bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WHAT DOES RESPECT FOR THE PATIENT'S AUTONOMY REQUIRE?
Authors: CHENG KAM‐YUEN 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTPersonal autonomy presupposes the notion of rationality. What is not so clear is whether, and how, a compromise of rationality to various degrees will diminish a person's autonomy. In bioethical literature, three major types of threat to the rationality of a patient's medical decision are identified: insufficient information, irrational beliefs/desires, and influence of different framing effects. To overcome the first problem, it is suggested that patients be provided with information about their diseases and treatment choices according to the objective standard. I shall explain how this should be finessed. Regarding the negative impact of irrational beliefs/desires, some philosophers have argued that holding irrational beliefs can still be an expression of autonomy. I reject this argument because the degree of autonomy of a decision depends on the degree of rationality of the beliefs or desires on which the decision is based. Hence, to promote patient autonomy, we need to eliminate irrational beliefs by the provision of evidence and good arguments. Finally, I argue that the way to smooth out the framing effects is to present the same information in different perspectives: it is too often assumed that medical information can always be given in a complete and unadorned manner. This article concludes with a cautionary note that the protection of patient autonomy requires much more time and effort than the current practice usually allows.
Development of a work addiction scale
Authors: ANDREASSEN CECILIE SCHOU , GRIFFITHS MARK D , HETLAND JØRN , PALLESEN STÅLE 
Published: April 2012

Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Hetland, J. & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a work addiction scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 53, 265–272.Research into excessive work has gained increasing attention over the last 20 years. Terms such as “workaholism,”“work addiction” and “excessive work” have been used interchangeably. Given the increase in empirical research, this study presents the development of the Bergen Work Addiction Scale (BWAS), a new psychometrically validated scale for the assessment of work addiction. A pool of 14 items, with two reflecting each of seven core elements of addiction (i.e., salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, relapse, and problems) was initially constructed. The items were then administered to two samples, one recruited by a web survey following a television broadcast about workaholism (n = 11,769) and one comprising participants in the second wave of a longitudinal internet‐based survey about working life (n = 368). The items with the highest corrected item‐total correlation from within each of the seven addiction elements were retained in the final scale. The assumed one‐factor solution of the refined seven‐item scale was acceptable (root mean square error of approximation = 0.077, Comparative Fit Index = 0.96, Tucker‐Lewis Index = 0.95) and the internal reliability of the two samples were 0.84 and 0.80, respectively. The scores of the BWAS converged with scores on other workaholism scales, except for a Work Enjoyment subscale. A suggested cut‐off for categorization of workaholics showed good discriminative ability in terms of working hours, leadership position, and subjective health complaints. It is concluded that the BWAS has good psychometric properties.
STOLPER–SAMUELSON REVISITED: TRADE AND DISTRIBUTION WITH OLIGOPOLISTIC PROFITS
Authors: Blecker Robert A. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the distributional impact of international trade when goods markets are oligopolistic and firms partially pass‐through changes in tariffs into prices and factor costs for differentiated products. Trade liberalization raises mark‐ups and profit shares in the export industry and lowers them in the import‐competing industry, while Stolper–Samuelson effects on real prices of primary factors are attenuated or possibly reversed. An extended model shows how ‘offshoring’ (trade in intermediate goods) can potentially increase mark‐ups for oligopolistic producers of final goods. The analysis illuminates why business interests generally support trade liberalization policies today, regardless of their countries' factor abundance.
Relocating Barth's Theology of Culture: Beyond the ‘True Words’ Approach of Church Dogmatics IV/3
Authors: DeCOU JESSICA 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBarth's writings present two discrete approaches to culture and attempts to link the two overlook Barth's rationale for isolating them. Though interpreters of Barth's theology of culture typically turn to CD IV/3, I argue that this material is not the place to look for insights into his analyses of cultural forms (e.g. the Mozart essays), but is better understood simply as a necessary extension of his doctrine of the Word – identical in content and context to his remarks against theology of culture in CD I/1. Instead, Barth's eschatology provides us with greater insights into his theological approach to culture.
Unexpected outcomes of invasive predator control: the importance of evaluating conservation management actions
Authors: Walsh J. C. , Wilson K. A. , Benshemesh J. , Possingham H. P. 
