bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food Management Behaviours: In Food-insecure, Lone Mother-led Families
Authors: Sim S. Meaghan , Glanville N. Theresa , Mcintyre Lynn 
Published: August 2011

Purpose: Little is known about how food is managed in households where food resources are scarce. In this study, the household food management behaviours utilized by foodinsecure, lone mother-led families from Atlantic Canada were characterized, and relationships among these behaviours and diet quality were examined. Methods: Thematic analysis of 24 in-depth interviews from a larger study of mother-led, low-income families was integrated with sociodemographic characteristics, food-insecurity status, and four weekly 24-hour dietary recalls for all household members to yield a family behaviour score (FBS) as a summative measure of food management behaviours, and a healthy plate score (HPS) as a measure of diet quality. Results: Five distinct food management behaviours were identified: authoritative, healthism, sharing, structured, and planning behaviours. An increase in the FBS was associated with a proportional increase in the HPS. Authoritative, healthism, and planning food management behaviours were the strongest predictors of the HPS for all household members (p<0.05). The structured management behaviour was related to the degree of food insecurity. Conclusions: The FBS and HPS tools hold promise as a way to identify food-insecure families at risk of low diet quality. The next phase of this research will validate the use of these tools in the practice setting.
Nutritional Analysis of a Long-term Care Menu: Before and After an Increase in the Raw Food Cost Allowance
Authors: Wright-Thompson Ashley , Piché Leonard 
Published: August 2011

Purpose: Regular, nontherapeutic menus were compared before and after an increase in the Ontario long-term care (LTC) raw food cost allowance (RFCA). The purpose was to determine whether any significant nutritional differences existed between the old and new menus and whether they met target values for adequacy, according to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) nutrient recommendations or other target values relevant to Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care standards. Methods: A southeastern Ontario LTC facility fall/winter 2006/2007 menu and fall/winter 2007/2008 menu were used for nutrient analysis with ESHA Food Processor SQL 10.1.0. Each menu was compared with target values based on Canada's Food Guide (CFG) for 1992 and 2007, and with DRI nutrient recommendations. Results: The 2007/2008 menu provided significantly more servings of vegetables and fruit, meeting the 2007 CFG recommendations, and significantly greater amounts of some nutrients (e.g., vitamin C, protein, magnesium, potassium, fibre, and total water). It also came closer to meeting DRI target recommendations. Conclusions: While some improvements have been made to the menu in this specific facility, further improvements, possibly through supplementation, must be made to ensure nutritional adequacy for all residents.
Clustering of Specific Health-related Behaviours: Among Toronto Adolescents
Authors: Turner Kaitlin , Dwyer John J. M. , Edwards A. Michelle , Allison Kenneth R. 
Published: August 2011

Purpose: The clustering of specific health-related behaviours was examined among adolescents.Methods: In 2005, cluster analysis was conducted to identify homogeneous groups of Toronto, Ontario, 14- to 17-year-old adolescents (n=445) with similar behaviour patterns according to self-reported measures of moderate to vigorous physical activity (metabolic equivalent [MET] hours a week of MVPA), sedentary behaviours (viewing television or videos, using a computer/the internet, doing homework, and talking with friends), fruit and vegetable consumption, and alcohol consumption.Results: Three clusters of adolescents were identified: “active, high screen-time users,” “active, low screen-time users,” and “less active, least frequent drinkers.”Conclusions: Identifying clusters of adolescents with similar health-related behaviour patterns suggests that researchers and practitioners should develop and implement interventions tailored to specific clusters.
