bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of early season insecticide use on predators and outbreaks of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in cotton
Authors: Wilson L.J. , Bauer L.R. , Lally D.A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Australian cotton industry relies almost exclusively on synthetic insecticides for control of early season pests. These insecticides often disrupt predatory insect activity in the field. Potential predators of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, in cotton, identified in field and confirmed in laboratory experiments, included a theridiid spider, a phytoseiid mite, a lacewing larva, predatory thrips, several Coccinellidae and several Hemiptera. These predators were mostly generalists, having previously been reported as predators of aphids or caterpillars of Helicoverpa spp. The effect of insecticides on T. urticae and its predators was evaluated in three field experiments. Cotton was artificially infested with T. urticae then sprayed five times at seven to ten day intervals with either dimethoate (140 g ai/ha), thiodicarb (750 g ai/ha and 187.5 g ai/ha), endosulfan (735 g ai/ha and 367.5 g ai/ha), methomyl (169 g ai/ha) or amitraz (400 g ai/ha). Tetranychus urticae populations reached higher densities in dimethoate, thiodicarb and methomyl treated cotton than in untreated cotton. Population densities of T. urticae in cotton treated with low rates of endosulfan or thiodicarb were similar to controls, while those in cotton treated with amitraz were lower. All insecticides caused significant reductions in at least one predator group. Significant negative relationships were found between early season abundance of predators and the mid-season abundance of T. urticae and positive relationships between predators and the lag-period for T. urticae outbreaks to develop. Predation is implicated as a key factor influencing the early season survival of T. urticae. The implications for developing integrated pest management strategies in cotton are discussed.
Larval movements of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) within and between plants: timing, density responses and survival
Authors: Berger Amelie 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFour dispersal phases occur during larval development of Chilo partellus (Swinehoe) on young host plants, phase 1, ballooning of newly hatched larvae when moving from egg batch to plant whorl, phase 2, ballooning of first and second instars which leave the plant whorl in the week after egg eclosion, phase 3, walking prior to stem penetration, and phase 4, walking after stem penetration. In laboratory experiments larval dispersal was density dependent during dispersal phases 1, 3 and 4 and there were clear differences between maize and sorghum in the percentage of migrating lavae and time of migration. Maize plants accommodated many more pupae than sorghum plants which suggests that the distribution of older larvae in the field can be more clumped in maize than in sorghum. Pupal weight descreased with infestation level on sorghum but seemed less affected on maize. Resistance to starvation in four combinations of temperature and relative humidity increased with age. All hatchlings survived six hours′ starvation but with considerably reduced crawling capacity. Seven- and 15-day old larvae were descreasingly affected. Older larvae survived and maintained their mobility after 48 hours. Successful dispersal will depend on host-plant, egg load, and costs of migration; these costs will change with larval age.
Comparison of microplate esterase assays and immunoassay for identifying insecticide resistant variants of Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Devonshire Alan L. , Devine Gregor J. , Moores Graham D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInsecticide resistant Myzus persicae (Sulzer) employ increased esterase activity to detoxify insecticides by hydrolysis and sequestration. The amount of esterase, and hence resistance, in individual aphids can be determined by measuring either overall naphthyl acetate hydrolysis in crude homogenates, or the specific enzyme responsible (E4 or FE4) after electrophoresis or immunological isolation. The ability of a total esterase assay, done in microplates, to discriminate between susceptible (S) aphids and resistant variants (R1, R2) with different amounts of E4/FE4, was compared with the resolving power of the more elaborate immunoassay technique. The immunoassay gave the better discrimination between variants, resolving them all with greater than 95% confidence, with particularly good separation of R1, from S. The microplate assay using crude homogenates, although a poorer discriminator, identified most of the very resistant (R2) aphids, and provided a robust and widely accessible method for broadly representing the resistance of field populations.
The behavioural responses of three different strains of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to Alfacron bait in the laboratory
Authors: Freeman Z.A. , Pinniger D.B 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA study was carried out to investigate the behavioural components of resistance in the Standlake strain of Musca domestica Linnaeus. The flies were collected from a poultry unit where azamethiphos spray-on-bait (Alfacron), had been regularly used to control the fly population. A no-choice laboratory cage test was used to observe the responses of the Standlake resistant strain to baits and compare it with two other strains namely, Sparsholt resistant and Cooper susceptible. The baits used were, Alfacron, sugar and analytical grade azamethiphos, sugar alone, and a blank target as control. Only female flies were used, each strain was exposed separately to each bait over a 50 minute period and the responses were recorded with a datalogger. The responses (per fly) recorded during each test period were: the number of visits to a bait; the time spent on a bait; the number of feeds and time spent feeding on the bait defined as the number of proboscis contacts and the length of time of proboscis contact with the bait. Knockdown of flies was recorded at the end of each test. All strains showed differences in their responses to baits. The Standlake strain showed the greatest difference to responses to Alfacron, with inhibition of proboscis extension when flies landed on the bait and a lower proboscis contact when extended, resulting in fewer flies being knocked down by Alfacron than by the sugar and azamethiphos bait. This suggested that inhibition of feeding on the Alfacron bait by the Standlake strain was caused by formulation components or contaminants and not the active insecticide ingredient, azamethiphos.
