bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an implantable MOSFET dosimeter designed for use with hypofractionated external beam treatments and its applications for breast and prostate treatments
Authors: Beyer Gloria P. , Kry Stephen F. , Espenhahn Eric , Rini Chris , Boyles Elyse , Mann Greg 
Published: August 2011

Purpose:An implantable metal‐oxide semiconductor field effect transistors‐based dosimeter has recently been developed for thein vivo monitoring of hypofractionated radiotherapy. This DVS‐HFT dosimeter is designed for fraction sizes of 340–950 cGy and can also be used for bis in die fraction monitoring. The current work reports on the testing and evaluation of this dosimeter, including both its basic characteristics as well as its performance during simulated clinical treatment plans.Methods:The authors tested the dose rate dependence of this dosimeter (300 MU/min versus 600 MU/min), the treatment time dependence (4 min per treatment versus up to 60 min per treatment), and the dose and energy dependence (6 and 18 MV irradiations of 700–900 cGy per fraction). Additionally, they irradiated the detectors in‐phantom with breast and prostate hypofractionated treatments.Results:The detectors showed no significant dose rate, treatment time, energy, or dose dependence. Furthermore, the detectors were found to perform within manufacturer tolerances for all hypofractionated treatments examined, accurately reporting the measured dose (average disagreement of − 0.65%).Conclusions:These dosimeters appear well suited forin vivo monitoring of hypofractionated radiotherapy doses, and thereby, have the potential to improve patient care.
Patients, clients, users or customers: what should we call people attending sexual health services?
Authors: Loudon Joanna , Baird Aisling , Haider Zara , Sein Eleanor , Prabakar Indhu , Gebbie Ailsa 
Published: August 2011

Background and methodologyIn sexual health clinics there is debate on whether to call service users ‘patients’ or ‘clients’ and this mirrors an ongoing dialogue in the medical literature. The authors undertook a questionnaire survey in five UK centres of clinic attendees and staff to assess their preference.ResultsA total of 1428 clinic attendees and 250 staff members completed questionnaires. 61% of attendees who responded preferred ‘patient’, with 23% expressing no preference. Only 9% of respondents preferred the term ‘client’. 148 (59%) of all staff groups preferred the term ‘patient’ followed by 82 (33%) selecting ‘client’. No staff member opted for ‘customer’ or ‘user’ as the preferred term. The difference between preference for ‘patient’ between doctors and nurses was statistically significant, with most doctors preferring the term ‘patient’. Out of a total of 84 nurses, there was equal preference for ‘patient’ and ‘client’ (38 nurses in each group). Comments from attendees and staff who responded generally emphasised the concept of the ‘caring’ role of the health professional towards people attending the services.Discussion and conclusionsThe majority of people attending sexual health clinics and medical and clerical staff working in these services expressed a preference to retain the title of ‘patient’. The main justification for this appeared to relate to the concept of caring for people. The authors therefore conclude that the terminology in sexual health services should revert to predominantly using the term ‘patient’.
The Byzantine Alexander Poem in MS Marcianus graecus 408*
Authors: Aerts Willem J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAmong the many versions of the Alexander Romance, originating from Alexandria, 3rd century AD, the long Byzantine Alexander Poem (BAP) takes a special place. It is by far the longest item in the miscellaneous manuscript, Marcianus 408, numbering 6130 ‘political’ (fifteen-syllable) verses. Smaller pieces deal with the capture of Constantinople by the Western Crusaders in 1204 and the recapture by the Byzantines in 1261 and genealogies of the Palaeologues; other items are e.g. on special plants, on verses of the poetess Kasia, on a snake bite, etc. The colophon in the last verses of BAP mentions the year 1388, which - as will be argued in this article - can hardly be the date of composition, both on textual and historical grounds. This argument is underpinned with a number of examples.
Transnational Migration and Entrepreneurialism: Indians in the U.S. Technology Sector
Authors: Varma Roli 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn the past, large multinational corporations led entrepreneurial activities in the technology sector, creating value and stimulating growth by bringing new ideas to market. Further, they were in charge of the growth internationally. In the last two decades, however, immigrants have increased their percentage in starting technology companies in the United States, as well as investing in technology companies, building business partnerships, allocating resources, exchanging information, and tapping technical expertise in their home countries. This paper presents a case study of Indian immigrants in the U.S. technology sector to demonstrate how entrepreneurialism is changing with transnational migration. Indian immigrants are actively contributing to an emergent global reality where the borders containing them in the field of technology are increasingly virtual, and beyond the control of any country.
