bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transformative answers: One way to resist a question’s constraints
Authors: STIVERS TANYA , HAYASHI MAKOTO 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTA number of Conversation Analytic studies have documented that question recipients have a variety of ways to push against the constraints that questions impose on them. This article explores the concept of transformative answers – answers through which question recipients retroactively adjust the question posed to them. Two main sorts of adjustments are discussed: question term transformations and question agenda transformations. It is shown that the operations through which interactants implement term transformations are different from the operations through which they implement agenda transformations. Moreover, term-transforming answers resist only the question’s design, while agenda-transforming answers effectively resist both design and agenda, thus implying that agenda-transforming answers resist more strongly than design-transforming answers. The implications of these different sorts of transformations for alignment and affiliation are then explored.*
“Well, that’s why I asked the question sir”:Wellas a discourse marker in court
Authors: INNES BRONWEN 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the use ofwellas a discourse marker in some New Zealand courtrooms. Whilewellhas been discussed by many in the past, the data have been selected mainly from small, friendly encounters of various kinds, including sociolinguistic interviews. The study reported on here looks at a very different situation that necessarily involves a range of relationships and includes both cooperative and adversarial activities. It confirms that explanations ofwell’s use focusing on single strands such as social indicators (e.g. gender) or discourse coherence are simplistic, a more fruitful account being afforded through a multi-pronged functional approach. Finally, the article considers the application of politeness and relevance theory.*
Azimuthal source localization using interaural coherence in a robotic dog: modeling and application
Authors: Liu Rong , Wang Yongxuan 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYIn nature, sounds from multiple sources, as well as reflections from the surfaces of the physical surroundings, arrive concurrently from different directions at the ears of a listener. Despite the fact that all of these waveforms sum at the eardrums, humans with normal hearing can effortlessly segregate interesting sounds from echoes and other sources of background noises. This paper presents a two-microphone technique for localization of sound sources to effectively guide robotic navigation. Its fundamental structure is adopted from a binaural signal-processing scheme employed in biological systems for the localization of sources using interaural time differences (ITDs). The two input signals are analyzed for coincidences along left/right-channel delay-line pairs. The coincidence time instants are presented as a function of the interaural coherence (IC). Specifically, we build a sphere head model for the selected robot and apply the mechanism of binaural cues selection observed in mammalian hearing system to mitigate the effects of sound echoes. The sound source is found by determining the azimuth at which the maximum of probability density function (PDF) of ITD cues occurs. This eliminates the localization artifacts found during tests. The experimental results of a systematic evaluation demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method.
Fetal Habituation
Authors: Hepper Peter G , Leader Leo R 
Published: January 2010

One aim of obstetric practice is to ensure the wellbeing of the fetus. This is by no means an easy task and recent years have seen the development of a variety of tests, with varying degrees of success, to evaluate fetal health.Fetal wellbeing may be assessed at a variety of levels: genetic/cellular, physical/structural or functional. Ideally the evaluation of fetal health should provide information about the functional outcome of any particular condition, especially the performance of the central nervous system. Current tests may not do this. Thus, whilst tests of the fetal chromosomal or genetic constitution may determine the presence of particular genetic/chromosomal conditions, they may not predict functional outcome especially the functioning of the cerebral cortices, the ultimate arbiter of excellence in man. For example, Down's syndrome may be accurately diagnosed by analysis of fetal cells to detect the presence of Trisomy 21 but this in itself provides little information on the subsequent functional performance of the individual. The development of tests of fetal heart function such as antenatal cardiotocography have provided a means of assessing cardiac function and, to a certain extent, the functioning of parts of the autonomic nervous system. However such tests can only indirectly assess cortical function.
Non-specific currents at fertilisation in sea urchin oocytes
Authors: De Simone Maria Laura , Grumetto Lucia , Tosti Elisabetta , Wilding Martin , Dale Brian 
Published: January 2010

SummaryUsing the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique to clamp sea urchin oocytes we show that the fertilising spermatozoon triggers an inward current of −521 ± 56.7 pA (n = 8) at activation. Simultaneously, the plasma membrane depolarises and the conductance increases from 23.4 ± 1.4 to 40.6 ± 1.2 nS (n = 8). The I/V curve for the peak activation current is linear and the current reverses between 0 and + 20 mV, suggesting a non-specific ion current. Since injection of inositol triphosphate induced an inward current of −1062 ± 314 pA (n = 4), and the current was inhibited by preloading oocytes with the calcium chelator BAPTA, the non-specific activation current in sea urchin appears to be calcium dependent.
Promotion of follicular antrum formation by pig oocytes in vitro
Authors: Shen Xiangju , Miyano Takashi , Kato Seishiro 
Published: January 2010

SummaryPig oocyte–cumulus–granulosa cell complexes (OCG complexes) from pig early antral follicles reorganise an antrum under the stimulation of FSH. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the oocytes in antrum formation. In the first experiment, oocyte–cumulus complexes were removed from pig OCG complexes, and the antrum formation of parietal granulosa cells themselves (PGs) was examined. Antrum formation by sham-operated OCG complexes (OC/G complexes), in which the connections between the oocyte–cumulus complexes and the parietal granulosa cells had been disrupted, was also examined. The complexes were cultured for 8 days in collagen gels in the presence of 10ng/ml FSH. Antra were formed in about 60% of the intact OCG complexes and the sham-operated OCG complexes, while only 20% of the PGs formed antra. In the second experiment, oocyte–cumulus complexes in the OCG complexes were replaced by denuded oocytes (O/G complexes) or Sephadex G-25 beads (B/G complexes) similar in diameter to the oocytes, and the two types of complexes were cultured under the same conditions. The O/G complexes formed antra to a similar extent as the OC/G complexes, whereas the B/G complexes scarcely formed any antra. The histological sections showed that the granulosa cells in the OC/G and O/G complexes were in intimate contact with each other and retained a shape similar to those in the ovarian follicles, while the granulosa cells in the PGs and B/G complexes became quite irregular in shape. These results suggest that pig oocytes promote contact between the granulosa cells to induce antrum formation in a physiological manner.
The polysulphate binding domain of human proacrosin/acrosin is involved in both the enzyme activation and spermatozoa-zona pellucida interaction
Authors: Moreno R. D. , Sepúlveda M. S. , de Ioannes A. , Barros C. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryMammalian acrosin is a protease present as a zymogen in the acrosome of a non-reacted mammalian sperm, andin vitrois able to carry out limited hydrolysis of homologous and heterologous zonae pellucidae. On the other hand, sulphated polymers and zona pellcida glycoproteins bind to acrosin on a domain different from the active site, named the polysulphate binding domain (PSBD). Thus it is believed that acrosome-reacted spermatozoa bind to glycan chains of the zona pellucida through PSBD participating as secondary binding receptor. The aim of the present work was to study the role of PSBD during both human gamete interaction and acrosin activation. In this work we present evidence that the anti-human acrosin monoclonal antibody C5F10 is directed to an epitope located on or near the PSBD on human proacrosin/acrosin. Moreover, we show that this antibody is able to inhibit both proacrosin activation induced by fucoidan and the sperm binding to the zona pellucida. Our results suggest that the same PSBD is involved in both sperm secondary binding, during zona pellucida penetration, and proacrosin activation.
Exploring Multi-Issue Activism
Authors: Andersen Ellen Ann , Jennings M. Kent 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMulti-issue activists are sorely understudied, despite their acknowledged importance as bridges between social movements and issue domains. In this article we explore multi-issue activism, beginning with a large sample of AIDS activists and charting the degree and nature of overlapping issue involvement, the key role of “initiator” issues, and individual characteristics that promote multi-issue activism. We demonstrate that the great majority of these AIDS activists had sizable prior and ongoing participation histories in other issues, suggesting that movement across issue areas may be the norm rather than the exception. We also show that involvement in specific past issues served as gateways to later involvement in AIDS, that psychological engagement in politics prompted cross-issue activism even among these already activated individuals, and that unique personal characteristics (in this case gender and sexual orientation) led to more issue interconnectedness.
Nicole's Father is NOT German! The Immutability of Differences, and the Social Construction of their Moral and Political Salience
Authors: Monroe Kristen Renwick , McDermott Rose 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWhy are differences so political significant? Too often political science discussions of differences assume they are immutable. The attendant implication is that the political divisions attached to these variations—in religion, ethnicity, race, or any of the other dissimilarities that frequently enter political life—are considered rigid and inflexible. This commentary draws on recent work in moral and social psychology and evolutionary biology to suggest that the critical political factor surrounding differences is not their immutability but rather the moral and political salience we accord such differences. Simple experiments in social identity theory—and a conversation with an incensed 12-year old—demonstrate that the psychological process by which differences between people and groups become deemed ethically and politically relevant is totally socially constructed and hence can be restructured in a fashion that leads to more tolerant treatment of those judged different.
(Ending) Civil War in the Classroom: A Peacebuilding Simulation
Authors: Brynen Rex 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThere often exists a problematic gap between more theoretical works on war-to-peace transitions, and the practical challenges that peacebuilding operations face in the field. This article describes the use of classroom simulation to highlight the complexity of contemporary multilateral peace operations. It describes the content and mechanics of the simulation, the issues that can arise in its operation, and strategies for most effectively integrating such a simulation into overall course objectives.
Who Supports Health Reform?
Authors: Brady David W. , Kessler Daniel P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this article, we report results from a new study that surveyed a large, national sample of American adults about their willingness to pay for health reform. As in previous work, we find that self-identified Republicans, older Americans, and high-income Americans are less supportive of reform. However, these basic findings mask three important features of public opinion. First, income has a substantial effect on support for reform, even holding political affiliation constant. Indeed, income is the most important determinant of support for reform. Second, the negative effects of income on support for reform begin early in the income distribution, at annual family income levels of $25,000 to $50,000. Third, although older Americans have a less favorable view of reform than the young, much of their opposition is due to dislike of large policy changes than to reform per se.
Blogging in the Political Science Classroom
Authors: Lawrence Christopher N. , Dion Michelle L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWeblogs (or blogs), as a form of communication on the Internet, have recently risen in prominence but may be poorly understood by both faculty and students. This article explains how blogs differ from other online communication tools and how political science faculty can make use of blogs in their classes. The focus is on using blogs as part of class assignments to reinforce important skills, including critical thinking, political engagement, and essay writing. We also discuss existing academic and professional blogs that may be models for student blogging in political science.
Effect of dietary fatty acid intake on prospective weight change in the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Authors: Nimptsch Katharina , Berg-Beckhoff Gabriele , Linseisen Jakob 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the association between fatty acid (α-linolenic acid (ALA), EPA, DHA, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids) intake and prospective weight change in the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.DesignProspective cohort study with mean follow-up time of 6·5 years. In a total of 9182 men and 10867 women aged 35 to 64 years, from body weight measurement at recruitment and calibrated body weight during follow-up, weight change was expressed as mean annual weight change relative to baseline weight (%/year) and categorised into four groups (weight loss, <−2·5%/5 years; stable weight, between −2·5 and +2·5%/5 years; small weight gain, ≥2·5 to <7·5%/5 years; large weight gain, ≥7·5%/5 years). Energy-adjusted dietary fatty acid intake data were estimated from the FFQ completed at baseline. Multivariate linear regression models as well as multinomial logistic regression analyses (carbohydrate replacement models) were conducted.ResultsStearic acid intake was linearly associated with weight gain (P < 0·01) in men and women. Linear associations also existed for ALA and arachidonic acid intake, significantly so in women. In multinomial models, women in the highest tertile of ALA and stearic acid intake showed increased OR (95 % CI) for small weight gain (1·16 (0·94, 1·88) and 1·24 (1·08, 1·43), respectively), and large weight gain (1·39 (1·03, 1·88) and 1·56 (1·27, 1·90), respectively), whereas OR were non-significantly increased in men. Dietary intake of ALA was inversely associated with large (0·80 (0·65, 0·99)) weight gain in women only.ConclusionsThese results suggest differential effects of single dietary fatty acids on prospective weight gain in adults.
Risk factors for childhood obesity in a Greek paediatric population
Authors: Papandreou Dimitrios , Malindretos Pavlos , Rousso Israel 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveObesity in children is a serious public health issue in Greece. The purpose of the current study was to identify risk factors such as birth weight, breast-feeding, dietary patterns, family history of obesity and sedentary behaviours that are possibly associated with paediatric obesity.DesignTwo hundred and five overweight and obese children (OW/OB; group 1) aged 7–15 years from eight primary and secondary schools and a control group (group 2) of normal-weight children were matched for age and sex. Overweight and obesity were calculated based on the International Obesity Taskforce criteria. Lifestyle parameters as well as anthropometric data were collected in all children. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for obesity.ResultsBreast-feeding (≥3 months) and leisure-time physical activity proved to be protector factors against obesity (OR = 0·21, 95 % CI 0·11, 0·79, P < 0·001 and OR = 0·87, 95 % CI 0·85, 0·89, P < 0·001 respectively). On the other hand, family history of obesity (OR = 3·79, 95 % CI 2·61, 4·18, P < 0·001), sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (OR = 1·77, 95 % CI 1·03, 2·76, P < 0·001) and watching television (OR = 1·99, 95 % CI 1·54, 2·76, P = 0·04) were found to be positively associated with a higher obesity risk.ConclusionsThe current findings support the literature according to which duration of breast-feeding (<3 months), a family history of obesity, watching television, sedentary lifestyle and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages are important risk factors for childhood obesity. More studies are needed to elucidate the relationship of paediatric obesity and possible predictor factors in order to avoid health consequences in these children later on in life.
Evaluating marketing channel options for small-scale fruit and vegetable producers
Authors: LeRoux M.N. , Schmit T.M. , Roth M. , Streeter D.H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAn analytical framework and ranking system is developed to summarize the primary factors affecting marketing channel performance and to prioritize those channels with the greatest opportunity for success. An application of the model is conducted using case-study evidence from four small-scale diversified vegetable crop producers in Central New York. The relative costs and benefits of alternative wholesale and direct marketing channels are investigated, including how the factors of risk, owner and paid labor, profits, lifestyle preferences and sales volume interact to impact optimal market channel selection. Given the highly perishable nature of the crops grown, along with the risks and potential sales volume of particular channels, a combination of different marketing channels is needed to maximize overall firm performance.
The ICRC's response to internal displacement: strengths, challenges and constraints
Authors: Kellenberger Jakob 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe often highly complex and fluid nature of displacement on the ground makes coverage of IDPs' needs a difficult task, and a flexible response is required to fit different contexts. The ICRC's humanitarian response is guided by the vulnerability and the needs of all people affected by armed conflict and violence – including, of course, IDPs, whose vulnerability is often (but not automatically) exacerbated by their particular situation. The protection and assistance of IDPs therefore naturally lies at the heart of the ICRC's mandate and activities. In identifying and responding to needs, the ICRC looks at the whole context in which internal displacement occurs, as well as all the people affected. The aim is to promote self-reliance among vulnerable communities so as to avoid displacement, or to strengthen their capacity to host IDPs. Nevertheless, where needed, the ICRC also fills gaps by providing emergency aid in IDP camps, coordinating with other international organizations in order to optimize response.
Immigration controls and free movement in Europe
Authors: Bigo Didier 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEffective control of cross-border activities is nearly impossible in market-economy regimes which, in order to remain viable, have to keep their borders open to goods, capital and services. This article exposes the tensions between a legal system predicated on openness and a groundswell of security-driven rhetoric justifying coercive and ostracizing practices against foreigners.
Decomposition numbers for finite Coxeter groups and generalised non-crossing partitions
Authors: Krattenthaler C. , Müller T. 
Published: January 2010

