bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extended Swedish Adoption Study of Adverse Stress Responses and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Amstadter Ananda B. , Abrahamsson Linda , Cusack Shannon , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina , Kendler Kenneth S. 
Published: June 2024

ImportanceTwin studies have found that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors within a generation. No study has used an adoption design, which can address questions about the degree and sources of cross-generational transmission of adverse stress responses (ASRs) and PTSD.ObjectivesTo examine whether ASRs or PTSD are transmitted from parents to offspring, and to clarify the relative importance of genes and rearing.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used nationwide Swedish registry data from parents and offspring (n = 2 194 171, born 1960-1992) of 6 types of families (intact; had not lived with biological father; had not lived with biological mother; lived with stepfather; lived with stepmother; and adoptive). Follow-up occurred on December 31, 2018, and data were analyzed from March 3, 2023, to January 16, 2024.ExposuresThree sources of parent-offspring resemblance: genes plus rearing, genes only, and rearing only.Main Outcomes and MeasuresDiagnoses of ASRs or PTSD were obtained from national inpatient, outpatient, and primary care medical registries. Parent-child resemblance was assessed by tetrachoric correlation. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to control for possible shared traumatic events.ResultsThe study population included 2 194 171 individuals of 6 family types (1 146 703 [52.3%] male; median [range] age, 42 [20-63] years). The weighted tetrachoric correlations across family types were 0.15 (95% CI, 0.15-0.16) for genes plus rearing, 0.08 (95% CI, 0.06-0.11) for genes only, and 0.10 (95% CI, 0.07-0.12) for rearing only. Controlling for potential shared traumatic events, sensitivity analyses found that the correlation for rearing decreased, with the most conservative control (exclusion of parent-offspring dyads with onset of ASRs or PTSD within 1 year) suggesting equal correlations with genes and rearing.Conclusions and RelevanceDiagnosis of ASRs or PTSD demonstrated cross-generational transmission, including both genetic and rearing correlations. Sensitivity analyses suggested that shared traumatic events partially accounted for the observed rearing correlations.
The Carceral State, Social Disorganization, and Firearm Homicides in Chicago
Authors: Poulson Michael , Riley Kian , Haqqani Maha , Green Kaye-Alese , Kenzik Kelly , Scantling Dane 
Published: June 2024

ImportanceBlack and other racially minoritized groups are overrepresented among those who experience firearm homicide. There has been a stark increase in incarcerated populations in the US since the 1980s, largely due to differential drug sentencing, of which racially minoritized individuals are also overrepresented; social disorganization theory postulates that community and family instability resulting from incarceration can further worsen crime.ObjectiveTo understand the association of race-specific incarceration with race-specific firearm violence rates in Chicago, Illinois, through the lens of social vulnerability and family instability.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study with a retrospective cohort design utilized homicide data for the city of Chicago from January 1, 2001, to August 31, 2019. Demographic data at the census block level was obtained from the 2010 decennial census. Incarceration rates were obtained by race and ethnicity at the census tract level from the Opportunity Atlas. Data analysis occurred from January to June 2023.ExposureRace-specific incarceration rates were the primary exposures of interest. The Social Vulnerability Index and single-parent households were studied as mediators.Main Outcomes and MeasuresRace-specific firearm homicide rates were the outcomes of interest. Structural equation modeling was used to understand the mediating effect of social vulnerability and single-parent households on the association of incarceration with firearm homicides.ResultsA total of 46 312 census blocks were evaluated. Black-specific incarceration rates were found to be associated with Black-specific firearm homicides (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.70; 95% CI, 1.50-1.94), but there was no association for Hispanic incarceration rates (IRR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.75-1.28) or White incarceration rates (IRR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.39-1.16). In the association of Black incarceration rates with Black firearm homicide rates, social vulnerability did not mediate the interaction, but the percentage of single-parent households mediated 23% of the interaction.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found that higher rates of incarceration were associated with increased rates of firearm homicides among Black communities alone; this association was found to be mediated partially through the density of single-parent households in these areas, suggesting that social disorganization resulting from mass incarceration may perpetuate firearm homicides. Targeted policies addressing mass incarceration and the disparities therein may be a means of reducing urban firearm homicides.
Polyurethanes, Miscellaneous Organic Polymers, and Silicones
Authors: Cragg Steven T. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe toxicity of the polymers discussed in this chapter may be attributed generally to the residual monomers, catalysts, and other additives present rather than the polymerper se. The cured polymer itself may be of high molecular weight and, consequently, more or less toxicologically inert. Carefully manufactured, highly refined polymers contain few residual toxic chemicals. However, some of the polymers discussed in this chapter, at least in some applications, go through an intermediate stage consisting of “prepolymers” (sometimes referred to as oligomers or resins) that react further to achieve their final, cured form. These may have high levels of monomers or additives that could present an exposure hazard to workers.
Exploring the impact of automated correction of misinformation in social media
Authors: Burel Grégoire , Tavakoli Mohammadali , Alani Harith 
Published: June 2024

