bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intake of Dairy Heifers Fed Mixed Crownvetch‐Tall Fescue Hays Harvested in May and July1
Authors: Burns J. C. , Mochrie R. D. , Cope W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDry matter yield per hectare has been increased, compured to a pure stand of crownvetch, by growing a cool season grass in mixture with crownvetch (Coronilla varia L,). The objective of this study was to determine if the presence of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in several proportions relative to crownvetch would alter dry matter intake of Holstein heifers. Four hays were evaluated. Two were May‐harvested hays and consisted of 87% crownvetch and 13% tall fescue (M‐87) and 28% crownvetch and 72% tall fescue (M‐28). The other two hays were harvested in July and consisted of 78% crownvetch and 22% tall fescue (J‐78) and 80% crownvetch and 20% tall fescue (J‐80). Although dry matter intake (kg/100 kg of body weight) differed significantly (P ≤0.05) among hays, no significant difference resulted from the predominance of tall fescue in the W‐28 hay compared with the M‐87 hay (2.68 vs. 2.59). Consumption of the M‐87 hay was significantly higher than the mean of the J‐78 and J‐80 hays (2.59 vs. 2.32). Also, consumption of the M‐28 hay was higher than the mean of the J‐78 and J‐80 hays (2.68 vs. 2.32). The differences in dry matter intake of the latter two comparisons were consistent with forage quality estimates. The practice of growing a cool season grass with crownvetch to enhance dry matter production was not detrimental to dry matter intake of May‐harvested hay in this study. However, hay harvested in July was inferior to hay harvested in May even though the latter was predominantly crownvetch. Further consideration must be given to digestibility of such mixtures and their relationship to animal gain.
Triazine Persistence in Soil in Eastern Ohio1
Authors: Nearpass D. C. , Edwards W. M. , Taylor A. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDegradation rates of triazine herbicides, following application for weed control, were measured to evaluate their persistence in Eastern Ohio soils under no‐tillage and conventional corn management systems.Atrazine [2‐chloro‐4(ethylamino)‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine] degradation in the field was compared with that found in laboratory measurements on the same soil. The reaction showed first‐order kinetics, but in the field the rate constant varied being faster in summer and slower in the early fall. Simazine [2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis‐(ethylamino)‐s‐triazine] degradation in the field showed similar characteristics. Under conventional and no‐till managements both chemicals degraded through three or four half‐lives during the 160‐day growing season. Under similar pH conditions, the presence of a surface mulch did not affect the degradation rate.
Nitrogen Fertilization of Irrigated Russian‐Thistle Forage. II. Some Nutritional Qualities1
Authors: Hageman J. H. , Fowler J. L. , Schaefer D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRussian‐thistle (Salsola spp.), a widely dispersed weed of the western U.S., has been used occasionally as an emergency forage during periods of drought. Because of its known water use efficiency and the growing demand upon irrigation water resources, several of the nutritional qualities of Russian‐thistle have been examined under irrigated field conditions to evaluate its potential as a forage crop for arid and semiarid regions. Plants were grown in the field with a total water application of 22 to 28 cm: urea levels corresponding to 0, 28, 56, 112, and 224 kg N/ha were applied. Water content was found to be similar to that of other species commonly used as forage and was minimally affected by N application. Crude protein, acid detergent lignin, and acid detergent fiber content were slightly but significantly affected by N application. These latter three parameters, however, varied strongly with stage of maturity. Average values of crude protein, acid detergent lignin, and acid detergent fiber were 22, 20, and 4%, respectively, for the youngest plants and 10, 33, and 7%, respectively, for the oldest plants. The protein had an amino acid composition which was nutritionally well balanced. At 112 and 224 kg N/ha plants had average nitrate levels of 0.5 to 0.6%, although variability in measured levels was large.
Portable Electronic Field Scale1
Authors: Engelke M. C. , Campbell E. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA newly developed portable electronic field scale reduces labor and increases efficiency and precision in collecting field data. The scale consists of a low profile platform transducer, with a 1200 cm2 surface area, and a digital weight recorder. It is powered by eight nickel‐cadmium batteries and is programmed to store up to 14 tare weights, provide continuous visual display of the data, and average several weights per second over 1, 2, 4, or 8 sec for increased precision. Identification (ID) and data can be entered by keyboard. A manual record command from the keyboard prints the ID and data on paper tape and records it on cassette tape. The cassette tape can be used for storing and transferring data to computers for further analysis. Utility and precision of the scale are described.
