bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluorescent Copper(II) Bis(thiosemicarbazonates): Synthesis, Structures, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Radiolabeling, In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy Studies
Authors: Pascu Sofia I. , Waghorn Philip A. , Kennedy Brett W. C. , Arrowsmith Rory L. , Bayly Simon R. , Dilworth Jonathan R. , Christlieb Martin , Tyrrell Rex M. , Zhong Julia , Kowalczyk Radoslaw M. , Collison David , Aley Parvinder K. , Churchill Grant C. , Aigbirhio Franklin I. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCopper bis(4‐ethyl‐3‐thiosemicarbazonato) acenaphthenequinone (1) and copper bis(4‐methyl‐3‐thiosemicarbazonato) acenaphthenequinone (2) are synthesized and characterized in solution, in the solid state, and radiolabeled. Serum‐protein binding radioassays show good stability in solution and about 25 % binding to protein over 1 h, which is comparable with the hypoxia selective tracer [64Cu(ATSM)]. Cyclic voltammetry shows fast and reversible reduction at redox potentials similar to the values known for hypoxia‐selective copper compounds. However, despite this, complex 1 does not show any hypoxic‐selective uptake in HeLa cells over 1‐h standard assays. Possible reasons for this are studied by using the intrinsic fluorescence of the CuII complexes to determine the cellular distributions and uptake mechanism by confocal microscopy. The complexes are found to bind to the external cell membrane and disperse evenly in the cytoplasm only after a very slow cell internalization (>1 h). No significant changes in distribution are observed by fluorescence imaging under hypoxic conditions. The rate of localization in the cytoplasm contrasts with their ZnII analogues, which are known to have fast cell uptake (up to 20 min) and a clear localization in lysosomes and mitochondria. The cytotoxicity mechanism of 1 over 24 h against a number of adherent cell lines is seen to be by membrane disruption and is of a comparable magnitude to that of [Cu(ATSM)], as demonstrated by methyl tetrazolium (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays.
Detection of bacterial DNA in acute and chronic cholecystitis
Authors: Lemos R , França P H C , Ferreira L E , Gonçalves A R , Campos A C L , Pinho M 
Published: February 2010

Abstract

Background
The incidence of bacterbilia in cholelithiasis remains controversial. The positivity of cultures ranges from 0 to 73 per cent. The aim of this study was to employ the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect bacterial DNA in gallbladder bile extracted during elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and to compare PCR findings with those of bile culture.

Methods
Bile samples from 84 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were collected for culture and PCR analysis.

Results
Positive results for bacterbilia were found in 42 (50 per cent) of 84 patients by PCR but in only 16 patients (19 per cent) by culture (P &lt; 0·001). Agreement between the two methods was seen in 44 samples (52 per cent), which were negative in 35 cases. Pathological examination showed chronic cholecystitis in 69 cases (82 per cent) and acute cholecystitis in 15 (18 per cent). Thirty-three (48 per cent) of the patients with chronic cholecystitis were PCR positive but only ten (14 per cent) were culture positive (P &lt; 0·001). Only culture results correlated with findings on pathological examination (P = 0·033).

Conclusion
PCR is more sensitive in detecting bacterial contamination of gallbladder bile in cholecystitis than conventional culture. The clinical relevance of this high sensitivity remains unclear.
The celebrated écorchés of honoré Fragonard, part 1: The classical techniques of preparation of dry anatomical specimens in the 18th century
Authors: Degueurce Christophe , Adds translated by Philip 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe écorchés that Honoré Fragonard created between 1766 and 1771 have miraculously survived the ravages of time due to a technique of preparation which Fragonard never revealed. The present paper and a subsequent article aim to explain the classical methods used by anatomists of the 18th century (Part 1) and to throw light on the details of Fragonard's method (Part 2). Anatomists of the 18th century who wished to preserve their dissections used a method of mummification, which has now fallen into disuse: drying after immersion in alcohol. This article explains the stages of the classical method utilized by French anatomists of the Age of Enlightenment. The cadaver was selected with care before the vascular system was injected with a colored mixture of wax, animal fat, and plant resins. The body was then dehydrated by immersion in a bath of alcohol, after which it was removed and positioned by means of a wooden framework, which held the body in the desired pose while the alcohol evaporated. The vessels were painted, and finally the body was varnished. Clin. Anat. 23:249–257, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The celebrated écorchés of honoré Fragonard, part 2: The details of the technique used by Fragonard
Authors: Degueurce Christophe , vo Duy Sung , Bleton Jean , Hugon Paulette , Cadot Laure , Tchapla Alain , Adds translated by Philip 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIt is remarkable that the famous écorchés of Honoré Fragonard have survived the centuries to reach us today. Studies carried out by several teams have established details of the technique used by Fragonard that help to explain their longevity. The injection of the vessels was achieved by means of a mixture of mutton tallow and pine resin diluted in essence of turpentine and essential oils. This gave Fragonard a very high success rate. Above all, he did not add pigments to his mixture while injecting the veins, and this facilitated the procedure. The vessels were painted after preservation to give them the vivid colors that we can still see today. Another detail that explains their exceptional conservation is that the varnish used by Fragonard was composed of Venice turpentine, made from larch resin and known to repel insects. Clin. Anat. 23:258–264, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical significance of the sphenoidal process of the cartilaginous nasal septum: A preliminary morphological evaluation
Authors: Kim Joohwan , Han Seung‐Ho , Kim Soo Whan , Cho Jin Hee , Park Yong Jin , Kim Sung Won 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe bony septum ossifies from cranial to caudal and from ventral to dorsal, thereby forming the perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone and vomer. A small strip of cartilage from the cartilaginous septum remains between these parts, the so‐called sphenoidal process of the cartilaginous septum. This sphenoidal process is usually seen at the top of a deviated nasal septum during septoplasty. This study evaluated the clinical significance of the sphenoidal process of the cartilaginous septum as a cause of nasal septal deviation. We studied 37 patients with septal deviation who underwent septoplasty. The complex consisting of the sphenoidal process of the cartilaginous septum, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (PPE), and vomer was removed at surgery. The sphenoidal process was measured and the surgical specimen were evaluated histologically and compared to controls. The mean length of the sphenoidal process in patients with a deviated nasal septum was 26.05 ± 5.32 mm versus 11.95 ± 2.38 mm in controls. The sphenoidal process was significantly longer in the patients with a deviated nasal septum (P < 0.05). The sphenoidal process of the cartilaginous septum was connected to the PPE and vomer in the patients with a deviated nasal septum and differed histologically from that of the controls. The sphenoidal process of the cartilaginous septum was long and prominent in the patients with septal deviation, implying that delayed nasal septal ossification may be one cause of nasal septal deviation. Clin. Anat. 23:265–269, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variability of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: An anatomic basis for planning safe surgical approaches
