bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rubber, 5. Solution Rubbers
Authors: Brandt Heinz‐Dieter , Nentwig Wolfgang , Rooney Nicola , LaFlair Ronald T. , Wolf Ute U. , Duffy John , Puskas Judit E. , Kaszas Gabor , Drewitt Mark , Glander Stephan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Synthesis by Anionic Polymerization1.1.Solution 1,3‐Butadiene ‐ Styrene Rubber (S‐SBR) and Styrene ‐ Isoprene ‐ Butadiene Rubber (S‐SIBR)1.1.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications1.1.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes1.1.3.Producers and Production Capacities1.2.Lithium ‐ Butadiene (Li‐BR) and Lithium ‐ Isoprene (Li‐IR) Rubber1.2.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications1.2.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes1.2.3.Producers and Production Capacities2.Synthesis by Ziegler ‐ Natta Polymerization2.1.Polybutadiene and Polyisoprene Rubber2.1.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications2.1.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes2.1.3.Producers and Production Capacities2.2.Ethylene ‐ Propene Elastomers (EPM, EPDM)2.2.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications2.2.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes2.2.3.Producers and Production Capacities3.Synthesis of Butyl Rubber by Cationic Polymerization3.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications3.1.1.Properties3.1.2.Grades3.1.3.Specialty Rubbers3.1.4.Applications3.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes3.2.1.Basic Chemistry3.2.2.Industrial Production3.3.Producers and Production Capacities3.4.Storage and Transportation3.5.Legal Aspects3.6.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Rubber, 8. Synthesis by Polymer Modification
Authors: Happ Michael , Duffy John , Wilson G. J. , Pask Stephen D. , Buding Hartmuth , Ostrowicki Andreas 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Halobutyl Rubber1.1.Introduction1.2.Properties, Grades, and Applications1.3.Basic Chemistry and Production Process1.3.1.Basic Chemistry1.3.2.Production1.4.Chemical Analysis1.5.Storage and Transportation1.6.Legal Aspects1.7.Producers and Production Capacities1.8.Toxicology and Occupational Health1.9.New Commercial Development2.Chloropolyethylene and Chlorosulfonyl Polyethylene2.1.Chloropolyethylene2.1.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications2.1.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes2.2.Chlorosulfonyl Polyethylene2.2.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications2.2.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes2.3.Producers and Production Capacities3.Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber3.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications3.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes3.3.Producers and Production Capacities4.Polyphosphazenes4.1.Properties, Grades, and Applications4.1.1.Properties4.1.2.Commercial Grades and Applications4.2.Basic Chemistry and Production Processes4.3.Producers and Markets
Transport Phenomena, 3. Transport in Multicomponent Systems
Authors: Flumerfelt Raymond W. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Diffusive Mass Transfer in Binary Systems1.1.Species Mass Balances1.2.Species Diffusion Fluxes1.3.Fick's First Law of Diffusion1.4.Special Cases of Diffusion1.5.Diffusivities of Gases and Liquids1.6.Theoretical Foundations of Steady‐State Measurement of Diffusion1.7.Diffusion with Homogeneous Chemical Reaction1.8.Diffusion with Heterogeneous Reaction1.9.Perspective2.Convective Mass Transport2.1.Gas Absorption in a Falling Film with Reaction2.2.Mass Transfer in Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layers3.Mass Transfer Across Interfaces3.1.Mass‐Transfer Coefficients3.2.Functional Forms of Mass‐Transfer Coefficient Relations3.3.Relations for Low Mass‐Transfer Rates3.4.Relations for High Mass‐Transfer Rates
Nest membership determines the levels of aggression and cooperation between females of a supposedly communal digger wasp
