bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE UBIQUITY OF THE RAPID NEUTRON-CAPTURE PROCESS*
Authors: Roederer Ian U. , Cowan John J. , Karakas Amanda I. , Kratz Karl-Ludwig , Lugaro Maria , Simmerer Jennifer , Farouqi Khalil , Sneden Christopher 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT
To better characterize the abundance patterns produced by the r-process, we have derived new abundances or upper limits for the heavy elements zinc (Zn, Z= 30), yttrium (Y, Z= 39), lanthanum (La, Z= 57), europium (Eu, Z= 63), and lead (Pb, Z= 82). Our sample of 161 metal-poor stars includes new measurements from 88 high-resolution and high signal-to-noise spectra obtained with the Tull Spectrograph on the 2.7 m Smith Telescope at the McDonald Observatory, and other abundances are adopted from the literature. We use models of the s-process in asymptotic giant branch stars to characterize the high Pb/Eu ratios produced in the s-process at low metallicity, and our new observations then allow us to identify a sample of stars with no detectable s-process material. In these stars, we find no significant increase in the Pb/Eu ratios with increasing metallicity. This suggests that s-process material was not widely dispersed until the overall Galactic metallicity grew considerably, perhaps even as high as [Fe/H] =−1.4, in contrast with earlier studies that suggested a much lower mean metallicity. We identify a dispersion of at least 0.5 dex in [La/Eu] in metal-poor stars with [Eu/Fe] <+0.6 attributable to the r-process, suggesting that there is no unique “pure” r-process elemental ratio among pairs of rare earth elements. We confirm earlier detections of an anti-correlation between Y/Eu and Eu/Fe bookended by stars strongly enriched in the r-process (e.g., CS 22892–052) and those with deficiencies of the heavy elements (e.g., HD 122563). We can reproduce the range of Y/Eu ratios using simulations of high-entropy neutrino winds of core-collapse supernovae that include charged-particle and neutron-capture components of r-process nucleosynthesis. The heavy element abundance patterns in most metal-poor stars do not resemble that of CS 22892–052, but the presence of heavy elements such as Ba in nearly all metal-poor stars without s-process enrichment suggests that the r-process is a common phenomenon.
Improving evolutionary models of protein interaction networks
Authors: Gibson Todd A. , Goldberg Debra S. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Theoretical models of biological networks are valuable tools in evolutionary inference. Theoretical models based on gene duplication and divergence provide biologically plausible evolutionary mechanics. Similarities found between empirical networks and their theoretically generated counterpart are considered evidence of the role modeled mechanics play in biological evolution. However, the method by which these models are parameterized can lead to questions about the validity of the inferences. Selecting parameter values in order to produce a particular topological value obfuscates the possibility that the model may produce a similar topology for a large range of parameter values. Alternately, a model may produce a large range of topologies, allowing (incorrect) parameter values to produce a valid topology from an otherwise flawed model. In order to lend biological credence to the modeled evolutionary mechanics, parameter values should be derived from the empirical data. Furthermore, recent work indicates that the timing and fate of gene duplications are critical to proper derivation of these parameters.
Results: We present a methodology for deriving evolutionary rates from empirical data that is used to parameterize duplication and divergence models of protein interaction network evolution. Our method avoids shortcomings of previous methods, which failed to consider the effect of subsequent duplications. From our parameter values, we find that concurrent and existing existing duplication and divergence models are insufficient for modeling protein interaction network evolution. We introduce a model enhancement based on heritable interaction sites on the surface of a protein and find that it more closely reflects the high clustering found in the empirical network.
Contact: Debra@Colorado.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Intraoperative Recruitment Maneuver Reverses Detrimental Pneumoperitoneum-induced Respiratory Effects in Healthy Weight and Obese Patients Undergoing Laparoscopy
Authors: Futier Emmanuel , Constantin Jean-Michel , Pelosi Paolo , Chanques Gerald , Kwiatkoskwi Fabrice , Jaber Samir , Bazin Jean-Etienne 
Published: November 2010

Background
Pulmonary function is impaired during pneumoperitoneum mainly as a result of atelectasis formation. We studied the effects of 10 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and PEEP followed by a recruitment maneuver (PEEP+RM) on end-expiratory lung volume (EELV), oxygenation and respiratory mechanics in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery.

