bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Australian Optical and Radio Observations of Centaurus A
Authors: Robertson Peter , Cozens Glen , Orchiston Wayne , Slee Bruce , Wendt Harry 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe discovery of the radio source Centaurus A and its optical counterpart NGC 5128 were important landmarks in the history of Australian astronomy. NGC 5128 was first observed in August 1826 by James Dunlop during a survey of southern objects at the Parramatta Observatory, west of the settlement at Sydney Cove. The observatory had been founded a few years earlier by Thomas Brisbane, the new governor of the British colony of New South Wales. Just over 120 years later, John Bolton, Gordon Stanley and Bruce Slee discovered the radio source Centaurus A at the Dover Heights field station in Sydney, operated by CSIRO's Radiophysics Laboratory (the forerunner to CSIRO Astronomy and Space Sciences). This paper will describe this early historical work and summarize further studies of Centaurus A by other Radiophysics groups up to 1960.
TeV Gamma Rays from Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Interactions in the Cores of Active Galactic Nuclei: Lessons from Centaurus A
Authors: Kachelrieß M. , Ostapchenko S. , Tomàs R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTeV gamma rays have been observed from blazars as well as from radio galaxies like M 87 and Centaurus A. In leptonic models, gamma rays above the pair production threshold can escape from the ultrarelativistic jet, because large Lorentz factors reduce the background photon densities compared to those required for isotropic emission. Here we discuss an alternative scenario, where very high energy photons are generated as secondaries from ultrahigh energy cosmic rays interactions in the cores of active galactic nuclei. We show that TeV gamma-rays can escape from the core despite large infrared and ultraviolet backgrounds. For the special case of Centaurus A, we study whether the various existing observations from the far infrared to the ultrahigh energy range can be reconciled within this picture.
Centaurus A at Ultra-High Energies
Authors: Clay Roger W. , Whelan Benjamin J. , Edwards Philip G. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe review the importance of Centaurus A in high-energy astrophysics as a nearby object with many of the properties expected of a major source of very high-energy cosmic rays and gamma rays. We examine observational techniques and the results so far obtained in the energy range from 200 GeV to above 100 EeV and attempt to fit those data to expectations of Centaurus Aas an astrophysical source from very high to ultra-high energies.
The Supermassive Black Hole at the Heart of Centaurus A: Revealed by the Kinematics of Gas and Stars
Authors: Neumayer Nadine 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAt less than 4 Mpc distance the radio galaxy NGC 5128 (Centaurus A) is the prime example to study the supermassive black hole and its influence on the environment in great detail. To model and understand the feeding and feedback mechanisms one needs an accurate determination of the mass of the supermassive black hole. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the recent studies that have been dedicated to measure the black hole mass in Centaurus A from both gas and stellar kinematics. It shows how the advancement in observing techniques and instrumentation drive the field of black hole mass measurements and concludes that adaptive optics assisted integral field spectroscopy is the key to identify the effects of the AGN on the surrounding ionised gas. Using data from SINFONI at the ESO Very Large Telescope, the best-fit black hole mass is MBH = 4.5(+1.7, −1.0) × 107 M⊙ (from H2 kinematics) and MBH = (5.5 ± 3.0) × 107 M⊙ (from stellar kinematics). This is one of the cleanest gas-versus-star comparisons of a MBH determination, and brings Centaurus A into agreement with the MBH−σ relation.
Two Putative RNA-Binding Proteins Function with Unequal Genetic Redundancy in the MOS4-Associated Complex
Authors: Monaghan Jacqueline , Xu Fang , Xu Shaohua , Zhang Yuelin , Li Xin 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The MOS4-associated complex (MAC) is a highly conserved nuclear protein complex associated with the spliceosome. We recently purified the MAC from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) nuclei, identified its potential components by mass spectrometry, and showed that at least five core proteins in the MAC are required for defense responses in plants. Here, we report the characterization of a putative RNA-binding protein identified in the MAC named MAC5A and its close homolog MAC5B. We confirmed that MAC5A is a component of the MAC through coimmunoprecipitation with the previously described MAC protein CELL DIVISION CYCLE5 from Arabidopsis. In addition, like all other characterized MAC proteins, MAC5A fused to the Green Fluorescent Protein localizes to the nucleus. Double mutant analysis revealed that MAC5A and MAC5B are unequally redundant and that a double mac5a mac5b mutant results in lethality. Probably due to this partial redundancy, mac5a and mac5b single mutants do not exhibit enhanced susceptibility to virulent or avirulent pathogen infection. However, like other MAC mutations, mac5a-1 partially suppresses the autoimmune phenotypes of suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive1 (snc1), a gain-of-function mutant that expresses a deregulated Resistance protein. Our results suggest that MAC5A is a component of the MAC that contributes to snc1- mediated autoimmunity.
