bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experience with Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu eradication measures in Slovenia*
Authors: Knapič V. , Seljak G. , Kolšek M. 
Published: July 2010

After causing damage in Asia and the USA, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu recently established in Europe on Castanea. The first outbreak in Europe occurred at a C. sativa nursery for production of plants for planting in Cuneo (Piemonte, Italy) in 2002. The Piemonte official service notified Slovenia that a consignment originating from an infested nursery was sold to Slovenia. Prompt phytosanitary action was taken in Slovenia in 2005 in order to trace back plants from this consignment and prevent establishment of the pest. In the period 2006–2009, intensive surveys of forests and fruit production areas showed absence of the pest in the majority of the Slovenian territory, including the demarcated area from 2005. An earlier introduction of infested plants from Cuneo in January 2004 remained undiscovered until 2007. Despite the radical measure of eliminating the infested orchard and removing infested Castanea trees in the forest bordering this orchard, the pest was not eradicated in this outbreak area. Individual infested trees in the forest were confirmed at a distance of up to 10–34 km in 2008, and a further 15 km in 2009. The results of annual surveys, eradication campaigns based on generic contingency elements and the change of strategy after the finding of infested forests are presented.
Hirschmanniella caudacrenaSher, 1968 intercepted in aquarium plants imported to Poland
Authors: Ryss A. Y. , Karnkowski W. 
Published: July 2010

Hirschmanniella caudacrena was detected in roots of aquarium plants imported from Thailand and Singapore to Poland. Morphology, morphometrics and diagnostic characters of the species are analyzed. It was shown that the ventral notch near the tail tip is a structure of two small symmetrical cuticular flaps. The significance of the tail tip structure to identify Hirschmanniella spp. pests is emphasized. Such detections indicate that aquarium plants imported from non‐European countries are an important pathway for entry to the EPPO region of the EU quarantine species of Hirschmanniella Luc & Goodey, 1963, other than H. gracilis (De Man, 1880), and deserve special attention from the plant quarantine services of EU member states.
Examination of latent infection in raspberry canes with Phytophthora rubi and P. idaei and transmission in micropropagation
Authors: Schlenzig A. , Chard J. 
Published: July 2010

Buds of raspberry canes from naturally and artificially infected root stocks were tested by nested PCR for the latent presence of Phytophthora rubi and P. idaei to establish the risk of introducing these pathogens into micropropagation. Fifteen out of 201 buds tested positive for P. rubi and only 1 out of 176 for P. idaei. These infections were not restricted to buds in the lower part of the cane and mostly do not appear to spread systemically up from the rootstock but seem to be caused by secondary infections of the canes. Buds from symptomless canes from infected root stocks were used for micropropagation and P. rubi could be detected in 5.8% of the obtained microplants after ten generations in one of the two trials. This indicates that micropropagation procedures are not absolutely infallible in eliminating infection and underlines the necessity of a zero tolerance towards diseases in the starting material.
How does local weather predict red deer home range size at different temporal scales?
Authors: Rivrud Inger Maren , Loe Leif Egil , Mysterud Atle 
Published: July 2010

Summary 1. There is a rapidly growing literature on how climate affects populations of vertebrates. For large herbivorous mammals, most attention has been paid to demographic responses to climate variation. Much less information is available regarding how climate affects animal behaviour, i.e. the climate mechanisms. Further, the appropriate measurement scale of climate variables remains debated. Here, we investigate how local climate variables determine home range sizes at four temporal scales using the Börger‐method on GPS telemetry data from 47 female red deer Cervus elaphus L. in Norway. 2. If local climate operates directly on the immediate activity level of the animal, we predict home range sizes to show season‐specific variation on short temporal scale (weekly‐daily) related to temperature and precipitation. If local climate operate indirectly through plant growth, we rather predict variation in home range sizes to be apparent on longer time scales (biweekly‐monthly), and during summer only. 3. At all time scales home range size was positively correlated with temperature during winter and negatively during summer, while the effect of precipitation was season‐ and scale‐specific, except when accumulating as snow. Extensive snow cover decreased home range size, indicating direct effects of climate. 4. The effects of local climate was weaker at the shortest time scales (weekly‐daily) compared to the longest time scales (monthly‐biweekly), while the effects of day length on home range size was only apparent on the monthly and daily scale. At the longest time scales variation in local climate had a large effect on home range size. This is consistent with climatic variables operating indirectly through plant growth, but we cannot exclude a certain direct effect even at longer time scales. 5. We show how local climate‐home range size correlations measured over different temporal scales can be used to infer direct and indirect climate mechanisms. Insight on the behavioural basis of responses to climate enables more accurate predictions of possible nonlinear relationships to future global warming.
