bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Temperature on Biological Denitrification Process
Authors: Amatya Iswar Man , Kansakar Bhagwan Ratna , Tare Vinod , Fiksdal Liv 
Published: July 2009

Nitrate removal in groundwater was carried out by biological method of denitrification process. The denitrification and without denitrification were performed in two different sets of reactors. Each reactor consists of two columns connected in series packed with over burnt bricks as media. The filtration rate varied from 5.3 to 52.6 m/day for denitrification process. The ammonia, nitrate and nitrite nitrogen concentrations were measured at inlet, intermediate ports and outlet. The temperature varied from 10 to 30°C at 2°C intervals. The results demonstrated that high amount of nitrate nitrogen removed in groundwater at denitrification process. The nitrate nitrogen removed by denitrification varied from 3.50 to 39.08 gm/m3/h at influent concentration from 6.32 to 111.04 gm/m3/h. Denitrification was found more significant above 16°C.Key words: Over burnt brick, Denitrification, Filtration rate and TemperatureJournal of the Institute of Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 1, July, 2009 pp. 121-126doi: 10.3126/jie.v7i1.2070
Trends in brain cancer incidence and survival in the United States: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, 1973 to 2001
Authors: Deorah Sundeep , Lynch Charles F. , Sibenaller Zita A. , Ryken Timothy C. 
Published: July 2009

Object
An increasing incidence of brain cancer has been reported for the last three decades. In this study of brain cancer incidence and patient survival in the US, the authors attempt to update information on trends by examining data provided by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program.

Methods
Population-based data from the SEER Program were used to calculate the incidence of and survival rates for people with brain cancer. The approximate Poisson method was used to calculate relative risks for brain cancer and to determine a 95% confidence interval. Annual age-standardized incidence rates were calculated, and time-trend analysis was conducted using joinpoint regression analysis.
The relative risks of brain cancer were 1.48 for men compared with women, 3.18 for elderly persons compared with young adults, 1.86 for Caucasian patients compared with African-American patients, and 1.35 for those in metropolitan counties compared with those in nonmetropolitan counties. The incidence of brain cancer increased until 1987, when the annual percentage of change reversed direction, decreasing from 1.68 to −0.44%. The elderly experienced an increase until 1985, but their rates were stable thereafter. Rising trends were noticed for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), oligodendroglioma, anaplastic astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, and mixed glioma, and falling trends were observed for astrocytoma not otherwise specified and malignant glioma. The survival rate for patients with GBM has not shown improvement in the last two decades.

Conclusions
Increased risk of brain cancer is associated with being male, Caucasian, elderly, and residing in a metropolitan county. The incidence rate of brain cancer in the US is gradually declining, but the rising trend of GBM combined with its poor survival rate is disconcerting and needs further exploration.
Cardio specific Troponin I in patients with Aortic stenosis
Authors: Nahar Nazmun , Begum Bilquis Ara , Khaleque-uzzaman Dr , Mashud SM , Parveen Sultana , Yeasmin Roksana 
Published: July 2009

To evaluate the association of Cardio specific Troponin I (CTnI) and aortic stenosis. Cross sectional study was conducted among 20 aortic stenosis patients and 20 control groups. A structured questioner and checklist was used to collect data through face to face interview, Echocardiography findings, and laboratory estimation of cTnl. A total 20 patients and 20 healthy control subjects were investigated for cTnl. cTnl level was within normal physiological limits in all the control subjects. The mean value was 0.02±00. The mean cTnl level in Aortic stenosis patients were 0.67±0.81. EJection fraction of Aortic stenosis patients were normal, indicating that cases yet not develops complication (eg; Heart failure). The cTnl in control group and Aortic stenosis patients shows significant difference of mean (p < 0.001). cTnl level in Aortic stenosis patients increases in absence of heart failure indicating that it can expose cardiomyocyte injury prior to the development of over Left ventricular dysfunction. So that, serial monitoring of cTnl could help clinician to give definitive treatment before development of complications. Keywords: Cardiospecific Troporin I. Aortic Stenosis. doi: 10.3329/bjpath.v24i1.2875 Bangladesh J Pathol 24 (1) : 9-11
