bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postmodernism
Authors: Burke Anthony 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article situates postmodernism in international relations through its most fundamental and powerful characteristic: its systematic denaturalization of the real and the given, with the aim of social critique in the name of some ethical good. It presents some criticisms of postmodernism and a strong defence of its ongoing value and relevance in order to push the postmodern critique a little harder, and to promote internal debate over some of its claims. It argues for postmodernist currents in international relations to engage productively with sympathetic elements of other critical and traditional approaches, to gain greater clarity about their normative commitments, possibilities (and dangers), and for more work that connects theoretical innovation with specific projects and struggles that are of relevance both to policy-makers and to marginalized communities. In defence of postmodernism, it argues for its ethical and analytical value, and its sheer timeliness: its ability to diagnose and resist the bizarre nihilism of our age.
Sociological Approaches
Authors: Kratochwil Friedrich 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article is organized around the following points. After a clarification of the concept of society, it examines whether we can meaningfully speak of a ‘world society’. It then addresses some methodological issues that are crucial for approaches that focus on social action, be it in the internal or the external arena. The main difference between sociological and other approaches consists of how to treat ‘social’ facts, whether they can be treated like ‘natural’ ones or not. Quite clearly this is a far wider discussion than a discussion on ‘methods’ or even on ‘science’. Behind it looms the larger problem of what our ‘concepts’, which are part of our theories, do; whether they simply match a preexisting reality — which is therefore susceptible to ‘one’ correct description — or whether our concepts are implicated in the constitution of the very entities and problems we study.
Scholarship and Policy‐Making: Who Speaks Truth to Whom?
Authors: Nau Henry R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The split between scholarship and statesmanship has grown wider since the Second World War. Today it is rare, if not inconceivable, that leading academics incubate in government service, as many post-war scholars did, or that top government officials lead the academy, as Woodrow Wilson did as president of Princeton University. The divorce between scholarship and policy-making has gone too far. This article makes three arguments that the two professions in fact depend upon one another. First, neither profession can make a superior claim to social knowledge. Social knowledge is not primarily objective such that scholars speak truth to power, nor is it primarily intersubjective such that consensus or policy success dictates truth. Rather social knowledge is primarily evolutionary. It is a product of the interaction between the study of policy and the making of policy, which leads over time to social change in directions that scholars discern and dispute. Secondly, while scholars and policy-makers pursue different types of knowledge, both types are necessary to achieve progress, especially when social knowledge is understood as evolutionary. Thirdly, both scholars and policy-makers make political commitments in pursuing their respective tasks.
International Relations: The Relevance of Theory to Practice
Authors: Nye Joseph S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the gap between theorists and practitioners in the field of international relations. In recent years, the gap has been widening and bridging efforts have become more difficult. In response, former ambassador David Newsom (1995–6) advised his colleagues to broaden State Department research grants, to increase scholar-diplomat programs, and to encourage senior officials to participate in scholarly association meetings. The intelligence community, particularly the National Intelligence Council, holds regular unclassified seminars and conferences with academics. Internships and exchanges such as the Foreign Affairs fellowships sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations in the United States have also helped to introduce young American academics to a policy environment. The Internet and blogs also provide new opportunities for scholars to become involved in policy debates on a global basis. On the university side, departments could give greater weight to real-world relevance and impact in hiring and promotion decisions, and journals could place greater weight on relevance in evaluating submissions.
International Relations from Below
Authors: Blaney David L. , Inayatullah Naeem 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the concept of ‘international relations from below’. ‘International relations from below’ reminds us that conventional international relations — whether structural realist, liberal institutionalist, or constructivist — treats states or groups as parts that are logically independent of the larger systems of capitalism or modernity, and that this methodological device serves political purposes. In the guise of ‘science’, ontological individualism works to deflect our attention from the co-constitution of times and places. While one hand severs holistic threads in order to present states as monadic entities, the other hand pedagogically asserts that the present of the advanced states is the model for those that lag behind. In revealing this sleight of hand, ‘international relations from below’ suggests that contemporary international relations is an expression of the Western theory of progress. It brings our attention to the relation between wholes and parts — to whether development occurs within the boundaries of states or for the system as a whole, and to the unproductive separation between economics and the analysis of capitalism, on the one side, and representational strategies and cultural analysis, on the other. In so doing, it takes advantage of its status as ‘constitutive other’ to foreground international relations' potential as that aspect of social theory that dedicates itself to studying relations of self and other. And it offers us resources for imagining the future beyond those offered by both conventional and critical ‘international relations from above’.
