bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jim Bulpitt's Territory and Power in the United Kingdom and Interpreting Political Development: Bringing the State and Temporal Analysis Back In
Authors: Bradbury Jonathan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article addresses the relative neglect of Territory and Power in informing the study of general state political development, both as a theoretical approach and in its application to the UK. It locates Territory and Power as a distinct contribution to two major schools of comparative research. The first section argues that Territory and Power provided an approach that was part of the intellectual turn during the 1980s to bring the state back into the analysis of politics. The second part argues that Territory and Power should be seen also as a contribution to the intellectual turn since the 1980s towards temporal analysis of political development. On these bases future researchers may find Territory and Power more accessible as a work that they can incorporate in their own research.
Central State Power and its Limits in Bulpitt'sTerritory and Power
Authors: John Peter 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article assesses Bulpitt's treatment of the centre or central state. It begins by reviewing Bulpitt's argument that the UK centre elite developed a detached style of territorial management and recognized the limits to the state's power. The argument is that the elite at the centre sought to avoid the costs of intervention in the periphery so it could retain its autonomy over decisions affecting the economy and international affairs. The article then assesses Bulpitt's claims against extant evidence from the study of UK politics. It concludes that, in spite of Bulpitt's failure to appreciate the interest of the centre in the detail of local administration, the account holds up surprisingly well and could be adopted as a comparative framework for analysing how central elites seek to keep their grip on power by managing territorial politics successfully.
The External Realm and Domestic Politics inTerritory and Power in the United Kingdom
Authors: Thompson Helen 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article addresses Jim Bulpitt's innovative approach to conceptualizing the relationship between the external realm and domestic politics inTerritory and Power in the United Kingdom. The first part draws out the argument that Bulpitt made about the relationship between the external world and domestic politics to explain the historical development of the UK's territorial politics. In doing so, it fleshes out Bulpitt's own account. It also adds empirical detail and integrates arguments from his later work on the Thatcher governments into his analysis of where the UK's territorial politics went after the early 1980s. Second, the article demonstrates how Bulpitt's analytical framework about the external–domestic political relationship can help us make sense of another state's territorial politics at a crucial historical moment, namely Weimar Germany and the Bavarian problem between 1919 and 1924.
Paraconsistent Artificial Neural Network as Auxiliary in Cephalometric Diagnosis
Authors: Mario Mauricio C. , Abe Jair M. , Ortega Neli R.S. , Del Santo Jr. Marinho 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis work presents an application of the paraconsistent artificial neural network (PANN) in the analysis of cephalometric variables and provides an orthodontic diagnosis. An expert's analysis is subject to the inherent imprecision of measurements, registers, and individual variability of physician visual analysis. Patient input cephalometric values are compared with means drawn from individuals considered normal in the cephalometric point of view by the PANN. This reference is constituted by individuals from 6 to 18 years old, both genders. The applied cephalometric analysis was targeted to measure skeletal and dental discrepancies and established a cephalometric diagnosis. The analysis results in degrees of skeletal, anteroposterior, and dental discrepancy, pertinent to upper and lower incisors. A sample of 120 orthodontic patients was processed by the proposed model and three orthodontic experts. Comparisons between the model and the human expert's performance provided kappa indexes that varied from moderate to almost perfect agreement. The agreement between the model and specialist's performance was equivalent. In addition, the model pointed out contradictions presented in the data that were not noticed by the orthodontists, which highlight the contribution that this kind of system could carry out in the orthodontics decision support.
Patterns of Use of Peripheral Nerve Blocks and Trigger Point Injections Among Headache Practitioners in the USA: Results of the American Headache Society Interventional Procedure Survey (AHS‐IPS)
Authors: Blumenfeld Andrew , Ashkenazi Avi , Grosberg Brian , Napchan Uri , Narouze Samer , Nett Bob , DePalma Traci , Rosenthal Barbara , Tepper Stewart , Lipton Richard B. 