AbstractCorrecting misinformation is a complex task, influenced by various psychological, social, and technical factors. Most research evaluation methods for identifying effective correction approaches tend to rely on either crowdsourcing, questionnaires, lab‐based simulations, or hypothetical scenarios. However, the translation of these methods and findings into real‐world settings, where individuals willingly and freely disseminate misinformation, remains largely unexplored. Consequently, we lack a comprehensive understanding of how individuals who share misinformation in natural online environments would respond to corrective interventions. In this study, we explore the effectiveness of corrective messaging on 3898 users who shared misinformation on Twitter/X over 2 years. We designed and deployed a bot to automatically identify individuals who share misinformation and subsequently alert them to related fact‐checks in various message formats. Our analysis shows that only a small minority of users react positively to the corrective messages, with most users either ignoring them or reacting negatively. Nevertheless, we also found that more active users were proportionally more likely to react positively to corrections and we observed that different message tones made particular user groups more likely to react to the bot.
Submillimeter‐Scale Superlubric Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Bu Tianzhao , Deng Wenli , Liu Yaoyao , Wang Zhong Lin , Chen Xinchun , Zhang Chi 
Published: June 2024

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for mechanical energy harvesting has been regarded as one of the most prospective energy technologies for the new era. However, inevitable material wear during triboelectrification results in output reduction and even failure of the TENG. In this work, a submillimeter‐scale superlubric TENG (SS‐TENG) is reported that enables ultra‐low friction coefficient (µ) and stable power generation. By using the micro/nano‐processing technology, the interdigital electrodes are embedded into the dielectric layer as a flat surface, on which the highly‐hydrogenated diamond‐like carbon (PLC) is deposited as the triboelectric layer to effectively reduce the friction coefficient. The frictional properties are systematically investigated at different parameters, in which a submillimeter‐scale (130 µm) superlubricity state (µ = 0.0084) is achieved at 4 N, 2 Hz and nitrogen atmosphere. Meanwhile, the SS‐TENG has a maximum power density of 3 mW m−2, which can remain stable at the superlubric condition. This work has first realized the freestanding‐mode superlubric TENG in submillimeter scale and provided a viable strategy for the development of long‐lifetime TENG, which may have great applications in frictional energy recovery from mechanical components, human joint motion, and the natural environment.
A Tale of Two Separation Properties: Bulk and Thin Films of Mixed Matrix Materials
Authors: Zhang Gengyi , Shah Chintan Jayesh , Lee Won‐Il , Kisslinger Kim , Esmaeili Narjes , Bui Vinh T. , Zhu Lingxiang , Nam Chang‐Yong , Lin Haiqing 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMixed matrix materials (MMMs) integrating excellent processability from polymers and distinct separation properties from nanofillers are of interest for membrane gas separations, and they are often made into freestanding films (>100 µm) to demonstrate superior gas separation properties. However, they are difficult to fabricate into thin‐film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes due to interfacial incompatibility between polymers and nanofillers. Here TFN membranes based on MMMs (as thin as 200 nm) are successfully developed comprising amorphous poly(ethylene oxide) (aPEO) and UiO‐66‐NH2 enabling strong hydrogen bonds between the two matrices. Increasing the UiO‐66‐NH2 loading unexpectedly decreases CO2 permeability in freestanding films, but it surprisingly leads to the best CO2/N2 separation properties in the membranes at a loading of 10 mass% (CO2 permeance of 2900 GPU and CO2/N2 selectivity of 48). Nanoconfinement significantly influences the morphological and gas separation properties of the MMM layer. The membrane with 10 mass% UiO‐66‐NH2 demonstrates mixed‐gas CO2 permeance of 1400 GPU and CO2/N2 selectivity of 76 in the presence of 1.2 mol% water vapor at ≈23 °C, surpassing Robeson's upper bound. The membrane also demonstrates stable CO2/N2 separation performance when challenged with real flue gas for 700 h continuously.
Tuning the Multilevel Hierarchical Microarchitecture of MXene/rGO‐Based Aerogels Through a Magnetic Field‐Guided Strategy Toward Stepwise Enhanced Electromagnetic Wave Dissipation
Authors: Yang Yang , Xiu Zheng , Pan Fei , Liang Hongsheng , Jiang Haojie , Guo Hongtao , Wang Xiao , Li Lixin , Yuan Bin , Lu Wei 
Published: June 2024

