bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is the cell hydration status of healthy children in the USA? Preliminary data on urine osmolality and water intake
Authors: Stookey Jodi D. , Brass Bernie , Holliday Ava , Arieff Allen 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveHyperosmotic stress on cells limits many aspects of cell function, metabolism and health. International data suggest that schoolchildren may be at risk of hyperosmotic stress on cells because of suboptimal water intake. The present study explored the cell hydration status of two samples of children in the USA.DesignCross-sectional study describing the urine osmolality (an index of hyperosmotic cell shrinkage) and water intake of convenience samples from Los Angeles (LA) and New York City (NYC).SettingEach participant collected a urine sample at an outpatient clinic on the way to school on a weekday morning in spring 2009. Each was instructed to wake, eat, drink and do as usual before school, and complete a dietary record form describing the type and amounts of all foods and beverages consumed after waking, before giving the sample.SubjectsThe children (9–11 years) in LA (n337) and NYC (n211) considered themselves healthy enough to go to school on the day they gave the urine sample.ResultsElevated urine osmolality (>800 mmol/kg) was observed in 63 % and 66 % of participants in LA and NYC, respectively. In multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models, elevated urine osmolality was associated with not reporting intake of drinking water in the morning (LA: OR = 2·1, 95 % CI 1·2, 3·5; NYC: OR = 1·8, 95 % CI 1·0, 3·5). Although over 90 % of both samples had breakfast before giving the urine sample, 75 % did not drink water.ConclusionsResearch is warranted to confirm these results and pursue their potential health implications.
‘Presidentialism’ in the Ex-Soviet Union
Authors: BLONDEL J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWhen the Soviet Union fell in 1990, three of its 15 components, the Baltic States, joined the European Union, and a fourth, Moldova, may well join in the future. The other 11 quickly became presidential republics, following the lead given by Boris Yeltsin, the president of the largest among them, Russia. By 1994, all 11 were headed by a president elected by universal suffrage. These ex-Soviet countries contribute significantly to the number of presidential republics in the world. Presidential republics form a clear majority, being predominant in Latin America and Africa, alongside the ex-Soviet Union. They are rare in Europe, the main cases being France, Romania, and, though seemingly temporarily, some Balkan states; in Asia, outside the ex-Soviet Union, they are a small minority.Like many presidential republics elsewhere, those in the ex-Soviet Union are mostly authoritarian, but with variations: this is primarily so in Central Asia, as well as in Azerbaijan and Belarus. These presidencies have been very stable, with some of their leaders, especially in Central Asia, being repeatedly re-elected, often without opposition. There has been a regular turnover in Armenia (but less so in Georgia) and in Ukraine (but not in Belarus). The Russian case is peculiar, as is well known: Putin became prime minister because he could no longer be constitutionally re-elected as president, at least without a break. The power of these presidents has varied over time: outside Central Asia (except Kyrgyzstan) and Azerbaijan, where they have been uniformly strong, their strength has declined in Georgia, increased in Russia and Belarus, and had ups and downs in Armenia and Ukraine.
Recasting ‘Nuclear-Free Korean Peninsula’ as a Sino-American Language for Co-ordination
Authors: TAMAKI TAKU 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA series of Six-Party Talks involving the United States, China, Japan, South and North Korea, and Russia resulted in the emergence of a narrative of a ‘nuclear-free Korean Peninsula’. Given the prevalence of nuclear weapons amidst Sino-American rivalry, the area is hardly ‘nuclear-free’. Instead, the phrase has evolved into a common signifier for the US and China, suggesting that, despite their rivalries, the North Korean nuclear issue can be detrimental for both – a rare convergence of interests in an often sensitive bilateral relationship. This article provides a Constructivist perspective to this particular aspect of Sino-American balance of power by taking the language of ‘nuclear-free’ seriously, recasting the phrase as borne of both mutual scepticism, as well as convergent interests, over the Korean Peninsula.
