bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Old lessons learned anew: family-based methods for detecting genes responsible for quantitative and qualitative traits in the Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 mini-exome sequence data
Authors: Simpson Claire L , Justice Cristina M , Krishnan Mera , Wojciechowski Robert , Sung Heejong , Cai Jerry , Green Tiffany , Lewis Deyana , Behneman Dana , Wilson Alexander F , Bailey-Wilson Joan E 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFamily-based study designs are again becoming popular as new next-generation sequencing technologies make whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing projects economically and temporally feasible. Here we evaluate the statistical properties of linkage analyses and family-based tests of association for the Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 mini-exome sequence data. Based on our results, the linkage methods using relative pairs or nuclear families had low power, with the best results coming from variance components linkage analysis in nuclear families and Elston-Stewart model-based linkage analysis in extended pedigrees. For family-based tests of association, both ASSOC and ROMP performed well for genes with large effects, but ROMP had the advantage of not requiring parental genotypes in the analysis. For the linkage analyses we conclude that genome-wide significance levels appear to control type I error well but that “suggestive” significance levels do not. Methods that make use of the extended pedigrees are well powered to detect major loci segregating in the families even when there is substantial genetic heterogeneity and the trait is mainly polygenic. However, large numbers of such pedigrees will be necessary to detect all major loci. The family-based tests of association found the same major loci as the linkage analyses and detected low-frequency loci with moderate effect sizes, but control of type I error was not as stringent.
Analysis of human mini-exome sequencing data from Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 using a Bayesian hierarchical mixture model
Authors: Bueno Filho Julio S , Morota Gota , Tran Quoc , Maenner Matthew J , Vera-Cala Lina M , Engelman Corinne D , Meyers Kristin J 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Next-generation sequencing technologies are rapidly changing the field of genetic epidemiology and enabling exploration of the full allele frequency spectrum underlying complex diseases. Although sequencing technologies have shifted our focus toward rare genetic variants, statistical methods traditionally used in genetic association studies are inadequate for estimating effects of low minor allele frequency variants. Four our study we use the Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 data from 697 unrelated individuals (genotypes for 24,487 autosomal variants from 3,205 genes). We apply a Bayesian hierarchical mixture model to identify genes associated with a simulated binary phenotype using a transformed genotype design matrix weighted by allele frequencies. A Metropolis Hasting algorithm is used to jointly sample each indicator variable and additive genetic effect pair from its conditional posterior distribution, and remaining parameters are sampled by Gibbs sampling. This method identified 58 genes with a posterior probability greater than 0.8 for being associated with the phenotype. One of these 58 genes, PIK3C2B was correctly identified as being associated with affected status based on the simulation process. This project demonstrates the utility of Bayesian hierarchical mixture models using a transformed genotype matrix to detect genes containing rare and common variants associated with a binary phenotype.
The management of incidental low-grade gliomas using magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and optimal treatment paradigm
Authors: Shah Ashish H. , Madhavan Karthik , Heros Deborah , Raper Daniel M. S. , Iorgulescu J. Bryan , Lally Brian E. , Komotar Ricardo J. 
Published: December 2011

Object
The discovery of incidental low-grade gliomas (LGGs) on MR imaging is rare, and currently there is no existing protocol for management of these lesions. Various studies have approached the dilemma of managing patients with incidental LGGs. While some advocate surgery and radiotherapy, others reserve surgery until there is radiological evidence of growth. For neurosurgeons and radiologists, determining the course of action after routine brain imaging poses not only a medical but also an ethical dilemma. The authors conducted a systematic review of case reports and case series in hopes of enhancing the current understanding of the management options for these rare lesions.

Methods
A PubMed search was performed to include all relevant MR imaging studies in which management of suspected incidental LGG was reported. Comparisons were made between the surgical treatment arm and the active surveillance arm in terms of outcome, mode of discovery, reasons for treatment, and histology.

Results
Nine studies with 72 patients were included in this study (56 in the surgical arm and 16 in the active surveillance arm). Within the surgical arm, 49% remained deficit free after treatment, 25% showed evidence of tumor progression, 13% underwent a second treatment, and 7% died. The active surveillance group resulted in no unanticipated adverse events, with serial imaging revealing no tumor growth in all cases. Lesion regression was reported in 31% of this group. The surgical arm's mortality rate was 7% compared with 0% in the active surveillance arm.

Conclusions
Treatment decisions for incidental LGG should be individualized based on presenting symptoms and radiological evidence of growth. The asymptomatic patient may be monitored safely with serial MR imaging and occasionally PET scanning before treatment is initiated. In patients presenting with nonspecific symptoms or concurrent symptomatic lesions, treatment may be initiated earlier to reduce potential morbidity. All treatment decisions must be tempered by patient factors and expectations of anticipated benefit.
The Revolutionary Russian Army and Romania, 1917
Authors: Torrey Glenn E. 
Published: December 2011

The growth ofthe revolutionary movement in the ranks of the Russian army on the Romanian front in 1917 has attracted the attention of a number of Soviet historians. M.M. Gitsiu, Deiatel 'nost' soldatskikh sovetov i komitetov na rumynskom fronte i v Moldavii v 1917 g. (Kishinev, 1985), concentrates on the soldier's organizations and the growth of Bolshevik influence among them. E.N. Istrati, Demokraticheskoe dvizhenie za mir na rumynskom fronte v. 1917 gody (Kishinev, 1973), has a broader perspective emphasizing the question of war or peace. M.S. Frenkin, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie na rumynskom fronte 1917 g. - mart 1918 (Moscow, 1965), is the best of this genre but despite the title, covers only one of four Russian armies attached to the Romanian front, and the one which was not on Romanian soil. Frenkin's second book, Russkaia armiia i revoliutsiia 1917-1918 (Munich, 1978), written after his emigration to Israel, is a welcome corrective to all Soviet accounts, including his earlier one. But in covering all four fronts, Frenkin devotes limited attention to the Romanian. By far the best general survey of the impact of the Revolution at the front is Allan Wildman, The End of the Russian Imperial Army, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1980, 1987), which is distinguished by balance and insight. However, neither Wildman nor the others mentioned deal with the Romanian response to Russian revolutionary agitation or with Russo-Romanian relations.
Toward Automated Oligosaccharide Synthesis
Authors: Hsu Che‐Hsiung , Hung Shang‐Cheng , Wu Chung‐Yi , Wong Chi‐Huey 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCarbohydrates have been shown to play important roles in biological processes. The pace of development in carbohydrate research is, however, relatively slow due to the problems associated with the complexity of carbohydrate structures and the lack of general synthetic methods and tools available for the study of this class of biomolecules. Recent advances in synthesis have demonstrated that many of these problems can be circumvented. In this Review, we describe the methods developed to tackle the problems of carbohydrate‐mediated biological processes, with particular focus on the issue related to the development of the automated synthesis of oligosaccharides. Further applications of carbohydrate microarrays and vaccines to human diseases are also highlighted.
Synthesis and antioxidant activities in polyolefin of dendritic antioxidants with hindered phenolic groups and tertiary amine
Authors: Li Cuiqin , Wang Jun , Ning Mengmeng , Zhang Huiping 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTwo novel primary antioxidants with dendritic structure and hindered phenolic groups were synthesized using 3‐(3,5‐diter‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid as raw material and dendritic poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) as linker in chloroform. The antioxidant activities of the dendritic antioxidants were evaluated in polyolefin by melt flow index (MFI), yellowness index (Y.I.), and oxidation induction time (OIT). The dendritic antioxidants had excellent processing property and oxidation resistance behavior in polyolefin. At the same weighed amount of antioxidant, the MFI and Y.I. values of mulitiple‐extruded polyethylene (PE) stabilized with the dendritic antioxidants were smaller than those of the commercial antioxidants, as well as the OIT values of polyethylene (PE) stabilized with the dendritic antioxidants were larger. Applying to polypropylene, the antioxidant ability of the second‐generation dendritic antioxidant (G2.0 dendritic antioxidant) with larger molecular weight was superior to the commercial antioxidants and that of the first‐generation dendritic antioxidant (G1.0 dendritic antioxidant) was equal to the commercial antioxidants. The dendritic antioxidants can prevent polyolefin from breaking of macromolecular chain in processing and had stabilizing effect in polyolefin in service life by donating H‐atoms and electron to free radicals. The dendritic antioxidants combined with Irgafos 168 had improvement of antioxidant activities of the dendritic antioxidants in polyolefin. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Comparative study of the hydrolysis of different oils by lipase‐immobilized membranes
Authors: Gupta S. , Ingole P. , Singh K. , Bhattacharya A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractLipase immobilization on asymmetric polysulfone (PS) membranes was done by physical adsorption and covalent coupling techniques. The glutaraldehyde (Glu) crosslink showed maximum immobilization (1.53 mg/cm2) on the hydrazine (Hz)‐modified membrane surface. Lipase immobilization on the membrane was proved by different analytical tools (viz., X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy). The hydrolase‐immobilized enzyme marked its hydrolyzing ability to different oils (olive, palm, and castor oils). The hydrolysis yield (U/mg) for the different immobilized membranes was in the following order: Olive oil > Palm oil > Castor oil. The PS–Hz–Glu–lipase membrane showed maximum hydrolyzing ability for olive oil (62.37 U/mg) and minimum hydrolyzing ability for castor oil (38.11 U/mg). The low aptitude for the hydrolysis of castor oil was explained by the presence of ricinoleic acid in the main composition. The lowest affinity toward castor oil (Michaelis–Menten constant = 18.86 mM) also featured the same. The order of maximum reaction rate for the same membrane was as follows: Olive oil (64.5) > Palm oil (62.5) > Castor oil (41.6). The immobilized lipase on PS–Hz–Glu suffered only a 12.5% deterioration for olive oil after five cycles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Comparison of styrene reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization in a miniemulsion system stabilized by ammonlysis poly(styrene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) and sodium dodecyl sulfate
Authors: Yu Yitao , Zhang Qinghua , Zhan Xiaoli , Chen Fengqiu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this study, we conducted the reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene (St) in a miniemulsion system stabilized by two different stabilizers, ammonlysis poly(styrene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) (SMA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), with identical reaction conditions. The main objective was to compare the polymerization kinetics, living character, latex stability, and particle morphology. The macro‐RAFT agent used in both systems was SMA, which was obtained by RAFT solution polymerization mediated by 1‐phenylethyl phenyldithioacetate. The experimental results show that the St RAFT miniemulsion polymerization stabilized by SDS exhibited a better living character than that stabilized by ammonlysis SMA. The final latices were very stable in two systems, but different stabilizers had an obvious effect on the polymerization kinetics, living character, and particle morphology. All of the particles obtained by RAFT miniemulsion polymerization stabilized by SDS were solid, but an obvious core–shell structure was observed in the miniemulsion system stabilized by ammonlysis SMA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Pt doped H3PW12O40/ZrO2 as a heterogeneous and recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of carbonated soybean oil
Authors: Wang Junwei , Zhao Yuhua , Li Qifeng , Yin Ning , Feng Yuelai , Kang Maoqing , Wang Xinkui 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCarbonated soybean oil (CSBO) is a precursor of nonisocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs). So far, the ruling catalysts for CSBO synthesis through the coupling of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) with CO2 are homogeneous ones. In this work, a heterogeneous catalyst, 5 wt % H3PW12O40 (PW)/ZrO2 was investigated for the coupling reaction and proved quite efficient. However, the catalyst showed poor reusability due to the difficult elimination of bulky by–products retained in the spent catalyst. To remedy this deficiency, the 5 wt % PW/ZrO2 was modified with 0.3% Pt. It is found that Pt addition markedly improved the reusability of the 5 wt % PW/ZrO2 without loss in carbonation activity. An ESBO conversion of 78.3% was obtained at the end of third recycle, indicating that Pt species incorporated could promote the removal of the by‐products and hence protect the active centres of 5 wt %PW/ZrO2 catalyst. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation and characterization of novel polymer hydrogel from industrial waste and copolymerization of poly(vinyl alcohol) and polyacrylamide
Authors: El‐Zawawy Waleed K. , Ibrahim Maha M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA novel hydrogel was prepared from industrial waste to form a green polymer with a higher swelling capacity. This hydrogel was synthesized by two methods for chemical crosslinking, namely crosslinking by radical polymerization and crosslinking by addition reaction. In crosslinking by radical polymerization, graft copolymerization of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and polyacrylamide (PAAm) was carried out using ceric ammonium sulfate in presence of N,N',‐methylenebisacrylamide, and then mixed with the black liquor resulting from alkaline pulping of rice straw. While, in crosslinking by addition reaction, the same above reagents were mixed with the black liquor in absence of the initiator. The black liquor is an industrial waste resulting from the pulping method and consists of dissolved lignin and carbohydrates. The black liquor causes environmental water pollution due to its dumping into the sea. The formed hydrogels were characterized using FT‐IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was noted that the hydrogel prepared by radical polymerization showed high swelling capacity, 60.00%, compared to that prepared by the addition reaction, 27.27%. The hydrogels formed were used also to study the influence of sodium chloride on the absorption capacity at room temperature and swelling ratios at different temperatures and pHs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Cellular response to prosthetic wear debris differs in patients with and without rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Vasudevan Anant , DiCarlo Edward F. , Wright Timothy , Chen Dan , Figgie Mark P. , Goldring Steven R. , Mandl Lisa A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo examine whether patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) demonstrate patterns of prosthetic wear or cellular responses to implant wear debris different from those demonstrated by patients without inflammatory joint disease.MethodsThirty‐eight patients who had undergone a primary revision of a total elbow arthroplasty for aseptic loosening between 1996 and 2008 were identified. Twenty‐five of these patients had RA, and 13 did not have inflammatory arthritis. Clinical data, gross wear patterns of the removed prostheses, and histopathologic analyses of peri‐implant tissue were compared between the patients with RA and those without RA.ResultsEvaluation of the retrieved prostheses showed that conformational change of the humeral polyethylene bushing was associated with the generation of polyethylene and metal particles. The amount and type of wear debris in periprosthetic tissues were similar in patients with and those without RA. Patients with RA who were not receiving anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) therapy exhibited a histologic pattern of interstitial and sheet‐like lymphocytic infiltrates associated with a high plasma cell composition, which was different from the predominantly perivascular infiltrates with few plasma cells seen in non‐RA patients (P= 0.04). Patients with RA who were receiving anti‐TNF therapy showed a mixed perivascular and interstitial pattern of infiltrates with variable cell composition.ConclusionPatients with RA exhibited a distinct cellular response to implant wear debris compared with patients without RA. This reaction was unrelated to differences in the type or amount of wear debris and was mitigated by anti‐TNF therapy. These results suggest an intrinsic alteration in immunoregulation in RA and have implications for potential immunologic treatment of osteolysis in these patients.
The Anatomy Competence Score—A new marker for anatomical ability
Authors: Schoeman Scarpa , Chandratilake Madawa 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe assessment of students' ability in gross anatomy is a complex process as it involves the measurement of multiple facets. In this work, the authors developed and introduced the Anatomy Competence Score (ACS), which incorporates the three domains of anatomy teaching and assessment namely: theoretical knowledge, practical 3D application of the knowledge, and clinical or bedside application of knowledge on patients. Equal contributions from these tripartite domains were used to synthesize the ACS. The theory knowledge was assessed using MCQs and short answer questions while the knowledge of practical 3D application was assessed using an Objective Structured Practical Examination (OSPE). The clinical or bedside application of anatomy knowledge was assessed by an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). In this correlation study, the authors examined the interdomain correlations of the summative marks for the three contributing domains of the ACS, in order to examine the rationality of this new marker. Three cohorts of medical students (n = 538) at St. George's, University of London (SGUL) Medical School in the United Kingdom were included and analyzed. The results demonstrated that the correlations between the three domains were significantly low or moderate. The three domains probably represent unique knowledge and abilities. Therefore, it would appear that the average of the domains scores (the ACS) provide a comprehensive picture of a student's ability in anatomy. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
The Potential Role for Corticosterone in the Induction of Cleft Palate in Mice After Treatment With a Selective NK‐1 Receptor Antagonist, Casopitant (GW679769B)
Authors: Ziejewski Mary K. , Solomon Howard M. , Stanislaus Dinesh , Clark Robert L. , White Tacey E. , Apostoli April R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDCasopitant is a potent and selective NK‐1 receptor antagonist that has shown clinical efficacy in the prevention of chemotherapy‐induced and postoperative‐induced nausea and vomiting.METHODSIn an embryo‐fetal development study, pregnant mice were given vehicle (sterile water) or doses of 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg/day casopitant on Gestation Day (GD) 6 to 15. Fetuses were evaluated for external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities on GD 18. In a follow‐on study to investigate casopitant‐induced hormonal changes during the developmental period for palate formation, pregnant mice were given vehicle (sterile water) or 300 mg/kg/day casopitant once daily on GD 6 to 13. Blood was collected on GD 13 at various time‐points for measurement of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone (CRT) concentrations.RESULTSThere was no evidence of developmental toxicity in mice at 30 or 100 mg/kg/day but 9% of fetuses at 300 mg/kg/day had cleft palate. Mice are sensitive to glucocorticoid‐induced cleft palates, and NK‐1 antagonists are known to modulate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis leading to increases in corticosterone. On GD 13, mean plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone levels at 300 mg/kg/day were elevated by approximately twofold from vehicle‐treated levels at 1 hr post‐dose and mean plasma CRT levels were elevated by 3, 5, and 10‐fold at 0.5, 1, and 2 hr post‐dose, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThe increased level of CRT was in the range previously shown in the literature to cause cleft palates in mice and was likely the underlying mechanism behind casopitant‐induced cleft palate in mice.
Rational Method for Designing Efficient Chromatography Processes based on the Iso‐Resolution Curve
Authors: Hosono M. , Maeda R. , Yoshimoto N. , Yamamoto S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA method for designing efficient chromatography processes was proposed and verified experimentally. The model samples were polyphenols. Polystyrene divinylbenzene resins were employed for the column stationary phase. The mobile phase was an ethanol‐water mixture. The distribution coefficient, K, was determined as a function of ethanol concentration, I, by linear gradient elution experiments. The HETP‐mobile phase velocity (u) curves were determined as a function of I. A method for calculating the iso‐resolution curve was developed with K and HETP‐u as a function of I. The calculated iso‐resolution curve was verified by comparison with experimental elution curves. The iso‐resolution curve was found to be useful for determining suitable separation conditions.
Probing the Intestinal α‐Glucosidase Enzyme Specificities of Starch‐Digesting Maltase‐Glucoamylase and Sucrase‐Isomaltase: Synthesis and Inhibitory Properties of 3′‐ and 5′‐Maltose‐Extended De‐O‐sulfonated Ponkoranol
Authors: Eskandari Razieh , Jones Kyra , Ravinder Reddy Kongara , Jayakanthan Kumarasamy , Chaudet Marcia , Rose David R. , Pinto B. Mario 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe synthesis and glucosidase inhibitory activities of two C‐3′‐ and C‐5′‐β‐maltose‐extended analogues of the naturally occurring sulfonium‐ion inhibitor, de‐O‐sulfonated ponkoranol, are described. The compounds are designed to test the specificity towards four intestinal glycoside hydrolase family 31 (GH31) enzyme activities, responsible for the hydrolysis of terminal starch products and sugars into glucose, in humans. The target sulfonium‐ion compounds were synthesized by means of nucleophilic attack of benzyl protected 1,4‐anhydro‐4‐thio‐D‐arabinitol at the C‐6 position of 6‐O‐trifluoromethanesulfonyl trisaccharides as alkylating agents. The alkylating agents were synthesized from D‐glucose by glycosylation at C‐4 or C‐2 with maltosyl trichloroacetimidate. Deprotection of the coupled products by using a two‐step sequence, followed by reduction afforded the final compounds. Evaluation of the target compounds for inhibition of the four glucosidase activities indicated that selective inhibition of one enzyme over the others is possible.