bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting the acute toxicity of copper in freshwater sediments: Evaluation of the role of acid-volatile sulfide
Authors: Ankley Gerald T. , Mattson Vincent R. , Leonard Edward N. , West Corlis W. , Bennett Jon L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAcid-volatile sulfide (AVS) has been proposed as an important partitioning phase determining the bioavailability of cationic metals in sediments. The objective of this research was to evaluate the role of AVS in determining copper toxicity in sediments from two sites heavily contaminated with copper: Steilacoom Lake, Washington, and the Keweenaw Watershed, Michigan. Sediments from the two sites were used in 10-d toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, and results of the toxicity tests were compared to bioavailability predictions based on copper and AVS concentrations in the test sediments, as well as copper concentrations in the sediment interstitial (pore) water. Normalization of sediment copper concentrations to AVS accurately predicted sediments that were nontoxic when molar copper-to-AVS ratios were less than one; however, toxicity also was frequently not observed in samples with molar copper-to-AVS ratios significantly greater than one. In contrast, measurement of pore-water copper concentrations and subsequent comparison of these concentrations to water-only copper toxicity data for Hyalella azteca resulted in accurate predictions of the presence and extent of copper toxicity in the test sediments. These results indicate that AVS alone is not an appropriate partitioning phase for predicting copper bioavailability in freshwater sediments.
Effects of chemical contaminants on blood chemistry of teleost fish: A bibliography and synopsis of selected effects
Authors: Folmar Leroy C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to provide a bibliography of publications that describe the effects of organic and inorganic chemical contaminants on serum chemistry and hematology of teleost fish with a brief synopsis of those effects. Also included is a review of “normal” or “reference” values for various blood chemistry parameters and hormones measurable in a number of fish species.
Use of gleams to predict insecticide losses from pine seed orchards
Authors: Nutter W.L. , Knisel W.G. , Bush P.B. , Taylor J.W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Intensive pine forest management practiced in the southern United States relies heavily on seed orchards to produce genetically improved seedlings to achieve high productivity. One of the most critical problems is the control of seed and cone insects requiring heavy and frequent applications of insecticides. Hydrologic modeling of insecticide fate in surface water and ground water is a useful technique for evaluating the environmental fate of the applied insecticides. The GLEAMS (groundwater loading effects of agricultural management systems) model was used to evaluate the differences between fate of insecticides at four pine seed orchard sites in different physiographic regions of the southern United States. A 50-year simulation period was used. Insecticides selected for simulation were carbofuran, azinphosmethyl, fenvalerate, and permethrin. The simulations of insecticide losses in storm flow and percolate at each of the seed orchards demonstrated the importance of the time of application relative to precipitation occurrence, effective rooting depth, and soil-water conditions. Although the absolute insecticide losses may not be accurately simulated by GLEAMS, the model can predict the seasonal patterns of loss and relative loss among different insecticides likely to occur under actual seed orchard conditions.
Lethal and sublethal impacts of pyrethroid insecticides on amphibian embryos and tadpoles
Authors: Berrill Michael , Bertram Susan , Wilson Anne , Louis Sharon , Brigham Deneen , Stromberg Christina 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Amphibian populations are potentially sensitive to aquatic contaminants such as pesticides. We exposed embryos and larvae of five amphibians (the frogs Rana sylvatica, Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans; the toad Bufo americanus; the salamander Ambystoma maculatum) to one or both of the pyrethroid pesticides permethrin and fenvalerate. Concentrations ranged from 0.01 ppm to 2 ppm, and exposures lasted 22 or 96 h. No significant mortality of embryos, anuran tadpoles, or salamander larvae occurred during or following exposure to pyrethroids. However, tadpole growth was delayed following exposure, and tadpoles and salamander larvae responded to prodding not by darting away but by twisting abnormally. Both effects may result in greater vulnerability to predation. Recovery of normal avoidance behavior occurred more rapidly at 20 than at 15°C and following exposure to lower concentrations of the pesticides, indicating both temperature and dose effects. Tadpoles exposed later in development did not feed for a period of days following exposure but were still capable of metamorphosis. Of the five tested species, Ambystoma maculatum, a tadpole predator, was particularly sensitive. An amphibian community is therefore likely to be sensitive to low-level contamination events.
Application of passive samplers (pisces) to locating a source of PCBs on the Black River, New York
Authors: Litten Simon , Mead Berton , Hassett John 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Dissolved hydrophobic chemicals can be concentrated with a passive, in situ concentration-extraction sampler (PISCES), an inexpensive and easy-to-use device made from plumbing parts and polyethylene film. PISCES is intended to mimic the direct uptake of chemicals from water by fish without the complications of metabolism and the uncertainty of location of exposure. This report examines the practical application of PISCES to a problem in identifying the source of PCBs to the Black River (NY). PISCES were deployed on three occasions at stations throughout the length of the river. Solvent recovered from the PISCES was analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. Relative homolog abundances and absolute amount of recovered PCBs pointed to a particular river reach as a possible source. A fourth set of samples taken in the city of Carthage (NY) defined a plausible source. Conventional sampling methods would not have been effective in this situation.
