bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ex Vivo Biomechanical Evaluation of the Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament‐Deficient Stifle with Varying Angles of Stifle Joint Flexion and Axial loads after Tibial Tuberosity Advancement
Authors: Hoffmann Daniel E. , Kowaleski Michael P. , Johnson Kenneth A. , Evans Richard B. , Boudrieau Randy J. 
Published: March 2011

Objective:To evaluate the effect of tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) on cranial tibial thrust (CrTT), retropatellar force (RPF), patellar tendon load (PTL), and patellar tendon angle determined by the tibial plateau angle (PTATPA) method or common tangent (PTACT) method in the canine cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)‐deficient stifle joint.Study Design:Ex vivo cadaver study.Sample Population:Cadaveric canine hind limbs (n=30).Methods:Stifle joints were subjected to 3 differing loading conditions using a constrained limb press model (Group1: 30% body weight axial load at stifle and talocrural joint angles of 135 ± 5° and 145 ± 5°, respectively; Group 2: 30% body weight axial load at stifle and talocrural angles of 145 ± 5° and 135 ± 5°, respectively; and Group 3: 50% body weight axial load at stifle and talocrural joint angles of 135 ± 5° and 145 ± 5°, respectively). The CrCL was transected in situ under load; sensors allowed direct measurement of CrTT, RPF, and PTL. Lateral radiographic projections were used to assess PTATPAand PTACT. Descriptive statistics were used to report CrTT (by design this force returned to 0‐point values, defined as the neutral point of advancement [NPA]). At the NPA, RPF was compared with baseline using a 2‐tailed sign test. PTL within groups were compared using a paired t‐test; pair‐wise comparisons of PTATPAand PTACTwere performed using a paired t‐test. Comparisons between loading conditions were made with a 1‐way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. Equivalence tests were used to test mean PTATPAand PTACTfor equivalence to 90°. Significance was set at aP‐value of .05.Results:CrTT returned to baseline values, and RPF and PTL at NPA were reduced below baseline values in all specimens in a near linear fashion with TTA. At the NPA, PTATPA>PTACTin 2 of the 3 loading conditions, but insufficient evidence to suggest they differed in the third. Mean PTATPAand PTACTvaried between loading conditions. The threshold for each of the groups evaluated, at which the PTA could be significantly different from 90°, was larger for PTATPAthan PTACTin all groups, as greater variation was observed with PTATPAversus PTACT.Conclusion:This study further supports the claim that reduction of CrTT occurs after TTA in the CrCL‐deficient stifle joint through an alteration of PTA. Additionally, RPF and PTL also decrease after TTA. The PTACTmay be a more precise method of determining PTA.
Toggle‐Pin Technique for Management of Coxofemoral Luxation in an Alpaca
Authors: Quinteros Diego D. , García‐López José M. , Jenei Thomas 
Published: March 2011

Objective: To report repair of a coxofemoral joint luxation in an Alpaca using a toggle‐pin technique.Study Design: Case report.Animals: An 11‐month intact male Alpaca with luxation of the right coxofemoral joint.Methods: The Alpaca was anesthetized and an open repair and reduction of the luxation was performed using a toggle‐pin technique.Results: The luxation was successfully reduced. An Ehmer sling was used for the initial 3 days after surgery and the Alpaca was discharged 7 days postoperatively without complications. Follow‐up examinations confirmed maintained reduction of the coxofemoral joint, as well as no evidence of lameness or muscle atrophy.Conclusions: Coxofemoral joint luxations in Alpacas can be successfully repaired using a toggle‐pin technique alone, without the need for other techniques such as capsular reconstruction or greater trochanter transposition. Use of an Ehmer sling for the immediate postoperative period provided additional protection to the repair and was tolerated well.
