bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brazil and its Strategic Relations with China, Germany, and the United States
Authors: Abdenur Roberto 
Published: April 2011

Thanks to his many years of service in Brazilian Foreign Relations, Ambassador Roberto Abdenur is able to offer a unique personal perspective on the relations between his nation and China, Germany, and the United States. Serving in these three countries allowed him to follow the bilateral relationships during times of crisis and calm, and, in the end, allows him to draw conclusions about the future of Brazil's foreign policy, as well as offer comments on changes that he imagines for the future of international policy.Gracias a varios años de servicio en el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Brasil, el Embajador Roberto Abdenur puede ofrecer una perspectiva única y personal respecto a las relaciones entre su país y China, Alemania y Estados Unidos. El fungir como embajador en estos tres países le permitió seguir la relación bilateral durante épocas de crisis y tranquilidad, lo que le permite ofrecer una opinión respecto al futuro de la política exterior brasileña, así como sus comentarios sobre los cambios que él imagina para el futuro de la política internacional.
Hydrolytic Changes in Solutions of Stilbamidine
Authors: Fulton J D , Goodwin T W 
Published: April 2011

Summary and Conclusions
The formation of 4—carbamyl—4′—amidinostilbene and 4:4′—dicarbamylstilbene from solutions of stilbamidine had been shown to occur when the latter were maintained for a number of weeks at 37°C., in diffuse light, and to a lesser extent when kept at the same temperature completely in the dark. When the same solutions were maintained at temperatures which varied from 5° to 20 °C. the formation of amides did not take place. Henry’s observations made in the Sudan have been confirmed. Good yields of the amides were obtained by autoclaving solutions of the parent substance at 1 to 2 atmospheres pressure for several hours. The monoamide was inactive against T. rhodesiense or T. congolense infections of mice and does not appear to be selectively absorbed by the trypanosomes like the active stilbamidine. The fact that solutions of stilbamidine autoclaved under the conditions employed by Oastler and Fidler undergo no demonstrable change and are not more toxic for mice than similar solutions freshly prepared, suggests that the lesions encountered by these authors in dogs were due to unchanged stilbamidine.
The Preparation and Resolution of Acridyl(5)—N. Alanine Ethyl Ester
Authors: Linnell W H , Smith M J H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
It has been reported that D amino-acids are present in the molecules of various antibiotic polypeptides such as gramicidin1,2, tyrociain3, gramicidin S4, aerosporin5 and bacitracin6. The penicillins on degradation give D-penicillamine (β:β-dimethylcysteine) and du Vigneaud and his collaborators7 have shown that an antibiotic penicillin may be synthesised from D-penicillamine, whereas the isomer from L-penicillamine is biologically inactive.
Some Recent Developments in the Pharmacology of the Anti-Thyroid Compounds
Authors: Trotter W R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
It was established in 1943 that thiouracil and similar drugs inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormone; that they can control human thyrotoxicosis; and that a necessary corollary of complete inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis is a compensatory hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the thyroid gland, mediated through the pituitary. It was obvious at that date that these drugs were likely to become both a useful instrument of research into thyroid physiology, and effective therapeutic agents; and such they proved to be. This review will attempt to survey some of the major advances in thyroid physiology, in which the thiouracil derivatives have been implicated, and will also indicate the effect of these advances, coupled with the effect of further clinical experience, upon practical therapeutics.
Research Papers: Assay of the Curative Action of Neoarsphenamine by Time-Mortality Data
Authors: Liljestrand åke 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The commonest current methods employed for testing the action of neoarsphenamine are those in which the drug is injected into mice or rats already lightly or heavily infected with Trypanosoma equiperdum on a previous day. Blood specimens removed from every animal are examined daily, involving the counting of many squares of the counting-chamber, before deciding whether or not the animals are cured. These methods are laborious and time-consuming, and for this reason, and because of other disadvantages, Bülbring and Burn1 proposed that the activity of a preparation should be estimated from the survival times of mice infected and treated on the same day. In the present work, this method has been extended and examined statistically.
