bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging of acoustic neuromas: the role of gadolinium-DTPA
Authors: Stack J. P. , Ramsden R. T. , Antoun N. M. , Lye R. H. , Isherwood I. , Jenkins J. P. R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in 20 patients with evidence on computed tomography (CT) of 21 acoustic neuromas before and after intravenous administration (0.1–0.2 mmol/kg body weight) of gadolinium-diethylenetriamine- pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA). Multi-section spin-echo (SE) sequences of varying repetition (TR) and echo (TE) times were performed in the transverse and coronal planes with a section thickness of 10 mm. All acoustic neuromas displayed marked enhancement on the T 1 -weighted (short TR/TE) SE sequence post-Gd-DTPA. The intrameatal component was particularly well demonstrated compared with non-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) images and contrast-enhanced CT. Identification of intrameatal tumour was difficult on T 2-weighted SE images and one tumour was not identified on the T 1 -weighted SE sequence prior to Gd-DTPA. Four of five intrameatal tumours measuring less than 8 mm could only be demonstrated on CT by using CT air meatography. Extrameatal tumour extension was demonstrated on contrast-enhanced CT, although the assessment of brainstem involvement and displacement was not as clearly seen as on coronal MR images. In two patients with large acoustic neuromas and a cyst, the true relationship of the cyst to the tumour could only be identified on the post-Gd-DTPA scan. Magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium-DTPA is a relatively quick, safe, well tolerated and effective method for the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma.
Congenital hemihypertrophy with adrenal adenoma and medullary sponge kidney
Authors: Tomooka Y. , Onitsuka H. , Goya T. , Hayashida Y. , Kuroiwa T. , Kudo S. , Miyazaki S. , Torisu M. 
Published: July 2009

This is a report of a 10-year-old girl with congenital hemihypertrophy (CH) associated with medullary sponge kidney (MSK) and adrenocortical adenoma. Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography demonstrated a small, non-functional, adrenocortical adenoma. A search of the literature failed to reveal any previously reported case having all three conditions.
A 10-year-old Japanese girl was admitted with fever, headache and vomiting of 2 days duration. She was born without complications after full-term pregnancy with a birth weight of 3750 g. Slight asymmetry of her legs was noted at birth. Her development was normal and there was no family history of renal disease. On admission, slight hypertrophy of the left lower extremity was noted and the left thigh was 3.0 cm greater in girth than the right.
Book reviews
Authors: Ell P. J. 
Published: July 2009

This book is the proceedings of a workshop held in Cologne in October 1986,under the auspices of the Commission of the European Communities as advisedby the Committee on Medical and Public Health Research. The object of thisworkshop was to provide data on the following issues: What new information on human disease and its treatment has been provided or is emerging through PET studies? Are the clinical research questions being addressed truly relevant? Are there other clinical research problems that should be tackled? What is the role of PET as a clinical diagnostic tool? What is the role of PET in proving and quantifying the efficacy of therapy?
With dwindling resources available for health care, pressure is mounting for a case to be made on the clinical application of positron emission tomography.
Magnetic resonance imaging: present status and future perspectives
Authors: Bydder G. M. 
Published: July 2009

