bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Room-temperature Synthesis of Monodispersed SnO2 Nanoparticles by Liquid Phase Deposition
Authors: Mizuhata Minoru , Umekage Yuki , Nakata Akiyoshi , Kumaresan Ramanujam , Deki Shigehito 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
We have successfully tailored a soft solution process for the synthesis of monodispersed SnO2 nanoparticles, applying a liquid phase deposition technique from an aqueous reaction mixture without any post-annealing treatment. The synthesis was carried out by varying poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) content in the reaction mixture. The XRD patterns of the nanoparticles exhibited the formation of SnO2 cassiterite phase, irrespective of the PEG content in the composition of the reaction solution, the reaction time, and the reaction temperature. The mean size and the standard deviation of SnO2 nanoparticles exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing PEG concentration.
The impact of social influence on adolescent intention to smoke: Combining types and referents of influence
Authors: Vitória Paulo D. , Salgueiro M. Fátima , Silva Sílvia A. , De Vries H. 
Published: September 2009

Objectives Theory and research suggest that the intention to smoke is the main determinant of smoking initiation and emphasizes the role of cognitive and social factors on the prediction of the intention to smoke. However, extended models such as the I‐Change and results from published studies reveal inconsistencies regarding the impact of social influence on the intention to smoke. Possible explanations for this may be the definition and measurement of the constructs that have been used.Design and methods The current study was designed with two main goals: (i) to test a measurement model for social influence, combining different types of social influence (subjective norms, perceived behaviour, and direct pressure) with various referents of influence (parents, siblings, peers, and teachers); (ii) to investigate the impact of social influence on adolescent intention to smoke, controlling for smoking behaviour. LISREL was used to test these models. The sample includes 3,064 Portuguese adolescents, with a mean age of 13.5 years, at the beginning of the seventh school grade.Results The hypothesized measurement model of social influence was supported by results and explained 29% of the variance of the intention to smoke. A more extended model, including attitude and self‐efficacy, explained 55% of the variance of the intention to smoke. Perceived behaviour of peers, parental norms, and perceived behaviour of parents were the social influence factors with impact on adolescent intention to smoke.Conclusions Results suggest that different referents exert their influence through distinct types of social influence and recommend further work on the definition and measurement of social influence.
Hyponatremia-induced osteoporosis
Authors: Verbalis Joseph G , Barsony Julianna , Sugimura Yoshihisa , Tian Ying , Adams Douglas J , Carter Elizabeth A , Resnick Helaine E 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
There is a high prevalence of chronic hyponatremia in the elderly, frequently owing to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Recent reports have shown that even mild hyponatremia is associated with impaired gait stability and increased falls. An increased risk of falls among elderly hyponatremic patients represents a risk factor for fractures, which would be further amplified if hyponatremia also contributed metabolically to bone loss. To evaluate this possibility, we studied a rat model of SIADH and analyzed data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). In rats, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis of excised femurs established that hyponatremia for 3 months significantly reduced bone mineral density by approximately 30% compared with normonatremic control rats. Moreover, micro-computed tomography (µCT) and histomorphometric analyses indicated that hyponatremia markedly reduced both trabecular and cortical bone via increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. Analysis of data from adults in NHANES III by linear regression models showed that mild hyponatremia is associated with increased odds of osteoporosis (T-score –2.5 or less) at the hip [odds ratio (OR) = 2.85; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–7.86; p &lt; .01]; all models were adjusted for age, sex, race, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, history of diuretic use, history of smoking, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels. Our results represent the first demonstration that chronic hyponatremia causes a substantial reduction of bone mass. Cross-sectional human data showing that hyponatremia is associated with significantly increased odds of osteoporosis are consistent with the experimental data in rodents. Our combined results suggest that bone quality should be assessed in all patients with chronic hyponatremia. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Fatigue of Structural Metals Under Random Loading
Authors: Freudenthal Alfred M. 
Published: September 2009

The fatigue life under randomly varying stress amplitudes is discussed in terms of the “interaction” between infrequent high stress amplitudes and the dominant low stress amplitudes. An “interaction factor” is developed with the aid of which the validity of a pseudo linear rule of cumulative damage is demonstrated for structural aluminum.
The statistical aspect of fatigue under random loading is considered and the relation established between the distributions of fatigue lives under randomly varying and under constant stress amplitudes as well as between the form of the distribution of fatigue lives and the “risk” of fatigue failure.
Use of the AMEDA Microscope in Quantitative Microscopy
Authors: Bayer J. L. , Denton G. H. , Hassel R. E. 
Published: September 2009

