bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Censoring India
Authors: Sharma Miriam 
Published: April 2009

During the early twentieth century, the emerging medium of cinema in British India became a distinctly contested political issue, revealing the tensions and limitations of empire. The record on cinematographic censorship indicates a number of competing interests and changing views, while political transformations and messy realities on the ground defied the efficacy of censorship. Even as many Indian filmmakers sought to convey messages of nationalist aspirations, the perceived need to guard against the revolutionary thoughts of communism and ideas from America that seemed to promote democracy and promiscuity fuelled censorship as a major multivocal imperial policy. Beset by many obstacles, it sought to control the exhibition of both Indian and foreign cinematic productions. The article seeks to understand the genealogy of censorship derived from prior British attempts to regulate literary and dramatic productions. In the 1920s, anxieties about the maintenance of law and order and protection of British rule during a period of increasing Indian nationalist unrest had to be integrated with various concerns about deteriorating economic conditions. As Indian cinema struggled to come into its own, the issue of control became a central concern for both coloniser and colonised, while both faced threats from the influx of foreign (especially Hollywood) films. The article also explores why it was deemed so important to bring cinema under the colonial gaze. While there was no unified front on how to deal with this new medium, it was perceived as highly in-fluential, with great potential for harmful or beneficial propaganda impacts. Finally, considerations of the competing demands of moral concerns were juxtaposed to the growing economic needs of the Indian film industry. Throughout, it transpires from archival research how defining policy issues became ever more critical and how the complexities of implementation were made more difficult by the ‘global’ nature of policy formation as opposed to the more ‘local’ nature of the performance of control.
Stopping clinical trials early for benefit: impact on estimation
Authors: Freidlin Boris , Korn Edward L 
Published: April 2009

Background It has been suggested in the literature that the well-known bias of treatment-effect estimators due to the possibility of early stopping for positive results is a major concern with interim monitoring. Purpose To discuss approaches one might use to compare the inflation of the treatment-effect estimator when the trial is stopped early for positive results with the inflation that would be seen in a comparable set of positive trials that used fixed sample sizes with no interim monitoring, and to quantify the relative inflation of monitored trials relative to that of the corresponding subset of positive fixed sample-size trials. Methods Via simulation for some O'Brien—Fleming and Haybittle—Peto monitoring boundaries, the inflation of the treatment-effect estimator when the trial crossed an interim-monitoring boundary for positive results is compared with the preferred approach to estimate the inflation from a comparable set of positive fixed sample-size trials. Results Although the inflation of the treatment-effect estimator when a trial is stopped early can be considerable, only at very early interim analyses (≤25% of information) is this inflation much larger than the inflation that would be seen for an appropriate subset of similar positive fixed sample-size trials. The treatment-effect inflation from stopping at second or later interim analyses that are not so early is relatively small and similar to that seen in the corresponding subset of fixed sample-size trials. Limitations The results apply to adequately powered trials with well-designed prospectively specified interim-monitoring plans. Conclusions For trials with a well-designed interim-monitoring plan, stopping at 50% or greater information has a negligible impact on estimation. Except for very early interim analyses (≤25% of the information), concerns about the inflation of the treatment effect should be minor. Clinical Trials 2009; 6: 119—125. http:// ctj.sagepub.com
Outcomes following vaginal prolapse repair and mid urethral sling (OPUS) trial—design and methods
Authors: Wei John , Nygaard Ingrid , Richter Holly , Brown Morton , Barber Matthew , Xiao Xu  , Kenton Kimberly , Nager Charles , Schaffer Joseph , Visco Anthony , Weber Anne ,   for the Pelvic Floor Disorders Network
Published: April 2009

