bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Tillage on Nutrient Uptake and Yield of Corn1
Authors: Hargrove W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThough it appears that the surface accumulation of soil nutrients and the shallower distribution of roots is not detrimental to crop growth and yield under no‐tillage management, supportive data with respect to nutrient uptake are scarce. A field plot study was conducted over 3 yr utilizing four tillage treatments: (i) conventional tillage (moldboard plow); (ii) no‐tillage (coulter); (iii) no‐tillage with shallow (10 to 15 cm) in‐row chisel; and (iv) no‐tillage with deep (30 to 45 cm) in‐row chisel. The objective was to determine the influence of tillage on nutrient uptake and yield of corn by: (i) measuring changes in distribution of soil nutrients; (ii) determining the nutrient status of corn plants; (iii) measuring rubidium (Rb) uptake by corn plants when Rb was placed at various row positions and depths in the soil profile; and (iv) measuring grain yields. No‐tillage treatments resulted in a redistribution and concentration of soil nutrients at the soil surface, compared with conventional tillage. However, the nutrient status of plants grown under no‐tillage management was equal or superior to those grown by conventional tillage. Furthermore, the activity of roots and the extraction of water and nutrients, as evidenced by Rb uptake, was greater for no‐tillage compared with conventional tillage. No‐tillage, whether in‐row chisel was included or not, resulted in larger plants and greater grain yields. No evidence was obtained that would support deeper placement of nutrients or in‐row chisel operations to improve subsoil rooting under no‐tillage.
Deep Placement Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Grain Yield, Nutrient Uptake, and Forage Quality of Winter Wheat1
Authors: Westerman R. L. , Edlund M. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen and P applied together in deep‐band applications have been reported to increase crop production over that obtained with conventional applications. Little information is available on the continuous use of this method of application. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effects of N, P, and N plus P knifed in bands with conventional broadcast methods on grain yield, N and P uptake in grain, and concentration in wheat forage when applied several years at the same location. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) was grown at three locations from 1980 to 1983. Two N sources, anhydrous ammonia (AA) and ammonium nitrate (AN), one P source, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and one nitrification inhibitor source, nitrapyrin (NI), were used. Rates of N, P and NI were 112, 30, and 0.56 kg ha−1, respectively. Methods of N and P fertilization included broadcast (BC) and knifed (KF) in bands 15 cm deep with 45‐cm spacings. Crops responded to N fertilization at Altus (southwest location), N plus P at Stillwater (northcentral), and P at Haskell (northeast). Effects of methods of application varied with locations and years. The first year, at Stillwater was the only occurrence of N and P knifed in that resulted in higher yield and N and P uptake in grain compared with broadcast methods. However, with continued fertilization in the same plots with subsequent years, the positive effect of fertilizer in deep placed bands diminished, and broadcast applications were more efficient. Broadcast P applications were more efficient in later years of the study at Haskell where the greatest response to P fertilization was obtained. No long‐term benefits due to placement of N and P together or in combination with NI in deep bands were observed at any of the three locations.
