bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of measures of ambient toxicity and fish community diversity in a Chesapeake Bay Tributary, Maryland, USA: A biological, chemical, and geological assessment
Authors: Hartwell S Ian , Alden Ray W , Wright David A , Ailstock Steven , Kerhin Randy 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A battery of water column and sediment toxicity bioassays measuring lethal and sublethal endpoints were employed with fish, invertebrates, vascular plants, and bacteria. Monthly water column bioassays were conducted with water from three stations in the South River, Maryland, USA, and from a reference station in the Wicomico River (Maryland, USA). Sediment bioassays were conducted with five discrete samples taken from each station. Water column assays indicated low-level effects at the upstream stations in the South River. Animal species demonstrated higher responses than did plants. Chemical analyses revealed only trace levels of heavy metals. Sediment in the upper stations of the South River demonstrated significant toxicity to animal but not plant test species. Sediment chemistry indicated elevated levels of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The sediments are enriched with chromium, copper, iron, manganese, cadmium, and lead—above normalized background geochemical ratios. The toxicological risk ranking model identified a strong gradient from upstream to downstream. Toxicological risk scores for the downstream station in the South River were comparable to those for the reference station. The major source of contaminants in the South River is probably derived from a multitude of non–point sources associated with urbanization within the watershed. The upper stations are in a zone of deposition of riverine material, whereas the downstream station is dominated by open Chesapeake Bay dynamics.
Chronic toxicity of energetic compounds in soil determined using the earthworm (Eisenia andrei) reproduction test
Authors: Robidoux Pierre Yves , Svendsen Claus , Caumartin Jean , Hawari Jalal , Ampleman Guy , Thiboutot Sonia , Weeks Jason M , Sunahara Geoffrey I 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEarthworm survival tests are commonly used in terrestrial ecotoxicology to assess the toxicity of compounds in soil. Earthworm (Eisenia andrei) reproduction tests were used to assess the sublethal and chronic effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5,7-triazacyclohexane (RDX). Effects on reproduction parameters (total number of cocoons, number of hatched cocoons, number of juveniles, juvenile biomass, and hatchability) were measured in TNT- and RDX-spiked artificial soil. For TNT, the lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) was 110 mg/kg dry soil, and the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) was 55 mg/kg. For the RDX-spiked soil, the LOEC was 95 mg/kg dry soil, and the NOEC was &lt;95 mg/kg. The growth of adult worms was also reduced when exposed to TNT-spiked soil at the highest tested concentration (881 mg/kg dry soil). Taken together, data analysis showed that the number of juveniles was strongly correlated with the number of cocoons but poorly correlated with the growth of adults. This information could permit one to optimize the application of the Eisenia sp. reproduction assay when used as a sublethal effect assessment tool for TNT- or RDX-contaminated soils.
Field assessment of toxic effects on reproduction in the earthworms Aporrectodea longa and Aporrectodea rosea
Authors: Holmstrup Martin 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to estimate the in situ cocoon production in grassland of two earthworm species, Aporrectodea longa and A. rosea, in relation to application dose of Benomyl. The method used to estimate cocoon production was based on a detailed knowledge of the influence of temperature on development [R(T)] of earthworm cocoons, including the two species in this study. Soil temperature was measured throughout the study (May 5-June 6, 1997), and on June 6, the density of cocoons was estimated. The sampled cocoons were incubated in the laboratory and their hatching distribution was recorded. Based on R(T), the average development time in the field of cocoons produced on May 5 was predicted, and the hatched cocoons could thus be scored as either produced during the study period or before. This made it possible to estimate the density of cocoons produced during the study. The density of adults was also estimated by soil sampling during the study, and finally the reproductive rate could be calculated as density of cocoons divided by density of adults. In control plots, the reproduction of A. longa was estimated to be 2.5 ± 0.7 (mean ± SEM; n = 4) viable cocoons/adult during the 32-d study. In plots treated with 0.5 and 1.0 kg Benomyl (active ingredient [AI])/ha, a 70% reduction of the reproductive rate was observed, but this was only statistically significant at the highest dose. In control plots, the reproductive rate of A. rosea was estimated to be 6.05 ± 0.8 cocoons/adult during the study. Also in this species, there was a drastic decrease in reproduction, about 40% at both doses, due to Benomyl application. The results obtained in this field study were compared with results from laboratory reproduction tests with other earthworm species. There was good agreement between effects of Benomyl on reproduction in the laboratory and in the field. These results therefore suggest that standardized laboratory tests provide a reasonable prediction of the effect in the field.
