bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of stressed mango host conditions in attraction of and colonization by the mango bark beetle Hypocryphalus mangiferae Stebbing (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and in the symptom development of quick decline of mango trees in Pakistan
Authors: MASOOD Asad , SAEED Shafqat , ERBILGIN Nadir , JUNG KWON Yong 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe mango sudden death syndrome has become a serious threat to the mango industry and caused significant decline in mango production worldwide. The bark beetle Hypocryphalus mangiferae (Stebbing) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) has been suggested as a potential vector of the disease based primarily on field observations with little or no supporting empirical data. In this study, we investigated the role of infected mango trees in host attraction and colonization by H. mangiferae to determine if beetle attack and colonization contributes to the disease progression on mango trees. Initially, the role of various stress factors on beetle attraction and disease progression was assessed under lathe house conditions from 2008 to 2009. Results suggest that symptomatic or recently inoculated mango trees (without any obvious symptoms) are preferentially colonized by H. mangiferae. Although not significant, high numbers of beetles attacked stressed or wounded mango trees, compared to healthy or dead mango trees. Disease symptoms after beetle colonization, such as bark splitting, wilting and oozing, were further evaluated. These symptoms showed positive correlation with the degree of disease severity and host plant condition. Furthermore, two fungi, Ceratocystis fimbriata and Lasiodiplodia theobromae, were frequently isolated from the beetle and beetle‐colonized trees. Based on these findings, they suggests that H. mangiferae can vector multiple fungi associated with mango sudden decline disease and play a significant role in outbreaks of this disease.
Digestive amylase and pectinase activity in the larvae of alfalfa weevil Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: VATANPARAST Mohammad , HOSSEININAVEH Vahid 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe alfalfa weevil Hypera postica is a serious economic pest in most alfalfa grown in many countries worldwide. Digestive α‐amylase and pectinase activities of larvae were investigated using general substrates. Midgut extracts from larvae showed an optimum activity for α‐amylase against starch at acidic pH (pH 5.0). α‐Amylase from larval midgut was more stable at mildly acidic pH (pH 5–6) than highly acidic and alkaline pH. The enzyme showed its maximum activity at 35°C. α‐Amylase activity was significantly decreased in the presence of Ca2+, Mg2+ and sodium dodecylsulfate. On the contrary, K+ and Na+ did not significantly affect the enzyme activity. Zymogram analysis revealed the presence of one band of α‐amylase activity in in‐gel assays. Pectinase activity was assayed using agarose plate and colorimetric assays. Optimal pH for pectinase activity in the larval midgut was determined to be pH 5.0. Pectinase enzyme is more stable at pH 4.0–7.0 than highly acidic and alkaline pH. However, the enzyme was more stable at slightly acidic pH (pH 6.0) when incubation time increased. Maximum activity for the enzyme incubated at different temperatures was observed to be 40°C. Optimum pH activity for α‐amylase and pectinase is not completely consistent with the pH prevailing in the larval midgut. This is the first report of the presence of pectinase activity in H. postica.
Cloning and induction patterns of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in responses to immune elicitors and nucleopolyhedrovirus in the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua
Authors: NOH Mi Y. , JO Yong H. , PARK Cheol H. , LEE Eun S. , LEE Hyo J. , KIM Iksoo , LEE Yong S. , SEO Sook J. , BANG In S. , KIM Seongon , HAN Yeon S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSuperoxide dismutase (SOD) is a metalloenzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide anion to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, and has accordingly been known to play an important role in reducing oxidative stresses induced by various stresses and infection. In an attempt to investigate whether it is involved in antiviral immune responses in insects, the full‐length cDNA of SeCu/ZnSOD was obtained from the cDNA library of Spodoptera exigua. It is 1,008 bp long (excluding poly‐A tail) with the open reading frame of 459 bp encoding 152 amino acids. Sequence analysis with BLAST shows identities to various insects such as Bombyx mori (80%), Hyphantria cunea (80%), Plutella xylostella (77%), Aedes aegypti (73%), Apis mellifera (71%), Lasius niger (70%), Drosophila melanogaster (69%) and Gryllotalpa orientalis (67%). During development, S. exigua expressed SeCu/ZnSOD predominantly at embryonic stage, pupal stage and adult female stage, whereas it was slightly expressed in larvae and adult male. In addition, SeCu/ZnSOD was highly expressed in the fat body, hemocyte, silk gland and Malpighian tubule, although the levels of SeCu/ZnSOD transcripts were very low in the gut. Furthermore, SeCu/ZnSOD mRNA was slightly induced in response to either lipopolysaccharide or laminarin. Finally, SeCu/ZnSOD mRNA was induced in carcass in response to S. exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeNPV) infection, whereas it was not strikingly induced in the gut. The precise roles of SeCu/ZnSOD in antiviral immune response remains to be further studied.
