bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jules Horowitz Reactor, a New Irradiation Facility: Improving Dosimetry for the Future of Nuclear Experimentation
Authors: Grégoire Gilles , Beretz Daniel , Destouches Christophe 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The Jules Horowitz Reactor (JHR) is an experimental reactor under construction at the French Nuclear Energy and Alternative Energies Commission (CEA) facility at Cadarache. It will achieve its first criticality by the end of 2014. Experiments that will be conducted at JHR will deal with fuel, cladding, and material behavior. The JHR will also produce medical radio-isotopes and doped silicon for the electronic industry. As a new irradiation facility, its instrumentation will benefit from recent improvements. Nuclear instrumentation will include reactor dosimetry, as it is a reference technique to determine neutron fluence in experimental devices or characterize irradiation locations. Reactor dosimetry has been improved with the progress of simulation tools and nuclear data, but at the same time the customer needs have increased: Experimental results must have reduced and assessed uncertainties. This is now a necessary condition to perform an experimental irradiation in a test reactor. Items improved, in the framework of a general upgrading of the dosimetry process based on uncertainty minimization, will include dosimeter, nuclear data, and modelling scheme.
Korean Standard Nuclear Plant Ex-Vessel Neutron Dosimetry Program Ulchin 4
Authors: Duo J. I. , Chen J. , Kulesza J. A. , Fero A. H. , Yoo C. S. , Kim B. C. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
A comprehensive ex-vessel neutron dosimetry (EVND) surveillance program has been deployed in 16 pressurized water reactors (PWR) in South Korea and EVND dosimetry sets have already been installed and analyzed in Westinghouse reactor designs. In this paper, the unique features of the design, training, and installation in the Korean standard nuclear plant (KSNP) Ulchin Unit 4 are presented. Ulchin Unit 4 Cycle 9 represents the first dosimetry analyzed from the EVND design deployed in KSNP plants: Yonggwang Units 3 through 6 and Ulchin Units 3 through 6. KSNP’s cavity configuration precludes a conventional installation from the cavity floor. The solution, requiring the installation crew to access the cavity at an elevation of the active core, places a premium on rapid installation due to high area dose rates. Numerous geometrical features warranted the use of a detailed design in true 3D mechanical design software to control interferences. A full-size training mockup maximized the crew ability to correctly install the instrument in minimum time. The analysis of the first dosimetry set shows good agreements between measurement and calculation within the associated uncertainties. A complete EVND system has been successfully designed, installed, and analyzed for a KNSP plant. Current and future EVND analyses will continue supporting the successful operation of PWR units in South Korea.
Seismic Racking Test Evaluation of Silicone Used in a Four-Sided Structural Sealant Glazed Curtain Wall System
Authors: Broker K. A. , Fisher S. , Memari A. M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a study in which four-sided structural sealant glazing (SSG) insulating glass curtain wall units were subjected to cyclic racking test methods in accordance with AAMA 501.6 testing protocols. The test configuration included three side-by-side primary units and a corner unit. High-resolution cameras were utilized to capture instantaneous images during the racking test so that the displacement within the sealant joint could be captured and isolated from the displacement of the entire glazed unit. Drift capacity of the system in terms of glass attachment and sealant performance is reported in detail for different levels of racking displacements and boundary conditions. The overall behavior of the system is characterized, and specifically the sealant performance at a corner condition during racking drift is discussed. Additionally, expected strains in the sealant were calculated using a linear-elastic finite element model and were then compared with the strains the actual structural sealant joint underwent during system testing. Silicone sealant damage was evaluated using visual observation before and after cyclic racking. The paper discusses proposed acceptable sealant stress levels for seismic design and the durability of silicone used in the SSG system as compared to dry-glazed systems based on glass performance.