T Cell-Derived Act1 Is Necessary for IL-25–Mediated Th2 Responses and Allergic Airway Inflammation
Authors: Swaidani Shadi , Bulek Katarzyna , Kang Zizhen , Gulen Muhammet Fatih , Liu Caini , Yin Weiguo , Abbadi Amina , Aronica Mark , Li Xiaoxia 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms driven by IL-25 and its cognate receptor IL-17RB necessary for the promotion of Th2-mediating pathogenic pulmonary inflammation remains to be defined. We have previously reported the critical role of the U-box-type E3 ubiquitin ligase Act1 (1) for the downstream signaling of the IL-17 cytokine family including the Th2-promoting cytokine IL-25 (IL-17E) (2). In this study, we report that IL-25–driven but not conventional IL-4–driven Th2 polarization and cytokine production is impaired in Act1-deficient T cells. Also, Act1 deficiency in the T cell compartment results in the abrogation of eosinophilic airway infiltration as well as airway hyperresponsiveness in mouse models of Ag-induced airway inflammation. The in vivo generation of Ag-specific Th2 cytokine-producing cells is defective in the absence of Act1 expression in T cells after OVA/aluminum hydroxide immunization. Notably, the production of OVA-specific IgG1 but not IgG2a or IgE is also impaired. At the molecular level, we report that IL-25–mediated induction of Th2 master regulator GATA-3 and the transcription factor GFI-1 is attenuated in Act1-deficient T cells. Taken together, our findings indicate that Act1 expression in T cells is required for cellular and humoral Th2-mediated allergic responses and the development of airway hyperresponsiveness, in part, through Act1's function in IL-25–induced development of Th2 T cells.
Decreased AIRE Expression and Global Thymic Hypofunction in Down Syndrome
Authors: Lima Flavia A. , Moreira-Filho Carlos A. , Ramos Patrícia L. , Brentani Helena , Lima Leandro de A. , Arrais Magaly , Bento-de-Souza Luiz C. , Bento-de-Souza Luciana , Duarte Maria I. , Coutinho Antonio , Carneiro-Sampaio Magda 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe Down syndrome (DS) immune phenotype is characterized by thymus hypotrophy, higher propensity to organ-specific autoimmune disorders, and higher susceptibility to infections, among other features. Considering that AIRE (autoimmune regulator) is located on 21q22.3, we analyzed protein and gene expression in surgically removed thymuses from 14 DS patients with congenital heart defects, who were compared with 42 age-matched controls with heart anomaly as an isolated malformation. Immunohistochemistry revealed 70.48 ± 49.59 AIRE-positive cells/mm2 in DS versus 154.70 ± 61.16 AIRE-positive cells/mm2 in controls (p &lt; 0.0001), and quantitative PCR as well as DNA microarray data confirmed those results. The number of FOXP3-positive cells/mm2 was equivalent in both groups. Thymus transcriptome analysis showed 407 genes significantly hypoexpressed in DS, most of which were related, according to network transcriptional analysis (FunNet), to cell division and to immunity. Immune response-related genes included those involved in 1) Ag processing and presentation (HLA-DQB1, HLA-DRB3, CD1A, CD1B, CD1C, ERAP) and 2) thymic T cell differentiation (IL2RG, RAG2, CD3D, CD3E, PRDX2, CDK6) and selection (SH2D1A, CD74). It is noteworthy that relevant AIRE-partner genes, such as TOP2A, LAMNB1, and NUP93, were found hypoexpressed in DNA microarrays and quantitative real-time PCR analyses. These findings on global thymic hypofunction in DS revealed molecular mechanisms underlying DS immune phenotype and strongly suggest that DS immune abnormalities are present since early development, rather than being a consequence of precocious aging, as widely hypothesized. Thus, DS should be considered as a non-monogenic primary immunodeficiency.
Gαi2 and ZAP-70 Mediate RasGRP1 Membrane Localization and Activation of SDF-1–Induced T Cell Functions
Authors: Kremer Kimberly N. , Kumar Ashok , Hedin Karen E. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
RasGRP1, a Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factor, critically mediates T cell development and function and controls immunodeficiency and autoimmunity. In this study, we describe a unique mechanism of mobilization and activation of RasGRP1 in response to SDF-1, a chemokine that signals via the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4. Depletion of RasGRP1 impaired SDF-1–stimulated human T cell migration, expression of the activation marker CD69, and activation of the ERK MAPK pathway, indicating that RasGRP1 mediates SDF-1 functions. SDF-1 treatment caused RasGRP1 to localize to the plasma membrane to activate K-Ras and to the Golgi to activate N-Ras. These events were required for cellular migration and for ERK activation that mediates downstream transcriptional events in response to SDF-1. SDF-1–dependent localization of RasGRP1 did not require its diacylglycerol-binding domain, even though diacyglycerol was previously shown to mediate localization of RasGRP1 in response to Ag stimulation. This domain was, however, required for activity of RasGRP1 after its localization. Intriguingly, SDF-1 treatment of T cells induced the formation of a novel molecular signaling complex containing RasGRP1, Gαi2, and ZAP-70. Moreover, SDF-1–mediated signaling by both Gi proteins and ZAP-70 was required for RasGRP1 mobilization. In addition, RasGRP1 mobilization and activation in response to SDF-1 was dependent on TCR expression, suggesting that CXCR4 heterodimerizes with the TCR to couple to ZAP-70 and mobilize RasGRP1. These results increase understanding of the molecular mechanisms that mediate SDF-1 effects on T cells and reveal a novel mechanism of RasGRP1 regulation. Other G protein-coupled receptors may similarly contribute to regulation of RasGRP1.
Simvastatin Inhibits IFN Regulatory Factor 4 Expression and Th17 Cell Differentiation in CD4+ T Cells Derived from Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Zhang Xin , Tao Yazhong , Troiani Luigi , Markovic-Plese Silva 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Subsequent to the clinical trial of simvastatin in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RR MS), which demonstrated the ability of simvastatin to inhibit new inflammatory CNS lesion formation, the current in vitro study has characterized the mechanisms through which simvastatin inhibits Th17 cell differentiation. The anti-inflammatory effects of statins are mediated by the inhibition of isoprenylation, which ensures proper membrane insertion and function of proteins. Small GTPases, involved in multiple signal transduction pathways, are the key targets for isoprenylation. We report that simvastatin, one of the most hydrophobic statins with good CNS penetration, inhibited Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22 secretion in in vitro-differentiated naive CD4+ T cells from RR MS patients. Simvastatin exerted a less prominent effect on the cells from healthy controls, as it inhibited only IL-17F secretion. The inhibition of Th17 cell differentiation was mediated via inhibition of IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) expression, which was identified as a key transcription factor for human Th17 cell differentiation using both IRF4 gene knockdown and overexpression experiments. In studies addressing which isoprenylation pathway—geranylgeranylation or farnesylation—is inhibited by simvastatin, we demonstrated that the geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor replicated the effect of simvastatin. Selective inhibition of geranylgeranylated RhoA-associated kinase replicated the effect of simvastatin on the inhibition of IRF4 expression and IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22 secretion, presenting a promising new therapeutic approach for this disabling disease.
HIV-Mediated Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Serine–Threonine Kinase Activation in APCs Leads to Programmed Death-1 Ligand Upregulation and Suppression of HIV-Specific CD8 T Cells
Authors: Muthumani Karuppiah , Shedlock Devon J. , Choo Daniel K. , Fagone Paolo , Kawalekar Omkar U. , Goodman Jonathan , Bian Chaoran B. , Ramanathan Aarti A. , Atman Parikh , Tebas Pablo , Chattergoon Michael A. , Choo Andrew Y. , Weiner David B. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRecent evidence demonstrates that HIV-1 infection leads to the attenuation of cellular immune responses, which has been correlated with the increased expression of programmed death (PD)-1 on virus-specific CD8+ T cells. PD-1 is induced upon T cell activation, and its prolonged expression facilitates CD8+ T cell inhibitory signals when bound to its B7 family ligands, PD-ligand (L)1/2, which are expressed on APCs. Importantly, early reports demonstrated that blockade of the PD-1/PD-L interaction by Abs may help to counter the development of immune exhaustion driven by HIV viral persistence. To better understand the regulation of the PD-1 pathway during HIV infection, we examined the ability of the virus to induce PD-L expression on macrophages and dendritic cells. We found a direct relationship between the infection of APCs and the expression of PD-L1 in which virus-mediated upregulation induced a state of nonresponsiveness in uninfected HIV-specific T cells. Furthermore, this exhaustion phenotype was revitalized by the blockade of PD-L1, after which T cells regained their capacity for proliferation and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12 upon restimulation. In addition, we identify a critical role for the PI3K/serine–threonine kinase signaling pathway in PD-L1 upregulation of APCs by HIV, because inhibition of these intracellular signal transducer enzymes significantly reduced PD-L1 induction by infection. These data identify a novel mechanism by which HIV exploits the immunosuppressive PD-1 pathway and suggest a new role for virus-infected cells in the local corruption of immune responses required for viral suppression.
