bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le droit de la mer, régulateur des crises pour le contrôle des espaces et des ressources : quel poids pour des États en développement ?
Authors: Galletti Florence 
Published: June 2011

Certains conflits entre États sont spécifiques. Ils portent sur des espaces et des ressources liés au milieu marin et ils mobilisent un droit particulier : le droit international de la mer . Celui-ci, en plus de répartir les droits des États sur ces espaces marins, remplit, depuis les années 1950, une autre fonction : la régulation des crises, conflits et guerres maritimes pour le contrôle des espaces côtiers et jusqu’à la haute mer. Les règles juridiques se sont multipliées, proposant des solutions de droit aux conflits d’accès aux ressources naturelles et à leur exploitation, et elles ont été appliquées par un nombre croissant d’États, d’institutions et de juridictions. Après une période d’influence des "États en développement" dans la construction d’un droit qui apportait des solutions stratégiques, la part des "États en développement" ne disparait-elle pas au profit des "États maritimes" regroupés désormais autour de références environnementales ou halieutiques plus que développementalistes ?
Critical Behaviour of the Ising S=l/2 and S=l Model on (3,4,6,4) and (3,3,3,3,6) Archimedean Lattices
Authors: Lima F. W. S. , Mostowicz J. , Malarz K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe investigate the critical properties of the Ising S = 1/2 and S = 1 model on (3,4,6,4) and (34,6) Archimedean lattices. The system is studied through the extensive Monte Carlo simulations. We calculate the critical temperature as well as the critical point exponents γ/ν, β/ν, and ν basing on finite size scaling analysis. The calculated values of the critical temperature for S = 1 are kBTC/J=1.590(3), and kBTC/J=2.100(4) for (3,4,6,4) and (34,6) Archimedean lattices, respectively. The critical exponents β/ν, γ/ν, and 1/ν, for S=1 are β/ν=0.180(20), γ/ν=1.46(8), and 1/ν=0.83(5), for (3,4,6,4) and 0.103(8), 1.44(8), and 0.94(5), for (34,6) Archimedean lattices. Obtained results differ from the Ising S = 1/2 model on (3,4,6,4), (34,6) and square lattice. The evaluated effective dimensionality of the system for S = 1 are Deff=1.82(4), for (3,4,6,4), and Deff = 1.64(5) for (34,6).
Staggered Lagrangian Discretization Based on Cell-Centered Riemann Solver and Associated Hydrodynamics Scheme
Authors: Maire Pierre-Henri , Loubère Raphaël , Váchal Pavel 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe aim of the present work is to develop a general formalism to derive staggered discretizations for Lagrangian hydrodynamics on two-dimensional unstructured grids. To this end, we make use of the compatible discretization that has been initially introduced by E. J. Caramana et al., in J. Comput. Phys., 146 (1998). Namely, momentum equation is discretized by means of subcell forces and specific internal energy equation is obtained using total energy conservation. The main contribution of this work lies in the fact that the subcell force is derived invoking Galilean invariance and thermodynamic consistency. That is, we deduce a general form of the sub-cell force so that a cell entropy inequality is satisfied. The subcell force writes as a pressure contribution plus a tensorial viscous contribution which is proportional to the difference between the nodal velocity and the cell-centered velocity. This cell-centered velocity is a supplementary degree of freedom that is solved by means of a cell-centered approximate Riemann solver. To satisfy the second law of thermodynamics, the local subcell tensor involved in the viscous part of the subcell force must be symmetric positive definite. This subcell tensor is the cornerstone of the scheme. One particular expression of this tensor is given. A high-order extension of this discretization is provided. Numerical tests are presented in order to assess the efficiency of this approach. The results obtained for various representative configurations of one and two-dimensional compressible fluid flows show the robustness and the accuracy of this scheme.
Gyrokinetic Simulation of Magnetic Compressional Modes in General Geometry
Authors: Porazik Peter , Lin Zhihong 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA method for gyrokinetic simulation of low frequency (lower than the cyclotron frequency) magnetic compressional modes in general geometry is presented. The gyrokinetic-Maxwell system of equations is expressed fully in terms of the compressional component of the magnetic perturbation, δB∥, with finite Larmor radius effects. This introduces a “gyro-surface” averaging of δB∥ in the gyrocenter equations of motion, and similarly in the perpendicular Ampere’s law, which takes the form of the perpendicular force balance equation. The resulting system can be numerically implemented by representing the gyro-surface averaging by a discrete sum in the configuration space. For the typical wavelength of interest (on the order of the gyroradius), the gyro-surface averaging can be reduced to averaging along an effective gyro-orbit. The phase space integration in the force balance equation can be approximated by summing over carefully chosen samples in the magnetic moment coordinate, allowing for an efficient numerical implementation.
Picard-Newton Iterative Method with Time Step Control for Multimaterial Non-Equilibrium Radiation Diffusion Problem
Authors: Yue Jingyan , Yuan Guangwei 
Published: June 2011

AbstractFor a new nonlinear iterative method named as Picard-Newton (P-N) iterative method for the solution of the time-dependent reaction-diffusion systems, which arise in non-equilibrium radiation diffusion applications, two time step control methods are investigated and a study of temporal accuracy of a first order time integration is presented. The non-equilibrium radiation diffusion problems with flux limiter are considered, which appends pesky complexity and nonlinearity to the diffusion coefficient. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate that compared with Picard method, for a desired accuracy, significant increase in solution efficiency can be obtained by Picard-Newton method with the suitable time step size selection.
Estrogen receptors localization in the spinal trigeminal nucleus: An immunohistochemical study in humans
Authors: Fenzi Flavio , Rizzzuto Nicolò 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThere is increasing evidence for estrogenic modulation of neurotransmission within the trigeminal pain pathway. It is also likely that the effects of estrogens may be influenced by the presence and localization of estrogen receptors (ERs) in a given brain area. To date, human data on the localization of ERs in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN), a key brain region in craniofacial nociception, are lacking.To ascertain whether ERs are expressed in the human STN, we performed immunohistochemical analysis on medulla oblongata samples taken from eight adult subjects (three men and five women; age range, 23–71 years) who had died from causes unrelated to neurologic or endocrine diseases. Paraffin‐embedded sections at the level of the subnucleus caudalis and interpolaris were incubated with anti‐estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and anti‐estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) antibodies. ERα immunoreactivity was detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm of neuronal and glial cells in the STN and in the nerve fibers within the spinal trigeminal tract in all eight subjects; ERβ immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm of neuronal cells in five subjects. This study is the first to provide evidence in humans that ER immunoreactivity is detectable on neuronal and glial cells of the STN. The two ER subtypes exhibited different expression patterns, with higher expression levels of ERα than ERβ. The presence of ER‐containing cells in the STN suggests that estrogens may directly affect trigeminal neuron excitability in humans.
Self reported pain severity among multiethnic older Singaporeans: Does adjusting for reporting heterogeneity matter?
Authors: Chan Angelique , Malhotra Chetna , Do Young Kyung , Malhotra Rahul , Østbye Truls 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to test and correct for systematic differences in reporting of pain severity among older adults by age, gender, ethnic group and socio‐economic status using anchoring vignettes. Data from a national survey of community‐dwelling older Singaporeans (aged 60 years and over) conducted in 2009 was used. Respondents were asked to rate the severity of their own pain as well as that of others described in the vignettes on a five‐point scale ranging from none to extreme. An ordered probit model was used to estimate the coefficients of the independent variables (age, gender, ethnic group, education, housing type) on self‐reported pain. Reporting heterogeneity in pain severity was then corrected using a Hierarchical Ordered Probit model. The results showed that before correcting for reporting heterogeneity, women, those older, and those of Malay ethnicity reported greater severity of pain, while there was no association of reported pain severity with housing type and education. However, after correcting for reporting heterogeneity, while women and those older were found to have an even greater severity of pain than what they had reported, Malays were found to have a lower severity of pain than what they had reported. We conclude that there are systematic differences in reporting pain severity by age, gender and ethnic group. We propose that pain management may be improved if medical professionals take into account reporting heterogeneity for pain severity among various population sub‐groups in Singapore.