Origins, ages and population histories: comparative phylogeography of endemic Hawaiian butterflyfishes (genus Chaetodon)
Authors: Craig Matthew T. , Eble Jeff A. , Bowen Brian W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim  To investigate phylogeographic relationships, genetic connectivity and potential colonization routes for Hawaii’s endemic butterflyfishes (family Chaetodontidae).Location  The Hawaiian Archipelago (central Pacific Ocean).Methods  Molecular genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA from three species of endemic Hawaiian butterflyfishes (Chaetodon multicinctus, n = 280; Chaetodon miliaris, n = 408; Chaetodon fremblii, n = 358) sampled from across the Hawaiian Archipelago was used in a suite of population genetic analyses to examine population histories and calculate coalescence times. We review a recent phylogenetic hypothesis for the Chaetodontidae and optimize ancestral distributions to nodes as a means of inferring colonization pathways to Hawaii.Results  We found no evidence for population subdivisions across their ranges for any of the three endemic Hawaiian butterflyfish species (ΦST ≈ 0; P > 0.05 in each case). Coalescence analyses revealed that C. multicinctus, C. miliaris and C. fremblii date to genetic bottlenecks of c. 12 ka (95% confidence interval of τ, 0–46,732 years ago), c. 74 ka (95% confidence interval of τ, 62,918–105,699 years ago) and c. 301 ka (95% confidence interval of τ, 88,981–478,495 years ago), respectively. We found that the West Pacific appears to be the ancestral source for two of three independent colonization events to Hawaii (leading to the speciation of C. miliaris and C. fremblii). The third colonization of Hawaii (leading to the divergence of C. multicinctus) is ambiguous, but may have involved island‐hopping from the South Pacific via the Line Islands.Main conclusions  Our results are consistent with the growing body of data indicating that ecological specialists may be more susceptible to severe population bottlenecks during large‐scale climatic variation on evolutionary time‐scales. The isolation of the Hawaiian Archipelago presents challenges for colonization by even the most highly dispersive marine organisms, and routes of colonization by endemic butterflyfishes show a variable pattern, indicating that there may be several pathways, both spatially and temporally, for marine fauna to colonize Hawaii. Hawaiian endemic butterflyfishes appear to represent genetically homogeneous populations across the archipelago.
Turning over a new ‘leaf’: multiple functional significances of leaves versus phyllodes in HawaiianAcacia koa
Authors: PASQUET‐KOK JESSICA , CREESE CHRISTINE , SACK LAWREN 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTHawaiian endemic treeAcacia koais a model for heteroblasty with bipinnately compound leaves and phyllodes. Previous studies suggested three hypotheses for their functional differentiation: an advantage of leaves for early growth or shade tolerance, and an advantage of phyllodes for drought tolerance. We tested the ability of these hypotheses to explain differences between leaf types for potted plants in 104 physiological and morphological traits, including gas exchange, structure and composition, hydraulic conductance, and responses to varying light, intercellular CO2, vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and drought. Leaf types were similar in numerous traits including stomatal pore area per leaf area, leaf area‐based gas exchange rates and cuticular conductance. Each hypothesis was directly supported by key differences in function. Leaves had higher mass‐based gas exchange rates, while the water storage tissue in phyllodes contributed to greater capacitance per area; phyllodes also showed stronger stomatal closure at high VPD, and higher maximum hydraulic conductance per area, with stronger decline during desiccation and recovery with rehydration. While no single hypothesis completely explained the differences between leaf types, together the three hypotheses explained 91% of differences. These findings indicate that the heteroblasty confers multiple benefits, realized across different developmental stages and environmental contexts.
