bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Borehole seismic: what does it bring to the understanding of the reservoir?
Authors: BLANCO J. 
Published: April 2010

When thinking about what we need for a more comprehensive approach to reservoir description and management, the range of information is large and various. The objective is always to improve our ‘vision’ of the geological setting, including a precise rock-type characterization and a good understanding of hydrocarbon flow paths. Each of these elements of the reservoir is determined with a varying level of uncertainty. Today, there is general agreement that integration of competences in business units is the optimal way to take the full benefit of technology breakthroughs in each individual discipline.
Borehole seismic is identified as being critical to increasing the quality and the reliability of processing and interpretation of surface seismic data. If until recently, borehole seismic applications were focused on seismic calibration using vertical seismic profiles (VSP) and sometimes on imaging when surface seismic defaulted, today the link to well data is growing stronger. Since not all disciplines involved in reservoir management can work at the same scale, this raises the problem of scale and model compatibility between the respective disciplines. Here again borehole seismic can play a key role. This is becoming possible because advances have been made in a variety of techniques and methods leading to applications such as multi-walkaway and 3D-VSP, 4C and 4D-VSP, single-well and crosswell acquisitions, amplitude variation with offset (AVO) calibration, and scale change. Moreover, improvements in technology make the acquisition and processing cost-effective. Multilevel, three- or four-component receiver strings and permanent seismic sensors are examples of a continued development of operationally efficient hardware. New borehole seismic techniques such as 4D-VSP or the improvement in more mature ones such as crosswell seismic, offer new images of the reservoir. Although these images may be spatially limited, they are usually of a higher resolution than surface seismic and can offer significant benefit for reservoir management and monitoring.
This paper illustrates the benefits of borehole seismic with three case studies, illustrating (1) how we can include uncertainties in the VSP imaging process and its impact on structural interpretation of a North Sea reservoir, (2) why AVO calibration using a walkaway technique is mandatory for a better prediction and interpretation of seismic attributes in terms of lithology and fluid content and (3) 4D walkaway and passive seismic surveys using fibre-optic seismic permanent sensors for monitoring an onshore gas storage.
A vision for 3D seismic technology and visualization
Authors: DAVIES R. J. , GRAS R. , PAYRE X. 
Published: April 2010

Three-dimensional seismic data and visualization are the key elements of a rapid technological evolution in the remote sensing of the subsurface that has resulted in geoscientists moving from being data poor to data rich. The proliferation in subsurface data has profoundly affected the oil exploration and production industry in the last two decades. Most notably it has radically improved our ability to predict what lies beneath the Earth’s surface and, hence, reduce risk in exploration and production.
One-dimensional data (wells) were supplemented by 2D data (seismic sections and maps) in the 1950s and by 3D seismic data from the 1970s onwards. However, the evolution up to this point essentially dealt with a static Earth without the fourth dimension – time. More recently came the advent of recording changes in the subsurface due to hydrocarbon extraction over time, with the use of time-lapse 4D surveying.
There are also now more refined imaging techniques such as multi-component (4C) and single sensor recording. The resulting explosion of information has led to challenging questions as to how geoscientists can interact with the data to collaborate and communicate more effectively in this new data-rich world.
The breadth of influence of 3D seismic data and visualization in earth sciences is likely to be far wider than the oil and gas industry. Collaborative Visualization Environments (CVEs) are already being used in universities and 3D seismic data are also being used as a research tool in many unrelated earth science disciplines. The next step will be the establishment of CVEs at schools and colleges for teaching the next generation of earth scientists.

Supplementary material:
The movie referred to in the article is available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4812804
Applications of visualization in the Britannia Field, UK North Sea
Authors: COLLERAN J. , LOUTIT S. , KAISER K. , HAKES W. G. , SUMNER W. R. , ARCHER S. , CRIDDLE D. 
