bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Established Families Flourish
Authors: Giddens Elizabeth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the 1870s and 1880s, the Mingus family constructed a grand new home and a new turbine grain mill along Mingus Creek, Mingus Mill. Both projects were overseen by Abraham Mingus and led by Scion Early and Aden Carver. The Enloe farm became a stopover for travelers and for farmers driving livestock to market. Three distinct families with the surname Conner lived in the valley. Two, that of Rev. William Henry and Rachel (Gibson) Conner and of Joel and Katherine (Mingus) Conner, were successful as farmers and held leadership roles in the community. Joel and Katherine’s family members served as postmaster for decades. The third Conner family did not fare well; Edward Franklin and Mary Caroline (Mingus) Conner died in the 1860s, and their children dispersed. The oldest, Margaret Clarinda Conner raised the youngest, Edward (Edd) Clarence Conner, who became a well-known personality. The Beck and Bradley families were large and prominent. Henry Beck married three times and had 21 children survive him. The Bradleys were similarly extensive; in the 1870s, they comprised eight separate households of 50 individuals, or of 81 individuals including in-law Griffiths, Reagans, and Carvers. These families functioned as diverse farming enterprises with multiple revenue streams.
Migratory Lives
Authors: Giddens Elizabeth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Not all white residents thrived after the Civil War. A number were compelled to seek livelihoods elsewhere. After Asoph Hughes’s death in 1865, four of his and Mary (Nations) Hughes’s sons left to make new starts. One moved temporarily to Arkansas but returned to live near his brothers, who had settled other parts of Swain and Jackson Counties. Edd Conner used a small inheritance to purchase a farm in Otto, North Carolina, but he injured his leg badly and became estranged from his wife. He traveled the Southeast in search of work, always returning to Oconaluftee. He was evangelical and is known for the white burial suit that he had made for himself more than 16 years before his death. Aden Carver, considered the quintessential mountaineer, and his wife Martha (Roberts) Carver left the valley to live in Tennessee for over 20 years. They returned to help his parents once they were too old to continue farming. New families arrived and bought choice farmland, notably the Queen family, who purchased the area known as Smokemont. In 1896, a new log building for Lufty Baptist Church was built in on land donated by J.L. Queen and H.J. Beck. Between 1880 and 1900, the number of families living in the valley increased from 75 to 135. The period was remembered as “a time of great neighborliness” by Thomas Irvin Hughes.
Qualla’s Long Struggle for Security
Authors: Giddens Elizabeth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
After the Civil War, the Lufty Cherokees faced hardship, sickness, land disputes, and the loss of advisor William Holland Thomas due to mental and physical illness. But they managed to establish their own government, secure land rights, and become recognized as the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians. Chiefs Salonita, Nimrod Jarrett Smith (Tsalahihi), and Stillwell Saunooke, tribal council leaders, and others such as James Blythe led the Eastern Band. They had assistance from Rev. William C. McCarthy who was a federal agent; from Quaker leader Barnabus C. Hobbs and Superintendent Henry Spray, who established a boarding school at Yellow Hill with a model farm as well as three day schools; and from tribal attorney George Smathers. James Mooney of the US Bureau of Ethnology engaged in field research with the Eastern Band collecting the Cherokees’ legends, sacred formulas, and cultural history from shamans such as Ayunini, Gatigwanasti, Gahuni, Tsiskwa, and their heirs. In order to pay property taxes and support their needs, the Cherokees sold timber rights within the Cathcart Tract, bringing commercial logging into the valley. The Eastern Band faced the land allotment provision of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887, which caused new membership rolls to be taken while many people sought enrollment.
Confronting Invasion
Authors: Kantrowitz Stephen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In a series of treaties between the late 1820s and the late 1830s, the United States asserted legal ownership of the entire Ho-Chunk homeland defined in the 1825 Treaty of Prairie du Chien. American squatters first took possession of valuable lead diggings, and when conflicts with Ho-Chunk residents turned violent the US military effectively ratified their claims. The US similarly took advantage of its pursuit of a resistant band of Sauk and other Native people—a conflict known as the Black Hawk War, which took place largely within the Ho-Chunks’ ancestral. homeland—to demand further territories. Pursuing policies that demanded Indian Removal and encouraged Native communities to embrace American “civilization,” the US sought to expel the Ho-Chunk people to lands west of the Mississippi River. Throughout this era and in the decades that followed, however, Ho-Chunk people pursued several courses to resist these efforts: they refused to leave their homeland or, if forcibly expelled, quickly returned; they claimed to embrace “civilization” in order to be allowed to remain; and they purchased land on American terms but used it to reconstruct or maintain Ho-Chunk village and community life.
Epilogue
Authors: Kantrowitz Stephen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
One lesson of the Ho-Chunks’ partly successful campaign against expulsion is that citizenship is powerful tool for individual and collective self-defense and, perhaps ironically, for cultural sovereignty and autonomy. But citizenship’s formal promises of equality have not insulated Ho-Chunk people from all of the pressures of colonialism, nor have they erased the presumption among many non-Native people that “Indians” are fundamentally “savages” and anti-citizens—people against whom the citizenry is defined, and against whom it must protect itself, often with violence.
White Gloves, Black Nation
Authors: Sanders Johnson Grace 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This ambitious transnational history considers Haitian women's political life during and after the United States occupation of Haiti (1915–34). The two decades following the occupation were some of the most politically dynamic and promising times in Haiti's modern history, but the history of women's political organizing in this period has received scant attention. Tracing elite and middle-class women's activism and intellectual practice from the countryside of Kenscoff, Haiti, to Philadelphia, the Belgian Congo, and back to Port-au-Prince, this book tells the story of Haitian women's essential role as co-curators of modern Haitian citizenship. Set in a period when national belonging was articulated in philosophies of African authenticity, revolutionary nostalgia, and working-class politics, Grace Sanders Johnson considers how an emerging educated and professional class of women who understood themselves as descendants of the Haitian Revolution established alternative claims to citizenship that included, but were not limited to, suffrage and radicalism. Sanders Johnson argues that these women's political practice incorporated strategic class performance, extravagant sartorial sensibilities, and an insistence on self-promotion and preservation that challenged the exceptional trope of the martyred male revolutionary hero. Bringing her subjects vividly to life, she reveals their politics of wayfaring, moving deliberately if sometimes ineffectively through the radical milieu of the twentieth century.
The Right Sex
Authors: Sanders Johnson Grace 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter starts in 1944 and returns to the 1946 Constitutional Convention to contextualize the intellectual, legislative, and organizational achievements of women’s rights organizers in 1940s, including their research on women in urban demographics, their fight for equal pay, and their creation of the women’s center Le Foyer. The chapter considers LFAS women’s assertion of social and political enslavement—“the woman is a slave”—and puts it alongside their political platform concerning parental rights and the condition of the Haitian family structure, particularly the practice of plasaj (a Haitian common-law marriage that can include multiple sexual and romantic partnerships and that usually incorporates a shared financial arrangement). The chapter observes how legislation around women’s rights was used to control women’s domestic and public movements, including rural-to-urban migration. The chapter also charts the continuity and growth of misogynist discourse and gender based violence in 1940s politics.
Stage Right
Authors: Sanders Johnson Grace 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at how LFAS organizers adopted the pageantry of regional wartime alliances and public performances (fêtes, choreographed dances, congressional presentations, and plays) to establish a political aesthetic that drew different Haitian women toward each other in local, national, and international politics. Following LFAS women’s political wayfaring from Port-au-Prince to the Belgian Congo, to Argentina, to the United States and Germany, the chapter discusses women’s participation in international conferences, global post-World War II diplomacy, and their practices of feminist anthropology. The leaders of the LFAS held memberships and affiliations in multiple international women’s movements, including the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, the Pan-American Women’s Congresses, the United Nations Council on Women, and the International Council of Women of Darker Races. The chapter shows how LFAS women leveraged these international organizational and interpersonal relationships for their national initiatives. Intersecting with the history of Black women’s internationalism in the early and mid-twentieth century, the chapter ends with the first Haitian Women’s International Conference in 1950.
The Right Candidate
Authors: Sanders Johnson Grace 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The chapter looks at Haitian women’s political organizing after winning the right to vote in 1950 and follows the history of women’s participation in the 1956-57 Haitian election season. In the political milieu of Black nationalism and the women’s own evolution in thinking about race, the chapter shows how LFAS women strategically communicated political unity among women by declaring a shared nègre identity. The chapter follows the senate campaign of LFAS president Madeleine Sylvain-Bouchereau as well as the state-sanctioned attack on journalist and LFAS organizer Yvonne Hakim Rimpel. With a national platform that articulated the intersection of race, class, and gender, Haitian women’s politics turned and collided into the rise and presidency of François Duvalier (1957-71).
Introduction
Authors: Lorek Timothy W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The introduction to Making the Green Revolution contemplates the juxtaposition of the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), a global institution for research in critical food crops, in Colombia’s Cauca Valley, a region otherwise defined by extensive monoculture sugarcane. The research agenda and philosophy of CIAT contrasts with the stark reality of industrial-scale agribusiness in the region. The introduction traces the origins of both CIAT and sugarcane in Colombian history, situating each in broader scholarly literatures on the Green Revolution in agricultural development, the geopolitics of hunger and development during the Cold War, and Colombia’s evolving armed conflict.
Quixotic Developments
Authors: Lorek Timothy W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter Five in Making the Green Revolution introduces Colombia’s Cauca Valley as a major site for Cold War-era investment and development projects. The chapter shows how local officials courted international expertise to initially advance domestic development projects. Several international and United States aid programs expanded operations in the Cauca Valley during this period, including the US government’s Point Four program, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the World Bank. These projects in technical aid led to the formation of the Cauca Valley Corporation, an irrigation and hydroelectric agency that would play a significant role in land tenure conflicts in Colombia.
The Cold War Cauca Valley: From the CAP to CIAT
Authors: Lorek Timothy W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter Six in Making the Green Revolution analyzes the Rockefeller Foundation’s Colombian Agricultural Program, or CAP, and the subsequent founding of the International Center for Tropical Agriculture, or CIAT, in Colombia’s Cauca Valley. CIAT became one of the founding institutions of a global consortium for agricultural science known as the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research, or CGIAR. In Colombia, the global attention to a Green Revolution in agricultural production overlapped with a new land reform program and a period of tumultuous Colombian politics that ushered in a new era in the Colombian armed conflict.
Epilogue
Authors: Lorek Timothy W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The epilogue to Making the Green Revolution briefly traces the changing research agenda of the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) in Colombia’s Cauca Valley. It shows how CIAT has conducted its research in a landscape otherwise defined by expanding agricultural capitalism and monocultures, in which a small number of corporate sugarcane producers control much of the prime valley land. The epilogue emphasizes land inequality and land reform as major aspects of the 2016 Colombia peace agreement signed with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Food production and agrarian politics continue to be important political issues in Colombia today.
Introduction
Authors: Mantler Gordon K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Harold Washington moment and movement showed how Black, Latino, and progressive white activists, when working together, could reshape urban politics and policy in US cities and, of equal importance, provide a clear playbook for national politics in the 1980s and now. But Chicago also underscored the obvious, unmistakable limits to electoral politics. Despite the campaign’s incredible energy and organization, the Washington administration struggled to overcome a vast array of structural barriers to govern effectively, especially in ways that helped its most fervent, most marginalized, working-class supporters. Only when grassroots activism by neighborhood-based organizations and coalitions sustained political pressure on officials did genuine reform take place. And even in those cases, the progress was painstaking, with uncertain long-term results. Winning elections matters, of course. But ultimately the story of Harold Washington’s election and mayoralty – in contrast to much of the existing historiography – is both a qualified triumph of multiracial coalition and a cautionary tale about placing too much weight on electoral victories above all other civic action.
From Politics to Protest
Authors: Mantler Gordon K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
African Americans had held public office in Chicago in the 1910s, the result of the Great Migration to industrial centers in the North and West. But these Black officeholders demonstrated limited actual power and rarely emphasized civil rights to stay in the good graces of the Chicago machine. By the late 1950s, a new generation of civil rights and Black Power activists launched protests, challenging an older guard of Black politicians aligned with legendary machine boss, Mayor Richard J. Daley -- from the Protest at the Polls movement to Martin Luther King Jr.’s Chicago Freedom Movement. The relationship between Black Power, civil rights, and electoral politics between 1919 and 1968 turned out to be far more complex than scholars normally consider – not just the simple “protest to politics” shift that activist Bayard Rustin spells out. In fact, in Chicago and the nation writ large, the process could be more accurately described as “from politics to protest” and back again.
Introduction
Authors: McQueeney Kevin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of the book’s topic and main arguments; the time period covered; crucial turning points in the creation and perpetuation of healthcare inequality in New Orleans; relevant background information; and literature review. The chapter places the manuscript in the larger context of scholarship on the African American health and healthcare history, racial health disparities, and the Long Civil Rights Movement. The chapter also provides a brief preview of each chapter and discusses the sources used.
Jim Crow Black Health Care, 1927–1950
Authors: McQueeney Kevin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the efforts of New Orleanians to create an alternate Black medical district in the Central City neighborhood. It details the attempts to create two hospitals, the unsuccessful Colored Hospital, and a new Flint Goodridge Hospital, which became the anchor of the Black medical district. The chapter examines the initial challenges of the hospital—like fundraising and staffing—and the vision of Flint Goodridge as not just a hospital but a health center focused on three main goals: expanding hospital care for African Americans throughout the region, tackling the public health issues facing the Black community, and serving as a training center for Black medical professionals. Finally, the chapter explores two significant issues for the hospital: the deliberate effort of the municipal government to prevent the growth of the hospital with WPA-sponsored “slum clearance” and building of public housing units around the institution, and the post–World War II exodus of Black physicians from New Orleans.
Introduction
Authors: Nwokocha Eziaku Atuama 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In Haitian Vodou, the gods care about how they look. This chapter argues that within the religious and social life of Vodou, fashion accentuates the importance of aesthetic trends to spiritual communal identity formation in the African Diaspora. The primary sites of this ethnographic research are the temples of a Haitian Vodou practitioner named Manbo Maude in Mattapan, Massachusetts and in Jacmel, Haiti. Manbo Maude, who is a mental health clinician and formally trained fashion designer, fashions outfits inspired by Vodou spirits to satisfy the material demands of deities while also creating unique spiritual practices that shape the experiences of other practitioners and observers in her temple. Drawing from an interdisciplinary methodology that includes history and transnational Black feminist ethnography grounded in Africana studies, religious studies, performance studies, and queer studies, this chapter introduces the innovative concept called spiritual vogue. Spiritual vogue is a dynamic, multisensorial experience that incorporates the presence of the spirits, movement, fashion, and touch in a religious context. It is a stylistic apparatus that showcases interactive processes between the participants, the spirits, and the audience.
Ad(dress)ing the Spirits
Authors: Nwokocha Eziaku Atuama 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the fashion origins of Haitian Vodou practitioner Manbo Marie Maude Evans or Manbo Maude. The term Manbo, meaning female high priestess, is given to Vodou practitioners who have undergone initiatory rites and understand sacred religious knowledges. Manbo Maude has been perfecting her religious commitments, through both fashion and spiritual service, alongside the Black divinities like Ezili Je Wouj and Gede of Vodou for several decades. The author, who is a participant observer, illuminates the intricate physical and spiritual processes necessary for Vodou ceremonies that emphasize glamour and fashion. Manbo Maude creates an informal, small-scale production network that intersects culture, transnationalism, and religion. Drawing on the complex transnational influences within Haiti including the presence of West and Central Africans, Indigenous Americans, and European colonial history, this chapter shows that Manbo Maude represents a point on a spectrum of evolution that runs through Vodou stylistics; she is one in the long line of contributors to Black Atlantic religions and Haitian Vodou in particular. Considering spiritual vogue requires understanding that the presence of the spirits in Vodou ceremonies is not symbolic but real for many participants and devotees and that the legitimacy of these spirits has substantive effects on their actions and ritual practice.
How Tight Is Your Wrap?
Authors: Nwokocha Eziaku Atuama 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the social tensions of race, gender, and sexuality in Manbo Maude’s contemporary Vodou temples. By centering the perceptions and experiences of Black people within Haitian Vodou, the chapter interrogates how for some Black folks, Vodou functions as a space of healing and community within the African Diaspora. Headwraps, dresses and sacred colored scarves function as a part of African Diasporic identity creation and evoke a vision of a common African past that participants draw on for their own sense of community. The author deploys a Black feminist ethnographic critique to consider how their Nigerian Igbo ancestry and femme identified personhood influences the performance of rituals such as headwrapping. This chapter also analyses the contentious issue of including White people in spaces that many Black practitioners view as a refuge from the anti-Black racism of the world beyond the temple. Race, gender, and sexuality have the capacity to rupture attempts at sartorial solidarity, affecting not only the cohesion of Manbo Maude's communities but also the shape of people's beliefs. These communal fissures continuously raise questions about who Vodou belongs to, who has a true connection to Black spirits, and what types of worship best serve the divine.
Dènye Panse
Authors: Nwokocha Eziaku Atuama 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a few dènye panse, Haitian Kreyòl for “last thoughts,” that articulate not only the groundbreaking knowledge Vodou en Vogue has produced, but also explores the inescapable shifts within Vodou itself. The chapter underscores how Vodou changes over time, just as all religions do; its practitioners and rituals cannot be held in stasis. Traditions are passed down through spiritual lineages and initiatory rites, and with each successive transition they shift, accommodating new places, people, and experiences. These last thoughts offer a look to the future of the leadership of Manbo Maude’s home in the form of her daughter Manbo Vante’m Pa Fyem and how she continues the legacies of fashion and community building within Vodou in both Mattapan and Jacmel.
The Nineteenth-Century Roots of Transnational Anticolonial Struggle and Solidarity
Authors: Power Margaret M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how and why transnational anti-colonial solidarity flourished in the Caribbean during the nineteenth century as Spain’s last colonies, Cuba and Puerto Rico and, briefly, the Dominican Republic, backed each other’s fight for independence. Solidarity extended to New York City, where exiles from these and other Latin American nations, joined together to oppose US imperialism. The chapter also explains the slow development of nationalist consciousness in Puerto Rico and the subsequent growth of anti-colonial sentiment.