bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A qualitative exploration into how the use of prayer in counselling and psychotherapy might be ethically problematic
Authors: Gubi Peter Madsen 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim: This research article contributes to the debate on the value and limitation of the use of spiritual strategies, like prayer, in counselling (Foskett & Lynch, 2001) by disseminating the insights that were gained from a qualitative study of mainstream counsellors whose work includes prayer. Method: Participants were 19 British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP)‐accredited and Churches Ministerial Counselling Service (CMCS)‐approved counsellors who use prayer in their practice. They were interviewed, and the data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results: The data reveal that counsellors who use prayer are aware that ethical problems may be encountered: if prayer changes the way that the counsellor is perceived; when using prayer with issues of psychopathology; if the counsellor uses prayer to impose faith on a client; when being professionally held to account; if prayer is used for avoidance or as a defence; if prayer is used to enhance the counsellor's power; if prayer is not part of the client's agenda; if prayer is used routinely; if prayer cannot be challenged; if there is a cultural pressure to pray; and if the prayer method is not matched to the client – but that their concern over potential ethical issues is not of sufficient strength to override their therapeutic use of prayer if facilitated with due care.
3 Companionate Marriage
Authors: Simmons Christina 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
By the 1920s, as sex radicals were silenced by the Red Scare, more conventional reformers—social scientists and ex‐radicals—developed the concept of companionate marriage, to adapt marriage to a growing youth culture, women's independence and civil equality, and a more consumer‐oriented middle class. Figures like Judge Ben Lindsey, author of Companionate Marriage, portrayed sexual intimacy as the cement of marriage and birth control as a necessary support; they called for greater privacy and freedom from parental control for young couples; and they demanded sexual and psychological equality for women. Companionate marriage reflected a more individualistic society and a vision of marriage as the union of two individuals bonded through sexual love, rather than the traditional institution of childbearing, kin, and property relations.
4 Modern Marriage: Three Visions
Authors: Simmons Christina 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Novelists as well as reformers in the interwar period depicted three competing versions of companionate marriage. The most widespread was “flapper marriage,” which modernized but did not really confront male dominance. Its proponents acclaimed flapper wives who had rejected demure styles of femininity, but they demonized powerful matriarchs and independent career women. African Americans imagined “partnership marriage,” in which marital roles were less distinct, wives were often employed, and marriage was more anchored in wider kin and community networks. Black and white feminists sought “feminist marriage,” in which not only sex but also paid work and household labor involved greater equality between women and men. Although all versions accepted more individual freedom in style and public behavior than Victorian mores allowed, only African Americans seriously supported individual freedom to choose marriage partners across racial lines.
Morphology of central nervous system axons
Authors: HIRANO ASAO , LLENA JOSEFINA F. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the fundamental structure of the normal central myelinated axons, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Topics covered include the relationship between myelin and axon the central nervous system, cross section of the myelin sheath, cross section of the axon, longitudinal views of the myelin sheath and the axon, model of the myelin sheath, and comparison of central and peripheral myelinated axons.
Development of axons: Calcium, steering, and the growth cone
Authors: DAVENPORT ROGER W. , BOLSOVER STEPHEN R. , KATER S. B. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines the control mechanisms underlying the establishment, modification, and repair of nervous systems as they reside at the level of the neuronal growth cone. It begins with a brief history and then outlines some of the essential morphological and structural features of neuronal growth cones. It discusses recent studies of the effects that physiological guidance cues exert on growth cone behavior and the role of the intracellular messenger calcium in controlling both overall growth cone behavior and neuronal pathfinding.
Diffuse axonal injury
Authors: POVLISHOCK JOHN T. , CHRISTMAN CAROLE W. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the factors involved in the genesis of diffuse axonal injury and the factors involved in its attendant morbidity. Topics covered include the pathobiology of brain injury, evidence for injury of axons in human traumatic brain injury, evidence for the occurrence of diffuse axonal injury in experimental animals, pathogenesis of diffuse axonal injury in experimental animal models, and consequences of diffuse axonal injury.
