bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Spring Wheat Grain Dry Matter Assimilation from Air Temperature1
Authors: Bauer Armand , Frank A. B. , Black A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractModelers and forecasters of crop growth and yield would benefit from a meterologically based index that precisely describes postanthesis development of spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). Five field trials over a 3‐yr period were conducted on Williams loam (fineloamy typic Argiboroll) in which grain dry matter assimilation was measured in hard red spring wheat cultivars grown under different management practices. The measured parameters were regressed on cumulative growing degree‐days (GDD), base temperature 0 °C, and days (DAYS) after anthesis. Over the grain yield range 1488 to 3876 kg ha−1, both GDD and DAYS accounted for 93% of the variability in grain dry matter assimilation among all trials. Maximum average kernel number of 21.8 spike−1was attained when 250 GDD had been accumulated or 12 DAYS after anthesis, and maximum average kernel mass of 27.1 mg after about 770 GDD or 35 DAYS. Constantrate assimilation, from 175 to 630 GDD, was 0.049 mg GDD−1kernel−1, and between 9 and 26 DAYS it was 1.08 mg DAY−1kernel−1. With an average of 447 spikes m−2and average kernel number and mass, constant‐rate phase assimilation was 4.77 kg GDD−1ha−1or 104 kg DAY−1ha−1. Among the variable water and N regimes and cultivars, largest differences in assimilation resulted from soil water supply during heading. With < 65 mm available water, constantrate phase assimilation was as low as 0.038 mg GDD−1kernel−1and with > 84 mm as high as 0.066 mg GDD−1kernel−1. The greater constant‐rate assimilation was accompanied by a shorter grain‐filling duration. Filling duration was shorter when available N levels exceeded the amount needed for the highest grain yields than with N levels which increased yields. Cultivar differences in harvest kernel weight resulted from differences in lag phase assimilation rate.
Wetting and Maturity Effects on Mineral Concentrations in Legume Hay1
Authors: Collins Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWetting by rainfall during field drying of legume hay reduces forage yield and in vitro dry matter disappearance. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate wetting effects on mineral composition of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) and red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.) hay. Three and one‐half kg samples of each species, grown on Plano silt loam soil (fine silty, mixed, mesic Typic Argiudolls) and harvested at early and late maturity stages, were placed on wire screens and allowed to dry without wetting or were exposed to natural or artificial wetting in 1980 and 1981. A completely random design was used with three replicates in 1980 and two in 1981. In 1980, 25 mm of water was applied using sprinklers to hay wetted during drying. In 1981, hays wetted during and after drying were exposed to 41 and 62 mm of natural precipitation, respectively. Late maturity (fullto late‐bloom) forage was lower in P, K, Ca, Mg, and S than early maturity forage (early bud to first flower) of the same species. Artificially wetted and well cured hay did not differ significantly in concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, or S in 1980. Precipitation totaling 62 mm on dry early to late‐bud alfalfa hay reduced the K concentration from 28.1 to 15.5 g kg−1, indicating substantial leaching. The same treatment increased P concentration from 4.1 to 5.5 g kg−1, increased Ca from 13.0 to 19.7 g kg−1, and increased Mg from 4.2 to 5.0 g kg−1. Late‐bud and first‐flower red clover responded similarly when subjected to the same treatment. Late‐bloom alfalfa, exposed to 41 mm of precipitation during drying had 2.4 g kg−1of P, 15.9 g kg−1of K, 8.2 g kg−1of Ca, 1.9 g kg−1of Mg, and 1.6 g kg−1of S compared with 2.5,20.8, 11.5,2.5, and 2.2 g kg−1, respectively, for the same minerals in hay cured without wetting. Based on these data, the impact of wetting during hay curing on concentrations of P, Ca, Mg, and S was smaller than wetting effects on forage yield and in vitro dry matter disappearance. Wetting reduced K concentration to a greater extent than it reduced the other minerals studied. Alfalfa forage was consistently higher in S and lower in Mg than red clover forage of similar maturity.
