bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Vi antigen of Salmonella paratyphi B
Authors: Felix A. 
Published: May 2009

1. Salmonella paratyphi B possesses a Vi antigen essentially similar to the Vi antigens of Salm. typhi and Salm. paratyphi A.2. The biological function of the Vi antigen of Salm. paratyphi B is to protect the O antigen against the action of the natural or immune O antibody, thereby increasing the virulence of the microorganism.3. The most suitable paratyphoid-B vaccine strains are those that develop both the Vi and the O antigens in maximum quantities. The methods of testing vaccine strains of Salm. paratyphi B are essentially the same as those applied to the virulent Vi+O form of Salm. typhi.4. Evidence is brought to show that Kauffmann's conclusion that Salm. paratyphi B does not develop Vi antigen is unfounded. The so-called O-factors V and V obviously cannot be classified as O antigens.5. It is suggested that the symbol V of the Kauffmann-White schema be abandoned and this antigenic component be classed as the Vi antigen of Salm. paratyphi B.
Salmonellosis in Northern Ireland, with special reference to pigs and salmonella-contaminated pig meal
Authors: Newell K. W. , McClarin R. , Murdock C. R. , MacDonald W. N. , Hutchinson H. L. 
Published: May 2009

1. Salmonella incidents in Northern Ireland from 1951–58 are compared with the published findings in England and Wales.2. Caecal swabs from 489 pigs killed in two bacon factories showed a salmonella isolation rate of 2%.3. Salmonella organisms were isolated from twenty-three out of 100 samples of caecal faeces and from only six of 100 caecal swabs taken from the same animals. Three per cent of meat samples from these pigs and 70% of sausage samples from this meat contained Salmonellae.4. Rectal swabs from 162 pigs on five farms producing infected pigs showed Salmonellae in 9% of those examined.5. Twenty-four per cent of pig-meal samples taken on these farms contained Salmonellae, and the same salmonella types were found in the meal at the mill and in fish meal and bone meal before mixing.6. It is probable that some salmonella types pass from feedingstuffs through pigs to human food and cause human infections.We should like to express our thanks to Dr Joan Taylor of the Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Colindale, for typing many of the Salmonellae; to Mr J. Stuart of the Veterinary Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Northern Ireland, for help in sampling at an abattoir and on the farms; to the staff of the Northern Ireland Hospitals Authority, Central Laboratory, for technical assistance; to Mr J. Patton and Dr D. Luke for much help and advice at many stages of this inquiry; to Miss A. McCann for the secretarial work; to the Northern Ireland Hospitals Authority for a grant towards the expenses in 1958; and to our colleagues in the Local Authorities, General Practice, on the farms and in the factories who were always most helpful and co-operative.
The use of radiation to estimate the numbers of micro-organisms in air-borne particles
Authors: Lidwell O. M. , Noble W. C. , Dolphin G. W. 
Published: May 2009

The form of the killing curve obtained by bombaring micro-organisms with high energy electrons enables an estimate to be made of the numbers of individual viable organisms present in the aggregates or clumps comprising the sample. Samples of Staph. aureus collected from the air of two hospital wards have been found to consist of aggregates containing, on the average, only about four viable cocci per air-borne particle. These samples were taken during quiet periods and during periods of active dispersion of the organism but there was no active spread of staphylococcal disease at any time.The work on the linear accelerator was carried out with the aid of grants provided by the Treasurer and the Board of Governors from the Discretionary Fund of St Bartholomew's Hospital, to whom we wish to express our gratitude.
The growth ofLeptospira australisB in the kidneys of mice in the incipient experimental carrier state
Authors: Faine S. 
Published: May 2009

