bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Interfacial Tension Model of the Interaction of Water-soluble Polymers with Phospholipid Composite Monolayers
Authors: Anderson Keith E , Rogers James A , Li Dongqing 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The axi-symmetric drop-shape analysis-pendant drop technique has been used to measure interfacial tension at the chlorobenzene–water interface in the presence of adsorbed films of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), DMPC–cholesterol, DPPC–cholesterol, DMPC–cholesterol–dicetyl phosphate (DCP) and DPPC–cholesterol–DCP.
A surface-pressure function, n* = πlipid–polymer - πlipid (where πlipid is the surface pressure of the mono-layer without polymer and πliPid-poiymer is the surface pressure of the lipid mono-layer and adsorbed polymer at equilibrium at the chlorobenzene-water interface) was used to characterize the interaction of eight water-soluble polymers with the lipid films. The equation, Δπ* = πII* - πI* (where the subscripts II and I denote the higher and lower lipid composites, respectively) was used to determine the differential effect of cholesterol and DCP on mono-layer characteristics in the presence of 1% w/v polymer. Cholesterol or polymer individually condensed DMPC films and expanded DPPC films. However, composite films of DMPC–cholesterol–DCP and carboxymethylchitin (CM-chitin), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) or poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were more expanded than DMPC films whereas composite films of DPPC were neither more condensed nor expanded than DPPC films. A polymer impact ratio, P* = πlipid-poiymer/πlpolymer was calculated and the polymers were ranked in order of their impact on the lipid film. PVA and polysaccharides gave low and high P* values, respectively, corresponding to high and low levels of film interaction, whereas PAA and hydrophobized polysaccharides gave intermediate values, indicating their affinity for and penetration of interfacial films with little disruption of the mono-layer.
The results show that measurement of interfacial pressures at the chlorobenzene–water interface might be advantageous for evaluating the action of polymers on biological membranes.
The Effect of Monomers and of Micellar and Vesicular Forms of Non-ionic Surfactants (Solulan C24 and Solulan 16) on Caco-2 Cell Monolayers
Authors: Dimitrijevic Dejana , Lamandin Charlotte , Uchegbu Ijeoma F , Shaw Andrew J , Florence Alexander T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) test and monitoring of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) transport have been used to study the effects of the non-ionic surfactants Solulan C24 and Solulan 16, either free in solution or as an integral part of niosome bi-layers, on intestinal epithelial cells from man (Caco-2 cell monolayers).
The effects on epithelial integrity and on the transport of the hydrophilic drug metformin depend on the concentration of the surfactants. At concentrations above 1% the effect on TEER of the surfactant in niosomal form and free in solution were equivalent whereas cell viability was preserved to a higher concentration of Solulans when the Solulans were present in the niosomal form.
It was concluded that the toxic effect of niosomes arises from free surfactant present in the niosome suspension.
Narrative roles in criminal action: An integrative framework for differentiating offenders
Authors: Youngs Donna , Canter David V. 
Published: April 2011

Purpose. The proposal that offenders’ narratives help to shape criminal action raises the possibility of a finite set of narrative themes for distinguishing offenders. The present paper seeks to articulate narrative themes that may be active within the roles offenders adopt during offending events. Possible themes may be derived from studies of fundamental narratives in literary criticism, notably Frye (1957). Within personality psychology, McAdams (1993) has also argued for a restricted set of personal narratives in any given culture produced by the dominant dimensions of Potency and Intimacy.Methods. The sub‐set of narratives on which offenders’ draw can be explored through the roles criminals see themselves as playing during offending episodes. Case study interviews were therefore content analysed to illustrate offence roles based in narrative themes and their cognitive, affective, and identity components.Results. These considerations suggest that four thematic narrative roles can be distinguished: Professional, Victim, Tragic Hero, and a Revengeful Mission. Distinct patterns of cognitive distortion, affective, and identity components are proposed within these four narrative roles.Conclusion. The Narrative Offence Roles specified and illustrated in the present paper offer hypotheses for empirical study and the possibility of a new aetiological perspective in criminology.
A secure protocol for protecting the identity of providers when disclosing data for disease surveillance
Authors: El Emam Khaled , Hu Jun , Mercer Jay , Peyton Liam , Kantarcioglu Murat , Malin Bradley , Buckeridge David , Samet Saeed , Earle Craig 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground Providers have been reluctant to disclose patient data for public-health purposes. Even if patient privacy is ensured, the desire to protect provider confidentiality has been an important driver of this reluctance.Methods Six requirements for a surveillance protocol were defined that satisfy the confidentiality needs of providers and ensure utility to public health. The authors developed a secure multi-party computation protocol using the Paillier cryptosystem to allow the disclosure of stratified case counts and denominators to meet these requirements. The authors evaluated the protocol in a simulated environment on its computation performance and ability to detect disease outbreak clusters.Results Theoretical and empirical assessments demonstrate that all requirements are met by the protocol. A system implementing the protocol scales linearly in terms of computation time as the number of providers is increased. The absolute time to perform the computations was 12.5 s for data from 3000 practices. This is acceptable performance, given that the reporting would normally be done at 24 h intervals. The accuracy of detection disease outbreak cluster was unchanged compared with a non-secure distributed surveillance protocol, with an F-score higher than 0.92 for outbreaks involving 500 or more cases.Conclusion The protocol and associated software provide a practical method for providers to disclose patient data for sentinel, syndromic or other indicator-based surveillance while protecting patient privacy and the identity of individual providers.
ASYMPTOTICALLY OPTIMAL KINODYNAMIC MOTION PLANNING FOR A CLASS OF MODULAR SELF-RECONFIGURABLE ROBOTS
Authors: REIF JOHN , SLEE SAM 
Published: April 2011

Self-reconfigurable robots are composed of many individual modules that can autonomously move to transform the shape and structure of the robot. The task of self-reconfiguration, transforming a set of modules from one arrangement to another specified arrangement, is a key problem for these robots and has been heavily studied. However, consideration of this problem has typically been limited to kinematics and so in this work we introduce analysis of dynamics for the problem. We characterize optimal reconfiguration movements in terms of basic laws of physics relating force, mass, acceleration, distance traveled, and movement time. A key property resulting from this is that through the simultaneous application of constant-bounded forces by a system of modules, certain modules in the system can achieve velocities exceeding any constant bounds. This delays some modules in order to accelerate others. To exhibit the significance of simultaneously considering both kinematic and dynamics bounds, we consider the following "x-axis to y-axis" reconfiguration problem. Given a horizontal row of n modules, reconfigure that collection into a vertical column of n modules. The goal is to determine the sequence of movements of the modules that minimizes the movement time needed to achieve the desired reconfiguration of the modules. In this work we prove tight [Formula: see text] upper and lower bounds on the movement time for the above reconfiguration problem. Prior work on reconfiguration problems which focused only on kinematic constraints kept a constant velocity bound on individual modules and so required time linear in n to complete problems of this type.
ON THE REPRESENTATIONS OF WEAK CROSSED PRODUCTS
Authors: SHEN BING-LIANG , XIONG BAO-LIN 
Published: April 2011

Let H be a finite-dimensional weak Hopf algebra in the sense of [G. Böhm and K. Szlachányi, A coassociative C*-quantum group with nonintegral dimensions, Lett. Math. Phys.35 (1996) 437–456] which is semisimple as well as its dual H*, A be a finite-dimensional algebra measured by H and A#σH be a weak crossed product. Then we first prove that the representation dimension of A#σH equals to that of A. Moreover, we will show that over an algebraically closed field k, the representation type between A and its weak crossed product algebra A#σH is coincident, which extends the result given by Liu [On the structure of tame graded basic Hopf algebras, J. Algebra 299 (2006) 841–853]. Finally, we show that A#σH is a CM-finite n-Gorenstein algebra if and only if so is A and the global Gorenstein projective dimension of A#σH is equal to that of A.
Exorcism and the Defeat of Beliar in the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
Authors: Twelftree Graham H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the light of a growing consensus that the Testaments is a Christian work, perhaps from Syria and, arguably, from the middle of the second century, it has potential to shed light on the understanding of exorcism in proto-orthodox Christianity of the period. As Beliar’s adverse impact on people is seen to be expressed in terms of inner struggles and broken relationships, rather than physical affliction, his defeat is proposed primarily in terms of acts of the mind and behaviour. The few references to exorcism show its use as part of the defeat of Beliar, though also primarily as a metaphor for the ministry of Jesus and his followers. This locates the Testaments over against those documents that show no interest in the demonic or exorcism, and between those texts that promote exorcism and those that take the demonic to be defeated in other ways.
The Spirit in Early Jewish Biblical Interpretation: Examining John R. Levison’s Filled with the Spirit
Authors: Wright Archie T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe following article examines John Levison’s Filled with the Spirit for its overall contribution to pneumatology and in particular its contribution to biblical interpretation. I especially examine his contribution in light of Second Temple Jewish literature and the concept of inspiration and spiritual revelation. Levison’s work has opened up new lines of inquiry from which many new questions have been raised in the area of biblical interpretation and pneumatology.
