bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The antennal setal trap of the Ground beetle Loricera pilicornis: a specialization for feeding on Collembola
Authors: Hintzpeter U. , Bauer T. 
Published: August 2010

Loricera pilicornis Fabricius 1775 has long strong setae on its proximal antennal segments which are used to form a trap for capturing the collembolans on which it feeds. The structure of this prey‐capture apparatus was investigated with the scanning electron microscope and its function with mechanical experiments using a microbalance. Long setae which do not belong to the trap were included for comparison.The positions of the setae on the antennal segments and their shapes change from proximal to distal along the antennae. Typical trap setae are found on the four proximal antennal segments. They are characterized by their extraordinary strength and by the shape of their sockets, which always have their highest point on the outside of the trap.The restoring forces for single setae were measured by bending the setae against the highest point of the socket rim. The resistance to bending of the trap setae is approximately 10 times that of similar setae which are not part of the trap. The trap setae were bent by up to 60° with their resistance increasing linearly, whereas the other setae reached a range at about40–50° in which the resistance increased more sharply; no seta was damaged by such bending. The behaviour of the trap setae is discussed with respect to their function in hunting and prey‐capture.To calculate the escape chance of a medium‐sized springtail, specimens of Heteromurus nitidus (Arthropleona) were pulled upwards out of the trap while measuring the holding force, which amounted to at least79–99 × 10‐5, depending on the position of the antennae and of the prey between them. The setae were bent up to50–90° without damage during these experiments.By calculating the kinetic energy of a jumping Heteromurus nitidus, we show that this species is unable to escape from the setal trap, whereas another species, Sminthurus viridis (Symphypleona), develops enough kinetic energy to bend the setae up to 109°, which is enough to open the trap.
Who pays your debt? An important question for understanding compulsive buying among American college students
Authors: Brougham Ruby R. , Jacobs‐Lawson Joy M. , Hershey Douglas A. , Trujillo Kathleen M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCompulsive buying, defined as the inability to control purchasing behaviour, is higher among college‐aged students than it is among the general public. The present study examined the factors related to compulsive buying among college students and how those factors differ as a function of who paid the majority of their debt: themselves or their parents. A total of 628 undergraduates from the US completed a questionnaire containing items to measure compulsive buying, personality and financial responsibility. Results revealed that variables predictive of compulsive buying varied depending on the amount of credit card debt that the student was personally responsible for paying. Findings have implications for reducing compulsive buying in college students.
Critical role of lipid rafts in virus entry and activation of phosphoinositide 3′ kinase/Akt signaling during early stages of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in neural stem/progenitor cells
Authors: Das Sulagna , Chakraborty Swarupa , Basu Anirban 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 537–549.AbstractJapanese encephalitis virus (JEV), the leading cause of acute encephalitis in South‐East Asia is a neurotropic virus infecting various CNS cell types. Most Flaviviruses including JEV get internalised into cells by receptor‐mediated endocytosis, which involve clathrin and membrane cholesterol. The cholesterol‐enriched membrane microdomains referred to as lipid rafts act as portals for virus entry in a number of enveloped viruses, including Flavivirus. However, the precise role played by membrane lipid rafts in JEV internalisation into neural stem cells is still unknown. We have established neural stem/progenitor cells and C17.2 cell line as models of productive JEV infection. Increase in membrane fluidity and clustering of viral envelope proteins in lipid rafts was observed in early time points of infection. Localisation of non‐structural proteins to rafts at later infection stages was also observed. Co‐localisation of JEV glycoprotein with Cholera toxin B confirmed that JEV internalisation occurs in a lipid‐raft dependent manner. Though JEV entry is raft dependent, however, there is requirement of functional clathrin during endocytosis inside the cells. Besides virus entry, the lipid rafts act as signalling platforms for Src tyrosine kinases and result in activation of phosphoinositìde 3′‐kinase/Akt signalling during early JEV infection. Disruption of lipid raft formation by cholesterol depletion using Methyl β‐cyclodextrin, reduced JEV RNA levels and production of infectious virus particles as well as impaired phosphoinositìde 3′‐kinase/Akt signalling during initial infection. Overall, our results implicate the importance of host membrane lipid rafts in JEV entry and life cycle, besides maintaining survival of neural stem/progenitor cells during early infection.
