bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Reaction Time in the Home for People With Dementia
Authors: Cole Catherine S. , Mennemeier Mark , Bost James E. , Smith-Olinde Laura , Howieson Diane 
Published: October 2011

Background: Cognitive decline is the cardinal symptom of dementia. Accurate measurement of changes in cognition, while essential for testing interventions to slow cognitive decline, can be challenging in people with dementia (PWD). For example, the laboratory environment may cause anxiety and negatively affect performance. Material and Method: In healthy people, researchers measure one aspect of cognition, attention, via assessing reaction times in a laboratory environment. This repeated-measures study investigated the feasibility of reaction time measurement in participants' homes using the computerized psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) for PWD. Research questions were (a) Can laboratory controls be replicated in the home? (b) Where do PWD perform PVT trials optimally? and (c) What are the preferences of PWD and their caregivers? Two groups that differed by sequence of testing location completed 12 reaction time assessments over 2 days. Caregiver and person with dementia dyad preferences were examined in a follow-up phone interview. Results: Complete data were collected from 14 dyads. Although there were slight differences in lighting between settings, the time of day, temperature, and sound did not differ. There were no significant differences in PVT performance between the two locations, but the group who tested in the home on Day 1 performed better than the group who tested in the lab on Day 1. All participants preferred home examination. Discussion: It is feasible to measure reaction times in the home. Home testing contributes to optimal performance and participants preferred the home.
Haemodynamic effects of aliskiren in decompensated severe heart failure
Authors: Brancalhao Euler O , Ochiai Marcelo E , Cardoso Juliano N , Vieira Kelly R , Puig Raphael N , Lima Marcelo V , Barretto Antonio P 
Published: October 2011

Aim: The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) has dual pathways to angiotensin II production; therefore, multiple blockages may be useful in heart failure. In this study, we evaluated the short-term haemodynamic effects of aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, in patients with decompensated severe heart failure who were also taking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Materials and methods: A total of 16 patients (14 men, two women, mean age: 60.3 years) were enrolled in the study. The inclusion criteria included hospitalisation due to decompensated heart failure, ACE inhibitor use, and an ejection fraction < 40% (mean: 21.9 ± 6.7%). The exclusion criteria were: creatinine > 2.0 mg/dl, cardiac pacemaker, serum K+ > 5.5 mEq/l, and systolic blood pressure < 70 mmHg. Patients either received 150 mg/d aliskiren for 7 days (aliskiren group, n = 10) or did not receive aliskiren (control group, n = 6). Primary end points were systemic vascular resistance and cardiac index values. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess variables before and after intervention. A two-sided p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Compared to pre-intervention levels, systemic vascular resistance was reduced by 20.4% in aliskiren patients, but it increased by 2.9% in control patients ( p = 0.038). The cardiac index was not significantly increased by 19.0% in aliskiren patients, but decreased by 8.4% in control patients ( p = 0.127). No differences in the pulmonary capillary or systolic blood pressure values were observed between the groups. Conclusion: Aliskiren use reduced systemic vascular resistance in patients with decompensated heart failure taking ACE inhibitors.
Clinical and biochemical predictors of increased carotid intima-media thickness in overweight and obese adolescents with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Kotb Nesreen A , Gaber Rania , Salama Mai , Nagy Hala M , Elhendy Abdou 
Published: October 2011

