bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RESTORATION OF SPAWNING HABITATS OF BROWN TROUT (SALMO TRUTTA) IN A REGULATED CHALK STREAM
Authors: Pulg Ulrich , Barlaup Bjørn T. , Sternecker Katharina , Trepl Ludwig , Unfer Guenther 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTGravel bed spawning grounds are essential for the reproduction of salmonids. Such spawning grounds have been severely degraded in many rivers of the world because of river regulation and erosive land use. To reduce its effects on salmonid reproduction rates, river managers have been restoring spawning grounds. However, measures of effectiveness are lacking for the restored spawning sites of brown trout (Salmo trutta).In this study, two methods were used to restore gravel bed spawning grounds in the Moosach River, a chalk stream in Southern Germany: the addition of gravel and the cleaning of colmated gravel. Seven test sites were monitored in the years 2004 to 2008, focussing on sediment conditions. Furthermore, brown trout egg survival and changes in the brown trout population structure were observed.Both gravel addition and gravel cleaning proved to be suitable for creating spawning grounds for brown trout. Brown trout reproduced successfully at all test sites. The relative number of young‐of‐the‐year brown trout increased clearly after the restoration. Sediment on the test sites colmated during the 4 years of the study. In the first 2 years, highly suitable conditions were maintained, with a potential egg survival of more than 50%. Afterwards, the sites offered moderate conditions, indicating an egg survival of less than 50%. Conditions unsuitable for reproduction were expected to be reached 5 to 6 years after restoration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prioritizing the creation of unit tests in legacy software systems
Authors: Shihab Emad , Jiang Zhen Ming , Adams Bram , Hassan Ahmed E. , Bowerman Robert 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYTest‐driven development (TDD) is a software development practice that prescribes writing unit tests before writing implementation code. Recent studies have shown that TDD practices can significantly reduce the number of pre‐release defects. However, most TDD research thus far has focused on new development. We investigate the adaptation of TDD‐like practices for already‐implemented code, in particular legacy systems. We call such an adaptation ‘Test‐driven maintenance’ (TDM). In this paper, we present a TDM approach that assists software development and testing managers to use the limited resources they have for testing legacy systems efficiently. The approach leverages the development history of a project to generate a prioritized list of functions that managers should focus their unit test writing resources on. The list is updated dynamically as the development of the legacy system progresses. We evaluate our approach on two large software systems: a large commercial system and the Eclipse Open Source Software system. For both systems, our findings suggest that heuristics based on the function size, modification frequency and bug fixing frequency should be used to prioritize the unit test writing efforts for legacy systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactions of Perfluorinated Alkenyl‐, Alkynyl‐, Alkyltrifluoroborates, and Selected Hydrocarbon Analogues with the Halogenating Agents Hal2 (Hal = F, Cl, Br), “BrF” (BrF3–Br2 1:1), and ICl
Authors: Bardin Vadim V. , Adonin Nicolay Yu. , Frohn Hermann‐Josef 
Published: September 2011

AbstractReactions of [Bu4N][RBF3] [R = CnF2n+1CF=CF (cis, trans), CF2=CF, CF2=C(CF3), trans‐C4H9CF=CF, trans‐C6H5CF=CF, C4H9CH=CH (cis, trans), CF3C≡C, and C4H9C≡C] with chlorine, bromine, BrF3 + Br2 (as equivalent of “BrF”), and ICl in solution (CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CF3CH2CF2CH3) led to 1, 2‐addition of halogen and/or replacement of boron by halogen (halodeboration). The reaction of [Bu4N][CF3C≡CBF3] with less than equimolar amounts of diluted fluorine (5 %) in 1, 1, 1, 3, 3‐pentafluorobutane (PFB) showed only [Bu4N][CF3CF2CF2BF3] as fluorine addition product besides extensive fluorodeboration. Suspensions of the insoluble K[CF2=CFBF3] salt reacted with Cl2 and Br2 in CH2Cl2 giving preferentially products of halogen addition across the C=C bond. In reactions with ICl iododeboration with formation of CF2=CFI occurred besides 1, 2‐addition with formation of [CF2I–CFClBF3]–. The halodeboration reaction of[Bu4N][trans‐C4H9CF=CFBF3] with Br2, “BrF”, and ICl, of K[trans‐C6H5CF=CFBF3] with Br2, and of [Bu4N][trans‐C4F9CF=CFBF3] with ICl proceeded stereospecifically.
