bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surplus deferred pension compensation for long-term K-12 employees: an empirical analysis for the Denver Public School Retirement System and four state plans
Authors: MANNINO MICHAEL V. , COOPERMAN ELIZABETH S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis study uses a unique data set of retiree characteristics and salary histories for administrators, teachers, and non-professional employees of the Denver Public School Retirement System (DPSRS) to analyze surplus deferred compensation for DPSRS and four state K-12 defined benefit pension plans. We find sizable levels of surplus deferred compensation for each plan, with significant differences across plans, job classes, and age groups. Across plans, differences in cost of living allowances impact the expected present value of retirement benefits more than benefit table differences when controlling for each respective factor. Somewhat surprisingly, the plans in our study with the largest present value of future benefits had lower employee contribution rates. Pension wealth for reduced benefits showed larger wealth accrual at younger ages than full, unreduced benefits, and younger cohorts starting work at an earlier age received significantly higher surplus deferred compensation.
Highly efficient 3-stage Doherty power amplifier using gate bias adaption
Authors: Kim Ildu , Moon Junghwan , Kim Jungjoon , Jee Seunghoon , Son Junghwan , Kim Bumman 
Published: November 2010

This paper demonstrates a highly efficient 3-stage Doherty power amplifier (PA) employing an envelope tracking (ET) technique. The ‘3-stage’ Doherty PA is the most efficient architecture for a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) signal among the various Doherty PAs. However, because of the lower peaking biases than those of the ‘N-way’ Doherty PA, the proper load modulation is hard to be achieved. To get proper modulation, the peaking PAs' gate biases have been adaptively controlled using the ET technique, and the peak power and maximum efficiency characteristic along the backed-off output power region is successfully achieved. By ADS and Matlab simulations, the overall behavior of the 3-stage Doherty PA employing the ET technique has been fully analyzed. To maximize the overall efficiency of the proposed 3-stage Doherty PA, the unit PA has been designed using class F−1 PA. For verification, the amplifier is implemented using 5 W and 10 W PEP LDMOSFETs for the 802.16e mobile world interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) at 1 GHz with a 8.5 dB PAPR. The measured drain efficiency of the proposed 3-stage Doherty PA is 55.5% at an average output power of 37 dBm, which is a 7.54 dB backed-off output power. The digital feedback predistortion (DFBPD) algorithm has been used to linearize the proposed PA considering the ET technique. After linearization, the −33.15 dB of relative constellation error (RCE) performance is achieved, satisfying the system specification. These results show that the 3-stage Doherty employing the ET technique and saturated PA is the most suitable PA for the highly efficient and linear transmitter.
LibSBGN: current status and future plans
Authors: Villeger Alice 
Published: November 2010

AbstractLibSBGN is a community project started in 2009: it aims at facilitating the development of SBGN-compliant tools, and improving interoperability between these tools.These goals will be achieved by defining a standardized electronic implementation of the Systems Biology Graphical Notation: an XML-based file format (SBGN-ML), complemented by a software library (LibSBGN).The project is organized around a number of online tools, which allow the community to discuss problems, share ideas, and formalize solutions.Current versions of SBGN-ML and LibSBGN have already been adopted by three different SBGN-compliant tools. The first official release of SBGN-ML is imminent.For more information:http://libsbgn.sourceforge.net
Metagenomic study of the human skin microbiome associated with acne
Authors: Li Huiying 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe human microbiota contributes to our normal postnatal development and plays a significant role in defining our physiology. To understand the role of microbiota in human health and disease, we study the skin microbiome in pilosebaceous units (hair follicles) and its association with acne.Acne is one of the most common skin diseases. Although its etiology still needs to be defined, a bacterial factor has been suggested in the development of the disease. In fact, antibiotic therapy targeting Propionibacterium acnes has been a mainstay treatment for more than 30 years.Our preliminary study shows that the microcomedone, a specialized skin compartment where acne arises, has a tractable microbiome, with a single dominant species, P. acnes. This