bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genotyping and characterization of the geographical distribution of tick‐borne encephalitis virus variants with a set of molecular probes
Authors: Demina T.V. , Dzhioev Yu.P. , Verkhozina M.M. , Kozlova I.V. , Tkachev S.E. , Plyusnin A. , Doroshchenko E.K. , Lisak O.V. , Zlobin V.I. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA panel of deoxyoligonucleotide probes for studying the genetic variability and genotyping of Tick‐borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) strains by molecular hybridization of nucleic acids (MHNA) was created. This panel allows to estimate the genetic structure of individual TBEV strains, as the targets for probes are both variable and genotype (subtype)‐specific sequences of all TBEV genes. With the help of this panel using the method of molecular hybridization of nucleic acids 268 archived TBEV isolates were investigated and the distribution of its genotypes and subgenotypes of genotype 3 was made more precise in the territory of Eurasia. The conclusion made earlier has confirmed that five genotypes of TBEV co‐circulate in Eastern Siberia. It is generally recognized that the Far Eastern (TBE‐FE), European (TBE‐Eu), and Siberian (TBE‐Sib) genotypes are widespread and epidemiologically important. The fourth genotype is presented by only one isolate, TBE178‐79, originated from Irkutsk region, Russia. The fifth genotype includes 10 isolates, 1 of them, TBE886‐84, was found earlier and recognized as unique [Zlobin et al. (2001b): Vopr Virusol 1:12–16 (Russian)]. J. Med. Virol. 82:?–?, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children in Amman, Jordan
Authors: Ali Syed Asad , Williams John V. , Chen Qingxia , Faori Sameer , Shehabi Assem , Jundi Eshan Al , Khuri‐Bulos Najwa , Halasa Natasha 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHuman metapneumovirus (HMPV) has recently been identified as an important cause of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children worldwide. However, there is little systematic data on its frequency and importance as a cause of ARI in the Middle East. We conducted a viral surveillance study in children <5 years of age admitted with respiratory symptoms and/or fever at two major tertiary care hospitals in Amman, Jordan from 1/18‐3/29/07. Nose and throat swabs were collected and tested for HMPV and other respiratory viruses by real‐time RT‐PCR. A total of 743 subjects were enrolled. Forty‐four (6%) subjects were positive for HMPV, 467 (64%) were positive for RSV and 13 (1.3%) had co‐infection with both HMPV and RSV. The frequency of HMPV in January, February, and March was 4.1%, 3.0%, and 11.9% respectively. Clinical features associated with HMPV infection were similar to those of other respiratory viruses, except children with HMPV were more likely to present with fever than children not infected with HMPV. Children with HMPV and RSV co‐infection were administered supplemental oxygen and were admitted to the ICU more frequently than children infected with HMPV alone or RSV alone, though these differences did not reach statistical significance. We conclude that HMPV is an important cause of acute respiratory infections in children in Amman, Jordan. Longer surveillance studies are needed to better understand the seasonal epidemiology of HMPV and to assess if co‐infection with HMPV and RSV leads to more severe illness. J. Med. Virol. 82:1012–1016, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Air flow and stability indices in GCM future and control runs
Authors: Hanafin J. A. , McGrath R. , Semmler T. , Wang S. , Lynch P. , Steele‐Dunne S. , Nolan P. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIndices have been used as indicators of synoptic‐scale flow strength, shear vorticity, flow direction and static stability over Ireland and Britain. Changes in large‐scale dynamic flow and static stability over the European region are expected because of shifting climate patterns, and investigation of how these indices change in future runs of global climate models allows us to estimate how this will affect storm frequency and intensity in the region. Analysis of frequency distributions shows an increase in westerly flows and decreases in most other flow directions, indicating an increase in rainfall for the region. The flow strength on days with strong winds increases in the future runs, as does the number of gale days. The future runs show not only an overall increase in atmospheric stability but also significantly larger areas with stronger instability during periods of extreme instability. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Where have all the showers gone? Regional declines in light precipitation events in China, 1960–2000
Authors: Liu Binhui , Xu Ming , Henderson Mark 
Published: April 2010