Novel Alkali Triazine Tricarboxylates Li3[C3N3(CO2)3]·4H2O, Rb3[C3N3(CO2)3]·2H2O and Cs3[C3N3(CO2)3]·2H2O – Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Thermal Behavior
Authors: Makowski Sophia J. , Calta Evelyn , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe alkali 1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐tricarboxylates Li3[C3N3(CO2)3]·4H2O, Rb3[C3N3(CO2)3]·2H2O and Cs3[C3N3(CO2)3]·2H2O were synthesized by saponification of the respective triethyl ester in aqueous solution. In the crystal structure, the triazine tricarboxylate (TTC) units and metal ions are arranged in layers alternating with layers of crystal water molecules. Within the layers the triazine tricarboxylate entities form either strands in Li3[C3N3(CO2)3]·4H2O or a hexagonal arrangement in Rb3[C3N3(CO2)3]·2H2O and Cs3[C3N3(CO2)3]·2H2O. Perpendicular to the layers, the triazine cores exhibit varying degrees of π–π stacking dependent on the metal ions resulting in the formation of rods in Rb3[C3N3(CO2)3]·2H2O and Cs3[C3N3(CO2)3]·2H2O. Additionally, the thermal behavior of the alkali triazine tricarboxylates was investigated by means of FT‐IR spectroscopy, TG and DTA measurements. Differences and similarities regarding structural features and thermal behavior are discussed for the obtained novel alkali triazine tricarboxylates and potassium triazine tricarboxylate dihydrate.
Four 1D and 2D Cadmium(II) Complexes Based on Different Anions and Two Modified Bipyridyl Ligands: Syntheses, Structures, Thermogravimetric, and Fluorescent Properties
Authors: Li Linke , Zhao Jingjing , Wang Changhong , Yang Sisi , Hou Hongwei 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA series of cadmium(II) coordination polymers constructed from 1, 3‐bis(pyridine‐3‐carbonyl)imidazolidin‐2‐thioxo (3‐bpit) and 1, 3‐bis(pyridine‐4‐carbonyl)imidazolidin‐2‐thioxo (4‐bpit), namely,{[Cd(SCN)2(3‐bpit)2]·2(CH3OH)}n (1), {[Cd(NO3)2(3‐bpit)2]·2(CH3OH)}n(2), [CdI2(4‐bpit)]n (3), and [CdCl2(4‐bpit)4]n (4) were prepared and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complexes 1 and 2 display different types of infinite 1D helical chain structures, both of which contain 24‐membered metallocyclic rings. Complex 3 is composed of 1D zigzag chains, which further form a 3D supramolecular architecture by weak C–H···S and S···I interactions. Complex 4 also features a 3D supramolecular network assembled from 2D rhombus‐shaped layer through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. These structures indicate that the conformation of the ligand and the diverse anions take important roles in the formation of different frameworks. Thermogravimetric and fluorescent properties over complexes are also discussed.
Cobalt(II) Complex with a Tridentate N Donor Ligand: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Antioxidation, and DNA Binding Studies
Authors: Wu Huilu , Liu Bin , Kou Fan , Jia Fei , Yuan Jingkun , Bai Ying 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA heptacoordinated mononuclear cobalt(II) complex of tridentate bis(N‐ethylbenzimidazol‐2‐ylmethyl)aniline (Etbba) formulated as [Co(Etbba)(pic)2]·(MeCN) (pic = picrate), was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, electric conductivity measurements, as well as IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The crystal structure of the cobalt(II) complex was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The study shows the metal atom in a distorted monocapped octahedral arrangement that comprises two picrate molecules and one Etbba ligand molecule. The DNA‐binding properties of the cobalt(II) complex were investigated by electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as viscosity measurements. The experimental results suggest that the cobalt(II) complex binds to DNA in an intercalating mode. In addition, the complex shows strong scavenging effects for hydroxyl radicals.