In March 1965, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. received an AMEDA system (Automatic Microscope Electronic Data Accumulator). This system, designed and manufactured by Femco, Inc., Irwin, Pa., was the first to be used in a steel company research laboratory and was built to Youngstown's specifications, incorporating the principles of an automated point counting microscope developed by laboratory personnel of the Consolidation Coal Co.
Basic functions of the AMEDA system are to point count microconstituents of a specimen based on differences in the amount of reflected or transmitted light emitted from an entity as it passes under a microscope objective at a constant rate of speed, and to categorize these entities into preset size categories. Logic circuitry is provided to record the output of multiple reflectance or transmission levels, particle sizes, and particle size distribution. The number and type of outputs is determined by each mode of operation. The size determinations are carried out at a traversing speed of 1 mm/sec, and the size categories are expressed in microns and set as follows: below 3, 4-7, 8-15, 16-31, 32-63, 64-127, 128-255, 256-511, 412-1023, and plus 1024; however, these categories can be altered by replacing various electronic components. Accumulation of particle sizes is done at specific reflectance levels as set on the control unit. The logic circuitry can also be set up to carry out point counting and size distribution simultaneously. The unit has been used successfully in the following areas: (1) determination of the volume fraction, average particle size, and distribution of pyrite in coal; (2) the microstructure of metallurgical coke in terms of porosity and the relative amount and size of pores and walls; (3) volume fraction, average particle size, and distribution of certain nonmetallic inclusions in steel specimens; (4) determination of the number and average size of surface pits on tin plate; (5) quantitative determination of the amount of rust developed on tin plate specimens subjected to corrosive atmospheres; and (6) determination of the average grain size and distribution in steel specimens.
High-Temperature Tensile Properties of Unirradiated and Thermal Reactor Irradiated Nimonic PE16
Authors: Broomfield G. H. 
Published: September 2009

Nimonic PE16 is an alloy of nickel, iron, chromium, and molybdenum, which is age hardening by precipitation of γ formed with titanium and aluminium. In common with other alloys its high-temperature ductility is reduced after neutron irradiation, presumably by helium from the B10(n,α)Li7 reaction. Boron appears to have dual roles as the source of embrittlement and as augmenter of the alloy's tolerance of helium.
Grain refinement of the alloy results in little change in the tensile properties until grain sizes are reduced to less than 0.005 mm diameter. The alloy in this condition may have a very high ductility, and the strained structure, together with calculations using the Herring equation, indicates that diffusion strain occurs. Irradiation is embrittling but postirradiation ductility can be higher than usual. The strength of the fine grain material is low.
The tensile ductility of the alloy varies widely with strain rate and temperature. When the alloy is unirradiated the ductility trends go through two reversals: as straining time and temperature are increased a peak is ob served, followed by a ductility trough and a second ductility increase. The first peak is not observed in tests on irradiated material. The trough occurs under the same test conditions for the unirradiated and irradiated alloy. The conditions for minimum ductility coincide with those for a constant proportion of diffusion strain but not with those for constant stress nor constant strain rate. The cracking behavior either side of the trough is taken to indicate that diffusion relief of stress on carbides is responsible for recovery from the trough with increased straining time and temperature.
Initial Assessments of Notch Ductility Behavior of A533 Pressure Vessel Steel with Neutron Irradiation
Authors: Hawthorne J. Russell , Potapovs Uldis 
Published: September 2009

Exploratory assessments were made of the Charpy-V notch ductility characteristics of heavy section A533-B and A533-C steel plate and submerged arc weldments following neutron irradiation at 550 F. The experimental evaluations were performed largely with commercial production materials and included comparisons of materials in both Class 1 and Class 2 strength ranges. Postirradiation notch ductility properties of one 53/4-in. A533-B Class 1 electroslag weldment were also developed. Assessments made of relative irradiation performance were assisted by a compilation of recent information on the response of the ASTM reference A302-B steel plate.
Major research findings include the observation of significant variability in radiation embrittlement sensitivity of A533-B and A533-C steel, wherein the sensitivity level of plate and weld metal in some cases exceeded that of the ASTM reference plate. High radiation embrittlement sensitivity was noted for both submerged arc weld deposits examined; however, the data suggested that the performance of the weld heat-affected zone paralleled that of the parent plate. High embrittlement sensitivity was also noted for the electroslag weld deposit in contrast to markedly low sensitivity of the weldment parent plate.
The notch ductility behavior of A533 plate and weld metal under 550 F irradiation was not found influenced measurably by either the strength class (Class 1 or 2) or by the particular grade of steel (Grade B or C). Similarly, there were no marked variations in irradiation response through the thickness of plate or weld metals, or between RW (longitudinal) versus WR (transverse) orientations in cross-rolled plate.
In accordance with observations on special laboratory heats of A302-B steel, the study demonstrates that the radiation embrittlement resistance of commercially produced A533 steel plate and weld deposits can be predicted in part from their individual chemical compositions. High copper and phosphorus contents generally signify high sensitivity to 550 F radiation-induced changes in notch ductility characteristics.
Effect of Irradiation on Mechanical Properties of Cobalt-Base Alloys
Authors: Chow J. G. Y. 
Published: September 2009

