bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Changes in the Phosphate Content of Sea Water in relation to the Growth of the Algal Plankton during 1923 and 1924
Authors: Atkins W. R. G. 
Published: May 2009

1. The seasonal changes in the sea water of the English Channel and. of Plymouth Sound have now been followed for almost two years, and the second year's results closely resemble those of the first, and again confirm the earlier surface results obtained by Matthews. For 1923 the average consumption at Station El, surface to bottom, 70 metres, was 29·6 mg. of P2O5 per cubic metre, leaving a balance of 7·4 mg. out of the original 37 mg. For 1924 the corresponding figures were, used up 28·3 mg., balance 8·7 mg., winter concentration 37 mg. The minimum average value was obtained in June and July in 1924, in July only in 1923. During June, July, and August, 1924, the surface water was almost entirely denuded of phosphate, values from 1·5 to 2·5 mg. per cubic metre being obtained. These figures would be milligrams per metric ton if fresh water were being considered, as it is they are milligrams per 1027 kg. for. water of S35·3% at 11°C, so it may be appreciated that very little phosphate remains unutilized by the phytoplankton.2. Owing probably to the high sunshine record for March the year 1924 was over a month ahead of 1923 in the spring as regards phosphate consumption, and, therefore, it may be presumed in the multiplication of the phytoplankton. At the same time, in the attainment of definite temperatures 1924 lagged about a month behind. 1923 in spring. Since temperature has such a marked effect upon the rate of development of the plankton as a whole it appears that the zooplankton must have been retarded in 1924 as compared with 1923.3. Samples obtained from the tropics show that even in winter phosphate may be much diminished, for the light is bright. The periodic alterations in phosphate content are, therefore, suppressed or much reduced as compared with the temperature zones. It is indicated that in arctic latitudes the sea becomes even richer in phosphate during winter than it does here, accordingly the summer development of phytoplankton is all the. more abundant.
On F2Echinus Hybrids
Authors: Fuchs H. M. 
Published: May 2009

An investigation on inheritance in hybrids between the three English species of Echinus was carried out in the Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth, during 1909–1912 by C. Shearer, W. de Morgan, and H. M. Fuchs. In a paper published in the Phil. Trans. Royal Soo., Ser. B, Vol. CCIV., p. 255, the results of this work were described in detail. At the time of publication, E. miliaris had been raised from the egg to maturity in the laboratory, in the course of one year, and a second generation had been obtained from these individuals, but none of the hybrid urchins had as yet reached maturity. This year, however, some of the hybrids have become sexually mature, and from them a second hybrid generation has been raised.The urchins which have formed ripe genital products are four individuals of the cross E. esculentus X E. acutus (referred to below as EA) derived from fertilizations made in 1912. The largest of these urchins now measures 6 cm. in diameter, exclusive of the spines. On May 11th, 1914, two of these hybrids laid eggs in the tank in which they were kept. Naturally these eggs could not be used for experimental purposes, since they were deposited in the sea water of the aquarium circulation, and therefore not under sterile conditions. On June 6th I induced three of the four to deposit genital products without cutting them open, under conditions which excluded the possible presence of foreign eggs or spermatozoa. It is hardly necessary to mention here that, as in all the previous work on Echinus hybrids, the fact of the complete absence of such sperm was made certain by controls of unfertilized eggs, none of which segmented.
The growth rate of the Long Rough Dab Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabr.)—a correction
Authors: Bagenal T. B. 
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper (Bagenal, 1955) on the growth rate of the Long Rough Dab Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabr.) in the Clyde Sea area, a serious mistake was made.The ages of 1561 Long Rough Dabs, which were collected from October 1953 to September 1954, were determined from an examination of the otoliths, and from the age analysis each fish was allocated to a population f to a, de-pending on when it was supposed to have spawned. This procedure was designed to obviate the difficulty during the winter and spring when fish of the same year-class would be grouped differently according to the condition of the otolith edge.
Contributions to the Comparative Anatomy of Some British Actiniæ
Authors: Rees Olwen M. 
Published: May 2009