Objective: To identify the clinical parameters associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in overweight and obese adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We studied 27 patients (11 males) with type 2 diabetes. Criteria for selection were age (12–19 years), body mass index above the 95th percentile for age and gender, a positive family history of diabetes, normal or high C-peptide, and negative studies for islet cell antibodies. Age- and gender-matched healthy subjects were selected as the control group. Measurements of CIMT, lipid profile, hypersensitive C-reactive protein, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), and insulin resistance by homeostasis model of assessment (HOMA) were obtained for all participants. Results: CIMT was higher in diabetic patients than in healthy subjects (0.68 ± 0.16 vs. 0.58 ± 0.1, p < 0.01). The range of HbA1C in the 15 patients with uncontrolled diabetes was 7.6–10.4 (mean: 8.9 ± 0.9). CIMT, HbA1C, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, HOMA, and C-reactive protein were significantly higher in patients with uncontrolled than with controlled diabetes. In diabetic patients, CIMT correlated positively with body mass index ( p < 0.001), duration of diabetes ( p < 0.001), systolic ( p < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure ( p < 0.01), HbA1C ( p < 0.001), HOMA ( p < 0.01), and C-reactive protein ( p < 0.01). Conclusions: CIMT is increased in adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Poor glycemic control, HOMA, increased C-reactive protein, body mass index, duration of diabetes, and elevated blood pressure are associated with early atherosclerosis in these patients.
Genome-wide mapping of Sox6 binding sites in skeletal muscle reveals both direct and indirect regulation of muscle terminal differentiation by Sox6
Authors: An Chung-Il , Dong Yao , Hagiwara Nobuko 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Background
Sox6 is a multi-faceted transcription factor involved in the terminal differentiation of many different cell types in vertebrates. It has been suggested that in mice as well as in zebrafish Sox6 plays a role in the terminal differentiation of skeletal muscle by suppressing transcription of slow fiber specific genes. In order to understand how Sox6 coordinately regulates the transcription of multiple fiber type specific genes during muscle development, we have performed ChIP-seq analyses to identify Sox6 target genes in mouse fetal myotubes and generated muscle-specific Sox6 knockout (KO) mice to determine the Sox6 null muscle phenotype in adult mice.

Results
We have identified 1,066 Sox6 binding sites using mouse fetal myotubes. The Sox6 binding sites were found to be associated with slow fiber-specific, cardiac, and embryonic isoform genes that are expressed in the sarcomere as well as transcription factor genes known to play roles in muscle development. The concurrently performed RNA polymerase II (Pol II) ChIP-seq analysis revealed that 84% of the Sox6 peak-associated genes exhibited little to no binding of Pol II, suggesting that the majority of the Sox6 target genes are transcriptionally inactive. These results indicate that Sox6 directly regulates terminal differentiation of muscle by affecting the expression of sarcomere protein genes as well as indirectly through influencing the expression of transcription factors relevant to muscle development. Gene expression profiling of Sox6 KO skeletal and cardiac muscle revealed a significant increase in the expression of the genes associated with Sox6 binding. In the absence of the Sox6 gene, there was dramatic upregulation of slow fiber-specific, cardiac, and embryonic isoform gene expression in Sox6 KO skeletal muscle and fetal isoform gene expression in Sox6 KO cardiac muscle, thus confirming the role Sox6 plays as a transcriptional suppressor in muscle development.

Conclusions
Our present data indicate that during development, Sox6 functions as a transcriptional suppressor of fiber type-specific and developmental isoform genes to promote functional specification of muscle which is critical for optimum muscle performance and health.
Proliferative reactive gliosis is compatible with glial metabolic support and neuronal function
Authors: Vázquez-Chona Félix R , Swan Alex , Ferrell W Drew , Jiang Li , Baehr Wolfgang , Chien Wei-Ming , Fero Matthew , Marc Robert E , Levine Edward M 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Background
The response of mammalian glial cells to chronic degeneration and trauma is hypothesized to be incompatible with support of neuronal function in the central nervous system (CNS) and retina. To test this hypothesis, we developed an inducible model of proliferative reactive gliosis in the absence of degenerative stimuli by genetically inactivating the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27

Kip1
(p27 or Cdkn1b) in the adult mouse and determined the outcome on retinal structure and function.

Results
p27-deficient Müller glia reentered the cell cycle, underwent aberrant migration, and enhanced their expression of intermediate filament proteins, all of which are characteristics of Müller glia in a reactive state. Surprisingly, neuroglial interactions, retinal electrophysiology, and visual acuity were normal.

Conclusion
The benign outcome of proliferative reactive Müller gliosis suggests that reactive glia display context-dependent, graded and dynamic phenotypes and that reactivity in itself is not necessarily detrimental to neuronal function.
A comprehensive situation assessment of injection practices in primary health care hospitals in Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury AK Azad , Roy Tapash , Faroque ABM , Bachar Sitesh C , Asaduzzaman Muhammad , Nasrin Nishat , Akter Nahid , Gazi Hamidur Rahman , Lutful Kabir Abul Kalam , Parvin Masuma , Anderson Claire 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Background
Understanding injection practices is crucial for evidence-based development of intervention initiatives. This study explored the extent of injection use and injection safety practices in primary care hospitals in Bangladesh.