Commercially available cobalt-base alloys and five experimental compositions were surveyed for postirradiation tensile properties. These alloys are attractive for use as fuel claddings in an advanced liquid metal cooled fast breeder reactor.
It was found that cobalt-base alloys are susceptible to decreasing ductility with increasing deformation temperature after irradiation. The mode of failure at 800 C is grain boundary tearing similar to that observed in stainless steels and Ni base alloys. However, these alloys are potential fuel cladding materials at 650 C because of their much higher strengths than Type 304 stainless steels.
Comparison of Radiation Damage Studies and Fuel Cladding Performance for lncoloy-800
Authors: Comprelli F. A. , Busboom H. J. , Spalaris C. N. 
Published: September 2009

Postirradiation tension and burst tests were performed at 593 and 704 C on materials from various heats of Incoloy-800 to establish the effect of irradiation on short-term mechanical properties for fast fluences to 6.25 × 1021 n/cm 2. Two types of tension specimens were tested: precut sheet specimens that were prepared prior to irradiation, and fuel clad specimens prepared from irradiated Mark II EVESR fuel rods. At the highest fiuences, uniform elongations of 1.5 to 2.0 percent have been measured for precut specimens. The uniform elongation was found to be dependent upon the strain rate at which the specimen was tested. Comparable fuel cladding properties at this fluence are not yet available. At a fast fluence of 5.7 × 1020 n/cm 2, precut specimens exhibited uniform elongations of 11.5 to 16.8 percent whereas fuel clad exhibited 2.6 to 6.0 percent for similar fluence and test conditions. It was concluded that the greater degradation of ductility in fuel cladding specimens was associated with both nonuniform (and often higher) temperature and plastic strain experienced during the irradiation period.Resistance of fuel clad to low-cycle fatigue is a key parameter in the fuel performance of steam-cooled reactors, and to a lesser but still significant degree, in determining the fuel performance in liquid metal cooled reactors. Cladding with high ductility has better resistance to low-cycle fatigue and also has improved ability to accommodate fuel swelling at high exposures. Because ductility is shown to be a function of strain rate, the rate of loading upon a fuel clad may be programmed within the range associated with high residual ductility and thus increase the probability that a load can be sustained by the fuel clad without fracture. Analysis of the mode of operation of EVESR fuel shows that strain cycling achieved during transient modes (scrams, emergency cooling, and so on) took place at high strain rates. In view of the dependence of ductility upon strain rates, it is not surprising that the fuel performed as well as it did. A possible explanation is that the large number of cycles was accumulated at relatively high strain rates, where the residual uniform elongation of irradiated Incoloy-800 is shown to be as high as 10 percent.
Problem Areas in Laboratory Testing of Turbine-Type Oils
Authors: Milz W C , Bunting J T 
Published: September 2009

The laboratory evaluation of 62 commercially available rust and oxidation inhibited (R&O) oils in viscosity classifications of 150, 300, and 1000 sec Saybolt Universal (SSU) at 100 F is described. The tests used included the ASTM turbine oil stability test (D 943), Alcoa oxygen absorption test, ASTM demulsibility test (D 1401), and ASTM rust test (D 665). A satisfactory degree of correlation was found between the ASTM D 943 and Alcoa oxygen absorption tests. Data from the D 943 tests strongly indicate that (1) a neutralization value of 2.0 is very unrealistic as an acceptable end point of the test, and (2) odor and visual observations could be included in the test procedure as long as the required descriptions are not too exacting.
A surprisingly large number of the products failed to pass the D 665 rust test when conducted on samples taken from the original shipping containers. Many of the oils which passed the D 665 rust test when new also continued to pass the same test after many years of service.
The oxidation stability of these R&O products varied widely. Interestingly, the average oxidation stability of currently marketed R&O oils is greatly superior to that of products sold under the same brand names nine years ago.
Test Sequence IV for API Service MS Oils
Authors: Beckman E. W. , Fales W. K. 
Published: September 2009

