bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The RAW Filter: An Improvement to the Robert–Asselin Filter in Semi-Implicit Integrations
Authors: Williams Paul D. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Errors caused by discrete time stepping may be an important component of total model error in contemporary atmospheric and oceanic simulations. To reduce time-stepping errors in leapfrog integrations, the Robert–Asselin–Williams (RAW) filter was proposed by the author as a simple improvement to the widely used Robert–Asselin (RA) filter. The present paper examines the behavior of the RAW filter in semi-implicit integrations. First, in a linear theoretical analysis, the stability and accuracy are interrogated by deriving analytic expressions for the amplitude errors and phase errors. Then, power-series expansions are used to interpret the leading-order errors for small time steps and hence to identify optimal values of the filter parameters. Finally, the RAW filter is tested in a realistic nonlinear setting, by applying it to semi-implicit integrations of the elastic pendulum equations. The results suggest that replacing the RA filter with the RAW filter could reduce time-stepping errors in semi-implicit integrations.
A Conversation with Malcolm Pines: Part One
Authors: Tubert-Oklander Juan , Hernández-Tubert Reyna 
Published: December 2010

Part I: Personal and Public Life This is the first part of the transcript of a conversation between the authors, Malcolm Pines and his wife, Iris. There is a particular dynamic of a couple interviewing another couple. This first part focuses on Malcolm’s personal history, studies, theoretical and clinical interests and experiences. But Iris’s participation opens the way for an exploration of their personal life together, and the way in which this relates to Malcolm’s professional life, which will be further explored in the second part.
Renin gene haplotype diversity and linkage disequilibrium in two Mexican and one German population samples
Authors: Valdez-Velazquez Laura L , Mendoza-Carrera Francisco , Perez-Parra Sandra A , Rodarte-Hurtado Katia , Sandoval-Ramirez Lucila , Montoya-Fuentes Héctor , Quintero-Ramos Antonio , Delgado-Enciso Ivan , Montes-Galindo Daniel A , Gomez-Sandoval Zeferino , Olivares Norma , Rivas Fernando 
Published: December 2010

Introduction. Renin is the main rate-limiting enzyme in the renin—angiotensin—aldosterone system. Its gene, REN, is a candidate crucial factor in essential hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate allele and haplotype distributions of REN polymorphisms, and to estimate normalised linkage disequilibrium ( D’) in Mexican and German populations. Materials and methods. Four groups were studied for the REN single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 1205C>T, 1303G>A, and 10607G>A, in population samples of Mexican Mestizo ( n = 86), Mexican Huichol ( n = 49), German ( n = 39), and individuals with hypertension diagnosis ( n = 66). Polymorphisms were detected by PCR—RFLP. Genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies were estimated. Results. SNP 1205C>T and 10607G>A allele and genotype distribution showed inter-group differences. The 1205T and 10607A allele showed a significance difference in hypertensive population. Haplotype analysis also showed some inter-group differences, especially in 1205C-1303G-10607G, 1205C-1303G-10607A and 1205T-1303G-10607G haplotypes. The segregation analysis disclosed complete linkage disequilibrium between 1205 and 1303 loci. Conclusion. These results provide an example of genetic diversity in related populations and illustrate the convenience of increasing the number of loci in associative studies between diseases and candidate genes.
Relative efficiency and sample size for cluster randomized trials with variable cluster sizes
Authors: You Zhiying , Williams O Dale , Aban Inmaculada , Kabagambe Edmond Kato , Tiwari Hemant K , Cutter Gary 
Published: December 2010

