bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age related changes in the calling behaviour and the attractiveness of obliquebanded leafroller virgin females, Choristoneura rosaceana, under different constant and fluctuating temperature conditions
Authors: Delisle J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractC. rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) virgin females initiated calling in the first scotophase following emergence at both 15° and 20 °C constant temperature under a 16L:8D photoperiod. As females aged, the onset of calling occurred much earlier, and the time spent calling increased significantly at both temperature conditions. For a given age, the onset of calling occurred significantly earlier at 15 °C than at 20 °C, but the duration of calling did not vary with temperature. Similar results were obtained under warm and cold thermocycles that simulated natural conditions prevailing during the summer and fall flight periods. A comparison of the degree of attractancy of different‐aged females (0, 3, and 5 days old) in the field showed that the attractiveness of 0‐day‐old females relative to that of 3‐day old females did not vary between flights. However, compared to day‐5 females, the relative attractiveness of 0‐ and 3‐day‐old females was greater in the summer than in the fall flights. The potential adaptative value of these changes for seasonal mating success are discussed.
Intra‐tree foraging behavior of Dacus dorsalis flies in relation to host fruit quantity, quality and type
Authors: Green T.A. , Prokopy R. J. , Vargas R. I. , Kanehisa D. , Albrecht C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe observed the fruit foraging behavior of mature female oriental fruit flies, Dacus dorsalis Hendel (Diptera, Tephritidae), released individually onto potted field‐caged host trees containing fruit of different quality, quantity, or type (no fruit, 3 or 12 uninfested kumquats, 12 infested kumquats, or 3 uninfested sweet oranges). Our findings were largely consistent with foraging‐behavior theory, and with previous results for Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh): (1) flies left fruitless trees soon after release, (2) more flies visited fruit, and flies visited more fruit and spent more time on trees with increasing fruit density, and (3) Giving Up Time (time between last oviposition and leaving the tree) was significantly greater for flies visiting infested fruit than for those visiting uninfested fruit. Oriental fruit flies declined to oviposit in fruit containing conspecific larvae.
Influence of temperature and daylength on population development of Aphis gossypii on Cucurbita pepo
Authors: Aldyhim Y. N. , Khalil A. F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe life table parameters of Aphis gossypii Glover were evaluated in tow sets of experiments on Cucurbita pepo. The first set was conducted at six constant temperatures (5 °C increments from 10–35 °C) with 12 h photophase. The second set of experiments was conducted at 6, 12, and 18 h photophase at 25 °C. Nymphal survivorship was 100% at 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C. However, it was 80 and 0% at 10 and 35 °C, respectively. The optimum temperature for body length was 10 °C, and body length decreased with increasing temperature. A. gossypii attained its optimum growth and reproduction at 25 °C. At this temperature, the net reproductive rate (79.7), intrinsic rate of increase (0.496) and finite rate of increase (1.6) were largest while generation time (6.6 d) and population doubling time (1.4 d) were smallest. Temperatures above and below 25 °C reduced the net reproductive rate, and the intrinsic and finite rates of increase. The intrinsic and finite rates of increase of A. gossypii reared at 18 h photophase (0.53 and 1.7) were significantly higher than at 12 (0.43 and 1.5) and 6 h daylength (0.49 and 1.6).
The significance of antioxidants in the aphid‐plant interaction: the redox hypothesis
Authors: Miles P. W. , Oertli J. J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe hypothesis is advanced that a redox system controls oxidation rates during the responses of plants to attack by sucking insects, that soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbate and glutathione, enhance the effectiveness of the plant's defensive system, and that oxidising enzymes in the saliva of aphids (and other phytophagous sucking insects) serve to counter it.Plants typically respond to wounding, including that caused by sucking insects, by mobilising and oxidising phenolic compounds. The initial phenolic monomers, and especially the monomeric o‐quinones to which many give rise on oxidation, are generally deterrent to insects. Their final oxidation products, however, are polymers and phenol‐protein conjugates, which are non‐toxic, but serve to seal off damaged cells. It is suggested that effective defence by the plant requires oxidation of phenolics at a controlled rate that maintains a deterrent titre of the monomers, while allowing a well ordered deposition of sealants. It is also suggested that the salivary oxidases of the insects hasten oxidation in the affected tissues, thereby decreasing concentrations of monomeric phenols and quinones. It is further suggested that sedentary species may also thereby disorganise the sealing off of affected tissues.A kinetic model is developed to show that inclusion of a reductive cycle in the sequential oxidation of phenolics increases the steady state concentrations of monomeric phenols for a given throughput. Conversely, an increase in oxidation rates diminishes the titre of monomers for the same throughput.In initial biological tests of the hypothesis, infiltration of stems of lucerne cultivars with ascorbate or glutathione reduced the reproductive rate of spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis trifolii maculata (Buckton), and of blue‐green aphid, Acyrthosiphon kondo Shinji, feeding thereon. Intrinsically non‐deterrent concentrations of ascorbate synergised the deterrence of the plant phenolics chlorogenic acid and catechin to the apple aphid, Aphis pomi (de Geer), and the spotted alfalfa aphid, T. t. maculata, respectively.
