bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inseln: Ursprung der Vielfalt
Authors: Beierkuhnlein Carl , Hahn Ingo , Jentsch Anke , Schmitt Thomas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractUrsprünglich wurde die Theorie der Inselbiogeographie entwickelt um zu ermitteln, wie sich die Größe von Inseln und ihre Entfernung vom Festland auf ihre Artenzahl und ‐zusammensetzung auswirken. Mittlerweile wurde diese Theorie ein wichtiges Konzept im Natur‐ und Artenschutz. Organismen, die auf Inseln gelangen, neigen im Laufe der Evolution aus unterschiedlichen Gründen entweder zur Verzwergung oder zur Ausbildung von Riesenformen. Obwohl Inseln dem ständigen Prozess des Entstehens und Vergehens unterliegen, stellen sie dennoch eine dauerhafte Erscheinung auf der Erde dar, weshalb sie auch besondere Bedeutung für Evolutionsprozesse besitzen. Heute kommt genetischen Analysen bei der Entschlüsselung der Besiedlungsgeschichte von Inseln ein hoher Stellenwert zu. Inseln stellen oft Orte mit hohem Anteil von endemischen Arten dar, die durch die Einbringung gebietsfremder Arten zunehmend in ihrer Existenz bedroht sind.
Evolution der C4‐Photosynthese
Authors: Brennicke Axel 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDurch globale Umweltverschmutzung mit Sauerstoff veränderten die Pflanzen im Laufe einiger Millionen Jahre die Atmosphäre, der O2‐Gehalt stieg und der CO2‐Gehalt sank. Das machte es immer schwieriger für die Pflanzen, eine genügend hohe CO2‐Konzentrationen für die Photosynthese zu finden. Insbesondere die so genannten C4‐Pflanzen haben sich daran angepasst. Wie sie das fertig bringen, wird jetzt deutlicher.
Two Novel Steroidal Alkaloid Glycosides from the Seeds of Lycium barbarum
Authors: Wang Kun , Sasaki Tatsunori , Li Wei , Li Qin , Wang Yinghua , Asada Yoshihisa , Kato Hiroyoshi , Koike Kazuo 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTwo novel steroidal alkaloid glycosides, lycioside A (1) and lycioside B (2) were isolated from the seeds of Lycium barbarum. Their structures were determined by various spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1 and 2 showed inhibitory activities with the IC50 values of 75.3 and 72.8 μM against rat intestinal sucrase, and 63.4 and 59.1 μM against rat intestinal maltase.
Electronic Structure and Symmetry in Conjugated π‐Electron Systems
Authors: Alemany Pere , Casanova David , Dryzun Chaim 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe continuous symmetry measures (CSM) method has been used to study the π‐electron systems for a diverse set of molecules, illustrating the capabilities of this new analytical tool to quantify the changes in the electronic structure of molecules upon symmetry breaking perturbations induced either by geometry modifications or chemical substitutions. The symmetry analysis applied to the Hamiltonian, the molecular orbitals or the electron density obtained from a simple Hückel model for these compounds reveals the basic relations between symmetry and the electronic structure. Calculation of continuous symmetry measures from ab initio calculations confirms these relations, allowing at the same time a much more accurate description of the influence of symmetry on the electronic structure of these compounds.
Hierarchical TiO2 Microspheres: Synergetic Effect of {001} and {101} Facets for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Zheng Zhaoke , Huang Baibiao , Lu Jibao , Qin Xiaoyan , Zhang Xiaoyang , Dai Ying 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWell‐faceted nanocrystals of anatase TiO2 with specific reactive facets have attracted extraordinary research interest due to their many intrinsic shape‐dependent properties. In this work, hierarchical TiO2 microspheres consisting of anatase nanosheets or decahedrons were synthesized by means of a facile hydrothermal technique; meanwhile, the percentage of {001} facets can be tuned from 82 to 45 %. Importantly, by investigating the photo‐oxidation reactions for .OH radical generation and photoreduction reactions for hydrogen evolution, the TiO2 microspheres consisting of nano‐decahedrons with 45 % {001} facets show superior photoreactivity (more than 4.8‐times) compared to the nanosheets with 82 % {001} facets. By analyzing the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL) and first‐principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations, a model of charge separation between the well‐formed {001} and {101} facets is proposed, and the enhanced photocatalytic efficiency is largely attributed to the efficient separation of photogenerated charges among the crystal facets co‐exposed.
