bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Notice of Lias Deposits at Quarry-Gill and other places near Carlisle
Authors: Binney E. W. 
Published: October 2009

On the western side of the Pennine Chain, up to this time, none of the secondary rocks superior to the Trias have been noticed north of the small patch of Lias at Audlem in Cheshire; therefore the discovery of a considerable tract of Lias near Carlisle will no doubt be interesting.
For some years Mr. Richard B. Brockbank, of the firm of Messrs. Carr & Co., of Carlisle, has been diligently in search of coal, and has investigated the northern portion of Cumberland with considerable care. His attention was chiefly directed to the district lying between Curthwaite, on the Carlisle and Maryport Railway, and the Solway, especially about Aikton and Oughterby, places which Prof. Sedgwick had thought likely for finding coal, and where that eminent geologist had been informed that a coal-seam, of 16 inches in thickness, had been actually found*.
The first place where Mr. Brockbank found the “blue metals” which had always been thought to be cal-measures was in the brook at Thornby. In examining them he found a shell resembling an Ammonite, and some other fossils, which induced him to think that the beds might prove to be Lias. On his transmitting, through Mr. Brockbank, engineer, of Manchester, the specimens to me, I immediately pronounced them to be Liassic.
On the 13th January, 1859, being at Carlisle, Mr. R. B. Brockbank was so good as to drive me over the district. We first went to Moorhouse, near which place we saw the Till, of a reddish colour
On a New Species of Dicynodon (
D. Murrayi
) from near Colesberg, South Africa
Authors: Huxley T. H. 
Published: October 2009

For the original specimen from which Professor Huxley first in the spring of last year) obtained evidence of the existence of this species, he was indebted to the Rev. H. M. White, of Andover, who subsequently put the author in communication with the discoverer of the fossil, Mr. J. A. Murray, and the latter gentleman having written to his father, resident in South Africa, obtained for Professor Huxley a large quantity of similar fossil remains. One specimen in particular, having been carefully chiselled out by Mr. Dew, afforded a complete skull of this peculiar and previously undescribed species of
Dicynodon.

The author described the distinctive features of this skull in detail.
Dicynodon Murrayi
is distinguished from all the already known species by the following characters:—

1.
The plane of the upper and anterior face of the nasal and premaxillary bones would, if produced, cut that of the upper face of the parietals at an angle of about 90°.

2.
The supratemporal foossæ are much longer from within outwards than from before backwards, owing partly to the shortness of the parietal region.

3.
The alveoli of the tusks, the transverse section of which is circular, commence immediately under the nasal apertrue, and extend forwards and downwards parallel with the plane of the nasal and upper part of the part of the premaxillary bones, and do not leave their sockets until they have passed beyond the level of the posterior end of the symphysis of the lower jaw.

4.
The nasal apertures are altogether in front of the orbits.

5.
The length of the upper jaw in front of the nasal apertures is certainly equal to one-third, and probably to one-half, the whole length of the skull, which is between six and seven inches.

6.
The os quadratum is about half as long as the skull.

These structural peculiarities are sufficient to distinguish
Dicynodon Murrayi
from all others; and the author stated that he should reserve the description of many other anatomical features, which are probably more or less common to other Dicynodons, such as the bony sclerotic, the bony interorbital septum and vomer, the characters of the humerus, of the pelvis, and of the ribs, for another paper, in which other Dicynodont remains would be considered.
On the Succession of the Rocks on the North Coast of Scotland
Authors: Miller John 
Published: October 2009

