bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fetal left brachiocephalic vein in normal and abnormal conditions
Authors: Sinkovskaya E. , Abuhamad A. , Horton S. , Chaoui R. , Karl K. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectivesTo establish values of fetal left brachiocephalic vein (LBCV) dimensions during normal pregnancy and determine whether routine assessment of the LBCV may help in identifying fetuses with congenital abnormalities of this vessel.MethodsFetal LBCV was assessed prospectively during ultrasound examinations in 431 normal singleton pregnancies. The visualization rate of the transverse view of the upper fetal chest at the level of drainage of the LBCV into the superior vena cava (SVC) by two‐dimensional (2D) and 2D plus color Doppler ultrasound was evaluated. Reference ranges of LBCV diameter during non‐complicated pregnancies were established. Interobserver and intraobserver measurement variability was analyzed. In addition, a retrospective review of the hospital medical records of 91 pregnancies with fetuses diagnosed with LBCV abnormalities was performed.ResultsSonographic assessment of the fetal LBCV was consistently achieved in the second and third trimesters and in some fetuses in the first trimester of pregnancy. In normal fetuses LBCV diameter increased significantly throughout pregnancy, with a mean value of 0.7 mm at 11 weeks and 4.9 mm at term. Dilation of the fetal LBCV was noted in five cases of intracranial arteriovenous malformation and six cases of supracardiac type total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Abnormal course of the LBCV was noted in 12 fetuses. In 63 fetuses with a persistent left SVC and a right SVC the LBCV was absent.ConclusionThis is the first study describing an effective sonographic approach for the assessment of fetal LBCV dimensions during pregnancy. The normative data may provide an additional means of detecting rare anomalies of systemic and pulmonary veins during pregnancy. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive aspects of depression
Authors: Kircanski Katharina , Joormann Jutta , Gotlib Ian H. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDepression is a prevalent and impairing psychiatric disorder that affects how we feel and how we think about ourselves and the world around us. Cognitive theories of depression have long posited that various thought processes are involved in the development, maintenance, and recurrence of depressive episodes. Contemporary research has utilized experimental procedures to examine cognitive processes in depressed individuals as well as the nature of the relation of these processes to the emotion dysregulation that is central to the disorder. For example, investigators have assessed the ways in which depression alters aspects of information processing, including attention and perception, interpretation, and memory processes; this research has generated relatively consistent findings. In addition, researchers have attempted to identify and elucidate the cognitive mechanisms that may link these biases in information processing to emotion dysregulation in depression. These mechanisms include inhibitory processes and deficits in working memory, ruminative responses to negative mood states, and the inability to use positive and rewarding stimuli to regulate negative mood. Results of these investigations converge on the formulation that depression is associated with increased elaboration of negative information, difficulties in cognitive control when processing this information, and difficulties disengaging from this information. Research examining cognitive aspects of depression not only enhances our understanding of this common and costly disorder, but also has implications for the treatment of depression and for future investigations of the biological foundations of this disorder. WIREs Cogn Sci 2012, 3:301–313. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1177This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Emotion and Motivation
Overview of the pharmacology and physiological roles of P2Y receptors
Authors: Boeynaems Jean‐Marie , Communi Didier , Robaye Bernard 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe release of nucleotides in extracellular fluids can result from cell necrosis, exocytosis of secretory granules (such as platelet‐dense granules), vesicular trafficking, or efflux through membrane channels. Once in the extracellular fluids, nucleotides are rapidly degraded by ectonucleotidases, such as CD39 and CD73, that transform ATP sequentially into ADP, AMP and finally adenosine. Extracellular nucleotides act on two families of receptors: the ionotropic P2X receptors and the G‐protein‐coupled P2Y receptors. There are eight genuine P2Y receptor subtypes encoded by distinct genes that can be subdivided in two structurally distinct subfamilies: P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, and P2Y11 on one hand and P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14 on the other hand. Whereas P2X receptors are receptors of ATP, the different P2Y receptors are activated by distinct nucleotides, diphosphates or triphosphates, purines or pyrimidines, some of them being conjugated to sugars. The most striking action of nucleotides mediated by P2Y receptors is the aggregation of platelets by ADP that involves a cooperation between P2Y1 and P2Y12. The only drugs targeting a P2Y receptor currently on the market are P2Y12 antagonists used as antiplatelet agents: ticlopidine, clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor. However, gene silencing techniques have been instrumental in establishing new unexpected functions of P2Y receptors, such as the role of P2Y2 receptors in leukocyte chemotaxis and tissue infiltration, the attraction of microglia by P2Y12 and the stimulation of their phagocytic activity by P2Y6, and the activation of reverse cholesterol transport by P2Y13 expressed on hepatocytes. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012, 1:581–588. doi: 10.1002/wmts.44For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Identification and functional study of a new FLO10-derivative gene from the industrial flocculating yeast SPSC01
