bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Paint Coatings Tested in the Deep Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Authors: Rynewics JF 
Published: March 2009

Seven different paint coating systems were tested on structural steels, high-strength stainless steels, and aluminum alloys. The Pacific specimens were placed on the bottom in 5900 ft of water for six months while the Atlantic specimens were on the bottom at 4050 ft for more than four years.
The epoxy paint system provided good to excellent corrosion protection at both test locations.
The inorganic zinc coating provided adequate protection to the steel specimens for six months in the Pacific Ocean, but would have to be at least 0.010 to 0.020 in. thick to be effective for up to one year.
The two stainless steels Almar 362 and Carpenter 455 were highly susceptible to crevice corrosion when not coated. Uncoated specimens suffered from crevice attack in the same manner as types 302, 303, and 304 stainless steel.
The cathodic protection achieved by the inorganic zinc coating on steel specimens indicates that cathodic protection is a practical method of corrosion control in the deep ocean.
Summary of Complex Modulus Laboratory Test Procedures and Results
Authors: Witczak MW , Root RE 
Published: March 2009

The fundamental properties of an asphalt mixture are an important input to the new design procedures being developed. The complex modulus test, which measures both elastic and viscous material properties, is one of the several tests available for use with these procedures. In order to use these test results for design, it is necessary to assume that the mixture exhibits both linear and isotropic behavior. A review of current literature is presented which shows both assumptions valid for the elastic properties of an asphalt mixture under certain limiting conditions. The literature review is also used to provide background information for the development of a standard test method by defining the effect of test variables on complex modulus results.
The results of a study of complex modulus data from both cored specimens and laboratory molded specimens are used to determine testing variability associated with various testing strategies. The testing error for the elastic part of the complex modulus, as defined by the coefficient of variation is equal to 4 percent for cored specimens and 8 percent for laboratory molded specimens. The variation between specimens was 8 and 17 percent, respectively, for laboratory molded and field cored specimens. Based on these results, a testing strategy consisting of three specimens tested twice at each test condition for laboratory molded specimens, and six specimens tested once at each test condition for cored specimens is recommended.
The final section of the paper develops a method of predicting the elastic component of complex modulus. An equation is presented which can be used to predict this value from the results of the flexural fatigue tests.
Nonstandard Test Techniques Utilizing the Instrumented Charpy and Izod Tests
Authors: Server WL , Ireland DR 
Published: March 2009

The Charpy impact test is rapidly being upgraded to include instrumentation for revealing the load history of the specimen while it is being fractured in three-point bending. Unfortunately, similar interest in upgrading the Izod test (cantilever bending) has been notably lacking. The first part of this paper discusses the results of a recent study of techniques for instrumenting the Izod test. Results from both standard and nonstandard Izod specimen tests are compared with similar results from instrumented Charpy tests. Also included are the results of instrumented Izod tests of tubular specimens of aluminum, steel, and composite materials.
Instrumented low-blow testing and three-point bend testing of ring-shaped specimens are typical variations of the instrumented Charpy impact test. These two test techniques are also discussed in this paper. There is hope that these and other variations in test techniques will lead to new inexpensive methods of evaluating material and small structure behavior under adverse loading conditions.
Applied Cavitation Erosion Testing
Authors: Tichler JW , de Gee AWJ , van Elst HC 
Published: March 2009

When a material has to be applied on locations where cavitation is expected, the resistance against uniform material removal from the surface (Re) and the resistance against pit formation (rp) are of paramount importance.
Experiments with steels and copper-nickel alloys showed that for these materials Re is proportional to the true ultimate tensile strength (σB*) to the 2.3rd power. The tests with the steels were performed under different pressures and at different temperatures. It was found that variations in pressure and temperature did not affect the value of the power exponent. It was further shown that deformation can have a considerable and essentially unpredictable influence on the erosion resistance of materials with a relatively complicated structure. In particular grain boundary precipitation is important in this respect.
Experiments with nitriding steel, carburizing steel, maraging steel, and two cobalt alloys in different conditions of application showed that rp is determined primarily by the structure of the materials. In this case the product of Re and rp (that is, the time to pitting tp) was found to be particularly useful for screening purposes. In the mechanism of pit formation, surface fatigue as well as corrosion can play important roles.
Influence of Physical Properties of the Liquid on the Erosion of Solids
Authors: Rochester MC , Brunton JH 
Published: March 2009