Scalar Coupling Across [CH⋅⋅⋅FC] Interactions in (σ‐Aryl)‐Chelating Post‐Metallocenes
Authors: So Loi‐Chi , Liu Cham‐Chuen , Chan Michael C. W. , Lo Jerry C. Y. , Sze Kong‐Hung , Zhu Nianyong 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe nature and importance of CH⋅⋅⋅FC interactions is a topical yet controversial issue, and the development of spectroscopic methods to probe such contacts is therefore warranted. A series of Group 4 bis(benzyl) complexes supported by (σ‐aryl)‐2‐phenolate‐6‐pyridyl [O,C,NR1] ligands bearing a fluorinated R1 group (CF3 or F) in the vicinity of the metal has been prepared. The X‐ray crystal structure of the CF3‐substituted Hf derivative features intramolecular C‐H⋅⋅⋅F‐C and Hf⋅⋅⋅F‐C contacts. All complexes have been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of [M(O,C,NCF3)(CH2Ph)2] derivatives display coupling (assigned to 1hJHF and 2hJCF for Ti; 3JHF and 2JCF (through M⋅⋅⋅F) for Hf and Zr) between the benzyl CH2 and CF3 moieties. [1H,19F]‐HMBC NMR experiments have been performed for the M‐[O,C,N‐R1] complexes and their [O,N,C] counterparts, revealing significant scalar coupling across the CH⋅⋅⋅FC interactions for Ti‐[O,C,N] and [O,N,C] species.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Trypanosoma brucei Trypanothione Synthetase Inhibitors
Authors: Spinks Daniel , Torrie Leah S. , Thompson Stephen , Harrison Justin R. , Frearson Julie A. , Read Kevin D. , Fairlamb Alan H. , Wyatt Paul G. , Gilbert Ian H. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTrypanothione synthetase (TryS) is essential for the survival of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, which causes human African trypanosomiasis. It is one of only a handful of chemically validated targets for T. brucei in vivo. To identify novel inhibitors of TbTryS we screened our in‐house diverse compound library that contains 62 000 compounds. This resulted in the identification of six novel hit series of TbTryS inhibitors. Herein we describe the SAR exploration of these hit series, which gave rise to one common series with potency against the enzyme target. Cellular studies on these inhibitors confirmed on‐target activity, and the compounds have proven to be very useful tools for further study of the trypanothione pathway in kinetoplastids.
CIB Commission W023 – Wall Structures
Authors: Haseltine Barry , Weck Tor‐Ulf , Meyer Lars , van der Pluijm Rob , Dupont Oliver , Alfes Christoph , Jaeger Wolfram , Roberts John , Silver Jonathan , Martens Dirk , Pfeffermann O. , Drewes Bastian , Gunkler Erhard , Kubica Jan , Mojsilovic Nebojsa , Gunkler Erhard , Marx Johann , Ohler Armin , Sousa Hipolito , Sousa Rui , Vicente Romeu S. , Silva J. R. Mendes , Capozucca Roberto 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis year´s CIB Commission meeting of the working group “W023–Wall Structures” took place in Berlin, Germany October 10–11, 2011.The participants were welcomed by the commission coordinator Silvino Pompeu Santos and the host of the meeting Professor Wolfram Jaeger in cooperation with the Bundesvereinigung der Prüfingenieure für Bautechnik e.V. (BVPI).The meeting started with a one‐day workshop focused on experiences and applications regarding Eurocode 6. The second day of the meeting was reserved for news and actions within the commission and short summaries of CIB members regarding their several activities in the area of masonry. After that there was an interesting presentation on last tendencies in house construction. Petra Michaely from the office of Professor Werner Sobek spoke about the “Efficiency House Plus with Electric Mobility” which is built in co‐operation with the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development.We would like to thank the experts who have presented their experiences in masonry with EC 6 as well as the sponsors and supporters Wienerberger Germany and Austria, IWM Industrieverband Werkmörtel, BVPI Berlin and the Checking Engineer Prof. Wolfram Jaeger Radebeul/Dresden. Furthermore, thanks to all commission members from all over the world for coming to Germany and for creating such a successful meeting. Below you will find some abstracts of the presentations to share with you the topics we have spoken about. Proceedings of the meeting will be available electronically later on the website of the commission (www.cibworld.nl).
A rapid analytical method for the detection of plasma volume expanders and mannitol based on the urinary saccharides and polyalcohols profile
Authors: Mazzarino Monica , Fiacco Ilaria , de la Torre Xavier , Botrè Francesco 
Published: December 2011

A screening procedure specifically developed for the detection of saccharides and polyalcohols in human urine in the framework of doping control analysis is presented. The proposed method, set‐up, and validated to detect the abuse of dextran, hydroxyethyl starch and mannitol as a doping practice in sport, involves only one enzymatic hydrolysis step and the direct injection into a liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) system.The chromatographic conditions were optimized to allow the efficient separation of compounds with the same molecular weight. Good linearity (R2 0.990–0.995) and reproducibility of relative retention times (CV% lower than 1) and of relative abundances of characteristic ion transitions (CV% lower than 10) were obtained. The lower limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 30–100 µg/ml.Since the analytes studied are present also in non‐doping products (e.g. in fruit as well as in food products and drugs additives), the developed method was also used to establish a range of reference urinary concentrations: 600 doping control samples and 30 samples from volunteers not using any medication were considered. While the hydrolysis products (isomaltose and maltose hydroxyl‐ethylated), used as specific markers for the detection of dextran and hydroxyethyl starch abuse, were not detected in urine; mannitol was present in all urines in a concentration range of 30–1200 µg/ml. Since no criteria of positivity for mannitol has been established yet, the results obtained in this study could be considered, in combination with those of previous researches, as a starting point to fix a threshold value for doping control purpose. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Paratungstate Tetrahydrate Traced by In Situ UV/Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy
Authors: Fait Martin J. G. , Lunk Hans‐Joachim 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn situ UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectra of ammonium paratungstate tetrahydrate at increasing temperatures were recorded in oxidative as well as in reductive atmospheres. From the edge energy of the ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer transition of tungsten ions, the number of bridging W–O–W bonds, N, was determined. The increase of N with temperature indicates a stepwise enhancement of the condensation of WO6 octahedra to finally form WO3 in an oxidative atmosphere.
Hydrophobic, Photoactive Titania–Alumina Nanocrystallites and Coatings by an Aqueous Sol–Gel Process
Authors: Smitha Venu Sreekala , Baiju Kizhakkekilikoodayil Vijayan , Perumal Petchimuthu , Ghosh Swapankumar , Warrier Krishna Gopakumar 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHydrophobic coatings of titania–alumina nanocrystallites showing enhanced photocatalytic activity under sunlight were synthesized by an aqueous sol–gel route from titanyl sulfate. The influence of the addition of alumina in the range 5–30 mol‐% on the phase transition and grain growth of nanocrystalline titania was investigated. A titania–alumina composition containing 5 mol‐% Al2O3 (TA‐5), annealed at 700 °C, showed the highest photocatalytic activity among all investigated compositions. While pure titania in the present study started to transform to rutile at 700 °C, all the titania–alumina compositions retained 100 % anatase phase up to 800 °C. The specific surface area was measured as 73 m2 g–1 for the titania containing 5 mol‐% alumina annealed at 700 °C, whereas pure titania had 38 m2 g–1 under identical conditions. By photon correlation spectroscopy, the particle size of pure titania sol was measured as 29 nm, while that of titania sol containing 5 mol‐% alumina was 43 nm. Nanocoatings applied over glazed ceramic surfaces indicated its hydrophobic character though the composition did not contain any hydrophobic material, which produces a high water contact angle. The uniformly roughened surface, preferably with nanostructured morphology that lowers the surfaceenergy, is proposed to be the reason for the observed hydrophobicity.
Highly Regioselective One‐Pot, Three‐Component Synthesis of 1‐Aryl‐3,4‐Substituted/Annulated‐5‐(Cycloamino)/(Alkylamino)pyrazoles from β‐Oxodithioesters
Authors: Nandi Ganesh C. , Singh Maya S. , Ila Hiriyakkanavar , Junjappa Hiriyakkanavar 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAn efficient, highly regioselective protocol for the synthesis of the title compounds is reported. The reaction involves a one‐pot, three‐component cyclocondensation of β‐oxodithioester, amine, and hydrazine in ethanol at reflux in the presence of a catalytic amount of acetic acid. Densely functionalized pyrazoles were constructed through the cyclization of a thioamide intermediate generated in situ from the β‐oxodithioester. This method allows a rapid and general synthesis of previously inaccessible pyrazoles and synthetically demanding pyrazoles containing fused rings.