Rule bending, sociological citizenship, and organizational contestation in microfinance
Authors: Canales Rodrigo 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article explores how loan officers enact and adapt organizational policies within microfinance institutions. Some loan officers frequently bend or choose not to enforce written rules in an effort to better address client needs, while others enforce the rules strictly. These differences in enforcement styles are analyzed to explore the structural characteristics that generate and sustain rule‐bending behavior. In microfinance, the pressures to standardize and automate lending decisions challenge loan officers' ability to manage clients because context uncertainty cannot be fully captured by centralized policies. The article shows that officers exercise discretion productively, as measured by the organization's own criteria to (i) better serve client needs when policies can lead to bad outcomes; (ii) purposefully improve the rules themselves; and (iii) defend loan officer status within the organization. The article unveils two inherent tensions in microfinance. First, increased efforts to centralize and enforce policies in fact only increase the motivation for loan officers to work outside the organization's regulations. Second and ironically, the value of the productive rule bending displayed by some loan officers is best captured when other officers are strict enforcers.
Bioactivity of Mango Flesh and Peel Extracts on Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor γ[PPARγ] Activation and MCF‐7 Cell Proliferation: Fraction and Fruit Variability
Authors: Wilkinson Ashley S. , Flanagan Bernadine M. , Pierson Jean‐Thomas , Hewavitharana Amitha K. , Dietzgen Ralf G. , Shaw P. Nicholas , Roberts‐Thomson Sarah J. , Monteith Gregory R. , Gidley Michael J. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  Mangos are a source of bioactive compounds with potential health promoting activity. Biological activities associated with mango fractions were assessed in cell‐based assays to develop effective extraction and fractionation methodologies and to define sources of variability. Two techniques were developed for extraction and fractionation of mango fruit peel and flesh. Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) was used to assess compositional differences between mango fractions in flesh extracts. Many of the extracts were effective in inhibiting the proliferation of human breast cancer cells in vitro. All fractions showed bioactivity in PPAR activation assays, but quantitative responses showed marked fruit‐to‐fruit variability, highlighting the need to bulk fruit prior to extraction for activity‐guided fractionation of bioactive components. This study also suggests that combinations of diverse molecular components may be responsible for cell‐level bioactivities from mango fractions, and that purification and activity profiling of individual components may be difficult to relate to whole fruit effects.Practical Application:  Although the health benefits of fruits are strongly indicated from studies of diet and disease, it is not known what role individual fruit types can play, particularly for tropical fruits. This study shows that there is a diversity of potentially beneficial bioactivities within the flesh and peel of mango fruit, although fruit‐to‐fruit variation can be large. The results add to the evidence that the food approach of eating all components of fruits is likely to be more beneficial to health than consuming refined extracts, as the purification process would inevitably remove components with beneficial bioactivities.
