bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bright Green-phosphorescence from Metal-to-boron Charge-transfer Excited State of a Novel Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complex
Authors: Ito Akitaka , Hiokawa Takeo , Sakuda Eri , Kitamura Noboru 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Tris[2-{3-(dimesitylboryl)phenyl}pyridinato]iridium(III) ([Ir(Bppy)3]) showed bright green-phosphorescence with the emission lifetime and quantum yield of 1.0–1.4 µs and 1.0, respectively, in nonpolar–polar solvents at 298 K. Detailed spectroscopic experiments and DFT calculations demonstrated that the emissive state of the complex was the metal-to-boron charge-transfer (MBCT) excited state, in which the vacant p-orbital on the boron atom was occupied by the excited electron.
Synthesis of Pyrenes by Twofold Hydroarylation of 2,6-Dialkynylbiphenyls
Authors: Matsuda Takanori , Moriya Taisaku , Goya Tsuyoshi , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Cationic gold(I) complexes having Buchwald-type biarylphosphines effectively catalyzed twofold hydroarylation of 2,6-dialkynylbiphenyls to construct pyrene skeletons.
Uphill Diffusion of Charged Colloidal Particles during Unidirectional Crystallization under pH Gradient
Authors: Murai Masako , Fujioka Masatake , Toyotama Akiko , Yonese Masakatsu , Yamanaka Junpei 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
We report that charged colloidal particles show uphill diffusion against electrostatic interparticle repulsions in the presence of pH gradient. This intriguing phenomenon is found upon unidirectional crystal growth of colloidal silica via diffusion of pyridine, by means of in situ fiber optic reflection spectrometry.
New twist in the regulation of cyclin D1
Authors: Kato Jun-ya , Yoneda-Kato Noriko 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAmong the cell cycle-related mammalian cyclins, cyclin D1 is more closely connected with cell proliferation in response to extracellular signals than the cell cycle clock itself. Because both its mRNA and protein are labile, the intracellular abundance of cyclin D1 is thought to be largely regulated at the level of transcription. However, recent findings suggest that, in certain cell types, cyclin D1 is post-translationally regulated, and a disturbance of this regulatory mechanism induces aberrant entry into the cell cycle and proliferation, sometimes leading to diseases such as cancer. In this review, we summarize recent findings and discuss the physiological role and cellular function of the novel mechanism of regulation of cyclin D1 in terms of the control of cell proliferation.
The flow of a micropolar fluid through a porous channel with expanding or contracting walls
Authors: Si Xinhui , Zheng Liancun , Zhang Xinxin , Chao Ying 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The flow of a micropolar fluid in a porous channel with expanding or contracting walls is investigated. The governing equations are reduced to ordinary ones by using similar transformations. Homotopy analysis method (HAM) is employed to obtain the expressions for the velocity fields and microrotation fields. Graphs are sketched for the effects of some values of parameters, especially the expansion ratio, on the velocity and microrotation fields and associated dynamic characteristics are analyzed in detail.
Continuous production of citric acid from raw glycerol by Yarrowia lipolytica in cell recycle cultivation
Authors: Rywińska Anita , Rymowicz Waldemar 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of continuous citric acid (CA) fermentation, using two acetate-negative mutants of Yarrowia lipolytica (Wratislavia AWG7 and Wratislavia 1.31) with long-term cell recycle, were investigated at a dilution rate (D) of 0.011 h−1. The capacity of the mutants to produce CA from raw glycerol under steady state conditions was compared. The process involving the Wratislavia AWG7 strain showed that this strain was a better producer of CA than the Wratislavia 1.31 strain in this regime. In steady state, the concentration of CA in the effluent was constant and amounted to 116 g dm−3. This corresponded to a volumetric CA production rate of 1.3 g dm−3 h−1. A stable high-level production of CA was maintained for over 400 h of operation. The Wratislavia AWG7 strain employed remained highly stable throughout the experiment and demonstrated good viability, high genetic and phenotypic stability over the long-term continuous fermentation process.
Membrane extraction of 1-phenylethanol from fermentation solution
Authors: Mihaľ Mário , Markoš Jozef , Štefuca Vladimír 
Published: November 2010

