bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB 597: interactions with anandamide in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Stewart Jennifer L , McMahon Lance R 
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB 597 increases brain anandamide levels, suggesting that URB 597 could enhance the behavioural effects of anandamide. The goal of the current study was to examine and characterize the in vivo pharmacology of URB 597 alone and in combination with anandamide and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC) in two drug discrimination assays in rhesus monkeys.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of URB 597 alone and in combination with anandamide were investigated in one group of monkeys (n= 4) that discriminated Δ9‐THC (0.1 mg·kg−1 i.v.) from vehicle, and in another group (n= 5) receiving chronic Δ9‐THC (1 mg·kg−112 h−1 s.c.) that discriminated the cannabinoid antagonist rimonabant (1 mg·kg−1 i.v.).KEY RESULTS Intravenous anandamide fully substituted for, and had infra‐additive effects with, Δ9‐THC. URB 597 (up to 3.2 mg·kg−1 i.v.) did not substitute for or modify the effects of Δ9‐THC but markedly increased the potency (32‐fold) and duration of action of anandamide. The rimonabant discriminative stimulus in Δ9‐THC‐treated monkeys (i.e. Δ9‐THC withdrawal) was attenuated by both Δ9‐THC (at doses larger than 1 mg·kg−1 per 12 h) and anandamide but not by URB 597 (3.2 mg·kg−1). URB 597 did not increase the potency of anandamide to attenuate the rimonabant‐discriminative stimulus.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS URB 597 enhanced the behavioural effects of anandamide but not other CB1 agonists. However, URB 597 did not significantly enhance the attenuation of Δ9‐THC withdrawal induced by anandamide. Collectively, these data suggest that endogenous anandamide in primate brain does not readily mimic the behavioural effects of exogenously administered anandamide.
Protein synthesis in the posterior cingulate cortex in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: YOSHIDA Tetsuhiko , KAZUI Hiroaki , TOKUNAGA Hiromasa , KITO Yumiko , KUBO Yoshihiko , KIMURA Nobuyo , MORIHARA Takashi , SHIMOSEGAWA Eku , HATAZAWA Jun , TAKEDA Masatoshi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground:  Neuroimaging studies using 18F‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have shown that the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is the primary and most prominent area of cerebral metabolic and perfusional decrement in early Alzheimer's disease (AD). We carried out the present preliminary study to investigate whether a decline of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the PCC in early to moderate AD was accompanied with that of cerebral protein synthesis (CPS).Methods:  We carried out both N‐isopropyl‐p‐[123I] iodoamphetamine SPECT (IMP‐SPECT) and L‐[methyl‐11C] methionine positron emission tomography (MET‐PET) in eight AD patients with apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele in the early to moderate stage. We also carried out IMP‐SPECT in eight healthy controls (HC). We located 32 regions of interest (ROI), and values of regional MET or IMP uptakes were averaged in five regions; the frontal lobe (FL), the parietal lobe (PL), the medial temporal lobe (MTL), PCC and the occipital lobe. Furthermore, the values in the FL, PL, MTL and PCC were divided by values in the occipital areas, and normalized values of regional CBF (rCBF) and CPS (rCPS) were calculated. Then, the rCBF in the FL, PL, MTL and PCC were compared between AD and HC. In addition, the rCBF and rCPS were compared in the FL, PL, MTL and PCC of AD.Results:  The rCBF in the PCC, but not in the other three regions, was significantly lower in AD than in HC. The rCBF was significantly lower than rCPS in the PCC, but rCBF and rCPS were comparable in the other three regions in AD.Conclusions:  The CBF reduction in the PCC in AD was partly caused by neuronal loss in the PCC and partly supported the hypothesis that CBF reduction in the PCC was a result of functional deafferentation by neural degeneration in areas other than the PCC.