Overdose pattern and outcome in paracetamol‐induced acute severe hepatotoxicity
Authors: Craig Darren G. N. , Bates Caroline M. , Davidson Janice S. , Martin Kirsty G. , Hayes Peter C. , Simpson Kenneth J. 
Published: October 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Paracetamol hepatotoxicity is the commonest cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in the UK.• Conflicting data exist regarding the impact of overdose pattern upon subsequent mortality or need for emergency liver transplantation. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Unintentional paracetamol overdose is independently associated with reduced survival compared with intentional overdose.• Unintentional paracetamol overdoses should be treated as high‐risk for the development of multiorgan failure, and should be considered for N‐acetyl cysteine treatment irrespective of admission serum paracetamol concentrations.• The King's College poor prognostic criteria have reduced sensitivity in unintentional overdose patients and alternative prognostic criteria may be required.AIMS Paracetamol (acetaminophen) hepatotoxicity is the commonest cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in the UK. Conflicting data regarding the outcomes of paracetamol‐induced ALF resulting from different overdose patterns are reported.METHODS Using prospectively defined criteria, we have analysed the impact of overdose pattern upon outcome in a cohort of 938 acute severe liver injury patients admitted to the Scottish Liver Transplantation Unit.RESULTS Between 1992 and 2008, 663 patients were admitted with paracetamol‐induced acute severe liver injury. Of these patients, 500 (75.4%) had taken an intentional paracetamol overdose, whilst 110 (16.6%) had taken an unintentional overdose. No clear overdose pattern could be determined in 53 (8.0%). Unintentional overdose patients were significantly older, more likely to abuse alcohol, and more commonly overdosed on compound narcotic/paracetamol analgesics compared with intentional overdose patients. Unintentional overdoses had significantly lower admission paracetamol and alanine aminotransferase concentrations compared with intentional overdoses. However, unintentional overdoses had greater organ dysfunction at admission, and subsequently higher mortality (unintentional 42/110 (38.2%), intentional 128/500 (25.6%), P < 0.001). The King's College poor prognostic criteria had reduced sensitivity in unintentional overdoses (77.8%, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 62.9, 88.8) compared with intentional overdoses (89.9%, 95% CI 83.4, 94.5). Unintentional overdose was independently predictive of death or liver transplantation on multivariate analysis (odds ratio 1.91 (95% CI 1.07, 3.43), P= 0.032).CONCLUSIONS Unintentional paracetamol overdose is associated with increased mortality compared with intentional paracetamol overdose, despite lower admission paracetamol concentrations. Alternative prognostic criteria may be required for unintentional paracetamol overdoses.
Review: Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Authors: Attems J. , Jellinger K. , Thal D. R. , Van Nostrand W. 
Published: October 2010

J. Attems, K. Jellinger, D. R. Thal and W. Van Nostrand (2011) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology37, 75–93 Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathyCerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) may result from focal to widespread amyloid‐β protein (Aβ) deposition within leptomeningeal and intracortical cerebral blood vessels. In addition, pericapillary Aβ refers to Aβ depositions in the glia limitans and adjacent neuropil, whereas in capillary CAA Aβ depositions are present in the capillary wall. CAA may cause lobar intracerebral haemorrhages and microbleeds. Hypoperfusion and reduced vascular autoregulation due to CAA might cause infarcts and white matter lesions. CAA thus causes vascular lesions that potentially lead to (vascular) dementia and may further contribute to dementia by impeding the clearance of solutes out of the brain and transport of nutrients across the blood brain barrier. Severe CAA is an independent risk factor for cognitive decline. The clinical diagnosis of CAA is based on the assessment of associated cerebrovascular lesions. In addition, perivascular spaces in the white matter and reduced concentrations of both Aβ40 and Aβ42 in cerebrospinal fluid may prove to be suggestive for CAA. Transgenic mouse models that overexpress human Aβ precursor protein show parenchymal Aβ and CAA, thus corroborating the current concept of CAA pathogenesis: neuronal Aβ enters the perivascular drainage pathway and may accumulate in vessel walls due to increased amounts and/or decreased clearance of Aβ, respectively. We suggest that pericapillary Aβ represents early impairment of the perivascular drainage pathway while capillary CAA is associated with decreased transendothelial clearance of Aβ. CAA plays an important role in the multimorbid condition of the ageing brain but its contribution to neurodegeneration remains to be elucidated.