Crisis of Legitimacy: Secularisation and the Authority of Asante Traditional Rulers in Ghana’s Decentralization
Authors: Agyemang Yaw Sarkodie 
Published: August 2011

AbstractGhana’s attempt at decentralization has brought into collision course two systems of governance because of the poor interface between traditional authorities and district assemblies, creating a crisis of legitimacy. Previous studies on this development situate the crisis on the existence of two legitimacies or dual governments. The paper theorizes this development around the tension between the sacred and the profane. It argues that the war of legitimacy arises because representation is differently understood by these two systems of governance. Using historical and phenomenological approaches, the paper observes that it is the religious basis of the chieftaincy institution as against the secular basis of decentralized institutions that is creating a tension between the sacred and the profane. It therefore concludes that secularization has created differentiation leading to polycentric sources of power making the traditional authorities lose their hegemony over people, land, and its resources. The traditional authorities in their attempt to claw back their lost power are using the sacred basis of their legitimacy to insist on their right to represent their communities.
Institutions and Development in Developing Countries: An Empirical Assessment
Authors: Dao Minh Quang 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBased on data from the World Bank and the Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009, this study uses a sample of 97 developing economies and finds that institutions do affect development, unlike results of the previous studies by Mc Arthur and Sachs (2001) and Sachs (2003). The observation is that the coefficient estimate of half of the explanatory variables does not have the anticipated sign due to severe multicollinearity among them. Regression results are more robust when interaction terms are included. This empirical examination may assist governments in those countries in identifying institutional areas that need to be improved upon in order to stimulate economic development.
Good Governance, State Capacity, and the Millennium Development Goals
Authors: Joshi Devin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractInternational development agencies argue that “good governance” is crucial to attaining the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), but there are many ways to define and measure good governance. The paper begins by examining the World Bank’s minimal state conception of governance and then proposes an alternative approach based on strengthening state capacity. The paper tests this framework by developing a provisional Millennium Governance Index (MGI) for 126 countries. In comparative empirical analysis, the MGI has noticeably higher statistical correlations than the World Bank’s governance indicators on six out of seven MDGs even after controlling for per capita income levels.
A Chronological Life of Christ by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg
Authors: Broekhuijsen Klara H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe subject of this article is the reconstruction of the original decoration programme of three texts of an incomplete Book of Hours, representing together the whole life of Christ. This unusual programme has been placed in the context of the oeuvre of the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg.
Inter-jurisdictional Co-operation in the MERCOSUR: The First Request for an Advisory Opinion of the MERCOSUR’s Permanent Review Tribunal by Argentina’s Supreme Court of Justice
Authors: Donadio Luciano , Espósito Carlos 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis comment discusses the request for an advisory opinion that originated in the case Sancor c/ Dirección General de Aduanas. This case emerged from the resolution of the Argentine Ministry of Economy which set export duties of 5% to certain milk products, without discriminating with regard to the destination of them, i.e. including members as well as non-members of the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR). In this way, and after a long judicial process, in October 2009 Argentina’s Supreme Court of Justice (CSJN) requested an advisory opinion from the Permanent Review Tribunal of the MERCOSUR, ‐ Tribunal Permanente de Revisión ‐ asking the question “Does the Treaty of Asunción require Member States of MERCOSUR the obligation not to impose duties on exports of goods which are originated in one of them and which have another Member State as its final destination?” This article describes the historical circumstances surrounding the Argentine governmental measure, and then analyzes three specific issues related to the request of the advisory opinion by the Supreme Court: 1) the place of international law in the Argentine legal system; 2) the procedural legitimacy of the decision of the Court; and 3) some substantive issues involved in the requested advisory opinion.
Problems and Prospects for the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in Dealing with Submissions by Coastal States in Relation to the Ocean Territory Beyond 200 Nautical Miles
Authors: Subedi Surya P. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAs the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf established under the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea has begun its deliberations on an increasingly large number of submissions made by States seeking to establish the outer limits of their continental shelf, concerns have been expressed as to the nature and scope of the work of the Commission, as well as the challenges currently faced by this body set up under the Convention. It is in this context that the present article aims to address questions such as: how and to whom this body is accountable; how transparent its decision-making processes are; what powers it has; whether it is sufficiently well equipped to take such far-reaching decisions, and the implications its recommendations will have for coastal States, for the law of the sea, and for the wider issues concerning the international governance of the seas and oceans. In doing so, this article suggests some ways and means of addressing the challenges facing the Commission.
