bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The English Contribution to the Development of Copper‐plate Printing
Authors: Floud P. C. 
Published: July 2010

Copper‐plate printing of textiles was first introduced by Francis Nixon at the Drumcondra works, near Dublin, in 1752, and by 1754 the secret had been transmitted to England. For the next twenty years it remained virtually a monopoly of the Dublin and London printers.An examination is made of the difference between seventeenth century non‐fast copper‐plate printing of maps and handkerchiefs and the copper‐plate printing with fast dyes by Nixon and his contemporaries. Examination of patents enables some description to be given of the development of textile copper‐plate printing presses.
High‐accuracy Colorimetry— A Review of Some Recent Work
Authors: Johnson Sheila , Phillips D. H. , Robertson A. R. , Wright W. D. 
Published: July 2010

The sources of error in colorimetry and spectrophotometry are first reviewed, and particular attention is paid to the discrepancies introduced between measurements made on different instruments arising from the variety of illuminating and viewing conditions that are employed. Reference is made to the degree of polarisation present in the light emerging from a prism monochromator and to the error this may cause in the measurement of the spectral luminance factor if the sample is illuminated at 45 and viewed normally. If these directions are interchanged, the error is eliminated.A project on high‐accuracy colorimetry in progress at Imperial College is then described in which the spectral reflection curves of a set of grey tiles ranging from black to white have been measured. Inter‐comparison between some 30 laboratories is also in progress. The application of these tiles to the accurate colour measurement of other samples by differential spectrophotometry is envisaged. Experience on the agreement between colour measurements made with several different instruments is reported and the requirements of a set of samples to be used as working standards for photometry and colorimetry are discussed.
Automation and its Influence on Dyeing with Reactive Dyes
Authors: SELTZER I. 
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Midlands Region, held at the College of Technology and Commerce, Leicester, on 28th October 1964, Mr G. Whitehead in the chair; of the London Region, held at the Royal Society, Burlington House, London Wl, on 8th January 1965, Mr C. Barnett in the chair; of the West of England and South Wales Region, held in the Conference Room, ICI Ltd, Queen Square, Bristol, on 4th February 1965, Mr S. Shaw in the chair; of the West Riding Region, held at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds, on 11th February 1965, Dr F. F. Elsworth in the chair; and of the Huddersfield Region, held at the George Hotel, Huddersfield, on 16th February 1965, Mr M. Nutton in the chairThe implications for the textile industry of modern ideas on automation are discussed from the colourist's viewpoint. Particular emphasis is placed on factors involved in the automation of the pad(alkali)–batch(cold) process for the continuous application of reactive dyes to cellulosic–fibre fabrics. The highly reactive Procion M (ICI) dyes are particularly suitable for use in mechanised systems because of the simplicity of the dyeing technique and the good fastness and brightness of the resulting dyeings.
Automation in Bleaching and Dyeing with Reference to the Thies Duomat
Authors: BOHRER E. 
Published: July 2010

Presented at a Symposium on ‘ Modern Methods of Control in Dyeing and Finishing’ held by the Scottish Region in the Royal College of Science and Technology, Glasgow, on 4th April 1964, Mr I. Gailey in the chairThe importance of correct dyehouse layout is stressed; a typical dyehouse constructed to accommodate the Duomat machine would consist of three main floors, viz. processing–bath preparation department, dyehouse proper, and maintenance floor. The operations taking place on each of these floors are described. Characteristics of the Duomat machine for the automated bleaching and dyeing of all types of package, yarn beams, sliver on beams, and loose fibre are described and particular attention is drawn to the advantages of the double–pump system, including the overcoming of the problem of burst beams. The functions of the automatic controls and the method of programming the machine are outlined. It is recommended that one standard procedure be laid down for each dyeing method, e. g. dyeing of cotton with vat dyes; typical standardised dyeing schemes are given.
Current Practice in the Continuous Dyeing of Synthetic–polymer Fibres Pad–Bake Methods
Authors: TAYLOR C. W. , DENYER R. L. 
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the Manchester Region, held at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, on 16th April 1964, Mr F. V. Davis in the chairAfter an introduction outlining the reasons for the recent increase in the importance of continuous dyeing of synthetic–polymer fibres and the advantages to be gained from it, consideration is given to the equipment required for the three stages of the process – padding, drying, and baking. Selection of disperse dyes for polyester fibres is discussed, and methods for dyeing polyester–cellulosic fibre blends continuously with leuco–vat esters, vat, disperse and vat, and disperse and reactive dyes are described. The advantages to be gained from dyeing the polyester portion of polyester–wool blends continuously are given. The final section deals with the continuous dyeing of nylon, and compares the effects of baking and steaming treatments. Various continuous–dyeing styles for nylon are described.
THE EIGHTH GEORGE DOUGLAS LECTURE The Dye and the Substrate: The Role of Hydrophobic Bonding in Dyeing Processes
Authors: ZOLLINGER H. 
Published: July 2010

