bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments
Authors: Grušić Uglješa 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10 examines the English law that would apply to the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments given on tortious claims arising out of the external exercise of British executive authority. It shows that some tortious claims arising out of the external exercise of British executive authority fall within a territorial tort exception to state immunity. It also deals with the recognition of judgments given against the UK by the courts of another contracting state to the European Convention. The chapter argues that tortious claims arising out of the external exercise of British executive authority have a prominent public law side that inevitably influences the resolution of private international law issues that arise. It examines the treatment of foreign judgments given against the UK by the courts of the other contracting states to the European Convention on State Immunity and the courts of other states.
CJEU case law and the interplay with policy and legislative action in the Digital Single Market
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This final chapter tackles recent EU copyright reform initiatives. It focuses in particular on the history of some of the provisions of the DSM Directive to show that the very choice to intervene in respect of certain issues (e.g. what is now regulated by Articles 8(1), 12, and 16 of the DSM Directive, i.e. licences for the use of out-of-commerce works, collective licences with an extended effect, and remuneration for private copying, respectively) was prompted by specific judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). In other areas—including the exclusions of acts of hyperlinking and very short extracts from the scope of protection of the press publishers’ related right in Article 15, the notion of ‘communication to the public’ and the obligations of online content-sharing service providers (OCSSPs) in Article 17, and the ‘codification’ of CJEU case law on originality in Article 14—the legislative history and resulting provisions may be only understood if read in the light of the jurisprudential evolution undertaken over time, including prior to the adoption of the DSM Directive, at the CJEU level.
Who Needs a Proof of the Principle of Non-Contradiction?
Authors: Clarke Timothy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The topic of this paper is Aristotle’s ‘proof by refutation’ of the Principle of Non-Contradiction (Metaphysics Γ 4, 1006a11–1007a20). I consider a worry which has often been raised in connection with this proof. The worry is that, faced with an opponent who is prepared to tolerate contradictions, the argument is dialectically powerless: it is incapable of getting them to abandon their position. In reply, I argue that the proof needs to be seen in its proper context, that is, as part of Aristotle’s response to an opponent who demands a demonstration of the principle. This allows us to clarify the purpose of the argument and answer the worry about its effectiveness.
Clinical spectrum, phenotypic and molecular characterization, and antifungal susceptibility of an emerging human pathogen, Acrophialophora, from India
Authors: Kaur Harsimran , Gupta Parakriti , Ahmad Haseen , Shankarnarayan Shamanth Adekhandi , Salunke Pravin , Bansal Deepak , Shah Anand , Tarai Bansidhar , Patel Kamlesh , Singla Nidhi , Samaddar Arghadip , Jain Neha , Ghosh Anup , Chakrabarti Arunaloke , Rudramurthy Shivaprakash M 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Acrophialophora is implicated in superficial and invasive infections, especially in immunosuppressed individuals. The present study was undertaken to provide clinical, microbiological, phylogenetic, and antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) profile of Acrophialophora isolated from India. All the isolates identified as Acrophialophora species at the National Culture Collection for Pathogenic Fungi, Chandigarh, India were revived. Phenotypic and molecular characterization was performed, followed by temperature studies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and AFST. We also performed systematic review of all the cases of Acrophialophora species reported till date. A total of nine isolates identified as Acrophialophora species were identified by molecular method as A. fusispora (n = 8) and A. levis (n = 1), from brain abscess (n = 4), respiratory tract (n = 3), and corneal scraping (n = 2). All patients but two had predisposing factors/co-morbidities. Acrophialophora was identified as mere colonizer in one. Temperature studies and SEM divulged variation between both species. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA and beta-tubulin loci could distinguish species, while the LSU ribosomal DNA locus could not. AFST showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for triazoles and the highest for echinocandins. Systematic literature review revealed 16 cases (11 studies), with ocular infections, pulmonary and central nervous system infections, and A. fusispora was common species. All the patients except three responded well. High MICs were noted for fluconazole, micafungin, and caspofungin. This is the first study delineating clinical, phenotypic, and genotypic characteristics of Acrophialophora species from India. The study highlights microscopic differences between both species and emphasizes the role of molecular methods in precise identification. Triazoles appear to be the most effective antifungals for managing patients.
Jurassic Park approached: a coccid from kimmeridgian cheirolepidiacean Aintourine Lebanese amber
Authors: Vršanský Peter , Sendi Hemen , Kotulová Júlia , Szwedo Jacek , Havelcová Martina , Palková Helena , Vršanská Lucia , Sakala Jakub , Puškelová Ľubica , Golej Marián , Biroň Adrian , Peyrot Daniel , Quicke Donald , Néraudeau Didier , Uher Pavel , Maksoud Sibelle , Azar Dany 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
With the exception of a fly and a mite from the Triassic of Italy, all Mesozoic amber arthropods are from the Cretaceous. Late Jurassic Lebanese amber from Aintourine revealed a completely preserved adult coccid male (wing length 0.8 mm), Jankotejacoccus libanogloria gen. et sp. n., the earliest record of a plant sucking scale insect. Associated plant material included the cheirolepidiaceans Protopodocarpoxylon, Brachyphyllum and Classostrobus, plus Classopolis pollen, suggesting a forested temporary swamp habitat with ferns, tree ferns, water ferns, tall araucarian and ginkgoacean trees and shrubs. (Sub)tropic lateritic soil with vegetation debris underwent incomplete microbial decomposition in an anoxic water environment of peat swamp development. Strata-associated marine organisms support the Kimmeridgian age revealed by zircons. The discovery opens a new field of research in Jurassic amber fossils.
A Quantitative Exploration of the Influence of Tobacco Use on Poverty in India
Authors: John Rijo M , Dauchy Estelle P 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Tobacco use has a disproportionate impact on lower socioeconomic groups in India. The study quantifies the number of people who would fall under the national poverty line if the direct spending on tobacco and healthcare expenditures attributable to tobacco use were subtracted from their monthly expenditures. It also aims to estimate the extent to which tobacco use increases the probability of poverty status in India.