Total Synthesis of (−)‐Cleistenolide
Authors: Chanti Babu Dokuburra , Ashalatha Kankati , Rao Chitturi Bhujanga , Jondoss Jon Paul Selvam , Venkateswarlu Yenamandra 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAn efficient and short total synthesis of (−)‐cleistenolide (1) from D‐mannitol with an overall yield of 23.6% is described. The chiron approach for the synthesis of (−)‐cleistenolide involves a one‐C‐atom Wittig olefination, a selective allylic triethylsilyl protection, and a Grubbs‐catalyzed ring‐closure‐metathesis (RCM) reaction as the key steps.
Isoprenoids and Flavonoids with Antimicrobial Activity from Ficus conrauiWarburg (Moraceae)
Authors: Kengap Rodrigue T. , Kapche Gilbert D. W. F. , Dzoyem Jean‐Paul , Simo Ingrid K. , Ambassa Pantaleon , Sandjo Louis P. , Abegaz Berhanu M. , Ngadjui Bonaventure T. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA new triterpene, conrauidienol (1), and a new dihydroflavonol, conrauiflavonol (2), along with β‐amyrin acetate (3), betulinic acid (4), ursolic acid (5), 6β‐hydroxystigmasta‐4,22‐dien‐3‐one (6), 8‐prenylapigenin (7), β‐sitosterol glucoside (8), and 3,4′,5‐trihydroxy‐6″,6″‐dimethylpyrano[2,3‐g]flavone (9) were isolated from the stem barks of Ficus conraui Warburg (Moraceae). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The hexane, AcOEt, and MeOH extracts, as well as the new isolated compounds exhibited selective antimicrobial activities varying from weak to moderate.
Oleanane‐Type Triterpenoids from Glochidion assamicum
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Qing , Huang Hong‐Li , Yao Ming‐Jun , Han Guang‐Tian , Liu Ning , Yuan Ji‐Cheng , Yuan Cheng‐Shan 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPhytochemical analysis of the extract of the leaves and twigs of Glochidion assamicum led to the isolation of four new oleanane‐type triterpenoids, 21β‐(benzoyloxy)olean‐12‐ene‐3β,16β,23,28‐tetraol (1), 21β‐(benzoyloxy)olean‐12‐ene‐3β,16β,28‐triol (2), 21β‐{(E)‐cinnamoyloxy]olean‐12‐ene‐3β,16β,23, 28‐tetraol (3), and 21β‐[(Z)‐cinnamoyloxy]olean‐12‐ene‐3β,16β,23,28‐tetraol (4). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and mass‐spectral data.
Premature loss of bone remodeling compartment canopies is associated with deficient bone formation: A study of healthy individuals and patients with cushing's syndrome
Authors: Jensen Pia Rosgaard , Andersen Thomas Levin , Søe Kent , Hauge Ellen Margrethe , Bollerslev Jens , Amling Michael , Barvencik Florian , Delaissé Jean-Marie 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
A remarkable property of bone remodeling is that osteoblasts form bone matrix exactly where and when osteoclasts have removed it. The bone remodeling compartment (BRC) canopies that cover bone surfaces undergoing remodeling were proposed to be critical players in this mechanism. Here, we provide support to this hypothesis by analyzing the changes in prevalence of BRC canopies during the progress of the remodeling cycle in a cohort of healthy individuals and in patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS), and by relating these changes in prevalence with the extent of bone forming surfaces. Both cohorts showed almost 100% canopy coverage above resorbing osteoclasts, and only about 76% above bone forming surfaces. This indicates that BRC canopies are invariably associated with the early stage of the remodeling cycle, but may disappear later. Interestingly, in control and two-thirds of the CS patients, a significant decline in canopy coverage occurred only once bone formation was initiated, but in the remaining third of the CS patients the prevalence of canopies already decreased before bone formation. This canopy loss before initiation of bone formation coincided with significantly less bone-forming surface compared with canopy loss at a later stage. These observations support a model where bone restitution is compromised in the absence of BRC canopies, and apparently does not start when the BRC canopy is lost before initiation of the bone formation step. This model is discussed in the context of possible biological roles of BRC canopies. It suggests that BRC canopies could be privileged targets for treating patients suffering from a negative bone formation–resorption balance. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Nanoporous Gold Film Prepared by the Epoxidation of Poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene) Diblock Copolymer Templated Micelles
Authors: Kuo Shiao‐Wei , Yang Hong‐Yi , Wang Chih‐Feng , Jeong Kwang‐Un 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA new approach is developed for the preparation of nanoporous gold (Au) films using diblock copolymer micelles as templates. Stable Au nanoparticles (NPs) with a narrow distribution are prepared by modifying NPs functionalized with 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine ligands (DMAP Au NPs) and a spherical micelle formed through the epoxidation of poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene) diblock copolymer to produce poly(styrene‐b‐vinyl oxirane) (PS‐b‐PBO) in tetrahydrofuran–acetonitrile solution. The exchange reaction of 4‐aminothiophenol of PS‐b‐PBO diblock copolymer micelles with DMAP Au NPs can produce block copolymer–Au NPs composite films. After the pyrolysis of the diblock copolymer templates at a specific temperature to avoid the collapse of the Au NPs, a nanoporous Au film is prepared.