A comparison of the clinical features of fibromyalgia syndrome in different settings
Authors: Häuserl Winfried , Biewerl Werner , Gesmannl Mechthild , Kühn‐Beckerl Hedi , Petzkel Frank , von Wilmoswkyl Hubertus , Langhorstl Jost , Glaesmerl Heide 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground: The “funnel hypothesis” of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) assumes that the high levels of somatic and psychological symptoms reported by FMS‐patients are due to a selection bias of patients seeking for medical specialist care. We tested the hypothesis by comparing FMS‐patients from a general population sample and different clinical settings.Methods: From a cross‐sectional survey of a representative sample of the German general population, persons meeting FMS‐criteria were selected. Consecutive in‐ and outpatients from German rheumatology, pain medicine, psychosomatic medicine and integrative medicine settings with established or initial diagnosis of FMS were recruited. FMS was diagnosed in all samples by the survey criteria of the regional pain scale. Somatic symptom intensity was measured by 13 items of the Patient Health Questionnaire PHQ 15, depressed mood by the 9‐items PHQ 9.Results: 96 persons of the general population, 86 of the rheumatology, 80 of the pain medicine, 69 of the psychosomatic medicine and 58 of the integrative medicine setting were included into the comparison. Patients of the clinical settings reported more pain sites and more somatic and depressive symptoms than FMS‐persons of the general population. Patients of the different clinical settings did not differ in the number of pain sites and the intensity of depressive and somatic symptoms.Conclusions: We found a “funnel” between FMS‐persons of the general population and FMS‐patients of clinical settings, but not between patients of different levels of care. Patients contacting the health care system did not differ in clinical features.
Setting new standards in schizophrenia outcomes: Symptomatic remission 3years before versus after the andreasen criteria
Authors: Gorwood P. , Peuskens J. ,   on behalf of the EGOFORS initiative (European Group On Functional Outcomes, Remission in Schizophrenia)
Published: June 2011

AbstractSymptomatic remission is often mentioned as one of the treatment goals for schizophrenia. However, the consistently with which this is documented in the schizophrenia literature since the introduction of the consensus criteria proposed by Andreasen and colleagues in 2005 has yet to be investigated. Similarly, additional treatment goals which are being discussed include improved functioning and quality of life, but whether these goals are being increasingly documented in the literature alongside symptomatic remission is as yet unknown. The objective of this article is therefore to review the use of the term ‘remission’ in the schizophrenia literature from Europe, USA and the rest of the world from 2002 to 2007, before and after the introduction of the Andreasen criteria. A second objective is to determine whether these manuscripts documenting symptomatic remission are also addressing other concepts such as functioning, quality of life and relationships. This literature review indicates that the use of the Andreasen criteria is indeed increasing, although there are manuscripts documenting alternative remission criteria or using the term remission without documentation of specific remission criteria. From 2004 to 2007 the number of manuscripts mentioning remission without documenting specific criteria has fallen by approximately 50%. Within these manuscripts there is increasing awareness of functioning and quality of life as outcome measures, in particular in manuscripts generated in Europe and the USA. This review highlights the growing importance of co-assessment of symptomatic remission and functional outcomes, and calls for further consideration of the most appropriate and consistent way to evaluate functioning of schizophrenia patients.
Magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological results from a trial of memantine in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Weiner Michael W. , Sadowsky Carl , Saxton Judith , Hofbauer Robert K. , Graham Stephen M. , Yu Sung Yun , Li Shaoyi , Hsu Hai‐An , Suhy Joyce , Fridman Moshe , Perhach James L. 
