bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Probiotic Delivery System from Agrowastes, Soy Protein Isolate, and Microbial Transglutaminase
Authors: Yew Sok‐Eng , Lim Ting‐Jin , Lew Lee‐Ching , Bhat Rajeev , Mat‐Easa Azhar , Liong Min‐Tze 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Probiotic delivery system was developed via the use of microbial transglutaminase (MTG) cross‐linked soy protein isolate (SPI) incorporated with agrowastes such as banana peel (BE), banana pulp (BU), and pomelo rind (PR). Inoculums of Lactobacillus bulgaricus FTDC 1511 were added to the cross‐linked protein matrix. The incorporation of agrowastes had significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the strength, pH value, and the lightness of the SPI gel carriers, while sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles revealed that the occurring cross‐links within the SPI gel carriers were attributed to the addition of MTG. Scanning electron microscope micrographs illustrated that SPI carriers containing agrowastes have exhibited a less‐dense protein matrix. All the SPI carriers possessed maximum swelling ratio at 4 to 4.5 within 15 min in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), whereas the maximum swelling ratios of SPI/BE, SPI/BU, and SPI/PR were higher compared to that of control in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Additionally, SPI carriers in SGF medium did not show degradation of structure, whereas a major collapse of network was observed in SIF medium, indicating controlled‐release in the intestines. The addition of agrowastes into SPI carriers led to a significantly (P < 0.0001) lower release of L. bulgaricus FTDC 1511 in SGF medium and a higher release in SIF medium, compared to that of the control. SPI carriers containing agrowastes may be useful transports for living probiotic cells through the stomach prior to delivery in the lower intestines.Practical Application:  Agrowastes could be utilized as a new probiotic carrier for enhanced gastrointestinal transit and during storage. This also reduces the amount of agrowastes accumulated.
Photobleaching Kinetics of Verteporfin and Lemuteporfin in Cells and Optically Trapped Multilamellar Vesicles Using Two‐photon Excitation
Authors: Tekrony Amy D. , Kelly Nicole M. , Fage B. Alexander , Cramb David T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractVerteporfin and Lemuteporfin are compared to examine the effect of their functional groups and therefore the localization in two‐photon excitation (TPE) photodynamic therapy (PDT). We used singlet oxygen‐related photobleaching of the sensitizers to assess TPE‐induced singlet oxygen generation in multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) and U343 glioma cells under a variety of conditions. It was found that Lemuteporfin photobleached at a faster rate than Verteporfin in the majority of environments. Also, Verteporfin and Lemuteporfin exhibited different behaviors when in hypoxic environments relative to those in oxygenated MLVs. These differences are attributed to the sensitizer location in the membrane and their relative mobilities throughout membranes and cells.
Quantitative Motor Unit Action Potential Analysis in 2 Paraspinal Neck Muscles in Adult Royal Dutch Sport Horses
Authors: Wijnberg I.D. , Graubner C. , Auriemma E. , van de Belt A.J. , Gerber V. 
Published: April 2011

Background:Reference values for quantitative electromyography (QEMG) in neck muscles of Royal Dutch Sport horses are lacking.Objective:Determine normative data on quantitative motor unit action potential (QMUP) analysis of serratus ventralis cervicis (SV) and brachiocephalicus (BC) muscle.Animals:Seven adult normal horses (mean age 9.5 standard deviation [SD] ± 2.3 years, mean height 1.64 SD ± 4.5 cm, and mean rectal temperature 37.6 SD ± 0.3°C).Methods:An observational study on QMUP analysis in 6 segments of each muscle was performed with commercial electromyography equipment. Measurements were made according to formerly published methods. Natural logarithm transformed data were tested with ANOVA and posthoc testing according to Bonferroni.Results:Mean duration, amplitude, phases, turns, area, and size index (SI) did not differ significantly among the 6 segments in each muscle. Mean amplitude, number of phases, and SI were significantly (P< .002) higher in SV than BC, 520 versus 448 μV, 3.0 versus 2.8 μV, and 0.48 versus 0.30 μV, respectively. In SV 95% confidence intervals (CI) for amplitude, duration, number of phases, turns, polyphasia area, and SI were 488–551 μV, 4.3–4.6 ms, 2.9–3.0, 2.4–2.6, 7–12%, 382–448, and 0.26–0.70, respectively; in BC this was 412–483 μV, 4.3–4.7 ms, 2.7–2.8, 2.4–2.6, 4–7%, 393–469, and 0.27–0.34, respectively. Maximal voluntary activity expressed by turns/second did not differ significantly between SV and BC with a 95% CI of 132–173 and 137–198, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:The establishment of normative data makes objective QEMG of paraspinal muscles in horses suspected of cervical neurogenic disorders possible. Differences between muscles should be taken into account.
