bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dopamine transporter imaging in autopsy‐confirmed Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy
Authors: Perju‐Dumbrava Laura D. , Kovacs Gabor G. , Pirker Susanne , Jellinger Kurt , Hoffmann Martha , Asenbaum Susanne , Pirker Walter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDopamine transporter single‐photon emission computerized tomography can visualize dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Some studies have suggested that dopamine transporter imaging can distinguish these disorders based on a more diffuse and symmetric striatal dopamine transporter binding loss in multiple system atrophy. The present study compared patterns of striatal dopamine transporter distribution in postmortem‐confirmed Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Patients with a postmortem diagnosis of multiple system atrophy (n = 6) or Parkinson's disease (n = 8) who had undergone dopamine transporter imaging were included. Imaging had been performed after a mean disease duration of 3.6 and 4.1 years in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease, respectively. Visual analysis showed bilaterally reduced binding in all patients. Mean overall striatal binding was reduced by 53% in multiple system atrophy and 52% in Parkinson's disease. There was a trend for greater asymmetry of striatal binding in multiple system atrophy compared with Parkinson's disease (23% ± 15% vs 10.5% ± 7%, respectively; P = .071), with 3 multiple system atrophy patients showing more asymmetry of striatal binding than any Parkinson's disease patient. Putamen/caudate binding ratios did not differ between the groups. This is the first study comparing dopamine transporter imaging in autopsy‐confirmed multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease. Unexpectedly, we found a tendency for greater asymmetry of striatal binding in multiple system atrophy than in Parkinson's disease. Our findings demonstrate that these conditions cannot be differentiated by subregional analysis of striatal dopamine transporter binding. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Expression of estrogen receptor alpha switches off secretory activity in the epididymal channel of the lizard Podarcis sicula
Authors: Verderame Mariailaria , Angelini Francesco , Limatola Ermelinda 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe epididymis in the male reproductive tract allows the survival, viability, and storage of spermatozoa from the testis. In the lizard Podarcis sicula, the epididymis can be regionalized to an initial segment called the caput that comprises the efferent ductules, followed by the middle and terminal segments, respectively termed the corpus and cauda. By means of in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry, we analyzed the expression of the estrogen receptors of the alpha and beta type (ERα and ERβ) in Podarcis to test the responsiveness of the epididymal regions to estrogen in the annual reproductive cycle of this seasonal breeder. The results show that the efferent ductules and the cauda always express both ERα and ERβ throughout the year. In the corpus, the expression of ERα takes place only at the end of the mating period and continues in the non‐reproductive season whereas ERβ is expressed in all phases of the cycle. During the mating season, the cells of the corpus are engaged in massive secretory activity and do not express ERα. Experimental administration of E2 during this season does not change the expression of ERβ, nor does it affect the efferent ductules and cauda; instead, it inhibits the secretory activity in the corpus and induces the expression of ERα. Taken together, our findings suggest that in the epididymis of Podarcis, the expression of ERα may act as a switch for the secretory activity of the epididymal corpus. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79:107–117, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The convergence of facial nerve branches providing whisker pad motor supply in rats: Implications for facial reanimation study
Authors: Henstrom Doug , Hadlock Tessa , Lindsay Robin , Knox Christopher J. , Malo Juan , Vakharia Kalpesh T. , Heaton James T. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIntroduction:Rodent whisking behavior is supported by the buccal and mandibular branches of the facial nerve, but a description of how these branches converge and contribute to whisker movement is lacking.Methods:Eight rats underwent isolated transection of either the buccal or mandibular branch and subsequent opposite branch transection. Whisking function was analyzed after both transections. Anatomical measurements, and video recording of stimulation to individual branches, were taken from both facial nerves in 10 rats.Results:Normal to near‐normal whisking was demonstrated after isolated branch transection. Whisking was eliminated after transection of both branches. The buccal and mandibular branches form a convergence just proximal to the whisker pad, herein called “distal pes.” Distal to this convergence, we identified consistent anatomy that demonstrated cross‐innervation.Conclusion:The overlap of efferent supply to the whisker pad must be considered when studying facial nerve regeneration in the rat facial nerve model. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Supraorbital nerve conduction study in normal subjects
