bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing Environmental Impacts of Wastewater Treatment Alternatives for Small‐Scale Communities
Authors: Yıldırım Mustafa , Topkaya Bülent 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe effluents of wastewater treatment plants in small sized communities of less than 2000 population equivalent (PE), which are discharged into sensitive receiving water environments, must receive “appropriate treatment” according to the EU Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive. Appropriate treatment depends on the quality objectives of the receiving waters as well as the relevant provisions of the member states. In this study, wastewater treatment options, such as vegetated land treatment (VLT), constructed wetlands (CW), and activated sludge treatment (AST), by which effluents are discharged to sensitive and less sensitive areas are evaluated by the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. For this purpose, data related to energy usage, land requirement, raw material consumption, and released emissions from the life phases were collected with an inventory study and the environmental impacts were assessed by using SimaPro 7.1 LCA software. The results obtained from the assessments were compared with each other, which indicated that for small‐scale communities VLT and CW are the most environmentally friendly wastewater treatment option.
Expansion of Tfh‐like cells during chronic Salmonella exposure mediates the generation of autoimmune hypergammaglobulinemia in MyD88‐deficient mice
Authors: Ko Hyun‐Jeong , Yang Hyungjun , Yang Jin‐Young , Seo Sang‐Uk , Chang Sun‐Young , Seong Je Kyung , Kweon Mi‐Na 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe role of TLR signaling in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems has been a controversial issue that remains to be solved. Here, we determined whether MyD88‐dependent TLR signals are required for the generation of B‐cell responses during chronic Salmonella infection. Oral administration of recombinant attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine (RASV) strain in MyD88−/− mice resulted in chronic infection. Infection was accompanied by enlarged germinal centers and hypergammaglobulinemia with anti‐double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA)‐specific Ab in sera, and the deposition of immune complexes in the kidneys, suggesting onset of autoimmunity. CD4+ T cells expressing PD‐1, CXCR5, ICOS, and IL‐21 were dramatically increased in chronically infected mice, indicating the expansion of follicular helper T (Tfh)‐like cells. Of note, the depletion of CD4+ T cells completely blocked the generation of polyclonal IgG Ab in sera after oral RASV challenge. Inflammatory myeloid cells expressing CD11b and Gr‐1 accumulated in high numbers in the spleen of MyD88−/− mice. Interestingly, the blockade of PD‐1 or ICOS significantly reduced the hypergammaglobulinemia and dsDNA‐specific autoantibody production. Overall, these results suggest that Tfh‐like cells in chronic bacterial infection trigger autoimmune hypergammaglobulinemia in a PD‐1‐ and ICOS‐dependent manner.
Protective immunity afforded by attenuated, PhoP‐deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with sustained generation of CD4+ T‐cell memory
Authors: Nambiar Jonathan K. , Pinto Rachel , Aguilo Juan I. , Takatsu Kiyoshi , Martin Carlos , Britton Warwick J. , Triccas James A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDefinition of protective immunity induced by effective vaccines is important for the design of new pathogen control strategies. Inactivation of the PhoP response‐regulator in Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in a highly attenuated strain that demonstrates impressive protective efficacy in pre‐clinical models of tuberculosis. In this report we demonstrate that the protection afforded by the M. tuberculosis phoP mutant strain is associated with the long‐term maintenance of CD4+ T‐cell memory. Immunization of mice with SO2 resulted in enhanced expansion of M. tuberculosis‐specific CD4+ T cells compared with vaccination with the BCG vaccine, with an increased frequency of these cells persisting at extended time‐points after vaccination. Strikingly, vaccination with SO2 resulted in sustained generation of CD4+ T cells displaying a central memory phenotype, a property not shared by BCG. Further, SO2 vaccination markedly improved the generation of polyfunctional cytokine‐secreting CD4+ T cells compared with BCG vaccination. The improved generation of functionally competent memory T cells by SO2 correlated with augmented recall responses in SO2‐vaccinated animals after challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis. This study defines a mechanism for the protective effect of the SO2 vaccine and suggests that deletion of defined virulence networks may provide vaccine strains with potent immuno‐stimulatory properties.
A Valence Bond Description of Dizwitterionic Dithiolene Character in an Oxomolybdenum–Bis(dithione) Complex
Authors: Mtei Regina P. , Perera Eranda , Mogesa Benjamin , Stein Benjamin , Basu Partha , Kirk Martin L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMetallodithiolene non‐innocence is explored in an oxomolybdenum–bis(dithione) complex, [Mo4+O(iPr2Pipdt)2Cl][PF6] (where Pipdt is N,N′‐piperazine‐2,3‐dithione), which has a piperazine ring as an integral part of the dithiolene ligand. The title complex displays spectroscopic features that are unusual for a formally reduced MoIV–dithiolene complex, namely a low‐energy metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer band with appreciable intensity and C–C and C–S stretching frequencies that are markedly different from those of oxomolybdenum complexes coordinated to dianionic dithiolene ligands. The electronic structure of the ligand has been described in valence bond terms as a resonance hybrid of dithione and dizwitterionic dithiolene structures.
Three‐Component Domino Synthesis of 2‐Arylquinazoline‐4‐amines in One Pot by Activating an sp3 C–H Bond in a Nonmetal Catalytic Oxidation System
Authors: Zeng Li‐Yan , Yi Wen‐Bin , Cai Chun 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe nonmetal catalytic oxidation system I2/tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) has been unprecedentedly applied to a three‐component domino reaction and simultaneously a simple and efficient protocol has been developed to newly synthesize 2‐aryl‐N‐substitutied quinazoline‐4‐amines in one pot from isatoic anhydride, aromatic amine, and another amine containing methylene adjacent to nitrogen. This protocol is new and practical because both the electron‐donating and ‐withdrawing groups substituted on amines 2 or 3 can survive and provide the corresponding products in reasonable yields. Iodine is essential to the three‐component, one‐pot reaction unlike the step‐wise procedure.
High polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in California house cats: House dust a primary source?
Authors: Guo Weihong , Park June-Soo , Wang Yunzhu , Gardner Steve , Baek Christina , Petreas Myrto , Hooper Kim 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants that act as endocrine disruptors, affecting thyroid hormone homeostasis. As a follow-up to a recent study showing high PBDE levels in household cats and linking PBDE levels with cat hyperthyroidism, we measured PBDEs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) in serum samples from 26 California household cats (16 hyperthyroid, 10 controls) using liquid–liquid extraction and high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. In the present pilot study, we found that PBDE levels in California house cats were extremely high (ΣPBDEs median = 2,904 ng/g lipid; range, 631–22,537 ng/g lipid). This is approximately 50 times higher than levels in California residents (ΣPBDEs geomean = 62 ± 8.9 ng/g lipid, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), who have among the highest human levels in the world. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers congener patterns (BDE-99 major congener, BDE-209 significant) differed markedly from patterns found in California residents (BDE-47 major) or wildlife but resembled patterns found in house dust. Polychlorinated biphenyls and OCPs in cats were highly correlated, consistent with a shared dietary source or pathway of exposure, but did not correlate with PBDEs. This suggests a different source or pathway of exposure for PBDEs, which was most likely house dust. The authors found no evidence that linked levels of PBDEs, PCBs, or OCPs with hyperthyroidism. This may be because of the small sample size, competing or confounding risk factors, or complicated causal mechanisms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:301–306. © 2011 SETAC
Predicting effects of cations on copper toxicity to lettuce (Lactuca sativa) by the biotic ligand model
Authors: Le T.T. Yen , Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. , Hendriks A. Jan , Vijver Martina G. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A biotic ligand model (BLM) was developed to estimate Cu toxicity to lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in terms of root elongation after 4 d of exposure. Effects of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ on Cu toxicity were examined. The addition of these cations resulted in a 50-fold difference in the copper median effective activity (). However, these variations could not be interpreted entirely as a function of the concentrations of these cations alone. In particular, only the relationship between and the activity of protons was found to be significant in the whole range of pH examined from 5.0 to 7.0. The addition of K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ at concentrations up to 20 mM resulted in a 16-fold difference in values. This difference was significant, as indicated by non-overlapping standard deviations of the negative logarithm of () obtained with (7.37 ± 0.22) and without (6.76 ± 0.22) additions of K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. The variations were not statistically significantly related to concentrations of these cations; therefore, only protons can be integrated in the BLM predicting Cu toxicity to lettuce L. sativa with the important parameters: log KHBL = 6.27, log KCuBL = 7.40, and  = 0.36 at pH = 7. The lack of significant relationships between and concentrations of the cations was not in line with the main assumption of the BLM about the competition between cations for binding sites. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:355–359. © 2011 SETAC
A natural neighbour Lagrange–Galerkin method for the simulation of Newtonian and Oldroyd‐B free surface flows
Authors: Galavís A. , González D. , Cueto E. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYIn this work, a method for the numerical simulation of free surface flows of Newtonian and non‐Newtonian flows is developed. The method is based on the employ of three main ingredients. The first is an updated Lagrangian approach for the description of kinematics. This approach is made possible by using natural neighbor Galerkin methods (also known as natural element methods).This allows the use of the method of characteristics to integrate the equations of motion along the nodal path‐lines. The second ingredient relies on the use of a second‐order time method of characteristics, which has proved to be indispensable for an accurate solution of some problems, even very simple ones. Finally, the third ingredient relies on the use of shape constructors (particularly, α‐shapes) to avoid the use of boundary markers or any explicit description of the boundary in general. After the theoretical description of the proposed method, some examples illustrating its performance are given. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating Reliability on Fuel Cell Model Identification. Part I: A Design of Experiments Approach
Authors: Tsikonis L. , Van herle J. , Favrat D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA model‐based Design of Experiments method was employed for the optimization of measurements on a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Based on a simplified SOFC model, a variation of the D‐optimality was used as optimization criterion for the calculation of optimal experimental designs (determinant of the covariance matrix with weighting factors). Solutions for different numbers of design points were calculated and the behavior of optimization criteria as functions of the number of design points as well as of the number of repetitions of measurements was analyzed. A new type of graph was introduced which depicts the behavior of optimization criteria for constant number of measurements. This approach showed that, for constant numbers of measurements, the precision is higher and therefore the reliability in the cell's model identification is improved when repeated measurements of a small set of optimal design points are effectuated, instead of many different measurements. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed showing the influence of the parameter values on the values of the optimization criterion and the optimal measurements.The used methodology and its theoretical conclusions may be used as a basis for development of diagnostics tools or filtering existing data for optimal parameter estimations.
