bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Composition Rule to Predict the Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Polybutadienes with Varying Microstructure
Authors: Robles-Vásquez O. , González-Álvarez A. , Puig J. E. , Manero O. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A composition rule is proposed here to predict the glass transition temperature (Tg), the zero shear-rate dynamic viscosity (η0′), the plateau modulus (G0) and the terminal relaxation time (λ) of narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) polybutadienes with various vinyl contents in solution and in the melt from the knowledge of the vinyl fraction, polymer fraction in solution and average molecular weight. The predictions of the composition rule are compared with data of a variety of narrow MWD polybutadienes with varying microstructure.
Multifunctional Engineering Design of Elastomeric Components
Authors: Reifsnider Kenneth , Huang Xinyu , Zou Yue , Solasi Roham , Feshler Matthew 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Earlier work has shown that the strength and growth of defects in elastomers is greatly affected by microstructure and mechanical constraint. Current work is focused on ionomeric materials which behave as elastomers under certain conditions of temperature, hydration, and mechanical constraint. These materials are typically characterized by large strains to failure. The present paper will deal with two aspects of their response that is important to design. The first is the creation of nonlinear constitutive equations that are appropriate for the description of their response in commercial codes. And the second is the development of strength concepts that are appropriate for the description of failure of such materials. Finally, the relationship of the material response and failure criteria to complexity of active stress states will be discussed.
Influence of Silica and its Different Surface Treatments on the Vulcanization Process of Silica Filled SBR
Authors: Ramier J. , Chazeau L. , Gauthier C. , Guy L. , Bouchereau M. N. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The effect of different silica treatments on the vulcanization of silica filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) is investigated. The concentration, the length and the functionality (coupling or non coupling) of the silane used for this treatment are the parameters studied. It is shown that the silane grafting, by covering the silica surface, modifies the adsorption and desorption on this surface of the accelerators used in the vulcanization system, which in turn modifies the crosslinking kinetic and therefore should influence the final crosslinking state of the matrix.
Filler Distribution and Domain Size of Elastomer Compounds by Solid-State NMR and AFM
Authors: Hu Weiguo , Ellul Maria D. , Tsou Andy H. , Datta Sudhin 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Solid-state NMR methods were used to characterize the filler distribution in rubber blends and domain size of thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV). Correlation between filler content and magic angle spinning (MAS) 13C and 1H NMR signal linewidth was established, and filler content in each component of the rubber blends was determined. In IIR/BR and BIMS/BR blends, carbon black enriches in BR phase. Comparison of the carbon black enrichment in both blends suggests that BIMS has a slightly stronger interaction with fillers than does IIR. Results obtained from AFM analysis were compared with NMR observations. Spin diffusion NMR was demonstrated to be useful for quantifying the amount of interfacial component in TPV. Its advantages — ease of quantification and high sensitivity for smaller domains — make it a complementary approach to microscopic techniques for elastomer morphology characterization.
Effect of Methacrylate Co-Agents on Peroxide Cured PP/EPDM Thermoplastic Vulcanizates
Authors: de Risi F. R. , Noordermeer J. W. M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) have gained large technical and economic importance. TPVs are characterized by a chemically crosslinked rubber phase, embedded in a thermoplastic matrix, produced by dynamic vulcanization during mixing with the thermoplastic in its molten state. Methacrylate species are investigated as co-agents for peroxide vulcanization of polypropylene/ethylene-propylene-diene-rubber (PP/EPDM) TPVs, whereby the weight fraction of the EPDM is varied from 30, 50 to 70%. Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA), trimethylol propane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA, often referred to as TRIM) and zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) are tested. A fixed amount of dicumyl peroxide as crosslinker and varying contents of co-agents are employed, the latter to boost EPDM-crosslinking and prevent degradation of the PP by β-scission. Differences observed in mechanical properties point to diverse structures of the crosslink networks of the TPVs. Of the three co-agents, TMPTMA gives the best overall balance of properties by EPDM crosslinking and preventing PP-degradation. This is explained by the positioning of the solubility parameter of this co-agent between those of EPDM and PP, whilst EDMA presents a value far away from either one. ZDMA, although giving very good room temperature properties like tensile strength, shows signs of thermo-reversion of the crosslinks in the compression set measured at 70 °C.
