bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between soil phosphorus and response by sugar beet to phosphate fertilizer on mineral soils
Authors: Draycott A. P. , Durrant M. J. , Boyd D. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryResults of two groups of experiments testing phosphate fertilizer for sugar beet were re-examined; there were 53 experiments made between 1957 and 1960 in group 1 and 25 experiments between 1957 and 1959 in group 2. The mean response of total sugar to 126 kg/ha P2O5 was only 160 kg/ha but on a few fields response exceeded 1000 kg/ha. Response seemed to be greater in 1958 than in the other years, but between-site variance accounted for most of the difference from year to year.Stored soil samples were analysed for phosphorus by four methods; the results were compared and related to the yield response to phosphate fertilizer. After allowing for experimental error, the percentages of the between-sites variance of the responses accounted for by log (soil P) were (group 1 first): sodium bicarbonate, 60 and 62%; anion resin, 52 and 30%; ammonium acetate/acetic acid, 52 and 0%; and calcium chloride, 42 and 2%. When soil pH was included in the regression equation, prediction of response by anion resin much improved and equalled that of sodium bicarbonate. Ammonium acetate/acetic acid was ineffective on soils with much free calcium carbonate.As two-thirds of the soils had sodium bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus concentrations between 15 and 45 ppm P with mean response 65 kg/ha sugar, there is only limited scope for increasing the profitability of the crop by improving P manuring. However, more P fertilizer can be recommended for the few soils with ≤ 10 ppm P and P fertilizer can be withheld from fields with more than 45 ppm. The dressings we recommend are 180, 120, 60, 30 and 0 kg/ha P2O5 (approximately 1·5, 1·0, 0·5, 0·25 and 0 cwt/acr P2O5) on soils with ≤ 10, 11·15, 16·25, 26·45 and ≥45 ppm sodium bicarbonatesoluble P respectively.
Nitrogen studies in a coffee soil II. The influence of mulch on natural and fertilizer levels of nitrate and ammonia in the top-soil
Authors: Robinson J. B. D. 
Published: March 2009

1. Evidence is presented to show that compared with an unmulched soil, a surface mulch reduces the nitrate-N levels significantly following an application of a nitrogen fertilizer during the rains.2. Natural nitrate-X values in the top-soil were lower under a gravel mulch than a Napier grass mulch. It is concluded that the effect of a Napier grass-mulch cover in lowering natural soil nitrogen-N is offset in part by nitrates formed from the nitrogen it contains.
Nutrition and reproduction in the ewe
Authors: Allen D. M. , Lamming G. E. 
Published: March 2009

1. A preliminary trial involving forty-six ewes demonstrated that when ewes in store condition were flushed for different periods, there was a marked increase in ovulation rate after 1 month with no further increase after 2 or 3 months. Flushing did not lead to ovulation rates higher than in ewes maintained in fat condition.2. When similar ewes in fat condition were fed submaintenance diets there was no decline in ovulation rate while the animals had good body reserves, but as the period of submaintenance feeding was extended there was a gradual fall in ovulation rate.3. In the main experiment forty-eight ewes were allocated to four groups of twelve ewes each. One group was fed a submaintenance diet till they were in moderately poor condition (submaintenance group). The other three groups were reduced to store condition and were then flushed on good pasture for 5–8 days, one oestrous cycle and two oestrous cycles, respectively. All ewes were slaughtered 2–5 days post-oestrus and half the ewes of each group were injected subcutaneously with 600 i.u. of P.m.s. on the twelfth or thirteenth day of the oestrous cycle prior to slaughter.
The nutrition of Zebu cattle Part III. Digestibility techniques: investigation of the effects of combination of dry faeces, length of digestibility trials and number of animals required
Authors: Bredon R. M. , Juko C. D. , Marshall B. 
Published: March 2009

A method of combining dried faeces in order to reduce analyses of samples was investigated.The effect of the length of digestibility trials and the number of animals required in relation to accuracy have been investigated and discussed.As a result of our investigations the following procedure was adopted.