Authors: Majkrzak A. , Johnston J. , Kacey D. , Zeller J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCurrent surgical assumptions identify the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) running just under the inguinal ligament two fingerbreadths medial to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). On the basis of the increasing incidence of Meralgia Paresthetica associated with various surgical procedures, it is clear that surgeons are relying on an inadequate description of the nerve's course. This study provides a better understanding of the variability of the LFCN with regards to its relationship to the ASIS and the depth at which it passes deep to the inguinal ligament. A total of 35 bodies were examined yielding 65 sets of data. Dissections were performed on 26 formalin fixed cadavers and 9 fresh morgue specimens. Measurements and calculations were made with regard to the distance from the LFCN to the ASIS along the inguinal ligament, the depth of the LFCN as it crossed the inguinal ligament, and the length of the inguinal ligament. The LFCN was observed to cross the inguinal ligament 1.4 ± 0.4 cm medial to the ASIS with a standard deviation of 1.5 cm. The LFCN traversed the inguinal ligament 1.0 ± 0.1 cm deep to the ligament with a standard deviation of 0.6 cm. The LFCN runs approximately one fingerbreadth medial to the ASIS. The nerve may be found far more medial or lateral than expected with several distinct branching patterns. In addition, the LFCN crosses deeper to the inguinal ligament than previously described in the literature, with a high variability of depth between specimens. Clin. Anat. 23:304–311, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, Structure and Light‐Harvesting Properties of Some New Transition‐Metal Dithiocarbamates Involving Ferrocene
Authors: Kumar Abhinav , Chauhan Ratna , Molloy Kieran C. , Kociok‐Köhn Gabriele , Bahadur Lal , Singh Nanhai 
Published: February 2010

AbstractNine new transition‐metal dithiocarbamates involving ferrocene (Fc), namely, [M(FcCH2Bzdtc)2] (M=NiII (1), CuII (2), CdII (3), HgII (4), PdII (5), PtII (6) and PbII (7); Bzdtc=N‐benzyl dithiocarbamate) and [M(FcCH2Bzdtc)3] (M=CoII (8) and UO2VI (9)), have been synthesised and characterised by micro analyses, IR spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and in three cases by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The peak broadening in the 1H spectrum of the copper complex indicates the paramagnetic behaviour of this compound. A square‐planar geometry around the nickel and copper complexes and distorted linear geometry around the mercury complex have been found. The latter geometry is attributed to the bulkiness of the methylferrocenyl and benzyl groups. The observed single quasi‐reversible cyclic voltammograms for complexes 2, 8 and 9 indicate the stabilisation of a metal centre other than Fe in their characteristic oxidation state. These complexes have been used as a photosensitiser in dye‐sensitised solar cells.
A Family of 1,1,3,3‐Tetraalkylguanidine (H‐TAG) Solvated Zinc Aryloxide Precatalysts for the Ring‐Opening Polymerization of rac‐Lactide
Authors: Ng Julia J. , Durr Christopher B. , Lance Jacob M. , Bunge Scott D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractReaction of [Zn(μ‐TAG){N(SiMe3)2}]2 {TAG = N=C[N(CH2CH3)2N(CH3)2] (DEDMG), N=C{[NCH2CH2CH2CdH2(N–Cd)]N(CH2CH3)2} (DEPYRG) and N=C{[NCH2CH2CH2CH2CeH2(N–Ce)]N(CH2CH3)2} (DEPIPG)} with 2 equiv. of ethanol (EtOH) and 2 equiv. of HOAr {OAr = OC6H3(CMe3)‐2‐(CH3)‐6 (BMP) or OC6H2[C(CH3)3]2‐2,6‐(CH3)‐4 (4MeDBP)} results in dizinc alkoxides with the general formula [Zn(μ‐OEt)(OAr)(H‐TAG)]2 (1–3). Et2Zn was additionally treated with 2 equiv. of 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylguanidine (H‐TMG) and H‐BMP or HOC6H3(C6H5)2‐2,6 to yield [Zn(BMP)2(H‐TMG)2] (4) and [Zn{OC6H3(C6H5)2‐2,6}2(H‐TMG)2] (5). Complexes 1, 2, 4, and 5 were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Polymerization of rac‐lactide with 1–5 and [Zn(μ‐OMe)(4MeDBP)(H‐TMG)]2 (6) were found to generate polylactide (PLA). The bulk powders for all complexes were found to be in agreement with the crystal structures based on elemental analyses, FTIR spectroscopy, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies.
New Methodology for the Conversion of Epoxides to Alkenes
Authors: Wu Feng‐Ling , Ross Benjamin P. , McGeary Ross P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractEpoxides have been transformed in good yields to alkenes by a process involving (i) ring‐opening of the epoxide with 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole, (ii) oxidation of the derived β‐hydroxy thioethers to the corresponding sulfones, and (iii) thermal or base‐promoted fragmentation of these sulfones to alkenes. The stereochemistry of the starting epoxide is transferred faithfully to the alkene product, because of the SN2 epoxide ring‐opening reactions and the antiperiplanar SO2 elimination reaction of the β‐alkoxysulfinate intermediates. This methodology may form the basis of a new protecting group strategy for alkenes.
