bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of gametogenesis by the cestodeLigula intestinalisin roach (Rutilus rutilus) is attenuated under laboratory conditions
Authors: TRUBIROHA ACHIM , KROUPOVA HANA , FRANK SABRINA N. , SURES BERND , KLOAS WERNER 
Published: November 2010

SUMMARYReproductive parameters ofLigula intestinalis-infected roach (Rutilus rutilus) which were held under long-tem laboratory conditions with unlimited food supply were investigated. Although uninfected and infected roach showed no difference in condition factor and both groups deposited perivisceral fat, the gonadosomatic-index was significantly lower in infected female and male roach. Quantitative histological analysis revealed that gonad development was retarded upon parasitization in both genders. In contrast to the phenotype described in the field, infected females were able to recruit follicles into secondary growth, but a high percentage of secondary growth follicles underwent atresia. In both genders, the histological data corresponded well with reduced expression of pituitary gonadotropins and lowered plasma concentrations of sex steroids, as revealed by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Furthermore, a reduction of vitellogenin mRNA and modulated expression of sex steroid receptors in the liver was demonstrated. Like in the field, there was a significant adverse impact ofL. intestinalison host reproductive physiology which could not be related to parasite burden. Our results show, for the first time, that maintenance under laboratory conditions can not abolish the deleterious effect ofL. intestinalison gametogenesis in roach, and indicate a specific inhibition of host reproduction by endocrine disruption.
Structure, function and mechanism of the anaphase promoting complex (APC/C)
Authors: Barford David 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe complex molecular events responsible for coordinating chromosome replication and segregation with cell division and growth are collectively known as the cell cycle. Progression through the cell cycle is orchestrated by the interplay between controlled protein synthesis and degradation and protein phosphorylation. Protein degradation is primarily regulated through the ubiquitin proteasome system, mediated by two related E3 protein ubiquitin ligases, the Skp1 cullin F-box (SCF) and the anaphase promoting complex (also known as the cyclosome) (APC/C). The APC/C is a multi-subunit cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates progression through the mitotic phase of the cell cycle and controls entry into S phase by catalysing the ubiquitylation of cyclins and other cell cycle regulatory proteins. Selection of APC/C targets is controlled through recognition of short destruction motifs, predominantly the D-box and KEN-box. APC/C-mediated coordination of cell cycle progression is achieved through the temporal regulation of APC/C activity and substrate specificity, exerted through a combination of co-activator subunits, reversible phosphorylation and inhibitory proteins and complexes. The aim of this article is to discuss the APC/C from a structural and mechanistic perspective. Although an atomic structure of the APC/C is still lacking, a combination of genetic, biochemical, electron microscopy studies of intact APC/C and crystallographic analysis of individual subunits, together with analogies to evolutionarily related E3 ligases of the RING family, has provided deep insights into the molecular mechanisms of catalysis and substrate recognition, and structural organisation of the APC/C.
Social desirability does not confound reports of wellbeing or of socio-demographic attributes by older women
Authors: DAWES SHARRON E. , PALMER BARTON W. , ALLISON MATTHEW A. , GANIATS THEODORE G. , JESTE DILIP V. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThis study assesses the relationship of social desirability response bias with self-reported physical, mental and cognitive health, successful ageing, and socio-demographic attributes among 1,860 older women at the University of California, San Diego's Clinical Center for the Women's Health Initiative and the Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging. The women were aged between 57 and 91 years and lived in the San Diego community. Measures included a ten-item Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale, and self-report scales of physical, mental and cognitive health, successful ageing and wellbeing, as well as standard socio-demographic attributes. Bivariate correlation and multiple regression models indicated that social desirability scores negatively associated with self-reported levels of hostility, anxiety, perceived stress and self-reported cognitive failures, and that they predicted additional variance in multiple regression analyses above models containing socio-demographic predictors alone. On the other hand, even the strongest associations were what are generally considered ‘small effects’ (r<0.30). Overall, while the findings support the general validity of most of the self-report measures in studies of normal and successful ageing, consideration of social desirability response bias in the interpretation of self-reports of low levels of some key constructs (anxiety, hostility, stress, self-perceived cognitive deficits) is warranted.
Reconsidering the term ‘carer’: a critique of the universal adoption of the term ‘carer’
Authors: MOLYNEAUX VICTORIA , BUTCHARD SARAH , SIMPSON JANE , MURRAY CRAIG 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThis critique of the term ‘carer’ argues that, although developed as a result of well-intentioned and socially-engaged research, it fails the people with whom it is most concerned, that is ‘carers’ and those who are cared for. The paper considers the historical and political development of the term ‘carer’ before examining research in various ‘carer’-related settings in the United Kingdom, namely mental health, physical and intellectual impairment, cancer and palliative care and older adulthood and dementia. The article concludes that the term ‘carer’ is ineffective and that its continued use should be reconsidered. This conclusion is based on the consistent failure of the term ‘carer’ as a recognisable and valid description of the relationship between ‘carers’ and those for whom they care. Furthermore, use of the term may imply burden and therefore devalue the individual who is cared for and in this way polarises two individuals who would otherwise work together. Consequently, this commentary suggests that descriptions of the caring relationship that focus on the relationship from which it arose would be both more acceptable and useful to those it concerns. Furthermore, a more accessible term may increase uptake of support services currently aimed at ‘carers’, therefore inadvertently meeting the original aims of the term, that is, to increase support for ‘carers’.
Lexical tone awareness among Chinese children with developmental dyslexia*
Authors: LI WING-SZE , SUK-HAN HO CONNIE 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThis study examined the extent and nature of lexical tone deficit in Chinese developmental dyslexia. Twenty Cantonese-speaking Chinese dyslexic children (mean age 8 ; 11) were compared to twenty average readers of the same age (CA control group, mean age 8 ; 11), and another twenty younger average readers of the same word reading level (RL control group, mean age 7 ; 4) on different measures of lexical tone awareness, rhyme awareness and visual–verbal paired-associate learning. Results showed that the Chinese dyslexic children performed significantly worse than the CA but not the RL control groups in nearly all the lexical tone and rhyme awareness measures. Analyses of individual performance demonstrated that over one-third of the dyslexic children showed a deficit in some aspects of tone awareness. Tone discrimination and tone production were found to correlate significantly with Chinese word reading. These findings confirm that Chinese dyslexic children show weaknesses in tone awareness.
Mutual exclusivity and phonological novelty constrain word learning at 16 months
Authors: MATHER EMILY , PLUNKETT KIM 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTStudies report that infants as young as 1 ; 3 to 1 ; 5 will seek out a novel object in response to hearing a novel label (e.g. Halberda, 2003; Markman, Wasow & Hansen, 2003). This behaviour is commonly known as the ‘mutual exclusivity’ response (Markman, 1989; 1990). However, evidence for mutual exclusivity does not imply that the infant has associated a novel label with a novel object. We used an intermodal preferential looking task to investigate whether infants aged 1 ; 4 could use mutual exclusivity to guide their association of novel labels with novel objects. The results show that infants can successfully map a novel label onto a novel object, provided that the novel label has no familiar phonological neighbours. Therefore, as early as 1 ; 4, infants can use mutual exclusivity to form novel word–object associations, although this process is constrained by the phonological novelty of a label.
Integrated management of coastal resources and human health yields added value: a comparative study in Palawan (Philippines)
Authors: D'AGNES LEONA , D'AGNES HEATHER , SCHWARTZ J. BRAD , AMARILLO MARIA LOURDES , CASTRO JOAN 
Published: November 2010

SUMMARYA quasi-experimental design was used to test the hypothesis that there will be a significant improvement in both coastal resource management (CRM) and human reproductive health (RH) outcomes by delivering these services in an integrated manner as opposed to delivering either in isolation. The CRM, RH and integrated CRM+RH interventions were tested in three island municipalities of Palawan. Pre-project (2001) and post-project (2007) measurements of dependent variables were gathered via biophysical and community household surveys. Regression analyses indicate the CRM+RH intervention generated higher impacts on human and ecosystem health outcomes compared to the independent CRM and RH interventions. Improvements in coral and mangrove conditions are attributed to the effects of protective management by collaborating peoples’ organizations. The same institutions managed RH activities that enabled contraceptive access and a significant decrease in the average number of children born to women in the study area. Other trends showing a significant reduction in income-poverty among young adults infer added value. To ensure long term sustainability of CRM gains and prevent over-use of coastal resources, integrated forms of management that engage communities in the simultaneous delivery of conservation and family planning services are needed.
