bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical determination of the integrated red giant and horizontal branch stellar mass-loss in ω Centauri
Authors: McDonald I. , Johnson C. I. , Zijlstra A. A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
We herein determine the average integrated mass-loss from stars belonging to the dominant metal-poor population ([Fe/H] ∼−1.7) of the Galactic globular cluster ω Centauri (NGC 5139) during their red giant and horizontal branch (HB) evolution. Masses are empirically calculated from spectroscopic measurements of surface gravity and photometric measurements of temperature and luminosity. Systematic uncertainties prevent an absolute measurement of masses at a phase of evolution. However, the relative masses of early asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars and central red giant branch (RGB) stars can be measured, and used to derive the mass-loss between these two phases. This can then be used as a physical check of models of HB stars. For ω Centauri, the average difference is found to be 26 ± 4 per cent. Assuming initial and final masses of 0.83 and 0.53 M⊙, we determine that 0.21 ± 0.03 M⊙ is lost on the RGB and 0.09 ±∼0.05 M⊙ is lost on the AGB. The implied HB stellar mass of 0.62 ± 0.04 M⊙ is commensurate with literature determinations of the masses of the cluster’s HB stars. The accuracy of this measurement can be improved through better selection of stars and spectral coverage, and applied to other clusters where HB models do not currently agree.
Tsunamis and Stranded Vessels: Up Ship Creek without a Paddle?
Authors: GOFF JAMES 
Published: June 2011

AbstractStranded vessels are large, highly visible components of debris associated with catastrophic tsunamis and storms. In many cases, they attain almost iconic status and are memorable evidence of a particular event. Little attention, however, is given to early historically documented accounts of stranded vessels that have been found inland beyond normal shoreline settings. This is unfortunate because often this type of evidence can provide yet another source of information to help researchers interpret the nature and extent of past catastrophic events. An example of stranded vessels found on the West Coast of New Zealand in the 19th century indicates some of the benefits and limitations associated with using early historical accounts. Conflicting evidence about the vessels are apparent but equally, contextual geological and ecological data provide important data to clarify the nature of the stranding event. The New Zealand example indicates that historical documents written by early settlers, particularly in and around the Pacific, provide an invaluable data source to complement more conventional archaeological, geological, and palaeoecological information to interpret past events. In this instance, it is proposed that wrecks found at Ship Creek and Whataroa River were transported inland by a tsunami in ad 1826.
Older adults’ perceptions of weakness and ageing
Authors: Rush Kathy L. , Watts Wilda E. , Stanbury Janice 
Published: June 2011

Background.  Age‐related weakness, or sarcopenia, has been related to functional disability, falls, frailty and mortality. Although it is one of the most common symptoms older adults link to their functional abilities, to date, no studies have explored older adults’ perceptions of weakness and its association with ageing.Aims and objectives.  To understand the meaning of weakness for older adults’ and their perceptions of its association with ageing.Designs.  A qualitative descriptive design involved in‐depth interviews with 13 community‐dwelling older adults.Results.  Weakness was described primarily in two ways: (i) inability and (ii) inward turning. The extreme of weakness, as giving up and giving in, which older adults applied to others, not themselves, prompted them to engage in several efforts at staying strong. These included motivating self‐talk, achieving balance, keeping busy and active, and self‐validating as a strong person. Older adults’ perceptions of the association between weakness and ageing were variable and characterized by considerable ambiguity.Implications for practice.  Nurses must be alert to both the visible and subtler dimensions of weakness. It is important to engage older adults in active strategies that enhance muscle strength while capitalizing on their self‐motivating and validating efforts at staying strong.
Nurses’ experience of loss on the death of older persons in long‐term residential care: findings from an interpretative phenomenological study
Authors: Gannon Mary , Dowling Maura 
Published: June 2011

Background.  Little is known of the experience of loss among nurses working with older persons in long‐stay settings.Objectives.  The aim of this study was to explore and describe the experience of loss among nurses working in a long‐term residential care setting.Design.  Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was the method adopted. Data was collected by semi‐structured interviews undertaken with seven nurses.Results.  The findings revealed three main themes: ‘life’s final journey’, ‘family’ and ‘professional carer’.Conclusions.  The experience of loss on the death of an older person is described by nurses in the context of the care they give at end of life, and the relationships nurses developed with the older person’s family. Where the older person has no contact with family, nurses become the ‘family’ and this contributed to the feeling of loss experienced. Finally, the loss experienced by nurses when an older person dies suddenly can often be emotive.Relevance to clinical practice.  Supporting nurses in their provision of end‐of‐life care to older persons is essential. Nurses’ attempts to keep memories of deceased residents alive by remembrance, helps place loss in the context of acknowledgment of the person’s life.
MMP‐2/MMP‐9 Plasma Level and Brain Expression in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy‐Associated Hemorrhagic Stroke
Authors: Hernandez‐Guillamon Mar , Martinez‐Saez Elena , Delgado Pilar , Domingues‐Montanari Sophie , Boada Cristina , Penalba Anna , Boada Mercè , Pagola Jorge , Maisterra Olga , Rodriguez‐Luna David , Molina Carlos A. , Rovira Alex , Alvarez‐Sabin José , Ortega‐Aznar Arantxa , Montaner Joan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is one of the main causes of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the elderly. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in blood–brain barrier disruption and ICH pathogenesis. In this study, we determined the levels MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in plasma and their brain expression in CAA‐associated hemorrhagic stroke. Although MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 plasma levels did not differ among patients and controls, their brain expression was increased in perihematoma areas of CAA‐related hemorrhagic strokes compared with contralateral areas and nonhemorrhagic brains. In addition, MMP‐2 reactivity was found in β‐amyloid (Aβ)‐damaged vessels located far from the acute ICH and in chronic microbleeds. MMP‐2 expression was associated to endothelial cells, histiocytes and reactive astrocytes, whereas MMP‐9 expression was restricted to inflammatory cells. In summary, MMP‐2 expression within and around Aβ‐compromised vessels might contribute to the vasculature fatal fate, triggering an eventual bleeding.
Photocatalytic Activity and Related Surface Properties of Transparent ZnO Films Prepared by a Low‐temperature Aqueous Route
Authors: Wagata Hajime , Katsumata Ken‐ichi , Ohashi Naoki , Sakai Munetoshi , Nakajima Akira , Fujishima Akira , Okada Kiyoshi , Matsushita Nobuhiro 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTransparent ZnO were prepared using solutions with various trisodium citrate concentrations by a spin‐spray method at 90°C. The morphological and structural characteristics, as well as photocatalytic activity of the resulting ZnO films were examined with respect to the added trisodium citrate concentration. Photocatalytic activities of the ZnO films were evaluated from photodecomposition of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solution. With increasing citrate concentrations, the ZnO films came to have higher transmittances in visible region but lower MB decomposition rate. Both high transmittance and high photocatalytic activity were achieved in the ZnO film prepared in the citrate concentration of 0.5 mm. The possible mechanism for the difference in photocatalytic activity by the samples prepared with the various concentrations of citrate was discussed from the viewpoint of film texture, crystal orientation and surface chemical state.
Investigation of inflicted injury in a young girl reveals mild haemophilia A and Turner’s syndrome
Authors: WILLIAMS V. K. , SUPPIAH R. , COPPIN B. , NICHOLLS C. M. , SIMSEK A. , McGREGOR L. K. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryA 2‐year‐old girl presented to casualty with a right knee effusion after apparently minor trauma. Inflicted injury was suspected and full forensic coagulation studies were performed which revealed a mild deficiency of factor VIII. Screening of the exons and intron/exon boundaries of F8 gene indicated that the child appeared to be homozygous for the missense mutation c.5123G>A (p.Arg1708His) in exon 14 of the F8 gene. This mutation has been reported to be associated with mild haemophilia A. The possibility of hemizygosity had been masked by the test kit employed but referral to the genetics service and subsequent array CGH resulted in a diagnosis of Turner syndrome.