Effect of an Extract Based on the Medicinal MushroomAgaricus blazeiMurill on Expression of Cytokines and Calprotectin in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s disease
Authors: Førland D. T. , Johnson E. , Sætre L. , Lyberg T. , Lygren I. , Hetland G. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAn immunomodulatory extract (AndoSan™) based on the medicinal mushroomAgaricus blazeiMurill (AbM) has shown to reduce blood cytokine levels in healthy volunteers after 12 days’ ingestion, pointing to an anti‐inflammatory effect. The aim was to study whether AndoSan™ had similar effects on cytokines in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Calprotectin, a marker for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), was also measured. Patients with CD (n = 11) and with UC (n = 10) consumed 60 ml/day of AndoSan™. Patient blood plasma was harvested before and after 6 h LPS (1 ng/ml) stimulationex vivo. Plasma and faecal calprotectin levels were analysed using ELISA and 17 cytokines [IL‐2, IFN‐γ, IL‐12 (Th1), IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13 (Th2), IL‐7, IL‐17, IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, IL‐8, MIP‐1β, MCP‐1, G‐CSF, GM‐CSF and IL‐10] by multiplex assay. After 12 days’ ingestion of AndoSan™, baseline plasma cytokine levels in UC was reduced for MCP‐1 (40%) and in LPS‐stimulated blood for MIP‐1β (78%), IL‐6 (44%), IL‐1β (41%), IL‐8 (30%), G‐CSF (29%), MCP‐1 (18%) and GM‐CSF (17%). There were corresponding reductions in CD: IL‐2 (100%), IL‐17 (55%) and IL‐8 (29%) and for IL‐1β (35%), MIP‐1β (30%), MCP‐1 (22%), IL‐8 (18%), IL‐17 (17%) and G‐CSF (14%), respectively. Baseline concentrations for the 17 cytokines in the UC and CD patient groups were largely similar. Faecal calprotectin was reduced in the UC group. Ingestion of an AbM‐based medicinal mushroom by patients with IBD resulted in interesting anti‐inflammatory effects as demonstrated by declined levels of pathogenic cytokines in blood and calprotectin in faeces.
CalS7 encodes a callose synthase responsible for callose deposition in the phloem
Authors: Xie Bo , Wang Xiaomin , Zhu Maosheng , Zhang Zhongming , Hong Zonglie 
Published: October 2010

SummaryIt has been known for more than a century that sieve plates in the phloem in plants contain callose, a β‐1,3‐glucan. However, the genes responsible for callose deposition in this subcellular location have not been identified. In this paper we examine callose deposition patterns in T‐DNA insertion mutants (cs7) of the Callose Synthase 7 (CalS7) gene. We demonstrated here that the CalS7 gene is expressed specifically in the phloem of vascular tissues. Callose deposition in the phloem, especially in the sieve elements, was greatly reduced in cs7 mutants. Ultrastructural analysis of developing sieve elements revealed that callose failed to accumulate in the plasmodesmata of incipient sieve plates at the early perforation stage of phloem development, resulting in the formation of sieve plates with fewer pores. In wild‐type Arabidopsis plants, callose is present as a constituent polysaccharide in the phloem of the stem, and its accumulation can also be induced by wounding. Callose accumulation in both conditions was eliminated in mature sieve plates of cs7 mutants. These results demonstrate that CalS7 is a phloem‐specific callose synthase gene, and is responsible for callose deposition in developing sieve elements during phloem formation and in mature phloem induced by wounding. The mutant plants exhibited moderate reduction in seedling height and produced aberrant pollen grains and short siliques with aborted embryos, suggesting that CalS7 also plays a role in plant growth and reproduction.
