bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo voltammetric monitoring of norepinephrine release in the rat ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and anteroventral thalamic nucleus
Authors: Park Jinwoo , Kile Brian M. , Mark Wightman R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe role and contribution of the dense noradrenergic innervation in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST) and anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AV) to biological function and animal behaviors is poorly understood due to the small size of these nuclei. The aim of this study was to compare norepinephrine release and uptake in the vBNST with that in the AV of anesthetized rats. Measurements were made in vivo with fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry following electrical stimulation of noradrenergic projection pathways, either the dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DNB) or the ventral noradrenergic bundle (VNB). The substance detected was identified as norepinephrine based upon voltammetric, anatomical, neurochemical and pharmacological evidence. Fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry enables the selective monitoring of local norepinephrine overflow in the vBNST evoked by the stimulation of either the DNB or the VNB while norepinephrine in the AV was only evoked by DNB stimulation. The α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine and the norepinephrine uptake inhibitor desipramine increased norepinephrine overflow and slowed its disappearance in both regions. However, control of extracellular norepinephrine by both autoreceptors and uptake was greater in the AV. The greater control exerted by autoreceptors and uptake in the AV resulted in reduced extracellular concentration compared with the v BNST when large numbers of stimulation pulses were employed. The differences in noradrenergic transmission observed in the terminal fields of the v BNST and the AV may differentially regulate activity in these two regions that both contain high densities of norepinephrine terminals.
Characterization of oculomotor and visual activities in the primate pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus during visually guided saccade tasks
Authors: Okada Ken‐Ichi , Kobayashi Yasushi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN) has anatomical connections with numerous visuomotor areas including the basal ganglia, thalamus, superior colliculus and frontal eye field. Although many anatomical and physiological studies suggest a role for the PPTN in the control of conditioned behavior and associative learning, the detailed characteristics of saccade‐ and visual‐related activities of PPTN neurons remain unclear. We recorded the activity of PPTN neurons in monkeys (Macaca fuscata ) during visually guided saccade tasks, and examined the response properties of saccade‐ and visual‐related activities such as time course, direction selectivity and contextual modulation. Saccade‐related activity occurred either during saccade execution or after saccade end. The preferred directions of the neuronal activity were biased toward the contralateral and upward sides. Half of the saccade‐related neurons showed activity modulation only for task saccades and not for spontaneous saccades outside the task. Visually‐responsive neurons responded with short latencies. Some responded to the appearance of the visual stimulus in a directionally selective manner, and others responded to both the appearance and disappearance of the visual stimulus in a directionally non‐selective manner. Many of these neurons exhibited distinct visual responses to the appearance of two different stimuli presented under different stages of the task, whereas a population of the neurons responded equally to the disappearance of the two stimuli. Thus, many PPTN neurons exhibited context‐dependent activity related to the visuomotor events, consistent with a role in controlling conditioned behavior.
The role of the hippocampus in mnemonic integration and retrieval: complementary evidence from lesion and inactivation studies
Authors: Iordanova M. D. , Burnett D. J. , Aggleton J. P. , Good M. , Honey R. C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTwo forms of account have been proposed for how animals form integrated memories for patterns of stimulation: the elemental account holds that the elements that make up the pattern become directly linked to one another, whereas the configural account holds that these elements become bound together through their capacity to activate a separate, shared configural memory. The hippocampus and perirhinal cortex have been linked to both elemental and configural processes. Here, we assessed the role of the rat hippocampus and perirhinal cortex in these distinct ways of processing patterns of sensory stimulation involving auditory, visual context and temporal information. Using selective lesions and inactivation techniques we identified a specific role for the hippocampus in the retrieval of configural memories but not of those that could be encoded elementally; we also identified a role for the rat perirhinal cortex in visual contextual learning. These results, using a novel combination of behavioural assays, provide clear support for the view that patterns of stimulation can be encoded either elementally or configurally, and that disruption of hippocampal function leaves rats reliant on elemental processes.
Oral delivery of mouse [d‐Leu‐4]‐OB3, a synthetic peptide amide with leptin‐like activity, in male C57BL/6J wild‐type andob/obmice: effects on energy balance, glycaemic control and serum osteocalcin levels
Authors: Novakovic Z. M. , Leinung M. C. , Lee D. W. , Grasso P. 
Published: November 2009