Given a finite irreducible Coxeter group

W
W

, a positive integer

d
d

, and types

T
1

,

T
2

,
…
,

T
d

T_1,T_2,\dots ,T_d

(in the sense of the classification of finite Coxeter groups), we compute the number of decompositions

c
=

σ
1

σ
2

⋯

σ
d

c=\sigma _1\sigma _2\cdots \sigma _d

of a Coxeter element

c
c

of

W
W

, such that

σ
i

\sigma _i

is a Coxeter element in a subgroup of type

T
i

T_i

in

W
W

,

i
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
d

i=1,2,\dots ,d

, and such that the factorisation is “minimal” in the sense that the sum of the ranks of the

T
i

T_i

’s,

i
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
d

i=1,2,\dots ,d

, equals the rank of

W
W

. For the exceptional types, these decomposition numbers have been computed by the first author in [“Topics in Discrete Mathematics,” M. Klazar et al. (eds.), Springer–Verlag, Berlin, New York, 2006, pp. 93–126] and [Séminaire Lotharingien Combin. 54 (2006), Article B54l]. The type

A
n

A_n

decomposition numbers have been computed by Goulden and Jackson in [Europ. J. Combin. 13 (1992), 357–365], albeit using a somewhat different language. We explain how to extract the type

B
n

B_n

decomposition numbers from results of Bóna, Bousquet, Labelle and Leroux [Adv. Appl. Math. 24 (2000), 22–56] on map enumeration. Our formula for the type

D
n

D_n

decomposition numbers is new. These results are then used to determine, for a fixed positive integer

l
l

and fixed integers

r
1

≤

r
2

≤
⋯
≤

r
l

r_1\le r_2\le \dots \le r_l

, the number of multi-chains

π
1

≤

π
2

≤
⋯
≤

π
l

\pi _1\le \pi _2\le \dots \le \pi _l

in Armstrong’s generalised non-crossing partitions poset, where the poset rank of

π
i

\pi _i

equals

r
i

r_i

and where the “block structure” of

π
1

\pi _1

is prescribed. We demonstrate that this result implies all known enumerative results on ordinary and generalised non-crossing partitions via appropriate summations. Surprisingly, this result on multi-chain enumeration is new even for the original non-crossing partitions of Kreweras. Moreover, the result allows one to solve the problem of rank-selected chain enumeration in the type

D
n

D_n

generalised non-crossing partitions poset, which, in turn, leads to a proof of Armstrong’s

F
=
M

F=M

Conjecture in type

D
n

D_n

, thus completing a computational proof of the

F
=
M

F=M

Conjecture for all types. It also allows one to address another conjecture of Armstrong on maximal intervals containing a random multi-chain in the generalised non-crossing partitions poset.
Fast and accurate long-read alignment with Burrows–Wheeler transform
Authors: Li Heng , Durbin Richard 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Many programs for aligning short sequencing reads to a reference genome have been developed in the last 2 years. Most of them are very efficient for short reads but inefficient or not applicable for reads &gt;200 bp because the algorithms are heavily and specifically tuned for short queries with low sequencing error rate. However, some sequencing platforms already produce longer reads and others are expected to become available soon. For longer reads, hashing-based software such as BLAT and SSAHA2 remain the only choices. Nonetheless, these methods are substantially slower than short-read aligners in terms of aligned bases per unit time.
Results: We designed and implemented a new algorithm, Burrows-Wheeler Aligner's Smith-Waterman Alignment (BWA-SW), to align long sequences up to 1 Mb against a large sequence database (e.g. the human genome) with a few gigabytes of memory. The algorithm is as accurate as SSAHA2, more accurate than BLAT, and is several to tens of times faster than both.
Availability: http://bio-bwa.sourceforge.net
Contact: rd@sanger.ac.uk