bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adventists and Politics
Authors: Morgan Douglas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the political ethos of Seventh-day Adventism through its emergence and development as a religious movement in the United States. A radical and specific critique of the American republic’s betrayal of its promise of liberty was integral to the movement’s identity and mission formed through appropriation of apocalyptic Scripture in the mid-nineteenth century. Concurrent with its formal organization as a legally recognized denomination in the early 1860s, an informal but strong orientation bonded Adventists with radical Republicanism in a reformist political ethos. The Adventist-Republican link proved durable though not inflexible for more than century amid changes in the party and the church. Cautious conservatism replaced selective reform as the dominant feature of Adventism’s political ethos and basis for affinity with Republicanism. Changing racial demographics in the church dissolved the long-standing link with the Republican Party by the twenty-first century, creating a more pluriform political ethos.
Adventists and Archaeology
Authors: Geraty Lawrence T. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter divides the history and progress of Adventist involvement and accomplishments in biblical archaeology into six periods: (1) armchair apologetics (pre-1937); (2) the founders of “Adventist” archaeology: Lynn Wood, Edwin Thiele, Siegfried Horn (1937–1951); (3) evidence matters in Adventist archaeological scholarship (1951–1967); (4) the fruits of the Heshbon excavations (1967–1984); (5) the Madaba Plains Project and Adventist identity, largely associated with Andrews University (1984–1993); and (6) after the departure of Lawrence Geraty from Andrews, the dispersion and diversity of Adventist archaeology primarily at three institutions: Andrews University, La Sierra University, and Southern Adventist University (1993–present). Following an account of these six periods, the chapter provides a brief list of notable Adventist archaeological milestones and discoveries, concluding with a peer evaluation of Adventist archaeology by such scholars as Philip King, P. R. S. Moorey, William Dever, and Piotr Bienkowski. There are six guidelines for the practice of “Adventist archaeology” that, when taken together, lie behind the success of the scholarship credited to Seventh-day Adventist archaeologists.
Backgrounds of Sabbatarian Adventism
Authors: Rosario Jeffrey 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The historical background of Sabbatarian Adventism reveals a long tradition rooted in the observance of the seventh day (Saturday) as the Sabbath commemorating creation and redemption. This chapter surveys the continuity of that tradition beginning with early Christian communities throughout the Roman Empire with adherents from northern Africa to Asia Minor. It follows the spread of this Sabbatarian tradition among the Anabaptists during the European Protestant Reformation and on to the Puritan Seventh Day Baptists in seventeenth-century England, who in turn transplanted it to the British colonies of America. In the mid-nineteenth century, former members of the Millerite movement adopted the seventh-day Sabbath and incorporated it into a broader theological framework that became identified with the Seventh-day Adventist denomination.
The Phenomenon of Continuing Revelation in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Holland David F. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Numerous cultural forces converged in the nineteenth-century United States to intensify long-standing debates about the nature of divine revelation. Deists, Millerites, biblical critics, evangelical biblicists, charismatic Christians, Latter-day Saints, Shakers, and others confronted their contemporaries with urgent questions concerning how and when God speaks to humanity. The Seventh-day Adventist message, including its declaration that Ellen White revealed divine truth through the gift of prophecy, was both distinctive in its content and unavoidably shaped by this surrounding culture. This chapter recreates that context and identifies its relationship to the distinguishing elements of Adventist rhetoric and doctrine. It concludes with reflections on the Adventist challenge of situating Ellen White in relation to a deep commitment to the singular authority of the biblical canon.
Theravāda Buddhism in America
Authors: Braun Erik 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys Theravāda Buddhism in America using the “two Buddhisms” model. While subject to well-founded critique, the model can still serve as a valuable heuristic tool if used to distinguish two interrelated Buddhist cultures, rather than two groups of people (often contrasted as “convert” versus “heritage” Buddhists). One culture, oriented to meditation, began in the late nineteenth century in the United States and has drawn its perspectives from Buddhist sources approached through metaphysical and often Orientalist, racializing conceptions. The other culture, oriented to a cosmological outlook that foregrounds karma and giving, emerged from South and Southeast Asian understandings of Buddhism that arrived in the United States starting in the mid-1960s. Whatever their sources, this historical overview stresses that both cultures are distinctly American versions of Theravāda. Analyzing each offers a better grasp of a significant portion of the U.S. population and, more broadly, of Theravāda’s role in shaping American culture.
Vietnamese Buddhism in America
Authors: Perreira Todd LeRoy 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Vietnamese Americans constitute the largest Buddhist population group in the United States today, yet this community remains under-documented in the study of Asian American religions and Buddhism in America. Previous scholarship emphasizing an ethnic model approach fails to reveal how Vietnamese Buddhists in America actually understand their identities in relation to political, social, and institutional structures. Analysis framed in terms of racialization, however, enables us to see how members of Buddhist centers, joined by anti-communist “compatriot Buddhists,” utilize the temple and its festivals to manage the transgenerational effects of war while navigating changes in citizenship status and generational succession. It also allows one to see how Black Buddhism in America intersects with the war in Vietnam, the civil rights movement, and the advent of Vietnamese Buddhism in the United States.
Engaged Buddhism in the United States
Authors: Hsu/Chhi Funie 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that engaged Buddhism in the United States has been relatively disengaged with examining the sociohistorical formulations of the Buddhism it operationalizes as a pathway to enter into social life. Rather than a race-neutral tool for social improvement, American Buddhism emerged out of a history of Asian and Asian American Buddhist disavowal—a heritage of power still embedded in hegemonic American Buddhism. Thus, the American-ness of engaged Buddhism in the United States has played a defining, yet underexamined, role in molding the contours of its expression and scholarly exploration. It further argues that contending with the structures of white settler Christian nationalism that have sought to delegitimate and exclude Asian American Buddhists is critical for discussions of American engaged Buddhism. It calls for analytical attention to the continued denial and disavowal of Asian American Buddhists enacted through hegemonic American engaged Buddhism, and asks the reader to consider its purposes and implications.
American Buddhism and Secularism
Authors: Cheung Kin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Self-proclaimed secular Buddhists in the United States are gaining popularity, as evidenced by the over seven million downloads of the Secular Buddhism Podcast episodes and over a hundred thousand followers of the Facebook groups of the Secular Buddhism Podcast and the Secular Buddhist Association. This chapter examines their publicly available media—podcast episodes and internet articles—to describe how these Buddhists are presenting themselves as secular. The author argues that secularization happens in tandem with racialization, such that to understand secular Buddhists, there must be a discussion of whiteness and how race undergirds the construction and classification of one set of specific beliefs and practices as “secular,” “universal,” “rational,” “philosophical,” “pragmatic,” and “scientific,” in contrast to another set that is relegated as “religious,” provincial “culture”(-bound), “irrational,” “dogmatic,” “nonsensical,” and “superstitious.” This hierarchical construction is political in that classifiers adjudicate aspects of Buddhism deemed superior, denigrating the rest as inferior.
Buddhist Material Culture in the United States
Authors: Romaskiewicz Peter 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter contextualizes Buddhist material culture in the United States, focusing on the historical diaspora of Buddhist artifacts since the seventeenth century and their diverse reception in America up through the twentieth century. Close attention is paid to localized sociopolitical and economic contexts, both in America and abroad, that shaped the significance of Buddhist figural icons. The discussion proceeds chronologically, first turning to the arrival of Chinese icons in the late colonial and early republic periods and their display as ethnographic artifacts. The examination then turns to the religious use of Buddhist material culture during the first wave of Chinese and Japanese immigration and contrasts this to the popular late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century consumption of Buddhist imagery as refined art. Lastly, the discussion turns to the growing diffusion and diversity of Buddhist artifacts since 1945 and the growing American consciousness about Buddhist icons as objects of reverence and sources of religious power.
Introduction
Authors: Gleig Ann , Mitchell Scott A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The introduction to The Oxford Handbook of American Buddhism provides a brief overview of the history and central features of Buddhism in North America via five themes in the study and practice of Buddhism in the United States: (1) a centering of Asian American Buddhist experience; (2) an awareness of the great diversity of Buddhist and Buddhist-derived communities; (3) the importance of acknowledging the historical and social contexts of Buddhist practice; (4) the impact of generational shifts within and across Buddhist communities; and (5) the utilization of modern technology to promote Buddhist practices and identities. The introduction offers a critical reflection on the academic category of American Buddhism, noting that many stakeholders have questioned how it has operated in exclusory ways, legitimating certain forms of Buddhism and neglecting others, and encouraging an ongoing critique and extension of the term. Summaries of the volume’s chapters are included.
American Buddhist Studies and Scholar-Practitioners
Authors: Mitchell Scott A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes for granted the notion that communities of Buddhist studies scholars and communities of Buddhist practice exist in a symbiotic relationship in North America. Whereas previous scholarship has examined this relationship on the level of the individual, primarily through the figure of the “scholar-practitioner,” here the author argues that the relationship is also systemic or institutional. This relationship has in many ways defined both the academic field of Buddhist studies (broadly defined) and many communities of practice—or what is often taken for granted as “American Buddhism.” Such an analysis complicates the standard historical narratives of Buddhism and Buddhist studies and calls into question the reification of objectivist scholarship as a normative ideal in the field.
Pure Land Buddhism in America
Authors: Lee Jesse J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
While the history of Pure Land Buddhism in America is often associated with the Buddhist Churches of America, there are many other traditions, organizations, and movements that include and engage various Pure Land ideologies and practices. This chapter provides a conventional history of Japanese American Pure Land Buddhism while also gesturing to the presence of Pure Land Buddhism in other aspects of American religious history, including various Chinese American Buddhist movements, orientalist literature, and American popular culture. Not only did Pure Land Buddhists adapt their religious traditions and organizations to meet the needs of their communities, they also adapted to the legal and cultural perceptions and expectations of Buddhism, both positive and negative. In this way, various Pure Land Buddhist organizations, ideologies, and practices have become integral fixtures of the American religious landscape.
Lassitude
Authors: M. Schrock Joshua , S. Sugiyama Lawrence , Snodgrass J. Josh 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Infectious disease is a powerful force of selection. Perpetual exposure to pathogens throughout evolutionary history has driven the evolution of multiple mechanisms that promote host survival in the face of disease. The highly conserved innate immune system is deployed in response to a wide variety of pathologies, including infection, injury, and toxin exposure. Activation of the innate immune system triggers a coordinated set of neuropsychological changes that help the host mount an effective immune response. These regulatory changes generate the experience of feeling sick. The authors of this chapter use the term lassitude to describe the superordinate coordinating program (i.e., emotion) that coordinates motivational and behavioral responses to disease. Lassitude is triggered by a reliably occurring situation (i.e., disease) and it orchestrates other mechanisms (e.g., appetite, fatigue, nausea, pain, and thermoregulatory motivation) to help solve the adaptive problems that arise when the innate immune response is activated to fight disease.
The Past Explains the Present
Authors: Tooby John , Cosmides Leda 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Present conditions and selection pressures are irrelevant to the present design of organisms; they do not explain how or why organisms behave adaptively, when they do. To whatever non-chance extent organisms are behaving adaptively, it is (1) because of the operation of underlying adaptations whose present design is the product of selection in the past, and (2) because present conditions resemble past conditions in those specific ways made developmentally and functionally important by the design of those adaptations. All adaptations evolved in response to the repeating elements of past environments, so their design reflects the recurrent properties of those environments. Emotions are adaptations that treat the present as a version of the past. They categorize new situations as instances of evolutionarily recurrent events that posed adaptive problems with large fitness consequences. When activated, an emotion coordinates suites of cognitive and physiological adaptations, in ways well-designed for solving those ancestral problems.
Regret
Authors: Kennair Leif Edward Ottesen , Grøntvedt Trond Viggo , Bendixen Mons 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Regret is a counterfactual cognitive-emotional response to choices one has made in the past. In hindsight, when considering one’s behavior, one feels aversive emotion and wishes one had made a different choice. There are few sex differences in regret; however, the mating domain does show sex differences. Especially, sex differences in regret for having had or having passed up casual sex has been studied. The suggested adaptive function is that regret about past sexual experiences may reduce future maladaptive sexual behaviors. However, this has only recently been subjected to empirical testing using a predictive, longitudinal design. This chapter considers regret, in general, and evolutionary research into casual sex regret. The discussion focuses on how it may be necessary to reformulate the current understanding of the function of regret, as well as how evolutionary approaches may inform other areas where there may be robust sex differences in regret.
How Jealousy Works
Authors: Lewis David M. G. , Al-Shawaf Laith , Evans Kortnee C. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to invigorate work at the boundary of knowledge about jealousy. First, the chapter conducts a task analysis of the adaptive problem that jealousy is hypothesized to solve. This task analysis reveals key gaps in current knowledge about jealousy. Second, the chapter presents an array of new, testable hypotheses about this important human emotion. These include hypotheses about within-sex individual differences (in contrast to the historical emphasis on between-sex differences), hypotheses about within-individual shifts in jealousy over time, and hypotheses about the distinct tactics the jealousy system should deploy in response to different forms of relationship threat. Finally, the chapter emphasizes the need for more research on jealousy in relationships other than monogamous mating relationships, including consensually non-monogamous relationships as well as non-mating relationships. This chapter contributes novel theoretical insights and suggests future directions that can help generate new empirical discoveries about this important human emotion.
Evolution, Emotions, and the American Legal System
Authors: E. G. Williams Keelah , Patrick Carlton 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Emotions are embedded in the law—explicitly in statutes, legal opinions, and jury instructions, as well as implicitly in the minds of legal actors. The aim of the law is to regulate behavior; to do so, the law relies on behavioral models and assumptions about the human mind. This chapter introduces an evolutionary approach to emotions in the law, highlighting its descriptive and normative utility in three legal contexts: determining how one’s own emotions shape legal decision-making; evaluating how the emotional experiences of others influences their behavior and legal culpability; and the legislative translation of emotions into legal and social policy. Within the legal sphere, an evolutionary approach provides a coherent framework for understanding the causal influences and cognitive mechanics of emotions. In doing so, an evolutionary perspective provides descriptive clarity, highlights novel explanations for legally relevant behavior, and provides insights that may inform normative debates in the law.
