bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of 35% PEROX-AID (Hydrogen Peroxide) in Reducing an Infestation of Gyrodactylus salmonis in Freshwater-Reared Rainbow Trout
Authors: Bowker James D , Carty Daniel , Dotson Miranda M 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Gyrodactylus salmonis is a monogenean ectoparasite that can infest a variety of captive-reared salmonid fishes. The physical damage inflicted during severe infestations can cause osmoregulatory disturbances and potentially render individuals more vulnerable to secondary pathogens. If not treated, G. salmonis infestations can reduce growth and survival in affected fish populations. Many chemical compounds have been used to treat Gyrodactylus infestations; however, little information has been published about the use of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for Gyrodactylus control. Consequently, we conducted a trial to evaluate the efficacy of H2O2 in reducing a natural infestation of G. salmonis in freshwater-reared, adult rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Triplicate tanks of adult rainbow trout (20 fish per tank; length = 45.6 ± 5.8 cm and weight = 1.3 ± 0.4 kg, mean ± SD) were exposed to a static bath of H2O2 at a target dosage of 50 mg/L or hatchery water (sham treatment) for 30 min/d on two alternate days. Treatment efficacy was assessed at 2 and 7 d posttreatment via light microscopy examination of skin scrapes (one per fish) taken from 10 fish per tank on each day. At 2 d posttreatment, the mean abundance of G. salmonis in the H2O2-treated group (0.1 ± 0.3 G. salmonis individuals per skin scrape) was significantly different from that observed in the sham-treated group (34.4 ± 43.2 individuals per skin scrape). Also, at 7 d posttreatment, the mean abundance of G. salmonis in the H2O2-treated group (0.1 ± 0.3 individuals per skin scrape) was significantly different from that observed in the sham-treated group (38.5 ± 77.4 individuals per skin scrape). The percent reduction in mean abundance (treated group compared with control group) was greater than 99% at both 2 and 7 d posttreatment. In conclusion, the H2O2 treatment regimen that we used significantly reduced a natural infestation of G. salmonis in freshwater-reared, adult rainbow trout.
Effects of Abrupt pH Increases on Survival of Different Ages of Young Channel Catfish and Hybrid Catfish
Authors: Mischke Charles C , Chatakondi Nagaraj 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A previous study showed that fry of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus are sensitive to pH increases but tolerant of pH decreases. This study determined the tolerance of channel catfish and hybrid catfish (female channel catfish × male blue catfish I. furcatus) sac fry, swim-up fry, and fingerlings to abrupt pH increases. Sac fry, swim-up fry, and fingerlings of channel catfish and hybrid catfish are sensitive to abrupt pH increases and become more tolerant with age or size. Hybrid catfish sac fry were more tolerant than channel catfish sac fry at lower pH increases, as evidenced by their higher 24-h LC10 (0.38 and 0.13 pH unit increases, respectively) and 24-h LC50 (0.48 and 0.36 pH unit increases, respectively). However, the 24-h LC90 for hybrid catfish sac fry (0.62 pH unit) was much lower than that for channel catfish (1.03 pH unit), showing that at higher pH increases hybrids are less tolerant. Channel catfish swim-up fry were more tolerant of pH increases (24-h LC50 = 1.28 pH units) than were hybrids (24-h LC50 = 0.83 pH units), but hybrid catfish fingerlings (24-h LC50 = 1.54 pH units) were more tolerant of pH increases than channel catfish fingerlings (24-h LC50 = 1.33 pH units). When comparing fish acclimated to different starting pH levels, lethal concentration values increased correspondingly. This indicates that pH sensitivity is due to upper lethal pH limits rather than abrupt pH changes.