Authors: Boesi Roberto , Polidori Carlo 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFemales of communal and eusocial Hymenoptera differ greatly in the treatment of conspecifics: communal species lack the nest membership–bias treatment via nestmate (NM) recognition, which is typical of eusocial Hymenoptera. Therefore, an analysis of social interactions can suggest whether a given bee or wasp is communal or eusocial. For this reason, we observed females of the digger wasp Cerceris rubida in experimental dyadic encounters. Because this species had previously been labeled “communal,” we expected to find little evidence of a NM bias with respect to cooperation or aggression when paired with NMs and non‐nestmates (NNM). Contrary to expectation, females were highly cooperative toward NMs and highly aggressive toward NNMs. Variation in the intensity of aggression toward NNMs partially stems from the degree to which the paired females differed in size. From these results and quantitative comparisons with studies on solitary, communal, and eusocial bee species, it appears that C. rubida has a more complex social organization than previously believed and, in particular, that females of this species exhibit NM recognition, a trait associated with eusociality. Aggr. Behav. 37:405–416, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Luminescent Sensing and Catalytic Performances of a Multifunctional Lanthanide‐Organic Framework Comprising a Triphenylamine Moiety
Authors: Wu Pengyan , Wang Jian , Li Yaming , He Cheng , Xie Zhong , Duan Chunying 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA multifunctional lanthanide‐organic framework Tb−TCA (H3TCA = tricarboxytriphenylamine) comprising a triphenylamine moiety as an efficient luminescence sensitizer is synthesized by a solvothermal method and structurally characterized. Tb−TCA exhibits lanthanide‐based emission (540 nm) and triphenylamine emission (435 nm) after excitation at 350 nm and works as a luminescent chemosensor towards salicylaldehyde with a sensitivity of 10 ppm under optimized conditions. Tb−TCA features a high concentration of Lewis acid Tb3+ sites and Lewis base triphenylamine sites on its internal surfaces; it thus enables both Knoevenagel and cyanosilylation reactions in a size‐selective fashion. The ratiometric fluorescent response towards aldehydes (I540/I435) demonstrates that the absorption of the porous material is size selective, and the interactions between the aldehyde molecules and the Tb3+ ions play a dominant role in the absorption and activation of the aldehyde substrates. In particular, these studies provide opportunities to directly validate the sorption sites and the catalytic mechanism of the multifunctional Ln metal–organic framework material by luminescence.
A Multifuntional Nanoplatform Based on Responsive Fluorescent Plasmonic ZnO‐Au@PEG Hybrid Nanogels
Authors: Wu Weitai , Shen Jing , Banerjee Probal , Zhou Shuiqin 
Published: May 2011

AbstractUnder a rational design, combining multiple constituents into a single nano‐object will not only bridge the unique properties of individual materials to leverage research both fundamentally and practically, but will also improve conventional sensing, imaging, and therapeutic efficacies. Such a nano‐object (<100 nm) can be constructed by covalently bonding ZnO quantum dots (QDs) to nonlinear poly(ethylene glycol)‐based nanogel network chains, followed by appropriate growth of metallic Au. With the polymer gel network serving as a three‐dimensional scaffold, the fluorescence of ZnO QDs can be well protected, while metal Au still retains its surface plasmon resonance property. The ZnO QDs covalently bonded to the thermo‐responsive gel network chains can sensitively respond to temperature change of the surrounding fluids over the physiologically important range of 37–42 °C, converting the disruptions in homeostasis of local temperature into stable, robust and high‐resolution fluorescent signals. The thermoresponsive hybrid nanogels can not only enter into and light up B16F10 cells, but also regulate the release of a model anticancer drug, temozolomide, in response to either local environmental temperature change or external near‐infrared light‐induced localized hyperthermia from metal Au. The combined chemo‐photothermal therapy can significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy due to a synergistic effect.
