bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A slowly sedimenting infectious component of Rift Valley fever virus
Authors: Polson A. , Levitt Julia 
Published: May 2009

If Rift Valley fever virus (RVF), of which the main component has a sedimentation constant (S20) of about 450, is centrifuged under conditions adequate to secli ment MEF1 poliomyelitis virus (S20 = 156) completely, about 1 % of the original infective particles remain in the supernatant fluid. This slowly sedimenting (S10W) fraction was shown by centrifugation to contain infective components ranging in sedimentation constant from 4 to 19 Svedberg units. Density gradient centrifu gation showed that the densities of these particles varied from 1 to < 1 g./cm. The components were neutralized by RVF immune serum but were not affected by ribonuclease or deoxyribonuclease. In gel diffusion-filtration experiments the S10W virus behaved as substances having very low diffusion constants. Its filtration end-point using graded collodion membranes, is approximately two to three times higher than the ‘whole’ virus. It is suggested that particles comprising the S10W virus fraction contain lipoid material and may be filamentous.The authors wish to express their gratitude to Prof. A. Kipps and R. A. Alexander for their continued interest in this work and to Dr T. H. Mead for many helpful suggestions during preparation of the manuscript.This investigation was supported in part by a Public Health Service research grant Al 04044–02 from the National Institute of Health, Bethesda, U.S.A.
Infections in a hospital for patients with diseases of the skin
Authors: Wilson Patricia E. , White Pamela M. , Noble W. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYStudies on infections in a hospital for diseases of the skin are described. Patients were shown to acquire staphylococci in the groin and on the chest at about the same rate as in the nose. In contrast to surgical wards, many staphylococci were resistant to tetracycline but sensitive to penicillin. Nevertheless, much of the epidemic spread of staphylococci was with typical surgical-ward strains rather than with phage group II strains which might be thought typical of skin diseases.
Studies of respiratory viruses in personnel at an Antarctic base
Authors: Holmes M. J. , Allen T. R. , Bradburne A. F. , Stott E. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThirteen men wintering on an Antarctic base were isolated from other human contact for 10 months. During this period Coxsackievirus A21 and later influenza A2 virus were administered to some of the men. Serum samples were collected from each of the men at monthly intervals.Coxsackievirus A21 produced symptoms and apparently spread to uninoculated men. It also appears that repeated re-infections occurred and that the virus persisted in this small community for most of the period of isolation. HI antibody responses in the absence of neutralizing antibody responses seem to be transient.The vaccine strain of influenza virus induced antibody responses but did not cause symptoms. There was no evidence of spread to uninoculated men.Antibody titres against influenza C, parainfluenzaviruses 1 and 2 and coronavirus OC43 did not fall significantly during isolation.An outbreak of respiratory illness occurred at the end of isolation and its origin was traced. No causative agent was detected.
Colonization resistance of the digestive tract in conventional and antibiotic-treated mice
Authors: Van der Waaij D. , Berghuis-de Vries J. M. , Lekkerkerk-van der Wees J. E. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of oral administration of antibiotics on the intestinal flora of conventional mice and their resistance to colonization by orally introducedEscherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniaeandPseudomonas aeruginosawas studied. Colonization resistance (CR) was expressed as the log of the oral bacterial dose followed by a persistent take in 50 % of the contaminated animals. The intestinal flora was virtually eliminated by the antibiotics and this elimination was accompanied by a precipitous fall of CR. CR gradually returned to normal values during the period of repopulation of the intestinal tract by the organisms surviving the treatment. Antibiotic treatment resulted in the disappearance of Enterobacteriaceae, enterococci, staphylococci and yeasts and, under appropriate housing conditions, the animals remained free of these organisms indefinitely. Germ-free mice contaminated with the intestinal flora of an antibiotic-treated animal and their offspring housed in a germ-free isolator showed high values of CR. Their intestinal flora consisted of anaerobic bacteria only. Apparently, these anaerobes are responsible for CR in these and in conventional mice.