Association between irritable bowel syndrome and restless legs syndrome in the general population
Authors: YUN CHANG‐HO , LEE SEUNG K. , KIM HYUN , PARK HEE‐KWON , LEE SEUNG H. , KIM SE J. , SHIN CHOL 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThis study aimed to explore the association between restless legs syndrome and irritable bowel syndrome in an epidemiological cohort. We included 3365 adults, of whom 1602 were female (age 52.5 ± 7.5 years), who had participated in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (2005–2006). The diagnosis of restless legs syndrome was based on the criteria proposed by the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group, and irritable bowel syndrome was defined according to the Rome II criteria. The prevalence of each condition was determined and their association was tested by logistic regression analysis. Age, sex, haemoglobin concentration, renal insufficiency, use of medications and depressive mood were all adjusted for. The prevalence of restless legs syndrome and irritable bowel syndrome was 4.5 and 11.1%, respectively. Irritable bowel syndrome was more prevalent in the group with restless legs syndrome (24.0 versus 10.5%, P < 0.001). Subjects with restless legs syndrome were older (54.2 ± 8.4 versus 52.4 ± 7.4, P = 0.006) and more depressive (26.7 versus 12.5%, P < 0.001), and were predominantly female (57.3 versus 47.2%, P = 0.015), had more frequent insomnia symptoms (44.0 versus 28.2%, P < 0.001), had lower haemoglobin concentration (13.7 ± 1.5 versus 14.1 ± 1.6 g dL−1P = 0.004) and higher highly sensitive C‐reactive protein (1.8 ± 5.1 versus 1.4 ± 2.9 mg dL−1, P = 0.08). The adjusted odds ratio of restless legs syndrome in relation to irritable bowel syndrome was 2.59 (1.74–3.85, P < 0.001). Irritable bowel syndrome appeared to be associated with restless legs syndrome independently from other major risk factors for restless legs syndrome. Searching for the mechanisms underlying this association is indicated.
Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in term newborn infants with severe hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: Ozkiraz Servet , Gokmen Zeynel , Ecevit Ayse , Erbek Seyra , Erbek Selim Sermet , Ozel Deniz , Tarcan Aylin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this study was to determine the effects of severe hyperbilirubinemia on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP).Methods:  A prospective study was designed. Seventeen term infants who suffered from severe hyperbilirubinemia in the first 5 postnatal days of age were included in the study group. The control group consisted of 17 healthy term infants. Audiological evaluation was performed, including tympanometry and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, and VEMP tests.Results:  All newborns passed audiological evaluation. Biphasic waveforms of VEMP were obtained in all of the 34 infants who had been tested. Both latencies of p13 and n23 were significantly delayed in the severe hyperbilirubinemia group (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  This pilot is the first study to show that severe hyperbilirubinemia causes delay in VEMP latencies. We suggest that severe hyperbilirubinemia might affect the vestibular nuclei or the integrity of the inferior vestibular nerve and vestibulospinal tract. Further studies need to explain the relation between hyperbilirubinemia and the vestibular system.
Community (re)organization in an experimentally fragmented forest landscape: insights from occupancy–scale patterns of common plant species
Authors: Morgan John W. , Farmilo Brad J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractQuestionHow does experimental habitat fragmentation of a temperate Australian eucalypt forest affect local population patterns of common plant species 22 yr after landscape transformation to a pine plantation?LocationWog Wog Habitat Fragmentation Experiment, southeast Australia.MethodsWe use occupancy–scale relationships to examine the patterns of community organization of common understorey plant species in fragmented forests (small: 0.25 ha; large: 3.062 ha) relative to an intact native forest.ResultsOccupancy–scale patterns for intact forest and large‐sized remnants were isotropic; slope (z) values ranged across all values, from aggregated to scattered. In the smallest remnants, however, mean and median z values, as well as their interquartile range, were significantly lower than expected. The convergence in occupancy–scale relationships in small remnants hints that many of the commonest plant species have become even more common (i.e. aggregated).ConclusionsThe ecological assembly processes that influence common species in small‐sized remnants differ from those in larger remnants and intact forest. Fragmentation effects on assembly processes are greater at smaller patch sizes because these habitats are likely altered by changed environmental filters more so than large patches. Such shifts may have implications for habitat structure, ecosystem function and food web interactions in small remnant forests.
Experimental validation of deterministic Acuros XB algorithm for IMRT and VMAT dose calculations with the Radiological Physics Center's head and neck phantom
Authors: Han Tao , Mourtada Firas , Kisling Kelly , Mikell Justin , Followill David , Howell Rebecca 
Published: April 2012

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to verify the dosimetric performance of Acuros XB (AXB), a grid‐based Boltzmann solver, in intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT).Methods:The Radiological Physics Center (RPC) head and neck (H&N) phantom was used for all calculations and measurements in this study. Clinically equivalent IMRT and VMAT plans were created on the RPC H&N phantom in the Eclipse treatment planning system (version 10.0) by using RPC dose prescription specifications. The dose distributions were calculated with two different algorithms, AXB 11.0.03 and anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) 10.0.24. Two dose report modes of AXB were recorded: dose‐to‐medium in medium (Dm,m) and dose‐to‐water in medium (Dw,m). Each treatment plan was delivered to the RPC phantom three times for reproducibility by using a Varian Clinac iX linear accelerator. Absolute point dose and planar dose were measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and GafChromic® EBT2 film, respectively. Profile comparison and 2D gamma analysis were used to quantify the agreement between the film measurements and the calculated dose distributions from both AXB and AAA. The computation times for AAA and AXB were also evaluated.Results:Good agreement was observed between measured doses and those calculated with AAA or AXB. Both AAA and AXB calculated doses within 5% of TLD measurements in both the IMRT and VMAT plans. Results of AXB_Dm,m (0.1% to 3.6%) were slightly better than AAA (0.2% to 4.6%) or AXB_Dw,m (0.3% to 5.1%). The gamma analysis for both AAA and AXB met the RPC 7%/4 mm criteria (over 90% passed), whereas AXB_Dm,m met 5%/3 mm criteria in most cases. AAA was 2 to 3 times faster than AXB for IMRT, whereas AXB was 4–6 times faster than AAA for VMAT.Conclusions:AXB was found to be satisfactorily accurate when compared to measurements in the RPC H&N phantom. Compared with AAA, AXB results were equal to or better than those obtained with film measurements for IMRT and VMAT plans. The AXB_Dm,m reporting mode was found to be closer to TLD and film measurements than was the AXB_Dw,m mode. AXB calculation time was found to be significantly shorter (× 4) than AAA for VMAT.
Cancer Stem Cell Vaccination Confers Significant Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Ning Ning , Pan Qin , Zheng Fang , Teitz-Tennenbaum Seagal , Egenti Martin , Yet Ji , Li Mu , Ginestier Christophe , Wicha Max S. , Moyer Jeffrey S. , Prince Mark E.P. , Xu Yingxin , Zhang Xiao-Lian , Huang Shiang , Chang Alfred E. , Li Qiao 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Most studies of cancer stem cells (CSC) involve the inoculation of cells from human tumors into immunosuppressed mice, preventing an assessment on the immunologic interactions and effects of CSCs. In this study, we examined the vaccination effects produced by CSC-enriched populations from histologically distinct murine tumors after their inoculation into different syngeneic immunocompetent hosts. Enriched CSCs were immunogenic and more effective as an antigen source than unselected tumor cells in inducing protective antitumor immunity. Immune sera from CSC-vaccinated hosts contained high levels of IgG which bound to CSCs, resulting in CSC lysis in the presence of complement. CTLs generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells or splenocytes harvested from CSC-vaccinated hosts were capable of killing CSCs in vitro. Mechanistic investigations established that CSC-primed antibodies and T cells were capable of selective targeting CSCs and conferring antitumor immunity. Together, these proof-of-concept results provide a rationale for a new type of cancer immunotherapy based on the development of CSC vaccines that can specifically target CSCs. Cancer Res; 72(7); 1853–64. ©2012 AACR.
Divorce and breeding dispersal in the dunlin Calidris alpina: support for the better option hypothesis?