Methods
Sixty consecutive adult patients (30 obese, 30 healthy weight) in reverse Trendelenburg position were prospectively studied. EELV, static elastance of the respiratory system, dead space, and gas exchange were measured before and after pneumoperitoneum insufflation with zero end-expiratory pressure, with PEEP alone, and with PEEP+RM. Results are presented as mean ± SD.

Results
Pneumoperitoneum reduced EELV (healthy weight, 1195 ± 405 vs. 1724 ± 774 ml; obese, 751 ± 258 vs. 886 ± 284 ml) and worsened static elastance and dead space in both groups (in all P < 0.01 vs. zero-end expiratory pressure before pneumoperitoneum) whereas oxygenation was unaffected. PEEP increased EELV (healthy weight, 570 ml, P < 0.01; obese, 364 ml, P < 0.01) with no effect on oxygenation. Compared with PEEP alone, EELV and static elastance were further improved after RM in both groups (P < 0.05), as was oxygenation (P < 0.01). In all patients, RM-induced change in EELV was 16% (P = 0.04). These improvements were maintained 30 min after RM. RM-induced changes in EELV correlated with change in oxygenation (r = 0.42, P < 0.01).

Conclusion
RM combined with 10 cm H2O of PEEP improved EELV, respiratory mechanics, and oxygenation during pneumoperitoneum whereas PEEP alone did not.
Impact of a Comprehensive Safety Initiative on Patient-controlled Analgesia Errors
Authors: Paul James E. , Bertram Barbara , Antoni Karen , Kampf Marianne , Kitowski Terri , Morgan Aled , Cheng Ji , Thabane Lehana 
Published: November 2010

Background
Adverse drug events related to patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) place patients at risk.

Methods
We reviewed all critical incident reports at three tertiary care hospitals dated January 1, 2002, to February 28, 2009. In this longitudinal cohort study, critical incidents attributable to PCA errors were identified, and each incident was investigated. A safety intervention was implemented in February 2006 and involved new PCA pumps, new preprinted physician orders, nursing and patient education, a manual independent double-check, and a formal nursing transfer of accountability.

Results
A total of 25,198 patients were treated with PCA during this study, and 62 errors were found (0.25%), with 21 (0.08%) involving pump programming. All errors occurred before the safety interventions were put in place. Compared with the preintervention period, the odds ratio of a PCA error postintervention was 0.28 (95% CI = 0.14, 0.53; P < 0.001) whereas the odds ratio of a pump-programming error postintervention was 0.05 (95% CI = 0.001, 0.30; P < 0.001). Programming the wrong drug concentration was the most common programming error (10 of 21). Improper setup of intravenous tubing was also common (8 of 62), with one incident leading to respiratory arrest. Most PCA errors resulted in no harm, but there was negative impact to patients 34% of the time.

Conclusion
At less than 1%, the incidence of PCA errors is relatively low. Most errors occur during PCA administration. Safety can be improved by addressing equipment, education, and process issues.
Positive End-expiratory Pressure Redistributes Regional Blood Flow and Ventilation Differently in Supine and Prone Humans
Authors: Petersson Johan , Ax Malin , Frey Joana , Sánchez-Crespo Alejandro , Lindahl Sten G. E. , Mure Margareta 
Published: November 2010

Background
Animal studies have demonstrated an interaction between posture and the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on regional ventilation and lung blood flow. The aim of this study was to explore this interaction in humans.

Methods
Regional lung blood flow and ventilation were compared between mechanical ventilation with and without PEEP in the supine and prone postures. Six normal subjects were studied in each posture. Regional lung blood flow was marked with In-labeled macroaggregates and ventilation with Technegas (Tc). Radiotracer distributions were mapped using quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography.

Results
In supine subjects, PEEP caused a similar redistribution of both ventilation and blood flow toward dependent (dorsal) lung regions, resulting in little change in the V/Q correlation. In contrast, in prone subjects, the redistribution toward dependent (ventral) regions was much greater for blood flow than for ventilation, causing increased V/Q mismatch. Without PEEP, the vertical ventilation-to-perfusion gradient was less in prone postures than in supine, but with PEEP, the gradient was similar.

