bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular characterization of Candida boidinii MIG1 and its role in the regulation of methanol‐inducible gene expression
Authors: Zhai Zhenyu , Yurimoto Hiroya , Sakai Yasuyoshi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMethanol‐inducible gene promoters in methanol‐utilizing yeasts are used in high‐level heterologous gene expression systems. Generally, expression of methanol‐inducible genes is completely repressed by the presence of glucose. In this study we identified the MIG1 gene in Candida boidinii, which encodes a homologue of the glucose repressor Mig1p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Disruption of the CbMIG1 gene had no growth effect on various carbon sources. Activation of the methanol‐inducible AOD1 gene, which encodes alcohol oxidase, was increased in the early stage of methanol induction when cells of the CbMIG1‐disrupted strain were transferred from glucose medium to methanol medium. Furthermore, CbMig1p tagged with yellow fluorescent protein was primarily localized in the nucleus of glucose‐grown cells, but was diffuse in the cytosol of methanol‐grown cells. This cytosolic diffusion in methanol‐grown cells occurred in a CbMsn5p‐dependent manner. These results suggest that CbMig1p is involved in negative regulation of methanol‐inducible gene expression in C. boidinii. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Single Bout of Exercise Increases the Expression of Glucose but not Fatty Acid Transporters in Skeletal Muscle of IL‐6 KO Mice
Authors: Łukaszuk B. , Bialuk I. , Górski J. , Zajączkiewicz M. , Winnicka M. M. , Chabowski A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIL‐6 is a biologically active cytokine released during exercise by contracting skeletal muscles. It appears to be highly involved in the regulation of muscles energy substrate utilization. Whether an ablation of IL‐6 (IL‐6 KO) in mice subjected to a single bout of exercise affects lipid and/or glucose metabolism is currently unknown. In the present study we examined fatty acid (FAT/CD36, FABPpm, FATP‐1, FATP‐4) as well as glucose (GLUT‐1, GLUT‐4) transporters expression in IL‐6 KO mice. In addition, intramuscular glycogen and lipid content was also evaluated. The expression of all fatty acid transporters (FAT/CD36: +25 %; FATP‐1: +31 %; FABPpm: +12.7 %; FATP‐4: +7.2 %) was increased in muscles from IL‐6 KO mice compared to wild type (WT) mice. Accordingly intramuscular lipid content was also increased in these muscles (FFA: +38 %; DAG: +36 % and TAG: +160 %). Interestingly, IL‐6 deficiency had only minor effect on glucose transporters expression (GLUT‐1: −4 %, and GLUT‐4: −5.1 %), with no apparent difference in muscular glycogen content. A single bout of exercise increased the glucose transporters (GLUT‐1: +8 %; GLUT‐4: +15 %) as well as FA transporters (FAT/CD36: +13 %; FABPpm: +4.5 %; FATP: +2.5 %, FATP‐4: +10 %) expression but only in WT skeletal muscles. In muscles from IL‐6 KO mice exercise induced changes only in glucose (GLUT‐1: +20 %; GLUT‐4: +35 %) but not in the content of FA transporters. Concomitantly, IL‐6 KO mice displayed shorter time toward exhaustion with more pronounced reductions in intramuscular lipid and glycogen content. We may speculate, that IL‐6 deficiency provokes more pronounced glucose utilization over lipid oxidation during a single bout of exhausting exercise.
Minimally Invasive Versus Conventional Joint Arthroplasty
Authors: Kenney Nicholas A. , Farmer Kevin W. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWith an aging population, as well as a heightened interest in physical activity, the demand for surgical treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee, hip, and shoulder has continued to expand. This demand traditionally has been met with total joint replacements as the definitive treatment. However, with the development of newer, minimally invasive techniques, patients are being offered a greater variety of options for pain relief and improvement in function. These surgical options, varying widely from arthroscopic treatment to partial joint replacements, have been met with mixed results as they have been applied to the treatment of osteoarthritis. Although they are limited in their application and target population, minimally invasive procedures may greatly enhance the outcome of the patient, as well as prevent or delay the need for future total joint arthroplasty. The purpose of this article is to review minimally invasive surgical options for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip, knee, and shoulder. We also examine their appropriate application, limitations, clinical outcomes, and associated complications. A brief review of total joint arthroplasty for the aforementioned joints has been included to provide a comparison of the associated clinical outcomes and surgical complications.
Bracing and Orthoses: A Review of Efficacy and Mechanical Effects for Tibiofemoral Osteoarthritis
Authors: Segal Neil A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe knee is the weight‐bearing joint most commonly affected by osteoarthritis. Bracing of the knee or the foot can be a useful nonoperative and nonpharmacologic treatment for persons with osteoarthritis that predominantly involves either the medial or lateral tibiofemoral compartment. The aim of wedged insoles and realigning knee braces is to reduce articular contact stress in the more involved tibiofemoral compartment. There is evidence that even knee sleeves that do not have an effect on alignment may confer symptomatic relief and enhance joint position sense. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the degree to which bracing at the knee or foot can effectively correct tibiofemoral malalignment, improve knee joint pain, and enhance physical function, and provides clinical recommendations for prescription of these devices to optimize effectiveness.