Retail Display Evaluation of Steaks from Select Beef Strip Loins Injected with a Brine Containing 1% Ammonium Hydroxide. Part 2: Cook Yield, Tenderness, and Sensory Attributes
Authors: Parsons A.N. , VanOverbeke D.L. , Goad C.L. , DeWitt C.A. Mireles 
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  The impact of 2 different brines on the palatability and tenderness of select beef strip loin steaks was evaluated. Brines were differentiated by the type of alkaline agent, 4.5% sodium‐based phosphate (control brine; CON) or 1% ammonium hydroxide (ammonium hydroxide treatment; AHT), incorporated into the formula. Injected steaks were placed in high oxygen (80% O2/20% CO2) MAP, stored 4 d at 4 °C in dark storage to simulate transportation, and then placed in retail display. Steaks were selected randomly on day 0, 7, and 14 retail display to measure pH, cook loss, shear force, and sensory characteristics. The pH for AHT steaks (pH 5.96) was slightly higher than CON steaks (pH 5.86; P < 0.05). Cook loss was lower (21%) for CON than AHT steaks (23%). There was neither a treatment nor day effect on tenderness as measured by Warner–Braztler shear force (P > 0.05). Sensory evaluation indicated that on day 0, retail display the initial juiciness, sustained juiciness, tenderness 1st impression, tenderness overall impression, and connective tissue in AHT steaks was not different from CON steaks (P > 0.05). A day effect (decrease) for those sensory parameters was observed only for sustained juiciness (P < 0.05). AHT steaks were rated higher in cooked beef flavor while CON steaks were higher in peppery and salty flavor. There was no difference in soapy and ammonia intensity between treatments. Results indicated that despite lower performance in cook loss the replacement of 4.5% sodium‐based phosphate in a meat injection brine with 1% ammonium hydroxide produced a beef loin steak with comparable tenderness and palatability.Practical Application:  The research in this study compares steaks that have been injected with a commercial brine formulated with sodium phosphates to steaks that have been injected with a brine where the sodium phosphate in the formulation was replaced with 1% ammonium hydroxide. Ammonium hydroxide is an USDA‐FSIS approved ingredient in brines injected into fresh meats. Successful replacement of sodium phosphate with ammonium hydroxide would allow processors to significantly reduce the sodium content of injected fresh meat.
Radiosensitization of Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. in Ready‐to‐Eat Baby Spinach Leaves
Authors: Gomes Carmen , Moreira Rosana G. , Castell‐Perez Elena 
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  The FDA recently approved irradiation treatment of leafy greens such as spinach up to 1 kGy; however, it is important to reduce the dose required to decontaminate the produce while maintaining its quality. Thus, the objectives of this study were: (1) to assess the radiation sensitivities of Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. inoculated in ready‐to‐eat baby spinach leaves under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and irradiated using a 1.35‐MeV Van de Graff accelerator (the leaves were irradiated both at room temperature and at –5 °C); and (2) to understand and optimize the synergistic effect of MAP and irradiation by studying the radiolysis of ozone formation under different temperatures, the effect of dose rate on its formation, and its decomposition. Results showed that increased concentrations of oxygen in the packaging significantly increased the radiation sensitivity of the test organisms, ranging from 7% up to 25% reduction in D10‐values. In particular, radiosensitization could be effected (P < 0.05) by production of ozone, which increases with increasing dose‐rate and oxygen concentration, and reducing temperatures. Radiosensitization was demonstrated for both microorganisms with irradiation of either fresh or frozen (−5 °C) baby spinach. These results suggest that low‐dose (below 1 kGy) e‐beam radiation under modified atmosphere packaging (100% O2 and N2: O2[1 : 1]) may be a viable tool for reducing microbial populations or eliminating Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. from baby spinach. A suggested treatment to achieve a 5‐log reduction of the test organisms would be irradiation at room temperature under 100% O2 atmosphere at a dose level of 0.7 kGy.Practical Application:  Decontamination of minimally processed fruits and vegetables from food‐borne pathogens presents technical and economical challenges to the produce industry. Internalized microorganisms cannot be eliminated by the current procedure (water‐washed or treated with 200‐ppm chlorine). The only technology available commercially is ionizing radiation; however, the actual radiation dose required to inactivate pathogens is too high to be tolerated by the product without unwanted changes. This study shows a new approach in using MAP with 100% O2, which is converted to ozone to radiosensitize pathogens while improving the shelf life of minimally processed fruits and vegetables. The process results in a high level of microorganism inactivation using lower doses than the conventional irradiation treatments.
