bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Adverse Drug Events in Ambulatory Care: A Systematic Review
Authors: Taché Stephanie V , Sönnichsen Andreas , Ashcroft Darren M 
Published: June 2011

Objective: Most medications are prescribed, dispensed, and administered in ambulatory care settings, yet little information exists on the adverse effects of drugs in this setting. This review was conducted to estimate the prevalence of adverse drug events (ADEs) and the proportion of preventable ADEs in ambulatory care settings; compare data for different age groups including children, adults, and elderly patients; and review drug classes most commonly associated with ADEs. Data Sources: Four electronic databases–PubMed (1966-March 2011), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-March 2011), EMBASE (1980-March 2011), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1993-March 2011)—were systematically searched for published data. Bibliographies of retrieved articles were searched individually for additional relevant studies. Study Selection: A standardized definition of an ADE was used to select studies in populations living in the community, with medical visits to primary care facilities, nonspecialty ambulatory care facilities, and/or admissions to a hospital for medication-related adverse events. Data Extraction: Data were extracted using a standardized table. Forty-three studies met our inclusion criteria. Data Synthesis: The median ADE prevalence rate for retrospective studies was 3.3% (interquartile range [IQR] 2.3-7.1%) vs 9.65% (IQR 3.3-17.35%) for prospective studies. Median preventable ADE rates in ambulatory care–based studies were 16.5%, and 52.9% for hospital-based studies. Median prevalence rates by age group ranged from 2.45% for children to 5.27% for adults, 16.1% for elderly patients, and 3.45% for studies including all ages. Conclusions: Despite a recent increase in publications on ADEs in the ambulatory care setting, most studies remain hospital based. Notable differences in prevalence rates by age groups and by responsible drug categories provide guidance on how to direct attention toward effective targets for improvement of medication safety in ambulatory care settings.
Treating Bugs with Bugs: The Role of Probiotics as Adjunctive Therapy for Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Wilhelm Sheila M , Johnson Jennifer L , Kale-Pradhan Pramodini B 
Published: June 2011

Objective: To review the literature on the role of probiotics as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections. Data Sources: Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966-March 2011) using the terms H. pylori, probiotic, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces, Bacillus clausii, and Propionibacterium. Article references were hand-searched for additional relevant articles and abstracts. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language articles published in full were evaluated. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials assessing the use of probiotics combined with standard eradication therapy of H. pylori infection in adults were included in the review. Data Synthesis: Various probiotics, including Lactobacillus spp., Saccharomyces spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and B. clausii, reduce adverse effects such as nausea, taste disturbance, diarrhea, and epigastric pain, and increase tolerability of H. pylori eradication therapy. Based on the studies reviewed, probiotics do not affect H. pylori eradication rates. Conclusions: Probiotics may be beneficial in reducing adverse effects and increasing tolerability of H. pylori eradication regimens. They may especially be helpful in patients with recurrent H. pylori infection and a history of gastrointestinal adverse effects with antibiotics. Pharmacists can play an important role in educating patients regarding probiotic use during H. pylori eradication therapy.
"And Yet He May Be Our Man": The Cross-Dressing Sailor in Cooper's Early Sea Novels
Authors: Iglesias Luis A. 
Published: June 2011

Jonathan Crimmins, "Nested Inversions: Genre and the Bipartite Form of Herman Melville's Pierre"(pp. 437–464)
This essay tracks the development of the cross-dressing sailor as a character over a series of the early sea fictions of James Fenimore Cooper: The Pilot (1824), The Red Rover (1828), and The Water-Witch (1830). The essay argues that Cooper capitalizes on the figure’s literary pedigree as a means to show the conflicted relation between the character’s sentimental conventions and the ways in which nautical adventure and commercial narratives situate her masquerade in context. Not contained by a sentimental narrative, the cross-dressing sailor emerges as a figure of domestic and national estrangement within these novels. In fact, she exposes a series of complicated familial relations that undermine the domestic plot’s fulfillment in marriage as well as the connection between domestic ideology and the growth of antebellum America’s transatlantic economic systems. By first concealing the familial connections that the adventure plot must uncover in order to realize its nationalist objectives, the figure’s unmasking problematically and ironically functions on the level of character resolution. Her ambivalent return to her gender assignment, along with her connection to mobility and maritime commerce, leaves the consolidation of the family unresolved. She remains outside the domestic sphere undermining the novel’s commitment to the republican family.
Accidents of a Novel Trade: Industrial Catastrophe, Fire Insurance, and Mary Barton
Authors: Fyfe Paul 
Published: June 2011

Paul Fyfe, "Accidents of a Novel Trade: Industrial Catastrophe, Fire Insurance, and Mary Barton"(pp. 315–347)
This essay argues for the industrial novel as a form of risk management, in dialog with the insurance business and its particular problems with fire. elizabeth Gaskell's abiding concerns for workplace accidents and compensation in Mary Barton (1848), focused by a spectacular mill fire, contests the definition and "writing"of risk on commercial terrain. At the same time, various fire insurers, scrambling to manage a risk that seemed beyond control, invented hybrid strategies of description that impinged on the domain of novelists. I demonstrate how changing concepts of accident and risk characterize the unstable political landscape of England's industrial north, measure the increasingly material pressures on property and life, and inform diverse practices of writing, particularly those that novelists shared with the insurance industry. ultimately, the "queer elements of the accidental and the arbitrary"for which Henry James denigrates the Victorian novel may derive from such historical circumstances in which writers like Gaskell absorb accidents as a practice of the genre.
London Eyes: William Dean Howells and the Shift to Instant Photography
Authors: Clayton Owen 
Published: June 2011

Owen Clayton, "London Eyes: William Dean Howells and the Shift to Instant Photography"(pp. 374–394)
Toward the end of the nineteenth century, one of William Dean Howells's many avid readers, finally meeting him in the flesh, expressed surprise that the famed writer was not dead. Although he had not actually departed from the world, it was true that by this time the venerable "Dean"was at a low ebb. While younger authors were taking the novel in directions about which he was, at the least, ambivalent, Howells was aware that his own best work was behind him. Yet, throughout his career, he maintained a desire to test different literary approaches. In England in 1904, Howells tested a conceit that would allow him to keep pace with the literary movements of the day. This consisted of an extended photographic metaphor: an association of himself with the Kodak camera. He used this figuration to move beyond the philosophical foundations of his previous work. Criticism has largely overlooked this endeavor, which Howells buried away in the somewhat obscure travelogue London Films (1905). This essay shows how London Films used its photographic metaphor to question positivistic observational assumptions, the way in which this was a response to William James's Essays in Radical Empiricism (1912), and, finally, why Howells ultimately went back on his attempt to create a Kodak school in fiction.
Everyday Extraordinary: Music in the Letters of a German Amateur, 1803–08
Authors: Gramit David 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The 178 letters, nearly all of them by the Halle University medical student and amateur violinist Adolph Müller, published in 1874 as Briefe von der Universität in die Heimath, provide an opportunity to explore in detail one individual's uses of music as a means of social interaction, identity construction, and aesthetic cultivation and reflection during the first decade of the nineteenth century. The immediacy and self-representational nature of the medium of the letter result in a record that makes clear not only the variety of musical experiences at all levels woven into the daily life of a young German Bürger but also how his accounts of those experiences could help align Müller with—and sometimes vividly over against—his family. Participating in and describing music in society as well as extraordinary works (especially Mozart's and Beethoven's) that he came to value explicitly over conventional and socially acceptable music, Müller provides a colorful if often inconsistent account of living with and coming to terms with that music in a daily context of aesthetic values, class and gender ideologies (the latter particularly evident in his musical encounters with Friedrich Schleiermacher), and the institutions and relationships that structured his life.
Effectiveness of Peer Education on Knowledge and Attitudes of HIV/AIDS in Shenyeng, China
Authors: Zhou Ling , Guo Junqiao , Ma Zhanbao , Fan Lijuan , Gu Yuan , Guan Zhe , Zhou Baosen 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPurpose: To assess the effectiveness of educational HIV/AIDS prevention programs in two medical universities in Shenyang, China. Methods: Changes in HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes were evaluated following an educational intervention program involving 2,418 graduate medical students (n=1,319 intervention group, n=1,099 control group), which was delivered by a final team of 32 medical student peers who had been trained to be trainers for the current study. Results: Following the training, 72.6% of the students learned that mosquito bites cannot transmit HIV. Students also learned that sharing a toothbrush (66.9%) and hairdressing implements (63.3%) can transmit HIV. The learning scores were somewhat lower for the items “Exercise cannot reduce the risk of HIV transmission (49.7%)” and “HIV transmission from male to female is greater than female to male (44.7%).” While there were significant improvements in knowledge and/or attitude scores between the pre‐ and post‐test in the intervention group, no significant changes were found in the control group. Conclusion: The overall finding indicates that peer education improves HIV/AIDS‐related knowledge and attitudes among medical students from the two universities. Limitations: The results of this study cannot be generalized to other population groups since medical students are more knowledgeable on health topics than the general population. The study was limited to two medical universities. A broader segment of the medical universities should be chosen for future studies. Peer education should also be related to student scholastic accomplishments to determine if results are modulated by factors such as student motivation or academic acumen as roughly reflected in grades. These results could have also been influenced by other external information sources.
Review of Conflicts of Interest and the Future of Medicine: The United States, France, and Japan
Authors: Nicogossian Arnauld 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis book examines and contrasts the roots of medical conflicts‐of‐interest in three market economy countries (United States, France and Japan) and provides a wealth of useful background information. The author draws on currently complex and/or non‐regulated aspects of medical practice which can give rise to conflicts‐of‐interest and impact health‐care costs and patient health. Remedial and legislative actions are examined and proposed for each country. The author presents an in‐depth historical analysis and current situation of the physician patient‐centered conflict‐of‐interest problems in a well‐researched and written academic style.
Commentary from the Editors: Lesson Learned
Authors: Editors WMHP Journal 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe recent publication of “Scientific Misconduct: The Perversion of Scientific Evidence for Policy Advocacy” by George Avery in this journal triggered one request for apologies and manuscript retraction from the University of East Anglia (UEA) and a commentary challenging the evidence cited by the author. Many of the assertions express only one perspective. It is a de minimus obligation of scholars to include relevant facts, important counterarguments, and canonical sources, even when they do not support one's conclusions. Questions about climate change are worthy of full and fair debate, and we trust that all involved with this event concur at least on that point.
In the News
Authors: Nicogossian Arnauld , Jacobs William 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn the Editors' opinion, the materials summarized in this section have the potential for the development of health policies and standards, or for use in the daily practice and counseling of patients in preventative care. For additional information, readers might wish to visit Internet‐based medical news websites, some free of charge, such as MedScape, Stone Heart, American College of Physicians, and the World Medical Association.
Development and characterization of mucoadhesive patches of salbutamol sulfate for unidirectional buccal drug delivery
Authors: Puratchikody Ayrivan , Prasanth Viswanadhan , Mathew Sam , Kumar Balaraman 
Published: June 2011