Wind tunnel assays of olfactory responses of female Rhagoletis pomonella flies to apple volatiles: effect of wind speed and odour release rate
Authors: Aluja M. , Prokopy R. J. , Buonaccorsi J. P. , Cardé R. T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe effect of wind speed and odour release rate on female Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae) responses to synthetic host apple volatiles was studied in a wind tunnel bioassay. Three apple tree models were placed in the wind tunnel (upwind, central and downwind sections) after which flies were released individually on the central tree and their movements observed for 15 min. The experiment was designed as a two‐way factorial with no odour and odour release rates of ca. 18 and ca. 500 μg h−1 and still air and wind speeds of 0.8 and 1.6 m s−1 as treatments. Both wind speed and odour had significant effects on flight frequency (landings min−1) and general fly activity. Fly movement decreased as wind speed increased from 0 m s−1 to 0.8 and 1.6 m s−1, but this decrease was attenuated when air carried apple volatiles. When air was odour‐free, flies exposed to 1.6 m s−1 wind moved downwind.
Effects of temporary host deprivation on the reproductive potential of Trichogramma brassicae
Authors: Fleury F. , Boulétreau M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe effect of host deprivation on the reproductive potential and parasitization behaviour of Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was investigated. Upon emergence, females were deprived of hosts for one to four days, and were subsequently provided with an unlimited number of hosts. Regardless of its duration, deprivation did not affect female longevity, overall rate of progeny emergence, or progeny sex‐ratio. As deprivation time increased, however, the total number of parasitized hosts decreased from an average of 81.2 when hosts were provided at emergence, to an average of 34.0 when the waiting time was 4 days. This reduction was mainly due to the reduction in the parasitizations following the first laying peak, which was not affected when deprivation lasted fewer than 4 days. Trichogramma females are able to store ripe eggs (about 35) for 3 days without damage, but resorption occurs after four days of deprivation. Our results suggest that imaginal vitellogenesis occurs in this proovigenic wasp but that it is affected by host deprivation. The behaviour of females, as measured by the average distance between all parasitized hosts, was also modified by host deprivation. When deprivation exceeded one day, parasitizations were more scattered over the host patch. Moreover, increased deprivation times also appeared to delay the initiation of parasitization by a few hours.Host shortage is likely to occur in nature, reducing the efficiency of Trichogramma as a biocontrol agent. The individual history of females must be taken into account in any study of the reproductive strategies of parasitoid females.
Leaf osmotic potential decrease: a possible cause of mortality of greenhouse whitefly eggs
Authors: Castañé C. , Savé R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) white eggs were detached from the leaf and exposed to a range of osmotic concentrations (between − 0.4 and − 2.2 MPa) in controlled conditions. Eggs were able to hatch in the low and medium solute concentrations. In the higher concentrations, eclosion was delayed and significant mortality due to egg desiccation was observed.These results indicate leaf osmotic potential is a plant characteristic that affects greenhouse whitefly survivorship. Therefore leaf osmotic potential should be considered when evaluating greenhouse whitefly resistance.
Voltinism and diapause in the spruce web‐spinning sawfly Cephalcia arvensis
Authors: Battisti A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCephalcia arvensis Panzer (Hym., Pamphiliidae) spends most of the life cycle as a prepupa inside an earth‐walled chamber in the soil of spruce (Picea abies Karst.) forests. There are two types of prepupae in diapause in the soil, the eonymph and the pronymph. Prolonged diapause as an eonymph occurs in prepupae just after soil penetration at temperatures below 12 °C. Eonymphs change into pronymphs during the following summer and the life cycle lasts for two years. Mature larvae that enter the soil at temperatures above 12 °C change immediately into pronymphs and these individuals will emerge during the next spring. Other factors such as photoperiod do not appear to be correlated with prolonged diapause. The depth reached by the mature larvae in the soil is proportional to their size and inversely proportional to the soil temperature. Consequently, voltinism depends on both the conditions affecting development of the larvae in the crowns and the temperature at different soil depths.
Host‐finding behavior, host acceptance, and host suitability of the parasite Xanthopimpla stemmator
Authors: Hailemichael Y. , Smith J. W. , Wiedenmann R. N. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractXanthopimpla stemmator (Thunberg)(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a solitary endoparasite of pupae of Old World lepidopteran stalkborers, was recently imported into Texas as a candidate for biological control of New World stalkborers. Information on host acceptability, host suitability and cues responsible for host finding were necessary to gain an insight into parasite/host interactions, because of the absence of a coevolutionary history. Xanthopimpla stemmator females were exposed to laboratory‐reared one‐to six‐day‐old Diatraea saccharalis (F.) pupae. An average of 62% of host pupae were accepted and all ages of pupae were equally acceptable. Host suitability decreased with host age. One‐to five‐day‐old host pupae averaged 31–37% suitability, whereas only 19% of 6‐day‐old pupae were suitable. Successful parasitization, defined as the product of the proportion accepted and the proportion suitable, decreased from 22–23% for 1‐, 2‐ and 3‐day‐old pupae to 13% for 6‐day‐old pupae. Sex ratio (female:male) of the parasite progeny increased with host age. Females comprised 47% of total parasite progeny of 1‐day‐old and 84% of 6‐day‐old pupae. The increase in percent females was a result of a similar number of females in all age classes, coupled with a decrease in the number of males from older hosts. Xanthopimpla stemmator superparasitized 61% of accepted D. saccharalis pupae in the laboratory. On dissection, 73% of host pupae with multiple probe wounds were found to contain parasite eggs or larvae; these hosts contained up to 10 eggs or 7 first‐instar larvae. Increased numbers of probes by the parasites were associated with an increase in successful parasitization. Host seeking activity in X. stemmator was stimulated by the presence of larval frass, host odor and movement of host pupae. Results suggest that X. stemmator is a good candidate for biological control of D. saccharalis and possibly other factitious stalkborer hosts.
Can pesticide formulations significantly influence pest behavior?: the case of Tetranychus urticae and dicofol
Authors: Edwards Mary H. , Kolmes Steven A. , Dennehy Timothy J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPesticide formulations profoundly influenced the encounter of pest with pesticide. In four differently formulated treatments of identical dicofol concentration, total time spent on treated areas of a checkerboard residue immediately following treatment varied dramatically from 13.3% on Modified Formulation residues to 42.1% on 50 Wettable Powder residues. With 24 h old checkerboard residues, total time spent on treated areas varied from a low of 30.1% with Modified Formulation residues to a high of 45.1% with Emulsifiable Concentrate residues. Different formulations exhibited dramatically different decay of repellency over a 24 h period. The greatest loss of repellency was found on Modified Formulation residues, although this formulation was still the most repellent at 24 h. Observations were made of three behavior patterns with both 0 h and 24 h old residues of four formulations of dicofol. Our results indicate that the constituents of some pesticide formulations may elicit behavior that greatly reduces pest encounter with pesticide. To study this phenomenon it is necessary to observe pest behavior with discontinuous residues.
Gall initiation success and fecundity of Dasineura marginemtorquens on variable Salix viminalis host plants
Authors: Glynn Carolyn , Larsson Stig 
Published: April 2011

AbstractGenotypic and environmentally determined differences in Salix viminalis L. suitability for Dasineura marginemtorquens (Bremi) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) growth and survival were investigated in laboratory and field experiments. Earlier studies have documented high neonate larval mortality on certain S. viminalis genotypes. Here we present results from laboratory experiments which show no difference in larval establishment behaviour on resistant and susceptible willow genotypes. These data indicate that larvae are not able to detect the plant characteristic responsible for resistance. In a field study insect performance was measured on willow shoots of dissimilar size. Adult body size was positively correlated to willow shoot length. In turn, body size was positively correlated to potential fecundity. These results are discussed in relation to observed high densities of D. marginemtorquens in vigorously growing willows cultivated for biomass production.
Mate recognition in Cryptomyzus aphids: copulation and insemination
Authors: Guldemond J. Adriaan , Dixon Anthony F.G. , Tigges Wouter T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe specificity of the mate recognition system in three species of the aphid genus Cryptomyzus (Homoptera: Aphididae: Aphidinea) that reproduce sexually on the same host plant, red currant, was studied. Mate recognition at the level of life cycle forms, sister species and more distantly related species was studied. A host race on black currant was used to determine the effect of the host plant on mate preference. The males do not have a specific courtship behaviour and matings readily occurred between different species. However, in choice tests the matings between the more distantly related species resulted only in intraspecific inseminations, and those between the sister species in a higher frequency of intraspecific, compared to interspecific, matings. In no‐choice experiments mating between the more distantly related species occurred but did not result in insemination, and in sister species in a reduced insemination success compared to intraspecific matings. Thus, there is specific mate recognition in aphids, which prevents or reduces interspecific insemination but not interspecific mating. In the host races, host plant choice determined mating and insemination, and the life cycle forms did not show any difference in mate recognition.
