bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acuity cards and the search for risk factors in infant visual development
Authors: Vital-Durand François , Ayzac Louis , Pinzaru Gabriel 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIt is widely accepted that the major steps of visual development occur during the first eighteen months of life. Resolution, measured with acuity cards, improves steadily from birth where it is close to one cycle per degree (20/600) to near fifteen cycles/degree (20/40) toward the end of the first year. Introduction of Teller Acuity Cards (TAC) has been a strong incentive to promote early detection of visual defects by allowing the estimation of resolution at any age as well as in infants afflicted by visual deficits. Specifically, this chapter investigates the sensitivity and specificity of TAC in clinical practice, when considered as a single test in a standard battery of tests. Few studies have described a general population of infants in terms of visual capacity. The present study is based on data gathered over four years from a large population of infants.
Eye alignment and convergence in young infants
Authors: Hainline Louise , Riddell Patricia M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe presence of a fovea, a region with higher spatial resolution than the rest of the retina, coincides in vertebrate evolution with the emergence of several visual characteristics. Migration of the eyes from a lateral position to the front of the head produced significant overlap of the visual fields of the two eyes, allowing the emergence of binocular visual interactions. Sensory fusion and stereopsis allow a finely tuned perception of depth that emerges through the action of disparity detectors, cortical cells that compare the simultaneous inputs from the two eyes. The central topic of this chapter is an aspect of visual/motor development, specifically the development of binocular eye alignment in vergence (change in alignment of the visual axes of the two eyes to look at objects at different distances). Given the recognition of the importance of sensory–motor interactions during early development, it is perhaps surprising to find how little attention has been given to this factor in visual development.
Eye-head relations in neonates and young infants
Authors: Carchon I. , Block H. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA basic issue is to determine whether the probability of obtaining eye–head coupling depends upon the stimulus location in the visual field. The experiment in this chapter investigated the effect of target direction on both oculomotor activity and head coupling in a pursuit task. Two age groups were compared: neonates (three days old) and young infants (forty-five days old). Horizontal eye movements were measured from EOG recordings and were also recorded by a video camera. A second camera filmed head movements. The data show that pursuit is more extended when the target moves from the periphery to the centre (P→C) at both ages. In most cases, smooth pursuit is performed in the central region of the visual field (0−24°), regardless of whether the starting point of the target is central or peripheral. To analyse eye–head coupling, the portion of smooth pursuit performed with ipsilateral head movements was examined. There was more smooth pursuit in the forty-five-day-old infants than in the neonates, and more in the centre-to-periphery (C→P) condition than in the periphery-to-centre condition. The findings of this study shows that the extent of visual pursuit is greater when the target moves from the periphery to the central visual field but, in this direction of motion, more saccades are observed than in the opposite direction.
Evaluation of sensory visual development based on measures of oculomotor responses
Authors: Buquet Cathy , Charlier Jacques R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractStudies of oculomotor responses greatly contributed to the evaluation of sensory visual functions in non-verbal children. These developments result from a better understanding of the oculomotor behaviours of infants and from the introduction of objective techniques for measuring their eye movements. For this reason, the foundations of methods based on eye movement responses to study the detection and discrimination of visual stimuli is first reviewed. Second, the various techniques that are available today for measuring eye movements in children is presented. Third, how these developments applied to the evaluation of sensory visual functions are summarized. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a framework with references to the different reviews made in each of these specialties. In this review, the major problems involved with the evaluation of infants' sensory visual functions with oculomotor responses have been outlined.
Pattern processing in infancy: hemispheric differences and brain maturation
Authors: de Schonen S. , Deruelle C. , Mancini J. , Pascalis O. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe various neural networks of the infant brain do not all become functional at the same rate. Investigating the relationships between emerging cognitive competences and maturational neural events can therefore be most instructive. In some respects, this approach to the neural basis of behaviour, although it involves some methodological difficulties, is similar to the neuropsychological approach to adult patients with brain lesions. The double dissociations between emerging behaviours and between neural maturational events correspond to the double dissociations that are being studied in adult patients. Neural events of other kinds, which may be very similar or even identical to those underlying adult learning processes, are probably involved in the mechanisms of cognitive development. Discovering how learning mechanisms and neural maturation co-operate and are correlated with age-related behavioural changes is the main goal of the developmental approach.
