bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The challenges of undertaking root cause analysis in health care: A qualitative study
Authors: Nicolini Davide , Waring1 Justin , Mengis2 Jeanne 
Published: April 2011

Objectives Root cause analysis (RCA) is a framework for structured investigations of safety incidents. Our aim was to identify the barriers to successful learning in health care and to make recommendations for service development. Methods A qualitative study that ‘tracked’ the investigation procedures and practices of ten patient safety incidents in two National Health Service (NHS) hospitals. Non-participant observations of the complete investigation process in various managerial and administrative settings, together with semi-structured qualitative interviews with those involved in the process, and following the completion of the final report. Results There are several challenges to undertaking root cause analysis in health care. These are associated with forming and leading the investigation team; gathering and analysing supporting evidence; and formulating and implementing service improvements. Undertaking root cause analysis remains a complex non-linear task which entails balancing a multiplicity of concerns and expectations. Supporting enhanced incident investigation requires keeping in focus the instrumental aim of triggering sustainable service improvement and not for the investigation to become an end in itself. Conclusions Health services leaders need to provide open endorsement of root cause analysis and of the staff carrying it out; enhance staff participation within learning activities and new analytic tools; and develop capabilities in change management.
Zeolitic Host–Guest Interactions and Building Blocks for the Self-Assembly of Complex Materials
Authors: Bein Thomas 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOrdered nanoscale pore systems such as those represented by zeolites offer many opportunities for the design of complex functional systems via self-assembly.With their large internal surface areas and tunable, well-defined crystalline pore structures that allow molecular sieving and ion exchange, zeolites can be adapted for numerous applications. The nanoscale reactors present in zeolite pore systems have been explored as structural templates for the spatial organization of numerous guests. Examples from various fields are discussed, such as the stabilization of organic dyes for the construction of energy transfer and storage systems, the construction of host–guest hybrid catalyst systems, and the encapsulation of conducting or semiconducting nanoscale wires and clusters. More complex, hierarchical forms of nanostructured matter become accessible when zeolite crystals are used as building blocks for the selfassembly of thin films or three-dimensional objects. A combination of weaker and stronger interactions ranging from dispersive forces, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions to covalent bonding can be used to build functional hierarchical constructs. Several examples and novel applications of such systems will be discussed, including oriented channel systems, chemical sensors, and hierarchical pore systems for catalytic reactions.
Arthur von Hippel: The Scientist and the Man
Authors: von Hippel Frank N. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract“We will not be intimidated!” is one of the mottos Arthur R. von Hippel lived by. From refusing to salute Hitler to starting a unique interdisciplinary university laboratory–the Laboratory for Insulation Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology–von Hippel followed his principles, laying the foundations for modern materials research and distinguishing himself as a pioneering scientist, an inspirational mentor, and a devoted family man. This article shows the personal and professional contexts within which von Hippel–the namesake of the Materials Research Society's highest award–emerged as a scientific leader and role model of interdisciplinarity, as seen through the eyes of his son, Frank N. von Hippel, physicist, professor of public and international affairs, and co-director of the Program on Science & Global Security at Princeton University.
Ferroelectricity: The Foundation of a Field from Form to Function
Authors: Newnham R.E. , Cross L. Eric 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article highlights the major role Arthur von Hippel and the Laboratory for Insulation Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology played in the early development of the field of ferroelectricity in mixed oxides with the perovskite structure and, in particular, in the identification of ferroelectricity in barium titanate following its discovery in industrial laboratories in the United States during World War II.Very early optical and x-ray studies highlighted the characteristics of the ferroelectric domain structures in both ceramic and single-crystal BaTiO3, the elimination of domains at the Curie temperature TC, and the salient characteristics of the two low-temperature phase transitions. Perhaps the culmination of this work was the detailed studies of lamella 90° domains by Peter Forsbergh and the gorgeous patterns these could generate. This article also traces the manner in which the early studies contributed to whole industries based on perovskite ferroelectrics. The ceramic capacitor industry is now fabricating sophisticated, cofired multilayer capacitors (MLCs) with up to a thousand 1-µm-thick dielectric layers interleaved with base metal electrodes, addressing a market for some 1013 capacitors per year.Manufacturers of large piezoelectric transducers depend almost exclusively on perovskite-structure oxide ceramics. Navy sonar systems are major customers, but spinoff has occurred into a wide range of commercial and medical ultrasound systems. The capability of current materials has improved more than tenfold over the original BaTiO3 ceramics as a result of the effective application of molecular engineering, a strong testament to the insight of the founder of this area of study.
