bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 1979 award of the Walter H. Bucher medal (for original contributions to the basic knowledge of the Earth's crust)
Authors: Cox Allan , Irving Edward 
Published: October 2011

The theory of plate tectonics and its forerunner, the theory of continental drift, have been aptly described by President‐elect J. Tuzo Wilson as comprising a scientific revolution. No field has contributed more to this revolution than paleomagnetism, and no scientist has contributed more to this field than has Edward Irving.In a seminal 1956 paper, Irving determined the paleolatitudes of North America, Europe, and Australia from paleomagnetic data and compared these with the geological records on these continents of paleocli‐mates. He demonstrated that, except possibly for the Precambrian, the two data sets were in remarkably good agreement: coral reefs and rocks formed in ancient deserts lay at low paleomagnetic latitudes whereas ancient glacial deposits lay at high paleomagnetic latitudes. Using paleomagnetic data, Irving calculated pole paths for North America and Europe and noted that the path for North America lay to the west of the path for Europe. He concluded in his 1956 paper that during the Mesozoic and Paleozoic North America lay closer to Europe and that India, Australia, North America, and Europe had all undergone continental drift.
Symposium on satellite Doppler positioning
Authors: Leroy Caroline F. 
Published: October 2011

The Second International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Doppler Positioning was held in Austin, Texas, from January 22 to January 26,1979. The symposium was sponsored by the Defense Mapping Agency and the National Ocean Survey, hosted by the Applied Research Laboratories of the University of Texas at Austin, and sanctioned by the International Association of Geodesy, the American Geophysical Union, and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. The symposium was attended by 282 scientists from 32 countries, representing a broad spectrum of users of Doppler satellite positioning techniques.A major accomplishment of the symposium was the interaction between the many users, from those positioning oil platforms to those determining plate tectonic motion. Discussions centered on hardware and software refinements and accuracies, both theoretical and demonstrated, of the results from use of the Navy Navigation Satellite System. On the fifth day, the papers dealt with the Global Positioning System and its capability to meet geodetic requirements of the future.
Questions and answers about “seismic gaps”
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

At a time when the field of earthquake prediction is still very much in its infancy, and also a time when recent earthquake disasters have stimulated considerable awareness, the U.S. Geological Survey's Office of Earthquake Studies has reported what it considers significant progress in identifying areas of high seismic potential, i.e., they are deemed likely to produce large earthquakes in the next few decades. Recently the USGS prepared the following questions and answers about these so‐called ‘seismic gaps.’What is a seismic gap? According to the theory of plate tectonics, the earth's outer shell, including the crust and upper mantle, is composed of a number of large semirigid plates that are in constant slow motion. Most of the world's earthquakes occur where the plates slide against each other along vertical ‘transform faults,’ or where one slides over another along a dipping ‘subduction zone.’ The term ‘seismic gap’ refers to regions along these active plate boundaries where (1) large earthquakes have occurred in the past, but not within the past 30 years; and (2) nearby parts of plate boundaries either have experienced strain‐releasing major earthquakes within the past 30 years or have no history of past great earthquakes (suggesting that strain has been released by aseismic creep or by small to moderate earthquakes). A seismic gap might be considered as a quiet zone where strain, that must eventually be released, has been building up in an area that has a history of releasing such strain through large earthquakes.
Determinism and randomness in fluvial geomorphology
Authors: Smart J. Samuel 
Published: October 2011

During the past 20 years, a controversy, or at least a difference of opinion, has developed over the relative merits of deterministic and random models in fluvial geomorphology. A survey of the literature indicates that there are actually two distinct approaches that make use of stochastic concepts. As all three groups draw upon physical principles to a considerable extent, the origin and development of deterministic and stochastic disciplines in physics are reviewed and illustrated with some simple examples. The information obtained is then used to examine the scientific content of the claims put forward by the three groups and to make some judgment of their validity.Fluvial geomorphology involves the study of several complex and interrelated processes, such as chemical weathering, erosion, soil creep, sediment transport and deposition, development and maintenance of stream networks, and channel hydraulics. It is clearly very difficult to obtain detailed quantitative explanations of such processes. Consequently, a number of authors, beginning with Leopold and Langbein [1962], have proposed that stochastic methods could be used to advantage in many instances. During the past 20 years, a controversy, or at least a difference of opinion, has developed over the relative merits of deterministic and stochastic models in fluvial geomorphology.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Io, a moon of Jupiter. The Voyager 2 spacecraft flew past Jupiter and its moons in early July, about 4 months after the Voyager 1 encounter. Voyager 1 imagery showed active volcanism on lo, the first extraterrestrial body on which volcanic eruptions have been observed.Voyager 2's cameras viewed lo intermittently for 5 days, including continuous imaging for about 7 hours around the closest encounter on July 9. Resolutions ranged from about 100 km to about 20 km. Of the eight plumes seen on Voyager 1 imagery, six were still active, one (the largest seen by Voyager 1, 280 km high) was definitely quiescent, and the state of activity of another could not be determined. Most of the plumes seemed to be about the same size as they were on Voyager 1 imagery, but the largest currently active plume had grown to roughly 150 km from its approximately 100 km height of 4 months earlier. No new eruption sites were discovered, but preliminary analysis indicates that some fairly large‐scale changes in surface morphology (visible at resolutions of 40‐50 km) have taken place in the past 4 months, both around active vents and in other areas.
Coast Guard icebreaker makes historic first in polar ice cap
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