AbstractChina has seen a decline in recorded precipitation events over 1960–2000. We find that this decline is mainly accounted for by the decrease of light precipitation events, those with intensities of 0.1–0.3 mm/day. The annual number of light precipitation events drops off remarkably around 1978 and decreases rapidly until 1985. Trace precipitation events (precipitation noted but measuring < 0.1 mm/day) decrease abruptly from 1982 through the end of the period. Meanwhile, the annual frequency of precipitation events with intensities above 0.3 mm/day shows almost no change for the same period. The analysis uses daily data from 272 stations distributed across China. We note regional and seasonal differences in the rates of change of different intensities of precipitation events. With almost no change in the frequency of precipitation events of 0.4–0.6 and 0.7–0.9 mm/day during the same period, it is difficult to attribute the abrupt decreases to inhomogeneities of the precipitation data. The temporal pattern of light precipitation events is similar to those observed for solar irradiance and total cloud cover, suggesting that there may be some connections between these climatic variables. Declines in solar irradiance and total cloud cover along with increased aerosol loading may have contributed to the abrupt decrease of these light precipitation events. However, light and trace precipitation events display different spatial and temporal patterns of change, complicating this explanation. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
The relationship between land cover and the urban heat island in northeastern Puerto Rico
Authors: Murphy David J. , Hall Myrna H. , Hall Charles A. S. , Heisler Gordon M. , Stehman Stephen V. , Anselmi‐Molina Carlos 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThroughout the tropics, population movements, urban growth, and industrialization are causing conditions that result in elevated temperatures within urban areas when compared with that in surrounding rural areas, a phenomenon known as the urban heat island (UHI). One such example is the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Our objective in this study was to quantify the UHI created by the San Juan Metropolitan Area over space and time using temperature data collected by mobile‐ and fixed‐station measurements. We also used the fixed‐station measurements to examine the relationship between average temperature at a given location and the density of remotely sensed vegetation located upwind. We then regressed temperatures against regional upwind land cover to predict future temperature with projected urbanization. Our data from the fixed stations show that the average nighttime UHI calculated between the urban reference and rural stations (ΔTCBD–rural) was 2.15 °C during the usually wet season and 1.78 °C during the usually dry season. The maximum UHI value for San Juan was calculated as 4.7 °C between the urban and forest sites and 3.9 °C between the urban and an open, rural site. Comparisons of diurnal temperature trends at urban, grassland, and forested sites indicate that canopy cover reduced daytime warming. Temperature was predicted best (r2 = 0.94) by vegetation in upwind easterly directions, especially that within 180 m of the sensor. Results from the mobile measurements show that the UHI has reached the base of the Luquillo Mountains. Predictions of future development and temperatures suggest that if the present pattern of development continues, over 140 km2 of land that showed no signs of UHI in 2000 will have an average annual UHI between + 0.4 and + 1.55 °C by 2050. Furthermore, more than 130 km2 of land area with a current UHI between + 0.4 and + 1.4 °C in 2000 will have an average UHI greater than + 1.55 °C by 2050. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Preparative isolation and purification of six volatile compounds from essential oil of Curcuma wenyujin using high‐performance centrifugal partition chromatography
Authors: Dang Yuan‐Ye , Li Xiao‐Cen , Zhang Qing‐Wen , Li Shao‐Ping , Wang Yi‐Tao 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSix volatile compounds, curdione (1), curcumol (2), germacrone (3), curzerene (4), 1,8‐cineole (5) and β‐elemene (6), were successfully isolated from the essential oil of Curcuma wenyujin by high‐performance centrifugal partition chromatography using a nonaqueous two‐phase solvent system consisting of petroleum ether‐acetonitrile‐acetone (4:3:1 v/v/v). A total of 8 mg of curdione (1), 4 mg of curcumol (2), 10 mg of germacrone (3), 18 mg of curzerene (4), 9 mg of 1,8‐cineole (5) and 17 mg of β‐elemene (6) were isolated from the essential oil (300 mg) in 500 min. Their structures were determined by comparison of their retention times and MS data with those of the authentic samples as well as NMR spectroscopic analysis.
