bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural Correlates of Motion-induced Blindness in the Human Brain
Authors: Schölvinck Marieke L. , Rees Geraint 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Motion-induced blindness (MIB) is a visual phenomenon in which highly salient visual targets spontaneously disappear from visual awareness (and subsequently reappear) when superimposed on a moving background of distracters. Such fluctuations in awareness of the targets, although they remain physically present, provide an ideal paradigm to study the neural correlates of visual awareness. Existing behavioral data on MIB are consistent both with a role for structures early in visual processing and with involvement of high-level visual processes. To further investigate this issue, we used high field functional MRI to investigate signals in human low-level visual cortex and motion-sensitive area V5/MT while participants reported disappearance and reappearance of an MIB target. Surprisingly, perceptual invisibility of the target was coupled to an increase in activity in low-level visual cortex plus area V5/MT compared with when the target was visible. This increase was largest in retinotopic regions representing the target location. One possibility is that our findings result from an active process of completion of the field of distracters that acts locally in the visual cortex, coupled to a more global process that facilitates invisibility in general visual cortex. Our findings show that the earliest anatomical stages of human visual cortical processing are implicated in MIB, as with other forms of bistable perception.
Dissociating Source Memory Decisions in the Prefrontal Cortex: fMRI of Diagnostic and Disqualifying Monitoring
Authors: Gallo David A. , McDonough Ian M. , Scimeca Jason 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
We used event-related fMRI to study two types of retrieval monitoring that regulate episodic memory accuracy: diagnostic and disqualifying monitoring. Diagnostic monitoring relies on expectations, whereby the failure to retrieve expected recollections prevents source memory misattributions (sometimes called the distinctiveness heuristic). Disqualifying monitoring relies on corroborative evidence, whereby the successful recollection of accurate source information prevents misattribution to an alternative source (sometimes called recall to reject). Using criterial recollection tests, we found that orienting retrieval toward distinctive recollections (colored pictures) reduced source memory misattributions compared with a control test in which retrieval was oriented toward less distinctive recollections (colored font). However, the corresponding neural activity depended on the type of monitoring engaged on these tests. Rejecting items based on the absence of picture recollections (i.e., the distinctiveness heuristic) decreased activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex relative to the control test, whereas rejecting items based on successful picture recollections (i.e., a recall-to-reject strategy) increased activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. There also was some evidence that these effects were differentially lateralized. This study provides the first neuroimaging comparison of these two recollection-based monitoring processes and advances theories of prefrontal involvement in memory retrieval.
Object-guided Spatial Attention in Touch: Holding the Same Object with Both Hands Delays Attentional Selection
Authors: Gillmeister Helge , Adler Julia , Forster Bettina 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPrevious research has shown that attention to a specific location on a uniform visual object spreads throughout the entire object. Here we demonstrate that, similar to the visual system, spatial attention in touch can be object guided. We measured event-related brain potentials to tactile stimuli arising from objects held by observers' hands, when the hands were placed either near each other or far apart, holding two separate objects, or when they were far apart but holding a common object. Observers covertly oriented their attention to the left, to the right, or to both hands, following bilaterally presented tactile cues indicating likely tactile target location(s). Attentional modulations for tactile stimuli at attended compared to unattended locations were present in the time range of early somatosensory components only when the hands were far apart, but not when they were near. This was found to reflect enhanced somatosensory processing at attended locations rather than suppressed processing at unattended locations. Crucially, holding a common object with both hands delayed attentional selection, similar to when the hands were near. This shows that the proprioceptive distance effect on tactile attentional selection arises when distant event locations can be treated as separate and unconnected sources of tactile stimulation, but not when they form part of the same object. These findings suggest that, similar to visual attention, both space- and object-based attentional mechanisms can operate when we select between tactile events on our body surface.
