bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sedative and Analgesic Effects of Detomidine (Domosedan) in Donkeys
Authors: Mostafa M. B. , Farag K. A. , Zomor El , Bashandy M. M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryDetomidine (Domosedan) was administered to four groups of donkeys, using four different dosages (5, 10, 20 and 40μg/kg bwt) intravenously. The drug provided adequate sedation at dosages of 5 and 10 μg/kg bwt. Sedation deepened only slightly by increasing the dose. Analgesia was considered good with a dose of 20 μg/kg, and 40 μg/kg provided a deep analgesia associated with a longer duration. No significant changes had been observed in haematocrit (PCV), haemoglobin content (Hb%), total red and white cell counts and differential leucocytic counts. It was concluded that detomidine is a valuable sedative and analgesic drug to be used in donkeys without any serious implications.
Binding Properties of Goat Intestinal Vitamin D Receptors as Affected by Dietary Calcium and/or Phosphorus Depletion
Authors: Schröder B. , Pfeffer E. , Failing K. , Breves G. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe binding capacity (Bma) and the affinity (Kd) of the intestinal vitamin D receptor (VDR) have been studied using mucosa preparations from the duodenum, jejunum and proximal colon of male growing goats which had been kept in a two‐factorial (2 × 2) trial on Ca and/or P deficient diets for 9 weeks. This treatment resulted in significant changes of different parameters of Ca and P homeostasis. Irrespective from the level of Ca intake, P depletion caused significant hypophosphatemia with corresponding hypercalcemia. In both Ca depleted groups the calcitriol concentrations in plasma significantly increased by more than 100% in comparison with normal Ca supply. No changes were recorded for plasma calcitriol concentrations in response to P depletion with an adequate Ca supply. Plasma PTH levels were only increased significantly in Ca depletion with adequate P supply. Irrespective of different feeding regimens, the highest Bmax values were found in the jejunum. In all intestinal segments tested, the Bmax values were significantly decreased by P depletion as compared with an adequate P supply. No effects on the Bmax of VDR were observed in response to changes of Ca supply. The Kd values of the VDR were neither affected by different intestinal localizations nor by Ca and/or P depletion. From the present results, it has to be concluded that the physiological relevance of VDR down‐regulation may not be related to P homeostasis rather than to Ca homeostasis by minimizing the hypercalcemia induced by P depletion.
An Atypical Case of Actinobacillosis in a Cow
Authors: Aslani M. R. , Khodakaram A. , Rezakhani A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryAn atypical case of actinobacillosis with involvement of the skin of the right hind limb and its lymphatics was diagnosed in a cow. The granulomatous lesions were observed as several masses along the lateral part of the right hind limb. The right precrural lymph node was enlarged more than 10 times its normal size. Histopathological examination of biopsy materials revealed actinobacillus granuloma. Smears of granular pus obtained from the precrural lymph node showed a small number of gram negative bacilli.
Histopathological Changes in the Reproductive Organs of Manchego Ewes Grazing on Lucerne
Authors: Cantero A. , Sancha J. L. , Flores J. M. , Rodriguez A. , Gonzalez T. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe effects of prolonged exposure to phyto‐oestrogens (coumestrol) on the morphology of the reproductive organs of ewes were studied in 28 lucerne‐grazing animals, and compared with 28 control ewes given a standard coumestrol‐free diet. The anatomical studies showed that 43% of the ewes fed lucerne displayed macroscopic changes within the genital tract, of which the uterine alterations were especially prominent. The microscopic examination of the test group ewes identified specific histopathological features of the uterus and cervix. A greater than normal development of the cervical folds was observed, as well as cystic formations of different sizes whose content was eosinophilic. In the rest of the uterus, more glandular activity was detected in the lucerne‐grazing group than in the control ewes, although cystic formations were not seen.