Amino Acid Scores of Dry Bean Proteins Fractionated by Deae Cellulose1
Authors: Vigue J. T. , Marsh H. V. , Pellett P. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are an additional source of protein for human consumption, but the crop has never been exploited as a protein source. The objective of this study was to determine if dry beans exhibit a wide range of sulfur amino acids in proteins fractionated by DEAE chromatography. Protein was extracted from two cultivars (‘Sanilac’ and ‘Bush Blue Lake 290’) and one genotype (P.I. 136‐691) of dry beans with phosphate buffer and fractionated. The amino acid scores of each protein fraction were calculated, based upon the estimated amounts for human needs. The sulfur amino acid scores varied from 19 to 184. Three protein fractions from P.I. 136‐691 had sulfur amino acid scores greater than 100. Lysine scores ranged from 101 to 187 with most being 140 or greater. Threonine scored below 99 in three fractions. Valine and leucine scored below 100 in one of 15 protein fractions analyzed. Isoleucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine were never limiting in these isolated proteins. Although the phosphate extract contained about 50% of the total bean N, the protein fractions from the DEAE cellulose columns represented too small a fraction of total bean protein, (−0.5 to 7 mg/g dry wt. of bean) to be useful for screening potential genotypes for breeding.
A Versatile and Economical Tractor‐Mounted Soil Sampler1
Authors: Chandler J. M. , Savage K. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA hydraulic soil coring machine was constructed for obtaining samples for herbicide residue studies in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] field plots throughout the growing season. The device is mounted on the three‐point hitch of a tractor and utilizes a conventional hydraulic cylinder for taking the soil core. The sampling unit moves laterally on a rigid frame, allowing collection of samples at any point up to 75 cm from the center line of the tractor. Samples may be taken to a depth of 50 cm in 5‐cm increments. The simplicity of design and economical construction, along with the ease of mounting on the tractor, make this an excellent research tool.
Temperature Gradient Effects on in situ Hygrometer Measurements of Soil Water Potential. II. Water Movement1
Authors: Wiebe Herman H. , Brown Ray W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTemperature gradients can cause serious errors in soil water potential determinations by in situ thermocouple hygrometers. One source of error in thermally unstable soil could be condensation or soil drying at the hygrometer caused by temperature induced water movement. In a laboratory study we imbedded various types of hygrometers in sieved loam soil (skeletals, mixed, frigid Lithic Calciorthid Aredisol) and measured temperature gardients and water movement near the hygrometers while the surrounding soil was subjected to temperature gradients. Greatest condensation or drying occurred at the sample surface of end window units while cylindrical sample surface units permitted through diffusion with minimum condensation. Greater heat conduction within hygrometers was correlated with steeper thermal gradients in adjacent soil and with greater water movement. Construction of metals, with large lead wires, and large hygrometer size contributed to greater thermal gradients and water movement in adjacent soil. Hygrometers are relatively insensitive to temperature gradient errors if they are constructed with cylindrical sample surface geometry, with concentric placement of the measuring junction, of materials having low thermal conductivity, with small guage lead wires, and small size.
Cultivar Characteristics of Ethephon‐treated Kentucky Bluegrass1
Authors: Nittler L. W. , Kenny T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEven though several characteristics useful for testing Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) for cultivar purity have been identified, additional characteristics are needed for distinguishing similar cultivars. The investigation reported here was conducted to determine if cultivar differences not observable on untreated plants would develop in response to ethephon (2‐chloroethylphosphoric acid) treatment. Seedlings grown with sand‐nutrient culture under continuous light were sprayed three times (at 3‐day intervals) with 1,000 ppm ethephon solution. Plants were evaluated 52 days after seeds were planted (28 days after the first ethephon application). By this time stems had elongated, leaf blades were very short, red pigment development was different from that of untreated plants and crown type of some cultivars was modified by ethephon. Stems of ‘Windsor’ averaged 82 mm in length compared to 150 mm for ‘Victa’. Leaf blades of Windsor averaged 4 mm in length compared to 18 mm for ‘Park’. ‘Parade’ had the most plants with spreading or semispreading crowns and Windsor had the fewest. Treated plants of most cultivars had less red leaf sheath color than untreated plants but ethephon increased differences between certain cultivars in this regard. Some treated plants had small red areas at nodes only. ‘Touchdown’ had the most plants of this type and ‘Fylking’ had the fewest. Ethephon treatment, by inducing cultivar differences not observable on untreated plants, provides another useful tool for testing Kentucky bluegrass seed lots for cultivar purity.
