bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of sowing date, nitrogenous fertilizer and insect pest control on cotton yield and its year-to-year variation in the Sudan Gezira
Authors: Burhan H. O. , Jackson J. E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYVariation of cotton yields from year to year has been a major problem in the Sudan Gezira for a long time. Previous studies indicated involvement of pest attack, soil nitrogen levels and lengths of growing season in this and suggested that adequate control of these factorswould lead to consistently high yields. Factorial experiments to test this hypothesis, comparing plots sown in early or late August, with or without frequent insecticide spraying and with orwithout nitrogenous fertilizer were therefore carried out at each of five sites in the Sudan Gezira and the first five years’ results are presented.There were large, positive responses to nitrogen, spraying and early sowing at all sites. Nitrogen and spraying interacted positively, i.e. the response to nitrogen was much greater on sprayed plots and the response to spraying much greater on fertilized plots. Where plots were sprayed, early sowing also increased the response to nitrogen.Treatment responses varied from year to year in such a way that the optimum combination resulted not only in much higher average yields but also in greatly improved stability of yield from year to year. The average yields, and the response to nitrogen on sprayed plots, were up to the levels which previous regression studies had estimated would be obtained in the absence of serious pest attack and were similar to peak yields in earlier years. During the course of theseexperiments commercial crop practice has changed towards earlier sowing, heavier nitrogen dressing and more frequent spraying, with apparently beneficial effects on yield and consistency of cropping.
Fungicidal control of powdery mildew and its effect on yield, digestibility and chemical composition of eight forage rape cultivars
Authors: Williamson Cynthia J. , Smith W. H. MacFarlane 
Published: March 2009

SummaryEight forage rape cultivars were grown in replicated trials in 1980, 1981 and 1982; the plots were either inoculated to promote early infection with powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum) or they received one application of fiuotrimazole (in 1980) or triadimefon (in 1981 and 1982) to control mildew.Mildew infections first appeared during August and increased rapidly during September to give highly significant differences between cultivars for the percentage leaf area infected in October; cv. Lair had the least mildew and cvs Samo, Early Giant, Bishop and Winfred were most severely infected. Regression analyses were used to investigate the increase in mildew over time in 1980 and 1981. No clear pattern of disease development was evident in 1980, but in 1981 the increase in mildew was predominantly linear and in untreated plots the greatest increase occurred in cvs Winfred, Samo and Bishop and the least in cv. Lair. Mildew was reduced in each year (P < 0·001) on fungicide treated plots and the mean fresh weight yield increase of 4·61 t/ha from treated plots was attributed mainly to the control of E. cruciferarum.Fungicide treatment had little effect on % organic matter (OM), % digestible organic matter (DOMD) or concentration of thiocyanate ion (SCN-); both % nitrogen (N) and concentration of S-methyl cysteine sulphoxide (SMCO) were reduced in fungicide-treated plots in 1981, and N was also reduced in 1982. The mean concentration of SCN- from treated and untreated plots over 3 years was least in cv. Samo (14·90 mg/100 g D.M.) and greatest in cv. Lair (22·15 mg/100 g D.M.). The response in yield and quality factors to fungicide treatment is discussed in relation to the control of powdery mildew and other, possibly phytotonic, effects.
Metallothioneins and Related Chelators
Authors: Nordberg Monica , Schaffner Walter , Blindauer Claudia A , Weser Ulrich , Freisinger Eva , Atrian Silvia , Sturzenbaum Stephen R , Vergani Laura , Campbell Peter G C , Hidalgo Juan , Vasak Milan , Petering David H , Waalkes Michael P , Lillig Christopher Horst , Achterberg Eric , Meloni Gabriele , Kraeutler Bernhard , Matthews Rowena G , Thauer Rudolf K , Lindahl Paul A , Camps Juan C Fontecilla , Peters John W , Brunold Thomas , Rivera Mario , Karlin Kenneth D , Sosa-Torres Martha E , Hille Russ 
Published: March 2009

This title is not available to purchase from Royal Society of Chemistry. Please visit www.bioinorganic-chemistry.org/mils for title information.

These sulfur-rich chelators, being important in metal ion homeostasis, find increasing attention. MILS-5, written by 30 internationally recognized experts, focuses on this hot topic. The reader is supported by about 20 tables, more than 80 illustrations and nearly 2000 references. This book is an essential resource for scientists working in a wide range of disciplines from environmental toxicology and inorganic biochemistry all the way through to physiology and medicine.
Arabidopsis RNA immunoprecipitation
Authors: Terzi Lionel C. , Simpson Gordon G 
Published: March 2009

SummaryRNA‐binding proteins are key regulators of plant gene expression. Consistent with this, the Arabidopsis genome encodes many RNA‐binding proteins that are genetically required for normal development and for responding to environmental changes. However, the direct RNA targets and RNA processing events that these RNA‐binding proteins control are poorly understood. In order to facilitate the functional characterization of RNA‐binding proteins, we have applied the RNA immunoprecipitation assay to Arabidopsis. Working with the U2B″–U2 snRNA interaction as a model experimental system, we show that treatment of intact plants with formaldehyde allows immunocapture of U2 snRNA using antibodies that recognize U2B″ fused to the generic GFP tag. When coupled with recent developments in whole‐genome tiling arrays and high‐throughput next‐generation sequencing, this combination of procedures and technology has the potential to allow systematic functional analysis of plant RNA‐binding proteins.
Aurora1 phosphorylation activity on histone H3 and its cross‐talk with other post‐translational histone modifications in Arabidopsis
Authors: Demidov Dmitri , Hesse Susann , Tewes Annegret , Rutten Twan , Fuchs Jörg , Karimi Ashtiyani Raheleh , Lein Sandro , Fischer Andreas , Reuter Gunter , Houben Andreas 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe enzymological properties of AtAurora1, a kinase responsible for the cell cycle‐dependent phosphorylation of histone H3 at S10, and its cross‐talk with other post‐translational histone modifications, were determined. In vitro phosphorylation of H3S10 by AtAurora1 is strongly increased by K9 acetylation, and decreased by K14 acetylation and T11 phosphorylation. However, S10 phosphorylation activity is unaltered by mono‐, di‐ or trimethylation of K9. An interference of H3K9 dimethylation by SUVR4 occurs by a pre‐existing phosphorylation at S10. Hence, cross‐talk in plants exists between phosphorylation of H3S10 and methylation, acetylation or phosphorylation of neighbouring amino acid residues. AtAurora1 undergoes autophosphorylation in vivo regardless of the presence of substrate, and forms dimers in planta. Of the three ATP‐competitive Aurora inhibitors tested, Hesperadin was most effective in reducing the in vivo kinase activity of AtAurora1. Hesperadin consistently inhibited histone H3S10 phosphorylation during mitosis in Arabidopsis cells, but did not affect other H3 post‐translational modifications, suggesting a specific inhibition of AtAurora in vivo. Inactivation of AtAurora also caused lagging chromosomes in a number of anaphase cells, but, unlike the situation in mammalian cells, Hesperadin did not influence the microtubule dynamics in dividing cells.
IGF‐1‐stimulated protein synthesis in oligodendrocyte progenitors requires PI3K/mTOR/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways
Authors: Bibollet‐Bahena Olivia , Almazan Guillermina 
Published: March 2009

AbstractInsulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) interacts with the Type I receptor to activate two main signaling pathways, the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)‐Akt cascades, which mediate proliferation or survival of oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitors (OLPs). In other cellular systems, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the p70 S6 kinase are downstream effectors that phosphorylate translation initiation factors (e.g. eIF‐4E), their regulators (e.g. 4E‐binding protein 1, 4E‐BP1) and ribosomal protein S6 (S6). The aim of this study was to determine whether these pathways are involved in IGF‐1‐stimulated protein synthesis, important for growth and differentiation of OLs. Rat cultured OLPs were treated with IGF‐1 with or without inhibitors of PI3K (LY294002 or Wortmannin), mTOR (rapamycin), MEK (PD98059), and Akt (III or IV), as well as an adenovirus encoding a dominant negative form of Akt. Protein synthesis, as assessed by [35S]‐methionine incorporation, was stimulated by IGF‐1 and required the upstream activation of PI3K, Akt, mTOR and MEK/ERK. Concordant with the experiments using protein kinase inhibitors, western blotting revealed that IGF‐1 stimulates phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, ERK, S6 and 4E‐BP1. Activation of S6 and inactivation of 4E‐BP1, necessary for protein synthesis to take place, were dependent on the upstream activation of PI3K and mTOR. Finally, IGF‐1 consistently stimulated protein synthesis through mTOR in differentiating OLPs but mRNA transcription was not required at day 4, indicating a differential role of IGF‐1 throughout OL development.
Variation in vector competency depends on chrysanthemum yellows phytoplasma distribution within Euscelidius variegatus
Authors: Galetto Luciana , Nardi Maurizio , Saracco Paolo , Bressan Alberto , Marzachì Cristina , Bosco Domenico 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPhytoplasmas are plant‐pathogenic Mollicutes transmitted by leafhoppers, planthoppers, and psyllids in a persistent propagative manner. Chrysanthemum yellows phytoplasma (CY) is a member of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’, 16Sr‐IB, and is transmitted by at least three leafhopper species, Macrosteles quadripunctulatus Kirschbaum, Euscelidius variegatus Kirschbaum, and Euscelis incisus Kirschbaum (all Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Although M. quadripunctulatus transmits CY with very high efficiency (near 100%), 25% of E. variegatus repeatedly fail to transmit CY. The aims of this work were to correlate vector ability with different pathogen distribution in the insect body and to investigate the role of midgut and salivary glands as barriers to CY transmission. Euscelidius variegatus individuals acquired CY by feeding on infected plants or by abdominal microinjection of a phytoplasma‐enriched suspension. Insects were individually tested for transmission on daisy seedlings [Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousboe (Asteraceae)], and thereafter analysed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for CY concentration on whole insects or separately on heads and the rest of the body. Hoppers were classified as early and late transmitters or non‐transmitters, according to the time inoculated plants required for expression of CY symptoms. Similar transmission efficiencies were achieved following feeding or abdominal microinjection, suggesting that salivary glands may be a major barrier to transmission. Following acquisition from infected plants, all transmitters tested positive by PCR, and 60% of non‐transmitters also tested positive although with a significantly lower CY concentration. This indicates that a minimum number of phytoplasma cells may be required for successful transmission. The midgut may have prevented phytoplasma entry into the haemocoel of PCR‐negative non‐transmitters. Results suggest that both midgut and salivary glands may act as barriers. To assess the effect on CY transmission of a specific parasitic bacterium of E. variegatus, tentatively named BEV (Bacterium Euscelidius variegatus), we established a BEV‐infected population by abdominal microinjection of BEV bacteria. The presence of BEV did not significantly alter the efficiency of CY transmission.
Keloidal atypical fibroxanthoma: a case series
Authors: Kim Jinah , McNiff Jennifer M. 
Published: March 2009