Background The statistical power of cluster randomized trials depends on two sample size components, the number of clusters per group and the numbers of individuals within clusters (cluster size). Variable cluster sizes are common and this variation alone may have significant impact on study power. Previous approaches have taken this into account by either adjusting total sample size using a designated design effect or adjusting the number of clusters according to an assessment of the relative efficiency of unequal versus equal cluster sizes. Purpose This article defines a relative efficiency of unequal versus equal cluster sizes using noncentrality parameters, investigates properties of this measure, and proposes an approach for adjusting the required sample size accordingly. Methods We focus on comparing two groups with normally distributed outcomes using t-test, and use the noncentrality parameter to define the relative efficiency of unequal versus equal cluster sizes and show that statistical power depends only on this parameter for a given number of clusters. We calculate the sample size required for an unequal cluster sizes trial to have the same power as one with equal cluster sizes. Results Relative efficiency based on the noncentrality parameter is straightforward to calculate and easy to interpret. It connects the required mean cluster size directly to the required sample size with equal cluster sizes. Consequently, our approach first determines the sample size requirements with equal cluster sizes for a pre-specified study power and then calculates the required mean cluster size while keeping the number of clusters unchanged. Our approach allows adjustment in mean cluster size alone or simultaneous adjustment in mean cluster size and number of clusters, and is a flexible alternative to and a useful complement to existing methods. Comparison indicated that we have defined a relative efficiency that is greater than the relative efficiency in the literature under some conditions. Limitations Our measure of relative efficiency might be less than the measure in the literature under some conditions, underestimating the relative efficiency. Conclusions The relative efficiency of unequal versus equal cluster sizes defined using the noncentrality parameter suggests a sample size approach that is a flexible alternative and a useful complement to existing methods.
A mechanistic rationale for MEK inhibitor therapy in myeloma based on blockade of MAF oncogene expression
Authors: Annunziata Christina M. , Hernandez Lidia , Davis R. Eric , Zingone Adriana , Lamy Laurence , Lam Lloyd T. , Hurt Elaine M. , Shaffer Arthur L. , Kuehl W. Michael , Staudt Louis M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractModulating aberrant transcription of oncogenes is a relatively unexplored opportunity in cancer therapeutics. In approximately 10% of multiple myelomas, the initiating oncogenic event is translocation of musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog (MAF), a transcriptional activator of key target genes, including cyclinD2. Our prior work showed that MAF is up-regulated in an additional 30% of multiple myeloma cases. The present study describes a common mechanism inducing MAF transcription in both instances. The second mode of MAF transcription occurred in myelomas with multiple myeloma SET domain (MMSET) translocation. MMSET knockdown decreased MAF transcription and cell viability. A small-molecule screen found an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), which activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-MAP kinases, reduced MAF mRNA in cells representing MMSET or MAF subgroups. ERK activates transcription of FOS, part of the AP-1 transcription factor. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, FOS bound the MAF promoter, and MEK inhibition decreased this interaction. MEK inhibition selectively induced apoptosis in MAF-expressing myelomas, and FOS inactivation was similarly toxic. Reexpression of MAF rescued cells from death induced by MMSET depletion, MEK inhibition, or FOS inactivation. The data presented herein demonstrate that the MEK-ERK pathway regulates MAF transcription, providing molecular rationale for clinical evaluation of MEK inhibitors in MAF-expressing myeloma.
In vitro assays misrepresent in vivo lineage potentials of murine lymphoid progenitors
Authors: Richie Ehrlich Lauren I. , Serwold Thomas , Weissman Irving L. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The identity of T-cell progenitors that seed the thymus has remained controversial, largely because many studies differ over whether these progenitors retain myeloid potential. Contradictory reports diverge in their use of various in vitro and in vivo assays. To consolidate these discordant findings, we compared the myeloid potential of 2 putative thymus seeding populations, common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) and multipotent progenitors (MPPs), and the earliest intrathymic progenitor (DN1), using 2 in vitro assays and in vivo readouts. These assays gave contradictory results: CLP and DN1 displayed surprisingly robust myeloid potential on OP9-DL1 in vitro stromal cocultures but displayed little myeloid potential in vivo, as well as in methylcellulose cultures. MPP, on the other hand, displayed robust myeloid potential in all settings. We conclude that stromal cocultures reveal cryptic, but nonphysiologic, myeloid potentials of lymphoid progenitors, providing an explanation for contradictory findings in the field and underscoring the importance of using in vivo assays for the determination of physiologic lineage potentials.
The sensing of poorly deformable red blood cells by the human spleen can be mimicked in vitro
Authors: Deplaine Guillaume , Safeukui Innocent , Jeddi Fakhri , Lacoste François , Brousse Valentine , Perrot Sylvie , Biligui Sylvestre , Guillotte Micheline , Guitton Corinne , Dokmak Safi , Aussilhou Béatrice , Sauvanet Alain , Cazals Hatem Dominique , Paye François , Thellier Marc , Mazier Dominique , Milon Geneviève , Mohandas Narla , Mercereau-Puijalon Odile , David Peter H. , Buffet Pierre A. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Retention of poorly deformable red blood cells (RBCs) by the human spleen has been recognized as a critical determinant of pathogenesis in hereditary spherocytosis, malaria, and other RBC disorders. Using an ex vivo perfusion system, we had previously shown that retention of Plasmodium falciparum–infected RBCs (Pf-RBCs) occur in the splenic red pulp, upstream from the sinus wall. To experimentally replicate the mechanical sensing of RBCs by the splenic microcirculation, we designed a sorting device where a mixture of 5- to 25-μm-diameter microbeads mimics the geometry of narrow and short interendothelial splenic slits. Heated RBCs, Pf-RBCs, and RBCs from patients with hereditary spherocytosis were retained in the microbead layer, without hemolysis. The retention rates of Pf-RBCs were similar in microbeads and in isolated perfused human spleens. These in vitro results directly confirm the importance of the mechanical sensing of RBCs by the human spleen. In addition, rigid and deformable RBC subpopulations could be separated and characterized at the molecular level, and the device was used to deplete a stored RBC population from its subpopulation of rigid RBCs. This experimental approach may contribute to a better understanding of the role of the spleen in the pathogenesis of inherited and acquired RBC disorders.
The Right to Translation: Deconstructive Pedagogy in Comparative Literature, 1979/2009
Authors: Apter Emily 
Published: December 2010