Results are presented for the erosion of nickel in a series of experiments involving ten different liquids chosen so that the effects of density, acoustic impedance, and viscosity could be investigated separately. The shape of the erosion curve was not greatly affected by changes in the physical properties of the liquid. The level of damage in all stages of erosion was strongly dependent on acoustic impedence and viscosity; changes in density affected only the later stages of erosion. When carbon tetrachloride was used as the eroding fluid it was found that the damage during the second stage of erosion was proportional to the fifth power of the impact velocity, a result similar to that reported for water.
Measurements of the impact pressure distribution under the surface of a 5.0-mm-diameter water drop at velocities up to 140 m/s are presented. The distribution was found to be symmetrical about the center of impact with a central maximum of 0.7 poCoV. The distribution along the central axis of the drop was also measured. No evidence of high pressures other than at the center of impact was found.
Studies on Cavitation Damages
Authors: Erdmann-Jesnitzer F , Louis H 
Published: March 2009

Tests in a new chamber for flow cavitation led to damages which are characteristic of erosive destruction caused by imploding cavitation bubbles. To develop material of greater cavitation resistance, it is necessary to find out exactly the different stages of damage. To do this, we started to examine model materials in a special testing chamber.
In the case of soft aluminum, these damages, caused by single imploding bubbles, give an idea about the way of load that is the effect due to micro-liquid-jets which impact the specimen surface under special conditions. Typical stages of deformations, formation of cracks and fractures are described with regard to the structures of the model materials by scanning electron microscope.
To transfer the different stages of damages from one material to others of the same crystalline structure, changes at different stages caused by the different mechanical properties, for example, as in the case of copper, must be taken into consideration.
A New Method for Testing Brake Lining Materials
Authors: Begelinger A , de Gee AWJ 
Published: March 2009

A new method for testing brake lining materials in the laboratory is described. This method is essentially isothermal by nature, thus avoiding the usual problems associated with differences between the heat-transfer characteristics of brake assemblies in road vehicles and those of laboratory test rigs. As an example of application of the method, friction-time-temperature curves of five different brake lining materials are presented and discussed in terms of time- and temperature-depending transformations in the composition of the lining materials.
The quality of the materials is described by the following properties: temperature range in which glazing effects occur; temperature range in which carbonization effects occur; steady-state value of the coefficient of friction; wear (decrease in thickness) of the lining; and sensitivity of the lining material to moisture.
Metrication—How One Small Company Did It
Authors: Fontaine RE 
Published: March 2009

Since its founding in 1888, Morgan Construction Company has been a leader in the manufacture of rod and bar mills for rolling both ferrous and non-ferrous products. Although, Morgan's first experience with metrication came in the 1920's, it was not until 1970 that a concentrated effort was made to convert its design and manufacturing operations to the metric system. The decision to “go metric” resulted in part from a desire to accommodate foreign licensees; the major pressure for change, however, came from an increasing foreign market.
In August of 1970, Morgan set up a twenty-man task group, representing a cross section of its drafting talent, to start a pilot program converting an existing design from traditional inch dimensions to metric. The task was not easy. There was no single set of standards for metric design; instead, there was a proliferation of standards. The first step was to catalog existing metric standards, and develop a single interim metric standard for use at Morgan. The conversion processes started concurrently with the development of standards.
After some trial and error, it was determined that the most effective method of converting an existing inch drawing to metric is to: photographically generate an undimensioned copy of the inch drawing; calculate new dimensions in millimeters; round off calculations in accordance with the interim standards; and then add the new dimensions to the photographic copy to make a new drawing. The finished metric drawing is then checked and processed in the same manner as inch drawings. New drawings with no inch drawing equivalent are developed entirely in the metric system.
Manufacturing from metric drawings progressed well; however, there were problems working with machine tools with inch readouts. All new machine tools have been purchased with both inch and metric readouts to simplify the problem. Metric gearing can be cut on existing gear cutting machines, but metric threads required new tools. The inspection department uses instruments with metric readouts.
Continuing problems include the availability of metric components; the lack of standard metric structural shapes and plate thicknesses; a lack of English-language reference books; and the variety of existing metric standards. The people problem remains as a major hurdle. Draftsmen, long accustomed to thinking in inches, have difficulty thinking in millimeters; and, once a draftsman has become adjusted to metric standards, he frequently has difficulty reverting to inch standards.
Overall, Morgan has made many crucial decisions that have led to a relatively smooth transition to both metric design and manufacture. Morgan has not solved all the problems of converting to metrics, but has now produced more than 10 000 metric drawings that have been used to manufacture and install 16 mills in seven countries successfully.
Discussion of ASTM Method for Rating Inclusions
Authors: Donze JJ 
Published: March 2009

