bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic epidemiology of Charcot–Marie–Tooth in the general population
Authors: Braathen G. J. , Sand J. C. , Lobato A. , Høyer H. , Russell M. B. 
Published: May 2010

Background and purpose: The frequency of different Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) genotypes has been estimated in clinic populations, but prevalence data from the general population are lacking.Methods: Our population‐based genetic epidemiological survey included persons with CMT residing in eastern Akershus County, Norway. The participants were interviewed and examined by one geneticist/neurologist and classified clinically, neurophysiologically and genetically.Results: Two hundred and forty‐five persons from 116 families had CMT. This corresponds to 1 per 1214 persons (95% CI 1062–1366) have CMT in the general population. CMT1 (motor conduction velocity (MCV) <38 m/s), CMT2 (MCV >38 m/s) and CMT intermediate (MCV 25–45 m/s) were found in 48.2%, 49.4% and 2.4% of the families. A total of 27.2% of the families and 28.6% of the affected had a mutation in the investigated CMT genes. The prevalence of the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) duplication and point mutation in the connexin32 (Cx32), myelin protein zero (MPZ) and mitofusin2 (MFN2) genes was found in 13.6%, 6.2%, 1.2%, 6.2% of the families, and in 19.6%, 4.8%, 1.1%, 3.2% of the affected, respectively. None of the families had point mutations in the early growth response 2 (EGR2), PMP22 or small integral membrane protein of lysosome/late endosome (SIMPLE) genes.Conclusions: CMT is the most common inherited neuropathy. At present, 43 CMT genes are known, and an examination of all known genes would probably only identify mutations in approximately 50% of those with CMT. Thus, it is probable that at least 30–50 CMT genes are yet to be identified.
EFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Hort J. , O’Brien J. T. , Gainotti G. , Pirttila T. , Popescu B. O. , Rektorova I. , Sorbi S. , Scheltens P. ,   on behalf of the EFNS Scientist Panel on Dementia
Published: May 2010

Background and objectives:  In 2008 a task force was set up to develop a revision of the European Federation of the Neurological Societies (EFNS) guideline for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other disorders associated with dementia, published in early 2007. The aim of this revised international guideline was to present a peer‐reviewed evidence‐based statement for the guidance of practice for clinical neurologists, geriatricians, psychiatrists, and other specialist physicians responsible for the care of patients with AD. Mild cognitive impairment and non‐Alzheimer dementias are not included in this guideline.Methods:  The task force working group reviewed evidence from original research articles, meta‐analysis, and systematic reviews, published before May 2009. The evidence was classified and consensus recommendations graded (A, B, or C) according to the EFNS guidance. Where there was a lack of evidence, but clear consensus, good practice points were provided.Results:  The recommendations for clinical diagnosis, blood tests, neuropsychology, neuroimaging, electroencephalography, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, genetic testing, disclosure of diagnosis, treatment of AD, behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia, legal issues, counselling and support for caregivers were all revised as compared with the previous EFNS guideline.Conclusion:  A number of new recommendations and good practice points are made, namely in CSF, neuropsychology, neuroimaging and reviewing non‐evidence based therapies. The assessment, interpretation, and treatment of symptoms, disability, needs, and caregiver stress during the course of AD require the contribution of many different professionals. These professionals should adhere to these guideline to improve the diagnosis and management of AD.
Liquid crystal colloidal structures for increased silicone deposition efficiency on colour‐treated hair
Authors: Brown M. A. , Hutchins T. A. , Gamsky C. J. , Wagner M. S. , Page S. H. , Marsh J. M. 
