bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface Modification of Nanodiamond under Bingel–Hirsch Conditions
Authors: Betz Patrick , Krueger Anke 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe Bingel–Hirsch reaction consists in the reaction of a bromomalonate with electron‐poor π bonds, for example, of carbon materials, yielding cyclopropane derivatives. The reactive nucleophile is generated in situ from the respective malonate using CBr4 and a base. The resulting cyclopropane moiety links the carbon material’s surface atoms covalently with the functional side groups of the malonate. So far, the reaction was limited to fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. Herein, we report on the first application of this reaction type for the surface modification of diamond nanoparticles. The surface of thermally annealed nanodiamond consists of fullerene‐like sp2 carbon atoms which exhibit a similar reactivity as those in the all‐sp2 carbon nanomaterials. It was found that the reaction proceeds smoothly and enables the grafting of a large variety of functional groups to the surface of nanodiamond. The generated nucleophiles are also able to react with carbonyl species on the diamond. This reaction pathway enables the grafting of malonates even on oxidized nanodiamond without prior thermal annealing.
Phase Behavior of CO2 in Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquid 1‐Ethyl‐3‐Ethylimidazolium Acetate
Authors: Shiflett Mark B. , Elliott Beth A. , Lustig Steve R. , Sabesan Subramaniam , Kelkar Manish S. , Yokozeki A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractCarbon dioxide solubility (vapor–liquid equilibria: VLE) in an ionic liquid, 1‐ethyl‐3‐ethylimidazolium acetate ([eeim][Ac]) was measured using a gravimetric microbalance at four isotherms (about 283, 298, 323, and 348 K) up to about 2 MPa. An equation‐of‐state (EOS) model was used to analyze the VLE data and has predicted vapor–liquid–liquid equilibria (VLLE: or liquid–liquid separations) in CO2‐rich solutions. The VLLE prediction was confirmed experimentally using a volumetric method and likely the liquid–liquid equilibria will intersect with the solid–liquid equilibria such that no lower critical solution temperature can exist and the binary system may be classified as Type III phase behavior. Carbon dioxide solubility in the ionic‐liquid‐rich solution show extremely unusual behavior. CO2 dissolves in the ionic liquid at large concentrations (up to about 20 mole % of CO2) with almost no vapor pressure above the mixtures. This result is similar to our previous findings with 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ([bmim][Ac]) and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ([emim][Ac]). In all three cases the CO2 forms a molecular complex (or chemical reaction) with the ionic liquid. 13C NMR spectroscopy has identified the structure for CO2 absorbed in [eeim][Ac] to be [eeim]‐2‐carboxylate. Addition of water to the carboxylate leads to the dissolution of CO2. The thermodynamic excess properties (enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs energy) for all three systems have been calculated using the EOS and support the complex formation of the type AB2 (where A is CO2 and B is ionic liquid). Isothermal differential scanning calorimetry has verified the heat of reaction calculations and found for CO2 absorbing in [emim][Ac], [eeim][Ac] and [bmim][Ac] to be about −38 kJ mol−1. Additional experiments have examined the effect of water on the density, viscosity and CO2 solubility in [eeim][Ac] and the CO2 solubility in mixtures of [eeim][Ac] with other acetate salts.
Collapse of Homeotropic Liquid‐Crystal Alignment by Increased Molecular Packing on Comb‐Like Polymer Surfaces
Authors: Sohn Eun‐Ho , Kang Hyo , Kim Dong‐Gyun , Song Kigook , Lee Jong‐Chan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe report an unusual alignment behavior of liquid crystals (LCs) on well‐ordered comb‐like poly(oxyethylene) surfaces. The homeotropic LC alignments that are observed on as‐coated surfaces of the polymers are transformed to the random planar type after annealing treatment, even though the molecular structure of the polymer surface becomes more ordered and the surface energy decreases. Studies of the surface properties, such as molecular structure, morphology, and wettability, reveal that such an unexpected alteration of the LC alignment originates from the density of the alkyl side chains being enhanced by localized packing.
