bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental fishing for the Spider crab, Maia Squinado: sea and laboratory trials
Authors: Rodhouse Deborah M. 
Published: May 2009

Sea trials, using baited pots (inkwell and French barrel) and nets (tangle and gill), were conducted for the spider crab Maia squinado off the west coast of Ireland from November 1978 to July 1980. A series of laboratory pot trials using inkwell pots were performed. Diving observations were made on the fishing grounds.Catch per unit effort rose to a summer peak and decreased in autumn. There was no difference in size composition or sex ratio of the catch between the pots and nets. Mature males predominated in the catch with the highest male:female (M:F) ratios recorded in summer. Immatures were virtually absent from the catch. Segregation on the basis of sex and maturity appears to occur in summer. Mature males were found at about 10 m, in sandy areas with rocky outcrops. Mature females occurred at about 5 m, on a sand and shell gravel bottom with rock and weed (notably Laminaria). Immatures were rare and occurred just below the intertidal. The M:F ratio was lowest during the periods of the onshore and offshore migrations. Berried females were recorded from March to September with one brood produced each year.Laboratory pot trials showed increased aggression among spider crabs in the presence of baited pots. Males drove other males away from pots and divided their time between agonistic encounters and searching. Females were not driven away and did not engage in aggressive encounters. This behaviour, and the observation that large males could reach the bait through the pot bars, possibly explains the absence of larger and smaller males from the pots.
Recolonization of a rocky shore in S.W. Ireland following a toxic bloom of the dinoflagellate, Gyrodinium aureolum
Authors: Southgate T. , Wilson K. , Cross T. F. , Myers A. A. 
Published: May 2009

The mortalities and subsequent recolonization of a rocky shore in S.W. Ireland following a bloom of the toxic dinoflagellate, Gyrodinium aureolum in 1979 are described. Selective mortalities of key animal species notably grazing gastropods were followed by a marked increase in fucoid algae. Enteromorpha spp. blooms were a feature of vertical surfaces only. In general planktonic recruiting gastropods exhibited the most rapid recovery. Forty-two months after the red tide, fucoid algae still dominate both vertical and horizontal surfaces at the study area.IntroductionDinoflagellate blooms ('red-tides'), chiefly of Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt have been recorded several times in Southern Ireland since 1976 (Ottway et al. 1979; Cross & Southgate, 1980; Jenkinson & Connors, 1980; Leahy, 1980; Roden, Ryan & Lennon, 1980; Wilson, 1982) and have resulted in mortalities of farmed rainbow trout in sea-cages in Dunmanus Bay (Parker, 1981). Other species of pelagic and demersal fish on the south coast were also affected by a toxic red-tide in 1976 (Ottway et al. 1979). Owing to the unpredictability of occurrence of dinoflagellate blooms, few studies on the effects of red tides on littoral fauna, and on the subsequent recolonization following the events have been carried out. Previous studies in Dunmanus Bay, Ireland (Leahy, 1980) suffered from a lack of the shores prior to the of information about the structure and dynamics occurrence of a red-tide.Regular monitoring of the rocky shore biota at Dunmanus Bay (Myers, Southgate & Wilson, 1980) has been carried out since May 1978 and is continuing. The red tide of August 1979 caused dramatic mortalities of a wide range of taxa at Pointabulloge in Dunmanus Bay (Cross & Southgate, 1980).
Notes On molluscan meiofauna from Plymouth
Authors: Salvini-Plawen Luitfried V. 
Published: May 2009