Phenylcarbamoylated β‐CD: π‐Acidic and π‐basic chiral selectors for HPLC
Authors: Lin Chun , Luo Wenjun , Zhang Sheng , Zhang Zhenbin , Zhang Weiguang , Zheng Shengrun , Fan Jun , Li Weishan , Qin Qing , Guo Ziyuan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTwo types of chiral stationary phases for HPLC based on π‐acidic or π‐basic perphenylcarbamoylated β‐CDs were synthesized. The relative structural features of the two effective chiral selectors are discussed and compared in both normal‐phase and RP modes. In addition, the nature and concentration of alcoholic modifiers were varied for optimal separation in normal phase and the structural variation of the analytes was also examined. The results showed that hydrogen bonding, steric effect and π‐acidic–π‐basic interaction contributed greatly to enantioseparation. Upon comparison, some of the differences in the separation behavior of the two types of chiral stationary phases might be due to the π‐acidic or π‐basic phenylcarbamate groups.
A novel pathogen detection system based on high‐resolution CE‐SSCP using a triblock copolymer matrix
Authors: Shin Gi Won , Hwang Hee Sung , Seo Sang Woo , Oh Mi‐Hwa , Ryu Chang Y. , Salvo Charles J. , Feldman Shaina , Doh Junsang , Jung Gyoo Yeol 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAlthough CE‐SSCP analysis combined with 16S ribosomal RNA gene‐specific PCR has enormous potential as a simple and versatile pathogen detection technique, low resolution of CE‐SSCP causes the limited application. Among the experimental conditions affecting the resolution, the polymer matrix is considered to be most critical to improve the resolution of CE‐SSCP analysis. However, due to the peak broadening caused by the interaction between hydrophobic moiety of polymer matrices and DNA, conventional polymer matrices are not ideal for CE‐SSCP analysis. A poly(ethyleneoxide)‐poly(propyleneoxide)‐poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO‐PPO‐PEO) triblock copolymer, with dynamic coating ability and a propensity to form micelles to minimize exposure of hydrophobic PPO block to DNA, can be an alternative matrix. In this study, we examined the resolution of CE‐SSCP analysis using the PEO‐PPO‐PEO triblock copolymer as the polymer matrix and four same‐sized DNA fragments of similar sequence content. Among 48 commercially available PEO‐PPO‐PEO triblock copolymers, three were selected due to their transparency in the operable range of viscosity and PEO137PPO43PEO137 exhibited the most effective separation. Significant improvement in resolution allowed discrimination of the similar sequences, thus greatly facilitated CE‐SSCP analysis compared to the conventional polymer matrix. The results indicate that PEO‐PPO‐PEO triblock copolymer may serve as an ideal matrix for high‐resolution CE‐SSCP analysis.
2‐D chromatography with optimized size exclusion chromatography resolution and multi‐angle light scattering coupling
Authors: Moyses Stephan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract2‐D chromatography has become an important tool for the polymer chemist and engineer interested in understanding reaction mechanisms in multiple step polymerization reactions and for establishing the relationships between structure and property. As with 1‐D chromatography, it is desirable to obtain the best possible resolution in order to distinguish subtle differences in composition and molecular weight. This requirement is in conflict with the need to keep the duration of the experiment short enough for practical purposes. In this paper, we use a model system to investigate the optimum conditions for improved 2‐D resolution with a focus on the molecular weight dimension. This dimension is usually the less resolved in 2‐D systems due to synchronization requirements between the two separation processes and the subsequent need to use a rapid size exclusion chromatography column. The method described here provides resolution in the SEC dimension equivalent to that of a standard 1‐D SEC method, while maintaining a relatively short analysis time. Finally, a multi‐angle light scattering detector was used to determine the radius of gyration of the eluting polymer.
