bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular sources of proteolytic enzymes in equine joints
Authors: SPIERS SUE , MAY S. A. , BENNETT D. , EDWARDS G. B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIsolated equine blood and articular cells were investigated for proteolytic enzyme production by means of gel filtration and analysis on 14C‐acetylated collagen and casein substrates. Significant amounts of collagenase and caseinase activity were produced by cultured synoviocytes stimulated with equine interleukin 1, although large amounts of collagenase also originated from neutrophils.
Immunohistochemical localisation of steroidogenic enzymes and phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyl‐transferase (PNMT) in the adrenal gland of the fetal and newborn foal
Authors: HAN X. , FOWDEN ABIGAIL L. , SILVER MARIAN , HOLDSTOCK NICOLA , McGLADDERY A. J. , OUSEY JENNIFER C. , ALLEN W. R. , ROSSDALE P. D. , CHALLIS J. R. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn increase in fetal adrenal cortisol output signals the onset of parturition in many animal species but, in the fetal horse, plasma concentrations of cortisol remain low for much of late pregnancy, with a rise occurring only very close to the time of birth (term 320–360 days). Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the localisation and changes in distribution of key steroidogenic enzymes for cortisol production; P450SCC, P450C17 and 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) in adrenal tissue from fetal and newborn horses and these findings were correlated with the appearance of immunoreactive (IR)‐phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyl‐transferase (PNMT), a cortisol‐dependent enzyme. Five micron sections of adrenal tissue from fetuses at Day 100–156 (n=5), Day 244–295 (n=8), greater than Day 300 (n=4) and from newborn foals (n=6), were stained using specific antibodies and the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase technique. All 3 steroidogenic enzymes were present by Day 150, but in less than 20% of the cortical cells. By late gestation the steroidogenic enzymes were present in approximately 30% of the cells, but the distribution varied. P450SCC and P450C17 predominated in cortical cells proximal to the medulla; 3βHSD was present throughout the cortex, but more in the zona fasciculata. In foals after birth, IR‐3βHSD and IR‐P450SCC had increased substantially throughout the adrenal cortex, and IR‐P450C17 was present in most cells of the presumptive zonae fasciculata and reticularis. IR‐PNMT was localised to nuclei of scattered medullary cells at the medullary‐cortical interface by Day 150. It was present in the cytoplasm of a band of cells at the medullary‐cortical interface by Day 310 and this pattern persisted into the post natal period. This study suggests that the low cortisol output of the adrenal of the fetal horse is associated with relatively poor expression of steroidogenic enzymes during most of fetal life, but that the presence of these enzymes increases rapidly just before or after birth. Differentiation of the IR‐PNMT containing cells preceded complete adrenocortical expression of the enzymes on the cortisol biosynthetic pathway. This pattern of distribution is quite different from that seen in fetal adrenal tissue of other species such as the sheep.This work provides further understanding of the part played by the equine fetal adrenal gland and placenta in the pathway of steroid metabolism leading up to parturition and associated processes of maturation in the fetal foal. These represent the basis of clinical conditions of prematurity and dysmaturity in the horse.
Role of navicular bone shape in the pathogenesis of navicular disease: a radiological study
Authors: DIK K. J. , van den BROEK J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFrom progeny lists of 30 Dutch Warmblood sires, 586 3‐year‐old females by these stallions were randomly selected, each progeny group aimed at 20 animals for statistical reasons. The front feet of the sires and female progeny were examined radiographically using lateromedial and dorsopalmar upright pedal projections. The radiological features associated with navicular disease were classified 0–4 using a standardised classification, grades 3 and 4 representing the more severe changes. The shape of the proximal articular border of the navicular bone outlined on the dorsopalmar view was classified 1–4: l=concave; 2=undulating; 3=straight; 4=convex. A significant shape‐grade association was found, the highest grades 3 and 4 incidence associated with shape 1 and the lowest grades 3 and 4 incidence demonstrated by shape 4. In shapes 1 and 2, navicular bones grades 3 and 4 features were mainly characterised by inverted flask‐shaped channels. In shape 3, navicular bones grades 3 and 4 were dominated by enthesiophytes. These findings indicate an apparent shape predisposition to radiological changes associated with navicular disease. The shape of the navicular bone in the offspring was on average the same as the sire, indicating an hereditary element in navicular bone shape.
