bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood changes in mallards exposed to white phosphorus
Authors: Sparling Donald W , Vann Stephanie , Grove Robert A 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
White phosphorus (P4) has been extensively used by the military for various purposes, including marking artillery impacts and as an obscurant. Target practice in an Alaskan tidal marsh during the last 4 decades has deposited large amounts of P4 particles in sediments and water, which have resulted in die-offs of several waterfowl species. Because the toxicity of P4 in birds has not been well documented and because it is quickly excreted or metabolized in living animals, we sought to determine the effects of experimental dosing on blood characteristics in game farm mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). In two experiments, one employing single doses of 5.4 mg P4 per kilogram body weight in corn oil and the other using daily repeated doses of pelletized P4 at either 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg, there were significant changes in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), inorganic P, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. Other indications of exposure included changes in uric acid, creatinine, and total protein, which were consistent with reported liver and kidney damage due to this contaminant. Changes in white blood cells included a greater frequency of thrombocytes and fewer lymphocytes in dosed birds compared to controls. A biomarker of exposure based on LDH activity and hemoglobin is proposed.
Photoenhanced toxicity of a carbamate insecticide to early life stage anuran amphibians
Authors: Zaga Angela , Little Edward E , Rabeni Charles F , Ellersieck Mark R 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAican clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) and gray tree frog (Hyla versicolor) embryos and tadpoles were exposed to sublethal levels of carbaryl, a broad-spectrum insecticide, and ultraviolet radiation to determine interactive and sublethal effects. Ultraviolet intensity (UV-B [285–320 nm] plus UV-A [321–400 nm]) was controlled with various types of plastic filters and quantified with a scanning spectroradiometer. Significant differences in swimming activity and mortality of both species were evident during the 96-h experiments. Ultraviolet-B radiation alone and carbaryl in the presence of UV-B significantly decreased swimming activity of both species. As little as 1.5% intensity of ambient solar UV-B radiation photoactivated carbaryl. Toxicity of 7.5 mg/L carbaryl increased by 10-fold in the presence of UV-B in all species and life stages tested. Our results indicate that photoenhancement by solar UV-B radiation should be considered when evaluating the toxicity of contaminants to amphibians and other organisms.
Predicting toxicity of sediments spiked with silver
Authors: Berry Walter J , Cantwell Mark G , Edwards Philip A , Serbst Jonathan R , Hansen David J 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPrevious experiments conducted with feshwater sediments spiked with silver have shown that, when expressed on a dry weight basis, the toxicity of silver is sediment-specific and dependent on the form of silver added (e.g., AgNO3, Ag2S). This study was conducted to assess the usefulness of silver interstitial water toxic units (IWTU) and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) concentrations in predicting the biological effects of silver species across sediments, regardless of the species of silver present. Two saltwater sediments were spiked with a series of concentrations of silver. The amphipod, Ampelisca abdita, was then exposed to the sediments in ten-day toxicity tests. Amphipod mortality was sediment-specific when expressed on a dry weight basis, but not when based on IWTU or simultaneously extracted metal (SEM)-AVS. Sediments with an excess of AVS relative to SEM had IWTU &lt;0.5, and were generally not toxic. Sediments with an excess of SEM relative to AVS had silver IWTU &gt;0.5, but no measurable AVS, and were generally toxic. Sediments with measurable AVS were not toxic. Reanalysis of the previously published data from the freshwater sediments spiked with silver showed mortality to be correlated with nominal SEM-AVS and with silver IWTU. Taken together, these results support the use of AVS and silver IWTUs in predicting the toxicity of silver in sediments.