On‐demand but not prophylactic treatment with FVIII concentrate increase thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor activation in severe haemophilia A patients
Authors: MIKOVIC D. , WOODHAMS B. J. , HOLMSTRÖM M. , ELEZOVIC I. , ANTOVIC A. , MOBARREZ F. , ELFVINGE P. , ANTOVIC J. P. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryIntroduction:  Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) down‐regulates fibrinolysis after activation by thrombin/thrombomodulin. We investigated the effect of treatment with FVIII concentrate on plasma levels of pro‐TAFI and activated TAFI in haemophilia A patients.Methods:  Samples were collected pre and posttreatment from patients treated prophylactically or on‐demand. Pro‐TAFI, TAFI/TAFIi and FVIII levels were measured in all samples.Results:  Treatment had no effect on pro‐TAFI levels. Pro‐TAFI was similar in both patient groups but higher than in controls. Patients from the prophylactic treatment group had measurable FVIII levels pretreatment while in the treatment‐on‐demand group FVIII levels were ≤0.01 IU/mL. In the prophylactic treatment group, the levels of TAFI/TAFIi were significantly lower pre‐ and posttreatment (4.31 ± 3.14 and 3.48 ± 2.65 ng/mL respectively) than in the on‐demand group (13.02 ± 3.47 and 14.87 ± 3.47 ng/mL respectively). This difference may be due to release of tissue factor at the injury site in the on‐demand group. This could induce thrombin and TAFI activation within the clot counterbalancing fibrinolysis in these patients. In the prophylactic group, no injury existed, thus there was insufficient thrombin generation within the clot to activate TAFI.Conclusion:  These findings suggest that in patients to whom FVIII is administered on demand the fibrinolysis activity is more down regulated than in patients following a prophylactic treatment regime.
Prevalence, Determinants, and Clinical Significance of Cardiac Troponin‐I Elevation in Individuals Admitted for a Hypertensive Emergency
Authors: Afonso Luis , Bandaru Himabindu , Rathod Ankit , Badheka Apurva , Ali Kizilbash Mohammad , Zmily Hammam , Jacobsen Gordon , Chattahi Joseph , Mohamad Tamam , Koneru Jayanth , Flack John , Weaver W. Douglas 
Published: June 2011

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:551–556. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Hypertensive emergencies (HEs) are frequently accompanied with the release of cardiac troponin I (cTnI); however, determinants and clinical significance of cTnI elevation are largely unknown. A retrospective analysis was performed on patients (n=567) with a diagnosis of HE admitted to two tertiary care centers that primarily serve an inner‐city population. Data on demographics, clinical variables, and cTnI were collected through chart review. Using regression analyses, predictors of cTnI elevation were studied and the impact of cTnI on all‐cause mortality (data obtained through the Social Security Death Index) was determined. cTnI elevation was observed in 186 (32.3%) admissions with a mean peak cTnI level of 4.06±14.6 ng/mL. Predictors of cTnI were age, history of hypercholesterolemia, blood urea nitrogen level, pulmonary edema, and requirement for mechanical ventilation. During a mean follow‐up period of 3.1 years, there were 211 deaths (37%). Neither the presence nor the extent of cTnI elevation was associated with mortality, while age, history of coronary artery disease, and blood urea nitrogen level were predictive of mortality. cTnI elevation commonly occurs in the setting of HEs. Despite a high incidence of adverse clinical outcomes, cTnI elevation was not an independent predictor of mortality in this population.
The Baltimore Partnership to Educate and Achieve Control of Hypertension (The BPTEACH Trial): A Randomized Trial of the Effect of Education on Improving Blood Pressure Control in a Largely African American Population
Authors: Johnson Wallace , Shaya Fadia T. , Khanna Niharika , Warrington Verlyn O. , Rose Vivienne A. , Yan Xia , Bailey‐Weaver Bessie , Mullins C. Daniel , Saunders Elijah 
Published: June 2011

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:563–570. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Hypertension is a major risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease and is more prevalent in African Americans compared with Caucasians. African Americans are often underrepresented in clinical trials. This study was composed of a largely urban African American cohort of hypertensive patients. This was a prospective, 4‐arm, randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of both physician and patient education (PPE), patient education only (PAE), and physician education only (PHE) vs usual care (UC). Hypertension specialists gave a series of didactic lectures to the physicians, while a nurse educator performed the patient education. The mean adjusted difference in systolic blood pressure (SBP) from baseline in the PPE group was an average reduction of 12 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI], −4.5 to −19.4) at 6‐months, followed by average reductions of 4.6 mm Hg (6.9 to −16.12) in the PAE group, 4.1 mm Hg (3.4 to −11.7) in the PHE group, and 2.6 mm Hg (3 to −8.2) in the UC group. The PPE group achieved a significantly better reduction in SBP compared with the UC group. Additional research should be conducted to evaluate whether the use of certified hypertension educators in collaboration with physicians will result in a similar blood pressure reduction.
