bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase Composition of Mg‐PSZ in Manganese Alloyed TRIP‐Steel MMC Processed via Steel Casting and Conductive Sintering
Authors: Schärfl Wolfgang , Berek Harry , Aneziris Christos G. , Weider Marco , Yanina Anna 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMetal matrix composites (MMCs) containing TRIP‐steel/Mg‐PSZ were processed by steel casting and conductive sintering. The MMC was based on austenitic steel in the system Fe–CrMnNi showing transformation induced plasticity (TRIP). Depending on the processing route the different phase composition of MgO partially stabilized zirconia (Mg‐PSZ) was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (EDX) as well as electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The interactions between the alloying metals of austenitic stainless steel and the ceramic stabilizer (MgO) during processing lead to a significant change in the phase composition of the Mg‐PSZ.
Pressure variation due to heat shock of CO2hydrate desserts
Authors: Peters T. B. , Smith J. L. , Brisson J. G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCO2 hydrate desserts are carbonated frozen desserts in which the CO2 is trapped in a crystalline water‐carbon dioxide structure called a CO2 clathrate hydrate. The CO2 concentration of the dessert enables strong perception of carbonation, but CO2 hydrate dissociation during heat shock can cause high package pressures during storage and distribution. In this work, a model is developed for package pressure as a function of temperature, CO2 content, package volume, dessert mass, and recipe. The model is validated by comparison with an experimental measurement of the pressure and mass of a CO2 hydrate dessert subjected to heat shock. It is shown that during heat shock a sealed package can reach pressures greater than the ice‐CO2 hydrate equilibrium pressure. At pressures above the ice‐CO2 hydrate equilibrium pressure, the fraction of water crystallized in the dessert can be increased, potentially mitigating heat shock damage. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Developing thin‐film‐composite forward osmosis membranes on the PES/SPSf substrate through interfacial polymerization
Authors: Wang Kai Yu , Chung Tai‐Shung , Amy Gary 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new scheme has been developed to fabricate high‐performance forward osmosis (FO) membranes through the interfacial polymerization reaction on porous polymeric supports. p‐Phenylenediamine and 1,3,5‐trimesoylchloride were adopted as the monomers for the in‐situ polycondensation reaction to form a thin aromatic polyamide selective layer of 150 nm in thickness on the substrate surface, a lab‐made polyethersulfone (PES)/sulfonated polysulfone (SPSf)‐alloyed porous membrane with enhanced hydrophilicity. Under FO tests, the FO membrane achieved a higher water flux of 69.8 LMH when against deionized water and 25.2 LMH when against a model 3.5 wt % NaCl solution under 5.0 M NaCl as the draw solution in the pressure‐retarded osmosis mode. The PES/SPSf thin‐film‐composite (TFC)‐FO membrane has a smaller structural parameter S of 238 μm than those reported data. The morphology and topology of substrates and TFC‐FO membranes have been studied by means of atomic force microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Polyethylene‐supported N‐bromosuccinimide polymeric reagent for use in some oxidation reactions
Authors: Dhiman Poonam K. , Mahajan R. K. , Kaur Inderjeet 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe report a three‐step preparation of a polymer‐supported oxidizing reagent, polyethylene‐g‐N‐bromosuccinimide (PE‐g‐NBS), through the graft copolymerization of maleic anhydride (MAn) onto polyethylene (PE) by a photochemical method with 1% benzophenone as a photosensitizer. The postgrafting treatment of polyethylene‐g‐maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MAn) with urea on fusion gives polyethylene‐g‐succinimide (PE‐g‐succinimide), which, on further treatment with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and bromine, gives the required reagent, PE‐g‐NBS. The maximum percentage grafting (25%) was obtained with 3.57 mol of MAn and 0.5 mL of 1% benzophenone in 120 min. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis methods were used to characterize the graft copolymer PE‐g‐MAn, PE‐g‐succinimide, and the polymeric support, that is, PE‐g‐NBS. The grafted PE and the polymeric support were found to be thermally stable. The polymer‐supported N‐bromosuccinimide was used successfully for the efficient oxidation of a series of alcohols, including 2‐propanol, n‐butanol, ethylene glycol, cyclohexanol, poly(vinyl alcohol), benzoin, benzyl alcohol, and chloromycetin, to their corresponding aldehydes and ketones. The selectivity of PE‐g‐NBS toward the oxidation of secondary alcoholic groups without the disturbance of the primary alcoholic groups was reflected during the oxidation of chloromycetin. The oxidized products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H‐NMR spectral methods. The reagent was reused for the oxidation of fresh alcohols, and it was found to oxidize them successfully, although with a little lower product yield. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of cross‐linked LLDPE/PP blend (LLDPE‐PP) as compatibilizer on morphology, crystallization behavior and mechanical property of LLDPE/PP blends
Authors: Li Shu‐Cai , Liu Hong , Zeng Wei 
Published: March 2011

AbstractModerate cross‐linked blend (LLDPE‐PP) of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) and polypropylene (PP) with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) were prepared by the reactive melt mixing in HAAKE mixer. Effect of LLDPE‐PP as compatibilizer on the morphology, crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of LLDPE/PP (87/13) blends were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), polarized optical microscopy (POM), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mechanical testing machines. The results showed that LLDPE‐PP not only improved the interfacial adhesion between the LLDPE and PP but also acted as selective nucleating agent for crystal modification of PP. In the blends, the sizes of LLDPE and PP spherulites became smaller, and their melting enthalpies reduced in the presence of LLDPE‐PP. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of LLDPE/PP blends were improved with the addition of LLDPE‐PP, and when the concentration of LLDPE‐PP was 2 phr, the ternary blend had the best mechanical properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Characterization of polymer morphology in polyurethane foams using atomic force microscopy
Authors: Lan Qiang , Haugstad Greg 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOne of the most important challenges in polyurethane (PU) science is characterization of foam morphologies, which provides information to help understand material properties and improve synthesis conditions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a very useful technique to obtain such information. A key challenge is to apply this technique to PU foams without destroying their cell structure. In this article, we describe the development of a methodology to characterize different types of PU foams using AFM while keeping the foam cells intact. Epoxy resin was used to impregnate the foams and was cured afterwards. Smooth surfaces were created using a microtome to minimize topographic effects during AFM examination. Phase information was obtained on the PU matrix and differentiated from the epoxy in AFM. This technique is demonstrated using several different foams including a flexible foam, two different elastomeric foams, and a rigid foam nanocomposite. Comparison with compression techniques reveals that the proposed method does not modify foam morphology. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis of 4‐Hydroxycoumarin Heteroarylhybrids as Potential Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Siddiqui Zeba N. , T. N. Mohammed Musthafa , Ahmad Anis , Khan Asad U. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new series of 4‐hydroxycoumarin derivatives 3a–d was synthesized by the reaction of 3‐bromo‐4‐hydroxy coumarin 1 with various heteroaldehydes 2a–d in good yields. The synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of their elemental and spectral (IR, 1H‐NMR and mass spectrometry) analysis. All target compounds were evaluated for their in‐vitro antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes, methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli bacterial strains and fungal cultures of Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Penicillium marneffei by disk diffusion assay with slight modifications. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for the test compounds as well as for reference standards. Among the tested compounds, 3a has shown the most potent antibacterial as well as antifungal activities.
