bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Precipitation from Warm-Topped Clouds over Eastern Asia and the Western Pacific
Authors: Petty Grant W. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Land and ship surface synoptic reports of nondrizzle intensity precipitation in progress were matched with 3596 nearly coincident full disk 4-km resolution infrared images from the GMS-5 geostationary satellite, covering 18 calendar months, in order to derive regional and seasonal estimates of the contribution of relatively warm-topped clouds to the total time in precipitation.
Minimum infrared temperatures of 273 K or warmer were found to be associated with 20%–40% of the surface reports of nondrizzle precipitation over much of the ocean east of Australia during all four seasons. Similar or even larger fractions were found during December–March over parts of Indochina, southern China, and the adjacent South China Sea. Although reports of precipitation of moderate or heavy intensity were found to be associated more often with colder cloud tops, there were still regions for which a substantial fraction of these reports were associated with relatively warm clouds. These results suggest at least a potential for significant regional and seasonal biases in satellite infrared or passive microwave scattering based estimates of global precipitation.
Global Thermohaline Circulation. Part I: Sensitivity to AtmosphericMoisture Transport
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Stone Peter H. , Marotzke Jochem 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A global ocean general circulation model of idealized geometry, combined with an atmospheric model based on observed transports of heat, momentum, and moisture, is used to explore the sensitivity of the global conveyor belt circulation to the surface freshwater fluxes, in particular the effects of meridional atmospheric moisture transports. The numerical results indicate that the equilibrium strength of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation increases as the global freshwater transports increase. However, the global deep water formation—that is, the sum of the NADW and the Southern Ocean Deep Water formation rates—is relatively insensitive to changes of the freshwater flux.
Perturbations to the meridional moisture transports of each hemisphere identify equatorially asymmetric effects of the freshwater fluxes. The results are consistent with box model results that the equilibrium NADW formation is primarily controlled by the magnitude of the Southern Hemisphere freshwater flux. However, the results show that the Northern Hemisphere freshwater flux has a strong impact on the transient behavior of the North Atlantic overturning. Increasing this flux leads to a collapse of the conveyor belt circulation, but the collapse is delayed if the Southern Hemisphere flux also increases. The perturbation experiments also illustrate that the rapidity of collapse is affected by random fluctuations in the wind stress field.
Global Thermohaline Circulation. Part II: Sensitivity with Interactive Atmospheric Transports
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Stone Peter H. , Marotzke Jochem 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A hybrid coupled ocean–atmosphere model is used to investigate the stability of the thermohaline circulation (THC) to an increase in the surface freshwater forcing in the presence of interactive meridional transports in the atmosphere. The ocean component is the idealized global general circulation model used in Part I. The atmospheric model assumes fixed latitudinal structure of the heat and moisture transports, and the amplitudes are calculated separately for each hemisphere from the large-scale sea surface temperature (SST) and SST gradient, using parameterizations based on baroclinic stability theory. The ocean–atmosphere heat and freshwater exchanges are calculated as residuals of the steady-state atmospheric budgets.
Owing to the ocean component’s weak heat transport, the model has too strong a meridional SST gradient when driven with observed atmospheric meridional transports. When the latter are made interactive, the conveyor belt circulation collapses. A flux adjustment is introduced in which the efficiency of the atmospheric transports is lowered to match the too low efficiency of the ocean component.
The feedbacks between the THC and both the atmospheric heat and moisture transports are positive, whether atmospheric transports are interactive in the Northern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere, or both. However, the feedbacks operate differently in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, because the Pacific THC dominates in the Southern Hemisphere, and deep water formation in the two hemispheres is negatively correlated. The feedbacks in the two hemispheres do not necessarily reinforce each other because they have opposite effects on low-latitude temperatures. The model is qualitatively similar in stability to one with conventional “additive” flux adjustment, but quantitatively more stable.
The Diurnal Cycle of Rainfall and Convective Intensity according to Three Years of TRMM Measurements
Authors: Nesbitt Stephen W. , Zipser Edward J. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite measurements from the precipitation radar and TRMM microwave imager have been combined to yield a comprehensive 3-yr database of precipitation features (PFs) throughout the global Tropics (±36° latitude). The PFs retrieved using this algorithm (which number nearly six million Tropicswide) have been sorted by size and intensity ranging from small shallow features greater than 75 km2 in area to large mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) according to their radar and ice scattering characteristics. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the diurnal cycle of the observed precipitation features' rainfall amount, precipitation feature frequency, rainfall intensity, convective–stratiform rainfall portioning, and remotely sensed convective intensity, sampled Tropicswide from space.
The observations are sorted regionally to examine the stark differences in the diurnal cycle of rainfall and convective intensity over land and ocean areas. Over the oceans, the diurnal cycle of rainfall has small amplitude, with the maximum contribution to rainfall coming from MCSs in the early morning. This increased contribution is due to an increased number of MCSs in the nighttime hours, not increasing MCS areas or conditional rain rates, in agreement with previous works. Rainfall from sub-MCS features over the ocean has little appreciable diurnal cycle of rainfall or convective intensity. Land areas have a much larger rainfall cycle than over the ocean, with a marked minimum in the midmorning hours and a maximum in the afternoon, slowly decreasing through midnight. Non-MCS features have a significant peak in afternoon instantaneous conditional rain rates (the mean rain rate in raining pixels), and convective intensities, which differs from previous studies using rain rates derived from hourly rain gauges. This is attributed to enhancement by afternoon heating. MCSs over land have a convective intensity peak in the late afternoon, however all land regions have MCS rainfall peaks that occur in the late evening through midnight due to their longer life cycle. The diurnal cycle of overland MCS rainfall and convective intensity varies significantly among land regions, attributed to MCS sensitivity to the varying environmental conditions in which they occur.
Uncertainties in Radiative Forcing due to Surface Albedo Changes Caused by Land-Use Changes
Authors: Myhre Gunnar , Myhre Arne 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A radiative transfer model has been used for estimating the radiative forcing due to land-use changes. Five global datasets for current vegetation cover and three datasets of preagriculture vegetation have been adopted. The vegetation datasets have been combined with three datasets for surface albedo values. A distinct feature in all the calculations is the negative radiative forcing at the northern midlatitudes due to the conversion of forest to cropland. Regionally the radiative forcing is likely to be among the strongest of the climate forcing mechanisms. A wider range is estimated for the global mean radiative forcing due to land-use changes than previously reported. The single most important factor yielding the large range in estimated forcing is the cropland surface albedo values. This underlines the importance of characterizing surface albedo correctly.
A training programme did not increase agreement between allied health clinicians prioritizing patients for community rehabilitation
Authors: Harding Katherine E , Taylor Nicholas F , Leggat Sandra G , Wise Vicki L 
Published: March 2011

