bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Identification of Children with, or at Significant Risk of, Intellectual Disabilities in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: A Review
Authors: Robertson Janet , Hatton Chris , Emerson Eric , Yasamy M. Taghi 
Published: February 2012

Background  Developmental monitoring of children is an important strategy for the early detection and management of intellectual disabilities (ID) in high‐income countries. This review summarizes the literature on identifying children with ID in low‐ and middle‐income (LAMI) countries.Materials and methods  Electronic literature database searches were conducted to identify articles in the English language published since 1990 relating to the identification of children with, or at risk of, ID in LAMI countries. Requests for information were also sent to the membership of International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities and relevant organizations in selected LAMI countries.Results  A total of 37 articles were identified for inclusion in the review, the majority of which concerned validation of specific screening tools. Information is presented on sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and reliability of identified screening tools.Conclusion  Studies were mainly concerned with identifying child disability. Research and development should develop specific approaches to identifying ID among children in LAMI countries.
Efficacy of Community‐Based Rehabilitation for Children with or at Significant Risk of Intellectual Disabilities in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: A Review
Authors: Robertson Janet , Emerson Eric , Hatton Chris , Yasamy M. T. 
Published: February 2012

Background  Community‐based rehabilitation (CBR) is being implemented in more than 90 countries. Concerns have been voiced about the adequacy of the evidence base regarding the efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency of CBR. This review summarizes evidence on the efficacy of CBR for children with intellectual disabilities.Materials and method  Electronic literature database searches were conducted to identify articles in the English language published since 1980 relating to the efficacy of CBR for children with intellectual disabilities. Requests for information were also sent to membership of International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities and relevant organizations in selected low‐ and middle‐income countries.Results  Thirteen studies were identified for inclusion in the review. The quality of evidence for the efficacy of CBR for children with intellectual disabilities was ‘very low’.Conclusion  Improving the evidence base will require greater investment in evaluation and addressing the marginalization of people with intellectual disabilities in CBR.
Interventions for Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders in Low and Middle Income Countries
Authors: Hastings Richard P. , Robertson Janet , Yasamy M. T. 
Published: February 2012

Background  Although interventions for children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) have been the focus of research effort and evidence reviews in many Western countries, this evidence has not been assessed in the context of low‐ and middle‐income (LAMI) countries especially in terms of the fit with different cultures and resources.Method  As a part of the WHO MH‐GAP project, we carried out a systematic review of published literature relating to interventions for PDD in LAMI countries. Given the small amount of direct evidence found, we supplemented the review with findings from existing relevant evidence reviews to draw practical recommendations.Results  We found only four controlled studies evaluating an intervention for children with PDD in a LAMI country. These studies all evaluated different interventions. A systematic search of controlled studies of evidence‐based parenting training interventions (Incredible Years and Triple P) in non‐LAMI countries identified two studies both indicating successful outcomes.Conclusions  The evidence base for interventions for PDDs in LAMI countries is sparse, and to inform practical and future research recommendations, it is important to consider potentially deliverable behavioural parent training interventions. Such interventions need to be explored in LAMI countries when delivered in primary and secondary healthcare contexts.
A model of osteoblast–osteocyte kinetics in the development of secondary osteons in rabbits
Authors: Pazzaglia Ugo E. , Congiu Terenzio , Franzetti Eleonora , Marchese Marcella , Spagnuolo Francesco , Di Mascio Livio , Zarattini Guido 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe kinetics of osteogenic cells within secondary osteons have been examined within a 2‐D model. The linear osteoblast density of the osteons and the osteocyte lacunae density were compared with other endosteal lamellar systems of different geometries. The cell density was significantly greater in the endosteal appositional zone and was always flatter than the central osteonal canals. Fully structured osteons compared with early structuring (cutting cones) did not show any significant differences in density. The osteoblast density may remain constant because some of them leave the row and become embedded within matrix. The overall shape of the Haversian system represented a geometrical restraint and it was thought to be related to osteoblast–osteocyte transformation. To test this hypothesis of an early differentiation and recruitment of the osteoblast pool which completes the lamellar structure of the osteon, the number and density of osteoblasts and osteocyte lacunae were evaluated. In the central canal area, the mean osteoblast linear density and the osteocyte lacunae planar density were not significantly different among sub‐classes (with the exclusion of the osteocyte lacunae of the 300–1000 μm2 sub‐class). The mean number of osteoblasts compared with osteocyte lacunae resulted in significantly higher numbers in the two sub‐classes, no significant difference was seen in the two middle sub‐classes with the larger canals, and there were significantly lower levels in the smallest central canal sub‐class. The TUNEL technique was used to identify the morphological features of apoptosis within osteoblasts. It was found that apoptosis occurred during the late phase of osteon formation but not in osteocytes. This suggests a regulatory role of apoptosis in balancing the osteoblast–osteocyte equilibrium within secondary osteon development. The position of the osteocytic lacunae did not correlate with the lamellar pattern and the lacunae density in osteonal radial sectors was not significantly different. These findings support the hypothesis of an early differentiation of the osteoblast pool and the independence of the fibrillar lamellation from osteoblast–osteocyte transformation.
Practitioner Review: Self‐harm in adolescents
Authors: Ougrin Dennis , Tranah Troy , Leigh Eleanor , Taylor Lucy , Asarnow Joan Rosenbaum 
Published: February 2012