Published: May 2010

SynopsisAn approach is described to increase the deposition efficiency of silicone conditioning actives from a shampoo on colour‐treated hair via liquid crystal (LC) colloidal structures, created with a high charge density cationic polymer, poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) and negatively charged surfactants. LCs are materials existing structurally between the solid crystalline and liquid phases, and several techniques, including polarized light microscopy, small angle X‐Ray analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry, were used to confirm the presence of the LC structures in the shampoo formula. Silicone deposition from the LC‐containing shampoo and a control shampoo was measured on a range of hair substrates, and data from inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy analysis and ToF‐SIMS imaging illustrate the enhancement in silicone deposition for the LC shampoo on all hair types tested, with the most pronounced enhancement occurring on hair that had undergone oxidative treatments, such as colouring. A model is proposed in which the LC structure deposits from the shampoo onto the hair to: (i) provide ‘slip planes’ along the hair surface for wet conditioning purposes and (ii) form a hydrophobic layer which changes the surface energy of the fibres. This increase in hydrophobicity of the hair surface thereby increases the deposition efficiency of silicone conditioning ingredients. Zeta potential measurements, dynamic absorbency testing analysis and ToF‐SIMS imaging were used to better understand the mechanisms of action. This approach to increasing silicone deposition is an improvement relative to conventional conditioning shampoos, especially for colour‐treated hair.
Determination of total lead in lipstick: Development and validation of a microwave‐assisted digestion, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometric method
Authors: Hepp N. M. , Mindak W. R. , Cheng J. 
Published: May 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
60, 405–414 (July/August 2009)SynopsisRecent reports describing the presence of lead (Pb) in lipsticks have suggested that, under ordinary use, the potential amount of Pb exposure is harmful. To permit independent assessment of the Pb contamination, a method for determining total Pb in lipstick using microwave‐assisted digestion and analysis employing inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) was developed and validated. Since lipsticks may contain fats, oils, pigments, dyes, and minerals, several reference materials (RM) were analyzed, including coal, wear metals in oil, organic Pb in oil, milk powder, and estuarine sediment. With the exception of the RM with mineral content (estuarine sediment), complete recovery of Pb from the RMs was obtained by simple nitric acid (HNO3) digestion. Complete recovery of Pb from estuarine sediment was achieved only when hydrofluoric acid (HF) was added to the digestion mix, followed by treatment with excess boric acid (H3BO3) to neutralize the HF and to dissolve insoluble fluorides. Commercial lipsticks were tested for total Pb by the validated method. The detection limit was estimated to be 0.04 μg Pb/g. The average value obtained for the lipsticks was 1.07 μg g­1. Undigested material was present in some lipstick digests when only HNO3 was used, and generally lower Pb values were obtained. All of the Pb levels found by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were within the range the agency would expect to find in lipsticks formulated with permitted color additives and other ingredients prepared under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions. This method will be useful for the FDA and industry in helping to ensure the safety of cosmetic products.
Skin collagen reproduction increased by ascorbic acid derivative iontophoresis by frequent‐reversal bipolar electric stimulation
Authors: Hori Y. , Akimoto R , Hori A , Kato K , Chino D , Matsumoto S , Kamiya S , Watanabe Y 
Published: May 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
60, 415–422 (July/August 2009)SynopsisThe effect of the iontophoresis of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C; VC) derivative with frequent‐reversal bipolar electric stimulation on the production of collagen in rat skin was evaluated in terms of hydroxyproline content through high‐performance liquid chromatography. First, a control group was not given electrical stimulation and four groups were stimulated with a unipolar pulse for 0.5–10 min every day for one week. The hydroxyproline level in the skin was increased depending on the length of the stimulation. Second, a control group was not given any electrical stimulation, and three groups were treated with (i) VC solution without any stimulation, (ii) a bipolar pulse for 10 min with saline, or (iii) a bipolar pulse for 5 min with the VC solution. Significant increases were found in all the stimulation groups, although these treated with the VC solution without any stimulation did not have any effects compared to the control. Thus, in order to increase the hydroxyproline levels in skin, a VC must be delivered with bipolar stimulation as a method of iontophoresis. These results suggest that our newly developed electric stimulation is effective at increasing skin collagen content, and that bipolar stimulation is more effective on the iontophoresis of not only VC but also some medicines such as low‐ and high‐molecular drugs directed to the target organ (7). [[Author: please provide appropriate citation for (7).]]
