bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spanish Succession, War of the (1701–1714)
Authors: Starkey Armstrong 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe War of the Spanish Succession was a catastrophe that many had foreseen and struggled to prevent. For decades European statesmen had anticipated the death without direct heirs of the last Habsburg king of Spain, Charles II (1661–1700). As the seven teenth century drew to an end, the eyes of European statesmen were drawn to the Spanish inheritance, an empire that included Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, Naples, Milan, the Spanish Netherlands, and colonies in the Americas, and the Philippines. Claims to this inheritance could be presented by the Austrian branch of the Habsburg family and by the French Bourbon family of Louis XIV. This, of course, was no mere family squabble over the details of a will. Acquisition of the Spanish Empire by either side threatened to destroy the European balance of power and thus the interests of states not directly involved in the obscure legal issues were linked to the outcomes.
Sri Lankan Civil War
Authors: Stone David R. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Sri Lankan Civil War originated in religious and ethnic divides among the Sri Lankan population. Under British colonial rule, Sri Lankan society was dominated by English‐educated Christians who were disproportionately Tamil. With independence in 1948, the Sinhalese, the Buddhist ethnic majority comprising approximately 70 percent of the population, asserted their own identity, making Sinhalese the official language, establishing Buddhism as the official religion, and disenfranchising Tamil migrants who had moved to Sri Lanka from India under British rule to work on tea plantations. This created resentment among the largely Hindu Tamil minority. Tensions between Buddhist Sinhalese and Hindu Tamils grew steadily.
Takeda Shingen (1521–1573)
Authors: David Spafford 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
No one better than Takeda Shingen embodies the archetype of the warlord in Japan's Warring States period (1467–1600). A brilliant general and a master of intrigue, he also stands out among the great political innovators of his age, and his long rise and sudden passing perfectly epitomize the uncertainty of families' fortunes in the sixteenth century.
Talat, Mehmed (“Talat Pasha”) (1874–1921)
Authors: David Pizzo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTalat Pasha was an important Turkish leader and member of the Committee for Union and Progress (CUP) in the early twentieth century. Rising from humble origins, Talat climbed to the highest levels of Ottoman government. In that capacity he had much to do with the Young Turk revolutionaries' social and economic reforms, and he was a leading figure in the country's foreign relations. He is perhaps best known, however, for his controversial involvement in the deportation and massacre of hundreds of thousands of Ottoman Armenians during World War I.
Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)
Authors: Wilson Peter H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Thirty Years' War was the most destructive conflict in European history before the two world wars. It is regarded as a significant stage in western warfare, associated with the idea of an early modern Military Revolution, and with “great captains” like Gustavus Adolphus, Condé, and Turenne. Nearly all the continent's major and most of the minor powers became involved. The peace congress in the two Westphalian towns of Münster and Osnabrück was attended by 194 official delegations and is widely hailed as a landmark in the development of modern diplomacy and the transition to an international order based on sovereign states.
Tokugawa Shogunate (1603–1868)
Authors: Wilson Noell 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The Tokugawa shogunate was the last, and longest enduring, of three shogunates, or warrior‐staffed bureaucracies, in Japanese history, following the Kamakura (1185–1333) and Ashikaga (1336–1573) shogunates. The Tokugawa warrior house, which founded the eponymous shogunate, emerged
primus inter pares
after allied forces led by general Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated rival warlords at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu's victory, and creation of a new political center in Edo, completed the early modern unification process begun by his predecessors, Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi. In 1603, after Ieyasu consolidated his alliances, Emperor Go‐Yōzei invested him with the title of shogun, an abbreviation of
seii tai shōgun
(barbarianquelling generalissimo), which had originated in the eighth and ninth centuries as a temporary commission granted to generals charged with pacifying the Emishi of the northeast. To legitimate his appointment to this position, Ieyasu carefully crafted a family genealogy descended from the prestigious Minamoto line of warriors, including Yoritomo, head of the first shogunate in Kamakura. As well, he fostered a new strain of neo‐Confucian ideology to buttress his rule. Ieyasu retained the title shogun for only two years, until 1605, when he transferred the position to his son, Hidetada, so that he could oversee the succession while in full health and create a tradition of peaceful power transfer among Tokugawa rulers. The post would be filled by a succession of 15 Tokugawa heirs until the final shogun, Yoshinobu, abdicated in 1868.