The growth ofL. australisB in the kidneys of young mice which become carriers was followed after experimental intraperitoneal infection. There was a primary growth corresponding to generalized acute infection and terminated at the time of appearance of antibody. A secondary growth bf leptospirae followed in the kidneys alone about 7–10 days after infection, coinciding with the onset of leptospiruria and recovery from infection. Subsequently mice carried about 106–107leptospirae in their kidneys permanently.The leptospirae in the urine or in the kidneys of carriers were resistant to the action of antibody in the serum or urine of the host animal, or in rabbit antisera prepared against mouse-renal leptospirae or against cultured leptospirae of the infecting strain. No antigenic differences were detected between renal and cultured leptospirae. An analogous situation is the growthin vitroof leptospirae in homologous antiserum. The mechanism permitting growth of leptospirae in homologous antiserumin vivoorin vitrois unknown.The carrier condition results from the ability of virulent leptospirae to (i) grow in the host and produce lesions in the primary, acute generalized infection, (ii) grow in renal tubules in the presence of antibody.
Immunity to vaccinia induced by small doses of active virus
Authors: Amies C. R. 
Published: May 2009

Minimal quantities of active vaccinia virus in the form of a purified elementary body suspension were injected subcutaneously into rabbits. The amount administered was about 10 minimal infective doses as measured by intracutaneous titration and tissue culture assay: this is equivalent to about 1·3± 10−5μg of virus protein. The immune response to this minimal quantity of virus was determined by complement-fixation and virus neutralization tests and also by skin sensitivity tests. The results indicated that viral proliferation occurred to an extent sufficient to sensitize the tissues to the virus protein. Measurable amounts of antibody could also be detected in about one half of the experimental animals. A second inoculation of virus produced a considerable augmentation of the immune response. Viral proliferation must have taken place in order to evoke this immunity, but infection always remained at the subclinical level. The results were much improved when the infecting does of virus was incorporated in an adjuvant. DPT-polio vaccine functioned well as adjuvant but equally good results were obtained with a solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone. The latter substance also has valuable properties as a protective colloid and is thus able to maintain the viability of the virus over long periods of time.On the evidence provided by these experiments it is suggested that an adequate immunity to smallpox might be achieved in man by similar methods. A primary sensitization could be achieved by incorporating a very small amount of active virus in one of the prophylactics given as a routine in the early months of life. This could be followed by normal jennerian vaccination a few months later; or the second inoculation of virus could also be incorporated in amultivalent prophylactic. For adults, a somewhat similar two-stage immunization would be required.It is hoped that the publication of these preliminary experiments will encourage other investigators to continue what promises to be an important line of research.All assays involving the use of monkey kidney tissue cultures were carried out by my former assistant Mr Edmund Bischoff. His help is gratefully acknowledged.
Observations on the growth of trachoma and inclusion blennorrhoea viruses in embryonate eggs
Authors: Reeve P. , Taverne Janice 
Published: May 2009

When trachoma and inclusion blennorrhoea viruses were titrated in chick embryo yolk sacs and the average day of death was plotted against dose of virus inoculated, sigmoid curves were obtained. Although all strains tested had the same growth rate, a given dose of some killed embryos more quickly than others. Strains killing most rapidly had the fewest elementary bodies per LD 50 and were the only strains to form inclusions in HeLa cells. During passage in the chick embryo three strains changed in their behaviour, killing embryos faster and acquiring the ability to form inclusions in HeLa cells.We wish to thank our colleagues Miss D. M. Graham and Dr W. A. Blyth for allowing us to quote some of their observations and Dr L. H. Collier and Dr G. G. Meynell for their help and criticism.
The distribution of adenovirus antibodies in normal children
Authors: Potter C. W. , Shedden W. I. H. 
Published: May 2009

The levels of neutralizing antibody against several adenovirus serotypes were determined on 42 paired specimens of maternal and cord serum and on 197 single serum specimens from children up to the age of 8 years.The antibody distribution indicates that adenovirus infection is endemic in Sheffield just as it has been shown to be endemic in Cleveland and Washington.We should like to thank Prof. C. P. Beattie for his advice and criticism, Dr C. C. Bowley of the Sheffield Regional Blood Transfusion Centre for paired maternal and cord sera, Dr M. H. Hambling for the provision of adenovirus stock strains and Mr Foster, medical artist, for preparation of the figures.
The effect of some antiseptic reagents on the bacterial flora of smallpox lymph
Authors: Cardone Eugene 
Published: May 2009

