bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the effects of cold expansion of holes using thermoelasticity and image correlation
Authors: BACKMAN D. , COWAL C. , PATTERSON E. A. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAlthough cold expansion has been shown to have a positive effect on fatigue life, little work to date has been performed to evaluate the evolution of the strain field surrounding the crack tip on the mandrel entry and exit faces in cold‐expanded coupons. Full‐field strain measurements using both digital image correlation (DIC) and thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) were used to compare the strains during crack growth around holes that had and had not been cold‐expanded by 4%. Simple rectangular fatigue coupons were machined from 2024‐T3 aluminium sheet, half had simple open, unexpanded holes and half had cold‐expanded open holes. A DIC system was used to monitor the (mandrel) entry face of the coupon while a TSA system was used to monitor the (mandrel) exit face of the coupon during cyclic tensile loading (R‐ratio = 0.1). These two systems provide the first published measurements of the simultaneous mandrel entry and exit surface strains surrounding a crack initiating from a cold‐expanded hole. The cracks originating from the unexpanded hole exhibit a strain field around the crack tip which is characteristic of a mode I fatigue crack while those emanating from the cold‐expanded holes show a significantly lower distribution of strains around the crack tip. Crack opening displacements evaluated from the strain data obtained from DIC, are substantially reduced by the residual compressive stresses from cold expansion, while the overall fatigue data show the life improvement achieved at various applied stress levels.
Impaired fear extinction in mice lacking protease nexin‐1
Authors: Meins Marita , Herry Cyril , Müller Christian , Ciocchi Stéphane , Moreno Eliza , Lüthi Andreas , Monard Denis 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe serine protease inhibitor protease‐nexin‐1 (PN‐1) has been shown to modulate N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR)‐mediated synaptic currents and NMDAR‐dependent long‐term potentiation of synaptic transmission. Here, we analysed the role of PN‐1 in the acquisition and extinction of classical auditory fear conditioning, two distinct forms of learning that both depend on NMDAR activity in the amygdala. Immunostaining revealed that PN‐1 is expressed throughout the amygdala, primarily in γ‐aminobutyric acid containing neurons of the central amygdala and intercalated cell masses (ITCs) and in glia. Fear extinction was severely impaired in mice lacking PN‐1 (PN‐1 KO). Consistent with a role for the basal nucleus of the amygdala in fear extinction, we found that, compared with wild‐type (WT) littermate controls, PN‐1 KO mice exhibited decreased numbers of Fos‐positive neurons in the basal nucleus after extinction. Moreover, immunoblot analysis of laser‐microdissected amygdala sub‐nuclei revealed specific extinction‐induced increases in the level of phosphorylated alpha‐calcium/calmodulin protein kinase II in the medial ITCs and in the lateral subdivision of the central amygdala in WT mice. These responses were altered in PN‐1 KO mice. Together, these data indicate that lack of extinction in PN‐1 KO mice is associated with distinct changes in neuronal activity across the circuitry of the basal and central nuclei and the ITCs, supporting a differential impact on fear extinction of these amygdala substructures. They also suggest a new role for serine protease inhibitors such as PN‐1 in modulating fear conditioning and extinction.
Tax‐and‐Transfer Tensions: Designing Direct Tax Structures
Authors: Creedy John 
Published: June 2010

Abstract Direct tax structures are regularly revised and debates over changes are heated. Taxes affect the behaviour of individuals and families in ways which are hard to predict, but which impose constraints on governments trying to achieve their objectives. Attempts to help one group of individuals often have unintended consequences on other groups. Views about the role of a tax system vary substantially but, in debates, the basic value judgements which influence policy recommendations are seldom made explicit. This article attempts to clarify the main tensions involved in tax planning and to explain why consensus is unlikely ever to be achieved.
Vacancies and Unemployment in Australia
Authors: Chindamo Phillip , Uren Lawrence 
Published: June 2010

