bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stage 2 Combination Testing of Rapamycin with Cytotoxic Agents by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program
Authors: Houghton Peter J. , Morton Christopher L. , Gorlick Richard , Lock Richard B. , Carol Hernan , Reynolds C. Patrick , Kang Min H. , Maris John M. , Keir Stephen T. , Kolb E. Anders , Wu Jianrong , Wozniak Amy W. , Billups Catherine A. , Rubinstein Larry , Smith Malcolm A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Rapamycin demonstrated broad-spectrum tumor growth inhibition activity against the in vivo panels of childhood tumors used in the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP). Here we have evaluated rapamycin combined with agents used frequently in the treatment of childhood malignancies. Rapamycin was tested in vitro against 23 cell lines alone or in combination with melphalan, cisplatin, vincristine, or dexamethasone (leukemic models only). In vivo, the impact of combining rapamycin with a cytotoxic agent was evaluated using two measures: 1) the therapeutic enhancement measure, and 2) a linear regression model for time-to-event to formally evaluate for sub- and supraadditivity for the combination compared to the agents used alone. Combining rapamycin with cytotoxic agents in vitro gave predominantly subadditive or additive effects, except for dexamethasone in leukemia models for which supra-additive activity was observed. In vivo testing demonstrated that therapeutic enhancement was common for rapamycin in combination with cyclophosphamide and occurred for 4 of 11 evaluable xenografts for the rapamycin and vincristine combination. The combinations of rapamycin with either cyclophosphamide or vincristine were significantly more effective than the respective standard agents used alone at their maximum tolerated doses (MTD) for most evaluable xenografts. The combination of rapamycin and cisplatin produced excessive toxicity requiring cisplatin dose reductions, and therapeutic enhancement was not observed for this combination. Addition of rapamycin to either cyclophosphamide or vincristine at their respective MTDs appears promising, as these combinations are relatively well tolerated and as many of the pediatric preclinical models evaluated demonstrated therapeutic enhancement for these combinations. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(1); 101–12
Thermal comfort in an office with intermittent air-conditioning operation
Authors: Xu XG , Sit KY , Deng SM , Chan MY 
Published: December 2009

An effective way to reduce A/C energy use is to switch off air conditioning during unoccupied periods. The main concern is, however, whether occupants’ thermal comfort is sacrificed. This paper reports a study of the impacts of switching off A/C during unoccupied hours in an office on thermal comfort of occupant after returning to office and resuming the operation of A/C system. Site measurements for both indoor thermal environmental parameters and energy consumption of A/C were carried out and the thermal comfort of occupants was assessed. Measurement and assessment results indicated that up to 11% of annual energy consumption of A/C for the office could be saved, but the level of thermal comfort of occupants was not greatly degraded. Practical applications: Intermittent operation of A/C is often ignored when people talk about energy saving. It requires no additional cost and equipment, but the saving is significant. Moreover, no advanced technology or knowledge is required. The most important result is that thermal comfort level is not scarified during occupied hours.
Culture that works? Creative industries development in a working-class city
Authors: Jayne Mark 
Published: January 2010

Creative industries development has been underway in the city of Stoke-on-Trent for the past fifteen years. Two urban quarters, a creative industries network, ‘design-led’ regeneration initiatives, and live-work spaces for craft businesses are some of the main projects undertaken in this period. In the past year, this raft of developments has been augmented by a creative industries mapping exercise, and a subsequent funding bid that seeks to draw on UK government and European structural funds in order to act on the research findings, and to put their recommendations into operation. This paper reviews this process both in terms of the political, economic, social, cultural and spatial context of the city, and in terms of broader urban agendas. It provides something of a corrective to the rather ‘rose-tinted’ picture often drawn of the role and significance of the creative industries for future economic and cultural well-being. Stoke-on-Trent: ‘The most working-class city in England’
A Security Analyst's Action Recommendations: An Application of Recursive Partitioning to Modelling Judgement
Authors: Howieson Bryan 
Published: January 2010

This paper illustrates an approach to modelling judgement. Mathematically, derived sequential decision tree models of judgement are constructed using the Classification And Regression Tree (CART) algorithm developed by Breiman et al. (1984). This technique was selected because it attempts to combine the predictive power of regression based models with the descriptive appeal of decision tree models based on verbal protocols. CART was used in the context of a study which attempted to model the decision processes used by the security analysts of a managed fund to make action recommendations. The CART model revealed that the decision processes of security analysts were complicated and that infor Mation was processed configurally. In general, the CART model achieved low error rates and had a predictive power that was at least equivalent if not better than multinomial LOGIT.
Analysis of the Static Function of the Popliteus Tendon and Evaluation of an Anatomic Reconstruction
Authors: LaPrade Robert F. , Wozniczka Jennifer K. , Stellmaker Michael P. , Wijdicks Coen A. 
Published: December 2009