Deconstruction arguably marked the last time that comparative literature was truly confident as a discipline; with a clear sight of its philological inheritance and posthumanist telos. Post-2000 comp lit, by comparison, has been plagued by insecurity over what it is and what it is not. At the present pass, even the discipline's recognized opportunity—which lies in its being well positioned institutionally to develop a worldly critical praxis responsive to the politics of the aesthetic—is experienced as a special burden; for no discipline wants to be responsible to “allness” (that is to say, to teaching all the world's languages and literatures) under the Malthusian market conditions that govern an enrollment-driven modern education. While there may be no ready solutions to the problems posed by the planetary imperative, one place to look for them is in the substantive discussions of translation and technics that lent self-assurance to literary education in the 1970s and 1980s. In the memos, letters, seminar notes, and texts written in this period, what emerges is a “right to translate” as the covenant of a deconstructive comparative literature.
Drawing on the transcript of Derrida's 1979 seminar “The Concept of Comparative Literature and the Theoretical Problems of Translation,” this essay explores topics for a new comparative literature: the theology of translation, translation and pedagogy, the right to untranslatability, and comparative literature as such as a translation problem.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of People With Intellectual Disabilities With and Without Substance Abuse Disorders in a Medicaid Population
Authors: Slayter Elspeth Maclean 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Little is known about the demographic and clinical characteristics of people with intellectual disabilities and substance abuse problems. Drawing on health care billing claims for people with Medicaid coverage aged 12–99 years, the characteristics of people with intellectual disability and a history of substance abuse (N  =  9,484) were explored and compared with people with intellectual disability but without substance abuse. Age- and/or gender-adjusted odds ratios were derived from logistic regression analyses to consider differences in demographic and clinical diagnoses. People with intellectual disability and substance abuse constituted 2.6% of all people with intellectual disability, most of whom had a diagnosis of mild or moderate intellectual disability. People with intellectual disability and substance abuse problems were, on average, 2 years older than the comparison group and less likely to be White. The sample was more likely than the comparison group to have serious mental illness or depression and substance abuse–related disorders were not prevalent. These data provide a comparison point for existing studies of mental health diagnoses as well as new information about substance abuse disorders. Implications relate to the identification of substance abuse among people with intellectual disabilities as well as the establishment of demographic and clinical correlates.
Evaluating a GPS-Based Transportation Device to Support Independent Bus Travel by People With Intellectual Disability
Authors: Davies Daniel K. , Stock Steven E. , Holloway Shane , Wehmeyer Michael L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe examined the utility of a PDA-based software system with integrated GPS technology for providing location-aware visual and auditory prompts to enable people with intellectual disability to successfully navigate a downtown bus route. Participants using the system were significantly more successful at completing a bus route than were people in a control group, who used a map and verbal directions. Further, when using the GPS-based system, 73% of participants successfully rang the bell and exited the bus at the right stop compared with only 8% of the control group. This finding was observed for individuals attempting to follow a new bus route for the first time and get off the bus at a previously unknown location.
Partitioning Reference Intervals by Use of Genetic Information
Authors: Shirts Brian H , Wilson Andrew R , Jackson Brian R 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND
Reference intervals that incorporate genetic information could reduce the misidentification of unusual test results caused by non–disease-associated genetic variation and increase the detection of results indicating underlying pathology. Subdividing reference groups by genetic effects, however, may lead to increased uncertainty around reference interval endpoints (because of the smaller subgroup sample sizes), thus offsetting any benefits.

METHODS
We evaluated CLSI guidelines to develop a method appropriate for partitioning reference intervals on the basis of genetic variants with dominant or recessive effects. This method uses information available before reference samples are recruited, thus allowing a preliminary decision regarding partitioning to be made before sampling. We used this method to evaluate the example of Gilbert syndrome.

RESULTS
The decision point for partitioning occurs when the percentage of total variance attributable to a dominant or recessive genetic polymorphism exceeds 4%. Similarly, partitioning decision curves are presented based on difference in means between 2 subgroups, sample SD, and subgroup or allele frequency. Laboratory-specific partitioned reference intervals for Gilbert syndrome appear to be statistically warranted for white and African-American populations, but not for Asian populations.

