bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Results of a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, dose‐evaluating phase 2/3 study of lenalidomide in the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma
Authors: Glaspy John , Atkins Michael B. , Richards Jon M. , Agarwala Sanjiv S. , O'Day Steven , Knight Robert D. , Jungnelius J. Ulf , Bedikian Agop Y. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:There are currently no systemic treatments for stage IV melanoma, which have been proven in randomized trials to benefit overall survival (OS). Lenalidomide has efficacy against melanoma in animal models and safety in phase 1 trials. The authors reported the results of a phase 2/3 study comparing the safety and efficacy of 2 doses of lenalidomide in patients with relapsed metastatic melanoma disease refractory to previous treatment with dacarbazine, temozolomide, interleukin‐2, or interferon‐α.METHODS:A total of 294 patients were randomized to oral lenalidomide at 5 mg or 25 mg dose. Tumor response, time to progression, and OS were evaluated. Treatment continued until disease progression or unacceptable adverse events.RESULTS:No significant differences in response rate, OS, or time to progression were observed between lenalidomide 25 mg versus 5 mg (overall response rate: 5.5% vs 3.4%, P = .38; median OS: 6.8 months vs 7.2 months, P = .71; and median time to progression: 2.2 months vs 1.9 months, P = .24). Myelosuppression was observed in 37.0% of patients in the 25 mg group and 13.7% of patients in the 5 mg group. Treatment‐related serious adverse events were seen in 39.0% of patients at the 25 mg dose and 35.4% of patients at the 5 mg dose.CONCLUSIONS:Despite the occurrence of treatment‐related serious adverse events, ∼80% of patients continued treatment. The higher dose of lenalidomide did not improve response rate, time to progression, or OS of patients with relapsed/refractory stage IV melanoma. A parallel placebo‐controlled study has been conducted to further assess the efficacy of lenalidomide in stage IV melanoma patients. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Estimation of Surface Structure and Carbon Monoxide Oxidation Site of Shape‐Controlled Pt Nanoparticles
Authors: Nakamura Masashi , Hanioka Yuto , Ouchida Wataru , Yamada Mami , Hoshi Nagahiro 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSurface structures of shape‐controlled Pt nanoparticles have been estimated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). Cubic and cuboctahedral Pt nanoparticles are prepared using a capping polymer. These nanoparticles give CVs similar to those of single crystal electrodes of Pt in sulfuric acid solution. The CV of cubic nanoparticles is similar to that of the Pt(510) [=5(100)–(110)] electrode, while the CV of cuboctahedral nanoparticles is reproduced well with the convolution of Pt(766) [=13(111)–(100)] and Pt(17 1 1) [=9(100)–(111)] electrodes. These results suggest that the planes of the cubic and cuboctahedral nanoparticles are composed of step‐terrace and atomically flat terraces, respectively. Adsorbed carbon monoxide (CO) on the shape‐controlled nanoparticles gives the IR bands that are assigned to on‐top and bridged CO. The band of on‐top CO is deconvoluted to two bands: the higher and the lower frequency bands are assigned to the CO on the plane and the edges of the nanoparticles, respectively. On‐top CO adsorbed on the edges is oxidized at more negative potential than that on the planes. Edge sites of the nanoparticles promote CO oxidation.
Real‐time performance evaluation of asynchronous time division traffic‐aware and delay‐tolerant scheme inad hocsensor networks
Authors: Mavromoustakis Constandinos X. , Karatza Helen D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWireless infrastructureless networks demand high resource availability with respect to the progressively decreasing energy consumption. A variety of new applications with different service requirements demand fairness to the service provision and classification, and reliability in an end‐to‐end manner. High‐priority packets are delivered within a hard time delay bound whereas improper power management in wireless networks can substantially degrade the throughput and increase the overall energy consumed. In this work a new scheme is being proposed and evaluated in real time using a state‐based layered oriented architecture for energy conservation (EC). The proposed scheme uses the node's self‐tuning scheme, where each node is assigned with a dissimilar sleep and wake time, based on traffic that is destined for each node. This approach is based on stream's characteristics with respect to different caching behavioral and storage‐capacity characteristics, and considers a model concerning the layered connectivity characteristics for enabling the EC mechanism. EC characteristics are modeled and through the designed tiered architecture the estimated metrics of the scheme can be bounded and tuned into certain regulated values. The real‐time evaluation results were extracted by using dynamically moving and statically located sensor nodes. A performance comparison is done with respect to different data traffic priority classifications following a real‐time asymmetrical transmission channel. Results have shown the scheme's efficiency in conserving energy while the topology configuration changes with time. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“I'm not physically active ‐ I only go for walks”: Physical activity in patients with longstanding eating disorders
Authors: Bratland‐Sanda Solfrid , Sundgot‐Borgen Jorunn , Rø Øyvind , Rosenvinge Jan H , Hoffart Asle , Martinsen Egil W 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo examine self reported versus objectively assessed moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and different reasons for exercise, in patients with longstanding eating disorders (ED) when compared with controls.MethodInpatient females (n = 59, mean 30.1 years) and nonclinical age matched controls (n = 53, mean 31.3 years) accepted participation in this cross sectional study. Instruments included accelerometer ActiGraph, physical activity diary, Reasons for Exercise Inventory, and Eating Disorders Examination interview.ResultsSelf reported and objectively assessed MVPA were higher across all ED diagnoses when compared with controls. The patients' self reported MVPA was lower than the objectively assessed MVPA; no difference was found in controls. Regulation of negative affects, not weight/appearance, was a more important, whereas fitness/health was a less important reason for exercise in patients than controls.DiscussionThe underreporting of MVPA in some patients with ED may warrant clinical attention. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43:88–92
The outermost N‐terminal region of tapasin facilitates folding of major histocompatibility complex class I
Authors: Roder Gustav , Geironson Linda , Darabi Anna , Harndahl Mikkel , Schafer‐Nielsen Claus , Skjødt Karsten , Buus Søren , Paulsson Kajsa 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTapasin (Tpn) is an ER chaperone that is uniquely dedicated to MHC‐I biosynthesis. It binds MHC‐I molecules, integrates them into peptide‐loading complexes, and exerts quality control of the bound peptides; only when an “optimal peptide” is bound will the MHC‐I be released and exported to the cell surface for presentation to T cells. The exact mechanisms of Tpn quality control and the criteria for being an optimal peptide are still unknown. Here, we have generated a recombinant fragment of human Tpn, Tpn1–87 (representing the 87 N‐terminal and ER‐luminal amino acids of the mature Tpn protein). Using a biochemical peptide–MHC‐I‐binding assay, recombinant Tpn1–87 was found to specifically facilitate peptide‐dependent folding of HLA‐A*0201. Furthermore, we used Tpn1–87 to generate a monoclonal antibody, αTpn1–87/80, specific for natural human Tpn and capable of cellular staining of ER localized Tpn. Using overlapping peptides, the epitope of αTpn1–87/80 was located to Tpn40–44, which maps to a surface‐exposed loop on the Tpn structure. Together, these results demonstrate that the N‐terminal region of Tpn can be recombinantly expressed and adopt a structure, which at least partially resembles that of WT Tpn, and that this region of Tpn features chaperone activity facilitating peptide binding of MHC‐I.
The cellular and biochemical rules of lipid antigen presentation
Authors: De Libero Gennaro , Collmann Anthony , Mori Lucia 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe recognition of both protein and lipid antigens follows similar strategies that rely on different molecular mechanisms. APC present lipid antigens exploiting the same mechanisms implicated in lipid translocation, lipoprotein assembly and lipid degradation. An important issue is how the lipid structure contributes to antigenicity. Lipid hydrophobicity influences the modes of internalization by APC, the trafficking through different membrane compartments, the binding to CD1 molecules and the stability of antigenic complexes. Some glycolipids with large hydrophilic parts require processing of the sugar moieties exerted by lysosomal hydrolases. Finally, extraction of lipids from membranes, their solubilization and loading on CD1 molecules are facilitated by the same lysosomal lipid‐binding proteins that are also instrumental in lipid catabolism. More recent investigations reveal how lipid‐specific immunity is regulated during infections. In this review we describe the main cellular and biochemical rules of lipid antigen presentation and discuss their implications in anti‐microbial and autoimmune responses.
Polyoxometalates in Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films: Direct Loading of [H7P8W48O184]33–vs. Diffusion into the Film
Authors: Ball Vincent , Bernsmann Falk , Werner Sandra , Voegel Jean‐Claude , Piedra‐Garza Luis Fernando , Kortz Ulrich 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe immobilization of polyoxometalates (POMs) into thin organized films is of major importance for the development of functional devices like electrochromic films and catalysts. We investigate herein two methods to incorporate the wheel‐shaped tungstophosphate [H7P8W48O184]33–(P8W48) polyoxometalates (POM) into polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films, which offer the advantage of controlled thickness and ease of processability. The first method, whose feasibility has been widely demonstrated, consists in the alternate deposition of a polycation and the negatively charged POM. The second method has never been used to load POMs into thin films: an exponentially grown polyelectrolyte multilayer film, made from sodium hyaluronate (HA) and poly‐L‐lysine (PLL), is brought in contact with the POM solution to allow its passive diffusion into the PEM film. Both methods of incorporation are compared in terms of effective POM concentration in the film. In addition it is shown that the second method leads to a maximum in the amount of incorporated POM as a function of its concentration in solution.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthetic Approaches to Novel Thiosugar Scaffolds Containing α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Groups
Authors: Xavier Nuno M. , Madeira Paulo J. A. , Florêncio M. Helena , Rauter Amélia P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of new classes of highly functionalized thiosugar derivatives containing α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl functions has been accomplished through simple and efficient strategies. 5‐Thiosugar‐fused butenolides and a 5‐thiohex‐1‐enopyran‐3‐ulose were constructed from easily available starting 3‐uloses by practical and reliable approaches. The reaction sequence used for the bicyclic fused derivatives involved Wittig olefination of protected pento‐ or hexofuran‐3‐uloses, introduction of a sulfhydryl group at C‐5 of the intermediate unsaturated ester and acid‐promoted deprotection, which allowed intramolecular lactonization and conversion into the 5‐thiopyranose form. For the synthesis of a 5‐thiohex‐1‐enopyran‐3‐ulose, a sulfhydryl functionality was introduced at C‐5 on a masked 3‐ulose derived from 1,2:5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐α‐D‐ribo‐hexofuranos‐3‐ulose. Acidhydrolysis displaced the equilibrium towards the 5‐thiopentopyran‐3‐ulose, which on pyridine‐mediated acetylation underwent 1,2‐elimination of acetic acid to give the desired α,β‐unsaturated 5‐thiopyranulose. This straightforward pathway provided the target compound in 37 % overall yield. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Vinylic Substitutions Promoted by PhSeZnCl: Synthetic and Theoretical Investigations
Authors: Santoro Stefano , Battistelli Benedetta , Testaferri Lorenzo , Tiecco Marcello , Santi Claudio 
Published: September 2009

AbstractVinyl selenides can be easily obtained through nucleophilic substitution of the corresponding halides by using PhSeZnCl in THF as well as “on water” conditions. The reaction is stereospecific with retention of the alkene geometry. The only exception has been observed in the reaction conducted on a β‐chloro‐α,β‐unsaturated ketone, which afforded the (Z) product starting from either the (E) or (Z) isomer. DFT calculations have been performed in order to investigate the reaction mechanism, the stereochemistry of the process and the role of the zinc atom. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Enamine–Metal Lewis Acid Bifunctional Catalysis: Application to Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Ketones (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 27/2009)
Authors: Xu Zhenghu , Daka Philias , Budik Ilya , Wang Hong , Bai Fu‐Quan , Zhang Hong‐Xing 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe cover picture shows aldol reactions catalyzed by an enamine–metal Lewis acid bifunctional catalyst. The proposed transition state is also shown at the top. This bifunctional catalyst was developed by using a tridentate ligand to bring the Lewis acid and Lewis base in close proximity without quenching each other. The catalyst was found to catalyze aldol reactions in high activity and stereoselectivity. Details are discussed in the Short Communication by H. Wong et al. on p. 4581 ff. The authors acknowledge Bo Wang for helping with the cover page design and Mike Novak for useful discussions.
Nanomaterials as electrochemical detectors in microfluidics and CE: Fundamentals, designs, and applications
Authors: Pumera Martin , Escarpa Alberto 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe different approaches for constructing nanomaterial‐based detectors for conventional CE and microchip electrophoresis are described in this review. They include three main types of nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, and nanorods in various designs. The fundamental reasons for the enhanced detection performance of nanomaterial‐based detectors, such as higher sensitivity, improved limits of detection, and higher peak capacity, are discussed in detail. Various applications for biomedical, food, and environmental analyses are reviewed.
Optimal reconfiguration and capacitor placement by robust searching hybrid differential evolution
Authors: Chang Chung‐Fu 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper aims to study distribution system operations by the robust searching hybrid differential evolution (RSHDE) method. The objective of this study is to present new algorithms for solving the optimal feeder reconfiguration problem, the optimal capacitor placement problem, and the problem of a combination of the two. Mathematically, the problem of this research is a nonlinear programming problem with integer variables. This paper presents a new approach which employs the RSHDE algorithm with integer variables to solve the problem. Depending on the initial assignment of the integer variables, the HDE may fail to find the initial search direction for large‐scale integer system. This is because the HDE applies a random search at its initial stages. Therefore, two new schemes, the multi‐direction search scheme and the search space reduction scheme, are embedded into the HDE. These two schemes are used to enhance the search ability before performing the initialization step of the solution process. The proposed approach is demonstrated using an IEEE illustrative example and one practical distribution network of Taiwan Power Company (TPC). Moreover, the previous HDE, simulated annealing (SA) and genetic algorithms (GA) methods are also applied to the same example systems for the purpose of comparison. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of single‐wavelength optical buffers
Authors: Rogiest W. , Morozov E. , Fiems D. , Laevens K. , Bruneel H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOptical burst switching (OBS) provides a future‐proof alternative to the current electronic switching in the backbone, but has buffering implemented with a set of fiber delay lines (FDLs). The resulting buffering system fundamentally differs from a classic one, in that the set of possible waiting times is not a continuum (like in the classic case) but rather a denumerable set, each value corresponding to the length of a delay line. As a result, arriving bursts in general have to wait longer than they would in a classic buffer, since their waiting time has to be in that denumerable set. The additional delay results in overall longer waiting times, when compared to a classic infinite buffer system with a continuous waiting room.While previous work already focused on the performance evaluation of finite optical buffers, the stability problem of the infinite system received only little attention. This contribution is the first to present a complete proof of sufficient stability conditions in the case of a general infinite FDL set, general arrival process and general service times. The key elements of analysis is the exploiting of the regenerative property of the waiting‐time process and a characterisation of the limiting forward renewal time process. The given bound on the traffic load guarantees stability for a wide class of GI/G/1 optical buffers, and poses no restriction on the FDL lengths. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Verification of a mixed high‐order accurate DNS code for laminar turbulent transition by the method of manufactured solutions
Authors: Silva H. G. , Souza L. F. , Medeiros M. A. F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper presents results on a verification test of a Direct Numerical Simulation code of mixed high‐order of accuracy using the method of manufactured solutions (MMS). This test is based on the formulation of an analytical solution for the Navier–Stokes equations modified by the addition of a source term. The present numerical code was aimed at simulating the temporal evolution of instability waves in a plane Poiseuille flow. The governing equations were solved in a vorticity–velocity formulation for a two‐dimensional incompressible flow. The code employed two different numerical schemes. One used mixed high‐order compact and non‐compact finite‐differences from fourth‐order to sixth‐order of accuracy. The other scheme used spectral methods instead of finite‐difference methods for the streamwise direction, which was periodic. In the present test, particular attention was paid to the boundary conditions of the physical problem of interest. Indeed, the verification procedure using MMS can be more demanding than the often used comparison with Linear Stability Theory. That is particularly because in the latter test no attention is paid to the nonlinear terms. For the present verification test, it was possible to manufacture an analytical solution that reproduced some aspects of an instability wave in a nonlinear stage. Although the results of the verification by MMS for this mixed‐order numerical scheme had to be interpreted with care, the test was very useful as it gave confidence that the code was free of programming errors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fourth‐order finite‐difference method for solving the system of two‐dimensional Burgers' equations