Role of cellular interactions in axonal growth and regeneration
Authors: McKERRACHER LISA , JULIEN JEAN-PIERRE , AGUAYO ALBERT J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter considers how growth cone motility and changes in the neuronal cytoskeleton are modulated by cues from the local environment. It begins by examining the mechanisms by which positive and negative environmental cues guide growing axons. It then discusses the various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can modulate changes in axonal caliber. Finally, the chapter examines the critical role of axonal environments in neuronal survival and axonal regeneration after injury.
Clinical aspects of traumatic injury to central nervous system axons
Authors: DIMITRIJEVIC MILAN R. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins by describing the features of segmental reflex activities in patients with chronic and clinically complete spinal cord injury. It then presents evidence that some of those features result from residual descending brain influence. Evidence is offered that such residual central nervous system (CNS) axons can mediate volitionally induced generalized and localized facilitation and suppression of motor units in clinically paralyzed muscles. Finally, the chapter discusses clinical and neurophysiological observations about the late recovery of CNS axonal function.
Introduction
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the possible meanings of images of gods performing religious rituals, which was prompted by vase painting ascribed to the Berlin painter, one of the great masters of ancient Greek vase-painting. It argues that it is virtually impossible to solve the hermeneutical problem of the “libating gods” in ancient Greek vase painting by staying within the evidence afforded by the tradition. We need to look elsewhere, and we need to subject these images to the multiple recombination afforded only through comparative analysis. Similar images from other religions of the world are then considered in this chapter. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Iconographic Evidence
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the more important iconographic issues pertaining to the Greek evidence for the theme of “gods pouring libations”, namely, that of red-figure vase-painting. It draws from a representative catalogue of such vases from the late archaic, classical, and Hellenistic periods of antiquity, and includes an analysis of their cultic features.
Zoroastrian Heresy: Zurvān's Thousand-Year Sacrifice
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines an ultimately heretical but historically influential Zoroastrian creation myth, the thousand-year sacrifice performed by the high god Zurvān. It argues that the high profile of ritual sacrifice in the Zurvanite cosmogony was introduced for reasons that were external to the myth. However, these motives bore a strong correlation to developments in Zoroastrianism and its priesthood during a decline in the Arsacid period and aggressive renaissance during the Sasanian period in Iran.
The Observant God of the Talmud
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines talmudic passages mentioned concerning God's piety, drawing from the cultic prescriptions set forth in the Pentateuch, the exegesis on the aqedah (binding of Isaac) in Christian theologies of the crucifixion, and Christ's multivalent sacrificial and sacerdotal roles in the Eucharist. It argues that the talmudic representation of God's own worship was introduced to serve specific motives that were in fact historically crucial to the survival of Judaism. The Talmud envisions these scenes at a particular moment, a time of great loss and danger to orthopraxy. Upon closer examination, each of God's ritual actions, taken within their greater liturgical and theological context, do not necessarily correspond to human praxis on a one-to-one basis; rather, they reveal a kind of analogical patterning, as divine participatory acts of piety similar to those of human beings, but with ritual features that are unique to God.
“God and His Angels Pray for the Prophet”: A Qurʾānic Paradigm
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines the problem of the God and the angels' ṣallāt for Muhammad described in Sūrah 33:56 of the Qurān. Specifically, it addresses the question of whether God, whose transcendence Islam describes as inconceivable, and who cannot be limited, really “prays for” the Prophet, one of his own creatures. It argues that two elements support and ratify, rather than undermine, a literal interpretation of Sūrah 33:56—“God prays for the Prophet”— which is the phrase's most obvious and at the same time its deepest meaning. The first is one of the most essential metaphysical qualities of God (ṣifāt Allāh) as defined by Islam—his self-sufficiency, embodied in the names of al-qayyūm (the self-subsisting) and al-ghanī (the self-sufficing). Second is his reciprocal relationship to the cultic life of Islam, both directly and as mediated by the Prophet.
Introduction
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the lack of information on the fiber pathways that link the different components of the distributed neural system. It argues that understanding the white matter tracts is a pivotal step in the further elaboration of knowledge of brain structure and function, particularly with regard to the anatomic substrates of higher-order behavior. It considers available technologies to study white matter pathways, including magnetic resonance tractography. It then describes the purpose of this book, which is to outline the different white matter pathways of the cerebral hemispheres using the autoradiographic technique in the animal model. The book aims to aid in the understanding of the organization of the fibers that emanate from the cerebral cortex, the “parent” node in the distributed system.
