bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iterative motion compensated reconstruction for parallel imaging using an orbital navigator
Authors: Nielsen Tim , Börnert Peter 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA new navigator‐guided motion‐compensated MR image reconstruction for segmented Cartesian imaging using multiple reception coils is presented. In‐plane patient motion, comprising translation and rotation, is quantified for each scan segment by an orbital navigator. A robust and accurate approach to extract the motion parameters from the orbital navigator data is presented. The navigator information is used in an efficient iterative image reconstruction algorithm to avoid motion‐induced image artifacts. Experiments in phantoms and volunteers using segmented turbo spin echo imaging as an example were performed to show the basic feasibility of this new motion compensation approach. The method can also be applied to other segmented acquisitions such as magnetization‐prepared gradient echo imaging or EPI. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of the partial element equivalent circuit method to tower surge response calculations
Authors: Yutthagowith Peerawut , Ametani Akihiro , Nagaoka Naoto , Baba Yoshihiro 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article presents calculations of tower surge responses and insulator voltages of an actual transmission tower including ground wires and phase wires. The partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method is applied as a simulation tool. Surge responses of the tower and insulator voltages calculated by the PEEC method are compared with electro magnetic transients program (EMTP) simulated results and experimental results collected from the literatures. The results calculated by the PEEC method agree well with the experimetal results, not only amplitudes but also waveshapes. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tracking stem cells using magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Cromer Berman Stacey M. , Walczak Piotr , Bulte Jeff W.M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractStem cell therapies offer great promise for many diseases, especially those without current effective treatments. It is believed that noninvasive imaging techniques, which offer the ability to track the status of cells after transplantation, will expedite progress in this field and help to achieve maximized therapeutic effect. Today's biomedical imaging technology allows for real‐time, noninvasive monitoring of grafted stem cells including their biodistribution, migration, survival, and differentiation, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of nanoparticle‐labeled cells being one of the most commonly used techniques. Among the advantages of MR cell tracking are its high spatial resolution, no exposure to ionizing radiation, and clinical applicability. In order to track cells by MRI, the cells need to be labeled with magnetic nanoparticles, for which many types exist. There are several cellular labeling techniques available, including simple incubation, use of transfection agents, magnetoelectroporation, and magnetosonoporation. In this overview article, we will review the use of different magnetic nanoparticles and discuss how these particles can be used to track the distribution of transplanted cells in different organ systems. Caveats and limitations inherent to the tracking of nanoparticle‐labeled stem cells are also discussed.WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol2011 3 343–355 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.140This article is categorized under:Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the NanoscaleDiagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Antiserotonergic antipsychotics are associated with obsessive–compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia
Authors: Schirmbeck F. , Esslinger C. , Rausch F. , Englisch S. , Meyer-Lindenberg A. , Zink M. 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundEpidemiological investigations show that up to 30% of schizophrenic patients suffer from obsessive–compulsive symptoms (OCS) associated with negative impact on the general prognosis. It has been proposed that antiserotonergic second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) might induce OCS, but investigations of large samples integrating psychopathology, neuropsychology and psychopharmacology are missing.MethodWe stratified 70 patients with schizophrenia according to their mode of antipsychotic treatment: clozapine and olanzapine (group I) compared with aripiprazole and amisulpride (group II). The groups were matched according to age, sex, educational levels and severity of the psychotic disorder (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale). As the primary endpoint, we evaluated OCS severity (Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale).ResultsOCS were significantly more prevalent and severe in group I, in which OCS severity correlated with dosage of clozapine and duration of treatment. Pronounced cognitive deficits in group I were found in visuospatial perception and visual memory (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised block design, Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test), impulse inhibition (go/no-go test), higher perseveration scores (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) and reduced set-shift abilities (Trail Making Test Part B, Set-shift Task). These cognitive domains correlated with OCS severity.ConclusionsOCS in schizophrenia are associated with antiserotonergic SGA treatment, but longitudinal studies have to prove causality. Before starting treatment with antiserotonergic SGAs, specific neurocognitive domains should be evaluated, as visuospatial learning and impulse inhibition performance might allow early detection of OCS secondary to antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia.
