bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arginine residues at internal positions in a protein are always charged
Authors: Harms Michael J. , Schlessman Jamie L. , Sue Gloria R. , García-Moreno E. Bertrand 
Published: November 2011

Many functionally essential ionizable groups are buried in the hydrophobic interior of proteins. A systematic study of Lys, Asp, and Glu residues at 25 internal positions in staphylococcal nuclease showed that their pK
a
values can be highly anomalous, some shifted by as many as 5.7 pH units relative to normal pK
a
values in water. Here we show that, in contrast, Arg residues at the same internal positions exhibit no detectable shifts in pK
a
; they are all charged at pH ≤ 10. Twenty-three of these 25 variants with Arg are folded at both pH 7 and 10. The mean decrease in thermodynamic stability from substitution with Arg was 6.2 kcal/mol at this pH, comparable to that for substitution with Lys, Asp, or Glu at pH 7. The physical basis behind the remarkable ability of Arg residues to remain protonated in environments otherwise incompatible with charges is suggested by crystal structures of three variants showing how the guanidinium moiety of the Arg side chain is effectively neutralized through multiple hydrogen bonds to protein polar atoms and to site-bound water molecules. The length of the Arg side chain, and slight deformations of the protein, facilitate placement of the guanidinium moieties near polar groups or bulk water. This unique capacity of Arg side chains to retain their charge in dehydrated environments likely contributes toward the important functional roles of internal Arg residues in situations where a charge is needed in the interior of a protein, in a lipid bilayer, or in similarly hydrophobic environments.
Repression of Sucrose/Ultraviolet B Light-Induced Flavonoid Accumulation in Microbe-Associated Molecular Pattern-Triggered Immunity in Arabidopsis
Authors: Serrano Mario , Kanehara Kazue , Torres Martha , Yamada Kohji , Tintor Nico , Kombrink Erich , Schulze-Lefert Paul , Saijo Yusuke 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) leads to the generation of MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI), which restricts the invasion and propagation of potentially infectious microbes. It has been described that the perception of different bacterial and fungal MAMPs causes the repression of flavonoid induction upon light stress or sucrose application. However, the functional significance of this MTI-associated signaling output remains unknown. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), FLAGELLIN-SENSING2 (FLS2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR act as the pattern recognition receptors for the bacterial MAMP epitopes flg22 (of flagellin) and elf18 (of elongation factor [EF]-Tu), respectively. Here, we reveal that reactive oxygen species spiking and callose deposition are dispensable for the repression of flavonoid accumulation by both pattern recognition receptors. Importantly, FLS2-triggered activation of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED (PR) genes and bacterial basal defenses are enhanced in transparent testa4 plants that are devoid of flavonoids, providing evidence for a functional contribution of flavonoid repression to MTI. Moreover, we identify nine small molecules, of which eight are structurally unrelated, that derepress flavonoid accumulation in the presence of flg22. These compounds allowed us to dissect the FLS2 pathway. Remarkably, one of the identified compounds uncouples flavonoid repression and PR gene activation from the activation of reactive oxygen species, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and callose deposition, corroborating a close link between the former two outputs. Together, our data imply a model in which MAMP-induced repression of flavonoid accumulation serves a role in removing the inherent inhibitory action of flavonoids on an MTI signaling branch.
Transcriptional Regulation of Arabidopsis LEAFY COTYLEDON2 Involves RLE, a cis-Element That Regulates Trimethylation of Histone H3 at Lysine-27
Authors: Berger Nathalie , Dubreucq Bertrand , Roudier François , Dubos Christian , Lepiniec Loïc 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2) is a master regulator of seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana. In vegetative organs, LEC2 expression is negatively regulated by Polycomb Repressive Complex2 (PRC2) that catalyzes histone H3 Lys 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and plays a crucial role in developmental phase transitions. To characterize the cis-regulatory elements involved in the transcriptional regulation of LEC2, molecular dissections and functional analyses of the promoter region were performed in vitro, both in yeast and in planta. Two cis-activating elements and a cis-repressing element (RLE) that is required for H3K27me3 marking were characterized. Remarkably, insertion of the RLE cis-element into pF3H, an unrelated promoter, is sufficient for repressing its transcriptional activity in different tissues. Besides improving our understanding of LEC2 regulation, this study provides important new insights into the mechanisms underlying H3K27me3 deposition and PRC2 recruitment at a specific locus in plants.
