bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile Synthesis of Ultrathin and Single‐Crystalline Au Nanowires
Authors: Wang Chao , Sun Shouheng 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThin is in! Recent advance in solution‐phase synthesis has led to the formation of ultrathin single‐crystalline Au nanowires with diameters of less than 10 nm. This Focus Review summarizes these syntheses and provides an exciting example of the electron transport in the ultrathin Au nanowires to demonstrate their great potential for nanoelectronic applications.magnified imageAu nanowires have attracted significant interest in nanomaterials research owing to their chemical stability and high conductivity for potential nanoelectronic applications. However, previous syntheses yielded only polycrystalline Au nanowires with diameters larger than 10 nm. Very recent advances in solution‐phase synthesis have led to the formation of ultrathin single‐crystalline Au nanowires with diameters of less than 10 nm. This Focus Review summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and transport studies of these ultrathin single‐crystalline Au nanowires for potential electronic device applications.
Sodium benzoate exposure downregulates the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter in dopaminergic neuronsin developing zebrafish
Authors: Chen Qian , Huang Nan‐nan , Huang Jin‐tao , Chen Shen , Fan Jinjin , Li Chaohong , Xie Fu‐kang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Recent data have demonstrated that treatment with sodium benzoate (SB) leads to significant developmental defects in motor neuron axons and neuromuscular junctions in zebrafish larvae, thereby implying that SB can be neurotoxic. This study examined whether SB affects the development of dopaminergic neurons in the zebrafish brain. METHODS: Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of SB for various durations, during which the survival rates were recorded, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) in the neurons in the ventral diencephalon were detected by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence, and the locomotor activity of larval zebrafish was measured. RESULTS: The survival rates were significantly decreased with the increase of duration and dose of SB‐treatment. Compared to untreated clutch mates (untreated controls), treatment with SB significantly downregulated expression of TH and DAT in neurons in the ventral diencephalon of 3‐day post‐fertilization (dpf) zebrafish embryos in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, there was a marked decrease in locomotor activity in zebrafish larvae at 6dpf in response to SB treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that SB exposure can cause significantly decreased survival rates of zebrafish embryos in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner and downregulated expression of TH and DAT in dopaminergic neurons in the zebrafish ventral diencephalon, which results in decreased locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae. This study may provide some important information for further elucidating the mechanism underlying SB‐induced developmental neurotoxicity. Birth Defects Res (Part B)86: 85‐91, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel inhibitory kinetic fluorimetric method for the determination of trace methomyl in environmental samples
Authors: Fan Jing , Shao Xiaojing , Xu Haizhu , Feng Suling 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA novel inhibitory kinetic fluorimetric method for the determination of trace methomyl was proposed. It was shown that the Fenton reagent oxidized rhodamine B in acid medium which enabled the fluorescence quenching of the latter. The presence of trace methomyl clearly inhibited the reaction. Upon addition of EDTA, a good linear relationship between the inhibitory effect and the concentration of methomyl was observed, together with improved stabilization and sensitivity. Factors affecting the determination of trace methomyl were investigated systematically. Under the optimum conditions, the linear range for the determination of methomyl was 0.04–2.2 µg/mL; the detection limit and the quantification limit for methomyl were 0.011 and 0.037 µg/mL, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of methomyl in four environmental soil samples, six environmental water samples and one synthetic sample; the results were compared with those determined by the HPLC method. The recoveries and the relative errors were 83.5–101.2 and 0.47–2.02%, respectively. The possible reaction mechanism has also been discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Mechanism for Stochastic Decision Making by Bacteria
Authors: Hensel Zach , Xiao Jie 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWhat mechanism underlies the induction of the lac operon? Expression from the lac operon is an all‐or‐none phenomenon. Recent work by Choi et al. combines single‐molecule imaging of gene expression with single‐cell induction measurements to develop a stochastic model describing the critical role of single lac‐repressor molecules in induction.magnified image
Glycoproteomic analysis of WGA‐bound glycoprotein biomarkers in sera from patients with lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Hongsachart Piyorot , Huang‐Liu Rosa , Sinchaikul Supachok , Pan Fu‐Ming , Phutrakul Suree , Chuang Yu‐Min , Yu Chong‐Jen , Chen Shui‐Tein 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDifferential protein expression profiles in the serum samples from patients with lung adenocarcinoma may be associated with glycosylation during cancer development. In this study, we used various glycoproteomic approaches to investigate the different glycoproteomic profiles of human normal and lung adenocarcinoma serum samples and to investigate putative altered glycoprotein biomarkers. In our preliminary screening, FITC‐labeled lectin staining was used for the detection of specific glycoprotein profiles. wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin had the highest level of specific binding to glycoproteins in both samples. We enriched for glycoproteins in the serum samples using WGA lectin affinity and then performed co‐immunoprecipitation with anti‐haptoglobin and 2‐DE, 2‐D difference in‐gel electrophoresis and MS analyses. From these analyses, we identified 39 differentially expressed proteins, including 27 up‐regulated proteins and 12 down‐regulated proteins. Bioinformatics tools were used to search for protein ontology, category classifications and prediction of glycosylation sites. In addition, three up‐regulated glycoproteins (adiponectin, cerulolasmin and glycosylphosphatidyl‐inositol‐80) and two down‐regulated glycoproteins (cyclin H and Fyn) that were found to be correlated with lung cancer development were validated by Western blot analysis. We suggest that these altered glycoproteins may be useful as biomarkers for lung cancer development and progression.
Hippocampal long‐term potentiation is enhanced in urethane‐anesthetized RGS2 knockout mice
Authors: Hutchison R. Matthew , Chidiac Peter , Leung L. Stan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRGS2 is a member of the regulator of G‐protein signaling (RGS) family and has been implicated in cellular mechanisms associated with neuronal plasticity. Long‐term potentiation (LTP) of RGS2 knockout and wild‐type mice was examined at the Schaffer collaterals to CA1 pathway in urethane‐anesthetized mice in vivo to examine RGS2's possible role in the regulation of potentiation. As compared to wild‐type mice, RGS2 knockouts demonstrated much stronger LTP of the extracellular population spikes at the somatic and dendritic layers in CA1 region and more pronounced LTP of the population excitatory postsynaptic current sink. Under baseline conditions, RGS2 knockouts showed lower paired‐pulse facilitation of the excitatory postsynaptic potentials and associated current sinks in vivo as compared with wild‐type mice. The data show for the first time that RGS2 deficient mice in vivo differ from wild‐type mice in both short‐term and long‐term synaptic plasticity suggesting that RGS2 serves as a negative regulator of long‐term synaptic plasticity. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunotherapy with cytokine induced killer cells in solid and hematopoietic tumours: a pilot clinical trial
Authors: Olioso Paola , Giancola Raffaella , Di Riti Maria , Contento Alessandro , Accorsi Patrizia , Iacone Antonio 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground and Objectives: CIK cells are a novel population of efficient immune effector cells with high antitumour activity mainly due to the high proliferation of CD3+CD56+ cells, so may play a role in the development of new forms of adoptive cellular immunotherapy. We started a pilot clinical trial with autologous CIK cells in patients with refractory lymphoma and metastatic solid tumours. This study was aimed at determining the feasibility of generating a sufficient number of CIK cells in heavily pretreated patients and at assessing treatment toxicity. Design and Methods: CIK cells were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) and incubated in the presence of IFN‐γ followed by OKT3 and IL‐2. Treatment schedule consisted of three cycles of CIK cells infusions at an interval of 3 weeks. Results: At present 12 patients were enrolled: 6 advanced lymphomas, 5 metastatic kidney carcinoma and 1 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The median number of transferred cells per patient was 28 × 109 (range, 6–61). Protocol adherence was excellent and the toxicity profile was favourable. After CIK cells infusion, the absolute median count of lymphocytes, CD3+, CD8+ and CD3+CD56+ cells significantly increased in patient's peripheral blood. Clinical outcome appeared promising: three patients had complete response (CR) and two patients had stabilization of disease with a median follow‐up of 33 months (range, 9–44). Interpretations and Conclusions: These preliminary data showed that adoptive immunotherapy with CIK cells is a safe therapy with some suggestion of efficacy that significantly enhances immune functions increasing absolute numbers of effector cells without side effects. If confirmed in larger scale studies, these promising results may have a favourable impact on conventional treatment strategy of malignancies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physiological comparison of Pseudomonas putida between two growth phases during cometabolism of 4‐chlorophenol in presence of phenol and glutamate: a proteomics approach
Authors: Cao Bin , Loh Kai‐Chee 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: In cometabolic transformation of 4‐chlorophenol (4‐cp) in the presence of phenol and sodium glutamate (SG), a new biphasic growth pattern has been reported. This study investigates the physiological changes of Pseudomonas putida P8 during the biphasic growth by means of 2‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) and MALDI‐TOF analyses.RESULTS: A total of 49 protein spots were selected and identified in the 2‐DE gels from P. putida P8 grown on a mixed substrate containing 200 mg L−1 of phenol, 200 mg L−1 of 4‐cp and 1000 mg L−1 SG. Among them, 16 protein spots were found differentially expressed in the two exponential growth phases during the biphasic growth, including six catabolic enzymes (DmpC, DmpD, DmpE, DmpF, DmpG and AspA) for substrate utilization. The expression of other proteins involved in detoxification and stress responses, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, and environmental information processing as well as a multifunctional xenobiotic reductase (XenA) was quantitatively analyzed and discussed.CONCLUSION: The expression levels of the identified catabolic enzymes during growth in the two growth phases correlated well with the substrate utilization patterns observed in previous kinetics studies. Furthermore, the results show that cells growing on a mixture of aromatic substrates undergo significant physiological changes. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of rosemary and Hibiscus sabdariffa in production of kavurma, a cooked meat product
Authors: Bozkurt Hüseyin , Belibaǧlı K Bülent 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Spices are used in different types of foods to improve flavours and are well known for their antioxidant properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of rosemary and Hibiscus sabdariffa on the quality attributes of kavurma, a cooked meat product.RESULTS: pH values of samples remained constant (P > 0.05) at about 6.35 during the cooking period, and addition of H. sabdariffa, rosemary or butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) did not significantly affect pH values (P > 0.05). However, addition of antioxidants decreased (P < 0.05) thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance (TBARS) values, the highest values being observed in control samples. Lightness (Hunter L) values of control samples increased (P < 0.05) from 28.79 to 37.91 during the first 20 min of cooking. Hunter a and b values were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by process time and addition of antioxidants. Addition of BHT, rosemary or H. sabdariffa did not affect the overall sensory attributes of kavurma during the cooking process.CONCLUSION: Colour values changed during the cooking process, mainly as a result of browning reactions. Addition of rosemary or H. sabdariffa enhanced the colour attributes of kavurma during cooking. Rosemary and H. sabdariffa could be used to modify the quality characteristics and obtain kavurma with a low TBARS value and probably a longer shelf‐life. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Somatostatin and gentamicin‐induced auditory hair cell loss
Authors: Caelers Antje , Monge Arianne , Brand Yves , Bodmer Daniel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis:Hair cells of the mammalian auditory system do not regenerate, and therefore their loss leads to irreversible hearing loss. Aminoglycosides, among other substances, can irreversibly damage hair cells. Somatostatin, a peptide with hormone/neurotransmitter properties, has neuroprotective effects by binding to its receptor. In this study, we tested whether somatostatin can protect hair cells from gentamicin‐induced damage in vitro.Study Design:This study confirmed the expression of somatostatin receptor mRNA within the cochlea and analyzed the effect of somatostatin on gentamicin‐induced hair cell damage and death in vitro.Methods:Expression of somatostatin receptor mRNA in the rat cochlea was analyzed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Protection of auditory hair cells from gentamicin was tested using two different concentrations (1 μM and 5 μM, respectively) of somatostatin.Results:We detected somatostatin receptor‐1 and ‐2 mRNA and in the organ of Corti (OC), spiral ganglion, and stria vascularis by RT‐PCR. Moreover, we could see significantly less hair cell loss in the OCs that were pretreated with either 1 μM or 5 μM of somatostatin as compared with samples treated with gentamicin alone.Conclusions:Decreased hair cell loss in somatostatin‐treated samples that had been exposed to gentamicin provides evidence for a protective effect of somatostatin in aminoglycoside‐induced hair cell death in vitro.
Optical Waveguide Spectroscopy for the Investigation of Protein‐Functionalized Hydrogel Films
Authors: Aulasevich Alena , Roskamp Robert F. , Jonas Ulrich , Menges Bernhard , Dostálek Jakub , Knoll Wolfgang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article reports the implementation of optical waveguide spectroscopy (OWS) for the quantitative time‐resolved observation of changes in the swelling behavior and mass density of protein‐functionalized hydrogel films. In the experiment, a thin film of an N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm)‐based polymer that supported optical waveguide modes is attached to a metallic sensor surface. IgG molecules are in situ immobilized in this gel by using novel coupling chemistry with a charge‐attraction scheme based on a tetrafluorophenol sulfonate active ester. The anti‐fouling properties of the functionalized hydrogel network and the kinetics of the affinity binding of protein molecules in the gel are investigated.magnified image
Infrared multiphoton dissociation in quadrupole ion traps
Authors: Brodbelt Jennifer S. , Wilson Jeffrey J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe development of new ion activation techniques continues to be a dynamic area of scientific discovery, in part to complement the tremendous innovations in ionization methods that have allowed the mass spectrometric analysis of an enormous array of molecules. Ion activation/dissociation provides key information about ion structures, binding energies, and differentiation of isomers, as well as affording a primary means of identifying compounds in mixtures. Numerous new activation methods have emerged over the past two decades in an effort to develop alternatives to collisional activated dissociation, the gold standard for providing structurally diagnostic fragmentation patterns. Collisional activated dissociation does not always offer sufficiently high or controllable energy deposition, thus rendering it less useful for certain classes of molecules, such as large proteins or macromolecular complexes. Photodissociation is one of the most promising alternatives and is readily implemented in ion trapping and time‐of‐flight mass spectrometers. Photodissociation generally entails using a laser to irradiate ions with UV, visible, or IR photons, thus resulting in internal energy deposition based on the number and wavelengths of the photons. The activation process can be extremely rapid and efficient, as well as having the potential for high total energy deposition. This review describes infrared multiphoton dissociation in quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry. A comparison of photodissociation and collisional activated dissociation is covered, in addition to some of the methods to increase photodissociation efficiency. Numerous applications of IRMPD are discussed as well, including ones related to the analysis of drugs, peptides, nucleic acids, and oligosaccharides. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:390–424, 2009
Neutral and ion thermochemistry: Its present status and significance
Authors: Holmes John L. , Aubry Christiane 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis short account outlines the sources of thermochemical data that are important for gas phase ion chemistry. It describes some of the relationships that have been identified for the empirical estimation of enthalpies among neutral molecules, free radicals, and odd and even electron ions. For neutral species, the additivity principle works well and this has been developed to cover a very wide range of structures and isomers. Ionization energies of homologous species depend inversely on molecular size, allowing estimates to be made for missing members. For ions, the effect of a group substitution (such as replacing a hydrogen atom by, e.g., a methyl or hydroxyl group) can easily be estimated, but such results are strongly dependent upon the position of the charge site, relative to that of the substitution. Special emphasis is given to the reliability of data collections and simple directions are provided as to how critically to assess and identify less‐than‐satisfactory values. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:694–700, 2009
A FETI‐preconditioned conjugate gradient method for large‐scale stochastic finite element problems
Authors: Ghosh Debraj , Avery Philip , Farhat Charbel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn the spectral stochastic finite element method for analyzing an uncertain system, the uncertainty is represented by a set of random variables, and a quantity of interest such as the system response is considered as a function of these random variables. Consequently, the underlying Galerkin projection yields a block system of deterministic equations where the blocks are sparse but coupled. The solution of this algebraic system of equations becomes rapidly challenging when the size of the physical system and/or the level of uncertainty is increased. This paper addresses this challenge by presenting a preconditioned conjugate gradient method for such block systems where the preconditioning step is based on the dual–primal finite element tearing and interconnecting method equipped with a Krylov subspace reusage technique for accelerating the iterative solution of systems with multiple and repeated right‐hand sides. Preliminary performance results on a Linux Cluster suggest that the proposed solution method is numerically scalable and demonstrate its potential for making the uncertainty quantification of realistic systems tractable. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benchmarking currently available SELDI‐TOF MS preprocessing techniques
Authors: Emanuele Vincent A. , Gurbaxani Brian M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSELDI protein profiling experiments can be used as a first step in studying the pathogenesis of various diseases such as cancer. There are a plethora of software packages available for doing the preprocessing of SELDI data, each with many options and written from different signal processing perspectives, offering many researchers choices they may not have the background or desire to make. Moreover, several studies have shown that mistakes in the preprocessing of the data can bias the biological interpretation of the study. For this reason, we conduct a large scale evaluation of available signal processing techniques to establish which are most effective. We use data generated from a standard, published simulation engine so that “truth” is known. We select the top algorithms by considering two logical performance metrics, and give our recommendations for research directions that are likely to be most promising. There is considerable opportunity for future contributions improving the signal processing of SELDI spectra.
Proteomic analysis of GTP cyclohydrolase 1 multiprotein complexes in cultured normal adult human astrocytes under both basal and cytokine‐activated conditions
Authors: Chiarini Anna , Armato Ubaldo , Pacchiana Raffaella , Dal Pra Ilaria 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) is the rate‐limiting enzyme of a metabolic pathway synthesizing tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the cofactor dimerizing and activating inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS‐2). GCH1 protein expression and enzyme activity are minimal in cultured, phenotypically stable, untreated normal adult human astrocytes (NAHA), but are strongly induced, together with NOS‐2, by a mixture of three proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and IFN‐γ – the CM‐trio) released by microglia under brain‐damaging conditions. The resulting hyper‐production of NO severely harms neurons. In this study, using MALDI‐TOF/MS, PMF, Western immunoblotting (WB), and antibody microarrays we identified several proteins coimmunoprecipitating with GCH1. Under basal conditions, GCH1 was associated with various adaptor/regulator molecules involved in G‐protein‐coupled receptors signalling, protein serine/threonine phosphatase 2Cβ (PP2Cβ), and serine–threonine kinases like Ca2+calmodulin kinases (CaMKs), casein kinases (CKs), cAMP‐dependent kinases (PKAs), and mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Exposure to the three cytokines' mixture (CM‐trio) significantly changed, within the 48–72 h required for the induction and activation of GCH1, the levels and identities of some of the 0 h‐associated proteins: after 72 h CK‐IIα tended to dissociate from, whereas MAPK12 and JNK3 were strongly associated with fully active GCH1. These findings provide a first enticing glimpse into the intricate mechanisms regulating GCH1 activation by proinflammatory cytokines in NAHA, and may have therapeutic implications.