bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shyness Versus Social Phobia in US Youth
Authors: Burstein Marcy , Ameli-Grillon Leila , Merikangas Kathleen R. 
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVES:Scholars and the popular press have suggested that the diagnostic entity of social phobia “medicalizes” normal human shyness. In this study we examined the plausibility of this hypothesis by (1) determining the frequency of shyness and its overlap with social phobia in a nationally representative adolescent sample, (2) investigating the degree to which shyness and social phobia differ with regard to sociodemographic characteristics, functional impairment, and psychiatric comorbidity, and (3) examining differences in rates of prescribed medication use among youth with shyness and/or social phobia.METHODS:The National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement is a nationally representative, face-to-face survey of 10 123 adolescents, aged 13 to 18 years, in the continental United States. Lifetime social phobia was assessed by using a modified version of the fully structured World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Adolescents and parents also provided information on youth shyness and prescribed medication use.RESULTS:Only 12% of the youth who identified themselves as shy also met the criteria for lifetime social phobia. Relative to adolescents who were characterized as shy, adolescents affected with social phobia displayed significantly greater role impairment and were more likely to experience a multitude of psychiatric disorders, including disorders of anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance use. However, those adolescents were no more likely than their same-age counterparts to be taking prescribed medications.CONCLUSIONS:The results of this study provide evidence that social phobia is an impairing psychiatric disorder, beyond normal human shyness. Such findings raise questions concerning the “medicalization” hypothesis of social phobia.
Organic/Inorganic Hybrid-Type Nonvolatile Memory Thin-Film Transistor on Plastic Substrate below 150°C
Authors: Yoon Sung-Min , Yang Shinhyuk , Jung Soon-Won , Ko Park Sang-Hee , Byun Chun-Won , Ryu Min-Ki , Oh Himchan , Kim Kyounghwan , Hwang Chi-Sun , Cho Kyoung-Ik , Yu Byoung-Gon 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTAn organic/inorganic hybrid-type nonvolatile memory TFT was proposed as a core device for the future flexible electronics. The structural feature of this memory TFT was that a ferroelectric copolymer and an oxide semiconductor layers were employed as a gate insulator and an active channel, respectively. The memory TFT with the structure of Au/poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)/Al2O3/ZnO/Ti/Au/Ti/poly(ethylene naphthalate) could be successfully fabricated at the process temperature of below 150°C. It was confirmed that the TFT well operated as a memory device even under the bending situations.
Obtaining a banded system of equations in complete spline interpolation problem via B-spline basis
Authors: Volkov Yuriy 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
We study the problem of interpolation by a complete spline of 2n − 1 degree given in B-spline representation. Explicit formulas for the first nand the last ncoefficients of B-spline decomposition are found. It is shown that other B-spline coefficients can be computed as a solution of a banded system of an equitype linear equations.
Terahertz and infrared photodetectors based on multiple graphene layer and nanoribbon structures
Authors: Ryzhii V. , Ryabova N. , Ryzhii M. , Baryshnikov N. , Karasik V. , Mitin V. , Otsuji T. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe consider new concepts of terahertz and infrared photodetectors based on multiple graphene layer and multiple graphene nanoribbon structures and we evaluate their responsivity and detectivity. The performance of the detectors under consideration is compared with that of photodetectors made of the traditional structures. We show that due to high values of the quantum efficiency and relatively low rates of thermogeneration, the graphene-based detectors can exhibit high responsivity and detectivity at elevated temperatures in a wide radiation spectrum and can substantially surpass other detectors. The detector being discussed can be used in different wide-band and multi-colour terahertz and infrared systems.
