bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ToxR of Vibrio cholerae affects biofilm, rugosity and survival with Acanthamoeba castellanii
Authors: Valeru Soni P , Wai Sun N , Saeed Amir , Sandström Gunnar , Abd Hadi 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Background

Vibrio cholerae causes the diarrheal disease cholera and utilizes different survival strategies in aquatic environments. V. cholerae can survive as free-living or in association with zooplankton and can build biofilm and rugose colonies. The bacterium expresses cholera toxin (CT) and toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP) as the main virulence factors. These factors are co-regulated by a transcriptional regulator ToxR, which modulates expression of outer membrane proteins (OmpU) and (OmpT). The aims of this study were to disclose the role of ToxR in expression of OmpU and OmpT, biofilm and rugose colony formation as well as in association with the free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii at different temperatures.

Results
The toxR mutant V. cholerae produced OmpT, significant biofilm and rugose colonies compared to the wild type that produced OmpU, decreased biofilm and did not form rugoes colonies at 30°C. Interestingly, neither the wild type nor toxR mutant strain could form rugose colonies in association with the amoebae. However, during the association with the amoebae it was observed that A. castellanii enhanced survival of V. cholerae wild type compared to toxR mutant strain at 37°C.

Conclusions
ToxR does seem to play some regulatory role in the OmpT/OmpU expression shift, the changes in biofilm, rugosity and survival with A. castellanii, suggesting a new role for this regulatory protein in the environments.
MIBE acts as antagonist ligand of both estrogen receptor α and GPER in breast cancer cells
Authors: Lappano Rosamaria , Santolla Maria Francesca , Pupo Marco , Sinicropi Maria Stefania , Caruso Anna , Rosano Camillo , Maggiolini Marcello 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Introduction
The multiple biological responses to estrogens are mainly mediated by the classical estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, which act as ligand-activated transcription factors. ERα exerts a main role in the development of breast cancer; therefore, the ER antagonist tamoxifen has been widely used although its effectiveness is limited by de novo and acquired resistance. Recently, GPR30/GPER, a member of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor family, has been implicated in mediating the effects of estrogens in various normal and cancer cells. In particular, GPER triggered gene expression and proliferative responses induced by estrogens and even ER antagonists in hormone-sensitive tumor cells. Likewise, additional ER ligands showed the ability to bind to GPER eliciting promiscuous and, in some cases, opposite actions through the two receptors. We synthesized a novel compound (ethyl 3-[5-(2-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyloxy)-1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]but-2-enoate), referred to as MIBE, and investigated its properties elicited through ERα and GPER in breast cancer cells.

Methods
Molecular modeling, binding experiments and functional assays were performed in order to evaluate the biological action exerted by MIBE through ERα and GPER in MCF7 and SkBr3 breast cancer cells.

Results
MIBE displayed the ability to act as an antagonist ligand for ERα and GPER as it elicited inhibitory effects on gene transcription and growth effects by binding to both receptors in breast cancer cells. Moreover, GPER was required for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ERK activation by EGF as ascertained by using MIBE and performing gene silencing experiments.

