bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case Article—Introductory Integrative Cases on Airline Revenue Management
Authors: Shumsky Robert A. 
Published: June 2010

This case article summarizes two case series. Each case series includes three subcases and has an associated teaching note. These six short cases introduce many of the concepts that underlie the practice of airline revenue management: protection levels, overbooking, customer buy-up and buy-down behavior, network controls, bid prices, and the spiral-down effect. The cases are integrative in the sense that they reinforce many of the fundamental concepts taught in business programs, such as the formulation of statistical models, customer segmentation, the meaning of shadow prices in optimization, and the impact of model errors on real-world decisions. The cases also use many of the basic skills and tools taught in business programs: data analysis and forecasting, simulation, and optimization. By applying these tools, the cases move students quickly beyond the standard newsvendor-style formulation of the revenue management problem. Because the cases require students to apply these tools to interesting and relatively complex revenue management problems, the tools themselves gain more credibility among the students. Case Teaching Note: Interested Instructors please see the Instructor Materials page for access to the restricted materials. To maintain the integrity and usefulness of cases published in ITE, unapproved distribution of the case teaching notes and other restricted materials to any other party is prohibited.
Web-based Simulations for Teaching Queueing, Little's Law, and Inventory Management
Authors: Dobson Gregory , Shumsky Robert 
Published: June 2010

We describe and make available three web-based simulations that help to teach concepts related to process flow and variability. These programs simulate, (i) a G/G/1 queue, (ii) a single-stage process to demonstrate the long-run validity of Little's Law and (iii) a continuous-time reorder point/reorder quantity inventory system. All of the simulations are interactive, for they allow users to change system parameters by moving simple sliders. The simulations do not require specialized software to run and are available through any web browser. We offer evidence of how the simulations have helped the students to learn, including documentation from a web-based exercise with the queueing simulation that was completed by 74 students. This document describes three web-based simulations that help students understand the dynamics of continuoustime systems subject to variability. The simulations have been useful in introductory MBA operations management courses, and they would also be appropriate for undergraduate courses in operations research and operations management. Given that the simulations are simple to use and entertaining to watch, they may also be appropriate for high school students to motivate the study of operations research. This document describes the simulations, the pedagogical goals that motivated their development, alternate teaching tools that are available to instructors, and how we have used the simulations in the classroom. We end with a description of how the models helped our students to learn the concepts, including a summary of the students' answers to a set of web-based exercises with one of the simulations.
Intravenous Artesunate for the Treatment of Severe Malaria
Authors: Hess Karl M , Goad Jeffery A , Arguin Paul M 
Published: June 2010

Objective: To review the pharmacodynamics and pharmacotherapeutic use of intravenous artesunate for the treatment of severe malaria. Data Sources: Literature was retrieved through PubMed (1999–March 2010), MEDLINE (1996–March 2010), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), using the search terms artemisinin, artesunate, malaria, and severe malaria. In addition, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles in English that were identified from the data sources were reviewed. Focus was placed on postmarketing trials examining the safety and efficacy of artesunate in comparison with other regimens. Data Synthesis: The treatment of severe malaria requires prompt, safe, and effective intravenous antimalarials. Many oral and intravenous agents are available worldwide for the treatment of malaria; however, quinidine has been the only option for parenteral therapy in the US. Furthermore, this product's lack of availability as well as its adverse safety profile have created a treatment option gap. Recently, intravenous artesunate was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for investigational drug use and distribution by the CDC. Three major studies regarding the use of intravenous artesunate are reviewed, in addition to the World Health Organization's malaria treatment guidelines. While there are no published head-to-head trials of intravenous artesunate versus intravenous quinidine for severe malaria, several international studies comparing intravenous quinine and artesunate concluded that artesunate has the highest treatment success, with lower incidence of adverse events. In addition, other literature is reviewed regarding counterfeit and other issues associated with artesunate. Conclusions: Artesunate, a new antimalarial currently available through the CDC, appears to be highly effective, better tolerated than quinidine, and not hampered by accessibility issues. If it were to be FDA approved and commercially available, it would be the preferred agent for the treatment of severe malaria in the US.
Methylation-Specific Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detecting Hypermethylated DNA in Simplex and Multiplex Formats
Authors: Zerilli Francesco , Bonanno Cinzia , Shehi Erlet , Amicarelli Giulia , Adlerstein Daniel , Makrigiorgos G Mike 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND
Aberrant DNA methylation of gene promoters and the associated silencing of tumor suppressor genes are recognized as mechanisms contributing to tumor development. Therefore, detection of promoter hypermethylation is becoming important for diagnosis, prognosis, and aiding the design of cancer therapies. We describe a novel isothermal method for the detection of DNA hypermethylation.

