bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the clinical hour requirement and attainment of core clinical competencies by nurse practitioner students
Authors: Hallas Donna , Biesecker Babette , Brennan Mary , Newland Jamesetta A. , Haber Judith 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPurpose:The purpose of this study was to analyze the national practice of fulfilling 500 clinical hours as a requirement for graduation from nurse practitioner (NP) programs at the master's level and to compare this standard to a comprehensive approach of evaluating attainment of clinical competencies.Data sources:The National Organization of NP Faculties (NONPF) and specialty accreditation bodies publications were used for references to clinical hour and core competency requirements for graduation from NP programs. Data from one university from student documentation on a commercial electronic tracking system were also analyzed.Conclusions:Data analysis revealed that the 500 clinical hours correlated to populations, skills performed, required levels of decision making, and expected diagnoses. However, assurance that these clinical hour requirements translated to exposure to all core competencies for entry into practice could not be established.Implications for practice:A more comprehensive approach to the evaluation of student core competencies by implementing one or more performance‐based assessments, such as case‐based evaluations, simulations, or objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs), as a strategic part of NP evaluation prior to graduation is proposed. This change is viewed as critical to the continued success of NP programs as master's level education transitions to direct BS to DNP educational preparation for advanced nursing practice.
Overview of: “Getting the Law Involved a Quasi‐Experiment in Early Intervention Involving Collaboration Between Schools and the District Attorney's Office”
Authors: Wright John Paul , McMahon Pamela M. , Daly Claire , Haney J. Phil 
Published: May 2012

Research Summary  Precursors to serious and chronic delinquency often emerge in childhood, stimulating calls for early interventions. Most intervention efforts rely solely on social service programs—often to the exclusion of the juvenile justice system. The juvenile justice system has been reluctant to become involved in the lives of relatively young children fearing net widening or further straining resources that could be used for older youth with documented delinquency histories. We report here the results of an early intervention program sponsored by and housed in a district attorney's office in Louisiana. Using a quasi‐experimental design, we examined outcomes associated with program involvement as well as whether the obvious involvement of the prosecutor's office was associated with further reductions in problem behavior.
The results revealed that significant reductions in problem behaviors of young children could be attributed to program participation.
The obvious involvement of the district attorney's office, however, was associated with limited, albeit significant, reductions in specific problem behaviors.
These findings show that successful early intervention efforts can be made part of the juvenile justice system and that in some limited situations prosecutorial involvement can result in positive outcomes.
Policy Implications  The expansion of early intervention programming into the juvenile justice system offers opportunities to address early problem behavior. Our study and its results have the following policy implications.
Closely coupled partnerships between schools and the juvenile justice system can effectively address, mitigate, and perhaps prevent an early onset of antisocial behavior.
Even so, coupling early intervention efforts to the mission of the juvenile justice system warrants debate. Net‐widening, resource diffusion, and the potential for officials to rely too heavily on the deterrent characteristics of the justice system represent serious threats to the integrity of effective early intervention programs.
We suggest substantial debate and consideration is given before coupling early intervention efforts to the juvenile justice system.
Overview of: “Crime Place and Pollution: Expanding Crime Reduction Options Through a Regulatory Approach”
Authors: Eck John E. , Eck Emily B. 
Published: May 2012

Research Summary  Crime reduction policy has focused almost exclusively on offenders. Recent studies and evaluations show that expanding our policy portfolio to include places may be highly productive. We show that there is considerable research showing that crime is concentrated at a relatively few locations, that high‐crime places are stable, that changing places can reduce crime, that displacement is not only far from inevitable but also less likely than the diffusion of crime prevention benefits, and that owners of high‐crime places can be held accountable for the criminogenic conditions of their locations. We link these findings to environmental policy, where environmental scientists, economists, and regulators have developed a broad set of regulatory options. The core of this article describes a portfolio of environmental policy instruments directly applicable to crime places. We also discuss major decisions local governments will need to make to implement various forms of regulation, and we list challenges that governments must anticipate in planning for such implementation. We argue that a regulatory approach to crime places has the potential to lower the cost to taxpayers of reducing crime by shifting costs from governments to the relatively few place owners whose actions create crime‐facilitating conditions.Policy Implications  Taking a regulatory approach to crime places substantially expands the crime policy options under consideration. Regulatory options may increase local governments’ effectiveness at reducing crime while reducing governments’ costs. This is because regulatory approaches have the potential to shift some portion of the financial burden for crime fighting to owners of criminogenic locations. Policy makers can select between means‐based anticrime regulations that focus on how place owners manage their locations and ends‐based regulations that focus on the number of crimes allowed at places. Both of these approaches contain several alternative regulatory instruments, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Experimenting with various regulatory instruments could lead to the development of a range of new crime reduction policies. In addition, a regulatory approach has implications for the funding of policy research. Means‐based regulatory instruments require governments to develop evidence that the means they regulate have the desired impact on crime. Ends‐based regulatory instruments shift this burden to the regulated places.
Overview of: “Assessing the Earned Discharge Pilot Project: The Importance of Context, Capacity, and Content”
Authors: Smith Sarah M. , Omori Marisa K. , Turner Susan F. , Jannetta Jesse 
Published: May 2012

