bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microphysical Characteristics of Precipitation Over Eastern China and Its Coastal Regions
Authors: Sun Yue , Zhao Chuanfeng , Fan Hao 
Published: May 2024

AbstractMany studies have investigated the macro‐ and micro‐physical properties of precipitation, but few classified precipitation into warm‐ and cold‐topped, which affects precipitation phase and precipitation type significantly. Furthermore, the impact of moisture and dynamics on microphysical characteristics of precipitation has been less studied. Using precipitation data from the GPM 2A DPR between May and September from 2015 to 2023, this study conducts a systematic study on microphysical characteristics of precipitation over eastern China and its coastal areas. This study divides precipitation cases into 20 categories, including warm‐/cold‐topped (CTP/WTP) convective/stratiform light/moderate/heavy/extreme/the most extreme precipitation. The findings reveal distinct differences along with similarities in various precipitation categories between eastern China and its coastal regions. The convection ratio for CTP increases with higher precipitation intensity, while WTP is dominated by convective precipitation. The more CTP, the higher the solid water content. The heavier precipitation, the higher liquid water content contributes. The mass‐weighted diameter (Dm) for CTP shows three variations from high to low with little or slight decrease with altitude at upper‐layer, followed by a rapid increase at middle‐layer and finally decreasing slightly at low‐layer. The CTP Dm grows rapidly with temperature from −18.58 (−13.93)°C for convective (stratiform) precipitation and their maximum growth rate are almost located in melting layer. Dm (raindrop density) is larger (lower) over land than ocean and larger (lower) for CTP than WTP. Dm shows positive relation to vertical velocity and specific humidity, especially sensitive to the middle‐ and upper‐layers meteorological conditions.
Urban XCO2 Gradients From a Dense Network of Solar Absorption Spectrometers and OCO‐3 Over Mexico City
Authors: Che Ke , Lauvaux Thomas , Taquet Noemie , Stremme Wolfgang , Xu Yang , Alberti Carlos , Lopez Morgan , García‐Reynoso Agustín , Ciais Philippe , Liu Yi , Ramonet Michel , Grutter Michel 
Published: May 2024

AbstractSatellite measurements of urban CO2 plumes offer a global approach to track CO2 emissions for large cities. To examine and to quantify the feasibility of space‐based monitoring, an intensive measurement campaign (MERCI‐CO2) using seven solar‐tracking Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers has been conducted over the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) to monitor urban emissions and to evaluate Snapshot Area Map (SAM) observations from the NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐3 (OCO‐3) mission. Once adjusted for their respective averaging kernels, we diagnosed a positive difference between OCO‐3 and FTIR column measurements (1.06 ppm). Thanks to this unprecedented amount of column observations over a large city, we demonstrate that XCO2 gradients within OCO‐3 SAMs align with the inter‐calibrated FTIR measurements (mean bias of 0.3 ppm), confirming the potential to track CO2 emissions from space over large metropolitan areas. XCO2 urban‐rural differences across the FTIR network, show a strong correlation with observed gradients, with Pearson's correlation coefficients (R) around 0.92. The correlation is significantly lower when considering intra‐urban gradients, where R drop to around 0.24. Simulated XCO2 enhancements (ΔXCO2) based on X‐STILT for both FTIR and OCO‐3 show relatively high correlations (R is around 0.6) using high‐resolution footprints and two gridded inventories. Spatial correlations with OCO‐3 improve when aggregating satellite retrievals at coarser resolutions (10 km). Our study demonstrates the capabilities of detecting urban gradients by FTIR network and OCO‐3 SAM observations over MCMA, a promising result to evaluate the evolution of MCMA's emissions over the coming decade.
