bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active plasmonics: current status
Authors: MacDonald K.F. , Zheludev N.I. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTechniques for active modulation and control of plasmonic signals in future highly‐integrated nanophotonic devices have advanced rapidly in recent years, with recent innovations extending performance into the terahertz frequency and femtojoule‐per‐bit switching energy domains. As thoughts turn towards the development of practical device structures, key technologies are compared in this review and prospects are assessed for the future development of the field.
Superior lipolytic effect of the 1,444 nm Nd:YAG laser: Comparison with the 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Tark Kwan Chul , Jung Ji Eun , Song Seung Yong 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesRecently developed laser lipolysis systems have been disappointing because they require more time to remove the same amount of fat than other liposuction methods. A new Nd:YAG laser has been introduced that uses the 1,444 nm wavelength, better absorbed by fat.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThis study consisted of two protocols. The first protocol was an in vivo minipig model. Four 10×10 cm2 areas were treated on the back of the first minipig. Using the same total energy and power settings (5,000 J, 8 W), both the 1,064 nm and 1,444 nm lasers were used to irradiate the two cephalic areas. The two caudal areas were irradiated with both lasers, using the maximum power settings (12 W with the 1,064 nm laser, 8 W with the 1,444 nm laser). Another minipig was administered a preoperative injection of tumescent solution and treated with the same condition. Measurements of fat volume with computed tomography and histologic exams were conducted. The second experiment involved in vitro human fat. Equal amounts of human fat, harvested by liposuction, were put into test tubes and irradiated with 1,064 nm and 1,444 nm lasers. Oil production was measured from each test tube.ResultsA marked reduction in fat volume and more oil vacuoles and giant cells in histology were identified with the 1,444 nm wavelength compared to the 1,064 nm wavelength. Human fat in the in vitro experiments also revealed more oil production following the use of the 1,444 nm laser.ConclusionThe 1,444 nm Nd:YAG laser showed a greater lipolytic effect compared to the 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser in in vivo minipig and in vitro human fat experiments. To achieve a full understanding of the effects of 1,444 nm Nd:YAG laser lipolysis on the human body, in vivo experimentation will be necessary. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:721–727, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of laser tunnels in laser‐assisted lipolysis
Authors: Seckel Brooke R. , Doherty Sean T. , Childs James J. , Smirnov Mikhail Z. , Cohen Richard H. , Altshuler Gregory B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesLaser‐assisted lipolysis (LAL) devices are used as adjuncts to liposuction that create laser tunnels to heat the adipose and connective tissue. Available systems vary significantly across choice of wavelengths, power delivery, and tip design. Rationale are developed for optimum laser parameters evaluated with physical principles and in controlled ex vivo tests.Study Design/Materials and MethodsA computer model for radiation propagation, thermal conduction and coagulation was developed to study laser tunnels formed in human adipose tissue. An ex vivo study with porcine tissue compared laser tunnels created by a device that operates in short‐pulse mode with a 0.6 mm diameter fiber emitting lipid non‐selective laser wavelengths to a device that operates in continuous‐wave (CW) mode with a 1.5 mm diameter fiber emitting lipid‐ and water‐selective laser wavelengths.ResultsPhotothermolytic heating is the optimum mechanism to control delivery of heat to the tissue. Fiber tip surface power density can be optimized for ease of penetration and good volumetric heating while avoiding extremely high peak temperatures. CW rather than pulsed laser emission also minimizes peak temperature rise that can interfere with tunnel formation. Lipid‐ or water‐selective laser wavelengths with low absorption yield lower peak temperatures and more uniform volume heating, while lipid‐selective wavelengths offer greater safety near the dermis. Ex vivo histology demonstrated greater volumetric heating with the CW, lipid‐selective device at similar power settings.ConclusionWavelength, power delivery, and tip design are based on physical principles and together with treatment technique laser tunnel dimensions can be optimized as confirmed in ex vivo histology. The resulting thermal zones provide ease of penetration through adipose tissue and enable treatment uniformity. Based upon principles of fractional skin treatment the thermal zones induce healing responses in adipose tissue with potential to enhance clinical efficacy. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:728–737, 2009 © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of focused ultrasound for non‐invasive body contouring in Asians
Authors: Shek Sam , Yu Carol , Yeung C.K. , Kono Taro , Chan Henry H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntroductionPrevious studies demonstrated that multiple treatments using focused ultrasound can be effective as an non‐invasive method for reducing unwanted localized fat deposits. The objective of the study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of this focused ultrasound device in body contouring in Asians.MethodFifty‐three (51 females and 2 males) patients were enrolled into the study. Subjects had up to three treatment sessions with approximately 1‐month interval in between treatment. Efficacy was assessed by changes in abdominal circumference, ultrasound fat thickness, and caliper fat thickness. Weight change was monitored to distinguish weight loss induced changes in these measurements. Patient questionnaire was completed after each treatment. The level of pain or discomfort, improvement in body contour and overall satisfaction were graded with a score of 1–5 (1 being the least). Any adverse effects such as erythema, pain during treatment or blistering were recorded.ResultThe overall satisfaction amongst subjects was poor. Objective measurements by ultrasound, abdominal circumference, and caliper did not show significant difference after treatment. There is a negative correlation between the abdominal fat thickness and number of shots per treatment session.ConclusionFocused ultrasound is not effective for non‐invasive body contouring among Southern Asians as compared with Caucasian. Such observation is likely due to smaller body figures. Design modifications can overcome this problem and in doing so, improve clinical outcome. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:751–759, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Controlled volumetric heating of subcutaneous adipose tissue using a novel radiofrequency technology