A huge retroperitoneal mass histologically diagnosed as well differentiated liposarcoma-a case report
Authors: Rahman Md Tahminur , Khan Abdul Kader , Ferdousi Shamima , Bela Shamsun Nahar 
Published: July 2009

A 45 year old female presented with huge abdominal swelling (subsequently diagnosed as a retroperitoneal mass (12kg) by ultrasonogram and CT scan), gradual weight loss and respiratory distress for last one year. She had also complaints of anorexia, epigastric pain, and hiccough for one year. Her retroperitoneal mass was resected and sent for histopathological examination which was later diagnosed as well differentiated liposarcoma. Key words: Liposarcoma, retroperitoneal mass doi: 10.3329/bjpath.v24i1.2878 Bangladesh J Pathol 24 (1) : 21-24
CCR 7 Ligands Are Required for Development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis through Generating IL-23-Dependent Th17 Cells
Authors: Kuwabara Taku , Ishikawa Fumio , Yasuda Takuwa , Aritomi Kentaro , Nakano Hideki , Tanaka Yuriko , Okada Yayoi , Lipp Martin , Kakiuchi Terutaka 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
CCL19 and CCL21 are thought to be critical for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induction, but their precise role is unknown. We examined the role of these chemokines in inducing EAE. C57BL/6 mice lacking expression of these chemokines (plt/plt mice) or their receptor CCR7 were resistant to EAE induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35–55 (MOG35–55) and pertussis toxin. However, passive transfer of pathogenic T cells from wild-type mice induced EAE in plt/plt mice, suggesting a defect independent of the role of CCR7 ligands in the migration of immune cells. Examination of draining lymph node (DLN) cells from MOG35–55-immunized plt/plt mice found decreased IL-23 and IL-12 production by plt/plt dendritic cells (DCs) and a concomitant defect in Th17 cell and Th1 cell generation. In contrast, production of the Th17 lineage commitment factors IL-6 and TGF-β were unaffected by loss of CCR7 ligands. The adoptive transfer of in vitro-generated Th17 cells from DLN cells of MOG35–55-immunized plt/plt mice developed EAE in wild-type recipient mice, whereas that of Th1 cells did not. Pathogenic Th17 cell generation was restored in plt/plt DLNs with the addition of exogenous IL-23 or CCL19/CCL21 and could be reversed by inclusion of anti-IL-23 mAb in cultures. Exogenous CCL19/CCL21 induced IL-23p19 expression and IL-23 production by plt/plt or wild-type DCs. Therefore, CCR7 ligands have a novel function in stimulating DCs to produce IL-23 and are important in the IL-23-dependent generation of pathogenic Th17 cells in EAE induction.
IL-10 Suppresses Calcium-Mediated Costimulation of Receptor Activator NF-κB Signaling during Human Osteoclast Differentiation by Inhibiting TREM-2 Expression
Authors: Park-Min Kyung-Hyun , Ji Jong-Dae , Antoniv Taras , Reid Alicia C. , Silver Randi B. , Humphrey Mary Beth , Nakamura Mary , Ivashkiv Lionel B. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Induction of effective osteoclastogenesis by RANK (receptor activator of NF-κB) requires costimulation by ITAM-coupled receptors. In humans, the TREM-2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) ITAM-coupled receptor plays a key role in bone remodeling, as patients with TREM-2 mutations exhibit defective osteoclastogenesis and bone lesions. We have identified a new rapidly induced costimulatory pathway for RANK signaling that is dependent on TREM-2 and mediated by calcium signaling. TREM-2-dependent calcium signals are required for RANK-mediated activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK)II and downstream MEK and ERK MAPKs that are important for osteoclastogenesis. IL-10 inhibited RANK-induced osteoclastogenesis and selectively inhibited calcium signaling downstream of RANK by inhibiting transcription of TREM-2. Down-regulation of TREM-2 expression resulted in diminished RANKL-induced activation of the CaMK-MEK-ERK pathway and decreased expression of the master regulator of osteoclastogenesis NFATc1. These findings provide a new mechanism of inhibition of human osteoclast differentiation. The results also yield insights into crosstalk between ITAM-coupled receptors and heterologous receptors such as RANK, and they identify a mechanism by which IL-10 can suppress cellular responses to TNFR family members.