Effects of chloride, calcium, and dissolved organic carbon on silver toxicity: Comparison between rainbow trout and fathead minnows
Authors: Bury Nicolas R , Galvez Fernando , Wood Chris M 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe effects of independently altering chloride, calcium, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on the toxicity of silver (presented as AgNO3) were compared between rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). The 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) toxicity tests for both species were performed under the same conditions, within the same containers. In addition, the effect of altering [Cl−] on silver-induced perturbations to body Na+ influx and gill silver load was studied. Toxicity tests were conducted in synthetic soft water (50 μM Na+, 50 μM Cl−, 50 μM Ca2+, 0.3 mg DOC/L). The [Cl−], [Ca2+], and [DOC] were adjusted by the addition of NaCl, CaNO3, or humic acid, respectively. On the basis of total silver, increasing [Cl−] over a range of 50 μM to 1,500 μM resulted in a 4.3-fold increase in the 96-h LC50 values (decrease in toxicity) for rainbow trout, but did not significantly affect the 96-h LC50 values for fathead minnows. Increasing water [Ca2+] (from 50 to 2,000 μM) had only a small influence (1.5-fold increase) on the 96-h LC50 values in either species. However, increasing DOC levels (from 0.3 to 5.8 mg DOC/L) significantly increased the 96-h LC50 values (2.7- to 4.1-fold increases) in both species. If the 96-h LC50 values are calculated on the basis of ionic silver, Ag+ (utilizing the aquatic geochemical computer program MINEQL+ ), then, in the case of rainbow trout, toxicity correlates to Ag+. However, this correlation does not exist for fathead minnows. Increasing [Cl− did not affect the degree of perturbation of Na+ influx during acute exposure (first 4 h) to 8 μg Ag/L in either species, nor did it affect the whole-body silver uptake rates, but it did reduce the gill silver load. These results demonstrate that differences exist in the way in which water chemistry ameliorates silver toxicity between rainbow trout and fathead minnows.
Influence of water quality on silver toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), and water fleas (Daphnia magna)
Authors: Karen Daniel J , Ownby David R , Forsythe Barry L , Bills Todd P , La Point Thomas W , Cobb George B , Klaine Stephen J 
Published: March 2010

AbstractToxicity bioassays were conducted to quantify water quality conditions under which silver, as silver nitrate, is toxic to Oncorhynchus mykiss, Pimephales promelas, and Daphnia magna. Bioassays for P. promelas and D. magna were conducted as static replacement tests, whereas a flow-through bioassay system was modified and used for O. mykiss. Results from 96-h toxicity bioassays for O. mykiss indicated that chloride, hardness, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) protected against silver toxicosis, with DOC affording the highest protective effects. For P. promelas and D. magna, little protection was provided by increased CaCO3 alone, whereas DOC had a major ameliorating influence on measured silver toxicity. Lower concentrations of chloride (&lt;20 mg/L) had little effect on reducing silver nitrate toxicity. Dissolved organic carbon was more important than hardness for predicting the toxicity of ionic silver in natural waters to O. mykiss, P. promelas, and D. magna. Similarly, DOC significantly reduced silver nitrate toxicity to trout, whereas Cl− and hardness had only a minor protective effect. However, Cl−/DOC mixtures showed a greater-than-additive protective effect. Thus, we suggest that incorporating an organic carbon coefficient into the silver criterion equation will enhance the criterion values for site specificity.
Physiological effects of dietary silver sulfide exposure in rainbow trout
Authors: Galvez Fernando , Wood Chris M 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSilver accumulation was examined in juvenile rainbow trout during a 58-d feeding study with silver sulfide (Ag2S) added to the diet at concentrations ranging from 0 to 3,000 mg/kg Ag. Silver in the livers of fish fed the 3,000-mg/kg diet reached a level approximately fourfold higher than the control, representing an initial accumulation rate of 9.5 ng/(g·d). Despite this increase in silver levels in the liver, no influence of liver copper levels was observed. In comparison, there were no significant elevations in silver burdens in the kidneys, gills, or intestines, apart from a transient increase in the gills of fish fed the 3,000-mg/kg Ag diet on day 24 only. Daily food consumption rates were lowered by 14 to 22% in all the Ag2S treatments relative to control levels, possibly because of the decreased palatability of the Ag-laden diets. However, there were no significant differences in growth rates between any of the treatments for the duration of the study, suggesting a lack of any physiological perturbation by dietary Ag2S exposure. The results of this study suggest that dietary silver sulfide exposure at or below 3,000 mg/kg Ag is physiologically benign over a 58-d period.
