bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LUXURY CONSUMPTION, CULTURAL POLITICS, AND THE CAREER OF THE EARL OF ARLINGTON, 1660–1685
Authors: JACOBSEN HELEN 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTHenry Bennet, earl of Arlington, is a neglected statesman. A sometime diplomat, he was Charles II's longest-serving secretary of state, held the highest household office for ten years, and married his daughter to a royal bastard. It is, however, his artistic patronage that has most conspicuously been overlooked and, consequently, its political significance underestimated. Informed by his experiences abroad, he appreciated the power of the arts to influence and impress and used the cultural mediation of the English diplomatic network in his control to help skilfully fashion his domestic political identity. Through judicious display of architecture, paintings, sculpture, and furniture, Arlington created a cultural world that confirmed both his close relationship with Charles II and his dominance of foreign affairs. Even after he resigned as secretary of state in 1674, Arlington continued to deploy artistic patronage for political ends: as lord chamberlain, he controlled the largest government department and was formally responsible for fashioning the royal image. This article reconsiders Arlington's contributions as a statesman through his considered use of material consumption and artistic patronage and thereby illuminates corners of cultural practice which are situated firmly in the political sphere.
STRATEGIC BOMBING AND RESTRAINT IN ‘TOTAL WAR’, 1915–1918
Authors: BARROS ANDREW 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTRecent studies of ‘total war’ depict a process of inexorable expansion leading to an often nebulous linkage of everything to war. This article takes the study of ‘total war’ in the opposite direction by studying a specific example of strategic restraint. It examines how the French bombing strategy that was developed over the course of the First World War went to considerable lengths to maintain a distinction between the civilian and the military. The article studies France's restraint by highlighting the strategic, geographical, institutional, and economic factors upon which it was built. It then goes on to examine the political pressures for an expansion of bombing which proved incapable of overturning this policy. Finally, it contrasts French restraint with that of its key ally, Great Britain. There, bombing developed into a strategic weapon designed to destroy the ‘home front’. This study of restraint underscores the importance of limits, and the attendant choices government has to make, in understanding the course and intensity of a country's mobilization for modern war.
MUSICAL MODERNITY AND CONTESTED COMMEMORATION AT THE FESTIVAL OF REMEMBRANCE, 1923–1927
Authors: MANSELL JAMES G. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThis article makes the case for incorporating music into the history of war commemoration in 1920s Britain by examining John Foulds'sA World Requiem, performed at the British Legion's first Festivals of Remembrance at the Royal Albert Hall between 1923 and 1926. A simultaneously modernist and spiritual work, Foulds'sRequiemchallenges Jay Winter's conclusion that modernism was unconcerned with public grief. The controversy which theRequiemcaused also reveals the contested nature of public memory, particularly where music and religion were concerned. TheRequiem's axing in 1927 points to a hegemonic process which, although it had yet fully to take shape, found no room on Armistice Night for Foulds's progressive ideals.
THE RECENT HISTORIOGRAPHY OF AMERICAN NEOCONSERVATISM
Authors: HIGH BRANDON 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThis article surveys the literature on American neoconservatism since 1979, emphasizing those monographs which include assessments of developments in neoconservatism since 1995. It analyses the origins of neoconservatism in the anti-Stalinist Left and in the ideological divisions of the Democratic party. It assesses the position of neoconservatism in the American conservative tradition and its influence on Republican party policy. It places neoconservatism within the broader context of American foreign and domestic policy. It examines the emergence of networks of support which have sustained neoconservatives as a group of policy intellectuals independent of universities. It concludes by asking whether neoconservatism can be productively viewed as an expression of American ethnic politics, in particular as a response to the varying guises which anti-Semitism has assumed in the United States. The article asserts that, although commentators on neoconservatism from varying ideological standpoints have avoided the question of the neoconservatives' ethnicity, it offers a plausible explanation for the protean nature and apparent inconsistency of neoconservatism over the last forty years.