Development of a molecularly imprinted polymer for selective extraction of bisphenol A in water samples
Authors: Canale Francesca , Cordero Chiara , Baggiani Claudio , Baravalle Patrizia , Giovannoli Cristina , Bicchi Carlo 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA cross‐linked methacrylate molecularly imprinted polymer (poly‐4‐vinylpyridine‐co‐trimethylolpropane‐trimethacrylate) selective for bisphenol A (BPA) was synthesized, using a fluorinated BPA derivative (4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)‐diphenol) as a mimic template, and applied to the analysis of real‐world samples of process and potable waters. The molecularly imprinted polymer also showed a high affinity and selectivity for 17‐β‐estradiol and ethynylestradiol. A method to analyze BPA, 17‐β‐estradiol, and ethynylestradiol at ultratrace levels was thus developed from a screening procedure to monitor endocrine‐disrupting chemicals in water samples. The method consists of the BPA‐selective cleanup by molecularly imprinted SPE using cartridges packed with the polymer developed, its recovery by stir bar sorptive extraction after ad hoc derivatization to obtain the corresponding BPA‐acetate, and its analysis by GC‐time window‐SIM‐MS after online thermal desorption. The method showed good linearity in the working range (R2=0.9969), high repeatability (RSD% <10.1), recoveries always above 90%, and very low LOD (10 pg/L) and LOQ (1 ng/L) and can easily be extended to the determination of 17‐β‐estradiol and ethynylestradiol ultratraces. The method's effectiveness was evaluated by analyzing the real‐world water samples; it enabled preconcentration and detection of BPA at ultratrace levels.
Fast determination of five components of coumarin, alkaloids and bibenzyls inDendrobiumspp. using pressurized liquid extraction and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Xu Jun , Zhao Wei‐min , Qian Zheng‐ming , Guan Jia , Li Shao‐ping 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA fast method for simultaneous determination of five compounds (one coumarin, two alkaloids and two bibenzyls) inDendrobiumspp. using pressurized liquid extraction and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photo diode array detection was developed. The separation was performed on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18column (50 mm×2.1 mm id, 1.7 μm) with gradient elution of phosphate buffer (pH=7.1, 20 mM) and acetonitrile within 6 min. The method was validated for linearity, LOD and LOQ, precision and accuracy. All calibration curves showed good linearity (R2≥0.9999) within test ranges. The overall intra‐ and inter‐day variations (RSDs) of five analytes were less than 2.5%, and the detection recoveries were between 95.6 and 102.3%. The developed method was successfully applied to quantitative analysis of five investigated compounds in different species ofDendrobium. The results showed that there were great variations of their contents, though all these materials were officially used as Chinese herb,Shihu. In addition, the chromatographic fingerprints ofDendrobiumspp. were also investigated.
The atmospheric oxidation of ethyl formate and ethyl acetate over a range of temperatures and oxygen partial pressures
Authors: Orlando John J. , Tyndall Geoffrey S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe Cl‐atom‐initiated oxidation of two esters, ethyl formate [HC(O)OCH2CH3] and ethyl acetate [CH3C(O)OCH2CH3], has been studied at pressures close to 1 atm as a function of temperature (249–325 K) and O2 partial pressure (50–700 Torr), using an environmental chamber technique. In both cases, Cl‐atom attack at the CH2 group is most important, leading in part to the formation of radicals of the type RC(O)OCH(O•)CH3 [R = H, CH3]. The atmospheric fate of these radicals involves competition between reaction with O2 to produce an anhydride compound, RC(O)OC(O)CH3, and the so‐called α‐ester rearrangement that produces an organic acid, RC(O)OH, and an acetyl radical, CH3C(O). For both species studied, the α‐ester rearrangement is found to dominate in air at 1 atm and 298 K. Barriers to the rearrangement of 7.7 ± 1.5 and 8.4 ± 1.5 kcal/mole are estimated for CH3C(O)OCH(O•)CH3 and HC(O)OCH(O•)CH3, respectively, leading to increased occurrence of the O2 reaction at reduced temperature. The data are combined with those obtained from similar studies of other simple esters to provide a correlation between the rate of occurrence of the α‐ester rearrangement and the structure of the reacting radical. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 397–413, 2010
A non‐physical enthalpy method for the numerical solution of isothermal solidification
