bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Alloy 182 Weld in Pressurized Water Reactor Primary Water Environment at 325ºC
Authors: Lima L.I.L. , Schvartzman M.M.A.M. , Figueiredo C.A. , Bracarense A.Q. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The weld used to connect two different metals is known as a dissimilar metal weld (DMW). In nuclear power plants, this weld is used to join stainless steel to low-alloy steel components in the nuclear pressurized water reactor (PWR). The most common weld metal is Alloy 182 (UNS W86182). Originally selected for its high corrosion resistance, it exhibited, after a long operation period, susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in PWR. The goal of this work was to study the electrochemical corrosion behavior and SCC susceptibility of Alloy 182 weld in PWR primary water containing 25 cm3 and 50 cm3 H2/kg H2O at standard temperature and pressure (STP). For this purpose, slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests and potentiodynamic polarization measurements were carried out. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) was used to evaluate fracture morphology and determine the oxide layer chemical composition and morphology. The results indicated that at 325°C Alloy 182 weld is more susceptible to SCC at 25 cm3 (STP) H2/kg H2O and the increase of dissolved hydrogen decreased the crystal size of the oxide layer.
From High‐Throughput Cell Culture Screening to Mouse Model: Identification of New Inhibitor Classes against Prion Disease
Authors: Geissen Markus , Leidel Fabienne , Eiden Martin , Hirschberger Thomas , Fast Christine , Bertsch Uwe , Tavan Paul , Giese Armin , Kretzschmar Hans , Schatzl Hermann M. , Groschup Martin H. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTransmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases belong to a category of fatal and so far untreatable neurodegenerative conditions. All prion diseases are characterized by both degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) in humans and animals and the deposition and accumulation of Proteinase K‐resistant prion protein (PrPres). Until now, no pharmaceutical product has been available to cure these diseases or to alleviate their associated symptoms. Here, a cell‐culture screening system is described that allows for the large‐scale analysis of the PrPres inhibitory potential of a library of compounds and the identification of structural motifs leading potent compounds able to cause PrPres clearance at the cellular level. Based on different scrapie‐infected cell lines, 10 000 substances were tested, out of which 530 potential inhibitors were identified. After re‐screening and validation using a series of dilutions, 14 compounds were identified as the most effective. These 14 compounds were then used for therapeutic studies in a mouse bioassay to test and verify their in vivo potency. Two compounds exhibited therapeutic potential in the mouse model by significantly extending the survival time of intracerebrally infected mice, when treated 90 days after infection with scrapie.
Color tolerance prediction for recycled paper based on consumers' awareness
Authors: Jung Hyojin , Suk Hyeon‐Jeong , Kitaguchi Saori , Sato Tetsuya , Kajiwara Kanji 
Published: July 2011

AbstractConsumers' tolerance of the color of recycled paper was evaluated by the visual assessment of such paper by 30 Japanese university students. The assessment was performed to measure color tolerance using 266 color samples in eight conditions specifying the situation of paper as (1) “either paper is recycled or not recycled,” (2) “whether you will buy/use,” and (3) “use for office paper or for workbook paper.” The responses of the subjects were sorted out quantitatively in terms of the colorimetric values of color samples and then correlated with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) brightness and CIE whiteness. Both the ISO brightness and CIE whiteness were found to be dependent on hue factors and also to be restricted for use in direct representation of the consumers' responses to paper quality. Since the consumers' evaluation of paper quality is due to visual whiteness, we propose a new equation to predict the consumers' tolerance of paper color, in which the equation contains two factors concerning the color distance from the white point and the hue impact. The new tolerance equation was confirmed to predict the consumers' tolerance successfully, particularly when the consumers are aware that the paper is recycled. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011
A Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Glucose Oxidase and MWCNT‐Palladium Nanoparticles for the Determination of Glucose
Authors: You Jung‐Min , Jeon Seungwon 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA glucose biosensor based on glucose oxidase (GOx) with cross‐linking in a matrix of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and MWCNTs‐palladium nanoparticles was developed and characterized. Nafion/GOx/MWCNTs‐Pd/GCE was simply and quickly prepared; it showed improved sensitivity of glucose determination. Amperometric testing demonstrated the sensor’s fast responses with linear regression observed even at very low concentrations below 1.0 mM. Linear responses to glucose were observed between 1.0 µM and 10 mM at an applied potential of 0.4 V. The sensor demonstrated fast responses and good stability.
