bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation reduces ischaemic brain damage following stroke in Type 2 diabetic rats
Authors: Darsalia Vladimer , Mansouri Shiva , Ortsäter Henrik , Olverling Anna , Nozadze Nino , Kappe Camilla , Iverfeldt Kerstin , Tracy Linda M. , Grankvist Nina , Sjöholm Åke , Patrone Cesare 
Published: December 2011

Diabetes is a strong risk factor for premature and severe stroke. The GLP-1R (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor) agonist Ex-4 (exendin-4) is a drug for the treatment of T2D (Type 2 diabetes) that may also have neuroprotective effects. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of Ex-4 against stroke in diabetes by using a diabetic animal model, a drug administration paradigm and a dose that mimics a diabetic patient on Ex-4 therapy. Furthermore, we investigated inflammation and neurogenesis as potential cellular mechanisms underlying the Ex-4 efficacy. A total of seven 9-month-old Type 2 diabetic Goto–Kakizaki rats were treated peripherally for 4 weeks with Ex-4 at 0.1, 1 or 5 μg/kg of body weight before inducing stroke by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and for 2–4 weeks thereafter. The severity of ischaemic damage was measured by evaluation of stroke volume and by stereological counting of neurons in the striatum and cortex. We also quantitatively evaluated stroke-induced inflammation, stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis. We show a profound anti-stroke efficacy of the clinical dose of Ex-4 in diabetic rats, an arrested microglia infiltration and an increase of stroke-induced neural stem cell proliferation and neuroblast formation, while stroke-induced neurogenesis was not affected by Ex-4. The results show a pronounced anti-stroke, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect of peripheral and chronic Ex-4 treatment in middle-aged diabetic animals in a preclinical setting that has the potential to mimic the clinical treatment. Our results should provide strong impetus to further investigate GLP-1R agonists for their neuroprotective action in diabetes, and for their possible use as anti-stroke medication in non-diabetic conditions.
Survival of Endangered Snake River Sockeye Salmon Smolts from Three Idaho Lakes: Relationships with Parr Size at Release, Parr Growth Rate, Smolt Size, Discharge, and Travel Time
Authors: Griswold Robert G. , Kohler Andre E. , Taki Doug 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
In 1991, Snake River sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka were listed as endangered. The Sawtooth Valley Project was initiated to conserve and rebuild sockeye salmon populations that historically spawned and reared in five Sawtooth Valley lakes designated as critical habitat in central Idaho. We evaluated smolt survival of sockeye salmon that were stocked as parr into Redfish, Pettit, and Alturas lakes. Smolt travel time, residuals of Salmon River discharge and smolt travel time, and specific growth rate of parr explained 58% of the variation in smolt survival in a multiple-regression model. Smolt survival was inversely related to smolt travel time, and travel time was negatively correlated with mean May discharge in the Salmon River at Salmon, Idaho. We were particularly interested in the relationships between smolt survival and parr size at release, smolt size at migration, and parr growth rate. Smolt survival from nursery lakes to Lower Granite Dam was negatively correlated with mean parr size at release and mean smolt size at emigration. Smaller parr and smolts survived better. Smolt survival to the dam was correlated with parr growth rates in the three lakes combined; the relationship was nonlinear. Smolt survival increased as specific growth rate increased up to 0.06% per day, but further increases in growth rate were associated with reductions in survival. Absolute growth rates of parr were negatively related to parr weight at release. Smaller individuals grew faster than larger individuals, apparently as a result of size-dependent metabolic demand and prey availability. The relationships between smolt survival and parr size, smolt size, and parr growth rate differed among lakes. These data suggest that successful migrants must at least maintain weight during the winter preceding migration and that the stocking of smaller parr with lower metabolic demand may be preferable to stocking larger parr when forage is limited.