Authors: Liao Wenyuan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA fourth‐order compact finite‐difference method is proposed in this paper to solve the system of two‐dimensional Burgers' equations. The new method is based on the two‐dimensional Hopf–Cole trans‐formation, which transforms the system of two‐dimensional Burgers' equations into a linear heat equation. The linear heat equation is then solved by an implicit fourth‐order compact finite‐difference scheme. A compact fourth‐order formula is also developed to approximate the boundary conditions of the heat equation, while the initial condition for the heat equation is approximated using Simpson's rule to maintain the overall fourth‐order accuracy. Numerical experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the efficiency and high‐order accuracy of this method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Element‐free Galerkin method for thermosolutal convection and macrosegregation
Authors: Sajja Udaya K. , Felicelli Sergio D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn the present work, the element‐free Galerkin (EFG) method is applied to a continuum solidification model that calculates thermosolutal convection and macrosegregation during dendritic solidification of multicomponent alloys. Simulations for directional solidification of a binary Pb–Sn alloy and a Ni‐base quaternary alloy have been performed in a rectangular two‐dimensional domain. In both calculations, the alloy melt is cooled from below and the growth of the mushy zone is followed in time. The formation of macrosegregation defects known as ‘freckles’ has been successfully simulated using the meshless EFG method. A varying degree of sensitivity of results to the number and distribution of meshfree particles was obtained. The potential of the method for a broader range of solidification models is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spreads versus professional forecasters as predictors of future output change
Authors: Aretz Kevin , Peel David A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe examine whether real output forecasts obtained from the Survey of Professional Forecasters efficiently embody information in the term structure spread. To this end, we employ revised data as well as real‐time vintage data, and we also allow for the possible impact of asymmetric loss functions. Assuming quadratic loss, our results suggest that the term structure spread does contain information useful for forecasting not reflected in the survey forecasts, at least over the longest forecast horizon. However, if we allow agents' loss functions to become more negatively skewed with the forecast horizon, then we cannot reject the rationality of the survey forecasts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equity and efficiency in HIV‐treatment in South Africa: the contribution of mathematical programming to priority setting
Authors: Cleary Susan , Mooney Gavin , McIntyre Di 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe HIV‐epidemic is one of the greatest public health crises to face South Africa. A health care response to the treatment needs of HIV‐positive people is a prime example of the desirability of an economic, rational approach to resource allocation in the face of scarcity. Despite this, almost no input based on economic analysis is currently used in national strategic planning.While cost‐utility analysis is theoretically able to establish technical efficiency, in practice this is accomplished by comparing an intervention's ICER to a threshold level representing society's maximum willingness to pay to avoid death and improve health‐related quality of life. Such an approach has been criticised for a number of reasons, including that it is inconsistent with a fixed budget for health care and that equity is not taken into account. It is also impractical if no national policy on the threshold exists. As an alternative, this paper proposes a mathematical programming approach that is capable of highlighting technical efficiency, equity, the equity/efficiency trade‐off and the affordability of alternative HIV‐treatment interventions. Government could use this information to plan an HIV‐treatment strategy that best meets equity and efficiency objectives within budget constraints. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.