Trenchard, Marshal of theRAFSir Hugh, 1stViscount Trenchard (1873–1956)
Authors: Pugh James 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBritain's most important airpower commander during World War I, Trenchard became first Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) for the Royal Air Force (RAF), a post he held on two occasions. Not an original thinker or theorist in the sense of Gulio Douhet or William “Billy” Mitchell, Trenchard established a sound footing for the RAF and secured the continued independence of Britain's junior service. The caricature of the blusterous, blunt, and inarticulate “Boom” Trenchard (a nickname reflecting the power of his voice) is too readily accepted. Trenchard, whose great gift was his understanding of the political and economic dimensions of senior command, recognized his weaknesses and surrounded himself with able deputies who expressed his policies in more eloquent form.
War and Medicine
Authors: Perry Heather R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractUntil quite recently, scholars seemed unwavering in the belief that war, however brutal in its prosecution, had the unintended and positive by‐product of inspiring medical progress. This conventional opinion held that in responding to the wounds of war, medical practitioners became innovators of treatments, therapies, and techniques crucial to saving soldiers' lives. Moreover, this thesis argued, as the weapons of war evolved to create new injuries, so too did the medical response to them. War was often perceived, as one scholar has noted, as a handmaiden to medical progress. Toward the end of the twentieth century, however, scholars began studying more closely the relationships between war and medicine and today the topic of war and medicine can refer to a number of subjects including: conflictrelated disease and public health, the impact of war on medicine, the impact of medicine on war, the organization of military medicine, and the overall care and welfare of soldiers on the battlefield. This article examines these interrelated phenomena while also highlighting significant developments or historical debates within each of them.
War and Music
Authors: Sweeney Regina 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWar and music have been intertwined since ancient times. Music propelled fighters into battle and signaled retreats, while soldiers' heroic deeds or sad deaths inspired composers. In many cases, a conflict stimulated the production of music for both amateurs and professionals, especially during the massive nationalist wars of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Wars have also stimulated musical exchanges with armies sharing tunes or adopting new instruments. And technology has dramatically changed how music can be conveyed—from being memorized, carried in songbooks, or played with instruments, to being reproduced on radio or compact discs.
Wars of the East India Company (1748–1849)
Authors: Deshpande Anirudh 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The replacement of the Mughal Empire by the numerous regional polities in south Asia during the eighteenth century underscored the rise of British power in India. The British conquered large parts of India by crushing the French and simultaneously exploiting the differences between the native powers. During the Seven Years' War, and the concomitant Carnatic Wars in south India, Britain defeated France and became dominant in south Asia. The Portuguese, confined to the coast, posed no threat to the English East India Company (hereafter, “Company”) founded in 1600 and operating from its trading factories in Surat and some other places. The Dutch, defeated by the British in the seventeenthcentury maritime wars, were driven away from India and Ceylon. Thus, after 1750, Britain emerged as the foremost modern global naval, commercial, and colonial power. In general, British mercantile and political interests coincided in this period to create a vast overseas empire resting on the back of colonial resources and manpower. The colonies provided the mercantile capital necessary for the Industrial Revolution and, later, markets to British industry and finance.
World War I: Southern Front
Authors: Vandervort Bruce 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFrom 1915 down to the end of World War I, some three million Italian soldiers, aided from time to time by British and French troops, fought a little over two million Austro‐Hungarian soldiers, backed on occasion by German troops, over control of some of the most unforgiving real estate in western Europe. The war these soldiers waged took place along a four hundred mile arc north of Venice, fronted over most of its distance by the highest mountains in Europe, the Dolomites and the Carnic and Julian Alps. But most of the battles were fought along the eastern sector of the front, the some forty‐mile stretch along the Isonzo River, which flows to the Adriatic. Across the river, the land rises approximately two thousand feet to two desolate plateaux, the Bainsizza, etched with steep ridges, and the Carso or Karst, a treeless limestone waste in what is today Slovenia. The territory the two armies fought over was partially inhabited by Italians who had remained Austrian subjects after the nineteenth‐century wars that led to the unification of Italy. Bringing this irredenta, or “unredeemed” region, under the Italian flag was a major reason for Italy's abandonment of its long‐standing partnership in the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria Hungary and its entry into World War I in 1915 on the side of the Triple Entente.
