bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biogeographical region and host trophic level determine carnivore endoparasite richness in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: ROSALINO L. M. , SANTOS M. J. , FERNANDES C. , SANTOS-REIS M. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYWe address the question of whether host and/or environmental factors might affect endoparasite richness and distribution, using carnivores as a model. We reviewed studies published in international peer-reviewed journals (34 areas in the Iberian Peninsula), describing parasite prevalence and richness in carnivores, and collected information on site location, host bio-ecology, climate and detected taxa (Helminths, Protozoa andMycobacteriumspp.). Three hypotheses were tested (i) host based, (ii) environmentally based, and (iii) hybrid (combination of environmental and host). Multicollinearity reduced candidate variable number for modelling to 5: host weight, phylogenetic independent contrasts (host weight), mean annual temperature, host trophic level and biogeographical region. General Linear Mixed Modelling was used and the best model was a hybrid model that included biogeographical region and host trophic level. Results revealed that endoparasite richness is higher in Mediterranean areas, especially for the top predators. We suggest that the detected parasites may benefit from mild environmental conditions that occur in southern regions. Top predators have larger home ranges and are likely to be subjected to cascading effects throughout the food web, resulting in more infestation opportunities and potentially higher endoparasite richness. This study suggests that richness may be more affected by historical and regional processes (including climate) than by host ecological processes.
Schizophrenia patients are impaired in empathic accuracy
Authors: Lee J. , Zaki J. , Harvey P.-O. , Ochsner K. , Green M. F. 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundEmpathy is crucial for successful social relationships. Despite its importance for social interactions, little is known about empathy in schizophrenia. This study investigated the degree to which schizophrenia patients can accurately infer the affective state of another person (i.e. empathic accuracy).MethodA group of 30 schizophrenia patients and 22 healthy controls performed an empathic accuracy task on which they continuously rated the affective state of another person shown in a video (referred to as the ‘target’). These ratings were compared with the target's own continuous self-rating of affective state; empathic accuracy was defined as the correlation between participants' ratings and the targets' self-ratings. A separate line-tracking task was administered to measure motoric/attentional factors that could account for group differences in performance. Participants' self-rated empathy was measured using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and targets' self-rated emotional expressivity was measured using the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire.ResultsCompared with controls, schizophrenia patients showed lower empathic accuracy although they performed the motoric tracking task at high accuracy. There was a significant group×target expressivity interaction such that patients showed a smaller increase in empathic accuracy with higher levels of emotional expressivity by the target, compared with controls. Patients' empathic accuracy was uncorrelated with self-reported empathy or clinical symptoms.ConclusionsSchizophrenia patients showed lower empathic accuracy than controls, and their empathic accuracy was less influenced by the emotional expressivity of the target. These findings suggest that schizophrenia patients benefit less from social cues of another person when making an empathic judgement.
Alexis de Tocqueville and the Two-Founding Thesis
Authors: Ceaser James W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAlexis de Tocqueville's account of the formation of the American regime identifies two constitutive moments: the Puritan colonization and the Revolution and the Constitution (1775–1789). Contrary to historians of the day, Tocqueville gave as much credit to the Puritans as to the Founders. Yet far from being a pure history, Tocqueville's narrative also had the purpose of promoting a new political foundation that replaced the philosophical doctrine of natural rights with an account based on “Customary History.” Tocqueville's approach was intended to further a great theoretical project inaugurated by Montesquieu that offered an alternative model to the mainstream Enlightenment position for how political philosophy should enter into and influence political life. This article analyzes the two-founding thesis, explores the underlying theoretical project on foundations of Tocqueville and Montesquieu, and presents and assesses the debate on the merits of attempting to change the political foundation of the American regime.
Defending the Union: Andrew Jackson's Nullification Proclamation and American Federalism
Authors: Brogdon Matthew S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis essay contends that we can better understand Andrew Jackson's distinctive account of federalism by looking outside the Jeffersonian and Jacksonian political traditions. More appropriate peers for Jackson, as a constitutional statesman, are John Marshall and Abraham Lincoln. Existing treatments of Jackson miss these connections because they focus primarily on his roles as party leader and reformer, to the neglect of his constitutional statesmanship. A major cause of this neglect is the apparent inconsistency between Jackson's “nationalist” account of the Union in the Nullification Proclamation and his advocacy of “states' rights” elsewhere, a tension that can be resolved by a closer reading of Jackson's rhetoric. Among other things, this redefinition of Jackson's legacy demonstrates that there is no necessary tension between a strong union and meaningful limits on federal power; nor is there a necessary affinity between narrow construction of federal power and state-compact theory.
Dimensions of stable sets and scrambled sets in positive finite entropy systems
Authors: FANG CHUN , HUANG WEN , YI YINGFEI , ZHANG PENGFEI 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe study the dimensions of stable sets and scrambled sets of a dynamical system with positive finite entropy. We show that there is a measure-theoretically ‘large’ set containing points whose sets of ‘hyperbolic points’ (i.e. points lying in the intersections of the closures of the stable and unstable sets) admit positive Bowen dimension entropies; under the continuum hypothesis, this set also contains a scrambled set with positive Bowen dimension entropies. For several kinds of specific invertible dynamical systems, the lower bounds of the Hausdorff dimension of these sets are estimated. In particular, for a diffeomorphism on a smooth Riemannian manifold with positive entropy, such a lower bound is given in terms of the metric entropy and Lyapunov exponent.
Ergodic measures of Markov semigroups with the e-property
Authors: SZAREK TOMASZ , WORM DANIËL T. H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe study the set of ergodic measures for a Markov semigroup on a Polish state space. The principal assumption on this semigroup is the e-property, an equicontinuity condition. We introduce a weak concentrating condition around a compact set K and show that this condition has several implications on the set of ergodic measures, one of them being the existence of a Borel subset K0 of K with a bijective map from K0 to the ergodic measures, by sending a point in K0 to the weak limit of the Cesàro averages of the Dirac measure on this point. We also give sufficient conditions for the set of ergodic measures to be countable and finite. Finally, we give a quite general condition under which the Cesàro averages of any measure converge to an invariant measure.
Watching Exotic Animals Next Door: “Scientific” Observations at the Zoo (ca. 1870–1910)
Authors: Hochadel Oliver 
Published: April 2011