Conclusions
Our findings provide novel insights on the functional cross-talk between GPER and EGFR signaling. Furthermore, the exclusive antagonistic activity exerted by MIBE on ERα and GPER could represent an innovative pharmacological approach targeting breast carcinomas which express one or both receptors at the beginning and/or during tumor progression. Hence, the simultaneous inhibition of both ERα and GPER may guarantee major therapeutic benefits in respect to the use of a selective estrogen receptor antagonist.
Measurement of Fractional Synthetic Rates of Multiple Protein Analytes by Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Lee Anita Y H , Yates Nathan A , Ichetovkin Marina , Deyanova Ekaterina , Southwick Katie , Fisher Timothy S , Wang Weixun , Loderstedt James , Walker Nykia , Zhou Haihong , Zhao Xuemei , Sparrow Carl P , Hubbard Brian K , Rader Daniel J , Sitlani Ayesha , Millar John S , Hendrickson Ronald C 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDCurrent approaches to measure protein turnover that use stable isotope-labeled tracers via GC-MS are limited to a small number of relatively abundant proteins. We developed a multiplexed liquid chromatography–selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC-SRM) assay to measure protein turnover and compared the fractional synthetic rates (FSRs) for 2 proteins, VLDL apolipoprotein B100 (VLDL apoB100) and HDL apoA-I, measured by both methods. We applied this technique to other proteins for which kinetics are not readily measured with GC-MS.METHODSSubjects were given a primed-constant infusion of [5,5,5-D3]-leucine (D3-leucine) for 15 h with blood samples collected at selected time points. Apolipoproteins isolated by SDS-PAGE from lipoprotein fractions were analyzed by GC-MS or an LC-SRM assay designed to measure the M+3/M+0 ratio at &gt;1% D3-leucine incorporation. We calculated the FSR for each apolipoprotein by curve fitting the tracer incorporation data from each subject.RESULTSThe LC-SRM method was linear over the range of tracer enrichment values tested and highly correlated with GC-MS (R2 &gt; 0.9). The FSRs determined from both methods were similar for HDL apoA-I and VLDL apoB100. We were able to apply the LC-SRM approach to determine the tracer enrichment of multiple proteins from a single sample as well as proteins isolated from plasma after immunoprecipitation.CONCLUSIONSThe LC-SRM method provides a new technique for measuring the enrichment of proteins labeled with stable isotopes. LC-SRM is amenable to a multiplexed format to provide a relatively rapid and inexpensive means to measure turnover of multiple proteins simultaneously.
Born with low birth weight in rural Southern India: what are the metabolic consequences 20 years later?
Authors: Thomas Nihal , Grunnet Louise G , Poulsen Pernille , Christopher Solomon , Spurgeon Rachaproleu , Inbakumari Mercy , Livingstone Roshan , Alex Reginald , Mohan Venkataraghava R , Antonisamy Belavendra , Geethanjali Finney S , Karol Rajni , Vaag Allan , Bygbjerg Ib C 
Published: January 2012