Background:  Repeated self‐harm in adolescents is common and associated with elevated psychopathology, risk of suicide, and demand for clinical services. Despite recent advances in the understanding and treatment of self‐harm there have been few systematic reviews of the topic.Aims:  The main aim of this article is to review randomised controlled trials (RCTs) reporting efficacy of specific pharmacological, social or psychological therapeutic interventions (TIs) in reducing self‐harm repetition in adolescents presenting with self‐harm.Method:  Data sources were identified by searching Medline, PsychINFO, EMBASE, and PubMed from the first available year to December 2010. RCTs comparing specific TIs versus treatment as usual or placebo in adolescents presenting with self‐harm were included.Results:  Fourteen RCTs reported efficacy of psychological and social TIs in adolescents presenting with self‐harm. No independently replicated RCTs have been identified reporting efficacy of TIs in self‐harm reduction. Developmental Group Psychotherapy versus treatment as usual was associated with a reduction in repeated self‐harm, however, this was not replicated in subsequent studies. Multisystemic Therapy (MST) versus psychiatric hospitalisation was associated with a reduction of suicidal attempts in a sample of adolescents with a range of psychiatric emergencies. However, analyses focusing only on the smaller subgroup of adolescents presenting with deliberate self‐harm at the initial psychiatric emergency, did not indicate significant benefits of MST versus hospitalisation.Conclusions:  Further research is urgently needed to develop TIs for treating self‐harm in adolescents. MST has shown promise but needs to be evaluated in a sample of adolescents with self‐harm; dialectic behavioural therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy for self‐harm require RCTs to evaluate efficacy and effectiveness.
Parental alcohol‐specific rules and alcohol use from early adolescence to young adulthood
Authors: Mares Suzanne H.W. , Lichtwarck‐Aschoff Anna , Burk William J. , van der Vorst Haske , Engels Rutger C.M.E. 
Published: February 2012