Superhydrophobic Coatings for Technical Applications
Authors: Eigenbrod Volkmar , Hensch Christina , Pulker Hans 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWater repellent coatings developed in this work showed that two superimposed rough structures are required to generate superhydrophoby with WCA >150°.A micro rough surface overcoated with a submicro or nano rough hydrophobic material behave similar to the hierarchical structures found on leafs of some plants which generate the highly mobile Cassie/Baxter droplets.Coatings of inorganic and organic materials were performed by thermal spraying (inorganic materials) and spraycoating (organic materials) on sandblasted metal, mainly stainless steel, surfaces. Hierarchical roughness structures were developed by thermal treatment of pure and composite fluoropolymeric layers. Such hierarchical superhydrophobic coating systems showed water contact angles between 160° and 170°. The coatings have good mechanical stability and can be applied in numerous technical applications.
Molecular mechanisms of root gravity sensing and signal transduction
Authors: Strohm Allison K. , Baldwin Katherine L. , Masson Patrick H. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPlants use gravity as a guide to direct their roots down into the soil to anchor themselves and to find resources needed for growth and development. In higher plants, the columella cells of the root tip form the primary site of gravity sensing, and in these cells the sedimentation of dense, starch‐filled plastids (amyloplasts) triggers gravity signal transduction. This generates an auxin gradient across the root cap that is transmitted to the elongation zone where it promotes differential cell elongation, allowing the root to direct itself downward. It is still not well understood how amyloplast sedimentation leads to auxin redistribution. Models have been proposed to explain how mechanosensitive ion channels or ligand–receptor interactions could connect these events. Although their roles are still unclear, possible second messengers in this process include protons, Ca2+, and inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate. Upon gravistimulation, the auxin efflux facilitators PIN3 and PIN7 relocalize to the lower side of the columella cells and mediate auxin redistribution. However, evidence for an auxin‐independent secondary mechanism of gravity sensing and signal transduction suggests that this physiological process is quite complex. Furthermore, plants must integrate a variety of environmental cues, resulting in multifaceted relationships between gravitropism and other directional growth responses such as hydro‐, photo‐, and thigmotropism. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:276–285. doi: 10.1002/wdev.14This article is categorized under:

Plant Development > Root Development
The jackknife: a resampling method with connections to the bootstrap
Authors: Chernick Michael R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe jackknife is a statistical method that dates back to the late 1940s. After the introduction of the bootstrap in the late 1970s it became classified with permutation methods, bootstrap and subsampling as a resampling method. In the beginning the jackknife was used for bias correction and variance estimation. As time went on it was generalized and used more widely including its use in generating approximate confidence intervals for statistical parameters. This article provides an overview of the jackknife along with its connections to the bootstrap and the other resampling methods. Key research articles and books related to the jackknife and the bootstrap are noted. WIREs Comput Stat 2012, 4:224–226. doi: 10.1002/wics.202This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bootstrap and Resampling
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Nonparametric Methods
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Robust Methods
ONn-IDEAL AMENABILITY OF CERTAIN BANACH ALGEBRAS
Authors: KAMALI ZEINAB , NEMATI MEHDI 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this paper we consider some notions of amenability such as ideal amenability,n-ideal amenability and approximaten-ideal amenability. The first two were introduced and studied by Gordji, Yazdanpanah and Memarbashi. We investigate some properties of certain Banach algebras in each of these classes. Results are also given for Segal algebras on locally compact groups.