The first clinical magnetic resonance (MR) images were produced in Nottingham and Aberdeen during 1980 (Hawkes et al, 1980; Smith et al, 1981). Since that time, over a thousand clinical MR systems have been installed world-wide and a technique which was little more than a curiosity 8 years ago is now being proposed as the imaging modality of first choice in a wide range of diseases.
The physics necessary for image interpretation in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is more complex than for any other technique in radiology. This difficulty is compounded by the rapid and continuing evolution of the technique. To some radiologists, particularly those with a degree in physics or chemistry, each new pulse sequence, coil development or acronym is another opportunity for research, publications, travel and promotion; to others, new MRI developments inspire nothing as much as a shrewd assessment of the years remaining until retirement balanced against the cost of MR machines and the available money.
A third group of radiologists sits somewhere in between. They are not directly involved with MRI, but are increasingly exposed to MR images in their practice and are expected to interpret these and advise about the need for an MRI examination in particular cases. They may also be expected to assess the need for MRI in their particular hospital. It is to this latter group that this article is addressed.
Technetium-99m HMPAO imaging in patients with basal ganglia disease
Authors: Smith F. W. , Gemmell H. G. , Sharp P. F. , Besson J. A. O. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Technetium 99m hexamethylpropylene-amine oxime (HMPAO) is trapped by cerebral grey matter and the basal ganglia on its first pass through the brain. To assess its potential for studying patients with diseases of the basal ganglia, a study of 15 normal volunteers and 32 patients with known or suspected basal ganglia disease have been investigated. Sixteen patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease showed no abnormality of the basal ganglia and varying degrees of cerebral underperfusion consistent with their intellectual status. Eight patients with Huntington's chorea showed a characteristic pattern of reduced or absent caudate nucleus uptake. Patients with diseases affecting the basal ganglia, such as Fahr's disease, Wilson's disease and hemibalismus had varying degrees of basal ganglia underperfusion as demonstrated by an HMPAO scan. We believe that this new radiopharmaceutical for the demonstration of cerebral blood flow shows significant potential for the diagnosis and management of patients with basal ganglia disease.
Percutaneous extraction of centrally embolized foreign bodies: a report of 16 cases
Authors: Grabenwoeger F. , Bardach G. , Dock W. , Pinterits F. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Sixteen cases of centrally embolized foreign bodies are reported (eight catheter fragments, two guide wires, four pacemaker electrodes, one ventriculo-atrial shunt, one Port-A-Cath catheter). In all patients only the Dormia basket was used. Foreign body extraction was successful in all patients except one, in which removal of a pacemaker electrode from the myocardium failed. Technical aspects as well as complications of percutaneous foreign body extraction are discussed.
Assessment of angioplasty balloon catheters: preliminary studies
Authors: Henson J. H. L , Jeans W. D. , Newham F. J. , Paice C. , Blakeborough A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Gruntzig balloon catheters from three manufacturers have been tested in vitro to establish a method of assessing the diameters and bursting pressures of inflated balloons. The method of testing and of measuring the inflated balloons is described. It was found that there were considerable variations in the behaviour of different balloons, and the relevance of this to arterial rupture is discussed. There were significant associations between the manufacturer and premature rupture of the balloon (p &lt; 0.01), and between co-axial construction of the catheter and overdistension of the balloon by more than 20% (p &lt; 0.01). The balloon length and the stated maximum diameter were not associated with either premature failure or overdistension.
The role of lymphography in chylothorax following thoracic surgery
Authors: Ngan H. , Fok M. , Wong J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Lymphography was used to investigate nine patients who presented with chylothorax after surgery of the thorax. Leakage of the lipiodol was identified from the thoracic duct in six patients and from tributaries of the thoracic duct in two patients. There was complete occlusion of the thoracic duct at the site of injury in two patients but leakage could not be visualized at the time of the procedure. The different methods of treatment of chylothorax and the influence of the lymphographic findings on management are discussed.
Radiation-induced changes in mouse duodenal papilla
Authors: Indran M. , Carr K. E. , Boyle F. C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Radiation-induced changes in duodenal mucosal morphology as seen by scanning electron microscopy have been widely reported in the literature. However, no comment has previously been made on any post-irradiation alteration in the duodenal papilla. This paper describes the preliminary results of an investigation into the effects of X rays on the papilla. The duodenal papilla was difficult to find in untreated and sham irradiated mice. It was identified in only two of six mice examined and was located 5.37 and 4.43 mm from the gastroduodenal junction. Eighteen hours after irradiation with 15 Gy X rays, there was little change in position or prominence of the papilla. However, 3 days after treatment, the papilla was only 2.19–3.83 mm from the pylorus. It was also more prominent, being found in all three animals studied and having a widely dilated orifice in contrast to the closed structure seen in the unirradiated specimens. It is concluded that treatment with X rays alters the structure of the duodenal papilla. There may be implications for duodenal function in this marked change in the papilla, which controls the flow of pancreatic and biliary secretions.
Time- and dose-related changes in the white matter of the rat brain after single doses of X rays
Authors: Calvo W. , Hopewell J. W. , Reinhold H. S. , Yeung T. K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Following the local irradiation of the rat brain with single doses of 17.5–25 Gy of X rays, necrosis of the white matter was seen after a latent interval of &gt; 26 weeks. At 39 weeks and 52 weeks after irradiation the incidence of necrosis was doserelated. The doses associated with a 50% incidence of necrosis in the white matter (ED50) at these times were 23.45 ± 0.49 and 20.98 ± 0.91 Gy, respectively. At both these times the incidence of necrosis was higher in the fimbria than in the capsula interna and the corpus callosum. This reflects a variation in the latency time for the appearance of necrosis. Necrosis occurs earlier in the fimbria. In the corpus callosum and the capsula interna the latency times for the appearance of necrosis were also dosedependent. In the latent period prior to the onset of necrosis of the fimbria, a number of dose-related changes were seen in the vasculature and the associated astroglial cells. These changes, which included blood vessel dilation, blood vessel wall thickening, endothelial cell nuclear enlargement and the hypertrophy of perivascular astrocytes, were highly correlated and when combined appeared to represent a “unit of tissue injury”. The incidence and severity of this “unit of tissue injury” apparently increased with time after irradiation until necrosis ensued. These dose-related vascular/glial changes were preceded by a reduction in the endothelial cell and vascular density. No early changes were seen in the number of glial parenchymal cells.
Changes in relative biological effectiveness with depth of the Clatterbridge neutron therapy beam
Authors: Hornsey Shirley , Myers R. , Parnell C. J. , Bonnett D. E. , Blake S. W. , Bewley D. K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We have measured the biological equivalence of the Clatterbridge neutron therapy beam [p(62)-Be] and the Hammersmith neutron therapy beam [d(16)-Be] using the mouse intestinal crypt assay. The ratio (NDR) of Clatterbridge neutron (n + γ) dose relative to Hammersmith neutron dose (n + γ) was found to be 1.2–1.13 over a dose/fraction range of 1.8–9 Gy at 2 cm deep in a Perspex phantom. It is shown that the effectiveness of the Clatterbridge beam was reduced with penetration into the phantom because of hardening of the beam to a maximum reduction of 11% at 12 cm deep in the phantom. The hardening of the beam with depth of penetration will need to be taken into account by clinicians in assessing the tumour dose and tissue tolerance. Relative biological effectiveness values for the Clatterbridge and Hammersmith neutron beams were also measured. All neutron doses for both Hammersmith and Clatterbridge beams are total doses (n + γ) which comply with the European protocol for neutron dosimetry and include the γ-ray component of dose.
Ultrasound diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma at the confluence of the hepatic ducts (Klatskin tumours)
Authors: Karstrup S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The findings on ultrasound of 31 consecutive patients with pathologically proven Klatskin tumours are reviewed. In all patients, ultrasound disclosed dilated intrahepatic bile radicles and normal common bile ducts. A well defined, rounded, solid tumour mass was detected in 11 (35%) patients. Compared with the findings at surgery or autopsy, ultrasound disclosed eight of 12 tumours presenting as extraductal masses. In 16 patients with tumour growth predominantly along the bile ducts, ultrasound disclosed poorly demarcated echogenic tissue high in the hepatic hilum in four cases. In only two patients was it possible to detect tumour spread. Ultrasound-guided, fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed in seven patients revealing malignant cells in five cases and fine-needle tissue biopsy was performed in two cases revealing malignant tissue. The presence of intrahepatic dilated bile radicles with normal-sized common bile ducts should raise the possibility of a high bile duct carcinoma. If a tumour lesion is detected we suggest the use of ultrasound-guided, fine-needle biopsy.
The radiobiology of 24 keV neutrons
Authors: Morgan G. R. , Mill A. J. , Roberts C. J. , Newman S. , Holt P. D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
HeLa human carcinoma cells and V79 Chinese hamster fibroblasts have been irradiated in vitro with a beam of neutrons with a nearly pure 24 keV spectrum. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the filtered neutron beam relative to 60Co γ radiation was determined by irradiation of cell cultures “free-in-air”. The values obtained for the RBE at 37% survival were 5.8 ± 0.8, at a dose of 0.69 ± 0.06 Gy for the HeLa cells and 3.14±1.1 at a dose of 1.09 ± 0.091 Gy for the V79 cells. Cytogenetic analysis of the damage in irradiated V79 cells gave an RBE of 6.7±1.4. Irradiation in a polyethylene phantom markedly attenuated the beam's biological effect. For both cell lines 2 cm of polyethylene virtually eliminated cell killing. Addition of boron 10 to the medium led to increased cell killing and a value of 4 was obtained for the RBE of the 10B(n, α)7Li reaction in HeLa cells.
The interpretation of dose calculations and cell-survival measurements for the boron neutron capture therapy of brain tumours with 24 keV neutrons
Authors: Mill A. J. , Harrison K. G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Monte-Carlo computer codes have been used to estimate the distribution of doses to borated and unborated tissues in head-sized phantoms when exposed to beams of 2 keV and 24 keV neutrons. For the application of such beams to boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) these calculations show the superiority of 2 keV neutrons over 24 keV neutrons and the importance of using large-area beams. A 24 keV neutron beam has been used to irradiate HeLa cell cultures in vitro, with and without the addition of 10B, at various depths within a narrow polyethylene phantom. Survival data obtained from these experiments have been used to estimate depth-damage profiles for normal (unboronated) and tumour (boronated) brain tissues when exposed to 24 keV neutrons. A good differential between damage to normal and tumorous tissue is obtained under suitable irradiation conditions. Although lower–energy neutrons are probably preferable, these results demonstrate the possibility of using beams of 24 keV neutrons for the BNCT of brain tumours.
Magnetic resonance imaging of hypothalamic hamartomas
Authors: Beningfield S. J. , Bonnici F. , Cremin B. J. 
Published: July 2009

