bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extraintestinal Manifestations of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Their Relation to Disease Type and Severity
Authors: Dotson Jennifer L , Hyams Jeffrey S , Markowitz James , LeLeiko Neal S , Mack David R , Evans Jonathan S , Pfefferkorn Marian D , Griffiths Anne M , Otley Anthony R , Bousvaros Athos , Kugathasan Subra , Rosh Joel R , Keljo David , Carvalho Ryan S , Tomer Gitit , Mamula Petar , Kay Marsha H , Kerzner Benny , Oliva‐Hemker Maria , Langton Christine R , Crandall Wallace 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives:Although it is known that extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) commonly occur in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), little research has examined rates of EIMs and their relation to other disease‐related factors in this population. The purpose of this study was to determine the rates of EIMs in pediatric IBD and examine correlations with age, sex, diagnosis, disease severity, and distribution.Patients and Methods:Data were prospectively collected as part of the Pediatric IBD Collaborative Research Group Registry, an observational database enrolling newly diagnosed IBD patients <16 years old since 2002. Rates of EIM (occurring anytime during the period of enrollment) and the aforementioned variables (at baseline) were examined. Patients with indeterminate colitis were excluded from the analysis given the relatively small number of patients.Results:One thousand nine patients were enrolled (mean age 11.6 ± 3.1 years, 57.5% boys, mean follow‐up 26.2 ± 18.2 months). Two hundred eighty‐five (28.2%) patients experienced 1 or more EIMs. Eighty‐seven percent of EIM occurred within the first year. Increased disease severity at baseline (mild vs moderate/severe) was associated with the occurrence of any EIM (P < 0.001), arthralgia (P = 0.024), aphthous stomatitis (P = 0.001), and erythema nodosum (P = 0.009) for both Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) during the period of follow‐up. Statistically significant differences in the rates of EIMs between CD and UC were seen for aphthous stomatitis, erythema nodosum, and sclerosing cholangitis.Conclusions:EIMs as defined in this study occur in approximately one quarter of pediatric patients with IBD. Disease type and disease severity were commonly associated with the occurrence of EIMs.
Influence of Gestational Age, Cesarean Section, and Type of Feeding on Fecal Human β‐Defensin 2 and Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α
Authors: Richter Markus , Topf Hans‐Georg , Gröschl Michael , Fröhlich Thorsten , Tzschoppe Anja , Wenzl Tobias G , Köhler Henrik 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTObjective:Development of the mucosal immune system is essential for controlling antigenic response. External factors are known to influence the immune system, such as breast‐feeding or the mode of delivery. The aim of the present study was to investigate maturation of the enteric immune system.Patients and Methods:In stool samples of 59 preterm and term‐born infants we measured the concentration of human β‐defensin 2 (HBD 2), an endogenous antimicrobial peptide, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), a cytokine playing a central role in mucosal inflammation, by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results:Mode of delivery as well as nutrition (breast‐feeding or formula) had no influence on the fecal concentration of HBD‐2 or TNF‐α, but there was a significant increase in the concentration of HBD‐2 in correlation with gestational age. TNF‐α showed no change in concentration.Conclusions:Low fecal HBD‐2 may be a risk factor in preterm infants to develop neonatal enteric disease, such as necrotizing enterocolitis.
Oral non-typable Haemophilus influenzae enhances physiological mechanism of airways protection
Authors: Clancy R L , Dunkley M L 
Published: May 2010

Summary
Oral immunotherapy with inactivated non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) prevents exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but the mechanism is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of protection. This was a placebo versus active prospective study over 3 months in 64 smokers. The active treatment was three courses of oral NTHi given at monthly intervals, followed by measurement of bacteriological and immunological parameters. The results can be summarized: (i) NTHi-specific T cells increased in the placebo treatment group over time (P &lt; 0·05); (ii) the T cell response in the oral NTHi group started earlier than that in the placebo group (P &lt; 0·05); and (iii) serum NTHi-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G had significantly greater variation in the placebo group (P &lt; 0·0001). The increase in antibody in placebos over time correlated with exposure to live H. influenzae (P &lt; 0·05) determined from culture of gargles; (iv) reduction in saliva lysozyme over time (P &lt; 0·05) was detected only in the oral NTHi treatment group. These data are consistent with T cell priming of gut lymphoid tissue by aspiration of bronchus content into the gut, with oral immunotherapy augmenting this process leading to enhanced bronchus protection. The evidence for protection was a stable IgG antibody level through the study in the oral NTHi treatment group, contrasting with an increase in antibody correlating with exposure of the airways to H. influenzae in the placebo group. Saliva lysozyme was a useful biomarker of mucosal inflammation, falling after oral NTHi consistent with a reduction in the level of intralumenal inflammation.
