bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Field Study of the Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge: III. Effect on Uptake and Extractability of Sludge‐Borne Metals
Authors: Kelling K. A. , Keeney D. R. , Walsh L. M. , Ryan J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMetal concentrations in soil and plant tissue resulting from land application of liquid digested sewage sludge were examined by determining Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr in rye (Secale cereale L.) and sorghum‐sudan (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench × S. sudanese P. Stapf.) forage tissue, in corn (Zea mays L.) grain and stover, and DTPA‐extractable metals in soil. Four crops were grown successively after the application of up to 60 metric ton/ha (dry solids basis) of liquid sewage sludge on a sandy loam and a silt loam in Wisconsin. In general, the addition of sludge increased the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni in the vegetative tissue but, except for Zn, the additions had relatively little effect on the metal content of corn grain. Chromium did not accumulate in the tissue or grain. In all cases, concentrations of metals were below levels considered to be toxic to the crops grown. Total recovery of added metals by the four crops was < 1% for Cu, Cd, Ni, and Cr, and 1 to 3% for Zn. Levels of DTPA‐extractable Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni, but not Cr, increased with sludge treatment. Regression analysis showed that DTPA might be useful as a predictor of metal concentrations in the vegetative portions of the plant. However, the relationships were not the same for different crops. The decreases in metal concentrations in the plant tissue and in DTPA extracts with successive crops indicated reversion to less available forms for Zn, Cd, and possibly Ni. The ratio of Cd:Zn in the tissue was about one‐third that of the sludge for all crops.
Nutrient Losses in Surface Runoff from a Native Prairie
Authors: Timmons D. R. , Holt R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNutrient losses in surface runoff from a native prairie were determined for 5 years. The prairie, dominated by little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius Michx.), was on a Barnes loam soil in westcentral Minnesota. Snowmelt runoff accounted for 80% of the average annual runoff. After spring thaw, rainfall caused appreciable runoff (37% of annual) during 1 year only. Depending on chemical parameter, 63 to 88% of the average annual nutrient loads were transported by snowmelt runoff. Average annual total nitrogen (N) and total phosphorus (P) losses were 0.8 and 0.1 kg/ha, respectively, and organic N and organic (+ hydrolyzable) P comprised 68 and 82% of their respective annual losses. Average annual cation losses ranged from about 0.1 to 1.8 kg/ha and, except for 1 year, were in the order K > Ca> Mg > Na. Average weighted concentrations for all parameters were higher for rainfall runoff than for snowmelt runoff. Nutrient losses from native prairie represent natural levels for comparing the effects of different land uses on nutrient loads in surface runoff.
Evaluation of a Water Analysis Kit,
Authors: Boyd Claude E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA Hach DR‐EL/2 Direct Reading Engineer's Laboratory Kit (Hach Chemical Co., Ames, Iowa) was evaluated by comparison to standard analytical methods.Results of Hach kit methods were highly correlated with concentrations of standard solutions. The y‐intercepts (a) did not differ from 0 for most methods, but for 11 methods regression coefficients (b) differed from 1.0.For each of the 20 parameters, three natural water samples were analyzed seven times by Hach kit and by the standard method. Mean values obtained by the two analytical systems were usually significantly different and the standard method sometimes gave higher precision than the Hach kit. Nevertheless, the Hach kit usually gave close approximations of values obtained by standard methods.Comparisons also included analyses of a large series of natural water samples. Correlation coefficients between Hach kit and standard methods were often > 0.99. Although a = 0 for 14 methods, b = 1.0 for only 8 methods.Reliability of the Hach kit was adequate for general surveys of water quality, fisheries management decisions, and research requiring only approximate data on water quality.