Preliminary examination of marine meiofauna from the Plymouth area, especially on mesopsammic representatives, resulted in the finding of several typically interstitial Mollusca. Among them, Caecum glabrum, Hedylopsis spiculifera, and Philinoglossa praelongata were recorded live for the first time in the area. This is also the first record of Ph. praelongata outside the Mediterranean Sea.During a short stay at the Marine Biological Association Laboratory some preliminary studies on meiofauna were made. To obtain information especially about the interstitial fauna of marine sand, three typical samples of coarse sediment from different positions were examined.Sample A: Plymouth Sound, Outer Cawsand Bay, Queens Ground, 50°20' 03“ N, 4° 10' 27” W; ca. 6 fathoms (=11 m); coarse sand, about 6 1 examined (14 September 1982).Sample B: Plymouth Sound, southwest of Drake Island, 50° 21' 06“ N, 4° 09' 50” W; ca. 7 fathoms (= 13 m); coarse shell-sand, about 1 1 examined (15 September 1982).Sample C: outer Plymouth Sound, 50° 18' 51“ N, 4° 10' 30” W; ca. 12 fathoms (– 22 m); fine gravel, about 1 1 examined (15 September 1982).In this contribution only the gastropods are dealt with; other meiofauna will be treated ina later communication. The sole previous report of mesopsammic fauna from the Plymouth area is that of Spooner (1959). He examined two samples, one of which (Plymouth Sound) was taken fairlyclose to the above sample A, about 18“ more to the West at 4–5–5–5 fathoms (8–10 m; G. R. Forster, personal communication).
Food resource, gametogenesis and growth of Mytilus edulis on the shore and in suspended culture: Killary Harbour, Ireland
Authors: Rodhouse P. G. , Roden C. M. , Burnell G. M. , Hensey M. P. , McMahon T. , Ottway B. , Ryan T. H. 
Published: May 2009

Mussels, Mytilus edulis L. grow on the shore and are cultured on ropes in Killary Harbour, a fjordic inlet on the Irish west coast. The food resource available to cultured mussels differs from that available to wild mussels on the shore. Although phytoplankton densities as estimated from chlorophyll a concentrations are similar, the shore environment in the inner part of the inlet is characterized by high mean POC concentrations. This is because of the presence of variable amounts ofallochthonous detrital carbon.The annual cycles of flesh weight and ash content of wild and cultivated mussels were followed over two years. These cycles were related to the reproductive cycle observed by taking histological samples of mussel gonad, by plankton sampling for larvae and by monitoring larval settlement. Shell growth was measured in wild mussels by reading seasonal growth patterns on sectioned shells and in cultured mussels by following progress of the modal shell length of cohorts on ropes.Wild mussels have a partial spawning in early spring and spawn completely in the summer. Cultured mussels spawn twice during the summer, in the year following settlement. Growth rate of wild mussels decreases with increasing aerial exposure. The fastest growing mussels, at o % exposure, take about 6 years to attain the length attained by the mode of the cultured mussels after 18 months, when they are harvested.We conclude that wild mussels utilize a mix of phytoplankton and detritus as food during the summer and that large wild mussels can use detritus during the autumn and early winter for an increase in flesh weight and gametogenesis.
Evidence for the existence of a third, ecologically distinct morph of the anemone, Actinia equina
Authors: Quicke D. L. J. , Brace R. C. 
Published: May 2009

An examination of the proportions of pedal disc colour and isozyme phenotypes, in samples of Actinia equina L. collected from around Britain, has shown that individuals which are heterozygous for a gene complex involved in morph determination occupy a habitat intermediate in position to those occupied by the two homozygotes. It is concluded that A. equina may best be considered as comprising three morphs, rather than two as had been distinguished previously.As the abundance of anemones in samples displaying a particular pedal disc colour phenotype decreases, the proportion of these individuals which possess atypical combinations of colour and hexokinase-i phenotypes increases. This result is interpreted as indicating that individuals are subject to differential selection in different habitats, dependent upon their genotypes at hexokinase-i, or those at some other tightly linked locus.IntroductionOur recent work on Actinia equina L. has revealed the existence of two morphs amongst anemones collected from British coasts, having column coloration ranging from red to brown (Quicke, Donoghue & Brace, 1983). One morph displays pedal disc colour (coloration) (PDC) ranging from red to pink (R), and occurs in the upper part of the intertidal range of this species, where it is commonly found firmly attached to vertical rock faces. The other has a grey (G) or green (H) pedal disc, which may sometimes display contrasting red or orange radial lines (L); these colour phenotypes will be collectively referred to as GHL. This latter morph occurs predominantly at a lower tidal level, where it usually occurs on horizontal surfaces to which it adheres relatively weakly.
Reproductive maturity in fresh and aquarium-heldEledone cirrhosa(Cephalopoda: Octopoda)
Authors: Boyle P. R. , Knobloch Daniela 
Published: May 2009

