bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in wingstroke kinematics associated with a change in swimming speed in a pteropod mollusk,Clione limacina
Authors: Szymik Brett G. , Satterlie Richard A. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYIn pteropod mollusks, the gastropod foot has evolved into two broad, wing-like structures that are rhythmically waved through the water for propulsion. The flexibility of the wings lends a tremendous range of motion, an advantage that could be exploited when changing locomotory speed. Here, we investigated the kinematic changes that take place during an increase in swimming speed in the pteropod mollusk Clione limacina. Clione demonstrates two distinct swim speeds: a nearly constant slow swimming behavior and a fast swimming behavior used for escape and hunting. The neural control of Clione's swimming is well documented, as are the neuromuscular changes that bring about Clione's fast swimming. This study examined the kinematics of this swimming behavior at the two speeds. High speed filming was used to obtain 3D data from individuals during both slow and fast swimming. Clione's swimming operates at a low Reynolds number, typically under 200. Within a given swimming speed, we found that wing kinematics are highly consistent from wingbeat to wingbeat, but differ between speeds. The transition to fast swimming sees a significant increase in wing velocity and angle of attack, and range of motion increases as the wings bend more during fast swimming. Clione likely uses a combination of drag-based and unsteady mechanisms for force production at both speeds. The neuromuscular control of Clione's speed change points to a two-gaited swimming behavior, and we consider the kinematic evidence for Clione's swim speeds being discrete gaits.
Developmental trajectories of gene expression reveal candidates for diapause termination: a key life-history transition in the apple maggot flyRhagoletis pomonella
Authors: Ragland Gregory J. , Egan Scott P. , Feder Jeffrey L. , Berlocher Stewart H. , Hahn Daniel A. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThe timing of dormancy is a rapidly evolving life-history trait playing a crucial role in the synchronization of seasonal life cycles and adaptation to environmental change. But the physiological mechanisms regulating dormancy in animals remain poorly understood. In insects, dormancy (diapause) is a developmentally dynamic state, and the mechanisms that control diapause transitions affect seasonal timing. Here we used microarrays to examine patterns of gene expression during dormancy termination: a crucial life-history transition in the apple maggot fly Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). This species is a model system for host race formation and ecological speciation via changes in diapause regulation of seasonality. Our goal was to pinpoint the timing of the transition from diapause to post-diapause development and to identify candidate genes and pathways for regulation of diapause termination. Samples were taken at six metabolically defined developmental landmarks, and time-series analysis suggests that release from metabolic depression coincides with preparation for or resumption of active cell cycling and morphogenesis, defining the ‘end’ of diapause. However, marked changes in expression, including members of pathways such as Wnt and TOR signaling, also occur prior to the metabolic rate increase, electing these pathways as candidates for early regulation of diapause termination. We discuss these results with respect to generalities in insect diapause physiology and to our long-term goal of identifying mechanisms of diapause adaptation in the Rhagoletis system.
The effect of work cycle frequency on the potentiation of dynamic force in mouse fast twitch skeletal muscle
Authors: Caterini Daniel , Gittings William , Huang Jian , Vandenboom Rene 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARY
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the potentiation of concentric twitch force during work cycles is dependent upon both the speed and direction of length change. Concentric and eccentric forces were elicited by stimulating muscles during the shortening and lengthening phases, respectively, of work cycles. Work cycle frequency was varied in order to vary the speed of muscle shortening and/or lengthening; all forces were measured as the muscle passed though optimal length (Lo). Both concentric and eccentric force were assessed before (unpotentiated control) and after (potentiated) the application of a tetanic conditioning protocol known to potentiate twitch force output. The influence of the conditioning protocol on relative concentric force was speed dependent, with forces increased to 1.19±0.01, 1.25±0.01 and 1.30±0.01 of controls at 1.5, 3.3 and 6.9 Hz, respectively (all data N=9–10 with P&lt;0.05). In contrast, the conditioning protocol had only a limited effect on eccentric force at these frequencies (range: 1.06±0.01 to 0.96±0.03). The effect of the conditioning protocol on concentric work (force × distance) was also speed dependent, being decreased at 1.5 Hz (0.84±0.01) and increased at 3.3 and 6.9 Hz (1.05±0.01 and 1.39±0.01, respectively). In contrast, eccentric work was not increased at any frequency (range: 0.88±0.02 to 0.99±0.01). Thus, our results reveal a hysteresis-like influence of activity-dependent potentiation such that concentric force and/or work were increased but eccentric force and/or work were not. These outcomes may have implications for skeletal muscle locomotor function in vivo.