Authors: Davey K. , Mondragon R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this paper, a new formulation for the solution of the discontinuous isothermal solidification problem is presented. The formulation has similarities with the now classical capacitance and source methods traditionally used in commercial software. However, the new approach focuses on the solution of the governing enthalpy‐transport equation rather than the governing parabolic partial differential heat equation. The advantage is that discontinuous physics can be accounted for without approximation and the arbitrariness common to classic approaches is avoided. Also introduced is the concept of non‐physical enthalpy, which unlike physical enthalpy has numerical values that are not moving‐frame invariant. Understanding the behaviour of the non‐physical enthalpy is central to the successful treatment of discontinuities. A particular drawback is that non‐physical enthalpy is non‐intuitive and new mathematical constructs are required to describe its behaviour. This involves the introduction of transport equations, which provide the new concept of relative moving‐frame invariance for the non‐physical enthalpy. The principal advantage, however, is that a unified methodology is established for the treatment of discontinuities. This is shown to establish real rigour and in many respects the formulation highlights the erroneous choices made with established classical approaches and casts in a totally new light a somewhat traditional problem. The new methodology is applied to a range of simple problems not only to provide an in‐depth treatment and for ease of understanding but also to best describe the behaviour of the non‐intuitive non‐physical enthalpy. Demonstrated in the paper is the methods' remarkable accuracy and stability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence‐based medicine: the time has come to set standards for staging
Authors: Quirke Phil , Cuvelier Claude , Ensari Arzu , Glimelius Bengt , Laurberg Søren , Ortiz Hector , Piard Francoise , Punt Cornelis JA , Glenthoj Anders , Pennickx Freddy , Seymour Matt , Valentini Vincenzo , Williams Geraint , Nagtegaal Iris D 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFor international communication in cancer, staging systems such as TNM are essential; however, the principles and processes used to decide about changes in every new edition of TNM need to be subject to debate. Changes with major impact for patient treatment are introduced without evidence. We think that TNM should be a continual reactive process, rather than a proactive process. Changes should only occur after extensive discussion within the community, and before the introduction of any changes these should be tested for reproducibility and compared to the currently used gold standard. TNM should not be used to test hypotheses. It should introduce established facts that are beneficial to predicting patient prognosis. TNM should thus be restructured on a basis equivalent to evidence‐based guidelines. The strength of the evidence should be explicitly stated and the evidence base given. It is time for the principles of staging to be widely debated and new principles and processes to be introduced to ensure that we are not in the same situation in the future. The disparity between therapeutic decision making and TNM staging is marked and we would appeal for the radical overhaul of TNM staging to make it fit for the twenty‐first century. TNM is central to the management of cancer patients and we must protect and enhance its reputation. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential role for Smad3 in angiotensin II‐induced tubular epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Authors: Yang Fuye , Huang Xiao Ru , Chung Arthur CK , Hou Chun‐Cheng , Lai Kar Neng , Lan Hui Yao 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAngiotensin II (Ang II) is a key mediator of chronic kidney disease, in which epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process mediated by the TGFβ/Smad signalling pathway. The present study examined the specific role of Smads in Ang II‐induced EMT in vitro and in vivo. We found that Ang II signalled through the receptor of AT1, not AT2, to activate Smad2/3 and induce EMT in a normal rat tubular epithelial cell line (NRK52E). Activation of Smads by Ang II was attributed to degradation of an inhibitory Smad7, which was mediated by the AT1‐Smurf2‐dependent ubiquitin degradation mechanism because blockade of AT1 receptor or knockdown of Smurf2 inhibited Smad7 loss, thereby reducing Smad2/3 activation and EMT in response to Ang II. In contrast, over‐expression of Smad7 inhibited Ang II‐induced Smad2/3 activation and EMT in NRK52E cells and in a rat model of remnant kidney disease. Moreover, knockdown of Smad3, not Smad2, attenuated Ang II‐induced EMT. In conclusion, Ang II activates Smad signalling to induce EMT, which is mediated by a loss of Smad7 through the AT1‐Smurf2‐dependent ubiquitin degradation pathway. Smad3, but not Smad2, may be a mediator of EMT, while Smad7 may play a protective role in EMT in response to Ang II. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.