system offers a unique advantage allowing in-depth analysis of a human microbiome at the subspecies level by sequencing. Our preliminary study suggests that the microbiome associated with acne offers promise for understanding the correlation between the composition of the microbiome and human health and disease.The goal of the project is to determine whether the microbiota in the pilosebaceous units contributes to acne. We plan to investigate the microbiome associated with acne in three directions. First, we plan to investigate the strain diversity of P. acnes in a disease cohort and a normal cohort and examine whether certain strains of P. acnes are correlated with the disease. Second, we plan to investigate the non- P. acnes microbes in microcomedones and disease lesions and examine whether they correlate with acne pathogenesis. Third, we will examine the interactions between the microbes and the host by transcriptional profiling of both the microbiota and the host.During the first year of this project, two main questions were asked. 1. Are certain strains of P. acnes associated with acne, but rarely found in normal individuals? 2. If specific strains are associated with acne, what are the differences in their genetic composition compared to other P. acnes strains that are not associated with acne? We collected microcomedone samples from more than 100 subjects, including acne patients and normal individuals. Genomic DNA was extracted from each sample, and 16S rDNA was amplified using universal primers (8F and 1510R), cloned and sequenced using Sanger method. Approximately 384 near full length 16S rDNA sequences were obtained for each sample. Some of the microcomedone samples were also cultured under anaerobic condition to isolate different P. acnes strains. Sixty-eight isolates were selected for whole genome shotgun sequencing using Solexa/Illumina platform. By the end of the first year of the project, we completed the sequencing of more than 40,000 16S rDNA clones and 68 genomes of P. acnes isolates.
Recovery kinetics of winter stressed conifers: The effects of growth light environment, extent of the season, and species.
Authors: Verhoeven Amy 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEvergreens undergo a dramatic reduction in their maximal photochemical efficiency (measured as Fv/Fm) during winter, which is largely due to increases in a sustained form of thermal energy dissipation. Upon removing winter-stressed leaves to room temperature and low light, Fv/Fm recovers over several days and can include both a rapid phase (reversing in minutes) and a slow phase (reversing over days). Both phases are associated with reversal of sustained energy dissipation. Preliminary examination of recovery of evergreens monitored in January in Minnesota showed an absence of the rapid component to recovery. Our goal was to monitor recovery kinetics of sun and shade evergreens in Minnesota throughout winter in order to assess whether the rapid phase of recovery exists early in the winter and converts to the slowly reversible form as winter progresses. Four species of conifers (sun and shade needles) were monitored during the winter of 2007/08: eastern white pine (_Pinus strobus_ L.), balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill], Taxus cuspidata (L.) and blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.). Fv/Fm was measured on dark acclimated needles in the field, twigs were collected, brought indoors and maintained at room temperature and low light where Fv/Fm was monitored for six days.The results demonstrated that all species, and both sun and shade needles, showed a rapidly reversible component to recovery in early winter (November). In the sun needles this component was rarely present later in the season, while in the shade needles it was present (although only a small fraction of the total sustained energy dissipation) on most days monitored during winter. The slowly reversible component to sustained energy dissipation was present in both sun and shade needles of all species beginning in November. In all cases, shade needles recovered significantly faster than sun needles. There was a significant slowing of recovery (the slowly reversible component) as winter progressed in both sun and shade needles, and significant differences between species in their recovery response. The results indicate a relatively small contribution of the rapidly reversible component of sustained energy dissipation compared with earlier studies on evergreens growing in the milder winter conditions of Colorado. The results also provide evidence that the rapid component to recovery diminishes as the season progresses, particularly in needles growing in full sun where the slowly reversible component of sustained energy dissipation accounts for most or all of the observed sustained energy dissipation.