The outcome of retained instrument removal in a specialist practice
Authors: Cujé J. , Bargholz C. , Hülsmann M. 
Published: May 2010

Cujé J, Bargholz C, Hülsmann M. The outcome of retained instrument removal in a specialist practice. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 545–554, 2009.AbstractAim  To determine the success rate of a microendodontic technique for the removal of fractured instruments from root canals.Methodology  Removal was attempted on a total of 170 consecutive referral cases with fractured instruments. All removal attempts were performed using an operating microscope and ultrasonic tips using a technique described by Ruddle (2003).Results  Of the 170 fractured instruments, 162 could be removed without perforation of the root canal, corresponding to a success rate of 95%. At a failure rate of 5%, eight instruments could not be removed, with root wall perforation occurring in one case. The lowest success rate of 93% was found in maxillary molars, the highest success rate of 100% in maxillary premolars and anterior and canine teeth of the maxillary and mandibular jaw. All removal failures occurred in cases where the fractured instruments were located apically or in the middle and apical part of the root. Regarding the angle of root canal curvature, the lowest success rates were found between 21° and 50°.Conclusions  The position of the instrument within the root canal, the angle of the curvature of the root canal and the location of the fractured instrument in relation to the root canal curvature were the decisive factors that had a negative influence on the treatment outcome.The removal method tested represents a highly effective technique for the retrival of fractured instruments.
Prostaglandin F2α stimulates MEK‐ERK signalling but decreases the expression of alkaline phosphatase in dental pulp cells
Authors: Chang M. C. , Chen Y. J. , Lee M. Y. , Lin L. D. , Wang T. M. , Chan C. P. , Tsai Y. L. , Wang C. Y. , Lin B. R. , Jeng J. H. 
Published: May 2010

Chang MC, Chen YJ, Lee MY, Lin LD, Wang TM, Chan CP, Tsai YL, Wang CY, Lin BR, Jeng JH. Prostaglandin F2α stimulates MEK‐ERK signalling but decreases the expression of alkaline phosphatase in dental pulp cells. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 461–468, 2010.AbstractAim  To study prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) receptor expression and downstream signalling in cultured human dental pulp cells and the effect of PGF2α on the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of dental pulp cells.Methodology  Human dental pulp cells were cultured and exposed to PGF2α. The expression of PGF2α (FP) receptors was analysed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blotting. The activation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and cAMP responsive element binding protein/activating transcription factor‐1 (CREB/ATF‐1) signalling was determined by Western blotting. The expression of ALP in pulp cells after exposure to PGF2α was evaluated by ALP staining and PCR.Results  Dental pulp cells expressed FP receptor mRNA and protein. Exposure to PGF2α revealed little cytotoxicity to pulp cells. PGF2α induced both ERK and CREB/ATF‐1 phosphorylation in pulp cells. Exposure to PGF2α (>1 μmol L−1) further decreased the ALP activity and mRNA expression. However, U0126 (an inhibitor of MEK1) showed little preventive effect on the decline of ALP activity in dental pulp cells by PGF2α.Conclusion  PGF2α may potentially activate FP receptors leading to ERK/CREB‐ATF‐1 activation during its production in inflamed dental pulp. PGF2α attenuated the ALP activity of pulp cells possibly via pathways not solely by MEK/ERK activation. PGF2α is a contributing factor of pulpal inflammation by regulating the activities of pulp cells.
Influence of endodontic treatment, post insertion, and ceramic restoration on the fracture resistance of maxillary premolars
Authors: Bitter K. , Meyer‐Lueckel H. , Fotiadis N. , Blunck U. , Neumann K. , Kielbassa A. M. , Paris S. 
