bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DIGOXIN THERAPY: TEXTBOOKS, THEORY AND PRACTICE
Authors: ARONSON J.K. , GRAHAME‐SMITH D.G. 
Published: July 2012

Recommendations for correct therapy with digoxin from twenty‐five sources are reviewed.
Some recommendations may be unsuitable for use with high bioavailability tablets; some are accompanied by insufficient data relating to factors affecting both the response to digoxin and its handling by the body.
Guidelines based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles are suggested to help decide optimal digoxin treatment schedules in the presence and absence of non‐cardiac disease.
BRONCHODILATOR EFFECTS OF DRY SALBUTAMOL POWDER ADMINISTERED BY ROTAHALER
Authors: HARTLEY J.P.R. , NOGRADY S.G. , GIBBY O.M. , SEATON A. 
Published: July 2012

The bronchodilator effects of inhaled dry salbutamol powder (50, 100, 200 and 400 μg) have been compared in ten asthmatic patients with those of aerosolized salbutamol (200 μg) delivered from a standard pressurized inhaler.
A dose of salbutamol powder (400 μg) produced greater bronchodilatation than 50, 100 or 200 μg of powder, but there was no significant difference between 400 μg of powder and 200 μg of aerosolized salbutamol.
Powder administered by Rotahaler is well tolerated and offers several advantages over the pressurized aerosol canister.
THE EFFECTS OF TWO ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENTS ON PERFORMANCE ON THE STROOP COLOUR‐WORD TEST IN NORMAL MALE VOLUNTEER SUBJECTS
Authors: HARVEY P.G. , CLAYTON A.B. , BETTS T.A. 
Published: July 2012

Healthy male volunteers were given either imipramine (25 mgs three times a day), viloxazine hydrochloride (Vivalan) (50 mgs three times a day), placebo or no tablets on a double‐blind basis.
Subjects took the tablets for 7 days, and were tested before treatment and then after 1, 7 and 21 doses.
The Stroop Colour‐Word test was used to assess performance.
While no significant drug effects were found it is suggested that some of the trends shown are indicative of a slight worsening of performance with imipramine and a slight improvement with viloxazine hydrochloride after seven doses.
PERFORMANCE STUDIES WITH DIAZEPAM AND ITS HYDROXYLATED METABOLITES
Authors: NICHOLSON A.N. 
Published: July 2012

Visuo‐motor coordination has been used to study the immediate and residual effects of benzodiazepines on performance in man. The technique provides dose and time response data related to the decrement and the persistence of impaired performance.
With the overnight ingestion of flurazepam hydrochloride 30 mg and nitrazepam 10 mg, performance was impaired to 16 h and, at least, 19 h, respectively. Performance was not impaired after the overnight ingestion of diazepam, 5 and 10 mg, temazepam 10, 20 and 30 mg or oxazepam 15 and 30 mg. However, with temazepam 30 mg there was a trend toward impaired performance, and with oxazepam 45 mg, performance was impaired 10 h after ingestion. With morning ingestion, coordination was impaired 0.5 and 2.5 h after diazepam 10 mg, at 0.5 h after temazepam 20 mg, and after oxazepam 30 mg at 2.5 and 4.5 hours.
The studies suggest that diazepam 5–10 mg, temazepam 10–20 mg and oxazepam 15–30 mg may be of use in the management of sleep disturbance when impaired performance the next day is to be avoided.
HYPNOTIC EFFICACY OF TEMAZEPAM: A LONG‐TERM SLEEP LABORATORY EVALUATION
Authors: MITLER M.M. , CARSKADON MARY A. , PHILLIPS R.L , STERLING W.R. , ZARCONE V.P. , SPIEGEL R. , GUILLEMINAULT C. , DEMENT W.C. 
Published: July 2012

Temazepam was evaluated in a strictly defined insomniac patient population under sleep laboratory conditions. Two protocols were used: a short‐term (26‐night) and a long‐term (54‐night) protocol evaluated the efficacy of the drug administered at night at 15 mg (short‐term study) and 30 mg (long‐term study), respectively.
Temazepam seemed to be both safe and effective at doses of 15 and 30 mg with up to 5 weeks of ingestion.
Suppression of slow wave sleep was observed at the high dose, but no suppression of REM sleep, found in studies with other benzodiazepines, was noted.
No evidence was found for development of tolerance or rebound effects.
THE PHARMACOLOGY OF CENTRALLY ACTING ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS
Authors: VAN ZWIETEN P.A. , THOOLEN M.J.M.C. , TIMMERMANS P.B.M.W.M. 
Published: July 2012

