bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Protozoa Hyper-parasitic in Helminths, with some Observations onNosema helminthorumMoniez, 1887
Authors: Dissanaike A. S. 
Published: November 2009

1. The protozoa reported from animal-parasitic helminths are summarised in three tables, with a few comments on some of the more interesting forms.2. The microsporidian found hyperparasitic inMoniezia expansaandM. benedeniof sheep in England, andMonieziasp. from a buffalo calf in Pakistan has been found to be identical withNosema helminthorumdescribed by Moniez, 1887,Plistophora helminthophthoraLabbé, 1899, andNosema bischoffi, Weiser, 1951. The valid name for the organism is thereforeNosema helminthorumMoniez, 1887.3. The macroscopic and microscopic changes in parasitized tapeworms have been described, and it is believed that the microsporidian is not pathogenic.4. The host distribution and the geographical distribution ofNosetna helminthorumhave been dealt with. This parasite has so far been reported from France, Germany, Yugoslavia, Great Britain and Pakistan, and it is likely that, it will eventually be reported from other countries in whichMonieziais present.
The susceptibility of mammals to Fasciolopsis buski
Authors: Malviya H. C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe susceptibility of various mammals to infection with Fasciolopsis buski has been studied. Mice, rats, monkeys and dogs were completely refractory. Guinea-pigs were only partially susceptible. However, young rabbits (6 to 8 weeks old) were found to be susceptible and can be used as an animal model for experimental work on this parasite.
The occurrence of Strongyloides ratti in the tissues of mice after percutaneous infection
Authors: Dawkins H. J. S. , Thomason H. J. , Grove D. I. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe migration of infective larvae of Strongyloides ratti has been examined in C57B1/6 mice after percutaneous infection of the anterior abdominal wall. Lateral migration of larvae through the skin and subcutaneous tissues was not seen. Large numbers of larvae were recovered from the muscles between 2 and 24 hours after infection and larvae were seen in the cerebrospinal fluid 24 and 48 hours after infection. Insignificant numbers of larvae were seen in the blood, serosal cavities, liver, spleen, kidneys, brain or nasopharynx. Larvae arrived in the lungs between 24 and 72 hours after infection and worms were first noted in the small intestines at 48 hours. It is concluded that larvae migrate preferentially to the muscles and CSF before passing to the lungs, but the exact mode of travel is uncertain.
Identification of some common infective filarial larvae in Malaysia
Authors: Yen P. K. F. , Zaman V. , Mak J. W. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTInfective larvae of Wuchereria, Brugia, Breinlia, Dirofilaria and Setaria species from an experimental vector, Aedes togoi, are compared. The distinctive bubble-like caudal papillae of Wuchereria bancrofti are readily distinguishable from the protuberant ones of Brugia spp; the ‘ear-like’ papillae of Breinlia are distinct from the ‘knob-like’ ones of Dirofilaria or the ‘thorn-like’ terminal papilla of Setaria.
Respiratory function in an ageing population
Authors: Miller MR , Pedersen OF 
Published: November 2009

SummaryWith more elderly people in the population there are more people surviving with lung diseases that need assessing so that the best treatment options can be chosen and delivered. Lung function is known to deteriorate with age and this is largely due to a reduction in muscle strength, an increased alveolar size leading to reduced elastic recoil, and a reduction in chest wall compliance. The processes involved are outlined together with the effects this has on normal lung function. Tests of lung function are commonly used to determine whether an individual patient's lungs are working abnormally, and using a lower limit of normal is the best method to use. The problems and solutions for defining the lower limit of normal for older subjects are discussed. If a subject's lung function is deemed abnormal from comparing their tests against a predicted value, then assessing how severe this abnormality is can be determined by using the results as per cent of predicted, or better still by relating the value to a minimum survivable limit.
