bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infiltration of Foxp3‐ and Toll‐like Receptor‐4–positive Cells in the Intestines of Children With Food Allergy
Authors: Westerholm‐Ormio Mia , Vaarala Outi , Tiittanen Minna , Savilahti Erkki 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives:Regulatory T (Treg) cells together with intestinal microflora play a central role in controlling allergic inflammation. We examined the markers related to Treg cells, and bacterial signaling, such as Toll‐like receptors (TLR)‐2 and ‐4, in the duodenal mucosa of patients with food allergy (FA).Patients and Methods:Small intestinal samples were collected from patients with FA on a normal or an elimination diet, from healthy controls and patients with untreated celiac disease. Single and double immunohistochemistry were used to enumerate the densities of Foxp3‐positive cells and TLR2‐ and TLR4‐positive cells in the mucosa and evaluate the colocalization of Foxp3 expression in CD4+, CD25+, and CTLA‐4+ cells. The mRNA expression of CD25, Foxp3, TLR2, and TLR4 was measured by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction.Results:The densities of Foxp3+ and TLR4+ cells were significantly increased in patients with untreated FA compared with healthy controls (P = 0.003, P = 0.033), and the Foxp3+ cells were higher in untreated than in treated allergic patients (P < 0.001). The immense majority of Foxp3+ cells were CD4+ (median 100%), CTLA‐4+ (100%), or CD25+ (81%). The ratio of Foxp3 mRNA to Foxp3+ cells was decreased in patients with FA and in patients with celiac disease compared with controls (P = 0.036, P = 0.035).Conclusions:Foxp3+ cells are increased in the duodenum of patients with untreated FA, but these cells are not able to suppress the harmful immune response, indicated by the low expression of Foxp3 transcripts. The increase of TLR4+ cells and their correlation with TCRγδ+ intraepithelial lymphocytes suggest a role for the innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in FA.
Partially Hydrolyzed 100% Whey Protein Infant Formula and Reduced Risk of Atopic Dermatitis: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Alexander Dominik D , Cabana Michael D 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTObjective:A reduced risk of atopic dermatitis (AD) among healthy infants who received 100% whey protein partially hydrolyzed formula (PHF‐W) compared with intact protein cow's milk formula (CMF), has been reported in several studies. To validate these observations and estimate the magnitude of this potential association with greater statistical precision, we conducted a meta‐analysis of clinical trial and intervention studies.Materials and Methods:A total of 18 articles representing 12 independent study populations met our inclusion criteria.Results:A statistically significant 44% (summary relative risk estimate [SRRE] = 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.40–0.77) reduced risk of atopic manifestations, which included AD, was found among infants receiving PHF‐W compared with infants receiving CMF. In a subanalysis of 4 studies that reported results specifically for AD and that were considered of superior methodological quality, the incidence of AD was reduced by 55% (SRRE = 0.45, 95% confidence interval 0.30–0.70).Conclusions:Regardless of study design, infant population, follow‐up time, or study location, individual study findings were consistent because a reduced incidence of AD was reported in all of the reviewed studies. Exclusive breast‐feeding should be encouraged as the standard for infant nutrition in the first months of life. For infants who are not exclusively breast‐fed, feeding with PHF‐W instead of CMF reduces the risk of AD in infants, particularly in infants with a family history of allergy.
TheArabidopsisFloral Homeotic Proteins APETALA3 and PISTILLATA Negatively Regulate theBANQUOGenes Implicated in Light Signaling
Authors: Mara Chloe D. , Huang Tengbo , Irish Vivian F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe Arabidopsis thaliana MADS box transcription factors APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) heterodimerize and are required to specify petal identity, yet many details of how this regulatory process is effected are unclear. We have identified three related genes, BHLH136/BANQUO1 (BNQ1), BHLH134/BANQUO2 (BNQ2), and BHLH161/BANQUO3 (BNQ3), as being directly and negatively regulated by AP3 and PI in petals. BNQ1, BNQ2, and BNQ3 encode products belonging to a family of atypical non-DNA binding basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins that heterodimerize with and negatively regulate bHLH transcription factors. We show that bnq3 mutants have pale-green sepals and carpels and decreased chlorophyll levels, suggesting that BNQ3 has a role in regulating light responses. The ap3 bnq3 double mutant displays pale second-whorl organs, supporting the hypothesis that BNQ3 is downstream of AP3. Consistent with a role in light response, we show that the BNQ gene products regulate the function of HFR1 (for LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED1), which encodes a bHLH protein that regulates photomorphogenesis through modulating phytochrome and cryptochrome signaling. The BNQ genes also are required for appropriate regulation of flowering time. Our results suggest that petal identity is specified in part through downregulation of BNQ-dependent photomorphogenic and developmental signaling pathways.
Promoters of the Barley Germin-LikeGER4Gene Cluster Enable Strong Transgene Expression in Response to Pathogen Attack
Authors: Himmelbach Axel , Liu Luo , Zierold Uwe , Altschmied Lothar , Maucher Helmut , Beier Franziska , Müller Doreen , Hensel Götz , Heise Andreas , Schützendübel Andres , Kumlehn Jochen , Schweizer Patrick 
Published: March 2010

