bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern India and the vitamin D dilemma: Evidence for the need of a national food fortification program
Authors: Babu Uma S. , Calvo Mona S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIndia is located between 8.4 and 37.6°N latitude with the majority of its population living in regions experiencing ample sunlight throughout the year. Historically, Indians obtained most of their vitamin D through adequate sun exposure; however, darker skin pigmentation and the changes which have accompanied India's modernization, including increased hours spent working indoors and pollution, limit sun exposure for many. Inadequate sun exposure results in reduced vitamin D synthesis and ultimately poor vitamin D status if not compensated by dietary intake. Dietary vitamin D intake is very low in India because of low consumption of vitamin D rich foods, absence of fortification and low use of supplements. All these factors contribute to poor vitamin D status as measured by low circulating levels of 25‐hydroxy vitamin D. Our review searches the published literature specific to India for evidence that would confirm the need to fortify food staples with vitamin D or stimulate public health policies for vitamin D supplementation and dietary guidelines tailored to the Indian diet. This review documents findings of widespread vitamin D deficiency in Indian populations in higher and lower socioeconomic strata, in all age groups, in both genders and people in various professions. Moreover, poor vitamin D status in India is accompanied by increased bone disorders including osteoporosis, osteomalacia in adults and rickets and other bone deformities in children. Without a concerted national effort to screen for vitamin D status, to implement policies or guidelines for vitamin D fortification and/or supplementation and to re‐assess recommended dietary intake guidelines, dramatic increase in the number of bone disorders and other diseases may lie ahead.
Correcting poor vitamin D status: Do older adults need higher repletion doses of vitamin D3 than younger adults?
Authors: Whiting Susan J. , Calvo Mona S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe conducted an examination of recent studies to determine whether older adults (≥65 years) need higher levels of supplementary vitamin D than young adults when attempting to replete vitamin D status in deficient subjects, i.e. those with levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D less than 75 nmol/L. As data on repletion with vitamin D2 have recently been published, we restricted our discussion to the use of vitamin D3 from dietary supplements, prescriptions for large oral doses, and bolus dosing or injections. Most published dosing regimens failed to achieve 75 nmol/L in most all subjects, whether young adults (<65 years) or older adults (≥65 years). Whether as daily or bolus oral supplementation, elderly subjects appeared to need more vitamin D3 compared with younger adults, however, baseline levels, endpoints, study duration, compliance, and other factors were different among studies. To ensure most subjects are replete in vitamin D, a daily dose of more than 50 μg (2000 IU) in younger and 125 μg (5000 IU) is required. Other strategies including bolus and loading doses are described. No study reported adverse effects of using oral intakes about the current upper level of 50 μg (2000 IU).
Differential response of four human livers to modulation of phase II enzyme systems by the chemopreventive phytochemical phenethyl isothiocyanate
Authors: Konsue Nattaya , Ioannides Costas 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA principal mechanism of the chemopreventive activity of isothiocyanates is detoxification of the genotoxic metabolites of chemical carcinogens through up‐regulation of enzymes such as quinone reductase and the glutathione‐S‐transferases. In this study we report, for the first time, the potential of the aromatic isothiocyanate, phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) to modulate these enzymes in human liver from four donors, in comparison with rat liver. Precision‐cut human and rat liver slices were incubated with PEITC at concentrations that can be achieved in plasma following dietary intake. Glutathione‐S‐transferase activity increased in rat slices whereas in human slices activity rose only in three of the four donors. At the protein level, a marked rise in GSTα was seen in one of the human donors whereas much less pronounced elevation was noted in the other three. Quinone reductase activity doubled in rat liver slices incubated with PEITC, and was accompanied by an increase in protein expression. Only in one of the human donors was activity and expression of quinone reductase elevated. These studies illustrate that there are very pronounced differences in the response of human liver to PEITC, indicating that the chemopreventive effect of isothiocyanates may not be manifested in all individuals.
Vitamin D supplementation in a nursing home population
Authors: Schwalfenberg Gerry K. , Genuis Stephen J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTo determine if daily supplementation of 2000 IU of vitamin D3 is able to normalize the 25(OH)D3 status in a nursing home population, a group particularly prone to Vitamin D insufficiency. A chart review was performed to retrospectively determine the 25(OH)D3 level in each nursing home patient (N=68) who had received a minimum of 5 months of daily 2000 IU vitamin D3 supplementation. 94.1% of nursing home residents had a 25(OH)D3 level in excess of 80 nmol/L after a minimum of 5 months of daily 2,000 IU vitamin D3 supplementation. No residents had 25(OH)D3 levels in a toxic range. In order to improve health and well‐being and to preclude preventable morbidity and mortality associated with 25(OH)D3 insufficiency, all nursing home patients without contraindication should be routinely supplemented with (at minimum) 2000 IU of vitamin D3 on a daily basis.
