bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of catalytic Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction of aldehydes and ketones using boron triethoxide
Authors: Uysal Burcu , Buyuktas Birsen 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCatalytic Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reduction of various aliphatic, aromatic, and unsaturated aldehydes and ketones to corresponding alcohols (analyzed by GC-MS) in the presence of boron triethoxide (B(OEt)3) were studied. Kinetics of this reduction reaction was also studied and the respective rate constants were determined. It was found that B(OEt)3 catalyzes the reduction of aliphatic aldehydes and ketones to alcohols at room temperature while aromatic aldehydes and ketones were not reduced under the same conditions. In addition, MPV reduction using B(OEt)3 was found to be chemoselective as unsaturated aldehydes and ketones afforded the corresponding alcohols without affecting unsaturated groups. The mechanism proposed involves a six-membered transition state in which both the alcohol and the carbonyl are coordinated to the same boron centre of a boron alkoxide catalyst.
Substituted pyridopyrimidinones. Part 5. Behavior of 2-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyrido[1,2-α]pyrimidine-3-carbaldehyde in nucleophilic condensation reactions
Authors: Abass Mohamed , Ismail Mostafa , Abdel-Monem Wafaa , Mayas Aisha 
Published: November 2009

AbstractReactivity of 2-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidine-3-carbaldehyde (I) towards N- and C-nucleophiles was described. A series of new enaminones II–III, Schiff’s base IV, and hydrazinomethylenediketones V–VIII and X were prepared in good yields. Cyclization of compounds X was achieved by an action of acetic acid to give pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines XI. Base catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of aldehyde I with some active methyl and methylene compounds led to a series of chalcone-like derivatives XII, XV, XVII, XX, XXIII, XXV, XXVII, XXIX, XXXI, XXXII, and XXXV, in fair yields. Cyclization of enones XII, XV, and XX with hydrazine gave novel heterocyclyl substituted pyrazoles XIII, XVII, and XXI, respectively. Pyrano[2,3-d]pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidine-2,5-diones XXXIII, XXXIV, and XXXVI derivatives were obtained via cyclization of their respective enone derivatives.
Understanding the shape of the mixture failure rate (with engineering and demographic applications)
Authors: Finkelstein Maxim 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMixtures of distributions are usually effectively used for modelling heterogeneity. It is well known that mixtures of DFR distributions are always DFR. On the other hand, mixtures of IFR distributions can decrease, at least in some intervals of time. As IFR distributions often model lifetimes governed by ageing processes, the operation of mixing can dramatically change the pattern of ageing. Therefore, the study of the shape of the observed (mixture) failure rate in a heterogeneous setting is important in many applications. We study discrete and continuous mixtures, obtain conditions for the mixture failure rate to tend to the failure rate of the strongest populations and describe asymptotic behaviour as t→∞. Some demographic and engineering examples are considered. The corresponding inverse problem is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metagenomic gene discovery: How far have we moved into novel sequence space?
Authors: Tuffin Marla , Anderson Dominique , Heath Cal , Cowan Don A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMetagenomics emerged in the late 1990s as a tool for accessing and studying the collective microbial genetic material in the environment. The advent of the technology generated great excitement, as it has provided new opportunities and technologies for studying the wealth of microbial genetic diversity in the environment. Metagenomics has been widely predicted to access new dimensions of protein sequence space. A decade on, we review how far we have actually moved into new sequence space (and other aspects of protein space) using metagenomic tools. While several novel enzyme activities and protein structures have been identified through metagenomic strategies, the greatest advancement has been made in the isolation of novel protein sequences, some of which have no close relatives, form deeply branched lineages and even represent novel families. This is particularly true for glycosyl hydrolases and lipase/esterases, despite the fact that these activities are frequently screened for in metagenomic studies. However, there is much room for improvement in the methods employed and they will need to be addressed so that access to novel biocatalytic activities can be widened.
