bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comment gouverner un « espace européen de la recherche » et des « chercheurs-entrepreneurs » ?
Authors: Bruno Isabelle 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Dans le cadre de la stratégie de Lisbonne (2000-2010), le projet d’un « espace européen de la recherche » (EER) a été conçu sur le modèle d’un marché censé offrir un environnement compétitif à ses acteurs, les « chercheurs-entrepreneurs ». Loin d’exclure les pouvoirs publics de ce chantier, les promoteurs de l’EER ont produit un discours normatif et prescriptif sur la meilleure façon d’aménager et de piloter les « systèmes nationaux d’innovation », recommandant l’usage du savoir-faire managérial pour optimiser leurs performances organisationnelles. Cet article se propose ainsi de dégager les règles gestionnaires de cet art de gouverner telles qu’elles sont exposées dans la documentation programmatique de l’EER produite tout au long de la dernière décennie. Autrement dit, elle entend examiner la technologie politique qui préside à la coordination des politiques scientifiques aux échelons européen, national et régional. Codes JEL : D7, D8, E61, F15, F21, F42, F5, G38, H1, H5, H7, H83, I23, I28, L5, M1, O3, P1
L'impact des institutions sociales sur la formation du capital social dans la valorisation de la recherche : une analyse sociologique des créations d'entreprises de haute technologie
Authors: Krauss Gerhard 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Le présent article traite de l’influence des environnements institutionnels sur la formation et l’utilisation du capital social dans un domaine particulier : celui de la valorisation de la recherche et du transfert des technologies. Il étudie la création d’entreprises à orientation scientifique ou technologique comme mode de transfert des connaissances, reliant recherche académique et entreprises. À l’instar du système d’innovation du Bade-Wurtemberg, caractérisé par son riche paysage institutionnel, on remarque la force d’orientation des institutions sur les stratégies relationnelles des acteurs. Ainsi, les relations professionnelles se nouent plus facilement là où il existe des institutions, ces dernières orientant les comportements des acteurs. Les activités de transfert de technologies et de valorisation des nouvelles connaissances scientifiques sont enracinées dans des réseaux formés à partir des secteurs technologiques bien institutionnalisés (ceux des moyennes à hautes technologies). En revanche, les liens professionnels se développent plus difficilement dans les secteurs faiblement institutionnalisés. À ce titre, l’article présente l’exemple du secteur des biotechnologies, qui a fait l’objet d’une politique inédite de développement de nouveaux clusters régionaux de haute technologie. Celui-ci montre les grandes difficultés de mise en place d’une telle stratégie visant le rapprochement et l’intensification des échanges entre recherche et entreprises qui, malgré l’existence d’un fort potentiel de recherche, d’excellence, dans la région, et les soutiens politiques et économiques apportés à cette initiative nécessite beaucoup de temps dans sa mise en œuvre. Codes JEL : M13, O14, O13, R11, L1, L2, Z13
Quel est le sens du mot science dans l'expression « Science économique » ?
Authors: Spieser Philippe 
Published: October 2011

Résumé S’interroger sur les rapports deux fois séculaires qu’entretiennent la Science, surtout mathématique, et la Science économique amène au constat que ces relations apparaissent parfois comme presque consubstantielles, parfois comme conflictuelles. Cette dialectique constante a laissé inachevée la tâche de définir, sans contestation de nature idéologique, l’objet même de la discipline. Un souci légitime de rigueur, une volonté de rendre prédictif le discours économique a conduit néanmoins à en dégager des énoncés qui, par leur caractère hypothético-déductif, se veulent aussi solidement établis que des lois physiques. La finance, qui imprègne aujourd’hui l’économie dans son ensemble et qui présente une intrication originelle forte avec les mathématiques, a logiquement entraîné un usage immodéré et décevant de sa formalisation. Codes JEL : B23, G17, B41, G00, G01
Gouvernance et performance des organisations
Authors: Marchesnay Michel 
Published: October 2011