The cell membrane complex: Three related but different cellular cohesion components of mammalian hair fibers
Authors: Robbins C. 
Published: May 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
60, 437–465 (July/August 2009)SynopsisThe structure, chemistry and physical properties of the cell membrane complex (CMC) of keratin fibers are reviewed, highlighting differences in the three types of CMC. Starting with Rogers’ initial description of the CMC in animal hairs, several important developments have occurred that will be described, adding new details to this important structure in mammalian hair fibers. These developments show that essentially all of the covalently bound fatty acids of the beta layers are in the cuticle and exist as monolayers. The beta layers of the cortex are bilayers that are not covalently bonded but are attached by ionic and polar linkages on one side to the cortical cell membranes and on the other side to the delta layer. The delta layer between cortical cells consists of five sublayers; its proteins are clearly different from the delta layer that exists between cuticle cells. The cell membranes of cuticle cells are also markedly different from the cell membranes of cortical cells. Models with supporting evidence are presented for the three different types of cell membrane complex: cuticle–cuticle CMC, cuticle–cortex CMC, and cortex–cortex CMC.
Influence of an extract from kudzu symbiosomes containing leghemoglobin on in vitro cutaneous procollagen production
Authors: Gruber J. V. , Holtz R. 
Published: May 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
60, 475–484 (September/October 2009)SynopsisCytoglobin is a hexacoordinateglobin protein that was recently discovered in mammals. Interestingly, of the four human globin proteins that are now known, hemoglobin, myoglobin, neuroglobin and cytoglobin, the latter appears to have the closest resemblance to strikingly similar proteins expressed in plants. In legumes, these proteins accumulate in symbiosomes (root nodules) of various legumes and are called leghemoglobin. The paper will discuss the ability of an aqueous extract from Pueraria lobata (kudzu) symbiosomes that contains leghemoglobin to stimulate procollagen production in human dermal fibroblasts. This effect may be partly due to the possibility that leghemoglobin may mimic the function of cytoglobin by shuttling oxygen to prolyl‐4‐hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for oxidizing proline residues in procollagen bundles. This hypothesis is supported by DNA microarray sequencing data that demonstrate that treatment of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) with highly purified cytoglobin or leghemoglobin upregulates a number of key collagen‐related genes including COL1A1 and COL1A2.
Determination of retinol, retinyl palmitate, and retinoic acid in consumer cosmetic products
Authors: Hubinger J. C. 
Published: May 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
60, 485–500 (September/October 2009)SynopsisRetinol and retinyl palmitate are frequently used in cosmetic products. A simple, rapid, and sensitive reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed for the quantitation of retinol, retinyl palmitate, and retinoic acid in cosmetic preparations. The analytes were extracted from a cosmetic/Celite mixture using a solvent system composed of equal amounts of hexane, isopropanol, and ethyl acetate, and the extract was injected directly into an HPLC chromatograph with a C18 column and UV detector set at 330 nm. Chromatographic separation was achieved by gradient elution with a mobile phase, starting with aqueous ammonium acetate buffer/methanol that was gradually changed to methanol/dichloromethane. The average recoveries of retinol, retinyl palmitate, and retinoic acid from spiked cosmetic products were 95% or higher. In a survey of 29 consumer cosmetic skin care products labeled to contain retinoids, most products were found to contain either retinol or retinyl palmitate at concentrations up to 2.2% (w/w), while a few products contained both ingredients. A number of products also contained cis isomers of retinol that could be quantitatively distinguished from the all‐trans compound. The method can be used to quantitate several retinoids and their isomers in cosmetic products. The method will be useful for obtaining information needed to estimate levels of exposure to retinoids from cosmetic products.
A role of the anteiso branch of 18‐MEA in 18‐MEA/SPDA to form a persistent hydrophobicity to alkaline‐color‐treated weathered hair
Authors: Tanamachi H. , Inoue S. , Tokunaga S. , Tsujimura H. , Tanji N. , Oguri M. , Habe T. 
