bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decay functions and criminal spatial processes: geographical offender profiling of volume crime
Authors: Hammond Laura , Youngs Donna 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAlthough it is now well established across diverse samples that the frequency of offending ‘decays’ as distance from the home/base increases, it remains unclear what form of decay function best characterises this relationship. Different forms of decay function reflect different patterns and rates of decrease in the likelihood of offending as distance from the home/base increases. These different patterns imply rather different underlying psychological processes. Therefore, considerations of the particular function characterising distance decay elucidate explanations of offender spatial behaviour. To bring to light the possible psychological and behavioural processes inherent in offending distance decay, the present study examined the fit of logarithmic, negative exponential, and quadratic decay functions to the distribution of the distances travelled to offend by a sample of 70 prolific burglars from the UK. It is argued that these functions are consistent with the operation of perceptual processes of magnitude estimation, friction or effort effects, and the influences of cost‐benefit assessments, respectively. The results indicate that offending distance decay patterns most closely fit the logarithmic function, consistent with Stevens' perceptual processes of distortion in magnitude estimation, whilst not ruling out additional processes relating to the increased effort required in travelling greater distances to offend. Because most geographical profiling systems are built upon the distance decay function, the impact of utilising the different forms of function on the accuracy of geographic profiles was also assessed utilising ‘search cost’ calculations. The results showed little impact of applying different decay functions. Thus, whilst the decay function does have important theoretical implications for understanding offender spatial behaviour, it is noted that the particular variant used does not significantly impact on the effectiveness of geographical profiling systems as they currently exist. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of plasmonic bowtie nanoring array with high sensitivity and reproducibility for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Lina , Cai Likang , Zhang Jing , Bai Wenli , Hu Haifeng , Song Guofeng 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA metallic bowtie nanoring array is designed to gain high sensitive and reproducible substrate for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), the electric field enhancement factors (EFs) and the electric field distribution of the bowtie and bowtie nanoring array are numerically investigated by means of the finite‐difference time domain (FDTD) method. After the optimization of the particle size and the array period, the maximum electromagnetic field EF approaches 153, and the corresponding SERS electromagnetic enhancement factor (EMEF) reaches 5.4 × 108. This highly sensitive and reproducible substrate can be a good candidate for SERS applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and ab initio DFT calculated Raman spectrum of Sudan I, a red dye
Authors: Kunov‐Kruse Andreas J. , Kristensen Steffen B. , Liu Chuan , Berg Rolf W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe red dye Sudan I was investigated by Raman spectroscopy using different excitation wavelengths (1064, 532 and 244 nm). A calculation of the Raman spectrum based on quantum mechanical ab initio density functional theory (DFT) was made using the RB3LYP method with the 3‐21G and 6‐311 + G(d,p) basis sets. The vibrations in the region 1600–1000 cm−1 were found to comprise various mixed modes including in‐plane stretching and bending of various CC, NN, CN and CO bonds and angles in the molecule. Below ∼900 cm−1, the out‐of‐plane bending modes were dominant. The central hydrazo chromophore of the Sudan I molecule was involved in the majority of the vibrations through NN and CN stretching and various bending modes. Low‐intensity bands in the lower wavenumber range (at about 721, 616, 463 and 218 cm−1) were selectively enhanced by the resonance Raman effect when using the 532 nm excitation line. Comparison was made with other azo dyes in the literature on natural, abundant plant pigments. The results show that there is a possibility in foodstuff analysis to distinguish Sudan I from other dyes by using Raman spectroscopy with more than one laser wavelength for resonance enhancement of the different bands Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman, infrared, SERS and theoretical study of 3‐(1‐phenylpropan‐2‐ylamino) propanenitrile, fenproporex
Authors: Fleming Guillermo Diaz , Célis Freddy , Campos‐Vallette Marcelo , Aliaga Alvaro E. , Escobar Marcela , Koch Rainer 
Published: February 2011

AbstractInfrared, Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of 3‐(1‐phenylpropan‐2‐ylamino)propanenitrile (fenproporex) have been recorded. Density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional was used for optimizations of ground state geometries and simulation of Raman and SERS vibrational spectra of this molecule. Bands of the vibrational spectra were assigned in detail. The comparison of SERS spectra obtained by using colloidal silver and gold nanoparticles with the corresponding Raman spectrum reveals enhancement and shifts in bands, suggesting a possible partial charge‐transfer mechanism in the SERS effect. Information about the orientation of fenproporex on the nanometer‐sized metal structures is also obtained. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen bonding dynamics of cyclodextrin–water solutions by depolarized light scattering