Published: June 2010

(Headache2010;50:937‐942)Background.—Many clinicians use peripheral nerve blocks (NBs) and trigger point injections (TPIs) for the treatment of headaches. Little is known, however, about the patterns of use of these procedures among practitioners in the USA.Objectives.—The aim of this study was to obtain information on patterns of office‐based use of peripheral NBs and TPIs by headache practitioners in the USA.Methods.—Using an Internet‐based questionnaire, the Interventional Procedures Special Interest Section of the American Headache Society (AHS) conducted a survey among practitioners who were members of AHS on patterns of use of NBs and TPIs for headache treatment.Results.—Electronic invitations were sent to 1230 AHS members and 161 provided useable data (13.1%). Of the responders, 69% performed NBs and 75% performed TPIs. The most common indications for the use of NBs were occipital neuralgia and chronic migraine (CM), and the most common indications for the use of TPIs were chronic tension‐type headache and CM. The most common symptom prompting the clinician to perform these procedures was local tenderness at the intended injection site. The most common local anesthetics used for these procedures were lidocaine and bupivacaine. Dosing regimens, volumes of injection, and injection schedules varied greatly. There was also a wide variation in the use of corticosteroids when performing the injections. Both NBs and TPIs were generally well tolerated.Conclusions.—Nerve blocks and TPIs are commonly used by headache practitioners in the USA for the treatment of various headache disorders, although the patterns of their use vary greatly.
Post‐Dural Puncture Headache: Part I Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Etiology, and Pathophysiology
Authors: Bezov David , Lipton Richard B. , Ashina Sait 
Published: June 2010

(Headache 2010;50:1144‐1152)Post‐dural puncture headache (PDPH) is a frequent complication of dural puncture whether performed for diagnostic purposes or accidentally, as a complication of anesthesia. Because both procedures are common, clinicians interested in headache should be familiar with this entity. The differential diagnosis of PDPH is broad and includes other complications of dural puncture as well as headaches attributable to the condition which lead to the procedure. The patterns of development of PDPH depend on a number of procedure‐ and nonprocedure‐related risk factors. Knowledge of procedure‐related factors supports interventions designed to reduce the incidence of PDPH. Finally, despite best preventive efforts, PDPH may still occur and be associated with significant morbidity. Therefore, it is important to know the management and prognosis of this disorder. In this review, we will highlight diagnosis and clinical characteristics of PDPH, differential diagnosis, frequency, and risk factors as well as pathophysiology of PDPH.
Developmental Trajectories of Impulsivity and Their Association With Alcohol Use and Related Outcomes During Emerging and Young Adulthood I
Authors: Littlefield Andrew K. , Sher Kenneth J. , Steinley Douglas 
Published: June 2010

Background:  Research has documented normative patterns of personality change during emerging and young adulthood that reflect decreases in traits associated with substance use, such as impulsivity. However, evidence suggests variability in these developmental changes.Methods:  This study examined trajectories of impulsivity and their association with substance use and related problems from ages 18 to 35. Analyses were based on data collected from a cohort of college students (N = 489), at high and low risk for AUDs, first assessed as freshmen at a large, public university.Results:  Mixture modeling identified five trajectory groups that differed in baseline levels of impulsivity and developmental patterns of change. Notably, the trajectory group that exhibited the sharpest declines in impulsivity tended to display accelerated decreases in alcohol involvement from ages 18 to 25 compared to the other impulsivity groups.Conclusion:  Findings highlight the developmental nature of impulsivity across emerging and young adulthood and provide an empirical framework to identify key covariates of individual changes of impulsivity.
The Burden of Disease and the Cost of Illness Attributable to Alcohol Drinking—Results of a National Study
Authors: Cortez‐Pinto Helena , Gouveia Miguel , Dos Santos Pinheiro Luís , Costa João , Borges Margarida , Carneiro António Vaz 
Published: June 2010

Background and Aims: The World Health Organization estimated that 3.2% of the burden of disease around the world is attributable to the consumption of alcohol. The aim of this study is to estimate the burden of disease attributable to alcohol consumption in Portugal.Methods: Burden and costs of diseases attributable to alcohol drinking were estimated based on demographic and health statistics available for 2005, using theDisability‐Adjusted Life Years(DALY) lost generated by death or disability.Results: In Portugal, 3.8% of deaths are attributable to alcohol (4,059 of 107,839). After measuring the DALY generated by mortality data, the proportion of disease attributable to alcohol was 5.0%, with men having 5.6% of deaths and 6.2% of disease burden, while female figures were, respectively, 1.8 and 2.4%. Considering the sum of death and disability DALYs, liver diseases represented the main source of the burden attributable to alcohol with 31.5% of total DALYs, followed by traffic accidents (28.2%) and several types of cancer (19.2%). As for the cost of illness incurred by the health system, our results indicate that €95.1 millions are attributable to alcohol‐related disease admissions (liver diseases, cancer, traffic accidents, and external causes) while the ambulatory costs of alcohol‐related diseases were estimated in €95.9 million, totaling €191.0 million direct costs, representing 0.13% of Gross Domestic Product and 1.25% of total national health expenditures. An alternative analysis was carried out using higher consumption levels so as to replicate aggregate alcohol consumption statistics. In this case, DALYs lost increased by 11.7% and health costs by 23%.Conclusion: Our results confirm that alcohol is an important health risk factor in Portugal and a heavy economic burden for the health system, with hepatic diseases ranking first as a source of burden of disease attributable to alcohol.
Spironolactone and Hydrochlorothiazide Decrease Vascular Stiffness and Blood Pressure in Geriatric Hypertension
Authors: Kithas Philip A. , Supiano Mark A. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of spironolactone (SPIRO) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) as monotherapy in older patients with hypertension in blood pressure (BP) control and measures of vascular stiffness.DESIGN: Randomized double‐blind trial.SETTING: University teaching hospital.PARTICIPANTS: Forty‐five subjects with hypertension (24 men, 21 women, mean age 69).INTERVENTION: Six months of HCTZ (n=21) or SPIRO (n=24) therapy titrated to a target systolic BP (SBP) less than 140 mmHg.MEASUREMENTS: Baseline (after 4 weeks of antihypertensive drug washout) and 6‐month 24‐hour ambulatory BP data were obtained. Pulse pressure (PP) was calculated as the difference between 24‐hour average SBP and DBP. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was determined according to noninvasive recordings of carotid and femoral artery pulse waves.RESULTS: Six months of HCTZ and SPIRO treatment was associated with significant decreases in 24‐hour and nocturnal SBP and diastolic BP (DBP) (analysis of variance (ANOVA) P<.001). At 6 months, average 24‐hour and nocturnal SBP were lower in the SPIRO than the HCTZ group (P<.001). PP and PWV also decreased significantly with HCTZ and SPIRO treatments (ANOVA P<.001).CONCLUSIONS: Six months of therapy with HCTZ or SPIRO resulted in comparable reductions in 24‐hour average and nocturnal SBP and DBP, PP, and PWV in older subjects with hypertension.
An Introduction to Statistical Inference and Its Applications with R by TROSSET, M. W.
Authors: Venables W. N. 
Published: June 2010

An Introduction to Statistical Inference and Its Applications with R(M. W. Trosset)W. N. VenablesROC Curves for Continuous Data(W. J. Krzanowski and D. J. Hand)Lori E. DoddA Guide to QTL Mapping with R/qtl(K. W. Broman and S. Sen)R. W. DoergeDesign and Analysis of Clinical Trials with Time‐to‐Event Endpoint(K. E. Peace, ed.)Yu ShyrTranslational Medicine: Strategies and Statistical Methods(D. Cosmatos and S.‐C. Chow)Yongzhao ShaoClinical Prediction Models: A Practical Approach to Development, Validation and Updating(E. W. Steyerberg)Rumana OmarMaximized Penalized Likelihood Estimation: Volume II: Regression(P. P. Eggermont and V. N. LaRicca)Hao ZhangMorphometrics with R(J. Claude)Alfred KumeStatistical Analysis of Network Data: Methods and Models(E. D. Kolaczyk)Crystal Linkletter
Prospective Evaluation of Two Clinical Scores for Acute Asthma in Children 18 Months to 7 Years of Age
Authors: Gouin Serge , Robidas Isabelle , Gravel Jocelyn , Guimont Chantal , Chalut Dominic , Amre Devendra 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectives:  The objective was to evaluate the discriminatory ability of two clinical asthma scores, the Preschool Respiratory Assessment Measure (PRAM) and the Pediatric Asthma Severity Score (PASS), during an asthma exacerbation.Methods:  This was a prospective cohort study in an academic pediatric emergency department (ED; 60,000 visits/year) conducted from March 2006 to October 2007. All patients 18 months to 7 years of age who presented for an asthma exacerbation were eligible. The primary outcome was a length of stay (LOS) of >6 hours in the ED or admission to the hospital. Clinical findings and components of the PRAM and the PASS were assessed by a respiratory therapist (RT) at the start of the ED visit and after 90 minutes of treatment.Results:  During the study period, 3,845 patients were seen in the ED for an asthma exacerbation. Of these, 291 were approached to participate, and eight refused. Moderate levels of discrimination were found between a LOS of >6 hours and/or admission and PRAM (area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.59 to 0.79) and PASS (AUC = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.60 to 0.80) as calculated at the start of the ED visit. Significant similar correlations were seen between the physician’s judgment of severity and PRAM (r = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.65) and PASS (r = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.43 to 0.65).Conclusions:  The PRAM and PASS clinical asthma scores appear to be measures of asthma severity in children with discriminative properties.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:598–603 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
The carbonyl scavenger carnosine ameliorates dyslipidaemia and renal function in Zucker obese rats
Authors: Aldini Giancarlo , Orioli Marica , Rossoni Giuseppe , Savi Federica , Braidotti Paola , Vistoli Giulio , Yeum Kyung‐Jin , Negrisoli Gianpaolo , Carini Marina 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe metabolic syndrome is a risk factor that increases the risk for development of renal and vascular complications. This study addresses the effects of chronic administration of the endogenous dipeptide carnosine (β‐alanyl‐L‐histidine, L‐CAR) and of its enantiomer (β‐alanyl‐D‐histidine, D‐CAR) on hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, advanced glycation end products, advanced lipoxidation end products formation and development of nephropathy in the non‐diabetic, Zucker obese rat. The Zucker rats received a daily dose of L‐CAR or D‐CAR (30 mg/kg in drinking water) for 24 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was recorded monthly. At the end of the treatment, plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, glucose, insulin, creatinine and urinary levels of total protein, albumin and creatinine were measured. Several indices of oxidative/carbonyl stress were also measured in plasma, urine and renal tissue. We found that both L‐ and D‐CAR greatly reduced obese‐related diseases in obese Zucker rat, by significantly restraining the development of dyslipidaemia, hypertension and renal injury, as demonstrated by both urinary parameters and electron microscopy examinations of renal tissue. Because the protective effect elicited by L‐ and D‐CAR was almost superimposable, we conclude that the pharmacological action of L‐CAR is not due to a pro‐histaminic effect (D‐CAR is not a precursor of histidine, since it is stable to peptidic hydrolysis), and prompted us to propose that some of the biological effects can be mediated by a direct carbonyl quenching mechanism.
The Effect of Bleaching Time on Dentin Fracture Toughness in Vitro
Authors: WOO JOHNATHAN M. , HO STEPHANIE , TAM LAURA E. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTStatement of Problem:  A recent study reported a decrease in dentin fracture toughness after the application of peroxide bleaching products to dentin in vitro.Purpose:  The objective of the present study was to investigate this in vitro decrease in fracture toughness further by evaluating the effect of different peroxide application times on dentin fracture toughness.Materials and Methods:  Compact test fracture toughness specimens were prepared from coronal human. These were divided into five groups (N = 12) and subjected to either bleach (10% carbamide peroxide) and/or placebo gel for a total of 336 consecutive hours (0 and 336, 84 and 252, 168 and 168, 252 and 84, 336 and 0 hours of bleach and placebo application time, respectively). The gel materials were changed every 6 hours. Fracture toughness testing was done 24 hours after the end of bleaching using tensile loading at 10 mm/min. Results were analyzed by analysis of variance and linear regression (p < 0.05).Results:  Dentin fracture toughness after 252 and 336 hours was significantly reduced compared to the 0‐ and 84‐hour bleach times. An association between fracture toughness and bleach time (r2 = 0.82) with an inverse linear regression line (K1C = −0.0032 [hour] + 3.386) was found.Conclusions:  A significant correlation was found between bleach time and dentin fracture toughness. Dentin fracture toughness was reduced over time during the 336‐hour course of in vitro bleaching.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe results suggest that it would be prudent to minimize the length of time for clinical bleaching procedures when dentin is directly exposed to bleach.(J Esthet Restor Dent 22:179–185, 2010)
Identification of two new HLA‐DRB1 alleles, DRB1*040405 and DRB1*1190
Authors: Mantovani M. , Longhi E. , Frison S. , De Arias A. Espadas , Mosca A. , Poli F. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryWe describe here two novel DRB1 alleles, officially named *040405 and *1190. DRB1*040405 differs from DRB1*0404 for one point mutation at codon 72 with no coding changes. DRB1*1190 is identical to DRB1*110101 except for a nucleotide substitution at codon 24 which causes an aminoacidic mutation from valine to methionine. Over time we have been witnessing the identification of a great number of new HLA alleles. DRB1 allelic variability is mostly present in the second exon and more that 760 alleles have been so far identified. Here, we report the description of two novel DRB1 alleles, named *040405 and *1190, and identified in two Caucasoid subjects.