Characterization and Grouping of Phage Types of Salmonella Paratyphi B, Especially of a New Type ‘Sittard’, by Sensitivity to Type Phages and by Lysogenic Properties
Authors: Scholtens R. Th. 
Published: May 2009

Summary and Discussion1. If lysogenicity is used in conjunction with sensitivity to a set of phages aa a tool for phage-typing, a further subdivision of the phage types of Salm. paratyphi B becomes possible, and also the types fall into a number of natural groups. When lysogenicity is tested by growth of two types in mixed culture, phages are produced which by their characteristic host ranges reveal a subdivision of types, parallel and complementary to the subdivision found by a study of lysogenicity. These phage reactions therefore possess a biological significance not entirely empirical.2. The method of Craigie & Yen, which made possible a great advance in phage typing of Salm. typhi by means of preparations derived by adaptation from a single phage, has not yet been shown to be applicable to the typing of Salm. paratyphi B (Felix & Callow, 1951). As some of the typing phages used in the Felix & Callow system are identical with certain ‘natural’ phages derived from lysogenic strains, the lysogenic character of the types they reveal may be used in conjunction with these sensitivity tests as characteristics of phage types, if the set of phages is increased by addition of a few, shown in Table 1. This suggestion was made to the International Committee for Enteric Phage Typing in 1952.3. In addition to the demonstration by the direct method of phages carried by lysogenic strains of Salm. paratyphi B, phages derived from mixed cultures of different types are characteristic of some phage types. Further development of the use of such phages and study of their nature and origin demand further research. Until further investigations have been made, the subdivision of phage types which they reveal must be regarded as tentative.4. Strains from a large outbreak of paratyphoid fever, which could not be typed reliably by the method of Felix & Callow, possessed peculiar lysogenic properties which, together with certain phage reactions, justify their designation as a new type, ‘Sittard’. These strains can be identified if phages derived from tests of lysogenic power are used in addition to those of the Felix & Callow system. A number of strains from other sources, diagnosed as type ‘Sittard’ by their sensitivity to phages, were shown to possess lysogenic properties characteristic of the type.5. A few other strains, shown in a similar way to represent new types, are described.
Studies in the Epidemiology of Infectious Myxomatosis of Rabbits
Authors: Marshall I. D. , Dyce A. L. , Poole W. E. , Fenner Frank 
Published: May 2009

SummaryField observations supplemented by laboratory tests were carried out on the occurrence of myxomatosis at two sites with contrasting environments near the northern limit of rabbit infestation in Australia, during the period May 1952 to April 1953.In spite of the very low incidence of cases of myxomatosis observed in wild rabbits during that period great reductions in the rabbit population occurred.Analysis of the results of serum surveys indicates that myxomatosis was present and caused minor unobserved epizootics during this period, The overlap in this area of rabbit breeding and active transmission of myxomatosis probably led to a high death rate in the sub-adult rabbit population.In spite of continued reintroduction of fully virulent standard virus into the areas, all strains of virus recovered were somewhat attenuated. There was a suggestion that at Texas the degree of attenuation increased during the study period.Sex ratios and data on reproduction are presented for the 1488 rabbits shot at the two areas. Recovery from myxomatosis appeared to have no adverse effect on the fecundity of the female rabbit.