Background The primary aims of this trial are to determine whether the use of a concomitant prophylactic anti-incontinence procedure may prevent stress urinary incontinence symptom development in women undergoing vaginal prolapse surgery and to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this prophylactic approach. Purpose To present the rationale and design of a randomized controlled surgical trial (RCT), the Outcomes following vaginal Prolapse repair and mid Urethral Sling (OPUS) Trial highlighting the challenges in the design and implementation. Methods The challenges of implementing this surgical trial combined with a cost-effectiveness study and patient preference group are discussed including the study design, ethical issues regarding use of sham incision, maintaining the masking of study staff, and pragmatic difficulties encountered in the collection of cost data. The trial is conducted by the NICHD-funded Pelvic Floor Disorders Network. Results The ongoing OPUS trial started enrollment in May 2007 with a planned accrual of 350. The use of sham incision was generally well accepted but the collection of cost data using conventional billing forms was found to potentially unmask key study personnel. This necessitated changes in the study forms and planned timing for collection of cost data. To date, the enrollment to the patient preference group has been lower than the limit established by the protocol suggesting a willingness on the part of women to participate in the randomization. Limitations Given the invasive nature of surgical intervention trials, potential participants may be reluctant to accept random assignment, potentially impacting generalizability. Conclusion Findings from the OPUS trial will provide important information that will help surgeons to better counsel women on the benefits and risks of concomitant prophylactic anti-incontinence procedure at the time of vaginal surgery for prolapse. The implementation of the OPUS trial has necessitated that investigators consider ethical issues up front, remain flexible with regards to data collection and be constantly aware of unanticipated opportunities for unmasking. Future surgical trials should be aware of potential challenges in maintaining masking and collection of cost-related information. Clinical Trials 2009; 6: 162—171. http://ctj.sagepub.com
P2X7 Receptor-Stimulated Secretion of MHC Class II-Containing Exosomes Requires the ASC/NLRP3 Inflammasome but Is Independent of Caspase-1
Authors: Qu Yan , Ramachandra Lakshmi , Mohr Susanne , Franchi Luigi , Harding Clifford V. , Nunez Gabriel , Dubyak George R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe recently reported that P2X7 receptor (P2X7R)-induced activation of caspase-1 inflammasomes is accompanied by release of MHC class II (MHC-II) protein into extracellular compartments during brief stimulation of murine macrophages with ATP. Here we demonstrate that MHC-II containing membranes released from macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs) in response to P2X7R stimulation comprise two pools of vesicles with distinct biogenesis: one pool comprises 100- to 600-nm microvesicles derived from direct budding of the plasma membrane, while the second pool is composed of 50- to 80-nm exosomes released from multivesicular bodies. ATP-stimulated release of MHC-II in these membrane fractions is observed within 15 min and results in the export of ∼15% of the total MHC-II pool within 90 min. ATP did not stimulate MHC-II release in macrophages from P2X7R knockout mice. The inflammasome regulatory proteins, ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain) and NLRP3 (NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3), which are essential for caspase-1 activation, were also required for the P2X7R-regulated release of the exosome but not the microvesicle MHC-II pool. Treatment of bone marrow-derived macrophages with YVAD-cmk, a peptide inhibitor of caspase-1, also abrogated P2X7R-dependent MHC-II secretion. Surprisingly, however, MHC-II release in response to ATP was intact in caspase-1−/− macrophages. The inhibitory actions of YVAD-cmk were mimicked by the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk and the serine protease inhibitor TPCK, but not the caspase-3 inhibitor DEVD-cho. These data suggest that the ASC/NLRP3 inflammasome complexes assembled in response to P2X7R activation involve protease effector(s) in addition to caspase-1, and that these proteases may play important roles in regulating the membrane trafficking pathways that control biogenesis and release of MHC-II-containing exosomes.