Field trials of an inactivated oil-adjuvant vaccine against louping-ill (Arbovirus group B)
Authors: Brotherston J. G. , Bannatyne C. C. , Mathieson A. O. , Nicolson T. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA single dose of inactivated louping-ill oil-adjuvant vaccine elicited a serologically detectable immune response in sheep lasting for at least 1 year. These sheep when exposed to a natural focus of louping-ill virus were completely protected from clinical disease and 1 year after vaccination were able to pass on a substantial maternal immunity to their lambs.Twenty-nine per cent of unvaccinated sheep, exposed at the same time, died from clinical louping-ill; half of the survivors showed positive sero-conversion and became immune, while the other half remained susceptible. The incidence of fatal encephalomyelitis in sheep which were known to have circulated virus exceeded 50% in 2 out of 3 trials conducted simultaneously in different locations in Scotland in 1969.
Aspects of influenza C virus replication
Authors: Barclay Grizel R. , Leader-Williams Lesley K. , Flewett T. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYInfluenza C virus antigen could be detected by immunofluorescence in chick amniotic epithelium 4 hr. after inoculation with undiluted amniotic fluid. Antigen could be detected in the nucleus of rhesus monkey kidney tissue cultures 10 hr. after infection. Only cytoplasmic fluorescence was observed 17–21 hr. after infection.The pattern of replication was similar to that reported for group I myxoviruses, indicating that the virus is correctly classified as an influenza virus.
Vibriocidal antibodies induced byYersinia enterocoliticaserotype IX
Authors: Barua D. , Watanabe Y. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYYersinia enterocoliticaserotype IX has been found to stimulate the production of vibriocidal antibody againstVibrio cholerae, particularly in Inaba serotype, in experimental rabbits and infected man to a significant degree. This activity could be absorbed by both Inaba andYersiniaantigens from anti-yersinia sera, butYersiniaantigen could not absorb vibriocidal activity from the anti-cholera sera, indicating a unilateral relation.Vibrio agglutinating antibody, particularly against Ogawa, in anti-yersinia rabbit or human sera was found to be less liable to non-specific stimulation.V. cholerae, while removing vibriocidal antibody, could not absorb theYersiniaagglutinin from anti-yersinia sera, suggesting that there is a different determinant for these two types of antibody activities.The non-specific production of vibriocidal antibody byY. enterocoliticatype IX indicates the need for caution in the interpretation of the results of vibriocidal tests where such organisms are prevalent.
Serological detection of enterotoxin in foods implicated in staphylococcal food poisoning
Authors: Gilbert R. J. , Wieneke Antonnette A. , Lanser Janice , Šimkovičová Magda 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTwo methods are described for the extraction of enterotoxin from foods incriminated in incidents of staphylococcal food poisoning. Enterotoxin was detected serologically in 12 of 24 food samples from 20 separate incidents: eight samples contained enterotoxin A, three contained D and one both A and B. The amount of enterotoxin in nine foods, based on 100 % recovery, varied from 0·02 to 0·09 μg./g.Data are also given on the numbers ofStaphylococcus aureusisolated from samples of food from 39 food poisoning incidents. Colony counts varied between 7·5 × 105and 9 × 109/g. with a median value of 7 × 107/g.
Examination of two bacterial strains designated ‘Brucella suisbiotype 5’
Authors: Corbel M. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe morphological, cultural, biochemical, serological and pathogenic properties of two bacterial strains of the group designated ‘Br. suisbiotype 5’ were examined. Both strains were found to be atypical of the genusBrucellain many of these characteristics. No serological relationship to known brucella strains could be detected. On the basis of the evidence obtained the two strains examined were classified asMoraxella duplexand the status of ‘Br. suisbiotype 5’ questioned.