Conclusions
During mechanical ventilation of healthy volunteers, the addition of PEEP, 10 cm H2O, causes redistribution of both lung blood flow and ventilation, and the effect is different between the supine and prone postures. Our results suggest that the addition of PEEP in prone might be less beneficial than in supine and that optimal use of the prone posture requires reevaluation of the applied PEEP.
Short Communication: Low seroprevalence of cryptococcal antigenaemia in patients with advanced HIV infection enrolling in an antiretroviral programme in Ghana
Authors: Mamoojee Yaasir , Shakoor Shaid , Gorton Rebecca L. , Sarfo Stephen , Appiah Lambert T. , Norman Betty , Balakrishnan Indran , Phillips Richard , Chadwick David 
Published: November 2010

SummaryObjectives  To determine the prevalence of cryptococcal antigenaemia in a clinic population with advanced HIV infection, with a view to giving antifungal therapy to those testing positive.Methods  Serum samples from adults with CD4 count <100 cells/mm3 presenting to a large HIV clinic in Kumasi, Ghana, were tested retrospectively for cryptococcal antigenaemia using a latex agglutination assay, and clinical and demographic data extracted from case notes.Results  Of 92 samples tested, two were positive thus giving a prevalence of 2% (95% CI, 0–5.2%).Conclusions  The prevalence of cryptococcal antigenaemia in patients with advanced HIV infection enrolling in an antiretroviral programme appears to be low in Kumasi, suggesting that the value of routine testing of outpatients diagnosed with advanced HIV infection may be limited in this population.
Examining the role of oxytocin in the interoceptive effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) using a drug discrimination paradigm in the rat
Authors: Broadbear Jillian H. , Tunstall Brendan , Beringer Katherine 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) use results in distinctive mood changes of a prosocial nature, most likely through its enhancement of serotonin (5HT) neurotransmission. Activation of 5HT‐1A postsynaptic receptors has been shown to stimulate the release of oxytocin in the central nervous system where it regulates aspects of mood and behavior. Using a drug discrimination paradigm, we examined whether modulation of oxytocin receptor activity would affect conditioned behavioral responses to MDMA. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats (n = 24) were trained to reliably differentiate between MDMA and a related stimulant, amphetamine (AMP), and saline using a three‐lever drug discrimination paradigm. The extent to which substitution with carbetocin (an oxytocin analog) or co‐administration with atosiban (an oxytocin receptor antagonist) affected drug‐appropriate responding was evaluated. The tricyclic antidepressant imipramine was included as a negative control. The results supported the hypotheses that substitution with an oxytocin analog (carbetocin) would partially generalize to the MDMA training cue, whereas blocking oxytocin receptors with atosiban would result in a selective disruption of MDMA––but not AMP‐appropriate responding. These findings were specific to the oxytocin receptor ligands as imipramine pre‐treatment did not affect drug‐appropriate responding. The results of this study implicate oxytocin receptor activation as a key MDMA‐specific interoceptive cue in male and female rats and support the conclusion that this is one of the features of MDMA's subjective effects that distinguishes it from AMP.
Future role of gastroenterologists in digestive oncology in the Asia Pacific region: Panir Chelvam Memorial Lecture, Asian Pacific Digestive Week 2010
Authors: Sung Joseph 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThere is an increasing burden in digestive cancer in the coming years. With the advancement of endoscopic therapy, new molecular target therapy and minimally invasive ablation therapy, the treatment of digestive cancer will become more complicated. In Asia where gastric cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma are still prevalent and colorectal cancer is rapidly on the rise, the need in digestive oncology will be even higher. A new subspecialty of digestive oncology will be needed from the patient's perspective, from the healthcare authority's viewpoint and for the future development of gastroenterology.
Intraoperative mydriasis by intracameral injection of mydriatic eye drops: in vivo efficacy and in vitro safety studies
Authors: Mori Yosai , Miyai Takashi , Kagaya Fumie , Nagai Nobuyuki , Osakabe Yasuhiro , Miyata Kazunori , Amano Shiro 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground:  This study investigated the efficacy and safety of intracameral injection of commercially available eye drops containing 0.5% tropicamide and 0.