Medical illustration: from caves to cyberspace‡
Authors: Tsafrir Jenni , Ohry Avi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe human body has been depicted in ancient cave‐paintings, in primitively sculpted figures, and through all the ages in various forms of artistic expression. The earliest medical texts were descriptive but not illustrated. Later, as it became clear that knowledge of the human body and all its systems was essential to the practice of healing, texts were accompanied by illustrations which became an integral part of the teaching process. The illustrators included artists, whose interest was primarily artistic, but who were sometimes employed by surgeons or physicians to illustrate their texts. Occasionally, the physicians or scientists accompanied their texts with their own illustrations, and in the last century, medical illustration, in its infinite variety of techniques, has been developed as a profession in its own right.As knowledge was extended, permitted by social and cultural change, as well as by technological advances, the types of illustrations have ranged from gross anatomy through dissections showing the various organ systems, histological preparations, and radiological images, right up to the computerized digital imagery that is available today, which allows both static and dynamic two‐ and three‐dimensional representations to be transmitted electronically across the world in a matter of seconds.The techniques used to represent medical knowledge pictorially have been as varied as the illustrators themselves, involving drawing, engraving, printing, photography, cinematography and digital processing. Each new technique has built on previous experience to broaden medical knowledge and make it accessible to an ever‐widening audience. This vast accumulation of pictorial material has posed considerable problems of storage, cataloguing, retrieval, display and dissemination of the information, as well as questions of ethics, validity, manipulation and reliability. This paper traces these developments, illustrating them with representative examples drawn from the inexhaustible store of documents accumulated over more than two millennia.
REALISE‐ing their potential?: implementing local library projects to support evidence‐based health care
Authors: Falzon Louise , Booth Andrew 
Published: November 2010

AbstractLibrarian involvement in Evidence‐based Health Care provides many opportunities at a local level. Unfortunately, the potential for innovative projects to inform future developments is generally lost by a failure to ‘pass the baton’—to identify lessons learnt and transferable principles. The ‘Library Support for Evidence‐based Health Care’ Project, funded by the NHS Executive Northern and Yorkshire, resulted in the implementation of locally responsive packages of hardware and software in six of the Region’s libraries. The opportunity to evaluate the collective experience of these sites, and to synthesize principles of good practice, was provided by a separately funded post‐hoc evaluation, the Research Evaluation to Audit Library and Information Support for EBHC (REALISE). This paper reports on how this evaluation was conducted, documents the strengths and weaknesses of the Project itself, and attempts to provide a checklist for use in similar projects. The paper concludes by outlining the relevance of the findings to the introduction of planned organizational approaches to quality (clinical governance) and the development of local implementation strategies across the UK, required by the NHS Information Strategy, Information for Health.
Theory-Orientation Versus Data-Orientation
Authors: Robins R. H. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Two contrasting attitudes towards the scientific study of language have been apparent from the earliest period of linguistic studies in Europe. The forms that the contrast has taken have varied from one era to another. In Greece the debate was between the claims of grammar to be a science (téchnè) and the opinion that its was no more than practical knowledge (empeiría). In the Middle Ages the scholastic speculative grammarians maintained that their theory of grammar embodied a superior level of adequacy over against the mere accurate record of observed fact provided by Priscian and the didactic grammarians. A similar opposition was seen in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries between rationalist linguists, with their emphasis on linguistic universals and on the importance of ‘general grammar’, and the empiricists, who paid most attention to the individual differences of each language, to be accurately observed and independently classified. These continuing attitudes are still a matter of controversy today, and each has an essential place in the progress of linguistic science.