Efficient Aerobic Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols by the Use of a Hybrid Electron Transfer Catalyst
Authors: Johnston Eric V. , Karlsson Erik A. , Tran Lien‐Hoa , Åkermark Björn , Bäckvall Jan‐E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBiomimetic aerobic oxidation of secondary alcohols has been performed using hybrid catalyst 1 and Shvo's catalyst 2. This combination allows mild reaction conditions and low catalytic loading, due to the efficiency of intramolecular electron transfer. By this method a wide range of different alcohols have been converted into their corresponding ketones. Oxidation of benzylic as well as aliphatic, electron‐rich, electron‐deficient and sterically hindered alcohols could be oxidized in excellent yield and selectivity. Oxidation of (S)‐1‐phenylethanol showed that no racemization occurred during the course of the reaction, indicating that the hydride 2b adds to the quinone much faster than it re‐adds to the ketone product. The kinetic deuterium isotope effect of the oxidation was determined by the use of 1‐phenylethanol (3a) and 1‐deuterio‐1‐phenylethanol (3a‐d1) in parallel and competitive manner, which gave the same isotope effect within experimental error (kH/kD ≈ 2.8). This indicates that there is no strong coordination of the substrate to the catalyst.
Thermodynamic driving forces for postgasification carbon deposition
Authors: Pope Christopher J. , Marrone Philip A. , Yeh Bryan V. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe product stream from a biomass gasifier is at a sufficiently high temperature (roughly 1100°C) to be able to undergo further chemical reactions if not immediately quenched. If the product stream is allowed to cool at a slower rate, there is the possibility of solid carbon formation, which can foul surfaces in contact with the cooling product gas. The goal of this work is to assess the thermodynamic driving forces for solid carbon formation via global equilibrium calculations, identifying conditions under which carbon formation is favored or disfavored. Global equilibrium calculations are performed using conditions representative of biomass gasifiers. Operating variables explored include the steam/carbon mass ratio, system pressure, and the amount of carbon lost and removed as char after the gasifier (% char). Both by varying the steam/carbon ratio and the % char, the temperature at which solid carbon is predicted to form and deposit on surfaces (Tdep) varies by hundreds of degrees Celsius, because varying both these operating conditions directly affects the atomic carbon/oxygen ratio of the product stream. There is a direct correlation between the atomic C/O ratio and Tdep. Varying the steam/carbon ratio and the % char also strongly changes the predicted gas‐phase product compositions. The effect of pressure upon Tdep and gas‐phase compositions is also explored. These results have implications for optimizing the composition of the product stream so as to not only preclude carbon formation but also maximize the yield from further downstream processes such as catalytic reactions to produce liquid fuels. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Limit states and failure mechanisms of viscous dampers and the implications for large earthquakes
Authors: Miyamoto H. Kit , Gilani Amir S. J. , Wada Akira , Ariyaratana Christopher 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFluid viscous dampers are used to control story drifts and member forces in structures during earthquake events. These elements provide satisfactory performance at the design‐level or maximum considered earthquake. However, buildings using fluid viscous dampers have not been subjected to very large earthquakes with intensities greater than the design and maximum considered events. Furthermore, an extensive database of viscous damper performance during large seismic events does not exist. To address these issues, a comprehensive analytical and experimental investigation was conducted to determine the performance of damped structures subjected to large earthquakes. A critical component of this research was the development and verification of a detailed viscous damper mathematical model that incorporates limit states. The development of this model and the laboratory and simulation results conclude good correlation with the new model and the damper limit states and provide superior results compared with the typical damper model when considering near collapse evaluation of structures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A generalized conditional intensity measure approach and holistic ground‐motion selection
Authors: Bradley Brendon A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA generalized conditional intensity measure (GCIM) approach is proposed for use in the holistic selection of ground motions for any form of seismic response analysis. The essence of the method is the construction of the multivariate distribution of any set of ground‐motion intensity measures conditioned on the occurrence of a specific ground‐motion intensity measure (commonly obtained from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis). The approach therefore allows any number of ground‐motion intensity measures identified as important in a particular seismic response problem to be considered. A holistic method of ground‐motion selection is also proposed based on the statistical comparison, for each intensity measure, of the empirical distribution of the ground‐motion suite with the ‘target’ GCIM distribution. A simple procedure to estimate the magnitude of potential bias in the results of seismic response analyses when the ground‐motion suite does not conform to the GCIM distribution is also demonstrated. The combination of these three features of the approach make it entirely holistic in that: any level of complexity in ground‐motion selection for any seismic response analysis can be exercised; users explicitly understand the simplifications made in the selected suite of ground motions; and an approximate estimate of any bias associated with such simplifications is obtained. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for assessing kinematic bending moments at the pile head