Surface Geological Evolution in the Chang'e 5 Landing Area (Em4 Unit) Revealed by a New Age‐Retrieving Method From Regression Learning
Authors: Chen Yuchao , Huang Qian , Zhao Jiannan , Yin Haolin 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe chronology function and production function have been widely used to derive the model ages of lunar mare regions from crater size‐frequency distributions. Challenges remain in homogenous counting area selection, crater saturation and crater rim identification. Geological unit‐based ages are also difficult to study the continuous surface evolution among adjacent areas. Using regression‐learning models, we have tried a new method on the Em4 unit of the Chang'e 5 landing area to explore a quantitative relationship between ages and surface morphometric expressions using texture features. Four features (Contrast, Energy, Entropy and Homogeneity), together with a stepwise linear model (SL) and a linear support‐vector‐machine model (LS), are well selected to produce a pixel‐level continuous age map of the Em4 unit. Mean age values of 1.75 ± 0.26 Ga and 1.69 ± 0.22 Ga obtained respectively from the two models are consistent with the ages of Chang'e 5 samples returned from this area. Both texture features and age maps are separated along the NW‐SE sinuous rilles (Rima Sharp and Rima Mairan). Comprehensively considering the geology, geomorphology, and newly retrieved ages of the study region, we have proposed a three‐stage evolution process for the Em4 unit. Our new age‐retrieving method is useful for obtaining a pixel‐level high‐resolution age map in the study region and has the potential to be widely used in other lunar mare areas.
The Impacts of Changing Winter Warm Spells on Snow Ablation Over Western North America
Authors: Scaff Lucia , Krogh Sebastian A. , Musselman Keith , Harpold Adrian , Li Yanping , Lillo‐Saavedra Mario , Oyarzún Ricardo , Rasmussen Roy 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAn increase in winter air temperature can amplify snowmelt and sublimation in mountain regions with implications to water resources and ecological systems. Winter Warm Spells (WWS) are defined as a winter period (December to February, DJF) of at least 3 consecutive days with daily maximum temperature anomaly above the 90th percentile (using a moving‐average of 15 days between 2001 and 2013). We calculate WWS for every 4‐km grid cell within an atmospheric model over western North America to characterize WWS and analyze snow ablation and their changes in a warmer climate. We find that days with ablation during WWS represent a small fraction of winter days (0.6 days), however, 49% of total winter ablation (33.4 mm/DJF) occurs during WWS. Greater extreme ablation rates (99th percentile) occur 18% more frequently during WWS than during non‐WWS days. Ablation rates during WWS in humid regions are larger (9 mm d−1) than in dry regions (7 mm d−1) in a warmer climate, which can be explained by differences in the energy balance and the snowpack's cold content. We find that warmer (0.8°C), longer (1.8 days) and more frequent (3.7 more events) WWS increase total winter ablation (on average 109% or 18 mm/DJF) in a warmer climate. Winter melt during WWS in warm and humid places is expected to increase about 3 times more than in the cold and dry region. This study provides a comprehensive description of WWS and their impact on snowpack dynamics, which is relevant to reservoir operations and water security.
Generation of High‐Resolution Water Surface Slopes From Multi‐Mission Satellite Altimetry
Authors: Schwatke C. , Halicki M. , Scherer D. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractFor nearly three decades, satellite radar altimetry has provided measurements of the water surface elevation (WSE) of rivers. These observations can be used to calculate the water surface slope (WSS), which is an essential parameter for estimating flow velocity and river discharge. In this study, we calculate a non time‐varying high‐resolution WSS of 11 Polish rivers based on multi‐mission altimetry observations from 11 satellites in the period from 1994 to 2023. The proposed approach is based on a weighted least squares adjustment with an additional Laplace condition and an a priori gradient condition. The processing is divided into river sections not interrupted by dams and reservoirs. After proper determination of the WSE for each river kilometer (bin), the WSS between adjacent bins is calculated. To assess the accuracy of the estimated WSS, it is compared with slopes between gauge stations, which are referenced to a common vertical datum. Such gauge stations are available for 8 studied rivers. The root mean squared error (RMSE) ranges from 4 mm/km to 77 mm/km, with an average of 27 mm/km. However, the mean RMSE decreases to 11 mm/km when the 2 mountain rivers are excluded. The WSS accuracies are also compared with slope data sets based on digital elevation models, ICESat‐2 altimetry, and lidar. For 6 rivers the estimated WSS shows the highest accuracy. The improvement was particularly significant for mountain rivers. The proposed approach allows an accurate, non time‐varying high‐resolution WSS even for small and medium‐sized rivers and can be applied to almost any river worldwide.
