bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asynchronous Evolution for Fully‐Implicit and Semi‐Implicit Time Integration
Authors: Schroeder Craig , Kwatra Nipun , Zheng Wen , Fedkiw Ron 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe propose a series of techniques for hybridizing implicit and semi‐implicit time integration methods in a manner that retains much of the speed of the implicit method without sacrificing all of the higher quality vibrations one obtains with methods that handle elastic forces explicitly. We propose our scheme in the context of asynchronous methods, where different parts of the mesh are evolved at different time steps. Whereas traditional asynchronous methods evolve each element independently, we partition all of our elements into two groups: one group evolved at the frame rate using a fully implicit scheme, and another group which takes a number of substeps per frame using a scheme that is implicit on damping forces and explicit on the elastic forces. This allows for a straightforward coupling between the implicit and semi‐implicit methods at frame boundaries for added stability. As has been stressed by various authors, asynchronous schemes take some of the pressure off of mesh generation, allowing time evolution to remain efficient even in the face of sliver elements. Finally, we propose a force distributing projection method which allows one to redistribute the forces felt on boundaries between implicit and semi‐implicit regions of the mesh in a manner that yields improved visual quality.
Creating Fluid Animation from a Single Image using Video Database
Authors: Okabe Makoto , Anjyor Ken , Onai Rikio 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe present a method for synthesizing fluid animation from a single image, using a fluid video database. The user inputs a target painting or photograph of a fluid scene along with its alpha matte that extracts the fluid region of interest in the scene. Our approach allows the user to generate a fluid animation from the input image and to enter a few additional commands about fluid orientation or speed. Employing the database of fluid examples, the core algorithm in our method then automatically assigns fluid videos for each part of the target image. Our method can therefore deal with various paintings and photographs of a river, waterfall, fire, and smoke. The resulting animations demonstrate that our method is more powerful and efficient than our prior work.
Interactive Indirect Illumination Using Voxel Cone Tracing
Authors: Crassin Cyril , Neyret Fabrice , Sainz Miguel , Green Simon , Eisemann Elmar 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIndirect illumination is an important element for realistic image synthesis, but its computation is expensive and highly dependent on the complexity of the scene and of the BRDF of the involved surfaces. While off‐line computation and pre‐baking can be acceptable for some cases, many applications (games, simulators, etc.) require real‐time or interactive approaches to evaluate indirect illumination. We present a novel algorithm to compute indirect lighting in real‐time that avoids costly precomputation steps and is not restricted to low‐frequency illumination. It is based on a hierarchical voxel octree representation generated and updated on the fly from a regular scene mesh coupled with an approximate voxel cone tracing that allows for a fast estimation of the visibility and incoming energy. Our approach can manage two light bounces for both Lambertian and glossy materials at interactive framerates (25–70FPS). It exhibits an almost scene‐independent performance and can handle complex scenes with dynamic content thanks to an interactive octree‐voxelization scheme. In addition, we demonstrate that our voxel cone tracing can be used to efficiently estimate Ambient Occlusion.
Late presentation of HIV infection among adults in New Zealand: 2005–2010
Authors: Dickson NP , McAllister S , Sharples K , Paul C 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundEarly diagnosis of HIV infection is important for the individual and for disease control. A consensus was recently reached among European countries on definitions of timing of presentation for care: ‘Late presentation’ refers to entering care with a CD4 count <350 cells/μL or an AIDS‐defining event, regardless of the CD4 count. Presentation with ‘advanced HIV disease’ is a subset having a CD4 count <200 cells/μL and also includes all who have an AIDS‐defining event regardless of CD4 count. This study examines timing of presentation in New Zealand from 2005 to 2010.MethodsSince 2005, information on the initial CD4 cell count has been requested on all people newly diagnosed with HIV infection through antibody testing in New Zealand. Excluded in this analysis were those previously diagnosed overseas or for an immigration medical.ResultsA CD4 cell count was provided for 606 (80.3%) of the 755 newly diagnosed adults. Overall, 50.0% were ‘late presenters’ and 32.0% had ‘advanced HIV disease’. Compared with men who have sex with men (MSM), people heterosexually infected were more likely to present late. ‘Late presentation’ and presentation with ‘advanced HIV disease’ were significantly more common among older MSM. Māori and Pacific MSM were more likely to present with ‘advanced HIV disease’. Compared with European MSM, the age‐adjusted relative risks for Māori and Pacific MSM were 2.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–3.2] and 2.5 (95% CI 1.2–5.0), respectively.ConclusionsThe high proportion of people presenting late reflects inadequate levels of HIV testing. The lower proportion of late presentations among MSM compared with those heterosexually infected may be explained by a higher proportion of recent locally acquired infections together with different testing patterns.
The influence of sex, age and BMI on the degeneration of the lumbar spine
Authors: Zukowski Lisa A. , Falsetti Anthony B. , Tillman Mark D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPrevious research on lumbar spine osteophyte formation has focused on patterned development and the relation of age and sex to degeneration within the vertebral bodies. The inclusion of osteophytes originating on the laminae and body mass index (BMI) may result in a more complete evaluation. This study investigates lumbar osteophyte development on the laminae and vertebral bodies to determine whether osteophyte development: (i) is related bilaterally, at different lumbar levels, and superior and inferior margins; (ii) on the laminae and vertebral bodies are reciprocally dependent responses; (iii) is correlated with sex, age and/or BMI. Seventy‐six individuals (39 females, 37 males) were randomly selected from a modern skeletal collection (Bass Donated Collection). Osteophyte development was scored in eight regions on each vertebra at all five lumbar levels. A factor analysis considered all 40 scoring regions and Pearson’s correlation analyses assessed the relatedness of age and BMI with the consequent factors. The factor analysis separated the variables into two similar factors for males and females defined as: (i) superior and inferior vertebral body scores and (ii) superior laminar scores at higher lumbar levels. The factor analysis also determined a third factor for females defined as: (iii) inferior laminar scores at lower lumbar levels. The severity of vertebral body osteophytes increased with age for both sexes. Additionally for females, as BMI increased, osteophyte severity increased for both the superior laminar margins higher in the column and the vertebral bodies. Dissimilarities between the factors in males and females and the correlation of BMI to osteophyte severity exclusively in females provide evidence for different biomechanical processes influencing osteophyte development.
Histological study of the extratympanic portion of the discomallear ligament in adult humans: a functional hypothesis
Authors: Mérida‐Velasco J. R. , de la Cuadra‐Blanco C. , Pozo Kreilinger J. J. , Mérida‐Velasco J. A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis study was carried out on histological aspects of the extratympanic portion of the discomallear ligament (DL) in adult humans. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was dissected bilaterally in 20 cadavers; in 15 cases the articular disc (AD) and the retroarticular tissue were extirpated. The extratympanic portion of the DL had the shape of a base‐down triangle, in relation to the AD, and an upper vertex, in relation to the petrotympanic fissure. In five cases, the base, measured bilaterally, had an average length of 6.4 mm, while the distance from the base to the upper vertex averaged 9.3 mm in length. The extratypanic portion of the DL is an intrinsic ligament of the TMJ, composed of collagen fibres and abundant elastic fibres. We propose that this ligament could act as a tensor of the synovial membrane in movements of the TMJ.
Design and methodology of POWER, an open‐label observation of the effect of primary care interventions on total cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension
Authors: De Backer Guy , Petrella Robert J. , Goudev Assen R. , Radaideh Ghazi A. , Rynkiewicz Andrzej , Pathak Atul 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article describes the design and methodology of the POWER study (Physicians’ Observational Work on Patient Education According to their Vascular Risk). POWER is an open‐label multinational postmarketing study of the angiotensin II‐receptor blocker eprosartan. The Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) model has been used to estimate total cardiovascular risk and changes in total cardiovascular risk status during treatment for patients recruited in all countries other than Canada. Framingham Heart Study equations have been used to estimate risk in the Canadian contingent of POWER. Observations from POWER will provide insights into how clinicians try to achieve blood pressure goals within the framework of total cardiovascular risk management and how they integrate their treatment of blood pressure with other interventions. Experience during the POWER study may also help to affirm the utility, practicability and perhaps limitations of the SCORE system for estimating total cardiovascular risk and identify ways to improve the acceptance and implementation of risk estimation methods in cardiovascular primary prevention.
Lead–Zirconate–Titanate Thick Films by Electrophoretic Deposition for High‐Frequency Ultrasound Transducers
Authors: Kuscer Danjela , Levassort Franck , Lethiecq Marc , Abellard Andre‐Pierre , Kosec Marija 
Published: November 2011

