bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Transforming ‘the Age of Reason’ into ‘an Age of Faiths’: or, Putting Religions and Beliefs (Back) into the Eighteenth Century
Authors: GREGORY JEREMY 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis article makes a plea for putting religions and beliefs back into our studies of the eighteenth century, which has too frequently been viewed as a period of secularisation. It highlights the varieties of religion on offer in the century and argues that historians of religion have created a ghetto for religious history by focusing too much on the clergy and the Church as an institution, and that instead much more research needs to be done on lay religion. The article also contests that religion should not be aligned solely with the forces of tradition but was itself an agent of change.
Pious Frauds: ‘Honest Tricks’ and the Patterns of Anglican Devotional Thought in Richardson
Authors: LATIMER BONNIE 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis essay identifies a series of apparent deceptions by two of Richardson's iconic moral paragons, Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison. It uses early modern Anglican thought to argue that such deceptions are best seen as ‘lies’– but also that the same body of theology allows for ‘lying’ in certain cases. Drawing on a range of Anglican thought from this period, it identifies in this literature a fascination with using ‘indirect means’ to bring about the ends of virtue, and concludes that Richardson picks up on this intellectual thread in his staging of morally complex fictional scenarios.
Educating Christian Men in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: Public‐School and Oxbridge Ideals
Authors: REYK WILLIAM VAN 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThis article argues that writers from across the religious spectrum emphasised the need for men's education to be informed by Christianity in publications that discussed the public schools and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. This literature was particularly concentrated in the late eighteenth century, when wider anxieties about the rise of ‘moralism’ were at their height. The article seeks to challenge the commonly accepted notion that the educational ideals were effectively secular until they were re‐Christianised in the early nineteenth century under the influence of the Evangelical Revival.
Endothelin‐1 effects on spontaneous oscillations in choroidal arterioles
Authors: Delgado Esmeralda , Marques‐Neves Carlos , Rocha Isabel , Sales‐Luís José , Silva‐Carvalho Luis 
Published: August 2009

Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: 742–747Abstract.Purpose:  This study characterizes the effects of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) on the perfusion pressure of the choroidal vasculature using in situ perfused isolated rabbit eyes.Methods:  Rabbit external ophthalmic arteries (n = 12) in a head‐mounted preparation were cannulated and perfused with warmed tyrode. The three‐way polypropylene catheter was further connected to a pressure transducer and the effect of intraluminal pressure as a measure of total vascular resistance was assessed. Response curves to intra‐arterial injections of ET‐1 (group A; n = 6) and to an intravitreal injection followed by an intra‐arterial injection of ET‐1 (group B; n = 6) were obtained. Data were studied using paired t‐test and fast Fourier transform.Results:  Before any drugs were administered, spontaneous oscillations were observed in the 12 rabbit models. In group A, ET‐1 induced a short and weak vasodilating effect followed by a strong and long‐lasting vasoconstrictor tone. Vasomotion became more evident, showing a higher frequency and shorter amplitude of oscillations. In group, B the intravitreal injection produced no significant changes in registered pressure or vasomotion characteristics. The intra‐arterial injection produced effects similar to those observed in group A.Conclusion:  Our study has three main findings: (i) the choroidal vasculature demonstrated spontaneous oscillations in perfusion pressure in basal conditions in all rabbit eye models; (ii) ET‐1 applied intra‐arterially induced a short drop in perfusion pressure followed by a long withstanding contraction; and (iii) intra‐arterial ET‐1 modulated the frequency and amplitude of the spontaneous oscillations, causing a faster rate of pulsatility.
High expression of angiotensin‐converting enzyme and angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 in preservation injury after liver transplantation in rats
Authors: Xia Chun‐Yan , Li Ling , Liu Hui‐Min , Cong Wen‐Ming 
Published: August 2009

Aim:  To explore the possible role of local renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) in preservation injury (PI) after liver transplantation by studying expression of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the transplanted liver of rats and its relationship with PI.Methods:  The animals receiving liver transplantation were assigned to cold preservation group (CP group) and non‐cold preservation group (NCP group). The sham‐operation group was used as the control. The severity of PI was assessed by histology. The mRNA and protein expressions of ACE and ACE2 were detected by real‐time PCR, Western blot, respectively. Tissue hypoxia was assessed by pimonidazole staining.Results:  Various degrees of tissue injury were observed after liver transplantation, especially in CP group. ACE2 mRNA and protein expressions in the transplantation groups were elevated significantly compared with those of the control group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), and higher in CP group than those in NCP group (P < 0.05). There was a close positive correlation between PI and mRNA expression of ACE and ACE2. Positive pimonidazole staining distributed around the hepatic central vein, and became darker and more extensive with deterioration of PI.Conclusion:  ACE2 was closely related to tissue hypoxia due to CP‐induced PI of the transplanted liver, and ACE may aggravate the inflammation in PI. Local RAS may play an important role in PI of the transplanted liver.
