bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preoperative regional cerebral oxygen saturation is a predictor of postoperative delirium in on-pump cardiac surgery patients: a prospective observational trial
Authors: Schoen Julika , Meyerrose Joscha , Paarmann Hauke , Heringlake Matthias , Hueppe Michael , Berger Klaus-Ulrich 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Introduction
Postoperative delirium is an important problem in patients undergoing major surgery. Cerebral oximetry is a non-invasive method to detect imbalances in the cerebral oxygen supply/demand-ratio. Low preoperative cerebral oxygen saturation (ScO2) levels have been associated with postoperative delirium in non-cardiac surgery patients. The present prospective observational study determines the relationship between pre- and intra-operative ScO2 levels and postoperative delirium in patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery.

Methods
After approval of the local ethical committee and written informed consent, N = 231 patients scheduled for elective/urgent cardiac surgery were enrolled. Delirium was assessed by the confusion-assessment-method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU) on the first three days after surgery. ScO2 was obtained on the day before surgery, immediately before surgery and throughout the surgical procedure. Preoperative cognitive function, demographic, surgery related, and intra- and post-operative physiological data were registered.

Results
Patients with delirium had lower pre- and intra-operative ScO2 readings, were older, had lower mini-mental-status-examination(MMSE) scores, higher additive EuroScore and lower preoperative haemoglobin-levels. The binary logistic regression identified older age, lower MMSE, neurological or psychiatric disease and lower preoperative ScO2 as independent predictors of postoperative delirium.

Conclusions
The presented study shows that a low preoperative ScO2 is associated with postoperative delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery.
Effect of fluid loading during hypovolaemic shock on caspofungin pharmacokinetic parameters in pig
Authors: Roch Antoine , Woloch Christian , Blayac Dorothée , Solas Caroline , Quaranta Sylvie , Mardelle Vincent , Castanier Matthias , Papazian Laurent , Sampol-Manos Emmanuelle 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Introduction
Caspofungin treatment is frequently initiated in shock patients. In the present study, we investigated the influence of hypovolaemic shock requiring fluid loading on the plasma and pulmonary pharmacokinetic parameters of caspofungin in the pig.

Methods
After being anaesthetised and mechanically ventilated, 12 pigs were bled to induce a two-hour deep shock and resuscitated using normal saline based on haemodynamic goals. A one-hour infusion of 70 mg of caspofungin was started at the beginning of the resuscitation period. The lungs were removed four hours after caspofungin administration. Sixteen animals served as controls without haemorrhage. Caspofungin concentrations were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography, and a two-compartment population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed.

Results
In the shock group, the volume of blood removed was 39 ± 7 mL/kg and a volume of 90 ± 17 mL/kg saline was infused throughout the resuscitation period. The extravascular lung water index was higher in the shock group (9.3 ± 1.6 mL/kg vs 5.7 ± 1 mL/kg in the control group; P < 0.01). In the shock group, the median (interquartile range) maximal plasma concentration was 37% lower than in the control group (21.6 μg/mL (20.7 to 22.3) vs 33.1 μg/mL (28.1 to 38.3); P < 0.01). The median area under curve (AUC) from zero to four hours was 25% lower in the shock group than in the control group (60.3 hours × μg/mL (58.4 to 66.4) vs 80.8 hours × μg/mL (78.3 to 96.9); P < 0.01), as was the median lung caspofungin concentration (1.22 μg/g (0.89 to 1.46) vs 1.64 μg/g (1.22 to 2.01); P < 0.01). However, the plasma-to-tissue ratios were not different between the groups, indicating that lung diffusion of caspofungin was not affected after shock followed by fluid loading. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the peripheral volume of distribution of caspofungin and intercompartmental clearance were significantly higher in the shock group, as was the total apparent volume of distribution.