On August 29,1979, the Coast Guard icebreaker Westwindpenetrated further into the arctic ice cap than any other American icebreaker in history, coming within 375 miles of the North Pole.Westwind is conducting an intensive 7‐week oceanographic study of the icebound waters off the northern coast of eastern Greenland between 76° and 81° north latitude, an area known as a major outlet for frigid arctic currents and vast ice floes.
Energy and environmental responsibility—An alternate view
Authors: Dunn James R. 
Published: October 2011

Earth scientists working throughout the world must be dismayed by the obviously destructive impact of land use practices in virtually all of the less developed countries (LDCs). Their landscapes show the negative imprint of the human hand of both ancient and contemporary civilizations. It is apparent to many that even a short extrapolation of current environmental trends would show that their continuation could take a deadly toll in terms of human misery and in terms of the flora and fauna of the world.Seeing such problems through the practiced eyes of the geologic observer is relatively simple. Not nearly so easy is understanding the cause of the destructive land use practices of the poorer nations. Although the roots of the causes are cultural and ancient, the recent enormous acceleration of environmental degradation in the LDCs is complexly related to world politics and economics. Thus, although it has long been known that the civilizations of the world are economically and sociologically interrelated, it can also be shown that the world's environments are interdependent and cross‐culturally influenced. In a real sense, an attitude in the United States can influence the erosion rate of an area in Bolivia or have an impact on an elephant in Africa.
Membership in ISRM
Authors: Engelder Terry 
Published: October 2011

The International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) was formed in 1962 as the only technical society devoted entirely to fostering the advancement of rock mechanics. In addition to sponsoring congresses and symposia, the Society undertakes its own scientific and technical studies, the results of which are published as commission reports.United States interests are represented in the ISRM by a national group, the U.S. National Committee for Rock Mechanics (USNC/RM), which adheres to the Society on behalf of U.S. scientists, engineers, and technologists interested in rock mechanics. AGU is represented in USNC/RM by Terry Engelder (Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory). One of the functions of the national group is to provide for individual memberships in the ISRM.
Subsurface magma movement detailed at Kilauea and Krafla
Authors:   Smithsonian Institution
Published: October 2011

Within the last 3 weeks, two major subsurface magma movements have been observed to occur: without major eruption, at Kilauea, Hawaii, and with a small eruption, at Krafla, Iceland. Researchers from Iceland and the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory have been able to observe and roughly quantify, by careful instrumental monitoring, the filling of magma chambers from depth and their subsequent draining by intrusive events of eruptions.On March 2, a microearthquake swarm began on Kilauea's upper east rift, near Pauahi Crater, site of a brief eruption in November 1979. Summit deflation, indicating draining of the magma chamber below, started within 7 minutes, and a tiltmeter began to record deformation as magma was intruded near Pauahi, 6 km downrift. About 2000 earthquakes, including several felt events, were recorded before the swarm ended 8 hours later. Deflation of the summit, totaling only 8 mm, continued for another hour. Just over a week later, a second intrusion took place a few kilometers further down the east rift beneath Mauna Ulu, active from 1969 to 1974. Earthquakes began on March 10 at 2157, summit deflation at 2206, and volcanic tremor at 2310. Eight centimeters of deflation, representing the draining of 8×106 m3 of magma from the summit the end of summit deformation on March 12 at 1630. Volcanic tremor around Mauna Ulu waned slowly and had almost ceased by March 13.
IAMAP Assembly
Authors: Ruttenberg Stanley 
Published: October 2011

The following actions were taken by the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics (IAMAP) during the XVII IUGG General Assembly in Canberra, Australia, in December.As previously reported (EOS, 61(7), February 6, 1980), IAMAP elected a new president, two new vice‐presidents, and a member of the executive committee (to replace deceased colleague E. Hesstvedt). Those elected were: president, W. L. Godson; vice‐president, H. U. Dütsch; vice‐president, H. Sundqvist; and member, executive committee, R. G. Soulage. Stanley Ruttenburg continues as secretary general; he was elected at the XVI IUGG, Grenoble, for two terms.
Jupiter Data Analysis Program
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

