bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Score for Allergic Rhinitis Study in Turkey
Authors: Cingi Cemal , Songu Murat , Ural Ahmet , Annesi-Maesano Isabella , Erdogmus Nagehan , Bal Cengiz , Kahya Volkan , Ozbal Koc Eltaf Ayca , Cakir Burak Omur , Selcuk Adin , Ozlugedik Samet , Onal Kazim , Midilli Rasit , Ecevit Cenk , Pinar Ercan , Akoglu Ertap , Okuyucu Semsettin , Erkan Alper Nabi 
Published: September 2011

Background The clinical definition of allergic rhinitis (AR) is difficult to use in epidemiological settings of large populations where it is impossible to obtain the laboratory evidence of each immune response. However, the standardization of the definition of AR in epidemiological studies is of crucial importance. This study was designed to estimate the prevalence of AR in an adult general population with respect to seven distinct geographical regions in Turkey. Methods Individuals were evaluated with the Score for Allergic Rhinitis (SFAR) questionnaire for a national cross-sectional study. The Turkish version of the SFAR questionnaire was tested for clarity and sensitivity in a small sample of the general population. Results Among the 3967 interviewed subjects, the overall prevalence of AR was 29.6%, with regional variations (from 21.0% in the southeastern Anatolia region to 36.1% in the Marmara region). The prevalence was higher in women and in urban area of residence. Conclusion This national survey confirmed the elevated prevalence of AR in Turkey. Our findings may contribute to the formulation of the public health policy and development of preventive and therapeutic strategies for AR in eastern Europe.
Young People's Stigmatizing Attitudes towards People with Mental Disorders: Findings from an Australian National Survey
Authors: Reavley Nicola J. , Jorm Anthony F. 
Published: September 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to carry out a national survey in order to assess young people's stigmatizing attitudes towards people with depression, anxiety disorders and psychosis/schizophrenia. Method: In 2011, telephone interviews were carried out with 3021 Australians aged between 15 and 25 years. Participants were presented with a case vignette describing either depression, depression with suicidal thoughts, depression with alcohol misuse, psychosis/schizophrenia, social phobia or PTSD. Questions were asked about stigmatizing attitudes, including personal and perceived stigma and desire for social distance. Results: Across all disorders, respondents were least likely to agree that they should avoid the person described in the vignette and most likely to endorse beliefs about unpredictability, particularly in the case of the psychosis/schizophrenia and depression with substance abuse vignettes. Social phobia was most likely to be seen as a sign of personal weakness or ‘not a real medical illness’. Perception of stigma in others was greater than that reported by respondents themselves. Desire for social distance was greatest for the psychosis/schizophrenia vignette and lowest for PTSD. For each vignette, respondents were most unwilling to work on a project with the person described in the vignette, while desire for social distance was generally lowest for developing a close friendship. Conclusions: While young people associated all mental disorders with unpredictability, patterns of stigmatizing attitudes differed according to disorder, with notable differences between psychosis/schizophrenia and social phobia. Anti-stigma interventions should focus on individual disorders rather than on ‘mental illness’ in general and may need to address beliefs about unpredictability, social phobia as due to weakness of character and dangerousness in those with more severe disorders. Interventions should also focus on bringing beliefs about public perceptions in line with personal beliefs, as the latter are much less stigmatizing.
Risks with Older Adults in Acute Care Settings: Occupational Therapists' and Physiotherapists' Perceptions
Authors: Atwal Anita , Wiggett Claire , McIntyre Anne 
Published: September 2011

Introduction: In acute care hospitals, risk assessments are integral to therapy practice. However, to date, this area has not been explored in any specific depth within occupational therapy or physiotherapy, although there is evidence that the management of risk causes uncertainty and anxiety among professionals. Different perspectives of risks may have an influence on the discharge end point. Method: This study explored the self-reported risk-taking behaviours of occupational therapists and physiotherapists. A qualitative approach was taken, with reflective diaries used to record the self-reported risk-taking behaviours of therapists in a teaching hospital. Eight therapists recorded 16 reflections in total, which were analysed using template analysis. Findings: The findings suggest that support from members of the team, collegiality and clinical confidence were important to manage risks. Therapists were willing to take risks in order to meet patient goals, to facilitate the rehabilitation process or to enhance the patient's quality of life. However, there may be instances of interprofessional differences that need to be managed. Conclusion: This research has highlighted the need for therapists to reflect continually upon risk situations in professional practice. There is a need for support and guidance to be put in place to enable positive risk taking.
The Lived Experience of Australian Retirees: ‘I'm Retired, What Do I Do Now?’