Lead–zirconate–titanate (PZT) thick films for high‐frequency ultrasound applications were fabricated using an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process. The PZT powder was synthesized from constituent oxides at close‐to‐room temperature by mechanochemical activation followed by calcination at 700°C. Homogeneous PZT thick films with a thickness of ~30 μm and a density of ~80% were produced from ethanol‐based colloidal suspensions containing PZT and PbO particles that were deposited using a constant‐current mode on a platinized alumina substrate and were sintered in the presence of a liquid phase at temperatures compatible with thick‐film technology. The dielectric, mechanical, and piezoelectric parameters of the PZT thick films with a porosity of ~20% were measured and a thickness‐coupling factor of 48% was obtained. Considering that a PZT thick film is a composite structure consisting of PZT and pores, there are several methods that can be applied to calculate the effective parameters where the composite is considered as a piezoelectric homogeneous material. For this study, a matrix method based on a generalization of 2‐2 connectivity was used to deduce the parameters of a completely dense configuration. Our results confirmed that the EPD process is suitable for the fabrication of efficient, high‐frequency transducers operating at frequencies above 40 MHz.
Modification of Molybdenum Structural Environment in Borosilicate Glasses with Increasing Content of Boron and Calcium Oxide by 95Mo MAS NMR
Authors: Magnin Magali , Schuller Sophie , Mercier Cyrille , Trébosc Julien , Caurant Daniel , Majérus Odile , Angéli Frédéric , Charpentier Thibault 
Published: November 2011