Maxillofacial fractures in Jordan; a 5 year retrospective review
Authors: Al Khawalde M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAim:  Maxillofacial fractures constitute a major part of trauma cases. This retrospective study was carried out to assess the causes, types, incidence and associated regional complications of maxillofacial fractures managed at three Royal Medical Services hospitals during a 5 year period and to compare them with the existing related literature.Materials and methods:  The medical records and radiographs of 620 patients treated for maxillofacial fractures at three Jordanian Royal Medical Services hospitals over a 5 year period (from 2001 to 2006) were retrospectively reviewed. A number of parameters, including the patient's age, gender, mechanism of injury, type of facial injuries, treatment modality and associated complications were recorded and assessed.Results:  The majority of fractures were caused by road traffic accidents (75%), followed by falls (12%), violent assaults (8%) and others (5%). There were 395 (54%) mandibular, 264 (36%) maxillary, 44 (6%) naso‐orbital and 29 (4%) zygomatic fractures. Different treatment modalities were used according to the site of fracture. Males 18 to 35 years of age sustained the most maxillofacial fractures. The ratio of males to females was 9:1. Various types of regional complications were recorded in 68 patients (10.9%)Conclusion:  The findings of this study, compared with similar studies reported in the literature, support the view that the causes and incidence of maxillofacial fractures vary from one country to another with the road traffic accidents being the leading cause. Greater efforts toward prevention and treatment programmes are highly recommended.
Context‐dependent effects of induced resistance under co‐infection in a plant–pathogen interaction
Authors: Laine Anna‐Liisa 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe ability of a parasite strain to establish and grow on its host may be drastically altered by simultaneous infection by other parasite strains, and dynamics under multiple infection have been suggested to be a major force driving pathogen evolution. Here, I studied whether hosts’ induced defenses mediate dynamics of multiple infection of the fungal pathogen,Podosphaera plantaginis, infectingPlantago lanceolata. A laboratory study of sequential infections, where interaction between pathogen strains was prevented, showed that ability to establish remained unaffected, but prior infection elevates the host’s resistance to the degree that subsequent infection development is significantly reduced. However, when inoculated plants and their healthy controls were planted back into their natural populations, hosts with prior infection became more heavily infected by the subsequent infections than the initially healthy plants. Hence, a controlled short‐term laboratory study is a poor predictor of the host’s ability to mediate multiple infection during the course of natural epidemics. These results have applied implications for priming where the plants’ defenses are elicited to provide protection against further attack, highlighting the importance of testing priming under natural conditions for relevant time scales.
Happiness, Well‐being, and Their Relation to Virtue in Descartes' Ethics*
Authors: SVENSSON FRANS 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMy main thesis in this article is that Descartes' ethics should be understood as involving a distinction between happiness and well‐being. The distinction I have in mind is never clearly stated or articulated by Descartes himself, but I argue that we nevertheless have good reason to embrace it as an important component in a charitable reconstruction of his ethical thought. In section I, I present Descartes' account of happiness and of how he thinks happiness can (and cannot) be acquired. Then, in section II, I introduce and develop the distinction between happiness and well‐being. I do this via a discussion of a difficult passage in one of Descartes' letters to Elisabeth, where he may seem first to grant and then immediately to reject the view that people's happiness can vary in degree depending on the possession of goods or perfections that are outside their power to control. I believe my proposed distinction can help us make good sense of this passage. In the last two sections (III and IV), I then offer some further grounds or reasons for why the proposed distinction should be ascribed to Descartes.