CONCLUSIONS
We present a simple method to evaluate whether partitioning based on dominant or recessive genetic effects is statistically justified. Important limitations remain that, in many situations, will preclude integration of genetic, laboratory, and clinical information. As society moves toward personalized medicine, additional research is needed on how to evaluate patient normality while accounting for additive genetic, multigenic, and other multifactorial effects.
Four Decades of Local Historic District Designation: A Case Study of Newport, Rhode Island
Authors: Anderheggen Shantia 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
For over forty years, Newport, Rhode Island has sought to preserve much of the city's historic architecture through a local preservation by-law. The work of the Newport Historic District Commission, comprised of volunteer residents appointed by the local city council, has dominated the city's historic preservation values and approach. Not uncommon to many preservation efforts, the emphasis has been almost exclusively on aesthetic rather than contextual values, and has resulted in local practice and preferences that often overlook the associative significance of local historic and cultural resources. This paper seeks to examine the genesis and impact of this approach to historic preservation efforts in Newport.
Emphasis on the Public
Authors: Burchall Leondra N. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
St. George's, Bermuda received World Heritage status in 2000, and today many of the island's majority Black population still don't know what that means. Is it because we aren't educating or marketing this “achievement” or do the peripheral voices and marginal communities view the designation as unimportant or an imposition? This case study examines the importance of examining the disparity in how we, and our public, interpret and value history. My job is to examine these acts of inclusion/exclusion and shift the balance with programs like “Bringing History to Life,” a student summer workshop series that uses different mediums to interrogate history.
Where is the History in Historic Districts—Some Concluding Thoughts
Authors: O'Bannon Patrick W. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This paper offers concluding statements on the papers presented as part of the working group “Where is the History in Historic Districts,” presented at the 2009 NCPH Annual Conference in Providence, Rhode Island. The working group addressed important questions regarding whose history is presented in historic districts and whether architecture is privileged over history in the delineation and designation of districts. Districts are bureaucratic constructs. They must preserve tangible, physical remainders of the past, but the history that those artifacts present may be as restrictive or as inclusive as promoters, government officials, residents, and public historians choose.
Economic Benefits of Achieving Realistic Smoking Cessation Targets in Australia
Authors: Magnus Anne , Cadilhac Dominique , Sheppard Lauren , Cumming Toby , Pearce Dora , Carter Rob 
Published: December 2010

Objectives. We estimated the economic impact of reductions in the prevalence of tobacco smoking on health, production, and leisure in the 2008 Australian population.Methods. We selected a prevalence target of 15%. Cohort lifetime health benefits were modeled as fewer incident cases of tobacco-related diseases, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years. We estimated production gains by comparing surveyed participation and absenteeism rates of adult smokers and ex-smokers valued according to the human capital and friction cost approaches. We estimated household production and leisure gains from time use surveys and valued these gains with the appropriate proxy.Results. In the 2008 Australian population, an absolute reduction in smoking prevalence of 8% would result in 158 000 fewer incident cases of disease, 5000 fewer deaths, 2.2 million fewer lost working days, and 3000 fewer early retirements and would reduce health sector costs by AUD 491 million. The gain in workforce production was AUD 415 million (friction cost) or AUD 863 million (human capital), along with gains of 373 000 days of household production and 23 000 days of leisure time.Conclusions. Lowering smoking prevalence rates can lead to substantial economic savings and health benefits.
Lifting Boats Without Closing Gaps: Child Health Outcomes in Distressed US Cities From 1992–2002
Authors: Silver Diana , Mijanovich Tod , Uyei Jenny , Kapadia Farzana , Weitzman Beth C. 
Published: December 2010

Objectives. We compared cause-specific mortality and birth rates for children and youths aged younger than 18 years in 100 US cities from 1992 through 2002. Methods. We used 5 census indicators to categorize the 100 most populous US cities in 1990 as economically distressed or nondistressed. We used Poisson regression to calculate rate ratios for cause-specific mortality and birth rates, comparing distressed cities to nondistressed cities overall and by race/ethnicity from 1992 through 2002. We also calculated rates of change in these variables within each city over this period. Results. Despite improvements in health for the study population in all cities, disparities between city groups held steady or widened over the study period. Gaps in outcomes between Whites and Blacks persisted across all cities. Living in a distressed city compounded the disparities in poor outcomes for Black children and youths. Conclusions. A strong national economy during the study period may have facilitated improvements in health outcomes for children and youths in US cities, but these benefits did not close gaps between distressed and nondistressed cities.