bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A second‐generation ionic liquid matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization matrix for effective mass spectrometric analysis of biodegradable polymers
Authors: Berthod Alain , Crank Jeffrey A. , Rundlett Kimber L. , Armstrong Daniel W. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA second generation ionic liquid matrix (ILM), N,N‐diisopropylethylammonium α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamate (DEA‐CHCA), was developed for the characterization of polar biodegradable polymers. It is compared with five solid matrices typically used for the characterization of these polymers and one other new ILM. It is shown that use of the ILM, DEA‐CHCA, allows maximum signal with minimum laser intensity which minimizes polymer degradation. In these conditions, the DEA‐CHCA ILM is able to assist in the ionization of analytes in an efficient but soft manner. These qualities produce spectra that allow an accurate and sensitive determination of the number average molecular weights, weight average m.w., and polydispersity index of labile polar polymers. With such polymers, many solid matrices produce spectra showing extensive polymer degradation leading to the underestimation of molecular weights. The distribution of intact analyte peaks obtained with the ILM DEA‐CHCA allows for identification of the fine structure of complex copolymers. ILMs were much less susceptible to effects of extraction delay times on molecular weight determination than were solid matrices. The liquid nature of the matrix is an important reason for the outstanding results obtained for labile analyte polymers. No comparable results could be obtained with any known solid matrices or other ILMs. In many cases, the manufacturers' listed molecular weights and polydispersity measurements for biodegradable polymers are determined by size‐exclusion chromatography and the data obtained by that method may differ considerably from the high‐precision matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) results presented here. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The scientific method and scientific inquiry: Tensions in teaching and learning
Authors: Tang Xiaowei , Coffey Janet E. , Elby Andy , Levin Daniel M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTypically, the scientific method in science classrooms takes the form of discrete, ordered steps meant to guide students' inquiry. In this paper, we examine how focusing on the scientific method as discrete steps affects students' inquiry and teachers' perceptions thereof. To do so, we study a ninth‐grade environmental science class in which students first reviewed a typical version of the scientific method, then brainstormed about which sites on school grounds could be good earthworm habitats and how to test their ideas. Our discourse analysis explores the dynamics between the “steps” of the scientific method and students' engagement in more authentic scientific inquiry. We argue that focusing on the scientific method as discrete steps can distract students from their ongoing, productive inquiry and can also draw teachers' attention away from students' productive inquiry. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 94:29–47, 2010
Report on the 47th IUVSTA Workshop ‘Angle‐Resolved XPS: the current status and future prospects for angle‐resolved XPS of nano and subnano films’
Authors: Herrera‐Gomez A. , Grant J. T. , Cumpson P. J. , Jenko M. , Aguirre‐Tostado F. S. , Brundle C. R. , Conard T. , Conti G. , Fadley C. S. , Fulghum J. , Kobayashi K. , Kövér L. , Nohira H. , Opila R. L. , Oswald S. , Paynter R. W. , Wallace R. M. , Werner W. S. M. , Wolstenholme J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA summary of the workshop entitled ‘Angle‐Resolved XPS: The Current Status and Future Prospects for Angle‐resolved XPS of Nano and Subnano Films’ is given, which was held at the Riviera Maya, Mexico, 26–30 March 2007, under the main sponsorship of the International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique and Applications (IUVSTA). Angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) can provide detailed chemical as well as depth profile information about the near‐surface composition of materials and thin films. This workshop was held to review the present status and level of understanding of Angle‐resolved XPS, and to stimulate discussions leading to a deeper understanding of current problems and new solutions. The main goal of the workshop was to find better ways to perform experiments and, very importantly, better ways to extract information from the experimental data. This report contains summaries of presentations and discussions that were held in sessions entitled ‘Basics and Present Limits of ARXPS’, the Analysis of ARXPS Data, Applications of ARXPS, Equipment for ARXPS, and Future Developments in ARXPS'. There were 33 participants at the workshop. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Instantaneous earthquake input energy and sensitivity in base‐isolated building
Authors: Yamamoto Kaoru , Fujita Kohei , Takewaki Izuru 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe input energy and energy input rate to a base‐isolated (BI) building during an earthquake are considered and formulated in the frequency domain. The frequency‐domain approach for computation of input energy and energy input rate has different remarkable advantages compared with the conventional time‐domain approach. It is demonstrated that the input energy can be of a compact form via the frequency integration of the product between the input component (squared Fourier amplitude spectrum of acceleration) and the structural model component (so‐called energy transfer function). Furthermore, the energy input rate can also be of a similar form via the frequency integration of the product between the instantaneous power spectrum and the energy transfer function. With the help of this compact form, it is shown that the formulation in the frequency domain is essential for deriving arbitrary‐order closed‐form sensitivities of the input energy and energy input rate with respect to uncertain stiffness and damping coefficients in the BI storey. The closed‐form sensitivity expressions provide us with information on the most unfavourable variation of the uncertain parameters that leads to the maximum input energy and input rate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic response analysis of structure with energy dissipation devices using force analogy method
