bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hemoglobin A1c Self‐recording in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Study
Authors: JERNTORP PETER , JEPPSSON JAN‐OLOF , SUNDKVIST GÖRAN 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.HbA1c evaluates glycemic control 3–6 weeks retrospectively. To achieve improvements in glycemic control we have tested a patient‐administered HbA1c control program in 12 (11 type I) diabetic patients. In the program, HbA1c was estimated once a month for 12 months and the results were mailed to the patient who recorded them in a specially designed HbA1c chart. The results in the probands were compared with 24 matched (22 type I) diabetic patients. The results showed that HbA1c fell significantly (p<0.01) during the year in the probands, from 8.84±1.12% to 7.48±0.95%, and was unchanged in the controls (8.41 ±1.78% and 8.17±1.74%, respectively). Accordingly, HbA1c self‐recording improves glycemic control in diabetic patients.
Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to Physical Training in Type II (Non‐insulin‐dependent) Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: ALLENBERG KURT , JOHANSEN KLAUS , SALTIN BENGT 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.Seven middle‐aged men with manifest type II diabetes mellitus underwent an endurance training programme for 10–15 weeks. The maximal aerobic capacity, as well as the endurance capacity, was improved by 10% (p<0.05). The intramuscular glycogen store increased by more than 80% (p<0.05) from 350 μmol/g dw (dry weight), and the activities of citrate synthase and 3‐hydroxy‐acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase increased by more than 50% (p<0.05) and 30% (p<0.05). The activity of glycogen synthase was decreased by approximately 20% (p<0.05), whereas lactate dehydrogenase remained unchanged. Capillaries/fibre and fibre area increased by more than 50% (p<0.05) and 30% (p<0.05) leaving the area of supply constant. Training did not influence fasting blood lipids and glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, oral glucose tolerance, and insulin response to an oral glucose load measured 72 hours post‐exercise. It is concluded that patients with manifest type II diabetes, as normoglycaemic individuals, adapt to physical training. However, no persistent effect on glucohomeostasis and lipaemia is produced by short‐term training in the diabetic patients.
Empirical support for a multi‐dimensional model of sensations experienced by youth during their initial smoking episodes
Authors: Richardson Chris G. , Okoli Chizimuzo T. C. , Ratner Pamela A. , Johnson Joy L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAims To examine the dimensionality of sensations experienced during initial tobacco smoking.Design Cross‐sectional survey.Setting Thirteen secondary schools located in British Columbia, Canada.Participants Data from 1187 adolescents who responded ‘yes’ to the question: ‘Have you ever tried cigarette smoking, even one or two puffs?’.Measurements Participants answered questions about their demographic characteristics, tobacco smoking history and sensations experienced during their initial smoking episodes.Findings The sensations appear to represent the following three separate but modestly correlated dimensions: a pleasant dimension defined by feeling good and relaxed; an unpleasant dimension defined by coughing, feeling sick and nervous; and a ‘buzz’ dimension defined by feeling high and dizzy. The three factors made statistically significant contributions to the prediction of transition to regular smoking (defined as having smoked at least 100 cigarettes in one's life‐time) after adjusting for age, sex and age at first puff.Conclusions The results suggest that three relatively distinct physiological systems appear to explain the relationship between initial smoking sensations and probability of becoming a regular smoker. Researchers examining sensations experienced during initial tobacco smoking episodes should consider using a three‐dimensional profile of symptoms composed of pleasant, unpleasant and buzz dimensions.
Meta‐analysis: isosorbide‐mononitrate alone or with either beta‐blockers or endoscopic therapy for the management of oesophageal varices
Authors: Gluud L. L. , Langholz E. , Krag A. 