Clinical profiles of late‐onset semantic dementia, compared with early‐onset semantic dementia and late‐onset Alzheimer's disease
Authors: SHIMIZU Hideaki , KOMORI Kenjiro , FUKUHARA Ryuji , SHINAGAWA Shunichiro , TOYOTA Yasutaka , KASHIBAYASHI Tetsuo , SONOBE Naomi , MATSUMOTO Teruhisa , MORI Takaaki , ISHIKAWA Tomohisa , HOKOISHI Kazuhiko , TANIMUKAI Satoshi , UENO Shu‐ichi , IKEDA Manabu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground:  Semantic dementia (SD) has been recognized as a representative of dementia with presenile onset; however, recent epidemiological studies have shown that SD also occurs in the elderly. There have been few studies about the differences of clinical profiles between early‐onset SD (EO‐SD) and late‐onset SD (LO‐SD). Age‐associated changes in the brain might cause some additional cognitive and behavioural profiles of LO‐SD in contrast to the typical EO‐SD cases. The aim of the present study was to clarify the characteristics of neuropsychological, and behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) profiles of LO‐SD patients observed in screening tests in comparison with EO‐SD patients and late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LO‐AD) patients as controls.Methods:  Study participants were LO‐SD (n = 10), EO‐SD (n = 15) and LO‐AD (n = 47). We examined the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM), the Short‐Memory Questionnaire (SMQ), the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and the Stereotypy Rating Inventory (SRI).Results:  Both SD groups scored significantly lower than the LO‐AD patients in ‘naming’ of the MMSE. In the ‘construction’ score of the MMSE and the RCPM score, however, the LO‐SD patients as well as the LO‐AD patients were significantly lower than the EO‐SD patients. In the SMQ score, ‘euphoria’ and ‘disinhibition’ scores of the NPI, the SRI total and subscale scores, both SD groups were significantly higher, whereas in the ‘delusion’ score of the NPI, both SD groups were significantly lower than the LO‐AD patients.Conclusions:  Visuospatial and constructive skills of LO‐SD patients might be mildly deteriorated compared with EO‐SD patients, whereas other cognitive and behavioural profiles of LO‐SD are similar to EO‐SD. Age‐associated changes in the brain should be considered when we diagnose SD in elderly patients.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy in a dementia clinic
Authors: YATABE Yusuke , HASHIMOTO Mamoru , KANEDA Keiichirou , HONDA Kazuki , OGAWA Yusuke , YUUKI Seiji , MATSUZAKI Shiho , TUYUGUCHI Atsuko , KASHIWAGI Hiroko , IKEDA Manabu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground:  Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by supranuclear gaze palsy, postural instability, akinesia and other parkinsonism. Recently, the relationship between PSP and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has been recognized, which includes clinical, pathological, biochemical and genetic features. However, there have been few studies that directly compared neuropsychiatric symptoms between PSP and FTD. The aim of the present study was to investigate comprehensive psychiatric and behavioural symptoms in PSP and compared them with those in FTD.Methods:  Patients with PSP (n = 10) and FTD (n = 13) were selected on the basis of inclusion/exclusion criteria from a consecutive series in the dementia clinic of Kumamoto University Hospital. We assessed their comprehensive neuropsychiatric features by using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), the Stereotypy Rating Inventory (SRI) and a specific antisocial behaviour checklist.Results:  There were no significant differences in the total NPI and NPI subscale scores between the two groups. Both groups showed quite a similar pattern in the features of neuropsychiatric symptoms: apathy showed the highest score, followed by aberrant motor behaviour and disinhibition. The PSP group was significantly lower in the total SRI and eating and cooking behaviour scores than those in the FTD group. The prevalence of antisocial behaviours in PSP (50%) was equal to those in the FTD group (46%).Conclusions:  In a dementia clinic, the neuropsychiatric profile in patients with PSP closely resembled those in the FTD group. The present results suggest that PSP should be considered as not only a movement disorder, but also a disorder with a wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Tilting the Ethical Lens: Shame, Disgust, and the Body in Question
Authors: Feder Ellen K. 
Published: March 2011

Cheryl Chase has argued that “the problem” of intersex is one of “stigma and trauma, not gender,” as those focused on medical management would have it. Despite frequent references to shame in the critical literature, there has been surprisingly little analysis of shame, or of the disgust that provokes it. This paper investigates the function of disgust in the medical management of intersex and seeks to understand the consequences—material and moral—with respect to the shame it provokes.Conventional ethical approaches may not provide quite the right tools to consider this affective dimension of the medical management of intersex, but we find in Nietzsche's Genealogy of Morality a framework that allows us a profound appreciation of its moral significance (Nietzsche 1887/1998). Understanding doctors' disgust—and the disgust that they promote in parents of those born with atypical anatomies—as a contemporary expression of ressentiment directs us to not focus on the bodies of those born with intersex conditions, which have been the privileged objects of attention both in medical practice and in criticisms of it, but moves us to consider instead the bodies of those whose responses constitute the motivating force for normalizing practices in the first place.
