bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Selectively Mono‐N‐Arylated Aliphatic Diamines via Iridium‐Catalyzed Amine Alkylation
Authors: Blank Benoît , Michlik Stefan , Kempe Rhett 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA highly selective phosphorus/nitrogen (P,N) ligand‐based iridium catalyst system efficiently catalyzes the reaction of arylamines with unprotected amino alcohols, yielding N‐arylated aliphatic diamines in yields of up to 93%. The reaction can be performed with a wide variety of branched and linear amino alcohols in combination with various aminopyridines or substituted anilines.
Facile Synthesis of Enantiopure 4‐Substituted 2‐Hydroxy‐4‐ butyrolactones using a Robust Fusarium Lactonase
Authors: Chen Bing , Yin Hai‐Feng , Wang Zhen‐Sheng , Xu Jian‐He , Fan Li‐Qiang , Zhao Jian 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA facile chemo‐enzymatic process has been developed for producing stereoisomers of 4‐substituted 2‐hydroxy‐4‐butyrolactones with good to excellent enantioselectivity. This process involves an easy separation of the diastereoisomers by column chromatography and efficient enzymatic resolution by whole cells of Escherichia coli JM109 expressing Fusarium proliferatum lactonase gene. This biocatalyst shows strong tolerance towards different substrate structures and at least three out four possible isomers could be obtained in excellent enantiomeric purity. Different substrate concentrations (10 mM–200 mM) were examined, giving a substrate to catalyst ratio of up to 26:1. This general and efficient enzymatic process provides access to stereoisomers of 4‐substituted 2‐hydroxy‐4‐butyrolactones readily and cost‐effectively. The stereochemical assignments were conducted systematically based on NMR, X‐ray diffraction and circular dichroism, leading to further understanding of the enzyme’s stereoselectivity.
Results of the first phase 1 clinical trial of the HER‐2/neu peptide (GP2) vaccine in disease‐free breast cancer patients
Authors: Carmichael Mark G. , Benavides Linda C. , Holmes Jarrod P. , Gates Jeremy D. , Mittendorf Elizabeth A. , Ponniah Sathibalan , Peoples George E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:HER‐2/neu, overexpressed in breast cancer, is a source of immunogenic peptides that include GP2 and E75. Phase 2 testing of E75 as an adjuvant vaccine has suggested a clinical benefit. GP2, derived from the transmembrane portion of HER‐2/neu, has differing binding characteristics and may be more immunogenic than E75. Results of the first phase 1 trial of GP2 peptide vaccine are presented.METHODS:Disease‐free, lymph node‐negative, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐A2+ breast cancer patients were enrolled. This dose escalation trial included 4 groups to determine safety and optimal GP2 peptide/granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) dose. Toxicities were monitored. Immunologic response was assessed ex vivo via the HLA‐A2:immunoglobulin dimer assay to detect GP2‐specific CD8+ T cells (and E75‐specific CD8+ T cells to assess epitope spreading) and in vivo via delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction (medians/ranges).RESULTS:Eighteen patients were enrolled. All toxicities were grade ≤2. Eight (88.9%) of 9 patients in the first 3 dose groups required GM‐CSF dose reductions for local reactions ≥100 mm or grade ≥2 systemic toxicity. GM‐CSF dose was reduced to 125 μg for the final dose group. All patients responded immunologically ex vivo (GP2‐specific CD8+ T cells from prevaccination to maximum, 0.4% [0.0%‐2.0%] to 1.1% [0.4%‐3.6%], P < .001) and in vivo (GP2 pre‐ to postvaccination DTH, 0 mm [0.0‐19.5 mm] to 27.5 mm [0.0‐114.5 mm, P < .001). E75‐specific CD8+ T cells also increased in response to GP2 from prevaccination to maximum (0.8% [0.0%‐2.41%] to 1.6% [0.86%‐3.72%], P < .001).CONCLUSIONS:The GP2 peptide vaccine appears safe and well tolerated with minimal local/systemic toxicity. GP2 elicited HER‐2/neu–specific immune responses, including epitope spreading, in high‐risk, lymph node‐negative breast cancer patients. These findings support further investigation of the GP2 vaccine for the prevention of breast cancer recurrence. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Euro money market interest rate dynamics and volatility: how they respond to recent changes in the operational framework
Authors: Jardet Caroline , Le Fol Gaëlle 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAt the beginning of 2004, the Eurosystem implemented several modifications of its operational framework and liquidity management aiming at enhancing market efficiency. The purpose of this article is to study the effects of theses changes in the spread between the Eonia and the minimum bid rate. Our results reflect that both the operational changes as well as the new liquidity management are responsible for a significant decrease in the interest rate volatility. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteinase inhibitory activity of sarcoplasmic proteins from threadfin bream (Nemipterus spp.)