Relative sensitivity of life-cycle and biomarker responses in four earthworm species exposed to zinc
Authors: Spurgeon David J , Svendsen Claus , Rimmer Viv R , Hopkin Stephen P , Weeks Jason M 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Life-cycle (survival, weight change, and cocoon production rate) and biomarker (neutral-red retentionby coelomocytes lysosomes) responses to zinc in four earthworm species were measured in laboratory tests. In all species, dose-dependent effects on survival, cocoon production, and neutral-red retention times were found (one-way ANOVA p &lt; 0.05). However, for weight change, only Aporrectodea caliginosa showed a clear response. Comparisons of the effects of zinc on these parameters in the different earthworm species indicated similar order of sensitivity. Thus, Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea caliginosa were more sensitive to zinc than Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia fetida in all cases. To compare the relative sensitivities of life-cycle and biomarker responses, a sublethal sensitivity index (SSI) was applied. For cocoon production, SSIs indicated that the EC10s were below LC50s by a factor of between 8.3 and 16.5. These values are toward the high end of the range found previously for soil invertebrates, indicating an emphasis on maximizing survival. For neutral red, SSIs ranged from 4.5 to 41.2. Thus, the biomarker was predictive of life-cycle effects in some (Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea caliginosa), although not the other two species tested.
Effects of weathering on the toxicity of three offshore australian crude oils and a diesel fuel to marine animals
Authors: Neff Jerry M , Ostazeski Stanley , Gardiner William , Stejskal Iva 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe evaporative weathering properties, chemical composition, and toxicity of three Australian Northwest Shelf crude oils and an Australian diesel fuel were evaluated. The crude oils include one each of a condensate, a light, and a medium crude oil. Between 23 and 100% of the mass of the oils is lost during evaporative weathering equivalent to about 1 week on the sea surface. During weathering, the oils lose most of their monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) and phenols; concentrations increase of less volatile phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The acute toxicity of water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of the fresh and weathered oils to six species of temperate and tropical marine animals ranges from &gt; 100% to about 11% WAF. The MAHs are the most important contributors to the acute toxicity of the WAFs of the fresh oils. The contribution of PAHs to WAF toxicity increases with weathering. About 58% of the hazard indices (HI: exposure concentration/acutely toxic concentration) for the WAFs of the two light oils weathered for the equivalent of 1 d are attributable to PAHs. The toxicity of the WAFs of the condensate and light crude oil can be accounted for by MAHs, PAHs, and phenols; WAFs of the middle-weight crude oil and diesel fuel are higher than predicted based on their concentrations of total MAHs, PAHs, and phenols, indicating that other components of the WAFs are contributing to their toxicity. These components may include the unresolved complex mixture and polar compounds (resins).
In vivo comparison of xenoestrogens using rainbow trout vitellogenin induction as a screening system
Authors: Christiansen Lisette B , Pedersen Knud L , Pedersen Søren N. , Korsgaard Bodil , Bjerregaard Poul 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Vitellogenin induction in rainbow trout after intraperitoneal injection of test compounds was investigated. Vitellogenin quantification was performed by a direct sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) based on polyclonal, affinity purified antibodies. The system was used as a short-term in vivo screen for estrogenicity and as a tool for establishing the priority of compounds to be tested by water exposure of fish. Representatives from the group of xenoestrogens, bisphenols, phthalates, and pesticides were tested. The relative potency order bisphenol A &gt; bisphenol A dimethacrylate, o,p′-DDT &gt; butylbenzylphthalate was established, while no significant vitellogenin response was seen with dibutylphthalate, tetrabromobisphenol A, and methoxychlor. Of these, tetrabromobisphenol A has not previously been tested for estrogenicity in vivo. Earlier findings of diminished estrogenic activity of ortho-substituted compounds was extended to bisphenols since ortho-bromination of bisphenol A abolished the activity of the parent molecule.