Published: August 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 859–871SummaryBackground  The evidence concerning the use of isosorbide‐mononitrate (IsMn) for oesophageal varices is equivocal.Aim  To assess the effects of IsMn for patients with oesophageal varices and no previous bleeding (primary prevention) or previous variceal bleeding (secondary prevention).Methods  Systematic review with meta‐analyses of randomized trials on IsMn alone or with beta‐blockers or endoscopic therapy for oesophageal varices. Electronic and manual searches were combined. Randomized trials on primary and secondary prevention were included. The primary outcome measure was mortality. Intention‐to‐treat random effects meta‐analyses were performed. The robustness of the results was assessed in trial sequential analyses.Results  Ten randomized trials on primary and 17 on secondary prevention were included. Evidence of bias was identified. No apparent effect of IsMn on mortality compared with placebo or beta‐blockers or IsMn plus beta‐blockers vs. beta‐blockers was identified. Compared with endoscopic therapy, IsMn plus beta‐blockers had no apparent effect on bleeding, but did seem to reduce mortality in secondary prevention (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.59–0.89), but not in primary prevention. The effect of IsMn plus beta‐blockers on mortality in secondary prevention was not confirmed in trial sequential analysis.Conclusions  Isosorbide‐mononitrate used alone or in combination with beta blockers does not seem to offer any reduction in bleeding in the primary or secondary prevention of oesophageal varices. Compared with endoscopic therapy, there may be a survival advantage in using IsMn and beta‐blockers, but additional large multicentre trials are needed to verify this finding.
Review article: gene therapy, recent developments and future prospects in gastrointestinal oncology
Authors: Touchefeu Y. , Harrington K. J. , Galmiche J. P. , Vassaux G. 
Published: August 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 953–968SummaryBackground  Gene therapy consists of the introduction of genetic material into cells for a therapeutic purpose. A wide range of gene therapy vectors have been developed and used for applications in gastrointestinal oncology.Aim  To review recent developments and published clinical trials concerning the application of gene therapy in the treatment of liver, colon and pancreatic cancers.Methods  Search of the literature published in English using the PubMed database.Results  A large variety of therapeutic genes are under investigation, such as tumour suppressor, suicide, antiangiogenesis, inflammatory cytokine and micro‐RNA genes. Recent progress concerns new vectors, such as oncolytic viruses, and the synergy between viral gene therapy, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. As evidence of these basic developments, recently published phase I and II clinical trials, using both single agents and combination strategies, in adjuvant or advanced disease settings, have shown encouraging results and good safety records.Conclusions  Cancer gene therapy is not yet indicated in clinical practice. However, basic and clinical advances have been reported and gene therapy is a promising, new therapeutic approach for the treatment of gastrointestinal tumours.
The performance of a novel ball‐tipped Flush knife for endoscopic submucosal dissection: a case–control study
Authors: Toyonaga T. , Man‐I M. , Fujita T. , Nishino E. , Ono W. , Morita Y. , Sanuki T. , Masuda A. , Yoshida M. , Kutsumi H. , Inokuchi H. , Azuma T. 
Published: August 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 908–915SummaryBackground  Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) using short needle knives is safe and effective, but bleeding is a problem due to low haemostatic capability.Aim  To assess the performance of a novel ball‐tipped needle knife (Flush knife‐BT) for ESD with particular emphasis on haemostasis.Methods  A case–control study to compare the performance for ESD of 30 pairs of consecutive early gastrointestinal lesions (oesophagus: 12, stomach: 32, colorectum: 16) with standard Flush knife (F) vs. Flush knife‐BT (BT). Primary outcome was efficacy of intraprocedure haemostasis. Secondary outcomes included procedure time, procedure speed (dividing procedure time into the area of resected specimen), en bloc resection rate and recurrence rate.Results  Median intraoperative bleeding points and bleeding points requiring haemostatic forceps were smaller in the BT group than in the F group (4 vs. 8, P < 0.0001, 0 vs. 3, P < 0.0001). There was no difference between groups for procedure time; however, procedure speed was shorter in the BT group (P = 0.0078). En bloc and en bloc R0 resection rates were 100%, with no perforation or post‐operative bleeding. No recurrence was observed in either group at follow‐up 1 year postprocedure.Conclusions  Ball‐tipped Flush knife (Flush knife‐BT) appears to improve haemostatic efficacy and dissection speed compared with standard Flush knife.
