bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A cause of pollution
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Many streams in or near urban areas are polluted; some carry significant amounts of pollution when there is no obvious source. Intensified studies of runoff of storm water in urban areas that are n ow under way as part of a joint effort by the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, and the Environmental Protection Agency appear to have isolated the origin. There are pilot studies in Philadelphia, Denver, Portland, and the Miami and south Florida area that have produced reliable data for the first time, according to the descriptions given by D.J. Lystrom (hydrologist and coordinator of the USGS programs) at a recent meeting on urban storm water management in Raleigh, North Carolina.Instead of point sources such as industrial concerns and municipal waste treatment plants, many of which have been cleaned up greatly in the areas studied, less obvious sources such as storm water runoff from streets, parking lots, and agricultural land have been identified. Lystrom said that the study in Portland, for example, showed that storm water runoff may have supplied higher concentrations of ‘settable solids and coliform bacteria’ than the discharge from secondary waste treatment plants. The study in Denver indicated that storm runoff may contribute significant amounts of ammonia nitrogen, total nonfilterable residue, copper, iron, lead, and zinc, and in winter, sodium chloride and steel deicing chemicals to local streams.
Opportunity to observe a large‐scale hole in the ionosphere
Authors: Mendillo Michael , Baumgardner Jeffrey , Klobuchar John A. 
Published: October 2011

Since the earliest days of the U.S. Space Program, concerns have been raised regarding the atmospheric perturbations that might be caused by the exhaust products of large rocket engines. In 1964 a comprehensive review of the subject was published by Kellogg [1964] in which the space science community was alerted to the many possible ways that rocket ‘pollutants’ could have environmental impacts. The final impression left by Kellogg's paper was that the terrestrial atmosphere was sufficiently dense to absorb any conceivable shock that an aerospace technology might reasonably be expected to build—even to the point of the giant Saturn V rockets envisioned for the Apollo Program.In the 15 years that have passed since Kellogg's assessment, very little evidence was found to suggest that rocket effluents were in fact perilous to our environment. A reappraisal of all published accounts of rocket‐induced modifications of the atmosphere since Sputnik 1 (M. Mendillo, unpublished manuscript, 1979) reveals that hardly a dozen accounts exist describing specific aeronomic perturbations associated with the many hundreds of rocket launches that have occurred since 1957. There are good reasons for this: (1) The vast majority of rockets launched in the last 2 decades were relatively small ones, and thus the exhaust emissions amounted to no more than very minor additions of essentially trace species. (2) Of the large rockets (Saturns, Atlas/Centaurs, SL‐4/Soyuz) the overwhelming majority of launches carried payloads into low earth orbit (h < 200 km), where the typical exhaust products (H20, H2, CO2, N2, and O2,) were again relatively inconspicuous additions to ambient conditions. (3) Large‐rocket launches made by U.S. agencies generally occur at the Kennedy Space Flight Center, thereby insuring that rocket ascent trajectories occur over water—conditions hardly conducive to atmospheric monitoring via ground‐based facilities.
Andrija Mohorovic: Seventy years ago an earthquake shook Zagreb: His analysis resulted in a fundamental discovery
Authors: Bonini W. E. , Bonini R. R. 
Published: October 2011

On October 8, 1909, at 9 hours 59 minutes Greenwich time, Zagreb was shaken by a strong earthquake which knocked down chimneys but did little other damage.Thus it was that Andrija Mohorovicic, director of the Zagreb Meteorological Observatory and professor at the university, began his report in 1910. He drew on this earthquake and others to document his findings that there is a seismic velocity increase with depth at approximately 50 km in the earth. He recognized that the P waves occurred in two phases and were followed by S‐waves which apparently followed corresponding travel paths. Later when this was confirmed by others, the boundary between the crustal layer and the mantle below was referred to as the Discontinuity of Mohorovicic. No doubt one reason that today the discontinuity is most frequently known as the Moho, or simply as the M‐discontinuity, is that many find his name difficult to pronounce (try; moe‐hoar‐oh‐VEE‐cheach).
Geochemist's Travel Grant Program
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The U.S. National Committee for Geochemistry is seeking funding for its Travel Grant Program to the 26th International Geological Congress (IGC) in Paris, July 7–17, 1980. The Committee seeks to ensure appropriate U.S. participation by providing for approximately 30 travel grants, ranging from approximately $400 to $700, to enable geochemists residing in the United States to attend the IGC and the General Assembly of the International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry (IAGC), which is to be held in conjunction with the Congress.Depending on available funds, travel grants are to be awarded partly on the basis of the Screening Committee's ranking of geochemistry papers submitted for presentation at the 26th IGC. Younger geochemists are encouraged to apply; the Awards Committee plans special consideration for those judged to benefit most by attendance at the IGC and IAGC General Assembly.
Activities of the U.S. National Committee for Rock Mechanics
Authors: Engelder Terry 
Published: October 2011