PHOTO‐CIDNP STUDY OF PYRIMIDINE DIMER SPLITTING II: REACTIONS INVOLVING PYRIMIDINE RADICAL ANION INTERMEDIATES
Authors: Pouwels Petra J. W. , Kaptein Robert , Hartman Rosemarie F. , Rose Seth D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA series of photo‐CIDNP (chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization) experiments were performed on pyrimidine monomers and dimers, using the electron‐donor Nα‐acetyltryptophan (AcTrp) as a photosensitizer. The CIDNP spectra give evidence for the existence of both the dimer radical anion, which is formed by electron transfer from the excited AcTrp* to the dimer, and its dissociation product, the monomer radical anion. The AcTrp spectra are completely different from those obtained with an oxidizing sensitizer like anthraquinone‐2‐sulfonate, because of different unpaired electron spin density distributions in pyrimidine radical anion and cation. In the spectra of the anti (1,3‐dimethyluracil) dimers, polarization is detected that originates from a spin‐sorting process in the dimer radical pair, pointing to a relatively long lifetime of the dimer radical anions involved. Although the dimer radical anions of the 1,1′‐trimethylene‐bridged pyrimidines may have a relatively long lifetime as well, their protons have only very weak hyperfine interaction, which explains why no polarization originating from the dimer radical pair is detected. In the spectra of the bridged pyrimidines, polarized dimer protons are observed as a result of spin sorting in the monomer radical pair, from which it follows that the dissociation of dimer radical anion into monomer radical anion is reversible. A study of CIDNP intensities as a function of pH shows that a pH between 3 and 4 is optimal for observing monomer polarization that originates from spin‐sorting in the monomer radical pair. At higher pH the geminate recombination polarization is partly cancelled by escape polarization arising in the same product.
193 NM LIGHT INDUCES SINGLE STRAND BREAKAGE OF DNA PREDOMINANTLY AT GUANINE
Authors: Melvin T. , Plumb M. A. , Botchway S. W. , O'Neill P. , Parker A. W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIrradiation of DNA with 193 nm light results in monophotonic photoionization, with the formation of a base radical cation and a hydrated electron (φP1 = 0.048–0.065). Although >50% of the photoionization events initially occur at guanine in DNA, migration of the “hole” from the other bases to guanine occurs to yield predominantly its radical cation or its deprotonated form. From sequence analysis, the data reveal that 193 nm light induces single strand breaks (ssb) in double‐stranded DNA preferential 3’ to a guanine residue. However, it has previously been reported that 193 nm light yields very low yields of ssb (<2% of the yield of eaq). The distribution of these ssb at guanine is nonrandom, showing a dependence on the neighboring base moiety. The efficiency of ssb formation at nonguanine sites is estimated to be at least one order of magnitude lower. The preferred cleavage at guanine is consistent with migration and localization of the electron loss center at guanine. It is argued that singlet oxygen and the photoionized phosphate group of the sugar moiety are not major precursors to ssb. At present, the mechanisms of strand breakage are not known although a guanine radical or one of its products remain potential precursors.
EXPLORATORY PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF 5‐AZIDO‐8‐ALKOXY–SUBSTITUTED PSORALENS FREE AND BOUND TO DNA
Authors: Chen Tongqian , Michalak Jacek , Platz Matthew S. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract5‐Azido‐8‐alkoxy psoralens were synthesized. Laser flash photolysis (LFP: XeF, 351 nm, 55 mJ, 17 ns) of the azides in acetonitrile or benzene solution produces the triplet nitrene and a small amount of ketenimine. Laser flash photolysis of the azides in methanol or aqueous solution cleanly produces the triplet nitrene. In aqueous solution containing highly polymerized calf thymus DNA, LFP produces a mixture of triplet nitrene and ketenimine corresponding to photolysis of free and bound psoralen, respectively. The two transients decay slowly but at different rates. Assignment of the transient spectra were secured by matrix EPR and UV‐visible spectroscopy. The triplet nitrene lifetime is the same in buffer and in the presence and absence of calf thymus DNA. The results explain why psoralen azides are unable to efficiently nick plasmid DNA pBR322 upon UV activation.
