bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An East Coast winter storm precipitation climatology
Authors: Frankoski Nicholas J. , DeGaetano Arthur T. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractUsing a previously compiled climatology of East Coast winter storms (ECWS), an ECWS precipitation climatology was developed for the eastern United States from 1951–1952 to 2005–2006, using an automated procedure. Non‐ECWS precipitation that may have occurred during ECWS events was excluded through the development of a decision process based on knowledge of the characteristics of extratropical storms and aided by ECWS case study analyses. The main components used by this decision process were the location of precipitation and pressure gradients, and the presence of additional cyclones, not meeting the ECWS criteria. A sensitivity analysis of the ECWS precipitation climatology was conducted, which considered the change in the climatology if non‐ECWS precipitation was not excluded by the decision process. The highest average percentages of snowfall from ECWS occur in the Middle Atlantic and southern New England regions. These heavily populated metropolitan areas typically receive 45% of snowfall from ECWS. The highest average percentages of annual precipitation from ECWS are generally 20–25% and are located along the East Coast from Virginia northward to Maine. For the metropolitan centres of the Northeast, and for northern New England, El Niño years seem to indicate above average precipitation and snowfall amounts from ECWS, as well as an above average overall percentage of precipitation and snowfall from ECWS. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
A New Approach for in vitro Imaging of Breast Cancer Cells by Anti‐Metadherin Targeted PVA‐Pyrene
Authors: Medine E. Ilker , Odaci Dilek , Gacal Bahadir N. , Gacal Burcin , Sakarya Serhan , Unak Perihan , Timur Suna , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol)‐pyrene‐anti‐metadherin (PVA‐Py‐(Anti‐MTDH)), a novel antibody based water soluble probe containing both fluorescent and target sites in the structure for in vitro imaging of breast cancer cells is reported here. Since breast cancer cells have an excess of MDTH protein expressed on the surface, a PVA‐Py prepared by “Click chemistry” approach is targeted by Anti‐MTDH antibody and applied to the MCF‐7 cell line. After characterization, the designed architecture was evaluated in terms of cell incorporation efficiency and compared with a non‐targeted structure (PVA‐Py). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fluorescence microscopy images of cells after incubation of the probe molecules were also obtained to monitor the interaction of the probes with the cancerous cells.magnified image
New Amphiphilic Conjugates of Mono‐ and Bis(carboxy)‐PEG2,000 Polymers with Lipoamino Acids as Surface Modifiers of Colloidal Drug Carriers
Authors: Pignatello Rosario , Pantò Valentina , Basile Livia , Impallomeni Giuseppe , Ballistreri Alberto , Pistarà Venerando , Craparo Emanuela F. , Puglisi Giovanni 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLinking PEG2,000 polymers ending in 1 or 2 carboxylic groups to lipoamino acids (LAAs) gives mono‐ and homo‐disubstituted PEG‐LAA conjugates. They show an identical solubility to parent PEGs in water and organic solvents. By DSC the degree and depth of interaction of these conjugates with a biomembrane model is studied, gaining information about their future incorporation in drug‐loaded nanocarriers. The ability of PEG‐LAA conjugates to adopt an ordinate arrangement on the surface of particles and efficiently cover them is demonstrated, compared to DSPE‐PEG, by measuring the zeta potential values of negatively charged liposomes prepared in their presence.magnified image
Organostibine‐Mediated Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate and Styrene in Ionic Liquidsa
Authors: Cui Guoyou , Li Jun , Liu Zhengping , Dou Junyan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractOrganostibine‐mediated controlled/living radical polymerization of MMA was successfully achieved in room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) [bmim]Tf2N and [bmim]PF6. The ln([M]0/[M]) increased linearly with increasing reaction time. The number‐average molecular weights of PMMA increased linearly with conversion, and the polydispersity indices were less than 1.15 and narrower in RTILs than in bulk. The living characters of SBRP were further demonstrated by chain extension of PMMA and preparation of copolymer PMMA‐b‐PS in RTILs. Recycle and reuse of RTILs were efficient with well‐controlled PMMA produced in the recycled RTILs. SBRP of St in RTILs was also discussed. The polymerization could be controlled only at low St conversion due to the heterogeneous reaction.magnified image
Poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) Derivatives with Defined Conjugation Segments and Post‐Polymerization Modification with Sterically Enshrouded Chromophores
Authors: Buelt Ashley A. , Colberg Allison J. , Dennis Ashlyn E. , Jecen Kristine M. , Morgan Brad P. , Smith Rhett C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTwo poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) derivative alternating copolymers (P1‐I and P2‐I) have been prepared featuring iodo substituents and m‐phenylene units to periodically disrupt conjugation. P1‐I was derivatized with various chromophores to yield P1a‐f. In P1a‐f, the chromophores were positioned within a sterically protected pocket shielding them from interchain interactions so that intrachain interactions between polymer segments could be observed. Solution and film properties of polymers have been examined. Post‐polymerization chromophore modification leads to new photophysical properties such as intramolecular charge transfer and fluorescent resonance energy transfer processes in some cases.magnified image
To try or to calculate – Operating fatigue strength and zero fracture line
Authors: Köhler J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEine Prognose für die Betriebsfestigkeit von Bauteilen in der Entwicklungsphase wird erstellt. An einem Beispiel mit einfachen Lastsequenzen wird die Entwicklung der Bruchwahrscheinlichkeit bis zur Nullbruchlinie dargestellt. Die Nullbruchlinie wird als Grenzlinie der zulässigen Ausfallhäufigkeit definiert.During the design phase of products a forecasting of operating strength is calculated. The development of the fracture probability until reaching the zero fracture line is shown in an example with simple load sequences. The zero fracture line is defined as the border line of acceptable failure frequency.
Effect of PVD process parameters on nucleation and structure of CrN layers
Authors: Slomski E. M. , Scheerer H. , Troßmann T. , Berger C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractStörstellen in Bauteiloberflächen wirken sich negativ auf die Schichtnukleation bei PVD‐Schichtsystemen aus. Sie können im anschließenden Schichtwachstum zu Defekten in der Schichtstruktur führen. Die Konsequenz ist eine Minderung der lokalen Haftfestigkeit, höhere Reibwerte und Fehlstellen in der Schicht. Diese begünstigen in korrosiven Medien die Entstehung von Korrosion. CrN‐Schichten sind für ihre hohe Härte und ihre guten Verschleißeigenschaften bekannt. Zudem weisen sie eine bessere Korrosionsbeständigkeit als Titan basierte Nitride auf. Die strukturellen und mechanischen Eigenschaften dieser Schichtsysteme können unter anderem durch die Veränderung der Biasspannung und des Stickstoffgehalts während des Schichtwachstums beeinflusst werden. Durch gezielte Variation dieser Beschichtungsparameter wurden CrN‐Schichten mit den bevorzugten Kristallgitterstrukturen (111) und (200) abgeschieden, mit dem Ziel deren Abdeckungsfähigkeit von Störstellen zu untersuchen. Für die gezielte Untersuchung und Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse wurden Vickerseindrücke HV 0,5 als bewusst gestaltete Störstellen auf der Grundwerkstoffoberfläche aufgebracht. Als Grundwerkstoff diente niedriglegierter Stahl (100Cr6). Die Kristallgitterorientierungen der abgeschiedenen Schichten wurden zunächst anhand von röntgenographischen Messungen (XRD) identifiziert. Anhand weiterer rasterelektronenmikroskopischer Aufnahmen (REM) wurden die bewusst erzeugten Störstellen in Form von Vickerseindrücken und Ritzspuren sichtbar gemacht, mit dem Ziel die Schichtqualität und die Mikrostruktur um Fehlstellen zu beschreiben.Imperfections on substrate surfaces can cause growth defects in hard coatings prepared by magnetron sputtering, leading to local loss of adhesion, higher friction, voids and corrosion at coating defects. CrN‐coatings are known for their high hardness and good wear resistance. In addition CrN‐coatings are better corrosion resistant than Ti based nitrides. The structure and the mechanical properties of those coatings can be influenced by varying bias voltage and gas flow during film growth. Due to variation of those parameters CrN‐coatings were deposited with preferred crystallized lattice orientations (111) and (200). The main objective of investigation is the potential to cover imperfections. Vickers indentations (HV 0.5) were applied as designed imperfections. As base material low alloyed steel was used (100Cr6). At first crystallized lattice orientations were identified by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Further scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM) was applied to identify and study crystallized lattice orientations near those imperfections.
