bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVIEW: Oat and Rye β‐Glucan: Properties and Function
Authors: Wood Peter J. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTOver the years, the β‐glucan of oats and barley has been the subject of study either because of the importance of the cholesterol‐lowering potential to health claims (FDA 1997, 2005) or, in the case of barley, because of the role of β‐glucan and β‐glucan‐rich endosperm cell walls in malting and brewing. β‐Glucan is also present in rye and in much lesser amounts in wheat. The most striking difference in these latter two sources is the difficulty in extractability; alkali rather than water is required for significant release from the cell walls. This review will discuss physicochemical properties of oat and rye β‐glucan and, where information allows, relate these to physiological effects. Viscosity, or more generally rheology, plays a central role in discussions of cereal β‐glucan functionality and physiological effects and will be the focus of this review.
REVIEW: Molecular Diversity in Pulse Seed Starch and Complex Carbohydrates and Its Role in Human Nutrition and Health
Authors: Chibbar Ravindra N. , Ambigaipalan Priyatharini , Hoover Ratnajothi 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTSeven major pulse crops account for ≈90% of global pulse production. Pulses are an important component of human nutrition as sources of proteins, carbohydrates, and minor nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. The major pulse seed storage polysaccharide is starch, which is made up of highly branched amylopectin and sparsely branched amylose. Pulse starches generally contain a higher concentration of amylose as compared to cereal and tuber starches. The nonstarch complex carbohydrates are major components of dietary fiber including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectic polysaccharides with considerable structural diversity. Diets rich in pulses are associated with health benefits such as reduced calorific content, reduced or no effect on blood glucose levels (low glycemic index), and improved heart health. These health benefits have been attributed to the high amylose concentration (>30%) that gives rise to resistant starch that, along with dietary fiber, remains undigested in the small intestine but is fermented by the microbiota in the colon. Colonic fermentation increases the growth of beneficial bacteria and production of short chain fatty acids which have been associated with reduced risk of colon cancer. Clinical trials with human subjects to confirm the beneficial effects of diets rich in pulses are inconclusive. Advances in genetic strategies to develop pulse seeds with desired carbohydrate concentration and composition, carbohydrate structure characterization, combined with utilization of in vitro and in animal models may be helpful to identify carbohydrate structure function relationship responsible for beneficial effects on human health associated with pulse consumption.
REVIEW: Molecular Interactions in Starch‐Water Systems: Effect of Increasing Starch Concentration
Authors: Goldstein Avi , Nantanga Komeine Kotokeni Mekondjo , Seetharaman Koushik 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTStarch is a major part of our diet. Food processing determines the physicochemical properties of starch in processed foods. An understanding of such properties is important in the development of strategies to modulate desirable textural attributes as well as the digestibility of starch in foods such as baked and extruded products. This review summarises the molecular interactions that occur during gelatinization and retrogradation of starch molecules studied using starch‐water systems focusing on those with starch concentrations of 60–150% db relevant to baked and extruded foods. Little information exists on effects of starch concentration on digestibility and polymer conformations and structures of processed starch in concentrated systems.
CYP93G2 Is a Flavanone 2-Hydroxylase Required for C-Glycosylflavone Biosynthesis in Rice
Authors: Du Yegang , Chu Hung , Chu Ivan K. , Lo Clive 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
C-Glycosylflavones are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom, and many of them have beneficial effects on human health. They are a special group of flavonoid glycosides in which the sugars are C-linked to the flavone skeleton. It has been long presumed that C-glycosylflavones have a different biosynthetic origin from O-glycosylflavonoids. In rice (Oryza sativa), a C-glucosyltransferase (OsCGT) that accepts 2-hydroxyflavanone substrates and a dehydratase activity that selectively converts C-glucosyl-2-hydroxyflavanones to 6C-glucosylflavones were recently described. In this study, we provide in vitro and in planta evidence that the rice P450 CYP93G2 protein encoded by Os06g01250 is a functional flavanone 2-hydroxylase. CYP93G2 is related to the CYP93B subfamily, which consists of dicot flavone synthase II enzymes. In the presence of NADPH, recombinant CYP93G2 converts naringenin and eriodictyol to the corresponding 2-hydroxyflavanones. In addition, CYP93G2 generates 2-hydroxyflavanones, which are modified by O-glycosylation in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Coexpression of CYP93G2 and OsCGT in Arabidopsis resulted in the production of C-glucosyl-2-hydroxyflavanones in the dibenzoylmethane tautomeric form. The same structure was reported previously for the in vitro OsCGT reaction products. Thus, CYP93G2 generates 2-hydroxyflavanone substrates from flavanones for C-glucosylation by OsCGT in planta. Furthermore, knocking down Os06g01250 in rice (O. sativa subsp. japonica 'Zhonghua 11') preferentially depleted the accumulation of C-glycosylapigenin, C-glycosylluteolin, and C-glycosylchrysoeriol but did not affect the levels of tricin, which is frequently present as O-glycosides in cereals. Taken together, our work conclusively assigned CYP93G2 as the first enzyme that channels flavanones to C-glycosylflavone biosynthesis in rice.
