bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DFT/TD‐DFT investigation on Ir(III) complexes with N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands: Geometries, electronic structures, absorption, and phosphorescence properties
Authors: Liu Tao , Xia Bao‐Hui , Zheng Qing‐Chuan , Zhou Xin , Pan Qing‐Jiang , Zhang Hong‐Xing 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIridium(III) complexes with N‐heterocyclic (NHC) ligands including fac‐Ir(pmb)3 (1), mer‐Ir(pmb)3 (2), (pmb)2Ir(acac) (3), mer‐Ir(pypi)3 (4), and fac‐Ir(pypi)3 (5) [pmb = 1‐phenyl‐3H‐benzimidazolin‐2‐ylidene, acac = acetoylacetonate, pypi = 1‐phenyl‐5H‐benzimidazolin‐2‐ylidene; fac = facial, mer = meridional] were investigated theoretically. The geometry structures of 1–5 in the ground and excited state were optimized with restricted and unrestricted DFT (density functional theory) methods, respectively (LANL2DZ for Ir atom and 6‐31G for other atoms). The HOMOs (highest occupied molecular orbitals) of 1–3 are composed of d(Ir) and π(phenyl), while those of 4 and 5 are contributed by d(Ir) and π(carbene). The LUMOs (lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals) of 1, 2, 4, and 5 are localized on carbene, but that of 3 is localized on acac. The calculated lowest‐lying absorptions with TD‐DFT method based on Perdew‐Burke‐Erzenrhof (PBE) functional of 1 (310 nm), 2 (332 nm), and 3 (347 nm) have MLcarbeneCT/ILphenyl→carbeneCT (MLCT = metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer; ILCT = intraligand charge transfer) transition characters, whereas those of 4 (385 nm) and 5 (389 nm) are assigned to MLcarbeneCT/ILcarbene→carbeneCT transitions. The phosphorescences calculated by TD‐DFT method with PBE0 functional of 1 (386 nm) and 2 (388 nm) originate from 3MLcarbeneCT/3ILphenyl→carbeneCT excited states, but those of 4 (575 nm) and 5 (578 nm) come from 3MLcarbeneCT/3ILcarbene→carbeneCT excited states. The calculated results showed that the carbene and phenyl groups act as two independent chromophores in transition processes. Compared with 1 and 2, the absorptions of 4 and 5 are red‐shifted by increasing the effective π‐conjugation groups near the Ccarbene atom. We predicated that (pmb)2Ir(acac) is nonemissive, because the LUMO of 3 is contributed by the nonemissive acac ligand. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Ontogeny of the androgen receptor expression in the fetal and postnatal testis: Its relevance on Sertoli cell maturation and the onset of adult spermatogenesis
Authors: Rey Rodolfo A. , Musse Mariana , Venara Marcela , Chemes Héctor E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFrom fetal life to adulthood, the testis evolves through maturational phases showing specific morphologic and functional features in its different compartments. The seminiferous cords contain Sertoli and germ cells, surrounded by peritubular cells, and the interstitial tissue contains Leydig cells and connective tissue. Sertoli cells secrete anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH), whereas Leydig cells secrete androgens. In the fetal and early postnatal testis, Leydig cells actively secrete androgens. Sertoli cells are morphologically and functionally immature—e.g., they secrete high levels of AMH—and germ cells proliferate by mitosis but do not enter meiosis. During infancy and childhood, Leydig cells regress and testosterone secretion declines dramatically. Sertoli cells remain immature and spermatogenesis is arrested at the premeiotic stage. At puberty, Leydig cells differentiate again, and testosterone concentration increases and provokes Sertoli cell maturation—e.g., down‐regulation of AMH expression—and germ cells undergo meiosis, the hallmark of adult spermatogenesis driving to sperm production. An intriguing feature of testicular development is that, although testosterone production is as active in the fetal and early postnatal periods as in puberty, Sertoli cells and spermatogenesis remain immature until pubertal onset. Here, we review the ontogeny of the androgen receptor expression in the testis and its impact on Sertoli cell maturation and the onset of pubertal spermatogenesis. We show that the absence of androgen receptor expression in Sertoli cells underlies a physiological stage of androgen insensitivity within the male gonad in the fetal and early postnatal periods. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Passage marker excretion in red kangaroo (Macropus rufus), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) and colobine monkeys (Colobus angolensis, C. polykomos, Trachypithecus johnii)