Bone geometry profiles in women with and without SLE
Authors: Alele Jimmy D , Kamen Diane L , Hunt Kelly J , Ramsey-Goldman Rosalind 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Recent studies have reported an increased risk of fracture among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in comparison with the general population. The aim of this study was to examine associations between SLE status and bone geometry in white and African-American women. We compared hip BMD and bone geometry parameters among SLE women and control individuals using hip structure analysis (HSA). One-hundred and fifty-three dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans from the Study of Lupus Vascular and Bone Long Term Endpoints (68.7% white and 31.3% African American) and 4920 scans from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (59.3% white and 40.7% African American) were analyzed. Linear regression was used to examine BMD and bone geometry differences by SLE status and by race/ethnicity after adjusting for age and BMI. Significant differences were detected between SLE and control women. Among white women, age-adjusted BMD (g/cm2), section modulus (cm3), and cross-sectional areas (cm2) were lower among SLE women than among control women at the narrow neck (0.88 versus 0.83 g/cm2, 1.31 versus 1.11 cm2, and 2.56 versus 2.40 cm2, p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.01, and p &lt; 0.0001, respectively), whereas buckling ratio was increased (10.0 versus 10.6, p &lt; 0.01). Likewise, BMD, section modulus, and cross-sectional areas were decreased among African-American SLE women at all subregions, whereas buckling ratios were increased. There were significant bone geometry differences between SLE and control women at all hip subregions. Bone geometry profiles among SLE women were suggestive of increased fragility. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Radical anions of flavonoids
Authors: Vakulskaya Tamara I. , Larina Lyudmila I. , Vashchenko Alexander V. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSeveral representatives of natural flavonoids and their synthetic nitro‐derivatives have been investigated by polarography and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy under electrochemical reduction in acetonitrile, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or 1,2‐dimethoxyethane. All the compounds studied are reduced in the first stage by one‐electron transfer, apart from flavanone, which accepts two electrons simultaneously. However, the primary radical anions were detected by EPR spectroscopy only for 4′‐nitroflavone. It was shown that radical anions of other flavonoids quickly dimerized. The analysis of the temperature dependence of the hyperfine interaction constants and broadening of lines in EPR spectra of 4′‐nitroflavone radical anions has shown that the distribution of spin density is due to both the change of polarity of the medium and rotation of the nitrophenyl moiety. The assignment of hyperfine structure constants for the 4′‐nitroflavone radical anion was confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling mitochondrial dysfunctions in the brain: from mice to men
Authors: Breuer Megan E. , Willems Peter H. G. M. , Russel Frans G. M. , Koopman Werner J. H. , Smeitink Jan A. M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe biologist Lewis Thomas once wrote: “my mitochondria comprise a very large proportion of me. I cannot do the calculation, but I suppose there is almost as much of them in sheer dry bulk as there is the rest of me”. As humans, or indeed as any mammal, bird, or insect, we contain a specific molecular makeup that is driven by vast numbers of these miniscule powerhouses residing in most of our cells (mature red blood cells notwithstanding), quietly replicating, living independent lives and containing their own DNA. Everything we do, from running a marathon to breathing, is driven by these small batteries, and yet there is evidence that these molecular energy sources were originally bacteria, possibly parasitic, incorporated into our cells through symbiosis. Dysfunctions in these organelles can lead to debilitating, and sometimes fatal, diseases of almost all the bodies’ major organs. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in a wide variety of human disorders either as a primary cause or as a secondary consequence. To better understand the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in human disease, a multitude of pharmacologically induced and genetically manipulated animal models have been developed showing to a greater or lesser extent the clinical symptoms observed in patients with known and unknown causes of the disease. This review will focus on diseases of the brain and spinal cord in which mitochondrial dysfunction has been proven or is suspected and on animal models that are currently used to study the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of these diseases.
In vitro Biomechanical Study of Pulvertaft Tendon Weaving Technique
Authors: Chi-Pan Yuen , Chi-Hung Yen , Hon-Bong Leung , Wing-Lim Tse , Pak-Cheong Ho , Leung-Kim Hung 
Published: July 2011

Background/Purposes The outcome of tendon repair depends on the strength, which allows early active mobilization to achieve better function without rupture. The aims of this study are to assess quantitatively the biomechanical properties and relationship between the number of tendon weaving and suture method using Pulvertaft technique. Results We found that the load to failure was increased with increasing number of weaves and sutures. From 1-weave to 4-weave single suture samples, the peak load to failure was 9.5 N, 19.7 N, 37.5 N, and 42.6 N, respectively. Based on previous studies, wrist and finger tendons should withstand 1–8N on passive mobilization. Conclusion On active mobilization, finger tendon repair need to provide 34 N for immediate mobilization. Therefore, irrespective of number of sutures, both 3- and 4-weave repairs could allow early mobilization biomechanically.