Published: April 2010

Britannia is a large gas-condensate field located 140 miles NE of Aberdeen. The introduction of new tools and workflows has enabled the subsurface team on Britannia Field to increase their understanding of a complex turbidite reservoir whilst continually planning and drilling wells. In 2002, reprocessing of the existing 3D seismic data was completed, giving much improved data quality and a number of new data volumes for interpretation. These and further attribute volumes for reservoir prediction have increased the need for 3D visualization and volume interpretation. Revised, field–wide, top and near-base reservoir picks were made in two stages. 3D volume interpretation techniques were first used to rapidly pick events in good data areas. Then difficult areas were picked and final editing completed using sections and random lines (ribbons). These surfaces were used as the framework for a rebuild of the static geological field model. Fault picking and quality control of structural interpretation has been made easier providing a much improved understanding of faulting in the Britannia field. The new tools and techniques have enabled more of the overburden to be interpreted, giving a fuller understanding of the whole geological story. Flexible well planning is a significant advantage, and visualization tools have helped considerably in well design, especially with contingency planning and communication to management and partners. A number of examples are shown.
Britannia is a complex heterogenous turbidite reservoir, and visualization techniques allow greater integration of the seismic with geological models. Flattening and visualization of the results help to understand palaeobathymetry and potential sand distribution patterns. Various detailed cross sections, flattened on different events, build up a picture of sand infill history. Use of colour is particularly powerful here: detailed correlations between many wells can also be inspected more effectively.
A number of different pieces of software have been used in the visualization process – no interpreter can become expert in all, but in the subsurface team enough expertise can be gained to significantly impact workflows and productivity.

Supplementary material:
The movies referred to in the article are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4812942
Using spectral decomposition as a hydrocarbon indicator tool in the Norwegian Sea
Authors: LEADHOLM R. H. , AUSTIN T. J. F. , OSTENDORF P. F. 
Published: April 2010

Investigation of two deepwater gas accumulations in the Norwegian Sea indicate that phase and amplitude spectra derived using spectral decomposition can be used as hydrocarbon indicators. Specifically, this technique enhances the ability to evaluate phase and amplitude anomaly conformance to structure and complements the more traditional utilization of spectral decomposition for thin bed analysis.
The 6707/10-1 Luva well on the Nyk High encountered a 156 m thick column of dry thermogenic gas and was the first deepwater discovery in Norway. Despite the fact that the accumulation is characterized by a well developed flat event, examination of partial stack broadband 3D reflectivity data proved inconclusive in substantiating the presence of an amplitude anomaly conformant with structure at all offset ranges. Amplitude and phase tuning cubes were derived using spectral decomposition from near, far and full offset-stack 3D seismic data. Strong amplitude anomalies most notably at frequencies less than 10 Hz, structurally conformant with the observed gas/water contact, are observed at all offset ranges. Phase instability, associated with rock property differences between the gas charged and brine saturated portions of the reservoir, results in an anomaly in the phase tuning cube that is also most evident at low frequencies and is also conformant with the observed gas/water contact.
Similar spectral decomposition evaluation of seismic data over the Ormen Lange gas discovery gave equally dramatic results. Traditional amplitude extraction methodologies on the full stack broadband data set show an ambiguous amplitude anomaly with limited conformance to structure. Spectral decomposition of the same full stack data set show well defined anomalies at frequencies less than 12 Hz, in both amplitude and phase tuning cubes, conformant with the gas water contact proven by drilling.
3D forward models built using rock properties from the Luva and Ormen Lange wells have been processed with the same spectral decomposition software and substantiate observed results. Spectral decomposition analysis of untested prospects in other areas of the Norwegian Sea show both phase and amplitude anomalies at low frequencies that appear conformant with structure.
3D visualization of a rock sample, Rotliegend sandstone, Southern Permian Basin: applications for core analysis and petrophysics
Authors: KAYSER A. , KELLNER A. , HOLZAPFEL H.-W. , VAN DER BILT G. , WARNER S. , GRAS R. 