Held at the Institute of Technology, Bradford, on 3rd March 1965, the President of the Society, Mr J. Barritt, in the chairIn addition to the two well–known types of dye–fibre interaction in the adsorption of anionic dyes by wool, silk, and polyamides [coulombic attraction of dye anions to cationic groups on the fibres and van der Waals' (London) forces], contributions by hydrophobic bonding are considered. Parameters which correspond to standard enthalpies and standard entropies were measured for the adsorption of three suitable acid dyes on wool. The results indicate the hydrophobic–bonding contributions of an aliphatic side–chain. Their detection is, however, difficult because of additional phenomena (dye–dye aggregation equilibria in solution). The thermodynamic evaluation of dyeing isotherms is critically reviewed.
Beam–dyeing Machinery
Authors: LIMBERT K. 
Published: July 2010

Presented at a Symposium on ‘Processing Textiles on Perforated Beams in the Dyehouse’ held by the Manchester Region at the Manchester College of Science and Technology, on 26th March 1965, Mr M. R. Fox in the chairA survey is given of the principles and requirements of beam–dyeing systems in piece dyeing, including a consideration of the details of design and operation which assist in efficient production by these systems especially as applied to fabrics made from synthetic fibres.
Properties and Evaluation of Fluorescent Brightening Agents
Authors: LANTER J. 
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Midlands Region, held in the Sports Pavilion, British Celanese Ltd, Spondon, on 4th March 1965, Mr G. Whitehead in the chair; of the London Region, held at the Royal Society, Burlington House, London Wl, on 5th March 1965, Mr C. Barnett in the chair; of the Scottish Region, held in the St Enoch Hotel, Glasgow, on 9th March 1965, Mr B. W. Mills in the chair; of the West Riding Region, held in the Victoria Hotel, Bradford, on 11th March 1965, Dr F. F. Elsworth in the chair; of the Huddersfield Region, held in the George Hotel, Huddersfield, on 16th March 1965, Mr M. Nutton in the chair; and of the Northern Ireland Region, held in the Abercorn Restaurant, Belfast, on 18th March 1965, Mr D. R. Latham in the chairThe properties of fluorescent brightening agents, in solution and on the fibre, are discussed with particular reference to their mode of action and their fastness to light. Methods of analysis are described, including paper and thin–layer chromatography and the use of the chromaticity chart. Attention is drawn to the cis–trans rearrangement that occurs with brightening agents of the stilbene type.
The Origin, Prevention, and Removal of Oil Stains
Authors: KALINOWSKI S. 
Published: July 2010

The origin and distribution of oil stains have been analysed. During the last ten years oil stains have become slightly less prevalent, but dirty knots in continuous–filament fabrics and spinning stains in spun fabrics still present a serious problem. Suggestions are made as to how the manufacturers could improve the cleanliness of filament fabrics.The main factors impeding the removal of oil stains are: long time of storage, heat setting, and inaccessibility of the dirt. The relative merits of different hand–cleaning appliances (cleaning pen, spray gun, and vibrators) are discussed, and it is stated that hand cleaning (with agitation) is much more effective than spotting with a brush. Suitable agents are suggested for spotting and pad–scouring. The paper explains how cleaning patches are formed and how to eliminate them, as well as giving the costs of the materials required.Methods and recipes for improved scouring of fabrics which have not been hand cleaned are given, and the technique of stain removal from finished cloth and from cloth finished in loomstate is described.
Modern Dyeing Techniques in the Carpet Trade
Authors: BEAL W. 
Published: July 2010

Recent developments in dyeing for the carpet trade are reviewed under two headings, viz. (a) dyeing by batchwise or substantive methods and (b) continuous dyeing. Reference is made to new techniques for the batchwise dyeing of wool—nylon and wool—Evlan*—nylon unions, as well as to a new type of nylon‐reserving agent for use when dyeing these blends. Piece dyeing of carpet containing polyamide fibres with differential‐dyeing affinity to give solid, tone‐in‐tone, and contrast effects is also reviewed, and mention is made of a technique that can be used on all‐wool carpets to produce similar results.The continuous dyeing of different fibres in the form of loose stock, card sliver, slubbing, tow; and carpet is reviewed, and methods for space‐dyeing synthetic‐polymer yarns are outlined.
Mass‐transfer Processes in Hank‐dyeing Machines I—Theory and Experimental Studies
Authors: Burley R. W. , Rattee I. D. , Flower J. R. 
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the Midlands Region, held at the Carpet Trades Ltd Canteen, Kidderminster, on 13 February 1969, Mr D. O. Douglas in the chairThe essential features of hank‐dyeing machines are discussed in relation to the application of Fick's laws of diffusion to the mass‐transfer processes occurring during dyeing. Dispersion equations and a mathematical model of the dyeing process are developed. The determination of dispersion coefficients on model hank systems is described. The results have been applied to the mathematical model using digital‐ and analogue‐computer programs. The predictions of the computer‐simulated dyeing process with respect to the distribution of dye within a hank are reasonably accurate in comparison with practical dyeings. The analogue‐computer simulation of dyeing processes has general applicability beyond hank dyeing, provided that the appropriate system variables are known.
Mass‐transfer Processes in Hank‐dyeing Machines II—Operational and Design Implications of the Experimental Study
Authors: Burley R. W. , Rattee I. D. , Flower J. R. 
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the Midlands Region, held at the Carpet Trades Ltd Canteen, Kidderminster, on 13 February 1969, Mr D. O. Douglas in the chairSimulation of dyeing processes on an analogue computer, using techniques described in Part I of this paper (p. 187), has been employed to establish the minimum flow requirements for practical machines using dyes differing in dyeing behaviour. A limiting rate of flow requires to be achieved to eliminate differences in colour between hanks in practical machines. The failure to meet this condition is responsible for much of the problem of achieving level dyeings.
Will it Pay?: The Economics of Establishing a Bleaching, Dyeing and Finishing Works
Authors: Duckworth C. , Thwaites J. J. 
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Scottish Region, held in the Whitehall Restaurant, Glasgow, on 1 October 1968, Mr J. B. Scales in the chair; of the Nottingham Junior Section, held in the Midland Design and Building Centre, Nottingham, on 28 October 1968, Mr C. E. Woodward in the chair; of the Northern Ireland Region, held in the Abercorn Restaurant, Belfast, on 12 November 1968, Mr T. H. Wood in the chair; of the West Riding Region, held at the University of Bradford, on 12 December 1968, Professor R. L. Elliott in the chair; of the West of England and South Wales Region, held at ICI Ltd, Bristol, on 15 January 1969, Mr N. W. Palmer in the chair; of the Manchester Region, held at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, on 16 January 1969, Mr J. Greenwood in the chair; of the Huddersfield Junior Section, held in the Huddersfield College of Technology, on 10 February 1969, Mr C. Senior in the chair; and of the Leeds Junior Section, held at the University of Leeds, on 11 March 1969, Mr A. S. Ferguson in the chairThe economics of establishing a bleaching, dyeing and finishing works in modern buildings on a virgin site or on an existing site with good water and effluent services where the old buildings have been demolished are considered.
Aftertreatment of Anionic Dyes on Nylon Fibres
Authors: SHORE J. 
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the Bradford Junior Section, held in Bradford Technical College, on 13 October 1969, Mr R. S. Stringer in the chairThe wet fastness of dyed unbacktanned nylon fibres decreases slightly during dry‐heat setting under moderately severe conditions. This is attributed mainly to oxidative degradation of the fibre, which also results in considerable yellowing and loss in strength. The wet fastness and tensile strength decrease slowly during prolonged steam setting, but several hours are required to produce a similar decrease to that produced by treatment for a few minutes in hot air. Yellowing of the fibre during steam setting is very slight, even on prolonged treatment. The rapid decrease in the wet fastness of backtanned nylon during setting occurs mainly in the early stages of treatment and the fastness decreases ultimately to that of the untanned and postset fibre. The improvement in wet fastness on backtanning is less on dyed nylon 6 than on nylon 6.6, because less of the agent is taken up by nylon 6. However, the wet fastness of aftertreated nylon 6 decreases more rapidly during setting because this fibre is more prone to thermal degradation. The most important causes of the loss in wet fastness of backtanned dyeings on nylon fibres are (a) thermal oxidation of the backtanning agent, (b) thermal and hydrolytic attack of the nylon and (c) catalysis of degradation of the nylon by the backtanning agent or its decomposition products.
