bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding Predictors of Low Physical Activity in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Finlayson Janet , Jackson Alison , Cooper Sally‐Ann , Morrison Jillian , Melville Craig , Smiley Elita , Allan Linda , Mantry Dipali 
Published: April 2009

Background  Lack of regular physical activity is globally one of the most significant risks to health. The main aims of this study were to describe the types and levels of regular physical activity undertaken by adults with intellectual disabilities, and to investigate the factors predicting low activity.Materials and Methods  Interviews were conducted with a community‐based sample of adults with intellectual disabilities (n = 433) at two time points. Data hypothesized to be predictive of low levels of activity were collected at time 1. Descriptive data were collected on the frequency and intensity, and actual level of participation in activities at time 2.Results  Only 150 (34.6%) adults with intellectual disabilities undertook any regular activity of at least moderate intensity. This was of shorter duration, compared with the general population. Older age, having immobility, epilepsy, no daytime opportunities, living in congregate care and faecal incontinence were independently predictive of low levels of activity.Conclusions  These results are a step towards informing the development of interventions to promote the health of adults with intellectual disabilities through increased physical activity.
Breaking Out of a Distinct Social Space: Reflections on Supporting Community Participation for People with Severe and Profound Intellectual Disability
Authors: Clement Tim , Bigby Christine 
Published: April 2009

Background  Typically people with intellectual disability have small, highly restricted social networks characterized by interactions with other people with intellectual disabilities, family members, and paid workers. The goal of ‘inclusion’ has been central to policies that have shaped services over the past 30 years. It is an ill defined concept with disagreement about its meaning, the problems it seeks to overcome and how it should be realized.Method  Ethnographic and action research methods were used to support and collect data on the implementation of a programme, known as the Community Inclusion Framework, in a group home for five adults with severe intellectual disabilities in Victoria, Australia.Results and Conclusions  A pattern of service delivery based on community presence rather than participation evolved and endured over 16 months. The findings show that most staff attached a different meaning to inclusion from that proposed in the Community Inclusion Framework, disagreed with the proposed meaning or felt these residents were too different for it to be meaningful. This suggests that priority will only be accorded to activities that lead to inclusion if staff are convinced of the veracity of this and given strong and consistent direction and support.
Co‐incorporation of biodegradable wastes with crop residues to reduce nitrate pollution of groundwater and decrease waste disposal to landfill
Authors: Rahn C. R. , Bending G. D. , Lillywhite R. D. , Turner M. K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractReturn of high nitrogen (N) content crop residues to soil, particularly in autumn, can result in environmental pollution resulting from gaseous and leaching losses of N. The EU Landfill Directive will require significant reductions in the amounts of biodegradable materials going to landfill. A field experiment was set up to examine the potential of using biodegradable waste materials to manipulate losses of N from high N crop residues in the soil. Leafy residues of sugar beet were co‐incorporated into soil with materials of varying C:N ratios, including molasses, compactor waste, paper waste, green waste compost and cereal straw. The amendment materials were each incorporated to provide approximately 3.7 t C per hectare. The most effective material for reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) production and leaching loss of NO3− was compactor waste, which is the final product from the recycling of cardboard. Adding molasses increased N2O and NO3− leaching losses. Six months following incorporation of residues, the double rate application of compactor waste decreased soil mineral N by 36 kg N per hectare, and the molasses increased soil mineral N by 47 kg N per hectare. Compactor waste reduced spring barley grain yield by 73% in the first of years following incorporation, with smaller losses at the second harvest. At the first harvest, molasses and paper waste increased yields of spring barley by 20 and 10% compared with sugar beet residues alone, and the enhanced yield persisted to the second harvest. The amounts of soil mineral N in the spring and subsequent yields of a first cereal crop were significantly correlated to the lignin and cellulose contents of the amendment materials. Yield was reduced by 0.3–0.4 t/ha for every 100 mg/g increase in cellulose or lignin content. In a second year, cereal yield was still reduced and related to the cellulose content of the amendment materials but with one quarter of the effect. Additional fertilizer applied to this second crop did not relieve this effect. Although amendment materials were promising as tools to reduce N losses, further work is needed to reduce the negative effects on subsequent crops which was not removed by applying 60 kg/ha of fertilizer N.
Polyacrylate polymers as immobilizing agents to aid phytostabilization of two mine soils
Authors: De Varennes A. , Cunha‐Queda C. , Ramos A. R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe evaluated the effect of polyacrylate polymers as immobilizing agents to aid phytostabilization of two mine soils. One soil had a very low pH (3.7) and a large Pb content, while the other was less acidic but had a greater content of Cu and Zn. Growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Victorian) was stimulated in polymer‐amended soils. After ryegrass had been growing for 35 days, the amounts of water‐extractable Cu, Zn and Pb (one soil only) present in the polymer‐amended soils were smaller than those from soil without polymer. The number of culturable heterotrophic bacteria and the activities of dehydrogenase and β‐glucosidase increased following polymer application. In contrast, the urease activity was impaired by polymer application, presumably because of the presence of ammonium as a counter ion. In another experiment, the acidic soil was limed to pH 6.5 before growth of perennial ryegrass took place. Liming the soil greatly enhanced plant growth, but by the third cut, differences between treatments became apparent, with plants from polymer‐amended limed soil accumulating a greater biomass compared with limed soil without polymer. After ryegrass had been growing for 119 days (five cuts), the amount of water‐extractable Pb and the urease activity in the polymer‐amended soil were smaller than those from limed soil without polymer. The numbers of culturable heterotrophic bacteria and the activities of dehydrogenase, β‐glucosidase and acid phosphatase increased following polymer application. The results are consistent with phytostabilization being achieved by the application of polyacrylate polymers, improving soil chemical and biological properties. In very acidic soils, the use of both a liming material and polymer together appears to give a considerable advantage.
Marked changes in signal transduction upon heteromerization of dopamine D1 and histamine H3 receptors
Authors: Ferrada Carla , Moreno Estefanía , Casadó Vicent , Bongers Gerold , Cortés Antoni , Mallol Josefa , Canela Enric I , Leurs Rob , Ferré Sergi , Lluís Carme , Franco Rafael 
Published: April 2009

Background and purpose:  Functional interactions between the G protein‐coupled dopamine D1 and histamine H3 receptors have been described in the brain. In the present study we investigated the existence of D1–H3 receptor heteromers and their biochemical characteristics.Experimental approach:  D1–H3 receptor heteromerization was studied in mammalian transfected cells with Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer and binding assays. Furthermore, signalling through mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and adenylyl cyclase pathways was studied in co‐transfected cells and compared with cells transfected with either D1 or H3 receptors.Key results:  Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer and binding assays confirmed that D1 and H3 receptors can heteromerize. Activation of histamine H3 receptors did not lead to signalling towards the MAPK pathway unless dopamine D1 receptors were co‐expressed. Also, dopamine D1 receptors, usually coupled to Gs proteins and leading to increases in cAMP, did not couple to Gs but to Gi in co‐transfected cells. Furthermore, signalling via each receptor was blocked not only by a selective antagonist but also by an antagonist of the partner receptor.Conclusions and implications:  D1–H3 receptor heteromers constitute unique devices that can direct dopaminergic and histaminergic signalling towards the MAPK pathway in a Gs‐independent and Gi‐dependent manner. An antagonist of one of the receptor units in the D1–H3 receptor heteromer can induce conformational changes in the other receptor unit and block specific signals originating in the heteromer. This gives rise to unsuspected therapeutic potentials for G protein‐coupled receptor antagonists.
Pharmacological characterization of the new histamine H4receptor agonist VUF 8430
Authors: Lim Herman D , Adami Maristella , Guaita Elena , Werfel Thomas , Smits Rogier A , De Esch Iwan JP , Bakker Remko A , Gutzmer Ralf , Coruzzi Gabriella , Leurs Rob 
Published: April 2009

Background and purpose: We compare the pharmacological profiles of a new histamine H4receptor agonist 2‐(2‐guanidinoethyl)isothiourea (VUF 8430) with that of a previously described H4receptor agonist, 4‐methylhistamine.Experimental approach: Radioligand binding and functional assays were performed using histamine H4receptors expressed in mammalian cell lines. Compounds were also evaluatedex vivoin monocyte‐derived dendritic cells endogenously expressing H4receptors andin vivoin anaesthetized rats for gastric acid secretion activity.Key results: Both VUF 8430 and 4‐methylhistamine were full agonists at human H4receptors with lower affinity at rat and mouse H4receptors. Both compounds induced chemotaxis of monocyte‐derived dendritic cells. VUF 8430 also showed reasonable affinity and was a full agonist at the H3receptor. Agmatine is a metabolite of arginine, structurally related to VUF 8430, and was a H4receptor agonist with micromolar affinity. At histamine H3receptors, agmatine was a full agonist, whereas 4‐methylhistamine was an agonist only at high concentrations. Both VUF 8430 and agmatine were inactive at H1and H2receptors, whereas 4‐methylhistamine is as active as histamine at H2receptors.In vivo,VUF 8430 only caused a weak secretion of gastric acid mediated by H2receptors, whereas 4‐methylhistamine, dimaprit, histamine and amthamine, at equimolar doses, induced 2.5‐ to 6‐fold higher output than VUF 8430.Conclusions and implications: Our results suggest complementary use of 4‐methylhistamine and VUF 8430 as H4receptor agonists. Along with H4receptor antagonists, both agonists can serve as useful pharmacological tools in studies of histamine H4receptors.
Effects of L‐histidine depletion and L‐tyrosine/L‐phenylalanine depletion on sensory and motor processes in healthy volunteers
Authors: Van Ruitenbeek P , Sambeth A , Vermeeren A , Young SN , Riedel WJ 
Published: April 2009

Background and purpose:  Animal studies show that histamine plays a role in cognitive functioning and that histamine H3‐receptor antagonists, which increase histaminergic function through presynaptic receptors, improve cognitive performance in models of clinical cognitive deficits. In order to test such new drugs in humans, a model for cognitive impairments induced by low histaminergic functions would be useful. Studies with histamine H1‐receptor antagonists have shown limitations as a model. Here we evaluated whether depletion of L‐histidine, the precursor of histamine, was effective in altering measures associated with histamine in humans and the behavioural and electrophysiological (event‐related‐potentials) effects.Experimental approach:  Seventeen healthy volunteers completed a three‐way, double‐blind, crossover study with L‐histidine depletion, L‐tyrosine/L‐phenylalanine depletion (active control) and placebo as treatments. Interactions with task manipulations in a choice reaction time task were studied. Task demands were increased using visual stimulus degradation and increased response complexity. In addition, subjective and objective measures of sedation and critical tracking task performance were assessed.Key results:  Measures of sedation and critical tracking task performance were not affected by treatment. L‐histidine depletion was effective and enlarged the effect of response complexity as measured with the response‐locked lateralized readiness potential onset latency.Conclusions and implications:  L‐histidine depletion affected response‐ but not stimulus‐related processes, in contrast to the effects of H1‐receptor antagonists which were previously found to affect primarily stimulus‐related processes. L‐histidine depletion is promising as a model for histamine‐based cognitive impairment. However, these effects need to be confirmed by further studies.
Use of the H3receptor antagonist radioligand [3H]‐A‐349821 to revealin vivoreceptor occupancy of cognition enhancing H3receptor antagonists
Authors: Miller TR , Milicic I , Bauch J , Du J , Surber B , Browman KE , Marsh K , Cowart M , Brioni JD , Esbenshade TA 
Published: April 2009

Background and purpose: The histamine H3receptor antagonist radioligand [3H]‐A‐349821 was characterized as a radiotracer for assessingin vivoreceptor occupancy by H3receptor antagonists that affect behaviour. This model was established as an alternative toex vivobinding methods, for relating antagonist H3receptor occupancy to blood levels and efficacy in preclinical models.Experimental approach: In vivocerebral cortical H3receptor occupancy by [3H]‐A‐349821 was determined in rats from differences in [3H]‐A‐349821 levels in the isolated cortex and cerebellum, a brain region with low levels of H3receptors. Comparisons were made to relate antagonist H3receptor occupancy to blood levels and efficacy in a preclinical model of cognition, the five‐trial inhibitory avoidance response in rat pups.Key results: In adult rats, [3H]‐A‐349821, 1.5 µg·kg−1, penetrated into the brain and cleared more rapidly from cerebellum than cortex; optimally, [3H]‐A‐349821 levels were twofold higher in the latter. With increasing [3H]‐A‐349821 doses, cortical H3receptor occupancy was saturable with a binding capacity consistent within vitrobinding in cortex membranes. In studies using tracer [3H]‐A‐349821 doses, ABT‐239 and other H3receptor antagonists inhibited H3receptor occupancy by [3H]‐A‐349821 in a dose‐dependent manner. Blood levels of the antagonists corresponding to H3receptor occupancy were consistent with blood levels associated with efficacy in the five‐trial inhibitory avoidance response.Conclusions and implications: When employed as an occupancy radiotracer, [3H]‐A‐349821 provided valid measurements ofin vivoH3receptor occupancy, which may be helpful in guiding and interpreting clinical studies of H3receptor antagonists.
The Apparent Contact Dimension and Covariates among Orthodontically Treated and Nontreated Subjects
Authors: RAJ VISHNU , HEYMANN HARALD O. , HERSHEY H. GARLAND , RITTER ANDRE V. , CASKO JOHN S. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThe apparent contact dimension (ACD), a determinant of dental esthetics, has been purported to exhibit an esthetic relationship termed the “50:40:30” rule, implying that in an esthetic smile, the ACD between the central incisors, central and lateral incisors, and lateral incisor and canine would be 50, 40, and 30% of the height of a central incisor, respectively. This study assessed the existence of this proportion using casts of orthodontically treated (N = 40) and nontreated (N = 27) subjects deemed to possess excellent occlusion. Covariates studied included tooth size, tooth shape, tip, and torque. The average ACD proportions in this study, relative to the height of an ipsilateral central incisor, were found to be 49, 38, and 27% between the central incisors, central and lateral incisors, and the lateral incisor and canine, respectively. The ACD exhibited a positive correlation (p < 0.05) with the height of the clinical crown and a negative correlation (p < 0.05) with the width/height ratios of the corresponding teeth. No statistically significant correlations were evident between the ACD with the shape of the clinical crown, tip, and torque. However, the tip and torque did exhibit a statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlation with the height of the clinical crown. This study is the first to validate the existence and proportions of the ACD.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThis study validates the existence of the ACD and quantifies the relationship of the ACD with tooth size, tooth shape, mesiodistal crown angulation (tip), and labiolingual crown inclination (torque) among subjects deemed to possess excellent occlusion and alignment. This quantifiable “ideal” and its correlation with the other determinants of dental esthetics may be used in conjunction with various evidence‐based paradigms in the esthetic appraisal of the maxillary anterior teeth.
Police officers' perceptual distortions during lethal force situations: Informing the reasonableness standard*
Authors: Klinger David A. , Brunson Rod K. 
Published: April 2009

