bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Decreases Intracellular Thyroid Hormone Activation via an eIF2a-Mediated Decrease in Type 2 Deiodinase Synthesis
Authors: Arrojo e Drigo Rafael , Fonseca Tatiana L. , Castillo Melany , Salathe Matthias , Simovic Gordana , Mohácsik Petra , Gereben Balazs , Bianco Antonio C. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Cells respond rapidly to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by blocking protein translation, increasing protein folding capacity, and accelerating degradation of unfolded proteins via ubiquitination and ER-associated degradation pathways. The ER resident type 2 deiodinase (D2) is normally ubiquitinated and degraded in the proteasome, a pathway that is accelerated by enzyme catalysis of T4 to T3. To test whether D2 is normally processed through ER-associated degradation, ER stress was induced in cells that endogenously express D2 by exposure to thapsigargin or tunicamycin. In all cell models, D2 activity was rapidly lost, to as low as of 30% of control activity, without affecting D2 mRNA levels; loss of about 40% of D2 activity and protein was also seen in human embryonic kidney 293 cells transiently expressing D2. In primary human airway cells with ER stress resulting from cystic fibrosis, D2 activity was absent. The rapid ER stress-induced loss of D2 resulted in decreased intracellular D2-mediated T3 production. ER stress-induced loss of D2 was prevented in the absence of T4, by blocking the proteasome with MG-132 or by treatment with chemical chaperones. Notably, ER stress did not alter D2 activity half-life but rather decreased D2 synthesis as assessed by induction of D2 mRNA and by [35S]methionine labeling. Remarkably, ER-stress-induced loss in D2 activity is prevented in cells transiently expressing an inactive eukaryotic initiation factor 2, indicating that this pathway mediates the loss of D2 activity. In conclusion, D2 is selectively lost during ER stress due to an eukaryotic initiation factor 2-mediated decrease in D2 synthesis and sustained proteasomal degradation. This explains the lack of D2 activity in primary human airway cells with ER stress resulting from cystic fibrosis.
The extent of the bone defect affects the outcome of femoral reconstruction in revision surgery with impacted bone grafting
Authors: Garcia-Cimbrelo E. , Garcia-Rey E. , Cruz-Pardos A. 
Published: November 2011

We report the results of 79 patients (81 hips) who underwent impaction grafting at revision hip replacement using the Exeter femoral stem. Their mean age was 64 years (31 to 83). According to the Endoklinik classification, 20 hips had a type 2 bone defect, 40 had type 3, and 21 had type 4. The mean follow-up for unrevised stems was 10.4 years (5 to 17).There were 12 re-operations due to intra- and post-operative fractures, infection (one hip) and aseptic loosening (one hip). All re-operations affected type 3 (6 hips) and 4 (6 hips) bone defects. The survival rate for re-operation for any cause was 100% for type 2, 81.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 67.1 to 95.3) for type 3, and 70.8% (95% CI 51.1 to 90.5) for type 4 defects at 14 years. The survival rate with further revision for aseptic loosening as the end point was 98.6% (95% CI 95.8 to 100). The final clinical score was higher for patients with type 2 bone defects than type 4 regarding pain, function and range of movement. Limp was most frequent in the type 4 group (p < 0.001). The mean subsidence of the stem was 2.3 mm (sd 3.7) for hips with a type 2 defect, 4.3 mm (sd 7.2) for type 3 and 9.6 mm (sd 10.8) for type 4 (p = 0.022).The impacted bone grafting technique has good clinical results in femoral revision. However, major bone defects affect clinical outcome and also result in more operative complications.
Adolescent Mothers' Postpartum Contraceptive Use: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Wilson Ellen K. , Samandari Ghazaleh , Koo Helen P. , Tucker Christine 
Published: November 2011

