bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Effect of Alcoholism and HIV Infection on Visuomotor Procedural Learning and Retention
Authors: Fama Rosemary , Rosenbloom Margaret J. , Sassoon Stephanie A. , Pfefferbaum Adolf , Sullivan Edith V. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundSelective declarative memory processes are differentially compromised in chronic alcoholism (ALC) and HIV infection (HIV) and likely reflect neuropathology associated with each condition: frontocerebellar dysfunction in ALC and frontostriatal dysfunction in HIV infection. Evidence for disease overlap derives from observed exacerbated impairments in these declarative memory processes in ALC‐HIV comorbidity. Less is known about nondeclarative memory processes in these disease conditions. Examination of visuomotor learning in chronic ALC and HIV infection could provide insight into the differential and combined contribution of selective disease‐related injury to visuomotor procedural memory processes.MethodsWe examined component processes of visuomotor learning and retention on the rotary pursuit task in 29 ALC, 23 HIV, 28 ALC + HIV, and 20 control subjects. Participants were given 4 rotary pursuit learning sessions over 2 testing days, typically separated by 1 week, to assess visuomotor learning and retention patterns. Ancillary measures of simple motor, psychomotor, explicit memory, and balance abilities were administered to test which component processes independently predicted visuomotor learning.ResultsAll clinical groups showed visuomotor learning across rotary pursuit testing sessions, despite impairment in visuomotor speed in the HIV groups and impairment in explicit memory and psychomotor speed in the alcohol groups. The 2 alcoholic groups showed retention and consolidation over time (i.e., improved performance without further training), whereas the HIV‐infected group showed learning and retention but no consolidation effect. The comorbid group shared impairments associated with the ALC‐only group (explicit memory and psychomotor speed) and the HIV‐only group (visuomotor speed), although there was no clear compounded effect of alcohol and HIV infection on visuomotor learning performance.ConclusionsThis study supports the hypothesis that ALC and HIV infection exert differential effects on components of visuomotor procedural learning. Further, the results provide behavioral evidence for dissociable influences of frontocerebellar and frontostriatal disruption to visuomotor procedural learning and retention.
Chronic Ethanol Feeding Alters miRNA Expression Dynamics During Liver Regeneration
Authors: Dippold Rachael P. , Vadigepalli Rajanikanth , Gonye Gregory E. , Patra Biswanath , Hoek Jan B. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundAdaptation to chronic ethanol (EtOH) treatment of rats results in a changed functional state of the liver and greatly inhibits its regenerative ability, which may contribute to the progression of alcoholic liver disease.MethodsIn this study, we investigated the effect of chronic EtOH intake on hepatic microRNA (miRNA) expression in male Sprague–Dawley rats during the initial 24 hours of liver regeneration following 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) using miRNA microarrays. miRNA expression during adaptation to EtOH was investigated using RT‐qPCR. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) binding at target miRNA promoters was investigated with chromatin immunoprecipitation.ResultsUnsupervised clustering of miRNA expression profiles suggested that miRNA expression was more affected by chronic EtOH feeding than by the acute challenge of liver regeneration after PHx. Several miRNAs that were significantly altered by chronic EtOH feeding, including miR‐34a, miR‐103, miR‐107, and miR‐122 have been reported to play a role in regulating hepatic metabolism and the onset of these miRNA changes occurred gradually during the time course of EtOH feeding. Chronic EtOH feeding also altered the dynamic miRNA profile during liver regeneration. Promoter analysis predicted a role for NFκB in the immediate‐early miRNA response to PHx. NFκB binding at target miRNA promoters in the chronic EtOH‐fed group was significantly altered and these changes directly correlated with the observed expression dynamics of the target miRNA.ConclusionsChronic EtOH consumption alters the hepatic miRNA expression profile such that the response of the metabolism‐associated miRNAs occurs during long‐term adaptation to EtOH rather than as an acute transient response to EtOH metabolism. Additionally, the dynamic miRNA program during liver regeneration in response to PHx is altered in the chronically EtOH‐fed liver and these differences reflect, in part, differences in miRNA expression between the EtOH‐adapted and control livers at the baseline state prior to PHx.
Glutamatergic Input to the Lateral Hypothalamus Stimulates Ethanol Intake: Role of Orexin and Melanin‐Concentrating Hormone
Authors: Chen Yu‐Wei , Barson Jessica R. , Chen Aimee , Hoebel Bartley G. , Leibowitz Sarah F. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundGlutamate (GLUT) in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) has been suggested to mediate reward behaviors and may promote the ingestion of drugs of abuse. This study tested the hypothesis that GLUT in the LH stimulates consumption of ethanol (
EtOH
) and that this effect occurs, in part, via its interaction with local peptides, hypocretin/orexin (OX), and melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH).MethodsIn Experiments 1 and 2, male Sprague‐Dawley rats, after being trained to drink 9%
EtOH
, were microinjected in the LH with N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) or its antagonist, D‐AP5, or with alpha‐amino‐5‐methyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) or its antagonist, CNQX‐ds. Consumption of
EtOH
, chow, and water was then measured. To provide an anatomical control, a separate set of rats was injected 2 mm dorsal to the LH. In Experiment 3, the effect of LH injection of NMDA and AMPA on the expression of OX and MCH was measured using radiolabeled in situ hybridization (ISH) and also using digoxigenin‐labeled ISH, to distinguish effects on OX and MCH cells in the LH and the nearby perifornical area (PF) and zona incerta (ZI).ResultsWhen injected into the LH, NMDA and AMPA both significantly increased
EtOH
intake while having no effect on chow or water intake. The GLUT receptor antagonists had the opposite effect, significantly reducing
EtOH
consumption. No effects were observed with injections 2 mm dorsal to the LH. In addition to these behavioral effects, LH injection of NMDA significantly stimulated expression of OX in both the LH and PF while reducing MCH in the ZI, whereas AMPA increased OX only in the LH and had no effect on MCH.ConclusionsGlutamatergic inputs to the LH, acting through NMDA and AMPA receptors, appear to have a stimulatory effect on
EtOH
consumption, mediated in part by increased OX in LH and PF and reduced MCH in ZI.
Microglia Play a Role in Ethanol‐Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Developing Hypothalamic Neurons
Authors: Boyadjieva Nadka I. , Sarkar Dipak K. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundAnimals exposed to alcohol during the developmental period develop many physiological and behavioral problems because of neuronal loss in various brain areas including the hypothalamus. Because alcohol exposure is known to induce oxidative stress in developing neurons, we tested whether hypothalamic cells from the fetal brain exposed to ethanol (EtOH) may alter the cell–cell communication between neurons and microglia, thereby leading to increased oxidative stress and the activation of apoptotic processes in the neuronal population in the hypothalamus.MethodsUsing enriched neuronal and microglial cells from fetal rat hypothalami, we measured cellular levels of various oxidants (, reactive oxygen species, nitrite), antioxidants (glutathione [GSH]), antioxidative enzymes (glutathione peroxidase [GSH‐Px], catalase, superoxide dismutase) and apoptotic death in neurons in the presence and absence of EtOH or EtOH‐treated microglial culture medium. Additionally, we tested the effectiveness of antioxidative agents in preventing EtOH or EtOH‐treated microglial conditioned medium actions on oxidative stress and apoptosis in neuronal cell cultures.ResultsNeuronal cell cultures showed increased oxidative stress, as demonstrated by higher cellular levels of oxidants but lower levels of antioxidant and antioxidative enzymes, as well as, increased apoptotic death following treatment with EtOH. These effects of EtOH on oxidative stress and cell death were enhanced by the presence of microglia. Antioxidative agents protected developing hypothalamic neurons from oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis which is caused by EtOH or EtOH‐treated microglial culture medium.ConclusionsThese data suggest that exposure of developing hypothalamic neurons to EtOH increases cellular apoptosis via the effects on oxidative stress of neurons directly and via increasing production of microglial‐derived factor(s).
Levetiracetam in the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence: Toward the End of the Story?
Authors: Le Strat Yann 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundLevetiracetam exhibited 2 promising results in preclinical studies as well as in treating alcohol withdrawal in humans. Two open‐label trials suggested that levetiracetam may be efficient in alcohol‐related disorder.MethodsThe study by Fertig and colleagues (2012) examines the effects of levetiracetam using a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled design including 130 participants. Fertig and colleagues' study included alcohol‐dependent participants drinking heavily. Double‐blind medication was dispensed for 16 weeks, with a target dose of 2,000 mg per day from week 5 to week 14, and then tapered.ResultsThe results are negative both on the primary and on the secondary outcomes, except from lower alcohol‐related consequences in the levetiracetam extended‐release (XR) group, and a trend for a lower quality of life in the levetiracetam XR group. These last 2 results would have been nonsignificant after controlling for multiple testing.ConclusionsBy conducting a state‐of‐the‐art randomized‐controlled clinical trial with negative results, Fertig and colleagues have filled an important gap in the existing literature.