Case Studies of Adhesive and Rigid Insulation Board Failures due to Moisture in Low Sloped Roofing Assemblies
Authors: Slick David Straup , Piteo Nicholas A. , Rutila Dean A. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Foamed adhesives are used to join roofing assembly components to the roof substrate and to each other. A variety of performance problems with foamed adhesives as installed in roofing assemblies have led to assembly failures. We previously reported, in detail, four specific failure mechanisms caused by poor adhesive installation that we have observed, and we briefly note these failure mechanisms in order to maintain continuity as we expand on our earlier work. The focus of this paper is to report on other factors that also lead to adhesive and rigid insulation board performance problems, specifically, moisture contained within the roofing assembly and substrate, which can result in the failure of the roofing assembly. Similar substrate moisture issues occur in flooring assemblies; however, whereas the flooring industry continues to address moisture-related issues that lead to adhesive performance problems, the roofing and roofing adhesive industries have been less proactive regarding use, installation, and testing for assemblies with potential moisture-related issues. We present several case studies that illustrate excessive moisture in roofing assemblies or substrates as an issue that contributed to the adhesive failure of the roofing assembly. We also discuss the lessons to be learned from not addressing these issues at the onset of a project.
A Model to Estimate Separator Forces during Ball Speed Variations
Authors: Leveille Alan , Frantz Peter , Rosene Garry 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
When the combined loads on ball bearings include forces in the radial or moment directions, the balls will not orbit the bearing at one common speed. This ball speed variation (BSV) might result in additional bearing friction forces if the variation in speed is large enough to allow the balls to spread out from their normal spacing by an amount that exceeds the cage pocket clearances. In this paper we present a model used to estimate the cage forces and friction torques caused by BSV and compare the model predictions with measured friction torque test data. The model first analyzes the forces on a single ball by determining the distance over which a ball must slip during a single orbit of the bearing center. The ball to race force is determined by equating the energy lost during this slip with the energy input through traction at the inner race interface. The component of the ball to cage force normal to the ball–pocket interface is then determined by balancing this force with the ball to race force. The cage to land force is similarly determined by balancing the collective forces at all the ball to race and ball to cage interfaces. Finally, the BSV drag torque is written as the sum of contributions from these three drag sources. In order to validate the model, test data were obtained using single 204 size bearings operating under applied thrust and radial loading. The bearing drag torque was found to depend on the degree of misalignment and cage pocket clearance, as predicted by the model.
Removal of Heavy Metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn) from Contaminated Sediment Using a Flotation Technique
Authors: Palakkeel veetil Dileep , Mercier Guy , Blais Jean-Francois 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This paper investigates the effectiveness of froth flotation to remove copper and other heavy metals from dredged anoxic sediments (&lt;250 μm) using a lab scale flotation cell with a selected anionic collector. A sediment fraction selected for flotation tests was potentially contaminated with a copper concentration of about 1763 mg/kg. The sequential extraction study of sediments showed that copper was mainly incorporated, between 70%–85% in the sulfide-organic fraction. The mineralogical analysis of sediment particle by scanning electron microscopy identified that chalcopyrite was the predominant copper sulfide form in the sediments. Flotation tests under controlled, predetermined experimental conditions showed selective flotation removal of copper (70.4%) among other metals with less mass recovery (froth mass).
Glass Unit Corner Loading—Key Parameter in Durability
Authors: Hagl Anneliese , Dieterich Oliver 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Bent glass has garnered increased interest on the part of architects for the realization of curved glass façades. As one method of bending of glass façade units, cold bending is an economically efficient procedure for manufacturing; however, it introduces permanent stresses in the glazing structure, especially in the corner zones of the glass units for warped designs. In a similar manner, high stresses in the corner zones are also generated in general by constant surface loads acting on the panes of the glass unit, which can be explained by thin plate theory. Thus it can be expected that these unsteady loads, e.g., evoked by wind and/or snow loads, unfavorably interfere with the permanent stresses in the adhesives of both the structural glazing sealant and the insulating glass sealant from a durability point of view. The existence of these corner loads is not adequately accounted for by the ETAG 002 guideline for structural glazing applications, which postulates a trapezoidal load distribution in the bonding with diminishing stresses in the corner zones. This paper presents numerical results of a parametric study of pressure-loaded glass units, with a focus on corner loads and stresses. The results show that the stress levels in the corner zones might be significantly higher than the design stress values used for sizing the bonding.
