bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photografting of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid onto polyolefines initiated by formaldehyde in aqueous solutions
Authors: Han Jianmei , Wang Huiliang 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFormaldehyde aqueous solution can act as an effective photoinitiating system for water‐borne photografting. The photografting of acrylic acid (AA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) onto high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) initiated by formaldehyde aqueous solutions has been reported. The effects of formaldehyde content and monomer concentration on grafting varied with the polymeric substrates and monomers used. For the grafting of AA onto HDPE, the extent of grafting increased with increasing formaldehyde content in the solution, monomer concentration had a little effect on grafting. Whereas for the grafting of MAA onto HDPE, the grafting performed in 8% formaldehyde aqueous solution lead to the highest extent of grafting, the extent of grafting increased with monomer concentration till 2.5 mol/L. MAA was easier to be grafted onto the polyolefins than AA. The easiness of grafting occurring on the polyolefins was in a decreasing order of LDPE > HDPE > PP. Qualitative and semi‐quantitative Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) characterizations of the grafted samples were performed. For both grafted LDPE and PP samples, at the same irradiation time, the carbonyl index of the samples grafted with MAA was higher than that grafted with AA. The FTIR results are in accord with the results obtained by gravimetric method. The water absorbency of the grafted samples increased almost linearly with the extent of grafting. The PE films grafted with AA adsorbed more water than those grafted with MAA. This study had broadened the water‐borne initiating system for photografting. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Investigation on the uniformity of high‐density polyethylene/wood fiber composites in a twin‐screw extruder
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Park Chul B. , Rizvi Ghaus M. , Huang Hanxiong , Guo Qingping 
Published: April 2009

AbstractUniform dispersion of wood fiber in high‐density polyethylene can improve the mechanical properties and surface finish of the wood plastic composites. However, it is difficult to achieve uniform dispersion when the wood content is high, due to its low thermal stability, incompatibility with polymer, and affinity for agglomeration. This work was undertaken to improve the uniformity of high‐density polyethylene/wood composites by designing screw configurations, optimizing screw speed, and altering material compositions. The rheological properties and scanning electron microscope micrograph were used to characterize the uniformity. The results showed that the medium dispersive and distributive mixing, medium screw speed, and lubricant were all beneficial in improving uniformity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Linear‐dendritic copolymers as nanocatalysts
Authors: Adeli M. , Zarnegar Z. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFunctionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) containing four chloride end functional groups (PEG‐Cl4) was synthesized through reaction between cyanuric chloride and PEG‐(OH)2. Chloride end functional groups of PEG‐Cl4 were able to initiate the ring opening polymerization of 2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline and star copolymers containing a PEG core, and poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (POX) arms were obtained. Polymerization was quenched using diethanolamine, and star copolymers containing hydroxyl end functional groups (PEG‐POX‐OH) were obtained. ε‐Caprolactone was then polymerized using the hydroxyl end functional groups of star copolymers and amphiphilic linear‐dendritic copolymers containing PEG and POX, and poly(caprolactone) (PCL) blocks were synthesized. Linear‐dendritic copolymers were able to load the organic and inorganic guest molecules. Application of host‐guest systems such as nanocatalyst for Heck chemical reaction was also investigated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
On the importance of the reaction between OH and RO2 radicals
Authors: Archibald A. T. , Petit A. S. , Percival C. J. , Harvey J. N. , Shallcross D. E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA new model, BAMBO (Bristol's Atmospheric Marine Boundary layer mOdel), was developed in order to investigate the reaction between peroxy radicals (RO2) and the hydroxyl radical (OH) under typical marine boundary layer (MBL) conditions. The results of this work have shown that the inclusion of the title reaction has negligible effects on inorganic species and ozone but can have significant effects on predicted atmospheric mixing ratios of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), which are generally poorly represented in atmospheric models. This work highlights that the title reaction may be important to modelling trace gas composition in the MBL. However, thorough experimental and theoretical studies are needed to clarify many of the assumptions made. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Soil model parameter estimation with ensemble data assimilation
Authors: Orescanin Biljana , Rajkovic Borivoj , Zupanski Milija , Zupanski Dusanka 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA parameter estimation problem in context of ensemble data assimilation is addressed. In an example using a one‐point soil temperature model, the parameters corresponding to the emissivity and to the effective depth between the surface and the lowest atmospheric model level are estimated together with the initial conditions for temperature. The nonlinear synthetic observations representing various fluxes are assimilated using the Maximum Likelihood Ensemble Filter (MLEF). The results indicate a benefit of simultaneous assimilation of initial conditions and parameters. The estimated uncertainties are in general agreement with actual uncertainties. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
The emerging role of cystatins in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Žerovnik Eva 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRecently opposing effects of cysteine protease inhibitors, the human cystatins, on neurodegeneration have been reported. Human cystatin C is a risk factor for late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas human stefin B (cystatin B) has no direct involvement in AD. Conflicting data show that their target protease, cathepsin B, might be anti‐amyloidogenic, helping in amyloid‐beta (Aβ) clearance or, instead, might be involved in Aβ production. Some reports claim that cystatin C binds soluble Aβ, making transgenic animals healthier, others, in contrast, that deleting cystatins genes may contribute to amyloid pathology in animal models of AD.