Conclusions
Hypovolaemic shock followed by fluid loading in the pig results in a significant increase in the apparent volume of distribution of caspofungin and in a decrease in its plasma and pulmonary exposition. Although our model was associated with capillary leakage and pulmonary oedema, our results should be generalised to the septic shock with caution. Future investigations should focus on monitoring plasma caspofungin concentrations and optimal caspofungin dosing in shock patients.
Trial Grouting under Rigid Pavement: A Case History in Magong Airport, Penghu
Authors: Ni James C. , Cheng Wen-Chieh 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
A trial pressure grouting program is conducted to restore the load carrying capabilities of Portland cement concrete slabs that have been in service for a number of years and are showing signs of distress. First, a series of laboratory tests are conducted to find a Portland cement grout mix with the appropriate properties of fluidity, viscosity, stability, shrinkage, and strength. Second, ground penetrating radar (GPR) is used to detect the possible voids under the slab before grouting, and falling weight deflectometer (FWD) is concurrently used to evaluate the load bearing capacity from slab deflection. Then trial grouting under the slab is conducted after the grout holes are installed based on the results derived from GPR. The grouting process will be halted if the injection pressure increment over the initial contact pressure is larger than 0.5 kg/cm2 or the slab heave is over 1 mm throughout the trial pressure grouting program. The elevations at various locations of each slab are closely monitored during grouting. Last, the GPR is used again to evaluate the effectiveness of slab stabilization. Then, FWD is also used to evaluate the effectiveness to restore the load carrying capability of the slab from grouting. This program is successfully achieved verifying by a series of laboratory and field tests undertaken before and after grouting.
Das Informationssystem MetaCrop zur Unterstützung systembiologischer Forschung an Kulturpflanzen
Authors: Weise Stephan , Chen Jinbo , Junker Björn , Klapperstück Matthias , Lange Matthias , Schreiber Falk , Scholz Uwe 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Die stetig wachsende Bedeutung von Kulturpflanzen zur Ernährung und zur industriellen Verwendung erfordert es, deren Eigenschaften kontinuierlich zu verbessern. Zur Unterstützung der lebenswissenschaftlichen Forschung in diesem Bereich wurde das Informationssystem MetaCrop entwickelt, welches Daten über metabolische Netzwerke (Pathways) agronomisch bedeutsamer Organismen verwaltet. Der Fokus des Systems liegt neben der ausschließlichen Verwendung manuell kurierter, und damit qualitativ hochwertiger, Informationen auf der hohen Granularität der gespeicherten Daten, mit der versucht wird, die hohe biologische Komplexität der Pflanzen abzubilden. MetaCrop ist unter der URL http://metacrop.ipk-gatersleben.de verfügbar.
Impact of Maternal Diabetes Mellitus on Mortality and Morbidity of Preterm Infants (24–33 Weeks' Gestation)
Authors: Bental Yoram , Reichman Brian , Shiff Yakov , Weisbrod Meir , Boyko Valentina , Lerner-Geva Liat , Mimouni Francis B. ,   in Collaboration With the Israel Neonatal Network
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE:
We hypothesized that maternal diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk for mortality, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and major complications of prematurity.

METHODS:
Analysis of prospectively collected (1995–2007) Israel National Very Low Birth Weight Infant Database. Maternal DM was recorded as pregestational or gestational. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the independent effect of maternal DM status on infant mortality, RDS, and other complications of prematurity.

RESULTS:
Infants of mothers with pregestational (n = 120) and gestational (n = 825) DM were similar, and their data were pooled for analyses. Mothers with DM were more likely to have received a complete course of prenatal steroids than control mothers. Infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) had a slightly higher gestational age and birthweight than non-IDM's. Distribution of birthweight percentiles and the mean birthweight z scores were similar. Apgar scores were statistically higher in the IDM group. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of delivery room mortality, RDS, and other major complications of prematurity. Total mortality and bronchopulmonary dysplasia rates were significantly higher in the nondiabetic group. The adjusted odds ratios for mortality, RDS, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, and patent ductus arteriosus were not significantly increased in the IDM group.