Bearing Thermal Conductance Measurement Test Method and Experimental Design
Authors: Takeuchi Yoshimi R. , Davis Sean E. , Eby Matthew A. , Fuller Jerry K. , Taylor Donald L. , Rosado Michael J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Bearings are used in a number of spacecraft applications, ranging from minimal motion devices, such as pointing mechanisms, to high-speed components, such as control moment gyroscopes and reaction and momentum wheels. Terrestrial applications include pumps, axles, and tooling. Heat-transfer modes for rotational systems in a vacuum environment differ from their terrestrial counterpart. In space, with the absence of air, heat transfer consists of radiation from the rotating system and conductance through the bearings themselves. Depending on the application, conductance could dominate the effects on bearing temperatures and thermal gradients. Accurate thermal predictions are important because they can drive life and performance requirements. To accurately predict bearing temperatures, basic bearing thermal conductance data was needed. However, bearing thermal conductance tends to be the most significant unknown in a rotational system in the space environment. To address this shortcoming, this paper explores a new vacuum test rig designed to measure bearing conductance under simulated operational conditions. Experimental variables include control of the bearing rotational speed, applied axial load, and average bearing temperature and temperature gradient via an applied heat source/heat sink mechanism. All tests are conducted in vacuum. The experimental variables studied herein allowed parametric studies to be conducted under controlled thermal and mechanical conditions, permitting the exploration of the influences of those operational variables on bearing thermal conductance. This paper will describe the test method, the use of uncertainty analysis to design the experiment, and a verification study.
Comparison between Hybrid III Headforms by Linear and Angular Dynamic Impact Response Characteristics
Authors: Kendall Marshall , Hoshizaki Thomas Blaine 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The development of surrogate headforms with similar dimensions and weight to that of a human head has allowed researchers to collect dynamic impact response data for impact reconstructions and injury assessment. These headforms are relied upon to deliver accurate and repeatable dynamic impact response data for setting helmet certification standards as well as head injury reconstruction. With recent research demonstrating the importance of measuring three dimensional dynamic impact response characteristics, the Hybrid III headform is a potentially a good candidate for use in standards testing and impact reconstructions. Currently, this headform is validated with a single 37.6-cm drop to the front region of the headform with an acceptance window of 50 g. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the dynamic impact response of two Hybrid III headforms and verify repeatability, compare dynamic impact response, and determine how closely the two headforms correlate across different impact conditions. Two Hybrid III headforms were dropped from nine heights at two impact locations (front and side). Results of this study show that the two headforms are highly correlated across drop heights. Significant differences in terms of dynamic impact response were found between the two headforms across impact conditions. This study showed that two Hybrid III headforms produce similar mean peak linear acceleration for front centric impacts, however, differ significantly for mean peak angular response.
