bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Fluoroscopy in the Investigation of Sinus Tracts of the Thorax
Authors: Riley T. Richard 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A plea is made for the fluoroscopic examination of sinuses undergoing investigation with opaque contrast media. A method is described for preventing the backflow of iodised oil from a sinus opening. A case is described in which, without fluoroscopic examination, the position and extent of the sinus tract would have been difficult to determine.
I Cancer of the Stomach (from a Radiologist' Point of View)
Authors: Grout J. L. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
At the outset I must make it quite clear that my contribution can in no way be considered under the title “X-ray Diagnosis”. My research into my past history, incomplete as it may be, has acted as a corrective to any aspiration I might have had to be called an “X-ray diagnostician”, whose magic is more potent in the search for the truth than the painstaking methods of the physician. I propose, therefore, to relate some of my experiences as a radiologist in radiology of the stomach. My task of reviewing these cases is by no means complete and my present communication can only be considered an introduction, which I hope will serve the purpose of this symposium.
It is not my intention to give a critical statistical analysis of the cases of cancer of the stomach, but from the data I have collected a quite good idea of the predominating clinical features can be extracted.
There are obviously some significant facts to be derived from these figures. Loss of weight is an almost invariable feature. The short duration of the symptoms, even in those cases in which the growth in the stomach is extensive and often inoperable, is perhaps the most disturbing feature of the disease. Loss of weight with a short gastro-intestinal history cannot be lightly disregarded even in the absence of negative radiological findings.
Radioactive Iodine as a Diagnostic Aid for Intrathoracic Goitre
Authors: Ansell G. , Rotblat J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The application of the radioactive tracer method to the diagnosis of intrathoracic goitre has been investigated using radioactive iodine and detecting its γ rays by the “in vivo” technique. A special apparatus was constructed which makes it possible to map out the area in which the radioactive material is contained. A case of intrathoracic goitre is described in which this technique has been used successfully.
The Diagnosis of Hydrops Fœtalis
Authors: Boldero J. L. , Kemp F. H. 
Published: July 2009

Evidence is presented that cases of hydrops fœtalis can be diagnosed radiographically as early as the 26th week of pregnancy in the presence of three criteria:
(1) Straightening of the normal kyphosis of the fœtal spine with extension of the neck.
(2) Radiographic evidence of hydramnios.
(3) Evidence of iso-immunisation of the mother.
The Pre-natal Radiological Diagnosis of Hydrops Fœtalis
Authors: Samuel Eric , Cohen Joel 
Published: July 2009

(i) A case of hydrops fœtalis diagnosed by radiological means pre-natally is described.
(ii) The radiological signs of hydrops-fœtalis are described.
(iii) Experimental investigation was undertaken to investigate the means of production of the osteo-petrosis of the skeleton, noted in this case.
(iv) The relative value of the serological studies and the X-ray findings in the case recorded are discussed.
Diagnostic Radiological Aspects of Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Welin Sölve 
Published: July 2009

In Sweden the hypopharynx is a relatively common site for cancer, and since the Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm was opened in February 1940, we have had no less than 510 cases of cancer of the hypopharynx. Dr. Hultberg will define hypopharyngeal cancer in his paper which follows.
Of the 510 patients 206 were men and 304 women. Compared with other countries, this is rather a high proportion of women. We have differentiated between carcinoma of the upper and lower ends of the hypopharynx, the borderline between these two groups being formed by the superior border of the cricoid cartilage. Of this material 148 men had a carcinoma localised at the upper and 52 at the lower portion of the hypopharynx. In women the figures are 74 to 212 respectively, but 6 men and 10 women had cancers which were so extensive that they involved the whole hypopharynx. Thus, there is a striking difference in the localisation of this cancer between men and women.
In men, the malignancy is most often localised in the upper portion, while just the opposite is true in women. Statistically the difference is significant and probably connected with the relatively high incidence of the Plummer-Vinson syndrome in women, which we consider to be a precancerous disease. The condition calls for a special technique of X-ray examination.
A Bremsstrahlung Counter for Measuring Therapy Doses of Phosphorus 32
Authors: Wyard S. J. 
Published: July 2009

