bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular mapping of the AOX1a and β‐AmyI genes in potato
Authors: Krusiewicz Dominika , Jakuczun Henryka , Wasilewicz‐Flis Iwona , Strzelczyk‐Żyta Danuta , Marczewski Waldemar 
Published: February 2011

With 1 figure and 1 table AbstractTwo genes, AOX1a and β‐AmyI, were mapped in diploid potato. AOX1a (alternative oxidase 1a) is the cyanide insensitive component of the electron transport chain in plants induced by environmental stress. The enzyme β‐amylase (β‐AmyI) is involved in hydrolytic starch breakdown in both photosynthetic and storage organs. AOX1a and β‐AmyI are located in the central region on potato chromosome VIII, where other genes for potato tuber quality traits were mapped.
Master John of Arderne (1307–1380): a founder of modern surgery
Authors: Pearn John 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground:  John of Arderne (1307–1380) was one founder of surgery as the profession is known today. He was the first English surgeon of whom biographic details survive. Born on the Arderne Estates at Newark, England, he served as a military surgeon in France in campaigns where gunpowder was used in combat for the first time. His best‐known work, the Practica (De Arte Phisicali et de Cirurgia), formed the basis of practical surgical teaching in the medical schools of medieval Europe.Method:  Biographic research of primary and secondary archives and documents.Results:  John of Arderne's surgical practice was undertaken against a background of turbulent political, military and medical events. He survived the Black Death (1347) and its cyclical recurrences. He lived through the turbulent reigns of Edward II and Edward III and practised in London in the decades preceding the simmering unrest which preceded the Peasant's Revolt of 1381. Surgical and medical practice in the late Middle Ages was enmeshed in astrological beliefs. It was greatly influenced by church doctrine of disease causation.Conclusion:  In this paper, the known details of John of Arderne's life are placed in the perspective of these societal and professional influences. He is one of several pre‐Renaissance European doctors who were the first to challenge the received medical lore of Galen and later Arabic surgeons. Writing when he was 70 years of age, John of Arderne was the first to advocate that surgeons should trust their own clinical experience ‘Wele ymagynyng subtile things’ rather than following the directions of others, even including those advocated by himself.
Developmental pharmacogenomics
Authors: Neville Kathleen A. , Becker Mara L. , Goldman Jennifer L. , Kearns Gregory L. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryInterindividual variability in the disposition and action associated with similar doses of a given medication is an inherent characteristic of both adult and pediatric populations. Genotype–phenotype relationships in infants and children must take into account the role that ontogeny plays in producing variability in both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. This review explores pharmacogenomics in the context of ontogeny and relates these to the expression of drug‐metabolizing enzymes and transporters and the consequent effect on the exposure–response relationship in the early years of life.
Microassay of drugs and modern measurement techniques
Authors: Millership Jeff S. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryDetails of the development of conventional analytical methods for the determination of drugs in pediatric plasma/serum samples via microassays are presented. Examples of the development of small‐volume sampling and the use of the newer detection systems such as LC/MS/MS for enhanced detection are presented. Dried blood spot sampling has conventionally been used for the study of inborn errors of metabolism using Guthrie cards. Limited applications in the area of drug‐level determination, for example, in therapeutic drug monitoring had been reported but the methodology had not been widely used up until relatively recently. In the last few years, there has been a resurgence of interest in this methodology for drug‐level determinations, and examples of drug analysis in pediatric and neonatal patients where the small‐volume samples are particularly useful are presented. The application of the methodology in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies is discussed. The utilization of solid‐phase microextraction and stir bar sorptive extraction in drug analysis is presented. Clinical applications of these methodologies are reported including the development of in vivo solid‐phase microextraction.
Tips and traps analyzing pediatric PK data
Authors: Anderson Brian J. , Holford Nick H.G. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryPharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling has elucidated aspects of developmental pharmacology of value to the anesthetic community. The increasing sophistication of modeling techniques is associated with pitfalls that may not be readily apparent to readers or investigators. While size and age are considered primary covariates for PK models, the impact of birth on clearance maturation is poorly documented, dose in obese children is poorly investigated, pharmacologic implications of physiologic changes poorly portrayed, disease progression on drug response poorly depicted and the impact of metabolites on effect poorly illustrated. This review identifies some of these pitfalls and suggests ideas to circumvent or investigate these hazards.
The female cloaca of an oviparous caecilian amphibian (Gymnophiona): functional and seasonal aspects
Authors: Kuehnel Susanne , Herzen Julia , Kleinteich Thomas , Beckmann Felix , Kupfer Alexander 
Published: February 2011

AbstractKuehnel, S., Herzen, J., Kleinteich, T., Beckmann, F. and Kupfer, A. 2011. The female cloaca of an oviparous caecilian amphibian (Gymnophiona): functional and seasonal aspects. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 00:1–14.Reproductive morphology is receiving increased attention in animals that have variable reproductive modes combined with internal fertilization. Exceptionally among amphibians all caecilian species practice internal fertilization via an intromittent organ: an everted part of the male cloaca (phallodeum or phallus). Because research has mostly concentrated on males, knowledge of the female cloacal morphology is scarce. Here, we present the first single‐species study of the functional morphology of the female cloaca of an oviparous, phylogenetically basal caecilian (Ichthyophis cf. kohtaoensis). We have analyzed female cloacal shape during the reproductive cycle combining conventional histology with 3D‐reconstruction. All females are similar in their overall cloacal structure with some differences in size and histology associated with the reproductive cycle. The female cloaca is divided into two distinct chambers similar to the male condition. The cranial chamber contains urogenital pockets into which oviducts and Wolffian ducts open and which may have function during oviposition. The caudal cloacal chamber bears a novel feature – dorsolateral blind sacs, which are homologous to the male condition, but are considerably smaller. The study of female cloacal morphology is essential to understanding the evolution of the caecilian reproductive system and contributes to the understanding of tetrapod genital morphology in general.
21st century nursing practice in Ghana: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Donkor N.T. , Andrews L.D. 
Published: February 2011

DONKOR N.T. & ANDREWS L.D. (2011) 21st century nursing practice in Ghana: challenges and opportunities. International Nursing Review58, 218–224Aim:  This article is intended to stimulate critical thinking and generate fruitful discussion on nursing practice in Ghana as experienced by the authors. Its rationale is to promote exchange of ideas and creative partnerships to ensure that right decisions are made in preparing competent, adaptable and resourceful nurses who can contribute to health for all in the 21st century.The problem:  The challenges of nursing education, practice and migration in Ghana seem grim. There is inadequate capacity of training institutions, low staff morale, poor distribution and serious workforce shortages.Methods:  Government reports and policy documents on nursing were sourced from official websites and reviewed and discussed in the context of the international scholarly published literature.Opportunities:  The authors note that despite the severe crises, a number of opportunities such as improved home‐based training, international nursing education partnerships and welfare and human resource development could foster effective nurse retention and managed migration.Conclusions:  To address the issues with nursing health service delivery and nursing shortages in Ghana requires all stakeholders to move beyond the traditional stereotypes and be flexible and forward‐looking. Needed policy options include expansion of local nursing education and training capacity, collaborative training opportunities, improving the welfare and retention rates of current staff and international exchange of nurse resources that is mutually beneficial to both source and sink countries.
WRONGS, PREFERENCES, AND THE SELECTION OF CHILDREN: A CRITIQUE OF REBECCA BENNETT'S ARGUMENT AGAINST THE PRINCIPLE OF PROCREATIVE BENEFICENCE
Authors: HERISSONE‐KELLY PETER 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTRebecca Bennett, in a recent paper dismissing Julian Savulescu's principle of procreative beneficence, advances both a negative and a positive thesis. The negative thesis holds that the principle's theoretical foundation – the notion of impersonal harm or non‐person‐affecting wrong – is indefensible. Therefore, there can be no obligations of the sort that the principle asserts. The positive thesis, on the other hand, attempts to plug an explanatory gap that arises once the principle has been rejected. That is, it holds that the intuitions of those who adhere to the principle are not genuine moral intuitions, but instead simply give voice to mere (non‐moral) preferences.This paper, while agreeing that Savulescu's principle does not express a genuine moral obligation, takes issue with both of Bennett's theses. It is suggested that the argument for the negative thesis is either weak or question‐begging, while there is insufficient reason to suppose the positive thesis true.
GENETIC ENHANCEMENT, SOCIAL JUSTICE, AND WELFARE‐ORIENTED PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION
Authors: ETIEYIBO EDWIN 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThe debate over the host of moral issues that genetic enhancement technology (GET) raises has been significant. One argument that has been advanced to impugn its moral legitimacy is the ‘unfair advantage argument’ (UAA), which states: allowing access to GET to be determined by socio‐economic status would lead to unjust outcomes, namely, create a genetic caste system, and with it the exacerbation and perpetuation of existing socio‐economic inequalities. Fritz Allhoff has recently objected to the argument, the kernel of which is that it conflates the use of the technology with its distribution. GET, he argues, would generate unjust outcomes only if it is distributed according to principles of an unjust pattern of distribution; for if we can determine what constitutes a ‘just’ distributive scheme, then the technology can be allocated according to the principles of that scheme. In this paper I argue the following cluster of related claims: (1) both UAA and Allhoff's proposed distributive schemes ignore the importance of non‐genetic factors in the development of an individual's characteristics and capacities; (2) if we accept the view that it is good to prevent unjust outcomes that arise because some have exclusive access to GET, then we have to accept wide‐ranging distributive schemes; (3) by tracking genetic and non‐genetic factors wide‐ranging schemes do violate in some sense the widely shared value of neutrality in liberal democracies.
CHILDREN AS MEANS AND ENDS IN LARGE‐SCALE MEDICAL RESEARCH
Authors: WILLIAMS GARRATH 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper considers the often‐expressed fear that medical research may use children merely as means, and not respect them as ends in themselves – especially insofar as they are deemed less able to consent than adults. The main focus is on large‐scale genetic, socio‐medical and epidemiological research. The theoretical starting point of the paper is that to be treated as an end in oneself is to be regarded as – and to act as – a participant in cooperative endeavours. This participatory status is certainly connected with individual authority to consent and dissent; and there is no doubt that consent plays an important role when adults participate in many research projects. However, insofar as consent is located within structures of human cooperation, the authority to consent is not a straightforward privilege. Rather, consent is bound up with responsibility for one's choices and commitment to shared terms of cooperation. Given this understanding, it is argued that consent should not be our principal concern when we involve children in research. This is not because of children's (possible) incompetence to consent as such, but rather because children are still learning how to respect and assess the cooperative terms involved in our institutional lives. Instead, our leading concern should be with the terms regulating their involvement in research. Given suitable safeguards, research is one way in which children may learn what it is to bear responsibilities and to act as an end in oneself – that is, to cooperate with others on reasonable terms and for worthy ends.
CLUSTER RANDOMIZATION AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
Authors: CHWANG ERIC 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I will argue that, while the ethical issues raised by cluster randomization can be challenging, they are not new. My thesis divides neatly into two parts. In the first, easier part I argue that many of the ethical challenges posed by cluster randomized human subjects research are clearly present in other types of human subjects research, and so are not novel. In the second, more difficult part I discuss the thorniest ethical challenge for cluster randomized research – cases where consent is genuinely impractical to obtain. I argue that once again these cases require no new analytic insight; instead, we should look to political philosophy for guidance. In other words, the most serious ethical problem that arises in cluster randomized research also arises in political philosophy.
The Nineteenth‐Century Artist‐Teacher: A Case Study of George Wallis and the Creation of a New Identity
Authors: Daichendt G. James 
Published: February 2011

Abstract‘Artist‐teacher’ is a conceptually rich term in the field of art and design education used to describe the professionally distinct roles of artist and teacher. George Wallis (1811–91), a nineteenth‐century artist and teacher, the subject of this article, first used the term ‘artist‐teacher’ to describe himself and his theories of art education. To better understand this new term, the researcher organised the diverse aspects of Wallis's life from 1811 to 1845 as a network of enterprises to track the streams of thinking that contributed to this professional statement. Through comparison, ordering and sequencing the various enterprises, a deeper and reflective understanding of Wallis's teaching developed. In fact, the network of enterprises displays the growth of Wallis's thought as a slow and evolving process, eventually highlighting the turbulent situation that provoked Wallis to defend his theories and practices when he conjured the new term.
‘Building Dancing’: Dance within the Context of Architectural Design Pedagogy
Authors: Ersoy Zehra 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRecent theoretical and technological developments redefine the discipline of architecture substantially. Current day approaches in design pedagogy focus on personal and bodily experiences of the subject and the need for investigating new ways and methods to enhance awareness of spatial experiences is inevitable. In order to establish a heuristic understanding of embodiment in space within design pedagogy, collaborative studies of dance and architecture are important supports. This article introduces ‘Building Dancing’, which is an approach to embodied learning. The project is specifically designed and developed for students of architectural design and aims to integrate the existing body of knowledge and hands‐on exercises under a holistic framework. Within this study, the issue of embodiment is regarded not solely as a theoretical concept but a transforming method for achieving a conception of a reality and an understanding of architectural design processes.
Being an Artist Teacher: A Liberating Identity?