Materials Surgery – Reactivity Differences of Organic Groups in Hybrids
Authors: Polarz Sebastian , Jeremias Felix , Haunz Ulrich 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSynergistic properties in hybrid materials can emerge if the inorganic matrix has an electronic influence on the organic constituents and vice versa. This paper describes the drastic effect of SiO2 in periodically ordered mesoporous organosilica materials (PMOs) on ethylene groups. A sophisticated, in situ solid‐state NMR spectroscopy study showed that the ozonolysis of ethylene groups follows an entirely different mechanism than is normal for organic, molecular groups. Ultimately, this leads to the topotactic transformation of the PMO material. Only if silicon is not in the alpha position to the double bond does it became possible to establish a new method to functionalize PMOs materials: the targeted scission of the ethylene group and the creation of functionalized pockets inside the pore walls of the mesoporous solid.
Semiconductor Self‐Assembled Quantum Dots: Present Status and Future Trends
Authors: Petroff Pierre M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractProgress in controlling the size, shape, and composition of quantum dots (QDs) as well as their positioning will be crucial to further advances in the fields of quantum information and device applications. The growth of QDs into lattices using controlled positioning of the QD nucleation centers is a possible method. QD positioning is also much needed for further development of QD microcavities and photonic‐crystal based devices that are used for quantum information applications. This article discusses the prospects for progress in these fields that may be realized if a better control over the positioning and self‐positioning of quantum dots is achieved.
Testosterone and romance: The association of testosterone with relationship commitment and satisfaction in heterosexual men and women
Authors: Hooper Ann E. Caldwell , Gangestad Steven W. , Thompson Melissa Emery , Bryan Angela D. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectives:The current study extends previous research on testosterone (T) and mating effort by examining whether relationship commitment and satisfaction explain variance in T beyond relationship status alone.Methods:Salivary testosterone and self‐reported assessments of relationship commitment and satisfaction were assessed among 90 heterosexual men and women (age M = 23.57) in a cross‐sectional community sample.Results:Relationship commitment was significantly related to T among men (P < 0.01), with increasing levels of commitment predicting lower T, even among paired men (P < 0.05). In contrast, relationship commitment was not related to women's T (P > 0.05). Controlling for relationship commitment, satisfaction did not predict T levels in men or women (P's > 0.18).Conclusions:The association of increasing relationship commitment with reduced T levels in men confirms and extends prior research linking T with mating effort. Together with previous research, this study suggests that T does not vary with relationship commitment or quality in monogamous, heterosexual women. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hand‐washing, subclinical infections, and growth: A longitudinal evaluation of an intervention in Nepali slums
Authors: Langford Rebecca , Lunn Peter , Brick Catherine Panter‐ 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjective:We conducted a longitudinal study to assess the impact of a hand‐washing intervention on growth and biomarkers of child health in Nepali slums. This is the first study to evaluate the impact of hand‐washing on markers of subclinical, asymptomatic infections associated with childhood growth faltering.Methods:We recruited a total sample of infants in the target age‐range (3–12 months) living in the eight largest Kathmandu slums, allocating them to intervention (n = 45) and control (n = 43) groups. In intervention areas, a small‐scale community‐based hand‐washing program was implemented for six months; in control areas, mothers continued their normal practices. Time series linear regression was used to assess the impact of the intervention on levels of morbidity, mucosal damage, immune stimulation and growth.Results:As expected, children with higher levels of mucosal damage exhibited worse growth over the period of the intervention (P = 0.01, <0.001 and 0.03 for height‐for‐age, weight‐for‐age, and weight‐for‐height z‐scores, respectively). We observed a 41% reduction in diarrheal morbidity (P = 0.023) for the intervention group relative to control. However, the hand‐washing intervention did not lower levels of mucosal damage or immune stimulation, nor slow growth faltering.Conclusions:Reducing exposure to pathogens is an important global health priority. This study confirms the importance of hand‐washing campaigns for reducing childhood morbidity. Yet our data suggest that promoting hand‐washing is necessary but not sufficient to address chronic, subclinical infections. From a human biology standpoint, tackling the root causes of childhood infections is needed to address growth faltering in the context of highly contaminated slum environments. © 2011Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetics of head circumference in infancy: A longitudinal study of Japanese twins