The Carbon Footprint of Norwegian Seafood Products on the Global Seafood Market
Authors: Ziegler Friederike , Winther Ulf , Hognes Erik Skontorp , Emanuelsson Andreas , Sund Veronica , Ellingsen Harald 
Published: July 2012

SummaryGreenhouse gas emissions caused by food production are receiving increased attention worldwide. A problem with many studies is that they only consider one product; methodological differences also make it difficult to compare results across studies. Using a consistent methodology to ensure comparability, we quantified the carbon footprint of more than 20 Norwegian seafood products, including fresh and frozen, processed and unprocessed cod, haddock, saithe, herring, mackerel, farmed salmon, and farmed blue mussels. The previous finding that fuel use in fishing and feed production in aquaculture are key inputs was confirmed. Additional key aspects identified were refrigerants used on fishing vessels, product yield, and by‐product use. Results also include that product form (fresh or frozen) only matters when freezing makes slower transportation possible. Processing before export was favorable due to the greater potential to use by‐products and the reduced need for transportation. The most efficient seafood product was herring shipped frozen in bulk to Moscow at 0.7 kilograms CO2 equivalents per kilogram (kg CO2‐eq/kg) edible product. At the other end we found fresh gutted salmon airfreighted to Tokyo at 14 kg CO2‐eq/kg edible product. This wide range points to major differences between seafood products and room for considerable improvement within supply chains and in product choices. In fisheries, we found considerable variability between fishing methods used to land the same species, which indicates the importance of fisheries management favoring the most resource‐efficient ways of fishing. Both production and consumption patterns matter, and a range of improvements could benefit the carbon performance of Norwegian seafood products.
Carbon and Materials Embodied in the International Trade of Emerging Economies
Authors: Wiebe Kirsten S. , Bruckner Martin , Giljum Stefan , Lutz Christian , Polzin Christine 
Published: July 2012

SummaryProduction in emerging economies, such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and Argentina (BRICSA), increased substantially over the past two decades. This is, on the one hand, due to growing domestic demand within these countries, and, on the other hand, due to a deepened international division of work. Global trade linkages have become denser and production chains are no longer restricted to only one or two countries. The volume of international trade in intermediate inputs as well as final consumption goods has tripled in the past two decades. With this, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and materials embodied in traded goods have increased, making it increasingly difficult to identify the actual causes of emissions and material extractions, as producing and extracting countries are not necessarily consuming the resulting goods. Using the multiregional input‐output Global Resource Accounting Model (GRAM), this article shows how global carbon emissions and materials requirements are allocated from producing/extracting countries to consuming countries. It thereby contributes to the rapidly growing body of literature on environmental factors embodied in international trade by bringing two key environmental categories—CO2 emissions and materials—into one consistent and global framework of analysis for the first time. The results show that part of the increase in carbon emissions and materials extraction in BRICSA is caused by increasing amounts of trade with countries in the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development as well as a growing demand for goods and services produced within BRICSA.