Alpine Skiing, Telemarking, Snowboarding, and Skiboarding Injuries Related to Gender and Ability
Authors: Ekeland Arne , Rødven Andreas 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
A central ski-patrol-based registration of skiing and boarding injuries was performed by the Norwegian Ski Lift Association during the winter seasons 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 as part of an ongoing study since 1996. Totals of 8547 injured skiers/boarders and 6.621 × 106 s of skier/boarder days were recorded during the two seasons, giving an injury rate of 1.29 injured per 1000 skier/boarder days. Most of the injuries occurred during alpine skiing (67 %) and snowboarding (29 %), compared to telemark skiing (2 %), and skiboarding (2 %). Wrist injuries were common among injured snowboarders (22 %) compared to 1–6 % for the others (P &lt; 0.001). The knee was the main injury location in alpine skiers (24 %) compared to only 8 % among snowboarders (P &lt; 0.001). The prevalence of knee injuries for females (31 %) was twice as high as for males (15 %) (P &lt; 0.001), whereas shoulder injuries was more than twice as high for males (18 %) as for females (7 %) (P &lt; 0.001). These gender differences were observed in all four skiing/boarding ability groups. Snowboarders suffered more fractures (29 %) than the others, but fracture of the lower leg was uncommon among snowboarders (0.5 %) compared to alpine skiers (7 %) (P &lt; 0.001). Lower leg fractures accounted for 4 % of the injured alpine skiers 20 years and older, and 5 % for adolescents aged 13–19 years compared to 14 % for children 12 years and younger (P &lt; 0.001). In contrast, the prevalence of dislocations and injuries needing ambulance transport increased with increasing age. Twenty-two percent of the skiers/boarders were injured in terrain parks. They had a higher ability, but suffered more fractures and back injuries than those injured at other locations (P &lt; 0.001). Injured experts suffered more injuries in terrain parks and during collisions, and needed more ambulance transport and admission to physicians and hospitals than injured beginners (P &lt; 0.002). The use of protective helmets among injured skiers/boarders has increased from 11 % to 70 % in the period 1996–2010, but the prevalence of head injuries has only dropped from 19 % to 16 % in the same period (P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, injured alpine skiers were most prone to knee injuries, and snowboarders to wrist injuries. The prevalence of knee injuries among females was twice that of males, whereas the reverse was observed for shoulder injuries. This gender difference was observed in all four ability groups. Injured experts suffered more serious injuries than injured beginners.
Improvement in Efficiency of Ultrasonic Tests for the Macroscopic Inclusions Evaluation
Authors: Aoyama Yosuke , Takasu Ichiro , Unigame Yasukazu 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Rolling-contact-fatigue life is a key characteristic of bearings. Reliable bearings are expected to have long L10 life as a bearing performance index, as well as long commercial life without unexpected premature failure on any pieces of bearings in use. It has long been known that cleanliness is an important material factor to determine the fatigue life. The aforementioned early failure could be caused by macroscopic inclusions, which have small density of presence in recent clean steel and, thus, detection for those inclusions requires evaluation on a large volume of steel. Although higher-frequency ultrasonic tests have advantages for non-metallic inclusion detections, relatively low frequency of 10- to 20-MHz ultrasonic tests are useful for both evaluation efficiency of large volume and for detection performance of macroscopic inclusions. The authors apply a focused-beam-type 15-MHz ultrasonic test to detect 100-μm or larger macroscopic inclusions, where the efficient evaluation is needed because of the assessment for a large volume of steel. In this paper, the basic characteristics of several procedures of ultrasonic tests will be discussed from the viewpoint of the evaluation efficiency for macroscopic inclusions.
Characterization of Carbon Black Particles Mixing in Polymeric Matrix by Direct Methods
Authors: Jiang Zhao-Hui , Jin Jian , Xiao Chang-Fa , Li Xin , Kong Ling-Xi 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Single-screw extruders together with a painstakingly self-made dynamic mixer were applied to mix carbon black (CB) in polymeric matrix. Moreover, the master batch dilution technique was also used. The mixing state of CB was investigated by direct methods including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical microscopy (OM). The image analysis software, Image J, was first introduced to analyze the mixing state of CB. By virtue of Image J, the average size, surface density, and area distribution of particles were automatically created. On the basis of TEM results, quantitative evaluation parameters such as Morisita’s index (I), skewness (β), and the Lacey index (M) were employed. The results reveal that CB was well dispersed and uniformly distributed in films. Besides, the area distribution abides by a lognormal equation fitted by origin. In SEM analysis, the area distribution conforms to exponent decay strictly as well as that in OM results. Furthermore, the dispersion index (D) was used to characterize the mixing state of CB. The results imply that CB tends to aggregate with increasing CB loading. Combining the methods mentioned above is favorable to quantitatively characterize the mixing state of CB, in that they can become references between one another.
