bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KL→π0νν¯
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we look at the rare kaon decay which may become very important in the study of CP violation. In the context of the Kobayashi-Maskawa model, it gives direct access to the parameter ƞ of the CKM matrix, with little associated theoretical uncertainty–unknown hadronic matrix elements or other poorly known parameters. On the other hand, this decay is extremely challenging for experimentalists, due to the presence of two neutrinos and no charged particle in the final state. Much progress on the experimental side is still needed before we are able to vindicate theory. Inverting the argument, there is ample room for the discovery of new physics by observation of a branching ratio larger than the SM prediction. This is a necessary condition for the final state to be an eigenstate of CP. One now assumes that the neutrino is left-handed and the antineutrino is right-handed.
The Left-Right-Symmetric Model
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The main motivation for considering a left-right-symmetric model (LRSM) (Pati and Salam 1974; Mohapatra and Pati 1975; Senjanovic and Mohapatra 1975) is having an extension of the standard model in which parity is a spontaneously broken symmetry. This means that the Lagrangian is symmetric under a parity transformation and this symmetry is only broken by the vacuum. In the SM the left-handed fermions are in doublets and the right-handed fermions are singlets of an SU(2) gauge group. This arrangement is not parity-symmetric, because parity must interchange left-handed and right-handed fermions. The simplest way of having a left-right-symmetric extension of the SM is through the introduction of a second SU(2) gauge group which transforms the right-handed fermions as doublets and the left-handed fermions as singlets. The gauge group of the LRSM is thus SU(2)L®SU(2)R®U(l). When one considers grand unified theories, the gauge group of the LRSM can be elegantly interpreted as a subgroup of S0(10). The lepton fields are in doublets.
Some Experimental Issues
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the subsequent chapters we shall focus almost entirely on questions related with the second step. However, it is important to appreciate the impact that the form of the initial state and the detection capabilities have on the CPviolation experiments. For example, one usually refers to ‘tagging’ as if that were a dear and straightforward procedure. But, as we have seen in Chapter 10, the presence of several b-hadrons in the initial state complicates the analysis considerably. Similarly, the need to follow the time dependence of the decays is subject to experimental constraints. Indeed, the technological limits on vertex reconstruction mean that we can only measure time intervals larger than a certain amount. This has a decisive impact on the need to build asymmetric B factories. In this chapter we make some elementary remarks about these experimental issues.
Decay Amplitudes: Effective Hamiltonian
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The diagrammatic approach discussed in the previous chapter is useful to get an order-of-magnitude estimate of the importance of the various contributions to each amplitude, and to find approximate relations among the amplitudes for different decays. However, rigorous computations require a correct treatment of the QCD corrections, and this is best accomplished using the operator product expansion (OPE) already discussed in the context of kaon decays-see Chapter 20. The OPE allows the construction of a low-energy effective Hamiltonian as a sum of local operators multiplied by Wilson coefficients. The effective Hamiltonian is the sum of pieces, each of them of the type in the Wilson coefficients, from the low-energy non-perturbative confinement effects implicitly contained in the operator matrix elements. However, upon change ofµ or of the renormalization scheme, contributions previously included in the matrix elements of some operator may move into the Wilson coefficients or into the matrix elements of other operators.
Cascade Decays
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss decay chains with a neutral-meson system in an intermediate state. These are known as cascade decays. We want to study cases where the decays of B mesons proceed through intermediate states containing neutral kaons or neutral D mesons. A correct understanding of cascade decays is important because the CP violation present in the intermediate-meson system will in general show up in the calculation of CP-violating observables for the overall decay chain. In particular, in a cascade decay in which a neutral-meson system decays into a lighter neutral-meson system, it may be possible to use the CP properties of the latter as an analyser for the CP properties of the former.
Some Methods to Extract γ
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
As we have seen, the angle ‘Y is hard to measure: the decays of B into CP eigenstates do not measure this angle directly; and the decay B p°Ks, which would measure sin 2,y if there were only tree-level amplitudes, is colour-suppressed and suffers from a significant penguin pollution. As a result, its branching ratio is very small. In this chapter, we discuss a few special methods to determine ‘Y that have been proposed in the literature. Many of them hinge on the following simple trigonometric exercise.