Abstract1-Phenylethanol can be produced by biotransformation of acetophenone using microorganisms. The next step is the separation of biomass from the fermentation solution (e.g. using microfiltration) and then the separation of the product. Membrane extraction was studied in the presented work for this purpose. Equilibria of acetophenone and 1-phenylethanol in the equilibrium system solute-organic solvent-water were investigated for three different organic solvents (heptane, toluene, ethyl acetate). On the basis of this investigation, extraction kinetics of both solutes from the model aqueous solution to the heptane organic phase, using a hollow fiber membrane module, were studied. To simulate the extraction kinetics, mathematical model of an experimental parallel flow hollow fiber contactor is presented and verified using experimental values with good agreement. Extraction kinetics for the investigated organic solvents were simulated and compared using the verified mathematical model and the chosen membrane extraction parameters.
Analyticity in a Phenomenology of Electro-Weak Structure of Hadrons
Authors: Dubnička S. , Dubničková A. 
Published: November 2010

Analyticity in a Phenomenology of Electro-Weak Structure of HadronsThe utility of an application of the analyticity in a phenomenology of electro-weak structure of hadrons is demonstrated in a number of obtained new and experimentally verifiable results. With this aim first the problem of an inconsistency of the asymptotic behavior of VMD model with the asymptotic behavior of form factors of baryons and nuclei is solved generally and a general approach for determination of the lowest normal and anomalous singularities of form factors from the corresponding Feynman diagrams is reviewed. Then many useful applications by making use of the analytic properties of electro-weak form factors and amplitudes of various electromagnetic processes of hadrons are carried out.
Introduction to Integrable Many-Body Systems II
Authors: Šamaj Ladislav 
Published: November 2010

Introduction to Integrable Many-Body Systems IIThis is the second part of a three-volume introductory course about integrable systems of interacting bodies. The models of interest are quantum spin chains with nearest-neighbor interactions between spin operators, in particular Heisenberg spin-1/2 models. The Ising model in a transverse field, expressible as a quadratic fermion form by using the Jordan-Wigner transformation, is the subject of Sect. 12. The derivation of the coordinate Bethe ansatz for the XXZ Heisenberg chain and the determination of its absolute ground state in various regions of the anisotropy parameter are presented in Sect. 13. The magnetic properties of the ground state are explained in Sect. 14. Sect. 15 concerns excited states and the zero-temperature thermodynamics of the XXZ model. The thermodynamics of the XXZ Heisenberg chain is derived on the basis of the string hypothesis in Sect. 16; the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz equations are analyzed in high-temperature and low-temperature limits. An alternative derivation of the thermodynamics without using strings, leading to a non-linear integral equation determining the free energy, is the subject of Sect. 17. A nontrivial application of the Quantum Inverse Scattering method to the fully anisotropic XYZ Heisenberg chain is described in Sect. 18. Sect. 19 deals with integrable cases of isotropic spin chains with an arbitrary spin.
Post-Newtonian Reference Frames for Advanced Theory of the Lunar Motion and for a New Generation of Lunar Laser Ranging
Authors: Xie Yi , Kopeikin Sergei 
Published: November 2010