In nuclear borosilicate glasses, when molybdenum is in too high concentration and when it combines with other elements such as alkali and alkaline‐earth elements it may form crystalline molybdates, including sodium molybdate, Na2MoO4, during melt cooling. In a nuclear vitrification context, the origin of this phenomenon must be understood to control and to avoid the appearance of this water‐soluble crystalline phase. The solubility limit of MoO3 was found to be 2.5 mol% in a simplified SiO2–B2O3–Na2O–CaO nuclear glass at about 1300°C. Higher MoO3 concentrations induced liquid phase separation followed by crystallization of Na2MoO4 and CaMoO4. This study assessed the impact of increasing the CaO and B2O3 content on the tendency of the melts to crystallize and the impact on the glass network structure. Structural analysis (95Mo MAS NMR and 11B MAS NMR) of several glass series and standard SiO2–Na2O–MoO3 or SiO2–CaO–MoO3 glass showed that the nature of the crystallized phases that may appear during cooling of the melt can be controlled by correlation of the proportion of Na+ cations remaining free in the glass network with the soda/lime environment of tetrahedral MoO42− entities.
The association between inflammatory bowel disease and periodontitis among Jordanians: a case–control study
Authors: Habashneh R. A. , Khader Y. S. , Alhumouz M. K. , Jadallah K. , Ajlouni Y. 
Published: November 2011

