bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Journey into Hope—Discovering Partial Solutions
Authors: Starbuck William H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn contrast to Chapter 2 which focused on problems, this chapter presents possible solutions or constructive ways to take on the problems highlighted from the 1950s to the 1990s. The situations presented here involve the following: the ‘black-box problem’; Ame's law on the use of verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and nouns; risk and return; the validity of Bonini's paradox; and taking a passive-retrospective mode. In the later parts of the chapter, the chapter recalls earlier encounters with similar problems, like that of Ame's law, where a modified rule was constructed that would make writing more readable and interesting. The general theme of this chapter, perhaps, suggests that it is possible to realize something regarding a problem that brought about a solution, even through modification.
Quantifiers in Language and Logic
Authors: Peters Stanley , Westerståhl Dag 
Published: October 2011

AbstractQuantification is a topic which brings together linguistics, logic, and philosophy. Quantifiers are the essential tools with which, in language or logic, we refer to quantity of things or amount of stuff. In English they include such expressions as no, some, all, both, or many. This book presents the definitive interdisciplinary exploration of how they work — their syntax, semantics, and inferential role.
Type 〈1〉 Quantifiers of Natural and Logical Languages
Authors: Peters Stanley 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter describes quantifiers related to natural languages with the logically simplest case: type ‹1›. These quantifiers are, on each universe, sets of subsets of that universe. Here the denotations of noun phrases, a fundamental syntactic category in many — if not in all — languages are found, along with a few of the classical logical quantifiers. Among noun phrases are the proper names, which, although they denote individuals, are sometimes conveniently treated as type ‹1› quantifiers as well. Of course, languages that do not have any other noun phrases than pronouns might still have constituents that can be taken to denote type ‹1› quantifiers. But however a natural language may use type ‹1› quantification, if it does at all, this chapter claims that the linguistically important type is ‹1, 1›. Various examples of phrases denoting type ‹1› quantifiers are given. Two fundamental properties of quantifiers, isomorphism closure (ISOM) and extension (EXT), are also discussed.
Type 〈1, 1〉 Quantifiers of Natural Language
Authors: Peters Stanley 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the most important quantifiers for natural language semantics: the class of type ‹1, 1› quantifiers. The term ‘quantirelation’ was introduced for expressions in natural languages that denote in this class. Prime examples of quantirelations are determiners, quantificational adverbs, and in some languages classifiers of nouns, quantificational agreement affixes on verbs, etc. A linguistically important class of determiners (and corresponding quantifiers), the definite ones, is presented using a semantic definition of definiteness. This chapter also looks at determiners which take more than one restriction argument, along with the quantifiers they denote, and the effect of isomorphism closure. Numerous examples of quantirelations — indeed, determiners — are given. With reference to the Aristotelian square (or rather its modern version), negations and other Boolean operations on type ‹1, 1› quantifiers are discussed.
Some Polyadic Quantifiers of Natural Language
Authors: Peters Stanley 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter looks at some instances of polyadic natural language quantifiers, beginning with the most common way of combining monadic quantifiers, in ordinary clauses with more than one noun phrase: iteration. Such combination does not lead outside the class of monadic quantifiers, but the iteration operation has interesting properties both from a logical and a linguistic point of view. Another operation, cumulation, which is also monadically expressible, is also mentioned. This chapter also deals with an operation that lifts monadic quantifiers to irreducibly polyadic quantifiers, along with resumption (that is, applying monadic quantifiers to pairs, triples, etc. rather than to individuals, as can be done with certain instances of adverbial quantification), what resumption has to do with ‘donkey’ anaphora, and some useful (mainly logical) characterisations of resumptive quantifiers in terms of certain properties. The putative examples of branching quantification in natural languages are given.
Definability and Undefinability in Logical Languages: Tools for the Monadic Case
Authors: Peters Stanley 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTo prove a positive definability result, one usually has to exhibit the defining sentence, and it helps if this sentence belongs to a well-defined language. To prove a negative undefinability result, on the other hand, one needs to verify that no sentence works as a definition. Then it is crucial that the eligible sentences are generated by a precise grammar and have precise truth conditions. This chapter examines the notion of relative expressive power for logical languages as well as two measures of the syntactic complexity of their formulas, which is used to prove claims about all formulas of a given logic by induction. It considers the appropriate notion of definability of a quantifier in a logic to show that relative expressive power can be cashed out in terms of definability. A number of examples of definable quantifiers are given, and the crucial role of isomorphism closure in logical languages is pointed out. The principal strategy for proving that a quantifier is not definable in a given logic is discussed.
Technocratic rationality
Authors: Townley Barbara 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe link between rationality, knowledge, and causality introduces the third aspect of a disembedded rationality, that which speaks to the concept of causality embedded in rational action. Where ends are uncontentious and means well defined, that is, cause-effect or means-end relationships are well understood, rational action is the adoption of technically rational means or solutions to achieve desired ends. Where ends are not well defined and well understood, or means are not apparent, technically rational action is not possible. Most organizational issues involve either a degree of contention over ends, or means that are not well defined. Hence the reference to a technocratic rationality. Technocratic denotes the application of technical means to areas as if cause and effect relationships are well established and technically rational action is possible. Technocratic rationality is the presumption or fabrication of means-end relationships. This chapter outlines how the technical has been portrayed in organization studies and the ease of its transformation into the technocratic.
Collective rationality
Authors: Townley Barbara 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the concept of collective rationality. Collective rationality is rational cooperation guided by collective reasoning: ‘a cooperative effort, involving linguistic exchange, to answer a question or solve a problem confronting a group’. Debates concerning collective rationality reflect the divergent disciplinary backgrounds that influence its discussion. Two meanings of the concept of ‘collective rationality’ may be distinguished. The first is a collective decision, where ‘collective rationality’ records a form of group process to arrive at a decision. This may not reflect anything other than an aggregation of individual decisions (collective action). In the second, ‘collective rationality’ is a position or decision made by a collective entity. The ‘rationality’ reflects the position of a collective entity and is indicative of its collective agreement, however temporary (collective reasoning). At essence, both collective action and collective reasoning are debates about a collective good.
In the Name of the Commons, 1786–1787
Authors: Lock F.P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the activities and career of British politician Edmund Burke during the period from 1786 to 1787. In September 1786, Burke attended the corruption trial of William Hastings in Parliament. Both men are self-righteous but they were psychological opposites. Analyses of Burke's writings during this period reveal that he felt keenly about his exclusion from the innermost circles of his Whig Party and the neglect of any permanent provision for his family.
Triumph and Tribulation, 1790–1791
Authors: Lock F.P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the triumph and tribulation experienced by British politician Edmund Burke related to the publication of his book Reflections on the Revolution in France. Burke was exposed to some ridicule because the book was prematurely advertised in early February when it was to be published in November 1790. Many of his opponents were ready for their criticisms and counterpoints. Thus, the immediate success of the book was both a relief and triumph for Burke. By the end of 1790, the book sold a total of 17,500 copies at five shillings each.
A Withered Stump, 1794–1795
Authors: Lock F.P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the retirement of British politician Edmund Burke in 1794. There are two reasons that likely influenced Burke's retirement. One is that the occasion of the vote of thanks itself had been purgatorial and humiliating, and that Burke was alienated from his former associates and uneasy with his new ones. He was also marginalized in an arena dominated by the personal rivalry between William Pitt and Charles James Fox.
Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs
Authors: Evans R.J.W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book contains a collection of essays addressing a number of wide-ranging, interrelated themes spanning over 200 years of the Habsburg Empire. The book is a political, religious, cultural and social history of a broad but often neglected swathe of the European continent. It seeks — against the grain of conventional presentations — to apprehend the era from the late-seventeenth to late-nineteenth century as a whole. Casting light on key aspects of the evolution towards modern statehood in Central Europe, it also dwells on the crises of ancien-regime structures there, in the face of new challenges both at home and abroad. Much attention is devoted to the Austrian or Habsburg lands, especially the interplay of the main territories which comprised them. A further central issue analysed is the evolution of the kingdom of Hungary, from its full acquisition by the Habsburgs at the beginning of the period to the emergence of the dual Austro-Hungarian Monarchy at the end. More than this though, the book examines the individual character of the essay as a genre.
Religion and Society
Authors: Carey Hilary M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of religion and the missionary impulse on British colonization of Australia. It explores the activities of the colonizing clergies only in relation to Australian Aborigines but also in relation to enlarging the scope of Australia’s Empire into the Pacific. This chapter contends that though religion remained active in instilling notions of loyalty in congregations, religion never acquired the potency of race in the Australian conception of the British world.
War and Commemoration: ‘The Responsibility of Empire’
Authors: Damousi Joy 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines Australians participating in British imperial wars and commemorations. It evaluates Australia’s role in different events from the Sudan expedition in the 1880s to the recent revival of interest in Anzac Day. It suggests that the memory and meaning of warfare in Australia is determined by local insistence on the reciprocal nature of Australia’s obligation to defend the Empire. This chapter also discusses the contribution of the Australian Imperial Force in World War I and the amalgamation of imperial loyalty and Australian achievement in World War II.
Popular Culture
Authors: White Richard , Teo Hsu-Ming 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines popular culture of the British Empire in Australia. It identifies the underlying structural reasons for the emphasis on ‘the popular’ in the creative output of the colonies and evaluates the imperial myths and meanings which animated the popular pastimes of the colonists. It suggests that even popular ephemera normally associated with the promotion of a distinctive Australian nationalism were often created against imperial and even determined by it.
Introducing the WTO and International Human Rights Law Regimes
Authors: Joseph Sarah 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explains the WTO regime and the international human rights regime. Greater attention is paid to the latter, while WTO law is fleshed out more in the following chapters. In particular, economic, social, and cultural rights are explained. This chapter states that those rights are less well understood in the broader community, including by trade lawyers and scholars, compared to civil and political rights.
Democratic Deficit and the WTO
Authors: Joseph Sarah 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter analyses arguments that the WTO suffers from a ‘democratic deficit’, which would cast doubt on the legitimacy and perhaps the desirability of the WTO's rules. The first section outlines the claim that WTO internal processes, such as negotiation and dispute settlement, undermine the capacities of States to act in accordance with the wishes of their populations. A related argument is that those same processes act to the disadvantage of particular constituencies, namely developing States and social justice interests. The second section explains the relevance to these issues of international human rights law, particularly the right of political participation in Article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 (ICCPR). Many of the alleged democratic deficits of and within the WTO afflict other international regimes. In this regard, the third section compares the WTO regime and the international human rights regime in order to identify whether democratic deficiencies within the WTO are of greater concern than the general democratic deficiencies that exist at the international level of governance. The fourth section briefly addresses arguments regarding the effect on democratic practices of the WTO. It considers the substantive question of whether the WTO in fact helps to foster democracy in nations, regardless of any lack of internal democratic legitimacy. The fifth section addresses the proposition that the WTO enhances the power of developing States, regardless of internal procedural flaws, due to its multilateral nature, while the sixth section concludes.
‘Human Rights’ Restrictions on Trade
Authors: Joseph Sarah 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter first examines the notion of human rights trade sanctions, both on a general and a product basis. It then considers the relevant scope of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT) and General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) obligations, including the prohibitions on discrimination as well as relevant exceptions in Article XX of GATT and Article XIV of GATS. This law is examined with regard to its effect on human rights trade measures. The same analysis is then undertaken with regard to the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). The most commonly proposed human rights trade measures relate to labour rights, so the possibility of a new labour rights or ‘social’ clause in the WTO is examined. The role of waivers in bringing WTO rules into compliance with human rights is then discussed. Finally, the potential for WTO rules to open up States to trade which improves human rights is examined, by inquiring into whether WTO rules might be used to challenge laws mandating extensive internet censorship.
The WTO, Poverty, and Development
Authors: Joseph Sarah 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of WTO rules on poverty and development, particularly in developing States. It argues that current WTO rules are biased against the interests of developing States. It also challenges the orthodox argument that free trade alleviates poverty. Unfair treatment of, and the prescription of inappropriate rules for, developing States within the WTO is not itself a human rights issue as States per se do not have human rights. However, such issues clearly bear an instrumental relationship with human rights protection as they impact on the capacity of developing States to discharge their human rights obligations.
Emotionism
Authors: Prinz Jesse J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMoral judgements are anything but indifferent and this is exemplified in this chapter through the comparison of asking opinion about capital punishment in which a common answer would be the feeling that it is unjustifiable. If it is turned into the question of one's feeling about trees, the answer would probably not be that one feels they photosynthesize. Ethical theorists, on the other hand, are prepared to reject the contrast as the claim that emotions figure into morality can be defined in various ways. There are two distinct emotionist theses and these are discussed in the present chapter arguing first that identifying moral properties cannot be made without referring to an emotion or class of emotions. Philosophical arguments are considered in favor of emotionism, although the cases presented are not intended to be demonstrative proof that the ontology and epistemology of morals can be implicated by emotions.