Post-Newtonian Reference Frames for Advanced Theory of the Lunar Motion and for a New Generation of Lunar Laser RangingWe overview a set of post-Newtonian reference frames for a comprehensive study of the orbital dynamics and rotational motion of Moon and Earth by means of lunar laser ranging (LLR). We employ a scalar-tensor theory of gravity depending on two post-Newtonian parameters, β and γ, and utilize the relativistic resolutions on reference frames adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2000. We assume that the solar system is isolated and space-time is asymptotically flat at infinity. The primary reference frame covers the entire space-time, has its origin at the solar-system barycenter (SSB) and spatial axes stretching up to infinity. The SSB frame is not rotating with respect to a set of distant quasars that are forming the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF). The secondary reference frame has its origin at the Earth-Moon barycenter (EMB). The EMB frame is locally-inertial and is not rotating dynamically in the sense that equation of motion of a test particle moving with respect to the EMB frame, does not contain the Coriolis and centripetal forces. Two other local frames - geocentric (GRF) and selenocentric (SRF) - have their origins at the center of mass of Earth and Moon respectively and do not rotate dynamically. Each local frame is subject to the geodetic precession both with respect to other local frames and with respect to the ICRF because of their relative motion with respect to each other. Theoretical advantage of the dynamically non-rotating local frames is in a more simple mathematical description. Each local frame can be aligned with the axes of ICRF after applying the matrix of the relativistic precession. The set of one global and three local frames is introduced in order to fully decouple the relative motion of Moon with respect to Earth from the orbital motion of the Earth-Moon barycenter as well as to connect the coordinate description of the lunar motion, an observer on Earth, and a retro-reflector on Moon to directly measurable quantities such as the proper time and the round-trip laser-light distance. We solve the gravity field equations and find out the metric tensor and the scalar field in all frames which description includes the post-Newtonian multipole moments of the gravitational field of Earth and Moon. We also derive the post-Newtonian coordinate transformations between the frames and analyze the residual gauge freedom.
Advanced nanometer-size structures
Authors: Majkova Eva , Jergel Matej , Yamamoto Masaki , Tsuru Toshihide , Luby Stefan , Siffalovic Peter 
Published: November 2010

Advanced nanometer-size structuresSolid state physics made a considerable progress towards nanometer- and subnanometer-size structures during the last decade. The structures encompass ultra thin films, multilayers, tubes, pillars, particles, clusters, etc. In this work, we address some of them. In particular, multilayers and spin valves with nm and sub-nm thickness of individual layers and ordered monolayers of nanoparticles are discussed in detail. These structures are at the forefront of further progress in the soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet optics, spintronics and the whole emerging nanotechnology era. Attention is paid to the design, layer growth control with picometer resolution, interface phenomena and interlayer formation which is also responsible for thermal stability of both multilayers and spin valves. Interfaces are characterized by a full set of parameters including various types of roughness, its lateral and vertical correlations and fractal dimension. For the analyses of interfaces, X-ray diffraction, X-ray reflectivity and diffuse scattering have been elaborated in detail. The results are completed by local methods, like electron and atomic probe microscopies. Layered structures are studied in view of their applications in X-ray and extreme ultraviolet mirrors, giant magnetoresistance and spintronics devices. Development of novel nanosized structures with embedded arrays of magnetic nanoparticles is a challenging task nowadays. Magnetic nanoparticles offer a possibility of quantized electron tunneling and additional spin blockade. An ordered array of such nanoparticles can be used as natural double tunnel barrier of novel tunnel magnetoresistance devices. The Co, Fe
An introduction to the quantum theory of nonlinear optics
Authors: Hillery Mark 
Published: November 2010

An introduction to the quantum theory of nonlinear opticsThis article is provides an introduction to the quantum theory of optics in nonlinear dielectric media. We begin with a short summary of the classical theory of nonlinear optics, that is nonlinear optics done with classical fields. We then discuss the canonical formalism for fields and its quantization. This is applied to quantizing the electromagnetic field in free space. The definition of a nonclassical state of the electromagnetic field is presented, and several examples are examined. This is followed by a brief introduction to entanglement in the context of field modes. The next task is the quantization of the electromagnetic field in an inhomogeneous, linear dielectric medium. Before going on to field quantization in nonlinear media, we discuss a number of commonly employed phenomenological models for quantum nonlinear optical processes. We then quantize the field in both nondispersive and dispersive nonlinear media. Flaws in the most commonly used methods of accomplishing this task are pointed out and discussed. Once the quantization has been completed, it is used to study a multimode theory of parametric down conversion and the propagation of quantum solitons.
Hydraulic properties of fern sporophytes: Consequences for ecological and evolutionary diversification
Authors: Watkins James E. , Holbrook N. Michele , Zwieniecki Maciej A. 
Published: November 2010