AbstractImmunity of plants triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is based on the execution of an evolutionarily conserved defense response that includes the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins as well as multiple other defenses. The most abundant PR transcript of barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaf epidermis attacked by the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp hordei encodes the germin-like protein GER4, which has superoxide dismutase activity and functions in PAMP-triggered immunity. Here, we show that barley GER4 is encoded by a dense cluster of tandemly duplicated genes (GER4a-h) that underwent several cycles of duplication. The genomic organization of the GER4 locus also provides evidence for repeated gene birth and death cycles. The GER4 promoters contain multiple WRKY factor binding sites (W-boxes) preferentially located in promoter fragments that were exchanged between subfamily members by gene conversion. Mutational analysis of TATA-box proximal W-boxes used GER4c promoter-β-glucuronidase fusions to reveal their enhancing effects and functional redundancy on pathogen-induced promoter activity. The data suggest enhanced transcript dosage as an evolutionary driving force for the local expansion and functional redundancy of the GER4 locus. In addition, the GER4c promoter provides a tool to study signal transduction of PAMP-triggered immunity and to engineer strictly localized and pathogen-regulated disease resistance in transgenic cereal crops.
Apomictic and Sexual Ovules ofBoecheraDisplay Heterochronic Global Gene Expression Patterns
Authors: Sharbel Timothy F. , Voigt Marie-Luise , Corral José M. , Galla Giulio , Kumlehn Jochen , Klukas Christian , Schreiber Falk , Vogel Heiko , Rotter Björn 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe have compared the transcriptomic profiles of microdissected live ovules at four developmental stages between a diploid sexual and diploid apomictic Boechera. We sequenced &gt;2 million SuperSAGE tags and identified (1) heterochronic tags (n = 595) that demonstrated significantly different patterns of expression between sexual and apomictic ovules across all developmental stages, (2) stage-specific tags (n = 577) that were found in a single developmental stage and differentially expressed between the sexual and apomictic ovules, and (3) sex-specific (n = 237) and apomixis-specific (n = 1106) tags that were found in all four developmental stages but in only one reproductive mode. Most heterochronic and stage-specific tags were significantly downregulated during early apomictic ovule development, and 110 were associated with reproduction. By contrast, most late stage-specific tags were upregulated in the apomictic ovules, likely the result of increased gene copy number in apomictic (hexaploid) versus sexual (triploid) endosperm or of parthenogenesis. Finally, we show that apomixis-specific gene expression is characterized by a significant overrepresentation of transcription factor activity. We hypothesize that apomeiosis is associated with global downregulation at the megaspore mother cell stage. As the diploid apomict analyzed here is an ancient hybrid, these data are consistent with the postulated link between hybridization and asexuality and provide a hypothesis for multiple evolutionary origins of apomixis in the genus Boechera.
PROBLEM DEPARTMENT
Authors: Jamison G. H. 
Published: March 2010

This department aims to provide problems of varying degrees of difficulty which will interest anyone engaged in the study of mathematics.All readers are invited to propose problems and to solve problems here proposed, Drawings to illustrate the problems should be well done in India ink. Problems and solutions will be credited to their authors. Each solution, or proposed problem, sent to the Editor should have the author's name introducing the problem or solution as on the following pages.The Editor of the department desires to serve its readers by making it interesting and helpful to them. Address suggestions and problems to G. H. Jamison, State Teachers College, Kirksville, Missouri.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Abdi S. Wali 
Published: March 2010

Book reviewed in this article: The Geometric Supposer: What Is It A Case Of?, Edited by Judah L. Schwartz, Michal Yerushalmy, and Beth Wilson. Profiles of Ecologists: Results of a Survey of the Membership of the Ecological Society of America, Marjorie M. Holland, David M. Lawrence, Deborah J. Morrin, Carol Hunsaker, David Ianoye, Anthony Janetos, H. Ronald Pulliam, William Robertson, and John Wilson. Garbage, Maria Fleming.
The role of endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration cytology in the investigation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy and masses, the North Tees experience
Authors: Natu S , Hoffman J , Siddiqui M , Hobday C , Shrimankar J , Harrison R 
Published: March 2010