Yields and Protein Content of Wheat Grain as Affected by Cultivar, N, and Environmental Growth Factors1
Authors: Terman G. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrain protein is important in human and animal nutrition and in relation to various culinary uses of flour. Various wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars are reported to vary widely in grain yield and protein concentrations. To study yield‐protein relationships, three soft red winter (Atlas 66, Knox 62, and Blue Boy) and three hard red winter (Norin 16, Tascosa, and Omaha) wheat cultivars were grown in a pot experiment at Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Response to 0, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1,200 mg of N/pot (3 kg of Mountview silt loam) together with adequate, uniform rates of other nutrients was determined.All cultivars increased similarly in grain and straw yields, crude protein concentrations, and crude protein / pot with amount of applied N. The ranking for grain yields was: Tascosa > Blue Boy = Knox 62 > Omaha > Norin 16 > Atlas. The ranking for crude protein concentrations was in the reverse order. These trends indicate pronounced genetic differences among cultivars. At each rate of applied N, protein concentrations were also inversely related to grain and straw yields. Early uptake of N at forage and boot stages of growth was usually highly correlated with uptake in grain + straw at maturity. Nitrogen and moisture supply, light, temperature, and other growth factors greatly affect yield‐protein relationships among cultivars. Differences among cultivars tended to be greatest under optimum growth conditions.
Acceleration of Boll Dehiscence with Desiccant Chemicals1
Authors: Cathey George W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMaturity of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants is sometimes delayed and some top bolls may not have opened by the first hard freeze in the fall. The result is often a significant economic loss to the grower. The objectives of this research were to investigate the drying pattern in cotton bolls during the final stage of development and to evaluate the effects of desiccant‐type harvest aid chemicals in altering the boll drying process and dehiscence rate. One greenhouse study was conducted to measure moisture loss from the bur and seed cotton fractions of treated and untreated bolls during the final stage of maturity. Two field studies were conducted to determine the effects of desiccant chemicals on yield components, fiber properties, and dehiscence rate of bolls that developed late in the growing season. The greenhouse plants were sprayed with 187 liters/ha of a 1.5% aqueous solution of arsenic acid and those in the field were sprayed with either sodium chlorate, paraquat, or arsenic acid at 6.72, 0.14, and 5.39 kg/ha, respectively.Drying of untreated greenhouse‐grown cotton bolls prior to dehiscence occurred primarily in the interior or seed cotton fraction of the boll. Moisture content of the bur remained at near 80% until just before dehiscence, whereas that of the seed cotton fraction declined at a near linear rate from 78% in 38‐day‐old bolls to 53% in 50‐day‐old bolls. Moisture loss from both fractions was accelerated by treatment of the bolls with arsenic acid, but the loss was more pronounced in the bur than in the seed cotton fraction. Boll dehiscence on field‐grown plants in 1975 and 1976 was influenced by the environment. The dehiscence rate during both years, however, was accelerated in plots treated with either arsenic acid or paraquat. A trend toward increased dehiscence occurred also in the sodium chlorate plots, but the differences were significant during 1975 only. Dehiscence in the arsenic acid plots was greater than in any of the other plots during both years. None of the chemicals had any adverse effects on any yield component or fiber property. This research indicates that desiccant‐type harvest aid chemicals can be used to increase the percentage of bolls harvested from a late developer crop without loss of fiber and seed quality.