FemaleEledone cirrhosaheld in aquarium conditions for periods of time of five daysand over show relatively enlarged ovary sizes. Values for ovary index considerably exceed thoseof freshly caught animals and the incidence of the final stage of maturity, in which eggs pack the oviducts, is greater. A comparison of maturity indices for fresh and aquarium males was inconclusive. The range of factors associated with aquarium conditions is briefly reviewed and it is concluded that studies of cephalopod reproductive maturation must distinguish fresh and aquarium animals.IntroductionExternal factors effective in inducing sexual maturation in cephalopods have been suggested several times. The influence of the absence of light has been implicated since the experiments of Wells & Wells (1959) showed that blinded Octopus vulgar is matured precociously. An effect of short day length in stimulating the optic glands of Sepia has been found by Defretin & Richard (1967) and Richard (1967) but this is not clearly the case for Octopus (Buckley, 1977). Octopuses kept in aquarium conditions for lengthy periods are said to have larger relative gonad sizes than those fresh from the sea (Wells & Wells, 1975). One of the factors associated with aquarium conditions is often a degree of starvation, and this circumstance alone is held to be a factor in inducing precocious sexual maturation in Eledone (Mangold & Boucher-Rodoni, 1973).In the course of recent studies on the growth and reproduction of Eledone cirrhosa from the North Sea (Boyle & Knobloch, 1982,1983,1984) animals which had remained in aquarium conditions for 5 days or over were separated from the analysis.
A New Species ofOchetostoma(Echiura, Echiuridae) Found in the Azores With Notes on its Ecology
Authors: Rogers Alex D. , Nash Richard D.M. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONApproximately 145 species of the phylum Echiura have been described to the present date (Popkov, 1992). Since Stephen & Edmonds' (1972) monograph detailing the known species of Echiura, few new species have been described. The majority of these have been members of the family Bonelliidae from the deep-sea (i.e. Murina, 1976, 1978; DattaGupta, 1977,1981; Biseswar, 1992) with a few exceptions (e.g.Thalassema malakhoviin Popkov, 1992 andOchetostoma natalensein Biseswar, 1988).
Laboratory Behaviour of Mosshead Sculpins Clinocottus Globiceps Toward Their Sea Anemone Prey
Authors: Yoshiyama Ronald M. , Knowlton Ann L. , Welter Jill R. , Comfort Stephanie , Hopka Billie Jo , Wallace W. David 
Published: May 2009

Mosshead sculpins, Clinocottus globiceps, of the North American Pacific coast commonly feed upon sea anemones and in doing so make frequent body contact with the anemone tentacles. An attempt was made to determine if some sort of acclimation process, as seen in certain pomacentrid anemone fishes, is necessary for C. globiceps to engage in such repeated contacts. The laboratory experiments with C. globiceps and three species of anemones (Anthopleura xanthogrammica, A. elegantissima, Urticina crassicornis) revealed no obvious and consistent acclimatory behaviours by the fish toward anemones following a period of enforced isolation from anemones. Actions by C. globiceps toward anemones included frequent bites to tentacles, touches to tentacles without biting (whether intentional or not), and bites to the anemone's base or column. Tentacle bites occurred, on average, significantly earlier than tentacle touches in trials with Anthopleura elegantissima. There was no evidence that either tentacle bites or tentacle touches occurred earlier than the other in trials with A xanthogrammica and U. crassicornis. In paired trials where individualC. globiceps were tested first with A. xanthogrammica and then with U. crassicornis, the fish showed no significant difference in response to the two anemone species, either in the frequencies of different types of actions (bites or touches) or in the average order in which tentacle bites or tentacle touches occurred. Experiments were also conducted to compare the degree to which different sculpin species avoided contact with anemone (A. elegantissima) tentacles. Clinocottus globiceps seemed more tolerant of contact with tentacles than were the other sculpins, and only C. globiceps appeared intentionally to touch tentacles, sometimes leaning against or biting them.
Notes on Some Branchial Isopods Parasitic on Upogebiid Mud-Shrimps (Decapoda: Thalassinidea)
Authors: Astall C.M. , Taylor A.C. , Atkinson R.J.A. 
Published: May 2009

