bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planning and Operation of Large Offshore Wind Farms in Areas with Limited Power Transfer Capacity
Authors: Tande John Olav Giæver , Korpås Magnus , Uhlen Kjetil 
Published: March 2012

At many locations with excellent wind conditions the wind farm development is hindered by grid issues. Conservative assumptions are often applied that unnecessarily limits the wind power installation. This paper shows that significantly more wind power can be allowed by taking proper account of the wind power characteristics and facilitating coordinated power system operation. A systematic approach is developed for assessing grid integration of wind farms subject to grid congestions. The method is applied to a case of connecting offshore wind farms to regional grid with hydro generation (380 MW) and loads (75–350 MW). The tie to the main grid is via a corridor with limited capacity (420 MW). With conservative assumptions (i.e. no changes in scheduled hydro generation or control of wind power output) the wind power installation is limited to 115 MW. The system operation is simulated on an hourly basis for multiple years taking into account the stochastic variations of wind speed and hydro inflow as well as the geographical distribution of wind farms. The simulation uses a control strategy for coordinated power system operation that maximises wind penetration. By using the developed methodology the wind power capacity can be increased from 115 MW to at least 600 MW with relatively little income reduction from energy sales compared to a case with unlimited grid capacity. It is concluded that coordinated operation allows for the integration of surprisingly large amounts of wind power. In order to realize the increase in transfer capability, it is essential to take account of the power system flexibility and the stochastic and dispersed nature of wind power. The presented methodology facilitates this and represents a rational approach for power system planning of wind farms.
Experimental Impact Characterization on a Structurally Dissipating Rock-Shed (SDR) Structure
Authors: Boukria Z. , Perrotin P. , Bennani A. , Limam A. 
Published: March 2012

The estimate load by direct measures for structures that are in actual use is in practice very difficult or even impossible because the impact location is inaccessible, or the projectile is deformable so can not be instrumented. The problem of identifying impact force on mechanical structures is the inverse of the direct problem: the use of measured responses on a given structure to try to identify the causes, i.e. the impact forces that are at the origin. In this study, we developed an experimental method to identify the impact force on a reinforced concrete slab. A transfer function obtained experimentally between the acceleration response and the force history applied to a point of the structure was used. To regularize the solution obtained with this inverse problem, we used the Tikhonov method. To locate the impact force, we used an experimental method based on the minimization of an objective function created from the transfer functions between several impact locations, forming a mesh structure, and several measuring points. Characterizing the impact means locating the impactor and identifying the load.
Incompatibility Between X Chromosome Factor and Pericentric Heterochromatic Region Causes Lethality in Hybrids Between Drosophila melanogaster and Its Sibling Species
Authors: Cattani M Victoria , Presgraves Daven C 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The Dobzhansky–Muller model posits that postzygotic reproductive isolation results from the evolution of incompatible epistatic interactions between species: alleles that function in the genetic background of one species can cause sterility or lethality in the genetic background of another species. Progress in identifying and characterizing factors involved in postzygotic isolation in Drosophila has remained slow, mainly because Drosophila melanogaster, with all of its genetic tools, forms dead or sterile hybrids when crossed to its sister species, D. simulans, D. sechellia, and D. mauritiana. To circumvent this problem, we used chromosome deletions and duplications from D. melanogaster to map two hybrid incompatibility loci in F1 hybrids with its sister species. We mapped a recessive factor to the pericentromeric heterochromatin of the X chromosome in D. simulans and D. mauritiana, which we call heterochromatin hybrid lethal (hhl), which causes lethality in F1 hybrid females with D. melanogaster. As F1 hybrid males hemizygous for a D. mauritiana (or D. simulans) X chromosome are viable, the lethality of deficiency hybrid females implies that a dominant incompatible partner locus exists on the D. melanogaster X. Using small segments of the D. melanogaster X chromosome duplicated onto the Y chromosome, we mapped a dominant factor that causes hybrid lethality to a small 24-gene region of the D. melanogaster X. We provide evidence suggesting that it interacts with hhlmau. The location of hhl is consistent with the emerging theme that hybrid incompatibilities in Drosophila involve heterochromatic regions and factors that interact with the heterochromatin.
Evaluation of Clinical Outcomes and Renal Vascular Pathology among Patients with Lupus
Authors: Barber Claire , Herzenberg Andrew , Aghdassi Ellie , Su Jiandong , Lou Wendy , Qian Gan , Yip Jonathan , Nasr Samih H. , Thomas David , Scholey James W. , Wither Joan , Urowitz Murray , Gladman Dafna , Reich Heather , Fortin Paul R. 
Published: March 2012

Summary

Background and objectives
The objective of this study was to determine the clinical significance of renal vascular lesions in lupus nephritis.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Renal vascular lesions defined as thrombotic microangiopathy, lupus vasculopathy, uncomplicated vascular immune deposits, and arterial sclerosis were evaluated in relation to renal and vascular morbidity and overall mortality.

Results
Biopsies from 161 patients revealed thrombotic microangiopathy (13), lupus vasculopathy (5), and arterial sclerosis (93). No renal vascular lesions were found in 24.8% of patients. At the time of biopsy, arterial sclerosis or lupus vasculopathy patients were older (arterial sclerosis=37.9±13.0 and lupus vasculopathy=44.4±8.9 versus controls=33.1±8.9 years, P<0.05), and the mean arterial pressure was higher in all groups compared with controls. Nephritis subtype, activity indices, and proteinuria were similar between groups, estimated GFR was lower in arterial sclerosis (70.5±33.3 versus 84.5±26.6 ml/min per 1.73 m2, P=0.03), and chronicity index (thrombotic microangiopathy=3.5, lupus vasculopathy=4.5, and arterial sclerosis=2.5) was higher in all renal vascular lesions subgroups versus controls (1.0, P<0.05). In 133 patients with similar follow-up, the association between renal vascular lesions and vascular events was significant (Fisher exact test, P=0.002) and remained so after multivariate analysis (exact conditional scores test, P=0.04), where the difference between arterial sclerosis and uncomplicated vascular immune deposits was most noticeable (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]=8.35[0.98, 83.12], P=0.05). The associations between renal vascular lesions, renal outcomes, and death were not significant, likely because of insufficient power.

Conclusions
Renal vascular lesions are common in SLE patients with nephritis and may be associated with arterial vascular events.
Living Donor Age and Kidney Allograft Half-Life
Authors: Chang Peter , Gill Jagbir , Dong James , Rose Caren , Yan Howard , Landsberg David , Cole Edward H. , Gill John S. 
Published: March 2012

Summary

Background and objectives
Living donor paired exchange programs assume that kidneys from living donors are of comparable quality and anticipated longevity. This study determined actual allograft t
1/2 within different recipient age groups (10-year increments) as a function of donor age (5-year increments), and juxtaposed these results against the probabilities of deceased donor transplantation, and exclusion from transplantation (death or removal from the wait-list).

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Data from the US Renal Data System (transplant dates 1988–2003 with follow-up through September 2007) were used to determine allograft t
1/2, whereas data from patients on the United Network for Organ Sharing waiting list between 2003 and 2005 (with follow-up through February 2010) were used to determine wait-list outcomes.

Results
With the exception of recipients aged 18–39 years, who had the best outcomes with donors aged 18–39 years, living donor age between 18 and 64 years had minimal effect on allograft t
1/2 (difference of 1–2 years with no graded association). The probability of deceased donor transplantation after 3 years of wait-listing ranged from 21% to 66% by blood type and level of sensitization, whereas the probability of being excluded from transplantation ranged from 6% to 27% by age, race, and primary renal disease.

Conclusions
With the exception of recipients aged 18–39 years, living donor age between 18 and 64 years has minimal effect on allograft survival.
Design of Clinical Trials in Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Okusa Mark D. , Molitoris Bruce A. , Palevsky Paul M. , Chinchilli Vernon M. , Liu Kathleen D. , Cheung Alfred K. , Weisbord Steven D. , Faubel Sarah , Kellum John A. , Wald Ron , Chertow Glenn M. , Levin Adeera , Waikar Sushrut S. , Murray Patrick T. , Parikh Chirag R. , Shaw Andrew D. , Go Alan S. , Chawla Lakhmir S. , Kaufman James S. , Devarajan Prasad , Toto Robert M. , Hsu Chi-yuan , Greene Tom H. , Mehta Ravindra L. , Stokes John B. , Thompson Aliza M. , Thompson B. Taylor , Westenfelder Christof S. , Tumlin James A. , Warnock David G. , Shah Sudhir V. , Xie Yining , Duggan Emily G. , Kimmel Paul L. , Star Robert A. 
Published: March 2012

Summary
AKI is an important clinical problem that has become increasingly more common. Mortality rates associated with AKI remain high despite advances in supportive care. Patients surviving AKI have increased long-term mortality and appear to be at increased risk of developing CKD and progressing to ESRD. No proven effective pharmacologic therapies are currently available for the prevention or treatment of AKI. Advances in addressing this unmet need will require the development of novel therapeutic agents based on precise understanding of key pathophysiological events and the implementation of well designed clinical trials. To address this need, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases sponsored the “Clinical Trials in Acute Kidney Injury: Current Opportunities and Barriers” workshop in December 2010. The event brought together representatives from academia, industry, the National Institutes of Health, and the US Food and Drug Administration. We report the discussions of workgroups that developed outlines of clinical trials for the prevention of AKI in two patient populations: patients undergoing elective surgery who are at risk for or who develop AKI, and patients who are at risk for contrast-induced AKI. In both of these populations, primary prevention or secondary therapy can be delivered at an optimal time relative to kidney injury. The workgroups detailed primary and secondary endpoints for studies in these groups, and explored the use of adaptive clinical trial designs for trials of novel preventive strategies to improve outcomes of patients with AKI.
Earlier Onset and Greater Severity of Disordered Mineral Metabolism in Diabetic Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Wahl Patricia , Xie Huiliang , Scialla Julia , Anderson Cheryl A.M. , Bellovich Keith , Brecklin Carolyn , Chen Jing , Feldman Harold , Gutierrez Orlando M. , Lash Jim , Leonard Mary B. , Negrea Lavinia , Rosas Sylvia E. , Anderson Amanda Hyre , Townsend Raymond R. , Wolf Myles , Isakova Tamara ,   on behalf of the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study Group
Published: March 2012

OBJECTIVE
Disordered mineral metabolism is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a novel risk factor for CKD progression, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Although diabetes is the leading cause of CKD and is associated with worse clinical outcomes than other etiologies, few studies have evaluated mineral metabolism in CKD according to diabetes status.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study, we tested the hypothesis that diabetes is independently associated with lower serum calcium and higher serum phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23).

RESULTS
Compared with participants without diabetes (n = 1,936), those with diabetes (n = 1,820) were more likely to have lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), lower serum albumin, and higher urinary protein excretion (all P &lt; 0.001). Unadjusted serum phosphate, PTH, and FGF23 levels were higher and calcium was lower among those with compared with those without diabetes (all P &lt; 0.001). After multivariate adjustment, diabetes remained a significant predictor of serum phosphate, PTH, and FGF23 but not calcium. The eGFR cut point at which 50% of participants met criteria for secondary hyperparathyroidism or elevated FGF23 was higher in participants with diabetes compared with those without (PTH: eGFR 30–39 vs. 20–29, P &lt; 0.001; FGF23: eGFR 50–59 vs. 40–49, P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Disordered mineral metabolism begins earlier in the course of CKD and is more severe among CKD patients with compared with those without diabetes. Future studies should explore mechanisms for these differences and whether they contribute to excess risks of adverse clinical outcomes among diabetic patients with CKD.
Veterinarian satisfaction with companion animal visits
Authors: Shaw Jane R. , Adams Cindy L. , Bonnett Brenda N. , Larson Susan , Roter Debra L. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Objective—To measure veterinarian satisfaction with companion animal visits through an adaptation of a previously validated physician visit satisfaction scale and to identify demographic, personality, appointment, and communication factors that contribute to veterinarian visit satisfaction.
Design—Cross-sectional descriptive study.
Sample—Random sample of 50 companion animal practitioners in southern Ontario, Canada, and convenience sample of 300 clients and their pets.
Procedures—For each practitioner, 6 clinical appointments were videotaped, and the resulting 300 videotapes were analyzed by use of the Roter interaction analysis system. The physician satisfaction scale, Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and interpersonal reactivity index were used to measure veterinarian visit satisfaction, self-esteem, and empathy, respectively. Linear regression analysis was conducted to study the relationship between factors and veterinarian visit satisfaction.
Results—Veterinarian visit satisfaction ranged from 1 to 5 (mean ± SD, 3.97 ± 0.99) and differed significantly between wellness appointments (mean scale score, 4.13) and problem appointments (mean scale score, 3.81). Various elements of client and veterinarian communication as well as personality measures of veterinarian self-esteem and empathy were associated with veterinarian satisfaction. The specific factors differed depending on the nature of the appointment.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that veterinarian visit–specific satisfaction is enhanced through the use of communication that builds relationships with clients and is associated with degrees of veterinarian empathetic concern and veterinarian self-esteem. The implications extend to overall job satisfaction and its potential link to the health and well-being of individual veterinarians.
Pretexts: Some Thoughts on the Militarization of Print Rationality in the Early Republic
Authors: Wertheimer Eric 
Published: March 2012