Synthesis, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Bifonazole Derivatives
Authors: El Hage Salomé , Lajoie Barbora , Feuillolay Catherine , Roques Christine , Baziard Geneviève 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTwo series of chlorinated benzhydryl imidazole and triazole derivatives were synthesized and tested in vitro against representative strains of potent pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus CIP 4.83, Escherichia hirae CIP 5855, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CIP 82118, Escherichia coli CIP 53126) and fungi (Aspergillus niger IP 1431.83, Candida albicans IP 48.72, Candida krusei IP 208.52, Trichophython rubrum IP 1657.86). Most of these compounds were devoid of any antimicrobial activity, but several of them inhibited T. rubrum with MIC values in the range of 0.125 to 32 µg/mL, similar or superior to those of bifonazole and clotrimazole, used as standard controls. The replacement of the imidazole ring with a triazole moiety in these compounds led to derivatives with less antifungal activity. A preliminary SAR was undertaken on the effect of the number and the position of chlorine atoms on the distribution of negative charge on the surface of some compounds on antifungal activity.
Discrete‐time adaptive control for nonlinear systems with periodic parameters: A lifting approach
Authors: Huang Deqing , Xu Jian‐Xin 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this paper we develop a general discrete‐time adaptive control approach suitable for nonlinear systems with periodic parametric uncertainties. The underlying idea of the new approach is to convert the periodic parameters into an augmented constant parametric vector by a lifting technique. The novelty of this approach is the establishment of a bridge between classical adaptive control problems and periodic adaptive control problems. As such, the well‐established discrete‐time adaptive control schemes can be easily applied to various control problems with periodic parameters, such as plants that do not meet the linear growth condition, plants that are nonlinear in parameters, plants with unknown control directions, plants in parametric‐strict‐feedback form, etc. Another major advantage of the new adaptive control is the ability to adaptively update all parameters in parallel, hence expedite the adaption speed. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated by simulation.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Synchronizing chaotic systems with parametric uncertainty via a novel adaptive impulsive observer
Authors: Ayati Moosa , Khaloozadeh Hamid , Liu Xinzhi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper proposes a new class of observers, called adaptive impulsive observers. These observers are capable of estimating the states and unknown parameters of an uncertain system using the output of the system at discrete jump times only. Through a proposed theorem, the stability of the states estimation error system is proved and an upper bound on the maximum possible impulses (jumps) interval is given. Due to these advantages, the proposed adaptive impulsive observer is used in a chaotic systems synchronization scheme. The presented simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed observer even when the coupling signal is scalar.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Metabolic regulation in Escherichia coli in response to culture environments via global regulators
Authors: Matsuoka Yu , Shimizu Kazuyuki 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOne of the ultimate goal of systems biology is to realize a virtual cell system in the computer. If this could be attained, it might be possible, for example, to quantitatively predict the effects of a culture environment and/or the removal/inactivation of specific genes on the metabolism without conducting many experiments. Thus, it may be possible to design cells, e.g., for more efficient production of a specific metabolite. To achieve this, it is important to properly understand the metabolic regulation mechanism and to develop a robust model by incorporating gene‐level regulation into the enzymatic reaction model with the integration of different levels of information. However, the metabolic regulation in response to the change in culture environment is itself not well understood. Here, we overview how the culture environment affects cell metabolism via global regulators with sigma factors, considering the effects of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources as well as oxygen, temperature, pH, and nutrient stress, etc., on transcriptional regulation. A variety of controlled strategies for the specific stimuli imposed on the cell appear to exist, and some of the regulations are interconnected by gene level regulation. Quantitative modeling for these regulation mechanisms is critical for efficient metabolic engineering of a cell.