Imaging Techniques in Osteoarthritis
Authors: Hunter David J. , Guermazi Ali 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOsteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and is one of the leading causes of disability in older adults. The measures of disease progression currently being used to better understand the disease pathogenesis and to measure structural change in clinical trials are most clearly documented in late stages of disease and not early in the disease process, when intervention may be more effective. A large number of epidemiologic and clinical trials currently are underway to identify the most valid and responsive set of end points. Recent studies have provided unique insights into the relationship between the structure identified on imaging and symptom and disease genesis. The purpose of this narrative review is to briefly consider radiographic developments, appraise the developments in magnetic resonance imaging as it pertains to osteoarthritis, and suggest potential areas for further development.
Injectable Medications for Osteoarthritis
Authors: Hameed Farah , Ihm Joseph 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOsteoarthritis is one of the most frequent and chronic conditions that affect the U.S. population. Use of intra‐articular injections is one of the established treatment options available in the nonoperative care for the management of symptomatic osteoarthritis. Common injectable medications include corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid, and other less traditional compounds (for example, botulinum toxin). Corticosteroids work by anti‐inflammatory and antinociceptive actions. Corticosteroids have been shown to decrease pain and symptoms associated with osteoarthritis for up to 3 weeks. Hyaluronic acid has an unclear mechanism of action, but it is thought to promote the restoration of hyaluronic acid within an osteoarthritic joint. The efficacy of hyaluronic acid is modest and is most beneficial between 5 and 13 weeks after treatment. Other injectable compounds have been studied and include botulinum toxin type A, which has been theorized to work as an antinociceptive agent. One must be aware of the potential adverse effects associated with these medications. For all of these injectable treatments, the placebo effect must not be overlooked, because it has be demonstrated in multiple studies that these medications provide similar relief of pain when compared with placebo. Image guidance with ultrasound or fluoroscopy may be considered when performing intra‐articular injections to improve accurate placement of medication.
Does Running Cause Osteoarthritis in the Hip or Knee?
Authors: Hansen Pamela , English Michael , Willick Stuart E. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractRunning is an excellent activity to promote general health and well‐being. However, running injuries are common, and concern is sometimes raised that running might lead to osteoarthritis in weight‐bearing joints. This article reviews the relevant in vitro and in vivo literature that looks at possible associations between running and the development of osteoarthritis. Also reviewed is the limited literature on running barefoot and with minimalist footwear. Low‐ and moderate‐volume runners appear to have no more risk of developing osteoarthritis than nonrunners. The existing literature is inconclusive about a possible association between high‐volume running and the development of osteoarthritis. The early literature on running barefoot and running with minimalist footwear has primarily focused on biomechanics but has not yet focused on any effect on cartilage health. Experienced and beginner runners should be encouraged to allow the body adequate time to adapt to changes in gait biomechanics caused by changing footwear, which can be done by slowly increasing running mileage in the new footwear. Clinicians can improve the health of runners by encouraging appropriate treatment of musculoskeletal injuries, encouraging maintenance of an optimal body mass index, and correcting gait abnormalities caused by deficits in flexibility, strength, or motor control along the kinetic chain.
Physical Therapy in Persons With Osteoarthritis
Authors: Brakke Rachel , Singh Jaspal , Sullivan William 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of musculoskeletal pain and disability. According to a study by Lawrence et al, an estimated 27 million Americans were living with OA in 2008. This number will continue to increase as the population of persons older than 65 years grows. Because of the increasing number of persons who have this chronic condition that causes pain and decreases function, the prevalence of this diagnosis in primary care and musculoskeletal clinics likely will increase. The reduction of pain and improvement in function should be goals of providers who treat these patients. Physical therapy (PT) is a commonly used treatment modality for persons with OA. Many treatment modalities are available within the scope of PT, including strength training, manual therapy, aquatic therapy, electrical stimulation, and balance and perturbation training. A review of the most recent and highest‐quality literature regarding these modalities found that strength training, aquatic therapy, and balance and perturbation therapy were the most beneficial with respect to reducing pain and improving function. Evidence clearly indicates that electrical stimulation likely has very little impact on these variables, and evidence regarding manual therapy is equivocal. Literature reviewing prognostic indicators for persons with OA who will likely respond to PT reveal that persons with milder disease (ie, unilateral OA, symptoms for less than 1 year, and a 40‐m self‐paced walking test of less than 25.9 seconds) and those who have pain of 6 or greater on the numerical pain rating scale are likely to have better outcomes with PT, which suggests that earlier referral is preferable. Barriers to the acceptance of PT as a therapeutic treatment for OA include fatalistic patient and provider perspectives, inadequate analgesia, and a fear among some patients and providers that increased activity will lead to progression of their OA.