Global Goals versus Bilateral Barriers? The International Criminal Court in the Context of US Relations with Germany and Japan
Authors: LUKNER KERSTIN 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article deals with the International Criminal Court (ICC) as a point of contention in US relations with Germany and Japan. Both countries rank among America's closest allies, but – quite contrary to the US – they have also been supporting the establishment and operation of the ICC, although each to a different extent. The article analyzes the reasons for the three countries’ diverging attitudes and policies towards the establishment and operation of the Court, and contrasts Germany's and Japan's handling of the ICC issuevis-à-visthe US. It suggests that Berlin's idealistic position and full ICC support on the one hand, as well as Japan's cautious and pragmatic approach on the other, are both rooted not only in their individual evaluations of the ICC's institutional design, but also the varying degrees of their bi/multilateral orientation and the extent of their ‘dependence’ on US security commitments.
Boundary Fluidity and Ideology: A Comparison of Japan's pre-World War II and Present Regionalisms
Authors: YU JOSE LYDIA N. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThere is a question that has not been raised in the literature on Japan's regionalism: Why does it have a strong tendency toward making the boundary of the proposed East Asian community fluid? By looking back beyond the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere of the 1940s, a method hitherto untried, the paper shows that this Japanese propensity was also present in the first half of the twentieth century, especially in the 1920s and 1930s. Moreover, both then and now, Japan did not and does not have a firm adherence to an ideology. These are two similarities between the pre-World War II period and the present (from the 1960s). On the other hand, Japan's present international situation is very different from its pre-World War II position. The paper uses the logic of the ‘most different cases’ comparative method, which states that in two cases that are different in most aspects but the same in some, one or some of the similarities may explain the other similarity or similarities. It concludes that in both periods, the lack of a firm commitment to an ideology explains Japan's prejudice toward boundary fluidity. This explanation has the potential to contribute to a more comprehensive, if not yet a general theory of Japan's approach to regionalism because it applies not only to the present, but to the past as well. And it has to be stressed, the past refersnot onlyto the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere of the 1940s but also to the decades before.
The role of regulatory purpose under Articles III: 2 and 4 – toward consistency between negotiating history and WTO jurisprudence
Authors: ZHOU WEIHUAN 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAfter years of debate, the issues of whether and where (i.e. under which legal element) regulatory purposes should be considered under Article III:2 and Article III:4 of the GATT – the most invoked provisions of the National Treatment rule – remain unsolved. This article submits that the preparatory work of the National Treatment rule provides significant interpretative guidance on the issues. In relation to Article III:2, 2nd sentence and Article III:4, the WTO jurisprudence has achieved consistency with the interpretative guidance. However, by expanding the reach of Article III:2, 1st sentence to origin-neutral fiscal measures whereas rejecting the relevance of regulatory purposes to the determination of whether such measures are in violation of that sentence, the WTO judges have failed to respect the functions of Article III:1 and Article III:2, 1st sentence as contemplated by the draftsmen. To remedy this failure, this article proposes that the WTO adjudicators should either approve formal purpose inquiries under Article III:2, 1st sentence, or, alternatively, confine the application of that sentence to origin-specific measures only.
The Composer's Eye: Focalizing Judith in the Cantatas by Jacquet de La Guerre and Brossard
Authors: Cabrini Michele 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTWith its intense drama and marked eroticism, the story of Judith's slaying of Holofernes was often represented in baroque visual art and music. The overwhelming majority of musical representations are found in oratorios, with only three cantatas known to have been devoted to the subject. The oratorio's dramatic framework was suited for emphasizing Judith's multifaceted figure through character depiction, contrast and conflict, while the cantata's epic nature and lack of direct character intervention made staging conflict in that genre more difficult. Yet precisely because of these limitations, the cantata constitutes a revealing case study for exploring the strategies composers employed to give agency to Judith.This article focuses on the baroque cantata settings of the Judith story by Sébastien de Brossard and Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre (both from about 1708, both based on a text by La Motte). To illustrate their differing perspectives on Judith, I employ the concept of focalization – used in literary theory to mean point of view or filtered perspective – as a theoretical framework. The well-known Judith paintings by Caravaggio and Artemisia Gentileschi (the so-called Uffizi Judith) provide a lucid example of focalization through the differing perspectives of the two maidservants and offer a valuable methodological tool for understanding the two differing compositional approaches. Whereas Brossard follows La Motte's narrative dutifully by emphasizing swiftness of action at the expense of character depiction, Jacquet de La Guerre bypasses it through instrumental accompaniments and independent symphonies that give voice to Judith, despite a text that downplays her character.
