bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of cellular activation of retroviral replication by CD8+ T cells derived from non-human primates
Authors: POWELL J D , BEDNARIK D P , FOLKS T M , JEHUDA-COHEN T , VILLINGER F , SELL K W , ANSARI A A 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYTo test the hypothesis that CD8+ T cells inhibit viral replication at the level of cellular activation, an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed cell line (FEcl) from a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-seropositive sooty mangabey monkey was transfected with a human CD4 gene and shown to be replication-competent for HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV. Utilizing a dual-chamber culture system, it was found that inhibition of viral replication can be mediated by a soluble factor. The FEcl cell line was transiently transfected with an LTR-driven CAT reporter gene. It was found that autologous CD8+ T cells markedly inhibited CAT activity. Furthermore, co-transfection of the FEcl cell line with an LTR-driven tat plasmid and LTR-CAT was able to quantitatively mitigate the suppressive effect. Thus, this inhibition appears to be directed at cellular mechanisms of viral transcription. Control transfections with an LTR-driven CAT plasmid with a mutation at the NFkB binding site yielded no CAT activity, suggesting that most viral replication as measured by CAT activity is dependent, to a large extent, upon cellularly derived NFkB binding proteins.
Soluble pIasma IL-2 receptors and maIaria
Authors: RILEY E M , ROWE P , ALLEN S J , GREENWOOD B M 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYPIasma levels of soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) were measured by immunoassay in 180 individuals, aged 1–70 years, living in a maIaria-endemic community in West Africa. slL-2R levels were compared with age. maIaria parasitacmia. maIaria-associated morbidity and cellular immune responses to PIasmodium falciparum antigens. PIasma levels of sIL-2R were independently associated with both age and patent maIaria parasitacmia. No significant association was observed between IL-2R levels and concurrent maIaria morbidity (i.e. Fever associated with maIaria), but the number of individuals with clinical maIaria at the time of sampling was small. Although there was no association between pIasma sIL-2R levels and in vitro proliferativc responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to a number of defined maIaria antigens, we did find a significant negative association between sIL-2R and in vitro proliferation of unslimulatcd PBMC. High levels of sIL-2R (up to 5500 U ml) were detected in the pIasma of maIaria-infected individuals: this is indicative of a vigorous cellular immune response to malaria antigens in vivo and does not support the notion that maIaria infections are generally immunosuppressive. Indeed, we found that, at the low levels of parasitacmia present in study subjects, there was no significant difference in the mean prolifcrative response to maIaria antigens in infected subjects when compared with uninfected subjects.
Primary structure of a variable region of the VκI subgroup (ISE) in light chain deposition disease
Authors: ROCCA A , KHAMLICHI A A , AUCOUTURIER P , NOËL L-H , DENOROY L , PREUD'HOMME J-L , COGNÉ M 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYAlthough structural abnormalities of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains (LC) are suspected to play a determinant role in non-amyloid light chain deposition disease (LCDD), this condition is as yet poorly documented at the molecular level, since only three sequences have been reported to date. In a case of myeloma-associated LCDD, the patient's urine contained an unglycosylated κ Bence Jones protein made up of dimers and monomers with an apparent molecular mass of 25000 which was assigned to the VκI subgroup by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. The complete variable region sequence of the monoclonal κ chain produced by the malignant plasma cells was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using small amounts of material obtained by bone marrow aspiration. The sequence of three independently amplified cDNA clones derived from a normal-sized κ messenger RNA was identical to that of the urinary κ chain. The κ mRNA had an overall normal structure made up of a VκI sequence rearranged to JκI- Several unusual features of the variable region (the first complete VκI sequence reported in LCDD) included three substitutions that introduced hydrophobic residues at spatially close positions. The strategy associating N-terminal sequence determination and cDNA cloning by PCR could help in accumulating new sequence data and improving our understanding of LCDD pathogenesis.