The significance of routine radiographic findings with respect to subsequent racing performance and longevity in Standardbred trotters
Authors: JØRGENSEN H. STORGAARD , PROSCHOWSKY H. , FALK‐RØNNE J. , WILLEBERG R. , HESSELHOLT M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA retrospective cohort study was made of the racing performance of trotters which had been subjected routinely to radiography before they started training and racing. Sixty‐one per cent (148) of the 243 horses, foaled in 3 consecutive years, had one or more abnormal findings categorised into 5 relevant groups based on radiography, of which osteochondrosis (OCD) was the most specific diagnosis. Parameters used to reflect racing performance were: proportion of horses starting in races, number of starts per year, earnings per year, earnings per start and racing longevity. No significant association between the presence or type of radiological abnormalities and the subsequent performance and longevity could be found. Horses with multiple lesions, however, had a tendency to lower earnings and poorer survival than horses with single lesions.
Ultrasonographic examination of the proximal scutum in the horse
Authors: DENOIX J. M. , BUSONI VALERIA , OLALLA MARIA‐JOSÉ 
Published: April 2010

SummaryNormal and abnormal ultrasonographic images are presented of the proximal scutum (proximal sesamoid bones and palmar ligament) in the horse. Comparison between anatomical sections, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and ultrasound scans enabled the authors to establish the normal ultrasonographic anatomy of the palmar fetlock. Nine cases of proximal scutum injuries were identified ultrasonographically, of which 4 are illustrated. On normal limbs, the facies flexoria of the proximal sesamoid bones appeared as a thin and regular hyperechoic line and the palmar ligament was regularly echogenic. Lesions of the proximal scutum, that could be documented uitrasonographically, included rupture of the palmar ligament, avulsion fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones and palmar ligament desmopathy. Thinning or degeneration of the palmar ligament, concurrent with osteolysis of the proximal sesamoid bones, were indicative of palmar ligament enthesopathy. Ultrasonographic examination provided essential information for an accurate diagnosis of proximal scutum damage.
Laparoscopic intra‐abdominal ligation and removal of cryptorchid testes in horses
Authors: FISCHER A. T. , VACHON ANNE M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryLaparoscopic intra‐abdominal ligation and removal of cryptorchid testes in horses was evaluated retrospectively in 50 horses that underwent the procedure between 1991 and 1996. Sixty‐one cryptorchid testes were removed by one of the following methods; the use of 1) an endoscoping stapling and transection device, 2) an endoscopic clipping device, 3) an endoscopic ligating loop. Monopolar electrosurgery was combined with these methods to facilitate coagulation and cutting of tissue. In 8 horses, 9 testes were retained between the internal and external inguinal rings. The inguinal testes were removed by cutting the internal inguinal ring and bringing the testis back into the abdomen for removal. No attempt was made to close the internal inguinal ring. The most frequently employed and most cost effective method for laparoscopic intra‐abdominal removal of cryptorchid testes in this study was the combined use of an endoscopic ligating loop and monopolar electrosurgery. One intra‐operative complication (perforation of the small intestine) occurred and was dealt with successfully. One horse developed a fever attributed to upper respiratory tract infection post operatively and was treated successfully with antibiotic.Intra‐abdominal ligation and transection of cryptorchid testes is an effective method for cryptorchid castration. This technique minimises the loss of insufflation, allows inspection of the cut tissue for haemorrhage and offers secure closure of the abdominal wall preventing inguinal herniation and excellent visualisation of the cryptorchid testis.
