bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunogenicity and Safety of a Multicomponent Meningococcal Serogroup B Vaccine and a Quadrivalent Meningococcal CRM
197
Conjugate Vaccine against Serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y in Adults Who Are at Increased Risk for Occupational Exposure to Meningococcal Isolates
Authors: Kimura Alan , Toneatto Daniela , Kleinschmidt Annett , Wang Huajun , Dull Peter 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Laboratory staff who work with meningococcal isolates are at increased risk for developing invasive disease relative to the general population. This was the first study of laboratory workers who received both a conjugate vaccine against meningococcal serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y (Men ACWY-CRM, Menveo) and an investigational multicomponent vaccine against serogroup B containing factor H binding protein, neisserial adhesin A,
Neisseria
heparin binding antigen, and New Zealand strain outer membrane vesicles (4CMenB). Healthy adults (18 to 50 years of age) received three doses of 4CMenB at baseline, 2 months, and 6 months followed by a single dose of MenACWY-CRM 1 month later. Immunogenicity was assessed via serum bactericidal assay using human complement (hSBA) at 1 month postvaccination; solicited reactogenicity and adverse events were monitored. Fifty-four participants enrolled. Bactericidal immune responses were evident after each dose of 4CMenB, as assessed by hSBA geometric mean titers and percentages of subjects with hSBA titers of ≥4 against the test strains or a 4-fold rise in titer over baseline. At 1 month postvaccination, most MenACWY-CRM recipients had hSBA titers of ≥8 against serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y. Few participants discontinued due to an adverse event or vaccine reaction. Rates of solicited reactions were lower after MenACWY-CRM than after 4CMenB administration. Sequential administration of 4CMenB and MenACWY-CRM provided robust evidence of an immune response against serogroups A, B, C, W-135, and Y in laboratory workers routinely exposed to meningococcal isolates.
Evaluation ofSalmonella-VectoredCampylobacterPeptide Epitopes for Reduction ofCampylobacter jejuniin Broiler Chickens
Authors: Layton S. L. , Morgan M. J. , Cole K. , Kwon Y. M. , Donoghue D. J. , Hargis B. M. , Pumford N. R. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTCampylobacteris a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and is often linked to contaminated poultry products. LiveSalmonellavectors expressing three linear peptide epitopes fromCampylobacterproteins Cj0113 (Omp18/CjaD), Cj0982c (CjaA), and Cj0420 (ACE393) were administered to chicks by oral gavage on the day of hatch, and the chicks were challenged withCampylobacter jejunion day 21. All three candidate vaccines produced consistent humoral immune responses with high levels of serum IgG and mucosal secretory IgA (sIgA), with the best response from the Cj0113 peptide-expressing vector.Campylobacterchallenge following vaccination of three candidate vaccine groups decreasedCampylobacterrecovery from the ileum compared to that for controls on day 32. The Cj0113 peptide-expressing vector reducedCampylobacterto below detectable levels. TheSalmonella-vectored Cj0113 subunit vaccine appears to be an excellent candidate for further evaluation as a tool for the reduction ofCampylobacterin poultry for improved food safety.
Increasing Incidence of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Serotype 19A and Emergence of Two Vaccine Escape Recombinant ST695 Strains in Liguria, Italy, 7 Years after Implementation of the 7-Valent Conjugated Vaccine
Authors: Ansaldi Filippo , Canepa Paola , de Florentiis Daniela , Bandettini Roberto , Durando Paolo , Icardi Giancarlo 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Two serotype 19A (ST695)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
vaccine escape recombinant strains attributable to capsular switching events were detected by a laboratory surveillance system that is an integral part of a vaccination program begun in Liguria, Italy, in May 2003, an Italian administrative region with long-lasting high coverage, an unusual occurrence in Europe. To our knowledge, this is the first detection of an occurrence of capsular switching outside the United States.
