bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EMU: Evolutionary Map of the Universe
Authors: Norris Ray P. , Hopkins A. M. , Afonso J. , Brown S. , Condon J. J. , Dunne L. , Feain I. , Hollow R. , Jarvis M. , Johnston-Hollitt M. , Lenc E. , Middelberg E. , Padovani P. , Prandoni I. , Rudnick L. , Seymour N. , Umana G. , Andernach H. , Alexander D. M. , Appleton P. N. , Bacon D. , Banfield J. , Becker W. , Brown M. J. I. , Ciliegi P. , Jackson C. , Eales S. , Edge A. C. , Gaensler B. M. , Giovannini G. , Hales C. A. , Hancock P. , Huynh M. T. , Ibar E. , Ivison R. J. , Kennicutt R. , Kimball Amy E. , Koekemoer A. M. , Koribalski B. S. , López-Sánchez Á. R. , Mao M. Y. , Murphy T. , Messias H. , Pimbblet K. A. , Raccanelli A. , Randall K. E. , Reiprich T. H. , Roseboom I. G. , Röttgering H. , Saikia D. J. , Sharp R. G. , Slee O. B. , Smail Ian , Thompson M. A. , Urquhart J. S. , Wall J. V. , Zhao G.-B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEMU is a wide-field radio continuum survey planned for the new Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope. The primary goal of EMU is to make a deep (rms ∼ 10 μJy/beam) radio continuum survey of the entire Southern sky at 1.3 GHz, extending as far North as +30° declination, with a resolution of 10 arcsec. EMU is expected to detect and catalogue about 70 million galaxies, including typical star-forming galaxies up to z ∼ 1, powerful starbursts to even greater redshifts, and active galactic nuclei to the edge of the visible Universe. It will undoubtedly discover new classes of object. This paper defines the science goals and parameters of the survey, and describes the development of techniques necessary to maximise the science return from EMU.
Packaging the primary curriculum: textbooks and the English National Curriculum
Authors: MacLure Maggie , Elliott John 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYCommercial publishers have been quick to respond to the opportunities afforded by the National Curriculum. This paper examines some of the new (or in some cases ‘updated') primary coursebook schemes, and asks what might be the implications for the primary curriculum, should such schemes be widely adopted in schools.It might be thought that these commercial textbooks simply complete the job begun by the National Curriculum – i.e. ‘technologizing’ learning by breaking it down into segments and stages. But we suggest that their function, and hence their construction as texts, is rather more complex. The new schemes embrace a number of different educational ideologies, and appeal to a number of different teacher identities. They speak, for instance, to the ‘teacher‐as‐professionaP and to the ‘teacher‐in‐trouble’. They profess both ‘progressive’ and ‘traditional’ values.Rather than indicating unequivocally a tendency to deskill teachers and disempower pupils, as some educationalists would believe, the new textbooks are rather more plural and multi‐vocal therefore. Their ultimate impact and import will, of course, become clear only when we discover how the new books are used in teachers’ day‐to‐day practice.
A bridge too far? The problems facing GNVQ
Authors: Hodkinson Phil , Mattinson Kevin 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYGeneral National Vocational Qualifications (GNVQs) have been introduced by the British government to complete post‐16 education and training provision. They are intended to be a bridge between Advanced Levels and National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs), and to provide a vocational education of equivalent status to A levels. Using business as an exemplar, we examine the contextual position of GNVQs, especially in relation to A levels and NVQs. We identify three related problems–status equivalence, links with other qualifications and progression routes. We suggest that, in striving for status equivalence, GNVQ is being pulled closer to A level, and is increasingly distanced from NVQs. Moreover, despite much recent effort, progression from GNVQ to university remains problematic, while little attention has been given to the arguably more significant problems of progression to employment. We conclude that GNVQ is being expected to do an impossible job, and that changes to Advanced Level are also needed if a coherent post‐16 educational provision is to be developed.
The curriculum and current educational thinking in France
Authors: Forquin Jean‐Claude 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTAlthough curriculum does not constitute in France a domain of study clearly identified and delimited among the field of educational studies, it has always been a matter of debate and forms at present the subject of interesting approaches by some researchers. Three aspects are reviewed in the present article: first, the question of curricula and syllabuses, their development and evolution in a context characterized by the weight of centralism and the importance of encyclopaedic ideals; second, the contribution of some sociological studies focusing on the analysis of educational content and practices; finally, the contribution recently made by some specialists in didactics and the history of education to a reflection about the specificity of school knowledge and culture.
Conservative and liberal challenges to progressivist curricula in Scandinavia
Authors: Svingby Gunilla 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe post‐war period in the Scandinavian countries has been characterized by successive school reforms administered by social democratic governments following a moderate form of progressivism. A central idea is of equality and of an equal right to quality education. The public schools dominate and the management is top‐down. For a long period of time there have been central national curricula. In recent years the System of public schools has been questioned, as has the ideological basis of the curriculum. Proponents of a new liberal ideology demand more private schools, decentralization and efficiency. New conservative ideas at the same time argue for the restoration of basic forms of knowledge, competition and moral qualities to be mirrored in the new national curricula.
Injury surveillance during the 2010 IRB Women's Rugby World Cup
Authors: Taylor Aileen E , Fuller Colin W , Molloy Michael G 
Published: September 2011