Value of Visual Inspection, Bimanual Palpation, and Intraoperative Ultrasonography During Hepatic Resection for Liver Metastases of Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Hata Shojiro , Imamura Hiroshi , Aoki Taku , Hashimoto Takuya , Akahane Masaaki , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Bekku Yoshifumi , Sugawara Yasuhiko , Makuuchi Masatoshi , Kokudo Norihiro 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundIntraoperative detection of new nodules is common in patients undergoing hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases, although the value of intraoperative diagnosis is not well assessed.MethodsA prospectively collected and recorded database was retrospectively analyzed. Helical computed tomography (CT) results were correlated with those of the intraoperative diagnosis in 183 consecutive patients undergoing 254 consecutive hepatectomies, including repeated resection for colorectal liver metastases.ResultsIn total, 270 nodules were newly detected during 65 hepatectomies. The sensitivity of CT to detect metastatic nodules was 72.8% (722/992), but it decreased to 34.6% (125/361) for small (≤1 cm diameter) tumors. Intraoperative visual inspection and/or palpation detected 207 of 270 nodules. Intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) played an important role in identifying deep (≥1 cm from the surface) and comparatively small (≤1 cm diameter) nodules (4/9 vs. 16/18, respectively, for those >1 cm vs. ≤1 cm diameter). The likelihood of intraoperative detection of new nodules increased from 10 in 112 to 6 in 9 when the preoperative tumor number increased from solitary to ≥10, resulting in an overall likelihood of 65 in 254 (25.6%). Of 65 patients with new nodules, 21 had at least one nodule that was detected only by IOUS. Preoperatively scheduled hepatectomy was altered in 47 (72%) patients, although additional limited resection(s) were sufficient to remove these nodules in 43 (91%) of them.ConclusionsVisual inspection, palpation, and IOUS had equally indispensable roles in detecting new nodules during hepatectomy. Detection was common and usually necessitated alteration, albeit moderately, of the surgical plan.
Laparoscopic Intersphincteric Resection for Low Rectal Cancer
Authors: Lim Sang Woo , Huh Jung Wook , Kim Young Jin , Kim Hyeong Rok 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundLaparoscopic intersphincteric resection (ISR) after neoadjuvant chemoradiation is helpful in the management of patients with low rectal cancer. With the advent of this technique, the need for performance of abdominoperineal resection seems to have decreased in patients with very low rectal tumors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility, the functional outcome, and the short‐term oncologic outcomes of laparoscopic ISR for low rectal adenocarcinoma at our institution.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the data of 111 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic ISR for low rectal adenocarcinoma between July 2005 and December 2009. Demographic status, surgical outcomes, functional outcome data, and oncologic outcome data were collected.ResultsThe mean distance of the tumor from the anal verge was 3.4 cm (range: 1–5 cm). The mean operative time was 214.7 min (range, 150–450 min). The mean distal resection margin was 1.3 ± 1.1 cm. Morbidity occurred in 24 patients (21.6%), including anastomotic leakage in 2 patients (1.8%). The mean Wexner continence score after stoma repair was 7.5 ± 2.7 (range: 2 ~ 19), and 9.8 in total ISR, 7.3 in partial ISR (P = 0.071). The 3‐year overall survival rate was 92.8%, and the 3‐year disease‐free survival rate was 73.0%. Local recurrence was noted in 6 of the 111 patients with TNM stage I to III (5.4%). The patients with lesions at 2 cm to the dentate line had a 7.07‐fold greater risk of local recurrence, including a 13.42‐fold greater risk of lateral pelvic wall recurrence and perineal recurrence (95% Confidence interval [CI], 1.141–158.006; P = 0.009) than in those who had lesions more than 2 cm from the anal verge (95% CI, 1.290–38.832; P = 0.011).ConclusionsLaparoscopic ISR after neoadjuvant chemoradiation can be recommended as a technically feasible, minimally invasive, and a sphincter‐saving procedure with acceptable functional and short‐term oncologic outcomes in patients with very low rectal cancer.
Elevation of Liver Function Tests After Laparoscopic Gastrectomy Using a Nathanson Liver Retractor
Authors: Kinjo Yousuke , Okabe Hiroshi , Obama Kazutaka , Tsunoda Shigeru , Tanaka Eiji , Sakai Yoshiharu 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundAlthough pneumoperitoneum has been suspected as a possible cause of transient elevation of liver function tests (LFTs) after laparoscopic surgery, liver damage by direct retraction could also influence postoperative LFTs. The aim of this study was to clarify whether laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) using a Nathanson retractor was associated with the postoperative elevation of LFTs compared with open gastrectomy (OG).MethodsA retrospective cohort study of 199 LG and 120 OG patients was conducted. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total bilirubin were measured before operation and at postoperative days 1, 3, and 7. Abnormal elevation of LFTs was defined as a grade 2 or greater elevation in any parameter. To assess the possible effect of pneumoperitoneum, patients who underwent laparoscopic (n = 324) and open (n = 56) colectomy for colorectal cancer were also compared.ResultsIn both LG and OG groups, LFTs were significantly elevated postoperatively compared with baseline values. Mean ALT and total bilirubin levels on days 1, 3, and 7 were significantly higher in the LG than OG group. Abnormal elevation of LFTs was more frequent in the LG than OG group (50 vs. 12%). In multivariate analysis, LG was significantly associated with postoperative liver dysfunction (odds ratio [OR] = 7.99; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 3.69–18.85). No significant difference in the elevation of the LFTs was observed between laparoscopic and open colectomy (6% and 9%, respectively).ConclusionsLG resulted in frequent elevation of LFTs. Care should be taken to minimize intraoperative liver damage when performing LG using a Nathanson retractor.