Authors: Li Gang , Li Hong‐Nan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this paper, an approach is developed based on the force analogy method to analyse the dynamic response of structure with energy dissipation devices (EDDs). The proposed algorithm is applicable to a variety of EDDs by turning the EDD to the equal force imposed on the joints of frame. Compared to the conventional method for a nonlinear deformation analysis using changing stiffness, this analytical method is superior with features such as significantly reducing the integration times owning to the nonlinear characteristic of the EDD, dramatically enhancing the velocity of calculation and remarkably expanding the amount of the solution information. Besides the dynamic analysis of structure, the new proposed algorithm also accurately captures distributions of plastic hinges and the plastic displacement at any time before and after the EDDs installation. Compared to the numerical results obtained by use of the finite element software ANSYS, the approach here is verified to be accurate and efficient. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of idiopathic infantile arterial calcification with hydrops fetalis
Authors: Nasrallah F. K. , Baho H. , Sallout A. , Qurashi M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIdiopathic infantile arterial calcification (IIAC) is a rare and nearly always fatal disorder. To date, prenatal diagnosis has been reported in fewer than 10 cases. We describe a series of three cases in which the diagnosis of IIAC was made at 23, 25 and 29 weeks' gestation. All three cases presented with a normal anatomy scan at 20 weeks' gestation with an echogenic intracardiac focus. Follow‐up scans showed generalized hyperechogenicity and calcification of the walls of the large arteries, particularly the aorta and the iliac arteries. All cases developed hydrops fetalis with cardiomegaly and polyhydramnios later in gestation, resulting in intrauterine fetal death in two cases and neonatal death immediately following delivery in the third. This is the largest case series and the earliest gestational age of prenatal diagnosis of IIAC reported to date. When surveying for the disease, serial scans are important, perhaps from 20 weeks' gestation, with close examination of the iliac and aortic arteries. Detection of echogenic intracardiac focus could be an early marker in patients with a family history of the disease. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new model for x‐ray fluorescence autoabsorption analysis of pigment layers
Authors: Bertucci M. , Bonizzoni L. , Ludwig N. , Milazzo M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA new model for describing the x‐ray absorption in painting layers is presented. In it we take into account that the painting layer composition consists of small pigment grains embedded in a low Z binding medium. Accordingly, a linear law for autoabsorption inside the grains is assumed (due to the small size) and the x‐ray absorption in the medium is completely disregarded. The model developed is based on the fundamental parameter method entering as characteristic parameters of the sample: layer thickness, pigment grain volume and pigment grain volume density (dilution).We show by experiments, performed on zinc and lead white pigments, that in the thin layer approximation, good agreement with nominal values is obtained for the volume dilution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macro–micro elementary content of liver and lungs in rats with alimentary adiposity (SRXRF)
Authors: Trunova V. A. , Zvereva V. V. , Churin B. V. , Astashov V. V. , Anzyreva Yu. A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn alimentary adiposity, some microelements take active part in the metabolism change that proves to be true by an essential deviation from the norm of their concentration in liver and lung tissues during the physiological hunger and soon after fat consumption. The concentrations (in µg/g) of the following chemical elements P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, and Sr were determined by synchrotron radiation excited X‐ray fluorescence (SRXRF) analysis. The measurements were carried out at the experimental station of X‐ray fluorescence elemental analysis (Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, storage ring VEPP‐3). In alimentary adiposity, deficiency of separate microelements does not concern all organisms, but only some organs. At the condition of physiological hunger in the liver and lungs of rats with alimentary adiposity, the concentrations of As and Br are decreased; besides, in lungs the concentrations of Zn, Se, and Rb are also lowered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finally Fulfilling Wade’s Rules: The C4v Symmetric Polycation Bi95+ in the Polar Structure of Bi18Sn7Br24 = (Bi95+)2[Sn7Br2410–]
Authors: Wahl Bernhard , Ruck Michael 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe bismuth rich bromidostannate(II) Bi18Sn7Br24 = (Bi95+)2[Sn7Br2410–] was crystallized from a melt of bismuth, tin, and BiBr3. X‐ray diffraction on a single crystal revealed a polar, tetragonal structure (space group I4cm, no. 108) with lattice parameters a = 1323.70(5) pm and c = 1816.86(8) pm at 110(5) K. In agreement with Wade’s rules and quantum chemical calculations, the homonuclear nido cluster Bi95+ is a monocapped square antiprism (point group C4v). The anions of the bromidostannate(II) groups mainly comply with the pseudosymmetry of the space group I4/mcm and thereby affect substantial disorder of the SnII cations.