CONTEXT: Effective contraceptive use among first‐time adolescent mothers can reduce the risk of a rapid repeat pregnancy and associated negative maternal and child health outcomes. Many adolescent mothers begin using a highly effective method after delivery; however, their rates of contraceptive discontinuation are high. Little research has explored the factors that influence adolescents’ postpartum contraceptive use.
METHODS: In‐depth interviews were conducted with 21 black, white and Latina adolescent first‐time mothers from rural and urban areas of North Carolina between November 2007 and February 2009. In addition, interviews were conducted with 18 key informants—professionals who work closely with adolescent mothers. Interviews explored adolescent mothers’ health behaviors, including contraceptive use, before and after pregnancy. Content analysis was used to identify key themes and patterns.
RESULTS: Teenagers’ use of contraceptives, particularly injectables, IUDs and implants, increased postpartum. Reasons for this improvement included improved clarity of intention to avoid pregnancy and improved contraceptive knowledge, support and access after delivery. However, this increased access often did not continue long after delivery, and levels of method switching were high. Among the barriers to postpartum contraceptive use that key informants cited were lack of information and parental support, as well as the loss of Medicaid and continuity of care.
CONCLUSIONS: Ongoing follow‐up may help reduce adolescent mothers’ risk of contraceptive discontinuation postpartum. Increasing use of long‐acting methods also may help reduce their vulnerability to gaps in contraceptive use and discontinuation, which increase the risk of unintended pregnancy.
Loop homology of spheres and complex projective spaces
Authors: Seeliger Nora 
Published: November 2011

Abstract.In his Inventiones paper, Ziller (1977) computed the integral homology as a graded abelian group of the free loop space of compact, globally symmetric spaces of rank 1. Chas and Sullivan (1999) showed that the homology of the free loop space of a compact closed orientable manifold can be equipped with a loop product and a BV-operator making it a Batalin–Vilkovisky algebra. Cohen, Jones and Yan (2004) developed a spectral sequence which converges to the loop homology as a spectral sequence of algebras. They computed the algebra structure of the loop homology of spheres and complex projective spaces by using Ziller's results and the method of Brown–Shih (1959, 1962). In this note we compute the loop homology algebra by using only spectral sequences and the technique of universal examples. We therefore not only obtain Ziller's and Brown–Shih's results in an elementary way, but we also replace the roundabout computations of Cohen, Jones and Yan (2004) making them independent of Ziller's and Brown–Shih's work. Moreover we offer an elementary technique which we expect can easily be generalized and applied to a wider family of spaces, not only the globally symmetric ones.
Morbidity among bystanders of bullying behavior at school: concepts, concerns, and clinical/research issues
Authors: Rivers Ian 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe role of the bystander is not one that is easily understood in the anti-bullying literature. Roles within the unofficial hierarchy of the schoolyard and playground overlap considerably, and each role has its own social dynamic that brings with it a shifting behavioral landscape that affects every student. In this article, the mental health correlates of three categories of bystander are explored: the co-victim, the isolate, and the confederate. Each category of bystander has its own characterizations and mental health correlates. Reports of post-traumatic stress, internalized hostility, substance use, and suicide ideation are discussed with reference to studies involving witnesses of family abuse, community and school violence as well as bullying. It is argued that bystanders are the key to challenging bullying in schools, and their mental health and well-being is pivotal to the effectiveness of anti-bullying interventions.
An Evaluation of Reclaimed Asphalt Shingles for Beneficial Reuse in Roadway Construction
Authors: Warner Justin D. , Edil Tuncer B. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A large-scale recycling and reuse application of scrap shingles would utilize an otherwise wasted resource while clearing landfill space and creating new business opportunities. One potential reuse application is the use of reclaimed asphalt shingles (RAS) as an additive or substitute for the earth materials typically used in the aggregate base (AB) and subbase (ASB) layers of roadway pavements. The purpose of this study was to determine the technical specifications of RAS, the effect of fly ash stabilization on RAS strength, and the practicality of the widespread implementation of RAS in the AB and ASB layers of roadway pavements. RAS, fly ash stabilized RAS (S-RAS), RAS-aggregate mixtures, and RAS-silt mixtures were evaluated for particle size characteristics, compaction characteristics, CA Bearing Ratio (CBR), unconfined compressive strength, and resilient modulus. According to the results of the testing protocol, unstabilized RAS is unsuitable as base material although RAS could potentially be used as subbase or general fill material. RAS-aggregate mixtures are suitable for use as subbase and are potentially suitable as base course in an unstabilized state; however, RAS-aggregate mixtures exhibited decreasing resilient modulus with increasing RAS content. Fly ash stabilized RAS (S-RAS) was less susceptible to penetrative deformation than unstabilized RAS, however, S-RAS was still highly susceptible to penetrative deformation when unpaved. Fly ash stabilization of RAS generally provided less improvement in resilient modulus compared to fly ash stabilized low-plasticity clays. This may be due to the high asphalt content of RAS particles and resulting diminishment in pozzolanic activity and/or the diminished particle interconnectedness for cementation. Other forms of stabilization, such as cold asphalt emulsion, may be more effective in strengthening RAS. Further evaluation of alternative stabilization methods and additional studies to evaluate the practicality of RAS in other geotechnical applications such as embankment fill, filter, and/or drainage material are recommended.
Recent Advances in Management and Treatment of Hereditary Angioedema
Authors: Sardana Niti , Craig Timothy J. 
Published: November 2011