Research Summary In 1989, the U.S. Supreme Court held that determinations about the constitutional appropriateness of police force usage—deadly or not—must be “judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Although the Court's ruling established a clear standard for judging officers' actions (i.e., the perspective of a reasonable police officer on the scene), we know little about the sorts of factors that might frame the perspective of reasonable police officers during situations in which they apply force. This article presents the results of a study that examined 80 police officers' detailed accounts of how they perceived what transpired during 113 incidents in which they shot citizens. Respondents reported experiencing a wide range of sensory distortions, with the vast majority of officers reporting two or more distinct sorts. This study takes these findings as a point of departure to expand our understanding of what constitutes a reasonable officer's perspective during the tense, uncertain moments during which he or she makes the decision to employ deadly force. Policy Implications Given that officers are likely to experience multiple distortions during shootings, the findings have implications for civilian and police oversight policies. In particular, those responsible for reviewing police shooting incidents should take into consideration that officers' behavior will not always be based on the objective reality of what is occurring at the time they decide to pull the trigger, but rather an altered conception of it. Such an understanding is crucial to improving the image of police in certain communities and positively impacting citizen trust of, and satisfaction with, the police.
Characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for the leopard coralgrouper (Plectropomus leopardus Lacepède)
Authors: DING SHAO‐XIONG , ZENG HUA‐SONG , WANG YING , PAN YING , SHI XIAO‐FENG 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEight polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from a microsatellite DNA‐enriched DNA library for the leopard coralgrouper (Plectropomus leopardus Lacepède, 1802), a popular food fish in the East Indies. These loci showed polymorphism information content ranging from 0.493 to 0.854, allele numbers ranging from 3 to 10, effective allele numbers ranging from 2.2 to 7.6, and observed and expected heterozygosities from 0.375 to 0.906 and 0.544 to 0.868 respectively. Thus, we expect that these markers will be useful for population genetic and breeding studies of the leopard coralgrouper.
Potentiation of Electroacupuncture-Induced Analgesia by Cck-B Antagonist L-365, 260 in Wistar Rats but Not in Acoustically-Evoked Epileptic Rats
Authors: Lioe-Ting Oei , Xiao-Hong Chen , van Ree Jan , Ji-Sheng Han 
Published: April 2009

Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) is a neuropeptide with potent anti-opioid activity, which can antagonize morphine analgesia at nanogram dosage through activation of the CCK-B receptor in the central nervous system (CNS) of the rat. In the present study the CCK-B antagonist L-365,260 was injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) to Wistar rats to see its effect on the analgesia induced by electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation. A marked potentiation of EA-induced analgesia was observed. This potentiation was more prominent when EA of higher frequency was used, showing a rank order of 100Hz > 15Hz = 2/15Hz ≫ 2Hz.In a strain of rat with acoustically-evoked epileptic seizures (P77PMC rats), an extraordinarily strong analgesic effect was observed when EA of 100Hz was used; an effect similar to that in Wistar rats pre-treated with L-365,260. However, icv injected L-365,260 did not potentiate the analgesic effect induced by EA of any frequency in P77PMC rats.The results suggest that high frequency EA is more likely to increase the release of CCK-8 in the CNS as compared to low frequency EA; and also that P77PMC rats may have a functional deficit of the central CCK system probably due to a reduced rate of release of CCK-8 in the CNS, following EA stimulation.
Brief Acupuncture Treatment for Dermatitis Solaris: A Multicentre Pilot Study
Authors: Pothmann Raymund 
Published: April 2009

The conventional dermatological therapy for urticaria solaris is often problematic in practice. Acute treatment is rarely successful; avoidance of exposure to the sun is isolating for the patient; and prophylaxis is too prolonged or unsafe. According to traditional Chinese pathogenic understanding, acupuncture seems to be the treatment of choice for improving symptoms of superficial heat energy. A maximum of 3 sessions over 3 days using acupoints L1.11 and SP.10 led to significant improvement of acute symptoms within 2 days. This treatment was effective for several weeks, including exposure to the sun, for all 4 patients observed over the whole season. Thus acupuncture should be integrated in the dermatological treatment of so-called solar allergy.
Acupuncture Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders
Authors: Campbell Anthony 
Published: April 2009

Acupuncture is an effective analgesic for most types of abdominal pain from peptic ulcer to diverticular disease. Additionally it can be helpful in settling other abdominal symptoms such as diarrhoea, hiccough and nausea and vomiting. Simple needling over the affected area of the abdomen is successful for most problems, so that no special knowledge of traditional Chinese acupuncture is necessary.
A Comparison of Traditional and Western Scientific Acupuncture Practitioners
Authors: Mok Andrew 
Published: April 2009

A survey was made of five medical and nine non-medical acupuncture practitioners in the South West Thames region. The medical group had a predominantly Western Scientific approach to acupuncture, while the non-medical considered themselves to use entirely Traditional Chinese forms of acupuncture. The non-medical and traditional practitioners had a significantly greater expectation of cure following acupuncture treatment for a variety of problems including cancers. For each disease, the Western group tended to use a single formula derived from Traditional Chinese theories, while the traditionalists generally adapted their treatment to suit the individual patient rather than the disease.