bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Youth and Violence in Turkey
Authors: Mardin Şerif 
Published: July 2009

In the issue of the Turkish dailyMilliyetdated September 23rd 1977, the following inventory of violent events which have occurred in Turkey in the preceding twenty-four hours was presented to the reader.I. In a fight between the ‘revolutionary’ and the ‘idealist’ factions of the Diyarbakir Normal School for the training of primary school teachers one student was wounded in the chest and another in the abdomen. Both were hospitalized.The clash started when the Assistant School Director attempted to ‘rough-up’ the two students because of their ‘hair and beard’. The students retaliated and were set upon with knives by students of the ‘idealist’ faction (I).2. Ankara-Groups with ‘opposed views’ fought in Tuzlucayir with sticks and stones. One person was placed in custody.3. Responding to sounds of repeated firing, police arrested a student who was found to carry a gun.4. In the ‘Republic’ Lycée, a group shouted ‘down with the Fascists’ to rightwing students and began ‘firing in the air’. Two students were placed in custody.5.The General Secretary of the Schoolteachers' Association claimed that the police ‘fired guns’ during the burial of a teacher who had been killed the preceding day. He also claimed that the Association's Gonen branch had been closed without justification.6. The General Secretary of IGD (Progressive Youth Association) stated that a ‘Maoist’ group had forcibly occupied the Iskenderun branch of the Association (2).7. A man was found in a coma in his room at the Terminal Hotel.8. A 13-year-old boy who happened to be in the path of an oncoming group which was in pursuit of a person became the target of a hail of bullets. He was hospitalized.9. A group of students who demonstrated in a tea-garden to the effect that ‘Çayans never die’ were apprehended (3).10. A student of the Ihsan Mermerci Lycée was beaten with revolver butts by two members of the National Movement Party. The attackers then fired in the air and fled.
The rationality of norms
Authors: Lukes Steven 
Published: July 2009

Reflecting on the notion of responsibility, Václav Havel offers, in one of his Letters to Olga, what he calls a trivial illustration:at night, I board the rear car of a tram to go one stop. The car is empty, and since the fare is paid by dropping a crown into a box, not even a conductor is present […] So I have the option of throwing the fare into the box or not: if I don't, no-one will see me, or ever find out: no witnesses will ever be able to testify to my misdemeanor. So I'm faced with a great dilemma, regardless of how much money I happen to have with me: to pay or not to pay.
Radiological balloon dilatation of post-treatment benign pharyngeal strictures
Authors: Williams L R , Kasir D , Penny S , Homer J J , Laasch H-U 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAims:To assess the technical success, clinical outcomes and complications of radiologically guided balloon dilatation of benign strictures developing after treatment for head and neck cancer.Materials and methods:Forty-six balloon dilatations were performed in 20 patients. All dilatations were performed over a guidewire.Results:Technical success was 100 per cent. Fifteen of the 20 patients demonstrated clinical improvement in dysphagia scores. Improvement in dysphagia was temporary in all patients (median 102 days), with multiple dilatations usually required (total dilatations ranged from one to seven). Immediate complications were encountered in six of the 46 (13 per cent) dilatations and were all minor. Late complications occurred after two procedures (4 per cent): localised perforation (later complicated by secondary infection) and recurrence of a previous, small, pharyngo-cutaneous fistula.Conclusion:Radiologically guided balloon dilatation is straightforward to perform and is well tolerated, but there is a small risk of perforation. Relief of symptoms is likely to be temporary, requiring multiple subsequent dilatations. A minority of patients will obtain no symptomatic relief.
A summative, Objective, Structured, Clinical Examination in ENT used to assess postgraduate doctors after one year of ENT training, as part of the Diploma of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Drake-Lee A B , Skinner D , Hawthorne M , Clarke R ,   and the Examiners for the Diploma of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
Published: July 2009