Renal fibroblasts are sensitive to growth-repressing and matrix-reducing factors from activated lymphocytes
Authors: KITAMURA A , KITAMURA M , NAGASAWA R , MARUYAMA N , MITARAI T , TAKAHASHI T , ISODA K 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYVarious forms of nephropathy accompany interstitial fibrosis with lymphocytic infiltration. To probe the relationship between lymphocyte-derived factors and renal fibroblasts, we studied the effect of culture supernatant from lymphocytes stimulated by concanavalin A (ConASN) on the growth and matrix metabolism of rat kidney fibroblasts. 3H-thymidine incorporation and Northern analysis, respectively, revealed that ConASN repressed cell growth and the mRNA level of collagen type l, but dramatically elevated the steady-state expression of metalloproteinase transin/stromelysin. The growth inhibitor in ConASN was moderately heat-sensitive and less than 5 kD in molecular size, qualities that differed from those of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), IL-1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF–α)– The matrix regulatory factor in ConASN was highly heat-sensitive and more than 30 kD in size. Among several lymphokines tested. TNF-a produced the same effects as ConASN on the metabolism of extracellular matrix. We hypothesize that lymphocyte-derived factors have a significant role in the attenuation of renal fibrogcnesis, as well as its progression, via inhibiting cell growth and matrix accumulation.
Ontogeny and induction of adhesion molecule expression in human fetal intestine
Authors: DOAN A , MacDONALD T T , SPENCER J 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYIn this study we examined the distribution of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin in human fetal intestine, to determine whether they may have a role in the development of gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Secondly, we studied the tempo of induction of these molecules after T cell activation in explants of human fetal intestine cultured in vitro. In the fetus from 11 to 20 weeks gestation, endothelial expression of ICAM-1 and diffuse staining of VCAM-1 was observed in the lamina propria. In contrast, there was intense expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the developing Peyer's patches, suggesting that these molecules may be involved in the accumulation or organization of lymphoid tissue in the gut. After T cell activation in fetal intestinal explants, the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was increased on most endothelial cells, leucocytes, and stromal cells in the lamina propria. Expression was maintained for at least 4 days. In contrast, the induction of E-selectin was rapid, and the expression was transient, despite the continuing presence of activated T cells and macrophages. This suggests that other factors are required to prevent the down-regulation of E-selectin to maintain the sustained expression sometimes observed in vivo.
High circulating leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in patients with giant cell arteritis: independent regulation of LIF and IL-6 under corticosteroid therapy
Authors: LECRON J C , ROBLOT P , CHEVALIER S , MOREL F , ALDERMAN E , GOMBERT J , GASCAN H 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYLeukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a cytokine which possesses a wide range of biological activities including, like IL-6, the capacity to stimulate acute phase protein (APP) synthesis. We have developed a sensitive and specific ELISA for human LIF, and tested the circulating cytokine levels in various disease stales, some of which are associated with inflammation. LIF was detected in 11/20 sera from patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA), a vasculitis syndrome affecting particularly the temporal artery, characterized by panarteritis with inflammatory cell infiltration. LIF levels were considerably elevated in some patients who also displayed elevated levels of IL-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP); however, no correlation was observed between the levels of circulating LIF and levels of IL-6 or CRP. Furthermore, LIF levels were not affected by corticosteroid therapy, whereas IL-6 and CRP decreased rapidly, as clinical symptoms resolved. A putative role for LIF in the persistence of hislological lesions is discussed. This is the first report of the presence of circulating LIF in sera. These results are in agreement with the complexity of induced inflammatory cylokines and corticoid regulation of APP synthesis observed in vitro and in vivo.