Published: April 2010

A methodology has been developed to visualize and interpret the texture and pore system of rock samples using a virtual reality application. This technique is illustrated using an aeolian sandstone core sample of the Rotliegendes Dethlingen Formation from the Southern Permian basin of northwest Germany. The methodology involves digitizing a series of densely spaced microfocus computer tomography (μCT) images with an appropriate sampling and processing the individual images, which are based on density contrasts, into a volume definition similar to seismic data. Once the volume file has been created the data can be visualized and analysed using virtual reality software. Visualization of scanned core samples has benefits with regards to both the qualitative interpretation of the rock as well as to the quantitative evaluation of the intergranular volumes, cements and pore space. Further advantages exist in terms of the effective communication and collaboration within relevant communities in exploration and production. A key requirement for this technology to be beneficial is calibration of the input slices with rock properties.
In terms of the qualitative analysis of the rock, visualization offers the possibility to view slices of the rock samples in any direction. Consequently, bedding planes and fracture planes can be viewed orthogonally even if the physical sample has been cut oblique to these planes. Both slice and transparent volume views are possible, readily revealing the sedimentary and structural features of the rock. Provided that the scanning process has taken place with sufficient resolution, the views can separate grains from cement, matrix and pore space.
In addition to the qualitative aspect of visualization, the 3D interpretation capabilities of the software are very valuable. Voxel-based technology allows measurement of grain sizes, cement, matrix and pore space, both in terms of volume as well as geometry. This provides important information in addition, and complementary, to conventional core analysis. In most cases the volume measurements can be expected to be more precise than traditional 2D methods, such as point counting, because they account for the three-dimensional anisotropy of the rock. Stereo-viewing allows pore space to be ‘experienced’ in 3D, offering a better perception and analysis with a view towards hydrocarbon recovery and production strategies. Finally, visualization offers an optimal means to communicate and collaborate, creating a better shared understanding of the relevance of the rock properties within the overall exploration and production evaluation process.

Supplementary material:
The movie referred to in the article is available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4812969
Matrix Metalloproteinase-14 (MT1-MMP)–Mediated Endoglin Shedding Inhibits Tumor Angiogenesis
Authors: Hawinkels Lukas J.A.C. , Kuiper Patricia , Wiercinska Eliza , Verspaget Hein W. , Liu Zhen , Pardali Evangelia , Sier Cornelis F.M. , ten Dijke Peter 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Endoglin is a transforming growth factor-β coreceptor with a crucial role in angiogenesis. A soluble form of endoglin is present in the circulation, but the role of soluble endoglin (sEndoglin) is poorly understood. In addition, the endoglin shedding mechanism is not known. Therefore, we examined the role of sEndoglin in tumor angiogenesis and the mechanism by which the extracellular domain of endoglin is released from the membrane.In colorectal cancer specimens, we observed high endothelial endoglin protein expression, accompanied with slightly lower sEndoglin levels in the circulation, compared with healthy controls. In vitro analysis using endothelial sprouting assays revealed that sEndoglin reduced spontaneous and vascular endothelial growth factor–induced endothelial sprouting. Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells were found to secrete high levels of sEndoglin. Endoglin shedding was inhibited by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors and MMP-14 short hairpin RNA, indicating MMP-14 as the major endoglin shedding protease. Coexpression of endoglin and membrane-bound MMP-14 led to a strong increase in sEndoglin levels. Endoglin shedding required a direct interaction between endoglin and membrane-localized MMP-14. Using cleavage site mutants, we determined that MMP-14 cleaved endoglin at a site in close proximity to the transmembrane domain. Taken together, this study shows that MMP-14 mediates endoglin shedding, which may regulate the angiogenic potential of endothelial cells in the (colorectal) tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res; 70(10); 4141–50. ©2010 AACR.