Using statistical power to optimize sensitivity of analysis of variance designs for microcosms and mesocosms
Authors: Kennedy James H , Ammann Larry P , Waller William T , Warren James E , Hosmer Alan J , Cairns Stefan H , Johnson Philip C , Graney Robert L 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Controlled laboratory and field studies are often used in the risk assessment process to evaluate the fate and effects of chemicals on the structure and function of populations and communities. These studies have evolved, over the past 20+ years, from field studies to outdoor simulated ecosystems (microcosms and mesocosms). A review of pertinent literature indicates that analysis of variance is most often used to evaluate those data. Assumptions of homogeneity of variance are often violated, however, and standard normal-theory methods should not be used. Counts of macroinvertebrates collected from a mesocosm and microcosm study were analyzed using log-linear regression models (general and robust) written in the S-Plus statistical language. The statistical power of the analysis is also provided. Dose-response experiments may result in elimination of sensitive taxa for all replicates of a given condition. The program proposes a new method to deal with these zero counts. This program and directions for its use are available from an anonymous file transfer protocol (FTP) site.
Nonmetric multivariate analysis in community-level ecotoxicology
Authors: Clarke K Robert 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Community-level data, typically in the form of abundances of over 100 species, are widely collected in the context of environmental monitoring, e.g., of the effects of disposal of drilling muds in offshore oil operations. The statistical properties of the resulting abundance arrays preclude the use of “classical” multivariate analyses, such as principal components and multivariate analysis of variance. One alternative is the use of nonparametric displays and tests, such as nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) and variations of Mantel tests on similarity matrices. These do not require the restrictive assumptions of parametric techniques and possess a conceptual simplicity, facilitating their use and understanding by environmental managers and regulators. A monitoring example is discussed from Norwegian oil fields, for which such analyses have had a significant impact on environmental practice. The techniques are equally applicable to assessing outcomes from community-level laboratory experiments and bioassays. The paper exemplifies the analysis approach taken at the Plymouth Marine Laboratory (and encapsulated in the PRIMER software) through (1) observational studies of pollution gradients in North Sea sediments and heavy metal pollutants in the Fal estuary, UK; (2) an experimental study on differential effects of metals on marine nematode communities; and (3) a bioassay approach employing a microcosm experiment on Fal estuary sediments.
Enhancing the bioavailability of organic compounds sequestered in soil and aquifer solids
Authors: White Jason C , Alexander Martin , Pignatello Joseph J 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A study was conducted to find ways to increase the biodegradability of compounds that have aged in soil or aquifer material and become less bioavailable. Slurrying enhanced the rate and extent of biodegradation by individual bacterial strains of aged and unaged phenanthrene and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in soils and aquifer solids. After bacterial degradation of aged phenanthrene in unslurried soil had largely ceased, the residual compound was metabolized if the soil was slurried and reinoculated with a phenanthrene-degrading bacterium. The rate and extent of biodegradation of aged phenanthrene by Pseudomonas sp. were enhanced when anthracene or pyrene was added to the soil at the same time as the bacterium, although the organism could not metabolize anthracene or pyrene. Moreover, anthracene or pyrene increased the amount of aged phenanthrene removed from soil by a mild extractant. The data show that the bioavailability of organic compounds that become sequestered by aging can be altered by appropriate soil treatments.