ArgumentThe nineteenth century witnessed the advent of the modern zoo. Nearly everyone who came to watch the exotic animals was a “lay person” in the sense that virtually none had formal training in zoology. This paper provides a typology of these observers: the zoo directors, assistants, keepers, animal painters, and the “common” visitor. What did they observe and what were their motivations? Did they pursue a certain agenda? What kind of knowledge, if any, did they produce? Soon the issue of the reliability of these observations emerged. Lay observers insisted on the veracity of their intimate and personal knowledge of animals while academics complained that their claims could not be generalized and were tainted by anthropomorphism. Hence the focus on the observations of these laymen will reveal contemporary assumptions on what may count as “scientific.” This is closely linked to the question of how far the zoo may qualify as a site of scientific investigation in the first place. The constraints on doing research on animals in a public space such as the zoo were numerous. Yet despite these obstacles the zoological garden contributed to the rise of ecological thinking as well as to the formation of ethology as a scientific discipline.
The Art of Authority: Exhibits, Exhibit-Makers, and the Contest for Scientific Status in the American Museum of Natural History, 1920–1940
Authors: Cain Victoria 
Published: April 2011

ArgumentIn the 1920s and 1930s, the growing importance of habitat dioramas at the American Museum of Natural History forced staff members to reconsider what counted as scientific practice and knowledge. Exhibit-makers pressed for more scientific authority, citing their extensive and direct observations of nature in the field. The museum's curators, concerned about their own eroding status, dismissed this bid for authority, declaring that older traditions of lay observation were no longer legitimate. By the 1940s, changes inside and outside the museum had destroyed any lingering notions that what exhibit-makers garnered from observing raw materials constituted scientific knowledge.
Collecting Standards: Teaching Botanical Skills in Sweden, 1850–1950
Authors: Beckman Jenny 
Published: April 2011

