bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MEDICAL IMAGING AND PROCESSING METHODS FOR CARDIAC FLOW RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: WONG KELVIN K. L. , KELSO RICHARD M. , WORTHLEY S. G. , SANDERS P. , MAZUMDAR J. , ABBOTT D. 
Published: April 2009

Intra-cardiac blood flow imaging and visualization is challenging due to the processes involved in generating velocity fields of flow within specific chambers of interest. Visual analysis of cardiac flow or wall deformation is crucial for an accurate examination of the heart. Cardiac chamber boundary encapsulation is one of the key implementations for region definition. To provide intelligible results describing flow within the human heart, cardiac chamber segmentation is a pre-requisite so that fluid motion information can be presented within a region of interest defined by the chamber boundary. A technique that is used to establish contouring along the cardiac wall is described mathematically. This article also sets the practical foundation for flow vector synthesis and visualization in the cardiac discipline. We have outlined conceptual development and the construction of flow field based on a three-dimensional Cartesian grid that can give a greater insight into the blood dynamics within the heart. We developed a framework that is able to present both anatomical as well as flow information by overlaying velocity fields over medical images and displaying them in cine-mode. By addressing most of the methods involved from the programming perspective, procedural execution and memory efficiency have been considered. Our implemented system can be used to examine abnormal blood motion behaviour or discover flow phenomena in normal or defective hearts.
Structure and Function of Molecular Assembly. A Personal Reminiscence
Authors: Aoyama Yasuhiro 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
In this account is described an outline of research the author has conducted over the last 35 years. Depending on the type of molecular assemblies dealt with, the whole work is divided into four parts, i.e., small host–guest systems in organic media, infinite solid systems, huge but finite nano systems in aqueous media, and manipulated biological systems. The essence of the host–guest systems (Section 2) is molecular recognition based on convergent multiple interactions involving O–H···O hydrogen bonds, where sugar binding and detailed thermodynamic analysis of multipoint recognition may be taken as highlights. A couple of new fields arise from the host–guest chemistry by paradigm shift. One is in the direction of multiple interactions, from convergent to divergent. Section 3 thus concerns molecular alignment control in crystals using orthogonal aromatic triad and diad building blocks. Catalysis by microporous metallo-organic frameworks as organic zeolites is also described. The other shift in paradigm is in the media, from organic to aqueous, and also in the significance of sugar binding, from sugars as a guest to sugars as a probe. Section 4 is devoted to the highly adhesive (hydrogen bonding) nature of glycocluster compounds and their micelle-like aggregates, focusing on the formation of glycoviruses and glycoviral gene delivery. With DNA and RNA manipulation techniques in hand, we became interested in in-cell gene sensing and transcription monitoring. The latest activity in this area is shown in Section 5. The entire work is design-based. The author, who is soon retiring from Kyoto University, now has mixed feelings about this apparently natural approach, as briefly referred to in the Closing Remark (Section 6).
Phase Separation of Phosphatidylcholine–Water Systems below the Main Transition Temperature Induced by Monovalent Ions
Authors: Fukada Kazuhiro , Miki Nobuhiro 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Effects of 1:1 electrolytes (LiCl, NaCl, NaBr, KCl, RbCl, and NH4Cl) on the stacked multilamellar structure of phosphatidylcholine–water systems below the acyl-chain melting temperature were examined by means of small-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. For the ternary DPPC–salt–water system at 20 °C, the lamellar repeating distance, D, jumped from 64 to 72 Å at certain thresholds of electrolyte concentration; 4.0, 2.1, and 1.4 mol kg−1 when LiCl, NaCl, or KCl were added, respectively. The temperature-dependent D jump from 72 to 64 Å at 20 °C was also confirmed for DPPC in 2.1 mol kg−1 NaCl accompanying the small latent heat of ca. 0.033 J g−1. For the DMPC–NaCl–water system at 5 °C, the salt-induced D jump, at a threshold NaCl concentration of 1.2 mol kg−1, was also observed. A triangular phase diagram of DPPC–NaCl–water at 20 °C was constructed based on X-ray scattering data. It was confirmed that the DPPC–NaCl–water system had a three-phase coexisting region, i.e., two lamellar phases with different repeating distances of 64 or 72 Å, respectively, and the NaCl bulk solution. Some qualitative aspects are discussed concerning the interpretation of the phase separation into the two different lamellar phases based on the lipid–monovalent ion interactions.
Proton-Transfer Mechanism in 2-Thioxoimidazolidin-4-one: A Competition between Keto/Enol and Thione/Thiol Tautomerism Reactions
Authors: Bagheri Setodeh , Roohi Hossein 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The proton transfer in 2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one (1,3-IM) via two keto/enol and thione/thiol intramolecular mechanisms was investigated by using DFT (B3LYP) and ab initio (MP2) methods in the gas phase. A conspicuous consistency was found between results of B3LYP and MP2 calculations. The change in structural parameters for direct keto/enol tautomerization is greater than thione/thiol transformation on going from ground state to transition state. At both level of calculations, the computed energy barrier for direct and water-assisted keto/enol tautomerization is higher than the corresponding thione/thiol. The energy barriers for direct proton-transfer tautomerization reactions are significantly greater than H2O-assisted tautomerization. The NBO results show that the change of electronic charge of hydrogens involved in migration in direct proton transfer is much greater than in the water-assisted mechanism.
Enantioselective Assembly Structures of Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes with the 1:1 Condensation Products of Imidazole-4-carbaldehyde Derivatives and Dl-Phenylalanine
Authors: Iihoshi Tomotaka , Sato Tetsuya , Towatari Masaaki , Matsumoto Naohide , Kojima Masaaki 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Copper(II) complexes with tridentate ligands H2LR (R = H, 2-Me, and 5-Me) derived from 1:1 condensation products of Dl-phenylalanine and imidazole-4-carbaldehyde derivatives (imidazole-4-carbaldehyde, 2-methylimidazole-4-carbaldehyde, and 5-methylimidazole-4-carbaldehyde), [CuClHLH] (1), [CuClHL2-Me] (2), [CuClHL5-Me]·MeOH (3), [CuBrHLH] (4a and 4b), and [CuBrHL2-Me] (5), were prepared. Two types of crystals in the reaction vessel, 4a and 4b, were obtained in the reaction between CuBr2 and H2LH. Their assembled structures were determined by single-crystal analysis. Except for 4b, the complexes assumed a homochiral chain structure constructed by intrachain imidazole–carboxylato hydrogen bonds between the adjacent two molecules, and the adjacent chains are linked by interchain Cu–X (X = Cl or Br) interactions. 3 exhibited a shorter interchain Cu–X distance and crystallized in the acentrosymmetric space group C2221 representing a spontaneous resolution (conglomerate), while 1, 2, 4a, and 5 gave a stacking of the adjacent chains with opposite chiralities to give racemic crystals. 4b assumed a homochiral chain structure constructed by a coordination bond between a copper(II) ion and an oxygen atom of the carboxyl group of the adjacent complex. A zinc(II) complex, [ZnClHLH] (6), showed a similar racemic crystal to that of 4b.
Photochemical Modulation of Europium Ion Fluorescence Using a Tetraazamacrocyclic Derivative Bearing a Spirobenzopyran and Three Carboxymethyl Moieties
Authors: Machitani Koji , Nakahara Yoshio , Kimura Keiichi 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The fluorescence properties of a Eu3+ complex with a tetraazamacrocyclic derivative bearing a spirobenzopyran and three carboxymethyl moieties were investigated. The enhanced fluorescence of Eu3+, which proved that the spirobenzopyran moiety worked as an antenna for the sensitization, was controlled photochemically.
Photochromic Inclusion Crystals of Phosphonium Halides with Aromatic Alcohols
Authors: Tanaka Koichi , Itoh Hidehiro , Nakashima Aki , Wójcik Dominik , Urbanczyk-Lipkowska Zofia 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Some inclusion crystals of phosphonium salts with aromatic alcohols showed thermally reversible photochromism in the solid state. Corresponding to the color development, ESR signals appeared in the inclusion crystals. The crystal structures of the inclusion crystals were determined by X-ray analysis.