Meta‐analysis: re‐treatment of genotype I hepatitis C nonresponders and relapsers after failing interferon and ribavirin combination therapy
Authors: Singal A. G. , Waljee A. K. , Shiffman M. , Bacon B. R. , Schoenfeld P. S. 
Published: August 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 969–983SummaryBackground  The efficacy of re‐treating genotype I hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients who failed combination therapy with interferon/pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN) and ribavirin remains unclear.Aims  To quantify sustained virological response (SVR) rates with different re‐treatment regimens through meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).Methods  Randomized controlled trials of genotype I HCV treatment failure patients that compared currently available re‐treatment regimens were selected. Two investigators independently extracted data on patient population, methods and results. The pooled relative risk of SVR for treatment regimens was computed using a random effects model.Results  Eighteen RCTs were included. In nonresponders to standard interferon/ribavirin, re‐treatment with high‐dose PEG‐IFN combination therapy improved SVR compared with standard PEG‐IFN combination therapy (RR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.09–2.04), but SVR rates did not exceed 18% in most studies. In relapsers to standard interferon/ribavirin, re‐treatment with high‐dose PEG‐IFN or prolonged CIFN improved SVR (RR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.16–2.14) and achieved SVR rates of 43–69%.Conclusions  In genotype I HCV treatment failure patients who received combination therapy, re‐treatment with high‐dose PEG‐IFN combination therapy is superior to re‐treatment with standard combination therapy, although SVR rates are variable for nonresponders (≤18%) and relapsers (43–69%). Re‐treatment may be appropriate for select patients, especially relapsers and individuals with bridging fibrosis or compensated cirrhosis.
The effects of high‐dose esomeprazole on gastric and oesophageal acid exposure and molecular markers in Barrett’s oesophagus
Authors: Abu‐Sneineh A. , Tam W. , Schoeman M. , Fraser R. , Ruszkiewicz A. R. , Smith E. , Drew P. A. , Dent J. , Holloway R. H. 
Published: August 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 1023–1030SummaryBackground  Acid reflux is often difficult to control medically.Aim  To assess the effect of 40 mg twice daily esomeprazole (high‐dose) on gastric and oesophageal pH and symptoms, and biomarkers relevant to adenocarcinoma, in patients with Barrett’s oesophagus (BO).Methods  Eighteen patients, treated with proton pump inhibitors as prescribed by their treating doctor, had their therapy increased to high‐dose esomeprazole for 6 months.Results  At entry into the study, 9/18 patients had excessive 24‐h oesophageal acid exposure, and gastric pH remained <4 for >16 h in 8/18. With high‐dose esomeprazole, excessive acid exposure occurred in 2/18 patients, and gastric pH <4 was decreased from 38% of overall recording time and 53% of the nocturnal period to 15% and 17%, respectively (P < 0.001). There was a reduction in self‐assessed symptoms of heartburn (P = 0.0005) and regurgitation (P < 0.0001), and inflammation and proliferation in the Barrett’s mucosa. There was no significant change in p53, MGMT or COX‐2 expression, or in aberrant DNA methylation.Conclusions  High‐dose esomeprazole achieved higher levels of gastric acid suppression and control of oesophageal acid reflux and symptoms, with significant decreases in inflammation and epithelial proliferation. There was no reversal of aberrant DNA methylation.
Quantifying the benefits and costs of parental care in assassin bugs
Authors: GILBERT JAMES D. J. , THOMAS LISA K. , MANICA ANDREA 
Published: August 2010

1. Which sex should care for offspring depends on the cost and benefits of the behaviour for each sex. Understanding these differences between the sexes is a fundamental step to explain the evolution of animal societies, but it is often difficult to quantify them empirically. A possible approach is to investigate two closely related species that perform a very similar type of care but in which the caring sex differs.2. Using field and laboratory data, we estimated the benefits and costs of parental care in two species of assassin bugs with very similar ecologies: Rhinocoris tristis, which has exclusive paternal care, and Rhinocoris carmelita, which has exclusive maternal care.3. In both species, the main benefit of care was a reduction in parasitism and predation of eggs. Guarding R. tristis males consumed eggs (filial cannibalism), and thus managed not to lose weight, but R. carmelita females paid the full energetic cost of care. Guarding male R. tristis incurred survival costs relative to non‐guarding male and female conspecifics.4. Very high population density and female preference for males already guarding eggs (a preference previously recorded in fish) minimised the promiscuity cost of paternal care in R. tristis, explaining the difference in care pattern between the two species.