Background The popliteus tendon has important dynamic and static stabilizing functions at the knee. Evaluation of its static role as the “fifth ligament” of the knee and a subsequent analysis of a popliteus tendon reconstruction has not been performed. Hypothesis In vitro knee stability can be restored to a popliteus tendon—deficient knee with an anatomic popliteus tendon reconstruction. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Eleven nonpaired cadaveric knees were tested under the following popliteus tendon states: intact, sectioned, and reconstructed using an autogenous semitendinosus graft. Each knee was subjected to 10-N·m varus moments, 5-N·m external and internal torques, and 88-N anterior and posterior loads at flexion angles of 0°, 20°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. A 6 degrees of freedom electromagnetic motion tracking system was used to assess motion changes of the tibia with respect to the femur. Results Significant increases in external rotation and small but significant increases in internal rotation, varus angulation, and anterior translation motion were found after sectioning the popliteus tendon compared to the intact state. Significant decreases in external rotation were found in the reconstructed state compared with the sectioned state at knee flexion angles of 20°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. Comparing the reconstructed state to the intact state, there were no significant differences at knee flexion angles of 0° and 20°, but significant decreases of external rotation were found at knee flexion angles of 30°, 60°, and 90°. Additionally, there were small but significant differences between the reconstructed and intact state with respect to varus angulation at knee flexion angles of 20°, 30°, and 60°; anterior translation at 20° and 30°; and internal rotation at all flexion angles. Conclusion The popliteus tendon has important primary stabilization roles at the knee. The authors also found that an anatomic popliteus tendon reconstruction significantly reduced the increase in external rotation that occurred with sectioning the popliteus tendon; however, differences seen with respect to internal rotation, varus angulation, and anterior translation were not restored. Clinical Significance The popliteus tendon functions essentially as the fifth major ligament of the knee. An anatomic popliteus tendon reconstruction can restore external rotation stability to knees with popliteus tendon injury.
Interlocking Directorates in the Top U.S. Corporations
Authors: Sonquist John A. , Koenig Thomas 
Published: January 2010

Dans l'introduction, l'auteur présente le problème de l'étude des conseils de direction des grandes compagnies américaines par l'analyse des réseaux. En effet, l'emploi le plus courant d'un membre d'un conseil de direction d'une compagnie est celui de directeur du conseil d'une autre compagnie. L'étude de cette question s'est limitée jusqu'ici à des sous-ensembles préalablement choisis de la population des grandes compagnies. Ce type d'étude, en outre, s'est presque toujours basé sur une orientation théorique définie d'avance. Dans la deuxième partie de cet article, l'auteur décrit les quatre orientations théoriques principales : contrôle directorial ; contrôle de l'environnement et réciprocité ; contrôle financier ; contrôle par hégénomie de classe. Les résultats prévus par chacune de ces orientations sont aussi clairement décrits. Dans la troisième partie, l'auteur présente la méthode de recherche des "cliques" à l'intérieur d'un réseau dense de liens entre des points. Comme l'auteur s'est donné comme but l'analyse des membres des conseils des 500 plus importantes compagnies américaines, il fut obligé d'adapter cette méthode pour expliquer ce réseau de liens extrêmement dense. Après une présentation méthodologique de la façon dont les cliques de compagnies furent construites, l'auteur analyse ces cliques par rapport à leur force centrifuge, leur composition, leurs liens externes, leur diamètre, leur taille, le rôle des banques et des compagnies d'assurance et le rôle des liens entre cliques. Par exemple, la "Table 1" donne la liste des compagnies qui appartiennent au noyau central de deux cliques distinctes et la "Table 2" celle de la proportion des liens inter-clique par rapport aux liens intra-cliques. Sur la base de cette analyse et à cause du très haut niveau de liens inter- et intra-cliques, le seul modèle général acceptable semble bien être celui d'hégénomie de classe. Un résultat inattendu est l'aspect régional des cliques révélées. En effet, cette méthode d'analyse des résaux a constitué 32 cliques qui ont chacune une base géographique assez clairement définie en dépit du fait qu'elles participent pleinement dans ce réseau d'étendue nationale, voire internationale. Pour terminer, l'auteur montre qu'en dessous du niveau d'analyse générale, les autres orientations théoriques se combinent pour founir des explications aux caractéristiques particulières à certaines des cliques. Les questions concernant ces caractéristiques ouvrent pour l'auteur une voie de recherche à développer. En annexe, on trouve la liste complète des cliques et leur composition, type de membres, situtation géographique, indication de lien avec d'autres cliques et son aspect complet ou non-complet.
Acellular Dermal Matrix Seeded with Autologous Fibroblasts Improves Wound Breaking Strength in a Rodent Soft Tissue Damage Model in Neoadjuvant Settings
Authors: Roessner Eric Dominic , Thier Steffen , Hohenberger Peter , Schwarz Markus , Pott Peter , Dinter Dietmar , Smith Mark 
Published: December 2009