Outcome after Lacerations of the Superficial and Deep Digital Flexor Tendons, Suspensory Ligament and/or Distal Sesamoidean Ligaments in 106 Horses
Authors: Jordana Mireia , Wilderjans Hans , Boswell Jane , Dewulf Jeroen , Smith Roger K. W. , Martens Ann 
Published: March 2011

Objective:To report outcome after the surgical treatment of lacerations of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), suspensory ligament (SL), and/or distal sesamoidean ligaments (DSL) in horses.Study Design:Case series.Animals:Horses (n=106) with lacerations of the SDFT, DDFT, SL, and/or DSL.Methods:Medical records (1988–2002) were reviewed for signalment, limb and tendon/ligament involvement (location and extent of injury, tendon sheath involvement), method of repair, and outcome.Results:The median age of horses was 7 years and the follow‐up time ranged from 1 to 10 years. Fifty‐five percent of horses returned to their previous level of performance, 27% to a lower level, and 18% were euthanatized. Multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated that the number of structures transected had the most significant influence on outcome. No significant association was detected between outcome and tendon sheath involvement, tendon suturing, casting, or limb affected. Fetlock hyperextension was the most significant complication.Conclusions:A high survival rate can be expected after SDFT, DDFT, SL, and/or DSL lacerations in horses, but only 55% of affected horses returned to their previous activity level. The number of structures affected was the major factor determining whether horses returned to an equal level of performance.
An In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of Equine Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis Techniques: Two Parallel Transarticular Headless Tapered Variable Pitch Screws Versus Two Parallel Transarticular AO Cortical Bone Screws Inserted in Lag Fashion
Authors: Gudehus Timm , Sod Gary A. , Riggs Laura M. , Mitchell Colin F. , Martin George S. 
Published: March 2011

Objectives: To compare the mean number of cycles to failure under axial compression of equine proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint arthrodesis constructs created by 2 parallel transarticular Acutrak Plus screws (AP‐TS) or 2 parallel transarticular 5.5 mm cortical screws inserted in lag fashion (AO‐TLS).Study Design: Paired in vitro biomechanical testing of 2 methods of stabilizing cadaveric adult equine forelimb PIP joints.Sample Population: Cadaveric adult equine forelimbs (n=5 pairs).Methods: For each forelimb pair, 1 PIP joint was stabilized with AP‐TS and 1 with AP‐TLS. The 5 construct pairs were tested for cyclic fatigue under axial compression. Mean number of cycles to failure for each fixation method were compared by a paired t‐test within each group with statistical significance set at P<.05.Results: The mean number of cycles to failure under axial compression for AO‐TLS fixation and AP‐TS fixation were 57,723±8488 and 35,322±4698, respectively.Conclusion: The AO‐TLS was superior to the AP‐TS in resisting cyclic fatigue under axial compression.
Conflicts of Interest in Human Subjects Research: Special Considerations for Academic Emergency Physicians
Authors: Asher Shellie L. , Schears Raquel M. , Miller Chadwick D. 
Published: March 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:292–296 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractTrust in the doctor–patient or investigator–subject relationship is vital to the practice of medicine and advancement through biomedical research. Individual and environmental factors can make this trust more difficult to establish in the emergency department (ED). To perform research ethically and maintain this trust, it is important to minimize and manage conflicts of interest in human subjects research. While principle‐based ethics are an important starting point, the virtue of the individual investigator is required to assure that the interests and safety of research participants are prioritized over the interests of the investigator or the medical community at large. SAEM Ethics Committee 2009–2010 Objective 4: “Based on the results of the didactic session presented at the annual meeting, develop a guide to assist SAEM members in the recognition of potential conflicts of interest in the practice of academic emergency medicine”.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:1–5 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Essential fatty acid status in teenage girls with eating disorders and weight loss
Authors: Swenne I , Rosling A , Tengblad S , Vessby B 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim:  To explore the relationship between essential fatty acids (FA) and weight changes in adolescent girls with eating disorders (ED).Methods:  Blood samples were obtained from 220 girls with ED and 39 healthy controls. The girls with ED were 15.3 ± 1.5 years of age and weighed 49.8 ± 8.7 kg (BMI 18.3 ± 2.8 kg/m2) after a weight loss of 6.8 ± 6.4 kg. FA were analysed in plasma phospholipids (PPL) and erythrocyte membranes (ERY).Results:  The proportions of saturated and monounsaturated FA were increased during weight loss, while linoleic acid (18:2ω6) was decreased. The proportions of eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) (20:5ω3) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) (22:6ω3) in PPL and ERY did not differ from controls. The activity of stearoyl‐CoA‐desaturase was increased as evidenced by an increased product/precursor ratio and correlated with the rate of weight loss. The activities of delta‐6‐desaturase and delta‐5‐desaturase did not differ from controls. The rate of weight loss was inversely correlated with delta‐6‐desaturase and directly correlated with delta‐5‐desaturase.Conclusion:  The FA profile indicates low‐fat intake, fat mobilization from stores and an increased conversion of essential FA at the delta‐5‐desaturase step during weight loss in adolescent girls with ED. Normal levels of EPA and DHA were maintained.