Analysis of the Fc Gamma Receptor-Dependent Component of Neutralization Measured by Anthrax Toxin Neutralization Assays
Authors: Verma Anita , Ngundi Miriam M. , Meade Bruce D. , De Pascalis Roberto , Elkins Karen L. , Burns Drusilla L. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT
Anthrax toxin neutralization assays are used to measure functional antibody levels elicited by anthrax vaccines in both preclinical and clinical studies. In this study, we investigated the magnitude and molecular nature of Fc gamma (Fcγ) receptor-dependent toxin neutralization observed in commonly used forms of the anthrax toxin neutralization assay. Significantly more Fcγ receptor-dependent neutralization was observed in the J774A.1 cell-based assay than in the RAW 264.7 cell-based assay, a finding that could be due to the larger numbers of Fcγ receptors that we found on J774A.1 cells by using flow cytometry. Thus, the extent to which Fcγ receptor-dependent neutralization contributes to the total neutralization measured by the assay depends on the specific cell type utilized in the assay. Using Fcγ receptor blocking monoclonal antibodies, we found that at least three murine Fcγ receptor classes, IIB, III, and IV, can contribute to Fcγ receptor-dependent neutralization. When antibodies elicited by immunization of rabbits with protective-antigen-based anthrax vaccines were analyzed, we found that the magnitude of Fcγ receptor-dependent neutralization observed in the J774A.1 cell-based assay was dependent on the concentration of protective antigen utilized in the assay. Our results suggest that the characteristics of the antibodies analyzed in the assay (e.g., species of origin, isotype, and subclass), as well as the assay design (e.g., cell type and protective antigen concentration), could significantly influence the extent to which Fcγ receptor-dependent neutralization contributes to the total neutralization measured by anthrax toxin neutralization assays. These findings should be considered when interpreting anthrax toxin neutralization assay output.
Age-Dependent Association between Low Frequency of CD27/CD28 Expression on pp65 CD8+T Cells and Cytomegalovirus Replication after Transplantation
Authors: Cantisán Sara , Torre-Cisneros Julián , Lara Rosario , Rodríguez-Benot Alberto , Santos Francisco , Gutiérrez-Aroca Juan , Gayoso Inmaculada , González-Padilla Marcelino , Casal Manuel , Rivero Antonio , Solana Rafael 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTIn this cross-sectional study of 42 solid organ transplant recipients, the association of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication and age with the phenotype of the HCMV-specific CD8+T cells was analyzed by using the CMV pp65 HLA-A*0201 pentamer. A correlation between the proportion of CD28−HCMV-specific CD8+T cells and age was observed in patients without HCMV replication (r= 0.50;P= 0.02) but not in patients with HCMV replication (r= −0.05;P= 0.83), a finding which differs from that observed for total CD8+T cells. Within the group of patients younger than 50 years of age, patients with HCVM replication after transplantation had higher percentages of CD28−HCMV-specific CD8+T cells (85.6 compared with 58.7% for patients without HCMV replication;P= 0.004) and CD27−HCMV-specific CD8+T cells (90.7 compared with 68.8% for patients without HCMV replication;P= 0.03). However, in patients older than age 50 years, a high frequency of these two subpopulations was observed in patients both with and without previous HCMV replication (for CD28−HCMV-specific CD8+T cells, 84.4 and 80.9%, respectively [P= 0.39]; for CD27−HCMV-specific CD8+T cells 86.6 and 81.5%, respectively [P= 0.16]). In conclusion, the present study shows that in the group of recipients younger than age 50 years, HCMV replication after transplantation is associated with a high percentage of CD27−and CD28−HCMV-specific CD8+T cells. These results suggest that the increased percentage of CD27−or CD28−HCMV-specific subsets can be considered a biomarker of HCMV replication in solid organ transplant recipients younger than age 50 years but not in older patients. Further studies are necessary to define the significance of these changes in HCMV-associated clinical complications posttransplantation.