Water Injection at Seeding of Winter Wheat1
Authors: Noori Fariborz , Bolton Floyd E. , Moss Dale N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOften wheat (Triticum aestivumL. em Thell) is grown in areas of limited rainfall, and stand establishment can be a serious production problem when seeding is done in dry soil. These experiments were designed to measure the effect of injecting small amounts of water into the soil seed zone at seeding on the germination, stand establishment, and yield of winter wheat. The experiments were done in the 1979–1980, 1980–1981, and the 1981–1982 growing seasons on a mixed mesic Typic Haploxeroll soil. The soil water potential at seeding was −1.1 MPa in 1979–1980, −0.9 MPa in 1980–1981 and −0.6 MPa in 1981–1982. Water injection rates were either 0, 20,. 40, 50, or 60 mL water/m row. Compared with the 0 rate, injection of any amount of water resulted in faster germination, most treatments gave denser stands, and all but one treatment in one year resulted in greater grain yields. Injection of 50 mL water/m row in 1979–1980 resulted in a 16% yield increase. In 1980–1981 injection of 20 mL water/m row gave a 4% greater yield than the check and injection of 40 mL water/m row gave a 33% yield increase. The soils were wetter in the 1981–1982 growing season and there was no difference between 20, 40, and 60 mL water/m row injection rates; all gave yield increases of 21 to 29%.
Whole‐Plant Dry‐Down Patterns of Short‐Season Maize Hybrids1
Authors: Major D. J. , Schaalje G. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn semiarid regions, rapid decreases in whole‐plant moisture content of maize (Zea maysL.) make it difficult to harvest large land areas for silage at the correct moisture content. The objective of this study was to determine the pattern of moisture loss from maize hybrids grown at Lethbridge, Alberta. Wet and dry weights of 20 commercial hybrids grown under irrigation in 1979, 1980, and 1981 on a Typic Haploboroll silty clay loam were determined at weekly intervals between early September and late October. A segmented regression analysis provided the most suitable model relating moisture content to thermal time. There was a decrease in moisture content of about 0.3% per day until a changeover point about 50 days after silking, and then moisture content decreased at the rate of about 2% per day. The changeover point may have coincided with physiological maturity. There were insufficient data after the first killing frost to detect any effect of frost on dry‐down rate, nor were any hybrid differences detected although there were differences among years.
Dry Matter and Nitrogen Partitioning in Mechanically Dewatered Alfalfa, Red Clover, and Birdsfoot Trefoil1
Authors: Collins Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractImproved forage harvesting techniques are needed to reduce the losses incurred during field drying silage or hay, especially in areas where rainfall is high. A 2‐yr field study was conducted to evaluate mechanical dewatering of first cutting forage of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.), red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatusL.) harvested at four maturity stages. Separate plots of each species grown on Plano silt loam soil (Typic Argiudolls) were harvested at weekly intervals beginning on 27 May 1980 and 26 May 1981 and the forage was macerated and pressed at 6.9 ✕ l05Pa for 2 min. A protein concentrate was obtained by heating the whole juice to 80°C using steam. Pressed forage dry matter (DM) concentration increased as whole crop DM increased. Alfalfa was the highest of the whole crops in DM concentration and thus produced the highest DM pressed forage, suggesting that modification in processing conditions might be necessary to produce pressed forages consistently > 300 g DM/kg of total mass. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that a model including whole‐crop DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) accounted for significant portions of variation in pressed forage DM concentration in every case. Pressing removed an average of 45% of the initial fresh weight and 20% of the DM from alfalfa, about the same amounts from red clover, and somewhat less from birdsfoot trefoil. Higher whole crop DM concentrations reduced extraction of both total fresh weight and solids. The protein concentrate contained 8.5, 7.0, and 4.9% of whole crop DM for alfalfa, red clover, and birdsfoot trefoil, respectively. The alfalfa protein concentrate and deproteinized juice fractions contained a greater percentage of the whole crop N than the same fractions from red clover and birdsfoot trefoil. Red clover was generally intermediate in N percentage contained in the protein concentrate and deproteinized juice. Results of this 2‐yr experiment indicate that significant species and maturity differences exist in crop response to mechanical dewatering, which are related to differences in the concentrations of DM and NDF in the whole crop.