Crossing boundaries for environmental science and management: combining interdisciplinary, interorganizational and international collaboration
Authors: PERZ STEPHEN G. , BRILHANTE SILVIA , BROWN I. FOSTER , MICHAELSEN ANDREA CHAVEZ , MENDOZA ELSA , PASSOS VERONICA , PINEDO RAUL , REYES JUAN FERNANDO , ROJAS DANIEL , SELAYA GALIA 
Published: November 2010

SUMMARYLiterature on environmental science and management endorses crossing boundaries between disciplines, types of organizations and countries for environmental conservation. A literature review on interdisciplinarity, interorganizational networks and international cooperation highlights their justifying rationales and strategic practices. Crossing boundaries implies substantial challenges to managing collaboration itself, notably politics and uncertainty. Challenges to collaboration become compounded when crossing multiple boundaries simultaneously, here illustrated using the case of three projects in the south-western Amazon. Strategic practices such as net brokering and organizational courtships are highly important when crossing multiple boundaries. There are important commonalities in strategic practices for crossing different boundaries, such as recognizing grievances to manage politics, constituting functional redundancies in networks to manage uncertainty and non-aligned collaboration to manage both difficulties.
Constitutionalism and the Myth of Practical Reason: Kelsenian Responses to Methodological Problems
Authors: KAMMERHOFER JÖRG 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWhile today a significant stream of European scholarship of international law is concerned with the process and consequences of its constitutionalization, criticism of this trend has so far been muted. This article, using elements of the Pure Theory of Law, argues that constitutionalist writings confound methodologies, that scholarship claims competencies which it does not have, and that this confusion diminishes the benefits of the constitutionalist project for international law. The key problem is called a ‘methodological circle’: scholars call something a constitution and in effect claim that the law is changed by this classification. Thus constitutionalism relies on the natural law concept of practical reason; constitutionalism is, in turn, vulnerable to Kelsen's arguments against practical reason. Constitutionalism, like practical reason before it, contains an impossible admixture of the human faculties of will and cognition. The general critique is followed by a look at Article 2(6) of the UN Charter as a case in point. Here constitutionalism shows how law is purportedly changed by taxonomy. The article concludes by taking a look at an alternative vision of the constitution of international law: the rediscovery of a strictly legal – that is, structural – constitution as the highest echelon of legal regulation.
Carl Schmitt's Fear: Nomos – Norm – Network
Authors: AUGSBERG INO 
Published: November 2010

AbstractCarl Schmitt is still astonishingly present in the legal discourse. Yet instead of indulging in the study of his explicit ‘lesson’ and its possible impact on contemporary legal problems, it might be worthwhile to survey the primary cause of his greatest fear. Following this perspective, the article analyses Schmitt's concept of the nomos, distinguishing it from the traditional normativist approach on the one hand and confronting it with a more recent understanding of law in terms of the network conception on the other. Thus Schmitt's view of the developing legal system in the twentieth century proves to be relevant to our current efforts to grasp newly emerging legal phenomena in the twenty-first century.
The Abyei Arbitration: Procedural Aspects of an Intra-state Border Arbitration
Authors: DALY BROOKS 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWith a looming referendum on the secession of South Sudan, the drafters of the Abyei Arbitration Agreement were faced with a complex intra-state dispute and a limited time to resolve it. The parties to the dispute agreed on a procedural regime to govern the arbitration, combining both traditional and innovative provisions on procedural rules, the constitution of the tribunal, the schedule of pleadings, transparency, financing of the proceeding, and the role of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. This article examines the key provisions of the Abyei Arbitration Agreement and their implementation during the course of the arbitration, and evaluates the case's significance as procedural precedent for future intra- or inter-state arbitration. The article does not provide an analysis of the substantive findings of the tribunal.
Prosecuting Dr Strangelove, Goldfinger, and the Joker at the International Criminal Court: Closing the Loopholes
Authors: SCHABAS WILLIAM A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this commentary to Matt Halling's paper, the author takes issue with Halling's proposal to amend Article 7(2) of the Rome Statute with regard to the ‘policy element’. Halling's view of plugging ‘loopholes’ in the Rome Statute in abstracto is met with a voice of realism. The author's realism is expressed on different levels and can be summarized in the following questions. As to the need for an amendment of Article 7(2), how realistic are the scenarios presented by Halling? Do they really call for an amendment? As to the function and role of the court, why expand the Court's mandate when it can only prosecute a handful of cases at any one time? As to the Court prosecutorial policy, does the Court need a fine net when it has limited resources and a mandate that requires it to focus on those who bear the greatest responsibility?
