bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apolipoprotein E genotype and hepatitis C, HIV and herpes simplex disease risk: a literature review
Authors: Kuhlmann Inga , Minihane Anne Marie , Huebbe Patricia , Nebel Almut , Rimbach Gerald 
Published: March 2010

AbstractApolipoprotein E is a polymorphic and multifunctional protein with numerous roles in lipoprotein metabolism. The three common isoforms apoE2, apoE3 and apoE4 show isoform-specific functional properties including different susceptibilities to diseases. ApoE4 is an accepted risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disorders. Recently, associations between apoE4 and infectious diseases have been demonstrated. This review summarises how apoE4 may be involved in the infection incidence and associated pathologies of specific infectious diseases, namely hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus disease and herpes simplex.ApoE4 seems to be protective against chronic hepatitis C virus infection and retards fibrosis progression. In contrast apoE4 enhances the fusion rate of human immunodeficiency virus with target cell membranes, resulting in accelerated cell entry and faster disease progression. Its association with human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia remains controversial. Regarding herpes simplex virus infection, apoE4 intensifies virus latency and is associated with increased oxidative damage of the central nervous system, and there is some evidence that herpes simplex virus infection in combination with the apoE4 genotype may be associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. In addition to reviewing available data from human trials, evidence derived from a variety of cell culture and animal models are considered in this review in order to provide mechanistic insights into observed association between apoE4 genotype and viral disease infection and pathology.
Predicting progression of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Doody Rachelle S , Pavlik Valory , Massman Paul , Rountree Susan , Darby Eveleen , Chan Wenyaw 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Introduction
Clinicians need to predict prognosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and researchers need models of progression to develop biomarkers and clinical trials designs. We tested a calculated initial progression rate to see whether it predicted performance on cognition, function and behavior over time, and to see whether it predicted survival.

Methods
We used standardized approaches to assess baseline characteristics and to estimate disease duration, and calculated the initial (pre-progression) rate in 597 AD patients followed for up to 15 years. We designated slow, intermediate and rapidly progressing groups. Using mixed effects regression analysis, we examined the predictive value of a pre-progression group for longitudinal performance on standardized measures. We used Cox survival analysis to compare survival time by progression group.

Results
Patients in the slow and intermediate groups maintained better performance on the cognitive (ADAScog and VSAT), global (CDR-SB) and complex activities of daily living measures (IADL) (P values < 0.001 slow versus fast; P values < 0.003 to 0.03 intermediate versus fast). Interaction terms indicated that slopes of ADAScog and PSMS change for the slow group were smaller than for the fast group, and that rates of change on the ADAScog were also slower for the intermediate group, but that CDR-SB rates increased in this group relative to the fast group. Slow progressors survived longer than fast progressors (P = 0.024).

Conclusions
A simple, calculated progression rate at the initial visit gives reliable information regarding performance over time on cognition, global performance and activities of daily living. The slowest progression group also survives longer. This baseline measure should be considered in the design of long duration Alzheimer's disease clinical trials.
Maritza Macdonald
Authors: Mays Hoopes Laura L. 
Published: March 2010