Authors: Silventoinen Karri , Karvonen Marjo , Sugimoto Masako , Kaprio Jaakko , Dunkel Leo , Yokoyama Yoshie 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectives:Previous studies have shown strong genetic influence to head circumference (HC), but still little is known on the development of genetic etiology of HC in infancy, especially in non‐Caucasian populations. Thus, we decided to analyze the genetics of HC growth in Japanese infants.Methods:Longitudinal measures of HC were available from birth to 13 months of age in 206 monozygotic and 156 dizygotic complete twin pairs. Genetic modeling for twin data was used.Results:We found only little evidence for sex‐specific differences in the genetics of HC and thus analyzed boys and girls together. After 5 months of age the heritability of HC was high, but before that age also a substantial common environmental component was present. Not only strong genetic persistence for HC was found but also a new genetic variation emerged. New environmental variation shared by co‐twins affecting HC was found until 3 months of age, and this effect was further transmitted until 1 year of age.Conclusions:HC and its growth are strongly genetically regulated. Largely, the same genetic factors affect the variation of HC at different ages, and new genetic variation emerged during the first year of life. Knowledge on the genetic component in the variation of HC may help to design tools for defining abnormal growth of HC in population‐based screenings for related disorders. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growing into obesity: Patterns of height growth in those who become normal weight, overweight, or obese as young adults
Authors: Stovitz Steven D. , Demerath Ellen W. , Hannan Peter J. , Lytle Leslie A. , Himes John H. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectives:To study whether patterns of height growth differ by adult obesity status, and determine the contribution of subcutaneous fatness as an explanatory variable for any differences.Study design:A multicenter, prospective longitudinal cohort assessed in 3rd grade (8.8 years), 5th grade (11.1 years), 8th grade (14.1 years), and 12th grade (18.3 years). Exposures were young adult obesity status classified by CDC adult BMI categories at 12th grade. Skinfolds were measured in third, fifth, and eighth grades. Outcome was mean height (cm) at the four measurements using repeated‐measures ANCOVA for young adult obesity status, and height increments between grades by adult obesity status in sequential models including initial height and, secondarily, initial skinfolds.Results:Adjusted for age, and race/ethnicity, young adult obesity status explained a small, but statistically significant amount of height growth among both females and males within each of the three intervals. Compared with normal weight young adults, overweight or obese young adults stood taller in childhood, but had relatively less growth in height throughout the teenage years. There was no association between adult height and weight status. Skinfolds explained only a small amount of the height patterns in the three weight groups.Conclusion:Childhood and adolescent height growth patterns differ between those who become young adults who are normal weight and those who become overweight or obese. Since differences in fatness explain only a small amount of these height growth patterns, research is needed to identify other determinants. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex Differences in birth size and intergenerational effects of intrauterine exposure to Ramadan in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alwasel S.H. , Abotalib Z. , Aljarallah J.S. , Osmond C. , Alkharaz S.M. , Alhazza I.M. , Harrath A. , Thornburg K. , Barker D.J.P. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectives:In Europe, boys and girls have different body proportions at birth. We examined newborn babies in Saudi Arabia to determine the sex differences and whether fetal growth differed if the mother was in utero during Ramadan.Methods:We examined body size at birth among 967 babies (479 boys and 488 girls) born in Unizah, a small city in Saudi Arabia.Results:Large head circumference was the strongest single predictor of male sex. In a simultaneous regression, female sex was predicted by small head circumference (P < 0.001), low birth weight (P = 0.002), and large chest circumference (P = 0.008). The mothers of boys were heavier in pregnancy than the mothers of girls and had a higher body mass index, 31.7 kg/m2 compared to 30.2 (P < 0.001). The mothers of girls, however, were taller than the mothers of boys, 158.6 cm compared to 157.4 (P = 0.001). Compared to babies whose mothers were not in utero during Ramadan boys whose mothers were in mid gestation during Ramadan were 1.2 cm longer (P = 0.005) while girls had a 0.4 week shorter gestation period (P = 0.04).Conclusion:Our findings are consistent with other evidence that boys are more ready than girls to trade off visceral development in utero to protect somatic and brain growth. They also support the hypothesis that boys are more responsive to their mother's current diet than girls, who respond more to their mother's life time nutrition and metabolism. They provide the first evidence that changes in the life style of pregnant women during Ramadan affect more than one generation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elevated serum liver enzymes and fatty liver changes associated with long driving among taxi drivers
