bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dynamic context of cultural and social sustainability of communities in Southwest Alaska
Authors: Holen Davin 
Published: August 2009

PurposeCommercial fishing in Southwest Alaska provides for an opportunity to engage in wage labor jobs while still allowing for time to participate in subsistence hunting and fishing. Salmon therefore is an important part of both the wage labor economy and the subsistence economy. In Southwest Alaska recent studies documenting the subsistence economy and traditional ecological knowledge have centered on the communities that inhabit the Kvichak Watershed. This watershed comprising Iliamna Lake and Lake Clark along with other numerous feeder streams, rivers, and lakes is an important spawning habitat for the Bristol Bay fishery, one of the largest salmon fisheries in the world. Some of these studies are partially due to a proposed copper and gold mine. This paper aims to address these issues.Design/methodology/approachInterviews for these studies are structured household surveys that document household demographics, subsistence harvest for one study year, and household economics. In addition at the completion of each survey residents are asked to include comments and concerns regarding local subsistence patterns and trends.FindingsResidents during these studies have expressed concern that social and cultural changes are also happening in an environment where they are also seeing rapid ecological changes. These changes included climate variability and unpredictable weather. This creates an environment that is difficult to plan for subsistence hunting and fishing while continuing to take into consideration a work schedule, the money from which provides the means and materials for engaging in subsistence.Originality/valueThis paper will examine factors of change and ask the question of whether it can assess the impacts of climate variability and change on rural communities in Southwest Alaska without also trying to understand cultural and social sustainability within the larger dynamic context in which these changes are occurring.
Small‐scale ceramic enterprises in South‐Western Nigeria
Authors: Lawrence Akinbogun Tolulope 
Published: August 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the demography of the producers of ceramic wares as it affects the production and profitability of the venture. To identify and rank other factors affecting the sustenance of ceramic enterprises through the data collected from ceramic manufacturers in the study area.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a survey research. Data are collected from ceramic ware producers through structured questionnaires and open‐ended oral interview. The analysis involves the use of descriptive statistics in the discussion of the research variables.FindingsThe spatial distribution of the industries as well as the performance are determined by different factors. Gender lopsidedness is observed among ceramic wares producers. Time commitment to production by manufacturers is not good enough for profitability of the venture. The production and the management systems of small‐scale ceramic industries in South‐Western Nigeria are hindered by many other factors.Practical implicationsThe analysis of the demography of the practicing ceramists helps to determine how factors like gender, geographical location, and education attainment have influenced small‐scale ceramic production. The knowledge of the severity of factors militating against ceramic production helps in bringing about strategies that can alleviate the problems.Originality/valueThe factors that are responsible for the waning state of small‐scale ceramic industries in South‐Western Nigeria are identified and ranked in terms of their severity; the paper offers possible solutions that could change the situation.
A UK policy perspective: thought piece from the UK Social Enterprise Coalition
Authors: Shah Daniel 
Published: August 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a view on key social enterprise research priorities from the perspective of the UK's national body for social enterprise.Design/methodology/approachThe suggestions are informed by the coalition's ongoing policy work, especially preparation for a Ministerial Summit on social enterprise held on the 12 March 2009. Preparation involved building on extant policy positions and desk research, and extensive consultation with coalition members and the wider social enterprise movement, including regional consultation events, an online forum, semi‐structured interviews and workshops and discussion at the summit itself.FindingsA number of areas of particular interest for future research are identified in the context of a highly dynamic policy, political and economic climate for social enterprises.Research limitations/implicationsThe recommendations are based on limited time for original research and are the opinion of an organisation that exists to promote social enterprise.Originality/valueIt is hoped that future research in the areas identified will inform the policy agenda, raising the profile of social enterprise research, increasing its impact and ultimately leading to better support for and understanding of social enterprises.
Growing the social enterprise – issues and challenges
Authors: Hynes Briga 
Published: August 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of business growth as it applies to the social enterprise. It examines if social entrepreneurs have a growth agenda, how this is achieved and the challenges encountered in achieving firm growth.Design/methodology/approachThis exploratory study involves the completion of a series of four case studies of established social enterprises.FindingsSocial entrepreneurs do have aspirations to grow their enterprise, where growth is perceived from multiple perspectives, primarily underpinned by the provision of a perceived social value. Firm growth is predominately measured from the external beneficiary perspective rather than internal financial metrics. Sourcing financing, staff retention adjusting to different roles in managing the enterprise and measuring the scale and impact of their business are the primary challenges encountered. The creation of social value and profit generation are not mutually exclusive in the social enterprise when social entrepreneurs confront the challenges of growth within a business context.Originality/valueThe findings from the research provide a more holistic understanding of growth in the social enterprise. This detail adds to an under researched topic in the Irish context, puts forward recommendations on what is required by policy to assist the social entrepreneur take their business to the next level and presents areas for further research to advance a topic that is still in its infancy.