Hepatic hilar transection method for liver surgery (with video)
Authors: Kokudo Norihiro , Aoki Taku 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe procedure used to isolate the hepatic artery, the portal vein and the bile duct separately at the hepatic hilum was first reported in the 1940s, and remains significant as an essential technique for liver surgery in the era of more complicated liver surgery and liver transplantation. The anatomy of the vessels at the hepatic hilum is highly variable; therefore, preoperative imaging studies are indispensable for understanding the anatomy in each individual patient. The minimal extent of the transection should be defined according to the operative procedure, as excessive disruption of the blood flow and lymphatic vessels can induce postoperative complications. When isolating the vessels, gentle handling and appropriate ligation/division of the vessels are required to avoid bleeding and injuries to the vessels to be preserved. The bile duct is wrapped with perivascular connective tissue and is difficult to isolate separately. Therefore, the hilar plate should be divided together with the bile duct, under the guidance of intraoperative cholangiography.
Subjective age in early adolescence: Relationships with chronological age, pubertal timing, desired age, and problem behaviors
Authors: Hubley Anita M. , Arım Rübab G. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTSubjective age generally refers to the age that one feels. In a cross‐sectional questionnaire study of 245 adolescents ages 10–14 years, we examined (a) whether, and when, a cross‐over in subjective age occurs, (b) differences in subjective age among pubertal timing groups, (c) correlations between subjective age and each of desired age and five problem behaviors, and (d) the relative contributions of chronological age, pubertal timing, desired age, and problem behaviors to subjective age in boys and girls. Adolescents generally reported subjective and desired ages that were slightly older than their chronological ages. A cross‐over in subjective age occurred at 10.4 years. Late maturing adolescents reported relatively younger subjective ages than their early and on‐time maturing peers. For boys, only desired age significantly predicted subjective age. For girls, an older desired age, late maturation, and higher scores on anxious/depressed feelings, rule‐breaking behavior, and aggressive behavior significantly predicted older subjective ages.
Postlobectomy Chest Radiographic Changes: A Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Kim Choo-Won , Godelman Alla , Jain Vineet R. , Merav Avraham , Haramati Linda B. 
Published: September 2011

Purpose To provide a quantative analysis of postlobectomy chest radiographic changes and to evaluate whether the scarring from prior sternotomy affects the size of the hemithorax and the duration of air leak in patients with subsequent lobectomy. Methods In this retrospective case-controlled series, 10 consecutive patients who had a lobectomy after a prior sternotomy and 30 controls, 3 for each case, matched for lobectomy site were identified. Pre- and postoperative chest radiographs were quantitatively analysed for diaphragmic elevation, size of each hemithorax, mediastinal shift, and the presence of pneumothorax. Charts were reviewed for air-leak duration, surgical complications, and duration of hospitalization. Results There was no difference between patients with lobectomy and with and without prior sternotomy for the following variables expressed as mean (SD): hemidiaphragm elevation (1.5 ± 2.5 vs 0.5 ± 2.0 cm; P = .2), change of hemithorax size (mean transverse, 0.99 ± 0.05 vs 0.97 ± 0.07; P = .5; craniocaudal, 0.93 ± 0.08 vs 0.91 ± 0.08; P = .4) and mediastinal shift (upper, 1.2 ± 0.4 vs 1.3 ± 0.6; P = .5; lower, 1.2 ± 0.4 vs 1.2 ± 0.3; P = .8), the latter 2 were expressed as the ratio of post- to preoperative measurements. These postlobectomy radiographic findings varied, depending on the resected lobe, and became progressively more pronounced during the first 12 months after surgery. There was no difference in pneumothorax duration (mean [SD]) (9.5 ± 21 days vs 6.4 ± 7.5 days; P = .5), air leak duration (mean [SD]) (0.7 ± 0.8 days vs 1.3 ± 3.9 days; P = .6), complication rate (20% vs 30%; P = .5), or hospital stay (mean [SD]) (6.0 ± 1.7 days vs 6.9 ± 4.7 days; P = .6). Conclusion There are specific patterns of volume loss, mediastinal shift, and hemidiaphragm displacement that can be quantified on postlobectomy chest radiographs. Prior sternotomy did not affect postlobectomy radiographic changes or patient outcome.
Maternal α‐linolenic acid availability during gestation and lactation alters the postnatal hippocampal development in the mouse offspring
Authors: Niculescu Mihai D. , Lupu Daniel S. , Craciunescu Corneliu N. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe availability of ω‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is essential for perinatal brain development. While the roles of docosahexaenoic acid (the most abundant ω‐3 species) were extensively described, less is known about the role of α‐linolenic acid (ALA), which is the initial molecular species undergoing elongation and desaturation within the ω‐3 pathways. This study describes the association between maternal ALA availability during gestation and lactation, and alterations in hippocampal development (dentate gyrus) in the mouse male offspring, at the end of lactation (postnatal day 19, P19). Postnatal ALA supplementation increased cell proliferation (36% more proliferating cells compared to a control group) and early neuronal differentiation, while postnatal ALA deficiency increased cellular apoptosis within the dentate gyrus of suckling pups (61% more apoptotic cells compared to a control group). However, maternal ALA deficiency during gestation prevented the increased neurogenesis induced by postnatal supplementation. Fatty acid analysis revealed that ALA supplementation increased the concentration of the ω‐3 species in the maternal liver and serum, but not in the brain of the offspring, excepting for ALA itself. Interestingly, ALA supplementation also increased the concentration of dihomo γ‐linolenic acid (a ω‐6 species) in the P19 brains, but not in maternal livers or serum. In conclusion, postnatal ALA supplementation enhances neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the offspring at postnatal day 19, but its beneficial effects are offset by maternal ALA deficiency during gestation. These results suggest that ALA is required in both fetal and postnatal stages of brain development.
Efficacy of the levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system in uterine leiomyoma
Authors: Kriplani Alka , Awasthi Divya , Kulshrestha Vidushi , Agarwal Nutan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of the levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system (LNG‐IUS) in reducing menstrual blood loss (MBL) in myoma‐related menorrhagia and to assess the effect of the LNG‐IUS on uterine and leiomyoma volume.MethodsA prospective comparative study investigated the effect of LNG‐IUS use in women with myoma‐related menorrhagia (n = 54) and women with idiopathic menorrhagia (n = 50). The outcome was assessed in terms of reductions in MBL and in myoma and uterine volume.ResultsWithin 1 month of LNG‐IUS insertion, the Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart score in the myoma group fell by 86.8% (P < 0.0001). At 3, 12, 24, 36, and 48 months, the MBL was reduced by 92.1%, 97.4%, 97.4%, 99.5%, and 99.5%, respectively, similar to the effect seen in the idiopathic menorrhagia group. The mean uterine volume was significantly reduced in both groups, but the reduction was greater in the group with leiomyomas (idiopathic menorrhagia, P = 0.038; myoma‐related menorrhagia, P = 0.012). There was no statistically significant reduction in the myoma volume (P = 0.409).ConclusionUse of the LNG‐IUS appears to lead to a significant reduction in the uterine volume of women with menorrhagia, as well as reducing the MBL in women with uterine leiomyomas.
On the liquid lining in fluid-conveying curved tubes
Authors: Hazel Andrew L. , Heil Matthias , Waters Sarah L. , Oliver James M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe consider axially uniform, two-phase flow through a rigid curved tube in which a fluid (air) core is surrounded by a film of a second, immiscible fluid (water): a simplified model for flow in a conducting airway of the lung. Jensen (1997) showed that, in the absence of a core flow, surface tension drives the system towards a configuration in which the film thickness tends to zero on the inner wall of the bend. In the present work, we demonstrate that the presence of a core flow, driven by a steady axial pressure gradient, allows the existence of steady states in which the film thickness remains finite, a consequence of the fact that the tangential stresses at the interface, imposed by secondary flows in the core, can oppose the surface-tension-driven flow. For sufficiently strong surface tension, the steady configurations are symmetric about the plane containing the tube’s centreline, but as the surface tension decreases the symmetry is lost through a pitchfork bifurcation, which is closely followed by a limit point on the symmetric solution branch. This solution structure is found both in simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations and a thin-film model appropriate for weakly curved tubes. Analysis of the thin-film model reveals that the bifurcation structure arises from a perturbation of the translational degeneracy of the interface location in a straight tube.