METHODS
Methylation-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (MS-LAMP) is a novel adaptation of LAMP. MS-LAMP was used for the highly specific detection of hypermethylated CpGs in the promoters of the CDKN2A [cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (melanoma, p16, inhibits CDK4)], GATA5 (GATA binding protein 5), and DAPK1 (death-associated protein kinase 1) genes. The reactions occurred under isothermal conditions with 3 primer sets specific for methylated promoters. Both turbidimetry and fluorescence were used for detection. The MS-LAMP assay was validated with bisulfite-treated plasmid and genomic DNA controls of known methylation status and was applied to detect hypermethylation in 18 clinical tumor samples. A multiplex MS-LAMP for CDKN2A, GATA5, and DAPK1 was also validated with the aid of synthetic positive and negative controls.

RESULTS
The MS-LAMP assay showed high specificity with plasmid and genomic DNA targets in reactions carried out in &lt;1 h. The assay had a detection limit of approximately 30 copies of methylated target sequence and a selectivity of 0.5% methylated DNA in a mixture with unmethylated DNA. Compared with methylation-specific PCR, the MS-LAMP assay detected lower rates of methylation in lung adenocarcinoma samples. Simultaneous multiplex detection of hypermethylation in the 3 targets (CDKN2A, GATA5, and DAPK1) was readily achieved with the MS-LAMP assay in both the turbidimetric and fluorescence detection formats.

CONCLUSIONS
MS-LAMP provides a highly specific isothermal method for methylation detection and is well suited for multiplex approaches.
Estimation of the Minimal Preanalytical Uncertainty for 15 Clinical Chemistry Serum Analytes
Authors: Sylte Marit Sverresdotter , Wentzel-Larsen Tore , Bolann Bjørn J 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND
We sought a model to estimate preanalytical uncertainty of blood samples collected and processed by using optimal procedures.

METHODS
Optimal preanalytical handling of blood samples included use of a loosely fastened tourniquet, wide bore needles, recommended clotting time and centrifugation speed, and minimal storage before analysis. Blood was collected from each arm of 20 volunteers into 2 rapid-serum tubes and 2 serum-separation tubes. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the between-venipuncture SD, the preanalytical SD (excluding venipuncture), the measurement repeatability SD, and systematic differences between the tubes and between venipunctures.

RESULTS
No significant systematic differences were found between successive venipunctures. However, statistically significant mean differences were seen between serum-separation tubes and rapid-serum tubes for 7 of the 15 analytes. The preanalytical SD (excluding venipuncture) for lactate dehydrogenase (3.2 U/L, 95% CI 2.8–3.7) was significantly higher than the SD for measurement repeatability (1.9 U/L, 95% CI 1.7–2.1). For potassium both the preanalytical SD (excluding venipuncture) (0.092 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.080–0.11) and the between-venipuncture SD (0.075 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.048–0.12) were significantly higher than the measurement-repeatability SD (0.031 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.028–0.035). For glucose the between-venipuncture SD (0.20 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.14–0.27) was significantly higher than the preanalytical SD (excluding venipuncture) (0.07 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.06–0.08), and the measurement repeatability SD (0.057 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.051–0.064).

CONCLUSIONS
By applying linear mixed-effects models we have estimated the minimal preanalytical uncertainty that will influence all patient results.
Lipoprotein(a) and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Mora Samia , Kamstrup Pia R , Rifai Nader , Nordestgaard Børge G , Buring Julie E , Ridker Paul M 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND
Previous studies have demonstrated that cardiovascular risk is higher with increased lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. Whether Lp(a) concentration is related to type 2 diabetes is unclear.

METHODS
In 26 746 healthy US women (mean age 54.6 years), we prospectively examined baseline Lp(a) concentrations and incident type 2 diabetes (n = 1670) for a follow-up period of 13 years. We confirmed our findings in 9652 Danish men and women with prevalent diabetes (n = 419). Analyses were adjusted for risk factors that included age, race, smoking, hormone use, family history, blood pressure, body mass index, hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c), C-reactive protein, and lipids.

RESULTS
Lp(a) was inversely associated with incident diabetes, with fully adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for quintiles 2–5 vs quintile 1 of 0.87 (0.75–1.01), 0.80 (0.68–0.93), 0.88 (0.76–1.02), and 0.78 (0.67–0.91); P for trend 0.002. The association was stronger in nonfasting women, for whom respective HRs were 0.79 (0.58–1.09), 0.78 (0.57–1.08), 0.66 (0.46–0.93), and 0.56 (0.40–0.80); P for trend 0.001; P for interaction with fasting status 0.002. When we used Lp(a) ≥10 mg/L and Hb A1c &lt;5% as reference values, the adjusted HRs were 1.62 (0.91–2.89) for Lp(a) &lt;10 mg/L and Hb A1c &lt;5%, 3.50 (3.06–4.01) for Lp(a)≥10 mg/L and Hb A1c 5%–&lt;6.5%, and 5.36 (4.00–7.19) for Lp(a) &lt;10 mg/L and Hb A1c 5%–&lt;6.5%. Results were similar in nonfasting Danish men and women, for whom adjusted odds ratios were 0.75 (0.55–1.03), 0.64 (0.46–0.88), 0.74 (0.54–1.01), and 0.58 (0.42–0.79) for Lp(a) quintiles 2–5 vs quintile 1; P for trend 0.002.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicated that Lp(a) was associated inversely with risk of type 2 diabetes independently of risk factors, in contrast to prior findings of positive associations of Lp(a) with cardiovascular risk.
The Transcriptional Landscape of Cross-Specific Hybrids and Its Possible Link With Growth in Brook Charr (Salvelinus fontinalisMitchill)
Authors: Bougas Bérénice , Granier Sarah , Audet Céline , Bernatchez Louis 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe genetic mechanisms underlying hybridization are poorly understood despite their potentially important roles in speciation processes, adaptative evolution, and agronomical innovation. In this study, transcription profiles were compared among three populations of brook charr and their hybrids using microarrays to assess the influence of hybrid origin on modes of transcription regulation inheritance and on the mechanisms underlying growth. We found that twice as many transcripts were differently expressed between the domestic population and the two wild populations (Rupert and Laval) than between wild ones, despite their deeper genetic distance. This could reflect the consequence of artificial selection during domestication. We detected that hybrids exhibited strikingly different patterns of mode of transcription regulation, being mostly additive (94%) for domestic × Rupert, and nonadditive for Laval × domestic (45.7%) and Rupert × Laval hybrids (37.5%). Both heterosis and outbreeding depression for growth were observed among the crosses. Our results indicated that prevalence of dominance in transcription regulation seems related to growth heterosis, while prevalence of transgressive transcription regulation may be more related to outbreeding depression. Our study clearly shows, for the first time in vertebrates, that the consequences of hybridization on both the transcriptome level and the phenotype are highly dependent on the specific genetic architectures of crossed populations and therefore hardly predictable.
Genome Changes After Gene Duplication: Haploidy vs. Diploidy
Authors: Xue Cheng , Huang Ren , Maxwell Taylor J , Fu Yun-Xin 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Since genome size and the number of duplicate genes observed in genomes increase from haploid to diploid organisms, diploidy might provide more evolutionary probabilities through gene duplication. It is still unclear how diploidy promotes genomic evolution in detail. In this study, we explored the evolution of segmental gene duplication in haploid and diploid populations by analytical and simulation approaches. Results show that (1) under the double null recessive (DNR) selective model, given the same recombination rate, the evolutionary trajectories and consequences are very similar between the same-size gene-pool haploid vs. diploid populations; (2) recombination enlarges the probability of preservation of duplicate genes in either haploid or diploid large populations, and haplo-insufficiency reinforces this effect; and (3) the loss of duplicate genes at the ancestor locus is limited under recombination while under complete linkage the loss of duplicate genes is always random at the ancestor and newly duplicated loci. Therefore, we propose a model to explain the advantage of diploidy: diploidy might facilitate the increase of recombination rate, especially under sexual reproduction; more duplicate genes are preserved under more recombination by originalization (by which duplicate genes are preserved intact at a special quasi-mutation-selection balance under the DNR or haplo-insufficient selective model), so genome sizes and the number of duplicate genes in diploid organisms become larger. Additionally, it is suggested that small genomic rearrangements due to the random loss of duplicate genes might be limited under recombination.
Interdisciplinary Management of Patients With Ectodermal Dysplasia