SUPPLIES OF SOME RAW MATERIALS IN BRITISH AGRICULTURE AND THEIR IMPLICATION'S ON SOIL FERTILITY
Authors: BARKER A. S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.Before the war, livestock production was responsible for the major part of the removals of N, P, K nutrients from British farms, but during the war (temporary ?) precedence in this respect was taken by direct human food crops. In both periods the feeding of home–grown crops to livestock was probably responsible for an annual rate of nutrient losses exceeding those due to removals from farms in crops and stock products combined.In addition to larger fertilizer inputs required for the expanded area of direct human food crops during the war, similar increases were essential for the attempt to sustain the pre–war cattle output, even with substantial reductions in the numbers of all other livestock. Nutrient materials for these purposes were not available during the war in quantity sufficient to allow. phosphate and potash applications to grassland in any appreciable degree; permanent grass, therefore, was the most likely to deteriorate in “fertility,” i.e. in potential productivity.So long as relatively unlimited supplies of imported feeding–stuffs are available at prices permitting their profitable processing into livestock products, they may largely compensate for the N, P, K losses incurred in the analogous conversion of home–grown crops and the nutritive quality of the latter fodders is not necessarily a consideration of prime importance. The war has demonstrated that British farming has still a long way to go before it approaches a self–sufficient livestock economy on the pre–war scale and should that be desirable in the future, it implies the production of foods of higher nutritive values.A post–war expansion of U.K. cattle and sheep production will demand the utmost economic exploitation of grass since it provides the cheapest mode of feeding. That implies a general improvement in past standards of management to secure from grass the maximum contribution to the total nutritive requirements of the stock, which in turn will, depend on increased throughputs of the major soil nutrients more commensurate with removals than has been the common practice.
Decline of a Tropical Montane Amphibian Fauna
Authors: Lips Karen R. 
Published: August 2010

On the basis of surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996, I report a decline of the amphibian fauna at Las Tablas, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica. I propose that the reduction in the abundance of Atelopus chiriquiensis and Hyla calypsa, the presence of dead and dying individuals of six species of frogs and salamanders, and changes in population sex ratios of A. chiriquiensis and H. calypsa are evidence for “atypical” population fluctuations. Species with both aquatic eggs and aquatic larvae were most affected (e.g., Rana vibicaria, Hyla rivularis), whereas species with direct development or those that lack tadpoles, such as rainfrogs ( Eleutherodactylus spp.) and some salamanders (e.g., Bolitoglossa minutula), do not seem to have declined in numbers. In light of this evidence and in comparison with other declines in tropical upland Australia, Brazil, and Costa Rica, I conclude that environmental contamination (biotic pathogens or chemicals) or a combination of factors (environmental contamination plus climate change) may be responsible for declines in the amphibian populations at this protected site.Una Redución en las Poblaciones de Anfibios en una Localidad Tropical Ubicada en las MontañasBasado en encuestas dirigidas por un período de 5 años, reporto una disminución de la fauna anura en un sitio elevado de la región sur central de Costa Rica. Yo propongo que la reducción en el número de individuos, los individuos muertos o moribundos y los cambios en la proporción radial de los sexos, demuestran que las fluctuaciones no son típicas o normales. Las especies más afectadas son aquellas que tienen posturas de huevos acuáticos y renacuajos acuáticos, mientras que aquellas con desarrollo directo (sin renacuajos) no parecen haber disminuido en la misma cantidad. Tomando en cuenta estos datos y comparándolos a las disminuciones observadas en otros sitios montañosos del trópico, concluyo que la contaminación del medio ambiente (causado por un microbio patógeno o químico) o quizás causado por una combinación de factores (contaminación del medio ambiente más cambios del clima) puede ser la causa de la disminución de la población anfibia de este sitio protegido.