Nutritional Interventions to Prevent and Treat Osteoarthritis. Part II: Focus on Micronutrients and Supportive Nutraceuticals
Authors: Lopez Hector L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is the most common cause of musculoskeletal disability in the elderly, and it places an enormous economic burden on society, which will remain a major health care challenge with an aging population. Management of OA is primarily focused on palliative relief using agents such as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and analgesics. However, such an approach is limited by a narrow therapeutic focus that fails to address the progressive and multimodal nature of OA. Given the favorable safety profile of most nutritional interventions, identifying disease‐modifying pharmaconutrients capable of improving symptoms and also preventing, slowing, or even reversing the degenerative process in OA should remain an important paradigm in translational and clinical research. The goals of pharmaconutrition for metabolic optimization are to drive biochemical reactions in a desired direction and to meet health condition–specific metabolic demands. Applying advances in nutritional science to musculoskeletal medicine remains challenging, given the fluid and dynamic nature of the field, along with a rapidly developing regulatory climate over manufacturing and commerce requirements. The purpose of this article is to review the available literature on effectiveness and potential mechanism for OA of micronutrient vitamins; minerals; glycosaminoglycans; avocado‐soybean unsaponifiable fractions; methylsulfonylmethane; s‐adenosylmethionine; undenatured and hydrolyzed collagen preparations; phytoflavonoid compounds found in fruits, vegetables, spices, teas, and nuts; and other nutrients on the horizon. There also is a discussion on the concept of rational polysupplementation via the strategic integration of multiple nutraceuticals with potential complementary mechanisms for improving outcomes in OA. As applied nutritional science evolves, it will be important to stay on the forefront of proteomics, metabolomics, epigenetics, and nutrigenomics, because they hold enormous potential for developing novel therapeutic and prognostic breakthroughs in many areas of medicine, including OA.
Athena's retinue: nineteenth-century scientists embedded in the army
Authors: PYENSON LEWIS 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBetween 1860 and 1880, scientists in the United States, Argentina and Russia accompanied military expeditions on the northern Great Plains, in Patagonia, and in northeastern Asia. The extent to which the scientists were able to remain at arm's length from the slaughter of war is seen in the publications resulting from their travels. In the context of consolidating or extending national territory during the modern age, military patronage did not invalidate the research findings of attentive naturalists, who adhered to transnational disciplinary norms. There is only weak evidence to suggest that local prejudice determined the form of natural knowledge stemming from the expeditions.
Interaction between catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met genotype and genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia during explicit processing of aversive facial stimuli
Authors: Lo Bianco L. , Blasi G. , Taurisano P. , Di Giorgio A. , Ferrante F. , Ursini G. , Fazio L. , Gelao B. , Romano R. , Papazacharias A. , Caforio G. , Sinibaldi L. , Popolizio T. , Bellantuono C. , Bertolino A. 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundEmotion dysregulation is a key feature of schizophrenia, a brain disorder strongly associated with genetic risk and aberrant dopamine signalling. Dopamine is inactivated by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), whose gene contains a functional polymorphism (COMT Val158Met) associated with differential activity of the enzyme and with brain physiology of emotion processing. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether genetic risk for schizophrenia and COMT Val158Met genotype interact on brain activity during implicit and explicit emotion processing.MethodA total of 25 patients with schizophrenia, 23 healthy siblings of patients and 24 comparison subjects genotyped for COMT Val158Met underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during implicit and explicit processing of facial stimuli with negative emotional valence.ResultsWe found a main effect of diagnosis in the right amygdala, with decreased activity in patients and siblings compared with control subjects. Furthermore, a genotype × diagnosis interaction was found in the left middle frontal gyrus, such that the effect of genetic risk for schizophrenia was evident in the context of the Val/Val genotype only, i.e. the phenotype of reduced activity was present especially in Val/Val patients and siblings. Finally, a complete inversion of the COMT effect between patients and healthy subjects was found in the left striatum during explicit processing.ConclusionsOverall, these results suggest complex interactions between genetically determined dopamine signalling and risk for schizophrenia on brain activity in the prefrontal cortex during emotion processing. On the other hand, the effects in the striatum may represent state-related epiphenomena of the disorder itself.