Utilization of some cashew by‐products
Authors: Gyedu‐Akoto Esther 
Published: November 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to show how to develop useful products from cashew by‐products, to help expand the income base of cashew farmers in the Savanna area.Design/methodology/approachInvestigations into the utilization of some by‐products from cashew were carried out using the apples and gum from the cashew tree. The apples were processed into clarified and non‐clarified juices and jam. Cashew gum, a by‐product of the cashew tree, was used in the development of baked doughnuts as a fat replacer. The gum was used at five different levels in the preparation of the products – 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 per cent of fat used.FindingsThe average yield of cashew juice after extraction with a screw press ranged from 53.0 to 54.6 per cent. Results on chemical and sensory analyses of the two juices showed that clarification with Polyvinylpyrrolidone reduced both the chemical and sensory quality of the juices. Protein content, total sugar concentration and K content reduced from 0.548, 58.23 and 4.23 per cent to 0.443, 18.50 and 3.32 per cent, respectively. Fat contents of the baked doughnuts were 16.72, 14.68, 8.10, 8.24 and 5.82 per cent for products with 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 per cent cashew gum, respectively. Results of sensory analysis showed that decreasing the fat content reduced the flavour, moistness and consumer acceptance of the products. However, there was no significant difference between the products. Therefore, it is suggested that cashew gum can replace fat in baked dough nuts up to 20 per cent.Originality/valueThese findings are important to cashew farmers, processors, nutritionists and consumers as a whole.
Measuring supply chain efficiency from a green perspective
Authors: Kim Ilsuk , Min Hokey 
Published: November 2011

PurposeThis paper aims to examine whether some countries achieve logistics efficiency at the cost of undermining environmental quality. In so doing, a hybrid index, the green logistics performance index (GLPI) combining both the LPI and the environmental performance index (EPI), is constructed.Design/methodology/approachBeing a macro analysis measuring the green supply chain efficiency of a country, this paper utilizes the secondary data compiled by the World Bank and the World Economic Forum. A series of simple regression analyses were conducted in order to find out the varying degrees of association between the LPI, the EPI, the GLPI and the national income level.FindingsAs active logistics activities can have an impact on carbon footprints such as greenhouse gas emissions, it was found that some countries chose to increase their income level at the expense of the environment degradation. Consequently, the GLPI is suggested as a good indicator of a country's green logistics efficiency, showing what impact the country's logistics competitiveness has on its environment.Originality/valueThis paper is the first attempt to measure the efficiency of the supply chain of a country from a green perspective by proposing the GLPI combining the LPI and the EPI. It is also the first literature in the supply chain management academia to utilize both the LPI and the EPI.
Successfully implementing radical management at Salesforce.com
Authors: Denning Stephen 
Published: November 2011

PurposeThis case aims to describe the practices of Salesforce.com, one of the most successful examples of a company transitioning from traditional management to radical management.Design/methodology/approachThe article explores the factors that made the implementation successful and identifies the pitfalls that were avoided. Salesforce.com provides on‐demand services for customer‐relationship management.FindingsSalesforce.com has had more spectacular results than most other companies that have adopted the radical management principles of Scrum.Research limitations/implicationsOver the past five years Salesforce.com has delivered a 41 percent annual return to shareholders. This extraordinary performance – in fact, an example of an innovation turnaround – occurred after the firm instituted a set of radical practices that make it a model for business seeking to grow though continuous innovation.Practical implicationsThe leadership at Salesforce.com saw that if a radically different approach to management were to be introduced in one part of the organization, there would be a tension at the interface between the part of the company still doing traditional management and the part managing work in the new way. So they opted to go all out with change right across the whole organization.Originality/valueWhat made Salesforce.com different is that when it innovativeness was threatened it adopted a radically different way of managing work. It implemented a set of agile, customer‐driven, outcome‐oriented, iterative management practices known in software development as Scrum.