Hamartomas of the hypothalamus are congenital neuronal malformations, usually of the tuber cinereum, that extend postero-inferiorly into the interpeduncular cisterns. The tissue consists of normal neural elements in normal proportions. Developmentally, the tissue displacement probably arises when the ventral aspect of the neuraxis is approaching the anterior tip of the notochord in the 5th to 6th week of fetal life (Diebler & Ponsot, 1983). These lesions of the hypothalamic region usually present as either true isosexual precocious puberty at a young agge or as seizures and behavioural problems. Both presentations may be combined. The seizures may take the form of gelastic epilepsy in which clonic facial grimaces are accompanied by bubbling or laughing noises.
Precocious puberty in children is a complex problem. It may be central (hypothalamic–pituitary) or peripheral (due to gonadal or other causes unrelated to the hypothalamic–pituitary system) in origin.
Indications about which type exists will come from the clinical examination and hormonal/steroid studies. If peripheral precocious puberty is present, the radiologist will be required to examine the abdomen to exclude adrenal or ovarian causes (Rieth et al, 1987). If central, then the best methods are computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to exclude malformations, cysts or tumours in the hypothalamic region.
A 26-month-old black boy was presented by his mother who had noticed that the child had had a large penis and scrotum since birth.
Gastro-oesophageal leiomyoblastomas and multiple pulmonary chondromas: an incomplete variant of Carney's triad
Authors: Mazas-Artasona L. , Romeo M. , Felices R. , Criado P. , Espinosa H. , Yanguela J. , Peiron M. J. 
Published: July 2009