Measurement of the bremsstrahlung produced by 32P provides a simple and direct method of assaying millicurie amounts of this isotope. The method has already been described by Alper and du Preez (1949) and by Tompkins, Wish and Burnet (1950), but in both cases a high-pressure ionization chamber was used to measure the bremsstrahlung. It may therefore be of interest to give details of the Geiger counter method employed in this Department.
The radioactive phosphorus is obtained from Harwell in about 1 ml of solution contained in a hexagonal glass bottle.
Testicular Injury in Rats Irradiated during Infancy
Authors: Léonard A. , Imbaud F. , Maisin J. R. 
Published: July 2009

Rats eight or 17 days old were exposed to doses of 50, 150, 300 or 500 R whole body X irradiation. Half of each group of animals received AET intraperitoneally ten minutes before irradiation. The weight of the testes is determined by X-ray dose, by the age at the time of irradiation and by the injection of AET.
The percentage of tubules without germ cells and the average number of spermatocytes per tubule are altered by high doses of X rays, while the average diameter of the tubules is not changed by irradiation.
The histological damage in rats irradiated at 17 days is greater than in those exposed at 8 days. An injection of AET shows no protective effect against the histological injury at the time of analysis and for the X-ray doses used.
Testicular damage in rats irradiated during infancy cannot be evaluated in terms of testes weight only and during a certain time interval there is no correlation between fertility, structural changes and weight.
An Evaluation of Tests for Hiatus Hernia
Authors: Sim G. P. G. 
Published: July 2009

A further enquiry into the incidence of hiatus hernia and an evaluation of some of the tests in use have been carried out.
One hundred hiatus hernias were demonstrated in 909 meals using a standardised sequence of procedures, an incidence of 10·9 per cent. This was approximately three times the frequency of gastric ulcer. The greatest number was found in the 6th decade. Of the lesser numbers of barium meals made in the 8th and 9th decades about one quarter showed herniation.
All but one of the hernias in this series were demonstrated with the patient prone over a folded pillow. It is considered that tests other than those carried out with the patient prone need not be used as a routine.
Reviews
Authors: Steiner R. E. 
Published: July 2009

This is a most timely book; authors and publishers are to be congratulated on the excellence of its production.
As mentioned in the preface more and more special procedures are carried out in diagnostic X-ray departments, some simple, some complex and radiologists are often called upon to carry out these examinations. Although most radiologists trained today have had some experience in some special procedures, few will be conversant with most.
Traumatic Arterio-venous Aneurysm of the Middle Meningeal Artery
Authors: Jackson D. C. , du Boulay G. H. 
Published: July 2009

No similar case of traumatic arterio-venous aneurysm of the middle meningeal artery could be found in the literature.
The patient, Mrs. M. H., aged 56, was found unconscious in the street by a policeman. There was a history that she had fallen and struck her head.
past history. Nothing of note.
Compensation for Tissue Inhomogeneity in Cobalt 60 Therapy
Authors: Ellis F. , Feldman A. , Oliver R. 
Published: July 2009

For several years, stepped aluminium compensators have been in routine clinical use in this department to correct for irregularity of tissue surface, so that standard isodose distributions measured in a water phantom may be applied directly in treatment planning for therapy with a 60Co unit (Ellis, Hall and Oliver, 1959; Hall and Oliver, 1961).
It was suggested (Ellis, 1960) that, since information on the distribution of lung tissue and bone in the treatment field could be obtained by transverse axial tomography, the compensator technique might be extended to correct for tissue inhomogeneity in the path of the beam. Dose to a tumour beyond the inhomogeneity could then still be derived from the standard isodose curves. The principle and feasibility of such compensation for variation in density of the medium has been demonstrated by measurement in a water phantom containing an air-filled Perspex box to represent lung (Hall and Oliver, 1962), and the method is now being applied clinically in this department.
For the treatment of an oesophagus, for instance, a plaster jacket is constructed, carrying for each of the three fields slotted jigs into which the two blades of the 60Co unit applicator fit to provide beam localisation and alignment (Ellis, Lewis, Oliver and Hall, 1959). Correction for irregularity of the tissue surface in the treatment fields by means of a stepped compensator of aluminium blocks is determined in the usual way (Ellis, et. al., 1959).
The Role of Lymphography in the Diagnosis and Management of Malignant Reticuloses
Authors: Cook P. L. , Jelliffe A. M. , Kendall B. , McLoughlin M. J. 
Published: July 2009