An empirical comparative analysis of various issues of foreign trade among firms in South‐East Asian countries
Authors: Sirpal Rajeshwar 
Published: November 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of the various issues faced by firms involved in foreign trade in Brunei Darussalam and Singapore. It tries to delineate the issues or concerns in export and import trade that are significant, but of either same or different magnitudes in these countries. It also attempts to determine the concerns that are of lesser extent for both importers and exporters, and extent of usage of insurance against non‐payment of export debts, and/or loss of goods in transit.Design/methodology/approachJudgment and snowball sampling methods are employed to collect data from various companies in these countries. The results are analyzed from two samples of 42 and 25 responding firms of Brunei Darussalam, and Singapore, respectively. Descriptive statistics is used to present and analyze the data.FindingsThe paper highlights the various important issues related to foreign trade by firms. The issues that are significant, but are of the same magnitudes in these countries along with the issues that are of different magnitudes are mentioned. Furthermore, concerns of lesser extent for both importers and exporters along with a comparative analysis of buying insurance by firms are also mentioned.Research limitations/implicationsThe results are basically from the various trading companies involved in foreign trade in Brunei Darussalam and Singapore. The sample size of firms from Singapore may be another limiting factor.Originality/valueThis study fills the gap in the existing literature about current issues prevalent in these countries. Furthermore, some suggestions to reduce the concerns of foreign trade are also mentioned in the paper. The findings may be useful for financial institutions interested in providing better services to the firms.
Modelling investment in the tourism industry using the World Bank's good governance indicators
Authors: Rios‐Morales Ruth , Gamberger Dragan , Jenkins Ian , Smuc Tom 
Published: November 2011

PurposeForeign direct investment has been extensively recognised as an important resource of economic growth. Governments have been playing an active role in encouraging this type of investment. Despite efforts by governments, only a few countries have been successful in attracting investment for their tourism industry. The purpose of this paper is to detect meaningful relationships between government policies and investment.Design/methodology/approachThis study utilizes statistical and machine learning techniques. A predictive model has been constructed and evaluated using a set of countries, which differ from those putatively used for model generation. Good governance indicators, together with data about investments in the tourism industry, are the main instruments used in the model.FindingsThe findings suggest that the formulation and implementation of sound policies, together with regulations, promotes the development of a private sector; and the private sector has a significant role in attracting tourism investment.Practical implicationsThe study contributes to research in the tourism industry by using intelligent data analysis techniques.Originality/valueThe availability of comprehensive datasets and a very limited set of empirical studies, related to investment in the tourism industry, has stimulated this research to focus on integrating quantitative resources and assessing the significance of government policies.