Aspects of centrally acting antihypertensive agents are reviewed with an emphasis on compounds acting on central α‐adrenoceptors, in the ponto‐medullary region of the brain. Central α‐adrenoceptors are stimulated by clonidine, guanfacine and also α‐methyldopa, which is presumed to act via α‐methylnoradrenaline, generated in vivo after biotransformation of α‐methyldopa in the brain. Stimulation of the central α‐adrenoceptors decreases peripheral sympathetic tone and thus a fall in blood pressure and bradycardia.
The central α‐adrenoceptors involved in the antihypertensive effect of clonidine, guanfacine and α‐methyldopa appear to be located at postsynaptic sites and of the α2 subtype.
The pharmacological basis of side effects, including withdrawal phenomena and drug interactions of the centrally acting antihypertensives is reviewed.
EFFECT OF METOPROLOL AND OF GUANFACINE ON AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE AND ITS VARIATIONS
Authors: CLEMENT D.L. , CARDON E. , CASTRO M. , DE PUE N. , PACKET L. , VANMAELE G.O. 
Published: July 2012

The effect of metoprolol (200 mg once daily) and guanfacine (2 mg once daily) on 12 h ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate was compared with placebo in a double‐blind cross‐over randomized protocol. Twenty‐six patients with moderate essential hypertension were studied.
Metoprolol significantly decreased both systolic and diastolic blood pressure; every point of the blood pressure curve over the 12 h was significantly lower with metoprolol than with placebo and the histograms of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly shifted to the left.
Guanfacine significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure over the 12 h recording period. The antihypertensive effect lasted at least 24 h.
There was a significant decrease in heart rate with metoprolol but no significant effect on heart rate could be shown with guanfacine.
Neither metoprolol nor guanfacine caused a significant change in the amplitude of blood pressure variations regardless of whether variability was expressed as standard deviation of the mean, as variation coefficient or as range between the highest and the lowest blood pressure.
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF WITHDRAWAL OF SOME CENTRALLY ACTING ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS IN THE RAT
Authors: THOOLEN M.J.M.C. , TIMMERMANS P.B.M.W.M. , VAN ZWIETEN P.A. 
Published: July 2012

We have studied on the cardiovascular effects appearing after termination of 12 day continuous infusions with clonidine (500 μg/kg/day), guanfacine (10 mg/kg/day), azeoexole (B‐HT 933, 10 and 60 mg/kg/day) and α‐methyldopa (200 mg/kg/day) in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.
The infusions of the four drugs reduced the mean arterial pressure to approximately the same extent.
Following withdrawal of clonidine, a marked overshoot of heart rate and a period of blood pressure lability appeared, together with an elevation of the plasma noradrenaline concentration.
The severities of the withdrawal responses after cessation of infusion with clonidine and azepexole were comparable, whereas those observed after guanfacine and α‐methyldopa were of an insignificant degree.
Precipitation of the discontinuation symptoms by i.p. injection of yohimbine (3 and 10 mg/kg) at day 12 of the infusions resulted in equally severe responses in clonidine‐ and guanfacine‐treated animals, whereas those observed in α‐methyldopa treated rats were absent or much less severe.
Morphine and oxymetazoline suppress the appearance of blood pressure upswings after clonidine withdrawal when applied intracerebroventricularly (10 and 30 μg/kg, respectively). The withdrawal tachycardia is abolished by i.p. injection of 30 μg oxymetazoline/kg, but not by morphine (up to 10 mg/kg). 7 These results indicate, that cessation of prolonged α2 ‐adrenoceptor stimulation by imidazolines or azepexole leads to a cardiovascular withdrawal syndrome. Central as well as peripheral factors play a role in this phenomenon.
NEUROENDOCRINE ASPECTS OF CENTRALLY ACTING HYPOTENSIVE DRUGS
Authors: LAMBERTS S.W.J. 
Published: July 2012

