bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Inoculant Viability on Commercially Inoculated Legume Seed1
Authors: Vincent Jean E. , Smith M. Scott 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the viability of rhizobia on retail samples of preinoculated seed. Sixty‐two samples of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed were evaluated by growing in plastic growth pouches and observing nodulation. This convenient test procedure gave results which related well to percent N in plants grown from preinoculated seed in nonsterile soil (pH 6.1). The merits of this test procedure, relative to other plant infection methods and plate counts, are discussed. Coated (pelleted) alfalfa seeds produced plants with more nodules in infection assays, higher plate counts of rhizobia, and higher N percentages in soil‐grown plants than did uncoated preinoculated seed. Coated red clover seed was not significantly different from uncoated. During storage of preinoculated seed, viability of inoculant on uncoated seed decreased faster than on coated seed. The results suggest the conclusion that many retail samples of preinoculated seed do not carry optimum levels of viable inoculant.
Seasonal Variation of Water Soluble and Total Zinc in Cool‐Season Grasses1
Authors: Belesky D. P. , Jung G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractZinc concentrations in temperate origin perennial grasses do not always meet recommended nutritional requirements for animals. Availability could be affected by factors which contribute to lignification which reduce forage digestibility, and possibly, availability of minerals including Zn. A field plot study was established on Hagerstown silt loam (Typic Hapludalf fine, mixed, mesic) where Zn concentration and Zn water solubility was determined in vegetative material of two cultivars of each of six temperate origin perennial grasses collected in May, August, and October of 1971 and 1972. Total Zn concentrations were positively correlated (P < 0.01) with water soluble Zn especially in material produced in August and October. Total Zn concentrations and percentage Zn solubility [(water soluble Zn/total Zn) ✕ 100] were inversely related among species; for example, reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) ranked first among the species for total Zn (23 ppm) and last for percent solubility (61%), while tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) ranked last among the cultivars for total Zn (15 ppm) and first for solubility (84%). Total Zn concentrations were positively correlated (P < 0.01) with in vitro dry matter digestibility; Zn solubility (%) was not. The data show Zn concentrations vary with season and that all species and cultivars do not exhibit the same pattern of variation. Therefore, careful species and cultivar selection should be considered, particularly where there is evidence of Zn inadequacy in ruminant diets.
The Effect of Seeding Depth, Soil Moisture Regime, and Crust Strength on Emergence of Rape Cultivars1
Authors: Nuttall W. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEmergence of rape seedlings Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.) on Typic Cryoboralf (Gray Wooded, Luvisolic) soils may be reduced by the formation of hard crusts. Twelve of these soils were sampled from the surface horizon (Ap) to examine the effect of soil type on emergence of rape and determine if particle‐size distribution and organic matter or organic carbon percentage were related to soil crust hardness. Four split plot greenhouse experiments were conducted to examine the effect of seeding depth and moisture regime on seedling emergence of rape cultivars.Multiple regression analyses showed that silt percentage (0.05‐0.002 mm size) was positively related to crust strength measured by modulus of rupture and that organic matter and organic carbon percentage were negatively related to crust strength.The seedling emergence of rape cvs. ‘Target’, ‘Zephyr’, ‘Span’, ‘Regent’, and ‘Candle’ was significantly higher at the shallow seeding depth of 1.5 cm than the 3.0 cm depth (18, 38, 49, 14, 16 vs. 7, 35, 42, 7, and 7% respectively, at 6 days after seeding). Emergence of rape seedlings campestris species, Span was 69% vs. 61% napus species, Zephyr 13 days after seeding. However, with the low glucosinolate Candle (campestris) and Regent (napus) on the average emergence was 56 vs. 74%, respectively, under a high moisture regime (watered to 100% field capacity). Under low moisture regime (50% field capacity) emergence was 15% for both species. Under the low moisture regime, there was no emergence of Regent on seven soils, whereas with Candle there was no emergence on four soils. These results indicated a different threshold soil condition under which these two cultivars would emerge and resulted in significant soil and crop by moisture interactions.The greater percentage emergence of the smaller seeds of Span than the larger seeds of Zephyr was attributed to less energy required to push the smaller cotyledons of Span through the soil crust. Similarly, under dry soil conditions, the smaller seeds of Candle emerged on more soils than the larger seeds of Regent.Seedling emergence of Candle and Regent grown on Typic Cryoboralf soils was significantly related by regression analyses to soil crust strength measured by penetrometer and by modulus of rupture under different seeding depth and moisture regime conditions.
