bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robert Lowth and the Critics
Authors: Percy Carol 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThis article provides a broad intellectual context for Robert Lowth’s (1710–1787)Short Introduction to English Grammar(1762), and in particular for the footnotes or “Critical Notes” in which he documented the grammatical errors of great dead writers. It is well known that Lowth’s notes were innovative in the English grammatical tradition, and that they contrasted and qualified the “Examples from the best Writers” in theDictionary of the English Language(1755) by Samuel Johnson (1709–1784). Here the author places Lowth in broader context and demonstrate that the ‘bad’ grammar of vernacular classics had already been publicized in debates about translating the bible and editing Shakespeare. In the concluding discussion I draw on current studies of literary canons to argue that by crystallizing the difference between literary and standard language, Lowth’s grammar increased the socio-cultural capital of both.
Lowth and ‘Perfect Time’
Authors: Walker Jim 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThis article examines the influence that Robert Lowth (1710–1787) had both on the terminology and the analysis of the English verb form now generally referred to as the present perfect. It demonstrates that while Lowth did not coin the term, he was largely responsible for its popularization, and for establishing a pattern of analysis that has lasted over the years. The article also examines how the normative tradition established in the 18th century may have been a factor in hiding the evidence of diachronic change in the use of the present perfect.
Heinrich Christoph Albrecht’s Versuch einer critischen Englischen Sprachlehre
Authors: Wolf Göran 
Published: March 2012

Summary
In 1784 Heinrich Christoph Albrecht published the book Versuch einer critischen englischen Sprachlehre. The book’s subtitle reads “Vorzüglich nach dem Englischen des Dr. Lowth” and thus confirms that it is based on Robert Lowth’s Short Introduction to English Grammar (cf. also Alston 1965: 48). This paper seeks to introduce Albrecht’s work, and by comparing Albrecht’s Sprachlehre with Lowth’s Short Introduction, the following question will be answered: how much of Lowth’s original work was present in Albrecht’s adaptation?
Reduction of renal uptake of 111In‐DOTA‐labeled and A700‐labeled RAFT‐RGD during integrin αvβ3 targeting using single photon emission computed tomography and optical imaging
Authors: Briat Arnaud , Wenk Christiane H. F. , Ahmadi Mitra , Claron Michael , Boturyn Didier , Josserand Véronique , Dumy Pascal , Fagret Daniel , Coll Jean‐Luc , Ghezzi Catherine , Sancey Lucie , Vuillez Jean‐Philippe 
Published: March 2012

Integrin αvβ3 expression is upregulated during tumor growth and invasion in newly formed endothelial cells in tumor neovasculature and in some tumor cells. A tetrameric RGD‐based peptide, regioselectively addressable functionalized template‐(cyclo‐[RGDfK])4 (RAFT‐RGD), specifically targets integrin αvβ3 in vitro and in vivo. When labeled with indium‐111, the RAFT‐RGD is partially reabsorbed and trapped in the kidneys, limiting its use for further internal targeted radiotherapy and imaging investigations. We studied the effect of Gelofusine on RAFT‐RGD renal retention in tumor‐bearing mice. Mice were imaged using single photon emission computed tomography and optical imaging 1 and 24 h following tracer injection. Distribution of RAFT‐RGD was further investigated by tissue removal and direct counting of the tracer. Kidney sections were analyzed by confocal microscopy. Gelofusine significantly induced a >50% reduction of the renal reabsorption of 111In‐DOTA‐RAFT‐RGD and A700‐RAFT‐RGD, without affecting tumor uptake. Injection of Gelofusine significantly reduced the renal retention of labeled RAFT‐RGD, while increasing the tumor over healthy tissue ratio. These results will lead to the development of future therapeutic approaches. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 1105–1110)
The challenges of reducing tobacco use among prisoners
Authors: RICHMOND ROBYN L. , BUTLER TONY G. , INDIG DEVON , WILHELM KAY A. , ARCHER VICKI A. , WODAK ALEX D. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIssue. The prevalence of smoking among prisoners is exceptionally high and is often comorbid with alcohol and drug problems, mental illness and other health problems. This review paper summarises the literature and available research related to smoking prevalence and smoking cessation initiatives among prisoners and identifies areas of need for further research and intervention.Approach. This paper highlights three studies conducted in the New South Wales prison system which attempt to address these high rates of smoking including a feasibility study, a focus group study and a randomised controlled trial.Key Findings. The challenges of making systems‐level changes to address these high rates of smoking are discussed including a recent National Summit on Tobacco Smoking in Prisons.Implications. Dissemination of research findings has assisted in highlighting the importance of tobacco smoking among prisoners and the need to develop culturally and setting appropriate smoking cessation initiatives for prisoners.Conclusions. As one of the most marginalised and socially disadvantaged populations in Australia, prisoners represent an important population to target for smoking cessation programs and interventions. This paper highlights a number of initiatives undertaken to address this problem and suggests directions for the future.[Richmond RL, Butler TG, Indig D, Wilhelm KA, Archer VA, Wodak AD. The challenges of reducing tobacco use among prisoners. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:625–630]
A 2D non‐invasive ultrasonic method for simultaneous measurement of arterial strain and flow pattern
Authors: Niu Lili , Qian Ming , Song Ruibo , Meng Long , Liu Xin , Zheng Hairong 
Published: March 2012