Talking Animals in the Bible: Paratexts as Symptoms of Cultural Anxiety in Restoration and Early Eighteenth‐Century England
Authors: CLINE KELLY ANN 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries in England, discourse emerged to challenge the traditional understanding of animals as unthinking brutes – that is, as unable to speak and therefore far removed from humans in the Divine Order, or Great Chain of Being. In that context the two conversations between humans and animals in Bible – Eve with the Serpent and Balaam with his ass – attracted attention. The ideological concerns generated by the Eve–Serpent and Balaam–ass conversations are reflected in the number and nature of the paratexts (a term coined by Gérard Genette) produced by Biblical exegetes during this period.
‘I shall not ask Jean‐Jacques Rousseau’: Anthropomorphism in the Cowperian Bestiary
Authors: BRUNSTRÖM CONRAD , TURNER KATHERINE 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper examines Cowper's beast fables within the contexts of eighteenth‐century poetry (for adults and children) and sensibility. Frequently subverting the didactic conventions of animal fable, Cowper's affectionate ventriloquising enables him to engage with contemporary debate concerning not only the heuristic role of animal fables and stories but also the nature of consciousness. His penchant for discontinuous role‐playing makes his poems peculiarly congenial to the representation of other modes of being and consciousness, yet his repeated mockery of the didactic impulse to interpret the natural world in human terms implies a radical questioning of the scope and value of sympathy.
Representing the Rhinoceros: The Royal Society between Art and Science in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: HANSON CRAIG ASHLEY 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDiscrepancies between the empirical evidence of single‐horned rhinoceroses witnessed by Europeans and references from antiquity regarding double‐horned rhinos puzzled members of the Royal Society for decades, particularly the circle of physicians around Drs Richard Mead and Hans Sloane. Three articles published in the Philosophical Transactions proposing solutions to the two‐horned dilemma and the kinds of evidence on which they depended raised crucial issues for the Royal Society during the period – antiquarian concerns tied to philology, numismatics, textual emendation and collecting as well as the conceptual overlap between medical theory and the knowledge of the ancient world generally.
Republican Animals: Politics, Science and the Birth of Ecology
Authors: MESSER PETER C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article argues that in the years following American independence the combination of republican ideology and a nationalist vision of science created a new, ecological way of thinking about the relationship between humans and animals. The political imperative of promoting republican virtues overlapped with the scientific defence of the flora and fauna of North America from their European detractors, and produced a way of thinking about humans and animals that placed both within a complicated natural system, a way of thinking that laid the foundations for modern ecological thought.
The Curious Affair of Monsieur Martin the Bear
Authors: LEE PAULA YOUNG 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn 1820 a brown bear killed and ate a man who had jumped into his pit in the Ménagerie in Paris. Accused of cannibalism, ‘Martin Brown’ was cast as a degenerate man who failed to appreciate his captivity, revealing that Martin's true utility was not to further zoological enquiry but to perform racist colonial narratives. As a ‘cunning’ brown bear who killed his benefactors, he stood in for mulatto slaves on Saint‐Domingue, a site of French resentment after the freed colony became Haiti. In Paris the bear confirmed the ameliorative effects of civilisation, while providing a cautionary tale regarding docile bodies masking savage instincts.
Animal Attitudes: Motion and Emotion in Eighteenth‐Century Animal Representation
Authors: LIEBMAN ELIZABETH AMY 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAt the Royal Garden in mid‐eighteenth‐century Paris a circle of artists and naturalists at work on Buffon's Natural History set and maintained the standard for French animal representation in illustrated natural history, fables and theatre. The images produced by this group participated in the turn of European natural philosophy from the physical sciences to the life sciences and the consequent erosion of academic and vulgar notions of the animal‐machine. The depiction of motion in the static animal image thus functioned across domains as part of an experimental effort in the new view of animal physiology, behaviour and psychology.