Authors: Piyadhammaviboon Penprapha , Yongsawatdigul Jirawat 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Thailand is the second largest surimi producer in the world and 50% of surimi is produced from threadfin bream. During surimi processing, sarcoplasmic proteins are removed through water washing and discarded in the waste stream. This study was aimed at investigating the proteinase inhibitory activity of sarcoplasmic proteins.RESULTS:Sarcoplasmic proteins from threadfin bream (TBSP) exhibited inhibitory activity toward trypsin but did not inhibit papain and chymotrypsin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non‐reducing condition stained by trypsin inhibitory activity revealed three protein bands of molecular mass of 95, 41 and 37 kDa. Inhibitory activity of TBSP reached a maximum when subjected to 45 °C and completely disappeared at 60 °C. The breaking force and deformation of lizardfish surimi gel with added TBSP and pre‐incubated at 37° for 20 min increased with additional levels of TBSP (P< 0.05). Trichloroacetic acid–oligopeptide content of lizardfish surimi gel with added TBSP decreased with the addition of 4 g kg−1TBSP (P< 0.05). Retention of myosin heavy chain (MHC) increased when TBSP concentration was increased. TBSP effectively protected MHC from proteolysis at 37 °C to a similar extent as egg white powder, but efficacy of TBSP was not observed at 65 °C.CONCLUSION:TBSP could be applied to reduce proteolytic degradation of lizardfish surimi or other surimi associated with trypsin‐like proteinase, rendering an improvement in surimi gelation set at 37–40 °C. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Some applications of propositional logic to cellular automata
Authors: Cavagnetto Stefano 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this paper we give a new proof of Richardson's theorem [31]: a global function G𝔸 of a cellular automaton 𝔸 is injective if and only if the inverse of G𝔸 is a global function of a cellular automaton. Moreover, we show a way how to construct the inverse cellular automaton using the method of feasible interpolation from [20]. We also solve two problems regarding complexity of cellular automata formulated by Durand [12] (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Remarks on nonmeasurable unions of big point families
Authors: Rałowski Robert 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe show that under some conditions on a family A ⊂ I there exists a subfamily A0 ⊂ A such that ∪ A0 is nonmeasurable with respect to a fixed ideal I with Borel base of a fixed uncountable Polish space. Our result applies to the classical ideal of null subsets of the real line and to the ideal of first category subsets of the real line (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Controlling the Photoluminescence from a Laser Dye through the Oxidation Level of Polypyrrole
Authors: Santos Marcos J. L. , Girotto Emerson M. , Brolo Alexandre G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn situ spectroelectrochemistry was used to study the emission of the laser dye oxazine 720 (oxa720) embedded into a polypyrrole (ppy) matrix. The photoluminescence (PL) of the dye was found to be controlled by the oxidation level of ppy. It is suggested that a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism is involved in the potential‐controlled PL. FRET calculations were used to determine the dependence of the apparent distance between the dye molecules and the polymer chain with the oxidation level of ppy. In the reduced state, at −0.9 V, an efficient FRET process quenches the PL from the dye due to the short distance between the dye molecules and the polymer chains. In the oxidized state, at +0.9 V, the FRET efficiency is only 24% leading to higher PL intensity, due to the larger distance between the donor (oxa720) and the acceptor (ppy).magnified image
Metal‐Containing Polymers: Building Blocks for Functional (Nano)Materials
Authors: Wang Xiaosong , McHale Ronan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe incorporation of metallic units into polymer chains has emerged as a promising route towards functional metal‐containing (nano)materials. The resulting polymers possess rich functions derived from their metallic elements, such as redox, optical, catalytic and magnetic properties. In addition, the directional and dynamic nature of metal coordination interactions provides further variables for the exploration of novel materials with designed nanostructures. These types of polymers can be synthesized through direct metal‐ligand coordination or chain polymerization of metal containing monomers. Depending on the polymerization techniques and starting components, the resulting polymers, akin to their organic counterparts, can be produced in the form of insoluble networks, processible chain structures, gels or colloids. Research into this rising multidisciplinary subject has benefited from recent progress in several related areas such as supramolecular chemistry, colloidal chemistry etc., with the combination of the relative merits of each ensuring further developments in each individual discipline. For example, as a result of studies into organometallic block copolymers self‐assembly behavior, living supramolecular polymerization has been unprecedentedly realized for the architectural design of micelles (see image on the right). Nevertheless, the field is still in a developmental stage and offers ample opportunities for fundamental research, as well as material exploration. In this Feature Article, we intend to overview the field with a brief survey of recent literature.magnified image
Iron‐Mediated ICAR ATRP of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate in the Absence of Thermal Radical Initiator
Authors: Zhang Lifen , Miao Jie , Cheng Zhenping , Zhu Xiulin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractInitiators for continuous activator regeneration in atom transfer radical polymerization (ICAR ATRP) is a new technique for conducting ATRP. ICAR ATRP has many strong advantages over normal ATRP, such as forming the reductive transition metal species in situ using oxidatively stable transition metal species and a lower amount of metal catalyst in comparison with the normal ATRP system. In this work, the iron‐mediated ICAR ATRP of styrene and methyl methacrylate are reported for the first time using oxidatively stable FeCl3 · 6H2O as the catalyst in the absence of any thermal radical initiator. The kinetics of the polymerizations and effect of different polymerization conditions are studied. It is found that the polymerization of styrene can be conducted well even if the amount of iron(III) is as low as 50 ppm.magnified image
Field efficacy of imidacloprid and Steinernema carpocapsae in a chitosan formulation against the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Phoenix canariensis
Authors: Dembilio Óscar , Llácer Elena , Martínez de Altube María del Mar , Jacas Josep A 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The invasive red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), has become the major pest of palms in the Mediterranean Basin. Chemical control against this species is difficult because of its cryptic habits and is mainly based on the repeated application of large quantities of synthetic insecticides. The aim of this work has been to evaluate in the field the efficacy of imidacloprid (Confidor® 240 OD) and Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser with chitosan (Biorend R® Palmeras) as soil and stipe treatments respectively, alone or in combination, against this pest.RESULTS: All treatments significantly reduced the mean number of immature stages of R. ferrugineus per palm. However, there were no significant differences among the different treatments considered. Efficacies ranged from 83.8 to 99.7% for the mean number of immature stages found in the palms and resulted in a significant increase in palm survival compared with the untreated control (75.0–90.0% versus 16.5% respectively).CONCLUSION: Both imidacloprid and S. carpocapsae in a chitosan formulation proved highly effective against R. ferrugineus in the field, and their efficacies did not significantly change when used in combination. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
On the use of N‐dicyclopropylmethyl aspartyl‐glycine synthone for backbone amide protection
Authors: Röder René , Henklein Petra , Weißhoff Hardy , Mügge Clemens , Pätzel Michael , Schubert Ulrich , Carpino Louis A. , Henklein Peter 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTo prevent aspartimide formation and related side products in Asp‐Xaa, particularly Asp‐Gly‐containing peptides, usually the 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxybenzyl (Hmb) backbone amide protection is applied for peptide synthesis according to the Fmoc‐protocols. In the present study, the usefulness of the recently proposed acid‐labile dicyclopropylmethyl (Dcpm) protectant was analyzed. Despite the significant steric hindrance of this bulky group, N‐terminal H‐(Dcpm)Gly‐peptides are quantitatively acylated by potent acylating agents, and alternatively the dipeptide Fmoc‐Asp(OtBu)‐(Dcpm)Gly‐OH derivative can be used as a building block. In contrast to the Hmb group, Dcpm is inert toward acylations, but is readily removed in the acid deprotection and resin‐cleavage step. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Percolation effects in semimetallic Bi‐Sb solid solutions
Authors: Rogacheva E. I. , Drozdova A. A. , Nashchekina O. N. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe dependences of the microhardness, electrical conductivity, the Hall coefficient, charge carrier mobility, magnetoresistance, and the Seebeck coefficient on Sb concentration (0–2 at.%) for Bi‐Sb solid solutions were obtained in the temperature range 77–300 K. It was established that the concentration dependences of the properties exhibit a non‐monotonic behavior. The existence of the peculiarities in the concentration curves is attributed to critical phenomena accompanying the transition of percolation type from an impurity discontinuum to an impurity continuum in Bi–Sb solid solutions. It was shown that the behavior of the curves is similar for cast and pressed samples and is independent of the annealing time. The results obtained in this work represent another evidence for our proposition about the universal character of critical phenomena that occur in solid solutions under the transition to an impurity continuum.
Identification of polymeric procyanidins from pine bark by mass spectrometry
Authors: Jerez Maria , Sineiro Jorge , Guitián Esteban , Núñez Maria J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPine bark is an important source of polyphenolic compounds, mainly procyanidins, with reported protective effects against disease. In previous works, barks of two varieties of pine (P. pinaster and P. radiata) were extracted with ethanol, and partially purified to obtain the aqueous fractions (FA), that contained mainly polymeric procyanidins. The mean degree of polymerization was 7.9 for radiata (rFA) and 10.6 for pinaster (pFA). FAs were chromatographed on Sephadex LH‐20 by using a gradient of methanol, water and acetone, to render a series of sub‐fractions. In this work, the procyanidin compositions of these sub‐fractions were analyzed using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS). The mass spectra of sub‐fractions from FA of P. pinaster showed signals of procyanidin polymers up to tridecamers, whereas for those from P. radiata the maximum degree of polymerization was 15. For this latter case, the MALDI‐TOF mass spectra detected the presence of prodelphinidins in a small amount. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Saved by Danger/Destroyed by Success. The Argument of Tocqueville’s Souvenirs
Authors: Holmes Stephen 
Published: November 2009

AbstractInto the ironic narrative of his Souvenirs, Tocqueville weaves a schematic saved-by-danger vs. destroyed-by-success scheme to illuminate the conditions under which revolutionary movements are crushed or prevail. Emergencies focus distracted minds on a single aim-in-view and moderate competitive emotions, encouraging talented members of a privileged group to pool their resources cooperatively. Contrariwise, less salient dangers creep up on privileged groups, taking them unawares, especially if they have become inured to danger by a seemingly unchallenging environment.
The Vertical Migration of Infective Larvae of Strongyloid Nematodes
Authors: Crofton H. D. 
Published: November 2009

Using a technique to reduce the possibility of establishing gradients of temperature, illumination, etc., it has been shown that infective larvae of T. retortaeformis, sheep trichostrongyles and horse trichonemes move in random directions when on a vertical plane at temperatures of 16°–17°C. and at 27°C.In a horizontal plane the same randomness was shown.Larvae moving in channels of different widths moved different distances along the channels in the same time. In narrow channels the distance moved was approximately proportional to the time (T) of movement. In wide channels the distance was approximately proportional to ✓T.The effect of a drying water film on the movements of larvae of T. retortaeformis are described.It is concluded that vertical migration of the larvae may be described in terms of normal larval movements without reference to geotropism or undescribed special receptors in the larvae.
On Two New Species of the Genus Serticeps (Nematoda: Schistorophidae) from the Gizzard of Birds
Authors: Yeh L. S. 
Published: November 2009

In this study two new species are added to the only known species in the genus Serticeps.Serticeps buckleyi sp. nov. was found under the horny layer of the gizzard of the Eastern Beautiful Sunbird, Neclarinia pulchella incidipectus from Uganda. Serticeps osmanhilli sp. nov. was also found under the horny layer, from a Yellow-winged Sugar Bird, Cyanerpes cyaneus from Brazil.The genus Serticeps is amended.