Published: April 2012

Read the Commentaries on this Feature Paper: Unexpected outcomes of invasive predator control; Evidence, models, conservation programs and limits to managementResponse from the authors: Integrating research, monitoring and management into an adaptive management framework to achieve effective conservation outcomes
High cryptic diversity of endemic Indirana frogs in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Nair A. , Gopalan S. V. , George S. , Kumar K. S. , Teacher A. G. F. , Merilä J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAmphibians are rapidly declining worldwide, but recent studies have shown that their diversity may be heavily underestimated, and many new species have been recently reported from biodiversity hotspots. For successful conservation and management strategies to be implemented within such hotspots, a better understanding of the species diversity and their evolutionary relationships is required. We used three mitochondrial (16S, 12S and CO1) and two nuclear (rag1 and rhodopsin) gene fragments to investigate the genetic diversity within the endemic Indirana genus from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot. The species diversity within Indirana was found to be much higher than previously anticipated. Instead of the expected six species within this region, our analyses identified 11 clades with high (4.2–17.1%) sequence divergence. Each of these clades is likely to represent a distinct species. Particularly pronounced polyphyly was found within Indirana beddomii, which consisted of four highly supported monophyletic clades with high genetic divergence. Similarly, Indirana diplosticta was divided into two highly divergent monophyletic clades. We also report a new candidate species within the genus from Vellarimala in Kerala, which we believe is yet to be described. Our results suggest the existence of multiple unrecognized cryptic lineages within Indirana, all of which are likely to have more narrow distribution ranges and lower abundances than the taxonomic units into which they are currently assigned. Hence, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List statuses of Indirana frogs are likely to be in need of substantial revision, and detailed genetic studies across the Western Ghats might uncover additional new candidate species from this poorly studied endemic genus. Together with several earlier amphibian studies describing cryptic species from tropics, our results highlight the importance of proper species identification efforts before it is possible to reliably determine the IUCN conservation status of tropical amphibians described on the basis of morphological criteria.
The influence of unburnt patches and distance from refuges on post‐fire bird communities
Authors: Watson S. J. , Taylor R. S. , Nimmo D. G. , Kelly L. T. , Clarke M. F. , Bennett A. F. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPredicting the response of faunal communities to fire presents a challenge for land managers worldwide because the post‐fire responses of species may vary between locations and fire events. Post‐fire recovery can occur via nucleated recovery fromin situsurviving populations or by colonization fromex situpopulations. Fine‐scale spatial patterns in the patchiness of fires and the proximity of burnt sites to source populations may contribute to both the variability in post‐fire responses and the processes by which populations recover. We examined the avifauna at recently burnt sites within extensive semi‐arid shrublands of south‐easternAustralia, including 72 sites < 5 years since fire and 26 sites 10 years since fire. Study sites represented a gradient of increasing distance from ‘unburnt’ vegetation (i.e. > 27 years since fire) and varied in the presence or absence of small (25–900 m2) unburnt patches of vegetation. For sites < 5 years since fire, species richness was higher at sites closer to unburnt vegetation and at sites containing unburnt patches. These patterns were no longer evident at sites of 10 years since fire. The probability of occurrence of three of seven bird species modelled decreased with increasing distance to unburnt vegetation, but this pattern was evident only at sites burnt uniformly. One species was found almost exclusively at patchily burnt sites. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that proximity to unburnt vegetation enhances post‐fire occupancy, and that colonization fromex situpopulations is an important process for post‐fire recovery of avifauna. Additionally, small unburnt patches enhance the rapid recovery of assemblages post‐fire. These patterns are important for understanding the dynamics of post‐fire population recovery. We recommend that management of fire for ecological purposes should explicitly consider the role that the spatial attributes of fires play in determining the post‐fire community.
Characteristics of autism spectrum disorder in Cornelia de Lange syndrome
Authors: Moss Jo , Howlin Patricia , Magiati Iliana , Oliver Chris 
Published: April 2012

Background:  The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptomatology is comparatively high in Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS). However, the profile and developmental trajectories of these ASD characteristics are potentially different to those observed in individuals with idiopathic ASD. In this study we examine the ASD profile in CdLS in comparison to a matched group of individuals with ASD.Method:  The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) was administered to 20 individuals with CdLS (mean age = 11.34; range = 6–13 years) and 20 individuals with idiopathic ASD (mean age = 10.42; range = 8–11 years). Participants were matched according to adaptive behaviour and receptive language skills.Results:  Sixty‐five percent (N = 13) of individuals with CdLS met the cut‐off score for autism on the total ADOS score. Further analysis at domain and item level indicated that individuals with CdLS showed significantly less repetitive behaviour, (specifically sensory interests); more eye contact, more gestures and less stereotyped speech than the ASD group. The CdLS group also showed higher levels of anxiety.Conclusions:  The comparison between CdLS and idiopathic ASD indicates subtle group differences in the profile of ASD symptomatology that are not accounted for by degree of intellectual disability or receptive language skills. These differences may not be evident when relying solely upon clinical and domain level scores, but may be distinguishing features of the ASD presentations in the two disorders. The findings have implications for the conceptualisation and assessment of ASD in individuals with genetic syndromes.
Do harsh and positive parenting predict parent reports of deceitful‐callous behavior in early childhood?
Authors: Waller Rebecca , Gardner Frances , Hyde Luke W. , Shaw Daniel S. , Dishion Thomas J. , Wilson Melvin N. 
Published: April 2012

Background:  The relationship between parenting and the development of antisocial behavior in children is well established. However, evidence for associations between dimensions of parenting and callous‐unemotional (CU) traits is mixed. As CU traits appear critical to understanding a subgroup of youth with antisocial behavior, more research addressing the link between early parenting and CU traits is needed.Methods:  The current study investigated longitudinal predictions between measures of harsh and positive parenting, and early CU behavior. Data from mother‐child dyads (N = 731; 49% female) were collected from a multi‐ethnic, high‐risk sample with young children, and included self‐reported and multi‐method observed parenting. CU behavior was assessed using a previously validated measure of deceitful‐callous behavior (Hyde et al., 2011).Results:  Results suggest that dimensions of harsh parenting, but not positive parenting, contribute to the development of child deceitful‐callous behavior. Nevertheless, deceitful‐callous behavior showed strong stability over time and the effects of harsh parenting, especially observed harshness, were modest.Conclusions:  The current findings have implications for developmental psychopathology and early interventions for antisocial behavior. The results also raise a number of issues about measuring emerging CU behavior in very young children, including the interrelation between parent perceptions and reports of child behavior, parent reactions, and the subsequent development of severe antisocial behavior.
Migration and ethnic nationalism: Anglophone exit and the ‘decolonisation’ of Québec
Authors: Pettinicchio David 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article explains the effects of ethnic nationalism on Anglophone and Francophone migration. The rise of Québec ethnic nationalism in the 1960s dismantled the cultural division of labour, which created new opportunities for Francophones but threatened Anglophones' traditional dominance over the Québec economy. This had negative consequences for Anglophones but positive outcomes for Francophones, which in turn accounts for differences in migration patterns. Drawing from the internal colony model as well as migration and exit‐voice theories, and using ecological census data, micro‐census data and election panel data, I find that the key variables that increase the likelihood of Anglophone out‐migration either do not explain Francophone out‐migration or have opposite effects. This is because ethnonationalist policies decreased the economic return particularly for well‐educated, higher‐earning, professional Anglophones in Québec, while increasing the economic position of Francophones and in particular well‐educated professionals.
Update on sumoylation: defining core components of the plant SUMO conjugation system by phylogenetic comparison
Authors: Novatchkova Maria , Tomanov Konstantin , Hofmann Kay , Stuible Hans‐Peter , Bachmair Andreas 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThe conjugation of the small ubiquitin‐related modifier, SUMO, to substrate proteins is a reversible and dynamic process, and an important response of plants to environmental challenges. Nevertheless, reliable data have so far been restricted largely to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The increasing availability of genome information for other plant species offers the possibility to identify a core set of indispensable components, and to discover species‐specific features of the sumoylation pathway. We analyzed the enzymes responsible for the conjugation of SUMO to substrates for their conservation between dicots and monocots. We thus assembled gene sets that relate the Arabidopsis SUMO conjugation system to that of the dicot species tomato, grapevine and poplar, and to four plant species from the monocot class: rice, Brachypodium distachyon, Sorghum bicolor and maize. We found that a core set of genes with clear assignment in Arabidopsis had highly conserved homologs in all tested plants. However, we also observed a variation in the copy number of homologous genes, and sequence variations that suggested monocot‐specific variants. Generally, SUMO ligases and proteases showed the most pronounced differences. Finally, we identified potential SUMO chain‐binding ubiquitin ligases, pointing to an in vivo function of SUMO chains as degradation signals in plants.
Maternal weight gain during the first half of pregnancy and offspring obesity at 16 years: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Laitinen J , Jääskeläinen A , Hartikainen A‐L , Sovio U , Vääräsmäki M , Pouta A , Kaakinen M , Järvelin M‐R 
Published: April 2012

Please cite this paper as: Laitinen J, Jääskeläinen A, Hartikainen A, Sovio U, Vääräsmäki M, Pouta A, Kaakinen M, Järvelin M. Maternal weight gain during the first half of pregnancy and offspring obesity at 16 years: a prospective cohort study. BJOG 2012;119:716–723.Objective  To assess the association between maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) during the first 20 weeks of gestation and overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity of offspring at the age of 16 years.Design  A prospective cohort study.Setting  The two northernmost provinces of Finland.Population  Mothers and their adolescent offspring born from singleton pregnancies (3265 boys; 3372 girls) in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986.Methods  Maternal weight at 20 weeks of gestation was measured in municipal maternity clinics. Maternal GWG was based on the difference between the measured weight and self‐reported pre‐pregnancy weight, and was classified into quartiles. Offspring weight, height and waist circumference were measured by study nurses during a clinical examination. Logistic regression analyses [with and without adjustment for maternal pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI), glucose metabolism, education level, haemoglobin, smoking status, parity, and gender of offspring] were performed.Main outcome measure  Offspring overweight/obesity, based on BMI and abdominal obesity at 16 years.Results  The highest quartile of maternal weight gain (>7.0 kg during the first 20 weeks of gestation) was independently associated with BMI‐based overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity in the 16‐year‐old offspring (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.16–1.83, and OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.10–1.72, respectively). Among all covariates, maternal pregravid obesity showed the highest odds for both overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity (OR 4.57, 95% CI 3.18–6.57, and OR 4.43, 95% CI 3.10–6.34, respectively).Conclusions  Maternal overnutrition during the first half of gestation predicts offspring overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity in adolescence, yet a high pregravid BMI appears to be a more important determinant of both outcomes.
Assessing range‐wide conservation status change in an unmonitored widespreadAfrican bird species
Authors: Senyatso Kabelo J. , Collar Nigel J. , Dolman Paul M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAimWith the exception ofSouthAfrica there are no systematic, long‐term, large‐scale bird monitoring programmes inAfrica, and for much of the continent the most comprehensive available data for most species are incidental occurrence records. Can such data be used to assess range‐wide conservation status of widespread low‐density species? We examine this usingKoriBustardArdeotis kori, a large, easily identifiable species with an extensiveAfrican range.LocationSouthern andEastAfrica, 14 countries.MethodsA comprehensive and systematic review of published and unpublished sources provided 1948 unique locality records spanning the years 1863–2009; these included 410 non‐atlas records and 97 historical (pre‐1970) records. Range‐size changes were examined by comparing minimum convex polygons to quantifyExtent ofOccurrence pre‐ and post‐1970, and by testing whether more historical records fell outside the recent (post‐1970) 95% probability kernel than expected by chance. Additionally, qualitative evidence of changes in abundance was obtained from historical published accounts and contemporary assessments by in‐country experts.ResultsSince the late 19th century, range‐size (measured asExtent ofOccurrence) has contracted, by 21% inEastAfrica and 8% in southernAfrica. There is strong qualitative evidence of considerable pre‐ and post‐1970 population declines in all range states, exceptZambia (slight increase) andAngola (trend unclear). In some countries, declines occurred from the early 1900s. Thus, while relatively modest change in range‐size has occurred in over 100 years, numbers have greatly reduced throughout the species’ range.Main conclusionsOur methodology allowed objective appraisal of continent‐wideKori status. Despite lacking quantitative population estimates and trends, and poor understanding of the species’ autecology, common issues for manyAfrican species, incidental occurrence records can be used to assess range‐wide changes in status. We recommend that this or similar approaches be applied to other widespread low‐density species that probably also have rapidly declining populations despite apparently stable range extents.
Optimizing location and size of rural schools in Chile
Authors: Araya Fernando , Dell Robert , Donoso Pedro , Marianov Vladimir , Martínez Francisco , Weintraub Andrés 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe Chilean Ministry of Education oversees preschool, primary, and secondary education in both urban and rural areas. Many parts of Chile are sparsely populated and there are currently over 4,000 rural schools (almost 38% of all schools in Chile) educating 9.5% of the students in the country. Many of the rural schools are small with only one teacher responsible for instruction of all local students (multigrade schools). The geographical distribution of the rural schools has not been coordinated and this has resulted in unequal utilization of existing schools and some unreasonably long travel distances by students. Good management of the rural schools is fundamental to meeting Chile's goal of providing quality education to its citizens. Seeking to improve the situation, the Ministry of Education ordered a study of the optimal location and size of rural schools with the general goals of reducing the number of lesser quality multigrade schools and reducing student travel distances while maintaining reasonable costs. This paper presents results of this study obtained using an integer linear program that has been embedded in a geographical information system. We present computational results for the entire country. Recommendations include where to open new rural schools as well as where to expand, reduce, close, or leave unchanged existing schools. We show how recommendations are sensitive to key parameters such as the cost of transportation.
Secretin family (Class B) G protein‐coupled receptors – from molecular to clinical perspectives
Authors: Poyner David R , Hay Debbie L 
Published: April 2012

Family B G protein‐coupled receptors represent an important but under‐researched group of receptors. This edition of the British Journal of Pharmacology considers the roles and pharmacology of a number of these receptors. Whilst common themes emerge, it is clear that more work is needed to understand the details of each receptor in order to properly exploit them therapeutically.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Secretin Family (Class B) G Protein‐Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.166.issue‐1