bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TREE: Routing strategy with guarantee of QoS for industrial wireless sensor networks
Authors: Xue Liang , Guan Xinping , Liu Zhixin , Yang Bo 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYAs considerable progress has been made in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), we can expect that sensor nodes will be applied in industrial applications. Most available techniques for WSNs can be transplanted to industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs). However, there are new requirements of quality of service (QoS), that is, real‐time routing, energy efficiency, and transmission reliability, which are three main performance indices of routing design for IWSNs. As one‐hop neighborhood information is often inadequate to data routing in IWSNs, it is difficult to use the conventional routing methods. In the paper, we propose the routing strategy by taking the real‐time routing performance, transmission reliability, and energy efficiency (TREE, triple R and double E) into considerations. For that, each sensor node should improve the capability of search range in the phase of data route discovery. Because of the increase of available information in the enlarged search range, sensor node can select more suitable relay node per hop. The real‐time data routes with lower energy cost and better transmission reliability will be used in our proposed routing guideline. By comparing with other routing methods through extensive experimental results, our distributed routing proposal can guarantee the diversified QoS requirements in industrial applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
All‐Solid‐State Ion Selective and All‐Solid‐State Reference Electrodes
Authors: Michalska Agata 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper is aiming to give a brief overview of recent research in the field of all‐solid‐state, internal solution free, ion‐selective electrodes and reference electrodes, employing conducting polymers or nano‐/microstructures as solid contacts beneath the polymeric, ion‐selective or reference membranes. The emphasis is on papers published in the last five years (after 2006). According to the papers published, poly(3‐octylthiophene) conducting polymer transducers offer highly reliable sensors for various applications, involving demanding analytical approaches and miniature sensors. On the other hand, the search for alternative materials continues: the sensors obtained by placing nano‐/microstructures (conducting polymers but also other materials, like, e.g., carbon nanotubes) underneath the receptor membrane are intensively tested. The recent years have also shown how useful the application of advanced instrumental methods is for the investigation of processes occurring within all‐solid‐state ion‐selective electrodes.
Finite volume methods for unidirectional dispersive wave models
Authors: Dutykh D. , Katsaounis Th. , Mitsotakis D. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYWe extend the framework of the finite volume method to dispersive unidirectional water wave propagation in one space dimension. In particular, we consider a KdV–BBM‐type equation. Explicit and implicit–explicit Runge–Kutta‐type methods are used for time discretizations. The fully discrete schemes are validated by direct comparisons to analytic solutions. Invariants' conservation properties are also studied. Main applications include important nonlinear phenomena such as dispersive shock wave formation, solitary waves, and their various interactions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four‐component synthesis of disubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives from cinnamaldehyde, an aromatic carboxylic acid, a secondary amine, and N‐isocyaniminotriphenylphosphorane
Authors: Ramazani Ali , Kalhor Robabe , Rezaei Aram , Karimi Zahra 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe iminium intermediate generated by the reaction between a secondary amine and cinnamaldehyde was reacted with N‐isocyanimino‐triphenylphosphorane in the presence of benzoic acid derivatives to form the corresponding iminophosphorane intermediate, whose intramolecular aza‐Wittig reaction led to disubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives. The syntheses were completed under neutral conditions at room temperature to give excellent yields. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:315–321, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21013
Areal differentiation of snow accumulation and melt between peatland types in the James Bay Lowland