Aims and Methods
We quantify the increase in poverty by multiplying the difference between headcount ratios with and without tobacco-related spending by population size. We use propensity score matching to estimate the extent to which tobacco use increases the probability of poverty.

Results
About 18.4 million (1.5% of all Indians) are pushed into poverty due to either direct tobacco-related expenditures or tobacco-related healthcare spending. Tobacco use increases households’ likelihood of being poor by 3.4%–3.7%.

Conclusions
With over 22% of the global poor, achieving poverty reduction goals is a significant challenge for India. We show that this challenge is accentuated by increased tobacco spending, which pushes millions of Indians into poverty. To address this, the Government of India must implement both fiscal and non-fiscal policies that regulate tobacco use and, in turn, contribute to poverty reduction in the country.

Implications
Tobacco use has a disproportionate impact on lower socioeconomic groups in India, leading to increased and deeper poverty. This paper finds that, based on existing proven measures of poverty, tobacco use accounts for an additional 18.4 million poor individuals. It also shows that tobacco use increases the likelihood of a household being classified as poor by 3.4% to 3.7%. As India is home to a significant proportion of the global poor, addressing tobacco use becomes crucial for global and domestic poverty reduction goals. Fiscal and non-fiscal policies can be used to regulate tobacco and potentially reduce poverty levels in India.
Kinematic characteristics of calanoid copepod appendage motion
Authors: Svetlichny Leonid , Uttieri Marco 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Propulsion by copepods requires high-speed video and intensive analyses. Routine smooth swimming is compared with small relocation jumps and escape reactions, relying on kinematics analyses of appendage movement. In this study, we used high-speed video at 1200 frames per second to determine the kinematic parameters of three types of swimming in Eurytemora affinis females: routine steady swimming, small relocation jumps and escape reactions. The average speed varied in the range 0.30–0.82 cm s−1 during steady routine swimming. This value increased to 4.48 ± 1.01 cm s−1 during small relocation jumps, and reached 21.94 ± 2.68 cm s−1 during escape reactions. The small angular amplitude (40–50°) and the very high beat frequency (63–80 Hz) of the cephalic appendages during routine swimming indicate that E. affinis is a feeding-current feeder. The comparison of the angular displacements of the antennules, thoracic legs and abdomen with respect to the movement speed demonstrates that, both in the case of small relocation jumps and during escape reactions, the main propulsive role is played by the thoracic swimming legs and abdomen.
Understanding the relationship between quality of life, anthropometric measures and mental health in individuals with obesity
Authors: Tomé-Fernández Mario , Sánchez-Sansegundo Miriam , Berbegal-Bernabeu Marina , Zaragoza-Martí Ana , Tuells José , Hurtado-Sánchez Jose Antonio 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Obesity is a chronic medical condition caused by an excessive accumulation of body fat that represents a major risk factor for public health. The relationship between obesity, quality of life (QoL) and mental health has been examined in some previous literature. However, the studies found have not linked anthropometric variables with QoL factors, as they have used generic questionnaires.

Objective
The present study aimed to analyse the influence of anthropometric variables on the QoL of people with obesity and examine its relationship with psychological variables.

Methods
It was a cross-sectional study composed of 77 Spanish participants adults (M = 45.12 years; SD = 10.29) collected from two different research projects. The measurements were carried out in the Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Alicante (Spain), including sociodemographic variables, anthropometric data and psychological questionnaires.