Authors: Schwarm Angela , Ortmann Sylvia , Wolf Christian , Streich W. Jürgen , Clauss Marcus 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRuminants are characterized by an efficient particle‐sorting mechanism in the forestomach (FRST) followed by selective rechewing of large food particles. For the nonruminating foregut fermenter pygmy hippo it was demonstrated that large particles are excreted as fast as, or faster than, the small particles. The same has been suggested for other nonruminating foregut fermenters. We determined the mean retention time of fluids and different‐sized particles in six red kangaroos (Macropus rufus), seven collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) and three colobine monkeys (Colobus angolensis, C. polykomos, Trachypithecus johnii). We fed Co‐EDTA as fluid and mordanted fiber as particle markers (Cr, Ce). Mean (±SD) total tract retention time for fluids, small and large particles was 14±2, 29±10 and 30±9 hr in red kangaroos, 26±2, 34±5 and 32±3 hr in collared peccaries and 57±17, 55±19 and 54±19 hr in colobine monkeys, respectively. Large and small particles were excreted simultaneously in all species. There was no difference in the excretion of fluids and particles in the colobine monkeys, in contrast to the other foregut fermenters. In the nonprimate, nonruminant foregut fermenters, the difference in the excretion of fluids and small particles decreases with increasing food intake. On the contrary, ruminants keep this differential excretion constant at different intake levels. This may be a prerequisite for the sorting of particles in their FRST and enable them to achieve higher food intake rates. The functional significance of differential excretion of fluids and particles from the FRST requires further investigations. J. Exp. Zool. 311A: 647–661, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of ectopic expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase on immortalization of feather keratinocyte stem cells
Authors: Xu Yulin , Yu Minli , Wu Fabai , Sun Jianguo , Wood Chris , Hattori Masa‐Aki , Wang Jinfu , Xi Yongmei 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNormal somatic cells possess a finite life span owing to replicative senescence. Telomerase functions as a potential regulator of senescence in various cells. Expression level of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is correlated with telomerase activity and cellular immortalization. In this study, we investigated the effects of ectopic expression of hTERT on proliferation potential of chicken feather keratinocyte stem cells (FKSCs). We established FKSCs transduced with hTERT catalytic subunit fused with EGFP marker gene (hTERT‐EGFP‐FKSCs). hTERT‐EGFP‐FKSCs had the great potential of proliferation in vitro and expressed kerainocyte stem cell markers integrin β1 and CD49c. Keratin 15 and keratin 19, as native FKSCs, were also detected in hTERT‐EGFP‐FKSCs. By the analysis of fluorescent RT‐PCR, western blotting and TRAP assay, hTERT‐EGFP‐FKSCs were positive for telomerase activity, in comparison with native FKSCs showing no telomerase activity. We demonstrated that ectopic expression of hTERT could result in immortalization of FKSCs. Tumorigenecity of hTERT‐EGFP‐FKSCs were examined by soft agar assay and transplantation into NOD‐SCID mice. Results showed that hTERT‐EGFP‐FKSCs sustained the cellular characteristics of native FKSCs and had no transforming activity. In vivo differentiation multipotentials of hTERT‐EGFP‐FKSCs were confirmed by transplantation into developing chicken embryos and in situ hybridization analysis. These data provide a novel framework for understanding human telomerase activity in different species and suggest a new insight for manipulating hTERT for therapeutic purposes in treating tissue injury and aging. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B:872–884, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. [This article was published online on 23 June 2009. An error was subsequently identified and the article was corrected on 8 September 2009.]
