bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the IgVH genes in T cell-mediated and antibody-mediated rejection of the kidney graft
Authors: Bellan Cristiana , Amato Teresa , Carmellini Mario , Onorati Monica , D'Amuri Alessandro , Leoncini Lorenzo , del Vecchio Maria Teresa 
Published: November 2010

AimsGrafts have been shown to be sites where the alloimmune response develops in a direct interaction between the targeted tissue and the immune effectors. An important issue in renal rejection is B cell infiltrate that may contribute to the development or persistence of rejection. Analysis of gene-expression patterns also provides a window on the biology and pathogenesis of renal allograft rejection.MethodsTo better understand the role exerted by B cells in a renal acute rejection, the authors analysed the IgVH gene repertoire in six cases of transplanted kidneys with acute T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR), three of which were associated with antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR).ResultsThe authors found mutated and unmutated sequences, without any evidence of clonal relationships, in all patients with TCMR alone and in two of the three cases with both acute TCMR and ABMR. The remaining patient showed glomerular inflammation and thrombosis, with diffuse C4d glomerular and peritubular capillary deposition, and hypermutated V region genes.ConclusionsThese results suggest that there is more than one pathway to the onset and perpetuation of CD20 (+) B cells infiltration in acute rejection; furthermore, the CD20 (+) B cells' clonal expansion may be responsible for a more severe pattern of ABMR, through immune-mediated tissue damage.
Conservative management of screen-detected radial scars: role of mammotome excision
Authors: Rajan Sabrina , Wason Anne-Marie , Carder Pauline J 
Published: November 2010

AimsTraditionally, a core biopsy diagnosis of radial scar will prompt diagnostic surgery because of the risk of associated malignancy. However, in the absence of atypia, the risk of malignancy is low. The recent introduction of the mammotome device facilitates vacuum-assisted large-volume sampling of a lesion, such that a benign diagnosis may be accepted more confidently, and if the lesion has been entirely removed, it effectively becomes a therapeutic procedure. The aim of this study was to review the role of mammotome excision in the management of non-atypical radial scars in the screening population.MethodsScreen-detected radial scars diagnosed on core biopsy between July 2004 and September 2008 were identified from pathology records. From January 2006, the mammotome device was used to excise non-atypical radial scars on core biopsy, as an alternative to surgery.Results22 core biopsy samples containing radial scars without atypia were included in the study; 14 were planned for mammotome excision and eight for diagnostic surgical excision. In the mammotome group, 78% (11/14) of patients had confirmation of non-atypical radial scars and thus avoided an operation. Three of the 14 cases planned for mammotome excision required surgery; in one case, the mammotome cores contained lobular in situ neoplasia, and, in two cases, attempts to sample the lesion with the mammotome were unsuccessful. Only one of the 22 cases ultimately proved malignant. This was a case of ductal carcinoma in situ arising within a radial scar, where the patient proceeded straight to surgery in view of discordance between radiological and pathological features.ConclusionUtilisation of mammotome excision in the management of non-atypical radial scars successfully avoided surgery in 78% of eligible patients. Pathologists have an important role in selecting patients for mammotome excision by excluding the presence of atypia.
Variations in biochemical composition and lipoperoxidation levels of Hyalella bonariensis maintained in laboratory with different diets
Authors: da Silva Castiglioni Daniela , Dutra Bibiana Kaiser , Cahansky Alejandra , Rodriguez Enrique , Oliveira Guendalina Turcato , Bond-Buckup Georgina 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
We compared the effect of different diets in the biochemical composition, levels of lipoperoxidation and survival rates of males and females of Hyalella bonariensis. These crustaceans live in limnetic environments and different kinds of food habits are present in the genus Hyalella. Adult animals were collected in the spring (September) in a stream near to Salto city, Buenos Aires. In the laboratory, the animals were kept submerged in aquariums, separated by sex, under controlled conditions and survive rates were observed. They were fed ad libitum for 45 days with four different diets, and after this period the animals were used for biochemical determinations. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in the responses to glycogen, proteins, lipids, triglycerides and lipoperoxidation levels in both sexes of these amphipods taken from the natural environment. Animals that received macrophytes associated a ration with high content of proteins (43%) during 45 days presented the major survival rates (males= 86.6% and females= 96.6%). These responses can be revealed that this specie primarily feeding macrophytes associated with deposit feeder, and that this diet is more generalized. This study showed the importance of the proteins in diet of this amphipod, were the females increased the reserves of proteins and triglycerides with different diets probably for reproductive events and male increased the reserves of glycogen and triglycerides for reproductive events and growth.