In the summer of 1841, I made a geological tor through the northern half of the county of Sutherland as far as Cape Wrath, and I returned from my trip acquiescing in the opinions which then prevailed regarding the succession of the rocks on the north coast of Scotland.
Dr. M'Culloch had described the mineralogy, succession, and relations of the rocks between Cape Wrath and the River of Hope in his usual vigorous style as early as 1819, and, considering the state of geological science at that period, with wonderful precision and correctness; but he stopped short in his researches at the point just mentioned, and left to others the task of describing the geology of the north coast continuouly from the Atlantic to the German Ocean. This task was, however, accomplished by Messrs. Sedgwick and Murchison, who laid the result of their labours before this Society in 1828. In their memoir the gneiss of Cape Wrath is regarded as the base of the system; and, proceeding eastward, it was assumed that the conglomerate and red sandstone of Cape Wrath came next in the ascending order, and were the true Old Red Sandstone,—that the conglomerate and sandstone of Tongue and its neighbourhood were of the same age,—and that from Strathy Bay to the German Ocean at Duncansby Head, the Old Red Sandstone rocks of Caithness extended in three great divisions, of lower or conglomerate, middle or flag schists, and upper or newer red sandstone. Regarding the limestones of Duirness, no
On a Fossil Bird and a Fossil Cetacean from New Zealand
Authors: Huxley Thomas H. 
Published: October 2009

Some time ago, my friend Mr. Walter Mantell submitted to my examination two fossil bones from tertiary deposits at Kakaunui and Parimoa in New Zealand.
Of these, the one is the right tarso-metatarsal bone of a Bird belonging to the Penguin family, the other the humerus of a Cetacean of small size.

Fossil Bird.
—The former bone (of which a front view is represented in
fig. 1, and a back view in fig. 2) measures two inches and a half in extreme length, and rather
more than an inch and a quarter across its proximal end. The precise width at the distal end cannot be given, as the innermot part of this extremity ofthe bone has been broken away; what
remains measures one and one-sixteenth of an inch.

The proximal end of the bone presents two articular facets,—the one internal, an oval, shallow concavity, looking upwards and a little inwards, the other, external, quadrilateral, slightly convex from before backwards, slightly concave from side to side, and inclined more obliquely upwards and outwards. The two facets are separated by a stout median ridge, which rises into a conical tuberosity anteriorly, but dies away posteriorly into a shallow triangular pit. The posterior edges of both facets are rather more raised than the anterior ones; and marked transverse depressions separate both from the upper extremities of the four strong calcaneal ridges which project from the upper part of the posterior face of the bone (fig. 2).
Of these, the innermost is the strongest and longest; and a deep groove divides it from the two middle ones,
On some Tertiary Mollusca from Mount Séla, in the Island of Java
Authors: Jenkins H. M. 
Published: October 2009

Conclusion
Before discussing the probable age of the Mount Séla deposit, the question of the contemporaneity of Tertiary strata in different parts of the world requires a little consideration.

It will be admitted that if two Tertiary formations, geographically distant from one another, contained the same proportion of recent species, that one would be the newer whose species bore the greatest resemblance to the fauna of the neighbouring seas, unless it could be proved that great physical changes had recently occurred in the one area and not in the other. Consequently, if two Tertiary formations contain about the same proportion of recent forms, and an emigration of species to, or continued existence of them in, one area can be shown to have occurred, that formation is
certainly
the newer towards which the ancient faua has emigrated, and that one is
probably
the newer near which it has one continued to exist.
On the Pebble-bed of Budleigh Salterton
Authors: Vicary W. 
Published: October 2009

In bringing the fossils figured in Plates XV.-XVII. under the notice of the Geological Society, I beg to offer a few remarks on the locality in which they were found, and on one or two other circumstances connected with them.
If we look at a geological map of Devon, it will be seen that from Petit Tor, near Babbacombe Bay, to a little way beyond Sidmouth, the coast exhibits cliffs of the New Red Sandstone formation. These rocks present us with variously modified features. At about a quarter of a mile west of Budleigh Salterton, and for about a mile and a half further on in the same direction, is a bed containing pebbles in large quantities, varying from a small size to that of a man's head. These are generally of a flattened-oval form, are completely free from angularity, and are known in the neighbourhood as Budleigh pebbles or “popples.”
On the Fossil Corals of the West Indian Islands. Part III
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

Conclusion
I believe that there is no truth in the hypothesis which asserts that the silicification of the West Indian fossil corals was the result of a volcanic outburst, which poured siliceous solutions over the depressed reefs of the Miocene age. The corals of the Inclined Beds and of the Chert of Antigua are silicified, so are the Woods and Mollusca; but the lower beds of the Marl contain both perfectly silicified Astræans and calcareo-siliceous corals also, whilst the upper part of the formation yields fossils in all stages of siliceous and calcareous mineralization. The neighbouring Barbudan limestone has no siliceous corals, yet it is of the same age as the Antiguan Marl. The San Domingan fossils are usually calcareous, but here and there siliceous specimens are met with in the same beds with the others. There is no evidence to prove that coral-growth ever ceased from the Miocene time to the present in the Caribbean Sea, although there has been a change in the fades of the fauna. These facts and remarks are very antagonistic to the hypothesis, and rather tend to prove that the silicification of the corals has been a slow process, which has had no other origin than in those chemical operations which are still in action, and that their greater or less intensity in certain favourable localities has produced siliceous fossils amongst those affected by the calcareous form of mineralization.
On a Section with Mammalian Remains near Thame
Authors: Codrington T. 
Published: October 2009

In excavating a cutting near Thame, on the Railway between Thame nd Oxford, a section remarkable in itself and yielding a large quantity of Mammalian remains has been exposed during the past summer.
Externally the undulation of the ground cut through by the Railway does not differ from that around it. It is detached on all sides, the Thame river and two small tributaries nearly surrounding it. The highest part, which is not far from the cutting, is not more than 25 feet above the water in the nearest stream, and from it the ground falls gradually with a rounded outline.
On a Supposed Deposit of Boulder-Clay in North Devon
Authors: Maw George 
Published: October 2009

A deposit of brown potter's clay, of rather a peculiar character, has for many years been worked near Fremington, a village three miles to the south-west of Barnstaple; and lately, by the sinking of a well to the east of Fremington, a much greater thickness and extent of the deposit have been ascertained than was evident when I first measured and inspected the sections that were exposed, in 1852, in the open clay-pits.
To the south-west of Barnstaple, on the south side of the valley of the Taw, extends a low range of rounded hills of Carboniferous and Devonian shales, beyond which, connecting the valley of the Taw (which here forms a loop to the northward) in a more direct line from the river above to the river below Barnstaple, is another valley at a higher level, the site of the deposit about to be described.
On the Submerged Forest-beds of Porlock Bay
Authors: Godwin-Austen R. A. C. 
Published: October 2009

Reversing the order of superposition, the sequence of change at this place is as follows:— 1st. The formation of angular detritus, and its accumulation at lower levels.—Highest relative level. 2nd. Forest-growths established on detrital beds.—Trees of great age. ↓3rd. Accumulation of freshwater mud, resulting probably from a depression of the level of the land.—Trees killed. ↑4th. Surface of water-plant growths on mud-deposit, or nearly dry surface, on which the trees fell. ↓5th. Deposit of sea-mud, with
Scrobicularia
.—Area depressed below the sea-level. ↑6th. Conversion into meadow, at the level of the highest springs at present. ↓7th. Shingle.

It may be inferred from Sir H. De la Beche's description that he had not had opportunities of distinguishing the two surfaces of plant-growths, nor the remarkable floor of angular materials on which the forest-bed is rooted. It is not stated whether the “silt and sand” of the “inclined plane” was freshwater or marine.
The succession of changes here indicated corresponds with that of numerous other localities at which I have had opportunities of examining the evidence in the West of England. The Porlock example, in addition, seems to fix a relative date for a part, namely, as being subsequent to the great subaërial weathering of the surface during the Glacial Period. The elevation of the land was greater at that time than at present, but by how much we have no means of determining.
The difference of level within which the land has oscillated since then need not be estimated at more than
On the Kainozoic Formations of Belgium
Authors: Godwin-Austen R. A. C. 
Published: October 2009

