bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FACTORS AFFECTING CALLING BY FEMALE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J. , Lucuik G. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCalling (extrusion of the sex pheromone-producing gland) by spruce budworm females follows a circadian rhythm regulated by the initiation of the photophase. At 2 °C 50% of the females call by 131/2 hr after "lights-on." Calling starts earlier at cooler temperatures. Females that have not been exposed to lights-on start calling as soon as darkness occurs. Virgin females are most attractive 3 to 4 days after emergence. Mated females call intermittently and are attractive but compete poorly with virgins. Once started, female budworm call continuously throughout the calling period, implying that their pheromone release rate is lower than if they called for short intervals only as in some other Lepidoptera. This may influence the quantities of synthetic pheromone required to disrupt mating behaviour. Calling behaviour is not influenced by the proximity of other adult budworm. At high population densities, males are apparently able to locate females before or as soon as they start to call, suggesting that communication is short range. Longer distance communication probably operates at low population densities. Population regulation by disrupting mating behaviour is therefore unlikely to succeed except at relatively low population densities.
STUDIES ON THE ARTHROPOD FAUNA OF ALFALFA: III. INFECTION OF THE ALFALFA PLANT BUG, ADELPHOCORIS LINEOLATUS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) BY THE FUNGUS ENTOMOPHTHORA ERUPTA
Authors: Wheeler A. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe entomogenous fungus Entomophthora erupta (Dustan), known previously only from Nova Scotia and California, is reported from Ithaca, N.Y., as an enemy of the alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze). During 1966 to 1969, the conidial stage of E. erupta was observed on A. lineolatus nymphs from late July to mid-August with percentage infection of nymphs observed to be as high as 33.3%. The possibility of colonizing this fungus in disease-free alfalfa fields to aid in suppressing populations of A. lineolatus is discussed.
CUTWORMS OF TOBACCO IN NOVA SCOTIA: I. SPECIES COMPLEX AND INFESTATION
Authors: Specht H. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe principal injurious species to commercially-grown flue-cured tobacco in Nova Scotia was the dark-sided cutworm, Euxoa messoria Harr. A trace of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon Hufn., was found in one field. The variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia Hbn., caused minor damage in September. Other species reared from field-collected larvae, and bait and light trap catches, included: yellow-headed cutworm, Apamea amputatrix Fitch; armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta Haw.; Amphipyra tragopoginis L.; W-marked cutworm, Spaelotis clandestina Harr.; and the glassy cutworm, Crymodes devastator Brace.Cutworm larvae damaged young tobacco plants during June through mid-July. The largest infestation encountered during 1971, near the margin of a field, killed 5% and injured 20% of the young plants. Infestations in other fields injured 1 to 3% of the plants, with higher incidences near the borders. A seasonal total of 0.024 cutworm larva injured 0.24 tobacco plant/m2 and destroyed 5 to 10% of the injured plants in experimental tobacco field plots planted in a 4-year-old rye field.Tobacco trap crop m2 microplots in a rye field attracted 20 to 50 times as many cutworm larvae and had 25 to 40 more plants injured than comparable areas of an adjoining tobacco field. The largest microplot infestation in six fields tested was 1.8 larvae injuring 7.4 plants. The average microplot infestation of 0.5 larva injured 5.6 plants.
GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL VARIABILITY IN POPULATION PATTERNS AND LIFE SYSTEMS OF THE LARCH SAWFLY (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Turnock W. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), has exhibited several distinctive population patterns in different parts of its Holarctic distribution and during different periods of time in some geographic areas. These patterns include a latent type, where the larch sawfly is never a pest, a permanent type, which causes severe damage, and several temporary types characterized by periodic outbreaks. The different population patterns are associated with differences in the life systems of the populations: the stable latent type with a diverse environment and a rich parasite complex; the stable permanent type with an impoverished parasite complex, interactions with food availability and no effective specific parasites; and the temporary type with an intermediate parasite complex which includes one very effective specific larval parasite. Thus, population stability is related to either maximal or minimal diversity in numbers of parasite species and instability to intermediate levels. The comparison of population patterns and life systems provides a guide to the development of biological control programs.
MEASURING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN POST-DIAPAUSE SPRUCE BUDWORMS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Eidt D. C. , Cameron Margaret D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSpruce budworm weights, either of individuals or of population averages, when related to time, provide more precise measures of development than the usually used time from hibernacula to pupation or to eclosion. For determining or predicting the development stage of field populations, average weights are a more precise alternative to time-consuming, instar determinations. Larvae feed only about 10% of the time, in darkness or light, and the pupal dry weight is 20–24% of the dry weight of artificial diet consumed. Growth curves for laboratory individuals and field populations are described.
NEW SPECIES OF APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) FROM THAILAND
Authors: Robinson A. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThree new species of aphids are described from collections made on Mt. Sutep in northwest Thailand: Cinara khasyae new species; Greenidea (Trichosiphum) chiengmaiensis new species; and Macrosiphum (Sitobion) yongyooti new species. The status of Greenidea (Trichosiphum) siamensis Takahashi is changed from variety to species.
MORPHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE TARSAL RECEPTORS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Mitchell B. K. , Seabrook W. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo types of sensory hairs on the tarsus of the spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clem.), are described using scanning electron microscopical and histological techniques.
PHEROMONES INIPS(COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): OCCURRENCE AND PRODUCTION
Authors: Vité J. P. , Bakke A. , Renwick J. A. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractComparative gas chromatographic analyses of volatiles generated byIpsindicate the presence ofcis- andtrans-verbenol in hindguts of the 12 species investigated. The biosynthesis of verbenol does not require feeding, but instead results from the insect’s contact with oleoresin. Ipsdienol is the most frequently occurring pheromone inIpsspecies after feeding. Aggregation of these bark beetles appears to be regulated by two distinct functional types of pheromones, i.e. contact pheromones, produced and/or released upon contact with new host material, and frass pheromones, which require actual feeding in the new host’s tissues. The aggregation of aggressive bark beetle species seems to be largely dependent on contact pheromones, whereas the host’s susceptibility to feeding is indicated by the release of frass pheromones.
THE INACTIVATION OF FOLIAR DEPOSITS OF VIRUSES OF TRICHOPLUSIA NI (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND PIERIS RAPAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) AND TESTS ON PROTECTANT ADDITIVES
Authors: Jaques R. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDeposits of the nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) and of the granulosis virus of Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) were largely inactivated within 10 days after sprays were applied to field plots. Deposits on plants retained in a growth room or in a greenhouse were inactivated but more slowly than those exposed to direct sunlight. Deposits on plants kept in the dark lost little activity indicating that exposure to light was responsible for inactivation.Activity of deposits of the viruses was extended substantially by addition of protectant materials to the sprays. The addition of charcoal mixed with skim milk powder, egg albumen, or brewer’s yeast resulted in a 3-fold increase in the period over which an LD50 of virus was maintained on the plants.
NOTES ON THE SPATIAL PATTERN OF HYPERA POSTICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ON ALFALFA
Authors: Miller C. D. F. , Mukerji M. K. , Guppy J. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Poisson and the negative binomial series, Taylor’s power law, and Morisita’s Iδ-index were used to interpret the dispersion of field counts of the immature stages of Hypera postica (Gyll.) on alfalfa. The data conformed consistently to an overdispersed distribution. Transformations are offered for stabilizing the variance of field counts.
INHERITED STERILITY AND POSTEMBRYONIC SURVIVAL OF TWO GENERATIONS OF TOBACCO BUDWORMS, HELIOTHIS VIRESCEHS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), FROM PARTIALLY STERILE MALES
Authors: Proshold F. I. , Bartell J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMale Heliothis virescens (F.) were irradiated with 7.5, 15.0, or 22.5 krad of 7-rays and crossed with untreated females. Then fertility of these treated males (PJ and of their descendants was studied for two generations. In addition, the postembryonic survival of the Fx and F2 generations was studied. Fertility (percentage egg hatch) of P1 males was greater than that of Ft males or Fj females. There was more postembryonic survival in the F1 than in the F2 generation. When the Px males received 22.5 krad, few F2 larvae hatched, and none survived. When Pt males received 15.0 krad, the fertility of F1 males and females was less than 5, and 10%, respectively, and less than 20% of the F2 larvae survived; however, sterility factors were nearly eliminated by the third generation. When P1 males received 7.5 or 15.0 krad, the average fertility of F2 males was greater than that of F1 or P1 males but less than that of untreated controls, though fertility of some F2 males was normal. The lower the dose received by P1 males, the greater was the frequency of F2 males with normal fertility.
STUDIES ON THE PROCESS OF INGESTION IN THE PREDATORY BUG PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Gallopín G. C. , Kitching R. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe rate of ingestion by Podisus maculiventris Say feeding on larvae of Tenebrio molitor L. or Galleria mellonella L. is almost constant with time and from one predator to another. The rate is 1.80 ±.070 mg/hr/individual.No effect of the age or size of the predator nor of the species of prey on the feeding rate could be detected. Different periods of starvation before feeding directly affect the percentage of individuals that feed, but not the actual rate of feeding, until 60 hours of starvation. After 72 hours starvation, there is a drop in the feeding rate which we attribute, tentatively, to a weakening of the feeding mechanism by the starvation.The initial weight of the larva used as prey affects the rate of sucking during the first hour or two of each period of feeding and this relationship is responsible for a slight non-linearity in the individual curves of feeding. This may be an effect of the internal pressure of the body fluids in the prey.The process of ingestion is reviewed and compared with published studies of other species of Hemiptera. It is suggested that after insertion of the stylets of the predator into the body of the prey, the feeding process is affected by the internal pressure of the prey during the early part of a period of feeding but that, thereafter, the sucking action is maintained constant by the action of capillarity and the pharyngeal pump.
NOTES ON THE GENUS NALEPELLA (ACARINA: ERIOPHYOIDEA) AND THE OCCURRENCE OF N. HALOURGA ON BLACK SPRUCE IN CANADA
Authors: Marshall Valin G. , Lindquist Evert E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn eriophyoid mite, Nalepella halourga Keifer, is newly recorded in Canada from two hosts: black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP., from Ontario, and Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst., from New Brunswick. For the first time this mite is reported as damaging black spruce under greenhouse conditions. A key to the eight described species of Nalepella and notes on their host associations and economic importance are included.
DIORYCTRIA BANKSIELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) IN THE WESTERN GALL RUST, ENDOCRONARTUM HARKNESSII (BASIDIOMYCETES: UREDINALES)
Authors: Wong H. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe seasonal occurrence and larval habits of Dioryctria banksiella Mutuura, Munroe, and Ross in the western gall rust Endocronartium harknessii (J. P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., were studied in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The early instars score the gall tissue below the bark, and the later instars mine the gall tissue and heartwood. The insect overwinters in the larval stage. The last-instar larvae pupate partly exposed and not entirely within the rust gall from June to July and adults emerge from July to August. The six species of parasites recovered from D. banksiella were Bracon lutus Provancher, Bracon sp., Microchelonus sp., Agathis binominata Muesebeck, Exeristes comstockii (Cresson), and Stiboscopus n. sp. Morphological characters used in separating the last-instar larvae and pupae of D. banksiella from those of other known species of Dioryctria are given.
IMMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF INSECTICIDE APPLICATION ON PARASITOIDS IN JACK PINE STANDS IN QUEBEC
Authors: Price Peter W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractParasitoid populations were sampled before, and for 4 years following, an aerial application of the insecticide phosphamidon to control a sawfly outbreak. Adult parasitoid mortality was high because of spraying, but a reservoir of parasitoids in host cocoons remained to repopulate the treated areas. In moister sites the number of species decreased and their relative abundance changed, but moderate numbers of parasitoids remained 4 years after spraying. In a dry site with little ground vegetation, none of the species present before spraying remained by the fourth year.
THE CRAB SPIDER GENUS EBO (ARANEIDA: THOMISIDAE) IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
Authors: Sauer R. J. , Platnick N. I. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe two subgenera and 20 species of the crab spider genus Ebo in North America north of Mexico are described or redescribed, keyed, and illustrated. The subgenus Ebo contains seven species, of which E. iviei, E. evansae, E. contrasts, and E. punctatus are described as new and the female of E. merkeli Schick is described for the first time. The subgenus Titanebo contains 13 species, of which E. cantralli is described as new and the female of E. texanus is described for the first time.
A DEFOLIATOR OF PINES, ORGYIA HOPKINSI (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE) IN TURBO, KENYA
Authors: Odera J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSporadic outbreaks of many pine defoliators, including Orgyia hopkinsi Coll., have occurred in many pine plantations in Kenya in the last 20 years. A recent outbreak of O. hopkinsi is reported from young plantations in Turbo. Distribution, hosts, and epidemiology of the insect are discussed. The stages, life history, and habits are described. Eggs are laid on the bark close to pupation sites or on the pupal cases. The larvae feed on the foliage and pupate following the fifth instar. The life cycle lasts 76 to 94 days. Two species of parasites, namely Pimpla mahalensis Grib. and Pimpla sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), have been observed. Other controlling factors are also discussed.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS IPS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA. HOPPING'S GROUPS IV AND X
Authors: Lanier Gerald N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe taxonomic concepts of the Ips species of groups IV and X were tested by controlled breeding, bioassay of sex pheromone specificity, and examination of morphological and karyological details. No changes were made in the status of Ips pini, I. bonanseai, and I. avulsus of group IV. I. interstitialis of group X is removed from synonymy with I. calligraphus, and I. ponderosae, also previously considered a synonym of I. calligraphus, is assigned subspecific rank. Assertions of close phylogenetic relationship of the Eurasian I. duplicatus and I. sexdentatus with groups IV and X, respectively, are rejected.I. pini from widely separated localities were interfertile although egg hatchability was subnormal in some crosses involving F1 from matings of beetles from western and eastern North America. I. pini and I. bonanseai readily mated but less than 3% of the eggs hatched and the larvae died. There was no evidence of breeding incompatibility in crosses of I. c. calligraphus from Florida and California or I. c. ponderosae from New Mexico and South Dakota. However, hatchability differed drastically between reciprocal pairings of the I. calligraphus subspecies, possibly as a result of cytoplasmic incompatibility. All eggs produced in pairings of I. interstitialis with either of the I. calligraphus subspecies failed to hatch.First meiotic metaphase of I. pini, I. bonanseai, and both I. calligraphus subspecies invariably showed the formula 15AA + Xyp. This karyotypic formula also applied to I. avulsus except for a few individuals that had 2 small supernumerary chromosomes. The karyotype of I. interstitialis was not determined. Heteromorphic bivalents and univalents were detected in hybrids of the I. calligraphus subspecies.Cross attractiveness to sex pheromones was demonstrated for I. pini from different regions, for I. pini and I. bonanseai, and for the I. calligraphus subspecies. When samples of attractive frass from eastern and western I. pini males were presented simultaneously, eastern females responded equally to both samples but western females favored western frass by a margin of 2 to 1. Similarly, I. c. calligraphus clearly discriminated in favor of consubspecific pheromone while I. c. ponderosae did not.The locality of several of Eichhoff’s holotypes is noted.
ACCUMULATION OF137Cs BYAEDES AEGYPTILARVAE AND THE EFFECT OF POTASSIUM CONCENTRATION
Authors: Guthrie J. E. , Burzynski A. Z. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRadiocesium accumulation byAedes aegyptilarvae was greater at 25 °C, than at 20 °C. The activity density (c.p.m./mg dry wt.) of the adults was the same for both sexes, as was the nuclide’s elimination rate. The amount of137Cs accumulated by the larval instars was inversely proportional to the concentration of potassium in the rearing medium, the suppression of137Cs uptake being greater at 25 °C than at 20 °C. The possibility that larvae may accumulate137Cs via the anal papillae and the gut, is briefly discussed.
REARING DIAPAUSE AND DIAPAUSE-FREE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON AN ARTIFICIAL DIET
Authors: Lyon R. L. , Richmond C. E. , Robertson J. L. , Lucas B. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe western spruce budworm, Choiistoneura occidentalis Freeman, which normally passes through an obligate diapause in nature, was reared in the laboratory without diapause. The critical factor for preventing diapause appeared to be the physical environment presented to the first stage larvae. The response of C. occidentalis was flexible. The 2nd stage larvae could be made to diapause or forego diapause, depending on their rearing experience in the first stage. By eliminating diapause it was possible to rear about 7½ generations per year as against about 2¼ under normal diapause conditions. The diapause of the jack-pine budworm, C. pinus pinus Freeman, and C. lambertiana californica Powell, could be prevented by the same technique. The diapause of the spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clemens), could not be eliminated except after several generations of selection.
FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF THE PALES WEEVIL: II. RESPONSE TO SOME NEUTRAL LIPID FRACTIONS OF LOBLOLLY PINE PHLOEM
Authors: Thomas H. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe lipids of loblolly pine phloem, particularly the neutral lipids, were fractionated and bioassayed for feeding stimulant activity with the pales weevil,Hylobius pales(Herbst). Activity was evidently reduced by the fractionation procedures. Significant feeding occurred in response to the fraction whose principal constituent was β-sitosterol. Also, evidence indicated that substances occurring with the sterols may play a part in inducing feeding.
STUDIES ON VITAMIN E IN THE HOUSE CRICKET, ACHETA DOMESTICUS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE): II. IN VIVO INHIBITION BY VITAMIN E OF A PHENOLASE SYSTEM IN THE EGG
Authors: McFarlane J. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMethyl laurate applied to the surface of house cricket eggs induces a melanization of the extra-embryonic fluid which is due to the oxidation and polymerization of dopamine. Melanization can be delayed or prevented by the addition of 5% vitamin E to the methyl laurate. Methyl laurate appears to activate a phenolase system in the extra-embryonic fluid, and this system or activation of this system is inhibited by vitamin E.
STUDIES ON VITAMIN E IN THE HOUSE CRICKET, ACHETA DOMESTICUS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE): III. TARSAL ABSORPTION OF VITAMIN E AND FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS BY LARVAE
Authors: McFarlane J. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWhen fatty acid methyl esters or vitamin E are painted on the surface of eggs of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.), second-stage larvae originating from these eggs may show reduction of the tarsi. The effect of the chemicals is on the first-stage larvae which absorb the chemicals through the tarsi during escape from the shell. The reduced tarsi are regenerated at the next moult or next two moults.
THE EFFECT OF ORGILUS OBSCURATOR (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Syme Paul D. , Green G. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThese studies show that Orgilus obscurator-purasitized Rhyacionia buoliana larvae initially gain weight in a manner similar to unparasitized larvae, but eventually attain a much smaller maximum size and then slowly decrease in weight with time. This decrease in weight is caused by the feeding of O. obscurator. The rate of increase in weight by O. obscurator increases with time during the second to fourth instars and decreases slightly during the fifth instar. During the fourth and fifth stages, the weight of O. obscurator changes from an initially minute proportion of the combined host–parasite weight to a significantly large proportion, eventually attaining ca. 80% of the combined weight. The feeding and activity of parasitized hosts remain high and continue for ca. 1 week longer than that of unparasitized hosts, resulting in a higher potential for damage to the host tree. Moulting of host larvae seems not to be affected by the presence of O. obscurator, although parasitized larvae remain in a "juvenile" state and do not develop testes. The implications of the size relationships of O. obscurator with its host on the activity of another parasite, Hyssopus thymus are discussed, and it is noted that parasitized hosts, on the average, needed fewer moults to complete their post-winter development than unparasitized hosts. This phenomenon is related to synchrony of the adult parasite with its host, and to host behaviour.