This paper presents a background of the cam and tappet wear problem encountered by the automotive industry during the evolution of the modern overhead valve V-8 engine. Investigation of the numerous factors affecting this problem revealed that engine oil composition was of major importance. The development of a test technique to determine the adequacy of engine lubricant antiscuff properties is described and evidence of correlation with field experience is presented.
This test technique was accepted by Section G-IV of Technical Committee B on Automotive Lubricants of ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants in October, 1959, as test sequence IV. This test was one of a series of test sequences to be used for evaluating oils for API Service MS. Starting with ASTM STP No. 315, the engine test sequences for evaluating oils for API service MS are prepared and released for publication by Section I on Engine Oils of Technical Committee B of ASTM Committee D-2.
Modifications made in the test procedure since its original publication are described along with a summary of experience obtained to date with this test technique.
Biological Endpoints for Compatibility
Authors: Woodward S. C. 
Published: September 2009

Implant polymeric materials which may be absorbed or degraded by the host must be examined for the local histologic responses which they elicit, as well as for their systemic toxic effects, antigenicity, and carcinogenicity. A review of experiments describing these effects is provided. Few assay systems whereby highly reactive polymers can be compared for histotoxicity have been developed.
Evaluation of local responses to reactive polymers will be discussed in terms of current biological evaluations of various alkyl-2 cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives. The responses to these materials implanted in various sites within rats will be compared. A quantitative assay system, whereby inhibition of collagen formation is measured by inhibition of hydroxyproline uptake in subcutaneously implanted poly(vinyl alcohol) sponges containing the cyanoacrylates, will be described. This local response can be correlated with the microscopic appearances of the plastic-containing sponges. The significance of this assay system will be discussed.
It can be concluded that such assay systems as that presented are necessary for critical comparisons of the local responses to various highly reactive polymers. The need for comprehensive and quantitative testing of polymer implants is stressed.
The Effect of Orientation of Hydride Precipitates on the Fracture Toughness of Cold-Rolled Zircaloy-2 and 2.5Nb Zirconium
Authors: Aitchison I. 
Published: September 2009

The fracture toughness was estimated from single-edge notched specimens cut from three different orientations in slabs cold rolled to 20 and 40 percent reduction. In general the toughness decreased with hydrogen concentration—most rapidly in the first 100 ppm. However, specimens of 40 percent cold-rolled zirconium-niobium alloy cut so that the hydride platelets (which tend to lie parallel to the rolling plane) were parallel to the specimen plane, showed no decrease in toughness even with 500 ppm hydrogen. This is accounted for qualitatively.
The fracture toughness for the Zircaloy-2 specimens was estimated both from fracture load and from crack-opening displacement. The results show the same trend, but both methods are inaccurate here because of significant stable crack propagation.
Tension-Testing Variables in Zirconium
Authors: Schemel J. H. 
Published: September 2009

Zirconium and its alloys are both strain-rate sensitive and at times highly anisotropic. This combination of attributes causes difficulty in properly conducting and evaluating tension-test results.
Four factors affecting test results were studied in this investigation: strain rate, specimen geometry, test-specimen linkage, and specimen orientation in large sections.
Strain rate was found to affect yield strength strongly. Only in the case of the ASTM specimens was a plateau found in the yield-strength-strain-rate curve. Other specimens showed a continuing lowering of yield strength with decreasing strain rate even at very low levels of strain rate.
Elongation was found to be very sensitive to both specimen shape and orientation of the specimen in the cross section.
A model of typical specimen support linkage in an elevated temperature test is examined to show how cross-head displacement is related to specimen strain and the resultant variations in strain rate in constant cross-head speed tests.
The results of a round robin sponsored by ASTM Committee B-10 on tension testing of tubing are presented, showing the variation among laboratories doing the testing. Attempts to explain the variation in the light of the data presented in the first part of the paper are not completely adequate but indicate necessary areas for standardization, particularly in specimen-support linkage.
Round-Robin Tests to Develop a Standard Autoclave Testing Procedure for Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Bryant P. E. C. 
Published: September 2009

Section I, Subcommittee VIII of ASTM Committee G-1 on Corrosion of Metals conducted two interlaboratory tests, the first with Zircaloy-2, the second with 2.5Nb zirconium, to formulate standard autoclave test procedures for zirconium alloys. In Interlaboratory #1, each laboratory used its own test procedure. The large scatter in data is attributed primarily to differences in autoclave start-up techniques, with minor contributions from variations in pickling time, and residual oxygen remaining in the autoclaves.
Standard coupon preparation techniques were invoked for the 2.5Nb zirconium Interlaboratory #2; ASTM proposed standard G-2, 1967, was used for autoclave start-up. The good reproducibility from Interlaboratory #2 confirmed the acceptability of the proposed ASTM standard autoclave procedure. Decreased corrosion of annealed 2.5Nb zirconium with time is attributed to the monotectoid transformation of Nb enriched βZr to αZr plus βNb.