bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of a cold margin on ice flow at the terminus of Storglaciären, Sweden: implications for sediment transport
Authors: Moore Peter L. , Iverson Neal R. , Brugger Keith A. , Cohen Denis , Hooyer Thomas S. , Jansson Peter 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe cold-based termini of polythermal glaciers are usually assumed to adhere strongly to an immobile substrate and thereby supply significant resistance to the flow of warm-based ice up-glacier. This compressive environment is commonly thought to uplift basal sediment to the surface of the glacier by folding and thrust faulting. We present model and field evidence from the terminus of Storglaciären, Sweden, showing that the cold margin provides limited resistance to flow from up-glacier. Ice temperatures indicate that basal freezing occurs in this zone at 10−1 −10−2 m a−1, but model results indicate that basal motion at rates greater than 1 m a−1 must, nevertheless, persist there for surface and basal velocities to be consistent with measurements. Estimated longitudinal compressive stresses of 20–25 kPa within the terminus further indicate that basal resistance offered by the cold-based terminus is small. These results indicate that where polythermal glaciers are underlain by unlithified sediments, ice-flow trajectories and sediment transport pathways may be affected by subglacial topography and hydrology more than by the basal thermal regime.
Monoclonal Light Chains and the Kidney
Authors: Neuwirt Hannes , Rudnicki Michael , Schramek Herbert , Mayer Gert 
Published: April 2011

Monoclonal proteins are most commonly associated with the malignant proliferation of plasma cells, called multiple myeloma (MM), which can cause a variety of renal disorders. Direct structural damage, however, is almost exclusively seen in the presence of light and / or heavy chains. This review provides an overview of kidney diseases in monoclonal disorders. Issues like epidemiology, impact on survival, pathology and pathophysiology will be summarized. Additionally, diagnostic measures and differential diagnosis are discussed. Furthermore, this article focuses on special disease entities that primarily involve glomerula (e.g. amyloidosis, monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease) or the tubulointerstitium (e.g. light chain cast nephropathy). Especially the issue of treating light chain cast nephropathy in patients with MM has become a focus of recent in vitro and in vivo research. New treatment options using special hemodialysers have instigated a fundamental discussion about utilizing this technology not only in MM patients with acute renal failure but also in those with reduced glomerular filtration rate due to cast nephropathy. We summarize the current status of treatment options of light chain cast nephropathy. Advantages of traditional compared to recently developed treatments will be discussed as well as modern chemotherapy protocols and the impact on overall survival and kidney function.
Occupational Therapy in Chronic Liver Disease: A Preliminary Study to Explore the Views of Occupational Therapists and Physicians Working in Acute Medical Settings
Authors: Elliott Chris , Frith James , Newton Julia 
Published: April 2011

Chronic liver disease (CLD) is on the increase worldwide. Occupational therapists are well placed to address many of the symptoms associated with CLD; however, there is a dearth of literature to support this or to define the current working practice of occupational therapists in this clinical area. This study used questionnaires and mixed methodological analysis to describe both the current working practice of occupational therapists in CLD and the perceptions of the occupational therapist's role by physicians referring patients with CLD to occupational therapy. Thematic analysis of the structured data demonstrated an appropriate understanding of, and referral to, occupational therapy in the context of safe discharge from hospital and the provision of equipment. Cross-sectional analysis revealed a homogeneous approach to current occupational therapy working practice in CLD which, although expedient, lacks emphasis on the treatment of the symptoms experienced by this client group.
An Occupational Perspective of the Recovery Journey in Mental Health
Authors: Kelly Mary , Lamont Scott , Brunero Scott 
Published: April 2011

Background: The philosophy of occupational therapy and that of recovery are markedly similar; however, there is limited research linking occupation to recovery in mental health. Aim: This study aimed to explore the relationship between recovery and occupation in consumers with mental health problems. Method: A qualitative method in the form of narratives was chosen in exploring the uniquely subjective experiences of mental health, occupation and recovery. Five members of a mental health support group (GROW) were engaged in semi-structured interviews, whereby individual narratives were analysed through comparative methods to identify categories and themes. Findings: Five categories emerged: (1) The recovery map, (2) GROW has just given me the platform, (3) You have to become active, (4) The great barriers and (5) Where am I now … I couldn't bear it if I was any better. The participants' experiences of recovery highlighted the necessity for occupational engagement in a supported environment. The benefits of occupation included feelings of social cohesion, meaning, purpose, normalisation, routine, competence, productivity, skill acquisition, routine and pleasure. These factors enabled the participants to re-establish self-concepts and subsequently promoted mental health. Implications: The findings may have implications for occupational therapy practice, whereby occupational therapy could facilitate a leadership role in recovery-orientated mental health services.
Mothers' Perceptions of Their Children's Occupational Therapy Processes: A Qualitative Interview Study
Authors: Kolehmainen Niina , Duncan Edward , McKee Lorna , Francis Jill 
Published: April 2011

This study aimed to explore parents' views of the management of their children's occupational therapy in the United Kingdom (UK). Forty-one parents of children recently seen by occupational therapists were approached. Seven mothers from four different health boards who agreed to participate were interviewed about their experiences and views of their child's occupational therapy. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. The interview data suggest that achieving a good quality therapy process requires therapists to appreciate mothers' desire actively to ‘do things’ to help their child and to protect their child from harm. Therapists can support mothers in this by facilitating their access to treatment and support for their child, where the treatment and support are in line with the goals of the child, the parents and the school. The mothers emphasised the importance of interactions between them, the therapist and educational staff. Specifically, shared understandings of the child's condition between the parent and the therapist, and therapists' active engagement of parents, appeared to be linked to parents' positive views of therapy. The findings map onto the literature from North America about parents' expectations of children's rehabilitation services. Recommendations for practice and future research are discussed.
Research Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Barriers among Paediatric Occupational Therapists in the United Kingdom
Authors: Lyons Carissa , Casey Jackie , Brown Ted , Tseng Mei , McDonald Rachael 
Published: April 2011

Evidence-based practice and research utilisation are promoted to enable clients to receive the most current care; however, there is limited research evaluating the use of these approaches within the occupational therapy profession. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, practices and barriers to evidence-based practice and research utilisation of a group of paediatric occupational therapists in the United Kingdom. Questionnaires were received from 145 participants (response rate 30%), who completed the Research Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Research Survey (KAP Survey), the Edmonton Research Orientation Survey (EROS) and the Barriers to Research Utilisation Scale (BARRIERS). The results indicated that the respondents held positive attitudes towards research and were willing to access new information and implement research findings to guide clinical practice. However, they were less confident in their research knowledge and practices, and perceived multiple barriers associated with the organisation, accessibility and quality of research. The respondents reported limited engagement in conducting research studies; however, the majority of the sample reported implementing the findings of research in their clinical practice to some extent. Additional research education and support within organisations would be beneficial to ensure that children and families are receiving occupational therapy services that are based on sound research evidence.
An Independence at Home Service: The Potential and the Pitfalls for Occupational Therapy Services
Authors: Littlechild Rosemary , Bowl Ric , Matka Elizabeth 
Published: April 2011

The United Kingdom Government has signalled its desire to change the emphasis of the support provided by social care services to older people from simply assisting people to remain living in the community to increasing their ability to function independently. Local authorities charged with implementing this agenda have responded with a range of changes. This study evaluates the Independence at Home service of a large United Kingdom metropolitan social services department, which was staffed by occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants and based with local area adult social work teams. The study draws upon comparisons with other services; interviews with service users and staff; and data gathered using an amended version of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure on changes to service users' functioning. The findings suggest that such an approach can potentially boost service users' independence and functioning, but also reveal the difficulties of running such a service in the context of other constraints. These impediments need to be overcome if the Government's ambitious prevention agenda is to become a reality.
Self-Awareness Enhancement through Learning and Function (SELF): A Theoretically Based Guideline for Practice
Authors: Dirette Diane 
Published: April 2011

Introduction: Impaired self-awareness is a significant barrier to successful rehabilitation. This paper presents a new guideline for practice, entitled Self-awareness Enhancement through Learning and Function (SELF). Description: The SELF is a newly developed guideline for practice, which incorporates the latest theoretical information from neuroscience, psychology and computer science regarding self-awareness, learning, cognition and care giving, with evidence of the importance of participation in occupation. The SELF provides clear evaluation and treatment postulates using therapeutic alliance, occupation, belief perspectives, brain education and compensatory strategies to improve self-awareness. Discussion: The current approach to the treatment of impaired self-awareness focuses on testing and performance feedback. This approach does not have evidence to support its effectiveness and there is some evidence that the approach actually contributes to emotional distress and increased denial of deficits. Conclusion: The SELF integrates the art and the science of occupational therapy to foster self-awareness in an empathetic and dignified manner. Occupational therapists are uniquely qualified, and should be leaders, in the integration of personal factors, environmental elements and occupations to improve self-awareness. The SELF provides occupational therapists with guidelines for using these interrelationships to restore self-awareness in a manner that builds confidence and skills.
Meeting the Needs of Women in Mental Health Rehabilitation Services
Authors: Taylor Tatiana L , Dorer Gemma , Bradfield Sarah , Killaspy Helen 
Published: April 2011

A service evaluation investigated the gender sensitivity of a London mental health rehabilitation service, including interventions to increase participation in women-only groups and activities. Method: A total of 40 female service users and 13 staff teams from 13 inpatient and community-based rehabilitation projects completed questionnaires regarding the service's gender sensitivity. Results: Most projects provided women-only space and the majority of female service users had a female keyworker, but there was limited provision and uptake of women-only groups and activities. Conclusion: A focus on collaboration with female service users to identify and establish, where lacking, groups and activities that appeal to women service users is needed to increase meaningful occupation.
A Phenomenological Study of Volition in Everyday Occupations of Older People with Dementia
Authors: Raber Christine , Teitelman Jodi , Watts Janet , Kielhofner Gary 
Published: April 2011

Aim: The aim of this study was to understand volition in people with moderate dementia. The study provided an in-depth description and analysis of volition in eight older people in a memory-support assisted living unit. Method: Guiding questions focused on understanding past life interests, demonstration of volition, volitional continuity, and the relationship among the social environment, volition and daily occupations. Data collection included participant observation, family and staff interviews, and the Volitional Questionnaire. The Mini-Mental State Examination provided a measure of cognitive impairment. Findings: Three interacting themes emerged: variation in volitional expression, redefining meaningful occupation and potency of the social environment. The participants differed in volitional expression, showed changes in continuity between past and present interests, and tended to modify their occupations to match their abilities. Conclusion: The participants' lived experiences consistently reflected dynamism between the social environment and the person in volitional expression.
Sustaining Employment in a Social Firm: Use of the Work Environment Impact Scale V2.0 to Explore Views of Employees with Psychiatric Disabilities
Authors: Williams Anne , Fossey Ellie , Harvey Carol 
Published: April 2011

Evidence suggests that people with psychiatric disabilities find it difficult to get and keep jobs, with workplace characteristics contributing to difficulties staying in employment. This qualitative study aimed to understand the views of employees with a psychiatric disability about working in an Australian social firm designed to provide an inclusive and supportive work environment. Method: Seven participants who had sustained jobs for 6 months or longer in the social firm, a contract cleaning business, were interviewed using the Work Environment Impact Scale (Version 2.0). Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and analysed inductively using thematic and narrative analysis. Findings: Participants' views of the work environment included that the regular structure and achievable tasks, the supportive and cooperative team and the benefits of the job made working in the social firm enjoyable and the right job for now. The findings suggest that participants' decisions to stay in their jobs were influenced by the social firm environment, which supported their wellbeing, and by their individual illness and occupational narratives. Conclusion: The WEISv2.0 was effective in gaining participants' views on wide-ranging features of their workplaces. Further research is recommended to expand the evidence base concerning workplace features that support employees with psychiatric disabilities to sustain their jobs.
A Pulsatile Simulator for the in Vitro Analysis of the Mitral Valve with Tri-Axial Papillary Muscle Displacement
Authors: Vismara Riccardo , Pavesi Andrea , Votta Emiliano , Taramasso Maurizio , Maisano Francesco , Fiore Gianfranco B. 
Published: April 2011