Species Redundancy and Ecosystem Reliability
Authors: Naeem Shahid 
Published: August 2010

The concept of species redundancy in ecosystem processes is troublesome because it appears to contradict the traditional emphasis in ecology on species singularity. When species richness is high, however, ecosystem processes seem clearly insensitive to considerable variation in biodiversity. Some elementary principles from reliability engineering, where engineered redundancy is a valued part of systems design, suggest that we should rethink our stance on species redundancy. For example, a central tenet of reliability engineering is that reliability always increases as redundant components are added to a system, a principle that directly supports redundant species as guarantors of reliable ecosystem functioning. I argue that we should embrace species redundancy and perceive redundancy as a critical feature of ecosystems which must be preserved if ecosystems are to function reliably and provide us with goods and services. My argument is derived from basic principles of reliability engineering which demonstrate that the probability of reliable system performance is closely tied to the level of engineered redundancy in its design. Empirical demonstrations of the value of species redundancy in ecosystem reliability would provide new insights into the ecology of communities and the value of species conservation.Redundancia de Especies y Confiabilidad del EcosistemaEl concepto de redundancia de especies en procesos ecológicos es problemático puesto que aparentemente contradice el énfasis tradicional en ecologia sobre la singularidad de las especies. Sin embargo, cuando la riqueza de especies es alta, los procesos del ecosistema parecen claramente insensibles a variaciones considerables de la biodiversidad. Principios elementales de confiabilidad en ingenieria, donde la redundancia es evaluada como parte del diseño de sistemas, sugiere que deberíamos repensar nuestra postura sobre la redundancia de especies. Por ejemplo, un principio central de confiabilidad ingenieril es que la confiabilidad siempre incrementa cuando componentes redundantes son agregados al sistema, un sistema que directamente soporta especies redundantes como garante del funcionamiento del ecosistema. Yo argumento que deberíamos abarcar la redundancia de especies y percibir redundancia como una característica crítica del ecosistema que debe ser conservada si los ecosistemas funcionaran confiablemente y nos provean de bienes y servicios. Demostraciones empíricas de el valor de la redundancia de especies en confiabilidad de ecosistemas provee nuevas intuiciones dentro de la ecología de comunidades y el valor de la conservación de las especies.
Population Monitoring of the Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae)
Authors: Hissmann Karen , Fricke Hans , Schauer Jürgen 
Published: August 2010

In 1991 the population size of the coelacanth (  Latimeria chalumnae) on Grande Comore Island, Western Indian Ocean, was estimated at 230–650 individuals, based on counts of individually recognized fish in an 8‐km stretch of coastline. This census area represents about 9% of the total suitable habitat at the island. Counts in the same area in 1994 indicated a reduction of sighted coelacanths of about 30%. Additional surveys in 1995 suggested a total coelacanth population of less than 300 individuals. The local artisanal fishery is probably responsible for the observed decline. The survival of the coelacanth seems to be severely threatened if fishing pressure is not reduced. Conservation measures should focus on providing local fishermen with fishing alternatives. Monitoreo Poblacional del Celacanto (Latimeria chalumnae) En 1991 el tamaño poblacional del celacanto,Latimeria chalumnaeen Grande Comore, al Oeste del Oceano Indico, fue estimada de 230 a 650 individuos, en base a conteos de individuos reconocidos en un estrecho costero de 8 km de longitud. Esta área de censo representa cerca de un 9% del total de hábitat adecuado en la isla. Los conteos en la zona en 1994 indicaron una reducción de celacantos de aproximadamnete un 30%. Estudios adicionales en 1995 sugirieron una población total de menos de 300 individuos. Probablemente la pesqueria artesanal local es responsable de la declinación observada. La sobrevivencia del celacanto aparenta estar amenazada si la presion por pesca no disminuye. Las medidas de conservación se deberan enfocar en proveer a los pescadores locales de alternataivas de pesca.
