bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of an Educational Intervention in Psychology of Injury for Athletic Training Students
Authors: Stiller-Ostrowski Jennifer L. , Gould Daniel R. , Covassin Tracey 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
”Psychosocial Intervention and Referral„ is 1 of the 12 content areas in athletic training education programs, but knowledge gained and skill usage after an educational intervention in this area have never been evaluated.

Objective:
To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention in increasing psychology-of-injury knowledge and skill usage in athletic training students (ATSs).

Design:
Observational study.

Setting:
An accredited athletic training education program at a large Midwestern university.

Patients or Other Participants:
Participants included 26 ATSs divided into 2 groups: intervention group (4 men, 7 women; age  =  21.4 ± 0.67 years, grade point average  =  3.37) and control group (7 men, 8 women; age  =  21.5 ± 3.8 years, grade point average  =  3.27).

Data Collection and Analysis:
All participants completed the Applied Sport Psychology for Athletic Trainers educational intervention. Psychology-of-injury knowledge tests and skill usage surveys were administered to all participants at the following intervals: baseline, intervention week 3, and intervention week 6. Retention tests were administered to intervention-group participants at 7 and 14 weeks after intervention. Analysis techniques included mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) and repeated-measures ANOVA.

Results:
The Applied Sport Psychology for Athletic Trainers educational intervention effectively increased psychology-of-injury knowledge (29-point increase from baseline to intervention week 6; F2,23  =  29.358, P &lt; .001, ηp2  =  0.719) and skill usage (50-point increase from baseline to intervention week 6; F2,23  =  5.999, P  =  .008, ηp2  =  0.343) in undergraduate ATSs. These increases were maintained at the 7-week and 14-week retention testing (P &lt; .001 for both).

Conclusions:
This first attempt at evaluating an educational intervention designed to improve ATSs' knowledge and skill usage revealed that the intervention was effective. Although both knowledge and skill usage scores decreased by the end of the retention period, the scores were still higher than baseline scores, indicating that the intervention was effective.
Eccentric Hip Muscle Function in Females With and Without Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Authors: de Marche Baldon Rodrigo , Nakagawa Theresa Helissa , Muniz Thiago Batista , Amorim César Ferreira , Maciel Carlos Dias , Serrão Fábio Viadanna 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common knee condition in athletes. Recently, researchers have indicated that factors proximal to the knee, including hip muscle weakness and motor control impairment, contribute to the development of PFPS. However, no investigators have evaluated eccentric hip muscle function in people with PFPS.

Objective:
To compare the eccentric hip muscle function between females with PFPS and a female control group.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
Musculoskeletal laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Two groups of females were studied: a group with PFPS (n  =  10) and a group with no history of lower extremity injury or surgery (n  =  10).

Intervention(s):
Eccentric torque of the hip musculature was evaluated on an isokinetic dynamometer.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Eccentric hip abduction, adduction, and external and internal rotation peak torque were measured and expressed as a percentage of body mass (Nm/kg × 100). We also evaluated eccentric hip adduction to abduction and internal to external rotation torque ratios. The peak torque value of 5 maximal eccentric contractions was used for calculation. Two-tailed, independent-samples t tests were used to compare torque results between groups.

Results:
Participants with PFPS exhibited much lower eccentric hip abduction (t18  =  −2.917, P  =  .008) and adduction (t18  =  −2.764, P  =  .009) peak torque values than did their healthy counterparts. No differences in eccentric hip external (t18  =  0.45, P  =  .96) or internal (t18  =  −0.742, P  =  .47) rotation peak torque values were detected between the groups. The eccentric hip adduction to abduction torque ratio was much higher in the PFPS group than in the control group (t18  =  2.113, P  =  .04), but we found no difference in the eccentric hip internal to external rotation torque ratios between the 2 groups (t18  =  −0.932, P  =  .36).

Conclusions:
Participants with PFPS demonstrated lower eccentric hip abduction and adduction peak torque and higher eccentric adduction to abduction torque ratios when compared with control participants. Thus, clinicians should consider eccentric hip abduction strengthening exercises when developing rehabilitation programs for females with PFPS.
Knee Joint Kinematics and Kinetics During a Lateral False-Step Maneuver
Authors: Golden Grace M. , Pavol Michael J. , Hoffman Mark A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext:Cutting maneuvers have been implicated as a mechanism of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in collegiate female basketball players.Objective:To investigate knee kinematics and kinetics during running when the width of a single step, relative to the path of travel, was manipulated, a lateral false-step maneuver.Design:Crossover design.Setting:University biomechanics laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:Thirteen female collegiate basketball athletes (age  =  19.7 ± 1.1 years, height  =  172.3 ± 8.3 cm, mass  =  71.8 ± 8.7 kg).Intervention(s):Three conditions: normal straight-ahead running, lateral false step of width 20% of body height, and lateral false step of width 35% of body height.Main Outcome Measure(s):Peak angles and internal moments for knee flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation.Results:Differences were noted among conditions in peak knee angles (flexion [P &lt; .01], extension [P  =  .02], abduction [P &lt; .01], and internal rotation [P &lt; .01]) and peak internal knee moments (abduction [P &lt; .01], adduction [P &lt; .01], and internal rotation [P  =  .03]). The lateral false step of width 35% of body height was associated with larger peak flexion, abduction, and internal rotation angles and larger peak abduction, adduction, and internal rotation moments than normal running. Peak flexion and internal rotation angles were also larger for the lateral false step of width 20% of body height than for normal running, whereas peak extension angle was smaller. Peak internal rotation angle increased progressively with increasing step width.Conclusions:Performing a lateral false-step maneuver resulted in changes in knee kinematics and kinetics compared with normal running. The differences observed for lateral false steps were consistent with proposed mechanisms of ACL loading, suggesting that lateral false steps represent a hitherto neglected mechanism of noncontact ACL injury.
Identifying Relationships Among Lower Extremity Alignment Characteristics
Authors: Nguyen Anh-Dung , Shultz Sandra J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext:The relationship between lower extremity alignment and lower extremity injury risk remains poorly understood, perhaps because most authors have examined only individual or a select group of alignment variables. Examining the relationships among alignment variables may allow us to more accurately describe lower extremity posture and clarify the relationship between lower extremity alignment and injury risk in future studies.Objective:To measure lower extremity alignment variables and examine whether relationships could be identified among these variables.Design:Observational study.Setting:Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:Two hundred eighteen (102 males: age  =  23.1 ± 3.2 years, height  =  177.3 ± 8.4 cm, mass  =  80.8 ± 13.0 kg; 116 females: age  =  21.8 ± 2.7 years, height  =  163.5 ± 7.4 cm, mass  =  63.4 ± 12.4 kg) healthy, college-aged participants.Main Outcome Measure(s):We measured pelvic angle, femoral anteversion, quadriceps angle, tibiofemoral angle, genu recurvatum, and tibial torsion to the nearest degree and navicular drop to the nearest millimeter on the right and left lower extremities. Separate principal components factor analyses were performed for each sex and side (left, right).Results:A distinct lower extremity factor was identified, with relationships observed among increased pelvic angle, increased quadriceps angle, and increased tibiofemoral angle. A second distinct lower extremity factor was identified, with relationships observed among increased supine genu recurvatum, decreased tibial torsion, and increased navicular drop. Femoral anteversion loaded as an independent third factor. These distinct lower extremity alignment factors were consistent across side and sex.Conclusions:Factor analysis identified 3 distinct lower extremity alignment factors that describe the potential interactions among lower extremity alignment variables. Future authors should examine how these collective alignment variables, both independently and in combination, influence dynamic knee function and risk for lower extremity injuries.
Unilateral Hypoglossal Nerve Injury in a Collegiate Wrestler: A Case Report
Authors: Loro William A. , Owens Brett 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Objective:
To introduce the case of a collegiate wrestler who suffered a traumatic unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury. This case presents the opportunity to discuss the diagnosis and treatment of a 20-year-old man with an injury to his right hypoglossal nerve.

Background:
Injuries to the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) are rare. Most reported cases are the result of malignancy, with traumatic causes less common. In this case, a collegiate wrestler struck his head on the wrestling mat during practice. No loss of consciousness occurred. The wrestler initially demonstrated signs and symptoms of a mild concussion, with dizziness and a headache. These concussion symptoms cleared quickly, but the athlete complained of difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and demonstrated slurred speech (dysarthria). Also, his tongue deviated toward the right. No other neurologic deficits were observed.

Differential Diagnosis:
Occipital-cervical junction fracture, syringomyelia, malignancy, iatrogenic causes, cranial nerve injury.

Treatment:
After initial injury recognition, the athletic trainer placed the patient in a cervical collar and transported him to the emergency department. The patient received prednisone, and the emergency medicine physician ordered cervical spine plain radiographs, brain computed tomography, and brain and internal auditory canal magnetic resonance imaging. The physician consulted a neurologist, who managed the patient conservatively, with rest and no contact activity. The neurologist allowed the patient to participate in wrestling 7 months after injury.

Uniqueness:
To our knowledge, no other reports of unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury from relatively low-energy trauma (including athletics) exist.

Conclusions:
Hypoglossal nerve injury should be considered in individuals with head injury who experience dysphagia and dysarthria. Athletes with head injuries require cranial nerve assessments.
Epidemiology of Cheerleading Fall-Related Injuries in the United States
Authors: Shields Brenda J. , Smith Gary A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Over the past several decades, cheerleaders have been performing fewer basic maneuvers and more gymnastic tumbling runs and stunts. As the difficulty of these maneuvers has increased, cheerleading injuries have also increased.

Objective:
To describe the epidemiology of cheerleading fall-related injuries by type of cheerleading team and event.

Design:
Prospective injury surveillance study.

Setting:
Participant exposure and injury data were collected from US cheerleading teams via the Cheerleading RIO (Reporting Information Online) surveillance tool.

Patients or Other Participants:
Athletes from 412 enrolled cheerleading teams who participated in official, organized cheerleading practices, pep rallies, athletic events, or cheerleading competitions.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
The numbers and rates of cheerleading fall-related injuries during a 1-year period (2006–2007) are reported.

Results:
A total of 79 fall-related injuries were reported during the 1-year period. Most occurred during practice (85%, 67/79) and were sustained by high school cheerleaders (51%, 40/79). A stunt or pyramid was being attempted in 89% (70/79) of cases. Fall heights ranged from 1 to 11 ft (0.30–3.35 m) (mean  =  4.7 ± 2.0 ft [1.43 ± 0.61 m]). Strains and sprains were the most common injuries (54%, 43/79), and 6% (5/79) of the injuries were concussions or closed head injuries. Of the 15 most serious injuries (concussions or closed head injuries, dislocations, fractures, and anterior cruciate ligament tears), 87% (13/15) were sustained while the cheerleader was performing on artificial turf, grass, a traditional foam floor, or a wood floor. The fall height ranged from 4 to 11 ft (1.22–1.52 m) for 87% of these cases (13/15).

Conclusions:
Cheerleading-related falls may result in severe injuries and even death, although we report no deaths in the present study. The risk for serious injury increases as fall height increases or as the impact-absorbing capacity of the surfacing material decreases (or both).
Epidemiology of Cheerleading Stunt-Related Injuries in the United States
Authors: Shields Brenda J. , Fernandez Soledad A. , Smith Gary A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Cheerleading-related injuries are on the rise. To date, no epidemiologic studies of cheerleading stunt-related injuries have been published.

Objective:
To describe and compare cheerleading stunt-related injuries by type of cheerleading team (All Star, college, high school, middle school, or recreation league) and event (practice, pep rally, athletic event, or cheerleading competition).

Design:
Prospective injury surveillance study.

Setting:
Participant exposure and injury data were collected from US cheerleading teams via the Cheerleading RIO (Reporting Information Online) surveillance tool.

Patients or Other Participants:
Athletes from enrolled cheerleading teams who participated in official, organized cheerleading practices, pep rallies, athletic events, or cheerleading competitions.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
The numbers, types, and rates of cheerleading stunt-related injuries during a 1-year period (2006–2007) are reported.

Results:
Stunt-related injuries accounted for 60% (338/567) of the injuries sustained by US cheerleaders who participated in the study and 96% (22/23) of the concussions and closed head injuries (CHIs) reported during the study. Collegiate cheerleaders were more likely to sustain a concussion or CHI than were cheerleaders on other types of teams (P  =  .02, odds ratio  =  3.10, 95% confidence interval  =  1.20, 8.06). Most injuries occurred while the cheerleader was spotting or basing another cheerleader (34%, 115/338), and these injuries comprised 32% (51/161) of all stunt-related strains and sprains. Four cheerleaders (1.2%, 4/335) were admitted to the hospital, and 9 cheerleaders (2.7%, 9/335) required surgery.

Conclusions:
Cheerleading stunts pose an increased risk for injury, especially in terms of sustaining a concussion or CHI. Spotters and bases were most likely to be injured during the performance of cheerleading stunts and were at risk for sustaining strain and sprain injuries. The ankle, lower back, and wrist were the sites most likely to be reinjured while performing cheerleading stunts.
Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) Practices of Sports Medicine Professionals
Authors: Covassin Tracey , Elbin Robert J. , Stiller-Ostrowski Jennifer L. , Kontos Anthony P. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Computerized neurocognitive testing is becoming popular among clinicians evaluating sport-related concussions across all levels of sport. Baseline neurocognitive testing has been recommended to provide more accurate representation of the preconcussion cognitive status of individual athletes. However, little is known about the use of baseline neurocognitive testing in concussion assessment and management.

Objective:
To examine implementation and practice trends of sports medicine professionals using baseline neurocognitive testing at the high school and collegiate levels.

Design:
Quantitative survey research.

Setting:
Online survey.

Patients or Other Participants:
Certified athletic trainers (ATs) from approximately 1209 US institutions listed on the ImPACT Web site were recruited. A total of 399 ATs completed the survey, for a response return rate of 32.7%.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Survey questions addressed educational level, years of certification, employment setting, percentage of athletes baseline tested, and accuracy of baseline tests. Other items addressed postconcussive neurocognitive testing protocols and scenarios for return-to-play decisions based on neurocognitive testing.