A simple, heat‐sterilizable artificial diet excluding animal‐derived ingredients for adult blowfly, Lucilia sericata
Authors: ZHANG B. , NUMATA H. , MITSUI H. , GOTO S. G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.Artificial diets have been developed for Lucilia sericata (Meigen) blowfly larvae; however, diets for adults have not yet been developed. An adult diet that excludes animal tissues and animal‐derived ingredients and promotes not only ovarian development, but also oviposition, would aid in basic research and maggot debridement therapy. We have successfully developed artificial diets that exclude animal tissues and animal‐derived ingredients for L. sericata adults. The outcomes of the diets were comparable with those of a beef liver diet in terms of oviposition, adult survival and number of offspring.
Cytoskeletal Changes in Oocytes and Early Embryos During in vitro Fertilization Process in Mice
Authors: Gumus E. , Bulut H. E. , Kaloglu C. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe cytoskeleton plays crucial roles in the development and fertilization of germ cells and in the early embryo development. The growth, maturation and fertilization of oocytes require an active movement and a correct localization of cellular organelles. This is performed by the re‐organization of microtubules and actin filaments. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the changes in cytoskeleton during in vitro fertilization process using appropriate immunofluorescence techniques. While the chromatin content was found to be scattered throughout the nucleus during the oocyte maturation period, it was seen only around nucleolus following the completion of the maturation. Microtubules, during oocyte maturation, were regularly distributed throughout the ooplasm which was then localized in the subcortical region of oocytes. Similarly microfilaments were scattered throughout the ooplasm during the oocyte maturation period whereas they were seen in the subcortical region around the polar body and above the meiotic spindle throughout the late developmental stages. In conclusion, those changes occurred in microtubules and microfilaments might be closely related to the re‐organization of the genetic material during the oocyte maturation and early embryo development.
Association of metabolic profiles with hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients with genotype 1 or 2 infection
Authors: Hsu Ching‐Sheng , Liu Chen‐Hua , Liu Chun‐Jen , Hsu Shih‐Jer , Chen Chi‐Ling , Hwang Juey‐Jen , Lai Ming‐Yang , Chen Pei‐Jer , Chen Ding‐Shinn , Kao Jia‐Horng 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground and Aims:  Metabolic profiles are associated with severity of liver histology in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection. However, the influence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes, especially genotype 1 and 2, on the association between metabolic profiles and hepatic fibrosis remains unknown.Methods:  We consecutively enrolled 528 CHC patients infected by HCV genotype 1 or 2, and used univariate and multivariate approaches to determine the influence of HCV genotype on the association of metabolic characteristics with severity of liver histology.Results:  In univariate analysis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, higher grades of hepatic steatosis, homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance index and alanine aminotransferase level, but lower serum total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein level, were associated with advanced hepatic fibrosis. Advanced hepatic fibrosis was associated with an adjusted odds ratio of 13.72 (95% confidence interval, 2.15–87.7) for serum fasting blood glucose, 1.07 (1.01 to 1.13) for body mass index (BMI), and 0.03 (0.00–0.32) for total cholesterol level. Older age, lower serum total cholesterol level and more necro‐inflammatory activity were associated with advanced hepatic fibrosis in both genotype 1 and 2 patients (P < 0.05). Advanced hepatic fibrosis was associated with an adjusted odds ratio of 31.18 (2.31–421.4) for fasting blood glucose level in genotype 1 infection, whereas 1.16 (1.05–1.28) for BMI in genotype 2 infection.Conclusions:  Age, serum total cholesterol, and hepatic necro‐inflammation have important associations with severity of hepatic fibrosis in CHC patients. Moreover, these associations are different between HCV genotype: the effects of fasting blood glucose level and BMI are increased on genotype 1 and genotype 2 patients, respectively.
Multiple scales of diversification within natural populations of archaea in hydrothermal chimney biofilms
Authors: Brazelton William J. , Sogin Mitchell L. , Baross John A. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryCorroborative data collected from 16S rRNA clone libraries, intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region clone libraries, and 16S rRNA hypervariable region tag pyrosequencing demonstrate microdiversity within single‐species archaeal biofilms of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field. Both 16S rRNA clone libraries and pyrosequencing of the V6 hypervariable region show that Lost City Methanosarcinales (LCMS) biofilms are dominated by a single sequence, but the pyrosequencing data set also reveals the presence of an additional 1654 rare sequences. Clone libraries constructed with DNA spanning the V6 hypervariable region and ITS show that multiple ITS sequences are associated with the same dominant V6 sequence. Furthermore, ITS variability differed among three chimney samples, and the sample with the highest ITS diversity also contained the highest V6 diversity as measured by clone libraries as well as tag pyrosequencing. These results indicate that the extensive microdiversity detected in V6 tag sequences is an underestimate of genetic diversity within the archaeal biofilms.
Single‐port laparoscopic surgery, the new evolution of endoscopic surgery
Authors: Rivas H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIntroduction: Laparoscopic surgery through a single port is gaining great interest throughout the world. Our group has pioneered and been a leader on these novel techniques. Here we describe our experience based on a model of single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Materials and Methods: From January 2008 until August 2009, over 200 patients have undergone single‐port laparoscopic surgery at our institution. Here, we analyze a cohort of the initial 100 cholecystectomies in order to evaluate a proposed technique, common challenges, the learning curve and potential solutions.Results: Single‐port laparoscopic surgery was feasible in all patients from this cohort. Patients were strictly selected. Operating times similar to those of conventional laparoscopy were only achieved after completing 50 cases. Common technical challenges included clashing instruments, deflection of laparoscope due to conflict with light source, and organ retraction. Acceptance by surgeons and lack of patience and time may become significant obstacles that prevent the procedure's widespread adoption. The excellent aesthetic results are superior to laparoscopy. Other benefits of laparoscopy are preserved and may prove to be superior on clinical trials.Discussion: Single‐port laparoscopic surgery is becoming popular worldwide. Safe and successful adoption requires learning the basic concepts of this method, identifying challenges, and implementing solutions. Once these essentials are mastered, the learning curve may be shortened, especially for experienced laparoscopic surgeons, and this technique may then be used to replicate many abdominal operations. Transparency with patients and team building are essential requirements for a successful adoption. Clinical trials are ideal before universal adoption.
A Cineradiographic Study of Static and Dynamic Aspects of American English /r/
Authors: Zawadzki Paul A. , Kuehn David P. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
High speed cineradiograms were used to examine the articulatory characteristics associated with selected allophones of American English /r/. Only one of the three speakers produced a ‘retroflexed’ /r/ with a raised tongue apex. The other speakers produced a ‘bunched’ /r/ characterized by a raising of the tongue dorsum. Two basic types of /r/ were observed for all three speakers: (1) prevocalic /r/, which initiated a syllable, and (2) post-vocalic /r/, which terminated a syllable or formed a syllabic nucleus. The prevocalic allophone was characterized by greater lip rounding, a more advanced tongue position, and less tongue dorsum grooving. The two allophones also were associated with different variability and movement attributes. The differences in /r/ allophones were found to be similar to previously reported differences in American English /1/ allophones.
Thesmophoriazusae's Two Dawns
Authors: Clements Ashley 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIt is commonly assumed that line 2 of Aristophanes' Thesmophoriazusae, where it appears that the action of our play begins in the early morning after dawn, is inconsistent with lines 277-9, where the Kinsman is told to hurry off to the women's Assembly so as to arrive there before dawn (cf. 376). This article offers a fresh approach to the problem by re-analyzing the temporal co-ordinate offered by the Kinsman's wish for the appearance of χελιδων, 'the swallow', in line 1. It is argued that for an audience of mid-April 411, the play's production date, χελιδων did not primarily evoke the coming of spring as is usually presumed. Rather, the word evoked a specific time of night, the pre-dawn hours of ορρος, during which, in April 411, not only the swallow could be heard but also a star called Χελιδων could be seen ascending before sunrise. The Kinsman's reference to χελιδων therefore situates the beginning of the play at some unspecified time before dawn, implying that Euripides and his Kinsman have been tramping around in circles ever since the dawn of the day before, and that the dawn of line 376 is the dawn of a second day. The twenty-four hour wandering of our play's protagonists in search of a solution to Euripides' predicament therefore provides a comic precedent for Alcibiades' description of Socrates' twenty-four-hour, dawn-to-dawn, stint of philosophizing in Plato's Symposium (220c3-d5).
Myeloid progenitor cells lacking p53 exhibit delayed up-regulation of Puma and prolonged survival after cytokine deprivation
Authors: Jabbour Anissa M. , Daunt Carmel P. , Green Benjamin D. , Vogel Sandra , Gordon Lavinia , Lee Rachel S. , Silke Natasha , Pearson Richard B. , Vandenberg Cassandra J. , Kelly Priscilla N. , Nutt Stephen L. , Strasser Andreas , Borner Christoph , Ekert Paul G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLoss of p53-dependent apoptosis contributes to the development of hematologic malignancies and failure to respond to treatment. Proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Puma is essential for apoptosis in HoxB8-immortalized interleukin-3 (IL-3)–dependent myeloid cell lines (FDM cells) provoked by IL-3 deprivation. p53 and FoxO3a can transcriptionally regulate Puma. To investigate which transcriptional regulator is responsible for IL-3 deprivation-induced Puma expression and apoptosis, we generated wild-type (WT), p53−/−, and FoxO3a−/− FDM cells and found that p53−/− but not FoxO3a−/− cells were protected against IL-3 withdrawal. Loss of p21cip/waf, which is critical for p53-mediated cell-cycle arrest, afforded no protection against IL-3 deprivation. A survival advantage was also observed in untransformed p53−/− hematopoietic progenitor cells cultured in the presence or absence of cytokines. In response to IL-3 deprivation, increased Puma protein levels in p53−/− cells were substantially delayed compared with WT cells. Increased p53 transcriptional activity was detected after cytokine deprivation. This was substantially less than that induced by DNA damage and associated not with increased p53 protein levels but with loss of the p53 regulator, MDM2. Thus, we conclude that p53 protein is activated after IL-3 deprivation by loss of MDM2. Activated p53 transcriptionally up-regulates Puma, which initiates apoptosis.
Genome scale transcriptome analysis of shoot organogenesis in Populus
Authors: Bao Yanghuan , Dharmawardhana Palitha , Mockler Todd C , Strauss Steven H 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Background
Our aim is to improve knowledge of gene regulatory circuits important to dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, and adventitious meristem organization during in vitro regeneration of plants. Regeneration of transgenic cells remains a major obstacle to research and commercial deployment of most taxa of transgenic plants, and woody species are particularly recalcitrant. The model woody species Populus, due to its genome sequence and amenability to in vitro manipulation, is an excellent species for study in this area. The genes recognized may help to guide the development of new tools for improving the efficiency of plant regeneration and transformation.

Results
We analyzed gene expression during poplar in vitro dedifferentiation and shoot regeneration using an Affymetrix array representing over 56,000 poplar transcripts. We focused on callus induction and shoot formation, thus we sampled RNAs from tissues: prior to callus induction, 3 days and 15 days after callus induction, and 3 days and 8 days after the start of shoot induction. We used a female hybrid white poplar clone (INRA 717-1 B4,
Populus tremula × P. alba
) that is used widely as a model transgenic genotype. Approximately 15% of the monitored genes were significantly up-or down-regulated when controlling the false discovery rate (FDR) at 0.01; over 3,000 genes had a 5-fold or greater change in expression. We found a large initial change in expression after the beginning of hormone treatment (at the earliest stage of callus induction), and then a much smaller number of additional differentially expressed genes at subsequent regeneration stages. A total of 588 transcription factors that were distributed in 45 gene families were differentially regulated. Genes that showed strong differential expression included components of auxin and cytokinin signaling, selected cell division genes, and genes related to plastid development and photosynthesis. When compared with data on in vitro callogenesis in Arabidopsis, 25% (1,260) of up-regulated and 22% (748) of down-regulated genes were in common with the genes regulated in poplar during callus induction.

Conclusion
The major regulatory events during plant cell organogenesis occur at early stages of dedifferentiation. The regulatory circuits reflect the combinational effects of transcriptional control and hormone signaling, and associated changes in light environment imposed during dedifferentiation.
