bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reference intervals for biochemical analytes in serum and heparinized plasma and serum protein fractions in adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos)
Authors: Dawson Dominic R. , DeFrancisco Richard J. , Mix Susan D. , Stokol Tracy 
Published: October 2011

BackgroundSpecies‐specific reference intervals for laboratory tests are required for diagnosis and management of disease. Few reports of reference intervals for biochemical analytes and protein fractions are available for alpacas.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to establish reference intervals for biochemical analytes measured in both serum and plasma and in serum protein fractions, and to determine the influence of herd and sex on test results in a population of alpacas.MethodsBlood was collected from 74 healthy male and female adult alpacas (Vicugnapacos) from 5 herds into tubes with no anticoagulant or with sodium heparin and analyzed within 4 hours. Biochemical analytes and ionized calcium were measured using aHitachiPmodular automated chemistry analyzer and anABL‐800Flex blood‐gas analyzer, respectively, and protein fractions were measured by agarose gel electrophoresis of serum. Nonparametric statistical methods were used to determine reference intervals, results obtained from serum and plasma were compared, and effects of herd and sex were examined.ResultsSerum and plasma samples from 71 and 74 alpacas, respectively, were used to establish reference intervals for serum and plasma biochemical analytes. Intervals were similar, although clinically relevant differences between creatine kinase activity and phosphate concentration were found in individual animals. Serum proteins from 60 alpacas were analyzed by electrophoresis. There were significant herd‐ and sex‐associated differences in some biochemical analytes and protein fractions; however, most had minimal impact on reference interval determination, with the exception of herd‐associated effects on concentrations of urea nitrogen, ionized calcium, and bile acids and transferrin saturation.ConclusionsSerum and plasma reference intervals are interchangeable; however, consistency of sample type is imperative when performing serial testing. Use of laboratory‐ and instrument‐specific reference intervals is optimal; however, intervals reported here may be used as a guide for interpreting laboratory results from alpacas, especially when test methods are the same.
The nature of rhyme processing in preliterate children
Authors: Wagensveld Barbara , van Alphen Petra , Segers Eliane , Verhoeven Ludo 
Published: October 2011

Background. Rhyme awareness is one of the earliest forms of phonological awareness to develop and is assessed in many developmental studies by means of a simple rhyme task. The influence of more demanding experimental paradigms on rhyme judgment performance is often neglected. Addressing this issue may also shed light on whether rhyme processing is more global or analytical in nature.Aims. The aim of the present study was to examine whether lexical status and global similarity relations influenced rhyme judgments in kindergarten children and if so, if there is an interaction between these two factors.Sample. Participants were 41 monolingual Dutch‐speaking preliterate kindergartners (average age 6.0 years) who had not yet received any formal reading education.Method. To examine the effects of lexical status and phonological similarity processing, the kindergartners were asked to make rhyme judgements on (pseudo) word targets that rhymed, phonologically overlapped or were unrelated to (pseudo) word primes.Results. Both a lexicality effect (pseudo‐words were more difficult than words) and a global similarity effect (globally similar non‐rhyming items were more difficult to reject than unrelated items) were observed. In addition, whereas in words the global similarity effect was only present in accuracy outcomes, in pseudo‐words it was also observed in the response latencies. Furthermore, a large global similarity effect in pseudo‐words correlated with a low score on short‐term memory skills and grapheme knowledge.Conclusions. Increasing task demands led to a more detailed assessment of rhyme processing skills. Current assessment paradigms should therefore be extended with more demanding conditions. In light of the views on rhyme processing, we propose that a combination of global and analytical strategies is used to make a correct rhyme judgment.
Fracture mechanics approach to compare laser sintered parts and injection mouldings of nylon-12
Authors: Hitt D J , Haworth B , Hopkinson N 
Published: October 2011

In comparison to equivalent parts made by injection moulding, components manufactured by laser sintering are often perceived to offer inferior mechanical properties, yet the evidence for this is rarely based upon systematic research studies. In this paper, attempts have been made to conduct a fundamental study of the fracture behaviour of both injection moulded and laser sintered parts, based upon a modification of a standard technique used to determine linear elastic fracture mechanics parameters. The influence of specimen thickness (in the range 2–10 mm) was also included in the experimental plan, which concentrated upon the testing of single-edge notch bending (SENB) beam specimens. Force-displacement characteristics demonstrated significant plastic deformation in nylon (PA12) specimens, so that the J-integral method was used to obtain quantitative fracture parameters, including the energy requirements for crack growth. Comparisons of this parameter showed thickness-dependent ‘geometry-sensitive’ data for each set of samples. For the injection moulded SENB specimens, energy absorption decreased with increasing thickness, a result attributed to the influence of plane-strain-dominated conditions. In contrast, laser sintered samples exhibited increased toughness as specimen thickness increased towards 10 mm; this could not be explained by density or particle melting data and may be interpreted by changes in molecular structure that occur during the additive manufacturing process.