Methods
The study employed both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The methods used were - a retrospective audit of prescriptions (n = 4320), focus group discussions (six with 43 participants), in-depth interviews (n = 38) with a range service providers, and systematic observation of the activities of injection providers (n = 120), waste handlers (n = 48) and hospital facilities (n = 24). Quantitative and qualitative data were assessed with statistical and thematic analysis, respectively, and then combined.

Results
As many as 78% of our study sample (n = 4230) received an injection. The most commonly prescribed injections (n = 3354) including antibiotics (78.3%), IV fluids (38.6%), analgesics/pain killers (29.4%), vitamins (26.7%), and anti-histamines (18.5%). Further, 43.7% (n = 1145) of the prescribed antibiotics (n = 2626) were given to treat diarrhea and 42.3% (n = 600) of IV fluids (n = 1295) were used to manage general weakness conditions. Nearly one-third (29.8%; n = 36/120) of injection providers reported needle-stick injuries in the last 6 months with highest incidences in Rajshahi division followed by Dhaka division. Disposal of injection needles, syringes and other materials was not done properly in 83.5% (n = 20/24) of the facilities. Health providers' safety concerns were not addressed properly; only 23% (n = 28/120) of the health providers and 4.2% (n = 2/48) of the waste handlers were fully immunized against Hepatitis B virus. Moreover, 73% (n = 87/120) of the injection providers and 90% (n = 43/48) of the waste handlers were not trained in injection safety practices and infection prevention. Qualitative data further confirmed that both providers and patients preferred injections, believing that they provide quick relief. The doctors' perceived injection use as their prescribing norm that enabled them to prove their professional credibility and to remain popular in a competitive health care market. Additionally, persistent pressure from hospital administration to use up injections before their expiry dates also influenced doctors to prescribe injections regardless of actual indications.

Conclusions
As far as the patients and providers' safety is concerned, this study demonstrated a need for further research exploring the dynamics of injection use and safety in Bangladesh. In a context where a high level of injection use and unsafe practices were reported, immediate prevention initiatives need to be operated through continued intervention efforts and health providers' training in primary care hospitals in Bangladesh.
Comparison of supraglottic airway versus endotracheal intubation for the pre-hospital treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
Authors: Kajino Kentaro , Iwami Taku , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Daya Mohamud , Ong Marcus Eng Hock , Nishiuchi Tatsuya , Hayashi Yasuyuki , Sakai Tomohiko , Shimazu Takeshi , Hiraide Atsushi , Kishi Masashi , Yamayoshi Shigeru 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Introduction
Both supraglottic airway devices (SGA) and endotracheal intubation (ETI) have been used by emergency life-saving technicians (ELST) in Japan to treat out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs). Despite traditional emphasis on airway management during cardiac arrest, its impact on survival from OHCA and time dependent effectiveness remains unclear.

Methods
All adults with witnessed, non-traumatic OHCA, from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2008, treated by the emergency medical services (EMS) with an advanced airway in Osaka, Japan were studied in a prospective Utstein-style population cohort database. The primary outcome measure was one-month survival with neurologically favorable outcome. The association between type of advanced airway (ETI/SGA), timing of device placement and neurological outcome was assessed by multiple logistic regression.

Results
Of 7,517 witnessed non-traumatic OHCAs, 5,377 cases were treated with advanced airways. Of these, 1,679 were ETI while 3,698 were SGA. Favorable neurological outcome was similar between ETI and SGA (3.6% versus 3.6%, P = 0.95). The time interval from collapse to ETI placement was significantly longer than for SGA (17.2 minutes versus 15.8 minutes, P < 0.001). From multivariate analysis, early placement of an advanced airway was significantly associated with better neurological outcome (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) for one minute delay, 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88 to 0.95). ETI was not a significant predictor (AOR 0.71, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.30) but the presence of an ETI certified ELST (AOR, 1.86, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.34) was a significant predictor for favorable neurological outcome.