Data are presented which amplify previously published work on the additive antiseptic effect of Roccal as follows:1. Smallpox calf pulp derived from animals whose skin is treated with Roccal during the viral incubation period apparently adsorbs sufficient concentration of the reagent to produce a measurable bactericidal effect.2. The adsorbed antiseptic induces a significant additive effect well beyond that of the action of stated concentrations of phenol and ether alone, as evidenced by the fact that this combination produces rapid diminution of the bacterial flora in highly contaminated calf lymph.3. Vaccines containing the combination of antiseptics described caused no dermatitis or other untoward reactions in rabbits and humans and their viral potency was not affected.4. The use of the antiseptic reagents makes possible the rapid preparation of smallpox vaccines for human use. Acceptable bacterial flora levels are obtained usually within 24 hr. of preparation.The author is indebted to Magda Gagliardi, Marie Mazzochi and Izola Prunty for their assistance in the performance of the many bacterial counts, toxicity tests and other technical work.
Cleaning of hospital floors with oiled mops
Authors: Babb J. R. , Lilly H. A. , Lowbury E. J. L. 
Published: May 2009

A comparison was made of three methods for the removal of dust from a hospital ward floor.The viable bacterial counts of impression plates from the floor showed a mean reduction of 51 % after cleaning with fresh oiled mops, 40 % after cleaning with a tank model vacuum cleaner and 5 % after sweeping with a broom.The mean proportions of airborne bacteria, compared with viable counts before cleaning, were 192 % during and 194 % after cleaning with a broom; 128 % during and 103 % after cleaning with an oiled mop, and 82 % during and 48 % after cleaning with a vacuum cleaner. On repeated use the oiled mop dispersed almost as much dust as a broom, but this settled rapidly from the air.The effects of these cleaning methods on counts of presumptive Staph. aureus on the floor and in the air were similar to those found in counts of total organisms.We wish to thank Mr M. D. Wilkins for valuable assistance, the Domestic Superintendent and staff and the nursing staff for their co-operation, and Messrs Leeming Brothers Limited for supplies of ‘Kex’ mops and equipment.
Liberation of organisms from contaminated textiles
Authors: Rubbo Sydney D. , Saunders Jane 
Published: May 2009