On the Outer Limits of Crimes against Humanity: The Concept of Organization within the Policy Requirement: Some Reflections on the March 2010 ICC Kenya Decision
Authors: KRESS CLAUS 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAt the beginning of the renaissance of international criminal law in the 1990s, the law on crimes against humanity was in a fragile state. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) decisively contributed to the consolidation of customary international law on crimes against humanity and paved the way for its first comprehensive codification in Article 7 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). At the same time, the ICTY in its early decisions already showed a certain inclination to broaden the scope of the application of the crime by downgrading its contextual requirement. More recently, this tendency culminated in the complete abandonment of the policy requirement. While this ‘progressive’ facet of the ICTY's jurisprudence largely took the form of obiter dicta, the Situation in the Republic of Kenya has confronted the ICC with the need to ‘get serious’ about the present state of the law. This has led to a controversy in Pre-Trial Chamber II about the concept of organization in Article 7(2)(a) of the Statute. While the majority essentially follows the path of the more recent case law of the ICTY, the ICTR, and the Special Tribunal for Sierra Leone and supports a liberal interpretation, Judge Kaul prefers to confine the term to state-like organizations and generally calls for caution against too hasty an expansion of the realm of international criminal law stricto sensu. This comment agrees with the main thrust of the Dissenting Opinion and hopes that it will provoke a thorough debate.
A Consensus Agreement on the Crime of Aggression: Impressions from Kampala
Authors: BLOKKER NIELS , KRESS CLAUS 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe authors participated in the ICC Review Conference held in Kampala in June 2010, which adopted by consensus a package agreement on the crime of aggression. This contribution presents some impressions from these negotiations. It was rather unexpected that consensus agreement could be reached, and the authors offer some explanations why this was possible. They also analyse the key elements of the agreement. After the international criminalization of aggression has been debated for decades, a decisive step has now been taken towards bringing this crime within the effective jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.
The Complex Crime of Aggression under the Rome Statute
Authors: SCHEFFER DAVID 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFour discrete issues demonstrate how complex the crime of aggression under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court will be following the amendments approved in Kampala in June 2010. First, the absence of an explicit magnitude, or gravity, requirement for determining an act of aggression ignores the reality of how matters are referred to the ICC as well as how one first determines the existence of aggression. The gravity test of a crime of aggression is insufficient and misleading in arriving at a methodology for a logical determination of both acts and crimes of aggression. An agreed understanding in Kampala to resolve the dilemma is fraught with contradictions. Second, the amendments fail to address how the ICC should respond to a Security Council determination that an act of aggression has not occurred. Third, the lingering debate over how the Rome Statute should have been amended to activate the crime of aggression will burden the Assembly of States Parties, which should focus on arriving at a united interpretation of the procedures used to approve the Kampala amendments. Fourth, given the many permutations of how states will fall within or outside the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court regarding the crime of aggression, the resulting patchy landscape of coverage should surprise no one.
The Crime of Aggression: Some Personal Reflections on Kampala
Authors: FERENCZ DONALD M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg established a legal precedent for the proposition that waging a war of aggression is an international offence, for which individuals may be held criminally accountable. The efforts of the First Review Conference of the Rome Statute have resulted in a definition of the crime of aggression being included in the Rome Statute. Although a framework for the International Criminal Court's exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression was also included in the amendments adopted at the Review Conference, such exercise of jurisdiction has not been given immediate effect and is subject to further action by the members of the Assembly of States Parties.
Judicial Economy and Limitation of the Scope of the Decision in International Adjudication
Authors: PALOMBINO FULVIO MARIA 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article argues that the principle of judicial economy belongs to the fundamental canons of international procedure – that is, those canons which are inherent in the judicial function and whose application should generally be ensured by the judge concerned, regardless of what the written procedural law establishes. This is particularly evident if one considers how often international courts and tribunals, precisely for reasons of judicial economy and departing from the duty to decide all points put forward by the parties (non ultra petita), enter into those issues alone which are necessary for the purpose of resolving the dispute and/or establishing the true state of the world (the so-called criterion of judicial limitation of the scope of the decision or absorption). Even though no provision requires it, each judge is in fact expected to operate in conformity with this criterion and to use it in a proper way; its misapplication may lead to reforming the decision or precluding its enforcement. The frequent use of the criterion at issue, on the other hand, supports this article's final contention, according to which judicial economy is an expression of judicial activism.
A Fresh Look at the Issue of Non-justiciability of Defence and Foreign Affairs
Authors: AMOROSO DANIELE 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFor decades it has been authoritatively stressed that non-justiciability of defence and foreign affairs represents one of the major hurdles to the application of international law by domestic courts. Until now, however, international law scholarship seems to have overlooked two aspects of this issue. First, it has not been sufficiently highlighted that the international and the European community legal orders are progressively eroding the scope of application of these non-justiciability doctrines. Second, it has rarely been shown how judicial intervention in international matters can be prevented from turning into the ‘judicialization’ of foreign policy. Hence, ideally by moving along the path traced by those who have already dealt with this issue, the present work aims to analyse these two aspects in greater depth.