Analysis of population development and effectiveness of management in resident greylag geese Anser anser in the Netherlands
Authors: Klok Chris , van Turnhout Chris , Willems Frank , Voslamber Berend , Ebbinge Bart , Schekkerman Hans 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The resident Greylag goose population in the Netherlands has strongly increased in number which led to conflict with agricultural interests, public concern on goose hunting and legal debate on the need to regulate geese. Such a debate can be facilitated by insight in population development and the effectiveness of management options. In this paper we analyse the historic population development and apply density independent and density dependent models to investigate possible future population development and the impact of management on this development. We explored the influence of density dependence by applying the amount of gosling rearing habitat as the first limiting factor. The models were parameterised with life-history data of two well studied populations during their exponential growth phase as a proxy for the total Dutch population for which life-history data are unavailable. The effectiveness of two management options aimed to reduce population growth: culling birds and egg reduction are assessed with these models. The developed models can be used as a management tool to evaluate the consequences of different measures in advance of their implementation. The results show significant positive growth rates which approximate the growth rate of the total Dutch population based on census data. With density dependence in the amount of gosling rearing habitat the population will grow for another one or two decades before it stabilizes. Of the two considered management options culling birds is more effective in reducing bird numbers than egg reduction. This conclusion holds both under density independent and density dependent conditions.
Differences in sexual dimorphism among four gazelle taxa (Gazella spp.) in the Middle East
Authors: Wronski Torsten , Sandouka Mohamed , Plath Martin , Cunningham Peter 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Sexual selection can lead to sexual dimorphism, where elaborated traits used in mate attraction or weaponry are more expressed in the male sex. The degree of sexual dimorphism, however, is known to vary even among closely related taxa. Here we examined sexual dimorphism in horn length and three measures related to body size (body weight, shoulder height, and neck circumference) in four gazelle taxa, representing at least three species, i.e. Dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas), Sand gazelle (G. subgutturosa marica) and Mountain gazelle (G. gazella). The latter is represented by two distinctive phenotypes maintained and bred at the King Khalid Wildlife Research Centre in Saudi Arabia. We describe marked differences in sexual dimorphism among taxa. For example, the difference in sexually dimorphic horn development was driven primarily by females exhibiting pronounced differences in horn development. We discuss how divergent mating systems, and group sizes affect these differences among the examined taxa, with more competition in larger groups probably promoting the evolution of larger horns in females, thereby leading to less sexual dimorphism.
Spatial distribution models in a frugivorous carnivore, the stone marten (Martes foina): is the fleshy-fruit availability a useful predictor?
Authors: Virgós Emilio , Cabezas-Díaz Sara , Mangas Julián , Lozano Jorge 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Fleshy-fruit availability is rarely used as a predictor in stone marten (Martes foina) habitat models, despite its frugivorous carnivore diet. Data on stone marten occurrence, habitat structure and fleshy-fruit species abundance was collected along 2 km long survey routes within 2 × 2 km sample plots (n = 30). Two different spatial scales were considered: 1) the entire survey route; and 2) 200 m segments within each 2 km survey route. Data analyses included Poisson General Linear Models (GLM) and Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) for the first and second approaches, respectively.Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) availability was significantly and positively correlated to stone marten occurrence at both spatial scales, particularly for the large-scale model. At the larger scale, a lower correlation to the traditional habitat structure variables was observed. Tree cover was the most important variable in the small-scale model, but strawberry tree availability was also an important predictor. Stone marten abundance was low in areas of high tree cover and absence of strawberry trees; emphasising the prominent role of strawberry trees per se in the abundance of stone martens. Our results indicated that including fine, field-derived estimates of key food resources for species can increase the utility of habitat models.
Nesting plants of dwarf honeybee, Apis florea F. under tropical conditions of Karnataka, India
Authors: Basavarajappa Shekarappa 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe study was conducted to record the nesting plants of dwarf honeybee, Apis florea at different habitats under tropical conditions of Karnataka, India during 2007-2008. The data revealed that, 13 genera belonging to nine trees (8 families) and four shrubs (4 families) provided the nesting platform to A. florea. The density, abundance, and frequency of nesting plants varied considerably. While Pongamia pinnata was selected frequently among the trees, Bouganvillea sp. was preferred among the shrubs for nesting. There was a significant variation (X2 = 18.25; P<0.05) among the tree and shrub species selected for nesting by A. florea in different habitats. Further, thin to medium (2-4 inch dia.) sized limbs, often interspersed thickly at different elevations in trees and shrubby plants were found suitable for the construction of colonies. The combs were found at the peripheral and middle regions of thickly interspersed canopy in trees and shrubs respectively, possibly to ensure withstanding the comb weight, protecting the comb from wind blow, and avoiding predation and hunting. Thus, it appears that A. florea adopts elite strategy to safeguard its colonies from certain ecological and biological impediments in the wild by choosing plants with thick interspersed limbs covered with thick canopy. In view of its role as an important pollinating agent of many crops, the preservation of the commonly chosen nesting plants becomes all the more important for conservation of A. florea.