The red wine extract‐induced activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase is mediated by a great variety of polyphenolic compounds
Authors: Auger Cyril , Chaabi Mehdi , Anselm Eric , Lobstein Annelise , Schini‐Kerth Valérie B. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPhenolic extracts from red wine (RWPs) have been shown to induce nitric oxide (NO)‐mediated vasoprotective effects, mainly by causing the PI3‐kinase/Akt‐dependent activation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). RWPs contain several hundreds of phenolic compounds. The aim of the present study was to identify red wine phenolic compounds capable of activating eNOS in endothelial cells using multi‐step fractionation. The red wine phenolic extract was fractionated using Sephadex LH‐20 and preparative RP‐HPLC approaches. The ability of a fraction to activate eNOS was assessed by determining the phosphorylation level of Akt and eNOS by Western blot analysis, and NO formation by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Tentative identification of phenolic compounds in fractions was performed by MALDI‐TOF and HPLC‐MS techniques. Separation of RWPs by Sephadex LH‐20 generated nine fractions (fractions A to I), of which fractions F, G, H and I caused significant eNOS activation. Fraction F was then subjected to semi‐preparative RP‐HPLC to generate ten subfractions (subfraction SF1 to SF10), all of which caused eNOS activation. The active fractions and subfractions contained mainly procyanidins and anthocyanins. Isolation of phenolic compounds from SF9 by semi‐preparative RP‐HLPC lead to the identification of petunidin‐O‐coumaroyl‐glucoside as a potent activator of eNOS.
CAS kontra Google
Authors: Marx Werner , Schier Hermann 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAllzu leicht gerät bei der Euphorie über die Informationsquellen im Internet in Vergessenheit, dass auch strukturierte Information angeboten wird und unabdingbar für die Suche nach Literatur oder Fakten sein kann. Doch welches Informationssystem (oder welche Kombination von Systemen) leistet die besten Dienste? Was entscheidet über Erfolg oder Misserfolg einer Recherche?
Im Auftrag Ihrer Qualität
Authors: Liebich Gisela , Pohl Barbara 
Published: May 2010

AbstractUnternehmen greifen für die Qualitätssicherung häufig auf externe Berater und Laboratorien zurück. Sie arbeiten direkt in den Labors des Kunden oder führen die notwendigen chemischen Analysen außerhalb des auftraggebenden Betriebs durch.
Biochemical diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders
Authors: Rodenburg Richard J. T. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEstablishing a diagnosis in patients with a suspected mitochondrial disorder is often a challenge. Both knowledge of the clinical spectrum of mitochondrial disorders and the number of identified disease‐causing molecular genetic defects are continuously expanding. The diagnostic examination of patients requires a multi‐disciplinary clinical and laboratory evaluation in which the biochemical examination of the mitochondrial functional state often plays a central role. In most cases, a muscle biopsy provides the best opportunity to examine mitochondrial function. In addition to activity measurements of individual oxidative phosphorylation enzymes, analysis of mitochondrial respiration, substrate oxidation, and ATP production rates is performed to obtain a detailed picture of the mitochondrial energy‐generating system. On the basis of the compilation of clinical, biochemical, and other laboratory test results, candidate genes are selected for molecular genetic testing. In patients in whom an unknown genetic variant is identified, a compatible biochemical phenotype is often required to firmly establish the diagnosis. In addition to the current role of the biochemical analysis in the diagnostic examination of patients with a suspected mitochondria disorder, this report gives a future perspective on the biochemical diagnosis in view of both the expanding genotypes of mitochondrial disorders and the possibilities for high throughput molecular genetic diagnosis.
Expanded newborn screening: reducing harm, assessing benefit
Authors: Wilcken Bridget 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAchieving the goals of newborn screening is, as for any screening, a balancing act: getting the maximum benefit from screening while producing the minimum harm. The advent of “expanded” newborn screening, with a large number of disorders detectable using a single test, has also posed problems, not new, but now more obvious. One is the finding of many more cases by screening, the extra cases being largely patients who have attenuated phenotypes and may remain asymptomatic for many years, even throughout life. These may or may not require active management in the short term, but do need lifelong awareness. Additionally, disorders have been included that are now thought benign or largely so. Babies risk being unnecessarily medicalized. Assessing outcome has also proved difficult because of the rarity of some disorders and the impracticality of randomized controlled trials. The requirements for valid studies include the need for case definitions, comparable comparison groups and probably assessment on a whole‐population basis. An Australia‐wide study of tandem mass spectrometry newborn screening involving 2 million screened and unscreened babies has demonstrated benefits overall to screened patients at age 6 years. The study was too small to provide conclusions for individual disorders other than for medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
Useful second‐tier tests in expanded newborn screening of isovaleric acidemia and methylmalonic aciduria
Authors: Shigematsu Yosuke , Hata Ikue , Tajima Go 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCommon use of pivalate‐generating antibiotics in newborns in Japan and low cutoff value of C5‐acylcarnitine (C5) to detect mild forms of isovaleric acidemia (IVA) led to 1,065 positive results from IVA screening among 146,000 newborns tested by tandem mass spectrometry over the last 3 years. Using our method to determine isovalerylglycine (IVG) levels in dried blood spots (DBS) as a second‐tier test with IVG cutoff value of 0.5 nmol/ml in DBS, one patient with severe IVA was identified, and no recall of the second DBS was needed. Retrospective analysis revealed that most patients with moderate to severe forms of IVA have decreased free‐carnitine levels shortly after birth and higher levels of IVG than those of C5, which suggests that this method is useful in evaluating the severity of IVA. Another second‐tier test, to measure methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels in DBS by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), has been developed to overcome difficulties in screening methylmalonic aciduria (MMAU) and propionic acidemia. Methanol extract from DBS was dried and derivatized using N‐methyl‐N‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐trifluoroacetamide. GC/MS was performed using splitless injection, electron‐impact ionization, and selected ion monitoring for data recording. MMAU patients had much higher DBS concentrations of MMA (24.2–321.9 nmol/ml) than control newborns (0.34 ± 0.11 nmol/ml). MMA measurement in DBS was thought to provide useful information about the severity of MMAU, as MMAU patients with high levels of MMA had decreased levels of free carnitine and mildly increased levels of propionylcarnitine.
Imaging in patients with breast implants—results of the First International Breast (Implant) Conference 2009
Authors: Stöblen Frank , Rezai Mahdi , Kümmel Sherko 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Background
The First International Breast (Implant) Conference was held by the EAoS® (European Academy of Senology) in cooperation with the German Society of Senology during its 29th annual meeting in Düsseldorf, Germany, on 13 June 2009.

Methods
It was performed as a whole-day interactive workshop in which the standards of implant surgery within reconstructive and aesthetic breast surgery were discussed and defined by telecommunication dialogue voting.

Results
This article describes the conference results concerning pre- and post-procedural imaging in patients with breast implants. Both before and after augmentation, imaging is mandatory and provides essential information concerning tissue and implant integrity. Whereas mammography is the first-line method before surgery, ultrasound is the mainstay of post-procedural imaging. Cancer screening in augmented breasts generally follows the same guidelines as for non-augmented breasts.

Conclusion
Whereas agreement about the indications for mammographical and sonographical evaluations is largely unanimous, there was substantial disagreement as far as the application of magnetic resonance imaging is concerned. There is an obvious demand for an evidence-based evaluation of this modality and the implementation of appropriate guidelines.
Investigating patient characteristics on pain assessment using virtual human technology
Authors: Stutts Lauren A. , Hirsh Adam T. , George Steven Z. , Robinson Michael E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPain assessment and treatment is challenging and can be influenced by patient demographic characteristics. Few research studies have been able to specifically examine these influences experimentally. The present study investigated the effects of patients’ sex, race, age, and pain expression on healthcare students’ assessment of pain and pain‐related sequelae using virtual human (VH) technology. A lens model design was employed, which is an analogue method for capturing how individuals use environmental information to make judgments. In this study, decision‐making policies were captured at the nomothetic and idiographic level. Participants included 107 healthcare students who viewed 32 VH patients that differed in sex, race, age, and pain expression in an online study. Participants provided ratings on a 100‐point scale on the VH pain intensity, pain unpleasantness, negative mood, coping, and need for medical treatment. Nomothetic analyses revealed that female, African–American, older, and high pain expression VH were rated higher than male, Caucasian, younger, and low pain expression VH, respectively, on most of the five ratings. Idiographic analyses revealed detailed findings for individuals’ decision‐making policies. VH technology and the lens model design were shown to be highly effective in examining individuals’ decision‐making policies. Pain assessment often varied among individuals based on patient demographic and facial expression cues. This study could serve as a model for future investigations of pain assessment and treatment in healthcare students and providers.
Response and remission of subjective well-being in patients suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Authors: Schennach-Wolff R. , Seemüller F. , Obermeier M. , Messer T. , Laux G. , Pfeiffer H. , Naber D. , Schmidt L.G. , Gaebel W. , Klosterkötter J. , Heuser I. , Maier W. , Lemke M.R. , Rüther E. , Buchkremer G. , Gastpar M. , Jäger M. , Möller H.J. , Riedel M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackgroundPurpose of this study was to assess subjective well-being in schizophrenia inpatients and to find variables predictive for response and remission of subjective well-being.MethodThe subjective well-being under neuroleptic treatment scale (SWN-K) was used in 232 schizophrenia patients within a naturalistic multicenter trial. Early response was defined as a SWN-K total score improvement of 20% and by at least 10 points within the first 2 treatment weeks, response as an improvement in SWN-K total score of at least 20% and by at least 10 points from admission to discharge and remission in subjective well-being as a total score of more or equal to 80 points at discharge. Logistic regression and CART analyses were used to determine valid predictors of subjective well-being outcome.ResultsTwenty-nine percent of the patients were detected to be SWN-K early responders, 40% fulfilled criteria for response in subjective well-being and 66% fulfilled criteria for remission concerning subjective well-being. Among the investigated predictors, SWN-K early improvement and the educational status were significantly associated with SWN-K response. The SWN-K total score at baseline showed a significant negative predictive value for response. Baseline SWN-K total score, PANSS global subscore, and side effects as well as the educational status were found to be significantly predictive for remission.ConclusionsDepressive symptoms should be radically treated and side effects closely monitored to improve the patient's subjective well-being. The important influence of subjective well-being on overall treatment outcome could be underlined.
Work impairment in bipolar disorder patients – results from a two-year observational study (EMBLEM)
Authors: Reed C. , Goetz I. , Vieta E. , Bassi M. , Haro J.M. ,   the EMBLEM Advisory Board
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjectivesTo explore factors associated with work impairment at 2 years following an acute episode.MethodsEuropean Mania in Bipolar disorder Longitudinal Evaluation of Medication (EMBLEM) is a prospective, observational study on the outcomes of patients with a manic/mixed episode. Work impairment was measured using a Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation (slice of LIFE) item and patients were categorised with either low or high work impairment at each observation. Baseline factors associated with work impairment at 2 years were assessed using multivariate modelling.ResultsAt baseline (n = 2289), 69% of patients had high work impairment. At 2 years (n = 1393), high impairment reduced to 41%. Modelling identified rapid cycling as the strongest disease-related factor associated with high work impairment at 2 years, although high work impairment at baseline had the strongest association overall. Lower levels of education, recent admissions, CGI-BP overall severity in the 12 months prior to baseline and CGI-BP mania at baseline all predicted higher work impairment. Living together in a relationship and independent housing were both significantly associated with having low work impairment at 2 years.ConclusionsWork impairment in bipolar disorder is maintained over long periods, and is strongly associated with relationship status, living conditions and various disease-related factors.
Effect of fatigue on force fluctuations in knee extensors in young adults
Authors: Singh Navrag B. , Arampatzis Adamantios , Duda Georg , Heller Markus O. , Taylor William R. 
Published: May 2010

This study investigated the hypothesis that fatiguing exercises led to increased force fluctuations during submaximal isometric knee extensions and to decreased accuracy and steadiness in the time and frequency domains. Sixteen young adults (eight males, eight females) were tested, in a seated posture with 90° knee flexion, to assess their ability to reproduce target extensor torques set at 15 per cent and 20 per cent of their maximum voluntary isometric contraction, both before and after fatiguing exercises. Normalized mean (NMAE) and peak (NPAE) of the absolute error were both used to quantify accuracy, whereas normalized standard deviation of the absolute error (NSAE) was used to quantify steadiness of the torque trials in the time domain. Mean and median power frequencies (MnPF, MdPF) and normalized peak power (NPkP) were used to assess the spectral structure of the torque signals. NMAE, NSAE and NPAE all showed excellent intra- as well as intersession reliabilities (intraclass correlation values greater than 0.75 and low standard error of measurement values), demonstrating repeatability of the test set-up. NMAE, NSAE and NPAE increased significantly post-fatigue (greater than 42%), together with a shift towards higher frequency (MnPF and MdPF) components, indicating that the set-up was sensitive enough to detect the decreased force accuracy and steadiness of the musculature after fatigue. Increased force variability in both the time and frequency domains could therefore explain decreased steadiness after fatigue.
Group selection and the development of the biological species concept
Authors: Mallet James 
Published: May 2010

The development of what became known as the biological species concept began with a paper by Theodosius Dobzhansky in 1935, and was amplified by a mutualistic interaction between Dobzhansky, Alfred Emerson and Ernst Mayr after the second world war. By the 1950s and early 1960s, these authors had developed an influential concept of species as coadapted genetic complexes at equilibrium. At this time many features of species were seen as group advantages maintained by selection to avoid breakdown of beneficial coadaptation and the ‘gene pool’. Speciation thus seemed difficult. It seemed to require, more so than today, an externaldeus ex machina, such as allopatry or the founder effect, rather than ordinary within-species processes of natural selection, sexual selection, drift and gene flow.In the mid-1960s, the distinctions between group and individual selection were clarified. Dobzhansky and Mayr both understood the implications, but their views on species changed little. These group selectionist ideas now seem peculiar, and are becoming distinctly less popular today. Few vestiges of group selectionism and species-level adaptationism remain in recent reviews of speciation. One wonders how many of our own cherished views on evolution will seem as odd to future biologists.