Authors: Pepin Genevieve , Deutscher Brianna 
Published: September 2011

Introduction: The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the lived experience of retirement in a context where it is not compulsory, and to understand consequent changes in roles, identity and occupational adaptation from the perspective of Australian retirees. Method: Five people aged between 61 and 68 years, who had retired during the previous 18 months, were interviewed. Data analysis included transcription and coding of data, data aggregation and identification of themes. Findings: The themes that emerged from the data analysis were related to time structure and meaningful occupations, ageing and performance capacity, role changes, emotional adjustment to retirement and preparation for retirement. Conclusion: The findings suggest that engagement in meaningful occupations and valued roles, along with the emergence of grandparenting as a significant role, the development of new interests and engagement in retirement planning activities, and support in restructuring the use of time are essential to maintain a positive identity and to adapt successfully to retirement.
The Effect of Laterality on Venous Thromboembolism Formation after Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Placement
Authors: Sperry Brett W. , Roskos Melinda , Oskoui Ramin 
Published: September 2011

Purpose The use of peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) has become widespread in hospital medicine. PICCs are preferentially placed on the right side due to anatomic ease of insertion into the superior vena cava. However, no data exists examining whether this practice is also protective against symptomatic venous thrombosis. The purpose of this study is to assess placement of right-sided versus left-sided PICCs and the resulting rates of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a community teaching hospital. Methods and Results A retrospective analysis was performed of 798 sequential PICCs placed in our community teaching hospital in 2008. Indication for PICC placement, laterality of PICC placement, and signs and symptoms leading to ultrasound assessment were examined as well as the resulting VTE location. Six hundred and seventy two patients had a total of 798 PICCs placed over the course of the year, 568 of these were right-sided catheters, and 230 were left-sided catheters. Forty-nine of these patients required 68 Doppler ultrasounds within 30 days of PICC placement. Of these ultrasounds, 47 (8.27%) followed right-sided PICCs and 21 (9.13%) followed left-sided PICCs (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.52–1.54). VTE events were documented in 1.23% of right-sided PICCs and 1.30% of left-sided PICCs (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.24–3.68). The overall incidence of this complication was 1.25%. Mean time until discovery of the thrombus was 13.6 days. Conclusions Laterality of PICC placement is not significantly associated with symptomatic VTE formation. The overall rate of thrombosis in our study is comparable to that of previous studies.
Facile one‐pot preparation of superparamagnetic chitosan sphere and its derived hollow sphere
Authors: Zou Weiwei , Geng Hao , Lin Mingfeng , Xiong Xiaopeng 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA facile and robust approach is presented to prepare superparamagnetic chitosan (CS) spheres by simply dropping iron ions and CS mixture solution to ammonia aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray diffractions, and thermogravimetric analyses of the obtained spheres indicate that the composite spheres consisted of CS and Fe3O4. The microstructures of the surface and the inner part of the sphere were observed by scanning electron microscope to indicate nano scale of the Fe3O4 component. The results suggest that the nano sized Fe3O4 particles can be stabilized by CS molecules in the matrix of sphere to avoid aggregation based on their binding interaction. Because of the nano scale distributed Fe3O4 particles, the composite spheres show superparamagnetic properties, and the saturation magnetization of the composite sphere increases linearly with the Fe3O4 content. An electron probe microanalyzer was employed to measure the energy dispersive spectra of the magnetic sphere, through which the element contents at different points along the radius of a magnetic CS sphere have been obtained. It has been found that the Fe3O4 content decreased gradually from outer surface to its inner core. Moreover, the composite sphere was calcined in air at 700°C to prepare spherical hollow sphere. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Distributed backtracking algorithm based on tree decomposition over wireless sensor networks
Authors: Fouchal Hacène , Habbas Zineb 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYIn this paper, we propose a methodological approach to solve distributed nonbinary constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) on wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A distributed CSP is a CSP in which variables and constraints are distributed among multiple agents. On WSNs, it is usual to handle applications that need to solve distributed problems. Different real‐world applications can be modeled as distributed CSPs, and numerous algorithms based on enumerative search have been proposed to solve them. The most cited one is distributed backtracking algorithm in which each variable is associated to each agent. This algorithm is known as fine‐grained distributed algorithm. All the search efforts of this algorithm concerns the communication between agents that are very expensive. In addition, this approach is not realistic because, in general, an agent might control more than one variable. In this paper, we propose a generic methodology for developing coarse‐grained backtracking algorithm. Mainly, a preprocess technique breaks a single large problem into a set of smaller connected ones. These semi‐independent CSPs can be efficiently and concurrently solved and can cooperate to solve the whole problem. We illustrate the preprocess technique by the tree decomposition method for its good theoretical properties. The aim of our paper is to present an efficient approach to solve complex distributed CSPs over WSNs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐hop localization system for environmental monitoring in wireless sensor and actor networks
Authors: Brust Matthias R. , Akbaş Mustafa İlhan , Turgut Damla 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYLocation estimation of sensor nodes is an essential part of most applications for wireless sensor and actor networks. The ambiguous location information often makes the collected data useless in these applications. Environmental monitoring relies on an accurate position estimation to process or evaluate the collected data. In this paper, we present a novel and scalable approach for positioning of mobile sensor nodes with the goal of monitoring the Amazon river. The actors in the scenario are stationary and positioned at reachable spots on the land alongside the river whereas sensor nodes are thrown into the river to collect data such as water temperature, depth, and geographical features. The actors are not equipped with positioning adaptors, and they are only aware of their distances from the other actors. The sensor nodes collect data and forward it to the actors. While floating in the river, sensor nodes are often multiple hops away from the actors, which makes it challenging to apply traditional positioning techniques. Through extensive simulations, we show that the nodes can be efficiently positioned using a multi‐hop approach with local information exchange only. The introduced approach is also applied to a scenario, where monkey swarm monitoring is simulated, to test the generalizability of the algorithm. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asynchronous adaptive optimisation for generic data‐parallel array programming
Authors: Grelck Clemens , van Deurzen Tim , Herhut Stephan , Scholz Sven‐Bodo 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYProgramming productivity very much depends on the availability of basic building blocks that can be reused for a wide range of application scenarios and the ability to define rich abstraction hierarchies. Driven by the aim for increased reuse, such basic building blocks tend to become more and more generic in their specification; structural as well as behavioural properties are turned into parameters that are passed on to lower layers of abstraction where eventually a differentiation is being made. In the context of array programming, such properties are typically array ranks (number of axes/dimensions) and array shapes (number of elements along each axis/dimension). This allows for abstract definitions of operations such as element‐wise additions, concatenations, rotations, and so on, which jointly enable a very high‐level compositional style of programming, similar to, for instance, MATLAB. However, such a generic programming style generally comes at a price in terms of runtime overheads when compared against tailor‐made low‐level implementations. Additional layers of abstraction as well as the lack of hard‐coded structural properties often inhibits optimisations that are obvious otherwise. Although complex static compiler analyses and transformations such as partial evaluations can ameliorate the situation to quite some extent, there are cases, where the required level of information is not available until runtime. In this paper, we propose to shift part of the optimisation process into the runtime of applications. Triggered by some runtime observation, the compiler asynchronously applies partial evaluation techniques to frequently used program parts and dynamically replaces initial program fragments by more specialised ones through dynamic re‐linking. In contrast to many existing approaches, we suggest this optimisation to be done in a rather non‐intrusive, decoupled way. We use a full‐fledged compiler that is run on a separate core. This measure enables us to run the compiler on its highest optimisation‐level, which requires non‐negligible compilation times for our optimisations. We use the compiler's type system to identify the potential dynamic optimisations. And we use the host language's module system as a facilitator for the dynamic code modifications. We present the architecture and implementation of an adaptive compilation framework for Single Assignment C, a data‐parallel array programming language. Single Assignment C advocates shape‐generic and rank‐generic programming with arrays. A sophisticated, highly optimising compiler technology nevertheless achieves competitive runtime performance. We demonstrate the suitability of our approach to achieve consistently high performance independent of the static availability of array properties by means of several experiments based on a highly generic formulation of rank‐invariant convolution as a case study. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multicentre community‐based study of dementia cases and subcases in older people in China—the GMS‐AGECAT prevalence and socio‐economic correlates
Authors: Chen Ruoling , Ma Ying , Wilson Ken , Hu Zhi , Sallah David , Wang Jiaji , Fan Lihua , Chen Ruo‐Li , Copeland John R 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundPrevious studies indicated overall relatively low prevalence of dementia in older people in China, which may be biased by studied samples or methods. We determined the prevalence of dementia cases and subcases in China and examined their socio‐economic correlates.MethodsUsing the Geriatric Mental State interview, we examined random samples of 2917 participants aged ≥ 65 years in urban and rural Anhui, China in 2001–2003, and 3327 in four other provinces in 2008–2009. Dementia cases and subcases were diagnosed by Geriatric Mental State‐Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy.ResultsAge‐standardised prevalence for cases and subcases of dementia in the Anhui elders was 7.20% (95%CI 6.29%–8.20%) and 10.5% (9.38%–11.6%), and in the four provinces, 9.86% (8.80%–10.9%) and 8.51% (7.51%–9.52%). The matched figures among the participants who were literate were 3.05% (2.08%–4.02%) and 10.0% (8.38%–11.6%), and 4.92% (3.89%–5.96%) and 6.76% (5.55%–7.96%), respectively. There were higher prevalence rates of dementia cases and subcases in the rural elders than in the urban. Both the Anhui and four‐province studies showed an obvious association of dementia with higher and lower incomes among elders who had lower educational levels or had the lowest occupational class. The highest risk of dementia was found in those who were illiterate but had the highest income or had the job of business/nonmanual labouring.ConclusionsPeople in China have a higher prevalence of dementia than previously reported. Its U‐shaped relationship with income and the excess subcases prevalence predicates a significant burden of disease, both now and for the future, suggesting preventive strategy for dementia in China. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonadditive interactions between trophic levels bias the appraisal of the strength of mortality factors
Authors: Moreau Gaétan , Björkman Christer 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe role of bottom‐up and top‐down factors in determining the abundance of organisms is still often evaluated in terms of the nominal (i.e., apparent) cause of death. To determine whether estimates of mortality can be influenced by nonadditive multitrophic interactions, we generated both marginal (i.e., the entirety of mortality attributable to a given factor, including its obscured fraction) and nominal estimates of the trophic forces acting on an herbivore. This was accomplished by comparing mortality rates of the willow leaf beetle Phratora vulgatissima on willows affected or relatively unaffected by local growing conditions, in the presence or absence of natural enemies. Marginal estimates indicated that bottom‐up and top‐down mortality factors interacted in a synergistic or compensatory way, with the nature of the interaction varying in response to the time elapsed since the last harvest of willow plantations. In contrast, nominal estimates could not discriminate synergistic and compensatory interactions from top‐down influence. Combined with recent evidence of compensatory mortality between trophic forces in another system, this study suggests that nonadditive effects between bottom‐up and top‐down mortality factors may be common, offering an explanation through which the contrasting evidences previously presented by proponents of the bottom‐up and top‐down views can be understood.
Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Utilizing Mini-Stem Humeral Components: Technique and Short-Term Results
Authors: Jost Patrick W. , Dines Joshua S. , Griffith Matthew H. , Angel Michael , Altchek David W. , Dines David M. 
Published: September 2011

Introduction Throughout the field of orthopedic surgery, there has been a trend toward using smaller incisions and implants that preserve as much normal anatomy as possible. The use of bone sparing technology, such as partial and full surface replacements of the humeral head, while attractive in younger patients, does not allow the best exposure for proper glenoid replacement. Additionally, there are other situations when the use of surface replacements is contraindicated. There are also patients with an existing total elbow replacement or a humeral malunion or deformity in which a traditional long-stem component would not fit. For these reasons, a mini-stem humeral component for total shoulder arthroplasty was developed. In this study, we hypothesized that total shoulder replacement using the mini-stem humeral component could provide low complication rates and good to excellent results, as measured by postoperative Constant–Murley and UCLA shoulder scores at minimum 2 years postoperatively. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective review of the first 49 mini-stem shoulder replacements (47 patients) for primary osteoarthritis. There were 26 male and 23 female patients. UCLA Shoulder Score and Constant Murley Scores were obtained on all patients at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively (average 29 months; range 24–43 months). Radiographs were interpreted by a musculoskeletal radiologist. Intraoperative blood loss was documented as was postoperative pain using a visual analog pain scale. Results Patients experienced over 90% good to excellent results at minimum 2 year follow up. ROM improved significantly in all parameters. Postoperative UCLA scores at final follow up averaged 27.5 while Constant–Murley scores averaged 91. Small lucent lines (<1 mm) were noted in 11 patients. Five of 49 stems were placed in varus but the postoperative result was not affected in any of these patients. One patient suffered an acute subscapularis rupture that required repair. Conclusions This is the first report to document the efficacy of mini-stemmed humeral components used during total shoulder arthroplasty. Our study group showed good to excellent results as well as improvement in range of motion at minimum 2-year follow-up. The results presented in this study are comparable to previous outcomes achieved with conventional length humeral components, and suggest that mini-stem humeral components are an effective option for total shoulder arthroplasty.
On Nonstable and Stable Population Momentum
Authors: Espenshade Thomas J. , Olgiati Analia S. , Levin Simon A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article decomposes total population momentum into two constituent and multiplicative parts: “nonstable” momentum and “stable” momentum. Nonstable momentum depends on deviations between a population’s current age distribution and its implied stable age distribution. Stable momentum is a function of deviations between a population’s implied stable and stationary age distributions. In general, the factorization of total momentum into the product of nonstable and stable momentum is a very good approximation. The factorization is exact, however, when the current age distribution is stable or when observed fertility is already at replacement. We provide numerical illustrations by calculating nonstable, stable, and total momentum for 176 countries, the world, and its major regions. In short, the article brings together disparate strands of the population momentum literature and shows how the various kinds of momentum fit together into a single unifying framework.