Conformational analysis of a peptide approximating the HCCH motif in HIV‐1 Vif
Authors: Giri Kalyan , Maynard Ernest L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractVirion infectivity factor (Vif) is an accessory protein encoded by HIV‐1. Vif recruits a Cul5‐based ubiquitin ligase that targets APOBEC3G, a host‐encoded antiviral enzyme, for proteasomal degradation. The C‐terminus of Vif contains a conserved His‐X5‐Cys‐X17‐18‐Cys‐X3‐5‐His (HCCH) motif that binds zinc and interacts with Cul5. In this study, CD spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, light scattering, and zinc binding assays were used to examine the conformational properties of HCCHp, a 42‐amino acid peptide encompassing the HCCH motif. A single tryptophan residue was engineered into HCCHp to probe local structural changes induced by zinc binding. Zinc binding increased burial of the Trp residue from solvent and increased tertiary packing. The solvent 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol (TFE) induced the formation of an α‐helical conformation of HCCHp with a midpoint of 20% (vol/vol) and inhibited zinc‐induced aggregation of HCCHp. TFE titration data were sigmoidal, consistent with the cooperative nature of helix formation. Zinc binding to HCCHp in 30% TFE solutions was cooperative and weakened the TFE‐induced structure. In 80% TFE solutions this cooperativity was lost, suggesting a mechanism in which monomeric and oligomeric peptide forms display different affinities for zinc. TFE weakened zinc binding to HCCHp by two orders of magnitude relative to the zinc binding affinity measured in aqueous solvent. The data suggest that HCCHp conformation and zinc binding affinity are tightly coupled. We propose that the lack of intrinsic structure in the HCCH motif may be important for Vif's function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 92: 417–425, 2009.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Factors affecting effectiveness in e‐learning: An analysis in production management courses
Authors: Martínez‐Caro Eva 
Published: April 2009

AbstractE‐learning may help to open up new channels for the traditional teaching of engineering but there are many questions about what makes e‐learning an effective and satisfactory method, in particular, in the field of industrial engineering. This article evaluates the potential factors affecting the effectiveness of engineering e‐learning courses by applying structural equation modeling in a sample of students of multiple production management courses for industrial engineering students. This way, the gaps and methodological weaknesses detected in prior studies has been avoided. The findings of this study suggest that interaction is key to getting successful outcomes, that the right mixture of human and technology must be found, that it is crucial to teach students to learn online and that special attention must be directed to non‐traditional students who have the additional pressure of resolving time conflicts between e‐learning, work and/or family life. These findings can help engineering colleges and schools offering e‐learning courses to learn more about how to enhance students' success. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 572–581, 2011
An algorithm to form balanced and diverse groups of students
Authors: Yeoh Hak Koon , Mohamad Nor Mohamad Iskandr 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe share the details of a simple algorithm which groups students based on diversity in gender and race while keeping the group average CGPA nearly equal. Application on simulated and actual class profiles gave multiple‐feasible solutions within seconds, with a maximum absolute deviation in group average CGPA of 0.03/4.00 or lower. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 582–590, 2011
Growth factors and glucose homeostasis in diabetic rats: effects of exercise training