Since nonmetallic inclusions are always present in steel, it is important to identify and classify the size and type of inclusion. ASTM has set up basic guidelines obtaining samples and rating the inclusion. Under microscopic examination, the size, distribution, number, and type of inclusions are examined and compared to various standard ASTM charts.
The examination and rating of six samples taken in a systematic way as outlined by an ASTM procedure generates the nonmetallic inclusion rating for that heat. There are four ASTM bearing specifications that cover different grades of steel used in the bearing industry: ASTM Specification for High-Carbon-Chromium Ball and Roller-Bearing Steel (A 295-70); ASTM Specification for High Hardenability Bearing Steels (A 485-63); ASTM Specification for Carburizing Steels for Anti-Friction Bearings (A 534-65); and, ASTM Specification for Special Quality Ball and Roller Bearing Steel (A 535-65).
The ASTM method of evaluating bearing steels is commercially oriented to enable the steel producer to consistently evaluate numerous heats of steel.
Vibration Testing as a Nondestructive Test Tool for Composite Materials
Authors: Adams RD , Walton D , Flitcroft JE , Short D 
Published: March 2009

Certain failures, such as resin bound shear cracks in fiber-reinforced materials, give rise to little change in ultrasonic attenuation or radiographic transmission but can result in significant reductions in material properties. A vibration technique is being evaluated as a nondestructive test tool under such conditions. The work described forms the first part of this evaluation program and concerns unidirectional carbon and glass fiber reinforced plastic subjected to static and dynamic torsional loading. The results and techniques will eventually be applied to complex composite structures.
In the static torsion test program, ‘good,’ void-free specimens failed at shear stresses of between 52 and 60 MN/m2 (carbon fiber) and between 56 and 62 MN/m2 (glass fiber) in a very brittle manner. The cracks thus generated led to substantial changes in the dynamic (vibration) test data. Specimens containing voids failed at lower shear stresses and less catastrophically.
In torsional fatigue, all failures occurred by the propagation of resin-bound shear cracks at shear stresses below the static strength of the material. The dynamic (vibration) test parameters showed permanent and progressive changes due to the accumulation of fatigue damage. Crack development was observed visually in the glass fiber specimens and broadly related to the changes in the dynamic properties.
Application of a Special X-Ray Nondestructive Testing Technique for Monitoring Damage Zone Growth in Composite Laminates
Authors: Chang FH , Couchman JC , Eisenmann JR , Yee BGW 
Published: March 2009

A modified X-ray nondestructive testing technique was used to study matrix cracks parallel to fibers and delaminations between plies in graphite-epoxy composite material. A tetrabromoethane (TBE) opaque additive applied at the source of the damage zones enhanced the flaw image.
Center-slit specimens were fabricated from Modmor II/Narmco 5208 graphite-epoxy laminates with three different ply orientations. Tensile ramp and sawtooth cyclic loadings at different levels were applied to these specimens. Periodic X-ray monitoring was conducted to observe the initiation and growth of cracks and delaminations at the slit tips. The initiation of damage zones appeared as fiber separation in the ±45-deg directions tangent to the semicircular periphery of the cutout tips. As the load level was increased, this fiber separation continued while fiber separation at other locations also appeared.
Delamination first occurred at approximately the same time as fiber separation. The delaminated area was found to surround the most severe fiber separation region and grew in size as the load level was increased.
Limited test results indicated a slow and an accelerated damage growth rate during ramp loading. For cyclic loading the majority of growth occurred on the first load cycle. Subsequent cyclic loading to the same level contributed little additional growth in the majority cases.
Determination of Fracture Strength in Orthotropic Graphite-Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Konish HJ , Cruse TA 
Published: March 2009

A fracture test program performed on orthotropic graphite-epoxy laminates is reported. The test data are used to evaluate the effects of specimen size and specimen configuration on the measured value of laminate fracture strength. It is shown that apparent fracture strength is independent of specimen configuration and specimen thickness, but varies significantly with respect to crack length. As crack length increases, however, the apparent fracture strength is found to asymptotically approach a limiting value, taken to be the valid laminate fracture toughness.
The test data are also used to evaluate two analytical models for predicting laminate fracture toughness. The first model links basic ply properties and the fracture toughness of angle-ply laminates, while the second model relates the fracture toughness of an arbitrary orthotropic laminate to the fracture properties of its angle-ply components. Both models show good agreement with the test data.
It is concluded that linear elastic fracture mechanics does provide a meaningful characterization of crack growth in orthotropic composite laminates, if some specified conditions are met. Study of cases which do not meet these conditions is recommended for future work.
Thermal Conductivity of High-Modulus Carbon Fibers
Authors: Kalnin IL 
Published: March 2009