CR1 (CD35) and CR3 (CD11b/CD18) mediate infection of human monocytes and monocytic cell lines with complement-opsonized HIV independently of CD4
Authors: THIEBLEMONT N , HAEFFNER-CAVAILLON N , LEDUR A , L'AGE-STEHR J , ZIEGLER-HEITBROCK H W L , KAZATCHKINE M D 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYPeripheral blood and tissue mononuclcar phagocytes serve as major viral reservoirs in HIV-infected individuals. We investigated the role of complement receptors CR1 (CD35) and CR3 (CD11b/CD18) in mediating productive infection with complement-opsonized HIV-1 and HIV-2 of cultured normal human peripheral blood monocytes. the promonocytie cell line THP-l, the monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6 and the glial cell line U251-MG. Cells were infected with the HTLV-IIIB strain of HIV-1 or the LAV-2 strain of HIV-2 that had been preopsonized with fresh human normal HIV seronegative serum. Productive infection was assessed by syncytia formation, the MTT cytotoxicity assay and/or release of p24 antigen in culture supernatants. Using suboptimal amounts of virus to infect the cells, we observed a higher and earlier productive infection of the cells with complement-opsonized HIV than with unopsonized virus. The enhancing effect of complement was totally suppressed by blocking CR1 or CR3 function with F(ab)′2 fragments of anti-receptor MoAbs; while blocking of the LFA-1 antigen had no effect. The infection of monocytic cells with eomplement-opsonized virus occurred independently of CD4 since it was not inhibited by F(ab)′2 fragments of a MoAb against the gp 120 binding site of CD4 and since infection also occurred with Mono Mac 6 and U251-MG cells, which lack expression of the CD4 antigen and of CD4 mRNA. These observations suggest that complement may mediate productive infection of cells of the monocytic lineage with ‘lymphocylotropic’ HIV strains independently of CD4.
Purified human oral mucosal Langerhans cells function as accessory cells in vitro
Authors: BARRETT A W , ROSS D A , GOODACRE J A 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
Oral mucosal Langerhans cells (OMLC) may have an importanl role in the induction of immune responses to oral pathogens. In this study. anti-HLA-DR antibody-coated immunomagnctic beads were used to purity OMLC from suspensions of normal human buccal epithelium and the capacity of the purified cells to function as accessory cells (AC) was investigated. Electron microscopy was used to show that the purified cells possessed all recognized ultrastructural features previously described in epidermal Langerhans cells. Using T lymphocyte proliferation assays in hanging drop microcult ures, it was found that purified OMLC could function as AC for responses to concanavalin A by autologous T cells. Purification of OMLC from small biopsies of oral mucosa has enabled us to show that OMLC, like epidermal Langerhans cells, can function as AC in vitro.
The effects of retinol onin vitroimmunoglobulin synthesis by cord blood and adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: WANG W , NAPOLI J L , BALLOW M 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYIn this study we examined the effects of retinol (ROH), a metabolic precursor of retinoic acid (RA), on Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC)-induced immunoglobulin synthesis of cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) and adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). ROH augmented SAC-induced IgM synthesis of CBMC by 5·9±1·5-fold (n= 7, mean ± s.d.), and IgG synthesis of adult PBMC by 16·3 ±5·1-fold (n= 3) at optimal concentrations of 10−6 m and 10−11 m, respectively. No augmenting effects could be demonstrated for the other immunoglobulin isotypes. Time-course studies showed that the synthesis of IgM by CBMC was accelerated with detectable immunoglobulin in supernatant fluids starting on day 3. ROH augmented immunoglobulin synthesis of CBMC stimulated by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a T cell-independent polyclonal activator, and of EBV-transformed B cell clones (2·5 ± 0·2 and 41 ± 1·5-fold increase, respectively), which suggests that ROH can act directly on B cells to enhance immunoglobulin synthesis. In contrast, when ROH was preincubated with cord blood T cells, washed and added to the B cell-enriched fraction with SAC, no increase (0·9–1·8-fold) in IgM synthesis was obtained. Thus, the principal mechanism(s) by which ROH augments immunoglobulin synthesis is by acting on B cells. This is in contrast to the immunoglobulin-enhancing effects of RA which is mediated by T cells, or T cell products, e.g. cytokine. Our studies suggest that RA and ROH may have different pathways of immunoglobulinenhancing effects, perhaps mediated by different retinoid binding proteins resulting in gene activation and immunoglobulin synthesis.