Development of smooth pursuit eye movements in very prematurely born infants: 2. The low‐risk subgroup
Authors: Grönqvist Helena , Brodd Katarina Strand , Rosander Kerstin 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim:  To investigate the impact of premature birth on visual tracking in a group of 37 infants, born before the 32nd gestational weeks (mean 29 + 6 weeks) and diagnosed as being without major neonatal complications. This paper is a part of the LOVIS study (Strand Brodd, Ewald, Grönqvist, Holmström, Strömberg, Von Hofsten, et al. Acta Pediatrica, 2011).Methods:  At 2 and 4 months corrected age, eye and head movements were measured when the infant tracked a moving object. The eye movements were analysed in terms of smooth pursuit and saccades (Vision Res, 37, 1997, 1799; Exp Brain Res, 146, 2002, 257). Accuracy of gaze, proportion of smooth pursuit, head movements and saccades were calculated.Results:  Between 2 and 4 months of age, all infants improved their ability to smoothly pursue a moving object. However, at both occasions, the preterm infants had less proportion smooth pursuit than the full‐term infants. The groups did not differ with respect to gaze and head movements, but the saccade frequency was higher for the very preterms in some of the conditions.Conclusion:  The development of smooth pursuit in the low‐risk preterm infant group was strongly delayed compared to typically developed infants. Thus, the 2 months or more extra visual experience did not have a distinguishable positive effect on visuo‐motor development as expressed in smooth pursuit.
Prevalence of congenital heart disease assessed by echocardiography in 2067 consecutive newborns
Authors: Ishikawa Takamichi , Iwashima Satoru , Ohishi Akira , Nakagawa Yuichi , Ohzeki Takehiko 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim:  There are discrepancies in the reported prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD). This study prospectively evaluated the prevalence of CHD in consecutive newborns using echocardiographic screening.Methods:  A cohort screening study was conducted in an unselected series of all live‐birth newborns. Two‐dimensional and colour Doppler echocardiography was performed at 0–4 days of life in 2067 consecutive neonates who were born at the Hamamatsu University Hospital, Japan, between May 2005 and April 2010.Results:  There were 104 cases of CHD in the 2067 live births. Ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus were the most frequent cardiac abnormalities. The prevalence of newborns with CHD who had signs or symptoms of CHD and/or required invasive intervention was 21.3 per 1000 live births. However, 60 patients (29.0 per 1000 live births) with CHD were asymptomatic and did not need invasive intervention. The overall prevalence of CHD in this series was 50.3 per 1000 live births.Conclusion:  This prospective study using echocardiography for all newborns shows a higher prevalence of CHD than almost all of the previous studies.
Awake and asleep oxygen saturations in infants with chronic neonatal lung disease
Authors: Sykes Sarah , Kingshott Ruth , Primhak Robert 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim:  There is uncertainty about the best method of withdrawing supplemental oxygen in babies with chronic neonatal lung disease (CNLD). Some authors advocate withdrawal of oxygen in the day, but continuing supplementation during sleep, based on early work suggesting that oxygen saturations are lower during sleep, which did not accord with our clinical impression. We re‐examined the hypothesis that babies have lower saturations while asleep.Methods:  We studied infants with CNLD during the day, while awake and asleep. We recorded video with simultaneous real‐time capture of oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate and plethysmographic waveform from pulse oximetry. Behavioural state was scored using observation and video and classified as awake (feeding, active or quiet) or sleep.Results:  Thirteen infants had analysable data, although one had strikingly lower SpO2 values while awake and was excluded from analysis. The infants had a median gestation of 26 weeks and were studied at a median (range) postmenstrual age of 66 (37–130) weeks, for 229 (89–330) min. Mean SpO2 was 97.6% during sleep and 97.0% awake (p = 0.011).Conclusion:  Babies with CNLD have lower oxygen saturation while awake. There is no physiological justification for increasing oxygen during sleep, or withdrawing selectively during the daytime, although larger studies are needed to confirm this finding.
George Meredith’s Poetry and the Critical Imagination
Authors: Mitchell Rebecca N. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article offers an overview of criticism of George Meredith’s poetry in the last century and a half and situates Meredith’s work within current and emergent trends in Victorian studies. The first section addresses the original critical response to Meredith’s verse and the early, influential studies that serve as the basis for later scholarship, noting the emphasis on ‘Modern Love’ to the near exclusion of Meredith’s corpus beyond that poem. It then traces the reasons for these limitations, including the access problems created by the lack of current print editions of Meredith’s poetry. Next, it surveys recent additions to Meredith criticism. The article concludes by suggesting scholarly and pedagogical directions for working with Meredith’s poetry, arguing that it is particularly well suited to the interdisciplinary, neoformalist, and narratological approaches now defining Victorian poetry scholarship.
Lyman α emission from the first galaxies: signatures of accretion and infall in the presence of line trapping
Authors: Latif M. A. , Schleicher Dominik R. G. , Spaans M. , Zaroubi S. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The formation of the first galaxies is accompanied by large accretion flows and virialization shocks, during which the gas is shock heated to temperatures of ∼104 K, leading to potentially strong fluxes in the Lyman α line. Indeed, a number of Lyman α blobs have been detected at high redshift. In this Letter, we explore the origin of such Lyman α emission using cosmological hydrodynamical simulations that include a detailed model of atomic hydrogen as a multi-level atom and the effects of line trapping with the adaptive mesh refinement code flash. We see that baryons fall into the centre of a halo through cold streams of gas, giving rise to a Lyman α luminosity of at least 1044ergs−1 at z= 4.7, similar to the observed Lyman α blobs. We find that a Lyman α flux of 5.0 × 10−17ergcm-2s−1 emerges from the envelope of the halo rather than its centre, where the photons are efficiently trapped. Such emission can be probed in detail with the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and will constitute an important probe of gas infall and accretion.
Extrapolating the evolution of galaxy sizes to the epoch of reionization
Authors: Wyithe J. Stuart B. , Loeb Abraham 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
We use data on the high-redshift evolution of the size distribution and luminosity function of galaxies to constrain the relationship between their star formation efficiency and starburst lifetime. Based on the derived scaling relations, we predict the angular sizes and average surface brightnesses of faint galaxies that will be discovered withJWST. We find thatJWSTwill be able to resolve galaxies at the magnitude limit mAB &lt; 31 out to a redshift of z∼ 14. The next generation of large ground-based telescopes will resolve all galaxies discovered withJWST, provided they are sufficiently clumpy to enable detection above the bright thermal sky. We combine our constraints with simple models for self-regulation of star formation, and show that feedback from supernovae at redshifts z≳ 3 is likely mediated through momentum transfer, with the starburst time-scale set by the lifetime of the massive stars rather than the dynamical time in the host galactic disc.
Determining a correction factor for aerial surveys of harbor seals in California
Authors: Harvey James T. , Goley Dawn 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCounts of pinnipeds provide a minimal estimate of population size because some unknown proportion of individuals is in the water during surveys. We determined a correction factor (CF) for Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) by estimating the proportion ashore of 180 seals tagged with flipper‐mounted radio tags throughout California. The mean proportions of tagged individuals ashore during four complete surveys in 2004 were not different between central and northern California (F= 1.85, P= 0.18) or between sexes (F= 0.57, P= 0.45), but a lesser proportion of weaners was ashore than subadults or adults (F= 7.97, P= 0.001), especially in northern California. The CF calculated for the statewide census of harbor seals was 1.65, using transmitters operating during the survey (n= 114). Using a mark‐recapture estimator for tag survival (phi) and the four telemetry surveys the mean CF for central and northern California was 1.54 ± 0.38 (95% CI). A CF for southern California of 2.86 was based on a single survey. Using the mean CF of 1.54 and a statewide count in 2009 we estimated 30,196 (95% CI = 22,745–37,647) harbor seals in California.
Muslim Women’s Religious Education in Early and Classical Islam
Authors: Sayeed Asma 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article explores the main trajectories of contemporary scholarship on women and religious learning in early and classical Islam. It focuses on women’s transmission of (sayings attributed to the Prophet which are decisive in formulating Islamic laws, rituals, and creed). The article reviews the main points of legal discourse on the permissibility of educating women and surveys contributions in the arena of social history which have illuminated various aspects of women’s religious education in early and classical Islam. In the process, the author proposes questions for future studies in this area.
Modern Ayurveda in Transnational Context
Authors: Warrier Maya 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAyurveda, the ancient system of Indian medicine rooted in Hindu and Buddhist cosmologies, remained relatively under‐researched in the humanities and social sciences until the 1970s. It is only in the last four decades that it has received significant scholarly attention, from Indologists and Sanskritists, as well as historians, anthropologists and sociologists. In recent times, the volume of research on modern and transnational Ayurveda has grown, not least because of the growing popularity of this tradition in Western Europe and North America. This survey offers a brief overview of scholarship on the ‘classical’ or ‘traditional’ form of Ayurveda elaborated in ancient Sanskrit texts, before going on to review literature tracing the development of modern Ayurveda both in postcolonial South Asia, as well as in global and transnational settings.
Phonetic and Phonological Factors in the Second Language Production of Phonemes and Phonotactics
Authors: Davidson Lisa 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe study of second language (L2) speech production has been informed by research in a number of areas, including phonological theory, acoustic phonetics, and articulatory phonetics. A synthesis of the research in these areas is presented in this paper. First, early theories about ‘foreign accents’ that have continued to influence current research are discussed, including the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis and interlanguage. Next, we turn to the acquisition of consonants and vowels, which has been the subject of both experimental and theoretical investigations. The last section examines the acquisition of suprasegmental structure, such as syllables, phonotactics, and prosodic position. Several theories that elucidate the relative contributions of first language transfer and universal markedness are presented, such as the Markedness Differential Hypothesis and Optimality Theory. Both phonetic and phonological aspects of L2 production are considered in light of data from learners at all stages of language acquisition, from cross‐language speech production studies which may reflect the initial state of language learning to proficient L2 speakers.
Nested polymerase chain reaction–based detection of Dothistroma septosporum, red band needle blight of pine, a tool in support of phytosanitary regimes
Authors: LANGRELL STEPHEN R. H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRed band needle blight is one of the most important foliar diseases of Pinus species and is of increasing international forest health and biosecurity concern. To provide a rapid identification technique for this pathogen in support of official control measures, a nested polymerase chain reaction–based diagnostic assay that employs species‐specific primer sets has been developed. The assay is able to detect the presence of the pathogen direct from pine needles, irrespective of host species, to within 10 fg of target DNA, the equivalent of approximately 2–3 ascospores or hyphael cells.