bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complex Intersections: Reproductive Justice and Native American Women
Authors: Gurr Barbara 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis article presents an overview of reproductive justice as a theoretical and activist paradigm developed in response to reproductive oppression in the United States, and focuses on the reproductive justice needs of Native American women, as well as the responses developed by Native American women and their allies to these needs. I make explicit the links between reproductive justice, environmental justice and human rights for Native American communities, and articulate the ways in which reproductive healthcare for Native American women as it is provided by the Indian Health Service (IHS) acts as a fulcrum for these links. Ultimately, the failure of the IHS to meet the reproductive healthcare needs of Native American women reflects the failure of the federal government to meet its obligations to Tribal nations; further, these failures produce structures of reproductive oppression in Native communities which scholars and activists seek to redress utilizing the rubric of women’s reproductive health.
Cultural Imperialism Versus Globalization of Culture: Riding the Structure‐Agency Dialectic in Global Communication and Media Studies
Authors: Demont‐Heinrich Christof 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis article discusses and analyzes the dialectic between so‐called cultural imperialism and globalization of culture perspectives in global communication and media studies. At an extreme, cultural imperialism is cast as the international extension of the long‐discredited hypodermic needle theory which views cultural consumers as passive automatons. At the other end of the extreme, the globalization of culture perspective is cast as a wildly postmodern standpoint in which free‐floating individuals are said to be able to make an infinite set of localized meanings from cultural products. There has been a growing trend among many global communication and media scholars to locate a productive middle ground between cultural imperialism and globalization of culture. In this author’s view, the most effective melding of the two perspectives would situate local, creative appropriation of cultural objects against the backdrop of larger, hegemonic regional and global macro‐forces. This approach ought also to acknowledge the many complexities that characterize the intersections among globalization, culture, and media, including the ways in which the local, national, regional, and global constitute one another and the ways in which resistance to local hegemony can paradoxically fuel national or global hegemony.
The French Republican Calendar: Time, History and the Revolutionary Event
Authors: PEROVIC SANJA 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis paper recovers the power, real and symbolic, that the French revolutionaries associated with calendar time. The Republican calendar was crucial in establishing the French Revolution as an irreversible rupture with the past but never succeeded as a viable time‐frame. Drawing on this double‐sided aspect of revolutionary time, this paper demonstrates some of the difficulties in conflating revolutionary rupture with a ‘modern’ experience of time. It does so by contrasting the Revolution's intentional time‐frame, which was global and cosmological, with the shorter historical time‐frame of revolutionary events, in which the Revolution failed to institute a total rupture with the past.
LIVING KIDNEY DONORS: THE NEED TO MINIMISE LONG TERM RISK
Authors: Trevitt Ray 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYLiving kidney donor (LKD) transplantation is an important option for people with established renal disease and their families. Outcome data for donors shows that it is a relatively safe procedure. Long‐term studies do not take into account the wider acceptance criteria currently employed, or the increasing number of ethnic minority donors.A literature review was carried out to look for evidence that the risk to donors should be reassessed in order to be able to inform donors better about those risks and whether they are modifiable. Strong evidence was found that LKD has good short‐term outcomes; long‐term evidence is incomplete in view of the selection criteria currently used for donors and lack of studies.LKD remains a low risk procedure and should continue to be encouraged. However, evaluation of donors should be more thorough with particular respect to any long‐term risk of diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular risk factors related to family or ethnic disposition and lifestyle. Long‐term surveillance is essential to modify risk factors, allow early intervention and to further develop evaluation criteria.
PREVENTION OF INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PART III: SURVEILLANCE AND AUDITING IN A RENAL CARE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Donlon Sheila , Redmond Avril , McCann Margaret , Einarsdottir Hildur 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThis third paper, in a three‐part CE series on the preventions of infection in patients with chronic kidney disease, focuses on surveillance and auditing of healthcare‐associated infections within the renal care environment. The last decade has seen an increased awareness of the threat to patient safety from healthcare‐associated infection (HCAI) and the emergence of multi‐drug resistance organisms. Effective HCAI prevention strategies include adequate governance structures, access to expert advice, adherence to standard and transmission‐based precautions, minimising the use of invasive medical devices, and surveillance. Surveillance data can be collected using outcome (e.g. infection) and/or process (e.g. hand hygiene compliance audit) measures. Establishing a surveillance programme requires: commitment from senior management and the multidisciplinary team, prompt feedback of the data to clinical managers resulting in action been taken if necessary, to address specific areas of concern. While many renal units have access to infection prevention and control expertise to assist in the development of such a programme, units without such expertise should also have a surveillance programme in place.
The Sri Lanka Clinical Trials Registry – Moving forward
Authors: Ranawaka Udaya K , Goonaratna Colvin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe Sri Lanka Clinical Trials Registry (SLCTR) is a Primary Registry in the Registry Network of the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO‐ICTRP), and regularly feeds data to its Clinical Trials Search Portal. Over the last few years, the SLCTR has been able to achieve its original objective of providing a national trial register for Sri Lankan researchers, but its role has always been more than that of a mere storehouse of trial data. The research landscape is rapidly changing in Sri Lanka, and the SLCTR has been a key stimulus to a resurgent interest in clinical research among the Sri Lankan research community. The SLCTR is working together with its partner stakeholders to facilitate research in the country, and to ensure that clinical trials conducted in Sri Lanka meet the highest ethical and scientific standards.
Attributable causes of lung cancer incidence and mortality in China
Authors: Wang Jian‐Bing , Fan Ya‐Guang , Jiang Yong , Li Ping , Xiao Hui‐Juan , Chen Wan‐Qing , Wei Wen‐Qiang , Zhou Qing‐hua , Qiao You‐Lin , Boffetta Paolo 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe aims of our study were to estimate the contribution of known lung cancer risk factors, and provide evidence to support the National Cancer Prevention and Control Program in China. We calculated the proportion of lung cancer attributable to specific risk factors. Data on exposure prevalence were from meta‐analyses and large‐scale national surveys of representative samples of the Chinese population. Data on relative risks were from meta‐analyses and large‐scale prospective studies. Lung cancer mortality and incidence were taken from the Third National Death Survey and from cancer registries in China. We estimated that in China 285 304 lung cancer deaths and 327 465 cases were attributable to smoking, involuntary smoking (women only), occupational exposure, indoor radon, and low fruit intake in 2005. The proportion of lung cancer deaths attributable to smoking, involuntary smoking among non‐smoking women, occupational exposure, indoor radon and low fruit intake was 56.9%, 11.1%, 9.5%, 0.2% and 12.4%, respectively. About 41% of lung cancer mortality and incidence in women was caused by risk factors in our study. However, over half of lung cancer deaths and cases among women were not attributable to known risk factors. It is necessary to conduct large‐scale studies to identify additional risk factors of lung cancer in non‐smoking women.
A combined rain shelter and free‐air CO2 enrichment system to study climate change impacts on plants in the field
Authors: Erbs Martin , Manderscheid Remy , Weigel Hans‐Joachim 
Published: August 2011

Summary1. There is a clear need for field experiments to estimate the effects of global climate change like decreasing precipitation and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. Adequate methods for controlled manipulations of these environmental parameters under field conditions are scarce, particularly in regard to multi‐factor experiments. Here, we describe a new flexible rain shelter system, which can be assembled manually and easily be combined with further experimental treatments in field studies.2. Frames of tents with a ground area of 12 m × 20 m were assembled on a field site after the sowing of the maize and sorghum crop and after the equipment for free‐air CO2 enrichment has been set up. The tents were equipped with transparent tarpaulins, which were installed on the frames only in cases of high amounts of precipitations forecast. In autumn, the entire experimental equipment was removed from the field site.3. The rain shelter tents were operated in the growing seasons 2008 and 2010 for 9 and 20 days with 54 mm and 176 mm of precipitation excluded, respectively. In the months with rain shelters in operation, pronounced reductions in precipitation were achieved (2008: 39·5%, 2010: 58·6%). The tent frames did not affect temperature or CO2 concentration, but slightly decreased incident photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) by 6·6%. In times with tarpaulins installed, PAR decreased by 24·1%. Comparing times without and with tarpaulins installed, the fraction of time in which 1‐min mean CO2 concentration was within ±20% limits of the setpoint was decreased from 99·7% to 97·8% in 2008 and from 99·0% to 96·7% in 2010, respectively.4. The rain shelter tents provide a suitable and versatile tool for excluding precipitation from larger areas in the field without relevant disturbances to the soil and aerial environment except a slight decrease in incident radiation, which can be accounted for i.e. in the evaluation of plant growth data. Furthermore, they can be easily combined with further experimental treatments like free‐air CO2 enrichment.
Nonseptic osteitis of the distal phalanx and its palmar processes
Authors: Dyson S. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryThere is a large spectrum of radiological variants of the distal phalanx that can be seen in both sound and lame horses. Osteitis of the distal phalanx implies active inflammation, a diagnosis that can only be made supported by nuclear scintigraphy, magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. Osteitis of the distal phalanx as a primary cause of lameness is relatively unusual, but may be the result of acute or chronic bone trauma or be associated with adjacent laminar disruption. Bone trauma may also be seen in association with moderate to extensive uniaxial or biaxial ossification of the cartilages of the foot. Bone lesions also occur in association with osteoarthritis of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint or at, or adjacent to, the insertion of one of the collateral ligaments of the DIP joint.
Pharmacodynamics of Echinocandins against Candida glabrata: Requirement for Dosage Escalation To Achieve Maximal Antifungal Activity in Neutropenic Hosts
Authors: Howard Susan J. , Livermore Joanne , Sharp Andrew , Goodwin Joanne , Gregson Lea , Alastruey-Izquierdo A. , Perlin D. S. , Warn Peter A. , Hope William W. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT

Candida glabrata
is a leading cause of disseminated candidiasis. The echinocandins are increasingly used as first-line agents for the treatment of patients with this syndrome, although the optimal regimen for the treatment of invasive
Candida glabrata
infections in neutropenic patients is not known. We studied the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of micafungin, anidulafungin, and caspofungin in a neutropenic murine model of disseminated
Candida glabrata
infection to gain further insight into optimal therapeutic options for patients with this syndrome. A mathematical model was fitted to the data and used to bridge the experimental results to humans. The intravenous inoculation of
Candida glabrata
in mice was followed by logarithmic growth throughout the experimental period (101 h). A dose-dependent decline in fungal burden was observed following the administration of 0.1 to 20 mg/kg of body weight every 24 h for all three agents. The exposure-response relationships for each drug partitioned into distinct fungistatic and fungicidal components of activity. Surprisingly, the average human drug exposures following currently licensed regimens were predicted to result in a fungistatic antifungal effect. Higher human dosages of all three echinocandins are required to induce fungicidal effects in neutropenic hosts.
Engineering and Preclinical Evaluation of Attenuated Nontyphoidal Salmonella Strains Serving as Live Oral Vaccines and as Reagent Strains
Authors: Tennant Sharon M. , Wang Jin-Yuan , Galen James E. , Simon Raphael , Pasetti Marcela F. , Gat Orit , Levine Myron M. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT

While nontyphoidal
Salmonella
(NTS) has long been recognized as a cause of self-limited gastroenteritis, it is becoming increasingly evident that multiple-antibiotic-resistant strains are also emerging as important causes of invasive bacteremia and focal infections, resulting in hospitalizations and deaths. We have constructed attenuated
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium and
Salmonella enterica
serovar Enteritidis strains that can serve as live oral vaccines and as “reagent strains” for subunit vaccine production in a safe and economical manner. Prototype attenuated vaccine strains CVD 1921 and CVD 1941, derived from the invasive wild-type strains
S. Typhimurium
I77 and
S. Enteritidis
R11, respectively, were constructed by deleting
guaBA
, encoding guanine biosynthesis, and
clpP
, encoding a master protease regulator. The
clpP
mutation resulted in a hyperflagellation phenotype. An additional deletion in
fliD
yielded reagent strains CVD 1923 and CVD 1943, respectively, which export flagellin monomers. Oral 50% lethal dose (LD
50
) analyses showed that the NTS vaccine strains were all highly attenuated in mice. Oral immunization with CVD 1921 or CVD 1923 protected mice against lethal challenge with wild-type
S. Typhimurium
I77. Immunization with CVD 1941 but not CVD 1943 protected mice against lethal infection with
S. Enteritidis
R11. Immune responses induced by these strains included high levels of serum IgG anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-flagellum antibodies, with titers increasing progressively during the immunization schedule. Since
S. Typhimurium
and
S. Enteritidis
are the most common NTS serovars associated with invasive disease, these findings can pave the way for development of a highly effective, broad-spectrum vaccine against invasive NTS.
Localized Suppression of Inflammation at Sites of Helicobacter pylori Colonization
Authors: Every Alison L. , Ng Garrett Z. , Skene Caroline D. , Harbour Stacey N. , Walduck Anna K. , McGuckin Michael A. , Sutton Philip 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTWhile gastric adenocarcinoma is the most serious consequence ofHelicobacter pyloriinfection, not all infected persons develop this pathology. Individuals most at risk of this cancer are those in whom the bacteria colonize the acid-secreting region of the stomach and subsequently develop severe inflammation in the gastric corpus. It has been reported anecdotally that male mice become infected with greater numbers ofH. pyloribacteria than female mice. While investigating this phenomenon, we found that increasedH. pyloriinfection densities in male mice were not related to antibody production, and this phenomenon was not normalized by gonadectomy. However, the gastric pH in male 129/Sv mice was significantly elevated compared with that in female mice. Differences in colonization were evident within 1 day postinfection and significantly arose due to colonization of the gastric corpus region in male mice. This provided a potential model for comparing the effect of corpus colonization on the development of gastritis. This was explored using two models ofH. pylori-induced inflammation, namely, 2-month infections ofMuc1−/−mice and 6-month infections of wild-type 129/Sv mice. WhileH. pyloriinfection of female mice induced a severe, corpus-predominant atrophic gastritis, to our surprise, male mice developed minimal inflammation despite being colonized with significantly moreH. pyloribacteria than female controls. Thus, colonization of the gastric corpus in male mice was associated with a loss of inflammation in that region. The suppression of inflammation concomitant with infection of the gastric corpus in male mice demonstrates a powerful localized suppression of inflammation induced at sites ofH. pyloricolonization.
Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews
Authors: Biddle Stuart J H , Asare Mavis 
Published: August 2011

ObjectiveTo synthesise reviews investigating physical activity and depression, anxiety, self-esteem and cognitive functioning in children and adolescents and to assess the association between sedentary behaviour and mental health by performing a brief review.MethodsSearches were performed in 2010. Inclusion criteria specified review articles reporting chronic physical activity and at least one mental health outcome that included depression, anxiety/stress, self-esteem and cognitive functioning in children or adolescents.ResultsFour review articles reported evidence concerning depression, four for anxiety, three for self-esteem and seven for cognitive functioning. Nine primary studies assessed associations between sedentary behaviour and mental health. Physical activity has potentially beneficial effects for reduced depression, but the evidence base is limited. Intervention designs are low in quality, and many reviews include cross-sectional studies. Physical activity interventions have been shown to have a small beneficial effect for reduced anxiety, but the evidence base is limited. Physical activity can lead to improvements in self-esteem, at least in the short term. However, there is a paucity of good quality research. Reviews on physical activity and cognitive functioning have provided evidence that routine physical activity can be associated with improved cognitive performance and academic achievement, but these associations are usually small and inconsistent. Primary studies showed consistent negative associations between mental health and sedentary behaviour.ConclusionsAssociation between physical activity and mental health in young people is evident, but research designs are often weak and effects are small to moderate. Evidence shows small but consistent associations between sedentary screen time and poorer mental health.
Resistance to CYP17A1 Inhibition with Abiraterone in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Induction of Steroidogenesis and Androgen Receptor Splice Variants
Authors: Mostaghel Elahe A. , Marck Brett T. , Plymate Stephen R. , Vessella Robert L. , Balk Stephen , Matsumoto Alvin M. , Nelson Peter S. , Montgomery R. Bruce 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Abiraterone is a potent inhibitor of the steroidogenic enzyme CYP17A1 and suppresses tumor growth in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The effectiveness of abiraterone in reducing tumor androgens is not known, nor have mechanisms contributing to abiraterone resistance been established.
Experimental Design: We treated human CRPC xenografts with abiraterone and measured tumor growth, tissue androgens, androgen receptor (AR) levels, and steroidogenic gene expression versus controls.
Results: Abiraterone suppressed serum PSA levels and improved survival in two distinct CRPC xenografts: median survival of LuCaP35CR improved from 17 to 39 days (HR = 3.6, P = 0.0014) and LuCaP23CR from 14 to 24 days (HR = 2.5, P = 0.0048). Abiraterone strongly suppressed tumor androgens, with testosterone (T) decreasing from 0.49 ± 0.22 to 0.03 ± 0.01 pg/mg (P &lt; 0.0001), and from 0.69 ± 0.36 to 0.03 ± 0.01 pg/mg (P = 0.002) in abiraterone-treated 23CR and 35CR, respectively, with comparable decreases in tissue DHT. Treatment was associated with increased expression of full-length AR (ARFL) and truncated AR variants (ARFL 2.3-fold, P = 0.008 and ARdel567es 2.7-fold, P = 0.036 in 23 CR; ARFL 3.4-fold, P = 0.001 and ARV7 3.1-fold, P = 0.0003 in 35CR), and increased expression of the abiraterone target CYP17A1 (∼2.1-fold, P = 0.0001 and P = 0.028 in 23CR and 35CR, respectively) and transcript changes in other enzymes modulating steroid metabolism.
Conclusions: These studies indicate that abiraterone reduces CRPC growth via suppression of intratumoral androgens and that resistance to abiraterone may occur through mechanisms that include upregulation of CYP17A1, and/or induction of AR and AR splice variants that confer ligand-independent AR transactivation. Clin Cancer Res; 17(18); 5913–25. ©2011 AACR.