bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma Level of Programmed Death Receptor Ligand-1 and CD25 in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients and their Correlations with Response to First-Line Therapy
Authors: Jaleil Noor Abdul Razaq , Abed Wisam Majeed 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm that is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, which results from a reciprocal translocation between the breakpoint cluster region (BCR) of chromosome 22 and the Abelson homolog 1 (ABL1) region of chromosome 9. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1; also known as B7 homolog 1 and CD274) is an immune checkpoint protein, and its engagement with programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) receptor on T cells activates co-inhibitory signaling to suppress the function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R, CD25) expression is a soluble form of the a-chain of IL-2R (sIL-2R). The IL-2/IL-2 receptor α (IL-2RA) signaling pathway is essential for the regulation of immune responses.

Objective:
To assess the plasma level of PDL-1 and CD25 in patients with CML and their correlations with response to the first line of therapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitor (imatinib).

Materials and Methods:
This case-control study was conducted on 66 patients with CML in the chronic phase (CP) from May 2019 to October 2019. The patients were sequentially selected and subdivided into three subgroups: 20 new diagnoses before starting treatment, 30 imatinib therapy responders, and 16 imatinib resistant for each group. Plasma samples were tested for the levels of PD-L1 and CD25 by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique.

Results:
Programmed cell death ligands were significantly increased in the plasma of patients with CML compared with the control group, and there was a significant increase in the plasma PD-L1 of patients with a new diagnosis compared with imatinib responders and patients who were resistant. There was no significant difference in PD-L1 level between the responder and resistant groups. Soluble CD25 was significantly increased in the plasma of patients with CML compared with the control group, and there was a significant increase in the plasma CD25 of patients with a new diagnosis compared with imatinib responders and patients who were resistant. There was no significant difference in CD25 level between responder and resistant groups.

Conclusion:
Plasma PD-L1 and CD25 levels were significantly higher in adult patients with CML compared with healthy subjects, and these levels were significantly higher in patients with CML who are newly diagnosed compared with imatinib therapy responders and resistant counterparts. There is no significant difference between responders and resistant groups in regard to PD-L1 and CD25.
Coronary Artery Disease among Patients Younger than 35 Years of Age
Authors: Amen Shwan Othman , Rasool Banan Qasim , Sadraddin Vahel Lutfallah , Awlla Ali Jalal 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Coronary artery disease (CAD) and its major manifestation of acute myocardial infarction (MI) are considered as the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. MI in very young group of age is a significant issue to focus on, however there is a scarcity of data on premature coronary heart diseases-acute MI (AMI) in this group of age. This may underestimate the important difference that exists between young and old groups of age.

Objective:
The main aim of this study is to evaluate the most common risk factors, including hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and positive family history of AMI with their angiographic profile, among Iraqi patients of <35 years old.

Materials and Methods:
This study was enrolled in Surgical Specialty Hospital-Cardiac Center, Erbil, Iraq among 100 consecutive patients (77 males and 23 females) between November 2016 and December 2017 of those whose age was ≤35 years.

Results:
The mean age was 31.6 ± 2.91 years with an age range of 24–35 years. The incidence of AMI was significantly higher in male patients than females. The most common risk factors were hyperlipidemia (51%), smoking (49%), family history of premature CAD (44%), hypertension (25%), and DM (22%). The most common symptom and presentation of CAD was chest pain and anterior wall myocardial infarction, 67% and 64% respectively. About 56% of all the included patients who underwent Coronary Angiography, had obstructive CAD and among this group 89.2% had single vessel disease, 5.35% had three vessel disease, 3.57% had double vessel disease and 1.78% had abnormal characteristic of coronary artery (Muscle Bridge). The most common involved artery was the left anterior descending (LAD) (36%), followed by the right coronary artery (9%). Based on the electrocardiogram findings, 42% of the patients presented with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Conclusion:
CAD in patients younger than 35 years occurred more in the male gender. Hyperlipidemia was the most common risk factor among all the patients' and AWMI owing to the LAD artery was the most common presentation.
Investigation of the Effect of Food Types on Melatonin Hormone Level in Human Body
Authors: Hamza Isam Shaker , Ayyash Mohammed Abbood , Mahmoud Tariq Yassin , Jarallah Aziz Latif 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Melatonin, a neurohormone produced by the pineal gland, has recently been reported in foods, mainly of plant origin. Melatonin provides a number of benefits for human health. It has many important health benefits because it is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory hormone.

