bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eclogite–gneiss complex of the Muya block (East Siberia): age, mineralogy, geochemistry, and petrology
Authors: Shatsky V.S. , Sitnikova E.S. , Tomilenko A.A. , Ragozin A.L. , Koz’menko O.A. , Jagoutz E. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Results of study of eclogite–gneiss complex of the Muya Block (East Siberia) are presented. Several structural types of the studied eclogites have been recognized. Kyanitic eclogite has been found for the first time. The host granite-gneisses are two-mica and biotite varieties, mainly garnet-bearing. The exposure of eclogites from different depths of the subducted plate at the present-day denudation level might be the reason for the wide range of the equilibrium temperatures of the Muya block eclogites (590–740 °C). The Sm–Nd dating of the eclogites and host gneisses showed the Neoproterozoic age of high-pressure metamorphism (∼630 Ma). The model age (TDM) of the eclogites (720 Ma) differs considerably from the model age of the host gneisses (&gt;1.3 Ga). The geochemical features of the eclogites point to the mobility of LILE (Rb, Cs, Ba, K) and LREE during their interaction with fluids, whereas the gneisses in the same process showed the mobility of LILE only. The oxygen isotope composition of minerals in the eclogites varies over a narrow range (δ18O = 5.5–3.9) and is close to the average mantle value, which evidences a negligible interaction between the eclogite protoliths and meteoric or sea water. The study of fluid inclusions in quartz from the eclogites and host gneisses showed a predominance of liquid-nitrogen inclusions in the former and carbon dioxide inclusions in the latter.
Mineralogy of pockets of the Malkhan tourmaline deposit (Transbaikalia): feldspars of the Sosedka vein
Authors: Zagorsky V.Ye. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
A detailed study was given to the composition and structure of alkali feldspars from the pockets of the Sosedka pegmatite vein, a large source of gems within the Malkhan tourmaline deposit. The vein is of concentric-zonal structure. Three types of pockets were recognized by mineral composition: A—quartz–lepidolite–Mn–Li–Al–tourmaline (± pollucite, hambergite, borocookeite, boromuscovite, danburite, light pink beryl); B—quartz–adularia–axinite (± laumontite); and C—quartz and laumontite (± B-containing cookeite). Each type of pockets contains feldspars of specific composition and structure. This evidences that pockets formed in strongly different conditions, though some pockets of different types are localized as close as 0.5–2 m from each other within a zone. The reported data disagree with the common model implying the formation of zonal pegmatite bodies as a result of crystallization differentiation within the vein.
The Tsagan earthquake of 1862 on Lake Baikal revisited: a study of secondary coseismic soft-sediment deformation
Authors: Lunina O.V. , Andreev A.V. , Gladkov A.S. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Coseismic soft-sediment deformation has been studied by structural and tectononophysical methods in the Selenga Delta area shaken by the devastating M ∼ 7.5 Tsagan earthquake in 1862. Among the documented deformation structures (seismites), clastic dikes are the most reliable paleoseismic indicators. The dikes have their sizes and extent showing proximity to the primary coseismic rupture zone and are closely associated with faults of different hierarchic levels. The Tsagan event occurred under SW–NE extension as motion on a stepped system of normal faults dipping at 300°–350°, ∠45°–75°.
The amount of vertical motion measured against a reference layer in a trench reached 2.83 m, and the maximum dip displacement measured in a single fracture was 0.5 m. The earthquake was generated by the Delta Fault that dips at 60° on average to the northwest.
The distribution of quantitative parameters of brittle and brittle-plastic deformation has been analyzed along two profiles, and two new parameters were introduced: indices of mean intensity (I) of clastic dikes and microdikes; the new parameters were calculated by specially developed equations. Summation of significant peaks in all parameters (SUMspp) allowed contouring the zone of most intense soft-sediment deformation near Dubinino Village.
Deformation mostly propagated in the NE–SW and N–S directions. The location of the 1862 Tsagan earthquake at 52.35° N and 106.67° E was inferred from the SUMspp value taking into account the dip of the causative fault plane and the average origin depth of earthquakes in the Baikal rift. The approach we used is applicable to locating preinstrumental events.
The recurrence of large earthquakes in the area of Proval Bay (Lake Baikal) has been estimated to be 1120–1230 years proceeding from alternating deformed and undeformed sediments in the sections, their thicknesses and deposition rates according to radiocarbon dating. The seismic activity has been associated with the same fault which can generate M ≥ 7 events.
