bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Delignification Method on the type of Cellulose Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) as a Material for Sustainable Sodium-Ion Battery Technology
Authors: Anugerah Putra Pradana Revaldo , Rafi Setopratama Andyan , Zulaiha Ahmad Chanifa , Prasetyo Andry , Nur Abti Salsabilla , Darminto  
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Biopolymers developed for solid electrolyte materials of sodium-ion batteries are of great interest these days. The main precursor in the form of cellulose biopolymers has been successfully isolated from water hyacinths (Eichornia crassipes). The first stage is maceration using 2% NaOH to produce cellulose-Iα and Ethanol 60% to produce cellulose-Iβ by hydrothermal reaction process at 150 °C and continued at the bleaching stage with H2O2 solution at 50 °C until it changes color. Then the sample is washed to a neutral pH and dried in an oven at 60 °C. Cellulose-Iα yields were obtained with a yield of 33.98% and cellulose-Iβ of 39.11%. The cellulose-I that has been obtained is modified to obtain cellulose-II type by mercerization method, where cellulose-I type is reacted with 20% NaOH for 5 hours. The mixture is then washed to neutral and dried. Cellulose-II yield was obtained with a yield of 69.21%. Samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The cellulose content of hyacinths before delignification was 36.69%. The cellulose content of hyacinths after delignification for cellulose-Iα and cellulose-Iβ types was 64.26% and 48.58% respectively. FTIR analysis proved the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups in hyacinth cellulose. XRD analysis showed that all three samples were identified with cellulose-Iα, cellulose-Iβ, and cellulose-II amorphous structures with a crystallinity index of 28.62% and the largest crystallite size based on the hkl field (121) of cellulose-Iβ type samples was ~10 nm. SEM analysis shows that cellulose-Iα, cellulose-Iβ has a slim fiber diameter size and straight, smooth surface and microfibrils around the fiber. While cellulose-II shows visualization of a diameter that looks larger and twisted, the surface is rough and there are no microfibrils around the fibers.
Enhanced Conductive and Optical Properties of TiO2/PANI Composites Synthesized by in-situ Chemical Oxidation Polymerization Route
Authors: Latifah Umi , Salsabila Nisrina K , Yudhoyono Gatut 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Polyaniline titania composites have been investigated due to their unique chemical and physical properties. This study synthesized several PANI/TiO2 composites with different mol% of PANI using in-situ oxidative polymerization methods. TiO2 was obtained by coprecipitation methods. The functional group analysis carried out using Fourier transform Infrared reflectance, it was found that PAni/TiO2 had been successfully created, which was indicated by the absence of new peaks. Based on the results of measuring absorbance in the Ultraviolet-Visible wavelength, it was found that the composite material made had a wider absorption range compared to its constituents. The electrical conductivity of composites was shown to have a higher value than TiO2. From these results, it was found that the PANI/TiO2 composite material has greater photoactivity than TiO2.
The effects of calcination heating rate on phase formation and structure of zircon sand-derived zirconia
Authors: Eka Wahyuni Afra , Hariyanto Budi , Yan Pratama Detak , Yani Purwaningsih Sri , Pratapa Suminar 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Phase formation and structure examination has been conducted to study the effects of thermal treatment and heating rates on zircon (ZrSiO4) sand-derived zirconia (ZrO2). A preliminary investigation of the elements present in the sand using XRF revealed that Zr was the major element, corresponding to 92.4% of the sample. The zirconia precursor was synthesized through a three-stage process that involves purifying zircon powder, alkali fusion, and co-precipitation method. The zirconia crystal was obtained by heating the sample to 700, 800 and 900 °C with heating rates of 5 and 10 °C/min, respectively. The formation of tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) with space group P42/nmc is shown in a qualitative study of all sample XRD patterns. Furthermore, Rietveld analysis was used to determine crystal structure parameters including lattice parameters and tetragonality. The calcination temperature and heating rate decide the phase, t-ZrO2 crystallite size, and tetragonality. Furthermore, calcining to 700 and 800 °C created t-ZrO2, however, elevated temperature to 900 °C lead to t→m transformation. The t-ZrO2 size increases with temperature between 700 and 900 °C, range of 9 and 15 nm. Meanwhile, the tetragonality of t-ZrO2 tends to decrease due to m-ZrO2 being present.
