bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TGF‐beta1 and TGFBR1 are Expressed in Ameloblasts and Promote MMP20 Expression
Authors: Gao Yuguang , Li Dongliang , Han Tingting , Sun Yan , Zhang Juanjuan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTransforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐beta) signaling exerts a wide spectrum of biological functions. To investigate TGF‐beta signaling in amelogenesis, we initially assessed the expression of TGF‐beta1 and TGF‐beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1) in developing teeth by immunohistochemistry. Both TGF‐beta1 and TGFBR1 were strongly expressed in secreting ameloblasts. Next, we studied the effects of TGF‐beta signaling on the expression of MMP20 and KLK4 mRNA using ameloblast‐lineage cells (ALC) in vitro. Our RT‐PCR study showed that TGF‐beta1, TGFBR1, and enamel matrix proteases (MMP20 and KLK4) were expressed in ALC. Following TGF‐beta1 treatment, the expression of MMP20 mRNA, but not KLK4 mRNA, was significantly upregulated. To further confirm the TGF‐beta signaling involvement in the MMP20 expression, we constructed the activated TGFBR1 vector and transfected the construct into ALC. The activated TGFBR1 notably promoted MMP20 expression, but had no obvious effects on the KLK4 mRNA expression. Our studies strongly suggest that TGF‐beta signaling involved in amelogenesis is partially mediated by regulating the expression of MMP20 mRNA. Anat Rec, 292:885–890, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Labial Cartilages in the Smalltooth Sandtiger Shark, Odontaspis ferox (Lamniformes: Odontaspididae) and Their Significance to the Phylogeny of Lamniform Sharks
Authors: Shimada Kenshu , Rigsby Cynthia K. , Kim Sun H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractUsing computed tomography, we discovered labial cartilages (splanchnocranial components) in an enigmatic lamniform shark, Odontaspis ferox (smalltooth sandtiger). We demonstrate that the presence of labial cartilages is plesiomorphic in Lamniformes, affirming that their “reduction” cannot be used as a synapomorphy for the order. Rather, their loss occurred through lamniform phylogeny. Anat Rec, 292:813–817, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autografts and Xenografts of Skin Fibroblasts Delivering BMP‐2 Effectively Promote Orthotopic and Ectopic Osteogenesis
Authors: Wang Rongying , Zou Yanqiong , Yuan Zhen , Wang Ying , Chen Yuying , Mao Yuanqing , Zhu Zhen‐An , Li Hui , Tang Xueming , Lu Jian , Yi Jing 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTypicalex vivobone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) gene therapy for localized bone formation usually utilizes bone marrow stromal cells as gene delivering cells. Skin fibroblasts, which are abundant and easily obtained, have potential advantages for autologous transplantation, but this application has not been adequately investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine the osteogenetic potential of fibroblasts delivering human BMP‐2 (hBMP‐2) gene by a retroviral system. The phenotypes of osteogenesis in human dermal fibroblasts transduced with hBMP‐2 were determinedin vitro. Ectopic osteogenesis was evaluated following the injection of these cell xenografts into muscles of null mice, and the potential for orthotopic bone regeneration was evaluated from syngrafts and autografts of rat dermal fibroblasts in rat calvaria defects. The activity of alkaline phosphatase and expression of osteocalcin in fibroblasts transduced with hBMP‐2 were increased, and ectopic osteogenesis could be detected in muscles from null mice. The syngrafts and autografts of rat dermal fibroblasts transduced with hBMP‐2 gene significantly promoted bone repair and partially healed the calvarial defects. Syngrafts and autografts of rat fibroblasts transduced with hBMP‐2 gene had greater average areas exhibiting an osteogenic response compared with the control. The success of bone regeneration in calvaria defects induced by the autologous hBMP‐2‐modified skin fibroblasts provides evidence that fibroblasts could be effectively used inex vivogene therapy for local bone repair. Anat Rec, 292:777–786, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative Jaw Muscle Anatomy in Kangaroos, Wallabies, and Rat‐Kangaroos (Marsupialia: Macropodoidea)