The Analysis of Fatty Acid Content and Phospholipase A2 Activity in Placenta of Cows with and without Retained Fetal Membranes
Authors: Kankofer M. , Wierciñski J. , Kédzierski W. , Mierzyñski R. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe aim of the following study was the comparison of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity and fatty acids content in cows with and without retained fetal membranes.The activity of the enzyme and levels of fatty acids were measured in maternal and fetal placental tissues obtained from cows immediately after spontaneous parturition without (group A) and with (group B) retained fetal membranes.PLA2 activity was statistically significantly (P < 0.05) higher in group A than in group B, and was significantly lower in the fetal part than in the maternal part of placenta in both groups.The content of the examined fatty acids –‐ myristic (14:0), palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linolenic (18:3), arachidic (20:0), arachidonic (20:4, AA) –‐ was higher in group A than in B. Concentration of linoleic acid (18:2) showed the opposite relationship.There was a positive correlation between enzyme activity and content of determined fatty acids.The results seem to confirm the hypothesis that the arachidonic acid pathway is altered in cases of retained placenta in cows.
New Aspects of Ketone Bodies in Energy Metabolism of Dairy Cows: A Review
Authors: Holtenius P. , Holtenius K. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIncreased lipolysis, low insulin/glucagon ratios and malonyl‐CoA concentrations are prerequisites for ketogenesis. From an aetiological viewpoint, there are two quite different types of metabolic disorders in which ketosis can occur, the hypoglycaemic‐hypoinsulinaemic and the hyperglycaemic‐hyperinsulinaemic type. The former, Type I, generally occurs 3–6 weeks after calving in cows whose milk secretion is so extensive that the demand for glucose exceeds the capacity for glucose production. To protect the body from hazardous protein degradation by a high rate of gluconeogenesis, this process is inhibited and the increased energy requirements are met by the elevated utilization of ketone bodies. In this strong catabolic metabolic state the plasma levels of glucose and insulin are very low, the levels of ketone bodies are high and there are small risks for fat accumulation in the liver cells. The hyperglycaemic, hyperinsulinaemic form, Type II, generally occurs earlier in lactation. An important aetiologic factor is overfeeding in the dry period, which can lead to disturbances in the hormonal adaptation of metabolism at calving with increased plasma levels of insulin and glucose and often but not always also with hyperketonaemia. If combined with stress, there may be increased lipolysis in adipose tissues, lipid synthesis and accumulation in the liver, i.e. the development of fatty liver. This hyperglycaemic form of disturbance has many similarities with the initial stage of non‐insulin‐dependent (Type II) diabetes in humans. It has been shown that ketone bodies inhibit protein degradation and thereby gluconeogenesis and also are able to spare glucose by inhibiting glucose utilization. They also can inhibit lipolysis and function as a regulatory safety system, replacing insulin, in situations when the activity of this hormone is low, as in Type I ketosis. Ketone bodies thus have important functions as substrates replacing glucose in many tissues and also as signal substances in the regulation of energy metabolism.
Methods for the Differentiation of Giant Cells in Canine and Feline Neoplasias in Paraffin Sections
Authors: Jösten M. , Rudolph R. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn the following study cells with at least two cell nuclei are addressed as giant cells. In 47 biopsies of feline neoplasias (fibrosarcoma, haemangioendothelsarcoma, mammary adenocarcinoma, osteoidsarcoma, complex sarcoma), and 25 biopsies of canine neoplasias (malignant seminoma, mammary adenocarcinoma, haemangioendothelsarcoma, fibrosarcoma, osteoblastic sarcoma, complex sarcoma) giant cells are distinguished either as neoplastic giant cells or as reactive (non‐neoplastic) giant cells. Cell nuclei of neoplastic giant cells which are labelled with the monoclonal antibody MTB 1 are mitotic active; cell nuclei are polymorph and can show atypical mitosis; the cytoplasmic reaction with tartrate resistant add phosphatase (TRAP) is negative. Negative reactions with MIB 1, positive TRAP staining and homogenous cell nuclei are distinctive for osteoclast‐like giant cells. Other non‐neoplastic giant cells (e.g. foreign body cells, Langhans‐giant cells) are negative with both MTB 1 and TRAP. Double staining of paraffin sections is possible. Routine formalin‐fixation, embedding in paraffin and decalcifying tissue samples do not interfere with MTB 1 immunoreactions or TRAP reactions. Methodological modifications that were necessary for the preparation of paraffin sections from canine and feline tissue samples are discussed. As the presence of neoplastic giant tumour cells is an index for a poor prognosis in human medicine, not only the entity of the tumour must be named, but also the exact significance of the giant cell type:, e.g. fibrosarcoma with osteoclast‐like giant cells, hepatic carcinoma with reactive giant cells, malignant seminoma with neoplastic giant cells, angiosarcoma with both neoplastic giant cells and osteoclast‐like giant cells. This would enable the classification of further neoplasias dealing with clinical courses of the diseases. Over the past years our stains have remained stable. It is possible to carry out retrospective investigations with archived tissue samples and make permanent preparations. A reclassification and a refined form of diagnosis (tumour and giant cell type) would be recommended.