Bopyrids are highly modified epicaridean isopod ectoparasites with the adult females showing extreme specialization of body form when compared with free-living isopods (Shiino, 1965). The smaller males are similar to free-living isopods, retaining the basic cryptoniscus larval form (Naylor, 1972), and are typically found in the brood chamber of the female or attached to the ventral surface of the female's pleon (Salazar-Vallejo & Leija-Tristán, 1989).Whilst examining the branchial morphology of the upogebiids,Upogebia stellata(Montagu),Upogebia deltaura(Leach) andUpogebia pusilla(Petagna) as part of a wider study of the physiological ecology of thalassinidean mud-shrimps, some shrimps were observed to have a branchial gall (distended branchiostegite) containing a bopyrid parasite. In this short note we add to the previous records of two bopyrid species and briefly discuss the host/parasite relationship.Parasitized material examined:U. stellata(three males, two females) collected subtidally using an anchor dredge from White Bay, Isle of Cumbrae, Scotland (55°48'N 4°55'W) at depths of 25–30 m. A single male specimen ofU. deltaurawas caught using a box corer from the Irish Sea (54°7'N 3°27'W).Upogebia pusilla(one male, one female) were collected intertidally from the Arcachon Basin, France (44°40'N l°10'W) by Professor J.P. Truchot. Prior to examination, the mud-shrimps were preserved in 10% buffered formalin, the parasites removed, rinsed with distilled water and transferred to 70% ethanol. Some preserved material was also available from the Robertson Collection housed at the University Marine Biological Station Millport.Parasitized mud-shrimps had an enlarged branchial chamber, or branchial gall, a result of branchiostegite deformation caused by the presence of the parasite. When the parasite was removed from the branchial chamber, the gills appeared splayed and flattened but showed no other signs of disturbance or damage.
On the symbiosis betweenAmphidinium klebsii[Dinophyceae] andAmphiscolops langerhansi[Turbellaria: Acoela]
Authors: Taylor D. L. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONAlgal-invertebrate symbiosis is common among species of acoelus Turbellaria in both marine and freshwater environments (Droop, 1963; Buchner, 1965; McLaughlin & Zahl, 1966). Associations involving these organisms exhibit broad variations in the amount of integration achieved through the reciprocal relations of hosts and symbionts. In the symbiosis involvingConvoluta roscqffensisGraff, the maximum degree of intimacy is achieved, and the host appears totally dependent on its symbiont for its nutritional requirements (Keeble & Gamble, 1907; Keeble, 1910). This type of closed symbiosis is unknown in other invertebrate phyla and may even be unique among turbellarians. Similarly, the association betweenAmphiscolops langerhansi(Graff) and a unicellular alga is a typical example of the more common, open or facultative symbiosis. Both species (with their algal partners) are potentially useful as investigative tools in the study of cellular interaction in algal-invertebrate symbiosis, and may provide the basis for understanding the broader aspects of cellular integration in metazoan tissues. Recent studies ofC. roscqffensisprovide a basis for understanding the biology of the symbiosis which it sustains (Parke & Manton, 1967; Provasoli, Yamasu & Manton, 1968; Provasoli, Yamasu & Mabuchi, 1969). The present communication is intended to provide similar information on the association found inA. langerhansi.
Further observations on the buoyancy of Spirula
Authors: Denton E. J. , Gilpin-Brown J. B. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONIn earlier papers we have given an account of work on the three kinds of chambered shells which are found in living cephalopods, i.e. those of Sepia, Nautilus and Spirula, and shown that, although these animals differ markedly from one another in the structure of the shell and its position in the animal, there are nevertheless great similarities in the pattern of events leading to the formation of a new chamber and the way in which liquid is pumped out of it and gas diffuses into it (Denton & Gilpin-Brown, 1961 a, b, c; 1966; Denton, Gilpin-Brown & Howarth, 1961, 1967). We advanced the hypothesis that this pattern must have been the same for all the chambered shelled cephalopods, including the fossil nautiloids, ammonites and belemnites.
The accumulation and excretion of radioactive caesium by the plaice(Pleuronectes platessa)and the thornback ray(Raia clavata)
