bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BEYOND WORKS COUNCILS?
Authors: Jonas Michael , Berner Marion 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT
The question of workplace participation opportunities and limitations in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has gained momentum in sociological debates in Germany over the last years. Against the background of fundamental changes in the German industrial relations system, sociological research on this topic has shifted its focus from indirect to direct participation. On this basis, the paper aims to analyse and discuss the panoply of participation practices in an economic cluster in the region of Dortmund, a town in the German Ruhr Valley. The paper starts with an introduction of the empirical case, the development of the high-technology microsystems cluster in Dortmund, and gives an overview of the relevant private enterprises on the basis of three different company types. We go on to discuss the practice-orientated approach of participation which we combine with relevant sociological research results about direct and indirect participation as well as human resource management in SMEs and the New Economy. After a short overview of the methodological and empirical background of our research, we discuss the existing practices and cultures belonging to and surrounding direct and indirect participation with regard to the three types of businesses in the Dortmund cluster. The correlation between participation practices and business types is, however, not sufficient to fully describe the situation. The concept of participation cultures is therefore used as an additional concept.
Causal relationship inference for a large-scale cellular network
Authors: Zhou Tong , Wang Ya-Li 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMotivation: Cellular networks usually consist of numerous chemical species, such as DNA, RNA, proteins and small molecules, etc. Different biological tasks are generally performed by complex interactions of these species. As these interactions can rarely be directly measured, it is widely recognized that causal relationship identification is essential in understanding biological behaviors of a cellular network. Challenging issues here include not only the large number of interactions to be estimated, but also many restrictions on probing signals. The purposes of this study are to incorporate power law in cellular network identification, in order to increase accuracy of causal regulation estimations, especially to reduce false positive errors.Results: Two identification algorithms are developed that can be efficiently applied to causal regulation identification of a large-scale network from noisy steady-state experiment data. A distinguished feature of these algorithms is that power law has been explicitly incorporated into estimations, which is one important structural property that most large-scale cellular networks approximately have. Under the condition that parameters of the power law are known and measurement errors are Gaussian, a likelihood maximization approach is adopted. The developed estimation algorithms consist of three major steps. At first, angle minimization between subspaces is utilized to identify chemical elements that have direct influences on a prescribed chemical element, under the condition that the number of direct regulations is known. Second, interference coefficients from prescribed chemical elements are estimated through likelihood maximization with respect to measurement errors. Finally, direct regulation numbers are identified through maximizing a lower bound of an overall likelihood function. These methods have been applied to an artificially constructed linear system with 100 elements, a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway model with 103 chemical elements, some DREAM initiative in silico data and some in vivo data. Compared with the widely adopted total least squares (TLS) method, computation results show that parametric estimation accuracy can be significantly increased and false positive errors can be greatly reduced.Availability: The Matlab files for the methods are available at http://bioinfo.au.tsinghua.edu.cn/member/ylwang/Matlabfiles_CNI.zipContact: tzhou@mail.tsinghua.edu.cnSupplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The electrodynamics of inhomogeneous rotating media and the Abraham and Minkowski tensors. I. General theory
Authors: Goto Shin-itiro , Tucker Robin W. , Walton Timothy J. 
Published: June 2010

This is paper I of a series of two papers, offering a self-contained analysis of the role of electromagnetic stress–energy–momentum tensors in the classical description of continuous polarizable perfectly insulating media. While acknowledging the primary role played by thetotalstress–energy–momentum tensor on spacetime we argue that it is meaningful and useful in the context of covariant constitutive theory to assign preferred status to particular parts of this total tensor, when defined with respect to a particular splitting. The relevance of tensors, associated with the electromagnetic fields that appear in Maxwell’s equations for polarizable media, to the forces and torques that they induce has been a matter of some debate since Minkowski, Einstein and Laub, and Abraham considered these issues over a century ago. The notion of a force density that arises from the divergence of these tensors is strictly defined relative to some inertial property of the medium. Consistency with the laws of Newtonian continuum mechanics demands that thetotalforce density on any element of a medium be proportional to the local linear acceleration field of that element in an inertial frame and must also arise as part of the divergence of thetotalstress–energy–momentum tensor. The fact that, unlike the tensor proposed by Minkowski, the divergence of the Abraham tensor dependsexplicitlyon the local acceleration field of the medium as well as the electromagnetic field sets it apart from many other terms in the total stress–energy–momentum tensor for a medium. In this paper, we explore how electromagnetic forces or torques on moving media can be defined covariantly in terms of a particular 3-form on those spacetimes that exhibit particular Killing symmetries. It is shown how the drive-forms associated with translational Killing vector fields lead to explicit expressions for the electromagnetic force densities in stationary media subject to the Minkowski constitutive relations and these are compared with other models involving polarizable media in electromagnetic fields that have been considered in the recent literature.
Gravitropism ofArabidopsis thalianaRoots Requires the Polarization of PIN2 toward the Root Tip in Meristematic Cortical Cells
Authors: Rahman Abidur , Takahashi Maho , Shibasaki Kyohei , Wu Shuang , Inaba Takehito , Tsurumi Seiji , Baskin Tobias I. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn the root, the transport of auxin from the tip to the elongation zone, referred to here as shootward, governs gravitropic bending. Shootward polar auxin transport, and hence gravitropism, depends on the polar deployment of the PIN-FORMED auxin efflux carrier PIN2. In Arabidopsis thaliana, PIN2 has the expected shootward localization in epidermis and lateral root cap; however, this carrier is localized toward the root tip (rootward) in cortical cells of the meristem, a deployment whose function is enigmatic. We use pharmacological and genetic tools to cause a shootward relocation of PIN2 in meristematic cortical cells without detectably altering PIN2 polarization in other cell types or PIN1 polarization. This relocation of cortical PIN2 was negatively regulated by the membrane trafficking factor GNOM and by the regulatory A1 subunit of type 2-A protein phosphatase (PP2AA1) but did not require the PINOID protein kinase. When GNOM was inhibited, PINOID abundance increased and PP2AA1 was partially immobilized, indicating both proteins are subject to GNOM-dependent regulation. Shootward PIN2 specifically in the cortex was accompanied by enhanced shootward polar auxin transport and by diminished gravitropism. These results demonstrate that auxin flow in the root cortex is important for optimal gravitropic response.
Addiction Research Centres and the Nurturing of Creativity
Authors: Heilig Markus , Warren Kenneth R. , Kunos George , Silverman Peter B. , Hewitt Brenda G. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to present a concise account of the history, mission, structure and some recent achievements of the US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Created by the US Congress 40 years ago, the NIAAA has evolved from an entity charged mainly with building a national system of alcoholism treatment services to one with responsibility for developing, nurturing and supporting the biomedical and behavioral science foundation necessary to reduce the significant domestic and global public health impact of alcohol use disorders. The NIAAA is unique in that it functions both as a funding agency, supporting research at universities and other external, or ‘extramural’ research institutions, and is also a research institution itself, where alcohol research is carried out in‐house, or ‘intramurally’. Of a $450.2 million 2009 Congressional Appropriation, approximately 90% was devoted toward the former and approximately 10% towards the latter objective. The current NIAAA Strategic Plan builds on a new organizing principle for long‐range research planning, based on a life‐span perspective that recognizes that human biology and behavior continue to change throughout life and changes occurring throughout the life‐span affect individuals' drinking patterns as well as the decisions they may make to change their drinking habits or to seek help for alcohol use problems. Within this framework, major efforts are currently being devoted to educating practitioners on clinically useful, science‐based assessment and treatment methods that exist today, and development of personalized new treatments for tomorrow.
Alcohol, suppressed anger and violence
Authors: Norström Thor , Pape Hilde 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAims  Is alcohol related causally to violence, and if so, is the effect of drinking contingent on suppressed anger such that it is strongest among individuals who are highly inclined to withhold angry feelings? We addressed these questions by analysing panel data using a method that diminishes the effects of confounding factors.Design  We analysed data on heavy episodic drinking and violent behaviour from the second (1994) and third (1999) waves of the Young in Norway Longitudinal Study (n = 2697; response rate: 67%). The first difference method was applied to estimate the association between these behaviours, implying that changes in the frequency of violence were regressed on changes in the frequency of drinking. Hence, the effects of time‐invariant confounders were eliminated. Analyses were conducted for the whole sample, and for groups scoring low, medium and high on a short version of the STAXI anger suppression scale.Findings  Changes in drinking were related positively and significantly to changes in violent behaviour, but the alcohol effect varied with the level of suppressed anger: it was strongest in the high‐anger group (elasticity estimate = 0.053, P = 0.011) and weakest (and insignificant) in the low‐anger group (elasticity estimate = 0.004, P = 0.806).Conclusions  Alcohol use may be related causally to violence, but the effect of drinking is confined to individuals who are inclined to suppress their angry feelings.
Oral dantrolene and severe respiratory failure in a patient with chronic spinal cord injury
Authors: Javed M. , Bogdanov A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryOral dantrolene is used widely for the treatment of spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury. A 60‐year‐old patient in the rehabilitation phase following cervical spine injury presented with generalised weakness and deteriorating respiratory function, requiring intensive care admission, tracheal intubation and ventilation. He had bilateral basal lung collapse and a raised diaphragm and was on high‐dose oral dantrolene. The cessation of dantrolene resulted in a dramatic recovery of respiratory function within two days. High‐dose oral dantrolene can cause severe respiratory insufficiency and may present difficulties in the differential diagnosis of respiratory failure in patients with high cervical spinal cord injuries.
The effect of predictive display on the control of step changes in effect site sevoflurane levels*
Authors: Kennedy R. R. , McKellow M. A. , French R. A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryGraphical displays of past and future levels of drugs may be a useful adjunct to manual dosing. We have previously found that a display of predicted future values speeds step changes in end‐tidal sevoflurane. In this study anaesthetists made step changes of 0.3% in effect site sevoflurane, with and without the display and as increases and decreases. We analysed 91 changes. When the predictive display was present, users made larger vaporiser dial changes of 3.9% vs 3.1% (95% CI for the difference −1.3% to −0.01%, p = 0.046) reflected in larger end‐tidal changes (95% CI for the difference −0.009 vol% to −0.34 vol%, p = 0.06). There was no difference in the speed of change (220 vs 227 s (95% CI for the difference −51 to 32 s)), or in the accuracy of the change. In this study the predictive display influenced the magnitude of the step changes made by anaesthetists but did not affect the speed or overall accuracy of the change.
Thyroid axis dysfunction in patients with Prader‐Willi syndrome during the first 2 years of life
Authors: Vaiani Elisa , Herzovich Viviana , Chaler Eduardo , Chertkoff Lilien , Rivarola Marco A. , Torrado Maria , Belgorosky Alicia 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIntroduction  Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder caused by the loss of expression of paternally transcribed genes in a highly imprinted region of chromosome 15q11‐13. The clinical phenotype has been well characterized, mostly related to hypothalamic dysfunction. Even though central hypothyroidism has been documented in 20–30% of patients with PWS, thyroid function during the first 2 years of life has not been clearly defined.Objective  To evaluate hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid function in infant PWS patients.Study design  Eighteen patients with PWS, aged 0·16–2 years, were included in a prospective study. PWS diagnosis was based on clinical features and molecular analysis. Serum total (T) T4, free (F) T4, T3 and thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) were evaluated in the patients with PWS included in the study. Serum hormone values were compared to those of a large reference population of the same age.Results  In 13 of 18 patients with PWS (72·2%), serum TT4 and/or FT4 levels were below the 2·5th percentile of the reference population, while in only one PWS patient serum T3 was below this cut‐off.Conclusion  The results of this study suggest that transient or definitive thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH)‐TSH thyroid axis dysfunction may frequently be present in infant PWS patients. Paediatricians should be aware of this dysfunction in this critical period of thyroid hormone action on neurological development.
Mechanisms linking plant species richness to foraging of a large herbivore
Authors: Wang Ling , Wang Deli , He Zhengbiao , Liu Guofang , Hodgkinson Kenneth C. 
Published: June 2010

Summary 1. There is general concern that local loss of plant diversity will adversely impact net primary productivity and other ecosystem properties. However, mechanisms linking plant diversity with other trophic levels, especially for large herbivores, are poorly understood. 2. We examine the responses of foraging sheep to changes in plant species richness in an indoor cafeteria experiment involving six plant species richness levels (1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 11 species) and three plant functional group compositions within each level, and in a field experiment involving three plant species richness levels (1, 4–6 or >8 species). 3. Sheep preferred a diverse diet over a single diet even when palatable species were in the diet. Voluntary daily intake steadily rose with increases in plant species richness in both cafeteria and field experiments. The overall nutrient intake (i.e. daily energy and protein intakes) of sheep in the cafeteria also rose significantly with increased plant species richness until it reached a plateau at eight species. The quality of the diet selected by sheep was also significantly affected by plant species richness, but the variation of dietary quality was small and variable. 4. High nutrient acquisition by the sheep depended on selecting those palatable species with high nutrient content from the plant forage on offer together with the complementary effects of plant species richness, especially for plant functional group richness. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our experiments demonstrate an asymptotic relationship between plant species richness and voluntary intake by sheep. Increases in plant species richness from a low level led to increased daily nutrient intake, and presumably performance of the sheep. Natural grasslands are generally low in nutritional quality and so plant species richness will critically influence herbivore food intake and nutrition. The asymptotic relationship indicates that the maintenance of plant species richness in rangelands will benefit both domestic herbivore production and the conservation of biodiversity.
The RNA degradosome in Bacillus subtilis: identification of CshA as the major RNA helicase in the multiprotein complex
Authors: Lehnik‐Habrink Martin , Pförtner Henrike , Rempeters Leonie , Pietack Nico , Herzberg Christina , Stülke Jörg 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIn most organisms, dedicated multiprotein complexes, called exosome or RNA degradosome, carry out RNA degradation and processing. In addition to varying exoribonucleases or endoribonucleases, most of these complexes contain a RNA helicase. In the Gram‐positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis, a RNA degradosome has recently been described; however, no RNA helicase was identified. In this work, we tested the interaction of the four DEAD box RNA helicases encoded in the B. subtilis genome with the RNA degradosome components. One of these helicases, CshA, is able to interact with several of the degradosome proteins, i.e. RNase Y, the polynucleotide phosphorylase, and the glycolytic enzymes enolase and phosphofructokinase. The determination of in vivo protein–protein interactions revealed that CshA is indeed present in a complex with polynucleotide phosphorylase. CshA is composed of two RecA‐like domains that are found in all DEAD box RNA helicases and a C‐terminal domain that is present in some members of this protein family. An analysis of the contribution of the individual domains of CshA revealed that the C‐terminal domain is crucial both for dimerization of CshA and for all interactions with components of the RNA degradosome, including RNase Y. A transfer of this domain to CshB allowed the resulting chimeric protein to interact with RNase Y suggesting that this domain confers interaction specificity. As a degradosome component, CshA is present in the cell in similar amounts under all conditions. Taken together, our results suggest that CshA is the functional equivalent of the RhlB helicase of the Escherichia coli RNA degradosome.
Soil [N] modulates soil C cycling in CO2‐fumigated tree stands: a meta‐analysis
Authors: DIELEMAN W. I. J. , LUYSSAERT S. , REY A. , DE ANGELIS P. , BARTON C. V. M. , BROADMEADOW M. S. J. , BROADMEADOW S. B. , CHIGWEREWE K. S. , CROOKSHANKS M. , DUFRÊNE E. , JARVIS P. G. , KASURINEN A. , KELLOMÄKI S. , LE DANTEC V. , LIBERLOO M. , MAREK M. , MEDLYN B. , POKORNÝ R. , SCARASCIA‐MUGNOZZA G. , TEMPERTON V. M. , TINGEY D. , URBAN O. , CEULEMANS R. , JANSSENS I. A. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTUnder elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, soil carbon (C) inputs are typically enhanced, suggesting larger soil C sequestration potential. However, soil C losses also increase and progressive nitrogen (N) limitation to plant growth may reduce the CO2 effect on soil C inputs with time. We compiled a data set from 131 manipulation experiments, and used meta‐analysis to test the hypotheses that: (1) elevated atmospheric CO2 stimulates soil C inputs more than C losses, resulting in increasing soil C stocks; and (2) that these responses are modulated by N. Our results confirm that elevated CO2 induces a C allocation shift towards below‐ground biomass compartments. However, the increased soil C inputs were offset by increased heterotrophic respiration (Rh), such that soil C content was not affected by elevated CO2. Soil N concentration strongly interacted with CO2 fumigation: the effect of elevated CO2 on fine root biomass and –production and on microbial activity increased with increasing soil N concentration, while the effect on soil C content decreased with increasing soil N concentration. These results suggest that both plant growth and microbial activity responses to elevated CO2 are modulated by N availability, and that it is essential to account for soil N concentration in C cycling analyses.
Cl‐ homeostasis in includer and excluder citrus rootstocks: transport mechanisms and identification of candidate genes
Authors: BRUMÓS JAVIER , TALÓN MANUEL , BOUHLAL RYM , COLMENERO‐FLORES JOSÉ M. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTTo reveal specific Cl‐ transport activities in the symplastic pathway, uptake, long‐distance transport and distribution of Cl‐ have been investigated in the citrus rootstocks Carrizo citrange (CC, Cl‐ includer) and Cleopatra mandarin (CM, Cl‐ excluder). Using an external concentration of 4.5 mm Cl‐, both species actively transported Cl‐ to levels that exceeded the critical requirement concentration by one and two orders of magnitude in the excluder and the includer rootstocks, respectively. Both CC and CM modulated Cl‐ influx according to the availability of the nutrient as uptake capacity was induced by Cl‐ starvation, but inhibited after Cl‐ resupply. Net Cl‐ uptake was higher in the includer CC, an observation that correlated with a lower root‐to‐shoot transport capacity in the excluder CM. The patterns of tissue Cl‐ accumulation indicated that chloride exclusion in the salt‐tolerant rootstock CM was caused by a reduced net Cl‐ loading into the root xylem. Genes CcCCC1, CcSLAH1 and CcICln1 putatively involved in the regulation of chloride transport were isolated and their expression analysed in response to both changes in the nutritional status of Cl‐ and salt stress. The previously uncharacterized ICln gene exhibited a strong repression to Cl‐ application in the excluder rootstock, suggesting a role in regulating Cl‐ homeostasis in plants.