Phylogeographic structure and gene flow of Himalayan snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayensis)
Authors: Luzhang Ruan , Bei An , Backstrom Niclas , Huaxing Luo , Longying Wen , Lixun Zhang , Naifa Liu 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
We have used phylogeographic methods to investigate the genetic structure and population history of the endangered Himalayan snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayensis) in northwestern China. The mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was sequenced of 102 individuals sampled throughout the distribution range. In total, we found 26 different haplotypes defined by 28 polymorphic sites. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the samples were divided into two major haplogroups corresponding to one western and one eastern clade. The divergence time between these major clades was estimated to be approximately one million years. An analysis of molecular variance showed that 40% of the total genetic variability was found within local populations, 12% among populations within regional groups and 48% among groups. An analysis of the demographic history of the populations suggested that major expansions have occurred in the Himalayan snowcock populations and these correlate mainly with the first and the second largest glaciations during the Pleistocene. In addition, the data indicate that there was a population expansion of the Tianshan population during the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, approximately 2 million years ago.
Ovarian morphology and oogenesis dynamic of the diplopod Urostreptus atrobrunneus Pierozzi & Fontanetti, 2006 (Spirostreptidae), a potential plague in urban centers
Authors: Fontanetti Carmem , da Silva Souza Tatiana , Calligaris Izabela Braggião , Bozzatto Vlamir 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis study presents the morphology of the ovary, as well as the dynamics of the vitellogenesis process in oocytes of the diplopod Urostreptus atrobrunneus (Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae). The oocytes are arranged in clusters called ovisacs, which are distributed in a paired way along the body. The ovary is of the panoistic type. Differently from the other species of diplopods, it was observed little calcium in the oocytes of U. atrobrunneus. Lipids and proteins probably have double origin, i.e, endogenous and exogenous, with probable participation of the adjacent perivisceral fat body. The polysaccharides probably have exogenous origin with participation of the follicular epithelium in the synthesis and/or incorporation of these elements.
Trade Secrets in the Intellectual Property Strategies of Entrepreneurs: The Estonian Experience
Authors: Värv Age , Pisuke Heiki , Mets Tõnis , Vasamäe Elise , Kelli Aleksei 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSecrecy is a traditional method of knowledge protection. The protection and management of trade secrets has high strategic relevance for small transition economies. As the majority of Estonian entrepreneurs are SMEs in low-tech sectors, the implementation of adequate trade-secret protection strategy is vital. There are several advantages to trade-secret protection. First, the scope of trade-secret protection can be extensive and includes non-patentable knowledge. Second, it does not require the registration or fulfilment of any formal procedures.The Estonian high-tech sector also relies on trade-secret protection. Concentration of activities in a low- or high-tech sector only determines whether entrepreneurs combine patent and trade-secret protection or whether they are solely dependent on trade-secret protection.The enhancement of entrepreneurial skills to manage trade-secrets is crucial. Despite the high strategic relevance of trade secret protection, Estonian entrepreneurs do not, yet, seem to have the necessary capabilities to leverage trade-secret protection. A similar situation can be detected in other Baltic states. Therefore, the main focus of this article is on the exploration of how to control and utilize trade secrets in the value creation process by entrepreneurs in the Estonian legal and economic environment through appropriate economic and legal strategies and relevant legal implementation and protection measures. The authors analyze theoretical and practical issues concerning trade-secret protection, argue their own concepts and put forward several proposals.
Legislative Evolution in Romanian Criminal Proceedings: The Special Procedure for Compensation of Material or Moral Damages in Cases of Judicial Error
Authors: Damaschin Mircea 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article analyzes the special procedure for compensating material or moral damages where there has been a wrongful conviction—or other wrongful injury to individual liberty—caused by error in Romanian criminal proceedings.This remedy is provided for by the 1969 Romanian Criminal Procedure Code; however (perhaps inevitably), tension has risen between these provisions and those of the 1991 Romanian Constitution resulting in amendments to both the Code and the Constitution. The most significant of these amendments have flowed from decisions of the Romanian Constitutional Court; in turn, the Constitutional Court has been guided in its determinations of constitutionality by interpretations of the 1950 European Convention on Human Rights.In the present article, the author presents the evolution of Romania's legal framework in this field, analyzing key decisions of the Romanian Constitutional Court. Also considered here is the jurisprudence of Romanian ordinary courts dealing with the compensatory remedy for material or moral damages awarded to victims of judicial error in Romanian criminal proceedings. The relevance here of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, which has been critical of Romania in this regard, cannot be overestimated.Finally, this article considers the potential effect of changes contained the new Criminal Procedure Code, which has been adopted in mid-2010 by the Romanian Parliament.