Differences in life history traits between isofemale lines of the aphid parasitoidAphelinus abdominalis(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
Authors: Haardt H. , Höller C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSix isofemale lines of the aphid parasitoidAphelinus abdominalis(Dalman) were compared for life history traits related to parasitism of three cereal aphid species. The lines differed most in the number of hosts parasitized in 24 h and the developmental times of females and males. Cluster and discriminant analysis showed that these differences were pronounced between line I, line II and lines III-VI, but not between lines III, IV, V and VI. Cross-breeding experiments revealed reproductive barriers between the lines which proved to differ most in life history traits, indicating the possible existence of morphologically similar species. Given the variability in life history traits between lines ofA. abdominalisrecorded in this study, we suggest a careful selection of candidate strains for biological control will be rewarding.
A rapid visual field screening technique for resistance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to the legume pod borer Maruca testulalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Oghiakhe S. , Jackai L.E.N. , Makanjuola W.A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA rapid visual field screening technique for resistance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to the legume pod borer Maruca testulalis (Geyer) was developed. The methodology involved measurement of two damage parameters: field examination of flowers for signs of M. testulalis injury or larval presence (i.e. rapid visual technique - flowers) and/or a pod evaluation index, from the ratio of pod load to pod damage (i.e. rapid visual technique - pods). Highly significant (P <0.01) correlations were obtained between the rapid visual field screening technique and the existing field screening technique. The latter is recommended as a fast and precise method for initial screening large collections of genotypes while the former should be used for more detailed selection and other resistance studies. The technique described here uses fewer variables than the previous method and thereby reduces costs while improving efficiency and precision.
Two methods of estimating competitiveness of chemosterilized males of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Saiful Islam M. , Port Gordon R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMating competitiveness and sexual or total competitiveness of males of the house fly, Musca domestica Linnaeus, treated with 1.0% hexamethyl phosphoramide (hempa) were measured quantitatively from direct observations and ratio test methods, respectively. From direct observations, treated males of Cooper and Boxted strains of M. domestica were found to obtain more first matings than untreated males (P <0.01 and P <0.05, respectively) when competing for untreated females, whilst by using the ratio test method under laboratory conditions, total competitiveness values (C) of treated males of the two strains were estimated to be 0.72–0.89 and 0.75–0.97, respectively, at three different ratios from 1:1:1 to 3:1:1.
The effects of sublethal doses of hexaflumuron on the feeding behaviour of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Vasuki V. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper presents the first report on the sublethal effect of an insect growth regulator (IGR), hexaflumuron, on the feeding behaviour of vector mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Anopheles stephensi Liston. Percentage engorgement and feeding behaviour of the adults of the three species emerged after sublethal exposures at the larval and pupal stages were markedly affected. Depression in blood feeding was significantly higher in Aedes aegypti with lower blood engorgement ratio. The proportion of females that failed to take a blood meal was higher in A. aegypti (30.2%) than in the other species when pupae had been exposed to 0.05 mg/1 hexaflumuron. Depression in blood feeding was probably due to abnormalities in the functioning of the mouth parts and feeding behaviour. No adverse effect on the feeding activity was noticed in the F1 generation of the treated species.
Calibration of trap catches and net catches for estimating population densities of the bush fly Musca vetustissima (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Vogt W.G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPopulation densities of male and female Musca vetustissima Walker were estimated from recapture rates of marked flies in baited fly traps. Marked flies of laboratory and field origin were equally trappable. Trap catches of field flies were also compared with net catches for which the human collector was the source of attraction, and relationships are presented for estimating population densities based on both sampling methods. Estimates of fly density from trap and net catches at fixed locations have similar precision, coefficients of variation being approximately 55% for both males and females of M. vetustissima. Comparison of estimated fly densities (flies/ha) and annoyance indices, estimated numbers of flies approaching a collector each minute at 29.5°C, in ‘good’ and ‘bad’ fly years suggests that M. vetustissima is a potential nuisance whenever population densities exceed 1000 flies/ha.