Chimeric NKG2D T Cells Require Both T Cell- and Host-Derived Cytokine Secretion and Perforin Expression to Increase Tumor Antigen Presentation and Systemic Immunity
Authors: Barber Amorette , Sentman Charles L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Treatment of mice bearing established ovarian tumors with T cells expressing chimeric NKG2D receptors (chNKG2D) develop protective host immune responses to tumor Ags. In this study, the mechanisms that chNKG2D T cells require to induce host immunity against ovarian tumors and which of the host immune cells are involved in tumor elimination were determined. Treatment with chNKG2D T cells led to a sustained, increased IFN-γ production by host NK, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells in the spleen and at the tumor site and this continued for many weeks after T cell injection. Tumor Ag presentation was enhanced in chNKG2D T cell-treated mice, and there were greater numbers of tumor-specific T cells at the tumor site and in draining lymph nodes after treatment with chNKG2D T cells. The increase in host cell cytokine secretion and Ag presentation was dependent on chNKG2D T cell-derived perforin, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF. Host immune mechanisms were involved in tumor elimination because inhibition of tumor growth was limited in mice that lacked perforin, IFN-γ, NK cells, or T and B cells (Rag1−/−). There was no role for host-derived GM-CSF or CD1-dependent NKT cells, because mice deficient in these were able to clear tumors as well as treated wild-type B6 mice. In summary, chNKG2D T cells required both cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion as well as the participation of host immune cells for development of a host antitumor immune response and complete efficacy.
Human Neutrophils Coordinate Chemotaxis by Differential Activation of Rac1 and Rac2
Authors: Zhang Hui , Sun Chunxiang , Glogauer Michael , Bokoch Gary M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Rac1 and Rac2, members of the small Rho GTPase family, play essential roles in coordinating directional migration and superoxide production during neutrophil responses to chemoattractants. Although earlier studies in Rac1 and Rac2 knockout mice have demonstrated unique roles for each Rac isoform in chemotaxis and NADPH oxidase activation, it is still unclear how human neutrophils use Rac1 and Rac2 to achieve their immunological responses to foreign agent stimulation. In the current study, we used TAT dominant-negative Rac1-T17N and Rac2-T17N fusion proteins to acutely alter the activity of Rac1 and Rac2 individually in human neutrophils. We demonstrate distinct activation kinetics and different roles for Rac1 and Rac2 in response to low vs high concentrations of fMLP. These observations were verified using neutrophils from mice in which Rac1 or Rac2 was genetically absent. Based on these results, we propose a model to explain how human neutrophils kill invading microbes while limiting oxidative damage to the adjacent surrounding healthy tissue through the differential activation of Rac1 and Rac2 in response to different concentrations of chemoattractant.
Role of Salmonella enterica Lipopolysaccharide in Activation of Dendritic Cell Functions and Bacterial Containment
Authors: Zenk Sebastian F. , Jantsch Jonathan , Hensel Michael 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In contrast to nonpathogenic bacteria, the Gram-negative pathogen Salmonella enterica is not eradicated, but persists in murine dendritic cells (DC). The molecular basis of this phenotype is unknown. We set out to characterize bacterial and DC functions that are involved in Salmonella persistence. Our data prove that neither bacterial nor host cell de novo protein biosynthesis is required for Salmonella persistence in DC. We identified the Salmonella O-Ag of the LPS of Salmonella as an important factor for controlling the intracellular fate of Salmonella in DC. A Salmonella strain with entirely absent O-Ag showed an increased rate of uptake by DC, altered intracellular processing, and increased degradation, and also boosted the activation of immune functions of DC. These novel findings demonstrate that in addition to the multiple functions of the bacterial LPS in adaptation to the intestinal environment and protection against innate immune function, this molecule also has an important role in interaction of Salmonella with DC.
