bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novels, Print, and Meaning
Authors: Keymer Thomas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The coexistence with Sterne's noisy displays of learned-wit of his quiet but no less pervasive engagement with the novel genre takes several forms, and marks not only the novelistic-sentimental final volumes of Tristram Shandy but also its satirical-Scriblerian opening. Tristram Shandy absorbs and resumes the most vexed topics of experimentation and debate in novels such as Clarissa and Tom Jones, notably the mimetic efficacy or otherwise of narrative language, the dynamics of communication between narrator and reader, and the openness of narrative meaning to plural construction. Sterne also adopts the episodic repertoire and formal reflexiveness of now largely forgotten experimental novels of the 1750s, ostentatiously trumping their prior deployment of both with elaborate displays of narrative involution and excess, especially through visual devices that dramatize representational impasse. He digests and reworks the most innovative feature these novels share, which is their tendency to push a literary self-consciousness inherited from Fielding into a more directly practical self-consciousness about the mechanisms and institutions of print culture: specifically, about the relationship between authorial production and its materialization as a printed object, and about the overdetermination of both by the forces of literary commodification, consumer fashion, and regulatory reviewing.
Serializing a Self
Authors: Keymer Thomas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Illusions of proleptic parody in Sterne always derive, on inspection, from his conscious parody of existing texts or trends, and so it is with his anticipation of the hazards and pitfalls of Victorian serial fiction. Though relatively unexplored, and varyingly widely in its conventions and procedures from the Victorian norm, serial publication was a vital part of mid-18th-century print culture. Its resources were also creative used — by many writers of journalism, encyclopedias, history, autobiography, and fiction — to amplify and generate meaning, one such resource being the serial's capacity to perform narratives of developing or fluctuating selfhood, or the different stages and outcomes of disease. This broad context, from Addison's Spectator through Rapin's History to Smollett's Sir Launcelot Greaves, enables a fresh approach to Wayne Booth's famous question: ‘Did Sterne Complete Tristram Shandy?’ Dramatized in the continuous present of serialization, the novel's unfolding tale of failing health not only gives Tristram's losing battle with narrative language its peculiar urgency and weight; it also supplies in advance an internal, fictionalized reason for the premature close of his work.
Tristram Shandy and the Freshest Moderns
Authors: Keymer Thomas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
By re-emerging at irregular intervals on the literary culture of the 1760s, absorbing or addressing its new products, Sterne could make available to himself an inexhaustible repertoire of intertextual possibilities on which to play, and so subject his own fashionability to perpetual refreshment and renewal. Sometimes there is an adversarial edge to the process, an appearance of satirical challenge, but it is also clear that new writing could have a positive, enabling effect as Sterne worked to develop his largest emphases and themes. In particular, the poetic intertexts analysed in this chapter played a key role in unlocking and developing, in the middle and later instalments of Tristram Shandy, the melancholy possibilities always inherent in the work's fixation on incommunicable and irremediable pasts. The chapter explores the process in relation to James Macpherson's immensely popular Ossianic prose poems of the early 1760s, focused as they are on plangent evocations of loss, and to the contemporaneous ‘Nonsense Club’ satire of Charles Churchill and his imitators, in which Ossian is agressively debunked.
The Literature of Whiggism and the Politics of War
Authors: Keymer Thomas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter resumes the relationship between Tristram Shandy and specific poetic intertexts which had vogues of their own during the period of serialization, and which retain an ambient presence in the resulting text. Here the focus is on the intricate relationship between the Toby ‘under-plot’ and the Civil War poetry of Andrew Marvell (specifically Marvell's great poem about gardens and war, Upon Appleton House), which was enjoying a major revival in Whig political circles to which Sterne seems to have gained entry, including those of the republican ideologue Thomas Hollis. This last example also opens up an important sense in which Tristram Shandy engages, albeit with wry obliquness, in urgent topical concerns arising from the Seven Years War. In Sterne's ingenious reworking of Marvell's distinctive topos, literary intertext and political context converge on the vexed debate surrounding (in a formulation Sterne uses in a sermon) the ‘devastation, bloodshed, and expense’ of global war.