Authors: Jefferies D. F. , Hewett C. J. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe caesium radionuclides, caesium-137 and caesium-134, are important constituents of aqueous radioactive effluents discharged to the environment of the United Kingdom from fuel re-processing plants and nuclear power stations (Howells, 1966; Mitchell, Harvey & Smith, 1968; Harvey, Baker & Mitchell, 1969). Their accumulation by marine fishes has been the subject of several previous studies, beginning with that of Chipman (1959) who noted that caesium-137 was accumulated in the flesh of the killifish(Fundulus heteroclitus)and that accumulation continued even after a period of 72 days. Similarly, Hiyama & Shimizu (1964) showed that the muscle of the common goby(Acanthobus flaviamus)continued to accumulate caesium-134 from sea water after periods of 30 days. Baptist & Price (1962) have examined the whole body uptake of caesium, by absorption from sea water, in two marine species, the flounder(Paralichthys dentatus)and the Atlantic croaker(Micropogon undulatus), and they also investigated the accumulation, tissue distribution and excretion of caesium-137 in the croaker, the little tuna(Euthynnus alleteratus)and the bluefish(Pomatomus saltatoux), following oral administration of single doses. These authors concluded that the heart, liver and spleen of the croaker absorbed caesium-137 from sea water at a faster rate than the muscle, and that orally administered caesium-137 was rapidly absorbed from the digestive tract. Tissue distributions were similar in the croaker, bluefish and tuna. The retention of caesium-137 in croaker tissue was described as a multiple rate process. In later experiments Hiyama & Shimizu (1969) compared turnover rates in various organs and tissues following uptake from sea water and from single injection experiments, and obtained good agreement between the values from the two methods.
Nematode associations in the Exe estuary
Authors: Warwick Richard M. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe problems involved in the identification of freeliving marine nematodes have stood in the way of ecologists for some time. Although considerable advances are now being made on the continent (particularly in Kiel Bay and the Mediterranean) and in North America, our lack of knowledge of the British species is still lamentable. In order to rectify this state of affairs to some extent, a study of the distribution of nematodes in the Exe estuary was planned to cover as wide a spectrum of physical and chemical conditions as possible, ranging from fine muds with a low interstitial salinity at the head of the estuary to coarse sands with a high salinity at the mouth. It is hoped that the characterization of the fauna of various habitats in the estuary will form a basis for further ecological studies in other areas. Not surprisingly, a large proportion of the species found were new British records, and some new to science. The fourteen species of this latter group discussed in this paper are described elsewhere (Warwick, 1970).
Ecology and population studies of some intertidal and sublittoral sand-dwelling amphipods
Authors: Fincham A. A. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONCertain sand-dwelling amphipods occur either in the intertidal or in the sublittoral zone and extreme low-water springs (E.L.W.S.) has been taken as a convenient dividing line between these two habitats. Previous workers have concentrated mainly on one or other of these contiguous regions. General studies of the in-fauna of intertidal sand on the Isle of Man include those of Pirrie, Bruce & Moore (1932), Jones (1948) and Southward (1953). The in-fauna of sublittoral sandy deposits around the Isle of Man has been studied by Jones (1940, 1951, 1956) and Fincham (1969a). However, Mclntyre & Eleftheriou (1968) working at Firemore Bay, Loch Ewe showed that the intertidal and shallow-water sand regions should be regarded as a unit. Faunal distributions were not always discontinuous about E.L.W.S.
Chemical changes in sea water off plymouth during the years 1962 to 1965
Authors: Armstrong F. A. J. , Butler E. I. 
Published: May 2009

Analyses of sea water collected during the years 1962–65 at International Hydrographic Station E. I are given here in the same form as in earlier reports. Temperature, salinity, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate were examined. Some values of suspended carbon and chlorophyll are also included.Salinities were markedly higher in 1965 than in the previous 3 years. All 4 years showed a low value for maximum winter phosphate levels.
Structure, histochemistry and formation of the podocyst and cuticle of Aurelia aurita
Authors: Chapman David M. 
Published: May 2009

At the junction between the scyphistoma's scyphopharynx-filament complex and its endoderm is a narrow zone of simple columnar cells. These cells can transform into amoebocytes which collect together and work their way to the aboral end of the polyp, where they secrete a cuticular encasement, thus forming the podocyst.Light and electron microscopy, as well as histochemistry, show the podocyst to be a lamellated tanned chitin-protein complex covering the protoplasmic contents, which have a nucleated outer clear cytoplasmic layer and a yolky central zone which may be liquefied in places.