bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FS02.6 Patch test reactivity to nickel sulphate and fragrance mix in unselected children
Authors: Jøhnke Hanne , Norberg LA , Vach W , Bindslev‐Jensen C , Høst A , Andersen KE 
Published: August 2010

Objectives:  Study patch test reactivity to nickel sulphate and fragrance mix in a population of unselected infants with focus on reproducibility, clinical relevance, and nickel patch test concentration.Method:  The data presented is part of a clinical epidemiological study of allergic diseases in newborns followed prospectively with questionnaire, clinical examination and testing at 0, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months of age. TRUE Test patches were used with nickel sulphate in 3 concentrations: 200, 66, 22 ìg/cm2 and fragrance mix 430 ìg/cm2. A positive reaction suggesting sensitisation was defined as at least palpable erythema present at both the 12 and 18 months follow‐up visits.Results:  A total of 543 children (268 girls, 275 boys) were patch tested at least once, 304 children were tested at both 12 and 18 months. The prevalence of a reproducible positive reaction to nickel sulphate 200 ìg/cm2 was 8.6%(20 girls, 6 boys). A transient reactivity was observed in 111 children (53 girls, 58 boys). A clinical relevance to nickel was found in only one child. There was no association between number of patch test procedures performed and reactions to nickel sulphate. Reproducible reactivity to fragrance mix was not found.Conclusion:  A high proportion of transient patch test reactivity to nickel sulphate 200 ìg/cm2 was found. Patch testing with nickel in concentrations used for adults cannot be recommended in infants. The interpretation of a singular positive nickel patch test in small children must be assessed with caution. Allergic reactions to fragrance mix were not found in this age group.
FS02.8 Patch testing with gold trichloride can give false test results
Authors: Gruvberger Birgitta , Ahnlide I , Möller H , Bruze M 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Hydrochloric acid is formed in water solutions of gold trichloride. Hydrochloric acid in contact with aluminium generates hydrogen gas which can reduce and transform trivalent gold to elemental gold.Objective:  To investigate whether patch testing with aqueous gold trichloride can cause false positive (irritant) reactions in patients without contact allergy to gold and false negative reactions in patients with gold allergy.Methods:  13 patients with and 13 patients without positive patch test reactions to gold sodium thiosulfate were tested with gold trichloride in 2 different vehicles, water and alkaline buffer, using 2 different test techniques, the Finn Chamber technique with aluminium chambers and van der Bend technique with polypropene chambers.Results:  Irritant patch test reactions were obtained with aqueous gold trichloride tested in van der Bend chambers in 10 patients without gold allergy. In gold‐allergic patients no positive test reactions were obtained from aqueous gold trichloride in Finn chambers while 2 positive test reactions were obtained from gold trichloride in alkaline buffer tested in van der Bend chambers.Conclusion:  If gold trichloride is patch tested in wrong vehicle and with wrong test technique irritant test reactions may occur which can be misinterpreted as positive allergic reactions in patients without gold allergy as well as negative reactions in patients with gold allergy.
The caecum of monotremes and marsupials
Authors: Hill W. C. Osman , Rewell R. E. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

A description is given of the caecal region of the gut in a number of monotremes and marsupials, covering most genera, some of which are now very rare and possibly even extinct. As in a previous memoir, particular attention is given to the peritoneal folds attached to the viscus and to its blood supply.
Monotremes exhibit a simple caecum tethered by a single median fold, or none (e.g. Zaglossus).
Marsupials as a group show a more complex arrangement, although, as in Primates, the caecum is typically anchored by a median anangious fold with flanking vascular folds on the morphologically sinistral and dextral sides. However, many complex specializations exist to modify this arrangement. One artery is typically the larger, and this is more often the sinistral than the dextral.
The size of the caecum may possibly depend on some factor in the diet of the animal, but this cannot be simply the proportion of vegetable material it contains, nor is it the only factor concerned.
Specialization within the viscus occurs in many marsupials, but never proceeds so far as to form an appendix caecalis.