Contemporary results for open repair of suprarenal and type IV thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms
Authors: Richards J M J , Nimmo A F , Moores C R , Hansen P A , Murie J A , Chalmers R T A 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Background
Endovascular and hybrid procedures are not yet widely established in the management of type IV thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA). Open surgery remains the treatment of choice until the long-term outcomes of these novel techniques are known.

Methods
This study reviewed a 10-year experience of open repair of non-ruptured type IV and suprarenal TAAA. All procedures were performed using a totally abdominal approach with supracoeliac clamping of the aorta.

Results
There were 53 patients (31 men; 58 per cent) of median age 69 (range 54–82) years. Forty-four patients had a type IV TAAA and nine a suprarenal aneurysm. Three patients (6 per cent) died within 30 days and the 12-month mortality rate for patients followed for at least 1 year was 6 per cent (three of 49). Ten patients (19 per cent) had a cardiac complication, 20 (38 percent) a respiratory complication, three (6 percent) required early reoperation, and one patient (2 percent) developed permanent paraplegia. There was one late death resulting from an aneurysm-related complication.

Conclusion
Open repair of suprarenal aneurysms and type IV TAAA may be undertaken using a totally abdominal approach with acceptable levels of morbidity and mortality.
Power consumption and maximum energy dissipation in a milliliter‐scale bioreactor
Authors: Hortsch Ralf , Weuster‐Botz Dirk 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMean power consumption and maximum local energy dissipation were measured as function of operating conditions of a milliliter‐scale stirred tank bioreactor (V = 12 mL) with a gas‐inducing impeller. A standard laboratory‐scale stirred tank bioreactor (V = 1,200 mL) with Rushton turbines was used as reference. The measured power characteristics (Newton number as function of Reynolds number) were the same on both scales. The changeover between laminar and turbulent flow regime was observed at a Reynolds number of 3,000 with the gas‐inducing stirrer on a milliliter‐scale. The Newton number (power number) in the turbulent flow regime was 3.3 on a milliliter‐scale, which is close to values reported for six‐blade Rushton turbines of standard bioreactors. Maximum local energy dissipation (εmax) was measured using a clay/polymer flocculation system. The maximum local energy dissipation in the milliliter‐scale stirred tank bioreactor was reduced compared with the laboratory‐scale stirred tank at the same mean power input per unit mass (εø), yielding εmax/εø ≈ 10 compared with εmax/εø ≈ 16. Hence, the milliliter‐scale stirred tank reactor distributes power more uniformly in the reaction medium. These results are in good agreement with literature data, where a decreasing εmax/εø with increasing ratio of impeller diameter to reactor diameter is found (d/D = 0.7 compared with d/D = 0.4). Based on these data, impeller speeds can now be easily adjusted to achieve the same maximum local energy dissipation at different scales. This enables a more reliable and robust scale‐up of bioprocesses from milliliter‐scale to liter‐scale reactors. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Protein recovery from enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction of soybean
Authors: Campbell Kerry A. , Glatz Charles E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEnzyme‐assisted aqueous oil extraction from soybean is a “green” alternative to hexane extraction that must realize potential revenues from a value‐added protein co‐product. Three technologies were investigated to recover protein from the skim fraction of an aqueous extraction process. Ultrafiltration achieved overall protein yields between 60% and 64%, with solids protein content of 70%, and was effective in reducing stachyose content, with fluxes between 4 and 10 L/m2 hr. Protein content was limited because of high retention of lipids and the loss of polypeptides below 13.6 kDa. Isoelectric precipitation was effective in recovering the minimally hydrolyzed proteins of skim, with a protein content of 70%, again limited by lipid content. However, protein recovery was only 30% because of the greater solubility of the hydrolyzed proteins. Recovery by the alternative of protein capture on dextran‐grafted agarose quaternary‐amine expanded bed adsorption resins decreased with decreasing polypeptide molecular weight. Proteins with molecular mass greater than 30 kDa exhibited slow adsorption rates. Expanded bed adsorption was most effective for recovery of proteins with molecular weight between 30 and 12 kDa. Overall, adsorption protein yields were between 14% and 17%. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Multicomponent cellulase production by Cellulomonas biazotea NCIM‐2550 and its applications for cellulosic biohydrogen production
Authors: Saratale Ganesh D. , Saratale Rijuta G. , Lo Yung‐Chung , Chang Jo‐Shu 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAmong four cellulolytic microorganisms examined, Cellulomonas biazotea NCIM‐2550 can grow on various cellulosic substrates and produce reducing sugar. The activity of cellulases (endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and cellobiase), xylanase, amylase, and lignin class of enzymes produced by C. biazotea was mainly present extracellularly and the enzyme production was dependent on cellulosic substrates (carboxymethyl cellulose [CMC], sugarcane bagasse [SCB], and xylan) used for growth. Effects of physicochemical conditions on cellulolytic enzyme production were systematically investigated. Using MnCl2 as a metal additive significantly induces the cellulase enzyme system, resulting in more reducing sugar production. The efficiency of fermentative conversion of the hydrolyzed SCB and xylan into clean H2 energy was examined with seven H2‐producing pure bacterial isolates. Only Clostridiumbutyricum CGS5 exhibited efficient H2 production performance with the hydrolysate of SCB and xylan. The cumulative H2 production and H2 yield from using bagasse hydrolysate (initial reducing sugar concentration = 1.545 g/L) were approximately 72.61 mL/L and 2.13 mmol H2/g reducing sugar (or 1.91 mmol H2/g cellulose), respectively. Using xylan hydrolysate (initial reducing sugar concentration = 0.345 g/L) as substrate could also attain a cumulative H2 production and H2 yield of 87.02 mL/L and 5.03 mmol H2/g reducing sugar (or 4.01 mmol H2/g cellulose), respectively. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
The thickness of the ligamentum flavum in relation to age and gender
Authors: Safak Alp Alper , Is Merih , Sevinc Ozdemir , Barut Cagatay , Eryoruk Nesrin , Erdogmus Besir , Dosoglu Murat 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum (LF) can reduce the diameter of the spinal canal posteriorly. Such stenosis may significantly compress the dural sac and nerve roots, resulting in symptoms, even without a bulging anulus fibrosus or herniated nucleus pulposus. We conducted an anatomical study to determine the influence of age and gender on the thickness of the LF at the lower lumbar levels using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The thickness of 1,280 ligaments was determined at the L4‐L5 and L5‐S1 levels from MRIs. We screened 320 patients (152 males [47.5%] and 168 females [52.5%]) between 21 and 82 years of age. There were no significant differences in LF thickness with respect to gender (P > 0.05). Age was not correlated with the thicknesses of the LF. The left LF at the L4‐L5 and L5‐S1 levels was significantly thicker than on the right side (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the LF thicknesses at L5‐S1 bilaterally were significantly greater than on the corresponding sides at L4‐L5 (P < 0.05). The LF is an important anatomical structure, which might cause low back or leg pain. Therefore, the thickness of the LF should be measured and evaluated carefully in the case of spinal stenosis. Clin. Anat. 23:79–83, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of the static and dynamic musculotendinous architecture of supraspinatus
Authors: Kim S. , Bleakney R. , Boynton E. , Ravichandiran K. , Rindlisbacher T. , McKee N. , Agur A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTo date, the architecture of supraspinatus (SP) and its relation to joint position has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to quantify the dynamic architecture of the distinct regions of SP using ultrasound (US). Seventeen subjects (8 M/9 F), mean age 36.4 ± 12.7 years, without tendon pathology were recruited. The SP was scanned in relaxed and contracted states. For the contracted state, SP was scanned with the shoulder actively abducted to 60° and the glenohumeral joint in neutral rotation; 80° external rotation; 80° internal rotation. Fiber bundle length (FBL) and pennation angle (PA) of distinct regions, and muscle thickness were computed. Measurements of the posterior region were limited because of acromion shadowing. Parameters between regions and changes between relaxed and contracted states were analyzed using paired t‐tests and repeated measures ANOVA (P < 0.05). On contraction in the anterior region, mean percentage of FBL shortening ranged between 9% and 21%. However, in the posterior region, shortening of approximately 2% only occurred in two of the three positions; lengthening of approximately 2.5% occurred in internal rotation. For the anterior region, the mean PA increased the least in the externally rotated position, and the mean PA of the middle part was smaller than the deep part for all states. Findings suggest changes in the architecture are not uniform throughout the muscle and joint position may play an important role in force production. The US protocol may serve as an outcome measure of adaptive changes of muscle function following surgery, training, and rehabilitation. Clin. Anat. 23:48–55, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The branching pattern of the deep inferior epigastric artery revisited in‐vivo: A new classification based on CT angiography