The effects of a freeze‐thaw cycle and pre‐analytical storage temperature on the stability of insulin‐like growth factor‐I and pro‐collagen type III N‐terminal propeptide concentrations: Implications for the detection of growth hormone misuse in athletes
Authors: Guha Nishan , Erotokritou‐Mulligan Ioulietta , Bartlett Christiaan , A. Cowan David , Bassett E. Eryl , Stow Michael , Sönksen Peter H , Holt Richard IG 
Published: April 2012

A method based on two serum biomarkers – insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and pro‐collagen type III N‐terminal propeptide (P‐III‐NP) – has been devised to detect growth hormone (GH) misuse. The aims of this study were to determine the stability of IGF‐I and P‐III‐NP concentrations in serum stored at −20°C and to establish the effects of one freeze‐thaw cycle.Blood was collected from 20 healthy volunteers. Serum aliquots were analyzed after storage for one day at 4°C and one day, one week, five weeks, and three months at −20°C. IGF‐I and P‐III‐NP results were combined to calculate a GH‐2000 discriminant function score for each volunteer. Inter‐assay precision was determined by analysing one quality control sample at each time‐point.A single freeze‐thaw cycle, storage of serum at 4°C for one day and at −20°C for up to three months had no significant effect on IGF‐I or P‐III‐NP concentration. Intra‐sample variability for IGF‐I was 6.8% (Immunotech assay) and 12.9% (DSL assay). Intra‐sample variability for P‐III‐NP was 10.9% (Cisbio assay) and 13.7% (Orion assay). When IGF‐I and P‐III‐NP results were combined, intra‐sample variability of the GH‐2000 score expressed as a standard deviation varied between 0.31 and 0.50 depending on the assay combination used. Variability in IGF‐I and P‐‐III‐NP results of stored samples is largely determined by the characteristics of the assays. A single freeze‐thaw cycle, storage of serum at 4°C for one day or at −20°C for up to 3 months does not result in a significant change in GH‐2000 score. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of carrier frequency offset on the capacity of MIMO‐OFDM systems
Authors: Tutgun Rasit , Aktas Emre 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTCarrier frequency offset (CFO) is a factor that corrupts subchannel orthogonality resulting to performance degradation in multiple‐input multiple‐output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. We investigate the effect of CFO on the channel estimation and the effect of both CFO and channel estimation on the system capacity. The main result of the paper is a lower bound on the capacity for a given CFO and channel estimation error covariance. The lower bound is based on the Gaussian bound of the multiplicative noise because of channel estimation errors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER USE IN AGRICULTURE
Authors: Madramootoo Chandra A. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTWith the increasing competition for fresh water, there is a growing reliance on the abstraction of groundwater for irrigated agriculture. Groundwater irrigation demand has been growing steadily over the past decades, for many reasons including the unreliability of the traditional large canal schemes, and the increasing need of farmers to manage their own irrigation applications. In addition, unpredictability in climate has forced some farmers, particularly in semi‐arid areas, to exploit groundwater, in order to combat drought. The increasing overexploitation of important aquifers around the world, as well as groundwater contamination must be of concern to water resource planners and managers. Groundwater is a finite resource, and little is being done to accurately map, assess, monitor and regulate groundwater development for agriculture. Unconstrained and unregulated groundwater development is already impacting negatively on agricultural growth in over 111 million ha of irrigated lands, and innumerable livelihoods that rely on groundwater. Any attenuation of growth will make it more difficult to feed 9 billion people by 2050. A more proactive and integrated approach to groundwater governance, management and protection, built upon sound technical, institutional, legal, socio‐economic and environmental principles is required. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LIMITATION OF AGRICULTURAL GROUNDWATER USES IN BEAUCE (FRANCE): WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS ON FARMS AND ON THE FOOD‐PROCESSING SECTOR?
Authors: Lejars C. , Fusillier J.L. , Bouarfa S. , Coutant C. , Brunel L. , Rucheton G. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTMany farmers, and the large set of downstream operators who depend on their farm products, have become dependent on groundwater resources, which are declining in many parts of the world. Farmers have to reduce water consumption by growing crops with lower water requirements, or apply optimal irrigation strategies. The strategies they choose can have major consequences for downstream operators and agro‐industries.This paper presents an analysis of the impacts on, and consequences of, high water restrictions for the subsectors. The analysis was conducted in collaboration with local stakeholders in the region of Beauce, France. Adaptations and strategies to face up to reduced water availability were analysed in economic and technical terms for both farmers and downstream operators. Participatory workshops brought together different downstream operators who could become competitors for the same resource and highlighted interactions between operators in the same subsector as well as interactions between different sectors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Locomotor Development of Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Under Novel Hydrodynamic Conditions
Authors: DANOS NICOLE 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe kinematics, neuromuscular control, and hydrodynamic aspects of normal locomotor activity in larval zebrafish have been extensively studied. Although locomotion depends heavily on the fluid properties of water, we have little knowledge of what sensory and developmental cues zebrafish larvae receive from their interaction with the fluid medium in which they grow. In this study, I manipulate the viscosity of water in which larvae grow until 5 and 7 days postfertilization (dpf) and record the kinematics of routine turns in their growth medium. Larvae are then transferred to a new medium of different viscosity and filmed again after short and long acclimation periods. Four hypotheses are tested: (1) larval kinematics are constrained by muscle activation patterns, (2) larval kinematics are guided by kinematic objectives, (3) routine turning control is independent of early locomotor experience, and (4) response to novel fluid environment is independent of developmental stage. The results indicate that a kinematic parameter, stage 1 angle, correlates with the kinematics of stage 1 while muscle activation patterns likely constrain stage 2. Development of this behavior is not dependent on locomotor experience both at 5 and 7 dpf, although the two age groups respond differently to increased viscosity. J. Exp. Zool. 317:117–126, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A refined index of model performance: a rejoinder
Authors: Legates David R. , McCabe Gregory J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWillmott et al. [Willmott CJ, Robeson SM, Matsuura K. 2012. A refined index of model performance. International Journal of Climatology, forthcoming. DOI:10.1002/joc.2419.] recently suggest a refined index of model performance (dr) that they purport to be superior to other methods. Their refined index ranges from − 1.0 to 1.0 to resemble a correlation coefficient, but it is merely a linear rescaling of our modified coefficient of efficiency (E1) over the positive portion of the domain of dr. We disagree with Willmott et al. (2012) that dr provides a better interpretation; rather, E1 is more easily interpreted such that a value of E1 = 1.0 indicates a perfect model (no errors) while E1 = 0.0 indicates a model that is no better than the baseline comparison (usually the observed mean). Negative values of E1 (and, for that matter, dr < 0.5) indicate a substantially flawed model as they simply describe a ‘level of inefficacy’ for a model that is worse than the comparison baseline. Moreover, while dr is piecewise continuous, it is not continuous through the second and higher derivatives. We explain why the coefficient of efficiency (E or E2) and its modified form (E1) are superior and preferable to many other statistics, including dr, because of intuitive interpretability and because these indices have a fundamental meaning at zero.We also expand on the discussion begun by Garrick et al. [Garrick M, Cunnane C, Nash JE. 1978. A criterion of efficiency for rainfall‐runoff models. Journal of Hydrology 36: 375‐381.] and continued by Legates and McCabe [Legates DR, McCabe GJ. 1999. Evaluating the use of “goodness‐of‐fit” measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation. Water Resources Research 35(1): 233‐241.] and Schaefli and Gupta [Schaefli B, Gupta HV. 2007. Do Nash values have value? Hydrological Processes 21: 2075‐2080. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.6825.]. This important discussion focuses on the appropriate baseline comparison to use, and why the observed mean often may be an inadequate choice for model evaluation and development. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Clinical trials in gastric cancer and the future
Authors: Mihaljevic André L. , Friess Helmut , Schuhmacher Christoph 
Published: April 2012

AbstractFollowing the first successful gastric resection for gastric cancer by Theodor Billroth in 1881 surgery has made tremendous progress leading to improved surgical mortality and morbidity. However, while treatment of early gastric cancer is frequently curative, 5‐year survival rates for advanced gastric cancer remain dismal despite the application of perioperative multimodal treatment concepts. In this article we will outline key clinical trials that have lead to an improvement in treatment of gastric cancer patients with specific emphasis on the last 20 years. We will then outline recent concepts and key clinical trials that are currently being conducted in the field. Finally we will outline open questions that remain to be elucidated in the future. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:289–297. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid Synthesis of Polymer Brush Surfaces via Microwave‐Assisted Surface‐Initiated Radical Polymerization
Authors: Guo Wei , Hensarling Ryan M. , LeBlanc Arthur L. , Hoff Emily A. , Baranek Austin D. , Patton Derek L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMicrowave‐assisted surface‐initiated radical polymerization (μW‐SIP) is demonstrated for the rapid synthesis of polymer brush surfaces on two‐dimensional substrates. μW‐SIP is carried out at constant temperature and microwave power allowing comparison with conventional SIP carried out in an oil bath at the same effective solution temperature. We show μW‐SIP enables significant enhancements (up to 39‐fold increase) in brush thickness at reduced reaction times for a range of monomer types (i.e. acrylamides, acrylates, methacrylates, and styrene). The effects of reaction time, monomer concentration, and microwave power on film thickness are explored.