Collaboration of NGOs and business in Poland
Authors: Reichel Janusz , Rudnicka Agata 
Published: August 2009

PurposeThe paper is devoted to cross‐sector collaborative bonds appearing in Poland in the last years. The general purpose of the paper is to draw a picture of existing collaboration between NGOs and business organizations in Poland. Particularly, its purpose is to research the conditions and characteristics in which Polish profit and non‐profit organizations establish the collaborative bonds.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the paper introduces short description of social economy in Poland, presents corporate social responsibility as a possible framework for cross‐sector collaboration and shortly introduces different theoretical frameworks of inter‐organisational collaboration. It is of descriptive type and is only the first step to explore more deeply (in an analytical way) the area of collaboration. The reason is that this paper is the first of its kind in Poland.FindingsThe paper is conducted in 2008. The questionnaire available online is used. The invitation to participate in the research is sent directly by e‐mail to 830 organizations from the whole country (the level of feedback: 21.2 per cent). Thanks to the research, it is possible to draw a broad picture of NGOs – business cross‐sector collaboration.Research limitations/implicationsThe survey results allow an understanding of the nature of collaboration between two sectors may be helpful to other scientific researchers and to leaders of business and non‐governmental organizations to establish long‐lasting mutually beneficial relationships. This paper itself is the first step to trace and understand processes that arise in the area of collaboration between profit and non‐profit organizations in Poland.Originality/valueThis paper is the first of its kind in Poland and has to be descriptive and exploratory to allow future analysis and conceptualizations. Though there are many exhaustive research on the third sector in Poland, there is a lack of research where the collaboration with business partners is explored.
The impact of the RNID on auditory services in England
Authors: Murdock Alex , Lamb Brian 
Published: August 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the Royal National Institute for the Deaf (RNID), a major UK third sector organisation, on public sector provision. The case examined is that of auditory services (in effect the nature of assessment and provision of hearing aids in England).Design/methodology/approachThe approach is that of a case study of the actions and approach of the RNID and their engagement with the public sector, in particular with the UK National Health Service.FindingsThe case study shows the very considerable impact, which the RNID had in effecting a dramatic improvement in the quality of the service offered through the move to digital hearing aids and through the improvement of the audiology services themselves. The RNID, through using its expertise, also succeeded in achieving a huge reduction in the unit cost of digital hearing aids. A value chain approach is utilised to examine the effect of the RNID.Research limitations/implicationsThe case study furnishes an account of impact on a national level in a key service. It shows how a third sector organisation can use expertise to leverage impact using public sector resources. It shows that even with very large government purchases a key factor is specific knowledge, which if possessed by a third sector organisations, can be used to major effect.Originality/valueThe case study demonstrates impact and the effective operation of a cross‐sectoral partnership. One of the authors (Lamb) is closely involved from the organisational perspective.
A strategic approach to social impact measurement of social enterprises
Authors: McLoughlin Jim , Kaminski Jaime , Sodagar Babak , Khan Sabina , Harris Robin , Arnaudo Gustavo , Mc Brearty Sinéad 
Published: August 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a coherent and robust methodology for social impact measurement of social enterprises (SEs) that would provide the conceptual and practical bases for training and embedding.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents a holistic impact measurement model for SEs, called social impact for local economies (SIMPLEs). The SIMPLE impact model and methodology have been tried and tested on over 40 SEs through a series of three day training courses, and a smaller number of test cases for embedding. The impact model offers a five‐step approach to impact measurement called SCOPE IT; MAP IT; TRACK IT; TELL IT and EMBED IT. These steps help SE managers to conceptualise the impact problem; identify and prioritise impacts for measurement; develop appropriate impact measures; report impacts and embed the results in management decision making.FindingsPreliminary qualitative feedback from participants reveals that while the SIMPLE impact training delivers positive learning experiences on impact measurement and prompts, in the majority of cases, the intensions to implement impact systems, the majority feels the need for follow up embedding support. Paricipant's see value in adopting the SIMPLE approach to support business planning processes. Feedback from two SEs which has receives in‐house facilitates embedding support clearly demonstrates the benefits of working closely with an organisation's staff team to enable effective implementation.Research limitations/implicationsSome key future research challenges are identified as follows: systematically research progress in implementation after training for those participants that do not have facilitated embedding; to further test and develop embedding processes and models (using SIMPLE and other methods) with more SE organisations to identify best practices.Originality/valueThe SIMPLE fills a gap as a tool for holistic impact thinking that offers try and test accessible steps, with robust measures. The innovative steps take SEs through all key impact thought processes from conceptualisation to embedding guidance, feeding into business planning and strategic decision‐making processes. The comparison between the limitations of stand alone impact training and the benefits of facilitated embedding processes is instructive.