Life without the vein of Galen: Clinical and radiographic sequelae
Authors: Youssef A. Samy , Downes Angela E. , Agazzi Siviero , Van Loveren Harry R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA thorough understanding of the anatomy of the pineal region, particularly venous drainage, is critical for gaining open surgical access to the pineal gland. The adverse sequelae after intraoperative venous occlusion are assumed to be catastrophic but have been scarcely reported. We report a case of pineocytoma in which the vein of Galen was ligated without postoperative adverse sequelae. Pineal region anatomy with emphasis on deep veins was reviewed in large anatomical studies. There are tremendous anatomical variations in the vein of Galen and its tributaries. Several confounding factors can be encountered during surgery and may lead to accidental sacrifice of the vein of Galen. Survival after focal occlusion of a major deep vein depends on the development of collateral circulation as shown in our case report. Venous drainage remains the cornerstone in the surgical planning of the pineal region. Anatomical variations and venous collaterals undoubtedly contributed to the mixed reports of adverse sequelae after venous sacrifice. Vein of Galen ligation may be survivable but consequences cannot be predicted without a thorough pre‐ligationassessment of regional venous collateral drainage. Thorough understanding of the venous anatomy, meticulous planning of the surgical approach and avoidance of the occlusion of the vein of Galen and its major tributaries are key factors to successful pineal region surgery. Clin. Anat. 24:776–785, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The femoral calcar: A computed tomography anatomical study
Authors: Le Corroller Thomas , Dediu Melania , Pauly Vanessa , Pirro Nicolas , Chabrand Patrick , Champsaur Pierre 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe femoral calcar is a dense internal septum reaching from the femoral neck to the distal part of the lesser trochanter. Our study aimed at providing an exhaustive radio‐anatomical description of this structure. One hundred pelvic computed tomography examinations were retrospectively selected to bilaterally evaluate the shape, dimensions, and density of the femoral calcar. Then, its relation to the femoral cavity was assessed by recording the dimensions of the medullary canal at the level of the greatest length of the spur. The femoral calcar exhibited a variable shape classified as ridge‐type 17% (34/200), spur‐type 66.5% (133/200), and septum‐type 16.5% (33/200). Its mean dimensions were: height = 33.03 mm (20–46), length = 9.94 mm (5–16), and thickness = 2.71 mm (1–4). These dimensions were positively correlated to the height and weight of the individuals (P < 0.001) and were higher in males (P < 0.001). Its mean density was 788.5 Hounsfield units (530–1,200). The longest oblique and anteroposterior diameters of the femoral cavity were respectively 38.74 mm (28–51) and 22.04 mm (17–27). The femoral cavity dimensions were positively correlated to the height and weight of the individuals (P < 0.001), to the femoral calcar dimensions (P < 0.001) and were higher in males (P < 0.001). The femoral calcar was constantly identified as a vertical plate of compact bone exhibiting a consistent anatomical pattern, which suggests a significant mechanical function within the upper femur. Our results may lead to a greater understanding of the hip fracture patterns and to alternative designs for hip arthroplasties. Clin. Anat. 24:886–892, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Student perception of a new integrated anatomy practical program: Does students' prior learning make a difference?
Authors: Tedman R.A. , Alexander H. , Massa H. , Moses D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWhile there is evidence that science and non‐science background students display small differences in performance in basic and clinical sciences, early in a 4‐year, graduate entry medical program, this lessens with time. With respect to anatomy knowledge, there are no comparable data as to the impact previous anatomy experience has on the student perception of the anatomy practical learning environment. A study survey was designed to evaluate student perception of the anatomy practical program and its impact on student learning, for the initial cohort of a new medical school. The survey comprised 19 statements requiring a response using a 5‐point Likert scale, in addition to a free text opportunity to provide opinion of the perceived educational value of the anatomy practical program. The response rate for a total cohort of 82 students was 89%. The anatomy practical program was highly valued by the students in aiding their learning of anatomy, as indicated by the high mean scores for all statements (range: 4.04–4.7). There was a significant difference between the students who had and had not studied a science course prior to entering medicine, with respect to statements that addressed aspects of the course related to its structure, organization, variety of resources, linkage to problem‐based learning cases, and fairness of assessment. Nonscience students were more positive compared to those who had studied science before (P levels ranging from 0.004 to 0.035). Students less experienced in anatomy were more challenged in prioritizing core curricular knowledge. Clin. Anat. 24:664–670, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design and implementation of intelligent systems with LEGO Mindstorms for undergraduate computer engineers