The Saint, the Warlord, and the Emperor: Discourses of Braj Bhakti and Bundelā Loyalty
Authors: Pauwels Heidi 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper investigates the way in which bhakti was used by upwardly mobile Rajputs in their struggle to come to terms with their role as local powerbrokers for the centralizing imperial regime. I will present the case study of the Bundelās in the mid-sixteenth century. I will study their complex relationships with the newly established Mughals and their expressions of devotion, particularly in connection with the newly (re)established pilgrimage center of Braj. The paper documents a shift from an older form of religion to bhakti under Madhukar Shāh (r. 1552-92). This change may well have functioned as a bid for local legitimacy, an assertion of regional independence vis à vis the Mughal empire, and was directed against its imperial rhetoric. However, this study also shows that although Madhukar promotes bhakti for his own purpose, the bhakti saint-advisor of the king explicitly resists such socio-political functionality of the religious insights he has to offer. Cette contribution se situe au milieu du XVIème siècle, une période qui vit le régime impérial des Moghol récemment instauré se centralisant. Elle explore la bhakti comme vecteur de l'ascension sociale des Rajput qui n'acceptèrent de sitôt de jouer le rôle de conseillers locals du pouvoir impérial. L'examen des Bundelās vise à dévoiler leurs relations complexes avec les Moghol et leur discours dévotionnel, particulièrement celui relatif au centre de pèlerinage de Braj récemment (r)établi. La contribution témoigne d une part que sous le règne de Madhukar Shāh (1552-'92) une forme plus ancienne de réligion se transforma en bhakti, ce qui soulève des interrogations sur la construction de la légitimité des ces seigneurs locals qui revendiquèrent l'indépendance régionale vis-à-vis l empire Moghol. D'autre part elle démontre que bienque Madhukar favorisât la bhakti pour ses fins propres, le saint-adviseur résista nettement de réduire bhakti à un rôle socio-économique.
Fātimid Ambassadors in Bobastro: Changing Religious and Political Allegiances in the Islamic West
Authors: Enamorado Virgilio Martínez 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article focuses on the visit by two Fātimid dā'īs (missionaries or propagandists) to 'Umar ibn Hafsūn, a controversial figure in the history of Muslim Spain. Emphasising the significance of the gifts they brought to Bobastro, Ibn Hafsūn's headquarters, this article analyses the diplomatic relations between North Africa and Islamic Spain in the 10th century and the earliest introduction of Shī'ism in Western Europe. Cette contribution porte sur la visite de deux dā'īs fātimides (missionaires ou propagandistes) à 'Umar ibn Hafsūn qui fut un personnage contesté dans l'histoire de l'Espagne musulmane. Un examen détaillé des cadeaux apportés par eux à Bobastro, le siège de 'Umar ibn Hafsūn, mène à l'analyse des relations diplomatiques entre le Maghreb et l'Andalus au Xème siècle à l'aube de l'introduction de la doctrine chiite en Europe occidental.
The Fiscal and Constitutional Program of Egypt's Traditional Elites in 1879: A Documentary and Contextual Analysis of “al-Lā'iha al-Wataniyya” (“The National Program”)
Authors: EzzelArab AbdelAziz 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article analyzes “al-Lā'iha al-Wataniyya,” a proposal adopted in April 1879 by Egypt's economic and political elites as an expression of resistance to the fiscal program of European control. The document was a blueprint for a power redistribution that was aimed at confining European influence while confirming the curtailment of Khedivial authority to the benefit of the elites at large. It furthermore enlarged the power of a specific group within those elites, the indigenous Egyptian notables. This article is relevant for the study of the dynamics between local elites and foreign powers not only in Egypt, but also in the wider context of colonial history in the nineteenth century. Cet article détaille al-Lā'iha al-Wataniyya, un projet adopté en avril 1879 par les élites politico-économiques d'Egypte. C'est ainsi qu'elles expriment leur opposition au programme fiscal imposé par les Européens. Il s'agit d'un programme envisageant d'une part la répartition du pouvoir en restreignant l'influence européenne, et d'autre part la réduction le mandat du Khedive au profit des élites dans son ensemble, prévoyant surtout l'accroissement du pouvoir des notables autochtones de l'Egypte. Cette contribution s'avéra utile pour la recherche du dynamisme entre élites locales et puissances étrangères, non seulement en Egypte, mais dans l'histoire coloniale entier.
