bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sond cruise 1965: Factor and cluster analyses of the plankton results, a general summary
Authors: Angel M. V , Fasham M. J. R 
Published: May 2009

1. The data for five planktonic taxa sampled during the SOND cruise (autumn 1965) by R.R.S. ‘Discovery’ in a day and a night series of horizontally towed nets have been analysed by factor and cluster analyses.2. The factor analyses of hauls showed that there were five biologically distinct zones in the water column between the surface and 1000 m. The zones were more distinct in the day series than in the night.3. Factor analyses of the individual taxa gave sensible groupings of species and the factor score plots gave ‘averaged’ depth distributions for each group.4. Cluster analyses of the individual taxa gave results consistent with the factor analyses. Both methods gave groupings which fitted the zonation patterns of the hauls, except for the two zones between 100 and 460 m at night.5. Only cluster analyses could be carried out on the total data matrices. Although satisfactory interpretation was only possible with the aid of the analyses of the individual taxa, the zonation and species groupings were again largely retained.6. The zonation of the planktonic taxa is shown to be very similar to that described for nektonic species sampled on the same cruise.7. The usefulness of these analytical methods is compared with the conclusions of other investigators. It is concluded that the rotation of the matrices to simple structure in the factor analysis gave a marked improvement in the ease of interpretation.8. For this data, principal component analyses gave very similar results to the full factor analyses.
The detection of heightened sea-water copper concentrations by the mussel Mytilus edulis
Authors: Davenport John , Manley Andrew 
Published: May 2009

An acute toxicity threshold of 0·09–0·10 ppm added copper was determined for specimens of Mytilus edulis from the Menai Strait which were exposed to copper (as CuSO4) in a flowing sea-water system.Results are presented which show that the closure response of the mussel to added copper is a three-part process. First, a sharp adduction of the shell valves is seen at a mean total copper concentration of only 0·021 ppm, then as the copper concentration rises, ‘testing’ behaviour is observed and finally the shell valves close to isolate the animal from its environment. The complete valve closure mechanism only operates at added copper concentrations of 0·2 ppm or more. The initial behavioural reaction of valve adduction at low concentration occurred at a significantly higher mean total copper concentration (0·16 ppm) in mussels which had been previously acclimated to 0·02 ppm total copper in sea water for 10 days.
On growth of the octopusEledone cirrhosa
Authors: Boyle P. R. , Knobloch Daniela 
Published: May 2009

The growth of the octopusEledone cirrhosahas been studied in a population from the North Sea off Aberdeen. Data are presented for the growth of individuals isolated in aquarium conditions; the growth of size classes in thefieldpopulation; and preliminary information on the growth relationships of gonad, somatic, cardiac and brain components of the body.At 15 °CEledone cirrhosais capable of growing from 10 to 1000 g in 270 days. From octopuses which feed readily in captivity, weight specific growth rates of up to about 3–5 % day-1for animals of 100 g body weight are recorded, falling to a maximum of about 1–5 % day-1at body sizes above 500 g. Females stop growing when sexually mature, but in the sample captured they were consistently larger than males, a feature which may account for the 7:1 bias towards the incidence of females. On a wet-weight basis, the mean food incorporation into growth is 37 % of the food ingested, which is 49% of the gross weight of crabs killed. Field data for 1978/79 suggest that animals recruited to the population at the beginning of the year grew steadily until December, overwintered without growing, then grew rapidly for several months in the subsequent year before disappearing from the samples. The estimated average age of those animals and by implication, the life span, is 20 months.
A series of North Sea benthos surveys with trawl and headline camera
Authors: Dyer M. F. , Fry W. G. , Fry P. D. , Cranmer G. J. 
Published: May 2009

During a series of North Sea demersal fish surveys, a headline camera was used to photograph the sea-bed at intervals of 1 min, throughout the duration of 60 min trawls. A successful series of underwater photographs were obtained at 119 stations throughout the North Sea. In addition, the benthos caught at 317 stations was recorded.A total ofca. 30 species could be identified on the underwater photographs, and of these ten species were sufficiently common or locally abundant for estimates of local population densities to be made. Distributions throughout the North Sea based on specimens trawled and specimens photographed were compared.
The nutrient status of algal cells in continuous culture
Authors: Droop M. R. 
Published: May 2009