Abstract This article examines the extent to which the Mortensen–Pissarides model of labour market search can quantitatively match business cycle fluctuations in Australia. With productivity and job‐separation‐rate shocks, the model fails to produce substantial volatility among unemployment or vacancies, a result similar to Shimer's (2005) findings for the United States. Examining a broader range of shocks significantly increases the magnitude of business cycle fluctuations, but still only explains roughly 25 per cent of labour market volatility. The implied volatility of wages in the model is similar to that in the data and hence excessive wage flexibility is unlikely to be central to the failure of the model as claimed in the literature.
The Effects of Domestic Climate Change Measures on International Competitiveness
Authors: Kee Hiau Looi , Ma Hong , Mani Muthukumara 
Published: June 2010

Abstract(1286) Hiau Looi Kee, Hong Ma and Muthukumara Mani Under the Kyoto Protocol, industrialised countries (called Annex I countries) have to reduce their combined emissions to 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the first commitment period of 2008–12. Efforts to reduce emissions to meet Kyoto targets and beyond have raised issues of competitiveness in countries that are implementing these policies, as well as fear of leakage of carbon‐intensive industries to non‐implementing countries. This has also led to proposals for tariff or border tax adjustments to offset any adverse impact of capping CO2 emissions. In this paper we examine the implications of climate change policies such as carbon tax and energy efficiency standards on competitiveness across industries, as well as issues related to leakage, if any, of carbon‐intensive industries to developing countries. Though competitiveness issues have been much debated in the context of carbon taxation policies, the study finds no evidence that industries’ competitiveness is affected by carbon taxes. In fact, the analysis suggests that exports of most energy‐intensive industries increase when a carbon tax is imposed by the exporting countries, or by both importing and exporting countries. This finding gives credence to the initial assumption that recycling the taxes back to the energy‐intensive industries by means of subsidies and exemptions may be overcompensating for the disadvantage to those industries. There is, however, no conclusive evidence that supports relocation (leakage) of carbon‐intensive industries to developing countries due to stringent climate change policies.
Stromal expression of cathepsin K in squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yan X , Takahara M , Xie L , Oda Y , Nakahara T , Uchi H , Takeuchi S , Tu Y , Moroi Y , Furue M 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  Cathepsin K (CTSK), a cysteine protease with strong collagenolytic and elastolytic properties involved in extracellular matrix turnover, may be produced by neoplastic cells as well as stromal macrophages and fibroblasts. Its expression is suggested as associated with increased invasive and metastatic potential.Objectives  The aim of this study is to examine stromal expression of cathepsin K in skin tumors.Methods  A series of 13 normal skin and 109 skin tumours, including 51 benign and 58 malignant epidermal tumours were tested for CTSK and Ki‐67 expression by immunohistochemical analysis.Results  Stromal CTSK expression and the tumoral Ki‐67 labelling index were significantly higher in invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) than in other epidermal tumours.Conclusion  Cathepsin K‐positive stromal fibroblasts may play a crucial role in SCC progression by promoting extracellular matrix degradation, thereby facilitating SCC growth and invasion into surrounding tissue and vasculature. CTSK inhibitors may be a potential novel therapeutic option to decrease SCC progression.
Treatment of mucous hypersecretion
Authors: Baraniuk J. N. , Zheng Y. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryAirway secretions are produced by glandular and epithelial exocytosis and vascular permeability. Each process plays a unique role in different disease states, and so treatment must be tailored to the pathophysiological mechanism(s). In acute allergic rhinitis, the watery rhinorrhea is predominantly plasma with only about one‐third derived from histamine‐induced nociceptive afferent nerve and parasympathetic reflexes. The acetylcholine acts on muscarinic M3 receptors on glands to stimulate exocytosis from both mucous and serous cells. Parasympathetic, cholinergic reflex‐mediated glandular secretion responds very well to anticholinergic drugs. More chronic inflammation as seen in chronic rhinosinusitis and bronchitis leads to goblet cell hyperplasia and increased secretion of mucin 5AC (MUC5AC), a secreted, gel‐forming mucin that contains many serine–threonine repeats that are studded with large O‐linked carbohydrate groups. Progressively worsening inflammation leads to the addition of sialic acid and sulphate to generate acidic mucins. The protein chains are cross‐linked by disulphide bonds to form large, buoyant islands that float on the epithelial lining fluid. These sticky macromolecules form complexes with albumin and neutrophil‐derived DNA, F‐actin, and proteolytic enzymes, creating mucoclots. These tenacious, viscous, mucoclots can adhere to epithelial linings, which may lead to occlusion of small airways that causes reduced airflow in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Mucous plugging is a problem leading to the overwhelming mucous hypersecretion and solidification of ‘end‐stage’ acute asthma attacks. Mucous hypersecretion of this severity has been correlated with increased morbidity and mortality in lung disease. Anticholinergic drugs are essential therapies in these conditions. Other medications for mucous hypersecretion include expectorants, anti‐inflammatory agents, macrolides, inhaled DNase, and a host of unproven products. Information about signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and mucin synthesis has provided a framework for understanding the excess production of goblet cell MUC5AC in disease, and has identified potential targets for future drug therapy.
Seasonal allergic rhinitis: impact of the disease and considerations for its management
Authors: Terada N. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryMany changes to our medical care services are expected to occur in the next several years, and these will substantially affect the treatment of pollinosis. Patients with pollinosis are becoming increasingly dependent on over‐the‐counter (OTC) medicines; today, as many as 25–30% of patients with allergic rhinitis report using these agents. This trend will be further accelerated if switched OTC medicines such as ketotifen and azelastine are sold at general retailers as well as pharmacies and drug stores under new laws. We conducted three surveys on the prescription pattern of drugs against pollinosis during the high pollen count season in 1998, 2003, and 2009. Whereas the use of chemical mediator‐release inhibitors tended to decrease, that of second‐generation antihistamines increased during the period examined. Especially, use of anti‐leukotrienes and prostaglandin D2/chemoattractant receptor‐homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells antagonists either alone or in combination increased rapidly after their launch in 2000. Despite many successful advances in treatment, however, many patients still remain dissatisfied with their anti‐pollinosis therapy. Therefore, it is essential that physicians keep abreast of what medications are to be switched to OTC status and to maintain patient satisfaction by the appropriate use of good prescription drugs.
Should simple hysterectomy be added after chemo‐radiation for stage IB2 and bulky IIA cervical carcinoma?
Authors: EITAN Ram , LEVAVI Hanoch , PELED Yoav , BRENNER Ronen , SABAH Gad , BEN‐ARIE Alon , DGANI Ram , FISHMAN Ami , SULKES Aaron , FENIG Eyal , KOREN Claude 
Published: June 2010

