bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motivated Reasoning, Political Sophistication, and Associations between President Obama and Islam
Authors: Hartman Todd K. , Newmark Adam J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractRecent polls reveal that between 20% and 25% of Americans erroneously indicate that President Obama is a Muslim. In this article, we compare individuals' explicit responses on a survey about religion and politics with reaction time data from an Implicit Association Test (IAT) to investigate whether individuals truly associate Obama with Islam or are motivated reasoners who simply express negativity about the president when given the opportunity. Our results suggest that predispositions such as ideology, partisanship, and race affect how citizens feel about Obama, which in turn motivates them to accept misinformation about the president. We also find that these implicit associations increase the probability of stating that Obama is likely a Muslim. Interestingly, political sophistication does not appear to inoculate citizens from exposure to misinformation, as they exhibit the same IAT effect as less knowledgeable individuals.
“We're Off to Replace the Wizard”: Lessons from a Collaborative Group Project Assignment
Authors: Centellas Miguel , Love Gregory J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article examines the effectiveness of a collaborative group learning project for teaching a core competency in comparative politics: constitutional structures. We use a quasi-experimental design and propensity score matching to assess the value of a constitutional writing group project and presentation. The results provide strong evidence that these learning tools are highly valuable for teaching abstract concepts. Students who participated in the project scored significantly higher on a short series of questions in final exams given several weeks after the completion of the group project. Somewhat paradoxically, the project increased competency but did not affect student self-reported interest in the subject matter. The challenges and improvements that can be made for the use these types of learning tools concludes the article.
Teaching Diversity: Using a Multifaceted Approach to Engage Students
Authors: Auerbach Arthur H. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe traditional format for teaching courses to undergraduate students has long been that of lecture when professors speak and students listen. However, as times have evolved so too have the pedagogical methods in the classroom. In teaching a course on diversity and discrimination in the society, this instructor opted to combine several teaching methods as a means of not only conveying the substantive material to the class but, more importantly, engaging the students at an interactive learning level. By combining traditional lecture with watching/discussing documentaries and incorporating structured student debate, a dynamic learning environment was created. As a result of incorporating the students into every aspect of the class, the students learned from both the instructor and students alike. Thus, the use of this multifaceted approach created a positive and engaging learning environment for the whole class.
Split from slip and schist: Crustal anisotropy beneath northern Cascadia from non‐volcanic tremor
Authors: Bostock M. G. , Christensen N. I. 
Published: June 2012

Polarization and splitting analyses of minute‐long windows of non‐volcanic tremor at 3‐component stations in the vicinity of southern Vancouver Island provide new evidence for the presence of anisotropy within the crustal portion of the North American plate beneath Cascadia. As reported previously, tremor particle motions are predominantly horizontal and inferred to manifest an upgoing wavefield composed primarily of S‐waves. Under this assumption, estimates of incidence angle and back azimuth can be deduced from orientation of the smallest principle direction of motion. When subjected to standard S‐wave splitting analysis, most stations yield systematic and reproducible fast polarization directions. Estimates of original polarization direction are more scattered and splitting times often exhibit multimodal distributions. Numerical simulations, wherein band‐limited synthetic seismograms comprising contributions from multiple sources are analyzed for splitting, neatly reproduce these characteristics and thereby provide a framework for interpretation. A number of stations in our study sit astride the San Juan fault which, based on reflection studies, dips approximately 60 to 70° to the north. Underlying these stations is the Leech River Complex consisting of strongly foliated greenschist facies phyllites with steeply dipping foliations striking parallel to fast polarization directions of split S‐waves. Detailed laboratory velocity measurements at elevated pressures show that as little as 2 to 3 km of vertically dipping Leech River phyllite are required to produce the observed splitting. These phyllites have some of the highest S‐wave anisotropies measured to date and are part of a once continuous belt of anisotropic crust extending over 2000 km along the western North American coast from southern Vancouver Island to southwest Alaska.
Sea surface temperature variability in southern Okinawa Trough during last 2700 years
Authors: Wu Weichao , Tan Wenbing , Zhou Liping , Yang Huan , Xu Yunping 
Published: June 2012

Most of the temperature reconstructions for the past two millennia are based on proxy data from various sites on land. Here we present a bidecadal resolution record of sea surface temperature (SST) in Southern Okinawa Trough for the past ca. 2700 years by analyzing tetraether lipids of planktonic archaea in the ODP Hole 1202B, a site under the strong influence of Kuroshio Current and East Asian monsoon. The reconstructed SST anomalies generally coincided with previously reported late Holocene climate events, including the Roman Warm Period, Sui‐Tang dynasty Warm Period, Medieval Warm Period, Current Warm Period, Dark Age Cold Period and Little Ice Age. However, the Medieval Warm Period usually thought to be a historical analogue for the Current Warm Period has a mean SST of 0.6–0.8°C lower than that of the Roman Warm Period and Sui‐Tang dynasty Warm Period. Despite an increase since 1850 AD, the mean SST in the 20th century is still within the range of natural variability during the past 2700 years. A close correlation of SST in Southern Okinawa Trough with air temperature in East China, intensity of East Asian monsoon and the El‐Niño Southern Oscillation index has been attributed to the fluctuations in solar output and oceanic‐atmospheric circulation.
Objectively assessed physical activity and weight status in Maltese 11–12 year‐olds
Authors: Decelis Andrew , Jago Russell , Fox Kenneth R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe objectives of the study were to identify levels of physical activity and sedentary time and assess how they differ by weight status in Maltese boys and girls. Participants were 234 Maltese children aged 11–12 years, of which 187 (80%) provided complete data. Physical activity was assessed using accelerometry and weight status determined through gender‐specific age‐adjusted Body mass index (BMI). Self‐reported mode of transport to school, TV and computer time, gaming and mobile phone use were assessed by questionnaire. Total physical activity was generally very low and significantly lower for girls than boys at all times on weekdays and on weekends till 7 pm. Overweight and obesity prevalence was 27% and 18.6%, respectively. Differences in overall physical activity were observed between non‐overweight, and overweight and obese boys (p=0.003). Differences in moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) in boys were significant across all weight categories (p=0.001) and in girls (p=0.020) between the overweight (27.6 min), the non‐overweight (26.4 min) and the obese (18.9 min). For weekdays, mean physical activity differences (p=0.013) were observed between non‐overweight (515.5 cpm) and obese boys (416.4 cpm). Differences in MVPA were found (p=0.038) between non‐overweight (4.4 min) and obese boys in the 6 am–3 pm period. Differences were also found between overweight (13.2 min) and obese girls (8.1 min) (p=0.024) in that period. On weekends, mean physical activity differences were found between non‐overweight and overweight boys from 8 am—7 pm but not for girls. Physical activity levels in this sample were very low when compared to recommended levels, while the prevalence of overweight and obesity and sedentary time were high. Girls are significantly less active than boys throughout the week. Activity level differences and patterning across the day and week were related to weight status with obese children showing markedly less activity. These results suggest that we need to provide more opportunities for overweight and obese children to be active throughout the week, with a particular emphasis on physical activity during school hours.
Gender differences in hip and ankle joint kinematics on knee abduction during running
Authors: Sakaguchi Masanori , Ogawa Haruna , Shimizu Norifumi , Kanehisa Hiroaki , Yanai Toshimasa , Kawakami Yasuo 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe knee is the most common site of running injuries, particularly prevalent in females. The purpose of this study was to clarify gender differences in the lower extremity kinematics during running, with a specific emphasis on the relationships between the distal and proximal factors and the knee joint kinematics. Eleven female and 11 male runners participated in this study. Three‐dimensional marker positions were recorded with a motion analysis system while the subjects ran along a 25 m runway at a speed of 3.5 m/s. Kinematic variables were analyzed for the stance phase of the right leg. Female runners demonstrated significantly greater peak knee abduction (P<0.05), hip adduction (P<0.01) and internal rotation (P<0.05), whereas male runners demonstrated significantly greater peak rearfoot eversion (P<0.01). The knee abduction angles were positively correlated with hip adduction angles (r=0.49, P<0.05) and negatively correlated with rearfoot eversion (r= −0.69, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in normalised step width between genders (P>0.05). Smaller rearfoot eversion and greater hip adduction related closely to the greater knee abduction as the distal and proximal factors, respectively. These relationships are thought to be the compensatory joint motions in the frontal plane, because there was no significant difference in the normalised step width between females and males. The current results suggest that if the step width is identical, the subjects with greater knee abduction had smaller rearfoot eversion to compensate for greater hip adduction, which were more apparent in females. This explains greater knee abduction found in female runners, which can be linked to a high risk of knee injury.
Accurate assessment of cell density in low cellular liquid‐based cervical cytology
Authors: Siebers A. G. , van der Laak J. A. W. M. , Huberts‐Manders R. , Vedder J. E. M. , Bulten J. 
Published: June 2012

A. G. Siebers, J. A. W. M. van der Laak, R. Huberts‐Manders, J. E. M. Vedder and J. Bulten
Accurate assessment of cell density in low cellular liquid‐based cervical cytology
Objective:  Scant cellularity is the most important source of unsatisfactory liquid‐based cytology. Although still being debated, low cellularity is thought to compromise the detection of squamous lesions. Thus, reliable assessment of cellularity is essential. The aim of the present study was to determine the cellularity range for ThinPrep® slides of low cellularity and to establish the most accurate cell‐counting protocol.Methods:  A series of 60 ThinPrep cases representing the full spectrum of adequate, ‘satisfactory but limited by’ (SBLB) and unsatisfactory reports were included. Two cell‐counting protocols with three different magnifications, using ×10, ×20 and ×40 objectives, were evaluated and related to the true cellularity, together with a reassessment of the degree of adequacy originally reported. The cell‐counting protocol that showed the highest correlation coefficient was considered the most accurate.Results:  Based on seven (re)assessments a majority score for adequacy was established. There were 42 cases with a majority score ‘unsatisfactory’ or ‘SBLB’ (low cellularity) of which 41 contained fewer than 20 000 squamous cells; and 18 cases with a majority score ‘satisfactory’ of which one had fewer than 20 000 cells. The cell‐counting protocol that showed the significantly highest correlation with the reference standard was the Stichting Kwaliteitsbewaking Medische Laboratoriumdiagnostiek (SKML) protocol with a ×10 objective.Conclusions:  ThinPrep slides reported as unsatisfactory or SBLB were shown to contain fewer than 20 000 squamous cells. The most accurate protocol for estimating the cellularity of these slides was cell counting in five non‐adjacent microscope fields along the horizontal axis and five along the vertical axis of the slide with a ×10 objective and applying a correction factor of 1.24× to correct for underestimation of the true cellularity.
Foraging rules of flower selection applied by colonies of Apis mellifera: ranking and associations of floral sources
Authors: Aronne Giovanna , Giovanetti Manuela , Guarracino Mario R. , de Micco Veronica 
Published: June 2012

Summary1. Interactions between bees and flowers are historically a key topic of research in biology. Apis mellifera is known to forage on a wide variety of flowers to collect nectar and/or pollen. Until now, resource collection strategies were investigated focusing on the influence of single factors on foraging decisions, such as hive requirements, surrounding vegetation, resource availability, seasonality and interactions with other bees. Despite the vast amount of literature on A. mellifera, we lack a comprehensive view of its flower selection.2. Our aim was to go beyond specific circumstances in order to identify general criteria for flower selection at species level. Applying data mining techniques (Market Basket Analysis), we found that bees exert a precise flower selection choice mainly driven by their pollen requirements. The bees foraged all over the study area with no obvious preference for the close surrounding vegetation. They selected a restricted number of all the available sources, for nectar as well as for pollen. Apis mellifera chose some floral sources more regularly than others. The most recurrent sources changed in time according to subsequent flowering peaks and often corresponded to anemophilous species. The compelling need for pollen revealed the constant demand of a few distinct floral sources. Plants providing huge quantities of pollen, such as wind‐pollinated species, were preferred. When the pollen source also provided a good quantity of nectar, foragers collected both resources on the same species.3. This work on A. mellifera helps to clarify some of the complex aspects of its floral selection processes, which emerge from studies on single colonies, areas or environmental factors influencing individual foraging behaviours. It also suggests that some established theories on pollinator–flower interactions, such as the role of wind‐pollinated species, need revision.
Imbalance of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expression versus TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2 reflects increased invasiveness of human testicular germ cell tumours
Authors: Milia‐Argeiti E. , Huet E. , Labropoulou V. T. , Mourah S. , Fenichel P. , Karamanos N. K. , Menashi S. , Theocharis A. D. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThe histological classification of testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) to seminoma or non‐seminomatous germ cell tumours is at present the main criterion for the clinical outcome and selection of the treatment strategy. In view of the need to identify novel prognostic biomarkers for TGCTs, we investigated the expression of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in testicular tumour tissues and cell lines of both seminoma and non‐seminoma origin. Immunohistochemistry and zymography analysis of tumoural tissues showed significantly higher levels of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 compared with normal testis with the active forms detected only in the tumour tissues. Three cell lines representative of the different tumour types, JKT‐1 seminoma, NCCIT teratocarcinoma and NTERA2/D1 embryonal carcinoma were also evaluated for their expression of these MMPs using qPCR and zymography and for their invasive properties. The more invasive non‐seminomatous teratocarcinoma and embryonal cells expressed considerably more MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 compared with seminoma cells exhibiting lower invasiveness. Furthermore, an inverse relation was observed between invasiveness and the expression of endogenous inhibitors TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2. The MMP inhibitor Marimastat inhibited invasion in all cell lines, the highest inhibition was observed in the more invasive NTERA2/D1 and NCCIT cells, which presented the highest ratio of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 vs. TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2. These results highlight the importance of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in the invasiveness of testicular tumours and suggest that their levels, vs. those of TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2, may represent potential biomarkers for testicular malignancy.