Authors: Gomes Ricardo José , Leme José Alexandre Curiacos de Almeida , de Moura Leandro Pereira , de Araújo Michel Barbosa , Rogatto Gustavo Puggina , de Moura Rodrigo Ferreira , Luciano Eliete , de Mello Maria Alice Rostom 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTo investigate the alterations of glucose homeostasis and variables of the insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) growth system in sedentary and trained diabetic (TD) rats, Wistar rats were divided into sedentary control (SC), trained control (TC), sedentary diabetic (SD), and TD groups. Diabetes was induced by Alloxan (35 mg kg−1 b.w.). Training program consisted of swimming 5 days week−1, 1 h day−1, during 8 weeks. Rats were sacrificed and blood was collected for determinations of serum glucose, insulin, growth hormone (GH), IGF‐1, and IGF binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3). Muscle and liver were removed to evaluate glycogen content. Cerebellum was extracted to determinate IGF‐1 content. Diabetes decreased serum GH, IGF‐1, IGFBP‐3, liver glycogen, and cerebellum IGF‐1 peptide content in baseline condition. Physical training recovered liver glycogen and increased serum and cerebellum IGF‐1 peptide in diabetic rats. Physical training induces important metabolic and hormonal alterations that are associated with an improvement in glucose homeostasis and serum and cerebellum IGF‐1 concentrations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paclitaxel‐induced ST‐Segment Elevations
Authors: Gemici Gökmen , Çinçin Altuǧ , Deǧertekin Muzaffer , Oktay Ahmet 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA 51‐year‐old woman presented with severe chest pain minutes after starting intravenous paclitaxel as a part of the systemic chemotherapy due to ovarian carcinoma. The electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed sinus rhythm with ST‐segment elevations in inferior and anterior leads. The ST‐segment elevations resolved immediately after sublingual nitroglycerine. Cardiac troponin T and CPK MB levels remained in the normal range at repeat measurements. It was presumed that in spite of standard premedication, paclitaxel had induced acute coronary syndrome with ST‐segment elevations in this patient. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design, fabrication, and testing of an insertable double‐imaging‐region gradient coil
Authors: Goodrich K. Craig , Hadley J. Rock , Moon Sung M. , Chronik Blaine A. , Scholl Timothy J. , Debever Joshua T. , Parker Dennis L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe have constructed a small‐bore insertable gradient coil with two linear gradient imaging regions and interfaced it with an MRI scanner. We have also constructed an RF system capable of transmitting or receiving in both regions simultaneously. Designs for conductor placement for two‐region X‐, Y‐, and Z‐gradient coils were optimized by simulated annealing. Wire patterns for each axis were chosen that gave low inductance, reasonable homogeneity over a large imaging volume and high efficiency (gradient field per‐unit‐current). Imaging was performed on a Siemens 3T TIM Trio scanner equipped with three additional gradient amplifier channels and a second RF/gradient array controller. Phantoms were placed in the two imaging regions as well as the central non‐imaging region to test gradient homogeneity and crosstalk between regions. Images acquired simultaneously in the two regions showed very little signal crosstalk between imaging regions and even less signal from the central, non‐imaging region. When combined with an overlapping single‐region gradient insert, extended field‐of‐view (FOV) imaging will be possible without moving the table or the subject and without increasing nerve stimulation. Construction and testing of a two‐region gradient coil insert is a necessary intermediate step as a proof of concept for an extended field of view, contiguous, three‐region human‐sized gradient system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 35B: 98–105, 2009
Association of the progesterone receptor gene with endometrial cancer risk in a Chinese population
Authors: Xu Wang‐Hong , Long Ji‐rong , Zheng Wei , Ruan Zhi‐xian , Cai Qiuyin , Cheng Jia‐rong , Xiang Yong‐Bing , Shu Xiao‐Ou 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the progesterone receptor (PGR) gene have been associated with the risk of endometrial cancer. However, to the authors' knowledge, no study to date has systematically evaluated the role of the PGR gene in endometrial carcinogenesis.METHODS:Exposure information and DNA samples collected in the Shanghai Endometrial Cancer Study, a population‐based case‐control study of 1204 incident cases and 1212 age‐ and frequency‐matched population controls, were used in this study. Seven tag SNPs were identified for the PGR gene plus the 5‐kilobase (kb) flanking regions using the Han Chinese data from the HapMap project with a pairwise