Background:We have recently shown that intranasal administration of mouse [d‐Leu‐4]‐OB3 reconstituted in Intravail®to male Swiss Webster mice resulted in significantly higher bioavailability than commonly used injections methods of delivery. The absorption profile associated with intranasal delivery of mouse [d‐Leu‐4]‐OB3 showed an early peak representing absorption across the nasal mucosa, and a later peak suggesting a gastrointestinal site of uptake.Aim and Methods:In the present study, we examined the effects of orally administered (by gavage) mouse [d‐Leu‐4]‐OB3 on energy balance, glycaemic control and serum osteocalcin levels in male C57BL/6J wild‐type andob/obmice allowed food and waterad libitumor calorie restricted by 40% of normal intake.Results:In wild‐type mice fedad libitum, oral delivery of mouse [d‐Leu‐4]‐OB3 reduced body weight gain, food intake and serum glucose, by 4.4, 6.8 and 28.2% respectively. Serum osteocalcin levels and water intake were essentially the same in control and treated wild‐type mice. Inob/obmice fedad libitum, mouse [d‐Leu‐4]‐OB3 reduced body weight gain, food intake, water intake and serum glucose by 11.6, 16.5, 22.4 and 24.4% respectively. Serum osteocalcin inob/obmice treated with mouse [d‐Leu‐4]‐OB3 was elevated by 62% over controls. Calorie restriction alone caused significant weight loss in both wild‐type (9.0%) andob/ob(4.8%) mice, and mouse [d‐Leu‐4]‐OB3 did not further enhance this weight loss. As expected, serum glucose levels in wild‐type andob/obmice were significantly reduced by calorie restriction alone. Mouse [d‐Leu‐4]‐OB3 further reduced serum glucose in wild‐type mice and normalized levels inob/obmice. Calorie restriction alone reduced serum osteocalcin levels by 44.2% in wild‐type mice and by 19.1% inob/obmice. Mouse [d‐Leu‐4]‐OB3 prevented this decrease in groups of mice.Conclusions:The results of this study suggest that oral delivery of mouse [d‐Leu‐4]‐OB3 in Intravail®is possible and may have potential not only as an alternative therapy in the treatment of human obesity and some of its associated metabolic dysfunctions, but also may help to prevent and/or reverse at least some of the bone loss which accompanies osteoporosis, anorexia nervosa and other wasting diseases.
A Property Rights Perspective on Venture Capital Investment Decisions
Authors: Dimov Dimo , Gedajlovic Eric 
Published: November 2009

abstractTo understand how ownership differences influence specific types of strategic decisions, we examine the investment decisions of venture capital (VC) firms, for which a variety of property rights arrangements exist. We describe how VC firms are characterized by important differences in how and to whom various property rights are allocated. On this basis, we develop a series of hypotheses regarding differences in the range and types of investment opportunities pursued by private, corporate, and bank affiliated VC firms. Evaluating our hypotheses using data on investments carried out by 3557 firms, we find that these types of firm perform distinct roles in the ecology of VC financing.
Polygyny, census and effective population size in the threatened frog, Rana latastei
Authors: Ficetola G. F. , Padoa‐Schioppa E. , Wang J. , Garner T. W. J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEffective population size (Ne) is a key determinant of genetic diversity of populations. In amphibians, the ratio effective population size/census size (Ne/N) is often very low, raising concerns for the long‐term persistence of genetic diversity in isolated populations. It has been proposed that the phenomenon of ‘genetic compensation’ increases the ratio Ne/N in small populations, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Polygyny can decrease Ne/N because of the negative relationship between polygyny and Ne. We used genetic information (microsatellites) to evaluate the relationship between census size, polygyny and Ne in populations of the threatened Italian agile frog Rana latastei. We reconstructed parentage in tadpoles from nine populations with eight to 32 breeding females, using a likelihood‐based method; we analysed simulated datasets with known properties to confirm the reliability of this approach in reconstructing polygyny. Furthermore, we estimated Ne using approximate Bayesian computation. The level of polygyny differed strongly among populations (average number of mates per breeding male: 2–6.4). Polygyny was greater in populations with larger census sizes. Moreover, variance in male mating success was larger in large populations. Effective population size increased with population size, but was negatively related to polygyny; as polygyny increased in large populations, this was associated with reduced Ne/N. In polygynous species, increasing levels of polygyny in large populations may explain the low Ne/N values, with important implications for the conservation of genetic diversity and for long‐term population persistence.
Induction of dystrophin Dp71 expression during neuronal differentiation: opposite roles of Sp1 and AP2α in Dp71 promoter activity
Authors: Morales‐Lázaro Sara Luz , González‐Ramírez Ricardo , Gómez Pablo , Tapia‐Ramírez Victor , De León Mario Bermúdez , Cisneros Bulmaro 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this study, we delineated the molecular mechanisms that modulate Dp71 expression during neuronal differentiation, using the N1E‐115 cell line. We demonstrated that Dp71 expression is up‐regulated in response to cAMP‐mediated neuronal differentiation of these cells, and that this induction is controlled at promoter level. Functional deletion analysis of the Dp71 promoter revealed that a 5′‐flanking 159‐bp DNA fragment that contains Sp1 and AP2 binding sites is necessary and sufficient for basal expression of this TATA‐less promoter, as well as for its induction during neuronal differentiation. Electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Sp1 and AP2α bind to their respective DNA elements within the Dp71 basal promoter. Overall, mutagenesis assays on the Sp1 and AP2 binding sites, over‐expression of Sp1 and AP2α, as well as knock‐down experiments on Sp1 and AP2α gene expression established that Dp71 basal expression is controlled by the combined action of Sp1 and AP2α, which act as activator and repressor, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrated that induction of Dp71 expression in differentiated cells is the result of the maintenance of positive regulation exerted by Sp1, as well as of the loss of AP2α binding, which ultimately releases the promoter from repression.
Randomized study comparing the efficacy and tolerance of a lipohydroxy acid shampoo to a ciclopiroxolamine shampoo in the treatment of scalp seborrheic dermatitis
Authors: Seite Sophie , Rougier André , Talarico Sergio 
Published: November 2009

SummaryBackground  The success of a dandruff treatment depends not only on the ability of a shampoo to control dandruff, but also on patient compliance, which is closely linked to the cosmetic attributes of the product.Aim  The aim of this study was to compare efficacy, tolerance, and cosmetic properties of a LHA Shampoo [containing 0.1% lipohydroxy acid (LHA) and 1.3% salicylic acid] to a CPO shampoo [containing 1.5% ciclopiroxolamine (CPO), 3% salicylic acid, and 0.5% menthol] in subjects with seborrheic dermatitis (SD) of the scalp.Methods  One hundred subjects with mild to moderate scalp SD were randomized to receive either the LHA shampoo or the CPO shampoo every 2 days for 4 weeks. Efficacy and tolerance were evaluated at days 0, 14, and 28.Results  The LHA and the CPO shampoo both decreased symptoms of scale, erythema, itching, cutaneous discomfort, and dryness from baseline to day 28. A higher percentage of patients showed improvement in the group treated with the LHA formulation than in the group treated with the CPO formulation, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. At day 28, the tolerance and the global efficacy of the LHA shampoo were significantly better (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively) than those of the CPO shampoo. Furthermore, the cosmetic acceptability was better or significantly better for all the endpoints evaluated for the LHA shampoo (P = 0.02 for cleaning, P = 0.04 for lathering).Conclusion  In conclusion, these results demonstrated that the lipohydroxy acid shampoo evaluated in this study is a more convenient, efficient, safe, and well‐tolerated cosmetic treatment for mild‐to‐moderate seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp than a ciclopiroxolamine shampoo.
The science and art of hyaluronic acid dermal filler use in esthetic applications
Authors: Gold Michael 
Published: November 2009