Received November 18, 2010; accepted June 1, 2011
A Call for Mini-Reviews: An Effective but Underutilized Method of Synthesizing Knowledge to Inform and Direct Fisheries Management, Policy, and Research
Authors: Donaldson M R , Aday D D , Cooke S J 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Remaining current on emerging research in fisheries science is challenging. While review articles are often a go-to resource for managers and researchers alike, reviews in certain fisheries science subdisciplines are either dated or simply do not exist. Although there are a number of journals that publish lengthy reviews on topics relevant to fisheries, these are not always accessible and may not be read by managers, policymakers, and legislators. To address these concerns, there is a need for direct, concise, and timely review articles that tackle emerging issues (i.e., mini-reviews). Reviews of this type are rarely published in American Fisheries Society journals or fisheries journals in general, despite the fact that they have been widely successful and influential (in terms of both academic measures of research “impact” and in affecting change in management and policy) in ecological and conservation journals. We provide suggestions for developing high-quality mini-reviews and propose that Fisheries is an ideal outlet for these short and timely articles aimed at reaching a broad, multidisciplinary audience, including scientists, managers, policymakers, legislators, and other stakeholders.
Resumen
Mini-artículos de revisión: un método efectivo pero subutilizado para sintetizar el conocimiento e informar y dirigir el manejo, la política y la investigación en pesquerías
La vigencia del conocimiento de la nueva investigación en pesquerías representa un desafío. A pesar de que los artículos de revisión son una fuente obligada tanto para los manejadores como para los investigadores, en ciertas sub-disciplinas de la ciencia pesquera las revisiones son obsoletas o simplemente no existen. Si bien hay varias revistas que publican extensas revisiones en tópicos relevantes para las pesquerías, éstos no siempre son accesibles y pueden pasar desapercibidos por los manejadores, políticos y legisladores. Para atender estos problemas, existe la necesidad de producir artículos de revisión directos, concisos y oportunos que aborden temas emergentes (i.e. mini-artículos de revisión). Las revisiones de este tipo son rara vez publicadas por las revistas de la Sociedad Americana de Pesquerías pese a que han sido muy exitosas y trascendentes (en términos tanto de medida académica del impacto de la investigación como en la afectación en cuanto a cambios en el manejo y la política pesquera) en las revistas de ecología y conservación. Se hacen sugerencias para desarrollar mini-artículos de revisión de alta calidad y se propone la revista Fisheries como un sustrato ideal para este tipo de artículos cortos y oportunos, dirigidos a audiencias amplias y multidisciplinarias que incluyen científicos, manejadores, políticos, legisladores y otros interesados.
Legacy of New York State's Watershed Surveys, 1926–1939
Authors: Daniels Robert A 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
On 16 June 1926, A. L. Hazzard was casting flies into Dyke Creek, upper Genessee River, and reeled in two common shiners. That was the beginning of the watershed surveys of New York, which involved scores of individuals and stretched over 15 years. The state legislature authorized surveys of the aquatic life in streams and lakes with a $15,000 appropriation “to determine the most practical methods of increasing fish production.” Under the leadership and insight of Emmeline Moore, the surveys accomplished this mission by providing a basis for assessing the need and appropriateness of what previously had been a general stocking program. Groundwork for the surveys began under John Titcomb, and his writings and management activities influenced Dr. Moore. Her approach led to more than a refinement of stocking policy; she and her staff recognized the importance of assessing watersheds as systems and that policies affecting game fish required information on more than just the game fish. Staff conducted synoptic surveys of biota, assessed chemistry and hydrology, and paid particular attention to pollutants. The importance of vouchering specimens was recognized, and the surveys provided a steady stream of specimens that were used in several taxonomic studies. Finally, Titcomb and Moore recognized that in order to affect change in stocking policy, states needed well-trained biologists knowledgeable in all aspects of freshwater ecology. So, the surveys became the training school for a suite of biologists that dominated fisheries science in universities and in management agencies in the mid- and late 20th century. Perhaps the most important legacy of these surveys is not the reports, illustrations, specimens, or input from the well-trained fisheries scientists; it is a way of thinking about aquatic resources and the role of the manager in developing them
Assessing Risk of Extinction of Marine Fishes in Canada—The COSEWIC Experience
Authors: Powles Howard 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCanada's Species at Risk Act (SARA; 2003) legally established the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) with a mandate to assess the status of wildlife species it considers to be at risk. Species assessed by COSEWIC as at risk are then considered by the federal government for conservation action, including listing on SARA's Schedule I. COSEWIC‘s Marine Fishes Specialist Subcommittee focuses on five groups of high vulnerability: anadromous species, elasmobranchs, long‐lived species, species of large maximum size, and species that have shown severe decline. COSEWIC‘s assessment protocol uses quantitative criteria based on those developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) but also considers life history and other biological information in assigning status. Published assessments cover 61 marine fish species: one extirpated, 14 endangered, 14 threatened, 16 special concern, 7 not at risk, and 9 data deficient. Questioned by some stakeholders, COSEWIC's assessment protocol represents a stable, documented framework that should give consistent results. Assessments show a broad pattern of severe declines across a wide range of species that might be expected to stimulate strong coordinated conservation action. Few marine fish species have been listed on SARA Schedule I. Conservation action for COSEWIC‐assessed species has been strong in some cases but not in others.
Comparative Evaluation of Molecular Diagnostic Tests for Nucleospora salmonis and Prevalence in Migrating Juvenile Salmonids from the Snake River, USA
Authors: Badil Samantha , Elliott Diane G. , Kurobe Tomofumi , Hedrick Ronald P. , Clemens Kathy , Blair Marilyn , Purcell Maureen K. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Nucleospora salmonis is an intranuclear microsporidian that primarily infects lymphoblast cells and contributes to chronic lymphoblastosis and a leukemia-like condition in a range of salmonid species. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of N. salmonis in out-migrating juvenile hatchery and wild Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss from the Snake River in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. To achieve this goal, we first addressed the following concerns about current molecular diagnostic tests for N. salmonis: (1) nonspecific amplification patterns by the published nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) test, (2) incomplete validation of the published quantitative PCR (qPCR) test, and (3) whether N. salmonis can be detected reliably from nonlethal samples. Here, we present an optimized nPCR protocol that eliminates nonspecific amplification. During validation of the published qPCR test, our laboratory developed a second qPCR test that targeted a different gene sequence and used different probe chemistry for comparison purposes. We simultaneously evaluated the two different qPCR tests for N. salmonis and found that both assays were highly specific, sensitive, and repeatable. The nPCR and qPCR tests had good overall concordance when DNA samples derived from both apparently healthy and clinically diseased hatchery rainbow trout were tested. Finally, we demonstrated that gill snips were a suitable tissue for nonlethal detection of N. salmonis DNA in juvenile salmonids. Monitoring of juvenile salmonid fish in the Snake River over a 3-year period revealed low prevalence of N. salmonis in hatchery and wild Chinook salmon and wild steelhead but significantly higher prevalence in hatchery-derived steelhead. Routine monitoring of N. salmonis is not performed for all hatchery steelhead populations. At present, the possible contribution of this pathogen to delayed mortality of steelhead has not been determined.
Received September 14, 2010; accepted November 14, 2010
Evaluation of Emamectin Benzoate for the Control of Experimentally Induced Infestations of Argulus sp. in Goldfish and Koi Carp
Authors: Hanson Shari K. , Hill Jeffrey E. , Watson Craig A. , Yanong Roy P. E. , Endris Richard 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The effect of 0.2% emamectin benzoate (SLICE; Intervet/ Schering-Plough Animal Health, Roseland, New Jersey) administered in top-dressed, pelleted commercial fish feed was evaluated for control of freshwater Argulus sp. in goldfish Carassius auratus and koi carp, a variant of common carp Cyprinus carpio, in freshwater aquaria at 24–25°C. Sixteen individually housed goldfish were each exposed to 37 Argulus. The number of fish lice attached to each fish at the start of the experiment was not determined; however, the total number of motile fish lice in each aquarium (on fish and in the water) was determined at the start and end of each experiment. Eight goldfish were fed the control diet (0 μg · kg fish biomass−1 · d−1) and eight were fed the medicated diet (50 μg · kg fish biomass−1 · d−1) for seven consecutive days. After treatment, fish louse infestation in controls was 20.5 ± 1.5 (mean ± SE) lice per fish. No Argulus were found on fish in the treated group. In a separate experiment, 10 individually housed koi were each exposed to 128 Argulus. Five koi were fed the control diet and five were fed a low-dose medicated diet (5 μg · kg fish biomass−1 · d−1) for 7 d. After treatment, fish louse infestation among the controls was 14.6 ± 3.8 lice per koi. No Argulus were found on koi in the treated group. Hence, a 7-d regimen of oral emamectin benzoate controlled experimental infestation of Argulus when administered to goldfish at 50 μg · kg fish biomass−1 · d−1 and to koi at 5 μg · kg fish biomass−1 · d−1.
Received March 24, 2010; accepted January 17, 2011
Nitrate-Induced Goiter in Captive Whitespotted Bamboo Sharks Chiloscyllium plagiosum
Authors: Morris Alexis L. , Hamlin Heather J. , Francis-Floyd Ruth , Sheppard Barbara J. , Guillette Louis J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Elasmobranch susceptibility to goiter formation in captive environments has been well documented. Until recently, most public aquariums operated under the belief that the etiology of goiter in elasmobranchs was nutritional and specifically caused by insufficient dietary iodine. Recent studies have demonstrated that high environmental nitrate (NO3-N) inhibits the ability of the thyroid gland to utilize available iodide, resulting in thyroid gland overstimulation by thyroid stimulating hormone and ultimately leading to the development of goiter. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of high environmental nitrate concentrations on thyroid function in juvenile whitespotted bamboo sharks Chiloscyllium plagiosum. In July 2008, five juveniles (80–150 g) were exposed to a low-nitrate environment (NO3-N concentration &lt; 1 mg/L of water) and five were exposed to an elevated-nitrate environment (NO3-N = 70 mg/L) for 29 d in a flow-through natural seawater system. Nitrate exposure did not affect growth rates (e.g., weight, length, and condition factor) and did not alter free plasma thyroxine concentrations during the 29-d experimental period. However, histological examination of thyroid glands from sharks exposed to elevated nitrate revealed the development of diffuse hyperplastic goiter. With increasing restrictions on water use, most modern aquaria operate as recirculating systems, which results in higher and more chronic nitrate exposure for captive animals. Goiter is one of the most common health problems in captive elasmobranchs, and this study suggests that nitrate exposure is an important factor in the etiology of this disease.
Received August 4, 2010; accepted February 22, 2011
Assessing the Suitability of a Partial Water Reuse System for Rearing Juvenile Chinook Salmon for Stocking in Washington State
Authors: Good Christopher , Vinci Brian , Summerfelt Steven , Snekvik Kevin , Adams Ian , Dilly Samuel 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
To assess the suitability of water reuse technology for raising Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. for stocking purposes, fish health and welfare were compared between two groups of juvenile Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha from the same spawn: one group was reared in a pilot partial water reuse system (circular tanks), and the other group was reared in a flow-through raceway. This observational study was carried out over a 21-week period in Washington State. Reuse and raceway fish were sampled repeatedly for pathogen screening and histopathology; fin erosion and whole-blood characteristics were also evaluated. By the study's end, no listed pathogens were isolated from either cohort, and survival was 99.3% and 99.0% in the reuse and raceway groups, respectively. Condition factor was 1.28 in raceway fish and 1.14 in reuse fish; this difference may have been attributable to occasional differences in feeding rates between the cohorts. Fin indices (i.e., length of the longest dorsal or caudal fin ray, standardized by fork length) were lower in reuse fish than in raceway fish, but fin erosion was not grossly apparent in either cohort. The most consistent histological lesion was gill epithelial hypertrophy in reuse fish; however, blood analyses did not suggest any corresponding physiological imbalances. Overall, results suggest that water reuse technology can be employed in rearing juvenile anadromous salmonids for stocking purposes.
Received December 3, 2009; accepted February 14, 2011
Passive Immunization of Pacific Herring against Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia
Authors: Hershberger P. K. , Gregg J. L. , Grady C. A. , LaPatra S. E. , Winton J. R. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The plasma of Pacific herring Clupea pallasii that survived laboratory-induced viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) epizootics contained humoral substances that, when injected into naïve animals, conferred passive immunity against the disease. Among groups exposed to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), injection of donor plasma from VHS survivors resulted in significantly greater survival (50%) and significantly lower tissue titers (1.5 × 105 plaque-forming units [PFU]/g) than the injection of plasma from VHSV-naïve donors (6% survival; 3.7 × 106 PFU/g). Additionally, the magnitude of the protective immune response increased during the postexposure period; plasma that was collected from survivors at 123 d postexposure (931 degree-days) provided greater protection than plasma collected from survivors at 60 d postexposure (409 degree-days). These results provide proof of concept that the VHSV exposure history of Pacific herring populations can be determined post hoc; furthermore, the results can be used as the foundation for developing additional high-throughput diagnostic techniques that may be effective at quantifying herd immunity and forecasting the potential for future VHS epizootics in populations of wild Pacific herring.
Received October 20, 2010; accepted April 7, 2011
Carbonic Anhydrase Activities from the Rainbow Trout Lens Correspond to the Development of Acute Gas Bubble Disease
Authors: Gültepe Nejdet , Ateş Orhan , Hisar Olcay , Beydemir Şükrü 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Dissolved gas supersaturation is hazardous to fish and can result in gas bubble disease (GBD). Signs of GBD typically include bubbles in the eyes, fins, skin, lateral line, and gill filaments. Ocular abnormalities in diseased salmonids typically occur after aberrant gas production in the eyes. In this study, freshwater rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed experimentally to percent total gas pressure (TGP%) levels of 104% (control) and 115%. No mortalities occurred during the 7-d experimental period. Effects of GBD were observed externally as a darkened skin, exophthalmia, localized hemorrhage in the eye, and gas bubbles on the operculum. Additional signs included increased swimming activity and, more frequently, panic episodes. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme activities from the lens and retina were determined at days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 of the study. Venous blood gases were also measured on day 7. Retinal pH did not differ between normal and affected fish, but blood characteristics such as the partial pressure of O2, partial pressure of CO2, carboxyhemoglobin level, and bicarbonate ion concentration were significantly elevated in affected fish relative to normal fish. Venous blood pH and oxyhemoglobin levels were not significantly different between affected and normal fish. Patterns of response to total dissolved gas levels differed between the lens and the retina. Mean CA activities in the lenses of fish exposed to a TGP% level of 115% were significantly below those of control fish. However, retinal CA activities did not significantly differ between the two groups over the course of the experiment. These findings show that dissolved gas supersaturation reduces CA activity in the rainbow trout lens.
Received June 17, 2010; accepted March 20, 2011
Computing graphlet signatures of network nodes and motifs in Cytoscape with GraphletCounter
Authors: Whelan Christopher , Sönmez Kemal 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Summary: Biological network analysis can be enhanced by examining the connections between nodes and the rest of the network. For this purpose we have developed GraphletCounter, an open-source software tool for computing graphlet degree signatures that can operate on its own or as a plug-in to the network analysis environment Cytoscape. A unique characteristic of GraphletCounter is its ability to compute the graphlet signatures of network motifs, which can be specified by files generated by the motif-finding tool mfinder. GraphletCounter displays graphlet signatures for visual inspection within Cytoscape, and can output graphlet data for integration with larger workflows.
Availability and implementation: GraphletCounter is implemented in Java. It can be downloaded from the Cytoscape plugin repository, and is also available at http://sonmezsysbio.org/software/ graphletcounter.
Contact: whelanch@ohsu.edu