bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract PR-11: HPV vaccine adherence in urban youth
Authors: Tracy J. Kathleen , Terplan Mishka , Lydecker Alison D. , Schluterman Nicholas 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease among adolescent females in the United States, with 29.5% of sexually active 14-19 year olds infected at any given time. Persistent infection with cancer causing types of HPV is also a necessary step in the cervical cancer carcinogenesis process. HPV vaccines have been licensed in the United States since 2006; however, relatively modest proportions of the vaccine-eligible population have elected to receive the HPV vaccine. Further, among those who initiate HPV vaccination, a majority fail to complete the three-dose regimen needed for maximum protection.
Methods: Data from the clinical data repository at the University of Maryland Medical Center was queried to identify women that initiated HPV vaccination between August 2006 (when UMMC began offering the HPV vaccine) and August 2010. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess vaccine adherence in the study population. The association of age and race with vaccination adherence was also assessed.
Results: During the time period of interest, 9,658 women potentially eligible women between 9-26 years were seen at the UMMC outpatient practices. Of those, 2,641 women (27.3% of the target group) initiated HPV vaccination. African-American women comprised 2/3 of those who initiated vaccination. Among those women that initiated vaccination, 39.1% completed a single dose, 30.1% completed 2 doses, and 30.78 completed the recommended 3-dose regimen. Age was related to vaccine adherence, with women 18 and older being least likely to complete more than a single dose (p=0.001). African-American women were less likely than Caucasian women to complete the three-dose regimen (p&lt;0.001).
Conclusions: Despite strong efficacy data for the HPV vaccines, relatively small proportions of eligible women have elected to uptake the vaccine as primary prevention for cervical cancer. Further, of those who initiate vaccination, significant proportions fail to complete the recommended three-dose regimen. Young adult women are the least likely to complete the three-dose regimen as are women in minority groups. The public health consequence of this is that significant numbers of women remain unprotected or underprotected. Evidence-based interventions are needed to foster both vaccine uptake and adherence for optimal prevention cervical cancer. Interventions that address barriers for minority women and young adult women are needed. Technological innovations such as text messaging may offer an effective method to address these issues.
This talk is also presented as Poster B103.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):PR-11.
New Techniques for the Detection and Adjustment of Shifts in Daily Precipitation Data Series
Authors: Wang Xiaolan L. , Chen Hanfeng , Wu Yuehua , Feng Yang , Pu Qiang 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis study integrates a Box–Cox power transformation procedure into a common trend two-phase regression-model-based test (the extended version of the penalized maximal F test, or “PMFred,” algorithm) for detecting changepoints to make the test applicable to non-Gaussian data series, such as nonzero daily precipitation amounts or wind speeds. The detection-power aspects of the transformed method (transPMFred) are assessed by a simulation study that shows that this new algorithm is much better than the corresponding untransformed method for non-Gaussian data; the transformation procedure can increase the hit rate by up to ∼70%. Examples of application of this new transPMFred algorithm to detect shifts in real daily precipitation series are provided using nonzero daily precipitation series recorded at a few stations across Canada that represent very different precipitation regimes. The detected changepoints are in good agreement with documented times of changes for all of the example series. This study clarifies that it is essential for homogenization of daily precipitation data series to test the nonzero precipitation amount series and the frequency series of precipitation occurrence (or nonoccurrence), separately. The new transPMFred can be used to test the series of nonzero daily precipitation (which are non Gaussian and positive), and the existing PMFred algorithm can be used to test the frequency series. A software package for using the transPMFred algorithm to detect shifts in nonzero daily precipitation amounts has been developed and made freely available online, along with a quantile-matching (QM) algorithm for adjusting shifts in nonzero daily precipitation series, which is applicable to all positive data. In addition, a similar QM algorithm has also been developed for adjusting Gaussian data such as temperatures. It is noticed that frequency discontinuities are often inevitable because of changes in the measuring precision of precipitation, and that they could complicate the detection of shifts in nonzero daily precipitation data series and void any attempt to homogenize the series. In this case, one must account for all frequency discontinuities before attempting to adjust the measured amounts. This study also proposes approaches to account for detected frequency discontinuities, for example, to fill in the missed measurements of small precipitation or the missed reports of trace precipitation. It stresses the importance of testing the homogeneity of the frequency series of reported zero precipitation and of various small precipitation events, along with testing the series of daily precipitation amounts that are larger than a small threshold value, varying the threshold over a set of small values that reflect changes in measuring precision over time.
Toward New Inferences about Cloud Structures from Multidirectional Measurements in the Oxygen A Band: Middle-of-Cloud Pressure and Cloud Geometrical Thickness from POLDER-3/PARASOL
Authors: Ferlay Nicolas , Thieuleux François , Cornet Céline , Davis Anthony B. , Dubuisson Philippe , Ducos Fabrice , Parol Frédéric , Riédi Jérôme , Vanbauce Claudine 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
New evidence from collocated measurements, with support from theory and numerical simulations, that multidirectional measurements in the oxygen A band from the third Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances (POLDER-3) instrument on the Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Observations from a Lidar (PARASOL) satellite platform within the “A-Train” can help to characterize the vertical structure of clouds is presented. In the case of monolayered clouds, the standard POLDER cloud oxygen pressure product PO2 is shown to be sensitive to the cloud geometrical thickness H in two complementary ways: 1) PO2 is, on average, close to the pressure at the geometrical middle of the cloud layer (MCP) and methods are proposed for reducing the pressure difference PO2 − MCP and 2) the angular standard deviation of PO2 and the cloud geometrical thickness H are tightly correlated for liquid clouds. Accounting for cloud phase, there is thus the potential to obtain a statistically reasonable estimate of H. Such derivation from passive measurements, as compared with or supplementing other observations, is expected to be of interest in a broad range of applications for which it is important to define better the macrophysical cloud parameters in a practical way.
Performance of a Mesoscale Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) during the NOAA High-Resolution Hurricane Test
Authors: Torn Ryan D. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
An ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) combined with the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (ARW-WRF; hereafter WRF) on a 36-km Atlantic basin domain is cycled over six different time periods that include the 10 tropical cyclones (TCs) selected for the NOAA High-Resolution Hurricane (HRH) test. The analysis ensemble is generated every 6 h by assimilating conventional in situ observations, synoptic dropsondes, and TC advisory position and minimum sea level pressure (SLP) data. On average, observation assimilation leads to smaller TC position errors in the analysis compared to the 6-h forecast; however, the same is true for TC minimum SLP only for tropical depressions and storms. Over the 69 HRH initialization times, TC track forecasts from a single member of the WRF EnKF ensemble has 12 h less skill compared to other operational models; the increased track error partially results from the WRF EnKF analysis having a stronger Atlantic subtropical ridge. For nonmajor TCs, the WRF EnKF forecast has lower TC minimum SLP and maximum wind speed errors compared to some operational models, particularly the GFDL model, while category-3, -4, and -5 TCs are characterized by large biases due to horizontal resolution. WRF forecasts initialized from an EnKF analysis have similar or smaller TC track, intensity, and 34-kt wind radii errors relative to those initialized from two other operational analyses, which suggests that EnKF assimilation produces the best TC forecasts for this domain. Both TC track and intensity forecasts are deficient in ensemble variance, which is at least partially due to the lack of error growth in dynamical fields and model biases.
Synthesis of Sumanene and Related Buckybowls
Authors: Higashibayashi Shuhei , Sakurai Hidehiro 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Sumanene (C21H12) is a C3v symmetric buckybowl, which corresponds to a partial fullerene structure. Recent advances in the syntheses of sumanene and its derivatives, including heterasumanenes, are summarized in this review. Their chemical reactivities and derivatizations are also presented.
Genesis of Catalytically Active Gold Nanoparticles Supported on Hydrotalcite for Base-free Selective Oxidation of Glycerol in Water with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Takagaki Atsushi , Tsuji Akihiro , Nishimura Shun , Ebitani Kohki 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Hydrotalcite-supported gold nanoparticles (Au/HT) were synthesized by deposition–precipitation using NH3 and successive calcination at various temperatures. Gold nanoparticles of less than 5 nm with narrow size distribution were deposited onto hydrotalcite surfaces, which were determined by TEM measurements. Au LIII-edge XANES spectra clearly indicated that calcination at temperatures higher than 373 K leads to the generation of metallic Au which is the catalytically active site for selective glycerol oxidation to glycolic acid in water with molecular oxygen under mild reaction conditions.
Book Reviews
Authors: Fagan Marie N 
Published: January 2011

Exploration, Development, and Production: Texas Oil and Gas, 1970–1995. By John R. Moroney. Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, Volume 82. Greenwich, CN, and London: JAI Press, 1997. Pp. xxxiv, 205. $78.50. ISBN 0–7623–0310–7. JEL 98–0616
Book Reviews
Authors: Howe Christopher 
Published: January 2011

The China Circle: Economics and Electronics in the PRC, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Edited by Barry Naughton. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1997. Pp. x, 316. $49.95, cloth. ISBN 0–8157–5998–3, cloth; 0–8157–5999–1, pbk. JEL 98–0750
Book Reviews
Authors: Mestelman Stuart 
Published: January 2011

Pollution and the Firm. By Robert E. Kohn. New Horizons in Environmental Economics series. Cheltenham, U.K., and Northampton, MA: Elgar; distributed by American International Distribution Corporation, Williston, VT, 1998. Pp. xvi, 251. ù.00. ISBN 1–85898–639–7. JEL 98–1127
Book Reviews
Authors: Reinsdorf Marshall 
Published: January 2011

Getting Prices Right: The Debate Over the Consumer Price Index. Edited by Dean Baker. Armonk, NY and London: Sharpe, 1998. Pp. ix, 190. $50.95, cloth; $19.95, paper. ISBN 0–7656–0221–0, cloth; 0–7656–0222–9, pbk. JEL 98–0465
Book Reviews
Authors: Grossbard-Shechtman Shoshana 
Published: January 2011

Working in the Macroeconomy: A Study of the US Labor Market. By Martin F. J. Prachowny. Studies in the Modern World Economy, vol. 8. London and New York: Routledge, 1997. Pp. x, 233. £40.00. ISBN 0–415–14927–4. JEL 97–1223
Is Parenting Associated with Teenagers’ Early Sexual Risk‐Taking, Autonomy And Relationship with Sexual Partners?
Authors: Parkes Alison , Henderson Marion , Wight Daniel , Nixon Catherine 
Published: January 2011

CONTEXT: Extensive research has explored the relationship between parenting and teenagers’ sexual risk‐taking. Whether parenting is associated with wider aspects of teenagers’ capacity to form satisfying sexual relationships is unknown.
METHODS: Self‐reported data were collected in 2007 from 1,854 students, whose average age was 15.5 years, in central Scotland. Multivariate analyses examined associations between parenting processes and sexual outcomes (delayed first intercourse, condom use and several measures reflecting the context or anticipated context of first sex).
RESULTS: Parental supportiveness was positively associated with all outcomes (betas, 0.1–0.4), and parental values restricting intercourse were positively associated with all outcomes except condom use (0.1–0.5). Parental monitoring was associated only with delayed intercourse (0.2) and condom use (0.2); parental rules about TV content were associated with delayed intercourse (0.7) and expecting sex in a relationship, rather than casually (0.8). Frequency of parental communication about sex and parental values endorsing contraceptive use were negatively associated with teenagers’ delayed intercourse (–0.5 and –0.3, respectively), and parents’ contraceptive values were negatively associated with teenagers’ expecting sex in a relationship (–0.5). Associations were partly mediated by teenagers’ attitudes, including value placed on having sex in a relationship.
CONCLUSIONS: Parents may develop teenagers’ capacity for positive and safe early sex by promoting skills and values that build autonomy and encourage sex only within a relationship. Interventions should promote supportive parenting and transmission of values, avoid mixed messages about abstinence and contraception, and acknowledge that teenagers may learn more indirectly than directly from parents about sex.
Abortion Incidence and Access to Services In the United States, 2008
Authors: Jones Rachel K. , Kooistra Kathryn 
Published: January 2011

CONTEXT: The incidence of abortion has declined nearly every year between 1990 and 2005, but this trend may be ending, or at least leveling off. Access to abortion services is a critical issue, particularly since the number of abortion providers has been falling for the last three decades.
METHODS: In 2009 and 2010, all facilities known or expected to have provided abortion services in 2007 and 2008 were contacted, including hospitals, clinics and physicians’ offices. Data on the number of abortions performed were collected and combined with population data to estimate national and state‐level abortion rates. Abortion incidence, provision of early medication abortion, gestational limits, charges and antiabortion harassment were assessed by provider type and abortion caseload.
RESULTS: In 2008, an estimated 1.21 million abortions were performed in the United States. The abortion rate increased 1% between 2005 and 2008, from 19.4 to 19.6 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; the total number of abortion providers was virtually unchanged. Small changes in national abortion incidence and number of providers masked substantial changes in some states. Accessibility of services changed little: In both years, 35% of women of reproductive age lived in the 87% of counties that lacked a provider. Fifty‐seven percent of nonhospital providers experienced antiabortion harassment in 2008; levels of harassment were particularly high in the Midwest (85%) and the South (75%).
CONCLUSIONS: The long‐term decline in abortion incidence has stalled. Higher levels of harassment in some regions suggest the need to enact and enforce laws that prohibit the more intrusive forms of harassment.
The Akt isoforms, their unique functions and potential as anticancer therapeutic targets
Authors: Santi Stacey A. , Douglas Alison C. , Lee Hoyun 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAkt (also known as protein kinase B or PKB) is the major downstream nodal point of the PI3K signaling pathway. This pathway is a promising anticancer therapeutic target, because constitutive activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway is correlated with tumor development, progression, poor prognosis, and resistance to cancer therapies. The Akt serine/threonine kinase regulates diverse cellular functions including cell growth, proliferation, glucose metabolism, and survival. Although all three known Akt isoforms (Akt1–3) are encoded by separate genes, their amino acid sequences show a high degree of similarity. For this and other reasons, it has long been assumed that all three Akt isoforms are activated in the same way, and their functions largely overlap. However, accumulating lines of evidence now suggest that the three Akt isoforms might have unique modes of activation and many distinct functions. In particular, it has recently been found that the Akt isoforms are localized at different subcellular compartments in both adipocytes and cancer cells. In this review, we highlight the unique roles of each Akt isoform by introducing published data obtained from both in vitro and in vivo studies. We also discuss the significant potential of the Akt isoforms as effective anticancer therapeutic targets.
Smolt Emigration and Survival to Adulthood in Two Icelandic Stocks of Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Antonsson Thorolfur , Heidarsson Thorkell , Snorrason Sigurdur S. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAtlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts were sampled at weirs from two Icelandic rivers (Ellidaár and Vesturdalsá) for a 15‐year period to test four hypotheses: (1) longer smolts (i.e., at the high end of the length‐frequency distribution) will have higher survival to adulthood than shorter smolts (i.e., in the middle and lower parts of the distribution); (2) plumper (i.e., higher condition factor) smolts will have higher survival to adulthood than leaner (slim or average) smolts; (3) middle‐age smolts (i.e., in the middle part of the freshwater age distribution) will have higher survival rates than fish at the extremes of the age distribution; and (4) fish in the middle portion of the smolt run will have higher smolt‐to‐adult survival than smolts emigrating early and late. Among the three length‐groups, significant differences were found in smolt‐to‐adult survival in each river. In pairwise comparisons, long smolts had significantly higher survival rates than middle‐sized and short smolts for both rivers. Among the three condition groups, significant differences were found in smolt‐to‐adult survival for the Ellidaár but not for the Vesturdalsá. Ages of smolts in the Ellidaár ranged from 1 to 5 years, and more than 98% of smolts were age 2–4. Smolts in the Vesturdalsá ranged in age from 2 to 7 years, and more than 99% of smolts were age 3–5. Among the dominant three age‐groups for each river, significant differences were found in smolt‐to‐adult survival. Among the three migration timing groups, significant differences were found in smolt‐to‐adult survival in both rivers. In pairwise comparisons for the Ellidaár, late‐migrating smolts had significantly higher survival rates than middle and early smolts. In the Vesturdalsá, late‐migrating smolts had significantly higher survival than early and middle smolts, which did not differ from each other. These results are placed in the context of optimization of life history strategies and ideas about the process of smoltification in Atlantic salmon life history.
Hybridization, Isolation, and Low Genetic Diversity of Kirikuchi Char, the Southernmost Populations of the Genus Salvelinus
Authors: Sato Takuya , Demise Teruko , Kubota Hitoshi , Nagoshi Makoto , Watanabe Katsutoshi 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe Kirikuchi char Salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus, which is endemic to the Kii Peninsula, central Honshu, Japan, is a relict nonanadromous char adapted to the southernmost habitats of the genus Salvelinus. As a result of anthropogenic disturbance, the distribution of the Kirikuchi char is now limited to the two upper drainages of the Totsu River system in the Kii Peninsula and this subspecies is now threatened with extinction. The present study determined the genetic population structure of the Kirikuchi char by using partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, seven microsatellites, and a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene (exon 2 of MHC class II beta). The results indicated that native Kirikuchi char populations in both drainages have hybridized extensively with stocked S. leucomaenis pluvius or S. leucomaenis leucomaenis that were originally distributed in eastern Honshu. Native populations were restricted to isolated headwaters above natural falls or sediment control dams and showed very low genetic diversity: one mitochondrial DNA haplotype and average heterozygosity of 0.00–0.12 in microsatellites and 0.00–0.50 in the MHC gene. The distinct genetic differences between the Kirikuchi char populations in the two drainages suggest that these populations should be managed as separate conservation units. A high risk of hybridization with stocked nonnative subspecies widely distributed throughout the drainages has prevented the recovery of natural connections that permit gene flow between local populations of Kirikuchi char. Given the extremely low genetic diversity of the remaining Kirikuchi char populations, it is necessary to take proactive management measures, such as the promotion of artificial gene flow across local populations within each drainage and genetic restoration using the data presented here.
Comparative Utility of Selected Frameworks for Regionalizing Fish‐Based Bioassessments across the United States
Authors: Frimpong Emmanuel A. , Angermeier Paul L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRegional frameworks for bioassessment are necessary to stratify natural geographic variation in biotic assemblages and to calibrate bioassessment metrics and indices. In the United States, alternative frameworks have not been evaluated over large geographic extents (nationwide or continent‐wide) or compared with neutral models to document the relative utility of existing frameworks. We used the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment fish assemblage data from 1,140 fluvial sites to evaluate the utility of physiographic regions, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ecoregions, aquatic zoogeographic regions, and hydrologic landscape regions (HLRs). A zoogeographic—physiographic (Z‐P) region combination was tested along with nesting of HLR within all other frameworks. All frameworks were compared with a hierarchical grid that represented a neutral spatial framework and enabled us to examine effects of spatial autocorrelation. Classification strengths were inferred from the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of random‐effects analysis of variance models. Seventy percent of the variation in eight commonly used functional bioassessment metrics was explained by two principal components (PCs), which were used to characterize the underlying structure of current bioassessment metrics and geographic variation in fish assemblages. The order of classification strengths of the frameworks tested was Z‐P > ecoregion > zoogeography > physiography > HLR. The highest estimated ICC was 30% of the variance in the first PC of metrics explained by Z‐P regions. As stand‐alone frameworks, all frameworks except HLR could explain some variance in functional metrics above that attributable to spatial autocorrelation at the national scale. The HLR framework was the only spatially noncontiguous framework, and its weak classification strength reflects the importance of spatial autocorrelation in national‐scale regionalizations. Whenever nested in other frameworks, HLR explained significant additional variation. A refinement of the Z‐P framework and further integration with other frameworks such as HLR could lead to an improved, generally applicable framework for fish‐based bioassessments.