Arthur von Hippel and Magnetism
Authors: Goodenough John B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article examines the role that Arthur von Hippel played in magnetism work in the 1950s.Von Hippel understood that the ferrimagnetic insulators represented by the ferrospinels, magnetoplumbites, and ferrogarnets were critical for the high-frequency technology that was being developed after World War II. At the Laboratory for Insulation Research at MIT, he and his students concentrated on the response of these materials to electric and magnetic excitations over a wide frequency range that extended, with gaps, from dc to the ultraviolet. For magnetic studies, he used microwave frequencies to obtain resonance and relaxation data that could be interpreted because the magnetic spins are relatively loosely coupled to their surroundings. He supplemented these resonance studies with classical magnetometer, transport, and x-ray diffraction measurements on single-crystal samples in order to obtain fundamental information that would aid in the design of materials for technical applications.
Expanding Frontiers in Biomaterials
Authors: Stupp Samuel I. , Donners Jack J.J.M. , Li Liang-shi , Mata Alvaro 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article celebrating Arthur von Hippel's career considers the expanding frontiers in the field of biomaterials, a subject that intrigued him given his interests in the molecular engineering of materials. The interface of materials science and biology started to develop decades ago when synthetic materials were first used to repair parts of the human body. An exciting transformation is now occurring in the field, as advances in biology are used to engineer bioactive materials at the molecular level. The transformation is going further to other frontiers that include the use of sophisticated materials to obtain biological information and learn biology, the creation of materials that imitate biological microstructures and functions, and the manipulation of organisms to create artificial materials.
Sustainability and Energy Conversions
Authors: Benson Sally M. , Orr Franklin M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA sustainable global energy system requires a transition away from energy sources with high greenhouse emissions. Vast energy resources are available to meet our needs, and technology pathways for making this transition exist. Lowering the cost and increasing the reliability and quality of energy from sustainable energy sources will facilitate this transition. Changing the world's energy systems is a huge challenge, but it is one that can be undertaken now with improvements in energy efficiency and with continuing deployment of a variety of technologies. Numerous opportunities exist for research in material sciences to contribute to this global-scale challenge.
Visible-Blind UV/IR Photodetectors Integrated on Si Substrates
Authors: Starikov David , Boney John Chris , Pillai Rajeev , Bensaoula Abdelhak 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTA concept based on structures fabricated using stacked semiconducting layers to obtain a multi spectral photoresponse is investigated. Issues related to III nitride layer growth on thin Si wafers, such as substrate temperature recalibration and mechanical stress due to the lattice mismatch, have been studied. The grown on Si substrate III nitride layers were characterized by using spectroscopic ellipsometry and capacitance measurements. Fabrication of a dual-band UV/IR photodetector with a reasonable responsivity at room temperature has been demonstrated. The integrated device is capable of detecting optical emissions separately in the UV and IR parts of the spectrum. The responsivities of this device are ∼0.01 A/W, at a peak wavelength of 300 nm and ∼0.08 A/W, at a peak wavelength of 1000 nm, respectively. The described dual-band photodetectors can be employed for false alarm-free fire/flame detection and advanced hazardous object or target detection and recognition in several industrial, military, and space applications.
Assessment of different sorbents efficiency for solid phase extraction of aquatic humic acids
Authors: Roba Carmen , Jimenez Cristina , Baciu Călin , Beldean-Galea Simion , Levei Erika , Cordoš Emil 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
In the present study, a simple procedure for the isolation by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and quantification by UV-Vis spectrometry (400 nm) of the humic acids (HAs) in the natural waters was developed. Seven different sorbents: Porapak P (polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer), Florisil (chemical composition: 84.0% SiO2, 15.5% MgO and 0.5% Na2SO4), Silica gel C18 (octadecyl silane), Strata X (surface modified polystyrene-divinylbenzene), Strata NH2 (silica-based trifunctional amino ligand), Strata SAX (silica-based trifunctional quaternary amine) and Strata C18-E (silica-based trifunctional C18 with hydrophobic end-capping of silanols) were tested. The HAs, adsorbed on SPE cartridges, were eluted using: NaOH (0.1 M), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) (20 g L−1), and a 1:1 v/v mixture of SDS (20 g L−1) and NaOH (0.1 M). The extraction efficiency was evaluated by comparing the HAs recovery levels. The repeatability of results was estimated by the relative standard deviation (RSD). The data confirmed that Porapak P, Silica gel C18, Florisil, Strata NH2 and Strata X could be good alternatives for the traditional isolation of the aquatic HAs with XAD resin. The proposed method was applied for the determination of HAs in some waters sampled from the Western Romanian Plain. The content of HAs was correlated with the arsenic concentration and total organic carbon (TOC) level.
Characterization of CdSe quantum dots with bidentate ligands by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Oszwałdowski Sławomir , Zawistowska-Gibuła Katarzyna , Roberts Kenneth 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The CdSe quantum dots (QDs) with bidentate ligands: a-diimine (NN) and dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) were synthesized and characterized by UV-Vis, particle size and capillary electrophoretic techniques. Two systems were analyzed: CdSe with one ligand (CdSe/ligand) and CdSe with two different ligands (CdSe//ligand1/ligand2), where ligand = α-diimine or DHLA. Hydrodynamic features of functionalized QDs were characterized by zone capillary electrophoretic (CZE), and particle size techniques and these methods were consistent. It was established that CZE, micellar (MEKC) and microemulsion (MEEKC) modes were suitable for separating charged CdSe QDs and that no peaks were obtained for QDs passivated with electrically neutral ligands. For CdSe QDs with neutral (NN) ligands, a preconcentration method with the use of a micellar plug was introduced for visualizing these QDs. A sharp peak representing neutral QDs was obtained within the zone of micellar plug of a non-ionic surfactant, Here, a ligand character used for CdSe modification and the type of the electrophoretic method applied were the determining factors for the QDs peak visualization. Moreover, examples of visualization of charged and neutral QDs on the same run were presented, and for this purpose, dual mechanism (separation/preconcentration) was proposed.
Luminescence of silicon Dioxide — silica glass, α-quartz and stishovite
Authors: Trukhin Anatoly , Smits Krishjanis , Chikvaidze Georg , Dyuzheva Tatiana , Lityagina Ludmila 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
This paper compares the luminescence of different modifications of silicon dioxide — silica glass, α-quartz crystal and dense octahedron structured stishovite crystal. Under x-ray irradiation of pure silica glass and pure α-quartz crystal, only the luminescence of self-trapped exciton (STE) is detected, excitable only in the range of intrinsic absorption. No STE luminescence was detected in stishovite since, even though its luminescence is excitable below the optical gap, it could not be ascribed to a self-trapped exciton. Under ArF laser excitation of pure α-quartz crystal, luminescence of a self-trapped exciton was detected under two-photon excitation. In silica glass and stishovite mono crystal, we spectrally detected mutually similar luminescences under single-photon excitation of ArF laser. In silica glass, the luminescence of an oxygen deficient center is presented by the so-called twofold coordinated silicon center (L.N. Skuja et al., Solid State Commun. 50, 1069 (1984)). This center is modified with an unknown surrounding or localized states of silica glass (A.N. Trukhin et al., J. Non-Cryst. Solids 248, 40 (1999)). In stishovite, that same luminescence was ascribed to some defect existing after crystal growth. For α-quartz crystal, similar to silica and stishovite, luminescence could be obtained only by irradiation with a lattice damaging source such as a dense electron beam at a temperature below 80 K, as well as by neutron or -irradiation at 290 K.
In spite of a similarity in the luminescence of these three materials (silica glass, stishovite mono crystal and irradiated α-quartz crystal), there are differences that can be explained by the specific characteristics of these materials. In particular, the nature of luminescence excited in the transparency range of stishovite is ascribed to a defect existing in the crystal after-growth. A similarity between stishovite luminescence and that of oxygen-deficient silica glass and radiation induced luminescence of α-quartz crystal presumes a similar nature of the centers in those materials.
Multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock results for forbidden transitions in the 2p
4 configuration
Authors: Hu Feng , Yang Jiamin , Wang Chuanke , Jiang Gang , Zhao Xuefeng , Zang Huaping 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Relativistic configuration interaction calculations with the inclusion of the Breit interaction, quantum electrodynamics and finite nuclear mass corrections have been carried out in the extended optimal level scheme using multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock wavefunctions on the forbidden transition probabilities for the 2p
4 ground state configuration of the oxygen isoelectronic sequence for 8 ⩽ Z ⩽ 42. Electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole transition probabilities are reported for transitions between several of these levels. Our results are compared with those from other theories and experiments. Our energy levels are in better agreement with experiment than other theories.
Daily and seasonal variation in the activity of potential vector mosquitoes
Authors: Šebesta Oldřich , Gelbič Ivan , Peško Juraj 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
In the course of season 2010 (May–September), three 2-day trappings of female mosquitoes were carried out at two sites in order to determine the daily activity of the common mosquito species (e.g. species from genus Culex, Aedes, Ochlerotatus, Anopheles, etc.) in the area. CDC light traps filled with CO2 and placed at a height of 1 m were used to trap individuals, and were sampled every 2 h. A total of 19,604 female mosquitoes from 20 identifiable species were trapped: 7,549 at Sedlec and 12,055 at Kančí obora. The activity of the major species of mosquitoes in South Moravia differed throughout the course of the day. Calamity species of the genus Aedes and Ochlerotatus remained active throughout the day and night, but with different course. Aedes vexans, Ae. cinereus, and Ae. rossicus were most active in the late afternoon and highly active for most of the night. Ochlerotatus sticticus was captured most often in the afternoon, and its abundance decreased rapidly before sunset. The activity of Oc. cantans s.l. (Oc. cantans + Oc. annulipes) females varied little during the day and night. The daily activity for the main vectors of West Nile virus, Culex pipiens and Cx. modestus, were totally different from that of other species. Cx. pipiens females showed significant night activity, while Cx. modestus was most active in the evening. Nighttime activity was also observed in female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles.
Biology of Tetrix bolivari (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)
Authors: Kočárek Petr , Holuša Jaroslav , Grucmanová Šárka , Musiolek David 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The ecological requirements and biology of the Tetrigidae are almost unknown. The aim of the present work is to contribute to the knowledge of Tetrix bolivari, one of the least studied species of European Tetrigidae, by investigating its seasonal and daily activity, food biology, and vibratory communication. Adults of T. bolivari were found from March to September, with the greatest number of detections occurring between May and August. Based on the study of the daily activity patterns, most activities were positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity. Detritus and mosses were the main components of the diet, with the most frequently consumed mosses being Bryum caespiticium and Bryum argenteum. Substrate-borne vibrational signals used in communication of T. bolivari are described here in detail for the first time. We distinguished four structural types of vibrational signals produced by males, including the signal produced by wing tremulation.
Spatial and temporal distribution of mineral nutrients and sugars throughout the lifespan of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. flower
Authors: Trivellini Alice , Ferrante Antonio , Vernieri Paolo , Carmassi Giulia , Serra Giovanni 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Although the physiological and molecular mechanisms of flower development and senescence have been extensively investigated, a whole-flower partitioning study of mineral concentrations has not been carried out. In this work, the distribution of sucrose, total reducing sugars, dry and fresh weight and macro and micronutrients were analysed in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. petals, stylestigma including stamens and ovary at different developmental stages (bud, open and senescent flowers). Total reducing sugars showed the highest value in petals of bud flowers, then fell during the later stages of flower development whereas sucrose showed the highest value in petals of senescent flowers. In petals, nitrogen and phosphorus content increased during flower opening, then nitrogen level decreased in senescent flowers. The calcium, phosphorus and boron concentrations were highest in ovary tissues whatever the developmental stage. Overall, the data presented suggests that the high level of total reducing sugars prior the onset of flower opening contributes to support petal cells expansion, while the high amount of sucrose at the time of petal wilting may be viewed as a result of senescence. Furthermore, this study discusses how the accumulation of particular mineral nutrients can be considered in a tissue specific manner for the activation of processes directly connected with reproduction.
Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of plants used in traditional Romanian herbal medicine
Authors: Spiridon Iuliana , Bodirlau Ruxanda , Teaca Carmen-Alice 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A number of herbal plants from Romania widely used as natural food additives or for health promotion in traditional medicine were investigated for their antioxidant activity. Methanol extracts were obtained from plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family (lavender Lavandula angustifolia L.; lemon balm Melissa officinalis; sage Salvia officinalis; oregano Origanum vulgare L.; rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis L.; thyme Thymus vulgaris L.; mullein Verbascum phlomoides; mint Mentha longifolia), Clusiaceae family (St John’s wort Hypericum perforatum L.), and Compositae family (elecampane Inula helenium). Total phenolic concentration was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent method, while total flavonoids were measured using the aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Relationships between total antioxidant activity and composition of plant extracts were evaluated. Origanum vulgare extract showed the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content compared to the other plants extracts. A positive correlation was observed between total antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the analyzed extracts.
An alternative synthetic process of p-acetaminobenzenesulfonyl chloride through combined chlorosulfonation by HClSO3 and PCl5
Authors: Tan Shiyu , Yang Yang , Luo Ziping , Zhao Shuo , Huang Dafu , Zhang Jun , Dong Lichun , Wang Gang 
Published: March 2011

Abstractp-Aminobenzene sulfonamide (sulfanilamide, SN) is the simplest and most-used sulfonamide medicine. The key step of SN production via the commonly used chlorosulfonic acid routine is the synthesis of p-acetaminobenzenesulfonyl chloride (P-ASC). A large amount of HSO3Cl has to be used in the traditional process, which results in serious environmental problems. In this study, an alternative chlorosulfonic acid process to synthesize P-ASC was investigated by partially substituting HSO3Cl by PCl5 as the chlorination agent. Compared with the traditional process, the molar ratio of HSO3Cl to acetanilide (the main raw material) can be decreased from 4.96 to 2.1 using CCl4 as the diluent; also, addition of a small amount of NH4Cl was found to significantly increase the P-ASC yield. Operating conditions of the reaction were studied first by single-factor experiments and later by orthogonal experiments to obtain optimum operating conditions under which the P-ASC yield can reach as high as 86.3 %.
Zinc catalyst recycling in the preparation of (all-rac)-α-tocopherol from trimethylhydroquinone and isophytol
Authors: Gömöry Juraj , Králik Milan , Kaszonyi Alexander 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRecycling of ZnCl2 as a catalyst in the cyclocondensation of trimethylhydroquinone and isophytol to all-rac-α-tocopherol was studied. ZnCl2 was recycled at over 98 % efficiency in required purity by repeated extraction of the reaction streams with water, followed by switching of solvent to butyl acetate and then back to water. Recycled ZnCl2 had no negative effect on the yield of all-rac-α-tocopherol (maintaining over 90 %) at nearly total conversion of isophytol and only a 3 % molar excess of trimethylhydroquinone.