It is recognized that the data that exist from the Voyager encounters with Jupiter constitute a national resource, and that it is necessary to conduct a program whereby Voyager and non‐Voyager program scientists have an opportunity to analyze the data fully and to obtain additional or alternate interpretations of the data.This is the purpose of a recent announcement by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) to support ‘data analysis’ of the results of the Voyager encounter with Jupiter. The closest approach dates at Jupiter were March 5,1979, for Voyager 1 and July 9, 1979, for Voyager 2. During the 100 plus days of each encounter period, a substantial volume of data was acquired in each of the principal investigation domains: the planet Jupiter itself, the satellites, and the Jovian magnetosphere. The 11 instrument‐related investigations are listed in the table shown.
SEAN report
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Mount St. Helens Volcano, Cascade Range, southern Washington, U.S.A. (46.20°N, 122.18°W). All times are local (GMT ‐ 8 h). After a week of local seismicity, Mount St. Helens began to erupt steam and ash on March 27, the first eruption in the contiguous United States since the 1914–1917 activity of Mt. Lassen, California. Steam and ash explosions and earthquakes from Mount St. Helens were continuing on April 19, but no fresh magma had reached the surface.Seismic activity was initiated at 1548 on March 20 by a magnitude 4.1 earthquake centered on or near Mount St. Helens at 5 km depth or less. Events of magnitudes 3.5 on March 22, 3.4 on March 23, and 4.2, 3.4, and 3.4 on March 24 punctuated smaller events that were occurring every few minutes by the 24th, at depths of less than 5 km. Seismologists from the U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Washington installed an array of portable seismographs to record the earthquake swarm. USGS personnel who flew over the volcano on March 24 saw no new snow‐free patches or fumaroles, but they observed a number of snow avalanches triggered by earthquakes. Seismicity became more vigorous on March 25, when 11 earthquakes between magnitude 3.4 and 3.8 were recorded, and continued to increase the next day, when 14 shocks, ranging in magnitude from 3.4 to 4.0, accompanied the numerous smaller events that continued to occur.
Super magnetic storm due for Earth
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

A super magnetic storm, which will cause unprecedented disruptions in earth's power transmissions, will probably strike in the next few years, according to a scientist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Magnetic storms set up currents in power lines that cause overloads and cut off power. Howard Sargent of the Commerce Department's Space Environment Services Center believes power transmission systems are more vulnerable than ever to magnetic disturbances and that conditions are ripe for a storm more powerful than any of these systems have weathered.There is a class of ‘super’ magnetic storms, he said, that tends to occur after the peak in the sun's 11‐year sunspot cycle. They are especially likely, he noted, in odd‐numbered, active cycles. The sun is now just past the peak of a particularly spotty cycle, cycle 21.
Atmospheric studies by satellite
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has selected 26 scientific investigations to be studied for possible inclusion aboard two Upper‐Atmosphere Research Satellite missions proposed for the late 1980's.The missions will focus on a comprehensive investigation of the earth's stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere to better understand the earth's upper atmosphere, the response of the ozone layer to changes, and the role of the upper atmosphere in climate and climate variability.
Report from IUGG Assembly: IAGA session on rock magnetism of fine particles
Authors: Deutsch E. R. 
Published: October 2011

As a frontier science, rock magnetism provided crucial evidence for plate tectonics, but that was two decades ago and skeptics might ask whether the subject can still generate excitement, innovation, and controversy. They would have been reassured at the recent IAGA session on fine particles, the only meeting at Canberra that was devoted to rock magnetism per se, where 14 papers were presented.One of the few topics on which rock magnetists seem generally agreed is that the stable remanence, important in paleomagnetism, resides in effectively singledomained (SD) grains. However, their mode of occurrence and relationship to multidomained (MD) grains in rocks is not understood. For example, is SD caused by submicroscopic particles or by effective subdivision of much larger grains, or both? Other contentious questions raised at Canberra concern the role of grains that carry viscous remanence (VRM) and of superparamagnetism (SP) as a cause of magnetic instability.
A first in nuclear waste storage: Back to granite
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