Authors: Warburton Natalie Marina 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe jaw muscles were studied in seven genera of macropodoid marsupials with diets ranging from mainly fungi in Potorous to grass in Macropus. Relative size, attachments, and lamination within the jaw adductor muscles varied between macropodoid species. Among macropodine species, the jaw adductor muscle proportions vary with feeding type. The relative mass of the masseter is roughly consistent, but grazers and mixed‐feeders (Macropus and Lagostrophus) had relatively larger medial pterygoids and smaller temporalis muscles than the browsers (Dendrolagus, Dorcopsulus, and Setonix). Grazing macropods show similar jaw muscle proportions to “ungulate‐grinding” type placental mammals. The internal architecture of the jaw muscles also varies between grazing and browsing macropods, most significantly, the anatomy of the medial pterygoid muscle. Potoroines have distinctly different jaw muscle proportions to macropodines. The masseter muscle group, in particular, the superficial masseter is enlarged, while the temporalis group is relatively reduced. Lagostrophus fasciatus is anatomically distinct from other macropods with respect to its masticatory muscle anatomy, including enlarged superficial medial pterygoid and deep temporalis muscles, an anteriorly inflected masseteric process, and the shape of the mandibular condyle. The enlarged triangular pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, in particular, is distinctive of Lagsotrophus. Anat Rec, 292:875–884, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative Feeding Biomechanics of Lystrosaurus and the Generalized Dicynodont Oudenodon
Authors: Jasinoski Sandra C. , Rayfield Emily J. , Chinsamy Anusuya 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDifferences in cranial morphology among the Dicynodontia have been correlated with changes in masticatory function, and hence, dietary preference. Although the derived masticatory apparatus of dicynodonts allowed propaliny, it has previously been hypothesized that Lystrosaurus primarily utilized powerful orthal jaw movements to process fibrous vegetation. Cranial specializations of Lystrosaurus, such as shortened and deepened cranium and a mobile premaxilla‐nasal suture, are thought to have increased the efficiency of its masticatory system compared with generalized Permian dicynodonts. Here we aim to test this assertion using biomechanical modeling techniques. We use finite element analysis (FEA) and a study of cranial functional morphology to compare the biomechanical performance of the crania of Lystrosaurus and Oudenodon, a generalized dicynodont, during orthal bite simulations. Muscle forces were estimated for each dicynodont using the dry skull method and applied to each cranium to produce a reaction force at a bite point. Patterns and average magnitude of Von Mises stress in each dicynodont cranium and in segmented regions of interest were assessed. During orthal bite simulations, higher stress occurs throughout the Oudenodon cranium, indicating that the cranium of Lystrosaurus is more resistant to normal, static feeding loads. Despite this difference in stress magnitude, patterns of stress are similar within both taxa. The FE‐stress results, along with mechanical advantage of adductor musculature, a broad symphyseal contact, and other cranial features suggest that Lystrosaurus may have used a snapping bite to cope with tough fibrous vegetation. Anat Rec, 292:862–874, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cochlear Labyrinth Volume and Hearing Abilities in Primates
Authors: Kirk E. Christopher , Gosselin‐Ildari Ashley D. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe primate cochlea is a membranous, fluid‐filled receptor organ that is specialized for sound detection. Like other parts of the inner ear, the cochlea is contained within the bony labyrinth of the petrous temporal bone. The close anatomical relationship between the bony cochlear labyrinth and the membranous cochlea provides an opportunity to quantify cochlear size using osteological specimens. Although mechanisms of cochlear frequency analysis are well studied, relatively little is known about the functional consequences of interspecific variation in cochlear size. Previous comparative analyses have linked increases in basilar membrane length to decreases in both the high and low frequency limits of hearing in mammals. However, these analyses did not consider the potentially confounding effects of body mass or phylogeny. Here, we present measurements of cochlear labyrinth volume in 33 primate species based on high‐resolution computed tomography. These data demonstrate that cochlear labyrinth volume is strongly negatively allometric with respect to body mass. Scaling of cochlear volume in primates is very similar to scaling of basilar membrane length among mammals generally. Furthermore, an analysis of 10 primate taxa with published audiograms reveals that cochlear labyrinth volume is significantly negatively correlated with the high frequency limit of hearing. This result is independent of body mass and phylogeny, suggesting that cochlear size is functionally related to the range of audible frequencies in primates. Although the nature of this functional relationship remains speculative, our findings suggest that some hearing parameters of extinct taxa may be estimated using fossil petrosals. Anat Rec, 292:765–776, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
UCF‐101, A Novel Omi/HtrA2 Inhibitor, Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats
Authors: Su Danying , Su Zhiqiang , Wang Jiaye , Yang Shanshan , Ma Jing 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and neuroprotective mechanisms of UCF‐101, a novel Omi/HtrA2 inhibitor, following ischemia/reperfusion brain injury. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 2 hr of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion. Animals were divided into 3 groups: sham, vehicle‐treated ischemia/reperfusion, and UCF‐101 treatment. In the UCF‐101 treatment group, rats were intraperitoneally administered UCF‐101 (1.5 μmol/kg) 10 min prior to reperfusion. The rats were evaluated for neurological deficits, and brain infarct volume was assessed by 2,3,5‐triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. TUNEL staining was utilized to evaluate the amount of apoptosis. In addition, expressions of protein caspase‐8, caspase‐3, FasL, and FLIP were examined by Western blot analysis. Results demonstrated that UCF‐101 treatment significantly decreased cerebral infarct size by about 16.27% (P < 0.05) and also improved neurological behavior. TUNEL staining revealed that UCF‐101 treatment significantly reduced TUNEL‐positive cells in the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, the upregulation in the expression of FasL and the cleavage products of active caspase‐8 and caspase‐3 induced by ischemia was attenuated in mice treated with UCF‐101, whereas upregulation of FLIP levels was increased. The present results demonstrated that UCF‐101 protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. UCF‐101 provided neuroprotection in vivo, and this was correlated with regulation of Fas‐mediated apoptotic proteins. Taken together, the use of UCF‐101 is a potent, neuroprotective factor for the treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Anat Rec, 292:849–856, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metal‐Catalyzed Derivatization of Cα‐Tetrasubstituted Amino Acids and Their Use in the Synthesis of Cyclic Peptides
Authors: Grauer Andreas , Späth Andreas , Ma Dawei , König Burkhard 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMaking circles with N and O: Cyclic tripeptides containing an unnatural Cα‐tetrasubstituted THF amino acid are prepared by copper(I) and palladium(0)‐catalyzed N‐ and O‐arylation reactions. The reactions give access to side chain‐modified derivatives of the unnatural amino acid and macrocyclic peptidomimetics.magnified imageCα‐tetrasubstituted amino acids are important building blocks in the design and preparation of novel peptidomimetics. We report on the functionalization of the Cα‐tetrasubstituted THF amino acid rac‐5 by copper(I) catalyzed N‐arylation reactions. The aryl bromide substituent of rac‐5 is replaced by a variety of aliphatic and aromatic amines. Intramolecular N‐arylation yielded only small amounts of a cyclic tripeptide 2, whereas cyclic tripeptide ethers 4 and 50 were obtained in an enantiomerically pure form from a palladium(0)‐catalyzed intramolecular O‐arylation.