Potential use of cholinesterase in monitoring low levels of organophosphates in small streams: Natural variability in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and relation to pollution
Authors: Sturm Armin , Wogram Jöorn , Hansen Peter-Diedrich , Liess Mathias 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The potential use of cholinesterase(ChE) in body muscle of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as a biomarker of organophosphate (OP) contamination was investigated. Fish were sampled from nine headwater streams directly after the main application period (July 1995) and 2 months after the end of OP use (October 1995). Cholinesterase activity was inversely related to fish weight. Muscle ChE was comprised of both acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase. In July, fish from two sites (A and B) had significantly lower (∼30%) ChE activities than fish from all but one of the other sites. In October, the range of ChE activities was similar to that observed in July; however, no site significantly differed from the majority of other sites. The OP parathion was detected in suspended particulates at sites A and B. This suggests that decreased ChE in July reflects OP exposure. Because sampling of suspended particulates at site A occurred with a higher resolution than at the other sites and because decreases were close to the natural variability, however, this relationship cannot be demonstrated with certainty. The reported characteristics of ChE and its natural variability in stickleback represent baseline data for its use in the monitoring of OP contamination of small streams.
Use of nonpolar resin for reduction of fluoranthene bioavailability in sediment
Authors: Kosian Patricia A , West Corlis W , Pasha Mumtaz S , Cox Julie S , Mount David R , Huggett Robert J , Ankley Gerald T 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Amersorbb® 1500, a carbonaceous resin, for reducing the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment. Initial studies were conducted with a model PAH, fluoranthene, to determine how effective the resin would be at reducing fluoranthene concentrations in water and sediment pore water. Fluoranthene concentrations were reduced by more than 70% within 24 h when 0.1 g of unconditioned resin was added to 500-ml solutions containing 160 μg/L fluoranthene. Within 48 h, concentrations decreased by more than 92%. Addition of Ambersorb to fluoranthene-spiked sediment showed similar reductions of fluoranthene concentrations in pore water. Based on these initial results, a 10-d bioaccumulation/toxicity experiment was conducted in which the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus was exposed to fluoranthene-spiked sediment with and without resin. Chemical analyses showed that sediment amended with resin had greatly diminished pore-water fluoranthene concentrations compared with sediment without resin. Proportional reductions in whole-body fluoranthene concentrations were observed in oligochaetes exposed to resin-amended sediments. As would be expected from enhancement of fluoranthene toxicity by ultraviolet light, organisms exposed to fluoranthene-spiked sediment exhibited significant mortality upon subsequent exposure to ultraviolet light. Consistent with their lower body burdens, organisms from resin-treated sediment lacked this sensitivity (100% survival). These experiments demonstrate that Ambersorb 1500 effectively reduces the bioavailability of fluoranthene in spiked sediment. Additional studies are needed to define the boundaries of the resin's effectiveness in influencing the bioavailability of other PAHs and nonpolar organic chemicals in spiked and field-contaminated sediments.
Accumulation of copper, chromium, and arsenic in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) from laboratory and field exposures to wood treated with chromated copper arsenate type C
Authors: Adler-Ivanbrook Leslie , Breslin Vincent T 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to examine the uptake of Cu, Cr, and As leached from southern yellow pine (SYP) treated with chromated copper arsenate type C (CCA-C), as well as effects on mortality and growth, in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Mussels were exposed to CCA-C-treated wood at a preservative retention of 40 kg/m3 and control (nontreated) SYP in laboratory flow-through sea table and field exposure experiments for 9 months in 1994 and 3 months in 1995. Mussels were sampled at regular intervals to evaluate possible short- and long-term exposure effects. Individual mussels were measured to determine the length, dry weight, and condition index. Mussel tissues were then analyzed for Cu, Cr, and As. Results showed few significant differences in condition index, dry weight, and length between CCA-C-exposed and control mussels. In addition, no statistically significant differences in mortality were found between the mussels exposed to CCA-C-treated and nontreated SYP in the laboratory flow-through sea table and field exposure experiments. Significant differences in Cu, As, and Cr contents in mussel tissues between treatments were few, and generally cannot be attributed to exposure to CCA-C-treated SYP. The lack of Cu, Cr, and As uptake from CCA-C-treated SYP was attributed to the low, although continuous, rate of release of these elements from CCA-C-treated wood and to the experimental design, which allowed continuous flushing, prohibiting the accumulation of these elements in the water surrounding the mussels.
