bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of viability of a probiotic Lactobacillus strain for poultry during freeze‐drying and storage using the response surface methodology
Authors: KHORAMNIA Anahita , ABDULLAH Norhani , LIEW Siew Ling , SIEO Chin Chin , RAMASAMY Kalavathy , HO Yin Wan 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTA rotatable central composite design (CCD) was used to study the effect of cryoprotectants (skim milk, sucrose and lactose) on the survival rate of a probiotic Lactobacillus strain, L. reuteri C10, for poultry, during freeze‐drying and storage. Using response surface methodology, a quadratic polynomial equation was obtained for response value by multiple regression analyses: Y = 8.59546 − 0.01038 X1 − 0.09382 X2 − 0.07771 X3 − 0.054861 X12 − 0.04603X32 − 0.10938 X1X2. Based on the model predicted, sucrose exerted the strongest effect on the survival rate. At various combinations of cryoprotectants, the viability loss of the cells after freeze‐drying was reduced from 1.65 log colony forming units (CFU)/mL to 0.26–0.66 log CFU/mL. The estimated optimum combination for enhancing the survival rate of L. reuteri C10 was 19.5% skim milk, 1% sucrose and 9% lactose. Verification experiments confirmed the validity of the predicted model. The storage life of freeze‐dried L. reuteri C10 was markedly improved when cryoprotectants were used. At optimum combination of the cryoprotectants, the survival rates of freeze‐dried L. reuteri C10 stored at 4°C and 30°C for 6 months were 96.4% and 73.8%, respectively. Total viability loss of cells which were not protected by cryoprotectants occurred after 12 and 8 weeks of storage at 4°C and 30°C, respectively.
Comparative genomic analysis of growth hormone gene in geese
Authors: ZHAO Wen‐ming , QIAO Na , WANG Xue‐bin , CHEN Qing , CHENG Jin‐hua , XU Qi , CHEN Guo‐hong 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTTo explore the mutation characteristic of growth hormone (GH) gene in geese, all the exons and introns of the gene were amplified by 20 pairs of primers, and then single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and subsequently confirmed by sequencing. There were six SNPs per 1000 nucleotides in exons compared to two SNPs per 1000 nucleotides in intron regions. The variant in exons contained only one non‐synonymous mutation and three synonymous mutations. The results show that its sequence identity with chicken and duck were 77.54% and 92.38%, respectively, which may be concluded that the GH gene was highly conservative in phylogenesis, although there were differences between waterfowls and chicken in their evolution process.
Molecular phylogeny and diversity of Myanmar and Bhutan mithun based on mtDNA sequences
Authors: TANAKA Kazuaki , TAKIZAWA Tatsuya , MURAKOSHI Hayato , DORJI Tashi , NYUNT Maung Maung , MAEDA Yoshizane , YAMAMOTO Yoshio , NAMIKAWA Takao 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTThe mithun (Bos frontalis), synonymous with mithan and gayal, is considered to be a domesticated form of gaur (B. gaurus). However, there has been a controversy concerning its origin. In an effort to address this issue, the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) genes of 20 mithun from Myanmar and 13 from Bhutan were sequenced to trace its maternal origin. Seven cytb haplotypes were found in the 33 mithun, and the phylogenetic tree for these haplotypes clearly showed three embranchments involving five gaur types, a B. indicus type, and a B. taurus type. Sixteen Myanmar and 12 Bhutan mithun had gaur haplotypes, while a B. indicus haplotype was found in three Myanmar and one Bhutan mithun. The B. taurus haplotype was detected in a single Myanmar animal. These results demonstrated that the principal maternal origin of mithun was gaur and suggested that it was directly domesticated from gaur. However, some introgression of domestic cattle existed in current mithun populations. The presence of cattle mtDNA raised the question of how many cattle nuclear genes might have been integrated into the gene pool of mithun.
Tropical Biodiversity in Human‐Modified Landscapes: What is our Trump Card?
