bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protective effects of manganese(II) chloride on hyaluronan degradation by oxidative system ascorbate plus cupric chloride
Authors: Valachová Katarína , Kogan Grigorij , Gemeiner Peter , Šoltés Ladislav 
Published: April 2010

Protective effects of manganese(II) chloride on hyaluronan degradation by oxidative system ascorbatepluscupric chlorideThe degradation of several high-molar-mass hyaluronan samples was investigated in the presence of ascorbic acid itself and further by an oxidative system composed of ascorbic acid plus transition metal ions, i.e. Fe(II) or Cu(II) ions. The latter oxidative system imitates conditions in a joint synovial fluid during early phase of acute joint inflammation and can be used as a model for monitoring oxidative degradation of hyaluronan under pathophysiological conditions. The system Cu(II)plusascorbate (the Weissberger oxidative system) resulted in a more significant decrease of hyaluronan molar mass compared to the oxidative system Fe(II) plus ascorbate. Addition of manganese(II) chloride was found to decrease the rate of the oxidative damage of hyaluronan initiated by ascorbate itself and by the Weissberger system.
Transnational Community in Demetria Martínez's Mother Tongue
Authors: Vigil Ariana 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Relying on feminist theory concerning difference, identity, gender, and solidarity, “Transnational Community in Demetria Martínez's Mother Tongue” reads Martínez's 1994 novel through a transnational feminist lens. I point out that Mother Tongue complicates identification with the other and resists the impulse by characters to elide national, racial, and sexual difference. However, the articulation of community identities and the portrayal of characters as members of both oppressed communities and communities in resistance offers a new and provocative way to understand how individuals interact with identity and attend to important differences while nonetheless working for global change. The resulting analysis contributes to literary scholarship that seeks to understand how characters, authors, critics, and activists create and articulate transnational identities, an analysis particularly relevant given the history of intervention of the U.S. in El Salvador and the recent historic presidential elections in both nations.
Effect of metam sodium, peanut genotype and inoculum density on incidence of Cylindrocladium black rot1
Authors: Cline W. O. , Beute M. K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Metam sodium was applied as an in-row preplant fumigant in field microplots planted with three peanut genotypes. Preplant inoculum densities of Cylindrocladium crotalariae were reduced 67% as compared to untreated controls. End-of-season inoculum densities were reduced an average of 32%. Across-plot soil sampling revealed no microsclerotia in treated row centers. Plantings of CBR-susceptible cultivar Florigiant with metam sodium treatments resulted in partial control of pod and root rot (caused by C. crotalariae), but high final inoculum densities. Metam sodium with moderately-resistant NC 8C resulted in reduced pod and root rot and intermediate levels of inoculum density. Lowest levels of pod rot and root rot occurred with metam sodium and highly resistant genotype NC 18016. Inoculum density did not increase where NC 18016 was used. With all genotypes, resistance was the dominant factor in maintaining low final inoculum levels.
Lectin Quantitation in Peanut and Soybean Seeds1
Authors: Ahmed E. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A method was developed to determine amounts of lectin in peanut and soybean seeds. Both types of seeds contained active lectins in amounts ranging from 144.7 to 112.2 μg/g defatted meal for peanut and soybean seed, respectively. Lectins were inactivated by heat; moist heat was more effective than dry heat. Roasted peanuts seeds (177 C for 30 min) and boiled peanuts (5% saline solution for 1 hr) were devoid of active lectin.