ArgumentStandards of botanical practice in Sweden between 1850 and 1950 were set, not only in schools and universities, but also in naturalist societies and botanical exchange clubs, and were articulated in handbooks and manuals produced for schoolboys. These standards were maintained among volunteer naturalists in the environmental movement in the 1970s, long after the decline and disappearance of collecting from the curriculum. School science provides a link between the laboratory, the classroom, and the norms and practices of everyday life: between the various “insides” and “outsides” of educational and research settings.
Lay Observers, Telegraph Lines, and Kansas Weather: The Field Network as a Mode of Knowledge Production
Authors: Vetter Jeremy 
Published: April 2011

ArgumentThis paper examines the field network – linking together lay observers in geographically distributed locations with a central figure who aggregated their locally produced observations into more general, regional knowledge – as a historically emergent mode of knowledge production. After discussing the significance of weather knowledge as a vital domain in which field networks have operated, it describes and analyzes how a more robust and systematized weather observing field network became established and maintained on the ground in the early twentieth century. This case study, which examines two Kansas City-based local observer networks supervised by the same U.S. Weather Bureau office, demonstrates some of the key issues involved in maintaining field networks, such as the role of communications infrastructure, especially the telegraph, the procedures designed to make local observation more systematic and uniform, and the centralized, hierarchical power relations that underpinned even a low-status example of knowledge production on the periphery.
Clinical significance of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureuscolonization in residents in community long-term-care facilities in Spain
Authors: MANZUR A. , DE GOPEGUI E. RUIZ , DOMINGUEZ M. , MARISCAL D. , GAVALDA L. , PEREZ J. L. , SEGURA F. , PUJOL M. ,   the Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYMethicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is highly prevalent in Spanish hospitals and community long-term-care facilities (LTCFs). This longitudinal study was performed in community LTCFs to determine whether MRSA colonization is associated with MRSA infections and overall mortality. Nasal and decubitus ulcer cultures were performed every 6 months for an 18-month period on 178 MRSA-colonized residents (86 490 patient-days) and 196 non-MRSA carriers (97 470 patient-days). Fourteen residents developed MRSA infections and 10 of these were skin and soft tissue infections. Two patients with respiratory infections required hospitalization. The incidence rate of MRSA infection was 0·12/1000 patient-days in MRSA carriers and 0·05/1000 patient-days in non-carriers (P=0·46). No difference in MRSA infection rate was found according to the duration of MRSA colonization (P=0·69). The mortality rate was 20·8% in colonized residents and 16·8% in non-carriers; four residents with MRSA infection died. Overall mortality was statistically similar in both cohorts. Our results suggest that despite a high prevalence of MRSA colonization in LTCFs, MRSA infections are neither frequent nor severe while colonized residents remain at the facility. The epidemiological impact of an MRSA reservoir is more relevant than the clinical impact of this colonization for an individual resident and supports current recommendations to control MRSA spread in community LTCFs.
An outbreak of rubella in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina between December 2009 and May 2010 indicates failure to vaccinate during wartime (1992–1995)
Authors: HUKIC M. , HÜBSCHEN J. M. , SEREMET M. , SALIMOVIC-BESIC I. , MULAOMEROVIC M. , MEHINOVIC N. , KARAKAS S. , CHARPENTIER E. , MULLER C. P. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYA rubella outbreak involving 1900 cases was recorded in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina between mid-December 2009 and the end of May 2010. Sera from 389 suspected rubella cases were examined for the presence of rubella-specific IgM and IgG antibodies. A total of 32 throat swabs from suspected rubella cases were tested by RT–PCR and were used to attempt virus isolation. Most patients (945/1900, 49·73%) had never received rubella vaccination or had an unknown vaccination status (563/1900, 29·63%). About 45% (178/389) of suspected rubella patients were IgM positive. From 13 of the throat swabs a virus isolate and E1 gene sequences attributed to genotype 2B were obtained. The rubella outbreak was due to failure to vaccinate during the war period (1992–1995) and emphasizes the need for additional vaccination opportunities.
Topics in structure-preserving discretization
Authors: Christiansen Snorre H. , Munthe-Kaas Hans Z. , Owren Brynjulf 
Published: April 2011