By using a specially designed apparatus it was possible to study the yield of airborne organisms when various hospital textiles, artificially and naturally contaminated, were shaken under reproducible conditions. The results indicated that contaminant organisms are most effectively liberated when a textile is shaken in contact with a second fabric. The yield of airborne organisms was approximately doubled under the conditions used. Similarly, a 95 % removal of surface con taminants was also demonstrated by shaking in contact with a second textile, compared to 52 % removal when the textile was shaken alone.These findings confirm those described in an earlier study of the spread of air borne organisms in a ward environment. It is suggested that this increase in aerial spread of infectious particles, previously referred to as a ‘counterpane effect’, is due to friction between the contaminated textile and its covering material.Other points which emerged in the course of this work were the demonstration that cotton blankets tended to yield higher airborne counts than woollen ones and that the size distribution of bacterial particles dispersed by textiles is the same as that of the particles which contaminate the textiles.It is with pleasure that we acknowledge the encouragement and advice of Prof. Walsh McDermott, in whose Department at the Cornell Medical College, New York, this work was carried out. We are also grateful to the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, for financial support under Grant No. E-635(C 7).
Mycoplasmas in cell cultures from rheumatoid synovial membranes
Authors: Fraser K. B. , Shirodaria P. V. , Haire Margaret , Middleton D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTen strains of myocoplasmas were recovered from cultures of synovium or cultures inoculated with synovial fragments from rheumatoid arthritis and one from osteo-arthritis. The source of the organisms is not known. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had no complement-fixing antibody and no fluorescent staining antibody against the mycoplasmas isolated and no mycoplasma antigen was detected by immunofluorescence in sections of synovia and in synovial fluids.The strains isolated were of two main serological types and could be distinguished by direct fluorescent antibody staining from standard types of human commensals and the common tissue-culture contaminants. One may beMycoplasma laidlawii.
The toxicity of chlorophacinone and warfarin to house mice (Mus musculus)
Authors: Lund Mogens 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIndividually caged house mice (Mus m. musculus) were fed 0·025% warfarin (3(2-acetyl-l-phenylethyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin) or 0·025% chlorophacinone (2-(l-(p-chlorophenyl)-l-phenyl) acetyl-l,3-indandione) for periods varying from 1 to 21 days. In all, 320 mice, 160 of each sex, were tested.A significant difference was found between the mortalities obtained by the two compounds. In feeding periods varying from 1–5 days chlorophacinone produced a mortality of 60–85 % and warfarin only 5–75 %. Five per cent, however, did survive 21 days feeding on each compound.A great variation in the susceptibility of individual mice was established for chlorophacinone as well as for warfarin.
Investigation into rabbit infusion media for the growth ofMycoplasma gallisepticumantigens for inoculation into rabbits
Authors: Bradbury Janet M. , Jordan F. T. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSerum cholesterol in rabbits was elevated, by intravenous inoculation of 20 % Tween 80, to amounts thought to have been sufficient to support growth ofMycoplasma gallisepticumwhen 20 % of such serum was added to rabbit infusion broth.However, better growth of the organism was obtained with a supplement of 5 % rabbit serum and commercial cholesterol. Investigation showed that normal rabbit serum may be inhibitory, which would explain these findings. The commercial cholesterol was not antigenic.
Mosquito-borne infections in Fiji: I. Filariasis in northern Fiji: epidemiological evidence regarding factors influencing the prevalence of microfilaraemia of Wuchereria bancrofti infections
Authors: Mataika J. U. , Dando B. C. , Spears G. F. S. , Macnamara F. N. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA survey of microfilaraemia among the population of Vanua Levu, Taveuni and Koro islands in northern Fiji was conducted in 1968 and 1969 as a prelude to a campaign of mass treatment with diethylcarbamazine.The prevalences of microfilaraemia were found in the more moist conditions of Taveuni and Koro and on the windward southern side of Vanua Levu to be higher than on the drier northern side of Vanua Levu. On both sides of Vanua Levu prevalences were lower inland than near the coast.Under apparently similar environmental conditions those of Fijian ethnic origin exhibited a higher prevalence of microfilaraemia than that shown by Indians. This ethnic difference and a difference between the prevalences in male and female Fijians are considered to be due more to higher rates of recovery from microfilaraemia in Indians and Fijian women than to diminished exposure to mosquitoes. Mathematical models have been used as an aid to the interpretation of the data, and, where appropriate, comparison has been made with the prevalence of antibodies to dengue, an arbovirus having the same vectors.Household infections were analysed by computer techniques. Infections in large households were not proportionately higher than in small households, indicating that transmission was not intrafamilial. The clustering of infections within households, though present, was not marked. Among the occupants of outlying settlements the prevalence of microfilaraemia was relatively low indicating a lower risk of infection due to isolation.
The growth and persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the bovine mammary gland