A Retrospective Study of the Inheritance of Peromelia in Angora Goats
Authors: Agerholm J. S. , Kielsgaard M. E. , Pedersen J. , Kobberoe S. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryPeromelia, agenesia of the distal parts of the limbs, has been reported as a congenital defect in several animal species. In Angora goats, cases occur in a familiar pattern consistent with an autosomal recessively inherited defect To obtain further evidence on the inheritance of peromelia in Angora goats, breeding results for goats being daughters of known carriers and which were then mated to a known carrier were analysed. Of 45 kids born in 1993 and 1994, five kids had peromelia. This corresponded to the expected 7:1 segregation. The difference between the number of affected male and female kids was not statistically significant. Peromelia affected kids occurred significantly more frequently among goats selected in the breeding study than among other goats in the respective herds. The study demonstrated that peromelia is inherited as an autosomal recessive defect. Based on knowledge obtained in a previous study, the genotype probably has varying degrees of expressivity.
Effect of Weaning in the Pig on Ileal Ion Transport Measured in vitro
Authors: Miller B. G. , Skadhauge E. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryEarly weaning in pigs results in small intestinal malabsorption and an increased susceptibility to E. coli infections. This is closely associated with villus shortening and crypt hyperplasia of the small intestine. The present study compared piglets either weaned at 3 weeks of age onto a high soya diet (n = 12) or an egg‐based diet (n = 12) with piglets that remained on the sow (n = 12). Prior to weaning, care was taken to ensure that piglets only had access to sows milk. Serum antisoya IgG was measured 7 days after weaning and sections of the mid‐ileum excised and fixed for determination of crypt depth and villus height. Four pieces of ‘stripped’ mucosa were mounted in Ussing chambers in Krebs‐phosphate Ringer (with indomethacin) for determination of short circuit current (SCC) and unidirectional fluxes of Na22 and Cl36, half in mucosa‐serosa (MS), and half in serosa‐mucosa (SM) direction. After basal measurements of absorptive capacity of Na, supramaximal doses of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and theophylline were added to measure the intestinal secretory capacity for Cl. Anti‐soya IgG was elevated in the group weaned onto soya when compared either with the group weaned onto egg or the unwearied group. All intestinal transport and histological parameters were similar in both the weaned groups, although some were different from the unweaned. The SCC (equal to Na absorption) and the villus height were reduced two‐thirds by weaning, whereas crypt depth and Cl secretion were similar in all groups. It is suggested that weaning per se is causal for the observed changes in intestinal transport and morphology, but they are not influenced by whether the weaning diet is soya or egg based.
Effects of Diets with Graded Levels of Naturally Deoxynivalenol‐contaminated Oats on Immune Response in Growing Pigs
Authors: ØVernes G. , Matre T. , Sivertsen T. , Larsen H. J. S. , Langseth W. , Reitan L. J. , Jansen J. H. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of including different levels of deoxynivalenol (DON)‐contaminated oats in the complete diets of growing pigs on immune response and performance. The diets contained 0.6, 1.8 and 4.7 mg DON/kg, and both restricted and ad libitum feeding were used. Performance was recorded as weight gain, feed intake, efficiency of feed utilization and carcass quality. Immune response parameters recorded included primary and secondary antibody titres after injections of five different antigens: Human serum albumin (HSA), sheep red blood cells (SRBC), paratuberculosis vaccine (MPT), tetanus toxoid (TT) and diphteria toxoid (DT). A johnin test was also performed. Lymphocyte stimulation response was measured with three different mitogens (PWM, ConA and PHA). A significant, DON dose‐dependent reduction in secondary antibody response to tetanus toxoid was observed. A slightly higher mitogen response after PHA stimulation in lymphocytes from the medium and high DON groups compared to the low DON group after 9 weeks was considered inconclusive. No other indication of dose‐dependent immune response inhibition or stimulation was found. Significantly reduced feed intake with increased levels of DON was observed in groups fed restricted rations according to weight, but not in animals fed ad libitum.