Involvement of Elongin C in the spread of repressive histone modifications
Authors: Yamasaki Tomohito , Ohama Takeshi 
Published: October 2010

SummaryIn our previous work, we induced RNA interference (RNAi) against the spectinomycin resistance‐conferring aadA transgene by transcribing a long inverted repeat in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, after long‐term culture, the level of transcripts of the inverted repeat was markedly decreased. In this study, we performed random insertional mutagenesis of the RNAi strain to identify the genes that contribute to the transcriptional silencing of the silencer construct. We succeeded in isolating several mutants showing derepression of transcription of the inverted repeat. One of these tag mutant strains, 148‐10H, had a deletion of the Elongin C gene (ELC), which is a component of some E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. In the mutant, the level of monomethyl histone H3 on lysine 9 (H3K9me1) was reduced to less than half of the parental strain, and a large portion of deacetylated H3 marks were removed from the promoter region of the silencer construct, while these repressive histone modifications and levels of methyl‐CpG levels were retained in the inverted repeat region. The most probable interpretation of the above‐mentioned phenomenon is that ELC is essential for stepwise extension of heterochromatin formation that is nucleated in the inverted region over the promoter region.
AGAMOUS‐LIKE 6 is a floral promoter that negatively regulates the FLC/MAF clade genes and positively regulates FT in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yoo Seung Kwan , Wu Xuelin , Lee Jong Seob , Ahn Ji Hoon 
Published: October 2010

SummaryMADS‐box genes encode a family of transcription factors that regulate diverse developmental programs in plants. The present work shows the regulation of flowering time by AGL6 through control of the transcription of both a subset of the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) family genes and FT, two key regulators of flowering time. The agl6‐1D mutant, in which AGL6 was activated by the 35S enhancer, showed an early flowering phenotype under both LD and SD conditions. Its early flowering was additively accelerated by CONSTANS (CO) overexpression. The agl6‐1D mutation strongly suppressed the late flowering of fve‐4 and fca‐9 mutants. Endogenous AGL6 transcript accumulation was photoperiod‐independent and the AGL6:GFP protein was preferentially localized in the nucleus. In agl6‐1D plants, the expression of FLC, MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING (MAF) 4, and MAF5 was downregulated. Interestingly, late flowering of a functional FRIGIDA (FRI) FLC allele was dramatically suppressed by the agl6‐1D mutation. AGL6 activation in the flc‐3 background further enhanced FT expression, suggesting that AGL6 also regulates FT expression independently of FLC mRNA level. A near RNA‐null ft‐10 mutation completely suppressed early flowering of the agl6‐1D plants, suggesting that FT is a major downstream output of AGL6. Transgenic plants overexpressing an artificial microRNA targeting AGL6 showed a late‐flowering phenotype. In these plants, FT expression was downregulated, whereas FLC expression was upregulated. The present results suggest that AGL6 acts as a floral promoter with a dual role, the inhibition of the transcription of the FLC/MAF genes and the promotion of FT expression in Arabidopsis.
Successful treatment of disseminated mixed invasive fungal infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe aplastic anemia
Authors: Weng Te‐Fu , Ho Mao‐Wang , Lin Hsiao‐Chuan , Lu Meng‐Yao , Peng Ching‐Tien , Wu Kang‐Hsi 
Published: October 2010

Weng T‐F, Ho M‐W, Lin H‐C, Lu M‐Y, Peng C‐T, Wu K‐H. Successful treatment of disseminated mixed invasive fungal infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe aplastic anemia.  Pediatr Transplantation 2012: 16: E35–E38. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Concomitant infections are frequent and usually the causes of death in patients with severe AA. HSCT can restore hematopoiesis in AA, but it is usually life threatening when patients simultaneously have an IFI. Mixed IFIs have been reported on rare occasions. The exact diagnosis of IFIs is difficult because of low fungus culture rate, difficultly obtaining tissue specimens in severely immunocompromised patients or those with bleeding tendencies. Otherwise, treatment with anti‐fungal drugs alone for DMIFI was always lethal in previous reports. Surgical resection is crucial for invasive zygomycosis, but severe pancytopenia and bleeding tendency make therapy difficult. Herein, we report that with a combination of aggressive anti‐fungal drugs, HSCT, and surgery, we successfully treated a 10‐yr‐old boy with severe AA and pulmonary zygomycosis before HSCT and disseminated mixed invasive zygomycosis and aspergillosis after HSCT.