Numerical Simulation of tire Traction on Various Road Conditions
Authors: Nakajima Yukio 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The tire is the only point of contact between the car and the road and the traction is drastically changed by the road condition. Since the critical functions performed by the tire are determined by a tiny contact interface, the numerical simulation has been pursued to analyze the tire traction on various road conditions. The numerical simulation of tire traction on various road conditions such as ice, snow, water and soil are a very challenging problem, because these involve fluid-structure interaction, tire-road contact analysis and difficulty of tire pattern modeling. In this paper, the study on the numerical simulation of tire traction on various road conditions is reviewed. The tire is analyzed by FEM with Lagrangian formulation and the interfacial material is analyzed by FVM with Eulerian formulation. Since the tire and the interfacial material are modeled separately and their coupling is automatically computed by the coupling element, the tire-interfacial material interaction of the complex geometry, such as the tire with the tread pattern, can be analyzed practically. Since the prediction of tire traction is verified to be in good agreement with experiment, this technology has been started applying the development of tire pattern design. This tool will be one of the key technologies to shorten the period of development. Lastly, future works for this simulation technology are proposed.
Rubber Reinforcement and its Classification
Authors: Hamed G. R. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Principles of rubber reinforcement are discussed and new nomenclature is proposed to classify reinforced rubbers. The engineering tensile strength σb of amorphous, gum, non-crystallizable rubbers is only about σb≈3 MPa. These have no commercial use. However, if such rubbers contain enough stiff (hard or rigid) “entities” of density ρ and specific surface area S, such that 600/ρ m2/mL&gt;S&gt;60/ρ m2/mL, then σb&gt;20 20 MPa. These rubbers are considered highly reinforced. The value of S for a stiff “entity” is largely dependent on its characteristic smallest dimension, d. For spheres or rods, d is diameter, and for plates, d is thickness. For all three shapes, the range of d corresponding to the limits of S given previously is approximately 100 nm&gt;d&gt;1 nm. Sometimes, the prefix nano- has been used to designate materials that contain stiff “entities” in this range of d. Other times, the prefix nano- has denoted a smaller range of d, 10 nm&gt;d&gt;1 nm. Thus, the term nano- is ambiguous in the literature. It is proposed to divide the size range, 1 nm&lt;d&lt;100 nm, of stiff “entities” into two ranges with different designations. When 10 nm&gt;d&gt;1 nm, the prefix proposed is nano-, and when 100 nm&gt;d&gt;10 nm, meso- is proposed as the prefix. This division may seem superfluous and arbitrary, but there is scientific merit for it. The way that the stiff “entities” come about provides criteria for further categorization. If the “entities” are (insoluble) particles that have similar d before and after incorporation (i.e., d is largely pre-determined) into an elastomer, then “composite” is the suffix proposed. But, if the stiff “entities” evolve and d depends on the kinetics and thermodynamics of phase separation, then the suffix is “structured.” Nomenclature for four types of rubber are then proposed: meso-composite, meso-structured, nano-structured and nano-composite. Commercial examples of the first three are known: black-filled SBR vulcanizates (meso-composite, σb≈20–30 MPa), SBS triblock copolymers (mesostructured, σb≈20–30 MPa), and elastomeric ionomers (nano-structured, σb≈50–60 MPa). Both meso-rubbers need about 20–25% (by volume) stiff “entity” to attain high reinforcement, whereas, only 2% stiff “entity” (ionic domains) imparts high reinforcement to nano-structured ionomers. Highly reinforced meso-rubber contains a higher concentration of stiff “entity” than that present in highly reinforced nano-rubber. However, in both meso- and nano-rubbers, the average distance between stiff “entities” is about 5 nm. This distance is similar to the spacing of crosslinks in vulcanizates that are optimally crosslinked. To the author's knowledge, no nano-composite rubber that is highly reinforced has been made. Nonetheless, the existence of high strength nano-structured ionomers suggests that highly reinforced nano-composites may be possible.