Published: June 2011

BackgroundThis study was designed to assess changes in brain volume and cognitive abilities in memantine‐treated patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) by using an exploratory, single‐arm, delayed‐start design.MethodsCholinesterase inhibitor‐treated patients with AD (N = 47; Mini‐Mental State Examination score range: 15–23) were enrolled in an observational lead‐in period (weeks: 1–24), followed by an open‐label period of add‐on memantine treatment (weeks: 25–48). The patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging at weeks 0 (baseline), 24 (immediately before memantine initiation), and 48 (endpoint), and a battery of neuropsychological tests at weeks 0, 24, 28, 36, and 48. The primary outcome measure was the annualized rate of change (%) in total brain volume (TBV) between the two study periods. Data were analyzed using pairedt‐tests.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences in the rates of change in TBV, ventricular volume, or left hippocampal volume between the study periods; however, the memantine treatment period was associated with a significantly slower right hippocampal atrophy (−5.5% ± 12.0% vs −10.8% ± 7.2%;P= .038). Memantine treatment was also associated with superior performances on the Boston Naming Test (P= .034) and the Trail Making Test, Part B (P= .001), but also with a higher number of errors (i.e., repetitions and intrusions) on the California Verbal Learning Test. Memantine was found to be safe and well tolerated.ConclusionsIn this study, no difference in the rates of TBV change between the two periods was observed; however, memantine treatment was found to be associated with slowing of right hippocampal atrophy, and with improvement on one test of executive functioning as well as a test of confrontation naming ability. Trials using structural magnetic resonance imaging and a delayed‐start design may be a feasible option for the assessment of treatments for AD.
The intermediate alternative effect: Considering a small tradeoff increases subsequent willingness to make large tradeoffs
Authors: Paolacci Gabriele , Burson Katherine A. , Rick Scott I. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPrior research has consistently demonstrated that people are reluctant to trade a good they own for an alternative good, particularly when the alternative (or “target”) represents a substantial departure from the “endowment”. We demonstrate that the endowment effect can be reduced by first making participants consider trading their endowment for an intermediate alternative (which shares some characteristics of the endowment and some characteristics of the target). We find that this “intermediate alternative effect” operates primarily by shifting one's reference point in the direction of the target alternative. Even when the intermediate alternative is not adopted, the extent to which one's endowment is treated as a reference point is weakened, which can also facilitate subsequent trading.
Why brands should fear fearful consumers: How attachment style predicts retaliation
Authors: Thomson Matthew , Whelan Jodie , Johnson Allison R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn two surveys of adult consumers, we find that attachment styles predict consumers' reactions after brand relationships end. Specifically, ‘fearful’ consumers—those high in both attachment anxiety and avoidance—are most likely to complain to third parties, to obsess about harming the brand, and to report seeking payback against brands. Two factors mediate the effect of attachment on reactions: threats to consumers' self‐image and the loss of benefits from their relationship. This is consistent with the explanation we propose: specifically, fearful individuals invest in and depend more on consumption relationships and, therefore, lose more when such relationships end.
Long-term river discharge and multidecadal climate variability inferred from varved sediments, southwest Alaska
Authors: Kaufman Claire A. , Lamoureux Scott F. , Kaufman Darrell S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSedimentological analyses of 289 years (AD 1718–2006) of varved sediment from Shadow Bay, southwest Alaska, were used to investigate hydroclimate variability during and prior to the instrumental period. Varve thicknesses relate most strongly to total annual discharge (r2 = 0.75, n = 43, p < 0.0001). Maximum annual grain size depends most strongly on maximum spring daily discharge (r2 = 0.63, n = 43, p < 0.0001) and maximum annual daily discharge (r2 = 0.61, n = 43, p < 0.0001), while varve thickness is poorly correlated with maximum annual grain size (r2 = 0.004, n = 287, p = 0.33). Relations between varve thickness and annual climate variables (temperature, precipitation, North Pacific (NP) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) indices) are insignificant. On multidecadal timescales, however, regime shifts in varve thickness and total annual discharge coincide with shifts in NP and PDO indices. Periods with increased varve thickness and total annual discharge were associated with warm PDO phases and a strengthened Aleutian Low. The varve-inferred record of PDO suggests that any periodicity in the PDO varied over time, and that the early 19th century marked a transition to a more frequent or detectable shifts.
Barrier island response to late Holocene climate events, North Carolina, USA
Authors: Mallinson David J. , Smith Curtis W. , Mahan Shannon , Culver Stephen J. , McDowell Katie 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe Outer Banks barrier islands of North Carolina, USA, contain a geologic record of inlet activity that extends from ca. 2200 cal yr BP to the present, and can be used as a proxy for storm activity. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating (26 samples) of inlet-fill and flood tide delta deposits, recognized in cores and geophysical data, provides the basis for understanding the chronology of storm impacts and comparison to other paleoclimate proxy data. OSL ages of historical inlet fill compare favorably to historical documentation of inlet activity, providing confidence in the technique. Comparison suggests that the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and Little Ice Age (LIA) were both characterized by elevated storm conditions as indicated by much greater inlet activity relative to today. Given present understanding of atmospheric circulation patterns and sea-surface temperatures during the MWP and LIA, we suggest that increased inlet activity during the MWP responded to intensified hurricane impacts, while elevated inlet activity during the LIA was in response to increased nor'easter activity. A general decrease in storminess at mid-latitudes in the North Atlantic over the last 300 yr has allowed the system to evolve into a more continuous barrier with few inlets.
Reconstruction of a complex late Quaternary glacial landscape in the Cordillera de Cochabamba (Bolivia) based on a morphostratigraphic and multiple dating approach
Authors: May Jan-Hendrik , Zech Jana , Zech Roland , Preusser Frank , Argollo Jaime , Kubik Peter W. , Veit Heinz 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAlthough glacial landscapes have previously been used for the reconstruction of late Quaternary glaciations in the Central Andes, only few data exist for the Eastern Cordillera in Bolivia. Here, we present results from detailed morphostratigraphic mapping and new data of surface exposure dating (SED), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), and radiocarbon dating (14C) from the Huara Loma Valley, Cordillera de Cochabamba (Bolivia). Discrepancies between individual dating methods could be addressed within the context of a solid geomorphic framework. We identified two major glaciations. The older is not well constrained by the available data, whereas the younger glaciation is subdivided into at least four major glacial stages. Regarding the latter, a first advance dated to ~ 29–25 ka occurred roughly contemporaneous with the onset of the global last glacial maximum (LGM) and was followed by a less extensive (re-)advance around 20–18 ka. The local last glacial maximum (LLGM) in the Huara Loma Valley took place during the humid lateglacial ~17–16 ka, followed by several smaller readvances until ~10–11 ka, and complete deglaciation at the end of the Early Holocene.
A Safety and Efficacy Pilot Study of Acupuncture for the Treatment of Chronic Lymphoedema
Authors: Cassileth Barrie R , Van Zee Kimberly J , Chan Yi , Coleton Marci I , Hudis Clifford A , Cohen Sara , Lozada James , Vickers Andrew J 
Published: June 2011

Background Lymphoedema is a distressing problem affecting many women after breast cancer surgery. There is no cure and existing treatments are marginally beneficial, rarely reducing arm swelling in any meaningful way. Needling and even lifting of objects using the affected arm has been prohibited, but our clinical experience and that of others suggested that acupuncture was safe and that it might be a useful treatment for lymphoedema. Objective We sought to conduct a pilot study of the safety and effectiveness of acupuncture in women diagnosed with chronic lymphoedema for at least 6 months and less than 5 years. Methods Women with chronic lymphoedema (affected arm with >2 cm circumference than unaffected arm) after breast cancer surgery received acupuncture twice a week for 4 weeks. Response was defined as at least a 30% reduction in the difference in size between the affected and unaffected arms. Monthly follow-up calls for 6 months following treatment were made to obtain information about side effects. Results Study goals were met after nine subjects were treated: four women showed at least a 30% reduction in the extent of lymphoedema at 4 weeks when compared with their respective baseline values. No serious adverse events occurred during or after 73 treatment sessions. Limitations This pilot study requires a larger, randomised follow-up investigation plus enquiries into possible mechanisms. Both are in development by our group. Conclusion Acupuncture appears safe and may reduce lymphoedema associated with breast cancer surgery.