Valuing Volunteers: Expanding the Relevance and Reliability Debate
Authors: Cordery Carolyn , Narraway Gwynn 
Published: November 2010

Volunteers’ inputs to public and other not‐for‐profit organisations are significant. However, while statisticians gather data on volunteering, accountants do so less often due to a debate as to whether the relevance of recognising volunteer input in financial reports outweighs the reliability of that data and the costs of its derivation. This paper presents a survey of voluntary organisations that publish financial reports. It explores whether the promise of funding for volunteer effort has been matched with increasing financial reporting of volunteering. The results show there is little recognition of volunteer labour in financial reports, reflecting the unresolved relevance‐reliability debate in the accounting profession.
Bayesian Zero‐Inflated Predictive Modelling of Herd‐Level Salmonella Prevalence for Risk‐Based Surveillance
Authors: Benschop J. , Spencer S. , Alban L. , Stevenson M. , French N. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe national control programme for Salmonella in Danish swine herds introduced in 1993 has led to a large decrease in pork‐associated human cases of salmonellosis. The pork industry is increasingly focused on the cost‐effectiveness of surveillance while maintaining consumer confidence in the pork food supply. Using national control programme data from 2003 and 2004, we developed a zero‐inflated binomial model to predict which farms were most at risk of Salmonella. We preferentially sampled these high‐risk farms using two sampling schemes based on model predictions resulting from a farm’s covariate pattern and its random effect. Zero‐inflated binomial modelling allows assessment of similarities and differences between factors that affect herd infection status (introduction), and those that affect the seroprevalence in infected herds (persistence and spread). Both large (producing greater than 5000 pigs per annum), and small herds (producing less than 2000 pigs per annum) were at significantly higher risk for infection and subsequent seroprevalence, when compared with medium sized herds (producing between 2000 and 5000 pigs per annum). When compared with herds being located elsewhere, being located in the south of Jutland significantly decreased the risk of herd infection, but increased the risk of a pig from an infected herd being seropositive. The model suggested that many of the herds where Salmonella was not detected were infected, but at a low prevalence. Using cost and sensitivity, we compared the results of our model based sampling schemes with those under the standard sampling scheme, based on herd size, and the recently introduced risk‐based approach. Model‐based results were less sensitive but show significant cost savings. Further model refinements, sampling schemes and the methods to evaluate their performance are important areas for future work, and these should continue to occur in direct consultation with Danish authorities.
Use of a Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Microarray for the Identification of Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Garneau P. , Labrecque O. , Maynard C. , Messier S. , Masson L. , Archambault M. , Harel J. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryAs diagnostic and surveillance activities are vital to determine measures needed to control antimicrobial resistance (AMR), new and rapid laboratory methods are necessary to facilitate this important effort. DNA microarray technology allows the detection of a large number of genes in a single reaction. This technology is simple, specific and high‐throughput. We have developed a bacterial antimicrobial resistance gene DNA microarray that will allow rapid antimicrobial resistance gene screening for all Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. A prototype microarray was designed using a 70‐mer based oligonucleotide set targeting AMR genes of Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria. In the present version, the microarray consists of 182 oligonucleotides corresponding to 166 different acquired AMR gene targets, covering most of the resistance genes found in both Gram‐negative and ‐positive bacteria. A test study was performed on a collection of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk samples from dairy farms in Québec, Canada. The reproducibility of the hybridizations was determined, and the microarray results were compared with those obtained by phenotypic resistance tests (either MIC or Kirby‐Bauer). The microarray genotyping demonstrated a correlation between penicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin resistance phenotypes with the corresponding acquired resistance genes. The hybridizations showed that the 38 antimicrobial resistant S. aureus isolates possessed at least one AMR gene.