincial and Federal governments. The research aims to identify the contribution of each group to the success of the project. Our article is based on Kingdon's theory of the “window of opportunity” and our findings were as a result of 17 interviews of stakeholders. A comprehensive literature review was also carried out as part of the impaired research.
Claiming the City: Co-operation and Making the Deal in Urban Comprehensive Land Claims Negotiations in Canada
Authors: Alcantara Christopher , Nelles Jen 
Published: October 2009

Abstract. Since their introduction in 1973, comprehensive land claims (CLC) agreements have become important mechanisms for Aboriginal peoples to achieve their political, social, cultural, and economic goals. Although the literature on CLC negotiations is a rich and varied one, it has tended to ignore the role that municipal governments have on influencing negotiation outcomes. This lacuna is surprising since a number of treaty negotiations in the Yukon Territory and BC involve lands located in major municipalities. This paper develops a theoretical framework for understanding the influence that municipal governments can have on treaty negotiation outcomes. Using a case study of the Kwanlin Dün First Nation treaty negotiations in the Yukon Territory, we find that institutional and milieu factors are important. However, leadership was the most important and decisive factor.Résumé. Depuis leur apparition en 1973, les ententes portant sur les revendications territoriales globales sont devenues des mécanismes importants pour les peuples autochtones dans l'atteinte de leurs objectifs politiques, sociaux, culturels et économiques. Bien que la documentation sur ces ententes soit volumineuse et variée, elle tend à ignorer le rôle influent que jouent les administrations municipales lors de telles négociations. Cette lacune est surprenante, dans la mesure où plusieurs de ces traitésconcernaient des territoires situés dans des zones urbaines d'importance de la Colombie-Britannique et du Yukon. Cet article vise à développer un cadre théorique pour mieux comprendre l'influence des administrations municipales dans le dénouement de négociations territoriales. En utilisant l'étude de cas des négociations de la Première nation de Kwanlin Dün au Yukon, nous constatons l'importance de la structure institutionnelle et communautaire. Cependant, le leadership demeure le facteur le plus crucial lors d'un tel processus.
Solidarity Forever? The NDP, Organized Labour, and the Changing Face of Party Finance in Canada
Authors: Jansen Harold J. , Young Lisa 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.We consider the impact of changing Canadian national party finance laws that banned trade union donations on the relationship between the New Democratic party (NDP) and organized labour. Although the changed laws have required a restructuring of the relationship between the two actors, we find evidence of a continued commitment to co-operation. We conclude that accounts that stress the ideological affinity between the NDP and labour explain the preservation of the relationship better than political economy or rational exchange models.Résumé.Nous considérons les changements apportés aux lois canadiennes sur le financement des partis politiques, lois qui ont banni les donations des syndicats, dans la perspective de leur incidence sur la relation entre le Nouveau Parti démocratique (NPD) et les syndicats. Malgré le fait que les nouvelles lois ont nécessité une restructuration de la relation entre les deux acteurs, nous avons découvert la présence d'un engagement continu envers la coopération. Nous concluons que les interprétations qui mettent l'accent sur l'affinité idéologique entre le NPD et les syndicats expliquent mieux le maintien de cette relation que l'économie politique ou les modèles d'échange rationnel.
Escherichia coli (O-types 111, 55 and 26) and their association with infantile diarrhoea. A five-year study
Authors: Hutchinson R. Irene 
Published: October 2009

The relationship of Esch. coli 0.26, 0.55 and 0.111 to the incidence and spread of infantile gastro-enteritis in a defined area has been studied over a period of 5 years in the Public Health Laboratory, Southampton.In the main, the study was concerned with infants up to 1 year of age suffering from gastro-enteritis, and from this age group faecal specimens from 1234 individuals were examined for three sero-types of Esch. coli (0.55 and 0.111 from the autumn of 1949 until September 1954 and 0.26 from May 1953 until September 1954). Esch. coli O.111 was isolated from 66 infants of whom 56 had enteritis, type 0.55 from 159 infants of whom 126 had acute symptoms, and type 0.26 from 14 infants all but two of whom had enteritis.During widespread outbreaks there were sometimes multiple foci of infection. The determination of the H-antigen carried by the O sero-types showed, for instance, that the 0.55 outbreak in 1952 was almost entirely due to subtype 0.55 H.2, but that a second subtype 0.55 H.7 was also incriminated. Similarly, an 0.111 outbreak in 1953 was due to a mixture of two subtypes (0.111 H. 2 and 0.111 H. 12), but in 1954 the former subtype was not seen and only O. 111 H. 12 was identified.During epidemic times Esch. coli 0.55 was isolated from 37·2% of the infants examined, whereas in non-epidemic periods the figure was only 1·2%. In the case of type 0.111 the figureswere 26·9 and 1·4% respectively.Symptomless excreters were found throughout the period of the study and at all ages, but the proportion as compared with cases was significantly higher in children over 1 year of age. Nevertheless, there were several symptomless excreters less than 4 weeks old. While there was some evidence to suggest that the young child who was a symptomless excreter might be responsible for maintaining a low-grade infection in a community, there was no indication that the rare adult-carrier played any significant part in this.The specific types of these coliform organisms can survive for long periods outside the body. Naturally infected dust contained viable organisms 12 days after it was first found to be so contaminated; the dust was maintained in a cool shady room.There is great variety in the clinical severity of the disease as seen in comparable groups of infants, from a very grave illness to the very mildest of diarrhoeas. The very young and those with some other complicating illness are always at a greater risk.The pattern of the outbreaks as seen in this study suggests a gradual enhancement of virulence of the two main types of Esch. coli with local spread at first and then wide dispersal throughout the district followed by a reversion to the poorly invasive type.
The conglutination phenomenon. XI. Immuno-conglutinin in human sera
Authors: Marks John , Coombs R. R. A. 
Published: October 2009

1. A survey has been made of the serum levels of immuno-conglutinin in apparently healthy persons.2. The level of immuno-conglutinin is raised in infective diseases and in other diseases where an antigen-antibody interaction is incriminated in the aetiology.3. The significance of immuno-conglutinin is discussed.
The function of the Vi antigen ofSalmonella paratyphiA. Comparison between virulence, agglutinability by anti-O immune sera and sensitivity to the bactericidal actionin vitro
Authors: Olitzki A. L. , Fleischhacker E. , Olitzki Z. 
Published: October 2009

Experiments were performed which show that virulent strains ofSalmonella paratyphiA contain an additional antigen which has all the properties of a Vi antigen.The anti-Vi immune serum combined in suitable proportions with an anti-0 immune serum exerted maximal bactericidal effect on virulent strains.
The duration of bacteraemia in relation to the virulence of Brucella strains
Authors: Cruickshank J. C. 
Published: October 2009

The duration of bacteraemia in guinea-pigs following the subcutaneous inoculation of brucellae can be used as a measure of the virulence of the strains. Strains of low virulence (e.g. Brucella abortus S19) are almost always cleared from the blood stream within a week, whereas virulent strains produce a bacteraemia that regularly persists for 4 weeks and may last very much longer.All of four strains of Br. melitensis isolated from cow's milk in Great Britain behaved in the same way as the typical and virulent strains of Br. abortus and Br. melitensis tested, regularly producing prolonged bacteraemia. These results do not support the suggestion that the strains of Br. melitensis isolated in this country are of low virulence.