bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital image analysis of facial erythema over time in persons with varied skin pigmentation
Authors: Whitmer Kyra , Barford Brian , Turner Mathew , Sullivan David , Sommers Marilyn 
Published: February 2011

Background/purpose: Selected chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of cancer are known to cause skin toxicities. One group of agents, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, characteristically precipitates an acneform rash. Currently, no standard of care exists for the management of the rash resulting from EGFR inhibitors. In order to objectively evaluate any management strategy, a method to quantify the rash is required. The purpose of this paper is to describe a method to quantify the erythema of a facial rash through the use of digital photography and image analysis.Methods: A Canfield OMNIA System using a Canon PowerShot Pro1 camera was used to obtain high‐resolution digital images of facial rashes. Digital images were recorded in Joint Photographic Experts Group format, corrected for brightness and white balance and color. A method was developed to analyze digital images of erythema independent of the range of skin pigmentation.Results: Two examples are given to illustrate the method developed and its utility.Conclusion: An inexpensive and portable method is described for objectively monitoring the development of facial erythema in subjects of the full range of skin pigmentation. This method can be used clinically to examine the development and resolution of facial rash erythema in response to treatment.
Body composition, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in Klinefelter syndrome
Authors: Gravholt Claus H , Jensen Anne S , Høst Christian , Bojesen Anders 
Published: February 2011

AbstractKlinefelter syndrome (KS) affects 1:660 men, making it the most common sex‐chromosome disorder in man, and is a common cause of infertility, hypogonadism and learning disability. Men with KS are described as tall, slim, narrow shouldered, broad hipped, with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and small testes, and recently the description has been expanded to include increased risk of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and an unfavourable change in body composition, with accumulation of body fat and decreased muscle mass and a concomitant decrease in insulin sensitivity, muscle strength and oxygen consumption capacity. Here, we review the data on body composition, bone turnover, liver function, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in relation to testosterone in both patients with KS and normal men. Treatment with testosterone in hypogonadal men (other than KS) improves body composition in both clinical and experimental studies. Despite the lack of such studies in KS, we recommend testosterone treatment to patients with KS with low serum testosterone or increased LH and change in body composition and thus possibly prevent common diseases like type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis and heart disease.Conclusion:  Preventable causes of the increased morbidity and mortality, such as osteoporosis, chronic obstructive airway disease or type 2 diabetes, should be screened for. Despite the lack of randomized controlled studies, we recommend testosterone treatment in case of increased LH or low serum testosterone, and weight reduction programmes if overweight.
Anthropometric changes in Sweden during the obesity epidemic – increased overweight among adolescents of non‐Nordic origin
Authors: Sjöberg () Agneta , Hulthén Lena 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim:  To compare overweight, obesity and thinness prevalences in adolescents born in 1979 and 1985 and to evaluate the influence of parental migration background.Methods:  A total of 2306 15‐ to 16‐year‐old girls and boys in Gothenburg, Sweden, participated in two cross‐sectional surveys (1994 and 2000). Height and weight were measured and interviews about parental origin were conducted. Overweight and obesity were classified according to International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and WHO. Thinness was classified according to Cole.Results:  Among girls, the prevalence of thinness decreased, 8.4% vs. 4.7%. The prevalence of overweight, including obesity, according to IOTF criteria, was 11.8% and 13.7% in 1994 and 2000, respectively. The corresponding figures according to WHO criteria were 14.5% and 17.5%. No significant changes occurred between cohorts in prevalences of overweight and obesity. However, when interaction between survey year and origin was tested, there was a significant difference in overweight according to WHO criteria (p = 0.022).Conclusion:  A shift entailing increased risk for overweight in adolescents of non‐Nordic origin was observed, while no changes occurred in the general population. Individual background factors are important to consider both for correct conclusions about health development in the population and for identification of target groups for health‐promoting interventions.
Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of the Correlates of Cancer‐Related Fatigue
Authors: Oh Hyun Soo , Seo Wha Sook 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTBackground: Fatigue is one of the most common problems experienced by cancer patients. The factors most frequently reported to correlate with cancer‐related fatigue are symptom distress (pain, nausea/vomiting, dyspnea, and lack of appetite) and psychological distress (depression and anxiety).Aims: This study was performed to examine the overall association of symptom and psychological distress with cancer‐related fatigue using systematic literature review and meta‐analysis. This study also aimed to determine which factors have a higher correlation with fatigue, and therefore should receive nursing priority.Methods: A meta‐analysis of 30 primary studies identified by searching computer databases, which included MEDLINE, PubMed, and CINAHL.Results: Results showed that all symptoms (pain, dyspnea, nausea/vomiting, and lack of appetite) and psychological distress (depression and anxiety) included had a significant association with cancer‐related fatigue with medium‐to‐large effect sizes, which were estimated using correlation coefficients. The overall correlations of psychological distress with cancer‐related fatigue were found to be higher than those of symptom distress. The correlation of nausea/vomiting with cancer‐related fatigue was higher than those of pain and dyspnea.Conclusions and Implications: Our findings highlight the importance of psychological distress in dealing with cancer‐related fatigue in addition to the need to be attentive to a patient's symptom distress. Of the symptom distress, nausea/vomiting should be prioritized by nurses when managing cancer‐related fatigue. This study provides sound empirical evidence that can be used to draft guidelines for the management of cancer‐related fatigue.
Familial Isolated Pituitary Adenomas: From Genetics to Therapy
Authors: Guaraldi Federica , Salvatori Roberto 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAccording to autopsy and radiological data, pituitary adenomas (PAs) develop in approximately 15% to 20% of the population. The great majority of PAs arise sporadically and affect adults. Rarely they are diagnosed in children and adolescents. Approximately 5% of cases are thought to be familial. Inherited conditions associated with pituitary tumors include multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN‐1) and type 4 (MEN‐4), (CNC) Carney Complex, and familial isolated PA (FIPA) syndrome. FIPA is an autosomal dominant condition, defined by the presence of two or more patients affected by PAs in the same kindred, and no other associated condition. Germline mutations of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein gene located on chromosome 11q13 have been reported in 15%–40% of FIPA cases. In the remaining cases, genetic defect are unidentified. This article focuses on FIPA clinical, pathological, genetic features, and therapeutic management. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 55–62
The peasant within: agrarian life in New Zealand and Canada
Authors: HEDLEY M.J. 
Published: February 2011

Cette communication analyse les tentatives des membres des families ďagriculteurs de vouloir imposer leurs propres modèles sur le processes de production et sur la création et la reproduction de leur existence sociale. Cette communication souligne aussi ľimportance ďune reformulation des approches traditionnelles envers la culture rurale en reconnaissant ľinfluence importante ďune histoire de domination. Les arguents sont basés sur les résultats de recherches entreprises sur place dans le nord de la Nouvelle Zélande et en Alberta central.This paper examines the concern of the members of farm households to impose their own designs on the productive process, and on the creation and reproduction of their social existence. It also points to the importance of rethinking conventional approaches to rural culture by recognizing the pervasive influence of a history of domination. The arguments draw upon the results of field work conducted in northern New Zealand and central Alberta, Canada.
Half Empty or Half Full
Authors: Olsen Gregg M. 
Published: February 2011

Peu d'États‐providence dans le monde occidental n'ont pas fait l'expérience de compressions budgétaires et de restructurations au cours des dix dernières années, même si l'ampleur et l'intensité de ces ajustements ont varié considérablement selon les pays. Toutefois, les comptes rendus sur la restructuration de l'État‐providence en Suède ‐ longtemps considéré comme un modèle du genre ‐ ont été quelque peu contradictoires. En prenant comme exemple 1) le chô‐mage et la politique du marché du travail et 2) le système de soins aux personnes âgées et le régime de retraite, deux domaines impor‐tants de la politique sociale qui reflètent largement l'approche suédoise en matière de politique sociale, cette étude suggère que l'État‐providence suédois n'a pas été immunisé contre les diverses pressions et contraintes endogènes et exogènes qui sont en jeu dans le monde capitaliste moderne d'aujourd'hui. Dans la dernière partie de l'article, les changements apportés à la politique sociale sont abordés dans une perspective de mondialisation.Few welfare states in the Western world have not experienced some retrenchment and restructuring over the past decade, even if the magnitude and intensity of these adjustments have varied considerably across nations. However, accounts of the restructuring of Sweden's welfare state—long considered the quintessential welfare model—have been somewhat contradictory. Primarily focussing on 1) unemployment and labour market policy, and 2) old‐age care and the pension system, two major social policy areas which broadly reflect the Swedish approach to social policy, the present study suggests that Sweden's welfare state has not been immune to the various endogenous and exogenous pressures and strains in play across the advanced capitalist world today. Changes in Swedish social policy are discussed in relation to globalization in the latter part of the paper.
Zoonotic Disease Awareness in Animal Shelter Workers and Volunteers and the Effect of Training
Authors: Steneroden K. K. , Hill A. E. , Salman M. D. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryAnimal shelter workers are a vulnerable population whose exposure to zoonotic disease may be greater compared with the general population. The aim of this project was to identify baseline zoonotic disease knowledge of animal shelter workers and to develop and evaluate zoonotic disease awareness training. Ten animal shelters in six western states were randomly selected. One hundred and eleven trainees were evaluated by identical pre‐ and post‐training tests. Training topics included identification of clinical signs, susceptible species, and transmission of disease to animals and to humans. Zoonotic diseases included rabies, plague, leptospirosis, internal parasites, methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and salmonella. A statistically significant difference in overall total scores between pre‐test (58.5%) and post‐test (69.5%) was observed (P = 0.0001). No association was observed between test scores and length of time working in animal shelters, or with the participants’ role at the animal shelter. Overall test scores were raised by 11%. The lowest baseline levels of knowledge were found with leptospirosis, MRSA, plague and rabies, emerging diseases with increasing prevalence and high consequence. Zoonotic disease awareness training is a valuable service to animal shelters. In the current study, training was modestly successful in transferring short‐term knowledge to animal shelter workers. To understand and evaluate the effectiveness of training completely, observable or measureable behaviours should be compared before and after training. Long‐term assessment with measureable outcomes is needed.
Serological and Virological Surveillance of Swine H1N1 and H3N2 Influenza Virus Infection in Two Farms Located in Hubei Province, Central China
Authors: Wu R. , Liu Z. , Liang W. , Yang K. , Deng J. , Duan Z. , Zhou D. , Xu D. 
Published: February 2011

SummarySwine influenza viruses H1N1 and H3N2 have been reported in the swine population worldwide. From June 2008 to June 2009, we carried out serological and virological surveillance of swine influenza in the Hubei province in central China. The serological results indicated that antibodies to H1N1 swine influenza virus in the swine population were high with a 42.5% (204/480) positive rate, whereas antibodies to H3N2 swine influenza virus were low with a 7.9% (38/480) positive rate. Virological surveillance showed that only one sample from weanling pigs was positive by RT‐PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes revealed that the A/Sw/HB/S1/2009 isolate was closely related to avian‐like H1N1 viruses and seemed to be derived from the European swine H1N1 viruses. In conclusion, H1N1 influenza viruses were more dominant in the pig population than H3N2 influenza viruses in central China, and infection with avian‐like H1N1 viruses persistently emerged in the swine population in the area.
Mutant Prevention Concentration-Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Indices as Dosing Targets for Suppressing the Enrichment of Levofloxacin-Resistant Subpopulations of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Liang Beibei , Bai Nan , Cai Yun , Wang Rui , Drlica Karl , Zhao Xilin 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

MIC- and mutant prevention concentration (MPC)-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices were compared for suitability as attainment targets for restricting amplification of levofloxacin-resistant mutant subpopulations. When three
Staphylococcus aureus
strains were examined with a hollow-fiber PK/PD model, area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h (AUC
24
)/MPC values of >25 and maximum concentration of drug in serum (
C
max
)/MPC values of >2.2 predicted resistance outcome among different isolates with an interisolate kappa coefficient of 1. MIC-based mutant-restrictive PK/PD values varied >8-fold and exhibited only a moderate interisolate agreement (kappa coefficient of 0.5). Thus, MPC-based PK/PD indices are more suitable than MIC-based indices for predicting mutant-restricting fluoroquinolone doses when multiple bacterial isolates are considered.
Combinatorial Approaches to the Prevention and Treatment of HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Pirrone Vanessa , Thakkar Nina , Jacobson Jeffrey M. , Wigdahl Brian , Krebs Fred C. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

The discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 1982 soon led to the identification and development of antiviral compounds to be used in treatment strategies for infected patients. Early in the epidemic, drug monotherapies frequently led to treatment failures because the virus quickly developed resistance to the single drug. Following the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1995, dramatic improvements in HIV-1-infected patient health and survival were realized as more refined combination therapies resulted in reductions in viral loads and increases in CD4
+
T-cell counts. In the absence of an effective vaccine, prevention of HIV-1 infection has also gained traction as an approach to curbing the pandemic. The development of compounds as safe and effective microbicides has intensified and has focused on blocking the transmission of HIV-1 during all forms of sexual intercourse. Initial preclinical investigations and clinical trials of microbicides focused on single compounds effective against HIV-1. However, the remarkable successes achieved using combination therapy to treat systemic HIV-1 infection have subsequently stimulated the study and development of combination microbicides that will simultaneously inhibit multiple aspects of the HIV-1 transmission process by targeting incoming viral particles, virus-infected cells, and cells susceptible to HIV-1 infection. This review focuses on existing and developing combination therapies, covering preclinical development,
in vitro
and
in vivo
efficacy studies, and subsequent clinical trials. The shift in focus within the microbicide development field from single compounds to combination approaches is also explored.
In Vitro
Antimicrobial Activity of Razupenem (SMP-601, PTZ601) against Anaerobic Bacteria
Authors: Tran Chau Minh , Tanaka Kaori , Yamagishi Yuka , Goto Takatsugu , Mikamo Hiroshige , Watanabe Kunitomo 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the
in vitro
antianaerobic activity of razupenem (SMP-601, PTZ601), a new parenterally administered carbapenem, against 70 reference strains and 323 clinical isolates. Razupenem exhibited broad-spectrum activity against anaerobes, inhibiting most of the reference strains when used at a concentration of ≤1 μg/ml. Furthermore, it exhibited strong activity, comparable to those of other carbapenems (meropenem and doripenem), against clinically isolated non
-fragilis Bacteroides
spp. (MIC
90
s of 2 μg/ml), with MIC
90
values of 0.06, 0.03, and 0.5 μg/ml against
Prevotella
spp.,
Porphyromonas
spp., and
Fusobacterium
spp., respectively. Clinical isolates of anaerobic Gram-positive cocci,
Eggerthella
spp., and
Clostridium
spp. were highly susceptible to razupenem (MIC
90
s, 0.03 to 1 μg/ml).
Efficacy of Topically Delivered Moxifloxacin against Wound Infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Jacobsen F. , Fisahn C. , Sorkin M. , Thiele I. , Hirsch T. , Stricker I. , Klaassen T. , Roemer A. , Fugmann B. , Steinstraesser L. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTWound infection is a common risk for patients with chronic nonhealing wounds, causing high morbidity and mortality. Currently, systemic antibiotic treatment is the therapy of choice, despite often leading to several side effects and the risk of an insufficient tissue penetration due to impaired blood supply. If systemically delivered, moxifloxacin penetrates well into inflammatory blister fluid, muscle, and subcutaneous adipose tissues and might therefore be a possible option for the topical treatment of skin and infected skin wounds. In this study, topical application of moxifloxacin was investigated in comparison to mupirocin, linezolid, and gentamicin using a porcine wound infection and a rat burn infection model. Both animal models were performed either by an inoculation with methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) orPseudomonas aeruginosa. Wound fluid, tissue, and blood samples were taken, and bacterial counts as well as the moxifloxacin concentration were determined for a 14-day follow-up. A histological comparison of the rat burn wound tissues was performed. Both strains were susceptible to moxifloxacin and gentamicin, whereas mupirocin and linezolid were effective only against MRSA. All antibiotics showed efficient reduction of bacterial counts, and except with MRSA, infected burn wounds reached bacterial counts below 105CFU/g tissue. Additionally, moxifloxacin was observed to promote wound healing as determined by histologic analysis, while no induction of bacterial resistance was observed during the treatment period. The use of topical antibiotics for the treatment of infected wounds confers many benefits. Moxifloxacin is therefore an ideal candidate, due to its broad antibacterial spectrum, its high efficiency, and its potential to promote wound healing.
Nitric Oxide Protects Bacteria from Aminoglycosides by Blocking the Energy-Dependent Phases of Drug Uptake
Authors: McCollister Bruce D. , Hoffman Matthew , Husain Maroof , Vázquez-Torres Andrés 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Our investigations have identified a mechanism by which exogenous production of nitric oxide (NO) induces resistance of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria to aminoglycosides. An NO donor was found to protect
Salmonella
spp. against structurally diverse classes of aminoglycosides of the 4,6-disubstituted 2-deoxystreptamine group. Likewise, NO generated enzymatically by inducible NO synthase of gamma interferon-primed macrophages protected intracellular
Salmonella
against the cytotoxicity of gentamicin. NO levels that elicited protection against aminoglycosides repressed
Salmonella
respiratory activity. NO nitrosylated terminal quinol cytochrome oxidases, without exerting long-lasting inhibition of NADH dehydrogenases of the electron transport chain. The NO-mediated repression of respiratory activity blocked both energy-dependent phases I and II of aminoglycoside uptake but not the initial electrostatic interaction of the drug with the bacterial cell envelope. As seen in
Salmonella
, the NO-dependent inhibition of the electron transport chain also afforded aminoglycoside resistance to the clinically important pathogens
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Staphylococcus aureus
. Together, these findings provide evidence for a model in which repression of aerobic respiration by NO fluxes associated with host inflammatory responses can reduce drug uptake, thus promoting resistance to several members of the aminoglycoside family in phylogenetically diverse bacteria.
4′-
C
-Methyl-2′-Deoxyadenosine and 4′-
C
-Ethyl-2′-Deoxyadenosine Inhibit HIV-1 Replication
Authors: Vu B. Christie , Boyer Paul L. , Siddiqui Maqbool A. , Marquez Victor E. , Hughes Stephen H. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

It is important to develop new anti-HIV drugs that are effective against the existing drug-resistant mutants. Because the excision mechanism is an important pathway for resistance to nucleoside analogs, we are preparing analogs that retain a 3′-OH and can be extended after they are incorporated by the viral reverse transcriptase. We show that 4′-
C
-alkyl-deoxyadenosine (4′-
C
-alkyl-dA) compounds can be phosphorylated in cultured cells and can inhibit the replication of HIV-1 vectors: 4′-
C
-methyl- and 4′-
C
-ethyl-dA show both efficacy and selectivity against HIV-1. The compounds are also effective against viruses that replicate using reverse transcriptases (RTs) that carry nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutations, with the exception of the M184V mutant. Analysis of viral DNA synthesis in infected cells showed that viral DNA synthesis is blocked by the incorporation of either 4′-
C
-methyl- or 4′-
C
-ethyl-2′-deoxyadenosine.
In vitro
experiments with purified HIV-1 RT showed that 4′-
C
-methyl-2′-dATP can compete with dATP and that incorporation of the analog causes pausing in DNA synthesis. The 4′-
C
-ethyl compound also competes with dATP and shows a differential ability to block DNA synthesis on RNA and DNA templates. Experiments that measure the ability of the compounds to block DNA synthesis in infected cells suggest that this differential block to DNA synthesis also occurs in infected cells.