bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface waves: use them then lose them. Surface‐wave analysis, inversion and attenuation in land reflection seismic surveying
Authors: Strobbia Claudio , Andreas Laake , Vermeer Peter , Glushchenko Anna 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTWhile in other domains of applied geophysics the surface‐wave is considered a source of information for near‐surface characterization, in the seismic industry the so‐called ground roll has been traditionally regarded only as coherent noise to be filtered out as soon as possible. This difference of perspective is mainly due to the limitations of conventional land acquisition. The Rayleigh waves, which constitute a large part of the recorded energy, can be acquired properly, analysed and inverted to characterize the near‐surface with a surprisingly high resolution, even in large 3D surveys, with point receiver acquisition. Surface waves can play a new role: they contribute to a better near‐surface characterization for the perturbation correction and can be used for velocity modelling and geological modelling. Their proper identification enables alternative filtering strategies. Surface waves are not coherent noise but a signal that can be lifted from the seismic record and exploited in a variety of well‐established geophysical solutions. In this paper we discuss a workflow for the analysis, inversion and attenuation of surface waves with 3D land data, showing examples from a land 3D survey in Egypt.
Focusing frequency and significance of multi‐frequency very low‐frequency electromagnetic measurement in delineating near‐surface conducting structures
Authors: Sharma S.P. , Baranwal V.C. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThe very low‐frequency (VLF) electromagnetic method utilizes primary signals (field) transmitted from worldwide distant transmitters located in coastal areas. These transmitters are meant for long distance marine communication. VLF transmitters operate at a low communication frequency band (between 5–30 kHz) and the transmitted signal travels a long distance. Transmitted signals penetrate the Earth’s subsurface and produce electromagnetic induction in the subsurface even several thousands of kilometres away from the transmitters. The VLF method is quite simple and frequently used in the delineation of near‐surface conducting structures of various practical applications. Several conducting structures lying along a measured profile with different conductivities can be properly induced at distinct frequencies that yield the maximum response. Therefore, such conductors may not be identified or resolved well using single frequency VLF measurement.A 2D numerical modelling study was carried out over a wide frequency range (1–500 kHz) to find the frequency that produces the maximum response for a given conductor. Results show that a particular frequency (focusing frequency) produces the maximum (peak) response for a conductor. When the measuring frequency either increases or decreases with respect to the focusing frequency, then the peak response always decreases. The focusing frequency remains almost similar with an increase in target depth and host resistivity. An increase in the overburden conductivity shows a decline in the focusing frequency. Two or more targets of different conductivity present in the subsurface yield peak responses at corresponding focusing frequencies. This shows that they will be resolved well at corresponding focusing frequencies. In such circumstances, inversion using single frequency VLF data yields inaccurate results. However, the use of multi‐frequency VLF data yields better results. Inversion of multi‐frequency VLF data is presented to show the efficacy of the approach. A field measurement is also presented and the effectiveness of multi‐frequency VLF measurement is highlighted. Since the numerical modelling study is performed over a broad frequency range covering the VLF and radiomagnetotelluric signal, the focusing study is valid for radiomagnetotelluric applications as well.
2D‐3D resistivity and microgravity measurements for the detection of an ancient tunnel in the Lavrion area, Greece
Authors: Orfanos C. , Apostolopoulos G. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTAt the archaeological site of Bertseko, Lavrion, Greece, the entrance of an ancient tunnel was found during archaeological excavations. Approximately 15 m from the entrance the tunnel remains inaccessible – blocked with filled material. The main aim of the geophysical survey was to verify if the tunnel is unblocked after that point and to delineate its direction. Another objective was to understand the purpose of its construction. As a first detection approach, eight 2D resistivity profiles were carried out with a pole‐pole array in a non rectangular grid, in order to image a wider area, a greater depth and to avoid several surface obstacles. Then the most promising area was outlined and selected for analysis with 3D resistivity tomography using parallel survey lines with a pole‐dipole array. Moreover, the microgravity method was used, for better resolution and verification of resistivity results. This study has shown that the influence of 3D effects in resistivity arrays, the choice of the 3D or 2D (pseudo‐3D) inversion approach, the position and the direction of the target in respect to the 2D profiles or 3D survey grid, are crucial factors that significantly affect the accuracy of the resistivity method in tunnel detection. Moreover, the design of the microgravity measurements, based on results of other geophysical methods, permits a flexible survey with a moderate acquisition time. If the geological environment is not complex, inversion of microgravity data is feasible and can be very useful, as it offers depth information about the target and can be directly comparative with resistivity models. The reconnaissance 2D resistivity survey was an important step for the optimized application of 3D resistivity and microgravity methods. The integrated results provided answers to archaeologist’s questions, delineating the direction of the tunnel with minimum ambiguity and showing that the ancient tunnel was not constructed to connect the two ancient tanks but is part of an ancient underground mine.