The Influence of Different Convergence Angles and Resin Cements on the Retention of Zirconia Copings
Authors: Ali Ala O. , Kelly J. Robert , Zandparsa Roya 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPurpose: This in vitro study aimed to determine the ability of three resin cements to retain zirconia copings under two clinically simulated conditions.Materials and Methods: Extracted human molars (72) were collected, cleaned, and divided into two groups. All teeth were prepared with a 15° total convergence angle for group 1 and a 30° total convergence angle for group 2, a flat occlusal surface, and approximately 4‐mm axial length. Each group was divided by surface area into three subgroups (n = 12). All zirconia copings were abraded with 50‐μm Al2O3, then cemented using Panavia F 2.0 (PAN‐1) (PAN‐2) Rely X Unicem (RXU‐1) (RXU‐2), and Clearfil SA (CSA‐1) (CSA‐2). After cementation, the copings were thermocycled for 5000 cycles between 5°C and 55°C with a 15‐second dwell time. Then the copings were subjected to dislodgment force in a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min. The force of removal was recorded, and the dislodgement stress was calculated. A Kruskal‐Wallis test (nonparametric ANOVA) was used to analyze the data (α= 0.05), and the nature of failure was also recorded.Results: The mean (SD) coping removal stresses (MPa) were as follows: PAN‐1: 6.0 (1.3), CSA‐1: 4.8 (1.4), RXU‐1: 5.5 (2.3), PAN‐2: 2.8 (1.1), CSA‐2: 3.0 (1.25), and RXU‐2: 2.6 (1.2). The Kruskal‐Wallis test was significant. Mann‐Whitney pairwise comparisons of the subgroups were significant (p < 0.05) for the comparisons between subgroups of group 1 and group 2. Mode of failure was mixed, with cement remaining principally on the tooth for PAN. For CSA and RXU, mode of failure was mixed with cement remaining principally on the zirconia copings.Conclusions: Retention values of zirconia copings with three different resin cements were not significantly different. Retention of zirconia copings cemented on the teeth with adequate resistance and retention form was higher than that cemented on teeth lacking these forms. The cement remained mostly on the tooth with the adhesive resin cement with a dentin bonding system. The cement remained mostly on the coping with the self‐adhesive resin cement.
Evaluation of Blind Thoracoscopic‐Assisted Placement of Three Double‐Lumen Endobronchial Tube Designs for One‐Lung Ventilation in Dogs
Authors: Mayhew Philipp D. , Culp William T. N. , Pascoe Peter J. , Kass Philip H. , Johnson Lynelle R. 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveTo describe a technique for blind thoracoscopic‐assisted double‐lumen endobronchial tube (DLT) placement for achieving one‐lung ventilation (OLV) using 3 different DLT designs and to evaluate whether thoracic auscultation could reliably confirm OLV in dogs.Study DesignProspective randomized study.AnimalsMature female hound dogs (n = 6).MethodsPhysical examination, baseline blood work and thoracic radiography confirmed the absence of preexisting disease in all dogs. Thoracoscopic observation was established through a subxiphoid portal and used for evaluation of differential lung lobe ventilation. Each dog was sequentially intubated using 1 of 3 DLT designs in random order; Robertshaw left‐sided tube (RS‐L), Carlens left‐sided tube (C‐L), Dr. White right‐sided tube (DW‐R). Incidence of initial and overall (after a maximum of 3 DLT manipulations) correct and complete OLV (CC‐OLV) was recorded. After each blind thoracoscopic‐assisted DLT placement, bronchoscopic evaluation was performed to document correct DLT position.ResultBlind DLT placement achieved overall CC‐OLV in all dogs using RS‐L, 66% using C‐L, and all using DW‐R. Successful initial left‐sided OLV (L‐OLV) was statistically more likely when RS‐L DLTs were used compared to C‐L or DW‐R. Of cases where overall CC‐OLV was achieved, correct DLT position was present in only 44% of intubations.ConclusionsBlind DLT placement produced successful CC‐OLV in all dogs using at least one DLT design evaluated. Use of thoracoscopic assistance may obviate the need for bronchoscopic observation during DLT placement in dogs. However, bronchoscopic observation may still refine DLT positioning in dogs after blind thoracoscopic‐assisted DLT placement.
Implant Removal Rate from Infection after Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy in Dogs
Authors: Gallagher Alissa D. , Mertens W. Daniel 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveTo determine implant removal rate associated with infection after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in dogs and to report antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for isolates.Study DesignRetrospective case series.AnimalsDogs (n = 255; 282 TPLO).MethodsMedical records (April 2006–April 2008) for dogs that had TPLO with ≥ 18 month follow‐up were reviewed. Dogs that had implant removal with confirmed bacterial isolation from the implant were studied. Cefazolin (22 mg/kg intravenously) was administered before anesthesia induction for TPLO, every 2 hours intraoperatively, and every 6 or 8 hours until the next morning. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on isolates.ResultsTwenty‐one (7.4%) of 282 TPLO required implant removal because of infection. Bacterial species isolated were Actinomyces spp. (1), Corynebacterium spp. (1), Enterococcus spp. (3), hemolytic Staphylococcus coagulase negative (2), nonhemolytic Staphylococcus coagulase negative (3), Staphylococcus spp. coagulase positive (7), methicillin–oxacillin‐resistant Staphylococcus coagulase positive (2), and Serratia marcesens (2). Of the antibiotics that had ≥10 isolates tested against them, gentamicin had the highest susceptibility rate (94%), followed by tribrissen (71%), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (67%).ConclusionStaphylococcus spp. was reported in 14 of the 21 infections cultured in this study. Based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid would be the best empirical treatment.