Results
The finding demonstrated the relationship between anthropometric variables and all QoL factors. Also, individuals with lower QoL exhibit more symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress and are more prone to emotional eating.

Conclusions
The findings highlight the necessity of integrating psychological support into obesity treatment strategies, as well as the importance of using QoL questionnaires specific to people with obesity.
The Role of Fathers in Promoting Early Childhood Development in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Evans David K , Jakiela Pamela 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The role of fathers in parenting young children differs dramatically across societies. Policymakers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are increasingly focused on increasing the amount of early childhood stimulation and other investments received by young children in an attempt to increase human capital accumulation, promote school readiness, and improve long-run outcomes. Until recently, few interventions targeted fathers, and most impact evaluations implicitly assumed that fathers played no meaningful role in parenting. We survey the emerging literature on fathers’ involvement in early childhood stimulation and parenting in LMICs and summarize the patterns of results from rigorous impact evaluations. We find that fathers spend less time stimulating their children's development than do mothers or other adults who live in the same households in almost every country in our sample, and that mothers’ and fathers’ investments are positively associated. We also find evidence that fathers’ take-up of parent training programs tends to be low, but that such programs have had effects on changing fathers’ knowledge and—to a lesser degree—behaviors.
Effectiveness of Objective Structured Clinical Examinations and Standardized Patient Simulations for Increasing Learner Knowledge in Family Nurse Practitioner Education: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Sibley Sean , Strout Kelley , Bonnet Jennifer 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

AIM
The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of using objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) and standardized patient (SP) simulations in family nurse practitioner (FNP) education to increase students’ knowledge and skill competency.

BACKGROUND
Many programs use OSCE and SP simulation, but there is limited empirical data demonstrating their effectiveness for Kirkpatrick’s level of learning.

METHOD
A systematic search of published and unpublished literature was conducted in seven databases/registries in February 2023. Quantitative, experimental studies and quasi-experimental studies with comparison and explicit FNP learner population were included.

RESULTS
Of 4,442 records, zero studies met the inclusion criteria. Some studies with eligible designs investigated different populations (e.g., acute care nurse practitioner, prelicensure students).

CONCLUSION
The absence of included studies in this systematic review upholds the established need for continued investigation and can be used to support funding opportunities addressing this critical gap in nursing education science.
Educational Needs of Rural Students Interested in the Nursing Profession
Authors: Barron Keri A. , Scott Letisha 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to uncover the educational requirements of minority rural students who aspire to pursue a career in nursing. To achieve this goal, focus groups and interviews were organized for middle school students (seventh to ninth grade) and community members with a stake in education. The outcomes of these discussions revealed crucial themes: limited knowledge of educational pathways, constraints posed by limited community resources, and a strong yearning for a mentorship program that is both informative and interactive. The findings served as the cornerstone for the creation and development of a mentorship initiative tailored specifically for minority rural students.
A Comparison of Psychometric Properties of the American Board of Anesthesiology’s In-Person and Virtual Standardized Oral Examinations
Authors: Keegan Mark T. , Harman Ann E. , Deiner Stacie G. , Sun Huaping 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Purpose
The COVID-19 pandemic prompted training institutions and national credentialing organizations to administer examinations virtually. This study compared task difficulty, examiner grading, candidate performance, and other psychometric properties between in-person and virtual standardized oral examinations (SOEs) administered by the American Board of Anesthesiology.

Method
This retrospective study included SOEs administered in person from March 2018 to March 2020 and virtually from December 2020 to November 2021. The in-person and virtual SOEs share the same structure, including 4 tasks of preoperative evaluation, intraoperative management, postoperative care, and additional topics. The Many-Facet Rasch Model was used to estimate candidate performance, examiner grading severity, and task difficulty for the in-person and virtual SOEs separately; the virtual SOE was equated to the in-person SOE by common examiners and all tasks. The independent-samples and partially overlapping-samples t tests were used to compare candidate performance and examiner grading severity between these 2 formats, respectively.

Results
In-person (n = 3,462) and virtual (n = 2,959) first-time candidates were comparable in age, sex, race and ethnicity, and whether they were U.S. medical school graduates. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) candidate performance was 2.96 (1.76) logits for the virtual SOE, which was statistically significantly better than that for the in-person SOE (mean [SD], 2.86 [1.75]; Welch independent-samples t test, P = .02); however, the effect size was negligible (Cohen d = 0.06). The difference in the grading severity of examiners who rated the in-person (n = 398; mean [SD], 0.00 [0.73]) versus virtual (n = 341; mean [SD], 0.07 [0.77]) SOE was not statistically significant (Welch partially overlapping-samples t test, P = .07).

Conclusions
Candidate performance and examiner grading severity were comparable between the in-person and virtual SOEs, supporting the reliability and validity of the virtual oral exam in this large-volume, high-stakes setting.
Prevalence and Correlates of Prohibited Questions in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Fellowship Interviews During 1 Appointment Year
Authors: Scribner Katherine A. , West Colin P. , Myers Angela L. , Muchmore Elaine A. , Goldstein Risë B. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Purpose
This study sought to investigate how frequently applicants to internal medicine (IM) and pediatrics fellowships are subjected to prohibited questions, how correlates of these interview questions compare between IM and pediatrics fellowship applicants, and which applicant subgroups are most affected.

Method
The National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) emailed an anonymous survey to all applicants for the 2021 appointment year to the Medical Specialties Matching Program (i.e., IM fellowship Matches) and Pediatric Specialties Fellowship Match who certified rank order lists (ROLs). The survey addressed specific questions regarding the use of legally prohibited questions and questions that violate the NRMP’s Match Participation Agreement during interview-related activities. Experiences of respondents were compared by preferred subspecialty and respondent demographics within IM and pediatrics.

Results
The final response rates of IM and pediatrics fellowship applicants who certified ROLs, including complete and partial surveys, were 21.7% (1,483/6,847) and 23.4% (385/1,648), respectively. Of the IM and pediatrics respondents, 432/1,296 (33.3%) and 97/366 (26.5%), respectively, reported being asked at least one prohibited demographic question. The most commonly asked prohibited questions pertained to relationship or marital status (IM: 312/1,296, 24.1%; pediatrics: 69/367, 18.8%), national origin (IM: 200/1,296, 15.4%; pediatrics: 30/365, 8.2%), and family planning (IM: 104/1,288, 8.1%; pediatrics: 14/366, 3.8%). Nearly 25% of IM and pediatrics respondents reported being asked to identify other programs they applied to or interviewed with. Most often, these questions came from program faculty (IM: 238/303, 78.5%; pediatrics: 69/88, 78.4%) or program directors (IM: 84/303, 27.7%; pediatrics: 18/88, 20.5%).

Conclusions
Substantial proportions of IM and pediatrics fellowship applicants reported being asked prohibited questions during fellowship interview–related activities. Additional educational efforts are needed to eradicate such questions from the interview process.
Optimizing Opioid Prescription Quantity After Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Smid Marcela C. , Clifton Rebecca G. , Rood Kara , Srinivas Sindhu , Simhan Hyagriv N. , Casey Brian M. , Longo Monica , Landau Ruth , MacPherson Cora , Bartholomew Anna , Sowles Amber , Reddy Uma M. , Rouse Dwight J. , Bailit Jennifer L. , Thorp John M. , Chauhan Suneet P. , Saade George R. , Grobman William A. , Macones George A. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network*
Published: June 2024

OBJECTIVE:
To test whether an individualized opioid-prescription protocol (IOPP) with a shared decision-making component can be used without compromising postcesarean pain management.

METHODS:
In this multicenter randomized controlled noninferiority trial, we compared IOPP with shared decision making with a fixed quantity of opioid tablets at hospital discharge. We recruited at 31 centers participating in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Study participants had uncomplicated cesarean births. Follow-up occurred through 12 weeks postdischarge. Individuals with complicated cesarean births or history of opioid use in the pregnancy were excluded. Participants were randomized 1:1 to IOPP with shared decision making or fixed quantity (20 tablets of 5 mg oxycodone). In the IOPP group, we calculated recommended tablet quantity based on opioid use in the 24 hours before discharge. After an educational module and shared decision making, participants selected a quantity of discharge tablets (up to 20). The primary outcome was moderate to severe pain (score 4 or higher [possible range 0–10]) on the BPI (Brief Pain Inventory) at 1 week after discharge. A total sample size of 5,500 participants was planned to assess whether IOPP with shared decision making was not inferior to the fixed quantity of 20 tablets.

RESULTS:
From September 2020 to March 2022, 18,990 individuals were screened and 5,521 were enrolled (n=2,748 IOPP group, n=2,773 fixed-quantity group). For the primary outcome, IOPP with shared decision making was not inferior to fixed quantity (59.5% vs 60.1%, risk difference 0.67%; 95% CI, −2.03% to 3.37%, noninferiority margin −5.0) and resulted in significantly fewer tablets received (median 14 [interquartile range 4–20] vs 20, P<.001) through 90 days postpartum.

CONCLUSION:
Compared with fixed quantity, IOPP with shared decision making was noninferior for outpatient postcesarean analgesia at 1 week postdischarge and resulted in fewer prescribed opioid tablets at discharge.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04296396.