bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of occupational exposure to leptospirosis in a sheep-only abattoir
Authors: DORJEE S. , HEUER C. , JACKSON R. , WEST D. M. , COLLINS-EMERSON J. M. , MIDWINTER A. C. , RIDLER A. L. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThis study estimated the frequency of exposure of meat workers to carcasses infected with Leptospira serovars Hardjobovis or Pomona in a sheep-only abattoir in New Zealand. A stochastic spreadsheet model was developed to assess the daily risk of exposure of eviscerators, meat inspectors and offal handlers to live leptospires in sheep carcasses from May to November 2004 (high-risk period), and from December 2004 to June 2005 (low-risk period). The average sheep processed per day were 225 for an eviscerator, 374 for a meat inspector, and 1123 for an offal handler. The median daily exposures during high- and low-risk periods were 11 [95% distribution interval (DI) 5–19] and three (95% DI 1–8) infected carcasses/day for eviscerators, 18 (95% DI 9–29) and six (95% DI 2–12) for meat inspectors, and 54 (95% DI 32–83) and 18 (95% DI 8–31) for offal handlers, respectively. Stochastic risk modelling provided evidence that processing of sheep carcasses exposed meat workers regularly to live leptospires with substantial seasonal variation.
Radiation therapists’ perspectives of the role of reflection in clinical practice
Authors: Cashell Angela 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA recurring theme from the literature is that the definition of reflection is nebulous and/or complex. Many authors have suggested that more research needs to be conducted to better understand an individual’s perception of reflection and reflective practice, and how these concepts affect their clinical practice as well as their personal growth and development. This paper offers the findings of a qualitative study of radiation therapists in Canada. The aim of the study was to explore radiation therapist’s understanding of the concept of reflection, and to understand how they incorporated it into their daily practice. Secondary objectives were to examine some of the perceived barriers to its use, and the possible challenges of implementing reflective writing. Two focus groups were initially conducted, and a follow-up questionnaire was developed using the themes generated from the focus groups. The questionnaire was distributed to radiation therapists at two large cancer centres in Toronto, Canada. Most participants indicated that it is an integral part of their practice and professional lives, and that they use a variety of different methods for engaging in reflection. It is not without its barriers, but many of these can be overcome by providing time, coaching and a supportive work environment. Respondents were divided as to whether they would benefit from being taught reflection; however, small group teaching would be the favoured method. Further study is suggested to determine whether there are any improvements to patient care and in particular patient outcomes.
Climate Change: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Chapman David S. , Davis Michael G. 
Published: September 2010

Questions about global warming concern climate scientists and the general public alike. Specifically, what are the reliable surface temperature reconstructions over the past few centuries? And what are the best predictions of global temperature change the Earth might expect for the next century?Recent publications [National Research Council (NRC), 2006; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007] permit these questions to be answered in a single informative illustration by assembling temperature reconstructions of the past thousand years with predictions for the next century. The result, shown in Figure 1, illustrates present and future warming in the context of natural variations in the past [see also Oldfield and Alverson, 2003]. To quote a Chinese proverb, “A picture's meaning can express ten thousand words.” Because it succinctly captures past inferences and future projections of climate, the illustration should be of interest to scientists, educators, policy makers, and the public.
Clean water strategy
Authors: Ofori Leslie , Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2010

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is inviting the public to comment on a draft strategy to protect and restore lakes, streams, and coastal waters. The document, “Coming together for clean water: EPA's strategy for achieving clean water,” outlines the agency's plans to address the United States' critical water stressors, sources, and threats.The document outlines several approaches the agency has identified, including systematically assessing the nation's waters to provide a baseline for tracking progress; increasing the focus on protecting healthy waters; enhancing EPA's ability to restore degraded waters and ecosystems; and reducing pollution. Specific EPA actions include completing national aquatic resource surveys; developing metrics to create a national list of healthy watersheds; strengthening the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System; and encouraging integrated water management approaches and green infrastructure.
Epigenetic changes and alteration ofFbn1andCol3A1gene expression under hyperglycaemic and hyperinsulinaemic conditions
Authors: Gaikwad Anil B. , Gupta Jeena , Tikoo Kulbhushan 
Published: September 2010

Little is known regarding the role of hyperglycaemia on histone H3 modifications and, in turn, altering the expression of genes during the development of diabetes-associated complications. In the present study, we have investigated the hyperinsulinaemia/hyperglycaemia-induced epigenetic changes and alteration of Fbn1 (fibrillin 1) and Col3A1 (collagen type III α1) gene expression. Insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes in male Sprague–Dawley rats was developed by feeding rats an HFD (high-fat diet) and administering a low dose of STZ (streptozotocin). Hyperglycaemia induced deacetylation and dephosphorylation of histone H3 in the heart and kidneys of diabetic rats. Furthermore, mRNA expression of Fbn1 and Col3A1 increased in the kidneys and decreased in the heart under hyperglycaemic/hyperinsulinaemic conditions. Similar to mRNA expression, chromatin immunoprecipitation also showed an increase in the level of histone H3 acetylation of the Fbn1 gene, but not of the Col3A1 gene. Our present findings suggests that the change in expression of the Fbn1 gene is epigenetically regulated, but the expression of the Col3A1 gene may either be independent of epigenetic regulation or may involve other histone modifications. We provide the first evidence regarding the role of hyperglycaemia/hyperinsulinaemia in altering histone H3 modifications, which may result in the alteration of extracellular matrix gene expression.