Comparison of Radiocephalic Fistulas Placed in the Proximal Forearm and in the Wrist
Authors: Bhalodia Rajeshkumar , Allon Michael , Hawxby Alan M. , Maya Ivan D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNon‐maturation is a common problem in patients receiving an arteriovenous fistula. The first vascular access choice is a distal radiocephalic fistula (dRCF) at the wrist. Patients with a failed dRCF or with vessels unsuitable for dRCF, the recommendation is to place a brachiocephalic fistula in the upper arm. Proximal forearm radiocephalic fistulas (pRCF) are created infrequently, but may permit a second forearm fistula before proceeding to the upper arm. The goal of the present study was to compare the outcomes of them. We retrospectively analyzed a computerized access database to compare the outcomes of 19 RCF and 39 dRCF placed during a 6‐month period. The baseline characteristics were similar, except those with a pRCF were more likely to have previous access and be male. Primary failure (non‐maturation) was lower for pRCF than dRCF (32 vs. 59%, p = 0.05); and excluding secondary failures, cumulative fistula survival was similar (92 vs. 86% at 1 year and 74 vs. 76% at 2 years, p = 0.56). pRCF may be an attractive alternative to a brachiocephalic fistula in patients who cannot receive a dRCF. pRCF has a lower non‐maturation rate than that of a dRCF, and a comparable cumulative survival once it is used successfully for dialysis.
Prevention of the Last Chance: An Alternative Pharmacologic Treatment of Migraine
Authors: Amery W.K. , Waelkens J. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISThe hypothesis that in migraine, cyclically, an internal environment is established which ‐ beyond a certain point‐of‐no‐return ‐ gives rise to the characteristic attack, led to the evaluation of the feasibility of short‐term prevention of migraine attacks in patients who experience “warning” symptoms several hours before the actual attack. To interfere with the typical vegetative disregulation during the attack the selective dopamine receptor blocker domperidone was used. In a double‐blind cross‐over study 30 mg domperidone, taken at the very first appearance of the warning signals, was clearly superior (p<0.001) to placebo in preventing attacks: the success rates were 66% and 5% respectively.
An Epidemiological Study of Headache in an Urban Population in Zimbabwe
Authors: Levy Lorraine M. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISInformation on the prevalence of headache and its characteristic features was collected from an urban population in Zimbabwe, using a combination of interview and questionnaire. Over five thousand people were questioned and the prevalence of headache was found to be 20.2% (17.6% in males and 27.0% in females). Severe headaches were experienced by approximately one third of the headache group and were more common in the younger age groups and in women. One third of the people with headaches had warning symptoms and more than half had precipitating factors. Several other features such as frequency, duration, site, age of onset and treatment sought were studied. The headaches described were classified, the most important finding being the infrequent occurrence of classical migraine.
Prevalence of Headache in Prepuberty
Authors: Sillanpää Matti 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISThe present study dealt with the prevalence of headache generally and migraine in particular among school children. The sample consisted of a total of 3,784 school children, accounting for 94.5% of all grade school pupils aged 13 in two Finnish cities, Tampere and Turku. The data were obtained by use of a questionnaire, filled in by the pupils according to instructions under the supervision of the class's homeroom teacher during class. Headache had occurred during 1980 in 82% of the pupils. In about one‐half (53%) of the pupils it had occurred less than once a month. It occurred monthly in 9% and weekly in 8%. Frequent headache was more common in girls than in boys and was also more commonly paroxysmal in character. Boys had had headaches more often before 1980 than during 1980, whereas in girls headaches had become more common in 1980 than before. Migraine was found to occur for 11.3% of the pupils. It was more common in girls (14.5%) than in boys (8.1%). Classic migraine, in particular, occurred more often in girls. Migraine had ceased to occur prior to 1980 in 24% of cases. In particular those attacks which involved a family history of migraine, visual aura or nausea and/or vomiting had ceased to occur. Migraine too had more commonly ceased to occur in boys (23.3%) than in girls (15.1%). Comparison with previous research showed that the occurrence of migraine had more than doubled during 25 years.