Physiological measures of neurotoxicity of diazinon and malathion to larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their correlation with behavioral measures
Authors: Beauvais Sheryl L , Jones Susan B , Brewer Sandra K , Little Edward E 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Relations between neurotoxicants and changes in physiological parameters and behavior were investigated in larval rainbow trout (RBT; Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to sublethal concentrations of two organophosphate pesticides (OPs). Fish were exposed to diazinon and malathion in static-renewal experiments. After exposures for 24, 96, or 96 h, followed by 48 h of recovery, individual RBT were videotaped to assess locomotory behaviors. Brain tissue from the same fish was assayed for the physiological endpoints, cholinesterase (ChE) activity, muscarinic cholinergic receptor (MChR) number (Bmax), and MChR affinity (KD). Cholinesterase activity decreased significantly with increasing concentrations of both diazinon and malathion and differed significantly among exposure durations, with 24- and 96-h means less than 48-h recovery means. Decreases in Bmax with OP concentration were not significant for either chemical, and KD was unaffected. Changes in swimming speed and distance were significantly correlated with changes in ChE activity for both chemicals; rate of turning was significantly correlated with ChE activity in malathion exposures. These results suggest that correlations between physiological and behavioral changes previously seen in mammals also occur in fish.
Comparison of Chironomus riparius Meigen and Chironomus tentans Fabricius (Diptera: Chironomidae) for assessing the toxicity of sediments
Authors: Watts Matthew M , Pascoe David 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The benthic macroinvertebrates Chironomus riparius Meigen and C. tentans Fabricius were compared to evaluate their role in the assessment of sediment toxicity. Larval growth and adult emergence of both species were used to assess the toxicity of two sediments, one natural and one artificial, spiked with either cadmium or lindane (i.e., γ-hexachlorocyclohexane). Both toxicants significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.05) larval growth and survival in relation to control animals, with C. tentans being the more sensitive species. Cadmium spiking had no effect on the number of adults that emerged for either species, but emergence times were delayed at the highest cadmium concentration. In contrast, lindane spiking produced a significant reduction (p &lt; 0.05) in adult numbers in relation to control animals, whereas emergence times were not affected. In both the growth and emergence tests, toxicity differed depending on the choice of species and the sediment type. In terms of comparative sensitivity, C. tentans was not only more susceptible to both toxicants but seemed to be less physically robust than C. riparius, leading to some variable data, especially in the emergence study.
Gonadal development and endocrine responses in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed too,p′-DDT in water or through maternal transfer
Authors: Metcalfe Tracy L , Metcalfe Chris D , Kiparissis Yiannis , Niimi Arthur J , Foran Christine M , Benson William H 
Published: March 2010

AbstractVarious isomers and metabolites of DDT disrupt endocrine systems and gonadal development in fish and wildlife, and o,p′-DDT has been shown to be an relatively potent estrogen agonist. In this study, we exposed Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) to o,p′-DDT using two exposure protocols: direct exposure of early life stages to aqueous solutions from 1 to 100 d posthatch and exposure of female medaka to aqueous solutions, followed by mating with unexposed males to produce offspring that were exposed through mechanisms of maternal transfer. In treatments with direct aqueous exposures, an intersex condition of the gonad (testis-ova) was observed in male medaka exposed at early life stages to nominal o,p′-DDT concentrations of 50, 10, and 5 μg/L, indicating that this estrogen agonist can alter gonadal development when exposure occurs continuously over the period of gonadal differentiation. Comparisons with previously published data on the induction of testis–ova by exposure to nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) indicated that the relative potencies for induction of intersex in medaka are o,p′-DDT &gt; NP ≈︁ OP, which is not consistent with the relative estrogenic potencies of OP &gt; NP &gt; o,p′-DDT observed in the yeast estrogen screening (YES) assay. In the maternal transfer protocol, no testis-ova were observed in the offspring, although there was some delay in time to hatch of the offspring. Medaka exposed by maternal transfer showed no other toxicological responses during early life stages, but when treated fish reached sexual maturity, the females showed more advanced development of oocytes. In addition, when medaka exposed by maternal transfer were subsequently exposed at 10 months of age to 17β-estradiol (12 mg/L), there was a significantly greater induction of hepatic vitellogenin in DDT-exposed males in comparison to control males, indicating that exposure to estrogenic chemicals during early life stages may potentiate vitellogenin induction following exposure events later in the life of the fish.