Typing ofPseudomonas aeruginosa: comparison of the phage procedure with the pyocine technique
Authors: Bernstein-Ziv Ruth , Mushin Rose , Rabinowitz Kurt 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTwo hundred and sixty strains ofPseudomonas aeruginosawere isolated from patients of the Asaf Harofe Government Hospital. The strains were typed by phage technique and 64 of them were also typed according to pyocine sensitivity. The two methods proved complementary, and reduced the number of untypable strains. Phage typing was performed with both routine test dilution (RTD) and more concentrated phage suspensions. The most reliable results were obtained at 100 RTD.
Susceptibility of the VERO line of African green monkey kidney cells to human enteroviruses
Authors: Davis Patricia M. , Phillpotts R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe relative susceptibility of VERO cells and primary rhesus monkey kidney cells to 47 prototype strains of human enteroviruses is described. Of these strains, types 4, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 31 and 34 and Coxsackie virus A 9 failed to cause CPE in the VERO cells whilst only one, echovirus type 34, failed to cause CPE in the monkey kidney cells.A comparison is given of the efficiency of the two cell cultures for enterovirus isolation from clinical material. Results show that VERO cells are as useful as primary monkey kidney for the isolation of Coxsackie B viruses but less satisfactory for isolating echoviruses. They are satisfactory for the isolation of single types of poliovirus and appear to be more satisfactory than primary monkey kidney cells for the isolation of mixtures of polioviruses. The identification of enteroviruses by neutralization tests in VERO cells is successful.
The distribution in Kenya of bluetongue virus and antibody, and the Culicoides vector
Authors: Davies F. G. , Walker A. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSera from domestic cattle, sheep and goats and 11 wild bovid species taken at 41 locations throughout Kenya were screened for antibody to bluetongue virus using the indirect fluorescent antibody method. Positive sera were found at 39 locations and in all the species tested. The distribution of clinical disease was mapped and found to be more restricted than the distribution of antibody. Culicoides were collected in light traps at 55 locations throughout Kenya. The presumptive vector of bluetongue in Kenya, C. pallidipennis, was the most widespread species, found in 38 locations. Both the distribution of antibody and Culicoides have been tabulated by ecological zones to demonstrate that bluetongue virus in its natural state in cattle and wild bovids is far more widespread than clinical bluetongue disease seen in exotic sheep of restricted distribution; and that C. pallidipennis has great ecological range.
Laboratory tests of 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane as a rodenticide
Authors: Greaves J. H. , Redfern R. , Tinworth H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe properties of 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane as a rodenticide against Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus were investigated in the laboratory. The high oral toxicity of the compound was confirmed. When the compound was given to laboratory rats and mice by stomach tube at lethal dosages, signs of poisoning were observed within a minute. When caged wild rats and mice were given a choice between plain and poisoned baits the optimum rodenticidal concentration in the bait was about 0.5% for both species, producing 50% mortality in wild rats and 95% mortality in wild mice. The results are discussed in relation to safety in use and the probable effectiveness of the compound as a rodenticide in field conditions.
Swine vesicular disease: attempts to transmit infection to cattle and sheep
Authors: Burrows R. , Mann J. A. , Goodridge D. , Chapman W. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYCattle and sheep were housed with infected pigs for 11 days. Small amounts of virus were recovered intermittently from the pharynx, milk and rectal swabs of the cattle, but no evidence of subclinical infection was found. Some indication of virus growth in the sheep was obtained in that large amounts of virus were recovered from the pharyngeal region 4 to 7 days after exposure and six of the eight sheep developed significant titres of neutralizing antibody which were maintained in four animals for at least 6 weeks.
Pertussis agglutinins in vaccinated children: better response with adjuvant
Authors: Preston N. W. , Mackay R. I. , Bamford F. N. , Crofts J. E. , Burland W. L. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYChildren were immunized with a single batch of pertussis vaccine, either adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide or plain. With a primary course of three injections, adsorbed vaccine produced higher titres of pertussis agglutinins in the serum than did plain vaccine. There was no obvious difference in response between those who received the three doses at intervals of 1–2 months, starting at 3–4 months of age, and those in whom the third dose was delayed until about 6 months after the second, but the number of children in each group was small.