ERK activation is involved in tooth development via FGF10 signaling
Authors: Cho Kyoung‐Won , Cai Jinglei , Kim Hyun‐Yi , Hosoya Akihiro , Ohshima Hayato , Choi Kang‐Yell , Jung Han‐Sung 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe tooth is one of the ectodermal organs that develop from epithelial–mesenchymal interactions during embryonic development. An understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms would improve our knowledge of the growth factors that regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. One of the related aspects is mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in tooth differentiation. The extracellular‐signal regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) cascade plays a pivotal role in many of the essential cellular processes underlying embryonic development, including responses to major developmental changes. However, the role of the ERK pathway in molar development is unclear. This study investigated epithelial patterning and tooth growth in the mouse embryo by monitoring ERK and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. ERK, MEK, and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) were activated at different levels and locations in the developing tooth at E13.5 to E16.5 and PN2. ERK was activated in the inner dental epithelium and cervical loop, while PTEN was activated in the outer dental epithelium. In addition, only ERK was activated in secretory ameloblast at PN2. To further define the pathways involving FGF and ERK, tooth germs were cultured in the presence of compounds to inhibit MAPK/ERK‐mediated signaling. Western blot analysis indicated that pERK2 was strongly activated in the tooth germ. Moreover, the activation level of pERK1 was dramatically increased by exogenous FGF10 alone and by combined treatment with FGF10 and U0126. The reported results will improve our understanding of the unique developmental processes of the dental epithelium and tooth growth, and will help to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of ERK signaling underlying tooth development. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B:901–911, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mainstreaming the rights of persons with disabilities in national development frameworks
Authors: Mwendwa Teresa Njoroge , Murangira Ambrose , Lang Raymond 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDevelopment practitioners and governments continue to grapple with how best to ensure the participation of socially excluded and marginalised groups in the development of poverty reduction strategy plans and national development programmes. This paper analyses the challenges involved in ensuring that persons with disabilities and their representative organisations are effectively included in such initiatives, using examples from recent practices in Uganda. It concludes by making some tentative recommendations on how such initiatives can be genuinely inclusive. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disability, development and the dawning of a new convention: A cause for optimism?
Authors: Kett Maria , Lang Raymond , Trani Jean‐Francois 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis policy arena focuses on a significantly under‐represented subject in international development journals—disability. This is timely, as the United Nations Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities recently came into force in May 2008. As a result, there is a growing awareness among policy‐makers and development practitioners of the need to comprehensively address disability issues in their core activities. Persons with disabilities have long been subjects of international aid, so why has there been so little focus on mainstreaming disability within international development, and so little attention to development within disability circles? This editorial, and the papers presented in the policy arena, draw out the key issues around these themes that emerged from a major conference—poverty, discrimination and lack of access—held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in May 2008 and looks at the trajectory of links between disability and development and asks what is the significance of convention and how will it take the field forward. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of adding Crabtree's catalyst to rhodium black in direct hydrogen isotope exchange reactions
Authors: Schou Søren Christian 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA new catalytic system based on rhodium black using Crabtree's catalyst as an additive for direct hydrogen isotope exchange in aromatic compounds has been investigated. The level of deuterium incorporation can be improved from for example 16 to 93%. The new catalyst mixture tolerates a variety of solvents. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperossification in miniaturized toadlets of the genus Brachycephalus (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephalidae): Microscopic structure and macroscopic patterns of variation
Authors: Clemente‐Carvalho Rute B.G. , Antoniazzi Marta M. , Jared Carlos , Haddad Célio F.B. , Alves Ana C.R. , Rocha Henrique S. , Pereira Gabriela R. , Oliveira Davi F. , Lopes Ricardo T. , dos Reis Sergio F. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSpecies of the genus Brachycephalus, have a snout‐vent length of less than 18 mm and are believed to have evolved through miniaturization. Brachycephalus