Emotion, Sickness, and Care for the Sick
Authors: Steinkopf Leander 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Humans usually are not left alone when they are ill or injured, and this makes a big difference in survival and healing: for instance, with the caring support of the group, a broken bone can heal when it would otherwise hinder survival. Being sick or injured in humans is inherently social and is based on emotional communication and negotiation. On the one hand, emotions of pain and malaise bring about adaptive behavior changes in the sick individual and communicate the sick status to others by displaying emotional expressions of suffering. On the other hand, potential helpers may offer care based on emotions of compassion, or may avoid the coughing and sneezing individual because they are disgusted or afraid of infection. This chapter argues that emotional aspects of sickness and healing are deeply rooted in the evolutionary past and play an important though underappreciated role in healthcare in the modern day.
Emotion and Nonverbal Communication
Authors: Svetieva Elena 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the author reviews how an evolutionary perspective has influenced the earliest theory and research on the nonverbal communication of emotion, including subsequent debate as to whether there are basic emotions, the concordance of felt emotion to expressed emotion, and the extent to which the nonverbal communication of emotion is biologically innate or socially constructed. This chapter considers some of the assumptions that have fueled these debates and outlines how an evolutionary view of emotion expression is commensurate with multiple theoretical perspectives and the empirical findings that have shaped them. The chapter also outlines under-researched areas in the nonverbal communication of emotion, existing opportunities for deepening the understanding of how evolutionary pressures shape why, when, and how humans communicate emotion, and finally, promising directions for study in this field.
Social Emotions Are Governed by a Common Grammar of Social Valuation
Authors: Scrivner Coltan , Sznycer Daniel , W. Lukaszewski Aaron , Al-Shawaf Laith 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Social emotions appear to be behavior-regulating programs built by natural selection to solve adaptive problems in the domain of social valuation. For example, shame functions to prevent and mitigate the costs of being socially devalued by others, whereas anger functions to correct those people who attach insufficient weight to the welfare of the self. This chapter reviews theory and evidence suggesting that distinctively functional social emotions such as guilt, gratitude, anger, pride, shame, sadness, and envy are all governed by a shared grammar of social valuation. The authors also provide evidence that social emotions and social valuation operate with a substantial degree of universality across cultures. This emotion-valuation constellation appears to shape human sociality through interpersonal interactions. Expanding upon this, they explore how signatures of this constellation may be evident in two spheres of human sociality: personality and the criminal justice system.
The Negative Effect of Ostracism and Other Forms of Social Exclusion on Emotions
Authors: D. Wesselmann Eric , Pfundmair Michaela , R. Spoor Jennifer , G. Moons Wesley 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Ostracism, a form of social exclusion primarily characterized by being ignored, is a pancultural phenomenon that has been used historically to punish wayward and burdensome group members. Often, an individual would be ostracized briefly to encourage conformity to the group. If the wayward individual either would not or could not conform, the ostracism could become indefinite. For humans, whose survival and reproductive ability are enhanced by group living, indefinite ostracism would essentially be a death sentence. Thus, researchers have argued that the human species likely evolved to detect any hint of potential ostracism or social exclusion, immediately experiencing these cues as painful. Ostracism also elicits negative emotions such as sadness, anger, and shame. This chapter summarizes ostracism research, focusing on both the social and evolutionary underpinnings. It then highlights the research on emotional outcomes of ostracism and closes by providing suggestions for future research.
Emotions and Reconciliation
Authors: Ohtsubo Yohsuke , Smith Adam 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the evolution of reconciliatory tendencies and relevant proximate emotions. First, evolutionary game analyses reveal that individuals in long-term relationships are better off maintaining mutual cooperation, and the long-term nature of relationships makes forgiveness adaptive. However, possibilities of erroneous defection make forgiving strategies (generous tit-for-tat) and conciliatory gestures (contrite tit-for-tat) even more advantageous than the simple tit-for-tat strategy. Second, the animal reconciliation literature provides empirical evidence for the presence of reconciliatory tendencies in various species. Third, the human reconciliation literature largely confirms the insights from evolutionary game analyses and the animal reconciliation literature. It also reveals some proximate emotions of human reconciliation processes: empathy and relational anxiety facilitate forgiveness, while guilt promotes sincere apologies. More importantly, relationship value, which is implicated as an ultimate explanation of reconciliation, is positively associated with the abovementioned proximate emotions in reconciliation processes.