Authors: Thornton Alan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEducation as a liberating and democratic process remains an aim and belief in discourses within the field and beyond. The arts also have a tradition in which ‘artistic freedom’ is valued even if what constitutes artistic freedom is contested. In this article an educational discourse in which dialogue is considered a means to personal and collective liberation through education is highlighted and related to ‘artistic freedom’ and the dual roles of artist and teacher, in which learners and teachers are encouraged to contribute to and change culture as well as study and absorb it. Conceptualisations of the artist teacher and professional development and practices associated with these are considered to open up creative possibilities for art teachers without undermining other positive aspects of identity as a teacher and practitioner.
Facilitating Meta‐learning in Art and Design Education
Authors: Winters Tara 
Published: February 2011

AbstractArt and design programmes are educationally unique in that students themselves play a central role in determining their own learning needs. To be successful in their study, art and design students are required to operate with a high degree of independence and self‐direction. Developing the skills for greater self‐reliance requires students to become aware of their conceptions of the subject of study, and of themselves as learners in a particular learning context. Developing greater self‐awareness as a learner and becoming more independent in one's learning is captured by the concept of meta‐learning.In this article I present an alternative strategy to prevalent diagnostic approaches to assist in developing a student's capacity for meta‐learning in the subject context of art and design. An inquiry cycle was created to provide a structure within which to facilitate generative thinking about learning through engaging with fundamental questions related to the subject of learning (art and design) rather than the learning subject (i.e. the student). This method represents a departure from existing approaches to engaging students in meta‐learning. A pilot study used to trial the effectiveness of this strategy is also presented here. The inquiry map, and the conceptual base upon which it was developed, were found to be useful ways to structure reflective thinking about learning and to assist in developing a student's conception of the subject.
Making Payton's Rocket: Heterotopia and Lines of Flight
Authors: MacRae Christina 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article explores the potential of heterotopia as a way to prompt us to think differently about children's art‐making. Foucault uses the term to describe a space of difference. As something that is not easily located within a system of representation, a heterotopia is not amenable to interpretation. It is this resistance to interpretation that can ‘force us to confront the limits of our understanding’. Linking Foucault's idea of the heterogeneous with Deleuze & Guttari's concept of ‘smooth space’ allows me to think differently about representational intent. As a teacher of young children, I have habitually valued and encouraged ‘purposeful’ play. In terms of artwork this has often meant that I have assumed an overriding and usually representational ‘purpose’ that underlies the work and gives it meaning. However, in many of the junk models produced by children during my fieldwork, I glimpsed a quality of the smooth space evoked by Deleuze & Guttari's patchwork quilt where, although ‘they may display equivalents to themes [and] symmetries … there is no centre; its basic motif (“block”) is composed of the single element; the recurrence of this element frees uniquely the rhythmic values’.
The Multiple Faces of Visual Arts Education
Authors: Lindström Lars 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article identifies recent, mainly Nordic, research approaches to visual arts education. A concept map was developed as a heuristic tool in order to highlight salient traits and blind spots. Contemporary research typically has its origin either in education or in the art world, with an emphasis either on art as language or on art as text. These two dimensions were used to organise the studies and to select representative exemplars in different domains. The framework helped to chart the knowledge base of, and research approaches to, visual arts education. However, the result of blending subject matter and pedagogy tended to be a ‘mixture’ of viewpoints rather than emerging domains of subject‐specific pedagogical knowledge (Lee Shulman: an ‘amalgam’).
Intestinal metabolite compound K of panaxoside inhibits the growth of gastric carcinoma by augmenting apoptosis via Bid‐mediated mitochondrial pathway
Authors: Hu Chun , Song Gang , Zhang Bing , Liu Zhongchen , Chen Rong , Zhang Hong , Hu Tianhui 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCompound K (20‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐20(S)‐protopanaxadiol, CK), an intestinal bacterial metabolite of panaxoside, has been shown to inhibit tumour growth in a variety of tumours. However, the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. We use human gastric carcinoma cell lines BGC823, SGC7901 and human gastric carcinoma xenograft in nude mice as models to study the mechanisms of CK in gastric cancers. We found that CK significantly inhibits the viabilities of BGC823 and SGC7901 cells in dose‐ and time‐dependent manners. CK‐induced BGC823 and SGC7901 cells apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in G2 phase by up‐regulation of p21 and down‐regulation of cdc2 and cyclin B1. Further studies show that CK induces apoptosis in BGC823 and SGC7901 cells mainly through mitochondria‐mediated internal pathway, and that CK induces the translocation of nuclear Bid to mitochondria. Finally, we found that CK effectively inhibited the tumour formation of SGC7901 cells in nude mice. Our studies show that CK can inhibit the viabilities and induce apoptosis of human gastric carcinoma cells via Bid‐mediated mitochondrial pathway.