bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Corporate Governance on Stock Repurchases: Evidence from Sweden
Authors: Jansson Andreas , Larsson‐Olaison Ulf 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: EmpiricalResearch Question/Issue: The paper examines whether corporate governance differences affect firms' stock repurchasing behavior. Previous hypotheses on stock repurchases, well‐supported by US data, are based on assumptions of managerial autonomy that might not be descriptive in corporate governance systems characterized by influential controlling shareholders such as the Swedish. Firm‐level corporate governance arrangements may also affect firms' incentives to repurchase stock.Research Findings/Insights: Stock‐repurchasing patterns among Swedish firms differ from those previously observed among US firms. The findings indicate that Swedish firms do not repurchase stock to distribute excess cash, signal undervaluation, or fend off takeovers. Stock repurchases are made in addition to dividends and thus do not substitute for them. Firm‐level corporate governance arrangements directly affect stock repurchasing behavior. Firms without a dominant controlling owner seem to use stock repurchases to increase leverage. The existence of a dominant controlling shareholder diminishes the propensity for stock repurchases, while cross listing on a US or UK stock market increases that propensity.Theoretical/Academic Implications: The findings suggest that corporate governance differences affect stock repurchasing behavior. The agency‐theoretical view of the firm, on which the leading hypotheses on stock repurchases are based, accurately predicts stock repurchases only in certain institutional and governance settings.Practitioner/Policy Implications: The study suggests that differences in national and firm‐level corporate governance must be taken into account in order to accurately assess outcomes of regulatory reforms and/or harmonization attempts.
Rosacea – global diversity and optimized outcome: proposed international consensus from the Rosacea International Expert Group
Authors: Elewski BE , Draelos Z , Dréno B , Jansen T , Layton A , Picardo M 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  The absence of specific histological or serological markers, the gaps in understanding the aetiology and pathophysiology of rosacea, and the broad diversity in its clinical manifestations has made it difficult to reach international consensus on therapy guidelines.Objectives  The main objective was to highlight the global diversity in current thinking about rosacea pathophysiology, classification and medical features, under particular consideration of the relevance of the findings to optimization of therapy.Methods  The article presents findings, proposals and conclusions reached by the ROSacea International Expert group (ROSIE), comprising European and US rosacea experts.Results  New findings on pathogenesis provide a rationale for the development of novel therapies. Thus, recent findings suggest a central role of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin and its activator kallikrein‐5 by eliciting an exacerbated response of the innate immune system. Cathelicidin/kallikrein‐5 also provide a rationale for the effect of tetracyclines and azelaic acid against rosacea. Clinically, the ROSIE group emphasized the need for a comprehensive therapy strategy – the triad of rosacea care – that integrates patient education including psychological and social aspects, skin care with dermo‐cosmetics as well as drug‐ and physical therapies. Classification of rosacea into stages or subgroups, with or without progression, remained controversial. However, the ROSIE group proposed that therapy decision making should be in accordance with a treatment algorithm based on the signs and symptoms of rosacea rather than on a prior classification.Conclusion  The ROSIE group reviewed rosacea pathophysiology and medical features and the impact on patients and treatment options. The group suggested a rational, evidence‐based approach to treatment for the various symptoms of the condition. In daily practice this approach might be more easily handled than prior subtype classification, in particular since patients often may show clinical features of more than one subtype at the same time.
Nosocomial Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome caused by intra‐articular injection
Authors: Emberger M , Koller J , Laimer M , Hell M , Oender K , Trost A , Maass M , Witte W , Hintner H , Lechner AM 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  The pathogenic role of nasal carriage as a source for cutaneous and soft‐tissue Staphylococcus aureus (SA) infections, and Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) in particular, is unclear.Observation  We herein describe a nosocomial outbreak of SSSS in three orthopaedic patients who received intra‐articular injections by a single orthopaedic surgeon. Bacteriological samples from the index patients and medical personnel involved in their care were assessed by phage typing, polymerase chain reaction for exfoliative toxin genes, SmaI macro‐restriction analysis and molecular spa‐typing. These studies first revealed SA cultural growth in synovial fluid of all three patients as well as nasal mucosa of one medical assistant. Moreover, all SA isolates had the same phage typing and antibiotic susceptibilities and were positive for exfoliative toxin ETa by polymerase chain reaction. SmaI macro‐restriction and spa‐typing further confirmed all proband isolates to be identical.Conclusion  These findings provide evidence that SA nasal colonization of otherwise healthy carriers is a risk factor for SA infections, including SSSS, in predisposed individuals.