Authors: Rossi B. , Comez L. , Fioretto D. , Lupi L. , Caponi S. , Rossi F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDepolarized light scattering measurements performed on aqueous solutions of α‐cyclodextrin are used for investigating the hydration properties of this natural cyclic oligosaccharide, which is well known for its ability to form inclusion complexes with a large variety of guest hydrophobic molecules. The spectral analysis allows the characterization of the solvent relaxation process assigned to hydration water, which is found to be seven to eight times slower than the bulk. As a structural information, the number of water molecules involved in the hydration process is also estimated at about 46. These results are a key step for understanding the role played by water in determining the properties of different forms of cyclodextrins and their derivatives, in turn related to complexation ability of these macrocycles. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Origin of the Raman mode at 379 cm−1 observed in ZnO thin films grown on sapphire
Authors: Souissi A. , Marzouki A. , Sayari A. , Sallet V. , Lusson A. , Oueslati M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this work, we present a detailed Raman scattering study to clarify the origin of the mode at 379 cm−1 which is observed in Raman spectra of the ZnO films grown on c‐sapphire substrates and generally attributed to the A1‐transverse optical (A1‐TO) mode of ZnO. The studied ZnO films were deposited by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition on c‐sapphire and (0001) ZnO substrates. In the z(−,−)z̄ backscattering configuration, the A1‐TO mode is forbidden, while the 379 cm−1 peak is still observed in the as‐deposited film grown on sapphire substrate. However, this mode is not observed in Raman spectra of the as deposited film grown on ZnO substrate. We suggest that the peak at 379 cm−1 is the E1g mode of the sapphire substrate which is allowed in z(−,−)z̄ backscattering configuration. The effects of annealing, the substrate and the collection cross‐section on Raman active modes were analyzed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of Raman spectra through a case‐based reasoning system: application to artistic pigments
Authors: Castanys M. , Perez‐Pueyo R. , Soneira M. J. , Golobardes E. , Fornells A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper presents a methodology conceived as a support system to identify unknown materials by means of the automatic recognition of their Raman spectra. Initially, the design and implementation of the system were framed in an artistic context where the Raman spectra analyzed belong to artistic pigments. The analysis of the pigmentation used in an artwork constitutes one of the most important contributions in its global study. This paper proposes a methodology to systematically identify Raman spectra, following the way analysts usually work in their laboratory but avoiding their assessment and subjectivity. It is a three‐phase methodology that automates the spectral comparison, which is based on one of the most powerful paradigms inmachine learning: the case‐based reasoning (CBR) systems. A CBR system is able to solve a problem by using specific knowledge of previous experiences (well‐known spectral library of patterns) and finding the most similar past cases (patterns), reusing and adapting them to the new problem situation (unknown spectrum). The system results in a global signal processing methodology that includes different phases such as reducing the Raman spectral expression by means of the principal component analysis, the definition of similarity measures to objectively quantify the spectral similarity and providing a final value obtained by a fuzzy logic system that will help the analyst to take a decision. The major benefit of a Raman spectral identification system lies in offering a decision‐support tool to those who are not experts or under difficult situations with respect to Raman spectroscopy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SVD‐based method for intensity normalization, background correction and solvent subtraction in Raman spectroscopy exploiting the properties of water stretching vibrations
Authors: Palacký Jan , Mojzeš Peter , Bok Jiří 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA semiautomated method combining intensity normalization with effective elimination of the solvent signal and non‐Raman background is presented for Raman spectra of biochemical and biological analytes in aqueous solutions. The method is particularly suitable for rapid and effortless preprocessing of extensive datasets taken as a function of gradually varied physicochemical parameters, e.g. analyte and/or ligand concentration, temperature, pH, pressure, ionic strength, time, etc. For intensity normalization, the strong Raman OH stretching band of water in the range of 2700–3900 cm−1 recorded together with the analyte spectrum in the fingerprint region below 1800 cm−1 is employed as internal intensity standard. Concomitant dependences of the solvent Raman spectra are taken into account and, in some cases, turned into advantage. Once the Raman spectra of the solvent are acquired for a particular range of the parameter varied, solvent contribution can be subtracted correctly from any analyte spectrum taken within this range. The procedure presented can be efficiently applied only for the analytes having their own Raman signal in the range of OH stretching vibrations much weaker than that of the solvent. However, this is the case for a great number of biochemical and biological samples. Accuracy, reliability and robustness of the method were tested under the conditions of spontaneous Raman, resonance Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering. Serviceability of the method is demonstrated by several real‐world examples. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy of sol–gel derived titanium oxide thin films