ObjectiveLow birth weight (LBW) is common in the Indian population and may represent an important predisposing factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the metabolic syndrome. Intensive metabolic examinations in ethnic LBW Asian Indians have been almost exclusively performed in immigrants living outside India. Therefore, we aimed to study the metabolic impact of being born with LBW in a rural non-migrant Indian population.Subjects and methodsOne hundred and seventeen non-migrant, young healthy men were recruited from a birth cohort in a rural part of south India. The subjects comprised 61 LBW and 56 normal birth weight (NBW) men, with NBW men acting as controls. Subjects underwent a hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp, i.v. and oral glucose tolerance tests and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. The parents' anthropometric status and metabolic parameters were assessed.ResultsMen with LBW were shorter (167±6.4 vs 172±6.0 cm,P<0.0001), lighter (51.9±9 vs 55.4±7 kg,P=0.02) and had a reduced lean body mass (42.1±5.4 vs 45.0±4.5 kg,P=0.002) compared with NBW controls. After adjustment for height and weight, the LBW subjects had increased diastolic blood pressure (77±6 vs 75±6 mmHg,P=0.01). Five LBW subjects had impaired glucose tolerance.In vivoinsulin secretion and peripheral insulin action were similar in both the groups. Mothers of the LBW subjects were 3 cm shorter than the control mothers.ConclusionOnly subtle features of the metabolic syndrome and changes in body composition among LBW rural Indians were found. Whether other factors such as urbanisation and ageing may unmask more severe metabolic abnormalities may require a long-term follow-up.
Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Cardiac Markers in Human Serum Using Surface Acoustic Wave Immunosensor
Authors: Lee Joonhyung , Choi Youn-Suk , Lee Yeolho , Lee Hun Joo , Lee Jung Nam , Kim Sang Kyu , Han Kyung Yeon , Cho Eun Chol , Chan Park Jae , Lee Soo Suk 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTWe present a rapid and sensitive surface acoustic wave (SAW) immunosensor that utilizes gold staining as a signal enhancement method. A sandwich immunoassay was performed on sensing area of the SAW sensor, which could specifically capture and detect cardiac markers (cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase (CK)-MB, and myoglobin). The analytes in human serum were captured on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) that were conjugated in advance with detection antibodies. Introduction of these complexes to the capture antibody-immobilized sensor surface resulted in a classic AuNP-based sandwich immunoassay format that has been used for signal amplification. In order to achieve further signal enhancement, a gold staining method was performed, which demonstrated that it is possible to obtain gold staining-mediated signal augmentation on a mass-sensitive device. The sensor response due to gold staining varied as a function of cardiac marker concentration.
The Effects of Employer and Client Identification on Internal and External Auditors' Evaluations of Internal Control Deficiencies
Authors: Stefaniak Chad M. , Houston Richard W. , Cornell Robert M. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARY
The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board's (PCAOB) Auditing Standard No. 5 (AS5) encourages external auditors to rely on internal auditors to increase the efficiency of lower-risk internal control evaluations (PCAOB 2007). We use post-SOX experimental data to compare the levels and effects of employer (client) identification on the control evaluations of internal (external) auditors. First, we find that internal auditors perceive a greater level of identification with the evaluated firm than do external auditors. We also find some evidence that, ceteris paribus, internal auditors are less lenient than external auditors when evaluating internal control deficiencies (i.e., tend to support management's preferred position to a lesser extent). Further, while we support Bamber and Iyer's (2007) results by finding that higher levels of external auditor client identification are associated with more lenient control evaluations, we demonstrate an opposite effect for internal auditors—higher levels of internal auditor employer identification are associated with less lenient control evaluations. Our results are important because we are the first to capture the relative levels of identification between internal and external auditors, as well as the first to compare directly internal and external auditor leniency, both of which are important in light of AS5. That is, we provide initial evidence that external auditors' increased reliance on internal auditors' work, while increasing audit efficiency, also could improve audit quality by resulting in less lenient internal control evaluations, due, at least in part, to the effects of employer and client identification.
Data Availability: Contact the first author.
Corporate Managers' Reliance on Internal Auditor Recommendations
Authors: Burton F. Greg , Emett Scott A. , Simon Chad A. , Wood David A. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARY
We investigate whether corporate managers' reliance on internal auditors' recommendations in an operational setting is influenced by three recommendation attributes: (1) whether the recommendation was consistent with or inconsistent with management preferences, (2) whether the recommendation was given by an outsourced or in-house internal auditor, and (3) whether the recommendation was quantitative or qualitative in nature. We use a 2 × 2 × 2 fractional factorial design to test our predictions. We find that managers change their initial position more when presented with preference-inconsistent recommendations than when presented with preference-consistent recommendations. We do not find differences in managers' reliance on the preference-inconsistent, non-quantified recommendations of outsourced versus in-house internal auditors. However, we find that managers are more likely to rely on the preference-inconsistent recommendations of in-house internal auditors when their recommendations are quantified as opposed to non-quantified, an effect that is not observed with outsourced internal auditors.
Data Availability: Please contact the authors.
Prevention and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer
Authors: Semchuk William M. , Sperlich Catherine 
Published: January 2012

Background: Many patients who experience a venous thromboembolic event have cancer, and thrombosis is much more prevalent in patients with cancer than in those without it. Thrombosis is the second most common cause of death in cancer patients and cancer is associated with a high rate of recurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), bleeding, requirement for long-term anticoagulation and poorer quality of life. Methods: A literature review was conducted to identify guidelines and evidence pertaining to anticoagulation prophylaxis and treatment for patients with cancer, with the goal of identifying opportunities for pharmacists to advocate for and become more involved in the care of this population. Results: Many clinical trials and several guidelines providing guidance to clinicians in the treatment and prevention of VTE in patients with cancer were identified. Current clinical evidence and guidelines suggest that cancer patients receiving care in hospital with no contraindications should receive VTE prophylaxis with unfractionated heparin (UFH), a low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) or fondaparinux. Patients who require surgery for their cancer should receive prophylaxis with UFH, LMWH or fondaparinux. Cancer patients who have experienced a VTE event should receive prolonged anticoagulant therapy with LMWH (at least 3 months to 6 months). No routine prophylaxis is required for the majority of ambulatory patients with cancer who have not experienced a VTE event. Most publicly funded drug plans in Canada have developed criteria for funding of LMWH therapy for patients with cancer. Conclusions: Evidence suggests that LMWH for 3 to 6 months is the preferred strategy for most cancer patients who have experienced a thromboembolic event and for hospital inpatients, but this is often not implemented in practice. Concerns about adherence with injectable therapy should not prevent use of these agents. Pharmacists should assess cancer patients for their risk of VTE and should advocate for optimal VTE pharmacotherapy as appropriate. If LMWH is the preferred agent, on the basis of the evidence, the pharmacist should educate the patients appropriately and work with the prescriber to ensure best care. Can Pharm J
Stories from the Trenches: Experiences of Alberta Pharmacists in Obtaining Additional Prescribing Authority
Authors: Charrois Theresa , Rosenthal Meagen , Tsuyuki Ross T. 
Published: January 2012