Habashneh RA, Khader YS, Alhumouz MK, Jadallah K, Ajlouni Y. The association between inflammatory bowel disease and periodontitis among Jordanians: a case–control study. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 293–298. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/SBackground and Objective:  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is hypothesized to involve immuno‐inflammatory alterations, and the condition has been related to increased susceptibility to oral challenges. The objective of the study was to determine the association between the prevalence, severity and extent of periodontitis and both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD).Material and Methods:  A case–control study was conducted among patients who attended outpatient clinics at King Hussein Medical City in Jordan during the study period. All participants completed the questionnaire and underwent thorough oral and periodontal examinations. Periodontitis was defined as presence of four or more teeth with one or more sites with probing pocket depth ≥ 4mm and clinical attachment level ≥ 3mm. The general linear model multivariate procedure and multivariate binary logistic regression were used to analyse the data.Results:  This case–control study included 260 Jordanian adults (101 with UC, 59 with CD and 100 with no IBD) with a mean (SD) age of 39.4 (0.7) years. The prevalence of periodontitis was much higher among patients with CD and those with UC compared with subjects having no IBD in the age groups < 36 and 36–45 years old only. After adjusting for age and number of missing teeth, patients with CD (odds ratio 4.9, 95% confidence interval 1.8–13.2) and patients with UC (odds ratio 7.00, 95% confidence interval 2.8–17.5) had significantly higher odds of periodontitis than subjects with no IBD. In multivariate analysis, the severity of periodontitis was significantly higher among patients with CD and patients with UC when compared with subjects having no IBD. Ulcerative colitis patients but not CD patients had significantly higher prevalence of deep ulcers in oral soft tissues than the non‐IBD group (p = 0.004).Conclusion:  Patients with IBD have higher prevalence, severity and extent of periodontitis compared with those having no IBD.
Ganoderma lucidum protects liver mitochondrial oxidative stress and improves the activity of electron transport chain in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats
Authors: Sudheesh Narayana Panicker , Ajith Thekuttuparambil Ananthanarayanan , Mathew John , Nima Nalin , Janardhanan Kainoor Krishnankutty 
Published: November 2011

Aim:  Liver injuries induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) cause mitochondrial stress and disruption of membrane potential resulting in apoptosis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Ganoderma lucidum against CCl4 (1:5 v/v in paraffin oil, 1.5 mL/kg, i.p) induced deterioration of the activities of mitochondrial enzymes and electron transport chain complexes in the liver mitochondria.Methods:  Ganoderma lucidum (100 and 250 mg/kg) was administered once daily for 15 days prior to the CCl4 administration. α‐Tocopherol (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as the standard. Hepatic damage was assessed by determining the activities of serum transaminases (SGPT and SGOT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 24 h after CCl4 injection. The activities of mitochondrial dehydrogenases as well as mitochondrial complexes I, II, III, and IV were evaluated.Results:  Activities of SGPT, SGOT and ALP were significantly (P < 0.01) elevated whereas, the activities of mitochondrial enzymes were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased by the CCl4 challenge. The mitochondrial reactive oxygen species level was enhanced and mitochondrial membrane potential was declined significantly. Administration of G. lucidum significantly and dose independently protected liver mitochondria.Conclusion:  The findings suggest that protective effect of G. lucidum against hepatic damage could be mediated by ameliorating the oxidative stress; restoring the mitochondrial enzyme activities and membrane potential.
Microneedles: an emerging transdermal drug delivery system
Authors: Bariya Shital H , Gohel Mukesh C , Mehta Tejal A , Sharma Om Prakash 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Objectives
One of the thrust areas in drug delivery research is transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) due to their characteristic advantages over oral and parenteral drug delivery systems. Researchers have focused their attention on the use of microneedles to overcome the barrier of the stratum corneum. Microneedles deliver the drug into the epidermis without disruption of nerve endings. Recent advances in the development of microneedles are discussed in this review for the benefit of young scientists and to promote research in the area.

