bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The adverse events of deep fractional CO2: A retrospective study of 490 treatments in 374 patients
Authors: Shamsaldeen Omar , Peterson Jennifer D. , Goldman Mitchel P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackgroundFractionated carbon dioxide CO2 laser resurfacing unites the idea of fractional photothermolysis with an ablative 10,600‐nm wavelength. This technology permits effective treatment of deeper rhytides, photodamaged skin, and scars, with shorter recovery and a decreased side effect profile as compared to traditional CO2 laser resurfacing.ObjectivesTo study the rate of the adverse events associated with the use of deep fractional CO2 laser.MethodsA retrospective study of 490 fractionated CO2 laser treatments in 374 patients by ten physicians within one practice was performed between March 3, 2008 and July 28, 2010. Treatment areas included the face, neck, chest, hands, back, and abdomen.ResultsOf the 490 treatments, 365 were of both superficial and deep fractional treatments while 125 treatments were deep. Patients treated were of Fitzpatrick skin types I–IV. Four hundred ninety treatments resulted in 67 adverse events (13.6%) in 63 patients (16.8%), the most frequent adverse events were acneiform eruption (5.3%), herpes simplex outbreak (2.2%), bacterial infections (1.8%), yeast infections (1.2%), hyperpigmentation (1.2%), prolonged erythema beyond 1 month (0.8%), and (0.8%) contact dermatitis. There were no reports of scarring or hypopigmentation.ConclusionsFractional deep CO2 laser is a safe method for treating rhytides, photodamaged skin, and scars with a low incidence of adverse events. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:453–456, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorescence localization and kinetics of mTHPC and liposomal formulations of mTHPC in the window‐chamber tumor model
Authors: de Visscher Sebastiaan A. H. J. , Kaščáková Slávka , de Bruijn Henriëtte S. , van den Heuvel Angélique van der Ploeg ‐ , Amelink Arjen , Sterenborg Henricus J. C. M. , Robinson Dominic J. , Roodenburg Jan L. N. , Witjes Max J. H. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveFoslip® and Fospeg® are liposomal formulations of the photosensitizer mTHPC, intended for use in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) of malignancies. Foslip consists of mTHPC encapsulated in conventional liposomes, Fospeg consists of mTHPC encapsulated in pegylated liposomes. Possible differences in tumor fluorescence and vasculature kinetics between Foslip, Fospeg, and Foscan® were studied using the rat window‐chamber model.Material and MethodsIn 18 rats a dorsal skin fold window chamber was installed and a mammary carcinoma was transplanted in the subcutaneous tissue. The dosage used for intravenous injection was 0.15 mg/kg mTHPC for each formulation. At seven time‐points after injection (5 minutes to 96 hours) fluorescence images were made with a CCD. The achieved mTHPC fluorescence images were corrected for tissue optical properties and autofluorescence by the ratio fluorescence imaging technique of Kascakova et al. Fluorescence intensities of three different regions of interest (ROI) were assessed; tumor tissue, vasculature, and surrounding connective tissue.ResultsThe three mTHPC formulations showed marked differences in their fluorescence kinetic profile. After injection, vascular mTHPC fluorescence increased for Foslip and Fospeg but decreased for Foscan. Maximum tumor fluorescence is reached at 8 hours for Fospeg and at 24 hours for Foscan and Foslip with overall higher fluorescence for both liposomal formulations. Foscan showed no significant difference in fluorescence intensity between surrounding tissue and tumor tissue (selectivity). However, Fospeg showed a trend toward tumor selectivity at early time points, while Foslip reached a significant difference (P < 0.05) at these time points.ConclusionsOur results showed marked differences in fluorescence intensities of Fospeg, Foslip, and Foscan, which suggest overall higher bioavailability for the liposomal formulations. Pegylated liposomes seemed most promising for future application; as Fospeg showed highest tumor fluorescence at the earlier time points. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:528–536, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photothermolysis of sebaceous glands in human skin ex vivo with a 1,708 nm Raman fiber laser and contact cooling
Authors: Alexander Vinay V. , Ke Kevin , Xu Zhao , Islam Mohammed N. , Freeman Michael J. , Pitt Bertram , Welsh Michael J. , Orringer Jeffrey S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWavelengths near ∼1,720 nm are of interest for targeting fat/lipid‐rich tissues due to the high absorption coefficient of human fat and low water scattering and absorption. In this study, a 1,708 nm laser was built and shown to selectively target fat/lipid adjacent to porcine heart and dermis and then used to damage dermal sebaceous glands in human skin.Study Design and MaterialsAn all‐fiber 1,708 nm laser with ∼4 W maximum power was designed and built. Selectivity for targeting fat/lipid was studied by exposing porcine heart and skin tissue cross‐sections to the 1,708 nm laser. Human skin treatments to damage sebaceous glands were performed both with and without cold window cooling. Histochemical evaluation on the frozen sections was performed using methylthiazolyldiphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.ResultsHistochemical analysis of porcine tissue cross‐sections showed that 1,708 nm laser can selectively damage pericardial fat(heart) and subcutaneous fat(skin) with little to no damage to the myocardium and the dermis, respectively. In human skin, histochemical evaluation without contact cooling showed damage to both epidermis and dermis. With cooling, epidermis was spared and damage was observed in dermis extending ∼0.4–1.65 mm from the skin surface at an average laser fluence of ∼80 J/cm2. Selective damage of sebaceous glands was suggested but not definitively demonstrated.ConclusionsWe have developed an all‐fiber 1,708 nm laser capable of damaging majority of the sebaceous glands in the dermis and thus may have potential applications in the treatment of conditions such as acne vulgaris whose pathophysiology involves disorders of sebaceous glands. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:470–480, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcome of pregnancies complicated by oligohydramnios or anhydramnios of renal origin