Quantitation of Indole and Skatole in a Housed Swine Unit
Authors: Travis T. A. , Elliott L. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhile many compounds have been identified as odor constituents of animal waste, few have been measured quantitatively and directly implicated as parameters for evaluating the quality or strength of odor. To determine the possibility of contribution to odor, two alkaloids, indole and skatole, were measured quantitatively in fresh manure, in anaerobic pit liquor, in dust, and in air extracts from an enclosed swine‐finishing unit. Gas, thin‐layer, and column chromatography were used to measure the concentrations and to verify the presence of indole and skatole. Although indole and skatole were found in the fresh manure and anaerobic pit liquor extracts, only skatole was found in the dust extracts. Neither indole nor skatole could be detected in the air of the swine unit above the detection limits of 2.5 × 10−12 g/ml of air. Since the odor threshhofd value of indole and skatole (1 × 10−9 g/ml of air) is approximately 1,000 times higher than what could be detected in the air, it was concluded that aerial concentrations of indole and skatole in swine units could not be used to evaluate the quality and strength of odors.
Effects of Incubation and Liming on Yield and Heavy Metal Uptake by Rye from Sewage‐Sludged Soil
Authors: Lagerwerff J. V. , Biersdorf G. T. , Milberg R. P. , Brower D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRye (Secale cereale L., var. Balboa) was grown under controlled conditions on Evesboro sandy loam amended with digested secondary sewage sludge. Our purpose was to measure plant yield and uptake of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn as functions of sludge application rate (0 to 10%, dry weight basis), sludge origin (Baltimore, Md., and Washington, D. C.), pH of soil‐sludge mixture (two levels), incubation time between mixing and planting (0 to 7 weeks), and plant age (three clippings). Plant yields from successive clippings decreased as sludge application rates increased. Uptake of the four metals increased with sludge additions and with plant age, in the order Zn > Cd > Pb ≃ Cu. Metal uptake decreased in the order Zn > Cd > Pb > Cu with addition of lime. Incubation considerably diminished Cu and Pb uptake. All observations point to organic matter complex formation in the order Cu > Pb > Zn > Cd. The relative uptake of HCl‐extractable Cd from soil was greater than that of Zn, especially upon liming, while the total uptake of these metals then decreased.
Methods for Evaluating Insecticide Effects on Alfalfa Growth
Authors: Fick Gary W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt has been shown that certain insecticides commonly used on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) can be phytotoxic. In this study, stem length and stem elongation rate were compared as screening techniques for measuring responses of potted alfalfa plants to insecticides. The measurements were made in two environments (low and medium light) and with several rates of four insecticides. The insecticides were (i) diazinon (O,O‐dimethyl O‐(2‐isopropyl‐4‐methyl‐6‐pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate, (ii) heptachlor (1,4,5,6,7,8,8‐heptachloro‐3a,4,7,7a‐tetrahydro‐4,7‐methanoindene), (iii) carbofuran (2,3‐dihydro‐2,2‐dimethyl‐7‐benzofuranyl methylcarbamate), and (iv) methoxychlor (1,1,1‐trichloro‐1,2‐bis (p‐methoxyphenyl) ethane) plus malathion (S‐(1,2‐bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)O,O‐dimethyl phosphorodithioate) in a 1:1 mixture.Stem elongation (change in stem length) between two points in time was more effective in detecting an insecticide effect than was absolute stem length. Daily elongation rates as estimated by length changes over 2‐ or 3‐day intervals for the 2 weeks following treatment gave the highest levels of significance. When variability was reduced by selecting stems for uniform initial lengths, the coefficient of variation (CV) for elongation rate was about 20%. At each sampling time, it would take about 50 measurements/treatment to detect a 10% difference in means in 80% of the trials with that CV. Number of measurements required is, thus, a limitation in comparing numerous treatment combinations.Measurements of stem elongation did show phytotoxic effects of diazinon and methoxychlor plus malathion. Previous work had shown that these treatments could be phytotoxic. No other significant growth responses were observed. The diazinon effect showed up only in the low‐light environment, indicating that light level influenced the response to the insecticide.