SummaryIntroductionMany cardiovascular diseases are closely associated with the mechanical properties of arterial wall and hemodynamic parameters. Simultaneous measurements of the arterial strain and flow pattern may aid diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and may be useful to study fluid‐structure interaction between blood and vessel. This paper proposes a 2D non‐invasive ultrasonic method to simultaneously measure arterial strain and flow pattern with sub‐pixel accuracy.Materials and methodsThe method uses a multiple iterative algorithm to estimate the geometrical transformations of arterial wall and high‐velocity gradient flows simultaneously. The accuracy of the method was validated by an in vitro arterial phantom and in vivo common carotid arteries (CCAs) of 12 mice using a Sonix RP (10 MHz) and a VisualSonics Vevo 2100 (30 MHz) ultrasound imaging system, respectively.ResultsFor the arterial phantom, the calculated elasticity modulus from the strain profile shows good agreement with the mechanical testing value, deviating no more than 9.3%. The calculated flow velocity agrees well with the value obtained from the rotameter, deviating only 4.3%. For the CCAs of mice, good agreement is found between the calculated flow velocity and the measured value by ultrasound Doppler. The mean elasticity modulus of CCAs is 134.62 ± 54.3 kPa, which is in accordance with published data.ConclusionThe proposed method is capable of measuring the arterial wall strain and flow velocity pattern. This may be clinically useful for early detecting and monitoring cardiovascular diseases and may provide an essential tool in modelling the fluid‐structure interaction between the blood and blood vessel.
An Insurance Pricing Game
Authors: Haley Joseph D. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractUnderstanding data and statistical distributions is a fundamental part of an undergraduate business student's education. The insurance pricing game presented here gives the students a unique way to apply statistical analysis in the classroom. The game requires decision making about risk with limited information. Specifically, the students must decide what “premium” to charge the members of a hypothetical risk pool. The game provides teachers with a discussion platform for numerous aspects of insurer risk pooling.
Data‐Driven Assessment of the Association of Polymorphisms in 5‐Fluorouracil Metabolism Genes with Outcome in Adjuvant Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Sarac Sinan B. , Rasmussen Christian H. , Afzal Shoaib , Thirstrup Steffen , Jensen Søren A. , Colding‐Jørgensen Morten , Poulsen Henrik E. , Mosekilde Erik 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA major challenge in the assessment of medicines, treatment options, etc., is to establish a framework for the comparison of risks and benefits of many different types and magnitudes, a framework that at the same time allows a clear distinction between the roles played by the statistical analyses of data and by judgements based on personal experience and expertise. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate how clinical data can be weighted, scored and presented by the use of an eight‐step data‐driven benefit–risk assessment method, where two genetic profiles are compared. Our aim was to present a comprehensive approach that is simple to apply, allows direct comparison of different types of risks and benefits, quantifies the clinical relevance of data and is tailored for the comparison of different options. We analysed a cohort of 302 patients with colorectal cancer treated with 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU). Endpoints were cure rate, survival rate, time‐to‐death (TTD), time‐to‐relapse (TTR) and main adverse drug reactions. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was used to identify genetic interaction profiles associated with outcome. We have been able to demonstrate that a specific MDR‐derived combination (the MDR‐1 group) of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and thymidylate synthase polymorphisms is associated with increased and clinically significant difference for cure and survival rates, TTD and probably also for TTR, which are seen as the most important endpoints. An inferior profile was observed for severe myocardial ischaemia. A probably inferior profile was seen for severe arthralgia/myalgia and severe infections. A clear superior profile was seen for severe mucositis/stomatitis. The proposed approach offers comprehensive, data‐driven assessment that can facilitate decision processes, for example, in a clinical setting. It employs descriptive statistical methods to highlight the clinically relevant differences between options.
Fungi infecting cultivated moss can also cause diseases in crop plants
Authors: Lehtonen Mikko T. , Marttinen Eeva M. , Akita Motomu , Valkonen Jari P.T. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBryophytes (mosses) are non‐vascular plants inhabited by a large number of fungal species, but whether mosses can act as reservoirs of fungal pathogens of crop plants has gained little attention. A few moss species including the Sunagoke moss (Racomitrium japonicum; family Grimmiaceae) are found to have modern economical applications in uses such as greening of urban environments. In a previous study, we identified fungi causing symptoms of varying severity in the commercially grown Sunagoke moss. The aim of this study was to test whether the same fungal isolates are pathogenic to vascular plants. An isolate of Fusarium avenaceum lethal to the Sunagoke moss caused root and crown rot in barley (Hordeum vulgare) and reduced germination of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and carrot (Daucus carota) grown in the infested soil. An isolate of Cladosporium oxysporum causing mild symptoms in moss reduced growth and caused reddening and premature death of carrot seedlings. On the other hand, isolates of Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum lethal to the Sunagoke moss caused no detectable symptoms in any tested vascular plant, suggesting specialisation of these isolates to moss. Chloroplast repositioning was observed in the neighbouring cells towards the initially infected cell following infection with F. avenaceum and A. alternata in Physcomitrella patens (family Funariaceae), a model moss used to study microscopic symptoms. Infection of P. patens with a non‐virulent Apiospora montagnei isolate induced formation of papillae in the moss cells, indicating activation of host defence as described in vascular plants. Results suggest that mosses and vascular plants may be linked by a common microbial interface constituted by pathogenic fungi. The findings have epidemiological implications that have gained little previous attention.
European outbreaks of atypical myopathy in grazing equids (2006–2009): Spatiotemporal distribution, history and clinical features
Authors: van GALEN G. , MARCILLAUD PITEL C. , SAEGERMAN C. , PATARIN F. , AMORY H. , BAILY J. D. , CASSART D. , GERBER V. , HAHN C. , HARRIS P. , KEEN J. A. , KIRSCHVINK N. , LEFERE L. , McGORUM B. , MULLER J. M. V. , PICAVET M. T. J. E. , PIERCY R. J. , ROSCHER K. , SERTEYN D. , UNGER L. , van der KOLK J. H. , van LOON G. , VERWILGHEN D. , WESTERMANN C. M. , VOTION D. M. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryReasons for performing study: Improved understanding of the epidemiology of atypical myopathy (AM) will help to define the environmental factors that permit or support the causal agent(s) to exert toxicity.Objectives: This European survey of AM aimed to describe spatiotemporal distribution, survival, clinical signs, circumstances in which AM develops and its different expressions between countries and over time.Methods: The spatiotemporal distribution, history and clinical features of AM cases reported to the Atypical Myopathy Alert Group from 2006 to 2009 were described. Comparisons of data from the most severely affected countries and from the large outbreaks were made with Fisher's exact and Welch's tests with Bonferroni correction.Results: Of 600 suspected cases, 354 met the diagnostic criteria for confirmed or highly probable AM. The largest outbreaks occurred during the autumns of 2006 and 2009 in Belgium, France and Germany. For the first time, donkeys, zebras and old horses were affected, and clinical signs such as gastrointestinal impaction, diarrhoea, penile prolapse, buccal ulceration and renal dysfunction were observed. Affected horses spent >6 h/day on pastures that almost always contained or were surrounded by trees. The latency period was estimated at up to 4 days. Overall survival rate was 26%. Although differences between countries in affected breeds, body condition, horse management and pasture characteristics were recognised, the common presenting clinical signs and mortality were similar between countries.Conclusions and potential relevance: This study describes new data on case details, history and clinical course of AM that is of preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic value. However, the true impact of the findings of this study on the development of or severity of AM should be tested with case–control studies.
Development of array‐type prompt gamma measurement system for in vivo range verification in proton therapy
Authors: Min Chul Hee , Lee Han Rim , Kim Chan Hyeong , Lee Se Byeong 
Published: March 2012

Purpose:In vivo range verification is one of the most important parts of proton therapy to fully utilize its benefits delivering high radiation dose to tumor, while sparing the normal tissue with the so‐called Bragg peak. Currently, however, range verification method is not used in clinics. The purpose of the present study is to optimize and evaluate the configuration of an array‐type prompt gamma measurement system on determining distal dose edge for in vivo range verification of proton therapy.Methods:To effectively measure the prompt gammas against the background gammas, the Monte Carlo simulations with the MCNPX code were employed in optimizing the configuration of the measurement system, and the Monte Carlo method was also used to understand the effect of the background gammas, mainly neutron capture gammas, in the measured gamma distribution. To reduce the effect of the background gammas, the optimized energy window of 4–10 MeV in measuring the prompt gammas was employed. A parameterized source was used to maximize computation speed in the optimization study. A simplified test measurement system, using only one detector moving from one measurement location to the next, was constructed and applied to therapeutic proton beams of 80–220 MeV. For accurate determination of the distal dose edge, the sigmoidal curve‐fitting method was applied to the measured distributions of the prompt gammas, and then, the location of the half‐value between the maximum and minimum value in the curve‐fitting was determined as the distal dose edge and compared with the beam range assessed by the proton dose distribution.Results:The parameterized source term employed in optimization process improved the calculation speed by up to ∼300 times. The optimization study indicates that an array‐type measurement system with 3, 2, 2, and 150 mm for scintillator thickness, slit width, septal thickness, and slit length, respectively, can effectively measure the prompt gamma distributions minimizing the contribution of background gammas. The present results show that a few hundred counts of prompt gammas can be easily obtained by measuring 10 s at each measurement location for proton beams of ∼4 nA. The distal dose edges determined by the prompt gamma distribution are 5.45, 14.73, and 27.74 cm for proton beams of 5.17 (80 MeV), 14.99 (150 MeV), and 27.38 (220 MeV) cm, respectively.Conclusions:The results show that the array‐type measurement system can measure prompt gamma distributions from a therapeutic proton beam within a short measurement time, and that the distal dose edge can be determined within a few millimeters of error without using any sophisticated analysis.
STATISTICAL DETECTION OF SPATIAL PLANT PATTERNS UNDER THE EFFECT OF FOREST USE
Authors: LÓPEZ I. , STANDOVÁR T. , GARAY J. , VARGA Z. , GÁMEZ M. 
Published: March 2012

The analysis of the consequences of land use (in particular forest use) may be considered as a partial step towards an integrated modeling of a land system. In the paper a forest territory is considered, where a gap-cut is made, and after a given time period the eventual change in the spatial distribution of undergrowth plants and tree seedlings is to be detected. Floristic data are collected along a line transect. A method for the detection of the change in the plant distributions along the transect is proposed to see whether this occurs at the geometric frontier of the human intervention.Since in the considered case the distribution of the change-point estimate is not known, as a substitute of its confidence interval, the so-called change-interval is calculated, using an adaptation of the bootstrap method. As an illustration, for a concrete plant species, the maximum likelihood estimation of the change-point and the calculation of the above mentioned change-interval is presented. Finally, the validation of the proposed method against some typical ecological situations is also presented, which provides a justification of the used algorithms.
Effects of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibition on Systemic and Pulmonary Hemodynamics and Ventricular Function in Patients With Severe Symptomatic Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Lindman Brian R. , Zajarias Alan , Madrazo José A. , Shah Jay , Gage Brian F. , Novak Eric , Johnson Stephanie N. , Chakinala Murali M. , Hohn Tara A. , Saghir Mohammed , Mann Douglas L. 
Published: March 2012

Background—
Pressure overload resulting from aortic stenosis causes maladaptive ventricular and vascular remodeling that can lead to pulmonary hypertension, heart failure symptoms, and adverse outcomes. Retarding or reversing this maladaptive remodeling and its unfavorable hemodynamic consequences has the potential to improve morbidity and mortality. Preclinical models of pressure overload have shown that phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition is beneficial; however, the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in patients with aortic stenosis is controversial because of concerns about vasodilation and hypotension.