Arabidopsis PCR2 Is a Zinc Exporter Involved in Both Zinc Extrusion and Long-Distance Zinc Transport
Authors: Song Won-Yong , Choi Kwan Sam , Kim Do Young , Geisler Markus , Park Jiyoung , Vincenzetti Vincent , Schellenberg Maja , Kim Sun Ha , Lim Yong Pyo , Noh Eun Woon , Lee Youngsook , Martinoia Enrico 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Plants strictly regulate the uptake and distribution of Zn, which is essential for plant growth and development. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana PCR2 is essential for Zn redistribution and Zn detoxification. The pcr2 loss-of-function mutant was compromised in growth, both in Zn-excessive and -deficient conditions. The roots of pcr2 accumulated more Zn than did control plants, whereas the roots of plants overexpressing PCR2 contained less Zn, indicating that PCR2 removes Zn from the roots. Consistent with a role for PCR2 as a Zn-efflux transporter, PCR2 reduced the intracellular concentration of Zn when expressed in yeast cells. PCR2 is located mainly in epidermal cells and in the xylem of young roots, while it is expressed in epidermal cells in fully developed roots. Zn accumulated in the epidermis of the roots of pcr2 grown under Zn-limiting conditions, whereas it was found in the stele of wild-type roots. The transport pathway mediated by PCR2 does not seem to overlap with that mediated by the described Zn translocators (HMA2 and HMA4) since the growth of pcr2 hma4 double and pcr2 hma2 hma4 triple loss-of-function mutants was more severely inhibited than the individual single knockout mutants, both under conditions of excess or deficient Zn. We propose that PCR2 functions as a Zn transporter essential for maintaining an optimal Zn level in Arabidopsis.
The CURLY LEAF Interacting Protein BLISTER Controls Expression of Polycomb-Group Target Genes and Cellular Differentiation ofArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Schatlowski Nicole , Stahl Yvonne , Hohenstatt Mareike L. , Goodrich Justin , Schubert Daniel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolycomb-group (Pc-G) proteins are important regulators of many developmental processes in plants and animals and repress gene expression by imparting histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). Here, we present the identification of the novel, plant-specific Arabidopsis thaliana protein BLISTER (BLI), which interacts with the Pc-G histone methyltransferase CURLY LEAF (CLF). We map the interaction of BLI with CLF to a predicted coiled-coil domain in BLI that shares similarity with STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOMES proteins. BLI colocalizes with CLF in the nucleus, shows an overlapping expression pattern with CLF throughout plant development that is strongest in dividing cells, and represses a subset of Pc-G target genes. Loss of BLI results in a pleiotropic developmental mutant phenotype, indicating that BLI prevents premature differentiation. Furthermore, bli mutants exhibit severe epidermal defects, including loss of cell adhesion, outgrowth of cells, and increased cotyledon cell size. As these phenotypes have not been observed in Pc-G mutants, we propose that BLI has functions related to Pc-G proteins but can also act independently in Arabidopsis development.