AimTo assess the diagnostic role of endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration (TBNA) cytology, in the investigation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy and masses, with emphasis on pathology, criteria for adequacy, and use of liquid based cytology (LBC).MethodsIn January 2008, EBUS guided TBNA was introduced for the staging of lung cancers and for the investigation of unexplained mediastinal lymphadenopathy and masses. Initially, the material was processed conventionally. In May 2008, the laboratory procured the Cytyc T2000.Results250 specimens (229 patients) were included from January 2008 to August 2009. The overall inadequate rate was 12%; 16.6% with the conventional method, 17.2% when both conventional and LBC were used, and 9.8% with LBC. With the conventional method, an average of 7.5 slides and one cell block were received per case. With LBC, one slide and one cell block were used for diagnosis. In 72 cases (28.8%) the aspirate showed no evidence of malignancy. In 122 cases (48.8%), there was metastatic disease. In five cases (2%), a diagnosis of atypia, suspicious for non-small cell malignancy, was made. One case (0.4%) each of amyloidosis and mediastinal goitre, 3 cases (1.2%) of lymphoma, 14 cases (5.6%) of sarcoidosis and 1 case (0.4%) each of sarcoma and mesothelioma were seen.ConclusionsEBUS guided TBNA, in our experience, is a reliable technique for staging of lung cancers, and investigation of unexplained mediastinal lymphadenopathy and masses. LBC reduces the number of slides from 7.5 per case to 1 slide, reducing time required for diagnosis.
Surgical Repair of Meniscal Tears with Concomitant Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients 18 Years and Younger
Authors: Krych Aaron J. , Pitts Ryan T. , Dajani Khaled A. , Stuart Michael J. , Levy Bruce A. , Dahm Diane L. 
Published: March 2010

Background There are sparse data available regarding outcome of meniscal repair performed at the time of ACL reconstruction in the pediatric and adolescent population. Purpose To review the results of meniscal repair performed at the time of ACL reconstruction in pediatric and adolescent patients. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods The records of all patients age 18 years or younger who underwent meniscal repair at the time of ACL reconstruction between 1990 and 2005 were reviewed. Ninety-nine patients (56 female, 43 male) with an average age of 16 years (range, 13-18) were included. Average injury to surgery interval was 107 days (range, 2-1109). Clinical outcomes were assessed at a mean of 8 years postoperatively (range, 2-19). A multivariate model was used to compare this cohort with a previously published cohort of patients with isolated meniscal tears. Results The clinical success rate of meniscal repair was 84% for simple tears, 59% for displaced bucket-handle tears, and 57% for complex tears (74% overall). Twenty-six menisci (26% overall) failed repair and 25 patients underwent repeat arthroscopic surgery (19 partial meniscectomies, 6 re-repairs). The average Tegner and International Knee Documentation Committee scores were 6.2 (range, 2-10) and 90.3 (range, 52-100), respectively. Risk factors for failure included complex and bucket-handle tear (P = .01), medial meniscal tears (P = .03), and skeletal immaturity (P = .01). Compared with isolated meniscal repairs in a similar pediatric and adolescent population, complex tears repaired in combination with ACL reconstruction did significantly better (57% vs 13%; P = .004). Conclusion Clinically successful repair of meniscal tears treated at the time of ACL reconstruction in patients 18 years or younger depends on tear type, with complex and bucket-handle tears being negative prognostic factors. Complex tears have a higher rate of clinical success when repaired at the time of ACL reconstruction versus when repaired in isolation.
The meaning of art to people who use mental health services
Authors: Stacey Gemma , Stickley Theodore 
Published: March 2010

Aims: This article reports upon a research study which explored the significance of art to people who use mental health services. Method: A narrative approach to data collection was chosen as the most appropriate method of gaining in-depth stories regarding the significance of art to the person. This involved the implementation of arts based workshops and in-depth individual follow-up interviews. Results: The study offers a contribution to the debate surrounding the most appropriate research methods for identifying the relationship between the arts and health. The findings give an indication of the unique and complex meaning attached to art. It is evident that creativity represents an integral aspect of the person’s perception of themselves and that for many it is an essential component of the way they wish to live their life. The multiple benefits described by participants suggest the need for the development of creative resources within statutory mental health care, thus complementing medically based interventions. Conclusion: A research approach that is creative and consistent with empowering and inclusive practice has been employed in this study. Furthermore, greater attention in research methods to the often neglected area of people’s stories is advocated. Historically, in mental health care, people have felt oppressed by statutory service providers. Narrative approaches in research enable the person to become centre-stage, and, as a parallel to creative expression, the person is given a voice.
The role of internet technology and social branding in improving the mental health and wellbeing of young people
Authors: Nicholas Jonathan 
Published: March 2010