Observations of Relativistic Electron Precipitation Due To Combined Scattering of Whistler‐Mode and EMIC Waves
Authors: Bashir M. Fraz , Artemyev Anton , Zhang Xiao‐Jia , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Tsai Ethan , Wilkins Colin 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe two most important wave modes responsible for energetic electron scattering to the Earth's ionosphere are electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves and whistler‐mode waves. These wave modes operate in different energy ranges: whistler‐mode waves are mostly effective in scattering sub‐relativistic electrons, whereas EMIC waves predominately scatter relativistic electrons. In this study, we report the direct observations of energetic electron (from 50 keV to 2.5 MeV) scattering driven by the combined effect of whistler‐mode and EMIC waves using ELFIN measurements. We analyze five events showing EMIC‐driven relativistic electron precipitation accompanied by bursts of whistler‐driven precipitation over a wide energy range. These events reveal an enhancement of relativistic electron precipitation by EMIC waves during intervals of whistler‐mode precipitation compared to intervals of EMIC‐only precipitation. We discuss a possible mechanism responsible for such precipitation. We suggest that below the minimum resonance energy (Emin) of EMIC waves, the whistler‐mode wave may both scatter electrons into the loss‐cone and accelerate them to higher energy (1–3 MeV). Electrons accelerated above Emin resonate with EMIC waves that, in turn, quickly scatter those electrons into the loss‐cone. This enhances relativistic electron precipitation beyond what EMIC waves alone could achieve. We present theoretical support for this mechanism, along with observational evidence from the ELFIN mission. We discuss methodologies for further observational investigations of this combined whistler‐mode and EMIC precipitation.
Interannual Variability of Isopycnal Ocean Heat Content in the Subtropical Northeast Pacific
Authors: Guo Yongqing , Wei Meng 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe subsurface thermal anomaly originating from the mid‐latitude Pacific significantly influences climate variability in the tropical Pacific. Traditionally, the spiciness anomaly, defined on an isopycnal surface, is used to estimate this thermal anomaly. However, the thermal anomaly is confined to an isopycnal layer with a certain thickness, not spread on a specific surface. Its impact on the tropical Pacific depends on the amount of heat reaching the equator. Therefore, the thickness‐weighted isopycnal ocean heat content (IPOHC), defined as the ocean heat content in an isopycnal layer of a given potential density range, can more accurately estimate the subsurface thermal anomaly. This study focuses on the interannual variability of the IPOHC in the subtropical northeast Pacific, a region crucial for extratropical‐tropical oceanic exchange. The IPOHC in the 24.8–25.6 kg/m3 potential density layer exhibits a significant interannual variability with a 5–6‐year period. Subduction and salt fingering are identified as key processes driving this variability. Specifically, increased subduction volume and enhanced salt fingering both can induce positive IPOHC anomalies, while the opposite results in negative anomalies. Late winter variations in subduction volume and salt fingering strength, which originate from the winter mixed layer depth variability and halocline intensity variability, work together to cause the observed interannual IPOHC anomalies. We emphasize that the subduction‐induced IPOHC anomalies are determined by anomalous subduction volume rather than mixed layer temperature. Furthermore, salt fingering plays an essential role in driving substantial IPOHC anomalies in the deep, poorly‐ventilated halocline/thermocline.
Multi-omics analysis of human tendon adhesion reveals that ACKR1-regulated macrophage migration is involved in regeneration
Authors: Zhang Xinshu , Xiao Yao , Hu Bo , Li Yanhao , Zhang Shaoyang , Tian Jian , Wang Shuo , Tao Zaijin , Zeng Xinqi , Liu Ning-Ning , Li Baojie , Liu Shen 
Published: May 2024

AbstractTendon adhesion is a common complication after tendon injury with the development of accumulated fibrotic tissues without effective anti-fibrotic therapies, resulting in severe disability. Macrophages are widely recognized as a fibrotic trigger during peritendinous adhesion formation. However, different clusters of macrophages have various functions and receive multiple regulation, which are both still unknown. In our current study, multi-omics analysis including single-cell RNA sequencing and proteomics was performed on both human and mouse tendon adhesion tissue at different stages after tendon injury. The transcriptomes of over 74 000 human single cells were profiled. As results, we found that SPP1+ macrophages, RGCC+ endothelial cells, ACKR1+ endothelial cells and ADAM12+ fibroblasts participated in tendon adhesion formation. Interestingly, despite specific fibrotic clusters in tendon adhesion, FOLR2+ macrophages were identified as an antifibrotic cluster by in vitro experiments using human cells. Furthermore, ACKR1 was verified to regulate FOLR2+ macrophages migration at the injured peritendinous site by transplantation of bone marrow from Lysm-Cre;R26RtdTomato mice to lethally irradiated Ackr1−/− mice (Ackr1−/− chimeras; deficient in ACKR1) and control mice (WT chimeras). Compared with WT chimeras, the decline of FOLR2+ macrophages was also observed, indicating that ACKR1 was specifically involved in FOLR2+ macrophages migration. Taken together, our study not only characterized the fibrosis microenvironment landscape of tendon adhesion by multi-omics analysis, but also uncovered a novel antifibrotic cluster of macrophages and their origin. These results provide potential therapeutic targets against human tendon adhesion.