AbstractContext:‘High stakes’ postgraduate medical examinations should conform to current educational standards. In the UK and Ireland, national assessments in surgery are devised and managed through the examination structure of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons. Their efforts are not reported in the medical education literature. In the current paper, we aim to clarify this process.Objectives:To replace the clinical section of the Diploma of Otorhinolaryngology with an Objective, Structured, Clinical Examination, and to set the level of the assessment at one year of postgraduate training in the specialty.Methods:After ‘blueprinting’ against the whole curriculum, an Objective, Structured, Clinical Examination comprising 25 stations was divided into six clinical stations and 19 other stations exploring written case histories, instruments, test results, written communication skills and interpretation skills. The pass mark was set using a modified borderline method and other methods, and statistical analysis of the results was performed.Results:The results of nine examinations between May 2004 and May 2008 are presented. The pass mark varied between 68 and 82 per cent. Internal consistency was good, with a Cronbach's α value of 0.99 for all examinations and split-half statistics varying from 0.96 to 0.99. Different standard settings gave similar pass marks.Conclusions:We have developed a summative, Objective, Structured, Clinical Examination for doctors training in otorhinolaryngology, reported herein. The objectives and standards of setting a high quality assessment were met.
Inverted papilloma with osteogenesis in the anterior ethmoid and frontal sinuses
Authors: Tsuzuki K , Nishigami T , Takebayashi H , Sakaguchi A , Oka H , Fukazawa K , Sakagami M 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective:We report a rare case of new bone formation (osteogenesis) within an inverted papilloma, occurring in the ethmoid and frontal sinuses.Method:The histopathological and radiological findings, differential diagnosis, and treatment of tumour-induced osteogenesis are discussed.Results:A 68-year-old man complained of headache and left-sided, purulent rhinorrhoea of five years' duration. On nasal endoscopy, lesions similar to inflammatory nasal polyps were seen. Pre-operative radiological images demonstrated opacification of the left nasal cavity and anterior ethmoid and frontal sinuses, plus a bone-density lesion. The mass with bony lesion was completely removed endoscopically. The mass was histopathologically diagnosed as an inverted papilloma surrounding bony tissue. Furthermore, the histopathological findings (including immature bony tissue rimmed by osteoblasts) indicated an extremely rare case of inverted papilloma induced osteogenesis. Six months after surgery, no recurrence was detected.Conclusion:This case highlights the importance of clinical awareness of tumour-induced osteogenesis.
Osteoradionecrosis of tympanic bone: reconstruction of outer ear canal with pedicled skin flap, combined with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, in five patients
Authors: Metselaar M , Dumans A G , van der Huls M P C , Sterk W , Feenstra L 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the results of one-stage surgical repair of the meatal skin defect in patients with long-lasting osteoradionecrosis of the outer ear canal, using a postauricular, inferiorly pedicled skin flap. All patients were also treated with hyperbaric oxygen both pre- and post-operatively.Methods:A prospective study evaluating the results of a one-stage surgical procedure to repair the meatal skin defect in five patients with osteoradionecrosis of the outer ear canal. All patients were treated with hyperbaric oxygen both pre- and post-operatively.Results:In four of the five patients, intact canal skin was achieved after surgery and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. One patient needed a second operation to cover a small remaining area of bare bone. In one patient, wound healing was unsatisfactory and an area of bare bone remained.Conclusion:In cases of osteoradionecrosis of the outer ear canal, the skin defect can be repaired with an inferiorly pedicled skin flap. Although not yet scientifically proven, the peri-operative application of hyperbaric oxygen may be of additional value to improve wound healing in areas of compromised tissue.
Coronas and the space charge problem
Authors: Budd Chris 
Published: July 2009