Background and Aims:  Management of bulky cervical tumours is controversial. We describe the addition of high dose rate brachytherapy with concomitant chemotherapy to an attenuated protocol of radiation followed by simple hysterectomy in the management of bulky cervical tumours.Methods:  Between January, 2003 and December, 2006, 23 patients diagnosed with bulky cervical tumours underwent a fixed chemo‐radiation protocol followed by simple hysterectomy. Fractionated external beam pelvic radiation (4500 cGy) followed by two high‐dose rate applications of brachytherapy (700 cGy – prescription dose to point A) was given with weekly concomitant cisplatin (35 mg/m2). Patients then underwent simple hysterectomy. Clinical information was prospectively collected and patient charts were then further reviewed.Results:  Twenty patients had stage IB2 and three bulky IIA. Median tumour size was 5 cm. Sixteen patients (70%) achieved a clinical complete and seven (30%) a clinical partial response. All patients had a total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy (TAH BSO). On final pathology, 12 patients (52%) had a pathological complete response, whereas 11 patients (48%) had residual carcinoma in the cervix. Surgical margins were not involved. With a median follow‐up time of 20 months (range 10–50 months), four patients (17.4%), all from the pathological partial response group, have suffered a pelvic recurrence, within 6 months from therapy; nineteen patients (82.6%) remain free of disease.Conclusions:  This attenuated protocol of chemo‐radiation using HDR brachytherapy followed by simple hysterectomy is a viable option in the treatment of bulky cervical carcinomas. The rate of residual cervical disease after chemo‐radiation is substantial, but simple hysterectomy achieved negative surgical margins in all cases.
The development and initiation of the NSW Department of Health interprofessional Fetal welfare Obstetric emergency Neonatal resuscitation Training project
Authors: COOKE Helen , FOUREUR Maralyn , KINNEAR Ann , BISITS Andrew , GILES Warwick 
Published: June 2010

Background:  The Fetal Welfare Obstetric emergency Neonatal resuscitation Training (FONT) project was initiated on a background of rising notifications of adverse events in NSW maternity units, the significant proportion of which were related to fetal welfare assessment.Aims:  The aim of the study is to describe the development and introduction of the NSW state‐wide interprofessional FONT project.Methods:  Following development and risk assessment, FONT was launched in February 2008. The project consists of an online component and two face‐to‐face training days to be completed each 3 years; the first day for fetal welfare assessment and the second for obstetric and newborn emergencies. Eight, 2‐day training sessions were conducted throughout NSW for FONT trainers. Each trainer underwent pre‐ and post‐testing for changes in knowledge of fetal welfare assessment. The 2005–2008 NSW adverse event report numbers were assessed.Results:  From 20 February to 17 April 2008, 240 trainers had been trained in fetal welfare assessment, and by the end of 2008 these trainers had trained 954 clinicians. There were significant improvements in the interpretation and management planning of electronic fetal heart rate patterns following training. Analysis of Severity Assessment Codes 1 and 2 showed no significant trend in the number of notifications for adverse events related to fetal welfare assessment.Conclusions:  In the first 11 months, 25% of the state’s maternity practitioners had received training in the first stage of the FONT project. The FONT project has shown short‐term improvements in learning and communication skills and in the participants of the project.
Predicting the outcome of induction of labour
Authors: NADER Ralph , SHEK Ka Lai , DIETZ Hans Peter 
Published: June 2010

Objective:  To test whether prediction of delivery outcome is feasible in post‐term nulliparous pregnant women, using a published model and a locally produced model combining clinical and ultrasound assessment.Methods:  This is a prospective pilot study of 53 nulliparous women seen in a postdates clinic between 40 weeks four days and 41 weeks three days of gestation. They underwent a routine assessment including transabdominal ultrasound to determine amniotic fluid index, a Bishop score, and translabial ultrasound to determine the station of the fetal head at rest and bladder neck descent at rest and on valsalva. Additional information such as body weight at booking and current weight, height and a family history of caesarean section was obtained. Delivery outcome and labour details were obtained from the local obstetric database. Two models for prediction of delivery outcome were tested.Results:  Forty‐nine complete datasets were analysed. Fourteen women had a normal vaginal delivery, 17 instrumental deliveries and 18 caesarean sections. A published model predicted the induction outcome in 62%. A local model using maternal age, body mass index, family history of caesarean section, station of the fetal head and bladder neck descent predicted vaginal delivery in 70% in our study.Conclusion:  Prediction of delivery outcome is of limited feasibility in post‐term nulliparous pregnant women. Our locally produced model was successful in predicting vaginal delivery in 70% of women. Prediction of delivery outcome may not be sufficiently powerful to allow modification of current obstetric practice.
The Use of Bivalirudin for Cardiopulmonary Bypass Anticoagulation in Pediatric Heparin‐Induced Thrombocytopenia Patients
Authors: Gates Richard , Yost Paul , Parker Beth 
Published: June 2010