Authors: Wang Xiaodong , Shen Jun , Pan Qiang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRaman spectra of TiO2 films prepared via the sol–gel process were studied by UV and visible Raman spectroscopy. The evolution of the phases of TiO2 films during annealing was investigated, and the relative intensities of the Raman bands excited with 325 nm were found to be distinct from those of the bands excited with 514 nm. The transmittance and FTIR spectra of the films annealed at different temperatures were characterized. The crystallization process of the powders and thin films treated by different annealing methods were also studied with Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the change in the relative intensities is caused by the resonance Raman effect. The anatase to rutile transition of the powder occurs at 700 °C, while that of the thin film occurs at 800 °C. The analysis of Raman band shape (peak position and full width at half‐maximum) after conventional furnace annealing and rapid thermal annealing indicates the influence of the non‐stoichiometry and phonon confinement effect. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Softening behavior of acoustic phonon mode in ZnO nanoparticles: the effect of impurities and particle size variation with temperature
Authors: Yadav Harish Kumar , Sreenivas K. , Katiyar R. S. , Gupta Vinay 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDecay dynamics of the acoustic phonon mode in ZnO nanoparticles, synthesized using the wet chemical technique, is investigated. It is well established that optic phonon modes in a semiconductor favor an anharmonic decay dynamics; in contrast, acoustic modes evidence a rather complex decay behavior, manifesting their dependence on other parameters such as particle size, impurity species, etc. At lower temperatures (T < 500 K), the anharmonic decay process, caused by the weakening of the bond strength, is responsible for the observed decrease in the acoustic mode wavenumbers. However, particle growth due to the coalescence sintering process is prominent at higher temperatures (>600 K) and governs the softening behavior of the acoustic phonon mode towards the Rayleigh line. On the other hand, the precursor species and reaction byproducts on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles induce an anomalous softening behavior in the decay dynamics at specific temperatures by damping the acoustic phonon mode. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sonography in carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Hunderfund Andrea N. Leep , Boon Andrea J. , Mandrekar Jayawant N. , Sorenson Eric J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIntroduction: Our objective in this study was to assess the diagnostic utility of the median nerve cross‐sectional area (CSA) at the wrist, the wrist–forearm ratio, and the wrist–forearm difference in patients with and without carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Methods: Individuals with electrodiagnostically proven CTS and asymptomatic control subjects were recruited prospectively from among patients referred to our electrodiagnostic laboratory. Blinded measurements of CSA were made from transverse sonographic images of the median nerve at the wrist (pisiform) and mid‐forearm. Results: Fifty‐five cases and 49 controls were recruited. Wrist median nerve CSA (15 vs. 9 mm2; P < 0.0001), wrist–forearm ratio (3.09 vs. 1.90 mm2; P < 0.0001), and wrist–forearm difference (10 vs. 4 mm2; P < 0.0001) were all significantly larger in CTS cases (areas under the curve = 0.89, 0.82, and 0.88, respectively). Conclusions: Median nerve CSA at the carpal tunnel inlet and wrist–forearm difference provides the best discrimination between patients with CTS and controls according to receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis. Age, gender, height, weight, and wrist size have no effect on CSA. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Epidermolysis bullosa with late‐onset muscular dystrophy and plectin deficiency
Authors: Yiu Eppie M. , Klausegger Alfred , Waddell Leigh B. , Grasern Nikolaus , Lloyd Lyn , Tran Kim , North Kathryn N. , Bauer Johann W. , McKelvie Penelope , Chow C.W. , Ryan Monique M. , Murrell Dedee F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEpidermolysis bullosa associated with muscular dystrophy is a rare, autosomal recessive form of epidermolysis bullosa simplex caused by mutations in the plectin gene, PLEC1. We describe a phenotypically mild case due to compound heterozygous mutations in PLEC1 (2677_2685del and the novel mutation Q1644X). Clinical features included mild skin blistering since birth, slowly progressive and late‐onset upper limb–predominant weakness, facial weakness, ptosis, incomplete ophthalmoplegia, and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Muscle Nerve 44: 135–141, 2011
Paediatric post‐marketing pharmacovigilance: comparison of the adverse event profile of vigabatrin prescribed to children and adults