Shell attachment and associated musculature in the Notaspidea and Anaspidea (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)
Authors: Brace R. C. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryAn account is given of the muscles of the head‐foot of the notaspidean (Pleurobran‐chomorpha) Berthella plumula (Montagu) and of the anaspidean (Aplysiomorpha) Aplysia punctata Cuvier, with special reference to those concerned in anchoring the shell. This is an internal dorsal plate in both animals.It is shown that parallel evolution has occurred so that in both orders the reduced shell is anchored by a ring of dorsoventral muscles, broken on the right where the mantle complex lies. In addition, some intrinsic longitudinal muscles of the dorsal body wall of Aplysia fasten to the shell margin. In both Aplysia and Berthella the columellar muscle takes the form of a pair of lateral tracts, and in the latter, forms the buccal mass retractor. This retractor muscle, together with some fibres of the left tract, is the only part of the columellar muscle of Berthella to originate on the shell. No such attachment occurs in Aplysia.By reference to this musculature and the gross anatomy, the changes in bodily organization necessary to derive the Notaspidea and Anaspidea from primitive stocks of infaunal cephalaspideans (Bullomorpha), are deduced. The primitive anaspid, Akera, in which the head‐foot has narrowed and partially assumed slug‐like form, provides an annectant example. Upon (1) further reduction in the shell, (2) loss of the posterior mantle lobe and proximal columellar muscle simultaneous with further posterior elongation of the mesopodium and (3) dorsoventral growth of the head‐foot posteriorly, the bodily form typical of the aplysiids was produced. This last change in proportion raised the shell well above the horizontally‐aligned columellar tracts. Slug‐like proportions have also been attained in the Notaspidea by posterior elongation of the mesopodium, but unlike anaspids, there was a simultaneous reduction of the dorsal body wall, so that the anterior mantle border came partially to overlie the rhinophores.It is concluded that the changes in gross bodily form which converted a cephalaspid stock into anaspids facilitate a herbivorous existence, crawling on weed. The adaptations necessary to derive the Notaspidea were involved in the change from an infaunal mode of life to an epifaunal one on either mixed bottoms or hard substrata.
The food and feeding behaviour of Clarias gariepinus (Pisces: Clariidae) in Lake Sibaya, South Africa, with emphasis on its role as a predator of cichlids
Authors: Bruton M. N. 
Published: August 2010

The morphological and behavioural adaptations for feeding, and the food of C. gariepinus in Lake Sibaya are described. C. gariepinus is equipped to feed on a wide variety of food items, from minute crustaceans to fish. Predation is more efficient on invertebrate prey. Most feeding takes place at night on active benthic organisms, but they may also feed during the day and at the water surface. Individual bottom foraging is the normal mode of feeding although catfish may also feed in groups at the water surface. The advantages of social hunting are discussed.Food preferences are scored by three different methods and presented for the total catfish population and for different length groups, seasons, habitats and lake levels. Increasing lake levels during the study period resulted in a change in the relative density of three cichlid prey in the shallow water feeding area of C. gariepinus. The effect of changing cichlid densities on catfish predation was studied using field collections and experimental observations. C. guriepinus was found to feed on whichever cichlid prey was in greatest abundance, with some deviations which can be explained in terms of prey accessibility and other factors. An important aspect of their success as predators is their ability to switch from one prey to another as prey availability (= density + accessibility) changes.Predation by Clarias species on cichlids in Africa is reviewed, and the movements and interaction of C. gariepinus and three cichlid species in Lake Sibaya are described in detail. Catfish predation is discussed in terms of recent predation theory, and their role as predators of cichlids is tentatively postulated as three‐fold:

to enhance species fitness by removing enfeebled individuals, i.e. to act as a “cleanser”
to restrict the distribution of prey under certain conditions, i.e. to act as a “restrictor”
to dampen fluctuations in prey abundance, i.e. to act as a “regulator”.The relative importance of these roles is unknown at this stage, and may change at different lake levels and in different ecosystems.
Crab zoeal morphology and its bearing on the classification of the Brachyura
Authors: Rice A. L. 