Authors: Blomqvist Donald , Flodin Lars-Åke 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSocial monogamy is a rare mating system among animals, occurring commonly only in birds. In long-lived birds, pair bonds may persist for several seasons in some species, while in others mate change occurs even when both partners are still alive. Here, we test predictions from the adaptive hypotheses for divorce, using long-term data (15 years) on mate change and reproductive success in a long-lived shorebird, the dunlinCalidris alpina. We found that about one quarter of the pairs divorced (23% of 126 breeding attempts). Among the divorcing females, six changed partner more than once (one female changed partner three times). Following divorce, females dispersed longer than males. Start of egg-laying (presumably reflecting arrival time to the breeding ground), previous breeding success, and male age or size did not seem to influence the occurrence of divorce. However, females that changed mate between consecutive breeding attempts achieved higher reproductive success. Moreover, this improvement appeared independent of breeding experience. Since we were unable to detect any effect of divorce on male reproductive success, our results suggest that divorce in the dunlin is best explained by the better option hypothesis.
Francis Bacon and the Classification of Natural History
Authors: Anstey Peter 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper analyses the place of natural history within Bacon's divisions of the sciences in The Advancement of Learning (1605) and the later De dignitate et augmentis scientiarum (1623). It is shown that at various points in Bacon's divisions, natural history converges or overlaps with natural philosophy, and that, for Bacon, natural history and natural philosophy are not discrete disciplines. Furthermore, it is argued that Bacon's distinction between operative and speculative natural philosophy and the place of natural history within this distinction, are discontinuous with the later distinction between experimental and speculative philosophy that emerged in the methodology of the Fellows of the early Royal Society.
Francis Bacon's Natural History and Civil History: A Comparative Survey
Authors: Manzo Silvia 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to offer a comparative survey of Bacon's theory and practice of natural history and of civil history, particularly centered on their relationship to natural philosophy and human philosophy. I will try to show that the obvious differences concerning their subject matter encompass a number of less obvious methodological and philosophical assumptions which reveal a significant practical and con ceptual convergence of the two fields. Causes or axioms are prescribed as the theoretical end-products of natural history, whereas precepts are envisaged as the speculative outcomes derived from perfect civil history. In spite of this difference, causes and precepts are thought to enable effective action in order to change the state of nature and of man, respectively. For that reason a number of common patterns are to be found in Bacon's theory and practice of natural and civil history.
The Davutoğlu Effect in Turkish Foreign Policy: What if the Bowstring is Broken?
Authors: Demirağ Yelda , Özpek Burak Bilgehan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAhmet Davutoğlu became the Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2009, the second term of Justice and Development Party (JDP) government, and he is regarded as the architect of the JDP's foreign policy since 2002. During his term, Turkey has pursued an active and multi-dimensional foreign policy. The model of Davutoğlu in explaining the Turkey's multi-dimensional foreign policy is the bow and arrow analogy. Accordingly, he argues that Turkey, with its ideational and geographical advantages, is an archer, and the more it draws the back of the bow through the East, the farther the arrow flies West. However, the gap between theory and reality undermines the consistency of Davutoğlu's foreign policy formulation.
THE MERIDIANA OF ULUGH BEG IN HAGIA SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE
Authors: HANNAH ROBERT 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle ABSTRACT /title There is a tradition that in 1437 the Mongol astronomer, Ulugh Beg, laid out a MERIDIANA in the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. This MERIDIANA would predate the famous, large-scale interior meridiane constructed from 1475 onwards primarily in Italy. It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate that this claim for a MERIDIANA in Hagia Sophia cannot be sustained, but was generated by the astronomer Leonardo Ximenes in the eighteenth century on the basis of a misunderstanding of a statement by the seventeenth-century astronomer, John Greaves.
LA STRUTTURA DEL TEMPO FISICO *
Authors: BRUZZANITI GIUSEPPE 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>The foundamental problems related to the physical structure of space and time are today motivated by problems that arise from other scientific theories, for instance: relativistic theories, quantum electrodynamics, elementary particles.One of principal purposes of this historical-critical paper is to examine a typical problem related to the structure of time i.e. its continuity. This problem arises from all attempts to discretize space and time through the introduction of a new universal constant besides h and c.The three sections of this paper reflect the different problems considerated: in the first are ana.yzed same attempts, arisen in the quantum fields theory between 1940 and 1960, directed to the introduction of a universal constant with the dimension of a lenght. In the second, the historical dynamics of problems that conducted to the introduction of a universal constant with the dimension of a time is examinated. In the third, finally, the most important epistemological implications of this problems are considerated.