Peri-operative modulation of cellular immunity in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: NICHOLS P H , RAMSDEN C W , WARD U , TREJDOSIEWICZ L K , AMBROSE N S , PRIMROSE J N 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe peri-operalive cellular immune response is depressed in patients with gastrointestinal cancer, a factor which may facilitate maligtiant dissemination. We have investigated the effects of perioperative rIL-2 and a combination of rlL-2 and interferon-alpha (IFN-α) on both peripheral blood lymphocyte function and number in patients undergoing surgical resection for colorectal cancer. Fifty-two patients were randomly allocated to either control, rIL-2 or rIL-2 with IFN-α treatment arms. In vitro studies were performed pre-operatively and on post-operative days I, 4, 7 and 10. Natural ikller (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell function were profoundly depressed in control patients (P &lt; 0·001; P &lt; 0·001), an effect abrogated in both treatment groups; indeed NK function was augmented in the rIL-2 and IFN-α group on the first post-operative day in association with an increase in the percentage of cells expressing CD16 and CD56 (P &lt; 0.01). Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte subsets in the control group was unremarkable, except for an early post-operative fall in numbers of lymphocytes. Treatment with either rIL-2 or rIL-2 and IFN-α produced an initial profound reduction in T lymphocyte numbers, followed by a ‘rebound’ lymphocytosis of activated CD3+ T cells, as demonstrated by a significant increase in co-expression of CD25, CD38, and CD45RO. No significant differences were observed between either of the treatment groups. Adjuvant immunotherapy affects peri-operative anti-tumour immune responses, and this may influence long term outcome in patients undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal cancer.
Up-regulation of alveolar macrophage platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) mRNA by interferon-gamma fromMycobacterium tuberculosisantigen (PPD)-stimulated lymphocytes
Authors: WANGOO A , TAYLOR I K , HAYNES A R , SHAW R J 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYMacrophage production of PDGF-B is believed to be important in the pathogenesis of diseases where chronic lung inflammation develops into fibrosis. Since tuberculosis is characterized by chronic inflammation and tissue fibrosis, we asked if lymphokincs from lymphocytes stimulated by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen PPD, contained factors capable of increasing human alveolar macrophage PDGF-B mRNA. Supernatants from both phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)- and purified protein derivative (PPD)-stimulated lymphocytes, when added lo macrophages. induced an increase in the mRNA of PDGF-B, but not transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). When lymphocytes from contacts of patients with tuberculosis, patients with tuberculosis, and normal subjects were compared following PPD stimulation, the lymphocytes from the contacts had the greatest proliferation response, the greatest production of inierferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and their lymphokincs induced the greatest increase in PDGF-B mRNA in macrophages. Recombinant human IFN-γ reproduced this ability of lymphokines to increase macrophage PDGF-B mRNA. Finally, the increase in macrophage PDGF-B mRNA following incubation with supernatants from PPD-stimulated lymphocytes was shown to be due to IFN-γ, when the increase in macrophage PDGF-B mRNA was prevented by addition of anti-human IFN-γ antibody to the lymphocyte supernatant This study indicated that antigen-stimulated lymphocytes released IFN-γ. which in turn resulted in an increase in PDGF-B mRNA in alveolar macrophages. Such a mechanism provides a link between the DTH response and the first stages of a fibrotic reaction, and may offer an explanation for the progression of chronic inflammation lo fibrosis, as occurs in the lungs of patients with untreated pulmonary tuberculosis.