Characteristics of imidacloprid toxicity in two Apis mellifera subspecies
Authors: Suchail Séverine , Guez David , Belzunces Luc P 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Imidacloprid (1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine) belongs to a new chemical family of chloronicotinyl compounds whose mode of action on the insect nervous system differs from that of traditional neurotoxic products. Imidacloprid, a strong systemic compound, is effective against several sucking and mining pests. The acute toxicity of contact and oral applications on two Apis mellifera subspecies, Apis mellifera mellifera and Apis mellifera caucasica, was investigated. In all toxicological studies, each dose included three cages of 20 individuals and each study was replicated three times. The dose-mortality relation revealed some unusual characteristics. At low imidacloprid concentrations, a biphasic mortality appeared, particularly with the contact exposure route. At moderate doses, mortality profiles at 24 and 48 h were different only after oral application. Response kinetics showed that mortality was delayed at the higher doses of imidacloprid. After oral intoxication, the LD50 values of imidacloprid at 24 and 48 h were about 5 ng/bee for both A. m. mellifera and A. m. caucasica. After contact application, the LD50 values at 24 and 48 h were approximately 24 ng/bee for A. m. mellifera and 14 ng/bee for A. m. caucasica. Imidacloprid ranks among the more potent contact insecticides in this important pollinator species.
Technical basis for narcotic chemicals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon criteria. I. Water and tissue
Authors: Di Toro Dominic M. , McGrath Joy A , Hansen David J 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A method is presented for developing water quality criteria (WQC) for type I narcotic chemicals in general and PAHs in particular. The criteria can be applied to any individual or mixture of narcotic chemicals using only the chemical's octanol-water partition coefficient KOW. It is derived from a database of LC50s comprising 156 chemicals and 33 species, including fish, amphibians, arthropods, mollusks, polychaetes, coelenterates, and protozoans. A target lipid model is proposed that accounts for variations in toxicity due to differing species sensitivities and chemical differences. The model is based on the idea that a target lipid is the site of action in the organism. Further, it is assumed that target lipid has the same lipid-octanol linear free energy relationship for all species. This implies that the slope of the log(LC50)–log(KOW) relationship is the same for all species. However, individual species may have varying target lipid body burdens that cause toxicity. The target lipid LC50 body burdens derived from concentration data in the water only are compared to measured total lipid LC50 body burdens for five species. They are essentially equal, indicating that the target lipid concentration is equal to the total extracted lipid concentration. The precise relationship between partitioning in target lipid and octanol is established. The species-specific body burdens are used to determine the WQC final acute value, i.e., the 95-percentile level of protection. An acute-to-chronic ratio is used to compute the body burden corresponding to the WQC final chronic value, which is the procedure used to derive the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water quality criteria. The criteria are expressed either as dissolved concentrations in the water column or as tissue concentrations.