The synthesis of copper/zinc solid solutions of hydroxyl carbonates, sulphates, nitrates, chlorides and bromides
Authors: Yoder C. H. , Schaeffer R. W. , McWilliams P. , Rowand A. , Liu X. , Shambeda J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe relative stabilities of the copper/zinc solid solutions of hydroxyl sulphates, carbonates, nitrates, chlorides and bromides were studied by attempting their preparation using a variety of methods. All of the naturally occurring solid solutions except rosasite were obtained as single phases. Rosasite crystallized in a mixture with malachite and calcium carbonate during a room temperature preparation from calcium carbonate, copper nitrate and zinc nitrate. The solid solution with the antlerite stoichiometry [endmember Cu3SO4(OH)4] as well as the nitrates were not produced by the methods employed. All of the natural polymorphs of Cu2(OH)3Cl were obtained and a new method for the preparation of botallackite is reported. Botallackite was found to be stable in solution for over a year, contrary to previous reports. A bromine-bearing analogue of botallackite was prepared. Compounds were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, which was used to determine the unit-cell parameters, and by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The relative instability of solid solutions with certain stoichiometries is discussed in terms of the Jahn-Teller effect and relative solubilities.
Galuskinite, Ca7(SiO4)3(CO3), a new skarn mineral from the Birkhin gabbro massif, Eastern Siberia, Russia
Authors: Lazic B. , Armbruster T. , Savelyeva V. B. , Zadov A. E. , Pertsev N. N. , Dzierżanowski P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn addition to spurrite, Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3), and tilleyite, Ca5(Si2O7)(CO3)2, galuskinite, C is the third mineral in the CaO—SiO2—CO2ternary system. Galuskinite, monoclinic, space groupP21/c (a =18.79,b =6.72,c= 10.47 Å, β = 90.79°,V =1322 Å3,Z =4), occurs in thin veins which cut calcio-olivine, γ-Ca2SiO4, skarn with larnite, β-Ca2SiO4, relics. Pavlovskyite, Ca8(SiO4)2(Si3O10), and dellaite, Ca6(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2, form a margin between the veins and the calcio-olivine skarn. The sanidinite facies high-temperature skarn formed ∼500 Ma ago when gabbroid rocks of the Birkhin complex (Baikal area, Eastern Siberia, Russia) intruded and contact-metamorphosed limestone xenoliths. Galuskinite is a retrograde product of skarn alteration and has neither been described from cement clinker production processes nor from studies of the CaO—SiO2—CO2system. The crystal structure of galuskinite, refined from single crystal X-ray data toRi =3.1%, has a modular character. One may define a polysomatic series with spurrite and larnite as endmembers and galuskinite as a 1:1 polysome built from regular alternating spurrite and larnite modules. Differences between the X-ray powder patterns of galuskinite and spurrite are most obvious in the low 8 region. Galuskinite is named after the Russian mineralogists Irina O. Galuskina and Evgeny V. Galuskin, Faculty of Earth Sciences. University of Silesia, Poland, for their outstanding contributions to skarn mineralogy.