ephippium, is particularly interesting; because its entire skull is hyperossified, and the presacral vertebrae and transverse processes are covered by a dorsal shield. We demonstrate in this paper that, at the macroscopic level, a completely hyperossified skull and dorsal shield occur only in B. ephippium, but not in B. ferruginus, B. izechsohni, B. pernix, B. pombali, B. brunneus, B. didactylus, and B. hermogenesi. An intermediate condition, in which the skull is hyperossified but a dorsal shield is absent, occurs in B. vertebralis, B. nodoterga, B. pitanga, and B. alipioi. The microscopic structure of hyperossification was examined in skulls of B. ephippium and B. pitanga, revealing a complex organization involving the presence of Sharpey fibers, which in humans are characteristic of periodontal connections. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Living in fast‐flowing water: Morphology of the gastromyzophorous tadpole of the bufonid Rhinella quechua (R. veraguensis group)
Authors: Aguayo R. , Lavilla E.O. , Vera Candioti M.F. , Camacho T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe describe the bufonid gastromyzophorous tadpoles of Rhinella quechua from montane forest streams in Bolivia. Specimens were cleared and stained, and the external morphology, buccopharyngeal structures, and the musculoskeletal system were studied. These tadpoles show a combination of some traits common in Rhinella larvae (e.g., emarginate oral disc with large ventral gap in the marginal papillae, labial tooth row formula 2/3, prenarial ridge, two infralabial papillae, quadratoorbital commissure present, larval otic process absent, mm. mandibulolabialis superior, interhyoideus posterior, and diaphragmatopraecordialis absent, m. subarcualis rectus I composed of three slips), some traits apparently exclusive for the described species of the R. veraguensis group (e.g., second anterior labial tooth row complete, lingual papillae absent, adrostral cartilages present), and some traits that are shared with other gastromyzophorous tadpoles (e.g., enlarged oral disc, short and wide articular process of the palatoquadrate, several muscles inserting on the abdominal sucker). In the context of the substantial taxonomic and nomenclatural changes that the former genus Bufo has undergone, and despite the conspicuous morphological differences related to the presence of an abdominal sucker, the larval morphology of R. quechua supports including it in the genus Rhinella and placing it close to species of the R. veraguensis assemblage. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The lissamphibian humerus and elbow joint, and the origins of modern amphibians
Authors: Sigurdsen Trond , Bolt John R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe origins and evolution of the three major clades of modern amphibians are still a source of controversy, and no general consensus exists as to their relationship to the various known Paleozoic taxa. This may indicate that additional character complexes should be studied to resolve their phylogenetic relationship. The salamander elbow joint has been fundamentally misinterpreted in previous morphological descriptions. In caudates and anurans, both the radius and ulna (fused in anurans) articulate with the characteristically large capitulum (radial condyle), although part of the ulnar articulating surface fits into to the smooth trochlear region. The salamander “ulnar condyle” of previous descriptions is in fact the entepicondyle. The condition seen in batrachians (i.e., salamanders and frogs) may be a lissamphibian synapomorphy because the elbow region of the primitive fossil caecilian Eocaecilia resembles those of frogs and salamanders. In addition to the large and bulbous capitulum, all lissamphibian humeri lack an entepicondylar foramen, and possess a distally pointing entepicondyle, a low and rounded ectepicondyle, and an elongated shaft. These characters are identified in key fossil forms to assess the support for the different hypotheses proposed for the evolutionary origins of lissamphibians. Temnospondyli is the only group of early tetrapods that shows a progressive evolution of lissamphibian traits in the humerus and elbow joint. Furthermore, among Paleozoic taxa, the dissorophoid temnospondyl Doleserpeton annectens is the only taxon that has the full set of humeral features shared by all lissamphibians. These results add support for the theory of a monophyletic origin of lissamphibians from dissorophoidtemnospondyls. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relationship between genotypic sensitivity score and treatment outcomes in late stage HIV disease after supervised HAART