Legislative Sovereignty and the Rule of Law
Authors: Goldsworthy Jeffrey 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter challenges the assumption that legislative sovereignty is incompatible with the rule of law. The rule of law is first and foremost a political principle, an ideal or aspiration that may or may not be guaranteed by law. Most, if not all, common law jurisdictions treat the rule of law as a principle of common law, which unquestionably governs the decisions and actions of the executive and judicial branches of government. In addition, it is sometimes expressly mentioned in written constitutions, or regarded as implicit in them. Whether it is common law, constitutional, or both, the principle is sometimes said to govern the legislature as well as the other branches of government, and to be capable of overriding legislation. Even if legislative sovereignty is inconsistent with the rule of law, it might nevertheless be justified on the ground that in this case the rule of law is outweighed by the principle of democracy. This chapter also refutes the argument that bills of rights are required by the rule of law.
The Unbalanced Constitution
Authors: Ewing K. D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
An attempt has been made by corporate interests in the United Kingdom to capture the Human Rights Act 1998, whose importance for commercial practice was quickly identified by city solicitors representing business clients. We find a commitment to social rights and the principle of solidarity by the architects of the new European constitution. But does it matter that there is no such reference in the British constitution or that the incorporation of the principles of the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law is not balanced by the incorporation of social rights? This chapter shows that it does and argues that by dividing the indivisible there is a danger paradoxically of both undermining and diminishing the human rights of the many, at the expense of the human rights of the few. There was no priority in the British constitution for civil and political rights over social and economic rights. Priority was accorded to legislation at the expense of the common law.
Rights versus Devolution
Authors: Himsworth Chris 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In his book Charter versus Federalism (1992), Alan Cairns develops an inquiry into the impact of the Charter of Rights on Canadian federalism. This chapter uses Cairns's ideas as a basis for testing similar propositions in relation to the devolutionary settlement established by the Scotland Act 1998. If the effect of the Charter of Rights in Canada is to suppress Canadian provincial diversity, then the effect of the United Kingdom's human rights project may be to suppress the diversity, the opportunity for difference, that the creation of the Scottish Parliament was intended to create. The parallel between the two cases can be traced only at quite a general level because there are many obvious differences. This chapter provides an overview of the relevant provisions of the Human Rights Act 1998, the Scotland Act 1998, and the relationship between the two. A brief account of Scottish human rights litigation in 1999-2000 and other developments is also presented.
Criminal Justice, Judicial Interpretation, Legal Right: On Being Sceptical about the Human Rights Act 1998
Authors: Norrie Alan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Human Rights Act 1998 of the United Kingdom and its implications for criminal justice, and expresses scepticism about the Act based on the view that both the context of legal interpretation and the form of legal right are conducive to its being a disappointment. First, the progress of human rights jurisprudence in the European Court of Justice and as it is emerging in the House of Lords is considered. There are questions about whether the language of the Act would not in any case dovetail with a minimalist approach to systemic problems. The issue here relates to the nature of the liberal legal subject as an abstract persona with both expressive and repressive aspects. This chapter examines due process and its relationship to repression and guilty plea, along with the impact of the Act on the process of sentence bargaining.
The South African Experience of Judicial Rights Discourse: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Jagwanth Saras 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent to which the transformative goals in the constitution of South Africa have been capable of being meaningfully realised through enforcement by the judiciary since the shift from parliamentary sovereignty to constitutional supremacy, together with the establishment of the Constitutional Court, in 1994. Although the South African experience is often cited as support for the proposition that a constitution with an entrenched and justiciable Bill of Rights can play a major role in egalitarian social transformation, there are many limitations to the extent to which this can be realised through judicial rights discourse. Because of its explicit transformation objectives, it is primarily in the context of the role that the South African constitution in general and the Bill of Rights in particular has played in achieving a transformative social justice in South Africa that the South African experience is most usefully analysed. In particular, this chapter ascertains the extent to which the judiciary (and in particular the Constitutional Court), now the avowed guardian of the Constitution, has contributed to the meaningful change that democracy in South Africa has promised. This chapter also discusses the principles of constitutional interpretation, equality, and socioeconomic rights.
The Canadian Charter of Rights: Recognition, Redistribution, and the Imperialism of the Courts
Authors: Fudge Judy 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter assesses the impact of the Canadian Charter of Rights on respect for human rights, democratic practices, and political discourses in Canada to see what broader lessons, if any, can be distilled for the United Kingdom. The discussion begins by placing the rights debate within the Canadian context, paying particular attention to how its terms shifted. The different types of rights claim that are being asserted by progressive social movements are discussed, along with what the Supreme Court has done with such claims and the political response to these decisions, the meaning that the Supreme Court has attributed to the freedom of expression, and the salient features of the dominant rights discourse articulated by Canadian courts. The chapter concludes by considering whether there are other mechanisms that may have better success in enhancing human rights and fostering democracy than a justiciable bill of rights.