Creating ‘buzz’: opportunities and limitations of social media for arts institutions and their viral marketing
Authors: Hausmann Andrea 
Published: April 2012

According to empirical studies, two thirds of the people worldwide who surf the Internet use Web 2.0 applications (i.e. social media such as YouTube, Facebook or Twitter). The rate of growth is especially impressive in Germany, where the reluctance to publish personal information has traditionally been greater than in other countries. Accordingly, more and more German cultural suppliers seek to explore the possibilities of Web 2.0 and social media for their marketing objectives. In times of a general information overflow, declining credibility of traditional communication tools and a continued shortage of resources in the cultural sector, the fact that these web‐based applications can facilitate viral marketing and stimulate word‐of‐mouth is of special interest to arts institutions. However, until now, arts marketing has seen hardly any research on this topic. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to analyse the opportunities and limitations of Web 2.0 and social media for the viral marketing of arts institutions, especially with regard to their impact on quality and/or behavioural uncertainty on the part of visitors. The task setting will be carried out under consideration of the economics of information approach and explorative data.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tandem duplication of chromosomal segments is common in ovarian and breast cancer genomes
Authors: McBride David J , Etemadmoghadam Dariush , Cooke Susanna L , Alsop Kathryn , George Joshy , Butler Adam , Cho Juok , Galappaththige Danushka , Greenman Chris , Howarth Karen D , Lau King W , Ng Charlotte K , Raine Keiran , Teague Jon , Wedge David C , Cancer Study Group Australian Ovarian , Caubit Xavier , Stratton Michael R , Brenton James D , Campbell Peter J , Futreal P Andrew , Bowtell David DL 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe application of paired‐end next generation sequencing approaches has made it possible to systematically characterize rearrangements of the cancer genome to base‐pair level. Utilizing this approach, we report the first detailed analysis of ovarian cancer rearrangements, comparing high‐grade serous and clear cell cancers, and these histotypes with other solid cancers. Somatic rearrangements were systematically characterized in eight high‐grade serous and five clear cell ovarian cancer genomes and we report here the identification of > 600 somatic rearrangements. Recurrent rearrangements of the transcriptional regulator gene, TSHZ3, were found in three of eight serous cases. Comparison to breast, pancreatic and prostate cancer genomes revealed that a subset of ovarian cancers share a marked tandem duplication phenotype with triple‐negative breast cancers. The tandem duplication phenotype was not linked to BRCA1/2 mutation, suggesting that other common mechanisms or carcinogenic exposures are operative. High‐grade serous cancers arising in women with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation showed a high frequency of small chromosomal deletions. These findings indicate that BRCA1/2 germline mutation may contribute to widespread structural change and that other undefined mechanism(s), which are potentially shared with triple‐negative breast cancer, promote tandem chromosomal duplications that sculpt the ovarian cancer genome. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Persistence of humoral immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients after post‐transplant immunization
Authors: Škovránková Jitka , Petráš Marek 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundPersistence of humoral immunity was evaluated in 82 hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients up to 12.5 years after post‐transplant immunization against tetanus and diphtheria.ProcedureNew immunization, initiated at least 12 months after transplantation, consisted of an average three‐dose schedule of vaccine administration on day 1, month 3, and month 12. Serological data were collected at pre‐transplant, post‐transplant, vaccination, and post‐vaccination time points.ResultsThe first vaccination dose elicited a seroprotective response in most recipients, but the complete vaccine series (usually three‐dose schedule) reinforced the specific immunity in most vaccinated cases, that is, 100% and 95.8% seroprotection against tetanus and diphtheria, respectively. Geometric mean concentration post‐vaccination tetanus and diphtheria antibody levels persisted at 1.9 IU (95% CI: 1.23–2.94 IU/ml) and 0.20 IU (95% CI: 0.11–0.38 IU/ml) for 7 years, respectively. However, diphtheria antibodies were lost not significantly but much faster and more often than tetanus antibodies, though the seroprotection rates against tetanus and diphtheria remained favorable, that is, 100% (95% CI: 85.2–100%) and 87% (95% CI: 59.5–98.3%), respectively.ConclusionsFull post‐transplant revaccination resulted in long‐term persistence of humoral immunity against tetanus and diphtheria in SCT recipients, for an average of 8.6 and 9.0 years, respectively. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 908–913. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex‐specific differences in the concentration of tubular parameters in the amniotic fluid of second trimester fetuses
Authors: Tzschoppe Anja , Rauh Manfred , Goecke Tamme W. , Yazdi Britta , Hart Nicola , Siemer Jörn , Schild Ralf L. , Dötsch Jörg 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveRenal dysplasia and obstructive uropathy are more common in males and are associated with an increased tubular loss of electrolytes. We aimed to compare the midtrimester concentration of tubular parameters in the prenatal period between healthy male and female fetuses.MethodsAmniotic fluid was collected at 16 weeks of gestation at the time of genetic amniocentesis. The concentration of sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, α1‐microglobulin, creatinine and urea was determined in the amniotic fluid of 92 male and 108 female fetuses.ResultsThe concentration of sodium, chloride and calcium was not significantly higher in male than in female fetuses. In contrast, the concentration of potassium (p = 0.01), phosphate (p = 0.04), magnesium (p = 0.04) and α1‐microglobulin (p = 0.04) was significantly increased in the amniotic fluid of male fetuses. The concentration of electrolytes correlated to the concentration of creatinine, urea and α1‐microglobulin.ConclusionThe concentration of specific tubular parameters in the amniotic fluid was higher in male compared with female fetuses. Whether this might point to sex‐specific differences in tubular function in second trimester fetuses or reflect glomerular filtration or other interfering factors remains speculative. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of fetal congenital heart disease on in utero urine production rate
Authors: Xie Jing‐Xian , Lv Guo‐Rong , Chen Qiu‐Yue , Hou Min 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo evaluate the influence of congenital heart disease (CHD) or congestive heart failure (CHF) on fetal urine production rate (UPR) and to establish normal reference intervals.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was performed on normal fetuses (n = 314) and on fetuses with CHD (n = 49). CHD cases were divided into groups on the basis of heart function as defined by Huhta score: with CHF (n = 11) and without CHF (n = 38). Fetal bladder volume was measured by two‐dimensional as well as three‐dimensional ultrasound with the Virtual Organ Computer‐aided Analysis technique.ResultsIn normal fetuses, UPR increased with gestational age from a mean value of 4.5 mL/h at 21 weeks to 66.5 mL/h at 40 weeks. There were no significant differences in UPR between CHD cases without CHF and controls (P = 0.581). However, fetuses with CHF had decreased UPR values (Controls vs. CHF, P = 0.007) compared with the controls. The interobserver and intraobserver variability for assessment of UPR was better using three‐dimensional rather than two‐dimensional US.ConclusionsFetal UPR can be reproducibly measured by the Virtual Organ Computer‐aided Analysis technique. It appears that heart function, rather than CHD, affects fetal UPR. Fetal UPR may therefore be an additional indicator of CHF. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.