Authors: Tabarelli Marcelo 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTMany conservationists are now convinced that the expansion of the world system of protected areas combined with appropriate levels of biodiversity persistence within human‐modified landscapes would drastically mitigate the announced impoverishment of tropical biotas. In this context, an inherent/intrinsic biodiversity ability to persist and recover within human‐modified landscapes has emerged as a ‘trump card’ in the conservation battle, renewing our hope in a more sustainable development of the tropical region. However, this optimistic perspective on the conservation value of human‐modified landscapes sounds, a priori, a little unrealistic in face of the current knowledge on the nature of human environments and the spectrum of native species that is likely to persist there. Rather than relying on illusory levels of biodiversity resilience and consequent flexible land‐use regulations, our real trump card reposes on a radical and ambitious shift from freely exploited landscapes to strictly managed ones, despite the misleading noise produced by those voices advocating for immediate and almost unlimited access to natural resources. Otherwise, we are condemning future human populations to live in biologically impoverished and fragile environments with limited opportunities for life support.
Conservation in Low‐Governance Environments
Authors: Yu Douglas W. , Levi Taal , Shepard Glenn H. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTHow do we preserve biodiversity in low‐governance environments, where relevant legislation is either absent or not enforced and where commercial interests are arrayed against conservation? Part of the answer lies in discovering multiple sources of governance and adapting the tools of conservation biology to exploit them. We focus on indigenous and forest‐dwelling colonist populations and on rain forest tourism.
Declines in Leaf Litter Nitrogen Linked to Rising Temperatures in a Wet Tropical Forest
Authors: Tully Katherine , Lawrence Deborah 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTIn the tropics rainfall can vary by hundreds of millimeters from month to month, while mean temperatures fluctuate by only a few degrees. Nevertheless, during this 7‐year study, we observed 35–52 percent declines in litter nitrogen concentrations in response to small increases in minimum temperature, with no response to the larger oscillations in rainfall.
Diamonds or Dragonflies? A Question of Reshaping Societal Values
Authors: Ghazoul Jaboury 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTI contend that our values are muddled and misplaced. As a society, Nature is grossly undervalued relative to other commodities and priorities despite its integral and central role in our psyche and culture. The increasing dissociation of humans from nature, physically, intellectually and culturally, threatens the conservation ethic and all our efforts at conserving Nature in the long term, for human benefit or for its own sake. We need to reverse the increasing human isolation from the natural environment by encouraging our children and the wider public to engage with Nature. The formative experiences thus gained might, with time, change societal priorities in favor of a renewed conservation ethic.
Transparency and Representationalist Theories of Consciousness
Authors: Kind Amy 
Published: October 2010

AbstractOver the past few decades, as philosophers of mind have begun to rethink the sharp divide that was traditionally drawn between the phenomenal character of an experience (what it’s like to have that experience) and its intentional content (what it represents), representationalist theories of consciousness have become increasingly popular. On this view, phenomenal character is reduced to intentional content. This article explores a key motivation for this theory, namely, considerations of experiential transparency. Experience is said to be transparent in that we ‘look right through it’ to the objects of that experience, and this is supposed to support the representationalist claim that there are no intrinsic aspects of our experience.
Epistemic Internalism
Authors: Madison BJC 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe internalism/externalism debate is of interest in epistemology since it addresses one of the most fundamental questions in the discipline: what is the basic nature of knowledge and epistemic justification? It is generally held that if a positive epistemic status obtains, this is not a brute fact. Rather if a belief is, for example, justified, it is justified in virtue of some further condition(s) obtaining. What has been called epistemic internalism holds, as the label suggests, is that all the relevant factors that determine justification must be ‘internal’ (in a sense that needs to be specified). Epistemic externalism is the denial of internalism. Epistemic internalism about justification is the subject of this article. After introducing the central intuitive considerations that have tended to motivate internalism, this paper will explore different ways of construing the internalist position (or family of positions). In addition to classical formulations, more recent formulations will be discussed, concluding with a discussion of an emerging position known as ‘Epistemological Disjunctivism’, which its advocates claim preserves the most important features of more traditional forms of internalism, while avoiding their difficulties. Epistemological Disjunctivism is particularly worthy of attention since if true, it promises to bridge internalist and externalist epistemologies, bringing a rapprochement to two sides of what may otherwise appear a deep and intractable debate about the fundamental nature of epistemology.
Virtues of Art
Authors: Goldie Peter 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe idea that there is an important place in philosophical aesthetics for virtues of art is not new, but it is now undergoing a serious re‐examination. Why might this be? What are the principles behind virtue aesthetics? Are there any good arguments for the theory? (I will take virtue aesthetics to be the theory that there is a central place for virtues of art.) What problems does virtue aesthetics face? And what might the implications be of virtue aesthetics both in philosophy and in related disciplines?
Spectral Discrimination of Benign and Malignant Prostate Tissues––A Preliminary Report
Authors: Masilamani Vadivel , Rabah Danny , AlSalhi Mohamad , Trinka Vijmasi , VijayaRaghavan Parthasarathy 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this preliminary report, benign (n = 8) and malignant (n = 5) prostate tissues, in vitro, have been taken through autofluorescence spectroscopy. Employing Stokes’ shift spectra and fluorescence emission spectra as tools of analysis, we were able to discriminate the two sets of tissues with sensitivity and specificity in excess of 85%. When the excised prostate chips were scanned with a spatial resolution of 1 mm, the epicenter of malignancy also could be delineated.
Model for end‐stage liver disease combined with serum prealbumin to predict the prognosis of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis
Authors: LIU Fei , CAI Ling Yan , ZHONG Lan , CHEN Chi , XU Fei , ZHAO Zhong Xin , CHEN Xi Mei 
Published: October 2010

OBJECTIVE:  To evaluate the prognostic value of model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) combined with serum prealbumin (PA) in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis.METHODS:  A total of 252 patients were enrolled in the study and followed 1 year. PA was measured and MELD score was calculated on the first day of admission. Analysis of variance (anova) was used to assess correlation between PA level and MELD score. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to screen the prognosis related factors. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were drawn.RESULTS:  Of the 252 patients, 28 died within 3 months, 58 within 6 months and 91 within 1 year. Serum PA level in dead patients was significantly lower than that in survival patients (P < 0.005) and decreasing with increasing of MELD score. Cox analysis showed that MELD score > 18 (RR = 2.749) and PA < 70 mg/L (RR = 2.412) were independent prognosis risk factors. The risk ratio of MELD score combined with PA level (1.854, P < 0.01) was higher than that of MELD score alone (1.054, P < 0.05). Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis showed that MELD score ≤ 18 combined with PA ≥ 70 mg/L could clearly discriminate patients who would survive or die within 6 month and 1 year follow up.CONCLUSION:  MELD score ≤ 18 combined with PA ≥ 70 mg/L could predict the 6‐month and 1‐year prognosis of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis, and was superior to that of MELD score alone.
Artificial skin in perspective: concepts and applications
Authors: Brohem Carla A. , da Silva Cardeal Laura B. , Tiago Manoela , Soengas María S. , de Moraes Barros Silvia B. , Maria‐Engler Silvya S. 
Published: October 2010

SummarySkin, the largest organ of the human body, is organized into an elaborate layered structure consisting mainly of the outermost epidermis and the underlying dermis. A subcutaneous adipose‐storing hypodermis layer and various appendages such as hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels are also present in the skin. These multiple components of the skin ensure survival by carrying out critical functions such as protection, thermoregulation, excretion, absorption, metabolic functions, sensation, evaporation management, and aesthetics. The study of how these biological functions are performed is critical to our understanding of basic skin biology such as regulation of pigmentation and wound repair. Impairment of any of these functions may lead to pathogenic alterations, including skin cancers. Therefore, the development of genetically controlled and well characterized skin models can have important implications, not only for scientists and physicians, but also for manufacturers, consumers, governing regulatory boards and animal welfare organizations. As cells making up human skin tissue grow within an organized three‐dimensional (3D) matrix surrounded by neighboring cells, standard monolayer (2D) cell cultures do not recapitulate the physiological architecture of the skin. Several types of human skin recombinants, also called artificial skin, that provide this critical 3D structure have now been reconstructed in vitro. This review contemplates the use of these organotypic skin models in different applications, including substitutes to animal testing.
Classification of Complex Reservoirs in Superimposed Basins of Western China
Authors: Xiongqi PANG , Xinyuan ZHOU , Changsong LIN , Zhipeng HUO , Xiaorong LUO , Hong PANG 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:Many of the sedimentary basins in western China were formed through the superposition and compounding of at least two previously developed sedimentary basins and in general they can be termed as complex superimposed basins. The distinct differences between these basins and monotype basins are their discontinuous stratigraphic sedimentation, stratigraphic structure and stratigraphic stress‐strain action over geological history. Based on the correlation of chronological age on structural sections, superimposed basins can be divided into five types in this study: (1) continuous sedimentation type superimposed basins, (2) middle and late stratigraphic superimposed basins, (3) early and late stratigraphic superimposed basins, (4) early and middle stratigraphic superimposed basins, and (5) long‐term exposed superimposed basins. Multiple source‐reservoir‐caprock assemblages have developed in such basins. In addition, multi‐stage hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, multiple sources, polycyclic hydrocarbon accumulation and multiple‐type hydrocarbon reservoirs adjustment, reformation and destruction have occurred in these basins. The complex reservoirs that have been discovered widely in the superimposed basins to date have remarkably different geologic features from primary reservoirs, and the root causes of this are folding, denudation and the fracture effect caused by multiphase tectonic events in the superimposed basins as well as associated seepage, diffusion, spilling, oxidation, degradation and cracking. Based on their genesis characteristics, complex reservoirs are divided into five categories: (1) primary reservoirs, (2) trap adjustment type reservoirs, (3) component variant reservoirs, (4) phase conversion type reservoirs and (5) scale‐reformed reservoirs.
Comparison of the Surface and Underground Natural Gas Occurrences in the Tazhong Uplift of the Tarim Basin
Authors: Jun TIAN , Junqing CHEN , Jiao JIAO , Xiongqi PANG 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:The oil, gas and water volumes revealed by the productivity of exploratory wells do not reflect the actual underground situations. Under the geologic conditions, a certain amount of dissolved natural gas is stored in oil or water. Based on the production test data of exploratory wells in the Tazhong uplift of the Tarim basin, this paper discusses in detail the differences in occurrence and distribution featrues between the surface and underground natural gases; presents a restoration of the surface gas occurrence to actual underground geologic conditions according to the dissolubility of natural gas under different temperature, pressure and medium conditions; and classifies the natural gas into three states, i.e. the oversaturated, saturated and undersaturated, according to its relative content underground. Through a comparative analysis of the differences in surface and underground occurrences of natural gas, it discusses the hydrocarbon reservoir formation mechanism and distribution rules, thereby providing guidances as new methods and technologies for the prediction of potential natural gas reservoir distribution in the study area.
Late Carboniferous‐Early Permian Sequence Stratigraphy and Depositional Evolution in the Northeast Ordos Basin, North China
Authors: Minghui YANG , Chiyang LIU , Chaoli LAN , Le LIU , Xin LI , Kunshan ZHANG 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:Sequence stratigraphical analysis was applied to the Upper Carboniferous‐Lower Permian sedimentary succession of the northeastern Ordos Basin, north China based on data acquired from ten entire logging curves and eight outcrops. The facies framework of the lithostratigraphical unit, the Taiyuan Formation comprises seven facies in two facies associations, varying from fluvio‐delta to shelf‐barrier islands. The facies are presented within a chronostratigraphical framework, linked by systems tract, which in turn are limited by flooding surfaces and sequence boundaries. Six third‐order depositional sequences are recognised, bounded by six type 2 unconformities. An upwards‐shallowing epicontinental sea sedimentary model is created, which consists of a sandstone, coal seam and carbonate succession.