Derivation of site-specific ammonia criteria for an effluent-dominated headwater stream
Authors: Diamond Jerome M. , MacKler Donald G. , Rasnake William J. , Gruber David 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The present study was designed to derive appropriate ammonia standards for a freshwater, wooded stream on the Delmarva Peninsula (eastern shore of the United States) composed almost entirely of wastewater effluent for at least four months of the year. Representative species acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed at 20° (summer) and 12°C (winter) to obtain seasonal standards. Acute toxicity tests using fathead minnow and Daphnia magna suggested that the site water had no effect on un-ionized ammonia toxicity. However, resident species appeared to be relatively insensitive to acute exposures of un-ionized ammonia. Warm-water LC50s adjusted for pH = 8.0 and 20°C ranged between 1.02 and 2.73 mg/L for those tests in which an LC50 could be calculated. If acute no-observed-effect concentrations (NOECs) (approximately LC25) were used, bluegill was most sensitive (NOEC = 0.295 mg/L), followed by Crangonyx (amphipod) and Menidia (silverside). Warm-water chronic testing indicated that Rana (leopard frog) was most sensitive, followed by bluegill and amphipod. Cold-water acute tests yielded definitive LC50s between 0.53 (bluegill) and 1.91 mg/L (amphipod). Hyla crucifer (spring peeper) and juvenile bluegill were most sensitive in chronic cold-water testing. Final acute values (FAVs) of 0.62 and 0.30 mg/L NH3 were obtained for 20 and 12°C, respectively. The geometric mean of acute-to-chronic ratios (ACR) based on unionized ammonia were 7.2 and 5.7, for 20 and 12°C, respectively. The final chronic values (FCVs) or maximum 4-d average concentrations at 20 and 12°C were 0.09 and 0.05 mg/L NH3, respectively. Un-ionized ammonia acute toxicity to vertebrate freshwater species (fish and tadpoles) was inversely related to temperature, whereas invertebrates often exhibited the opposite trend. Chronic testing, however, suggested that most species were more sensitive to NH3 at 20 than 12°C. This study suggests that the ACR developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for warm-water streams may be overly conservative for very small streams in which species diversity is naturally low.
Multivariate quantitative structure-activity relationships for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans
Authors: Tysklind Mats , Lundgren Kjell , Rappe Christoffer , Eriksson Lennart , Jonsson Jörgen , Sjöström Michael 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A multivariate characterization of the 136 tetra- to octa-chloro-substituted dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) is reported. By principal component analysis (PCA) of a battery of physicochemical descriptors, an overview of similarities and differences between congener groups and substitution patterns is obtained. Available data for two biochemical end points, the induction of the enzymes aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxy resorufin O-deethylase (EROD), were used to construct quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) using partial least-squares projections with latent variables (PLS). By applying the principles of statistical experimental design to the orthogonal scores from the PCA, a set of PCDD and PCDF congeners is proposed for further biological and toxicological evaluations.
Selective accumulation of polychlorocamphenes in aquatic biota from the canadian Arctic
Authors: Bidleman T. F. , Walla M. D. , Muir D. C. G. , Stern G. A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Polychlorocamphenes (PCCs; e.g., toxaphene) are major organochlorine contaminants in fish, marine mammals, and other aquatic life from the Arctic. Because PCCs yield complex GC patterns that are often greatly altered in environmental samples compared to a toxaphene standard, identification by GC with electron-capture detection is problematic. We examined PCC profiles in the blubber of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) and the liver of freshwater burbot (Lota lota) from the Canadian Arctic by GC-negative ion mass spectrometry (GC-NIMS). Chromatograms of these specimens showed that certain PCCs were greatly enriched, compared to a toxaphene standard. Mass spectra of accumulated PCCs were consistent with octachloro- and nonachlorobornanes, with possible contribution from chlorinated bornenes. Corresponding GC peaks in the toxaphene standard appeared to be mixtures of seven- and eight-chlorine or eight- and nine-chlorine PCCs. The same peaks in biological samples showed selective accumulation of the more highly chlorinated components. To properly characterize the levels and biological effects of PCCs in arctic food chains will require isolation or synthesis of pure PCC congeners and an evaluation of their physicochemical and toxicological properties.
The effects of low pH and elevated aluminum on yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri)
Authors: Farag Aïda M. , Woodward Daniel F. , Little Edward E. , Steadman Bryan , Vertucci Frank A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Although acid deposition is not considered a problem in the western United States, surface waters in high elevations and fish inhabiting these waters may be vulnerable to acidification. This study examined the sensitivity of a western salmonid to acid and aluminum stress. Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri; YSC) were exposed for 7 d during each of four early life stages, or continuously from fertilization to 40 d post-hatch, to decreased pH and elevated Al. We monitored survival, growth, whole-body ion content, and behavior of the exposed fish. Sensitivity of early life stages of YSC may be expressed by survival or by survival and sublethal effects. In our study, eggs were the most sensitive life stage of YSC to low pH if survival alone was considered. However, the sublethal effects on growth, tissue ion content, and behavior revealed the alevins and swim-up larvae were more sensitive to reduced pH and increased Al than eggs or eyed embryos. We also observed that survival was significantly decreased if YSC were exposed to pH 6.0 and 50 μg Al per liter continuously from fertilization to 40 d post-hatch.
Effects of previous zinc exposure on pH tolerance of periphyton communities
Authors: Niederlehner B. R. , Cairns John 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe community-level effects of previous chemical exposure on resistance to a dissimilar subsequent stress were evaluated. Naturally derived periphytic communities on polyurethane-foam artificial substrates provided colonists for development of new communities under controlled stress conditions in the laboratory. Communities were colonized under three levels of Zn stress: control, low (73 μg/L), and high (172 μg/L). After 21 d, laboratory-colonized communities were exposed to 5 pH levels (control, 4.5, 4.0, 3.5, 3.0) for 48 h. No significant differences occurred between Zn treatments in response to pH for total biomass, assimilation ratio, respiration to biomass ratio, and net daily metabolism. Response to pH was dependent on Zn treatment for number of protozoan species, algal biomass, gross primary productivity, and community respiration. Number of protozoan species in high Zn was impaired in absence of pH stress. Primary production and community respiration were impaired in absence of pH stress in both low and high Zn. For these three end points, outcome for Zn treatments converged with increasing secondary stress; no differences between Zn treatment groups were observed at pH &lt; 4.0. For several end points, Zn-stressed communities changed less, relative to their initial state, with subsequent acid shock.
Comparative toxicity of selenate, selenite, seleno-DL-methionine and seleno-DL-cystine to Daphnia magna
Authors: Maier Kurt J. , Foe Christopher G. , Knight Allen W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Elevated concentrations of the trace element selenium (Se) have resulted in the degradation of several aquatic ecosystems. This study evaluated the comparative toxicity of several aqueous chemical species of selenium to an aquatic cladoceran, Daphnia magna. Responses to mixtures of these selenium forms, varying the sulfate concentration, were also examined. Initial experiments compared the toxicity of aqueous forms of selenate, selenite, seleno-DL-methionine, and seleno-DL-cystine to neonate Daphnia magna, resulting in 48-h LC50 values of 2.84, 0.55, 0.31, and 2.01 mg Se per liter, respectively. Immobilization was an acute sublethal response observed during exposure to the organic selenium forms only. The 48-h IC50 values were 0.045 and 0.52 mg Se per liter for seleno-DL-methionine and seleno-DL-cystine, respectively. Evaluation of the invertebrate response to various combinations of selenate, selenite, and seleno-DL-methionine demonstrated that the toxicities of these forms of selenium are additive. Increasing the concentration of sulfate decreased, varied, and left unaffected the toxicities of selenate, selenite, and seleno-DL-methionine, respectively. These results indicate that both the chemical form of selenium and the sulfate concentration can influence the toxicity of selenium.
Bile fluorescence and some early biological effects in fish as indicators of pollution by xenobiotics
Authors: Britvić Smiljana , Lucić Davor , Kurelec Branko 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Simple measurement of bile fluorescence in fish has been proposed as a means for determining exposure to certain waterborne chemicals. This proposal was based on the data obtained by chemical determination of metabolites of compounds to which fish were exposed. Because exposures to most of these compounds cause some profound biological effects in fish, we studied the correlation between the increase in bile fluorescence, the induction of liver benzo[a]pyrene mono-oxygenase (BaPMO) activity, and the increase in the potential of liver to bioactivate promutagenic benzo[a]pyrene to Salmonella typhimurium TA100 mutagens. Carp exposed to diesel-2 oil, crude oil, or to a flow of polluted river water simultaneously increased severalfold the levels of all three parameters in a dose-and time-dependent manner. During the recovery from exposure, the levels of bile fluorescence and the BaPMO activity declined and by day 15 reached their natural, preexposure levels. The level of bioactivation potential, however, remained at the higher, induced level throughout the recovery period of 15 d. Seven fish species living in polluted Sava River (near Zagreb, Croatia) revealed severalfold increased levels of these parameters, as compared to their levels in fish living in the reference Korana River (near Karlovac, Croatia) or to their levels in control carp. These results give qualitatively new support to the idea of using simple measurements of fluorescence of diluted bile as a rapid and cheap complementary investigative tool for monitoring and assessment studies.
Selenium accumulation and loss in mallard eggs
Authors: Heinz Gary H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Five female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) that had just started egg laying were first fed a diet containing 15 ppm selenium in the form of selenomethionine for 20 d and then an untreated diet for 20 d. Selenium levels in eggs peaked (to about 13-20 ppm) in about two weeks on the treated diet and leveled off at a low level (&lt; 5 ppm) after about 10 d back on the untreated diet. Selenium levels in egg whites responded faster than levels in yolks to the females' consumption of treated and untreated diets.
Biodegradation of sucralose, a chlorinated carbohydrate, in samples of natural environments
Authors: Labare Michael P. , Alexander Martin 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Measurements were made of the biodegradation of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-α, D-galactopyranosyl-1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β, D-fructofuranoside (sucralose) in samples of several natural environments. This chlorinated carbohydrate, which represents a new class of artificial sweeteners, was extensively transformed to CO2 in four mineral soils with pH values of 4.9 to 7.2. Mineralization occurred at concentrations of 0.01 to 1,000 mg of sucralose per kilogram of soil, and the initial rates were a direct function of substrate concentration. At the lower concentrations, mineralization was initiated with no detectable acclimation period. Mineralization was not evident in soil under anaerobiosis. Mineralization occurred in lake sediments, sewage, and estuarine water but at lower rates and lesser extents than in soils. Little mineralization was evident in samples from oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic lakes, the extent of mineralization being often less than the contamination level of the sucralose preparation. Sucralose degradation resulted from microbial activity because mineralization did not occur in sterilized environmental samples, and the addition of cycloheximide or streptomycin to soil significantly reduced mineralization. No bacterium could be isolated that was capable of utilizing sucralose as the sole carbon source. The data suggest that the biodegradation of sucralose is a cometabolic process.
Studies on the occurrence and distribution of wood smoke marker compounds in foggy atmospheres
Authors: Sagebiel John C. , Seiber James N. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Fog water and interstitial air samples were collected simultaneously and analyzed for methoxylated phenols, which have been previously reported as incomplete combustion products from wood lignin. The purposes of this study were to ascertain if these methoxylated phenols could be detected in fog sampled in residential areas and to determine the distribution of the compounds between fog droplets and interstitial air. The fog water was collected with a Teflon® filament fog collector and filtered through a 0.2-μm filter before extraction and GC analysis. Vapor samples were collected using a dichotomous sampler to separate fog droplets from interstitial air; the organic vapors were collected on polyurethane foam. Guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, and syringol were the most commonly found among the 16 methoxylated phenols confirmed in fog samples. The distributions between air and water approximately followed Henry's law, suggesting that previously reported enrichments into fog water are related to analyte hydrophobicity, described by either the octanol/water partition coefficient or the water solubility.
Bioaccumulation of PCBs by algae: Kinetics versus equilibrium
Authors: Swackhamer Deborah L. , Skoglund R.S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to test the hypothesis that bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) by phytoplankton is correlated to the compound's octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) in a predictive relationship in laboratory experiments, and to confirm these findings with field observations. In laboratory experiments we measured the uptake of 40 representative polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners over time under conditions that inhibited and allowed phytoplankton growth. Results indicated that the bioaccumulation process is consistent with partitioning from water into cell lipids but is slower than previously thought. The uptake of PCBs was slow relative to growth of phytoplankton, preventing the chemical from reaching thermodynamic equilibrium in algal cells under conditions promoting growth (nonwinter). Thus under non-winter field conditions, many PCB congeners never reach equilibrium concentrations. Food-chain models that assume equilibrium between HOCs and the primary trophic level could be inaccurate and may need to use a kinetic framework.
In vitro red blood cell assay for oxidant toxicity of petroleum oil
Authors: Couillard C.M. , Leighton F.A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPetroleum oil has caused hemolytic anemia in birds and mammals. In birds, an oxidant damage on circulating red cells has been identified as the primary toxic effect of ingested petroleum oils. An in vitro red blood cell assay was developed to discriminate among the oxidant activities of different petroleum oils. The assay used rabbit red blood cells with a rat liver enzyme system and formation of methemoglobin was measured as an indicator of oxidant damage to the red cells. The assay was applied to five different petroleum oils and to naphthalene, a petroleum hydrocarbon known to cause hemolytic anemia. Different petroleum oils differed in their capacity to induce methemoglobin formation. Methemoglobin levels varied from 2.9% with Arabian light crude oil to 6.2% with South Louisiana crude oil. Naphthalene induced formation of up to 37% methemoglobin. Naphthalene and the five petroleum oils generated methemoglobin only in the presence of liver enzymes.