Evaluation of the association of superficial dermatophytosis and athletic activities with special reference to its prevention and control
Authors: Bassiri‐Jahromi Shahindokht , Sadeghi Golnar , Asghari Paskiaee Farnoosh 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjective  This study was conducted to evaluate the association of superficial mycosis and athletic activities with special references to its prevention and control in Tehran. Participating in various kinds of sports can lead to direct and indirect exposures to and transmission of micro‐organisms between athletes and also passive observers.Methods  A retrospective study of superficial fungal infections in athletes was carried out during the period of March 2002 to December 2006 on 656 mycological proven cases of dermatophytosis found in athletes in Tehran. Mycologic examination consisted of culturing of pathologic material followed by direct microscopic observation. Mycologic cultures were carried out on Sabouraud Chloramphenicol Agar, Sabouraud Chloramphenicol and Cyclohexamide Agar, and Dermatophyte Agar incubated at 25 °C for at least 28 d. Diagnosis was based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the colonies.Results  A total of 1075 athletes, from 201 institutions, suspected of cutaneous fungal infections were examined and 656 (61%) were found to be positive for fungal infections. The fungal isolates comprised Trichophyton tonsurans (56%), Epidermophyton floccosum (11.8%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (8.9%), Trichophyton rubrum (8.3%), Trichophyton verrucosum (3.9%), Trichophyton violaceum (3.3%), Microsporum canis (2.5%), and Malassezia spp. (5.3%). The distribution of lesions on the body in decreasing order was as follows: trunk, groin, hair and scalp, sole, toe webs, finger nails, and toe nails. Fungal infections were more commonly seen in wrestlers and individuals that participate in aerobics.Conclusion  The results suggest that athletic activity seems to be a predisposing factor, especially for fungal infections. Guidelines are provided regarding measures to prevent transmission of infectious diseases in athletic settings, including hygiene, infection control practices, and education of officials, coaches, trainers, and sports participants.
CXCL5 plasma levels decrease in patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: Tacke Frank , Zimmermann Henning W , Trautwein Christian , Schnabl Bernd 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground and Aims:  CXCL5 (chemokine [C‐X‐C motif] ligand 5, also known as epithelial neutrophil‐activating peptide 78 [ENA78]) belongs to the CXC chemokine family and has been shown to have promitotic effects on hepatocytes. The aim of our study was to assess CXCL5 plasma levels in patients with chronic liver disease.Methods:  CXCL5 plasma levels were measured in 111 patients with chronic liver disease and 98 healthy controls. The gene expression of CXCL5 and its main receptor, CXC receptor‐2, were also determined in liver biopsies from 46 patients.Results:  CXCL5 levels were correlated with clinical presentation, laboratory parameters, and liver histology. Plasma CXCL5 levels in patients with liver cirrhosis were lower than those in healthy controls, and correlated with hepatic biosynthetic capacity, Child–Pugh and model for end‐stage liver disease scores. Patients with hepatic necroinflammation and fibrosis on liver histology showed lower plasma CXCL5 levels. In patients with typical clinical complications of cirrhosis, CXCL5 levels were found to be decreased. Intrahepatically, CXCL5 expression was increased in patients with advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. The isolation of different cellular compartments from mouse livers suggested that hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells are the main sources of hepatic CXCL5.Conclusions:  Plasma CXCL5 levels are lower in patients with chronic liver disease, suggesting that CXCL5 might be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. CXCL5 could serve as an additional biomarker for hepatic necroinflammation and fibrosis.