John Wallis (1616–1703)
Authors: Constantinescu Ilinca 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Three centuries after its publication, John Wallis’ Grammatica Linguae An-glicanae (1653) is still worth the attention of the readers interested in the study of English. Considered within the context of its day, it appears as a significant contribution to the field, and indeed a work which constitutes a landmark in the history of the study of English. Its author, a remarkable mathematician looked upon as one of the most important precursors of Newton, succeeded in handling facts of the English language (both phonetics and grammar) better than any of his predecessors. His work, which illustrates the empirical approach, is important through the degree of independence attained in it from the Latin model which, at that time, still exerted a strong influence on attempts at describing the European vernaculars. In the advent of comparative linguistics in the 19th century Wallis’ grammar fell into disgrace. Even in our time scholars often repeat, with little justification, earlier criticisms of Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae – thus suggesting that Wallis’ contribution to the study of English has not always been examined in terms of the advances it represented when it was first published more than three centuries ago. When mapping out the development of linguistics in a historiography of our discipline there are two aspects in which Wallis’ grammar of English deserves special mention: when tracing the evolution of articulatory phonetics and when examining the roots of modern structural descriptivism.
Carlo Denina linguiste
Authors: Marazzini Claudio 
Published: November 2010

RésuméLe piémontais Carlo Denina (1731–1813) est à présent bien connu comme historien, auteur deLe Rivoluzioni d’Italia [Les Révolutions d’Italie].Au contraire, on n’a donné aucune importance à son travail de linguiste, mené à l’Académie de Berlin, dont il était devenu membre après son éloignement du Piémont. L’Académie de Berlin était un centre de culture linguistique, à la suite des centres d’intérêt hérités de Leibniz, lui-même auteur de plusieurs écrits d’étymologie. Denina, qui avait commencé à faire des observations sur le parler piémontais, continua ses études sur l’origine des langues pendant à peu près trente ans, et publia ses travaux dans les Mémoires de l’Académie de Berlin en 1804. C’est une oeuvre très importante par sa richesse et par les perspectives qu’elle ouvre: on y trouve en effet une théorie généalogique à l’origine des noms de lieu. Tous ces travaux furent rassemblés dans une oeuvre de longue haleine en trois tomes,La Clef des langues, qui fut publiée à Berlin en 1804. C’est une oeuvre très importante par sa richesse et par les perspectives qu’elle ouvre: on y trouve en effet une théorie généalogique à laquelle l’auteur arrive à travers une analyse comparée des différentes langues d’Europe. Surtout on y trouve l’intuition de l’importance de l’étude du sanscrit pour la connaissance de l’évolution de l’histoire des langues. Denina pense à un centre d’irradiation autour du fleuve Don, à partir duquel un peuple ancien aurait répandu sa langue vers l’orient (le persan et le sanscrit) et vers l’occident (l’Europe). Je crois que l’importance d’une affirmation de ce genre est évidente, et que surtout, la méthode qu’emploie Denina, en comparant les racines des mots, est importante, spécialement si l’on fait attention aux dates, et si l’on n’oublie pas que l’oeuvre de Denina paraît en 1804, avant le livre de F. Schlegel et avant Bopp. Il faut donc insérer Denina dans le mouvement d’idées qui a amené, au XVIIIe siècle, aux débuts de la linguistique historique, sur une ligne qui passe par Leibniz et par l’article “Etymologie” de Turgot pour l’Encyclopédie. Je ne veux pas dire que Denina est seul, c’est évident, mais que son nom a été inexplicablement oublié dans le domaine de l’histoire de la linguistique.
Edward Sapir et la recherche anthropologique au Musée National du Canada 1910–1925
Authors: Bernier Hélène 
Published: November 2010

Summary
In 1910, a Division of Anthropology was created within the Geological Survey of Canada; it was the beginning of the Canadian National Museum. Its first chief was Edward Sapir, who had been strongly recommended by his former teacher Franz Boas. Sapir soon established two major objectives of his new post, namely, to introduce a professionalism into the hitherto amateurish manner anthropology had previously been practiced in Canada, and to engage in an extensive collection of linguistic and ethnographic data among the different indigenous peoples of Canada whose cultural heritage was threatened by Western civilization.
In order to attain the first goal Sapir sought the employment of university trained researchers, mainly coming from Britain and the United States. He engaged himself in fostering contacts with the scientific community, both nationally and internationally, encouraging at the same time the establishment of departments of anthropology at Canadian universities.