Dyeing and Finishing of Knitted Garments
Authors: HAIGH D. 
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the Huddersfield Junior Section, held at the Huddersfield College of Technology, on 4 October 1968, Mr C. Senior in the chair; and of the Bradford Junior Section, held at Bradford Technical College on 10 February 1970, Mr J. D. Kelsey in the chair.The dyeing and finishing of knitted garments is discussed. Three broad categories of garments are considered: (i) half‐hose; (ii) ladies' hose; and (iii) cardigans, pullovers, sweaters, etc. Some of the dyeing problems which stem from the methods of manufacture are discussed.
Effect of Crystal Modification on Dyeing Behaviour of Disperse Dyes
Authors: BIEDERMANN W. 
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Manchester Region held at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester, on 15 January 1970, Mr H. R. Hadfield in the chair; and of the Leeds Junior Section, held in the Department of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, University of Leeds, on 19 January 1970, Mr K R. F. Cockett in the chairThe dye 2‐nitroaniline‐4‐ethylsulphone, 1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐5‐aminopyrazole (aminopyrazole yellow) has been isolated in five different crystal modifications. The saturation values of these modifications in cellulose acetate have been determined at 80°C. Crystal modifications are important in the disperse dyeing of cellulose acetate and polyester materials because of their influence on colour yield and the stability of the dispersion.
Use and Conservation of Water in Textile Processing
Authors: LITTLE A. H. 
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the West Riding Region, held at the University of Bradford on 16 October 1969, Professor R. L. Elliot in the chairInformation from an earlier survey showed that textile works used a wide range of quantities of water, from 0·5 to more than 50 gal/lb of textile material processed. There were indications that the more complex processes used more water than simple ones. In the present work this led to investigations of the usages in unit processes, rather than measurement of overall usage figures. Water usages have been determined under normal production conditions and the methods employed are described. Where possible the amounts of water used for processing and for washing were measured separately. The textile processes covered those where large quantities of water would be employed and included scouring, bleaching and dyeing, with the associated rinses at each stage. Machines observed were continuous ranges (both rope and open width), jig, winch and beam machines, and fixed vessels such as kiers and pits. The effects of different dyeing and bleaching processes have been studied where sufficient results were available. Possible methods of conservation of water are discussed, such as the re‐use of ‘clean’ rinses, partial purification of effluent and purification of part of the effluent. Contra‐flow washing is possible on continuous machines. The implications of the observations are discussed, covering the effects of changes in processing, the size, type and speed of machines and the effects of cloth weight and batch size.
Some Observations on the Dyeing of Wool, Polyester and Acrylic Fibre Tops by Continuous Pad–Steam Methods
Authors: LEMIN D. R. , SIMPSON G. G. 
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the West Riding Region, held at the University of Bradford on 8 October 1970, Mr J. Furniss in the chairThe continuous dyeing of wool, polyester and acrylic tops by pad–steam methods is discussed. For wool, evidence is given to indicate the specific action of pad‐liquor additives and to show that successful results can be obtained by both one‐phase and two‐phase methods. In the pad–steam dyeing of polyester top, the problems encountered in the selection of compatible dyes can be solved by a study of the effect of time and temperature on exhaustion. The problems associated with the production of heavy depths on acrylic fibre tow are considered in detail. Under practical conditions, the saturation obtained in pad–steam dyeing is lower than that in conventional dyeing methods.
Industry and the Common Market
Authors: Maltzahn Dietrich 
Published: July 2010