The effects of chronic treatment with methyldopa on plasma prolactin (PRL) levels and of the acute administration of guanfacine on growth hormone (GH) release in acromegalic patients were investigated.
Elevated plasma PRL concentrations were observed in five of eight patients during chronic treatment with methyldopa (750 mg/day) for 3–8 months. Three male patients complained of loss of libido and/or impotence. Addition of bromocriptine (7.5 mg/day) to methyldopa therapy normalized the PRL levels and sexual function, while it resulted in a further decrease in blood pressure.
Guanfacine as an acute test dose is a strong stimulator of GH secretion. We investigated the effect of guanfacine (2 mg orally) on plasma GH levels in six acromegalic patients. In five patients, the elevated plasma GH levels showed a paradoxical decrease from 90 to 180 min after the administration of the drug, while blood pressure remained unchanged.
Guanfacine appears to be a safe drug in patients with GH‐secreting pituitary tumours and may possibly be beneficial.
Analogous effects of recombinant human full‐length amelogenin expressed by Pichia pastoris yeast and enamel matrix derivative in vitro
Authors: Cheng L. , Lin Z. K. , Shu R. , Liu D. L. , Zhang X. L. , Liu B. , Wang J. , Tian L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectivesAmelogenins are proposed to be responsible for enamel matrix derivative (EMD)‐induced periodontal regeneration; however, heterogeneity of amelogenins makes it challenging to purify the full‐length proteins. This study has been carried out to express and purify a recombinant full‐length human amelogenin protein (rHhAm175) in the eukaryotic yeast Pichia pastoris, and further compare biological responses of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) to rHhAm175 and porcine EMD (pEMD).Materials and methodsHuman cDNA encoding a 175‐amino acid amelogenin was subcloned into the pPIC3.5K vector. The rHhAm175 expressed in P. pastoris GS115 (Mut+) was purified and characterized. We examined cell attachment, migration and proliferation responses of human PDLFs to rHhAm175 and pEMD respectively, and characterized associated changes of proliferation‐related intracellular signalling molecules, including extracellular signal response kinase (ERK) and Akt kinases/protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) kinases.ResultsThe purified rHhAm175 was confirmed to be molecular mass 22 021.13 Da, phosphorylated human amelogenin, and alone significantly promoted proliferation and migration of human PDLFs to an extent comparable to that of pEMD. Cell attachment was increased over the first 60 min incubation with rHhAm175 or pEMD. Both rHhAm175 and pEMD induced PDLF mitogenesis via extracellular signal response kinase (ERK1/2), but not by Akt kinases/protein kinase B (Akt/PKB).ConclusionsrHhAm175 modulated cell activities of human PDLFs, to a comparable extent as porcine EMD. These data suggest that rHhAm175 might be used to induce periodontal tissue regeneration.
From brain to bridge: masticatory function and dental implants
Authors: Trulsson M. , van der Bilt A. , Carlsson G. E. , Gotfredsen K. , Larsson P. , Müller F. , Sessle B. J. , Svensson P. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryMasticatory function is an important aspect of oral health, and oral rehabilitation should aim to maintain or restore adequate function. The present qualitative review is the joint effort of a group of clinicians and researchers with experiences ranging from basic and clinical oral neuroscience to management of patients with dental implants. The aim is to provide a short summary for the clinician of the many aspects related to masticatory function (including quality of life) and rehabilitation with dental implants. While there are many reviews on the tissue responses to dental implants and technical aspects, the functional aspects have received relatively little focus.
Risk for Developmental Coordination Disorder Correlates with Gestational Age at Birth
Authors: Zhu Jin Liang , Olsen Jørn , Olesen Annette W. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground:  Studies suggest that children born very preterm have a high risk of developmental coordination disorder (DCD). We examined the relation between the larger spectrum of gestational age at birth and the risk of DCD.Methods:  We used the 7‐year follow‐up data from 22898 singletons in the Danish National Birth Cohort. We calculated a total score from the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ), incorporated in the 7‐year follow‐up, and defined children with a score of 46 or below as having probable DCD. Information on gestational age was obtained from the Medical Birth Register.Results:  Gestational age at birth was inversely associated with the risk of DCD; a decline in gestational age by a week was associated with a 19% [95% confidence interval 14%, 25%] increased risk of DCD screening positive among children delivered before 40 weeks. No significant increased risk of DCD was seen for children born post‐term.Conclusion:  Our data indicate that short gestational age at birth in a range up to gestational week 37 is related to an increased risk of DCD.
In vitro miconazole susceptibility of meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Weese J. Scott , Walker Meagan , Lowe Terri 
Published: July 2012

Background –  The emergence and dissemination of meticillin‐resistant staphylococci has created significant treatment challenges in veterinary medicine and increased interest in topical therapy for superficial infections. Concern has been expressed regarding the use of some topical antimicrobials in animals because of the potential for emergence of resistance, and additional options are required. Miconazole has limited antibacterial properties that include antistaphylococcal activity.Hypothesis/Objectives –  The objective of this study was to assess the in vitro susceptibility of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus aureus to miconazole.Methods –  In vitro susceptibility of 112 meticillin‐resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), 53 meticillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 37 meticillin‐susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) to miconazole was assessed using agar dilution.Results –  The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) range, MIC50 and MIC90 for MRSP were 1–8, 2 and 4 μg/mL, respectively. Corresponding results for MRSA were 1–8, 2 and 6 μg/mL, and for MSSP 1–4, 2 and 2 μg/mL. The MIC for MSSP was a significantly lower MIC than that for both MRSP (P = 0.006) and MRSA (P < 0.001), while the MIC for MRSP was significantly lower than that for MRSA (P = 0.001).Conclusions and clinical importance –  These in vitro data suggest that miconazole could be a useful therapeutic option for superficial infections caused by meticillin‐susceptible and meticillin‐resistant staphylococci, but proper clinical investigation is required.
Donor race and outcomes in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Molnar Miklos Z. , Kovesdy Csaba P. , Bunnapradist Suphamai , Streja Elani , Krishnan Mahesh , Mucsi Istvan , Norris Keith C. , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kamyar 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground
African Americans are at greater risk to reach end‐stage renal disease and this risk may carry over in a kidney transplant recipient after kidney transplantation.MethodsLinking the five‐yr patient data of a large dialysis organization to the
Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, we identified 13 692 hemodialysis patients who underwent first kidney transplantation. Mortality or graft failure and delayed graft function risks were estimated by Cox's regression (hazard ratio [HR] and 95% confidence interval) and logistic regression, respectively.ResultsPatients were 48 ± 14 yr old and included 39% women and 26% patients with diabetes. After adjusting for several relevant clinical and transplant‐related variables, African American donor race was associated with higher all‐cause mortality, with HR of 1.39 (1.09–1.78) for all‐cause mortality, 1.80 (1.17–2.76) for cardiovascular mortality, 1.30 (1.03–1.64) for death‐censored graft loss and 1.31 (1.10–1.57) for combined outcome over the six‐yr observation period. In the non‐African American recipient subcohort, but not in the African American recipient subcohort, African American donor race was associated with higher risk of death‐censored graft loss (2.24 [1.44–3.49]) in our fully adjusted model.Conclusions
African American donor race was associated with increased all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality and graft loss.
Foraging across ecosystems: diet diversity and social foraging spanning aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems by an invertebrate
Authors: Laidre Mark E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractEcosystems are fundamentally connected to one another, although empirical documentation of the links between them, especially the links between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, has been limited. This study examined the foraging behavior and ecology of an understudied invertebrate, the hermit crab Coenobita compressus, which is remarkably abundant at the nexus of marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems. Data collected between 2008 and 2011 in the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica revealed that C. compressus plays a generalist scavenger role across ecosystems. Beach almond fruits (Terminalia catappa) were a staple of the crabs’ diet, but the crabs also commonly consumed a variety of other fruit species and various parts of plants (nuts, seeds, flowers, husk, stems, buds) as well as algae, fungus, animal feces, and the carcasses of insects, jellyfish, conspecifics, other crustacean species, freshwater and saltwater fish, sea turtles (eggs and adults), and mammals. The crabs fed on these resources in prominent social aggregations, also forming such aggregations as they exchanged the aquatically derived gastropod shells that they use as homes while roaming the land. The size of the crabs’ aggregations around plant versus animal resources and around terrestrial versus aquatic resources did not differ, underscoring the species’ generalist foraging behavior. Broadly, these results suggest that C. compressus has one of the most diverse diets of any crustacean and plays a critical role in recycling organic matter and nutrients. This species might also mediate the passage of resources across different ecosystems, although further research is needed to explore this possibility.
Hyper‐eosinophilia in granular acute B‐cell lymphoblastic leukemia with myeloid antigen expression
Authors: Kobayashi Daisuke , Kogawa Kazuhiro , Imai Kohsuke , Tanaka Toshio , Sada Akiko , Nonoyama Shigeaki 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAcute lymphoblastic leukemia with eosinophilia (ALLEo) is a rare but a distinctive clinical entity. Clinical features of idiopathic hyper‐eosinophilic syndrome (HES) can be seen in patients with ALLEo. We report a 10‐year‐old girl, in whom HES was initially suspected but further investigation confirmed the diagnosis of acute B‐cell lymphoblastic leukemia with myeloid antigen expression. Clinical response to chemotherapy was excellent with achievement of complete remission for 4 years. Serum interleukin‐3 and ‐5 were elevated at presentation and normalized with disappearance of eosinophilia after induction therapy, supporting the reactive nature of eosinophilia in ALLEo. Hematologic malignancy should be considered in patients with hyper‐eosinophilia, before attributing it to HES.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine
Authors: Fujii Katsunori , Suyama Maiko , Chiba Koki , Okunushi Tomoko , Oikawa Junko , Kohno Yoichi 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAcute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an immune‐mediated inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. We describe a previously healthy 2‐year‐old boy with ADEM, who exhibited high fever, lethargy, and recurrent seizures at 25 days after H1N1 influenza vaccination. To our knowledge, there has been only one report of ADEM following the 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine, although such vaccination is accompanied with optic neuritis apart from this case. Thus, this is the first case of ADEM without optic neuritis, following the 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccination. Although vaccine‐associated ADEM remains rare, the increasing number of influenza vaccinations might increase the incidence of ADEM. We still need to pay attention to the occurrence of ADEM and treat patients with steroid therapy.
Nephrotic syndrome complicated by renal and cerebral infarctions in a 14‐year‐old girl
Authors: Sugimoto Keisuke , Iba Yoshinori , Fujita Shinsuke , Sakata Naoki , Okada Mitsuru , Takemura Tsukasa 
Published: July 2012

AbstractVenous thrombosis is a well‐known complication of nephrotic syndrome (NS), while arterial thrombosis is rare. We know of no reports of children with this complication. Here we report a case of 14‐year‐old girl with NS, who complicated with renal and cerebral infarctions resulting from arterial thrombosis. Urinary examination showed heavy proteinuria. She had intravascular dehydration. Serum albumin was 0.9 g/dL. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed a low‐attenuation area in the right kidney. Decreased blood flow in the right middle cerebral artery was observed on MRA and also on multi‐detector‐row head CT. Urokinase and heparin were given. Cerebral infarction was treated neuroprotectively by i.v. infusion of edaravone. Comprehensive assessment of intravascular dehydration and the coagulation–fibrinolysis system is needed to guide decisions concerning prophylactic anticoagulation therapy. Better understanding of NS and its risks, as well as the necessity of drug therapy, may help teenagers to accept and cooperate with treatment.
Sex differences in fear memory and extinction of mice with forebrain‐specific disruption of the mineralocorticoid receptor
Authors: ter Horst J. P. , Carobrez A. P. , van der Mark M. H. , de Kloet E. R. , Oitzl M. S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPrevious studies showed that the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is needed for behavioral flexibility in a fear conditioning paradigm. Female mice with forebrain‐specific deletion of the MR gene (MRCaMKCre) were unable to show extinction of contextual fear, and could not discriminate between cue and context fear unlike control mice. In the present study, male and female (MRCaMKCre) mice and control littermates were used to study sex‐specific fear conditioning, memory performance and extinction. The fear conditioning paradigm assessed both context‐ and cue‐related fear within one experimental procedure. We observed that at the end of the conditioning all mice acquired the fear‐motivated response. During the first minutes of the memory test, both male and female MRCaMKCre mice remembered and feared the context more than the control mice. Furthermore, female MRCaMKCre mice were not able to extinguish this memory even on the second day of memory testing. The female mutants also could not discriminate between cue (more freezing) and context periods (less freezing). In contrast, male MRCaMKCre mice and the controls showed extinction and were capable to discriminate, although the MRCaMKCre mice needed more time before they started extinction. These findings further support the relevance of MR for behavioral flexibility and extinction of fear‐motivated behavior. In conclusion, the loss of MR in the forebrain results in large differences in emotional and cognitive behaviors between female and male mice, which suggests a role of this receptor in the female prevalence of stress‐ and anxiety‐regulated disorders.