Objectives:
The aim of this work is to investigate the relationship between malnutrition and food deprivation on melatonin levels in normal individuals in comparison with people suffering from gastrointestinal diseases. This study will focus on the nutritional factors apart from the intake of tryptophan that affects melatonin levels in humans.

Materials and Methods:
This study reported interests regarding the optimization, validation, and application of analytical liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (SYKAM) coupled to a fluorescence detector for the determination of melatonin in rice grains and blood samples.

Results:
In the present study, the results showed that there were significant differences between the three study groups, where the lowest values for melatonin hormone concentration were found in Group C as 2.033 ± 0.69 pg/mL which includes people suffering from famine, whereas the results of Group B showed clear differences of concentration than that in Group (C) as 3.520 ± 0.62 pg/mL which includes patients who were in hospital suffering from diseases and disorders of the digestive system, but at the same time their values were less than that of the healthy control Group A as 6.457 ± 0.59 pg/mL.

Conclusion:
Based on the present study, it can be concluded that melatonin hormone levels are highly deficient in people who are suffering from poverty, deprivation, and starvation compared to people with problems and disorders of the digestive system.
Prevalence of Uncomplicated Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection among Adult Females in Babylon Governorate
Authors: Al-Musawi Lubna Raheem , Al-Husseini Rafid F. 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most frequent infections in clinical practice. They are classified into uncomplicated UTIs and complicated UTIs. The majority of UTI cases are caused by a single bacterial agent. Diagnosis of UTIs is generally established based on urinalysis and urine culture and treated with appropriate antibiotics.

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of uncomplicated recurrent UTI among adult females.

Materials and Methods:
This study is a cross-sectional study conducted in the outpatient clinics of Al-Hilla Teaching Hospital and Babil Hospital for Maternity and Childhood during the period from February till June 2020. Data were collected using a specially designed questionnaire, and a total of 300 participants were included.

Results:
The overall prevalence of uncomplicated UTI was found to be 36%. The mean age of patients was 28.94 ± 7.42 years. Ninety percent of the patients were married. The proportion of recurrent UTI among married women was significantly higher than that among nonmarried women (P = 0.001), and recurrent UTI was significantly higher among women with family history of UTI (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
This study concludes that the prevalence of uncomplicated UTI among adult females in Babylon governorate is 36%, with the majority of cases within the age group of 20–29 years. Recurrent UTI was found to be linked to marital status and positive family history.
The Effect of Serum Albumin Level on the Frailty Score in Elderly Patients Attending Primary Health Care Centres in Babel
Authors: Al_Badri Ali Mousa Essa , Al-Bayati Hayder F. , Obeid Ammar Waheeb 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Frailty can be described as a clinical state of practical reserve decline related to ageing. Slowness, fragile, fatigue, and low performance are incorporated and affect the fulfilment of effective tasks negatively. Both under and overweight could lead to a frailty dilemma. It is well known that serum albumin is the most considerable serum protein and is used as an indication of nutritional status. Many studies revealed that hypoalbuminemia was related to higher frailty scores. The universal prevalence of frailty among the elderly population varies between 4% and 59.1%

Objective:
Assessment of the effect of serum albumin on frailty score among patients who are attending primary health care centres.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted in a primary health care centre in Babil governorate/Iraq. A convenient sample of 71 old patients attending the primary health care centre. Selected patients of either sex were included and any old patients 60 yrs. old and above (male or female) were included, whereas, anyone below 60 yrs. old were excluded. The Socio-demographic characteristics of the patients (name, age, gender, residence, marital status, occupation, and level of education), and anthropometric measurements (weight, height, body mass index) were analyzed in this study. Frailty score was measured by using (rockwood_cfs) for each patient. P_value of ≤0.05 was considered significant.

Results:
Sociodemographic characteristics showed that frailty score was higher among the age group between 60 to 69 years with a mean age of 67.10 ± 6.75 yrs (P = 0.000). Male gender, urban residence, married, housewife group and primary education showed the highest proportion among the study group patients. Overweight and obesity comprised 33.8% and 50.7% respectively. Our study demonstrated that weight was significantly associated with frailty score (P = 0.031). physical activity was not statistically significant in association with the frailty score. Serum albumin levels of the study group patients was a statistically significant association with frailty scores, where the highest proportion of high frailty scores was among those with low serum albumin levels (P = 0.047).
Prevalence of OXA genes responsible for carbapenem-resistance among Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from clinical samples in Iraq
Authors: Alzaidi Jawad R 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background:

Acinetobacter, measured as an opportunistic pathogen has lately occurred as a vital nosocomial pathogen in the world, frequently relating patients with reduced host defenses. Patients in dangerous cases obtain infections while they are staying in care wards, so the incidence of these infections varies significantly in different individuals and clinical settings.

Objectives:
This work aims to examine the prevalence of carbapenem-resistance genes among isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii gathered from three hospitals in Iraq.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 30 isolates of A. baumannii were gathered from different clinical samples from February to July 2022. DNA of all specimens was extracted. Gradient polymerase chain reaction was applied to discover the genes of bla-OXA carbapenemases.

Results:
The results exhibited a variation of carbapenemase genes in all isolates that had been examined. Although all isolates had at least three genes of carbapenemase that have been tested, the most commonly identified genes in class D β-lactamases were bla OXA-51 and bla OXA-23 which was established in all isolates of A. baumannii 30 (100%) tested. It was also found that nine (30%) of tested isolates had borne the gene of bla OXA-58. No isolate exhibited amplification for the gene of bla OXA-40.

Conclusion:
The maximum occurrence and prevalence of the genes of OXA β-lactamase in A. baumannii bacteria in Iraqi hospitals were bla OXA-23 and bla OXA-51.
The significance of heat shock protein 27 in breast cancer: A signature to predict the outcome
Authors: Singh Manish , Patil Bharat Umakant , Ghongade Pravinkumar , Gupta Anupama 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Heat shock protein (HSP) 27, if overexpressed in breast cancers, affects the disease outcome and sensitivity of tumors to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. There are limited studies on actual patients in India, so the present study was designed to contribute our experiences to the literature regarding HSP 27 expression and its significance in breast carcinoma.

Materials and Methods:
Thirty diagnosed cases of invasive duct carcinoma are evaluated for histopathology grade, stage, and expression of immune markers, namely, ER, PR, HER2, VEGF, and HSP 27, followed up to 2 years after primary management, especially if treated with Herceptin. The staining was evaluated, and data were analyzed using the χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests.

Results:
HSP 27 is expressed strongly in most ER- and PR-positive cases, but there is no correlation with Her2 and VEGF. The findings suggest more advanced disease, adverse outcomes, and lymph node metastasis. Moreover, these findings are directly related to strong HSP 27 expressions and shorter overall survival in the group of ER/PR-positive breast carcinoma cases, but this relation can be relied upon up to stage II disease. After that, in advance cases, HSP 27 loses its significance slowly and could not establish any link between HSP 27 and Herceptin resistance because of a short follow-up.

Conclusion:
HSP 27 proved a promising prognostic marker in ER/PR-positive breast carcinoma cases.
Significance of Cystatin C for Early Diagnosis of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Iraqi Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography
Authors: Abood Zahraa Malik , Rasheed Manal Kamal , Omran Haider Hamza 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) has been traditionally defined as an increase in serum creatinine (sCr) after contrast media (CM) exposure. It is generally a transient and reversible form of acute renal failure.

Objectives:
The objective was to compare changes in serum creatinine and serum cystatin C (sCys C) in patients undergoing CM administration during coronary angiography (CAG) and/or intervention, and whether these changes are a reliable index for early identification of CIN.

Materials and Methods:
In this prospective study, 50 patients were included, 9 of them were omitted, and remaining 41 patients undergoing CAG and/or intervention. sCr, serum urea, sCys C, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were evaluated at baseline as well as 24 h after exposure to CM.

Results:
Forty one patients, six of them develop CIN (CIN group) and the remainder 35 not develop CIN (non-CIN group). Clinical parameters showed no significant association between CIN group and non-CIN group except in diabetes mellitus. As comparing patients before and after catheterization, the CIN group showed increase in sCr and serum urea, while remain nearly the same for sCys C, and obvious decrease for eGFR1 and eGFR2, in addition there is significant association for sCr, eGFR1, and eGFR2. In the non-CIN group, only the serum urea showed significant difference.

Conclusion:
The concentration change of sCr is significantly superior to cystatin C as an early biomarker in the CIN detection. An absolute increase of the concentration of sCr is highly sensitive and specific for the CIN in comparing to cystatin C.
Awareness and attitude on use of nanotechnology among dental and medical professionals in Iraq
Authors: Almuthaffer Azad M. R. 
Published: May 2024

Objective:
Several products such as technological devices, pharmaceutical products, have been developed with nanotechnology applications, in medicine fields. This study aimed to assess dental and medical staff perceptions of nanotechnology in Iraq.

Materials and Methods:
This study was based on an online questionnaires distributed to (736) dental and medical staff in Iraq from different region and different place of work, and the method of selecting the sample was stratified random sampling. The study period was two months (June and July 2020).

Result:
the largest percentage was for the dental staff 76.5% did hear about nanotechnology, and about 23.5% did not, while among medical staff 54.9% answer yes, and about 45.1% answer they did not hear about nanomedicine. Regarding the uses or applications of nanomedicinee, largest percentage of the responses was may be 64.7% for the dental staff and 67.1% for medical staff.

Conclusion:
There is an inadequate knowledge of the dental and medical staff about nanotechnology and its applications the in Iraq in field of dentistry and medicine, and it is not effectively used in the dentistry and medical field.
Plasma Sclerostin Level in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Baiee Noor Hasan , Al-Rubaie Haithem Ahmed 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogenous plasma cell malignancy with various complications. Sclerostin is a Wingless-type (Wnt) inhibitor specifically expressed by osteocytes; it acts as a negative regulator of bone formation.

Objectives:
To assess plasma sclerostin level in MM patients and find its correlations with clinical and laboratory data, including osteolytic bone disease and international staging system (ISS).

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional study included 80 individuals: 40 newly diagnosed MM patients and 40 healthy adults. Patients were divided according to the presence of bone disease and ISS stage and were investigated for complete blood count, blood film and bone marrow (BM). Plasma levels of β2-microglobulin and sclerostin were measured using competitive and sandwich enzyme immunoassay techniques, respectively.

Results:
Sclerostin level was significantly increased in MM patients than control group (P < 0.001) and was significantly higher in those with osteolytic bone disease and/or pathological fractures than those without bone lytic lesions (P < 0.001). Patients with ISS stage III showed significantly higher sclerostin level than stages I and II (P = 0.003). High sclerostin levels were positively correlated with blood urea, serum creatinine, uric acid, and β2-microglobulin (P-values 0.034, <0.001, <0.018 and <0.001, respectively) and negatively with glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.001). No significant correlation was found with age, gender, hematological and other biochemical parameters.

Conclusions:
In newly diagnosed MM patients, the plasma sclerostin was significantly correlated with renal impairment. High levels of plasma sclerostin were also found in advanced disease stage and with the presence of significant bone disease.
Effectiveness of intraoperative, intracameral mydriasis compared to preoperative topical mydriatics, in patients undergoing manual small-incision cataract surgery under peribulbar anesthesia: Randomized single-blind controlled study
Authors: Katti Venkatram , Nagendra Abhigna , Kulkarni Alka , Jivangi Vivekanand , Kanakpur Savita 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background:
Numerous options which include single-drop instillation, ocular inserts, depot preparation of mydriatic, and intracameral irrigation of mydriatic-cycloplegic drugs have also been used which have yielded comparable results. Out of these, only intracameral irrigation with mydriatics can preclude the need for preoperative preparation.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of intraoperative, intracameral mydriasis as compared to preoperative topical mydriatics, in patients undergoing manual small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS) under peribulbar anesthesia.

Methods:
This was a randomized single-blind controlled study. One hundred and forty-eight patients who underwent MSICS under peribulbar anesthesia were randomized into two groups. Participants were blinded for the type of treatment. In the topical group (n = 74), we achieved mydriasis by application of topical dilating drops preoperatively, whereas in the intracameral group (n = 74), we achieved mydriasis intraoperatively with an intracameral solution. Pupil sizes were measured, at six different intervals during surgery. Visual acuity was recorded on postoperative day 1 in both groups.

Results:
Mean pupil diameter just before administration of peribulbar anesthesia was 8.35 mm in the topical group and 2.8 mm in the intracameral group (P < 0.005). Pupil diameter increased to 7.61 mm 30 s after injecting the intracameral mydriatic solution. Mean pupil diameter progressively reduced in further steps of surgery in both groups. Mean pupil diameter measured 7.18 mm (topical group) and 6.84 mm (intracameral group), respectively, just before the removal of the speculum which was statistically significant (P = 0.034).

Conclusion:
Intraoperative, intracameral mydriatics is an effective method of achieving adequate pupillary dilation during MSICS without the use of preoperative topical mydriatics with satisfactory postoperative visual outcome.
Effect of postextubation high-flow oxygen on oxygen saturation during transit from operation theater to postoperative ward – A randomized, prospective comparative study
Authors: Pakhare Vandana , Nanda Ananya , Varsha K. S. , Malipeddi Vamshidhar , Kulkarni Dilip Kumar , Gopinath Ramchandran 
Published: May 2024

AbstractBackground and Aims:Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) increase morbidity and mortality. The risk of developing PPC starts immediately after extubation. Transport time is the most influential time for the development of hypoxia. In early postoperative period, there is a decrement in PaO2by 7–18 mmHg from baseline and may lead to severe hypoxia. This can be attributed to diffusion hypoxia, residual effect of anesthetics, pain, and impaired hemodynamics. To prevent this hypoxia, oxygen is almost invariably given with low-flow devices immediately after extubation. We conducted this trial to know the effect of postextubation high-flow oxygen on peripheral oxygen saturation during transit from operation theater to postanesthesia care unit compared to conventional oxygen therapy. Our primary outcome was to estimate and compare the incidence of desaturation in both the groups, whereas the secondary outcome was to compare time to desaturation.Methodology:A total of 156 patients were randomly allocated to receive either high-flow or conventional oxygen for 5 min immediately after extubation. Patients were shifted to postoperative ward without oxygen supplementation. Transport time, incidence of desaturation, and time required for desaturation were noted.Results:In the high-flow oxygen group, 15.6% of patients had desaturation compared to 26.9% in the conventional group. The average time for desaturation was 3.2 ± 1.7 min in the high-flow oxygen group compared to the conventional group in whom it was 2.6 ± 1.7 min, although this difference was not statistically significant.Conclusion:The incidence of desaturation was less, whereas the time taken for desaturation was longer with the use of high flow compared to conventional oxygen therapy following extubation.