CONCLUSIONS:
With modern management and adequate prenatal care, IDM born very low birthweight do not seem to be at an excess risk of developing RDS or other major complications of prematurity compared with non-IDM.
Proton mobility in SiO2 thin films and impact of hydrogen and humidity on the resistive switching effect
Authors: Tappertzhofen Stefan , Hempel Marek , Valov Ilia , Waser Rainer 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTSilicon dioxide based Electrochemical Metallization (ECM) cells were intensively studied as a promising candidate for CMOS compatible non-volatile memory devices. The resistance of ECM cells can be switched between a high resistive (OFF) state and a low resistive (ON) state by applying a sufficient voltage or current pulse. This resistance transition is attributed to the formation and rupture of a few nanometers in diameter metallic filament. However, the metal ion transport which is believed to be responsible for the filamentary switching mechanism is not understood in detail. In case of SiO2 we suppose protons or humidity may enhance the metal ion transport.In this work we report our studies on the proton incorporation in amorphous SiO2 thin films focused on the impact of hydrogen and humidity on the resistive switching effect. The switching behavior was analyzed by current-voltage measurements performed at different ambient conditions. The incorporation of hydrogen has been confirmed by Time-of-Flight Secondary-Ion-Mass-Spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS). The results led to an expansion of the defect model proposed in the literature.
Rotavirus Disease Burden and Molecular Epidemiology in Children with Acute Diarrhoea Age Less than 5 Years in Nepal
Authors: Sherchand JB , Cuncliffe NA , Tandukar S , Yookoo M , Pandey BD , Niraula P , Panta AR , Nakagomi O 
Published: September 2011