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride (Mydrin‐P, Santen Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan).Design:  In vitro experiment and prospective clinical study at a private hospital.Participants and Samples:  Mydrin‐P was applied to confluent cultured human corneal endothelial cells, and the cellular morphology was examined. Clinical study subjects were 65 eyes of 65 patients that underwent phaco‐emulsification and aspiration with intraocular lens implantation and received intracameral injection of Mydrin‐P for poor mydriasis after preoperative topical instillation of mydriatics (intraocular mydriasis group; with five subgroups based on cause: diabetes, pseudo‐exfoliation, post‐surgery, uveitis, unknown). Controls, comprising 39 eyes of 39 patients, were not injected with Mydrin‐P.Methods:  The ratio of pupillary diameter to corneal diameter was determined before and after injection of Mydrin‐P. Corneal endothelial density was measured preoperatively and 3 months and 1 year postoperatively.Main Outcome Measures:  Pupillary diameter and corneal endothelial density.Results:  Human corneal endothelial cell morphology was unaltered after Mydrin‐P injection. The mean ratio of the pupillary diameter to corneal diameter increased in the intraocular mydriasis group (before: 54.2 ± 4.8%, after: 58.4 ± 6.6%; P < 0.001) and in the diabetes and unknown subgroups. The corneal endothelial cell density reduction rate 3 months and 1 year after surgery was not significantly different between the intraocular mydriasis group and controls.Conclusion:  Intracameral injection of Mydrin‐P appears to be effective and safe for dilating the pupil in cases with poor mydriasis after preoperative instillation of mydriatics.
Plasma and aqueous humour levels of ghrelin in open‐angle glaucoma patients
Authors: Katsanos Andreas , Dastiridou Anna , Georgoulias Panagiotis , Cholevas Pierros , Kotoula Maria , Tsironi Evangelia E 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground:  To compare aqueous humour and plasma levels of ghrelin, a peptide recently identified in human eyes, in patients with open‐angle glaucoma and controls.Design:  Cross‐sectional, controlled, hospital‐based study.Participants:  Twenty‐four open‐angle glaucoma (17 primary open‐angle and 7 pseudo‐exfoliation glaucoma) patients and 30 controls were included. All participants were patients scheduled for cataract or glaucoma surgery. Patients with other ocular pathology, previous ocular surgery or diabetes were excluded.Methods:  Blood samples were collected before elective surgery. Aqueous humour was aspirated from the anterior chamber through a paracentesis with a 27‐G needle under sterile conditions before any tissue manipulation. Ghrelin quantification was performed with commercially available Radioimmunoassay kits.Main Outcome Measure:  Ghrelin levels in aqueous humour and plasma.Results:  Plasma levels of ghrelin were 490.5 ± 156.0 pg/mL in the open‐angle glaucoma and 482.2 ± 125.4 pg/mL in the control group (Mann–Whitney test, P = 0.897). Aqueous humour levels of ghrelin were 85.5 ± 15.4 and 123.4 ± 25.5 pg/mL in the respective groups (P < 0.001). The ratio of plasma/aqueous humour ghrelin concentration was higher in the open‐angle glaucoma versus the control group (5.75 ± 1.92 vs. 4.00 ± 1.04, P < 0.001). There was no difference in aqueous humour levels of ghrelin between primary open‐angle glaucoma and pseudo‐exfoliation glaucoma patients (P = 0.494).Conclusions:  Aqueous humour levels of ghrelin were significantly lower in open‐angle glaucoma patients, compared with controls. This difference may manifest a role of ghrelin in the disease process or a consequence of antiglaucoma treatment.
Quality of life of the most severely vision‐impaired
Authors: Crewe Julie M , Morlet Nigel , Morgan William H , Spilsbury Katrina , Mukhtar Aqif , Clark Antony , Ng Jonathon Q , Crowley Margaret , Semmens James B 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground:  To explore the interaction between vision impairment, perceived quality of life loss and willingness to trade remaining life for vision gain.Design:  Community‐based cross‐sectional studyParticipants:  Legally blind or severely vision‐impaired people selected randomly from the Association for the Blind of Western Australia register.Methods:  Individuals were examined by consultant ophthalmologists and completed the Impact of Vision Impairment profile quality of life assessment and a Time Trade‐Off evaluation. Vision‐related utility values were calculated. The results were analysed using univariate and multivariate regression methods.Main Outcome Measures:  IVI Rasch Logits and TTO utility values (TTO UV).Results:  156 people volunteered to contribute to the study. The median age was 80 (19–97) years, and 56% were female. Being legally blind (logMAR > 1) (95% CI 1.1 to 5.2, P = 0.003), clinically depressed (95% CI −11.2 to −1.8, P = 0.007) or more than 40 years of age (95% CI 0.9 to 8.1, P = 0.015) significantly lowered overall impact of vision impairment scores. The emotional domain of impact of vision impairment was associated with willingness to trade part of remaining life. A 5‐Logit increase in impact of vision impairment emotional score resulted in a 21% (95% CI 10 to 31) decrease in the odds of being likely to trade life for sight. The Australian definition of blindness compared with World Health Organisation or USA best separates those with perceived loss and appears useful in identifying vision loss‐related morbidity.Conclusions:  These results suggest that emotional health and lack of depression are important determinants for quality and value of life.
Glutamate transporter EAAT4 in Purkinje cells controls intersynaptic diffusion of climbing fiber transmitter mediating inhibition of GABA release from interneurons
Authors: Satake Shin’Ichiro , Song Si‐Young , Konishi Shiro , Imoto Keiji 
Published: November 2010

AbstractNeurotransmitters diffuse out of the synaptic cleft and act on adjacent synapses to exert concerted control of the synaptic strength within neural pathways that converge on single target neurons. The excitatory transmitter released from climbing fibers (CFs), presumably glutamate, is shown to inhibit γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) release at basket cell (BC)–Purkinje cell (PC) synapses in the rat cerebellar cortex through its extrasynaptic diffusion and activation of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors on BC axon terminals. This study aimed at examining how the CF transmitter‐diffusion‐mediated presynaptic inhibition is controlled by glutamate transporters. Pharmacological blockade of the PC‐selective neuronal transporter EAAT4 markedly enhanced CF‐induced inhibition of GABAergic transmission. Tetanic CF‐stimulation elicited long‐term potentiation of glutamate transporters in PCs, and thereby attenuated the CF‐induced inhibition. Combined use of electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry revealed a significant inverse relationship between the level of EAAT4 expression and the inhibitory action of CF‐stimulation on the GABA release at different cerebellar lobules – the CF‐induced inhibition was profound in lobule III, where the EAAT4 expression level was low, whereas it was minimal in lobule X, where EAAT4 was abundant. The findings clearly demonstrate that the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT4 in PCs plays a critical role in the extrasynaptic diffusion of CF transmitter – it appears not only to retrogradely determine the degree of CF‐mediated inhibition of GABAergic inputs to the PC by controlling the glutamate concentration for intersynaptic diffusion, but also regulate synaptic information processing in the cerebellar cortex depending on its differential regional distribution as well as use‐dependent plasticity of uptake efficacy.
Spatio‐temporal management of fisheries to reduce by‐catch and increase fishing selectivity
Authors: Dunn Daniel C , Boustany Andre M , Halpin Patrick N 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTime/area closures have been widely used in fisheries management to prevent overfishing and the destruction of marine biodiversity. To a lesser degree, such spatio‐temporal management measures have been used to reduce by‐catch of finfish or protected species. However, as ecosystem‐based management approaches are employed and more fisheries are managed through multispecies, multiobjective models, the management of by‐catch will likely become increasingly important. The elimination of by‐catch has become a primary goal of the fishing policies of many countries. It is particularly relevant in the United States, as the deadline for setting annual catch limits (ACLs) in all fisheries passes in 2011. This will result in a dramatic expansion of the number of catch and by‐catch quotas. Such catch measures may result in the early closure of otherwise sustainable fisheries when by‐catch quotas are exceeded. To prevent such closures and the consequent economic hardship to fishers and the economy, it is imperative that managers be given the tools necessary to reduce by‐catch and improve fishing selectivity. Targeted spatio‐temporal fishery closures are one solution open to managers. Here, we examine how the spatio‐temporal and oceanographic characteristics of by‐catch may be used by managers to design fishery closures, and place these methods within a decision tree to assist managers to identify appropriate management measures. We argue that the current movement towards marine spatial planning (MSP) presents an important impetus to examine how we manage fisheries spatially, and we offer a first step towards the objective participation of fisheries in the MSP process.