Molecular phylogeny supports the paraphyletic nature of the genus Trogoderma (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) collected in the Australasian ecozone
Authors: Castalanelli M.A. , Baker A.M. , Munyard K.A. , Grimm M. , Groth D.M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTo date, a molecular phylogenetic approach has not been used to investigate the evolutionary structure of Trogoderma and closely related genera. Using two mitochondrial genes, Cytochrome Oxidase I and Cytochrome B, and the nuclear gene, 18S, the reported polyphyletic positioning of Trogoderma was examined. Paraphyly in Trogoderma was observed, with one Australian Trogoderma species reconciled as sister to all Dermestidae and the Anthrenocerus genus deeply nested within the Australian Trogoderma clade. In addition, time to most recent common ancestor for a number of Dermestidae was calculated. Based on these estimations, the Dermestidae origin exceeded 175 million years, placing the origins of this family in Pangaea.
Continuous versus accumulated brisk walking in children aged 8–11 years
Authors: Ford Paul , Swaine Ian 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn the present study, we compared the total energy expenditure of brisk walking 1500 m in one continuous bout versus two accumulated bouts using a portable gas analyser in children aged 8–11 years. There were no significant differences in oxygen uptake, energy expenditure or effort rating between the continuous and accumulated brisk walks (P > 0.05). There was a difference in substrate metabolism between the continuous and accumulated brisk walks. Greater carbohydrate metabolism during the continuous brisk walk and greater fat metabolism during the accumulated brisk walks was observed. These differences in substrate metabolism were only evident in boys. The findings support the use of accumulated brisk walking bouts within the school environment, alongside traditional continuous methods aimed at increasing energy expenditure and fat metabolism, in young children.
Eccentric torque–velocity and power–velocity relationships in men and women
Authors: Carney Keven R. , Brown Lee E. , Coburn Jared W. , Spiering Barry A. , Bottaro Martim 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the eccentric torque–velocity and power–velocity relationships of the elbow flexors. Forty recreationally trained individuals (20 men, 20 women) performed maximal eccentric actions at each of five different velocities (1.04 rad · s−1, 2.09 rad · s−1, 3.14 rad · s−1, 4.18 rad · s−1, and 5.23 rad · s−1, in random order) and maximal isometric actions on a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. A 2×6 (sex×velocity) mixed‐factor repeated‐measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess peak elbow flexor torque during the eccentric and isometric actions. There was no interaction, but there were significant main effects for sex and velocity. Pairwise comparisons demonstrated that values for men were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those for women at all speeds. Furthermore, torques for both sexes were significantly less at 3.14 rad · s−1 (men: 103.94±28.28 N · m; women: 49.24±11.69 N · m) than at 4.18 rad · s−1 (men: 106.39±30.23 N · m; women: 52.77±11.31 N · m) and 5.23 rad · s−1 (men: 108.75±28.59 N · m; women: 53.3±11.67 N · m), while isometric torque was significantly less than at all other speeds (men: 98.66±28.0 N · m; women: 45.25±11.15 N · m). A 2×5 (sex×velocity) mixed‐factor repeated‐measures ANOVA was used to assess peak eccentric elbow flexor power. There were significant main effects for sex and velocity. Pairwise comparisons demonstrated that values for men were significantly higher than those for women at all speeds. Pairwise comparisons for velocity indicated that peak eccentric power increased across all speeds from 1.04 rad · s−1 (men: 110.44±32.56 W; women 54.36±13.05 W) to 5.23 rad · s−1 (men: 569.46±149.73 W; women: 279.10±61.10 W). These results demonstrate that an increase in velocity had little or no effect on eccentric elbow flexor torque, while eccentric elbow flexor power increased significantly with increases in velocity.
Psychological dysregulation, white matter disorganization and substance use disorders in adolescence
Authors: Clark Duncan B. , Chung Tammy , Thatcher Dawn L. , Pajtek Stefan , Long Elizabeth C. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTAims  Adolescents with substance use disorders (SUD) have difficulties with cognitive, behavioral and affective regulation. White matter (WM) disorganization has been observed in adolescents with SUD and may be related to psychological dysregulation. This study compared adolescents with SUD and control adolescents to investigate relationships among psychological dysregulation, WM disorganization and SUD symptoms.Design  Cross‐sectional observation.Setting  Adolescents with SUD were recruited from SUD treatment programs. Controls were recruited from the community.Participants  The 55 participants were aged 14–19; 35 with SUD and 20 controls without SUD.Measurements  Psychological dysregulation was characterized by the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. WM disorganization was measured by diffusion tensor imaging, and fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity and axial diffusivity were examined within cortical regions of interest.Findings  Compared to controls, SUD adolescents showed significantly greater psychological dysregulation and prefrontal and parietal WM disorganization. WM disorganization was correlated positively with psychological dysregulation and cannabis‐related symptoms. In multivariate mediation models, the results were consistent with both the neurodevelopmental immaturity model, in which WM disorganization leads to psychological dysregulation and cannabis‐related symptoms, and with the substance effects model, in which cannabis‐related symptoms lead to WM disorganization and psychological dysregulation.Conclusions  In adolescents, substance use disorder and psychological dysregulation appear to be associated with reduced frontoparietal network white matter maturation.