Seroreactivity with thePlasmodium falciparumblood stage antigen Pf332 in adults and children from malaria-endemic regions
Authors: IQBAL J , PERLMANN P , GREENWOOD B M , BERZINS K 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYIt has earlier heen reported that the human monoclonal antibody (MoAb 33G2) and polyclonal antibodies reactive with Pf332 may interfere in vitro with the erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium falciparum at two potential target sites for protective antibodies, indicating that the antigen may constitute an important target for immune responses during malaria infections, MoAb 33G2 shows its highest reactivity with repeated sequences in the antigen Pf332 and also cross-reacts with determinants in Pf155/RESA. This study was conducted in order to assess the prevalence of seroreactivity against Pf332 in individuals residing in areas of different malaria endemicity, and in children with different degrees of disease severity. We now report that individuals resident in malaria-endemic regions show a high prevalence of seroreactivity to antigen Pf332 repeat sequences. The mean antibody concentrations were significantly higher in donors from Liberia, Madagascar and Gambia compared with Thai and Colombian donors, probably reflecting the higher degree of exposure in the African regions. Although the levels of such antibodies in individual sera correlated well with the levels of antibodies to one Pf155/RESA repeat peptide, only a minor part of the peptidereactive antibodies were cross-reactive between the two antigens. In Gambian children, the mean concentrations of antibodies reactive with Pf332 or Pf155/RESA peptides were significantly higher in children with severe than with mild malaria. Further longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the capacity of Pf332 to induce potentially protective or harmful antibody responses.
Experimental murine paracoccidioidomycosis: relationship among the dissemination of the infection, humoral and cellular immune responses
Authors: SINGER-VERMES L M , CALDEIRA C B , BURGER E , CALICH V L G 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
The dissemination of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis cells to the heart, omentum/pancreas, spleen, liver and lungs, assessed by colony forming unit (CFU) counts, the levels of specific antibodies to this fungal agent (by ELISA), and the specific DTH reaction were studied in susceptible (B10.A) and resistant (A/Sn) mice. The animals were infected intraperitoneally with P. brasiliensis yeast cells and were evaluated 2, 4, 12 and 16 weeks later. The mosl remarkable differences between the two mouse strains were observed 16 weeks after infection, when B10.A mice displayed high numbers of CFU in all examined organs, except the heart, high antibody titres, and depressed DTH response. At this point. A/Sn mice presented low or absent CFU in all organs, low antibody litres and expressive DTH response. The CFU counts were shown to be a reliable parameter to discriminate susceptible from resistant animals. The fungal load in the most affected organs correlated wilh the antibody litres and was inversely correlated with the intensity of the DTH reaction. The patterns of immune response in this model mimic human paracoccidioidomycosis, in which high specific antibody levels and depressed DTH reactions are found in multifocal and severe forms of the disease.
Ascarisreinfection of slum children: relation with the IgE response
Authors: HAGEL I , LYNCH N R , DI PRISCO M C , ROJAS E , PÉREZ M , ALVAREZ N 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYTotal and Ascaris-specific serum IgE levels were measured in a group of 98 Ascaris-infected children from a slum area of Caracas. Venezuela, in whom the infections were eliminated by regular treatment for 22 months with the anthelmint Oxantel/ Pyrantel (‘Quanlrel’). The children were re-evalualed at the end of the treatment programme, and then 8 months later, at which time reinfection was assessed. Total IgE levels at the beginning of the study were significantly higher in the children who became reinfected after treatment. compared with those who did not. The anthelmint treatment caused a significant decrease in the tolal IgE levels in most of the children, and after a period of 8 months without treatment these continued to decrease in the non-reinfected group, but increased again in the reinfected children. The reverse pattern was found for Ascaris-specific IgE antibody levels, and in fact an inverse correlation was found between total and anti-Ascaris IgE levels. Striking associations were found between reinfection and high pretreatment values of total IgE, but low levels of specific IgE antibody. These data support the concept that specific IgE antibody may participate in the protection against helminthic infection, and suggest that the polyclonal stimulation of IgE synthesis caused by these parasites may reduce the effectiveness of such responses. The results also indicate that different individuals have varying propensities to respond polyclonally to the helminths, and this influences their resistance to infection.