Results:
Nearly all ATs (94.7%) administered baseline computerized neurocognitive testing to their athletes. However, only 51.9% examined these baseline tests for validity. The majority of ATs indicated that they administer baseline neurocognitive tests most frequently to football players (88.4%), followed by women's soccer players (78.8%) and men's soccer players (71.2%). Nearly all respondents (95.5%) stated that they would not return a symptomatic athlete to play if the athlete's neurocognitive scores were back to baseline. However, when asked if they would return an athlete who is symptom free but who scores below his or her baseline, 86.5% responded no, 9.8% responded yes, and 3.8% indicated that it depended on the importance of the competition.

Conclusions:
The use of baseline testing, baseline testing readministration, and postconcussion protocols among ATs is increasing. However, the ATs in this study reported that they relied more on symptoms than on neurocognitive test scores when making return-to-play decisions.
A Comparison of High School Sports Injury Surveillance Data Reporting by Certified Athletic Trainers and Coaches
Authors: Yard Ellen E. , Collins Christy L. , Dawn Comstock R. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
High school athletes sustain more than 1.4 million injuries annually. National high school sports injury surveillance forms the foundation for developing and evaluating preventive interventions to reduce injury rates. For national surveillance, individuals must report consistently and accurately with little one-on-one interaction with study staff.

Objective:
To examine the feasibility of relying on high school coaches as data reporters in a national, Internet-based sports injury surveillance study, using the same methods that have already proven successful in the National High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance Study, which calls on certified athletic trainers (ATs) as reporters.

Design:
Prospective injury surveillance study.

Setting:
Eighteen United States high schools

Participants:
Athletic trainers and varsity coaches for football, boys' and girls' soccer, and boys' and girls' basketball.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Quantity and quality of exposure and injury reports.

Results:
All enrolled ATs participated, compared with only 43.0% of enrolled coaches. Participating ATs submitted 96.7% of expected exposure reports, whereas participating coaches submitted only 36.5%. All ATs reported athlete exposures correctly, compared with only 2 in 3 coaches. Participating ATs submitted 338 injury reports; participating coaches submitted only 55 (16.3% of the 338 submitted by ATs). Injury patterns differed between AT-submitted and coach-submitted injury reports, with ATs reporting a higher proportion of ankle injuries and coaches reporting a higher proportion of knee injuries. The reports submitted by ATs and coaches for the same injury had low agreement for diagnosis and time loss, with only 63.2% and 55.3% of pairs, respectively, providing the same response. The ATs lacked more responses for demographic questions, whereas coaches lacked more responses regarding the need for surgery.

Conclusions:
Whenever possible, ATs should be the primary data reporters in large, national studies. In high schools without access to an AT, researchers must be willing to devote significant time and resources to achieving high participation and compliance from other reporters.
Concentric Evertor Strength Differences and Functional Ankle Instability: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Arnold Brent L. , Linens Shelley W. , de la Motte Sarah J. , Ross Scott E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective:To determine whether concentric evertor muscle weakness was associated with functional ankle instability (FAI).Data Sources:We conducted an electronic search through November 2007, limited to English, and using PubMed, Pre-CINAHL, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus. A forward search was conducted using the Science Citation Index on studies from the electronic search. Finally, we conducted a hand search of all selected studies and contacted the respective authors to identify additional studies. We included peer-reviewed manuscripts, dissertations, and theses.Study Selection:We evaluated the titles and abstracts of studies identified by the electronic searches. Studies were selected by consensus and reviewed only if they included participants with FAI or chronic ankle instability and strength outcomes. Studies were included in the analysis if means and SDs (or other relevant statistical information, such as P values or t values and group n's) were reported for FAI and stable groups (or ankles).Data Extraction:Data were extracted by the authors independently, cross-checked for accuracy, and limited to outcomes of concentric eversion strength. We rated each study for quality. Outcomes were coded as either fast or slow velocity (ie, equal to or greater than 110°/s or less than 110°/s, respectively).Data Synthesis:Data included the means, SDs, and group sample sizes (or other appropriate statistical information) for the FAI and uninjured groups (or ankles). The standard difference in the means (SDM) for each outcome was calculated using the pooled SD. We tested individual and overall SDMs using the Z statistic and comparisons between fast and slow velocities using the Q statistic. Our analysis revealed that ankles with FAI were weaker than stable ankles (SDM  =  0.224, Z  =  4.0, P &lt; .001, 95% confidence interval  =  0.115, 0.333). We found no difference between the fast- and slow-velocity SDMs (SDMFast  =  0.189, SDMSlow  =  0.244, Q  =  29.9, df  =  24, P  =  .187). Because of the small SDM, this method of measuring ankle strength in the clinical setting may need to be reevaluated.