HLA polymorphisms in Sindhi community in Mumbai, India
Authors: Chhaya S. , Desai S. , Saranath D. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIndian population is an amalgamation of various ethnicities, cultural and linguistic diversities, primarily due to marriages within a community. HLA‐A, B and DRB1 alleles and haplotype frequencies were investigated in the Sindhi and compared with Marathi, Gujarati and North Indian population from Mumbai. This work is a part of a larger effort aimed at analysis of the HLA profile of diverse Indian ethnics to establish an umbilical cord stem cell panel in India. HLA polymorphisms at the HLA‐A, B and DRB1 loci were determined in 413 cord blood samples by the molecular method of polymerase chain reaction using sequence‐specific primer amplification. The most frequent alleles included A*01, A*02, A*11 and A*24 at A locus, B*35 and B*40 at B locus and DRB1*07 and DRB1*15 in all the four groups, although the frequency fluctuated in individual communities. HLA‐DRB1*03 was significantly high (P < 0.05) in the Sindhi. Phylogenetic association using neighbour‐joining tree, based on DA genetic distances for HLA‐A and HLA‐B alleles, indicated that the Sindhis cluster with North Indian and Pakistan Sindhi. The three locus haplotype analysis revealed that A*02‐B*40‐DRB1*15 and A*33‐B*44‐DRB1*07 were common haplotypes in all the groups. The three locus haplotypes found suggest an influence from Caucasian and Oriental populations. The data will be useful in developing an umbilical cord stem cell panel in India. The results will have clinical implications in unrelated umbilical cord stem cell for transplantation in India.
Contrasting infection frequencies of Neotyphodium endophyte in naturalized Italian ryegrass populations in Japanese farmlands
Authors: Yamashita Masayuki , Iwamoto Miyuki , Maruyama Keisuke , Ichihara Minoru , Sawada Hitoshi 
Published: June 2010

Abstract Neotyphodium endophytes often confer benefits to their host grasses and may enhance invasiveness of some grasses. The knowledge of infection frequencies of endophytes among invading weed populations is necessary to understand the relationships between endophyte infection and invasiveness. Here we present data on infection frequencies of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), an important weed in some farmlands in Japan, persisting in contrasting farmlands: a terraced paddy field and a wheat‐soybean double‐cropped field in the western region of Shizuoka prefecture, Japan. The terraced paddy site is a mosaic of several landscape elements such as paddy fields, levees, fallow and abandoned fields, with a high percentage of non‐crop area. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been cultivated for more than a decade with no application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and fungicides. The wheat‐soybean field is characterized by the aggregation of large‐scaled fields that were originally reconstructed paddy fields, showing a low percentage of non‐crop area. Wheat and soybean have been grown as winter and summer crops, respectively, using chemical fertilizers and herbicides. We examined the presence or absence of endophytes in a total of 1200 seeds sampled from the two Italian ryegrass populations. The terraced paddy population exhibited a markedly high infection frequency (91.0%), due possibly to selective feeding of non‐infected seeds by insects. In contrast, the wheat‐soybean farmland population showed almost no infection (1.1%), whereas the putative source of the invasion in the proximity exhibited a relatively high infection rate (64.4%). Such a micro‐scale variation in infection frequencies may be attributable to a loss in endophyte viability within the wheat‐soybean field. The findings suggest that endophyte infection frequency may markedly differ among the Italian ryegrass populations even within the same region, presumably depending on the abundance of the seed‐eating insects, farmland management regimes and/or environmental conditions such as soil humidity.