Les relations civils-militaires en Allemagne entre « posthéroïsme » et poids du passé : le monument aux morts de la Bundeswehr
Authors: Leonhard Nina 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Depuis la fin de la confrontation entre les blocs de l’Est et de l’Ouest, les forces armées allemandes (la Bundeswehr ) ont vécu une transformation profonde qui a changé substantiellement les rapports qu’ils entretenaient avec la société civile. Ce changement se manifeste entre autres dans la manière dont la société allemande gère le décès de ses militaires. Le monument consacré aux morts de la Bundeswehr qui fut inauguré en septembre 2009 en est un bon exemple. Cet article propose une analyse du mémoriel et du débat public qui a accompagné sa mise en place avec deux objectifs : étudier le contexte dans lequel le monument a été érigé afin de reconstruire les différentes significations qu’il peut revêtir et examiner à quel point le mémoriel est apte à créer un lien symbolique entre la Bundeswehr et la société allemande.
Resolvin D1 and Its Precursor Docosahexaenoic Acid Promote Resolution of Adipose Tissue Inflammation by Eliciting Macrophage Polarization toward an M2-Like Phenotype
Authors: Titos Esther , Rius Bibiana , González-Périz Ana , López-Vicario Cristina , Morán-Salvador Eva , Martínez-Clemente Marcos , Arroyo Vicente , Clària Joan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
We recently demonstrated that ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids ameliorate obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. In this study, we report novel mechanisms underlying ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid actions on adipose tissue, adipocytes, and stromal vascular cells (SVC). Inflamed adipose tissue from high-fat diet-induced obese mice showed increased F4/80 and CD11b double-positive macrophage staining and elevated IL-6 and MCP-1 levels. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 4 μg/g) did not change the total number of macrophages but significantly reduced the percentage of high CD11b/high F4/80-expressing cells in parallel with the emergence of low-expressing CD11b/F4/80 macrophages in the adipose tissue. This effect was associated with downregulation of proinflammatory adipokines in parallel with increased expression of IL-10, CD206, arginase 1, resistin-like molecule α, and chitinase-3 like protein, indicating a phenotypic switch in macrophage polarization toward an M2-like phenotype. This shift was confined to the SVC fraction, in which secretion of Th1 cytokines (IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α) was blocked by DHA. Notably, resolvin D1, an anti-inflammatory and proresolving mediator biosynthesized from DHA, markedly attenuated IFN-γ/LPS-induced Th1 cytokines while upregulating arginase 1 expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Resolvin D1 also stimulated nonphlogistic phagocytosis in adipose SVC macrophages by increasing both the number of macrophages containing ingested particles and the number of phagocytosed particles and by reducing macrophage reactive oxygen species production. No changes in adipocyte area and the phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase, a rate-limiting enzyme regulating adipocyte lipolysis, were observed. These findings illustrate novel mechanisms through which resolvin D1 and its precursor DHA confer anti-inflammatory and proresolving actions in inflamed adipose tissue.
IFN-γ Promotes Muscle Damage in the mdx Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy by Suppressing M2 Macrophage Activation and Inhibiting Muscle Cell Proliferation
Authors: Villalta S. Armando , Deng Bo , Rinaldi Chiara , Wehling-Henricks Michelle , Tidball James G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a degenerative disorder that leads to death by the third decade of life. Previous investigations have shown that macrophages that invade dystrophic muscle are a heterogeneous population consisting of M1 and M2 macrophages that promote injury and repair, respectively. In the present investigation, we tested whether IFN-γ worsens the severity of mdx dystrophy by activating macrophages to a cytolytic M1 phenotype and by suppressing the activation of proregenerative macrophages to an M2 phenotype. IFN-γ is a strong inducer of the M1 phenotype and is elevated in mdx dystrophy. Contrary to our expectations, null mutation of IFN-γ caused no reduction of cytotoxicity of macrophages isolated from mdx muscle and did not reduce muscle fiber damage in vivo or improve gross motor function of mdx mice at the early, acute peak of pathology. In contrast, ablation of IFN-γ reduced muscle damage in vivo during the regenerative stage of the disease and increased activation of the M2 phenotype and improved motor function of mdx mice at that later stage of the disease. IFN-γ also inhibited muscle cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro, and IFN-γ mutation increased MyoD expression in mdx muscle in vivo, showing that IFN-γ can have direct effects on muscle cells that could impair repair. Taken together, the findings show that suppression of IFN-γ signaling in muscular dystrophy reduces muscle damage and improves motor performance by promoting the M2 macrophage phenotype and by direct actions on muscle cells.