Soft tissue defects following resectional surgery or trauma often result in deadspaces and require free or pedicled flaps. A programmed formation of filling tissue with enhanced biomechanical properties could be helpful. This study examined the effects on wound healing of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) seeded with autologous fibroblasts in a standardized rodent model. As pre- or postoperative radiotherapy is standard in many treatments of malignancies, we also investigated the effects of additional radiotherapy. Fischer rats were randomised and received a standardized unilateral soft tissue defect at the buttock. The defect was filled with ADM+fibroblasts or ADM alone. Controls received no filling. Either no radiation, adjuvant (postoperative) or neoadjuvant (preoperative) radiation was applied to the defect site. Six weeks later the defect volume was measured by MR-tomography. Wound breaking strength was examined by tensiometry according to German Industrial Standards. Filling of the defect side was significantly larger in ADM and ADM+fibroblast treated groups compared to the control group in all settings. Wound breaking strength in the unimodal setting was significantly improved in the ADM+fibroblasts group compared to the ADM group. In the neoadjuvant setting there was no significant difference between control and ADM group. However, the ADM+fibroblasts groups showed a significantly increased wound breaking strength compared to the control and the ADM-alone group. Seeded or unseeded ADM is able to fill deadspace in this rodent model in all settings. Implanting non-irradiated, vital, proliferating autologous fibroblasts on ADM results in significantly increased wound breaking strength.
Transnational trade union cooperation at global and European level - opportunities and obstacles
Authors: Jacobi Otto 
Published: January 2010

As globalisation of the economy proceeds apace, it is essential for trade unions to co-operate on a transnational basis if global capitalism is to be civilised. This contribution argues that problems with global trade union co-operation stem from the fact that people's social interests differ greatly according to the different stages of economic development reached in the First World, the newly industrialised countries, the transition economies and the countries of the Third World. It suggests that global co-operation amongst trade unions can only be achieved by doing away with protectionism and dumping. In the interest of the economic development of other groups of countries, the highly developed states have to abolish sectoral subsidies and protectionist measures. In return, the trade unions in the First World can expect the basic social rights laid down in ILO conventions to be made universally binding. Only then will it be possible to break out of the damaging spiral of global dumping and ensure that living conditions for all concerned are able to keep pace with economic progress. In those countries of Europe which are members of the EU, the conditions for transnational trade union co-operation are entirely different. A unified economic and monetary area has already been created, and what is needed now is for a transnational social area to be developed as well. There is scope here for the trade unions to build on the social standards that have already been set on a EU-wide basis. Despite the enormous challenges resulting from the far-reaching social changes taking place, trade unions in Europe have a real opportunity to establish a social model that can serve as a benchmark for unions in other parts of the world.
Equal opportunities and collective bargaining in the Netherlands: a good case in contract catering
Authors: de Bruijn Jeanne , Bleijenbergh Inge 
Published: January 2010

Are there good practices of collective bargaining on equal opportunities in the Netherlands and, if so, what can we learn from them? The article answers these questions by means of extensive reference to a case-study on the Dutch contract catering sector, which has a collective agreement including detailed provisions on childcare and steps to tackle sexual harassment. Contract catering, a relatively new sector in the Netherlands, underwent rapid expansion in the nineties. The sector is characterised by a high proportion of female employees (75%), three quarters of whom are employed in a part-time capacity, and a relatively low degree of organisation. As in the rest of the Netherlands, industrial relations in this sector are strongly institutionalised and the whole process of preparation, bargaining and implementation of collective agreements takes place in a consultative body for labour and management, namely the Contract Catering Joint Committee. The attention paid to equal opportunities dates from the first bargaining round conducted in the catering sector at the end of the eighties. In that period societal attention to the topic was combined with strong economic growth in the sector and the employers'wish to attract female employees. Especially re-entering women were expected to combine the right service-directed attitude with the willingness to work flexible hours. An infrastructure of (female) experts on equal opportunities from within the trade unions activated personal involvement of some (male) negotiators in the topic. During consecutive bargaining rounds framework agreements were concluded on affirmative action, parental leave, child-care provision and sexual harassment. Especially the fact that working groups of labour and management were set up on the last two topics contributed to the relatively successful outcome in respect of these arrangements.
Pension fund management: a trade union commitment to greater corporate social responsibility
Authors: Lourdelle Henri 
Published: January 2010