Abstract:This essay simply asks how “the culture of the pretext” prepares a nation not just for a war, but for modern war, with its peculiar mediational circumstances. Focussing on James Madison and his arguments and stratagems leading to the War of 1812, the essay briefly describes and conceptualizes the manufacturing of an emergency that mobilizes a public inclined to fragmentation and dissensus. The constitutional directives laid out by republican print textuality are, in this argument, stressed in ways that endure through American civic and political life.
A State of Necessity: International Legal Obligations in Times of Crises
Authors: Kent Avidan K. , Harrington Alexandra R. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract:The purpose of the necessity doctrine is to assist countries in dealing with crises. The necessity doctrine allows, under certain conditions, a State to breach its international obligations in order to cope with the crisis it faces. The conditions of the necessity doctrine have been, and continue to be, clarified by international bodies such as the International Law Commission, and adjudicative tribunals such as the International Court of Justice. In recent years, the necessity doctrine has been the center of several international investment law cases, mainly following Argentina's financial crisis. The application of the doctrine's conditions by some of these tribunals has not been uniform, and has been criticized by academics and practitioners. This article provides an overview of the necessity doctrine and asks whether it can be used to justify measures concerning some of the near future's most urgent challenges.
CD8 T Cells Recruited Early in Mouse Polyomavirus Infection Undergo Exhaustion
Authors: Wilson Jarad J. , Pack Christopher D. , Lin Eugene , Frost Elizabeth L. , Albrecht Joshua A. , Hadley Annette , Hofstetter Amelia R. , Tevethia Satvir S. , Schell Todd D. , Lukacher Aron E. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Repetitive Ag encounter, coupled with dynamic changes in Ag density and inflammation, imparts phenotypic and functional heterogeneity to memory virus-specific CD8 T cells in persistently infected hosts. For herpesvirus infections, which cycle between latency and reactivation, recent studies demonstrate that virus-specific T cell memory is predominantly derived from naive precursors recruited during acute infection. Whether functional memory T cells to viruses that persist in a nonlatent, low-level infectious state (smoldering infection) originate from acute infection-recruited naive T cells is not known. Using mouse polyomavirus (MPyV) infection, we previously showed that virus-specific CD8 T cells in persistently infected mice are stably maintained and functionally competent; however, a sizeable fraction of these memory T cells are short-lived. Further, we found that naive anti-MPyV CD8 T cells are primed de novo during persistent infection and contribute to maintenance of the virus-specific CD8 T cell population and its phenotypic heterogeneity. Using a new MPyV-specific TCR-transgenic system, we now demonstrate that virus-specific CD8 T cells recruited during persistent infection possess multicytokine effector function, have strong replication potential, express a phenotype profile indicative of authentic memory capability, and are stably maintained. In contrast, CD8 T cells recruited early in MPyV infection express phenotypic and functional attributes of clonal exhaustion, including attrition from the memory pool. These findings indicate that naive virus-specific CD8 T cells recruited during persistent infection contribute to preservation of functional memory against a smoldering viral infection.
Modeling and optimization of electrospun PAN nanofiber diameter using response surface methodology and artificial neural networks
Authors: Nasouri Komeil , Bahrambeygi Hossein , Rabbi Amir , Shoushtari Ahmad Mousavi , Kaflou Ali 
Published: March 2012

AbstractResponse surface methodology (RSM) based on a three‐level, three‐variable Box‐Benkhen design (BBD), and artificial neural network (ANN) techniques were compared for modeling the average diameter of electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers. The multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks were trained by the sets of input–output patterns using a scaled conjugate gradient backpropagation algorithm. The three important electrospinning factors were studied including polymer concentration (w/v%), applied voltage (kV) and the nozzle‐collector distance (cm). The predicted fiber diameters were in agreement with the experimental results in both ANN and RSM techniques. High‐regression coefficient between the variables and the response (R2 = 0.998) indicates excellent evaluation of experimental data by second‐order polynomial regression model. The R2 value was 0.990, which indicates that the ANN model was shows good fitting with experimental data. Moreover, the RSM model shows much lower absolute percentage error than the ANN model. Therefore, the obtained results indicate that the performance of RSM was better than ANN. The RSM model predicted the 118 nm value of the finest nanofiber diameter at conditions of 10 w/v% polymer concentration, 12 cm of nozzle‐collector distance, and 12 kV of the applied voltage. The predicted value (118 nm) showed only 2.5%, difference with experimental results in which 121 nm at the same setting were observed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Isolated β‐Turn Model Systems Investigated by Combined IR/UV Spectroscopy
Authors: Schwing Kirsten , Fricke Holger , Bartl Kristina , Polkowska Jolanta , Schrader Thomas , Gerhards Markus 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe functionality of bioactive molecules sensitively depends on their structure. For the investigation of intrinsic structural properties, molecular beam experiments combined with laser spectroscopy have proven to be a suitable tool. Herein we present an analysis of the two isolated tripeptide model systems Ac‐Phe‐Tyr(Me)‐NHMe and Boc‐Phe‐Tyr(Me)‐NHMe. For this purpose, mass‐selective combined IR/UV spectroscopy is applied to both substances in a molecular beam experiment. The comparison of the experimental data with DFT calculations, including different functionals as well as dispersion corrections, allows an assignment of both tripeptide models to β‐turns formed independently from the protection groups and supported by the interaction of the two aromatic chromophores.