Published: August 2010

The current knowledge of brachyuran crab morphology is reviewed and its bearing on the classification of the group is examined. Brachyuran classification in the past has been based entirely on adult characters, but since adult crabs exhibit adaptations for a wide range of life styles some of the proposed groupings have resulted from a failure to recognize convergence. Since the zoeal stages of all crabs are adapted to the same mid‐water habitat, a classification based on larval characters should be largely free from such problems.Attempts to categorize crab zoeae in the past have generally failed to produce groupings which correspond closely to those based on the adults. In this paper, by using more characters than has usually been the case, and particularly the detailed setation of the mouthparts, a close correspondence with the adult groupings is demonstrated, at least at the family and sub‐family level. At a higher taxonomic level the zoeal groups are often at variance with the widely accepted adult ones and strongly suggest the need for a fairly radical rearrangement. The major groups indicated by the zoeal features correspond most closely with those suggested by Guinot (1978) in her proposed extensive revision of brachyuran systematics. However, in both cases the major groups are not natural ones since they tend to identify grades of evolution rather than phylogenetic lines.A key for the identification of zoeae to family or sub‐family is provided, together with an extensive bibliography.
Rapamycin prevents the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in NOD mice
Authors: BAEDER W L , SREDY J , SEHGAL S N , CHANG J Y , ADAMS L M 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe effect of the immunosuppressive agent rapamycin (RAPA) was assessed in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse which is an autoimmune model of IDDM. RAPA was prepared in a vehicle of 8% cremophor EL/2% ethanol and investigated in two studies. NOD/MrK female mice (six per group, study no. 1; 10 per group, study no. 2) were dosed three times per week p.o. by gavage from 56 to 170 days of age (study no. 1) or from 64 to 176 days or age (study no. 2). Mice treated with RAPA at 06 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, or 12 mg/kg maintained normal plasma glucose through 170 or 176 days of age with 10%, 0%, and 0% incidence of diabetes respectively. In contrast, naive, vehicle-treated, or RAPA 0.06 mg/kg-treated mice exhibited elevated plasma glucose and disease incidence typical for female NOD mice. Mice which became diabetic had elevated levels of β-hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides and cholesterol. These plasma lipid concentrations were positively correlated with the duration of hyperglycaemia (r= 0.85, 0.87 and 0.84 respectively). Outside of its ability to prevent diabetes, RAPA itself did not affect the lipid profile of the mice. Intervention therapy with RAFA was ineffective at reversing the course of disease after IDDM onset under these experimental conditions. Finally, we report here that prophylactic treatment with RAPA was able to protect against IDDM development in some RAPA-treated mice 41 weeks after cessation of treatment. These data show that orally administered RAPA is effective in preventing onset of disease in the NOD mouse, a relevant model of autoimmune type I diabetes in man.
Possible role of IL-2 deficiency for hypogammaglobulinaemia in patients with common variable immunodeficiency
Authors: RUMP J A , JAHREIS A , SCHLESIER M , DRÄGER R , MELCHERS I , PETER H H 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYCommon variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients are unable to produce specific immunoglobulins after antigen contact in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate whether in some cases of CVID a decreased de novo synthesis of IL-2 might be the cause of immunodeficiency and whether this deficiency can be corrected by IL-2 supplementation in vitro. Mononuclear cells from 17 CVID patients and from 10 healthy controls were cultured with monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody OKT3, pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or tetanus toxoid (TT) to stimulate IL-2 synthesis. In parallel, in vitro IgG and IgM synthesis was stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC), PWM or TT in the presence or absence of IL-2. While lymphocytes of 11 out of 17 patients produced low to normal amounts of IL-2 upon stimulation with anti-CD3, only three patients showed low IL-2 production in response to PWM and five in response to TT. Regarding immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro, five patients completely failed to produce IgM or IgG upon stimulation with PWM, SAC or TT irrespective of the addition of IL-2. By contrast, four patients did not show any defect in vitro and synthesized normal amounts of IgM and IgG with any of the three stimuli. Finally, eight patients could be reconstituted for PWM-, SAC- and TT-induced IgM and/or IgG synthesis in vitro, by adding IL-2 to the culture system. This enhancing effect of IL-2 could be blocked by adding anti-IL-2 receptor antibodies to the cultures. Our findings indicate that a defective IL-2 synthesis after antigen stimulation may be one reason for the impaired immunoglobulin production in some cases of CVID.