Chemostats were used to study the relation between growth rate, the rate of nutrient uptake and internal and external nutrient concentrations of two nutrients simultaneously. (Monochrysis lutheri: phosphorus and vitamin B12.)Growth rate and internal concentrations of both limiting and excess nutrients are related by simple rectangular hyperbolas.Control was shown to follow a threshold rather than multiplicative pattern; that is, non-limiting nutrients exert no control at all over the pattern of growth. The limiting nutrient was the one that showed the smallest cell quota: subsistence quota ratio.Monochrysispopulations exhibited two modes of growth. ‘Slow adapted cells’ differed from ‘fast adapted cells’ in the values of the constants for the above relation.Uptake of both limiting and non-limiting nutrients was found to be controlled by internal as well as external substrate concentrations. There was thus a limit to luxury consumption of one nutrient when growth was limited by another.The mathematical model formulated for growth in a chemostat (equations (23)–(29)) allowed prediction of external and internal substrate concentrations and rates of uptake of two nutrients and of biomass, given only the input concentrations of the two nutrients and the dilution rate. This model should apply equally well to growth in batch cultures; its possible application to natural populations was discussed.
Observations on the Distribution of Plankton Animal Indicators made on Col. E. T. Peel's yacht “St. George” in the Mouth of the English Channel, July, 1935
Authors: Russell F. S. 
Published: May 2009

In July, 1935, a cruise was made in Col. E. T. Peel's yacht St. George to study the distribution of certain plankton animal indicators in the mouth of the English Channel.Three bodies of water were clearly shown by their plankton content:(1) water characterised by the presence of Sagitta elegans, Clione, Themisto graclipes, Euphausian larvæ, Stephanomia and Aglantha; (2) Biscay water, on this occasion characterised by Noctiluca and a paucity of zooplankton; and (3) Channel water characterised by the presence of Sagitta setosa and absence of other indicators.It has been shown that the study of certain plankton animals should prove of help in understanding the hydrography of the Channel mouth region.
On the Hydroid ofLaodicea undulata(Forbes and Goodsir)
Authors: Russell F. S. 
Published: May 2009

In1866 Hincks described the hydroidCuspidella humilis: later, in hisHistory of the British Hydroid Zoophytes(1868, p. 210), he added two further species to the genus,C. grandisandC. costata. At that time the reproduction of Cuspidella was not known.Metschnikoff (1886, p. 83 and Taf. V, Fig. 1) described the development of the eggs ofLaodicea cruciataand reared them to the hydroid stage. These had sessile hydranths and elongated polyps with ten slender tentacles, long and short alternating. Metschnikoff remarked on their similarity to Cuspidella.
On a New Species of Medusa, Eucheilota hartlaubi n. sp.
Authors: Russell F. S. 
Published: May 2009

In November, 1933, a few medusæ were found in the plankton off Plymouth belonging to the genus Eucheilota. The only species of this genus so far recorded from northern European waters is Eucheilota maculata Hartlaub. The medusæ differed in several respects from this species, one constant difference being that the marginal vesicles never contained more than one concretion. In this respect they resembled E. duodecimalis A. Agassiz, but differed in having a much greater number of tentacles and marginal vesicles.In October, 1934, the medusæ appeared again in considerable numbers and it was now possible to establish the constant features of the species which has apparently never been described before, except possibly for a drawing given by Hartlaub without a description (see below).
Note on the Ubiquitous Cercaria from Littorina rudis, L. obtusata and L. littorea
Authors: Rees W. J. 
Published: May 2009

This cercaria was found to be very common in specimens of Littorina rudis (Maton) and L. obtusata (Linné) collected at Aberystwyth during February and March, 1935, occurring in twenty out of fifty specimens of L. rudis and in four out of forty specimens of L. obtusata. It was, on the other hand, very rare in L. littorea, only two infested individuals being found out of a total of two thousand molluscs examined. In all three species of mollusc the parts of the digestive gland most heavily infested appeared white or creamy-white in colour.The form described here appears to be almost identical with Cercaria ubiquitoides recorded by Stunkard (1932) from L. littorea and L. rudis occurring on the coast of Brittany. Certain differences are found between my specimens and those of Stunkard. It is difficult to determine whether these differences are individual or specific because there are so few larval characters in cercariæ of the Ubiquita group which can be used for separating species. The problem is rendered more difficult by the close resemblance of the adult trematodes (species of the genus Spelotrema).
The Biology of Echinocardium cordatum
Authors: Moore Hilary B. 
Published: May 2009

1. Monthly samples of Echinocardium cordatum were taken at Port Erin in 1932,1933 and 1934, and at intervals at Fairlie Sands in the Clyde.2. Growth is continuous throughout the year with the exception of February-March. In their first winter the young urchins attain a length of about 10 mm. at Millport and 15–20 mm. at Port Erin. In their second winter they are about 20 mm. at Millport, and 30–35 mm. at Port Erin.4. The year 1931 was cold and produced a very small brood of young urchins; 1932 and 1933 were warm years and produced very large broods.5. The young settle below low water and migrate into the interval zone after an interval of four to twelve months.6. The gonads of the young urchins mature in their second year. Spawning takes place in June–July–August.7. The nutritive bodies in the ovaries are shown to be derived from the disintegration of relict ova.
Variations in the White Pigment of the Eye in Gammarus cheureuxi Sexton, with a Description of a New Genetic Type, the “Clotted eye.”
Authors: Sexton E. W. , Clark A. R. 
Published: May 2009

A Great number of variations from the normal type have occurred in Gammarus chevreuxi during the course of the work carried out from 1912 until now.In reviewing these variations it is convenient to class them according to the parts affected :(1) Pigmentation of the body (3, p. 194).(2) The Red retinal pigment of the eye (4, pp. 45–52).(3) The Black retinal pigment of the eye.(4) The white accessory pigment of the eye (2, p. 350).(5) The structure of the eye, involving also the structure of the head (1, p. 274 ; 6, pp. 356–369).
The Biology of Balanus balanoides. V. Distribution in the Plymouth Area
Authors: Moore Hilary B. 
Published: May 2009

1. The barnacles at five localities in the Plymouth area were examined as a check on the general application of observations made previously i n the Isle of Man.2. The numbers and weights per square metre, and the mean individual weights, are given for a series of tidal levels for each locality.3. The two “clean-water” localities agree substantially with the Isle of Man, except for the presence here of Chthamalus stellatus.4. At the three localities where the water is rich in suspended matter first Chthamalus and then Balanus decreases progressively in numbers, but the latter increases very greatly in size, especially at low water.5. The increased growth rate at low water, where food is abundant, is compared with the similar effect observed in wave-exposed conditions in the Isle of Man.
Food and Habits of Meganyctiphanes norvegica
Authors: Macdonald Roderick 
Published: May 2009

1. Vegetable detritus of land and coastal origin is of notable importance as a source of food, especially to those specimens measuring 21-29 mm., which is the most abundant size found in the Clyde Sea Area.2. Meganyctiphanes in the Clyde Sea Area for the most part lives and feeds between 10 and 20 fathoms above a muddy bottom, usually in waters about 60-80 fathoms deep.3. Meganyctiphanes feeds by selecting from the surrounding water the suspended micro-organisms and detritus, and would thus come under the category of a “suspension feeder.”4. The larger specimens measuring 29-31 mm. are found chiefly in Upper Loch Fyne. The largest specimens measuring 37 mm. are found exclusively in Upper Loch Fyne.5. Adult specimens tend to decrease in numbers from May till September. During these months they appear to live during the day immediately above or on the muddy bottom.6. The association of Meganyctijihanes norvegica, Thysanoessa raschii, Euchceta norvegica, and Calanus finmarchicus, in large numbers in Upper Loch Fyne would indicate that conditions there are specially favourable to all these species.7. In Upper Loch Fyne M. norvegica, T. raschii, E. norvegica, and C. finmarchicus, make partial vertical diurnal migrations, specimens being found a few fathoms from the bottom during both day and night.8. Under certain circumstances light appears to have a harmful effect on M. norvegica.
A Revised Check-List of British Marine Diatoms
Authors: Hendey N. Ingram 
Published: May 2009