Identification of the ENT1 Antagonists Dipyridamole and Dilazep as Amplifiers of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Replication
Authors: Passer Brent J. , Cheema Tooba , Zhou Bingsen , Wakimoto Hiroaki , Zaupa Cecile , Razmjoo Mani , Sarte Jason , Wu Shulin , Wu Chin-lee , Noah James W. , Li Qianjun , Buolamwini John K. , Yen Yun , Rabkin Samuel D. , Martuza Robert L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (oHSV) vectors selectively replicate in tumor cells, where they kill through oncolysis while sparing normal cells. One of the drawbacks of oHSV vectors is their limited replication and spread to neighboring cancer cells. Here, we report the outcome of a high-throughput chemical library screen to identify small-molecule compounds that augment the replication of oHSV G47Δ. Of the 2,640-screened bioactives, 6 compounds were identified and subsequently validated for enhanced G47Δ replication. Two of these compounds, dipyridamole and dilazep, interfered with nucleotide metabolism by potently and directly inhibiting the equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 (ENT1). Replicative amplification promoted by dipyridamole and dilazep were dependent on HSV mutations in ICP6, the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase. Our results indicate that ENT1 antagonists augment oHSV replication in tumor cells by increasing cellular ribonucleoside activity. Cancer Res; 70(10); 3890–5. ©2010 AACR.
Inhibition of Mer and Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Astrocytoma Cells Leads to Increased Apoptosis and Improved Chemosensitivity
Authors: Keating Amy K. , Kim Grace K. , Jones Ashley E. , Donson Andrew M. , Ware Kathryn , Mulcahy Jean M. , Salzberg Dana B. , Foreman Nicholas K. , Liang Xiayuan , Thorburn Andrew , Graham Douglas K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Astrocytomas account for the majority of malignant brain tumors diagnosed in both adult and pediatric patients. The therapies available to treat these neoplasms are limited, and the prognosis associated with high-grade lesions is extremely poor. Mer (MerTK) and Axl receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are expressed at abnormally high levels in a variety of malignancies, and these receptors are known to activate strong antiapoptotic signaling pathways that promote oncogenesis. In this study, we found that Mer and Axl mRNA transcript and protein expression were elevated in astrocytic patient samples and cell lines. shRNA-mediated knockdown of Mer and Axl RTK expression led to an increase in apoptosis in astrocytoma cells. Apoptotic signaling pathways including Akt and extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2, which have been shown to be activated in resistant astrocytomas, were downregulated with Mer and Axl inhibition whereas poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage was increased. Furthermore, Mer and Axl shRNA knockdown led to a profound decrease of astrocytoma cell proliferation in soft agar and a significant increase in chemosensitivity in response to temozolomide, carboplatin, and vincristine treatment. Our results suggest Mer and Axl RTK inhibition as a novel method to improve apoptotic response and chemosensitivity in astrocytoma and provide support for these oncogenes as attractive biological targets for astrocytoma drug development. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(5); 1298–307. ©2010 AACR.
Synergistic Antitumor Effect of S-1 and HER2-Targeting Agents in Gastric Cancer withHER2Amplification
Authors: Tanizaki Junko , Okamoto Isamu , Takezawa Ken , Tsukioka Sayaka , Uchida Junji , Kiniwa Mamoru , Fukuoka Masahiro , Nakagawa Kazuhiko 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAmplification of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) has been detected in 20% to 30% of gastric cancers and is associated with a poor outcome. Combination therapies with HER2-targeting agents and cytotoxic agents are considered a potential therapeutic option for gastric cancer with HER2 amplification. We have now investigated the effects of combination treatment with the oral fluoropyrimidine S-1 and the HER2-targeting agents lapatinib or trastuzumab in gastric cancer cells with or without HER2 amplification. We used 5-fluorouracil (5FU) instead of S-1 for in vitro experiments, given that tegafur, a component of S-1, is metabolized to 5FU in the liver. The combination of 5FU and HER2-targeting agents synergistically inhibited cell proliferation and exhibited an enhanced proapoptotic effect in gastric cancer cells with HER2 amplification, but not in those without it. Lapatinib or trastuzumab also induced downregulation of thymidylate synthase (TS) expression and activity only in cells with HER2 amplification. The combination of 5FU and TS depletion by RNA interference also exhibited an enhanced proapoptotic effect in cells with HER2 amplification. These observations thus suggest that lapatinib-induced or trastuzumab-induced downregulation of TS is responsible, at least in part, for the synergistic antitumor effect of combined treatment with 5FU and HER2-targeting agents. The antitumor effect of the combination of S-1 and HER2-targeting agents in vivo was also greater than that of either drug alone. Our preclinical findings thus indicate that the combination of S-1 and HER2-targeting agents is a promising treatment option for gastric cancer with HER2 amplification. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(5); 1198–207. ©2010 AACR.