Photometric Observations of the η Carinae 2009.0 Spectroscopic Event
Authors: Landes H. , Fitzgerald M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe have observed η Carinae over 34 nights between 2009 January 4 and 2009 March 27 covering the estimated timeframe for a predicted spectroscopic event related to a suspected binary system concealed within the homunculus nebula. A photometric minimum feature was confirmed to be periodic and comparison to a previous event indicated that the period to within our error was 2022.6±1.0 d. Using the E-region standard star system, the apparent V magnitudes determined for the local comparison stars were HD 303308 8.14±0.02, HD 93205 7.77±0.03, and HD 93162 8.22±0.05. The latter star was found to be dimmer than previously reported.
Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy of Starburst and Post-Starburst Galaxies in the Rich z ∼0.55 Cluster CL 0016+16
Authors: Pracy Michael B. , Couch Warrick J. , Kuntschner Harald 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe have used the Low Resolution Imaging Spectrograph on the W. M. Keck I telescope to obtain spatially resolved spectroscopy of a small sample of six ‘post-starburst’ and three ‘dusty-starburst’ galaxies in the rich cluster CL 0016+16 at z=0.55. We use this to measure radial profiles of the Hδ and [OII]λ3727 lines which are diagnostic probes of the mechanisms that give rise to the abrupt changes in star formation rates in these galaxies. In the post-starburst sample we are unable to detect any radial gradients in the Hδ line equivalent width — although one galaxy exhibits a gradient from one side of the galaxy to the other. The absence of Hδ gradients in these galaxies is consistent with their production via interaction with the intracluster medium; however, our limited spatial sampling prevents us from drawing robust conclusions. All members of the sample have early-type morphologies, typical of post-starburst galaxies in general, but lack the high incidence of tidal tails and disturbances seen in local field samples. This argues against a merger origin and adds weight to a scenario where truncation by the intra-cluster medium is at work. The post-starburst spectral signature is consistent over the radial extent probed with no evidence of [OII]λ3727 emission and strong Hδ absorption at all radii, i.e. the post-starburst classification is not an aperture effect. In contrast the ‘dusty-starburst’ sample shows a tendency for a central concentration of [OII]λ3727 emission. This is most straightforwardly interpreted as the consequence of a central starburst. However, other possibilities exist such as a non-uniform dust distribution (which is expected in such galaxies) and/or a non-uniform starburst age distribution. The members of the sample exhibit late-type and irregular morphologies.
The Taste of Music
Authors: Benamou Marc 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter is a lexicographic exploration of the word rasa, which may (too) generally be translated as “affect” or “intuition.” In fact, rasa is much more than that. Its meanings are multiple and layered, as demonstrated by the many oral citations from musicians interviewed for the study. Some attention is given as well to how the word is used in a nonmusical context, which necessarily brings in Javanese psychological and philosophical theories of selfhood and perception (kebatinan), which in turn have a strong foundation in Buddhism and Sufism.
The Classification of Rasa Gendhing
Authors: Benamou Marc 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on only one of the meanings of rasa identified in chapter 2, namely, “musical affect, ” or rasa gendhing. It thus leaves aside other dimensions of the concept and investigates the range of rasas that may be expressed musically, as well as how they may be combined into a piece. To understand this panoply more fully, we must in turn ask how the various musical affects are related to each other—in other words, how the rasa lexicon is structured into intersecting categories. An important point that emerges as rasas are mapped into shifting constellations of relatedness, is just how paramount connotative meaning is. Like chapter 2, then, this chapter is mainly semantic in nature.
Having Rasa, Part 1
Authors: Benamou Marc 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Chapter 4 attempts to weave together musical affect and musical context, aesthetics and sociology. For in assessing who or what has rasa, we are led back to the Javanese categories of geography, gender, and social status first described in chapter 1. That is, this chapter looks for patterns in just which performances—and, more particularly, which performers—are said to have more or less rasa than others. Three large themes are identified: veneration, the inside/outside metaphor, and moderation and suitability. Some attention to changing preferences is also given.
The Berlin Organ Scene, ca. 1770–ca. 1820
Authors: Little Wm. A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the emergence of Berlin as the center of the German organ world in the late 18th century. It presents a brief overview of some of the principal churches and organs of Berlin in the period c.1770 to c.1820, to help provide an understanding of why so many gifted organists were drawn there. The churches mentioned are or were almost all located in the center of Berlin; or more specifically, in what was until reunification, East Berlin. These include parish churches, churches not under municipal patronage, and Lutheran churches.
Mendelssohn: The Formative Years, 1820–1838
Authors: Little Wm. A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter details the life of Mendelssohn from 1820-38. It argues that consideration of Mendelssohn and the organ must proceed from the premise that, first and last, Mendelssohn was a secular musician. Unlike the great body of organists and organ composers of the past, Mendelssohn never held a regular church post anywhere. Haydn, Mozart, and even Beethoven had all at one time or another known the weekly routines and responsibilities of the church organist. Mendelssohn, on the other hand, remained exempt from such duties: In the first place he was financially independent and did not need the meager salary that most organists were paid. From early on, Mendelssohn's primary professional locus was the concert hall; by his early twenties he had already built an international reputation as a composer, conductor, and brilliant keyboard performer. Given the demands of his widespread musical activities, it would have been impossible for him to carry out the normal responsibilities of a church organist or cantor. Beyond the purely fiscal and social reasons that allowed him to avoid taking on a position as a church organist, there was also the question of temperament. Perhaps most important, he was simply not by nature religiously inclined in any traditional sense. He had grown up in a household that was resolutely secular in character, and it is consequently little wonder that he was left largely untouched by either Jewish or Protestant Christian theology.
Mendelssohn As Organ Improviser
Authors: Little Wm. A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Mendelssohn's skills in improvising organ music. While improvisation of “serious” music was largely relegated to the “artistic limbo [of ] the organ loft” in the 20th century, it was still considered a requisite for any aspiring pianist or organist throughout most of the 18th and 19th centuries. Certainly this aim was also true for Mendelssohn. Mendelssohn developed his extraordinary skills in improvisation at a very early age. Mendelssohn's improvisatory style made also itself felt in his written organ works.
Mendelssohn As Editor Of Bach's Organ Music
Authors: Little Wm. A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that Mendelssohn's achievements as an editor of Bach's organ music were both innovative and important. In collaboration with Marx he was the first to edit and publish some of Bach's most important free organ works, including what is unquestionably Bach's most famous work for the instrument, the Toccata and Fugue in D Minor (BWV 565). Moreover, he was the first to publish the Orgelbüchlein — although he never referred to it as such — and to bring the bulk of Bach's “Great Eighteen” chorale preludes, as well as two partitas, before the public. In terms of his editorial thinking, Mendelssohn also deserves credit not only as a pioneer in presenting unembellished scores but also for the way in which he resolutely defended and justified his editorial stance.
Mendelssohn and The German Organ Community, ca. 1820–1847
Authors: Little Wm. A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how Mendelssohn's relationship with the Berlin organ community mirrors to a considerable extent his relationship with the larger Berlin musical community. His immense talent, impressive achievements, and international reputation were all universally recognized, but in Berlin's small organ society, as in its larger musical world, he was generally treated correctly but coolly. Widely respected but not warmly embraced, many of Mendelssohn's greatest annoyances and disappointments befell him in Berlin, and it is hardly surprising that his feelings about the city were ambivalent at best.
Six Sonatas For The Organ (op. 65), 1844–1845
Authors: Little Wm. A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents reviews of Mendelssohn's Organ Sonatas. On 15 September 1845, Mendelssohn's Six Sonatas for the Organ appeared in print. The critical response to the Sonatas was virtually unanimous, and as early as April 1846 Dr. Edmund Chipp (1823-86) of Ely “was one of the first — probably the first — to play the organ sonatas in public, at an Organ Recital at Walker's organ factory... On one occasion [he] played the whole six in succession, entirely from memory.” The Organ Sonatas were reviewed in Germany's two leading musical journals. In an exhaustive review in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, published in three installments, Eduard Krüger both applauded and faulted them, in both general and specific terms. A reviewer for AMZ August Gottfried Ritter was quite content with the designation sonata and agreed that the term was well chosen and appropriate. In France, Mendelssohn's Organ Sonatas were not published until early 1846, but only shortly afterwards they were reviewed by one of the country's leading activists for the reform and improvement of church music, Jean-Louis-Félix Danjou.
Crystal structure refinement
Authors: Müller Peter 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The determination of a crystal structure consists of several steps of which refinement comes towards the end. After crystal growth, data collection, data reduction, absorption correction, and solution of the phase problem, the crystallographer has obtained atomic coordinates for some or all non-hydrogen atoms. Frequently, the atom types assigned to some of these coordinates are incorrect or no atom types have been assigned at all. In addition, the coordinates in the first solution are usually not very accurate and many details of the structure are yet to be determined. The way to get from the first solution to the final accurate and publishable model is called refinement. This chapter explains how structure refinement is performed by SHELXL. This includes the concept of constraints, restraints, and free variables as well as calculating structural parameters such as bond lengths and angles.
Twinning
Authors: Herbst-Irmer Regine 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
According to Carmelo Giacovazzo crystallographic ‘twins are regular aggregates consisting of individual crystals of the same species joined together in some definite mutual orientation’. Georges Friedel distinguished between merohedral twinning (a special case which is racemic twinning) pseudo-merohedral twinning, reticular merohedral twinning, and non-merohedral twinning. This chapter defines all four types of crystallographic twinning. It describes how twin laws can be derived, how twinning can be taken into consideration during data reduction, absorption correction, scaling, and merging of the data; and how HKLF5 format files can be generated. Several programs are described in addition to SHELXL, and the typical warning signs for twinning are listed and twinning tests are explained. Six detailed examples are used to demonstrate how twin refinement is performed in SHELXL.
Structure validation
Authors: Spek Anthony L. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter points out some of the more common and avoidable pitfalls of structure determination. It discusses readily available computer software that generates appropriate alerts when something unusual or inconsistent is detected. A crystal structure determination is not finished with the refinement to convergence of the structural model parameters, but the model has to be analyzed in detail in a process called structure validation. In particular, the model should make chemical sense. An incorrect model may easily lead to disastrous conclusions about the underlying chemistry. The following topics are addressed in detail: missed symmetry, voids, displacement ellipsoids, bond lengths and angles, atom type assignment, intermolecular contacts, hydrogen bonds, connectivity, disorder, reflection data, and refinement parameters.
Protein structure (cross) validation
Authors: Sawaya Michael R. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Cross validation is a key concept in attaining accuracy in crystallographic refinement. Refinement of protein structures is especially subject to model bias; an unchecked imagination during the model building process or an inattentiveness to detail can reinforce features in the electron density map that are incorrect. The problem of model bias stems from the fact that protein structure refinement is almost always an underdetermined problem, as a medium-resolution dataset does not contain a sufficient number of structure factors to justify the number of parameters refined. Besides explaining the concept of Rfree, this chapter describes the algorithms of the programs PROCHECK, WHATCHECK, Verify3D, ERRAT, and PROVE. Program outputs are illustrated and interpreted for a particular example.
4 Negotiating Gifts: The 1607 Entertainment at Merchant Taylors' Hall
Authors: Heaton Gabriel 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter is focused on a civic entertainment, one written by Ben Jonson and performed before King James I at Merchant Taylors' Hall in May 1607. The Merchant Taylors' Company, a leading livery company dominated by members of London's mercantile elite, had a very different relationship to the crown from the aristocrats who were the hosts in entertainments discussed in other chapters, and this difference is reflected in the enterainment itself. This chapter explains the sequence of events leading up to the king's visit, including his visit to the Clothworkers' Company a few weeks earlier, and also provides a detailed reading of Ben Jonson's songs written for the occasion, which have only recently been identified.
Conclusion: Selling Entertainments
Authors: Heaton Gabriel 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter‐length conclusion traces the later history of entertainment texts: these books and manuscripts have continued to circulate over the centuries since their production in ways that reveals much about how they have been understood. There are about sixty surviving copies of the various Elizabethan entertainment pamphlets, and their provenance history shows them shifting from being objects of antiquarian interest to highly prized bibliographical rarities. Manuscripts have, for a number of reasons, tended to circulate much less, but a similar pattern of steadily increasing value can be discerned in the way that they have been sold over the centuries. The book ends with details of recent book auction sales.
The Holy Grail of Moral Philosophy
Authors: Hills Alison 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMany of us believe everyone has reasons to be moral. But not everyone agrees, in particular, the ‘sensible knave’ – the Egoist – claims that everyone has reasons to do what is in their self-interest, whether or not doing so is morally right. The holy grail of moral philosophy is an argument persuading the Egoist that she really does have reasons to be moral. Many philosophers – including Plato, Kant, and Hume – have been intrigued by Egoism, but arguments against Egoism have not met with much success. This book makes an unusual epistemological argument against Egoism.
Standard Egoism
Authors: Hills Alison 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThere are many challenges to the authority of morality, the claim that everyone has reasons to be moral. This chapter distinguishes the challenge from Egoism from a recent, widely discussed claim by Williams, that there are no ‘external’ reasons. It introduces standard Egoism, the theory that everyone has reason to maximize their happiness (and no other reasons for action). It is the most common form of Egoism. It has obvious parallels with rational utilitarianism, the theory that everyone has reason to maximize the general happiness. Sidgwick noticed these parallels and tried to show that standard Egoism was mistaken. But he found that he could not: he was left with a ‘dualism of practical reason’, and his project to defend morality failed.