bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
D6 facilitates cellular migration and fluid flow to lymph nodes by suppressing lymphatic congestion
Authors: Lee Kit Ming , McKimmie Clive S. , Gilchrist Derek S. , Pallas Kenneth J. , Nibbs Robert J. , Garside Paul , McDonald Victoria , Jenkins Christopher , Ransohoff Richard , Liu LiPing , Milling Simon , Cerovic Vuk , Graham Gerard J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cells are important for efficient flow of antigen-bearing fluid and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from peripheral sites to lymph nodes (LNs). APC movement to LNs is dependent on the constitutive chemokine receptor CCR7, although how conflicting inflammatory and constitutive chemokine cues are integrated at lymphatic surfaces during this process is not understood. Here we reveal a previously unrecognized aspect of the regulation of this process. The D6 chemokine-scavenging receptor, which is expressed on lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), maintains lymphatic surfaces free of inflammatory CC-chemokines and minimizes interaction of inflammatory leukocytes with these surfaces. D6 does not alter the level of CCR7 ligands on LECs, thus ensuring selective presentation of homeostatic chemokines for interaction with CCR7+ APCs. Accordingly, in D6-deficient mice, inflammatory CC-chemokine adherence to LECs results in inappropriate perilymphatic accumulation of inflammatory leukocytes at peripheral inflamed sites and draining LNs. This results in lymphatic congestion and impaired movement of APCs, and fluid, from inflamed sites to LNs. We propose that D6, by suppressing inflammatory chemokine binding to lymphatic surfaces, and thereby preventing inappropriate inflammatory leukocyte adherence, is a key regulator of lymphatic function and a novel, and indispensable, contributor to the integration of innate and adaptive immune responses.
Environmental factors in early childhood are associated with multiple sclerosis: a case-control study
Authors: Conradi Silja , Malzahn Uwe , Schröter Franziska , Paul Friedemann , Quill Sabine , Spruth Eike , Harms Lutz , Then Bergh Florian , Ditzenbach Anna , Georgi Thomas , Heuschmann Peter , Rosche Berit 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with increasing incidence mainly in high-income countries. One explanation of this phenomenon may be a higher prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases in industrialized countries as a consequence of otherwise beneficial advances in sanitation (hygiene hypothesis). We investigated environmental factors in early childhood associated with MS.

Methods
A case-control study was performed of 245 MS patients and 296 population-based controls in Berlin. The study participants completed a standardized questionnaire on environmental factors in childhood and youth, including aspects of personal and community hygiene. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate factors in childhood and youth associated with the occurrence of MS.

Results
Mean age was 46 years (range, 20-80) in the MS group and 42 years (range 18-80) in the control group, of which 73.9% in the MS and 61.5% in the control group were female. The multivariable analysis showed that having at least two older siblings (OR 0.54; p = 0.05, for individuals with two older siblings compared to individuals without older siblings), attending a day-care center (OR 0.5; p = 0.004) and growing up in an urban center with more than 100, 000 inhabitants (OR 0.43; p = 0.009) were factors independently associated with a lower chance for MS.

Conclusions
The hygiene hypothesis may play a role in the occurrence of MS and could explain disease distribution and increasing incidence.
RACK1, A multifaceted scaffolding protein: Structure and function
Authors: Adams David R , Ron Dorit , Kiely Patrick A 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) is a member of the tryptophan-aspartate repeat (WD-repeat) family of proteins and shares significant homology to the β subunit of G-proteins (Gβ). RACK1 adopts a seven-bladed β-propeller structure which facilitates protein binding. RACK1 has a significant role to play in shuttling proteins around the cell, anchoring proteins at particular locations and in stabilising protein activity. It interacts with the ribosomal machinery, with several cell surface receptors and with proteins in the nucleus. As a result, RACK1 is a key mediator of various pathways and contributes to numerous aspects of cellular function. Here, we discuss RACK1 gene and structure and its role in specific signaling pathways, and address how posttranslational modifications facilitate subcellular location and translocation of RACK1. This review condenses several recent studies suggesting a role for RACK1 in physiological processes such as development, cell migration, central nervous system (CN) function and circadian rhythm as well as reviewing the role of RACK1 in disease.