In the last few decades the concepts of structure-preserving discretization, geometric integration and compatible discretizations have emerged as subfields in the numerical approximation of ordinary and partial differential equations. The article discusses certain selected topics within these areas; discretization techniques both in space and time are considered. Lie group integrators are discussed with particular focus on the application to partial differential equations, followed by a discussion of how time integrators can be designed to preserve first integrals in the differential equation using discrete gradients and discrete variational derivatives.Lie group integrators depend crucially on fast and structure-preserving algorithms for computing matrix exponentials. Preservation of domain symmetries is of particular interest in the application of Lie group integrators to PDEs. The equivariance of linear operators and Fourier transforms on non-commutative groups is used to construct fast structure-preserving algorithms for computing exponentials. The theory of Weyl groups is employed in the construction of high-order spectral element discretizations, based on multivariate Chebyshev polynomials on triangles, simplexes and simplicial complexes.The theory of mixed finite elements is developed in terms of special inverse systems of complexes of differential forms, where the inclusion of cells corresponds to pullback of forms. The theory covers, for instance, composite piecewise polynomial finite elements of variable order over polyhedral grids. Under natural algebraic and metric conditions, interpolators and smoothers are constructed, which commute with the exterior derivative and whose product is uniformly stable in Lebesgue spaces. As a consequence we obtain not only eigenpair approximation for the Hodge–Laplacian in mixed form, but also variants of Sobolev injections and translation estimates adapted to variational discretizations.
A novel LTCC differentially Fed UWB antenna for the 60 GHz band
Authors: Yang Bill , Yarovoy Alexander G. , Valavan A. Shenario Ezil , Buisman Koen , Shoykhetbrod Oleksiy 
Published: April 2011

In this paper a novel differentially fed Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) antenna in low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) technology to be used in the 60 GHz band for integrated RF front-ends is presented. The antenna is based on the aperture stacked patch fed via H-shaped aperture to achieve more than 10 GHz operational bandwidth. The antenna is fed by a parallel-wire transmission line which enables the antenna to be directly integrated with differential Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs). To alleviate influence of the surface waves (efficiently excited in LTCC material due to its high dielectric constant) on the antenna radiation and realize uni-directional radiation patterns, a dedicated shield is added to the antenna. The measured results of the shielded antenna showed that the antenna has an operational bandwidth from 51 GHz to over 65 GHz, the gain is about 3.5–8 dBi, and −5 dB beamwidth is about ±30°. The measurement results also demonstrated that the shield indeed improves the antenna impedance bandwidth, gain, and radiation patterns substantially.
Predictors of Long‐Term Weight Loss in Adults With Modest Initial Weight Loss, by Sex and Race
Authors: Svetkey Laura P. , Ard Jamy D. , Stevens Victor J. , Loria Catherine M. , Young Deb Y. , Hollis Jack F. , Appel Lawrence J. , Brantley Phillip J. , Kennedy Betty M. , Kumanyika Shiriki K. , Batch Bryan C. , Corsino Leonor , Lien Lillian F. , Vollmer William M. ,   For the Weight Loss Maintenance Collaborative Research Group
Published: April 2011