Effect of copper supplementation on copper status of pregnant mares and foals
Authors: PEARCE S. G. , GRACE N. D. , WICHTEL J. J. , FIRTH E. C. , FENNESSY P. F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPregnant Thoroughbred mares (n = 21) were grazed on tall fescue pasture containing 4.4–8.6 mg Cu/kg dry matter (DM). Twelve mares were supplemented with approximately 0.5 mg Cu/kg liveweight (LW)/day as copper sulphate for the final 13–25 weeks gestation. Plasma copper concentration declined during the third trimester for all mares and was not affected by copper supplementation. Liver copper concentration of mares and foals was determined when the foals were 4–10‐days‐old. Copper supplementation of the mares tended to increase mare liver copper concentration (P<0.08) and increased foal liver copper concentration (P<0.01). There was a significant relationship between mare and foal liver copper concentration (P<0.001, r2= 0.7). Increasing the copper intake of mares is effective in enhancing the copper status of foals.
Tenosynovitis associated with longitudinal tears of the digital flexor tendons in horses: A report of 20 cases
Authors: WRIGHT I. M. , McMAHON P. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe paper describes a series of cases with longitudinal tears in the superficial or deep digital flexor tendons within the digital flexor tendon sheath. This appears to be a previously unreported condition. Twenty cases are described, one horse was affected bilaterally. Nineteen defects involved the deep digital flexor tendon and in 2 horses themanica flexoriaof the superficial digital flexor tendon was torn. All affected horses were lame and there was marked distension of the digital flexor tendon sheaths. Ultrasonography revealed nonspecific signs of chronic tenosynovitis but not the cause. Diagnosis was established by tenoscopy in 9 cases and by open surgical exploration in the remainder. In 7 limbs, the deep digital flexor tendon lesions were treated by removal of the torn fibrils under tenoscopic control. In the remaining cases they were removed and the defects were repaired with absorbable suture material. Wound closure in all open cases included repair of the palmar/plantar annular ligament. Eleven horses became sound and returned to work, 3 improved but were lame on returning to work and 2 horses did not improve following treatment. At the time of reporting, 4 horses are sound and in controlled ascending exercise regimes.It is concluded that longitudinal tears of the digital flexor tendons should be considered in the differential diagnosis of tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath. The results presented suggest that accurate diagnosis and specific treatment justify surgical investigation.
Characterisation of lymphocyte subpopulations in the skin and circulation of horses with sweet itch (Culicoides hypersensitivity)
Authors: McKELVIE JOANNE , FOSTER A. P. , CUNNINGHAM FIONA M. , HAMBLIN ANNE S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryCirculating lymphocyte numbers are elevated in horses with the allergic skin disease sweet itch and skin lesions are typified by an infiltrate of eosinophils and mononuclear cells, the latter of which have not been fully characterised. The aim of the present study was to characterise the lymphocyte subpopulations in the circulation and skin of ponies with sweet itch by flow cytometry and a newly developed modified alkaline phosphatase immunohistochemical technique. Sweet itch ponies were found to have significantly greater numbers of circulating CD5+ and CD4+ T‐lymphocytes than normal animals. Increased numbers of CD3+ T‐lymphocytes, most of which were CD4+, and eosinophils were present in the skin of these animals following intradermal injection of a Culicoides antigen extract (97 ± 21 vs. 449 ± 49 CD3+ T‐lymphocytes/mm2 in deep dermis of vehicle vs. antigen injected sites; 83 ± 8% CD4+ T‐lymphocytes at antigen injected site). T‐lymphocytes, which are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of human allergic skin disease, may therefore contribute to the development of sweet itch lesions via the release of cytokines which can cause eosinophil accumulation and activation. An understanding of the pathology of this disease may lead to a more rational approach to therapy.
Infection of endothelial cells with Equine herpesvirus‐1 (EHV‐1) occurs where there is activation of putative adhesion molecules: a mechanism for transfer of virus
Authors: SMITH D. J. , HAMBLIN A. S. , EDINGTON N. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEvidence is presented to show that activation of endothelial and leucoyte adhesion molecules is a key step in transferring virus from infected leucocytes; and determines the restricted tissue tropism. A range of tissues from 2 experimentally infected mares in late pregnancy at 4 and 8 days after infection with EHV‐1 were compared with those from normal pregnant and nonpregnant mares. Rabbit antisera to equine activated endothelial cell molecules were used to identify which tissues expressed these molecules in normal nongravid and gravid mares, and to investigate whether the range of tissues was altered in pregnant mares as a consequence of infection. The results indicated that the endothelium of the pregnant reproductive tract did express these molecules. In the 2 pregnant mares infected with EHV‐1, the endothelial cells in the nasal mucosa also expressed these activated endothelial cell molecules. Therefore, the sites expressing these molecules closely correlated with those where virus infection of endothelial cells has been described and is consistent with experimental in vitro data, indicating that expression of these molecules is an essential stage in the transference of virus from leucocytes to endothelial cells.