Effect of quenching temperature on microstructure and performance of Al‐bearing cast boron steel
Authors: Hou J. , Fu H. , Lei Y. , Yi D. , Xing J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe effects of quenching temperature on microstructure and performance of Al‐bearing cast boron steel (ACBS) containing 0.25–0.45%C, 1.5–1.8%B and 1.4–1.6%Al were investigated by means of the optical microscopy (OM), the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Rockwell hardness and Vickers micro‐hardness tester. The results show that the solidification structures of cast steel consist of high hardness boride, ferrite, pearlite and a small quantity of martensite when 1.5–1.8%B and 1.4–1.6%Al are added into the carbon steel. The metallic matrix of ACBS changes into single martensite from the mixed structure of ferrite, pearlite and martensite along with the increase of quenching temperature. The increase of quenching temperature also leads to the transformation of boride from continuous shape to isolated shape. Moreover, the micro‐hardness of matrix and macroscopical hardness increase with the increase of quenching temperature. When the quenching temperature excels 1000°C, the hardness has a slight decrease. ACBS has good comprehensive properties after heat treatment at 1000°C.
Corrosion analysis of a heat‐exchanger in epichlorophydrin production process
Authors: Wang L. L. , Chen H. J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe failure of E230 heat‐exchanger in the production of epichlorophydrin (ECH) form dichloropropanol (DCP) was analyzed and material solutions are recommended. The analysis indicates that the combined effect of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and dissolution of HCl and HClO in the DCP mixture solution in the E230 heat‐exchanger chamber to the tube surface and chamber wall contributes to the failure of heat‐exchanger tubes and the perforation of E230 heat‐exchanger chamber. It is recommended to reduce the content of Cl– in the DCP mixture solution and to increase its pH. Titanium, Type 316L stainless steel (SS), and electroless Ni‐P coating can be considered as the candidate materials. Also, the process can be divided into two series step with one step heating the temperature from 30°C to 60°C, and the other step heating the temperature from 60°C to 90°C. For the lower temperature step, the Type 316L SS or electroless Ni‐P coating can be used. For the higher temperature step, Titanium can be applied. Periodic cleaning of the tube surface and chamber inner surface deposit is necessary. Intensifying the in‐service inspection and monitoring is also required.
Experimental investigation on heat treatment of a high‐speed steel for hot rolling roll mill
Authors: Li X. , Du Z. , Fu H. , Feng Z. , Zhao H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe authors describe the researching results to optimise the hardening and tempering of the high carbon high‐speed steel for rolls containing 2.38%C, 5.07%V, 6.34%Mo, 5.09%Cr, 1.20%Ni, 1.17%Nb, 0.09%Ti and 0.05%RE by means of light optical microscope (LOM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), backscattered electron image (BSE), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and hardness, tensile strength, impact toughness and wear testers. The results show that the microstructure of above casting high‐speed steel is given by a tempered martensitic matrix surrounded by eutectic carbides. Casting high‐speed steel has higher hardness quenching at 1280 K–1340 K, and it has higher hardness, tensile strength, impact toughness, and abrasive wear resistance tempering at 793 K–833 K. The comprehensive properties of casting high‐speed steel is the best while air‐cooling quenching about 1340 K and tempering about 813 K.