Résumé La gouvernance, qui porte sur le temps, l’espace et les individus, comprend trois niveaux : la politique générale, les outils de décision, le champ de contrôle. La gouvernance dans la société française repose historiquement sur une idéologie éloignée du libéralisme anglo-saxon. Or, la gouvernance managériale repose sur une doxa techno-scientiste, individualiste et libérale, qui est aujourd’hui critiquée pour ses excès. Cependant, l’État français entend généraliser cette orthodoxie managériale dans le secteur public, alors que les pratiques et modèles néo-managériaux tentent actuellement de trouver de nouvelles règles de gouvernance. Codes JEL : G32, M00, H1, O32, L1
La coloration de l'information dans l'efficience semi forte
Authors: Boya Christophe , Monino Jean-Louis 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Cet article contribue à la littérature sur la forme semi forte de l’efficience. Il étudie l’impact des informations exogènes issues de la presse médiatique sur les cours de Bourse. Il rapproche la coloration de l’information exogène à l’actif sous-jacent afin d’examiner les variations boursières. L’application empirique montre que les informations permettent d’anticiper les mouvements de prix. Il remet en cause les fondements de l’efficience. Les résultats montrent la possibilité de prévoir à court terme les rendements. Codes JEL : C14, D83, G14
Repenser la valeur économique pour concevoir d'autres modes de développement
Authors: Perrin Jacques 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Les catastrophes écologiques, la croissance des inégalités sociales provoquées par le mode de développement initié par les pays industrialisés nous obligent à essayer de concevoir d’autres modes de développement. Pour cela il nous faut repenser le système de références qui a servi à concevoir notre mode actuel de développement. Ce dernier s’inscrivant dans la pensée néo-classique a été construit notamment sur l’idée que la valeur des biens et des services est égale à leur prix et que la richesse d’un pays, d’un territoire est égale à la valeur monétaire de ce qu’il produit ou de ce qu’il peut acquérir. Pour arrêter de croire qu’on est plus riche en consommant plus il faut remettre la valeur économique au centre de la recherche en sciences économiques. C’est en remettant en avant la différenciation entre valeur et valeur d’échange qu’il est possible de mieux comprendre la différence entre développement et croissance d’un pays, d’un territoire donné. L’objectif de cet article est de suggérer des orientations de recherche sur ce que devrait être la valeur économique pour prendre en compte les défis écologiques et sociaux de ce début de millénaire. Codes JEL : O40, D46, O40, E13, Q01, I30
Pour une vision de l'entreprise dans son écosystème
Authors: Pénicaud Muriel 
Published: October 2011

Résumé En ces temps de crise et d’exigences environnementales accrues, comment concilier efficacité économique et performance sociale ? Danone choisit résolument la voie de la responsabilité sociale par des innovations radicales dans les rapports que l’entreprise entretient avec son écosystème.
A Cytosolic Phospholipase A2-Initiated Lipid Mediator Pathway Induces Autophagy in Macrophages
Authors: Qi Hai-Yan , Daniels Mathew P. , Liu Yueqin , Chen Li-Yuan , Alsaaty Sara , Levine Stewart J. , Shelhamer James H. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Autophagy delivers cytoplasmic constituents to autophagosomes and is involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Cytosolic phospholipase (cPLA2)-initiated proinflammatory lipid mediator pathways play a critical role in host defense and inflammation. The crosstalk between the two pathways remains unclear. In this study, we report that cPLA2 and its metabolite lipid mediators induced autophagy in the RAW246.7 macrophage cell line and in primary monocytes. IFN-γ–triggered autophagy involves activation of cPLA2. Cysteinyl leukotrienes D4 and E4 and PGD2 also induced these effects. The autophagy is independent of changes in mTOR or autophagic flux. cPLA2 and lipid mediator-induced autophagy is ATG5 dependent. These data suggest that lipid mediators play a role in the regulation of autophagy, demonstrating a connection between the two seemingly separate innate immune responses, induction of autophagy and lipid mediator generation.