Tumor Recognition and Self-Recognition Induce Distinct Transcriptional Profiles in Antigen-Specific CD4 T Cells
Authors: Getnet Derese , Maris Charles H. , Hipkiss Edward L. , Grosso Joseph F. , Harris Timothy J. , Yen Hung-Rong , Bruno Tullia C. , Wada Satoshi , Adler Adam , Georgantas Robert W. , Jie Chunfa , Goldberg Monica V. , Pardoll Drew M. , Drake Charles G. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Tumors express a wide variety of both mutated and nonmutated Ags. Whether these tumor Ags are broadly recognized as self or foreign by the immune system is currently unclear. Using an autochthonous prostate cancer model in which hemagglutinin (HA) is specifically expressed in the tumor (ProHA × TRAMP mice), as well as an analogous model wherein HA is expressed in normal tissues as a model self-Ag (C3HAhigh), we examined the transcriptional profile of CD4 T cells undergoing Ag-specific division. Consistent with our previous data, transfer of Ag-specific CD4 T cells into C3HAhigh resulted in a functionally inactivated CD4 T cell profile. Conversely, adoptive transfer of an identical CD4 T cell population into ProHA × TRAMP mice resulted in the induction of a regulatory phenotype of the T cell (Treg) both at the transcriptional and functional level. Interestingly, this Treg skewing was a property of even early-stage tumors, suggesting Treg induction as an important tolerance mechanism during tumor development.
The Amino Acid Sequences Flanking an Antigenic Determinant Can Strongly Affect MHC Class I Cross-Presentation without Altering Direct Presentation
Authors: Ma Xueying , Serna Amparo , Xu Ren-Huan , Sigal Luis J. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Direct presentation (DP) and cross presentation (CP) on MHC I by professional APCs are defined by the internal or external source of the Ag, respectively. Although some Ags are substrates for both DP and CP, others are only substrates for DP. The reasons for this difference remain largely unknown. In this study, we studied in tissue culture and also in vivo, the effects of altering the length and sequence of the amino acid chains flanking an MHC class I restricted determinant (the chicken OVA OVA258–265, SIINFEKL) that is normally a good substrate for both DP and CP. We demonstrate that CP but not DP strictly requires flanking N and C-terminal extensions of minimal length. Furthermore, we show that removal but not replacement of just one amino acid 22 residues downstream from the determinant is sufficient to strongly affect CP without affecting either protein stability or DP. Thus, our work shows that the flanking residues of an antigenic determinant can differentially affect CP and DP, and that features of the Ag other than half-life can have a major impact in CP. Our studies may have implications for understanding CP in viral infections and possibly for the design of new vaccines.
A New Two‐Photon‐Sensitive Block Copolymer Nanocarrier
Authors: Babin Jérôme , Pelletier Maxime , Lepage Martin , Allard Jean‐François , Morris Denis , Zhao Yue 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLeicht zu knacken: Micellen eines neuen amphiphilen Blockcopolymers, das Cumaringruppen enthält, brechen aufgrund der Zweiphotonenabsorption dieses Chromophors bei der Bestrahlung mit Nahinfrarot‐Licht (794 nm) auf. Dabei werden sowohl photolytisch abgespaltenes Cumarin als auch verkapseltes Nilrot aus dem hydrophoben Inneren der Micelle in eine wässrige Lösung ausgeschüttet, die gegenläufige Effekte auf die Intensität der Fluoreszenzemission haben.magnified image
A New Two‐Photon‐Sensitive Block Copolymer Nanocarrier
Authors: Babin Jérôme , Pelletier Maxime , Lepage Martin , Allard Jean‐François , Morris Denis , Zhao Yue 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEasily disrupted: Micelles of a new amphiphilic block copolymer that bear coumarin groups are sensitive to near infrared light by two‐photon absorption of the chromophore. Disruption of the micelles under irradiation at 794 nm results in release of both photocleaved coumarin and encapsulated nile red from the hydrophobic core of micelle into aqueous solution, which results in opposing changes in fluorescence emission intensity.magnified image
In situ fast gelling formulation of methyl cellulose for in vitro ophthalmic controlled delivery of ketorolac tromethamine
Authors: Bain Mrinal Kanti , Bhowmik Manas , Ghosh Shanti Nath , Chattopadhyay Dipankar 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe development of an in‐situ fast gelling vehicle for ophthalmic drug delivery based on methylcellulose (MC) was studied. The gelation temperature of 1 % MC was 59°C. Additives such as fructose and sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate (SC) were added in different proportions to reduce the gelation temperature of MC from 59°C to the physiological temperature i.e. 37°C. With the variation of fructose concentration from 2 to 10% at constant 1% MC concentration, the gel temperature was reduced from 59 to 54°C. To reduce the gelation temperature of MC further, SC was added in the system where the concentration of MC (1%) and fructose (10%) were kept constant. It was observed that with the variation of SC concentration from 1 to 5%, the sol–gel transition temperature was further lowered from 54 to 32°C. The gel temperature of all the combinations was measured by test tube tilting method and followed by UV–vis spectroscopy. The developed formulation corresponding to gelation temperature 32°C provided sustained release of Ketorolac Tromethamine (KT) over a 9 h period. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Physicomechanical and thermal properties of moldings made from liquefied wood‐based novolak PF resins under various hot‐pressing conditions