Introduction: Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. The aim of the study was to determine rotavirus disease burden and distribution of rotavirus genotypes in children less than five years of age. Methodology: Stool samples were collected from 1768 hospital admitted children under 5 years of age with acute watery diarrhea during November 2005 to October 2008. Rotavirus in stool samples was detected by Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA) and positive specimens for rotavirus positive was genotyped by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and sequencing methods. Results: The prevalence of rotavirus was 36.59% (647/1768). Detection was higher in male (33.3%) than female (26.9%). The prevalence was higher during the month of January (2005-06) and February in other periods. During 2005-06, high prevalence of rotavirus was noted in children of age between 6-11 months while in 2006-07 and 2007-08 high prevalence was seen in age group 12-23 months. The most common genotyping of rotavirus identified 5 G types and 3 P types. Genotypes G12 and P [8] were most common during both periods studied (G12; 50%, 29% 33.7% in 2005-06, 2006-07 and 2007-08 respectively and P[8]; 47%, 35% and 43.5% in 2005-06, 2006-07 and 2007-08 respectively). Among six combined genotypes, G12P [6] was most prevalent (34%, 24% and 47.5% in 2005-06, 2006-07 and 2007-08 respectively) where as G1P [6] (4%) was seen in year 2007- 08 only. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the burden of rotavirus diarrhea in Nepal. The data on rotavirus genotypes will help inform decisions as to whether rotavirus vaccine should be considered for inclusion in to Nepal’s National Immunization Program. Key words: Rotavirus; Diarrhea; Genotyping; Children DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v31i3.5360 J Nep Paedtr Soc 2011;31(3): 209-215
Increased Numbers of Preexisting Memory CD8 T Cells and Decreased T-bet Expression Can Restrain Terminal Differentiation of Secondary Effector and Memory CD8 T Cells
Authors: Joshi Nikhil S. , Cui Weiguo , Dominguez Claudia X. , Chen Jonathan H. , Hand Timothy W. , Kaech Susan M. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Memory CD8 T cells acquire effector memory cell properties after reinfection and may reach terminally differentiated, senescent states (“Hayflick limit”) after multiple infections. The signals controlling this process are not well understood, but we found that the degree of secondary effector and memory CD8 T cell differentiation was intimately linked to the amount of T-bet expressed upon reactivation and preexisting memory CD8 T cell number (i.e., primary memory CD8 T cell precursor frequency) present during secondary infection. Compared with naive cells, memory CD8 T cells were predisposed toward terminal effector (TE) cell differentiation because they could immediately respond to IL-12 and induce T-bet, even in the absence of Ag. TE cell formation after secondary (2°) or tertiary infections was dependent on increased T-bet expression because T-bet+/− cells were resistant to these phenotypic changes. Larger numbers of preexisting memory CD8 T cells limited the duration of 2° infection and the amount of IL-12 produced, and consequently, this reduced T-bet expression and the proportion of 2° TE CD8 T cells that formed. Together, these data show that over repeated infections, memory CD8 T cell quality and proliferative fitness is not strictly determined by the number of serial encounters with Ag or cell divisions, but is a function of the CD8 T cell differentiation state, which is genetically controlled in a T-bet–dependent manner. This differentiation state can be modulated by preexisting memory CD8 T cell number and the intensity of inflammation during reinfection. These results have important implications for vaccinations involving prime-boost strategies.
Nucleosides fromPhlebotomus papatasiSalivary Gland Ameliorate Murine Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Impairing Dendritic Cell Functions
Authors: Carregaro Vanessa , Sá-Nunes Anderson , Cunha Thiago M. , Grespan Renata , Oliveira Carlo J. F. , Lima-Junior Djalma S. , Costa Diego L. , Verri Waldiceu A. , Milanezi Cristiane M. , Pham Van My , Brand David D. , Valenzuela Jesus G. , Silva João S. , Ribeiro José M. C. , Cunha Fernando Q. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAmong several pharmacological compounds, Phlebotomine saliva contains substances with anti-inflammatory properties. In this article, we demonstrated the therapeutic activity of salivary gland extract (SGE) of Phlebotomus papatasi in an experimental model of arthritis (collagen-induced arthritis [CIA]) and identified the constituents responsible for such activity. Daily administration of SGE, initiated at disease onset, attenuated the severity of CIA, reducing the joint lesion and proinflammatory cytokine release. In vitro incubation of dendritic cells (DCs) with SGE limited specific CD4+ Th17 cell response. We identified adenosine (ADO) and 5′AMP as the major salivary molecules responsible for anti-inflammatory activities. Pharmacologic inhibition of ADO A2A receptor or enzymatic catabolism of salivary nucleosides reversed the SGE-induced immunosuppressive effect. Importantly, CD73 (ecto-5′-nucleotidase enzyme) is expressed on DC surface during stage of activation, suggesting that ADO is also generated by 5′AMP metabolism. Moreover, both nucleosides mimicked SGE-induced anti-inflammatory activity upon DC function in vitro and attenuated establishment of CIA in vivo. We reveal that ADO and 5′AMP are present in pharmacological amounts in P. papatasi saliva and act preferentially on DC function, consequently reducing Th17 subset activation and suppressing the autoimmune response. Thus, it is plausible that these constituents might be promising therapeutic molecules to target immune inflammatory diseases.
Prenatal Secondhand Cigarette Smoke Promotes Th2 Polarization and Impairs Goblet Cell Differentiation and Airway Mucus Formation