Foliar Application of Phosphorus to Spanish Peanuts1
Authors: Suwanvesh Thienchai , Morrill L. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of soil P (root P) availability on response of Spanish peanuts (Arachis hypogaeaL.) to foliar P applications has not been documented. Greenhouse studies were initiated to investigate the effect of root P on foliar P utilization by Spanish peanuts and determine the effect of an experimental stick‐spreader on peanut response to foliar P. Three levels of root P were supplied in a nutrient solution‐sand rooting system. Two lines (late and early medium maturing) were used in separate experiments. Growth responses and increases in plant P were obtained when foliar P from KH2PO4was applied with limiting P in the rooting medium. Stick‐spreader increased plant P (g kg−1) at 0.5 and 1.0 g L−1levels but reduced P use at 2.0 g L−1rate. Dilution effects for N and K were equivalent, concentrations being higher when P was limiting but lower when P was supplied to foliage or roots. Increased total uptake of N and K was observed when foliar or root P was supplied, however. It was concluded that (i) Spanish peanut utilization of foliar P was dependent upon root availability, a significant response being obtained when root P was limiting and (ii) the use of a stick‐spreader was beneficial at low application rates but detrimental at high rates.
Digestion of Several Temperate Forage Species by a Prepared Cellulase Solution1
Authors: Bughrara S. S. , Sleper D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRapid, inexpensive, and accurate procedures are required for predicting in vivo dry matter digestibility (DMD) of forages, particularly in a forage breeding program when many samples may be analyzed simultaneously. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the relationships of several cellulase digestion procedures to in vivo DMD, in vitro DMD using rumen liquor, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and hemicellulose for several temperate forage species. A cellulase solution was produced by culturing the conidia from Trichoderma reeseiSimmons in a mineral medium containing 10 g L−1cellulose. Apparent activity of the cellulase solution was determined by digesting cool season forages of known DMD and solka floe substrate. Forty‐two dried cool season forages which previously had been evaluated for per cent NDF, ADF, ADL, in vitro DMD using rumen liquor, and in vivo DMD using sheep were subjected to different cellulase digestion procedures. Correlations between the various cellulase DMD techniques and in vivo DMD were highly significant (p< 0.01) and ranged from 0.89 to 0.97. Correlations of the cellulase in vitro DMD techniques and NDF, ADF, ADL, and hemicellulose were negative and similar in magnitude to the same parameters when correlated to in vitro DMD using rumen liquor. The data suggested that the in vitro DMD obtained by using a prepared cellulase solution was an excellent predictor of in vivo DMD and the digestion was similar to that when digesting forages with rumen liquor.
Effect of Standing Small Grain Stubble on Snow Cover Characteristics in Alternate Fallow Strip Cropping1
Authors: Caprio Joseph M. , Grunwald Gary K. , Snyder Robert D. , Cleary Edward C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study was directed to the evaluation of snow cover characteristics in standing small grain stubble and fallow fields in climatic areas of Montana distinguished by differences in long‐term average annual number of chinook events. Field work was conducted over three winters (1976–1977, 1977–1978, and 1978–1979). The first winter was warmer and drier than normal, whereas the last two winters were wetter and colder than normal. Each winter, two transects consisting of four to six experimental sites each were established. The climate of one transect was distinguished from the other transect by the greater long‐term average annual number of chinook occurrences. Treatments at each site included a fallow area and adjacent stubble area situated in alternating north‐south strips approximately 50 m wide. Six to 10 observations of snow depth and water in snow were made each winter at all sites. Snow depth was greater in standing stubble fields than in fallow fields. Snow depth in standing stubble exceeded snow depth in fallow fields by 80% during the driest winter and 30% during the other two winters. The density of the snow was slightly greater in fallow fields than in standing stubble fields. The average density of snow cover was about 0.250 Mg m−3varying usually from 0.100 to 0.350 Mg m−3. The average density of snow cover early in the season (early November) was about 0.140 Mg m−3, and increased about 0.008 Mg m−3each week thereafter when the snow cover persisted. The snow cover across the standing stubble area was nearly uniform in depth. Significant differences between climatic areas in snow depth, water in snow, and snow density were found only during the comparatively dry first season.