Effects of Short-term Celecoxib Treatment in Patients with Invasive Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
Authors: Dhawan Deepika , Craig Bruce A. , Cheng Liang , Snyder Paul W. , Mohammed Sulma I. , Stewart Jane C. , Zheng Rong , Loman Rhoda A. , Foster Richard S. , Knapp Deborah W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
High-grade invasive transitional cell carcinoma (InvTCC) kills &gt;14,000 people yearly in the United States, and better therapy is needed. Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is overexpressed in bladder cancer. Cox inhibitors have caused remission of InvTCC in animal studies, and cancer regression was associated with doubling of the apoptotic index in the tumor. The purpose of this study was to determine the apoptosis-inducing effects of celecoxib (a Cox-2 inhibitor) in InvTCC in humans. Patients (minimum of 10 with paired tumor samples) with InvTCC who had elected to undergo cystectomy were enrolled. The main study end point was induction of apoptosis in tumor tissues. Patients received celecoxib (400 mg twice daily p.o. for a minimum of 14 days) between the time of diagnosis [transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)] and the time of cystectomy (standard frontline treatment for InvTCC). Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay and immunohistochemistry were done on TURBT and cystectomy samples. Of 13 cases treated with celecoxib, no residual invasive cancer was identified in 3 patients at the time of cystectomy (post celecoxib). Of the 10 patients with residual cancer, 7 had induction of apoptosis in their tumor. Induction of apoptosis was less frequent (3 of 13 cases; P &lt; 0.04) in control patients not receiving a Cox inhibitor. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the tumor cells decreased more frequently (P &lt; 0.026) in the treated patients as compared with nontreated control cases. The biological effects of celecoxib treatment (increased apoptosis) justify further study of the antitumor effects of Cox-2 inhibitors in InvTCC. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(5); 1371–7. ©2010 AACR.
Blood Biomarker Levels to Aid Discovery of Cancer-Related Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms: Kallikreins and Prostate Cancer
Authors: Klein Robert J. , Halldén Christer , Cronin Angel M. , Ploner Alexander , Wiklund Fredrik , Bjartell Anders S. , Stattin Pär , Xu Jianfeng , Scardino Peter T. , Offit Kenneth , Vickers Andrew J. , Grönberg Henrik , Lilja Hans 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Polymorphisms associated with prostate cancer include those in three genes encoding major secretory products of the prostate: KLK2 (encoding kallikrein-related peptidase 2; hK2), KLK3 (encoding prostate-specific antigen; PSA), and MSMB (encoding β-microseminoprotein). PSA and hK2, members of the kallikrein family, are elevated in sera of men with prostate cancer. In a comprehensive analysis that included sequencing of all coding, flanking, and 2 kb of putative promoter regions of all 15 kallikrein (KLK) genes spanning ≈280 kb on chromosome 19q, we identified novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and genotyped 104 SNPs in 1,419 cancer cases and 736 controls in Cancer Prostate in Sweden 1, with independent replication in 1,267 cases and 901 controls in Cancer Prostate in Sweden 2. This verified prior associations of SNPs in KLK2 and in MSMB (but not in KLK3) with prostate cancer. Twelve SNPs in KLK2 and KLK3 were associated with levels of PSA forms or hK2 in plasma of control subjects. Based on our comprehensive approach, this is likely to represent all common KLK variants associated with these phenotypes. A T allele at rs198977 in KLK2 was associated with increased cancer risk and a striking decrease of hK2 levels in blood. We also found a strong interaction between rs198977 genotype and hK2 levels in blood in predicting cancer risk. Based on this strong association, we developed a model for predicting prostate cancer risk from standard biomarkers, rs198977 genotype, and rs198977 × hK2 interaction; this model had greater accuracy than did biomarkers alone (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.874 versus 0.866), providing proof in principle to clinical application for our findings. Cancer Prev Res; 3(5); 611–9. ©2010 AACR.