bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Regulation and Revealed Comparative Advantages in Europe: Is China a Pollution Haven?
Authors: Marconi Daniela 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe relocation of more polluting industries in poorer countries owing to gaps in environmental standards is known as the pollution haven effect, whereby the scale and the composition of output change across countries. Changes in the composition of the output mix might translate into changes of comparative advantages across countries, as revealed by trade flows. This paper focuses on this issue, looking at the changes in the structure of bilateral trade over the period 1996–2006 between China and 14 EU countries (EU14) as a measure of revealed comparative advantage (RCA). Using industry‐level data on bilateral trade, air‐ and water‐pollution intensity, and several measures of environmental stringency, we find that, after controlling for other factors (such as labor costs) on average our EU14 countries have kept or improved their RCA with respect to China in both water‐polluting industries (such as paper and agro‐based) and air‐polluting industries (such as basic metals and chemicals), while they have lost competitiveness in the more clean industries (such as machinery and fabricated metals). Thus, we find no evidence of a pollution haven effect on the bilateral trade pattern between Europe and China.
Horizontal and Vertical Intra‐industry Trade: An Empirical Test of the ‘Homogeneity Hypothesis’
Authors: Pittiglio Rosanna 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we study if and how country‐specific factors affect intra‐industry trade (IIT) when heterogeneity among sectors is allowed for. The paper is novel in that it is the first that addresses an issue raised by Greenaway et al. (Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 1999, 61, 365). Specifically, employing data on a sample of OECD countries over a 10‐year period (1997–1998), we build on and take forward a methodology pioneered by Balassa and Bauwens (Economic Journal, 1987, 97, 923) to study the determinants of horizontal and vertical IIT using a multi‐industry approach. In doing this, we seek to avoid the more extreme measurement problems by allowing for heterogeneity among sectors when country‐specific factors are analysed and among countries when industry‐specific factors are considered. The results are compared to those obtained using the traditional method that does not consider intersectoral heterogeneity. We find that the two models yield statistically different results. Moreover, the tests regarding the choice of model – that is, econometric tests designed to compare one model with another when different sets of explanatory variables are used – confirm the relevance of intersectoral heterogeneity in affecting IIT. To the best of our knowledge, a similar analysis has not yet appeared in the empirical literature on IIT.
Guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) Part I
Authors: Ring J. , Alomar A. , Bieber T. , Deleuran M. , Fink‐Wagner A. , Gelmetti C. , Gieler U. , Lipozencic J. , Luger T. , Oranje A.P. , Schäfer T. , Schwennesen T. , Seidenari S. , Simon D. , Ständer S. , Stingl G. , Szalai S. , Szepietowski J.C. , Taïeb A. , Werfel T. , Wollenberg A. , Darsow U. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe existing evidence for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis, AE) is evaluated using the national standard Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation. The consensus process consisted of a nominal group process and a DELPHI procedure. Management of AE must consider the individual symptomatic variability of the disease. Basic therapy is focused on hydrating topical treatment, and avoidance of specific and unspecific provocation factors. Anti‐inflammatory treatment based on topical glucocorticosteroids and topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCI) is used for exacerbation management and more recently for proactive therapy in selected cases. Topical corticosteroids remain the mainstay of therapy, but the TCI tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are preferred in certain locations. Systemic immune‐suppressive treatment is an option for severe refractory cases. Microbial colonization and superinfection may induce disease exacerbation and can justify additional antimicrobial treatment. Adjuvant therapy includes UV irradiation preferably with UVA1 wavelength or UVB 311 nm. Dietary recommendations should be specific and given only in diagnosed individual food allergy. Allergen‐specific immunotherapy to aeroallergens may be useful in selected cases. Stress‐induced exacerbations may make psychosomatic counselling recommendable. ‘Eczema school’ educational programs have been proven to be helpful. Pruritus is targeted with the majority of the recommended therapies, but some patients need additional antipruritic therapies.
Elastic fiber‐mediated enthesis in the human middle ear
Authors: Kawase Tetsuaki , Shibata Shunichi , Katori Yukio , Ohtsuka Aiji , Murakami Gen , Fujimiya Mineko 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAdaptation to constant vibration (acoustic oscillation) is likely to confer a specific morphology at the bone–tendon and bone–ligament interfaces at the ear ossicles, which therefore represent an exciting target of enthesis research. We histologically examined (i) the bone attachments of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles and (ii) the annular ligament of the incudostapedial joint obtained from seven elderly donated cadavers. Notably, both aldehyde‐fuchsin and elastic‐Masson staining demonstrated that the major fibrous component of the entheses was not collagen fibers but mature elastic fibers. The positive controls for elastic fiber staining were the arterial wall elastic laminae included in the temporal bone materials. The elastic fibers were inserted deeply into the type II collagen‐poor fibrocartilage covering the ear ossicles. The muscle tendons were composed of an outer thin layer of collagen fibers and an inner thick core of elastic fibers near the malleus or stapes. In the unique elastic fiber‐mediated entheses, hyaluronan, versican and fibronectin were expressed strongly along the elastic fibers. The hyaluronan seemed to act as a friction‐reducing lubricant for the elastic fibers. Aggrecan was labeled strongly in a disk‐ or plica‐like fibrous mass on the inner side of the elastic fiber‐rich ligament, possibly due to compression stress from the ligament. Tenascin‐c was not evident in the entheses. The elastic fiber‐mediated entheses appeared resistant to tissue destruction in an environment exposed to constant vibration. The morphology was unlikely to be the result of age‐related degeneration.
Interrater reliability study of cerebral palsy diagnosis, neurological subtype, and gross motor function
Authors: SELLIER ELODIE , HORBER VERONKA , KRÄGELOH‐MANN INGEBORG , DE LA CRUZ JAVIER , CANS CHRISTINE ,   On behalf of the SCPE COLLABORATION
Published: July 2012

Aim  To evaluate the interrater reliability of the inclusion in registries and classification of children with cerebral palsy (CP).Method  Two studies were conducted. In study 1, 12 paediatricians from 11 countries viewed video sequences of 12 children with or without CP (nine males, three females; median age 6y; range 2–16). In study 2, 19 professionals from eight countries participated in an online exercise. They had to classify the same children but based on written vignettes. All participants had to evaluate whether the child had CP, the neurological subtype (Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe classification system), and gross motor function level (Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS]). Kappa (κ) coefficients were calculated for categorical variables and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for ordinal data.Results  Reliability was excellent in assessing whether or not a child had CP in study 1 (κ=1.00) and substantial in study 2 (κ=0.73); 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58–0.87). For the neurological subtype, overall κ between paediatricians was 0.85 (95% CI 0.68–0.98), with full agreement observed for eight children. In study 2, overall κ was 0.78 (95% CI 0.61–0.91) with full agreement seen for five children. For the GMFCS, the ICC was 0.88 (95% CI 0.78–0.95) in study 1 and 0.80 (95% CI 0.64–0.91) in study 2.Interpretation  Reliability was excellent for all characteristics classified by paediatricians viewing the videos and substantial for professionals reading vignettes.
Determination of strong ion gap in healthy dogs
Authors: Fettig Pamela K. , Bailey Dennis B. , Gannon Kristi M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine and compare reference intervals of the strong ion gap (SIG) in a group of healthy dogs determined with 2 different equations.DesignProspective observational study.SettingTertiary referral and teaching hospital.AnimalsFifty‐four healthy dogs.InterventionsNone.MeasurementsSerum biochemistry and blood gas analyses were performed for each dog. From these values, SIG was calculated using 2 different equations: SIG1 = SIDa{[Na +] + [K+] ‐ [Cl−]+ [2 × Ca2+] + [2 × Mg2+] ‐ [l‐lactate]}‐ SIDe {TCO2 + A−} and SIG2 = [albumin] × 4.9–anion gap. Reference intervals were established for each SIG equation using the mean ± 1.96 × standard deviation (SD).ResultsFor SIG1, the median was 7.13 mEq/L (range, 1.05–11.30 mEq/L) and the derived reference interval was 1.85–10.61 mEq/L. Median SIG2 was −0.22 mEq/L (range, −5.34–6.61 mEq/L) and the mean SIG2 was −0.09 mEq/L (95% confidence interval for the mean, −0.82–0.65 mEq/L). The derived reference interval was −5.36–5.18 mEq/L. The results of the SIG calculations were significantly different (P < 0.0001) between the 2 equations used.ConclusionThe 2 equations used to calculate SIG yielded significantly different results and cannot be used interchangeably. The authors believe SIG2 to be a more accurate reflection of acid‐base status in healthy dogs, and recommend that this calculation be used for future studies.
Ascending tonic‐clonic seizure syndrome in a dog following inadvertent intrathecal use of ionic contrast agent
Authors: Finke Maureen D. , Meola Stacy D. , Mazzaferro Elisa M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the successful management of ascending tonic‐clonic seizure syndrome in a dog after inadvertent intrathecal administration of ionic contrast material.Case SummaryA 7‐year‐old, 5.9 kg, male castrated Miniature Pinscher inadvertently received intrathecal ionic contrast material during a myelogram to investigate cervical pain. Ascending tonic‐clonic muscle spasms quickly progressed to generalized seizure activity that was resistant to anticonvulsant medications. The dog developed complete respiratory arrest, which necessitated mechanical ventilatory support for 26 hours. Pneumonia developed and was treated successfully. After resolution of seizure activity and resumption of voluntary respiration, the dog remained tetraparetic for 16 days and was not able to walk on his own for 20 days post contrast injection. Despite a prolonged recovery, the patient survived and recovered normal neurologic function.New or Unique Information ProvidedIntrathecal administration of ionic contrast material resulting in ascending tonic‐clonic seizure syndrome is rarely reported in the human and veterinary literature. No previous veterinary report has described successful treatment after prolonged respiratory arrest. In previous veterinary reports, patients recovered complete neurologic function within hours to days in contrast to this report in which the patient was tetraparetic for 16 days. This report demonstrates complete recovery from intrathecal ionic contrast administration is possible despite a high dose of contrast and a prolonged recovery.
Interactions between acetylcholine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, nicotine and morphine on isolated rabbit atria
Authors: CHITTAL S. M. , DADKAR N. K. , AITONDÉ B. B. 
Published: July 2012

The effects of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and morphine on the responses to acetylcholine and nicotine of isolated rabbit atria were studied.
5‐Hydroxytryptamine (10 μg/ml.) and morphine (20 μg/ml.) blocked the negative chronotropic and inotropic actions of acetylcholine.
Nicotine (20 μg/ml.) produced stimulation of the atria, which was blocked by dichlorisoprenaline, morphine, 5‐HT, bretylium and hemicholinium. Hemicholinium block was reversed by choline.
In reserpinized preparations, nicotine produced inhibition of atria and this action was also blocked by atropine, 5‐HT and morphine. Inhibition induced by nicotine was potentiated by physostigmine.
5‐Hydroxytryptamine (20 μg/ml.) produced stimulation of atria. This was blocked by bretylium and reduced by hemicholinium. Hemicholinium block was reversed by choline.
It is concluded that 5‐HT in low concentrations acts as a weak agonist at the cholinoceptive receptors and therefore blocks the action of acetylcholine. Furthermore, nicotine and larger doses of 5‐HT have actions on ganglionic structures and liberate acetylcholine, which in turn releases catecholamines.
The distribution of tritium‐labelled prostaglandin E1 injected in amounts sufficient to produce central nervous effects in cats and chicks
Authors: HOLMES S. W. , HORTON E. W. 
Published: July 2012

After injection of tritiated prostaglandin E1 into the lateral cerebral ventricle, the carotid and vertebral arteries and the aorta in cats, only a small proportion of the radioactivity was recovered from the central nervous system.
Similar results were obtained when the prostaglandin was given intravenously and intra‐arterially to chicks.
The results of this study confirm work in other species (Hansson & Samuelsson, 1965; Samuelsson, 1964, 1965) and suggest that prostaglandin E1 exerts its central pharmacological actions in small concentrations.
5‐Hydroxytryptamine metabolism in rat brain and liver homogenates
Authors: FELDSTEIN A. , WILLIAMSON O. 
Published: July 2012

The metabolism of 5‐hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde derived from 5‐hydroxytryptamine incubated with tissue homogenates was studied as an indicator of aldehyde dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase activities.
In liver and brain from rats, there were indications of the presence of one or more aldehyde dehydrogenases which were stimulated by NAD+ to a greater extent than by NADP+.
In liver from rats, there were indications of the presence of one or more alcohol dehydrogenases, which were stimulated by NADH to a greater extent than by NADPH.
In brain from rats, there were indications of the presence of one or more alcohol dehydrogenases which were stimulated by NADPH to a greater extent than by NADH.
Effects of physostigmine on the afterdischarge and slow postsynaptic potentials of bullfrog sympathetic ganglia
Authors: KOKETSU K. , NISHI S. , NODA Y. 
Published: July 2012

The effects of anticholinesterases (anti‐ChEs) (physostigmine, prostigmine and TEPP) on the afterdischarges and the extracellular and intracellular slow potentials of bullfrog sympathetic ganglia were studied.
The anti‐ChEs augmented the early afterdischarge, the late negative potential and the slow excitatory postsynaptic potential. This indicated that the nature of the early afterdischarge was cholinergic (muscarinic) and that the late negative potential or the slow excitatory postsynaptic potential generated the early afterdischarge.
Since the anti‐ChEs increased the positive potential, the depression of the early afterdischarge observed in the presence of an antiChE was explained to be caused by the increased inhibitory effect of the enhanced positive potential.
Prostigmine and tetraethyl pyrophosphate did not show any appreciable effects on the late afterdischarge, the late late negative potential nor the late slow excitatory postsynaptic potential. This indicated that the nature of the late afterdischarge was non‐cholinergic and that the late late negative potential or the late slow excitatory postsynaptic potential generated the late after‐discharge.
Physostigmine reversibly depressed the late afterdischarge, the late late negative potential and the late slow excitatory postsynaptic potential. The depressant action of physostigmine was not due to its anti‐ChE action.
Investigation of the spasmogenic effect of manganese on the guinea‐pig isolated ileum preparation
Authors: SCHNIEDEN H. , WESTON A. H. 
Published: July 2012

The mechanism of the manganese‐induced spasm of the guinea‐pig ileum was investigated using agents known to modify nerve function. The spasm was reduced by cooling, tetrodotoxin, procaine, Botulinus toxin (Type A), hyoscine and pempidine. It was potentiated by mipafox.
In the presence of manganese, the release of acetylcholine from the ileum was greatly increased.
Tetrodotoxin prevented the manganese‐induced increase in acetylcholine output from the ileum but had no significant effect on the spontaneous acetylcholine output.
It is suggested that the manganese‐induced spasm of the ileum results from an action on intramural cholinergic nerves.
Studies of the effect of natural and synthetic polypeptide type ergot compounds on a peripheral vascular bed
Authors: AELLIG W. H. , BERDE B. 
Published: July 2012

Six ergot alkaloids were tested for their effect on vascular resistance and for α‐adrenergic blocking activity on the innervated perfused hind limb of the dog. The results were compared with those obtained earlier for three compounds of the ergotamine group.
Ergostine, dihydroergostine, 1‐methylergostine and dihydroergocristine resembled ergotamine, dihydroergotamine and 1‐methylergotamine in eliciting vasoconstriction at low vascular resistance and vasodilatation at high vascular resistance. The changeover occurred at the following “inversion points”: ergostine and dihydroergostine as with ergotamine and dihydroergotamine at about 4 R.U.; 1‐methylergostine as with 1‐methylergotamine at about 2·3 R.U.; dihydroergocristine at about 1·9 R.U. [1 R.U. = 1 resistance unit = 1 mm Hg/ml. per min.]
1‐methyldihydroergocristine consistently elicited vasodilatation (for initial vascular resistances down to 1·3 R.U.) and 5′‐methylergoalanine always caused vasoconstriction (for initial values up to 5·8 R.U.).
Ergostine and 5′‐methylergoalanine had the most powerful vasoconstrictor effect, which was of the same order of magnitude as that of ergotamine. Dihydroergostine, like dihydroergotamine, was considerably less active. Both 1‐methylergostine and 1‐methylergotamine elicited only weak vasoconstriction. Moreover, when the initial vascular resistance exceeded the critical inversion value, they elicited only weak vasodilatation. Dihydroergocristine and 1‐methyldihydroergocristine had the least effect on vascular resistance.
The increase in vascular resistance by noradrenaline was inhibited in a dose‐dependent manner by all the ergot alkaloids investigated. Ergostine, 5′‐methylergoalanine and ergotamine had the greatest α‐adrenergic blocking activity and 1‐methylergostine, 1‐methyldihydroergocristine and 1‐methylergotamine the weakest. The activity of dihydroergostine, dihydroergocristine and dihydroergotamine fell between these two extremes.
No correlation was found between the qualitative effect of these ergot alkaloids on vascular resistance (inversion point) and (a) their quantitative effect on this parameter or (b) their α‐adrenergic blocking activity. Determination of the inversion point thus provides additional pharmacological information on the vasoactive properties of the ergot alkaloids.
Effects of reserpine on the disposition of sympathomimetic amines in vascular tissue
Authors: KALSNER S. , NICKERSON M. 
Published: July 2012

The effects of reserpine pretreatment on the intrinsic inactivation of low concentrations of phenylephrine and noradrenaline in strips of rabbit thoracic aorta were assessed by measuring the rates of relaxation, after oil immersion to prevent loss of active amine by diffusion into the surrounding medium.
Reserpine pretreatment considerably augmented the amplitude of responses to low concentrations of phenylephrine, noradrenaline and nordefrine (Cobefrine).
Reserpine pretreatment did not reduce the overall rate of inactivation of either phenylephrine or noradrenaline, but it did appear to decrease the contribution of uptake and storage, measured as an increased effect of enzyme inhibition and a decreased effect of cocaine on the rate of inactivation.
The role of catechol‐O‐methyl transferase (COMT), but not that of monoamine oxidase (MAO), in terminating the action of noradrenaline was increased in strips from animals pretreated with reserpine. Thus it appears that interference with intraneuronal storage diverts active amine to inactivation by COMT in vascular tissue, rather than by MAO as has been previously suggested.
As in preparations not treated with reserpine, inhibition of MAO alone had little effect on the rate of inactivation of noradrenaline, and this enzyme appears to function predominantly as an alternate pathway of little importance as long as COMT activity is unimpaired. Enzymatic processes accounted for about 85 and 70% of the inactivation of a low concentration of noradrenaline in reserpine pretreated and untreated preparations, respectively.
Cocaine potentiated responses to noradrenaline and phenylephrine as effectively in reserpine pretreated as in untreated preparations, and inhibition of the pathways of enzymatic inactivation did not appreciably decrease the potentiation produced by this agent.
The present results cannot be explained by the hypothesis that interference with amine inactivation by nerve uptake and storage is responsible for the potentiation of responses to noradrenaline or phenylephrine by either reserpine or cocaine, and emphasize the unrealiability of potentiation as an index of interference with mechanisms involved in terminating the action of sympathomimetic amines.
The possible role of histamine in the cortisone induced gastric acid hypersecretion of the guinea‐pig
Authors: HEISLER S. , KOVACS EVA M. 
Published: July 2012

The effects of cortisone treatment combined with agents influencing histamine metabolism were studied on the free and total acid output in pylorus ligated guinea‐pigs.
It was found that reduction in the synthesis of histamine produced by the administration of α‐methylDOPA significantly inhibited the acid response to cortisone.
Enhancement of the oxidative deamination of histamine brought about by the administration of diamine oxidase or heparin inhibited cortisone induced acid hypersecretion significantly.
Inhibition of the oxidative deamination of histamine by aminoguanidine and iproniazid resulted in a significant increase of the cortisone induced acid hypersecretory response.
Inhibition of the methylation of histamine by chlorpromazine or 1, 4‐methylhistamine inhibited the cortisone induced hypersecretory response significantly.
Studies with labelled histamine indicated that cortisone increases the sequestration of histamine to the stomach.
The effects of atropine and dyflos on tremor and increase in whole brain acetylcholine produced by injection of oxotremorine in the rat
Authors: COX B. , POTKONJAK D. 
Published: July 2012

Injection of oxotremorine in the rat results in tremor and an increase in brain acetylcholine. The effects of atropine and dyflos have been investigated on both these actions.
Atropine decreased brain acetylcholine concentration and inhibited oxotremorine‐tremor. It did this in doses which did not prevent the oxotremorine‐induced increase in whole brain acetylcholine.
Dyflos increased brain acetylcholine concentration, but it was without effect on oxotremorine tremor. Some mutual antagonism was observed between the actions of oxotremorine and dyflos on rat brain acetylcholine concentration.
These results do not support a causal relationship between the increase in whole brain acetylcholine and the tremor produced by oxotremorine.