Influence of Climatic Factors and Forage Age on the Chemical Components of Ryegrass Related to Grass Tetany1
Authors: Cherney D. J. R. , Robinson D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractClimatic factors are known to influence several soil‐plant‐animal relationships, including many criteria used to evaluate the grass tetany potential of forages. Specific climatic influences on these criteria are not well understood. Our objectives were to evaluate effects of growth temperature, soil moisture level, length of flooded period, and forage age on the following forage chemical parameters that have been associated with the incidence of grass tetany: N, K, Ca, Mg, AI, and total water‐soluble carbohydrate (TWSC) concentrations plus ratios of N/TWSC and K/(Ca+Mg). Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorurnLam.) grown in growth cabinets at two day/night temperatures (21/13 and 5/0 °C), two soil moisture levels (flooded and optimum), and three flooded periods (7, 14, and 21 days) was harvested 35,42, and 49 days after planting. Regrowth tissue was harvested on Day 49 from plants harvested on Days 35 and 42 (14 and 7 days regrowth, respectively). Temperature and soil moisture variables were initiated 21 days after planting in Tensas silty clay (Vertic Ochraqualf) collected from a tetany‐prone pasture. Ryegrass exposed to 5/0 °C for 2 weeks consistently contained less than the critical Mg level of 2.0 g kg−1, while that grown at 21/13 °C always contained > 2.0 g kg−1Mg. Concentrations of Mg, Ca, K, and N were higher in younger tissue than older tissue and higher in regrowth than in first growth tissue. Regrowth tissue produced at low temperatures contained only 2.0 g kg−1Mg, but over 34 and 51 g kg−1N and K, respectively, and had K/(Ca + Mg) ratios exceeding 3.0. Concentrations of TWSC were also very low in regrowth tissue. Although soil moisture effects were small, Mg concentrations were lower under flooded soil conditions. Forage AI concentrations were generally < 50 µg g−1, regardless of environmental conditions imposed or age of forage at harvest, indicating that AI level was not a factor in determining the grass tetany potential of ryegrass under these conditions. The study shows that grass tetany potential of ryegrass is higher after cold, wet periods and that young regrowth tissue can increase that potential
The Relationships of Nitrate Concentrations in Young Corn Stalks to Soil Nitrogen Availability and Grain Yields1
Authors: Iversen K. V. , Fox R. H. , Piekielek W. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe importance of N in crop production makes accurate estimation of the available N in the soil desirable, especially with increasing costs of N fertilizers and concern for environmental hazards associated with excessive fertilization. Although several soil N availability indices have been developed, none of those tested has had wide success in Pennsylvania. A 2‐yr study was conducted in central Pennsylvania to determine if nitrate (NO−3) analysis of young corn plants (Zea maysL.) was significantly related to soil N availability. The NO−3contents of basal stalks were determined weekly for several weeks after emergence in two N fertilizer response experiments in 1982 and 1983. The soil in sites in 1982 and 1983 were Murrill silt loam, a Typic Hapludult, and Hagerstown silt loam, a Typic Hapludalf, respectively. Stalk NO−3−N increased with increasing N fertilizer rates. The effect of plant age on stalk NO−3concentration varied between the 2 yr, probably due to hail damage or available water differences. Differences in stalk NO−3among N fertilizer treatments increased with time in both years. The optimum time for sampling appeared to be approximately 30 days after emergence (DAE). Correlations of stalk NO−3at this time with relative grain yield and N uptake were significant (r>0.94) both years. Based on regression lines, at approximately 30 DAE, the critical concentration of stalk NO−3−N (for 95% of the plateau yield) was about 11 g NO−3kg−1in 1982, and 16 g NO−3−‐N kg−1in 1983. Combined data from both years had a significant but lower correlation (r=0.754) between stalk NO−3and relative grain yield, with an apparent critical concentration of 15.7 g NO−3−N kg−1. The potential for predicting soil N availability from NO−3tissue testing appears possible if the environmental factors that affect tissue NO−3accumulation can be identified and quantified.
Responses of Sugarbeet to Deficit, High‐Frequency Sprinkler Irrigation. I. Sucrose Accumulation, and Top and Root Dry Matter Production1
Authors: Hang An N. , Miller D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInsufficient water frequently limits crop production worldwide. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of deficit daily sprinkler irrigation on sucrose accumulation and root and top dry matter production from sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL.) grown on loam and sandy soils (Xerollic Camborthids and Xeric Torripsamments, respectively). Applied water ranged from 15 to 100% and 26 to 115% of the estimated evapotranspiration (Et) after near full canopy on the loam and sandy soil, respectively. On the loam soil, root sucrose concentration increased rapidly with time. The rate of increase was lower with adequate soil water than when it was limited. At the final harvest, maximum dry matter production occurred at irrigation rates equivalent to 40 to 50% of estimated Et. On the sandy soil, with limited water, root sucrose concentrations increased to a maximum about 8 weeks after irrigation treatments began and then decreased. With adequate water, root sucrose concentrations increased until harvest. Sucrose concentration was significantly higher with limited than with adequate water until near harvest. Dry matter production increased with increasing water applied up to about 85% estimated Et
Management of Sorghum Under Limited Irrigation1
Authors: Undersander D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrain sorghum [Sorghum blcolor(L.) Moench] is produced with furrow irrigation across much of the semiarid West. Rising energy costs and declining water supplies in some regions have caused many farmers to irrigate with less water than required for maximum yield. Irrigation needs could be reduced if rainfall were used effectively on irrigated land. Research was done at the Texas Agric. Exp. Stn.. Etter, TX from 1979 to 1982 to compare different systems for limited irrigation of sorghum while attempting to maximize the use of rainfall. The study was conducted on graded furrows (0.3% slope) on a fine, mixed, mesic Torrertic Paleustoll (Sherm silty clay loam soil). The irrigation treatments were: 0, 2.5, 3.8, 5.1, and 10.1 (full irrigation) cm applied at each irrigation. The treatment receiving 2.5 cm was irrigated only in every third furrow and the treatment receiving 3.8 cm was irrigated in alternate furrows. All limited irrigation treatments contained furrow dams spaced 3 m apart. Total water applied varied with years due to rainfall. The seeding rate was varied down the row on plots that received 2.5, 3.8, and 5.1 cm per irrigation. Variable seeding rate was compared with uniform seeding on the 3.8 cm water treatment. Every third row was left blank on the 2.5 cm water treatment. Limited irrigation reduced runoff compared to full irrigation. Water advanced further down the field in alternate than in every furrow irrigation. The dams of non‐irrigated furrows were left in better condition to retain water from precipitation than in the irrigated furrows. The irrigation water use efficiency of 3.8 cm applied to alternate furrows was higher than 5.1 cm applied to every furrow with no change in yield. The yield and water use efficiencies from plots with uniform seeding rate were equal to those from variable seeding rate plots
Growth and Development of Irrigated Sunflower in the Texas High Plains1
Authors: Unger Paul W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is widely adapted in the USA. In the southern Great Plains, it has been planted from March to August, but time of planting affected its growth, yield, and quality. Objectives of this study, conducted on Pullman clay loam (Torrertic Paleustolls), were to determine the effect of planting dates and associated environmental factors on sunflower growth, development, yield, quality, and water use. A better understanding of these effects could lead to improved management of this crop. The sunflower was planted from late March to late July in 1980 and 1981. For each planting, sunflower growth, development, yield, and quality were determined and related to environmental factors by simple correlation and multiple regression analyses. Sunflower planted from early April to early June yielded more than earlier‐ or later‐planted sunflower. Values for most other sunflower variables either increased or decreased progressively from the first to the last planting. Early planted sunflower developed slower and used more water than later‐planted sunflower. Planting after early June also resulted in low water use efficiencies because of lower yields. Consequently, early and late plantings are not recommended because they resulted in lower water use efficiency than sunflower planted from April to early June. Oil concentration of seed decreased with later plantings, which resulted in lower total oil production. Based on this study, sunflower in the Texas High Plains should be planted from about mid‐April to early June to use water efficiently and to obtain favorable yields of seed having a high oil concentration.