Numerical simulation of seawater intrusion in Manukan Island, East Malaysia
Authors: Mangala Praveena Sarva , Harun Abdullah Mohd , Zaharin Aris Ahmad , Mokhtar Mazlin , Bidin Kawi 
Published: November 2011

PurposeThis paper aims to define the current and potential extent of seawater intrusion in Manukan Island under different scenarios of varying recharge and pumping rates. The calibrated model was also used to predict the extent of seawater intrusion in low lying area of Manukan Island for two years with all conditions assumed to remain the same as those in December 2009.Design/methodology/approachDifferent scenarios of varying recharge and pumping rates based on threats received by Manukan Island were investigated. El‐Nino events and overpumping are represented by varying recharge and pumping rates. Simulation was done using SEAWAT‐2000, the latest modeling software available in groundwater modeling that couples flow and transport together.FindingsThe seawater‐freshwater mixing ratio moves landwards after two years of simulation in Scenario 1. In order to control overpumping in this study area, Scenario 2 has resulted in backward movement of the 1.4 percent seawater‐freshwater mixing ratio toward the coast after two years of prediction. The current contamination of the coastal aquifers by seawater intrusion will be more severe with an impact of El‐Nino events on groundwater resources depletion in Scenario 3. Reductions of pumping and recharge rates in Scenario 4 have worsened the seawater intrusion problem. With the aid of artificial recharge in Scenario 5, highest hydraulic heads and lowest chloride concentration were observed.Practical implicationsThe sustainable groundwater management selected for Manukan Island's current situation will be Scenario 2. In view of the effects of El‐Nino events in the future, Scenario 5 can be implemented to restore groundwater resources. The numerical model has showed the groundwater condition during El‐Nino events and overpumping illustrated that simulation modeling is an excellent tool to understand the behavior and management of an aquifer system. The output of simulation modeling via numerical model provides a framework toward groundwater management. Thus, current study output with similar approach which will restore groundwater (artificial recharge and reduction of pumping rate) can be applied in other small islands of similar hydrogeological condition and stresses for the purpose of groundwater resource protection.Originality/valueBriefly, these findings will effectively contribute to water policy analysis, planning and management in the study area to combat current as well as future seawater intrusion problem.
A services perspective for text message coupon customization
Authors: Bacile Todd J. , Goldsmith Ronald E. 
Published: November 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to illustrate that text message mobile coupons are marketing communications that are becoming more service‐like in nature. As such, mobile coupons will benefit from firm‐generated service customization strategies.Design/methodology/approachAn experiment compared a mobile coupon with a customized versus non‐customized delivery time. A sample of 244 undergraduate students from a large southeastern US university completed an online questionnaire. The between‐subject design randomly assigned participants to the custom or non‐custom condition. Results were assessed with MANCOVA.FindingsCustomizing the delivery time of a mobile coupon improved attitude toward and intention to use the coupon, as well as attitude toward and purchase intent with the firm.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper focuses on only one mobile coupon campaign in one product category, while measuring attitudes and intentions, not actual purchase behavior. The sample is also limited by having student participants. Future research should examine these limitations.Practical implicationsThe paper provides practitioners with an alternative view of mobile coupons. Whereas traditional paper coupons are mass marketing communications, mobile coupons should be viewed similar to an important service to consumers. Allowing consumers to customize these communications, similar to how consumers customize important service offerings, will enhance the coupon and image of the firm.Originality/valueThis study is the first to suggest that mobile coupons be guided by services marketing theory. This is also the first study to suggest and empirically assess the customization of marketing communications as a firm‐generated strategy designed to enhance mobile coupons. Customization in this context is a co‐production activity.
THE STRUCTURE OF LIVING MALIGNANT CELLS DEMONSTRABLE BY ULTRA‐VIOLET MICROSCOPY
Authors: Ludford R. J. , Smiles J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.Ultra‐violet micrographs have been taken of living, actively growing cells from a variety of sarcomas and carcinomas, employing wave‐lengths of 2570 Å. and 2750 Å. Considerable absorption is exhibited by

the nucleoli and chromatin of the cell nuclei;
the mitochondria and smaller cytoplasmic granules (microsomes); and
the ground cytoplasm.

Sarcoma cells in comparison with stromal fibroblasts are larger. Their nuclei have bigger nucleoli and more chromatin. Their cytoplasm has a greater mitochondrial and microsomal content, and absorbs more intensely. There is a close correlation between rate of growth and the amount of intracellular substances which absorb radiations of wave‐lengths of 2570 Å and 2750 Å. The fastest‐growing cells exhibit the most intense absorption. Attention is directed to the complexity of the cytoplasmic structure of living malignant cells which is revealed by the ultra‐violet micrographs. Any technique that is employed for demonstrating the intracellular localization of nucleotides which fails to retain the structural integrity of the mitochondria and microsomes is open to serious criticism.