correlation coefficient (r2) ≥ 0.90. These 7 SNPs captured 92% of SNPs in the region with a pairwise r2 ≥ 0.90 or 100% of SNPs with a pairwise r2 ≥ 0.80. Genotyping of polymorphisms was performed by using the Affymetrix MegAllele Targeted Genotyping System. A logistic regression model was used to compute adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).RESULTS:Of 7 tag SNPs that were assessed, 2 polymorphisms in the 3′ flanking region of the PGR gene, reference SNP identification number (rs) 11224561 (rs11224561) and rs471767, were associated with the risk of endometrial cancer. The cytosine/cytosine (CC) genotype of SNP rs11224561 was associated with decreased risk (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.50‐0.92) compared with the thymine/thymine (TT) genotype. Carrying the guanine (G) allele of the rs471767 SNP also was associated with decreased risk, although the association was not statistically significant (OR, 0.78, 95%CI, 0.59‐1.04 and OR, 0.32, 95%CI, 0.03‐3.05 for the adenine [A]G and GG genotypes, respectively, compared with the homozygote AA).CONCLUSIONS:The current findings suggested that polymorphisms in the 3′ flanking region of the PGR gene may be associated with the risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Comparing safety and efficacy of first‐line irinotecan/fluoropyrimidine combinations in elderly versus nonelderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Jackson Nadine A. , Barrueco José , Soufi‐Mahjoubi Raoudha , Marshall John , Mitchell Edith , Zhang Xiaoxi , Meyerhardt Jeffrey 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Irinotecan‐based chemotherapy regimens are 1 option for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The authors report the safety and efficacy of such regimens in elderly patients using a large phase III trial (bolus, infusional, or capecitabine with camptostar‐celecoxib &&num;91;BICC‐C&&num;93;) cohort.METHODS:In period 1, 430 previously untreated patients with mCRC were randomized in a 3‐by‐2 design to receive irinotecan plus infusional 5‐fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFIRI), irinotecan plus bolus 5‐fluorouracil/leucovorin (mIFL), and irinotecan plus oral capecitabine (CapeIRI). In period 2, an additional 117 patients were randomized to receive FOLFIRI or mIFL and bevacizumab. In both periods patients were also randomized to a double‐blind treatment with celecoxib or placebo. A secondary analysis was conducted examining the safety and efficacy of these regimens in elderly (age >70 years) versus nonelderly (age ≤70 years) patients.RESULTS:In period 1, 19.5% of patients were elderly, compared with 24.8% in period 2. Rates of grade 3 and higher toxicity did not differ significantly between age groups in either period by treatment arm, with the exception of asthenia in the FOLFIRI and CapeIRI arms (P= .05 andP= .03, respectively) and dehydration in the CapeIRI arm in period 1 (P= .02). Overall progression‐free survival for FOLFIRI in both periods was not statistically different by age. Objective responses and overall survival did not differ by patient age within treatment arms and periods.CONCLUSIONS:Irinotecan/fluoropyrimidine combinations are well tolerated in the elderly population, with similar efficacy to that found in nonelderly patients in first‐line mCRC. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Variational iteration method for inverse problem of diffusion equation
Authors: Yıldırım Ahmet 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this work, the solution of an inverse problem concerning a diffusion equation with source control parameters is presented. Inverse problems of parabolic type arise from many fields of physics and play a very important role in various branches of science and engineering. In the last few years, considerable efforts have been expended in formulating accurate and efficient methods to solve these equations. In this research, the variational iteration method is used for solving an inverse parabolic problem and computing an unknown time‐dependent parameter. In this method, the solution is calculated in the form of a convergent series with an easily computable component. This approach does not need linearization, weak nonlinearity assumptions or perturbation theory. The results show applicability, accuracy and efficiency of VIM in solving inverse problems of parabolic type. It is predicted that VIM can be widely applied in science and engineering problems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A quadratic least‐squares solution reconstruction in a boundary layer region