The main object of this paper is to give a comparative anatomical description of some British Anemones as well as to describe each individually; but the account is not so full as it was expected to be, as it was not possible to get all the species required.In most cases the specimens were examined externally before sections were cut. Each specimen was prepared according to the usual method used with paraffin wax, and I found during the progress of the work that borax carmine was the stain which gave the most satisfactory results.I should like to thank Miss E. de Fraine, D.Sc., Mr. F. W. Durlacher, and Mr. F. S. Wright for much assistance in the course of the work.For specimens collected and sent I am deeply indebted to Dr. E. J. Allen and his staff at Plymouth, Miss Delap, of Valentia Island, and Monsieur Louis Fage, of the Laboratoire Arago, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.FAM. SAGARTIDÆ (Gosse, 1858).“Actiniinæ with a contractile pedal disk; body-wall smooth, or provided with verrucæ or tubercles, and usually perforated with cinclides, with or without a cuticle. Tentacles usually numerous and retractile, not very long, smooth, simple and generally entacmæous, sphincter muscle characteristically well developed and mesogloeal, occasionally diffuse endodermal, or even absent. At least six pairs of mesenteries, may be fertile or sterile. Acontia present.” The above is the definition used by Haddon in “The Actiniaria of the Torres Straits” in 1898. There has been a great deal of discussion concerning this family.
Physical Factors on the Sandy Beach. Part II. Chemical Changes—Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Sulphides
Authors: Ronald Bruce J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe presence of living organisms and their metabolic products introduce a further series of biochemical factors into the physical conditions of life on the sandy beach.The gaseous exchanges of animals and plants lead to changes in the pH of the interstitial waters of the beach, but the calcareous matter associated with the sand acts as an alkali-reserve, preventing undue rise of acidity, and incidentally widening the potential range of carbonassimilation of the surface flora.
The Absorption of Glucose by Ostrea edulis
Authors: Yonge C. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNormal healthy oysters with openings drilled in both inhalent and exhalent chambers, remove considerable amounts of glucose from solution. The average diminution in 5 experiments, each consisting of two such animals kept in 4 litres of sea-water containing about 0-2% of glucose, was 8-17% at the end of 36 hours.In similar experiments, using the same oysters after their mouths had been plugged with wax and plasticine, there was only an average diminution of 1-4:6% in the glucose at the end of 36 hours. In two of the experiments there was no diminution, and in the three others there was evidence that one of the two oysters in each had been incompletely plugged and glucose had passed into the alimentary canal.Oysters which had been plugged for 8 days so that they were bleeding profusely, the mantle cavity containing vast numbers of leucocytes, were used for a third set of experiments in which the average diminution was 7-4% at the end of 36 hours.There was no evidence of bacterial decomposition of glucose within the experimental period.These results, taken with those of previous investigations, show that the ciliated epithelia of Lamellibranchs cannot absorb (nor ingest phagocytically). Absorption takes place in the tubules of the digestive diverticula within the alimentary canal, and, in the mantle cavity, only through the agency of phagocytes which are extruded in great numbers when Lamellibranchs bleed as a result of bad conditions.The opinion of Ranson that Marennin and other soluble matter is absorbed directly by the ciliated epithelia in the mantle cavity cannot be upheld, this material being deposited in the cells by the phagocytes which either absorb it directly from the mantle cavity and gut, or transport it from the digestive diverticula.
The Larval Stages of Longipedia coronata Claus, L. scotti G. O. Sars, and L. minor T. and A. Scott, with a Description of the Male of L. scotti
Authors: Nicholls A. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY1. The nauplius stages of three species of Longipedia are described, and the segmentation and armature of the appendages of L. coronata are given in tabular form.2. The main features in the external structure of the copepodite stages are summarised in a table.3. Additional points of resemblance between the nauplii of Longipedia and the cirripedes are presented.4. Notes are given on breeding and development under laboratory conditions ; there is no evidence of parthenogenesis.5. Feeding in the copepodite stage of Longipedia is described.6. A description is given of the hitherto unknown male form of L. scotti.
Underwater observations on escallop (Pecten maximus L.) beds
Authors: Baird R. H. , Gibson F. A. 
Published: May 2009