Authors: Van Sickels Joseph E. , Raybould Ted P. , Hicks E. Preston 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA 15-year-old girl with ectodermal dysplasia who had been treated previously with minimal orthodontic intervention and removal prosthesis was seen and evaluated at the General Practice Program at the University of Kentucky. After consultations with orthodontics and oral and maxillofacial surgery, an interdisciplinary staged treatment plan was developed to address her skeletal and dental issues. The authors briefly review the literature with respect to current therapy for patients with ectodermal dysplasia and present the case as an example of the coordinated care provided for a patient with complex skeletal and dental issues.
Full-Arch Metal-Resin Cement- and Screw-Retained Provisional Restoration for Immediately Loaded Implants
Authors: Baig Mirza Rustum , Rajan Gunaseelan 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This article describes the clinical and laboratory procedures involved in the fabrication of laboratory-processed, provisional, screw-retained, implant-supported maxillary and mandibular fixed complete dentures incorporating a cast metal reinforcement for immediate loading of implants. Precise fit is achieved by intraoral luting of the cast frame to milled abutments. Effective splinting of all implants is attained by the metal substructure and retrievability is provided by the screw-retention of the prosthesis.
Evaluation of the Long-Term Results of Rat Cranial Bone Repair Using a Particular Xenograft
Authors: Develioglu Hakan , Saraydın SerpilÜnver , Kartal Ünal , Taner Levent 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBone defects that cannot be healed completely are termed critical-sized defects and can be used to test bone grafts for medicine, dentistry, and periodontology. The aim of the present study was to detect the effects of a xenograft (Unilab Surgibone) on bone building in experimentally created parietal bone defects in rats. Standardized parietal bone defects were created in 16 rats, and each defect had a circular morphology 6 mm in diameter. The right defect sites were filled with porous particle material, and the left site was used as control. After the 3rd, 6th, and 12th months, rats were killed and tissue samples obtained from the related site of the cranium. Subsequently, histological sections were taken and stained with different stains for evaluation under light microscope. The rate of bone formation was assessed using a semiquantitative method. These results showed that dense collagenous tissue was observed in the control area during the third month, whereas xenograft particles were surrounded by a fibrous tissue layer at the implantation site. Osteoclast-like cells were also observed. There was also no significant bone repair at other observation periods. It can be concluded that the material used had no evidence of resorption and does not enhance bone formation. However, it seems biocompatible, osteoconductive, and could be used in a limited manner as a material for filling osseous defects in clinical practice.
Computerized Tomographic Evaluation of Symphyseal Donor Sites Used in the Reconstruction of the Posterior Maxilla: A Case Report of 2 Patients
Authors: Park Jun-Beom 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Autogenous bone grafts are commonly used for reconstruction of the deficient maxillary alveolar ridge. Mandibular ramus, symphysis, extraction sites, and retromolar sites are the most common sources for harvesting autogenous bone grafts from intraoral regions. Several authors have used computerized tomography (CT) to evaluate the dimensional change of bone graft, but there are limited reports evaluating donor sites for autogenous bone. In this report, 2 patients were treated with autogenous bone graft from the mandibular symphysis. Postoperative CT scans were used to evaluate the radiographic change in the symphyseal area. The patients treated with autogenous bone showed uneventful healing at the donor and recipient sites and good acceptance of the procedure. At the final evaluation, CT analysis demonstrated a persisting radiolucency in the donor area, even though the defect size was reduced. Further evaluation may be needed to evaluate the progress of remineralization and long-term results.
Detection of the Mandibular Canal and the Mental Foramen in Panoramic Radiographs: Intraexaminer Agreement
Authors: Shibli Jamil A. , Martins Marília C. , Loffredo Leonor C. M. , Scaf Gulnara 
Published: June 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate the intraexaminer agreement in the detection of the mandibular canal roof (MCR) and mental foramen (MF) in panoramic radiographs. Forty panoramic radiographs of edentulous patients were used. Two calibrated examiners (A and B) read the images 2 times, for both sides independently, under blind conditions. The interval between the readings was 10 days. The intraexaminer agreement in the interpretation of MCR and MF was performed by kappa statistics with linear weighting (κ). The intraexaminer agreement for the detection of MCR, in the left side, was good for both examiners (A: κ  =  0.67; B: κ  =  0.71). Related to the right side, it was found to be κ  =  0.47 and κ  =  0.62, respectively to A and B. The intraexaminer agreement for the detection of MF was good for both examiners interpreting the left side (A: κ  =  0.61; B: κ  =  0.63), and in relation to the right side, it was moderate (A: κ  =  0.51) and fair (B: κ  =  0.38). The intraexaminer agreement in the detection of MCR was good and from good to fair in the detection of MF.
In Vitro Evaluation of the Removal Force of Abutments in Frictional Dental Implants
Authors: Zielak João César , Rorbacker Murilo , Gomes Rodrigo , Yamashita Celso , Gonzaga Carla Castiglia , Giovanni Allan Fernando 
Published: June 2010