IL-23 Is Required for Long-Term Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and B Cell Follicle Formation in the Infected Lung
Authors: Khader Shabaana A. , Guglani Lokesh , Rangel-Moreno Javier , Gopal Radha , Fallert Junecko Beth A. , Fountain Jeffrey J. , Martino Cynthia , Pearl John E. , Tighe Michael , Lin Yin-yao , Slight Samantha , Kolls Jay K. , Reinhart Todd A. , Randall Troy D. , Cooper Andrea M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
IL-23 is required for the IL-17 response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but is not required for the early control of bacterial growth. However, mice deficient for the p19 component of IL-23 (Il23a−/−) exhibit increased bacterial growth late in infection that is temporally associated with smaller B cell follicles in the lungs. Cxcl13 is required for B cell follicle formation and immunity during tuberculosis. The absence of IL-23 results in decreased expression of Cxcl13 within M. tuberculosis-induced lymphocyte follicles in the lungs, and this deficiency was associated with increased cuffing of T cells around the vessels in the lungs of these mice. Il23a−/− mice also poorly expressed IL-17A and IL-22 mRNA. These cytokines were able to induce Cxcl13 in mouse primary lung fibroblasts, suggesting that these cytokines are likely involved in B cell follicle formation. Indeed, IL-17RA–deficient mice generated smaller B cell follicles early in the response, whereas IL-22–deficient mice had smaller B cell follicles at an intermediate time postinfection; however, only Il23a−/− mice had a sustained deficiency in B cell follicle formation and reduced immunity. We propose that in the absence of IL-23, expression of long-term immunity to tuberculosis is compromised due to reduced expression of Cxcl13 in B cell follicles and reduced ability of T cells to migrate from the vessels and into the lesion. Further, although IL-17 and IL-22 can both contribute to Cxcl13 production and B cell follicle formation, it is IL-23 that is critical in this regard.
Local Delivery of GM-CSF Protects Mice from Lethal Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Authors: Steinwede Kathrin , Tempelhof Ole , Bolte Kristine , Maus Regina , Bohling Jennifer , Ueberberg Bianca , Länger Florian , Christman John W. , Paton James C. , Ask Kjetil , Maharaj Shyam , Kolb Martin , Gauldie Jack , Welte Tobias , Maus Ulrich A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The growth factor GM-CSF has an important role in pulmonary surfactant metabolism and the regulation of antibacterial activities of lung sentinel cells. However, the potential of intra-alveolar GM-CSF to augment lung protective immunity against inhaled bacterial pathogens has not been defined in preclinical infection models. We hypothesized that transient overexpression of GM-CSF in the lungs of mice by adenoviral gene transfer (Ad-GM-CSF) would protect mice from subsequent lethal pneumococcal pneumonia. Our data show that intra-alveolar delivery of Ad-GM-CSF led to sustained increased pSTAT5 expression and PU.1 protein expression in alveolar macrophages during a 28-d observation period. Pulmonary Ad-GM-CSF delivery 2–4 wk prior to infection of mice with Streptococcus pneumoniae significantly reduced mortality rates relative to control vector-treated mice. This increased survival was accompanied by increased inducible NO synthase expression, antibacterial activity, and a significant reduction in caspase-3–dependent apoptosis and secondary necrosis of lung sentinel cells. Importantly, therapeutic treatment of mice with rGM-CSF improved lung protective immunity and accelerated bacterial clearance after pneumococcal challenge. We conclude that prophylactic delivery of GM-CSF triggers long-lasting immunostimulatory effects in the lung in vivo and rescues mice from lethal pneumococcal pneumonia by improving antibacterial immunity. These data support use of novel antibiotic-independent immunostimulatory therapies to protect patients against bacterial pneumonias.
The Pathogenic Th17 Cell Response to Major Schistosome Egg Antigen Is Sequentially Dependent on IL-23 and IL-1β
Authors: Shainheit Mara G. , Lasocki Krzysztof W. , Finger Eduardo , Larkin Bridget M. , Smith Patrick M. , Sharpe Arlene H. , Dinarello Charles A. , Rutitzky Laura I. , Stadecker Miguel J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
CBA/J mice infected with the helminth Schistosoma mansoni develop severe CD4 T cell-mediated hepatic granulomatous inflammation against parasite eggs associated with a robust Th17 cell response. We investigated the requisites for Th17 cell development using novel CD4 T cells expressing a transgenic TCR specific for the major Sm-p40 egg Ag, which produce IL-17 when stimulated with live schistosome eggs. Neutralization of IL-23 or blockade of the IL-1 receptor, but not IL-6 neutralization, abrogated egg-induced IL-17 secretion by transgenic T cells, whereas exogenous IL-23 or IL-1β reconstituted their ability to produce IL-17 when stimulated by syngeneic IL-12p40–deficient dendritic cells. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that IL-17 production was initiated by IL-23 and amplified by IL-1β. Significantly, schistosome-infected IL-12p40–deficient or IL-1R antagonist-treated CBA/J mice developed markedly reduced hepatic immunopathology with a dampened egg Ag-specific IL-17 response. These results demonstrate that the IL-23–IL-1–IL-17 axis has a central role in the development of severe schistosome egg-induced immunopathology.