Modification of Spectroscopic Properties and Catalytic Activity of Escherichia coli CueO by Mutations of Methionine 510, the Axial Ligand to the Type I Cu
Authors: Kurose Shinji , Kataoka Kunishige , Shinohara Naoya , Miura Yuko , Tsutsumi Maiko , Tsujimura Seiya , Kano Kenji , Sakurai Takeshi 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Replacement of Met510, the axial ligand to the type I Cu in a cuprous oxidase CueO, with Leu afforded the three-coordinated type I Cu, while Gln, Ala, and Thr mutations led to the replacement of the thioether ligand with oxygen ligands (amide carbonyl group and water), and characteristic properties of absorption, circular dichroism, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of a variety of Met510 mutants were correlated with the changes in redox potential and enzyme activities.
Accelerated Saponification of Methyl Dodecanoate with Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Solution in the Presence of Alcohols in a Silicone Rubber Tube as a Flow-Type Reactor
Authors: Kamiouji Atsushi , Hashimoto Keiji , Kominami Hiroshi , Ito Seishiro 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Saponification of methyl dodecanoate with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in the absence and presence of alcohols was studied using a tubular reactor made of silicone tube to elucidate effects of alcohol addition on the saponification. The reaction rates of saponification were accelerated significantly when alcohols were dissolved in methyl dodecanoate and the rates were increased in the order: without alcohol &lt;&lt; ethanol &lt; propanol &lt; butanol. The rates in all cases obeyed the Nernst diffusion rate equation, and the values of apparent diffusion constant, ka, that were determined from the slope of Nernst plots were increased in the above order, indicating that diffusion of sodium ion in the aqueous solution into the mixture of methyl dodecanoate and alcohol was much easier than that to methyl dodecanoate without alcohol. The values of ka increased with increase in the amount of butanol both in the tubular reactor and in a beaker (batch system). The thickness of the diffusion layer, δ, decreased with increase in the amount of butanol in the saponification in the tubular reactor, suggesting that the increase in ka in the saponification in the presence of butanol in the tubular reactor can be explained by decrease in values of δ.
Synthesis of Optically Active Spiro Compounds with a 3,3′-(4H,4′H)-Spirobi(2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran) Skeleton and Their Applications as Chiral Dopants for Nematic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Tojo Kenta , Arisawa Tatsuya , Aoki Yoshio , Terunuma Daiyo 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Chiral dopants with a spiro structure for nematic liquid crystals were synthesized from optically active 3,3′-(4H,4′H)-spirobi(2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran)-6,6′-dicarboxylic acid, and their helical twisting power (HTP) values were evaluated. Chiral dopants having the S configuration induced minus helices in the host nematic liquid crystals. It was found that the novel ester-linked spiro chiral dopants exhibited large molar HTP values. In particular, a chiral dopant with two pyrimidine structures in the side chain moiety showed the highest molar HTP value of 62.1 µm−1 mol−1 kg. In contrast, ether-linked chiral dopants showed relatively small molar HTP values.
Investigation of the Effect of the NH···OC Hydrogen Bond from Cys69 to PYP Chromophore Using Novel Active-center Model Compound
Authors: Okamoto Kentaro , Hamada Norio , Sumi Toshiaki , Okamura Taka-aki , Ueyama Norikazu , Yamamoto Hitoshi 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
A PYP active-center model compound containing a hydrogen bond to the conjugated carbonyl oxygen was synthesized and its effect on the electronic properties of the chromophore were investigated. The intramolecular hydrogen bond induces significant change in the absorption maximum of the π–π* transition in the chromophore.
Direct Transformation of Unprotected Sugars to Aryl 1-Thio-β-glycosides in Aqueous Media Using 2-Chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium Chloride
Authors: Tanaka Tomonari , Matsumoto Takeshi , Noguchi Masato , Kobayashi Atsushi , Shoda Shin-ichiro 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Aryl 1-thioglycosides have directly been synthesized in good yields from the corresponding unprotected sugars and thiols without protection of the hydroxy groups by using 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride (DMC) as dehydrative condensing agent. The reaction proceeded in a mixed solvent of water and acetonitrile under mild reaction conditions, leading to the predominant formation of β-anomers.
Atom-transfer Radical Addition of α-Iodo Esters to 1-Alkynyl Sulfides
Authors: Imoto Junichi , Sato Akinori , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Atom-transfer radical addition of α-iodo esters to 1-alkynyl sulfides is described. The products, 2-alkoxycarbonylmethyl-1-iodo-1-alkenyl sulfides, can be converted into γ-keto esters.
Seed-mediated Preparation of CuO Nanoflowers and their Application as Hydrazine Sensor
Authors: Zhang Xiaojun , Gu Aixia , Wang Guangfeng , Wang Wen , Wu Huaqiang , Fang Bin 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
CuO nanoflowers made up of nanobelts (CuO NFNBs) were successfully prepared in one step by a simple and reliable seed-mediated route, employing only Cu(NO3)2 and NH3·H2O as the starting materials. The as-prepared sample was characterized by XRD, FESEM, and TEM techniques. The growth mechanism of these nanostructures is discussed. A glassy carbon electrode modified with CuO NFNBs was then used to detect hydrazine. The results show that the CuO NFNBs show a very high activity for detecting hydrazine.
B12–TiO2 Hybrid Catalyst for Dehalogenation of Organic Halides
Authors: Shimakoshi Hisashi , Sakumori Emiko , Kaneko Kenji , Hisaeda Yoshio 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
A cobalamin derivative, cobyrinic acid, was effectively immobilized on TiO2, and the hybrid TiO2 was characterized by UV–vis, XPS, MALDI-TOFMS as well as TEM analysis. The hybrid TiO2 exhibits high reactivity for dehalogenation of various organic halides such as phenethyl bromide, benzyl bromide, and 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (DDT) under irradiation with UV light at room temperature.
From Supramolecular Hydrogel to Macroscopic Spheres: Nucleation-controlled Polymorphic Transition
Authors: Wang Yu Jiang , Chen Kai , Tang Li Ming 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
A new kind of hydrogelator based on a p-hydroxypyridinium salt of 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid formed standard hydrogel at higher concentration, while self-assembled to globular structures at lower concentration, which could be explained by nucleation-controlled processes.
Tests of the elaborated intrusion theory of craving and desire: Features of alcohol craving during treatment for an alcohol disorder
Authors: Kavanagh David J. , May Jon , Andrade Jackie 
Published: April 2009

Objectives. We tested predictions from the elaborated intrusion (EI) theory of desire, which distinguishes intrusive thoughts and elaborations, and emphasizes the importance of imagery. Secondarily, we undertook preliminary evaluations of the Alcohol Craving Experience (ACE) questionnaire, a new measure based on EI Theory.Method. Participants (N=232) were in correspondence‐based treatment trials for alcohol abuse or dependence. The study used retrospective reports obtained early in treatment using the ACE, and daily self‐monitoring of urges, craving, mood and alcohol consumption.Results. The ACE displayed high internal consistency and test – retest reliability and sound relationships with self‐monitored craving, and was related to Baseline alcohol dependence, but not to consumption. Imagery during craving was experienced by 81%, with 2.3 senses involved on average. More frequent imagery was associated with longer episode durations and stronger craving. Transient intrusive thoughts were reported by 87% of respondents, and were more common if they frequently attempted to stop alcohol cognitions. Associations between average daily craving and weekly consumption were seen. Depression and negative mood were associated with more frequent, stronger and longer lasting desires for alcohol.Conclusions. Results supported the distinction of automatic and controlled processes in craving, together with the importance of craving imagery. They were also consistent with prediction of consumption from cross‐situational averages of craving, and with positive associations between craving and negative mood. However, this study's retrospective reporting and correlational design require that its results be interpreted cautiously. Research using ecological momentary measures and laboratory manipulations is needed before confident inferences about causality can be made.
A psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in cardiac patients: Addressing factor structure and gender invariance
Authors: Hunt‐Shanks Tiffany , Blanchard Christopher , Reid Robert , Fortier Michelle , Cappelli Mario 
Published: April 2009

ObjectivesThe present study examined the factor structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and tested measurement invariance between genders in a representative sample of cardiac patients across 2 years.DesignConfirmatory factor analysis and structural equational modelling were used to assess the factor structure, measurement, and structural invariance of the HADS.MethodsEight hundred and one cardiac patients completed the HADS at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis consistently supported a three‐factor structure of the HADS, with the best fitting model comprised of negative affect, autonomic anxiety, and depression. Structural equation modelling showed that the HADS was invariant by gender among cardiac patients.ConclusionsThe HADS can be appropriately used with both male and female cardiac patients to assess three domains of psychological distress. Future investigations should consider the predictive validity and relevance of the HADS subscales with respect to diagnostic distinctions and clinical outcomes among cardiac patients and other clinical populations.
Production Characteristics and Body Composition of Florida Pompano Reared to Market Size at Two Different Densities in Low-Salinity Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
Authors: Weirich Charles R , Wills Paul S , Baptiste Richard M , Woodward Peter N , Riche Marty A 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The effect of culture density on production characteristics and body composition of Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus reared to market size using recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) maintained at a salinity of 5‰ was evaluated in a 110-d growth trial (water temperature = 27.0–28.5°C). Juvenile Florida pompano (mean weight ± SE = 259.0 ± 3.0 g) were stocked into two tanks from each of four separate RASs at an initial nominal density of 6.5 (low density) or 13.0 kg/m3 (high density), equivalent to 200 and 400 fish/tank, respectively. After stocking, fish were fed a 4.7-mm, floating pelleted diet (50% protein, 14% lipid) twice daily at a targeted daily feed rate of 3% body weight per day. At stocking and at 3-week intervals thereafter, 10% of the fish population of each tank was sampled to determine production characteristics, including mean weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, absolute growth rate (AGR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), biomass, and survival. At termination, fish in all tanks were harvested to determine production characteristics and samples were obtained to determine whole-body composition, energy retention, protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value (PPV), hepatosomatic index, gonadosomatic index, and fillet yield. Results indicated that final weight (570.0 g), weight gain (312.7 g), AGR (2.8 g/d), FCE (25.5%), PER (0.54), and PPV (11.5%) of fish reared at high density were significantly lower than those of fish reared at low density. No differences were observed between density treatments with respect to other measured variables. Additional studies must focus on the development of finishing diets for final stages of Florida pompano production to increase FCE and to determine optimal rearing densities. In addition, research to evaluate the potential of rearing pompano in RASs at salinities lower than 5‰, perhaps through environmental or dietary enhancement of critical ions, is warranted.
Effect of Sodium Chloride, Tricaine Methanesulfonate, and Light on New Zealand Mud Snail Behavior, Survival of Snails Defecated from Rainbow Trout, and Effects of Epsom Salt on Snail Elimination Rate
Authors: Oplinger Randall W , Brown Pat , Wagner Eric J 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The New Zealand mud snail (NZMS) Potamopyrgus antipodarum is an invasive species that threatens fish populations in North America. Establishment of NZMS in fish hatcheries is particularly problematic because NZMS could be inadvertently spread through fish stocking. Herein, we present the results of tests conducted to improve our understanding of (1) the risk of stocking fish from NZMS-infested hatcheries and (2) methods of NZMS control. We determined the proportion of NZMS that can survive passage through the digestive tracts of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and whether the purgative Epsom salt (MgSO4) could increase excretion rates. We tested NZMS phototropism and whether light preference is influenced by food availability. Finally, we determined whether NZMS would contract into their shells when exposed to sodium chloride (NaCl) and whether the anesthetic tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) would induce NZMS muscle relaxation. Only 4.5% of snails survived passage through the digestive tracts of rainbow trout, and Epsom salt did not increase NZMS excretion rates. This suggests that hatchery stocking could spread NZMS. New Zealand mud snails demonstrated neutral light preference and strongly preferred to occupy regions with food regardless of light presence. Finally, we determined that 59.3 ± 9.0% (mean ± SE) of NZMS exposed to an 11.0-g/L solution of NaCl retracted into their shells within 1 min of exposure and that 32.8 ± 4.1% of NZMS contracted when exposed to a 5.5-g/L NaCl solution. Retraction rates in the NaCl solution were significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) than those in the control, indicating that NaCl could be helpful for snail removal from portions of a hatchery that are difficult to access. Tricaine methanesulfonate concentrations of up to 400 mg/L did not induce muscle relaxation, suggesting that MS-222 cannot be used in conjunction with other compounds to increase their effectiveness.