The following notes relating to the Kainozoic or Tertiary formations of Belgium were put together in the course of an interesting excursion through that country in the spring of 1865, in company with Mr. Hamilton, Mr. Prestwich, Captain D. Galton, Mr. W. W. Smyth, Mr. Busk, and Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys. Our route was from Harwich to Antwerp, Louvain, Hasselt, Maestricht, Liége (whence to Engis and Engihoul), Namur. Some of the party went into Brussels to see the collection in the Museum there; some to the Grotte de Han; in company with M. van Beneden I had the advantage of seeing, under the guidance of M. Malaise, the lower Palæozoic and fossiliferous rocks of Gembloux, which he considers to be of the age of the Lower Silurian series of Sir. R. Murchison.
From Dinant, where we were joined by the late Mr. H. Christy, we all visited, under the escort of MM. van Beneden, Dupont, and other Belgian geologists and antiquaries, the caves of Furfooz on the Lesse. An excursion in the neighbourhood of Mons, and a visit to the coast at Sangatte, near Calais, completed the trip.
Some of our party had been in Belgium before, even repeatedly. The points in its geology which on this occasion chiefly interested us were the Crag-formation of Antwerp and elsewhere, the Boldérien beds of M. Dumont, and the caves and recent researches at Furfooz.
To what extent the several members of our party may concur in the views here recorded is a point
On the Occurrence of dead Littoral Shells in the bed of the German Ocean, forty miles from the coast of Aberdeen
Authors: Dawson Robert 
Published: October 2009

The bank called the “Long Forties,” from 35 to 40 miles from land, extends from opposite Kinnaird's Head in a direction nearly parallel to the shore. Inside of this bank the depth varies from 90 fathoms at the northern end to about 50 fathoms opposite Aberdeen. Being becalmed we dredged on this bank for a considerable time in 36 fathoms, 40 fathoms, and 42 fathoms, on a bottom of broken shells and shingle. I remarked at the time that these dredgings contained none of the Arctic fossils found so plentifully in every haul when dredging nearer the shore, and from this I inferred that the fossiliferous bed, which seems to stretch along the coast at a distance of from six to fifteen miles, does not extend beyond this deep water to the “Long Forties.” On examination of the materials brought up by the dredge from the top of the bank, there were found shells of the following species in a worn and semi-fossil condition, namely:—

Purpura lapillus
, one specimen.

Litorina rudis
, one specimen.

Solen siliqua
, two specimens.

Mytilus edulis
, one large broken valve and several fragments of smaller specimens.

Before it occurred to me that these fragmentary fossils might be interesting in a geological point of view, the greater part of the dredgings had been examined. It is quite possible, therefore, that other specimens may have escaped notice.
Now as Litorina rudis is generally found on rocks above high-water mark, and nevr beyond low-water, and as all other species
Note on the Scales of Rhizodus, Owen
Authors: Young John 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Attention was drawn to the fact that, on a slab in the collection of the Royal Society at Edinburgh, the characteristic
Rhizodus
teeth occur along with thick bony scales, whose exposed area is ornamented with coarse tubercles, usually irregularly disposed, while the overlapped anterior area is concentrically striated. These characters confirm the generic distinctness of
Rhizodus
from
Holoptychius
, whose smooth anterior and rugose free surfaces contrast with those described.
On the Interval of Time which has passed between the Formation of the Upper and Lower Valley-gravels of part of England and France
Authors: Tylor A. 
Published: October 2009

The elaborate examination of the Quaternary deposits made by Mr. Prestwich has induced that geologist to divide the valley-gravels into upper and lower, which are supposed to be separated from each other by a considerable interval of time.
There is much similarity in these deposits, although separated for purposes of classification by Mr. Prestwich; for the organic remains are nearly identical, and the human implements found in both (made of roughly chipped flint) are of the same general character. Mr. Prestwich argues that although the upper valley-gravels are at a higher relative level than the lower, yet the higher series are always the older, and the lower the more modern; and we have thus the ordinary superposition of new over old strata supposed to be reversed. This difficulty is considered by most geologists to have been surmounted by Mr. Prestwich's arguments, and his classification of the gravels has been generally accepted. My own opinion is, that the evidence on which Mr. Prestwich's theory is based is insufficient; at the same time, I fully admit the careful and accurate manner in which he has stated his views.
Present inquirers have the great advantage of having before them the accurate sections prepared by Mr. Prestwich with great skill and labour. Mr. Prestwich describes the drift-beds of the valley of the Somme as the opposite extremities of a series of gravels deposited in a period of time so vast that during its continuance extensive valleys were formed and excavated out of solid strata,
On the Lower Silurian Rocks of the Isle of Man
Authors: Harkness R. , Nicholson Henry 
Published: October 2009

