A qualitative look at bed net access and use in Burkina Faso, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Rwanda following piloted distributions of dual-active ingredient insecticide-treated nets
Authors: Shannon Jenny , Kagone Moubassira , Candrinho Baltazar , Otikwu Sylvanus , Ingabire Chantal , Gansane Adama , Pooda Samy , Aboubacar Fofana , Ouattara Fatou , Savaio Binete , Joanguete Celestino , Sixpence Lucio , Koenker Hannah , Uhomoibhi Perpetua , Okoko Okefu Oyale , Ali Onoja , Babarinde Dele , Ogundairo Janet , Lemah Ayorinde Samuel , Mbituyumuremyi Aimable , Singirankabo Joseph H. , Kawakyu Nami , Guglielmo Federica , Fornadel Christen , Arnett Kyra , Wagman Joe , Gogue Christelle , Tynuv Kenzie , Digre Peder , Mwesigwa Julia , Robertson Molly 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Universal coverage with insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) is important for malaria control and elimination. The emergence and intensification of insecticide resistance threatens progress made through the deployment of these interventions and has required the development of newer, more expensive ITN types. Understanding malaria prevention behaviour, including barriers and facilitators to net access and use, can support effective decision-making for the promotion and distribution of ITNs.

Methods
In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted in 3 to 4 villages per district, in 13 districts across Burkina Faso, Mozambique, Nigeria and Rwanda from 2019 to 2022. Interviews were conducted in the local language, translated and transcribed in English, French or Portuguese. Transcripts were coded and analysed using Nvivo and ATLAS.ti.

Results
ITNs were obtained from mass distribution campaigns, antenatal care and immunization visits, and purchased on the private market in some locations. While there were divergent perspectives in whether the number of distributed nets were adequate, participants consistently expressed concerns of bias, discrimination, and a lack of transparency with the distribution process. ITNs were frequently used alongside other malaria prevention methods. The primary motivation for use was malaria prevention. While some participants reported using nets nightly throughout the year, other participants reported seasonal use, both due to the perceived higher density of mosquitoes and discomfort of sleeping under a net in the increased heat. Other barriers to consistent net use included activities that take place away from the home, sleeping patterns and arrangements, and sensitivity to the insecticides on the nets.

Conclusions
ITNs remain an important malaria control intervention. To ensure adequate and increased net access, distribution campaigns should consider family structures, available sleeping spaces, and other bed sharing preferences when identifying the number of nets needed for distribution. In addition, campaigns should allow for multiple options for net distribution points and timing to accommodate households remote to health services. Continuous distribution channels and complimentary distribution through the private sector could help fill gaps in coverage. Solutions are needed for outdoor malaria transmission, including alternative designs for ITNs, and improving access to complementary personal protective measures.