bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child Abuse, Neglect, and Delinquency: The Neurological Link
Authors: CELLINI HENRY R. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTRecent research has demonstrated a clear connection between physical, emotional, and sexual abuse and neglect during childhood, and negative changes in a child's neurological development. Abnormal growth and developmental patterns in a child's brain as a result of abuse and neglect can lead to life‐long problems with self‐control, memory, emotion, judgment, consequential thinking, and moral reasoning, resulting in an increased likelihood of substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and adult criminal behaviors. This article provides information on the abused child, neurological implications, and recommendations.
Making an Impact on Juvenile Delinquents: An Approach to Victim Impact Statements that Everyone Can Embrace
Authors: WOLF KERRIN C. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe use of victim impact statements occurs in the majority of states' juvenile court proceedings. Many victims' rights advocates celebrate the use of these statements as a valuable means of victim empowerment, as victim impact statements allow victims to convey the personal effects that delinquent acts had on their lives directly to the courts. Yet at the same time, many oppose the use of victim impact statements in juvenile courts because they inhibit judges' ability to focus on delinquent juveniles' rehabilitative needs by infusing the victims' feelings and emotions into the disposition‐crafting process. This article suggests that a balance can be struck between these competing concerns by incorporating victim impact statements into the rehabilitative programs prescribed in the dispositions of delinquent youths, instead of using the statements as an influencing force in crafting the dispositions.
Protecting and Supporting Children in the Child Welfare System and the Juvenile Court
Authors: RYAN BARBARA , BASHANT JUDGE CYNTHIA , BROOKS DEENA 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe impact of childhood trauma can be substantial and long term. Prevention of additional trauma should be the guiding principle for all professionals working with children in the child welfare and juvenile court systems. This article addresses ways these two systems can protect and support children before they enter the courtroom. This is accomplished by obtaining, sharing, and utilizing a complete trauma history on the child, as well as putting measures in place to protect against system‐generated trauma. It will also address how to reduce the trauma associated with testifying using psycho‐educational programs, and involving a caring, sensitive judge.
Advancing Competency Development: A White Paper for Pennsylvania
Authors: TORBET PATRICIA , THOMAS DOUGLAS 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTOne of the fundamental purposes of Pennsylvania's juvenile justice system is to develop “competencies” in delinquent youth. But what does that mean? Why is it important? How is it done? The White Paper. originally published in 2005, attempted to answer those questions, articulating basic principles and identifying research‐supported practices for competency development, the least understood of the three balanced and restorative justice goals. Practitioners and policy makers in other states who are interested in helping juvenile offenders acquire the knowledge and skills they need to become productive, connected, and law‐abiding community members will find it directly relevant.
Arkansas Legislative Reforms Provide Framework for Change While Supporting Parens Patriae Philosophy of Juvenile Court
Authors: HAMILTON LAUREN , MOAK STACY C. , GOLDEN JAMES W. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTChanges in Arkansas's juvenile laws resulting from the school shootings in Jonesboro impacted two separate issues of the juvenile court process. The first law changed aspects of transfer provisions for processing juveniles as adults. Secondly, the law created new provisions allowing blended sentencing for juveniles who commit certain enumerated offenses. Both provisions are examined in this article. The authors examine the impact those changes had on the types and numbers of cases handled by the court and argue that the framework provided by Arkansas's Extended Juvenile Jurisdiction law illustrates a legislative response to juvenile violence that supports the concept of parens patriae and promotes the original purpose for which juvenile courts were created while balancing concerns for public safety.
Public Safety Outcomes of Virginia's Detention Assessment Instrument
Authors: REINER SCOTT , MILLER JARED B. , GANGAL TRIPTI 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe placement of juveniles in secure detention has been the subject of considerable attention recently. For the past several years, Virginia has been engaged in efforts to improve detention practices at both the state and local levels. One important policy and practice change is the implementation of a standardized, structured decision‐making instrument to guide detention decisions by intake officers of the Virginia Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ). This report will present a brief background on the Detention Assessment Instrument (DAI); an analysis of the performance of the DAI on key public safety outcomes; and an overview of Virginia's participation in the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative (JDAI).