The development and function of the rumen in milk-fed calves II. Effect of wood shavings in the diet
Authors: Smith R. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. Unmuzzled milk-fed calves which ate considerable amounts of wood shavings after they were a few weeks old showed a much bigger increase with age in volume of rumen fluid and in flow rate of fluid out of the reticulo rumen than did muzzled milk-fed calves. It is suggested that these differences were due mainly to increased saliva production in the calves eating shavings.2. Milk leaked into the rumen at feeding in eight out of twenty-four experiments. There was no indication that shavings ingestion increased the incidence of leakage nor that age up to 16 weeks had any marked effect. The leakage appeared to be a consistent characteristic of certain calves rather than a random occurrence and did not appear to affect adversely growth or health.
The incidence of swayback among lambs with particular reference to genetic factors
Authors: Wiener Gerald , Sampford M. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe incidence of swayback among lambs in two flocks, previously reported, was reanalysed by a specially developed modification of the probit analysis technique in order to allow for the joint complications of an all-or-none trait and a large number of possible classifications for the animals in each flock. The form of analysis described yields predictions of the probability of swayback among lambs for the given circumstances.Breed and sire within breed each affected the probability appreciably even when allowance for live weight of ewe and lamb was made. The effects of live weight, though significant in each flock, were not consistent in direction between the flocks. Other significant factors affecting swayback incidence were the manner of rearing the lambs, week of birth, and, in one flock, the sex of the lamb.
Infertile bulls versus steers: IV. Meat quality
Authors: Price M. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryMeat quality comparisons were made between a total of 43 infertile bulls and 42 steers in five separate trials. Tenderness, juiciness and flavour were tested by taste panel for each of the five trials, making 15 subjective tests, while objective tests were made of tenderness (Warner-Bratzler shear) and juiciness (industrial press) in the five trials, making a further ten tests.From this total of 25 different groups of assessments no significant difference between bull and steer meat was detected in 21; of the four groups of assessments where significant differences were detected, two favoured the bulls and two favoured the steers; the quality of all the samples was acceptable.It is concluded from the overall results that in terms of practical meat quality there was no difference between the bulls and steers used in these five trials.
The relationship between various blood constituents of young Afrikaner bulls
Authors: Heyns H. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryConsiderable information is available in the literature concerning the levels of organic and inorganic constituents of blood of normal animals. It is well established that levels of many of these constituents are affected by season, age, breed, growth and other factors (Greatorex, 1957; Bhannasiri, 1960; Luitingh, 1962; Wilson, 1965). It is surprising, however, that little attention has been given to the relationship between these constituents of blood. Occasional reports on the relationship of a few constituents are available, but these were mostly studied in connection with the response of animals to a specific ration or certain ailment.
A study of the peat fenlands with particular reference to potato manuring
Authors: Pizer N. H. , Wright H. A. , Caldwell T. H. , Hargrave J. , Burgess G. R. , Cory V. , Boyd D. A. 
Published: March 2009

Peat soils change gradually as a result of drainage and cultivation, losing depth through shrinkage, oxidation and blowing, changing in character through increases in mineral matter and ‘drumminess’, and changing in productivity and manurial requirements. The sequence of changes has been studied in the field and a number of stages distinguished which may be recognized quite simply from the texture of the ploughed layer. Texture is a field assessment of the type and condition of the peat and the proportion and nature of the mineral matter associated with it. The Fenland soils have been classified as follows: (1) peat soils, (2) peaty mineral soils, (3) organic mineral soils and (4) mineral soils. Further subdivision into textural classes depends on recognizing the mineral combinations or fractions as in texturing mineral soilsAnalysis of samples of the ploughed layer in the laboratory has shown that organic matter or loss on ignition figures, expressed as a percentage of the oven-dried soil, can be used for recognizing the kind of soil; use is made of this in considering those earlier experiments for which organic matter figures could be calculated.
The availability of iron in certain grass, clover and herb species III. Burnet, chicory and narrow-leaved plantain
Authors: Raven A. M. , Thompson A. 
Published: March 2009

1. The availability of iron in three herb species has been investigated, using the rat as the experimental animal.2. Two procedures were employed, namely, the increase in blood haemoglobin concentration, and the gain in total grama of haemoglobin, by nutritionally anaemic rats.3. Inorganic iron, as ferric chloride, was shown to be significantly more available than the iron contained in the three herbs.
Components of yield in field beans, Vicia faba L.
Authors: Kambal A. E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe components of yield were studied in a local strain of field beans (Baladi) and two Egyptian varieties (Rebaya 40 and Giza 1). Although no significant differences between varieties were detected in yield per plant, there were differences in components of yield. The Egyptian varieties produced heavier seeds but less pods and seeds than the local strain. The higherpod number in Baladi resulted from a capacity to produce more pods per stem rather than from anability to produce more stems per plant.Correlations between yield and other plant characters and between components of yield were computed. The path-coefficient analysis was employed to partition the correlation coefficients and to compare the relative importance of the primary yield components in predicting yield. Pods per plant showed the highest correlation with yield and selection for high yield can be based on it. Seed weight was negatively associated with pod number and seeds per pod but the r values were too low to be of predictive value. Multiple correlations indicated that 95–98% of the variability in yield was accounted for by the components pod number, seeds per pod and seed weight.
Some measurements of evaporation in a field of barley
Authors: Grant D. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA project has been initiated to study the growth of barley under conditions of partial drought. The method of producing the drought and comparisons of measurements of evaporation using lysimeters and neutron moisture meters are discussed. Good agreement was obtained between the lysimeter and neutron probes in the lysimeter tank and in the field.In the plots subjected to drought the evaporation was reduced by approximately the amount of rain prevented from falling on the plots and, as a result, the reduction in soil moisture deficit was quite small.Estimates of internal diffusion resistance are made throughout a full season.
An Example of A Method of Statistical Analysis of a Grazing Experiment
Authors: Conniffe D. , Browne D. , Walshe M. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYConniffe, Browne & Walshe (1970) proposed a form of experimental design and statistical analysis for grazing experiments. The original paper did not include any example of the analysis on real data. This note presents such an example and makes some comments on the statistical validity of the method of analysis.
Growth in sheep. I. The chemical composition of the body
Authors: Searle T. W. , Graham N. McC. , O'Callaghan M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFifteen sheep were fedad libitumfrom 2 days to 27 months of age, and another 15 sheep were each fed exactly half the average amount consumed by the first group, age for age. The body composition of each sheep (water, fat, protein, energy) was estimated from tritiated water space on 13 occasions during this period.To describe the course of growth in individual sheep in terms of the relationships between the various body components and body weight, a model was set up in which 4 phases of growth were distinguished, viz. the milk-feeding phase, the period of rumen development, and a prefattening followed by a fattening ruminant phase. Each phase was represented by a linear equation.Except for phase 1, mean composition within each phase differed significantly between well-fed animals and those which had been given a restricted diet. Individual animals differed in the body weight at which the final phase commenced; the average weight wasca.31 kg. Fat storage was zero or negative during the main period of rumen development; otherwise the fat and therefore energy content of weight gain increased from phase to phase. The protein and water content of gain was high in phases 1 and 2 and decreased subsequently.Calculations based on data in the literature indicated that, in phase 4, the composition of weight loss was the same as that of weight gain. It is also suggested that the body weight at which this fattening phase commences is related to mature weight, with animals of large ultimate size starting to fatten at heavier body weights than those of small ultimate size.The application of the results to the determination of nutrient requirements is discussed.
A glutathione deficiency in the red cells of certain Merino sheep
Authors: Tucker Elizabeth M. , Kilgour L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYRed cell GSH concentrations were measured in 83 pure-bred and 65 cross-bred Tasmanian Merino sheep. A bimodal distribution was found; 40% of sheep had mean GSH values of 27·3 ± 1·2 mg and 60% had 92·2 ± 1·5 mg/100 ml red cells. Family data are limited, but they suggest that this difference is under genetic control, the gene for low GSH levels being dominant to that for high. Unlike GSH-low type Finnish Landrace sheep, GSH-low type Merino sheep do not have lower than normal red cell sodium and potassium concentrations.