Objective: To evaluate the effect of formal training on agreement between clinicians making decisions on client priority. Setting: A centralized intake service receiving referrals for a community rehabilitation programme. Design: Agreement was measured between the priority categories allocated to consecutive referrals by one of five clinicians in the referral office compared with a second rating made by an independent occupational therapist, blinded to the initial priority rating. Data collection followed the implementation of four 1-hour workshops involving all raters, designed to increase consistency of triage decisions. Results were compared to a previous study conducted prior to the training. Participants: Two hundred and one consecutive referrals received for community rehabilitation services, triaged by experienced clinicians with allied health or nursing qualifications. Outcome measure: Agreement using weighted kappa (&kappa;w). Results: There was no change in agreement between clinicians after training, compared with a previous study in the same setting. Agreement remained moderate (&kappa;w = 0.50), with clinicians disagreeing on approximately 30% of referrals. Conclusions: Three out of 10 clients will receive a different priority rating and waiting time for rehabilitation services depending on which clinician in the referral office made the rating. This result was not improved by conducting a training programme.
Randomized controlled trial of the CGRP receptor antagonist MK-3207 in the acute treatment of migraine
Authors: Hewitt David J , Aurora Sheena K , Dodick David W , Goadsby Peter J , Ge Yang (Joy) , Bachman Robert , Taraborelli Donna , Fan Xiaoyin , Assaid Christopher , Lines Christopher , Ho Tony W 
Published: March 2011