ObjectiveTo assess and evaluate injuries sustained during the 2010 Women's Rugby World Cup.DesignProspective, cohort.Participants285 women rugby players.ResultsIncidence of match injury was 35.5/1000 player-hours; mean severity was 55.0 days and median severity 9 days. Only one training injury was reported. Knee-ligament injuries were the most common (15%) and resulted in most days lost (43%). The tackle was the cause of most injuries.ConclusionsThe risk of injury in international rugby is significantly lower for women than for men. Further research is required to assess knee-ligament injuries in women's rugby.
The effect of different doses of aerobic exercise training on endothelial function in postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure: results from the DREW study
Authors: Swift Damon L , Earnest Conrad P , Blair Steven N , Church Timothy S 
Published: September 2011

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of three different doses of aerobic exercise training (corresponding to approximately 50%, 100% and 150% of the National Institutes of Health consensus guidelines) on endothelial function in sedentary obese postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure. Aerobic exercise training improves endothelial function in individuals with cardiovascular risk; however, it is unknown whether these adaptations occur in a dose-dependent manner.MethodsObese postmenopausal women (n=155) with elevated blood pressure (systolic blood pressure between 120 and 159.0 mm Hg) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: 4, 8 or 12 kilocalories per kilogram of energy expenditure per week (kcal/kg/week) or a non-exercise control group for 6 months. Endothelial function was assessed via flow-mediated dilation (FMD) at baseline and post-intervention.ResultsAfter exercise training, there was a similar improvement (1.02–1.5%) in FMD in all three exercise groups (p<0.05) compared with control (–0.5%). Change in FMD after exercise training was significantly correlated with FMD at baseline (r= –0.35, p<0.001). Post hoc analyses found a significant improvement in FMD in exercisers (all exercise groups combined) with endothelial dysfunction (FMD < 5.5%) at baseline (1.8%, 95% CI: 1.17 to 2.38; p<0.001) compared with exercisers with normal endothelial function (FMD ≥ 5.5%) (–1.2%; 95% CI: –1.17 to 0.69; p=0.60).ConclusionsAerobic exercise training was associated with improved FMD in postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure. In addition, exercise training may be more efficacious in improving endothelial function in postmenopausal women with endothelial dysfunction than individuals with normal endothelial function at baseline.
Uncovering the blind spot of patient satisfaction: an international survey
Authors: Rozenblum Ronen , Lisby Marianne , Hockey Peter M , Levtizion-Korach Osnat , Salzberg Claudia A , Lipsitz Stuart , Bates David W 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundTo achieve a high level of patient satisfaction, providers need to identify and address patients' expectations. However, providers' beliefs and attitudes regarding expectations, as well as how to manage them, are not well understood.MethodsThe authors developed a survey to assess clinicians' awareness, attitudes, competence and performance with respect to patient expectations. The authors surveyed clinicians in four academic hospitals located in Denmark, Israel, the UK and the USA.ResultsThe authors collected 1004 questionnaires (79.9% response rate) from four hospitals in four countries spanning three continents. Overall, 88.8% of respondents stated that clinician awareness regarding patient expectations was moderate to low, with significant differences between countries (p<0.001). Although 89.4% of clinicians believed it was important to ask patients about expectations, only 16.1% reported actually asking (p<0.0001). Nurses were more likely than physicians to ask patients about expectations (20.1% vs 11.5%, p<0.001). Only 19.6% of respondents felt they had adequate training to handle patients' expectations. In multivariate analyses, clinicians with greater awareness and adequate training were more likely to ask patients about their expectations.ConclusionWhile clinicians think it is important to ask patients about their expectations, they often fail to do so and consequently may not respond adequately. These results identify a ‘blind spot’ in clinicians' approach when attempting to address patient expectations and improve patient satisfaction, suggesting that healthcare organisations should take a more active role in increasing clinicians' awareness and initiating structured training programmes to cope with patient expectations.
The prognostic value of tissue oxygen saturation in emergency department patients with severe sepsis or septic shock
Authors: Vorwerk Christiane , Coats Timothy J 
Published: September 2011

