bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crise financière : modèles du risque et risque de modèle
Authors: Armatte Michel 
Published: May 2009

Résumé Dans le modèle financier capitaliste qui s’est écroulé avec la crise, la gestion du risque est ce qui apporte les gains, et provoque le crash. Michel Armatte revient ici sur les modèles statistiques associés à cette gestion du risque qui ont pu entretenir l’idée d’une « fausse sécurité » et entraîner le système dans le gouffre.
Risk and Prevention in Identity Negotiations
Authors: Zartman Ira William 
Published: May 2009

Résumé Après avoir défini les termes risque, négociation, identité, l’auteur fait un inventaire des obstacles à la communication comme modalité préventive. La montée de l’incertitude et les limites de la régulation depuis la fin de la guerre froide sont ensuite examinées. Apparaissent deux formes de « piégage », positif et négatif, dont les mécanismes et conséquences sont analysés. Cela conduit à réfléchir au management du danger ainsi créé en négociation. L’auteur conclut sur la manière dont le risque colore la négociation 1 .
Predicting Terrorism
Authors: Görzig Carolin 
Published: May 2009

Résumé En appliquant un concept approfondi de risque à l’analyse des négociations avec les terroristes, on peut faire de la prospective du terrorisme. De même que se pose la question : négocier ou ne pas négocier avec les terroristes, se pose aussi celle de négocier ou pas avec les autorités. Cet article défend le fait que négocier avec les terroristes, malgré les risques, est une occasion d’accéder aux terroristes et à leur manière de penser. Trois études de cas permettent de poser des jalons d’analyse prospective du terrorisme 1 .
Durabilité et subsidiarité : un conflit de principes au sein de la politique commune des transports ?
Authors: Blanquart Corinne , Hyard Alexandra 
Published: May 2009

Dans son Examen à mi-parcours du livre blanc publié en 2006, la Commission européenne estime que la réalisation d’une politique durable des transports au sein de l’Union passe par l’adoption « d’une panoplie plus vaste et plus souple d’instruments d’action » 3 . Parmi ces instruments figure le principe de subsidiarité, qui consiste à remettre à l’échelon le plus pertinent les décisions dans les domaines, comme celui du transport, où l’Union européenne partage des compétences avec les États membres de l’Union. Mais, parce qu’il a une formulation ambiguë, ce principe peut être vu comme un moyen soit de limiter le pouvoir décisionnel de l’échelon communautaire dans les domaines de compétence partagée par rapport aux échelons national, régional ou local, soit d’accroître ce même pouvoir. Or, dans un cas comme dans l’autre, la question de la compatibilité entre la subsidiarité et la durabilité se pose. En effet, d’un côté, on peut douter de la capacité des échelons situés en dessous de l’échelon communautaire à disposer de la vue globale et à long terme que requiert la mise en place d’une politique durable des transports ; de l’autre, on peut s’interroger sur l’aptitude de l’Union à prendre de manière totalement désintéressée des décisions qui engagent le bien-être de ses concitoyens.
L'individuo-globalisme : nouvelle culture croyante des sociétés industrielles avancées
Authors: Liogier Raphaël 
Published: May 2009

Résumé Derrière la multiplication apparemment chaotique des groupes religieux dans les sociétés dites post-industrielles, se profile une orthodoxie oscillant entre la « quête de soi » et « l’ouverture au Tout », l’individuo-globalisme, qui s’accompagne d’une mystique exprimée dans un langage quasi-scientifique sous certains aspects et néo-traditionnel sous d’autres, qui se dénomme spiritualité plutôt que religion, et qui s’appuie sur le culte de l’énergie, objet paradoxal à la fois naturel et surnaturel, personnel et impersonnel, bref individuel et global. Cette orthodoxie, idéologie des ONG confessionnelles et culture régulatrice du champ religieux mondial, déborde aujourd’hui les frontières strictement religieuses, dans la santé, le sport, le tourisme, l’alimentation, l’économie et la politique.
Le vieillissement, crise du système de santé ?
Authors: Ménard Joël 
Published: May 2009

Résumé Si la prise en charge des personnes âgées est un jour considérée comme une crise, c’est que des erreurs de jugement, un manque de prise de responsabilités, voire un égoïsme majeur auront caractérisé les comportements de toute une génération. Si un traitement spécifique de la maladie d’Alzheimer est découvert, le poids social de la maladie s’affaiblira massivement. Cela souligne la nécessité d’investissements larges et permanents en recherche biologique. Mais en attendant la recherche en sciences sociales est particulièrement nécessaire. L’amélioration de l’état de santé global à tous les âges de la vie est la meilleure prévention d’une vieillesse qui ne doit pas être caractérisée par l’addition des handicaps et la diminution de la qualité de vie. Tous les leviers de la santé publique sont concernés : la biologie, l’environnement, les comportements, l’organisation sociale et l’organisation du système de soins. La veille, la surveillance, l’alerte sont comme toujours nécessaires pour éviter la crise.
La crise de confiance dans le système de santé
Authors: Saout Christian 
Published: May 2009

Résumé Pour aussi certaine que soit la crise de confiance dans le système de santé français, celle-ci n’a pas modifié l’attitude de nos concitoyens envers lui. Les correctifs apportés par la loi du 4 mars 2002 ont permis de résoudre les problèmes d’accès à certains droits, mais la très grande difficulté des pouvoirs publics à financer un mouvement des usagers à la hauteur des espoirs suscités par les états généraux de la santé laisse le secteur en panne de militants formés à la transformation sociale par la participation aux décisions qui les concernent. Dans ces conditions, la protection des droits individuels dans la santé, l’équité d’accès aux soins et à la promotion de la santé, la qualité des soins et l’équilibre des comptes de l’assurance maladie stagnent ou reculent. Car il n’y a pas d’armée pour exiger avant toute chose une santé « démocratique » dont les enjeux ont été remis en toute transparence dans le débat public. Comme si la vision tutélaire de la médecine des mandarins avait pour pendant naturel l’administration bonapartiste de la question sanitaire. Quelques réformes à venir dessinent néanmoins les premiers pas hésitants d’une refonte du pacte social de santé. Il faut continuer dans cette voie.
Photoelectrochemical Study of Nanostructured ZnO Thin Films for Hydrogen Generation from Water Splitting
Authors: Wolcott Abraham , Smith Wilson A. , Kuykendall Tevye R. , Zhao Yiping , Zhang Jin Z. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPhotoelectrochemical cells based on traditional and nanostructured ZnO thin films are investigated for hydrogen generation from water splitting. The ZnO thin films are fabricated using three different deposition geometries: normal pulsed laser deposition, pulsed laser oblique‐angle deposition, and electron‐beam glancing‐angle deposition. The nanostructured films are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, UV‐vis spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical techniques. Normal pulsed laser deposition produces dense thin films with ca. 200 nm grain sizes, while oblique‐angle deposition produces nanoplatelets with a fishscale morphology and individual features measuring ca. 900 by 450 nm on average. In contrast, glancing‐angle deposition generates a highly porous, interconnected network of spherical nanoparticles of 15–40 nm diameter. Mott‐Schottky plots show the flat band potential of pulsed laser deposition, oblique‐angle deposition, and glancing‐angle deposition samples to be −0.29, −0.28 and +0.20 V, respectively. Generation of photocurrent is observed at anodic potentials and no limiting photocurrents were observed with applied potentials up to 1.3 V for all photoelectrochemical cells. The effective photon‐to‐hydrogen efficiency is found to be 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.6% for pulsed laser deposition, oblique‐angle deposition and glancing‐angle deposition samples, respectively. The photoelectrochemical properties of the three types of films are understood to be a function of porosity, crystal defect concentration, charge transport properties and space charge layer characteristics.
Silicon Inverse‐Opal‐Based Macroporous Materials as Negative Electrodes for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Esmanski Alexei , Ozin Geoffrey A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSeveral types of silicon‐based inverse‐opal films are synthesized, characterized by a range of experimental techniques, and studied in terms of electrochemical performance. Amorphous silicon inverse opals are fabricated via chemical vapor deposition. Galvanostatic cycling demonstrates that these materials possess high capacities and reasonable capacity retentions. Amorphous silicon inverse opals perform unsatisfactorily at high rates due to the low conductivity of silicon. The conductivity of silicon inverse opals can be improved by their crystallization. Nanocrystalline silicon inverse opals demonstrate much better rate capabilities but the capacities fade to zero after several cycles. Silicon–carbon composite inverse‐opal materials are synthesized by depositing a thin layer of carbon via pyrolysis of a sucrose‐based precursor onto the silicon inverse opals. The amount of carbon deposited proves to be insufficient to stabilize the structures and silicon–carbon composites demonstrate unsatisfactory electrochemical behavior. Carbon inverse opals are coated with amorphous silicon producing another type of macroporous composite. These electrodes demonstrate significant improvement both in capacity retentions and in rate capabilities. The inner carbon matrix not only increases the material conductivity but also results in lower silicon pulverization during cycling.
A turbulence dissipation model for particle laden flow
Authors: Schwarzkopf John D. , Crowe Clayton T. , Dutta Prashanta 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA dissipation transport equation for the carrier phase turbulence in particle‐laden flow is derived from fundamental principles. The equation is obtained by volume averaging, which inherently includes the effects of the particle surfaces. Three additional terms appear that reveal the effect of the particles; these terms are evaluated using Stokes drag law. Two of the terms reduce to zero and only one term remains which is identified as the production of dissipation due to the particles. The dissipation equation is then applied to cases where particles generate homogeneous turbulence, and experimental data are used to evaluate the empirical coefficients. The ratio of the coefficient of the production of dissipation (due to the presence of particles) to the coefficient of the dissipation of dissipation is found to correlate well with the relative Reynolds number. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Temperature's influence on the activity budget, terrestriality, and sun exposure of chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest, Uganda
Authors: Kosheleff Valerie P. , Anderson Christian N.K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractChimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) activity budget, terrestriality, and sun exposure were found to be influenced by the immediate environmental temperature. Thirty adult chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest, Uganda, were observed for 247 h. Temperatures in the shade and sun, sky cover, sun exposure, activity, and terrestriality were recorded at 5‐min intervals at <15 m from the center of the party. Terrestriality frequency was 26.5% for females and 41.5% for males. Terrestriality and resting both show a significant positive correlation with temperature in the sun. Controlling for seven potential confounding factors, temperature in the sun remained the strongest predictor of terrestriality. The difference between temperatures in the sun and shade had a significant effect on chimpanzee sun exposure frequency. Time spent continuously in the sun was negatively correlated with temperature, beginning to decrease around 30°C, and markedly decreasing around 40°C. A concurrent experiment determined that dark pelage (lacking physiological coping mechanisms) exposed to the same solar regime can easily reach 60°C within minutes. This study indicates that both temperature in the sun and sun exposure play a role in influencing chimpanzee activity behavior, and specifically suggests that chimpanzees thermoregulate behaviorally both by moving to the ground and by decreasing their activity level. These results, in the context of deforestation and increasing global temperatures, have physiological and conservation implications for wild chimpanzees. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
mtDNA variability in two Bantu‐speaking populations (Shona and Hutu) from Eastern Africa: Implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Castrì Loredana , Tofanelli Sergio , Garagnani Paolo , Bini Carla , Fosella Xenia , Pelotti Susi , Paoli Giorgio , Pettener Davide , Luiselli Donata 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this study, we report novel data on mitochondrial DNA in two of the largest eastern Bantu‐speaking populations, the Shona from Zimbabwe and the Hutu from Rwanda. The goal is to evaluate the genetic relationships of these two ethnic groups with other Bantu‐speaking populations. Moreover, by comparing our data with those from other Niger‐Congo speaking populations, we aim to clarify some aspects of evolutionary and demographic processes accompanying the spread of Bantu languages in sub‐Saharan Africa and to test if patterns of genetic variation fit with models of population expansion based on linguistic and archeological data. The results indicate that the Shona and Hutu are closely related to the other Bantu‐speaking populations. However, there are some differences in haplogroup composition between the two populations, mainly due to different genetic contributions from neighboring populations. This result is confirmed by estimates of migration rates which show high levels of gene flow not only between pairs of Bantu‐speaking populations, but also between Bantu and non‐Bantu speakers. The observed pattern of genetic variability (high genetic homogeneity and high levels of gene flow) supports a linguistic model suggesting a gradual spread of Bantu‐speakers, with strong interactions between the different lines of Bantu‐speaker descent, and is also in agreement with recent archeological findings. In conclusion, our data emphasize the role that population admixture has played at different times and to varying degrees in the dispersal of Bantu languages. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body size and joint posture in primates