It is unusual for two tumours of completely different origins to occur simultaneously in the same patient. Such an occurrence was described in 1969 when the association of a gastric tumour and a pulmonary hamartochondroma was noted (Vio et al, 1969). In 1977, Carney et al described four patients with co-existing gastric epithelioid leiomyosarcomas (leiomyoblastomas), pulmonary chondromas and functioning extra-adrenal paragangliomas and suggested their occurrence together should constitute a syndrome (Carney et al, 1977; Carney, 1979).
Since 1974, a number of cases have been reported showing some or all of the features of Carney's triad. Most of these patients have presented because of gastric tumours which are in most cases either leiomyoblastomas (Muller et al, 1974; Appelman & Elwig, 1976; Carney et al, 1977; Tisell et al, 1978; Knake & Gross, 1979; Grace et al, 1981; Cuilleret et al, 1984; Mishkin et al, 1985) or leiomyosarcomas (Chander et al, 1981; Dajee et al, 1982; Chahinian et al, 1983). Pulmonary chondromas are the second most common component of the syndrome and paragangliomas the least common, possibly because the latter tend to appear late.
We present a case of a 12-year-old girl with multiple gastric leiomyoblastomas and pulmonary chondromas. So far, after 6 years follow-up, a paraganglioma has not been detected. This patient is an example of an incomplete Carney's triad.
A 12-year-old girl was admitted to hospital in 1980 for investigation of possible pulmonary hydatid disease discovered on routine examination by her GP.
Biological equivalence between fractionated radiotherapy treatments using the linear-quadratic model
Authors: Deehan C. , O'Donoghue J. A. 
Published: July 2009