Published: May 2010

Bitter K, Meyer‐Lueckel H, Fotiadis N, Blunck U, Neumann K, Kielbassa AM, Paris S. Influence of endodontic treatment, post insertion, and ceramic restoration on the fracture resistance of maxillary premolars. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 469–477, 2010.AbstractAim  To investigate the effects of endodontic treatment, post placement and ceramic restoration type on the fracture resistance of premolars.Methodology  One hundred and twenty teeth maxillary premolars were allocated to four groups (A–D; n = 30). In group A, mesio‐occlusal‐distal‐inlays with a buccal and palatal wall of 2 mm (MOD), in group B partial onlays with palatal cusp coverage and in group C total onlays with buccal and palatal cusp coverage were prepared. Group D served as untreated controls. Groups A–C were divided into three subgroups (n = 10): (i) teeth received solely the described preparations, (ii) teeth were root filled, (iii) teeth were root filled and quartz fibre posts were placed. Teeth were restored using Computer‐assisted design/computer‐assisted machining‐ceramic‐restorations and subjected to thermo‐mechanical‐loading; subsequently, the buccal cusp was loaded until fracture.Results  Group D revealed significantly higher fracture resistance [mean (standard deviation)] [738 (272) N] compared to all other groups (P < 0.05; post hoc test Dunnett). For groups A–C, fracture resistance was significantly affected by the restoration type (P = 0.043) and endodontic treatment/post placement (P = 0.039; 2‐way anova). Group A [380 (146) N] showed significantly lower fracture resistance compared to group B [470 (158) N] (P = 0.048; post hoc test Tukey). Compared to non‐endodontically treated teeth [487 (120) N], root filled teeth revealed significantly lower fracture resistance [389 (171) N] (P = 0.031).Conclusion  The restoration of cavities with a remaining wall thickness of 2 mm using ceramic MOD‐inlays is inferior with respect to the fracture resistance compared to partial onlay restorations. Root filled teeth without post placement show lower fracture resistance compared to non‐endodontically treated teeth.
What are the concerns of prospective responsible officers about their role in medical revalidation?
Authors: Shepherd Annabel , Cameron Niall 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIntroduction  The Health and Social Care Act 2008 sets out the requirement for the introduction of responsible officers for the NHS. The paper states that these individuals will be responsible for ensuring that doctors who are revalidated meet the required standards. It is not known how well prepared prospective responsible officers are for their new role.Methods  Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 12 medical directors from Scottish health boards who agreed to participate.Results  Prospective responsible officers remain uncertain about their role in medical revalidation. Specific concerns were raised: (1) What will responsible officers be responsible for? (2) How can appraisal be quality assured? (3) How will the information requirements for revalidation be met? and (4) How can organizations meet the requirement for revalidation?Conclusion  We found important issues regarding the arrangements for revalidation which have not previously been described which may impact on the effectiveness of prospective responsible officers.
Central Responsiveness to a Ghrelin Mimetic (GHRP‐6) is Rapidly Altered by Acute Changes in Nutritional Status in Rats
Authors: Tung Y. C. L. , Hewson A. K. , Carter R. N. , Dickson S. L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe hypothalamus appears to be more responsive to ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) in fasting, as reflected by a two‐ to three‐fold increase in the number of cells detected that express Fos protein in the arcuate nucleus, in 48‐h fasted rats compared to fed controls. Moreover, this increased hypothalamic responsiveness to GHS in fasting is regulated by the central action of exogenous leptin and insulin, although it is unknown whether these hormones mediate the changes in hypothalamic responsiveness to GHS associated with the fasting/fed state. In the present study, we show that refeeding with normal rat chow for only 2 h at the end of a 48‐h fast reversed the potentiation of the Fos response to GHRP‐6 observed in fasted rats. Circulating leptin and insulin levels remained significantly lower in refed rats compared to ad lib‐fed rats, suggesting that the change in the hypothalamic sensitivity brought about by refeeding was independent of these hormones. By contrast, 2 h of chow refeeding at the end of a fast restored plasma glucose levels to those of the fed state. Refeeding with sugar alone for 2 h at the end of a 48‐h fast also reduced the potentiated Fos response in fasting, indicating that elevated blood glucose can influence the central responsiveness to ghrelin/GHS. By contrast, infusion of the ileal satiety factor, PYY3‐36 (known to increase postprandially) did not alter the central responsiveness to GHRP‐6, although it suppressed feeding and body weight as expected. This study highlights the importance of nutritional status in regulating the action of exogenous GHS (and presumably endogenous ghrelin) on the hypothalamic circuits controlling food intake.
Noradrenergic Regulation of Hypothalamic Cells that Produce Growth Hormone‐Releasing Hormone and Somatostatin and the Effect of Altered Adiposity in Sheep
Authors: Iqbal J. , Manley T. R. , Yue Q. , Namavar M. R. , Clarke I. J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe growth hormone (GH) axis is sensitive to alteration in body weight and there is evidence that central noradrenergic systems regulate neurones that produce growth hormone‐releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SRIF). This study reports semiquantitative estimates of the noradrenergic input to neuroendocrine GHRH and SRIF neurones in the sheep of different body weights. We also studied the effects of altered body weight on expression of dopamine β‐hydroxylase (DBH), the enzyme that produces noradrenalin from dopamine. Ovariectomised ewes were made Lean (39.6 ± 2.6 kg; Mean ± SEM) by dietary restriction, whereas Normally Fed animals (61.2 ± 0.8 kg) were maintained on a regular diet. Brains were perfused for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation. The Mean ± SEM number of GHRH‐immunoreactive (‐IR) cells was lower in Normally Fed (65 ± 7) than in Lean (115 ± 14) animals, whereas the number of SRIF‐IR cells was similar in the two groups (Normally Fed, 196 ± 17; Lean 230 ± 21). Confocal microscopic analysis revealed that the percentage of GHRH‐IR cells (Normally Fed 36 ± 1.5% versus Lean 32 ± 4.6%) and percentage of SRIF‐IR cells (Normally Fed 30 ± 40.4% versus Lean 32 ± 2.3%) contacted by noradrenergic fibres did not change with body weight. FluoroGold retrograde tracer injections confirmed that noradrenergic projections to the arcuate nucleus are from ventrolateral medulla and noradrenergic projections to periventricular nucleus arise from the ventrolateral medulla, nucleus of solitary tract, locus coeruleus (LC) and the parabrachial nucleus (PBN). DBH expressing cells were identified using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation and the level of expression (silver grains/cell) quantified by image analysis. The number of DBH cells was similar in Normally Fed and Lean animals, but the level of expression/cell was lower (P < 0.02) in the PBN and LC of Lean animals. These results provide an anatomical basis for the noradrenergic regulation of GHRH and SRIF cells and GH secretion. Altered activity or noradrenergic neurones in the PBN and LC that occur with reduced body weight may be relevant to the control of GH axis.
FeuN, a novel modulator of two‐component signalling identified in Sinorhizobium meliloti
Authors: Carlyon Rebecca E. , Ryther Joanna L. , VanYperen Ryan D. , Griffitts Joel S. 
Published: May 2010

Summary Sinorhizobium meliloti is a nitrogen‐fixing bacterial symbiont of alfalfa and related legumes. Symbiotic infection by S. meliloti requires an osmosensory two‐component system composed of the response regulator FeuP and the sensor kinase FeuQ. The FeuPQ pathway positively regulates transcription of multiple genes including ndvA, which encodes the cyclic glucan exporter. Here we show that proper regulation of this signalling pathway is essential for cell viability. Without the small 83 amino acid protein FeuN, S. meliloti cells are unable to grow, and this phenotype is dependent on the FeuPQ pathway. Using Escherichia coli as a heterologous system, we show that expression of feuP and feuQ leads to a dramatic increase in ndvA promoter activity, but that simultaneous expression of feuN abrogates this effect. Random mutagenesis of the feuPQ bicistron revealed a defined region of the FeuQ protein in and around its two predicted transmembrane domains that are required for FeuN‐dependent signalling modulation. Marker enzyme fusion experiments indicate that most of the FeuN polypeptide is localized to the periplasm. Our data support a model in which FeuN interacts directly with FeuQ to attenuate phosphorylation of FeuP, and that without this activity, hyperactive signalling through FeuPQ results in cessation of growth or death.