ObjectivesTo determine the derangement of muscle tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) in the early phase of emergency department (ED) sepsis management and its relationship to 30-day mortality in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.MethodsA prospective cohort study conducted in the ED of a university hospital. Patients were included if they had a clinical diagnosis of severe sepsis or septic shock. Thenar muscle tissue StO2on arrival in the ED and its change with usual ED sepsis management was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. A follow-up measurement was obtained after 24 h of treatment. All patients were followed for 30 days.Results49 patients were included, of which 24 (49%) died. There was no difference in mean StO2on arrival in the ED between survivors and non-survivors (72% vs 72%; p=0.97). Following ED treatment the mean StO2of survivors improved significantly to 78% (p<0.05) while StO2remained persistently low in non-survivors (p=0.94). Persistently low StO2(<75%) despite initial resuscitative treatment was associated with a twofold increase in mortality (RR of death 2.1%; 95% CI 1.2% to 3.5%).ConclusionPatients with severe sepsis/septic shock have abnormal muscle tissue StO2upon arrival in the ED. Inability to normalise StO2with ED sepsis management is associated with a poor outcome. The role of StO2as an early prognostic and potential therapeutic biomarker in severe sepsis or septic shock warrants further exploration.
Impact of α-lipoic acid on liver peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, vascular remodeling, and oxidative stress in insulin-resistant rats
Authors: El Midaoui Adil , Lungu Calin , Wang Hui , Wu Lingyun , Robillard Caroline , DeBlois Denis , Couture Réjean 
Published: September 2011

This study sought to determine the impact of α-lipoic acid (LA) on superoxide anion (O2•–) production and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) expression in liver tissue, plasma free fatty acids (FFA), and aortic remodeling in a rat model of insulin resistance. Sprague–Dawley rats (50–75 g) were given either tap water or a drinking solution containing 10% D-glucose for 14 weeks, combined with a diet with or without LA supplement. O2•– production was measured by lucigenin chemiluminescence, and PPAR-α expression by Western blotting. Cross-sectional area (CSA) of the aortic media and lumen and number of smooth muscle cells (SMC) were determined histologically. Glucose increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), plasma levels of glucose and insulin, and insulin resistance (HOMA index). All of these effects were attenuated by LA. Whereas glucose had no effect on liver PPAR-α protein level, it decreased plasma FFA. LA decreased the aortic and liver O2•– production, body weight, and plasma FFA levels in control and glucose-treated rats. Liver PPAR-α protein levels were increased by LA, and negatively correlated with plasma FFA. Medial CSA was reduced in all glucose-treated rats, and positively correlated with plasma FFA but not with SBP or aortic O2•– production. Glucose also reduced aortic lumen area, so that the media-to-lumen ratio remained unchanged. The ability of LA to lower plasma FFA appears to be mediated, in part, by increased hepatic PPAR-α expression, which may positively affect insulin resistance. Glucose-fed rats may serve as a unique model of aortic atrophic remodeling in hypertension and early metabolic syndrome.
Time course of acute neuroprotective effects of lithium carbonate evaluated by brain impedanciometry in the global ischemia model
Authors: Wix-Ramos R. , Eblen-Zajjur A. 
Published: September 2011