Genetic Framework for Flattened Leaf Blade Formation in Unifacial Leaves ofJuncus prismatocarpus
Authors: Yamaguchi Takahiro , Yano Satoshi , Tsukaya Hirokazu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAngiosperm leaves generally develop as bifacial structures with distinct adaxial and abaxial identities. However, several monocot species, such as iris and leek, develop unifacial leaves, in which leaf blades have only abaxial identity. In bifacial leaves, adaxial-abaxial polarity is required for leaf blade flattening, whereas many unifacial leaves become flattened despite their leaf blades being abaxialized. Here, we investigate the mechanisms underlying the development and evolution of flattened leaf blades in unifacial leaves. We demonstrate that the unifacial leaf blade is abaxialized at the gene expression level and that an ortholog of the DROOPING LEAF (DL) gene may promote flattening of the unifacial leaf blade. In two closely related Juncus species, Juncus prismatocarpus, which has flattened unifacial leaves, and Juncus wallichianus, which has cylindrical unifacial leaves, DL expression levels and patterns correlate with the degree of laminar outgrowth. Genetic and expression studies using interspecific hybrids of the two species reveal that the DL locus from J. prismatocarpus flattens the unifacial leaf blade and expresses higher amounts of DL transcript than does that from J. wallichianus. We also show that leaf blade flattening is a trigger for central-marginal leaf polarity differentiation. We suggest that flattened unifacial leaf blades may have evolved via the recruitment of DL function, which plays a similar cellular but distinct phenotypic role in monocot bifacial leaves.
Dermoscopy
Authors: TANAKA Masaru 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTFirst, a brief introduction about types of dermoscope and an explanation on the theory of dermoscopy are provided. Second, some introduction on the difference of dermoscopic pictures between benign and malignant neoplasm is given. Basically, benign lesions tend to show symmetrical dermoscopic structures and colors, whereas malignant lesions have a tendency to present irregular and atypical dermoscopic structures. Third, the relationship between dermoscopic images and anatomical structures will be shown. Acral melanocytic lesions have site‐specific dermoscopic patterns, namely parallel furrow pattern or parallel ridge pattern. These parallel patterns are due to different distribution of benign and malignant melanocytes. Benign melanocytes (nevus cells) are mainly found on the tips of crista profunda limitans and supply melanin granules to the furrows of stratum corneum, making a parallel furrow pattern. To the contrary, melanoma cells proliferate mainly on the tips of crista profunda intermedia or rather diffusely and randomly, and supply melanin granules irregularly and diffusely to the ridges of stratum corneum, having parallel ridge pattern. Fourth, the global features of dermoscopic findings are described respectively with definitions of the technical terms. To analyze dermoscopic structures, it is easier to look at global features first and local features next. Basic global features include reticular, globular, cobblestone, homogeneous, starburst and parallel patterns. If a given dermoscopy image has two patterns, the more prominent pattern might be chosen. If it has more than three dermoscopic patterns, then multi‐component pattern is the reasonable selection. If there are no particular dermoscopic structures, then the unspecific pattern will be selected. Finally, some comments on the relationship between dermoscopy and dermatopathology are given briefly. It is always useful to imagine dermatopathological features when examining a dermoscopic image. There are considerable relations between dermoscopy and dermatopathology.
Meta‐analysis: levamisole improves the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in dialysis patients
Authors: Fabrizi F. , Dixit V. , Messa P. , Martin P. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryBackground  Patients undergoing maintenance dialysis often fail to mount protective antibodies to hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) following vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Some authors have suggested that levamisole improves immune response to HBV vaccine in dialysis population. However, consistent information on this issue does not exist.Aim  To evaluate efficacy and safety of levamisole as adjuvant to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine in dialysis patients by performing a systematic review of the literature with a meta‐analysis of clinical trials.Methods  We used the random‐effects model of DerSimonian and Laird, with heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses. Only trials comparing the seroresponse rate in study subjects (levamisole plus HBV vaccine) vs. controls (HBV vaccine alone) were included. The end point of interest was the rate of patients showing seroprotective anti‐hepatitis B titres at completion of HBV vaccine schedule in study vs. control groups.Results  We identified four studies involving 328 unique patients on regular dialysis. Only prospective, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included. Pooling of study results showed a significant increase in response rates among study (levamisole plus HBV vaccine) vs. control (HBV vaccine alone) patients; the pooled Odds Ratio was 2.432 (95% Confidence Intervals, 1.34; 4.403), P = 0.002. No study heterogeneity was found. These results did not change in various subgroups of interest.Conclusions  Our meta‐analysis showed that levamisole significantly improves immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in dialysis population. The limited number of patients precluded more conclusions.