Cerebellar white-matter changes in cannabis users with and without schizophrenia
Authors: Solowij N. , Yücel M. , Respondek C. , Whittle S. , Lindsay E. , Pantelis C. , Lubman D. I. 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundThe cerebellum is rich in cannabinoid receptors and implicated in the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Long-term cannabis use is associated with functional and structural brain changes similar to those evident in schizophrenia, yet its impact on cerebellar structure has not been determined. We examined cerebellar grey and white matter in cannabis users with and without schizophrenia.MethodSeventeen patients with schizophrenia and 31 healthy controls were recruited; 48% of the healthy group and 47% of the patients were long-term heavy cannabis users (mean 19.7 and 17.9 years near daily use respectively). Cerebellar measures were extracted from structural 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans using semi-automated methods, and examined using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and correlational analyses.ResultsCerebellar white-matter volume was reduced in cannabis users with and without schizophrenia compared to healthy non-users, by 29.7% and 23.9% respectively, and by 17.7% in patients without cannabis use. Healthy cannabis users did not differ in white-matter volume from either of the schizophrenia groups. There were no group differences in cerebellar grey matter or total volumes. Total cerebellar volume decreased as a function of duration of cannabis use in the healthy users. Psychotic symptoms and illness duration correlated with cerebellar measures differentially between patients with and without cannabis use.ConclusionsLong-term heavy cannabis use in healthy individuals is associated with smaller cerebellar white-matter volume similar to that observed in schizophrenia. Reduced volumes were even more pronounced in patients with schizophrenia who use cannabis. Cannabis use may alter the course of brain maturational processes associated with schizophrenia.
Strategies of Humor: The Case of Benjamin Franklin
Authors: Brodwin Stanley 
Published: April 2011

In one of those brief but illuminating apocryphal tales with which all history abounds, we are told that Benjamin Franklin was prevented by the Founding Fathers from authoring theDeclaration of Independencebecause they feared he would insert a joke. They knew their man; indeed, John Adams, who may have known the most, wrote that Franklin “had a satire that was good-natured or caustic, Horace or Juvenal, Swift or Rabelais, at his pleasure.” Both the story and the description point to a central paradox in Franklin's character—his capacity for irreverent reverence—a psychological and artistic reflex that appears throughout a career that consistently merged with a society undergoing rapid social, economic, and political changes. Even given his far-ranging genius, it is remarkable how Franklin's humorous and satiric energy permeates his writings and erupts at critical social and political moments into a variety of discrete forms, which nevertheless remain part of an organic comic vision. Far more than an occasional jokester orad hocsatirist, Franklin embraced the comic as a habitual mode of expression so integrated with his deistic beliefs and reliance upon reason and the “natural order” of things that it may be said to function as a form of epistemology, a dialectical way of not only exposing theerrataof human behavior in the traditional manner of humor and satire, but also of gaining control, insight, and understanding into the nature of humanity. Thus, he could write to Madame Brillon:Reflect how many of our duties [Providence] has ordained naturally to be pleasures; and that it has the goodness besides, to give the name of sin to several of them; so that we might enjoy them more.
George Eliot as Revenant in Faye Kellerman's Mysteries: An American Daniel Is Alive and Well in Southern California
Authors: Baris Sharon Deykin 
Published: April 2011

As George Eliot's novel Daniel Deronda nears its end, Daniel tells his friend Hans, “I shall by-and-by travel to the East and be away for some years” (DD, p. 854). This is entirely appropriate for a person named Daniel who has from the novel's first lines been placed in the role of an interpreter, and who later is likened to a prophet. Daniel Deronda says that he has “always longed for some ideal task” (DD, p. 819), and when he comes to meet Mordecai with fateful news of his heritage he seems, like that salvational figure envisioned by the biblical Book of Daniel, to be virtually trailing clouds of glory:Yet when Deronda entered, the sight of him was like the clearness after rain: no clouds to come could hinder the cherishing beam of that moment. (DD, p. 816)Questions of the origins and meaning of history were of special interest in England during the 1860s and in the decade following, when Eliot was engaged in writing this novel. The prophetic visions of the biblical Book of Daniel seemed crucial to Victorian exegetes in settling current debates about the British world role and by implication about the history of the whole world. One Arthur Stanley, speaking of the dreams of Daniel, wrote in 1865 that “there could be no doubt that they contain the first germs of the great idea of the succession of ages, of the continuous growth of empires and races under a law of Divine Providence, the first sketch of the Education of the world.” Eliot was fully aware of such prophetic traditions. When she sends Daniel Deronda away from England “to the East … for some years,” it is as if she would have him, a modern Daniel, describe a pattern of the world's progress for her own day.
Characterization of the marine aquarium trade and management of associated marine pests in Australia, a country with stringent import biosecurity regulation
Authors: MORRISEY DONALD , INGLIS GRAEME , NEIL KERRY , BRADLEY ANNA , FITRIDGE ISLA 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYTrade in ornamental marine species in Australia, a country with relatively stringent import controls, was investigated using a telephone survey of wholesalers and retailers, and a desktop review of internet import databases and hobbyist trading websites. Information on the regulatory framework was obtained from government and other published or online sources, and from staff of regulatory agencies. Although the trade is small relative to that in the USA, Europe and parts of Asia, Australia imports significant numbers of marine fish each year for the aquarium trade. Many of the more than 200 species imported have the potential to become environmental and/or economic pests. Imported individuals of native species could act as vectors of disease or affect the genetic diversity of native populations if they were released into the wild. Regulatory measures include the use of lists of permitted species of plants and animals, a case-by-case risk assessment process for species not on these lists, and requirements for health certification and quarantining of imported stock. Once within Australia, however, translocation is less rigorously controlled, being managed by individual states and based largely on lists of prohibited species, though generally with scope for case-by-case assessment and refusal of permits for unwanted species, such as recognized pests. Wholesalers and retailers interviewed generally showed a responsible attitude to the disposal of dead or unwanted stock, but awareness and understanding of the potential pest risk of ornamental marine species was generally poor. The importance of raising public awareness of the pest potential of ornamental marine species is likely to increase with the growing importance of mail-order and internet trade.