The Development of a Stable Smallpox Vaccine
Authors: Collier L. H. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. Requirements for a heat-stable smallpox vaccine are suggested.2. Sheep lymph dried from the frozen state retains its potency at 22 and 37°C. better than aqueous, glycerinated or lanolinated suspensions of lymph. Dried crude lymph is not, however, sufficiently stable for use in tropical areas; it is also liable to vary in stability from batch to batch. No better results were obtained by prolonging secondary desiccation.3. Phenol in low concentration is deleterious to vaccinia virus stored in the dried or liquid state at 22 and 37° C.4. Dried vaccinia virus stored under nitrogen loses potency more rapidly than when sealedin vacuo, even when precautions are taken to rid the nitrogen of traces of oxygen and moisture.5. A number of suspending media were examined for their preservative influence on purified vaccinia virus. None was effective in the liquid state, but all protected the virus against the lethal influence of freeze-drying. In the dried state, these media varied in their ability to protect the virus during storage at 22 or 37° C. The best results at both temperatures were obtained with virus freeze-dried in 5% peptone. This medium also protects the virus well at 45° C. Different types of peptone were equally effective.6. Virus dried in 5% peptone still gave a full quota of successful primary vaccinations of children after storage for 12 months at 22° C., or for 4 months at 37° C.7. Using partially purified sheep virus dried in 5% peptone, a vaccine can be produced which shows a high degree of resistance to heat, is relatively free from bacterial contamination, and is easy to reconstitute after prolonged storage. These results are highly reproducible.
The Structure of Fowl-Pox Inclusions (Bollinger Bodies)
Authors: Eaves G. , Flewett T. H. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe cytoplasmic inclusion bodies produced by fowl-pox virus in the chorioallantoic membrane of the egg consist of a mass of virus particles, frequently surrounding an apparently normal component of the cytoplasm. Finely granular or filamentous material is seen in the centre of the inclusion and round the more central virus particles into whose structure it appeared to be incorporated. The inner virus bodies consisted of a granular core surrounded by a single membrane. The outer virus bodies consisted of a cortical layer 20 mμ thick, enclosing a space in which lay a core with a granular centre.
The Effect of Heat on the Clotting of Plasma by Staphylococcal Coagulase and by Thrombin with Particular Reference to the Protective Action of Glycine
Authors: Gordon J. , Turner G. C. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. Plasma heated to 56° C. for 4 min. is not clotted by staphylococcal coagulase or thrombin, but when heated in the presence of glycine remains sensitive to the action of these clotting agents.2. With glycine, plasma no longer clots after heating at 62° C.
The Numbers of Pathogenic Bacilli in Faeces in Intestinal Diseases
Authors: Thomson Scott 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. Gastro-enteritis caused by certain varieties of Bact. coli is a highly infectious disease among babies, and it has been suspected that the infectivity is associated, partly at least, with the very large numbers of pathogens excreted in the faeces. Very large numbers were found in the faeces, but large numbers of pathogens were also found in dysentery, salmonella food-poisoning and in some cases of paratyphoid fever.In cases of gastro-enteritis the dilution of faeces containing 5 to 50 pathogenic Bact. coli per ml. was usually 10−8; in Sonne dysentery and salmonella food-poisoning the corresponding dilution was 10−6. It is doubtful if even this difference can account for the differences in infectivity.2. When normal Bact. coli outnumber pathogenic Bact. coli, shigellae or salmonellae by as little as 10: 1 it is difficult to identify the pathogens unless a selective culture medium can be used.3. Ordinary nutrient broth is generally able to act as an enrichment medium for the isolation of pathogens from faeces.
The Role of Certain Varieties of Bacterium Coli in Gastro-Enteritis of Babies
Authors: Thomson Scott 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. In gastro-enteritis of babies caused by pathogenic varieties of Bact. coli the infection extends up the whole length of the small gut. Quantitative bacteriological examinations showed the contents of the upper intestine to harbour Bact. coli in numbers usually found only in faeces.2. Bact. coli O 111, O 55, O 26, etc. are pathogens.3. The syndrome of gastro-enteritis of babies associated with Bact. coli resembles cholera clinically, pathologically and bacteriologically.4. There is a place in bacteriology for quantitative tests as distinct from qualitative tests.I owe my thanks to many people: to Dr A. H. James for teaching me his methods of getting samples of duodenal juice; to Prof. A. G. Watkins, Dr P. T. Bray, Dr Emrys Harries, Dr S. Rosehill, Dr Bowen Owen and Dr W. R. Nash for allowing me access to their patients; to Dr T. E. Parry, Dr W. Mackay and Dr R. D. Gray for allowing me to attend and collect specimens from autopsies; it would be ungracious not to thank several ward sisters to whom I must have been a great nuisance. To my technician John Smith I am exceedingly indebted.