BEHAVIOR OUTDOORS AND ITS EFFECTS ON PERSONAL ULTRAVIOLET EXPOSURE RATE MEASURED USING AN AMBULATORY DATALOGGING DOSIMETER
Authors: Diffey B. L. , Saunders P. J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe describe the construction of a small device incorporating a UVB (290–320 nm) sensor that can be worn on the lapel site or waistband and which is electrically coupled to a portable data logger carried in a trouser pocket or worn on a belt. The detector has an approximate cosine‐weighted angular response and is linear over a wide dynamic range. It has a spectral sensitivity that follows closely the erythema action spectrum in the UVB region, is less than one order of magnitude greater than this action spectrum in the UVAII region (320–340 nm) and between one to two orders of magnitude greater in the UVAI region (340–400 nm). The instrument has been used to monitor variations in erythemally effective exposure rate that occurred during three outdoor activities with differing weather conditions. Erythemal irradiance incident on the trunk was recorded every 2 s for periods ranging from 1 to 2.2 h. The results demonstrated that behavior outdoors can be a more dominant factor in determining personal exposure than ambient ultraviolet and highlighted the very important role that shade from trees plays in reducing exposure.
NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AND DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS OF HYPOCRELLINS AND HYPERICINS
Authors: Diwu Zhenjun 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHypocrellins and hypericins, structurally related plant pigments isolated from Hypocrella bambuase and Hypericum respectively, are known photodynamic agents. This review summarizes certain significant advances in the photophysics, photochemistry and photobiology of these pigments in the last 2 years and discusses their prospects as novel therapeutic and diagnostic agents in the future. Recently, certain unique properties of hypocrellins and hypericins have been explored for a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic applications. In particular, substantial progress has been made in both anticancer and antiviral applications (especially anti‐human immunodeficiency virus). The promising anticancer and antiviral results obtained both in vitro and in vivo have led to intensive investigation into their photophysical and photochemical processes, especially kinetic studies of their intramolecular proton transfer. These compounds offer the potential for a highly sensitive fluorescent redox sensor for investigation of a variety of cellular events. The biomedical advances of hypocrellins and hypericins have been further promoted by significant progress in their chemical synthesis and the recent commercialization of hypocrellins A and B and hypericin.
Scavenging of dead invertebrates along an urbanisation gradient in Singapore
Authors: TAN CEDRIC K. W. , CORLETT RICHARD T. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract.  1. Little is known about the animals that scavenge invertebrates in the tropics and the impact of human activities on such organisms.2. We studied the scavenging process using baits representing five dead invertebrate types in six habitats along an urbanisation gradient in equatorial Singapore: primary forest, old secondary forest, young secondary forest, recreational park, mown grassland and impervious surfaces.3. Ants were the dominant scavengers, except at night in grassland when an earwig (Labiduridae) dominated. In general, the forest sites had more scavenger species and shorter bait survival times than the non‐forest habitats.4. Bait survival time increased monotonically along the urbanisation gradient, suggesting that this parameter could be used as an indicator of habitat quality.
Upper Extremity Injuries in Road Traffic Accidents
Authors: Wraighte Philip J. , Manning Paul A. , Wallace W. Angus , Hynd David 
Published: March 2011

Objectives The mechanisms of upper limb injuries in road traffic accidents have not been widely investigated or understood. The present study was designed to obtain more specific information on upper limb injuries sustained by front seat occupants involved in front- and side-impact collision car accidents. Its purpose was to identify injuries that are a priority for prevention and further research. Methods Hospital records, radiographs and, where appropriate, crash data were reviewed. Data were analyzed to identify the frequency and severity of upper limb injuries, the mechanism of injury and the impairment sustained, in accordance with the American Medical Association guide. The total financial costs for NHS management, as well as that relating to the upper limb injury, were calculated. Results Sixty-two cases were reviewed (34 males), with a mean (range) age of 44 years (18 years to 83 years). There were 20 clavicle fractures of which 18 were right sided, and often attributed to a ‘seat-belt effect’. There were also 17 wrist and 13 forearm fractures. The median (range) upper limb Abbreviated Injury Score was 2 (2 to 4) and the overall Injury Severity Score was in the range 1 to 50 (median 6). In terms of impairment, the upper extremity sensory deficit was in the range 0% to 9% and motor deficit 0% to 22.5%, giving up to 5% sensory and 13.5% motor ‘whole person impairment’. The mean treatment cost for upper limb management was £2200 compared to a mean total injury treatment cost of £11,000 per person. Discussion The present study has served to identify the range and subsequent costs (impairment and financial) of upper limb injuries in road traffic accidents. These data will be used by researchers to advance the design of current and future car crash dummies in the upper limb and to allow accurate finite element remodelling. These data may be used in support of legislative changes in the future.