Corporate social responsibility (CSR), in association with sustainable development, has become a live issue over the past few years. Should companies be allowed to do whatever they like in the name of competitiveness, even at the risk of compromising the future of the planet? What means does the trade union movement currently have at its disposal to influence corporate conduct in the direction of sustainable development and social responsibility? Over and above traditional trade union activities, the unions have available to them a tool, namely the funds which they manage – or jointly manage – in connection with occupational pension or employee savings schemes. By having their say in the investment strategies of these funds, trade unions can make decisions that affect corporate conduct. This is what is now known as socially responsible investment (SRI). This article sets out to explore the issue, demonstrating how we have moved on from what was initially a moral, ethical approach, geared mainly towards ‘exclusion', to a more incentive-based approach seeking to encourage companies whose conduct is more ‘responsible'. In other words, we shall show that occupational pension funds can in fact become a new weapon in the trade union armoury.
Nordic trade unions, the EU and European works councils
Authors: Dølvik Jon Erik 
Published: January 2010

Nordic trade union approaches to European integration, EU social policies and co-operation in transnational groups, are the issues of this article. With EU-sceptical constituencies, Nordic unions adopted a careful approach to EU membership. Except in Norway none of the main confederations (LOs) took a clear stance. The main sources of union ambivalence were familiar to unions inside the EU: concern about erosion of national labour standards, welfare and union strength,owing to the restrictive economic policies of the EMU, fear of market deregulation and the lack of a credible EU social dimension. Nordic unions support the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) call for a more Social Europe, negotiations covering the whole EEA-area, and qualified majority voting in labour and environmental issues. They are, however, ambiguous towards extension of supra-national authority in other policy areas. With well organised unions, containing one sixth of the ETUC membership and social-democratic governments, the Nordic countries may positively influence the political balance of power in EU/EEA social policies. The European Works Councils Directive will be implemented possibly via collective agreement in Norway, and perhaps Denmark, while the legislative route seems most probable in other Nordic countries. Transnational worker co-operation is establised in roughly one half of major Nordic groups, of which one half includes consultation with management. Current trends suggest further spread of voluntary agreements with a European scope. This accentuates the need for exchange of union experiences concerning skill formation and organisational adaptation to ensure that group level co-operation complements national practices and strategies for Europeanisation of union policies at sectoral and confederallevel, according to Nordic unions.
America's low.wage path
Authors: Mishel Lawrence 
Published: January 2010

The economic performance of the United States is sometimes viewed as very successful, especially in comparison to Europe. After all, unemployment has been lower than in Europe and job creation has been higher. The relative superiority of job creation in the United States is frequently exaggerated, however, by comparisons of the absolute numbers of jobs created - a flawed measure because the size of the labor force has been relatively stagnant in Europe while growing in the United States. Moreover, it is infrequently recognised that U.S. job creation in the 1980s was actually inferior to that of the 1970s. Nevertheless, the bigger fault with the claim of U.S. economic superiority (and the implied superiority of "flexible", deregulated labor markets and laissez-faire policies) is that it ignores the deterioration in the standard of living of most Americans over the last 15 years. This paper reviews recent income and wage trends in the United States and finds that widespread income problems have been a continuing feature of the U.S.economy in the early 1990s (continuing through the first half of 1995, the latest data) and will likely continue into the foreseeable future.
The single currency vs. the Rhine model
Authors: Albert Michel 
Published: January 2010

The brand of capitalism practised in the "Rhineland" countries is characterised by the German concept of the "social market economy" . People sometimes wonder whether monetary union might not lead to the implementation of a monetarist policy, which could then jeopardise this social market economy. The first part of this paper demonstrates that this problem goes much further than that: all Western countries are threatened by what Michel Albert calls "the anti-social market economy" . In the light of this, the second part then goes on to show how the single currency would tend, on the contrary, to reinforce the specific characteristics of the "Rhine model". This is especially true if the single currency does result in a genuine political union (third part). This paper generally attempts to update the analyses of "Capitalism against capitalism", written in 1991, and which has been translated into 19 languages.
EMU as seen by unions in the banking sector
Authors: Euro-Fiet  
Published: January 2010

As Europe progresses toward Monetary Union the debate about the introduction and consequences of Monetary Union intensifies. In recent months the debate has focused on issues including the impact of the various convergence criteria, the possible dominance of one country's view during monetary union, and the naming of the proposed single currency. To date the politicians and bankers who are debating Monetary Union have focused mainly on the business and financial implications. So far they have failed adequately to address issues relating to trade union and employment concerns in the banking sector itself. Both the European Commission and the European Monetary Institute (EMI) need to fully consult union organisations on the practical implications of a single currency. This reflects the huge impact these developments will have on workers, particularly those in Central Banks, and in the commercial banking sector. This article summarises the main areas we see the need for urgent consultation on.