Association between tobacco control policies and smoking behaviour among adolescents in 29 European countries
Authors: Hublet Anne , Schmid Holger , Clays Els , Godeau Emmanuelle , Gabhainn Saoirse Nic , Joossens Luk , Maes Lea ,   the HBSC Research Network
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTAims  To investigate the associations between well‐known, cost‐effective tobacco control policies at country level and smoking prevalence among 15‐year‐old adolescents.Design  Multi‐level modelling based on the 2005–06 Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children Study, a cross‐national study at individual level, and with country‐level variables from the Tobacco Control Scale and published country‐level databases.Setting  Twenty‐nine European countries.Participants  A total of 25 599 boys and 26 509 girls.Main outcome measures  Self‐reported regular smoking defined as at least weekly smoking, including daily smoking (dichotomous).Findings  Interaction effects between gender and smoking policies were identified, therefore boys and girls were analysed separately. Large cross‐national differences in smoking prevalence were documented. Intraclass correlations (ICC) of 0.038 (boys) and 0.035 (girls) were found. In the final multi‐level model for boys, besides the significance of the individual variables such as family affluence, country‐level affluence and the legality of vending machines were related significantly to regular smoking [b(country affluence) = −0.010; b(partial restriction vending machines) = −0.366, P < 0.05]. Price policy was of borderline significance [b(price policy) = −0.026, P = 0.050]. All relationships were in the expected direction. The model fit is not as good for girls; only the legality of vending machines had a borderline significance in the final model [b(total ban vending machines) = −0.372, P = 0.06].Conclusions  For boys, some of the currently recommended tobacco control policies may help to reduce smoking prevalence. However, the model is less suitable for girls, indicating gender differences in the potential efficacy of smoking policies. Future research should address this issue.
The acute‐phase response impairs host defence against Enterococcus faecium peritonitis
Authors: Leendertse Masja , Willems Rob J. L. , Giebelen Ida A. J. , Van Den Pangaart Petra S. , Bonten Marc J. M. , Van Der Poll Tom 
Published: August 2009

Summary Enterococcus faecium is an emerging pathogen that causes infections in hospitalized patients with various co‐morbid diseases. These underlying diseases are often associated with an acute‐phase response that renders patients vulnerable to nosocomial infections. To study the influence of the acute‐phase response induced by sterile tissue injury on host defence against E. faecium, mice were injected subcutaneously with either turpentine or casein 1 day before intraperitoneal infection with E. faecium. Control mice were subcutaneously injected with saline or sodium bicarbonate, respectively. Turpentine and casein induced an acute‐phase response as reflected by increases in the plasma concentrations of interleukin‐6, serum amyloid P and C3. A pre‐existent acute‐phase response in mice was associated with a strongly reduced capacity to clear E. faecium, resulting in prolonged bacteraemia for several days. The inflammatory response to E. faecium was impaired in mice with an acute‐phase response, as shown by reduced capacity to mount a neutrophilic leucocytosis in peripheral blood and by decreased local cytokine concentrations. These data indicate that the acute‐phase response impairs host defence against E. faecium, suggesting that this condition may contribute to the increased vulnerability of critically ill patients to enterococcal infections.
Diet selection in a molluscivore shorebird across Western Europe: does it show short‐ or long‐term intake rate‐maximization?