Authors: Rozen Warren M. , Ashton Mark W. , Grinsell Damien 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) is a reliable pedicle in the design of DIEA perforator flaps, with variations in its anatomy infrequent. Previous studies describing its branching pattern have all been based on cadaveric anatomy and described the following three branching patterns: Type 1 (single trunk), Type 2 (bifurcating trunk), and Type 3 (trifurcating trunk). The increased use of preoperative imaging, particularly with computed tomographic angiography (CTA), has enabled visualization of the DIEA and its branches in vivo, providing a functional view of this anatomy. We undertook a study of 250 patients (500 hemiabdominal walls) undergoing preoperative CTA before DIEA perforator flaps for breast reconstruction. The branching pattern of the DIEA and correlation to the contralateral hemiabdominal wall were assessed. The branching patterns of the DIEA were found to be different in vivo compared with cadaveric studies, with a higher than previously reported incidence of Type 1 patterns and lower than reported incidence of Type 3 patterns, and that some patterns exist which were not included within the previous nomenclature (namely, Type 0 or absent DIEA and Type 4 or four‐trunk DIEA). There was also shown to be no overall concordance in the branching patterns of the DIEA between contralateral sides of the same abdominal wall; however, there was shown to be a statistically significant concordance in cases of a Type 1 DIEA (51% concordance, P = 0.04). As such, a new modification to the classification system for the branching pattern of the DIEA is presented based on imaging findings. Clin. Anat. 23:87–92, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MATLAB‐based educational software for exploratory data analysis (EDA toolkit)
Authors: Carrasco Fernández Juan José , Soria Olivas Emilio , Gómez Sanchis Juan , Serrano Antonio José , Soriano‐Asensi Antonio , Guerrero Martínez Juan F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article presents an educational software developed in order to enable engineering students to gain insight into data sets via the exploratory data analysis (EDA). This software has been developed using the MATLAB GUIDE tool. This article shows the program suitability for learning EDA in different engineering courses related to data analysis such as data mining or data processing courses. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 313–320, 2012
A transparent and ubiquitous access framework for networking and embedded system laboratories
Authors: Li Yi‐Hsung , Dow Chyi‐Ren , Lin Cheng‐Min , Lin Pei‐Jung 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWith the advances in network technology and development of an e‐learning population, using the Internet to realize a distance laboratory has become prevalent and the distance laboratory can be accessed anytime from anywhere. However, it is difficult to present a seamless environment from the traditional physical laboratory into a distance laboratory. Practical devices in the traditional laboratory rarely supported distance access functions, and thus, constructing distance laboratories is difficult and time consuming. Hence, this work presents a distance laboratory framework with transparent and ubiquitous access platforms for various console‐based experiments, especially for networking and embedded system laboratories. The proposed system can support multiple users to access a device at the same time. Thus, students can easily share their experiences with each other to increase cooperative learning chances. Moreover, the proposed framework can be integrated to various distance laboratories and the user can access multiple platforms in one or several distance laboratories at the same time. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework can effectively improve the learning effect and the access platform can be used to increase the utilization of system resources. It can also reduce the cost of conducting laboratories and enhance student learning interest. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 321–331, 2012
The SYNTAX score revisited: A reassessment of the SYNTAX score reproducibility
