bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of Wheat to Rates, Dates of Application, and Sources of Copper and to Other Micronutrients1
Authors: Younts S. E. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisApplication of 2.5 pounds of Cu per acre corrected the deficiency on both high and low organic matter soils. Applications made at planting on February 15 or March 15 were equally effective where the deficiency was not severe; but on soils with severe deficiency applications after February 15 did not give maximum yields. Three common Cu compounds gave similar results. Cu level in the plant was not affected greatly by the rate but was affected by date of application of Cu and by other micronutrients.
Visual Estimation of Botanical Composition in Simple Legume‐Grass Mixtures1
Authors: Marten G. C. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisIn 3 harvests of 20 legume‐grass mixtures in 1962, the visual method consistently overestimated legume percentage in the spring harvest, but gave varying response in the aftermath harvests. However, significant correlations with each mixture and a highly significant overall correlation (r = 0.798) occurred between visual estimates and hand separation determinations of percentage legume. While visual estimates were biased in varying degrees with different species and varieties, the visual method had greater precision (less random error).
Test of the De Wit Compensation Function for Estimating the Value of Different Fertilizer Placements1
Authors: Singh R. M. , Black C. A. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisStatistically significant deviations from the “theoretical” value derived from the compensation function were obtained in a greenhouse test involving three levels each of P and water. Nevertheless, deviations were of the same order of magnitude as those encountered originally by De Wit, and the data confirm his view that the compensation function represents the results to a first approximation.
Effect of Aerationand Mechanical Impedance on the Root Development of Alfalfa, Sugar Beets and Tomatoes1
Authors: Scott T. W. , Erickson A. E. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisA greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of soil oxygen on root development when plants were grown with soil layers of bulk density 1.90 at 4 inches below the surface. The tap root of alfalfa penetrated the dense layer. Fibrous roots branching from the tap root were greater in amount in the dense layer where calcium peroxide was used as a source of oxygen. Tomato and sugar beet roots responded similarly to the peroxide in the dense layers.
Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Alfalfa, Bromegrass, Orchardgrass, and Timothy Grown as Pure Species1
Authors: MacLeod L. B. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisYield response to additional K for grass increased up to a tissue content of 2% and levelled off between 2 and 3%. Percent protein, nonprotein and nitrate N in the forage increased with N fertilization but decreased with K fertilization. Significant interaction effects showed that adequate K (50 pounds/acre) insured a balanced N metabolism in forages heavily fertilized (100 to 200 pounds/acre) with N.
Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization on the Yield, Regrowth, and Carbohydrate Content of the Storage Organs of Alfalfa and Grasses1
Authors: MacLeod L. B. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThe storage organs of alfalfa, orchardgrass, bromegrass, and timothy showed a significant response to N and K fertilization. In alfalfa‐grass mixtures K increased regrowth of alfalfa and decreased that of the grass associate while N increased regrowth of the grass species and reduced regrowth of the alfalfa associate. Regrowth potential was rated as follows: alfalfa>orchard>timothy>brome.
Yield and Yield Components of Grain Sorghum as Affected by Row Width and Stand Density1
Authors: Stickler F. C. , Wearden S. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisIn 34 trials, grain yields in 20‐inch rows exceeded those in 40‐inch rows by 10% in eastern Kansas and 7% in central Kansas. Grain yields were remarkably constant across stand densities because of intercompensations among individual components of yield. Little tendency for row width and stand density interaction was noted.
Effect of Spraying Urea on Winter Wheat, Triticum aestivum1
Authors: Sadaphal M. N. , Das N. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of different concentrations of urea (1 to 12%) sprayed at heading and blooming and after blooming on the components of yield, yield, crude and true protein, gluten, Ca, P, and niacin content of wheat, were studied over 3 years.Foliar application of urea caused an increase in the number of kernels per head and 1000‐kernel weight. Concentrations beyond 3% eliminated mottling in grains altogether. Mottling was inversely related to the protein content. Concentrations from 1 to 6% increased the yield of grain irrespective of season and the yield response was linear when spray was given at heading, an increase of 52 pounds per acre (4% of that under check) having been recorded with each increase of 1% in concentration, the maximum increase being of the order 24%. Subsequent sprays were not beneficial.Urea sprays increased the proportion of grain in total dry matter produced. Spraying urea resulted in considerable increase in both crude and true protein contents, the response in protein to different concentrations being linear at all the three frequencies. Increase in total protein content was largely due to that in the true protein fraction. The range of increase in protein varied from 18 to 34%. Spraying after blooming was more efficient than at heading or at blooming for enhancing the rate of accumulation of protein in grain.Increases in protein yield per acre due to N sprays ranged from 24 to 60%. Increases in gluten followed the pattern of protein and were of the order of 53 to 70%. Gluten constituted 70% of crude protein and 80% of true protein in nonsprayed wheat and 82% of crude protein and 90% of true protein in N sprayed wheat. While ash and Ca contents remained unaffected P content increased on account of spraying urea. Foliar sprays of N increased the niacin content of grain.