Technical basis for narcotic chemicals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon criteria. II. Mixtures and sediments
Authors: Di Toro Dominic M. , McGrath Joy A 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Abstract—A method is presented for developing sediment quality guidelines (SQG) for narcotic chemicals in general and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particular. The guidelines can be applied to any individual or mixture of narcotic chemicals including PAHs using only the chemical's octanol/water partition coefficient. They are derived using the final chronic values for type I narcotics developed from a database consisting of LC50s for 145 chemicals and 33 species, including fish, amphibians, arthropods, mollusks, polychaetes, coelenterates, and protozoans. The target lipid model is used that accounts for the variations in toxicity due to differing species sensitivities as well as chemical differences. The SQGs are derived using the equilibrium partitioning model (EqP), and the results are compared to other sediment quality guidelines. The criterion for a mixture of PAHs is based on the known additivity of narcotic chemicals. The toxic unit concentration corrected for solubility is calculated for each chemical in the mixture and then summed. A total toxic unit greater than one indicates a toxic mixture. The prediction is compared to the results from an experiment using sediment spiked singly and with a mixture of PAHs. The toxicity and amphipod abundance of field-collected sediments are also examined.
Behavior of anionic and nonionic surfactants and their persistent metabolites in the Venice Lagoon, Italy
Authors: Marcomini Antonio , Pojana Giulio , Sfriso Adriano , Alonso José-Maria Quiroga 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The occurrence and behavior of the aromatic surfactants linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS) andnonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPE) as well as their biotransformation products in the central lagoon of Venice, Italy, were investigated by monitoring deep- and shallow-water lagoon stations, two riverine sites, and one sea station. Additional samplings were conducted at the three inlets connecting the lagoon with the open sea under both ebb and low-tide conditions, and a radiometrically dated sediment core spanning the last century was examined. The spatial distributions of LAS, NPE, and their carboxylic metabolites sulphophenyl carboxylates and nonylphenol carboxylates, respectively, appeared to be rather homogeneous over the entire central lagoon. Remarkable seasonal differences were found, however, primarily because of the increased biodegradation at temperatures greater than 20°C. The estimated primary and ultimate biodegradations of LAS in the lagoon waters were approximately 90 and 72%, respectively. Analysis of the dated sediment core showed similar annual fluxes of both LAS and NPE (48 ng/cm2 year), which were between previously reported values of polychlorinated biphenyls (4.7 ng/cm2 year) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (167 ng/cm2 year).
Cytochrome P4501A induction potencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a fish hepatoma cell line: Demonstration of additive interactions
Authors: Fent Karl , Bätscher Roger 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe relative CYP1A induction potencies, determined as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, and the cytotoxicities of 19 compounds with one to six benzene rings, mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and contaminated landfill leachates have been determined in the permanent fish hepatoma cell line PLHC-1. No CYP1A induction was observed with benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, acenaphthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, and fluorene and low induction was found with fluoranthene and phenanthrene. All other PAHs with three and more benzene rings led to a concentration-related induction of CYP1A, with rebound decreases at high concentrations resulting in bell-shaped concentration–activity curves. Fish-related induction equivalency factors (IEFs) were estimated for all PAHs on the basis of EC50 values of their EROD activities and are reported here for the first time. The following order of decreasing IEFs was found: dibenz[a,h]anthracene &gt; dibenzo[a,i]pyrene &gt; benzo[k]fluoranthene &gt; 3-methylcholanthrene &gt; benzo[a]pyrene &gt; benzo[e]pyrene &gt; chrysene &gt; 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene &gt; perylene &gt; benz[a]anthracene &gt; pyrene. In contrast to the EROD activity, the immunodetectable protein content determined by ELISA showed a concentration-dependent increase. The interaction of PAHs in mixtures of up to eight individual compounds was additive based on their EROD activities. In landfill leachates, determined induction equivalents (IEQ) were significantly higher than calculated IEQs based on analytical measurements, which indicates additional unknown inducing compounds present in leachates. This study shows that the PLHC-1 cell in vitro system serves as an integrative bioanalytical tool in the ecotoxicological evaluation of aquatic environmental samples contaminated with CYP1A-inducing compounds.