Disruption of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae) eclosion behaviour: a novel method for evaluating the action of neurotoxic agents
Authors: Ždárek J. , Denlinger D.L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAs the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood extricates itself from the puparium and moves upward through the soil the ptilinum expands and contracts rhythmically and thus generates a stereotypic behavioural pattern that persists for up to 10 h if the tsetse fly remains confined. The response, which is easily recorded tensometrically from the movements of the ptilinum, can be exploited as a tool for evaluating the behavioral response of tsetse flies to various neurotoxic agents. The behavioural assay proves useful in providing precise information about the latency of the response and lethal time, and can suggest likely modes of action. For example, sublethal doses of pyrethroids reversibly suppressed the contraction cycles, a response consistent with the peripheral action of this insecticide. In contrast, chlorinated hydrocarbons greatly increased contraction frequency, a result consistent with the action of these agents on the central nervous system (CNS). Assays utilizing eight commercial insecticide preparations (Pybuthrin, K-othrin, Vaztak, Reldan, Safrotin, Acetellic, DDVP, Antrix) demonstrate the utility of this method for detecting subtle perturbations of the CNS and neuromuscular system.
A short survey of the more important Families of Acari
Authors: Oudemans A. C. 
Published: July 2009

Mites or Acari belong to the class Arachnoidea, which also contains the Scorpions, the Spiders, the minute False-Scorpions, the long-legged Field Spiders and some other curious eight-legged creatures. They are at present considered as a degenerating branch of the Arachnoid trunk. Their larvse are six-legged, their nymphs eight-legged, but deprived of genital apertures.Apart from the Ticks (Ixodoidea), mites have been generally very much neglected by collectors and systematists alike; but seeing that they comprise a considerable number of species of undoubted economic importance, it has seemed desirable to call attention to them by this brief account of some of the more striking forms. A fuller investigation of their habits and lifehistories, especially as regards tropical species, is certain to yield much information that is likely to be of both practical value and scientific interest.
Characters and general morphology of the Lebbek Scale
Authors: Newstead R. , Willcocks F. C. 
Published: July 2009

Ovisac of female (see fig. 2, p. 124). White, or rarely pale buff. Usually more or less reniform, rarely quite globular or more or less hemispherical; surfacewith well-marked transverse, flutings and sometimes also with faint longitudinal striæ. The waxen plates and mealy secretion of the female are often visible on the exterior, more especially so in the earlier stages of the formation of the ovisac. When quite intact it has a closely felted appearance, but on the least disturbance the material is capable of stretching out into long, viscous, elastic threads interwoven with a granular or mealy secretion, which latter disperses in the form of a little cloud of white smoke.Length 3–5 mm.; rarely attaining a length of 7 mm.
Observations on the bionomics of Stegomyia fasciata
Authors: Macfie J. W. Scott 
Published: July 2009

So far as could be determined from laboratory experiments the sequence of events relating to blood feeding and the laying of eggs in the life of Stegomyia fasciata was found to be as follows:—On the second or third day after emergence from the pupa the mosquito takes her initial feed of blood. If she has previously been fertilised she lays her first batch of eggs on the sixth or seventh day, and is ready to feed again on blood a few hours later. Thereafter she lays eggs regularly every third or fourth day, and feeds on blood once only after each batch is laid in preparation for the next batch. The female continues to lay batches of eggs throughout her life, and in this way at least fifteen may be deposited. In order that eggs may be laid at all, both fertilisation and a meal of blood are required, and it is necessary that the fertilisation should precede the blood feed. Once fertilised, the female may continue to lay batches of fertile eggs for at any rate 37 days without being reimpregnated. If the eggs are laid in the early morning, she feeds during the day-time; if in the afternoon or evening, she feeds at night; but sometimes she refuses an offer to feed in daylight in favour of the next opportunity to feed in the dark.
Chemical reactions of fruit-flies
Authors: Howlett F. M. 
Published: July 2009

There are certain smells remarkably attractive to male flies of the genus Dacus and by the employment of these smells the movements of the flies can to a great extent be controlled, in any given direction. The reaction is strictly confined to the male sex, and different species exhibit a variation as regards the smell which is most attractive to them. It is uncertain whether the females emit similar smells; on the whole improbable.Three of the commoner species of the flies (D. diversus, ferrugineus and zonatus) normally breed respectively in (1) anthers of Cucurbitaceae, (2) fruits of Solanaceae and mango, and (3) peach, guava, mango and other fruits. D. diversus (1) is most strongly attracted by iso-eugenol, zonatus (3) by methyl-eugenol, and ferrugineus (2) by both methyl and iso-eugenol. The smells of these substances have not yet been identified with those of the plants which constitute the normal breeding-places, but male flies have been found attracted to mango, Papaya, a Cycad, and Colocasia. plants with a very characteristic smell similar to that of eugenol-derivatives. Females have never been seen to frequent these plants or to breed in them, but more extended observation is required on this point before it can be definitely said that they never do so. The males give the impression that they might visit these plants for food, for they suck the surface of the flowers, though they do not seem to exhibit any very particular avidity. One species (ferrugineus?) has been bred from a Eugenia at Bangalore.Three explanations suggest themselves:.—(a) The smell is a direct sexual guiding smell emitted by the female.But young crushed females did not attract males.(b) The smell is not emitted by the female, but may be termed an “indirect” sexual guide to the plants where the females are accustomed to congregate
for breeding purposes.Under these circumstances it is difficult to see why females should not also be attracted by the odoriferous chemicals.(c) The smell is a food-smell.It must then be a food attractive only to males.Two other species of fruit-flies, D. caudatus (breeding in fruits of Cucurbitaceae) and an unidentified species, were captured by means of an amyl-vanillin solution and of eugenol respectively. The rarity of the flies and the small numbers caught (four and one) make it advisable, however, to postpone detailed comment on these two cases, and future work may give more definite information as to their chemical relations. No substance attractive to male cucurbitae has been found.All the observations described were made at the Pusa Research Institute, India.