The Effect of Immune Serum on Hæmagglutination by Ricin
Authors: Clarke E G C 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The literature dealing with the subject is briefly reviewed. It was found impossible to demonstrate the presence of any specific anti-agglutinin in the serum of either goats or rabbits immunised against ricin. Large additions of both normal and immune sera inhibit agglutination of the red cells of most species of animals tested. When added in an optimum quantity of approximately 1 per cent. immune serum greatly increases the agglutinating power of ricin towards the red cells of dog, cat, rabbit and guinea-pig. 5 With the blood of horse, ox, goat and sheep, both normal and immune sera exert a slight promotive effect when added in optimum quantity. 6 The action of immune serum on dog red cells was investigated under varying conditions and the promotive action shown to be specific to ricin and independent of red cell concentration and of pH. It is also independent of temperature, provided sufficient time is allowed for equilibrium to be reached. 7 It is concluded that one cannot explain these phenomena until more is known of the mechanism of agglutination by ricin.
A Statistical Study of Variation in Surgical Dressings
Authors: Savage R Maxwell 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A number of the B.P.C. characters and tests for surgical dressings are examined in a statistical manner. It is shown that the satisfactory practice of the trade is imperfectly described by the existing specifications. This is attributed to the lack of measures of variation satisfying statistical requirements, to the existence of trade customs not apparent from the specifications themselves and in one case to the use of traditional but ambiguous methods of determination, and in others to the employment of terms which on examination can mean different things to different people. It is proposed that specifications in which the fact of variation is important should all have attached to them a measure of this variation. In general, the mean and standard deviation should be used. The numerical values for these should be fixed so that the existing dressings are described and not so as to compel modifications which on other grounds are not required. Where trade custom or the literature is ambiguous, definite references to, or descriptions of methods of examination should be more freely employed.
The Value of Adsorbents for Detecting Survival in Bacterial Populations Exposed to Phenols
Authors: Jacobs S E , Harris N D 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The inclusion of 0·1 per cent, of activated charcoal or 0·03 per cent. of ferric chloride in subculture media had no consistent influence on the extinction times of Bact. coli exposed to 1 per cent, phenol, but the overall responses in experiments made with several batches of media were positive. On the whole, individual batches of medium consistently gave the same kind of response, positive or null. Activated charcoal (0·1 per cent.) adsorbed about 80 per cent, of the phenol from solution in water at a concentration of 0·005 per cent. In the presence of broth much less was adsorbed; Norit adsorbed only about 9 per cent, and Darco G 60 about 25 per cent. The ferric chloride-nutrient broth precipitate did not adsorb phenol from either water or broth. 5 In the concentration range 0·001 to 0·020 per cent., phenol in the subculture medium did not appear to influence the extinction times of bacterial populations exposed to that substance.
The Leucocyte Response in the Rabbit to Pyrogen from Proteus Vulgaris: Part II. Neutrophil and Temperature Responses
Authors: Anderson W , Todd J P 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The effect of 4 dose-levels of pyrogen from Proteus vulgaris on the polynuclear count in rabbits has been investigated quantitatively and the effect measured as the percentage fall in the average number of lobes per neutrophil. The simultaneous effect of pyrogen on temperature and on the percentage of small lymphocytes was also recorded. Correlation was found between the 3 effects. The merits of each of these 3 indices of pyrogenic activity have been assessed comparatively. 5 The presence of antibodies to pyrogen could not be demonstrated in rabbits which showed a small degree of tolerance.