Authors: Franco Walfre , Kothare Amogh , Goldberg David J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThe objective of the present study was to demonstrate the feasibility of varying the size of the heating volume of subcutaneous adipose tissue using a novel radiofrequency (RF) technology that controls the delivered energy distribution on the skin surface.Study Design/Materials and MethodsChanges in the distribution of the electric potential at the skin surface due to frequency adjustment of a novel RF device were experimentally characterized on human skin at 500 kHz, 1, 2, 3, and 4 MHz. These measurements were used to model RF‐induced electric fields and power absorption. Thermal measurements in ex vivo animal models were used to complement the initial mathematical modeling.ResultsAt 500 kHz the electric potential on the skin surface was nearly constant across the RF applicator surface. At 4 MHz the electric potential dropped 30% from the center to the edge of the RF applicator. At the centerline of the RF applicator, modeling shows that within a 3 cm subcutaneous fat layer the absorbed power at the bottom layer was 40% less than that at the top for 500 kHz. The absorbed power decreased 80% for 4 MHz. Temperature measurements show uniform heating across a horizontal array of probes with 500 kHz. Temperatures were significantly higher at the center probes for 4 MHz. Cross‐sectional radiometric temperature maps show a larger heated tissue cross‐section using 500 kHz as opposed to 4 MHz.ConclusionsAs the frequency increases (i) the electric potential at the skin surface decreases from the center to the edge of the RF applicator; (ii) the difference between the power absorbed at the top and bottom of the subcutaneous fat layer increases; (iii) the difference between the power absorbed at the center and the periphery of the exposed subcutaneous fat volume also increases; and, consequently, (iv) the size of the heated subcutaneous fat volume decreases. Such a device when used in humans may allow for differential delivery of heat to varying fat thicknesses and anatomic areas. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:745–750, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Osteoblast Adhesion and Proliferation on Poly(3‐octylthiophene) Thin Films
Authors: Rincón Charlene , Meredith J. Carson 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this study we assessed the suitability of semiconducting P3OT thin films (30 nm) to sustain attachment, spreading, and proliferation of MC3T3‐E1 osteoblasts. Cell area correlated with surface wettability: area was larger on the more hydrophilic surface (TCPS) and lower on the more hydrophobic surface (P3OT). Cells were rounder, characterized by higher circularity values, on TCPS and Si compared to P3OT. P3OT proliferation rate at 24 h fell twofold after 48 h, then recovered at 72 h to a value significantly higher than that on TCPS. Presoaking experiments showed no evidence of cytotoxic effects or leachants from P3OT. Overall, we conclude that P3OT is a viable substrate for osteoblast attachment and proliferation.magnified image
Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds with Multiscale and Photopatterned Porosity
Authors: Sundararaghavan Harini G. , Metter Robert B. , Burdick Jason A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe structural and mechanical properties of tissue engineered environments are crucial for successful cellular growth and tissue repair. Electrospinning is gaining wide attention for the fabrication of tissue engineered scaffolds, but the small pore sizes of these scaffolds limit cell infiltration and construct vascularization. To address this problem, we have combined electrospinning with photopatterning to create multiscale porous scaffolds. This process retains the fibrous nature of the scaffolds and permits enhanced cellular infiltration and vascularization when compared to unpatterned scaffolds. This is the first time that photopatterning has been utilized with electrospun scaffolds and is only now possible with the electrospinning of reactive macromers.magnified image
Integrating structural and epidemiological research to inform the classification of psychopathology
Authors: Ruscio Ayelet Meron 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGiven the enormous influence of classification on the major clinical, research, and administrative activities of mental health professionals, understanding the true number and nature of disorders and the reasons for their comorbidity is an important public health priority. However, while studies of latent structure have yielded valuable information about disorder boundaries, their reliance on non‐representative samples and failure to evaluate the practical implications of structural findings has limited their ability to effect nosological change. Conversely, community epidemiology studies, which inform classification by assessing the implications of diagnostic criteria in representative samples, have been limited by their focus on mental disorders as they are currently conceptualized by the field rather than on correlates and consequences of these disorders as they actually exist in nature. I consider the potential value of integrating systematically the methods of structural research with the methods of epidemiological research, exploring five ways in which these largely independent traditions may profitably be combined to inform the next classifications of mental disorders. By capitalizing on the complementary strengths of structural and epidemiological research, an integrated approach has significant potential to advance understanding of the nature of psychopathology and improve the validity and utility of its diagnosis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bloodless Surgery in Gynecologic Oncology