Authors: Quaintenne Gwenael , Van Gils Jan A. , Bocher Pierrick , Dekinga Anne , Piersma Theunis 
Published: August 2009

Summary 1. Studies of diet choice usually assume maximization of energy intake. The well‐known ‘contingency model’ (CM) additionally assumes that foraging animals only spend time searching or handling prey. Despite considerable empirical support, there are many foraging contexts in which the CM fails, but such cases were considered exceptions rather than the rule. 2. For animals constrained by the rate at which food is digested, CM does not necessarily lead to maximal energy intake rates because the time for digestion is not part of the selection criteria. In the main model developed to explain diet choice under a digestive constraint, the ‘digestive rate model’ (DRM), time lost to digestive breaks is minimized so that energy intake over total time (searching, handling, digestive breaks) is maximized. 3. It is increasingly acknowledged that most animals may face digestive constraints as prey capture rates vary over time and as it would be a waste to carry around heavy digestive machinery that can rapidly process food under all circumstances: this is only needed in times of high demand, provided that enough food can be found. 4. In molluscivore shorebirds ingesting hard‐shelled prey such as red knots (Calidris canutus), the predictions of DRM were held up so far, whereas those of CM were rejected. However, most tests were carried out under controlled experimental conditions. Red knots overwinter in coastal areas over much of Western Europe and we capitalized on this variation by comparing, during a single winter, observed diet composition with predictions of DRM, CM and a null model assuming no prey selection (‘no‐selection model’, NSM). 5. The observed diets were best predicted by DRM followed by CM. NSM poorly predicted observed diet choice. Under the present conditions, diet choice based on DRM would on average have yielded an energy intake rate twice as large as one based on CM. By adjusting the size of their gizzard (held constant in the present simulations), red knots could have lifted their energy intake rate further. We suggest that application of the DRM can help many diet studies forward, especially those previously seen as exceptions to the classical CM‐based rule.
Dental infections in association with cerebral infarction in young and middle‐aged men
Authors: SYRJÄNEN J. , PELTOLA J. , VALTONEN V. , IIVANAINEN M. , KASTE M. , HUTTUNEN J. K. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract. The association between dental infections and cerebral infarction was investigated in a case‐control study involving 40 patients with ischaemic cerebral infarction under the age of 50, and 40 randomly selected community controls matched for sex and age. Poor oral health, as assessed by two indices measuring the severity of infections of teeth and periodontium, or by the presence of subgingival calculus or the presence of suppuration in the gingival pockets, were more common in male patients than in male controls, but no difference was observed in females. If severe dental infections were combined with other probable bacterial infections there were altogether 16 patients (40%) but only two controls (5%) who had suffered from a probable bacterial infection within 1 month or at the time of the stroke or when examined as a control (P < 0.01).Our results suggest an association between bacterial infection and ischaemic cerebrovascular disease in patients under 50 years of age. Severe chronic dental infection seems to be an important type of infection associated with cerebral infarction in males.
Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and bone mineral content of lumbar spine and femur in primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: ALMDAL T. , SCHAADT O. , JØRGENSEN J. VESTERDAL , LINDGREEN P. , RANEK L. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract. In order to elucidate the pathogenesis and degree of osteopoenia in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) we conducted a cross‐sectional study of 47 non‐selected female patients with biopsy‐proven PBC. Bone mineral content (BMC) of the lumbar spine, femoral neck and femoral shaft was determined using dual photon absorptiometry.Compared to healthy females of corresponding decades the PBC patients exhibited significantly decreased mean BMC‐values in lumbar spine (88%, P < 0.05) and femoral neck (92%, P < 0.05) but not in femoral shaft (96%, NS).Bone mineral content was not significantly associated with duration of liver disease, impairment of liver function (serum concentrations of albumin, clotting factors II + VII + X, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase galactose elimination capacity or histology), variables reflecting calcium homeostasis (serum concentrations of ionized calcium, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D binding protein, 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 and 1,25‐dihydroxy vitamin D3) or previous treatment with glucocorticosteroids.In view of our negative findings we suggest that future studies in this field should focus on physical activity and female sex hormones as determinants for the prevention of osteopoenia in females with primary biliary cirrhosis.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in relation to blood pressure: a study in middle‐aged men with normal and elevated blood pressure
Authors: HEDNER T. , HARTFORD M. , CAIDAHL K. , HEDNER J. , TOWLE A. C. , LJUNGMAN S. , WIKSTRAND J. , BERGLUND G. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract. In order to investigate the potential role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in mild to moderate essential hypertension, a study was conducted in groups of normotensive and hypertensive middle‐aged men born in 1926 and 1927. Venous plasma concentrations of immunoreactive ANP (irANP) were studied in relation to measurements of cardiac structure and function, urinary electrolytes as well as some cardiovascular hormones. Plasma irANP did not differ between normotensive controls (31 ± 14 pmol l−1) and borderline or untreated hypertensive patients. However, irANP concentrations were slightly but significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the borderline (26 ± 8 pmol l−1) compared to the untreated established hypertensives (35 ± 14 pmol l−1). No relationships were found between irANP and blood pressure, indices of left ventricular structure and function or hormone parameters in subgroups or the whole study group.Our data do not support the view that plasma irANP is increased in uncomplicated essential hypertension, since our groups of borderline or established hypertensive middle‐aged men without major cardiac involvement did not differ in irANP concentrations compared to normotensive controls. Thus, during the development or in the early stages of essential hypertension, ANP secretion does not seem to be abnormal.