Induction of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T Cell Killing by Vaccination
Authors: Patch Jared R. , Pedersen Lasse E. , Toka Felix N. , Moraes Mauro , Grubman Marvin J. , Nielsen Morten , Jungersen Gregers , Buus Soren , Golde William T. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) continues to be a significant threat to the health and economic value of livestock species. This acute infection is caused by the highly contagious FMD virus (FMDV), which infects cloven-hoofed animals, including large and small ruminants and swine. Current vaccine strategies are all directed toward the induction of neutralizing antibody responses. However, the role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) has not received a great deal of attention, in part because of the technical difficulties associated with establishing a reliable assay of cell killing for this highly cytopathic virus. Here, we have used recombinant human adenovirus vectors as a means of delivering FMDV antigens in a T cell-directed vaccine in pigs. We tested the hypothesis that impaired processing of the FMDV capsid would enhance cytolytic activity, presumably by targeting all proteins for degradation and effectively increasing the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/FMDV peptide concentration for stimulation of a CTL response. We compared such a T cell-targeting vaccine with the parental vaccine, previously shown to effectively induce a neutralizing antibody response. Our results show induction of FMDV-specific CD8
+
CTL killing of MHC-matched target cells in an antigen-specific manner. Further, we confirm these results by MHC tetramer staining. This work presents the first demonstration of FMDV-specific CTL killing and confirmation by MHC tetramer staining in response to vaccination against FMDV.
Insight toward Early Diagnosis of Leprosy through Analysis of the Developing Antibody Responses of
Mycobacterium leprae
-Infected Armadillos
Authors: Duthie Malcolm S. , Truman Richard W. , Goto Wakako , O'Donnell Joanne , Hay Marah N. , Spencer John S. , Carter Darrick , Reed Steven G. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Leprosy is a debilitating chronic disease caused by infection with
Mycobacterium leprae
. A World Health Organization-directed control strategy based upon the identification and treatment of patients has resulted in a marked reduction in the number of registered worldwide leprosy cases over the last 20 years. Despite these efforts, the number of new leprosy cases detected each year now remains relatively stable, and
M. leprae
infection continues to pose a health problem. It is suggested that earlier diagnosis is required to strengthen control programs. In this study, we have examined the development of antigen-specific immunoglobulin responses within armadillos experimentally infected with
M. leprae
to identify those responses that develop most rapidly and robustly following infection. Antibody responses to the
M. leprae
-specific phenolic glycolipid I and several protein antigens previously demonstrated to have diagnostic potential were assessed. Our results identify several antigens that can provide early diagnosis of
M. leprae
infection but also indicate considerable variability in the development of antigen-specific antibodies. Our data suggest that a combination of antigens is likely required to provide accurate and early leprosy diagnosis.
Analysis of Antibody Responses to
Mycobacterium leprae
Phenolic Glycolipid I, Lipoarabinomannan, and Recombinant Proteins To Define Disease Subtype-Specific Antigenic Profiles in Leprosy
Authors: Spencer John S. , Kim Hee Jin , Wheat William H. , Chatterjee Delphi , Balagon Marivic V. , Cellona Roland V. , Tan Esterlina V. , Gelber Robert , Saunderson Paul , Duthie Malcolm S. , Reece Stephen T. , Burman William , Belknap Robert , Mac Kenzie William R. , Geluk Annemieke , Oskam Linda , Dockrell Hazel M. , Brennan Patrick J. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

A simple serodiagnostic test based on the
Mycobacterium leprae
-specific phenolic glycolipid I(PGL-I), for individuals with leprosy is nearly universally positive in leprosy patients with high bacillary loads but cannot be used as a stand-alone diagnostic test for the entire spectrum of the disease process. For patients with early infection with no detectable acid-fast bacilli in lesions or with low or no antibody titer to PGL-I, as in those at the tuberculoid end of the disease spectrum, this diagnostic approach has limited usefulness. To identify additional
M. leprae
antigens that might enhance the serological detection of these individuals, we have examined the reactivity patterns of patient sera to PGL-I, lipoarabinomannan (LAM), and six recombinant
M. leprae
proteins (ML1877, ML0841, ML2028, ML2038, ML0380, and ML0050) by Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Overall, the responses to ML2028 (Ag85B) and ML2038 (bacterioferritin) were consistently high in both multibacillary and paucibacillary groups and weak or absent in endemic controls, while responses to other antigens showed considerable variability, from strongly positive to completely negative. This analysis has given a clearer understanding of some of the differences in the antibody responses between individuals at opposite ends of the disease spectrum, as well as illustrating the heterogeneity of antibody responses toward protein, carbohydrate, and glycolipid antigens within a clinical group. Correlating these response patterns with a particular disease state could allow for a more critical assessment of the form of disease within the leprosy spectrum and could lead to better patient management.