Presence and density of domestic mites in the microenvironment of mite‐sensitive dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Farmaki Rania , Saridomichelakis Manolis N. , Leontides Leonidas , Papazahariadou Margarita G. , Gioulekas Dimitrios , Koutinas Alexander F. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis study was designed to investigate the presence and density of domestic mites (DMs) in households with atopic dogs sensitive to these mites (group A; n = 20), in households with clinically healthy, nonatopic dogs (group B; n = 20) and in households without pets (group C; n = 25). Dust samples were vacuum‐collected from the owner mattress (all groups) and dog sleeping area (groups A and B) or living room couch (group C) on four consecutive occasions, reflecting the four seasons of the year. DMs were found, at least once, in 19 of 20 (95%) group A, 13 of 20 (65%) group B and 21 of 25 (84%) group C households. DM numbers per gram of dust were 0–159 (median, 8.8), 0–302 (median, 3) and 0–1473 (median, 6.9) for group A, B and C, respectively. Dermatophagoides farinae predominated in all groups, since it was identified in 60% of group A, 40% of group B and 64% of group C households. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was found in 45%, 35% and 48% of households, in group A, B and C, respectively. No differences were found between households with (groups A and B) or without dogs (group C). When considering both sampling sites together, frequency of DM recovery was higher in group A than in group B (P = 0.044). Also, both mite frequency (P = 0.011) and density (P = 0.015) in dog sleeping area were higher in group A than in group B. In conclusion, presence and density of DMs is higher in the microenvironment of mite‐sensitive dogs with atopic dermatitis than in that of clinically healthy nonatopic dogs.
Improving a weed population model using a sequential Monte Carlo method
Authors: MAKOWSKI D , CHAUVEL B , MUNIER‐JOLAIN N 
Published: May 2010

Makowski D, Chauvel B & Munier‐Jolain N (2010). Improving a weed population model using a sequential Monte Carlo method. Weed Research50, 373–382.SummaryField measurements and weed population model predictions have been proposed as the basis for recommendations on the need for chemical or mechanical treatment, but both approaches have some limitations. This study shows how a Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) method can be used to combine weed count measurements and model predictions, to derive a better estimate of weed population characteristics. SMC was applied to a dynamic model simulating weed densities, seed production and seedbank densities for Alopecurus myosuroides (blackgrass). The benefit resulting from SMC was quantified for several types of weed count data, using experiments carried out in seven plots during 6 years. Compared with the initial model predictions, SMC reduced the root mean squared error (RMSE) by 33.5–81.5%. Compared with the weed densities derived from the weed counts alone, SMC reduced the RMSE by 1.2–10%. SMC should be preferred to the single use of model or of weed count data, because it can improve weed density predictions and because the probability distributions computed by SMC can be used to analyse the uncertainty about the state of the system.
Optimal weed management in crop rotations: incorporating economics is crucial
Authors: VAN DEN BERG F , GILLIGAN C A , GERDESSEN J C , GREGOIRE L A H , VAN DEN BOSCH F 
Published: May 2010

Van
Den Berg F, Gilligan CA, Gerdessen JC, Gregoire LAH & VanDen Bosch F (2010). Optimal weed management in crop rotations: incorporating economics is crucial. Weed Research50, 413–424.SummaryAlthough the effects of crop rotation sequence and length on weed population dynamics have been studied, it is not clear whether or not the best strategy, from a weed population dynamics point of view, is also the economic optimal strategy. It is also not clear which biological and economic parameters are most important in determining this optimal strategy. We use a density‐dependent periodic matrix model, integrated with an economic model, to study the effect of rotation length and weed control on the average annual net profit (ANP). The system of the weed Persicaria maculosa in carrots (crop A) and spring wheat (crop B) is used as an example case study. The bio‐economic model shows that income is roughly constant with rotation length, apart from the shortest rotation sequence. These results are in agreement with a previous model study, which was restricted to biological dynamics. However, where the purely biological model suggests that weeding effort should be focussed on spring wheat years in the rotation, our bio‐economic model shows that this is not a viable economic strategy. In fact, the mean ANP over a rotation is mainly determined by the ANP in carrot years (where the gross margin is high) and depends on the balance between the increase in seed population density in carrot years and its decrease in wheat years, in combination with weeding costs. The model can easily be extended to incorporate other damaging organisms, making the model broadly suitable for analysing a range of weed management strategies from an economic perspective.