The U.S. National Committee for Rock Mechanics has organized a panel to assemble a report for the National Research Council on the Research Requirements for Rock Mechanics. The purpose of this panel is to identify current problems relevant to rock mechanics and to define the research required to solve these problems. The panel will recommend the research to be undertaken, guidelines for how it should be pursued and for determining what organization or organizations are best equipped to conduct it, how much it is expected to cost, and how long it may take.Seven technical problem areas in rock mechanics have been identified as critical to national needs. Sub‐panels are assembling reports for each of these subjects: (1) research to determine and predict porosity, permeability, and fluid flow in situ; (2) research to develop methods for determining and obtaining shallow and deep in situ stresses; (3) research to improve the ability to map fracture patterns, particularly major fractures and faults at depth; (4) research to improve the understanding of rock fragmentation processes for increasing the effectiveness of drilling and excavation systems; (5) research to increase understanding of the relation of laboratory‐measured quantities to in situ conditions; (6) research to provide the thermophysical and thermomechanical properties of rock, including fractured rock; and (7) to develop numerical modeling applications in rock mechanics.
Deep Ocean Drilling: Where the funding stands on Capitol Hill
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The future of federal funding in the earth and ocean sciences may be entwined in the details of current planning of the ocean deep drilling program for the next decade. Right now, important decisions are being considered by presidential advisor Frank Press that will influence the route by which funding, science, and the search for petroleum along passive continental margins will proceed.Part of the dangers that lie ahead are that the large costs of a program of this magnitude can easily encroach upon lesser, but important, programs. In jeopardy, for example, is a portion of the NSF (National Science Foundation) budget for research in the earth sciences. Cost overruns, inflation, and other priorities are the risks. The science, too, could be easily compromised if the decisions to be made within the next week or two are not the right ones.
Deep Ocean Drilling Meeting
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Participants in a high‐level policy meeting on the deep ocean drilling proposal held last week in Washington, D.C., reported general accord for proceeding with the Explorer drilling program.The extent of it, they said, would probably be larger than a program of drilling only on the passive continental margins but smaller than the extensive program called for in the Future of Scientific Ocean Drilling report to the Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling executive committee.
Scientists' salaries in 1979
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Scientific Manpower Commission (SMC, 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036) has released new figures on the salaries paid to scientists in industry and in the academic community. Among the highest starting salaries were those for petroleum engineers, at $21,500. Chemists with the Ph.D. degree had starting salaries as high as $25,800, according to a review of the extensive SMC report by the AAAS (Science, 207,55,1979).The averages for scientific and engineering salaries in 1979 are more revealing. The highest paid scientists and engineers work for industry and the federal government; the average salaries were almost identical, $29,900 and $29,700. In many instances government salaries were even higher than industry.
Fram 2 in the eastern Arctic Ocean
Authors: Dryer Ira , Baggeroer Arthur 
Published: October 2011

In the spring of 1980, the Office of Naval Research will sponsor a multifaceted experiment, Fram 2, emphasizing marine geophysics, long‐range, low‐frequency acoustics, and physical oceanography in the Pole Abyssal Plain of the eastern Arctic Ocean. Personnel from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, University of Washington, Naval Underwater Systems Center, Naval Research Laboratory, Naval Oceanographic Research and Development Agency, and the Polar Research Laboratory will participate in the program.The experiment will involve three ice camps—a main camp, referred to as Fram 2, and two remote camps. Camp 1 will be located within the Pole Abyssal Plain, 300 km away from Fram 2 camp, and camp 2 will be north of Ellesmere Island, 750 km away from Fram 2.
NSF sponsors Antarctic research camp
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

The remote and geologically complex Northern Victoria Land region of Antarctica (cover) has been chosen for the site of a major research camp to be established during the 1981–1982 Antarctic summer. The program is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.Researchers from six countries have expressed interest in carrying out projects in geology, geophysics, glaciology, cartography, and biology. Among the suggested projects are a paleomagnetic program for construction of the polar wander path in the Paleozoic; determination of whether Granite Harbor and Admiralty Intrusives are distinct groups; investigation of Cenozoic volcanics, with visits to 50 or 60 scoria cones; airborne geophysics (aeromagnetics) of the region; and fission track geochronology of granitic rocks. The deadline for proposals is June 1, 1980.
The Chapman conference on waves and instabilities in space plasma
Authors: Patel V. L. , Coppi B. 
Published: October 2011

The AGU Chapman Conference on Waves and Instabilities was held August 7–9, 1979, on the campus of the University of Denver, in Colorado. The conference was cosponsored by the University of Denver and the American Physical Society. The convenors were V. L. Patel, University of Denver, and B. Coppi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.The conference was planned to review those basic processes in plasma that are relevant to wave generation mechanisms and plasma wave instabilities. The scope of the conference was not limited to a particular region of space. Rather the conference attempted to obtain a unified view of this subfield of research. Consequent to this approach, problems included waves and instabilities that occur in the laboratory, near‐earth plasma (e.g., ionosphere, magnetosphere, and the nearby interplanetary region), Jupiter environment, the sun and interstellar space. The emphasis was on the basic ideas of plasma processes, wherever they may occur, whether natural or manmade. The conference was attended by experimentalists and theorists working on laboratory and space plasma. The attendees included researchers at various levels of research experience, spanning the range from graduate students to senior scientists. The NSF and NASA funds provided opportunity for the students and younger scientists to attend the conference.
Underpressured zone in Galapagos sea floor?
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

Upon making hydrothermal and hydrological measurements in borehole 504‐B during last September and October's leg 69 trip of the Glomar Challenger, researchers found, to their surprise, that cold water from the ocean bottom was flowing into the hole. The water then entered the basement rock in a zone about 80 m wide, beginning at a point about 365 m below the sea floor and 90 m below the sediment/basement interface.When another team of experimenters reentered the hole 58 days later, during leg 70, they found water still moving down the upper portion of the hole at a rate estimated to be a few meters per hour.
Antarctic ice shrinkage
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

Is the West Antarctic ice sheet disintegrating, threatening to raise the worldwide level of the ocean with disastrous effect? Charles R. Bentley, chairman of the Glaciology Committee of the Polar Research Board, National Research Council, posed the question and gave a personal answer, at a recent meeting of the Antarctican Society, in Washington, D.C. Bentley has long researched the Antarctic, beginning with a 2‐year tour during the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958).West Antarctica is the subject of interest because the ice cover there rests on bedrock as much as 2000 m below sea level, and this ‘marine’ glacier, unlike the ice over of East Antarctica, may be affected by changes in sea level. West and East Antarctica (divided along the Transantarctic Mountains) are as different as New Guinea and Australia, according to Bentley. East Antarctica exhibits continental characteristics, including a thick crust and mountain ranges; much of West Antarctica is underwater and dotted with active volcanic features.
Seismic data available
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Multichannel seismic reflection data are available on the Northern Mississippi Embayment (containing the New Madrid Fault Zone) and the Appalachian Overthrust. In the New Madrid region, about 280 km of common depth point profiles were produced over an area that takes in southeastern Missouri, northeastern Arkansas, and northwestern Tennessee. About 130 km of profiles of the Appalachian region in Tennessee and North Carolina were produced.Inquiries for or about the New Madrid data should be made to National Geophysical and Solar‐Terrestrial Data Center, Code D62, NOAA/EDIS, Boulder, Colorado 80303; for the Appalachian data: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, EDIS/NGSDC, 325 Broadway, Boulder Colorado 80303.
Lightning maps reveal makeup of storm
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The clearest picture yet of the electrical activity that evolved from a tornado‐producing thunderstorm shows that cloud‐to‐ground lightning hugged the leading edge of the storm center and became active only after the tornado died off.This data has been gained from a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration study of last spring's major tornado in Lawton, Oklahoma. The storm was one of 11 produced when an intense squall line formed in northern Texas and central Oklahoma. The severe storm activity on April 10, 1979, killed 54 persons in Lawton, and in Wichita Falls and Vernon, Texas.
NOAA's undersea research program
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

Regional underwater laboratories that are operated in conjunction with academic institutions will better meet the needs of future underwater research than one large mobile laboratory that i s equipped with the most sophisticated equipment, a newly released National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) report concludes.The report, ‘The Undersea Research Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,’ outlines the development of the agency's plans for marine scientific studies in the 1980's. NOAA defines ‘undersea research’ as marine research that requires ‘observational and manipulative tasks using man directly in the sea and extensions of his capabilities through use of submersibles, undersea facilities, and remotely controlled vehicles.’ In 1975, NOAA came to the conclusion that more sophisticated equipment and facilities would be needed to cover rapidly expanding fields of research, especially studies on the protection and use of ocean resources.
NASA radar experiment discovers Mayan canals
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Extensive Mayan‐built irrigation canals, hidden for more than 1,000 years beneath dense rain forest in Guatemala, have been revealed by a new radar system developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The radar's unveiling of the ancient canal systems, dug by the Maya between 250 B.C. and 900 A.D. in Guatemala and the neighboring country of Belize, may answer a question that has long puzzled archeologists: How did the Maya, whose population numbered between 2 to 3 million citizens, feed their people?The canals were recently found in images taken during an early test (1977–1978) of the new radar from an aircraft over the cloud‐covered jungles of Guatemala and Belize—once the center of the Mayan empire. The new radar (called SAR for synthetic aperture radar) can penetrate clouds and provides higher resolution for comparable antenna than other radars. It has been developed by NASA and the military. JPL's version was originally designed to penetrate the dense cloud cover of Venus and provide maplike images of the planet's hidden surface.
Names proposed for newly identified features on venus
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Based on data returned by Pioneer Venus, scientists are beginning to identify major features on the cloud‐shrouded planet and are working with an international nomenclature group to name them after mythical goddesses.The orbiting spacecraft now has mapped a belt of terrain that extends completely around the planet, except for a narrow strip of 38° which is currently being filled. The spacecraft radar mapper instrument measures terrain from 75° north latitude to 63° south latitude. Pioneer is mapping 83% of Venus' total surface.
Earth's Saturnlike ring
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

A ring similar to those surrounding Saturn today may have existed around Earth 34 million years ago, according to John A. O'Keefe of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. He calculates that the ring, composed of tektites (glass meteorites), lasted one to several million years. The shadow of the rings on Earth's surface caused dramatic climatic changes in the temperate zones.The sudden climatic change 34 million years ago has been known to geologists for many years as the terminal Eocene event. This change is considered to be the most profound climatic event to have occurred during the entire Tertiary period, between 65 million and 2 million years ago.
NASA's solar flare “hotline” service
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

A ‘hotline,’ designed to inform the public of solar flares erupting on the sun during this year's peak cycle of activity, has been inaugurated at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.The ‘Solar Max’ hotline service is being provided jointly by NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through the latter's Space Environment Services Center in Boulder, Colorado.
Ocean crustal dynamics program
Authors: Hussong Donald 
Published: October 2011

The Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. (JOI), commissioned a panel of active researchers in marine geology and geophysics to consider the goals of their field in the 1980's. In 1979 the panel, called the Ocean Crustal Dynamics Planning Committee (OCDPC), convened a series of eight workshops in which experts from academia, industry, and government research units met and debated portions of the research effort in detail. Their reports have been distilled into an Ocean Crustal Dynamics (OCD) program.The committee was concerned with several specific questions: (1) What is the composition and mineralogical make‐up of the ocean crust? How does this composition vary in space and time? (2) What processes are involved in the formation and evolution of oceanic crust? (3) What is the nature and origin of the boundary between the lithosphere and asthenosphere? (4) What is the driving mechanism of plate tectonics? (5) What type of plate interactions occur at active boundaries? (6) What are the nature and evolutionary development of rifted (passive) ocean‐continent boundaries? (7) What is the relationship between plate tectonics and the geochemical and thermal balance of the lithosphere?
New co‐editor of GRL
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Douglas G. Torr, 40, of Logan, Utah, became editor of Geophysical Research Letters for the disciplines of atmospheric and space science as of January 1, 1980. He is currently professor of physics at Utah State University, where he is involved primarily in NASA‐and NSF‐funded programs to study the upper atmosphere. His interests range from magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling to the chemistry and dynamics of the stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.Torr is principal investigator on two NASA experiments designed to study the effects of trace constituents on the atmosphere by satellite remote sensing techniques. He is also principal investigator on an NSF‐funded experiment to conduct similar measurements from the ground. He is co‐investigator on several Spacelab experiments, including the Imaging Spectrometric Observatory for Spacelab 1 and the High‐Resolution Doppler Imager, which will measure atmospheric winds.
Proposed change in the AGU bylaws
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

On May 22, 1980, the AGU Council approved for the first time a change in Bylaw 22. In accordance with Article 12b of the Statutes, proposed amendments to the Bylaws must be published in an AGU publication of general circulation no less than 30 days prior to the second consideration by the Council. The current Bylaw 22 is shown below in its entirety, followed by the Council's recommended change.The General Secretary, in accordance with the instructions of the Council of the Union, shall sign checks on the accounts of the American Geophysical Union and shall provide a surety bond in a sum set by the Council of the Union and at the expense of the Union, for funds of the Union under his control. If the General Secretary is absent or incapacitated, the President or, if he is absent or incapacitated, the President‐elect, shall sign checks against the Union accounts. The General Secretary may delegate the authority to sign checks against the accounts of the Union. The President, the President‐elect, and others with the authority to sign checks shall furnish surety bonds in the same manner and amount as the General Secretary.