Pharmacopæias and Formularies: The Pharmacognosy of the British Pharmacopæia 1948
Authors: Fluck H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Reading the B.P. 1948, the foreign observer is struck by the up-to-date selection of the contents, so that excellent monographs for the newest synthetics and pure active principles of vegetable and animal drugs, such as penicillin and heparin, are included. On the other hand, certain vegetable drugs, of which the importance and the consumption is still quite considerable, such as cinchona, chamomile, peppermint and linseed, have been dropped. I am of the opinion that a Pharmacopoeia should standardise such drugs officially, even though, as in Great Britain, semi-official standards are given by a book such as the Pharmaceutical Codex. Most of the official titles are well chosen from the botanical point of view, but for a few monographs I would suggest the replacement of the designations by the true botanical names, e.g. Aurantii Pericarpium or Flavedo would be more accurate than Aurantii Cortex. Further, the same designation should be used for botanically equivalent drugs, e.g. for the leaves and flowering tops of Belladonna and Hyoscyamus, which should both be called Herba. The definitions of the drugs are generally very clear. In certain cases, however, similar drugs differing somewhat in their properties and in their behaviour during the preparation of extracts and tinctures, are summarised in the same monograph, e.g. on Aloe, where both the hepatic and the vitreous types are admitted, on Benzoin and on Amylum. In the latter case, e.g. rice starch has an inner surface 10 times greater than potato starch, a fact which without doubt will influence the adsorbing effect. Insufficient attention is paid to the standardisation of conditions of harvesting and of conservation of drugs. These two operations affect the qualitative and the quantitative composition of the complex active principles in such a way that the variation will not be detected by the official assay. There are great difficulties in controlling such standardisation, but I believe that the uniformity of the drugs would be improved if directions for harvesting and conservation were included. In the few cases for which special conditions are stated, as for Digitalis and Colchicum, the requirements are on the correct scientific basis.
The Histology of Belladonna Root: Part IV: The differential value of the Fibre/vessel ratio
Authors: Melville Colin 
Published: April 2011

Summary and Conclusions
The term “fibre/vessel ratio” is adopted to signify the number of fibres (including fibre-tracheids exhibiting elongated simple pits) associated with one vessel element. Consistent results are obtained when the fibre/vessel ratio is calculated from the number of vessel elements associated with not less than 200 fibres. The variation in the whole drug of the fibre/vessel ratio and of the vessel index 135μ is investigated and their value as differential characters assessed. Neither character is completely successful in differentiating the whole drug, but some improvement results by combining them in a linear function. A method of determining the fibre/vessel ratio on the powdered drug is described. The fibre/vessel ratio of commercial belladonna root powders decreases with the fineness of the portion examined, but is reasonably constant for the portion retained between a No. 22 and No. 44 sieve. Fibre/vessel ratio values for commercial powders provide a means of differentiating the species from which they were prepared. The ranges for the commercial powders examined are:–A. Belladonna 2°30 to 4°55; A. acuminata 6°54 to 12°05.
New Apparatus: A Low Pressure Hydrogenator of Wide Application
Authors: Glenn A L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A number of low-pressure catalytic hydrogenators have been described in the literature, most of them being intended for use in the determination of structure, in which the hydrogen absorbed by small quantities of material must be measured with great accuracy1,2. However, such apparatus is quite unsuitable for normal laboratory-scale hydrogenations. The small number of hydrogenators intended for synthetic work vary from simple devices3,4,5,6 to those which are exceedingly complex7. The simpler designs are divisible into two groups; one kind will handle large volumes of hydrogen with ease and fair accuracy of measurement, but is somewhat inaccurate for quantities of 1 litre or less5,8. The other type is capable of dealing with small quantities with good accuracy, but requires too much refilling when large volumes are required3,4,6.
A Chlorohydroxy-Triphenylmethane Dye
Authors: Linnell W H , Stenlake J B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Conclusion: The chlorohydroxy-triphenylmethane dye III has been shown to possess a low order of antibacterial activity. The results of Fairbrother and Renshaw indicated that the presence of an acidic group in the molecule of a basic triphenylmethane dye, would decrease the activity. The introduction of the phenolic group into the molecule of the dye III has demonstrated this effect and any enhancement of potency due to the presence of the chloro-group was insufficient to compensate for the reduction in activity due to the phenolic group.
The Spectrophotometry Determination of Rutin and Quercetin in Mixtures
Authors: Swann R V 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The ultra-violet absorptions of rutin and quercetin have been investigated. A rapid method has been developed for the accurate determination of the minor constituent of binary mixtures of rutin and quercetin, and a formula derived for the correction of the gross absorption for the absorption due to the minor constituent. A comparison has been made between American methods of assay and the method in use in this laboratory.
The Isolation of the Toxic Principle of æNanthe Crocata
Authors: Clarke E G C , Kidder D E , Robertson W D 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A method is described for the preparation of highly toxic crystals from water dropwort root. Previous workers have only reported oils or resins of far less toxicity. These can be purified by recrystallisation, or by chromatography on an alumina column, when a single steel-grey zone is obtained. These purifications do not alter the melting point or the crystalline habit. The crystalline material, m.pt. 80° to 81° C., is insoluble in water, light petroleum, alkalis, and diluted mineral acids, but readily soluble in chloroform, ethyl alcohol and ether. The crystals are extremely unstable, yielding an insoluble infusible resinous material, with no pharmacological activity. If kept under nitrogen at 4°C., the crystals can be preserved for weeks with little loss of activity. Death after characteristic convulsions follows the intraperitoneal injection of an emulsion of the crystalline material into mice. The A.L.D. is 0°83 mg./kg. of body weight.
The Determination of Proguanil
Authors: Stagg H E 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Two methods are described for the determination of proguanil hydrochloride: one method depends upon titration with perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid solution, and the other upon gravimetric determination of the copper-complex precipitated from cold aqueous solution by ammoniacal cupric chloride. The volumetric method is rapid and is applicable to the determination in tablets, but is less precise than the gravimetric method. The gravimetric method is applicable also to the lactate.
The Isolation of Bases from Urine Concentrates
Authors: Lockett Mary F 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Base B has shown to be a compound of high pressure activity, and a depressor compound, empirical formula C6H16N2 has been isolated as the reineckate from base B concentrates. Piperidine, pyrrolidine, dimethylamine and ammonia have been obtained as degradation products from compounds present in base B concentrates, prepared from human urine.
The Identification of Local Anæsthetic Drugs of the Benzoic Ester Group
Authors: Hucknall E , Turfitt G E 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A scheme is described for the characterisation and identification of the eleven local anæsthetic drugs of the benzoic ester group at present commercially available in this country. The complete scheme is designed in five distinct stages, any of which may be omitted if identification is otherwise satisfactorily achieved:
(i)  purification of the crude material by precipitation of the hydrochloride from an ethereal solution of the base; (ii)  reactions with the common alkaloidal reagents; (iii)  demonstration of the presence of the benzoic ester structure; (iv)  simple crystal tests and colour reactions with the three reagents, potassium iodide, potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate. (v)  final identification by micro-mixed melting-point determination.
Sclerenchyma in the Diagnosis and Analysis of Vegetable Powders
Authors: Wallis T E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Conclusion: A review of these studies of sclereids and fibres, made during the last 15 years, reveals the much extended information which can be gained by applying to them the concepts of number, length, area, volume and mass in addition to the simple observational concepts of form and location. Similar advances have been made in the study of other groups of tissues, but they cannot be discussed in this article.