Authors: Polk John D. , Williams Scott A. , Peterson Jeffrey V. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBody mass has been shown in experimental and comparative morphological studies to have a significant effect on joint posture in major limb joints. The generalizability of experimental studies is limited by their use of small sample sizes and limited size ranges. In contrast, while comparative morphological studies often have increased sample sizes, the connection between joint posture and morphological variables is often indirect. The current study infers joint postures for a large sample of primates using an experimentally validated method, and tests whether larger primates use more extended joint postures than smaller species. Postures are inferred through the analysis of patterns of subchondral bone apparent density on the medial femoral condyle. Femora from 94 adult wild‐shot individuals of 28 species were included. Apparent density measurements were obtained from CT scans using AMIRA software, and the angular position of the anterior‐most extent of the region of maximum apparent density on the medial femoral condyle was recorded. In general, the hypothesis that larger‐bodied primates use more extended knee posture was supported, but it should be noted that considerable variation exists, particularly at small body sizes. This indicates that smaller species are less constrained by their body size, and their patterns of apparent density are consistent with a wide range of knee postures. The size‐related increase in inferred joint posture was observed in most major groups of primates, and this observation attests to the generalizability of Biewener's model that relates body size and joint posture. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An isotopic perspective on the transport of Byzantine mining camp laborers into southwestern Jordan
Authors: Perry Megan A. , Coleman Drew S. , Dettman David L. , al‐Shiyab Abdel Halim 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Byzantine Empire managed a complex administrative network that controlled the mining and processing of natural resources from within its boundaries. Scholars relying upon archeological and textual evidence debate the level of imperial involvement in these ventures, particularly in the provinces. Ancient sources note that many mining camps, for instance, purportedly contained criminal laborers and elite administrators transported from distant locales, indicating significant organization and expenditures by the imperial administration to run the mines. This analysis explores the presence of these nonlocal individuals in a cemetery associated with the third to seventh century A.D. mining camp of Phaeno (Faynan), located in modern Jordan. Strontium isotope analysis of 31 burials indicates that most spent their childhood in a similar geological region as Phaeno, implying that they were locally born. The δ18O results mirror the homogeneous 87Sr/86Sr values, confirming a local origin for most of the sample. Isotopic evidence therefore suggests that the Phaeno mining camp was largely a local operation, contrary to the picture presented in textual sources, although the profits surely padded imperial coffers. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: Occlusal fingerprint analysis: Quantification of tooth wear pattern
Authors: Kullmer Ottmar , Benazzi Stefano , Fiorenza Luca , Schulz Dieter , Bacso Stefan , Winzen Olaf 
Published: May 2009

AbstractInformation about food ingestion and mastication behavior during the lifespan of an individual is encoded in the dental occlusal wear pattern. To decode this information, we describe a new method called occlusal fingerprint analysis (OFA). Structural parameters of wear facets on the occlusal surface of teeth are quantified from digitized casts for the interpretation of occlusal aspects. The OFA provides an individual three‐dimensional dental occlusal compass that indicates the major pathways of interaction between antagonists, revealing information about development, spatial position, and enlargement of wear facets. Humans develop a very similar overall pattern of crown contacts, although specific characteristics of wear facets reflect an individual's occlusal relationships and masticatory behavior. We hypothesize that the wear pattern is a unique character and therefore valuable for individual identification. Furthermore we suggest that OFA, when further developed, may be useful for identification of behavioral, biological, and chemical factors affecting crown morphology. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A multi‐perspective view of genetic variation in Cameroon
Authors: Coia V. , Brisighelli F. , Donati F. , Pascali V. , Boschi I. , Luiselli D. , Battaggia C. , Batini C. , Taglioli L. , Cruciani F. , Paoli G. , Capelli C. , Spedini G. , Destro‐Bisol G. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this study, we report the genetic variation of autosomal and Y‐chromosomal microsatellites in a large Cameroon population dataset (a total of 11 populations) and jointly analyze novel and previous genetic data (mitochondrial DNA and protein coding loci) taking geographic and cultural factors into consideration. The complex pattern of genetic variation of Cameroon can in part be described by contrasting two geographic areas (corresponding to the northern and southern part of the country), which differ substantially in environmental, biological, and cultural aspects. Northern Cameroon populations show a greater within‐ and among‐group diversity, a finding that reflects the complex migratory patterns and the linguistic heterogeneity of this area. A striking reduction of Y‐chromosomal genetic diversity was observed in some populations of the northern part of the country (Podokwo and Uldeme), a result that seems to be related to their demographic history rather than to sampling issues. By exploring patterns of genetic, geographic, and linguistic variation, we detect a preferential correlation between genetics and geography for mtDNA. This finding could reflect a female matrimonial mobility that is less constrained by linguistic factors than in males. Finally, we apply the island model to mitochondrial and Y‐chromosomal data and obtain a female‐to‐male migration Nν ratio that was more than double in the northern part of the country. The combined effect of the propensity to inter‐populational admixture of females, favored by cultural contacts, and of genetic drift acting on Y‐chromosomal diversity could account for the peculiar genetic pattern observed in northern Cameroon. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three Redox States of Nitrosyl: NO+, NO., and NO−/HNO Interconvert Reversibly on the Same Pentacyanoferrate(II) Platform
Authors: Montenegro Andrea C. , Amorebieta Valentín T. , Slep Leonardo D. , Martín Diego F. , Roncaroli Federico , Murgida Daniel H. , Bari Sara E. , Olabe José A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract[FeII(CN)5(HNO)]3−, ein Produkt der Zwei‐Elektronen‐Reduktion von Nitroprussid (siehe Schema), wurde spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Der Komplex ist in wässriger Lösung bei pH 6 stabil und zersetzt sich nur langsam zu [Fe(CN)6]4− und N2O. Bei steigendem pH‐Wert wird er unter Oxidation von NO− zu [FeII(CN)5(NO)]3− deprotoniert. [FeII(CN)5(HNO)]3− ist der erste Nichthäm‐Eisennitroxylkomplex mit reversibler Redoxaktivität unter physiologischen Bedingungen.magnified image
Structural Characterization and Remarkable Axial Ligand Effect on the Nucleophilic Reactivity of a Nonheme Manganese(III)–Peroxo Complex
Authors: Annaraj Jamespandi , Cho Jaeheung , Lee Yong‐Min , Kim Sung Yeon , Latifi Reza , de Visser Sam P. , Nam Wonwoo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSeitlich angedockt: In dem Mangan(III)‐Komplex 1 mit einem 13‐gliedrigen makrocyclischen Liganden ist ein Peroxoligand durch Side‐on‐η2‐Koordination gebunden. Die Reaktivität von 1 wird durch Einführung anionischer Liganden in trans‐Stellung zur Peroxogruppe beeinflusst. Elektronische und strukturelle Änderungen bei der Bindung des trans‐Liganden erklären die höhere Nucleophilie der entstehenden Komplexe 1‐X.magnified image
Asymmetric Syntheses of l,l‐ and l,d‐Di‐myo‐inositol‐1,1′‐phosphate and their Behavior as Stabilizers of Enzyme Activity at Extreme Temperatures
Authors: Longo Christina M. , Wei Yang , Roberts Mary F. , Miller Scott J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHitzeschutz: Die Totalsynthese von l,l‐DIP und l,d‐DIP (siehe Strukturen) beinhaltet als Schlüsselschritt den komplexen Fall einer doppelten asymmetrischen Induktion. Die thermoprotektive Wirkung beider Isomere auf Enzyme wurde untersucht, und beide zeigen biologische Aktivität.magnified image
Efficient and Economical Access to Substituted Benzothiazoles: Copper‐Catalyzed Coupling of 2‐Haloanilides with Metal Sulfides and Subsequent Condensation
Authors: Ma Dawei , Xie Siwei , Xue Peng , Zhang Xiaojing , Dong Jinhua , Jiang Yongwen 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMit einfachsten Mitteln: Die erste metallkatalysierte direkte Kupplung zwischen Metallsulfiden und Arylhalogeniden mit anschließender intramolekularer Kondensation ergab substituierte Benzothiazole (siehe Schema). Zahlreiche funktionelle Gruppen waren mit den Reaktionsbedingungen kompatibel.magnified image