The effect of food deprivation on aeronautic dispersal behaviour (ballooning) in Erigone spp. spiders
Authors: Weyman G. S. , Sunderland K. D. , Fenlon J. S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAdult male and female Erigone spp. (Araneae: Linyphiidae) spiders were kept without food for several days. Groups of spiders were tested for aeronautic dispersal behaviour (ballooning) in the laboratory. The validity of the assessment method was tested. In comparison with satiated spiders, the starved group exhibited an increased tendency to engage in aeronautic dispersal behaviour. A consistent trend for increased dispersal behaviour was detected in three independent experiments. Implications for spiders in agro‐ecosystems are discussed briefly.
The influence of queens of the ant Paratrechina flavipes on daughter and non‐daughter workers, for the suppression of sexual production
Authors: Ichinose Katsuya 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe influence that the queen of Paratrechina flavipes (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) has upon workers was investigated in field and laboratory nests. There was no significant difference in sexual production, either of gynes or males, between field queenright and queenless nests of the ant. A replicated laboratory experiment revealed that workers lay fewer eggs and rear fewer sexual larvae in the presence of their mother queen, while this reduction is not observed in workers with influence of non‐mother queens. The results seem to support the queen's signal hypothesis by Keller & Nonacs (1993). The contradiction is explained by workers rearing sexuals in queenless satellite nests. There exists a probably complex regulation of the transfer of larvae between satellite and mother nests.
Effect of environmental conditions on progeny production by the oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis
Authors: Le Patourel G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOothecal production by both mated and unmated female oriental cockroaches Blatta orientalis L. (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) was measured at temperatures between 10° and 28 °C. Production was inhibited at 15 °C and below, and only partially recovered when cooled insects were returned to 28 °C. Mean incubation times for oothecae varied from 41.4 to 43.9 days at 28 °C, 60.5 to 60.8 days at 24 °C and 86.8 to 91.7 days at 20 °C depending on RH. No nymphs emerged from oothecae kept continously at 15 °C, 75% RH over a 6 month period, although hatch at both 10° and 15 °C was observed in a few cases when oothecae containing eggs close to hatching (28–35 days from deposition, maintained at 28 °C) were transferred to these lower temperatures. The mean number of nymphs emerging from oothecae (non‐hatching oothecae included) increased with temperature over the range 20–28 °C and with RH over the range 43–95% RH. At 28 °C there was a decline in oothecal viability in the range 95–100% RH attributable to fungal attack, and few nymphs emerged from oothecae kept at 0% RH. The viability of oothecae subjected to periods of cold exposure and then returned to 28 °C decreased with decreasing exposure temperature (10° to −5 °C), increasing exposure period (2 h to 30 days) and stage of embryogenesis when exposed (oothecae incubated for 0 to 7 days at 28 °C prior to cold exposure less cold‐tolerant than oothecae incubated for 28 to 35 days).
Preselection of predatory mites to improve year‐round biological control of western flower thrips in greenhouse crops
Authors: van Houten Yvonne M. , van Rijn Paul C. J. , Tanigoshi Lynell K. , van Stratum Pam , Bruin Jan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn spring and summer, two groups of natural enemies are successfully used for biological control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in greenhouses: phytoseiid mites (Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) and, to a lesser extent, A. barkeri (Hughes)) and anthocorid bugs (Orius spp.). During winter, however, these predators often fail to control the pest. One likely cause for failure is the predators' tendency to enter diapause under short day conditions. In addition, eggs of predatory mites are generally susceptible to low humidity conditions, which often arise in greenhouses when outside temperatures drop below zero, or at bright, hot days in summer. In search for a thrips predator that is not hampered by these conditions, five subtropical phytoseiid species were selected which were known to feed on thrips: A. hibisci (Chant), A. degenerans Berlese, A. limonicus s.s. Garman and McGregor, A. scutalis (Athias‐Henriot) and A. tularensis (Congdon). These species were compared to A. cucumeris and A. barkeri, with respect to the following features: (1) predation and oviposition rate with young F. occidentalis larvae as prey, (2) oviposition rate on a diet of sweet pepper pollen, (3) drought tolerance spectrum of eggs, and (4) incidence of reproductive diapause under short day conditions. The results showed that A. limonicus exhibited the highest predation and oviposition rates on a diet of thrips larvae. Moreover, A. limonicus females showed total absence of diapause under the conditions tested. A major disadvantage of this species was, however, that its eggs were most sensitive to low air humidity conditions. Least sensitive to low air humidity were eggs of A. degenerans and A. hibisci. Females of A. degenerans and A. hibisci also showed total absence of diapause, and intermediate rates of predation and oviposition, on both thrips larvae and pollen. In conclusion, we argue that A. degenerans and A. hibisci are the most promising candidates for biological control of F. occidentalis under conditions of low humidity and short day length. The success of these candidates remains to be shown in greenhouse experiments.