Hunter‐Schreger Band patterns in human tooth enamel
Authors: Lynch Christopher D. , O’Sullivan Victor R. , Dockery Peter , McGillycuddy Catherine T. , Sloan Alastair J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractUsing light microscopy, we examined Hunter‐Schreger Band (HSB) patterns on the axial and occlusal/incisal surfaces of 160 human teeth, sectioned in both the buccolingual and mesiodistal planes. We found regional variations in HSB packing densities (number of HSBs per mm of amelodentinal junction length) and patterns throughout the crown of each class of tooth (maxillary and mandibular: incisor, canine, premolar, and molar) examined. HSB packing densities were greatest in areas where functional and occlusal loads are greatest, such as the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth and the incisal regions of incisors and canines. From this it is possible to infer that the behaviour of ameloblasts forming enamel prisms during amelogenesis is guided by genetic/evolutionary controls that act to increase the fracture and wear resistance of human tooth enamel. It is suggested that HSB packing densities and patterns are important in modern clinical dental treatments, such as the bonding of adhesive restorations to enamel, and in the development of conditions, such as abfraction and cracked tooth syndrome.
Healthcare librarians and the delivery of critical appraisal training: attitudes, level of involvement and support
Authors: Maden‐Jenkins Michelle 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground:  Although healthcare librarians are undertaking training in critical appraisal skills, what is not so clear is the impact of the training on the understanding and dissemination of these skills.Objectives:  This study aims to examine the attitudes of healthcare librarians towards delivering critical appraisal training and their level of involvement.Methods:  A questionnaire survey of 57 library services across 48 NHS Trust Library Services in north‐west England followed up with 21 semi‐structured interviews.Results:  Seventy‐three per cent of respondents felt that they ought to be involved in delivering critical appraisal training, however less than a third (29%) are actually involved. Librarians are involved in critical appraisal facilitation at various levels.Conclusions:  Debate continues over the extent of librarian involvement in delivering critical appraisal training. As long as healthcare librarians recognise their own capabilities and identify the boundaries within which they feel comfortable then there is no reason why they should not be involved in delivering critical appraisal training.
Fasudil protects hippocampal neurons against hypoxia‐reoxygenation injury by suppressing microglial inflammatory responses in mice
Authors: Ding Jing , Li Qin‐Ying , Wang Xin , Sun Chang‐Hai , Lu Chuan‐Zhen , Xiao Bao‐Guo 
Published: June 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1619–1629.AbstractRho kinase (ROCK) may play an important role in regulating biological events of cells, including proliferation, differentiation and survival/death. Blockade of ROCK promotes axonal regeneration and neuron survival in vivo and in vitro, thereby exhibiting potential clinical applications in spinal cord damage and stroke. Our previous studies have demonstrated that Fasudil, a selective ROCK inhibitor, induced neuroprotection in vitro. Here we used an in vivo model of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury to examine the neuroprotective effect of Fasudil, and explore its possible mechanism(s) in vivo. H/R resulted in the loss of hippocampal neurons, accompanied by increased apoptosis of neurons in hippocampus. The expression of ROCK II and activity of ROCK in the brain were increased after H/R, and located only in microglia, but not in astrocytes and neurons. The administration of Fasudil inhibited the activity of ROCK in brain tissue and cultured microglia, and protected hippocampal neurons against H/R injury. Further immunohistochemical analysis and cytokine determination revealed that Fasudil inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in microglia and pro‐inflammatory factors in brain tissue after H/R, which is consistent with the observation wherein Fasudil reduced the pro‐inflammatory factors nitric oxide, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α, and increased anti‐inflammatory factor IL‐10 in cultured microglia under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Our results indicate that inhibition of ROCK by Fasudil may represent a useful therapeutic perspective by inhibiting microglial inflammatory responses in the CNS.