Genetic Evolution of H9 Subtype Influenza Viruses from Live Poultry Markets in Shanghai, China
Authors: Ge Fei-Fei , Zhou Jin-Ping , Liu Jian , Wang Jian , Zhang Wei-Yi , Sheng Li-Ping , Xu Feng , Ju Hou-Bing , Sun Quan-Yun , Liu Pei-Hong 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT
H9N2 influenza viruses have become established and maintain long-term endemicity in poultry. The complete genomes of seven avian H9N2 influenza viruses were characterized. These seven influenza virus isolates were obtained from live poultry markets in Shanghai, China, in 2002 and from 2006 to 2008. Genetic analysis revealed that all seven isolates had an RSSR motif at the cleavage site of hemagglutinin (HA), indicating low pathogenicity in chickens. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the seven avian H9N2 viruses belonged to the lineage represented by Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (H9N2), a virus belonging to the Chicken/Beijing/1/94-like (H9N2) lineage, and that they are all quadruple reassortants consisting of genes from different lineages. The six internal genes of the isolates possessed H5N1-like sequences, indicating that they were reassortants of H9 and H5 viruses. All of the viruses had nonstructural (as well as HA and neuraminidase) genes derived from the Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97-like virus lineage but also had other genes of mixed avian virus origin, including genes similar to those of H5N1 viruses (Gs/GD-like). The infected chickens showed no signs of disease. These results show the genetic and biological diversity of H9N2 viruses in Shanghai and support their potential role as pandemic influenza agents.
Molecular Surveillance and Population Structure Analysis of Methicillin-Susceptible and Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
in High-Risk Wards
Authors: Sergi Simona , Donnarumma Francesca , Mastromei Giorgio , Goti Emanuele , Nicoletti Pierluigi , Pecile Patrizia , Cecconi Daniela , Mannino Roberta , Fanci Rosa , Bosi Alberto , Bartolozzi Benedetta , Casalone Enrico 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT

In this study we report the results of analysis of 253 isolates of
Staphylococcus aureus
(132 methicillin [meticillin]-resistant
S. aureus
[MRSA] isolates and 121 methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
[MSSA] isolates) from 209 patients admitted to 18 high-risk wards of six hospitals located in Florence, Italy, over an 8-month period during which a program of epidemiological surveillance of hospital-acquired infections was conducted. The majority (69%) of the 87 reported
S. aureus
infections were caused by MRSA. No outbreak events have been reported. All the isolates were typed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and AFLP profiles were analyzed in order to define similarity groups. The discriminatory power of AFLP is very high with MSSA (Simpson index of diversity [
D
], 95.9%), whereas its resolution capability with MRSA (
D
, 44.7%) is hampered by the well-known high clonality of these populations (the main MRSA group accounted for 74% of the MRSA isolates). Combining AFLP, improved by visual inspection of polymorphisms, with multiplex PCR greatly increases MRSA resolution (
D
, 85.5%), resolving the MRSA population to a level that is one of the highest reported in the literature. Widespread and sporadic clones of MSSA and MRSA were identified, and their diffusion in the different hospitals and wards over the surveillance period was studied. The understanding of MSSA and MRSA population structures should be the starting point for the design of a more rational surveillance program for
S. aureus
species, maximizing benefits and reducing the cost of infection control strategies.
Atypical
Aspergillus flavus
Isolates Associated with Chronic Azole Therapy
Authors: Brandt Mary E. , Gade Lalitha , McCloskey Cindy B. , Balajee S. Arunmozhi 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT

A case of chronic sinus disease due to morphologically atypical
Aspergillus flavus
is described. Multiple fungal isolates sporulated poorly or not at all, displaying unusual color and microscopic morphology, including the absence of typical vesicles and phialides, which caused the isolates to resemble several other fungal genera superficially. The patient received multiple antifungal therapies over at least 10 years with various azole drugs, including voriconazole, itraconazole, and posaconazole. We speculate that this lengthy exposure to azole antifungal drugs may have caused or promoted the atypical morphology seen in these isolates.