Enteric Fevers and Normal Salmonella Agglutinins in the Gold Coast
Authors: Hughes M. H. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryEnteric fevers are common in the Gold Coast, where their incidence is increasing owing to insanitary urbanization. Children and migrant labourers form the bulk of the patients. Typhoid fever accounts for three-quarters of the cases, but paratyphoid A and paratyphoid C also occur. The Widal test has attained renewed importance in early diagnosis since the introduction of chloramphenicol, and gave a presumptive diagnosis within 24 hr. in two-thirds of the cases. ‘Normal’ agglutinin levels were determined in 200 sera sent for the Kahn test, and provide data for interpreting the Widal test in the Gold Coast. Low titre H agglutinins in the sera of normal people are thought to indicate past vaccination or infection, but low titre O agglutinins are probably unrelated to either. Agglutination of a Salm. typhi H suspension by normal sera suggests that one adult African in eight in the Gold Coast has suffered from typhoid fever.I have to thank Lt. Col. H. J. Bensted, O.B.E., M.C., for kindly providing Standard agglutinating sera.My thanks are also due to Messrs D. Gellatly, A.I.M.L.T., K. C. Lisle, E. S. Martinson and A. T. Nartey for their technical assistance at various times during the past 2½ years.I am indebted to Dr George Watt, M.B.E., acting Chief Medical Officer, Gold Coast, for permission to publish this paper.
Factors Influencing the Agglutinability of Red Cells. Variation of the Red Cells of the Rabbit in Susceptibility to Agglutination by Homologous Iso-Antisera
Authors: Heard D. H. 
Published: May 2009

Summary and Conclusions1. Rabbit cells show a marked variation in agglutination when reacting with apparently homologous iso-antisera.2. This phenomenon has been investigated in two ways:(a) Samples of apparently homologous antisera have been absorbed with (i) strongly agglutinating cells, (ii) poorly agglutinating cells. It was found that strongly agglutinating cells absorbed the antibody completely and rapidly from the serum, whilst poorly agglutinating cells, though they absorbed it completely, did so much more slowly. Also, when a serum which had been absorbed with poorly agglutinating cells until these no longer reacted with it was titrated against strongly agglutinating cells, these were still strongly agglutinated. This showed a source of serious error when investigating new sera by absorption techniques and when using weak antisera for grouping purposes.(b) Poorly agglutinating cells were injected into rabbits, and the antisera so obtained were examined against strongly agglutinating cells and against the poorly agglutinating cell used as the antigen. The antibody response was poor; two out of eight rabbits developed an antibody, and strongly agglutinating cells reacted more strongly with these antisera than the poorly agglutinating cells which had been used as the antigen.3. Three hypotheses for this variation in agglutination have been put forward and discussed:(a) That the variation is due to cross reactions between numbers of closely related antigen-antibody systems. The results of the investigations 2 (a) and 2(b) suggest that this is unlikely.(b) That the disposition of antigen sites on the surface of the red cell is a factor determining the agglutinability of the cell. It is considered that this might play a subsidiary role in the phenomenon as it is shown in the rabbit.(c) That rabbit red cell agglutinability is mainly determined by the number of antigen sites on the cell available to the antibody. The experimental results can be explained on this hypothesis, and it is suggested that this may be the main factor accounting for the behaviour of rabbit red cells. It is pointed out that supporting evidence for this is afforded by measurements with radio iodinated antisera.
The Micro-Determination of Residual Moisture in Freeze-Dried Biological Materials
Authors: Baker P. R. W. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA micro-drying method is described, which is simple, rapid and reproducible. It has been shown to give results in reasonable agreement with the Karl Fischer method, and with the vapour-pressure method. The results on samples of low moisture content are, however, considerably higher than those by the so-called American standard method. The method has been in routine use for over 3 years.