Filled with the Spirit from the Old Testament to the Apostle Paul: A Conversation with John Levison
Authors: Everts Janet (Jenny) Meyer 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn his chapter on the Pauline epistles in Filled with the Spirit, John R. Levison finds many overarching themes and trajectories that tie the Pauline texts to Israelite and early Judaic texts. But in his eagerness to find parallels with these texts and Paul’s letters, he is sometimes too willing to ignore the possibility that a decisively different understanding of the Spirit has arrived with the death and resurrection of Christ and the inauguration of a new covenant no longer dependent upon Torah obedience.
The Notion of Criminal Penalty and the Lex Mitior Principle in the Scoppola v. Italy Case
Authors: Baumbach Trine 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn a ruling of 17 September 2009 the European Court of Human Rights has reinterpreted Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The two most important issues in the Court's judgment are whether a provision of a Code of Criminal Procedure may be categorised as a “penalty” in the sense of Article 7, and whether Article 7 guarantees the lex mitior principle (providing for the applicability of the more lenient law). Focus is particularly placed on the outcome and implications of the Court's reinterpretation of Article 7 ECHR to include the lex mitior principle. Arguably, in the case of Scoppola v. Italy, the Court recognised both parts of the principle (the constitution of the criminal off ence and the imposition of the penalty). This article argues that the lex mitior principle should not have been included in the Convention by interpretation. Furthermore, it demonstrates that reinterpretation of the part of the principle concerning the constitution of the criminal offence is inconsiderate and may lead to inappropriate results.
Relationship of GATT Article XX Exceptions to Other WTO Agreements
Authors: Ngangjoh-Hodu Yenkong 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe 'Single Undertaking' concept was incorporated into the Uruguay Round Trade Talks at the last stage of the negotiations to among other things remedy the problems attributed to General Agreement on Tariff s and Trade (GATT) 1947 a la carte practice. Yet, no extensive discussion on coordination and hierarchy of World Trade Organization (WTO) norms seemed to have taken place. Even if the WTO members had hoped that the inherent flexibility in the GATT/WTO treaty system would be enough to resolve some unforeseen tensions arising from the treaty, the language of some of the WTO treaty provisions does not always point to this direction. As a consequence, it becomes very daunting to demarcate with certainty how some of the legal instruments forming the WTO are to interact with each other. In view of the Appellate Body (AB) report on China - Publications and Audiovisual Products, this article examines the relationship between GATT Article XX exceptions and WTO covered agreements outside GATT 1994.
Public Waste Management Services in the Internal Market – and the Interpretation of Article 106 TFEU
Authors: Koch Hans-Joachim , Reese Moritz 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA matter of current dispute in the German waste-management sector is the extent to which it is permissible under EU law to restrict the market for the recovery of household waste in favour of public providers of disposal services, as is common practice in many member states. This dispute raises fundamental questions as to the relationship between the public provision of services of general interest and European competition and so concerns, in particular, the relevant rules under Article 106 TFEU. In adopting this article, the parties to the Treaty have—as will be shown below—reserved considerable freedom to exempt public services of general interest from competition and the free movement of goods. Whilst their freedom to do so may be limited under secondary legislation providing for an EU-wide competition solution, such legislation must take the form of a targeted liberalisation measure which also lays down the accompanying rules needed to guarantee a universal, reliable and affordable provision of services. The secondary EU waste legislation does not meet this requirement.
Illiberal Russia and the Varieties of Slavophilism
Authors: Michelson Patrick Lally 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAs evidenced by the essays and articles collected in Slavophile Empire: Imperial Russia's Illiberal Path, few scholars have more thoroughly or provocatively explored the ideological, legal, and cultural dilemmas that shaped the course of modern Russian history than Laura Engelstein. While acknowledging the importance of her contribution to this field of study, the present review seeks to demonstrate that Slavophile Empire commonly relies on notions about the Enlightenment and modernity that recent scholarship has shown to be contested, even untenable. Moreover, there is good historical evidence to suggest that the anti-liberal consensus that took shape in Russian public opinion in the last decades of the old regime emanated from an array of sources, not just "the Slavophile paradigm," and that Slavophilism itself was a contingent, multivalent phenomenon that encompassed and expressed a variety of intellectual positions.
Between Specification and Explanation: About a German Discourse Particle
Authors: Onea Edgar , Volodina Anna 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper provides a unified semantic and discourse pragmatic analysis of the German particle nämlich, traditionally described as having a specificational and an explanative reading. Our claim is that nämlich is a discourse marker which signals that the expression it is attached to is a short (elliptic) answer to a salient implicit question about the previous utterance. We show how both the explanative and the specificational reading can be derived from this more general semantic contribution. In addition we discuss some cross linguistic consequences of our analysis.