Baseline Burnout Symptoms Predict Visuospatial Executive Function During Survival School Training in Special Operations Military Personnel
Authors: Morgan Charles A. , Russell Bartlett , McNeil Jeff , Maxwell Jeff , Snyder Peter J. , Southwick Steven M. , Pietrzak Robert H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBurnout symptoms, which are characterized by exhaustion, cynicism, and a reduced sense of professional efficacy, may deleteriously affect cognitive function in military personnel. A total of 32 U.S. Military Special Operations personnel enrolled in Survival School completed measures of trauma history, dissociation, and burnout before training. They then completed the Groton Maze Learning Test (GMLT), a neuropsychological measure of integrative visuospatial executive function during three field-based phases of Survival School—enemy evasion, captivity/interrogation, and escape/release from captivity. Lower pre-training perceptions of professional efficacy were associated with reduced executive function during all of the field-based phases of Survival School, even after adjustment for years of education, cynicism, and baseline GMLT scores. Magnitudes of decrements in executive function in Marines with low efficacy relative to those with high efficacy increased as training progressed and ranged from .58 during enemy evasion to .99 during escape/release from captivity. Pre-training perceptions of burnout may predict visuospatial executive function during naturalistic training-related stress in military personnel. Assessment of burnout symptoms, particularly perceptions of professional efficacy, may help identify military personnel at risk for stress-related executive dysfunction. (JINS, 2011, 17, 494–501)
Parental factors associated with screen time in pre-school children in primary-care practice: a TARGet Kids! study
Authors: Birken Catherine S , Maguire Jonathon , Mekky Magda , Manlhiot Cedric , Beck Carolyn E , Jacobson Sheila , Peer Michael , Taylor Carolyn , McCrindle Brian W , Parkin Patricia C 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo identify child and parental factors associated with screen time in 3-year-old children.DesignObservational study.SettingParticipants were recruited from a large primary-care paediatric group practice in Toronto, Canada.SubjectsHealthy 3-year-old children were included. A questionnaire was completed by their parents on screen time. Descriptive statistics and linear regression models were used to assess associations between child screen time and selected factors. Multivariable models included factors from the univariate analysis withP< 0·1. Estimated effects and 95 % CI are reported.ResultsA total of 157 children were enrolled (91 % recruitment). The mean screen time per weekday was 104 min (similar for weekend day). In all, 10 % of children had a television (TV) in their bedroom; 59 % consumed at least one meal while watching TV; and 81 % of parents had household rules about screen time. Controlling for maternal education and age, eating lunch and dinner in front of the screen and mother being employed were associated with an increase in child weekday screen time of 96 (95 % CI 30, 192), 42 (95 % CI 12, 90) and 36 (95 % CI 6, 72) min/d, respectively. Eating lunch in front of the screen and an increase of 1 h of parental screen time were associated with an increase of 78 (95 % CI 36, 132) and 12 (95 % CI 6, 18) min/d in child weekend screen time. Family rules decreased child weekend screen time by 30 (95 % CI 6, 54) min/d.ConclusionsInterventions that include these important parental factors should be evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing screen time.
Gain-of-function oncogenic mutations in TP53 enhance defined factor-mediated cellular reprogramming
Authors: Moon Jeong Ho , Ishii Hideshi , Dewi Dyah Laksmi , Kano Yoshihiro , Yamamoto Kazuyoshi , Nishikawa Shinpei , Fujiwara Yoshiyuki , Doki Yuichiro , Mori Masaki 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCancer is a disorder with various genetic and epigenetic alterations. Genetic alterations such as mutations, i.e., substitutions, amplifications, and deletions of nucleotide sequences, are largely irreversible, whereas epigenetic alterations can be modified by pharmacological agents that target components of the epigenetic machinery. Recent studies have showed that introduction of defined factors such as those encoded by c-MYC, SOX2, OCT3/4, and KLF4 in normal somatic cells results in their dedifferentiation into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. In addition, we have reported that these iPS factors induce the development of induced multipotent cancer (iPC) cells from gastrointestinal cancer cells by reducing tumor aggressiveness. The efficiency of iPS reprogramming increased when p53 was inhibited. The study of cancer cells suggests that the p53 pathways might be involved in the aggressive phenotypes of iPC cells in a long-term culture. However, the roles of gain-of-function oncogenic mutations in TP53, which is a key tumor suppressor gene, remain to be elucidated. We investigated reprogramming efficiency of iPS generation in human diploid fibroblasts that were co-transfected with TP53 mutants and defined factors. The results suggest that mutations in those TP53 regions that are involved in DNA contact might play a critical role in the efficiency of iPS generation. Taken together, our studies suggest 2 roles of TP53 mutations in reprogramming: (1) the structural mutations might contribute to, or collaborate with, other mutations to regulate the maintenance of genomic stability; (2) the DNA-contact mutations could affect the downstream target genes, which may be distinct from those involved in wild-type p53 function. These molecular manipulations of tumorigenicity and enhancement of cellular reprogramming efficiency by the p53 pathway will open an attractive and useful avenue for future medicine.
Nationwide Study of Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Latinas
Authors: Dean Michael , Silverton Latoya , Sawitzke Julie 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBreast cancer is the most common cancer among American women. Any woman can be affected by breast cancer, with risk for the disease increasing with age. Risk for breast cancer is also exacerbated in women who have certain genetic alterations. Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes predispose women to breast and ovarian cancer, and are increasingly recognized in prostate and pancreatic cancers (1-3). In Caucasian and Asian ethnicities BRCA mutations are associated with basal-type/triple-negative disease. However this association between BRCA gene mutations and basal/triple-negative disease has been understudied in other ethnicities (4-6). The incidence and mortality of breast cancer of Hispanics and Native Americans are lower than other ethnicities; however they are underrepresented in epidemiological and clinical studies. Further, it is known that common recurrent mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes exist in Hispanic/Latino communities which account for 35-45% of mutation carriers (7, 8). The objective of our study is thus to investigate triple-negative disease and BRCA gene mutations in Hispanic women.
Magnetic evidence for a partially differentiated carbonaceous chondrite parent body
Authors: Carporzen Laurent , Weiss Benjamin P. , Elkins-Tanton Linda T. , Shuster David L. , Ebel Denton , Gattacceca Jérôme 
Published: April 2011

The textures of chondritic meteorites demonstrate that they are not the products of planetary melting processes. This has long been interpreted as evidence that chondrite parent bodies never experienced large-scale melting. As a result, the paleomagnetism of the CV carbonaceous chondrite Allende, most of which was acquired after accretion of the parent body, has been a long-standing mystery. The possibility of a core dynamo like that known for achondrite parent bodies has been discounted because chondrite parent bodies are assumed to be undifferentiated. Resolution of this conundrum requires a determination of the age and timescale over which Allende acquired its magnetization. Here, we report that Allende’s magnetization was acquired over several million years (Ma) during metasomatism on the parent planetesimal in a > ∼ 20 μT field up to approximately 9—10 Ma after solar system formation. This field was present too recently and directionally stable for too long to have been generated by the protoplanetary disk or young Sun. The field intensity is in the range expected for planetesimal core dynamos, suggesting that CV chondrites are derived from the outer, unmelted layer of a partially differentiated body with a convecting metallic core.
Algae and humans share a molybdate transporter
Authors: Tejada-Jiménez Manuel , Galván Aurora , Fernández Emilio 
Published: April 2011

Almost all living organisms need to obtain molybdenum from the external medium to achieve essential processes for life. Activity of important enzymes such as sulfite oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and nitrate reductase is strictly dependent on the presence of Mo in its active site. Cells take up Mo in the form of the oxianion molybdate, but the molecular nature of the transporters is still not well known in eukaryotes. MOT1 is the first molybdate transporter identified in plant-type eukaryotic organisms, but it is absent in animal genomes. Here we report a molybdate transporter different from the MOT1 family, encoded by the
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
gene
MoT2
, that is also present in animals including humans. The knockdown of
CrMoT2
transcription leads to the deficiency of molybdate uptake activity in
Chlamydomonas
. In addition, heterologous expression in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
of
MoT2
genes from
Chlamydomonas
and humans support the functionality of both proteins as molybdate transporters. Characterization of CrMOT2 and HsMOT2 activities showed an apparent Km of about 550 nM that, though higher than the Km reported for MOT1, still corresponds to high affinity systems.
CrMoT2
transcription is activated when extracellular molybdate concentration is low but in contrast to
MoT1
is not activated by nitrate. Analysis of protein databases revealed the presence of four motifs present in all the proteins with high similarity to MOT2, that label a previously undescribed family of proteins probably related to molybdate transport. Our results open the way toward the understanding of molybdate transport as part of molybdenum homeostasis and Moco biosynthesis in animals.