A General Strategy for the Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Traditional Chinese Medicines and Their Potential Application as Catalysts
Authors: Huang Jiale , Wang Wenta , Lin Liqin , Li Qingbiao , Lin Wenshuang , Li Mei , Mann Stephen 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTea time! Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) could be readily prepared by a general strategy involving the reduction of aqueous HAuCl4 in the presence of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Spheroidal and triangular gold nanoparticles were observed depending on the TCM used. The strategy exemplified the universal application of plant bioresources for the synthesis of GNPs and catalytic purposes.magnified image
Assessing the merits and faults of holistic and disaggregated judgments
Authors: Arkes Hal R. , González‐Vallejo Claudia , Bonham Aaron J. , Kung Yi‐Han , Bailey Nathan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThree studies explored both the advantages of and subjects' preferences for a disaggregated judgment procedure and a holistic one. The task in our first two studies consisted of evaluating colleges; the third study asked participants to evaluate job applicants. Holistic ratings consisted of providing an overall evaluation while considering all of the characteristics of the evaluation objects; disaggregated ratings consisted of evaluating each cue independently. Participants also made paired comparisons of the evaluation objects. We constructed preference orders for the disaggregated method by aggregating these ratings (unweighted or weighted characteristics). To compare the holistic, disaggregated, and weighted‐disaggregated method we regressed the four cues on the participant's holistic rating, on the linearly aggregated disaggregated ratings, and on the average weighted disaggregated rating, using the participant's “importance points” for each cue as weights. Both types of combined disaggregated ratings related more closely to the cues in terms of proportion of variance accounted for in Experiments 1 and 2. In addition, the disaggregated ratings were more closely related to the paired‐comparison orderings, but Experiment 2 showed that this was true for a small set (10) but not a large set (60) of evaluation objects. Experiment 3 tested the “gamesmanship” hypothesis: People prefer holistic ratings because it is easier to incorporate illegitimate but appealing criteria into one's judgment. The results suggested that the disaggregated procedure generally produced sharper distinctions between the most relevant and least relevant cues. Participants in all three of these studies preferred the holistic ratings despite their statistical inferiority. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The origin of Metazoa: a transition from temporal to spatial cell differentiation
Authors: Mikhailov Kirill V. , Konstantinova Anastasiya V. , Nikitin Mikhail A. , Troshin Peter V. , Rusin Leonid Yu. , Lyubetsky Vassily A. , Panchin Yuri V. , Mylnikov Alexander P. , Moroz Leonid L. , Kumar Sudhir , Aleoshin Vladimir V. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFor over a century, Haeckel's Gastraea theory remained a dominant theory to explain the origin of multicellular animals. According to this theory, the animal ancestor was a blastula‐like colony of uniform cells that gradually evolved cell differentiation. Today, however, genes that typically control metazoan development, cell differentiation, cell‐to‐cell adhesion, and cell‐to‐matrix adhesion are found in various unicellular relatives of the Metazoa, which suggests the origin of the genetic programs of cell differentiation and adhesion in the root of the Opisthokonta. Multicellular stages occurring in the complex life cycles of opisthokont protists (mesomycetozoeans and choanoflagellates) never resemble a blastula. Here, we discuss a more realistic scenario of transition to multicellularity through integration of pre‐existing transient cell types into the body of an early metazoon, which possessed a complex life cycle with a differentiated sedentary filter‐feeding trophic stage and a non‐feeding blastula‐like larva, the synzoospore. Choanoflagellates are considered as forms with secondarily simplified life cycles.
Transposable elements and an epigenetic basis for punctuated equilibria
Authors: Zeh David W. , Zeh Jeanne A. , Ishida Yoichi 
Published: May 2009

AbstractEvolution is frequently concentrated in bursts of rapid morphological change and speciation followed by long‐term stasis. We propose that this pattern of punctuated equilibria results from an evolutionary tug‐of‐war between host genomes and transposable elements (TEs) mediated through the epigenome. According to this hypothesis, epigenetic regulatory mechanisms (RNA interference, DNA methylation and histone modifications) maintain stasis by suppressing TE mobilization. However, physiological stress, induced by climate change or invasion of new habitats, disrupts epigenetic regulation and unleashes TEs. With their capacity to drive non‐adaptive host evolution, mobilized TEs can restructure the genome and displace populations from adaptive peaks, thus providing an escape from stasis and generating genetic innovations required for rapid diversification. This “epi‐transposon hypothesis” can not only explain macroevolutionary tempo and mode, but may also resolve other long‐standing controversies, such as Wright's shifting balance theory, Mayr's peripheral isolates model, and McClintock's view of genome restructuring as an adaptive response to challenge.