The preliminary check-list of British marine diatoms first appeared in this Journal about 20 years ago (Hendey, 1954), and since that time many advances have been made in the study of these organisms. First, the known flora has been extended very considerably (Hendey, 1964, 1973) and much has been added to our knowledge of the structure of the valve by the use of the scanning electron microscope through the work of Hasle (1964, 1965a,b, 1972) and that of Ross & Sims (1970, 1971). This new information must inevitably lead to a reappraisal of views held on phylogeny within the group and consequently upon its systematic classification. While it would be premature at this stage to over-emphasize the importance of information gained in this way until a wider range of species has been examined, sufficient exists to support some minor changes and prepares the way for more radical changes that the new developments suggest. It should be pointed out, of course, that most of the ‘new information’ should more correctly be interpreted as confirmation of earlier views based solely on structure as seen in the light microscope of classical design and that some of the changes made in the classification as a result of these had been made many years previously, but the scanning electron microscope has enabled us to see more clearly the ultimate structure of the siliceous frustule of the diatom, thus permitting more positive decisions to be made regarding relationships and possible lines of descent.At the First Symposium on Recent and Fossil Marine Diatoms held at Bremerhaven in 1970, Simonsen (1972) put forward some ideas for a more natural system of classification of the centric diatoms.
The Abundance and Distribution of Eggs and Larvae of Teleost Fishes off Plymouth in 1969 and 1970: Part 3. Eggs of Pilchard (Sardina Pilchardus Walbaum) and Sprat (Sprattus Sprattus (L.))
Authors: Demir Neclâ , Southward A. J. 
Published: May 2009

Pilchard eggs were collected over a grid of 30 stations visited on 14 cruises from August 1969 to November 1970. The samples were taken with oblique tows of a 1 m terylene net at 4 knots, the average volume of water filtered being 750 m3. The formalin preserved eggs were graded into the series of stages described by Gamulin & Hure. No very early eggs were found, but from the occurrence of stage 2 eggs it is deduced that most spawning takes place in the early hours of darkness, between 20.00 and 24.00 h B.S.T.: some spawning must also occur all round the clock.There were two main peaks of spawning, June-July and October-November, when large numbers of eggs were found inshore; the average numbers reached 196 per m2 water column in July and 30 per m2 water column in October. Smaller numbers of eggs were taken in the other months of the year, mostly offshore, and with a minimum in December–February. In the spring (March-May) the area sampled was well clear of the main area of spawning of pilchard in the approaches to the Channel, north or northwest of Ushant.During the peak months no particular part of the sampling area appeared to be especially favoured for spawning.The significance of the two main peaks of spawning is discussed in relation to the problem of recruitment of fish to the population. As an alternative to the accepted hypothesis that young pilchard move back to the Bay of Biscay for maturation it is suggested that some of them, at least, may survive and mature in the Channel.
The Population Biology ofLacuna Pallidula(Da Costa) andLacuna Vincta(Montagu) in North-East England
Authors: Smith D. A. S. 
Published: May 2009

L. pallidulais more or less confined toFucus serratus. L. vinctais common onF. serratusbut is also found onHalidrys, Laminariaand various Rhodophyceae. Neither species occurs in the absence of these weeds on which they both feed and spawn.Lacunaspecies are the dominant gastropods on weed at M.L.W.S. at Whitburn, County Durham.Both species are annuals. InL. pallidulathe growth rates of females and males are markedly different, the former growing both faster and over a longer period. Females attain a mean maximum size of 8–4 mm compared with 45 mm for males.L. vinctamales and females grow at approximately the same rate, though females usually attain a greater size.Males predominate inL. pallidulaat all times of the year, comprising between 55% and 75% of the population with a mean of 68–6%. Males die slightly sooner than females but there is no more than 4 weeks difference in longevity. Copulation inL. pallidulabegins in November and continues to April, with two peaks in January and March.Spawning commences in January in both species and reaches its peak by April inL. pallidulaand by June inL. vincta. Hatching occurs inL. pallidulafrom April to July. The time of first hatching inL. vinctais not certain but is probably about March. Larval settlement occurs from June to October with a maximum in September.Density is high following hatching inL. pallidula(> 2000/m2) and settlement inL. vincta(> 300/m2). Dispersion is similar in the two species, being aggregated at high density and more or less random at low density.
Dietary lipid changes during herbivory and coprophagy by the marine invertebrate Nereis diversicolor
Authors: Bradshaw Stuart A. , O'Hara Sean C. M. , Corner Eric D. S. , Eglinton Geoffrey 
Published: May 2009