This paper presents a detailed analysis of a model for a positive corona discharge, and discusses the relationship between the model and the space charge equations which predict the macroscopic motion of charged ions in a gas. The study is restricted to the asymptotic behaviour of the discharge for large time, and it does not consider its initial or burst phases in detail.One prediction of this model is the existence of a steady state solution to the space charge equations that may lose stability to a travelling wave disturbance which then grows into a strongly pulsed oscillation.We compare some numerical calculations with an asymptotic analysis of the discharge and find good agreement.
Supervised prediction of drug–target interactions using bipartite local models
Authors: Bleakley Kevin , Yamanishi Yoshihiro 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Motivation: In silico prediction of drug–target interactions from heterogeneous biological data is critical in the search for drugs for known diseases. This problem is currently being attacked from many different points of view, a strong indication of its current importance. Precisely, being able to predict new drug–target interactions with both high precision and accuracy is the holy grail, a fundamental requirement for in silico methods to be useful in a biological setting. This, however, remains extremely challenging due to, amongst other things, the rarity of known drug–target interactions.
Results: We propose a novel supervised inference method to predict unknown drug–target interactions, represented as a bipartite graph. We use this method, known as bipartite local models to first predict target proteins of a given drug, then to predict drugs targeting a given protein. This gives two independent predictions for each putative drug–target interaction, which we show can be combined to give a definitive prediction for each interaction. We demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed method in the prediction of four classes of drug–target interaction networks involving enzymes, ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and nuclear receptors in human. This enables us to suggest a number of new potential drug–target interactions.
Availability: An implementation of the proposed algorithm is available upon request from the authors. Datasets and all prediction results are available at http://cbio.ensmp.fr/~yyamanishi/bipartitelocal/.
Contact: kevbleakley@gmail.com
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
DiProGB: the dinucleotide properties genome browser
Authors: Friedel Maik , Nikolajewa Swetlana , Sühnel Jürgen , Wilhelm Thomas 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Motivation: DiProGB is an easy to use new genome browser that encodes the primary nucleotide sequence by thermodynamical and geometrical dinucleotide properties. The nucleotide sequence is thus converted into a sequence graph. This visualization, supported by different graph manipulation options, facilitates genome analyses, because the human brain can process visual information better than textual information. Also, DiProGB can identify genomic regions where certain physical properties are more conserved than the nucleotide sequence itself. Most of the DiProGB tools can be applied to both, the primary nucleotide sequence and the sequence graph. They include motif and repeat searches as well as statistical analyses. DiProGB adds a new dimension to the common genome analysis approaches by taking into account the physical properties of DNA and RNA.
Availability and Implementation: Source code and binaries are freely available for download at http://diprogb.fli-leibniz.de, implemented in C++ and supported on MS Windows and Linux (using e.g. WineHQ).
Contact: maikfr@fli-leibniz.de; thomas.wilhelm@bbsrc.ac.uk
Intensity of Extremely Low-frequency Electromagnetic Fields Produced in Operating Rooms during Surgery at the Standing Position of Anesthesiologists
Authors: Roh Jang Ho , Kim Deok Won , Lee Sung Jin , Kim Ji Young , Na Sung Won , Choi Seung Ho , Kim Ki Jun 
Published: July 2009

Background
Numerous electronic devices have been introduced into operating rooms. Although little is known about the relationship between exposure to electromagnetic fields and health hazards, several studies have demonstrated causal relationships between electromagnetic fields exposure and various symptoms, cancers, and other diseases.

Methods
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. The intensity of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields was measured during surgery with the extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field strength measurement system at the standing position of anesthesiologists in 18 operating rooms and analyzed with EMDEX analysis and graphical program (EMCALC 95; ENERTECH, Campbell, CA).

Results
The average measurement duration per operating room per day was 7.41 +/- 0.70 h (mean +/- SD). The average sample number of measurements was 888.11 +/- 82.75 per operating room. The average magnetic field was 5.83 +/- 5.23 milliGuass (mG) (range, 0.10-33.80 mG), with 70% of these levels 2 mG or greater.

Conclusions
The authors' results indicate that anesthesiologists in operating rooms are exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field levels that exceed magnetic field intensity of 2 mG recommended by the Swedish Board for Technical Accreditation for production by computer monitors and detected 30 cm from them. It currently is not clear if this exposure has health effects on anesthesiologists and other operating room personnel.
Anesthetic-induced Preconditioning Delays Opening of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore via Protein Kinase C-ϵ–mediated Pathway
Authors: Pravdic Danijel , Sedlic Filip , Mio Yasushi , Vladic Nikolina , Bienengraeber Martin , Bosnjak Zeljko J. 
Published: July 2009

Background
Cardioprotection by volatile anesthetic-induced preconditioning (APC) involves activation of protein kinase C (PKC). This study investigated the importance of APC-activated PKC in delaying mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening.

Methods
Rat ventricular myocytes were exposed to isoflurane in the presence or absence of nonselective PKC inhibitor chelerythrine or isoform-specific inhibitors of PKC-delta (rottlerin) and PKC-epsilon (myristoylated PKC-epsilon V1-2 peptide), and the mPTP opening time was measured by using confocal microscopy. Ca-induced mPTP opening was measured in mitochondria isolated from rats exposed to isoflurane in the presence and absence of chelerythrine or in mitochondria directly treated with isoflurane after isolation. Translocation of PKC-epsilon was assessed in APC and control cardiomyocytes by Western blotting.

Results
In cardiomyocytes, APC prolonged time necessary to induce mPTP opening (261 +/- 26 s APC vs. 216 +/- 27 s control; P < 0.05), and chelerythrine abolished this delay to 213 +/- 22 s. The effect of isoflurane was also abolished when PKC-epsilon inhibitor was applied (210 +/- 22 s) but not in the presence of PKC-delta inhibitor (269 +/- 31 s). Western blotting revealed translocation of PKC-epsilon toward mitochondria in APC cells. The Ca concentration required for mPTP opening was significantly higher in mitochondria from APC rats (45 +/- 8 microM x mg control vs. 64 +/- 8 microM x mg APC), and APC effect was reversed with chelerythrine. In contrast, isoflurane did not protect directly treated mitochondria.

Conclusion
APC induces delay of mPTP opening through PKC-epsilon mediated inhibition of mPTP opening, but not through PKC-delta. These results point to the connection between cytosolic and mitochondrial components of cardioprotection by isoflurane.
End-tidal Sevoflurane and Halothane Concentrations during Simulated Airway Occlusion in Healthy Humans
Authors: Talbot Nick P. , Farmery Andrew D. , Dorrington Keith L. 
Published: July 2009

Background
In a patient whose airway is likely to become obstructed upon loss of consciousness, anesthesia may be induced using an inhaled vapor. If the airway occludes during such an inhalational induction, the speed of patient awakening is related to the rate at which anesthetic gas redistributes away from lung and brain to other body compartments. To determine whether redistribution occurs more rapidly with a more blood-soluble or a less blood-soluble agent, the authors used subanesthetic concentrations of halothane and sevoflurane to simulate inhalational induction and airway obstruction in eight healthy human volunteers.

Methods
Inhalational induction was simulated using stepwise increases in inspired halothane or sevoflurane concentration, sufficient to reach an end-tidal concentration of approximately 0.1 minimal alveolar concentration. Airway occlusion was then simulated by initiating a 90-s period of rebreathing from a 1-l bag. During rebreathing, end-tidal halothane or sevoflurane concentration was measured continuously by mass spectrometry, and a time constant for the decline in concentration was calculated using a monoexponential model.

Results
At the onset of rebreathing, end-tidal concentrations of halothane and sevoflurane were 0.10 +/- 0.03 and 0.11 +/- 0.03 minimal alveolar concentration, respectively (mean +/- SD; P > 0.1, Student t test). During rebreathing, the time constants for the decline in end-tidal halothane and sevoflurane concentration were 22 +/- 9 and 62 +/- 16 s, respectively (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions
During simulated airway occlusion in healthy volunteers, the end-tidal concentration of halothane falls more rapidly than that of sevoflurane. Halothane may therefore lead to more rapid awakening, compared with sevoflurane, should the airway obstruct during an inhalational induction of anesthesia.
Analysis of Memory Formation during General Anesthesia (Propofol/Remifentanil) for Elective Surgery Using the Process-dissociation Procedure
Authors: Hadzidiakos Daniel A. , Horn Nadja , Degener Roland , Buchner Axel , Rehberg Benno 
Published: July 2009

Background
There have been reports of memory formation during general anesthesia. The process-dissociation procedure has been used to determine if these are controlled (explicit/conscious) or automatic (implicit/unconscious) memories. This study used the process-dissociation procedure with the original measurement model and one which corrected for guessing to determine if more accurate results were obtained in this setting.

Methods
A total of 160 patients scheduled for elective surgery were enrolled. Memory for words presented during propofol and remifentanil general anesthesia was tested postoperatively by using a word-stem completion task in a process-dissociation procedure. To assign possible memory effects to different levels of anesthetic depth, the authors measured depth of anesthesia using the BIS XP monitor (Aspect Medical Systems, Norwood, MA).

Results
Word-stem completion performance showed no evidence of memory for intraoperatively presented words. Nevertheless, an evaluation of these data using the original measurement model for process-dissociation data suggested an evidence of controlled (C = 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02-0.08) and automatic (A = 0.11; 95% CI 0.09-0.12) memory processes (P < 0.01). However, when the data were evaluated with an extended measurement model taking base rates into account adequately, no evidence for controlled (C = 0.00; 95% CI -0.04 to 0.04) or automatic (A = 0.00; 95% CI -0.02 to 0.02) memory processes was obtained. The authors report and discuss parallel findings for published data sets that were generated by using the process-dissociation procedure.

Conclusion
Patients had no memories for auditory information presented during propofol/remifentanil anesthesia after midazolam premedication. The use of the process-dissociation procedure with the original measurement model erroneously detected memories, whereas the extended model, corrected for guessing, correctly revealed no memory.
Axotomy Depletes Intracellular Calcium Stores in Primary Sensory Neurons
Authors: Rigaud Marcel , Gemes Geza , Weyker Paul D. , Cruikshank James M. , Kawano Takashi , Wu Hsiang-En , Hogan Quinn H. 
Published: July 2009

Background
The cellular mechanisms of neuropathic pain are inadequately understood. Previous investigations have revealed disrupted Ca signaling in primary sensory neurons after injury. The authors examined the effect of injury on intracellular Ca stores of the endoplasmic reticulum, which critically regulate the Ca signal and neuronal function.

Methods
Intracellular Ca levels were measured with Fura-2 or mag-Fura-2 microfluorometry in axotomized fifth lumbar (L5) dorsal root ganglion neurons and adjacent L4 neurons isolated from hyperalgesic rats after L5 spinal nerve ligation, compared to neurons from control animals.

Results
Endoplasmic reticulum Ca stores released by the ryanodine-receptor agonist caffeine decreased by 46% in axotomized small neurons. This effect persisted in Ca-free bath solution, which removes the contribution of store-operated membrane Ca channels, and after blockade of the mitochondrial, sarco-endoplasmic Ca-ATPase and the plasma membrane Ca ATPase pathways. Ca released by the sarco-endoplasmic Ca-ATPase blocker thapsigargin and by the Ca-ionophore ionomycin was also diminished by 25% and 41%, respectively. In contrast to control neurons, Ca stores in axotomized neurons were not expanded by neuronal activation by K depolarization, and the proportionate rate of refilling by sarco-endoplasmic Ca-ATPase was normal. Luminal Ca concentration was also reduced by 38% in axotomized neurons in permeabilized neurons. The adjacent neurons of the L4 dorsal root ganglia showed modest and inconsistent changes after L5 spinal nerve ligation.

Conclusions
Painful nerve injury leads to diminished releasable endoplasmic reticulum Ca stores and a reduced luminal Ca concentration. Depletion of Ca stores may contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain.
Helicobacter pylori Infection Is Associated With Low Serum Ferritin Levels in Israeli Arab Children—A Seroepidemiologic Study
Authors: Muhsen Khitam , Barak Mira , Shifnaidel Luba , Nir Avishag , Bassal Ravit , Cohen Dani 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTWe examined the association between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and low ferritin levels in sera of 509 Israeli Arab children aged 1 to 19 years. Serum ferritin levels were measured using the immunoturbidity assay. ELISA was used to detect serum IgG antibodies to H pylori and IgG antibodies to H pylori CagA+ strains. Low ferritin level was found between 14.5% and 8.6% of the H pylori seropositive and seronegative participants, respectively (P = 0.035). A trend for a higher frequency of low ferritin was detected among H pylori‐CagA seropositive children. Multivariate analysis showed an increased frequency of low ferritin only among children younger than or equal to 5 years: adjusted OR 4.62 (95% CI 1.53–13.99) P = 0.007.