bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Illness in Rural Town Isiolo, Kenya
Authors: Kaindi D. W. M. , Schelling E. , Wangoh J. M. , Imungi J. K. , Farah Z. , Meile L. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThis study assesses risk factors for food‐borne gastrointestinal illness indicated by diarrhoea and/or vomiting using 14‐day recalls among children and young adults. The study was set in Isiolo, a rural town of Kenya, inhabited mainly by pastoralists of different ethnic groups. The preparation methods of milk at the household level were also investigated. The study was cross‐sectional and involved 900 participants from randomly selected households. They were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. An unmatched nested case‐control study was constructed by randomly selecting three controls for each case. Potential risk factors for gastrointestinal illness were analysed using both univariate and multivariate logistic regression models with random effect on ethnic groups. The study results showed that consumption of mutton, carrots, Irish potatoes, raw camel milk, boiled camel milk and fermented camel milk were important risk factors for diarrhoea and/or vomiting, whereas the consumption of boiled goat milk, boiled cow milk, spinach, washing of hands with soap and the presence of proper drainage system had protective effects (odds ratio < 1). We conclude that in this setting, primarily vegetables and the camel milk market chain pose the greatest risks for symptoms of food‐borne gastrointestinal illness.
Myrrh mediates haem oxygenase-1 expression to suppress the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophages
Authors: Cheng Yu-Wen , Cheah Khoot-Peng , Lin Che-Wei , Li Joe-Sharg , Yu Wen-Yu , Chang Ming Long , Yeh Geng-Chang , Chen Sheng-Hsuan , Choy Cheuk-Sing , Hu Chien-Ming 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Objectives
To elucidate a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of myrrh against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation.

Methods
RAW264.7 macrophages were cultured in DMEM and then cells were treated with LPS or LPS plus a myrrh methanol extract (MME) for 24 h. The culture medium was collected for determination of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin (PG)E2, interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and cells were harvested by lysis buffer for Western blot analysis.

Key findings
Our data showed that treatment with the MME (1∼100 µg/ml) did not cause cytotoxicity or activate haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein synthesis in RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, the MME inhibited LPS-stimulated NO, PGE2, IL-1β and TNF-α release and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein expression. Zn(II) protoporphyrin IX, a specific inhibitor of HO-1, blocked the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression by the MME.

Conclusions
These results suggest that among mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory response, the MME inhibited the production of NO, PGE2, IL-1β and TNF-α by downregulating iNOS and COX-2 gene expression in macrophages and worked through the action of HO-1.
Dual-colour HER2/Chromosome 17 chromogenic in situ hybridisation assay enables accurate assessment of HER2 genomic status in gastric cancer and has potential utility in HER2 testing of biopsy samples
Authors: Yan Benedict , Yau Ee Xuan , Choo Shoa Nian , Ong Chee Wee , Yong Kol Jia , Pang Brendan , Salto-Tellez Manuel 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundDetermination of HER2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and genomic status by fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) are important in identifying a subset of high HER2-expressing gastric cancers that might respond to trastuzumab. Although FISH is considered the standard for determination of HER2 genomic status, brightfield ISH is being increasingly recognised as a viable alternative. Also, the impact of HER2 protein expression/genomic heterogeneity on the accuracy of HER2 testing has not been well studied in the context of gastric biopsy samples.Aims/methodsTo study the utility of brightfield ISH in the evaluation of HER2 genomic status, the correlation coefficient between dual-colour HER2/Chromosome 17 chromogenic in situ hybridisation (CISH) and FISH was ascertained. To study the impact of intratumoral heterogeneity on the accuracy of HER2 testing, the concordance rate of HER2 protein expression/genomic status between matched biopsies and surgical resection specimens of high HER2-expressing gastric cancers was ascertained.ResultsThe dual-colour CISH assay showed a 100% concordance rate with FISH results in 119 samples (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.987, p<0.001). Five of the 11 high-HER2 expressors (defined as IHC 3+ or IHC 2+/FISH-amplified according to Trastuzumab for Gastric Cancer trial criteria) showed an IHC 3+ score on matched biopsies (concordance rate 45.5%). Nine of these 11 cases showed HER2 amplification on matched biopsies (concordance rate 81.8%).ConclusionDual-colour CISH is an excellent alternative for the evaluation of HER2 genomic status in gastric cancers. Determination of HER2 status by HER2 IHC alone in limited gastric biopsy samples results in a high false-negative rate, and diagnostic accuracy appears to be improved if HER2 genomic testing, either alone or concurrently with IHC, is performed for HER2 testing.
The prevalence of thec-kitexon 10 variant, M541L, in aggressive fibromatosis does not differ from the general population
Authors: Grabellus Florian , Worm Karl , Sheu Sien-Yi , Siffert Winfried , Schmid Kurt W , Bachmann Hagen S 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundThe frequency of thec-kitexon 10 variant, M541L, (c.1621 A>C) in aggressive fibromatosis (AF) was recently determined to be 2.5-fold higher than in healthy controls. It was thus hypothesised that M541L could be associated with the development of AF.Methods42 cases of sporadic AF were investigated forc-kitexon 10 alterations, by traditional sequencing. Subsequently, the AF cases and 126 healthy volunteers were screened for the M541L by pyrosequencing.ResultsGenotype frequency of M541L in AF was 16.7% (allele frequencies: A, 0.92 and C, 0.08), which did not differ from the control group. Moreover the M541L variant was found to be not tumour specific.ConclusionsThe result classifies the M541L variant ofc-kitexon 10 as a single nucleotide polymorphism. Because its prevalence does not differ between the AF and general populations, an association with AF tumourigenesis is unlikely.
Conservation and enhancement of wild fish populations: preserving genetic quality versus genetic diversity1This paper is derived from the J.C. Stevenson Memorial Lecture delivered by Bryan Neff at the Canadian Conference for Fisheries Research in Winnipeg, Manitoba, January 2010.
Authors: Neff Bryan D. , Garner Shawn R. , Pitcher Trevor E. 
Published: July 2011

Nearly 40% of commercial fisheries have now collapsed or are in serious decline. In response, governments have invested millions of dollars into artificial breeding programs, but many programs have failed to rehabilitate dwindling wild stocks. This failure may in part lie in the lack of knowledge about the genetic architecture of fitness: the genes and genotypes that are associated with individual performance. In this paper we discuss (i) artificial breeding programs, (ii) the genetic architecture of fitness, (iii) additive and nonadditive genetic effects on fitness, (iv) genetic diversity and evolvability, and (v) natural breeding and adaptation. We argue that most breeding programs do not maintain genetic adaptations and may consequently be ineffective at rehabilitating or enhancing wild populations. Moreover, there is no evidence that preserving genetic diversity as measured from neutral genetic markers increases fish performance or population viability outside of populations that experience strong inbreeding depression, and limited data that genetic diversity increases the potential for populations to adapt to changing environments. We suggest that artificial breeding programs should be used only as a last resort when populations face imminent extirpation and that such programs must shift the focus from solely preserving genetic diversity to preserving genetic adaptations.
Benthic and pelagic contributions to Mysis nutrition across Lake Superior
Authors: Sierszen Michael E. , Kelly John R. , Corry Timothy D. , Scharold Jill V. , Yurista Peder M. 
Published: July 2011

Quantifying nutritional sources for Mysis diluviana will help to clarify the basis for production in lakes with Mysis and improve models of migration-driven nutrient and contaminant transport. We sampled Mysis, plankton, and benthos across Lake Superior using a stratified-random design that provided a statistically valid representation of the lake across depths. We then estimated nutritional contributions to Mysis using stable isotope ratios of Mysis, zooplankton, Bythotrephes , Diporeia , oligochaetes, and detritus in a multiple-source, dual-isotope mixing model. Lake-wide, small (<1.0 cm) mysids relied almost exclusively upon plankton, whereas large mysids occupied a higher trophic position and obtained nutrition among sources. Model estimates of mean benthic contributions to large Mysis ranged from 27% to 58%. We predicted the importance of benthos to Mysis to track declining benthic biomass with depth. Model results indicated that if Diporeia were the only benthic food eaten, benthic contributions would decline to 40% with depth, but inclusion of detritus in the model resulted in consistent importance of benthic food across depths. The importance of benthos to mysid nutrition suggests strong benthic–pelagic coupling at all lake depths and might limit the ability of Mysis to support fisheries in systems that have lost Diporeia.
A whole-lake density reduction to assess compensatory responses of gizzard shadDorosoma cepedianum
Authors: Catalano Matthew J. , Allen Micheal S. 
Published: July 2011