Criminology's Public Roles: A Drama in Six Acts
Authors: Loader Ian , Sparks Richard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter addresses the following questions: what contribution can criminological knowledge make to shaping responses to crime in a polity which acknowledges crime and punishment to be properly political issues? What in a democracy is the public value of criminology? What is the collective good that criminological enquiry seeks to promote? What modes of intervention — and what institutional arrangements — can best realize that good? To answer these questions a new figure, or perhaps more accurately, a revived and updated old one, is introduced. This character, following and extending John Locke (1690/1975), is called the democratic under-labourer. The figure is used to elaborate and defend the idea that we can best give coherence to criminology's public purpose by understanding its role as one of seeking to foster and sustain a better politics of crime and its regulation. This figure — the hero or heroine of the drama that follows — emerges from an effort to revisit and revise an earlier treatment of these issues by Garland and Sparks.
A New Look at Victim and Offender—An Abolitionist Approach
Authors: Mathiesen Thomas , Hjemdal Ole Kristian 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the concept of abolitionism. Abolition as a stance and academic abolitionism are two forms of theoretical abolitionism present in a time where the actual abolition of prisons lies in the future, out of our reach. Both are viable and important. But there is also another possibility, a third form of abolitionism, which is as viable and important as the others. It brings in a third dimension, where a retreat to the safe haven of the academy or a mere dimension of a staunch no is combined with ‘expeditions’ and actions favouring basic change in the outside world, notably at key points in prison and penal policies and culture. This third form of abolitionism crosses boundaries with stamina and resolve, brings in deep and prolonged interaction with those who are subject to the so-called criminal justice system — the prisoners — and is, up to a point, practical. The chapter also proposes a different way of looking at the relationship between victim and offender.
Criminal Justice, Not Criminology?
Authors: Ashworth Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter argues that a great deal of what is commonly regarded as criminology is in fact the study of criminal justice. This assumes that ‘criminal justice’ is chiefly concerned with the institutions of the criminal justice system, and the roles and practices of those who work within them. Some would say that it should also include the legal rules and guidelines that those working within the criminal justice system are supposed to apply, whereas others would insist that those fall squarely within the separate discipline of law, notably criminal law and criminal procedure. This taxonomy would leave ‘criminology’ as having two possible senses — the narrow sense of a study of the causes of offending, focusing on individuals in their social setting; and the broader all-encompassing notion of criminology that is taken to cover all studies of crime, criminals, and official responses to them.
Being a Criminologist: Investigation as a Lifestyle and Living
Authors: Liebling Alison 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter reflects on some aspects of ‘being a criminologist’ who specializes in prisons research. It considers the purpose of research and some of the outcomes of research projects that the author of this chapter has led or conducted. It ends with a few reflections on the research experience. It is argued that research — understood as ‘authentic description’ — has a moral and explanatory value. Nothing gives us firmer credentials for forging change than having a firm empirical grasp of actual practices and experiences. We should, however, be wary of ‘correctional agendas’.
17 ‘Best Before Date Shown’: Residual Mechanisms at the ICTY
Authors: Acquaviva Guido 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter outlines some of the issues raised by the topic of ‘residual mechanisms’ in the context of the closing down of the ICTY. Starting from a general introduction of the unique features of most contemporary international tribunals which render some type of residual mechanisms necessary, it discusses the functions currently exercised by the ICTY which are commonly perceived as requiring ‘residual mechanisms’ after the end of trial and appellate activities. Following a brief analysis of the most important residual functions, it focuses on two sets of activities: those entailing judicial functions and those relating to the voluminous archives presently held by the ICTY. The discussion highlights the need to strike a balance between two sets of potentially conflicting requirements: the need to respect ‘due process’ and ‘fairness’, and demands for ‘efficiency’ and ‘cost-effectiveness’. These concepts, as well as the inevitable tensions caused by their practical implementation, have long been in the minds of those developing the completion strategy for, and assessing the legacy of, the ICTY. On the basis of a slowly emerging consensus on how to reconcile the various rights and interests involved, the chapter finally ventures to suggest a line of action to be undertaken by the UN and other relevant stakeholders in devising and implementing mechanisms concerning the ICTY's residual functions once this Tribunal's mandate is complete.