AbstractInfants with heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) represent a challenging and high‐risk group of patients when they require cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Bivalirudin offers many potential pharmacologic advantages over other nonheparin anticoagulants for such patients. We describe our protocol for the use of bivalirudin in a 5‐month‐old infant undergoing stage 2 Norwood for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The patient was a 5‐ month‐old, 6‐kg infant who developed HIT after a bowel resection complicating initial Norwood stage 1. After sternotomy and dissection had been redone, the child received an initial dose of bivalirudin of 1.0 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg 5 min later. The CPB circuit was primed with 50 mg/kg bivalirudn/400 cc volume. With the initiation of CPB, a continuous infusion of 2.5 mg/kg bivalirudin was begun. Activated clotting time (ACT) was targeted for over 400 s, with an examination prior to bypass and each 15 min thereafter. Bivalirudin was discontinued with separation from bypass and during modified ultrafiltration (MUF). The ACT was 286 s after the initial 1 mg/kg bolus and 597 s after the second 0.5 mg/kg bolus and initiation of CPB. At a rate of 2.5 mg/kg/min, ACT ranged between 461 and 597 s. At the completion of MUF, the ACT was 316 s. The ACT was 214 s 20 min after MUF. No clots were noted in the CPB circuit, and good hemostasis was achieved within 10 min after MUF was completed. Incision to closure time was 160 min; time from completion of MUF to sternal closure was 30 min. Post‐MUF, 60 cc of processed cell saver blood was reinfused, and no clotting factors were required. Chest tube output was 10, 10, 3, and 4 ccs, respectively, at hours 1–4 post operation. Bivalirudin provides effective anticoagulation in infants requiring CPB in the presence of HIT. Bivalirudin's efficacy is effectively monitored by ACT, and, after CPB, its short half‐life and ability to be ultrafiltered facilitate the ability to achieve hemostasis in a timely fashion.
Efficacy of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells to Promote Bone Regeneration Compared With Isolated CD34+ Cells From the Same Volume of Aspirate
Authors: Yasuhara Shinji , Yasunaga Yuji , Hisatome Takashi , Ishikawa Masakazu , Yamasaki Takuma , Tabata Yasuhiko , Ochi Mitsuo 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAutologous bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMNC) transplantation is currently an emerging clinical treatment in the orthopedic as well as cardiovascular fields. It is believed that the therapeutic effect of the BMMNCs is due to neovascularization enhanced by the CD34+ cells contained therein, which include endothelial progenitor cells. However, isolation of the CD34+ cell fraction for clinical application has many disadvantages such as cost and invasiveness related to cell mobilization with cytokine. To investigate whether a purification step is in fact necessary for bone regeneration, we separated BMMNCs, CD34+, and CD34‐ cells from the same initial volume of rabbit bone marrow aspirates. We then transplanted them back into a femoral bone defect of the same rabbit together with atelocollagen gel and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and evaluated neovascularization and bone regeneration up to 8 weeks after transplantation. The greatest potential for neovascularization and bone regeneration medicated by cells from the same volume of bone marrow aspirate was found in the BMMNC group. Although purified CD34+ cells might be an ideal cell source, BMMNCs could be a practical and feasible cell source for bone regeneration in present clinical settings with limited cost, availability of materials, and technical issues for transplantation.
Interior Monologue: Reflections on a Journey into Guyana's Heartland
Authors: Barry Angela 
Published: June 2010

SUMMARYIn 2002, a group made up mainly of American academics embarked on an excursion to the interior of Guyana. It was soon very clear that there would be a shift in accepted assumptions about the relationship between the developed and the developing world. But it was only when the group left the city behind and entered the rain forest itself that the travelers understood the true power of the experience, the encounter with the majestic landscape and the indigenous peoples who had lived in harmony with it for millennia; and, in the silence of the forest, the encounter with the self.
Rumpelstiltskin's Deliverables: Grimm Inspiration for Humanism in Development
Authors: Heatherington Tracey 
Published: June 2010

SUMMARYIs there space for humanistic anthropology within the development sciences used to plan economic growth and ecological modernization? This article adapts a provocative fable to ponder a “global assemblage” designed to transfer authoritative knowledge and advanced technology for “sustainability” from the American Midwest to postsocialist eastern Europe. I retell the story of Rumpelstiltskin to reflect on participation in global systems of outsourced expertise, guessing at the nature of “the helper” with the aid of the fanciful.
Willful Overlooking: Stories from the Islamic Diaspora and the Palestinian West Bank
Authors: Rothenberg Celia E. 
Published: June 2010

SUMMARYThis article tells a series of stories that speak to the importance of the human capacity of willful overlooking. When we exercise willful overlooking in our interactions with others, we may allow a potentially fracturing moment to pass, an uncomfortable situation to be tolerated, or an opportunity to present itself. Willful overlooking is exercised in our friendships and romances, our bureaucratic and public exchanges, and in many other social encounters. The paper draws on two sets of events, my former village research assistant's wedding in Canada (2007) and my fieldwork (1995–96) in his village of Artas in the Palestinian West Bank.