We used a fishery-induced density reduction of gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum at a previously unharvested lake to evaluate compensatory density dependence in recruitment processes. We also studied gizzard shad populations at two nearby unharvested lakes to provide contrast with the harvested population. Gizzard shad spawner biomass was reduced by 72% at the harvested lake after 2 years of gill-net removals, although variation in total shad biomass was more modest. We evaluated responses by gizzard shad to the range of biomasses present among the three lakes and 5 years of the study. Annual growth increments varied little over 5 years and were not related to population density across the three lakes. Length-at-maturity differed among lakes and years, but was not related to population density. Despite the range in spawner biomass among the lakes during the study, annual recruitment estimates showed little relationship to the size of the spawner population, suggesting density-dependent prerecruit survival. A spawner–recruit analysis on pooled data from the three lakes indicated that prerecruit survival was negatively related to spawner biomass. Our study provides a rare glimpse of fish compensatory responses following exploitation of a previously unharvested population and has implications for population dynamics theory and fisheries management.
Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) osmoregulatory development plays a key role in sea louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) tolerance
Authors: Sackville M. , Tang S. , Nendick L. , Farrell A.P. , Brauner C.J. 
Published: July 2011

Sea lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis ) of fish-farm origin have been implicated in reducing populations of pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) in British Columbia’s Broughton Archipelago. Owing to the physically disruptive nature of louse attachment to fish skin in a hyperosmotic environment, we hypothesize that the impacts on fish performance are ionoregulatory in origin. Therefore, ionoregulatory status was measured in juvenile pink salmon artificially infected in the laboratory and naturally infected in the wild. Body [Na+] of laboratory-infected fish (∼1 week seawater (SW); 0.2–0.4 g) increased significantly by 12% with a single chalimus-4 louse, and by 23% with 2–3 chalimus-3 lice. Mortality over this 24-day trial was 2.4% for fish initially infected with 1–3 lice. Body [Na+] for fish caught with natural infections (∼4–12 weeks SW; 0.5–1.5 g) did not differ from uninfected controls. Combining data sets revealed a “no effect” threshold of 0.5 g for body [Na+] of fish infected with one chalimus-4 louse. We propose that this size-related louse tolerance is associated with hypo-osmoregulatory development, adding to a previously suggested multifactorial mechanism based on epidermal and immune system development. We suggest management bodies consider this fish-mass threshold when planning to minimize risk to wild fish populations.
Water quality changes in south-central Ontario lakes and the role of local factors in regulating lake response to regional stressors
Authors: Palmer Michelle E. , Yan Norman D. , Paterson Andrew M. , Girard Robert E. 
Published: July 2011

The long-term monitoring of eight lakes near Dorset, Ontario, indicates that the water quality has changed significantly over the last 30 years. However, trends in the Dorset lakes may not be representative of changes in other south-central Ontario lakes, as the Dorset lakes are within a small area and span a limited gradient of lake and watershed characteristics. To determine the regional extent of water quality changes, we assessed the chemical changes in 36 diverse lakes that were first sampled between 1981 and 1990 and were resampled in 2004–2005. Similar to trends in the Dorset lakes, changes in the regional lakes included decreasing acidity, calcium, conductivity, metals, and phosphorus, and increasing dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen, sodium, and chloride. Water quality changes were driven by regional stressors, including acidic deposition, climate, and lakeshore residential development. However, stressor-induced responses differed among lakes. Increases in sodium and chloride were greater in developed lakes that were close to winter-maintained roads. Site-specific characteristics, such as lake and watershed morphometry, could not explain heterogeneous changes in the remaining water quality parameters. These results indicate that other factors play an important role in regulating individual lake response to regional stressors.
How to contribute research results to internet standardization
Authors: Bagnulo Marcelo , Eardley Philip , Eggert Lars , Winter Rolf 
Published: July 2011

The development of new technology is driven by scientific research. The Internet, with its roots in the ARPANET and NSFNet, is no exception. Many of the fundamental, long-term improvements to the architecture, security, end-to-end protocols and management of the Internet originate in the related academic research communities. Even shorter-term, more commercially driven extensions are oftentimes derived from academic research. When interoperability is required, the IETF standardizes such new technology. Timely and relevant standardization benefits from continuous input and review from the academic research community.
For an individual researcher, it can however by quite puzzling how to begin to most effectively participate in the IETF and - arguably to a much lesser degree - in the IRTF. The interactions in the IETF are much different than those in academic conferences, and effective participation follows different rules. The goal of this document is to highlight such differences and provide a rough guideline that will hopefully enable researchers new to the IETF to become successful contributors more quickly.
Human Neural Stem Cell Transplantation Ameliorates Radiation-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction
Authors: Acharya Munjal M. , Christie Lori-Ann , Lan Mary L. , Giedzinski Erich , Fike John R. , Rosi Susanna , Limoli Charles L. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Cranial radiotherapy induces progressive and debilitating declines in cognition that may, in part, be caused by the depletion of neural stem cells. The potential of using stem cell replacement as a strategy to combat radiation-induced cognitive decline was addressed by irradiating athymic nude rats followed 2 days later by intrahippocampal transplantation with human neural stem cells (hNSC). Measures of cognitive performance, hNSC survival, and phenotypic fate were assessed at 1 and 4 months after irradiation. Irradiated animals engrafted with hNSCs showed significantly less decline in cognitive function than irradiated, sham-engrafted animals and acted indistinguishably from unirradiated controls. Unbiased stereology revealed that 23% and 12% of the engrafted cells survived 1 and 4 months after transplantation, respectively. Engrafted cells migrated extensively, differentiated along glial and neuronal lineages, and expressed the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), suggesting their capability to functionally integrate into the hippocampus. These data show that hNSCs afford a promising strategy for functionally restoring cognition in irradiated animals. Cancer Res; 71(14); 4834–45. ©2011 AACR.
Bone Gla Protein Increases HIF-1α–Dependent Glucose Metabolism and Induces Cartilage and Vascular Calcification
Authors: Idelevich Anna , Rais Yoach , Monsonego-Ornan Efrat 
Published: July 2011

Objective—
Bone Gla Protein (BGP, osteocalcin) is commonly present in the calcified vasculature and was recently shown as energy metabolism-regulating hormone. This study investigates the role of BGP in cartilage and vasculature mineralization.

Methods and Results—

We established an in vitro BGP-overexpression model in chondrocytes (ATDC5) and vascular smooth muscle cells (MOVAS). BGP overexpression upregulated markers of chondrogenic differentiation and intensified staining for minerals. BGP overexpression enhanced glucose uptake and increased expression of glucose transporters and glycolysis enzymes while decreasing gluconeogenesis enzymes. Treatment with purified BGP activated insulin signaling pathway and upregulated genes of glucose transport and utilization. Both BGP overexpression and treatment with purified BGP resulted in stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in chondrocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, shown essential in mediating the direct metabolic effect of BGP. The in vivo model of 1,25(OH)
2
D
3
-induced vascular calcification in rats revealed a correlation between calcification, elevated BGP levels, and increased HIF-1α expression in aortas and bone growth plates. The in vivo introduction of BGP siRNA, coadministered with 1,25(OH)
2
D
3
, prevented 1,25(OH)
2
D
3
-induced HIF-1α stabilization, and diminished osteochondrogenic differentiation and mineralization of aortas.

Conclusion—
This study demonstrates novel mechanism by which BGP locally shifts cells toward glycolytic breakdown of glucose, in a HIF-1α–dependent manner, and stimulates calcification of cartilage and vasculature.
Enhanced Angiogenesis by Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheet Created by a Novel Magnetic Tissue Engineering Method
Authors: Ishii Masakazu , Shibata Rei , Numaguchi Yasushi , Kito Tetsutaro , Suzuki Hirohiko , Shimizu Kazunori , Ito Akira , Honda Hiroyuki , Murohara Toyoaki 
Published: July 2011

Objective—
Therapeutic angiogenesis with cell transplantation represents a novel strategy for severe ischemic diseases. However, some patients have poor response to such conventional injection-based angiogenic cell therapy. Here, we investigated a therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) sheet created by a novel magnetite tissue engineering technology for reparative angiogenesis.

Methods and Results—
Human MSCs incubated with magnetic nanoparticle-containing liposomes were cultured, and a magnet was placed on the reverse side. Magnetized MSCs formed multilayered cell sheets according to magnetic force. Nude mice were subjected to unilateral hind limb ischemia and separated into 3 groups. For the control group, saline was injected into ischemic tissue. In the MSC-injected group, mice received magnetized MSCs by conventional needle injections without sheet formula as a control cell group. In the MSC-sheet group, MSC sheet was layered onto the ischemic tissues before skin closure. Blood flow recovery and the extent of angiogenesis were assessed by a laser Doppler blood flowmetry and histological capillary density, respectively. The MSC-sheet group had a greater angiogenesis in ischemic tissues compared to the control and MSC-injected groups. The angiogenic and tissue-preserving effects of MSC sheets were attributable to an increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and reduced apoptosis in ischemic tissues. In cultured MSCs, magnetic labeling itself inhibited apoptosis via a catalase-like antioxidative mechanism.

Conclusion—
MSC sheet created by the novel magnetic nanoparticle-based tissue engineering technology would represent a new modality for therapeutic angiogenesis and tissue regeneration.
Nitroglycerin-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Tolerance Involve Adverse Phosphorylation and
S
-Glutathionylation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase
Authors: Knorr Maike , Hausding Michael , Kröller-Schuhmacher Swenja , Steven Sebastian , Oelze Matthias , Heeren Tjebo , Scholz Alexander , Gori Tommaso , Wenzel Philip , Schulz Eberhard , Daiber Andreas , Münzel Thomas 
Published: July 2011

Objective—

Continuous administration of nitroglycerin (GTN) causes tolerance and endothelial dysfunction by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from various enzymatic sources, such as mitochondria, NADPH oxidase, and an uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). In the present study, we tested the effects of type 1 angiotensin (AT
1
)-receptor blockade with telmisartan on GTN-induced endothelial dysfunction in particular on eNOS phosphorylation and
S
-glutathionylation sites and the eNOS cofactor synthesizing enzyme GTP–cyclohydrolase I.

Methods and Results—

Wistar rats were treated with telmisartan (2.7 or 8 mg/kg per day PO for 10 days) and with GTN (50 mg/kg per day SC for 3 days). Aortic eNOS phosphorylation and
S
-glutathionylation were assessed using antibodies against phospho-Thr495 and Ser1177 or protein-bound glutathione, which regulate eNOS activity and eNOS-dependent superoxide production (uncoupling). Expression of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase was determined by Western blotting. Formation of aortic and cardiac ROS was assessed by fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and 3-nitrotyrosine/malondialdehyde-positive protein content. Telmisartan prevented endothelial dysfunction and partially improved nitrate tolerance. Vascular, cardiac, mitochondrial, and white blood cell ROS formation were significantly increased by GTN treatment and inhibited by telmisartan. GTN-induced decrease in Ser1177, increase in Thr495 phosphorylation or
S
-glutathionylation of eNOS, and decrease in mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase expression were normalized by telmisartan.

Conclusion—
These data identify modification of eNOS phosphorylation as an important component of GTN-induced endothelial dysfunction. Via its pleiotropic “antioxidant” properties, telmisartan prevents, at least in part, GTN-induced oxidative stress, nitrate tolerance, and endothelial dysfunction.