Assessment of Direct Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity by Pupillary Miosis
Authors: Sanderson D M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Factors affecting the pupillary response to ocular administration of a direct inhibitor of cholinesterase have been investigated. The miotic response is dependent on the volume and concentration of solution and on the direct inhibitory activity of the compound. Measurements of miotic activity of twelve anticholinesterase materials show good agreement with in vitro biochemical measurements of their direct inhibitory activity. A rapid and simple method is suggested which reveals ten-fold differences of direct inhibitory activity, and detects activity equivalent to 0·01 μg. of TEPP.
The Examination of a Bacteriological Peptone
Authors: Habeeb A F S A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Paper chromatography has been used for the qualitative examination of the peptides in three batches of “Oxoid” bacteriological peptone. Batches A, B and C have shown in addition to the free amino acids 54, 49 and 50 peptides respectively. Variation occurs in the peptide content of the three batches of peptone examined.
Ganglionic Blocking Action of Dimethylphenyl-Piperazinium (DMPP)
Authors: Leach G D H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide (DMPP) blocks transmission of preganglionic nerve impulses at the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. This effect is augmented by subsequent addition of acetylcholine. It also depresses the emptying reaction, but has no effect on the longitudinal muscle contraction, caused by transmural stimulation of the guinea pig ileum. DMPP appears to block transmission in the same way as does tetramethylammonium, and large doses of acetylcholine.
The Purity of Chloroform B.P
Authors: Caws A C , Foster G E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The “chloro-compound”, isolated during previous work on a source of error in the assay of strychnine salts and preparations1, has been identified as strychnine chloromethobromide. Its identity has been established by the preparation of authentic strychnine chloromethobromide and the corresponding nitrate and iodide. Chlorobromomethane occurs in chloroform B.P. used for extraction of strychnine during the assay. The presence of this impurity in chloroform has been confirmed by gas chromatography which also revealed the presence of methylene dichloride as an additional impurity.
Some NSN-Tris-Quaternary Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Authors: Edwards D , Lewis J J , Stenlake J B , Zoha M S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The tris-quaternary compounds 7-ethyl-7-thioniatridecylenebis(triethylammonium) triiodide (Dihexasulphonium triethiodide; DHSE), 6-ethyl-6-thioniaundecylenebis(triethylammonium) triiodide (Dipentasulphonium triethiodide; DPSE), and 7-methyl-7-thioniatridecylenebis(trimethylammonium) triiodide (Dihexasulphonium trimethiodide; DHSM) have been synthesised. DPSE and DHSE have been shown to be neuromuscular blocking agents, which act by a mechanism resembling that of tubocurarine and gallamine rather than decamethonium. DPSE and DHSE are about equipotent with tubocurarine on the cat gastrocnemius muscle, but less potent on the frog rectus abdominis muscle and rat diaphragm, and the head drop doses are higher. Neuromuscular block can be reversed by neostigmine, eserine, and edrophonium. DHSE and DPSE do not cause ganglion blockade or histamine release, do not increase heart rate and are less potent than tubocurarine in causing respiratory paralysis.
A NOTE ON THE SUITABILITY OF THE INDIAN FROG (RANA TIGRINA) FOR THE BIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF TINCTURE OF DIGITALIS
Authors: Ghosh A K , Srivastava R K , Tayal J N 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The relationship between the log of the dose of tincture of digitalis and the effect, in terms of probits of the mortalities (per cent) among the Indian frog, R. tigrina, has been found to be linear. Statistical analysis of the data collected from four experiments performed from July to November has not shown any non-linear relationship. The results obtained by applying the B.P. 2 and 2 quantal response assay on the frog method have been found to be in fair agreement with those obtained by using guinea pigs. The fiducial limits of error of potency of the samples at (P = 0.95) have been found to lie within the limits specified in the B.P. 1953. By using R. tigrina, potencies of the standard, substandard and abnormal samples of tincture of digitalis have been satisfactorily determined. The advantage of the frog method is the speed and simplicity of the technique: the disadvantage is the restricted availability of the suitable size of the frog during the five months July to November.
EFFECTS OF RESERPINE AND HYDRALLAZINE ON ISOLATED STRIPS OF CAROTID ARTERIES
Authors: Kirpekar S M , Lewis J J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Spirally cut sections of horse carotid artery have been found suitable for the qualitative testing of vasoconstrictors and their antagonists. With this preparation reserpine and hydrallazine non-specifically antagonise the contractions induced by a number of stimulant drugs, including adrenaline, noradrenaline, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, barium chloride and potassium chloride. Measurements of “self protection” by means of Furchgott's method but using strips of horse carotid arteries have shown that hydrallazine may possess an affinity for adrenergic receptors.
THE HYDROLYSIS OF ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID FROM AQUEOUS SUSPENSION
Authors: James K C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
An investigation of the kinetics of the hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid from aqueous suspension is described. The net reaction is one of solution of the solid followed by hydrolysis in solution, so that the rate of reaction is dependent on the concentration of the saturated solution. Under conditions where the solubility of acetylsalicylic acid is small in comparison with the quantity in suspension, a zero order reaction results. The B.P.C. mixture is discussed.
THE DETERMINATION OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF CHLORHEXIDINE IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS
Authors: Holbrook A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A colorimetric method has been developed for the determination of small quantities of Chlorhexidine by reaction in alkaline solution with sodium hypobromite. The precipitation of the base is prevented by the use of a surface-active agent. The method is rapid and accurate and has been applied to a variety of formulated products containing Chlorhexidine.
THE EFFECT OF A STANDARDISED SENNA PREPARATION ON THE HUMAN BOWEL
Authors: Mcnicol George P 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A standardised senna preparation, was administered to 52 ward patients, in doses to each person of 1, 2, 3 and 4 tablets, and to 126 medical students in a dose of 3 tablets. Three active tablets and 3 inert tablets were also administered to each of 99 students, and one active tablet and one inert tablet to each of 44 students. With 3 tablets of senna preparation the “speed of action” with students (mean 12&#x006d;̇15 hours) was significantly slower than with ward patients (mean 9&#x006d;̇7 hours). In the ward patients the frequency of griping, of looseness of stool and of multiple bowel movements increased with rising dosage. In the students' trial with one tablet there was no significant difference between the results with the active and with inert tablets; one senna tablet would appear to have a negligible pharmacological effect. Thirty-nine students and 5 ward patients experienced griping in the absence of other arbitrarily defined evidence of overdosage. The incidence of anorexia and nausea is as high with inert as with active tablets. Analysis of the results showed no significant difference in response between male and female students.
CHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES ON FOOD COLOURS: Part IV. Observations on the Toxicity of Tartrazine, Amaranth and Sunset Yellow in Rats
Authors: Mannell W A , Grice H C , Lu F C , Allmark M G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Tartrazine, amaranth and sunset yellow fed at concentrations of 0&#x006d;̇03, 0&#x006d;̇3, and 1&#x006d;̇5 per cent of the diet for 64 weeks, did not increase mortality in male or female rats. Amaranth, at a level of 1&#x006d;̇5 per cent, caused a significant decrease in growth rate in female, but not male, rats. This was attributed to an effect on food utilisation rather than on food consumption. Female rats fed amaranth at 0&#x006d;̇3 and 1&#x006d;̇5 per cent concentrations showed an increase in the weight of the liver. At the higher concentration there was also an increase in kidney weight. Histopathological studies were made on the lung, heart, liver, spleen, thyroid, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, kidney, urinary bladder, adrenal, testis, prostate, coagulating gland, ovary, uterus, and thymus. None of the changes observed were considered to be due to the ingestion of the food colours. There was no significant difference in tumour incidence between the control animals and the rats receiving the colours.
The Pharmacological Properties of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Hydrogen Succinate (Disodium Salt)
Authors: Finney R S H , Tárnoky A L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The anti-inflammatory activity, pharmacological properties and biochemical effects of the disodium salt of glycyrrhetinic acid hydrogen succinate have been tested in laboratory animals. Under the conditions of the tests this drug is an active anti-inflammatory agent of low toxicity, while its solubility in water renders it a more versatile drug than the parent compound, glycyrrhetinic acid.
A Note on the Reaction of Mercuric Chloride with Bacterial -Sh Groups
Authors: Steel K J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A linear relation is obtained when the logarithm of the number of organisms (E. coli) in inocula is plotted against the logarithm of the quantity of mercuric chloride theoretically necessary to produce bacteriostasis, expressed as a percentage of that practically required. No direct relation exists between the number of organisms and the amount of mercuric chloride necessary to produce bacteriostasis. Mercuric chloride is non-specific in its reaction with bacterial sulphydryl groups. Cells of E. coli contain about 108-SH groups per cell.
Electrocardiographic Changes Produced in Rabbits by Vasopressin (Pitressin) and their Alteration by Prolonged Treatment with A Commercial Heart Extract
Authors: Black J W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The electrocardiographic changes produced in rabbits by large doses of vasopressin are interpreted to arise from an initial, unstable, state of apical accelerated repolarisation followed by a more enduring state of subendocardial injury. When rabbits were treated, daily, with a commercial heart extract for two weeks and then given vasopressin two days after treatment had stopped, signs of apical accelerated repolarisation were unaltered but the signs of subendocardial injury were substantially suppressed.
Water-Soluble Cellulose Derivatives Uses as Primary Emulsifyinga Gents. Part 1
Authors: Davies R E M , Rowson J M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The ability of methyl-, methylethyl-, and sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose to promote emulsions with liquid paraffin and arachis oil is largely independent of the viscosity of their mucilages. Methyl- and methylethyl-cellulose are more efficient emulsifying agents than is sodium carboxymethylcellulose. Emulsifying efficiency increases with the concentration of the derivative, and low viscosity grades are more efficient than high viscosity grades. Mixtures of these derivatives have little advantage as emulsifying agents over methyl- and methylethyl-cellulose used singly.
Spasmolytic Esters of N-Substituted α-Aminophenylacetic Acids
Authors: Edwards B K , Goldberg A A , Wragg A H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A series of alkyl and cycloalkyl esters of α-(2-pyrrolidin-1′-ylethyl- amino-), α-(2-piperidinoethylamino)- and α-(2-diethylaminoethyl- amino)-phenylacetic acid has been synthesised and examined for spasmolytic activity. The isopentyl- and cyclohexyl esters of α-(2-pyrrolidin-1′-ylethylamino)phenylacetic acid are new compounds possessing spasmolytic properties greater than papaverine and, in addition, 1 per cent and 4 per cent respectively of the antimuscarine activity of atropine as measured on the guinea pig ileum.
A Note on Autoxidation and its Inhibition in Wool Alcohols B.P
Authors: Clark E W , Kitchen G F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effects on Wool Alcohols B.P. of gradual autoxidation during storage at room temperature have been compared with the known effects of accelerated oxidation. There is a decrease in emulsification value, a bleaching of the surface, and, contrary to previous reports, a rapid fall in melting point. Autoxidation, even under bad conditions, has been inhibited, apart from a slight fall in melting point, for at least 23 months by the addition of 500 p.p.m. of butylated hydroxyanisole, but certain other antoxidant systems had only a limited effect.
The Oxidation of Solubilised and Emulsified Oils
Authors: Carless J E , Nixon J R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The solubility of benzaldehyde, methyl linoleate and cyclohexene in solutions of potassium laurate and cetomacrogol is reported. A marked increase in the solubility of these water-insoluble materials was observed in solutions of potassium laurate above the critical micelle concentration (CMC). In cetomacrogol, the CMC could not be detected from inspection of the solubility curves, since the solubility was a function of cetomacrogol concentration over the entire concentration range studied. The solubility of methyl linoleate and cyclohexene was directly proportional to cetomacrogol concentration. The solubility curve of benzaldehyde showed a steep rise at low concentrations of cetomacrogol, and the possibility of this being due to a water soluble complex between benzaldehyde and cetomacrogol is discussed. The effect of temperature and the presence of sodium chloride on benzaldehyde solubility is reported.
The Synthesis of Some Potential Antimetabolites of Phenylalanine
Authors: Meakin B J , Mumford F R , Ward E R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Seven ββ-dialkyl-α-aminopropionic acids, including five new compounds, have been synthesised as potential antiviral and antibacterial agents. None showed any significant activity against the Newcastle Disease virus in vitro. Several methods of preparation of the compounds have been investigated, and theories are advanced to explain the failure of some of these methods.