There can be little doubt that EEC has been beneficial to the industrial development of its founder members. The enormous increase in trade amongst the Six and with non‐member countries has generated a favourable climate for investment which in turn has generated a more‐than‐average increase in industrial production and in the GNP. Up to now, serious difficulties have not been encountered and existing safeguard clauses have hardly ever been applied.In order to look at the practical impact of EEC for the industry of the new member states, the paper examines some of EEC's achievements particularly important for industry: commercial policy; association policy; free movement of labour; competition policy.For other Community policies only general guidelines have been decided and confirmed by the Paris Summit Conference of the Nine in October 1972. The most important blueprints actually under discussion concern Economic and Monetary Union, Regional Policy, Industrial Policy, Energy Policy. These policies are likely to have a more important impact on European industry than what EEC has done so far. They aim to constitute, by 1980, a zone, where persons, services and capital would move freely, but without distorting competition or creating regional imbalances and where enterprises could develop their activities on a Community scale. The new member states will fully participate in the definition of these policies.
Dyeing and Printing Methods for the Coloration of Carpet Yarns and Carpet Piece by Jet‐impregnation Methods
Authors: Dawson T. L. , Roberts B. P. 
Published: July 2010

The jet‐printing machines developed to date are outlined, and the equipment available to programme such machines mentioned.Advantages of jet‐printing systems are listed and disadvantages discussed, including the results of varying such parameters as liquor viscosity, jet pressure and jet size.The criteria affecting the selection of dyes and auxiliaries are also given.
Worker‐Management Relations ‐ The Scandinavian Outlook
Authors: MORTENSEN PEDER 
Published: July 2010

Presented at the Management Forum held by the Manchester Region at the University of Lancaster, on 5 April 1975An overall picture of Danish industry is presented, with particular reference to the sources of the national income and the way in which it is spent. Trades union organization, in Denmark and abroad, is next discussed, and a detailed account is given of the procedures in Denmark for co‐operation between employees and management. In conclusion new, and somewhat controversial, forms of worker participation are considered.
Flat‐bed Printing of Carpet Squares by Vacuum Press Techniques
Authors: GODDARD R. J. 
Published: July 2010

The market for domestic carpet tiles in the UK is currently fairly small, amounting to 2% of the total carpet market, but it is expanding. Printed carpet squares, co‐ordinated with plain colours, are helping to increase design and colour flexibility and to further establish carpet squares as a viable floorcovering for the home.This paper discusses a flat‐bed vacuum‐transfer process for printing carpet squares. Basic machine parameters are described and the process limitations assessed against the machine's unique advantage of being able to produce print/tile registration. The further prerequisites of base fabric requirements and the various techniques available for paper printing are also examined.
The Place of the Self‐Producer in Transfer Printing*
Authors: HUDSON ORVILLE 
Published: July 2010

The experience of a firm of textile printers that installed a transfer‐paper printing unit, for their own benefit and that of their customers, is described. Such an arrangement benefits the printer as well as his customers, particularly in respect of the quality and speed of production. Research aimed at improved methods of transfer printing is facilitated.Problems associated with the printing of transfer papers are discussed, and developments in the machines used for this purpose are described.
Some Aspects of the Light Fastness of Reactive Azo‐dyes on Cellulose under Wet Conditions
Authors: DATYNER A. , NICHOLLS C. H. , PAILTHORPE M. T. 
Published: July 2010

The photochemical behaviour of four reactive‐azo dyes, (two dyes with poor wet light fastness and two dyes with normal wet light fastness) was examined to elucidate the mechanisms by which some reactive azo dyes, applied to cellulose, fade more rapidly when wet.In one case it was found that the major primary photochemical reaction is photoejection of electrons, which is enhanced in the aqueous environment, while in the second case, a back reaction between hydroxyl radicals and dye molecules is facilitated by the aqueous environment.