Motion and structure of atmospheric mesoscale baroclinic vortices: dry air and weak environmental shear
Authors: Päschke Eileen , Marschalik Patrik , Owinoh Antony Z. , Klein Rupert 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA strongly tilted, nearly axisymmetric vortex in dry air with asymmetric diabatic heating is analysed here by matched asymptotic expansions. The vortex is in gradient wind balance, with vortex Rossby numbers of order unity, and embedded in a quasi-geostrophic (QG) background wind with weak vertical shear. With wind speeds of $60{{\ndash}}120~\mathrm{km} ~{\mathrm{h} }^{\ensuremath{-} 1} $, such vortices correspond to tropical storms or nascent hurricanes according to the Saffir–Simpson scale. For asymmetric heating, nonlinear coupling of the evolution equations for the vortex tilt, its core structure, and its influence on the QG background is found. The theory compares well with the established linear theory of precessing quasi-modes of atmospheric vortices, and it corroborates the relationship between vortex tilt and asymmetric potential temperature and vertical velocity patterns as found by Jones (Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., vol. 121, 1995, pp. 821–851) and Frank & Ritchie (Mon. Weath. Rev., vol. 127, 1999, pp. 2044–2061) in simulations of adiabatic tropical cyclones. A relation between the present theory and the local induction approximation for three-dimensional slender vortex filaments is established.
Global stability of multiple solutions in plane sudden-expansion flow
Authors: Lanzerstorfer Daniel , Kuhlmann Hendrik C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe two-dimensional, incompressible flow in a plane sudden expansion is investigated numerically for a systematic variation of the geometry, covering expansion ratios (steps-to-outlet heights) from $0. 25$ to $0. 95$. By means of a three-dimensional linear stability analysis global temporal modes are scrutinized. In a symmetric expansion the primary bifurcation is stationary and two-dimensional, breaking the mirror symmetry with respect to the mid-plane. The secondary asymmetric flow experiences a secondary instability to different three-dimensional modes, depending on the expansion ratio. For a moderately asymmetric expansion only one of the two secondary flows (the connected branch) is realized at low Reynolds numbers. Since the perturbed secondary flow does not deviate much from the symmetric secondary flow, both secondary stability boundaries are very close to each other. For very small and very large expansion ratios an asymptotic behaviour is found for suitably scaled critical Reynolds numbers and wavenumbers. Representative instabilities are analysed in detail using an a posteriori energy transfer analysis to reveal the physical nature of the instabilities. Depending on the geometry, pure centrifugal and elliptical amplification processes are identified. We also find that the basic flow can become unstable due to the effects of flow deceleration, streamline convergence and high shear stresses, respectively.
Effects of tillage practices on pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus L., Coleoptera: Curculionidae) biology and crop damage: A farm-scale study in the US Pacific Northwest
Authors: Hanavan R.P. , Bosque-Pérez N.A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus L., is periodically a significant pest of pea, Pisum sativum L., in the Palouse region of northern Idaho and eastern Washington, USA. Previous on-station research demonstrated significantly greater adult pea leaf weevil colonization, immature survival, adult emergence and plant damage in conventional-tillage compared to no-tillage plots of pea. In experiments conducted during the 2006 and 2007 growing seasons, aerial and ground adult pea leaf weevil colonization of large-scale commercial pea fields under different tillage regimes in northern Idaho and eastern Washington was examined for the first time. Initial pea leaf weevil feeding damage, immature weevil densities and subsequent adult emergence from the fields were also assessed. During both years, significantly more adult pea leaf weevils were captured in conventional-tillage than in no-tillage fields during the crop establishment period in May. No-tillage soils remained wet longer in the spring and could not be planted by growers until later than conventional-tillage fields. Pea planted under conventional-tillage emerged earlier and had significantly greater feeding damage by the pea leaf weevil than no-tillage pea. Significantly, greater immature pea leaf weevil densities and subsequent adult emergence were observed in conventional-tillage than in no-tillage pea fields. Delayed development of root nodules in the cooler, moister conditions of no-tillage pea fields likely resulted in escape from attack and injury during the critical growth stages that ultimately influence yield. Results indicate that large-scale commercial no-tillage pea fields are less suitable for colonization and survival of the pea leaf weevil and suffer less weevil damage than fields under conventional tillage.
