bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lithium and erythrocyte membrane cation carrier studies in normal and manic depressive subjects
Authors: Naylor G. J. , Smith A. , Boardman L. J. , Dick D. A. T. , Dick E. G. , Dick P. 
Published: July 2009

synopsisChanges in the erythrocyte membrane cation carrier following lithium ingestion in normal human subjects were studied; ouabain sensitive potassium influx fell significantly during the lithium treated phase. Lithium was fed to rats and no change in erythrocyte Na-K ATPase was shown. These findings contrast with studies of lithium in manic depressive psychosis. The fluctuations in the erythrocyte membrane cation carrier were studied in 5 normal subjects over 12 weeks and the correlations between the parameters calculated. The erythrocyte sodium concentration correlated positively with the ouabain sensitive potassium influx. This too contrasts with findings in manic depressive psychosis.
A reappraisal of body perception disturbance in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Button E. J. , Fransella F. , Slade P. D. 
Published: July 2009

synopsisPrevious research has suggested that patients suffering from anorexia nervosa tend to overestimate their body size, whereas normal females tend to be very accurate in this respect. This paper presents the results of further investigations of body perception amongst anorexic and normal females. The results, in contrast to earlier findings, indicate no such difference between groups. Detailed analysis of the data, however, points to the likelihood of certain differences between the present group of anorexic patients and previous groups. Moreover, it seems that body perception disturbance is not a consistent feature of anorexia nervosa and is only present amongst some patients at certain stages during their illness. On subdividing the anorexic group it was demonstrated that patients who vomit tend to overestimate their size more than do non-vomiters. It also seems likely that normal females are far from homogeneous in terms of body perception. In line with previous findings, a direct relationship was found between marked overestimation of body size and an early relapse. Evidence is also discussed which suggests that body perception disturbance is not specific to anorexia nervosa and may reflect an abnormal sensitivity about body size associated with such factors as the anticipation of an undesired change in weight, extreme concern about slimness and anxiety about putting on weight.
Awareness of body dimensions during pregnancy: an analogue study
Authors: Slade P. D. 
Published: July 2009

synopsisTwo alternative explanations of the body-image abnormality in anorexia nervosa patients are outlined: namely, the ‘abnormal sensitivity’ and ‘adaptational failure’ hypotheses. Evidence relating to these 2 conflicting hypotheses was obtained from body-perception measurements carried out on groups of pregnant women.In the first study 40 pregnant women, at approximately 4 months' duration, were found to overestimate their bodily dimensions, albeit to a lesser extent than the previously tested group of anorexia nervosa patients (Slade & Russell, 1973a). When they were subdivided on the basis of a history of weight change over the previous 12 months, the ‘stable weight’ subgroup was found to overestimate significantly more than the ‘weight gain’ and ‘weight loss’ subgroups.In a second study 16 of the original group of pregnant women were retested at approximately 8 months' duration. Although their weight and bodily dimensions had increased on retesting, their tendency to overestimate was found to be significantly reduced.It was concluded that the phenomenon of body-image disorder is not specific to anorexia nervosa, extending not only to patients with obesity and to some normal women, but also to women during pregnancy. Moreover, the ‘abnormal sensitivity’ hypothesis was considered to fit these and other recently accumulated data better than the alternative ‘adaptational failure’ hypothesis. Some of the theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Schizophrenia and coeliac disease – the nature of the relationship
Authors: Stevens F. M. , Lloyd R. S. , Geraghty S. M. J. , Reynolds M. T. G. , Sarsfield M. J. , McNicholl B. , Fottrell P. F. , Wright R. , McCarthy C. F. 
Published: July 2009

synopsisTo test the hypothesis of an association between schizophrenia and coeliac disease, the sera of 380 chronic schizophrenic in-patients in two mental hospitals in the West of Ireland have been screened for the presence of reticulin antibodies. Antibodies were found in 26 patients. Twenty-one of these patients were further studied by proximal duodenal mucosal biopsy. None of the biopsies showed the morphological and histological features found in untreated coeliac disease. The incidence of reticulin antibodies in schizophrenic patients and controls is similar. The findings of this study lead to the rejection of the hypothesis of a positive genetic relationship between schizophrenia and coeliac disease.
Analysis of dream contents by scaled and rated measurements
Authors: Gaillard Jean-Michel , Phelippeau Marc 
Published: July 2009

synopsisThe study was undertaken in order to test a dream-rating scale and to propose some modifications, especially for use in laboratory situations, where the effect of a given experimental factor is to be assessed on mental activity in sleep. Dreams collected from normal subjects under EEG monitoring were analysed in detail in order to establish definitions for each rating point of each dimension of the rating scale. The scoring of a second set of dreams by two judges using this scale resulted in an inter-rater agreement significantly above the level of chance agreement.
People who deliberately poison or injure themselves: their problems and their contacts with helping agencies
Authors: Bancroft John , Skrimshire Angela , Casson Jeannette , Harvard-Watts Olivia , Reynolds Frances 
Published: July 2009