Plant Population and Plant Height Effects on Pima Cotton Lint Yield1
Authors: Kittock D. L. , Selley R. A. , Cain C. J. , Taylor B. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant populations of American pima cotton (Gossypium barbadenseL.) and upland cotton (G. hirsutumL.) giving maximum lint yields vary widely in reports in the literature. This study attempts to explain the wide variations in plant populations giving maximum lint yield for pima cotton by considering the plant population X plant height interactions with lint yield. Field tests were conducted for 5 yr at four locations on Anthropic Torrifluvents, Torrifluventic Haplostolls, and Typic Torrifluvents soils. Fifteen pima cotton tests with varied plant populations, and with 1.02‐m row spacing, had plant population, plant height, and lint yield measured on each plot. The relationships among yield, population, and height were analyzed by multiple linear regression in each test. In three of the 15 individual test analyses all regression components were significant. A combined analysis of the 15 tests showed a significant negative (P=0.001) plant population × plant height interaction for lint yield. Most of the plant population and plant height treatment means in these tests were within the range of 20 000 to 200 000 plants ha −1and 60 to 190 cm high. Plant population giving maximum yield decreased about 11 000 plants ha −1for each 10‐cm increase in plant height. Cultivars and irrigation treatments did not greatly alter the interaction. Year and geographical location effects were more varied. The variation in plant population producing maximum lint yield for different plant heights was great enough to explain the varied plant populations for maximum lint yield reported in the literature.
Irrigation Interval as a Factor in Sweet Corn Response to Salinity1
Authors: Shalhevet J. , Vinten A. , Meiri A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractShortening irrigation intervals with saline water is expected to reduce salinity damage by increasing the mean soil water content and thereby reducing the mean solute potential. Evidence is lacking in support of this hypothesis. This study tested the hypothesis by determining the interaction of irrigation water salinity and irrigation interval on sweet corn (Zea maysL. var. Jubilee) growth, yield, and water uptake. The field experiment consisted of 3.5, 7‐, 14‐, and 21‐day irrigation intervals and irrigation water salinities, ECl, of 1.7, 4.0, 5.3, 7.9, and 10.2 dS/m in a factorial design using regression analysis. The soil was a Calcic Haploxeralf. The amount of water at each irrigation was applied to replenish the soil water deficit as measured with the neutron scattering method. The regression of absolute yield on mean electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil saturation extract, EC, showed a steeper yield decrease with increasing EC, for the 3.5day than for the 75‐, 14‐, and 21‐day intervals. On the other hand, the relative yield, Y, response to salinity showed the same benefit of shortening the irrigation interval with saline as with nonsaline water. This lack of interaction on relative yield was due to an increase in mean ECe. from 4.4 to 5.4 dS/m as irrigation interval was shortened from 21 to 3.5 days. LeafCl−and Na+content tripled from 11.2 and 0.43 to 37.4 and 1.14 g/kg dry matter, respectively. The K+content increased from 19.4 to 26.4 g/kg, while the Ca content was unaffected as ECl, increased from 1.7 to 10.2 dS/m.
Effect of Nitrogen on Root Growth of Two Corn Genotypes in the Field1
Authors: Mackay A. D. , Barber S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn (Zea mays L.) genotypes vary in their response to applied N fertilizer. Nitrogen uptake by the plant is controlled by N influx at the root surface and the size and morphology of the root system. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of applied N on mean N influx and root growth of two genotypes that differed in their response to N. Nitrogen rates were 0 and 227 kg ha−1 for ‘Pioneer 3732’ and ‘B73✕Mo17’ grown on Raub silt loam (Aquic Argiudolls) and 227 kg N ha−1 on Chalmers silt loam (Typic Haplaquolls). Root growth, plant weight, and N content were measured 31,47,61,75,91 and 109 days after planting. Apart from an initial difference at 31 days, mean N influx of roots of both genotypes were similar. Root length and root surface area of Pioneer 3732 were not increased by the application of N. In contrast, applied N increased root growth of B73✕Mo17. By midsilk (75 days) root length of B73✕Mo17 was 36 and 39% greater than that of Pioneer 3732 on the Raub and Chalmers soils, respectively, to which N was applied. The greater root growth of B73✕Mo17 and the continued root growth of this hybrid after midsilk appears to be one possible mechanism to explain the greater growth of this hybrid under a high‐N fertilizer regime. This requires further verification under a wider range of environmental conditions. A lack of moisture limited the grain yields of both hybrids in this study.