Microwave Vacuum Drying Effect on Peanut Quality1
Authors: Delwiche S. R. , Shupe W. L. , Pearson J. L. , Sanders T. H. , Wilson D. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Florunner peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) were grown during the 1984 season near Tifton, Georgia. Two planting dates spaced one month apart were used to obtain four weekly digging dates. Peanuts from each harvest were windrow dried for 4 days, mechanically harvested and placed into a ventilated wagon for 1 to 4 days. Peanuts were subsequently removed from the wagon, shelled at 8 to 22% moisture (wb), and microwave vacuum dried at nominal rates of 4, 8, 16, and 32 times the normal rate of conventional wagon drying. Harvest group, microwave treatment level, and order of processing were configured in a Latin Square design. Concurrent with each microwave run (MV), a separate portion of the shelled peanuts was deep bed dried (CS) and another portion was similarly dried but within shell (CH). Analyses of variance were performed to determine the significance of treatment type, microwave level, harvest group, and processing order differences on splitting and skin slippage tendencies, mold growth, and germination potential. No significant (p&gt; .05) differences were observed among treatment types for splitting and skin slippage potential, though slight (p&lt; .05) differences existed among microwave treatment levels (damage increasing with increasing microwave drying rate), and drying order within microwave treatment (damage decreasing with increasing drying order). Larger (p&lt; .01) splitting and skin slippage differences existed among harvest groups. MV treatments had significantly (p&lt; .01) higher presence of A. flavus than the CS and CH treatments though aflatoxin was not detected in any sample. The percentage of normal strong germinated kernels from MV treatments was significantly (p&lt;.01) lower than from the CS and CH treatments, with germination decreasing with increasing microwave process rate.
Peanut Web Blotch: II Symptoms and Host Range of Pathogen1
Authors: Pettit Robert E. , Philley George L. , Smith Donald H. , Taber Ruth Ann 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Web blotch, caused by Phoma arachidicola, has varied in severity from year to year in Texas, depending on survival of inoculum on peanut crop residue, presence of susceptible peanut cultivars and suitable environmental conditions, especially favorable temperature and high relative humidity. The web and blotch symptoms may develop in sequence on the same leaflet or independently on different leaflets. At relative humidities below 80% within the plant canopy, the fungal hyphae grew under the leaf cuticle causing a web-type symptom. At relative humidities above 90%, hyphal strands grew more repidly and branched extensively in the leaf resulting in the blotch-type symptom. P. arachidicola isolates from South Africa, Argentina, and the USA were all pathogenic and caused similar symptoms. Of 32 legumes, peanut, sweetclover, hairy vetch and alfalfa were the most susceptible. Symptoms on hosts other than peanuts consisted of small necrotic spots. A hypersensitive reaction developed on eight legumes. Typical web blotch symptoms were observed only on peanuts in the field.
Temperature Effects on Germination and Comparative Morphology of Conidia for Thai and USA Isolates of Cercosporidium personatum1,2
Authors: Sommartya Tharmmasak , Beute M. K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Ten isolates of Cercosporidium personation (Cp) were collected from seven geographical areas in Thailand and the USA. Four USA and 6 Thai isolates were cultured on a susceptible peanut genotype, NC 3033, to produce conidia for all studies. Conidial germination was determined after 12, 24, and 48 h at 16–36 C. Percent germination of conidia for all populations were greatest at 16–20 C. At 30 and 32 C, 58 and 22% of conidia from Thai isolates germinated, respectively. Only 33 and 6% of conidia from USA isolates germinated at 30 and 32 C. Only Thai isolates germinated at 36 C. No differences were observed among isolates for conidial length or number of septa per conidium. Conidia of all isolates, however, were longer and had more septa than previously reported. Conidial length in this study ranged from 16–90 um and number of septa per conidium ranged from 1–11. Conidia with furcate branching were observed with both Thai and USA isolates. Forked conidia produced normal germtubes either intercalary or terminally and all three terminal cells produced germ tubes.
Estimates of Combining Ability and Heterosis among Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Swe S. T. , Branch W. D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Six parental peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, representing a wide range in genetic diversity, and 15 F1 diallel hybrids were field evaluated for combining ability and heterosis. The parental cultivars included two Spanish, two runner, and two Virginia market types. Estimates of general and specific combining abilities were highly significant for all ten characters studied: partial biomass, harvest index, total pod weight, total pod number, total seed weight, total seed number, seed per pod, weight per seed, weight per pod, and meat content. Cultivars varied in relative general combining ability for different characteristics. Crosses of Spanish x runner type parents showed the greatest specific combining ability and heterosis for partial biomass, total pod weight, total pod number, total seed weight, and total seed number. Small or negative heterosis was found for the other traits. Highly significant positive phenotypic correlations were detected among several of these ten traits. The largest significant correlations were between total pod vs seed weight, total pod vs seed number, and weight per pod vs seed. These data indicate the importance of parental evaluation for improving peanut yield and related characters.