Theoretical Modeling of TLD With Different Tank Geometries Using Linear Long Wave Theory
Authors: Deng X. , Tait M. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This study focuses on the modeling of tuned liquid dampers (TLDs) with triangular-bottom, sloped-bottom, parabolic-bottom, and flat-bottom tanks using the linear long wave theory. The energy dissipated by damping screens is modeled theoretically utilizing the method of virtual work. In this proposed model, only the fundamental sloshing mode is considered, and the assumption of small free surface fluid response amplitude is made. Subsequently, the equivalent mechanical properties including effective mass, natural frequency, and damping ratio of the TLDs, having different tank geometries, are compared. It is found that the normalized effective mass ratio values for a parabolic-bottom tank and a sloped-bottom tank with a sloping angle of 20 deg are larger than the normalized effective mass ratio values for triangular-bottom and flat-bottom tanks. An increase in the normalized effective mass ratio indicates that a greater portion of the water inside the tank participates in the sloshing motion. The derived equivalent mechanical models for the TLD tank geometries considered in this study can be used for the preliminary design of structural-TLD systems.
Use of Different Inhibitory Quotients To Predict Early Virological Response to Tipranavir in Antiretroviral-Experienced Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients
Authors: Morello Judit , De Mendoza Carmen , Soriano Vincent , Anta Lourdes , González-Pardo Gema , Corral Angélica , Blanco Francisco , Jiménez-Nácher Inmaculada , González-Lahoz Juan , Rodríguez-Novoa Sonia 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT

Information about the relationship between pharmacological parameters and an early virological response to tipranavir (TPV) is scarce. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients who had received TPV as part of a salvage regimen were analyzed retrospectively. A virological response was defined as a decline in the HIV RNA level of ≥1 log unit or to <50 copies/ml between weeks 4 and 12 of therapy. The virtual inhibitory quotient (vIQ) was calculated as the ratio of the TPV plasma trough concentration (
C
trough
)/virtual change in the 50% inhibitory concentration. Three genotypic inhibitory quotients (gIQs) were calculated by using different TPV resistance mutation scores (from the International AIDS Society—USA [IAS-USA], Randomized Evaluation of Strategic Intervention in Multidrug-Resistant Patients with Tipranavir [RESIST], and Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales [ANRS] trials). The sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive values (PPVs), negative predictive values (NPVs), and likelihood ratios for a positive result (LHR
+
) and a negative result (LHR
−
) [LHR
+
= sensitivity/(1 − specificity); LHR
−
= (1 − sensitivity)/specificity] were calculated. A total of 57 HIV-infected patients were analyzed. A virological response was achieved by 77% of the patients. TPV resistance mutations, TPV
C
trough
, vIQs, and gIQs were all significantly associated with a virological response. The vIQ had the best PPV and NPV (97% and 78%, respectively). The values of the LHR
+
were 7.8 for vIQ, 3.4 for the RESIST gIQ, 3.3 for the IAS-USA gIQ, 3.1 for the ANRS gIQ, 2.2 for TPV
C
trough
, and 1.3 for the IAS-USA and RESIST scores. The values of LHR
−
were 0 for the RESIST score, 0.07 for vIQ, 0.09 for the IAS-USA score, 0.27 for the RESIST gIQ, 0.32 for the IAS-USA gIQ, 0.37 for the ANRS gIQ, and 0.48 for TPV
C
trough
. HIV-infected patients who initiate a salvage regimen based on TPV may benefit from baseline drug resistance testing and TPV plasma concentration determination, as vIQ is the best predictor of a virological response.
