bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Young's Modulus and Mechanical Damping in a Nextel Fiber-Reinforced Glass Composite
Authors: Wolfenden A , Gill JE , Chawla KK , Vaidya RU , Venkatesh R 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique (PUCOT), was used to measure the temperature dependence of dynamic Young's modulus and damping for a ceramic matrix composite (CMC) consisting of N51A glass as the matrix and Nextel 480 continuous fibers (volume fraction 0.29) as the reinforcement. The temperature range covered was 20 to 462°C. It was found that the Young's modulus decreased linearly with temperature, at a relatively low rate, and that the damping followed the form exp(-H/kT), where the value of the effective activation energy H was 0.07 ± 0.02 eV/atom, k is Boltzmann's constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin. Possible interpretations for this value of H are discussed. The glass transition temperature of the glass was found to be about 500°C.
Comparison of Selected Properties of Barrier Textile Materials Used in Durable, Moisture Repellent Protective Clothing
Authors: Slaten BL , Shanley LA , Bellingar T 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The needs of workers in hazardous environments are extremely varied. The choice of textile materials must be made on the basis of end use and critical characteristics needed for protection, comfort, and performance of the workers. The purpose of this study was to conduct a series of experiments in order to provide scientific data on the qualities and characteristics of several barrier textile massenals. These materials would be suitable for garments for off-shore oil riggers, pesticide applicators, forestry personnel, hazardous waste disposal workers, military personnel, skiers, hikers, and pilots. The following properties were evaluated: stiffness, drape, abrasion resistance, air permeability, water resistance, tear resistance, breaking force and elongation, oil repellency, and soil release. These data provide a range of information on various properties that users of fabrics for prosective clothing need to be aware of in the selection of fabrics for garments.
Compressibility Relations for Peat and Organic Soil
Authors: Gunaratne M , Stinnette P , Mullins AG , Kuo CL , Echelberger WF 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A new technique is formulated to predict the ultimate settlement (primary and secondary) of normally consolidated organic soils on the basis of the organic content. Data from a large number of oedometer tests on samples collected from organic soil deposits in Central Florida exhibit a definitive relationship of ultimate settlement versus organic content. These laboratory test results are analyzed using the Gibson and Lo rheological model to develop expressions for primary and secondary compressibilities in terms of organic content and consolidation pressure. It is shown how the compressibility relations predicted by the authors' approach concur with extensive data collected by other researchers. The usefulness of the authors' analytical relations is displayed by showing how the expected ultimate settlement of an organic soil subjected to a given pressure increase can be computed readily by using them.
The Shape of Mechanical Hysteresis Loops for Metals Under Harmonic Loading
Authors: Bovsunovsky AP , Kratko AG 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Previous experimental investigations (direct and indirect) on the shape of hysteresis loops have been carried out at stress amplitudes that exceeded the fatigue limit, that is, under conditions of active fatigue damage.
The experimental procedure used in the present research provides higher resolution than the earlier work and permits investigations at stress amplitudes below the fatigue limit. For the objective estimation of the shape of a hysteresis loop several criteria were proposed and the most effective criterion was chosen.
Metals with distinctly different levels of damping were tested. The tests were carried out at resonance bending frequencies. As a result of both analytical and experimental investigations it was shown that hysteresis loops for metals with a high level (Cu-Al alloy, maximum decrement 1.4 × 10−1) and a moderate level (EI-961 alloy steel, maximum decrement 8.7 × 10−3) of damping are close to elliptic in shape. The error of the experimental procedure was too great for testing an alloy with a low level of damping (PT-5 titanium alloy, maximum decrement 1.5 × 10−3). The tests on the PT-5 alloy allowed the investigators to ascertain only that the loop's shape in this case is more elliptic than crescent-shaped or parabolic.
Design and Performance of an Automated Test Facility for Hot-Compression Testing
Authors: Cheng YW , Filla BJ , Tobler RL 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe design of an apparatus for hot-deformation testing of materials is described, and experimental results demonstrating successful performance are presented. The apparatus is used to uniaxially compress small steel cylinders between two ceramic platens in an evacuated test chamber at high temperatures. Components of the system include a 100 kN servohydraulic test machine, a compact radiant furnace and programmable temperature controller, a microcomputer for executing mechanical strikes, and a digital storage oscilloscope for high-speed data acquisition. In the initial experiments described here, steel specimens 10 mm in diameter and 15 mm high are compressed at strain rates up to 50/s and maximum test temperatures up to 1200°C. Attractive features of the apparatus include its relatively low cost, compact size, and capability for high strain rates.
A Note on One-Point-Bend Impact Fracture Experiments with Curved Specimens
Authors: Giovanola JH , Klopp RW , Kirkpatrick SW 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
We describe an extension of the one-point-bend impact test for measuring dynamic initiation fracture toughnesses with curved specimens cut from the wall of tubes. We present the impact response curve for a specific geometry of curved specimen. We validate the extension of the test procedure and data reduction method by comparing (1) the measured dynamic initiation toughness with data obtained with rectangular specimens cut from the wall of the same 300M tube and (2) the stress-intensity history measured in the experiment with that calculated in a dynamic finite element simulation of the test. For both comparisons, the agreement is excellent.
Interlaboratory Comparison of the ASTM Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials (E 96-95)
Authors: Kumaran MK 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAn interlaboratory comparison was initiated by the ASTM C16 Committee on Thermal Insulation to determine the precision of the test method prescribed by ASTM Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials (E 96-95). Expanded polystyrene board was chosen as the test material. Nine laboratories completed the measurements according to the dry cup and the wet cup procedures prescribed by the standard. Statistical analyses of the data resulted in the following precision statement for the water vapor permeability:Dry cup method:Permeability of material = 3.1E-12 kg m−1 s−1 Pa−1Repeatability standard deviation (within a laboratory) = 1.6E-1.3 kg m−1 s−1 Pa−1Reproducibility standard deviation (between laboratories) = 4.7E-13 kg m−1 s−1 Pa−1Wet cup method:Permeability of material = 3.4E-12 kg m−1 s−1 Pa−1Repeatability standard deviation (within a laboratory) = 1.7E-13 kg m−1 s−1 Pa−1Reproducibility standard deviation (between laboratories) = 4.1E-13 kg m−1 s−1 Pa−1A specific procedure was uniformly used to analyze the data and to calculate the permeability of the test material from the raw data provided by the participating laboratories. Corrections were made for the resistances offered by the still air layer inside the cup and by the specimen surfaces and for the edge masking details.
Cumulative Fatigue Damage Mechanisms and Quantifying Parameters: A Literature Review
Authors: Yang L , Fatemi A 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Cumulative fatigue damage analysis plays an important role in fatigue life prediction of components and structures which are subjected to field loading histories. Understanding of cumulative damage mechanisms is essential since it provides the necessary physical bases for modeling the cumulative damage process. A damage measure that can reflect and quantify the real damage state the material undergoes is also a key issue for successful modeling of cumulative fatigue damage. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of research activities highlighting the recent findings and progress on phenomenological observations and mechanisms, as well as quantification measures of cumulative fatigue damage. Depending on the definition of failure or the characteristics of failure experienced in a material, the effectiveness of a damage parameter could vary from case to case. Many damage parameters have been proposed and many of them are in use. Those to be reviewed are sorted into categories of metallurgical parameters, surface crack quantifications, mechanical measures, and physical parameters. Early studies on cumulative damage mechanisms and quantifying measures are reviewed only briefly, since they have been covered in the existing literature.
Bearing Strength of White Oak Pegs in Red Oak and Douglas Fir Timbers
Authors: Church JR , Tew BW 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The safe and consistent design of connections in modern timber-framed structures requires an understanding of the structural properties of the timbers as well as the bearing and bending strength limitations of the where oak pegs used in construction. This paper addresses the bearing strength of white oak dowels in both red oak and Douglas fir timbers. The effects of peg grain orientation, peg diameter, peg-hole clearance, specimen grain orientation, and specimen wood species were studied. A modified bearing strength test was developed to eliminate localized crushing of the white oak dowel by the test machine. Bearing strength tests were performed on 183 wood specimens. The bearing strength of pegged connections was found to be relatively insensitive to the factors investigated and lower than bearing strengths using similar steel fasteners for all test configurations.
A Statistical Evaluation of the Staircase and the ArcSin√P Methods for Determining the Fatigue Limit
Authors: Braam JJ , van der Zwaag S 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A critical evaluation of the statistics of the fatigue limit as determined by the staircase method and the ArcSin√P transformation is presented. The effects of the testing conditions on the accuracy of results obtained are examined. A modified analysis of the data obtained via the staircase method is presented which yields a reliable estimate of the standard deviation of the fatigue limit, even for small sample sets.
A Probabilistic Study of the Influence of Hanger Alignment on the Reliability of Refractory Furnace Roof Anchors
Authors: Segall AE , Shelleman DL , Pan MJ , Landy RA , Nelson BR 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A probabilistic fracture methodology was applied to an analysis of refractory anchors used for furnace roof construction. Initially, strength date were obtained from modulus of rupture (MOR) specimens machined from refractory anchors composed of three different materials. For all of the fracture strength tests, the tension side of the MOR specimens was always taken from the as-pressed/fired surface of a sectioned anchor to ensure that the resulting data accurately reflected the strength of the as-used materials. The resulting Weibull data were then used in conjunction with a finite-element stress analysis and probabilistic reliability assessment to determine the influence of the alignment of the metal hangers used to secure the anchors. While all three materials exhibited a vulnerability to brittle fracture under the applied loads, the risk was clearly the highest when the metal hanger was not properly aligned and loads therefore not properly distributed over the entire contact region.
Evaluation of Modified Weibull Distribution for Describing the Strength of Ceramic Fibers and Whiskers with Varying Diameters
Authors: Zhu YT , Butt DP , Taylor ST , Lowe TC 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA modified Weibull distribution is evaluated for characterizing the statistical strength of ceramic fibers and whiskers with varying diameters from filament to filament. Many commercial ceramic fibers and whiskers have a significant range of diameters. A single-modal Weibull distribution is found inadequate to describe the statistical strength of these fibers and whiskers because of the effect of fiber diameter variation on strength. Procedures for extracting distribution parameters for the modified Weibull distribution from experimental data are presented. Comparison of the modified Weibull distribution with the single-modal Weibull distribution is made for the strength data from Nicalon fibers, Nextel (Al2O3) fibers, hydridopolysilzazlane (HPZ) Si-N-C-O fibers, Al2O3 whiskers, Si3N4 whiskers, and SiC whiskers. Due to its ability to account for the diameter effect on strength, the modified Weibull distribution can yield a more accurate β value than the single-modal Weibull distribution. The Modified Weibull distribution is shown to fit experimental data well and is recommended for characterizing the strength of ceramic fibers and whiskers, the diameters of which vary from filament to filament.
Impact Force Comparison of Polymers: Molded-Notch Versus Cut-Notch Using the ASTM D 256 Izod Impact Test Method
Authors: Schaeffer SL , Johnson RL , Lewis WB 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the Izod impact values of injection molded polymer specimens with molded- versus machined-notch specimens. The ASTM D 256 notched Izod impact test was used to measure the impact values of both specimen types. The impact values were compared to determine if differences exist between specimens that had the molded notch and specimens that had the cut notch. Post-molding machining of the notch is the procedure required by ASTM D 256-93a, Standard Test Methods for Determining the Pendulum Impact Resistance of Notched Specimens of Plastics.
Specimens from six different polymer families were produced using the reciprocating-screw injection molding process and a two-cavity mold. The polymers tested were poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS), high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), and polycarbonate (PC).
It was found that five of the six polymers had significantly higher impact values in the molded-notch condition. Impact values for polypropylene were as much as 300% greater in the molded-notch condition. Testing of polycarbonate resulted in a bimodal distribution among cut-notch specimens; however, the molded-notch specimens fractured as significantly higher values. Although the mean impact value for molded-notch specimens of ABS was slightly higher than that of the cut-notch specimens, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference for ABS.
It was found that the geometries of the molded notches were not uniform among the different materials, even though they were produced from the same mold, Molding of the materials resulted in slightly different notch geometries when inspected at × 50 magnification.
A Method of Finding the Effective Length of the Specimen Used in the Hot Torsion Test and Recommendations on Geometry of the Test Specimen
Authors: Khoddam S , Lam YC , Thomson PF 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The length of the specimen in the hot torsion test is an important geometrical parameter and affects all calculations based on the results of the hot torsion test. To lessen the error in the analysis of the specimen due to deformation outside the gage length, an effective length may be used. Improvement in the accuracy of analyses of the hot torsion test is also important to inverse numerical solutions because the initial guess needed to start an inverse numerical solution may be obtained using an analytical solution. Determination of the effective length of a specimen is explained and illustrated for two different constitutive relationships. Recommendations on the choice of the hot torsion test specimen are given. It is shown that neglect of deformation outside the gage section may result in the flow curve obtained by using the hot torsion test results being lower than the flow curve achieved by other tests.
Studies of the Specific Gravity of Some Indian Coal Ashes
Authors: Pandian NS , Rajasekhar C , Sridharan A 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
One of the major problems faced by coal based thermal power stations is handling and disposal of ash. Among the various uses of fly ash, the major quantity of ash produced is used in geotechnical engineering applications such as construction of embankments, as a backfill material, etc. The generally low specific gravity of fly ash resulting in low unit weight as compared to soils is an attractive property for its use in geotechnical applications. In general, specific gravity of coal ash lies around 2.0 but can vary to a large extent (1.6 to 3.1). The variation of specific gravity of coal ash is due to the combination of various factors like gradation, particle shape, and chemical composition. Since specific gravity is an important physical property, it has been studied in depth for three Indian coal ashes and reported in this paper.
Measurement of Crack Arrest Fracture Toughness of a Ship Steel Plate
Authors: Pussegoda LN , Malik L , Morrison J 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Two types of full thickness compact crack arrest (CCA) specimens have been used to characterize the crack arrest toughness of a 15.5-mm-thick ship plate steel in both the L-T and T-L orientations. One was a modified version of that used in ASTM Standard E 1221, and the other was based on the proposed procedure of Crosley and Ripling [1] for non-plane strain testing. The latter specimens employed a strain age embrittled chevron notch as the crack starter. The testing was performed over the temperature range from −40° (the nil-ductility transition temperature (NDTT) of the steel) up to −5°C. None of the results from the ASTM E 1221 type specimens met the validity requirements of the ASTM procedure. Even though they had the largest dimensions allowed in the test specification, the limited thickness of these specimens meant that they were too small for valid plane strain testing. In the non-plane strain test procedure, the in-plane dimensions are scaled to the expected crack arrest toughness at the test temperature, and the main qualifying requirement is for the crack to be arrested at a point in the specimen lying within certain defined limits. Although difficulties were encountered with variability in run/arrest behavior, this specimen gave some useful crack arrest toughness data for this steel, particularly with regard to the relatively high values obtained when testing near the top of the test temperature range. The effectiveness of the crack starter technique used in both type of specimens is also discussed, as well as possible modifications for future tests.
Adapting Superpave Technology to Design of Hot Recycled Mixes
Authors: Foo KY , Kandhal PS 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Mix design procedures for recycled asphalt pavements require the selection of virgin asphalt or recycling agent and recycled hot mix asphalt (HMA) mix design. This research project was undertaken (a) to develop a procedure for selecting the performance grade (PG) of virgin asphalt binder based on the Superpave PG grading system and (b) to design hot recycled mix using Superpave technology. Blending charts were constructed and used to select the PG grade of virgin asphalt binder for mixes with 0, 20, 30, and 40 percent of recycled asphalt pavement material (RAP). Superpave volumetric mix design were conducted on mixes with 0, 20, 30, and 40 percent RAP. Evaluation of the volumetric properties of these mixes has indicated that the Superpave volumetric mix design procedures can be adapted to design recycled HMA mixtures with minimal modification.
Ultimate Strength of Resistance Spot Welds Subjected to Combined Tension and Shear
Authors: Lee YL , Wehner TJ , Lu M-W , Morrissett TW , Pakalnins E 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A new test setup and data concerning the ultimate strength behavior of resistance spot welds in a mild strength steel subjected to combined tension and shear loads are presented. A test plan based on a design of experiments (DOE) with three design factors (coupon width, coupon length, and nugget diameter) was conducted to investigate the influence of the factors on the ultimate strength of the resistance spot welds under different loading angles. In this program, test loads were monotonically applied to the resistance spot weld at a specific angle until the load carrying capacity of the resistance spot weld was exceeded. It was found that the nugget diameter contributes the most (more than 70%) to the total variation of the recorded ultimate strength and that the coupon length has little effect. A deterministic ultimate strength model was proposed to take into account the interaction of in-plane shear and 90° out-of-plane tensile loading in the resistance spot weld. A reliability model was also demonstrated to evaluate the ultimate strength of a single resistance spot weld.
Fatigue Crack Propagation Threshold: What Is It and How Is It Measured?
Authors: Marci G 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The present understanding of a “fatigue crack propagation threshold” implies a nonpropagation condition of a fatigue crack and in addition some property usable for design (similar to the “fatigue strength” in Wöhler-type fatigue). The first task is the definition of a nonpropagation condition, to be denoted as ΔKth. In the next step, a “property usable for FCP design” is defined which is a nonpropagation condition characterized as the largest amplitude ΔK which does not produce fatigue crack propagation rates larger than 10−7 mm/cycle under any cyclic loading condition. The parameter so defined is termed the threshold and denoted as ΔKT. Every ΔKT is a nonpropagation condition, but not every nonpropagation is a threshold value ΔKT. The existence of such a parameter ΔKT has to be proven by special, extensive tests, which are presented with the respective results. Once the proof related to ΔKT has been furnished, measurement of ΔKT is done by the simplest technique available. Nonpropagation conditions ΔKT and threshold ΔKT data for Al- and Ti-alloys are presented. Furthermore, test procedures and specimen preparations are outlined.
A Method of Fatigue Testing of Concrete Highway Joint Sealants in Shear
Authors: Rogers AD , Lee-Sullivan P , Bremner T 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A simple test method has been developed to simulate the movement of a typical transverse contraction joint used in joining concrete highway pavement sections constructed without dowels. The test apparatus enables the effects of temperature, joint size, and pavement deflection on the performance of the sealant to be evaluated in joints subjected to large differential movements. Testing at temperatures below and above ambient is possible by incorporating an environmental chamber. A detailed description of the fatigue test apparatus and specimen preparation is provided. Typical results of tests conducted at room temperature, −40°C, and +40°C are presented as well as the results of thermal cycling.