AbstractHierarchical microarchitecture engineering is a state‐of‐the‐art approach to designing aerogel electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers, offering huge potential in improving EM energy dissipation. However, the intrinsic feedback mechanism regarding the specific influence of each microarchitecture parameter on EM properties is not comprehensively revealed, making it challenging to fully utilize the potential of aerogels to achieve superior EM wave absorption performance. Herein, a range of MXene/rGO‐based aerogels with multilevel hierarchical configurations are fabricated by a magnetic field‐guided strategy. Leveraging growth thermodynamics effects under a magnetic field and bridging effect between adjacent rGO units, three hierarchical microarchitecture models (lamellae ordering, interlayer spacing, and layer thickness) are constructed in aerogels. Remarkably, three models progressively improve reflection loss (RL), effective absorption bandwidth (EAB), and matching thickness by enhancing dielectric loss, decoupling attenuation‐impedance matching, and adjusting power loss density, respectively. Consequently, the MXene/rGO‐based aerogels exhibit stepwise enhancement in EM wave performance, achieving a superior RL of −64.6 dB and a broad EAB of 7.0 GHz at 1.8 mm thickness, surpassing alternative aerogels with other configurations. This work elucidates the effect of multilevel hierarchical microarchitecture on the synergistic multi‐effect dissipation mechanism of EM waves in aerogels, providing insights for designing advanced EM absorbers through diverse strategies.
Out‐of‐Plane Superexchange Interaction Enhanced Ferromagnetism in Semiconducting Monolayer Cr2Se3
Authors: Lu Shipeng , He Zhonglin , Pan Yinping , Guo Zhiqiang , Yang Yichen , Wu Fan , Song Yekai , Li Zhuojun , Liu Zhongkai , Liu Zhengtai , Shen Dawei , Chen Lei , Ma Yandong , Tang Shujie , Xie Xiaoming 
Published: June 2024

Abstract2D magnetic semiconductors exhibit great potential for next‐generation spintronics, but realizing their full capabilities has been hindered by the low Curie temperatures (Tc) below 50 K observed in current materials. Here, a new mechanism to substantially enhance the Tc of 2D semiconducting materials through incorporating both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane superexchange interactions enabled by structural design is demonstrated. Specifically, monolayer Cr2Se3 is synthesized with a five‐layer Se–Cr–Se–Cr–Se atomic structure using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). This unique structure not only possesses optimized in‐plane superexchange interaction but also incorporates out‐of‐plane Cr–Se–Cr couplings. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) and angular‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) confirm its semiconducting nature. Remarkably, the ferromagnetic phase transition observed by ARPES and Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) indicated that its Tc is up to 230 K. This not only establishes a new record for Tc in 2D ferromagnetic semiconductor materials but also introduces a novel approach to modulating materials' properties by manipulating the vertical dimension in 2D materials.
Hierarchical Gradient Structural Porous Metamaterial with Selective Spectral Response for Daytime Passive Radiative Cooling
Authors: Liu Jinru , Wei Yuqi , Zhong Yi , Zhang Linping , Wang Bijia , Feng Xueling , Xu Hong , Mao Zhiping 
Published: June 2024

AbstractPorous photonic structures have greatly advanced large‐scale radiative cooling application owing to its satisfying optical properties, easy‐designation, and low cost. However, current reported porous radiative cooling materials mainly focuses on uniform or random pore distribution structure, which failed to achieve precise spectrum control for sunlight and mid‐infrared light, thereby weakening the radiative cooling performance. Herein, gradient structural porous metamaterials (GSPMs) are proposed and successfully constructed for maximizing cooling effectiveness based on step‐by‐step freeze‐casting technology. The designed GSPMs with gradient micro‐nano porous structure can wide‐range scatter entire solar spectrum while possess gradual refractive index transition to increase air‐medium interface absorption at mid‐infrared regions. Notably, solar reflectivity and mid‐infrared emissivity of GSPMs reach 97.3% and 97.6%, achieving maxinum cooling temperature of 8.7 °C and net cooling power of 94.1 W m−2, presenting a higher cooling effect than random porous materials. Moreover, GSPMs enable achieve compatibility with color aesthetic and cooling superiorities due to selective spectra response behavior, as well as can be applied in building materials, realizing efficient energy saving and CO2 emission reduction. This work proposed gradient porous structure can achieve highly efficient daytime radiative cooling, offering new possibilities in the structure design of next‐generation porous radiative cooling materials.
Additive Manufacturing of Biodegradable Molybdenum – From Powder to Vascular Stent
Authors: Bian Dong , Tong Zhipei , Gong Gencheng , Huang He , Fang Liudang , Yang Hongtao , Gu Wenda , Yu Hui , Zheng Yufeng 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMagnesium, iron, and zinc‐based biodegradable metals are widely recognized as promising candidate materials for the next generation of bioresorbable stent (BVS). However, none of those metal BVSs are perfect at this stage. Here, a brand‐new BVS based on a novel biodegradable metal (Molybdenum, Mo) through additive manufacturing is developed. Nearly full‐dense and crack‐free thin‐wall Mo is directly manufactured through selective laser melting (SLM) with fine Mo powder. Systemic analyses considering the forming quality, wall‐thickness, microstructure, mechanical properties, and in vitro degradation behaviors are performed. Then, Mo‐based thin‐strut (≤ 100 µm) stents are successfully obtained through an optimized single‐track laser melting route. The SLMed thin‐wall Mo owns comparable strength to its Mg and Zn based counterparts (as‐drawn), while, it exhibits remarkable biocompatibility in vitro. Vessel related cells are well adhered and spread on SLMed Mo, and it exhibits a low risk of hemolysis and thrombus. The SLMed stent is compatible to vessel tissues in rat abdominal aorta, and it can provide sufficient support in an animal model as an extravascular stent. This work possibly opens a new era of manufacturing Mo‐based stents through additive manufacturing.
Accelerated Discovery of (TiZrHf)x(NbTa)1−x High‐Entropy Alloys With Superior Thermal Stability and a New Crystallization Mechanism
Authors: Cheng Changjun , Feng Renfei , Lyu Tianyi , Zou Yu 
Published: June 2024

AbstractNanocrystalline (nc) metals are generally strong yet thermally unstable, rendering them difficult to process and unsuitable for use, particularly at elevated temperatures. Nc multicomponent and high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) are found to offer enhanced thermal stability but only in a few empirically discovered systems out of a vast compositional space. In response, this work develops a combinatorial strategy to accelerate the discovery of nc‐(TiZrHf)x(NbTa)1−x alloy library with distinct thermal stability, in terms of phases and grain sizes. Based on synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy characterizations, a phase transition is observed from amorphous–crystalline nanocomposites to a body‐centered cubic (bcc) phase upon annealing. With increased NbTa content (decreased x value), the system tends to achieve thermally stable dual bcc phases upon annealing; in contrast, alloys with increased TiZrHf content (x > 0.6) maintain a single‐composition nanocomposite state, impeding crystallization and grain growth. This investigation not only broadens the understanding of thermal stability but also delves into the onset of crystallization in HEA systems.
Micro‐3D Printed Conductive Polymer Composite via Two‐Photon Polymerization for Sensing Applications
Authors: Amruth C. , Singh Anuj Kumar , Sharma Anirudh , Corzo Daniel , Baran Derya 
Published: June 2024