Regulation of the intersubunit ammonia tunnel in Mycobacterium tuberculosis glutamine-dependent NAD+ synthetase
Authors: Chuenchor Watchalee , Doukov Tzanko I. , Resto Melissa , Chang Andrew , Gerratana Barbara 
Published: January 2012

Glutamine-dependent NAD+ synthetase is an essential enzyme and a validated drug target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtuNadE). It catalyses the ATP-dependent formation of NAD+ from NaAD+ (nicotinic acid–adenine dinucleotide) at the synthetase active site and glutamine hydrolysis at the glutaminase active site. An ammonia tunnel 40 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) long allows transfer of ammonia from one active site to the other. The enzyme displays stringent kinetic synergism; however, its regulatory mechanism is unclear. In the present paper, we report the structures of the inactive glutaminase C176A variant in an apo form and in three synthetase–ligand complexes with substrates (NaAD+/ATP), substrate analogue {NaAD+/AMP-CPP (adenosine 5′-[α,β-methylene]triphosphate)} and intermediate analogues (NaAD+/AMP/PPi), as well as the structure of wild-type mtuNadE in a product complex (NAD+/AMP/PPi/glutamate). This series of structures provides snapshots of the ammonia tunnel during the catalytic cycle supported also by kinetics and mutagenesis studies. Three major constriction sites are observed in the tunnel: (i) at the entrance near the glutaminase active site; (ii) in the middle of the tunnel; and (iii) at the end near the synthetase active site. Variation in the number and radius of the tunnel constrictions is apparent in the crystal structures and is related to ligand binding at the synthetase domain. These results provide new insight into the regulation of ammonia transport in the intermolecular tunnel of mtuNadE.
CHARACTERIZING CO FOURTH POSITIVE EMISSION IN YOUNG CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS
Authors: Schindhelm Rebecca N. , France Kevin , Burgh Eric B. , Herczeg Gregory J. , Green James C. , Brown Alexander , Brown Joanna M. , Valenti Jeff A. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
Carbon monoxide is a commonly used IR/submillimeter tracer of gas in protoplanetary disks. We present an analysis of ultraviolet CO emission in Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph spectra for 12 Classical T Tauri stars (CTTSs). Several ro-vibrational bands of the CO A
1Π–X
1Σ+ (Fourth Positive) electronic transition system are spectrally resolved from emission of other atoms and H2. The CO A
1Π v′ = 14 state is populated by absorption of Lyα photons, created at the accretion column on the stellar surface. For targets with strong CO emission, we model the Lyα radiation field as an input for a simple fluorescence model to estimate CO rotational excitation temperatures and column densities. Typical column densities range from N
CO = 1018 to 1019 cm−2. Our measured excitation temperatures are mostly below T
CO = 600 K, cooler than typical M-band CO emission. These temperatures and the emission line widths imply that the UV emission originates in a different population of CO than that which is IR-emitting. We also find a significant correlation between CO emission and the disk accretion rate

and age. Our analysis shows that ultraviolet CO emission can be a useful diagnostic of CTTS disk gas.
Numerical analysis of guiding a microwave radiation using a set of plasma filaments: dielectric waveguide concept
Authors: Alshershby Mostafa , Lin Jingquan , Hao Zuoqiang 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
A proposed model for a circular bunch of plasma filaments used as a virtual waveguide for microwave radiation is presented. The virtual circular guiding system is shown to support guided modes of electromagnetic radiation in the millimetre and sub-millimetre wavelength range. Transmission is due to total internal reflection of the wave on the less dense plasma cladding. The energy loss of microwave radiation propagating in such a virtual waveguide is calculated. Optimum spatial configurations of circular plasma filament waveguides are proposed. Plasma filament waveguides are shown to enhance microwave transmission relative to free space propagation of microwave radiation over limited distances.