His second objective was probably his greatest success. In order to realize the broad and systematic collection of cultural material among the American Indians and the Inuits of Canada, he hired a number of researchers, several of which became subsequently leading figures in North-American anthropology, Marius Barbeau, Harlan I. Smith, James A. Teit, and later Thomas F. McIlwraith collected data on West-Coast Indians. The Athabaskans of the North-West were visited by Diamond Jenness and J. Alden Mason, the Sioux and the Cris of the Prairies by Wilson D. Wallis and Leonard Bloomfield. Paul Radin and Albert B. Reagan were doing research on the Ojibwa of Ontario whereas Barbeau, Alexander Goldenweiser and Frederic Waugh concentrated their attention on the Hurons of Ontario and Quebec. Groups of the Eastern Provinces were studied by William H. Mechling and Cyrus MacMillan. Jenness, Christian Leden, and E. W. Hawkes took a particular interest in the customs of the Inuit.
In 1925 Sapir relinquishes his post as chief of the Anthropological Division, but not before having firmly established the basis of what was to become the National Museum of Man in Ottawa, Canada.
Missionary linguistics in seventeenth century Ireland and a North American Analogy
Authors: Salmon Vivian 
Published: November 2010

SummaryAccounts of Christian missionary linguists in the 16th and 17th centuries are usually devoted to their achievements in the Americas and the Far East, and it is seldom remarked that, at the time when English Protestant missionaries were attempting to meet the challenge of unknown languages on the Eastern seaboard of North America, their fellow missionary-linguists were confronted with similar problems much nearer home – in Ireland, where the native language was quite as difficult as the Amerindian speech with which John Eliot and Roger Williams were engaged. Outside Ireland, few historians of linguistics have noted the extraordinarily interesting socio-linguistic situation in this period, when English Protestants and native-born Jesuits and Franciscans, revisiting their homeland covertly from abroad, did battle for the hearts and minds of the Irish-speaking population – nominally Catholic, but often so remote from contacts with their Mother Church that they seemed, to contemporary missionaries, to be hardly more Christian than the Amerindians. The linguistic problems of 16th-and 17th-century Ireland have often been discussed by historians dealing with attempts by Henry VIII and his successors to incorporate Ireland into a Protestant English state in respect of language, religion and forms of government, and during the 16th century various official initiatives were taken to convert the Irish to the beliefs of an English-speaking church. But it was in the 17th century that consistent and determined efforts were made by individual Englishmen, holding high ecclesiastical office in Ireland, to convert their nominal parishioners, not by forcing them to seek salvation via the English language, but to bring it to them by means of Irish-speaking ministers preaching the Gospel and reciting the Liturgy in their own vernacular. This paper describes the many parallels between the problems confronting Protestant missionaries in North America and these 17th-century Englishmen in Ireland, and – since the work of the American missions is relatively well-known – discusses in greater detail the achievements of missionary linguists in Ireland.
La Herencia De La Retorica Classica En La “Minerva” De Francisco Sanchez De Las Brozas
Authors: Terrés José Miguel Hernández 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The aim of the present article is to clarify certain aspects pertaining to the interpretation of the grammatical theory of Francisco Sánchez de las Brozas. In particular, an attempt is made to explain the occurrence in his syntactic theory of certain elements of classical rhetoric: those referring to what is known as figured syntax. In the Minerva, the presence of constructional figures (ellipsis, zeugma, pleonasm, syllepsis and hyperbaton) signifies a drastic and rational reduction in respect to what was commonly to be found in the grammatical tradition de las Brozas inherited. The reduction is justified given his predominantly syntactic conception of grammar, one which leads him to consider only grammatical alterations of a propositional nature, viewed as deviations which must be explained by grammar. On the other hand, the very inclusion of such rhetorical figures in the sphere of grammar is justified for de las Brozas because, it is claimed, they are normal speech phenomena, not just confined to the art of rhetoric.