Authors: Nagarsheth Nimesh P. , Sasan Fahimeh 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBloodless medicine and surgery is an evolving field in the practice of medicine designed to avoid allogeneic transfusions. Although this field has largely developed in response to the growing needs of Jehovah's Witness patients refusing transfusions, all patients may potentially benefit from the avoidance of transfusions. The applications of bloodless techniques and strategies in the field of gynecologic oncology have been limited until recently, in part because of the generally large blood loss associated with gynecologic cancer surgeries. However, as advances in our understanding of bloodless surgery have developed and surgical techniques have been refined, the gynecologic oncology patient can now benefit from the avoidance of allogeneic transfusions. This review outlines bloodless surgery as it applies to gynecologic oncology patients and presents a structured approach to successfully managing these complex patients. Mt Sinai J Med 76:589‐597, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Myokymic discharges in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A rare electrophysiologic finding?
Authors: Whaley Nathaniel R. , Rubin Devon I. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMyokymic discharges (MDs) are uncommonly recognized in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The electrophysiologic findings in 96 ALS patients were retrospectively reviewed. MDs were found in 5.2% of patients, in 0.81% of total muscles examined (8.2% cranial muscles vs. 0.15% limb muscles). The higher frequency of MDs in cranial muscles suggests a difference in the metabolic environment or other mechanism of instability of the anterior horn cells in the brainstem compared to the spinal cord. Muscle Nerve 41: 107–109, 2010
Certified solutions for hydraulic structures using the node‐based smoothed point interpolation method (NS‐PIM)
Authors: Cheng J. , Chang X. L. , Wu S. C. , Zhang G. Y. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA meshfree node‐based smoothed point interpolation method (NS‐PIM), which has been recently developed for solid mechanics problems, is applied to obtain certified solutions with bounds for hydraulic structure designs. In this approach, shape functions for displacements are constructed using the point interpolation method (PIM), and the shape functions possess the Kronecker delta property and permit the straightforward enforcement of essential boundary conditions. The generalized smoothed Galerkin weak form is then applied to construct discretized system equations using the node‐based smoothed strains. As a very novel and important property, the approach can obtain the upper bound solution in energy norm for hydraulic structures. A 2D gravity dam problem and a 3D arch dam problem are solved, respectively, using the NS‐PIM and the simulation results of NS‐PIM are found to be the upper bounds. Together with standard fully compatible FEM results as a lower bound, we have successfully determined the solution bounds to certify the accuracy of numerical solutions. This confirms that the NS‐PIM is very useful for producing certified solutions for the analysis of huge hydraulic structures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On long‐range interpolation operators for aggressive coarsening
Authors: Yang Ulrike Meier 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAlgebraic multigrid (AMG) is a very efficient scalable preconditioner for solving sparse linear systems on unstructured grids. Currently, AMG solvers with good numerical scalability can still have larger than desired complexities, whereas variants with very low complexities exhibit decreased numerical scalability, which presents a problem for future high‐performance computers with millions of cores and decreased memory per core. It is therefore necessary to design more sophisticated interpolation operators to improve numerical scalability while preserving low memory usage. Two new long‐range interpolation operators to be used in combination with aggressive coarsening are presented. Their convergence and performance are examined and compared with multipass interpolation, the interpolation currently most commonly used with aggressive coarsening, and a higher complexity AMG variant. While the new interpolation operators require a more complex setup, leading to larger setup times, they exhibit better convergence than multipass interpolation, often resulting in better solve times. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nurse staffing and post‐surgical complications using the present on admission indicator
Authors: Mark Barbara A. , Harless David W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe evaluated the relationship between registered nurse (RN) staffing and six post‐surgical complications: pneumonia, septicemia, urinary tract infections, thrombophlebitis, fluid overload, and decubitus ulcers, in a dataset that contained the present on admission (POA) indicator. We analyzed a longitudinal panel of 283 acute care hospitals in California from 1996 to 2001. Using an adaptation of the Quality Health Outcomes Model, we found no statistically significant relationships between RN staffing and the complications. In addition, the signs of the relationships were opposite to those expected. That is, as staffing increased, so did some of the complications. We discuss potential reasons for these anomalous results, including the possibility that increases in RN staffing may result in earlier detection of complications. Other explanations include issues with risk adjustment, the lack of nurse level variables in the model, and issues with the POA indicator itself. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 33:35–47, 2010
What do muscle marker ruggedness scores actually tell us?