In an age-frequency distribution plot of a biological population, it is axiomatic that there should be, in general, a preponderance of young. This expected distribution is not found when sampling some marine animals, notably lobsters and escallops. Many workers, including Priol (1930), Tang (1941), Elmhirst (1945), Baird (1952), Fairbridge (1953), and Mason have noted the absence ofyoung escallops (Pecten sp.) in the expected numbers in dredge hauls.A dredge without teeth, lined with sprat netting, was used at Brixham in an attempt to catch the young escallops, but this dredge filled so quickly with sand, gravel and shell that very few escallops were caught, although those taken did have a generally lower size-range than the escallops caught with a standard toothed dredge. At Castletownbere (Co. Cork) a naturalist's dredge similarly failed to catch many escallops.
Note on an Apparatus for Determining the Quantity of Dissolved Gases in Sea Water, and in Fluids Containing Organic Matter
Authors: Harvey H. W. 
Published: May 2009

An apparatus was devised with the primary object of determining the atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen dissolved in sea water from on board ship in fine weather. It was found that the apparatus could be used at sea in fine weather, but owing to the difficulty of manipulation when any sea was running there was a possibility of error which necessitated duplicate determinations being made, each of which took about twenty minutes. In the Laboratory, on the other hand, the apparatus gives rapid and reasonably accurate results, and may be of use for the estimation of oxygen or other dissolved gases in fluids which contain organic matter, rendering Winkler's method of oxygen determination impossible, and where there is an insufficient quantity of fluid and time to carry out extraction of the gases by means of a mercury pump.The apparatus was made as shown diagramatically in Fig. I, consisting of a glass bulb filled with mercury, with the necessary means of evacuating it and trapping any air leak which may occur in the process. It is mounted in a weighted teak box with hinged door and can be let down by a line to any desired depth in the sea, the tap t opened by a messenger and the charge of sea water (4.59 c.c. in this particular apparatus) drawn in, as shown in Fig. II. The apparatus is then drawn up, tap t and screw pinch cock s closed, and the bulb evacuated by lowering the mercury reservoir and opening tap q (Fig. III).
The Growth Of Balanus Balanoides (L.) and B. Crenatus Brug. Under Varying Conditions Of Submersion
Authors: Barnes H. , Powell H. T. 
Published: May 2009

The length, breadth, and in part the height, of individual Balanus balanoides and B. crenatus have been measured over several seasons, and the mean specific growth-rates calculated. The B. balanoides had settled at various known intertidal levels, and both species under conditions of permanent submersion.Under all conditions, except on the highest intertidal panels, length increases rapidly subsequent to settlement and during the early summer. B. crenatus can reach its virtual maximum size (20–25 nun. rostro-carinal length) in a single growing season, under the conditions studied. Late-settled B. crenatus continue to grow further into the autumn, and begin to grow again early in the spring of the second season at the end of which the virtual maximum size is reached. The seasonal growth of both intertidal and submerged B. balanoides is similar, but the growth-rate is a function of submersion, which is, of course, dependent upon the tidal level. However, maximum growth is not reached in the first season and there is consequently relatively more growth in the second season than in B. crenatus.The mean specific growth-rates in both species decrease with increasing size and, with permanently submerged B. crenatus, there is no suggestion that during the first spring and early summer any change in the environmental factors was effective. On the intertidal panels, the mean specific growth-rates at a given size vary with the tidal level, and this effect is most marked in the smaller barnacles.
Notes From the Plymouth Aquarium. II
Authors: Wilson Douglas P. 
Published: May 2009