Sediment organic matter content as a confounding factor in toxicity tests with Chironomus tentans
Authors: Lacey Rebekah , Watzin Mary C , McIntosh Alan W 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Physicochemical characteristics of sediment unrelated to contaminant levels and bioavailability may influence the outcome of toxicity tests. In particular, sediment organic matter content has the potential to be a confounding factor in toxicity tests using the midge larva Chironomus tentans because the larvae are infaunal and feed on organic matter in the sediments. To examine this possibility, we conducted a series of tests using formulated sediments with varying organic matter contents (0–20%) following the standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) 10-day C. tentans growth and survival protocol. Formulated sediments made with peat moss, α-cellulose, and maple leaves were tested. An organic-rich natural sediment diluted with formulated sediment to achieve a range of organic matter contents was also examined. In a final experiment, sediments containing each of the four organic matter sources at the same concentration were tested against one another. Survival was not greatly affected by concentration of organic matter, except at the lowest concentrations in natural sediment (6–7%), where survival dipped below 70%. In experiments using peat moss, α-cellulose, and maple leaves, significant differences in C. tentans growth (measured as ash-free dry weight) were found at different organic matter concentrations. In contrast, concentration of organic matter in the natural sediment dilution series had little effect on growth, perhaps because much of this material was highly refractory. In the comparison experiment, growth differed significantly among the four sediments, with best growth achieved with α-cellulose and leaves. These results suggest that both organic matter quantity and quality can be confounding factors in toxicity tests using C. tentans.
Secondary poisoning in the common shrew (Sorex araneus) fed earthworms exposed to an organophosphate pesticide
Authors: Dell'Omo Giacomo , Turk Anthony , Shore Richard F 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Earthworms Esinia spp. were kept for a 48-h period in artificial soil contaminated with a sublethal dose of dimethoate, an organophosphate pesticide. Different groups of common shrews, Sorex araneus, were fed earthworms that had been exposed to contaminated soil either 1, 5, or 10 d previously. Cholinesterase (ChE) activity was measured in worms and in the shrews before and after they were fed contaminated worms. After exposure to dimethoate-treated soil, ChE activity in worms was inhibited by 90%. Recovery was slow, and ChE activity was still markedly inhibited (35% of the control level) 40 d after exposure. Whole blood ChE activity in shrews was significantly depressed (64% of preexposure levels) when animals were fed worms that had been exposed to dimethoate-treated soil on the previous day. There was no such significant inhibition in shrews fed worms that had been exposed to contaminated soil either 5 or 10 d previously.
Incidence of lethal bird poisoning reduced by regurgitation of pesticide-treated food
Authors: Pascual Juan A , Hart Andrew D M , Fryday Steve L 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRegurgitation by birds feeding on pesticide-treated seed was quantified in two experiments, and its role in reducing the risk of acute poisoning from an organophosphorus pesticide was assessed. Captive feral pigeons (Columba livia) were offered fonofos-treated seed ad libitum on a test day after a 6-d period in which one group was given free access to untreated seed and another group was given no food in one experiment or 15% of normal intake in the other. Avoidance of treated seed reduced intake substantially, preventing the ingestion of lethal doses for all birds fed ad libitum and some but not all of the food-restricted birds. Some of the latter regurgitated most of the seed taken in (&gt;60%), reducing by ∼50% the dose of pesticide assimilated and lowering the dose from above to below lethal levels. Regurgitation was the most likely explanation for the survival of at least 12 and 50% of the food-restricted birds in these experiments. Regurgitation reduced but did not prevent mortality, because some birds died without regurgitating and others despite doing so. This study provides the first clear evidence that regurgitation can directly reduce mortality of birds exposed to pesticides in their food. Implications for the risk of poisoning wild birds and avian toxicity testing are discussed.