It is well known that chronic treatment with lithium gives cytoprotection from ischemia and neurodegeneration. Despite the clinical relevance, the potential effects of acute lithium treatment just before and during early stages of ischemia are not well known. Brain impedance was measured in an experimental global ischemia model, to determine these potential effects and their time course,as measured in minutes. Thiobarbital anesthetized (60 mg·kg–1, intraperitoneal injection) male Sprague–Dawley rats were infused intravenously (i.v.) with isovolumetric amounts of ringer (n = 10 rats) or lithium (Li2CO3; 10; 30; 100 mg·kg–1; n = 6 rats per dose tested). Cortico-subcortical impedance was recorded before (20 min) and after (20 min) the infusion, and during global cerebral ischemia (20 min) induced by cardiopulmonary arrest due to the administration of D-tubocurarine. Lithium did not change tissue impedance in normoxid animals. In the ringer-infused group, global cerebral ischemia first (9 min) shows a fast voltage decay rate (–7.08%·min–1), followed by a slow one (–0.94%·min–1) for the last 11 min of the recording. Lithium, at any dose tested, induced a strong reduction in voltage decay for both fast (–3.7%·min–1) and slow (–5.2%·min–1) phases, although the reduction was more intense in the first phase (>58%, Mann–Whitney Z = 2.02; P < 0.043). The reduction was more effective at 10 mg (Li2CO3)·kg–1 than at 30 or 100 mg·kg–1. The time course of brain edema was defined by curve fitting for ringer- (time constant λ = 512.9 s) or lithium-infused animals (λ = 302.0 s). These results suggest that acute lithium infusion 20 min prior to global ischemia, strongly reduces cerebral impedance by reducing the decay rate and the duration of the fast decay phase, and increasing time constant decay during ischemia.
Passive Exercise Using Whole-Body Periodic Acceleration Enhances Blood Supply to Ischemic Hindlimb
Authors: Rokutanda Taku , Izumiya Yasuhiro , Miura Mitsutoshi , Fukuda Shota , Shimada Kenei , Izumi Yasukatsu , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Araki Satoshi , Hanatani Shinsuke , Matsubara Junichi , Nakamura Taishi , Kataoka Keiichiro , Yasuda Osamu , Kaikita Koichi , Sugiyama Seigo , Kim-Mitsuyama Shokei , Yoshikawa Junichi , Fujita Masatoshi , Yoshiyama Minoru , Ogawa Hisao 
Published: September 2011

Objective—
Whole-body periodic acceleration (WBPA) has been developed as a passive exercise technique to improve endothelial function by increasing shear stress through repetitive movements in spinal axis direction. We investigated the effects of WBPA on blood flow recovery in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia and in patients with peripheral arterial disease.

Methods and Results—
After unilateral femoral artery excision, mice were assigned to either the WBPA (n=15) or the control (n=13) group. WBPA was applied at 150 cpm for 45 minutes under anesthesia once a day. WBPA significantly increased blood flow recovery after ischemic surgery, as determined by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. Sections of ischemic adductor muscle stained with anti-CD31 antibody showed a significant increase in capillary density in WBPA mice compared with control mice. WBPA increased the phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in skeletal muscle. The proangiogenic effect of WBPA on ischemic limb was blunted in eNOS-deficient mice, suggesting that the stimulatory effects of WBPA on revascularization are eNOS dependent. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed significant increases in angiogenic growth factor expression in ischemic hindlimb by WBPA. Facilitated blood flow recovery was observed in a mouse model of diabetes despite there being no changes in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, both a single session and 7-day repeated sessions of WBPA significantly improved blood flow in the lower extremity of patients with peripheral arterial disease.