Authors: Garg Scot , Girasis Chrysafios , Sarno Giovanna , Goedhart Dick , Morel Marie‐Angèle , Garcia‐Garcia Hector M. , Bressers Marco , Es Gerrit‐Anne van , Serruys Patrick W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectives: To reassess the reproducibility of the SYNTAX score. Background: The SYNTAX score appears to have an important role to play in the evaluation of patients with complex coronary artery disease undergoing revascularisation. However, the calculation of the SYNTAX score relies on the subjective assessment of lesions using coronary angiography, and therefore is subject to intra‐and inter‐observer variability. Methods: The SYNTAX score was calculated in 100 patients randomly selected from the SYNTAX trial, on two occasions 8 weeks apart, by a team made up of three interventional cardiologists. The weighted kappa values were compared with values obtained 1 year previously, when core lab analysts assessed the intra‐observer reproducibility amongst the same patient cohort. Results: The mean ± standard deviation difference in SYNTAX score was 2.1 ± 7.6. The respective weighted kappa values for the number of lesions, bifurcation lesions, ostial lesions, and total occlusions were 0.62, 0.36, 0.66, and 0.91 compared with 0.59, 0.41, 0.63, and 0.82 in the previous core lab assessment. The weighted kappa for the intra‐observer reproducibility of the SYNTAX score grouped into deciles was 0.54, and according to the terciles ≤22, >22–≤32, >32 was 0.51 both indicating a moderate level of agreement beyond the level of chance. In the previous assessment, the comparative kappa values were 0.45 and 0.53. Conclusions: The SYNTAX score has moderate intra‐observer reproducibility when assessed by a team of three interventional cardiologists, which is consistent with a prior evaluation performed by core lab analysts. The scoring of bifurcation lesions remains the main source of inconsistency. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arterial access and door‐to‐balloon times for primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients presenting with acute ST‐elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Weaver Aaron N. , Henderson Rick A. , Gilchrist Ian C. , Ettinger Steven M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectives: This study compares the transradial versus the transfemoral approach for time to intervention for patients presenting with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Background: Survival following STEMI is associated with reperfusion times (door‐to‐balloon; D2B). For patients undergoing primary PCI for acute STEMI, potential effects of transradial approach (r‐PCI) as compared with the femoral artery approach (f‐PCI) on D2B times have not been extensively studied. Methods: Consecutive patients presenting with STEMI at a tertiary care medical center were enrolled in a comprehensive—Heart Alert program (HA) and included in this analysis. Time parameters measured included: door‐to‐ECG, ECG‐to‐HA activation, HA activation‐to‐cath lab team arrival, patient arrival in cath lab to arterial access, and arterial access‐to‐balloon inflation. Results: Of 240 total patients, 205 underwent successful PCI (n = 124 r‐PCI; n = 116 f‐PCI). No significant difference was observed in the pre‐cath lab times. Mean case start times for r‐PCI took significantly longer (12.5 ± 5.4 min vs. 10.5 ± 5.7 min, P = 0.005) due to patient preparation. Once arterial access was obtained, balloon inflation occurred faster in the r‐PCI group (18.3 vs. 24.1 min; P < 0.001). Total time from patient arrival to the cardiac cath lab to PCI was reduced in the r‐PCI as compared to the f‐PCI group (28.4 vs. 32.7 min, P = 0.01). There was a small but statistical difference in D2B time (r‐PCI 76.4 min vs. f‐PCI 86.5 min P = 0.008). Conclusions: Patients presenting with STEMI can undergo successful PCI via radial artery approach without compromise in D2B times as compared to femoral artery approach. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous therapy of acute on chronic lower extremity venous occlusive disease
Authors: Sharifi Mohsen , Mehdipour Mahshid 
Published: November 2009

AbstractVenous thromboembolic disease is an underdiagnosed disease spectrum with a high mortality and morbidity. Despite significant advances in cardiovascular interventions, venous occlusive disease has not received the attention it deserves from the interventional cardiology community. We describe an 82‐year‐old man with massive left lower extremity DVT who underwent successful percutaneous endovenous intervention (PEVI) with rapid resolution of symptoms. We like to use this case as a call to action and raise awareness of the importance of PEVI in the treatment of extensive venous occlusive disease. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.