In the linear-quadratic (LQ) model the parameters α and β, usually appearing as the ratio α/β, are used to describe the response of normal tissues to radiation insult. Different radiation-induced biological end-points in specific tissues and organs are associated with characteristic α/β ratios (Barendsen, 1982; Thames et al, 1982; Fowler, 1984). Although the α/β ratios for human tissues are not well defined, in contrast with those derived from animal experiments, the LQ model has been used clinically to address questions relating to changes in fraction size and number. An example of such a question is: if a commonly used treatment schedule is replaced by another with dose fractions of different size, what total dose should be given? The LQ model can be used to calculate a total dose which makes the two schedules equivalent for some particular biological end-point. For other biological end-points the two schedules will not be equivalent.
The approach outlined above involves a choice of options, since each value of α/β gives rise to a different prediction of total dose. In the simplest case, where only the broad categories of acute and late normal tissue responses and effects on tumours are considered, three alternatives exist. The necessity to choose between options in questions of schedule equivalence is a consequence of using any “tissue-specific” isoeffect model and is not unique to the LQ model.
The question addressed in this paper is: can alternative treatments to a particular fractionated schedule be found which are equivalent for all biological end-points, i.e. are there generally-equivalent treatments?
Book reviews
Authors: Weir J. 
Published: July 2009

This multi-author work containing articles from America, Britain and Europe comes from the internationally known Thoraxcenter in Rotterdam. Its parentage should therefore be unimpeachable, but unfortunately there is little actual input from the Center itself and none at all from the editor. The work is divided into three sections: contrast echocardiography, tissue characterization and left ventricular function.
Contrast echocardiography began in the late 1960s using iodocynanine green and had a vogue in the late 1970s and early 80s before the advent of Doppler ultrasound.
Book reviews
Authors: Lord Brian I. 
Published: July 2009

“No wrecks and nobody drownded …
This book publishes the main papers presented at the 1987 UCLA Symposium on Recent Advances in Leukaemia and Lymphoma. At nearly 600 pages and 53 articles, the book is too big to pick out individual papers. It is, however, of a uniformly high standard and provides a comprehensive coverage of the subject. It includes cytogenetic studies, viral leukaemogenesis, the haemopoietic growth factors and interleukins, a section on cell culture and stem cells and a final one on gene transfer. While a further section on clinical aspects and therapy is included and some of the problems of diagnosis and prognosis are discussed, there is little nourishment for the physician trying to cure patients.
Book reviews
Authors: Owen J. P. 
Published: July 2009

The title of this little soft-backed book betrays its North American origins to any British reader. It is a delightful, profusely illustrated synthesis, full of concentrated wisdom.
Dr Landay has aimed his text at physicians, medical students and other health professionals. To any radiologist who regularly involved in a similar spectrum of teaching it will clear that the book is not totally suited to all its intended recipients. Physicians, surgeons and trainee radiologists — yes, but for undergraduate medical students — no. It relies on certain level of knowledge and experience that these students do not possess.
Book reviews
Authors: Dick Robert 
Published: July 2009

Unfortunately, I cannot enthuse about this book edited by three North American radiologists. Its stated main goal is to provide a concise practical guide to biopsy, aspiration and drainage for the practising radiologist. In effect, the advice is often too concise and insufficient emphasis is placed on possible severe complications of procedures.
The first and longest chapter is the best, covering general considerations of percutaneous biopsy and drainage. Many of Book reviews the biopsy instruments and drainage sets used in the UK are included.