The effects of treatments with selected pesticides on viability and vigour of maize (Zea mays) seeds and seedling emergence in the presence ofFusarium graminearum
Authors: AVELING T. A. S. , GOVENDER V. , KANDOLO D. S. , KRITZINGER Q. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYThe quality of seed is dependent on two very broad aspects: how healthy (disease-free) a seed is and its field performance (germination and vigour). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of pesticidal seed treatments of maize (Zea maysL.) on seed germination and vigour, and on greenhouse emergence in the presence ofFusarium graminearumSchw. Maize seeds were treated with four pesticides: Apron®XL (metalaxyl), Thiram (thiram), Celest®XL (fludioxonil, metalaxyl) and Apron®Star 42 WS (thiamethoxam, metalaxyl, difenoconazole). Viability and vigour of the treated seeds were determined. Thereafter, seeds were planted under greenhouse conditions. The control consisted of water-treated seeds. None of the pesticides reduced the standard germination under laboratory conditions and none had any effect on the quantity of leachate (measured as conductivity) or moisture content of the seeds. The different treatments also had no effect on germination or on seedling weight increase among treatments after rapid imbibition and there was no difference in germination among treatments following the cold test. The proportion of diseased plants harvested fromF. graminearuminoculated soil was significantly reduced by Apron®Star 42 WS and Celest®XL. The vigour tests indicated that none of the pesticides tested affected the seeds negatively and that plant biomass in the presence of the pathogen,F. graminearum, was increased after the application of the pesticides to the seeds, with the exception of seeds treated with Apron®XL.
PREVALENCE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN SOUTH SINAI, EGYPT
Authors: YAMAMAH G. , ABDEL-RAOUF E. , TALAAT A. , SAAD-HUSSEIN A. , HAMAMY H. , MEGUID N. A. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryA total of 3961 married couples from six major geographical areas representing the South Sinai governorates in Egypt were studied to assess the rate of consanguineous marriage. The population of six selected areas (St Catherines, Nuweiba, Abu Rudeis, Ras Sudr, El Tor and Abu Zenima) were subdivided into Bedouin, urban and mixed populations. A questionnaire-based interview was conducted showing that the consanguinity rate in this region is 37.5%, with the highest rate recorded in Abu Rudeis (52.3%) and lowest rate in Nuweiba (24.1%). Consanguinity was significantly higher among the Bedouin population compared with the urban population in Abu Rudeis, Ras Sudr, El Tor and Abu Zenima, while in St Catherines and Nuweiba there was no statistically significant difference. Among consanguineous couples, 5%, 60% and 35% were double first cousins, first cousins and second cousins respectively. The mean inbreeding coefficient α of the studied population was 0.01845.
Variations of ethnic boundary significance in north Norway
Authors: Thuen Trond 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTIn coastal north Norway the Saami people have lived in a close relationship with Norwegians or Norse people for a thousand years or more. This relationship has been articulated in various ways over the centuries, and this article argues that in parts of the region it took a rather intimate form based on the shared exploitation of the dominant marine and terrestrial niches, a common class position as tenant farmers, a varying practice of inter-ethnic marital relations and the effects of a bilateral kinship system. Various forms of inter-ethnic contact and exchange may thus have served to reduce the relevance of ethnic difference in daily life, as suggested by Barth's argument about the integrative effect of transactions, but contrary to his argument about the transactional reinforcement of ethnic boundaries. Contrary to the intention, governmental assimilatory efforts served to reproduce the boundary as the basis for a ranked society and left coastal Saami individuals in some confusion as to how to define themselves, often opting for a mixed category of Norwegian and Saami, labelled ‘Northerner’. Ethno-political emancipation in recent years has tended to put pressure on this identity construction and promoted a dichotomised identity as either Saami or Norwegian.
Inefficient cerebral recruitment as a vulnerability marker for schizophrenia
Authors: Liddle E. B. , Bates A. T. , Das D. , White T. P. , Groom M. J. , Jansen M. , Jackson G. M. , Hollis C. , Liddle P. F. 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundPatients with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives exhibit both abnormally diminished and increased neural activation during cognitive tasks. In particular, excessive task-related activity is often observed when tasks are easy, suggesting that inefficient cerebral recruitment may be a marker of vulnerability for schizophrenia. This hypothesis might best be tested using a very easy task, thus avoiding confounding by individual differences in task difficulty.MethodEighteen people with schizophrenia, 18 unaffected full siblings of patients with schizophrenia and 26 healthy controls performed an easy auditory target-detection task in a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Groups were matched for accuracy on the task. Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses to non-target stimuli in participants with vulnerability for schizophrenia (siblings and patients) were compared with those of healthy controls, and those of patients with those of unaffected siblings. BOLD responses to targets were compared with baseline, across groups.ResultsSubjects with vulnerability for schizophrenia showed significant hyperactivation to non-targets in brain areas activated by targets in all groups, in addition to reduced deactivation to non-targets in areas suppressed by targets in all groups. Siblings showed greater activation than patients to non-targets in the medial frontal cortex. Patients exhibited significantly longer reaction times (RTs) than unaffected siblings and healthy controls.ConclusionsInefficient cerebral recruitment is a vulnerability marker for schizophrenia, marked by reduced suppression of brain areas normally deactivated in response to task stimuli, and increased activation of areas normally activated in response to task stimuli. Moreover, siblings show additional activation in the medial frontal cortex that may be protective.
