bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In-vitro characterisation of the nebulised dose during non-invasive ventilation
Authors: Abdelrahim Mohamed E , Plant Paul , Chrystyn Henry 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Objectives
Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) with nebulised bronchodilators helps some patients to maintain effective ventilation. However, the position of the nebuliser in the ventilation circuit may affect lung delivery.

Methods
We placed the nebuliser proximal (A) and distal (B) to a breathing simulator in a standard NIV circuit with inspiratory (I) and expiratory (E) pressures of 20 and 5 cm H2O, 1 : 3 I : E ratio, 15 breaths/min and a tidal volume of 500 ml. Five milligrams of terbutaline solution was nebulised using an Aeroneb Pro (AERO) and a Sidestream (SIDE) nebuliser. The fate of the nebulised dose was determined and the aerodynamic droplet characteristics were measured using a cooled Next Generation Impactor.

Key findings
More terbutaline was entrained on the inhalation filter in position A than in position B (P &lt; 0.001) for both nebulisers. These amounts were greater (P &lt; 0.001) for AERO than SIDE due to a smaller (P &lt; 0.001) residual volume. The mean (SD) fine particle doses for AEROA, AEROB, SIDEA and SIDEB were 1.31 (0.2), 1.13 (0.14), 0.56 (0.03) and 0.39 (0.13) mg. These amounts from AEROA were significantly greater (P &lt; 0.001) than those of the other three methods.

Conclusions
The results highlight the differences between nebulisers and the influence on the placement of the nebuliser in the NIV circuit.
Reprogramming Human Cancer Cells in the Mouse Mammary Gland
Authors: Bussard Karen M. , Boulanger Corinne A. , Booth Brian W. , Bruno Robert D. , Smith Gilbert H. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The tissue microenvironment directs stem/progenitor cell behavior. Cancer cells are also influenced by the microenvironment. It has been shown that, when placed into blastocysts, cancer cells respond to embryonic cues and differentiate according to the tissue type encountered during ontological development. Previously, we showed that the mouse mammary gland was capable of redirecting adult mouse testicular and neural stem/progenitor cells toward a mammary epithelial cell fate during gland regeneration. Here, we report that human embryonal carcinoma cells proliferate and produce differentiated mammary epithelial cell progeny when mixed with mouse mammary epithelial cells and inoculated into the epithelium-free mammary fat pads of athymic nude mice. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of human cell progeny in the mammary outgrowths for human centromeric DNA, as well as immunochemistry for human-specific breast epithelial cytokeratins and human-specific milk proteins in impregnated transplant hosts. It was found that the number of human cells increased by 66- to 660-fold during mammary epithelial growth and expansion as determined by human cytokeratin expression. All features found in primary outgrowths were recapitulated in the secondary outgrowths from chimeric implants. These results show that human embryonal carcinoma–derived progeny interact with mouse mammary cells during mammary gland regeneration and are directed to differentiate into cells that exhibit diverse mammary epithelial cell phenotypes. This is the first demonstration that human cells are capable of recognizing the signals generated by the mouse mammary gland microenvironment present during gland regeneration in vivo. Cancer Res; 70(15); 6336–43. ©2010 AACR.
EGFRvIII Antibody–Conjugated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Guided Convection-Enhanced Delivery and Targeted Therapy of Glioblastoma
Authors: Hadjipanayis Costas G. , Machaidze Revaz , Kaluzova Milota , Wang Liya , Schuette Albert J. , Chen Hongwei , Wu Xinying , Mao Hui 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The magnetic nanoparticle has emerged as a potential multifunctional clinical tool that can provide cancer cell detection by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement as well as targeted cancer cell therapy. A major barrier in the use of nanotechnology for brain tumor applications is the difficulty in delivering nanoparticles to intracranial tumors. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP; 10 nm in core size) conjugated to a purified antibody that selectively binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) deletion mutant (EGFRvIII) present on human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells were used for therapeutic targeting and MRI contrast enhancement of experimental glioblastoma, both in vitro and in vivo, after convection-enhanced delivery (CED). A significant decrease in glioblastoma cell survival was observed after nanoparticle treatment and no toxicity was observed with treatment of human astrocytes (P &lt; 0.001). Lower EGFR phosphorylation was found in glioblastoma cells after EGFRvIIIAb-IONP treatment. Apoptosis was determined to be the mode of cell death after treatment of GBM cells and glioblastoma stem cell–containing neurospheres with EGFRvIIIAb-IONPs. MRI-guided CED of EGFRvIIIAb-IONPs allowed for the initial distribution of magnetic nanoparticles within or adjacent to intracranial human xenograft tumors and continued dispersion days later. A significant increase in animal survival was found after CED of magnetic nanoparticles (P &lt; 0.01) in mice implanted with highly tumorigenic glioblastoma xenografts (U87ΔEGFRvIII). IONPs conjugated to an antibody specific to the EGFRvIII deletion mutant constitutively expressed by human glioblastoma tumors can provide selective MRI contrast enhancement of tumor cells and targeted therapy of infiltrative glioblastoma cells after CED. Cancer Res; 70(15); 6303–12. ©2010 AACR.
Facilitating Hospital Emergency Preparedness: Introduction of a Model Memorandum of Understanding
Authors: Hodge James G. , Anderson Evan D. , Kirsch Thomas D. , Kelen Gabor D. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTEffective emergency response among hospitals and other health care providers stems from multiple factors depending on the nature of the emergency. While local emergencies can test hospital acute care facilities, prolonged national emergencies, such as the 2009 H1N1 outbreak, raise significant challenges. These events involve sustained surges of patients over longer periods and spanning entire regions. They require significant and sustained coordination of personnel, services, and supplies among hospitals and other providers to ensure adequate patient care across regions. Some hospitals, however, may lack structural principles to help coordinate care and guide critical allocation decisions. This article discusses a model Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that sets forth essential principles on how to allocate scarce resources among providers across regions. The model seeks to align regional hospitals through advance agreements on procedures of mutual aid that reflect modern principles of emergency preparedness and changing legal norms in declared emergencies.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:54-61)
Synthesis, Morphology, and Properties of Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐block‐Poly(vinylphenyl oxadiazole) Donor–Acceptor Rod–Coil Block Copolymers and Their Memory Device Applications
Authors: Fang Yi‐Kai , Liu Cheng‐Liang , Li Chaoxu , Lin Chih‐Jung , Mezzenga Raffaele , Chen Wen‐Chang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNovel donor–acceptor rod–coil diblock copolymers of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT)‐block‐poly(2‐phenyl‐5‐(4‐vinylphenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiaz‐ole) (POXD) are successfully synthesized by the combination of a modified Grignard metathesis reaction (GRIM) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The effects of the block ratios of the P3HT donor and POXD pendant acceptor blocks on the morphology, field effect transistor mobility, and memory device characteristics are explored. The TEM, SAXS, WAXS, and AFM results suggest that the coil block fraction significantly affects the chain packing of the P3HT block and depresses its crystallinity. The optical absorption spectra indicate that the intramolecular charge transfer between the main chain P3HT donor and the side chain POXD acceptor is relatively weak and the level of order of P3HT chains is reduced by the incorporation of the POXD acceptor. The field effect transistor (FET) hole mobility of the system exhibits a similar trend on the optical properties, which are also decreased with the reduced ordered P3HT crystallinity. The low‐lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level (–6.08 eV) of POXD is employed as charge trap for the electrical switching memory devices. P3HT‐b‐POXD exhibits a non‐volatile bistable memory or insulator behavior depending on the P3HT/POXD block ratio and the resulting morphology. The ITO/P3HT44‐b‐POXD18/Al memory device shows a non‐volatile switching characteristic with negative differential resistance (NDR) effect due to the charge trapped POXD block. These experimental results provide the new strategies for the design of donor‐acceptor rod‐coil block copolymers for controlling morphology and physical properties as well as advanced memory device applications.
Studies on the effect of anions of various lithium salts in PEMA gel polymer electrolytes
Authors: Subadevi R. , Sivakumar M. , Rajendran S. , Wu H.‐C. , Wu N.‐L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF)–polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA) based electrolytes comprising a binary mixture of solvents (EC and PC) (ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate) and lithium salts LiX (X = ClO4, BF4, CF3SO3) have been prepared using solvent casting technique. The prepared electrolytes were subjected to ionic conductivity, XRD, SEM, and FTIR analysis to understand the salt contribution. Comparison of conductivity studies of the electrolytes with the three salts has also been made. These electrolytes exhibited good electrochemical properties, because they have an ionic conductivity of the order of 10−3 S cm−1, an electrochemical window exceeding 4.5 V and lithium ion transference number averaging above 0.75. Because, the complex containing LiClO4 exhibited maximum conductivity among the other complexes studied, DMA and CV analyses were also been performed and the results are reported. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Enhancing the drawability of a polyester by copolymerization with a second type of crystallizable block
Authors: Gaymans Reinoud J. , van Swaaij Andries W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA polyester‐amide segmented block copolymer with short monodisperse amide segments was synthesized along with its neat polyester counterpart. The copolymer, containing 10 wt % amide, displayed a Tg and Tm for the polyester phase as well as a high Tm corresponding to the polyamide. The high‐melting amide segments enhanced the dimensional stability of the copolymer and also considerably increased the crystallization rate of the polyester segments. As compared to the neat polyester, the polyester‐amide block copolymer could be drawn at higher temperatures and to higher draw ratios. The maximum draw ratio for this copolymer was obtained just a few degrees below the melting temperature of the polyester segments, and as a result of these higher draw ratios, the fracture stresses were higher. In conclusion, a short monodisperse amide segment in a polyester‐amide block copolymer increased the crystallization rate of the polyester, enhanced the dimensional stability, allowed a higher maximum draw ratio, and raised the fracture strength. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of different curing systems on heat shrinkability and mechanical properties of ethylene vinyl acetate/epoxidized natural rubber blends
Authors: Tanrattanakul Varaporn , Kaewprakob Thongsak 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEthylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) blends containing 10 and 30 wt % ENR were prepared by using an internal mixer. Five different types of curing systems were employed: dicumyl peroxide (DCP), sulfur (S), phenolic resin (Ph), DCP + S, and DCP + Ph. DCP could crosslink with both EVA and ENR while S and Ph were curing agents for ENR. The DCP system provided the lowest tensile properties and tear strength because of low crosslinking in ENR phase. Addition of sulfur or phenolic resin increased the mechanical properties due to a better vulcanization of the rubber phase. The mechanical properties of the blends decreased with increasing ENR content. The rubber particle size in the blends containing 30% ENR played a more important role in the mechanical properties than the blends containing 10% ENR. ENR particle size did not affect heat shrinkability of EVA and a well vulcanized rubber phase was not required for high heat shrinkage. Furthermore, heat shrinkage of the blends slightly changed as the ENR content increased for all curing systems. With regard to the mechanical properties and heat shrinkability, the most appropriate curing system was DCP + Ph and in the case the 10 wt % ENR content produced a more favorable blend. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and thermal property of boron–silicon– acetylene hybrid polymer
Authors: Cheng Rui , Zhou Quan , Ni Lizhong , Chen Yi , Wang Jian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInorganic–organic boron–silicon–acetylene hybrid polymer (PABS) was prepared by the polycondensation reaction between phenylboric acid and diphenyldichlorosilane and then terminated by phenylacetylene. The structure was characterized by using FTIR, 13C‐NMR, 1H‐NMR, and GPC. PABS was a kind of resin exhibited high viscous at room temperature and good solubility in common organic solvents. The thermal and oxidative properties were evaluated by DSC and TGA. Exothermal peak at 370°C observed by DSC was attributed to reaction of the acetylene units. PABS showed excellent thermal and oxidative stability, and TGA exhibited the temperature of 5% weight loss (Td5) was 625°C and char yield at 900°C was 90.0% in nitrogen. Surprisingly, both Td5 and char yield at 900°C showed slightly increase in air, which was 638°C and 90.9%, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation and radiation effect on composite films containing both polypropylene and novel phthalocyanines with functionalized bulky phenoxy groups
Authors: Youssef Tamer E. , Abdel Ghaffar A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNovel symmetrically substituted 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24‐octa(p‐methylphenoxy)phthalocyanines [(p‐methylphenoxy)8PcM (3–5,where Pc is phthalocyanine and M is H2or one of its metal complexes, Mg or Zn, respectively)] were synthesized and characterized as target precursors for the preparation of polypropylene (PP)/Pc composite films [PP/(p‐methylphenoxy)8PcM (labeledI–IIIfor composites with Pcs3–5,respectively)]. We prepared the composites by embedding the Pcs into the PP using the cast method. The effects of γ irradiation on the physicochemical properties of PP after the formation of the PP/(p‐methylphenoxy)8PcM composite films (I–III) were studied. The structure of the prepared composite series (I–III) was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. For compositeIII,minor differences in the Fourier transform infrared spectra were observed after irradiation treatment; these occurred because the zinc Pc additives in the repeating units of compositeIIIacted as stabilizing elements against γ‐irradiation‐induced degradation because of the delocalization of excitation energy in the double and aromatic units and also because of the large ionic radius of Zn in compositeIIIcompared with those in compositeII(containing Mg) and compositeI(metal‐free). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Development of Innervation to Maxillary Whiskers in Mice
Authors: Maklad Adel , Conway Marianne , Hodges Cole , Hansen Laura A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe maxillary vibrissal pad is a unique, richly innervated sensory apparatus. It is highly evolved in the rodent that it constitutes a major source of sensory information to the somatosensory cortex. In this report, indocarbocyanine tracing and immunofluorescence were used to study the embryonic and early neonatal development of innervation to maxillary vibrissal follicles in mice. The first sign of vibrissal follicle innervation occurred at embryonic day 12 (E12), when the lateral nasal and maxillary processes were penetrated by nerve branches with small terminal plexuses assuming the positions of vibrissal follicle primordia. Between E13 and E15, the nerve plexuses at the presumptive follicles grew in size and became more numerous with no signs of specific receptor subtype formation. By E17, the nerve plexuses had grown further in size and the region‐specific receptor subtype specification developed. At birth (P0), the superficial vibrissal nerves began to innervate the apical part of the inner conical body, whereas the deep vibrissal nerve gave off the recurrent cavernous branches. At P3, all of the different sets of receptor subtypes had regional distributions, densities and morphologies comparable to those described in adult mice. A 3‐day old mouse had all complements of sensory receptors necessary for somatosensory transduction as revealed not only by neuroanatomic tracing but also with immunofluorescence for several markers of neurosensory differentiation. Our data reveal a hitherto unknown time table for the development of peripheral sensory receptors in the vibrissal follicles. This time table parallels that of their central targets in the somatosensory barrel cortex, which develops at P4. Anat Rec 293:1553–1567, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No amicable divorce? Challenging the notion that sexual antagonism drives sex chromosome evolution
Authors: Ironside Joseph E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough sexual antagonism may have played a role in forming some sex chromosome systems, there appears to be little empirical or theoretical justification in assuming that it is the driving force in all cases of sex chromosome evolution. In many species, sex chromosomes have diverged in size and shape through the accumulation of mutations in regions of suppressed recombination. It is commonly assumed that recombination is suppressed in sex chromosomes due to selection to resolve sexually antagonistic pleiotropy. However, the requirement for a sex chromosome‐specific mechanism for suppressing recombination is questionable, since more general models of recombination suppression on autosomes also appear to be applicable to sex chromosomes. Direct tests of the predictions of the sexual antagonism hypothesis offer only limited support in specific sex chromosome systems and circumstantial evidence remains open to interpretation.
Setting and resetting of epigenetic marks in malignant transformation and development
Authors: Richly Holger , Lange Martin , Simboeck Elisabeth , Di Croce Luciano 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEpigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and post‐translation modifications of histones, have been shown to play an important role in chromatin structure, promoter activity, and cellular reprogramming. Large protein complexes, such as Polycomb and trithorax, often harbor multiple activities which affect histone tail modification. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the deposition of these marks, their propagation during cell replication, and the alteration on their distribution during transformation still require further study. Here we review recent data on those processes in both normal and cancer cells, and we propose that the unscheduled expression of oncogenic transcription factors causes reprogramming of normal cells into cancer stem cells.
Exploring the interplay of stability and function in protein evolution
Authors: Caetano‐Anollés Gustavo , Mittenthal Jay 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new split β‐lactamase assay promises experimental testing of the interplay of protein stability and function. Proteins are sufficiently stable to act effectively within cells. However, mutations generally destabilize structure, with effects on free energy that are comparable to the free energy of folding. Assays of protein functionality and stabilityin vivoenable a quick study of factors that influence these properties in response to targeted mutations. These assays can help molecular engineering but can also be used to target important questions, including why most proteins are marginally stable, how mutations alter structural makeup, and how thermodynamics, function, and environment shape molecular change. Processes of self‐organization and natural selection are determinants of stability and function. Non‐equilibrium thermodynamics provides crucial concepts,e.g., cells as emergent energy‐dissipating entities that do work and build their own parts, and a framework to study the sculpting role of evolution at different scales.
Drafting the parenting evaluation court order: A conceptual and practical approach
Authors: Zervopoulos John A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA court's order begins and directs the process of a court‐appointed parenting evaluation. If the order is ill‐defined, the evaluation, its conclusions, and the resulting expert opinion may be compromised. To draft a clear order, lawyers should understand the nature of a psychological evaluation, identify the legal bases and the authority in psychological literature and ethics for conducting a parenting evaluation, and establish the specific purposes for the court‐ordered evaluation. Likewise, psychologists should understand these drafting issues to guard against role and ethical pitfalls in their court‐appointed tasks. This paper will explore these issues. In addition, suggestions for drafting a motion petitioning the court for an evaluation are offered, and a model court order for parenting evaluations is presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Media framing of proposed nuclear reactors: An analysis of print media
Authors: Culley Marci R. , Ogley‐Oliver Emma , Carton Adam D. , Street Jalika C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNuclear energy has received substantial recent attention, marketed as a ‘green’ solution to global climate change (GCC) with calls for new reactors. However, considerable debate exists about whether it represents a viable solution to GCC. Given the complexity and urgency of the issue, a full and balanced debate is desirable. Since media play an important role in shaping public perception, we examined print media coverage of proposed reactors in Georgia—one site in the southeastern United States, which has been the focus of such proposals. We analysed the content of editorials and news articles from two local newspapers—the Augusta Chronicle and Atlanta Journal‐Constitution. The former exclusively published pro‐nuclear opinion pieces whereas the latter published a mix of pro‐ and anti‐nuclear opinions. The majority of news articles in both newspapers generally presented balanced arguments. Pro‐ and anti‐nuclear arguments most often reflected economic and environmental benefits and risks, whereas informational text primarily detailed regulatory processes and financing. Findings suggested that informational text was not necessarily ‘neutral’, sometimes masking covert pro‐ and anti‐nuclear content. Implications for how findings might shape public opinion and strategies for shaping media and extending public deliberation are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.