Structural Basis for FcγRIIa Recognition of Human IgG and Formation of Inflammatory Signaling Complexes
Authors: Ramsland Paul A. , Farrugia William , Bradford Tessa M. , Sardjono Caroline Tan , Esparon Sandra , Trist Halina M. , Powell Maree S. , Tan Peck Szee , Cendron Angela C. , Wines Bruce D. , Scott Andrew M. , Hogarth P. Mark 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The interaction of Abs with their specific FcRs is of primary importance in host immune effector systems involved in infection and inflammation, and are the target for immune evasion by pathogens. FcγRIIa is a unique and the most widespread activating FcR in humans that through avid binding of immune complexes potently triggers inflammation. Polymorphisms of FcγRIIa (high responder/low responder [HR/LR]) are linked to susceptibility to infections, autoimmune diseases, and the efficacy of therapeutic Abs. In this article, we define the three-dimensional structure of the complex between the HR (arginine, R134) allele of FcγRIIa (FcγRIIa-HR) and the Fc region of a humanized IgG1 Ab, hu3S193. The structure suggests how the HR/LR polymorphism may influence FcγRIIa interactions with different IgG subclasses and glycoforms. In addition, mutagenesis defined the basis of the epitopes detected by FcR blocking mAbs specific for FcγRIIa (IV.3), FcγRIIb (X63-21), and a pan FcγRII Ab (8.7). The epitopes detected by these Abs are distinct, but all overlap with residues defined by crystallography to contact IgG. Finally, crystal structures of LR (histidine, H134) allele of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIa-HR reveal two distinct receptor dimers that may represent quaternary states on the cell surface. A model is presented whereby a dimer of FcγRIIa-HR binds Ag–Ab complexes in an arrangement that possibly occurs on the cell membrane as part of a larger signaling assembly.
Towards Inorganic Porous Materials by Design: Looking for New Architectures
Authors: Medina Manuela E. , Platero‐Prats Ana E. , Snejko Natalia , Rojas Alex , Monge Angeles , Gándara Felipe , Gutiérrez‐Puebla Enrique , Camblor Miguel A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCrystalline porous materials, such as zeolites and metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), possess a regular and well‐defined system of pores. While zeolites have been known for a long time and are widely used in industry, MOFs are still a new type of compounds with a huge potential for numerous applications. MOFs and zeolites may feature certain similarities as well as large differences, but concepts such as flexibility of the framework, thermodynamic versus kinetic control of the crystallization or stabilizing effect of guest species are key issues in both fields. This article presents a vision on the state of the art of such materials.
Simple, Highly Efficient Vacuum‐Processed Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Based on Merocyanine Dyes
Authors: Steinmann Vera , Kronenberg Nils M. , Lenze Martin R. , Graf Steven M. , Hertel Dirk , Meerholz Klaus , Bürckstümmer Hannah , Tulyakova Elena V. , Würthner Frank 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn order to be competitive on the energy market, organic solar cells with higher efficiency are needed. To date, polymer solar cells have retained the lead with efficiencies of up to 8%. However, research on small molecule solar cells has been catching up throughout recent years and is showing similar efficiencies, however, only for more sophisticated multilayer device configurations. In this work, a simple, highly efficient, vacuum‐processed small molecule solar cell based on merocyanine dyes – traditional colorants that can easily be mass‐produced and purified – is presented. In the past, merocyanines have been successfully introduced in solution‐processed as well as vacuum‐processed devices, demonstrating efficiencies up to 4.9%. Here, further optimization of devices is achieved while keeping the same simple layer stack, ultimately leading to efficiencies beyond the 6% mark. In addition, physical properties such as the charge carrier transport and the cell performance under various light intensities are addressed.
Neuron deficit in the white matter and subplate in periventricular leukomalacia
Authors: Kinney Hannah C. , Haynes Robin L. , Xu Gang , Andiman Sarah E. , Folkerth Rebecca D. , Sleeper Lynn A. , Volpe Joseph J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjective:The cellular basis of cognitive abnormalities in preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is uncertain. One important possibility is that damage to white matter and subplate neurons that are critical to the formation of the cerebral cortex occurs in conjunction with oligodendrocyte and axonal injury in PVL. We tested the hypothesis that the overall density of neurons in the white matter and subplate region is significantly lower in PVL cases compared to non‐PVL controls.Methods:We used a computer‐based method for the determination of the density of microtubule‐associated protein 2‐immunolabeled neurons in the ventricular/subventricular region, periventricular white matter, central white matter, and subplate region in PVL cases and controls.Results:There were 5 subtypes of subcortical neurons: granular, unipolar, bipolar, inverted pyramidal, and multipolar. The neuronal density of the granular neurons in each of the 4 regions was 54 to 80% lower (p ≤ 0.01) in the PVL cases (n = 15) compared to controls adjusted for age and postmortem interval (n = 10). The overall densities of unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, and inverted pyramidal neurons did not differ significantly between the PVL cases and controls. No granular neurons expressed markers of neuronal and glial immaturity (Tuj1, doublecortin, or NG2).Interpretation:These data suggest that quantitative deficits in susceptible granular neurons occur in the white matter distant from periventricular foci, including the subplate region, in PVL, and may contribute to abnormal cortical formation and cognitive dysfunction in preterm survivors. ANN NEUROL 2012;
Deformational properties of filled rubber under quasistatic loading
Authors: Aniskevich Klara , Starkova Olesja , Aniskevich Andrey 
Published: August 2011

AbstractTo go ahead in understanding the nature of rubber reinforcement and evaluate the kinetics of filler clusters destruction during stretching of filled rubber, the styrene‐butadiene rubber both unfilled and filled with various contents of silica particles with and without surface treatment was tested under quasistatic loading up to failure. The Klueppel–Schramm model was used for description of strain softening, evaluation of both the rubber and filler network parameters as the functions of the filler volume content. It was found that an elastic modulus as a function of filler volume content follows Guth–Gold equation, confirming the hydrodynamic nature of the rubber reinforcement; the effectiveness factor depends on filler surface treatment. Hydrodynamic amplification factor increases with increase of filler volume content, its value depends on filler particles surface treatment. The decrease of hydrodynamic amplification factor during stretching correlates with the increase of viscoelastic strain. Taking into account the viscoelastic strain improves the description of the stress–strain response of filled rubber for loading–unloading process with the parameters obtained for active loading. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis and characterization of a novel charring agent and its application in intumescent flame retardant polypropylene system
Authors: Huang Jianqian , Zhang Yeqin , Yang Qi , Liao Xia , Li Guangxian 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA novel halogen‐free charring agent bi(4‐methoxy‐1‐phospha‐2, 6, 7‐trioxabicyclo [2.2.2]‐octane‐1‐sulfide) phenylphosphate (BSPPO) was synthesized from phenylphosphonic dichloride (PPDC), and 4‐hydroxymethyl‐1‐phospha‐2, 6, 7‐trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]‐octane‐1‐sulfide (SPEPA) which was synthesized from pentaerythritol and thiophosphoryl chloride in this article. The structure of BSPPO and SPEPA was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and 31P‐NMR. Combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and melamine pyrophosphate (MPP), the flame retardance and dripping resistance of BSPPO added in polypropylene (PP) were investigated. The fire performance of the flame retardant PP system was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94), and cone calorimeter. The thermal stabilities of the composites were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The flame retardance mechanism was investigated by FTIR and scanning electronic micrograph (SEM). The mechanical properties and water solubility were also investigated. The residue of BSPPO is 40.6% at 600°C, which indicates BSPPO has excellent charring ability. The char residue of the polypropylene intumescent flame retardant (PP‐IFR) system is 22% at 600°C, which suggests that the flame retardation synergy of APP, BSPPO, and MPP is good. With the optimum formulation, the LOI of the IFR‐PP system is 32.0, and the UL‐94 is V‐0 rating. The heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), total smoke production (TSP), and mass loss rate (MLR) of IFR‐PP with the optimum formulation decrease significantly comparing to pure PP from cone calorimeter analysis. The FTIR and SEM results indicate that the char properties and the char yield have direct effect on the flame retardance and antidripping behaviors. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012