Equi-frequency contour of photonic crystals with the extended Dirichlet-to-Neumann wave vector eigenvalue equation method
Authors: Jiang Bin , Zhang Yejing , Wang Yufei , Liu Anjin , Zheng Wanhua 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
We present the extended Dirichlet-to-Neumann wave vector eigenvalue equation (DtN-WVEE) method to calculate the equi-frequency contour (EFC) of square lattice photonic crystals (PhCs). With the extended DtN-WVEE method and Snell's law, the effective refractive index of the mode with a circular EFC can be obtained, which is further validated with the refractive index weighted by the electric field or magnetic field. To further verify the EFC calculated by the DtN-WVEE method, the finite-difference time-domain method is also used. Compared with other wave vector eigenvalue equation methods that calculate EFC directly, the size of the eigenmatrix used in the DtN-WVEE method is much smaller, and the computation time is significantly reduced. Since the DtN-WVEE method solves wave vectors for given arbitrary frequencies, it can also find applications in studying the optical properties of a PhC with dispersive, lossy and magnetic materials.
Dynamic simulator of RWM control for fusion devices: modelling and experimental validation on RFX-mod
Authors: Marchiori G. , Baruzzo M. , Bolzonella T. , Liu Y.Q. , Soppelsa A. , Villone F. 
Published: January 2012

A new integrated simulator for experiments of resistive wall mode (RWM) closed-loop control and its benchmark against experimental data are presented. The numerical tool couples in a self-consistent way a full 3D finite element description of the machine boundaries (Cariddi code), a 2D toroidal model of RFP plasma stability (MARS-F code) and a realistic representation of the RFX-mod control system producing an overall dynamic model cast in the state variable space. In this way a full dynamic ‘flight simulator’ of RWM control experiments has been implemented where the interaction of proportional–integral–derivative controller gains and plasma equilibrium parameters can be explored.
As an application of the new integrated tool, closed-loop RWM stability analyses have been benchmarked against experimental data. In this way it was possible to experimentally prove that the control simulator correctly reproduces closed-loop RWM growth rates under different control conditions. Time domain simulations were also run to assess the overall accuracy of the model including the presence of non-linear blocks. The achieved results are discussed in connection with the broader international effort towards an effective control of RWMs in both tokamak and RFP configurations.
Risk models predicting survival after reduced‐intensity transplantation for myelofibrosis
Authors: Alchalby Haefaa , Yunus Dinah‐Rohina , Zabelina Tatjana , Kobbe Guido , Holler Ernst , Bornhäuser Martin , Schwerdtfeger Rainer , Bethge Wolfgang , Kvasnicka Hans Michael , Büsche Guntram , Ayuk Francis , Bacher Ulrike , Zander Axel. R. , Kröger Nicolaus 
Published: January 2012

SummaryTo define a prognostic model for predicting outcome of reduced‐intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation (RIC‐ASCT) for myelofibrosis we evaluated 150 homogenously treated patients and developed a new risk score for overall survival (OS). In a multivariate Cox model for OS, only JAK2 V617F wild‐type, age ≥57 years and constitutional symptoms were independently predictive for OS (Hazard Ratio: 2·02; 2·43 and 2·80 respectively). Depending on the presence of one, two or all of these factors, HR of death was 3·08; 4·70 and 16·61 respectively (P < 0·001). This score was compared to the Lille, Cervantes, International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS), dynamic IPSS (DIPSS) and modified European Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group (EBMT) scores. Lille score correlated significantly with OS but discriminated poorly between the intermediate and high‐risk groups (5‐year OS 56% and 51% respectively). IPSS and DIPSS correlated significantly with OS but differences between intermediate‐1 and intermediate‐2 groups were not significant (5‐year OS 78% vs. 78% and 70%, 60% respectively). Modified EBMT and Cervantes models did not predict OS post‐ASCT. In conclusion, a simple model which includes: age, JAK2 V617F‐status and constitutional symptoms can clearly separate distinct risk groups and can be used in addition to the Lille model to predict OS after RIC‐ASCT for myelofibrosis.