The unstable dynamics of multiple alternative reproductive tactics
Authors: ALONZO S. H. , CALSBEEK R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAlthough negative frequency‐dependent fitness is argued to allow the stable coexistence of two alternative reproductive types (such as resource defenders and reproductive parasites), no existing theory has considered a third strategy where resource defenders invest differentially in defence against reproductive parasites. Here, we present the results of a three‐strategy game, where reproductive parasites interact with two resource defenders: ‘Susceptibles’ defend more resources but lose more reproductive success to parasites. ‘Immunes’ lose less to parasites, but immunity carries a reproductive cost. We show that the inclusion of a third strategy dramatically changes the evolutionary dynamics, such that for a wide range of parameter values, our model predicts the continuous sequential invasion of the three strategies instead of stable coexistence. Our results therefore limit the generality of the prediction that frequency‐dependent fitness necessarily allows alternative reproductive tactics to coexist at equilibrium and may also explain the observed dynamics of some multiple‐strategy systems.
Review and new interpretation for the propagation characteristics associated with the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake faulting event
Authors: Jin Kwangmin , Kim Young‐Seog 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe Chi‐Chi earthquake (MW = 7.6) took place in central western Taiwan in 1999. The earthquake caused reactivation of the Chelungpu Fault and resulted in 100‐km‐long surface ruptures. The fault strikes mostly north–south to NNE–SSW; however, the northern tip of the southern segment of the surface ruptures rotates clockwise to define an east–west trend, then jumps to a shorter NNW‐trending rupture. The largest vertical displacement is recorded in the Shihkang area of the Shihkang–Shangchi Fault Zone, where vertical slips are up to 8–10 m. The Shihkang–Shangchi Fault Zone displays a complex fault pattern as a linkage damage zone between two fault segments with the greatest concentration of faults and fractures. Our new interpretation, based on recent published geometric, kinematic, and geophysical studies on the Chi‐Chi earthquake fault, suggests that the Shihkang–Shangchi Fault Zone is not a simple termination zone, but may be an ‘overstep zone’ or a ‘transfer zone’. Slip analysis along the surface ruptures indicates that they are composed of three fault segments and the amount of slip partly depends on the intersection angle between slip direction and fault strike. Our numerical modeling for the area indicates that Coulomb stress changes are mainly concentrated on tips and bends of the surface ruptures. Slip patterns indicate that the fault propagates toward the northeast. Therefore, this study suggests high potential for future earthquake activity along the unruptured Shangchi segment. Hence, future geohazard studies should focus on the Shangchi segment to evaluate potential earthquakes, determine recurrence intervals, and reduce future earthquake hazards.
Changes in respiratory disorder parameters during the night in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: SASAI Taeko , INOUE Yuichi , MATSUO Akira , MATSUURA Masato , MATSUSHIMA Eisuke 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Patients with OSA frequently experience cardiovascular events, especially late at night. This phenomenon raises the possibility that respiratory disorders are progressively aggravated during the course of nocturnal sleep. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the changes in respiratory disorder parameters occurring during the night in patients with OSA, in the supine position and in all sleep positions.Methods:  Thirty consecutive patients with OSA were enrolled in the study and categorized into those with moderate OSA (n = 12; AHI <40 events/h) and those with severe OSA (n = 18; AHI ≥40 events/h). To identify the time during the sleep period at which changes in respiratory disorder parameters were most pronounced, AHI, mean duration of apnoea and average SaO2 were assessed during the early, middle and late segments of sleep, in the supine position and in all sleep positions.Results:  AHI decreased significantly with time during the course of the total sleep period, and especially during non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. In the group with severe OSA, prolongation of the mean duration of apnoea and the decrease in average SaO2 were also significant in the late segment of sleep in the supine position, especially during NREM sleep.Conclusions:  In patients with severe OSA, there was progressive prolongation of the mean duration of apnoea late at night and this was associated with aggravation of hypoxia in the supine position during NREM sleep. This phenomenon may contribute to the remarkable rise in blood pressure early in the morning, possibly increasing the vulnerability of these patients to cardiovascular events.