bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solving Bongard Problems With a Visual Language and Pragmatic Constraints
Authors: Depeweg Stefan , Rothkopf Contantin A. , Jäkel Frank 
Published: May 2024

AbstractMore than 50 years ago, Bongard introduced 100 visual concept learning problems as a challenge for artificial vision systems. These problems are now known as Bongard problems. Although they are well known in cognitive science and artificial intelligence, only very little progress has been made toward building systems that can solve a substantial subset of them. In the system presented here, visual features are extracted through image processing and then translated into a symbolic visual vocabulary. We introduce a formal language that allows representing compositional visual concepts based on this vocabulary. Using this language and Bayesian inference, concepts can be induced from the examples that are provided in each problem. We find a reasonable agreement between the concepts with high posterior probability and the solutions formulated by Bongard himself for a subset of 35 problems. While this approach is far from solving Bongard problems like humans, it does considerably better than previous approaches. We discuss the issues we encountered while developing this system and their continuing relevance for understanding visual cognition. For instance, contrary to other concept learning problems, the examples are not random in Bongard problems; instead they are carefully chosen to ensure that the concept can be induced, and we found it helpful to take the resulting pragmatic constraints into account.
Genomic conservation of Mongolian horses promoted by preservation of the intangible cultural heritage of Naadam in Mongolia
Authors: Mongke Togtokh , Budsuren Undarmaa , Tiemuqier Aertengqimike , Bozlak Elif , Wallner Barbara , Dulamsuren Samdanjamts , Daidiikhuu Dorjsuren , Amgalan Saruuljargal , An Tana , Mongkejargal Baoyindeligeer , Li Wenbo , Borjgin Sarula , Dugarjaviin Manglai , Han Haige 
Published: May 2024

AbstractUncontrolled crossbreeding is a major challenge to the conservation of landrace horses in East Asia. Understanding the factors driving this trend is crucial for effective conservation efforts. Here, we investigate the genomic makeup of 40 Mongolian Naadam racehorses and 21 Asian landrace horse breeds through analyzing whole‐genome resequencing and Y chromosome data. Our results show that crossbreeding practices are linked to horse‐racing traditions. Regions characterized by strong horse‐racing traditions and a lack of crossbreeding regulations exhibit significant levels of exotic genetic introgression, as observed in populations from Inner Mongolia and Central Asia. However, in Mongolia, despite having strong horse‐racing traditions, the implementation of policies aimed at preserving traditional horse‐racing culture effectively reduces exotic introgression. These results suggest that horse‐racing traditions are the main driver of crossbreeding practices. Our research highlights that the preservation of traditional values in landrace horses, achieved through carefully managed horse‐racing activities, can lead to successful conservation outcomes.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the impacts of germline pharmacogenomics on severe toxicity and symptom burden in adult patients with cancer
Authors: Lingaratnam Senthil , Shah Mahek , Nicolazzo Joseph , Michael Michael , Seymour John F. , James Paul , Lazarakis Smaro , Loi Sherene , Kirkpatrick Carl M. J. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe clinical application of Pharmacogenomics (PGx) has improved patient safety. However, comprehensive PGx testing has not been widely adopted in clinical practice, and significant opportunities exist to further optimize PGx in cancer care. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aim to evaluate the safety outcomes of reported PGx‐guided strategies (Analysis 1) and identify well‐studied emerging pharmacogenomic variants that predict severe toxicity and symptom burden (Analysis 2) in patients with cancer. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, clinicaltrials.gov, and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from inception to January 2023 for clinical trials or comparative studies evaluating PGx strategies or unconfirmed pharmacogenomic variants. The primary outcomes were severe adverse events (SAE; ≥ grade 3) or symptom burden with pain and vomiting as defined by trial protocols and assessed by trial investigators. We calculated pooled overall relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) using random effects models. PROSPERO, registration number CRD42023421277. Of 6811 records screened, six studies were included for Analysis 1, 55 studies for Analysis 2. Meta‐analysis 1 (five trials, 1892 participants) showed a lower absolute incidence of SAEs with PGx‐guided strategies compared to usual therapy, 16.1% versus 34.0% (RR = 0.72, 95%CI 0.57–0.91, p = 0.006, I2 = 34%). Meta‐analyses 2 identified nine medicine(class)‐variant pairs of interest across the TYMS, ABCB1, UGT1A1, HLA‐DRB1, and OPRM1 genes. Application of PGx significantly reduced rates of SAEs in patients with cancer. Emergent medicine‐variant pairs herald further research into the expansion and optimization of PGx to improve systemic anti‐cancer and supportive care medicine safety and efficacy.
St. John's wort extract with a high hyperforin content does not induce P‐glycoprotein activity at the human blood–brain barrier
Authors: El Biali Myriam , Wölfl‐Duchek Michael , Jackwerth Matthias , Mairinger Severin , Weber Maria , Bamminger Karsten , Poschner Stefan , Rausch Ivo , Schindler Natalie , Lozano Irene Hernández , Jäger Walter , Nics Lukas , Tournier Nicolas , Hacker Marcus , Zeitlinger Markus , Bauer Martin , Langer Oliver 
Published: May 2024

