bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increases in muscle blood flow after a mixed meal are impaired at all stages of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Lambadiari Vaia , Mitrou Panayota , Maratou Eirini , Raptis Athanassios , Raptis Sotirios A. , Dimitriadis George 
Published: September 2011

SummaryObjective  In type 2 diabetes, although the impairment of postprandial muscle blood flow response is well established, information on the effect of this impairment on glucose uptake and lipid metabolism is controversial.Design  Postprandial forearm blood flow responses and metabolic parameters were assessed in a cross‐sectional study of subjects at various stages of insulin resistance.Patients  Eleven healthy subjects (CONTROLS), 11 first‐degree relatives of type‐2 diabetics (RELATIVES), 10 patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 10 diabetic patients with postprandial hyperglycaemia (DMA), and 13 diabetic patients with both fasting and postprandial hyperglycaemia (DMB).Measurements  All subjects received a meal. Blood was drawn from a forearm deep vein and the radial artery at specific time‐points during a period of 360 min for measurements of glucose, insulin, triglycerides and nonesterified‐fatty acids. Forearm muscle blood flow was measured with strain‐gauge plethysmography. Glucose uptake and ISI Index were calculated.Results  Peak‐baseline muscle blood flow was higher in CONTROLS (3·32 ± 0·4) than in RELATIVES (0·53 ± 0·29), IGT (0·82 ± 0·2), DMA (1·44 ± 0·34), DMB (1·23 ± 0·35 ml/min/100 ml tissue), P < 0·001. Glucose uptake (AUC0−360,μmol/100 ml tissue) was higher in CONTROLS (1023 ± 132) than in RELATIVES (488 ± 42), IGT (458 ± 43), DMA (347 ± 63), DMB (543 ± 53), P < 0·001. ISI index, postprandial triglycerides and nonesterified‐fatty acids behaved in a similar way. Peak‐baseline muscle blood flow correlated positively with glucose uptake (r = 0·440, P = 0·001) and ISI index (r = 0·397, P = 0·003), and negatively with postprandial triglycerides (r = −0·434, P = 0·001) and nonesterified‐fatty acids (r = −0·370, P = 0·005).Conclusions  These results suggest that increase in muscle blood flow after a meal is impaired at all stages of type‐2 diabetes. This defect influences glucose uptake and is associated with impaired lipid metabolism in the postprandial state.
Trade‐off between drag reduction and light interception of macrophytes: comparing five aquatic plants with contrasting morphology
Authors: Bal Kris D. , Bouma Tjeerd J. , Buis Kerst , Struyf Eric , Jonas Schoelynck , Backx Hans , Meire Patrick 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. Macrophytes in running waters experience an often dynamic and harsh environment. To avoid breakage, plants have to reduce the experienced drag force. However, by reducing leaf area, photosynthetic production is less. Aquatic plants therefore have to find a balance between reducing drag and maintaining photosynthetic capacity.2. In the experiments in this study, we assessed to what extent different morphological strategies (emergent vs. submerged) were able to minimize drag while maximizing leaf area.3. From our measurements, it is clear that with increasing water velocities, emergent plant species have a drag value three to four times higher than submerged species.4. To test the versatility of leaves, leaves were removed and their effect on drag and bending was investigated. Almost 60% of the drag is contributed by the leaves, and stems bend less when leaves are removed.5. Because high submerged leaf area increases not only plant drag but also photosynthetic yield, a trade‐off between both parameters was investigated in the function of stream velocity. Emerged species had a more favourable trade‐off at low stream velocities. However, with increasing stream velocity, submerged species could reduce their drag more in comparison with blunt objects. Within these submerged species, a clear distinction was seen between those (Potamogeton natans) concentrating their leaf area on or just beneath the water surface (Stuckenia pectinata) and those with more or less evenly distributed biomass (Callitriche platycarpaandRanunculus penicillatus).6. These results indicate that aquatic plants with an emergent strategy are able to take better advantage of zones with reduced hydraulic forces than submerged plants. Additionally, this plant occurrence will be determined by the relationship between total plant drag and root strength.
Gregarious flowering and death of understorey bamboo slow litter decomposition and nitrogen turnover in a southern temperate forest in Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Austin Amy T. , Marchesini Victoria A. 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. The massive synchronized flowering and subsequent mortality of understorey bamboo species occur in infrequent and unpredictable intervals in temperate and subtropical forests around the world. Because of the sporadic occurrence of these flowering episodes and the long intervals between events, very little is known about their consequences on biogeochemical cycling in natural ecosystems.2. In 2001, a synchronized flowering and dieback of the native bamboo,Chusquea culeouE. Desv., occurred, covering more than 200 000 ha in the north‐west region of Patagonia, Argentina. We explored the impacts of this gregarious flowering event on litter decomposition and nitrogen turnover in an old‐growth southern beech forest for 3 years after the flowering event.3. Bamboo litter decomposed significantly slower than overstorey tree litter, and decomposition in flowered patches overall was significantly reduced compared to remnant live understorey patches. In addition, soil mineral nitrogen was reduced in flowered patches, and nitrogen transformations were altered, most notably in the third year after the flowering event.4. This infrequent phenomenon of gregarious flowering could have consequences for carbon and nutrient cycling, as low‐quality standing dead biomass is gradually incorporated into soil organic matter pools. This study demonstrates that large biotically mediated perturbations of understorey vegetation can impact biogeochemical cycles in temperate forest ecosystems by reducing carbon turnover and altering nitrogen availability and transformations, even in the absence of physical disturbance.
No evidence for the evolution of thermal or desiccation tolerance of eggs among populations of Manduca sexta
Authors: Potter Kristen A. , Woods H. Arthur 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. Populations within species often occur across divergent habitats and, under the right conditions, can adapt to local conditions. For adult and larval insects, local adaptation in tolerance traits, e.g. thermoregulation and water conservation, is well documented. Eggs of insects are immobile, non‐feeding and relatively small, and therefore may be at greater risk from abiotic threats. Selection, therefore, may favour strategies that allow embryos to be robust to desiccation and thermal stresses. In particular, the canteen hypothesis predicts that eggs in hot and dry environments contain more water, and this extra water protects them from elevated rates of water loss.2. This study tests the canteen hypothesis by (i) examining geographic patterns of egg size and water content and (ii) measuring egg and neonate performance across a range of manipulated temperatures and humidities. We focused on eggs of the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Manduca eggs are larger in xeric regions of the United States – e.g. the southwestern deserts – compared with M. sexta eggs from eastern, mesic regions.3. Specifically, we asked: do eggs from warmer or drier regions (i) contain more water, (ii) perform better in dry conditions and (iii) tolerate higher temperatures? We also assessed whether desiccation during the egg stage affects subsequent growth of larvae. We tested M. sexta eggs from three environments: Arizona (warm, dry), North Carolina (cool, humid) and a laboratory strain (cool, dry).4. Although M. sexta eggs from warmer and drier populations were larger and contained more water, these changes did not protect them better from abiotic stress. Eggs from all populations were similarly tolerant of high heat and low humidity. Desiccation during the egg stage also had no long‐term effects on hatchling growth rate.5. Our results provided little support for local adaptation in abiotic stress physiology via the canteen hypothesis. However, low humidity and delayed hatching suggest a different mechanism for desiccation resistance: embryos may modify eggshell conductance in response to internal water status. The geographic cline in egg size may instead arise from selection on any of the three subsequent life stages or may reflect other evolutionary pressures on number‐size trade‐offs.
Combined magnetic, electromagnetic and resistivity study over a highly conductive formation in Orrivaara, Northern Sweden
Authors: Persson Lena , Lundin Ildikó Antal , Pedersen Laust B. , Claeson Dick 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTDifferent geophysical methods were used to determine the characteristics of a highly conductive structure in Northern Sweden, first discovered on airborne data. Airborne electromagnetic (very low frequency) data indicate a high conductivity structure coincident with low magnetic patterns. The airborne data were processed in different ways to enhance various structures/features. In particular we introduce a new transformation to current density that is suitable for delineating conductive structures. Ground measurements of the total magnetic field, radiomagnetotelluric measurements and resistivity imaging provided valuable information that was used in the compilation of a new bedrock map over the area. The results of our measurements indicate that the conducting structure consists of metasedimentary rocks containing thin horizons of pyrrhotite and graphite.
Scalar, vector, tensor magnetic anomalies: measurement or computation?
Authors: Munschy Marc , Fleury Simon 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTMagnetic surveys for geophysical interpretation will most usefully furnish estimates of the three components of the magnetic field vector. We review methods for obtaining this information based on scalar and tensor magnetic field measurements and point out the advantages of fluxgate vector measurements. Fluxgate vector magnetometers can be powerful instruments in magnetic mapping. The main problems in using fluxgate magnetometers arise from calibration errors and drift but these can be overcome using a quick and simple method of calibration. This method also has the advantage of compensating permanent and induced magnetic fields generated by the airplane. This is illustrated by a new aeromagnetic survey flown in the Vosges area (France). Measurement accuracy is shown to be similar to that obtained with scalar magnetometers. We take advantage of this accuracy to calculate in the Fourier domain other magnetic functions from the total‐field anomaly, in particular, the magnetic gradient tensor is obtained without using any superconducting quantum devices. A similar approach is used to introduce a new magnetic anomaly tensor that is the equivalent of the pseudo‐gravity tensor. Maps presented in the last sections serve as an example to illustrate the various functions, the goal of the paper being to obtain magnetic vector data from the observations without first postulating the detailed nature of the sources.
Deterioration ofNorway spruce vitality despite a sharp decline in acid deposition: a long‐term integrated perspective
Authors: Jonard Mathieu , Legout Arnaud , Nicolas Manuel , Dambrine Etienne , Nys Claude , Ulrich Erwin , van der Perre Raphaele , Ponette Quentin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSince the late 1970s, several long‐term ecological studies were conducted to better understand the biogeochemical functioning ofNorway spruce stands in theArdennes as these nutrient‐poor ecosystems were subject to high levels of acid deposition and exhibited symptoms of tree health decline. Between 1978 and 2009, acid deposition declined sharply, especially sulfur and to a lesser extent nitrogen deposition. The aim of this study was (i) to determine if theNorway spruce stands recovered after the reduction of acid deposition and (ii) to explain why such a recovery occurred or not. Therefore, we collected data from different projects carried out in theArdennes to characterize the long‐term temporal trends in soil solution chemistry, foliar nutrition, and crown condition. In parallel, a model describing the nutrient cycling in forests (NuCM) was calibrated and used to check the consistency of the observed temporal trends and to explain them. The soil solution concentration of most of the elements decreased between 1978 and 2002, which was ascribed to a decrease in atmospheric deposition. For potassium, a decline in the exchangeable pool was also showed based on the simulation carried out with NuCM. As nitrogen (N) deposition remained at an elevated level,Norway spruce stands were progressively saturated in N and mineral nutrition became more and more unbalanced. Except the foliar N and Al concentration that remained constant and increased respectively, the foliar concentration of all other nutrients decreased between 1993 and 2009, which can be explained by the decrease in ion concentration in solution. These nutritional disorders weakened trees and were probably exacerbated during the 2003 summer drought, after which symptoms of vitality loss progressively appeared. In these N‐saturated ecosystems, the N cycle was disrupted by this health decline, which increasedNO3−leaching reinforcing soil acidification and risk of aluminum (Al) toxicity.