Bridge over the Straits of Messina
Authors: Füßer Klaus , Nastasi Giuseppe , Lau Marcus 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe idea of establishing a connection between Sicily and mainland Europe is an old one. The Italian Prime Minister Berlusconi is determined to see this idea come to fruition and laid the foundations for its planning during his first term in office. A bridge, more than 3 kilometres long and 65 metres in height at its highest point, is to be built in the midst of a region exposed to the risk of earthquakes. First and foremost this bridge is a status symbol, which, by the way, is going to cost approx. EUR 6 bn. Independent of the political controversy accompanying this mammoth project, it also gives rise to numerous judicial issues. The impacts upon the sensitive natural surroundings, protected by Natura 2000, are a source of particular concern; a concern which has been brushed aside by the Italian authorities. Another concern relates to the responsibility of the courts involved. These issues will be discussed critically in this article.
Phosphorus, Land Use and Absolute Quantity Reductions as a Legal Problem
Authors: Ulrich Andrea , Holzapfel Nadine , Ekardt Felix 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article broaches the legal treatment of the declining, non-renewable, non-substitutable resource phosphorus which is indispensable for life. Furthermore, excessive and dissipative phosphorus entry into the environment, soils, and water bodies has significant harmful effects on ecosystems. Insufficient European and national legal regulations lack concreteness, real enforcement, prevention of relocating problems and a safeguard for absolute quantity reductions in phosphorus usage. Furthermore, it is the sum of multiple minor actions of farmers etc. that can lead to ecologically and resource-related fatale consequences. It is not sufficient to increase efficiency in phosphorus uptake per individual plant, because if crop cultivation is expanded to previously unused areas at the same time, for instance via greater animal feed crop production (due to globally rising meat consumption) or via bioenergy plant production, it will be impossible to achieve the necessary absolute phosphorus application reductions by higher efficiency per plant. We conclude that this will eventually lead to an important new strategy in environmental policy: "Technical solutions", "efficiency" and "command and control" alone will not solve resource problems or quantity problems if at the same time (global) production increases or remains at a constant high level.
Water-Related Tools for Climate Change Adaptation in the Flemish Region: The Art of Linking Water Quality Standards to Spatial Planning
Authors: De Smedt Peter 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) establishes a framework for integrated water management and functions as a major legal frame for the protection of water bodies in Europe. In the Flemish Region the Directive has been implemented by the Decree of 18 July 2003 on Integral Water Policy. As climate change affects the quality and quantity status of water bodies, the question arises whether the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Flemish implementation legislation are well-suited to handle climate change impacts. Although climate change concerns are not explicitly incorporated in the text of the WFD and the Flemish Decree, this author believes that the main components for an effective adaptation strategy are included in the above mentioned legislation. More in particular, this is achieved by the environmental objectives which have to be elaborated in environmental quality standards (EQS) on the one hand, and the integrated approach on the other hand. Water quality management on the basis of a high level of protection of the aquatic environment is indispensable for adapting to climate change, as ecosystem-based adaptation is most cost-effective. Therefore spatial planning should integrate water quality concerns, as spatial planning may be critical for spatial quality and more specific for the achievement of the environmental objectives. Consequently this contribution focuses on the impact of water quality standards on permit decision-making and spatial planning. In this context some legal instruments anchored in the Flemish legislation on integral water policy will be highlighted, especially the 'watertoets' (translated as the water checkup), which may be useful to facilitate adaptation to climate change.
Balancing Conflicting Goods The European Human Rights Jurisprudence on Environmental Protection
Authors: Desmet Ellen 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe implementation of environmental protection measures may interfere with the enjoyment of certain human rights. The European Court of Human Rights and the former Commission have developed quite an extensive jurisprudence in which these potentially conflicting goods of human rights and nature protection are balanced. Conservation-related cases have generally concerned the right to property, the right to private life and home, the right to a fair trial and the prohibition of discrimination. Especially with regard to the right to property, an increase in conservation-related cases and findings of violations is noticeable.
Synthesis and Gelation Behavior of 4′-Propyl-1,1′-bi(cyclohexyl)-4-one 4-Alkoxybenzoylhydrazone
Authors: Li Juan , Chen Pei , Chen Xinbing , An Zhongwei , Li Yan 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
A series of new alkoxybenzoylhydrazones of 4′-propyl-1,1′-bi(cyclohexyl)-4-one were prepared as novel low molecular weight organogelators (LMOGs). Their gelation behaviors in 10 solvents were tested. Some of the compounds could form stable gels in bulk organic solvents and self-assemble into fibrous microstructures in organogel phase. FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy studies revealed that hydrogen bonding between the gelator molecules was one of the main driving forces for the formation of the gels.