Singlet oxygen, a neglected but important environmental factor: short‐term and long‐term effects on bacterioplankton composition in a humic lake
Authors: Glaeser Stefanie P. , Grossart Hans‐Peter , Glaeser Jens 
Published: July 2010

SummaryPhotolysis of dissolved organic matter (DOM) leads to contrasting effects on bacterioplankton dynamics, i.e. stimulation and inhibition of bacterial activity. In particular, the role of short‐lived reactive oxygen species (ROS), e.g. singlet oxygen (1O2), in altering microbial activity and species composition has scarcely been investigated. Therefore, we have artificially increased the natural rate of 1O2 formation in short‐term (∼4 h) in situ and long‐term (72 h) laboratory incubations of surface water samples from a humic acid‐rich lake. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) patterns revealed significant changes in occurrence of abundant bacterioplankton phylotypes upon 1O2 exposure. Cluster analysis of DGGE patterns showed that a moderate increase in 1O2 exposure leads to similar changes in different years indicating the establishment of bacterial communities adapted to 1O2 exposure. Bacterioplankton phylotypes favoured under these conditions belonged to Betaproteobacteria of the beta II cluster (e.g. Polynucleobacter necessarius) and the beta I cluster related to Limnohabitans (R‐BT subcluster) as well as Alphaproteobacteria affiliated to Novosphingobium acidiphilum. In contrast, Actinobacteria of the freshwater acI‐B cluster were sensitive even against moderate 1O2 exposure. We conclude that 1O2 exposure due to DOM photolysis represents an important natural selective factor affecting bacterial species dynamics in aquatic ecosystems in many ways.
A c‐type cytochrome and a transcriptional regulator responsible for enhanced extracellular electron transfer in Geobacter sulfurreducens revealed by adaptive evolution
Authors: Tremblay Pier‐Luc , Summers Zarath M. , Glaven Richard H. , Nevin Kelly P. , Zengler Karsten , Barrett Christian L. , Qiu Yu , Palsson Bernhard O. , Lovley Derek R. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe stimulation of subsurface microbial metabolism often associated with engineered bioremediation of groundwater contaminants presents subsurface microorganisms, which are adapted for slow growth and metabolism in the subsurface, with new selective pressures. In order to better understand how Geobacter species might adapt to selective pressure for faster metal reduction in the subsurface, Geobacter sulfurreducens was put under selective pressure for rapid Fe(III) oxide reduction. The genomes of two resultant strains with rates of Fe(III) oxide reduction that were 10‐fold higher than those of the parent strain were resequenced. Both strains contain either a single base‐pair change or a 1 nucleotide insertion in a GEMM riboswitch upstream of GSU1761, a gene coding for the periplasmic c‐type cytochrome designated PgcA. GSU1771, a gene coding for a SARP regulator, was also mutated in both strains. Introduction of either of the GEMM riboswitch mutations upstream of pgcA in the wild‐type increased the abundance of pgcA transcripts, consistent with increased expression of pgcA in the adapted strains. One of the mutations doubled the rate of Fe(III) oxide reduction. Interruption of GSU1771 doubled the Fe(III) oxide reduction rate. This was associated with an increased in expression of pilA, the gene encoding the structural protein for the pili thought to function as microbial nanowires. The combination of the GSU1771 interruption with either of the pgcA mutations resulted in a strain that reduced Fe(III) as fast as the comparable adapted strain. These results suggest that the accumulation of a small number of beneficial mutations under selective pressure, similar to that potentially present during bioremediation, can greatly enhance the capacity for Fe(III) oxide reduction in G. sulfurreducens. Furthermore, the results emphasize the importance of the c‐type cytochrome PgcA and pili in Fe(III) oxide reduction and demonstrate how adaptive evolution studies can aid in the elucidation of complex mechanisms, such as extracellular electron transfer.
Role of TNF‐α polymorphism ‐308 in neurosensory irritation
Authors: Davis J. A. , Visscher M. O. , Wickett R. R. , Hoath S. B. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisNeurosensory cutaneous discomfort in response to topical products is common, yet the relationship between symptoms such as stinging and visible irritation is currently unclear. The presence of a polymorphism at position ‐308 on the TNF‐α gene has been associated with skin irritation, i.e., erythema, dryness. Individuals with a G to A transition (AA/GA genotypes) have a lower threshold to experimentally induced irritation than those with the wild type (G allele, GG genotype). We investigated the effect of this polymorphism on neurosensory irritation (NSI). DNA genotyping was used to determine the allele type amongst a population of health care workers. The neurosensory response to lactic acid and water on the nasolabial folds and hands was assessed using a quantitative lactic acid sting test. Both genotypes had a more intense response to lactic acid compared with water on the face. The AA/GA genotypes had directionally higher scores from lactic acid (P = 0.1) and significantly higher stinging intensities from water (P = 0.001) on the face. For the hands, stinging intensities were higher for lactic acid and water amongst the AA/GA genotypes (P = 0.03 and 0.006 respectively). NSI to lactic acid was significantly higher on the face than on the hands (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that subjects with the A transition at position ‐308 on the TNF‐α gene experience more intense NSI with common ingredients, i.e., lactic acid and water, than those with the wild type. TNF‐α polymorphism ‐308 may account for some of the inter‐individual variability in response to skin care practices.