Methods and Results—

We evaluated the safety and hemodynamic response of 20 subjects with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (mean aortic valve area, 0.7±0.2 cm
2
; ejection fraction, 60±14%) who received a single oral dose of sildenafil (40 or 80 mg). Compared with baseline, after 60 minutes, sildenafil reduced systemic (−12%;
P
<0.001) and pulmonary (−29%;
P
=0.002) vascular resistance, mean pulmonary artery (−25%;
P
<0.001) and wedge (−17%;
P
<0.001) pressures, and increased systemic (13%;
P
<0.001) and pulmonary (45%;
P
<0.001) vascular compliance and stroke volume index (8%;
P
=0.01). These changes were not dose dependent. Sildenafil caused a modest decrease in mean systemic arterial pressure (−11%;
P
<0.001) but was well tolerated with no episodes of symptomatic hypotension.

Conclusions—
This study shows for the first time that a single dose of a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor is safe and well tolerated in patients with severe aortic stenosis and is associated with improvements in pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics resulting in biventricular unloading. These findings support the need for longer-term studies to evaluate the role of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition as adjunctive medical therapy in patients with aortic stenosis.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01060020.
In vitro nematicidal activity of a terrestrial cyanobacterium, Synechococcus nidulans, towards plant-parasitic nematodes
Authors: Holajjer Prasanna , Kamra Anju , Gaur Hari S. , Dhar Dolly Wattal 
Published: March 2012

The nematicidal activity of a terrestrial cyanobacterium, Synechococcus nidulans, was investigated. Extracts of S. nidulans cultures collected at weekly intervals for 5 weeks were sonicated and tested against second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita. Extracts of 2-week-old cultures caused the maximum immobility (94.2%) and mortality (29.3%) of J2, compared with controls (medium and water). This extract was tested in vitro against infective stages and hatch of M. graminicola, Heterodera cajani, H. avenae and Rotylenchulus reniformis. Extracts of sonicated S. nidulans caused a mean immobility in the range of 91.3-98.4% in infective stages of the nematodes, with no significant difference with an increase in exposure time from 24 to 72 h. The greatest mean percentage mortality was observed in M. graminicola (31.5%) followed by M. incognita (29.3%), H. avenae (20.9%), and R. reniformis and H. cajani (both 17.4%) with a significant increase with the period of exposure from 24 to 72 h. No significant differences in mortality were observed between M. graminicola and M. incognita and between H. avenae and H. cajani. The percentage hatch inhibition over control (water) was greatest in M. incognita (94.2%), followed by H. avenae (91.6%), H. cajani (72.3%) and M. graminicola (70.6%), and least in R. reniformis (58.6%).
“incredibilis fama”: Some Remnants of Time in Virgilian Epic
Authors: Costa Dennis 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis paper reads out two very well-known moments in Books 3 and 1 of Virgil’s epic poem in order to address a Virgilian tactic, a poetic strategy, that has not been fully requited in the criticism. These are moments in which the poet chooses to foreground absurd, excessive, epiphenomenal and short-lived things that time seems to bring about. Aeneas, Virgil’s unlikely hero, struggles as much with such moments as he does with all the sworn enemies of the Trojans. He struggles especially with the temptation toward a poignant, nostalgic fixation on his tragic past. He is told that he must become devoted religiously to the greatest of Troy’s enemies, the goddess Juno. It is inside a Carthaginian temple dedicated to Juno that the hero experiences the ‘newness’ that a great work of art is always able to proffer. But Virgil knows that Carthage and Juno’s temple and the works of art themselves will all become follies of time, left in ruins by theromanitasthat Aeneas has just been encouraged to prepare.