bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LAS homolog distribution shift during wastewater treatment and composting: Ecological implications
Authors: Prats D. , Ruiz F. , Vazquez B. , Zarzo D. , Berna J.L. , Moreno A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The behavior of LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate) in different environmental compartments was studied through wastewater treatment process steps in sewage treatment plants of Alicante and Benidorm (activated sludge type) as well as in Guardamar (lagoons). The fate of LAS, using a specific HPLC method, was monitored during treatment sludge compostage and soil amendment operations. Finally, the marine sediments close to a submarine wastewater sewer outfall were analyzed. The results show significant differences between distribution of LAS homologs in water and solids (sludges, sediments, and soils), as compared to the original distribution in detergent formulations, yielding a lower LAS average molecular weight in water samples. The change observed in the homolog distribution of LAS implies a reduction in the toxicity to Daphnia, because a lower average molecular weight of LAS is less toxic.
Biodehalogenation: The kinetics and rates of the microbial cleavage of carbon-halogen bonds
Authors: Castro C.E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Specific rate constants associated with defined molecular paths of carbon-halogen bond cleavage from a variety of alkyl halide substrates by six soil organisms are presented. Five aerobes (three pseudomonads, one methylotroph, and one flavobacterium) and one anaerobe (a methano-gen) are compared. The rate constants were obtained with resting cells in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 in the absence of nutrients or other substances. The observed general rate law is d(X−)/dt = k (RX)(organisms), wherein X− = halide ion, RX = alkyl halide, and (organisms) = number of organisms per liter. At concentrations of substrates ≥10−3 M, the rate may diminish or cease due to the toxicity of the substrate. At high cell densities ≥0.1 g/ml wet weight, the rates may saturate. This is attributed to a packing phenomenon of the cells. There is no simple correlation of rates with the chemical structure of the substrates when the conversions are grouped by reaction type; however, the order of reductive hydrogenolysis roughly follows the carbon-halogen bond dissociation energies. Several factors may contribute to a modulation of the rates observed with defined enzymatic active site models in homogeneous solution. These factors are briefly discussed. The aerobes exhibited a greater chemical diversity than the anaerobe in transforming these substances, and they react with much greater speed. In these biotransformations reductive processes occur more often than substitutions or oxidations. A surprising result was that the aerobes can reductively dehaloge-nate more rapidly than the methanogen.
Antibodies to a synthetic peptide that react specifically with rainbow trout hepatic cytochrome P450 1A1
Authors: Myers Charles R. , Sutherland Leslie A. , Haasch Mary L. , Lech John J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to develop a specific immunological probe to rainbow trout cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1). Three oligopeptides corresponding to different regions of trout CYP1A1 (amino acids 162-181, 250-267, 277-294) were coupled to keyhole limpet hemo-cyanin (KLH) using two different methods. All three peptides were coupled to KLH through side-chain amine and carboxyl groups of the peptide; peptides 162-181 and 277-294 were also coupled to KLH through the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue of each peptide. These five peptide-KLH conjugates were used to immunize rabbits. Antibody production and specificity were monitored by Western immunoblot analyses. All of the antipeptide antisera showed strong reactivity with the corresponding peptides used to generate the antisera. Four of these five antisera, however, did not react with the trout CYP1A1 protein. In contrast, the antiserum directed against peptide 277-294 (which was coupled to KLH through a sulfhydryl linkage) reacted strongly and specifically with the trout CYP1A1 protein. These antipeptide antibodies had a high affinity for CYP1A1 in liver microsomes from rainbow trout that had been exposed to β-naphthoflavone G3-NF), a known CYP1A1 inducer in trout. Microsomal proteins from control trout were not recognized by the antipeptide antibodies. Preimmune serum from the rabbits did not recognize any proteins in control or β-NF-treated trout. These findings demonstrate that antipeptide antibodies directed against peptide 277-294 can be easily produced in large quantities and used in research or biomonitoring studies for the detection of CYP1A1 in rainbow trout.
Degradation of atrazine in laboratory microcosms: Isolation and identification of the biodegrading bacteria
Authors: Mirgain I. , Green G.A. , Monteil H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Several natural ecosystems, including soil and water microcosms, have been explored for their potential to biodegrade atrazine (2-chloro-4-[ethylamino]-6-[isopropylamino]-1,3,5-triazine). Subculturing soil or water samples with several applications of the herbicide leads to an enhancement of atrazine catabolism correlating with a decrease in the number of bacterial species. A combination of enrichment culture techniques, the imposition of carbon limitation, and plating on selective atrazine-agar plates have permitted the isolation of several bacteria able to biodegrade atrazine from different polluted or unpolluted ecosystems. One of the selected bacteria, originating from an agricultural soil, has been identified as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, which alone in pure culture can degrade atrazine. From another agricultural soil Pseudomonas alcaligenes associated with an Agrobactenum sp. was selected. A garden soil treated only once with the herbicide was found to contain an association of five different bacteria that together degrade atrazine. Finally, a Pseudomonas putida/Xanthomonas maltophilia pair has been isolated from an aquatic ecosystem. In consortium, in coculture, or in pure culture with well-defined experimental parameters, the induced bacteria degrade added atrazine in 18 h.
Investigations of the structure and reactions of the intermediate in the chlorination of resorcinol
Authors: Heasley Victor L. , Anderson Michael E. , Combes Dianne S. , Elias Daniel S. , Gardner Jeffrey T. , Hernandez Mark L. , Moreland Rodney J. , Shellhamer Dale F. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The investigation reported here describes an attempt to establish the structure of the intermediate that undergoes ring-opening in the chlorination of resorcinol and its chloro-derivatives in a nucleophilic solvent such as H2O or CH3OH. The evidence suggests that the pentachloride and not the tetrachloride is the intermediate that reacts with the nucleophiles. Chlorination reactions were conducted in CH3OH/H2O. The structures of the “early-generation” products from incorporation of CH3OH were sufficiently stable to be characterized. These products implicated the pentachloride. Resorcinol, di- and trichlororesorcinol, and the pentachloride gave the same products. The mechanisms of the ring-opening and the reactions leading to the products are described in detail. The assumption is made that the same or similar reactions are involved in the aqueous chlorination of resorcinol, but that decarboxylation and solvolysis reactions rapidly degrade the products immediately following ring-opening.
Assessment of aquatic animal communities in the vicinity of the palmerton, Pennsylvania, zinc smelters
Authors: Carline Robert F. , Jobsis Gerrit J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Emissions from zinc smelters in Palmerton, Pennsylvania, deposited large quantities of heavy metals, predominantly Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd, on the surrounding landscape from 1898 to 1980. From 1986 to 1987 we studied four small headwater streams that were about 8 to 25 km downwind of the smelters to determine if long-term deposition of heavy metals had any pronounced effects on aquatic communities. Although metal concentrations in soils tended to decrease with increasing distance from the smelters, this trend was not particularly evident in stream sediments, insects, or fish. Diversities of macroinvertebrates and fish were similar among sites. Densities and growth of trout varied among streams, but not in relation to distance from the smelters. We concluded that long-term deposition of heavy metals has not had pronounced effects on aquatic animal communities six to seven years after cessation of primary smelting.
Bioaccumulation of PCB congeners by blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) deployed in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts
Authors: Bergen Barbara J. , Nelson William G. , Pruell Richard J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) were deployed to monitor the levels of bioavailable contaminants during a pilot dredging project in New Bedford Harbor (NBH), Massachusetts. Dissolved and particulate seawater samples also were collected periodically during these deployments. Poly-chlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener concentrations in both mussel tissue and seawater samples were among the quantified contaminants. Large differences in the dissolved and particulate PCB concentrations in seawater and tissue residue concentrations in mussels were observed along a gradient from the upper harbor to Buzzards Bay. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were calculated for six PCB congeners at two stations in NBH and a reference site in Buzzards Bay. Equations were generated relating the log BCF to the log octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) for these congeners. A consistent relationship was found between dissolved PCB congener concentrations and tissue concentrations in the mussels. This study demonstrates the utility of the blue mussel as a monitoring organism for quantifying bioavailable contaminants in seawater and for relating PCB tissue residues with seawater concentrations.
Comparative toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to terrestrial and aquatic insects
Authors: Siegfried Blair D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The acute toxicities of three pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, cypermethrin, and bi-fenthrin) and one organophosphate insecticide (chlorpyrifos) were compared by topical application and static exposure to a variety of terrestrial and aquatic insects. Mayflies and damselflies were the most susceptible taxa tested by both exposure methods. The aquatic insects were generally more susceptible than the terrestrial insects when compared on a dose per body weight basis, although the differences were smaller than expected, given the extremely low concentrations that produce toxic effects by static exposure.
Effects on wildlife of Brace® 10G applications to corn in South-Central Iowa
Authors: Johnson Gregory D. , Krueger Henry O. , Balcomb Richard T. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Brace® 10G (a.i. isazofos), an organophosphorus insecticide being tested for potential registration for control of various corn pests, was applied to 14 Iowa cornfields in an 18-cm band at planting at 0.73 kg a.i. per hectare. Effects of isazofos on wildlife were evaluated by searching treated fields and adjacent areas for carcasses and monitoring survival of radiomarked northern bob-white and ground-foraging passerines. Fifty carcasses (26 birds, 21 mammals, three herps) were recovered following application. Four of the bird and 12 of the mammal carcasses found postapplication had tissues suitable for residue analysis but did not contain detectable isazofos residues. Brain cho-linesterase (ChE) activities measured in four bird and seven small mammal carcasses were not depressed in relation to reference values. Two radiomarked bobwhite died before application, and two radiomarked bobwhite and three radiomarked passerines died following applications. Three of these birds had sufficient tissues for residue analysis, but none had detectable isazofos residues or brain ChE depression relative to reference values, and pre- and postapplication mortality rates of radio-marked birds were not significantly different.
Evaluation of a laboratory-generated NOEC for linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in outdoor experimental streams
Authors: Fairchild James F. , Dwyer F. James , La Point Thomas W. , Burch Susan A. , Ingersoll Christopher G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Laboratory and field studies were conducted with linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) to evaluate the use of laboratory-generated NOECs for protecting aquatic organisms in outdoor experimental streams. Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and freshwater amphipods (Hyalella azteca) were exposed in the laboratory to an environmentally realistic mixture of LAS (average chain length C11 9) for 7 d; fathead minnows were also exposed in a 28-d study. Calculated NOEC values based on survival and growth ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 mg/L for fathead minnows and from 0.6 to 1.4 mg/L for amphipods. Toxicity of LAS in 4-, 7-, and 28-d exposures of fathead minnows was similar because mortality occurred within the initial 24 h of exposure; mortality was more sensitive than growth as a chronic end point. The addition of 5% sewage effluent to well and stream water had little effect on the bioavailability of LAS; however, total organic carbon levels were low (&lt;3 mg/L) in all treatments. A 45-d exposure of three outdoor experimental streams to 0.36 mg/L LAS had no effects on survival of fathead minnows or amphipods, dynamics of benthic invertebrates, growth of periphyton, or processing of detrital leaves. Results indicated that the laboratory-generated NOEC for LAS was protective of experimental stream communities under the studied conditions.
In situ response of natural periphyton to an anionic surfactant and an environmental risk assessment for phytotoxic effects
Authors: Lewis M.A. , Pittinger C.A. , Davidson D.H. , Ritchie C.J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In situ toxicity tests were conducted to determine the toxicity of linear alkyl- (dodecyl-) benzenesulfonate (LAS) on a natural periphyton community. Colonized periphyton were exposed to C11 9-LAS in 21-d continuous-flow toxicity studies conducted in the Little Miami River (Ohio) above and below a wastewater treatment plant outfall. The lowest measured first-effect levels were 3.3 and 16.6 mg/L, respectively, in the two locations, based on reductions in structural and functional community characteristics. The presence of 20 to 30% effluent did not increase the toxicity of LAS. The field-derived effect levels confirmed the low phytotoxicity observed in most previously conducted laboratory toxicity studies with cultured algae. In addition, the field-derived effect levels exceeded measured environmental concentrations, which supports the environmental safety of LAS to periphyton.
Biodegradation of the anionic surfactant dialkyl sulphosuccinate
Authors: Hales Stephen G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A range of Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guideline test systems was used to determine the extent and possible mechanisms of biodegradation of dialkyl sulphosuccinate (DASS, C6/C8). Primary biodegradation of DASS was virtually complete in OECD guideline tests and in simulations of activated sludge sewage treatment systems under both optimal and adverse conditions, and of an anaerobic digester. Ultimate biodegradation increased from about 50% in ready tests to 94% in more powerful inherent tests. [14C]DASS was used to determine the fate of the surfactant in activated sludge and in surface waters. Mechanistic studies were performed to ascertain the biodegradative pathway of [14C]DASS. A putative degradation pathway for DASS is proposed.
Comparative toxicity of two oil dispersants to the early life stages of two marine species
Authors: Singer Michael M. , George Saji , Benner Diana , Jacobson Susan , Tjeerdema Ronald S. , Sowby Michael L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAcute, flow-through, spiked-exposure toxicity tests were performed on the early life stages of two marine species using two oil dispersants. The species represent two common near-shore marine taxa: molluscs (red abalone, Haliotis rufescens) and crustaceans (kelp forest mysid, Holmes-imysis costata). The dispersants were composed of complex mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants and solvents. The toxicity data showed that one dispersant, Slik-A-Way, was more toxic than the other, Nokomis® 3, to both species. Median-effect concentration estimates for the two dispersants were significantly different between species. Slik-A-Way median-effect concentrations ranged from 16.8 to 23.9 initial ppm for Haliotis and 25.9 to 34.6 initial ppm for Holmesimysis, whereas Nokomis 3 median-effect concentrations ranged from 21.0 to 24.0 initial ppm for Haliotis and from 118.0 to 123.2 initial ppm for Holmesimysis. Differences in toxicity seen in the two dispersants may be due to differences in surfactant formulations.
Ecotoxicological relevance of atrazine in aquatic systems
Authors: Huber Wilfried 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this report an attempt is made to outline the ecotoxicological role of atrazine in aquatic ecosystems. A brief discussion of the chemistry and metabolism of atrazine is followed by a discussion of the occurrence of this herbicide in the environment. Peak levels for occurrence of atrazine in surface water range from up to 90 μg/L for flowing water to 2 μg/L for standing water. In reality, most values are significantly lower. As with ground water, in which atrazine has also been detected, great caution must be taken when interpreting data on the presence of atrazine in the environment. Atrazine is taken up by nearly all members of the aquatic biocenoses, but in many cases it is also quickly eliminated. The importance of these processes is discussed. The ecotoxicological effects of atrazine on producers, consumers, and decomposers as well as on ecosystem functions first become observable at levels of 20 μg/L or more; the changes are not lasting, even when studied over long periods. Indirect effects are also taken into account in the definition of the threshold value. Deviations from the ecotoxicological threshold value indicated by higher or lower toxi-cological threshold values in the case of individual organisms are also evaluated. Furthermore, the threshold value is compared with the environmental concern level (EEC) of atrazine. The final assessment is that although atrazine may be potentially hazardous to the environment, the level of hazard depends on the concentration and degree of exposure. It can be assumed that at concentrations of up to 20 μg/L, atrazine does not cause any permanent damage to aquatic ecosystems.
Lethal and sublethal effects of the sediment-associated PCB aroclor 1254 on a meiobenthic copepod
Authors: Dipinto Lisa M. , Coull Bruce C. , Chandler G. Thomas 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Acute toxicity tests were performed on field-collected copepods (Microarthridion littorale) using the sediment-associated polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) Aroclor 1254 (i.e., PCB concentrations in bulk sediments in the bound and/or unbound states). Three replicates of 50 adult copepods (25 males + 25 females) were exposed to five levels of PCB-contaminated sediments for 96 h and compared to untreated controls and solvent controls. LC50 concentrations were nearly twice as high for females (251 mg/kg) as for males (117 mg/kg). To determine the effects of the PCB on reproductive output of the copepods, copulating pairs of Microarthridion littorale were allowed to reproduce in concentrations of Aroclor 1254-contaminated sediments below LC50 values. Two experimental trials with 10 and 15 replicates, each with one pair of Microarthridion littorale in copu-lus, were conducted for 12 d, the normal time needed for females to produce one set of nauplii and carry a second clutch of eggs. In both experiments, a significant decrease in number of nauplii was found with Aroclor contamination. Although NOECs were not determined, high concentrations (83 mg/kg) of the sediment-associated Aroclor 1254 were required to affect mortality significantly, whereas lower levels (4 mg/kg) impaired reproduction.
Toxicological evaluation of the effects of waste-to-energy ash-concrete on two marine species
Authors: Hamilton Kirk L. , Nelson Walter G. , Curley Jeri L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The toxicological effects of waste-to-energy ash-concrete on survivorship, growth, and fecundity (end-point parameters) of Mysidopsis bahia and on survivorship and growth of Menidia beryllina were evaluated with the 7-d static-renewal toxicity test. Leachate (10-, 5-, and 1-d) and elutriate (100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25%) solutions were prepared from experimental ash-concrete test cylinders constructed from concrete with additions of either bottom ash (mix BA), mixed bottom ash and scrubber residue (70:30%; mix BA:SR), or mixed bottom ash and fly ash (60:40%, mix BA:FA). Control experiments with concrete (without ash) and pH (7-9.5) were conducted to assess any toxic effects of the stabilization process. pH did not affect end-point parameters of Mysidopsis bahia or Menidia beryllina. However, the 100% elutriate solution made from concrete reduced survivorship of Mysidopsis bahia. For experiments with ash-concrete test cylinders with the BA mixture, 10-d leachate solution reduced survivorship of Mysidopsis bahia and the 100% elutriate solutions reduced survivorship of Mysidopsis bahia and Menidia beryllina. With the BA:SR mixture, the 100 and 50% elutriate solutions reduced survivorship of Mysidopsis bahia, and the 10-d leachate solution reduced survivorship of Menidia beryllina. The BA:FA 10- and 5-d leachate solutions and the 100, 50, and 25% elutriate solutions reduced survivorship of Mysidopsis bahia.
Municipal sludge metal contamination of old-field ecosystems: Do liming and tilling affect remediation?
Authors: Benninger-Truax Mary , Taylor Douglas H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Mechanisms of ecosystem recovery following 11 years of sewage sludge disposal were addressed by examining the effects of tilling and/or liming on soil chemistry and the heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in soil, earthworms, vegetation, spiders, and crickets. In 1989 and 1990, subplots in each of three former 0.1-ha, long-term treatments (sludge, fertilizer, and control) were either unmanipulated or manipulated via tilling and/or liming. Liming significantly increased the pH of soil from the long-term sludge and fertilizer plots, and the combination of tilling and liming affected the heavy metal concentrations in earthworms, as lower concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were found in earthworms collected from subplots that had been both tilled and limed. However, most observed significant differences in heavy metal concentrations reflected the long-term treatments, as heavy metal concentrations tended to be greater in the soil and biota collected from sludge-treated plots. Thus, heavy metals remained in the soil in forms available to the biota, regardless of the cessation of sludge application or subplot manipulations (liming and/or tilling) for two years following cessation of sludge application.