Effect of Ce‐Doping on the Electrical and Electrocatalytical Behavior of La/Sr Chromo‐Manganite Perovskite as New SOFC Anode
Authors: Lay E. , Benamira M. , Pirovano C. , Gauthier G. , Dessemond L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe effect of cerium substitution on the electrical and electrochemical characteristics of a new anode material La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3 (LSCM) was examined by synthesizing CexLa0.75–xSr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3 for x = 0–0.375). From x = 0–0.25, the structure is rhombohedral (S.G. R‐3c), and with a higher cerium content (x = 0.375) it becomes cubic (S.G. Pm‐3m). These materials are stable in the operating conditions of an SOFC anode. CexLa0.75–xSr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3 and LSCM materials are p‐type semi‐conductors. Cerium substitution improves the conductivity in neutral atmosphere from 18.3 to 35.4 S cm–1 for x = 0 and 0.375, respectively, at 1,173 K. In reducing conditions, the conductivity is not influenced by cerium substitution, and it is about 1 S cm–1 at 1,173 K. High temperature XRD shows that structure becomes cubic at 1,073 K in operating (reducing) conditions. Cerium substitution positively enhances the electrochemical behavior, as proved by studying the properties of dense cone‐shaped electrodes.
Postoperative spindle cell nodule after thyroidectomy: A case mimicking recurrence with anaplastic transformation of thyroid cancer
Authors: Kim Sun Wook , Oh Young Lyun , Choi Joon Young , Lee Ji In , Chung Jae Hoon , Kim Jee Soo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundHere, we report a case of a postoperative spindle cell nodule that mimicked recurrence with anaplastic transformation after thyroidectomy.MethodsThe course of the disease is described. The mass was studied morphologically and immunohistochemically.ResultsA 31‐year‐old woman underwent total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma. A mass suspected of recurrence was found 14 months later and caused dysphagia and dyspnea. An 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic (18F‐FDG‐PET) scan showed a lesion with high uptake; however, a fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was inconsistent with recurrent cancer. The mass was resected and was composed of elongated spindle cells, with eosinophilic cytoplasm within a myxoid background. Immunohistochemical staining was strongly positive for vimentin, focally positive for smooth muscle actin, desmin, and p53, and negative for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, Cam5.2, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK‐1).ConclusionAlthough postoperative spindle cell nodules are rare after thyroid surgery, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis for recurrent masses at the operative site. Head Neck, 2013
Thyroid cartilage invasion in early‐stage squamous cell carcinoma involving the anterior commissure
Authors: Hartl Dana M. , Landry Guillaume , Hans Stéphane , Marandas Patrick , Casiraghi Odile , Janot François , Brasnu Daniel F. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundAnterior commissure (AC) carcinoma is in close proximity to the thyroid cartilage. Our objective was to evaluate risk factors for thyroid cartilage invasion.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of tumors involving the AC treated by open surgery. Tumor stage, extensions, vocal fold (VF) mobility, CT scan, and pathologic cartilage status were recorded.ResultsNinety‐four patients with clinical T (cT) classifications cT1b (44%), cT2 (50%), and cT3 (6%) were included. The incidence of thyroid cartilage invasion was 8.5%, significantly related to VF mobility, with invasion in 31% versus 5% with normal mobility (p = .002). Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for decreased VF mobility were 50%, 90%, 31%, and 95%, respectively. After a median follow‐up of 49 months, there was no difference in local control between tumors with or without cartilage invasion.ConclusionsFor these tumors involving the AC, VF mobility was the only significant factor related to thyroid cartilage invasion and should be taken into consideration when planning surgery. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Cytomegalovirus-specific T-cell reactivity in biliary atresia at the time of diagnosis is associated with deficits in regulatory T cells
Authors: Brindley Stephen M. , Lanham Allison M. , Karrer Frederick M. , Tucker Rebecca M. , Fontenot Andrew P. , Mack Cara L. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive, inflammatory cholangiopathy that culminates in fibrosis of extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts. A leading theory on the pathogenesis of BA is that the bile duct damage is initiated by a virus infection, followed by a bile duct-targeted autoimmune response. One mechanism of autoimmunity entails a diminished number or function of regulatory T cells (Tregs). The aim of this study was to identify potential virus-specific liver T cells from infants with BA at the time of diagnosis, implicating the virus involved in early bile duct damage. A subaim was to determine if the presence of virus infection was associated with quantitative changes in Tregs. Liver T cells from BA and control patients were cultured with antigen-presenting cells in the presence of a variety of viral or control proteins. 56% of BA patients had significant increases in interferon-gamma-producing liver T cells in response to cytomegalovirus (CMV), compared with minimal BA responses to other viruses or the control group CMV response. In addition, a positive correlation between BA plasma CMV immunoglobulin M (IgM) and liver T-cell CMV reactivity was identified. Investigation of peripheral blood Tregs revealed significant deficits in Treg frequencies in BA compared with controls, with marked deficits in those BA patients who were positive for CMV. Conclusion: Liver T-cell responses to CMV were identified in the majority of BA patients at diagnosis, suggesting perinatal CMV infection as a plausible initiator of bile duct damage. Deficiency of Tregs in BA implies decreased inhibition of inflammation and autoreactivity, potentially allowing for exaggerated bile duct injury. (Hepatology 2012)
Meander hydrodynamics initiated by river restoration deflectors
Authors: Zhou Tian , Endreny Ted 
Published: November 2011

AbstractRiver restoration projects have installed j‐hook deflectors along the outer bank of meander bends to reduce hydraulic erosion, and in this study we use a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to document how these deflectors initiate changes in meander hydrodynamics. We validated the CFD with streamwise and cross‐channel bankfull velocities from a 193° meander bend flume (inlet at 0°) with a fixed point bar and pool equilibrium bed but no j‐hooks, and then used the CFD to simulate changes to flow initiated by bank‐attached boulder j‐hooks (1st attached at 70°, then a 2nd at 160°). At bankfull and half bankfull flow the j‐hooks flattened transverse water surface slopes, formed backwater pools upstream of the boulders, and steepened longitudinal water slopes across the boulders and in the conveyance region off the mid‐channel boulder tip. Streamwise velocity and mass transport jets upstream of the j‐hooks were stilled, mid‐channel jets were initiated in the conveyance region, eddies with a cross‐channel axis formed below boulders, and eddies with a vertical axis were shed into wake zones downstream of the point bar and outer bank boulders. At half bankfull depth conveyance region flow cut toward the outer bank downstream of the j‐hook boulders and the secondary circulation cells were reshaped. At bankfull depth the j‐hook at 160° was needed to redirect bank‐impinging flow sent by the upstream j‐hook. The hooked boulder tip of both j‐hooks funneled surface flow into mid‐channel plunging jets, which reversed the secondary circulation cells and initiated 1 to 3 counter rotating cells through the entire meander. The main outer bank collision zone centered at 50° without the j‐hook was moved by the j‐hook to within and just beyond the 70° j‐hook boulder region, which displaced other mass transport zones downstream. J‐hooks re‐organized water surface slopes, streamwise and cross‐channel velocities, and mass transport patterns, to move shear stress from the outer bank and into the conveyance and mid‐channel zones at bankfull flow. At half bankfull flows a patch of high shear re‐attached to the outer bank below the downstream j‐hook. J‐hook geometry and placement within natural meanders can be analyzed with CFD models to help restoration teams reach design goals and understand hydraulic impacts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating evapotranspiration with land data assimilation systems
Authors: Peters‐Lidard Christa D. , Kumar Sujay V. , Mocko David M. , Tian Yudong 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTAdvancements in both land surface models (LSMs) and land surface data assimilation, especially over the last decade, have substantially advanced the ability of land data assimilation systems (LDASs) to estimate evapotranspiration (ET). This article provides a historical perspective on international LSM intercomparison efforts and the development of LDASs, both of which have improved LSM ET skill. In addition, an assessment of ET estimates for current LDASs is provided along with current research that demonstrates improvement in LSM ET estimates due to assimilating satellite‐based soil moisture products. Using the Ensemble Kalman Filter in the Land Information System, we assimilate both NASA and Land Parameter Retrieval Model soil moisture products into the Noah LSM Version 3.2 with the North American LDAS Phase 2 (NLDAS‐2), forcing to mimic the NLDAS‐2 configuration. Through comparisons with two global reference ET products, one based on interpolated flux tower data and one from a new satellite ET algorithm, over the NLDAS‐2 domain, we demonstrate improvement in ET estimates only when assimilating the LPRM soil moisture product. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.