bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of the habits of zebu cattle in Tanganyika
Authors: Hutchison H. G. , Woof R. , Mabon R. M. , Salehe I. , Robb J. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. The habits of five Tanganyika Shorthorn zebus and their suckling calves were studied during periods of 72 consecutive hours at monthly intervals in each of the first 6 months of the calves' lives, during the ‘dry’ season of the year.2. Cows grazed for 7·16 hr. per day while grass was green and plentiful, but, as grazing became dry and sparse, they ate silage at night for up to 3 hr., and reduced their grazing time by about 2 hr. The ratio of rumination time to eating time tended to increase as grazing became drier and as silage eating increased. The average ratio was 1·01 to 1.3. All calves were actively grazing for 4·0 hr. per day by the second month, and for 5·6 hr. per day by the fifth month. They ate silage diffidently in the second month, but they were eating silage for 1·7 hr. per night at 6 months. Rumination was observed in a calf at 18 days of age, but was consistently observed in the second month when calves ruminated for 6·1 hr. per day. The ratio of rumination time to grazing time for calves declined from 1·5 to 1 in the second month to 1·1 to 1 in the fifth month. Rumination time among calves was more closely related to silage eating than to grazing time.4. The calves acted as individuals in the first month, and thereafter their eating habits were determined more by their dam than by their age. Day-time rumination pattern was a characteristic of the age of calf, but night-time rumination by calves was more closely correlated to that of their dams.5. Calves suckled for an average period of 9·2 min. per suckle. There was very little variation with age, but frequency of suckles decreased from 9·5 times per day at 1 month to 5·6 times per day at 6 months. The fastest-growing calf suckled less frequently for shorter periods, suggesting readier availabilty of more milk.6. Suckling intensity was evenly spread over the 24 hr. during the first 2 months, but thereafter suckling became increasingly confined to nighttime while the cattle were yarded.7. It was concluded that artificial feeding divided into three equal feeds per day at 05.00, 13.00 and 21.00 hr. for the first 2 months, followed by two equal feeds per day at 05.00 and 18.00 hr., would be reasonably consistent with natural suckling activities if restrictive feeding has to be applied. But further work is required to determine the cost, in terms of reduced efficiency of milk utilization, incurred by concentration of intake to restricted feeding times.
The copper status of cattle and buffalo in Malaya
Authors: Hill R. , Thambyah Rajeswary , Wan S. P. , Shanta C. S. 
Published: March 2009

1. Liver samples were taken from 95 mature zebu cattle and buffalo in Malaya for determinations of copper. A larger proportion were from Perak than from other States but whether the Perak samples were considered alone or with the remainder about 80% had liver copper values below 20 p.p.m.2. Among Perak animals (all cattle) almost all those with low copper values were in moderate to poor condition but among the remainder about 50% of these with low copper values were in good condition.3. In 12 Perak animals the numbers of parasites of the gastro-intestinal tract and of pancreatic and liver flukes were determined as well as the concentrations of liver copper. There were very few parasites other than pancreatic and liver flukes. Liver flukes may have caused low copper values in some animals but in general there was little evidence for a relationship between parasites and a low copper status. Anaemia did not accompany low liver copper values in these animals.
A study of the relationship between glucose tolerance of sows and the mean birth weight of their offspring
Authors: Anderson D. M. , Elsley F. W. H. , McDonald I. , MacPherson R. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIntravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed on thirty-four sows when they were either non-pregnant or in very early pregnancy. It was found that there was a relation between each sow's glucose tolerance and the mean of the mean birth weight of all her litters. The relation was expressed by the equation Y = 0.013T + 0.81 (R.S.D. ± 0–124 kg) where Y = birth weight and T = glucose tolerance as minutes for blood glucose to return to fasting concentration. The correlation coefficient was +0.58. The addition of further variables to the equation (sow's live weight at test, sow's parity at test and the number of pigs per litter) did not give any useful improvement of the estimate of birth weight.
Establishment studies V. The effect of method of establishment on the behaviour of long-term leys in the seeding year
Authors: Charles A. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. In the seeding year the total dry-matter yield in swards sown without a cover crop was increased by infrequent defoliation, but the yield of crude protein was decreased. The highest production of starch equivalent was obtained when a cover crop was used.2. In the absence of a cover crop, the yield of red clover was higher under infrequent defoliation, but the yield of white clover was higher under frequent grazing.3. Frequent grazing, and the use of a cover crop, reduced the ingress of weeds more than infrequent defoliation. Nitrogen applied to the cover crop also reduced the growth of weeds.4. Nitro-chalk increased the total yield of herbage except when under a cover crop; it reduced the growth of red and white clovers, but this was not so marked under frequent grazing.5. Nitro-chalk increased the annual yield of crude protein under frequent grazing, but decreased it in all herbage mixtures under infrequent defoliation; nitrogen had no effect when a cover crop was used. The increase in yield of starch equivalent due to the application of nitrogen and its apparent recovery was greater under frequent grazing than under the other two managements. Under infrequent defoliation, in the absence of a cover crop, the recovery of nitrogen was particularly low.6. The ryegrass mixture and ryegrass-dominant general-purpose mixture made more growth, and suppressed clover and weeds to a greater extent than did the timothy and cocksfoot mixtures. This was modified by management in that ryegrass was particularly aggressive under frequent grazing (management 1) but not under managements 2 and 3.7. In the autumn of the seeding year the yield of total herbage was highest under infrequent defoliation, particularly in the cocksfoot, and general-purpose swards. All undersown mixtures gave lower yields than when no cover crop was used.8. Nitrogen increased the yield of herbage in May and June under frequent grazing, and in the August cut under infrequent defoliation, but in the autumn particularly it was reduced where a cover crop was used.9. The application of nitrogen decreased the protein content in all herbage mixtures when a cover crop was used or when defoliation was infrequent. Under frequent grazing the nitrogen increased the percentage of crude protein in the first two grazings, but decreased it in the September grazing.10. The production from the various mixtures was modified by management: under frequent grazing in May the ryegrass-dominant mixtures were higher yielding than the others, but in July the general-purpose and cocksfoot swards were the most productive. Under infrequent defoliation in August the timothy mixture had the highest yield and cocksfoot the lowest, and under this management cocksfoot and timothy swards had the highest yield in the autumn of the seeding year.
A comparison of pigs slaughtered at three different weights II. Association between dissection results, various measurements and visual assessments
Authors: Buck S. F. 
Published: March 2009

Correlations between various characteristics at each weight indicate that (i) a good percentage of lean is associated with increased bone, a larger eyemuscle area and, in particular, less backfat; (ii) the carcass conformation score for 260 lb. hogs has a high negative association with average backfat and this may be because the extreme amounts of fat on some these hogs adversely affected the balance of the carcass.Visual scores or assessments made on the shoulder, ham, streak and on the carcass conformation bear no relationship to the proportionate weights or to the leanness of the respective parts of the carcass. They reflect only the requirements of the trade which are based on shape and are not substantiated by dissection. In nearly all cases, gilts achieve better scores than hogs. The back rasher score assessed on a good fat to lean ratio and a good eye muscle is much higher for gilts than for hogs and decreases as the slaughter weight increases. There is a positive association between back rasher score and the leanness of the back.
The interaction of internal parasites and nutrition in the utilization of grassland by sheep
Authors: Spedding C. R. W. , Brown T. H. , Large R. V. 
Published: March 2009

1. The value of ‘worm-free’ sheep in the assessment of pasture is illustrated by an experiment in which the effect of internal parasites could only be distinguished by the use of ‘worm-free’ controls.2. The effect of augmenting the initial pasture infestation (with nematodes parasitic in the sheep) was slight.3. In an experiment with ewes and lambs at three lambing percentages and over a range of stocking rates:
The use of ruminal ammonia and blood urea as an index of the nutritive value of protein in some food-stuffs
Authors: Akkada A. R. Abou , Osman H. El Sayed 
Published: March 2009

1. Nine successive trials with three adult desert rams were carried out, with the aim of using ruminal ammonia or blood urea concentration as an index of the nutritive value of the proteins in the various types of forage grown in irrigated parts of the northern Sudan.The change in the ruminal ammonia and blood urea concentration were considerably higher 3 h after feeding on leguminous forages than on the non-legumes. Among legumes, lubia and lubia hay produced the highest concentrations of both rumen ammonia and blood urea. Feeding the rams on berseem hay reduced the concentrations of ruminal ammonia and blood urea to levels below those given by feeding on fresh berseem.3. Most of the nitrogen excretion from leguminous forages was in the form of urinary nitrogen whereas for grasses faecal nitrogen made up the bulk of the nitrogen excreted. Berseem hay gave the highest nitrogen retention, followed by the butterfly pea and fresh berseem. Lubia and lubia hay gave the lowest nitrogen retention. The desert grasses produced a negative nitrogen balance when offered to the desert rams.
The growth of lambs grazing tall fescue receiving high and low levels of nitrogen fertilizer
Authors: Grimes R. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. The growth of lambs grazing tall fescue pastures, receiving high and low levels of nitrogen fertilizer, was studied.2. fertilizer, was studied. final body composition was estimated. Rumen liquor samples were collected three times and herbage intake estimated five times during the 88-day experiment.3. On clipped herbage samples, O.M. digestibility was estimated in vitro, and chemical composition was determined.4. Live-weight gain, final body composition and D.o.m. intake did not differ significantly between treatments. Molar proportions of acetic acid were higher and n-butyric acid lower on the high nitrogen treatment.
Varietal differences in growth parameters of wheat and their importance in determining yield
Authors: Lupton F. G. H. , Ali Mohamed A. M. , Subramaniam S. 
Published: March 2009

The growth and development of five winterwheat varieties and of random selections from hybrids between them were compared. Successive sampling demonstrated varietal differences in orthogonal polynomial regression coefficients fitted to data for tiller number, shoot weight and leaf area. The correlation coefficients between these parameters and yield were statistically significant, but when polynomial regression equations of yield on them were determined, only the terms relating to shoot weight and leaf area duration after anthesis were significant.The heritabilities of these parameters in each of 2 years were determined from measurements of genetic and environmental variance. The results obtained were compared each year with estimates of yield derived from parameters determined in the other year. The correlation between successive estimates of yield was found to be closer than that of of yield was found to be closer than that of yield with any of the growth parameters.Separate analyses of crosses involving each of the parental varieties showed seasonal and varietal differences in the usefulness of the growth parameters for predicting yield.The value of this approach to the choice of parents is discussed in view of these findings.
Leys and soil organic matter: II. The accumulation of nitrogen in soils under different leys
Authors: Clement C. R. , Williams T. E. 
Published: March 2009

1. The nitrogen content of an arable soil to 15 cm depth, sown to a ryegrass/white clover sward increased on average by 0·005 % N each year.2. Under a grass sward without clover and without fertilizer nitrogen, there was an increase of 0·017 % N in 3 yeais in the top 7·5 cm of soil; an annual addition of about 70 kg N/ha.3. Including white clover in grass swards not receiving nitrogen fertilizer resulted in an increase over 3 years of 0·026% N to 7·5 cm depth in one experiment, and 0·014% N to 15 cm depth in another, an annual increment of 100–110 kg N/ha.4. The increase was greater under ryegrass/white clover swards than under cocksfoot/white clover swards. A similar difference was found both in accumulation of organic carbon and in clover content. In an experiment comparing many different grasses it was not possible to distinguish differences in the level of soil nitrogen, after 4 years under grass, which could be ascribed to species or strains.There was no significant effect of nitrogen fertilizer applied at rates of up to 314 kg N/ha per year for 3 consecutive years.
A study of the composition of Clun Forest ewe's milk. IV. The proteins of ewe's milk and their variation with stage of lactation
Authors: Poulton S. G. , Ashton W. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSix ewes were milked over a lactation period of 12 weeks beginning 2 weeks after parturition. Milk fat, total crude protein, and protein fractions were determined in each weekly milk sample.Milk fat and total crude protein in whole milk increased significantly over the lactation, attaining mean values of 5.8 and 5.9% respectively. The concentration of the caseins, total albumins and β-lactoglobulin in the whole milk also increased significantly over the lactation, with mean concentrations of 4.67, 0.80 and 0.54% respectively. The mean concentrations of these fractions, expressed as a percentage of the total crude protein, were, caseins 78.7, total albumins 13.5 and β-lactoglobulin 9.1.The following fractions, whose mean percentage concentrations in whole milk are given in parentheses, showed no significant trends over the lactation: α-lactalbumin + serum albumin (0.26), proteose-peptones (0.05), globulins (0.06) and non-protein nitrogen (0.35). Expressed as percentages of total crude protein, these concentrations are 4.4, 0.8, 1.1 and 5.6 respectively.The milk constituents synthesized in the mammary gland, i.e. fat, caseins and β-lactoglobulin showed significant correlations in concentration in whole milk as well as significant increases in concentration over the lactation.
Sample size and sampling intensity in relation to the precision of small-plot herbage sward trials
Authors: Foster C. A. , Wright C. E. 
Published: March 2009

SummeryThree sampling experiments were conducted to examine the effect of sample size and sampling intensity on the precision of dry-matter content and botanical composition estimates of perennial rye-grass-white clover herbage. One of these experiments examined the between-sample variability of these attributes and of dry-matter yield in relation to other sources of experimental error in a small-plot sward trial. The sample sizes examined were 800 g, 400 g, 200 g, 100 g, 50 g and 25 g green weight. In general the accuracy of dry-matter content and botanical composition estimates decreased with decreasing sample size. The between-sample variabilities of 25 g and 50g samples were high in relation to their between-plot variabilities. Single 100 g samples provided reasonably good estimates of these attributes and of dry-matter yield, but single 200 g samples provided a more satisfactory margin for error. Samples larger than 200 g appeared to be unnecessary. When weight-for-weight comparisons of single and duplicate samples were made there appeared to be little advantage in duplicate sampling. A theoretical examination of measurement inaccuracies inherent in the techniques used in small-plot sward trialssuggested that variation in plot length measurements in particular may make an undesirable contribution to the variability of such trials. A procedure for the conduct of small-plot trials is recommended. It is concluded that, where plot size and replication are limited, further improvement in the precision of such trials will not be readily attainable.
Copper deficiency in crops in north-east Scotland
Authors: Reith J. W. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummeryField and pot experiments were carried out to determine how copper deficiency can be corrected on some soils in north-east Scotland. Spring-sown oats and barley are more susceptible to this deficiency than mixed herbage, while potatoes and swedes have not responded to Cu. The deficiency can be corrected by applying 10–20 lb CuSO4.5H2O per acre to the soil. Both field and pot experiments show that such treatments have large residual effects and under field conditions are effective for at least 8 years. A foliar spray supplying 1 lb CuSO4. 5H2O per acre is usually less effective than a soil dressing.Using soil undiluted with sand, the increase in grain yield produced by Cu treatment in pots was appreciably greater than in the field. The Cu content of mature oats and barley was practically unaffected by soil dressings but foliar spraying produced a considerable increase.Significant correlation coefficients have been obtained between soil Cu, extracted by 0·05 M EDTA, and the increase in grain yield produced by Cu applications in both field and pot experiments. In field experiments in north-east Scotland, cereal yields were not restricted by a deficiency if the EDTA-extractable Cu was above 1·1 ppm. With soil contents below 0–75 ppm Cu, the grain yields from spring-sown oats and barley were usually increased considerably; small responses were possible with contents between 0·75 and 1·1 ppm.
Genetic differences for fatty acids and other body components in mice
Authors: Boylan W. J. , Roberts W. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDifferences in fatty acid composition and other body components were studied in two inbred lines of mice and crosses between them (reciprocals). The two inbred lines differed significantly (P < 0·05) in percentage moisture and percentage fat in the carcass, but there was no difference between the two kinds of crossbreds. Percentage protein of the carcass did not differ among the lines. Seven fatty acids were identified and considerable variation in the amount of each was found in the mice. About 65 % of the fatty acids identified was composed of palmitic and oleic. The two inbred lines differed significantly (P < 0·05) from each other for four of the seven fatty acids. The crossbred mice also differed for four of the seven fatty acids, but not necessarily the same acids as for the parental lines. Heterosis (crossbreds exceeding the mean of the parents) was observed for several traits. Crossbreds had a larger percentage protein and less fat in their carcasses than the inbreds. Crossbreds exceeded the inbreds for percentage lauric and percentage myristic acids, but had less palmitoleic acid than the inbreds. In general crossbreds had a higher percentage of saturated fatty acids than the inbreds.
Skin thickness in Sahiwal and Jersey cattle and its measurements
Authors: Hayman R. H. , Beeston J. W. U. , Allen T. E. , Nay T. 
Published: March 2009

Skin thickness was measured in Sahiwal and Jersey cows in early spring and early summer.Differences between breeds were significant at each season, Sahiwals always having the thickest skins. Seasonal variation in skin thickness was also significant, animals of both breeds having thicker skins in early spring than early summer. No relationship was apparent between body weight and skin thickness.
Assessment and selection of initial material for breeding perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.)
Authors: Do Valle Ribeiro Manuel A. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA breeding programme initiated at Oak Park, Carlow, in September 1965, in which perennial ryegrass plants, instead of being widely spaced as traditionally used in grassbreeding, were planted 9 x 9 in apart, is described. At this density, plants were individually distinguishable throughout three growing seasons yet gave a complete ground cover of herbage on which was imposed two contrasting systems of defoliation. Data on ear emergence, dry-matter yields, persistence and some quality components agreed with data obtained from swards by other workers.
Differential effect of pasture species on the pH and cation exchange capacity of a subsequently cultivated soil
Authors: Rixon A. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYHigher pH values had been established under grass than under clover pastures during a prior pasture phase. The differential effect of pasture species on the pH of the subsequently cultivated soil was reduced in time, but continued to be significant after 4 years.There was greater cation exchange capacity and lower percentage base saturation after clovers than after grasses. The cation exchange capacity of the inorganic fraction of the soil was not affected by the type of pasture and did not change with time. The difference in cation exchange capacity for the cultivated soil was, therefore, due to the difference in the cation exchange capacity of organic matter residual from the clover and grass pastures.