Informed experimental design for electrical resistivity imaging
Authors: Nenna Vanessa , Pidlisecky Adam , Knight Rosemary 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTElectrical resistivity imaging has been successfully used to monitor near‐surface hydrologic processes but use of standard measurement arrays may not provide the greatest data sensitivity to the imaged region. We present a method of experimental design based on the concept of informed imaging for creating an electrical resistivity imaging experiment to monitor flow beneath a recharge pond. Informed imaging is the integration of all available data about a site into the acquisition, inversion and interpretation of electrical resistivity data. Informed experimental design uses all available information to develop an a priori model of the subsurface conductivity structure that guides the selection of measurement arrays for an electrical resistivity imaging experiment given spatial and temporal constraints on the acquisition. Selection of arrays focuses on maximizing the amount of unique information acquired with each source pair. We apply the method to the selection of arrays for imaging the top 5 m of the subsurface beneath a recharge pond in Northern California, which is part of an aquifer storage and recovery project. Decreasing infiltration rates over time reduce the effectiveness of the recharge pond. We seek to monitor infiltration processes at the contact between a fines‐rich sand layer and coarser sand layer in an effort to understand the hydrologic controls on infiltration. The performance of the arrays selected using informed experimental design relative to two standard arrays (Wenner and dipole‐dipole) is validated on two synthetic subsurface conductivity models, which are representative of conductivity structures that may arise during an infiltration event. Performance is evaluated in terms of a singular value decomposition of the sensitivity matrix produced by the three types of arrays, as well as a measure of the region of investigation. Results demonstrate that arrays selected using informed experimental design provide independent information about the imaged region and are robust in the presence of noise, improving the ability to image changes in a conductivity structure that result from infiltration processes.
Geophysical and intrusive site investigations to detect an abandoned coal‐mine access shaft, Apedale, Staffordshire, UK
Authors: Banham S.G. , Pringle J.K. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTDerelict coal mine workings at Apedale in Staffordshire, United Kingdom were the focus for a multi‐disciplinary geophysical and intrusive site investigation. Objectives were to: 1) locate the surface entrance to a coal mine access shaft, 2) determine the inclined shaft’s changing depth below present ground level, 3) determine if it was open, partly or fully filled, 4) locate it beneath a known shaft if (1) was unsuccessful and finally 5) compare geophysical mineshaft detection techniques in difficult ground conditions.After initial site reconnaissance, desktop study and modelling, field work collected surface micro‐gravity and electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) 2D profiles to locate the shaft and entrance area. The made‐ground nature of the site made identification of clear geophysical anomalies challenging. Subsequent intrusive investigations to locate the entrance were unsuccessful. A second phase of fieldwork down a known mineshaft imaged three geophysical anomalies beneath this shaft floor; after comparison with modelled data, subsequent intrusive investigations of the ERI anomaly successfully located the target shaft. Collapsed material was progressively cleared to the surface and a new shaft entrance stabilized.Surface micro‐gravity 2D profiles surprisingly did not produce clear target anomalies, likely to be due to the target depth below ground level and the variety of above‐ground, relict mine structures present. Surface ERI 2D profiles were less affected by above‐ground structures but investigated anomalies were found to be heterogeneous ground materials. Comparisons of 2D micro‐gravity, ERI and ground‐penetrating radar profiles collected within a mineshaft showed ERI data were optimal. 2D micro‐gravity and ERI modelling were shown to aid geophysical interpretations.
Development of Autoimmune Diabetes in the Absence of Detectable IL-17A in a CD8-Driven Virally Induced Model
Authors: Van Belle Tom L. , Esplugues Enric , Liao Jeanette , Juntti Therese , Flavell Richard A. , von Herrath Matthias G. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Recent studies have shown that IL-17 can contribute beneficially to pathogen defense but also that excessive IL-17 levels are associated with chronic inflammation and autoimmune disorders. To date, the role of IL-17 in viral infections and type 1 diabetes is ambiguous. In this study, we used IL-17A enhanced green fluorescent protein bicistronic reporter mouse strains to analyze in situ production of IL-17A. Upon Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterial infection, CD4+ and γδ T cells produce IL-17A. In contrast, CD4+ or CD8+ T cells do not produce IL-17A in response to acute or protracted viral infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or during autoimmune diabetes development in the CD8-driven lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced model of type 1 diabetes. We conclude that viral elimination and type 1 diabetes can occur in the absence of detectable IL-17A production, suggesting IL-17A is not essential in these settings.
Two-Step Binding of Transcription Factors Causes Sequential Chromatin Structural Changes at the Activated IL-2 Promoter
Authors: Ishihara Satoru , Schwartz Ronald H. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Most gene promoters have multiple binding sequences for many transcription factors, but the contribution of each of these factors to chromatin remodeling is still unclear. Although we previously found a dynamic change in the arrangement of nucleosome arrays at the Il2 promoter during T cell activation, its timing preceded that of a decrease in nucleosome occupancy at the promoter. In this article, we show that the initial nucleosome rearrangement was temporally correlated with the binding of NFAT1 and AP-1 (Fos/Jun), whereas the second step occurred in parallel with the recruitment of other transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. Pharmacologic inhibitors for activation of NFAT1 or induction of Fos blocked the initial phase in the sequential changes. This step was not affected, however, by inhibition of c-Jun phosphorylation, which instead blocked the binding of the late transcription factors, the recruitment of CREB-binding protein, and the acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 27. Thus, the sequential recruitment of transcription factors appears to facilitate two separate steps in chromatin remodeling at the Il2 locus.
TRAIL/DR5 Plays a Critical Role in NK Cell-Mediated Negative Regulation of Dendritic Cell Cross-Priming of T Cells
Authors: Iyori Mitsuhiro , Zhang Tong , Pantel Haddon , Gagne Bethany A. , Sentman Charles L. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical in initiating immune responses by cross-priming of tumor Ags to T cells. Previous results showed that NK cells inhibited DC-mediated cross-presentation of tumor Ags both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, enhanced Ag presentation was observed in draining lymph nodes in TRAIL−/− and DR5−/− mice compared with that of wild-type mice. NK cells inhibit DC cross-priming of tumor Ags in vitro, but not direct presentation of endogenous Ags. NK cells lacking TRAIL, but not perforin, were not able to inhibit DC cross-priming of tumor Ags. DCs that lack expression of TRAIL receptor DR5 were less susceptible to NK cell-mediated inhibition of cross-priming, and cross-linking of DR5 receptor led to reduced generation of MHC class I–Ag peptide complexes, followed by attenuated cross-priming of CD8+ T cells. In addition, key molecules involved in the TRAIL/DR5 pathway during DC/NK cell interactions were determined. In summary, these data indicate a novel alternative pathway for DC/NK cell interactions in antitumor immunity and may reflect homeostasis of both DCs and NK cells for regulation of CD8+ T cell function in physiological conditions.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Antibody-Induced Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Plays a Prominent Role in Inhibiting Tumorigenesis, Even of Tumor Cells Insensitive to EGFR Signaling Inhibition
Authors: Overdijk Marije B. , Verploegen Sandra , van den Brakel Jeroen H. , Lammerts van Bueren Jeroen J. , Vink Tom , van de Winkel Jan G. J. , Parren Paul W. H. I. , Bleeker Wim K. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is recognized as a prominent cytotoxic mechanism for therapeutic mAbs in vitro. However, the contribution of ADCC to in vivo efficacy, particularly for treatment of solid tumors, is still poorly understood. For zalutumumab, a therapeutic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-specific mAb currently in clinical development, previous studies have indicated signaling inhibition and ADCC induction as important therapeutic mechanisms of action. To investigate the in vivo role of ADCC, a panel of EGFR-specific mAbs lacking specific functionalities was generated. By comparing zalutumumab with mAb 018, an EGFR-specific mAb that induced ADCC with similar potency, but did not inhibit signaling, we observed that ADCC alone was insufficient for efficacy against established A431 xenografts. Interestingly, however, both zalutumumab and mAb 018 prevented tumor formation upon early treatment in this model. Zalutumumab and mAb 018 also completely prevented outgrowth of lung metastases, in A431 and MDA-MB-231-luc-D3H2LN experimental metastasis models, already when given at nonsaturating doses. Finally, tumor growth of mutant KRAS-expressing A431 tumor cells, which were resistant to EGFR signaling inhibition, was completely prevented by early treatment with zalutumumab and mAb 018, whereas ADCC-crippled N297Q-mutated variants of both mAbs did not show any inhibitory effects. In conclusion, ADCC induction by EGFR-specific mAbs represents an important mechanism of action in preventing tumor outgrowth or metastasis in vivo, even of cancers insensitive to EGFR signaling inhibition.
The Impact of Pre-Existing Memory on Differentiation of Newly Recruited Naive CD8 T Cells
Authors: Martin Matthew D. , Wirth Thomas C. , Lauer Peter , Harty John T. , Badovinac Vladimir P. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
One goal of immunization is to generate memory CD8 T cells of sufficient quality and quantity to confer protection against infection. It has been shown that memory CD8 T cell differentiation in vivo is controlled, at least in part, by the amount and duration of infection, Ag, and inflammatory cytokines present early after the initiation of the response. In this study, we used models of anti-vectorial immunity to investigate the impact of pre-existing immunity on the development and differentiation of vector-induced primary CD8 T cell responses. We showed that existing CD8 T cell memory influences the magnitude of naive CD8 T cell responses. However, the differentiation of newly recruited (either TCR-transgenic or endogenous) primary CD8 T cells into populations with the phenotype (CD62Lhi, CD27hi, KLRG-1low) and function (tissue distribution, Ag-driven proliferation, cytokine production) of long-term memory was facilitated when they were primed in the presence of vector-specific memory CD8 T cells of the same or unrelated specificity. Therefore, these data suggested that the presence of anti-vectorial immunity impacts the rate of differentiation of vector-induced naive CD8 T cells, a notion with important implications for the design of future vaccination strategies.
CD204 Suppresses Large Heat Shock Protein-Facilitated Priming of Tumor Antigen gp100-Specific T Cells and Chaperone Vaccine Activity against Mouse Melanoma
Authors: Qian Jie , Yi Huanfa , Guo Chunqing , Yu Xiaofei , Zuo Daming , Chen Xing , Kane John M. , Repasky Elizabeth A. , Subjeck John R. , Wang Xiang-Yang 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
We previously reported that scavenger receptor A (SRA/CD204), a binding structure on dendritic cells (DCs) for large stress/heat shock proteins (HSPs; e.g., hsp110 and grp170), attenuated an antitumor response elicited by large HSP-based vaccines. In this study, we show that SRA/CD204 interacts directly with exogenous hsp110, and lack of SRA/CD204 results in a reduction in the hsp110 binding and internalization by DCs. However, SRA−/− DCs pulsed with hsp110 or grp170-reconstituted gp100 chaperone complexes exhibit a profoundly increased capability of stimulating melanoma Ag gp100-specific naive T cells compared with wild-type (WT) DCs. Similar results were obtained when SRA/CD204 was silenced in DCs using short hairpin RNA-encoding lentiviruses. In addition, hsp110-stimulated SRA−/− DCs produced more inflammatory cytokines associated with increased NF-κB activation, implicating an immunosuppressive role for SRA/CD204. Immunization with the hsp110-gp100 vaccine resulted in a more robust gp100-specific CD8+ T cell response in SRA−/− mice than in WT mice. Lastly, SRA/CD204 absence markedly improved the therapeutic efficacy of the hsp110-gp100 vaccine in mice established with B16 melanoma, which was accompanied by enhanced activation and tumor infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Given the presence of multiple HSP-binding scavenger receptors on APCs, we propose that selective scavenger receptor interactions with HSPs may lead to highly distinct immunological consequences. Our findings provide new insights into the immune regulatory functions of SRA/CD204 and have important implications in the rational design of protein Ag-targeted recombinant chaperone vaccines for the treatment of cancer.
Research productivity in Syria: Quantitative and qualitative analysis of current status
Authors: Diab Maria M , Taftaf Rokana M. O , Arabi Mohammad 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Context: Scientific research output measured by the number and quality of publications reflects the research productivity of a certain community. Aims: To examine the quantity and quality of research produced by Syrian institutions with particular emphasis on the clinical and biomedical research. Settings and Design: Retrospective observational analysis of research originating from Syrian institutions indexed by Medline and Science Citation Index (SciVerse) Scopus bibliographic databases. Materials and Methods: Comprehensive review of the literature indexed by Medline and SciVerse was conducted including data from Jan 01, 1980 till February 2011 searching for authors affiliated with Syrian institutions. Clinical and biomedical research data were further analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results: The total of manuscripts indexed by SciVerse originating from Syrian institutions during the last 3 decades is 3540. A total of 458 publications cover clinical and biomedical subject areas. The quality of these 458 publications was evaluated by the citation frequency and impact factor of publishing journals with h-index of 24. Conclusions: Although the spectrum of research originating from Syrian institutions is broad, the overall number of publications particularly in clinical and biomedical subjects is minuscule and of limited quality. The presented data indicate the need to promote research capabilities and to bridge the gap in research productivity by Syrian institutions.
Calculating Operational Risk Capital Charges for Indonesian Rural Banks
Authors: Mongid Abdul , Tahir Izah Mohd 
Published: August 2011

In January 2001, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision published a proposal for a new capital framework, the “New Basel Capital Accord (Basel 11)” thus replacing Basel 1. One of the major motivations in the proposal is the introduction of explicit capital charge for operational risks in the business activities of banks. The objective of this paper is to estimate operational risk capital charge using historical data for 77 rural banks in Indonesia for a three-year period, 2006 to 2008. This study uses three approaches: (i) Basic Indicator Approach (BIA), (ii) Standardized Approach (SA) and (iii) Alternative Standardized Approach (ASA). We found that the average capital charge required to cover operational risk is IDR 154 million (1.5% of asset). When the calculation is conducted using the SA method, we found, on average a requirement of IDR 123 million (1.23% of asset). When the calculation is conducted using the Alternative Standardized Approach (ASA), the capital required was IDR 43 million (0.43% of asset). The results provide evidence that banks using more advance model require less capital charge.
A Game Theoretic Model for Generation Capacity Adequacy: Comparison Between Investment Incentive Mechanisms in Electricity Markets
Authors: Khalfallah Mohamed Haikel 
Published: August 2011

In this paper we study the problem of long-term capacity adequacy in electricity markets. We implement a dynamic model in which firms compete for investment and electricity production under imperfect Cournot competition. The main aim of this work is to compare three investment incentive mechanisms: reliability options, forward capacity market and capacity payments. Apart from the oligopoly case, we also analyze collusion and monopoly cases. Dynamic programming is used to deal with the stochastic environment of the market and mixed complementarity problem and variational inequality formulations are employed to find a solution to the game. The main finding of this study is that market-based mechanisms would be the most cost-efficient mechanism for assuring long-term system capacity adequacy. Moreover, generators would exert market power when introducing capacity payments. Finally, compared with a Cournot oligopoly, collusion and monopolistic situations lead to more installed capacities with market-based mechanisms and increase consumers’ payments. doi: 10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol32-No4-6