bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of Ti meshes with self‐organized TiO2 nanotubes as photoanodes of all‐Ti dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Wang Yuanhao , Yang Hongxing , Liu Yong , Wang Hai , Shen Hui , Yan Jin , Xu Hongmei 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper reports a simple and facile method for directly growing self‐organized TiO2 nanotubular arrays around the whole Ti mesh by electrochemical anodization in organic electrolytes and their application in all‐Ti dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Compared with the traditional fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO)‐based DSSC and the backside illuminated DSSC, this type of DSSC showed advantages such as low resistance, cheap fabrication cost and enhanced sunlight utilization. Different thicknesses of nanotubular array layers were investigated to find their influence on the photovoltaic parameters of the cell. We also considered three types of meshes as the substrates of anodes and found that the cell with 6 openings/mm2 exhibited the highest conversion efficiency of 5.3%. The area of the cell had only a little impact on the photovoltaic performances. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ZnO nanorod arrays as an antireflective coating for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells
Authors: Aé L. , Kieven D. , Chen J. , Klenk R. , Rissom Th. , Tang Y. , Lux‐Steiner M. Ch. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA ZnO nanorod antireflective coating has been prepared on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells. This coating leads to a decrease of the weighted global reflectance of the solar cells from 8.6 to 3.5%. It boosts the solar cells short‐circuit current up to 5.7% without significant effect on their open‐circuit voltage and fill factor (FF), which is comparable to a conventional optimized single layer MgF2 antireflective coating. The ZnO nanorod antireflective coating was electrochemically prepared from an aqueous solution at 80°C. The antireflective capability of ZnO nanorod arrays (ZNAs) may be further improved by optimization of growth conditions and their geometry. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved fill factor and open circuit voltage by crystalline selenium at the Cu(In,Ga)Se2/buffer layer interface in thin film solar cells
Authors: Platzer‐Björkman C. , Zabierowski P. , Pettersson J. , Törndahl T. , Edoff M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA surface treatment by evaporated selenium on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) is shown to improve open circuit voltage, Voc, and in some cases fill factor, FF, in solar cells with CdS, (Zn,Mg)O or Zn(O,S) buffer layers. Voc increases with increasing amount of crystalline Se, while FF improves only for small amounts. The improvements are counteracted by a decreasing short circuit current assigned to absorption in hexagonal Se. Improved efficiency is shown for device structures with (Zn,Mg)O and Zn(O,S) buffer layers by atomic layer deposition. Analysis by grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction and photoelectron spectroscopy show partial coverage of the CIGS surface by hexagonal selenium. The effects on device performance from replacing part of the CIGS/buffer interface area by a Se/buffer junction are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainability of PV water pumping programmes: 12‐years of successful experience
Authors: Narvarte L. , Lorenzo E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper presents the key points to assure the sustainability of a PV water pumping program that has supplied 5 million m3 of water in the last 12 years to approximately 40 000 people. Key aspects for success have been the proper consideration of user's priorities, rigorous technical quality assurance, and maintenance structure set up. The present work mainly focuses on the maintenance structure aspects: some results to characterize the maintenance carried out, such as the mean time to failure parameter (MTTF) or the failure typology, are shown. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ice machine adapted into an autonomous photovoltaic system without batteries using a variable‐speed drive
Authors: Driemeier C. , Zilles R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe adaptation of a commercially available ice machine for autonomous photovoltaic operation without batteries is presented. In this adaptation a 1040 Wp photovoltaic array directly feeds a variable‐speed drive and a 24 Vdc source. The drive runs an induction motor coupled by belt‐and‐pulley to an open reciprocating compressor, while the dc source supplies a solenoid valve and the control electronics. Motor speed and refrigerant evaporation pressure are set aiming at continuously matching system power demand to photovoltaic power availability. The resulting system is a simple integration of robust, standard, readily available parts. It produces 27 kg of ice in a clear‐sky day and has ice production costs around US$0.30/kg. Although a few machine features might be specific to Brazil, its technical and economical guidelines are applicable elsewhere. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐quality multi‐crystalline silicon growth for solar cells by grain‐controlled directional solidification
Authors: Yeh K. M. , Hseih C.K. , Hsu W. C. , Lan C.W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe report simple ideas for grain control by using active cooling and crucible insulation for high‐quality multi‐crystalline silicon (mc‐Si) growth for solar cells. The method employed an active cooling spot to induce initial dendrite growth, and the solidification front was controlled to be slightly convex through crucible insulation. It was found that the percentage of grains having twins was significantly increased by the present approach. The dislocation density for those grains was also significantly lower. More importantly, the successful improvement showed that the grain size and the minority carrier lifetime increased along the growth direction. And the laser beam induced current (LBIC) measurement also showed much higher quantum efficiency for the twin area. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the bulk lifetime of bare multicrystalline silicon wafers