The foot-and-mouth disease virus subtype variants in Kenya
Authors: Anderson E. C. , Anderson J. , Doughty W. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe subtype variants found in Kenya in the past ten years have been studied. The type O and type SAT 2 subtypes have a distinct geographical distribution which appears to be associated with livestock movement patterns. The type A viruses have a greater tendency to antigenic variation and their geographical distribution is less distinct. In type C only minor differences exist between the three viruses studied.
The isolation of Escherichia coli from a poultry packing station and an abattoir
Authors: Shooter R. A. , Cooke E. Mary , O'Farrell Sheila , Bettelheim K. A. , Chandler Mary E. , Bushrod Frances M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe distribution and serotype of strains of Escherichia coli from a poultry packing station and an abattoir are described. The results indicated that animal faecal strains contaminated the environment and the animal carcasses.Using 150 O antisera, a high proportion of the E. coli strains were non-typable. This suggests that the serotype distribution of E. coli in animals is different from that in man.Strains with single antigenic differences were isolated, and the possibility of genetic transfer of these antigenic structures is suggested.
Further studies of Escherichia coli in babies after normal delivery
Authors: Bettelheim K. A. , Teoh-Chan Ching Haan , Chandler Mary E. , O'farrell Sheila M. , Rahamin Layla , Shaw Elizabeth J. , Shooter R. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPrevious work showed that on the basis of O serotyping alone of Escherichia coli, the majority of babies acquired the same O serotype as was found in the stools of their respective mothers. Further characterization of the E. coli by H serotyping, determination of their antibiotic resistance and ability to ferment six carbohydrates showed that in the majority of cases the previous results were confirmed. In a minority of cases this further testing showed that the strains were not identical. In some instances a number of strains isolated from the same pair showed different combinations of the markers used.
The problem and implications of chloramphenicol resistance in the typhoid bacillus
Authors: Anderson E. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTransferable chloramphenicol resistance has become common in the typhoid bacillus in countries such as Mexico, India, Vietnam and Thailand. Situations such as this, and others analogous to it in many parts of the world, are the result of the long-term indiscriminate use of chloramphenicol and other antibiotics in the affected areas. They can be rectified only by more rational antibiotic usage.
A new, surface-antigen-adsorbed influenza virus vaccine. I. Studies on immunogenicity in hamsters
Authors: Jennings R. , Potter C. W. , McLaren C. , Brady Margaret 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe ability of a new, surface-antigen-adsorbed influenza virus vaccine to induce serum antibody in hamsters, and to protect these hamsters against subsequent homologous virus challenge, is reported. In addition, similar studies in hamsters have also been carried out using the surface antigen material prior to adsorption to the aluminium hydroxide carrier. The new, adsorbed vaccine is at least as effective as inactivated saline influenza virus vaccine in inducing serum antibody and protection in hamsters; the unadsorbed surface antigen material, however, did not confer protection to hamsters challenged subsequently with homologous virus.
Clostridium botulinumin the lakes and waterways of London
Authors: Smith G. R. , Moryson Caroline J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMud samples collected during 1974 from a large proportion of the lakes and waterways of London were examined forClostridium botulinum. Of 69 such sites, 50 (72·5%) contained at least one type of the organism. Of the 50 positive sites, 31, 12, 1 and 10 contained, respectively, types B, C, D and E. Most of the demonstrations of type B required trypsinization of culture filtrates. An examination of 7 lakes in Edinburgh, made for the purpose of comparison, showed that 4 contained type B and one type C.An analysis of the results gave quantitative information on the value of (1) resampling apparently negative lakes, (2) the use of both heated and unheated culture inocula, and (3) trypsinization of culture filtrates.