Lymphograms performed on 131 patients with malignant reticuloses have been analysed and the results assessed by correlation with other radiological, clinical and histological findings and subsequent course.
Lymphography is shown to be of value in diagnosing abnormality of retroperitoneal nodes and thus in planning therapy and assessing response to it in patients with an established histological diagnosis of a malignent reticulosis. Where histology has not yet been obtained it may be of value in showing a suitable site for biopsy, but the appearances are not specific enough to allow therapy without histological diagnosis.
The value of inferior venacavography and pyelography as complementary procedures is described and the present policy of investigation of reticuloses and P.U.O. is outlined.
Radiological Findings in Globus Hystericus
Authors: Malcomson Kenneth G. 
Published: July 2009

1. Patients previously diagnosed as globus hystericus do not have a hysterical personality.
2. There is no loss of weight and no dysphagia. The lump is more definite between meals.
3. 3 per cent of patients attending the laryngologist are complaining of a sensation of a lump in the throat.
4. Clinical and radiological examination has revealed organic lesions in 80 per cent of patients.
5. In the positive group, miscellaneous local lesions are found in 37 per cent, but in 63 per cent there were distal lesions.
6. A hiatus hernia is the commonest distal lesion (66 percent).
7. The sensation of a lump in the throat is a real symptom related to an irritative lesion in the foregut in the majority of patients.
8. Relief of the symptom occurs when the primary condition is amenable and responds to treatment.
9. Full investigation, particularly a barium swallow and meal, is mandatory in all patients with this complaint.
Acute Renal Failure in Leukaemia and Malignant Lymphoma
Authors: Howard N. 
Published: July 2009

The literature recording the increased excretion of uric acid in leukaemia and lymphoma is briefly reviewed. The added risks of cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy are noted. The case history of a patient with a radiosensitive solid tumour is described. After only 700 rads (tumour dose) his blood urea rose to 130 mg per cent and blood uric acid to 46 mg per cent and he excreted over 2 g of uric acid in 24 hours. Acute renal failure was averted by conservative measures—increasing his fluid intake and making his urine alkaline.
The risks of radiotherapy causing uricaemia are discussed, and more frequent blood uric acid estimations suggested.
Retroperitoneal Chemodectoma
Authors: Gaylis H. , Isaacson C. , Sneider P. 
Published: July 2009

Tumours arising from chemoreceptor tissue, designated chemodectomas by Mulligan (1950), although uncommon, have been known for a long time. During the last decade they have been reported with increasing frequency largely because of the wider use of arteriography.
Chemoreceptor bodies, which are sensitive to changes in the pH and carbon dioxide tension of blood, are widely dispersed throughout the body. The best known is the carotid body situated at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. Chemodectomas of the carotid body (carotid body tumours, non-chromaffinomas and potato tumours) have been known since Von Haller described the first case in 1743. Since then over 400 have been reported. Similar tumours have also been reported arising from chemoreceptor tissue elsewhere such as the glomus jugulare, the glomus intra-vagale, the aortic pulmonary body in the mediastinum and in the retroperitoneal tissues. Smetana and Scott (1951) reported a chemodectoma associated with the femoral artery.
Retroperitoneal chemodectomas are distinctly rare, only four having been reported up to 1598 (Byrne 1958). Marshall and Horne (1961) were able to collect six previously published cases. Gough (1963) described the first case of retroperitoneal chemodectoma in which arteriography had been of assistance in reaching a diagnosis. Harber (1964) reported a chemodectoma of multicentric origin arising both retroperitoneally and in the mediastinum. The mediastinal lesion was shown on thoracic aortography.
Modification of a Baldwin Radiological Densitometer to Measure Densities up to 7·5
Authors: Hill M. J. , Pownall D. R. 
Published: July 2009