AbstractSt. John's wort (SJW) extract, a herbal medicine with antidepressant effects, is a potent inducer of intestinal and/or hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), which can cause clinically relevant drug interactions. It is currently not known whether SJW can also induce P‐gp activity at the human blood–brain barrier (BBB), which may potentially lead to decreased brain exposure and efficacy of certain central nervous system (CNS)‐targeted P‐gp substrate drugs. In this study, we used a combination of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and cocktail phenotyping to gain a comprehensive picture on the effect of SJW on central and peripheral P‐gp and CYP activities. Before and after treatment of healthy volunteers (n = 10) with SJW extract with a high hyperforin content (3–6%) for 12–19 days (1800 mg/day), the activity of P‐gp at the BBB was assessed by means of PET imaging with the P‐gp substrate [11C]metoclopramide and the activity of peripheral P‐gp and CYPs was assessed by administering a low‐dose phenotyping cocktail (caffeine, omeprazole, dextromethorphan, and midazolam or fexofenadine). SJW significantly increased peripheral P‐gp, CYP3A, and CYP2C19 activity. Conversely, no significant changes in the peripheral metabolism, brain distribution, and P‐gp‐mediated efflux of [11C]metoclopramide across the BBB were observed following the treatment with SJW extract. Our data suggest that SJW does not lead to significant P‐gp induction at the human BBB despite its ability to induce peripheral P‐gp and CYPs. Simultaneous intake of SJW with CNS‐targeted P‐gp substrate drugs is not expected to lead to P‐gp‐mediated drug interactions at the BBB.
Acute pharmacodynamic responses to sitagliptin: Drug‐induced increase in early insulin secretion in oral glucose tolerance test
Authors: Beitelshees Amber L. , Streeten Elizabeth A. , Shahidzadeh Yazdi Zhinous , Whitlatch Hilary B. , Mitchell Braxton D. , Shuldiner Alan R. , Montasser May E. , Taylor Simeon I. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractDPP4 inhibitors are widely prescribed as treatments for type 2 diabetes. Because drug responses vary among individuals, we initiated investigations to identify genetic variants associated with the magnitude of drug responses. Sitagliptin (100 mg) was administered to 47 healthy volunteers. Several endpoints were measured to assess clinically relevant responses – including the effect of sitagliptin on glucose and insulin levels during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). This pilot study confirmed that sitagliptin (100 mg) decreased the area under the curve for glucose during an OGTT (p = 0.0003). Furthermore, sitagliptin promoted insulin secretion during the early portion of the OGTT as reflected by an increase in the ratio of plasma insulin at 30 min divided by plasma insulin at 60 min (T30:T60) from mean ± SEM 0.87 ± 0.05 to 1.62 ± 0.36 mU/L (p = 0.04). The magnitude of sitagliptin's effect on insulin secretion (as judged by the increase in the T30:T60 ratio for insulin) was correlated with the magnitude of sitagliptin‐induced increase in the area under the curve for intact plasma GLP1 levels during the first hour of the OGTT. This study confirmed previously reported sex differences in glucose and insulin levels during an OGTT. Specifically, females exhibited higher levels of glucose and insulin at the 90–180 min time points. However, we did not detect significant sex‐associated differences in the magnitude of sitagliptin‐induced changes in T30:T60 ratios for either glucose or insulin. In conclusion, T30:T60 ratios for insulin and glucose during an OGTT provide useful indices to assess pharmacodynamic responses to DPP4 inhibitors.
The unfinished promise of infrastructure in post‐apartheid South Africa
Authors: Roper Katherine 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis article explores aspects of the “unfinished” using notions of human‐centered design in African public infrastructure and the importance of involving the “users” and “beneficiaries” in infrastructure development and delivery. Infrastructure, both conceptually as an idea and in its constructed material reality, has a huge impact on society, socially and economically, and has been promised as one of the most effective drivers of economic growth in South Africa. Increasingly in South Africa, facilities are falling into disrepair. Infrastructure is being adapted and used in unintended ways that often do not provide the socio‐economic benefits intended. In considering medical infrastructure across three sites in post‐apartheid South Africa, my argument asks how factors such as statecraft, governance and funding models, design considerations, project implementation methodologies, operational and maintenance policies affect the promise of infrastructural change in contemporary South Africa?
The sclerotic component of metabolic syndrome: Fibroblast activities may be the central common denominator driving organ function loss and death
Authors: Reese‐Petersen Alexander Lynge , Holm Nielsen Signe , Bülow Sand Jannie Marie , Schattenberg Jörn M. , Bugianesi Elisabetta , Karsdal Morten A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractFibrosis is a common feature of more than 50 different diseases and the cause of more than 35% of deaths worldwide, of which liver, kidney, skin, heart and, recently, lungs are receiving the most attention. Tissue changes, resulting in loss of organ function, are both a cause and consequence of disease and outcome. Fibrosis is caused by an excess deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, which over time results in impaired organ function and organ failure, and the pathways leading to increased fibroblast activation are many. This narrative review investigated the common denominator of fibrosis, fibroblasts, and the activation of fibroblasts, in response to excess energy consumption in liver, kidney, heart, skin and lung fibrosis. Fibroblasts are the main drivers of organ function loss in lung, liver, skin, heart and kidney disease. Fibroblast activation in response to excess energy consumption results in the overproduction of a range of collagens, of which types I, III and VI seem to be the essential drivers of disease progression. Fibroblast activation may be quantified in serum, enabling profiling and selection of patients. Activation of fibroblasts results in the overproduction of collagens, which deteriorates organ function. Patient profiling of fibroblast activities in serum, quantified as collagen production, may identify an organ death trajectory, better enabling identification of the right treatment for use in different metabolic interventions. As metabolically activated patients have highly elevated risk of kidney, liver and heart failure, it is essential to identify which organ to treat first and monitor organ status to correct treatment regimes. In direct alignment with this, it is essential to identify the right patients with the right organ deterioration trajectory for enrolment in clinical studies.