Textual Argument
Authors: Lundmark Thomas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter, like the rest of the book, adopts an elastic interpretation of textual argument as an argument that focuses, either sharply or fuzzily, on one or more words of the rule that is sought to be employed. Various authorities insist that textual arguments are superior to other arguments because there are instances when the text is clear. Crucially, for the purposes of this book, none of these authorities contend that textual arguments are superior to other arguments when applying rules from case law. Allan C. Hutchinson counters these authorities by drawing attention to the fact that, unlike numbers, words must be understood in their historical and cultural context. What follows are examples of the use of textual arguments to justify judicial decisions that are founded directly on statute law, on judicial glosses on statutes (statutory precedents), and on ‘pure’ common-law precedents. It is shown that the style of argument is exactly the same regardless of the source of the rule.
Purposive Argument
Authors: Lundmark Thomas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Purposive arguments, which are often styled the ‘teleological method’, are often employed alongside textual and historical arguments, but they are also put forward in cases where the judges cannot (conveniently) fashion a textual or historical argument that will convincingly support the result that they wish to reach. Indeed, purposive arguments are also used to depart from what appears to be the clear wording of a statute, as illustrated in cases discussed in this chapter. Purposive arguments are those that talk about the perceived purposes or principles embodied in a rule. All of the descriptions of purposive arguments quoted in this chapter evidence an assuredness that judges need more leeway to decide cases in accordance with their own sense of justice. Because of the importance of this line of argument, this chapter outlines and critiques eight cases in which judges invoked the perceived purposes of legislation in support of their rulings. All of these examples involve judges who avoided the result that the text of the statute seemed to dictate. As demonstrated in the chapter by one case from California and one from Germany, purposive arguments are also employed when construing glosses on statutes, that is, when applying the rule of a precedential case construing (i.e. concretizing or amending) a statute. The final two case examples display judicial uses of purpose arguments to reach results that arguably violate the language of the precedential rules but not the rules’ purposes or spirit, as discerned by the judges.
Ideologies and linguistic development in North Germanic
Authors: Árnason Kristján 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the Middle Ages, Old Norse served as a written norm in Norway and Iceland, whereas in other parts of Scandinavia, Latin was the language of culture. After the fourteenth century Norway, economically and culturally, joined Sweden and Denmark as part of the Kalmar Union, leaving Icelanders alone as followers of the old norm, while elsewhere new typologically different varieties developed in trade with the Hansa. In the Reformation, a new written norm, influenced by Low German, developed in Danish Bible translations, originally intended to serve all Scandinavians; but for ideological reasons a special version was printed as the Gustav Vasa Bible in Sweden. Modern Scandinavian “semi-communication” is based on this formally similar but ideologically split norm. In spite of the opaque relation between modern common Scandinavian and Icelandic/Old Norse, an ideology of cultural proximity prevails, all states having similar organizations dealing with language planning and policy.
Speeding up language change
Authors: Bugarski Ranko 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers an interpretation of a most unusual spectacle—the politically driven multiplication of a living language before the eyes of its native speakers. The language is Serbo-Croatian, until recently the principal language of Yugoslavia, a country likewise fragmented. Following an account of the emergence of Serbo-Croatian and its subsequent gradual replacement with four successor languages (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin), the focus shifts to a detailed discussion of one notable reaction to these developments, namely the publication of a Declaration on the Common Language in 2017. This attention-catching document, drafted by a group of eminent intellectuals from the region, emphasized that the four official languages linguistically remain different varieties of a single polycentric standard language. It warned against the separatist trends in the four states which created a growing gap between language policies and linguistic reality, with serious practical consequences for the lives of ordinary people.
Methodological nationalism and (anti-)historicism in the history of linguistics
Authors: von Mengden Ferdinand , Schneider Britta 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This paper investigates two parallel, conflicting and yet interdependent, discursive traits on human language all through the nineteenth century and beyond. One – empirically grounded in the Comparative Method as a scientific tool – is the growing awareness of the historicity and the fluidity of language. At the same time, the discursive construction of bounded and homogeneous national languages was an essential ideological requirement for the political nation building process in Europe. We identify the seeds of both lines of thinking in the writings of Johann Gottfried Herder at the beginning of a long nineteenth century and we see both of them struggling in the sometimes idiosyncratic reasoning of Ferdinand de Saussure’s Cours at the end of it. The underlying methodological nationalism, we conclude, has prevailed in pre- and post-Saussurean linguistic theory and methodology up until today.
The Distinction in Kind after Hume
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Although famously awakened from his ‘dogmatic slumber’ by Hume, Kant retains the Platonic conception of knowledge and belief as two kinds of cognition that often have different objects and cannot one be a species of the other (4.1). But Kant inverts what we can know and what we can only believe: knowledge has phenomena as its objects; belief alone can extend to the noumenal world. In the phenomenal world, knowledge is possible because physical objects are in some sense mental constructions, so there is no irreducible epistemic and ontological gap between mind and world. By contrast, knowledge of things-in-themselves is not possible owing to the ontological gap between the noumenal world and the world of our possible experience bounded by space and time. We can, however, turn to a different cognitive mode, ‘rational Belief’, which, although it cannot bridge the ontological gap, opens rationally grounded ‘prospects beyond the bounds of experience’. Far from disappearing during the early twentieth century, the distinction in kind between knowledge and belief is reaffirmed in uncompromising terms by such diverse philosophical movements as Oxford Realism (4.2.1) and neo-Scholasticism (4.2.2). These striking similarities between diverse philosophical movements are less surprising if one considers their common source in Aristotle and other aspects of ancient philosophy (4.2.3). Consideration of a dispute between figures associated with these two movements over whether assent admits of degrees helps to clarify this crucial issue (4.3.1–3).
The Object of Knowledge and the Object of Belief
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The phenomenology and ontology outlined in Chapters 6 to 9 help identify the objects of knowledge and belief. After surveying the epistemological alternatives (10.1.1), it is argued that, although fully developed human cognition is typically propositionally structured, the most basic bearer of truth and falsity is thought itself and the relevant mental acts of judgement and proto-judgement involving truth qua conformity with how things are (10.1.2). This approach distinguishes between facts and events/states of affair, where facts are conceived as a-temporal, abstract objects, and events/states of affairs as spatio-temporal concrete particulars. It focuses on ‘truth’ as logical truth, that is, as the property (of a thought, judgement, or proposition) of being true (10.1.3). The immediate objects of knowledge are objects in themselves, as they are according to their formal reality (extra-mental, ideal, or imaginary: 10.2.1). Our grasp of mind-independent, fully determinate concrete individuals is always indeterminate and inadequate. Our grasp of ideal or imaginary objects can in principle be adequate in virtue of their abstractness. Belief may or may not have the same object as knowledge depending on whether the sort of cognitive contact required by knowledge is available (10.2.2–3). The view that ‘representional content’ is the immediate object of knowledge is rejected (10.3). Because our grasp of mind-independent, fully determinate concrete individuals is always incomplete and inadequate, our successful cognition also needs to rely heavily on belief: a mode of cognition, complementary to knowledge, in which something which is not present is nevertheless affirmed on the basis of reasons, symptoms, traces, signs (10.4).
Religious Belief I
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapters 14 and 15 argue that the conception of knowledge and belief as two irreducibly different cognitive modes is especially important in safeguarding the distinctive epistemological status of religious belief. In fact, the undesirable consequences of the (J)TB+ project of turning belief into knowledge (with the addition of necessary and sufficient conditions) are nowhere more evident than in the highly influential movement known as Reformed Epistemology. The critique in this chapter of this movement, especially as expounded by its doyen, Alvin Plantinga, therefore contributes further grounds for abandoning the analysis of knowledge as (J)TB+, while also proposing an alternative approach to religious epistemology. Plantinga’s Reformed Epistemology is best understood as a version of neo-Cartesianism according to which we can be rescued from a thoroughgoing scepticism about the reliability of our beliefs (including perceptual beliefs and rational intuitions) only in a theistic framework (14.2). Plantinga’s core claims—that ‘faith is knowledge’ and that warranted Christian belief, if true, counts as knowledge—is criticized as a version of fideism which, first of all, compromises the very notion of faith, and, second, is based on the analysis of knowledge as (J)TB+ that this book advocates rejecting (14.3). Reformed Epistemology’s version of fideism is rooted in a mistaken late-twentieth-century account of knowledge as a kind of belief which meets certain criteria. The astute but profoundly problematic consequences drawn by Reformed Epistemology from this widely endorsed epistemic model constitute one of the best illustrations of the untenability of the model itself.
Symptoms and syndromes of anxiety
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
‘Symptoms and syndromes of anxiety’ are presented here as reflecting states and traits, respectively. These reflect outputs from and sensitivities of specific brain areas in the defensive systems described in Chapter 11. The chapter discusses anxiolytic, panicolytic, and novel psychedelic drug action and the problems of treatment resistance. It presents a novel ‘double-hit’ hypothesis of trait interactions as a basis for disorder; and a typology for neurally based defensive disorders. Importantly, it explains why symptoms are not a good guide for syndromes, why comorbidity is the norm rather than an exception, and how cognition and memory contribute to emotional dysfunction. It concludes with some suggestions for the development of neurally related biomarkers for differential diagnosis.