Most of the C.E.G.B. film laboratories which have been approved by the Ministry of Power use the Baldwin radiological densitometer for the determination of the densities of personnel monitoring films. Although the legal requirements for the wearing of film badges are strict and the design of film and holder has to be approved together with their manufacturers, there are no minimum specifications laid down for the performance of the density measuring equipment.
The need to measure films whose densities were higher than those capable of being measured with the Baldwin instrument could not be disregarded. This led to a study of the instrument with a view to extending its range. Some experimental work was carried out, described later in this article, and forms the basis of this report.
The manufacturer's handbook on the radiological densitometer states that the British Standard diffuse density (1947) is measured by the instrument. The definition of diffuse density states that for the geometrical conditions the “incident radiant flux shall be normal to the plane of the sample and all of the transmitted radiant flux shall be collected and equally evaluated: or (in accordance with the optical reversibility principle) the incident radiant flux shall be perfectly diffuse and only the normally transmitted component shall be collected and evaluated”.
An examination of the system used in the Baldwin instrument shows that the incident light is not normal to the film under measurement but comes to a focus at a position about 1 cm beyond the film.
All Our Tomorrows?
Authors: Snelling Margaret D. 
Published: July 2009

The Presidential year is a year of very varied interests and I have appreciated it especially for the opportunity of seeing something of what is going on in our different sections. It has confirmed me in my feeling that the Institute has a great deal to offer to modern radiology as in its different branches members can meet and learn of each other's special interests.
My title, as I hope you will have realised, implies that I am more optimistic than Macbeth (Shakespeare, 1606); I believe that our tomorrows may be much better than his yesterdays. The question mark indicates my doubts of my ability to show this. The Institute's activities go on throughout the year and I thought I could not do better than start where my predecessor ended (Fig. 1). I do not think Dr. Reid quite realised what he was showing; he called it, I think, the crime of the missing canary. In fact, the passage of the canary represents the Presidential year and you can see that having got through the hazards of the Conversazione, the Children's Party and the Congress one is almost home; there are just a few rocks ahead before emerging. However, before retiring I want to speak about some of the things which have impressed me especially in this year in the hope that they may interest you.
Renal Fibrolipomatosis
Authors: Kreel L. , Melmed R. N. , Bouchier I. A. D. 
Published: July 2009

Four patients with renal fibrolipomatosis are presented. The clinical and radiological features are discussed, attention being drawn to the diagnostic appearances seen on the excretion pyelogram.
It is suggested that the condition be classed into primary and secondary varieties. A relationship between infection, hilar lymphatic obstruction and fibro-fatty overgrowth is postulated.
Recovery from X-ray Damage to the Lens. The Effects of Fractionated X-ray Doses Observed in Rabbit Lens Epithelium Irradiated in vivo
Authors: Ramsell T. G. , Berry R. J. 
Published: July 2009

In conclusion we suggest the lens of the eye as a new system for short-term fractionation effects. Recovery has been seen between two X-ray doses, using the number of “broken” cells per half lens fixed and stained 14 days after the first X-ray dose as the biological criterion of damage. A peak-and-trough recovery pattern similar to that seen in single-cell systems was apparent, but no recovery was observed between two 500-rad X-ray doses until they were spaced more than six hours apart; the maximum first “peak” of the recovery curve was seen at eight hours' separation between doses.
The D2-D1 value approximated 200 rads; a total of 1,200 rads in two fractions eight hours apart produced virtually the same number of “broken” cells as a single dose of 1,000 rads.
Bone Scanning with 85Sr, 87mSr and 18F. Physical and Radiopharmaceutical Considerations and Clinical Experience in 50 Cases
Authors: Spencer R. , Herbert R. , Rish M. W. , Little W. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Physical and radiopharmaceutical considerations have shown the advantages of short-lived isotopes in enabling us to scan with reduced radiation dose. Simple methods of producing 87mSr and 18F in a nuclear reactor, and of preparing them for injection are described. There is little to choose between these two isotopes. 87mSr, however, has certain physiological advantages especially when scanning the pelvis. The choice of time interval has been discussed. With 87mSr the best scans were obtained approximately one hour after administration.
Clinically, our cases fall into three groups. First, primary neoplasms; there are eight of these. Demonstrable adjacent bony involvement in connection with a soft tissue malignant tumour (e.g. Pancoast's tumour) will affect the approach to treatment.
Secondly, 38 cases of metastic bone lesions are analysed in relation to radiographic changes. Positive scans influence the decision concerning treatment of the primary lesion if not already initiated. Scanning gives a more accurate and earlier assessment of radiotherapy field size than does the radiograph in both primary and secondary bony lesions. Negative scans give reassurance to patient and clinician.
The third group consists of bony dystrophies and infective lesions. One case in which a sarcoma had developed is common to the first group. We hope that we may eventually distinguish stages in bone dystrophies.
Review
Authors: Whittle R. J. M. 
Published: July 2009