Authors: Grijseels E. W. M. , van‐Hornstra PTM Echteld , Govaerts L. C. P. , Cohen‐Overbeek T. E. , de Krijger R. R. , Smit B. J. , Cransberg K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the outcome of fetuses with oligohydramnios due to kidney anomalies.MethodsA retrospective study was performed of all pregnancies diagnosed with oligohydramnios and associated kidney anomalies during the period 2000–2008.Outcome included pregnancy outcome, mortality, and morbidity. Morbidity included renal function based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) during follow‐up.ResultsA total of 71 pregnancies were evaluated; 36 fetuses presented on ultrasound with cystic dysplasia, 15 with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and 20 with hydronephrosis. Twenty‐three (32%) had associated anomalies. In 49 fetuses (69%), the diagnosis had been made before 24 weeks of gestational age (GA); 41 of those pregnancies were terminated.Twenty‐five neonates were live born: 10 survived, 15 died. Prognostic factors for survival included GA at diagnosis (32.2 weeks for survivors vs 28.1 weeks for non‐survivors; P = 0.02), diagnosis of hydronephrosis (7 in the survivors vs 4 in the non‐survivors: P = 0.05), isolated anomaly (9 in the survivors vs 7 in the non‐survivors: P = 0.04). Severity of oligohydramnios (1 case of anhydramnios in the survivors vs 7 in the non‐survivors: P = 0.08) was not significant. The 1‐year GFR was below 50 mL/min.1.73 m2 in four of the ten survivors.ConclusionThe prognosis of early onset renal oligohydramnios is poor. Predictive determinants of survival are: GA at diagnosis, nature of renal anomaly (hydronephrosis vs other), and presence of associated anomalies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences and over‐time changes in levels of prescription opioid analgesic dispensing from retail pharmacies in Canada, 2005–2010
Authors: Fischer Benedikt , Jones Wayne , Krahn Murray , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeTo examine qualitative and quantitative levels and trends of prescription opioid analgesics (“opioids”) use and the potential impact of prescription monitoring programs (PMPs), in the 10 Canadian provinces, for 2005–2010.MethodsOpioid dispensing data from a representative sample of 2700 retail pharmacies were obtained. Individual opioid dispensing values were translated into defined daily doses per day/1000 population and categorized into “weak opioids” and “strong opioids” by standardized methods. Opioid prescription rates between provinces and over time, as well as the impact of PMPs, were examined using regression analyses techniques (i.e., Poisson, ANOVAs).ResultsSignificant differences between provinces in the overall standardized rates of dispensing for total opioids, as well as for “weak opioids” and “strong opioids” categories, were found. The majority of provinces featured increases or curvilinear trends in the standardized amounts of opioids dispensed over time, mainly driven by increases in “strong opioids” use. In addition, significant inter‐provincial differences in the levels of dispensing of individual opioids were found. Comparisons of changes in opioid dispensing between provinces with and without PMPs did not indicate significant differences.ConclusionsOpioid use featured significant quantitative and qualitative differences between provinces in Canada and showed an overall increasing trend mainly driven by changes in “strong opioids” in the study period. Reasons for the observed differences are not clear yet require systematic examination to allow evidence‐based interventions in the interest of equitable pain treatment as well as the reduction of high levels of opioid‐related morbidity and mortality in Canada. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copolyesters as non‐toxic plasticizers
Authors: Zhou Jiawen , Ritter Helmut 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPlasticized polymer materials have taken an enormous role in our everyday life. Most of the common plasticizers are aromatics, esters of phthalic acid. Since they are not chemically bonded to the polymer matrix, they can be released from material while being used. The concerns raised about toxicity led to a large demand for producing biodegradable and non‐toxic plasticizers. We investigated aliphatic copolyesters synthesized via ring opening polymerization of lactones as plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride). The material properties of the formulations, such as glass transition temperature and mechanical performance, were studied. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Oncologists' use of patient educational materials about cancer and fertility preservation
Authors: Quinn Gwendolyn P. , Vadaparampil Susan T. , Malo Teri , Reinecke Joyce , Bower Bethanne , Albrecht Terrance , Clayman Marla L 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackgroundThis study sought to determine the prevalence of distribution of fertility preservation (FP) materials, source of the materials, and providers' perceived relevance of the materials among a sample of US oncologists.MethodsA 53‐item survey was administered via mail and the Web to a stratified sample of oncologists from the American Medical Association Masterfile. This study represents a subset of results, reporting on three survey items.ResultsAmong the 511 oncologists (32% response rate), only 13.5% (n = 69) reported ‘always or often’ giving their patients educational materials about FP. Among those who reported ever distributing materials, 39.5% used American Cancer Society materials, 11.0% used Fertile Hope, 6.4% used Lance Armstrong Foundation, and 11.8% used ‘other’. Among those who provided materials, only 27.4% believe the FP materials they provide are ‘relevant to patient's specific cancer diagnosis’.ConclusionThere is need to improve oncologists' distribution of FP educational materials to patients with cancer. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The retest reliability of the six‐minute walk test in patients referred to a cardiac rehabilitation programme
Authors: Hanson Lisa C. , McBurney Helen , Taylor Nicholas F. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground and PurposeThe purpose of this paper was to determine if the Six‐minute Walk Test (6MWT) was a reliable exercise test for patients referred to cardiac rehabilitation when up to three tests were performed and to determine if test scores differed according to between‐test time interval.MethodsThirty adults aged 63 ± 7.9 years referred to cardiac rehabilitation participated in a repeated measures reliability trial. Participants completed three 6MWTs within a one‐week period. Participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups: on the first day, Group A completed three walks, Group B completed two walks and Group C completed one walk. Relative reliability was expressed in a ratio (ICC2,1), and absolute reliability was expressed in metres (95% confidence intervals) for group and individuals.ResultsThe 6MWT demonstrated a high level of relative reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC] = 0.94) across the three walks. There was no statistically significant difference between the test scores of the three groups. However, there was an increase in distance walked from the first to the second to the third 6MWT. Absolute reliability indicated that a change of at least 44 m would be required to be interpreted as true change in a group, and at least 95 m to be interpreted as true change in an individual with 95% confidence.ConclusionThree 6MWTs completed in relatively short timeframes were not sufficient for reliable results as there was an increase in the distance walked, and relatively large increases in distances would be required to be interpreted as change. It did not make any difference whether the tests were all completed on one day or over one week. This study highlighted problems that may arise when relying on reliability coefficients alone to interpret reliability. These results suggest that the 6MWT may not have sufficient reliability to be a suitable test to evaluate exercise tolerance in patients referred to cardiac rehabilitation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inherently safer design–not only about reducing consequences!
Authors: Hendershot Dennis C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractProcess risk is a function of both the likelihood of occurrence of an incident, and of the consequences of the incident. There is a common perception that inherently safer design focuses solely on reducing or eliminating the consequences. However, an inherently safer design can also focus on the frequency part of the risk equation. An inherently safer design can make an incident inherently less likely to occur, although the consequences of the incident, should it occur, would be unchanged. In event tree or Layer of Protection (LOPA) terms, this may be thought of as a design modification which reduces the frequency of the initiating event, rather than improving the reliability of, or increasing the number of, layers of protection. Several examples of inherently safer designs which reduce the likelihood of an incident are discussed. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
The effect of defects on the electronic and magnetic properties of Fe2MnSi Heusler alloy
Authors: Hamad Bothina , Hu Qing‐Miao 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDensity functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed by using FP‐LAPW method to investigate the effect of defects on the electronic and magnetic structure of Fe2MnSi Heusler alloy. The formation energies were calculated for antisite, swap, and vacancy defects. We found that three defects, namely MnFe and MnSi antisite as well as Fe–Mn swap defects may spontaneously occur as they have negative formation energies. Whereas, Mn and Si vacancies, Fe–Si swap, and FeMn antisite defects are unlikely to occur. However, the rest of the defects (FeSi, MnSi, and SiFe) antisites, Mn–Si swap, and Fe vacancy defects have relatively low formation energies that suggest higher probabilities to occur. The band gaps of the defected structures are found to be smaller than the ideal structure with almost zero values in the cases of FeSi antisite and Fe–Si swap defects. The structure with Fe vacancy defect, however, exhibits almost the same energy gap as that of the ideal structure. The magnetic structure was also affected by the presence of defects except for Fe–Mn and Mn–Si swap defects that show the same total magnetic moment of 3 µB/f.u. as the ideal structure.
Physico‐chemical and optical properties of Sahelian and Saharan mineral dust: in situ measurements during the GERBILS campaign
Authors: Klaver Anne , Formenti Paola , Caquineau Sandrine , Chevaillier Servanne , Ausset Patrick , Calzolai Giulia , Osborne Simon , Johnson Ben , Harrison Mark , Dubovik Oleg 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis paper presents new results on the composition, size and shape of mineral dust particles from African sources which were obtained by analysis of bulk filter samples collected in June 2007 onboard the BAe‐146 research aircraft of the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM). The aircraft was operated over Mauritania, Mali and Niger during the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget Intercomparisons of Longwave and Shortwave radiation (GERBILS) campaign. Dust sampled during the campaign originated from various sources, including locally in the Sahel as a result of large‐scale convective activity.Regardless of origin, clays (illite, kaolinite) dominated the total volume (79–90%); the remainder was composed of quartz, calcium‐rich minerals (calcite, dolomite, gypsum) and alkali feldspars. Iron oxides, measured using a selective chemical extraction method, accounted for 1–3% of the total dust mass. The dependence of particle number size and shape distribution on the origin of dust seems minor too, although our results might be slightly misleading due to the fact that those kinds of data have been gathered on flights when dust had comparable origins and residence time.Mineral dust is only weakly absorbing in the mid‐visible wavelengths (single scattering albedo ω0 > 0.95 at 550 nm), and ω0 measured values can be reproduced by measuring the bulk fractions of the major minerals, i.e. clays, quartz, calcite and iron oxides. At this wavelength, knowledge of the nature of clays and iron oxides, or the state of mixing of the minerals, does not induce significant differences in the results. A more precise description of the nature of clays and iron oxides is necessary at lower wavelengths owing to larger differences in their spectral optical properties. In particular, knowledge of the nature of the dominant clay is important for determining light scattering in the backward hemisphere. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown Copyright, the Met Office
The molecular and pathophysiological implications of hepatitis B X antigen in chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Martin‐Vilchez Samuel , Lara‐Pezzi Enrique , Trapero‐Marugán Maria , Moreno‐Otero Ricardo , Sanz‐Cameno Paloma 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYHepatitis B virus is considered one of the most significant environmental carcinogens in humans. Because the mechanisms of HBV replication and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are partially known, HBV‐associated pathogenesis remains a challenge to increase its understanding. Evidence suggests that the regulatory protein hepatitis B virus X (HBx) mediates the establishment and maintenance of the chronic carrier state. HBx is a multifunctional and potentially oncogenic protein that is conserved among mammalian hepadnaviruses; it is produced very early after infection and throughout the chronic phase. HBx exerts its effects by interacting with cellular proteins and activating various signaling pathways. HBx stimulates the transcription of genes that regulate cell growth, apoptosis, and DNA repair. It also interacts with proteasome subunits and affects mitochondrial stability. Moreover, HBx participates in processes that are associated with the progression of chronic liver disease, including angiogenesis and fibrosis. This review discusses the function of HBx in the life cycle of HBV and its contribution to the pathogenesis of HCC. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global control of nonlinear systems with uncertain output function using homogeneous domination approach
Authors: Zhai Junyong , Qian Chunjiang 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYThis paper addresses the problem of using output feedback to globally control a class of nonlinear systems whose output functions are not precisely known. First, for the nominal linear system, we design a homogeneous state compensator without requiring precise information of the output function, and construct a nonlinear stabilizer with adjustable coefficients by using the generalized adding a power integrator technique. Then based on the homogeneous domination approach, a scaling gain is introduced into the proposed output feedback controller, which can be used by tuning the scaling gain to solve: (i) the problem of global output feedback stabilization for a class of upper‐triangular systems; and (ii) the problem of global practical output tracking for a class of lower‐triangular systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reflections on the foundations of system dynamics
Authors: Richardson George P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractJay W. Forrester's original statement of the foundations of system dynamics emphasized four ‘threads’: computing technology, computer simulation, strategic decision making, and the role of feedback in complex systems. Subsequent work has expanded on these to expose the significance in the system dynamics approach of dynamic thinking, stock‐and‐flow thinking, operational thinking, and so on. But the foundation of systems thinking and system dynamics lies deeper than these and is often implicit or even ignored: it is the “endogenous point of view”. The paper begins with historical background, clarifies the endogenous point of view, illustrates with examples, and argues that the endogenous point of view is the sine qua non of systems approaches. What expert systems teachers and practitioners have to offer their students and the world is a set of tools, habits of thought, and skills enabling the discovery and understanding of endogenous sources of complex system behavior. Copyright © 2011 System Dynamics Society.