The rocks which belong to the lower sedimentary series, and which occupy the largest portion of the surface of the Isle of Man, have been described by Dr. Berger, and supplemental observations have been made to his memoir by Professor Henslow.
The Rev. J. G. Cumming has also given a description of the old rocks of the Isle of Man, with especial reference to the Carboniferous Limestone of the island.
The older sedimentary rocks of the Isle of Man are also described in Glover's Guide to this island, which gives a condensed statement of the memoirs of Dr. Berger and Professor Henslow.
The nature and arrangement of the old rocks of the Isle of Man are best seen in the coast-sections, which usually occur in the form of bold cliffs. The interior of the island also affords sections in some of the brook-courses; but the mountains composed of these rocks, which have usually a rounded outline, are covered to a considerable thickness with soil and peat, which hide the rocky masses.
On the south-east side of the island, in the neighbourhood of Douglas, good exposures of rocks are seen. Along the coast from Douglas to about a mile north-east thereof, the strata appear in the Douglas to about a mile north-east thereof, the strata appear in the form of thin-bedded grey flags, having the mineral characters of the Skiddaw slate, and dipping south-east at an angle of 60°. These thin-bedded strata, on passing downwards, become thicker-bedded.The rocks here are used
Notes relating to the Discovery of Primordial Fossils in the Lingula-flags in the Neighbourhood of Tyddyngwladis Silverlead Mine
Authors: Plant John 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The author recorded in this paper the discovery, during the autumn of 1865, of fossils at Tyddyngwladis in beds belonging to the Lingula-flags or Primordial zone, and partly referable to species known to occur in other parts of Wales on the same horizon.
A detailed examination of the district, undertaken by the author and Mr. E. Williamson, has enabled them to draw a section extending from the junction of the Lower and Tipper Cambrians at Cefn Deuddwr to the base of Craig-y-Dinas, which was described in detail by the author.
The following list of the fossils found in the various divisions of the Lingula-beds adopted by the author, and arranged in their order of sequence, commencing with the lowest, have been prepared, after Mr. Salter's examination of the collection.
On the Metamorphic Lower Silurian Rocks of Carrick, Ayrshire
Authors: Harkness R. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The metamorphic region which forms the subject of this communication was traversed by Sir Roderick Murchison, accompanied by Professor J. Nicol, in 1850; and the former geologist subsequently published the results of that journey, in a memoir upon the geology of the South-western Highlands of Scotland; but as the end Sir Roderick had in view was mainly to ascertain the structure of the strata and determine their position, his allusions to the metamorphic rocks are necessarily brief. In the spring of 1865 the Geological Survey was extended into the southern regions of Ayrshire, and thus afforded my colleagues (Dr. Young and Mr. A. Geikie) and myself ample facilities for a more minute examination of the beds in question. We recognized the metamorphic character of certain diorites, serpentines, and crystalline felspathic rocks, independently of each other; and in the area that fell to me to survey I was enabled to trace passages between the various altered rocks, which seem to throw light upon the obscure process of metamorphic action. The interest which is attached to the altered strata of this district chiefly consists in the fact that they exhibit certain arrested stages of metamorphic action, so that we can in many instances begin with unaltered beds and trace the gradual changes which they undergo during their passage into crystalline and pseudo-igneous rocks. The large masses of amygdaloid indicated upon the sketch map which accompanies Sir Roderick's memoir, notwithstanding their exceedingly igneous aspect, are nevertheless, as will be shown, not of