Conclusion—
WBPA increased blood supply to ischemic lower extremities through activation of eNOS signaling and upregulation of proangiogenic growth factor in ischemic skeletal muscle. WBPA is a potentially suitable noninvasive intervention to facilitate therapeutic angiogenesis.
Neighborhood Disadvantage and Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Brown Arleen F. , Liang Li-Jung , Vassar Stefanie D. , Stein-Merkin Sharon , Longstreth W.T. , Ovbiagele Bruce , Yan Tingjian , Escarce José J. 
Published: September 2011

Background and Purpose—
Neighborhood characteristics may influence the risk of stroke and contribute to socioeconomic disparities in stroke incidence. The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic status and incident ischemic stroke and examine potential mediators of these associations.

Methods—
We analyzed data from 3834 whites and 785 blacks enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a multicenter, population-based, longitudinal study of adults ages ≥65 years from 4 US counties. The primary outcome was adjudicated incident ischemic stroke. Neighborhood socioeconomic status was measured using a composite of 6 census tract variables. Race-stratified multilevel Cox proportional hazard models were constructed adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioral, and biological risk factors.

Results—
Among whites, in models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, stroke hazard was significantly higher among residents of neighborhoods in the lowest compared with the highest neighborhood socioeconomic status quartile (hazard ratio, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.01–1.72) with greater attenuation of the hazard ratio after adjustment for biological risk factors (hazard ratio, 1.16; 0.88–1.52) than for behavioral risk factors (hazard ratio, 1.30; 0.99–1.70). Among blacks, we found no significant associations between neighborhood socioeconomic status and ischemic stroke.

Conclusions—
Higher risk of incident ischemic stroke was observed in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods among whites, but not among blacks. The relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic status and stroke among whites appears to be mediated more strongly by biological than behavioral risk factors.
Intracranial Stenting of Subacute Symptomatic Atherosclerotic Occlusion Versus Stenosis
Authors: Lü Peng-Hua , Park Jee Won , Park Soonchan , Kim Jong Lim , Lee Deok Hee , Kwon Sun Uck , Kim Jong Sung , Yun Sung-Cheol , Suh Dae Chul 
Published: September 2011

Background and Purpose—
Limited data are available concerning the outcome of angioplasty/stenting for subacute atherosclerotic intracranial artery occlusion, which is often associated with progressive symptom development in the salvageable brain under ischemic threat due to poor collateral blood supply.

Methods—
Among 177 patients who underwent angioplasty and/or stenting for severe symptomatic intracranial steno-occlusion, 26 had subacute atherosclerotic intracranial artery occlusion. Outcome after stenting (N=22) was assessed according to procedural success (return of antegrade flow and residual stenosis <50%), adverse event (any stroke or death) rate, and restenosis (>50%) using weighted Cox proportional hazards regression in the overall cohort and in separate subgroups.

Results—
Successful recanalization was achieved in 95%. Three adverse events (13.6%) occurred among patients undergoing stenting for occlusion, including 2 major strokes and 1 nonprocedure-related death. Good outcome (modified Rankin Scale ≤2) was achieved in 73%. In the overall cohort, no significant difference was observed between the occlusion and stenosis groups in terms of the risk of adverse events (hazard ratio for the occlusion group, 1.055; 95% CI, 0.29–3.90) or the risk of restenosis (hazard ratio for the occlusion group, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.19–7.72). A trend toward a higher rate of adverse events was observed in older age (>65 years), progressive worsening, balloon-expandable stent, and no history of a preprocedural P2Y12 assay.

Conclusions—
In a cohort of patients undergoing angioplasty/stenting for subacute atherosclerotic intracranial artery occlusion, no significant difference in the rates of adverse events was observed. However, several factors, including age, tended to be associated with a higher event rate.