Impaired B Cell Development in the Absence of Krüppel-like Factor 3
Authors: Vu Thi Thanh , Gatto Dominique , Turner Vivian , Funnell Alister P. W. , Mak Ka Sin , Norton Laura J. , Kaplan Warren , Cowley Mark J. , Agenès Fabien , Kirberg Jörg , Brink Robert , Pearson Richard C. M. , Crossley Merlin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractKrüppel-like factor 3 (Klf3) is a member of the Klf family of transcription factors. Klfs are widely expressed and have diverse roles in development and differentiation. In this study, we examine the function of Klf3 in B cell development by studying B lymphopoiesis in a Klf3 knockout mouse model. We show that B cell differentiation is significantly impaired in the bone marrow, spleen, and peritoneal cavity of Klf3 null mice and confirm that the defects are cell autonomous. In the bone marrow, there is a reduction in immature B cells, whereas recirculating mature cells are noticeably increased. Immunohistology of the spleen reveals a poorly structured marginal zone (MZ) that may in part be caused by deregulation of adhesion molecules on MZ B cells. In the peritoneal cavity, there are significant defects in B1 B cell development. We also report that the loss of Klf3 in MZ B cells is associated with reduced BCR signaling strength and an impaired ability to respond to LPS stimulation. Finally, we show increased expression of a number of Klf genes in Klf3 null B cells, suggesting that a Klf regulatory network may exist in B cells.
Programmed Cell Death 1 Suppresses B-1b Cell Expansion and Long-Lived IgG Production in Response to T Cell-Independent Type 2 Antigens
Authors: Haas Karen M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
B-1b cells play a key role in producing Abs against T cell-independent type 2 Ags. However, the factors regulating Ab production by this unique B cell subset are not well understood. In this study, a detailed analysis of the B cell response to 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP)-Ficoll was performed using normal mice. TNP-Ficoll delivered i.p. or i.v. induced rapid Ag-specific B-1b cell activation, expansion, isotype switching, and plasmablast/plasma cell differentiation. Ag-specific B-1b cell numbers peaked at day 5 and then gradually declined in the spleen but remained elevated in the peritoneal cavity beyond 40 d postimmunization. In addition to expressing CD43, CD44, and CD86, Ag-activated B-1b cells transiently expressed programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), which functionally suppressed BCR-induced B-1b cell in vitro proliferation when additional costimulatory signals were lacking. Inhibiting PD-1:PD-1 ligand interactions during TNP-Ficoll immunization significantly enhanced Ag-specific B-1b cell expansion and the frequency of IgG isotype switching and plasmablast/plasma cell differentiation. Remarkably, PD-1 mAb blockade during the first week following immunization resulted in significantly increased numbers of both splenic and bone marrow Ag-specific IgG3-secreting cells, but not IgM-secreting cells, at both early (day 5) and late (week 6) time points. Moreover, Ag-specific serum IgG3 levels, as well as IgG2c, IgG2b, and IgA levels, remained significantly elevated in PD-1 mAb-treated mice relative to control Ab-treated mice for ≥6 wk postimmunization. Thus, PD-1:PD-1 ligand interactions occurring shortly after initial T cell-independent type 2 Ag encounter play a critical role in suppressing Ag-specific B-1b cell expansion and the development of long-term IgG-producing bone marrow and spleen cells.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug intake according to the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society Score in clinical trials evaluating tumor necrosis factor blockers: Example of etanercept in advanced ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Dougados Maxime , Braun Jurgen , Szanto Sandor , Combe Bernard , Geher Pal , Leblanc Véronique , Logeart Isabelle 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the interest of the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) score as a quality indicator and a potential outcome measure in clinical studies.MethodsWe used data from patients with active, advanced, axial ankylosing spondylitis refractory to NSAIDs. The study design was a 12‐week, randomized, placebo‐controlled period followed by a 12‐week open‐label extension. The ASAS‐NSAID score was collected during 3 periods of interest (i.e., the 12 weeks preceding baseline, the 12 weeks of the placebo‐controlled trial, and the 12 weeks of the open‐label trial).ResultsFor the 82 enrolled patients, the mean ± SD ASAS‐NSAID score at baseline was similar between the 2 groups: 93 ± 76 and 74 ± 54 in the etanercept and placebo groups, respectively. There was no significant change in the ASAS‐NSAID score during the first part of the trial, as recommended by the protocol. There was a statistically significant decrease in the ASAS‐NSAID score during the second part of the trial with a relevant effect size (−0.56) in the placebo to etanercept group.ConclusionThis study confirms the feasibility and simplicity of the ASAS‐NSAID score and suggests that such a score be integrated in all studies in spondylarthritis either to check the quality of the observed data (i.e., intergroup baseline characteristics) or to evaluate the NSAID‐sparing effect of other therapies.