Authors: He Lei-Yu , Zhao Xin-Qing , Ge Xu-Meng , Bai Feng-Wu 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Yeast flocculation is an important property for the brewing industry as well as for ethanol fermentation to facilitate biomass recovery by sedimentation from the fermentation broth, which is cost-effective. In this study, a new flocculating gene FLO10 spsc of 4,221 bp homologous to FLO10 was identified in the industrial flocculating yeast SPSC01. Sequence analysis indicated that the N- and C-terminus of the deduced protein of this new FLO gene are 99 % identical to that of FLO10, but more intragenic repeats are included. The study on the function of FLO10 spsc by its integrative expression in the non-flocculating industrial yeast indicated severe inhibition in the flocculation of the transformant by mannose and maltose, moderate inhibition by sucrose and glucose and no inhibition by xylose and galactose, and thus the NewFlo type was established. Meanwhile, the flocculation of the transformant was stable when the temperature was below 50 °C and the pH was in the range of 4.0–6.0. Furthermore, the medium containing 250 g/l glucose was completely fermented within 48 h by the transformant, with about 110 g/l ethanol and 5.5 g(DCW)/l biomass produced, and no significant difference in ethanol fermentation performance was observed compared to its wide-type strain. Therefore, the FLO gene and corresponding transformation strategy provide a platform for engineering yeast strains with the flocculation phenotype to facilitate biomass recovery.
The Sorites Paradox, “Life,” and Abiogenesis
Authors: Vlaardingerbroek Barend 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The ancient Greek philosopher Eubulides of Miletus drew attention to the impossibility of defining a point of transition between two states or conditions at opposite ends of a continuum. The ensuing “drawing the line” conundrum—the sorites paradox—arises from the vague predicates which humans use to convey concepts. It is argued that “life” is an indeterminate concept subject to the vagaries of the paradox. Science communicators and educators need to refrain from phraseology which connotes a sharp line of demarcation between nonliving and living or the existence of a discrete moment in time at which life appeared.
The effect of using prebiotic and probiotic products on intestinal micro-flora of the honeybee (Apis mellifera carpatica)
Authors: Pătruică S. , Mot D. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMaintaining bee colonies in a healthy state throughout the year is one of the main concerns of apiculture researchers. The phenomenon of disappearance of bee colonies is determined by several factors, one of which is bee disease. Due to the organizational structure of the bee colony, disease transmission is rapid, especially through infected food or via the nurse worker bees that feed the brood bees of the colony concerned. The practice of stimulating the bee colonies in spring using sugar syrup feeds with added prebiotic products (lactic acid or acetic acid) and probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-14 and Bifidobacterium lactis BI-04) by using an Enterobiotic product (Lactobacillus casei), marketed as Enterolactis Plus, for three weeks, resulted in a significant reduction of the total number of bacteria in the digestive tracts of the bees, compared with the control group. By contrast, intestinal colonization with beneficial bacteria contained in probiotics products administered to the bees was observed. This resulted in an improved health status and bio productive index of the bee colonies studied.
EXISTENCE OF INFINITELY MANY SOLUTIONS FOR SUBLINEAR ELLIPTIC PROBLEMS
Authors: ZHONG X. , ZOU W. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe study the following nonlinear Dirichlet boundary value problem:

where Ω is a bounded domain in ℝN(N ≥ 2) with a smooth boundary ∂Ω and g ∈ C(Ω × ℝ) is a function satisfying $\displaystyle \underset{|t|\rightarrow 0}{\lim}\frac{g(x, t)}{t}= \infty$ for all x ∈ Ω. Under appropriate assumptions, we prove the existence of infinitely many solutions when g(x, t) is not odd in t.
Effects of influenza antivirals on individual and population immunity over many epidemic waves
Authors: PEPIN K. M. , RILEY S. , GRENFELL B. T. 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYAntivirals are an important defence against novel strains of influenza. However, the impact of widespread drug usage on strain circulation across multiple epidemic waves – via their impact on host immunity – is unknown despite antivirals having the likelihood of extensive use during a pandemic. To explore how drug usage by individuals affects population strain dynamics, we embedded a two-strain model of within-host dynamics within an epidemic model. We found that when 40% of hosts took drugs early during the infectious period, transmission was reduced by 30% and average levels of immunity by 2·9-fold (comparable to antibody concentrations), relative to 14% and 1·5-fold reductions when drugs were taken late. The novel strain was more successful relative to the resident strain when drugs were not taken, and an intermediate level of drug coverage minimized incidence in subsequent waves. We discuss how drug regimens, coverage andR0could impact pandemic preparedness.
The Nordic Nutrition Recommendations and prostate cancer risk in the Cancer of the Prostate in Sweden (CAPS) study
Authors: Möller Elisabeth , Galeone Carlotta , Adami Hans-Olov , Adolfsson Jan , Andersson Therese M-L , Bellocco Rino , Grönberg Henrik , Mucci Lorelei A , Bälter Katarina 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) aim at preventing diet-associated diseases such as cancer in the Nordic countries. We evaluated adherence to the NNR in relation to prostate cancer (PC) in Swedish men, including potential interaction with a genetic risk score and with lifestyle factors.DesignPopulation-based case–control study (Cancer of the Prostate in Sweden (CAPS), 2001–2002). Using data from a semi-quantitative FFQ, we created an NNR adherence score and estimated relative risks of PC by unconditional logistic regression. Individual score components were modelled separately and potential modifying effects were assessed on the multiplicative scale.SettingFour regions in the central and northern parts of Sweden.SubjectsIncident PC patients (n 1386) and population controls (n 940), frequency-matched on age and region.ResultsNo overall association with PC was found, possibly due to the generally high adherence to the NNR score and its narrow distribution in the study population. Among individual NNR score components, high compared with low intakes of polyunsaturated fat were associated with an increased relative risk of localized PC. No formal interaction with genetic or lifestyle factors was observed, although in stratified analysis a positive association between the NNR and PC was suggested among men with a high genetic risk score but not among men with a medium or low genetic risk score.ConclusionsOur findings do not support an association between NNR adherence and PC. The suggestive interaction with the genetic risk score deserves further investigations in other study populations.
Linking disturbance regimes, vegetation dynamics, and plant strategies across complex landscapes to mitigate and manage plant invasions.
Authors: Fuhlendorf S. D. , Allred B. W. , Elmore R. D. , Engle D. M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This chapter aims to present an overview of relevant ecological considerations for invasive species in general and to suggest some ecological factors to consider before initiating management efforts. The evolutionary disturbance processes on rangelands, life histories and plant strategies that promote invasiveness, altered disturbance regimes and global change are discussed.
Weather variability, ecological processes, and optimization of soil micro-environment for rangeland restoration.
Authors: Hardegree S. P. , Cho J. , Schneider J. M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This chapter focuses on rangeland restoration. The chapter makes use of an ecologically-based model to structure a discussion of weather and climate impacts on some key processes affecting succession, the micro-environmental underpinnings of some important restoration management tools, and strategies to incorporate weather information into the restoration-planning cycle for rangelands.
Species performance: the relationship between nutrient availability, life history traits, and stress.
Authors: James J. J. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The objectives of this chapter are to: (i) examine current paradigms and assumptions about how nutrient availability influences the relative performance of invasive and native plants; (ii) develop the argument that the influence of nutrient availability on species performance is mediated by life history traits and stressors such as drought and herbivory; and (iii) describe how these principles that determine species performance in different nutrient environments can be used to develop more effective invasive plant management strategies. The current paradigms of nutrient availability and invasion, influence of nutrient management on species performance: the role of life history, drought, and herbivory, and designing ecologically based invasive plant management strategies based on principles of species performance in low and high nutrient environments are discussed.
Game bird breeding, brooding and rearing - health and welfare.
Authors: Pennycott T. , Deeming C. , McMillan M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Large numbers of game birds, mainly pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) and red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa), are released for sporting purposes in the UK. The released birds are derived from eggs produced by captive breeding flocks and incubated artificially. This chapter considers the systems of housing of adult pheasants and partridges during the breeding season, including group size, stocking density and the use of sight barriers as a means of environmental enrichment and refuge provision. The conditions and constraints of artificial incubation are explored. It is concluded that radical changes to the conditions under which pheasants and partridges are bred will require experimentation and research. Further development of the game industry will also require a switch to modern incubation equipment designed for poultry but adapted to hold pheasant and partridge eggs. The chapter then goes on to describe some of the current methods of rearing pheasants and partridges from day-old to release, and relates husbandry practices to the requirements of the new Codes of Practice for the Welfare of Gamebirds Reared for Sporting Purposes. In general most of the recommendations in the welfare codes are being complied with. Areas that require further attention by game bird rearers include improved environmental enrichment in some systems; the best use of artificial lighting; a re-evaluation of the use of bits; improved cleaning and disinfection of crates and vehicles used to transport birds to release pens; greater involvement of local veterinary practices; preparation of flock health plans; and improved biosecurity.
Housing and management of broiler breeders and turkey breeders.
Authors: Jong I. C. de , Swalander M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This chapter describes the housing and management of broiler breeders and turkey breeders in Europe. The majority of broiler breeders in Europe are the standard, fast growing genotype, but 18-20% of the broiler breeders are dwarf parental females that produce standard and alternative (medium or slow growing) broilers. Broiler breeder housing systems are very similar in rearing and production; a low percentage of birds are in cages, and alternative systems are not used. Broiler breeders are generally housed in climate-controlled houses with litter floors during the rearing period and partially slatted floors during the production period. Males and females are reared separately until 18-21 weeks of age and then transferred to the production farm where they are housed together until 60-65 weeks of age. The restricted feeding regime during rearing is generally seen as one of the major welfare issues in broiler breeders as it leads to chronic hunger and frustration of the feeding motivation. The majority (>95%) of turkey breeders in Europe are of either heavy or heavy medium genotype with white plumage. The remainder of the turkey market consists of small strain white or coloured birds for whole bird seasonal production. Both conventional large strain turkeys and small strain traditional turkeys are used for outdoor/alternative production systems. Rearing of breeding turkeys is floor based on deep litter, and predominantly in environmentally controlled housing. Males and females are reared separately until 29 weeks of age and then transferred to laying facilities. Male parent stock is selected at 16-18 weeks paying attention to health, fitness, plumage and conformation. Laying facilities are either open-sided houses or controlled environment for breeder females, and typically controlled environment housing for breeder males. Breeding turkeys are kept in production until 56-60 weeks of age (i.e. 24-28 weeks lay). Quantitative feed restriction is applied in breeder males from selection age (16-18 weeks) to end of production, to maximize fitness and reproduction. Breeder females are fed unrestricted throughout rearing but on a lower-protein diet to avoid fatness of the hens. Injurious pecking is generally seen as the most important welfare issue in flocks where beak trimming is not applied.
Alternative systems for meat chickens and turkeys: production, health and welfare.
Authors: Jones T. A. , Berk J. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Legislative and assurance scheme requirements for standard and alternative indoor and outdoor broiler and turkey production systems are described. Generally, health and welfare are protected to various extents by a series of input requirements, largely related to stocking density, light, environmental control parameters, environmental enrichment, mutilations and growth rate. Outcome measures (usually related to physical well-being) highlight flocks that perform poorly, and success depends on the effectiveness of the input and output measures, the reporting structure and any remedial action taken. Alternative systems represent a low market share of broiler and turkey production in the European Union (approximately 10 and 30%, respectively) and generally production costs more. Free range and organic systems are largely considered to have the potential to provide good living conditions and reduce environmental pollution. However, concerns have been raised over bird health (Campylobacter infection), welfare (higher foot lesions and breast blisters, lack of outdoor ranging), product quality and consumers' willingness to pay. Research shows that breed suitability is one of the largest factors in determining welfare in alternative systems, particularly for broiler chickens. More robust, hardy breeds with lower growth rates should be used; these birds are better suited to a wide range of environmental parameters and diets with lower energy density. The quality of the diet (particularly in relation to indispensable amino acids and protein balance) and the free range environment (particularly in relation to the provision of natural cover outdoors) are also highly important for both broilers and turkeys. The meat from slow growth broiler breeds is more suited to the whole bird market (as opposed to portioned or further processed) and generally contains less fat and more protein than from conventional breeds. Consumers tend to be unable to differentiate chicken products from alternative systems by odour and taste, but can differentiate by appearance and texture.
Geometrical features in longitudinal sputtering hollow cathode discharges for laser applications
Authors: Mihailova D , Dijk J van , Hagelaar G J M , Karatodorov S , Zahariev P , Grozeva M , van der Mullen J J A M 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Longitudinal sputtering hollow cathode discharge (HCD) used as active medium for lasing is studied by means of numerical modelling. Due to the longitudinal non-uniformities of the discharge, the laser operation could be strongly affected. The non-uniformity of the discharge is mainly influenced by the dimensions of the hollow cathode, in particular by the aspect ratio length/radius. To study the geometrical features, a simulation model for HCDs has been constructed using the Plasimo modelling platform. The model allows in-depth studies of the plasma mechanisms and enables finding the optimum under the working conditions of the HCDs. The model is validated by comparing the results with the experimental observations. The spatial distribution of the plasma density and potential as well as an in-depth discussion of the results and the trends revealed by the model are presented. The proper understanding of the essential geometrical features allowed defining the optimal aspect ratio length/diameter for stable and uniform discharge with high excitation efficiency.