Authors: Singh Shashi P. , Gundavarapu Sravanthi , Peña-Philippides Juan C. , Rir-sima-ah Jules , Mishra Neerad C. , Wilder Julie A. , Langley Raymond J. , Smith Kevin R. , Sopori Mohan L. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Parental, particularly maternal, smoking increases the risk for childhood allergic asthma and infection. Similarly, in a murine allergic asthma model, prenatal plus early postnatal exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke (SS) exacerbates airways hyperreactivity and Th2 responses in the lung. However, the mechanism and contribution of prenatal versus early postnatal SS exposure on allergic asthma remain unresolved. To identify the effects of prenatal and/or early postnatal SS on allergic asthma, BALB/c dams and their offspring were exposed gestationally and/or 8–10 wk postbirth to filtered air or SS. Prenatal, but not postnatal, SS strongly increased methacholine and allergen (Aspergillus)-induced airway resistance, Th2 cytokine levels, and atopy and activated the Th2-polarizing pathway GATA3/Lck/ERK1/2/STAT6. Either prenatal and/or early postnatal SS downregulated the Th1-specific transcription factor T-bet and, surprisingly, despite high levels of IL-4/IL-13, dramatically blocked the allergen-induced mucous cell metaplasia, airway mucus formation, and the expression of mucus-related genes/proteins: Muc5ac, γ-aminobutyric acid A receptors, and SAM pointed domain-containing Ets-like factor. Given that SS/nicotine exposure of normal adult mice promotes mucus formation, the results suggested that fetal and neonatal lung are highly sensitive to cigarette smoke. Thus, although the gestational SS promotes Th2 polarization/allergic asthma, it may also impair and/or delay the development of fetal and neonatal lung, affecting mucociliary clearance and Th1 responses. Together, this may explain the increased susceptibility of children from smoking parents to allergic asthma and childhood respiratory infections.
Nanograssed Micropyramidal Architectures for Continuous Dropwise Condensation
Authors: Chen Xuemei , Wu Jun , Ma Ruiyuan , Hua Meng , Koratkar Nikhil , Yao Shuhuai , Wang Zuankai 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEngineering the dropwise condensation of water on surfaces is critical in a wide range of applications from thermal management (e.g. heat pipes, chip cooling etc.) to water harvesting technologies. Surfaces that enable both efficient droplet nucleation and droplet self‐removal (i.e. droplet departure) are essential to accomplish successful dropwise condensation. However it is extremely challenging to design such surfaces. This is because droplet nucleation requires a wettable surface while droplet departure necessitates a super‐hydrophobic surface. Here we report that these conflicting requirements can be satisfied using a hierarchical (multiscale) nanograssed micropyramid architecture that yield a gobal superhydrophobicity as well as locally wettable nucleation sites, allowing for ˜65% increase in the drop number density and ˜450% increase in the drop self‐removal volume as compared to a superhydrophobic surface with nanostructures alone. Further we find that synergistic co‐operation between the hierarchical structures contributes directly to a continuous process of nucleation, coalescence, departure, and re‐nucleation enabling sustained dropwise condensation over prolonged periods. Exploiting such multiscale coupling effects can open up novel and exciting vistas in surface engineering leading to optimal condensation surfaces for high performance electronics cooling and water condenser systems.
Cross auditory‐spatial learning in early‐blind individuals
Authors: Chan Chetwyn C.H. , Wong Alex W.K. , Ting Kin‐Hung , Whitfield‐Gabrieli Susan , He Jufang , Lee Tatia M.C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCross‐modal processing enables the utilization of information received via different sensory organs to facilitate more complicated human actions. We used functional MRI on early‐blind individuals to study the neural processes associated with cross auditory‐spatial learning. The auditory signals, converted from echoes of ultrasonic signals emitted from a navigation device, were novel to the participants. The subjects were trained repeatedly for 4 weeks in associating the auditory signals with different distances. Subjects' blood‐oxygenation‐level‐dependent responses were captured at baseline and after training using a sound‐to‐distance judgment task. Whole‐brain analyses indicated that the task used in the study involved auditory discrimination as well as spatial localization. The learning process was shown to be mediated by the inferior parietal cortex and the hippocampus, suggesting the integration and binding of auditory features to distances. The right cuneus was found to possibly serve a general rather than a specific role, forming an occipital‐enhanced network for cross auditory‐spatial learning. This functional network is likely to be unique to those with early blindness, since the normal‐vision counterparts shared activities only in the parietal cortex. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Failures in psychodynamic psychotherapy
Authors: Gold Jerry , Stricker George 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article addresses the issue of failures in psychodynamic psychotherapy. Drawing on the clinical and research literatures, and utilizing our clinical experiences, we first describe and define criteria for success and failure in treatment. We then review five factors that can lead to failure: client factors, therapist factors, technical factors, relationship factors, and environmental factors. We illustrate our presentation with a case example, and conclude by discussing ways in which the likelihood of failures in psychodynamic treatment can be lowered. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 67:1–10, 2011.
Electromagnetically induced transparency‐based slow and stored light in warm atoms
Authors: Novikova I. , Walsworth R.L. , Xiao Y. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis paper reviews recent efforts to realize a high‐efficiency memory for optical pulses using slow and stored light based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in ensembles of warm atoms in vapor cells. After a brief summary of basic continuous‐wave and dynamic EIT properties, studies using weak classical signal pulses in optically dense coherent media are discussed, including optimization strategies for stored light efficiency and pulse‐shape control, and modification of EIT and slow/stored light spectral properties due to atomic motion. Quantum memory demonstrations using both single photons and pulses of squeezed light are then reviewed. Finally a brief comparison with other approaches is presented.