Social capital affects the health of older people more strongly than that of younger people
Authors: MUCKENHUBER JOHANNA , STRONEGGER WILLIBALD J. , FREIDL WOLFGANG 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe study examines whether social capital affects health of older people more strongly than it affects health of younger individuals. Following Pierre Bourdieu's concept, social capital has been analysed on a cognitive dimension, distinguishing between institutional and informal social capital. The analysis is based on the data of the Austrian Health Interview Survey 2006–07 with a representative sample of 15,575 people. Multivariate linear regression models were calculated. Measures of health and social capital were operationalised by indices based on the quality of life inventory of the World Health Organization, the WHOQOL-Brief questionnaire. The analysis has shown institutional social capital to be significantly more important for health of older people (60 years or older) than for younger people. There is a gender difference in the interaction between informal social capital and age in their association with psychological health. In contrast to the sub-sample of women, the psychological health of older men is more strongly affected by a lack of informal social capital than that of younger men. Institutional social capital is of special importance for the health of older people. Therefore health-promotion activities for older people should include activities to strengthen their social capital.
Social contact patterns and leprosy disease: a case-control study in Bangladesh
Authors: FEENSTRA S. G. , NAHAR Q. , PAHAN D. , OSKAM L. , RICHARDUS J. H. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYSocioeconomic and culturally defined social contact patterns are expected to be an important determinant in the continuing transmission ofMycobacterium lepraein leprosy-endemic areas. In a case-control study in two districts in Bangladesh, we assessed the association between social contact patterns and the risk of acquiring clinical leprosy. Social contacts of 90 recently diagnosed patients were compared to those of 199 controls. Leprosy was associated with a more intensive social contact pattern in the home [odds ratio (OR) 1·09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·00–1·19,P = 0·043] and in the nearby neighbourhood (OR 1·07, 95% CI 1·03–1·11,P = 0·001). Although it is known thatM. lepraespreads most easily within households of infected persons, in endemic areas social contacts within the neighbourhood, village or urban ward, also appear to be important for transmission. We advise that disease control measures in leprosy-endemic areas should not be limited to households, but include high-risk groups in the nearby neighbourhood of patients.
Definitive specimens of Merlucciidae (Gadiformes) from the Eocene James Ross Basin of Isla Marambio (Seymour Island), Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Claeson Kerin M. , Eastman Joseph T. , Macphee Ross D. E. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAn isolated partial right dentary (BAS D.515.2) collected by the British Antarctic Survey prompted a re-evaluation of gadiform remains from the La Meseta Formation (conventionally middle Eocene) of Isla Marambio (Seymour Island), Antarctic Peninsula. Modern gadiforms (hakes and cods) range from the Arctic to Antarctic, inhabiting deep sea benthic, shore, estuarine, and freshwater environments. Based on a fossil record primarily composed of otoliths, they are known to extend back to the Eocene and Oligocene. The new specimen was recovered from the fossil penguin locality D.515. It is characterized by a single row of sharp, ankylosed teeth set upon robust bony pedestals. The surface anterior to the mental foramen exhibits ascending and descending ridges with slightly rugose texture. The ascending ridge is fractured, but partially covers the lateral aspect of the tooth row. BAS D.515.2 is unlike the dentary of macrourid gadiforms, also recovered from the Eocene of Antarctica. BAS D.515.2 preserves several features similar to previously published accounts of the gadiform “†Mesetaichthys” from Isla Marambio. These specimens are probably the same taxon and their combined character suite indicates it is a member of Merluccidae. Thus, these are the only non-otolithic skeletal specimens of an Eocene hake known outside of the London Clay's †Rhinocephalus.
New Avian tracks from the lower to middle Eocene at Fossil Hill, King George Island, Antarctica
Authors: Mansilla Héctor G. , De Valais Silvina , Stinnesbeck Wolfgang , Varela Natalia A. , Leppe Marcelo A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTrace fossils are long known to exist in the Fossil Hill Formation (lower to middle Eocene) at Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica. During fieldwork in 2009, abundant new avian tracks were recovered, which are analysed here. Three avian ichnotaxa are distinguished. The most common impressions are tridactyls and tetradactyls with slender digit imprints II–IV and a posterior hallux. They are included in the ichnogenus Gruipeda. In addition tridactyl and tetradactyl footprints with short and thick digit impressions are conferred to Uhangrichnus. The third ichnotaxon is a tridactyl impression with broad and short digits assigned to Avipeda. The latter taxon is here documented for the first time from Antarctica. These avian tracks are preserved in volcaniclastic sediments consisting in reddish-brown layers of mudstone intercalated with coarse sandstone. The sequence represents lacustrine environments which seasonally dried and were episodically refilled.