Incidence of Tonsillar Lesions Caused by Tonsillophilus suis and Actinomyces sp Infection in Swine
Authors: Murakami S. , Azuma R. , Oomi H. , Koeda T. , Fujiwara H. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe tonsils of ten fattening pigs were compared with those of ten breeding sows to determine the relative incidence of Tonsillophilus suis and Actinomyces sp lesions. Macroscopic observation revealed mildly focal upheavals on the tonsillar mucosal surfaces of two of the breeding sows. In tonsillar slices from both pig groups, tiny nodules containing sulfur granules were found. Histopathologically, the T. suis and Actinomyces sp lesions were noted as tonsillar crypt abscesses in both pig groups, and granulomas due to T. suis were seen in the breeding sows. T. suis showed larger ‘club‐shaped’ structures than Actinomyces sp, characterized as clubs showing a broom‐like structure with degenerated central thalli. Breeding sows are known to have a higher incidence of tonsillar T. suis lesions than fattening pigs, and in this study, those fattening pigs showing greater propensity to infection by Actinomyces sp also showed a mixed infection with T. suis that produced the tonsillar crypt abscesses. In addition, it is known that in breeding sows, the T. suis lesion develops from a crypt abscess into a granuloma.
Renal Phosphate Excretion in Goats
Authors: Widiyono I. , Huber K. , Failing K. , Breves G. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIt was the aim of these experiments to characterize further the role of salivary glands and kidneys in phosphate (Pi) homeostasis of small ruminants. Renal clearance experiments were performed in five female, non‐pregnant adult goats during infusions of physiological NaCl or isotonic phosphate solution. Basal plasma Pi concentrations of 1.6 ± 0.3 mM (NaCl infusion) were associated with a renal resorption of the filtered Pi by 98.5–99.3% and Pi was excreted in the urine at a rate of 1.2–2.8 μmol/min. Elevating the plasma Pi levels up to 7.2 ± 1.7 mM resulted in significant increases of Pi excretion. The mean plasma threshold for renal Pi excretion of these animals was high (4.3 ± 1.0 mM) and thus substantially higher than the physiological range of plasma Pi. The maximal tubular resorption rate for Pi in goats was found to be higher than the respective values in monogastric animals. In relation to the enhanced Pi concentrations in plasma the salivary Pi concentrations increased simultaneously and reached a maximum level of about 66.3 mM at plasma levels between 4–6 mM. Indications for hormonal regulation mechanisms via parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol could not be detected during the infusion periods.
Measurement of Antibacterial Activities of T‐2 Toxin, Deoxynivalenol, Ochratoxin A, Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 Using Microtitration Tray‐based Turbidimetric Techniques
Authors: Ali‐Vehmas T. , Rizzo A. , Westermarck T. , Atroshi F. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryVarious mycotoxins were tested for their antibacterial activity by evaluating growth delays using a fully automated microturbidmetric method. Ten different strains of the genera Escherichia, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Yersinia, Salmonella, Erysipelothrix and Lactobacillus were used as test micro‐organisms. T‐2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA), anatoxin B1, (AFB1) and fumonisin B1, (FB1) were used as representative mycotoxins. The inhibitory effect in vitro was defined as the difference between the growth rate without mycotoxins and the growth rate in the presence of a mycotoxin. Among the tested strains, Streptococcus agalactiae was found to be sensitive to all the toxins, with the exception of OTA. T‐2 toxin and FB1 were the most effective in slowing down the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. AFB1 affected the growth of Yersinia enterocolitica. The growth rate of Escherichia coli and Salmonella infantis was decreased by FB1. Among the bacterial strains used in this study, only the growth of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was inhibited by OTA. Thus, using appropriate tester strains it should be possible to set up a broad‐range microtubidimetry assay for individual mycotoxin screening in vitro. We concluded that the microtitration technique provides a rapid, convenient and high‐throughput capacity system to analyse bacteria‐mycotoxin interactions.