Predicted climate change may spark box turtle declines
Authors: McCallum Malcolm , McCallum Jamie , Trauth Stanley 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHow will organisms deal with Climate change? Ectotherms such as reptiles and amphibians are especially at risk due to their metabolic ties to the environment and their general inability to migrate with changing climates over short time frames. We modeled the growth response of Three-toed Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina triunguis) to fluctuations in ambient temperature and precipitation. Then we extrapolated this model to climate conditions expected in 2100. We predict that there is less than 20% possibility of hatchling turtles growing during their first year. Reduced annual growth rates during later years may cause earlier termination of growth, smaller standard carapace lengths, and reduced fecundity. These responses are typical of those that stimulate an extinction vortex. These findings provide for a general understanding of how this species and other terrestrial reptiles may respond to climate change. Without reduction in greenhouse gas emissions we could face catastrophic declines in many ectotherms as temperature and rainfall patterns change.
A preliminary analysis of phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the dangerously venomous Carpet Vipers, Echis (Squamata, Serpentes, Viperidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences
Authors: Arnold Nicholas , Robinson Michael , Carranza Salvador 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of 1117 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequences (731 bp of
cytochrome b and 386 bp of 16S rRNA) indicate that Echis consists of four
main clades: E. ocellatus, and the E. coloratus, E. pyramidum, and E.
carinatus groups. In the E. coloratus group, E. coloratus itself shows
substantial genetic divergence from E. omanensis, corroborating their
separate species status. In the E. pyramidum clade, E. pyramidum from Egypt
and E. leucogaster from West Africa are genetically very similar, even
though samples are separated by 4000 km. South Arabian populations of the E.
pyramidum group are much better differentiated from these and two species
may be present, animals from Dhofar, southern Oman probably being referable
to E. khosatzkii. In the E. carinatus group, specimens of E. carinatus
sochureki and E. multisquamatus are very similar in their DNA. The phylogeny
indicates that the split between the main groups of Echis was followed by
separation of African and Arabian members of the E. pyramidum group, and of
E. coloratus and E. omanensis. The last disjunction probably took place at
the lowlands that run southwest of the North Oman mountains, which are
likely to have been intermittently covered by marine incursions; they also
separate the E. pyramidum and E. carinatus groups and several sister taxa of
other reptiles. The E. carinatus group may have spread quite recently from
North Oman into its very extensive southwest Asian range, and there appears
to have been similar expansion of E. pyramidum (including E. leucogaster) in
North Africa. Both these events are likely to be associated with the marked
climatic changes of the Pleistocene or late Pliocene. Similar dramatic
expansions have also recently occurred in three snake species in Iberia.
Phylogeography of the European Whip Snake, Hierophis viridiflavus (Colubridae), using mtDNA and nuclear DNA sequences
Authors: Rato Catarina , Zuffi Marco , Corti Claudia , Fornasiero Sara , Gentilli Augusto , Razzetti Edoardo , Scali Stefano , Carretero Miguel , Harris D.J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The phylogeography of the colubrid snake Hierophis viridiflavus was estimated
using ND4 mtDNA sequences and a fragment of the nuclear marker β-fibrinogen
intron 7. This species has a wide distribution across the Mediterranean
region, and is characterized by three distinct colour patterns
(“viridiflavus”, abundistic, and melanic-melanotic) with a quite well
defined geographic distribution. The “viridiflavus” pattern occurs in the
northwestern and central areas of the species' range, the abundistic pattern
is typical of the individuals from Corsica and Sardinia, and the
melanic-melanotic coloration is present in northeastern and southern Italy,
and Sicily. A total of 42 individuals from most of the species' range
(including Pyrenees, central France, Italian Peninsula, Corsica, Sardinia
and Sicily) were analyzed. Results support the existence of two different
mtDNA lineages, one from Spain, France, Corsica, Sardinia, and continental
Italy mainly west of the Apennines, and another one occurring in the
southern part of Italy and northeast of the Apennines, with a 4% genetic
divergence between them. Since both mtDNA lineages are found in northwestern
Italy, where the “viridiflavus” colour pattern is almost exclusively found,
it is clear that colour pattern is not linked to the mtDNA clades. The same
is evident for β-fibrinogen, which is not subdivided geographically in the
way that the mtDNA lineages are. Regarding Corsica and Sardinia, the limited
genetic differentiation of island populations from the western continental
lineage, indicates that these populations are a result of a recent
colonization in accordance with recent described phylogeographic
patterns.