Serological Monitoring of Progression of Alveolar Echinococcosis with Multiorgan Involvement by Use of Recombinant Em18
Authors: Ishikawa Yuji , Sako Yasuhito , Itoh Sonoyo , Ohtake Takaaki , Kohgo Yutaka , Matsuno Takeo , Ohsaki Yoshinobu , Miyokawa Naoyuki , Nakao Minoru , Nakaya Kazuhiro , Ito Akira 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT
Two cases of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) with multiple-organ involvement (the liver, lungs, and bone) were monitored by imaging and serology for 20 years. Resection of the bone lesion was complete in one case but incomplete in the other case. Albendazole treatment was markedly to moderately effective against hepatic and pulmonary AE lesions in both cases, whereas it had almost no effect against the bone lesion in one case. The results of the serological tests with recombinant Em18 antigen coincided with the clinical findings in each case. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses, especially IgG4 responses, is expected to be a real-time indicator of the dynamics of active AE.
Early Steps in Cell Infection by Parvoviruses: Host-Specific Differences in Cell Receptor Binding but Similar Endosomal Trafficking
Authors: Harbison Carole E. , Lyi Sangbom Michael , Weichert Wendy S. , Parrish Colin R. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT
Canine parvovirus (CPV) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) are closely related parvoviruses that differ in their host ranges for cats and dogs. Both viruses bind their host transferrin receptor (TfR), enter cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and traffic with that receptor through endosomal pathways. Infection by these viruses appears to be inefficient and slow, with low numbers of virions infecting the cell after a number of hours. Species-specific binding to TfR controls viral host range, and in this study FPV and strains of CPV differed in the levels of cell attachment, uptake, and infection in canine and feline cells. During infection, CPV particles initially bound and trafficked passively on the filopodia of canine cells while they bound to the cell body of feline cells. That binding was associated with the TfR as it was disrupted by anti-TfR antibodies. Capsids were taken up from the cell surface with different kinetics in canine and feline cells but, unlike transferrin, most did not recycle. Capsids labeled with fluorescent markers were seen in Rab5-, Rab7-, or Rab11-positive endosomal compartments within minutes of uptake, but reached the nucleus. Constitutively active or dominant negative Rab mutants changed the intracellular distribution of capsids and affected the infectivity of virus in cells.
Tissue-Spanning Redox Gradient-Dependent Assembly of Native Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Virions
Authors: Conway Michael J. , Alam Samina , Ryndock Eric J. , Cruz Linda , Christensen Neil D. , Roden Richard B. S. , Meyers Craig 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT
Papillomavirus capsids are composed of 72 pentamers reinforced through inter- and intrapentameric disulfide bonds. Recent research suggests that virus-like particles and pseudovirions (PsV) can undergo a redox-dependent conformational change involving disulfide interactions. We present here evidence that native virions exploit a tissue-spanning redox gradient that facilitates assembly events in the context of the complete papillomavirus life cycle. DNA encapsidation and infectivity titers are redox dependent in that they can be temporally modulated via treatment of organotypic cultures with oxidized glutathione. These data provide evidence that papillomavirus assembly and maturation is redox-dependent, utilizing multiple steps within both suprabasal and cornified layers.
Testing an Electrostatic Interaction Hypothesis of Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Stability by Using an In Vitro Capsid Disassembly/Reassembly System
Authors: Newman Margaret , Chua Pong Kian , Tang Fan-Mei , Su Pei-Yi , Shih Chiaho 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT
To test a previously coined “charge balance hypothesis” of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid stability, we established an in vitro disassembly and reassembly system using bacterially expressed HBV capsids. Capsid disassembly can be induced by micrococcal nuclease digestion of encapsidated RNA. HBV core protein (HBc) mutants containing various amounts of arginine were constructed by serial truncations at the C terminus. Capsids containing smaller amounts of arginine (HBc 149, 154, and 157) remained intact after micrococcal nuclease digestion by native gel electrophoresis. Capsids containing larger amounts of arginine (HBc 159, 164, 169, and 171) exhibited reduced and more diffuse banding intensity and slightly upshifted mobility (HBc 159 and 164). Capsids containing the largest amounts of arginine (HBc 173, 175, and 183), as well as HBc 167, exhibited no detectable banding signal, indicating loss of capsid integrity or stability. Interestingly, capsid reassembly can be induced by polyanions, including oligonucleotides, poly-glutamic acid, and nonbiological polymer (polyacrylic acid). In contrast, polycations (polylysine and polyethylenimine) and low-molecular-weight anions (inositol triphosphate) induced no capsid reassembly. Results obtained by gel assay were confirmed by electron microscopy. Reassembled capsids comigrated with undigested parental capsids on agarose gels and cosedimented with undigested capsids by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Taken together, the results indicate that HBV capsid assembly and integrity depend on polyanions, which probably can help minimize intersubunit charge repulsion caused mainly by arginine-rich domain III or IV in close contact. The exact structure of polyanions is not important for in vitro capsid reassembly. A large amount of independent experimental evidence for this newly coined “electrostatic interaction hypothesis” is discussed.