The axial thermal conductivity of high-modulus carbon fibers near room temperature is determined from the measured thermal conductivity of their unidirectional composites and also directly on a dry fiber bundle. A device providing the necessary thermal and electrical connections to the heated fiber bundle is described.
The thermal conductivity of 14 commercial carbon fiber grades ranged from 1.42 W/cm °C for the highest-modulus (GY-70) fiber to 0.03 for the low-modulus (VYB) one. Correlations are given between the thermal and the electrical conductivities and the fiber moduli. Above 0.1 W/cm °C the thermal conductivity increases linearly with the electrical conductivity or the elastic modulus, whereas below that value it becomes nearly independent of modulus, and is accompanied by a sharply decreased electrical conductivity.
Working with Borderline Aggregates
Authors: Dolar-Mantuani L 
Published: March 2009

Borderline aggregates are those that do not meet all of the requirements for satisfactory aggregate but may be suitable for applications where inadequacies of the aggregate will not have a significant adverse effect on the life or performance of the concrete. The borderline quality is determined usually by standard acceptance tests using generally agreed upon acceptance limits, and by standard and specific tests with specially set acceptance limits.
A thorough knowledge of both the aggregate characteristics and the specific properties needed in the concrete is essential to properly assess a borderline aggregate for any application. Petrographic examinations help to identify the deficiencies. In many applications, when comparing the properties of borderline aggregates with requirements of the job, it may be helpful to consider the strength and durability factors separately.
Methods which help to ensure safe use of borderline aggregates and the principal beneficiation methods which can be used to improve the quality of aggregates are listed and examples are given.
Suitability of Shale as a Construction Material
Authors: Reidenouer DR , Geiger EG , Howe RH 
Published: March 2009

A study of many shale-like rocks from Pennsylvania was made to develop a material specification which would define shales suitable for use in appropriate types of construction. Specimens of shale were subjected to a wide variety of physical, chemical, and petrographic analyses.
A simple classification of argillaceous rocks shows the nomenclature of shale-like rocks. A two-part test procedure was developed for rapid acceptance or rejection of shales in the field: screen by on-site observation of lamination thickness and weathering characteristics, and make final selections by using both an ethylene glycol soaking test and a modified Washington degradation test. Limiting values of the Washington degradation factor have been selected for specific uses of shale in construction.
Gas Turbine Emission Measurement Instrument Calibration
Authors: Dieck RH 
Published: March 2009

Fundamental to valid emission measurements is the proper calibration of the measurement instrumentation. This paper addresses the problems associated with instrument calibration and assesses the role of instrument uncertainty in the complete analysis of error. A review of the need for instrument calibration is included, as is a discussion of the basic methodology required, from securing the necessary calibration data to its evaluation in a statistical framework.
Topics necessary for proper instrument calibration and uncertainty assessment included are: proper choice of units, definition of terms, calibration to calibration precision and its variability, calibration curve fitting, calibration curve shifts and their evaluation, errors common to instruments in systems, comparisons to other identical instruments, and evaluation of manufacturers' statements.
In addition, a comparison of typical instrument performance with that required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is made.
Finally, the need for real-time assessment of instrument precision is discussed, and an example of how it has been achieved at Pratt and Whitney Aircraft is presented.
Stability of Nitric Oxide Calibration Gas Mixtures in Compressed Gas Cylinders
Authors: Lee WG , Paine JA 
Published: March 2009

A preliminary experimental study has been made to determine the factor affecting the stability of reactive calibrations gas mixtures. The model system selected for study was nitric oxide (NO), at various concentrations in nitrogen, argon, and helium as the inert diluting gas. Quantitative data have been obtained which indicate that cylinder conditioning and concentration of the mixture are major factors affecting shelf life. Total mixture pressure and temperature cycling appear to play a minor role in stability, except at low parts-per-million concentrations. No major differences were found in comparing mixture stability in stainless versus chrome-molybdenum steel.
It was observed that the chemiluminescence detecting principle for determining NO appears sensitive to the inert matrix gas used in mixtures. The measured concentration of NO in the mixture varies with the molecular weight of the inert gas.
Role of The National Bureau of Standards in Calibration Problems Associated with Air Pollution Measurements
Authors: Hughes EE 
Published: March 2009

The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) produces a limited number of Standard Reference Materials (SRM's) for air pollution and related analyses. The effort involved in the preparation and certification of these standards precludes production in large quantities or of great variety. The requirements for accuracy and stability of samples necessitate a considerable research effort prior to production of the actual SRM's. The decision as to what gas mixtures will be prepared as SRM's is based primarily on a demonstrated need modified by anticipated demand and by other obligations of the SRM program. The demand for these SRM's is increasing, and maintaining stocks of current SRM's must compete with the necessary research prior to issuance of new SRM's.
Comparisons are presented of independent analyses of a number of SRM's currently in use for measurement of automotive emissions.