Mitochondrial diversity of the widespread Central Asian steppe tortoise (Testudo horsfieldii Gray, 1844): implications for taxonomy and relocation of confiscated tortoises
Authors: Fritz Uwe , Auer Markus , Chirikova Marina , Duysebayeva Tatyana N. , Eremchenko Valery , Kami Haji Gholi , Kashkarov Roman , Masroor Rafaqat , Moodley Yoshan , Pindrani Attaullah , Široký Pavel , Hundsdörfer Anna 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Using a nearly range-wide sampling, we investigated phylogeographic
differentiation and mitochondrial diversity of Testudo horsfieldii, the only
tortoise species confined to Central Asia. We identified three major
haplotype clades with mainly parapatric distribution that do not correspond
well to the currently recognized three subspecies. One clade is restricted
to the Fergana Valley and seems to represent a previously overlooked
evolutionarily significant unit. Another clade, consisting of several
largely parapatrically distributed haplotypes, occurs in the north and the
central southern part of the species' range. The third clade, likewise
comprising several largely parapatrically distributed haplotypes, was
identified from the south-eastern corner of the Caspian Sea in the west,
from Afghanistan and Pakistan in the east and from two more northerly sites
in western and south-eastern Uzbekistan. It is possible that this clade also
occurs in eastern Turkmenistan and adjacent Afghanistan, regions not sampled
for the present study. The generally parapatric distribution of individual
haplotypes, even within each of the three major clades, suggests advanced
lineage sorting, either due to limited dispersal abilities, glacial
isolation in distinct local microrefuges or both acting in accord. The
localized distribution of endemic haplotypes in the northern and central
plains as well as in the mountainous eastern and southern parts of the
distribution range supports the existence of multiple microrefuges there.
Records of haplotypes of distinct clades in sympatry or close geographic
proximity are likely the result of Holocene range expansions. In recent
years, thousands of confiscated steppe tortoises were released into the
wild. The detected mitochondrial differentiation offers a powerful tool for
nature conservation, as a means of determining the geographic origin of
confiscated tortoises and selecting suitable reintroduction regions.
Small fish (Leucaspius delineatus) that are often released into garden ponds and amphibian breeding sites prey on eggs and tadpoles of the common frog (Rana temporaria)
Authors: Leu Thomas , Lüscher Beatrice , Zumbach Silvia , Schmidt Benedikt 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Non-native fish often negatively affect amphibian populations. The sunbleak
(Leucaspius delineatus), a small cyprinid fish, is often released into ponds
that support amphibian populations because it is thought not to consume
amphibian larvae; the argument was based on diet analyses. Here, we present
results from a laboratory experiment that demonstrates that sunbleak consume
amphibian eggs and larvae. Mortality of eggs and small tadpoles was 100%.
Thus, sunbleak at least potentially could be harmful to amphibian
populations despite their preference for small prey items reported in the
literature. Although diet analyses are valuable, the assessment of whether a
species is a predator of another should not be based solely on diet
analyses. Experimental predation trials are necessary to assess predation
risk.