Indirect Estimation of Grass‐Legume Ratios in Mixed Swards1
Authors: Johnson K. D. , Lechtenberg V. L. , Vorst J. J. , Hendrix K. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe legume to grass ratio in mixed pasture and hay swards is an important determinant of forage yield and quality. Ratio measurements, determined on the basis of the relative weight of the grass and legume components, are time‐consuming and tedious. Studies were conducted to evaluate a method for estimating the grass and legume ratios in mixed swards on the basis of neutral detergent fiber percentages. Samples of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and ladino clover (T. repens L.) were mixed with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in known proportions. Samples were analyzed to determine neutral detergent fiber percentages. The legume and grass proportions were estimated by solving simultaneous equations for each mixture. Coefficients of determination (r2) between known and predicted values ranged from 0.92 to 0.98. The standard deviation (SD) between known and estimated values ranged from 2.26 to 5.56 percentage units. When the difference between the neutral detergent fiber percentage of the grass and that of the legume was altered mathematically, the SD increased exponentially as the difference between the neutral detergent fiber percentages of the grass and the legume approached zero. Acid detergent fiber did not accurately assess legume and grass proportions in mixed swards.
Yield and Composition of Field Bean and Adzuki Bean in Response to Irrigation, Compost, and Nitrogen1
Authors: Robinson Robert G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNutritionists expect bean seed to provide a nutritious, high‐protein food. Consequently, production practices, that alter nutritive composition and yield, affect both human health and economic profit. Field bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi and Ohashi] were grown on Udorthentic Haploborolls, sandy, mixed soils in central Minnesota to measure the effects of irrigation, rhizobial inoculant, and N on seed yield, protein concentration, and nutritive value. Main plot treatments were rainfall of 16 to 36 cm during June, July, and August and rainfall plus irrigation of 24 to 30 cm. Subplot treatments for fieldbean were untreated, compost at 3 to 6 metric tons/ha, rhizobia, inorganic N at 74 to 310 kg/ha, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] meal at 112 kg N/ha, corn (Zea mays L.) grits plus inorganic N at 112 kg N/ha, and compost plus inorganic N. Subplot treatments for adzuki bean were untreated, rhizobia, and inorganic N at 112 kg/ba. Seed harvested from the treatments was analyzed by standard methods for amino acids, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, AI, B, Cu, Na, Mo, Ni, Pb, Cr, and Cd. Yield increases from irrigation ranged from 1,198 to 1,940 kg/ha. Yields from the subplot treatments differed significantly under irrigated but usually not under dryland treatment. Highest yields of fieldbean were obtained from compost plus inorganic N. The effect of compost on seed yield and quality was equivalent to that of 74 to 112 kg/ha of inorganic N fertilizer. Soybean meal, corn grits plus N, and N fertilizer treatments at equal rates of N did not differ in fieldbean yield or protein percentage. Irrigation resulted in low‐protein bean seed but compost and/or inorganic N at high rates usually maintained protein at acceptable levels. Amino acid composition of bean protein was not significantly affected by irrigation or other treatments. Bean seed from dryland plots was superior to seed from irrigated plots in protein and Zn concentrations. Nitrogen to protein conversion factors among treatments ranged from 6.19 to 6.26 for fieldbean and from 6.06 to 6.24 for adzuki bean.