synopsisA representative sample of 130 people was interviewed shortly following self-poisoning or self-injury. The interview method is described. Events in the week prior to the attempt, and the incidence of various kinds of chronic problems are reported. Events involving key relationships were much more common than other kinds. The most important event was a quarrel, particularly in the 48 hours prior to the attempts and more common with female than with male attempters. The possible relevance of quarrels to understanding overdose behaviour is discussed.Nearly a third were receiving non-psychiatric treatment at the time of the ‘attempt’ Approximately one quarter were currently receiving psychiatric treatment and a half had received it at some time. A substantial proportion had been admitted to either psychiatric or non-psychiatric hospitals within the past year.The proportions indicating the need for various kinds of help are reported. Most people said they needed ‘someone to talk to’. More than half had been in contact with some form of helping agency during the week prior to the attempt. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.An attempt was made to look for ‘syndromes’ or groupings of problems. The resulting analysis, whilst of interest, did not lead to a satisfactory method for classifying individuals. It was concluded that a more satisfactory typology of ‘attempters’ is likely if types of relationship problems are investigated in more detail.
Psychiatric morbidity among West Africans and West Indians living in London
Authors: Rwegellera G. G. C. 
Published: July 2009

synopsisAll West Africans and West Indians living in Camberwell who made a psychiatric contact between 1 January 1965 and 31 December 1968 were selected using the Camberwell Psychiatric Register as a sampling frame. Inception rates of psychiatric illness were then calculated using the 1966 10% census figures for West Africans and West Indians in Camberwell. The rates found were compared to those among the British living in Camberwell. For each major diagnostic category, with the exception of reactive depression and paranoid states, the inception rates are significantly higher among West Africans than West Indians. They are also significantly higher among West Indians than the British. However, the differences in inception rates are generally greater between West Africans and West Indians than between the latter and the British.
Regional and neuronal reductions of polyadenylated messenger RNA in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Harrison Paul J. , Barton Amanda J. L. , Najlerahim Abdolrahman , McDonald Brendan , Pearson R. Carl A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISMessenger RNA (mRNA) is the key intermediate in the gene expression pathway. The amount of mRNA in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains has been determined using in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) to detect the poly(A) tails of polyadenylated mRNA (poly(A) + mRNA). On a regional basis, AD cases had significantly less poly(A) + mRNA than controls in hippocampus (field CA3) and cerebellum (granule cell layer). Analysis of constituent pyramidal neurons showed mean reductions per cell within AD hippocampus (field CA3) and temporal cortex, but not in visual cortex. Similar changes were seen in a small group of non-AD dementias. The finding of reduced poly(A) + mRNA content is another indication of the altered brain gene expression occurring in AD. It is proposed that measurement of poly(A) + mRNA may be valuable in identifying functionally impaired neuronal populations. The methodology also provides a means by which changes in the quantitative distribution of individual mRNAs can be determined relative to that of poly(A) + mRNA as a whole.
Psychiatric, neurological and medical aspects of misidentification syndromes: a review of 260 cases
Authors: Förstl Hans , Almeida Osvaldo P. , Owen Adrian M. , Burns Alistair , Howard Robert 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISTwo hundred and sixty case reports of misidentification syndromes were evaluated. One hundred and seventy-four patients had a Capgras syndrome misidentifying other persons, 18 a Fregoli syndrome, 11 intermetamorphosis, 17 reduplicative paramnesia and the rest had other forms or combinations of mistaken identification. Schizophrenia (127 cases), mostly of paranoid type, affective disorder (29), and organic mental syndromes including dementia (46) were the most common diagnoses in patients who misidentified others or themselves. The patients with reduplicative paramnesia more frequently suffered from head trauma or cerebral infarction and showed more features of right hemisphere lesions on neuropsychological testing or CT scan than the patients with other misidentification syndromes. Forty-one case-reports implicated underlying medical conditions. Forty-six of the patients were reported to show violent behavioaur.The misidentification of persons can be a manifestation of any organic or functional psychosis, but the misidentification of place is frequently associated with neurological diseases, predominantly of the right hemisphere. Misidentification syndromes show a great degree of overlap and do not represent distinctive syndromes nor can they be regarded as an expression of a particular disorder. These patients deserve special diagnostic and therapeutic attention because of the possible underlying disorders and their potentially dangerous behavioura.
Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson's disease: a controlled study
Authors: Boyd J. L. , Cruickshank C. A. , Kenn C. W. , Madeley P. , Mindham R. H. S. , Oswald A. G. , Smith R. J. , Spokes E. G. S. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe performance of 47 patients with Parkinson's disease on a battery of tests of cognition, motor function, disability and mood was compared with the performance of 47 healthy control subjects who were matched to the patients on the basis of age, sex and pre-morbid IQ. An increased prevalence of impairment over a range of cognitive functions was observed in the Parkinson's disease patients as compared with their matched controls. The differences between the Parkinson's disease patients and controls could not be accounted for by factors such as depressed mood, effects of medication or motor impairment. Our findings are discussed in relation to the methodology of previous studies in this area and to the need for a comprehensive clinico-pathological longitudinal study.