The treatment of anxiety and fear disorders
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
‘The treatment of anxiety and fear disorders’ discusses behavioural and cognitive methods (CBT) in detail, their impact on the brain, and their integration with drug therapies (pharmacotherapy) to achieve augmentation. It briefly summarizes pharmacotherapy, including drug-drug augmentation, based on the detailed reviews of this in earlier chapters (particularly Chapter 4). It discusses novel psychedelic therapies and their apparent targeting of neuroticism to ameliorate neurotic disorders in general; and uses a double-hit (neuroticism + disorder-specific trait) model to account for disorders, for treatment resistance, disorder sequencing, and comorbidities—and for the relative therapeutic specificity and slow action of conventional drugs. We expect exciting future developments in the separate and combined targeting of neuroticism by psychedelics and novel CBT methods.
The Anatomy of Corporate Insolvency Law
Authors: Bork Reinhard , Mangano Renato 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Anatomy of Corporate Insolvency Law dissects corporate insolvency law into its main parts and analyses them in the light of a comparative and functional approach. It also covers the interplay between labour law and taxation law. This choice of method implies that the chapters in the book will not be devoted to any specific jurisdiction but will concentrate on problems, in order to ascertain how the same problems may lead to different solutions in different jurisdictions; to what extent two solutions that appear dissimilar really diverge and, vice-versa, to what extent two solutions that appear similar really converge; and, last but not least, which of the solutions adopted in a specific jurisdiction deserve to be exported to another jurisdiction and under what conditions this legal transplant is possible. In contrast to the traditional grim depiction of debtors in Victorian novels, corporate insolvency law has become a field of practical relevance and increasing intellectual fascination. Academics, policymakers, and practitioners reorientated insolvency law in favour of rescuing distressed companies. However, this evolution reshaped foundational categories of legal culture and, to combine the flexibility of contractual workouts with the capability of insolvency proceedings to bind even the most recalcitrant of creditors, it even obscured the traditional distinction between contract and proceedings.
Debt Restructuring Outside Formal Insolvency Proceedings
Authors: Payne Jennifer 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the notion of debt restructuring outside formal insolvency proceedings. A financial restructuring is a means of facilitating a new bargain between the existing creditors of a financially distressed company as to their future relationship, in order to avoid liquidation. Essentially, the majority of creditors want to continue to be invested in the company or business but must agree a new bargain because the change in the company’s financial circumstances means that the existing bargain no longer reflects the risks of the business. A debt restructuring therefore provides for a change in the capital structure, instead of a sale to a third party. The chapter examines the rationale for debt restructuring, comparing it to formal insolvency mechanisms and purely contractual workout arrangements; it analyses the structure and operation of debt restructuring tools; and it considers the value and operation of two common ancillary mechanisms, namely a statutory stay (or moratorium) and rescue finance.
Formal Insolvency Proceedings
Authors: Richter Johannes 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on formal insolvency proceedings. While most legal systems provide for several different types of insolvency-related proceedings, this chapter focuses mainly on ‘traditionel’ liquidation proceedings. These are shaped as collective enforcement proceedings and resemble individual execution, but on a pari passu basis. The chapter outlines the process of initiating the proceedings, the requirements and consequences of commencement, the roles of the administrator and the creditors, and on the insolvency estate and its distribution. Insolvency proceedings in different legal systems—for instance in the United States, England and Wales, France, Germany, and China—share numerous common features, but they also differ considerably as they are shaped by different insolvency philosophies.
Transactions Avoidance Rules
Authors: Bork Reinhard 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the notion of transactions avoidance rules. It refers to legal acts performed prior to the opening of insolvency proceedings and valid under general civil law that are detrimental to the general body of creditors. These legal acts are only challengeable if the prerequisites of certain avoidance grounds are met, which are based on the principles of transactions avoidance law. The chapter explains typical legal consequences of transactions avoidance and deals with the cross-boder implications of transactions avoidance law.
Introduction
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the central theme of the book: the encounter between Christianity and democratic politics in Italy from the French Revolution to the near present. The Introduction stresses the contemporary relevance of the overall topic, beyond the Italian setting: the current spread of “identity politics” and the increasing use of religion in political and public discourse, recently appropriated by new populist parties and movements, in Italy as well as many other places in the world. At the conceptual level, the chapter indicates the contribution to the state of the art by stressing two interrelated aspects that the book considers crucial for a better understanding of the role that Catholicism and Christian Democracy have played in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: the political dimension of transcendence and spirituality (the development of a distinct Catholic “political spirituality”) and the transformative power of historical experiences. Both aspects are intimately tied to the question of generations and generational analysis. The introduction ends by an outline of chapters and chapter contents.