Comparative Study of Silica-, Nanoclay- and Carbon Black-Filled Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) Rubbers Treated by Ultrasound
Authors: Tan Haisheng , Isayev A. I. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The ultrasonic treatment of unfilled EPDM and silica-, nanoclay- and CB-filled EPDM mixtures was carried out using a coaxial ultrasonic extruder at various ultrasonic amplitudes. Rheological properties, morphology, cure characteristics and mechanical properties were measured. The storage and loss moduli and complex dynamic viscosity of untreated and ultrasonically treated silica-filled EPDM mixtures were significantly higher than those of the nanoclay- and CB-filled EPDM mixtures in the frequency measurement range with the Tan Delta being significantly lower than that of the nanoclay-filled EPDM mixtures. The increase of the tensile strength and elongation at break of silica-, nanoclay- and CB-filled EPDM vulcanizates was observed with increasing ultrasonic amplitude and filler loading with the values being 26.5 MPa and 1070% in treated 30 phr silica-filled vulcanizates. The hardness of all samples was slightly decreased with increasing ultrasonic amplitude with the silica-filled EPDM showing the highest values. The minimum torque of filled EPDM mixtures gradually decreased with increasing ultrasonic amplitude. Depending of filler type and loading the maximum torque showed an increase or a decrease with ultrasonic amplitude. The scorch time of silica- and CB-filled EPDM mixtures slightly increased with increasing ultrasonic amplitude. The optimum cure time of the silica- and nanoclay-filled EPDM mixtures gradually increased and the CB-filled mixtures slightly decreased with filler loading. Ultrasonic treatment of the silica-filled EPDM leads to the formation of a transition layer on the surface of agglomerates into which macromolecular chains penetrate.
Dynamic Properties of Filled Rubber — Part I: Simple Model, Experimental Data and Simulated Results
Authors: Ahmadi H. R. , Kingston J. G. R. , Muhr A. H. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A simple “viscoplastic” model is used to capture the stress-strain behavior of a filled SBR vulcanizate; a key objective is to predict dynamic properties, in particular the Fletcher-Gent or Payne effect, from non-cyclic stress-strain data. A simple fitting procedure is described to obtain the parameters of the viscoplastic model from the stress relaxation data and stress-strain loading curves at constant rate. Special attention is given to keeping the numbers of parameters and of characterization tests small. Elastic models are incapable of representing several aspects of the material behavior whereas it is confirmed that the proposed “viscoplastic” approach captures the essence of the behavior.
Atom Transfer Radical Graft Copolymerization on a Poly(Epichlorohydrin-CO-Ethylene Oxide) (ECO) Elastomer
Authors: Manikyaharithus Kalaga , Singha Nikhil K. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Graft copolymerization by conventional radical polymerization leads to poor control in molecular weight and quite often gel formation because of several side reactions. In this investigation, PMMA was grafted on poly(epichlorohydrine-co-ethylene oxide) (ECO) elastomer by using ‘grafting from’ technique via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), a very recently developed method of controlled radical polymerization. The pendant —Cl group in ECO rubber was activated by using CuBr catalyst and thus macromolecular chain in ECO rubber acted as macroinitiator. Grafting of PMMA on ECO was confirmed by FT-IR and NMR analyses. DSC traces showed two Tgs in PMMA grafted ECO rubbers indicating microphase separation of hard and glassy PMMA microdomains in the flexible elastomeric ECO matrix. Interestingly, there was large increase in tensile strength and tension set in the ECO-grafted-PMMA materials.
Elastomer Nanocomposites
Authors: Maiti Madhuchhanda , Bhattacharya Mithun , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Recently, elastomer - nanocomposites reinforced with low volume fraction of nanofillers have attracted great interest due to their fascinating properties. The incorporation of nanofillers such as layered silicate clays, carbon nanotubes, nanofibers, calcium carbonate, metal oxides or silica nanoparticles into elastomers improves significantly their mechanical, thermal, dynamic mechanical, barrier properties, flame retardancy, etc. The properties of nanocomposites depend greatly on the chemistry of polymer matrices, nature of nanofillers, and the method in which they are prepared. The uniform dispersion of nanofillers in elastomer matrices is a general prerequisite for achieving desired mechanical and physical characteristics. In this review article, current developments in the field of elastomer nanocomposites reinforced with layered silicates, silica, carbon nanotubes, nanofibers and various other nanoparticles have been addressed. Attention has been paid to the structure and properties of such high-performance nanocomposites, along with the theories and models existing in this field.
Structural Analysis of Filler in Rubber Composite under Stretch with Time-Resolved Two-Dimensional Ultra-Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering
Authors: Kishimoto Hiroyuki , Shinohara Yuya , Amemiya Yoshiyuki , Inoue Katsuaki , Suzuki Yoshio , Takeuchi Akihisa , Uesugi Kentaro , Yagi Naoto 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We investigated the hierarchical structure of silica, especially agglomerate structure, in stretched rubber by time-resolved two-dimensional ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (2D-USAXS). Time-resolved 2D-USAXS measurements give us the in-situ structural information up to 5 μm during sample deformation. The results are summarized as follows: at first, the agglomerate is turned so that the long axis of the agglomerate is parallel to the stretching direction, and the “weakly-bonded agglomerates” weakly bonding between agglomerates is broken down. Second, the distance between agglomerates increases with the small deformation of agglomerate. Finally, the “tightly-bonded agglomerates” strongly bonding between agglomerates start to deform. Existence of silane-coupling agents causes the differences in the manner of agglomerate deformation. These kinds of structural information will be a key to understanding the origin of rubber reinforcement by filler such as carbon black and silica.
Aging with Applied Strain of A Black-Filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizate. Part I: Network Changes
Authors: Ohlemacher Crittenden J. , Hamed Gary R. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Black-filled natural rubber, with an inefficient sulfur cure, was aged at 90 °C and 110 °C under nitrogen, with and without applied strain. Samples aged under strain became “double networks” and retained a residual extension ratio. The crosslink density of samples passed through a maximum with increasing severity of aging. Presumably this arises because the thermally labile, polysulfidic crosslinks break, and new crosslinks of lower rank form, resulting in increased crosslink density; but, when aged at 110 °C, this is offset by chain scission and other main-chain modifications. For double networks, it is proposed that a second network, which tends to keep samples extended, is formed at the expense of crosslinks in the original, first network. Unaged and single network samples were isotropic in tensile behavior and only slightly anisotropic in swelling behavior. For double networks, swelling and tensile properties were anisotropic, and there was some evidence that parallel specimens have increased ability to strain-crystallize. The observed anisotropies in double networks are proposed to arise from the chain orientation that persisted after double network formation.
Compatibility Improvement between Chlorinated Thermoplastic Rubber and Polychloroprene Adhesive
Authors: Mercedes Pastor-Blas M. M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Traditionally, it has been believed that there is an incompatibility between the chlorinated rubber surface and polychloroprene adhesives resulting in a lack of adhesion. However, in this study it has been shown that a polychloroprene adhesive (PCP30P) produces similar T-peel strength values when using a polyurethane (PU) adhesive in joints produced between a chlorinated thermoplastic SBS rubber and roughened leather. In both cases a cohesive failure mode within the rubber was obtained. This polychloroprene adhesive (PCP30P) contains a thermoreactive phenolic resin in its formulation. The nature of the resin greatly influences the viscoelastic properties of the polychloroprene adhesive. Thus, polychloroprene adhesive with no resin or with resins of a different nature do not produce suitable adhesive joints between the chlorinated rubber and the leather (Terpene phenolic resin (PCP30TP), a glycerol esther colofony resin (PCP30EC) and an aromatic hydrocarbon resin (PCP30AH) were studied). The interactions produced between the chlorinating agent and the adhesive were studied by ATR-IR on solid films of the polychloroprene adhesives and the tackifier resins previously immersed in the chlorinating solution (0.5 and 3 wt% TCI/MEK). All the polychloroprene adhesives were modified by the chlorinating agent, being capable of producing a good interaction with the chlorinated rubber surface at the interface. Therefore, the good performance of the PCP30P adhesive compared with the other polychloroprene adhesives has been ascribed to rheological behavior more similar to the PU adhesive assessed by DMTA. The PCP30P adhesive is the most elastic material among all the considered polychloroprene adhesives. This increased elasticity and better viscoelastic properties are imparted by the thermoreactive phenolic resin in its formulation.
Goodyear Medalist Lecture. Goodyear Medalist Lecture Towards Understanding of the Rheology of Rubber Compounds and their Processing
Authors: White James L. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The problems of the rheological properties of rubber compounds and the understanding of the processing operations that are used to produce rubber products have received relatively little study in the literature compared to thermoplastics. This seems in part due to an almost 200 year old tradition of industrial secrecy and the vertically integrated nature of the synthetic rubber producer — tire manufacturer combines in the USA. Thus while abundant information has always been available from thermoplastics suppliers on processing technology, little has been available on rubber. Because I began my professional career in the rubber industry and became from an early age concerned with its technical problems, I have not been swayed to the same extent by the thermoplastics dominated technical literature as others in the polymer community.
Cure Kinetics Study of Unfilled and Carbon Black Filled Synthetic Isoprene Rubber
Authors: Sun Ximei , Isayev Avraam I. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The reversion type cure kinetic and induction time models were successfully utilized to predict the isothermal and nonisothermal evolution of the state of cure in vulcanization of the unfilled and carbon black (CB)-filled IR compounds measured by APA 2000. The rate constants for the reversion reaction and the formation of the stable and unstable crosslinks and the parameters of the induction time function with the Arrhenius temperature dependences were determined from the isothermal cure measurements. The equation was proposed to adequately describe the measured dependence of the difference between the maximum and minimum torques as a function of isothermal curing temperature. The measured induction time as a function of heating rate and step temperature variation was successfully predicted based on parameters of the isothermal induction time model. Isothermal cure modeling at each curing temperature individually or at all the curing temperatures simultaneously showed the excellent agreement with the experimental data for both curing and reversion. More severe reversion in the CB-filled IR in comparison with the unfilled IR was explained by comparing their reversion rate constants.
Cure State by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Authors: Johnson Lili L. , Jacob Sunny 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Phase shift angle measurements were made on ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), polypropylene (PP), and thermoplastic elastomers (TPVs) using TappingMode™ phase imaging technique by atomic force microscopy (AFM). In this work, the phase shift angle for rubber or elastomer is independent of penetration depth for setpoint ratio (rsp) below 0.6, which indicates elastic behavior of the materials. Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) containing different amount of curative show that phase shift angle increases with increasing curative content. Our study shows that phase shift angle measurement can be used to evaluate cure state of elastomer phase for model TPVs.
Structural Arrest and Thermodynamic Scaling in Filler-Reinforced Polymers
Authors: Robertson C. G. , Bogoslovov R. , Roland C. M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The role of small silica particles on the stiffness and glass transition dynamics of polyvinylacetate (PVAc) was examined for filler volume fraction (ϕ) from 0 to 0.28. Whereas the influences of bound polymer and a strain-dependent filler network were clearly noted in the shear properties, the only effect of filler on the bulk modulus was the reduction in deformable polymer. The calorimetric glass transition of PVAc and its dependence on cooling rate were unaltered by the presence of the silica, in agreement with previous dielectric relaxation results. In contrast to the temperature dependence of the segmental dynamics, which was independent of ϕ, the effect of volume on segmental relaxation was amplified by the addition of silica. This resulted in larger values for the thermodynamic scaling exponent (γ), which also increased sharply at the filler concentration corresponding to the development of a percolated filler network.