bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic and non‐communicable diseases: a critical challenge for nurses globally
Authors: Alleyne G. , Hancock C. , Hughes P. 
Published: August 2011

ALLEYNE G., HANCOCK C. & HUGHES P. (2011) Chronic and non‐communicable diseases: a critical challenge for nurses globally. International Nursing Review58, 328–331Background:  Chronic and non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) are a growing and enormous challenge that faces countries across the world. Low‐ and middle‐income countries are disproportionately affected.Contributory factors:  Three risk factors – tobacco use, poor diet (including excessive alcohol intake) and lack of physical activity – contribute to four major chronic diseases – cardiovascular, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes and some cancers, which are responsible for over 50% of deaths worldwide.Potential solutions:  International governmental and non‐governmental agencies are becoming increasingly concerned and active. Nurses across the world are well positioned to play a significant role and work with a wide range of people involved in the prevention and management of these chronic diseases.
The rate of accumulation of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance in patients kept on a virologically failing regimen containing an NNRTI*
Authors: Cozzi‐Lepri A , Paredes R , Phillips AN , Clotet B , Kjær J , Von Wyl V , Kronborg G , Castagna A , Bogner JR , Lundgren JD ,   for EuroSIDA in EuroCoord
Published: August 2011

BackgroundVirological failure of first‐generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) can compromise the efficacy of etravirine as a result of the accumulation of NNRTI resistance mutations. How quickly NNRTI resistance accumulates in patients with a delayed switch from nevirapine or efavirenz despite virological failure, when these drugs are used as a component of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), remains unclear.MethodsThe rate of NNRTI resistance accumulation was estimated in patients in EuroSIDA with at least two available genotypic resistance tests (GRTs), provided that (1) the date of the first GRT (t0) was after the date of the first virological failure (VF) of an NNRTI, and (2) patients were receiving an NNRTI and HIV RNA was >500 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL in all measurements between GRTs.ResultsA total of 227 patients were included in the study, contributing 467 GRT pairs. At baseline‐t0, a median of 3 months after VF, 66% of patients had at least one NNRTI mutation: 103N (34%), 181C (22%) and 190A (20%) were the most common mutations. Overall, 180 additional NNRTI mutations were found to have accumulated over 295 years [1 new/1.6 years; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–1.8]. The rate of accumulation was faster in the first 6 months from VF (1 new/1.1 years), and slower in patients exposed to nevirapine vs. those receiving efavirenz [relative risk (RR) 0.66; 95% CI 0.46–0.95; P=0.03].ConclusionsThere is an initial phase of rapid accumulation of NNRTI mutations close to the time of VF followed by a phase of slower accumulation. We predict that it should take approximately one year of exposure to a virologically failing first‐generation NNRTI‐based cART regimen to reduce etravirine activity from fully susceptible to intermediate resistant, and possibly longer in patients kept on a failing nevirapine‐containing regimen.
Robertson's model: a framework for exploration of World War II conservation consumption policy influence on fashion in the US
Authors: Dalton Lauren , Sullivan Pauline , Heitmeyer Jeanne , DuPont Ann 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis paper studies pertinent materials related to the conservation of textile apparel and textile‐related natural resources that appeared in poster campaign communications published during the Second World War in the US. An examination of World War II poster campaign communications conveying the need for conservation efforts and rationing as communicated to consumers infers the historical context of the era. These poster campaign communications asked consumers to utilize fully of limited resources while maintaining a sense of individuality and trend‐setting creativity and fashion. World War II shortages and allocations influenced fashion innovations in women's apparel in the US. This paper provides a retrospective examination of innovative trends and the various conservation themes associated with women's fashion identify themes used to influence and to inspire Americans to reuse and recycle in support of the war effort. At no other time in history was voluntary textile conservation as prevalent in mainstream American culture as it was during the 1940s.Content analysis reveals reoccurring themes that appeared in the advertisements developed by the War Advertising Council in the 1940s and used in their poster campaign advertisements. Themes and conservation activities identified in their poster campaign communications included
‘America's New Role as Fashion Arbiters’;
‘Conserve Time, Money, Materials for National Defense Program’;
‘War Production Board General Limitations Order L‐85 – Fabric Conservation on Silhouette Dimensions’;
‘Fashion for Victory’;
‘Beauty in Peace and War’;
‘Fabric Conservation’;
‘Teaching Consumers How to Conserve’;
‘You're In the War Too’;
‘Wearing Clothes More’;
‘Changing Materials for War [Nylon]’.