Type-specific action of vibriocidal antibody onVibrio cholerae
Authors: Pykett Angela H. , Preston N. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe vibriocidal activity of Inaba and Ogawa antisera, from which cross-reacting agglutinin had been absorbed, was specific forVibrio choleraestrains of the homologous serotype. No vibriocidal action against strains of the heterologous type was detected.The sera appeared to be equally effective in killing organisms of different biotypes (classical, intermediate, and EITor), provided that these were of the homologous serotype (Inaba or Ogawa). However, they had been raised against strains of the classical biotype only; and sera resulting from immunization with other biotypes had not been prepared.The implications of these findings in immunity to cholera are discussed.
The sensitization of children by opportunist mycobacteria in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Ogunmekan D. A. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryGroups of school children aged 6–14 years were tested with PPDS and one of the following five antigens simultaneously, namely PPDA, PPDF, PPDG, PPDPL and PPDY. PPDS was prepared from the human tubercle bacillus, and the others were prepared from M. avium, M. fortuitum, the ‘Gause’ organisms, M. marinum and M. kansasii respectively.It was observed that there was some increase in induration size to PPDA, PPDG, PPDL, PPDS and PPDY with increase in age, while M. fortuitum gave a preponderance of small reactions with no increase of size with age. It was also observed that there was evidence of cross sensitization between PPDS and all the other antigens, particularly in those who had negative or doubtful reactions.
Enzyme-labelled immunosorbent assay techniques in foot-and-mouth disease virus research
Authors: Elzein E. M. E. Abu , Crowther J. R. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe indirect ELISA technique has been developed successfully to measure antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in cattle sera. Preliminary studies using a standard serum assay show that reproducible results are obtained. The method should prove useful for the examination of antibody titres in sera from large numbers of cattle or other animals.
A survey of Nairobi sheep disease antibody in sheep and goats, wild ruminants and rodents within Kenya
Authors: Davies F. G. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe distribution of antibody to Nairobi sheep disease in sheep and goats in Kenya was found to coincide closely with that of the tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. The proportions of a population in an enzootic area with antibody was similar in the different age groups. No antibody to the virus was found in rodent sera and while some low titres were found in some wild ruminant sera, these were considered to be most likely cross reactions with antibody to related viruses.
Nairobi sheep disease in Kenya. The isolation of virus from sheep and goats, ticks and possible maintenance hosts
Authors: Davies F. G. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryNairobi sheep disease was seen principally upon movement of susceptible animals into the enzootic areas. This occurred most frequently for marketing purposes near the main centres of population. Other outbreaks followed local breakdowns in tick control measures. The disease did not occur in epizootic form during the period under consideration.Nairobi sheep disease was isolated from pools of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus but not from many pools of other tick species. No virus was isolated from the blood or tissues of a range of wild ruminants and rodents.
The pathogenicity of thymidine kinase-deficient mutants of herpes simplex virus in mice
Authors: Field H. J. , Wildy P. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe pathogenicity for mice of two mutants of herpes simplex virus (type 1 and type 2), which fail to induce thymidine kinase, were compared with their respective parent strains. The mutants were much less virulent than the parents following either intracerebral or peripheral inoculation. The replication of the virus at the site of inoculation and its progression into the nervous system were studied. Following a very large inoculum in the ear, the type 1 mutant was found to establish a latent infection in the cervical dorsal root ganglia. Mice inoculated intracerebrally with small doses of the mutant viruses were solidly immune to challenge with lethal doses of the parent strain.
A search for faecal viruses in new-born and other infants
Authors: Appleton Hazel , Buckley Marie , Robertson M. H. , Thom B. T. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryFaecal specimens were collected at weekly intervals over the winter months from 141 new-born infants without diarrhoea. Contrary to the findings in other studies, no viruses were detected by electron microscopy or culturein any of these specimens. Over the same period faecal specimens were collected from 84 infants up to four yearsof age admitted to hospital. Rotaviruses or adenoviruses were found in 48% of infants with gastroenteritis. Enteroviruses and other small round virus-like particles were found in infants both with and without gastroenteritis.No viruses or pathogenic bacteria could be found in 34% of specimens from infants with gastroenteritis.