Diversity of β-Lactamases Produced by Ceftazidime-Resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Isolates Causing Bloodstream Infections in Brazil
Authors: Picão Renata C. , Poirel Laurent , Gales Ana C. , Nordmann Patrice 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT

A retrospective survey was conducted to characterize β-lactamases in a collection of 43 ceftazidime-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
isolates recovered from patients with bloodstream infections hospitalized at a Brazilian teaching hospital between January and December 2005. Resistance rates for carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and quinolones were over 80%, with only colistin remaining active against all isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis identified seven different genotypes. AmpC overproduction was found to be the sole β-lactamase-mediated mechanism responsible for ceftazidime resistance in four isolates (9.3%). Nine isolates (20.9%) produced an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), either GES-1 (
n
= 7, 16.3%) or CTX-M-2 (
n
= 2, 4.6%). Carbapenemase activity was detected in 30 (70%) additional isolates. Among those isolates, two isolates (4.6%) produced the ESBL GES-5, possessing the ability to hydrolyze imipenem; a single isolate (2.3%) produced the metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) IMP-1; and 27 isolates produced the MBL SPM-1 (62.8%). None of the isolates coproduced both ESBL and MBL. Insertion sequence elements IS
CR4
and IS
CR1
were associated with
bla
SPM-1
and
bla
CTX-M-2
genes, respectively, whereas the
bla
GES-1
and
bla
GES-5
genes were part of class 1 integron structures. This study underlines the spread of MBL- and ESBL-producing
P. aeruginosa
isolates as an important source of ceftazidime resistance in Brazil.
Lipoprotein Processing Is Essential for Resistance of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
to Malachite Green
Authors: Banaei Niaz , Kincaid Eleanor Z. , Lin S.-Y. Grace , Desmond Edward , Jacobs William R. , Ernst Joel D. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT

Malachite green, a synthetic antimicrobial dye, has been used for over 50 years in mycobacterial culture medium to inhibit the growth of contaminants. The molecular basis of mycobacterial resistance to malachite green is unknown, although the presence of malachite green-reducing enzymes in the cell envelope has been suggested. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of lipoproteins in resistance of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
to malachite green. The replication of an
M. tuberculosis
lipoprotein signal peptidase II (
lspA
) mutant (Δ
lspA
::
lspA
mut
) on Middlebrook agar with and without 1 mg/liter malachite green was investigated. The
lspA
mutant was also compared with wild-type
M. tuberculosis
in the decolorization rate of malachite green and sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) detergent and first-line antituberculosis drugs. The
lspA
mutant has a 10
4
-fold reduction in CFU-forming efficiency on Middlebrook agar with malachite green. Malachite green is decolorized faster in the presence of the
lspA
mutant than wild-type bacteria. The
lspA
mutant is hypersensitive to SDS detergent and shows increased sensitivity to first-line antituberculosis drugs. In summary, lipoprotein processing by LspA is essential for resistance of
M. tuberculosis
to malachite green. A cell wall permeability defect is likely responsible for the hypersensitivity of
lspA
mutant to malachite green.
The Diarylquinoline R207910 Is Bactericidal against
Mycobacterium leprae
in Mice at Low Dose and Administered Intermittently
Authors: Gelber Robert , Andries Koen , Paredes Rose Maria D. , Andaya Cora Evelyn S. , Burgos Jasmin 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT

The diarylquinoline R207910 is profoundly bactericidal in a murine model of tuberculosis. Previously, R207910 was also found to be bactericidal for
Mycobacterium leprae
-infected mice during lag phase. Herein we evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of R207910 (1 to 120 mg/kg of body weight) when administered five times weekly, once weekly, and once monthly during logarithmic multiplication of
M. leprae
organisms. All treatments were found to be bactericidal, suggesting that both low and intermittent dosing with R207910 holds promise for leprosy patients.
Cellular Responses to Mycobacterial Antigens Are Present in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Used in the Diagnosis of Sarcoidosis
Authors: Oswald-Richter Kyra A. , Culver Daniel A. , Hawkins Charlene , Hajizadeh Rana , Abraham Susamma , Shepherd Bryan E. , Jenkins Cathy A. , Judson Marc A. , Drake Wonder P. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTConsiderable evidence supports the concept that CD4+T cells are important in sarcoidosis pathogenesis, but the antigens responsible for the observed Th1 immunophenotype remain elusive. The epidemiologic association with bioaerosols and the presence of granulomatous inflammation support consideration of mycobacterial antigens. To explore the role of mycobacterial antigens in sarcoidosis immunopathogenesis, we assessed the immune recognition of mycobacterial antigens, the 6-kDa early secreted antigenic protein (ESAT-6) and catalase-peroxidase (KatG), by T cells derived from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid obtained during diagnostic bronchoscopy. We report the presence of antigen-specific recognition of ESAT-6 and KatG in T cells from BAL fluid of 32/44 sarcoidosis subjects, compared to 1/27 controls (P< 0.0001). CD4+T cells were primarily responsible for immune recognition (32/44 sarcoidosis subjects), although CD8+T-cell responses were observed (25/41 sarcoidosis subjects). Recognition was significantly absent from BAL fluid cells of patients with other lung diseases, including infectious granulomatous diseases. Blocking of Toll-like receptor 2 reduced the strength of the observed immune response. The presence of immune responses to mycobacterial antigens in cells from BAL fluid used for sarcoidosis diagnosis suggests a strong association between mycobacteria and sarcoidosis pathogenesis. Inhibition of immune recognition with monoclonal antibody against Toll-like receptor 2 suggests that induction of innate immunity by mycobacteria contributes to the polarized Th1 immune response.
CT043, a Protective Antigen That Induces a CD4+Th1 Response duringChlamydia trachomatisInfection in Mice and Humans
Authors: Meoni Eva , Faenzi Elisa , Frigimelica Elisabetta , Zedda Luisanna , Skibinski David , Giovinazzi Serena , Bonci Alessandra , Petracca Roberto , Bartolini Erika , Galli Giuliano , Agnusdei Mauro , Nardelli Filomena , Buricchi Francesca , Norais Nathalie , Ferlenghi Ilaria , Donati Manuela , Cevenini Roberto , Finco Oretta , Grandi Guido , Grifantini Renata 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTDespite several decades of intensive studies, no vaccines againstChlamydia trachomatis, an intracellular pathogen causing serious ocular and urogenital diseases, are available yet. Infection-induced immunity in both animal models and humans strongly supports the notion that for a vaccine to be effective a strong CD4+Th1 immune response should be induced. In the course of our vaccine screening program based on the selection of chlamydial proteins eliciting cell-mediated immunity, we have found that CT043, a protein annotated as hypothetical, induces CD4+Th1 cells both in chlamydia-infected mice and in human patients with diagnosedC. trachomatisgenital infection. DNA priming/protein boost immunization with CT043 results in a 2.6-log inclusion-forming unit reduction in the murine lung infection model. Sequence analysis of CT043 fromC. trachomatishuman isolates belonging to the most representative genital serovars revealed a high degree of conservation, suggesting that this antigen could provide cross-serotype protection. Therefore, CT043 is a promising vaccine candidate againstC. trachomatisinfection.
Involvement of Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 in the Innate Immune Response toTreponema denticolaand Its Outer Sheath Components
Authors: Nussbaum Gabriel , Ben-Adi Shimon , Genzler Tamar , Sela Michael , Rosen Graciela 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTTreponema denticolais considered an important oral pathogen in the development and progression of periodontal diseases. In the present study, the mechanisms of recognition and activation of murine macrophages byT. denticolaand its major outer sheath protein (MSP) and lipooligosaccharide (LOS or glycolipid) were investigated.T. denticolacells and the MSP induced innate immune responses through TLR2-MyD88, whereas LOS induced a macrophage response through TLR4-MyD88. The presence of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), or of high numbers ofT. denticola, circumvented the requirement for TLR2 for the macrophage response toT. denticola, although the response was still dependent on MyD88. In contrast, synergy with IFN-γ did not alter the TLR dependence of the response to theT. denticolasurface components LOS and MSP, despite enhanced sensitivity. These data suggest that although there is flexibility in the requirements for recognition ofT. denticolacells (TLR2 dependent or independent), MyD88 is a requirement for the downstream signaling events that lead to inflammation. We also demonstrate that both outer sheath molecules LOS and MSP induce macrophage tolerance to further stimulation with enterobacterial lipopolysaccharide. Tolerance induced byT. denticolacomponents during mixed infections may represent a general mechanism through which bacteria evade clearance.