CONTEXT:
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare autosomal-dominant disease characterized by recurrent self-limiting episodes of skin and mucosal edema. Morbidity and mortality are significant, and new and pending therapies are now available to reduce the risk associated with the disease.

OBJECTIVE:
To update the reader on new advances in HAE to improve patient care.

METHODS:
We performed a literature search of Ovid, PubMed, and Google to develop this review. Articles that are necessary for the understanding and use of the new therapeutic options for HAE were chosen, and studies of high quality were used to support the use of therapies, and in most cases, results from phase III studies were used.

RESULTS:
Until recently, therapy for HAE attacks in the United States consisted of symptom relief with narcotics, hydration, and fresh-frozen plasma, which contains active C1 inhibitor. Therapy to prevent HAE attacks has been confined to androgens and, occasionally, antifibrinolytic agents; however, both drug groups have significant adverse effects. The approval of C1-inhibitor concentrate for prevention and acute therapy has improved efficacy and safety. Ecallantide has also been approved for therapy of attacks, and icatibant is expected to be approved in the next few months for attacks. Recombinant C1 inhibitor is presently in phase III studies and should be available for attacks in the near future.

CONCLUSION:
In this article we review the changing therapeutic options available for patients in 2011 and beyond.
Acoustic Correlates of Speech when Under Stress: Research, Methods and Future Directions
Authors: Kirchhübel Christin , Howard David M. , Stedmon Alex W. 
Published: November 2011