Development of a novel reflux‐free bilioenteric anastomosis procedure by using a bioabsorbable polymer tube
Authors: Aikawa Masayasu , Miyazawa Mitsuo , Okada Katsuya , Toshimitsu Yasuko , Okamoto Kojun , Akimoto Naoe , Koyama Isamu , Ikada Yoshito 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundBilioenteric anastomosis allows reflux of bowel fluid into bile ducts, resulting in reflux cholangitis. We sought to develop a reflux‐free procedure of bilioenteric anastomosis endowed using an artificial bile duct (ABD).MethodsThe study was performed in four groups of pigs. In Group A, end‐to‐side choledochoduodenostomy using the interposed ABD with its distal end wrapped by the duodenal seromuscular layer was performed. In Group B, conventional end‐to‐side choledochoduodenostomy using the ABD was performed. In Group C, conventional end‐to‐side choledochoduodenostomy was performed. In Group D, sham operation was performed. In each groups, 12 weeks later, animals were evaluated.ResultsBile amylase levels were significantly lower in Group A (36.9 ± 21.7 U/L) compared with Group B (469 ± 140.9 U/L). No significant differences were observed in bile amylase levels between Groups A and D or between Groups B and C. On histology, the neo‐bile duct in Group A was covered with the duodenal muscular layer at the orifice into the intestinal tract.ConclusionThis study suggests that the ABD is useful in the regeneration of extrahepatic bile ducts and that to bury the ABD in the duodenum can be a preventive measure against reflux of bowel fluid to bile ducts.
Decisions to Seek Healthcare Based on Family Health History Among Urban Appalachian Women
Authors: Cree Robyn A. , Lynch John , Au Margaret G. , Myers Melanie F. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFamily health history (FHH) is a valuable health promotion tool that can be used to assess disease risk and make lifestyle and screening recommendations. However, few FHH resources exist for medically underserved populations such as the urban Appalachian community in Cincinnati Ohio. Women of Appalachian heritage with less than a college education who did and did not participate in a prior FHH education session were interviewed by phone in a semi‐structured format. Interviewees were asked to discuss their understanding of FHH and the role FHH played in seeking (or not seeking) medical care. Analysis of their discussion identified four overarching themes as well as a model identifying conditions that facilitated or impeded the choice to seek medical care based on FHH. Findings from this study may be used to develop targeted FHH educational interventions in the urban Appalachian and other communities.
Low back pain may be caused by disturbed pain regulation
Authors: Jensen Ole Kudsk , Nielsen Claus Vinther , Stengaard‐Pedersen Kristian 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground: Widespread pain has negative influence on outcome in low back pain (LBP) patients. Tender point (TP) examination is a standardized examination method to estimate diffuse tenderness.Aims: To assess diffuse tenderness by means of a standardized TP examination and to analyse for associations between the number of TPs and spinal structural changes as well as psycho‐social factors.Methods: Patients sick‐listed 3–16 weeks due to LBP with or without sciatica completed a questionnaire and went through a clinical low back examination and TP examination. Of 326 patients 111 had verified nerve root affection and 215 had non‐specific LBP with or without radiating pain. Disc height reductions were estimated on lateral X‐rays.Results: Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that more than 8 TPs were strongly negatively associated with disc degeneration (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.58 (0.40–84), 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.39–0.84, p = 0.004) and verified nerve root affection (OR 0.15 (0.04–0.54), p = 0.004) and were positively associated with number of years since first episode of LBP (OR 1.05, CI: 1.01–1.09, p = 0.009). Furthermore, more than 8 TPs were positively associated with widespread pain, female sex and bodily distress. With all patients included, bodily distress and the number of tender points were positively associated with the intensity of LBP, but disc degeneration was only positively associated with LBP in patients with less than 6 TPs.Conclusions: The pain in patients with diffuse tenderness was rarely related to disc degeneration or nerve root affection, rather it may be caused by disturbed pain regulation.
An empirical study of Taiwan’s food security index
Authors: Yeh Chih-Yang , Liao Pei-San , Liu Chieh-Yu , Liu Jeng-Fu , Chang Hsing-Yi 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe FAO has developed an approach for estimating the prevalence of undernourishment. Based on the FAO method Taiwan has a prevalence of undernourishment of 3·98 %, which is higher than that of some developing countries. As this is not a true reflection of the status of undernourishment in our nation, the purpose of the present study was to modify the FAO methodology for Taiwan.DesignTwo factors were considered in the modified version. As the minimum dietary energy requirement was the main factor contributing to the inflated prevalence in Taiwan, we adjusted for a lighter physical activity level, based on the average BMI of the Taiwanese population, and calculated a new minimum dietary energy requirement. We then fitted a second-order polynomial regression model for prediction of per capita dietary energy supply.ResultsThe adjusted minimum dietary energy requirement was reduced to 7648 kJ/d or 7765 kJ/d compared with the original value of 8054 kJ/d. This resulted in a decrease of the prevalence of undernourishment in Taiwan to 2·5 % or 3·0 %, which is much closer to that of other countries with the same level of economic development. The second-order polynomial regression model efficiently reduced the variation in dietary energy consumption and resulted in an undernourishment prevalence of less than 2·5 %.ConclusionsThis new adapted method is more appropriate for Taiwan. It is recommended that each country evaluates the appropriateness of the FAO approach for its population.