Abraham Portaleone and Alessandro Magno: Jewish and Christian Correspondents on a Monstrous birth
Authors: Berns Andrew 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis article explores an epistolary exchange between Abraham Portaleone, a Jewish physician of Mantua, and Alessandro Magno, his Catholic colleague. It presents several letters from Portaleone’s unpublished Book of Medical Responses and Consultations that discuss a monstrous birth in Luzzara in 1594. The article has two aims: to broaden our knowledge of Portaleone’s written output, and to argue that Jewish and Christian physicians maintained close professional contact in late Renaissance Italy.
British Museum EA 73965 und die Sequenz der Lokalregenten des Westdeltas in der 22. Dynastie
Authors: Moje Jan 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe precisely dated donation stela British Museum EA 73965 bears the name of a great chief of the Libu, who can now be identified as a previously unknown local ruler in the Western Delta during the Twenty-second Egyptian Dynasty. According to new data, the current sequence of the Western Delta rulers can be partially modified, and thus shed some light on this less well-known period.
Monasticism as a Force for Religious and Cultural Renewal in Post-Communist Russia
Authors: Burgess John 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe Russian Orthodox Church is actively seeking to shape the national identity of post-communist Russia. Monasteries have taken a leading role in articulating the church's social vision, but with different emphases. The Solovetskii Monastery commemorates the victims and martyrs of communist repression. The Sretenskii Monastery focuses on popular religious education. The monks at St. George's Parish engage in drug rehabilitation work. Each approach has latent democratic impulses, but it is not yet clear whether or how they will come to expression under the limitations of current church and state politics.
Topographic Effects on the Tropical Land and Sea Breeze
Authors: Qian Tingting , Epifanio Craig C. , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The effect of an inland plateau on the tropical sea breeze is considered in terms of idealized numerical experiments, with a particular emphasis on offshore effects. The sea breeze is modeled as the response to an oscillating interior heat source over land. The parameter space for the calculations is defined by a nondimensional wind speed, a scaled plateau height, and the nondimensional heating amplitude.
The experiments show that the inland plateau tends to significantly strengthen the land-breeze part of the circulation, as compared to the case without terrain. The strengthening of the land breeze is tied to blocking of the sea-breeze density current during the warm phase of the cycle. The blocked sea breeze produces a pool of relatively cold, stagnant air at the base of the plateau, which in turn produces a stronger land-breeze density current the following morning. Experiments show that the strength of the land breeze increases with the terrain height, at least for moderate values of the height. For very large terrain, the sea breeze is apparently blocked entirely, and further increases in terrain height lead to only small changes in land-breeze intensity and propagation.
Details of the dynamics are described in terms of the transition from linear to nonlinear heating amplitudes, as well as for cases with and without background winds. The results show that for the present experiments, significant offshore effects are tied to nonlinear frontal propagation, as opposed to quasi-linear wave features.
The ethics of unsolicited diagnosis of mental disorder in acquaintances: benefits and dangers
Authors: Mitchell Edward W. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryI examine here the activity of ‘unsolicited diagnosis' of psychiatric disorder – the act of informing a person that they show signs and symptoms of mental disorder, outside of a patient-professional relationship. Whether unsolicited psychiatric diagnosis is a legitimate ethical activity for psychiatrists (and other healthcare professionals) in which to engage is an issue founded upon the trade-off between potential benefits and harm to the recipient of the diagnosis. However, potential harm specific to a psychiatric diagnosis (such as issues related to stigma, confidentiality and paternalism) suggests that making unsolicited diagnoses of psychiatric disorder is even more ethically fraught than making unsolicited diagnoses of physical disorder.
Controllable Deposition of Alloy Clusters or Nanoparticles Catalysts on Carbon Surfaces
Authors: Ando Yuji , Sasaki Kotaro , Su Dong , Adzic Radoslav 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
We describe a simple method for controllably depositing Pt–Ru alloy nanoparticles on carbon surfaces that is mediated by Pb or Cu adlayers undergoing underpotential deposition and stripping during Pt and Ru codeposition at diffusion-limiting currents. The amount of surface Pt atoms deposited largely reflects the number of potential cycles causing the deposition and stripping of the metal adlayer at underpotentials, the metal species used as a mediator, and the scan rate of the potential cycles. We employed electrochemical methanol oxidation to gain information on the catalyst’s activities. The catalysts with large amounts of surface Pt atoms have relatively high methanol-oxidation activity. Catalysts prepared using this method enhance methanol-oxidation activity per electrode surface area, while maintaining catalytic activity per surface Pt atom; thus, the amount of Pt is reduced in comparison with conventional methanol-oxidation catalysts. The method is suitable for efficient synthesizing various bimetallic catalysts.
Increased Cellular Transfection with Magnetized DNA/Benzyl Amine Lipid Complexes
Authors: Sakuragi Mina , Mochizuki Shinichi , Sakurai Kazuo 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
We reported that there are two possible manners in DNA localization in cationic lipid (CL)/DNA complexes and the DNA environment is strongly related to the transfection efficiency: when DNA/CL-ion complexes are in the hydrophobic phase made from the CL alkyl tails (A-type), they show low efficiency, while it is drastically increased when they are in water phase (B-type). In this paper, we prepared two types of magnetized CL/DNA complexes, denoted as MCL/DNAs from these two different DNA environments. We investigated how the external magnet field could increase the transfection efficiency comparing the two systems. We obtained higher transfection efficiency when B-type was mixed with magnetic particles. By use of electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering, the structure of the MCL/DNA was determined.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Contraceptive Method Choice in California
Authors: Shih Grace , Vittinghoff Eric , Steinauer Jody , Dehlendorf Christine 
Published: August 2011

CONTEXT: Unintended pregnancy, an important public health issue, disproportionately affects minority populations. Yet, the independent associations of race, ethnicity and other characteristics with contraceptive choice have not been well studied.
METHODS: Racial and ethnic disparities in contraceptive use among 3,277 women aged 18–44 and at risk for unintended pregnancy were assessed using 2006–2008 data from of the California Women’s Health Survey. Sequential logistic regression analyses were used to examine the independent and cumulative associations of racial, ethnic, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics with method choice.
RESULTS: Differences in contraceptive use persisted in analyses controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Blacks and foreign‐born Asians were less likely than whites to use high‐efficacy reversible methods—that is, hormonals or IUDs (odds ratio, 0.5 for each). No differences by race or ethnicity were found specifically for IUD use in the full model. Blacks and U.S.‐born Hispanics were more likely than whites to choose female sterilization (1.9 and 1.7, respectively), while foreign‐born Asians had reduced odds of such use (0.4). Finally, blacks and foreign‐born Asians were less likely than whites to rely on male sterilization (0.3 and 0.1, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic factors did not explain the disparities in method choice among racial and ethnic groups. Intervention programs that focus on improving contraceptive choice among black and, particularly, Asian populations need to be developed, as such programs have the potential to reduce the number of unintended pregnancies that occur among these high‐risk groups.
Race, Ethnicity and Differences in Contraception Among Low‐Income Women: Methods Received By Family PACT Clients, California, 2001–2007
Authors: Dehlendorf Christine , Foster Diana Greene , de Bocanegra Heike Thiel , Brindis Claire , Bradsberry Mary , Darney Philip 
Published: August 2011

CONTEXT: The extent to which racial and ethnic differences in method choice are associated with financial barriers is unclear. Understanding these associations may provide insight into how to address racial and ethnic disparities in unintended pregnancy.
METHODS: Claims data from the California Family PACT program, which provides free family planning services to low‐income residents, were used to determine the proportions of women receiving each type of contraceptive method in 2001–2007. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify associations between women’s race and ethnicity and the primary contraceptive method they received in 2007.
RESULTS: Compared with white women, blacks and Latinas were less likely to receive oral contraceptives (odds ratios, 0.4 and 0.6, respectively) and the contraceptive ring (0.7 and 0.5), and more likely to receive the injectable (1.6 and 1.4) and the patch (1.6 and 2.3). Black women were less likely than whites to receive the IUD (0.5), but more likely to receive barrier methods and emergency contraceptive pills (2.6); associations were similar, though weaker, for Latinas. Racial and ethnic disparities in receipt of effective methods declined between 2001 and 2005, largely because receipt of the patch (which was introduced in 2002) was higher among minority than white women.
CONCLUSION: Although Family PACT eliminates financial barriers to method choice, the methods women received differed substantially by race and ethnicity in this low‐income population. The reduction in racial and ethnic disparities following introduction of the patch suggests that methods with novel characteristics may increase acceptability of contraceptives among minority women.
Correlation Between Charpy Absorbed Energy Using 2 mm and 8 mm Strikers
Authors: Heping Li , Xing Zhou , Weicheng Xu 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
A method to investigate the correlation between KV2 and KV8 based on the absorbed energy-temperature curve is reported in this paper. Two cases are considered in the method: (1) a case where specimens are broken into two pieces, and (2) a case where the percentage of shear fracture is studied. If a specimen is broken into two parts, there are no significant differences in the KV2 and KV8 results. However, if a specimen is not broken into two parts, the KV8 is significantly higher than KV2.