Immune Sensing of Aspergillus fumigatus Proteins, Glycolipids, and Polysaccharides and the Impact on Th Immunity and Vaccination
Authors: Bozza Silvia , Clavaud Cecile , Giovannini Gloria , Fontaine Thierry , Beauvais Anne , Sarfati Jacqueline , D'Angelo Carmen , Perruccio Katia , Bonifazi Pierluigi , Zagarella Silvia , Moretti Silvia , Bistoni Francesco , Latgé Jean-Paul , Romani Luigina 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The ability of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus to activate, suppress, or subvert host immune response during life cycle in vivo through dynamic changing of cell wall structure and secretion implicates discriminative immune sensing of distinct fungal components. In this study, we have comparatively assessed secreted- and membrane-anchored proteins, glycolipids, and polysaccharides for the ability to induce vaccine-dependent protection in transplanted mice and Th cytokine production by human-specific CD4+ T cell clones. The results show that the different fungal components are endowed with the distinct capacity to activate Th cell responses in mice and humans, with secreted proteins inducing Th2 cell activation, membrane proteins Th1/Treg, glycolipids Th17, and polysaccharides mostly IL-10 production. Of interest, the side-by-side comparison revealed that at least three fungal components (a protease and two glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins) retained their immunodominant Th1/Treg activating potential from mice to humans. This suggests that the broadness and specificity of human T cell repertoire against the fungus could be selectively exploited with defined immunoactive Aspergillus Ags.
Structural Basis of the CD8αβ/MHC Class I Interaction: Focused Recognition Orients CD8β to a T Cell Proximal Position
Authors: Wang Rui , Natarajan Kannan , Margulies David H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In the immune system, B cells, dendritic cells, NK cells, and T lymphocytes all respond to signals received via ligand binding to receptors and coreceptors. Although the specificity of T cell recognition is determined by the interaction of T cell receptors with MHC/peptide complexes, the development of T cells in the thymus and their sensitivity to Ag are also dependent on coreceptor molecules CD8 (for MHC class I (MHCI)) and CD4 (for MHCII). The CD8αβ heterodimer is a potent coreceptor for T cell activation, but efforts to understand its function fully have been hampered by ignorance of the structural details of its interactions with MHCI. In this study we describe the structure of CD8αβ in complex with the murine MHCI molecule H-2Dd at 2.6 Å resolution. The focus of the CD8αβ interaction is the acidic loop (residues 222–228) of the α3 domain of H-2Dd. The β subunit occupies a T cell membrane proximal position, defining the relative positions of the CD8α and CD8β subunits. Unlike the CD8αα homodimer, CD8αβ does not contact the MHCI α2- or β2-microglobulin domains. Movements of the CD8α CDR2 and CD8β CDR1 and CDR2 loops as well as the flexibility of the H-2Dd CD loop facilitate the monovalent interaction. The structure resolves inconclusive data on the topology of the CD8αβ/MHCI interaction, indicates that CD8β is crucial in orienting the CD8αβ heterodimer, provides a framework for understanding the mechanistic role of CD8αβ in lymphoid cell signaling, and offers a tangible context for design of structurally altered coreceptors for tumor and viral immunotherapy.
A Molecular Insight into Complement Evasion by the Staphylococcal Complement Inhibitor Protein Family
Authors: Ricklin Daniel , Tzekou Apostolia , Garcia Brandon L. , Hammel Michal , McWhorter William J. , Sfyroera Georgia , Wu You-Qiang , Holers V. Michael , Herbert Andrew P. , Barlow Paul N. , Geisbrecht Brian V. , Lambris John D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus possesses an impressive arsenal of complement evasion proteins that help the bacterium escape attack of the immune system. The staphylococcal complement inhibitor (SCIN) protein exhibits a particularly high potency and was previously shown to block complement by acting at the level of the C3 convertases. However, many details about the exact binding and inhibitory mechanism remained unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that SCIN directly binds with nanomolar affinity to a functionally important area of C3b that lies near the C terminus of its β-chain. Direct competition of SCIN with factor B for C3b slightly decreased the formation of surface-bound convertase. However, the main inhibitory effect can be attributed to an entrapment of the assembled convertase in an inactive state. Whereas native C3 is still able to bind to the blocked convertase, no generation and deposition of C3b could be detected in the presence of SCIN. Furthermore, SCIN strongly competes with the binding of factor H to C3b and influences its regulatory activities: the SCIN-stabilized convertase was essentially insensitive to decay acceleration by factor H and the factor I- and H-mediated conversion of surface-bound C3b to iC3b was significantly reduced. By targeting a key area on C3b, SCIN is able to block several essential functions within the alternative pathway, which explains the high potency of the inhibitor. Our findings provide an important insight into complement evasion strategies by S. aureus and may act as a base for further functional studies.