Estimating Emergence Date of Spring Small Grains Using Landsat Spectral Data1
Authors: Badhwar G. D. , Thompson D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRemotely acquired data using the Landsat satellite system provide a means for initiating crop growth simulation models and crop phenology models at a field level over a large geographic area. A model based on Landsat spectral data has been developed that estimates a spectral emergence of the crop at a pixel (field) level. This spectral emergence date is evaluated using dates of planting and emergence reported by farmers for their fields of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) located in North and South Dakota. The differences between model predicted emergence date and farmer reported is found to be 4.9 ± 7.7 days. The model can provide a means of understanding the distribution of crop emergence across all pixels of a region. This knowledge of emergence date of spring grains from satellite data provides an ability to run crop development and yield prediction models at field level.
Sugarcane Response to P, K, and DRIS Corrective Treatments on Florida Histosols1
Authors: Elwali A. M. O. , Gascho G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNutritional imbalances in sugarcane (a complex trispecies hybrid of Saccharum) on Florida Histosols (Medisaprists) were suggested in earlier studies. In order to eliminate possible imbalances among nutrients, the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was adapted to monitor the nutritional status of sugarcane in an experiment with varying P and K levels. Standard DRIS reference norms were established for nine nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) in the top visible dewlap leaf laminae of sugarcane. Factorial P and K levels were applied with the seed cane at planting (January). Soil and leaf samples were collected during the grand growth period (July) and the DRIS indices for nutrients in the leaves were calculated. In order to correct nutritional imbalances indicated by DRIS indices at each PK‐treatment, each plot was split into two subplots. One subplot did not receive additional fertilizer while the other subplot was fertilized with the required nutrients as indicated by DRIS indices for that whole plot. Leaf samples were collected again close to the end of the grand growth period (end of September). Sugarcane and sugar yields were not affected by the rates of P applied at planting but were significantly affected by the rates of K applied at planting and by the DRIS treatments. The highest rate of K (560 kg/ha) reduced both sugarcane and sugar yields compared with the other rates. Plots which received 280 kg of K/ha at planting yielded significantly more cane but no more sugar than plots with 0 K at planting. Application of nutrients during the grand growth period (July) as indicated by DRIS indices significantly increased both cane and sugar yields over those obtained from plots which did not receive fertilizers in July. The DRIS indices for leaf nutrients during the grand growth period revealed that a shortage of P and an excess of K had been applied at planting, a fact which would have gone undetected by conventional nutrient level monitoring. The increase in cane and sugar yields from the DRIS corrective treatment resulted primarily from better nutrient balance as revealed by DRIS indices for leaf nutrients late in the season.
Field Evaluation of Selected Rhizobium in an Improved Legume Inoculant1
Authors: Kremer R.J. , Peterson H. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncreased grain legume production depends on effective symbiotic dinitrogen fixation through successful legume inoculation. Inoculants containing high numbers ≥ l07/g of effective Rhizobium must withstand adverse field conditions. Field studies were performed to determine the effects of selected rhizobia in two different inoculant carriers on nodulation and performance of three grain legumes. The soil at the 1979 site (Vertic Haplaquept) contained = 103 cowpea Rhizobium and = 102 Rhizobium phaseoli per g of dry soil. The soil at the 1980 site (Typic Paleudalf) contained < l02 R. phaseoli per g of dry soil. Selected strains of R. phaseoli and cowpea Rhizobium were incorporated in peat or vegetable oil. Seeds of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were inoculated (ca. 108 Rhizobium/seed) and planted. Nodulation, plant growth, and yields were determined in all experiments. Strains of Rhizobium in oil‐base inoculants generally formed a greater percentage of nodules on plants than did the same strains applied in peat‐base inoculants. Rhizobium phaseoli 971A occupied 93% of bean nodules when applied as oil‐base inoculant but only 82% when applied as peat‐base inoculant. Fresh weight bean yields of 5,620 kg/ha were obtained with strain 971A (oil‐base) compared to 3,370 kg/ha for the peat‐base treatment. Similar significant yield increases were obtained for cowpeas and peanuts inoculated with oil‐base inoculants. These experiments indicate that an improved inoculant provided high numbers of effective Rhizobium at planting. Through subsequent effective nodulation, oil‐base inoculants increased yields and nitrogen fixation by the legumes due to increased nodulation by the superior N2‐fixing strains of Rhizobium.
A Computerized Process for Soil Test Data Acquisition1
Authors: Hue N. V. , Evans C. E. , Patterson R. M. , Bailey A. C. , Schafer R. L. , Cope J. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA mini‐computer with 64K words of memory and a real‐time clock was interfaced to pH meters, AA spectrometers, and colorimeters to measure pH, buffer pH, K, Mg, Ca, and P. The data acquistion process is assisted by custom‐made, manually operated, operator‐and‐instrument interfaces (0II), which allow technicians to command the mini‐computer to perform certain tasks. These operations are controlled by a memory resident program in the mini‐computer named MONITOR, which monitors the state of the 011 switches. When MONITOR senses a switch closure, it causes B proper program to he loaded for execution from a moving head disc. Most of the user real‐time software routines are written in FORTRAN, but some routines are written in ASSEMBLY. Data collected are transmitted to an IBM 3031 for execution of the fertilizer recommendations program.
A Comparison of Plant Digestion Methods for Identifying Soil Contamination of Plant Tissue by TI Analysis1
Authors: Cherney J. H. , Robinson D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFive plant tissue digestion procedures were evaluated for their ability to extract Ti from soil. Sulfuric‐selenous and nitric‐perchloric acid procedures each extracted large amounts of Ti from soil, and therefore, soil contamination of plant tissue samples can be identified by using either of these digestion procedures. Both of these procedures also extracted relatively large amounts of Al, Fe, Mg, and Ca from soil. Nitric acid and dry ash plus HCI extraction methods were inadequate for determining soil contamination by Ti analysis.
Fertilizer and Salty Water Effects on Phaseolus1
Authors: Wagenet R. J. , Rodriguez R. R. , Campbell W. F. , Turner D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe response of legumes such as Phaseolus to adverse salt or water regimes is relatively unstudied as a function of soil nutrient status. Greenhouse studies, involving interactive effects on snap bean (P. vulgaris L.) yield of three levels of irrigation water salinity, three frequencies of irrigation water application, two levels of N applied in the irrigation water, and seven levels of P and K fertilization, were conducted to determine if the adverse effects of saline conditions or water stress on Phaseolus could be overcome by enhanced fertility status and/or improved saline water management on an Argixeroll. Dry matter and bean yields were reduced with decreasing irrigation frequency (2 to 8 days) and increasing salinity of irrigation water (0.5 to 8.0 mmho/cm). Percentage yield decrements were measured for both salt and irrigation regimes. Yield increases were noted for all fertilizer treatments so long as salinity did not become too high (8 mmho/cm). Plant N content and root weight were shown to be responsive to irrigation frequency and salinity, but not to fertilizer form. Nitrogen applied in the irrigation water produced increased yield across all treatment in one set of experiments where greenhouse conditions were hot, dry, and of high potential evapotranspirational demand, No N effect was measured in a second series of experiments with low potential ET.
Ammonia Volatilization: Soil, Plant, and Microclimate Effects on Diurnal and Seasonal Fluctuations1
Authors: Harper L. A. , Catchpoole V. R. , Davis R. , Weir K. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen balance studies in pastures have shown unexplained losses of applied N with much of the loss assumed to be denitrification and NH3 volatilization. This project studied soil, plant, and microclimate effects on diurnal and seasonal fluctuations of gaseous NH3 flux in a subtropical pasture fertilized with urea. Soil and microclimate measurements were taken concurrently with NH3 flux density determinations to relate these factors to magnitude and direction of NH3 transport. Average daily NH3 volatilization varied with seasonal soil and microclimate conditions and time after area application. A short period of large NH3, efflux was observed after urea application during warmer seasons whereas smaller efflux for longer duration was observed during cooler seasons. Soil water content and rainfall after urea application modified seasonal NH3 losses. Diurnal NH3 cycling was apparent, with large efflux occurring during daytime and small efflux or influx at night. Prior to each urea application, average diurnal NH3 transport was into the soil‐plant system possibly due to low soil mineral and plant N. Brief periods of NH, influx were common throughout all seasons, particularly around sunset and sunrise. Soil surface temperature was the most highly correlated factor influencing NH3 flux density during the summer season. During the remainder of the year evapotranspiration had the highest correlation, although the increased midday fluxes were probably due to paralleled increase in soil temperature and windspeed. All of the major influencing factors are. interrelated through their dependence on solar radiation. Rainfall distribution and amount after urea application appeared to control the total NH3 losses from applied urea. The rainfall influence was probably the result of rainfall dispersing urea which prevented high concentrations of NH3 and NH4+ from building up around urea‐prills.
Light Penetrating a Bahiagrass Canopy and Its Influence on Establishing Jointvetch1
Authors: Kalmbacher R. S. , Martin F. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) is important in the southeastern USA and is Florida's major perennial grass, but low protein content and digestibility can limit cattle performance. Mixing bahiagrass with a legume such as jointvetch (Aeschynomene americana L.) would improve animal grazing performance. This 3‐year study was conducted at Ona, Fla. (27°25 N, 81°55 W) on a sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Alfic Haplaquod to determine the effect of light on legume seedling establishment and yield to develop management guidelines that would enhance seeding success. Bahiagrass was treated each year by: i) spraying paraquat (1,1' dimethyl‐4,4' bipyridinium dichloride) at 0.56 a.i. kg. ha−1, desiccating for 72 h, then burning the residue and drilling seed into the sod; ii) disking sod three times followed by broadcasting seed; iii) grazing to 3 to 5 cm stubble, drilling seed and grazing until jointvetch was 2.5 cm tall; iv) spraying glyphosate [(N‐phosphonomethyl) glycine] at 0.84 a.i. kg. ha−1 in 15 cm wide bands, 22.9 cm apart, drilling seed; v) spraying dalapon (2,2 dichloropropionic acid) at 3.32 kg. −1 in 15 cm wide bands, drilling seed; vi) drilling seed in untreated hahiagrass (check). More light penetrated through the canopy of the paraquat‐burn (21 to 33 E m−2 day−1) and graze treated (20 to 30 E m−2 day−1) bahiagrass than in any other treatment. These treatments also had the greatest number of seedlings (3‐year average was 86 m−2), the highest dry matter yield of jointvetch (2,200 kg ha−1), and they produced the grass‐legume mixtures with the highest protein content (10.6%) and digestibility (49.1 %). Glyphosate treated sod allowed 17 to 24 E m−2 day−1 to penetrate the canopy, and good legume stands developed (80 seedlings m−2). The canopy from dalapon and check treatments was too dense (7 to 20 E m−2 day−1) to permit good legume establishment. Studies with saran shade screen indicated that 45% incident light, 20 E m−2 day−1, was the minimum light level for good jointvetch establishment. These data indicated that grazing was the most practical and successful method of removing and controlling the bahiagrass pasture canopy during legume establishment.
Forage Production of Triticale Relative to Other Spring Grains1
Authors: Ciha A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSmall grains have been used in various regions of the United States and Canada as a source of forage; however, forage yield and quality from spring seedings have not been evaluated adequately. A field study was conducted on a Palouse silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic pachic Ultic Haploxerolls) to compare the forage production of two spring seeded triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.) lines (VT75229 and CF76) to currently grown oats (Avena sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars in eastern Washington. Forage yield, percent crude protein, and crude protein yield were determined at the heading and the soft‐dough stage of development from an early and a normal date of planting for the area. Forage yields were not significantly affected by planting date or any of the interactions containing planting date; however, there was a significant increase in percent crude protein with all species except barley when seeded at the normal compared to an early planting date. Triticale CF76 had a mean forage yield averaged over years and planting dates generally equal to the other spring grain species at the soft‐dough stage, but lower than barley and oats at the beading stage. Crude protein yield for the triticales was similar to the other spring grains under the majority of planting dates and harvest stages. These data indicate that triticale will have forage yields and crude protein yields equal to other spring grains in the Pacific Northwest; however, management factors, i.e., planting date and stage of harvest, need to be considered in making recommendations to producers in order to obtain maximum forage potential.