Practical application of the visual evoked potential in paediatric neuro-ophthalmology
Authors: Apkarian Patricia 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe impetus to study visual ontogenesis and the corresponding plethora of developmental studies have resulted in major advances in our knowledge of the relationship between various aspects of visual perception and maturation of the corresponding anatomical and physiological substrates. The basic requisite in this area of study is to understand normal visual function and its development to optimum visual capacity, as well as to understand the aetiology of abnormal visual development and its detrimental consequences. Normal maturation of the visual pathway is dependent not only upon intrinsic biological factors but upon the infant's ability to sustain normal visual experience. An alternative to the behavioural approach is non-invasive electrophysiology, namely visual evoked potentials (VEPs). An advantage of evoked potential assessment is that, in addition to the ability to test performance for various visual tasks, VEPs can measure visual capacity and maturation at varying stages of processing along the visual pathway from the retina to cortex. In the present overview, application of the VEPs in paediatric neuro ophthalmology is described, together with the various stimulus and recording techniques designed to optimize VEP testing in infants and young children. A practical approach to electrodiagnostic assessment of visual function in paediatric neuro-ophthalmology is presented. Stimulus and recording techniques are outlined and substantial attention is paid to the ‘four-parameter approach’ to VEP assessment for clinical application. The four basic VEP parameters, amplitude, latency, waveform, and topography, are described in detail.
Visual development following treatment of a unilateral infantile cataract
Authors: Boothe Ronald G. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAn understanding of the ways in which vision develops following treatment of an infantile cataract is of considerable interest to a broad spectrum of basic scientists and clinicians. Devising improved methods for treatment, or ideally methods for prevention, of the amblyopia that typically develops following the surgical removal of the cataract poses a significant challenge for clinicians. Psychophysicists are interested in the precise nature of the perceptual deficits that sometimes develop in these children. Neuroscientists are particularly interested in questions regarding the neuropathology in the visual pathways in the brain that correlate with reduced visual function. Developmental psychologists are intrigued by the implications this topic has for broad issues having to do with the relative importance of ‘nature versus nurture’ in guiding development. This chapter attempts to summarize some of the main findings from the literatures from all of these disciplines in order to synthesize an understanding of visual development in children being treated for infantile cataracts.
Visual instrumentation for use with visually deficient children: the Point Mobile
Authors: Portalier Serge , Vital-Durand François 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn the study presented in this chapter the concept of instrumentation is applied to the deficient visual system of visually handicapped infants to explore the extent to which the use of poor vision can be developed rather than relying exclusively upon vicarious sensory systems, such as an extensive use of auditory or tactile cues. The study describes the use of a simple computer program designed to stimulate detection, localization, and capture of visual targets by visually deficient infants. These young children, aged two to four years, presented some degree of residual vision. They attend a multi-disciplinary educational centre where vision therapists, psychologists and researchers try to develop their visual instrumentation, as well as their vicarious sensory systems.
Computational Neuroscience of Vision
Authors: Rolls Edmund , Deco Gustavo 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis book presents the highly complex subject of vision, focusing on the visual information processing and computational operations in the visual system that lead to representations of objects in the brain. In addition to visual processing, it also considers how visual inputs reach and are involved in the computations underlying a wide range of behaviour, thus providing a foundation for understanding the operation of a number of different brain systems.
The primary visual cortex
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of the primary visual cortex in visual processing. It describes evidence on the nature of the neuronal responses in the primary visual cortex and the processing streams that lead to the primary visual cortex, and discusses some of their computational properties and the computational processes by which they arise. The chapter suggests that there seem to be partially separated neural pathways within the striate cortex that imply a segregation of the processing channels into three functionally distinct pathways, which includes a stereopsis and motion pathway, a colour pathway, and a form pathway.
The parietal cortex
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter outlines the contribution of the parietal cortex to spatial cognition. It discusses the structure and function in spatial attention and spatial representation of the parietal higher order areas of the dorsal visual stream and describes spatial information processing in the parietal lobe. The chapter considers the neuropsychological syndromes that result from parietal lesions, such as visual neglect, Balint's syndrome, and Gerstmann's syndrome in order to provide a better understanding of the functions of the parietal cortex in spatial cognitive functions.
Inferior temporal cortical visual areas
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of the inferior temporal cortical visual areas in face recognition. It discusses neuronal responses found in different temporal lobe cortex visual areas, the selectivity of neurons for individual face features or for a combination of face features, and the distributed encoding of object and face identity. The chapter explains the representation of information in the responses of a population of inferior temporal visual cortex neurons and the temporal encoding in the spike train of a single neuron.
Neural network models
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter describes a set of fundamental neural networks used by the brain, including the parts of the brain involved in vision. These models utilize a local learning rule or a rule for synaptic modification in which the signals needed to alter the synaptic strength are present in the pre- and post-synaptic neurons, and they can be described as providing one of the fundamental building blocks that the brain uses. The chapter discusses pattern association memory, autoassociation memory, and continuous attractor networks.
The cortical neurodynamics of visual attention - a model
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter aims to formulate a neurodynamical theory and model that addresses the issues of how spatial and object attention mechanisms can be integrated and can function as a unitary system in visual search and visual recognition tasks. An important novel idea in this model is that the dorsal stream and the ventral stream interact at multiple points and levels, and the locus of intersection is a function of the scale of analysis. The model can reproduce the findings of a number of attention-related neurophysiological experiments and it provides a united conceptual framework to account for several apparently disparate psychological processes such as spatial and object attention, object recognition and localization, and serial and parallel search.
Visual search: Attentional neurodynamics at work
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter aims to demonstrate that the attentional architecture described in the previous chapter performs covert searches across the visual field in parallel and can show two experimentally observed modes of visual attention, namely: serial focal attention, and the parallel spread of attention over space. It explores the interplay between microscopic neuronal dynamics and systems-level functional behaviour in the context of visual search, and shows that it is possible to build a neural system for visual search. The chapter also provides an extension of the computational multi-area model in order to understand the neurodynamics underlying much more complex cases of visual search tasks that require the binding of different feature dimensions.
A Computational Approach to the Neuropsychology of Visual Attention
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the computational neuropsychology of visual attention. It investigates the specific visual cognitive impairment in brain-damaged patients known as visual spatial neglect and attempts to model the neglect syndrome. The chapter concludes that computational neuroscience provides a mathematical framework for studying the mechanisms involved in brain function and allows complete simulation and prediction of neuropsychological syndromes, and that simulations provide useful support for the explanation offered of the functional impairments resulting from brain damage in patients.
Principles and Conclusions
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the computational neuroscience of vision. The results show that the responses of many inferior temporal visual cortex neurons have transform invariant responses to objects and faces, but not all neurons have view invariance. The findings also indicate that much of the information available from the responses of the neurons about shapes and objects is available in short time periods and that invariant representations can be self-organized using a trace learning rule incorporated in a feature hierarchy network such as VisNet.
A history of cognitive rehabilitation
Authors: Prigatano George P. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter provides a brief history of cognitive rehabilitation. It reviews how brain injuries sustained in war have provided great stimulus both to the theoretical foundations of neuropsychology, and to some of the early formulations of the process of rehabilitation. Historical accounts are always shaded by the perspective of the historian who recounts past events: thus multiple perspectives are needed when attempting to obtain an accurate history of cognitive rehabilitation.
Cognitive rehabilitation and its relationship to cognitive-neuropsychological rehabilitation
Authors: Coltheart Max , Brunsdon Ruth , Nickels Lyndsey 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter draws attention to the conceptual and operational differences between cognitive-neuropsychological rehabilitation and cognitive rehabilitation. Three of the major differences are that cognitive-neuropsychological rehabilitation relies on cognitive models of the impaired processing system for assessment and for treatment definition whereas cognitive rehabilitation does not; cognitive-neuropsychological rehabilitation emphasizes restoration of function rather than compensation whereas cognitive rehabilitation does not; and cognitive rehabilitation is used only for treating acquired cognitive disorders whereas cognitive-neuropsychological rehabilitation is applied also to developmental disorders of cognition.