Root-knot Nematode Resistance in Arachis Glabrata1
Authors: Baltensperger D. D. , Prine G. M. , Dunn R. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria race 1) is an important pest of cultivated peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Experimental data do not exist, however, to indicate whether this nematode might be a potential pest of peanuts grown for forage production. Florigraze and Arbrook, two recently released cultivars of rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) and P.I. 446898 (Arachis spp.) with perennial forage potential, were evaluated for their interaction with M. arenaria race 1, M. javanica, and M. incognita races I and III. Individual plants, grown in 150 cm3 ConetainersR, were inoculated with 3,000 eggs of one of the four Meloidogyne spp. populations. After three months gall and egg mass scores and soil-nematode counts were determined for each plant sample. A second long-term experiment evaluated Florigraze that was repeatedly inoculated with high levels of root-knot nematodes. Both rhizoma peanut cultivars were highly resistant to all root-knot nematodes tested; Florigraze appeared to be immune. P.I. 446898 was intermediate between the rhizoma peanuts and the susceptible alyceclover check. This is the first known report of such high levels of Meloidogyne arenaria resistance in Arachis spp. Further screending of A. hypogaea material can be justified based on these results and Vavilov's “Law of homologous series”. If no resistance is found in A. hypogaea, A. glabrata may provide a source of resistance that may be transferred to A. hypogea through hybridization.
Resistance of Peanut Genotypes to Seed Infection by Aspergillus Flavus in Field Trials in India1
Authors: Mehan V. K. , McDonald D. , Rajagopalan K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Eleven peanut genotypes, six resistant and five susceptible to in vitro seed colonization by Aspergillus flavus Link (IVSCAF), were evaluated for field resistance to seed infection by A. flavus and other soil fungi, and for aflatoxin contamination, in seven environments in southern India. Five of the IVSCAF-resistant genotypes had significantly greater resistance to infection of seed by A. flavus in the field and had lower aflatoxin contamination than the IVSCAF-susceptible genotypes. Resistance to field infection of seed by A. flavus was stable across the seven environments. Significant interactions were found between environments and IVSCAF-susceptible genotypes for infection by A. flavus, Aspergillus niger van Tiegh, and Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid. Genotypes with field resistance to A. flavus also had significantly less seed infection by A. niger, M. phaseolina, and Fusarium spp. than had the A. flavus-susceptible genotypes. Significant positive correlations were found between IVSCAF-resistance and field resistance to A. flavus seed infection, and between the seed infection and aflatoxin B1 contamination. The field resistant genotypes J 11, Ah 7223, UF 71513, U 4–7–47 have yield levels and pod and seed characters acceptable in India.
Comparison of No-tillage, Minimum, and Full Tillage Cultural Practices on Peanuts
Authors: Grichar W. James , Boswell T. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The no-tillage system for peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) was investigated from 1978 to 1981 in comparison with minimum and full tillage. Difficulty in controlling weeds, soil compaction, and reduced yields were problems associated with no-tillage peanut culture. No-tillage plots yielded 600 to 2400 kg/ha less than full tillage each year, while the minimum tillage plots were intermediate in yield. Peanut grades were not different except in 1980 when the no-tillage system graded less than full or minimum tillage. Disease due to southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii) was not affected by tillage system except in 1980 when the full tillage plots produced a lower pod disease rating than minimum or no-tillage. Target hits were lower in the no-tillage plots than full tillage plots when averaged over the four year period.