Systematic review: the epidemiology of eosinophilic oesophagitis in adults
Authors: Sealock R. J. , Rendon G. , El‐Serag H. B. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryBackground  The epidemiology of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) in adults remains unclear.Aim  To estimate the prevalence and incidence of EoE through a systematic review of published literature.Methods  We conducted systematic literature searches in PubMed in September 2009. Studies were excluded if they contained any participants below 18 years of age, published in languages other than English, or had no exact reporting of prevalence or incidence rates.Results  Nine studies fulfilled the criteria; one evaluated a population‐based sample, one examined patients referred from a defined geographical region and seven studies examined the prevalence in a total of 6018 patients in clinic or hospital settings. The lowest prevalence was reported in population‐based studies (4 and 0.23 per 1000), followed by studies of unselected patients (1.0%, 6.5%) and highest in the other five clinic/hospital based studies (2.2–48.2%). Men were more affected in seven of eight studies (64.5–100%). The sample size weighted average prevalence from the population‐based studies was 0.03%. For studies evaluating symptomatic patients, it was 2.8%.Conclusions  The prevalence of EoE in adults varies considerably based on the study sampling frame: high in dysphagia patients, quite low in population‐based studies and intermediate among unselected endoscopy patients.
DNA polymorphism in the major histocompatibility complex of man and various farm animals*
Authors: VAIMAN M. , CHARDON P. , COHEN D. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. In the past few years it has been possible by combining enzymatic cleavage of genomic DNA and the Southern blot hybridization technique to explore the endonuclease recognition site polymorphism of the MHC. HLA class I and DR and DQ alpha and beta class II specific probes as well as human C4 and Bf class III probes were used. All these probes were shown to cross‐hybridize with DNA from pigs, cattle, sheep and horses. Hybridization of human genomic DNA with a class I probe showed 15–25 bands per genome depending on the enzyme used. Distinct endonucleases generated clusters of restriction fragments (RF) in HLA‐informative families which correlated with HLA specificites. While numerous clusters were found associated with HLA‐A alleles almost no cluster was related to HLA B or C specificities. Similarly, class II probes provided a large number of clusters. The existence of these clusters suggested that some polymorphic restriction sites are found in strong linkage disequilibrium and that the underlying mechanism might be gene conversion with heteroduplex correction. Since the degree of polymorphism detected by RF appears to be greater than the polymorphism defined by more traditional methods stronger associations between RF and pathological conditions are to be expected.Southern blot analysis was applied to unrelated pigs and sheep, as well as to families. Preliminary studies have also been performed on a few unrelated cattle and horses. Depending on the endonuclease used the HLA class I probe hybridized with around 15 bands in MHC heterozygous pigs and ruminants while up to 20 bands were found in horses. Therefore, a several‐fold greater number of potential class I genes exist compared to those actually expressed. With the class II beta probe, cattle and sheep showed around 10 bands whereas 15 were observed in pigs and around 20 in horses. Based on limited results obtained with DQ alpha and beta probes and with the DR alpha probe there appeared to be fewer of these respective genes. Only one C4 gene has been detected in pig and this gene maps within the SLA region. Hybridization with the human C4 probe in cattle, sheep and horses revealed two to four bands which could possibly account for two C4 genes. To date their linkage to the MHC has not been established.The Southern blot hybridization technique represents a powerful tool for future immunogenetic studies. This is even more so in large farm animals where for various reasons it is almost impossible to conduct certain types of investigation that are easily performed in rodents or in man. Although the data are still preliminary, they already extend our knowledge of the MHC in domestic animals far beyond what could have been reasonably anticipated using conventional methods.
Relationship between rabbit transferrin electrophoretic patterns and plasma iron concentrations
Authors: ZARAGOZA P. , ARANA A. , AMORENA B. 