Authors: Whittington Peter , Ketcheson Scott , Price Jonathan , Richardson Murray , Di Febo Antonio 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSnow accumulation and melt between various peatland types in the James Bay Lowlands is poorly understood despite being a significant source of fresh water to the saline James Bay. Many topographical factors that control snow accumulation and melt (e.g. slope, aspect) are not relevant in the James Bay Lowlands because of the extremely low relief. Thus, vegetation characteristics (e.g. winter leaf area index, tree density), which are strongly linked to peatland type, may dictate spatial patterns of snow accumulation and melt across the landscape. A 1.5‐km long transect that bisected five peatland types representative of the local area was used to determine average snow depth, density and water equivalence for each of the landscape units. The peatland types were classified, in part, because of the density of treed vegetation and were named open bog, open shrub fen, low‐density treed fen, medium density treed bog and high‐density treed fen. Those with medium or high‐density treed vegetation accumulated significantly more snow than those with low or open densities. Snow density, however, showed no correlation with landscape unit, and snowmelt proceeded at similar rates between all landscape units because of the relatively open canopy typical of this environment. A randomization test showed that the areally weighted basin average snow depth estimates varied by less than 10 cm as a result of the small but statistically significant differences in snow accumulation among landscape units. These differences are therefore relatively unimportant for accurately quantifying basin‐wide snow depth in this landscape. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in rainfall and temperature in the Peruvian Amazon–Andes basin over the last 40 years (1965–2007)
Authors: Lavado Casimiro Waldo Sven , Labat David , Ronchail Josyane , Espinoza Jhan Carlo , Guyot Jean Loup 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe hydroclimatology of the Peruvian Amazon–Andes basin (PAB) which surface corresponding to 7% of the Amazon basin is still poorly documented. We propose here an extended and original analysis of the temporal evolution of monthly rainfall, mean temperature (Tmean), maximum temperature (Tmax) and minimum temperature (Tmin) time series over two PABs (Huallaga and Ucayali) over the last 40 years.This analysis is based on a new and more complete database that includes 77 weather stations over the 1965–2007 period, and we focus our attention on both annual and seasonal meteorological time series. A positive significant trend in mean temperature of 0.09 °C per decade is detected over the region with similar values in the Andes and rainforest when considering average data. However, a high percentage of stations with significant Tmean positive trends are located over the Andes region. Finally, changes in the mean values occurred earlier in Tmax (during the 1970s) than in Tmin (during the 1980s).In the PAB, there is neither trend nor mean change in rainfall during the 1965–2007 period. However, annual, summer and autumn rainfall in the southern Andes presents an important interannual variability that is associated with the sea surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic Ocean while there are limited relationships between rainfall and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. On the contrary, the interannual temperature variability is mainly related to ENSO events. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐ and long‐term peripheral nerve regeneration using a poly‐lactic‐co‐glycolic‐acid scaffold containing nerve growth factor and glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor releasing microspheres
Authors: de Boer Ralph , Borntraeger Andreas , Knight Andrew M. , Hébert‐Blouin Marie‐Noëlle , Spinner Robert J. , Malessy Martijn J. A. , Yaszemski Michael J. , Windebank Anthony J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAddition of neural growth factors to bioengineered scaffolds may improve peripheral nerve regeneration. The aim of this study is to evaluate the short‐ and long term effect of microsphere delivered nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the 10 mm rat sciatic nerve gap. Eighty‐four rats were assigned to seven groups (n = 6) at two endpoints (6 and 16 weeks): saline, saline NGF, saline NGF‐microspheres, saline GDNF, saline GDNF‐microspheres, saline blank microspheres, and autologous nerve graft. Total fascicular area and total number of myelinated fibers at mid‐tube increased in all conduit groups between 6 and 16 weeks. Autologous, saline NGF‐microsphere and saline GDNF‐microsphere groups reached maximal histomorphometric values by 6 weeks (p < 0.05). Compound muscle action potentials returned after 6 weeks for the autologous graft and continued to increase to a level of 3.6 ± 1.9 mV at endpoint. No significant differences were found between study groups as measured by ankle angle. These experiments show an initial beneficial effect of incorporation of NGF‐ or GDNF‐microspheres in a PLGA 85/15 nerve conduit, since histomorphometric values reached their maximum by 6 weeks compared to control groups. These results do not yet extrapolate into improved electrophysiological or functional improvement. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Metabolic‐intermediate complex formation with cytochrome P450: Theoretical studies in elucidating the reaction pathway for the generation of reactive nitroso intermediate
Authors: Taxak Nikhil , Desai Prashant V. , Patel Bhargav , Mohutsky Michael , Klimkowski Valentine J. , Gombar Vijay , Bharatam Prasad V. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMechanism‐based inhibition (MBI) of cytochrome P450 (CYP) can lead to drug–drug interactions and often to toxicity. Some aliphatic and aromatic amines can undergo biotransformation reactions to form reactive metabolites such as nitrosoalkanes, leading to MBI of CYPs. It has been proposed that the nitrosoalkanes coordinate with the heme iron, forming metabolic‐intermediate complex (MIC), resulting in the quasi‐irreversible inhibition of CYPs. Limited mechanistic details regarding the formation of reactive nitroso intermediate and its coordination with heme‐iron have been reported. A quantum chemical analysis was performed to elucidate potential reaction pathways for the generation of nitroso intermediate and the formation of MIC. Elucidation of the energy profile along the reaction path, identification of three‐dimensional structures of reactive intermediates and transition states, as well as charge and spin density analyses, were performed using the density functional B3LYP method. The study was performed using Cpd I [iron (IV‐oxo] heme porphine with SH− as the axial ligand) to represent the catalytic domain of CYP, simulating the biotransformation process. Three pathways: (i) N‐oxidation followed by proton shuttle, (ii) N‐oxidation followed by 1,2‐H shift, and (iii) H‐abstraction followed by rebound mechanism, were studied. It was observed that the proton shuttle pathway was more favorable over the whole reaction leading to reactive nitroso intermediate. This study revealed that the MIC formation from a primary amine is a favorable exothermic process, involving eight different steps and preferably takes place on the doublet spin surface of Cpd I. The rate‐determining step was identified to be the first N‐oxidation of primary amine. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multi‐zinc‐expanded graphene patches: Tetraradical versus diradical character
Authors: Yang Hongfang , Song Qisheng , Song Xinyu , Bu Yuxiang 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThree classes of multi‐Zn‐expanded graphene patches in different shapes are computationally designed through introducing a Zn chain into the corresponding middle benzenoid chain. Both density functional theory and complete active space self‐consistent field calculations predict that molecules of nnn‐quasi‐linear and nnn‐slightly bent series have the open‐shell broken‐symmetry (BS) singlet diradical ground states, whereas those of n(n+1)n species possess quintet tetraradical as their ground state and become open‐shell BS singlet tetraradicals when they are in a higher energy state. These results offer the first theoretical attempt to introduce multi‐Zn into the small graphene patches to form Zn‐expanded graphene patches, leading them to polyradical structures. This work provides an executable strategy to yield molecules which have stable polyradicaloid character and enhanced electronic properties of multi‐Zn‐expanded graphene patches. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variability in the position of the retropharyngeal internal carotid artery
Authors: Gupta Ajay , Shah Akash D. , Zhang Zhigang , Phillips C. Douglas , Young Robert J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe retropharyngeal internal carotid artery (ICA) is a well‐described arterial anomaly with important implications for patients undergoing pharyngeal approach surgical procedures. Existing clinical and imaging classification schemes for a retropharyngeal ICA take into account arterial distance to the pharyngeal mucosal wall. We describe a case of mobility of a retropharyngeal ICA between short‐interval imaging studies. The possibility of respiratory variability or other etiologies causing such changes in retropharyngeal carotid position have not been described previously. Our findings suggest that imaging findings from a single study alone may not be sufficient to confidently exclude this clinically significant arterial anomaly.
Glycaemic control during enteral tube feeding in patients with diabetes who have had a stroke: a twice‐daily insulin regimen
Authors: Oyibo SO , Sagi SV , Home C 
Published: May 2012

AbstractUncontrolled hyperglycaemia has been a problem in patients with diabetes mellitus who have had a stroke and require enteral tube feeding in our hospital. There is a sustained glucose rise as opposed to the postprandial peaks of normal eating. In the absence of national guidelines, we tailored an insulin regimen for our inpatients. In this observational study we evaluated the effectiveness of this regimen for glycaemic control in these patients.Inpatients with diabetes receiving enteral feeding were given insulin twice daily. The initial dose was calculated from estimated carbohydrate‐to‐insulin ratio, feed carbohydrate concentration, infusion rate and duration, and adjusted according to capillary glucose (target range: 6–12mmol/L).Twenty‐four patients required enteral feeding; average age 72 years and weight 73.8kg. The median (range) feed carbohydrate concentration was 12.3(12.3–20.1)g/100ml; the final feed infusion rate 75(50–100)ml/hr; feed duration 20(10–24)hours/day; and carbohydrate‐to‐insulin ratio 10(6–10). Initial insulin doses ranged from 12–32units/day. Target capillary glucose range was achieved in 17 patients. Of the seven patients who did not achieve the target range, four pulled out their feeding tubes too early, one had hyperosmolar state, one died of aspiration pneumonia and one had a very complex feeding regimen. There were no hypoglycaemic events.This study has confirmed that a simple twice‐daily insulin regimen for patients with diabetes mellitus who require enteral tube feeding is safe and effective for most patients. The importance of frequent blood glucose monitoring in these patients cannot be over‐emphasised. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.
Setting up an insulin safety group: a practical approach
Authors: Grant Paul , Mustafa Omar , Malik Rifat 
Published: May 2012

AbstractInsulin related drug errors are a significant source of adverse incidents in the inpatient hospital setting. The answer to this issue is not more training or ‘trying harder’: it is to recognise that errors will occur and to work around this, by identifying the common sources of error and making changes to systems, introducing checklists and increasing awareness of the difficulty of getting insulin dosing right.Such changes require clinical leadership and both junior and senior diabetologists should be at the forefront of getting involved and addressing the problem as a commitment to patient care. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.
Electroconductive polyblend fibers of polyamide‐6/polypropylene/polyaniline: Electrical, morphological, and mechanical characteristics
Authors: Soroudi Azadeh , Skrifvars Mikael 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMelt spun drawn fibers were prepared using a ternary blend of PP/PA6/PANI‐complex (polypropylene/polyamide‐6/polyaniline‐complex). Their electrical and mechanical properties were compared to those of binary blend fibers of PP/PANI‐complex. The results of the morphological studies on 55:25:20 PP/PA6/PANI‐complex ternary fibers were found to be in accordance with the predicted morphology for the observed conductivity vs. fiber draw ratio. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the ternary blend illustrated at least a three‐phase morphology of a matrix/core‐shell dispersed phase style, with widely varying sizes of droplets. This resulted in a dispersed morphology that, in some parts of the blend, approached a bicontinuous/dispersed phase morphology due to coalescence of the small droplets. The matrix was PP and the core‐shell dispersed phase was PA6 and PANI‐complex, in which a part of the PANI‐complex had encapsulated the PA6 phase and the remaining was solved/dispersed in the PA6 core, as later confirmed by X‐ray mapping. When the ternary blend fibers were compared to the binary fibers, the formers were able to combine better conductivity (of an order of 10−3 S cm−1) with a greater tensile strength only at a draw ratio of 5. This indicated that the draw ratio is more critical for the ternary blend fibers, because both conductivity and tensile strength depended on the formation of fibrils from the core‐shell dispersed phase of the PA6/PANI‐complex. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Semicontinuous heterophase copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile
Authors: Pérez‐García M. G. , Torres E. V. , Ceja I. , Pérez‐Carrillo L. A. , López Raúl G. , López‐Serrano F. , Mendizábal E. , Puig J. E. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of styrene‐acrylonitrile copolymers by semicontinuous heterophase polymerization is reported here. The effect of feed composition at a fixed addition rate of monomer mixture on kinetics, particle size, polymer content, and molar masses, was studied. This process permits the synthesis of nanolatexes containing narrow size‐distribution particles with number‐average diameter (Dn) of about 18 nm, polymer content as high as 23 wt %, and copolymer‐to‐surfactant weight ratios between 23 and 25, depending on monomer feeding rate, which are larger than those reported for microemulsion copolymerization of several comonomers. Copolymers with homogeneous composition similar to the feeding monomers composition were obtained thorough the reaction, which is difficult to achieve by batch polymerization. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Exhaled breath condensate purines correlate with lung function in infants and preschoolers
Authors: Patel Kavita , Davis Stephanie D. , Johnson Robin , Esther Charles R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractRationaleAlthough airway inflammation begins early in life in children with chronic respiratory diseases, current methods to assess this inflammation are invasive and entail significant risk. Measurement of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) purines and other biomarkers offers a less invasive method to assess airway inflammation; however, the feasibility and utility of EBC biomarkers in young children has not been established.MethodsEBC was collected from children <3 years old with cystic fibrosis or other lung diseases during clinically indicated infant pulmonary function tests (iPFTs). EBC concentrations of the purine biomarkers adenosine (Ado), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and the dilution marker urea were measured using mass spectrometry.ResultsEBC was successfully collected (average volume 330 ± 170 µl) from preschool children (age 2.3 ± 0.8 years) in 15 of 17 iPFTs. No significant changes in oxygen saturation (96.9 ± 1.6 start, 96.8 ± 1.7 end, P = 0.389) or respiratory rate (35.2 ± 7.5 start, 34.6 ± 7.9 end, P = 0.443) were observed during collection. Ado and AMP were successfully measured in 13/15 samples [8 cystic fibrosis (CF)]. EBC AMP to Ado ratio (AMP/Ado) negatively correlated with forced expiratory volume at 0.5 sec (FEV0.5, r = −0.71, P < 0.01) and positively with the ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity (RV/TLC, r = 0.66, P = 0.015). These correlations remained statistically significant in the subset with CF.ConclusionsEBC can be safely collected and analyzed in preschool children using commercially available equipment. The EBC AMP/Ado ratio correlates with measures of infant lung function and may be a less invasive means of monitoring airway inflammation in this population. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:182–187. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cycle Ergometer Tests in Children With Cystic Fibrosis: Reliability and Feasibility
Authors: Kent Lisa , O'Neill Brenda , Davison Gareth , Nevill Alan , Murray Joyce , Reid Alastair , Elborn J. Stuart , Bradley Judy M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the reliability and feasibility of cycle ergometer tests in young children with cystic fibrosis (CF). Children with CF aged 6–11 years and with stable lung disease performed two cycle ergometry tests (intermittent sprint and continuous incremental) on two occasions 1 week apart. Reliability was assessed using repeated‐measures ANOVA. Bias was considered to be significant at P < 0.05 level and a coefficient of variation (CV) below 10% was considered acceptable. Feasibility and acceptability data were also collected. Sixteen children with CF completed the study: (9M:7F), 8.7(1.8) years, FEV1%predicted: 88.1(17.4). Power measurements recorded during the intermittent sprint test demonstrated significant bias over days (P < 0.05) and CVs were between 10% and 15%. Peak work capacity recorded during the continuous incremental test was reliable (bias P < 0.05, CV < 10%), as was heart rate and SpO2 recorded during both tests (bias P < 0.05, CV < 10%). No problems were experienced in administering the tests and all children completed both tests on two separate occasions. There was a mixed response to questions on acceptability of tests. This is the first study to provide information on the reliability of performance measures recorded during an intermittent sprint protocol (peak power) and a continuous incremental cycle ergometry (peak work capacity) in children with CF. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:1226–1234. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.