Background: Pharmacists in Alberta can apply to the Alberta College of Pharmacists in order to obtain the designation of additional prescriber. This designation uniquely allows them to initiate therapy, in addition to other medication-related activities. Our objective was to examine specific experiences of pharmacists regarding the decision to apply and the application itself, and use this information to help inform other pharmacists who are considering additional prescribing. Methods: All pharmacists involved in a randomized, controlled trial being conducted in rural Alberta who had received their additional prescribing authorization (APA) were invited to participate. Pharmacists were contacted via e-mail and asked to respond to questions regarding their experiences in applying for APA. Responses were analyzed using content analysis and the identites of all respondents were kept anonymous. Results: Fourteen pharmacists were invited to participate. Review and examination of the responses revealed 3 main themes: motivation, hurdles and outcomes. Motivation can be understood as the reasons why they applied for their APA. Hurdles include any problems encountered of a personal, environmental or professional nature. Outcomes refer to how this designation has changed their practice. Discussion: Pharmacists had to address many factors that were unexpected during the application process; however, the eventual outcome of obtaining APA was deemed beneficial, both professionally and with regard to patient care. Conclusion: The information shared from these pharmacists will help other pharmacists, regardless of jurisdiction, overcome some of the challenges associated with obtaining advanced prescribing privileges. Can Pharm J
Ontario Pharmacists' Crisis over Bill 16: A Missed Opportunity?
Authors: Rosenthal Meagen , Austin Zubin , Tsuyuki Ross T. 
Published: January 2012

Introduction: In 2010, the Ontario government brought forward Bill 16, which, among other things, removed pharmacists' professional allowances. While many would disagree with this unilateral action by the Ontario government, it also could have served as a crisis for change towards patient-centred care. We sought to examine the response of the pharmacy profession in Ontario to this crisis as it relates to the vision outlined in the Blueprint for Pharmacy. Methods: We systematically examined publicly available responses to Schedule 5 of Ontario's Bill 16 during the period from April to June 16, 2010. A rapid textual analysis of the data using tag or word clouds and a qualitative content analysis were performed on all of the data collected. Results: The rapid textual analysis revealed that the most frequently used terms were “pharmacist,” “pharmacy” and “professional allowances”; the least used were “layoffs,” “service cuts” and “patient care.” Content analysis revealed 4 themes: the desire to maintain the status quo of practice, a focus on the business of pharmacy, pharmacy stakeholders' perceptions of government's attitude towards the profession and changes to patient services. Discussion: It is notable that patient care was almost completely absent from the discussion, a reflection that our profession has not embraced patient-centred care. This also represents a missed opportunity — a crisis that could have been used to move the profession towards the Blueprint's vision. We thought that the Blueprint had already achieved this consensus, but the Ontario experience has shown that this may not be the case.
Mobiliser pour l'environnement en Europe et aux États-Unis
Authors: Mathis Charles-François 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Quel est l’apport du 19 e siècle en termes de mobilisation environnementale ? Il met d’abord en place un discours sur la nature, qui en révèle la valeur, détecte les dangers qui la menacent, et définit finalement les rapports complexes que l’humanité entretient avec elle (conservation/préservation, réformisme/utopisme). C’est également au cours de ce siècle qu’émergent des acteurs « environnementaux » et des procédures de légitimation de leurs discours ou actions. Enfin, s’y définissent des pratiques de mobilisation, par le recours à l’opinion publique, aux associations ou à la puissance publique. À l’orée du 20 e siècle, une rhétorique, des acteurs et des modes d’action sont donc en place pour permettre l’essor des mobilisations environnementales à venir.
Les nazis et la « nature »
Authors: Chapoutot Johann 
Published: January 2012

Résumé On crédite les nazis d’avoir su légiférer pour protéger la nature : le lien qu’ils établissaient entre le sang et le sol, le culte romantique de la nature et l’hygiénisme raciste qu’ils défendaient les auraient prédisposé à mettre en pratique une sensibilité écologiste précoce parmi les États contemporains. Un examen de la législation écologique nazie montre que les projets de loi dataient de la république de Weimar, et qu’ils ne furent guère appliqués : marais, forêts et montagnes furent soumis aux impératifs de la politique de production et de défense nazie. Un examen plus attentif du sort dévolu à ces zones protégées fait apparaître qu’elles furent, à l’instar des autres territoires et des hommes qui l’occupaient, totalement réifiées, et considérées comme des fonds d’énergie et de matière mobilisables pour l’effort de guerre du Troisième Reich.
L'européanisation de la politique environnementale dans les années 1970
Authors: Meyer Jan-Henrik , Poncharal Bruno 
Published: January 2012

Résumé L’article analyse l’émergence d’une politique environnementale de la Communauté européenne dans les années 1970 en termes d’européanisation de l’environnement. En s’appuyant sur la littérature produite relative à l’européanisation, elle peut être conçue de trois façons différentes : un processus compris comme l’établissement d’institutions et de politiques à l’échelle de la CEE, l’impact de la CEE sur un État membre et une européanisation sociale, conçue comme un processus d’établissement d’une coopération transnationale entre des acteurs sociaux à travers la CEE. L’article démêle l’écheveau du processus d’européanisation de l’environnement en mettant l’accent sur sa préséance dans le contexte du Conseil de l’Europe et sur la reprise d’idées politiques et de principes circulant à un échelon international. En outre, il s’intéresse à l’émergence rapide d’une européanisation sociétale, notamment dans l’anticipation de l’impact de l’Europe sur la législation d’un État membre.
Le tournant environnemental de la société industrielle au prisme d'une histoire des débordements et de leurs conflits
Authors: Letté Michel 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Catastrophes et pollutions massives ont-elles favorisé le tournant environnemental de la société industrielle au 20 e siècle ? L’opposition croissante des publics confrontés aux débordements de l’industrie suggère en tout cas une nette évolution des sensibilités. Partant de cas récents, cet article invite à explorer plusieurs registres du conflit environnemental provoqué par ces débordements durant plus de deux siècles d’industrialisation. Leur histoire porte sur la nature des transactions dont l’enjeu est la délimitation des territoires et de leurs fonctions. Elle s’attache aux négociations entre parties prenantes pour qualifier ce qui déborde, oppose leurs intérêts contradictoires, et propose de redéfinir le problème environnemental lui-même. Elle commande finalement une histoire des dispositifs de régulation des conflits environnementaux par la mise en perspective sur le temps long des débordements industriels.
L'invention syndicale de l'environnement dans la France des années 1960
Authors: Bécot Renaud 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Le mouvement syndical français a longtemps été présenté comme indifférent aux enjeux environnementaux. Or, dès l’après-guerre, les archives syndicales attestent d’une préoccupation, qui se manifeste au travers de sujets aussi divers que la gestion des « ressources naturelles », la santé au travail ou l’aménagement urbain. Ces préoccupations diffuses se précisent au cours des décennies 1950 et 1960, lorsque les syndicalistes sont confrontés à différentes situations de dégradation de l’environnement, notamment en contexte colonial. Les confédérations approfondissent alors leurs projets de planification économique, en intégrant progressivement les enjeux environnementaux. Dans le même temps, des actions syndicales de lutte contre les pollutions se déroulent sur les lieux de vie et de travail des salariés. Ancrée dans ce contexte, une réflexion sur la notion de cadre de vie émerge peu à peu. Cette notion devient la contrepartie syndicale de « l’invention technocratique de l’environnement ».