In-Plane Testing Behavior of Adhesive-Bonded Steel Sheets: Influence of Sheet Surface Roughness, Adhesive Thickness, and Bonding Width
Authors: Kant Ravi , Narayanan R. Ganesh 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
There are various parameters such as bonding width, bond and adhesive thickness, blank surface roughness, adherend thickness, bond length, the geometry of the joint, surface treatment, curing and working temperature, bonding pressure, curing conditions, type of loading, etc. that affect the forming of adhesive bonded blanks in a synergistic manner. The main aim of the present work is to investigate the influence of bonding width, adhesive thickness, and blank surface roughness on the tensile behavior of adhesive bonded blanks. Interstitial free steel grade sheet is used as a base material and the two part epoxy adhesive is used for bonding the base materials. It is found that the engineering stress attained in forming the bonded blank for the same amount of strain is greater if the surface roughness is greater. The extension of the bonded blank at the break point is less for higher surface roughness base materials. With an increase in the adhesive thickness, the engineering stress decreased for a particular strain and there was no effect due to adhesive thickness on the elongation at the break point of the bonded blank. The engineering stress required decreases with the bonding width and the extension at the breaking point of the bonded blank is greater in the case of the bonded blank with a higher bonding width. A sudden fall in engineering stress has occurred in the case of adhesive bonded blanks with higher (2.4 mm) and medium adhesive thickness (1.3 mm), base material surface roughness, and bonding width, while this is not observed in 0.5 mm bonding thickness. The different stages of the forming of adhesive bonded blanks are proposed. Initially, adhesive failure occurs and then base material failure occurs depending on its ductility. Both cohesive failure and interface (adhesive) failure is seen during the forming of adhesive bonded blanks in this work.
Time Zero Value Based on S-Wave Reflection Loss Measurement for Early Age Shrinkage Monitoring of Cementitious Specimens Subjected to Sealed and Unsealed Curing Conditions
Authors: Ong K. C. G. , Chandra L. R. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Estimating the time at which to start monitoring early age shrinkage, especially of high performance cementitious materials, can be crucial. Despite numerous studies on early age shrinkage monitoring, there is no general agreement on the time at which early age shrinkage measurements should start (i.e., the “time zero” value [TZV]). The present paper proposes the use of the stiffening time measured via S-wave reflection loss as the TZV for early age shrinkage monitoring of high performance cementitious materials subjected to both sealed and unsealed curing conditions. The results imply that in the case of autogenous or sealed specimens, similar stiffening times occur throughout the specimen depths. In the case of unsealed specimens, however, the results show that the stiffening time might vary with depth depending on the water-to-cementitious ratio used. It is postulated that water redistribution within the specimen, as well as the formation of a “skin layer,” might significantly affect the stiffening time measured in the case of unsealed specimens used for early age drying shrinkage monitoring.
Recent Developments in the Swelling Model of Expansive Clays for Pavement-Heave Calculations
Authors: Livneh Moshe 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The prediction of pavement heave necessitates knowledge of the swelling-pressure characteristic (the swelling model) of the clay stratum under consideration, data that are usually obtained from laboratory tests on undisturbed clay specimens. It is demonstrated that a general swelling model equation should be employed that predicts the percentage of swell under a given vertical pressure exerted on clay characterized by the following parameters: (a) the liquid limit, (b) the ratio between the in situ moisture content and the plasticity limit, and (c) the in situ dry density. The development of this general equation is described by applying the Excel-solver analysis to 352 local test results, yielding preferable results to those stemming from a previous analysis that utilized the multiple linear regression method. Together with employing the general swelling model, an adjustment for any specific given condition is performed by conducting linear regressions (a simple one and a zero-intercept one) with the local test results and the general swelling model. Finally, the paper outlines guidelines for choosing the most relevant of the three calculated models.