Purpose We developed a new pulsatile hydrodynamic simulator for the in vitro testing of mitral valve (MV) samples. The required specifications included a 3D positioning system for the papillary muscles (PMs) that is accurate and simple to manage; measurement of the force exerted by the chordae tendineae on the PMs; and the possibility to visually inspect the MV for kinematic analysis. Methods An atrial/ventricular chamber system was developed. The ventricular chamber housed a triaxial actuator system that was aligned to a morphometric Cartesian frame, allowing for PM positioning even while tests are running. Each PM holder had an embedded load cell for force measurement. The atrial chamber was designed so as to permit MV visual inspection, maintaining a non-disturbed flow at the sample inlet. The setup was subjected to trials with fresh porcine MVs. Flow and pressure difference across the MVs and PM forces were measured in different MV configurations, with different PM spatial dislocations. High speed video recordings were acquired. Results The positioning accuracy was assessed. Tests with MVs showed good usability, even by the non-engineering personnel. The effects of PM displacement on valve function (valve competence and PM forces) was consistent with previously published data, thus confirming the general soundness of the design principles. Conclusions The developed simulator is a promising instrument for performing MV in vitro tests in a precise, well-repeatable manner. The ability to completely adjust the PM position while a test is running boosts the simulator's potential for detailed investigations of the pathological and surgically treated MV.
Sodium Hydroxide
Authors: Eggeman Tim 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Alkali and chlorine products are a group of commodity chemicals which includes sodium hydroxide (caustic soda). Electrolysis of sodium chloride accounts for nearly all of today's installed capacity for sodium hydroxide. Electrolysis is done in one of the three types of cells: mercury cell; diaphragm cell; and membrane cell. Phase‐out of the mercury cell is recommended. New installations call for the membrane cell since they give good performance with low energy requirements. Caustic soda is classified as a corrosive material. Dow is the largest producer of caustic soda in the world. Caustic soda is corrosive to all body tissue. The main environmental concern is for producers that use mercury cells. The pulp and paper industry, producers of inorganic and organic chemicals and aluminum manufacturers are the primary users. Other significant end uses include textiles, soaps and detergents, and water treatment.
Sustainable Development and Chemistry
Authors: Cavani Fabrizio , Centi Gabriele 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe review covers the new trends in the design of industrial chemical processes that can reduce the impact on environment and at the same time be sustainable from the economic point of view. Significant attention is also given to the opportunities given from new technologies, catalysts and materials, and process control to develop sustainable industrial processes.Aspects that are covered include the use of alternative or renewable raw materials (and biomasses), the reducing of the risks and number of steps in chemical processes, the reduction of energy consumption (and the use of alternative energy sources in chemical processes), the design of intrinsically safe processes, the down‐sizing of the chemical production and the opportunities offered from micro‐reactor and integrated reaction/separation technologies, the possibilities deriving from process intensification, and the reduction of waste by introducing new catalytic routes and/or solvents. Emphasis is given to the role of catalysis to develop new sustainable industrial processes, with also an overview of the new opportunities given from advanced catalytic materials and technologies.
Acetylenic Polymers
Authors: Liu Jianzhao , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe development of fundamental synthetic chemistry of acetylenic polymers, which not only refers to polyacetylenes but also to all the polymers synthesized from acetylenic monomers containing single or multiple carbon–carbon triple bonds, is summarized in this review. The design of new monomers with one, two, and three triple bonds, explorations of functional tolerant organic and organometallic catalysts, and development of effective linear and nonlinear triple bond‐based polymerization processes have led to successful syntheses of a large variety of acetylenic polymers with miscellaneous structures and advanced specialty properties.
Fabrics, Coated
Authors: Teumac Fred M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDesirable properties of a fabric can be supplemented by coating it with a polymer. The fabric provides tensile, tear, and elongation control. The coating reduces porosity, protects the fabric from the chemical (water, acid or base, solvents) and physical (temperature, stress, flexing) environment, and, in some cases, provides decorative effects. Different fabrics and coating materials are discussed, as well as an overview of different coating methods.
Flocculation
Authors: Rose Gerard R. , John Michael R. St. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe process of flocculation is the gathering together or aggregation of small masses, usually in a liquid media, into larger masses called flocs. Although this definition is generally applicable, various other definitions or refinements, especially when used in conjunction with the term coagulation, may be found in the literature. Small suspended particles or colloids impede the separation of solids and liquids, resulting, for example, in excessively long sedimentation or filtration times. Increasing the particle size by flocculation alleviates these difficulties. The objectives of flocculation are to allow rapid separation or drainage of the liquid phase from a suspended solid phase, minimize the solids remaining in the liquid phase, and maximize the solids content in the solid phase (dewatering). In order for flocculation to occur, chemicals called flocculants or coagulants are introduced to the solid suspension. Most of these chemicals are water‐soluble polymers The principal practical applications of flocculation are in raw and waste‐water clarification, sludge dewatering, mineral processing, and paper making.
On the Formation of White‐Spot Defects in a Superalloy VAR Ingot
Authors: Grignard Jean François , Soller Aude , Jourdan Julien , Bellot Jean‐Pierre , Jardy Alain 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFor the production of nickel‐based superalloys for the aerospace industry, strict control of the macrostructure of the product is necessary to avoid the appearance of potentially fatal defects. Our study focuses on the prevention of “white spots” in the alloy IN 718. These defects, which are small volumes of a few millimeters of characteristic length, are depleted in niobium. They are known to result from the fall of metal fragments in the liquid pool during VAR processing. According to their history in the liquid metal, these fragments could not being remelted before being trapped in the mushy zone and then give rise to defects. A model calculates the heat transfer in such a precursor to simulate its melting during his stay in the bath. The validation of the predicted melting kinetics requires a series of immersive experiences of synthetic defects in a metal bath. The model and experiments have demonstrated the initial solidification of a layer of metal around the precursor.