Arabidopsis seedling flood-inoculation technique: a rapid and reliable assay for studying plant-bacterial interactions
Authors: Ishiga Yasuhiro , Ishiga Takako , Uppalapati Srinivasa R , Mysore Kirankumar S 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Background
The Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae model pathosystem is one of the most widely used systems to understand the mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis and plant innate immunity. Several inoculation methods have been used to study plant-pathogen interactions in this model system. However, none of the methods reported to date are similar to those occurring in nature and amicable to large-scale mutant screens.

Results
In this study, we developed a rapid and reliable seedling flood-inoculation method based on young Arabidopsis seedlings grown on MS medium. This method has several advantages over conventional soil-grown plant inoculation assays, including a shorter growth and incubation period, ease of inoculation and handling, uniform infection and disease development, requires less growth chamber space and is suitable for high-throughput screens. In this study we demonstrated the efficacy of the Arabidopsis seedling assay to study 1) the virulence factors of P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000, including type III protein secretion system (TTSS) and phytotoxin coronatine (COR); 2) the effector-triggered immunity; and 3) Arabidopsis mutants affected in salicylic acid (SA)- and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs)-mediated pathways. Furthermore, we applied this technique to study nonhost resistance (NHR) responses in Arabidopsis using nonhost pathogens, such as P. syringae pv. tabaci, pv. glycinea and pv. tomato T1, and confirmed the functional role of FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2) in NHR.

Conclusions
The Arabidopsis seedling flood-inoculation assay provides a rapid, efficient and economical method for studying Arabidopsis-Pseudomonas interactions with minimal growth chamber space and time. This assay could also provide an excellent system for investigating the virulence mechanisms of P. syringae. Using this method, we demonstrated that FLS2 plays a critical role in conferring NHR against nonhost pathovars of P. syringae, but not to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. This method is potentially ideal for high-throughput screening of both Arabidopsis and pathogen mutants.
The significance of the Cα substituent in the selective inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 9
Authors: Domingo Riyad , Chibale Kelly , Sturrock Edward D. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) cleave and degrade most components of the extracellular matrix, and unregulated MMP activity has been correlated to cancer and metastasis. Hence there is a burgeoning need to develop inhibitors that bind selectively to structurally similar MMPs. The inhibition profiles of peptidomimetics containing Cα substituents at the α,β unsaturated carbon were evaluated against the recombinant forms of ADAM17, MMP1, and MMP9. The dicarboxylic acid D2 and hydroxamate C2 inhibited MMP9 but not MMP1. The unsaturated compound E2 displayed selective inhibition for MMP1, compared with the saturated precursor C2, with an IC50 value of 3.91 μm. The molecular basis for this selectivity was further investigated by the molecular docking of E2 and D2 into the active sites of MMP1 and MMP9. These data demonstrate hydrogen-bonding interactions between the carbonyl group of the Cα substituent of E2 and the side chain of Asn180 present in the active site of MMP1. Conversely, the docked MMP9-D2 structure shows hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding between the ligand’s morpholine substituent and second carboxylic acid group with Leu187 and an amide, respectively. This study suggests that substituents other than P1′ and P2′ may confer selectivity among MMPs and may aid in the search for novel lead compounds.
Changes in Plant Morphology in Response to Recurrent Selection in the Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic Maize Population
Authors: Edwards Jode 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe maize (Zea mays L.) plant phenotype has changed a great deal through the era of hybrid maize production. Some of the observed changes such as upright leaf angle, silking‐anthesis interval, and tassel branch number have well understood contributions to improved grain yield in modern hybrids. However, less is known formally about indirect selection responses for these traits in the context of recurrent selection programs. The objective of this study was to determine if recurrent selection for agronomic performance in Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS) population has changed important plant traits. Thirty synthetic populations representing a total of 29 cycles of recurrent selection in three programs in BSSS were evaluated in four Iowa locations in 2008 and 2009. The most consistent changes observed across selection programs were for traits that increase light penetration into the canopy, including flag leaf angle, flag leaf size, and tassel branch number. Light‐interception traits had more consistent responses in the populations per se evaluated here than agronomic traits selected for on a testcross basis in the recurrent selection programs. Reductions in plant stature and anthesis‐silking interval were also observed, but changes were not as consistent as light‐interception traits. Selection responses for morphological traits in populations per se suggested these traits may have much simpler inheritance than typically assumed for grain yield.
Natural Hybrids and Gene Flow between Upland and Lowland Switchgrass
Authors: Zhang Yunwei , Zalapa Juan , Jakubowski Andrew R. , Price David L. , Acharya Ananta , Wei Yanling , Brummer E. Charles , Kaeppler Shawn M. , Casler Michael D. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTSwitchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a perennial grass native to the North American tallgrass prairie and savanna habitats and is broadly adapted to the central and eastern United States. Upland and lowland ecotypes represent the two major taxa within switchgrass, which have distinct but overlapping distributions. The purpose of this study was to survey a broad array of putative upland and lowland accessions for the possible presence of natural hybrids or hybrid derivatives and evidence of historic gene flow between the two ecotypes. All plants were classified as upland, lowland, or intermediate based on visual assessment of phenotype, using large nurseries of known upland or lowland plants as controls. A total of 480 plants were surveyed for 19 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and sequenced using five chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) segments. Genetic structure analysis revealed 21 individuals with strong evidence for intertaxa hybrid origin and another 25 individuals with moderate evidence for intertaxa hybrid origin. All but two of these individuals originated from remnant populations of the central or eastern Gulf Coast or along the Atlantic Seaboard, a region that is populated with significant quantities of both upland and lowland ecotypes. We propose the central and eastern Gulf Coast glacial refuge as the primary center of origin and diversity for switchgrass, with the western Gulf Coast as the secondary center of origin and diversity. Much of this diversity appears to have been preserved along one of the major northward postglacial migration routes, the Atlantic Seaboard.
A Compensating Wheat–Thinopyrum intermedium Robertsonian Translocation Conferring Resistance to Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus and Triticum Mosaic Virus
Authors: Liu W. , Seifers D. L. , Qi L. L. , Friebe B. , Gill B. S. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTWheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), is a potentially devastating disease of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Great Plains of North America. So far, two genes conferring resistance to WSMV have been named and used in cultivar improvement. Here we report a new source of resistance that was derived from a wheat–Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey ditelosomic addition line containing, in addition to the wheat chromosome complement, a pair of long arm telochromosomes from Th. intermedium previously believed to be of group‐4 origin. New molecular marker and genomic in situ hybridization analysis revealed that this telochromosome is homeologous to the group‐7 long arms and belongs to the S genome of Th. intermedium. Accordingly, this chromosome was designated as 7S#3L. One compensating Robertsonian translocation was obtained where the 7S#3L arm was translocated to the short arm of wheat chromosome 7B, resulting in the T7BS·7S#3L translocation chromosome. Homozygous T7BS·7S#3L lines were evaluated for their resistance to WSMV and Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV). The T7BS·7S#3L stock confers resistance to WSMV at 18 and 24°C. The T7BS·7S#3L stock also confers resistance to TriMV at 18°C but is not effective above 24°C. Based on chromosome position and effective resistance to WSMV at 24°C where both Wsm1 and Wsm2 are ineffective, the new gene in T7BS·7S#3L is designated as Wsm3.
Phenotypic Variation and Patterns of Linkage Disequilibrium Associated with Introduced Genes in Spring Wheat
Authors: Kalous J. R. , Martin J. M. , Sherman J. D. , Blake N. K. , Lanning S. P. , Talbert L. E. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTIntroduction of genes from outside a primary germplasm base has the potential to impact phenotypic diversity, genetic structure, and patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD). Our goals were to monitor the introduction of key genes in a hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm set using historical cultivars, to determine the impact of the introduced genes on phenotypic diversity in elite germplasm, and to assess the impact of selection history on LD. A superior allele for bread making was introduced early in the 20th century and quickly became fixed. An allele for solid stems introduced in the mid 20th century is the major source of variation in current germplasm. An introduced allele for photoperiod insensitivity is an important source of variation for heading date in current germplasm. The allelic introductions impacted patterns of LD. The unlinked loci for reduced height, RHT‐B1 and RHT‐D1, were in LD. Linkage disequilibrium for physically linked markers near introduced genes did not exceed previous estimates of genome‐wide LD. Our results showed a pattern of gene introductions into the spring wheat germplasm base that continues to have an impact on phenotypic diversity and patterns of LD.
Genomic Selection Accuracy for Grain Quality Traits in Biparental Wheat Populations
Authors: Heffner Elliot L. , Jannink Jean‐Luc , Iwata Hiroyoshi , Souza Edward , Sorrells Mark E. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTGenomic selection (GS) is a promising tool for plant and animal breeding that uses genome‐wide molecular marker data to capture small and large effect quantitative trait loci and predict the genetic value of selection candidates. Genomic selection has been shown previously to have higher prediction accuracies than conventional marker‐assisted selection (MAS) for quantitative traits. In this study, we compared phenotypic and marker‐based prediction accuracy of genetic value for nine different grain quality traits within two biparental soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) populations. We used a cross‐validation approach that trained and validated prediction accuracy across years to evaluate effects of model training population size, training population replication, and marker density. Results showed that prediction accuracy was significantly greater using GS versus MAS for all traits studied and that accuracy for GS reached a plateau at low marker densities (128–256).The average ratio of GS accuracy to phenotypic selection accuracy was 0.66, 0.54, and 0.42 for training population sizes of 96, 48, and 24, respectively. These results provide further empirical evidence that GS could produce greater genetic gain per unit time and cost than both phenotypic selection and conventional MAS in plant breeding with use of year‐round nurseries and inexpensive, high‐throughput genotyping technology.
Integration of Quality Protein in Waxy Maize by Means of Simple Sequence Repeat Markers
Authors: Sinkangam Bunyarit , Stamp Peter , Srinives Peerasak , Jompuk Peeranuch , Mongkol Wassamon , Porniyom Angkana , Dang Ngoc‐Chi , Jompuk Choosak 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTWaxy, that is, pure, amylopectin maize (Zea mays L.) is an important staple food and vegetable in Southeast and East Asia. Its insufficient protein quality could be remedied by the opaque‐2 gene mutation, demanding the combination of two recessive endosperm quality genes, opaque‐2 (o2o2) and waxy (wxwx). Crosses were made between waxy and opaque‐2 maize as female and male parents, respectively. In the segregating progenies of two crosses, Kwi1 × AgQ53 and Kwi9 × AgQ53, immediate selfing or one‐time backcrossing to the waxy parent before selfing were used to achieve the combination o2o2wxwx, supported by marker‐assisted selection (MAS) of opaque‐2 by phi057 and of waxy by phi022. The final 11 o2o2wxwx lines were achieved both from initial backcrossing and selfing. All the o2o2wxwx lines were of acceptable agronomic vigor and had very high percentages of amylopectin. The sugar content was mostly higher in both selfing and backcrossing lines than in the parental waxy lines, an advantage for vegetable marketing. High lysine and tryptophan contents of the o2o2wxwx lines prove that the goal of combining two quality traits within one grain was achieved. Furthermore, high variation in grain quality traits is an incentive for further improvement by breeding. Consumption of high‐quality protein maize will improve the diets of children, a good reason to produce double‐quality vegetable waxy maize.
COD reduction studies of paper mill effluent using a batch recirculation electrochemical method
Authors: Kannadasan T. , Sivakumar V. , Basha C. , Parwate Arun , Senthilkumar K. , Kannan K. 
Published: October 2011

COD reduction studies of paper mill effluent using a batch recirculation electrochemical method
The conventional method of treating pulp and paper mill effluent involves the biological oxidation by bacterial action of aerobic and anaerobic conditions and aerobic lagooning method, which are less efficiency of removing COD. To overcome the drawbacks of the existing treatment process, in the present work an attempt has been made to study the electro oxidative destruction of the pulp and paper mill effluent using an electrochemical method and the effect of various parameters such as concentration of supporting electrolytes, current densities, flow rates of electrolyte and reservoir volumes of the effluent were conducted. From the experimental results it is observed that the rate of reduction of COD of the effluent increased with an increase in the supporting electrolyte (sodium chloride) concentration, current density where as it decreased with increase in the reservoir volume and the flow rate of electrolyte. The residence time distributions studies have also been conducted to study the behavior of the electrochemical reactor.
Influence of preliminary osmotic dehydration on drying kinetics and final quality of carrot (Daucus carota L.)
Authors: Kowalski Stefan , Mierzwa Dominik 
Published: October 2011

Influence of preliminary osmotic dehydration on drying kinetics and final quality of carrot (Daucus carotaL.)This paper concerns convective drying of carrot preliminary dehydrated in aqueous solutions of three types of osmotic agents (sucrose, fructose, glucose). Three solution concentrations (20, 40 and 60%) were examined to work out efficient conditions of osmotic dewatering. The parameters such as water loss (WL), solid gain (SG) and osmotic drying rate (ODR) indicating the real efficiency of osmotic dehydrations (OD) were determined. The samples dehydrated with osmotic solutions underwent further convective drying to analyze influence of dehydration process on drying kinetics and final products quality. The quality of products was assessed on the basis of visual appearance of the samples and colorimetric measurements. It was found that osmotic pretreatment improves significantly the final product quality as the samples were less deformed and their colour was better preserved compared to samples, which had not been preliminarily dehydrated. Preliminary dehydration, however, did not influence significantly the overall drying time of the samples.
New resources of innovation - challenges to the Czech Republic and its positioning in global economy
Authors: Žížalová Pavla 
Published: October 2011

Nové zdroje inovací - výzvy pro českou ekonomiku a její postavení v globální ekonomice
Globalizace v současné době, zčásti i v důsledku ekonomické krize, přechází do druhé fáze a mezi odborníky se začíná hovořit o tzv. globalizaci 2.0. Ta znamená nejen další silnější propojení světové ekonomiky, ale zejména posilování pozice rozvíjejících se zemí nejen z pohledu výroby, ale především z pohledu spotřeby. Hlavní centra nabídky a poptávky se proměňujía výroba a spotřeba se opět začínají více organizovat ve stejné lokalitě. Rychle se rozvíjející ekonomiky a jejich velmi početná populace se tak podle odborníků i manažerů některých velkých korporací stanou hlavním motorem budoucí poptávky (spotřeby). A tedy i zdrojem pro nové inovace (inovace totiž začíná i končí u zákazníka), které budou díky své jednoduchosti, snadnému použití i nižším nákladům pronikat i na vyspělé trhy. Cílem tohoto článku je jednoduše zhodnotit, jak si v tomto kontextu stojí Česko a také jaké má tato proměna důsledky pro podporu inovací a konkurenceschopnosti.
Modification of the cranial closing wedge ostectomy technique for the treatment of canine cruciate disease
Authors: Addison E. S. , Smith B. A. , Radke H. , Hobbs S. J. , Wallace A. M. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryObjective: To describe a modification of the cranial closing wedge ostectomy (CCWO) technique and to compare its efficacy to the standard technique on cadaveric specimens.Methods: The standard and modified CCWO technique were applied to eight pairs of cadaveric tibiae. The following parameters were compared following the ostectomy: degrees of plateau levelling achieved (degrees), tibial long axis shift (degrees), reduction in tibial length (mm), area of bone wedge removed (cm2), and the area of proximal fragment (cm2).Results: The size of the removed wedge of bone and the reduction in tibial length were significantly less with the modified CCWO technique.Clinical significance: The modified CCWO has two main advantages. Firstly a smaller wedge is removed, allowing a greater preservation of bone stock in the proximal tibia, which is advantageous for implant placement. Secondly, the tibia is shortened to a lesser degree, which might reduce the risk of recurvatum, fibular fracture and patella desmitis. These factors are particularly propitious for the application of this technique to Terrier breeds with excessive tibial plateau angle, where large angular corrections are required. The modified CCWO is equally effective for plateau levelling and results in an equivalent tibial long-axis shift. A disadvantage with the modified technique is that not all of the cross sectional area of the distal fragment contributes to load sharing at the osteotomy.