Aims: With large numbers of young people experiencing mental health difficulties but not seeking help, there is a need to develop not only innovative but also well-promoted strategies that are appealing to this population and reduce barriers to help seeking. Methods: Reach Out! (http://www.reachout.com.au) is presented as a case study, demonstrating an internet-based initiative that sucessfully incorporates technology and social branding to provide a service that promotes the mental health and wellbeing of young people in Australia aged 16 to 25. Results: With over seven million visits since its launch in 1998 and one in three young Australians aware of the website, Reach Out! is a trusted service that young people in Australia use when going through a tough time. Online user profiling suggests that after visiting Reach Out!, 38% of young people contact a mental health professional. The implications of these results will be discussed. Conclusions: Reach Out! can serve as a model for the social sector to utilize technology and social branding to enhance existing community-based services and promote the mental health and wellbeing of young people.
Supported further education provision for people with long-term mental health needs: Findings from a survey of further education colleges and primary care trusts across the south east of England
Authors: Morrison Ian , Clift Stephen M , Stosz Laura M 
Published: March 2010

Aim: Government policy has highlighted the need for inclusive education for people with long-term mental health needs. As a starting point, the aim of this study was to assess the extent to which further education (FE) colleges in the south east of England provide supported education for people with mental health needs, and the extent to which these organizations collaborate with local NHS primary care trusts (PCTs). Also, to assess the potential numbers of people who might benefit from fully inclusive educational provision needs assessment, together with the potential healthcare cost savings. Method: A survey was conducted of 33 multi-faculty FE colleges and 49 PCTs via structured telephone interviews with nominated representatives, in order to collect quantitative and qualitative data of the provision of supported education provision for people with mental health needs. The FE survey enquired whether they had provision for people with mental health needs, and if so, the details. The PCT survey gathered data on their caseload of standard and enhanced clients for the population covered, and the extent to which they were aware of the benefits of learning on mental health. Results: Only 15 FE colleges (45%) had some form of provision for students with long-term mental health needs, and only six PCTs (12%) provided an educational link co-ordinator. FE colleges with existing provision averaged 70 students per college, against an attainable potential target of 130 students per college. Encouragingly, cohorts of students with mental health needs were reported to have levels of ‘retention’, ‘achievement’ and ‘success’ rates that were comparable with students from the general population on mainstream courses — e.g. expected rates of around 85% retention, 75% achievement (of those retained), 65% success (overall from enrolled to achieving), with some 5% progressing to university and 12% into employment. On present levels of FE recruitment, there is a potential net saving to the taxpayer of £13 million in mental healthcare costs (around 50%) and if recruitment increased to projected levels, then the potential net saving to the taxpayer would be £26 million. The substantial estimated savings to the health budget not only shows that supported education provision in FE is effective in promoting mental health, it also indicates the high level of its cost-effectiveness. Conclusion: This research has implications for budget holders, health promotion staff and mental health teams working within a social model of health, and the collaborative use of resources to assist people recovering from or managing mental health difficulties in moving forward in their lives.
A women’s worker in court: A more appropriate service for women defendants with mental health issues?
Authors: Hean Sarah , Heaslip Vanessa , Warr Jerry , Bell Helen , Staddon Sue 
Published: March 2010

Aims: Court liaison services aim to reduce mental illness in prison through early treatment and/or diversion into care of defendants negotiating their court proceedings. However, liaison services may inadvertently contribute to gender inequalities in mental health in the prison system because women often do not access liaison services. This is attributed to services failing to recognize that women have different needs from men. To address this, it is essential that the needs of women in contact with the criminal justice system (CJS) are clearly articulated. However, there is a dearth of research that considers women’s needs at this stage of their journey through the CJS. This paper aims to identify these needs before women enter prison. It does so through an analysis of a pilot Women’s Support Service based at a magistrates’ court, a response to concerns that women were not accessing the local liaison service. Methods: Proformas were completed by a women’s specialist worker for 86 women defendants assessed over four months. Information was collected on characteristics including education, domestic violence, accommodation, physical and mental health. This specialist worker recorded the range of needs identified by defendants at assessment and the services to which women were referred. Results: Access to the Women’s Support Service is high, with only 11.3% of women refusing to use the service. Women attending have high levels of physical and mental health issues. Their mental health issues have not being addressed prior to accessing the service. Women often come from single households and environments high in domestic abuse. Women have multiple needs related to benefits, finance, housing, domestic abuse, education and career guidance. These are more frequent than those that explicitly link to mental health. The women’s worker providing the service referred women to 68 services from a wide variety of statutory and voluntary organizations. Conclusions: The Women’s Support Service is accessed by a higher number of women, many more than access the local liaison service. It is suggested that this is due to their multiple and gender-specific needs being adequately addressed by the former service and the organizations to which they are referred. Mental health needs may also be secondary to other more basic needs, which makes the generic service provided by the Women’s Support Service more appropriate than a liaison service that deals with mental health support alone.