White Matter Pathways in Early Neuroscience
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents a comprehensive historical review of the evolution of ideas and observations about the structure and function of white matter. This historical review is undertaken in the light of historian Max Neuburger's (1868-1955) statement that understanding the achievements of modern science “is inconceivable without a knowledge of the history of its development and growth, its origins and sources”.
Cingulate Cortex
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes the isotope injection cases in the cingulate gyrus of two rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as well as the cortical and subcortical terminations. The injections were in the retrosplenial cortex in area 30 and in area 23 (Case 22) and in the rostral cingulated gyrus in area 24 (Case 23).
Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus and Arcuate Fasciculus
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and the arcuate fasciculus (AF) have long been considered synonymous in the human, and these names have been used interchangeably. According to observations in the monkey, however, they are separate entities. The SLF comprises three subcomponents (SLF I, II, and III) linking the parietal lobe association cortices with the frontal lobe. The AF, by contrast, appears to be separate and distinct from the SLF. This chapter presents a historical account of SLF and AF. It reviews the origins of the earlier notions and how the understanding of these fiber bundles became embedded in neurological anatomy and perpetuated in current terminology.
Middle Longitudinal Fasciculus
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the middle longitudinal fasciculus (MdLF) of rhesus monkey brains. Observations confirm the presence of the MdLF pathway that lies in the white matter of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and extends from the caudal end of the STG to the temporal pole. In addition to the fibers within the MdLF that arise in the caudal inferior parietal lobule and terminate in the STG and the cortex of the superior temporal sulcus, researchers observed that the MdLF conveys fibers from the caudal cingulated gyrus and the middle sector of the parahippocampal gyrus toward the multimodal cortex (area TPO and PGa) in the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus. Further, the MdLF links caudal with rostral sectors within the superior temporal region itself. In addition, fibers arise from the lateral and orbital prefrontal cortices and travel caudally first in the extreme capsule, and then within the MdLF to terminate in area TPO.
Uncinate Fasciculus
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the uncinate fasciculus (UF) of rhesus monkey brains. It shows that the UF is a bidirectional pathway that preferentially links the anterior temporal lobe with the medial and orbital prefrontal cortex. Fibers from the rostral part of the superior temporal gyrus (temporal proisocortex and area TS1) and the inferotemporal region (areas TE1 and TEa) ascend in the temporal stem, where they are positioned rostral to the most anteriorly situated fibers of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. The uncinate fibers then aggregate lateral to the ventral part of the claustrum, situated medial to the insular cortex, and below and medial to the fibers of the extreme capsule. They then move medially through the limen insula into the white matter of the orbital cortex.
Cingulum Bundle
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the cingulum bundle (CB) of rhesus monkey brains. The observations regarding the location and course of the CB are in general agreement with the conclusions of earlier investigators. The CB stretches from the frontal lobe around the rostrum and genu of the corpus callosum, extends caudally above the corpus callosum lateral to the cingulate gyrus, curves ventrally around the splenium, and then lies in the white matter of the ventral part of the temporal lobe— the parahippocampal gyrus. The confusing nomenclature used to designate the various components of the CB appears to be a result of the complexity of the white matter tracts conveyed within and through it. The CB may be conceptualized in the same manner as the white matter underlying any other cortical region in that it conveys long association, short association, striatal, subcortical (including thalamic and pontine), and commissural fibers.
Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with a historical overview of two systems: the true inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) and the sagittal stratum. It then discusses the results of the investigation of the ILF of rhesus monkey brains. Among these is the observation that the ILF is a long association fiber system that runs in the white matter of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. It is the preeminent fiber tract that conveys information in a bidirectional manner between the occipital lobe (preoccipital gyrus) and the temporal lobe.
Anterior Commissure
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with historical accounts of the anterior commissure (AC). It then discusses the results of the investigation of the AC of rhesus monkey brains. It shows that the AC traverses the midline as a compact and prominent fiber bundle located immediately in front of the anterior columns of the fornix, situated above the basal forebrain and beneath the medial and ventral aspect of the anterior limb of the internal capsule. In the hemisphere it moves caudally and passes laterally through the ventral aspect of the globus pallidus. It continues laterally beneath the putamen and descends lateral to the amygdala into the temporal stem. Further caudally, the AC is located lateral to the ventral aspect of the putamen and the tail of the caudate nucleus and medial to the ventral aspect of the claustrum.