Micrographic surgery of skin cancer in German hospitals 2005–2006
Authors: Stang A , Weichenthal M 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground/Objective  Surgical therapy of skin cancer includes conventional wide excision and micrographic surgery (MS). Little is known about the population‐wide spread of MS for the treatment of skin cancer. The aim was to estimate the in‐hospital use of MS for the treatment of skin cancer in Germany.Methods  We used nationwide DRG data from 2005 through 2006. We identified hospitalizations with a main diagnosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) (ICD‐10: C43) or non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) (ICD‐10: C44). MS was identified by OPS procedure codes including 5‐895.1, 5‐895.3, 5‐212.1, 5‐181.1, 5‐181.4, 5‐181.6, 5‐182.1, 5‐091.1, or 5‐091.3.Results  We identified 52 660 and 98 484 hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of CMM and NMSC respectively; 54.6% and 36.5% of NMSC and CMM‐related admissions with local skin cancer treatment included MS. The relative frequency of MS varied by anatomic subsite of the skin cancer and by region of the hospital. Local infections were the most frequent complications after MS with 3.2–4.0% for NMSC and 2.3–2.9% for CMM followed by haemorrhages. Dehiscence of the operation wound is a rare event with risks ranging between 0.1% and 0.3%.Conclusions  Micrographic surgery is frequently used for the local treatment of NMSC and varies considerably across Federal States of Germany. It is difficult to speculate how many MS might be performed in private or ambulatory settings in Germany. As MS requires surgical expertise, technical support and dermatopathology, we speculate that MS is much less frequently undertaken in private practices in Germany.
The Assessment of Gestational Age in Ugandan and British Newborn Babies
Authors: Parkin J. M. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYTen external physical characteristics have been scored in a group of term Ugandan newborn babies and compared with the scores in two similar groups of British babies. The Ugandan babies show significant advances in skull hardness and lanugo hair and possible advances in other characteristics. The implications of these findings are discussed.RÉSUMÉAppréciation de &#x006c;̂âge de gestation chez des nouveaux‐nés ougandiens et anglaisDix caractéristiques externes ont été relevées dans un groupe de nouveaux‐nés à terme ougandiens et comparées avec les mêmes éleménts à deux groupes similaires de bébés anglais. Les bébés ougandiens présentent une avance significative dans la dureté du crâne et dans &#x006c;̂importance du lanugo et une avance possible dans les autres caractéristiques. Les conséquences de ces faits sont discutées.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Bestimmung des Gestationsalters bei Neugeborenen in Uganda und Groβ‐BritannienZehn äußere Merkmale wurden bei einer Gruppe von ausgetragenen Kindern in Uganda festgestellt und mit den Merkmalen zweier ähnlicher Gruppen in Groß‐Britannien verglichen. Die Kinder aus Uganda zeigen signifikant ausgeprägtere Reifezeichen hinsichtlich der Schädelhärte und der Lanugobehaarung und mögliche Fortschritte hinsichtlich anderer Merkmale. Die Folgerungen dieser Befunde werden diskutiert.RESUMENEl reconocimiento de la edad gestacional en recién nacidos ugandeses y británicosSe han puntuado diez caracteres externos en un grupo de recién nacidos a término ugandeses y se han comparado con los puntajes de dos grupos similares de niños británicos. Los niños ugandeses mostraron avances significativos en la dureza del cráneo y del lanugo y posibles avances en otras características. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos.