bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of indium oxide hexagonal microcavity and identification of its whispering gallery modes
Authors: Dong Hongxing , Chen Zhanghai , Sun Liaoxin , Lu Jian , Xie Wei , Hoe Tan H. , Jagadish Chennupati , Shen Xuechu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe In2O3 nanowires with hexagonal cross section as optical whispering gallery resonators were fabricated by using a simple in situ thermal oxidation method. Whispering gallery modes (WGMs) with different polarizations in the visible spectral range were observed at room temperature. The experimental observations were well described by the plane wave model and Cauchy dispersion formula (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal activation of nitrogen acceptors in ZnO thin films grown by MOCVD
Authors: Dangbégnon J. K. , Talla K. , Botha J. R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNitrogen doping in ZnO is inhibited by spontaneous formation of compensating defects. Perfect control of the nitrogen doping concentration is required, since a high concentration of nitrogen could induce the formation of donor defects involving nitrogen. In this work, the effect of post‐growth annealing in oxygen ambient on ZnO thin films grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition, using NO as both oxidant and nitrogen dopant, is studied. After annealing at 700 °C and above, low‐temperature photoluminescence shows the appearance of a transition at ∼3.23 eV which is interpreted as pair emission involving a nitrogen acceptor. A second transition at ∼3.15 eV is also discussed. This work suggests annealing as a potential means for p‐type doping using nitrogen (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Physical and optical properties of size‐selective CdTe nanocrystals
Authors: Fok Alice , Morales Jorge , Sohel Mohammad 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPhysical and optical properties of colloidal cadmium telluride nanocrystals (CdTe NCs) were investigated. The CdTe NCs were synthesized by reacting elemental tellurium dissolved in tributylphosphine with a mixture of cadmium oxide, octadecene, and oleic acid. These NCs, which were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are spherical and ranged from 5 to 7 nm in diameter. The identity of the compound post‐synthesis was confirmed by X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. UV‐Vis and photoluminescence (PL) properties as grown and pure CdTe samples were investigated. Bright excitonic photoluminescence emission was observed (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sample size calculations for evaluating a diagnostic test when the gold standard is missing at random
Authors: Kosinski Andrzej S. , Chen Ying , Lyles Robert H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPerformance of a diagnostic test is ideally evaluated by a comparison of the test results to a gold standard for all the patients in a study. In practice, however, it is common for a subset of study patients to have the gold standard not verified (missing) due to ethical or expense considerations. Sensitivity and specificity are often used as the relevant test performance measures and a joint confidence region (CR) for sensitivity and specificity can summarize the precision of estimates. In this paper, we present an approach to sample size computations when designing a study in which the gold standard is considered to be missing at random (MAR). We calculate the needed increase in sample size to ensure that the joint CR under MAR falls inside the boundaries of the joint CR derived for data with no missingness present. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐Step Fabrication of Triple‐Layered Polymeric Microparticles with Layer Localization of Drugs as a Novel Drug‐Delivery System
Authors: Lee Wei Li , Widjaja Effendi , Loo Say Chye Joachim 
Published: March 2010

AbstractParticulate systems have tremendous potential to achieve controlled release and targeted delivery of drugs. However, conventional single‐layered particles have several inherent limitations, including initial burst release, the inability to provide zero‐order release, and a lack of time‐delayed or pulsatile release of therapeutic agents. Multilayered particles have the potential to overcome these disadvantages. Herein, it is shown how triple‐layered polymeric microparticles can be fabricated through a simple, economical, reliable, and versatile one‐step solvent evaporation technique. Particle morphologies and layer configurations are determined by scanning electron microscopy, polymer dissolution tests, and Raman mapping. Key fabrication parameters that affect the formation of triple‐layered polymeric microparticles comprising poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (50:50), poly(L‐lactide), and poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (40 wt% vinyl acetate) are discussed, along with their formation mechanisms. Layer thickness and the configurations of these microparticles are altered by changing the polymer mass ratios. Finally, it is shown that drugs can be localized in specific layers of the microparticles. This fabrication process can therefore be used to tailor microparticle designs, thus allowing such “designer” particulate drug‐delivery systems to function across a wide range of applications.
Interface‐Directed Self‐Assembly of Cell‐Laden Microgels
Authors: Zamanian Behnam , Masaeli Mahdokht , Nichol Jason W. , Khabiry Masoud , Hancock Matthew J. , Bae Hojae , Khademhosseini Ali 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCell‐laden hydrogels show great promise for creating engineered tissues. However, a major shortcoming with these systems has been the inability to fabricate structures with controlled micrometer‐scale features on a biologically relevant length scale. In this Full Paper, a rapid method is demonstrated for creating centimeter‐scale, cell‐laden hydrogels through the assembly of shape‐controlled microgels or a liquid–air interface. Cell‐laden microgels of specific shapes are randomly placed on the surface of a high‐density, hydrophobic solution, induced to aggregate and then crosslinked into macroscale tissue‐like structures. The resulting assemblies are cell‐laden hydrogel sheets consisting of tightly packed, ordered microgel units. In addition, a hierarchical approach creates complex multigel building blocks, which are then assembled into tissues with precise spatial control over the cell distribution. The results demonstrate that forces at an air–liquid interface can be used to self‐assemble spatially controllable, cocultured tissue‐like structures.
Adult Ciliary Epithelial Cells, Previously Identified as Retinal Stem Cells with Potential for Retinal Repair, Fail to Differentiate into New Rod Photoreceptors
Authors: Gualdoni Sara , Baron Michael , Lakowski Jörn , Decembrini Sarah , Smith Alexander J. , Pearson Rachael A. , Ali Robin R. , Sowden Jane C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The ciliary margin in lower vertebrates is a site of continual retinal neurogenesis and a stem cell niche. By contrast, the human eye ceases retinal neuron production before birth and loss of photoreceptors during life is permanent and a major cause of blindness. The discovery of a proliferative cell population in the ciliary epithelium (CE) of the adult mammalian eye, designated retinal stem cells, raised the possibility that these cells could help to restore sight by replacing lost photoreceptors. We previously demonstrated the feasibility of photoreceptor transplantation using cells from the developing retina. CE cells could provide a renewable source of photoreceptors for transplantation. Several laboratories reported that these cells generate new photoreceptors, whereas a recent report questioned the existence of retinal stem cells. We used Nrl.gfp transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein in rod photoreceptors to assess definitively the ability of CE cells to generate new photoreceptors. We report that CE cells expanded in monolayer cultures, lose pigmentation, and express a subset of eye field and retinal progenitor cell markers. Simultaneously, they continue to express some markers characteristic of differentiated CE and typically lack a neuronal morphology. Previously reported photoreceptor differentiation conditions used for CE cells, as well as conditions used to differentiate embryonic retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and embryonic stem cell-derived RPCs, do not effectively activate the Nrl-regulated photoreceptor differentiation program. Therefore, we conclude that CE cells lack potential for photoreceptor differentiation and would require reprogramming to be useful as a source of new photoreceptors.
Hydrothermal Syntheses and Characterizations of Three ZnII Coordination Polymers Tuned by pH Value and Base
Authors: Ma Lu‐Fang , Li Bo , Sun Xiao‐Yuan , Wang Li‐Ya , Fan Yao‐Ting 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThree new ZnII coordination polymers, [Zn(bpe)(HL)2(H2O)]n (1), {[Zn(bpe)(L)]·H2O}n (2), and [Zn2Ca(bpe)(HL)2(L)2]n (3) [H2L = 5‐methoxyisophthalic acid and bpe = 1,2‐dis(4‐pyridyl) ethylene], were hydrothermally synthesized under different pH values and bases. Their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and further characterized by elemental analyses and IR spectroscopy. Polymer 1 is formed at pH = 4 and has a 1D chain structure. These 1D chains are linked by hydrogen bonds to afford a 1D double chain and further to form a threefold interpenetrating network. At pH = 7, a 2D layer structure of 2 with sql topology is formed. By using calcium hydroxide as base for the synthesis of 3, a 3D network with pcu topology is obtained. These structural differences among 1–3 indicate that pH value and the identity of the base play important role in defining the overall structures of metal‐organic frameworks. In addition, the fluorescent properties of 1–3 are discussed.
Reactions of Distibanes with [Fe2(CO)9]: Synthesis, Structure and DFT Calculations of [(Et2Sb)4Fe4(CO)14], [(nPr2Sb)4Fe3(CO)10], [{(Me3SiCH2)2Sb}4Fe2(CO)6], and [2‐(Me2NCH2)C6H4SbFe2(CO)8]
Authors: Breunig Hans J. , Lork Enno , Moldovan Ovidiu , Raţ Ciprian I. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe iron complexes [(Et2Sb)4Fe4(CO)14] (1), [(nPr2Sb)4Fe3(CO)10] (2), [{(Me3SiCH2)2Sb}4Fe2(CO)6] (3), and [2‐(Me2NCH2)C6H4SbFe2(CO)8] (4) were prepared by reactions of distibanes with Fe2(CO)9. Compounds 1–4 were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry; complex 1 was additionally characterized by density functional calculations.
Syntheses and Structural Characterization of 1D Chain and 1D Ladder Coordination Polymers Assembled from Exo‐bidentate Imidazolyl Ligands
Authors: Jin Shouwen , Wang Daqi , Zheng Zhiwen , Chen Jie , Feng Chao , Ye Xianghua , Zhou Yiping 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFive novel coordination polymers, [(Cu(L1)2OH)·Cl·3H2O] (1) [L1 = bis(N‐imidazolyl)methane], [Cd(L1)2(NCS)2] (2), [Zn(L1)2(NCS)2] (3), [Cu(L1)2(NO3)2] (4), and [Cu(L2)1.5(NCS)2] (5) [L2 = 1,4‐bis(N‐imidazolyl)butane] were obtained from self‐assembly of the corresponding metal salts with flexible ligands and their structures were fully characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric (TGA) measurements. X‐ray diffraction analyses revealed that complexes 1, 2, 3, and 4 exhibit 1D double‐stranded chain structures, which result from doubly bridged [CuOH], [M(NCS)2] (M = Cd, Zn), and [Cu(NO3)2] units, respectively. The polymeric copper complex 5 displays 1D ladder structure., These complexes, with the exception of complex 1, are stable up to 300 °C.
Manipulation of Molecular and Supramolecular Structure in Cobalt(II) Complexes with Tetrachloroterephthalate through the Influence of Different Solvents
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Hui , Chen Sheng‐Chun , Xu Huan , He Ming‐Yang , Chen Qun 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe reactions of cobalt acetates with tetrachloroterephthalic acid (H2BDC‐Cl4) in different solvents gave two polymeric and one mononuclear CoII complexes. X‐ray single‐crystal structural determination revealed that the ligand BDC‐Cl4 displays a reliable bridging tecton to construct diverse supramolecular architectures through coordinative bonds or secondary hydrogen‐bonding interactions. The complexes [Co(BDC‐Cl4)(DMF)2(EtOH)2]n (1) and {[Co(BDC‐Cl4)(DMF)2(MeOH)2]·2DMF}n (2) demonstrate a one‐dimensional (1D) coordination motif with infinite CoII‐tetrachloroterephthalate chains, which are tuned by different binding solvent systems of DMF/ethanol (EtOH) and DMF/methanol (MeOH). [Co(DMF)2(H2O)4]·(BDC‐Cl4) (3) represents a two‐dimensional (2D) metallosupramolecular network by hydrogen‐bonded bridging between the aqua ligand of the mononuclear complex with the uncoordinated BDC‐Cl4 solvates. The spectroscopic, thermal, and fluorescent properties of 1–3 were also investigated.
Cadmiumreiche Cadmide des Systems Na/K/Cd
Authors: Mihajlov Viktoria , Röhr Caroline 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe phase formation in the cadmium‐rich section of the ternary system Na/K/Cd was explored by syntheses from the elements. The crystal structures of the compounds in the region of Cd:(Na/K) ratios around 1:5 to 1:6, comprising the known binary compounds Na2Cd11 and K3Cd16 as well as ternary cadmides of the series KNaxCd11–x, were refined on the basis of single‐crystal X‐ray data. The structure of the sodium cadmide Na2Cd11, which was in principle known from early film experiments (Mg2Zn11 structure type, cubic, space group Pm$\bar3$, a = 958.75(9) pm, Z = 3, R1 = 0.042) was confirmed and refined using single crystal data. The border phases of the new series KNaxCd11–x (x = 0.87/0.53; tetragonal, space group I41/amd, a = 1222.98(6)/1215.17(12) pm, c = 766.05(4)/769.05(7) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0.021/0.024) form the BaCd11 structure type, which was previously unknown for alkaline metal compounds. The barium site of the basic structure type is occupied by potassium, whereas one cadmium site with slightly higher coordination number and interatomic distances is statistically occupied by sodium and cadmium atoms, which leads to the phase width given above. In the structure, the atoms of the two pure Cd positions form channels running along the tetragonal c axis, in which the K and Na/Cd atoms alternate. A similar structural motif is found in the second border compound K3Cd16, which has been described formerly as K0.37Cd2 with a complete disorder of potassium atoms inside the channels. The detailed inspection of single crystal image plate diffractometer data revealed satellite reflections indicating an almost commensurately modulated superstructure. In the new structural model with a quadrupled c axis (tetragonal, space group P4/nnc, a = 915.2(6), c = 1159.0(4) pm, Z = 2) three potassium cations per channel are partially ordered. Both the significant structural factors (strongly changing radius of the countercations) and the electronic criteria, which can be assessed from the pseudo band gap calculated using FP‐LAPW‐DFT methods, are discussed.