Water and fertility management of rice varieties under low atmospheric evaporative demand
Authors: Pande H. K. , Singh Panjab 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFour soil moisture and two nitrogen levels were combined in eight treatments to study moisture and nitrogen effects on Dular (June–September crop) and Patnai-23 (June–November crop) varieties of rice. Both the varieties when grown under natural precipitation yielded significantly less than at other moisture levels. Whereas there were no significant differences amongst the three treatments of submergence (15–10 cm), cyclic submergence (15–0 cm) and cyclic wetting-drying (saturation to field capacity) for Dular rice, the former two treatments proved better than the latter for Patnai-23 rice. Dular responded to the treatments of cyclic wetting-drying in a way similar to that of submergence because the crop completed its life cycle during the period of low evaporative demand. Among the levels of nitrogen, 40 kg N/ha proved optimum for Dular rice and 6O kg N/ha for Patnai-23 rice. The increase in yield of grain was associated with increase in the number of panicles, number of spikelets/panicle and percentage of ripened spikelets. The concentration of N, P, Fe and Mn in the plant was maximum under submergence followed by cyclic submergence, cyclic wetting-drying and natural precipitation. Higher levels of nitrogen increased only N and P contents in the plant.
Matric suctions to which soils in South Central England drain
Authors: Webster R. , Beckett P. H. T. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn a survey of soils in South Central England matric suctions were measured frequently during 1962 and 1963. Results for the period October to May are given for sites lying above the influence of the regional ground water table and show the matric suctions to which the soils drain. Sandy soils drain within 2 or 3 days to a definite field capacity at about 50 mbar suction. Loams and clay loams, though from profile appearance regarded as freely drained, take up to about 1 week to drain to a fairly constant suction of 40–50 mbar, which can also be regarded as field capacity. However, suctions prevailing during this time are less – about 20 mbar. The prevailing suctions in clay soils are about 10 mbar in the topsoil (13 cm) and – 10 mbar in the subsoil (38 cm). These soils drain slowly but steadily when rain ceases and no definite field capacity is evident. For the sandy soils, loams and clay loams, the matric suctions characterize the upper limit of the available water capacity (AWC) of the soil. The values are less than almost all previous estimates or assumed values. For the clays the upper limit of AWC remains best estimated by field sampling at the time of interest.
An examination of Fairfield Smith's law of environmental variation
Authors: Pearce S. C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryFairfield Smith's law relating the error of a field experiment to the size of its plots is well established by observation and in general use, but it appears to have no theoretical basis. It is here shown by computer simulation that it could arise in many ways as a good approximation, provided the range of plot sizes considered is not unreasonably large.
Activity and energy expenditure in laying hens: 3. The energy cost of eating and posture
Authors: Van Kampen M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe influence of standing, spontaneous activity and eating on heat production was determined.The extra heat production of standing is negatively correlated with the length of standing period. In a short standing period of 30 min the associated activity, pecking against the respirometer wall and fluffing the feathers, was high and the heat production was increased by 25% compared with that during sitting. After standing for 1½ h spontaneous activity was very low and the difference in heat production between the standing and sitting bird was reduced by 9%.During eating the heat production increased by an average of 37% (range 11–68%); this was due mainly to the act of eatingper seand not to the work of digestion.The mean energy cost of eating was calculated to be 143 J/kg0·75/min spent eating.