Development and characterization of mucoadhesive patches of salbutamol sulfate for unidirectional buccal drug delivery
Buccal patches of salbutamol sulfate were prepared using five different water soluble polymers in various proportions and combinations using PEG-400/PG as plasticizers. A 32 full factorial design was used to design the experiments for each polymer combination. Patches were laminated on one side with a water impermeable backing layer for unidirectional drug release. The thickness of medicated patches ranged between 0.2 and 0.4 mm and showed an increase in mass whenever PEG-400 was used as plasticizer. The surface pH of all patches approached neutral. Eight formulations which had shown high folding endurance (> 300) were selected for evaluation. Patches prepared with PEG-400 showed a high swelling index. The residence time of the tested patches ranged between 105 and 130 min. Formulations A10, A32, B10 and B32 fitted the Higuchi model best, whereas formulations A19 and B19 showed super case II transport drug release. Stability studies indicated that there was no change in the chemical and physical characteristics during the test period of 6 months.
Design and development of paclitaxel-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles for brain targeting
Authors: Bansal Amit , Kapoor Deepak , Kapil Rishi , Chhabra Neha , Dhawan Sanju 
Published: June 2011

Design and development of paclitaxel-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles for brain targeting
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles loaded with paclitaxel (PTX) were prepared using a desolvation technique. A 32 full factorial design (FFD) was employed to formulate nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were characterized for particle size by photon correlation spectroscopy and surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential and particle yield were also determined. Response surface linear modelling (RSLM) was used to predict the optimal formulation. Various models were applied to determine the release mechanism from PTX nanoparticles. The effect of drug-polymer ratio on the release profile of formulations was observed and was applied to determine the suitability of the predicted optimal formulation. A preliminary study to determine the feasibility of targeting the prepared nanoparticles to brain was also carried out using mice as in vivo models.
The technologies used for developing orally disintegrating tablets: A review
Authors: Badgujar Bhatu , Mundada Atish 
Published: June 2011

The technologies used for developing orally disintegrating tablets: A reviewOrally disintegrating tablets (ODTs), also known as fast melts, quick melts, fast disintegrating and orodispersible systems, have the unique property of disintegrating in the mouth in seconds without chewing and the need of water and are thus assumed to improve patient compliance. Conventional methods like direct compression, wet granulation, moulding, spray-drying, freeze-drying and sublimation were used to prepare ODTs. New advanced technologies like Orasolv®, Durasolv®, Wowtab®, Flashtab®, Zydis®, Flashdose®, Oraquick®, Lyoc®, Advatab®, Frosta®, Quick-Disc® and Nanomelt® have been introduced by some pharmaceutical companies for the production of ODTs. The main objective of this review is to give a comprehensive insight into conventional and recent technologies used for the preparation of ODTs.
Nonenzymatic Post-Translational Modification Derived Products: New Biomarkers of Protein Aging
Authors: Gillery Philippe 
Published: June 2011