The Failure of Static and the Need for Dynamic Approaches to International Relations
Authors: Rosecrance Richard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The perennial difficulty in the study of international relations is that general theories holding statically over time are unsatisfactory. The leading theories — emphasizing a single concept (‘realism’, ‘constructivism’, ‘liberalism’, and so on) — themselves either are unfalsifiable, or if falsifiable, are false. Both international and domestic factors have to be taken into account in order to develop a reasonable static approach to how nations behave. A three-variable conspectus that comprises: international restraints and availabilities; leadership preconceptions; and domestic restraints and pressures can explain international outcomes more fully than any of these variables taken individually. A regression equation, in short, is necessary. The coefficients of this equation, however, may have changed over time, with international coefficients having less strength than they once did and domestic ones more strength. These claims are elaborated in the first half of this article. The second half concentrates on some dynamic features of the international system that point to the possibility of different and more cooperative outcomes in the years ahead as the influence and content of these factors undergo change.
Public Management
Authors: Lynn Laurence E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article views public management broadly as encompassing the organizational structures, managerial practices, and institutionalized values by which officials enact the will of sovereign authority, whether that authority is prince, parliament, or civil society. Public management, in other words, is regarded as synonymous with public administration. As for whether or not there is a distinctive public management, there is widespread professional acknowledgement that constitutions, collective goods production, and electoral institutions create distinctive managerial challenges that justify a separate field. Thus defined, the field of public management is surely of older vintage than American scholars have been wont to assert and is arguably even older than the popular starting point for administrative histories.
Bureaucracy in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Meier Kenneth J. , Hill Gregory C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Although numerous scholars claim the eminent demise of bureaucracy, this article argues that bureaucracy will not only survive in the twenty-first century but will flourish. The core of the argument is that the large-scale tasks that government must perform—national defense, a social welfare system, political monitoring of the economy, etc.—will remain key functions of governments in the twenty-first century and that bureaucracies, likely public but possibly private, will continue to be the most effective way to do these tasks. Bureaucracy has weathered other calls for its demise before; current efforts are likely to meet similar fates. After a brief discussion of definitions and the meaning of bureaucracy, the major sections of this article deal with six challenges to bureaucracy. Some of these challenges are intellectual; others are part of real-world ongoing reform efforts in a variety of countries.
Law and Public Administration
Authors: Bertelli Anthony Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The focus of this article is on what might be termed national administrative law, in contrast to international administrative law that governs international organizations such as the World Bank or United Nations tribunals. In democratic states, administrative law for present purposes includes mechanisms: to redress harm to individuals inflicted by government in the pursuit of government objectives, and for positive control of government agencies by branches of government with sovereign authority in lawmaking, e.g., the United States Congress. The latter function is more apparent in separation-of-powers systems, though it has parliamentary analogs. It is part constitutional and rights-oriented, and part procedural. Courts, chief executives, and bureaus themselves demarcate administrative powers.
Economic Perspectives on Public Organizations
Authors: Vining Aidan R. , Weimer David L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article aims to relate some of the core ideas of NPM (new public management) directly to their economic foundations by reviewing relevant theory and empirical evidence. This overview is limited in two ways. First, it focuses on the more strategic end of the NPM agenda and says little about important tactical issues, such as improving accounting procedures within agencies, more visionary leadership, or the potential of performance auditing. As far as present knowledge encompasses, economics offers little specific advice to public managers about these issues. The article focuses, therefore, on issues such as contracting-out and privatization that are believed to be informed by economics. Second, the focus is primarily normative, though managers' motivations cannot, and should not, be completely ignored. Some positive theory proponents believe that a primarily normative focus is largely a waste of time—that contracting-out decisions, for example, will be driven by bureaucratic self-interest, however complex that self-interest is to model.
Rethinking Leadership in Public Organizations
Authors: Denis Jean-Louis , Langley Ann , Rouleau Linda 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe notion of leadership has a long history in the administrative sciences and in popular management writings. Leadership is at the heart of what seems to make things happen in groups, organizations, or societies. This article first provides an overview of some of the dominant conceptions of leadership in the scholarly literature on organizational behavior and management. It then examines previous treatments of this topic in the public administration literature before offering three alternative conceptions that merit further development. These conceptions are grounded in a series of novel developments in sociology and organization theory that can enrich thinking about leadership in public organizations because they recognize the pluralistic nature of the organizational context within which the leaders of public sector organizations operate as well as the dynamic and collective nature of leadership processes in these settings.
Organizational Cultures in the Public Services
Authors: Dingwall Robert , Strangleman Tim 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article considers how an important social scientific concept became a management fad. It begins with the idea of culture and its history in organizational studies. It then looks at contemporary debates about the way that an understanding of culture may contribute to successful management and concludes by considering whether there are differences between public and private sectors that are relevant to this task. Anthropologists have traditionally seen the study of culture as a defining feature of their discipline: Social anthropologists, in studying the institutionalised social relationships that are their primary concern, have found it essential to take account of the ideas and values which are associated with them, that is, of their cultural content. No account of a social relationship in human terms can be complete unless it includes reference to what it means to the people who have it. Culture does not have a material existence, although physical objects may be treated as cultural artefacts, by virtue of the meanings that people assign to them.
NGOS and Contracting
Authors: Smith Steven Rathgeb 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The basic argument of this article is that the emergent role of NGOs as providers of public services has created new and complicated public management dilemmas. In terms of structure, this article provides an overview and historical perspective on government contracting with NGOs and offers a conceptual framework to understand the relationship between government and NGOs in the contracting relationship. Next, it focuses on the management and policy challenges posed by contracting, then details the implications for citizenship of the greater reliance on NGOs for public service delivery. Finally, it discusses contracting in the context of current trends in public management and the implications of these trends on the users of public services and the citizenry more generally.
International Public Management
Authors: Mathiasen David 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The rapid growth of international public management during the past two decades has gone largely unnoticed. Public sector institutions across the globe have been changing management practices, often using new (to them) approaches adopted from other countries. International institutions have been assembling knowledge about public management systems, developing guidelines for adopting them and fielding advisory teams to apply them to individual county circumstances. Profit-making consulting firms and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have built up substantial rosters of advisors on public management practice and stand ready to dispatch them to almost any part of the world, in some cases under conditions of hardship or danger. Thousands of documents on improving public management exist in file drawers and on computer disks around the world. Most are unanalysed and many ignored.
Strategic Complexity in International Business
Authors: Buckley Peter , Casson Mark 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn retrospect there have been significant theoretical achievements in international business (IB) over the past forty years, but the prospects are not so good. This article provides a prospective view of international business. If IB is to regain its influence within the social sciences as a whole, it is necessary to reintegrate it into mainstream intellectual debate. One way in which this can be done is to introduce more refined analytical techniques into IB theory. This article recommends that the rational action approach to modelling should be expanded in order to address a wider range of IB issues. It provides practical examples of how this can be done, based mainly on recent work. The rational action approach has achieved its greatest successes in addressing economic issues, but it can also elucidate issues in strategic management and organizational behaviour.
Multilateral Institutions and Policies
Authors: Brewer Thomas L. , Young Stephen 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The topic of this article — the multilateral regime for FDI — lies within the domain of international business studies that focus on multinational enterprises and their political environment. The topic is of increasing importance for MNEs' strategies and operations. Because of its centrality in the international trade–investment–technology transfer system, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the specific focus of this article, though there is also some discussion of regional and bilateral agreements because they interact and overlap with WTO agreements. The relevance of the WTO to business strategy is evident in a variety of ways — in existing agreements, in negotiations to revise those agreements, in disputes, and in the expansion of its membership.
The Multinational Enterprise as an Organization
Authors: Westney Eleanor , Zaheer Srilata 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
An essential feature of the MNE is that internationalization of activities is a process that unfolds across time and space. Historically, a company typically started as a domestic enterprise and became more international over time, as the number of countries in which it operated, the number of subunits which it had to manage, and the range of activities in which it was engaged, expanded. The basic assumption that the activities and features of its organization would change predictably with internationalization has given models of the MNE a strongly evolutionary character. Although evolutionary theory has often been associated with highly deterministic theories of environmental selection, there are many variants that allow for strategic choices and for multiple evolutionary paths.
International Financial Management and Multinational Enterprises
Authors: Bowe Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides a selective, critical survey of the academic literature on the financial management policy of multinational enterprises (MNEs). The focus of much current research interest can be captured in two major themes which also dominate this analysis. The first is financial management policy in relation to the increasing volatility of real and financial asset prices in the international financial environment within which MNEs operate. This dictates one theme of this article: the impact of financial risk, in particular market risk, on MNEs and an appraisal of evolving financial risk management practices. The second theme is international market segmentation. The globalization of international business activity has evolved along with a trend towards increasing financial market integration, particularly in capital markets.
Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities at Work
Authors: Furnham Adrian 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFew areas of psychology attract as much discussion and debate as the topic of intelligence, more particularly, the use of intelligence tests in selection at work. More academic researchers have been attacked, hounded, sacked, and vilified for what they have written about intelligence than about any other topic. There is also still considerable debate about the role of intelligence testing in the educational settings. However, the science and the practice of intelligence testing remain far apart because of the history of misunderstanding, misapplications, and political differences. It remains difficult, even with supposedly disinterested scientists, to have an evidence-based debate about the origin of individual differences in intelligence, the measurement of intelligence, and the application of tests in commercial and educational settings.
Advances in Training Evaluation Research
Authors: Ford J. Kevin , Sinha Ruchi 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Training evaluation is the systematic collection of descriptive and judgmental information necessary to make effective training decisions. A key characteristic of a systematic approach to training evaluation is an emphasis on the continuous use of feedback. This process, which includes both formative and summative evaluation strategies, can aid in identifying, collecting, and providing information to make a variety of instructional decisions. This article reviews the progress which has been made in evaluation science that has particular relevance to workplace training programs. It first focuses on the implications of the changing nature of work for conducting effective training evaluation. Second, the article describes how the field of training evaluation has progressed in terms of criterion development, measurement issues, and methodology issues. Third, it discusses the key challenges that remain in the field which require additional theory development and research.
Cross‐cultural Differences in Personnel Psychology
Authors: Smith Peter B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn recent decades, substantial advances have been made in the creation of systematic procedures for the conduct of policies relevant to an organization's human resources. These developments present challenges to the validity of personnel practices that have been honed in monocultural settings. Put rather too crudely, companies must either modify their practices to accommodate the increasing diversity of their workforces, or they must find ways to create sufficiently uniform organizational cultures to permit the retention of the procedures developed earlier. An early indication of the difficulties inherent in the second of these options was provided by Hofstede's survey of IBM employees. This article discusses the conceptual framework provided by Hofstede's project. It then considers some of the major ways in which cultural variations may affect organizational behavior. The article draws on both nation-level and individual-level concepts in detailing a cultural perspective on several key issues relevant to personnel psychology.
Selection and Training for Work Adjustment and Adaptability
Authors: Hesketh Beryl , Griffin Barbara 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article outlines a conceptual framework for integrating recent developments in understanding the individual difference variables that directly influence and interact with situational variables in optimizing work adjustment and adaptive performance. It begins by outlining the components of the Theory of Work Adjustment, including an explanation of the dynamic aspects of the theory. A particular focus of the framework is on the dynamic attainment of achievement goals and the role that information and communication technology (ICT) can play when there is a turbulent and changing set of situational factors and job requirements. The article takes a futuristic approach and challenges the readers to consider the implications of the rapidly developing field of ICT for traditional models of selection and training.