Authors: Castor Delivette , Vlahov David , Hoover Donald R. , Berkman Alan , Wu Ying Feng , Zeller Barbara , Brechtl John , Hammer Scott M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of resistance testing quantified through a genotypic sensitivity score (GSS) on virologic, immunologic, and clinical responses among patients with late stage HIV‐1 disease receiving supervised highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Newly admitted patients received drug resistance testing (n = 198) and then HAART supervised by residential health‐care facilities nurses. After initiating a resistance testing‐informed HAART regimen, patients were followed for HIV‐1 RNA suppression (<50 copies/ml), mean change in CD4+ T‐cells, new AIDS defining category C opportunistic conditions and death. GSS was constructed using the HAART regimen prescribed after resistance testing and data derived from IAS‐USA consensus mutations table with modification. Regressions with generalized estimating equations for robust estimation of standard errors and Cox proportional hazards regression estimated independent associations between GSS and treatment responses. After adjusting for adherence, initial log10 HIV‐1 RNA levels, and other covariates, patients with a GSS ≥3 had significantly greater HIV‐1 RNA suppression (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.32; 95% CI 1.14, 4.75). HIV‐1 RNA levels were lower among patients with ≥95% adherence, but the effect of GSS on viral suppression was not modified by adherence. Self‐rated health status, and baseline CD4+ T‐cell counts independently predicted HIV‐1 RNA suppression. GSS did not predict mean change in CD4+ cells/mm3 (236 vs. 233, P = 0.92), occurrence of new AIDS defining category C conditions or death. These data support resistance testing‐guided therapy as an independent predictive factor to improve virologic responses in treatment‐experienced patients. J. Med. Virol. 81:1323–1335, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clearance of serum HBsAg and anti‐HBs seroconversion following antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Borgniet Olivier , Parvaz Parviz , Bouix Cécile , Chevallier Philippe , Trépo Christian , André Patrice , Zoulim Fabien 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this study, we have analyzed the evolution of serum HBsAg levels in 16 patients with chronic hepatitis B who showed an HBsAg seroconversion following antiviral therapy. The data showed that the clearance of serum HBsAg is slower than that of serum HBV DNA, which may reflect a slow kinetics of clearance of infected hepatocytes. Interestingly, HBsAg was detectable for a longer time using the Architect assay than with the Bio‐Rad assay. As viremia suppression is achieved in most patients under therapy with the new generation of nucleoside analogs, these data suggest that the quantitative monitoring of serum HBsAg may represent a novel tool for the assessment of antiviral therapy efficacy. J. Med. Virol. 81:1336–1342, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr virus coinfection in three toddlers with prolonged illnesses
Authors: Ito Yoshinori , Shibata‐Watanabe Yukiko , Kawada Jun‐ichi , Maruyama Koichi , Yagasaki Hiroshi , Kojima Seiji , Kimura Hiroshi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) usually cause primary and latent infections during childhood; thus, coinfection with these viruses occurs occasionally in children. However, its clinical impact has not been established, and may be underestimated. Three cases of coinfection involving these two viruses in toddlers are described: a 14‐month‐old male with infectious mononucleosis, an 18‐month‐old female with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and a 13‐month‐old female with acute hepatitis. All three patients had prolonged illnesses. Serial serological testing and quantitation of viral DNA for CMV and EBV using peripheral blood from the patients suggested primary infections with both viruses. In all three cases, the viral load of EBV and CMV in the early stage of disease exceeded 6.4 × 103 and 8.8 × 102 copies/ml of whole blood, respectively, suggesting that the viruses were associated with the clinical condition. Recognizing that coinfection with these viruses may modulate the clinical course of disease is important. J. Med. Virol. 81:1399–1402, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seroprevalence, risk factors, and hepatitis C virus genotypes in groups with high‐risk sexual behavior in Croatia
Authors: Cavlek Tatjana Vilibic , Margan Ira Gjenero , Lepej Snjezana Zidovec , Kolaric Branko , Vince Adriana 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe seroprevalence, risk factors and genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in groups with high‐risk sexual behavior (persons with multiple sexual partners, men who have sex with men, commercial sex workers and their clients and persons with sexually transmitted diseases) in seven Croatian cities were analyzed. A total of 821 participants without history of injecting drug use were included in the study. Anti‐HCV prevalence among risk groups varied from 2.9% to 8.5% with an overall prevalence of 4.6% (95% CI = 3.2–6.1) compared with 0.5% (95% CI = 0.0–1.5) in controls (pregnant females; OR = 9.66; 95% CI = 1.32–70.7). HCV‐RNA was detected in 73.1% anti‐HCV positive patients. Three of the seronegative cases (2.1%) were also found to be HCV‐RNA positive (“window period”). Genotype 1 was most commonly detected (55.6%). The most prevalent subtypes were 1a (38.9%) and 3a (38.9%). Sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, marital status and level of education) were not associated with anti‐HCV seropositivity. Among sexually transmitted disease markers, a higher seroprevalence of HCV infection was found in subjects with a history of HBV infection (10.5% vs. 3.8%, P = 0.002) and gonorrhea (13.2% vs. 4.2%, P = 0.011). No other factors reflecting risk sexual behavior such as sexual orientation, number of sexual partners and number of risk behaviors were associated with HCV seroprevalence. J. Med. Virol. 81:1348–1353, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.