Growth rate and its effect on empty body weight, carcass weight and dissected carcass composition of sheep
Authors: Murray D. M. , Slezacek Olga 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effect of three different growth rates from 15 to 40 kg live weight on the body composition of lambs was studied. The treatments were: High (H) ad-libitum feed intake, Low (L) restricted feed intake and High–Maintenance–High (HMH) ad-libitum feed intake from 15 to 25 kg followed by a 50-day period during which live weight was maintained constant, which in turn was followed by ad-libitum feeding. The animals were individually penned and fed a pelleted lucerne chaff-cereal grain mixture. Two animals were killed at the start of the experiment (15 kg) and the remaining 27 animals (nine in each treatment) were killed at common live weights of 25, 30, 35 and 40 kg. Analyses of covariance were used to compare linear regression equations representing results from each treatment using the logarithmic transformation of the allometric equation, y = axb.Animals in the H and L treatments had a mean growth rate from 15 kg until slaughter of 0·23 and 0·09 kg/day, respectively. From a live weight of 15 to 25 kg, the HMH group grew at a similar rate as the H group, viz. 0·22 and 0·21 kg/day, respectively. After the 50-day period of maintenance of live weight, the HMH animals killed at 30, 35 and 40 kg showed a marked compensatory growth response to ad-libitum feeding. These HMH animals had a mean growth rate of 0·37 kg/day compared with 0·26 kg/day for H animals over identical live-weight ranges.Empty body weight (EBW) formed a similar proportion of full body weight (FBW) in all three treatments. As a proportion of FBW, hot carcass weight (HCW) was similar in the H and L treatments, while at the 35 and 40 kg slaughter weights HCW was less in the HMH than in the H treatment. HCW also formed a lower proportion of EBW at the 35 and 40 kg slaughter weights in the HMH, than in both the H and L treatments. In the L treatment, HCW formed a greater proportion of EBW than in the H treatment, indicating a greater offal component of EBW in the H animals.The results of carcass dissection studies showed that, at the same dissected side weight (DSW), the amount of muscle, bone, connective tissue and total side fat (TSF) was similar in the three treatments. Although no differences were found between treatments in TSF, there were significant treatment effects on both the subcutaneous and inter-muscular fat depots. Animals in the H treatment had more and less, respectively, subcutaneous and intermuscular fat than the L animals. The amount of intermuscular fat was also greater in the HMH than in the H treatment.
Dynamics of seedling emergence of opaque-2 and analogous normal maize in cold tests and effect of fungicide seed treatment on their cold tolerance
Authors: Gupta D. , Kovács I. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySix opaque·2 (O2) inbred lines and the single, three-way and double-cross hybrids derived from them were compared for emergence at low temperatures with their analogous normal inbred lines and hybrids. The results demonstrate that there is an increasing difference in emergence between the o2 and the normal forms with an increase in the period of incubation, the o2 types being inferior, in general, to the normal.A treatment of seeds with fungicides like Quinolate V4X, TMTD–Lindan and Vitavax 75W before sowing improved the cold tolerance of both the o2 and normal analogues, but the o2 forms remained far below the level of the normal.
The effect of inbreeding and cross-breeding on dairy traits in cattle
Authors: Galal E. S. E. , Aboustate T. M. , Afifi Y. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA total of 886 cows of two herds belonging to the Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, were used in this study to investigate the effects of inbreeding and cross-breeding on dairy traits. The first herd consisted of the native breed Domiatty (D), Shorthorn (S) and different grades between them while the second of Jersey (J) and its different crosses with D. There were 1027 lactations from the first herd and 460 from the second. Inbreeding coefficient (F) averaged 0·06 in the first herd and 0·08 in the second, both ranging from 0·00 to 0·30. The range was partitioned into three classes: the first with 0·0 ≤ F ≤ 0·1, the second 0·1 ≤ F ≤ 0·2 and the third F ≥ 0·2. Traits studied were first and second lactation 305-day milk yields, age at first calving, first calving interval and first dry period.Inbreeding had no statistically significant effect on any of the traits except dry period in the first herd. Inbreeding was not associated with decrease in yield when F ≤ 0·2 in the first herd, while there was consistent decrease with inbreeding in the second herd. No clear trend could be observed on the effect of inbreeding on any of the other traits in the first herd whereas in the second the rise in inbreeding was always associated with greater age at first calving, with wider calving interval and with longer dry period.