Interaktive Exploration und Visualisierung von semantischem Wissen mit SemaPlorerInteractive Exploration and Visualization of Semantic Knowledge with SemaPlorer
Authors: Scherp Ansgar , Schenk Simon , Saathoff Carsten , Staab Steffen 
Published: November 2009

Zusammenfassung
SemaPlorer ist eine einfach zu bedienende Anwendung, die es Endanwendern erlaubt, einen verteilten, sehr großen Datensatz gemischter Qualität und von heterogener Semantik in Echtzeit zu explorieren und zu visualisieren. Benutzer können sich damit über eine interessante Region wie eine Stadt oder Ferienregion informieren. Die Visualisierung erfolgt mit Hilfe einer Karte, Medienansicht und verschiedenen kontextuellen Sichten auf die Daten, die es dem Benutzer erlauben, interaktiv mit den Datensätzen zu interagieren. Für SemaPlorer verwenden wir verschiedene semantische Datenquellen wie DBpedia, GeoNames, WordNet und persönliche FOAF-Dateien. Zudem ist ein großer, nach RDF konvertierter Datensatz von Flickr integriert worden. Weitere Datenquellen können sehr einfach in SemaPlorer hinzugefügt werden. Wir haben eine formative Evaluierung der SemaPlorer-Anwendung mit 20 Testpersonen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Evaluation werden analysiert und deren Auswirkung auf zukünftige Arbeiten skizziert.
Finiteness conditions and distributive laws for Boolean algebras
Authors: Erné Marcel 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe compare diverse degrees of compactness and finiteness in Boolean algebras with each other and investigate the influence of weak choice principles. Our arguments rely on a discussion of infinitary distributive laws and generalized prime elements in Boolean algebras. In ZF set theory without choice, a Boolean algebra is Dedekind finite if and only if it satisfies the ascending chain condition. The Denumerable Subset Axiom (DS) implies finiteness of Boolean algebras with compact top, whereas the converse fails in ZF. Moreover, we derive from DS the atomicity of continuous Boolean algebras. Some of the results extend to more general structures like pseudocomplemented semilattices (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Price stickiness in Portugal evidence from survey data
Authors: Martins Fernando 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper analyses the results of a survey conducted on a sample of Portuguese firms, with the main purpose of investigating their price setting behaviour. The evidence points to a considerable degree of price stickiness: most firms do not change prices more than once a year; time lags in price reactions to shocks are significant; and more than half of the firms follow time‐dependent price reviewing and build their price decisions disregarding any indication of future economic developments. Implicit contracts between firms and their customers under which the former pledge to stabilise their prices as a way to increase customers' loyalty are apparently the main reason preventing firms from changing their prices more frequently. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of antioxidants applied in lubricants
Authors: Kassler Alexander , Pittenauer Ernst , Doerr Nicole , Allmaier Guenter 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the utility of ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) in combination with the two desorption/ionization methods, electrospray (ESI) and atmospheric pressure matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP‐MALDI), for the detection of antioxidants which are applied in lubricants. These experiments should form the base for future investigations of antioxidants in tribologically formed thin layers on the surface of frictional systems. Seventeen different antioxidants were selected out of the group of hindered phenolic and aromatic aminic compounds. Practically all antioxidants could be characterized by positive ion ESI‐ and AP‐MALDI‐ITMS, forming various types/species of molecular ions (e.g. [M]+., [M+H]+, [M+Na]+ or [M–2H+H]+). A few compounds could be analyzed by negative ion ESI‐MS, too, but none by negative ion AP‐MALDI‐MS. The influence of target materials in AP‐MALDI‐MS (gold‐ and titanium nitride (TiN)‐covered stainless steel, micro‐diamond‐covered hard metal, hand‐polished and sand‐blasted stainless steel targets) with respect to the molecular ion intensity and type of molecular ion of two selected antioxidants was evaluated. The surface properties are of particular interest because in friction tests different materials with different surface characteristics are used. However, the MS results indicate that optimal target surfaces have to be found for individual antioxidants in AP‐MALDI‐MS but in general smooth surfaces were superior to rough surfaces. Finally the gold‐covered stainless steel MALDI target provided the best mass spectra and was selected for all the antioxidants investigated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.