Authors: Burrows R. , Mann J. A. , Greig A. , Chapman W. G. , Goodridge D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn animals exposed to foot-and-mouth disease virus by indirect contact, virus was recovered from the blood, milk, pharynx, vagina and rectum for variable periods of time before clinical disease was apparent. Virus instilled into the mammary gland multiplied rapidly and virus concentrations greater than 107 p.f.u./ml. were recorded within 8–32 hr., depending on the virus strain and dose inoculated. Virus multiplication was accompanied by clinical signs of mastitis but the classical signs of foot-and-mouth disease did not appear for 52–117 hr. Dissemination of virus from the mammary gland occurred within 4–24 hr. and in some animals samples taken from the pharynx, mouth, nose and vagina contained virus for periods up to 97 hr. before the appearance of vesicular lesions. Virus production in the udder declined with the appearance of virus neutralizing activity in the blood and the milk but persisted in some animals for periods of 3–7 weeks. The ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus to persist in mammary tissue was confirmed by the demonstration of virus multiplication in the udders of immune animals.
Trials of intranasally administered rubella vaccine
Authors: Hillary Irene B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNo evidence of vaccine virus transmission was found in two studies where Wistar RA 27/3 rubella vaccine was administered intranasally. Vaccine was immunogenic in all of 23 vaccinated children in one study, while in the other only 5 of the 11 vaccinees developed antibody. The reduced seroconversion rate in the latter study appears to have been caused by one or a combination of factors, including the vaccination technique, the presence of infective nasal conditions in vaccinees and the titre of vaccine used.
Vaccination against rubella of susceptible schoolgirls in Reading
Authors: Rowlands D. F. , Freestone D. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThis study of 724 13-year-old schoolgirls in the County Borough of Reading showed that approximately 25% were susceptible to rubella. 96·1% of the 129 seronegative girls and significant numbers of girls with low rubella HAI antibody titres responded to subcutaneous vaccination with Wistar RA. 27/3 rubella vaccine. The incidence of most reactions after vaccination was similar in those who responded to vaccine and those who were initially immune but did not develop rising antibody titres, but rash, lymphadenopathy and headache occurred significantly more frequently in the susceptible group.
A comparison of the iodine and fluorescent antibody methods for staining trachoma inclusions in the conjunctiva
Authors: Sowa J. , Collier L. H. , Sowa Shiona 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn terms of the rate of positive diagnoses the indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) test was rather more effective than iodine for demonstrating trachoma (TRIC) inclusions in conjunctival scrapings, but the degree of advantage was not statistically significant. In duplicate scrapings stained at random by one or the other method, FA staining yielded the higher inclusion count significantly more often than did iodine. Some inclusions that failed to stain with FA were found on subsequent staining with Giemsa. A method is described for improving the post-FA Giemsa staining of conjunctival smears stored at subzero temperatures. Given adequate facilities, the FA stain is preferable to iodine for demonstrating TRIC inclusions in the conjunctiva; but the iodine method, properly used, holds advantages for field use.
Comparison of Tanapox virus and Yaba-like viruses causing epidemic disease in monkeys
Authors: Downie A. W. , España C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe virus of Tanapox isolated from the lesions of patients during an outbreak of mild disease in Africa has been found to be indistinguishable in its biological and serological properties from a virus isolated from outbreaks of a pox virus infection in monkeys in primate centres in America. The natural hosts of this virus are believed to be African monkeys and ‘Tanapox virus’ is proposed as a suitable designation for the virus.
Membrane antigens ofMycoplasma hominis
Authors: Hollingdale M. R. , Lemcke Ruth M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYExtraction of membranes ofMycoplasma hominiswithn–butanol showed that antigenicity was associated with thenon-lipid residue, which probably consisted mainly of protein, and not with the lipid itself.Since many membrane proteins are hydrophobic, membranes were rendered soluble in various ways. Extraction with urea or phenol was the most successful, yielding extracts which were both antigenic and serologically reactive. The urea extract could not be fractionated by polyacrylamide disk electrophoresis or by column chromatography. However, serologically active components identified by gel diffusion were separated from detergent-lysed membranes by polyacrylamide disk electrophoresis. The activities of antisera against these fractions suggested that indirect-haemagglutinating or metabolic-inhibiting antibodies can be directed against several different membrane antigens. However, the antigens identified by gel diffusion probably do not represent all the components participating in indirect haemagglutination.Treatment of membrane suspensions with heat, alkali, periodate and various enzymes showed that the four components identified by gel diffusion could be distinguished by their differing stabilities and properties. On the basis of their lability and susceptibility to proteolytic enzymes, two were identified as proteins.
Comparative complement-fixation studies with subtype strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus
Authors: Darbyshire J. H. , Hedger R. S. , Arrowsmith Ann E. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA comparison was made between a macrotechnique in tubes and a microtechnique in plastic plates for complement-fixation tests, using strains of three subtypes of the Asia 1 type of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus. The results obtained with these techniques were found to be comparable and delineated the antigenic relationships of the three strains employed. The microtechnique was considered to be both economical with reagents and capable of similar accuracy and reproducibility to that of the standard method in tubes. It was concluded that the antigenic analysis of subtype strains of FMD virus can be conveniently carried out by the use of the microtechnique as described.