Non‐native english language speakers benefit most from the use of lecture capture in medical school
Authors: Shaw‡ Graham P. , Molnar David 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMedical education in the United States and Canada continues to evolve. However, many of the changes in pedagogy are being made without appropriate evaluation. Here, we attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of lecture capture technology as a learning tool in Podiatric medical education. In this pilot project, student performance in an inaugural lecture capture‐supported biochemistry course was compared to that in the previous academic year. To examine the impact of online lecture podcasts on student performance a within‐subjects design was implemented, a two way ANCOVA with repeated measures. The use of lecture capture‐supported pedagogy resulted in significantly higher student test scores, than achieved historically using traditional pedagogy. The overall course performance using this lecture capture‐supported pedagogy was almost 6% higher than in the previous year. Non‐native English language speakers benefitted more significantly from the lecture capture‐supported pedagogy than native English language speakers, since their performance improved by 10.0 points. Given that underrepresented minority (URM) students, whose native language is not English, makes up a growing proportion of medical school matriculates, these observations support the use of lecture capture technology in other courses. Furthermore, this technology may also be used as part of an academic enrichment plan to improve performance on the American Podiatric Medical Licensing Examination, reduce the attrition of URM students and potentially address the predicted minority physician shortage in 2020. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 416–420, 2011
Problem‐solving test: Submitochondrial localization of proteins
Authors: Szeberényi József 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTerms to be familiar with before you start to solve the test: mitochondria, outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix, mitochondrial fraction, cell fractionation by differential centrifugation, pellet, supernatant, detergents, phenol, cytosolic fraction, integral and peripheral membrane proteins, hypotonic solution, SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blotting. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 459–461, 2011
Synthetic Virus‐Like Particles and Conformationally Constrained Peptidomimetics in Vaccine Design
Authors: Riedel Tina , Ghasparian Arin , Moehle Kerstin , Rusert Peter , Trkola Alexandra , Robinson John A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractConformationally constrained peptidomimetics could be of great value in the design of vaccines targeting protective epitopes on viral and bacterial pathogens. But the poor immunogenicity of small synthetic molecules represents a serious obstacle for their use in vaccine development. Here, we show how a constrained epitope mimetic can be rendered highly immunogenic through multivalent display on the surface of synthetic virus‐like nanoparticles. The target epitope is the V3 loop from the gp120 glycoprotein of HIV‐1 bound to the neutralizing antibody F425‐B4e8. The antibody‐bound V3 loop adopts a β‐hairpin conformation, which is effectively stabilized by transplantation onto a D‐Pro‐L‐Pro template. The resulting mimetic after coupling to synthetic virus‐like particles elicited antibodies in rabbits that recognized recombinant gp120. The elicited antibodies also blocked infection by the neutralization sensitive tier‐1 strain MN of HIV‐1, as well as engineered viruses with the V1V2 loop deleted; this result is consistent with screening of V3 by the V1V2 loop in intact trimeric viral gp120 spikes. The results provide new insights into HIV‐1 vaccine design based on the V3 loop, and illustrate how knowledge from structural biology can be exploited for the design of constrained epitope mimetics, which can be delivered to the immune system by using a highly immunogenic synthetic nanoparticle delivery system.
Preparation, Characterization of a Novel Chelating Resin Functionalized with o‐Hydroxybenzamide and Its Application for Preconcentration of Trace Metal Ions
Authors: Islam Aminul , Ahmad Akil , Laskar Mohammad Asaduddin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA stable extractor of metal ions was synthesized through azo linking of o‐hydroxybenzamide (HBAM) with Amberlite XAD‐4 (AXAD‐4) and was characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectral, and thermal studies. Its water regain value and hydrogen ion capacity were found to be 12.93 and 7.68 mmol g−1, respectively. The optimum pH range (with the half‐loading time [min], t1/2) for Cu(II), Cr(III), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) ions were 2.0–4.0 (5.5), 2.0–4.0 (7.0), 2.0–4.0 (8.0), 4.0–6.0 (9.0), 4.0–6.0 (12.0), and 2.0–4.0 (15.0), respectively. Comparison of breakthrough and overall capacities of the metals ascertains the high degree of column utilization (>70%). The overall sorption capacities for Cu(II), Cr(III), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) ions were found to be 0.29, 0.22, 0.20, 0.16, 0.13, and 0.11 mmol g−1 with the corresponding preconcentration factor of 400, 380, 380, 360, 320, and 320, respectively. The limit of preconcentration was in the range of 5.0–6.3 ng mL−1. The detection limit for Cu(II), Cr(III), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) were found to be 0.39, 0.49, 0.42, 0.59, 0.71, and 1.10 ng mL−1, respectively. The AXAD‐4‐HBAM has been successfully applied for the analysis of natural water, multivitamin formulation, infant milk substitute, hydrogenated oil, urine, and fish.