Effective weight management interventions could reduce race—sex disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet little is known about factors associated with successful weight loss maintenance in race—sex subgroups. In the Weight Loss Maintenance trial (WLM), overweight/obese (BMI 25–45 kg/m2) adults who lost ≥4 kg in a 6‐month behavioral weight loss intervention (phase I) were randomized into one of three 30‐month maintenance interventions (phase II). To investigate predictors in subgroups, randomized groups were combined for this analysis. Of 1,685 phase I participants, 1,032 (61%) entered phase II, including 12% black men (BM), 26% black women (BW), 25% white men (WM), and 37% white women (WW). Weight change over the 36‐month study ranged from −2.3% (95% confidence interval = −3.1 to −1.5%) in BW to −4.5% (95% confidence interval = −5.7 to −4.0%) in WM, the result of differential weight loss during phase I. Within race, men lost significantly more weight than women, but within sex group, weight loss did not differ significantly between races. Although participants regained weight during phase II, regain did not differ by race—sex group, and mean weight at the end of the study was significantly lower than phase I entry weight for each subgroup. In regression models, phase I weight loss predicted overall 36‐month weight loss in all race—sex groups. Healthy dietary pattern at entry, improvement in dietary pattern, or both were predictive in three of four race—sex groups. Few other variables other than initial weight loss and dietary pattern were predictive. Future research should identify additional modifiable influences on long‐term maintenance after a modest weight loss.
Electron delocalization in the
S
1
and
T
1
metal-to-ligand charge transfer states of
trans
-substituted metal quadruply bonded complexes
Authors: Alberding Brian G. , Chisholm Malcolm H. , Gallucci Judith C. , Ghosh Yagnaseni , Gustafson Terry L. 
Published: April 2011

The singlet
S
1
and triplet
T
1
photoexcited states of the compounds containing MM quadruple bonds
trans
-M
2
(T

i

PB)
2
(O
2
CC
6
H
4
-4-CN)
2
, where T

i

PB = 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzoate and M = Mo (
I
) or M = W (
I
′
), and
trans
-M
2
(O
2
CMe)
2
((N[

i

Pr ])
2
CC ≡ CC
6
H
5
)
2
, where M = Mo (
II
) and M = W (
II
′
), have been investigated by a variety of spectroscopic techniques including femtosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. The singlet states are shown to be delocalized metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) states for
I
and
I
′
but localized for
II
and
II
′
involving the cyanobenzoate or amidinate ligands, respectively. The triplet states are MoMo
δδ
* for both
I
and
II
but delocalized
3
MLCT for
I
′
and localized
3
MLCT for
II
′
. These differences arise from consideration of the relative orbital energies of the M
2
δ
or M
2
δ
* and the ligand
π
∗
as well as the magnitudes of orbital overlap.
Tanespimycin and bortezomib combination treatment in patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: results of a phase 1/2 study
Authors: Richardson Paul G. , Chanan‐Khan Asher A. , Lonial Sagar , Krishnan Amrita Y. , Carroll Michael P. , Alsina Melissa , Albitar Maher , Berman David , Messina Marianne , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryThis open‐label, dose escalation, multicentre phase 1/2 trial was undertaken to determine the safety and tolerability of the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor tanespimycin (100–340 mg/m2) + bortezomib (0·7–1·3 mg/m2) given on days 1, 4, 8 and 11 in each 21‐d cycle. Phase 2 expansion occurred at the highest tested dose of tanespimycin at 340 mg/m2 and bortezomib at 1·3 mg/m2. Seventy‐two patients (median age, 60 years) with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM) were enrolled; 63 patients (89%) completed the study. Tanespimycin in combination with bortezomib was well tolerated; few patients experienced significant neutropenia, constipation and anorexia (<10%), and no patients developed severe peripheral neuropathy. Among 67 efficacy‐evaluable patients, there were 2 (3%) complete responses and 8 (12%) partial responses, for an objective response rate (ORR) of 27%, including 8 (12%) minimal responses. Response rates were highest among bortezomib‐naive patients and proved durable in all patient subgroups, including those with bortezomib‐refractory disease. Pharmacodynamic analyses indicated that tanespimycin plus bortezomib effectively inhibited the proteasome, as evidenced by decreased 20S proteasome activity, and inhibited HSP90, as reflected by increased HSP70 expression. The results of this study support additional studies of this combination approach in MM.