The occurrence of multiple primary malignant neoplasms no longer attracts the quizzical interest accorded to rare events for the clinician can usually find cases amongst his current practice. Nevertheless, radiotherapists will welcome this review of the subject.
The author has succinctly divided his book into three parts. The introduction summarises the criteria for diagnosis, the selection of material for study and concludes with a tabulation of all the cases and the many permutations which result. The subject is then divided into multiplicity of tumours of different tissues or organs, and finally tumours which are of multicentric origin.
Relationship of Cytological Screening Facilities and Cure Rate in Cancer of the Cervix
Authors: Constable William C. , Truskett Ian D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A correlation exists between the efficiency of cytological screening programmes in the United States and improvement in survival rates for cancer of the cervix. Well-screened areas report better results overall and by stage than the poorly screened areas. This is attributable to the increase in early stages that are detected by the screening programme.
The results from British centres and stage distribution are similar to those of the poorly screened areas ot the United States, indicating the need for these facilities if British results are to approach the excellence of certain American centres.
A Radiosensitive Insect. Median Lethal Dose for Whole-body Irradiation with Cobalt 60 Gamma Rays ofLocusta migratoria migratorioides R. et F.
Authors: Austin Shirley A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWhole-body irradiation of locusts showed the median lethal dose for these insects to be 1024 (±13) rads, comparable to that for mammals.
Two Windowless Chambers for the Measurement of Grenz Rays
Authors: Tranter F. W. 
Published: July 2009

The large amounts of soft radiation in the spectrum of a beryllium window X-ray tube operated in the grenz-ray region, and the high exposure rates used, necessitate a measuring chamber of special design. Two chambers of unusual design (described at an I.A.E.A. Symposium in 1960) have now been in use for seven years for this purpose. This paper describes them briefly, their subsequent performance, and the modifications made to one of them.
Chamber 1 is of robust construction, its two electrode supports being half-cylinders of Perspex with the flat faces opposing each other at a separation of 6 mm. One face is graphited completely and is connected to a voltage of 300 V; the other face has a central region roughly 1 cm in diameter forming the collecting electrode and is surrounded by a guard ring at zero potential covering the remainder of the face, each electrode being formed by graphite on the Perspex surface. The chamber is shown in Fig. 1. It is a free-air chamber, readily portable and used in conjunction with an E.I.L. (E.F.37A) electrometer.
Demonstration of the normal adrenal gland by venography and gas insufflation
Authors: McLachlan M. S. F. , Roberts E. E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The venous anatomy, size and shape of the normal adrenal gland have been studied by venography in 32 post-mortem specimens. Differences between the two sides have been emphasized and discussed. A single adrenal vein, which was fairly constant in position, was present on each side. Anatomical variations occurred infrequently. Accessory hepatic veins commonly joined the inferior vena cava near the right adrenal vein. Major communications between intraglandular and other retroperitoneal veins were common. In 27 specimens demonstration of the gland by venography and air insufflation was compared. Air failed to delineate 44 per cent of glands. It frequently outlined pads of fat which conformed to the conventional appearance of the adrenal glands at retroperitoneal pneumography. Estimates of gland size based on appearances at air insufflation were very inaccurate.