Infectious Disease Hazards of Landspreading Sewage Wastes
Authors: Burge Wylie D. , Marsh Paul B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMajor increases are currently taking place in the United States in the application of sewage wastes to agricultural land. This paper reviews literature relating to the question of whether such applications involve hazard from human disease organisms. Evidence on the matter is still inadequate. Processed sewage wastes often contain residual pathogenic viruses, bacteria, cysts of protozoa, and ova of helminths, but most sewage‐related disease outbreaks have been attributed to use of raw sewage waste water, raw sludges, or night soils on food crops consumed raw, to contamination of drinking water from septic tanks, or to consumption of raw shellfish from sewage‐polluted waters. Although subject to relatively high levels of exposure to pathogens in aerosols, waste water treatment plant workers appear to be unaffected, but data on this are limited. Percolation of waste water at a moderate rate through soils of medium to fine texture removes most bacteria and viruses; pathogen movement in surface runoff water may present a greater hazard for spreading disease. Techniques that completely disinfect sludges may fail to stabilize them so that putrefaction is a problem. Properly conducted composting stabilizes raw sludge and destroys most pathogens. Certain fungi and actinomycetes generated during composting may have allergenic potentialities of import for workers at sludge composting sites.
Effects of Soil, Cover Crop, and Nutrient Source on Amounts and Forms of Phosphorus Movement Under Simulated Rainfall Conditions
Authors: Reddy G. Y. , Mc Lean E. O. , Hoyt G. D. , Logan T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree soils (Toledo silty clay, Rossmoyne silt loam, and Wauseon sandy loam) in greenhouse microplots were treated with chemical, chemical + straw, and manure sources of N, P, and K, cropped or left bare, and subjected to simulated rainfall. Phosphorus moving in runoff sediments, runoff solution, and leachate was measured. Most P moved as a component of sediments. Cropping decreased sediment and solution losses while manure generally increased losses in both. Most P moving in runoff solution was inorganic. However, except where percolation swept inorganic P downward without reaction with the soil, most P moving in leachate was organic. Fractionations of soil P revealed that P treatments increased the HN4Cl‐ and NH4F‐extractable fractions markedly, had less effect on the NaOH‐extractable fraction, and had still less effect on the H2SO4‐extractable and organic fractions. All phosphorus sources markedly increased the equilibrium P concentrations (EPC) of all soils. Manure increased EPC more than the other sources in the Rossmoyne and Wauseon soils. The tendency for more sediment P to be lost from manure and for manure‐treated soil to mobilize P into solution makes erosion control especially important, if much manure is to be applied to soils, and if eutrophication of surface waters is to be minimized.
Atrazine Mobility in Two Soils Under Conventional Tillage
Authors: Hall J. K. , Hartwig N. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAtrazine mobility was studied in two different Pennsylvania soils under conventional tillage. The herbicide was applied at four preemergence rates (1.1, 2.2, 4.5, and 9.0 kg ai (active ingredient)/ha to one soil and as a 4.5‐kg ai/ha equal split treatment (fall surface‐spring preemergence; early spring surface‐spring preemergence) to another soil heavily infested with quackgrass. Surface residues from each initial application (2.2 kg ai/ha) were plowed‐down in early May. Atrazine mobility, dissipation rate, and residual activity were evaluated by chemical analysis and oat bioassay of soil cores sampled at 15‐cm increments to 122 cm and from chemical analysis of suction lysimeter leachates.Chemical recovery levels indicated that atrazine principally reacted and dissipated in the plow‐layer in both soils. Atrazine applied at 2.2 and 4.5 kg/ha was detected in each soil to a depth of 76 cm approximately 2 mo after application. At these rates, soil concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 1.12 ppm, recovery levels ranged from 47 to 71%, and 83 to 100% of the residual atrazine was detected in the surface 30 cm of soil. However, some “leakage” of atrazine through the coarse subsoil structural units did occur since very low levels were detected in lysimeter leachates collected at 122 cm. By the end of the growing season, 3 to 21% of the atrazine applied at these same rates was recovered in the surface 46 cm of soil, except where one‐half of the 4.5 kg/ha rate was plowed‐down in early spring (3% recovered from 46 to 76 cm). The bioassay procedure did not accurately predict atrazine residue concentrations in either soil.It appeared from this study that application of atrazine to fine‐textured, conventionally tilled soils at rates ranging from 1.0 to 4.5 kg/ha would not seriously affect ground water supplies through contamination by internal soil damage.
