bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Atrazine on Denitrification in Soil Columns
Authors: Cervelli S. , Rolston D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of the herbicide atrazine (2‐chloro‐4(ethylamino)‐6‐(iso‐propylamino)‐s‐triazine) on denitrification was evaluated during steady transport of 15N‐nitrate through 0.15 m long columns of San Cataldo silt loam (Fluvisol, according to the FAO world map legend) and Yolo loam soil (Typic Xerorthents). The soil atmosphere was maintained at a small O2 partial pressure by flowing a gas mixture of 70% He and 30% N2 through plastic jackets surrounding the plastic soil columns, which had many holes (1 mm diam) drilled through the column sides. This column design allowed evolved N2 and N2O gases to be measured in the effluent gas of each column. The nitrate (NO3−) concentration in the solution effluent and the evolved gases from columns with added atrazine (3 mg kg−1) were compared with that from columns without atrazine. Nitrate reduction rates were determined from a mathematical solution of transport and transformation of nitrate according to first‐order kinetics. The presence of atrazine in the soils resulted in slightly increased nitrate reduction rates over that of the controls. Atrazine caused a decrease in the N2/N2O ratio of the evolved gases. A small amount of NO was also detectable in San Cataldo column without atrazine. The apparent inhibition of N2O reduction by atrazine may have environmental implications in relation to N2O release from the soil to the atmosphere.
Determining Sludge Fertilization Rates for Forests from Nitrate‐N in Leachate and Groundwater
Authors: Brockway Dale G. , Urie Dean H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMunicipal and papermill wastewater sludges were applied to conifer and hardwood forests growing on sand soils (Entic Haplorthods, Spodic Udipsamments, and Alfic Haplorthods), in northwestern Lower Michigan where annual precipitation averages 765 mm/y, to investigate the impact of sludge on nitrate‐N concentrations in soil water and groundwater. During the first growing season after treatment, all forms of N in groundwater and soil water remained near background levels except under aspen (Populus grandidentata Michx.) plots treated with 46 dry Mg municipal sludge/ha. Following the first spring snowmelt period after sludge was applied (spring 1977), nitrate‐N concentrations exceeded the 10 mg/L potable water standard in groundwater under plots treated with 16 or more dry Mg/ha undigested papermill sludge. Soil leachate exceeded 10 mg/L under pine plantations receiving 19.3 dry Mg/ha and aspen sprout stands receiving 23 dry Mg/ha or more anaerobically digested municipal sludge.Sludge application rates which would not degrade water quality in water‐table aquifers were estimated by regression analysis of nitrate (NO3−) concentrations in relation to dry solids loading. Applying raw papermill sludge at rates not exceeding 9.5 dry Mg/ha (670 kg total N/ha) to a red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantation was found to be consistent with levels that met the 10 mg/L potability standard in groundwater. These analyses showed anaerobically digested municipal sludge could be applied to a red pine and white pine (Pinus strobus L.) plantation at 16.5 dry Mg/ha (990 kg total N/ha) or less and to aspen sprouts at rates up to 19 dry Mg/ha (1140 kg total N/ha) with the same water quality limits.
A Comparative Study of Bermudagrass Grown on Soils Amended with Aerobic or Anaerobically Digested Sludge
Authors: Amundson R. G. , Jarrell W. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA greenhouse pot experiment was conducted in which bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylum (L.) Pers.] was grown on Holtville silty clay and San Emigdio fine sandy loam soils, which were amended with aerobically (AEDS) and anaerobically (ANDS) digesed sludges to supply N at 600, 900, and 1200 kg ha−1. Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] was applied to other pots at rates to supply N at 300 and 600 kg ha−1. A second 600 kg N treatment as (NH4)2SO4 was applied in three split applications. All (NH4)2SO4 treatments received 60 kg of P as monocalcium phosphate (MCP). Cumulative yields of bermudagrass grown on aerobic sludge treatments were greater than those yields on anaerobic sludge treatments for both soils. Patterns of plant yields indicate that a large initial release of plant‐available N occurred in aerobic sludge treatments relative to anaerobic treatments. Though not statistically significant, more N was accumulated by plants grown on aerobic than on anaerobic sludge‐amended soils. On both soils, aerobic sludge‐P was more plant‐available than anaerobic sludge‐P. Calculated recoveries of sludge‐applied N and P showed little variation due to soil type at equal rates of sludge application. For both soils, 1 Mg of aerobic sludge or anaerobic sludge produced bermudagrass yields equivalent to those resulting from the application of 24–37 kg (NH4)2SO4‐N and 7–10 kg (NH4)2SO4‐N, respectively. Tissue concentrations of Cd were below 9 × 10−4 mmol kg−1 for all treatments, and were not considered to be excessive.
Performance of Trees, Shrubs, and Forbs Seeded Directly in the Fall on Minespoil and Silt Loam Soil
Authors: Brown James E. , Maddox Joe B. , Splittstoesser Walter E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study was designed to find tree, shrub, and forb species that could be collected in the summer and early fall and be sown together sufficiently late in November to prevent fall germination, but early enough that some seeds could be properly stratified by winter conditions for germination the following spring. Germination and growth of tree, shrub, and forb species in association with grasses as ground cover were tested on a silt loam soil (pH 6.5) and a minespoil (mixed gray shale, pH 6.1) under microplot conditions. Seed germination was recorded 6 months after sowing, and trees and shrubs were then thinned to six per microplot to reduce plant competition. After two full growing seasons, plant heights and root depths were measured. Germination percentages of trees and shrubs were not significantly different between the minespoil and the silt loam soil. Generally, plant heights were shorter for plants grown on the minespoil, with a concomitant reduction in root depth. Trees and shrubs that performed well (a minimum of 15% germination, 10 cm plant height, and 20 cm root depth) on the minespoil under these conditions included Amorpha fruticosa (Indigo bush), Elaeagnus umbellata (Autumn olive), Malus sieboldi (Toringo crabapple), Prunus serotina (Black cherry), and Robinia pseucoacacia (Black locust). There was no significant difference in germination of forb seeds between the minespoli and the silt loam soil. Forbs that germinated, survived and grew well on the minespoil. Forbs with at least 10% germination and a 60% survival rate were Cassia fasciculata (partridge pea), Chenopodium album (lambsquarter), Desmodium canadense (beggerlice), Erechtites hieracifolia (fireweed), Eupatorium serotinum (snake root), Phytolacca americana (pokeweed), Polygonum pensylvanicum (smartweed), and Rumex crispus (red sorrel).
Fractionation and Characterization of Two Aerobic Sewage Sludges
Authors: Steinhilber Patricia , Boswell F. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAerobic sewage sludges from Winder and Norcross, Ga. were subjected to chemical fractionation to study the distribution of sludgeborne Zn and infrared spectroscopic analysis to investigate watersoluble and insoluble light (<2 g/cm3) organic components. Sequential chemical fractionation indicated that the two sludges probably contained different kinds of Zn compounds. Ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and EDTA (C10H16O8N2) extracted a greater percentage of the total Zn in Norcross sludge. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) + ammonium acetate and acid ammonium oxalate [(NH4)2C2O4] (darkness) extracted a greater percentage of the total Zn in Winder sludge. A comparable percentage of the total Zn in both sludges was extracted by acid ammonium oxalate [UV (ultraviolet) light]. Infrared analysis indicated polysaccharidic and proteinaceous materials in the soluble and insoluble light organic sludge components, with indications of aromatic compounds in the insoluble light component. Incorporation of sludge into soil and exposure to the soil environment for 2 y (weathering or aging) caused considerable changes in the chemical extractability of the sludge Zn. The percentage of total Zn in the ammonium acetate extracts increased with weathering for both sludges. The proportion of total sludge‐borne Zn in the EDTA extract increased with weathering in the Winder sludge but was not significantly affected in the Norcross sludge. The percentages of the total Zn in the sodium hypochlorite and ammonium acetate and acid ammonium oxalate extracts remained relatively unchanged with weathering. Infrared analyses of the soluble organic component before and after weathering suggested a decrease in concentration of functional groups with weathering. The insoluble light organic component was apparently not affected by weathering.
Ammonium Adsorption by a Zeolite in a Static and a Dynamic System
Authors: Weber M. A. , Barbarick K. A. , Westfall D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNew types of soil amendments are being considered to reduce the leaching losses of N fertilizers. One such potential soil amendment is clinoptilolite, which is a natural zeolite with ion exchange properties and an affinity for the ammonium ion (NH4+). The objectives of this study were to quantify the adsorption of ammonium (NH4) by a clinoptilolite in a shaking study (static system) and to measure how effective this zeolite was in increasing NH4 retention in soil leaching columns (dynamic system). A batch equilibrium shaking test showed that this zeolite adsorbed 4.3 times more NH4 than the Nunn clay loam (Aridic Argiustoll) soil. When mixed together with the soil and placed in 6.35 cm (i.d.) by 30 cm long columns (dynamic system), the zeolite significantly reduced the leaching of NH4+ only at a relatively high application rate (135 Mg ha−1). comparison of the two zeolite application methods at the highest zeolite rate (135 Mg ha−1) showed that banded treatments significantly reduced the leaching of NH4+, compared with treatments where zeolite was homogenously mixed with the entire soil volume. Indications are, however, that large quantities of clinoptilolite would be required to reduce NH4+ leaching in fine‐textured soils.
Increased Success of the Mexican Bean Beetle on Field‐Grown Soybeans Exposed to Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Hughes P. R. , Dickie A. I. , Penton M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField‐planted ‘Hodgson’ soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were enclosed in screened cages and fumigated intermittently with SO2 by means of a tube fumigation system. The concentration of SO2 averaged 367 µg m−3 for 191 h over a 68‐d period, giving a seasonal average of 42 µg m−3. One week after fumigation began, six pairs of newly emerged Mexican bean beetle adults (Epilachna varivestis) were introduced into each of the cages. In less than one generation time, the mean number of progeny from these beetles feeding on fumigated plants was 1.5 times greater than that of the beetles feeding on control plants. Larval growth was also significantly greater on the fumigated plants, especially for females. These crop × insect interactions which occur at low intermittent doses of SO2 increase the potential impact of the insects on crop production.
Factors Affecting Ammonia Volatilization from Sewage Sludge Applied to Soil in a Laboratory Study
Authors: Donovan W. C. , Logan T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA forced‐air polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cylinder manifold chamber was used to collect ammonia (NH3) volatilized from sewage sludges applied to soil in the laboratory. A series of experiments were conducted in which the effect on NH3 volatilization of a single variable was studied. The reference control conditions were: Columbus, Ohio anaerobically digested liquid sewage sludge applied at 5 Mg ha−1 (dry wt) to a Crosby silt loam soil (pH 6.7) at 0.01 MPa initial moisture tension. The soil was bare and the sludge was unincorporated during the 24‐h study period. Air temperature was 26 ± 2°C. The variable conditions were: (i) initial soil moisture (0, 0.01, 1.5 MPa and air‐dry); (ii) time of incorporation (0.25, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after sludge application); (iii) soil pH (5.1, 6.7, 7.5); (iv) sludge type (anaerobically digested Columbus liquid sludge, partially dewatered Columbus anaerobic sludge, aerobically digested Medina liquid sludge, lime stabilized primary Ashland sludge, and composted primary Columbus sludge); (v) temperature (12.8, 18.3, 26.7°C); and (vi) vegetative cover [bare, grass sod (Poa pratensis), wheat straw (Triticum aestivum)].Initial soil moisture contents ≤1.5 MPa tension increased NH3 volatilization compared with air‐dry soil. Volatilization increased linearly with time elapsed before sludge incorporation. Ammonia loss was greater from soil at pH 7.5 than at pH 6.7 or 5.1. There was significantly greater loss of NH3 from the lime‐stabilized sludge (pH 12) than from the anaerobic and aerobic sludges. No detectable NH3 was lost from the compost. Volatilization decreased with decreasing temperature. When the sludge contained large sludge particles, NH3 loss increased with vegetative cover. However, cover had no effect when the sludge was well homogenized. For all experiments, 24‐h volatilization losses ranged from 0 to 32% of the NH3‐N applied.
A Simple and Efficient Sediment Corer for Shallow Lakes
Authors: Ali Arshad 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA sediment‐coring device for shallow lakes (< 1–4 m deep) is described. This device yields undisturbed sediment cores and quantitative samples of phytoplankton at the sediment‐water interface.The device is mechanically reliable and performed infallibly in a variety of soft and hard substrates encountered in central Florida lakes. It is lightweight (7 kg), not cumbersome, and can be easily fabricated from commonly available materials costing < 40 U.S. dollars as of June 1983. This corer is a simple alternative to the great diversity of core samplers in use today, most of them fairly expensive to manufacture.This sampling tool is versatile in that it can be used by aquatic biologists and chemists interested in spatial and stratigraphic studies, pesticide residue chemists, sediment microbiologists, and sediment ecologists interested in studying the redox phenomenon.
Atrazine and Simazine Movement to Wye River Estuary
Authors: Glotfelty D. E. , Taylor A. W. , Isensee A. R. , Jersey J. , Glenn S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Wye River, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, is a shallow, well‐mixed estuary surrounded by an agricultural watershed, a large portion of which is planted in corn (Zea mays L.). A 3‐y study of the movement of atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine) and simazine (2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis(ethylamino)‐s‐triazine) showed that the total amount of herbicide reaching the estuary depended upon the quantity applied in the watershed and the timing of runoff with respect to application dates. In a year in which significant runoff occurred within 2 weeks of application, 2 to 3% of the atrazine moved to the estuary. In other years with less runoff, or runoff delayed longer after application, much smaller quantities reached the estuary. Simazine loading was one‐tenth that of atrazine. Once in the estuary, atrazine and simazine remained in solution, diluted in a conservative manner with estuarine water, and dissipated with a 10‐ to 30‐d half‐life. The maximum measured concentration of atrazine was near 15 µg L−1 but average concentration at peak loading was < 3 µg L−1. Thus, although the Wye River has a high percentage of watershed land planted to corn, herbicide concentrations rarely approached those producing minor effects on submerged aquatic vegetation.
Pasture Runoff Water Quality from Application of Inorganic and Organic Nitrogen Sources
Authors: Mc Leod R. V. , Hegg R. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSurface runoff water quality from a rescue pasture receiving surface application of organic wastes and commercial fertilizer was evaluated at Clemson University (Clemson, S.C.). Dairy manure, poultry manure, and municipal sludge were the organic wastes used in this experiment. Ammonium nitrate was the commercial fertilizer. The organic wastes and commercial fertilizer were applied at the rate of 112 kg N ha−1 to eight plots during four different periods. Due to an extremely dry year, runoff events were produced by irrigation. The runoff water was collected and samples were analyzed for pH, total P, total suspended solids, total Kjeldahl N, NH4‐N, NO3‐N, and chemical oxygen demand.The nutrient concentrations in surface runoff were more dependent on the number of rainfalls since application of the fertilizer than on the quantity of rainfall or runoff. The concentrations of potential pollutants from surface‐applied organic wastes or commercial fertilizer were reduced by between 80 and 55% after two runoff events. The NO3‐N concentration in the surface runoff from the plots receiving the commercial fertilizer exceeded the permissible public water supply standard during the first runoff event. The overall nutrient loss in the runoff was found to be minimal (< 4% of total Kjeldahl N and chemical oxygen demand and < 2.5% of total P).
Bryozoans—Possible Indicators of Environmental Quality in Bear Creek, Mississippi
Authors: Cooper Charles M. , Burris John W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCollections of samples of water and substrate materials from lakes and stream sections of Bear Creek, Miss., were studied to determine the species of Bryozoa present in different habitats of an aquatic ecosystem with an intensively cultivated flatland watershed (440 km2). Bear Creek (83 km long), a tributary of the Yazoo River in the Mississippi River alluvial delta, is actually a series of six riverine lakes connected by a sluggishly flowing stream. The watershed also includes several other oxbow lakes connected to the stream only during periods of high discharge. Water quality as characterized by total and suspended sediments, deposited sediments, pH, and coliforms deteriorated in a downstream direction. Four species of the sessile colonial invertebrate were indigenous to the three lakes in the system having the lowest total solids, sedimentation rates, and pH. These included Plumatella fruticosa (Allman), Lophopus crystallinus (Pallas), Fredericella sultana (Blumenbach), and Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy). Absence of bryozoans, especially environmentally sensitive Pectinatella magnifica, in downstream areas correlated with degradation of downstream habitat and increased total solids. Selective habitation of these invertebrates in the Bear Creek stream system indicates the possible use of these organisms as environmental indicators of habitat quality.
Gaseous Nitrogen Losses from Soils Under Zero‐Till as Compared with Conventional‐Till Management Systems
Authors: Aulakh M. S. , Rennie D. A. , Paul E. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe gaseous losses of N from conventional‐till (CT) and zero‐till (ZT) crop fields were 3 to 7 and 12 to 16 kg N ha−1 y−1, respectively. In contrast, losses from CT and ZT fallow were severalfold higher, namely, 12 to 14 and 34 kg N ha−1, respectively. The more dense surface soil and consistently higher moisture content (lower air‐filled porosity) were identified as major factors affecting increased denitrification under ZT. The potential denitrification rates were markedly higher under ZT, and the population of denitrifiers was up to six times higher than in CT soil samples.The contribution of lower soil horizons towards gaseous N losses was found to be low on both CT and ZT fields, and this finding was confirmed from a survey carried out on three other widely differing soils.Volumetric soil moisture and air temperature were the only two of several factors that accounted for a significant portion of the variations in gaseous N fluxes under field conditions.The average mole fraction of N2O ranged from almost 100% to as low as 28% of the total gaseous products and showed a negative relationship with soil moisture.
Yield and Elemental Concentration of Sweet Corn Grown on Tannery Waste‐Amended Soil
Authors: Stomberg A. L. , Hemphill D. D. , Volk V. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTannery waste was applied to Willamette silt loam soil (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic, Pachic Ultic Argixeroll) to determine possible elemental toxicities and N availability to ‘Jubilee’ sweet corn (Zea mays L.). Sweet corn yields; Cr, Cu, Mn, Zn, and N concentrations in soil and in leaves and kernels of sweet corn; and the organic matter content, electrical conductivity, and pH of soils were measured. Sweet corn yields increased with waste application in 1978 but not in 1979. Leaf N, Mn, and Zn and kernel Mn concentrations increased with waste application in both years. Leaf and kernel Cu and Cr concentrations did not increase significantly with waste application and no metal toxicity symptoms were observed in either year.Total Cr and extractable Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations of soils increased with waste application. Extractable Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations declined 1 y after application, suggesting reduced metal availability with time. Metals applied with the waste did not move through the soil profile. Soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, total Kjeldahl N (TKN), and NH4‐ and NO3‐N concentration increased with waste application. A significant increase in soil NO3‐N concentration at the 90‐cm depth followed waste application. Tannery waste could provide significant N and lime for crops, but application at high rates may be limited by salt content, heavy metal accumulation, or potential movement of NO3‐N into groundwater.
Sulfate Production Rates in Pyritic Pennsylvanian‐Aged Shales
Authors: Ainsworth Calvin C. , Blanchar R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn incubation study was initiated to measure sulfate production within various shale layers of coal overburden. Samples of air‐dried, crushed, and sieved shale were adjusted to −33 kPa moisture potential and incubated with and without inoculation by a Thiobacillus thiooxidans, ferrooxidans, and thioparus culture at 298 K in either air or CO2‐enriched air. Samples were removed periodically during a 28‐d incubation and analyzed for SO42‐. Ninety percent of the variation in rate of pyrite oxidation was due to differences in the shale layers and there were no significant differences measured due to addition of bacteria or increased CO2 level. A zero‐order rate of SO42‐ production with respect to SO42‐ level was observed in all layers. The rate constants varied from 12 to 182 mg S/kg shale per day for the various shale layers. The rate of pyrite oxidation was higher in samples with pH values near 4 than those with pH values near 6.5.
Phosphorus Sorption of Soils to be used in Wastewater Renovation
Authors: Stuanes Arne O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe same amount of P in 0.01M CaCl2 was repeatedly added to 12 soils to measure the P sorption of the soils. Compared with the P sorption maximum calculated from the Langmuir equation, repeated additions showed about twice as much sorption. However, the two measurements were well correlated. At low P concentration or in soils with low sorption capacity, each addition showed about the same sorption increment after the first three to four additions. Between 6 and 35% of the amount sorbed after 10 additions of P was desorbed in 10 subsequent additions of 0.01M CaCl2. The P sorption was lower at 4°C than at room temperature. The only soil parameter that significantly influenced the sorption capacity with dithionite—citrate extractable Al. The sorption capacity measured by repeated additions of a solution of the same P concentration as wastewater seems to give a better estimate of the field sorption capacity than the Langmuir sorption maximum.