Detection and Differentiation of Cryptosporidium spp. in Human Clinical Samples by Use of Real-Time PCR
Authors: Hadfield Stephen J. , Robinson Guy , Elwin Kristin , Chalmers Rachel M. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Real-time PCR has the potential to streamline detection and identification of
Cryptosporidium
spp. in human clinical samples. In the present article, we report the first such assay to allow not only detection and differentiation of the most common human pathogens,
Cryptosporidium hominis
and
Cryptosporidium parvum
, but also simultaneous amplification of a region of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, permitting direct sequence analysis to identify any
Cryptosporidium
species. An internal control is incorporated to identify the presence of PCR inhibitors. Analytical sensitivity was determined to be as low as 200 oocysts per gram of feces processed, equivalent to 2 oocysts per PCR. The
C. hominis
and
C. parvum
PCRs specifically detected only species/genotypes in their respective target clades. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, evaluated against a widely used conventional nested SSU rRNA gene PCR as a nominated gold standard using a panel of 258 (151 positive and 107 negative) samples, were 100% and 99.1%, respectively. The assay agreed with PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the
Cryptosporidium
oocyst wall protein gene for 134 of 136 (98.5%) samples tested prospectively and typed two additional isolates. The real-time PCR assay was sensitive, specific, and reproducible and significantly improved laboratory work flow and turnaround times.
Identification of Pseudallescheria and Scedosporium Species by Three Molecular Methods
Authors: Lu Qiaoyun , Gerrits van den Ende A. H. G. , Bakkers J. M. J. E. , Sun Jiufeng , Lackner M. , Najafzadeh M. J. , Melchers W. J. G. , Li Ruoyu , de Hoog G. S. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

The major clinically relevant species in
Scedosporium
(teleomorph
Pseudallescheria
) are
Pseudallescheria boydii
,
Scedosporium aurantiacum
,
Scedosporium apiospermum
, and
Scedosporium prolificans
, while
Pseudallescheria minutispora
,
Petriellopsis desertorum
, and
Scedosporium dehoogii
are exceptional agents of disease. Three molecular methods targeting the partial β-tubulin gene were developed and evaluated to identify six closely related species of the
S. apiospermum
complex using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), PCR-based reverse line blot (PCR-RLB), and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). qPCR was not specific enough for the identification of all species but had the highest sensitivity. The PCR-RLB assay was efficient for the identification of five species. LAMP distinguished all six species unambiguously. The analytical sensitivities of qPCR, PCR-RLB, and LAMP combined with MagNAPure, CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide), and FTA filter (Whatman) extraction were 50, 5 × 10
3
, and 5 × 10
2
cells/μl, respectively. When LAMP was combined with a simplified DNA extraction method using an FTA filter, identification to the species level was achieved within 2 h, including DNA extraction. The FTA-LAMP assay is therefore recommended as a cost-effective, simple, and rapid method for the identification of
Scedosporium
species.
Overestimation of Incidence of Hepatitis B Virus Mixed-Genotype Infections by Use of the New Line Probe INNO-LiPA Genotyping Assay
Authors: Mercier Mélanie , Laperche Syria , Girault Annie , Sureau Camille , Servant-Delmas Annabelle 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

The new version of the INNO-LiPA HBV genotyping assay (Innogenetics) developed to identify all hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes, A to H, has been evaluated in comparison with sequencing of PCR-amplified HBV DNA from 200 samples before or after cloning. The genotyping data obtained with INNO-LiPA were in agreement with those from direct sequencing in the 179 samples characterized by the two methods. INNO-LiPA revealed 28 mixed infections. However, sequencing after molecular cloning confirmed only 15 of them and did not identify any that were of genotype H (
n
= 9). Our study demonstrates that INNO-LiPA overestimates mixed infections as a result of erroneous genotype H detection.