Authors: Niinimäki Sirpa 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMusculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) have been used to reconstruct activity patterns and labour intensity of past populations. Age and size have been found to correlate with MSM, and these aspects should be considered in activity reconstructions. The aim of this study was to find out the nature and the effects of labour intensity, age and size on MSM. Study material were skeletons (N = 108) of individuals of known age, sex and occupation housed at the Natural History Museum, Finland. MSM were scored for Pectoralis major, Deltoid, Teres major and Biceps brachii. These scores were combined to reflect total activity of an individual. Geometric mean of humeral measurements was used as a size indicator and radial tuberosity size was used as a muscle size indicator. Factors explaining MSM were studied using ANCOVA. This included age, size, muscle size, sex, labour intensity, and their interactions. Age and muscle size were the most significant factors explaining MSM, where muscle attachment areas and MSM grow with advancing age. Muscle attachment areas and skeletal frame size were also found to correlate. Least squares regression parameter estimates were used to study the effects of labour intensity, sex and side on MSM. It was found that in early life scores are higher in heavy labour group, but there is less age‐related increase in these scores. This could mean that bone is unable to respond to heavy and continuous loading with surface structure. Therefore labour intensity cannot be reliably recorded in old individuals. Also age and size (as reflected in muscle attachment area) affect MSM and these aspects should be considered before making assumptions on labour intensity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface plasmon resonance study on binding interactions of multivalent cyclophane hosts with immobilized guests
Authors: Hayashida Osamu , Sato Daisuke 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGuest‐binding affinities of water‐soluble cyclophane heptadecamer (1) and pentamer (2) with immobilized guests such as 1‐pyrenylmethylamine (PMA) and 2‐(1‐ naphthyl)ethylamine (NEA) were investigated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements. As a typical example, the binding constants (K) for 1 and 2 with the immobilized PMA as a guest were evaluated to be 2.5 × 107 and 2.7 × 106 M−1, respectively, and were much larger than that of a monocyclic reference cyclophane (K, 2.5 × 104 M−1). Interestingly, in the complexation of 1 and 2 with the immobilized guests, more favorable association and dissociation rate constant values (ka and kd, respectively) were observed in comparison with those for the monocyclic cyclophane, reflecting multivalent effects in macrocycles. The multivalent effects in macrocycles as well as molecular recognition abilities of the cyclophane oligomers were confirmed even when the guest molecules were immobilized on SPR sensor chip surfaces. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A constitutive model for the nonlinear viscoplastic behavior of thermoplastic olefin
Authors: Ma Qiu , Su Xuming , Lin Zhongqin , Lasecki John , Lai Xinmin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA tangent constitutive model was developed in this article to address the nonlinear viscoplastic behavior of compound grade thermoplastic olefin (TPO). The TPO was commonly blends of polypropylene matrix, rubber, and inorganic filler. The constitutive model for TPO was obtained from the combination of the mechanical behavior of the matrix and fillers. In a multiphase material, the rate‐dependent behavior of polypropylene matrix was presented by a physically based constitutive model for large strain deformation, while the deformation behavior of rubber and talc were captured by Hooke's law. The average strain of each phase, as well as the strain of the voids caused by cavitation of rubber and debonding of talc, was determined by the Mori‐Tanaka method, in conjunction with a tangent modulus approach. To test the applicability of the developed model, it was applied to calculate the rate dependent stress‐strain relations of TPO. The model was predictive of the initial rate‐dependent stiffness, yield, and strain hardening response in large strain deformation. The constitutive model was incorporated into a finite element code to predict the large strain deformation behavior of TPO. The initiation of necking and neck propagation were obtained and confirmed by experimental observation. POLYM COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers