bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards the development of new subtype-specific muscarinic receptor radiopharmaceuticals — Radiosynthesis and ex vivo biodistribution of [18F]3-(4-(2-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethylthio)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)-1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine
Authors: van Oosten Erik M. , Wilson Alan A. , Mamo David C. , Pollock Bruce G. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Houle Sylvain , Vasdev Neil 
Published: December 2010

Muscarinic receptors have been implicated in neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia. Nineteen derivatives of thiadiazolyltetrahydropyridine (TZTP), a core that has previously shown high affinities towards muscarinic receptor subtypes, were synthesized and evaluated via in vitro binding assays. The title compound, a fluoro-polyethyleneglycol analog of TZTP (4c), was subsequently labelled with fluorine-18. Fluorine-18-labelled 4c was produced, via an automated synthesis, in an average radiochemical yield of 36% (uncorrected for decay), with high radiochemical purity (>99%) and high specific activity (326 GBq/µmol; end-of-bombardment), within 40 min (n = 3). Ex vivo biodistribution studies following tail-vein injection of [18F]4c in conscious rats displayed sufficient brain uptake (0.4%–0.7% injected dose / gram of wet tissue in all brain regions at 5 min post injection); however, there were substantial polar metabolites present in the brain, thereby precluding future use of [18F]4c for imaging in the central nervous system.
Water availability and genetic effects on wood properties of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)
Authors: Gonzalez-Benecke C. A. , Martin T. A. , Clark A. , Peter G. F. 
Published: December 2010

We studied the effect of water availability on basal area growth and wood properties of 11-year-old loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) trees from contrasting Florida (FL) (a mix of half-sib families) and South Carolina coastal plain (SC) (a single, half-sib family) genetic material. Increasing soil water availability via irrigation increased average whole-core specific gravity (SG) and latewood percentage (LW%) by 0.036 and 6.93%, respectively. Irrigation did not affect latewood SG or wood stiffness, but irrigated FL and SC trees had more latewood due to a 29 day longer growing season. Irrigation did not affect the length of corewood production, but irrigated trees had earlier transition ages, producing outerwood ~3 years before rainfed trees. The increase in whole-core SG and LW% was moderate because irrigation promoted earlywood growth in corewood formed before canopy closure, but after year 7, rain-fed and irrigated trees had similar earlywood growth but irrigated trees had more latewood growth, increasing ring SG and LW%. The SC half-sib family had higher SG and greater LW% than trees from FL independent of irrigation due to greater yearly latewood growth. Thus, absence of soil water stress extended seasonal diameter cessation date but did not change latewood SG or wood stiffness.
Forest processes from stands to landscapes: exploring model forecast uncertainties using cross-scale model comparison
Authors: Papaik Michael J. , Fall Andrew , Sturtevant Brian , Kneeshaw Daniel , Messier Christian , Fortin Marie-Josée , Simon Neal 
Published: December 2010

Forest management practices conducted primarily at the stand scale result in simplified forests with regeneration problems and low structural and biological diversity. Landscape models have been used to help design management strategies to address these problems. However, there remains a great deal of uncertainty that the actual management practices result in the desired sustainable landscape structure. To investigate our ability to meet sustainable forest management goals across scales, we assessed how two models of forest dynamics, a scaled-up individual-tree model and a landscape model, simulate forest dynamics under three types of harvesting regimes: clearcut, gap, and uniform thinning. Althougth 50–100 year forecasts predicted average successional patterns that differed by less than 20% between models, understory dynamics of the landscape model were simplified relative to the scaled-up tree model, whereas successional patterns of the scaled-up tree model deviated from empirical studies on the driest and wettest landtypes. The scale dependencies of both models revealed important weaknesses when the models were used alone; however, when used together, they could provide a heuristic method that could improve our ability to design sustainable forest management practices.
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase 1 Regulates Lysosome-Dependent Type I Collagen Protein Degradation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Cai Yujun , Miller Clint L. , Nagel David J. , Jeon Kye-Im , Lim Soyeon , Gao Pingjin , Knight Peter A. , Yan Chen 
Published: December 2010

Objective—
The phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to a synthetic phenotype is vital during pathological vascular remodeling and the development of various vascular diseases. An increase in type I collagen (collagen I) has been implicated in synthetic VSMCs, and cyclic nucleotide signaling is critical in collagen I regulation. Herein, we investigate the role and underlying mechanism of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1) in regulating collagen I in synthetic VSMCs.