Authors: Lippmann Steven J. , Richardson David B , Chen Jiu‐Chiuan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies suggested increased morbidities and mortalities of liver diseases in drivers.MethodsTo examine whether driving (monthly driving distance; tenure) is associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), or chronic fatty liver (FL) changes, we performed a cross‐sectional, secondary analysis of the Taxi Drivers' Health Study (n = 1,355), adjusting for clinical, demographic, and lifestyle factors.ResultsPrevalence of elevated ALT, elevated AST, and fatty liver changes were 22.0%, 5.1%, and 9.3%, respectively. Driving distance had a positive association with elevated ALT with a prevalence ratio of 1.35 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.89) comparing the highest versus lowest driving quartile. This association differed by alcohol use, with a corresponding prevalence ratio of 2.08 (95% CI: 1.30, 3.33) among “past/current” drinkers but no association among “never” drinkers. Similar patterns were found for AST, but estimates were less stable. We found a curvilinear response pattern for fatty liver changes; prevalence first increased with years as a taxi driver and then receded in the highest ranges of driving tenure, regardless of the alcohol history.ConclusionsOur results provide evidence that long driving is associated with both short‐term and chronic liver insults, although alcohol use appears to modify this putative effect. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:618–627, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incidence of work and non‐work related disability claims in Brazil
Authors: Barbosa‐Branco Anadergh , Souza William R. , Steenstra Ivan A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundSickness benefit claims are an important economic burden to society. This study aims to determine the incidence of sickness benefit claims in Brazil in 2008, exploring the role of economic activity.MethodsPopulation‐based study on sickness claims lasting longer than 15 days of sickness absence granted to private sector employees. Data on gender, age, economic activity, diagnosis, and work‐relatedness were collected.ResultsThe annual incidence of sickness benefits was 421.8/10,000 jobs, 435.4 for males and 452.0 for females. There were 3.5 times more non‐work‐related than work‐related claims. The main diagnoses were injuries, musculoskeletal disorders, and mental disorders. Rates increased with age up to 59 years. Economic activity 37‐Sewage had the highest incidence of non‐work‐related and work‐related claims.ConclusionThe incidence of sickness benefits is higher among female and older workers. Economic activities show great variability of sickness benefit rates, work‐relatedness, diagnostic categories, and gender. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:858–871, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across species in Old World Monkeys
Authors: Malhi Ripan S. , Trask Jessica Satkoski , Shattuck Milena , Johnson Jesse , Chakraborty Debrapriyo , Kanthaswamy Sree , Ramakrishnan Uma , Smith David Glenn 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe development of DNA markers is becoming increasingly useful in the field of primatology for studies on paternity, population history, and biomedical research. In this study, we determine the efficacy of using cross‐species amplification to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in closely related species. The DNA of 93 individuals representing seven Old World Monkey species was analyzed to identify SNPs using cross‐species amplification and genotyping. The loci genotyped were 653 SNPs identified and validated in rhesus macaques. Of the 653 loci analyzed, 27% were estimated to be polymorphic in the samples studied. SNPs identified at the same locus among different species (coincident SNPs) were found in six of the seven species studied with longtail macaques exhibiting the highest number of coincident SNPs (84). The distribution of coincident SNPs among species is not biased based on proximity to genes in the samples studied. In addition, the frequency of coincident SNPs is not consistent with expectations based on their phylogenetic relationships. This study demonstrates that cross‐species amplification and genotyping using the Illumina Golden Gate Array is a useful method to identify a large number of SNPs in closely related species, although issues with ascertainment bias may limit the type of studies where this method can be applied. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1031–1040, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.