Effects of nucleotides adenosine monophosphate and adenosine triphosphate in combination with L‐arginine on male rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue
Authors: Hupertan V. , Neuzillet Y. , Stücker O. , Pons C. , Leammel E. , Lebret T. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryPurines and more specifically adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) have a strong relaxant effect on smooth muscle cells of the dog, rabbit and human corpus cavernosum, to approximately the same degree as nitric oxide (NO). However, purines are considered as modulators of erectile function rather than key mediators. This suggests that the use of purines combined with NO donors could be effective to treat some specific erectile disorders. The relaxation induced by the combination of l‐arginine (Arg), a natural substrate for NO synthase, was assessed with a purine‐nucleotide (AMP, ATP) on a rabbit corpus cavernosum model, to determine if these substances could potentiate each other’s effect. When a pre‐contraction was induced by phenylephrine, AMP alone induced a 43% CC relaxation rate and ATP alone a 26% rate. The relaxation rate induced by Arg was lower in comparison (8% at 5.10−4 m vs. 25% at AMP 5.10−4 m and 15% at ATP 5.10−4 m). NO synthase inhibitor n‐nitro‐l‐arginine did not modify the relaxing effect provoked by AMP suggesting that the mechanism of action of this nucleotide does not involve the NO pathway. The combination of Arg at 5.10−4 m with either AMP or ATP at different doses ranging from 5.10−4 to 10−3 m significantly enhanced the relaxing response reaching rates of 62 and 80% respectively, leading to a synergistic effect. The present data indicate that a ‘NO donor’ combined with an ‘adenosine donor’ could be an effective therapeutic approach.
Landscape structure and land use history influence changes in island plant composition after 100 years
Authors: Aggemyr Elsa , Cousins Sara A. O. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAim We investigated how current and historical land use and landscape structure affect species richness and the processes of extinction, immigration and species turnover.Location The northern part of the Stockholm archipelago, Baltic Sea, Sweden. We resurveyed 27 islands ranging from 0.3 to 33 ha in area.Methods We compared current plant survey data, cadastral maps and aerial photographs with records obtained from a survey in 1908, using databases and a digital elevation model to examine changes in plant community dynamics in space and time. We examined the effects of local and landscape structure and land use changes on plant species dynamics by using stepwise regression in relation to eight local and three landscape variables. The eight local variables were area, relative age, shape, soil heterogeneity, bedrock ratio, number of houses, forest cover change, and grazing 100 years ago. The three landscape variables were distance to mainland, distance to closest island with a farm 100 years ago, and structural connectivity. Hanski’s connectivity measure was modified to incorporate both connectivity and fragmentation.Results The investigated islands have undergone drastic changes, with increasing forest cover, habitation, and abandonment of grassland management. Although the total species richness increased by 31% and mean island area by 23%, we found no significant increase in species richness per unit area. Local variables explain past species richness (100 years ago), whereas both local and landscape variables explain current species richness, extinctions, immigrations and species turnover. Grazing that occurred 100 years ago still influences species richness, even though grazing management was abandoned several decades ago. The evidence clearly shows an increase in nitrophilous plant species, particularly among immigrant species.Main conclusions This study highlights the importance of including land use history when interpreting current patterns of species richness. Furthermore, local environment and landscape patterns affect important ecological processes such as immigration, extinction and species turnover, and hence should be included when assessing the impact of habitat fragmentation and land use change. We suggest that our modified structural connectivity measure can be applied to other types of landscapes to investigate the effects of fragmentation and habitat loss.
Chronic Disease Management Programmes: an adequate response to patients’ needs?
Authors: Rijken Mieke , Bekkema Nienke , Boeckxstaens Pauline , Schellevis François G. , De Maeseneer Jan M. , Groenewegen Peter P. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground  Inspired by American examples, several European countries are now developing disease management programmes (DMPs) to improve the quality of care for patients with chronic diseases. Recently, questions have been raised whether the disease management approach is appropriate to respond to patient‐defined needs.Objective  In this article we consider the responsiveness of current European DMPs to patients’ needs defined in terms of multimorbidity, functional and participation problems, and self‐management.Method  Information about existing DMPs was derived from a survey among country‐experts. In addition, we made use of international scientific literature.Results  Most European DMPs do not have a solid answer yet to the problem of multimorbidity. Methods of linking DMPs, building extra modules to deal with the most prevalent comorbidities and integration of case management principles are introduced. Rehabilitation, psychosocial and reintegration support are not included in all DMPs, and the involvement of the social environment of the patient is uncommon. Interventions tailored to the needs of specific social or cultural patient groups are mostly not available. Few DMPs provide access to individualized patient information to strengthen self‐management, including active engagement in decision making.Conclusion  To further improve the responsiveness of DMPs to patients’ needs, we suggest to monitor ‘patient relevant outcomes’ that might be based on the ICF‐model. To address the needs of patients with multimorbidity, we propose a generic comprehensive model, embedded in primary care. A goal‐oriented approach provides the opportunity to prioritize goals that really matter to patients.