A New Trematode, Reesella doviensis gen. et sp. nov., from the Oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus occidentalis, in Wales
Authors: Mettrick D. F. 
Published: November 2009

1. A new trematode Reesella doviensis n.g., n.sp., from the Oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus occidentalis, is described.2.The validity of including P. progeneticum, P. marilae and P. varium in the genus Psilostomum is questioned and it is suggested that P. marilae be removed to the genus Psilotrema Odhner, 1913.3.The placing of the genus Ribeiroia in the family Cathaemasiidae is also questioned, and it is suggested that it has closer affinities with the genera in the family Psilostomatidae.
A New Technique for the Recovery of Infective Strongyle Larvae from Soil and Pasture
Authors: Durie P. H. 
Published: November 2009

A new technique for the recovery of Trichostrongyle larvae from soil and pasture samples is described.The technique is based on the difference in density of larvae and debris under the influence of a stream of water flowing upwards at a gradually decreasing flow rate.The results from trials with known numbers of larvae gave an average recovery of 74% from pasture, and of 78% from soil.
On the Comparative Susceptibility ofLymnaea natalensis(Kraus) andL. rufescens(Gray) to Infection withFasciola gigantica(West African strain) and the Tissue Responses in the Snails
Authors: Rao M. P. Chandra 
Published: November 2009

Observations on infection and the development ofF. gigantica(W. African strain) in the susceptibleL. natalensisand in the less susceptible matureL. rufescens(from Pakistan) and the histological study of the two species of snails at various stages of development of the contained parasite, revealed that,The miracidia appeared to take a longer time to start penetrating the less susceptible host.There was no significant tissue reaction even inL. rufescensto the development of the sporocysts. The development of the sporocysts which were embedded in denser tissues of the snails was apparently retarded in both the species of snail.
Nematospiroides dubius in the jird, Meriones unguiculatus: factors affecting the course of a primary infection
Authors: Hannah John , Behnke Jerzy M. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThis project investigated the influence of the age and sex of the host and the level of infection with Nematospiroides dubius on the establishment and duration of a primary infection in the jird. It was found that 30 to 35% fewer worms matured in jirds than in mice and that this proportion was unaffected by the level of infection or by the sex of the host. In contrast the age of the jird was found to be critically important in determining the number of adult worms recovered 14 days after infection. Thus, maximum susceptibility to infection was observed when jirds were 18 to 22 days old. In older jirds susceptibility declined until 30 days after birth and thereafter, when approximately 70% of the infective larvae matured (relative to the number of worms maturing in mice).The duration of a primary infection in jirds was similar in both sexes but was influenced by the level of infection and by the age of the host at infection. Heavier infections (500 larvae) lasted about 10 days longer than low level infections, and expulsion of the parasite occurred even when the host was infected with only five larvae. The duration of a primary infection was markedly prolonged in neonatal jirds, faecal egg counts remaining positive for 54 to 56 days after infection of 12-day-old jirds.These results supply some further baseline data for future work on the biology of N. dubius in the jird and they provide support for the involvement of immunological processes in the termination of primary infections of this parasite in mature jirds.
Attempts to establish infections with Strongyloides stercoralis in mice and other laboratory animals
Authors: Dawkins H. J. S. , Grove D. I. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTInfection of a dog with Strongyloides stercoralis filariform larvae resulted in a persistent infection. Patent infections were not seen in rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats and 11 inbred strains and one outbred strain of mice. Manipulation of factors known to influence S. ratti infections in mice, such as age and sex of the host and the route of larval presentation, did not facilitate the appearance of rhabditiform larvae in the stools. Administration of immunosuppressive doses of corticosterioids to rabbits, guinea-pigs and C57B1/6 mice did not permit complete development. Similarly, the course of infection was not altered in T cell-deficient hypothymic (nu/nu) mice. The fate of filariform larvae applied to the skin of mice was ascertained; filariform larvae were observed to migrate from the skin via the lungs to the muscles within several days of infection. Although S. stercoralis does not develop to maturity in the small intestine of mice, this system does allow in vivo studies of the actions of anthelmintics against filariform larvae as well as a number of aspects of the immune response to this parasite.