Authors: Petrovskaya N. B. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA local weighted least‐squares (LS) method is often used to approximate a solution function in computational aerodynamics problems. In our paper we study LS approximation by a quadratic polynomial on unstructured grids that have the high cell aspect ratio. It will be shown in the paper that an LS method degrades to unacceptable accuracy on stretched meshes and weighting of distant stencil points does not result in a more accurate reconstruction. A concept of numerically distant points will be employed to explain the reasons behind the method's poor performance and an approach will be discussed that allows one to improve the results of a quadratic LS reconstruction in a boundary layer region. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow cytometric evaluation of CD38 expression assists in distinguishing follicular hyperplasia from follicular lymphoma
Authors: Mantei Kristin , Wood Brent L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe distinction of follicular lymphoma (FL) from reactive follicular hyperplasia (FH) can be a diagnostic challenge in flow cytometry. In this study, the median fluorescent intensity (MFI) of CD38 as assessed by flow cytometry on B and T cell subpopulations in 102 lymph nodes specimens with histopathologically confirmed FL was compared with 55 cases of FH. The MFI of CD38 was highly significantly reduced in the neoplastic B cells in FL when compared with the reactive germinal center B cells in FH (P < 1.0E‐16). The MFI of CD38 did not differ between the non‐neoplastic B‐cells in FL and nongerminal center B‐cells in FH (P = 0.14) or between T‐cells and non‐neoplastic B‐cells in FL (P = 0.63). A marginal increase in the MFI of CD38 was seen for T cells in FL compared with FH (P = 0.04). An increased difference in the MFI of CD38 was identified for T‐cells compared with nongerminal center B‐cells in FH (P = 0.005). No difference in CD38 expression was seen between Grades 1, 2, or 3 FL. The study also confirmed increased expression of CD10 (P < 1.0E‐9), decreased CD19 (P < 1.0E‐22), and CD20 (P < 1.0E‐16) in FL in comparison with FH, as has been previously reported. This study identified decreased CD38 as a common finding in FL in comparison with FH and provides an additional tool to help differentiate FL from FH by flow cytometry. © 2009 Clinical Cytometry Society
A Cyclometallated (Azobenzene)palladium(II) Complex of 1,4,7‐Trithiacyclononane: Synthesis and Reactivity with Thioether‐Dithiolate Metalloligands, Single‐Crystal X‐ray Diffraction Analyses and Electrochemical Studies
Authors: Shin Richard Y. C. , Goh Chun Lian , Goh Lai Yoong , Webster Richard D. , Li Yongxin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe treatment of [{Pd(C6H4N=NC6H5)(μ‐Cl)}2] (5) with AgPF6/NH4PF6 in acetone, followed by the addition of two molar equivalents of 1,4,7‐trithiacyclononane (9S3), gives the deep red complex [Pd(C6H4N=NC6H5)(9S3)][PF6] (6A) in high yield, whereas the direct reaction of 5 with two molar equivalents of 9S3 gives [Pd(C6H4N=NC6H5)(9S3)][Pd(C6H4N=NC6H5)Cl2] (6B) in quantitative yield based on 5. The subsequent reaction of 5 and 6A with the metalloligand [(HMB)RuII{η3‐tpdt}] [3; HMB = η6‐C6Me6, tpdt = S(CH2CH2S–)2] results in displacement of the chloride and 9S3 ligands, respectively, to give the Ru‐Pd heterobimetallic complex [{(HMB)RuII(μ‐η2:η3‐tpdt)}{Pd(C6H4N=NC6H5)}][PF6] (7) in 85 % yield. Similar reactions with the Cp* analogue of 3, namely [(Cp*)RuIII{η3‐tpdt}] (4), give the trinuclear complex [{Cp*RuIII(μ‐η2:η3‐tpdt)}2Pd](PF6)2 (8), in which all the ligands on palladium have been displaced, in a yield of around 80 %. X‐ray diffraction analyses of 6A, 6B and its solvates (6B·H2O and 6B·CHCl3) have shown that short atom–atom interactions between the cation and the counterion and lattice solvent molecules have a significant effect on the bond parameters of the molecules, and 1H NMR spectroscopy indicates that these interactions persist even in solution. The single‐crystal X‐ray structure of 7 has also been determined. Cyclic voltammetry experiments have been performed on 6A, 6B and 7 in CH2Cl2 and CH3CN at GC and Pt electrodes.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)