The Chaetotaxy of the Pupa of Stegomyia fasciata
Authors: Macfie J. W. S. 
Published: July 2009

The pupa is bilaterally symmetrical, that is, setae occur in similar situations on each side of the body, so that it will suffice to describe the arrangement on one side only. The setae on the two sides of the same pupa, however, often vary as regards their sub-divisions, and similar variations occur between different individuals; as an example, in Table I are shown some of the variations that were found in ten pupae taken at random. An examination of a larger number would have revealed a wider range. As a rule, a seta which is sometimes single, sometimes divided, is longer when single. For example, in one pupa the seta at the posterior angle ofthe seventh segment was single on the right side, double on the left; the former measuring 266μ, and the latter only 159μ in length. This fact is not specifically mentioned in the descriptions which follow, but should be understood.
Coccidae from the Seychelles
Authors: Green E. E. , Laing F. 
Published: July 2009

Adult female pyriform, broadest across the meso- and metathorax; cephalothoracic area rounded in front, slightly contracted behind, where there is a well-defined transverse grove; abdomen tapering to the posterior extremity; frons and margins of thorax and abdomen with a few spiniform setae. Antennae rudimentary, each bearing a single long straight seta. Anterior spiracles with a small group of parastigmatic pores (fig. 1, A). Pygidium with a well defined, strongly chitinised, pyriform, reticulated area, the lacunae oval or round, and disposed regularly; the part posterior to the anus, very heavily chitinised, obscuring the lacunae. Circumgenital glands present, consisting of a continuous arch representing the united median andanterior lateral groups, with the posterior laterals separated by a short space; the anterior laterals show signs of being in two rows. Dorsal pores numerous, comparatively small, circular, arranged in longitudinal series on each side of the pygidium, and extending on to the margins of the abdomen (fig. 1, B). Pygidial margin with three pairs of lobes and numerous angular projections laterad, each lobe notched on the outer side; two pairs of conspicuous claviform paraphyses, each with a large separate circular knob like the dot of an i (fig. 1, C). Length, 1 mm.; greatest breadth about 0·75 mm.
A new genus and species of Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitic on the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: LaSalle John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPhymastichus coffea, a new genus and species of tetrastichine Eulophidae, is described. This species is parasitic on the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), in Africa and is currently under investigation as a possible biological control agent for this borer
Action of amorphous silica dusts on the German cockroach Blattella germanica (Linneaus) (Orthoptera: Blattidae)
Authors: Patourel G. N. J. Le , Zhou J. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdult male German cockroaches were exposed to deposits of amorphous precipitated and pyrogenic silicas in continuous and discontinuous contact bioassays. LC50S of precipitated silicas in the former case generally increased with oil adsorption capacity of the dusts; variability in response in discontinuous contact bioassays was apparently due to grooming of appendages following pick-up of dust aggregates. The toxicity of silica deposits in half-treated choice boxes varied with relative humidity and was effectively eliminated at 95% r.h. or when free water was provided. Cockroaches accumulated in the untreated side of the box irrespective of r.h.; the mechanism of this effect is discussed.
Biological control of forest aphid pests in Africa
Authors: Mills N.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe aphids, Cinara cupressi (Buckton), Eulachnus rileyi Williams and Pineus pini (Macquart), have invaded conifer plantations in southern and eastern Africa between 1968 and 1986. Conifer plantations, and particularly pine plantations, are a new habitat in this region, having been established in the 1960s and 1970s. These aphids are the first non-native pests to colonize these forest plantations. As exotic pests, the aphids are suitable targets for classical biological control through the importation of natural enemies from Europe, the region of origin of the three aphids. The opportunities for biological control are explored and the prospects are encouraging. Details of the natural enemy complexes of the target pests in Europe are provided and discussed in relation to previous successful biological control programmes against conifer pests in other continents.