bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing the Risks Associated With Loaner Instrumentation and Implants
Authors: Seavey Rose 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSurgical facilities borrow specialty surgical instrumentation and implants from vendors and other facilities to provide needed inventory to perform scheduled procedures without the burden of purchasing these items. Borrowing has many advantages, including reduced costs and the ability to expand services offered, but borrowed items must be handled and processed in a consistent way to ensure safe patient care. Instruments and implants must be received in time to be properly reprocessed by the borrowing facility. Lack of planning on the part of a hospital or vendor, lack of communication, lack of appropriate policies to guide the processing of items, increasingly complex instrumentation, and increasing workloads are factors that can contribute to lapses in processing requirements and, ultimately, risk to patients and staff members. Improving communication and policies and procedures can improve the quality and safety of loaner instrumentation and implant use.
Gastrointestinal symptoms in type‐1 diabetes: Is it all about brain plasticity?
Authors: Frøkjærl Jens Brøndum , Egsgaardl Line Lindhardt , Graversenl Carina , Søftelandl Eirik , Dimcevskil Georg , Blauenfeldtl Rolf Ankerlund , Drewesl Asbjørn Mohr 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground and aims: Autonomic neuropathy seems to play a central role in the development of gastrointestinal symptoms in diabetes. In order to explore the neuronal mechanisms behind the symptoms we evaluated the brain processing of painful visceral stimuli.Methods: Evoked brain potentials were recorded to assess the response to painful oesophageal electrical stimuli in 15 healthy volunteers and 14 type‐1 diabetes patients with autonomic neuropathy and related gastrointestinal symptoms. Source reconstruction analysis (fixed Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm) was applied to estimate the location of the evoked electrical activity in the brain.Results: The patients had increased oesophageal sensory thresholds compared to the controls (P =0.004). The latencies of the evoked brain potentials at vertex (Cz) were increased (P =0.007) and amplitudes reduced (P =0.011) in diabetics. Compared with controls the patients had a posterior shift of the electrical sources in the anterior cingulate cortex at 54 ms, and additional sources close to the posterior insula at 95 ms and in medial frontal gyrus at 184 ms.Conclusions: There is evidence of altered central processing to visceral stimulation, and both peripheral and central mechanisms seem involved. Central neuronal reorganisation may contribute to our understanding of the gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with diabetic autonomic neuropathy and this may guide development and evaluation of new treatment modalities.
Mantle structure and dynamics under East Russia and adjacent regions
Authors: Zhao Dapeng , Pirajno Franko , Dobretsov Nikolai L. , Liu Lucy 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe present seismic images of the mantle beneath East Russia and adjacent regions and discuss geodynamic implications. Our mantle tomography shows that the subducting Pacific slab becomes stagnant in the mantle transition zone under Western Alaska, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Japan Sea, and Northeast Asia. Many intraplate volcanoes exist in these areas, which are located above the low-velocity zones in the upper mantle above the stagnant slab, suggesting that the intraplate volcanoes are related to the dynamic processes in the big mantle wedge above the stagnant slab and the deep slab dehydration. Teleseismic tomography revealed a low-velocity zone extending down to 660 km depth beneath the Baikal rift zone, which may represent a mantle plume. The bottom depths of the Wadati–Benioff deep seismic zone and the Pacific slab itself become shallower toward the north under Kamchatka Peninsula, and the slab disappears under the northernmost Kamchatka. The slab loss is considered to be caused by the friction between the slab and the surrounding asthenosphere as the Pacific plate rotated clockwise at about 30 Ma ago, and then the slab loss was enlarged by the slab-edge pinch-off by the hot asthenospheric flow and the presence of Meiji seamounts.