Energy expenditure of freely swimming adult green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and its link with body acceleration
Authors: Enstipp Manfred R. , Ciccione Stéphane , Gineste Benoit , Milbergue Myriam , Ballorain Katia , Ropert-Coudert Yan , Kato Akiko , Plot Virginie , Georges Jean-Yves 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYMarine turtles are globally threatened. Crucial for the conservation of these large ectotherms is a detailed knowledge of their energy relationships, especially their at-sea metabolic rates, which will ultimately define population structure and size. Measuring metabolic rates in free-ranging aquatic animals, however, remains a challenge. Hence, it is not surprising that for most marine turtle species we know little about the energetic requirements of adults at sea. Recently, accelerometry has emerged as a promising tool for estimating activity-specific metabolic rates of animals in the field. Accelerometry allows quantification of the movement of animals (ODBA/PDBA, overall/partial dynamic body acceleration), which, after calibration, might serve as a proxy for metabolic rate. We measured oxygen consumption rates () of adult green turtles (Chelonia mydas; 142.1±26.9 kg) at rest and when swimming within a 13 m-long swim channel, using flow-through respirometry. We investigated the effect of water temperature (Tw) on turtle and tested the hypothesis that turtle body acceleration can be used as a proxy for . Mean mass-specific () of six turtles when resting at a Tw of 25.8±1.0°C was 0.50±0.09 ml min–1 kg–0.83. increased significantly with Tw and activity level. Changes in were paralleled by changes in respiratory frequency (fR). Deploying bi-axial accelerometers in conjunction with respirometry, we found a significant positive relationship between and PDBA that was modified by Tw. The resulting predictive equation was highly significant (r2=0.83, P&lt;0.0001) and associated error estimates were small (mean algebraic error 3.3%), indicating that body acceleration is a good predictor of in green turtles. Our results suggest that accelerometry is a suitable method to investigate marine turtle energetics at sea.
A Recyclable Solid Acid Catalyst Sulfated Titania for Easy Synthesis of Quinoxaline and Dipyridophenazine Derivatives under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Krishnakumar Balu , Swaminathan Meenakshisundaram 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
TiO2–SO42−, prepared by sol–gel method has been used for the synthesis of quinoxaline and dipyridophenizine derivatives under microwave irradiation. High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) images reveal the corrosion of TiO2 particles by sulfuric acid, which causes an increase in the acidity of the catalyst. Sulfate loading by H2SO4 increases catalytic activity of TiO2. This catalyst gives an excellent yield with less reaction time and is an inexpensive, easily recyclable and efficient catalyst for this reaction.
Carbon-Supported Palladium Sub-Nanometer Particle Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid Media
Authors: Shim Jun Ho , Jung Hyun Jung , Lee Youngmi , Lee Chongmok 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Pd nanoparticles (Pd NPs) on a carbon support (Pd/C) were synthesized in ethylene glycol containing poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) at various PVP/Pd precursor ratios. The sizes of the Pd NPs were controlled by varying the PVP concentration. Smaller Pd NPs were obtained at higher PVP concentrations. Indeed, the mean sizes of the Pd NPs with PVP/Pd precursor ratios of 0, 40, and 80 (Pd/C-0, -40, and -80) were 2.8 (±1.2), 1.5 (±0.3), and 0.8 (±0.3) nm, respectively, by TEM analysis. The electrocatalytic activities of the Pd/C catalysts toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were examined in a 0.1 M HClO4 solution using rotating disk electrode voltammetry. The smaller Pd NPs exhibited more efficient ORR properties, such as a more positive ORR onset potential (or half-wave potential, E1/2) and increased number of electrons (n) transferred in the ORR. In particular, the Pd/C-80 catalyst with a lower metal content (7.9 wt % Pd) showed desirable ORR performance in terms of the onset potential, n value, mass activity, and methanol tolerance.