Effects of forest degradation on abundance and microhabitat selection by ground dwelling Chaco lizards
Authors: Pelegrin Nicolás , Chani José María , Echevarría Ada Lilian , Bucher Enrique Hugo 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Human-induced degradation of Chaco forests has led to a mosaic of habitats
with different forest conditions, offering different habitat suitability
characteristics to the native fauna. Abundance and microhabitat use of Teius
teyou, Liolaemus chacoensis, Cnemidophorus ocellifer, and Tropidurus
etheridgei were analyzed in the western Chaco forest of Argentina. A mature
forest that has remained undisturbed for the last 30 years (Los Colorados
Biological Station, LC) and a highly disturbed forest (Campo Grande, CG)
were compared through diurnal visual encounter surveys along 74 1-km
transects. Lizards were assigned to the microhabitat category according to
the site where they were first observed (bare ground, litter/grass/herbs,
shrubs or trees). T. teyou preferred bare ground in LC, avoiding
litter/grass/herbs and using shrubs according to availability, whereas in CG
the species preferred shrubs, avoiding bare ground. C. ocellifer used
microhabitats according to their availability in LC, whereas in CG, this
species preferred shrubs and avoided the remaining microhabitats. L.
chacoensis preferred bare ground in LC, using litter/grass/herbs and shrubs
according to availability. In CG, the species used bare ground according to
availability, preferred shrubs, and avoided litter/grass/herbs. T.
etheridgei preferred bare ground in LC, avoiding litter/grass/herbs, and
using shrubs according to availability, whereas in CG both bare ground and
shrubs were preferred, and litter/grass/herbs was avoided. Our results
suggest that microhabitat selection by lizards in the Chaco is a plastic
process influenced by vegetation structure, and probably regulated by
lizards' thermal requirements.
Assessing the relative importance of conservation measures applied on sea turtles: comparison of measures focusing on nesting success and hatching recruitment success
Authors: Mazaris Antonios , Kramer-Schadt Stephanie , Tzanopoulos Joseph , Johst Karin , Matsinos Giannis , Pantis John 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Conservation measures applied to sea turtle nesting sites have a beneficial
effect on population trends and dynamics. Such measures aim to protect
nesting females, increase nesting success (proportion of female emergences
resulting in nests) and/or to improve hatching and hatchling emergence
success. However, taking into account financial and time constrains it is
important to identify those measures that have the most positive impact on
the sea turtle population. The aim of this paper is to assess and compare
the relative importance of the different factors that may influence the
efficiency of conservation actions and to investigate which factors, those
associated with decreased nesting success, or others leading to higher
embryonic and hatchling mortality have a higher impact on overall hatchling
recruitment. We developed a model that simulates the nesting activity of sea
turtles. For model parameterization, we used data collected from nesting
sites of the loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the Eastern
Mediterranean. We conducted a series of simulations by simultaneously
changing model input parameters. The results of the model illustrate that an
increase in hatchling recruitment success (i.e., hatching and hatchling
emergence success) would have a more positive effect on overall hatchling
production than a similar in nesting success. Our analysis further suggests
that changes in hatchling recruitment success even at a single site, could
have an important impact on overall hatchling production of the rookery.
The Letter of Peter to Philip and its Message of Gnostic Revelation and Christian Unity
Authors: Kaler Michael 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this article I discuss the Letter of Peter to Philip, one of the gnostic documents found in the Nag Hammadi collection, as well as in the recently published Codex Tchacos. In prior work on the Letter, questions have been raised with regard to its overall coherence, the precise nature of its relationship to the canonical book of Acts, and the reasons for including it in Nag Hammadi Codex VIII in late antiquity. In my response to these questions, I demonstrate that it is a coherent work; that it is solidly grounded in a specific (albeit somewhat fictional) historical context, namely that of Acts 7-8; and that its presence in codex VIII makes good sense given the codex's underlying logic. The Letter has also been treated in the past as a Petrine document; I demonstrate that in fact it is extremely indebted to a Pauline view of revelation and enlightenment, drawing specifically on the account of Paul's revelation in Acts 9. Thus in contrast to older views that saw the Letter as an incoherent, Petrine work making scattershot use of Lukan references and placed in codex VIII as “filler,” I demonstrate that it is a quite coherent, Pauline work that operates within a precise context in the Actsian historical plan, and that its presence in Codex VIII illuminates the logic underlying that codex's arrangement. In all of this, my emphasis is firmly on the narrative aspects of the frame story part of the Letter, rather than privileging the content of the esoteric revelation delivered by Jesus, as has been done in the past.