Recent volcanism in relation to plate interaction and deep-level geodynamics
Authors: Kovalenko V.I. , Yarmolyuk V.V. , Bogatikov O.A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The spatial distribution of recent (under 2 Ma) volcanism has been studied in relation to mantle hotspots and the evolution of the present-day supercontinent which we named Northern Pangea. Recent volcanism is observed in Eurasia, North and South America, Africa, Greenland, the Arctic, and the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Several types of volcanism are distinguished: mid-ocean ridge (MOR) volcanism; subduction volcanism of island arcs and active continental margins (IA + ACM); continental collision (CC) volcanism; intraplate (IP) volcanism related to mantle hotspots, continental rifts, and transcontinental belts. Continental volcanism is obviously related to the evolution of Northern Pangea, which comprises Eurasia, North and South America, India, Australia, and Africa. The supercontinent is large, with predominant continental crust. The geodynamic setting and recent volcanism of Northern Pangea are determined by two opposite processes. On one hand, subduction from the Pacific Ocean, India, the Arabian Peninsula, and Africa consolidates the supercontinent. On the other hand, the spreading of oceanic plates from the Atlantic splits Northern Pangea, changes its shape as compared with Wegener’s Pangea, and causes the Atlantic geodynamics to spread to the Arctic. The long-lasting steady subduction beneath Eurasia and North America favored intense IA + ACM volcanism. Also, it caused cold lithosphere to accumulate in the deep mantle in northern Northern Pangea and replace the hot deep mantle, which was pressed to the supercontinental margins. Later on, this mantle rose as plumes (IP mafic magma sources), which were the ascending currents of global mantle convection and minor convection systems at convergent plate boundaries. Wegener’s Pangea broke up because of the African superplume, which occupied consecutively the Central Atlantic, the South Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean and expanded toward the Arctic. Intraplate plume magmatism in Eurasia and North America was accompanied by surface collisional or subduction magmatism. In the Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, deep-level plume magmatism (high-alkali mafic rocks) was accompanied by surface spreading magmatism (tholeiitic basalts).
Ore-magmatic systems of the Noril’sk ore field
Authors: Spiridonov E.M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Plutonogenic ore-magmatic systems of the Noril’sk ore field are unique constituents of the P2–T1 trap formation in the East Siberian Platform. We consider the formation of ore-bearing intrusions, evolution of Cr-spinels in intrusive magmatites, possible mechanisms of formation of massive, disseminated, and impregnated magmatic sulfide ores, possible reasons for the abundance of sulfide melts, quasi-anhydrite isotopic composition of sulfur of sulfide ores, and products of interaction of sulfide melts with ore-hosting basites. The unique contents of PGE, Ag, and Au in ores (eutectic Iss–PbSss intergrowths, crystallization products of low-temperature Ni-Fe-Cu-Pb-S melts) have been estimated for the first time. We have established that pneumatolytic Ag-Au-Pt-Pd mineralization is intimately related to the fluid aureoles near magmatic sulfide bodies. Pneumatolytic PGM are subdivided into early (tetraferroplatinum with lamellae atokite, paolovite with lamellae of insizwaite-geversite and niggliite, etc.), middle (rustenburgite-atokite-zvyagintsevite, mayakite, stannopalladinite, polarite, plumbopalladinite, maslovite, tatiyanite-taimyrite, Pd-Pt-containing tetraauricupride, etc.), late (sobolevskite, froodite, hessite, michenerite, cabriite, minerals of Au-Ag series, etc.), and the latest (sperrylite). The direct, reverse, oscillation, and complex zoning of gold particles is much due to variations in the Te activity in the fluids. Pneumatolytic noble-metal minerals were produced at &lt;490 ºC in strongly reducing conditions with extremely low S2 fugacity. The Pb isotope composition evidences that all systems of the trap formation in the Noril’sk region had the same mantle source. The Pb isotope compositions of ore-bearing intrusions, magmatic sulfide ores, PbSss, and Pd-Pt intermetallides in the Noril’sk and Talnakh ore clusters differ significantly: Lead in the Talnakh cluster is more radiogenic. This evidences genetic relations between sulfide ores and particular intrusions as well as different intermediate magma chambers in the Noril’sk and Talnakh clusters, and a higher degree of contamination of mantle magmas in the Talnakh cluster, which might be the explanation of its giant area.
The performance of the suckled progeny of cows of beef or dairy type
Authors: McCubbin A. , Ball C. , Broadbent P. J. , Howie A. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYA comparison was made of beef-type and dairy-type suckler cows in 17 herds by forming pairs when cows of both types calved within 7 days of each other in the same herd. Cows and calves were weighed within 14 days post partum and when turned out to grass. The calves were weighed again at weaning. Winter food intakes were recorded by weighing feeds on one day of each month. Sixtynine pairs of cows were formed and 23 different levels of winter food input to the cows were computed.Calves out of dairy-type cows were significantly heavier at turn-out (8-4 kg) and at weaning (8-3 kg). These differences were greater at higher levels of winter food intake per cow.
Some aspects of energy metabolism of the sow during pregnancy
Authors: Verstegen M. W. A. , van Es A. J. H. , Nijkamp H. J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYSixteen energy and N-balance trials with six sows were performed to study the energy requirement and protein gain of the animals during different stages in the second half of pregnancy. Energy and N-balances were measured during periods of 1 week and gaseous exchange was measured in a respiration chamber. The animals received 2·0,2·5,2·75 or 3 0 kg/day of a normal concentrate ration for sows. In one experiment, one animal had a negative energy balance on the 2 kg ration in the sixth week of pregnancy but in the other experiments the dietary energy intake was sufficient for positive energy balances until a few days before parturition. The N-balances were about 20 to 32 g/day in the second half of the gestation period. With 2·5 and 2·75 kg feed there was a negative deposition of fat at about 2 weeks before parturition. Heat production increased during pregnancy, but at a greater rate during the last 2 weeks. Until 2 to 3 weeks before parturition 2·5 to 2·75 kg of feed seemed to be adequate to meet the energy requirement of a pregnant sow of 180–200 kg live weight. During the last 2 weeks 3 kg was sufficient.
A note on the protein content of the empty body of young Polish Black-and-White Lowland bulls
Authors: Osińska Zofia , Ziołecka Aleksandra 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYData on the protein content of the empty body were obtained for 44 young Polish Black-and-White Lowland bulls ranging from 10-day- old calves to bulls more than 400 kg live weight. The percentage of protein of the empty body was found to be practically constant (19–19·5%) over the weight range investigated. Less than a half (up to 48 %) of the total protein content was found in the edible parts of the carcass.
The effect of weaning date on the performance of autumn-calving, single-suckled cows
Authors: Chestnutt D. M. B. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIn each of 4 years, 24 autumn-calving, single-suckling Aberdeen Angus × Friesian cows with Charolais cross calves were subjected to different winter feeding regimes and to a range of weaning dates, and the effect on cow and calf food intake and performance was measured. Giving 257 kg concentrate dry matter to cows on an ad libitum silage diet over winter increased calf and cow weights in the following September by 17·8 and 11·7 kg respectively. Weaning after 4 months of lactation resulted in a net saving in winter forage requirements when compared with weaning in March/April but a high input of concentrate was necessary to achieve satisfactory calf performance. Weaning in July increased calf weights in August/September by 22·1 kg and reduced cow weights by 22·3 kg compared with weaning in March/April. Later weaning at pasture might be preferable, producing heavier calves, provided that cow weights can be restored at pasture.
The effect of body condition and nutrition during late pregnancy on the performance of grazing ewes during lactation
Authors: Gibb M. J. , Treacher T. T. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTEwes with body condition scores of 2·6 (T) and 3·3 (F) on day 90 of pregnancy were allocated to one of two feeding regimes calculated either to maintain ewe body reserves (H) or to mobilize body reserves and produce a daily loss of 150 g in ewe body weight (L) during the last 8 weeks of pregnancy. Eight ewes with twin lambs from treatments TL, TH, FL and FH, and six ewes with single lambs from treatment TH, were grazed for the first 10 weeks of lactation at a mean daily herbage dry matter allowance of lOOg/kg live weight.Feeding treatments applied during pregnancy produced differences in ewe live weights and body condition scores at lambing (68·6, 72·4, 76·7, 831 (s.e. 2·40) kg and 1·9, 2·9, 2·8, 31 (s.e. 011) for treatments TL, TH, FL and FH respectively) that persisted through lactation, but had no effect on herbage organic matter intake by ewes (mean 21 (s.e. 0·05) kg/day) milk yield (2·4 (s.e. 0·13) kg/day), lamb growth rate (mean 245 (s.e. 4·7) g/day) or herbage intake by lambs in weeks 7, 8 and 10 (mean 0·23, 0·28 and 0·36 (s.e. 0·007) kg/day).Ewes with single lambs, when compared with ewes with twins, had similar intakes of herbage organic matter (mean 2·2 (s.e. 0·14) kg/day), produced 0·28 less milk (mean 1·7 (s.e. 010) kg/day) and increased in weight (mean 5·0 (s.e. 1·96) kg). Single lambs had significantly higher growth rates (322 (s.e. 13·1) g/day) overall but had similar intakes of herbage organic matter in weeks 7, 8 and 10 (means 0·25, 0·29 and 0·39 (s.e. 0·03) kg/day).The range of ewe body condition and feeding in late pregnancy examined in this experiment had little subsequent effect on milk production by the ewes suckling twin lambs, given a plentiful supply of herbage.