The Bromination of p-Aminosalicylic Acid, Sodium p-Aminosalicylate and m-Aminophenol
Authors: Simmonite D 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The bromination of p-aminosalicylic acid, sodium p-aminosalicylate and m-aminophenol has been studied using a variable excess of bromide/bromate solution. p-Aminosalicylic acid, sodium p-aminosalicylate and m-amino phenol brominate quantitatively regardless of the excess of bromide/bromate solution used. The basis for an assay process for p-aminosalicylic acid, sodium p-aminosalicylate and m-aminophenol has been described. Thanks are expressed to the Directors of Herts Pharmaceuticals Limited for permission to publish these results.
The Response of the Heart to Visammin and to Khellinin
Authors: Samaan Karam , Hossein Ahmed M , Fahim Ibrahim 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Pure khellinin, m.pt. 175° to 176°C., possesses a persistent, rather selective stimulant action on the heart producing a more complete systole and a more complete diastole with a corresponding increase in cardiac output. It raises blood pressure. The glycoside is active and doses of 1 to 1&#x006d;̇5 mg./kg. of dog by intravenous injection. It increases the coronary flow, and is non-cumulative. Pure visammin, m.pt. 153° to 154°C., depresses the heart, producing principally a less complete systole with diminished cardiac output. The drug is active in doses of 2 to 4 mg./kg. of dog by intravenous injection. It increases the coronary flow. The impurities present in crude samples of khellinin or of visammin influence to an appreciable degree the normal response of the heart to the pure products.
Part II.–The Alkaloids of Australian Datura Ferox and of Indian Henbane
Authors: Evans W C , Partridge M W 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Australian-grown Datura ferox has been found to contain as principal alkaloids, hyoscine and meteloidine. The chief alkaloidal constituents of Indian henbane are hyoscine, hyoscyamine and tropine; in this respect, Indian henbane differs from Hyoscyamus niger only in the absolute and relative proportions of the alkaloids.
The Properties and Reactions of Decamethonium Iodide and Hexamethonium Bromide
Authors: Balaban I E , Levy M B , Wilde B E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The work of Paton and Zaimis1 on decamethonium iodide (α:ω-hexamethyldiaminodecane diiodide, known as C.10) showed that it was a very potent substance, and that it was capable of replacing d-tubocurarine chloride in medicine. An antidote exists for decamethonium iodide in hexamethonium bromide (α:ω-hexamethyldiaminohexane dibromide, known as C.6), and owing to its pharmacological properties this substance has been suggested for use in hypertension and vascular diseases, thereby replacing tetraethylammonium iodide. Hexamethonium bromide is 10 to 20 times as active as the tetraethyl compound. In view, therefore, of the possible importance of the new drugs, it was considered desirable that an examination should be made of their physical and chemical properties.
The Biological Assay of Vegetable Purgatives
Authors: Lou T C 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A method for the biological assay of vegetable purgatives based on the number of wet fæces produced by groups of mice after dosing is described. The relation of the number of wet fæces per kg. of mouse to the logarithm of the dose was found to be linear. 40 mice divided equally into 4 groups were used in each assay.*** 2 groups received the standard preparation and the other 2 groups received the test preparation. The standard deviation of a single determination based on 9 such assays was estimated to be 15&#x006d;̇7 per cent. The limits of error (P = 0&#x006d;̇99) for a single assay are 100±40&#x006d;̇5 per cent. A special cage has been designed for this assay, and it has been found advantageous to incorporate a definite proportion of water in the diet, during test. The method described is not only convenient in use but also gives a comparatively high degree of accuracy. The method has been successfully applied to senna leaf, senna fruit and extracts and commercial preparations made from these drugs, pure glycosides (sennosides A and B), and pure anthracene compounds (aloe-emodin and aloe-emodin anthranol).
The Growth Activity for Lactobacillus Lactis Dorner of Commercial Liver Extracts
Authors: Shaw G E 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A number of commercial liver extracts have been assayed for L. lactis Dorner activity in terms of vitamin B12. A considerable variation from brand to brand has been found and also a serious variation between different batches of the same brand. Although steps have been taken to eliminate artefacts due to method and the presence of inhibitors, it is not possible at the present time to correlate exactly L. lactis Dorner activity with clinical efficacy. It is thus premature to advocate the establishment of a “Dorner” assay unitage applicable to all liver extracts, but it is not too much to expect that, in the future, branded preparations will maintain a reasonably constant “Dorner” activity. The presumptive vitamin B12 content of “high potency” liver extracts is of the order of 10 μg./ml. whether of British, American or Continental manufacture. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the technical assistance of Mr. G. B. D. Grafham.
The Vitamin B12 Concentration in Liver Extracts and A Note on the Relationship Between Clinical Response and B12 Dosage
Authors: Cuthbertson W F J , Lloyd Joan F , Emery W B , Lees K A 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The vitamin B12 contents of a number of liver extracts have been reported. Assay results using Lactobaccillus lactis and L. leichmannii have been compared. The clinical responses to a number of extracts have been compared with their B12 contents, and the range of activity found by clinical test has been indicated.
Wool Alcohols: Part I–Observations on Changes in Physical and Chemical Properties in Wool Alcohols as a Result of Oxidation
Authors: Muirhead G S , Oberweger K H , Seymour D E , Simmonite D 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Wool alcohols have been subjected to oxidation under varying conditions and progressive changes in physical and chemical properties have been observed. Such changes include–rise in acid and saponification value, decrease in acetyl value and cholesterol content. The interfacial tension-reducing power of total wool alcohols and some isolated fractions have been measured using the pendant drop method. This value does not show any appreciable change as oxidation proceeds. Wool alcohol emulsions suffer breakdown on storage. This is accompanied by rise in acid value of the oil phase. Both effects can be retarded by the inclusion of antioxidants in the formula. Some tentative mechanisms based on the results obtained have been put forward to explain the changes which wool alcohols undergo on oxidation. Much of the practical work was carried out by Miss E. Graydon, P. Hills and G. Sumpter. The authors wish to thank A. G. Wright for his work in connection with the design and construction of the two types of apparatus illustrated and the Directors of Herts Pharmaceuticals Limited for permission to publish this work.
Fluorimetric and Microbiological Assays of Riboflavine in Malted Preparations
Authors: Klatzkin Chloe , Norris F W , Wokes F 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Using a more sensitive fluorimeter than has previously been described in this country, a method is given for estimating riboflavine in malted preparations which gives much better agreement with microbiological assays than had previously been obtained. These preparations when oxidised with permanganate during the purification procedure exhibit a non-specific blue fluorescence which interferes with the fluorimetric assay. In old samples of malt extract this blue fluorescence is quite marked before permanganate treatment. The behaviour of the fluorescent substance with Florisil and its low solubility in chloroform show it not to be lumichrome. It is most effectively separated from riboflavine by adsorption on Florisil and careful elution with 1 per cent. pyridine, the process being observed continuously under the ultra-violet lamp. Spectroscopic studies indicated Wratten 47 as a satisfactory primary filter. Comparison of fluorimetric and microbiological results confirmed this. When calculating the results of riboflavine fluorimetric assays a method based on the assumption that the net fluorescence is proportional to the concentration, and using solvent blanks to determine the net fluorescence, is preferable to the method more usual in this country of using calibration curves obtained by plotting gross fluorescence against concentration. We are indebted to Mr. E. J. Bowen, F.R.S., for advice, to Miss Janet Horsford and Mr. R. Evans for technical assistance, to Mr. G. Slaughter for the fluorescence spectrum of riboflavine, to Messrs.*** Hilger and Watts, Ltd., and Messrs. Kodak, Ltd., for data on the transmission of filters.