IL-4 down-regulates the surface expression of CD5 on B cells and inhibits spontaneous immunoglobulin and IgM-rheumatoid factor production in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: HIDAKA T , KITANI A , HARA M , HARIGAI M , SUZUKI K , KAWAGUCHI Y , ISHIZUKA T , KAWAGOE M , NAKAMURA H 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThere is evidence to suggest that CD5+ B cells may be associated with autoimmunity, e.g. they are increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we found that the expression of CD5 on RA B cells increased spontaneously, following culture for up to 4 days in vitro in the absence of T cells, supporting the idea that the CD5+ B cell possesses distinctive features. The spontaneous increase of CD5 expression was down-regulated by recombinant IL-4 (rIL-4). Other cytokines studied (rIL-1α, rIL-2, rIL-5, rIL-6) did not alter CD5 expression. Studies of antibody production showed that rIL-4 could reduce spontaneous production of total IgG and IgM in non-stimulated RA T plus B cell cultures. Spontaneous production of IgM rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF), measured by a newly developed avidin-biotin complex ELISA, was also reduced by rIL-4. Furthermore, rIL-4 reduced the increase in IgM-RF production observed on stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Thus, IL-4 might act as a regulator of the development of abnormal B cell differentiation in patients with RA.
Induction of experimental systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
Authors: SEGAL R , GLOBERSON A , ZINGER H , MOZES E 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA model in which experimental SLE is induced in normal mice by the injection of a human anti-DNA MoAb expressing a common idiotype 16/6 Id has been established in our laboratory. In the present study we have attempted the induction of experimental SLE in mice with SCID by the transfer of lymphocytes obtained from mice with experimental SLE. Disease could not be induced by direct immunization of SCID mice with the 16/6 Id nor by transfusion of normal splenocytes and immunization with the 16/6 Id thereafter. In contrast, disease was induced in SCID mice which were transplanted with splenic lymphocytes obtained from SLE afflicted BALB/c mice. The disease was expressed by the presence of high titres of antibodies and glomerular immune complex deposits were present in the kidney sections of these mice. Mice that received spleen cells from donors with experimental SLE together with the 16 /6 Id developed higher titres of autoantihodies anti had, in addition to the immune complex deposits, glomerular histological pathology. The model of experimental SLE induction in SCID mice should help in the elucidation of the role of different cell types in the pathogenesis of SLE.
Disease association of antibodies to human and mycobacterial hsp70 and hsp60 stress proteins
Authors: ELSAGHIER A , PRANTERA C , BOTHAMLEY G , WILKINS E , JINDAL S , IVANYI J 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYStructural homology between microbial and human stress proteins has been postulated to be a basis for autoimmunization in chronic inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we estimated by ELISA titration the antibody levels to mycobacterial (M) and human (H) recombinant hsp70 and M-hsp65 heat-shock proteins in sera of patients with Crohn's disease (n= 29), ulcerative colitis (n= 20) and non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease of the lungs (n= 20). Antibodies to H-hsp60, separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, were tested in six sera of each group of patients. In Crohn's disease, antibody titres to the M-hsp65 antigen without detectable H-hsp60 binding were significantly elevated in 52% of the patients. In contrast titres to both M-hsp70 and H-hsp70 were demonstrable and correlated, but increased over control values only in lour (14%) patients. The antibody pattern in ulcerative colitis was found to be quite different: anti-H-hsp60 binding was demonstrable in most patients, although anti-M-hsp65 titres were not elevated. Furthermore. 25% of patients had significantly elevated titres to M-hsp70, but not to H-hsp70. In non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease, about 50% of patients had elevated titres to both hsp65and hsp71 mycobacterial antigens but not to the corresponding human proteins; patients with Mycobacterium xenopi infection had the highest titres in this group. These results demonstrate the existence of distinct disease-associated patterns in the human antibody response to stress protein antigens. However, these data are not sufficient to imply sensitization with mycobacteria in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, since certain epitopes of heat-shock proteins are shared by several bacterial genera.