Transmission X-ray diffraction as a new tool for diamond fluid inclusion studies
Authors: Smith E. M. , Kopylova M. G. , Dubrovinsky L. , Navon O. , Ryder J. , Tomlinson E. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTransmission X-ray diffraction is demonstrated as a new tool for examining daughter minerals within sub-micrometre-size fluid inclusions in fibrous diamond. In transmission geometry, the X-ray beam passes through the sample, interacting with a volume of material. Fibrous diamonds from Mbuji-Mayi. Democratic Republic of Congo; the Wawa area, Ontario, Canada; and the Panda kimberlite, Ekati Mine, Northwest Territories and the Jericho kimberlite, Nunavut, Canada were analysed using X-rays from a high-brilliance lab source and a synchrotron source. Daughter minerals present include the mica-group mineral celadonite, sylvite, halite, dolomite and other carbonates. This represents the first positive identification of halide minerals in fibrous diamond. Mineral inclusions such as forsteritic olivine and pyrope garnet were also found. Unexpectedly, daughter minerals were identified in only ten of the 38 diamonds analysed, despite their concentrations being greater than experimentally proven detection limits. The presence of significant amounts of amorphous or dissolved material appears unlikely, but cannot be ruled out. Alternatively, the results may indicate a wide variety of related daughter minerals, such that most phases fall below the detection limits. Transmission X-ray diffraction should be applied cautiously to the study of fibrous diamond, as it provides an incomplete account of the fluid-inclusion mineralogy.
Bassoite, SrV3O7·4H2O, a new mineral from Molinello mine, Val Graveglia, eastern Liguria, Italy
Authors: Bindi L. , Carbone C. , Cabella R. , Lucchetti G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBassoite, ideally SrV3O7·4H2O, is a new mineral from the Molinello manganese mine, Val Graveglia. eastern Liguria, northern Apennines, Italy. It occurs as black euhedral to subhedral grains up to 400 urn across, closely associated with rhodonite, quartz and braunite. Bassoite is opaque with a sub-metallic lustre and a black streak. It is brittle and neither fracture nor cleavage was observed; the Vickers micro-hardness (VHN100) is 150 kg/mm (range 142—165; corresponding to a Mohs hardness of 4—41/2). The calculated density is 2.940 g/cm3 (on the basis of the empirical formula and X-ray single-crystal data). Bassoite is weakly bireflectant and very weakly pleochroic from grey to a dark green. Internal reflections are absent. The mineral is anisotropic, without characteristic rotation tints. Reflectance percentages (Rmin and Rmax) for the four standard COM wavelengths are 18.5%, 19.0% (471.1 nm); 17.2%, 17.8% (548.3 nm); 16.8%, 17.5% (586.6 nm) and 16.2%, 16.8% (652.3 nm), respectively.Bassoite is monoclinic, space group P21/m, with unit-cell parameters: a = 5.313(3) Å, b = 10.495(3) Å, c = 8.568(4) Å, β = 91.14(5)°, V= 477.7(4) Å3, a:b:c = 0.506:1:0.816, and Z = 2. The crystal structure was refined to R1 = 0.0209 for 1148 reflections with Fo > 4σ(Fo) and it consists of layers of VO5 pyramids (with vanadium in the tetravalent state) pointing up and down alternately with Sr between the layers (in nine-fold coordination). The nine most intense X-ray powder-diffraction lines [d in Å (I/I0) (hkt)] are: 8.5663 (100) (001); 6.6363 (14) (011); 3.4399 (14) (1̄21); 3.4049 (17) (121); 2.8339 (15) (1̄22); 2.7949 (11) (122); 2.6550 (15) (200); 2.6237 (11) (040) and 1.8666 (15) (240). Electron microprobe analyses produce a chemical formula (Sr0.97Ca0.02Na0.01)V3.00O74H20, on the basis of 2(Sr+Ca+Na) = 1, taking the results of the structure refinement into account. The presence of water molecules was confirmed by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The name honours Riccardo Basso (b. 1947), full professor of Mineralogy and Crystallography at the University of Genova. The new mineral and mineral name have been approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification, IMA (2011-028).