SummaryBackground  The number of dermal fillers has expanded dramatically; clinicians can benefit from practical information on their optimal use.Aims  To review key determinants of dermal filler performance, to discuss technical considerations, and to illustrate these factors based on the author’s clinical experience.Methods  Current literature pertaining to the physicochemical properties of hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers and implications for clinical use was reviewed. The author provides clinical guidelines for optimizing outcomes, illustrated with three case examples.Results  Hyaluronic acids are nonimmunogenic, versatile, reversible, and have excellent benefit–risk profiles, making them near‐ideal filling agents. They differ in their manufacturing processes, viscosity, hardness, cohesivity, ease of injection, and ideal uses. Patient counseling and education with individualized selection of the appropriate agent is critical to provide satisfactory outcomes.Conclusions  Clinicians must be technically proficient, balance esthetic need with facial anatomy, and consider HA properties to provide optimal outcomes.
Uncommonly reported side effects of hair removal by long pulsed‐alexandrite laser
Authors: Rasheed Ahmad I 
Published: November 2009

SummaryObjective  To provide retrospective clinical review of some uncommonly reported side effects of long‐pulsed alexandrite laser treatment for hair removal.Material and methods  Two hundred and fifty female patients suffering from hirsutism of the face were subjected to treatment by long pulse alexandrite laser for a maximum of 15 sessions per patient at 5‐ to 7‐week intervals.Results  Apart from the commonly reported side effects of pigmentary changes, occasional blistering and rare scarring, other untoward effects have been observed. These include – among others – de‐novo growth of hair outside the area treated by laser, potentiation of co‐existing vellus hair in the treatment area, induction or aggravation of acne, rosacea‐like rash, premature grayness of hair, tunneling of hair under the skin, prolonged diffuse redness and edema of the face, focal hypopigmentation of the lip, angular cheilitis, allergic reaction to the cooling gas, and inflammatory and pigmentary changes of pre‐existing nevi.Conclusion  Although the efficacy of long‐pulsed alexandrite laser seems unmistakable, the short‐ and long‐term untoward effects of such treatment have yet to be carefully delineated and the underlying mechanisms are yet to be adequately clarified.
Contact dermatitis from a presumed allergy to paraphenylenediamine
Authors: Hansen Daniel , Voutsalath Melissa 
Published: November 2009

SummaryParaphenylenediamine (PPD) is a potent skin allergen found in permanent hair dye and temporary henna tattoo ink. Several cases of adverse skin reactions to PPD have been reported in the literature. Here we present a case involving a patient who acquired a temporary tattoo while vacationing in Mexico and subsequently developed contact dermatitis at the tattoo site. He provided a history of permanent hair dye use in the past with associated cutaneous reaction. Temporary tattoos have become increasingly popular with travelers and as a result so have reports of associated allergic contact dermatitis. Of concern is cross‐reaction of PPD to related compounds, severe reactions in younger populations and sequelae including increased sensitization, permanent scarring, and persistent postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Midface lifting with botulinum toxin: intradermal technique
Authors: Petchngaovilai Chariya 
Published: November 2009

SummaryBackground  An intradermal injection technique is a variation of the intramuscular or subcutaneous injection technique usually performed with botulinum toxin for facial rejuvenation. The technique applied to realign the imbalance of the facial muscles by weakening the downward pull of the depressors and allowing the levators to contract in a compensatory fashion results in midface lifting and rejuvenation.Aims  To address the intradermal injection technique of botulinum toxin for midface lifting.Methods  A restrospective review of the patients undergoing midface lifting during the year 2008, the procedure, the details of the injection technique, and outcomes are described.Results  An intradermal injection technique of botulinum toxin successfully gives rise to midface lifting and rejuvenation.Conclusion  An intradermal injection technique of botuinum toxin treatment is effective for aesthetic improvement in the midface.
Cutaneous allergic reactions to tattoo ink
Authors: Kaur Ravneet Ruby , Kirby William , Maibach Howard 
Published: November 2009

SummaryTattoo artists use many compounds to create tattoo pigment and several allergic reactions can occur as a result of these additives. The compositions of many inks have been identified; however, as new mixtures are created it becomes difficult to identify the specific ingredients in a particular ink. Allergic reactions to a particular pigment can manifest in several ways including allergic contact dermatitis and photoallergic dermatitis. Subsequently, tattoo ink or pigment allergy reactions can be classified as acute inflammatory reactions, allergic hypersensitivities, and granulomatous, lichenoid, and pseudolymphomatous types of reactions. This paper will review the clinical manifestations and the most common compounds associated with cutaneous reactions to tattoo ink.
Reduction in the appearance of facial hyperpigmentation by topical N‐undecyl‐10‐enoyl‐l‐phenylalanine and its combination with niacinamide
Authors: Bissett Donald L , Robinson Larry R , Raleigh Patricia S , Miyamoto Kukizo , Hakozaki Tomohiro , Li Jim , Kelm Gary R 
Published: November 2009