Grading Peanut Butter Using Video Image Analysis Techniques1
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dickens J. W. , Slate A. B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A video image analysis system was designed to quantitatively measure the amount of specks and the color of peanut butter samples for grade purposes. The video image of a peanut butter surface 5.8 cm by 5.8 cm was captured and converted into 384 by 384 picture elements (pixels). The intensity of each of the 147,456 pixels was classified into one of 256 shades of gray from zero for black to 255 for white. The percent of total pixels that represented specks was defined as the speck index. The aveage shade of gray of all 147,456 pixels was defined as the color index. The speck and color indices were computed for 52 peanut butter samples that had been graded by experienced Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) inspectors. The speck and color indices were both in good agreement with the AMS speck and color classifications assigned to the samples by the AMS inspectors.
Use Of a Simulation Model to Explore Fungicide Strategies for Control of Cercospora Leafspot of Peanut1
Authors: Knudsen G. R. , Johnson C. S. , Spurr H. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A sub-model describing persistence and efficacy of chlorothalonil fungicide was incorporated into a computer simulation model of Cercospora leafspot of peanut. The resultant model was validated using independent data sets from field trials over a two-year period. Predicted disease progress curves and area under the disease progress curve for different fungicide application schedules and rates were compared with field observations. The model was then used to compare predicted disease severity and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for a calendar spray schedule vs a leafspot advisory program under different weather conditions. Predicted disease severity levels and area under disease progress curves were similar for advisory and calendar spray schedules. Results were insensitive to changes in parameters describing fungicide persistence or efficacy. The model described herein is a good estimator of the combined effects of weather and chlorothalonil treatments on disease progress, effectively ranks treatments or environmental conditions in terms of their effect on leafspot, and provides a basis for comparison of fungicide scheduling strategies. The simulation model predicted AUDPC more accurately than end-of-season disease, and AUDPC is a more reliable indicator of the effect of peanut leafspot disease on yield loss. Simulation experiments will be useful in optimizing fungicide or biocontrol strategies for long-term financial benefit to growers.
Genic Relationship Between R1, R2, and R3 for Red Peanut Testa Color1
Authors: Branch W. D. , Holbrook C. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Testa color in the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important genetic characteristic. Presently, three genes (R1, R2, and R3) are known to be involved in the expression of red testa color. Reciprocal crosses between the dominant (R1 R1) Tennessee Red and recessive (r2 r2) Makulu Red cultivars and test crosses between Makulu Red and two recessive red genotypes (r3 r3) were made to determine the interaction among these three loci. The F1, F2, and F3 results suggest that the red testa color of Tennessee Red differs from that of Makulu Red by two loci and that Makulu Red does not differ from the other recessive red genotypes. Also, the R1 gene appears to be inherited independently from at least one of the recessive alleles controlling red peanut testa color.
Components of Resistance to Late Leafspot in Peanut. I. Levels and Variability - Implications for Selection1
Authors: Chiteka Z. A. , Gorbet D. W. , Shokes F. M. , Kucharek T. A. , Knauft D. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Components of resistance to late leafspot (Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton) in peanut were evaluated for 116 genotypes in three tests during 1986. The tests were conducted in greenhouses at Gainesville and Quincy, Florida and in the field near Marianna, Florida. The components of resistance evaluated were spore incubation period, latent period, lesion number per leaf, percent leaf necrotic area, lesion size, and amount of sporulation. Significant differences were observed in at least one test for each component. The greatest variability among genotypes was observed for lesion diameter and latent period. Resistant genotypes had smaller lesions, longer latent periods, and reducded sporulation. Among the most resistant genotypes were UF81206-1, UF81206-2. 72×32B-3-2-2-2-2-l-b3-B, and US 29-b3-B (85701).
Extraction and Purification of Lectin from Florunner Peanut Seeds
Authors: Ahmed E. M. , Ali Theresa , Sitren H. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Large quantities of lectin were extracted from Florunner peanut seeds and purified by affinity chromatography. The purity and biochemical properties of this lectin were comparable to commercially prepared peanut lectin (Sigma Chem. Co.). These were evidenced by monitoring hemagglutinating activity, UV absorption spectra, absorbance ratio at 280 nm and 260 nm, extinction coefficient, disc gel electrophoresis and subunit molecular weight determinations.
Metolachlor Effects on Peanut Growth and Development
Authors: Cardina J. , Swann C. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Growth and yield responses of peanuts (Arachis hypogaca L.) to preplant incorporated applications of metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] herbicide were studied at two locations in Georgia. At Sycamore, GK-7 peanuts which received 3.8 cm irrigation immediately following herbicide incorporation and planting were generally stunted and yielded less than non-irrigated peanuts. Metolachlor rates from 2.2 to 6.7 kg ai/ha reduced early and late season growth of irrigated peanuts in 1985 and 1986 but non-irrigated peanuts recovered by mid-August. Yields were suppressed only at the highest rate of metolachor in 1985, but there was no yield response in 1986 or 1987. At Tifton, emergence of Florunner peanuts was delayed and canopy height and width were reduced by metolachlor. Initial flower, peg and pod production were reduced in a linear response to metolachlor rate, resulting in differences in pod development 95 days after planting. There was a rate response for pod yield in 1985 but not in 1986 and grade did not differ either year. In general, emergence and growth were delayed and reduced by preplant incorporated metolachlor when rainfall or irrigation followed application, but yields were not reduced at labeled rates.
The Influence of Temperature and Moisture Content on the Germination of Peanut Seeds1
Authors: Navarro S. , Donahaye E. , Kleinerman R. , Haham H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut seed, (cv. Hanoch and Congo) were stored both shelled and in-shell at various moisture contents and 15, 20 and 26 C, in an apparatus designed to purge air at relative humidities in equilibrium with the moisture contents of the seed. Storage lasted nearly 6 months and during this period the moisture contents and germination percentages of the seed were examined periodically.
The results of germination trials showed significant differences between in-shell and shelled seed for the cv. Hanoch, but not for the cv. Congo. The calculated moisture content required to maintain 90% germination for shelled seeds stored for six months at 15 C was 8.0% for Hanoch and 7.9% for Congo. To conserve the same germination level for 6 months at 26 C, the calculated moisture contents were 7.1% for Hanoch and for Congo.
Interrelationships Between Headspace Volatile Concentration, Selected Seed-Size Categories and Flavor in Large-Seeded Virginia-Type Peanuts1
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Rogister E. W. , Giesbrecht F. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
During the 1987 crop year a quality survey using the organic volatile meter (OVM) was conducted at six (A-E) peanut buying stations located throughout Northampton County, NC. Three different frequency distribution patterns were observed for sample headspace volatile concentration (HSVC) levels. At locations A and B about 66% of the samples analyzed had an HSVC of 8.8 mg/kg air or less. An HSVC of 8.8 mg/kg air is considered to be a volatile concentration at which peanut samples are marginally acceptable. Locations C, D, and F had about 58% of the samples with an HSVC of 8.8 mg/kg air or less while Location E had approximately 45%. At an HSVC level of 24.8 mg/kg air or less the percentages were approximately 88, 87, and 69%, respectively. Most of the difference in frequency distribution patterns is thought to result from environmental factors which influenced the average maturity of the crop at harvest. Trained taste panel profiling of a roasted peanut paste made from selected screen-sized seed fractions and HSVC levels indicated that the fruity character note was most characteristic of the off-flavor associated with increasing HSVC values. Low intensity levels were characterized as sweet fruity and higher levels of intensity as an alcohol-fermented fruity character. Further flavor evaluation of roasted peanut paste from selected screen-sized seed fractions showed all fractions with an HSVC of 7.6 mg/kg air or above were unacceptable while fractions with HSVC levels between 5.3 and 3.1 mg/kg air were marginally acceptable. Fractions with HSVC levels at 2 mg/kg air or less were acceptable.