Rapid and Continuous Polyol Process for Platinum Nanoparticle Synthesis Using a Single-mode Microwave Flow Reactor
Authors: Nishioka Masateru , Miyakawa Masato , Daino Yohei , Kataoka Haruki , Koda Hidekazu , Sato Koichi , Suzuki Toshishige M 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Rapid and continuous synthesis of size-controlled platinum nanoparticles is achieved using a single-mode microwave flow reactor controlled with temperature feedback module. Platinum nanoparticles are synthesized within 2.8 s of residence time in glycerol and 1,3-propanediol having large dielectric dissipation factor and high solvent viscosity.
Efavirenz interference in urine screening immunoassays for tetrahydrocannabinol
Authors: Oosthuizen Nicholette M , Laurens Johannes B 
Published: November 2011

Background It has been known for some time that the antiretroviral drug, efavirenz (EFV), cross-reacts in urine immunoassays for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Because published studies investigating this phenomenon are limited, cross-reactivity information for several immunoassays is lacking. Reports of possible false-positive THC results from clinicians conducting workplace testing prompted us to investigate cross-reactivity for assays frequently employed in our own setting. In light of the potentially deleterious consequences of misclassification, information about EFV cross-reactivity should be included in product information to facilitate interpretation of results and assay selection. Methods Random urine samples from 30 patients on EFV therapy were analysed for THC metabolites by two near-testing devices (THC One Step Marijuana and Rapid Response® Drugs of Abuse Test Strips) and two automated immunoassays (Roche Diagnostics Cannabinoids II and Beckman Coulter SYNCHRON® Systems THC2). THC confirmatory testing was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results GC-MS failed to detect THC metabolites in any of the samples, as did three of the four immunoassays. However, the Rapid Response® test strips yielded positive results in 28 out of 30 samples, which could be reversed on re-testing after sample pretreatment with glucuronidase. Conclusions Our study supports previous findings that interference is attributable to a glucuronidated EFV metabolite. We postulate that cross-reactivity is influenced by the composition of immunogens used to elicit anti-THC antibodies. Since access to such information is restricted, contributions from scientists in the antibody industry may be enlightening.
The Value of Pharmacy Services on a Short-Term Medical Mission Trip: Description of Services and Assessment of Team Satisfaction
Authors: Clements Jennifer N , Rager Michelle L , Vescovi Emily M 
Published: November 2011

Background: Pharmacists should be key members of a medical mission trip by providing assistance with medication knowledge and therapeutics. Objective: To determine the value of a pharmacist as a member of a medical mission team through (1) pharmacy interventions on 2 medical teams and 1 women's hearth team and (2) team satisfaction with the pharmacy services. Methods: Pharmacy interventions were documented by 2 medical teams and 1 women's health team and included, but were not limited to, dosing recommendations, medication selection, and therapeutic substitution. Team satisfaction was determined from a 10-question survey administered on the last clinical day to all team members except pharmacists, pharmacy students, and physical therapists. Results: The pharmacy service dispensed 2119 prescriptions, with an average number of prescriptions of 1.84 per patient. A total of 2340 interventions were provided by the pharmacy service, averaging 2.04 interventions per patient and 1.1 interventions per prescription. The survey indicated that a pharmacist serves an integral role for the multidisciplinary medical team. Conclusions: Pharmacists play an important role in a short-term medical mission trip by serving as sources for medication knowledge and ensuring appropriate medication therapy management as part of the interdisciplinary team.
Walking and Cycling in the United States, 2001–2009: Evidence From the National Household Travel Surveys
Authors: Pucher John , Buehler Ralph , Merom Dafna , Bauman Adrian 
Published: November 2011

Objectives. To assess changes in walking and cycling in the United States between 2001 and 2009. Methods. The 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Surveys were used to compute the frequency, duration, and distance of walking and cycling per capita. The population-weighted person and trip files were merged to calculate the prevalence of any walking and cycling and of walking and cycling at least 30 minutes per day. Results. The average American made 17 more walk trips in 2009 than in 2001, covering 9 more miles per year, compared with only 2 more bike trips, and 5 more miles cycling. At the population level, the prevalence of “any walking” remained unchanged (about 18%), whereas walking at least 30 minutes per day increased from 7.2% to 8.0%. The prevalence of “any cycling” and cycling 30 minutes per day remained unchanged (1.7% and 0.9%, respectively). Active travel declined for women, children, and seniors, but increased among men, the middle aged, employed, well-educated, and persons without a car. Conclusions. Walking increased slightly, whereas cycling levels stagnated, and the overall prevalence of active travel remained low. Improved infrastructure for walking and cycling must be combined with programs to encourage active travel among more groups, especially children, seniors, and women.
Physical and Mental Health, Cognitive Development, and Health Care Use by Housing Status of Low-Income Young Children in 20 American Cities: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Park Jung Min , Fertig Angela R. , Allison Paul D. 
Published: November 2011

Objectives. We assessed the independent effect of homeless and doubled-up episodes on physical and mental health, cognitive development, and health care use among children. Methods. We used data from 4 waves of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, involving a sample of 2631 low-income children in 20 large US cities who have been followed since birth. Multivariate analyses involved logistic regression using the hybrid method to include both fixed and random effects. Results. Of the sample, 9.8% experienced homelessness and an additional 23.6% had a doubled-up episode. Housing status had little significant adverse effect on child physical or mental health, cognitive development, or health care use. Conclusions. Family and environmental stressors common to many children in poverty, rather than just homeless and doubled-up episodes, were associated with young children's poor health and cognitive development and high health care use. Practitioners need to identify and respond to parental and family needs for support services in addition to housing assistance to effectively improve the health and development of young children who experience residential instability, particularly those in homeless families.
Evidence on the Trade-Off between Real Activities Manipulation and Accrual-Based Earnings Management
Authors: Zang Amy Y. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
I study whether managers use real activities manipulation and accrual-based earnings management as substitutes in managing earnings. I find that managers trade off the two earnings management methods based on their relative costs and that managers adjust the level of accrual-based earnings management according to the level of real activities manipulation realized. Using an empirical model that incorporates the costs associated with the two earnings management methods and captures managers' sequential decisions, I document large-sample evidence consistent with managers using real activities manipulation and accrual-based earnings management as substitutes.
Data Availability: Data are available from public sources indicated in the text.
The Impact of Religion on Financial Reporting Irregularities
Authors: McGuire Sean T. , Omer Thomas C. , Sharp Nathan Y. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
This study examines the impact of religion on financial reporting. We predict that firms in religious areas are less likely to engage in financial reporting irregularities because prior research links religiosity to reduced acceptance of unethical business practices. Our results suggest that firms headquartered in areas with strong religious social norms generally experience lower incidences of financial reporting irregularities. We also examine whether religiosity influences managers' methods of managing earnings. Although we find a negative association between religiosity and abnormal accruals, we find a positive association between religiosity and two measures of real earnings management, suggesting that managers in religious areas prefer real earnings management over accruals manipulation. We provide evidence that our results are not driven by firms headquartered in rural areas and conclude that religious social norms represent a mechanism for reducing costly agency conflicts, particularly when other external monitoring is low.