Authors: Lee Wen‐Jau , Chen Yi‐Chun , Wu Chiou‐Chang , Juan Yu‐Mei 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe wood powder of Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar) was liquefied in phenol, with H2SO4 and HCl as a catalyst. The liquefied wood was used to prepare the liquefied wood‐based novolak phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins by reacting with formalin. Furthermore, novolak PF resins were mixed with wood flour, hexamethylenetetramine, zinc stearate as filler, curing agent, and lubricating agent, respectively, and hot‐pressed under 180 or 200°C for 5 or 10 min to manufacture moldings. The results showed that physicomechanical properties of moldings were influenced by the hot‐pressing condition. The molding made with hot‐pressing temperature of 200°C for 10 min had a higher curing degree, dimensional stability, and internal bonding strength. The thermal analysis indicated that using a hot‐pressing temperature of 180°C was not sufficient for the liquefied wood‐based novolak PF resins to completely cure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Theoretical Study on the Halogen–Zinc Exchange Reaction by Using Organozincate Compounds
Authors: Nakamura Shinji , Liu Ching‐Yuan , Muranaka Atsuya , Uchiyama Masanobu 
Published: April 2009

AbstractZincate it! The mechanism of the halogen–zinc exchange reaction with organozincate compounds has been studied by using density functional theory to elucidate the effects of changing the halogen species, the alkyl ligand on zinc, and the substrate nature (see figure).magnified imageDensity functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to examine the mechanism of the halogen–zinc exchange reaction of organozincate reagents (Me2RZnLi⋅OMe2; R=Me, Et, iPr, and tBu) with organohalides (RX; R=Me, vinyl, ethynyl, ‐CH(Cl)CH3, ‐CH(CH3)CHCH2; X=Cl, Br, I). We focused on three areas: 1) the effect of the halogen species, 2) the effect of the alkyl ligand on zinc, 3) the effect of the substrate nature. Fragment‐energy analysis of each reaction was conducted to elucidate the factors determining the activation energy. The nature of the halogen atom affects the interaction (INT) energy but does not affect the deformation (DEF) energy. On the other hand, the type of alkyl ligand influences DEF rather than INT and bulky ligands (including tert‐butyl and iso‐propyl groups) decrease the activation energy compared with smaller ligands, such as ethyl and methyl groups. In the reaction with vinyl iodide, a decrease in DEF promoted the reaction, whereas INT was almost unchanged. However, in the case of iodoacetylene, a decrease in INT lowered the activation energy. For allyl iodide derivatives DEF appears to be the determining factor, whereas for gem‐dihaloalkane derivatives INT is the main determinant of reactivity.
Adenosine A2AReceptor Antagonists: New 8‐Substituted 9‐Ethyladenines as Tools for in vivo Rat Models of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Volpini Rosaria , Dal Ben Diego , Lambertucci Catia , Marucci Gabriella , Mishra Ram Chandra , Ramadori Anna Teresa , Klotz Karl‐Norbert , Trincavelli Maria Letizia , Martini Claudia , Cristalli Gloria 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA new seriesof 8‐substituted 9‐ethyladenine derivatives has been synthesized and tested at rat and human adenosine receptors. Binding data demonstrates that some compounds could represent new tools suitable for in vivo studies in rat models of Parkinson's disease and for the design of new molecules with improved affinity and selectivity at human AA2AR.magnified imageClinical evidence has demonstrated that AA2AR antagonists could be an alternative approach to the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Recently, three 9‐ethyladenine derivatives bearing a bromine atom, an ethoxy group, and a furyl ring, respectively, in the 8‐position have been reported to ameliorate motor deficits in rat Parkinson's disease models, suggesting a potential therapeutic role for these compounds. Starting from these observations, a new series of 9‐ethyladenine derivatives, bearing different substituents such as halogens, alkoxy groups, aromatic and heteroaromatic rings in the 8‐position, were synthesized. Radioligand binding assays demonstrated that some of the new compounds bind rat AA2AR with higher affinity than the previously reported congeners and that there is a good correlation between binding to rat and human receptors. Hence, the new molecules could represent new tools suitable for the in vivo studies in rat models of Parkinson's disease. Finally, a molecular docking analysis of the compounds was performed using a homology model of rat AA2AR, built using the human crystal structure as the template, and results are in agreement with the binding data.