Pedicle Screw‐Rod Fixation of the Canine Lumbosacral Junction
Authors: Smolders Lucas A. , Voorhout George , van de Ven Renée , Bergknut Niklas , Grinwis Guy C. M. , Hazewinkel Herman A. W. , Meij Björn P. 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveTo assess pedicle screw‐rod fixation (PSRF) of the canine lumbosacral junction (LSJ) ex vivo and in vivo.Study DesignEx vivo cadaver study and in vivo pilot study.Sample PopulationSix canine cadaveric lumbosacral spinal specimens and 3 Greyhound dogs diagnosed with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS).MethodsEx vivo study: PSRF of the LSJ was performed in 6 spinal specimens using guidelines and was evaluated by radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. In vivo study: 3 Greyhounds diagnosed with DLSS had dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy combined with PSRF of the LSJ. Curettage of the endplates with insertion of an autologous cancellous bone graft was performed to promote spinal fusion. During 18‐month follow‐up, dogs were monitored by clinical evaluation, diagnostic imaging, and force plate analysis. Dogs were euthanatized for reasons unrelated to PSRF or their lumbosacral disease, and postmortem imaging and histopathologic investigations of the LSJ were performed.ResultsEx vivo study: Sixteen of 24 inserted screws had an acceptable placement. In vivo study: Ten of 12 inserted screws had acceptable placement. Clinical signs of ``lower'' back pain resolved at 4 weeks after surgery. Diagnostic imaging and histopathology showed no bony spinal fusion of the LSJ. Force plate analysis revealed a trend toward improved pelvic limb function relative to preoperative function.ConclusionsPSRF of the LSJ of large breed dogs is technically possible. Improvements to the surgical technique to induce spinal fusion and assessment in a larger sample size are required before it can be recommended.
Normograde and Retrograde Pinning of the Distal Fragment in Humeral Fractures of the Dog
Authors: Milgram Joshua , Hod Nitai , Benzioni Hadas 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveTo determine if normograde and retrograde pinning of the distal humeral fragment, to maximize pin purchase in this fragment, would damage vital structures in and around the elbow and shoulder joints in dogs.Study DesignAnatomic study.Sample PopulationCadaveric dogs (n = 12; 12 thoracic limb pairs).MethodsTwelve thoracic limb pairs were harvested from cross‐breed dogs and 1 thoracic limb from each pair was allocated to 1 of 3 groups. A transverse osteotomy was created at the junction of the middle and distal thirds in the diaphyseal fracture group (n = 8) and proximal to the supracondylar foramen in the metaphyseal fracture group (n = 8). The humeri in the normograde group (n = 8) were left intact. In all specimens in the distal and supracondylar fracture groups, retrograde pinning of the distal fragment was performed with the elbow flexed. The pins were driven into the medial epicondyle until they exited the skin caudal to the elbow. Dissection of the soft tissues around the exit tract of the pin was performed. The fracture was then reduced and the pin was advanced until it exited the proximal humeral fragment. In the specimens in the normograde group, pinning was initiated on the distal aspect of the medial epicondyle. The pin was directed parallel to the caudal aspect of the medial epicondyle and driven proximally into the humerus until it exited the proximal humerus.ResultsPins exiting the distal aspect of the medial epicondyle passed through muscle origins in 7 specimens in the diaphyseal osteotomy group and in all 8 specimens in the metaphyseal group. The ulnar nerve was entrapped in 1 specimen in the metaphyseal osteotomy group; however, it was not entrapped in any of the specimens in the diaphyseal osteotomy group. The articular cartilage of the trochlea was damaged in 2 specimens in each of the retrograde pinned groups. There was no damage to articular or periarticular structures by pins exiting the proximal humerus.ConclusionRetrograde pinning of the distal fragment in humeral fractures in the dog may damage the articular cartilage and cannot be recommended.