A comparison of different breeds and crosses from the suckler herd 2. Carcass characteristics
Authors: Kempster A. J. , Cook G. L. , Southgate J. R. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTA comparison was made of the carcass characteristics of purebred Galloway, Luing and Welsh Black steers, and crossbred steers out of Blue-Grey and Hereford × Friesian dams by Aberdeen-Angus, Charolais, Devon, Hereford, Limousin, Lincoln Red, Simmental, South Devon and Sussex sires, in winter and summer fattening systems. A total of 1430 cattle were involved and the trial extended over 6 years.The cattle were slaughtered when their fatness was estimated, using the Scanogram ultrasonic machine, to be in fat class 3L of the Meat and Livestock Commission Beef Carcase Classification Scheme. Carcasses were evaluated using a standardized commercial cutting technique.The data for crossbred and purebred cattle were analysed separately within the fattening system using leastsquares models, which included effects for year, sire breed and dam breed, and with regression on age at the beginning of the trial and carcass subcutaneous fat concentration estimated by visual appraisal.Limousin and Charolais crosses killed out best. Their carcass weights were, on average, 20g/kg live weight heavier than those of Aberdeen-Angus, Devon, Hereford and Lincoln Red crosses. There was a range of 20 to 30 g/kg carcass weight between sire breeds in carcass saleable meat yield: the highest values were recorded for the Limousin crosses (evaluated on winter fattening only) followed by Charolais and Aberdeen-Angus crosses; Lincoln Red crosses had the lowest values among the crossbreds and Luing cattle among the purebreds. These differences were more a reflexion of differences in fat trim than of differences in meat to bone ratio.Continental sire breeds had significantly more of their total saleable meat in the higher-priced cuts (P<0·05), although the range between sire breeds was only 15 g/kg.
The effect of body condition of dairy cows at calving on their food intake and performance when given complete diets
Authors: Garnsworthy P. C. , Topps J. H. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIn two trials, three groups of eight dairy cows were fed for 2 months before calving to achieve condition scores at calving of 1·5 to 2 (low), 2·5 to 3 (medium) and 3·5 to 4 (high). For 16 weeks after calving, all cows were given a complete diet composed of silage, malt distillers' grains, barley, swedes and soya bean meal (metabolizable energy 12·25 and 12·35 MJ/kg dry matter in trials 1 and 2 respectively).In both trials, significant differences were found between groups in dry-matter intake after calving. Cows that had higher condition scores at calving ate less and reached maximum intake of dry matter later than cows with lower condition scores (high, medium and low condition-score cattle attained maximum intakes in 14·5, 12·7 and 9·3 weeks in trial 1, and in 141, 9·6 and 7·9 weeks in trial 2). In trial 1, no difference was found in milk yield but, in trial 2, cows that had lower condition scores at calving produced slightly more milk. In both trials, cows that had higher condition scores at calving lost more body weight and condition, over a longer period, and started to regain the losses later than cows with lower condition scores. The biological efficiencies of milk production (energy output/energy input) from 8 weeks before calving until 16 weeks after calving were 0·302, 0·299 and 0·295 in trial 1, and 0·312, 0·290 and 0·306 in trial 2, for the low, medium and high groups respectively.It was concluded that cows with lower condition scores at calving produced more milk directly from food rather than via body fat, were in positive energy balance earlier in lactation and over the total period were biologically more efficient than cows with higher condition scores. There appears to be no benefit from feeding cows to achieve a condition score greater than 1·5 to 2 at calving if high-energy complete diets are offered in early lactation.