Accumulation and Distribution of Dry Mass and Nutrients in Birdsfoot Trefoil1
Authors: McGraw R. L. , Russelle M. P. , Grava J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDevelopment of efficient fertilizer management and forage utilization strategies is facilitated by knowledge of nutrient accumulation and distribution patterns within plants. The objectives of this experiment were to determine patterns of nutrient accumulation and distribution in birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatusL.) from late vegetative growth through reproductive development and to compare these patterns with dry mass (DM) accumulation and distribution. Birdsfoot trefoil was established on an Aeric Calciaquoll soil in Roseau County, Minnesota, in 1980, and on a Typic Hapludoll near Rosemount, Minnesota, in 1981. Shoot samples procured at approximately biweekly intervals in the year following establishment were separated into stems, leaves, umbels, and seed, and DM and elemental accumulation for each were determined. Herbage DM accumulation rate and final production were greater at the southern location than at the northern location, but the converse was true for seed production. Fractional accumulation of DM, N, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Zn, and Mn remained relatively stable in stems during seed filling, but decreased in leaves during the same period. The rate of leaf DM loss during seed filling was greater at the Roseau location where seed yield was greatest. These results suggest that leaves may be an important source of nutrients for developing reproductive tissue. Stems tended to accumulate smaller and leaves greater proportions of nutrients than DM, relative to the total amounts present at each stage. Seeds contained consistently higher proportions of N, P, and S than DM at both locations, and greater Zn and Cu than DM at Rosemount. Relative accumulation of N, P, S, Zn, and Cu was generally two to four times greater than the fractional accumulation of DM in seeds.
Corn Response to Starter Fertilizer Acidity and Manganese Materials Varying in Water Solubility1
Authors: Miner G. S. , Traore S. , Tucker M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractManganese deficiencies occur on sandy Atlantic Coastal Plain soils that have been limed excessively. Granular Mn materials can be blended with starter fertilizer to overcome these deficiencies but variation in their water solubility and in starter fertilizer acidity affects the availability of Mn from these materials. Seven Mn materials varying in water solubility and three starter fertilizers were band‐applied to supply 11 kg ha−1of Mn to corn (Zea maysL.) on a sandy soil (fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Aquic Paleudult) at pH 6.9. Starter fertilizers, in order of increasing acid‐forming potential [NaNO3+ triple superphosphate (SNT); diammonium phosphate (DAP); and (NH4),SO4+ triple superphosphate (AST)] were applied at rates that supplied 28 and 31 kg ha−1of N and P, respectively, at planting. Soils were sampled through the fertilizer band at 30 days, whole plants were sampled at 30, 60, and 90 days, and leaves opposite and below the ear were collected at silking (75 days). Soil Mn, whole plant Mn concentration and uptake, and leaf Mn concentration increased with increasing solubility of the Mn materials. The MnO in the Mn materials did not contribute to these relationships. Increased acidity of the starter fertilizer also increased plant Mn concentration and uptake. Manganese deficiency symptoms occurred with the least acid‐forming starter fertilizer (SNT) and decreased with increasing water solubility of the accompanying Mn materials. Equations were developed to predict recommended rates of Mn material, depending on water solubility, to apply with each starter fertilizer
Estimation of Spring Wheat Spike Water Concentration and Grain Maturity from Air Temperature1