Background:  Several studies stress the importance of alcohol‐specific rules during adolescence to prevent them from drinking early and heavily. However, most studies have short follow‐up periods and do not cover the relevant developmental period in which direct parental control diminishes and adolescent alcohol use increases. The current study aimed to provide a developmental perspective on the link between alcohol‐specific rules and alcohol use from early adolescence until early adulthood in the Netherlands.Methods:  The sample consisted of 428 Dutch families including fathers, mothers and adolescents from 2 age groups (13 and 15 years old) at Time 1 (T1), who have been surveyed annually for 6 years. To address the effect of alcohol‐specific rules on adolescent alcohol use over time, a latent growth curve analytic approach with time‐varying covariates was employed.Results:  Over time, adolescent alcohol use increased, whereas alcohol‐specific rules decreased. Most importantly, however, the lagged paths of alcohol‐specific rules consistently predicted subsequent alcohol use across the 6 assessments for both younger and older siblings. Thus, strict alcohol‐specific rules at a certain point in time were related to a lower intensity of adolescent alcohol use a year later.Conclusions:  Although parents turn somewhat less strict in alcohol‐specific rules over time, and adolescent alcohol use increases over time, the specific rules parents set remain important in restraining the alcohol use of their adolescent offspring. Thus, parents should and can feel confident about their parenting capabilities, and they should maintain being strict to prevent their offspring from drinking.
Microstructural and metamorphic evolution of a high‐pressure granitic orthogneiss during continental subduction (Orlica–Śnieżnik dome, Bohemian Massif)
Authors: CHOPIN F. , SCHULMANN K. , ŠTÍPSKÁ P. , MARTELAT J. E. , PITRA P. , LEXA O. , PETRI B. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA microstructural and metamorphic study of a naturally deformed medium‐ to high‐pressure granitic orthogneiss (Orlica–Śnieżnik dome, Bohemian Massif) provides evidence of behaviour of the felsic crust during progressive burial along a subduction‐type apparent thermal gradient (∼10 °C km−1). The granitic orthogneisses develops three distinct microstructural types, as follows: type I – augen orthogneiss, type II – banded orthogneiss and type III – mylonitic orthogneiss, each representing an evolutionary stage of a progressively deformed granite. Type I orthogneiss is composed of partially recrystallized K‐feldspar porphyroclasts surrounded by wide fronts of myrmekite, fully recrystallized quartz aggregates and interconnected monomineralic layers of recrystallized plagioclase. Compositional layering in the type II orthogneiss is defined by plagioclase‐ and K‐feldspar‐rich layers, both of which show an increasing proportion of interstitial minerals, as well as the deformation of recrystallized myrmekite fronts. Type III orthogneiss shows relicts of quartz and K‐feldspar ribbons preserved in a fine‐grained polymineralic matrix. All three types have the same assemblage (quartz + plagioclase + K‐feldspar + muscovite + biotite + garnet + sphene ± ilmenite), but show systematic variations in the composition of muscovite and garnet from types I to III. This is consistent with the equilibration of the three types at different positions along a progradeP−Tpath ranging from <15 kbar and <700 °C (type I orthogneiss) to 19–20 kbar and >700 °C (types II and III orthogneisses). The deformation types thus do not represent evolutionary stages of a highly partitioned deformation at constantP−Tconditions, but reflect progressive formation during the burial of the continental crust. The microstructures of the type I and type II orthogneisses result from the dislocation creep of quartz and K‐feldspar whereas a grain boundary sliding‐dominated diffusion creep regime is the characteristic of the type III orthogneiss. Strain weakening related to the transition from type I to type II microstructures was enhanced by the recrystallization of wide myrmekite fronts, and plagioclase and quartz, and further weakening and strain localization in type III orthogneiss occurred via grain boundary sliding‐enhanced diffusion creep. The potential role of incipient melting in strain localization is discussed.
Garnet crystal plasticity in the continental crust, new example from south Madagascar
Authors: MARTELAT J.‐E. , MALAMOUD K. , CORDIER P. , RANDRIANASOLO B. , SCHULMANN K. , LARDEAUX J.‐M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractGarnet (10 vol.%; pyrope contents 34–44 mol.%) hosted in quartzofeldspathic rocks within a large vertical shear zone of south Madagascar shows a strong grain‐size reduction (from a few cm to ∼300 μm). Electron back‐scattered diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscope imaging coupled with quantitative analysis of digitized images (PolyLX software) have been used in order to understand the deformation mechanisms associated with this grain‐size evolution. The garnet grain‐size reduction trend has been summarized in a typological evolution (from Type I to Type IV). Type I, the original porphyroblasts, form cm‐sized elongated grains that crystallized upon multiple nucleation and coalescence following biotite breakdown: biotite + sillimanite + quartz = garnet + alkali feldspar + rutile + melt. These large garnet grains contain quartz ribbons and sillimanite inclusions. Type I garnet is sheared along preferential planes (sillimanite layers, quartz ribbons and/or suitably oriented garnet crystallographic planes) producing highly elongated Type II garnet grains marked by a single crystallographic orientation. Further deformation leads to the development of a crystallographic misorientation, subgrains and new grains resulting in Type III garnet. Associated grain‐size reduction occurs via subgrain rotation recrystallization accompanied by fast diffusion‐assisted dislocation glide. This plastic deformation of garnet is associated with efficient recovery as shown by the very low dislocation densities (1010 m−3 or lower). The rounded Type III garnet experiences rigid body rotation in fine‐grained matrix. In the highly deformed samples, the deformation mechanisms in garnet are grain‐size‐ and shape‐dependent: dislocation creep is dominant for the few large grains left (>1 mm; Type II garnet), rigid body rotation is typical for the smaller rounded grains (300 μm or less; Type III garnet) whereas diffusion creep may affect more elliptic garnet (Type IV garnet). The P–T conditions of garnet plasticity in the continental crust (≥950 °C; 11 kbar) have been identified using two‐feldspar thermometry and GASP conventional barometry. The garnet microstructural and deformation mechanisms evolution, coupled with grain‐size decrease in a fine‐grained steady‐state microstructure of quartz, alkali feldspar and plagioclase, suggests a separate mechanical evolution of garnet with respect to felsic minerals within the shear zone.
CME. Orthostatic Effects on Echocardiographic Measures of Ventricular Function
Authors: Rowland Thomas , Unnithan Viswanath , Barker Piers , Guerra Miriam , Roche Denise , Lindley Martin 
Published: February 2012