Effect of Temperature and Coating Thickness on the Release of Urea from Resin‐Coated Granules1
Authors: Brown M. J. , Luebs R. E. , Pratt P. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResin coatings are very effective in controlling the availability of N from applied urea in moist soil. In leaching studies, 94% of the noncoated urea was recovered in 1 day, compared to a 49% recovery of the N from coated urea (13.2% resin) in 4 weeks of intermittent leaching.Release rates are controlled by the thickness of the coating and the temperature of the medium. Coatings averaging 13.2% resin markedly decreased release of urea, compared to coatings of 9.0% resin. In the range between 5 to 35C, increased release of urea accompanied increases in temperature. After 4 weeks of incubation and intermittent leaching totaling 20 inches of water, 25 and 67% of the added N were leached from soil at 5 and 35C, respectively. Increasing the temperature 10C was approximately equivalent to doubling the release time within a 16‐week period. Increasing the temperature increases expansion of the capsule and the surface area through which diffusion must take place. This effect is probably supplemental to the effect of temperature on the diffusion phenomena per se. Approximately 99% of the capsules were recovered intact after incubation for 16 weeks at four temperatures between 5 and 35C.
Effects of Seed Age, Producer, and Storage on Corn (Zea mays L.) Production1
Authors: Fleming A. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn Experiment 1, seed of the same double‐cross hybrid and age from one grower was greatly inferior in field germination and yield to seed produced by another grower. Two‐year seed from Grower L yielded 1393 pounds more corn per acre than 2‐year seed from Grower K. This significant difference in returns at $1.86 cwt amounted to $25.91 per acre. No significant differences occurred in performance of 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year‐old‐seed of the same hybrid produced by Grower L.Two‐year‐old seed of Georgia 103 from Grower L had the same percentage of germination as 1‐year‐old seed from Grower M but yielded a significant difference of 1106 pounds ($20.57) more per acre. Differences yielding ability between lots of seed within a hybrid may not be detected necessarily on the basis of germination percentage, even under field conditions.In Experiment 2, seed of Georgia 101 lost its ability to germinate between the fifth and eighth years of bottle storage. There were no significant differences within hybrids between the treatments other than 8‐year seed for any of the characters studied except germination.To avoid unnecessary losses, the source of seed within a hybrid should receive special attention. It may be of greater importance than age of seed.
Natural Cross‐Pollination of the Peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., in the Presence of Bees and Thrips1
Authors: Hammons Ray O. , Leuck D. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOn the evidence, tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), are not vectors of natural cross‐pollination of the peanut flower in the vicinity of Tifton, Georgia. Cross‐pollination did not occur when plants were caged to prevent bee (but not thrip) visitations to flowers. Cross‐pollination occurred when plants were not caged and bees visited the flowers. Halictid bees were the principal bee visitors.
Effect of Soil Bulk Density and Soil Water Pressure on Emergence of Grass Seedlings1
Authors: Hughes T. D. , Stone J. F. , Huffine Wayne W. , Gingrich J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMoisture was the most important factor influencing the emergence of common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) and weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees.) in a clay soil over the range of bulk density and soil water pressure investigated. Both grasses exhibited approximately the same emergence at the −1/3 and −1‐bar soil water pressures. Of those soil strengths and oxygen diffusion rates encountered, none limited seedling emergence of either grass. Small correlation was found between soil strength and seedling emergence.
Diurnal Variation in Growth Rate of Grain Sorghum1
Authors: Johnson Wendell C. 
Published: July 2010

abstractGrowth rate of irrigated grain sorghum with moisture not limiting was measured in the field between August 11 and September 4, 1965, near Amarillo, Texas. A growth sensor was used which converted the extension of a grain sorghum leaf from the whorl, or of a head from the boot, into an electrical signal which was continuously recorded on a strip chart recorder.The minimum growth rate occurred between 7:00 and 9:00 AM on individual days. The growth rate increased rapidly after that and reached a maximum value for the day near noon. The growth rate decreased sharply during a 3‐ or 4‐hr period which began on different days between 4:00 and 7:30 PM and lasted until 8:00 to 10:00 PM. After this evening period of sharp growth rate decline, the growth rate decreased more gradually and paralleled the air temperature decline until the morning growth minimum was reached. (Times stated are Central Standard Time, or true solar time + 50 min.) There was evidence of a double peak in the growth rate curve in the afternoon of a clear day and of a temporary acceleration of growth rate in the early morning when moisture condensed on the foliage.