Note from the Editor Educator Highlights for CBE—Life Sciences Education show how professors at different kinds of institutions educate students in life sciences with inspiration and panache. If you have a particularly creative teaching portfolio yourself, or if you wish to nominate an inspiring colleague to be profiled, please e-mail Laura Hoopes at lhoopes@pomona.edu .
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults
Authors: Janakiraman Raguraman , Benning Tony 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an established diagnosis in children but there is a lack of agreement about its validity as a distinct entity in adults. Literature suggests that between one-third and two-thirds of children diagnosed with ADHD continue to manifest symptoms into adulthood. An adult diagnosis should be done on the basis of a thorough assessment, structured and semi-structured clinical interview, and with a complete understanding of the symptoms that manifest in adults. This may be supplemented by the use of rating scales. We present a review of the literature covering aetiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic evaluation and management of ADHD in adults.
Mentally disordered detainees in the police station: the role of the psychiatrist
Authors: Kent John , Gunasekaran Santhana 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA significant number of people who come into contact with the police have a mental disorder. Attending the police station to assess detainees forms a significant part of most psychiatrists' work. The role of the psychiatrist includes assessing for the presence of mental disorder, advising on diversion from custody and assessing detainees' fitness to be interviewed. This article, based on data primarily from the UK, looks at issues involved for psychiatrists attending police stations, including pathways to care, epidemiology, assessment of detainees under the Mental Health Act 1983, fitness of detainees to be interviewed and aspects of training.
Resolution and remission in schizophrenia: getting well and staying well
Authors: Yeomans David , Taylor Mark , Currie Alan , Whale Richard , Ford Keith , Fear Chris , Hynes Joanne , Sullivan Gary , Moore Bruce , Burns Tom 
Published: March 2010

SummaryRemission is a new research outcome indicating long-term wellness. Remission not only sets a standard for minimal severity of symptoms and signs (resolution); it also sets a standard for how long symptoms and signs need to remain at this minimal level (6 months). Individuals who achieve remission from schizophrenia have better subjective well-being and better functional outcomes than those who do not. Research suggests that remission can be achieved in 20–60% of people with schizophrenia. There is some evidence of the usefulness of remission as an outcome indicator for clinicians, service users and their carers. This article reviews the literature on remission in schizophrenia and asks whether it could be a useful clinical standard of well-being and a foundation for functional improvement and recovery.
Partner alcohol use, violence and women's mental health: population-based survey in India
Authors: Nayak Madhabika B. , Patel Vikram , Bond Jason C. , Greenfield Thomas K. 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundThe relationship between partner alcohol use and violence as risk factors for poor mental health in women is unclear.AimsTo describe partner-related and other psychosocial risk factors for common mental disorders in women and examine interrelationships between these factors.MethodData are reported on 821 women aged 18–49 years from a larger population study in north Goa, India. Logistic regression models evaluated the risks for women's common mental disorders and tested for mediation effects in the relationship between partner alcohol use and these disorders.ResultsExcessive partner alcohol use increased the risk for common mental disorders two- to threefold. Partner violence and alcohol-related problems each partially mediated the association between partner excessive alcohol use and these mental disorders. Women's own violence-related attitudes were also independently associated with them.ConclusionsPartner alcohol use, partner violence and women's violence-related attitudes must be addressed to prevent and treat common mental disorders in women.
Patients' views of involuntary hospital admission after 1 and 3
months: prospective study in 11 European countries
Authors: Priebe Stefan , Katsakou Christina , Glöckner Matthias , Dembinskas Algirdas , Fiorillo Andrea , Karastergiou Anastasia , Kiejna Andrzej , Kjellin Lars , Nawka Pìtr , Onchev George , Raboch Jiri , Schuetzwohl Matthias , Solomon Zahava , Torres-González Francisco , Wang Duolao , Kallert Thomas 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundLegislation and practice of involuntary hospital admission vary
substantially among European countries, but differences in outcomes have
not been studied.AimsTo explore patients' views following involuntary hospitalisation in
different European countries.MethodIn a prospective study in 11 countries, 2326 consecutive involuntary
patients admitted to psychiatric hospital departments were interviewed
within 1 week of admission; 1809 were followed up 1 month and 1613 3
months later. Patients' views as to whether the admission was right were
the outcome criterion.ResultsIn the different countries, between 39 and 71% felt the admission was
right after 1 month, and between 46 and 86% after 3 months. Females,
those living alone and those with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had more
negative views. Adjusting for confounding factors, differences between
countries were significant.ConclusionsInternational differences in legislation and practice may be relevant to
outcomes and inform improvements in policies, particularly in countries
with poorer outcomes.
‘I want to be bipolar’…a new phenomenon
Authors: Chan Diana , Sireling Lester 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThere has been renewed interest in the concept and diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder in recent years. Previous epidemiological studies have reported the prevalence of the disorder in the USA at 1–2% but further studies have shown that the disorder is underdiagnosed and the true prevalence may be as high as 11%. Despite the stigma attached to mental illness, we have noticed in our clinical practice a new and unusual phenomenon, where patients present to psychiatrists with self-diagnosed bipolar disorder. Here, we explore the background to this phenomenon, the diagnostic challenges and the implications for our patients and practice.
Long-term follow-up of individuals on assertive outreach teams
Authors: Rana Tanvir , Commander Martin 
Published: March 2010

Aims and methodTo describe the long-term outcome of 165 people taken onto assertive outreach teams.ResultsAfter a mean follow-up of 6 years and 8 months, 130 people remained in contact with local services of whom 100 were still under the care of an assertive outreach team. Admission rates remained around half those at inception. However, 16 individuals had died, 10 spent time in prison, 12 were homeless and 14 had protracted stays in hospital during the follow-up period.Clinical implicationsAlthough assertive outreach teams are successful in engaging individuals and reducing admission rates, these benefits plateau after the first few years and could possibly be sustained by other services that may in addition focus more on those areas where teams have proven less effective including physical health, housing and employment.
Comparable Survival Between pN0 Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Sentinel Node Biopsy and Extensive Axillary Dissection: A Report From the Korean Breast Cancer Society
Authors: Moon Hyeong-Gon , Han Wonshik , Noh Dong-Young 
Published: March 2010

Purpose Recent studies showing survival benefit of extensive axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in pN0 breast cancer have challenged the concept of sentinel node biopsy (SNB). In this study, the survival and recurrence after SNB alone and ALND in pN0 Korean breast cancer patients were investigated. Patients and Methods Using information from two large databases, including a Korean nationwide registry, we assessed survival relative to the extent of ALND in pN0 breast cancer patients. We also compared the survival of pN0 patients who underwent SNB alone with survival in those who underwent varying degrees of ALND. Results In an analysis of 1,607 pN0 patients from a single institution, less extensive ALND significantly increased the risks of breast cancer death and systemic recurrence but not of locoregional recurrence. These findings were validated by an analysis of nationwide registry data on 17,672 pN0 patients; patients with > 20 dissected lymph nodes had significantly better overall survival (OS) and breast cancer–specific survival (BCSS) than those with 10 to 20 or < 10 dissected lymph nodes. Patients who underwent SNB alone showed OS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.03; 9% CI, 0.08 to 1.56) and BCSS (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.78) similar to those of patients who underwent extensive ALND (> 20 dissected lymph nodes), despite the small number of lymph nodes removed. Conclusion Extensive ALND is associated with better survival and less systemic recurrence than less extensive ALND in patients with pN0 breast cancer. However, SNB alone showed excellent survival results, similar to those of extensive ALND, supporting the long-term oncologic safety of SNB.
Rituximab Plus Fludarabine and Cyclophosphamide Prolongs Progression-Free Survival Compared With Fludarabine and Cyclophosphamide Alone in Previously Treated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Robak Tadeusz , Dmoszynska Anna , Solal-Céligny Philippe , Warzocha Krzysztof , Loscertales Javier , Catalano John , Afanasiev Boris V. , Larratt Loree , Geisler Christian H. , Montillo Marco , Zyuzgin Ilya , Ganly Peter S. , Dartigeas Caroline , Rosta András , Maurer Jörg , Mendila Myriam , Saville M. Wayne , Valente Nancy , Wenger Michael K. , Moiseev Sergey I. 
Published: March 2010

Purpose Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody that targets the CD20 cell surface antigen, has clinical activity in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and other B-lymphocyte disorders when administered alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Promising results have previously been reported in nonrandomized studies in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This trial was designed to compare chemoimmunotherapy with chemotherapy alone in patients with previously treated CLL. Patients and Methods This international, multicenter, randomized trial compared six cycles of rituximab plus fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (R-FC) with six cycles of fludarabine and cyclophosphamide alone (FC) in patients with previously treated CLL. A total of 552 patients with Binet stage A (1%), B (59%), or C (31%) disease entered the study and were randomly assigned to receive R-FC (n = 276) or FC (n = 276). Results After a median follow-up time of 25 months, rituximab significantly improved progression-free survival in patients with previously treated CLL (hazard ratio = 0.65; P < .001; median, 30.6 months for R-FC v 20.6 months for FC). Event-free survival, response rate, complete response rate, duration of response, and time to new CLL treatment or death were also significantly improved. Although the rates of adverse events, grade 3 or 4 events, and serious adverse events were slightly higher in the R-FC arm, R-FC was generally well tolerated, with no new safety findings and no detrimental effect on quality of life. Conclusion R-FC significantly improved the outcome of patients with previously treated CLL.
Methylglyoxal: A New Weapon against Staphylococcal Wound Infections?
Authors: Fidaleo Marco , Zuorro Antonio , Lavecchia Roberto 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG), a phytochemical present in some New Zealand honeys, was found to possess bactericidal activity against S. aureus and a methicillin-resistant strain of S. epidermidis. The MIC and MBC values were 1.05 and 2.11 mM, respectively. Inclusion of MG in a hydrogel resulted in an active and stable preparation suitable for treating wound or burn infections.
Synthesis of Benzene-centered Trinuclear Phthalocyanines by Triple-click Chemistry
Authors: Das Banibrata , Umeda Masashi , Tokunaga Etsuko , Toru Takeshi , Shibata Norio 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We disclose here the synthesis of novel benzene-centered trifluoroethoxy-coated trinuclear Pc 1 and its nonfluorinated analog 2 with flexible click spacers. UV–vis study reveals that trifluoroethoxy coating can result in the purely nonaggregated, windmill-like molecular structure of 1 without rigid spacers or any external source of help.
Dynamic splinting for pronation contracture following a spinal cord injury
Authors: Kimbler Tonya S , Willis F Buck 
Published: March 2010

Background This report discusses the success of using multiple protocols/modalities to reduce forearm contracture in a 34-year-old, African American man who had suffered a spinal cord injury (SCI) over 2 years before this treatment. The patient's initial maximal active range of motion (AROM) in supination was −85° left and −60° right, and his initial passive range of motion (PROM) was +12° left and +50° right. Methods Intervention included occupational therapy five times per week and the protocols employed included manual AROM and PROM training, isometric strength training, handwriting, self-feeding and grooming training. Electrical stimulation for shoulder flexion and elbow extension, and a unique new modality, the Supination Dynasplint®, was also used for 45 min on each arm, twice daily. Results After three months, the patient regained over 40° AROM of supination in each arm. This benefitted the patient's ability to use utensils for eating, improved his handwriting skills and he regained the ability to use a urinal at night while in bed.
Service development and evaluation of a new carpal tunnel syndrome education class
Authors: Dalton Sarah 
Published: March 2010

Introduction A carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) education class was developed to enhance both patient care and the treatment pathway. In order to determine the efficiency and efficacy of the management of patients with CTS within a class setting, the results were assessed and reviewed over a one-year period. Methods Patients referred to Guys and St Thomas' Hand Therapy Department over a one-year period with CTS were provided with an appointment for the CTS class. All attendees completed an initial assessment form and a 1:1 assessment by a physiotherapist. A computer-based presentation was delivered within the class and patients were provided with prefabricated wrist splints in a neutral position and an education leaflet. Eighty-nine patients were followed up by a telephone call at six weeks and completed a telephone outcome form. A discharge letter was completed and sent to the referrer advising of the patients' outcome with further treatment recommendations if appropriate. Results At six-week telephone follow-up, 42 (47%) patients required no further treatment, 37 (42%) patients were recommended for further investigation, and 10 (11%) patients either had or planned to have carpal tunnel decompression. Discussion The new CTS class provides an efficient and effective treatment pathway for patients with CTS. It enables a comprehensive assessment and treatment application within the same session and aids early identification of other pathologies that may require intervention or appropriate onward referral.
Limb salvage for soft-tissue sarcomas of the foot and ankle
Authors: Cribb G. L. , Loo S. C. S. , Dickinson I. 
Published: March 2010