The Measures taken to check the Diphtheria Outbreak of 1901 at Colchester
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S. 
Published: May 2009

Finally I wish to draw particular attention to the following facts:—1. The striking diminution in the case-mortality at the Mile End Hospital which followed the systematic use of antitoxin.2. The subsidence of the epidemic during the season when diphtheria is commonly most prevalent.3. The opening of the schools in September without any increase in the prevalence of the disease.4. The persistence of diphtheria bacilli for long periods in certain of the convalescents and contacts.5. The success of preventive measures based upon the belief that diphtheria is spread mainly by personal contact, and through the inter-mediation of healthy persons and other who by the means usually employed are not recognised to be suffering from the disease.
Observations on the Bacteriology of Paratyphoid Fever and on the Reactions of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Sera
Authors: Boycott A. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. Three fully-established, and two probable, cases of infection with B. paratyphosus B producing a typhoid-like illness have been found in a series of 176 cases of typhoid.2. Preliminary culture in a fluid medium containing dulcite is of great assistance in isolating paratyphoid organisms from mixtures such as faeces.3. The diagnosis of paratyphoid fever can generally be made from the agglutinative reactions of the serum.4. Absorption tests are necessary for the positive or negative diagnosis of mixed infections.5. The structure of the agglutinated masses of paratyphoid and Gaertner bacilli varies with homologous and heterologus sera, and is of diagnostic import.6. Gaertner and paratyphoid agglutinins are more thermostabile than typhoid agglutinin by 5°–10° C.7. The agglutinations of paratyphoid, hog-cholera and Gaertner bacilli with a series of typhiod sera are described, and the circumstances which influence the presence and amount of these secondary agglutinins discussed.
Bacillus Dysenteriae Of Flexner in Relation to Asylum Dysentery
Authors: Aveline H. T. S. , Boycott A. E. , Macdonald W. F. 
Published: May 2009

1. B. dysenteriae of Flexner has been found in the stools of 17 out 19 cases of asylum dysentery; no evidence of the presence of the Shiga type was obtained.2. In 18 cases examined one week to 14 months after an attack of dysentery, B. dysenteriae was found only once (3 weeks).3. No evidence has been obtained of the presence of B. dysenteriae the faeces of ward contacts (26 cases) with either normal or diarrhoeic stools.4. The fermentative reactions of B. dysenteriae of Flexner towards maltose and cane-sugar are variable.
The Relation of Concentration of Food Supply to the Generation-time of Bacteria
Authors: Penfold W. J. , Norris Dorothy 
Published: May 2009

1. The generation-time of B. typhosus in 1% peptone at 37°C. is 40 minutes.2. The rate of growth of B. typhosus is greatly influenced by the concentration of peptone in nutrient medium when the peptone is below 0·4%.3. Below 0·2% the generation-time is inversely proportional to the concentration of peptone used.4. The addition of 0·175% of glucose to a medium containing only 0·1% of peptone lowers the generation-time by about 50% With 1·0% peptone this effect is less marked.
First Report of the North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service
Authors: Lien-Teh Wu , Tuck G. L. 
Published: May 2009

Immediately following on the International Plague Conference held in Mukden in April, 1911, the Chinese Government, anxious to carry out the recommendations of the Conference, instituted the North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service. The chief of these recommendations were briefly:(a) Systematic investigations should be made as to whether epizootic plague occurs among Tarbagans and other rodents, and, if such exists, an accurate investigation should be made of the nature of the infection.(b) A general improvement in the sanitary condition of cities and villages, especially with regard to overcrowding, is desirable.(c) Education of the public by lectures and the issue of pamphlets and handbills, explaining preventive measures in simple language.(d) The need for isolation of pneumonic-plague patients being urgent, permanent hospitals should be available.(e) Hospital accommodation for suspected cases of plague should be provided.(f) Contact quarantine stations should be constructed.