Root Development of Sericea Lespedeza and Alfalfa in Acid Soils1
Authors: Joost R. E. , Hoveland C. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA more thorough understanding of sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.) G. Don] root system development is needed to improve management of seedling stands during establishment, especially in acid subsoils, which often limit root development of legumes. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using glass‐front root boxes to quantify seedling root system development of five lines of sericea lespedeza and ‘Apollo’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in acid (high AI and Mn) and limed soil layers underlying limed surface soil. The root boxes were partitioned into six 12.5 cm by 12.5 cm by 80 cm deep sections and each section was packed with Bradson clay loam (clayey, oxidic mesic Typic Hapludults) topsoil. Root growth rate (GR) and rooting intensity (cm cm−2 viewing surface) were monitored by tracing daily root growth on mylar sheets covering the glass front of the boxes. Measurements of root GR in limed subsurface soil indicated that alfalfa taproots elongated at twice the rate of the sericea entries evaluated. Alfalfa root GR was reduced by 69% in unamended soil, whereas root GR was not reduced in three sericea lines in the unamended treatment. Rooting intensity of 0.79 in alfalfa was twice that of sericea; however, in acid soil, abnormally branched and swollen secondary roots represented a large portion of the alfalfa root system. In addition, secondary taproot growth (thickening) in alfalfa was reduced 30% in both the surface and subsurface soil of the unlimed treatment. Root/shoot ratios based on root length in limed subsoil indicated that sericea produces more root growth per unit shoot than alfalfa.
Selenium Uptake in Astragalus and Lupinus Species1
Authors: Davis A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractForage quality potentials of plant introductions are unknown when introduced into the USA. Some native species of Astragalus are known to be Selenium (Se) accumulators and it is possible that some introductions could be accumulators also. This greenhouse study was undertaken to determine which, if any, of the untested 103 Astragalus and 68 Lupinus accessions were Se accumulators. Each accession was present in four replicates arranged in a randomized complete block design. Accessions were harvested at 24 weeks of age and the forage dried and analyzed. The AOAC extraction procedures were used and quantification was by colormetric turbidometric methods. Species of Astragalus accumulated Se in varying amounts from none to 61 mg kg−1. None of the species of Lupinus accumulated Se at a potentially toxic level when grown in a soil mix (equal parts v/v: Shamel loam/quartz sand/commercial peat), that contained 18 mg kg−1 Se. These studies indicate that plants from 66 of the 103 Astragalus and none of the 68 Lupinus accessions might accumulate toxic amounts of Se if grown on seleniferous soils. However, other unknown factors may make them unsuited for forage.
Effects of Reduced Tillage Practices on Continuous Wheat Production and on Soil Properties1
Authors: Izaurralde R. C. , Hobbs J. A. , Swallow C. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAcceptance of reduced‐ and no‐tillage systems in continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production has been limited in the past because of decreased yields, detrimental crop‐residue effects on seedlings and crop growth, and straw management problems. A field study conducted at Manhattan, KS for 3 yr assessed the effects of residue management (untreated, mowed, and burned), tillage treatments (conventional, reduced, and no‐tillage), and two methods of seed placement on plant density and grain yield of winter wheat, and on soil properties. The study area was mapped as Smolan sicl (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic, Pachic Argiustolls) and Wymore sicl (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic, Aquic Argiudolls). Lack of adequate seed placement due to the presence of surface residues under reducedand no‐tillage conditions reduced wheat yields. Increases in soil bulk density and resistance to penetration in no‐tillage treatments did not significantly affect wheat yields when seed was properly placed. Under relatively dry environmental conditions (1980–1981), no‐tillage wheat yield was higher than on conventional tillage (2.37 and 2.01 Mg/ha, respectively). Under such conditions, total soil water content in the upper 84 cm was higher on no‐tillage than on conventionally tilled plots. Maximum soil temperatures at the 5‐cm depth were 3°C lower on no‐tillage than on conventional tillage treatments.