• Premise of the study: Ferns are an important component of both tropical and temperate forests; yet, our understanding of the water relations of their sporophyte generation is limited. Indeed, to date there has been no large scale survey that attempts to clarify how ferns fit into current ideas of plant water relations. This study examines several tropical ferns with the goal of understanding how these characters vary between species from various habitats and across life forms• Methods: We measured stipe hydraulic conductivity, water potential, and vulnerability to cavitation along with photosynthetic variables and leaf allometry of 21 species from 14 genera to identify physiological trait assemblages across taxa.• Key results: Epiphytic ferns have significantly lower hydraulic conductivity and a vascular system more resistant to cavitation (i.e., higher P50 values). They reached lower mid‐day water potentials and produced leaves with reduced stipe lengths and reduced laminar area relative to terrestrial species. Xylem specific hydraulic conductivity (KS) was correlated with the mean hydraulic diameter of tracheids in terrestrial species, but not in epiphytes. There was no evidence of safety–efficiency trade‐offs in any group.• Conclusions: When compared across life forms, our data shed light on physiological mechanisms that may have allowed for terrestrial ferns to move into the epiphytic habit. When compared across a diverse assemblage of terrestrial plants, we find that resistance to water flow in fern stipes is significantly higher than that recorded from the stems of seed plants.
Ecogeography of ploidy variation in cultivated potato (Solanumsect.Petota)
Authors: Spooner David M. , Gavrilenko Tatjana , Jansky Shelley H. , Ovchinnikova A. , Krylova E. , Knapp Sandra , Simon Reinhard 
Published: November 2010

•Premise of the study: The taxonomy of cultivated potatoes has been highly controversial, with estimates of species numbers ranging from 3 to 17. Ploidy level has been one of the most important taxonomic characters to recognize cultivated potato species, containing diploid (2n= 2x= 24), triploid (2n= 3x= 36), tetraploid (2n= 4x= 48), and pentaploid (2n= 5x= 60) cultivars. We tested the environmental associations of different ploidy levels in cultivated potato species that traditionally have been recognized as Linnaean taxa to see whether, in combination with prior morphological, molecular, and crossing data, some of the ploidy variants can be recognized as distinct taxa.•Methods: We summarize 2780 chromosome counts of landrace cultivated potatoes, provide georeferences to 2048 of them, and analyze these data for 20 environmental variables at 10‐min resolution using the randomForest algorithm to explore associations with taxa and ploidy variants.•Key results: Except for theS. tuberosumChilotanum Group and extreme northern and southern range extensions of the Andigenum Group, it is impossible to find distinct habitats for the ploidy variants of theS. tuberosumAndigenum Group.•Conclusions: Our distributional and ecological data, in combination with prior results from morphology, microsatellites, and crossing data, provide yet additional data to support a major reclassification of cultivated potato species. A rational, stable, and universally accepted taxonomy of this major crop plant will greatly aid all users of wild and cultivated potatoes from breeders to gene bank managers to ecologists and evolutionary biologists.
Reduction of herpes simplex virus type-2 replication in cell cultures and in rodent models with peptide-conjugated morpholino oligomers
Authors: Eide Kathleen , Moerdyk-Schauwecker Megan , Stein David A , Bildfell Rob , Koelle David M , Jin Ling 
Published: November 2010

Background Genital herpes, caused by herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2), is a recurrent, lifelong disease affecting tens of millions of people in the USA alone. HSV-2 can be treated therapeutically with acyclovir (ACV) and its derivatives; however, no treatment can prevent HSV reactivation. Novel topical anti-HSV microbicides are much needed to reduce HSV-2 transmission and to treat primary or reactivated infections, especially for ACV- resistant strains. Peptide- conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PPMOs) are single-stranded DNA analogues that enter cells readily and can reduce target gene expression through steric blockage of complementary messenger RNA (mRNA). Methods We investigated the antiviral activities of PPMOs targeted to the translation start-site regions of the mRNA for two HSV-2 immediate early genes, immediate early protein (ICP)0 and ICP27, and two early genes, unique long gene (UL)30 and UL39. Results In cell cultures, PPMOs targeting ICP0 or ICP27 mRNA were found to be highly effective against two strains of HSV-2, one of which was ACV-resistant. In vivo, daily topical applications of up to 1 mM ICP27 PPMO caused no gross or microscopic damage to the genital tract of uninfected BALB/c mice or cotton rats. Cotton rats receiving topical application of ICP27 PPMO 24 h after HSV-2 inoculation showed a reduction in genital lesions and a 37.5% reduction in mortality at 14 days post-infection. Mice receiving topical application of 100 μM of an ICP27 and ICP0 PPMO combination before HSV-2 inoculation had no detectable viral replication in the genital tract at 3–5 days post-infection. Conclusions These results demonstrate that topically applied PPMOs hold promise as candidate antiviral microbicides against HSV-2 genital infection.
In vitro susceptibility and virological outcome to darunavir and lopinavir are independent of HIV type-1 subtype in treatment-naive patients
Authors: Dierynck Inge , Meyer Sandra De , Lathouwers Erkki , Abeele Carline Vanden , Casteele Tom Van De , Spinosa-Guzman Sabrina , de Béthune Marie-Pierre , Picchio Gaston 
Published: November 2010