Changes in dietary lipids (fatty acids, sterols and fatty alcohols) during herbivory and coprophagy by the annelid worm Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor (O.F. Müller) were modelled in laboratory feeding experiments. The dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) was used as the food in herbivory; faeces from the crustacean Neomysis integer (Leach) after feeding on this same alga, were used as the food in coprophagy.Nereis is extremely efficient in its assimilation of dietary lipids and produces faeces with very low fatty acid:sterol (FAST) ratios in both herbivory and coprophagy. The net decrease in total lipid in both modes of feeding with this species suggests that annelids, where present, are as important as other invertebrate groups in affecting the flux of lipids through marine food chains.
Structure, strength and seasonality of the slope currents in the Bay of Biscay region
Authors: Pingree R. D. , Le Cann B. 
Published: May 2009

Slope currents in the Bay of Biscay show a consistent poleward transport but seasonal
trends and vertical current structure appear more variable. Indeed more long term records are required to establish seasonal trends firmly.In the south of the region (Spanish slopes, mooring 118), the upper-slope (water depth 1005 m) flow exhibited a strong vertical structure with the maximum surface inflow
occurring in the winter period, and this effect may be wind induced. Satellite imagery
shows that this flow originates from the Iberian slope and that a decreasing along-slope
surface transport occurs along the north Spanish slopes at this time of year.In the north of the region (Porcupine Seabight slopes) vertical structure was again
evident in the upper slope (~1000–m depth) flow. At mooring 114 the flow at mid–depth showed a weakening along-slope flow and an on-slope tendency in the March/April period; a complete reversal in the slope current occurred at mid–depths at the position of mooring 112 during March.In the central region (Celtic and -Armorican slopes) seasonal variations in the upper
layers on the slopes were also present. In this region, the upper–slope transport (2500m depth) reached maximum values of 3–5 Sv in late summer. Upper flows at the rise (mooring 8002) were directed on-slope during the period of maximum upper–slope transport but changed direction in the March/April period.In this region on the Celtic shelf (DB1), the surface flow is in a counter–current sense and wind-induced and so the seasonal variations here reflect seasonality in the wind stress.
Rapid shell closure in the brachiopodsTerebratulina retusaandTerebrataua transversa
Authors: Ackerly Spafford C. 
Published: May 2009

Rapid shell closure in articulate brachiopods, occurring by a twitch contraction of the the ‘quick’ adductor muscles, is a response to disturbance or to physiological requirements of the organism. The relative simplicity of the closing system permits a detailed analysis of the functional architecture of the mechanism and the underlying principles of skeleto-muscular organization, in terms of (1) basic kinematic properties of the system (speeds and times of closure), (2) hydrodynamic reactions resisting closure, and (3) considerations of muscle physiology and mechanics.Analyses of shell closure in the brachiopodsTerebratulina retusafrom the Firth of Lorn, Scotland, andTerebratalia transversafrom Puget Sound, USA, reveal (1) shell-closing times of the order of 50 to 70 ms, (2) closing velocities of the order of 3·5 radians s-1, from initial gapes of about 0·05 to 0·2 rad, and (3) muscle moment forces and hydrodynamic reactions with magnitudes of the order of 5 × 10-4N m (5 g cm). Muscle tensions developed in the ‘quick’ adductor muscle are of the order of 105N m2, and contraction velocities are of the order of one muscle length per second. Hydrodynamic reactions are a fundamental constraint on the closing mechanism, as determined by the concordance of actual closing events with predictions of a hydrodynamic model.