The Ternary System Nickel/Silicon/Titanium Revisited
Authors: Weitzer Franz , Naka Masaaki , Krendelsberger Nataliya , Stein Frank , He Cuiyun , Du Yong , Schuster Julius C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe constitution of the ternary system Ni/Si/Ti is investigated over the entire composition range using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and metallography. The solid state phase equilibria are determined for 900 °C. Eight ternary phases are found to be stable. The crystal structures for the phases τ1NiSiTi, τ2Ni4Si7Ti4, τ3Ni40Si31Ti13, τ4Ni17Si7Ti6, and τ5Ni3SiTi2 are corroborated. For the remaining phases the compositions are determined as Ni6Si41Ti53 (τ6), Ni16Si42Ti42(τ7), and Ni12Si45Ti43 (τ8). The reaction scheme linking the solid state equilibria with the liquidus surface is amended to account for these newly observed phases. The discrepancies between previous experimental conclusions and modeling results are addressed. The liquidus surface is dominated by the primary crystallisation field of τ1NiSiTi, the only congruently melting phase.
[CoN2]/[CN2]‐Substitution in a Crystalline Phase with Composition Close to Sr6[CoN2]2[CN2]
Authors: Bendyna Joanna K. , Höhn Peter , Prots Yurii , Kniep Rüdiger 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSr6[CoN2]2[CN2] was prepared from Sr2N, carbon, cobalt, and NaN3 as nitrogen source. The crystal structure (I4/mmm (no. 139), a = 383.55(10) pm, c = 1237.8(4) pm) represents a Na2[HgO2] type arrangement with both linear [CoIN2]5– and smaller [CN2]2– ions mutually occupying the [HgO2] position.
Low Temperature Flux Synthesis and Characterizations of a New Layered Barium Borate BaB8O11(OH)4
Authors: Sun Hua‐Yu , Sun Wei , Huang Ya‐Xi , Mi Jin‐Xiao 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe new hydroxyl barium borate BaB8O11(OH)4 was synthesized by using a low‐temperature molten salt technique with boric acid as flux at 458 K. Its crystal structure was determined from single‐crystal X‐ray data. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P121/n1 (No.14) with unit cell of a = 790.80(16) pm, b = 1393.9(3) pm, c = 1004.7(2) pm, β = 90.00(3)°, V = 1107.6(4) × 106 pm3, Z = 2. It is isostructural to PbB8O11(OH)4, but obviously different from AB8O11(OH)4 (A = Ca, Sr) in cell. The crystal structure of BaB8O11(OH)4 is built from corrugated borate layers,{[B8O11(OH)4]2–}n parallel to (010), which are stacked along the b axis and are linked by barium atoms. The borate layer consists of [B6O9(OH)] clusters as fundamental building blocks (FBBs), which are connected with surrounding four FBBs by sharing common oxygen vertices to form a sheet, and the sheet is further decorated with the flanking [B2O2(OH)3] dimers. FT‐IR and Raman spectroscopy, DTA‐TG, and the identification of an intermediate phase are presented.
Developing and Improving After‐School Programs to Enhance Youth’s Personal Growth and Adjustment: A Special Issue of AJCP
Authors: Durlak Joseph A. , Mahoney Joseph L. , Bohnert Amy M. , Parente Maria E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractParticipating in after‐school programs (ASPs) has become a common experience for children. This special issue provides a perspective on the current status of research on ASPs. This introductory article overviews the historical and current context of ASPs and then describes a developmental ecological model to guide research in this area. The model offers a framework from which to organize and synthesize the research presented in this issue. Key principles include a holistic view of development that recognizes interrelations between multiple domains of youth adjustment, attention to multiple, relevant factors within and outside of youth that affect development, examining the dynamic interplay between persons, program features, and other contexts over time, and understanding the active role of youth in affecting their own development. These principles are examined in relation to five main areas: youth characteristics, social ecologies, program features, participation, and short‐ and long‐term outcomes. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
Association between adolescent marriage and marital violence among young adult women in India
Authors: Raj Anita , Saggurti Niranjan , Lawrence Danielle , Balaiah Donta , Silverman Jay G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether a history of adolescent marriage (< 18 years) places women in young adulthood in India at increased risk of physical or sexual marital violence.MethodsCross‐sectional analysis was performed on data from a nationally representative household study of 124 385 Indian women aged 15–49 years collected in 2005–2006. The analyses were restricted to married women aged 20–24 years who participated in the marital violence (MV) survey module (n = 10 514). Simple regression models and models adjusted for participant demographics were constructed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between adolescent marriage and MV.ResultsOver half (58%) of the participants were married before 18 years of age; 35% of the women had experienced physical or sexual violence in their marriage; and 27% reported such abuse in the last year. Adjusted regression analyses revealed that women married as minors were significantly more likely than those married as adults to report ever experiencing MV (adjusted OR 1.77; 95% CI, 1.61–1.95) and in the last 12 months (adjusted OR 1.51; 95% CI, 1.36–1.67).ConclusionsWomen who were married as adolescents remain at increased risk of MV into young adulthood.
Pediatric Rehabilitation: 1. Common Medical Conditions in Children With Disabilities
Authors: Kim Chong Tae , Moberg‐Wolff Elizabeth , Trovato Melissa , Kim Heakyung , Murphy Nancy 
Published: March 2010

ObjectiveThis self‐directed learning module focuses on the physiatric management of the common morbidities associated with pediatric traumatic brain injury and cerebral palsy. It is part of the study guide on pediatric rehabilitation in the Self‐Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation and pediatric medicine. The goal of this article is to enhance the learner's knowledge regarding current physiatric management of complications related with pediatric traumatic brain injury and cerebral palsy.
An Epidemic Model of Investor Behavior
Authors: Shive Sophie 
Published: March 2010

AbstractI test whether social influence affects individual investors’ trading and stock returns. In each of the 20 most active stocks in Finland over 9 years, the number of owners in a municipality multiplied by the number of investors who do not own a stock, a measure of the rate of transmission of diseases and rumors through social contact, predicts individual investor trading. I control for known determinants of trade, including daily news, and show that competing explanations for the relation are unlikely. Socially motivated trades predict stock returns, and the effects are not reversed, suggesting that individuals share useful information. Individuals’ susceptibility to social influence has declined during the period, but the opportunities for social influence have increased.
Financing Frictions and the Substitution between Internal and External Funds
Authors: Almeida Heitor , Campello Murillo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAmple evidence points to a negative relation between internal funds (profitability) and the demand for external funds (debt issuance). This relation has been interpreted as evidence supporting the pecking order theory. We show, however, that the negative effect of internal funds on the demand for external financing is concentrated among firms that are least likely to face high external financing costs (firms that distribute large amounts of dividends, that are large, and whose debt is rated). For firms on the other end of the spectrum (low payout, small, and unrated), external financing is insensitive to internal funds. These cross-firm differences hold separately for debt and equity, and they are magnified in the aftermath of macroeconomic movements that tighten financing constraints. We argue that the greater complementarity between internal funds and external financing for constrained firms is a consequence of the interdependence of their financing and investment decisions.
A Reexamination of the Causes of Time-Varying Stock Return Volatilities
Authors: Zhang Chu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe decline of average stock return volatility in the 2001–2006 period provides an opportunity to test various theories on why the average return volatility increased in the pre-2000 period. This paper compares fundamentals-based theories with trading volume-based theories. While both fundamentals-based and trading volume-based theories explain the upward trend in the average volatility in U.S. stocks from 1976 to 2000 and international stocks from 1990 to 2000, only the fundamentals-based theories explain the volatility pattern for 2001–2006. Much of the variation in the stock return volatilities can be explained by the variation in the earnings volatilities and proxies for growth options, but not by trading-related variables. Evidence also shows that the explanatory power of the fundamentals variables is time varying.