The aim of this paper is to summarise the acoustical correlates of stress in speech by reviewing relevant empirical studies. Research into speech under stress faces several challenges including the difficulty in defining the concept of stress, limitations in collecting stressed speech experimentally and the problem of quantifying the type and level of stress induced, resulting in very limited comparability between various studies. In summarizing the previous work and evidence, these conceptual and methodological differences are addressed. Changes in respiration and muscle tension have repeatedly been evidenced to be physiological correlates of stress. Based on this, it may be expected that acoustic parameters such as fundamental frequency, intensity and speaking/articulation rate are affected by stress. In general, empirical findings support these predictions but inter-speaker variability must not be overlooked. It is argued that there is a need to move beyond these three parameters, taking into account for example, vowel formants and aspects of voice quality. It is also suggested that future research should aim to control the data gathering process in ways that are appropriate to allow for comparability of results between studies.
In Search of Informed Discretion: An Experimental Investigation of Fairness and Trust Reciprocity
Authors: Maas Victor S. , van Rinsum Marcel , Towry Kristy L. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
This paper investigates managerial discretion in compensation decisions in a team setting, in which a measure of the team's aggregate performance is readily available from the accounting system. Specifically, we examine the willingness of managers to obtain additional, costly information that would supplement this measure and allow the managers to more accurately assess individual contributions to team output. Using theory from behavioral economics that incorporates social preferences (i.e., fairness and trust reciprocity) into the managers' utility function, we predict and demonstrate experimentally that managers' willingness to obtain the costly information increases as the team's aggregate performance becomes a more noisy measure of individual performance. Further, we predict and demonstrate that managers' willingness will be greater for relatively high versus relatively low levels of aggregate performance. The study contributes to the literature on subjective performance evaluation by identifying how social preferences influence managers' use of discretion in evaluation processes.
Data Availability: The data from this study and the set of instructions for the experimental task are available from the researchers upon request.
The Impact of Recent Court Decisions on the Tax Treatment of Prepaid Variable Forward Contracts
Authors: Shaheen N. Anna , Chambers Valrie 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
For several years, certain wealthy taxpayers have taken advantage of a growing arsenal of Wall Street techniques to delay or entirely avoid taxes on their investment gains. The tax law has been struggling to keep up, as the sophistication and spread of the use of financial products to produce as many benefits of a stock sale, while still delaying taxes on the proceeds, has increased. One such instrument that was sold for years to sophisticated investors, but is only now getting its day in court, is a Prepaid Variable Forward Contract (PVFC). Debate among tax professionals hinged on whether PVFCs would be taxable at execution, either as an outright sale or as a constructive sale, under Internal Revenue Code Sections 1001 and 1259, respectively, or at the final settlement of the underlying contracts, consistent with Revenue Ruling 2003-7. A brief review of how PVFCs work is followed by authoritative positions on their tax treatment; these are followed by a discussion of recent court decisions and their implications for tax planning, followed by a conclusion.
Unraveling the Complexity of Capital Gain and Loss Transactions
Authors: Nichols Nancy B. , O'Neil Cherie J. , Everett John O. 
Published: November 2011

The current capital gain and loss provisions, especially when combined with the casualty and theft and sale or exchange of business property provisions, are very challenging from both a planning and reporting perspective. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and the Joint Committee on Taxation recently identified individual capital gains and losses as an area requiring simplification.
This article explores how the complexity of capital gain and loss provisions arose by first tracing the evolution of the capital gains provisions from the Revenue Act of 1913 through changes made by the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. Tables, figures, and a spreadsheet are used to illustrate this complexity. The spreadsheet also serves as a comprehensive planning tool for taxpayers considering additional property transactions during the tax year. A modest proposal for simplifying the capital gain and loss provisions is compared to recent simplification proposals.
State Law: The Foundation for Federal Tax Law
Authors: Stara Nancy J. , Cripe Brad 
Published: November 2011

To determine if property exists for purposes of federal income tax law, a bifurcated analysis is needed because state law creates the legal rights and interest associated with property, but federal income tax law determines if the rights or interest are sufficient to create property for a specific tax purpose. Recent court cases and Internal Revenue Service rulings are examined to clarify:
• What legal rights and interest are held by a taxpayer under state law, and
• Whether those rights and interest are property for purposes of federal income tax law.
Although state law provides the foundation for federal income tax law, B. Bittker has noted that its consideration “rarely rises to conscious level.” This article reviews the interrelationship of state and federal law in defining property rights and interest—and, in doing so, creates the conscious awareness needed for effective tax planning.
State and Local Tax Policy: Challenging the Use of Tax Credits and Other Incentives
Authors: Raabe William A. , Sawyers Roby B. 
Published: November 2011

A recent Sixth Circuit case challenged the validity under the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution of an Ohio income tax credit. Although the Supreme Court overruled the decision on May 15, holding that the plaintiffs in the case did not have standing to challenge the incentives in federal court, the ruling did little to quell the debate concerning the constitutionality of the credits in question. While the Supreme Court ruling was not unanticipated, many observers were hoping for a more definitive resolution to the issue. As it stands, the Supreme Court decision leaves open the critical question of the constitutionality of incentives like that offered by the state of Ohio.
Tax credits and other incentives offered by the states and local municipalities have been used as part of an economic development strategy, often to recruit or retain business activity within the borders. While some of these subsidies may be subject to challenge under notions of uniformity of equity, in this paper we argue that it is improper to challenge the credit under review in this case.
Defining a Gambling Transaction: Know when to Hold ‘Em, Know when to Fold ‘Em
Authors: Morris Donald 
Published: November 2011