Hypomagnesemia and Mitral Valve Prolapse in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Authors: Pedersen H. D. , Mow T. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThere is a high incidence of mitral valve prolapse (MVP), an abnormal displacement of one or both mitral valve leaflets during systole, in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS). In humans, MVP is known to be associated with a low magnesium status. In this study, the plasma magnesium concentration was measured in 30 CKCS without heart failure. It was also investigated whether MVP‐severity and degree of regurgitation correlated with plasma magnesium and a number of parameters of the renin‐angiotensin system, and whether 4 weeks magnesium supplementation affected plasma magnesium or the high renin/low aldosterone profile associated with MVP. A high prevalence of hypomagnesemia was observed: plasma concentrations < 0.70 mmol/l were found in 15 dogs (50%) before and in 12 dogs (40%) after 4 weeks magnesium supplementation. The mean plasma level was 0.69 ± 0.07 mmol/l before and 0.71 + 0.07 mmol/l after magnesium (P = 0.22). Plasma magnesium concentrations did not correlate with MVP‐severity and degree of regurgitation. Plasma aldosterone levels correlated negatively with MVP‐severity and positively with the degree of regurgitation, and serum angiotensin‐converting enzyme activities correlated negatively with the degree of regurgitation. Magnesium supplementation had no effects on renin and aldosterone nor on the ratio between the two. In conclusion, many CKCS without heart failure have hypomagnesemia whether they are fed supplementary magnesium or not ‐ a finding which may be associated with the high prevalence of MVP in this breed. Further studies, however, are needed to clarify the role of a low magnesium status in canine MVP.
Advances in Swine In Vitro Embryo Production Technologies
Authors: Gil MA , Cuello C , Parrilla I , Vazquez JM , Roca J , Martinez EA 
Published: May 2010

ContentsRecent advances in new technologies to produce cloned and genetically modified pigs involve manipulating oocytes and/or embryos in vitro. Although a great deal of progress has been made, the current IVM–IVF systems still result in major problems: a high rate of polyspermy; and a low development rate and low quality of blastocysts for in vitro compared with the in vivo–produced embryos. This study summarizes recent advancements in IVM–IVF–IVC porcine systems. Recent methods to select monospermic embryos are also discussed. Finally, achievements in vitrification and in somatic cell nuclear transfer are discussed.
Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation on cognitive function and activities of daily living in older women with mild to moderate cognitive impairment
Authors: Yamada Shizuru , Akishita Masahiro , Fukai Shiho , Ogawa Sumito , Yamaguchi Kiyoshi , Matsuyama Jun , Kozaki Koichi , Toba Kenji , Ouchi Yasuyoshi 
Published: May 2010

Aim:  There is little evidence that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has beneficial effects on physical and psychological functions in older women. We investigated the effect of DHEA supplementation on cognitive function and ADL in older women with cognitive impairment.Methods:  A total of 27 women aged 65–90 years (mean ± standard deviation, 83 ± 6) with mild to moderate cognitive impairment (Mini‐Mental State Examination, MMSE; 10–28/30 points), receiving long‐term care at a facility in Japan were enrolled. Twelve women were assigned to receive DHEA 25 mg/day p.o. for 6 months. The control group (n = 15) matched for age and cognitive function was followed without hormone replacement. Cognitive function was assessed by MMSE and Hasegawa Dementia Scale‐Revised (HDS‐R), and basic activities of daily living (ADL) by Barthel Index at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Plasma hormone levels including testosterone, DHEA, DHEA‐sulfate and estradiol were also followed up.Results:  After 6 months, DHEA treatment significantly increased plasma testosterone, DHEA and DHEA‐sulfate levels by 2–3‐fold but not estradiol level compared to baseline. DHEA administration increased cognitive scores and maintained basic ADL score, while cognition and basic ADL deteriorated in the control group (6‐month change in DHEA group vs control group; MMSE, +0.6 ± 3.2 vs −2.1 ± 2.2, P < 0.05; HDS‐R, +2.8 ± 2.8 vs −0.3 ± 4.1, P < 0.05; Barthel Index, +3.7 ± 7.1 vs −2.7 ± 4.6, P = 0.05). Among the cognitive domains, DHEA treatment improved verbal fluency (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  DHEA supplementation in older women with cognitive impairment may have beneficial effects on cognitive function and ADL. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10: 280–287.