Activation energy and crystal growth coefficient determination of t-ZrO2 using high-temperature synchrotron X-ray diffraction
Authors: Misdayanti  , Akifah Nur , Hariyanto Budi , Saiyasombat Chatree , Yan Pratama Detak , Yani Purwaningsih Sri , Pratapa Suminar 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Activation energy and crystal growth coefficient of t-ZrO2 (tetragonal zirconia) were determined through an in-situ synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) experiment. The t-ZrO2 precursor was synthesized through (a) purification of zircon sand from Kereng Pangi, Kalimantan to zircon powder, (b) alkali fusion, and (c) co-precipitation. High-temperature SR-XRD experiments were carried out with varying holding times of 1, 2, and 3 hours at 900, 950, and 1000 °C, respectively, where the formation and crystal growth of t-ZrO2 were observed. The diffraction patterns show that t-ZrO2 has formed at 900°C for 1 hour and it grows accordingly. The effect of the heating temperature and holding time on the crystal growth shows that the size of hot crystals increases with increasing temperature and holding time. It is found that the activation energy of t-ZrO2, in general, decreases with holding time, i.e. from 75.3 kJ/mol (3 h) to 57.3 (1h). Meanwhile, Beck’s crystal growth coefficient value is between 0.3 at 900 °C and 0.2 at 1000 °C.
Development of Geopolymer/Activated Carbon Composite Mortar from PLTU Paiton Fly Ash with the Addition of Sidoarjo Mud Waste
Authors: Tsaqif W G , Kuswindayani N Y , Febriyanti V N A , Nurdiansah H , Raditya R F , Arief M H 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Cement production produces CO2 gas emissions that are harmful to the environment, so the manufacture of geopolymers can be done to substitute cement. Geopolymers are mineral chemical compounds or mixtures thereof consisting of repeating chemical units, such as silica-oxide. This research aims to make geopolymer mortar made from fly ash waste and Sidoarjo Lapindo mud composites with activated carbon to increase compressive strength, reduce moisture and increase CO2 absorption. Broadly speaking, the stages of this research began with preparing tools and materials to make geopolymer mortar, then mix design between fly ash, Sidoarjo lapindo sludge, and activated carbon with the addition of alkali activator, as well as fine aggregate in the form of Lumajang sand, which was then cured at 7, 14, and 28 days. Furthermore, characterization tests carried out for geopolymer mortar are SEM and XRD and testing compressive strength, water absorption, and CO2 absorption. The compressive strength test results showed that of all sample variations, the F100 variation had the highest compressive strength with a value of 17.57 MPa after curing for 28 days. The compressive strength of each sample variation increases with the longer curing time, except for the L100 variation. While in the additive variation group, the compressive strength of the F75C15L10 variation is the highest with a value of 17.43 MPa. In the water absorption test based on the carbon additive variation, it can be seen that the longer the curing time, the higher the water absorption.
Synthesis of Composite Photocatalyst Derived from Medical Mask Waste/TiO2 for Degradation of Rhodamine-B Textile Waste
Authors: Ilham Munada Dimas , Umar Sa’id Achmad , Surya Juniarianto Alvi , Muhammad Luthfi Billy , Ratu Nazillah Tiara , Nurdiansah Haniffudin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Covid-19 case requires the use of masks followed by an increase in the amount of waste in Indonesia. Another type of waste that continues to increase and is harmful to waters is Rhodamine-B (RhB). One way to treat this waste is by photodegradation method. In this research, the synthesis of S-doped porous carbon (SDPC) derived from medical mask waste was composited with TiO2, a semiconductor material, to be used as photocatalyst material. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of SDPC mass on the structure and morphology of the SDPC/TiO2 composite and the performance of Rhodamine-B degradation. The mass variations of SDPC used were 25%; 37.5%; and 50%. The process of synthesizing porous carbon by sulfonation method at a temperature of 200 °C for 6 hours and continued activation using KOH to form activated SDPC. Then the composite synthesis process was carried out by sonification process. The result show 50% SDPC/TiO2 composite has the best degradation performance with degradation percentage of 54.21% in 2 hours of irradiation time.
Purification of Natural Sulfur up to the Analyst Grade to qualify for Li-Sulfur Battery Applications
Authors: Puspitasari Indah , Mutmainah Wawat , Putri Nobel Mariani , Hidayat Sahrul 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The high capacity has encouraged many researchers to study the application of sulfur as a battery cathode to replace the current commercial battery cathode. The purity and degree of crystallization of sulfur are critical to the capacity and performance of Li-Sulfur batteries. This research focuses on improving the purity and degree of crystallization of natural sulfur obtained from sulfur mining in Kawah Putih of South Bandung. The purification method used is dissolution-recrystallization which is based on the different solubility of sulfur and its impurities in toluene solvent. By dissolving sulfur in toluene at a certain temperature, impurities will separate because they are not dissolved in toluene. Furthermore, the sulfur dissolved in toluene can be separated from the impurities and re-crystallized to obtain pure sulfur. The XRD test results obtained a degree of crystallization of 95%, fit to the Orthorhombic crystal structure which is characteristic of S8 (octa-Sulfur) crystals. Testing with SEM-EDS, the highest purity was obtained at 68.61% and 31.39% of it was detected Carbon compounds. Meanwhile, FTIR testing found no carbon bonds (either C-O, C-C, C-H or C-S) which in theory appear in the absorption range of 900 cm-1 to 2000 cm-1. After confirming with the SEM/EDS testing analyst, it was stated that the carbon came from the SEM/EDS testing substrate that used a carbon sealtip. Thus, if there is no carbon compound, the purity of SEM EDS test results is more than 98%. Thus, these results are qualified for application as battery electrode material.
Synthesis of S-doped porous carbon/MnO2 composite from discarded medical masks for hybrid supercapacitor electrodes
Authors: Kusuma T J , Ramadhan M A , Yalatama P J , Anjarsari R , Febriyanti T , Nurdiansah H 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The fabrication of supercapacitor electrodes can be obtained from materials with abundant carbon availability such as discarded polypropylene medical masks, studied by XRD, SEM, and FTIR. In this work, discarded surgical masks and then carbon was obtained via a solvothermal method. The fabrication of high performance supercapacitor to enhance the electrochemical performance of carbon-based electrode is by combining carbon material with MnO2 to form hybrid supercapacitor electrodes. The electrochemical performance can be greatly improved because of the high electrical conductivity of carbon and excellent redox reaction from MnO2. Fibrous structure of S-doped porous carbon morphology via SEM with nanowire MnO2 covered a rod carbon structure. Furthermore, XRD analysis and FTIR show the amorphous structure with high peak at 2θ 25.5⁰ and 42.2° with the absorption peak at 509.05 cm−1, 510.68 cm−1 and 578. 87 cm−1 shows the Mn-O stretching. The as-prepared 0.3-SDPC/MnO2 exhibited the highest specific capacitance of 84.71 F g−1. Moreover, as-prepared 0.3-SDPC/MnO2 showed high energy and power density (7.53 Wh kg−1, 169.96 W kg−1) and the lowest resistance of 0.72 Ω. These results indicate that 0.3-SDPC/MnO2 composite electrode will have potential application in hybrid supercapacitors.
Overview of the use of the sol-gel method in the synthesis and analysis of hydroxyapatide from biowaste
Authors: Sakinah  , Rachma Wulan Widya , Aini Fauziyah Nur 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The aim of this review was to determine the synthesis of hydroxyapatite biomaterial from bone waste by sol-gel method. The sol gel method was chosen because it can operate at low temperatures, simple method, inexpensive. Waste materials were used in the study since it is currently uncommon to synthesize bone implant hydroxyapatite using waste resources. Additionally, using waste products to create hydroxyapatite is a great way to help Indonesia reduce its waste production. Moreover, this review revealed the biowaste which excellent potential as the source of hydroxyapatite. As well as in this review it was found that heating the sample at 1000°C is necessary to synthesize pure hydroxyapatite, and the resulting material has unique characteristics as shown by XRD and FTIR patterns.
Integration of monitoring and operation ion source system in the DECY-13 cyclotron
Authors: Alfiansyah A , Puspitasari A J , Prasetyo G H , Permana F S , Diah F I 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In nuclear medicine, cyclotrons play a vital role as cyclic accelerators, producing radioisotopes for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) technology. Currently, the Accelerator Technology Research Center, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, is developing the DECY-13 cyclotron, which comprises several crucial components, including the ion source. The ion source generates ions that is accelerated to a specific energy level before being directed at the target. The ion source system of the DECY-13 cyclotron includes various supporting components, such as a cooling system, vacuum system, Magnet Power Supply (MPS), gas flow system, and cathode power supply. These components are currently operated independently, with manual monitoring by operators. To simplify and improve the operation, an integration project needed for supporting component of the DECY-13 cyclotron’s ion source. This integration utilizes LabVIEW software, the NI-9870 module, NI-9425 module, and NI-cRIO as the process operation controller. The successful development of the integration program ensures that the displayed data on the interface aligns seamlessly with data from each individual device. Consequently, the integration program serves as an effective tool for monitoring the operation of the DECY-13 cyclotron’s ion source.
The Klein-Gordon equation in the cosmic string and rainbow gravity spacetime under the influence of an external magnetic field and Coulomb potential for PDM particles
Authors: Sabathino Harya Wibawa Briant , Suparmi A , Cari C , Harjana Harjana 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Klein-Gordon equation in the cosmic string and rainbow gravity spacetime under the influence of an external magnetic field and Coulomb potential for PDM particles is investigated using the NU method. From solution of the Klein-Gordon system with PDM particles, the energy levels are obtained. The energy levels are numerically calculated as a function of rainbow gravity parameters, as a function of magnetic field parameters, as a function of position-dependent mass parameters. We apply some rainbow functions and the results show that the negative and positive energy levels for rainbow function 1 are symmetrical compared to rainbow function 2.
Effect of Scattering Rate and Thickness Variation on the Propagation of Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) in Topological Weyl Semimetals Waveguide
Authors: Utami N S , Majidi M A , Ukhtary M S , Budiyono A 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Weyl semimetals have emerged as a captivating subject, drawing considerable interest and widespread attention. Their appeal lies in the anomalous nature of their band structure and distinctive topological properties, setting them apart from the characteristics exhibited by other materials. We investigate the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) of a waveguide made of two layers of Weyl semimetals sandwiching a dielectric material incorporating the effect of electron scattering rate. We calculate the frequency dispersion relation by solving the boundary conditions of the electromagnetic fields in the Maxwell’s equations. Furthermore, we analyze the effect of the electron scattering rate and thickness variation of the propagation length of SPP. Increasing the scattering rate causes a broadening effect on the plasmon dispersion spectrum and propagation length. The larger value of the thickness tends to make the propagation length larger.
Comparison of Non-Overlap and Overlap Savonius Wind Turbines in the Physics Aspect Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Method
Authors: Nensy Irawan Elysa , Yamashita Ken-Ichiro , Fujita Goro 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Wind energy has good potential as a renewable energy source. Savonius-type wind turbines can provide power generation at a low cost with minimal environmental impact. Due to its low efficiency, researchers were focused on increasing it through many methods, such as applying twisted-bladed, optimizing the blade shape, and applying overlap. Most researchers have studied the effects of overlap on Savonius blades only in terms of performance improvements. This study evaluates the effect of overlap on the Savonius blade from a physics perspective using the Computational Fluid Dynamics method to get a new approach based on the improvement. The models are 2-bladed Savonius with non-overlap and 0.2 overlap. The main software used is Ansys Student 2023 R2. The turbulent model chosen is a realizable k- enhanced wall treatment. Then, pressure and velocity coupling were done using SIMPLE: 2nd order upwind, 1st order implicit. As a result, the overlap model has a higher reverse flow but lower pressure for all Tip Speed Ratio. Another finding shows that turbulent kinetic energy decreases with overlap. For the non-overlap model, the amount of turbulence is greater downstream, which causes vortices to form and lowers turbine performance. So, the effects of the overlap blade result in higher average Torque Coefficient than non-overlap.
Development of RF plasma generator based on Class E Power Amplifier
Authors: Putro Triswantoro , Dwiyanto Arifan , Anggraeni Dewi , Sakti Setyawan P. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The plasma produced at 2 MHz radio frequency has substantial energy release stability and can be used to modify a material’s surface. The objective of this research is to create a plasma generator operating at a radio frequency of 2 MHz and examine how voltage affects the plasma spectrum that is generated. An AD9833 frequency generator, a class E amplifier, and impedance matching are used in the design of a 2 MHz radio frequency plasma generator as power amplifiers to create plasma. Variations in voltage, gas, and gas flow have been used. The input voltage variations used were 10V and 15V from the power supply. Two different media, free air (atmospheric gas) and argon gas flow, are used for plasma generation. In free air, the plasma formed is Nitrogen plasma with a wavelength of 300 to 380 nm. Argon gas flow is given a variation of Argon gas rate of 2 LPM, and 3 LPM. The plasma formed is Argon plasma with a wavelength of 700 to 850 nm.
Analysis of effect cooling tower geometric porforation design on the distribution of sound pressure level and temperature
Authors: Pahlevi M R , Suyatno  
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Noise in a cooling tower system is caused by the cooling system engineering units, namely the tightly closed water circulation pump, fans for air flow needed for heat transfer, and vibrations in the cooling tower structure. Noise in cooling towers can be reduced by paying attention to the mechanical structure of the cooling tower such as stiffness, density and porosity of the cooling tower material. This mechanical control is still not optimal for reducing or controlling noise at low frequencies, depending on the physical properties of the materials used. The objective of the study is to analyze the noise distribution in the cooling tower geometric design and the temperature distribution in the cooling tower geometric design. This research focuses on the geometric design of the cooling tower and selecting the most optimal design to reduce noise and analyze the temperature distribution in the cooling tower. In this paper, simulations were carried out using the Ansys Harmonic Acoustics program and carried out at low frequencies, namely frequencies of 100 - 500 Hz. The simulation is carried out by placing the noise source in a chamber surrounded by a barrier or enclosure. The results of the simulation include the distribution of Sound Pressure Level (SPL) and air temperature distribution in the form of a countour plot which displays color gradations in the geometry which indicate differences in sound intensity values and air temperature values in the cooling tower geometry. After obtaining the simulation results, the most optimal design can be identified to reduce noise in the cooling tower.
Analyze photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using TiO2 deposited onto conductive and non-conductive substrates under UV-C light
Authors: Mia Rosita Ayu , Yudhoyono Gatut 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Degradation of methylene blue has been extensively studied by using TiO2 thin film as photocatalyst deposited onto non-conductive substrates. In this research, we proposed to utilize TiO2 thin film deposited onto conductive substrate, i.e., PCB. We compared concentration degradation between TiO2 thin film deposited onto conductive and non-conductive substrates. In this study, a photocatalysis process was carried out to decompose methylene blue pollutants. This research aims to obtain the performance of TiO2 photocatalyst coated with spray coating method on conductive and non-conductive substrates using UV-C light. This research begins with the manufacture of photocatalysis reactor, manufacture and coating of substrate, manufacture of methylene blue solution, concentration calculation. In this study, two types of thin layer substrates were made using the spray coating method. The first substrate is made using acrylic material as a non-conductive substrate, the second material uses a conductive substrate, PCB. The results shows that concentration of conductive and non-conductive substrates decreases 51% and 33,3 %, respectively. Therefore, conductive substrate may increase photocatalytic process. The use of substrates that are conductors can conduct electrons well, so that when interacting with TiO2, electrons generated by the photocatalysis process can move more easily. Acrylic and PCB materials are distinguished based on the ability to conduct electricity. Acrylic as an insulator and PCB acts as a conductor substrate.