Research SummaryLargely as a result of punitive measures passed in the 1980s and 1990s, prison and parole populations have soared across the United States. California's policies are reflective of these tendencies, and as a result, the state has experienced especially acute crises in parole and prison operations. The Earned Discharge pilot program was introduced in 2007 in an effort to improve parolees’ outcomes by incentivizing early release for low‐risk offenders performing well on parole, and reallocating resources from these parolees to higher‐risk parolees. To accomplish this goal, the pilot used a risk‐assessment instrument to screen for nonviolent, low‐risk offenders, and a case review process to further identify ideal candidates. However, the pilot program faced several obstacles and was downgraded to a simulation exercise. The implementation analysis found that the most salient of these obstacles were:
a challenging political “context,” which created barriers to adopting an Earned Discharge program in concordance with evidence‐based standards.
parole administration's limited “capacity” to provide strong leadership, and problems achieving agency‐level coordination.
lack of stakeholder buy‐in related to the “content” of the Earned Discharge Program and the translation of initial program concepts into practice.
Policy ImplicationsAnalysis of the Earned Discharge program implementation highlighted a number of barriers to nonpunitive criminal justice innovations. These barriers must be overcome in order to implement programs whose principles are supported by scientific research. The results of the Earned Discharge program simulation suggest that, due to program design changes based on political exigencies, few benefits would be achieved by the program even if it had been fully implemented. Such interventions must overcome the political difficulties involved in reducing punitive control of some low‐level, but politically unpopular groups, such as gang members and sex offenders. Buy‐in from prosecutors and other local politicians and crime control agents, who have little incentive to support such programs, must be achieved. Parole agency coordination and leadership should also be strengthened in order to instill confidence in the agency's ability to provide program integrity.
Cyclic fatigue resistance of newly manufactured rotary nickel titanium instruments used in different rotational directions
Authors: Gambarini Gianlucca , Gergi Richard , Grande Nicola Maria , Osta Nada , Plotino Gianluca , Testarelli Luca 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate whether cyclic fatigue resistance is increased for nickel titanium instruments manufactured with improved heating processes in clockwise or counterclockwise continuous rotation. The instruments compared were produced either using the R‐phase heat treatment (K3XF; SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA) or the M‐wire alloy (ProFile Vortex; DENTSPLY Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK, USA). Tests were performed with a specific cyclic fatigue device that evaluated cycles to failure of rotary instruments in curved artificial canals. Results indicated no significant difference in resistance to cyclic fatigue when rotary nickel titanium instruments are used in clockwise or counterclockwise continuous rotation. In both directions of rotation, size 04‐25 K3XF showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the mean number of cycles to failure when compared with size 04‐25 ProFile Vortex.
The Ethics of War. Part I: Historical Trends1
Authors: Begby Endre , Reichberg Gregory , Syse Henrik 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article surveys the major historical developments in Western philosophical reflection on war.Section 2outlines early development in Greek and Roman thought, up to and including Augustine.Section 3details the systematization of Just War theory in Aquinas and his successors, especially Vitoria, Suárez, and Grotius.Section 4examines the emergence of Perpetual Peace theory after Hobbes, focusing in particular on Rousseau and Kant. Finally,Section 5outlines the central points of contention following the reemergence of Just War theory in the 1970s.2
Badiou and the Politics of Form
Authors: Livingston Paul 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this essay, I explore Alain Badiou’s longstanding project of theorizing political situations and political transformation through the analysis of forms and formalisms. This amounts, I argue, to a politics of form that draws on the thought of Sartre, Althusser, and Lacan, but offers new alternatives for political thought and action today. In particular, Badiou’s rigorous consideration of forms, which draws on mathematics, model theory, set theory, and category theory, allows him to theorize political change in a way that avoids the errors of existing critical approaches. Central to this consideration are Badiou’s theory (Being and Event) of what he calls the event, which summons itself into existence by its own naming of itself or auto‐nomination, and his recent theory of the plurality of worlds and their possible transformation in Logics of Worlds. I also discuss Badiou’s recent treatment of the 20th century project of formalization in The Century, arguing that Badiou’s analysis here offers useful terms for the political thought of the present situation.
States’ Experiences With Loan Repayment Programs for Health Care Professionals in a Time of State Budget Cuts and NHSC Expansion
Authors: Pathman Donald E. , Morgan Jennifer Craft , Konrad Thomas R. , Goldberg Lynda 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPurpose:  The landscape of education loan repayment programs for health care professionals has been turbulent in recent years, with doubling of the funding for the National Health Service Corps (NHSC) and cuts in funding for some states’ programs. We sought to understand how this turbulence is being felt within the state offices involved in recruiting clinicians to rural and urban underserved communities.Methods: We conducted key informant telephone interviews with staff of state offices of rural health, primary care organizations, and/or related organizations within 28 diverse states to answer questions about perceived changes and interplay among solely state‐funded loan repayment programs, joint state‐federal programs, and the NHSC federal program. Interviews were transcribed, formally analyzed, and key issues summarized.Findings: Informants reported that solely state‐funded and joint state‐federal loan repayment programs are greatly valued for their ability to target a state's particular needs and to complement the NHSC federal program. However, budgets for state programs have been threatened, reduced, or eliminated entirely in many cases. All informants positively perceived the NHSC's recent growth and changes, which they feel are helping fill important workforce needs for their states. Nevertheless, the much larger NHSC federal program now competes with some states’ programs for clinicians and service sites; states’ programs are pushed to adjust their operations to maintain a unique “niche.”Conclusions: States’ key recruiters lament reductions in funding for states’ loan repayment programs, and welcome the NHSC's recent growth and changes. Better coordination is needed to minimize competition and maximize complementarity between state and federal programs.
Initial HRCT findings of novel influenza A (H1N1) infection
Authors: Yuan Ying , Tao Xiao‐Feng , Shi Yu‐Xin , Liu Shi‐Yuan , Chen Ji‐Quan 
Published: May 2012