Authors: Therimadasamy Aravindakannan , Wilder‐Smith Einar P. , Lim Aymeric Y.T. , Yap Yan Lin , Yeo Matthew , Naidu Shenthilkumar , Lee Shu Jin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThere is currently no examination technique that allows direct measurement of supraorbital nerve conduction velocity and amplitude. Therefore, in this study we describe a novel nerve conduction technique that allows measurement of the supraorbital sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) distal to the supraorbital foramen. Supraorbital SNAPs were recorded bilaterally from 17 healthy volunteers using an antidromic technique. The SNAPs were consistently recordable over the site 6 cm lateral to the midline point that was marked 10 cm above the nasion. Measured parameters included peak latency (mean 2.3 ms, SD 0.3), amplitude (mean 14.6 μV; SD 10.5), and velocity (mean 51.3 m/s, SD 6.8). The mean percentage of interside difference in amplitude was 25.6% (SD 17.3). Cut‐off values (97th percentile) were 2.7 ms (peak latency), 3.3 μV (amplitude), 41.9 m/s (conduction velocity), and 54.9% (interside difference in amplitude). Supraorbital SNAPs can be recorded in all normal subjects and used as a quantitative measure of the functioning large fibers in the nerve. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Explosion of fixed roof atmospheric storage tanks, part 2: Analytical methods to assess safety distances
Authors: Taveau Jérôme 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMany flammable products are stored in large tanks at atmospheric pressure. Ignition of a hydrocarbon–air mixture in such tanks can lead to an explosion and cause lethal casualties or damage to the surrounding facilities and buildings. To apprehend this, safety distances for humans, structures, and equipments need to be defined. Several simple methodologies have been set up to estimate safety distances in case of an atmospheric storage tank explosion.After giving an overview of past accidents [1], this second article focuses on assessment of safety distances using analytical methods available in the open literature.A short theoretical background is first exposed to understand phenomena involved in vented gas explosions. Then, a summary of current methodologies and corresponding assumptions used to evaluate external overpressure in case of a tank explosion is given. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Application of the NFPA 654 dust layer thickness criteria—recognizing the hazard
Authors: Rodgers Samuel A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article is an overview of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 654 layer thickness criteria, including the 2011 Tentative Interim Amendment, and potential misinterpretations that could result in failure to recognize the hazard. Potential misinterpretations include allowing excessive floor area coverage, failure to account for layers thicker than the threshold, and failure to account for layers on equipment. The thickness criteria are applied to real‐life example situations, illustrating application of the equations. Practical guidance is provided for establishing an initial housekeeping plan, monitoring accumulation, and documenting compliance for both existing and new installations. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Groups and Indicators in Post‐Industrial Society
Authors: Bell Simon , Morse Stephen 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTIndicators define our world. We are constantly measured and assessed. Perhaps the most important indicator in current use is Gross Domestic Product or GDP. It is the measure of a nation's success and can be key to its ability to borrow money and appear internationally credible. This paper is set against the current debate ‘Beyond GDP’ begun in November 2007 with the conference hosted by the European Commission, European Parliament, Club of Rome, OECD and WWF. The initiative, with its five actions, recognizes weaknesses in the ways in which indicators of all kinds are collected and presented, and attempts to improve the indicator world, but is the answer to effective information for policy formulation hidden in the articulation of indicators? Maybe indicator use is a function of the ways in which stakeholders are engaged in their use? Our conjecture is that indicator use is little understood and that this use dynamic can be better understood.In this paper, the authors write from the perspective of their work undertaken in the European Union funded Framework 7 project ‘Policy Influence of Indicators’ (POINT; contract no 217207), which began in 2008. A major element of the project involved a number of group workshops designed to elicit viewpoints regarding the use of indicators (including sustainable development indicators) in sustainable development policy at EU and member‐state levels.The paper outlines some emergent hypotheses and hints at how group approaches to indicators can be foreseen and some challenges for indicator use policy for the future. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Interactions of Human Endothelial Cells with Gold Nanoparticles of Different Morphologies
Authors: Bartczak Dorota , Muskens Otto L. , Nitti Simone , Sanchez‐Elsner Tilman , Millar Timothy M. , Kanaras Antonios G. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe interactions between noncancerous, primary endothelial cells and gold nanoparticles with different morphologies but the same ligand capping are investigated. The endothelial cells are incubated with gold nanospheres, nanorods, hollow gold spheres, and core/shell silica/gold nanocrystals, which are coated with monocarboxy (1‐mercaptoundec‐11‐yl) hexaethylene glycol (OEG). Cell viability studies show that all types of gold particles are noncytotoxic. The number of particles taken up by the cells is estimated using inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and are found to differ depending on particle morphology. The above results are discussed with respect to heating efficiency. Using experimental data reported earlier and theoretical model calculations which take into account the physical properties and distribution of particles in the cellular microenvironment, it is found that collective heating effects of several cells loaded with nanoparticles must be included to explain the observed viability of the endothelial cells.