Authors: Bothe K. , Krain R. , Falster R. , Sinton R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe determination of the bulk lifetime of bare multicrystalline silicon wafers without the need of surface passivation is a desirable goal. The implementation of an in‐line carrier lifetime analysis is only of benefit if the measurements can be done on bare unprocessed wafers and if the measured effective lifetime is clearly related to the bulk lifetime of the wafer. In this work, we present a detailed experimental study demonstrating the relationship between the effective carrier lifetime of unpassivated wafers and their bulk carrier lifetime. Numerical modelling is used to describe this relationship for different surface conditions taking into account the impact of a saw damage layers with poor electronic quality. Our results show that a prediction of the bulk lifetime from measurements on bare wafers is possible. Based on these results we suggest a simple procedure to implement the analysis for in‐line inspection. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comprehensive reading instruction for students with intellectual disabilities: Findings from the first three years of a longitudinal study
Authors: Allor Jill H. , Mathes Patricia G. , Roberts J. Kyle , Cheatham Jennifer P. , Champlin Tammi M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis longitudinal experimental study investigated the reading progress of students with IQs ranging from 40 to 69 (i.e., range for students with mild or moderate mental retardation or intellectual disabilities [ID]) across at least two academic years, as well as the effectiveness of a comprehensive reading intervention for these students across the same period of time. Participants were 59 elementary students who were randomly placed into treatment and contrast groups. Students in the treatment condition received daily, comprehensive reading instruction in small groups of 1–4 students for 40–50 minutes per session across two or three academic years. Measures of phonemic awareness, phonics, word recognition, comprehension, and oral language were included. Findings indicate that students with IQs in the ID range made significant progress on multiple standardized measures of reading. Furthermore, significant differences between the treatment group and contrast group were found on several measures, including progress‐monitoring measures of phoneme segmentation, phonics, and oral reading fluency. Results demonstrate that, on average, students with ID, even those with IQs in the moderate range, learn basic reading skills given consistent, explicit, and comprehensive reading instruction across an extended period of time. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigation of structural changes in semi‐crystalline polymers during deformation by synchrotron X‐ray scattering
Authors: Schneider Konrad 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe mechanical behavior of polymer materials is strongly dependent on polymer structure and morphology of the material. The latter is determined mainly by processing and thermal history. Temperature‐dependent on‐line X‐ray scattering during deformation enables the investigation of deformation processes, fatigue and failure of polymers. As an example, investigations on polypropylene are presented. By on‐line X‐ray scattering with synchrotron radiation, a time resolution in the order of seconds and a spatial resolution in the order of microns can be achieved. The characterization of the crystalline and amorphous phases as well as the study of cavitation processes were performed by simultaneous SAXS and WAXS. The results of scattering experiments are complemented by DSC measurements and SEM investigations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 1574–1586, 2010
Preterm rabbit lung tissue mechanics: Maturational changes and effect of antenatal steroids
Authors: Debeer Anne , Flemmer Andreas W. , Lewi Paul J. , Beheydt Stijn , De Buck Frederik , Zimmermann Luc J. , Naulaers Gunnar , Deprest Jan A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim:Describe lung tissue and central airway mechanics using forced oscillation in preterm rabbits at different gestational ages and after maternal administration of betamethasone (BM).Methods:One hundred twelve fetuses from 54 does were studied. Ventilation was done using a Flexivent® (Scireq, Montreal, Canada). Resistance (Rrs), compliance/bodyweight (Crs/bw), Newtonian resistance (Rn), tissue damping (GL), and elastance (HL) were assessed. Maturational changes were studied in normal controls at days 27–31. The effect of BM (0.05 mg/kg on days 25 and 26) or placebo was studied in preterm fetuses at days 27, 28, and 29.Results:In unmanipulated control fetuses, Rrs decreased and Crs/bw increased with advancing gestation. Rn remained stable while GL and HL decreased. After day 29 no differences in pulmonary mechanics were observed. At 28 days Rrs and Crs/bw in BM and placebo fetuses were better compared to controls. At 29 days, Crs/bw and Rrs were higher, respectively, lower in control fetuses than BM or placebo exposed pups.Conclusion:Maturational changes in preterm rabbits occur mainly up to day 29 of gestation and are largely due to changes in tissue mechanics. Maternal BM injection improves lung mechanics at 28 days but placebo has equal effects. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:349–355. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phases of the string theory effective potential during the “radiation‐like” cosmological era
Authors: Estes J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe study the effects of the quantum‐thermal effective potential on internal moduli in the context of perturbative string cosmology throughout the “radiation‐like” cosmological era. Based on the work done in references [6,7] and a talk given at the Workshop on Cosmology & Strings, Corfu Institute, Greece, Sept 11, 2009.
Development of a path model for human‐induced unplanned reactor trips in nuclear power plants
Authors: Kim Man Cheol , Park Jinkyun 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA simple path model for human‐induced unplanned reactor trips in nuclear power plants (NPPs) is proposed. The path model consists of four plant states and seven transitions between the four plant states, and describes how NPPs in the normal operation state result in unplanned reactor trips due to human errors. By applying the simple path model to historic unplanned reactor trip data, it is found that two out of five paths take more than 80% of the human‐induced unplanned reactor trips. The proposed path model for human‐induced unplanned reactor trips in NPPs is expected to provide insights into how human‐induced unplanned reactor trips can be reduced by cutting the critical paths to human‐induced unplanned reactor trips. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seriation and matrix reordering methods: An historical overview
Authors: Liiv Innar 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSeriation is an exploratory combinatorial data analysis technique to reorder objects into a sequence along a one‐dimensional continuum so that it best reveals regularity and patterning among the whole series. Unsupervised learning, using seriation and matrix reordering, allows pattern discovery simultaneously at three information levels: local fragments of relationships, sets of organized local fragments of relationships, and an overall structural pattern. This paper presents an historical overview of seriation and matrix reordering methods, several applications from the following disciplines are included in the retrospective review: archaeology and anthropology; cartography, graphics, and information visualization; sociology and sociometry; psychology and psychometry; ecology; biology and bioinformatics; cellular manufacturing; and operations research. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 3: 70‐91, 2010
Special issue on ‘Channel modelling and propagation impairment simulation activities within the SatNEx project’
Authors: Castanet Laurent 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSatNEx aims to rectify the fragmentation in satellite communications research by bringing together Europe's leading academic institutions and research organisations in a cohesive and durable way. The resultant pan‐European network provides a collective grouping of expertise and state‐of‐the‐art laboratory facilities that would otherwise remain dispersed throughout Europe. This special issue provides results of the propagation and channel modelling activities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceptions of environmental justice: the case of a US urban wastewater system
Authors: Gen Sheldon , Shafer Holley , Nakagawa Monique 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTEnvironmental justice is often viewed as an access point for disadvantaged communities to engage the policy process to prevent their exploitation by more established policy players. The mostly untested assumption of it, however, is that communities have accurate perceptions of the distribution of environmental harms. This study tests this assumption with data on San Francisco's wastewater system. Survey data from residents were coupled with operational data on various wastewater system problems. When compared, these data suggest that people's perceptions of the distribution of environmental harms do not match empirical measures of it. Instead, perceptions of neighborhoods' exposures were more associated with socio‐economic and physical characteristics of the neighborhoods than their actual exposures. In essence, perceptions of environmental justice resembled social equity issues more than environmental equity issues. These findings have implications for the changing roles of government agencies and the public in their efforts to achieve environmental justice and sustainable development. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Power for studies with random group sizes
Authors: Ambrosius Walter T. , Mahnken Jonathan D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn any study it is essential to select the sample size carefully to ensure adequate power. For many studies this is simple: recruit a desired number of subjects within each group, conduct measurements, and perform the statistical test. In some studies (e.g. observational studies), however, the group membership is unknown at recruitment. In this paper we examine the effect of random group sizes on power. Additionally, we consider the situation when the group proportions are unknown and specified by a prior distribution. The problem that initially motivated this research is presented (power for a 2‐by‐2 table), as are examples using continuous outcomes. We find that standard estimates of power using expected group sizes can over or underestimate power. SAS macros are available at http://www.phs.wfubmc.edu/public/wambrosi/RandomPower. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermally Driven Self‐Assembly of Nanomicelles: A Facile Route to Functional Monodisperse Mesoporous Colloidal Nanocomposites of Inorganic Nature and Mesoscale Size
Authors: Tartaj Pedro 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThermally driven self‐assembly of nanomicelles can be a feasible route to produce monodisperse porous colloidal nanocomposites of inorganic nature and sizes around the mesoscale (below 100 nm). Success relies on extending the lifetime of intermediate droplets (size below about 100 nm) that are obtained under particular conditions. Herein, the conditions for the long‐term stabilization of these unique templates are studied and a model proposed to produce monodisperse porous colloidal nanocomposites. As an example of the potential applications of this methodology, functional colloidal nanocomposites with a high loading of the doping material (30 mol%) are obtained. In particular, superparamagnetic nanomagnets of metallic nature encapsulated in porous oxide colloidal matrixes of mesoscale size that easily respond to an external magnetic field are prepared and characterized in terms of structure and textural and magnetic properties.