Cyclopia: An epidemiologic study in a large dataset from the International Clearinghouse of Birth Defects Surveillance and Research
Authors: Orioli Iêda M. , Amar Emmanuelle , Bakker Marian K. , Bermejo‐Sánchez Eva , Bianchi Fabrizio , Canfield Mark A. , Clementi Maurizio , Correa Adolfo , Csáky‐Szunyogh Melinda , Feldkamp Marcia L. , Landau Danielle , Leoncini Emanuele , Li Zhu , Lowry R. Brian , Mastroiacovo Pierpaolo , Morgan Margery , Mutchinick Osvaldo M. , Rissmann Anke , Ritvanen Annukka , Scarano Gioacchino , Szabova Elena , Castilla Eduardo E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCyclopia is characterized by the presence of a single eye, with varying degrees of doubling of the intrinsic ocular structures, located in the middle of the face. It is the severest facial expression of the holoprosencephaly (HPE) spectrum. This study describes the prevalence, associated malformations, and maternal characteristics among cases with cyclopia. Data originated in 20 Clearinghouse (ICBDSR) affiliated birth defect surveillance systems, reported according to a single pre‐established protocol. A total of 257 infants with cyclopia were identified. Overall prevalence was 1 in 100,000 births (95%CI: 0.89–1.14), with only one program being out of range. Across sites, there was no correlation between cyclopia prevalence and number of births (r = 0.08; P = 0.75) or proportion of elective termination of pregnancy (r = −0.01; P = 0.97). The higher prevalence of cyclopia among older mothers (older than 34) was not statistically significant. The majority of cases were liveborn (122/200; 61%) and females predominated (male/total: 42%). A substantial proportion of cyclopias (31%) were caused by chromosomal anomalies, mainly trisomy 13. Another 31% of the cases of cyclopias were associated with defects not typically related to HPE, with more hydrocephalus, heterotaxia defects, neural tube defects, and preaxial reduction defects than the chromosomal group, suggesting the presence of ciliopathies or other unrecognized syndromes. Cyclopia is a very rare defect without much variability in prevalence by geographic location. The heterogeneous etiology with a high prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities, and female predominance in HPE, were confirmed, but no effect of increased maternal age or association with twinning was observed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shift work at young age is associated with increased risk for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Hedström Anna Karin , Åkerstedt Torbjörn , Hillert Jan , Olsson Tomas , Alfredsson Lars 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjective:Environmental factors play a prominent role in multiple sclerosis (MS) etiology. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between shift work and MS risk, which has previously never been investigated.Methods:This report is based on 2 population‐based, case–control studies, 1 with incident cases (1,343 cases, 2,900 controls) and 1 with prevalent cases (5,129 cases, 4,509 controls). Using logistic regression, the occurrence of MS among subjects who have been exposed to shift work at various ages was compared with that of those who have never been exposed by calculating the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).Results:In both studies, there was a significant association between working shift at a young age and occurrence of MS (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2–2.1 in the incidence study and OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0–1.6 in the prevalence study). In the incident study, the OR of developing MS was 2.0 (95% CI, 1.2–3.6) among those who had worked shifts for 3 years or longer before age 20 years, compared with those who had never worked shifts. The OR for the corresponding comparison in the prevalent study was 2.1 (95% CI, 1.3–3.4).Interpretation:The observed association between shift work at a young age and occurrence of MS in 2 independent studies strengthens the notion of a true relationship. Consequences of shift work such as circadian disruption and sleep restriction are associated with disturbed melatonin secretion and enhanced proinflammatory responses and may thus be part of the mechanism behind the association. ANN NEUROL 2011;