For the first time, storage of nuclear waste in the form of spent fuel elements and electric heat simulators from a commercial nuclear reactor will soon be tested in a deep granite repository, according to the Department of Energy.The fundamental principles to be followed for storage of spent reactor fuel from nuclear electric generators are in a preliminary state of understanding (EOS, 61, 513–514, 1980). The guidelines at this state include sealing of the waste materials inside hermetically welded stainless steel containers and canisters. A deep storage well, located north of Las Vegas at the Department of Energy's Nevada test site, was drilled out of a thick formation of granitic rock. The stainless steel canisters will be placed into drilled access holes in the floor of a tunnel in the granite, at a depth of approximately 430 km from the surface.
NRC awards research grants
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Four geophysicists will receive research awards under a new cooperative associateship program administered by the National Research Council (NRC). The awards are for up to 2 years of research at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in Washington, D.C.James Howard Beall and Judith Tobi Karpen, graduates of the University of Maryland's Ph.D. program, will work in NRL's space sciences division. John Blake Hoover, a graduate of the Johns Hopkins University, and George Frederick Spooner, a graduate of the University of Washington, will work in the ocean sciences division.
Geologists to teach in Pakistan
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Two geologists, recipients of Fulbright awards for university teaching and advanced research abroad, will lecture at the University of Peshawar in Pakistan this academic year.Ernest H. Gilmour, professor and chairman of the Eastern Washington University's geology department, will lecture on invertebrate paleontology, carbonate petrology, biostratigraphy, and field geology. Robert G. Raynolds, professor of earth sciences at Dartmouth College, will lecture on stratigraphy, sedimentary geology and plate tectonics, and remote sensing.
Lightning study inside out
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Whoever said lightning doesn't strike twice in the same place wasn't at the National Severe Storms Laboratory in Oklahoma this summer with researchers from NASA's Langley Research Center at Hampton, Virginia.A Langley team of 19 people can testify that lightning not only struck twice but three times, while they intentionally guided a modified F‐106B jet fighter through severe southwest thunderstorms.
International Lithosphere Program
Authors: Kisslinger Carl 
Published: October 2011

A new program of international, interdisciplinary research in geodynamics was approved by the International Council of Scientific Unions at its meeting in Amsterdam in September 1980. The program, which is planned as a 10‐year effort, is a cooperative activity of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). Management of the new program is the responsibility of a newly created Inter‐Union Commission on the Lithosphere.The research, to be carried out under the program entitled ‘Dynamics and Evolution of the Lithosphere: The Framework for Earth Resources and the Reduction of Hazards,’ will build on the remarkable accomplishments of the Upper‐Mantle Project and the International Geodynamics Project, which ended in 1979. The central theme of the program is the state, origin, evolution, and dynamics of the lithosphere, with special attention to the continents and their margins. The approved plan emphasizes that the program's goals can only be achieved by closely coordinated interdisciplinary efforts of geologists, geophysicists, geochemists, and geodesists. It is also clear that the desired improvement in our knowledge of the continental lithosphere requires additional work on key problems of the suboceanic lithosphere and of the structure, composition, and processes in the deeper parts of the earth.
The eruption of Mount St. Helens, March–September 1980
Authors: McClelland Lindsay 
Published: October 2011

The violent eruptions of Mount St. Helens in 1980 have dramatically brought volcanism to public attention. Scientists of many disciplines have been provided an unparalleled opportunity to study explosive volcanism and its effects. A brief summary of the eruptions and of the varied research on its processes and products follows.After a week of local seismicity, Mount St. Helens began to eject steam and ash on March 27, breaking 123 years of quiet. The eruption was the first in the contiguous United States since the 1914–1917 activity of Mt. Lassen, California. Pulses of steam and ash rose as much as 3 km above the summit of Mount St. Helens during the first 10 days, producing slight ashfalls as far away as Spokane, 500 km to the east‐northeast. By April 8, two initially separate active vents had coalesced into a single crater at least 500 m long by 350 m wide. Explosions decreased in both size and ash content through April, and by late month, episodic explosions had been replaced by continuous steaming. No fresh magma was identified in any of the March‐April ejecta.
Antarctic Meteorite Program
Authors: Duke M. B. 
Published: October 2011

The promise of substantially increasing knowledge about young igneous events in meteorite parent bodies was made with the discovery of two rare Antarctic achondrites during the 1979–1980 austral summer season. The NSF‐sponsored program to recover meteorites from Antarctica will continue during the 1980–1981 season along the Transantarctic Mountains near McMurdo Station. The search will concentrate on an ice field near Reckling Peak, about 260 km northwest of McMurdo.As in past seasons, all Antarctic finds will be returned to the Johnson Space Center in Houston for classification and curation. Many of the 27 meteorite specimens returned in 1979 have been tentatively classified; some scientifically exciting meteorites have been identified, including six achondrites. For example, Elephant Moraine A79001 is a 7.9‐kg specimen that appears to be closely related to the Shergotty, India, and the Allan Hills A77005 meteorites. This rare class of achondrite sparks interest among meteorite investigators: The meteorites show similarities to terrestrial materials in their abundances of several elements and in the oxidation state. They apparently experienced igneous differentiation in recent solar system history. In addition, the Elephant Moraine specimen may be the first meteorite found to exhibit a mineral and textural gradient produced during igneous differentiation.