Biomechanical Analysis of a Modified Mattress Configuration: The Cross-Mattress Suture
Authors: Yamakado Kotaro 
Published: March 2011

Background A modification to the traditional horizontal mattress suture technique was developed for double-loaded anchors and named the cross-mattress suture. The sutures are placed similar to a traditional horizontal mattress suture; however, the limbs from the same pair of sutures are placed alternately. The present study aimed to compare the biomechanical stability of the cross-mattress suture with the simple and traditional horizontal mattress suture. Methods Eighteen fresh porcine infraspinatus tendons were divided into three different repair groups (the simple, the mattress or the cross-mattress group) and were fixed using a suture anchor loaded with two high-tension sutures. Maximum failure load was recorded. Results The cross-mattress suture showed a significantly greater maximum load to failure. The average maximum load to failure was 23.0 N for the simple stitch, 35.1 N for the mattress and 67.7 N for the cross-mattress group. The maximum load to failure for the cross-mattress was greater than the simple (p < 0.05) and the mattress (p < 0.05). Discussion The results obtained in the present study indicate that the cross-mattress suture supports the greatest maximum failure load, and suggests that it is biomechanically superior to the traditional mattress or the simple suture configuration. It is easy, compact and reproducible.
Empirical binary tomography calibration (EBTC) for the precorrection of beam hardening and scatter for flat panel CT
Authors: Grimmer Rainer , Kachelrieß Marc 
Published: March 2011

Purpose:Scatter and beam hardening are prominent artifacts in x‐ray CT. Currently, there is no precorrection method that inherently accounts for tube voltage modulation and shaped prefiltration.Methods:A method for self‐calibration based on binary tomography of homogeneous objects, which was proposed by B. Li et al. [“A novel beam hardening correction method for computed tomography,” in Proceedings of the IEEE/ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering CME 2007, pp. 891–895, 23–27 May 2007], has been generalized in order to use this information to preprocess scans of other, nonbinary objects, e.g., to reduce artifacts in medical CT applications. Further on, the method was extended to handle scatter besides beam hardening and to allow for detector pixel‐specific and ray‐specific precorrections. This implies that the empirical binary tomography calibration (EBTC) technique is sensitive to spectral effects as they are induced by the heel effect, by shaped prefiltration, or by scanners with tube voltage modulation. The presented method models the beam hardening correction by using a rational function, while the scatter component is modeled using the pep model of B. Ohnesorge et al. [“Efficient object scatter correction algorithm for third and fourth generation CT scanners,” Eur. Radiol. 9(3), 563–569 (1999)]. A smoothness constraint is applied to the parameter space to regularize the underdetermined system of nonlinear equations. The parameters determined are then used to precorrect CT scans.Results:EBTC was evaluated using simulated data of a flat panel cone‐beam CT scanner with tube voltage modulation and bow‐tie prefiltration and using real data of a flat panel cone‐beam CT scanner. In simulation studies, where the ground truth is known, the authors' correction model proved to be highly accurate and was able to reduce beam hardening by 97% and scatter by about 75%. Reconstructions of measured data showed significantly less artifacts than the standard reconstruction.Conclusions:EBTC appears to be an efficient algorithm to precorrect CT raw data for beam hardening and scatter and it can account for ray‐dependent spectral variations as they occur due to the heel effect, due to shaped prefiltration, or due to variations in tube voltage.