Global change belowground: impacts of elevated CO2, nitrogen, and summer drought on soil food webs and biodiversity
Authors: Eisenhauer Nico , Cesarz Simone , Koller Robert , Worm Kally , Reich Peter B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe world's ecosystems are subjected to various anthropogenic global change agents, such as enrichment of atmospheric CO2 concentrations, nitrogen (N) deposition, and changes in precipitation regimes. Despite the increasing appreciation that the consequences of impending global change can be better understood if varying agents are studied in concert, there is a paucity of multi‐factor long‐term studies, particularly on belowground processes. Herein, we address this gap by examining the responses of soil food webs and biodiversity to enrichment of CO2, elevated N, and summer drought in a long‐term grassland study at Cedar Creek, Minnesota, USA (BioCON experiment). We use structural equation modeling (SEM), various abiotic and biotic explanatory variables, and data on soil microorganisms, protozoa, nematodes, and soil microarthropods to identify the impacts of multiple global change effects on drivers belowground. We found that long‐term (13‐year) changes in CO2 and N availability resulted in modest alterations of soil biotic food webs and biodiversity via several mechanisms, encompassing soil water availability, plant productivity, and – most importantly – changes in rhizodeposition. Four years of manipulation of summer drought exerted surprisingly minor effects, only detrimentally affecting belowground herbivores and ciliate protists at elevated N. Elevated CO2 increased microbial biomass and the density of ciliates, microarthropod detritivores, and gamasid mites, most likely by fueling soil food webs with labile C. Moreover, beneficial bottom‐up effects of elevated CO2 compensated for detrimental elevated N effects on soil microarthropod taxa richness. In contrast, nematode taxa richness was lowest at elevated CO2 and elevated N. Thus, enrichment of atmospheric CO2 concentrations and N deposition may result in taxonomically and functionally altered, potentially simplified, soil communities. Detrimental effects of N deposition on soil biodiversity underscore recent reports on plant community simplification. This is of particular concern, as soils house a considerable fraction of global biodiversity and ecosystem functions.
Changes in aquatic vegetation and fish communities following 5 years of sustained low water levels in coastal marshes of eastern Georgian Bay, Lake Huron
Authors: Midwood Jonathan D. , Chow‐Fraser Patricia 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAquatic vegetation in the relatively pristine coastal wetlands of eastern Georgian Bay provides critical habitat for a diverse fish community. Declining water levels in Lake Huron over the past decade, however, have altered the wetland plant assemblages in favour of terrestrial (emergent and meadow) taxa and have thus reduced or eliminated this important ecosystem service. In this study, we compared IKONOS satellite images for two regions of eastern Georgian Bay (acquired in 2002 and 2008) to determine significant changes in cover of four distinct wetland vegetation groups [meadow (M), emergent (E), high‐density floating (HD) and low‐density floating (LD)] over the 6 years. While LD decreased significantly (mean −2995.4 m2), M and HD increased significantly (mean +2020.9 m2 and +2312.6 m2, respectively) between 2002 and 2008. Small patches of LD had been replaced by larger patches of HD. These results show that sustained low water levels have led to an increasingly homogeneous habitat and an overall net loss of fish habitat. A comparison of the fish communities sampled between 2003 and 2005 with those sampled in 2009 revealed that there was a significant decline in species richness. The remaining fish communities were also more homogeneous. We suggest that the observed changes in the wetland plant community due to prolonged low water levels may have resulted in significant changes in the fish communities of coastal wetlands in eastern Georgian Bay.
Success rates of a mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline antibiotics used in the non‐instrumentation endodontic treatment of mandibular primary molars with carious pulpal involvement
Authors: TRAIRATVORAKUL CHUTIMA , DETSOMBOONRAT PALINEE 
Published: September 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 217–227Objective.  To evaluate the clinical and radiographic success rates of three mixed antibiotics in the non‐instrumentation endodontic treatment of primary mandibular molars at 24–27 months postoperatively.Methods.  Eighty cariously involved lower primary molars from 58 children (ages 3–8 years) received a 3Mix medicament by non‐instrumentation endodontic treatment and were then sealed with glass‐ionomer cement and composite resin before permanent restoration with stainless steel crowns. The patients received a clinical and radiographic assessment every 6 months over a 2‐year follow‐up period with an intra‐examiner reliability of 0.83–1.00 (κ value).Results.  In 60 cases at 24‐ to 27‐month follow‐up, the success rates as determined by clinical and radiographic evaluation were 75% and 36.7%, respectively; however, the overall success rate of 3Mix non‐instrumentation endodontic treatment was 36.7% with 15.8% of cases demonstrating a pulpal response of internal resorption.Conclusions.  Non‐instrumentation endodontic treatment using 3Mix‐MP showed good clinical success but had a low success rate based on radiographic evaluation at 2‐year follow‐up. Hence, 3Mix antibiotic treatment cannot replace a conventional root canal treatment agent as a long‐term therapy.