I.—THE ABERRATIONS OF MICROSCOPE OBJECTIVES AND THEIR VARIATIONS WITH SMALL DEPARTURES PROM OPTIMUM WORKING CONDITIONS
Authors: Bracey R. J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISTwo methods of testing microscope object‐glasses are described and classified as “Static” and “Kinematic.” The effects of residual aberrations are demonstrated and then a quantitative relation between the factors at the disposal of the microscopist and the residual aberration is given. A definition of “Sensitivity” follows with numerical values for certain lenses. The effects of variations of cover‐glass thickness and refractive index and variation of immersion‐oil refractive index are discussed with the aid of the concept of sensitivity.
VIII.—OPTICAL CONDITIONS FOR QUANTITATIVE ULTRA‐VIOLET MICROSPECTROSCOPY
Authors: King R. J. , Roe E. M. F. 
Published: November 2011

SynopsisThe adaptation of the Cooke, Troughton & Simms ultra‐violet microscope for quantitative absorption measurements at a limited number of wave‐lengths in the ultra‐violet is described. Measurements have been made on model absorbing systems to investigate the variation of absorption values due to changes of the optical conditions (e.g., condenser and objective numerical aperture, field stop diameter and use of quartz monochromat at wave‐lengths differing from that for which it was computed).
DIRECT ULTRA‐VIOLET AND ULTRA‐VIOLET NEGATIVE PHASE‐CONTRAST MICROGRAPHY OF BACTERIA FROM THE STOMACHS OF THE SHEEP
Authors: Smiles J. , Dobson Marjorie J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISBacteria from the stomachs of sheep have been examined by direct ultra‐violet and ultra‐violet negative phase‐contrast micrographs. These micrographs show details in the rumen organisms which were poorly or not received by visual light methods. In the abomasum, the acid‐stomach of the sheep, signs of disorganization and disintegration of the bacteria were evident. Material which absorbed strongly in 2749 Å. wavelength was often seen to be concentrated at the edge of the. cells and sometimes in internal granules in the cells in the abomasum. Loss in rigidity and rupture of the cell walls were also often seen in these cells. Some of these degenerative changes appeared to start in the omasum of the sheep. In the rumen the presence of strongly absorbing material outside the cell membranes in some bacteria was marked. In some cases it took the form of a fringe; in others it crept between the septa dividing two units as an apparently homogeneous layer.
G.—APPLICATION OF THE SILVER‐FEULGEN REACTION IN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Jurand A. , Deutsch K. , Dunn A. E. G. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe silver‐Feulgen method has been used to determine the localization of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in animal cells. Silver granules of colloidal size are deposited mainly in the nuclei, indicating the distribution of DNA. In some cells they are also found to a smaller extent in the cytoplasm. It is hoped that quantitative estimates of the DNA content of different cell nuclei during the development of the cell will be possible.
SOME APPLICATIONS OF THE ULTRA‐VIOLET AND INTERFERENCE MICROSCOPES IN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Cosslett Anna 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISAn ultra‐violet microscope of high resolution, using radiation of wavelength 2570 Å, is described. This makes it useful to the electron microscopist for giving information about the concentration of nucleic acids in different parts of an organism. Three different types of application are described. Firstly, a comparison of ultra‐violet pictures with electron micrographs of identical bacteria (Mycobacterium phlei); secondly, a comparison of light microscope pictures of Feulgen‐stained organisms (Streptomyces cœlicolor) with ultra‐violet pictures as well as with electron micrographs of these bacteria at the same stage of growth. The third application concerns a comparative study in the ultra‐violet and electron microscopes of locust testis in order to assist in interpreting the electron microscope picture of the nucleus in these cells.The interference microscope was used for measuring accurately the thickness and refractive index of thin sections. A special grid for mounting thin sections to be measured in the interference microscope was designed. The method was used to investigate the effect of the electron beam on thin sections of four different embedding materials (Methacrylate, Araldite, Vestopal, Aquon). It was found that all sections become thinner, the loss of thickness ranging from 25–60 per cent according to the nature of the material and the amount of irradiation.