Graphene as a Nanocarrier for Tamoxifen Induces Apoptosis in Transformed Cancer Cell Lines of Different Origins
Authors: Misra Santosh K. , Kondaiah Paturu , Bhattacharya Santanu , Rao C. N. R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA cationic amphiphile, cholest‐5en‐3β‐oxyethyl pyridinium bromide (PY+‐Chol), is able to efficiently disperse exfoliated graphene (GR) in water by the physical adsorption of PY+‐Chol on the surface of GR to form stable, dark aqueous suspensions at room temperature. The GR–PY+‐Chol suspension can then be used to solubilize Tamoxifen Citrate (TmC), a breast cancer drug, in water. The resulting TmC–GR–PY+‐Chol is stable for a long time without any precipitation. Fluorescence emission and UV absorption spectra indicate the existence of noncovalent interactions between TmC, GR, and PY+‐Chol in these suspensions. Electron microscopy shows the existence of segregated GR sheets and TmC ‘ribbons’ in the composite suspensions. Atomic force microscopy indicates the presence of ‘extended’ structures of GR–PY+‐Chol, which grows wider in the presence of TmC. The slow time‐dependent release of TmC is noticed in a reconstituted cell culture medium, a property useful as a drug carrier. TmC–GR–PY+‐Chol selectively enhanced the cell death (apoptosis) of the transformed cancer cells compared to normal cells. This potency is found to be true for a wide range of transformed cancer cells viz. HeLa, A549, ras oncogene‐transformed NIH3T3, HepG2, MDA‐MB231, MCF‐7, and HEK293T compared to the normal cell HEK293 in vitro. Confocal microscopy confirmed the high efficiency of TmC–GR–PY+‐Chol in delivering the drug to the cells, compared to the suspensions devoid of GR.
Stem Cell Media Culture of Melanoma Results in the Induction of a Nonrepresentative Neural Expression Profile
Authors: Anaka Matthew , Freyer Claudia , Gedye Craig , Caballero Otavia , Davis Ian D. , Behren Andreas , Cebon Jonathan 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The ability of cell lines to accurately represent cancer is a major concern in preclinical research. Culture of glioma cells as neurospheres in stem cell media (SCM) has been shown to better represent the genotype and phenotype of primary glioblastoma in comparison to serum cell lines. Despite the use of neurosphere-like models of many malignancies, there has been no robust analysis of whether other cancers benefit from a more representative phenotype and genotype when cultured in SCM. We analyzed the growth properties, transcriptional profile, and genotype of melanoma cells grown de novo in SCM, as while melanocytes share a common precursor with neural cells, melanoma frequently demonstrates divergent behavior in cancer stem cell assays. SCM culture of melanoma cells induced a neural lineage gene expression profile that was not representative of matched patient tissue samples and which could be induced in serum cell lines by switching them into SCM. There was no enrichment for expression of putative melanoma stem cell markers, but the SCM expression profile did overlap significantly with that of SCM cultures of glioma, suggesting that the observed phenotype is media-specific rather than melanoma-specific. Xenografts derived from either culture condition provided the best representation of melanoma in situ. Finally, SCM culture of melanoma did not prevent ongoing acquisition of DNA copy number abnormalities. In conclusion, SCM culture of melanoma does not provide a better representation of the phenotype or genotype of metastatic melanoma, and the resulting neural bias could potentially confound therapeutic target identification.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
SPECIAL ISSUE: 2011 LOS ANGELES TALL BUILDINGS STRUCTURAL DESIGN COUNCIL
Authors: Naeim Farzad , Hart Gary C. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYIt is a pleasure to present the eighth annual issue developed by the Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council. Each year in the December issue of the journal, readers can look forward to a collection of excellent papers written by structural engineers that have received special recognition for their contributions to tall building design. These annual combinations of paper topics are especially timely to structural engineering by authors that are leaders of the structural engineering profession. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of vehicle‐to‐grid systems on wind power integration
Authors: Hodge Bri‐Mathias S. , Huang Shisheng , Shukla Aviral , Pekny Joseph F. , Venkatasubramanian Venkat , Reklaitis Gintaras V. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTRenewable energy portfolio standards have created a large increase in the amount of renewable electricity production, and one technology that has benefited greatly from these standards is wind power. The uncertainty inherent in wind electricity production dictates that additional amounts of conventional generation resources be kept in reserve, should wind electricity output suddenly dip. The introduction of plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles into the transportation fleet presents an possible solution to this problem through the concept of vehicle‐to‐grid power. The ability of vehicle‐to‐grid power systems to help solve the variability and uncertainty issuess in systems with large amounts of wind power capacity is examined through a multiparadigm simulation model. The problem is examined from the perspectives of three different stakeholders: policy makers, the electricity system operator and plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle owners. Additionally, a preliminary economic analysis of the technology is performed, and a comparison made with generation technologies that perform similar functions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Programming language impact on the development of distributed systems
Authors: Ghosh Debasish , Sheehy Justin , Thorup Kresten Krab , Vinoski Steve 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Programming languages have long impacted the development of distributed systems. While much middleware and distributed systems code continues to be developed today using mainstream languages such as Java and C++, several forces have recently combined to drive a renewed interest in other programming languages. The result of these forces has been an increase in the use of programming languages such as Erlang, Scala, Haskell, and Clojure that allow programming at a higher level of abstraction affording better modularity, enhanced speed of development, and added power of reasoning about systems being developed. Such languages can also be used to develop embedded domain specific languages that can expressively and succinctly model issues inherent in distributed systems including concurrency, parallelism, and fault tolerance. In this paper, we first present a history of programming languages and distributed systems, and then explore several alternative languages along with modern systems built using them. We focus on language and application features, how problems of distribution are addressed, concurrency issues, code brevity, extensibility, and maintenance concerns. Finally, we speculate about the possible influences today’s alternative programming languages could have on the future of middleware and distributed systems development.
Prenatal cocaine exposure alters progenitor cell markers in the subventricular zone of the adult rat brain
Authors: Patel Dhyanesh Arvind , Booze Rosemarie M. , Mactutus Charles F. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLong‐term consequences of early developmental exposure to drugs of abuse may have deleterious effects on the proliferative plasticity of the brain. The purpose of this study was to examine the long‐term effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine, using the IV route of administration and doses that mimic the peak arterial levels of cocaine use in humans, on the proliferative cell types of the subventricular zones (SVZ) in the adult (180 days‐old) rat brain. Employing immunocytochemistry, the expression of GFAP+ (type B cells) and nestin+(GFAP−) (type C and A cells) staining was quantified in the subcallosal area of the SVZ. GFAP+ expression was significantly different between the prenatal cocaine treated group and the vehicle (saline) control group. The prenatal cocaine treated group possessed significantly lower GFAP+ expression relative to the vehicle control group, suggesting that prenatal cocaine exposure significantly reduced the expression of type B neural stem cells of the SVZ. In addition, there was a significant sex difference in nestin+ expression with females showing approximately 8–13% higher nestin+ expression compared to the males. More importantly, a significant prenatal treatment condition (prenatal cocaine, control) by sex interaction in nestin+ expression was confirmed, indicating different effects of cocaine based on sex of the animal. Specifically, prenatal cocaine exposure eliminated the basal difference between the sexes. Collectively, the present findings suggest that prenatal exposure to cocaine, when delivered via a protocol designed to capture prominent features of recreational usage, can selectively alter the major proliferative cell types in the subcallosal area of the SVZ in an adult rat brain, and does so differently for males and females.
Surviving Sukarno: British Business in Post-Colonial Indonesia, 1950–1967
Authors: WHITE NICHOLAS J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDrawing principally upon a rich vein of previously unexploited business records, this paper analyses the experience of British firms in Indonesia between the achievement of independence and the beginnings of the Suharto regime. As in The Netherlands East Indies, British enterprises occupied a significant position in post-colonial Indonesia in plantations, oil extraction, shipping, banking, the import-export trade, and manufacturing. After the nationalization of Dutch businesses from the end of 1957, Britain emerged as the leading investing power in the archipelago alongside the United States. However, during Indonesia's Confrontation with British-backed Malaysia (1963–1966), most UK-owned companies in the islands were subject to a series of torrid (albeit temporary) takeovers by the trade unions and subsequently various government authorities. Most of these investments were returned to British ownership under Suharto after 1967. But, in surviving the Sukarno era, British firms had endured 15 years of increasing inconvenience and insecurity trapped in a power struggle within Indonesia's perplexing plural polity (and particularly between the Communist Party and the military). Indeed, theKonfrontasitakeovers themselves, varying in intensity from region to region and from firm to firm, were indicative of deep fissures within Indonesian administration and politics. The unpredictable and unsettled political economy of post-colonial Indonesia meant that the balance of advantage lay not with transnational enterprise but with the host state and society.
‘The calendar is just about up’: older adults with multiple chronic conditions reflect on death and dying
Authors: CLARKE LAURA HURD , KOROTCHENKO ALEXANDRA , BUNDON ANDREA 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTDrawing on data from in-depth interviews with 35 men and women aged 73–91, this article examines the ways in which older adults with multiple chronic conditions talk about and prepare for death and dying. While the focus of the original study did not include questions concerning the end-of-life, the majority of our participants made unprompted remarks regarding their own and others' mortality. The participants discussed the prevalence of death in their lives as it related to the passing of significant others, as well as their own eventual demise. Additionally, the men and women expressed hopes and fears about their impending death, in particular with respect to prolonged pain and suffering, institutionalisation, and a loss of mental acuity and independence. Many of our participants also described their end-of-life plans, which included making funeral arrangements, obtaining living wills, and planning their suicides. They further reported a number of barriers to their planning for death, including a lack of willingness on the part of family members to discuss their wishes as well as a scarcity of institutional resources and support. We discuss our findings in relation to the extant research concerning older adults' experiences of death and dying, as well as Glaser and Strauss' (1971) theory of status passage and Marshall's (1986) conceptualisation of authorship and the legitimation of death.