Methods and Results—
The PDE1 inhibitor IC86340 significantly reduced collagen I in human saphenous vein explants undergoing spontaneous remodeling via ex vivo culture. In synthetic VSMCs, high basal levels of intracellular and extracellular collagen I protein were markedly decreased by IC86340. This attenuation was due to diminished protein but not mRNA. Inhibition of lysosome function abolished the effect of IC86340 on collagen I protein expression. PDE1C but not PDE1A is the major isoform responsible for mediating the effects of IC86340. Bicarbonate-sensitive soluble adenylyl cyclase/cAMP signaling was modulated by PDE1C, which is critical in collagen I degradation in VSMCs.

Conclusion—
These data demonstrate that PDE1C regulates soluble adenylyl cyclase/cAMP signaling and lysosome-mediated collagen I protein degradation, and they suggest that PDE1C plays a critical role in regulating collagen homeostasis during pathological vascular remodeling.
Early Changes of Tissue Perfusion After Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Hyperacute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: An Hongyu , Ford Andria L. , Vo Katie , Eldeniz Cihat , Ponisio Rosana , Zhu Hongtu , Li Yimei , Chen Yasheng , Powers William J. , Lee Jin-Moo , Lin Weili 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
It is hypothesized that tissue plasminogen activator rescues brain tissue by improving perfusion. In this study, we aimed to examine acute regional perfusion changes and how they influence infarction and clinical outcome.

Methods—
Three sequential MR scans were performed in 15 tissue plasminogen activator-treated patients within 3.5 (tp1), at 6 hours (tp2), and at 1 month (tp3) after stroke onset. “Hypoperfusion” was defined if mean transit time prolongation was more than a threshold (4 thresholds: 3, 4, 5, and 6 seconds). Four regions of interest were classified: (1) “reperfusion”—hypoperfused at tp1, normal at tp2; (2) “nonreperfusion”—hypoperfused at tp1 and tp2; (3) “normal perfusion”—normal at tp1 and tp2; and (4) “new hypoperfusion”—normal at tp1 and hypoperfused at tp2. Risk of infarction was calculated within each region of interest. Associations between tissue perfusion changes and clinical variables were evaluated using stepwise multiple linear regressions. Moreover, the association between National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale changes and perfusion alterations was assessed using linear mixed effect models.

Results—

Regardless of the mean transit time threshold chosen, the risk of infarction in nonreperfused regions (40% to 68%, thresholds 3 to 6 seconds) was higher than reperfused regions (9% to 30%,
P
<0.05), and it was higher in new hypoperfusion regions (9% to 33%) than normal perfusion regions (3% to 4%,
P
<0.05). Volume of new hypoperfusion was significantly associated with onset-to-treatment time and initial hypoperfused volume. Overall relative reperfusion was significantly associated with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale improvement.

Conclusion—
Early tissue perfusion changes influenced final tissue fate. The development of new hypoperfusion may result from delay in tissue plasminogen activator and a large initial lesion.
Early Activation of Intracranial Collateral Vessels Influences the Outcome of Spontaneous Internal Carotid Artery Dissection
Authors: Silvestrini Mauro , Altamura Claudia , Cerqua Raffaella , Pedone Claudio , Balucani Clotilde , Luzzi Simona , Bartolini Marco , Provinciali Leandro , Vernieri Fabrizio 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
The effectiveness of different treatments for internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection has not been well defined. Lack of early prognostic indicators may represent a major problem in adequately identifying the most appropriate option for treatment. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of patients' vascular risk profiles and of early cerebral hemodynamic changes in determining the clinical evolution after ICA dissection.

Methods—
Sixty-six stroke patients with ICA occlusion due to spontaneous artery dissection were included. Transcranial Doppler was performed within 24 hours from symptom onset to examine cerebral arteries and the patency of the 3 major intracranial collateral vessels (ophthalmic artery and anterior and posterior communicating arteries). Possible recanalization of the occluded ICA within the first month was evaluated. Stroke severity at onset was assessed with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, whereas outcome was defined according to the modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days after stroke onset.

Results—
Forty patients had at least 2 activated intracranial collateral vessels. The remaining 26 patients, with none or only 1 collateral vessel, showed a significant increased risk of poor recovery (modified Rankin Scale score ≥2; adjusted relative risk=14.9; 95% CI, 3.24 to 68.46). Poor recovery was not associated with the occurrence of recanalization, with stroke severity at onset, or with vascular risk profile.

Conclusions—
Early assessment of cerebral hemodynamic status and, in particular, the activation of intracranial collateral vessels, may help in predicting the outcome of stroke patients with ICA lumen occlusion as a result of spontaneous dissection.
Processes of Care and Medical Complications in Patients With Stroke
Authors: Ingeman Annette , Andersen Grethe , Hundborg Heidi H. , Svendsen Marie L. , Johnsen Søren P. 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
The relationship between processes of care and the risk of medical complications in patients with stroke remains unclear. We therefore examined the association in a population-based follow-up study.

Methods—
We identified 11 757 patients admitted for stroke to stroke units in 2 Danish counties in 2003 to 2008. The examined processes of care included early admission to a stroke unit, early initiation of antiplatelet or oral anticoagulant therapy, early CT/MRI scan, and early assessment by a physiotherapist and an occupational therapist of nutritional risk and of swallowing function and early mobilization.

Results—
Overall, 25.3% (n=2969) of the patients experienced ≥1 medical complications during hospitalization. The most common medical complications were urinary tract infection (15.5%), pneumonia (8.8%), and constipation (7.0%). We found indications of an inverse dose–response relationship between the number of processes of care that the patients received and the risk of medical complications. The lowest risk of complications was found among patients who received all relevant processes of care compared with patients who failed to receive any of the processes (ie, adjusted ORs ranged from 0.42 [95% CI, 0.24 to 0.74] for pressure ulcer to 0.64 [95% CI, 0.44 to 0.93] for pneumonia). Of the individual processes of care, early mobilization was associated with the lowest risk of complications.

Conclusions—
Higher quality of acute stroke care was associated with a lower risk of medical complications.
Good-death Beliefs and Cognition in Himalayan Pilgrimage
Authors: Nordin Andreas 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article discusses the notions of a good death associated with Hindu pilgrimages in the Nepalese and Tibetan Himalayas. Using theories and concepts from the cognitive anthropology of religion and from the cognitive science of religion—particularly the cultural epidemiological method—my objective is to explain why certain systems of thought and behaviour are favoured over others in cultural transmission. My thesis is that the apprehension of contagion and/or contamination, combined with prevailing cultural representations, exerts selective pressure on the formation of beliefs about good death. Pilgrimage sites are associated with intuitions about contagious and contaminating contact, avert the pollution of death, and provide links to supernatural agents.
What is Esotericism? Cultural Studies Approaches and the Problems of Definition in Religious Studies
Authors: Bergunder Michael 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThere is an ongoing debate whether esotericism could be a meaningful subject for Religious Studies. The recent history of the academic research into esotericism will be presented and critically discussed, how it has tried to define its subject and how this discussions have reached an impasse. It is proposed that certain theoretical perspectives from cultural studies offer alternative ways in determining a research subject, especially one based on Ernesto Laclau’s concept of “empty signifiers.” This argument will be followed by a methodological application that translates the theoretical considerations into a concrete and specific research design of discursive networks.
Turning a Critical Eye on Science and Religion: Theological Assumptions and Soteriological Rhetoric
Authors: Gironi Fabio 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to offer a critical evaluation of the field of “science and religion” through a brief description of its academic evolution, of the kind of scholars involved in it, and the publications belonging to it. Some elements of this discourse will be highlighted and criticized, namely a number of eurocentric theological assumptions, and what I will define as a “soteriological rhetoric” which serves as a legitimating device for the field, both ubiquitously employed in the work of the scholars involved in the field. I will argue, moreover, that such a rhetoric is the direct product of confessional interests, which disguise the field’s theological apologetical aims with appeals to the universal welfare of an ethnocentrically limited conception of “humanity.”
Molecular and morphometric characterisation of Xiphinema globosum Sturhan, 1978 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Spain
Authors: Landa Blanca , Cantalapiedra-Navarrete Carolina , Palomares-Rius Juan , Castillo Pablo , Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez Carlos 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDuring a recent nematode survey in natural environments of the Los Alcornocales Regional Park narrow valleys, viz., the renowned 'canutos' excavated in the mountains that maintain a humid microclimate, in southern Spain, an amphimictic population of Xiphinema globosum was identified. Morphological and morphometric studies on this population fit the original and previous descriptions and represent the first report from Spain and southern Europe. Molecular characterisation of X. globosum from Spain using D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA and ITS1-rRNA is provided and maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analysis were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within X. globosum and other Xiphinema species. A supertree solution of the different phylogenetic trees obtained in this study and in other published studies using rDNA genes are presented using the matrix representation parsimony method (MRP) and the most similar supertree method (MSSA). The results revealed a closer phylogenetic relationship of X. globosum with X. diversicaudatum, X. bakeri and with some sequences of unidentified Xiphinema spp. deposited in GenBank.
Is Xinjiang an Internal Colony?
Authors: Sautman Barry 
Published: December 2010

AbstractScholars and journalists use the phrase ‘internal colonialism’ to sum up the relationship between the PRC central government and Xinjiang, and the region does have ethnic conflict and a low degree of autonomy. Its relationship with the PRC centre and the political economy of Han/minority interaction indicate, however, that none of the elements of the internal colonialist concept are sufficiently present to warrant characterising Xinjiang as an internal colony of China.
The Population Landscape of Xinjiang/East Turkestan
Authors: Toops Stanley 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe demographic structure of East Turkestan (Xinjiang) has undergone enormous change since the 1980s. This article profiles several factors affecting demographic change including migration, social and economic issues as well as policy implementation. The regional distinctiveness of East Turkestan (North, South, and Central) is examined through the use of maps from 1991 and 1995 that tabulate data for each county in the region. The resultant population landscape of East Turkestan is the local response to Ürümqi’s regional implementation of China’s national policies in the face of international forces.
Urgunge Onon: An Appreciation
Authors: Humphrey Caroline 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIt is particularly important for us to celebrate Urgunge Onon’s 80th birthday. Urgunge was the inspiration for the founding of the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit in 1986. I remember well how one day Urgunge travelled from Leeds to give me an important message. He said, ‘This country of Britain where I have made my home has a very distinguished tradition of Mongolian Studies, but now it looks as though it will die out.’ ‘What do you mean?’ I asked. Urgunge replied, ‘Without a proper institution, everything will be dissipated, there will be no centre, and no-one will see to it that there is a new generation of Mongolists to follow us. You owe it to your teachers, Owen Lattimore and myself, to see that this does not happen. Together, we can do something.’ This conversation was how the idea of founding a Unit was born, and the Unit has now produced several ‘generations’ of young scholars and many publications, including this journal Inner Asia.
An Introduction to the History and Religion of the Buryat Mongols of Shinehen in China
Authors: HÜrelbaatar A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThere are over 6,000 Buryat Mongols (Buryats hereafter) in Hülün Buir League of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, China. Most of the Shinehen Buryats came originally from among the Aga Buryats in Russia after 1918. Although the history of Shinehen Buryats is relatively short, their experiences, as this paper aims to show, are special in many ways. Not much is written about them. The aim of this paper is simple, briefly to introduce the Shinehen Buryats by examining their migrations and the last eighty years of their historical experience in different political power contexts. I discuss their hardships, the continuity of their traditions, the decline and re-emergence of their religious practices, and their current relation to the Buryats in Russia.
Neo-Shamanism in the Context of the Contemporary Ethno-Cultural Situation in the Republic of Buryatia
Authors: Zhukovskaya N. L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIt is often said that there is a ‘revival’ of shamanism in Siberia today. The article argues, however, that in Buryatia alongside this resurgence there are new phenomena, which we would more accurately call ‘Neo-shamanic’. Amongst these phenomena are: the combining of shamanic with secular careers; the creation of an Association of shamans; the participation of shamans in popular media events; the desire of shamans to express their point of view in the academic environment; and the contemporary shamans’ elevation of shamanism to world religion status. The Association has promoted some mass rituals, which have been integrated (often problematically) into local mythic worldviews, and the combination of shamanic with academic pursuits has also turned out to be an uncomfortable one. Such new activities show that shamanism evolves historically, though it also retains a fundament based on locality and ancestors.
Resisting Colonialism in the Uzbek Historical Novel Kecha va Kunduz (Night and Day), 1936
Authors: Lyons Shawn T. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this essay on the Uzbek author and poet Abdulhamid Sulayman Cholpon (1897–1938), his novel Kecha va Kunduz (Night and Day) is examined as a bold critique of both Russian and Soviet colonialism in early twentieth century Central Asia. Despite increasing censorship and previous arrests by Soviet authorities, Cholpon subtly employs a variety of techniques including satire and farce to undermine the legitimacy of the Soviet government that was being established around him. Bitterly portraying the hypocrisy and collusion of jadid reformists, Muslim clerics and local Russian officials, this unfinished novel, which was halted by the author’s execution in 1938, remains as one of the darkest comments on Soviet Central Asian history in the Uzbek language.
Educating Mongols and Making ‘Citizens’ of Manchukuo
Authors: Narangoa Li 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTo control its new possessions Japan needed a mobilisation strategy of its own. In developing this strategy Japan placed great emphasis on education. The Japanese authorities saw education as tool for shaping society to serve their purposes and as part of their broader efforts to establish their dominance. This essay focuses on Japanese education policies towards the Mongols in Manchukuo. The Mongols of Manchukuo had a special place in Japanese policies in the new state. A clear Mongol political presence was essential to the Japanese construction of Manchukuo as a multi-ethnic state. The central problem for the Japanese was whether to make the Mongols of Manchukuo good and useful citizens of Manchukuo or whether to make them the spearhead of a larger Japanese orientated Mongol state north of China. Japan's education policies amongst the Mongols reflected these contradictory aspirations and therefore highlight Japan's general educational dilemmas in its Asian colonies.