SummaryObjectives  N‐undecyl‐10‐enoyl‐l‐phenylalanine (Sepiwhite®, N‐undecylenoyl phenylalanine), a reported alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (MSH) receptor antagonist, has been observed to reduce melanin production in cultured melanocytes. In other testing, niacinamide has been found to inhibit melanosome transfer in cultured cells and to reduce the appearance of hyperpigmented spots in clinical studies. Since these two agents function by different mechanisms, we conducted two studies to determine if their combination is more effective than niacinamide alone in reducing facial hyperpigmentation.Methods Two double‐blind, 10‐week (2‐week washout + 8‐week treatment), left‐right randomized, split‐face clinical studies were conducted. In one, two groups of Japanese women applied one of two pairs of test emulsion formulations: a vehicle control and a 5% niacinamide formulation (n= 40), or a 5% niacinamide and a 5% niacinamide plus 1%N‐undecylenoyl phenylalanine formulation (n = 40). Each formulation was applied to the randomly assigned side of the face. In the second study, Caucasian women applied one of three emulsions: vehicle control, 5% niacinamide formulation, or combination 5% niacinamide plus 1%N‐undecylenoyl‐phenylalanine formulation to the randomly assigned side of the face (n = ∼60 treatment sites per formulation). In both studies, hyperpigmented spots were evaluated at weeks 4 and 8 by quantitative image analysis.Results In both studies, the combination formulation was significantly more effective than the vehicle and the 5% niacinamide formulation in reducing the appearance of hyperpigmentation after 8 weeks.Conclusions The combination of 5% niacinamide and 1%N‐undecylenoyl phenylalanine is an effective anti‐aging technology for use on facial skin.
Perturbation of mitochondrial complex V alters the response to dietary restriction in Drosophila
Authors: Bahadorani Sepehr , Hur Jae H. , Lo Jr Thomas , Vu Kevin , Walker David W. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryStudies in a broad spectrum of model organisms have reported that dietary restriction (DR) is associated with an increase in mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) function. However, the question of whether ETC function is required for DR‐mediated longevity remains controversial. Here, we report that genetic and pharmacological interventions that target mitochondrial complex V affect Drosophila lifespan in a nutrient‐dependent manner. These findings support a requirement for mitochondrial complex V in DR‐mediated longevity in flies.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Biosolids Enhance the Growth of a Native Australian Grass on Sulphidic Gold Mine Tailings
Authors: Madejón E. , Doronila A. I. , Sanchez‐Palacios J. T. , Madejón P. , Baker A. J. M. 
Published: November 2009

We tested the effect of the addition of biosolids combined with a native mycorrhizal inoculum (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi [AMF]) on growth of a native Australian grass, and on trace element stabilization of sulphidic gold mine tailings. A glasshouse trial was established on four substrates: tailings (T); tailings with a layer of 5 cm topsoil (TS); tailings amended with 100 dry t ha−1 biosolids (LB), and tailings amended with 500 dry t ha−1 biosolids (HB). Pots of 1.2 L of capacity were established; some were inoculated with a mixture of Glomus sp. (WUM51–9227), Scutelospora aurigloba (WUM51–53), and Acaulospora levis (WUM46) culture mix, and others were uninoculated controls. Seeds of the native Australian grass, Bothriochloa macra were sown in the pots. Root infection, plant biomass production, nutrients and trace element concentrations in shoots were investigated. Addition of biosolids significantly increased AMF infection of roots compared to unamended substrates. No clear qualitative differences in colonization were detected. Addition of biosolids and AMF together clearly improved the establishment and growth of the native grass. Similar trends in nutritional status were shown for biosolids and inoculation with AMF treatments. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant biomass production and the effectiveness of nutrient uptake. The combined use of biosolids and mycorrhizal inoculation could be a reliable method for phytostabilization purposes in polluted substrates.