On the testing of user‐configurable software systems using firewalls
Authors: Robinson Brian , White Lee 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYUser‐configurable software systems present many challenges to software testers. These systems are created to address a large number of possible uses, each of which is based on a specific configuration. As configurations are made up of groups of configurable elements and settings, a huge number of possible combinations exist. As it is infeasible to test all configurations before release, many latent defects remain in the software once deployed. A just‐in‐time testing technique is presented to address this problem, including examples of how it can be used with various user‐configurable systems in the field. The proposed solution is evaluated with a set of five empirical studies conducted on two separate ABB software systems using real customer configurations and changes. These studies analyse failures reported by many different customers globally and show that this just‐in‐time testing process is effective at detecting latent defects exposed by customer configuration changes in user‐configurable systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regression testing minimization, selection and prioritization: a survey
Authors: Yoo S. , Harman M. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYRegression testing is a testing activity that is performed to provide confidence that changes do not harm the existing behaviour of the software. Test suites tend to grow in size as software evolves, often making it too costly to execute entire test suites. A number of different approaches have been studied to maximize the value of the accrued test suite: minimization, selection and prioritization. Test suite minimization seeks to eliminate redundant test cases in order to reduce the number of tests to run. Test case selection seeks to identify the test cases that are relevant to some set of recent changes. Test case prioritization seeks to order test cases in such a way that early fault detection is maximized. This paper surveys each area of minimization, selection and prioritization technique and discusses open problems and potential directions for future research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aging and depression vulnerability interaction results in decreased serotonin innervation associated with reduced BDNF levels in hippocampus of rats bred for learned helplessness
Authors: Aznar Susana , Klein Anders B. , Santini Martin A. , Knudsen Gitte M. , Henn Fritz , Gass Peter , Vollmayr Barbara 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEpidemiological studies have revealed a strong genetic contribution to the risk for depression. Both reduced hippocampal serotonin neurotransmission and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels have been associated with increased depression vulnerability and are also regulated during aging. Brains from young (5 months old) and old (13 months old) congenital Learned Helplessness rats (cLH), and congenital Non Learned Helplessness rats (cNLH) were immunohistochemically stained for the serotonin transporter and subsequently stereologically quantified for estimating hippocampal serotonin fiber density. Hippocampal BDNF protein levels were measured by ELISA. An exacerbated age‐related loss of serotonin fiber density specific for the CA1 area was observed in the cLH animals, whereas reduced hippocampal BDNF levels were seen in young and old cLH when compared with age‐matched cNLH controls. These observations indicate that aging should be taken into account when studying the neurobiological factors behind the vulnerability for depression and that understanding the effect of aging on genetically predisposed individuals may contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology behind depression, particularly in the elderly. Synapse 64:561–565, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fenfluramine‐induced serotonin release decreases [11C]AZ10419369 binding to 5‐HT1B‐receptors in the primate brain
Authors: Finnema S.J. , Varrone A. , Hwang T.J. , Gulyás B. , Pierson M.E. , Halldin C. , Farde L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe need for positron emission tomography (PET)‐radioligands that are sensitive to changes in endogenous serotonin (5‐HT) levels in brain is recognized in experimental and clinical psychiatric research. We recently developed the novel PET radioligand [11C]AZ10419369 that is highly selective for the 5‐HT1B receptor. In this PET‐study in three cynomolgus monkeys, we examined the sensitivity of [11C]AZ10419369 to altered endogenous 5‐HT levels. Fenfluramine‐induced 5‐HT release decreased radioligand binding in a dose‐dependent fashion with a regional average of 27% after 1 mg/kg and 50% after 5 mg/kg. This preliminary study supports that [11C]AZ10419369 is sensitive to endogenous 5‐HT levels in vivo and may serve as a tool to examine the pathophysiology and treatment of major psychiatric disorders. Synapse 64:573–577, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.