Applying the WHO ICF framework to the rehabilitation of patients with cognitive deficits
Authors: Wade Derick T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter advocates the use of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning (WHO ICF) model when thinking about cognitive rehabilitation, and shows how research into effectiveness needs to consider careful study of both individual patients and group studies. The WHO ICF model is a descriptive system that can be transformed into a powerful way of analysing illness. In relation to cognitive deficits, it highlights the fact that cognitive impairments are conceptual constructs that are derived from behavioural observations, and that the associated disability or disabilities are not in themselves specifically attributable to a single ‘cognitive’ deficit. It also highlights that rehabilitation for patients with cognitive losses may well involve many different interventions at many different levels, not simply attempting to reverse the loss itself.
Attentional behaviour
Authors: Styles Elizabeth 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAttention refers to a complex set of cognitive processes that involve many areas of the brain. As attention is involved in many cognitive functions, impairments of attentional processes can compromise the performance of other tasks such as perception, memory, and voluntary action. Attention plays a role in selecting or focusing on a subset of the currently available information which requires further processing, but it can also be divided between concurrent tasks, sustained over time, and is important for control of goal-directed behaviour. The understanding of the role of attention in such tasks as visual orienting, unilateral visual neglect, simultanagnosia, and visual extinction is informed by theory and research in cognitive psychology; by cognitive neuropsychological case studies of brain damaged patients; and by the scanning and imaging techniques of cognitive neuroscience. Apart from visual information, the brain codes many other sources of information across multiple brain areas.
Testing speed and control
Authors: van Zomeren Adriaan H. , Spikman Joke M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter argues that it is fruitful to look at attentional impairments, their assessment and their remediation within a simple theoretical framework: the distinction between speed of processing and attentional control. Although this distinction is not absolute, it has two major advantages: it is empirically based in factor analyses of performance on attention tests by normal control subjects and patients, and it brings some order in the enormous collection of attention tests available to clinicians and investigators. Last but not least, the approach chosen here suggests a need in the clinical assessment of attention: as increased mental fatiguability and loss of concentration are frequent complaints in brain-damaged patients, assessment should focus on tests of sustained attention that demand a greater cognitive effort from the patient.
The neuroanatomy of memory
Authors: Markowitsch Hans J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe neuroanatomical correlates for memory encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval. For content-based memory, this chapter proposes that there are five long-term memory systems, each with its own neural circuitry. It proposes that both organic and psychogenic forms of retrograde amnesia act similarly in principle: in the organic forms the trigger structures for activating the storage nets are damaged, in the functional, psychogenic forms the stress hormone level is altered and influences those regions which have the highest number of stress hormone receptors — the amygdala and the hippocampus.
Language
Authors: Howard David 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe first section of this chapter introduces cognitive neuropsychological models of single word processing. It compares this approach with a number of competing theoretical perspectives. The second section considers how language is represented in the brain. The classical Wernicke–Lichtheim model, although widely represented in textbooks, is inadequate. This section considers evidence from lesion studies of people with brain damage together with their limitations. Although functional imaging studies have brought substantial progress in the understanding of language representation in the brain, much is still unclear about the nature of processing taking place, how it is implemented at a neural level and the interactions between different regions during language tasks.
Rehabilitation of executive deficits
Authors: Worthington Andrew 
Published: April 2012

AbstractExecutive skills are implicated in virtually all intelligent behaviour and are central to everyday adaptive living. Equally, executive dysfunction produces some of the most pervasive and debilitating forms of disability, threatening employment, family integrity and social relationships, and personal autonomy. While significant progress has been made at a theoretical level, clinical approaches to the remediation of executive disorders remain largely atheoretical and pragmatic. Cognitive models can help therapists understand what to treat, and may even suggest how to treat, but the knowledge of how specific techniques work is poorer than is generally acknowledged. Furthermore, many diverse influences conspire to produce disability, demanding an eclectic approach to intervention. Outcome evaluation should focus on evidence of socially and personally meaningful change.
Cognitive rehabilitation outcomes for traumatic brain injury
Authors: Carney Nancy , du Coudray Hugo 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn 1998, the Evidence-Based Practice Center (EPC) of Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature about the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adults. The review was part of a larger report, funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), in which the evidence for the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions for TBI at various phases of recovery was summarized. This chapter summarizes the process and findings about cognitive rehabilitation from that report, as well as the findings from an update conducted to review the literature from 1998 to 2002.