In addition, print communications were categorized according to Robertson's adoption process model. This study found evidence that supports that Robertson's adoption process model was a useful tool in studying these poster campaign communications relative to Robertson's decision‐making process.
Italian consumer awareness of layer hens' welfare standards: a cluster analysis
Authors: Vecchio Riccardo , Annunziata Azzurra 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAnimal welfare has assumed in recent years an increasing significance for European consumers, becoming part of the Community Agricultural Policy strategy that encourages farmers to achieve higher standards of animal welfare. Undoubtedly, the superior social sensitivity towards animal welfare has produced over time notable changes within European Union (EU) Policy. However, while EU legislation has progressively focused on granting animals better possibilities to express their behavioural repertoire, recent analysis shows that consumer knowledge of animal welfare compulsory standards is still quite limited. Drawing on the results of a direct survey on 300 Italian food shoppers, our research analyses consumer knowledge of the welfare standards of laying hens. Our findings highlight important market opportunities and policy implications. Our research shows that, although the majority of the sample expressed concern on hen husbandry systems, most of respondents were unaware of the current mandatory labelling system for eggs. Through cluster analysis three segments were found: the inactive consumer cluster, the conflicted consumer cluster and the ethically competent consumer cluster. This segmentation is especially valuable for producers of ‘animal‐friendly’ eggs to identify market opportunities and formulate appropriate marketing strategies.
Oxytocin suppresses basal glutamatergic transmission but facilitates activity‐dependent synaptic potentiation in the medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Ninan Ipe 
Published: August 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 324–331.AbstractBoth oxytocin and oxytocin receptors are implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly autism which involves a severe deficit in social cognition. Consistently, oxytocin enhances social cognition in humans and animals. The infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex (IL‐mPFC) is believed to play an important role in the regulation of social cognition which might involve top‐down control of subcortical structures including the amygdala. However, little is known about whether and how oxytocin modulates synaptic function in the IL‐mPFC. The effect of oxytocin on excitatory neurotransmission in the IL‐mPFC was studied by examining both the evoked and spontaneous excitatory neurotransmission in the IL‐mPFC layer V pyramidal neurons before and after perfusion with oxytocin. To investigate the effect of oxytocin on synaptic plasticity, low‐frequency stimulation‐induced long‐lasting depression was studied in oxytocin‐treated brain slices. Oxytocin produced a significant suppression of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the IL‐mPFC layer V pyramidal neurons which was mediated by a reduction in glutamate release. Activation of the cannabinoid CB1 receptors was involved in this pre‐synaptic effect. Treatment of brain slices with oxytocin for 1 h converted long‐lasting depression into long‐lasting potentiation of glutamatergic neurotransmission. This oxytocin‐mediated plasticity was NMDA receptor‐dependent and was mediated by the synaptic insertion of calcium‐permeable α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionic acid receptors. The aforementioned suppression of basal glutamatergic neurotransmission and facilitation of activity‐dependent synaptic plasticity in the IL‐mPFC might be critical for the effect of oxytocin on social cognition.