Background:  Keloidal atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is a rare variant of AFX with thick bands of hyalinized collagen. The identification of keloidal collagen associated with fibrohistiocytic cells may erroneously lead to the diagnosis of keloidal dermatofibroma. Although AFX is a pleomorphic cutaneous tumor typically associated with a good prognosis, occasional reports of metastatic AFX highlight the importance of accurate identification.Methods:  A total of nine cases of an unusual variant of AFX with keloidal tumoral sclerosis were collected and examined. The cases were stained with antibodies directed against S100, cytokeratin, CD68 and CD31.Results:  Histopathological examination revealed pleomorphic cells trapped within hyalinized keloidal collagen bands. In several cases, the keloidal collagen also formed ring‐shaped structures surrounding CD31‐positive vascular structures. Pleomorphic cells were negative for S100 protein and keratin, but consistently labeled with antibodies directed against CD68.Conclusions:  The diagnosis of keloidal AFX requires the exclusion of other malignant and benign lesions with keloidal or sclerotic collagen. Awareness of the rare variant of keloidal AFX may avoid a diagnostic pitfall leading to an erroneous diagnosis, particularly in small biopsies. The finding of sclerotic collagen preferentially deposited around vessels is an interesting and poorly understood phenomenon.
Expression of Caveolin-1 in Penile Cavernosal Tissue in a Denervated Animal Model after Treatment with Sildenafil Citrate
Authors: Becher Edgardo F. , Toblli Jorge E. , Castronuovo Cynthia , Nolazco Carlos , Rosenfeld Claudio , Grosman Halina , Vazquez Elba , Mazza Osvaldo N. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIntroductionRadical pelvic surgery is a major cause of erectile dysfunction due to iatrogenic cavernous nerve damage. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase, which generates nitric oxide (NO) in the cavernosal tissues, localizes to specialized plasma membrane invaginations known as caveolae. Growing evidence suggests that caveolae are major components of signal trafficking and that stimuli that affect the concentration of the main structural protein of caveolae, caveolin-1 influence NO signaling.AimTo evaluate caveolin-1 expression as a marker of cavernous tissue damage and determine the impact of early sildenafil administration on caveolin-1 expression in animal models of partial and total surgical penile denervation.MethodsThirty-six rats were divided into six groups (N = 6 per group) that received bilateral or unilateral penile denervation or sham surgery, with and without sildenafil 10 mg daily for 7 weeks.Main Outcome MeasuresSections were taken from the proximal middle portion of the penis of all animals. Cavernous tissue was delineated by the tunica albuginea, then the extent of immunostaining for the following parameters was quantitated to determine (i) cavernous smooth muscle layer in the cavernous space expressed as the percentage of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) positive immunostaining per area and (ii) caveolin-1 expressed as a percentage of area.ResultsA marked decrease in both caveolin-1 and α-SMA expression in cavernous smooth muscle tissue and in the endothelium of rats was noted after a bilateral and unilateral neurotomy. Specimens from animals receiving sildenafil exhibited higher mean immunostaining values for both proteins in cavernous tissue. The differences were statistically significant compared with groups receiving the same surgical treatment without sildenafil.ConclusionCaveolin-1 and α-SMA expression in cavernous tissue is significantly reduced by pelvic nerve injury, and the loss is related to the extent of the neural damage. Early administration of sildenafil elicits caveolin-1 expression, which appears to preserve cavernous tissue.
THE TRANSPORTATION FACTOR IN THE MARKETING OF CANADIAN LIVESTOCK
Authors: Way W. C. 
Published: March 2009

Summary.— In the marketing of Canadian livestock the transportation factor is most important in long hauls. The transportation charge represents from 5 to 10 per cent of the present market value of livestock. For there long hauls from western producing areas to eastern markets or ports for export, railway transportation facilities are used exclusively. For short hauls highway transport is generally predominant. The method of shipment for distances of approximately 200 miles depends on available transport facilities, and where both facilities are available will be determined by the absolute or comparative advantage of one over the other.The main problem in the transportation of livestock is to obtain suitable equipment and services to facilitate efficient marketing. The problem of minimizing losses due to bruising and injury en route to market requires continued study.
A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of erythromycin in patients with knee effusion due to osteoarthritis
Authors: SADREDDINI Shahram , NOSHAD Hamid , MOLAEEFARD Mahshid , MOLOUDI Ramona , ARDALAN Mohamad‐Reza , GHOJAZADEH Morteza 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjective: The efficacy of erythromycin in treatment of knee effusion due to osteoarthritis was evaluated.Method: We assessed efficacy and safety of erythromycin during 16 weeks in patients enrolled in a randomized double‐blind study. One hundred and eight patients with knee effusion due to osteoarthritis (OA) received 12‐week courses of erythromycin or placebo allocated randomly, and were followed for 4 months. Acetaminophen 650 mg/day was used in both groups, while they received no other anti‐inflammatory drugs (such as corticosteroid or nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs) during the course of the study. Our patients were divided in two groups, erythromycin in doses of 200 mg four times per day was given to the first group (51 patients) over the first 3 months of the study and in the second group we used placebo with the same dosage and schedule (53 patients). Outcomes improvement for the erythromycin‐treated group was assessed by a significantly higher mean score from baseline to the end of the trial, compared with placebo group. Patients were examined monthly during the treatment period. Measurement values included recording of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire subscales (pain, stiffness and function), range of motion and knee circumference.Results: Erythromycin produced a higher response rate than placebo in treatment of knee effusion due to OA. Significant reduction in knee circumference (P < 0.0005) and pain (P < 0.001) with functional improvement (P < 0.0005) were seen. At the first month after treatment, 11.8% (6 patients) in erythromycin and 9.4% (5 patients) in placebo groups had 50% pain reduction, which was not significant (P = 0.75). At the fourth month, 50% reduction of pain was seen in 45.1% (23 patients) of the erythromycin and 11.3% (6 patients) of the placebo group. This was statistically significant (P < 0.0005). Erythromycin treatment was well tolerated and mild adverse events caused no discontinuation during the study.Conclusion: This is a placebo‐controlled study of macrolid efficacy on knee effusion due to OA in a short period. Results of this research showed the better efficacy of erythromycin in controlling effusion and pain with functional improvement in patients with knee effusion due to OA.
Indole Acts as an Extracellular Cue Regulating Gene Expression inVibrio cholerae
Authors: Mueller Ryan S. , Beyhan Sinem , Saini Simran G. , Yildiz Fitnat H. , Bartlett Douglas H. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIndole has been proposed to act as an extracellular signal molecule influencing biofilm formation in a range of bacteria. For this study, the role of indole inVibrio choleraebiofilm formation was examined. It was shown that indole activates genes involved in vibrio polysaccharide (VPS) production, which is essential forV.choleraebiofilm formation. In addition to activating these genes, it was determined using microarrays that indole influences the expression of many other genes, including those involved in motility, protozoan grazing resistance, iron utilization, and ion transport. A transposon mutagenesis screen revealed additional components of the indole-VPS regulatory circuitry. The indole signaling cascade includes the DksA protein along with known regulators of VPS production, VpsR and CdgA. A working model is presented in which global control of gene expression by indole is coordinated through σ54and associated transcriptional regulators.
The Chaperone GroESL Enhances the Accumulation of Soluble, Active TraR Protein, a Quorum-Sensing Transcription Factor fromAgrobacterium tumefaciens
Authors: Chai Yunrong , Winans Stephen C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTTraR ofAgrobacterium tumefaciensis a LuxR-type quorum-sensing transcription factor that regulates genes required for replication and conjugation of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid. TraR requires its cognate autoinducerN-3-oxooctanoyl-homoserine lactone (OOHL) for resistance of proteolysis in wild-type bacteria and for correct protein folding and solubility when overexpressed inE. coli. In this study, we ask whether GroESL might also play a role in TraR folding, as this molecular chaperone assists many proteins in attaining their native tertiary structure. Expression ofE. coliGroESL in a strain expressing TraR increases the solubility of TraR and increases transcriptional activity of a TraR-dependent promoter. Both solubility and activity still require OOHL. We also studied the folding of TraR in the closely related bacteriumSinorhizobium meliloti. A mutation in onegroELgene slightly decreased the expression of a TraR-dependent promoter, strongly decreased the accumulation of TraR in Western immunoblot assays, and also strongly influenced the fate of pulse-labeled TraR.
Cannabis and stroke: is there a link?
Authors: Thanvi B R , Treadwell S D 
Published: March 2009

AbstractStroke associated with drug abuse has been frequently reported, particularly in young patients. The most commonly implicated drugs include cocaine, heroine, and amphetamines. Despite its widespread abuse, cannabis associated stroke is only infrequently reported. The cause and effect association between cannabis use and stroke is not firmly established. Presuming that cannabis may cause stroke, potential pathophysiologic mechanisms are not known. In this paper, we shall review the literature linking cannabis use and stroke and possible mechanisms supporting this link.
The Biblical Hebrew Particle
Authors:   van der Merwe
Published: March 2009

AbstractIt may be argued that current lexica provide "translation values" for most of the nuances that can be expressed by. However, these resources provide very little or no criteria for establishing when a translation value x, y or z should be opted for. Descriptions of the most typical use of or the difference between and in other linguistic works are also not substantiated by means of empirical evidence. In this study the syntax and semantics of each instance of is investigated, and the most prototypical patterns of use are described and compared with those of. It is established that, although the two lexemes are sometimes near-synonyms, the former is prototypically a conjunctive adverb and the latter a focus particle. As far as the semantic potential of is concerned, five semantic-pragmatic polysemically-related categories (the most typical which are labelled as "noteworthy addition" and "affirmation) are distinguished, as well as the syntactic constructions and translation values that could be associated with each category of use.