As the volume of gambling activity continues to expand in the U.S. the question of exactly what constitutes a gambling transaction for income tax purposes takes on increasing significance for taxpayers as well as tax practitioners. The law requires reporting gambling winnings separately from gambling losses. This separation raises the question of what constitutes a gambling winning which rests in turn on the definition of a gambling transaction. Is it a hand of blackjack or a day at the racetrack, a spin of a roulette wheel or the result from $100 placed in a slot machine, a roll of the dice or the night's poker results?
Revenue recognition is not often an issue for individual taxpayers who report their income on a cash basis. The income recognition doctrine of constructive receipt reduces the direct control a cash basis taxpayer can exercise over the timing of the recognition of income. For the increasing number of taxpayers engaging in gambling activities, this doctrine may directly impact the amount of income they are required to recognize not merely because of the gambling income itself (some or all of which may be offset with a deduction for gambling losses) but as a result of this income's impact on adjusted gross income (AGI).
While the exact definition of a gambling transaction, and thus the proper recognition of gambling income, is addressed by the I.R.S., it remains a contentious issue. However, when the doctrine of constructive receipt is extended to gambling revenue it clarifies the meaning of a gambling transaction and hence the proper amount of gambling income to be reported by taxpayers.
The Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial
Authors: McDougall Cameron G. , Spetzler Robert F. , Zabramski Joseph M. , Partovi Shahram , Hills Nancy K. , Nakaji Peter , Albuquerque Felipe C. 
Published: November 2011

Object
The purpose of this ongoing study is to compare the safety and efficacy of microsurgical clipping and endovascular coil embolization for the treatment of acutely ruptured cerebral aneurysms and to determine if one treatment is superior to the other by examining clinical and angiographic outcomes. The authors examined the null hypothesis that no difference exists between the 2 treatment modalities in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The current report is limited to the clinical results at 1 year after treatment.

Methods
The authors screened 725 patients with SAH, resulting in 500 eligible patients who were enrolled prospectively in the study after giving their informed consent. Patients were assigned in an alternating fashion to surgical aneurysm clipping or endovascular coil therapy. Intake evaluations and outcome measurements were collected by nurse practitioners independent of the treating surgeons. Ultimately, 238 patients were assigned to aneurysm clipping and 233 to coil embolization. The 2 treatment groups were well matched. There were no anatomical exclusions. Crossing over was allowed, but primary outcome analysis was based on the initial treatment modality assignment. Posttreatment care was standardized for both groups. Patient outcomes at 1 year were independently assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). A poor outcome was defined as an mRS score > 2 at 1 year. The primary outcome was based on the assigned group; that is, by intent to treat.

Results
One year after treatment, 403 patients were available for evaluation. Of these, 358 patients had actually undergone treatment. The remainder either died before treatment or had no identifiable source of SAH. A poor outcome (mRS score > 2) was observed in 33.7% of the patients assigned to aneurysm clipping and in 23.2% of the patients assigned to coil embolization (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.08–2.61; p = 0.02). Of treated patients assigned to the coil group, 124 (62.3%) of the 199 who were eligible for any treatment actually received endovascular coil embolization. Patients who crossed over from coil to clip treatment fared worse than patients assigned to coil embolization, but no worse than patients assigned to clip occlusion. No patient treated by coil embolization suffered a recurrent hemorrhage.

Conclusions
One year after treatment, a policy of intent to treat favoring coil embolization resulted in fewer poor outcomes than clip occlusion. Although most aneurysms assigned to the coil treatment group were treated by coil embolization, a substantial number crossed over to surgical clipping. Although a policy of intent to treat favoring coil embolization resulted in fewer poor outcomes at 1 year, it remains important that high-quality surgical clipping be available as an alternative treatment modality.