IgA-containing immune complexes after challenge with food antigens in patients with IgA nephropathy
Authors: JACKSON S , MOLDOVEANU Z , KIRK K A , JULIAN B A , PATTERSON T F , MULLINS A L , JILLING T , MESTECKY J , GALLA J H 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe possibility that patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) might have abnormal IgA immune responses to immunogens commonly encountered at mucosal surfaces, resulting in the formation of circulating immune complexes (CIC), was examined. Since it is generally held that such increased IgA responses are characterized by detectable aberrancies in handling of IgA-containing CIC, IgAN patients and controls were given a large volume of bovine milk (after dietary deprivation of bovine antigens) and immune complex levels were measured over a period of 12 h. An assay based on binding of CIC containing C3 to solid-phase anti-C3 and subsequent development with isotype-specific antibody revealed no differences in responses of patients and controls with respect to IgG- and IgM-containing CIC. Although IgAN patients tended to have higher levels of IgA-containing CIC, there were no differences in response patterns when IgA CIC levels after ingestion of the milk stimulus were related to baseline levels. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNC), which bear surface receptors for IgA, were isolated from some subjects at the same times as the samples for CIC levels and examined by two-colour immunfluorescence for the coincident presence of IgA and milk antigens. In contrast to the data obtained in the CIC assays, these experiments revealed the simultaneous presence of IgA and two of three milk proteins in PMNC of IgAN patients but not controls. Follow-up experiments designed to assess more quantitatively the coincidental presence of IgA and milk antigens indicated no significant differences between patients and controls. However, milk proteins seemed to be more commonly associated with IgA in PMNC of IgAN patients, suggesting the presence of non-complement-fixing IgA/antigen CIC after mucosal challenge of some IgAN patients.
Elevated serum levels of soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors (sTNF-R) in patients with HIV infection
Authors: KALINKOVICH A , ENGELMANN H , HARPAZ N , BURSTEIN R , BARAK V , KALICKMAN I , WALLACH D , BENTWICH Z 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYSerum levels of the soluble form of tumour necrosis factor receptor type II (p75) (sTNF-R) were determined in HIV-infected individuals and risk groups and were then correlated with the course of infection and prognosis. sTNF-R levels were determined by an ELISA with MoAbs and polyclonal antibodies to urine-derived sTNF-R proteins. The mean ±s.e. levels of sTNF-R in the sera of 49 HIV+ male homosexuals, 34 HIV− male homosexuals and 44 matched controls were 6·1 ± 0·3 ng/ml, 4·4 ± 0·3 ng/ml and 3·4 ± 0·2 ng/ml, respectively. All these values were significantly different between each of the groups (P &lt; 0·001–0·05). Sequential studies of sTNF-R revealed higher levels following seroconversion in 5/8 individuals, remained persistently high during the asymptomatic phase of the infection and became even more elevated in some ARC and AIDS patients. At the same time TNF-α was undetectable in sera obtained from HIV+ male homosexuals and from healthy controls. This was independent of stage of HIV infection, serum sTNF-R level and type of ELISA kit used. These findings suggest that TNF-α/TNF-R system is turned on before and during HIV infection and raise the possibility that sTNF-R, the natural inhibitor of TNF, may be of importance in determining the course and probably prognosis of the disease.
Impaired proliferative responses of peripheral blood B cells from splenectomized subjects to phorbol ester and ionophore
Authors: FOSTER P N , TREJDOSIEWICZ L K 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe responses of peripheral blood B cells to mitogenic stimulation were examined in 12 splenectomized subjects without residual splenic function, as determined by pitted erythrocyte counts. These were compared to a group of healthy controls matched for age and sex. Polyclonal antiimmunoglobulin evoked a normal transient elevation in intracellular free Ca2+ in splenectomized subjects, thereby suggesting that the early events of the signal transduction pathway are not impaired. However, mitogenic stimulation by pre-treatment with phorbol ester and culture in presence of a calcium ionophore (Ionomycin) resulted in reduced uptake of 3H-thymidine and subsequent proliferation. Nevertheless, entry into the mitotic cycle, as assessed by expression of Ki67, was slightly, but not significantly impaired. Unlike in normal controls, where up to 7% of freshly-isolated B cells were Ki67+, almost no ki67+ peripheral B cells were observed in splenectomized subjects. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that peripheral B cells in splenectomized subjects are in a reduced state of activation compared with normal controls and require additional growth factor stimulation before they can undergo mitosis.