Changes in the Prevalence of Migraine and Other Headaches During the First Seven School Years
Authors: Sillanpää Matti 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISSeven‐year‐old children who began school in two large Finnish cities in 1974 were investigated for the occurrence of migraine and other headache; the pupils were again surveyed at the age of fourteen. A total of 2921 pupils participated in both studies. By the age of seven, headache had occurred in 37% and migraine in 2.7%; at the age of fourteen the figures were 69% and 10.6% respectively. In the group under eight years migraine was more common in boys than in girls, but in groups older than that girls were in the majority. The prognosis for migraine which had begun before or at the age of seven was better for boys than for girls, while in girls more often than in boys migraine which began in the early school years disappeared by the age of fourteen years.
Nadolol: Its use in the Prophylactic Treatment of Migraine
Authors: Ryan Robert E. , Ryan Robert E. , Sudilovsky A. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISIn the prophylactic phase of the treatment of migraine the use of beta‐blocking agents has become quite prominent within the past few years.The circulation is responsive in both the internal and the external carotid arteries to beta‐adrenergic neuro‐transmission. It is postulated that beta‐blocking agents would be helpful in preventing vasoconstriction in the internal carotid arteries by inhibiting impulses to beta receptors in the brain; also it would prevent the excessive adrenergic vasodilation in the external carotid arteries. The beta‐adrenergic blockade thus offers an approach to the control of arterial vasodilation during the migraine attack.The purpose of this study is to determine the relative efficacy and safety of nadolol, a new beta‐blocking agent, in reducing the frequency and or, the severity of migraine attacks as compared to placebo.Nadolol competes specifically with beta‐adrenergic receptor antagonists for available beta‐receptor sites. This drug inhibits beta‐1 receptors, which are located chiefly in the cardiac muscle, and beta‐2 receptors, which are located chiefly in the bronchial and the vascular musculature. When access to beta‐adrenergic receptor sites is blocked by nadolol, the chronotropic, inotropic, and vasodilator responses to beta‐adrenergic stimulation are decreased proportionately. Nadolol has no intrinsic sympathomimetric activity, nor does it have an anesthetic‐like membrane stabilizing action.The results obtained in this study, which were very encouraging, are presented, along with the side effects, which were very minimal.
The Pupil and Headaches
Authors: Herman Peter 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISPupillography before and after Cocaine eye drops was performed in twenty patients subject to vascular headaches. 65% had anisocoria which after Cocaine eye drops increased to 90%. The smaller pupil was not necessarily on the hemicrania side. Lid droop was observed in nine patients. In ten, the eyelid droop persisted after Cocaine eye drops. The pupil size was not significantly smaller than in a normal group and it was round in all but two cases. These findings suggest that patients with cluster and migraine headache have a subtle chronic sympathetic deficiency which affects both the pupil and eyelid. This deficiency may increase during the acute phase, at times causing a prominent Horner Syndrome. Adrenaline deficiency is locally responsible for these changes. No significant changes were found between cluster and vascular headache patients in this small sample. Pupillography and sympathomimetic eye drops are objective tests in the diagnosis of vascular headache in clinically difficult cases; they are a painless expedient procedure.
Clinical Characteristics of Headache in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Indo Toshikatsu , Naito Akiko , Sobue Itsuro 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISClinical characteristics of headache in Parkinson's disease were studied. Headache was fairly concentrated in nuchal region and dull pain was the most prevalent. No correlation was found between nuchal rigidity and nuchal‐occipital pain. Pathogenesis of headache in Parkinson's disease was suspected to be somewhat different from that of muscle contraction headache.
Fetal Demise in a Migraine Patient on Propranolol
Authors: Featherstone Harvey J. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISThe safety of propranolol therapy early in pregnancy is not known. A case is reported in which fatal demise occurred at 12 weeks and was related to propranolol use for migraine headaches. Propranolol has been associated with reduced umbilical blood flow in animals; this effect may be augmented and cause severe fatal ischemia in patients with the vasomotor instability of migraine.
Locked‐in Syndrome with Rapid Recovery: a Manifestation of Basilar Artery Migraine?
Authors: Sulkava Raimo , Kovanen Jussi 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISA 29‐year‐old healthy woman suffered an episode of transient locked‐in syndrome followed by vomiting and headache. Based on clinical data the symptom was related to transitory ischemia probably due to basilar artery migraine. This is the first report of locked‐in syndrome in association with migraine.