Scepticism about Judicial Review: A Perspective from the United States
Authors: Tushnet Mark 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
One might think that a United States perspective on entrenchment of human rights would be particularly valuable for states like the United Kingdom beginning to develop institutions for entrenchment. The US experience with the institution of judicial review of legislation for compatibility with some norms expressed in the constitution, dates at least to Marbury v. Madison, decided in 1803. Two hundred years' experience might provide a useful perspective on new institutions entrenching human rights. This chapter discusses several reasons why one might be sceptical about what precisely the US experience can contribute to a general understanding of entrenchment. The most fundamental sources of scepticism about the usefulness of a US perspective — the manner in which the judges who exercised the power of judicial review are chosen in the country, and the conception they have of their role — are discussed.
The History of the Future
Authors: Roberts Ian , ROUSSOU ANNA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers three well-known cases of ‘grammaticalization’ regarding the development of future-tense constructions in English, Romance, and Greek. It argues that the change consists in the loss of movement of verbal element to a higher functional position; in the new grammars, the verbal element is merged directly in the functional position, not merging there via copying and subsequent deletion of the lower element. Grammaticalization-type changes of this kind follow a ‘path’, which is structurally defined along Cinque's (1999) universal hierarchy of functional categories in the clause structure.
Case and Middle English Genitive Noun Phrases
Authors: Allen Cynthia. L 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the connection between the loss of case-marking morphology in English and some changes which took place within possessive noun phrases. It focuses on appositives to possessors, which raise some interesting questions concerning the nature of what is often referred to as ‘morphological case’ and its relationship to ‘syntactic case’.
Split Constituents within NP in the History of English: Commentary on Allen
Authors: Bošković Željko 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents a commentary on Chapter 3, which explored the connection between the loss of case-marking and several changes that took place within the possessive noun phrase in English. The chapter focused on discontinuous possessive constructions, where the possessive is split around the head noun. The current chapter focuses on the question of how such structures are derived and the role of Morphological Blocking in the analysis of such structures.
Double Object and Morphological Triggers for Syntactic Case
Authors: Polo Chiara 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A question that has always fascinated historical grammatical concerns is the interplay between alterations in morphological systems and syntactic change. It has long been observed that the shift from an inflectional to a mainly isolating morphological type which affected several Indo-European languages took place at the same time as extensive syntactic restructuring, reflected in restrictions on constituent order and in the widespread use of analytic constructions. The apparent simultaneity of these two phenomena accounts for the general agreement found in traditional literature on the existence of a functionalist relation between case morphology and syntactic structures. The natural implication of this traditional position is that historical changes in syntactic structures are straightforward, functionally related effects of changes in inflectional systems. This chapter shows that theories based on a purely functionalist approach are not completely satisfactory as they stand, since important aspects of the phenomenon under discussion go unexplained: empirical data belonging to the sub-domain of the double-object construction in the crucial transition phase from Old to Middle English seem to call for a different explanation. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 7.2 surveys Weerman's analysis of syntactic change in the double-object construction. Section 7.3 presents qualitative and quantitative data derived from the investigation of OE and (Early) Middle English (EME) text material. Section 7.4 addresses the question of how to deal with the documented word orders in light of an expanded empirical base, and proposes an explanatory theory which supplements Weerman's proposal, finally presenting an overall discussion of the conclusions achieved.
Loss of Overt Wh-Movement in Old Japanese
Authors: Watanabe Akira 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the mechanism which drives overt wh-movement. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 10.2 starts by describing the system of wh-questions in Old Japanese. The core empirical material is based on the recent discovery that overt displacement of an entire wh-phrase once existed in Old Japanese and was lost subsequently. Section 10.3 examines this and relates changes while Section 10.4 turns to a theoretical account of these changes.
The Loss of IP-Scrambling in Portugese: Clause Structure, Word-Order Variation and Change
Authors: Martins Ana Maria 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter deals with the loss of OV order in Portuguese. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 13.2 presents some basic facts about word order in Old Portuguese, identifies the types of structures where OV order arises, discards the ones where the object is topicalized or focused, and gives some preliminary information about the structures with object scrambling. Section 13.3 identifies the structural position of scrambled constituents. Section 13.4 discusses the motivation for the scrambling operation and concludes that it accomplishes an ‘extraction out of focus’ strategy. Section 13.5 addresses the question of why IP-scrambling was lost while Section 13.6 concludes the chapter.
Residual V-to-I
Authors: Jonas Dianne 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines new data from Older and Modern Faroese, Older Scots, and Shetland Dialect that bring into question the nature of the relationship between the richness of morphology and (the loss of) V-to-I. It begins with an overview of V-to-I in Modern Icelandic and contrasts the Icelandic facts with those of Mainland Scandinavian, showing how Icelandic and Mainland Scandinavian differ with respect to V-to-I. It then presents an overview of V-to-I in Faroese from a diachronic and synchronic perspective, arguing that Older Faroese had V-to-I, whereas there is dialect split with respect to V-to-I in Modern Faroese. The chapter discusses residual V-to-I in Shetland Dialect both from a synchronic and diachronic perspective. Finally, it discusses syntactic triggers for V-to-I in light of the fact that Older Scots and Shetland Dialect had V-to-I in the absence of rich agreement morphology for a long period in their history.
The Computational Study of Diachronic Linguistics
Authors: Niyogi Partha 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic framework for the computational study of diachronic phenomena in human languages and takes stock of the explosion of activity in computational models of language change and evolution. It focuses on the subtle interplay between language acquisition and change, building a population model which helps us to reason our way through the complex explanatory possibilities for language populations changing in time, analogously to recent practice in evolutionary biology. The Triggering Learning Algorithm approach to acquisition is used, in which children are error-driven, changing their grammars when they confront a sentence which cannot be analyzed by the present grammar.
Grammar Competition and Language Change
Authors: Yang Charles D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter develops a general mathematical model that formalizes linguists' insight of grammar competition driving language change. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 21.2 gives a brief summary of the acquisition model. Section 21.3 lays out the model of language change in detail and derives a number of formal results. Section 21.4 applies the model to explain the loss of V2 in Old French.
Introduction
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHostility dominated the relations between the Normans and the English during the Middle Ages. Peace between the two ethnic groups proved unattainable, and the animosity lingered well into the 12th century. Yet by the end of the 12th century, this hostile state of affairs was altered beyond recognition. Ethnic distinctions had broken down to the point that one could not know who was English and who was Norman. Although Norman French continued to be spoken, at least as a second language, until the 14th century, the aristocracy of England, descended in large measure from the conquerors, came to identify itself firmly as English. In fact, the two peoples merged quite quickly. Despite Norman victory and the concentration of power and wealth in the hands of the conquerors, Normanitas, the identity of the ruling dynasty and its chief warriors, eventually ceded to the Englishness of the conquered people. These are the processes with which this book is concerned.
English Identity Before the Norman Conquest
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter presents a brief overview of Englishness and of ethnic interaction before the Norman conquest of 1066 to understand the fate of that identity and the nature of relations between English and Normans after the conquest. A key factor in the survival of Englishness after 1066 is the strength of that identity before. The various factors that upheld English identity in the Anglo-Saxon period are examined to explain its strength and reveal both change and continuity in that identity in the generations following 1066. This chapter also discusses how the English dealt with important pre-conquest minorities and their interaction with the Normans.
A Chronology of Assimilation
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides a chronological overview of ethnic relations between the English and the Normans through to the end of the 12th century, by which time cultural assimilation seems to have been complete. It emphasises the harshness and brutality of the Norman conquest and therefore of the dealings between the two peoples during the reign of William the Conqueror. The chapter explains and underscores the early hostility between English and Normans, which can too easily be minimised through the lens of hindsight, and shows just how surprising is the speed with which assimilation took place. The changing relations of the two peoples over succeeding reigns and generations are discussed, focusing on the timing of conciliation and assimilation between the English and Normans.
A Chronology of Identity
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlthough cultural assimilation and the re-emergence of a dominant English identity were closely related, they were separate processes, with somewhat different dynamics. The shift in ethnic identity needs to be conceptualised in a different manner than in the past, and this requires treating its chronology independently of that for assimilation. Moreover, in the chronology of identity there was an additional phase, lasting into the 13th century, in which the descendants of Normans in the aristocracy moved from simply accepting English identity to embracing it and making it a part of their political agenda and propaganda. The most important symptom of the problem of group identity in post-conquest England is the widespread avoidance of ethnic terminology in histories from most of the 12th century, when compared to the preceding and following periods, and particularly in contexts involving the elites.