Host Factors and Portal of Entry Outweigh Bacterial Determinants To Predict the Severity of Escherichia coli Bacteremia
Authors: Lefort Agnès , Panhard Xavière , Clermont Olivier , Woerther Paul-Louis , Branger Catherine , Mentré France , Fantin Bruno , Wolff Michel , Denamur Erick 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli
ranks among the organisms most frequently isolated from cases of bacteremia. The relative contribution of the host and bacteria to
E. coli
bacteremia severity remains unknown. We conducted a prospective multicenter cohort study to identify host and bacterial factors associated with
E. coli
bacteremia severity. The primary endpoint was in-hospital death, up to 28 days after the first positive blood culture. Among 1,051 patients included, 136 (12.9%) died. Overall, 604 (57.5%) patients were female. The median age was 70 years, and 202 (19.2%) episodes were nosocomial. The most frequent comorbidities were immunocompromised status (37.9%), tobacco addiction (21.5%), and diabetes mellitus (20.1%). The most common portal of entry was the urinary tract (56.9%). Most
E. coli
isolates belonged to phylogenetic group B2 (52.0%). The multivariate analysis retained the following factors as predictive of death: older age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.25 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.09 to 1.43] for each 10-year increment), cirrhosis (OR = 4.85 [95% CI, 2.49 to 9.45]), hospitalization before bacteremia (OR = 4.13 [95% CI, 2.49 to 6.82]), being an immunocompromised patient not hospitalized before bacteremia (OR = 3.73 [95% CI, 2.25 to 6.18]), and a cutaneous portal of entry (OR = 6.45 [95% CI, 1.68 to 24.79]); a urinary tract portal of entry and the presence of the
ireA
virulence gene were negatively correlated with death (OR = 0.46 [95% CI, 0.30 to 0.70] and OR = 0.53 [95% CI, 0.30 to 0.91], respectively). In summary, host factors and the portal of entry outweigh bacterial determinants for predicting
E. coli
bacteremia severity.
Emergence of a Novel Shigella flexneri Serotype 4s Strain That Evolved from a Serotype X Variant in China
Authors: Qiu Shaofu , Wang Zhongqiang , Chen Chen , Liu Nan , Jia Leili , Liu Wenjing , Wang Ligui , Hao Rongzhang , Zhang Ling , Wang Yong , Song Hongbin 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the first isolation of a new
Shigella flexneri
serotype, designated 4s, in Beijing, China. Genotypic and phenotypic profiling suggests that this isolate is a clone of the
S. flexneri
serotype X variant reference strain. Of particular concern is the multidrug resistance exhibited by this isolate.
Evaluation of the 3M Rapid Detection Test for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Children during the Early Stages of the 2009 RSV Season
Authors: Munjal Iona , Gialanella Philip , Goss Cheryl , McKitrick John C. , Avner Jeffrey R. , Pan Qiulu , Litman Nathan , Levi Michael H. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
We report the results of the 3M rapid detection respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) assay. This study includes pediatric patient results from nasopharyngeal swabs submitted from October to December 2009. There was a sensitivity of 74% and specificity approaching 100% compared to the PCR-based xTAG respiratory viral panel.