Hippocampal Commissures
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In addition to the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, there are three other fiber systems that link the ventral limbic and paralimbic regions across the hemispheres. In the present study, only Case 13 showed fibers in one of these commissures. This chapter focuses on hippocampal commissures. It theorizes that their role may be related, at least in part, to declarative learning and memory, which have been shown to depend on the integrity of structures in the medial temporal lobe that are linked by these commissures.
Conclusions
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts. It shows that all fiber pathways are precisely arranged into bundles that link specific brain regions, and in many instances there is topographical organization within the bundles themselves, determined by the site of origin of the fibers in the cerebral cortex. The association, commissural, and corticothalamic fibers convey information in a bidirectional manner. The dichotomy of cerebral function and association pathways and the significance of the current work are discussed.
What is the Function of the Thalamus?
Authors: Sherman S. Murray 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the function of the thalamus. It suggests insights that indicate that the relay role of the thalamus is complex and dynamically changing in ways that influence the nature of information reaching the cortex. Based on a new interpretation of a variety of data, it suggests that the thalamus does not merely relay information up to the cortex but also serves a vital role in corticocortical communication.
What Is Fed Back?
Authors: Bullier Jean 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe 21st century brought about a shift in the types of models used to explain the processing of sensory information by the cerebral cortex. Until now, these models have overwhelmingly emphasized the feedforward direction for the transfer of sensory information, and it is only recently that a more balanced view of the cortical network has emerged. This chapter summarizes this evolution and focuses on the question of the role of feedback connections in the processing of sensory information. It uses the visual system as a model since most of what is known concerning the processing of sensory inputs by the brain comes from studying that system.
What Is the Neural Code?
Authors: van Vreeswijk C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question: What is the code which areas in the cortex use to exchange information? The chapter presents a model of a cortical network that is capable of reacting rapidly to changes in the stimuli and shows that such a model has as a byproduct highly irregular activity of the individual cells. It argues that neurons in the brain do indeed communicate through a rate code. While this may be the rule, there are undoubtedly exceptions. It seems quite clear for example that the primary auditory cortex does not use a rate code. This may be because a noisy rate code is not well suited to encode naturally occurring auditory signals.
What Is the Other 85 Percent of V1 Doing?
Authors: Olshausen Bruno A. , Field David J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe primary visual cortex (area V1) of mammals has been the subject of intense study for at least four decades. This chapter identifies five fundamental problems with the reductionist approach that have led to the current view of V1 as a Gabor filter bank. It considers two important factors: an estimate of the fraction of V1 neuron types that have actually been characterized and the fraction of variance explained in the responses of these neurons under natural viewing conditions. Together, these show that at present we can rightfully claim to understand only 10 to 20% of how V1 actually operates under normal conditions. The goal in pointing out these things is not simply to tear down the current framework, but rather to make room for new theories that are essential for understanding V1 and its relation to perception.
Which Computation Runs in Visual Cortical Columns?
Authors: Zucker Steven W. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
There is a substantial divide in computational neuroscience, separating the modeling of neurons at a biophysical level from the modeling of function at an information processing level. This chapter focuses on the second, information processing level, and raises a series of questions about it. It considers early vision, and representational structure emerged regarding tangents, curvatures, and continuity. That is, problem instances were formulated using the structure of differential geometry. This is not unexpected, given that differential geometry is the natural mathematics of surfaces and objects. For computation, linear complementarity emerged as a generalization of columnar operations. Algorithms for solving linear complementarity problems provided new insight into finding fast solutions by neural mechanisms. In all of the above cases, it was clear that the resulting networks are quite plausible; but starting only with network components, it seems implausible that all of the above abstract functions would have been inferred.
What Are the Projective Fields of Cortical Neurons?
Authors: Sejnowski Terrence J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter proposes a line of research that could help uncover new principles of cortical function. It shows that projective fields of interacting assemblies of neurons provide the basic “keyboard” for the brain's interaction with the world and with itself. By combining information about the receptive and projective fields of cortical neurons, an overall picture should emerge of how autonomous behaviors arise from dynamic brain states.