Macro‐ and Micronutrient Distribution within Ladino Clover (Trifolium repens L.)1
Authors: Wilkinson S. R. , Gross C. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLadino clover grown in greenhouse solution culture was separated into leaflets, petioles, stolons, flowers, peduncles, crowns, and roots and each part analyzed for P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, B, Al, and Zn content. Leaflets and petioles of three different ages were also analyzed for these 10 elements. Phosphorus was concentrated in flowers; Al in leaflets; and Mg, Mn, and Fe in the roots. With increasing age of leaves the P and Zn contents markedly declined, whereas Ca increased. Phosphorus treatments affected P concentrations in leaflets without appreciably affecting P distribution patterns.
Available Water in Soil as Influenced by Extraction of Soil Water by Plants1
Authors: Miller D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOver a two‐year period, a study was conducted to evaluate the influence of extraction of soil water by plants on the downward flow of water following irrigation and on the amount of water that may be considered as available to the plant. A conventional estimate of available water at an arbitrary time after irrigation may be increased by about 40% of the evapotranspiration that occurs between irrigation and sampling because of the influence of water extraction on downward flow. The data emphasize the lack of precision in the field capacity concept and that soil drainage following an irrigation does not usually become negligible within reasonable times after irrigation.
Factors Affecting Uptake, Yield Response, and Carryover of Molybdenum in Soybean Seed1
Authors: Gurley William H. , Giddens Joel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were grown on two soils with three lime levels and varying levels of Mo applied to seed and foliage. Seed that contained 0.5 ppm, 19.0 ppm, and 48.4 ppm Mo were planted at three locations. Seed from these locations were planted the 3rd year at one location. When the soil was limed to pH 6.5, and foliar Mo applied, a high Mo content of seed resulted. High Mo seed supplied the Mo needs of the crop and increased soybean seed yields on Mo‐deficientsoils. There was little carryover of Mo into second generation seed. Molybdenum accumulated in cotyledons of seed and there was a higher Mo content of seed on the lower part of the plant than on the upper.
Root Porosity and Growth Responses of Rice and Maize to Oxygen Supply
Authors: Luxmoore R. J. , Stolzy L. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) plants were grown in Hoagland solution culture maintained at 7.5 ppm and 0.7 ppm oxygen under artificial illumination.Adventitious roots were generally more porous than the primary root system and were the larger proportion of the roots after about 30 days growth, indicating that adventitious roots could have considerable significance in internal aeration.No effect of solution O2 concentration on root porosity of rice or maize was observed, suggesting that gas space development may be less dependent on anaerosis than has been supposed in the literature.For rice, the dry weight was higher at the lower O2 concentration, whereas growth analysis of maize showed that at the lower O2 concentration the dry weight was lower; this was associated with decreases in both leaf area duration and net assimilation rate.
Response of Lowland Rice to Varying Levels of Soil, Water, and Fertility Management in Different Seasons1
Authors: Pande H. K. , Mittra B. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPerformance of rice on lateritic soil was studied under three levels each of soil submergence, soil fertilization, and soil manipulation in the two rice growing seasons, aus and boro. In both seasons the grain yield was better under submergence than under saturation. The crop under shallow submergence (5 ± 3 cm) yielded as much as under deeper submergence (10 ± 3 cm). The crop growth under soil bulk density of 1.68 g/cc or above, obtained through puddling or compaction, performed equally well. With the increasing level of submergence, the P, Fe, and Si contents of grains increased, but, Mn content decreased in the two seasons.
Yield Components and Water Use by Silage Corn with Irrigation, Plastic Mulch, Nitrogen Fertilization, and Plant Spacing1
Authors: Doss B. D. , King C. C. , Patterson R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn was grown on a Lucedale fine sandy loam soil to determine the effects of irrigation, plastic mulch, N rate, row width, and plant population on yield components and water use by corn. Irrigation, plastic mulch, and higher plant population increased the dry matter yields of all plant parts. Closer row width increased dry matter yields of stalks and leaves but slightly decreased ear yields. Nitrogen rate had little or no effect on dry matter yields of any plant part. Stalks comprised an average of 45% of the total plant dry weight, ears 36%, and leaves 19%.Plastic mulch decreased average daily water use rates during the early part of the growing season but had little effect during the latter part of the season. Row width, plant population level, and N rate had little or no effect on water use rates. Daily water use rates during the season for unirrigated corn averaged 0.29 cm for plastic‐covered plots and 0.31 cm for uncovered plots. Average rates for irrigated corn were 0.34 cm for plasticcovered and 0.47 cm per day for uncovered plots.
Diurnal Changes in Leaf Resistance to Water Vapor Diffusion at Different Heights in a Soybean Canopy1
Authors: Stevenson K. R. , Shaw R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of soil moisture content and evaporative demand on diurnal variations of leaf resistance to water vapor diffusion were studied at two heights in a soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr.)) canopy. Under soil moisture stress, leaf resistance to water‐vapor diffusion of middle leaves in the canopy increased approximately 2 hr earlier in the day and to a greater extent than the resistance of upper leaves. This indicated a preferential flow of water to upper leaves. It is speculated that the degree of out‐of‐phase change in leaf resistance under stress conditions is related to canopy density.Leaf resistances of middle leaves decreased at a slower rate under adequate soil water supply than under drier conditions. On days with low evaporative demand, leaf resistances of upper leaves tended to be less (0.8 sec/cm) under the low soil moisture than under the high soil moisture supply. The apparent reduction of stomatal activity in leaves under low evaporative demand and high soil moisture supply is believed related to the lack of development of a small leaf‐water deficit necessary for maximal stomatal opening.
Influence of Previous Crop and Nitrogen Mineralization on Crop Response to Applied Nitrogen1
Authors: Hipp B. W. , Gerard C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted under irrigated, subtropical conditions to evaluate the influence of previous crop on NO3‐N distribution in the soil profile and subsequent response by cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) to applied N. Responses to N were obtained with cotton and grain sorghum if planted immediately after cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), but responses to N were small or non‐existent if the area was fallow from September until March. Fall and winter temperatures are warm enough that N mineralization allows accumulation of NO3‐N in the soil profile and may preclude a response from application of N.
Nitrogen Fertilization and Clipping Effects on Green Needlegrass (Stipa viridula Trin.): II. Evapotranspiration, Water‐Use Efficiency, and Nitrogen Recovery1
Authors: White Larry M. , Brown Jarvis H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil water and N are the major factors limiting forage production of green needlegrass (Stipa viridula Trin.) on the northern Great Plains. We studied the effects of N fertilization rate and clipping frequency on evapotranspiration (ET), water extraction pattern in soil profiles, water‐use efficiency, and fertilizer N recovery by dryland green needlegrass. Nitrogen was broadcast at 0, 70, and 140 kg of N/ha in November 1968. Green needlegrass was either left unclipped or clipped to a 5‐cm height five times during 1969 at approximately 21‐day intervals.Green needlegrass showed visual signs of water stress when water was deficient in the surface 30 cm of soil. On undipped plots, 80% of the ET was from the 0‐ to 30‐cm depth. Water‐use efficiency of undipped green needlegrass increased during May and June and decreased during July, but that of clipped plants decreased from May through July. Nitrogen fertilization increased and clipping decreased water‐use efficiency.Average N recoveries with 70 and 140‐kg rates were 22% for the first year and 8% for the second year. Recovery was highest with 70 kg of N/ha and frequent clipping. Low recovery of N fertilizer was not due to loss of nitrate‐N by leaching. At the end of the first crop season, 7% of the 70 kg N/ha applied and 17% of the 140 kg of N/ha applied the previous year remained in the soil as nitrate‐N.
On the Pressure Chamber Technique for Estimating Leaf Water Potential in Sorghum1
Authors: Blum A. , Sullivan C. Y. , Eastin J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to re‐evaluate the pressure chamber technique for estimating leaf water potential in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], with special reference to problems associated with leaf sample crushing under pressure and pressure rate increase inside the chamber. Pressure chamber readings were compared to Spanner‐type thermocouple psychrometer readings on leave of five sorghum genotypes at several stages of growth.A leaf sample holder, constructed from Silicon rubber and accomodated into a brass flange, reduced leaf crushing under pressure. It was found that pressure chamber readings (xylem pressure) cannot be directly used as estimate of leaf water potential, but should be corrected according to a calibration against a thermocouple psychrometer determinations of leaf water potential. Different rates of pressure increase in the chamber affected the regression between xylem pressure and leaf water potential. The regression improved with a greater pressure rate increase as indicated by smaller error variance estimate. No differences were detected between genotypes in this regression.This technique is, therefore, useful if worked out according to a calibration curve at a standard rate of pressure increase.
Rumen Microbial Degradation of Grass Tissue Revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Akin Danny E. , Amos Henry E. , Barton Franklin E. , Burdick Donald 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLeaves of ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers.) were studied to relate microanatomical differences to differences in degradation. Leaf sections of each grass were incubated with rumen microorganisms for various times and examined using the scanning electron microscope. Data reveal that tall fescue is degraded more rapidly and extensively than Coastal bermudagrass. These differences agree with in vitro dry matter disappearance investigations conducted on leaf tissue of each grass. Portions of the lignified structures in tall fescue appear to be removed after a 72‐hour incubation, whereas all lignified tissues in Coastal bermudagrass are completely undegraded at this time. Data indicate that the amounts of particular tissues in grass leaves affect the rate of tissue degradation.