bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
0175 5-nights of Sleep Restriction and Impulsivity-related fMRI Brain Activity in Adolescents with ADHD Traits
Authors: Moyles Sinéad , Dionisos Victoria , Mason Gina , Christiansen Taylor , Barker David , Dickstein Daniel , Carskadon Mary , Saletin Jared 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep loss can adversely affect brain mechanisms underlying attention and inhibitory control, potentially leading to increased impulsive behavior. We propose that youth with more severe attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like traits may be particularly vulnerable to sleep loss on impulsivity tasks. We examined this possibility using an fMRI Go/No-Go task in a within-subject at-home sleep restriction experiment in children with high or low ADHD-like traits.

Methods
Thirty adolescents (13M; 12.14±0.99yrs) were grouped by the Conners-3-Parent ADHD-Probability Index [&gt;=/&lt; 50%tile] as high (ADHDy; n=13) or low (ADHDn; n=17). All children completed two counterbalanced conditions: 5-nights of sleep optimization (SO; 10h TIB set to habitual risetime) and 5-nights of sleep restriction (SR; 7.5h TIB; delaying bedtime and advancing risetime equally). At least 2 nights of stabilization preceded both conditions. Following both SO and SR, participants completed fMRI scanning consisting of two 7-minute runs of an event-related Go/No-Go task. We investigated activation associated with impulsive errors (commissions&gt;hits). Voxel-wise 2x2 linear mixed effects models (3dLME) examined condition [SR vs. SO], group [ADHDy vs. ADHDn], and interaction effects with significance set to p&lt;.005, k=30 voxels.

Results
Wrist actigraphy indicated that SR was successful in reducing sleep period time by 20% (SR= 7.32±0.48 vs. SO= 9.14±0.46h; [t(29)=21.23, p&lt;.001; d=3.88]) and total sleep time by 17% (SR= 6.72±0.55 vs. SO= 8.13±0.65h; [t(29)=15.08, p&lt;.001; d=.2.75]). At SO, commission errors (vs. hits) were associated with higher activation in the bilateral putamen, bilateral precentral gyri, left inferior frontal gyrus, and the bilateral insula. We identified a significant condition-x-group interaction in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (MNIx,y,z: [29, 35,47, k=65), whereby sleep restriction decreased error signaling for the ADHDn group, but not for the ADHDy group.

Conclusion
These initial findings indicate that ADHD traits may moderate the impact of sleep loss on impulsive error signaling during the Go/No-Go task. Those in the ADHDy group appear particularly sensitive to commission error processing in the prefrontal cortex. As data collection continues, our analyses will pivot to computational modeling of inter-individual variability in this effect.

Support (if any)
R01HD103655; P20GM139743
0176 fMRI Neural Activation During Working Memory After 5-Nights of Sleep Restriction in Adolescents with ADHD Traits
Authors: Dionisos Victoria , Moyles Sinéad , Mason Gina , Christiansen Taylor , Barker David , Dickstein Daniel , Carskadon Mary , Saletin Jared 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Persistent sleep loss is common among adolescents. Its impact on cognitive functioning is well documented, particularly in working memory. We hypothesize that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD) may be particularly vulnerable to such effects. Here we examine the impact of 5-nights of at-home sleep restriction on the neural correlates of working memory in young adolescents with and without ADHD traits.

Methods
Twenty-five peripubertal adolescents (12.36±0.88 years, 14F) were characterized by Conners-3-Parent ADHD-Index [&gt;=/&lt; 50% tile] as either high (ADHDy; n=11) or low (ADHDn; n=14). All participants completed an fMRI-monitored working memory task after two counterbalanced conditions: 5-nights of sleep optimization (SO; 10h TIB set to habitual risetime) and 5-nights of sleep restriction (SR; 7.5h TIB, equally delaying bedtime and advancing risetime). At least two nights of stabilization preceded both conditions. fMRI sessions consisted of two 7-minute runs of alternating 2-back and 0-back working memory blocks. Voxel-wise 2x2 linear mixed effects models (3dLME) investigated condition [SR vs. SO], group [ADHDy vs. ADHDn], and interaction effects on working memory activation (2-back&gt;0-back). Significance was set to p&lt;.005, k=30 voxels.

Results
Our actigraphy monitored protocol significantly reduced sleep period time by 20% (SR= 7.39±0.43h vs. SO= 9.19±0.39h; [t(24)=17.66, p&lt;.001; d=3.53]) and total sleep time by 17% (SR= 6.79±0.51h vs. SO= 8.20±0.60h; [t(24)=12.9, p&lt;.001; d=2.58]). At SO, fMRI 2-back blocks were associated with increased activation in task-on areas, such as the bilateral dorsal lateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and superior parietal cortices, and decreased activation in default-mode task-off areas, including the precuneus and medial prefrontal cortex. Of these regions, significant condition-by-group effects indicated that sleep loss increased activation in the bilateral superior parietal cortex (MNIx,y,z: [40, -48, 68], k=172) and bilateral cuneus/precuneus (MNIx,y,z: [16, -84, 48], k=1446), only in the ADHDy group.

Conclusion
These data are the first to indicate that ADHD status may influence how sleep loss affects working memory in the adolescent brain. Sleep loss increased activation of both task-on (e.g., superior parietal) and task-off (e.g., precuneus) regions in the ADHDy group. We speculate this pattern may reflect less efficient neural processing after sleep loss. Ongoing data collection will probe sources of inter-individual variability.

Support (if any)
R01HD103655; P20GM139743
0180 Crew Sleep During a 36-day Arctic Transit: Preliminary Results
Authors: Shattuck Nita , Matsangas Panagiotis , Olson Niels , Smith Christopher , McClernon Christopher 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Extreme environmental conditions (e.g., natural light conditions, time zone transitions), and specific operational conditions (e.g., ship motion due to ice breaking) combined with a variety of other occupational stressors (including shift work, psychological stress, and performing physically strenuous activities), poses unique challenges when conducting polar operations. The overarching aim of this project is to assess the unique challenges sailors experience when operating in polar regions in order to identify performance-limiting factors derived from operating an icebreaker in extreme latitudes. This abstract shows preliminary results of crewmember sleep.

Methods
A naturalistic longitudinal approach assessed 53 of the ship’s crewmembers (median age of 29yrs; 71.7% males; 66.0% enlisted) while performing their normal duties during a 36-day transit from Kodiak, AK (8/26/23) to Tromsø, Norway (1/10/23). Participants wore ŌURA rings and completed weekly questionnaires throughout the study. Mixed effects analysis was used to assess the effect of age, occupational group, time underway, and watchstanding status on variables of interest. Results are presented as mean◻standard deviation.

Results
Over the entire data collection period, participants’ sleep duration was 6.81◻0.57 hrs/day with 68.9% sleeping &lt; 7 hrs/day and 8.89% sleeping &lt; 6 hrs/day. All participants napped at least once; 68.1% napped at least once every 4 days. Self-report sleep regularity index (SRI; lower numbers translate to poorer sleep) was 73.1◻5.80 for watchstanders, 83.8◻6.19 for non-watchstanders, and 78.3◻5.16 for crewmembers with a hybrid work schedule. Age was associated with decreased heart rate variability (p=0.006), increased percentage of light sleep (p&lt; 0.001), decreased percentage of deep sleep (p&lt; 0.001), and increased percentage of REM sleep (p=0.021). Officers and watchstanders had a lower percentage of REM sleep compared to enlisted (p=0.030) and non-watchstanders (p=0.025) respectively. Also, over the course of the underway the percentage of light sleep increased and the percentage of deep sleep decreased. Specifically, compared to Week 1, Week 3 had a higher percentage of light sleep (p=0.027), and a lower percentage of deep sleep (p=0.019).

Conclusion
Results showed that Arctic operations can affect crew sleep. Crew members slept less than the daily recommended 7+ hr/day sleep duration. Their sleep was also related to age, watchstanding status, and time underway.

Support (if any)
0181 NREM Delta Power Is Conserved in Nighttime Recovery Sleep After Repeated Simulated Nightshift Duty Cycles
Authors: Finlay Myles , Van Dongen Hans 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Slow wave sleep (SWS) has been reported to be conserved, relative to baseline, across days in schedules with repeated simulated nightshift duty cycles. We investigated whether this SWS characteristic extends to delta power (0.6–4.0Hz) in the NREM sleep EEG of nighttime sleep after each of two consecutive nightshift duty cycles, to quantify post-duty homeostatic recovery.

Methods
N=27 health adults (ages 22–39y; 13f) completed a 14-day laboratory study. After 10h nighttime baseline sleep (TIB 22:00–08:00), subjects were randomized to a simulated dayshift condition (n=15; 6f) with all nights 10h TIB (22:00–08:00) or a simulated nightshift condition (n=12; 7f) with two repeated simulated nighttime duty cycles. Each nighttime duty cycle involved a transition nap (15:00–20:00), 4 consecutive daytime sleep opportunities (10:00–20:00), and another transition nap (10:00–15:00), followed by nighttime recovery sleep (22:00–08:00). Analyses focused on the nighttime baseline sleep and both recovery sleep opportunities in the nightshift condition and the equivalent nights in the dayshift condition. Sleep was scored using AASM criteria and subjected to NREM EEG spectral analysis to assess cumulative delta power for each night. Results were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA with factors for condition, night, and their interaction, and covariates for age and sex.

Results
There was a trend for an overall reduction in delta power in the nightshift condition compared to the dayshift condition (F[1,23]=3.0, P=0.097), but no effect of night (F[2,48]=0.51, P=0.60) and no interaction (F[2,48]=0.45, P=0.64). Results were consistent with two-process model simulations of homeostatic pressure, which predicted reduced delta power during recovery sleep in the nightshift condition. The correlation between group-average observations and predictions was 0.44.

Conclusion
NREM delta power was conserved in nighttime recovery sleep after repeated nightshift duty cycles. Compared to nighttime sleep in simulated dayshift, the observed NREM delta power was marginally reduced in simulated nightshift, as moderately correlated with two-process model predictions. The minimal dynamic response to simulated nightshift in NREM delta power is congruent with observations in repeated cycles of simulated dayshift with sleep restriction, and may underlie cumulative deficits in neurobehavioral performance across repeated nightshift duty cycles.

Support (if any)
FMCSA DTMC75-07-D-00006 and CDMRP W81XWH-05-1-0099.
0183 Sleep Loss and Emotion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of over Fifty Years of Experimental Research
Authors: Palmer Cara , Bower Joanne , Cho Kit , Clementi Michelle , Lau Simon , Oosterhoff Benjamin , Alfano Candice 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Studies on the impact of sleep on emotional experiences have rapidly proliferated in recent decades. While evidence suggests that poor sleep serves as a catalyst for the development of emotional difficulties, specific relationships have been difficult to disentangle. Thus, a comprehensive quantitative synthesis is needed to integrate and consolidate findings across this heterogeneous research literature.

Methods
This pre-registered systematic review and meta-analysis included studies that experimentally reduced sleep (i.e., total sleep deprivation, partial sleep restriction, or sleep fragmentation) in healthy populations to examine effects on positive affect, negative affect, emotional reactivity, anxiety symptoms, and/or depressive symptoms. In total, 1338 effect sizes from 154 studies were included (total participants N = 5,717; age range = 7-79 years; 50.14% female).

Results
Random effects models found that all forms of sleep loss resulted in reduced positive affect (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.27 to -1.14), with some evidence that high arousal positive states were most adversely affected. Sleep loss also increased anxiety symptoms (SMD = 0.57 to 0.63) and blunted subjective arousal in response to emotional stimuli (SMD = -0.20 to -0.53). Findings for negative affect, reports of emotional valence in response to emotional stimuli, and depressive symptoms were mixed. Some non-linear effects emerged based on the hours of wakefulness induced or the sleep opportunity provided. Some effects were also moderated by study characteristics, age, and sex, although findings varied by type of sleep loss and emotional outcome. Differences emerged based on type of sleep restricted (i.e., rapid eye movement sleep or slow wave sleep), with greater reports of negative valence in response to emotional stimuli after loss of rapid eye movement sleep (SMD = 0.35, p = .023) compared to loss of slow wave sleep (SMD = 0.09, p = .088).

Conclusion
This study synthesizes more than 50 years of experimental research to reveal how periods of extended wakefulness, shortened sleep duration, and/or nighttime awakening undermines human emotional functioning and increases risk for psychiatric disorders. Findings provide an integrative foundation for future research on sleep and emotion and elucidate the precise ways that inadequate sleep may impact daytime emotions.

Support (if any)
N/A
0184 Gratitude, Flourishing, and Prosocial Behaviors Following Experimental Sleep Restriction and Sleep Extension
Authors: Do Alexander , Schnitker Sarah , Scullin Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
People who are grateful, resilient, and flourishing in life show better health, including better sleep. This correlational finding is typically attributed to personality factors or to positive outlooks causing better sleep. We investigated the reverse causal interpretation: do sleep losses and sleep gains affect feelings and expressions of gratitude, resilience, and flourishing?

Methods
90 adults were randomly assigned to late bedtimes, early bedtimes, or to sleep normally across a single workweek (monitored by actigraphy). The primary outcomes were changes in state and trait feelings of flourishing, resilience, and gratitude, as well as behavioral expressions of gratitude (i.e., gratitude list writing).

Results
Relative to the natural sleep condition, early bedtimes extended sleep by 46 minutes/night and late bedtimes reduced sleep by 37 minutes/night (actigraphy-defined). Subjective sleepiness and mood disturbances improved with sleep extension and worsened with sleep restriction. State-level measures of flourishing, resilience, and gratitude significantly improved across the week with sleep extension and significantly worsened with sleep restriction (ηp2 = .13 to .17). Trait-level measures showed modest or no changes. Sleep-extended participants wrote twice as much on their gratitude list as the other two conditions (ηp2 = .11). Most effects persisted when accounting for mood.

Conclusion
Subtle changes in nighttime sleep can affect gratitude, resilience, and flourishing. Addressing sleep health in society may be foundational to overall well-being and prosocial behaviors in the population.

Support (if any)
Support provided by an URSA grant, the National Science Foundation (1920730, 1943323), and the John Templeton Foundation (61513).
0187 Empathy and Punishment Ratings for Copyright Infringement in Rested and Sleep Restricted Individuals
Authors: Neuhoff Elise , Godinho Ariadne Dias , Scullin Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep restriction can worsen cognitive functioning and alter emotional regulation. Recent studies further indicate that sleep deprivation reduces empathy and increases willingness to punish others for mistakes. We built on this emerging literature by presenting rested and sleep restricted individuals with vignettes of people who had been victimized (e.g., forgery, plagiarism), with a focus on how much the offenders should be punished and how much the victims should be compensated.

Methods
Participants included 62 young adults (mean age = 20.03, 51.6% female, 45.2% non-Hispanic white) who first completed a laboratory polysomnography adaptation night. Afterward, participants were randomly assigned to either two laboratory nights of restricted sleep (1:30 AM – 7:00AM) or two laboratory nights of normal sleep (10:00 PM – 07:00 AM). In the morning, participants were presented with vignettes depicting copyright fraud such as shoe companies using trademarked features, music companies sampling melodies without credit to the original songwriter, and art forgers who sold painting replicas to art enthusiasts as if they were the originals. Participants were asked to rate the seriousness of the mistakes, how much punishment the offenders deserved, if the offender should be jailed or prevented from working in the field, and how much the victims should be compensated.

Results
Relative to rested participants (M=6.1), sleep restriction significantly reduced participant ratings of victim compensation (M=5.3), even when accounting for ratings of the severity of copyright infringement (F=7.1, p=.01, eta squared=0.12). Other perceptions of the seriousness of the mistakes or how much the offenders should be punished were not significantly changed (ps&gt;0.05). There were no gender differences or gender by sleep condition interactions.

Conclusion
Two nights of mild sleep restriction were sufficient to reduce empathy for victims of copyright infringement. Additional work is needed to understand dose-response relationships between sleep loss and empathy and punishment.

Support (if any)
Support provided by the National Science Foundation (1920730)
0190 Time-In-Bed Classroom-Based Sleep Challenges: 5-Month Follow-up Outcomes
Authors: Cruz Andri , Nickel Allison , Barley Blake , Scullin Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Half of college students routinely sleep &lt; 7 hours/night and sleep restriction is often even worse when preparing for exams. In prior work, we found that offering extra credit opportunities to extend one’s nightly time-in-bed during final exam week significantly increased actigraphy-defined total sleep time. In the current work, we repeated actigraphy monitoring in students who took the sleep challenge to investigate the durability of sleep benefits during the following semester.

Methods
Seventy-four students in Fall 2022 completed baseline questionnaires and actigraphy monitoring 11 weeks before taking a sleep challenge during final exam week (both occurred only on weekday nights). During the sleep challenge, students could earn five extra credit points if they extended their average time-in-bed to 9 hours/night. During the following spring semester (11 weeks post-challenge), students were invited to participate in a follow-up study in which they repeated questionnaires and actigraphy monitoring. There were no extra credit incentives offered during the follow-up monitoring period. Participants provided informed consent and the class instructor was kept blinded to which students participated in the follow-up.

Results
62% of participants were still enrolled at the university and agreed to participate in the follow-up study. Those who completed the follow-up study were comparable to those lost to follow-up in demographics, baseline GPA, baseline PSQI, baseline chronotype, and fall semester final exam grade (ps&gt;.05). The initial extra-credit incentive during the fall semester increased total sleep time by 44 minutes on average; approximately half of this benefit was retained during the spring semester. Relative to baseline (6.75 ± 0.84 hours), students showed 24 minutes/night more total sleep time five months later (7.14 ± 0.98 hours; p&lt;.003), without a change to sleep efficiency (82.9% versus 82.5%, p&gt;.05). Actigraphy-defined total sleep time at the spring semester follow-up was statistically comparable to total sleep time during the fall semester sleep challenge week (p&gt;.05). Demographic and academic variables were not significant predictors of individual likelihood of maintaining sleep benefits at follow-up.

Conclusion
Incentive-based approaches to encouraging healthier sleep habits can have a sustained benefit in student groups.

Support (if any)
National Science Foundation (1920730, 1943323).
0191 Evaluating Sleep Intra-Individual Variability: Relationships with Sleep Quality, Sleepiness, and Time Management
Authors: Dietsch Lydia , Gao Chenlu , Scullin Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Intra-individual variability (IIV) in sleep is increasingly studied for its association with health, beyond mean sleep characteristics. However, measuring sleep IIV can be challenging without actiwatches or multi-day sleep diaries. To enable efficient one-time assessment of IIV in various sleep domains, we developed and updated the Sleep Intra-individual Variability Scale version 2 (SIIV). We evaluated the internal consistency of the SIIV and investigated the relationship between sleep IIV, sleep quality, sleepiness, and time management.

Methods
We asked 374 first-year college students (mean age=18.34, SD=0.85; 73.26% female) to complete the SIIV, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Time Management Questionnaire. The SIIV asked for typical sleep characteristics on every day of the week, in five domains: bedtime, risetime, total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency (SOL), and napping. Individual standard deviations of sleep characteristics were calculated to represent IIV in sleep domains. Cronbach’s alpha, t-tests, and Pearsons’ correlations were conducted.

Results
IIVs in the five sleep domains were relatively independent (Cronbach’s alpha=0.39). We found a strong correlation between IIVs in TSTs and IIVs in risetimes (r=0.60, p&lt; 0.001), but all other domains were weakly-to-moderately correlated (rs&lt;.30). Non-white students reported greater IIV in TST than white students (non-white: 1.00±0.60h; white: 0.83±0.54h; p=0.005) and risetime (non-White: 74.86±40.88min; White: 65.82±36.19min; p=0.027). Females reported greater IIV in SOL than males (females: 4.92±5.07min; male: 3.35±3.91min; p=0.002). After controlling for mean sleep characteristics, poorer sleep quality was associated with greater IIV in TST (r=0.30, p&lt; 0.001), risetime (r=0.19, p&lt; 0.001), and SOL (r=0.16, p=0.002). Greater IIV in TST (r=0.16, p=0.002) and SOL (r=0.21, p&lt; 0.001) also correlated with greater daytime sleepiness, after adjusting for mean TST and SOL, respectively. In addition, greater IIV in TST (r=-0.12, p=0.021) was associated with poorer time management, after adjusting for mean TST.

Conclusion
Greater IIV in sleep, especially TST, was associated with demographics, poor sleep quality, sleepiness, and poor time management. A single timepoint, self-reported measure of IIV increases the feasibility of estimating nightly consistency/regularity across five sleep domains.

Support (if any)
National Science Foundation (1920730 and 1943323)