Published: July 2010

Summary.Rabbit transferrin (Tf) was studied electrophoretically using 1141 blood samples from individuals belonging to seven populations (Spanish Common, Spanish Giant, Butterfly, Lyoné de Bourgogne, New Zealand White, Californian and New Zealand White X Californian hybrids).No Tf polymorphism was found by starch gel electrophoresis, but six patterns, differing in the presence and/or intensity of three bands (‘a’, anodic; ‘b’, intermediate; and ‘c’, cathodic) were observed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No genetic model could explain these patterns, since they reflect differences in plasma Tf iron content. The electrophoretic test allowed a direct observation of the relativein vivolevels of the different Tf molecular species; saturated (band ‘a’, Fe2Tf); semi‐saturated (band ‘b’, Fe1Tf); and without iron (band ‘c’ Fe0Tf, apotransferrin).The degree of iron saturation of Tf varied among individuals and throughout the individual's life. Specifically, in pregnant females, Fe2Tf and Fe1Tf are generally observed, except in late pregnancy (from day 25 to parturition), when mainly apotransferrin is observed. Significantly, within 24h post‐partum, high levels of Fe2Tf are reached in the female's serum.
Joint Report of the Fourth International Workshop on Lymphocyte Alloantigens of the Horse, Lexington, Kentucky, 12–22 October 1985
Authors: BERNOCO D. , ANTCZAK D. F. , BAILEY E. , BELL K. , BULL R. W. , BYRNS G. , GUERIN G. , LAZARY S. , McCLURE J. , TEMPLETON J. , VAREWYCK H. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. The workshop consisted of 12 monthly cell exchanges of full‐sibling families among the 10 participating laboratories. A total of 33 parents, 52 offspring and five unrelated horses were typed by each laboratory using local antisera. The raw data were submitted for central analysis before any identification of the animals was revealed.Confidence derived from the consistent agreement between the laboratories on the assignment and segregation of the first 10 ELA‐W specificities led to the removal of the W (workshop) notation and acceptance of full status as locus A antigens. The seemingly supertypic W11 specificity, however, remained unchanged.Ten additional specificities were seen to segregate with the ELA system, suggesting either splits of previously described specificities or products of linked loci. The workshop (W) notation was given to the 10 specificities W12‐W21, befitting their status as specificities under study.The previously described ELY‐1.1 specificity, characterized by segregation independent from the ELA system, was confirmed along with a new specificity, ELY‐1.2, which behaves as an allele of ELY‐1.1. For informative families, the two specificities showed codominant expression and appeared to constitute a closed, autosomal system.The ELY‐2.1 specificity was confirmed to segregate independently from the ELA‐A and ELY‐1 loci.
Evidence of a second polymorphic ELA class I (ELA‐B) locus and gene order for three loci of the equine major histocompatibility complex
Authors: BERNOCO D. , BYRNS G. , BAILEY E. , LEW A.M. 
Published: July 2010

Summary.Two antisera, B‐442 and R‐2046, were produced by immunizing offspring with purified peripheral blood lymphocytes from a parent matched for the ELA‐A specificity carried on the unshared haplotype. Absorption analysis demonstrated that these antisera contained at least two families of cytotoxic antibodies, one directed against antigens present on T and B cells, and a second directed preferentially against antigens present on surface Ig positive cells. Immunoprecipitation studies using these antisera demonstrated that both antisera contain antibodies specific for glycoproteins with molecular weights characteristic of class I and class II MHC antigens. In lymphocyte typing tests of unfractionated lymphocytes, only the class I activity was readily detectable since the class II activity killed less than 25% of the cells.Family studies demonstrated that these antisera recognize products of genes linked to the ELA system. Based on two recombinants in an extended family it became apparent that the specificities detected by B‐442 and R‐2046 are not products of the ELA‐A locus, but rather they are products of at least one other locus, defined in this paper as ELA‐B. In this family a third recombinant was found between the A blood group system and the ELA‐A locus. Based on these three recombinants, the most probable linear relationship of the following genes is: A blood group system/ELA‐A/ELA‐B.