Activation of MDA5 Requires Higher-Order RNA Structures Generated during Virus Infection
Authors: Pichlmair Andreas , Schulz Oliver , Tan Choon-Ping , Rehwinkel Jan , Kato Hiroki , Takeuchi Osamu , Akira Shizuo , Way Michael , Schiavo Giampietro , Reis e Sousa Caetano 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT
Recognition of virus presence via RIG-I (retinoic acid inducible gene I) and/or MDA5 (melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5) initiates a signaling cascade that culminates in transcription of innate response genes such as those encoding the alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) cytokines. It is generally assumed that MDA5 is activated by long molecules of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced by annealing of complementary RNAs generated during viral infection. Here, we used an antibody to dsRNA to show that the presence of immunoreactivity in virus-infected cells does indeed correlate with the ability of RNA extracted from these cells to activate MDA5. Furthermore, RNA from cells infected with encephalomyocarditis virus or with vaccinia virus and precipitated with the anti-dsRNA antibody can bind to MDA5 and induce MDA5-dependent IFN-α/β production upon transfection into indicator cells. However, a prominent band of dsRNA apparent in cells infected with either virus does not stimulate IFN-α/β production. Instead, stimulatory activity resides in higher-order structured RNA that contains single-stranded RNA and dsRNA. These results suggest that MDA5 activation requires an RNA web rather than simply long molecules of dsRNA.
Effect of B-Cell Depletion on Viral Replication and Clinical Outcome of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Natural Host
Authors: Gaufin Thaidra , Pattison Melissa , Gautam Rajeev , Stoulig Crystal , Dufour Jason , MacFarland Jeanne , Mandell Daniel , Tatum Coty , Marx Matthew H. , Ribeiro Ruy M. , Montefiori David , Apetrei Cristian , Pandrea Ivona 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTSimian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected African nonhuman primates do not progress to AIDS in spite of high and persistent viral loads (VLs). Some authors consider the high viral replication observed in chronic natural SIV infections to be due to lower anti-SIV antibody titers than those in rhesus macaques, suggesting a role of antibodies in controlling viral replication. We therefore investigated the impact of antibody responses on the outcome of acute and chronic SIVagm replication in African green monkeys (AGMs). Nine AGMs were infected with SIVagm.sab. Four AGMs were infused with 50 mg/kg of body weight anti-CD20 (rituximab; a gift from Genentech) every 21 days, starting from day −7 postinfection up to 184 days. The remaining AGMs were used as controls and received SIVagm only. Rituximab-treated AGMs were successfully depleted of CD20 cells in peripheral blood, lymph nodes (LNs), and intestine, as shown by the dynamics of CD20+and CD79a+cells. There was no significant difference in VLs between CD20-depleted AGMs and control monkeys: peak VLs ranged from 107to 108copies/ml; set-point values were 104to 105SIV RNA copies/ml. Levels of acute mucosal CD4+T-cell depletion were similar for treated and nontreated animals. SIVagm seroconversion was delayed for the CD20-depleted AGMs compared to results for the controls. There was a significant difference in both the timing and magnitude of neutralizing antibody responses for CD20-depleted AGMs compared to results for controls. CD20 depletion significantly altered the histological structure of the germinal centers in the LNs and Peyer's patches. Our results, although obtained with a limited number of animals, suggest that humoral immune responses play only a minor role in the control of SIV viral replication during acute and chronic SIV infection in natural hosts.