Nonenzymatic Post-Translational Modification Derived Products: New Biomarkers of Protein AgingDuring their biological life, proteins are exposed in a cumulative way to irreversible nonenzymatic post-translational modifications that are responsible for their molecular aging and generate specific by-products called »post-translational modification derived products« (PTMDPs). PTMDPs are involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency and atherosclerosis, and are potential biomarkers in clinical practice. Nonenzymatic glycation refers to the spontaneous binding of glucose and reducing sugars to free amino groups and is amplified by oxidative processes (referred to as »glycoxidation«). It generates many reactive by-products such as aldehydes and leads to the formation of »advanced glycation end products« (AGEs). AGEs accumulatein vivo, alter tissue organization and activate membrane receptors such as RAGE, which triggers inflammatory responses. Carbamylation is due to the binding of isocyanic acid, formedin vivoeither by spontaneous dissociation of urea or by action of myeloperoxidase on thiocyanate, and generates homocitrulline from lysine groups. Carbamylation leads to alteration of the structural and biological properties of proteins, and favors inflammation and atherosclerosis. PTMDPs may be assayed by different methods, among others LC-MS/MS or immuno assays, constitute a promising field of investigation in basic research and are potential major biomarkers in laboratory medicine.
Biomarkers for Diabetes Complications: The Results of Several Clinical Studies
Authors: Aslan Diler 
Published: June 2011

Biomarkers for Diabetes Complications: The Results of Several Clinical StudiesDiabetes is a common metabolic disorder. Its microvascular and macrovascular complications contribute to death, disabilities, and reduction in life expectancy in diabetes. It is a costly disease, and affects not only the patient and family, but also the public health, communities and society. It takes an increasing proportion of the national health care expenditure. The prevention of the development of diabetes and its complications is a major concern. Biomarkers have been investigated for understanding the mechanisms of the development and progression of diabetic complications. In this paper, the biomarkers which are recommended in the clinical practice and laboratory medicine guidelines, and which have been investigated for prediction or diagnosis of diabetes complications, have been reviewed. The results of several clinical studies will be summarized.
What is a Biomarker? From its Discovery to Clinical Application
Authors: Majkić-Singh Nada 
Published: June 2011

What is a Biomarker? From its Discovery to Clinical ApplicationThe term biomarker in medicine most often stands for a protein measured in the circulation (blood) whose concentration indicates a normal or a pathological response of the organism, as well as a pharmacological response to the applied therapy. From a wider perspective, a biomarker is any indicator that is used as an index of the intensity of a disease or other physiological state in the organism. This means that biomarkers have a very important role in medical research and practice providing insight into the mechanism and course of a disease. Since a large number of biomarkers exist today that are used for different purposes, they have been classified into: 1) antecedent biomarkers, indicating risk of disease occurrence, 2) screening biomarkers, used to determine a subclinical form of disease, 3) diagnostic biomarkers, revealing an existing disease, 4) staging biomarkers, that define the stage and severity of a disease, and 5) prognostic biomarkers, that confirm the course of disease, including treatment response. Regardless of their role, their clinical significance depends on their sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and also precision, reliability, reproducibility, and the possibility of easy and wide application. For a biomarker to become successful, it must undergo the process of validation, depending on the level of use. It is very important for every suggested biomarker, according to its purpose or its nature, to possess certain characteristics and to meet the strict requirements related to sensitivity, accuracy and precision, in order for the proper outcome to be produced in the estimation of the state for which it is intended. Finally, the development of guidelines for biomarker application is very important, based on well defined and properly conducted assessments of biomarker determination, providing the means by which research is translated into practice and allowing evidence based on facts to promote the clinical application of new biomarkers.
Copeptin - is There a Role for Another Cardiac Biomarker?
Authors: Unić Adriana , Rogić Dunja , Rajsman Gordana 
Published: June 2011

Copeptin - is There a Role for Another Cardiac Biomarker?The discovery and development of new biomarkers continues to be a promising field. Since cardiovascular disease remains the principal cause of death in the developed countries, this is the area in which novel biomarkers have been most extensively evaluated. Arginine vasopressin (AVP or antidiuretic hormone) is one of the key hormones in the human body involved in cardiovascular homeostasis. It has so far escaped introduction into the routine clinical laboratory due to technical difficulties and pre-analytical errors. Copeptin, the C-terminal part of the AVP precursor peptide, was found to be a stable and sensitive surrogate marker for AVP release. During the past years, copeptin measurement has been shown to be of interest in a variety of clinical indications, including cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. This review summarizes the recent progress in the diagnostic use of plasma copeptin in cardiovascular diseases.