Living translation in US Chinese medicine
Authors: Pritzker Sonya E. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article demonstrates the ongoing, culturally situated and co-constructed nature of the translation of Chinese medicine from Chinese into English. Building upon scholarship in anthropology, sociolinguistics, and translation studies, this article contributes to the building of an anthropologically grounded theory of translation as an ongoing lived event, with implications far beyond the simple transfer of meaning from “source” to “target” languages. Through the examination of video and audio data collected over two years, I show how participants in classroom interactions at a southern California school of Chinese medicine not only interactively accomplish the work of translating specific Chinese terms, but also accomplish a great deal socially with such translation activity. Participants are thus shown to use translation as a platform for social positioning as well as a tool for socializing interlocutors into various notions of evidence and ideologies of language, both of which have implications for clinical decision-making in practice. (Translation, language ideologies, classroom interaction, Chinese medicine)*
The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review
Authors: Lindquist Kristen A. , Wager Tor D. , Kober Hedy , Bliss-Moreau Eliza , Barrett Lisa Feldman 
Published: May 2012

AbstractResearchers have wondered how the brain creates emotions since the early days of psychological science. With a surge of studies in affective neuroscience in recent decades, scientists are poised to answer this question. In this target article, we present a meta-analytic summary of the neuroimaging literature on human emotion. We compare the locationist approach (i.e., the hypothesis that discrete emotion categories consistently and specifically correspond to distinct brain regions) with the psychological constructionist approach (i.e., the hypothesis that discrete emotion categories are constructed of more general brain networks not specific to those categories) to better understand the brain basis of emotion. We review both locationist and psychological constructionist hypotheses of brain–emotion correspondence and report meta-analytic findings bearing on these hypotheses. Overall, we found little evidence that discrete emotion categories can be consistently and specifically localized to distinct brain regions. Instead, we found evidence that is consistent with a psychological constructionist approach to the mind: A set of interacting brain regions commonly involved in basic psychological operations of both an emotional and non-emotional nature are active during emotion experience and perception across a range of discrete emotion categories.
A constructionist account of emotional disorders
Authors: Cramer Angélique O. J. , Kendler Kenneth S. , Borsboom Denny 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLindquist et al. present a strong case for a constructionist account of emotion. First, we elaborate on the ramifications that a constructionist account of emotions might have for psychiatric disorders with emotional disturbances as core elements. Second, we reflect on similarities between Lindquist et al.'s model and recent attempts at formulating psychiatric disorders as networks of causally related symptoms.
A rigorous approach for testing the constructionist hypotheses of brain function
Authors: Deshpande Gopikrishna , Sathian K. , Hu Xiaoping , Buckhalt Joseph A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAlthough the target article provides strong evidence against the locationist view, evidence for the constructionist view is inconclusive, because co-activation of brain regions does not necessarily imply connectivity between them. We propose a rigorous approach wherein connectivity between co-activated regions is first modeled using exploratory Granger causality, and then confirmed using dynamic causal modeling or Bayesian modeling.
A rapprochement between emotion and cognition: Amygdala, emotion, and self-relevance in episodic-autobiographical memory
Authors: Staniloiu Angelica , Markowitsch Hans J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLindquist et al. remark that not all fear instances lead to heightened amygdalar activity and, instead, point to roles of the amygdala in detecting “motivationally salient “or “emotionally impactful” stimuli. By reviewing research on the amygdala's functions in episodic-autobiographical memory, we further emphasize the involvement of the amygdala in coding the subjective relevance and extracting the biological and social significance of the stimuli.
Beyond brain regions: Network perspective of cognition–emotion interactions
Authors: Pessoa Luiz 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLindquist et al. provide a convincing case against what they call thelocationistaccount of emotion. Their quantitative approach elegantly illustrates the shortcomings of this still-entrenched viewpoint. Here, I discuss how a network perspective will advance our understanding of structure-function mappings in general, and the relationship between emotion and cognition in the brain.
Invariants of human emotion
Authors: Smaldino Paul E. , Schank Jeffrey C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBecause of the complexity of human emotional responses, invariants must be sought not in the responses themselves, but in their generating mechanisms. Lindquist et al. show that functional locationism is a theoretical dead end; their proposed mechanistic framework is a first step toward better models of emotional behavior. We caution, however, that emotions may still be quasi-naturalperceptualtypes.
Feeling the strain: Predicting the third dimension of core affect
Authors: Stapleton Mog 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis commentary (1) raises the question about the possible conflation of core affect with the neural representation of interoceptive changes in regard to whether biological value is subpersonal or must be experienced, and (2) proposes that Wundt's third dimension of core affect – strain-relaxation – can be accounted for in the target model under a generalised predictive model of attention.
Timing: A missing key ingredient in typical fMRI studies of emotion
Authors: Waugh Christian E. , Schirillo James A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLindquist et al. provide a compelling summary of the brain bases of the onset of emotion. Their conclusions, however, are constrained by typical fMRI techniques that do not assess a key ingredient in emotional experience – timing. We discuss the importance of timing in theories of emotion as well as the implications of neural temporal dynamics for psychological constructionism.