As known from ancient times, Electric Rays (Torpedo) have the power of giving severe numbing shocks, and it has repeatedly been stated that this power, which is electrical, is used both as a means of protection and for paralysing prey. That the shock is used in the capture of prey seems never to have been definitely proved. Indeed Roule (1935, p. 161) expresses the opinion that the electric shock is not used for securing food and even doubts that it is normally and effectively used as a means of defence. There appears to be no detailed account of the manner in whichTorpedo feeds, but the ninth edition (1925) of theGuide to the Aquarium of the Zoological Station at Naplesmentions (p. 106) that the Electric Ray rises from the mud to throw itself against approaching mullet (Mugil), and that the mullet, overcome by fright and electric shock, fall to the ground to be eaten. This very short and incomplete account was not seen until after the following paragraphs had been written.BothTorpedo nobilianaBonaparte and T.torpedoL. occur from time to time off Plymouth, the former being by far the commoner, and both have been kept in our aquarium tanks. They are sluggish fishes, spending most of the time lying still on the bottom, occasionally swimming for short spells. They swim by sculling with the tail, which has a large caudal and two dorsal fins. This mode of swimming differs strikingly from that of normal rays, which undulate the pectoral fins and trail their tails' it resembles the swimming movements ofRhina squatina (L.), another fish with a sluggish disposition and, as noted below, some other resemblances to Torpedo.
On The Growth and Feeding of the Larval and Post-Larval Stages of the Clyde Herring
Authors: Marshall S. M. , Nicholls A. G. , Orr A. P. 
Published: May 2009

1. Samples of herring from the Clyde sea-area were obtained weekly from the time of hatching in March until metamorphosis in June.2. The rate of growth was regular, about 3 mm. in length per week; the development was similar to that described from elsewhere.3. The herring which hatched off the south-west of Arran gradually moved northwards into the mouth of Loch Fyne and remained there until metamorphosis.4. The proportion feeding was usually small. The food consisted mainly of copepods, both young stages and adults. The size of the food organisms eaten depended roughly on the size of the herring
The Species of Teredo From Plymouth Waters
Authors: Lebour Marie V. 
Published: May 2009

In the many references to Teredo from Plymouth early workers assumed that the common form was T. navalis L. Orton (1913) refers to this species, but he has recently told me that he did not try to identify the species precisely. It is almost certain that he was dealing with T. norvegica Spengler, which, it is now known, is the common large species in these waters. Harington (1922) ascribes the species with which he worked at Plymouth to T. norvegica, with a query, and no doubt he identified the species correctly. Yonge (1926) states that the Teredo with which he worked from the experimental raft near Plymouth Breakwater were probably all T. norvegica. Later he identified them as that species. Unlike T. navalis it does not carry its young in a brood pouch, but sends its eggs directly into the sea.Three species have been found in recent years from the Plymouth district, two from the experimental raft moored near the Breakwater and from other fixed wood, and one from driftwood. The two commonly occurring from the raft are (1) T. norvegica and (2) a much smaller species carrying its young in a brood pouch, closely related to, if not identical with, T. navalis. The third species, occurring occasionally in driftwood, is T. megotara Forbes & Hanley. Purchon (1941), who worked at the last species from specimens in a tank at the Plymouth Laboratory, saw no sign of a brood pouch; and in those collected later from Wembury and examined by myself it was found that the eggs, shed directly into the sea, were very numerous.
On the biology of Mytilicola intestinalis (Steuer)
Authors: Hockley A. R. 
Published: May 2009

The copepod parasite Mytilicola intestinalis was first described by Steuer (1902) from the gut of Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lam.) in the Gulf of Trieste. Monod & Dollfus in 1932 recorded the same species from M. edulis from Marseilles. In 1939 the parasite was first recorded on the German North Sea coast by Caspers near Cuxhaven, and in 1947 by Ellenby from Blyth, Northumberland. It is now widespread along the English south coast in M. edulis, but the distribution still shows some irregularities that are discussed in this paper.I am grateful to Prof. J. E. G. Raymont for facilities at University College, Southampton, and for the use of a research table at Plymouth; to Mr F. S. Russell, F.R.S., and the staff of the Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association for their assistance; and to Dr D. P. Wilson for facilities to collect at Exmouth. Dr H. A. Cole and Mr J. N. R. Grainger have kindly given me information from their papers not yet published. Dr D. J. Crisp and Dr H. G. Stubbings have assisted by sending me several samples of mussels, and I am grateful also for information received from several other friends named in the text.
Factors affecting the distribution of silicate in the North Atlantic Ocean and the formation of North Atlantic deep water
Authors: Cooper L. H. N. 
Published: May 2009

In the deep water of the eastern North Atlantic below 2000 m. the variations with depth of salinity, temperature, density, oxygen, phosphorus compounds and nitrate are quite small. By contrast the silicate content is doubled in a descent from 2000 to 4000 m.The distinctive behaviour of silicate is revealed by diagrams (Fig. I) relating it to salinity, temperature, density and total phosphorus at station 2659 worked by R.R.S. Discovery II on 12 May 1950 (Armstrong, 1951; Cooper 1952, Table IV). The temperature-salinity diagram (Cooper, 1952, fig. 15, to 1500 m. only) suggests that between 1200 and 2000 m. we have to deal with simple mixing of the mean Gulf of Gibraltar and North Atlantic Deep waters. If silicate concentration were subject only to mixing processes the curves in Fig. I between these depths would be straight lines. They are not—consequently it would seem that solution of either particulate silica or of aluminosilicates may be occurring. As yet, clear interpretation is not possible. At least five hypotheses may be erected to explain, in whole or in. part, the observed distribution: (i) solution of bottom deposits; (ii) solution of ‘clay’ and of silica in suspension; (iii) concentration by vertical partition; (iv) tundra drainage; (v) sinking of surface water. These are examined in turn.
The Plankton in the Upper Reaches of the Bristol Channel
Authors: Rees Colin B. 
Published: May 2009

The plankton collected at a station in the Bristol Channel in 1936-7 is related to chemical and hydrographical factors.On account of the varying speeds of the tidal streams, the observations refer, not to a single point, but to a series of points along a length of the channel. Gradients of salinity, phosphate, and a possible complicated gradient of oxygen saturation, were determined, and, from the average monthly salinities, an annual cyclical movement of water deduced.
Blood And Urine Constituents ofLophius PiscatoriusL.
Authors: Brull L. , Nizet E. 
Published: May 2009

The blood ofLophius piscatoriusis poor in haemoglobin, the volume of red cells being only 17%. The plasma contains less than 40 g. of protein/1., of which only 6 7 % is albumin. This explains its low osmotic pressure. As is well known, it contains more crystalloids than mammalian blood, A(depression of freezing-point) being 0–84°, the same figure being found at Naples, Woods Hole and Plymouth. This rather high concentration is not due to organic constituents, that of total non-protein nitrogen being of the same magnitude as in mammals; it is mainly due to a high content of sodium chloride. Chloride is at a concentration of 15.3 m.equiv./1oo ml., sodium at 18.5, while in mammals they reach 9 and 15 respectively.Total non-protein nitrogen concentrations in plasma are similar to concentrations in mammals; themain non-protein nitrogen constituents of plasma are neither urea, ammonia, uric acid or allantoin, but trimethylamine or trimethylamineoxide. Of our analysis 37% of non-protein nitrogen of plasma remain unidentified, so far as we can rely upon our chemical methods. The power of concentration of the kidney for non-protein nitrogen on the whole is not high; it varies up to fifteen times. But the degree of concentration by the kidney, small for most constituents, even for trimethylamine, seems to be very high for creatine which is the main representative of non-protein nitrogen. Of our urine analysis, 30% of non-protein nitrogen remain as yet unidentified.