Data Availability: Contact the authors.
Determination of Chemical Composition of Plums During Pre-Treatment and Drying
Authors: Walkowiak-Tomczak Dorota 
Published: November 2011

Determination of Chemical Composition of Plums During Pre-Treatment and DryingThanks to drying, fruits are available on the market throughout the year. Parameters of drying conditions affect eg the content of bioactive compounds in the product. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of pretreatment conditions and the applied drying method on changes in the chemical composition of plums. Analyses were conducted on plums cv. 'Valor', which were subjected to pre-treatment including blanching, drilling and osmotic dehydration. Next they were dried by the convection method at air temperature of 60°C and flow rate of 1.5 m/s. Dehydration was run in a 61.5% sucrose solution at a temperature of 50°C for 1 or 2 h. Convection-dried plums, with no osmotic dehydration applied, constituted the reference sample. In fresh, dehydrated and dried fruits determinations included dry matter, polyphenols by colorimetry with the Folin reagent and contents of sugars by colorimetry using 3,5-DNS acid. As a result of blanching and dehydration the content of dry matter increased. Water loss after dehydration amounted to as much as 1.45 g H2O/g d.m.0after 2 h in comparison with blanched plums. As a result of dehydration total contents of sugars and polyphenols in plums decreased (mg/100 g d.m.). In convection-dried prunes the content of polyphenols was by 30÷50% higher than in the raw material, but lower than in the reference sample.
Effect of Magnesium Nutrition of Onion (Allium cepa L.). Part I. Yielding and Nutrient Status
Authors: Kleiber Tomasz , Golcz Anna , Krzesiński Włodzimierz 
Published: November 2011

Effect of Magnesium Nutrition of Onion (Allium cepaL.). Part I. Yielding and Nutrient StatusMagnesium (Mg) serves specific physiological functions in plants, as it participates in 250÷400 processes and may not be replaced by other elements, even those exhibiting similar physicochemical properties, such as Co2+, Mn2+or Ni2+. The aim of the conducted studies was to optimize magnesium nutrition of onion (Allium cepaL.), through the evaluation of yielding of plants, and to determine its effect on contents of the following elements in leaves and bulbs: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Magnesium was applied in the quick-acting form, MgSO4·7H2O, based on the chemical analyses of soil, in doses corresponding to 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg Mg·dm-3soil. The other nutrients were supplemented to standard levels recommended for the cultivation of onion, amounting to (in mg·dm-3soil) 150 N, 80 P and 200 K. Magnesium nutrition was found to have a positive effect on yielding of onion and its quality. Significantly the highest total yield (4.85 kg·m-2) and merchantable yield (4.78 kg·m-2) were obtained when applying Mg-100, which amounted to an increase by 38% and 45% in comparison with the control combination. Plant nutrition with magnesium in case of leaves significantly affected an improvement of their nutrient status for nitrogen, deterioration of calcium nutrition, while in case of leaves and bulbs that of potassium. Analyzed levels of magnesium nutrition had a significant effect on nutrient status of leaves and bulbs for this nutrient. Leaves accumulated more nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium than bulbs. Controlled magnesium nutrition of plants is an effective method of biofortification of onion with this nutrient.
Development and First Year Operation of Extended Wastewater Treatment Plant in Dobron
Authors: Żarczyński Andrzej , Witczak Piotr 
Published: November 2011

Development and First Year Operation of Extended Wastewater Treatment Plant in Dobron
The aim of the investigation was characterizing and operation assessment of the wastewater treatment plant in Dobron taking into consideration its flow capacity, before (350 m3/d) and after development including building of the second technological pipe with the same flow capacity (350 m3/d), finished in September, 2009. Concise description of the applied wastewater treatment technology and results of investigations concerning flow rates of wastewater within last few years, are presented. Example results of wastewater composition analysis and reached treatment conversion are described. Analysis results of screenings, sand removed from sand traps and stabilized sludge are shown.