CT Angiography Source Images Acquired with a Fast‐Acquisition Protocol Overestimate Infarct Core on Diffusion Weighted Images in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Yoo Albert J. , Hu Ranliang , Hakimelahi Reza , Lev Michael H. , Nogueira Raul G. , Hirsch Joshua A. , González R. Gilberto , Schaefer Pamela W. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEStudies have demonstrated that computed tomography (CT) angiography source images (CTA‐SI) acquired under near‐steady‐state contrast concentration provide infarct core estimates equivalent to diffusion‐weighted images (DWI). We sought to test this relationship using our current CTA protocol optimized for faster scan acquisition.METHODSForty‐eight consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients met the following criteria: fast‐acquisition CTA and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 9 hours of symptom onset, CTA‐to‐MRI interval under 2 hours, and anterior circulation vessel occlusion. Collaterals were graded on CTA, and lesion volumes were calculated on CTA‐SI, DWI, and MR mean transit time (MTT) maps.RESULTSThe mean CTA‐to‐MRI interval was 36 minutes (± 18 minutes). In paired analysis, lesion volumes on CTA‐SI were significantly larger than on DWI (45.6 cm3 vs 29.9 cm3; P < .0001). In 14 (29.2%) cases, there was major CTA‐SI overestimation (>25 cm3 difference) of the DWI lesion. Lower collateral score (P= .001), higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (P= .01), older age (P= .01), and proximal occlusion (P < .05) were univariate predictors of major overestimation, with collateral score being the only independent predictor. The interobserver agreement was worse for CTA‐SI than for DWI (P < .001 for limits of agreement).CONCLUSIONSCTA‐SI performed using a fast‐acquisition protocol overestimates the infarct core on DWI. Substantial differences are observed in over 25% of cases, and are associated with reduced collateralization.
The Fornix Sign: A Potential Sign for Alzheimer's Disease Based on Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Authors: Oishi Kenichi , Mielke Michelle M. , Albert Marilyn , Lyketsos Constantine G. , Mori Susumu 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDWe investigated a simple imaging sign for Alzheimer's disease (AD), using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We hypothesized that a reduction in fractional anisotropy (FA) in the fornix could be utilized as an imaging sign.METHODSTwenty‐three patients with AD, 24 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and 25 control participants (NC) underwent DTI at baseline and 1 year later. The diagnosis was reevaluated 1 year and 3 years after the initial scan. A color‐scaled FA map was used to visually identify the FA reduction (“fornix sign”). We investigated whether the fornix sign could separate AD from NC, and could predict progression from aMCI to AD or NC to aMCI. We also quantified FA of the fornix to validate the fornix sign.RESULTSThe fornix sign was identical to thelackof any voxels with an FA > .52 within the fornix. The fornix sign differentiated AD from NC with specificity of 1.0 and sensitivity of .56. It predicted conversion from NC to aMCI with specificity of 1.0 and sensitivity of .67, and from aMCI to AD with specificity of .94 and sensitivity of .83.CONCLUSIONThe fornix sign is a promising predictive imaging sign of AD.
Dramatic Changes of a DWI Lesion in a Patient with Acute Ischemic Stroke Treated with IV t‐PA
Authors: Sakamoto Yuki , Kimura Kazumi , Iguchi Yasuyuki , Shibazaki Kensaku , Aoki Junya 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTA diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) lesion changed dramatically in a hyperacute stroke case treated with intravenous tissue‐plasminogen activator (IV t‐PA). The initial hyperintense lesion on DWI disappeared completely immediately after IV t‐PA treatment without improvement of neurological symptoms. However, the lesion reappeared 24 hours later. Successful thrombolysis can resolve DWI lesions but does not always improve the neurological symptoms.
Positive and negative life events and personality traits in predicting course of depression and anxiety
Authors: Spinhoven P. , Elzinga B. M. , Hovens J. G. F. M. , Roelofs K. , van Oppen P. , Zitman F. G. , Penninx B. W. J. H. 
Published: August 2011

Spinhoven P, Elzinga BM, Hovens JGFM, Roelofs K, van Oppen P, Zitman FG, Penninx BWJH. Positive and negative life events and personality traits in predicting course of depression and anxiety.Objective:  To examine the prognostic value of personality dimensions and negative and positive life events for diagnostic and symptom course trajectories in depressive and anxiety disorder.Method:  A total of 1209 subjects (18–65 years) with depressive and/or anxiety disorder were recruited in primary and specialized mental health care. Personality dimensions at baseline were assessed with the NEO‐FFI and incidence and date of life events retrospectively with a structured interview at 2‐year follow‐up. DSM‐IV‐based diagnostic interviews as well as life chart assessments allowed course assessment at both the diagnostic and symptom trajectory level over 2 years.Results:  Life events were significantly related to diagnostic and symptom course trajectories of depression and anxiety also after correcting for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Only negative life events prospectively predicted longer time to remission of depressive disorder. Prospective associations of neuroticism and extraversion with prognosis of anxiety and depression were greatly reduced after correcting for baseline severity and duration of index disorder. Personality traits did not moderate the effect of life events on 2‐year course indicators.Conclusions:  Negative life events have an independent effect on diagnostic and symptom course trajectories of depression and to a lesser extent anxiety unconfounded by sociodemographic, clinical, and personality characteristics.
Responses of grassland species richness to local and landscape factors depend on spatial scale and habitat specialization
Authors: Reitalu Triin , Purschke Oliver , Johansson Lotten J. , Hall Karin , Sykes Martin T. , Prentice Honor C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractQuestionsTo what extent is species richness in semi‐natural grasslands related to local environmental factors and (present/past) surrounding landscape structure? Do responses of species richness depend on degree of habitat specialization (specialists vs generalists) and/or scale of the study?LocationÖland, Sweden.MethodsRichness of herbaceous vascular plants (subdivided into richness of grassland specialists and generalists) was recorded within 50 × 50 cm plots and 0.1–4.8 ha grassland polygons. Generalized linear models and hierarchical partitioning were used to identify local factors (habitat area and heterogeneity, grazing intensity, habitat continuity) and landscape factors (proportion of surrounding grassland in 2004, 1938 and 1800, and landscape diversity in 2004) associated with the richness estimates.ResultsAt the polygon scale, both specialist and generalist richness was positively associated with local habitat area and heterogeneity and, independently of area and heterogeneity, with grazing intensity, habitat continuity and amount of surrounding grassland in 1800. At the plot scale, specialist species richness was positively associated with habitat heterogeneity, amount of surrounding grassland in 2004 and landscape diversity. Plot‐scale generalist richness was negatively associated with surrounding grassland in 1938 and positively associated with local grazing intensity.ConclusionsBecause both habitat specialization and study scale influence conclusions about relationships between species richness and local and landscape factors, the study highlights the need to consider species diversity at multiple spatial scales when making decisions about grassland management. Large‐scale (polygon) species richness is influenced by immigration processes, with both specialists and generalists accumulating in old grasslands over centuries of grazing management. Habitat heterogeneity increased specialist species richness at both scales, suggesting that management policies should favour maintenance of a heterogeneous mosaic of open areas, trees and shrubs in temperate grazed grasslands. Although grassland specialists are sensitive to grassland isolation, in extensively managed landscapes with high landscape diversity input of grassland species from the landscape matrix may buffer negative effects of habitat fragmentation on grassland communities.
Homology‐modelled structure of the βB2B3‐crystallin heterodimer studied by ion mobility and radical probe MS
Authors: Downard Kevin M. , Kokabu Yuichi , Ikeguchi Mitsunori , Akashi Satoko 
Published: August 2011

Ion mobility MS was employed to study the structure of the βB2B3‐crystallin heterodimer following its detection by ESI‐TOF MS. The results demonstrate that the heterodimer has a similar cross‐section (3 165 Å2) and structure to the βB2B2‐crystallin homodimer. Several homology‐modelled structures for the βB2B3 heterodimer were constructed and assessed in terms of their calculated collision cross‐sections and whether the solvent accessibilities of reactive amino acid side chains throughout the βB3 subunit are in accord with measured oxidation levels in radical probe MS protein footprinting experiments. The βB2B3 heterodimer AD model provides the best representation of the heterodimer’s structure overall following a consideration of both the ion mobility and radical probe MS data.Structured digital abstract
Beta‐crystallin B2 binds to Beta‐crystallinB3 by mass spectrometry studies of complexes (View interaction)
Beta‐crystallinB2 binds to Beta‐crystallinB2 by mass spectrometry studies of complexes (View interaction)
New Zealand geography, biography and autobiography
Authors: Roche Michael 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis introduction to the special issue on biography and geography in New Zealand reviews some of the existing biographical and autobiographical writing relating to the university discipline of geography in New Zealand. It then frames the five papers in this issue within the boundaries of haphazard events, mistakes and accidents, definitions of geographers and definitions of geography. While arguing for further research into disciplinary history in New Zealand, it is asserted that these endeavours are of value for the future of the discipline and not only a matter of concern for those interested in the past.
Dermatologic manifestation of diabetes
Authors: LEVY Lauren , ZEICHNER Joshua A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWith the rising incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the US, it is of paramount importance that practitioners understand the complications of DM and how best to manage them. Diabetes affects every organ system and the skin is no exception. There are numerous cutaneous manifestations of DM that have similar etiologies and result from the same pathologic mechanisms as the internal complications of this disease state. In addition, skin manifestations may precede the diagnosis of diabetes. The present article reviews both the common and less common cutaneous manifestations of DM, including presenting lesions, pathogenesis, and management.
Gene transcription in sea otters (Enhydra lutris); development of a diagnostic tool for sea otter and ecosystem health
Authors: BOWEN LIZABETH , MILES A. KEITH , MURRAY MICHAEL , HAULENA MARTIN , TUTTLE JUDY , VAN BONN WILLIAM , ADAMS LANCE , BODKIN JAMES L. , BALLACHEY BRENDA , ESTES JAMES , TINKER M. TIM , KEISTER ROBIN , STOTT JEFFREY L. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractGene transcription analysis for diagnosing or monitoring wildlife health requires the ability to distinguish pathophysiological change from natural variation. Herein, we describe methodology for the development of quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays to measure differential transcript levels of multiple immune function genes in the sea otter (Enhydra lutris); sea otter‐specific qPCR primer sequences for the genes of interest are defined. We establish a ‘reference’ range of transcripts for each gene in a group of clinically healthy captive and free‐ranging sea otters. The 10 genes of interest represent multiple physiological systems that play a role in immuno‐modulation, inflammation, cell protection, tumour suppression, cellular stress response, xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, antioxidant enzymes and cell–cell adhesion. The cycle threshold (CT) measures for most genes were normally distributed; the complement cytolysis inhibitor was the exception. The relative enumeration of multiple gene transcripts in simple peripheral blood samples expands the diagnostic capability currently available to assess the health of sea otters in situ and provides a better understanding of the state of their environment.
An Extraordinary Early Jurassic Planthopper from Hunan (China) Representing a New Family Qiyangiricaniidae fam. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea)
Authors: SZWEDO Jacek , WANG Bo , ZHANG Haichun 
Published: August 2011

Abstract:A new family of planthoppers Fulgoromorpha from the Lower Jurassic of southern China is described to comprise Qiyangiricania cesta Lin, 1986. The new family differs in venation pattern from the other Jurassic representatives of Fulgoroidea, presenting particular model of tegmen venation, not found among extinct and recent planthoppers. The Mesozoic stage of Fulgoroidea evolution is discussed. The extinct taxon Ricaniites fulgens (Brodie, 1845) from the Purbeck of United Kingdom is excluded from the Hemiptera.
New Pelecinid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea: Pelecinidae) from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China
Authors: LIU Chenxi , GAO Taiping , SHIH Chungkun , REN Dong 
Published: August 2011

Abstract:Three well‐preserved fossil Pelecinids from the Late Mesozoic Yixian Formation, Liaoning Province, China are described and assigned to two new species, Eopelecinus huangi sp. nov. and Eopelecinus tumidus sp. nov. in Eopelecinus Zhang, Rasnitsyn and Zhang, 2002. As of now, 17 species have been included in this genus, which is the most diverse in the Pelecinidae family. With new information and characters obtained from these new specimens, the diagnosis of Eopelecinus Zhang, Rasnitsyn and Zhang, 2002 is emended.