The complexity of postpartum mental health and illness: a critical realist study
Authors: Sword Wendy , Clark Alexander M. , Hegadoren Kathleen , Brooks Sandra , Kingston Dawn 
Published: July 2011

SWORD W, CLARK AM, HEGADOREN K, BROOKS S and KINGSTON D. Nursing Inquiry 2012; 19: 51–62 The complexity of postpartum mental health and illness: a critical realist studyPostpartum depression (PPD) is a major public health issue that profoundly impacts the woman, her infant and family. Although it may be linked to hormone changes, no direct hormonal aetiology has been established. A large body of evidence implicates numerous psychosocial predictors of PPD. While a history of depression predicts about 50% of cases of PPD, it remains unclear why some women with a history do not develop depression following childbirth, even taking psychosocial factors into account. The aim of this study was to identify the main mechanisms and factors associated with the presence or absence of PPD in women with a history of depression, and the presence of PPD in women without a history, using a critical realist approach. The findings indicate a number of personal and contextual factors that influence postpartum mental health and illness. In addition, and perhaps most importantly, women who did not develop depression identified goal‐oriented actions that were protective. These factors and processes did not exist in isolation and the interplay among them in influencing health was apparent. More research is needed to explore the effects of these mechanisms in different contexts.
Prey DNA detection success following digestion by intraguild predators: influence of prey and predator species
Authors: GAGNON A.‐È. , DOYON J. , HEIMPEL G. E. , BRODEUR J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIntraguild predation (IGP) has been increasingly recognized as an important interaction in ecological systems over the past two decades, and remarkable insights have been gained into its nature and prevalence. We have developed a technique using molecular gut‐content analysis to compare the rate of IGP between closely related species of coccinellid beetles (lady beetles or ladybirds), which had been previously known to prey upon one another. We first developed PCR primers for each of four lady beetle species: Harmonia axyridis, Coccinella septempunctata, Coleomegilla maculata and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata. We next determined the prey DNA detection success over time (DS50) for each combination of interacting species following a meal. We found that DS50 values varied greatly between predator–prey combinations, ranging from 5.2 to 19.3 h. As a result, general patterns of detection times based upon predator or prey species alone are not discernable. We used the DS50 values to correct field data to demonstrate the importance of compensation for detection times that are specific to particular predator–prey combinations.
O-013 Targeted treatment of bleeding source in arteriovenous malformations presenting with hemorrhage
Authors: Taylor A , Mjoli N , Lefeuvre D 
Published: July 2011

Introduction50% of symptomatic cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) present because of intracranial hemorrhage. The future bleeding risk in these patients is higher than that for patients presenting with seizures, headaches or neurological deficit for at least 2 years. The reason for this higher risk may be related to partial healing of the initial rupture site.PurposeWe sought first to determine if the angiographic source of hemorrhage could be identified in patients with intracranial bleeding. Second if the bleeding point was visualized could we safely exclude this weakness using endovascular treatment.MethodA database of AVM patients was examined and all patients presenting with intracranial hemorrhage were included in the study. Demographic and clinical information was obtained from clinical notes. All scans and angiograms were reviewed by the investigators. Where the hemorrhage coincided anatomically with an angiographic weakness such as intranidal false aneurysm, proximal flow related aneurysm or venous pouch the bleeding point was recorded as identified. In the patients where no angiographic weakness could be seen or it was not correlated with the bleed, the bleeding source was recorded as not discovered. Treatment of the AVM weak point was recorded as successful if it could be endovascularly excluded.ResultsOver a 6-year period 99 new patients presented because of a cerebral AVM and of these 42 presented with hemorrhage. In 19 out of the 42 patients (45%) the source of bleeding was identified and treatment was performed (Abstract O-013 table 1). In all but two patients were able to treat the weak area. Of the 42 patients presenting with hemorrhage 38 had endovascular therapy and there were two minor procedure related complications (5%).Abstract O-013 Table 1Bleeding sourceBleeding sourceNumber of patientsBleeding point treatedFailed treatmentFlow related aneurysm541Intranidal false aneurysm12120Associated aneurysm101Venous pouch110ConclusionIn 45% of AVM's presenting with hemorrhage we were able to identify the bleeding point on digital subtraction angiography. Targeted treatment of these weak areas is possible in most cases at an acceptable risk.