Managing Idiopathic Frozen Shoulder: A Survey of Health Professionals' Current Practice and Research Priorities
Authors: Dennis Laura , Brealey Stephen , Rangan Amar , Rookmoneea Maya , Watson Jude 
Published: October 2010

Background We aimed to identify the treatments used by health care professionals in current practice for the management of patients with idiopathic frozen shoulder and the need for further research in this area, specifically a randomized trial. Methods Three hundred and three health care professionals (i.e. general practitioners, physiotherapists and orthopaedic surgeons) completed an online survey about idiopathic frozen shoulder management and research priorities. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square statistics and thematic analysis of qualitative data. Results Conservative treatment and physical therapy were identified as the most common interventions for treating patients presenting with frozen shoulder in the early ‘painful’ phase. Approximately half of the respondents would recommend surgery for patients with ‘resolution’ phase frozen shoulder, although there was some disagreement about the role of pain as an indicator for surgery. Most respondents (221/251) considered that more research was needed using a randomized trial design, in particular aiming to investigate the effectiveness of physical therapy and surgery. Conclusion Health professionals manage frozen shoulders differently for different phases of the condition. More research is needed to compare different interventions for the management of patients with idiopathic frozen shoulder.
The Reliability of the Constant–Murley Shoulder Scoring System
Authors: Yasin Mohammed N. , Naqui Syed Z. , Muir Lindsay T. S. W. 
Published: October 2010

Background The Constant–Murley score (CMS) is a widely used scoring system. However, its objective component is open to inter-rater variability. The present study aimed to assess the inter-rater reliability of the objective component of the CMS. Methods Fifteen clinicians of varying experience were given 18 standardized photographs of 10 normal subjects of varying age and build, equating to 24 fixed shoulder positions. Each rater visually estimated the angle of each shoulder and repeated the process at 1 week using a goniometer. These angles were converted to their appropriate CMS. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated using SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) to assess inter-rater reliability. Results The mean postgraduate experience of our raters was 7.13 years. There were a total of 360 CMS estimated visually. The inter-rater ICC was 0.909 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.854 to 0.952]. The goniometer-based CMS were similar: ICC 0.950 (95% CI 0.907 to 0.976) (Cronbach's alpha = 0.993). Comparing CM scores between visual estimation and goniometry demonstrated an inter-rater ICC of 0.409 (95% CI–0.0301 to 0.827). Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to define the reliability of the objective component of the CMS using large numbers of observers and patients. We have shown that the CMS is highly reliable between raters providing that the same method is used. In the present study, visual estimation was found to be as reliable between raters as the goniometer. However, the reliability of the score is dramatically affected if the two methods are interchanged between raters.
Exclusion of cytoplasmic fragments in flow cytometric analysis of lymph node samples from dogs with lymphoma using membrane‐permeable violet laser‐excitable DNA‐binding fluorescent dye (DyeCycle Violet)
Authors: Ito Daisuke , O'Brien Timothy D. , Modiano Jaime F. 
Published: October 2010

Background: Cytoplasmic fragments derived from fragile neoplastic lymphocytes are common in samples of lymph nodes collected from dogs with lymphoma. These cytoplasmic fragments interfere with accurate gating of target cells and quantification protocols used for flow cytometry because of their variable size and expression of lymphoid cell surface antigens on their membranes.Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a method to efficiently exclude cytoplasmic fragments from flow cytometric analysis of canine lymph nodes in which lymphoma was present.Methods: Single‐cell suspensions of neoplastic cells were prepared from biopsy samples and fine‐needle aspirates of lymph nodes from 23 dogs with lymphoma. Suspensions were stained using a violet laser‐excitable (405 nm) membrane‐permeable DNA‐binding fluorescent dye (DyeCycle Violet [DCV]), incubated with antibodies against CD3, CD5, CD21, CD22, and CD45, and then stained with 7‐amino‐actinomycin D (7‐AAD), an argon‐excitable (488 nm) membrane‐impermeable DNA‐binding fluorescent dye. Multiparameter flow cytometry was used for analysis based on selective uptake and laser‐activated fluorescence of these dyes.Results: Cytoplasmic fragments, which were DCV‐negative and CD45‐positive, and dead cells, which were positive for 7‐AAD, were efficiently separated from neoplastic cells.Conclusion: Staining with DCV is a useful method to improve flow cytometric gating methods and quantitative analyses of lymph node samples from dogs with lymphoma.