Background: This study evaluated the CGRP receptor antagonist MK-3207 for acute treatment of migraine. Methods: Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, two-stage adaptive study with two interim efficacy analyses to facilitate optimal dose selection. Migraine patients were initially randomized to MK-3207 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 mg or placebo to treat a moderate/severe migraine. One or more doses were to be discontinued based on the first interim analysis and a lower or higher dose could be added based on the second interim analysis. The primary endpoint was two-hour pain freedom. Results: A total of 547 patients took study medication. After the first interim analysis, the two lowest MK-3207 doses (2.5, 5 mg) were identified as showing insufficient efficacy. Per the pre-specified adaptive design decision rule, only the 2.5-mg group was discontinued and the five highest doses (5, 10, 20, 50, 100 mg) were continued into the second stage. After the second interim efficacy analysis, a 200 mg dose was added due to insufficient efficacy at the top three (20, 50, 100 mg) doses. A positive dose-response trend was demonstrated when data were combined across all MK-3207 doses for two-hour pain freedom ( p < .001). The pairwise difference versus placebo for two-hour pain freedom was significant for 200 mg ( p < .001) and nominally significant for 100 mg and 10 mg ( p < .05). The incidence of adverse events appeared comparable between active treatment groups and placebo, and did not appear to increase with increasing dose. Conclusions: MK-3207 was effective and generally well tolerated in the acute treatment of migraine.
Possible site of action of CGRP antagonists in migraine
Authors: Tfelt-Hansen Peer , Olesen Jes 
Published: March 2011

Background: The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists olcegepant and telcagepant are very potent drugs. Both are effective in migraine but in doses much higher than would be predicted from receptor binding and other in vitro results. This could perhaps suggest an effect of CGRP antagonists behind the blood-brain barrier (BBB), i.e. in the central nervous system (CNS). Methods: Comparison of doses needed for CGRP blocking effect in vitro with dose needed in vivo in man and monkeys. Discussion of these doses in relation to doses needed for anti-migraine activity. Results: In vivo studies in monkeys and man showed that high doses compared to doses needed in vitro are needed to block capsaicin-induced in skin blood flow, a CGRP-mediated reaction. These doses are close to those needed for anti-migraine activity. Conclusion: The apparently high doses of CGRP receptor antagonists, olcegepant and telcagepant needed for anti-migraine effect are not so high after all. They do not allow a conclusion as to whether CGRP antagonists act on peripheral sites or central sites in migraine.
Tissue Ingrowth After Implantation of a Novel, Biodegradable Polyurethane Scaffold for Treatment of Partial Meniscal Lesions
Authors: Verdonk René , Verdonk Peter , Huysse Wouter , Forsyth Ramses , Heinrichs Eva-Lisa 
Published: March 2011

Background: A novel, biodegradable, aliphatic polyurethane scaffold was designed to fulfill an unmet clinical need in the treatment of patients with irreparable partial meniscal lesions. Hypothesis: Treatment of irreparable partial meniscal lesions with an acellular polyurethane scaffold supports new tissue ingrowth. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Fifty-two patients (with 34 medial and 18 lateral lesions) were recruited into a prospective, single-arm, multicenter, proof-of-principle study and treated with the polyurethane scaffold. The scaffold was implanted after partial meniscectomy using standard surgeon-preferred techniques for suturing. Tissue ingrowth was assessed at 3 months by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and at 12 months by gross examination during second-look arthroscopy, in the course of which a biopsy sample from the inner free edge of the scaffold meniscus was taken for qualitative histologic analysis. Results: Tissue ingrowth at 3 months was demonstrated on DCE-MRI in 35 of 43 (81.4%) patients. All but one 12-month second-look (43 of 44 [97.7%]) showed integration of the scaffold with the native meniscus and all biopsy specimens (44) showed fully vital material, with no signs of cell death or necrosis. Three distinct layers were observed based on morphologic structure, vessel structure presence or absence, and extracellular matrix composition. Conclusion: The DCE-MRI demonstrated successful early tissue ingrowth into the scaffold. The biopsy findings demonstrated the biocompatibility of the scaffold and ingrowth of tissue with particular histologic characteristics suggestive of meniscus-like tissue. In conclusion, these data show for the first time consistent regeneration of tissue when using an acellular polyurethane scaffold to treat irreparable partial meniscus tissue lesions.
Evidence of Sustained Vertebral and Nonvertebral Antifracture Efficacy with Ibandronate Therapy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Adami Silvano , Idolazzi Luca , Rossini Maurizio 
Published: March 2011

Background: The antifracture efficacy of ibandronate at vertebral and nonvertebral sites was assessed. Methods: A literature review of randomized phase III clinical trials, meta-analyses or observational studies that reported fracture endpoints or surrogate markers, and compared ibandronate with placebo or an active comparator. Results: In a phase III study, 2.5 mg daily oral ibandronate reduced the incidence of new vertebral fractures versus placebo and the relative risk reduction (RRR) was sustained over 3 years (62%; p = 0.0001). In two bridging studies, oral ibandronate 150 mg once monthly and 3 mg quarterly intravenous (i.v.) were superior to oral 2.5 mg daily in producing bone mineral density (BMD) increases at all sites over 2 years ( p < 0.05). These improvements were sustained over 5 years. In meta-analyses of pivotal ibandronate studies, doses equivalent to annual cumulative exposure (ACE) ≥ 10.8 mg (including 150 mg once monthly and 3 mg quarterly i.v.) significantly reduced the incidence of nonvertebral fractures versus placebo or ACE 5.5 mg (2.5 mg daily) (RRR 29.9% and 38%, respectively; p < 0.05). Therefore, prevention of nonvertebral fractures was found in all patients with the commercially available highest doses, and not only in high-risk patients as observed in randomized clinical trials with lower doses. Finally, a 12-month, observational study of claims databases reported comparable rates of nonvertebral fractures and a statistically significantly lower rate of vertebral fractures ( p < 0.01) with ibandronate versus weekly bisphosphonates. Conclusion: A large body of evidence suggests that ibandronate has sustained vertebral and nonvertebral antifracture efficacy in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Latest advances on interventions that may prevent, delay or ameliorate dementia
Authors: Wilson Danielle , Peters Ruth , Ritchie Karen , Ritchie Craig W. 
Published: March 2011

Objectives: In this paper we aim to: (1) identify and review midlife risk factors that may contribute to the development of dementia and that may be amenable to intervention; (2) review advances made in our understanding of the most common cause of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), where current pharmacological studies have aimed to modify the disease course; and (3) explore other interventions that may slow cognitive decline in those with AD. Methods: A review of the literature was conducted to look for interventions that may modify the risk of incident dementia or that may modify symptom progression in those with diagnosed dementia. Results: (1) Midlife risks identified as amenable to intervention include blood pressure, diabetes, elevated cholesterol, poor psychosocial and lifestyle factors. (2) The leading drugs in development can be grouped by their principal target: anti-amyloid, anti-tau and mitochondrial stability. However to date, there have been no successes in late stage Phase III trials of putative disease-modifying drugs for AD. (3) Once the diagnosis of dementia has been made there is little that can slow the rate of decline. Possible exceptions include the use of exercise and antihypertensive medication with some nootropic medication showing promise in small trials. Conclusion: (1) It is clear that there are several risk factors in midlife that may lead to a greater likelihood of developing dementia. However, there is no simple intervention to modify these risks. It seems sensible to conclude from the data that avoiding high blood pressure, controlling cholesterol and diabetes as well as maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle may lower the risk of developing dementia. (2) The need for better outcome measures in clinical trials is evident and may, in part, explain the numerous failures in late-stage clinical trials of disease-modifying drugs. Improved diagnostic test batteries to reduce population heterogeneity in early intervention studies will be required for robust clinical trials in the future. (3) Current research indicates that there is little that can delay decline; however, future trials may wish to focus on nootropics.
AIDA 0493 protocol for newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia: very long-term results and role of maintenance
Authors: Avvisati Giuseppe , Lo-Coco Francesco , Paoloni Francesca Paola , Petti Maria Concetta , Diverio Daniela , Vignetti Marco , Latagliata Roberto , Specchia Giorgina , Baccarani Michele , Di Bona Eros , Fioritoni Giuseppe , Marmont Filippo , Rambaldi Alessandro , Di Raimondo Francesco , Kropp Maria Grazia , Pizzolo Giovanni , Pogliani Enrico M. , Rossi Giuseppe , Cantore Nicola , Nobile Francesco , Gabbas Attilio , Ferrara Felicetto , Fazi Paola , Amadori Sergio , Mandelli Franco ,   for the GIMEMA, AIEOP, and EORTC Cooperative Groups
Published: March 2011

Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) has greatly modified the prognosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia; however, the role of maintenance in patients in molecular complete remission after consolidation treatment is still debated. From July 1993 to May 2000, 807 genetically proven newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia patients received ATRA plus idarubicin as induction, followed by 3 intensive consolidation courses. Thereafter, patients reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction–negative for the PML-RARA fusion gene were randomized into 4 arms: oral 6-mercaptopurine and intramuscular methotrexate (arm 1); ATRA alone (arm 2); 3 months of arm1 alternating to 15 days of arm 2 (arm 3); and no further therapy (arm 4). Starting from February 1997, randomization was limited to ATRA-containing arms only (arms 2 and 3). Complete remission was achieved in 761 of 807 (94.3%) patients, and 681 completed the consolidation program. Of these, 664 (97.5%) were evaluated for the PML-RARA fusion gene, and 586 of 646 (90.7%) who tested reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction–negative were randomized to maintenance. The event-free survival estimate at 12 years was 68.9% (95% confidence interval, 66.4%-71.4%), and no differences in disease-free survival at 12 years were observed among the maintenance arms.
Genome wide analysis of the bovine mucin genes and their gastrointestinal transcription profile
Authors: Hoorens Prisca R , Rinaldi Manuela , Li Robert W , Goddeeris Bruno , Claerebout Edwin , Vercruysse Jozef , Geldhof Peter 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Background
Mucins are large glycoproteins implicated in protection of all mucosal surfaces. In humans and rodents, the mucin gene family has been well described and previous studies have investigated the distribution and function of mucins in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In contrast, little data is available on the mucin gene family in polygastric species, such as cattle. The aim of the current study was to identify all members of the bovine mucin family by genome mining and subsequently investigate the transcription pattern of these mucins in the GI tract.

Results
Nine bovine membrane-associated mucins (MUC1, MUC3A, MUC4, MUC12, MUC13, MUC15, MUC16, MUC20 and MUC21) and six secreted mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6, MUC7 and MUC19) were identified in the bovine genome. No homologues could be identified for MUC3B, MUC8 and MUC17. In general, domain architecture of the membrane-associated mucins was found to be similar between humans and cattle, while the protein architecture of the gel-forming mucins appeared to be less conserved. Further analysis of the genomic organization indicated that the previously reported bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) may be part of a larger gene encoding for MUC19. Analysis of the transcription profile showed that the secreted mucins were transcribed from the abomasum onwards, whereas the membrane associated mucins MUC1 and MUC20 were transcribed throughout the whole GI tract. In contrast to humans, MUC5B transcript was found in both the small and large intestine, but was absent in oesophageal tissue.

Conclusions
This study provides the first characterization of the mucin gene family in cattle and their transcriptional regulation in the GI tract. The data presented in this paper will allow further studies of these proteins in the physiology of the GI tract in ruminants and their interactions with pathogens.