Orthostatic‐induced alterations in Doppler echocardiographic measures of ventricular function have not been well‐defined. Identifying such changes may provide useful insights regarding the responses of these measures to variations in ventricular loading conditions. Standard assessment of mitral inflow velocity and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) of left ventricular longitudinal myocardial velocities was performed on 14 young males (mean age 17.9 ± 0.7 years) in the supine position and then 5 minutes after assuming a sitting position with legs dependent. Upon sitting, average values of stroke volume and cardiac output fell by 28% and 18%, respectively, while heart rate increased from 64 ± 10 to 73 ± 12 beats/min (+14%) and calculated systemic vascular resistance rose from 12.9 ± 2.2 to 16.4 ± 3.1 units (+27%). Mitral E peak velocity declined from 87 ± 16 to 64 ± 16 cm/sec, and average TDI‐E′ and TDI‐S both decreased (by −44% and −20%, respectively). When adjusted for orthostatic decreases in left ventricular end‐diastolic volume, the mean decrease in TDI‐E′ was reduced to −29 (P < 0.01), but no significant decline was observed in adjusted TDI‐S. Average E/E′ rose with sitting by 40% (P = 0.02). These findings suggest that (a) decreases in TDI measures when assuming the upright position reflect the reduction of left ventricular size; (b) orthostatic fall in TDI‐E′ is also related to smaller ventricular size but, in addition, to a nonspecified reduction in ventricular relaxation; and (c) values of E/E′ do not reflect alterations in ventricular preload, which occur during an orthostatic challenge.(Echocardiography 2012;29:523‐527)
Three‐Dimensional Echocardiographic Analysis of Right Atrial Volume in Normal and Abnormal Hearts: Comparison of Biplane and Multiplane Methods
Authors: Quraini Dima , Pandian Natesa G. , Patel Ayan R. 
Published: February 2012

Background: Although right atrial size has clinical and prognostic importance, few data exist regarding the optimal three‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE) method for assessing right atrial volume (RAV). While measuring RAV in multiple planes may improve the accuracy, it also increases analysis time. The purpose of this study was to determine the minimum number of planes required for optimal assessment of RAV, using eight‐plane 3DE measurements as a reference standard. Methods: 3DE was performed in 70 subjects (35 normal and 35 abnormal). 3DE RAV was obtained from three methods by tracing right atrial endocardial borders at ventricular end‐systole in two orthogonal planes (two‐plane), four equiangular planes (four‐plane), and eight equiangular planes (eight‐plane) in each subject. The time required for analysis was recorded for each method. Results: Based on eight‐plane RAV, mean RAV was 41±13 mL in the normal group, and 82±35 mL in the abnormal group. The average time for two‐plane, four‐plane, and eight‐plane analysis was 69 ± 29, 118 ± 29, and 203 ± 37 s, respectively (P < 0.001 for comparisons between all groups). Four‐plane approach had close agreement with eight‐plane (2.6% underestimation for total group), while two‐plane measurement underestimated RAV by an average of 19% for the total group, compared to eight‐plane. Conclusion: Four‐plane measurement of RAV shows good agreement with eight‐plane measurement, while reducing the time required for analysis. Compared to eight‐plane analysis, biplane measurement of RAV can result in underestimation of RAV, particularly in abnormal subjects with right atrial enlargement and remodeling.(Echocardiography 2012;29:608‐613)
Dynamic Hysteresis and Scaling Behavior of Energy Density in Pb0.99Nb0.02[(Zr0.60Sn0.40)0.95Ti0.05]O3 Antiferroelectric Bulk Ceramics
Authors: Chen Xuefeng , Cao Fei , Zhang Hongling , Yu Gang , Wang Genshui , Dong Xianlin , Gu Yan , He Hongliang , Liu Yusheng 
Published: February 2012

The evolution of dynamic hysteresis of lead zirconate titanate stannate antiferroelectric bulk ceramics at various frequencies (f) and field amplitudes (E0) has been investigated systematically. A series of asymmetrical minor loops were observed when the working fields were slightly lower than the forward switching field EAF. As E0 increased above EAF, symmetrical double loops appeared and their energy densities w against f and E0 were found to be fit the scaling behavior as w f−0.02(E0 − Ec)0.08, where Ec representing the threshold field is designated as EAF. The study is helpful to application of antiferroelectrics as energy‐storage capacitors.
Phase Stability of Cubic Pyrochlore Rare Earth Tantalate Pinning Additives in YBa2Cu3O7−δ Superconductor
Authors: Wee Sung Hun , Cantoni Claudia , Zuev Yuri L. , Specht Eliot D. , Goyal Amit 
Published: February 2012

Phase stability of cubic‐pyrochlore‐structured RE3TaO7 (RTO, where RE = rare earth elements) pinning additives in YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) superconductor and the pinning properties influenced by RTO addition into YBCO films were investigated. RTO completely reacts with YBCO and is converted to cubic‐double‐perovskite‐structured Ba2RETaO6 (BRETO), a more thermodynamically stable tantalate phase within YBCO. In RTO‐doped YBCO films, BRETO self‐assembled nanocolumns align along the c‐axis of the film and play a major role in the improvement of flux pinning and Jc performance over wide magnetic field and angular ranges.
Spatio‐temporal variation in mating success of female bagworms
Authors: Rhainds Marc 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe study investigated spatio‐temporal variation in the mating success of female bagworms, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haworth (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), across a broad latitudinal range in Indiana, USA, between 2007 and 2009. A series of interconnected equations based on estimates of demographic parameters at different intervals was used to derive the punctual sex ratio and female mating success early and late in the season. Both the mating success of females and the relative abundance of bagworms declined with latitude, which provides indirect support to the mate encounter Allee hypothesis. However, the late emergence of females at northern locations combined with the consistently low mating success of late‐emerging females suggests that the impact of latitude on mating probability is indirectly mediated by emergence time. A variable level of protandry was observed each year, and the low ratio of males per female late in the season was associated with low female mating success. The reduced level of activity of males at temperatures below 18 °C may also account for the low mating probability of late‐emerging females. The weak, inconsistent effect of local variation in sex ratio on female mating success suggests that males commonly disperse from their natal patch, a behavior that may have evolved to reduce inbreeding in local populations of bagworms. Altogether, these results suggest that temporal variation in sex ratio has a greater impact on the mating success of female bagworms than spatial variation in sex ratio.