bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tudor: What's in a Name?
Authors: DAVIES C. S. L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe ‘Tudor’ name for the royal family was hardly known in the sixteenth century. The almost obsessive use of the term by historians is therefore profoundly misleading about how English people of the time thought of themselves and of their world, the more so given the overtones of glamour associated with it. The royal surname was never used in official publications, and hardly in ‘histories’ of various sorts before 1584. Monarchs were not anxious to publicize their descent in the paternal line from a Welsh adventurer, stressing instead continuity with the historic English and French royal families. Their subjects did not think of them as ‘Tudors’, or of themselves as ‘Tudor people’. Modern concepts such as ‘Tudor monarchy’ are misleading in suggesting a false unity over the century. Subjects did not identify with their rulers in the way ‘Tudor people’ suggests. Nor did they situate themselves in a distinct ‘Tudor’ period of history, differentiated from a hypothetical ‘middle ages’. While ‘Tudor’ is useful historian's shorthand we should use the word sparingly and above all make clear to readers that it was not a contemporary concept.
The Lessons of the New Deal: Did Obama Learn the Right Ones?
Authors: BADGER TONY 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn 2009, as in 1933, there was a major economic crisis and an ensuing recession. A discredited outgoing American president had been succeeded by a charismatic newcomer with a clear electoral mandate and large congressional majorities. This article asks why Obama, whose economic advisers explicitly drew lessons from the New Deal's economic policy, has been so unsuccessful politically. It notes that the Obama administration failed to get money into the hands of ordinary Americans quickly enough. Because the scale of the economic crisis of 2009 was less than that of 1933, congressmen of both parties have not come under the sort of pressure from desperate constituents to back their president that Roosevelt was able to exploit in the 1930s. As health care reform showed, Obama learnt the wrong lessons from Roosevelt about bringing in reform at a time of economic crisis. Above all, Obama has had to contend with the long history of popular distrust of the efficacy and intentions of the federal government that has characterized American politics since the 1970s.
Toxic cardenolides: chemical ecology and coevolution of specialized plant–herbivore interactions
Authors: Agrawal Anurag A. , Petschenka Georg , Bingham Robin A. , Weber Marjorie G. , Rasmann Sergio 
Published: January 2012

SummaryCardenolides are remarkable steroidal toxins that have become model systems, critical in the development of theories for chemical ecology and coevolution. Because cardenolides inhibit the ubiquitous and essential animal enzyme Na+/K+‐ATPase, most insects that feed on cardenolide‐containing plants are highly specialized. With a huge diversity of chemical forms, these secondary metabolites are sporadically distributed across 12 botanical families, but dominate the Apocynaceae where they are found in > 30 genera. Studies over the past decade have demonstrated patterns in the distribution of cardenolides among plant organs, including all tissue types, and across broad geographic gradients within and across species. Cardenolide production has a genetic basis and is subject to natural selection by herbivores. In addition, there is strong evidence for phenotypic plasticity, with the biotic and abiotic environment predictably impacting cardenolide production. Mounting evidence indicates a high degree of specificity in herbivore‐induced cardenolides in Asclepias. While herbivores of cardenolide‐containing plants often sequester the toxins, are aposematic, and possess several physiological adaptations (including target site insensitivity), there is strong evidence that these specialists are nonetheless negatively impacted by cardenolides. While reviewing both the mechanisms and evolutionary ecology of cardenolide‐mediated interactions, we advance novel hypotheses and suggest directions for future work.

Contents

Summary
28

I.
Historic background and introduction
29

II.
Diversity of cardenolide forms
29

III.
Biosynthesis
30

IV.
Cardenolide variation among plant parts
31

V.
Phylogenetic distribution of cardenolides
32

VI.
Geographic distribution of cardenolides
34

VII.
Ecological genetics of cardenolide production
34

VIII.
Environmental regulation of cardenolide production
34

IX.
Biotic induction of cardenolides
36

X.
Mode of action and toxicity of cardenolides
38

XI.
Direct and indirect effects of cardenolides on specialist and generalist insect herbivores
39

XII.
Cardenolides and insect oviposition
39

XIII.
Target site insensitivity
40

XIV.
Alternative mechanisms of cardenolide resistance
40

XV.
Cardenolide sequestration
41

Acknowledgements
42

References
42
Identification and documentation of persons being in palliative phase regardless of age, diagnosis and places of care, and their use of a sitting service at the end of life
Authors: Wallerstedt Birgitta , Sahlberg‐Blom Eva , Benzein Eva , Andershed Birgitta 
Published: January 2012

Scand J Caring Sci; 2012; 26; 561–568Identification and documentation of persons being in palliative phase regardless of age, diagnosis and places of care, and their use of a sitting service at the end of lifeBackground:  Older persons and persons with diseases other than cancer are often discriminated against when applying for palliative care despite growing numbers of both older persons and individuals with chronic diseases. An intention for palliative care in Sweden is that all persons in the final stage of life, irrespective of age, domicile, diagnosis, and care place shall have access to palliative care on equal terms. One way to support these persons in final stage of life and their relatives is to offer sitting service.Aims:  To describe individuals who were identified and documented as being in a palliative phase in a Swedish municipality, with respect to demographics, use of a sitting service, continuity of care in the last month of life and the place of death. A second aim was to describe and compare the groups who received/did not receive sitting services related to the aforementioned variables.Method:  Retrospective data from nursing records and palliative care identification forms were analyzed with descriptive and analytic statistical methods.Findings:  Among individuals deceased during 2007, 51% were identified and documented as being in palliative phase. The majority was older people (mean 83 years) with a noncancer diagnosis (58%). Twenty‐eight individuals (16%) had received a sitting service between 8 and 249 hours (one extreme value = 2211). It is indicated that sitting service significantly increased the possibility of dying at home (p = 0.00004), but did not affect how often the place of care changed during the last month of life.Limitation:  A small sample from a Swedish context must be considered.Conclusion:  These results can be related to an awareness in the municipality that led to adopting the concept of palliative care as not only for those with a cancer diagnosis.
First description of the male of Gonatopus javanus (R.C.L. Perkins) determined by mitochondrial COI sequence (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae)
Authors: MITA Toshiharu , MATSUMOTO Yukiko 
Published: January 2012

AbstractGonatopus javanus (R.C.L. Perkins) was newly recorded from Japan and India. The males collected together with females of G. javanus from Japan were identified as previously unknown opposite sex of the species because they share identical sequences of mitochondrial COI. The sequence was different from that of G. clavipes (Thunberg) by 11%. The male of G. javanus was described as new to science. Doratulina producta (Matsumura) is implied as host in Japan. The utility of molecular marker to identify the dryinid taxa showing sexual dimorphism is discussed.
Cellular resolution of inflammation—catabasis
Authors: Widgerow Alan D. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractControlled inflammation has become a central focus in chronic disease therapeutics. Exaggerated inflammation is a common factor that contributes to matrix destruction, cellular senescence, and nonhealing in a variety of disease processes. Efforts at controlling inflammation have traditionally concentrated on systemic antagonists to inflammation such as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory agents. More recently, following increased appreciation of local biological cellular and molecular events occurring at the wound interface, efforts are being focused on local targeted approaches to catabasis, the resolution of inflammation. These efforts relate to the isolation and understanding of the mechanisms of actions of various “stop signal mediators.” These lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins are produced and stimulated by cellular interactions in the blood stream, extracellular matrix, and in cells themselves. Transmission of these signals between cells and the extracellular matrix and between cells themselves occurs via a variety of mechanisms including through intracellular gap junctions, connexins, and cadherins. The existence of these mediators, signals, and channels of communication all provide new therapeutic options for achieving catabasis in a more defined and targeted fashion.
Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine for the Nephrologist
Authors: Wehrli Gay 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTherapeutic Apheresis Medicine Services work closely with Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine Services (BBTMS). The BBTMS performs patient testing and provides blood components for patients undergoing therapeutic apheresis procedures. This article will provide an overview of blood component descriptions, patient testing, and blood component options and preparations for therapeutic apheresis procedures.
Cooling of the epileptic focus suppresses seizures with minimal influence on neurologic functions
Authors: Fujii Masami , Inoue Takao , Nomura Sadahiro , Maruta Yuichi , He Yeting , Koizumi Hiroyasu , Shirao Satoshi , Owada Yuji , Kunitsugu Ichiro , Yamakawa Toshitaka , Tokiwa Tatsuji , Ishizuka Satoshi , Yamakawa Takeshi , Suzuki Michiyasu 
Published: January 2012

SummaryPurpose:  Focal brain cooling is effective for suppression of epileptic seizures, but it is unclear if seizures can be suppressed without a substantial influence on normal neurologic function. To address the issue, a thermoelectrically driven cooling system was developed and applied in free‐moving rat models of focal seizure and epilepsy.Methods:  Focal seizures limited to the unilateral forelimb were induced by local application of a penicillin G solution or cobalt powder to the unilateral sensorimotor cortex. A proportional integration and differentiation (PID)–controlled, thermoelectrically driven cooling device (weight of 11 g) and bipolar electrodes were chronically implanted on the eloquent area (on the epileptic focus) and the effects of cooling (20, 15, and 10°C) on electrocorticography, seizure frequency, and neurologic changes were investigated.Key Findings:  Cooling was associated with a distinct reduction of the epileptic discharges. In both models, cooling of epileptic foci significantly improved both seizure frequency and neurologic functions from 20°C down to 15°C. Cooling to 10°C also suppressed seizures, but with no further improvement in neurologic function. Subsequent investigation of sensorimotor function revealed significant deterioration in foot‐fault tests and the receptive field size at 15°C.Significance:  Despite the beneficial effects in ictal rats, sensorimotor functions deteriorated at 15°C, thereby suggesting a lower limit for the therapeutic temperature. These results provide important evidence of a therapeutic effect of temperatures from 20 to 15°C using an implantable, hypothermal device for focal epilepsy.
Meta‐Analysis of P‐Wave Dispersion Values in Healthy Individuals: The Influence of Clinical Characteristics
Authors: Nussinovitch Udi 
Published: January 2012

Background: P‐wave dispersion (Pd) is an appealing marker for predicting the risk of developing atrial fibrillation. At present, no definitive cutoff value has been determined as to the diagnosis of high‐risk patients. Our aims were to evaluate P‐wave parameters of healthy subjects published in the literature, determine normal range and weighted means of Pd and P‐wave parameters, and investigate the influences of gender, age, and BMI on the weighted results.Methods: A systematic search of studies published in PubMed was conducted. Only studies which included control groups of healthy individuals were included.Results: Of the 657 studies initially identified, 80 were eligible for inclusion. The total number of participants was 6,827. The highest reported Pd values were 58.56 ± 16.24  ms; the lowest were 7 ± 2.7  ms. The weighted mean was 33.46 ± 9.65  ms; weighted median was 32.2  ms. Gender and age were not found to be associated with significant influences on P‐wave parameter values. High‐normal BMI was not found to be associated with increased P‐wave parameter values.Conclusions: Pd, Pmax, and Pmin span a wide range of values in healthy individuals. Seemingly, abnormal values were often reported in healthy adults. The high variability of P‐wave parameters in healthy individuals, and overlapping of the results with those reported for patients with increased risk for atrial fibrillation, might suggest that this technique has limited sensitivity and specificity. The variability between studies may stem from methodological issues and, therefore, there is a definite need for methodological standardization of Pd measurements.Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2012;17(1):28–35
Very Late Recurrence of Takotsubo Syndrome
Authors: Cerrito Marco , Caragliano Alberto , Zema Domenica , Zito Concetta , Oreto Giuseppe 
Published: January 2012

Recurrence of the Takotsubo syndrome is possible, and in the majority of cases it occurs within 4 years. The present report is focused on a case of the Takotsubo syndrome recurrence after 10 years. The patient had been admitted for the first time in 1999 with a diagnosis of “non‐q wave acute anterolateral myocardial infarction.” Ten years later, she was readmitted for suspected acute myocardial infarction; coronary arteries, however, were normal, and the left ventricular angiogram demonstrated apical ballooning typical for the Takotsubo syndrome. It is worth noting that the clinical presentation and the ECG were the same on both occasions; in addition, both events were triggered by an emotional stress.Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2012;17(1):58–60
Fractured zirconia implants and related implant designs: scanning electron microscopy analysis
Authors: Osman Reham B. , Ma Sunyoung , Duncan Warwick , De Silva Rohana K. , Siddiqi Allauddin , Swain Michael V. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectivesTwo fractured one‐piece experimental (commercially unavailable) zirconia implants were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis to identify failure origins and aid in understanding the failure mechanisms. Modifications to the zirconia implant design are suggested to minimize such fracture incidences.Materials and methodsTwo zirconia implants fractured during the final torquing in the maxillary ridge using the prescribed hand torque wrench. The implants were subsequently retrieved and prepared for optical and SEM evaluation. Critical attention was given to the fractography (crack morphology) of the fractured implants to identify the fracture origin.ResultsEvents related to initiation and propagation of the crack front could be detected from the morphology of the fractured surfaces. Unfavorable torque and bending forces applied on the implant during surgical placement and the inherent flaws in the material may have resulted in crack initiation and implant failure.ConclusionsCaution must be exercised when placing zirconia implants in dense bone sites. Modification of surgical protocols for the intended implant site may be necessary. Improvement in design features specific to zirconia implants, and strict quality control during manufacture is essential to minimize the likelihood of fracture.
Er:YAG laser treatment in supportive periodontal therapy
Authors: Ratka‐Krüger Petra , Mahl Dominik , Deimling Daniela , Mönting Jürgen Schulte , Jachmann Ingeborg , Al‐Machot Elyan , Sculean Anton , Berakdar Mohammad , Jervøe‐Storm Pia‐Merete , Braun Andreas 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo assess clinical and microbiological outcomes of an Er:YAG laser in comparison with sonic debridement in the treatment of persistent periodontal pockets in a prospective randomized controlled multicentre study design.Material and MethodsA total of 78 patients in supportive periodontal therapy with two residual pockets were included, 58 were available for the whole follow‐up period. Root surfaces were instrumented either with a sonic scaler (Sonicflex® 2003 L) or with an Er:YAG laser (KEY Laser® 3). Clinical attachment levels (CAL), Probing depths (PD), Plaque control record (PCR) and Bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed at baseline, 13 and 26 weeks after treatment. In addition, microbiological analysis was performed employing a DNA diagnostic test kit (micro‐IDent® Plus).ResultsProbing depths and CAL were significantly reduced in both groups over time (p < 0.05), without significant differences between the groups (p > 0.05). BOP frequency values decreased significantly within both groups (p < 0.05), with no difference between the laser and the sonic treatment (p > 0.05). PCR frequency values did not change during the observation period (p > 0.05). Microbiological analysis failed to expose any significant difference based on treatment group or period.ConclusionEmploying both sonic and laser treatment procedures during supportive periodontal care, similar clinical and microbiological outcomes can be expected.
The impact of dental caries and trauma in children on family quality of life
Authors: Abanto Jenny , Paiva Saul Martins , Raggio Daniela Prócida , Celiberti Paula , Aldrigui Janaína Merli , Bönecker Marcelo 
Published: January 2012

Abstract –  Objectives:  To assess the impact of children’s dental caries (DC) and traumatic dental injuries (TDI) on parents’ quality of life (QoL), adjusted by family income.Methods:  Parents of 219 children aged 5 and 6 years answered the Family Impact Scale (FIS) on their perception of QoL and data about income. Three calibrated dentists examined the severity of DC according to decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth index, and children were categorized into: 0 = caries free; 1–5 = low severity; and ≥6 = high severity. TDI were classified into uncomplicated and complicated injuries. QoL was measured through FIS items and total score, and Poisson regression was used to associate the variables with the outcome.Results:  Severity of DC showed a negative impact on the total score and subscales on parental/family activities, parental emotions and financial burden (P < 0.001). TDI showed a negative impact on total score and in some FIS items. The multivariate‐adjusted model showed that only the increase in the severity of children’s DC (RR = 3.19; 95% CI = 2.36, 4.31; P < 0.001) was associated with a greater negative impact on parents’ QoL, while high family income was a protective factor (RR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.48, 0.95; P < 0.001).Conclusions:  The severity of children’s DC has a negative impact on parents’ QoL, whereas TDI do not. A lower family income might have a negative impact on parents’ QoL.
The management of endometrial polyps in the 21st century
Authors: Annan John Jude , Aquilina Joseph , Ball Elizabeth 
Published: January 2012

Key content
Hysteroscopic endometrial polyp removal appears to be superior to the current practice of blind avulsion.
Outpatient treatment is safe, cost effective and well tolerated, even in older or nulliparous women.
New technologies facilitate office hysteroscopy.
Benign endometrial polyps can regress and rarely progress to malignancy.
Learning objectives
To learn how to diagnose and treat endometrial polyps in pre and postmenopausal women.
To be able to compare the performance of diagnostic modalities.
To understand the role of outpatient vaginoscopy and hysteroscopy.
Ethical issues
Given the cost effectiveness and acceptability of office ambulatory diagnostic and interventional hysteroscopy, is it ethical not to offer such a service?
Respiratory variations in pulmonary and systemic blood flow in healthy humans
Authors: Elstad M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAimCardiovascular oscillations are tightly coupled to respiration. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is an important part of heart rate variability with unknown function. Stroke volumes from the right (r‐SV) and left (l‐SV) side of the heart are assumed to vary differently with respiration, but have not previously been recorded non‐invasively and simultaneously in humans. The present study introduces an improved technique for capturing respiratory variations in r‐SV.MethodsSix young volunteers were investigated during spontaneous and metronome‐paced breathing in the left lateral decubitus position. Heart rate (HR, from ECG), l‐SV (from finger blood arterial pressure curve) and r‐SV (pulsed ultrasound Doppler) were recorded. Left and right cardiac outputs (l‐CO and r‐CO) were calculated beat by beat from HR, l‐SV and r‐SV. Respiratory variations in cardiovascular variables and phase angles were estimated by spectral analysis at respiratory frequency (0.15–0.40 Hz).ResultsThe amplitude of respiratory variations in l‐CO was 17% of r‐CO (94% CI (6%, 35%), P = 0.03). The amplitude of the respiratory variations in l‐SV was not different from r‐SV (74%, 94% CI (50%, 127%) non‐significant). Increases in HR and r‐SV were in phase with inspiration, while l‐SV decreased during inspiration.ConclusionThe amplitude of respiratory variations in l‐CO is significantly smaller than in r‐CO. Respiratory variations in HR and in l‐SV are in inverse phase; thus, RSA buffers respiratory variations in l‐SV. RSA plays an important role in reducing oscillations in systemic blood flow resulting from respiratory changes in venous return.
Early detection of risk factors for seclusion and restraint: a prospective study
Authors: Georgieva Irina , Vesselinov Roumen , Mulder Cornelis L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAim: The study aims to examine the predictive power of static and dynamic risk factors assessed at admission to an acute psychiatric ward and to develop a prediction model evaluating the risk of seclusion and restraint.Methods: Over 20 months, data on demographic and clinical characteristics, psychosocial functioning, level of insight, uncooperativeness, and use of coercive measures were collected prospectively on 520 patients at admission. Logistic regression analysis was used to develop a prediction model. The magnitude of the predictive power of this model was estimated using receiver operating characteristic analysis.Results: The prediction model contained one static predictor (involuntary commitment) and two dynamic predictors (psychological impairment and uncooperativeness), with a high predictive power (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve = 0.83). The final risk model classified 72% of the patients correctly, with a higher sensitivity rate (80%) than specificity rate (71%).Conclusion: Early assessment of patients' psychological impairment and uncooperativeness can help clinicians to recognize patients at risk for coercive measures and approach them on time with preventive and less restrictive interventions. Although this simple, highly predictive model accurately predicts the risk of seclusion or restraint, further validation studies are needed before it can be adopted into routine clinical practice.