Psychophysiological anomalies in children with emotional and conduct disorders
Authors: Garralda M. Elena , Connell John , Taylor David C. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISWe studied patterns of psychophysiological (skin conductance, heart rate) reactivity to sounds and to situations with varying emotional and alerting connotations in child psychiatric out-patients and in healthy controls. Children with emotional disorders were particularly reactive to situations with aversive components, while conduct disorder subjects showed increased reactivity to pleasant situations and decreased responses to neutral but high-intensity stimulation and to withdrawal of stimulation in silence periods. The results indicate patterns of biological reactivity which may underlie different psychiatric disturbances in children.
Meta-analysis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials of antidepressants and benzodiazepines for patients with panic disorders
Authors: Wilkinson Greg , Balestrieri Matteo , Ruggeri Mirella , Bellantuono Cesario 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISMeta-analysis of 19 double-blind placebo-controlled trials of antidepressants (N = 13) and benzodiazepines (N = 6) for patients with panic disorders showed that active treatment had 25% greater success rate than placebo over a mean duration of 14 weeks. There were no statistically significant differences observed between treatment sub-groups (antidepressants – mean duration 16 weeks; and benzodiazepines – mean duration 7 weeks). On this basis antidepressants and benzodiazepines prescribed in clinical settings are likely to be equally effective in the short-term treatment of people with panic disorders.
Attributions of common somatic symptoms
Authors: Robbins James M. , Kirmayer Laurence J. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThree studies explored the causal attributions of common somatic symptoms. The first two studies established the reliability and validity of a measure of attributional style, the Symptom Interpretation Questionnaire (SIQ). Three dimensions of causal attribution were confirmed: psychological, somatic and normalizing. The third study examined the antecedents and consequences of attributional style in a sample of family medicine patients. Medical and psychiatric history differentially influenced attributional style. Past history and attributional style independently influenced clinical presentations over the subsequent 6 months. Symptom attributional style may contribute to the somatization and psychologization of distress in primary care.
Dimensions of functional social support and psychological symptoms
Authors: Schonfeld Irvin Sam 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISIn the summer following graduation a sample of 125 female college graduates (mean age = 28) completed Cohen & Wills' ISEL (1985) which includes scales measuring four social support functions: belonging (social companionship), appraisal (availability of confidants), tangible (instrumental), and self-esteem support. In the summer and fall subject status on two outcome scales was ascertained: the Psychophysiologic Symptom Scale and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Reliability of the difference scores suggested that the ISEL scales do not measure entirely different constructs and the ISEL Self-esteem Scale is operationally redundant with the Rosenberg Self-esteem scale and the CES-D. Cross-sectional analyses indicated that the ISEL scales were related to symptoms. By contrast, standard longitudinal and prospective MLR analyses indicated that only the Belonging Scale was significantly related to future symptoms. The issues of confounding support with symptoms and the dimensionality of the subscales were discussed. The study suggests that specific functions of support take on greater importance during major life transitions and that any one supportive behaviour often serves multiple functions.
Lasègue's editorial riposte to Gull's contributions on anorexia nervosa
Authors: Silverman Joseph A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISOne week after Sir William Gull read his seminal report on anorexia nervosa to the Clinical Society of London, a brief account was published (Anonymous, 1873). In Paris, Charles Lasègue, editor of Archives Générales de Médecine read the report and printed an immediate editorial riposte, parts of which will be quoted in this communication.
Noradrenaline uptake inhibition increases melatonin secretion, a measure of noradrenergic neurotransmission, in depressed patients
Authors: Palazidou E. , Papadopoulos A. , Ratcliff H. , Dawling S. , Checkley S. A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISEight patients with endogenous depression who had received no antidepressant treatment for the previous year were treated with the noradrenaline (NA) uptake inhibitor, desipramine (DMI). Pre-treatment plasma melatonin concentrations were normal. After one day of DMI treatment plasma melatonin concentrations were increased but the response was impaired compared to normal subjects. The acute effect of DMI on plasma melatonin persisted after six weeks of treatment. These findings question the hypothesis that beta adrenoceptors are supersensitive in depression and that antidepressant drugs act by down-regulating these receptors.
Comorbidity of substance abuse and schizophrenia: the role of pre-morbid adjustment