Geoscientists Flock to Capitol Hill for Congressional Visits Day
Authors: Chell Kaitlin 
Published: October 2009

The second annual Geosciences Congressional Visits Day (Geo‐CVD), on 15–16 September 2009, came at a time when the U.S. Congress is considering a number of issues intimately connected to the geosciences, including energy, the environment, and climate. Nearly 60 geoscientists from across the country, including 22 AGU members from 12 states, participated in this year's event by discussing geoscience issues with members of Congress and their staffs. AGU cosponsored the event along with nine other Earth and space science societies that work together on geoscience policy issues as part of the Geopolicy Working Group in Washington, D.C.Geo‐CVD kicked off with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coalition's annual reception on Capitol Hill on 14 September. AGU is a member of the USGS Coalition, which includes several other science societies, and this year AGU organized the reception together with the Seismological Society of America. At the reception, U.S. senators Dianne Feinstein (D‐Calif.) and Lisa Murkowski (R‐Alaska) received the coalition's annual Leadership Award in recognition of their continuing commitment to USGS. Sen. Feinstein chairs the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Issues, which is tasked with allocating funds to USGS; Sen. Murkowski is the ranking member on the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
The Nuclear Freeze: The freeze and the counterforce race
Authors: Feiveson Harold , von Hippel Frank 
Published: October 2009

President Carter, in a 1980 report to Congress, speculated on how the Soviet Union might respond to the deployment of US weapons capable of destroying Soviet missiles in their silos:
“…adopting a launch-on-warning posture is perhaps the least expensive but the most potentially destabilizing and dangerous response option available to Soviet leaders.”
POVERTY TRAJECTORIES AFTER RISKY LIFE COURSE EVENTS IN DIFFERENT EUROPEAN WELFARE REGIMES
Authors: Vandecasteele Leen 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
This article complements existing life course research on poverty by looking at the typical income poverty trajectories during the first five years after experiencing a risky life event such as partnership dissolution and leaving the parental home. By broadening the time frame of research into poverty transitions, a more complete picture can be drawn of the poverty patterns related to these life events. Latent class analyses of the European Community Household Panel show that the poverty risk after experiencing a life course event is not equally large and long-lasting for everyone. Broadly, four comparable latent classes can be found across Germany, Spain, Denmark and the United Kingdom: persistent non-poor, persons with a transient – or transient-recurrent – poverty risk, persons with longer-term poverty risk and late poverty entrants. Yet, the size and occurrence of the latent classes differs between countries according to welfare regime. The article discusses country differences and social determinants of the different poverty trajectories.
Adaptive multi-agent architecture for functional sequence motifs recognition
Authors: Zeng Jia , Alhajj Reda , Demetrick Douglas 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMotivation: Accurate genome annotation or protein function prediction requires precise recognition of functional sequence motifs. Many computational motif prediction models have been proposed. Due to the complexity of the biological data, it may be desirable to apply an integrated approach that uses multiple models for analysis.Results: In this article, we propose a novel multi-agent architecture for the general purpose of functional sequence motif recognition. The approach takes advantage of the synergy provided by multiple agents through the employment of different agents equipped with distinctive problem solving skills and promotes the collaborations among them through decision maker (DM) agents that work as classifier ensembles. A genetic algorithm-based fusion strategy is applied which offers evolutionary property to the DM agents. The consistency and robustness of the system are maintained by an evolvable agent that mediates the team of the ensemble agents. The combined effort of a recommendation system (Seer) and the self-learning mediator agent yields a successful identification of the most efficient agent deployment scheme at an early stage of the experimentation process, which has the potential of greatly reducing the computational cost of the system. Two concrete systems are constructed that aim at predicting two important sequence motifs—the translational initiation sites (TISs) and the core promoters. With the incorporation of three distinctive problem solver agents, the TIS predictor consistently outperforms most of the state-of-the-art approaches under investigation. Integrating three existing promoter predictors, our system is able to yield consistently good performance.Availability: The program (MotifMAS) and the datasets are available upon request.Contact: jzeng@ucalgary.ca