Spectral Distribution of Dimmed HID Lamps in a Plant Growth Facility1
Authors: Bingham G. E. , Coyne P. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA commercial dimming ballast system for high intensity discharge (HID) lamps has been tested for use in plant growth chambers. The dimming ballast system can be controlled either manually at the dimming panel or by a d.c. voltage from a programmer or computer. Using the dimming system, photosynthetically active radiation can be continuously varied from about 200 to about 2000 µE m−2s−1. This paper shows the effects of dimming on the spectral intensity (400 to 750 nm) of three types of HID lamps measured individually and in combination to achieve a better spectral mix. The lamps used in this study were 400 w metal halide, mercury vapor and high pressure sodium.
Accumulation of NO3 and NH4 in Reed Canarygrass1
Authors: Gomm F. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent investigations have shown that reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) contains chemical compounds implicated with low palatability, reduced gains, and deaths in cattle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of environmental variables on the accumulation of NO3 in reed canarygrass. An understanding of the response of this species to its environment will aid in the management and culture of reed canarygrass for production of livestock. Reed canarygrass clones were grown in sand‐filled pots in a growth room under the following controlled conditions: temperature, 15 and 30 C; irradiance, 4.2 and 42.0 W/m2; soil moisture, low medium, and saturated; fertilizer‐N, 0, 110, 220, and 440 kg/ha. The clones were cut from meadow sod where the soil, tentatively classified as Silvies series, was Fluventic and Cumulic Haplaquoll‐fine‐silty, mixed, mesic family. Herbage yields and accumulations of NH4‐N and NO3‐N at the end of three growing periods were evaluated. Increasing temperature from 15 to 30 C increased the rate of growth for plants receiving 42.0 W/m2. Yields were highest when plants were grown in saturated soil at 30 C with 42.0 W/m2 and 440 kg N/ha. Concentrations of NH4 and NO3 were highest in plants grown in unsaturated soil at 30 C with 4.2 W/m2 and 440 kg N/ha. When reed canarygrass was grown under these conditions, the NO3‐N concentration increased to 2.43%, 10 times the level (0.21%) considered potentially toxic to livestock.
Time and Rate of Paraquat Application for Curing Meadow Vegetation for Winter Grazing1
Authors: Sneva Forrest A. , Gomm F. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWinter grazing of paraquat (1,1 dimethyl‐4,4 bipyridinium ion)‐cured meadow vegetation has been shown to hold potential as an alternative to the conventional cut‐stack‐feed practice in the Great Basin meadowlands. Additional information was needed to define (i) the minimum levels of paraquat required for curing; (ii) the best application time; (iii) the comparative effectiveness of above‐canopy spray release with within‐canopy spray release.Plots were treated with paraquat at rates from 0.06 to 0.56 kg/ha in July of 2 years. Paraquat applied in the morning, midday, and evening hours evaluated plant maturity, illumination, temperature, relative humidity, and surface soil moisture in relation to the chemical's effectiveness to arrest the loss of herbage N.Vegetation was satisfactorily cured with 0.11 kg/ha paraquat. Crude protein concentrations of meadow vegetation exceeded 7% in July, and treatments in that month maintained concentrations above 5.5% for 160 days; naturally cured vegetation then contained less than 4%. Yield losses in treated plots 90 days after treatment ranged from 22 to 30% but were no greater than those in control plots. Dispensing the spray above the canopy was more efficient than dispensing it within the canopy, but the difference is believed to be a result of poor spray coverage from the within‐canopy treatments. Morning, midday, and evening applications did not produce significantly different treatment means. Crude protein concentration was higher in vegetation treated on sunny days than on overcast days, but this was due to sunny day effect rather than an increase in effectiveness of paraquat. Paraquat residue at 100 days after treatment at the rate of 0.34 kg/ha or less ranged from 3 to 15 ppm.
Tolerance of Desiccation in Germinating Seeds of Crested Wheatgrass and Russian Wildrye1
Authors: Hassanyar Amir S. , Wilson A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInadequate rainfall and drying of soil frequently result in the desiccation of seeds during the interval between planting and germination. Early investigations suggested that crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch., ex Link, Schult.)] may be more tolerant of desiccation than Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.) at the stage in which the seminal primary root is just beginning to protrude from the caryopsis. The objective of this study was to determine whether these species differ in tolerance at earlier stages of germination.Three sequential steps were accomplished in a germinator or plant growth chamber: a) an initial wet treatment in which germination of seeds progressed to either the early, the intermediate, or the advanced stage; b) a 4‐day stress treatment at various water potentials; and c) a germination or growth test conducted under favorable moisture conditions to evaluate the effects of temporary stress. Seeds were more susceptible to injury in the intermediate and advanced stages of germination than in the early stage. In the advanced stage of germination, temporary stress injured Russian wildrye more than crested wheatgrass. Water stress delayed and inhibited root growth more than shoot growth. Because inhibition of root development may adversely affect the subsequent growth and survival of seedlings, cultural practices are needed to reduce the severity of water stress at planting depth on semiarid lands.
Uptake of Sulfur by Bentgrass Putting Green Turf1
Authors: Goss Roy L. , Brauen Stanton E. , Orton S. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPutting green bentgrass (Agrostis spp.) fertility management may vary extremely between geographic locations, especially with respect to N application rates. Rates may vary from 160 to over 890 kg N/ha per year. Tissue removed by mowing over a period of time can cause nutrient deficiency from any nutrient required for growth and development. This field study was conducted on an established Agrostis tenuis Sibth. ‘Astoria’ bentgrass putting green turf at Washington State University's Western Washington Research and Extension Center at Puyallup, WA, to measure plant uptake of S at various rates of applied N and their effects on growth and color. Rates of 0, 56, and 168 kg of S/ha per year from wettable S, and 293, 586, and 976 kg of N/ha per year from urea were applied to plots. Leaf tissue samples were collected over a 12‐month period and analyzed for S by x‐ray fluorescence spectrography. Significantly lower S concentrations were found in tissue from high N plots with zero S as compared to all other treatments. Average tissue S concentrations from nonfertilized plots was lower than it was in tissue receiving N plus S, but tissue S concentrations from nonfertilized plots was significantly higher than in tissue from plots receiving N only. There was no significant difference between average tissue S concentrations among high and low S treated plots in the presence of N. The total S removed in clippings from plots receiving high N and zero S was 48% greater than that from the control. The addition of either 56 or 168 kg S/ha to N fertilized plots increased total S removal in excess of 115% over no‐S treated plots and the combined addition of N and S increased S removal 219% above the S removed in nonfertilized bentgrass. High N plus S fertilized plots had a yield of 71% more clippings and a 36% increase in average tissue S when compared to plots receiving high N and zero S. These tests revealed that 0.3% S concentration in bentgrass putting green turfgrass appears to be minimal under high N fertilization.
Rice Research Harvesting Techniques with a Small Plot Combine1
Authors: McCauley G. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHarvesting lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) research plots has been done primarily by hand‐cutting the grain stalks and carrying the cut material to a stationary thresher for threshing. The manual labor involved in the above operation makes lowland rice plot harvesting an expensive labor‐intensive operation and limits the scope and type of experimental work that can be accomplished.Recently, a small self‐propelled combine (Suzue model CP730C, Suzue Agric. Mach. Co., LTD, Japan), suitable for harvesting small areas of lowland rice, (modified by replacing the bulk auger with a sample pan) was evaluated for use in harvesting rice research plots. The combine was evaluated for the most effective length of a 0.8 m harvest swath on three cultivars, ‘Labelle,’ ‘Lebonnet,’ and ‘Della.’ Harvest swath lengths evaluated ranged from 1.5 to 12 m in 1.5 m increments. An area 0.4 ✕ 6.0 m was hand harvested as the check. Another area 0.8 ✕ 6.0 m was harvested across the rows to simulate broadcast rice. A harvest swath 1.5 m long gave consistently larger yields than hand‐harvested. Mechanically harvested swaths of 3 to 12 m resulted in similar yields for all cultivars. For ‘Lebonnet’ and ‘Della’ hand‐harvested and mechanically‐harvested swaths greater than 3 m long were similar in yield. Mechanically‐harvested 3 to 12 m swaths of ‘Labelle,’ with the rows gave lower yields than mechanically‐harvested swaths across the rows.