Toll-Like Receptor 5-Dependent Regulation of Inflammation in Systemic
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium Infection
Authors: Fournier Bénédicte , Williams Ifor R. , Gewirtz Andrew T. , Neish Andrew S. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT

Salmonella enterica
, a gram-negative pathogen, causes a spectrum of human infections including enterocolitis and typhoid fever. We previously showed that
Salmonella
flagellin played a role in suppressing intestinal mucosal inflammation in a murine model of acute enterocolitis. In this study, we examined the role of flagellin in the typhoid-like systemic murine
Salmonella
infection by measuring bacterial proliferation, inflammation, leukocyte recruitment, and cellular apoptosis in Peyer's patches (PPs), mesenteric lymph node (MLN), and spleen. We found that relative to an isogenic wild-type (WT) strain, aflagellate
Salmonella
exhibited increased proliferation at 4 days postinfection in PPs and MLN but not spleen. The aflagellate mutant also elicited increased local and systemic secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha and enhanced surface expression of ICAM-1 on macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Furthermore, the recruitment of macrophages and DCs in PPs and MLN, but not spleen, was enhanced upon infection with aflagellate
Salmonella
. The relative differences between WT and aflagellate
Salmonella
were highly attenuated in Toll-like receptor 5-deficient (TLR5
−/−
) mice, indicating involvement of TLR5-dependent signaling. Interestingly, infection with the aflagellate mutant also resulted in decreased levels of T-cell apoptosis in PPs relative to infection with WT
Salmonella
. We postulate that the initial lack of detection of the aflagellate mutant in the mucosa permits increased proliferation within the host and enhances inflammatory signaling in nonepithelial cell types, which subsequently promotes leukocyte recruitment. In contrast, lack of difference in any disease parameter measured in the spleen likely reflects that
Salmonella
expression of flagellin is downregulated in this organ. Thus, the characteristic inflammatory pathology of
Salmonella
infection occurs only in PPs and to a lesser extent in MLN during the initial phases of infection and these early responses are dependent on TLR5.
Clinical Chemistry of Congenic Mice with Quantitative Trait Loci for Predicted Responses to
Trypanosoma congolense
Infection
Authors: Rathkolb Birgit , Noyes Harry A. , Brass Andy , Dark Paul , Fuchs Helmut , Gailus-Durner Valérie , Gibson John , de Angelis Martin Hrabé , Ogugo Moses , Iraqi Fuad , Kemp Steve J. , Naessens Jan , Pope Mathew E. , Wolf Eckhard , Agaba Morris 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT

Trypanosoma congolense
is a protozoan parasite that causes severe diseases in livestock. Three major quantative trait loci (QTL),
Tir1
,
Tir2
, and
Tir3
, control the survival time of mice after infection with
T. congolense
. Congenic mice carrying the C57BL/6 resistance alleles on the A/J background were developed for each of these loci. The congenic mice were used to physically map the regions containing the QTL gene(s) and to investigate the physiological effect of each locus. Clinical chemistry data for infected A/J, C57BL/6, and BALB/c mice were obtained for 15 analytes at five time points. Congenic mice were assessed for survival, parasitemia, and anemia as well as seven clinical-chemical analytes. The survival times were significantly increased in the
Tir1
and
Tir2
mice but not
Tir3
congenic mice. The survival time of the parental inbred mice correlated negatively with parasitemia but positively with alanine aminotransferase activities in serum, suggesting that inflammatory reactions in the liver had a beneficial effect possibly associated with reduced parasitemia. However, there was no difference in parasitemia or liver enzyme activities of
Tir1
and
Tir2
congenic mice relative to their controls, showing that survival, parasitemia, and degree of liver damage are not associated with each other, despite the correlation in the parental lines. These data suggest that the congenic loci affect survival but do not affect control of parasite number. They may therefore act by limiting the pathological consequences of
T. congolense
infection.