Authors: Bauer Armand , Frank A. B. , Black A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe domestic agricultural industry and crop yield forecasters/modelers would benefit from an index that estimates spike and grain water concentration of spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) as a measure of maturity stage. A three‐part, 5‐yr field study was conducted on Williams loam (fine‐loamy Typic Argiborolls). First, the spike water concentration and content were measured in five trials with variables including cultivars, water, and fertility, and regressed on the growing degreedays (GDD) from anthesis to grain maturity. Second, the interrelationships of spike, grain, and chaff water concentration were determined in ‘Sinton’ wheat from 2000 g kg−1spike water concentration to maturity in four trials. Third, the effect of spike water concentration at windrowing on grain yield and quality was measured in Sinton wheat in three trials. Cumulative GDD accounted for 90% of the variability in spike water concentration and 49% of the variability in spike water content among all treatments. Spike water concentration was inversely related to grain dry matter assimilation, ranging from 3140 g kg−1near anthesis to 270 g kg−1at maximum grain dry matter. Spike water content averaged about 590 mg spike−1at anthesis, reached a maximum of about 750 mg spike−1at 200 to 600 GDD after anthesis, and then declined sharply. Linearily related grain water concentration was about 1.3 and chaff about 0.5 times the spike water concentration at 2000 g kg−1and less. Spring wheat windrowed at spike water concentrations of 600 g kg−1or less did not adversely affect grain yield or grain N concentration. This water concentration exists at about 670 GDD after anthesis. Windrowing as early as possible enhances the water conservation potential, with the primary benefit accruing to an autumn‐planted crop.
Application of Bentazon and Sethoxydim in Soybean Oil with Rotary Atomizers1
Authors: Cantwell John R. , Kapusta George 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRotary atomizers have been reported to have the capability to apply herbicides effectively in substantially reduced carrier volumes when compared to conventional application methods using flat fan nozzles. Several field studies (Typic Ochraqualfs, Argiaquic‐Argialbolls, and Aerie Ochraqualfs soils) were conducted during 1983 and 1984 to evaluate weed control in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] with bentazon {3‐isopropyl‐1H‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazin‐4(3H)‐ one 2,2‐dioxide] and sethoxydim {2‐[1‐(ethoxyimino)butyl]‐5‐[2‐ (ethylthio)propyl]‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐cyclohexene‐1‐one} applied in 2.3 to 9.4 L ha−1soybean oil concentrate (SOC) with rotary atomizers operating at two different cup rotating speeds. These treatments were compared with water carrier treatments applied with rotary atomizers at 28 L ha−1and flat fan nozzles at 187 L ha−1. Weed control attained with bentazon and sethoxydim applied with rotary atomizers was equal to that obtained with flat fan nozzles. Herbicide rate and rotary atomizer cup speed affected the .weed control realized with rotary atomizer applications in 2.3 to 9.4 L ha−1SOC, but not with 28 L ha−1water carrier. No increase in weed control was observed when bentazon or sethoxydim were applied in SOC carrier with rotary atomizers, compared with applications in water with either rotary atomizers or flat fan nozzles. Rotary atomizers offer the ability to apply herbicides effectively in carrier volumes of 28 L ha−1or less, greatly increasing the efficiency of spray operation.
Analysis of Cultivar‐Use Options with Sugarcane as Influenced by Threats of New Pests1
Authors: Glaz B. , Alvarez J. , Miller J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn many sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) production areas, there are one or at most a few outstanding cultivars. However, one cultivar is rarely grown on more than 70% of an area because of the perceived risk that a new pest or a new strain or race of an established pest could cause devastating losses if the most widely grown cultivar is susceptible. The objective of this study is to present a model that will allow sugarcane growers to use their commercial data and their predictions on the levels of yield losses due to a new pest, and what percentage of their cultivars will be susceptible to the new pest, to determine how to allocate their land among different cultivars. To establish a reference point, a 20‐yr period for a grower producing four cultivars was assumed. One cultivar had a yield level 5% higher than the other three cultivars, which were all equal in yield. It was assumed that during the 20‐yr period there would be one new pest that would cause a 20% yield reduction in the best and one other cultivar. Under these assumptions, it was found that the best option was to grow the highest‐yielding cultivar on 88% of the available land. It was concluded that sugarcane growers do not make optimum use of their best cultivar.