We evaluated the oncological and functional outcome of 27 patients who had limb salvage for a soft-tissue sarcoma of the foot or ankle between 1992 and 2007, with a mean follow-up of 7.5 years (1.05 to 16.2). There were 12 men and 15 women, with a mean age at presentation of 47 years (12 to 84). Referrals came from other hospitals for 16 patients who had previous biopsy or unplanned excision, and 11 presented de novo. There were 18 tumours located in the foot and nine around the ankle. Synovial sarcoma was the most frequent histological diagnosis. Excision was performed in all cases, with 16 patients requiring plastic surgical reconstruction with 13 free and three local flaps. Adjuvant treatment was undertaken in 20 patients, 18 with radiotherapy and two by chemotherapy. Limb salvage was successful in 26 of the 27 patients. There have been two local recurrences and two mesenchymal metastases. Four patients have died of their sarcoma and two of other causes. Function was evaluated with the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score and a mean overall score of 89.40 (52.1 to 100) was obtained. A questionnaire revealed that all surviving patients are able to wear normal shoes and none require a walking aid. Limb salvage can achieve good oncological and functional results with additional treatment.
Bone-marrow-derived mononuclear cells with a porous hydroxyapatite scaffold for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head
Authors: Yamasaki T. , Yasunaga Y. , Ishikawa M. , Hamaki T. , Ochi M. 
Published: March 2010

We have investigated the effectiveness of the transplantation of bone-marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) with interconnected porous calcium hydroxyapatite (IP-CHA) on early bone repair for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. We studied 22 patients (30 hips) who had osteonecrosis with a minimum follow-up of one year after implantation of BMMNCs. The mean age at surgery was 41 years (18 to 64) and the mean period of follow-up was 29 months (19 to 48). In a control group, cell-free IP-CHA was implanted into a further eight patients (9 hips) with osteonecrosis of the femoral head and the outcomes were compared. A reduction in the size of the osteonecrotic lesion was observed subsequent to hypertrophy of the bone in the transition zone in the BMMNC group. In three patients in the treatment group progression to extensive collapse was detected. In the control group subtle bone hypertrophy was observed, but severe collapse of the femoral head occurred in six of eight hips. In this limited study the implantation of BMMNCs and IP-CHA appears to confer benefit in the repair of osteonecrosis and in the prevention of collapse.
The effect of vacuum mixing and pre-heating the femoral component on the mechanical properties of the cement mantle
Authors: Baleani M. , Bialoblocka-Juszczyk E. , Engels G. E. , Viceconti M. 
Published: March 2010

We investigated the effect of pre-heating a femoral component on the porosity and strength of bone cement, with or without vacuum mixing used for total hip replacement. Cement mantles were moulded in a manner simulating clinical practice for cemented hip replacement. During polymerisation, the temperature was monitored. Specimens of cement extracted from the mantles underwent bending or fatigue tests, and were examined for porosity. Pre-heating the stem alone significantly increased the mean temperature values measured within the mantle (+14.2°C) (p < 0.001) and reduced the mean curing time (−1.5 min) (p < 0.001). The addition of vacuum mixing modulated the mean rise in the temperature of polymerisation to 11°C and reduced the mean duration of the process by one minute and 50 seconds (p = 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). In all cases, the maximum temperature values measured in the mould simulating the femur were < 50°C. The mixing technique and pre-heating the stem slightly increased the static mechanical strength of bone cement. However, the fatigue life of the cement was improved by both vacuum mixing and pre-heating the stem, but was most marked (+ 280°C) when these methods were combined. Pre-heating the stem appears to be an effective way of improving the quality of the cement mantle, which might enhance the long-term performance of bone cement, especially when combined with vacuum mixing.