Authors: de Sanctis Luca , Maiorano Rosa M. S. , Aversa Stefano 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe conventional design methods for seismically loaded piles still concentrate in providing adequate resistance from the pile to withstand only the inertial bending moments generated from the oscillation of the superstructure, thus neglecting the effect of kinematic interaction between pile and soil. By contrast there has been extensive research on kinematic effects induced by earthquakes and a number of simplified methods are available for a preliminary evaluation of kinematic bending moments at the interface between two soil layers. Less attention has been paid to the effects of kinematic interaction at the pile‐head. The paper summarizes recent research work on kinematic response analysis of fixed‐head piles aimed at the performance evaluation of a piled foundation. Results from an extensive parametric study, undertaken by means of three‐dimensional FE analyses, suggest a new criterion to predict kinematic bending effects at the pile head, where the combination of kinematic and inertial effect may be critical. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geographic variation of persistent organic pollutant levels in humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) feeding areas of the North Pacific and North Atlantic
Authors: Elfes Cristiane T. , VanBlaricom Glenn R. , Boyd Daryle , Calambokidis John , Clapham Phillip J. , Pearce Ronald W. , Robbins Jooke , Salinas Juan Carlos , Straley Janice M. , Wade Paul R. , Krahn Margaret M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Seasonal feeding behavior and high fidelity to feeding areas allow humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to be used as biological indicators of regional contamination. Biopsy blubber samples from male individuals (n = 67) were collected through SPLASH, a multinational research project, in eight North Pacific feeding grounds. Additional male samples (n = 20) were collected from one North Atlantic feeding ground. Persistent organic pollutants were measured in the samples and used to assess contaminant distribution in the study areas. North Atlantic (Gulf of Maine) whales were more contaminated than North Pacific whales, showing the highest levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and chlordanes. The highest dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) levels were detected in whales feeding off southern California, USA. High-latitude regions were characterized by elevated levels of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) but generally nondetectable concentrations of PBDEs. Age was shown to have a positive relationship with ΣPCBs, ΣDDTs, Σchlordanes, and total percent lipid. Contaminant levels in humpback whales were comparable to other mysticetes and lower than those found in odontocete cetaceans and pinnipeds. Although these concentrations likely do not represent a significant conservation threat, levels in the Gulf of Maine and southern California may warrant further study. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:824–834. © 2009 SETAC
Analysis, occurrence, and toxic potential of pyrethroids, and fipronil in sediments from an urban estuary
Authors: Lao Wenjian , Tsukada David , Greenstein Darrin J. , Bay Steven M. , Maruya Keith A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Eight pyrethroids and fipronil and its three major degradates were analyzed in urban estuarine sediments that exhibited a range of toxic effects to an amphipod test species. Sediments from Ballona Creek, an urban estuary in Southern California (USA), collected during three dry season events were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture and negative chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection (GC-ECD and GC-NCI-MS). The two detection methods were in agreement for intermediate levels of pyrethroid contamination (10–50 ng/g dry wt) but deviated for both low and high concentrations (&lt; 5 and &gt; 50 ng/g). Sediments contained total pyrethroids as high as 473 ng/g with permethrin, bifenthrin, and cypermethrin as the most abundant compounds. In contrast, fipronil and its desulfinyl, sulfide, and sulfone degradates were detected at much lower levels (≤ 0.18–16 ng/g). Toxic units estimated for these compounds revealed that bifenthrin and cypermethrin were likely contributors to the mortality observed in tests with the estuarine amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius. Although fipronil was not a likely contributor to the observed mortality, the concentrations detected may be of concern for more sensitive crustacean species. Furthermore, the spatial pattern of pyrethroid contamination and potential toxicity was highly correlated with fine-grained substrate, which shifted to downstream stations within a three-month period during the dry season. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:843–851. © 2010 SETAC