A novel splice variant of the β‐tropomyosin (TPM2) gene in prostate cancer
Authors: Assinder Stephen J. , Au Edith , Dong Qihan , Winnick Clare 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDecreased expression of high molecular weight isoforms of tropomyosin (Tm) is associated with oncogenic transformation and is evident in cancers, with isoform Tm1 seemingly an important tumor suppressor. Tm1 expression in prostate cancer has not previously been described. In this study, while demonstrating suppressed levels of Tm1 in the prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, PC3, and DU‐145 compared to normal prostate epithelial cell primary isolates (PrEC), a novel splice variant of the TPM2 gene was identified. Quantitative RT‐PCR determined significantly greater levels of the transcript variant in all three prostate cancer cell lines than in normal prostate epithelial cells. Characterization of this novel variant demonstrated it to include exon 6b, previously thought unique to the muscle‐specific β‐Tm isoform, with an exon arrangement of 1–2–3–4–5–6a–6b–7–8–10. Inclusion of exon 6b introduces a premature stop codon directly following the 6a–6b exon boundary. Western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of a truncated protein in prostate cancer cell lines that was absent in normal prostate epithelial cells. It is hypothesized that this truncated protein will result in suppression of Tm1 polymer formation required for actin filament association. The lack of Tm polymer–actin association will result in loss of the stable actin microfilament organization and stress fiber formation, a state associated with cell transformation. Mol. Carcinog. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantifying uncertainty using robustness analysis in the application of ORESTE to sewer rehabilitation projects prioritization—Brussels case study
Authors: Ana Eliseo , Bauwens Willy , Broers Olivier 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSewer systems are considered extremely important components of the urban water infrastructure due to their function and capital‐intensive nature. These systems, however, have been undergoing aging and deterioration, thus needing repair or rehabilitation. Historically, the budgets for sewer rehabilitation are often scarce and too limited to address the requirements, requiring utility managers to prioritize the competing projects. In this paper, the application of ORESTE to the prioritization of sewer rehabilitation projects for the Brussels, Belgium network was demonstrated. The 43 proposed projects were ranked based on a set of 16 criteria. In addition, a methodology was introduced to investigate the robustness of the ORESTE solution. The inclusion of the robustness analysis into the technique allowed for the quantification of the uncertainties associated with the priority rankings. This type of information is very important in developing confidence among decision makers as to their decision on the priority ranking of sewer rehabilitation projects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
6‐Shogaol is more effective than 6‐gingerol and curcumin in inhibiting 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate‐induced tumor promotion in mice
Authors: Wu Hou , Hsieh Min‐Chi , Lo Chih‐Yu , Liu Cheng Bin , Sang Shengmin , Ho Chi‐Tang , Pan Min‐Hsiung 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe previously reported that 6‐shogaol strongly suppressed lipopolysaccharide‐induced overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) in murine macrophages. In this study, we further compared curcumin, 6‐gingerol, and 6‐shogaol's molecular mechanism of action and their anti‐tumor properties. We demonstrate that topical application of 6‐shogaol more effectively inhibited 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA)‐stimulated transcription of iNOS and COX‐2 mRNA expression in mouse skin than curcumin and 6‐gingerol. Pretreatment with 6‐shogaol has resulted in the reduction of TPA‐induced nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor‐κB subunits. 6‐Shogaol also reduced TPA‐induced phosphorylation of IκBα and p65, and caused subsequent degradation of IκBα. Moreover, 6‐shogaol markedly suppressed TPA‐induced activation of extracellular signal‐regulate kinase1/2, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase, JNK1/2, and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt, which are upstream of nuclear factor‐κB and AP‐1. Furthermore, 6‐shogaol significantly inhibited 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene/TPA‐induced skin tumor formation measured by the tumor multiplicity of papillomas at 20 wk. Presented data reveal for the first time that 6‐shogaol is an effective anti‐tumor agent that functions by down‐regulating inflammatory iNOS and COX‐2 gene expression in mouse skin. It is suggested that 6‐shogaol is a novel functional agent capable of preventing inflammation‐associated tumorigenesis.
Characterization of three saponins from a fraction using 1D DOSY as a solvent signal suppression tool. Agabrittonosides E–F. Furostane Saponins from Agave brittoniana Trel. spp. Brachypus
Authors: Macías Francisco A. , Guerra José O. , Simonet Ana M. , Pérez Andy J. , Nogueiras Clara 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA careful NMR analysis, especially by 1D TOCSY and 1D ROESY, of a refined saponin fraction allowed us to determine the structure of three saponins from a polar extract of Agave brittoniana Trel. spp. Brachypus leaves. The use of 1D DOSY for the suppression of the solvent signal was useful to obtain the chemical shifts of anomeric signals. A full assignment of the 1H and 13C spectral data for the new saponins, agabrittonosides E–F (1–2) and the well‐known Karatavioside C (3) and their methoxyl derivatives, is reported. The structures were established using a combination of 1D and 2D (1H, 1H‐COSY, TOCSY, ROESY, g‐HSQC, g‐HMBC and g‐HSQC‐TOCSY) NMR techniques and ESI–MS. In addition, the methoxylation of these furostane saponins in the presence of MeOH was studied. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical quality measures for electrodiagnosis in suspected carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Sandin Karl J. , Asch Steven M. , Jablecki Charles K. , Kilmer David D. , Nuckols Teryl K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractExtensive research has documented that medical care in the United States is not of optimal quality, meaning that well‐established care processes are not consistently provided to the patients who would benefit from them. To assess and improve quality of care, specific measures are needed. The objective of this study was to develop quality measures for electrodiagnostic testing in suspected carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). We used a variation of the well‐established RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method to develop the measures. A physiatrist and quality measurement experts developed draft measures based on guidelines and literature. Subsequently, in a two‐round, modified‐Delphi process, a multidisciplinary panel of 11 national experts in CTS reviewed a summary of the evidence and then rated the measures for validity and feasibility. Seven draft measures were developed. The expert panel combined two, modified the others, and then judged all resulting measures to be valid and feasible. The measures cover compelling indications for testing, essential test components when CTS is suspected, skin temperature measurement and normalization, and the appropriate interpretation of test results. These measures define a minimum standard of care for the use of electrodiagnostic tests in suspected CTS and are consistent with recent guidelines developed by the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine. Provider organizations, insurance companies, and professional societies can use these measures in efforts to monitor and improve quality of care for this common and disabling condition. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Periodic railway timetabling with event flexibility
Authors: Caimi Gabrio , Fuchsberger Martin , Laumanns Marco , Schüpbach Kaspar 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article addresses the problem of generating conflict‐free periodic train timetables for large railway networks. We follow a two‐level approach, where a simplified track topology is used to obtain a macrolevel schedule, and the detailed topology is considered locally on the microlevel. To enlarge the solution space in the interface of the two levels, we propose an extension of the well‐known periodic event scheduling problem (PESP) such that it allows to generate flexible time slots for the departure and arrival times instead of exact times. This flexible periodic event scheduling problem (FPESP) formulation increases the chance to obtain feasible solutions (exact train routings) subsequently on the microlevel, in particular for stations with dense peak traffic. Total trip time and the time slot sizes are used as multiple objectives and weighted and/or constrained to allocate the flexibility where it is most useful. Tests on medium‐size instances of the Swiss Federal Railways' 2007 service intention demonstrate the advantage of the FPESP model, while it only moderately increases its solution time in most cases. A trade‐off analysis of the two conflicting objectives is presented and discussed for different scenarios. Finally, we present the Flexbox model, which generalizes the single event flexibilities of the FPESP to arbitrary subsets of events. These Flexboxes can make use of natural dependencies in the timetable and can considerably increase the total flexibility of the timetable. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2011
How to find good night train connections
Authors: Gunkel Thorsten , Schnee Mathias , Müller–Hannemann Matthias 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe search for attractive night train connections is fundamentally different from ordinary search: the primary objective of a customer of a night train is to have a reasonably long sleeping period without interruptions due to train changes. For most passengers it is also undesirable to reach the final destination too early in the morning. These objectives are in sharp contrast to standard information systems which focus on minimizing the total travel time. In this article, we present and compare two new approaches to support queries for night train connections. These approaches have been integrated into the Multi‐Objective Traffic Information System (MOTIS), which is currently being developed by our group. Its purpose is to find all train connections which are attractive from a customer point of view. Using a computational study, we demonstrate that our specialized algorithms for night train connections are able to satisfy customer queries much better than standard methods. This can be achieved with reasonable computational costs: a specialized night train search requires only a few seconds of CPU time. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2011