Conclusions
There was no difference in neurologically favorable outcome from witnessed OHCA for ETI versus SGA. Early airway management with advanced airway regardless of type and rhythm was associated with improved outcomes.
A -group with positive rank gradient
Authors: Schlage-Puchta Jan-Christoph 
Published: October 2011

Abstract.
We construct, for and ,
a -generated -group which, in an asymptotic sense,
behaves almost like a -generated free pro--group. We show
that a subgroup of index needs generators, and
that the subgroup growth of satisfies
, where is the
-generated free pro--group. To do this we introduce a new
invariant for finitely-generated groups and study some of its basic
properties.
The normalizer property for integral group rings of finite solvable T-groups
Authors: Li Zhengxing , Hai Jinke 
Published: October 2011

Abstract.
A group is said to be a
T-group if all its subnormal subgroups are normal. Let be a
finite solvable T-group. It is shown that the normalizer property
holds for . As a direct consequence of our result, we obtain that
the normalizer property holds for finite groups all of whose Sylow
subgroups are cyclic.
Effectiveness of Pandemic H1N1 Vaccine Against Influenza-Related Hospitalization in Children
Authors: Gilca Rodica , Deceuninck Geneviève , De Serres Gaston , Boulianne Nicole , Sauvageau Chantal , Quach Caroline , Boucher François D. , Skowronski Danuta M. 
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE:
Young children are generally considered immunologically naive with respect to influenza exposure opportunities; thus, a 2-dose schedule is recommended when a child is first immunized with conventional influenza vaccine lacking adjuvant. We estimated the effectiveness of a single pediatric dose of AS03-adjuvanted vaccine against hospitalization for confirmed pandemic influenza A/H1N1 (pH1N1) infection in children aged 6 months to 9 years during the fall 2009 vaccination campaign.

METHODS:
In a matched case-control design, case subjects were children hospitalized for pH1N1 infection in the Fall of 2009, in Quebec, Canada. Controls were nonhospitalized children, matched by age and region of residence. Vaccination status in case subjects and controls was ascertained in relation to the case subject's date of illness onset. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated through conditional logistic regression.

RESULTS:
The overall effectiveness of a single pediatric dose of vaccine administered ≥14 days before illness onset was 85% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 61% to 94%), varying according to age category but with wide and overlapping CIs: 92% (95% CI: 51% to 99%) in 6–23 month-old children, 89% (95% CI: 34% to 98%) in 2–4 year-olds, and 79% (95% CI: −31% to 96%) in 5–9 year-olds. Overall vaccine effectiveness for immunization ≥10 days before illness onset was slightly lower at 80% (95% CI: 60% to 90%), with similar variation according to age.

CONCLUSION:
In children aged 6 months to 9 years, a single pediatric dose of the AS03-adjuvanted pH1N1 vaccine was highly protective against hospitalization beginning at 10 and 14 days after vaccination.
An almost-universal cupping degree
Authors: Liu Jiang , Wu Guohua 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSay that an incomplete d.r.e. degree has almost universal cupping property, if it cups all the r.e. degrees not below it to 0′. In this paper, we construct such a degree d, with all the r.e. degrees not cupping d to 0′ bounded by some r.e. degree strictly below d. The construction itself is an interesting 0″′ argument and this new structural property can be used to study final segments of various degree structures in the Ershov hierarchy.
On relationships between algebraic properties of groups and rings in some model-theoretic contexts
Authors: Krupiński Krzysztof 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe study relationships between certain algebraic properties of groups and rings definable in a first order structure or *-closed in a compact G-space. As a consequence, we obtain a few structural results about ω-categorical rings as well as about small, nm-stable compact G-rings, and we also obtain surprising relationships between some conjectures concerning small profinite groups.
Application of Mycorrhizae for Controlling Root Diseases of Sesame
Authors: Ziedan El-Sayed , Elewa Ibrahim , Mostafa Mostafa , Sahab Ahmed 
Published: October 2011

Application of Mycorrhizae for Controlling Root Diseases of Sesame
Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (VAM) was evaluated as a biotic agent for controlling wilt and root-rot diseases of sesame caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. sesami (Zap.) Cast and Macrophomina phaseolina (Moubl) Ashby pathogens can infect sesame plant at any growth stage causing considerable losses of seed yield. Spores of VA mycorrhizae fungi (Glomus spp.) were collected from the soil around the root systems of sesame plants then propagated on roots of Suddan grass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanese). Under green house and field conditions, two hundreds sporocarps of Glomus spp. were added as a soil drench beside the sesame plant. Glomus spp. (VA mycorrhizae) significantly reduced wilt and root-rot incidence of sesame plants. Lums spp. (VA mycorrhizae) also significantly increased plant morphological characters such as plant height, number of branches and number of pods for each plant. Application of Glomus spp. to protect sesame plants by colonizing the root system, significantly reduced colonization of fungal pathogens in sesame rhizosphere as well as pathogenic activity of fungal pathogens increased lignin contents in the sesame root system were also observed. Furthermore, mycorrhizae treatment provided selective bacterial stimulation for colonization on sesame rhizosphere. These bacteria belonging the Bacillus group showed highly antagonistic potential to fungal pathogens. Application of mycorrhizae together with other biocontrol agent such as Trichoderma viride or Bacillus subtilis significantly effected than individual treatments for controlling these diseases incidences and increasing morphological characters and seed yield of sesame.
Functional and Numerical Responses of Scymnus Syriacus Marseul (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to the Black Bean Aphid, Aphis Fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Sabaghi Reza , Sahragard Ahad , Hosseini Reza 
Published: October 2011

Functional and Numerical Responses ofScymnus SyriacusMarseul (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to the Black Bean Aphid,Aphis FabaeScopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Under Laboratory ConditionsFunctional and numerical responses are basic to any investigation of predator-prey relationships and key components in the selection of predators for biological control. In this study, functional and numerical responses of the female and male ladybeetles,Scymnus syriacusMarseul to different densities of third instar nymphs ofAphis fabae(i.e.5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80) as prey, were studied in a growth chamber (25°C, 65±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16L : 8D h) on the broad bean,Vicia fabaeLinn. Using the logistic regression, a type II functional response for both female and male ladybeetles was determined. Using Nonlinear least-square regression, the searching efficiency (a') and handling times (Th) of the female and male adults were estimated as 0.123±0.006 h, 0.434±0.012 h and 0.115±0.008 h, 0.514±0.016, respectively. The Rogers model was used to estimate the maximum theoretical predations (T/Th) for female and male, which were 55.18 and 46.64, respectively. These results indicated a higher efficiency in female ladybeetles. The reproductive numerical response, in terms of eggs laid, increased curvlinearly with increasing prey density. The reproductive response trend was similar to the shape of the type II functional response. This similarity means both responses are interlinked and function simultaneously. The efficiency of the ingested food conversion (ECI) of the females decreased with prey density, as females laid 25±0.65 eggs when exposed to the highest prey density (80) and 3±0.44 eggs at lowest prey density (5).
Less Common Phytoplasmas Infecting Stone Fruit Trees
Authors: Cieślińska Mirosława 
Published: October 2011

Less Common Phytoplasmas Infecting Stone Fruit TreesPrunusspecies plants can be infected by eight ‘CandidatusPhytoplasma’ (‘Ca.P.’) species classified to eight distinctive taxonomic groups: ‘Ca.P. prunorum’ (16SrX-B), ‘Ca.P. mali’ (16SrX-A), ‘Ca.P. pyri’ (16SrX-C), ‘Ca.P. asteris’ (16SrI), ‘Ca.P. aurantifolia’ (16SrII), ‘Ca. P. ziziphi’ (16SrV), ‘Ca.P. fraxini’ (16SrVII), ‘Ca.P. phoenicium’ (16SrIX) and two potentially new species: ‘Ca.P. pruni’ (16SrIII) and ‘Ca.P. solani’ (16SrXII). These agents occur incidentally in orchards and their impact on stone fruit production is lower than ‘CandidatusPhytoplasma prunorum’. Hosts, geographic distribution, symptoms and insect vectors of these ‘Ca.P.’ species, methods of their identification, and control management are reviewed.