The objective of the present work was to determine some force parameters for removal of an abutment from a dental implant in a frictional system (locking taper, 1.23 degrees). Ten implants of the same length (11 mm) and different diameters were selected, along with 10 straight abutments (13 mm length) with different diameters. Abutments were attached to implants without application of force. Fixation of the implant-abutment mount (IA) (repeated 1–5 times) was performed through the impact of a body weight (compression force, tapping) left from a known height. After each group of tappings, IA mounts were coupled with a tensile strength tester. The lowest removal value was found after the first tapping of mount #2 (83 N, implant diameter 3.3 mm/4.5 mm abutment diameter), and the highest removal value happened with mount #8 after the fifth tapping (420 N, 5.0 mm/5.5 mm). The force to remove IA mounts increased with the number of tappings and with the increase in abutment mass. Three activations (tappings) of the abutment were considered necessary to yield optimal stability, demonstrated by the large increase in removal force.
Bone Remodeling in Onlay Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate and Coral Grafts to Rat Calvaria: Microcomputerized Tomography Analysis
Authors: Anavi Yakir , Avishai Gal , Calderon Shlomo , Allon Dror M 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis study was conducted to establish the efficiency of microcomputerized tomography (micro-CT) in detection of trabecular bone remodeling of onlay grafts in a rodent calvaria model, and to compare bone remodeling after onlay grafts with beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) or coral calcium carbonate. Ten rats received calvarial onlay blocks—5 with TCP and 5 with coral calcium carbonate. The grafts were fixed with a titanium miniplate screw and were covered with a collagen resorbable membrane. Three months after surgery, the calvaria were segmented, and a serial 3-dimensional micro-CT scan of the calvarium and grafted bone block at 16-micrometer resolution was performed. Image analysis software was used to calculate the percentage of newly formed bone from the total block size. Newly formed bone was present adjacent to the calvarium and screw in all specimens. The mean area of newly formed bone of the total block size ranged from 34.67%–38.34% in the TCP blocks, and from 32.41%–34.72% in the coral blocks. In the TCP blocks, bone remodeling was found to be slightly higher than in the coral blocks. Micro-CT appears to be a precise, reproducible, specimen-nondestructive method of analysis of bone formation in onlay block grafts to rat calvaria.