Conditions for extrapolating differences in consumption to differences in welfare
Authors: Zhao Wei , Kaplan David M. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWe characterize conditions under which a better consumption distribution implies higher welfare. Specifically, here “better consumption” means first‐order stochastic dominance, and “higher welfare” means higher expected utility for every subpopulation of individuals with the same utility function. Although this implication seems natural, we first provide a counterexample wherein better consumption risk allocation outweighs lower consumption. We then show that higher expected utility results from higher consumption in different settings, including fixed dependence (fixed copula) between consumption and individual risk preferences, or alternatively using the rank invariance assumption from the treatment effects literature. These are discussed in several real‐world examples.
A comparative study of the alternative life history of iteroparous salmonids
Authors: Lennox Robert J. , Nilsen Cecilie I. , Dahlmo Lotte S. , Berhe Saron , Barlaup Bjorn T. , Normann Erik Straume , Landro Yngve , Birnie‐Gauvin Kim , Cooke Steven J. , Vollset Knut Wiik 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe kelt phase of anadromous iteroparous salmonid life history remains mysterious, particularly aspects of their habitat use and factors influencing survival. Atlantic salmon and sea‐run brown trout were captured in the estuary during their return migration to the Vosso River, Norway, tagged with acoustic transmitters, and tracked in the watershed and estuary in three different years (2020–2023). We found a relatively narrow window of river exit timing among trout that survived overwinter, whereas salmon tended to leave during a more protracted period. Trout preferred overwintering in lakes within the river system, which provided for lower locomotor activity than fish that overwintered in pools in the river according to data from tri‐axial accelerometer transmitters. In contrast, Atlantic salmon tended to spend surprisingly little time in lakes even though the energy expenditure in this habitat is was seemingly lower for salmon that did overwinter in the lake. Our results demonstrate different use of habitat during overwintering and could suggest that measures to protect iteroparous life history strategies of salmonids will differently impact these two iteroparous salmonids.
The role of cognitive disengagement syndrome in non‐suicidal self‐injury among adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Ergül Beyza , Ersöz Alan Burcu 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAimsWe aimed to investigate the relationship between Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) and non‐suicidal self injury (NSSI) in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodsA semi‐structured psychiatric interview and an NSSI screening questionnaire were conducted. Questionnaires assessing CDS (with daydreamer, sleepy, and slow subdimensions), depression, anxiety, self‐esteem, emotion regulation, coping strategies, and loneliness were administered.ResultsAmong 104 participants (n: 63, 60.6% girls), the combined type of ADHD was the most common (66.3%), and 35 adolescents (27 girls) were in the NSSI+ group. Although only depression and ADHD were found to be predictors of NSSI in ADHD, CDS was associated with many risk factors of NSSI in ADHD: depression, anxiety, emotion dysregulation, low self‐esteem, and emotion‐oriented coping ways. After controlling for the effects of cognitive problems/inattentiveness, depression, and anxiety, CDS still correlated with low self‐esteem and emotion dysregulation. The daydreamer and slow sub‐dimensions of CSD differed between NSSI+ and NSSI‐ groups, while sleepy did not.ConclusionsCDS is associated with several relevant factors, indirectly relating it to self‐harm in ADHD. CDS increases the vulnerability to mental health changes that could lead to NSSI in adolescence with ADHD.
Effect of high irradiance and short exposure times on the depth of cure of six bulk‐fill resin composites
Authors: dos Santos Daniela Bandeira , Romano Beatriz de Cássia , Pecorari Vanessa Gallego Arias , Price Richard Bengt , Giannini Marcelo 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis study examined the effect of high irradiance and short exposure times on the depth of cure of six resin‐based composites (RBCs). Bluephase PowerCure and the Valo X light‐curing units (LCUs) were used to photocure bulk‐fill RBCs for their recommended exposure times: Admira Fusion x‐tra (AFX/20s), Aura Bulk Fill (ABF/20s), Filtek One Bulk Fill (FOB/20s), Opus Bulk Fill APS (OBF/30s), Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (TEC/10s) and Tetric PowerFill (TPF/10s). In addition, all bulk‐fill RBCs were tested for depth of cure with one short 3 s exposure time from the Bluephase PowerCure or the Valo X in the Xtra Power mode. The RBCs (n = 10 per RBC) were inserted into a 4 mm diameter metal mold and covered by a polyester strip before being photocured. After 24 h of storage, uncured RBC was scraped away to determine the depth of cure of the RBCs. None of the RBCs achieved a 4 mm depth of cure. The depth of cure of TEC and TPF was unaffected by the exposure times (recommended or short) when using the Valo X. The depth of cure of AFX/20s, AFX/Xtra Power, ABF/Xtra Power, FOB/Xtra Power, and OBF/30s RBCs was greater when using Valo X compared to the Bluephase PowerCure. It was concluded that short exposure times can reduce depth of cure and should only be used for some RBCs.
Do customers matter in currency hedging policies? Evidence from product warranties
Authors: Huang Pinghsun , Zhang Yan 
Published: May 2024