The major royal jelly proteins 8 and 9 (Api m 11) are glycosylated components of Apis mellifera venom with allergenic potential beyond carbohydrate‐based reactivity
Authors: Blank S. , Bantleon F. I. , McIntyre M. , Ollert M. , Spillner E. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryBackgroundAs hymenoptera venoms are one of the allergen sources causing the highest incidence of anaphylaxis and sometimes fatal consequences, the detailed characterization of all venom allergens is imperative for design of component‐resolved diagnostic approaches and improved intervention strategies.ObjectiveOur aim was the immunochemical characterization of major royal jelly proteins (MRJP) 8 and 9, both components identified in honeybee venom (HBV) and putative allergens.MethodsBoth MRJPs were recombinantly produced as soluble differentially glycosylated proteins providing a defined degree of reactivity to cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) in insect cells. Allergen‐specific IgE(sIgE) reactivity of HBV‐allergic patients was analysed by ELISA and immunoblotting.ResultsMRJP8 and MRJP9 were identified as venom components by MS‐based proteomic analyses. In a population of 47 HBV‐allergic patients, reactivities with CCD‐carrying MRJPs were in the range of 56% (61%), underlining the contribution of CCDs to allergen‐binding. Beyond CCD‐reactivity, 15% of patients showed sIgEreactivity with MRJP8 and 34% with MRJP9 respectively. These reactivities roughly in the range of Api m 2 render the MRJPs minor, but important allergens.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceThe glycosylated MRJP8 and MRJP9 of HBV have IgE‐sensitizing potential in HBV‐allergic patients beyond CCD reactivity and have to be considered as allergens, which might be potentially important for a fraction of venom allergic patients. They are valuable tools to elucidate individual component‐resolved reactivity profiles of venom allergic patients and to provide insights into the role of particular venom components. Due to their allergenic properties, MRJP8 and MRJP9 were designated as isoallergens Api m 11.0101 and Api m 11.0201 respectively.
Serum thyrotrophin at baseline predicts the natural course of subclinical hyperthyroidism
Authors: Das G. , Ojewuyi T. A. , Baglioni P. , Geen J. , Premawardhana L. D. , Okosieme O. E. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryObjectiveOptimal therapeutic strategies for subclinical hyperthyroidism are undecided. Overt disease develops in a minority of cases, but the risk factors for progression remain unclear. We examined whether a baseline thyrotrophin (TSH) predicted progression to overt hyperthyroidism in asymptomatic individuals with subclinical hyperthyroidism.Design, patients and measurementsThis was a retrospective study of 323 patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism seen in our institution from 2003 to 2010 (mean age 71 years, males 26·9%, females 73·1%, mean follow‐up duration 32 months, range 6–93 months). Serum TSH and free thyroxine (FT4) were documented at baseline and during follow‐up. After excluding individuals with nonthyroid causes of low TSH, patients were grouped according to initial TSH as: TSH 0·10–0·39 mU/l (grade I) and TSH < 0·10 mU/l (grade II).ResultsOnly 38 patients (11·8%) developed overt hyperthyroidism with annual progression rates of 0·6–3·7%. Most patients reverted to normal thyroid status (31·6%) or remained subclinically hyperthyroid (56·7%). Progression to frank hyperthyroidism was higher in grade II than in grade I patients (20·3% vs 6·8%, P < 0·001, Chi square test). Kaplan–Meier curves showed faster progression rates in grade II than grade I (P < 0·001, log rank test). In stepwise multivariate Cox regression analysis, TSH < 0·1 mU/l was associated with overt hyperthyroidism (hazard ratio 3·4, confidence interval 1·6–7·0), whereas age, gender, FT4 and aetiological diagnosis were not associated with hyperthyroidism.ConclusionsThyrotrophin predicts overt hyperthyroidism in asymptomatic individuals with subclinical hyperthyroidism. Patients with TSH < 0·10 mU/l have a higher risk of progressing to hyperthyroidism than those with TSH 0·10–0·39 mU/l.