UN'ANALISI DELLA «BIZZARRIA» DI GALILEO
Authors: BARCARO UMBERTO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>In a passage of the Second Day of the Dialogue Galielo attempts to prove that the falling motion of a heavy body, observed in a fixed refecence system not rotating with the Earth, is uniformly circular. The reasoning is clumsy and inexact, while the conclusion, which Galileo defines as a «Bizzarria», is simply absurd. If, in a strictly literal sense, the passage has little scientific value it is extremely valuable metaphorically since it provides a clear representation of the essential aspects of Galileo's scientific method. Studying the Bizzarria as a metaphor not only brings its true meaning to light but leads to specific results, for example the identification of «implicit hypotheses», these allow for a clearer understanding of certain aspects of Galileo's science, which are difficult to grasp by means of a strictly literal reading of the text. A metaphorical reading also leads on to the conceptual reference to other themes of Galileo's physics the underlying significance of these themes, as also that of the Bizzarria, can only be understood while bearing this reference in mind.
THE GALILEAN JOVILABE
Authors: BEDINI SILVIO A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title Il giovilabio uno strumento astronomico disegnato per la prima volta da Galileo come macchina calcolatrice delle posizioni dei quattro satelliti di Giove da lui scoperti. Galileo lo us per compilare effemeridi e ne intu i possibili usi per la determinazione della longitudine in mare attraverso l'osservazione dei satelliti di Giove. Versioni del giovilabio furono progettate da numerosi astronomi, ma non fu mai prodotto commercialmente. Oggetto di questo articolo un curioso esemplare dello strumento, di ottone dorato, realizzato diversi anni dopo la morte di Galileo e trovato nell'eredit del Cardinale Leopoldo de' Medici nel 1675. Basato sull'originale Giovilabio di Galileo, lo strumento sopravvive non solo come un reperto storico di un settecentesco gabinetto di curiosit , ma anche come reliquia della lunga e infruttuosa ricerca di Galileo per la determinazione della longitudine in mare.
GALILEOS CONSTANT
Authors: DRAKE STILLMAN 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title Il rapporto costante che condusse Galileo dalla legge del pendolo alla legge dei corpi in caduta stato ottenuto attraverso le misurazioni, compiute con estrema precisione, dei tempi di un pendolo e dei tempi di caduta per distanza eguale alla sua lunghezza. Il rapporto ha significato universale per i due fenomeni fisici, in quanto i fattori dinamici si cancellano e lasciano /2 2, qui chiamato costante di Galileo . Le misurazioni e i ?CTRLerr type="1" mess="Doute Cars isoles avec recollage" ?calcoli effettuati da Galileo e che risultano dalle sue annotazioni sul movimento conservate a Firenze, sono elencati nel loro ordine cronologico. Cos organizzati, rivelano probabili iniziali riflessioni?CTRLerr type="1" mess="Cesure non typee" ? di Galileo sui pendoli e sulla resistenza dell'aria che egli non pubblic mai, ma che sono comunque utili per comprendere alcune afferma- i zioni nei successivi Discorsi. La scoperta galileiana della legge di caduta richiedeva il rapporto costante scoperto grazie alla misurazione dei tempi del pendolo: e questo molto lontano dall'analisi medievale dell'accelerazione uniforme basata sulla velocit media.
ISTITUZIONI E FONTI
Authors: TUCCI P. , MANDRINO, A. , TAGLIAFERRI, G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>The project for the Brera Observatory, Milan, Italy, was started, from 1764, by R. Boscovich who sketched out the duties of the astronomers in a ' Piano per la Specola di Brera ', which was an ambitious project for the carrying out a new theoretical and observational astronomy.The Archives of the Observatory, which go from about 1760 to about 1950, have been put in order and have been transferred to rooms suitable for the custody of the documents and the consultation of them.Three main parts constitute the Archives: a) Scientific Correspondence, b) Administrative Archives, c) Astronomers's Material Collections. There are, moreover, a cartographic section and a section of photographic plates and photographs. In this paper the history of the events which determined the present-day configuration is described. A description of the consistency of the Archives is included.