Removal of Copper, Nickel, and Zinc Ions from Electroplating Rinse Water
Authors: Revathi Meyyappan , Saravanan Mohan , Chiya Ahmed Basha , Velan Manickam 
Published: November 2011

AbstractRemoval of copper, nickel, and zinc ions from synthetic electroplating rinse water was investigated using cationic exchange resin (Ceralite IR 120). Batch ion exchange studies were carried out to optimize the various experimental parameters (such as contact time, pH, and dosage). Influence of co‐existing cations, chelating agent EDTA on the removal of metal ion of interest was also studied. Sorption isotherm data obtained at different experimental conditions were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich–Peterson, and Toth models. A maximum adsorption capacity of 164 mg g−1 for Cu(II), 109 mg g−1 for Ni(II), and 105 mg g−1 for Zn(II) was observed at optimum experimental conditions according to Langmuir model. The kinetic data for metal ions adsorption process follows pseudo second‐order. Presence of EDTA and co‐ions markedly alters the metal ion removal. Continuous column ion exchange experiments were also conducted. The breakeven point of the column was obtained after recovering effectively several liters of rinse water. The treated rinse water could be recycled in rinsing operations. The Thomas and Adams–Bohart models were applied to column studies and the constants were evaluated. Desorption of the adsorbed metal ions from the resin column was studied by conducting a model experiments with Cu(II) ions loaded ion exchange resin column using sulfuric acid as eluant. A novel lead oxide coated Ti substrate dimensionally stable (DSA) anode was prepared for recovery of copper ions as metal foil from regenerated liquor by electro winning at different current densities (50–300 A cm−2).
Pristionchus uniformis, should I stay or should I go? Recent host range expansion in a European nematode
Authors: D’Anna Isabella , Sommer Ralf J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPristionchus pacificus has been developed as a model system in evolutionary developmental biology, evolutionary ecology, and population genetics. This species has a well‐known ecological association with scarab beetles. Generally, Pristionchus nematodes have a necromenic association with their beetle hosts. Arrested dauer larvae invade the insect and wait for the host's death to resume development. Only one Pristionchus species is known to frequently associate with a non‐scarab beetle. Pristionchus uniformis has been isolated from the chrysomelid Leptinotarsa decemlineata, also known as the Colorado potato beetle, in Europe and North America, but is also found on scarab beetles. This unusual pattern of association with two unrelated groups of beetles on two continents requires the involvement of geographical and host range expansion events. Here, we characterized a collection of 81 P. uniformis isolates from North America and Europe and from both scarab beetles and L. decemlineata. We used population genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial gene nd2 to reconstruct the genetic history of P. uniformis and its beetle association. Olfactory tests on beetles chemical extracts showed that P. uniformis has a unique chemoattractive profile toward its beetle hosts. Our results provide evidence for host range expansion through host‐switching events in Europe where P. uniformis was originally associated with scarab beetles and the nematode's subsequent invasion of North America.
Microfluidic synthesis of tunable poly‐(N‐isopropylacrylamide) microparticles via PEG adjustment
Authors: Huang Shuqiang , Lin Bingcheng , Qin Jianhua 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe present a microfluidic droplet method to synthesize a series of tunable poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microparticles by the addition of polyethylene glycols (PEGs). The PEGs are used as porogens and could be removed simply by washing step. By varying molecular weights and concentrations of the PEGs, morphologies and temperature‐sensitive properties of the formed PNIPAM microparticles are flexibly tuned. It is found that PEG of lower molecular weight induces smaller micropore sizes, and results in faster response rate. The volume changes prior to and after shrinkage can also be regulated by the addition of PEGs due to tuned homogeneities of micropores. The microparticles tuned by PEG1000 with ratio of added PEGs to NIPAM of 2:1 respond the fastest (120 s), whereas with ratio of added PEGs to NIPAM of 1:1 display largest volume change (1/γ=12.12). This simplicity and controllability of tunable microparticles synthesis are appealing for various applications ranging from chemical delivery, drug release control, to optical applications.
Functional brain connectivity at rest changes after working memory training
Authors: Jolles Dietsje D. , van Buchem Mark A. , Crone Eveline A. , Rombouts Serge A.R.B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNetworks of functional connectivity are highly consistent across participants, suggesting that functional connectivity is for a large part predetermined. However, several studies have shown that functional connectivity may change depending on instructions or previous experience. In the present study, we investigated whether 6 weeks of practice with a working memory task changes functional connectivity during a resting period preceding the task. We focused on two task‐relevant networks, the frontoparietal network and the default network, using seed regions in the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), respectively. After practice, young adults showed increased functional connectivity between the right MFG and other regions of the frontoparietal network, including bilateral superior frontal gyrus, paracingulate gyrus, and anterior cingulate cortex. In addition, they showed reduced functional connectivity between the medial PFC and right posterior middle temporal gyrus. Moreover, a regression with performance changes revealed a positive relation between performance increases and changes of frontoparietal connectivity, and a negative relation between performance increases and changes of default network connectivity. Next, to study whether experience‐dependent effects would be different during development, we also examined practice effects in a pilot sample of 12‐year‐old children. No practice effects were found in this group, suggesting that practice‐related changes of functional connectivity are age‐dependent. Nevertheless, future studies with larger samples are necessary to confirm this hypothesis. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.