Published: May 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
60, 509–518 (September/October 2009)SynopsisThe effect of the anteiso‐branch moiety of 18‐MEA (18‐methyleicosanic acid) to create a persistent hydrophobicity of alkaline‐color‐treated weathered hair treated with 18‐MEA/SPDA (stearoxypropyldimethylamine) was investigated by comparing a straight‐chain fatty acid (n‐heneicosanoic acid, n‐HEA) and an iso‐branch fatty acid (19‐methyleicosanic acid, 19‐MEA) with the anteiso‐branch fatty acid (18‐MEA), using dynamic contact angle measurements, quantification of 18‐MEA by LC/MS, and temperature controlled atomic force microscopy (AFM). The dynamic contact angle measurements indicated that the anteiso‐branch moiety of 18‐MEA is critical for the creation of a persistent hydrophobicity to alkaline‐color‐treated weathered hair. The temperature‐controlled AFM investigations revealed that the anteiso‐branch moiety of 18‐MEA in the 18‐MEA/SPDA system produces a persistent hydrophobicity to alkaline‐color‐treated weathered hair by providing higher fluidity to the upper region of the 18‐MEA/SPDA layer.
High‐performance liquid chromatography with dual‐wavelength ultraviolet detection for measurement of hinokitiol in personal care products
Authors: Higashi Y. , Sakata M. , Fujii Y. 
Published: May 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
60, 519–525 (September/October 2009)SynopsisHinokitiol is found in the heartwood of several cupressaceous plants and is frequently added to cosmetic products such as hair restorers, skin lotions, and body soaps because of its potent and broad‐spectrum antibacterial activity. In this study, we established a simple method of hinokitiol determination by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with dual‐wavelength ultraviolet detection at 240 and 345 nm, using a reversed‐phase C4 column (RP‐4). The retention time of hinokitiol was 7.1 min at both wavelengths. The value of the symmetry coefficient of the hinokitiol peak was close to 1 when the RP‐4 column, not an RP‐8 or RP‐18 column, was used. With the RP‐4 column, the regression equation for hinokitiol showed good linearity in the range of 0.05–5 μg ml­1, with a detection limit (signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3) of 0.005 μg ml­1 at 240 nm and 0.01 μg ml­1 at 345 nm. The coef?cients of variation at 240 and 345 nm were less than 8.2% and 8.7%, respectively, and the recovery was good. The proposed method was used for the determination of hinokitiol in commercial hair restorers, skin lotions, and body soaps.
European Regional Structural Funds: How Large is the Influence of Politics on the Allocation Process?
Authors: BOUVET FLORENCE , DALL'ERBA SANDY 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe allocation of Structural Funds, the most important component of the European Union (EU) cohesion policy, is subject to intense bargaining between national governments and across layers of political governance. Using Structural Funds data for each cohesion objective over 1989–99, we examine which variables, economic and political, determine the actual funds allocation. We test our hypotheses with a Tobit model that accounts for the two‐stage allocation process and our limited dependent variables. Our results indicate that economic criteria are not the only determinants of funds allocation. Indeed, we find that the political situation within a country and a region and the relations between various layers of governance influence the allocation process. This article is also the only study to measure the impact of additional funds provided by the region or the country itself, and to differentiate the analysis by cohesion objective.
Normative Power Europe and the State of Israel: An Illegitimate EUtopia?
Authors: HARPAZ GUY , SHAMIS ASAF 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article re‐examines the concept of Normative Power. It is viewed here not merely as an abstract concept, but also as part of a complex historical, socio‐political and economic context, examined through the prism of non‐Europeans, in our case Israelis. By analysing the dominant Israeli approaches towards the EU and its normative apparatus, this article aspires to depict the multifarious and concrete perceptions of Normative Power Europe and to contrast these perceptions with the EU self‐perceived and self‐portrayed normative view.
The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years: a developmental approach
Authors: Murray Lynne , Arteche Adriane , Fearon Pasco , Halligan Sarah , Croudace Tim , Cooper Peter 
Published: May 2010

Background:  Postnatal depression (PND) is associated with poor cognitive functioning in infancy and the early school years; long‐term effects on academic outcome are not known.Method:  Children of postnatally depressed (N = 50) and non‐depressed mothers (N = 39), studied from infancy, were followed up at 16 years. We examined the effects on General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exam performance of maternal depression (postnatal and subsequent) and IQ, child sex and earlier cognitive development, and mother–child interactions, using structural equation modelling (SEM).Results:  Boys, but not girls, of PND mothers had poorer GCSE results than control children. This was principally accounted for by effects on early child cognitive functioning, which showed strong continuity from infancy. PND had continuing negative effects on maternal interactions through childhood, and these also contributed to poorer GCSE performance. Neither chronic, nor recent, exposure to maternal depression had significant effects.Conclusions:  The adverse effects of PND on male infants’ cognitive functioning may persist through development. Continuing difficulties in mother–child interactions are also important, suggesting that both early intervention and continuing monitoring of mothers with PND may be warranted.
Green consumer market segmentation: empirical findings from Portugal
Authors: Finisterra do Paço Arminda M. , Raposo Mário Lino Barata 
Published: May 2010

AbstractConcern with environmental degradation has led to a new segment of consumers: the green or ecological consumers. Marketers must pay special attention to the needs of this segment. The growing concern with the environment, increased competition and greater selectiveness and demands of consumers represent an immediate challenge for green marketing. This paper aims to identify distinct market segments based on several environmental variables. It also investigates individuals' behaviours and perceptions about green consumerism. The used methodology was the collection of primary information through a direct survey. The study covered 887 Portuguese consumers, aged over 18. The results show that certain environmental and demographic variables are significant in differentiating between the ‘greener’ consumer group and the other segments. Portuguese consumers, despite their support for policies designed to improve the environment, do not always translate their concerns into environmentally friendly actions. Possible implications of these results for firms' marketing strategies are also discussed.
Role of endogenous acetylcholine in the control of the dopaminergic system via nicotinic receptors
Authors: Maskos Uwe 
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 641–646.AbstractNicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric membrane protein receptors activated by the addictive drug, nicotine. However, sometimes underestimated, under physiological conditions the endogenous neurotransmitter acetylcholine is the agonist. In this mini‐review, I will discuss the evidence in favour of an important role for this cholinergic activation of the dopaminergic (DAergic) system. I will focus on the literature implicating the action of acetylcholine on the somato‐dendritic compartment of these neurons. This modulation is responsible for a variety of phenotypes in knock‐out animals of nAChR subunits. These include locomotion, exploratory behaviour, dopamine (DA) release, and DA neuron firing patterns. The novel techniques brought to bear on these analyses, lentiviral re‐expression, and repression, of nAChR subunits, and transgenic expression of hypersensitive receptors will be discussed.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Part 1: history and principles
Authors: Edwards Melissa L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjective
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Review the historical development and physiologic principles of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) based on human and veterinary experimental literature and current equipment in use.Data Sources
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Review of basic physiologic concepts. Data from human and veterinary journals were reviewed through Pubmed and Veterinary Information Network database searches as well as reference searches on several articles covering hyperbaric therapy in clinically applicable situations.Human Data Synthesis
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HBOT has been gaining acceptance as an adjunctive treatment in human medicine. The understanding of the physiology and application of hyperbaric therapy is increasing through ongoing research and greater access to hyperbaric equipment.Veterinary Data Synthesis
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Several animal models have been utilized to examine the effects of HBOT. Most models utilize dogs and rats but pigs, cats, and other species have been studied.Conclusions
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Hyperbaric therapy utilizes several physiologic principles of how gases respond under pressure and more specifically of how oxygen responds under pressure. The increase in concentration of oxygen in solution, based on its solubility under pressure, increases the diffusion gradient for its delivery deeper into tissues, which is the premise of HBOT. Ultimately the increases in dissolved oxygen generated by hyperbaric therapy have several physiologic effects that can alter tissue responses to disease and injury. As this technology becomes more available to clinical practice, HBOT should be considered as a therapeutic option.