bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RESPONSE SURFACE OPTIMIZATION OF CONDITIONS FOR THE CLARIFICATION OF GUAVA FRUIT JUICE USING COMMERCIAL ENZYME
Authors: KAUR SAWINDER , SARKAR B.C. , SHARMA H.K. , SINGH CHARANJIV 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the incubation temperature (36.6–53.40C), incubation time (0.95–11.05 h) and enzyme concentration (0.16–0.84 mg/100 g guava pulp) on ascorbic acid retention, clarity, viscosity and color (L value) of guava juice. A central composite rotatable design was used. Significant regression models describing the changes of ascorbic acid, clarity, viscosity and color with respect to the independent variables (enzyme concentration, temperature and incubation time) were established with the coefficient of determination, R2, greater than 0.8. The results indicated that incubation temperature was the most significant (P < 0.01) variable in ascorbic acid retention, changes in clarity and color, whereas the incubation time showed the most significant (P < 0.01) effect on the viscosity of juice. The compromised optimum condition obtained by numerical integration for clarifying guava juice were: incubation temperature 45.35C, incubation time 7.23 h and enzyme concentration 0.70 mg/100 g guava pulp with ascorbic acid 77.71 mg/100 g, clarity 34.54% transmittance, viscosity 1.24 cps and color (L value) 23.33.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSConsumption of natural fruit juice as an alternative to the traditional caffeine‐containing beverages such as coffee, tea or carbonated soft drinks has increased in recent years in Asian countries. Guava juice when extracted are mostly cloudy due to colloidal suspension and is needed to be clarified as clear juice is preferred. For increased juice yield, the fungal enzymes (pectinases) assist in pectin hydrolysis, causing a significant increase in juice yield. However, the effect of enzyme treatment on guava juice clarification has not been systematically studied. If the enzyme treatment also helps in juice clarification, it will be advantageous to the guava juice process industries. Therefore, the present study was aimed to optimize the hydrolysis pretreatment parameters (incubation temperature, time of treatment and enzyme concentration) for the maximal retention of ascorbic acid, clarity and color with minimal viscosity for the development of clarified guava juice for better acceptability of the product.
PRODUCTION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PEACH (PRUNUS PERSICA) KERNEL FLOUR
Authors: PELENTIR NORBERTO , BLOCK JANE MARA , MONTEIRO FRITZ ALCILENE RODRIGUES , REGINATTO VALÉRIA , AMANTE EDNA REGINA 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT Peach seed is an agro‐industrial residue that corresponds to approximately 10% of the fruit weight. In this work, peach kernel flour was produced by drying at 45, 55 and 65C, with and without maltodextrin. The flour was characterized for protein, ether extract, fatty acids, fibers and minerals. The presence of maltodextrin influences the drying rate. Peach kernel flour showed values for ether extract between 23.86 ± 0.03 and 27.15 ± 0.47 g/100 g. Peach kernel fatty acids show unique characteristics, very high quantities of oleic (ω‐9) and linoleic (ω‐6) acids (around 50% each), which is rare in vegetable oils. Ash values were from 4.62 ± 0.08 to 6.52 ± 0.17 g/100 g. Protein values were from 17.11 ± 0.55 to 21.33 ± 5.56 g/100 g, concentrations comparable with those of black beans, soy beans and peanuts.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSPeach harvesting season is very short; it lasts only 1 or 2 months. The peach kernel flour suggested in this work corresponds to a product that is more stable, and thus more favorable for transportation and storage, allowing its use throughout the whole year. Considering a minimum kernel yield of 50%, which corresponds to approximately 5% of the whole fruit, and that world production of peaches is estimated in 12 million tons, approximately 600,000 tons of kernel or 200,500 tons of flour could be produced, and considering a minimum kernel yield of 30%, 60,750 tons of kernel peach oil could be produced. According to the process described in this work, it is possible to produce 30.84 kg of kernel flour per 100 kg of residue per ton of fresh processed peach and that can result in a functional food, pending on further works, including biological assays and development of new products.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SURIMI AND BACTERIAL CELLULOSE COMPOSITE GEL
Authors: LIN SHIH‐BIN , CHEN LI‐CHEN , CHEN HUI‐HUANG 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT In this study, bacterial cellulose (BC) which has high water‐absorption‐ability was added to dolphin‐fish (mahi‐mahi) surimi to assess the characteristics of composites gels. Twelve days of Gluconacetobacter xylinum (BCRC12335) fermentation decreased the pH of this medium from 4.0 to 3.6, with nata growth on the surface reaching a thickness oSf about 0.7 cm. Alkali treatment altered BC structure, creating a dense and porous network. This alkali‐treated nata (AT‐nata) exhibited high water‐holding capacity. The critical water content (CWC) of rigidity for mahi‐mahi surimi was around 80% and, when surimi water content exceeded the CWC, we found a remarkable decrease in both rigidity and gel strength of the heated surimi. The addition of 5% AT‐nata improved the gel strength of the 80% water content heated surimi predominantly by enhancing its breaking force.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn traditional Chinese‐style fish balls, a certain amount of lard is typically added to give heated surimi products a smoother mouth‐feel. In consideration of healthfulness and enhanced gelation properties, plant gums and cellulose gels are now frequently used as lard replacements in surimi products. In this study, bacterial cellulose, which has high water‐absorption ability, was added to mahi‐mahi surimi to assess the characteristics of composites gels. The surimi to which alkali‐treated nata was added demonstrated characteristics of a phase‐separated network mix gel model. The addition of an appropriate level (5% or less) of nata did not diminishing surimi gel gelation properties. The application of nata as a fat replacement and additional dietary fiber source in processed surimi‐based products appears feasible. These results make nata a potentially competitive “high‐fiber‐low‐fat” healthy surimi product emulsifier.
A STUDY ON THE SYNERGY OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING AND CHITOSAN ON STRACCIATELLA SHELF LIFE
Authors: GAMMARIELLO D. , CONTE A. , ATTANASIO M. , DEL NOBILE M.A. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTIn this work, the addition of different amounts of chitosan during cheese making, combined with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was used to prolong the shelf life of stracciatella cheese. On the packaged cheese stored at 4C microbiological, pH, gas composition and sensorial changes were monitored over an 8‐day period. Results highlighted that the combination of chitosan and MAP prolonged stracciatella cheese shelf life, if compared with the control sample. In fact, the traditional stracciatella showed a short shelf life limited to more or less 3 days, whereas the combination of chitosan and MAP allowed us to obtain a significant shelf life prolongation that accounted to about 7 days.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSConsumer demand for food with health‐promoting quality is increasing. The food industry has intensified its efforts to provide safe, high‐quality products by adding natural compounds to fulfill this requirement. The results presented in this work indicate that the combination of chitosan with modified atmosphere packaging can satisfy this particular need and prolong the shelf life of stracciatella cheese. Considering that the proposed strategy is simple and relatively inexpensive, it could be very beneficial and of commercial importance to the dairy industry.
Experiences with advance care planning: older people and family members’ perspective
Authors: Jeong Sarah Yeun‐Sim , Higgins Isabel , McMillan Margaret 
Published: November 2009

jeong s.y.‐s., higgins i. & mcmillan m. (2011) Experiences with advance care planning: older people and family members’ perspective.International Journal of Older People Nursing6, 176–186doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2009.00201.xAims and objectives. The aim of this study is to report the findings of a case study that explored the phenomenon of advance care planning and advanced care directives in residential care settings in Australia. In particular, this study focuses on the experiences of residents’ and family members’.Background. Understanding the phenomenon of advance care planning and advanced care directives is vital to end of life decision making. There are few studies that report the experiences of older people and family members in relation to advance care planning and advanced care directives.Methods. A case‐study research was conducted and data was collected over 7 months involving participant observation, field notes, semi‐structured interviews and document analysis.Findings. The participants’ early experiences with advance care planning were expressed in unpleasant, hostile and negative ways. However, those emotions and concerns were transformed to more stable, amenable and positive attitudes and feelings as issues were resolved. The factors that enhanced or inhibited the transition were described.Conclusion. Older people and families view the end of life with broader psychosocial and spiritual meanings shaped by a lifetime of experiences. Advance care planning led to a different level of appreciation of personal entity and transcendence. However, advance care planning demands concerted action and support by everyone involved.
Contact Transcleral Ciliary Body Photodynamic Therapy with Verteporfin in Pigmented Rabbits: Effect of Repeated Treatments
Authors: Charisis Spyridon K. , Naoumidi Irene I. , Ginis Harilaos S. , Detorakis Efstathios T. , Tsilimbaris Miltiadis K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe studied the effect on the intraocular pressure (IOP) and the ciliary body (CB) morphology after four consecutive contact transcleral photodynamic treatments of the ciliary body (CB‐PDT) with verteporfin in pigmented rabbits. Twenty‐two pigmented rabbits underwent CB‐PDT (study group), performed once (six rabbits) or repeated for up to four times (16 rabbits). Six additional rabbits received only laser treatment without photosensitizer administration (control group). CB‐PDT was performed in one eye in rabbits of the study group, with the fellow eye serving as internal control. Verteporfin dosage was 1 mg kg−1as bolus injection and laser settings were 40 mW (600 μm core optical fiber) for 1.5 min per spot, for 10 spots. In repeated CB‐PDT, treatments were performed in 4‐day intervals. Daily IOP measurements were recorded. Histological studies were performed at selected time points. An IOP reduction, more sustained following repeated treatments, was detected in all treated eyes but not in fellow eyes or in the control group. On the average, the IOP was restored to pretreatment levels 4 days after the last treatment. No serious adverse events were observed and the CB architecture was intact at the end of the experiment. Repeated CB‐PDT is safe and results in a short‐term reduction of IOP. Induced CB alterations are reversible.
Cognitive Development and Learning: Analyzing the Building of Skills in Classrooms
Authors: Schwartz Marc 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThis article explores the unique and personal experience of learning within a broader framework of development called skill theory. The framework offers a perspective for recognizing within a diversity of experiences a stable order of increasing complexity in skills that individuals display as they execute or demonstrate changes in their understanding. This order is described in terms of a scale, or ruler, that quantifies across domains the achievement of greater levels of complexity in ability. In particular, we explore the process adults follow as they attempt to understand and apply ideas from science and leadership to allow the reader to witness how individual experiences can map onto a “universal” scale of learning and development.
Examining the “Whole Child” to Generate Usable Knowledge
Authors: Rappolt‐Schlichtmann Gabrielle , Ayoub Catherine C. , Gravel Jenna W. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTDespite the promise of scientific knowledge contributing to issues facing vulnerable children, families, and communities, typical approaches to research have made applications challenging. While contemporary theories of human development offer appropriate complexity, research has mostly failed to address dynamic developmental processes. Research typically fragments or splits the human organism into “investigatable” units—biology, behavior, culture, genetics, relationships, innate modules of mind, etc.—resulting in the inevitable loss of the person as an integrated, embodied center of agency. This is problematic for generating knowledge that is usable because in educational practice the unit of analysis and application is the whole person. We discuss the problems inherent to generating usable knowledge when theory and research methodology are so deeply incongruent. In an illustrative example, we adopt a “person‐in‐context” perspective to demonstrate how research has led to the mischaracterization of maltreated children as immature, disorganized, and dysregulated. Using this “person‐in‐context” perspective in research can facilitate generating usable knowledge.
Effects of an Adaptive Game Intervention on Accessing Number Sense in Low‐Socioeconomic‐Status Kindergarten Children
Authors: Wilson Anna J. , Dehaene Stanislas , Dubois Ophélie , Fayol Michel 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT“The Number Race” is an adaptive game designed to improve number sense. We tested its effectiveness using a cross‐over design in 53 low socioeconomic status kindergarteners in France. Children showed improvements in tasks traditionally used to assess number sense (numerical comparison of digits and words). However, there was no improvement on non‐symbolic measures of number sense, suggesting that rather than being in number sense per se, the improvement was in number sense access; or links between symbolic and non‐symbolic representations of number. Focused adaptive interventions such as this may contribute to reducing the socioeconomic gap in math achievement.
Physician vs Patient Assessment of Dyspnea During Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: Smithline Howard A. , Caglar Selin , Blank Fidela S. J. 
Published: November 2009

This study assessed agreement between physician and patient self‐reported measures of dyspnea severity during acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Both the physician and patient measured the change in dyspnea severity over 1 hour using 2 methods: (1) the difference of two static dyspnea measures (STATIC) and (2) a single transitional measure (TRANS). Likert scales and visual analog scales (VASs) were used. Data on 112 patients were analyzed. The mean difference between physician and patient VAS scores was 1 mm (limits of agreement: −54 to 56 mm) using the STATIC data. For TRANS data, the mean difference was 5 mm (limits of agreement: −75 to 86 mm). For the Likert scales, the weighted kappa was 0.13 and 0.23 for STATIC and TRANS data, respectively. The wide limits of agreement restrict our ability to substitute physician assessment for patient self‐assessment of dyspnea in patients with ADHF.Congest Heart Fail. 2010;16:60–64. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Juvenile recurrent parotitis: a case report
Authors: Gardner G. , Fowlie P. , Macluskey M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractJuvenile recurrent parotitis is a rare inflammatory disease characterised by intermittent sudden onset episodes of parotid swelling unrelated to eating. It is the second most common salivary gland disease in children, next to mumps. A case of this condition affecting a 2‐year‐old boy is reported and the literature reviewed.
Can early detection rates for cancer referred to an oral and maxillofacial surgery department be improved by consultant triage of referral letters?
Authors: Breeze J. , Attargekar V. , Moss C.E. , Gibbons A.J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim:  To analyse the detection rate of oral cancer from referrals to our department and if our department policy of triaging referrals was appropriate.Material and methods:  The authors reviewed all oral cancer referrals and urgent oral lesion referrals to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Peterborough and Stamford National Health Service Foundation Trust Hospitals during 2006.Results:  Sixty‐three patients were referred in 2006 for lesions that consultant triage suspected may be malignant or referred to be seen urgently. Thirty‐three patients were referred by general practitioners and all were subsequently seen within the 2‐week rule. Consultant triage of referral letters allocated a further 17 to been seen under the 2‐week rule timescale. An additional 13 urgent referrals were classified as not meeting the 2‐week rule criteria by the consultant that graded the letter but to be seen within 4 weeks.Conclusion:  Our study shows that with consultant triaging of referral letters, a malignancy detection rate of 24% can be achieved.
On Lewis, Schaffer and the Non‐Reductive Evaluation of Counterfactuals
Authors: NORTHCOTT ROBERT 
Published: November 2009

AbstractJonathan Schaffer (2004) proposes an ingenious amendment to David Lewis's semantics for counterfactuals. This amendment explicitly invokes the notion of causal independence, thus giving up Lewis's ambitions for a reductive counterfactual account of causation. But in return, it rescues Lewis's semantics from extant counterexamples.I present a new counterexample that defeats even Schaffer's amendment. Further, I argue that a better approach would be to follow the causal modelling literature and evaluate counterfactuals via an explicit postulated causal structure. This alternative approach easily resolves the new counterexample, as well as all the previous ones. Up to now, its perceived drawback relative to Lewis's scheme has been its non‐reductiveness. But since the same drawback applies equally to Schaffer's amended scheme, this becomes no longer a point of comparative disadvantage.
Efficacy of Synthetic Suburethral Slings in Female Urinary Stress Incontinence with Overactive Bladder
Authors: SEO Ju Tae , KIM Kyung Tae , KIM Tae Hong 
Published: November 2009

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of synthetic suburethral slings in female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) patients with overactive bladder (OAB).Methods: From May 2002 to April 2005, a total of 295 women with SUI underwent suburethral sling procedure. Of the 295 women, only those who were followed up for at least 12 months were included in the study, yielding 236 patients. The patients were divided into three groups: pure SUI; SUI with OAB dry; and SUI with OAB wet. Telephone questionnaires by were used to evaluate the postoperative improvement of SUI and storage symptoms.Results: There were significant differences in preoperative symptom score, quality of life (QoL) score, and preoperative voided volume among the three groups. There were no significant differences among the three groups in terms of the cure rate for the stress component (group 1, 88.6%; group 2, 86.2%; group 3, 86.7%; P = 0.943). Eighty percent of group 1 patients improved in frequency, but two patients (2.3%) complained of de novo urgency. In group 2, 81.5 and 82.7% improved in frequency and urgency, respectively, but one patient (1.7%) complained of de novo urge incontinence. In group 3, 76.9 and 84.4% improved in frequency and urge incontinence, respectively.Conclusion: Suburethral slings are simple, safe and highly effective in treating SUI with OAB.
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in the UK Farming Population
Authors: Meader E. , Thomas D. , Salmon R. , Sillis M. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryHepatitis E is a zoonosis that can be acquired by the consumption of contaminated food or water, or via person‐to‐person spread. However, little is known about the transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in the UK. We investigated the epidemiology of indigenous hepatitis E infection using the PHLS Farm Cohort, a sentinel group with a history of close contact with a range of domestic animals. Ten of the 413 subjects tested were positive for hepatitis E IgG antibodies (2.4%). Seroprevalence peaked in those aged 51 to 60 years (relative risk 3.3, 95% CI: 1.0–10.5). Male participants (relative risk 3.6, 95% CI: 0.6–21.2) and those from farms in the Hereford area of the United Kingdom (relative risk 2.7, 95% CI: 0.8–8.4), an area of mixed livestock farming, were more likely to have serological evidence of previous HEVs exposure, although these findings were not statistically significant. Exposure to pigs, or water from a private supply, was not identified as a significant risk factor. The results of this study suggest that UK farming populations are exposed to HEV, but the predominant route of transmission remains elusive.
Multiantigen Print Immunoassay for Comparison of Diagnostic Antigens for
Taenia solium
Cysticercosis and Taeniasis
Authors: Handali Sukwan , Klarman Molly , Gaspard Amanda N. , Noh John , Lee Yeuk-Mui , Rodriguez Silvia , Gonzalez Armando E. , Garcia Hector H. , Gilman Robert H. , Tsang Victor C. W. , Wilkins Patricia P. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

One of the best-characterized tests for the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis is the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay, developed at the CDC, which uses lentil lectin-purified glycoproteins (LLGPs) extracted from
Taenia solium
cysticerci. The purification of the LLGP antigens has been difficult to standardize, and the polyacrylamide gel system used for the immunoblot assay is not easily transferable to other laboratories. In this study, we developed a multiantigen printing immunoassay (MAPIA) to compare the performance of multiple recombinant
Taenia solium
proteins with the potential for the detection of cysticercosis and taeniasis. We prepared MAPIA strips using six cysticercosis and two taeniasis diagnostic proteins and compared the performance of the proteins with sera collected from defined cysticercosis and taeniasis cases. Of the six cysticercosis antigens, rT24H performed well in detecting cases with two or more viable cysts in the brain (sensitivity and specificity, 97% and 99.4%, respectively); the use of a combination of cysticercosis antigens did not improve the sensitivity of the test and decreased the specificity. None of the antigens could differentiate the different clinical presentations of cysticercosis. Both of the taeniasis antigens (rES33 and rES38) had the same sensitivity of 99.4% and specificities of 93.9% and 94.5%, respectively. Some cross-reactivity against rES33 and rES38 was found, especially with sera from cases infected with
Schistosoma mansoni
. We conclude that MAPIA is a simple and effective tool that may be used to compare antibody responses to different cysticercosis and taeniasis antigens and, in this case, may be useful for the rapid detection of
T. solium
cases.