Please cite this paper as: Yuan et al. (2012) Initial HRCT findings of novel influenza A (H1N1) infection. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(601), e114–e119.Objectives  The aim of our study was to describe the presentation and illustrate the imaging features of chest high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of patients with novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection.Methods  Data were collected from 163 hospitalized patients between November 2009 and March 2011, who fulfilled the clinical criteria for H1N1 influenza infection and underwent HRCT examinations within 24 hours of admission.Results  Abnormal findings were observed in 40·5% of the patients. The patients with positive imaging findings were significantly older than patients with normal HRCT findings (P = 0·02). The most common finding was ground‐glass opacity (GGO) (n = 35). Interlobular septal thickening (n = 31) and centrilobular nodules (n = 30) were the second most frequent findings. Other common findings were consolidation, reticulation, and linear shadow. The most common imaging finding for lung involvement was GGO with a patchy pattern. Pulmonary involvement of the disease may be extensive and variable, but the total volume of affected lung was mostly <1 lobe.Conclusion  The baseline HRCT may be valuable and suggestive even for non‐severe H1N1 infections. When a severe case or a evolution is suspected, chest CT could be essential both for determining the precise extent of parenchymal damage and for monitoring its evolution.
UVA‐induced oxidative degradation of melanins: fission of indole moiety in eumelanin and conversion to benzothiazole moiety in pheomelanin
Authors: Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Nakanishi Yukiko , Miyazaki Narimi , Kolbe Ludger , Ito Shosuke 
Published: May 2012

SummaryEumelanin is photoprotective while pheomelanin is phototoxic to pigmented tissues. Ultraviolet A (UVA)‐induced tanning seems to result from the photooxidation of pre‐existing melanin and contributes no photoprotection. However, data available for melanin biodegradation remain limited. In this study, we first examined photodegradation of eumelanin and pheomelanin in human black hairs and found that the ratio of Free (formed by peroxidation in situ) to Total (after hydrogen peroxide oxidation) pyrrole‐2,3,5‐tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) increases with hair aging, indicating fission of the dihydroxyindole moiety. In red hair, the ratio of thiazole‐2,4,5‐tricarboxylic acid (TTCA) to 4‐amino‐3‐hydroxyphenylalanine (4‐AHP) increases with aging, indicating the conversion from benzothiazine to benzothiazole moiety. These photodegradation of melanins were confirmed by UVA (not UVB) irradiation of melanins from mice and human hairs and synthetic eumelanin and pheomelanin. These results show that both eumelanin and pheomelanin degrade by UVA and that Free/Total PTCA and TTCA/4‐AHP ratios serve as sensitive indicators of photodegradation.
Largest Toothed Pterosaur Skull from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China, with Comments on the Family Boreopteridae
Authors: Junchang LÜ , Hanyong PU , Li XU , Yanhua WU , Xuefang WEI 
Published: May 2012

Abstract:A new pterosaur Moganopterus zhuiana gen. et sp. nov. is erected based on a complete skull with lower jaws and anterior cervical vertebrae. It is characterized by much elongated upper and lower jaws with at least 62 total, long, curved teeth with sharp tips, a well developed parietal crest extending posterodorsally, forming an angle of 15 degrees with the ventral margin of the skull, the ratio of length to width of cervical vertebrae greater than 5:1. The skull length is 750 mm, and it is the largest toothed pterosaur found so far in the world. Based on this new pterosaur, the Boreopteridae can be divided into two subgroups: Boreopterinae sub‐fam. nov. and Moganopterinae sub‐fam. nov., which is also confirmed by the phylogenetic analysis.
Statistical Approach for Classification of Dinosaur Eggs from the Heyuan Basin at the Northeast of Guangdong Province
Authors: TANAKA Kohei , Junchang LÜ , Yi LIU , Zhiqing HUANG , KOBAYASHI Yoshitsugu , Dong HUANG , ZELENITSKY Darla K. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract:The Zhutian and Dafeng formations (Upper Cretaceous) of the Heyuan Basin in northeastern Guangdong Province, China, have produced thousands of dinosaur eggs. Macromorphological features (egg diameter, egg shape, outer surface texture, and shell thickness) of 461 eggs were analyzed using non‐destructive techniques and subjected to statistical analyses in order to assess their diversity and taxonomic affinities. Three types (1, 2 and 3) of eggs were discerned based on shape and outer surface morphology. Type 1 eggs are spherical to ellipsoidal in shape and have a rough surface. Three subtypes (Type 1‐A‐1, 1‐A‐2, and 1‐B) are apparent from scatter plots and cluster analyses of egg diameters and shell thickness. Type 2 eggs are elongate with linear ornamentation on the surface, and are comparable to eggs that belong to the oofamily Elongatoolithidae. Type 3 eggs are elongate with a smooth surface, and are assigned to the oofamily Prismatoolithidae. Macromorphological features of the various egg types suggest that Type 1 could have been laid by ornithischian, sauropod or therizinosaur dinosaurs, Type 2 by oviraptorids, and Type 3 by troodontids. This study represents the first comprehensive statistical analysis of macrofeatures of dinosaur eggs, and reveals taxonomic diversity in the dinosaurs that were laying eggs in the Upper Cretaceous Heyuan area heretofore unrecognized in skeletal remains.
An Unusual, Three‐Dimensionally Preserved, Large Hadrosauriform Pes Track from “Mid”‐Cretaceous Jiaguan Formation of Chongqing, China
Authors: Lida XING , BELL Phil R. , HARRIS Jerald D. , CURRIE Philip J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract:Three‐dimensional tracks provide unique insights into the locomotor mechanics of their track makers. An isolated, large hadrosauriform print attributable to Caririchnium lotus from the “mid”‐Cretaceous Lotus track site (Jiaguan Formation) in China permits reconstruction of the footfall, weight‐bearing, and kick‐off phases of the step cycle. Large‐scale modifications of the pes during the step cycle indicate C. lotus trackmakers were capable of locomotory modifications in response to substrate consistency beyond the “expected” shift between bipedal and quadrupedal postures. An unusual curvature to the trace of one of the outer digits indicates substantial transverse mobility. The remaining digits demonstrate lesser degrees of transverse movement accompanied by extension of the digits during footfall. The absence of overprinted scale‐scratch marks and toe drags are consistent with a vertical kick‐off of the pes and concomitant flexion of the digits. This track suggests that pedal mobility in C. lotus track makers was greater than previously suspected and has implications for reconstructions of hadrosauriform locomotion.
Trace Fossils from Lower Cambrian Wusongger Formation in Xiaoerbulake Outcrop, Kalpin Area, Xinjiang
Authors: Zhongkai BAI , Xiuxiang LÜ , Xiaoping LIU , Qilai XIE , Jianjiao LI , Jianjun WU 
Published: May 2012

Abstract:Based on the analysis of trace fossils collected from the typical outcrop of the Lower Cambrian Wusongger Formation in the Kalpin area, ten ichnospecies of six ichnogenus were identified in the upper member of the Wusongger Formation, with most of them being found for the first time. The trace fossils are described seriatim. The ichnospecies are mainly represented by such common trace fossils as Ophiomorpha nodosa, Helminthopsis hieroglyphica, Helminthopsis ichnosp., Planolites beverleyensis, Planolites vulgaris, Planolites montanus, Palaeophycus striatus, Palaeophycus curvatus?, Cochlichnus anguineus and Rituichnus elongatum. The trace fossils are of high diversity and low abundance, and can be diagnosed as the Cruziana ichnofacies. They can be interpreted as having formed in a shallow water environment.