Authors: Cuéllar M. P. , Pegalajar M. C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe provide a set of projects to put in practice artificial intelligence techniques using LEGO Mindstorms in an undergraduate computer degree, covering reactive and deliberative agents, rule‐based systems, graph search algorithms, and planning methods. The projects have been applied for teaching in a third‐year undergraduate subject of a computer engineering degree at the University of Granada (Spain). After the contextualization and development of the projects, we discuss the results, advantages, and drawbacks of our experience. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22: 153–166, 2014
Reactive Crystallization of Copper Selenide at Very High Supersaturation: A Challenge to Classical Crystallization Theory for Sparingly Soluble Salts
Authors: Lewis A. , Mangere M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe nucleation rate for the precipitation of copper selenide, which has an extremely low solubility, was measured. The measured values of the kinetic parameter A and the thermodynamic constant B were compared with those calculated from theoretical considerations based on the classical nucleation theory. These calculated values were found to be physically meaningless. The nucleation work and the critical nucleus size were also found to be extremely small. It is proposed that a new conceptual model of nucleation in highly supersaturated solutions needs to be considered. A new model from literature, that proposes stable pre‐nucleation clusters at high supersaturations, is presented and found to be promising. This new model would mean that the classical nucleation theory of stochastic attachment and detachment of monomers would no longer apply. The new model would also account for the very small nucleation work and the small critical nucleus sizes found in this study.
Crystal Aggregation in a Flow Tube: Image‐Based Observation
Authors: Borchert C. , Sundmacher K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe aggregation of crystals within a flow tube was observed based on data extracted from images of the bypassing population. The experiments were conducted under different conditions, namely the flow rate and the particle concentration have been varied simultaneously and two different solvents were used in which the aggregation extent was found to be different under otherwise constant conditions. The analysis of images of bypassing crystals allows for the acquisition of rich datasets both in terms of the variety of shape descriptors and number of particles. This amount of data enables the determination of at least bivariate number distributions of high accuracy with simple histograms. The interpretation of the data is further improved with kernel histograms with which also higher‐dimensional volume distributions can be obtained in good quality based on relatively few data points. Indeed, the isosurfaces of 3D distributions turned out to be helpful for inspection of the acquired data.
Phase Relations of Mixed Crystals with Solutions: Characterization and Influence on Crystal Formation
Authors: Glikin A. E. , Kryuchkova L. Y. , Franke V. D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe continuous isomorphic exchange between different parts of a crystal surface, which involves alternating spots of simultaneous dissolution and growth, is mediated by a solution and determines formation of such crystals, being a cause of unordinary phenomena. Modified concentration diagrams allow determination of the pathways and volume effects of exchange reactions as well as interpretation of growth kinetics and morphology of crystals. Data obtained by in situ observing and measuring crystallization effects of soluble salts comprising a wide spectrum of isomorphic compounds provide the basis for the development of an experimental‐theoretical methodology.
Hydrogenated and Fluorinated Host–Guest Surfactants: Complexes of Cyclodextrins with Alkanes and Fluoroalkyl‐Grafted Alkanes
Authors: Dou Zeng‐Pei , Xing Hang , Xiao Jin‐Xin 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA novel type of surfactants named “host–guest surfactants” were designed and synthesized. The headgroup and hydrophobic tail of the new surfactants are connected by supramolecular interactions rather than covalent bonds. The inclusion complexes of a series of cyclodextrins (CDs) and alkanes/fluoroalkyl‐grafted alkanes were synthesized and measured by surface tension, XRD, XPS, TGA, and NMR spectroscopy. The methyl‐β‐CD/hexadecane complex showed surface activity relative to those conventional hydrogenated surfactants. For the inclusion complex of hydroxypropyl‐α‐CD/C8F17SO2NHC8H17, the structure was locked by subtle intermolecular recognition, which ensured the surprising surface activity similar to common excellent fluorinated surfactants. This surfactant, which was fabricated from nonsurface‐active even insoluble components, showed the prospect that its surface activity might also be destroyed by introducing appropriate small species to extrude the guest from the cavity.