Virus Adsorption by Five Soils
Authors: Burge W. D. , Enkiri N. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour of five soils studied adsorbed the bacteriophage φX‐174 in accordance with the Freundlich isotherm. The soil not adsorbing viruses was the coarsest textured and had the highest pH. For purposes of comparing rates in kinetic studies, this soil was considered to have a zero adsorption rate. The amount of virus adsorbed was linearly related to the square root of time. When adsorption rates for the soils were plotted against cation exchange capacities, specific surface areas, and organic matter contents, fair correlation was found for four of the soils. The lack of correlation for the one soil may have been due to its high organic matter content blocking virus adsorption. The rates of adsorption determined from square root of time plots were significantly correlated with soil pH at the 1% level (r = −0.94), indicating the importance of the influence of pH on virus charge.
Microbial Aspects of the Volatile Loss of Applied Mercury (II) From Soils
Authors: Landa Edward R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFive surface soils from southeastern Montana were studied to determine the effects of autoclaving and glucose additions on the volatile loss of applied divalent inorganic mercury.Soils were amended to 1 ppm Hg as 203Hg‐Hg(NO3)2, maintained at room temperature near the 1/3‐bar moisture content, and Hg content monitored for 7 weeks. Mercury losses from soils receiving neither autoclaving or glucose additions ranged from 5 to 30%. In general, autoclaving reduced the total quantity of Hg lost, while glucose additions increased the initial loss rate of applied Hg.
Phosphate Adsorption‐Desorption Characteristics of Soils and Bottom Sediments in the Maumee River Basin of Ohio
Authors: Mc Callister Dennis L. , Logan Terry J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLangmuir adsorption isotherms showed that Maumee River Basin sediments had adsorption capacities 10 to 20 times greater than Basin soils. Although the soil clay fractions had adsorption capacities higher than the whole soil, they were considerably less than those of the sediments and the difference is attributed to the higher content of amorphous or low‐range order iron and aluminum components in the bottom sediments. Equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPC) and phosphorus desorbed was similar for soils and sediments as well as total P, indicating that although the bottom sediments have a high capacity to adsorb P, this capacity has not been realized. Correlations between adsorption‐desorption parameters and soil/sediment properties are presented. Bray P1 “available” P was highly correlated with EPC and P desorbed in the soils but to a lesser extent in the bottom sediments. CDB and oxalate extractable‐P was highly correlated with P adsorption capacity in the bottom sediments but not in the soils.
Variability in the Concentration of Twelve Elements in Corn Grain
Authors: Pietz R. I. , Peterson J. R. , Lue‐Hing C. , Welch L. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn grain (Zea mays L.) samples were collected from nine Univ. of Illinois Agronomy Research Fields stiuated throughout Illinois and from six soil associations in Fulton County, Ill. The 243 samples were obtained from sites receiving only inorganic fertilizers. The objective was to determine levels of selected elements in corn grain as it is commonly grown in Illinois. Chemical analysis of the corn grain for Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn showed that the concentrations of K and Mg were the highest, while levels of Cd, Cr, and Pb were < 0.2 µg/g. Variability of Na, Cd, and Cr in the grain samples was high, while that of Mg, Zn, and Mn was low. Element concentrations in grain were within the ranges given in the literature.Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, K, Na, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn from the nine research fields varied significantly with location. Soil type at the six Fulton County soil associations significantly affected the concentrations of Mg, Mn, K, Cd, and Cr in the grain.There was a highly significant positive correlation for applied fertilizer N and the grain Mn content for samples from the research fields. Highly significant negative correlations were observed for applied fertilizer N and the K, Na, Cd, and Pb levels in corn grain.An evaluation of possible health effects for selected corn grain metals indicated that the background levels of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn observed would not present any human or animal health problems.