Transformation of a dwarf Arabidopsis mutant illustrates gibberellin hormone physiology and the function of a Green Revolution gene
Authors: Molina Isabel , Weber Katrin , dos Santos Déborah Y. Alves Cursino , Ohlrogge John 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe introduction of dwarfing traits into crops was a major factor in increased grain yields during the “Green Revolution.” In most cases those traits were the consequence of altered synthesis or response to the gibberellin (GA) plant hormones. Our current understanding of GA synthesis and physiology has been facilitated by the characterization of mutants. To introduce concepts about GA hormone physiology and plant transformation in an undergraduate laboratory course we have used ga5, a semi‐dwarf Arabidopsis mutant with reduced activity of GA 20‐oxidase. In this laboratory exercise, Arabidopsis ga5 mutant plants are transformed by the floral‐dip method using Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying plasmid constructs conferring kanamycin resistance and containing the GA5 gene. Within 4 weeks, seeds of transformed plants can be easily screened by antibiotic resistance on plates. After transfer to soil the dwarf mutant plants transformed with a wild‐type version of the gene show normal size. In addition to offering a visual understanding of the effect of GA on stem elongation, students learn additional techniques in this experiment, including PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis. This experiment is cost effective and can be completed within a 4‐month term.
Use of case studies to introduce undergraduate students to principles of food microbiology, molecular biology, and epidemiology of food‐borne disease
Authors: Ponder Monica A. , Sumner Susan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMock outbreaks of infectious disease offer the ability to introduce principles of food microbiology, ecology, and epidemiology to undergraduate students using an inquiry driven process. Students were presented with an epidemiological case study detailing patient history, clinical presentation, and foods recently consumed. The students then had to form hypotheses about the causative agents and attempt to identify the vehicle of transmission from foods their patient consumed. Students applied biochemical testing protocols to explore bacterial metabolism that are used to identify pathogens. After biochemically identifying their case's causative agent, the students were introduced to rapid methods that are used by health departments. Students extracted DNA, performed PCR reactions to amplify the 16s rDNA gene and identified it by comparing the PCR product sequence to a database using BLAST. Rapid methods, which do not employ time‐consuming culturing methods, are increasingly being used; this exercise ensures that students have the technical skills necessary to compete in an increasingly technological global market.
Problem–solving test: The role of a micro‐RNA in the regulation of fos gene expression
Authors: Szeberényi József 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTerms to be familiar with before you start to solve the test. Proto‐oncogenes, transcription factors, gene regulation, cell proliferation, malignant transformation, cloning of DNA fragments, expression vector, recombinant plasmid, transfection, phorbol ester, Western blotting, Northern blotting, cDNA probe, diacylglycerol, cAMP1, protein kinase C, mRNA, 3′‐untranslated region, open reading frame, rRNA, actin.
Development of instructional courseware in thermodynamics education
Authors: Liu Yucheng 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a concise computer courseware for solving three types of fundamental thermodynamic problems: determine gas status after specified processes; evaluate a pure substance's thermodynamic properties at given state; and analysis of basic thermodynamic cycles, including power cycle, refrigeration cycle, and heat pump cycle. Common programming language C# is selected to develop the courseware and interfaces. The application of the developed courseware in teaching thermodynamic courses can efficiently help students to improve their problem‐solving skills and make them better understand basic thermodynamic laws. The presented teaching approach can be expansively applied in thermodynamics education. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 115–124, 2011
Compatible quadrangulation by sketching
Authors: Yao Chih‐Yuan , Chu Hung‐Kuo , Ju Tao , Lee Tong‐Yee 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMesh quadrangulation has received increasing attention in the past decade. While previous works have mostly focused on producing a high quality quad mesh of a single model, the connectivity of the quadrangulation is typically difficult to control and varies among models even with similar shapes. In this paper, we propose a novel interactive framework for quadrangulating a set of models collectively with compatible connectivity. Furthermore, we demonstrate its application to 3D mesh morphing. In our approach, the user interactively sketches a skeleton within each model, and our method automatically computes compatible base domains for all models from these skeletons, on which the models are parameterized. With this novel parameterization, it is very easy to generate a pleasing and smooth 3D morphing sequence among these compatible models. The method yields quadrangulation with comparable quality to existing approaches, but greatly simplifies compatible re‐meshing among a group of topologically equivalent models, in particular characters and animals models, with direct applications in shape blending and morphing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.