Development and Evaluation of a Reverse Transcription-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Rapid Detection of Enterovirus 71
Authors: Jiang Tao , Liu Juan , Deng Yong-Qiang , Xu Li-Juan , Li Xiao-Feng , Han Jian-Feng , Cao Rui-Yuan , Qin E-De , Qin Cheng-Feng 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTHuman enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major etiological agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which is a common infectious disease in young children and infants. EV71 can cause various clinical manifestations and has been associated with severe neurological complications; it has resulted in fatalities during recent outbreaks in Asian-Pacific regions since 1997. The early and rapid detection is critical for prevention and control of EV71 infection, since no vaccine or antiviral drugs are currently available. In this study, a simple and sensitive reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed for rapid detection of EV71. The detection limit of the RT-LAMP assay was approximately 0.01 PFU per reaction mixture, and no cross-reactive amplification with other enteroviruses was observed. The assay was evaluated further with 40 clinical specimens and exhibited 92.9% sensitivity and 100% specificity. This RT-LAMP assay may become a useful alternative in clinical diagnosis of EV71, especially in resource-limited hospitals or rural clinics of China and other countries in the Asian-Pacific region.
Distinct Host Species Correlate with
Anaplasma phagocytophilum ankA
Gene Clusters
Authors: Scharf Wiebke , Schauer Sonja , Freyburger Felix , Petrovec Miroslav , Schaarschmidt-Kiener Daniel , Liebisch Gabriele , Runge Martin , Ganter Martin , Kehl Alexandra , Dumler J. Stephen , Garcia-Perez Ana L. , Jensen Jennifer , Fingerle Volker , Meli Marina L. , Ensser Armin , Stuen Snorre , von Loewenich Friederike D. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Anaplasma phagocytophilum
is a Gram-negative, tick-transmitted, obligate intracellular bacterium that elicits acute febrile diseases in humans and domestic animals. In contrast to the United States, human granulocytic anaplasmosis seems to be a rare disease in Europe despite the initial recognition of
A. phagocytophilum
as the causative agent of tick-borne fever in European sheep and cattle. Considerable strain variation has been suggested to occur within this species, because isolates from humans and animals differed in their pathogenicity for heterologous hosts. In order to explain host preference and epidemiological diversity, molecular characterization of
A. phagocytophilum
strains has been undertaken. Most often the 16S rRNA gene was used, but it might be not informative enough to delineate distinct genotypes of
A. phagocytophilum
. Previously, we have shown that
A. phagocytophilum
strains infecting
Ixodes ricinus
ticks are highly diverse in their
ankA
genes. Therefore, we sequenced the 16S rRNA and
ankA
genes of 194
A. phagocytophilum
strains from humans and several animal species. Whereas the phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences was not meaningful, we showed that distinct host species correlate with
A. phagocytophilum ankA
gene clusters.
Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Children: Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations of O157:H7 and Non-O157:H7 Infection
Authors: Hermos Christina R. , Janineh Marcie , Han Linda L. , McAdam Alexander J. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTShiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC), a cause of food-borne colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in children, can be serotype O157:H7 (O157) or other serotypes (non-O157).E. coliO157 can be detected by culture with sorbitol-MacConkey agar (SMAC), but non-O157 STEC cannot be detected with this medium. Both O157 and non-O157 STEC can be detected by immunoassay for Shiga toxins 1 and 2. The objectives of this study were first to compare the diagnostic utility of SMAC to that of the Premier EHEC enzyme immunoassay (Meridian Diagnostics) for detection of STEC in children and second to compare the clinical and laboratory characteristics of children with serotype O157:H7 STEC and non-O157:H7 STEC infections. Stool samples submitted for testing for STEC between April 2004 and September 2009 were tested by both SMAC culture and the Premier EHEC assay at Children's Hospital Boston. Samples positive by either test were sent for confirmatory testing and serotyping at the Hinton State Laboratory Institute (HSLI). Chart review was performed on children with confirmed STEC infection. Of 5,110 children tested for STEC, 50 (0.9%) had STEC infection confirmed by culture; 33 were O157:H7 and 17 were non-O157:H7. The Premier EHEC assay and SMAC culture detected 96.0% and 58.0% of culture-confirmed STEC isolates (any serotype), respectively, and 93.9% and 87.9% of STEC O157:H7 isolates, respectively. There were no significant differences in disease severity or laboratory manifestations of STEC infection between children with O157:H7 and those with non-O157 STEC. The Premier EHEC assay was significantly more sensitive than SMAC culture for diagnosis of STEC, and O157:H7 and non-O157:H7 STEC caused infections of similar severity in children.