AbstractTwo‐photon Polymerization (2PP) process for high‐resolution 3D printing presents an opportunity to design micro‐scale structures with a high surface‐to‐volume ratio for highly responsive devices. However, these acrylate or thiol‐based resins are electrically insulating and non‐functional in nature, therefore limiting their widespread application in biosensing and biotechnology. Here, a novel conductive polymeric composite resin to print conductive 3D micro‐structures via the 2PP technique is developed and its application in sensing are demonstrated. The composite consists of acrylate‐based 2PP resin and Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), a conductive and biocompatible organic semiconductor The PEDOT:PSS incorporation in resin through Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is studied. An electrical conductivity of 3.5 × 102 S cm−1 in a 20 µm long and 10 µm high 3D printed micro‐structure which is suitable for electronic applications is achieved. An ultra‐fast micro‐3D printed humidity sensor with a response and recovery time of 0.15 and 0.3 s respectively is demonstrated. The printed sensors show high sensitivity in humidity levels of 0–80%RH. As a proof of concept, the real‐time respiration of a human body is recorded, implying a potential application in health monitoring systems.
Synthesis of Functionalized Furans: Three‐Component Reactions Involving Ketene Dithioacetals, Acetylenes, and Phosphines to Generate Phosphorus Ylides or N‐Acyliminophosphoranes
Authors: Zhai Qianqian , Yan Linlin , Liu Xinyu , Li Xiao‐jun , Li Shengnan , Song Xiaoning 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSynthesis of new polysubstituted furans incorporating reactive phosphorus ylides or N‐acyliminophosphoranes was achieved by the heterocyclization of flexible α‐acyl ketene dithioacetals. This one‐pot tandem reaction was initiated by acyl‐directed desulfurative Sonogashira coupling, followed by 1,6‐addition of phosphine to the in situ‐generated enynone and subsequent 5‐exo‐dig cyclization, as well as phosphoranation. The selectivity toward the two products, i. e. α‐phosphorus ylides vs. α‐N‐acyliminophosphoranes‐substituted furans, was determined by both electron‐deficient acetylenes and copper salts.
Revealing the Role of MgO in Sorption‐Enhanced Water Gas Shift Reaction for H2 Production: A DFT Study
Authors: Zhao Wenhan , Li Yingjie , Fang Yi , Chu Zhiwei , Han Kuihua , Sun Rongyue 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe sorption‐enhanced water gas shift (SEWGS) process has emerged as a promising technology for high‐purity H2 production. MgO serves as a competitive sorbent in SEWGS, removing CO2 in situ. Yet the reaction mechanism of SEWGS employing MgO is not well understood. In this work, the reaction mechanism of SEWGS on the MgO surface is revealed by density functional theory (DFT) analysis. The MgO(110) surface shows a remarkable enhancement for SEWGS. Spontaneous dissociation of H2O is observed whether in the presence of CO or CO2, leading to the enrichment of hydroxyl groups for subsequent reactions. CO2 generated is captured by surface basic sites, resulting in the formation of MgCO3. The presence of the generated hydroxyl group enhances the dehydrogenation reaction on the surface, facilitating hydrogen production. The reaction pathway is described as follows. First, spontaneous dissociation of H2O occurs when co‐adsorbed with CO on the MgO surface. Then, two hydroxyl groups interact, yielding atomic O for CO oxidization and atomic H for H2 generation. Ultimately, CO2 is captured by the surface while H2 desorbs from the surface. The rate‐limiting step is H2 generation with an energy barrier of 0.68 eV. The calculation results elucidate the enhancement mechanism of MgO on the SEWGS process.