Highly Selective Apoptotic Cell Death Induced by Halo‐Salane Titanium Complexes
Authors: Immel Timo A. , Debiak Malgorzata , Groth Ulrich , Bürkle Alexander , Huhn Thomas 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMetal‐based antitumor agents: Halogen‐substituted titanium salane complexes showed IC50 values comparable to cisplatin. In contrast to their alkyl‐substituted congeners, they almost exclusively induced apoptotic cell death. This unique combination of very low IC50 values and pronounced preference for apoptosis makes them promising therapeutic agents.magnified image
Post‐European settlement response gradients of river sensitivity and recovery across the upper Hunter catchment, Australia
Authors: Fryirs Kirstie , Spink Alexandra , Brierley Gary 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMost analyses of river adjustment have focused on parts of catchments where metamorphosis has occurred. This provides a non‐representative view of river responses to human‐disturbance. Although many rivers have been subjected to systematic land‐use change and disturbance, significant variability is evident in the form, extent and consequences of adjustment. This study documents the catchment‐wide distribution of river sensitivity and adjustment in the upper Hunter catchment, New South Wales, Australia in the period since European settlement. The spatial distribution and timing of lateral, vertical and wholesale river adjustments are used to assess river sensitivity to change. The type and pattern of rivers, influenced largely by valley setting, have induced a fragmented pattern of river adjustment in the upper Hunter catchment. Adjustments have been largely non‐uniform and localized, reflecting the predominance of bedrock‐controlled rivers which have limited capacity to adjust and are resilient to change. Less than 20% of river courses have experienced metamorphosis. Phases of reach‐scale geomorphic adjustment to human disturbance are characterized as a gradient of primary, secondary and tertiary responses. In general terms, primary responses such as cutoffs or straightening were followed by secondary responses such as channel expansion. These secondary responses occurred between 50–70 years after initial disturbance. A subsequent tertiary phase of river recovery, denoted as a transition from predominantly erosional to predominantly depositional geomorphic processes such as channel contraction, occurred around 70–120 years after initial disturbance. Such responses are ongoing across much of the upper Hunter catchment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the age‐weathering correspondence of cosmogenic 21Ne dated Pleistocene surfaces by the Schmidt Hammer
Authors: Sánchez Jorge Sanjurjo , Mosquera Daniel Fernández , Romaní Juan Ramón Vidal 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Schmidt Hammer (SH) method is used to quantify the rock weathering degree and has been proposed as a relative dating tool. Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclide (TCN) methods provide absolute exposure ages for erosive surfaces. Few works combine both methods for surfaces older than the Holocene. We compare data obtained by both methods for c. 150 ka bp glacial and fluvial erosive granite surfaces from northwest Spain. Rebound values (R) have been firstly compared with the rock density to assess the correlation with the rock strength, independently from influence of factors such as wetness and roughness in the R‐values. For erosive glacial surfaces older than 100 ka R‐values are confined in a narrow range, with no differences within errors. Stepped fluvial surfaces of 700 m to 70 m above present sea level show an inverse correspondence between TCN ages and R‐values, although no age predictions can be done on the basis of the R‐values. Thus, age inferences exclusively based on R‐values may not be realistic, but SH studies could be a useful tool for selecting surfaces for TCN dating. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.