Background The effect of HIV type-1 (HIV-1) subtype on in vitro susceptibility and virological response to darunavir (DRV) and lopinavir (LPV) was studied using a broad panel of primary isolates, and in recombinant clinical isolates from treatment-naive, HIV-1-infected patients in the Phase III trial, AntiRetroviral Therapy with TMC114 ExaMined In naive Subjects (ARTEMIS). Methods Patients received DRV/ritonavir (DRV/r) 800/100 mg once daily ( n=343) or LPV/ritonavir (LPV/r) 800/200 mg total daily dose ( n=346), plus a fixed daily dose of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Results DRV demonstrated high antiviral activity against a broad panel of HIV-1 major group (M) and outlier group (O) primary isolates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, with a median 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 0.52 nM. Most (61%) patients in ARTEMIS harboured HIV-1 subtype B; other prevalent subtypes were C (13%) and CRF01_AE (17%); 9% harboured other subtypes. Median EC50 values (interquartile range) for DRV were 1.79 nM (1.3–2.6) for subtype B, 1.12 nM (0.8–1.4) for C and 1.27 nM (1.0–1.7) for CRF01_AE. Virological response to DRV/r (HIV-1 RNA<50 copies/ml [intent-to-treat, time-to-loss of virological response algorithm]) was 81%, 87% and 85% for patients with subtype B, C and CRF01_AE infections, respectively. Similar results were observed in the LPV/r treatment group. Conclusions In vitro susceptibility to DRV was comparable across HIV-1 subtypes in a broad panel of primary isolates and in recombinant clinical isolates. Once daily DRV/r 800/100 mg and LPV/r 800/200 mg were highly effective in ARTEMIS irrespective of the HIV-1 subtype studied, confirming their broad anti-HIV-1 activity.
The efficacy of time-based short-course acyclovir therapy in treatment of post-herpetic pain
Authors: Rasi Abbas , Heshmatzade Behzadi Ashkan , Rabet Mehrshad , Hassanloo Jaleh , Honarbakhsh Yasamin , Dehghan Nasir , Kamrava Seyed Kamran 
Published: November 2010

Introduction: Various treatments have been used to manage post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). Safe and effective therapies to prevent PHN are needed. Methodology: A clinical trial involving 152 patients diagnosed with acute herpes Zoster (HZ) was conducted to determine whether short-course acyclovir therapy (800 mg five times a day for four days) can alleviate HZ-associated pain and prevent post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 had a rash with a duration of less than 72 hours and Group 2 had a rash with a duration of more than 72 hours. To assess PHN, the patients categorized and assessed the severity of their symptoms using a four-point verbal rating scale (VRS). Results: By the fourth week, 134 out of 152 patients (88.2%) had complete pain response (CPR). Of these, 68 patients (89.5%) were from Group 1 and 66 from Group 2 (86.8%). After four weeks, the mean VRS scores had changed significantly in both groups compared to the scores at the beginning of study (p = 0.001), but there was no difference between the two groups (0.88 ± 0.66 Vs. 0.94 ± 0.72; p = 0.66) After three months no differences were observed in the treatment results between the two groups (0.51 ± 0.13 Vs.0.54 ± 0.19; p = 0.77). Conclusion: Short-course acyclovir therapy is an effective treatment for zoster and its efficacy in patients with a rash duration of more than 72 hours is similar to that in patients with rash duration of less than 72 hours.