A comparison of different models of the lactation curve in dairy cattle
Authors: Rowlands G. J. , Lucey S. , Russell A. M. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTA study of 468 lactations in two herds of British Friesian cows sampled weekly between 1976 and 1979 was undertaken to investigate seasonal variations in milk yield and to compare four models of the lactation curve: (i) logey(n)=loge a + b logen—cn; (ii) y(n) = anbe-cn; (iii) y(n)= ae-pn—ae-qn; and (iv) y(n) = a—p'n—ae-q‘n.Model (i) was fitted by unweighted linear regression and the remainder by maximum likelihood. Average peak yield was 29 kg/day and 305-day yield was 5720 kg.Model (ii) fitted the data slightly better on average than models (iii) and (iv), and all were better than model (i). Compared with model (i), model (ii) reduced the average residual mean square proportionally by 0-10 in cows and 004 in heifers (first calvers). Model (iv) described the initial rise in milk yield up to week 5 better than models (i) or (ii) but reached a maximum value slightly early. Models (i), (ii) and (iv) slightly underestimated and (iii) slightly overestimated maximum milk yield, but model (ii) provided the best estimate of the position of maximum yield.Peak yields for heifers occurred on average at approximately 10 weeks post calving compared with 7 weeks for cows. Mean persistency of lactation, calculated as s= -(b+1) logec, did not vary from the second lactation onwards, whereas the average rate of decline p' in model (iv) increased with parity.When milk yields were adjusted for stage of lactation, significant variations were found that were related to the week of recording but this seasonal variation in milk production was smaller than that found nationally in the United Kingdom.
The effect of birth status on the level and efficiency of wool production by new zealand corriedale two-tooth rams and ewes
Authors: Butler L. G. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTForty-four single- and twin-born New Zealand Corriedale two-tooth ewes and rams aged 14 months were fed individually, in pens, a pelleted ration adjusted to maintain body weight after allowing for wool growth. The sheep were fed for a 3-month settling period, followed by a 3-month experimental period, during which wool growth, fibre diameter, fibre length and net efficiency of wool growth were measured.Since the wool-growth cycles of the two sexes were found to be out of phase, a valid comparison of the sex data was not possible. Such phase differences may be important in some experimental designs. Significant sex by birth status interactions were identified for all wool production parameters except fibre length, confirming that care must be taken in assigning correction factors during selection of rams and ewes. The general trend was for single-born ewes to produce more and coarser wool more efficiently than twin-born ewes, while the differences between single- and twin-born rams were much smaller. Single-born animals were heavier than twin-born (P<0·01).Individual values for wool growth and net efficiency varied by a factor of three within sex groups, indicating a considerable scope for selection
A comparison of boars, gilts and castrates for bacon manufacture 1. On farm performance, carcass and meat quality characteristics and weight loss in the preparation of sides for curing
Authors: Ellis M. , Smith W. C. , Clark J. B. K. , Innes N. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTA total of 182 pigs from one farm and comprising 65 boars (B), 65 gilts (G) and 52 castrates (C) from 48 litters, were reared from birth to 89 kg live weight. Sex of pig did not influence age at slaughter but B compared with G and C had lower killing-out proportions (0·748 v. 0·756 v. 0·753) and reduced backfat measurements. Skin damage in transit to slaughter and/or in lairage was more prevalent in B compared with C, with G being intermediate. Muscle pH measurements were not influenced by sex except ultimate pH of the m. semispinalis capitis, where B compared with G and C had a higher incidence of values above 6·1 (0·246 v. 0·060 v. 0·120). Carcasses of B had proportionately more shoulder (0·04 unit) and more leg (0·011 unit), at the expense of middle, than those of C with G being intermediate. Weight losses in the preparation of de-boned sides for curing were higher in carcasses of B compared with G and C.