Relationship between psychopathy and indirect aggression use in a noncriminal population
Authors: Warren Gemma C. , Clarbour Jane 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPsychopathy has long been associated with increased use of direct aggression and violence, especially among male inmates. Little research has, of yet, considered the relation between psychopathy and indirect forms of aggression. The current research sought to investigate the relationship between psychopathy and indirect aggression in a noncriminal sample. The results indicated that there was a strong relationship between psychopathic traits and indirect aggression, with strong correlations between indirect aggression and both factor 1 (coldheartedness) and factor 3 (impulsive antisociality). This association remained significant even after the effects of direct aggression had been controlled for. Path analysis indicated that both direct and indirect aggression was underpinned by the same psychopathy factors. This suggests that high psychopathy scorers will utilize direct and indirect aggression equally and, as such, the choice of one type of aggression over the other may be dependant on either situational factors or external moderators. Aggr. Behav. 35:408–421, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the Mechanism of Biotransformation of the Anthraquinonic Dye Acid Blue 62 by Laccases
Authors: Pereira Luciana , Coelho Ana V. , Viegas Cristina A. , Ganachaud Christelle , Iacazio Gilles , Tron Thierry , Robalo M. Paula , Martins Lígia O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe used the recombinant CotA‐laccase from the bacterium Bacillus subtilis to investigate the biotransformation of the commercial anthraquinonic dye Acid Blue 62. Kinetics of dye biotransformation at pH 6 follow a Michaelis–Menten model. NMR and several MS techniques allowed the identification of intermediates and final products of the enzymatic biotransformation. The main final product obtained, 1‐[(4‐amino‐9,10‐dioxo‐3‐sulfo‐9,10‐dihydroanthracen‐1‐yl)diazenyl]‐4‐cyclohexylamino‐9,10‐dioxo‐9,10‐dihydroanthracene‐2‐sulfonic acid, is formed through the creation of an azo link and has been previously identified as an intermediate compound in the biodegradation of Acid Blue 62 by crude fungal preparations. The identification of 1,4‐diamino‐9,10‐dioxo‐3‐sulfo‐9,10‐dihydroanthracene‐2‐sulfonic acid and of cyclohexanone, in reaction mixtures with CotA‐laccase and also its presence in reactions performed with the LAC3 laccase from the fungus Trametes sp. C30, suggest the occurrence of coupling reactions between the intermediate products of dye oxidation. Based on these results, we propose a mechanistic pathway for the biotransformation of Acid Blue 62 by laccases. A bioassay based on the inhibitory effects of the dye and its enzymatic products on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows the importance of laccases in reducing dye toxicity.
Katalyse durch Rezyklierung von Radikalen oder Elektronen
Authors: Buckel Wolfgang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractZurzeit werden immer mehr Enzyme entdeckt, die entweder selbst Radikale enthalten oder Reaktionen mit radikalischen Intermediaten katalysieren. Diese Radikalenzyme machen Reaktionswege möglich, die in Zweielektronenschritten nicht begehbar sind. Kürzlich begannen Organiker, Radikale für präparative Zwecke anzuwenden, in denen ein durch Licht angeregtes Elektron katalytisch aktiv ist und nach jedem Umsatz wiederverwendet wird. Dieser Kurzaufsatz vergleicht diese neuen Synthesemethoden mit Enzymmechanismen, die auf der Rezyklierung eines Radikals oder Elektrons als Cofaktor beruhen.
Further evaluation of idiosyncratic functions for severe problem behavior: Aggression maintained by access to walks
Authors: Ringdahl Joel E. , Christensen Tory J. , Boelter Eric W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe results of functional analyses of problem behavior can sometimes be undifferentiated. This lack of differentiation might be due to methodological problems or the absence of variables relevant to problem behavior in the assessment. The current case example provides a clarification of undifferentiated functional analysis results through the inclusion of a particular reinforcer that was not a part of the initial functional analysis. In addition, treatment data showed a decrease in problem behavior when the putative reinforcer was provided response‐dependently or response‐independently. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.