Comparative Detection of Trypanosomal DNA by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification and PCR from Flinders Technology Associates Cards Spotted with Patient Blood
Authors: Matovu Enock , Kuepfer Irene , Boobo Alex , Kibona Stafford , Burri Christian 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

We analyzed DNA eluted from FTA (Flinders Technology Associates) cards spotted with blood from human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) patients admitted at Lwala Hospital in eastern Uganda and Kaliua Health Centre in northwestern Tanzania. The aims were to evaluate loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for detection of trypanosomal DNA in clinical samples and to characterize the infecting trypanosomes to the subspecies level. LAMP targeting the Trypanozoon conserved random inserted mobile element (RIME-LAMP) and that for the serum resistance-associated (SRA) gene (SRA-LAMP) were performed. For comparison, PCRs for the SRA gene specific for
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
(SRA-PCR) and that to amplify the
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
-specific surface glycoprotein (TgSGP-PCR) were done. Out of 128 samples analyzed, SRA-PCR was positive in 101 samples (78.9% sensitivity; 95% confidence interval [CI], 71.1 to 85.1%), SRA-LAMP was positive in 120 (93.8%; 95% CI, 88.2 to 96.8%), while RIME-LAMP revealed signals in 122 (95.3%; 95% CI, 90.2 to 97.8%). RIME-LAMP and SRA-LAMP were each significantly more sensitive than SRA-PCR (
P
values of 0.000 and 0.001, respectively; Fisher's exact test). There was poor agreement between RIME-LAMP and SRA-LAMP and the SRA-PCR, yielding kappa values of 0.31 and 0.40, respectively. Agreement between SRA-LAMP and RIME-LAMP was almost perfect (kappa value, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.64 to 1). All the 128 field samples were negative by TgSGP-PCR. Blood spots from three
T. b. gambiense
HAT cases from northwestern Uganda were positive by TgSGP-PCR and RIME-LAMP. PCR took five times longer to execute than LAMP. LAMP may be useful to monitor emerging HAT foci or to test travelers returning from countries where HAT is endemic. It should be evaluated in a case-control study to determine its utility as a HAT diagnostic.
First Description of an Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Multidrug-Resistant
Escherichia fergusonii
Strain in a Patient with Cystitis
Authors: Lagacé-Wiens Philippe R. S. , Baudry Patricia J. , Pang Paulette , Hammond Gregory 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms have captured the attention of clinicians and laboratorians and are agents of nosocomial and community onset infections (J. D. Pitout and K. B. Laupland, Lancet Infect. Dis. 8:159-166, 2008). ESBLs in many enterobacteriaceae and in nonfermenting Gram-negative organisms have been described (K. Bush and G. A. Jacoby, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54:969-976, 2010). We present the first case of a clinical isolate of multidrug-resistant
Escherichia fergusonii
expressing an extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL).