A keratinocyte-adipocyte signaling loop is reprogrammed by loss of BTG3 to augment skin carcinogenesis
Authors: Cheng Yu-Che , Acedera Jack Dalit , Li Yi-Ju , Shieh Sheau-Yann 
Published: May 2024

AbstractObesity is endemic to many developed countries. Overweight or obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing cancer. Dysfunctional adipose tissue alters cancer cell proliferation and migration; however, whether and how neoplastic epithelial cells communicate with adipose tissue and the underlying mechanism are less clear. BTG3 is a member of the anti-proliferative BTG/Tob family and functions as a tumor suppressor. Here, we demonstrated that BTG3 levels are downregulated in basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma compared to normal skin tissue, and Btg3 knockout in mice augmented the development of papilloma in a mouse model of DMBA/TPA-induced skin carcinogenesis. Mechanistically, BTG3-knockout keratinocytes promoted adipocyte differentiation mainly through the release of IL1α, IL10, and CCL4, as a result of elevated NF-κB activity. These adipocytes produced CCL20 and FGF7 in a feedback loop to promote keratinocyte migration. Thus, our findings showcased the role of BTG3 in guarding the interplay between keratinocytes and adjacent adipocytes, and identified the underlying neoplastic molecular mediators that may serve as possible targets in the treatment of skin cancer.
Imaging and ferroelectric orientation mapping of photostriction in a single Bismuth Ferrite nanocrystal
Authors: Mokhtar Ahmed H. , Serban David , Porter Daniel G. , Nisbet Gareth , Collins Steve , Bombardi Alessandro , Newton Marcus C. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe exploration of multiferroic materials and their interaction with light at the nanoscale presents a captivating frontier in materials science. Bismuth Ferrite (BiFeO3, BFO), a standout among these materials, exhibits room-temperature ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic behaviour and magnetoelectric coupling. Of particular interest is the phenomenon of photostriction, the light-induced deformation of crystal structures, which enhances the prospect for device functionality based on these materials. Understanding and harnessing multiferroic phenomena holds significant promise in various technological applications, from optoelectronics to energy storage. The orientation of the ferroelectric axis is an important design parameter for devices formed from multiferroic materials. Determining its orientation in the laboratory frame of reference usually requires knowing multiple wavevector transfer (Q-Vector) directions, which can be challenging to establish due to the need for extensive reciprocal-space searches. Our study demonstrates a method to identify the ferroelectric axis orientation using Bragg Coherent X-ray Diffraction Imaging (BCDI) measurements at a single Q-vector direction. This method involves applying photostriction-inducing laser illumination across various laser polarisations. Our findings reveal that photostriction primarily occurs as a surface phenomenon at the nanoscale. Moreover, a photo-induced crystal length change ranging from 30 to 60 nm was observed, consistent with earlier findings on bulk material.
Evaporation-induced self-assembled ultrathin AgNW networks for highly conformable wearable electronics
Authors: Qin Chu , Sun Qingyin , Chen Yu , Fahad Shah , Wu Jiaxin , Dong Yuxuan , Yu Hongyu , Wang Min 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe flexibility and stability of transparent electrodes play a crucial role in the growing popularity of flexible devices, especially in potential wearable electronics. To date, various solution-coating techniques have been developed for fabricating silver nanowire (AgNW) flexible bioelectronics. However, achieving the orderly distributed patterns of AgNW without undesirable aggregations still poses a grand challenge. Here, an approach to realize regular patterned ultrathin AgNW networks on a freestanding electrospun PVDF-TrFE frame by evaporation-induced self-assembly is proposed. The patterning mechanism of evaporating AgNW colloidal suspension is investigated from experimental and theoretical analysis. The influence of evaporation-induced flow inside colloidal freestanding membranes on forming regular square hole-shaped arrays, selective deposition of AgNW, and aligning them along the artificial pinning array are addressed. Owing to the orderly arrangement of AgNW networks, the resultant flexible electrode achieves ultrathin thickness (about 5 μm), high optical transmittance (87.8%), and low sheet resistance (8.4 Ω·sq−1) with a relatively low dosage of AgNW (9 μg·cm−2). The electrode exhibits excellent durability during cyclic bending (50,000 times) and stretching (50% strain). The resistance remains virtually unchanged during 200 days in everyday environments. Furthermore, the excellent conformability and breathability of the flexible transparent electrode attached to the human skin demonstrates its potential application as an e-skin sensor. Our findings reliably urge a simple approach to underscore better outcomes with effective patterns by self-assembly of AgNW for highly conformal wearable electronics.
Identification of clinically relevant T cell receptors for personalized T cell therapy using combinatorial algorithms
Authors: Pétremand Rémy , Chiffelle Johanna , Bobisse Sara , Perez Marta A. S. , Schmidt Julien , Arnaud Marion , Barras David , Lozano-Rabella Maria , Genolet Raphael , Sauvage Christophe , Saugy Damien , Michel Alexandra , Huguenin-Bergenat Anne-Laure , Capt Charlotte , Moore Jonathan S. , De Vito Claudio , Labidi-Galy S. Intidhar , Kandalaft Lana E. , Dangaj Laniti Denarda , Bassani-Sternberg Michal , Oliveira Giacomo , Wu Catherine J. , Coukos George , Zoete Vincent , Harari Alexandre 
Published: May 2024

AbstractA central challenge in developing personalized cancer cell immunotherapy is the identification of tumor-reactive T cell receptors (TCRs). By exploiting the distinct transcriptomic profile of tumor-reactive T cells relative to bystander cells, we build and benchmark TRTpred, an antigen-agnostic in silico predictor of tumor-reactive TCRs. We integrate TRTpred with an avidity predictor to derive a combinatorial algorithm of clinically relevant TCRs for personalized T cell therapy and benchmark it in patient-derived xenografts.
Deregulated DNA ADP-ribosylation impairs telomere replication
Authors: Wondisford Anne R. , Lee Junyeop , Lu Robert , Schuller Marion , Groslambert Josephine , Bhargava Ragini , Schamus-Haynes Sandra , Cespedes Leyneir C. , Opresko Patricia L. , Pickett Hilda A. , Min Jaewon , Ahel Ivan , O’Sullivan Roderick J. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe recognition that DNA can be ADP ribosylated provides an unexpected regulatory level of how ADP-ribosylation contributes to genome stability, epigenetics and immunity. Yet, it remains unknown whether DNA ADP-ribosylation (DNA-ADPr) promotes genome stability and how it is regulated. Here, we show that telomeres are subject to DNA-ADPr catalyzed by PARP1 and removed by TARG1. Mechanistically, we show that DNA-ADPr is coupled to lagging telomere DNA strand synthesis, forming at single-stranded DNA present at unligated Okazaki fragments and on the 3′ single-stranded telomere overhang. Persistent DNA-linked ADPr, due to TARG1 deficiency, eventually leads to telomere shortening. Furthermore, using the bacterial DNA ADP-ribosyl-transferase toxin to modify DNA at telomeres directly, we demonstrate that unhydrolyzed DNA-linked ADP-ribose compromises telomere replication and telomere integrity. Thus, by identifying telomeres as chromosomal targets of PARP1 and TARG1-regulated DNA-ADPr, whose deregulation compromises telomere replication and integrity, our study highlights and establishes the critical importance of controlling DNA-ADPr turnover for sustained genome stability.