Key findings
Microneedles are fabricated using a microelectromechanical system employing silicon, metals, polymers or polysaccharides. Solid coated microneedles can be used to pierce the superficial skin layer followed by delivery of the drug. Advances in microneedle research led to development of dissolvable/degradable and hollow microneedles to deliver drugs at a higher dose and to engineer drug release. Iontophoresis, sonophoresis and electrophoresis can be used to modify drug delivery when used in concern with hollow microneedles. Microneedles can be used to deliver macromolecules such as insulin, growth hormones, immunobiologicals, proteins and peptides. Microneedles containing ‘cosmeceuticals’ are currently available to treat acne, pigmentation, scars and wrinkles, as well as for skin tone improvement.

Summary
Literature survey and patents filled revealed that microneedle-based drug delivery system can be explored as a potential tool for the delivery of a variety of macromolecules that are not effectively delivered by conventional transdermal techniques.
A case study exploring the impact of an oxygen barrier coating on formulation stability, in-vitro dissolution and bioperformance
Authors: Mann James C , Mitra Amitava , Pygall Samuel R 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Objectives
The impact of a carmellose sodium (sodium carboxymethycellulose)-based coat (Opaglos 2) on the stability of an oxygen-sensitive compound A and in-vitro dissolution and bioperformance of compound B has been investigated.

Methods
Tablets containing compounds A and B were coated with various weight gains of Opaglos 2 and a comparative elegance coating (poly(vinyl alcohol)-based Opadry II). Film-coated tablets were assessed for oxidative degradation under accelerated stability conditions (30°C/65% RH and 40°C/75% RH).

Key findings
An apparent rank order of restriction of oxygen (O2) permeability afforded by the coatings was observed, with only higher Opaglos 2 coating weight gains (6 and 8% w/w) providing adequate oxidative degradation stability for up to 52 weeks. Improved stability at the higher coating weight gains was attributed to incomplete polymeric film formation at lower coating weight gains. The 6% and 8% w/w Opaglos 2 formulations showed dissolution retardation compared with elegance-coated formulations in USP dissolution apparatus II, predicting significant impact on formulation bioperformance. However, pharmacokinetic studies in Beagle dogs showed similar bioperformance for all formulations.

Conclusions
The Opaglos 2 coating system evaluated in these studies afforded adequate protection from oxidative degradation with no negative impact on bioperformance as compared to elegance coating. However, further studies are needed using several compounds to assess the broader applicability of these coatings.
Autocrine CSF-1 and CSF-1 Receptor Coexpression Promotes Renal Cell Carcinoma Growth
Authors: Menke Julia , Kriegsmann Jörg , Schimanski Carl Christoph , Schwartz Melvin M. , Schwarting Andreas , Kelley Vicki R. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma is increasing in incidence but the molecular mechanisms regulating its growth remain elusive. Coexpression of the monocytic growth factor colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 and its receptor CSF-1R on renal tubular epithelial cells (TEC) will promote proliferation and antiapoptosis during regeneration of renal tubules. Here, we show that a CSF-1–dependent autocrine pathway is also responsible for the growth of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). CSF-1 and CSF-1R were coexpressed in RCCs and TECs proximally adjacent to RCCs. CSF-1 engagement of CSF-1R promoted RCC survival and proliferation and reduced apoptosis, in support of the likelihood that CSF-1R effector signals mediate RCC growth. In vivo CSF-1R blockade using a CSF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitor decreased RCC proliferation and macrophage infiltration in a manner associated with a dramatic reduction in tumor mass. Further mechanistic investigations linked CSF-1 and epidermal growth factor signaling in RCCs. Taken together, our results suggest that budding RCC stimulates the proximal adjacent microenvironment in the kidney to release mediators of CSF-1, CSF-1R, and epidermal growth factor expression in RCCs. Furthermore, our findings imply that targeting CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling may be therapeutically effective in RCCs. Cancer Res; 72(1); 187–200. ©2011 AACR.