Decomposition of Sewage Sludge Compost in Soil: II. Phosphorus and Sulfur Transformations
Authors: Taylor J. M. , Sikora L. J. , Tester C. F. , Parr J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory incubation studies were conducted in which sewage sludge compost was mixed with three soils (Evesboro loamy sand, Christiana silty clay loam, and Fauquier silt loam) and a sand at rates of 0, 2, 4, and 6% (0, 44.8, 89.6, and 134.4 metric tons/ha, respectively) of the dry weight. The mixtures were incubated at 22°C under a flow of CO2‐ and NH3‐ free air. Extractable P in the compost‐sand mixtures ranged from 48 to 81% of the total P. The Evesboro‐compost‐sand mixtures showed an initial net P mineralization trend followed by a slight immobilization trend at 54 days. The Christiana‐compost mixtures had less extractable P than the Evesboro‐compost mixtures, but did show initial increase in extractable P followed by a decrease during incubation. The iron and aluminum components in the Christiana soil were probably responsible for net immobilization of extractable P. The Fauquier‐compost mixtures had the least extractable P and the highest free iron oxide content. Contrary to the other soils, the Fauquier‐compost mixture showed initial net immobilization of extractable P followed by mineralization at 54 days. Ammonium acetate extractable S in the sand‐compost mixtures was 8 to 11% of the total S. In the Evesboro‐compost mixtures extractable S increased after 54 days incubation. The Christiana‐compost mixtures immobilized extractable S early in the incubation but net mineralization of S was subsequently evident where the soil was amended with 4 and 6% compost. The Fauquier‐compost mixture had the least extractable S and had immobilization‐mineralization trends similar to the extractable P data. Both extractable P and S are in sufficient quantities at the 44.8 metric tons/ha application rate to sustain plant growth and, therefore, sewage sludge compost could be used to correct P or S deficiencies in most soils.
Fluidized Bed Boiler Waste as a Source of Nutrients and Lime
Authors: Terman G. L. , Kilmer V. J. , Hunt C. M. , Buchanan W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFluidized bed boilers for steam electric power plants have been developed recently to improve efficiency and to utilize coal and a wide range of other fuels. The fluidized bed waste (FBW) generated by these boilers is expected to reach large volumes as new plants are built. It is an anhydrous waste containing substantial amounts of CaSO4 and unreacted CaO. Since no previous agronomic evaluation of FBW has been reported, greenhouse pot experiments were carried out.At moderate rates of application, FBW is satisfactory as a source of sulfur for crops and as a soil liming material. High disposal rates of new waste initially restrict crop growth, apparently because of high alkalinity resulting from the high oxide content of the FBW. On acid Mountview sil, fine (< 0.1 mm) FBW was 47% as effective as fine CaCO3 over a 5‐week period for increasing soil pH. Coarse (< 3.4 mm) FBW was only 8% as effective as fine CaCO3, because of less reactivity apparently resulting from its granular nature and CaSO4 coatings on the granules. On pyritic coal mine spoil, lower liming rates did not affect spoil pH, but at higher rates coarse FBW was 44% as effective as fine CaCO3 for increasing spoil pH over a 10‐month period.
Arsenic Concentrations in Surface Runoff from Small Watersheds in Texas
Authors: Richardson C. W. , Price J. D. , Burnett Earl 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the movement of arsenic by surface runoff after application of arsenic acid for desiccation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum [L.]). Arsenic acid was applied at 6.6 kg/ha during the cotton year of a cotton‐grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.])‐oats (Avena sativa [L.]) rotation.The concentration of arsenic dissolved in the runoff water was highest during the first runoff event after application and decreased during subsequent events. Arsenic concentrations in the first runoff after treatment ranged from 250 to 18 ppb, depending on time and tillage after application. Tillage that incorporated treated plant material into the soil reduced arsenic concentration in runoff water. After two or three runoff events, the arsenic concentration decreased to 10 to 20 ppb and remained essentially constant until the next application 3 years later.The arsenic concentration of the sediment from the watersheds averaged 20 ppm and appeared to be related more to the arsenic content of the soil than to the length of time or the tillage between arsenic acid application and first runoff. Assuming average annual runoff and sediment yield, the amount of arsenic that would be transported from a watershed by runoff and erosion is about 7% of the amount applied. Part of the arsenic that moves from a watershed may be arsenic that occurs naturally in the soil. Of the total arsenic moved from a watershed, 38% would be in solution and 62% would be attached to the sediment.