Petrogenetic significance of LA-ICP-MS trace-element data on quartz from the Borborema Pegmatite Province, northeast Brazil
Authors: Beurlen H. , Müller A. , Silva D. , Da Silva M. R. R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractQuartz from different zones within five granitic pegmatites of the rare-element class from the Borborema Pegmatite Province in northeast Brazil were analysed for fourteen trace elements using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The concentrations of Li (6—150 ppm), B (1—9 ppm) and Ge (1—23 ppm) in quartz show a positive correlation with Al (30—770 ppm). The concentrations of these elements increase from the border zone to the quartz core of pegmatites of the spodumene or lepidolite subtypes. The Ge concentrations in the quartz core are the highest so far reported in igneous quartz. In the less evolved pegmatites of the beryl-columbite subtype, the Al, Li, B, and Ge concentrations in quartz from all zones remain at the same level as the border and wall zones. The Ti concentrations in quartz from the core of the more evolved pegmatites are below 3 ppm (with Al >250 ppm), contrasting with 7—25 ppm (with Al <280 ppm) in samples from the border and wall zones of the less evolved and more evolved pegmatites. The concentrations of Al. Li, B, Ge, and Ti in quartz are therefore confirmed as good indicators of the degree of magma fractionation and analyses of pegmatite quartz cores can be used for exploration purposes to distinguish pegmatites with high metallogenic potential. Atoms of Li and Al are incorporated into quartz such that Li/Al ranges between 0.75 and 1.0. This suggests a coupled substitution of the form Si4+ ↔ (Li+ + Al3+). The other elements analysed either showed an erratic distribution (e.g. Be and P) or were below the respective limits of detection (Na, K, Rb, Ca, Sr, Mn, Fe) in most samples.
An ortho-Quinodimethane Route to Lasofoxifene and U23469
Authors: Yoshida Hiroto , Yoshida Ryuma , Mukae Masashi , Ohshita Joji , Takaki Ken 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Lasofoxifene, a third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator, could be synthesized via regio- and stereoselective [4 + 2] cycloaddition between an ortho-quinodimethane and a borylalkene. This protocol was also applicable to the synthesis of antiestrogen U23469.
Self-assembly of Compact Molecules Possessing Two Carboxy and One Amide Groups into Tubular Nanostructures in Liquid Crystal Phases
Authors: Kishikawa Keiki , Isaka Miyuki , Takahashi Masahiro , Saito Kazuya , Kohmoto Shigeo 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Compact molecules 1–3 possessing two carboxy and one amide groups were synthesized, and their self-organization into tubular nanostructures in liquid crystal phases was studied. The tubular structures were confirmed by polarized optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and one- and two-dimensional X-ray diffractions (1D- and 2D-XRDs).
The range of the Oxford Shoulder Score in the asymptomatic population: a marker for post-operative improvement
Authors: Younis F , Sultan J , Dix S , Hughes PJ 
Published: October 2011

INTRODUCTION The Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) is a validated scoring system used to assess the degree of pain and disability caused by shoulder pathology. To date there is no knowledge of the range of the OSS in the healthy adult population. This study aimed to establish the range in asymptomatic individuals. METHODS The OSS of 100 asymptomatic volunteers was compared with the pre-operative OSS of 100 symptomatic individuals who had had elective shoulder surgery performed at the Royal Preston Hospital. RESULTS The difference in mean scores in the operated group (36.7) and the asymptomatic group (15.3) was statistically significant (p<0.0001). There was, however, a substantial overlap between the scores of the two groups (operated group range: 19–55, asymptomatic group range: 12–47). Factors such as age, sex, body mass index, co-morbidities and smoking did not have a statistically significant impact on the eventual score in the asymptomatic group. CONCLUSIONS This study has established the range of OSS in the asymptomatic adult population. Symptom scores can only be used effectively when the range in the asymptomatic population is known. This is so that disease severity can be gauged in the context of the normal population and post-operative improvements can be forecast more accurately.
Classification and management of cervical paragangliomas
Authors: Obholzer RJ , Hornigold R , Connor S , Gleeson MJ 
Published: October 2011

INTRODUCTION Cervical paragangliomas are slow-growing tumours that eventually cause lower cranial nerve palsies and infiltrate the skull base. Surgical treatment may cause the same deficits and, in some, risks more serious neurological deficits. We describe a classification used to guide investigation, consent and management of cervical paragangliomas based on extensive experience. METHODS The case notes of patients managed by the senior author at a tertiary referral skull base unit between 1987 and 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. A total of 87 cervical paragangliomas were identified in 70 patients (mean age: 46 years, range: 13–77 years). Of these, 35 patients had 36 vagal paragangliomas, 43 patients had 50 carotid body paragangliomas and 8 had both. One cervical paraganglioma arose from neither the carotid body nor the nodose ganglion. The main outcome measures were death, stroke, gastrostomy and tracheotomy. RESULTS All tumours were classified pre-operatively based on their relationship to the carotid artery, skull base and lower cranial nerves. Type 1 tumours were excised with a transcervical approach, type 2 with a transcervical-parotid approach and type 3 with a combined transcervical-parotid and infratemporal fossa approach. Type 4 patients underwent careful assessment and genetic counselling before any treatment was undertaken. There were no peri-operative deaths; two patients had strokes, one required a long-term feeding gastrostomy and none required a tracheotomy. CONCLUSIONS The use of a pre-operative classification system guides management and surgical approach, improves accuracy of consent, facilitates audit and clarifies which patients should be referred to specialised centres.