Educational support for research utilization and capability beliefs regarding evidence‐based practice skills: a national survey of senior nursing students
Authors: Florin Jan , Ehrenberg Anna , Wallin Lars , Gustavsson Petter 
Published: September 2011

florin j., ehrenberg a., wallin l. & gustavsson p. (2011) Educational support for research utilization and capability beliefs regarding evidence‐based practice skills: a national survey of senior nursing students. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(4), 888–897.AbstractAim.  The aim of the study was to investigate Swedish university nursing students’ experience of educational support for research utilization and capability beliefs regarding evidence‐based practice skills.Background.  Nursing programmes are offered at 26 universities in Sweden and even though there are common regulations for nursing education at the national level, substantial variations are found in local curricula. Little is known about students’ capability beliefs regarding evidence‐based practice skills, particularly in comparison across universities.Methods.  A cross‐sectional survey design using self‐administered postal questionnaires was conducted in 2006. A total of 1440 students (from 26 different universities) participated, constituting 68% of the national population of nursing students in their 6th and final semester.Results.  Campus education supported the students to a greater extent than clinical education in following the development of knowledge in an area of interest, using research findings, and acquiring knowledge on how to pursue changes in clinical practice. Perceived support during campus education varied between universities. Students reported high capability beliefs regarding evidence‐based practice skills, but large differences were found between universities for: stating a searchable question, seeking out relevant knowledge and critically appraising and compiling best knowledge.Conclusion.  The identified differences between universities concerning the students’ perceived support for research utilization and their capability beliefs regarding evidence‐based practice skills have implications for curricula, pedagogical perspectives in nursing education and the potential to implement evidence‐based practice in healthcare settings. Further studies are warranted to investigate students’ individual characteristics and organizational characteristics as determinants of research utilization support and capability beliefs regarding evidence‐based practice skills.
KL‐6: a serological biomarker for interstitial lung disease in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis
Authors: Fathi M. , Barbasso Helmers S. , Lundberg I. E. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract.  Fathi M, Barbasso Helmers S, Lundberg IE (Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Sweden). KL‐6: a serological biomarker for interstitial lung disease in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Intern Med 2012; 271: 589–597.Objectives.  To investigate whether Caucasian patients with polymyositis (PM) or dermatomyositis (DM) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) have elevated serum levels of KL‐6 compared with patients without ILD and whether KL‐6 could be used as a marker for ILD activity and treatment efficacy of ILD in PM/DM.Design and methods.  Thirty patients with PM/DM (seven with ILD) and 17 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls were included in a retrospective, cross‐sectional analysis. Twelve patients were followed for longitudinal evaluation. ILD was defined as restrictive lung function impairment with radiographic signs of ILD. Serum KL‐6 levels were measured using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay kit. Groups were compared by Mann–Whitney U‐test.Results.  PM/DM patients with ILD had significantly higher median serum KL‐6 levels compared with those without ILD: 995 (range 533–2318) versus 322 (range 132–1225) U mL−1 (P = 0.0002). Median serum levels of healthy controls were 225 (range 136–519) U mL−1. Serum levels of KL‐6 were inversely correlated with percentages of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), vital capacity (VC), total lung capacity (TLC), forced VC, diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLco), maximal voluntary ventilation at 40 breaths min−1 and residual volume (RV). Changes in KL‐6 levels showed a significant inverse correlation with changes in percentage FEV1, TLC, DLco and RV. At a cut‐off level of 549 U mL−1 (mean ± 2.5 SD for controls), the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of ILD were 83% and 100%, respectively.Conclusion.  The level of serum KL‐6 may serve as measure of ILD in patients with PM/DM and is a promising biomarker for use in clinical practice to assess clinical response to treatment.