Authors: Arndt Stephan , Tyrrell Gary , Flaum Michael , Andreasen Nancy C. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISCo-morbid substance use and abuse is common in schizophrenic patients, and the role of substance abuse in initiating and maintaining psychosis has important definitional and aetiological implications. We investigated the issue in a cohort of 131 schizophrenic patients. We found non-users (N= 67) were similar to pathological users (N= 64) in current symptomatology and clinical history. The pathological users did, however, have better pre-morbid adjustment levels. Only alcohol use and to some extent cannabis use contributed to this effect; use of stimulants or hallucinogens did not. These results indicate the importance of evaluating the various types of substance used when attempting to explore the significance of co-morbidity. The results also suggest that co-morbidity of substance abuse and schizophrenia may be explained by a common factor antecedent to both: better pre-morbid adjustment. A two-stage model is proposed to explain these findings: increased sociability increases exposure to opportunities of substance use in a subset of patients; subsequent onset of psychotic illness accelerates the use to a pathological level as the individual attempts to cope with the stress of the developing mental illness.
Autobiographical memory and problem-solving strategies of parasuicide patients
Authors: Evans J. , Williams J. M. G. , O'Loughlin S. , Howells K. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISRecent research has noted the tendency of parasuicide patients to retrieve over-general autobiographical memories. Separate studies suggest problem-solving deficits within this group.The present study was concerned first with replicating these findings and, secondly, with developing a model of the relationship between over-general memory recall and poor problem-solving abilities in parasuicide patients. Anger and hopelessness were measured as markers for mood.In line with the hypotheses, the parasuicide group (N = 12) produced significantly over-general memories in contrast to a matched control group (N = 12). This occurred significantly in relation to positive cues, and latency to first responses was significantly delayed in the parasuicide group. The parasuicide group also provided fewer and less-effective problem-solving strategies than the control group, and a significant association was found between low effectiveness of problem-solving strategies and over-general memory recall in the parasuicide group. Anger and hopelessness levels were significantly higher within the parasuicide group in line with previous findings.The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Longitudinal analysis of a two-component model of the memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Becker James T. , Bajulaiye Olurotimi , Smith Christine 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been characterized as consisting of multiple components. The purpose of this study was to confirm the utility of a two-process model, and to examine changes in the nature and extent of the neuropsychological deficits after a one-year interval. The results replicate the initial observation that the memory loss in AD can be described as consisting of a focal amnesic syndrome and a dysexecutive syndrome characterized by failure of rapid information processing and search of both episodic and semantic memory. One year after the initial observation, all dysexecutive patients and the majority of the amnesic patients had become non-focal. No patient developed a dysexecutive syndrome, but 18 patients developed amnesic syndromes. These results suggest that, like other aspects of the cognitive deficits of AD, the memory loss is multifactorial. These results have implications for understanding the pathophysiology of AD, and for designing pharmacotherapeutic intervention.
Research directions in psychiatric epidemiology
Authors: Leighton Alexander H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA sufficient number of studies of geographically defined populations have now been done so as to make it clear that when all the various kinds of mental illnesses are lumped together, the total prevalence rates commonly amount to 20% or more. These findings imply major challenges to theory, policy, administration, and practice in the health field, and point to a need for vastly more information and understanding. This article sketches some of the directions such investigations might take.
Amenorrhoea, body weight and serum hormone concentrations, with particular reference to prolactin and thyroid hormones in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Wakeling A. , de Souza V. F. A. , Gore M. B. R. , Sabur M. , Kingstone D. , Boss A. M. B. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisTwenty women with anorexia nervosa were investigated at varying stages during weight gain. Basal prolactin and TSH and prolactin responses to TRH were normal and unrelated to body weight. LH, FSH and 17β oestradiol were low in emaciated patients and rose with weight gain. There was no correlation between serum gonadotrophin and prolactin concentrations. T3 and T4 concentrations were low but T3 rose with weight gain during refeeding over 4–6 weeks, whereas T4 remained low. A positive correlation was found between the TSH response to TRH and body weight.The abnormalities in the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis were similar to those seen in a variety of chronic illnesses and appear to be unrelated to the amenorrhoea. The failure of restoration of normal function at least after short-term refeeding requires further investigation.It was concluded that the amenorrhoea in anorexia nervosa is not associated with changes in prolactin but is determined primarily by changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. These changes are induced largely by nutritional factors but psychological factors may also be involved.
Follow-up of 11 XYY males with impulsive and/or sex-offending behaviour
Authors: Wiedeking Claus , Money John , Walker Paul 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisEleven behaviourally abnormal XYY males who had been treated in a structured combined programme of antiandrogen medication and counselling were followed up 1 year after cessation of the programme. Behavioural ratings were made in each of 5 categories: assault against people, destructiveness against things, threatening behaviour, stealing, and self-harming. On examining the follow-up findings, therapeutic success appeared questionable.