The effect of sterile versus non-sterile tourniquets on microbiological colonisation in lower limb surgery
Authors: Thompson SM , Middleton M , Farook M , Cameron-Smith A , Bone S , Hassan A 
Published: October 2011

INTRODUCTION Surgical tourniquets are commonplace in lower limb surgery. Several studies have shown that tourniquets can be a potential source of microbial contamination but have not compared the use of sterile versus non-sterile tourniquets in the same procedures. METHODS Patients undergoing elective orthopaedic lower limb surgery were randomised prospectively to use of non-sterile pneumatic tourniquet or sterile elastic exsanguination tourniquet (S-MART™, OHK Medical Devices, Haifa, Israel). Samples were taken from the ties of the non-sterile tourniquet prior to surgery and from the sterile tourniquets at the end of the operation in a sterile fashion. These were then sealed in universal containers and immediately analysed by the microbiology department on agar plates, cultured and incubated. RESULTS Thirty-four non-sterile tourniquets were sampled prior to surgical application, twenty-three of which were contaminated with sev-eral different organisms including coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Sphingomonas pau-cimobilis, Bacillus spp, and coliforms. Thirty-six sterile tourniquets were used, with no associated contamination. CONCLUSIONS There was significant contamination of 68% of orthopaedic surgical tourniquets. These are used regularly in proce-dures involving the placement of prosthesis and metalwork, and can act as a potential source of infection. We recommend the use of sterile single-use disposable tourniquets where possible. The availability of an alternative should now set the new standard of care and we rec-ommend adopting this as a current NICE guideline for control of surgical site infection.
Exploding the open book: The Atrocity Exhibition, Vermilion Sands and the ethics of the short story cycle
Authors: March-Russell Paul 
Published: October 2011

In 1989, Robert Luscher distinguished the terms 'short story sequence' and 'short story cycle'. Luscher argued that the term 'cycle', associated with texts such as Joyce's Dubliners (1914), presupposes a totality. Instead, Luscher proposed the term 'sequence' to denote collections in
which the text does not arrive at a unity, but with each successive story opens and expands. The individual meanings are not subsumed within the whole but instead grow within, what Luscher calls an 'open book'.
Luscher's account is a revisionary exercise that substitutes 'sequence' for
'cycle'. He does not consider their respective differences in terms of the modernist/postmodern paradigm. Instead, Luscher's use of linear and binary thinking places his critique not only on the side of modernism but also on definitions of the short story that emphasize its impressionistic
and epiphanic qualities. The openness of the sequence is, in practice, far less liberated than Luscher claims.
While the stories assembled to form Vermilion Sands (1971) can be described as late modernist pieces, the avant-garde design of The Atrocity Exhibition (1970) effectively explodes
Luscher's 'open book' by refusing to be reconciled within any meaningful structure. In so doing, Ballard calls into question the academic tendency to define the short story.
Craft enterprise development: Surviving, responding to, and transforming a South African government poverty alleviation programme
Authors: Berman Kim 
Published: October 2011

Despite the post-1994 South African state's efforts to support poverty alleviation through arts and culture programmes, government-funded craft enterprises have had a poor rate of success. Based on two case study projects within Phumani Paper, a South African papermaking poverty-alleviation
programme, this article argues that craft enterprises can provide an enabling environment for sustainability and resilience in periods of social transition and transformation. However, if the funding and design of such programmes are managed badly, these can undermine the very benefits they
are designed to achieve, with negative impacts on poor communities.
Poverty alleviation grants were initially designed as mechanisms for reparations. But the experience described here suggests that government funders neither took cognizance of the values of sustainable development, nor
supported what Appadurai describes as 'deep development' (2004). This article demonstrates how Phumani Paper played a valuable role in supporting the imagination, voice and agency of participants, thereby building human capacity and social capital towards a more just and hopeful future without
poverty.