Active matrix metalloproteinase‐2 upregulation in the abdominal skin of patients with direct inguinal hernia
Authors: Pascual Gemma , Rodríguez Marta , Gómez‐Gil Verónica , Trejo Cynthia , Buján Julia , Bellón Juan Manvel 
Published: August 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (12): 1113–1121AbstractBackground  Prior studies suggest impaired collagen metabolism involving the whole abdominal wall including the skin in patients with abdominal hernia. We compared expression patterns of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) and its modulators membrane type‐1‐matrix metalloproteinase (MT‐1 MMP) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐2 (TIMP‐2) in the skin of patients with and without primary inguinal hernia.Materials and methods  Skin biopsy specimens from abdominal wall incisions were obtained during surgery from patients with direct inguinal hernia, indirect inguinal hernia or without hernia (controls). MMP‐2, MT‐1 MMP and TIMP‐2 expression were determined using immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting in intact tissue and in cultured fibroblasts isolated from the biopsies. The degradation activity of MMP‐2 was semiquantitatively determined using zymography.Results  Significantly greater active MMP‐2 expression was observed in skin fibroblasts obtained from patients with direct hernia compared with controls. MT1‐MMP expression was directly correlated with MMP‐2 expression with most intense staining produced in patients with direct or indirect inguinal hernia. TIMP‐2, was maximally expressed in the control group, with significantly diminished expression levels recorded in the hernia groups.Conclusions  Our findings indicate active MMP‐2 upregulation in the abdominal skin of patients with direct inguinal hernia. This metalloproteinase plays a role in matrix degradation, weakening the abdominal wall. Skin disorders and previously described transversalis fascia defects in these patients could point to a systemic collagen metabolism abnormality as a risk factor for direct hernia.
Greenhouse gas emissions from European soils under different land use: effects of soil moisture and temperature
Authors: Schaufler G. , Kitzler B. , Schindlbacher A. , Skiba U. , Sutton M. A. , Zechmeister‐Boltenstern S. 
Published: August 2010

In order to estimate potential greenhouse gas flux rates from soils under different land use and climate, and to particularly assess the influence of soil temperature and soil moisture, we measured fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from intact soil cores obtained from 13 European sites under controlled laboratory conditions. The soils covered the different climates of Europe and included four different land‐use types: croplands, forests, grasslands and wetlands. In a two‐factorial experimental design, the soil cores were incubated under four temperatures (5–20°C) and water contents (20–80% water‐filled pore space). We found a non‐linear increase of N2O, NO and CO2 emissions with increasing temperature. Nitrous oxide emissions were positively correlated with soil moisture, while NO emission and CH4 oxidation rates were negatively correlated with soil moisture. Maximum CO2 emissions occurred at intermediate soil moisture.Different land‐use types strongly affected greenhouse gas fluxes. Nitrous oxide and CO2 emissions were highest in grassland soils, while NO emissions were highest in forest soils. In grasslands, high soil microbial activity stimulated by high carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents, dense root systems and high C input from above‐ground decaying biomass was the most likely cause for high N2O and CO2 emissions. High NO emissions from forest soils were mainly attributed to low pH and high soil porosity. Northern soils showed the greatest capacity to take up CH4 under warmer and dryer soil conditions. Nitric oxide emissions were positively correlated with N input.
γδ T lymphocytes kill T regulatory cells through CD1d
Authors: Huber Sally A. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryCoxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) induces myocarditis, an inflammation of the myocardium, in C57Bl/6 male mice but not in mice lacking γδ+ T cells [γδ knockout (γδKO)]. Suppression of myocarditis in γδKO mice corresponds to an increase in CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ T regulatory cells. A subpopulation of the T regulatory cells in infected γδKO mice expressed high levels of CD1d, a non‐classical major histocompatibility complex class 1‐like molecule. Adoptive transfer of CD1d+ and CD1d− CD4+ CD25+ cells into infected C57Bl/6 recipients showed that the CD1d+ subpopulation is substantially more suppressive than the CD1d− subpopulation. T cells expressing the γδ T‐cell receptor comprised approximately 30–50% of the infiltrating lymphoid cells in the hearts of myocarditic C57Bl/6 mice and approximately half of the γδ+ cells expressed the Vγ4 T‐cell receptor. The Vγ4+ cells lysed T regulatory cells from γδKO mice but not from wild‐type (C57Bl/6) animals. Lysis was inhibited by antibody to CD1d and zVAD‐fmk, a pan‐caspase inhibitor. The Vγ4−γδ+ cells were not lytic to T regulatory cells and did not promote myocarditis. These results demonstrate that Vγ4+ cells selectively abrogate T regulatory cells through recognition of CD1d expressed on the regulatory cells and caspase‐dependent apoptosis.
Incidence of dentinal defects after root canal filling procedures
Authors: Shemesh H. , Wesselink P. R. , Wu M.‐K. 
Published: August 2010

Shemesh H, Wesselink PR, Wu M‐K. Incidence of dentinal defects after root canal filling procedures. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 995–1000, 2010.AbstractAim  To compare the incidence of dentinal defects (cracks and craze lines) after root canal preparation, lateral compaction and continuous wave compaction of gutta‐percha and AH26 sealer.Methodology  Two hundred mandibular premolar teeth were divided into four groups with similar average canal diameters (n = 50). One group was left untreated and served as the control. The other three groups were prepared with ProTaper rotary instruments up to size F4. After preparation, one group was left unfilled while two groups were filled with gutta‐percha and AH26 using either lateral compaction or the continuous wave technique. Roots were then sectioned at 3, 6 and 9 mm from the apex and inspected under a microscope. The appearance of dentinal defects was noted as well as the minimum and mean remaining dentine thickness. Chi‐square tests were performed to compare the incidence of dentinal defects between the groups (α = 0.05), and Pearson correlation test was performed to check the correlation between defects and root level or remaining dentine thickness.Results  The unprepared control group had no dentinal defects. The other groups exhibited significantly more defects than the unprepared group (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the incidence of defects between the two filling techniques. There was no correlation between the appearance of defects and level of the root or remaining dentine thickness.Conclusions  In extracted teeth, dentinal defects were observed in roots filled with gutta‐percha and AH26 using the lateral compaction and continuous wave techniques.
Root canal debridement using manual dynamic agitation or the EndoVac for final irrigation in a closed system and an open system
Authors: Parente J. M. , Loushine R. J. , Susin L. , Gu L. , Looney S. W. , Weller R. N. , Pashley D. H. , Tay F. R. 
Published: August 2010

Parente JM, Loushine RJ, Susin L, Gu L, Looney SW, Weller RN, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Root canal debridement using manual dynamic agitation or the EndoVac for final irrigation in a closed system and an open system. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 1001–1012, 2010.AbstractAim  This study examined canal debridement efficacy by testing the null hypothesis that there is no difference between a ‘Closed’ and an ‘Open’ system design in smear layer and debris removal using either manual dynamic agitation or the EndoVac for irrigant delivery.Methodology  Forty teeth were divided into four groups and submitted to a standardized instrumentation protocol. Final irrigation was performed with either manual dynamic agitation or the EndoVac on groups of teeth with or without a sealed apical foramen. Smear and debris scores were evaluated using SEM and analysed using Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistic.Results  The ability of manual dynamic agitation to remove smear layer and debris in a closed canal system was significantly less effective than in an open canal system and significantly less effective than the EndoVac (P < 0.001).Conclusion  The null hypothesis was rejected; the presence of a sealed apical foramen adversely affected debridement efficacy when using manual dynamic agitation but not the EndoVac. Apical negative pressure irrigation is an effective method to overcome the fluid dynamics challenges inherent in closed canal systems.