Evaluation of Brilliance ESBL Agar, a Novel Chromogenic Medium for Detection of Extended-Spectrum-Beta- Lactamase-Producing
Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Huang Te-Din , Bogaerts Pierre , Berhin Catherine , Guisset Amelie , Glupczynski Youri 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Brilliance ESBL agar (OX; Oxoid, Basingstoke, United Kingdom), a novel chromogenic agar for the selective isolation and the presumptive identification of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
. A panel of 200 clinical Gram-negative
Enterobacteriaceae
and nonfermenting isolates with defined resistance mechanisms was inoculated onto OX and onto ChromID ESBL agar (BM; bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) chromogenic medium in the first part of the study to evaluate the growth selectivity and chromogenic features of these two media. Of the 156
Enterobacteriaceae
challenge isolates, 8 fully susceptible isolates were inhibited, all 98 ESBL producers were detected, and 50 isolates harboring other resistance mechanisms were recovered on both chromogenic agars. In the second phase, 528 clinical samples (including 344 fecal specimens) were plated onto OX, BM, and MacConkey agar with a ceftazidime disk (MCC) for the screening of ESBL-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
. Growth on at least one medium was observed with 144 (27%) of the clinical samples screened. A total of 182 isolates, including 109 (60%) of
Enterobacteriaceae
, were recovered and 70 of these (from 59 specimens) were confirmed as ESBL-producing isolates. The sensitivities of MCC, BM, and OX were 74.6%, 94.9%, and 94.9%, respectively. The specificities of MCC, BM, and OX by specimens reached 94.9%, 95.5%, and 95.7%, respectively, when only colored colonies were considered on the two selective chromogenic media. The high negative predictive value (99.3%) found for OX suggests that this medium may constitute an excellent screening tool for the rapid exclusion of patients not carrying ESBL producers.
Clinical Utility of an Automated Instrument for Gram Staining Single Slides
Authors: Baron Ellen Jo , Mix Samantha , Moradi Wais 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT
Gram stains of 87 different clinical samples were prepared by the laboratory's conventional methods (automated or manual) and by a new single-slide-type automated staining instrument, GG&B AGS-1000. Gram stains from either heat- or methanol-fixed slides stained with the new instrument were easy to interpret, and results were essentially the same as those from the methanol-fixed slides prepared as a part of the routine workflow. This instrument is well suited to a rapid-response laboratory where Gram stain requests are commonly received on a stat basis.
Self-Inactivating Alpharetroviral Vectors with a Split-Packaging Design
Authors: Suerth Julia D. , Maetzig Tobias , Galla Melanie , Baum Christopher , Schambach Axel 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

Accidental insertional activation of proto-oncogenes and potential vector mobilization pose serious challenges for human gene therapy using retroviral vectors. Comparative analyses of integration sites of different retroviral vectors have elucidated distinct target site preferences, highlighting vectors based on the alpharetrovirus Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) as those with the most neutral integration spectrum. To date, alpharetroviral vector systems are based mainly on single constructs containing viral coding sequences and intact long terminal repeats (LTR). Even though they are considered to be replication incompetent in mammalian cells, the transfer of intact viral genomes is unacceptable for clinical applications, due to the risk of vector mobilization and the potentially immunogenic expression of viral proteins, which we minimized by setting up a split-packaging system expressing the necessary viral proteins in
trans
. Moreover, intact LTRs containing transcriptional elements are capable of activating cellular genes. By removing most of these transcriptional elements, we were able to generate a self-inactivating (SIN) alpharetroviral vector, whose LTR transcriptional activity is strongly reduced and whose transgene expression can be driven by an internal promoter of choice. Codon optimization of the alpharetroviral Gag/Pol expression construct and further optimization steps allowed the production of high-titer self-inactivating vector particles in human cells. We demonstrate proof of principle for the versatility of alpharetroviral SIN vectors for the genetic modification of murine and human hematopoietic cells at a low multiplicity of infection.
Role of Hematopoietic Cells in the Maintenance of Chronic Human Torquetenovirus Plasma Viremia
Authors: Maggi Fabrizio , Focosi Daniele , Albani Melania , Lanini Letizia , Vatteroni Maria Linda , Petrini Mario , Ceccherini-Nelli Luca , Pistello Mauro , Bendinelli Mauro 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTMany aspects of the life cycle of torquetenoviruses (TTVs) are essentially unexplored. In particular, it is still a matter of speculation which cell type(s) replicates the viruses and maintains the generally high viral loads found in the blood of infected hosts. In this study, we sequentially measured the TTV loads in the plasma of four TTV-positive leukemia patients who were strongly myelosuppressed and then transplanted with haploidentical hematopoietic stem cells. The findings provide clear quantitative evidence for an extremely important role of hematopoietic cells in the maintenance of TTV viremia.