Propositional Functions in Extension
Authors: TRUEMAN ROBERT 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn his “The Foundations of Mathematics”, Ramsey attempted to marry the Tractarian idea that all logical truths are tautologies and vice versa, and the logicism of the Principia. In order to complete his project, Ramsey was forced to introduce propositional functions in extension (PFEs): given Ramsey's definitions of 1 and 2, without PFEs even the quantifier‐free arithmetical truth that 1 ≠ 2 is not a tautology. However, a number of commentators have argued that the notion of PFEs is incoherent. This response was first given by Wittgenstein but has been best developed by Sullivan. While I agree with Wittgenstein and Sullivan's common conclusion, I believe that even the most compelling of Sullivan's arguments is importantly mistaken and that Wittgenstein's remarks are too opaque to be left as the end of the matter. In this article I uncover the fault in Sullivan's argument and present an alternative criticism of PFEs which is Wittgensteinian in spirit without being too mystifying.
Making Sense of Doubt: Strawson's Anti‐Scepticism
Authors: CALLANAN JOHN. J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractStrawson's philosophical attitude towards scepticism is frequently thought to have undergone a significant shift from the “strong” or “robust” employment of transcendental arguments in Individuals to a more “modest” understanding of the efficacy of such arguments in Skepticism and Naturalism: Some Varieties. I argue that this interpretation is based upon a misunderstanding of the function of transcendental arguments in Strawson's earlier works. Examining the continuity of Strawson's modest naturalistic approach to scepticism can offer some insight as to the continuing overestimation of the anti‐sceptical efficacy of transcendental arguments.
Action‐Individuation and Doxastic Agency
Authors: BUCKAREFF ANDREI A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this article, I challenge the dominant view of the importance of the debate over action‐individuation. On the dominant view, it is held that the conclusions we reach about action‐individuation make little or no difference for other debates in the philosophy of action, much less in other areas of philosophy. As a means of showing that the dominant view is mistaken, I consider the implications of accepting a given theory of action‐individuation for thinking about doxastic agency. In particular, I am interested in the implications for thinking about the variety of evaluative control we can exercise over the formation of our doxastic attitudes. I show that our assumptions about how to individuate actions matters for how we think about doxastic agency and, hence, the conclusions we reach about action‐individuation are of greater significance than some have thought.
Symptoms Predictive for Efficacy of Naftopidil in Patients with Benign Prostate Hyperplasia
Authors: FUNAHASHI Yasuhito , HATTORI Ryohei , YOSHINO Yasushi , MATSUKAWA Yoshihisa , SASSA Naoto , GOTOH Momokazu 
Published: June 2011

Objectives: To evaluate the lower urinary tract symptoms predicting the efficacy of the α1‐adrenoreceptor (AR) antagonist naftopidil in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia.Methods: The efficacy of naftopidil was examined on the basis of changes in the international prostate symptom score (IPSS). All patients received naftopidil (50 mg/day) for 12 weeks. We defined a “responder” as a patient whose total IPSS improved by five or more points and assessed the lower urinary tract symptoms predicting the efficacy of treatment by performing multivariate and probit analyses.Results: Among 132 patients whose data could be analyzed, the efficacy rate was 50.8%. All IPSS items except the urgency score were significantly higher in the responders than the non‐responders before treatment, and all IPSS items were lower in the responders after treatment. In the responder group, significant improvements were observed in the total IPSS score, quality of life (QOL) index, maximum flow rate (Qmax), residual urine volume, and all IPSS items after treatment. In contrast, in the non‐responder group, no parameter except the QOL index improved significantly. The probit analysis demonstrated that the score for weak stream (≥3) or nocturia (≥4) in the IPSS were factors predicting an effective response to naftopidil treatment.Conclusions: Weak stream and/or nocturia are the key symptoms that predict the efficacy of naftopidil treatment in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Those with a score of ≥3 for weak stream or of ≥4 for nocturia are expected to achieve a good response in the subjective symptoms with administration of naftopidil.