Climatic Feedbacks during the 2003 European Heat Wave
Authors: Fennessy M. J. , Kinter J. L. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
During the summer of 2003, a record heat wave over Europe occurred, to which the deaths of over 20 000 people in 18 countries were attributed, 10 000 of those in France alone. Temperatures across Europe were above normal for most of the summer, but reached their peak during the first two weeks of August, when most of the deaths occurred.
Ensemble simulations done with a recent version of the Center for Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Studies (COLA) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) have been analyzed over the European region. The simulations were forced by weekly mean observed sea surface temperature (SST). Relative to the 1982–2001 period, the COLA AGCM simulated anomalous warmth over the European region during June–August 2003, in response to the observed SST; however, the simulated magnitude was smaller than that observed. A series of simulations in which the observed SST was used only south of 25°N or only north of 25°N suggest that it was the influence of the local SST rather than remote SST that was an important influence on the heat wave.
By early June, the soil over much of the European region was anomalously dry, consistent with the below-normal precipitation observed over the region in the preceding months. The model was restarted in early June with observation-based soil wetness anomalies imposed on the soil wetness from the control simulations. Although the model soil wetness was then allowed to evolve as usual, the simulations with the imposed initial soil wetness anomaly enhanced the simulated surface temperature anomaly during June–August by 1°–2°C. This weaker-than-observed temperature anomaly may be related to the persistence of imposed soil wetness anomalies, which was weaker than that observed. The experiments suggest that both the warm local SST and the dry local soil were important in intensifying the 2003 European heat wave.
The SST Multidecadal Variability in the Atlantic–Mediterranean Region and Its Relation to AMO
Authors: Marullo Salvatore , Artale Vincenzo , Santoleri Rosalia 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Two sea surface temperature (SST) time series, the Extended Reconstructed SST version 3 (ERSST.v3) and the Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset (HadISST), are used to investigate SST multidecadal variability in the Mediterranean Sea and to explore possible connections with other regions of the global ocean. The consistency between these two time series and the original International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Dataset version 2.5 (ICOADS 2.5) over the Mediterranean Sea is investigated, evaluating differences from monthly to multidecadal scales. From annual to longer time scales, the two time series consistently describe the same trends and multidecadal oscillations and agree with Mediterranean ICOADS SSTs. At monthly time scales the two time series are less consistent with each other because of the evident annual cycle that characterizes their difference.
The subsequent analysis of the Mediterranean annual SST time series, based on lagged-correlation analysis, multitaper method (MTM), and singular spectral analysis (SSA), revealed the presence of a significant oscillation with a period of about 70 yr, very close to that of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO). An extension of the analysis to other World Ocean regions confirmed that the predominance of this multidecadal signal with respect to longer period trends is a unique feature of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic Ocean, where it reaches its maximum at subpolar latitudes. Signatures of multidecadal oscillations are also found in the global SST time series after removing centennial and longer-term components.
The analysis also reveals that Mediterranean SST and North Atlantic indices are significantly correlated and coherent for periods longer than about 40 yr. For time scales in the range 40–55 yr the coherence between the Mediterranean and subpolar gyre temperatures is higher than the coherence between the Mediterranean SST and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) or AMO. Finally, the results of the analysis are discussed in the light of possible climate mechanisms that can couple the Mediterranean Sea with the North Atlantic and the Global Ocean.
PSI of the Internal Tide on a β Plane: Flux Divergence and Near-Inertial Wave Propagation
Authors: Hazewinkel J. , Winters K. B. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The dynamics of a forced, low-mode oceanic internal tide propagating poleward on a β plane are investigated numerically. The focus is on the transfer of energy from the tide to near-inertial oscillations (NIOs) initiated by a weakly nonlinear interaction known as parametric subharmonic instability (PSI). It is shown that PSI is a mechanism for generating NIOs in the upper ocean, which subsequently radiate to depth. The exponentially growing NIOs eventually reach finite amplitude, and further interaction with the tide leads to a quasi-steady state in which dissipation is balanced by a reduction in the poleward tidal flux. The results are sensitive to the prescribed value of the vertical eddy viscosity νe that serves to parameterize the background turbulence. This sensitivity suggests that independent processes leading to turbulence in the upper ocean are able to control the rate of energy transfer from the tide to NIOs. For νe = O(10−5 m2 s−1), the poleward tidal flux decreases approximately 15%. This value is much smaller than was found in previous numerical studies, but it is in reasonable agreement with recent estimates from observations taken near the M2/2 inertial latitude in the Pacific.