The Liberalisation of Tariff Rate Quotas under Oligopolistic Competition
Authors: Scoppola Margherita 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSeveral proposals for liberalising agricultural tariff rate quotas (TRQs) have been proposed within the WTO Doha Development Round. The literature suggests that the effectiveness of liberalisation depends upon which of the three elements of a TRQ constrains imports. Most contributions assume perfect competition. This article uses an oligopoly two‐stage capacity constrained model, in which the mode of competition is endogenous, to investigate the impact of different liberalisation options of TRQs, that is, the reduction in the in‐quota and out‐of‐quota tariffs and the expansion of the quota. This article shows that consideration of the nature of competition between traders may provide unconventional conclusions about the effectiveness of the various TRQ liberalisation options; furthermore, the article shows how an increase in the number of rivals, under certain circumstances, may be more effective in increasing trade than reducing tariffs.
Vitamin D Treatment for the Prevention of Falls in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Kalyani Rita Rastogi , Stein Brady , Valiyil Ritu , Manno Rebecca , Maynard Janet W. , Crews Deidra C. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVES: To systematically review and quantitatively synthesize the effect of vitamin D therapy on fall prevention in older adults.DESIGN: Systematic review and meta‐analysis.SETTING: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, LILACS, bibliographies of selected articles, and previous systematic reviews through February 2009 were searched for eligible studies.PARTICIPANTS: Older adults (aged ≥60) who participated in randomized controlled trials that both investigated the effectiveness of vitamin D therapy in the prevention of falls and used an explicit fall definition.MEASUREMENTS: Two authors independently extracted data, including study characteristics, quality assessment, and outcomes. The I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity in a random‐effects model.RESULTS: Of 1,679 potentially relevant articles, 10 met inclusion criteria. In pooled analysis, vitamin D therapy (200–1,000 IU) resulted in 14% (relative risk (RR)=0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.79–0.93; I2=7%) fewer falls than calcium or placebo (number needed to treat =15). The following subgroups had significantly fewer falls: community‐dwelling (aged <80), adjunctive calcium supplementation, no history of fractures or falls, duration longer than 6 months, cholecalciferol, and dose of 800 IU or greater. Meta‐regression demonstrated no linear association between vitamin D dose or duration and treatment effect. Post hoc analysis including seven additional studies (17 total) without explicit fall definitions yielded smaller benefit (RR=0.92, 95% CI=0.87–0.98) and more heterogeneity (I2=36%) but found significant intergroup differences favoring adjunctive calcium over none (P=.001).CONCLUSION: Vitamin D treatment effectively reduces the risk of falls in older adults. Future studies should investigate whether particular populations or treatment regimens may have greater benefit.
Likelihood of Ordering Physical Restraints: Influence of Physician Characteristics
Authors: Sandhu Satinderpal K. , Mion Lorraine C. , Khan Rabia Halim , Ludwick Ruth , Claridge Jeffrey , Pile James C. , Harrington Michael , Winchell Janice , Dietrich Mary S. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVES: To determine physician knowledge regarding restraint regulations and effectiveness and effect of physician characteristics on likelihood of ordering restraints.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional, factorial research survey.SETTING: Academic medical center.PARTICIPANTS: Interns in all specialties; residents in internal medicine, family practice, emergency medicine, psychiatry, and surgery; and attending faculty at an academic medical center.MEASUREMENTS: Survey of demographic, professional, and restraint knowledge items and for each of five distinct vignettes; physician ratings of probability of patient harm and likelihood of ordering restraints. For each, physicians rated probability of patient harm and likelihood of ordering restraint.RESULTS: One hundred eighty‐nine of 246 (77%) surveys were returned. More than half (58%) were men; the median age was 30 (range 25–63), median years experience was 2 (range 0–33), and 60% were U.S. medical school graduates. Mean knowledge score was 68.4% (range 27–100%). Mean likelihood of ordering restraints ranged from 0.6 (not likely) to 9 (absolutely) (overall mean 3.9 ± 2.2). Exploratory hierarchical regression on mean likelihood of ordering restraint (outcome) with independent variables of physician age and sex (Step 1), years experience and physician level (Step 2), specialization (Step 3), restraint knowledge (Step 4), and judgment of harm (Step 5) explained 31.9% of the variance (F=7.19, degrees of freedom 13,159, P<.001). Higher appraisal of harm (P<.001), less knowledge regarding restraint (P=.03), and male sex (P=.005) were unique indicators for the likelihood of ordering restraints. Psychiatry (P=.03) or internal medicine physicians (P=.05) were less likely to order restraints.CONCLUSION: Physician characteristics and lack of restraint knowledge are associated with likelihood of ordering restraints. Results will guide medical education initiatives to reduce restraint rates.
Platelet quality after washing: the effect of storage time before washing
Authors: Tynngård Nahreen , Trinks Marie , Berlin Gösta 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Patients who have experienced anaphylactic transfusion reactions receive washed platelet (PLT) concentrates (PCs) where the plasma has been substituted with a PLT additive solution. This study compares the in vitro quality of PCs washed at the beginning of the storage period (Day 1) to PCs washed at the end of storage (Day 7).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: PLTs were prepared by the buffy coat procedure. Two concentrates were pooled and then split to obtain an identical pair of PCs. One of the PCs was washed with T‐Sol on Day 1 and the other on Day 7 of storage. Swirling, blood gases, and metabolic variables were analyzed before washing. Analyses of surface expression of CD62P and coagulation by free oscillation rheometry (FOR) were performed before and after washing.RESULTS: pH was acceptable in all PCs. Washing on Days 1 and 7 increased the CD62P surface expression. The FOR variables clotting time and clot retraction were not influenced by washing on either day. Washing resulted in a decrease in the number of PLTs and the decrease was larger on Day 7 compared to Day 1.CONCLUSIONS: PLTs washed on Days 1 and 7 of storage are effected by washing in a similar manner. However, a larger loss of PLTs occurred during washing on Day 7.
A practical strategy to reduce the risk of passive hemolysis by screening plateletpheresis donors for high‐titer ABO antibodies
Authors: Quillen Karen , Sheldon Sherry L. , Daniel‐Johnson Jennifer A. , Lee‐Stroka A. Hallie , Flegel Willy A. 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) can occur from ABO‐incompatible platelet (PLT) transfusions. After a series of cases at our institution, a procedure to screen all plateletpheresis donors for high‐titer ABO antibodies was implemented.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Plasma samples from plateletpheresis donors were screened using pooled 0.8% A1 and 0.8% B red blood cells (RBCs) in buffered gel. Dilutions of 1 in 150, 1 in 200, and 1 in 250 were sequentially evaluated. A component testing positive for high‐titer ABO antibodies was restricted to ABO‐identical or group O recipients or washed.RESULTS: At the initial dilution of 1 in 150, half of group O components were labeled as high titer. At the current dilution of 1 in 250, 25% of group O components are labeled as high titer. No PLT‐associated HTR has been reported since screening began.CONCLUSION: Universal screening for high‐titer ABO antibodies in plateletpheresis donors can be implemented efficiently to reduce the risk of HTRs. The cutoff for classifying a unit as high titer depends on the serologic method used and may be customized by the individual facility. Our screening method uses one gel test per donation regardless of blood group and a plasma dilution of 1 in 250 with pooled A1/B RBCs in buffered gel.
Granulocyte antibody screening: evaluation of a bead‐based assay in comparison with classical methods
Authors: Fromont Patricia , Prié Nolwen , Simon Philippe , Cesbron‐Gautier Anne , Quelvennec Erwann , Bignon Jean‐Denis , Muller Jean‐Yves , Audrain Marie 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Granulocyte antibodies have been implicated in allo‐ and autoimmune neutropenia and in transfusion reactions.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Fifty‐one sera from suspected alloimmune neutropenia or transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) and 40 sera from suspected autoimmune neutropenia were tested for granulocyte antibodies using LABScreen MULTI (One Lambda, Inc.), compared with classical tests (flow cytometry [FC] and granulocyte agglutination [GAT] followed by monoclonal antibody–specific immobilization of granulocyte antigens [MAIGA]).RESULTS: In alloimmune situations, 48 sera were concordant (94%), two sera positive for HNA with LABScreen MULTI were negative by FC/GAT and/or MAIGA, and one serum sample negative for HNA with LABScreen MULTI was positive by classical tests. In autoimmune neutropenia, 30 sera were concordant (75%), four sera positive for HNA with LABScreen MULTI were negative by FC/GAT and/or MAIGA, and six sera negative for HNA with LABScreen MULTI were positive by FC/GAT and/or MAIGA. For detection of autoantibodies, the LABScreen MULTI was less concordant. However, with the exception of one case, the discrepancies were observed in sera that did not show a clear specificity.CONCLUSIONS: LABScreen MULTI correlated well with our classical methods for HNA‐1 and HNA‐2a antibody screening. It can be used for screening blood donors or patients suspected of TRALI, but GAT is still needed for HNA‐3a antibody screening.
Misleading hepatitis B test results due to intravenous immunoglobulin administration: implications for a clinical trial of rituximab in immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Arnold Donald M. , Crowther Mark A. , Meyer Ralph M. , Carruthers Julie , DiTomasso Julie , Heddle Nancy M. , McLeod Anne , Kelton John G. 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Rituximab may cause reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) even in patients with remote HBV infection. Thus, the presence of hepatitis B core antibodies (anti‐HBc) was an exclusion criterion for a randomized trial of rituximab for patients with immune thrombocytopenia. A high seroprevalence of anti‐HBc observed among patients screened for the trial prompted this substudy to investigate for an association between anti‐HBc seropositivity and exposure to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a retrospective case‐control study that was a substudy of a randomized controlled trial.RESULTS: Of 24 trial participants screened at one center, 11 (45.8%) were anti‐HBc positive and of those, 10 (90.0%) had received IVIG in the preceding 4 weeks. Of 13 seronegative patients screened, five (38.5%) had received IVIG (odds ratio, 16; 95% confidence interval, 1.5‐166.1). Seven (70%) of 10 seropositive participants subsequently reverted to negative upon repeat testing. Serial testing before and after IVIG (n = 2) demonstrated transient anti‐HBc that lasted for up to 11 weeks after the last dose of IVIG. Samples from three of five different IVIG products were found to contain anti‐HBc.CONCLUSIONS: Passive transfer of anti‐HBc from certain IVIG products may lead to misinterpretation of hepatitis test results with implications for treatment and clinical trial eligibility. To avoid misleading test results, anti‐HBc should be measured before or 3 months after IVIG administration; alternatively an IVIG product known to be free of anti‐HBc should be used.
Photoallergic contact dermatitis from benzydamine presenting mainly as lip dermatitis
Authors: Canelas Maria Miguel , Cardoso José Carlos , Gonçalo Margarida , Figueiredo Américo 
Published: June 2010

Background: Benzydamine, a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) in use for more than four decades, has been reported to cause photosensitivity. Objectives: To study the results of photopatch testing to benzydamine and the clinical features of the dermatitis during a 3‐year period (2006–2008). Patients and methods: During this period, 74 patients with photodermatoses were photopatch tested with an extended baseline series of allergens including benzydamine and in suspicious cases, with drugs that contain it. Test sites were irradiated on D2 with 5 J/cm2 and readings were performed on D2 and D4. Results: Ten patients (six females/four males), aged 21–84 years (mean 64.9) had a positive photopatch test to benzydamine [1–5% petrolatum (pet.) from Bial‐Aristegui®] and to drugs that contain it (Tantum verde® oral solution and Momen® gel). Nine patients had lower lip cheilitis and one lichenified eczema on photo‐exposed sites. Conclusion: Photosensitivity from both topical and systemic benzydamine has been occasionally described, mainly in southern Spain. Despite its widespread use and its known photosensitizing capacity, photoallergic contact dermatitis from benzydamine is probably underdiagnosed as the clinical presentation of mainly the lip and chin is not typical of photoallergic contact dermatitis and benzydamine is not part of most photoallergen series.