AbstractUsing a data set of US manufacturing firms with sales from foreign operations, we find that firms' currency hedging activities vary with their warranty obligations. The positive link of warranty obligations to currency hedging policies prevails in financially more constrained firms, companies facing fiercer product market competition and corporations producing more unique products. Our results suggest that firms are likely to incorporate their contractual commitments to customers into their currency hedging activities, especially when their failures to honor these commitments are more likely or costly.
Family and consumer science students' technical skill attainment and postsecondary success
Authors: Gremaud Krystle , Pantleo Michael , Conrad Michelle 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis study's purpose was to determine if passing the technical skill attainment test predicted Missouri Family and Consumer Sciences students' postsecondary placement. Using quantitative data obtained from the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education from 2015 to 2019, data from 8622 students enrolled in at least one Family and Consumer Sciences class were analyzed. Results indicate Family and Consumer Sciences completers who pass their technical skill attainment have a statistically significant relationship with postsecondary placement in either a related career field, higher education with a related major, or the military. Findings also reveal some inequities among race and ability status.
Ecological impact of a generalist invader in the aquatic food web is mediated by environmental context
Authors: Charette Cristina , Derry Alison M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Freshwater ecosystems are threatened by the introduction of invasive species. Generalist invaders often compete with native species for shared resources, resulting in possible native species niche displacement. However, environmental heterogeneity may modulate the level of individual specialisation in invasive species, altering the outcome of interspecific competition between invasive and native species. The objectives of our study were to (1) evaluate the environmental context of dietary specialisation and trophic position of an invasive species according to the Environmental Matching Hypothesis (EMH), and (2) consider how the environmental context of invasive species dietary resource use may influence the dietary niche of native species competing for similar resources.

Resource use, trophic position and dietary niche were determined using gut content and stable isotope analyses for the invasive round goby (Negobius melanostomus) and the native yellow perch (Perca flavescens), along environmental gradients in an invaded fluvial ecosystem.

Our results were in support of EMH for the invader diet and resource specialisation, but not trophic position. Under environmental conditions of high water‐conductivity, round gobies were generalists feeding mostly on pelagic prey. Under more challenging environmental conditions of low water‐conductivity, the invader specialised on preferred high‐quality benthic prey. The ecological impact of the round goby was greatest at low water‐conductivity sites where the invader was a benthic specialist; there was a greater relative dietary niche overlap between the invader and the native species.

Our study uniquely illustrates how invasive species’ resource specialisation can be modulated by spatial environmental heterogeneity within ecosystems, and how this can subsequently alter the ecological impact of the invader on native species in aquatic food webs.