Economic Aspects of Sanitation in Developing Countries
Authors: Van Minh Hoang , Hung Nguyen Viet 
Published: October 2011

Background Improved sanitation has been shown to have great impacts on people's health and economy. However, the progress of achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) on halving the proportion of people without access to clean water and basic sanitation by 2015 has thus far been delayed. One of the reasons for the slow progress is that policy makers, as well as the general public, have not fully understood the importance of the improved sanitation solutions. This paper, by gathering relevant research findings, aims to report and discuss currently available evidence on the economic aspects of sanitation, including the economic impacts of unimproved sanitation and the costs and economic benefits of some common improved sanitation options in developing countries. Methods Data used in this paper were obtained from different information sources: international and national journal articles and reports, web-based statistics, and fact sheets. We used both online search and hand search methods to gather the information. Results Scientific evidence has demonstrated that the economic cost associated with poor sanitation is substantial. At the global level, failure to meet the MDG water and sanitation target would have ramifications in the area of US$38 billion, and sanitation accounts for 92% of this amount. In developing countries, the spending required to provide new coverage to meet the MDG sanitation target (not including program costs) is US$142 billion (US$ year 2005). This translates to a per capita spending of US$28 for sanitation. Annually, this translates to roughly US$14 million. The evidence complied in this paper demonstrates that investing in sanitation is socially and economically worthwhile. For every US$1 invested, achieving the sanitation MDG target and universal sanitation access in the non OECD countries would result in a global return of US$9.1 and US$11.2, respectively. Conclusion Given the current state of knowledge, sanitation is undeniably a profitable investment. It is clear that achieving the MDG sanitation target not only saves lives but also provides a foundation for economic growth.
Hoarseness of Voice: A Retrospective Study of 251 Cases
Authors: Singh Digvijay , Banjara Hansa , Mungutwar Varsha , Gupta Anuj 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTAimsHoarseness of voice is a common symptom in otolaryngological practice and it is the earliest manifestation of a large variety of conditions directly or indirectly affecting the larynx, ranging from benign to most malignant. This study was undertaken to find out clinical profile, predisposing factors and etiology of hoarseness of voice.MethodsA retrospective cohort analysis was carried out in Department of ENT, Pt JNM Medical College, Raipur, in 251 cases of change in voice for 3 years duration. All cases were analyzed for detailed history and underwent pre- and postoperatively stroboscopic examination to reach the diagnosis.ResultsTotal 251 cases with M:F ratio of 1.9:1 were analyzed. Patients age ranged from 11 to 80 years and majority of patients equally presented in 4th and 6th decade. Nonvocal/nonprofessional group constituted as a single largest group (85.26%). Smoking was commonest predisposing factor (44.22%) followed by vocal abuse (30.28%). Out of 251 cases, 83.67% cases were organic and 16.33% cases were functional in origin.
Hormonal contraception in thrombophilic adolescents
Authors: Rott H. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAbout 3.2 million women in Germany are between 14 and 19 years old representing about 19% of women. 55% of them use combined oral contraception (COC). The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) during the use of COC is increased 2–6 times. For thrombophilic patients depending on the kind of thrombophilic defect it is much higher. Pregnancy and postpartum period lead to a much higher increase of VTE than any COC use at all, both in women with and without thrombophilic defect. VTE risk in COC is highly dependent on the content of ethinylestradiol (EE) and the kind of progestagen used in COC. Progestagen-only contraceptives (POC) do not increase the VTE risk, since they do not activate the coagulation system. Conclusion: It is not justified to withhold any hormonal contraception to thrombophilic women, especially considering the much higher VTE risk in (maybe unintended) pregnancy. Adolescents thrombophilic women should rather be informed about the opportunity to use POC.
Beryllium Compounds
Authors: Kaczynski Donald J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Beryllium is a hard, gray element that does not occur naturally in nature. Only two beryllium minerals are of commercial importance for the production of beryllium: bertandite and beryl.
Beryllium is found in compounds that are typed as either soluble in water or not. Beryllium oxide is the most important of these compounds. Ceramic‐grade beryllium oxide has been manufactured and beryllia ceramics offer the advantage of a unique combination of high thermal conductivity and heat capacity with high electrical resistivity. Beryllia ceramics parts are frequently used in electronics and microelectronic applications. Addition of BeO to uranium oxide pellets results in longer life of the fuel. The other beryllium compounds discussed in this article are carbide, carbonates, carboxylates, halides, hydride, hydroxide, intermetallic compounds, nitrate, nitride, oxalate, and sulfate. Beryllium‐containing materials can be potentially harmful if handled.
Self‐Healing of an Epoxy Resin Using Scandium(III) Triflate as a Catalytic Curing Agent
Authors: Coope Tim S. , Mayer Ulrich F. J. , Wass Duncan F. , Trask Richard S. , Bond Ian P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA novel Lewis acid‐catalysed self‐healing system is investigated for implementation into epoxy‐based fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials. The catalyst, scandium(III) triflate, is selected using a qualitative approach and subsequently embedded with pre‐synthesised epoxy‐solvent loaded microcapsules, into an epoxy resin. Healing is initiated when microcapsules are ruptured at the onset of crack propagation. The epoxy monomer healing agent contained within actively undergoes ring‐opening polymerisation (ROP) on contact with the locally dispersed catalyst, forming a new polymer to bridge the two fractured crack planes. Self‐healing performance is quantified using a tapered double cantilever beam (TDCB) test specimen and the effects of microcapsule content and healing temperature and time are all independently considered. As an initial ‘proof of concept’ study, results show that a material recovery value of greater than 80% fracture strength is achieved for this novel Lewis acid‐catalysed self‐healing epoxy resin.
Lewis Award Paper: Some Perspectives on Chemical Engineering Analysis
Authors: Russell T. W. Fraser 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPersonal teaching experiences are discussed using an analysis logic diagram which stresses experimental efforts and the need to make students aware of uncertainties in any significant problems they will face. The critical issues are illustrated using a reactor analysis which has been made into an interactive design game for the Web. The analysis logic is also briefly illustrated for mass contactor and heat exchanger analysis. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Investigation on selective adsorption of Hg(II) ions using 4‐vinyl pyridine grafted poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber
Authors: Bozkaya Ogün , Yiğitoğlu Mustafa , Arslan Metin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn the work, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers were grafted with 4‐vinyl pyridine (4‐VP) monomer using benzoyl peroxide (Bz2O2) as initiator in aqueous media. The removal of Hg(II) ions from aqueous solution by the reactive fiber was examined by batch equilibration technique. Effects of various parameters such as pH, graft yield, adsorption time, initial ion concentration, and adsorption temperature on the adsorption amount of metal ions onto reactive fibers were investigated. The optimum pH of Hg(II) was found 3. The maximum adsorption capacity was found as 137.18 mg g−1. Moreover such parameters as the adsorption kinetics, the adsorption isotherm, desorption time and the selectivity of the reactive fiber were studied. The adsorption kinetics is in better agreement with pseudo‐first order kinetics, and the adsorption data are good fit with Freundlich isotherms. The grafted fiber is more selective for Hg(II) ions in the mixed solution of Hg(II)‐Ni(II), Hg(II)‐Zn(II), and Hg(II)‐Ni(II)‐Zn(II) at pH 3. Adsorbed Hg(II) ions were easily desorbed by treating with 1M HNO3 at room temperature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Proton conductive reinforced poly(ethylene‐co‐styrene) membranes
Authors: Annala Minna , Lipponen Sami , Kallio Tanja , Seppälä Jukka 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPolymers with ionic conductivity are useful materials for ion exchange membranes, separators, and electrolytes in electrochemical cells. New ionomers are currently being sought to replace the ionomers, which contain fluorine and are harmful to environment and expensive. A new and promising ionomer is a sulfonated ethylene/styrene copolymer. A nearby alternating copolymer with styrene content of 47 mol % was polymerized with metallocene/MAO catalyst. Membranes were prepared by hot‐pressing copolymer films with a glassfiber tissue. Phenyl rings in the copolymers were sulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid as a sulfonating agent. As the alternating structure of the copolymer, sulfonic groups were evenly distributed along the membranes. The membranes were characterized by determining water uptake, ion exchange capacity, proton conductivity, and mechanical properties. The studies revealed that the sulfonated copolymers have promising properties for proton‐conducting applications. All membranes had good ion exchange capacity, ∼ 3.5 meq/g, and proton conductivity, over 50 mS/cm. Due to the high water uptake of the sulfonated copolymer, mechanical properties of the membranes were improved by using the glassfiber tissue as reinforcement. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Soybean and linseed oil‐based composites reinforced with wood flour and wood fibers
Authors: Quirino Rafael L. , Woodford John , Larock Richard C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractComposites consisting of a conjugated linseed or soybean oil‐based thermoset reinforced with wood flour and wood fibers have been prepared by free radical polymerization. The thermoset resin consists of a copolymer of conjugated linseed oil (CLO) or conjugated soybean oil (CSO), n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA), divinylbenzene (DVB), and maleic anhydride (MA). The composites were cured at 180°C and 600 psi and postcured for 2 h at 200°C under atmospheric pressure. The effect of varying filler load, time of cure, filler particle size, origin of the fillers, and resin composition has been assessed by means of tensile tests, DMA, TGA, Soxhlet extraction followed by 1H‐NMR spectroscopic analysis of the extracts, and DSC. The best processing conditions have been established for the pine wood flour composites. It has been observed that the addition of MA to the resin composition improves the filler‐resin interaction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Sentiment strength detection for the social web
Authors: Thelwall Mike , Buckley Kevan , Paltoglou Georgios 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSentiment analysis is concerned with the automatic extraction of sentiment‐related information from text. Although most sentiment analysis addresses commercial tasks, such as extracting opinions from product reviews, there is increasing interest in the affective dimension of the social web, and Twitter in particular. Most sentiment analysis algorithms are not ideally suited to this task because they exploit indirect indicators of sentiment that can reflect genre or topic instead. Hence, such algorithms used to process social web texts can identify spurious sentiment patterns caused by topics rather than affective phenomena. This article assesses an improved version of the algorithm SentiStrength for sentiment strength detection across the social web that primarily uses direct indications of sentiment. The results from six diverse social web data sets (MySpace, Twitter, YouTube, Digg, Runners World, BBC Forums) indicate that SentiStrength 2 is successful in the sense of performing better than a baseline approach for all data sets in both supervised and unsupervised cases. SentiStrength is not always better than machine‐learning approaches that exploit indirect indicators of sentiment, however, and is particularly weaker for positive sentiment in news‐related discussions. Overall, the results suggest that, even unsupervised, SentiStrength is robust enough to be applied to a wide variety of different social web contexts.
Link prediction in citation networks
Authors: Shibata Naoki , Kajikawa Yuya , Sakata Ichiro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this article, we build models to predict the existence of citations among papers by formulating link prediction for 5 large‐scale datasets of citation networks. The supervised machine‐learning model is applied with 11 features. As a result, our learner performs very well, with the F1 values of between 0.74 and 0.82. Three features in particular, link‐based Jaccard coefficient difference in betweenness centrality, and cosine similarity of term frequency–inverse document frequency vectors, largely affect the predictions of citations. The results also indicate that different models are required for different types of research areas—research fields with a single issue or research fields with multiple issues. In the case of research fields with multiple issues, there are barriers among research fields because our results indicate that papers tend to be cited in each research field locally. Therefore, one must consider the typology of targeted research areas when building models for link prediction in citation networks.