Authors: Aurich‐Barrera Beate , Wilton Lynda , Brown David , Shakir Saad 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTPurposePost‐marketing pharmacovigilance is a cornerstone of monitoring and evaluating the safety of medicines in children and adults. However the methods may require modification to detect paediatric signals. The aim of this study was to compare the adverse event (AE) profile of children and adults taking vigabatrin, using modified signal detection methods (SDMs).MethodsData from the vigabatrin prescription‐event monitoring study an observational cohort study (cohort 10 177 patients), stratified into one paediatric (0–17 years) and one adult (≥18 years) age group were examined using summary statistics for adverse drug reactions (ADRs), reasons for stopping and deaths. Incidence densities of AEs in children and adults in the first month of treatment were compared to months two to six to examine whether the AE rate was different in these two periods. AE rates in children were compared to those in adults (proportional reporting rates; PRRs and incidence rate ratios), to compare the AE profile between these age groups.ResultsAbnormal behaviour (PRR 5.3) and hyperactivity (PRR 4.5) were more frequently reported in children; confusion (PRR 25.0) and psychosis (PRR 12.5) more frequently in adults. In children 11.8% of ADRs were reported to the regulatory authority compared to 27.3% in adults. A higher proportion of children stopped treatment due to lack of effectiveness (57.7% vs. 47.5%). No deaths were attributed to vigabatrin.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that modified SDMs can be used to detect differences in the AE profiles between children and adults taking a medicinal product, and also to identify drug safety signals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Successful graduate students: The roles of personality traits and emotional intelligence
Authors: Grehan Patrick M. , Flanagan Rosemary , Malgady Robert G. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractGiven the complex role of school psychologists, it is in the interest of stakeholders to identify characteristics related to student success in graduate training, which is suggestive of their effectiveness as practitioners. This study explores the relationship of personality traits and Emotional Intelligence (EI) to graduate students' performance in the classroom and the field. Participants were 63 school psychology students who completed measures of EI and Big Five personality traits. These measures were compared with two outcomes that can be indicators of success: Graduate grade point average (GGPA) and supervisor ratings of student performance at internship upon completion of their studies. EI was significantly correlated with GGPA; personality traits were not. The personality trait Conscientiousness and EI were significantly correlated with internship ratings. The implications and limitations of this preliminary data set for school psychology training programs are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Examining the accuracy of teachers' judgments of DIBELS performance
Authors: Martin Stacy D. , Shapiro Edward S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to examine the accuracy of teachers' judgments of students' early literacy skills and to determine if students' achievement levels influenced teachers' judgments. Typical and lower‐achieving kindergarten and first‐grade students' scores on the Nonsense Word Fluency and Phoneme Segmentation Fluency measures of the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) were compared to the predicted performance by their teachers. Results showed a moderately strong correlation between teachers' judgments and students' performance across all of the students, which is consistent with past research. Teachers' judgments, however, consistently and significantly overestimated the actual performance of students, particularly those who were typically performing students. The findings of the investigation suggest that relying on teachers' judgments of students' early literacy skills alone may be insufficient to accurately identify students at risk for reading difficulties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The fragmentation of the global climate governance architecture
Authors: Zelli Fariborz 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe term fragmentation implies that policy domains are marked by a patchwork of public and private institutions that differ in their character, constituencies, spatial scope, subject matter, and objectives. While the degree of fragmentation varies across issue areas and their respective architectures, global climate politics is characterized by an advanced state of institutional diversity. In recent years, scholars have increasingly addressed this emerging phenomenon of international relations. The article finds that the predominant focus of these studies has been on dyadic overlaps, i.e., interlinkages between two institutions, and less on the overarching level of entire architectures and their degree of fragmentation. This goes in particular for research on the global climate change architecture. Many studies have attended to the relationship between the United Nations climate regime and other institutions: multilateral technology partnerships, regimes regulating other environmental domains like ozone or biological diversity, and regimes from non‐environmental issue areas like the world trade regime. However, a cross‐cutting account of these overlaps which addresses the overall implications of institutional fragmentation on climate change is still missing. As possible areas for further research the article identifies: consequences of fragmentation (e.g., a new division of labor or increased inter‐institutional conflict), fragmentation management and conditions of its effectiveness; theory‐driven analyses on the reasons of fragmentation within and across policy domains.WIREs Clim Change2011 2 255–270 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.104This article is categorized under:Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance