bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mary Boykin Chesnut
Authors: Theodosiadou Youli 
Published: June 2024

Mary Boykin Chesnut (b. 1823–d. 1886) was born in Statesburg, South Carolina, and educated at a French boarding school in Charleston where she learned German and French. Her father Stephen Decatur Miller had served as a US congressman and senator and in 1826 was elected governor of South Carolina. On 23 April 1840 she married James Chesnut Jr. (b. 1815–d. 1885), who was elected to the US Senate and later served in the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States of America eventually achieving the rank of general. Because she moved within a circle of political and social privilege, she knew many of the political and military figures of the time and had the opportunity to observe every aspect of the Confederacy experience. From February 1861 to July 1865 she recorded her experiences during the Civil War in a diary which she returned to in the early 1880s with a view of revising and expanding it. She wrote and rewrote entries, compiling more than 400,000 words in the end. The diary or expanded journal was not published during her lifetime; posthumously there were two truncated and poorly edited versions, one in 1905 and another one in 1949. However, a complete, meticulously edited version was published in 1981 under the title Mary Chesnut’s Civil War and it is considered one of the finest literary works and a rich historical source of the Confederacy. With the renewed interest in women’s studies, Chesnut’s work is significant in the way it portrays the day-to-day life of a plantation mistress during the time of the Confederacy. Chesnut also wrote three novels which were not published during her lifetime: Two Years of My Life—or The Way We Lived Then, The Captain and the Colonel, and “Manassas.” The first two were published in 2002, whereas the third one is a fragment of a novel and was never published. The only work to have been published during her lifetime is “The Arrest of a Spy,” a short sketch which appeared in the Charleston Weekly News and Courier in 1883. Chesnut’s family lost everything in the war, leaving them so poor that she had to operate a small dairy farm in order to survive. Her original papers are housed in the South Caroliniana Library at the University of South Carolina.
Mic-shouting in China and Hong Kong, 1996–2020
Authors: Chew Matthew M. T. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter documents the cultural origins, dissemination, musical characteristics, and development of mic-shouting (hanmai), a local style of electronic dance music (EDM) that was developed in Hong Kong and China. It also assesses mic-shouting’s local distinctiveness vis-à-vis core Western EDM, cultural hybridity, and positive sociopolitical meanings. The chapter has two theoretical objectives. The first is to help bridge the research gap on non-Western local EDM. Scholars have discovered and discussed local EDM styles in South America, Central and Eastern Europe, and Africa, but rarely those in China. The second objective is to explore the cultural legitimization of non-Western EDM. It finds that this cultural legitimization can proceed through the investigation of the historical development, local distinctiveness, hybridity, and sociopolitical progressiveness of the non-Western EDM style in question. This chapter illustrates that a research program on the histories of local EDM from various cultures, regions, nations, and localities will be fruitful.
Mughal Architecture
Authors: Asher Catherine B. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter concerns architecture produced by the imperial Mughals, their Rajput supporters and detractors, as well as some Mughal successor states, notably, the Nawabs of Bengal and Awadh. The material dates from the inception of Mughal rule in 1526 and extends through the demise of the Mughal dynasty in 1858. The chapter critically examines a wide range of structures from religious edifices, such as mosques, dargahs, and temples, to secular ones, including palaces, gardens, tombs, serais, and pleasure pavilions. It argues that until the mid-seventeenth century the Mughal emperors were the arbiters of taste, and the nobility often emulated imperial prototypes; but after this time, as the Mughal state became increasingly impoverished, nobles and the mercantile classes were the chief patrons of architecture. At this time, the rulers of Awadh and Bengal, who regarded classical Mughal architecture as a cultural apex, built structures indebted to this architectural tradition.
Philosophy of Music Education in Early China
Authors: Xiu Hailin , Fung C. Victor 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents an account of the philosophy of music education in early China, focusing in particular on Confucian perspectives, including the ideas of Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi. From the historical origins of rites and music (liyue 禮樂) education in the Zhou dynasty (1046‒256 BCE) to its disintegration after the Qin Han Period (221 BCE‒220 CE), this chapter presents an array of associated philosophical ideas, including the Order of Heaven (tianming天命), moral enhancement (jingde敬德), harmony (he 和), and the Confucian Theory of Human Nature. It concludes by highlighting how, from the late Western Zhou (1046‒771 BCE) to the early Han era (206 BCE‒220 CE), music activities in society were increasingly freed from the restrictions of liyue.
Evolution of Korean Music Education
Authors: Park So Jeong 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Confucian ritual music was reconstructed and rejuvenated during the reign of King Sejong of Joseon (r. 1418‒1450), but this represented an adventurous reinterpretation of Confucian values, not a mere restoration of the original music. The successful reconstruction was a result of an awareness of Korea’s own culture as distinct from the Chinese cultural mainstream. Because of the cultural and linguistic differences between China and Korea, Joseon Korea did not uncritically assimilate the mainstream culture. These differences motivated King Sejong to develop a new notation system for Korean indigenous tunes and bring newly composed ritual music to the court. The awareness of their own musical culture turned out to be the best way to embody the ideal of Confucian music education, cultivating musical sensibility and the enjoyment with all people. A similar movement occurred again during the Westernization period in early modern Korea and continues today in contemporary music education.
The Reception History of the Letter of James
Authors: Gowler David B. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Debates about apostolic provenance or perceived disagreements with Paul’s justification by faith—both raised, most famously, by Martin Luther—have contributed to the diminished influence of the Letter of James in the Christian tradition. It is also true, however, that James is often neglected precisely because it shares radical sayings and perspectives from the teachings of Jesus that many Christians ignore or domesticate. This essay highlights representative responses to the Letter of James in art, music, literature, and political and social critiques. Visual representations of James of Jerusalem often reflect his holiness, similarity to Jesus, role in the Jerusalem church, authorship of the Letter of James, and/or traditions about his death. Many receptions of the Letter of James in art, music, and literature focus on God’s sovereignty and God as friend/benefactor, but a majority emphasize putting one’s faith into action. Political receptions of James include church and state issues such as papal claims of authority or governmental requirements to swear oaths. James’s radical statements about wealth and poverty, which echo sayings of Jesus, are often ignored or domesticated, but some interpreters emphasize the importance of putting those words into practice, including Liberation theologians and those like Frederick Douglass who extend those concerns to related issues of gender, class, and race.
Galen’s Hippocratism
Authors: Coughlin Sean 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The starting point for this chapter is a tension in recent scholarship on Galen’s Hippocratism: one position holds that Galen reads the Hippocratic Corpus as an impartial philologist whose aim is to recover Hippocrates’ original words and doctrines; another position claims that he reads Hippocrates in his own image and in doing so distorts the text to serve his own scientific or rhetorical purposes. This chapter explores this tension by locating Galen’s Hippocratism in its local intellectual context, where inquiry and debate are framed in terms of following or rejecting the thought of a founding authority. It puts forth the idea that Galen did not adopt Hippocrates, but was, so to speak, born into Hippocratism and that many of the features of Galen’s Hippocratism that at first appear exceptional are better understood as refinements and revisions of his Hippocratist inheritance.
Galen on Logic and Scientific Method
Authors: Havrda Matyáš 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Galen developed a method of rational inquiry designed to solve the problems pertaining to medicine and natural science. This chapter outlines the main features of this method and shows how it is applied in dealing with specific issues. It offers an account of the significance to Galen’s approach of training in logic and of logical argumentation, and in particular of the method of demonstration, while also showing the distinctiveness of this approach within its intellectual context and the relevance to it of mathematical or geometrical models of argument. The chapter explores in detail Galen’s theory and practice of demonstration, using selected case studies to elucidate its use in scientific and therapeutic contexts.
Galenism in Later Byzantium
Authors: Pietrobelli Antoine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a history of Byzantine Galenism between the ninth and fifteenth centuries. The question of Galenism in Byzantium is complicated because, on the one hand, Galen’s corpus was transmitted and preserved by Byzantine copyists, but, on the other—and in contrast to the Arab world and the Latin West—there were no known Byzantine Galenists of any significance. Building on four examples, Simeon Seth in the eleventh century, Ioannikios in the twelfth century, John Zacharias Aktouarios in the fourteenth century, and Demetrius Angelos in the fifteenth century, the chapter demonstrates that Byzantine Galenism should not be understood as a spontaneous or isolated process but as an intercultural phenomenon in the context of a dialogue between the Byzantines and their Arab and Latin neighbors.
Translation into Syriac, Arabic, and Hebrew
Authors: Pormann Peter E. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Galen’s works were translated from Greek into Syriac, Arabic, and Hebrew during the medieval period. These translations had an enormous impact not just on the development of medicine both East and West, but also on how we now understand Galen. Instead of analyzing the Greco–Arabic translation “movement,” the present chapter investigates a number of translation phenomena, each of which has its own unique context: the Syriac translations of the sixth and ninth centuries; the Arabic translations of the late eighth and mid-ninth centuries; and the Hebrew translations mainly of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It concludes with three vignettes illustrating not just how Galen was transmitted into the Syriac, Arabic, and Hebrew traditions, but also how physicians creatively engaged with, and innovated on the basis of, Galen’s work.
Galen, Rhetoric, and the Second Sophistic
Authors: Petit Caroline 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the place of Galen in the context of imperial literature and the so-called Second Sophistic in the wake of recent debates on the nature and periodization of the latter. In contrast to previous studies on Galen and the Second Sophistic (which tend to focus on performance and competition), this chapter specifically emphasizes Galen’s rhetoric, the deep literary roots of his prose, and its many connections with contemporary writings of varying genres. Although the very concept of the “Second Sophistic” is not without problems, it is still a useful tool to illuminate Galen’s profound anchoring within the literary and philosophical trends of his time.
Galen’s Pharmacology in Context
Authors: Laskaris Julie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Pharmacology was central to Galen’s thought and practice in several respects. He traveled extensively to ensure that he obtained high-quality pharmaceuticals and he devoted a major portion of his large body of writings to pharmacology. In these texts, which influenced Eastern and Western medicine for hundreds of years, Galen identified elements of his pharmacopeia and developed an elaborate theory of drug action. Galen is not, however, a slave to this theory. He valued the knowledge gained by doctors, herbalists, midwives, and others through the generations; nor did he insist that his theory could explain all drug action. This chapter will explore the pharmacological traditions that Galen so valued and upon which he drew.
Anatomy and Physiology
Authors: Salas Luis Alejandro 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Inquiry into the structure and function of the body played a central role in Galen’s intellectual and professional development from the outset of his medical education through his rise to prominence in the city of Rome. Galen’s anatomical demonstrations were not only a product of his belief in the deep teleological structure of the natural world. They also underwrote his authority as a medical practitioner, aligning with the sophisticated display culture of imperial Rome in the second century CE. This chapter offers a brief overview of Galen’s anatomical practice and physiological theory, including sections on the three main systems of his physiology. It discusses the importance of analogical inferences to Greco-Roman technical writing about the human body, especially given the absence of systematic human dissection in the historical record. It also provides an introduction to Galen’s use of analogy in anatomical discovery and demonstration. Finally, it considers those demonstrations in their theoretical and professional contexts.
Steps Toward a Neurophenomenology of Speaking in Tongues
Authors: Brahinsky Josh , Lifshitz Michael , Luhrmann Tanya Marie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter aims to show that working back and forth between neuroscientific methods and ethnographic phenomenology can inspire us to think differently. We discuss a neurophenomenological project to improve our understanding of the evangelical Christian practice of speaking in tongues. After several years of ethnographic participant observation in tongues-speaking churches, we interviewed tongues-speakers carefully. As we developed a neuroimaging experiment to try to capture what we heard from them, our interdisciplinary approach pushed us to notice shifts in the experience of speaking in tongues, which we came to call “dropping in.” The combination of ethnographic phenomenology and neuroscience brought us a deeper understanding of tongues prayer in ways we did not expect.
Near-Death in the Borderlands of Consciousness
Authors: Nelson Kevin R. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Near-death experiences have gained wide attention, forging an indelible image of spiritual experience in many people today. This chapter examines the neuroscience underpinnings of near-death, including principles that have often been neglected or distorted, often skewing the common impression of near-death. During near-death from fainting or cardiac arrest, the boundary between consciousness and unconsciousness blurs in moments of insufficient cerebral blood flow (ischemia). Brain ischemia can also disrupt the physiological balance between conscious states, leading the brainstem arousal system controlling conscious states to blend waking and rapid eye movement (REM) consciousness into a hybrid state (REM intrusion). The concept of REM intrusion contributing to near-death addresses otherwise vexing issues. First, REM intrusion explains how diverse conditions evoke near-death, including non-threatening conditions. Secondly, it provides an understanding of how cerebral ischemia most often triggers near-death. Lastly, REM intrusion offers a cohesive physiologic system underlying key features of near-death: light, motionless appearance of death, out-of-body sensations, euphoria, and rich narrative landscape. Independent evidence converges from many points supporting this notion, including multiple observations that individuals experiencing near-death are physiologically susceptible to REM intrusion. Furthermore, review of current evidence indicates that near-death shares features with the classically described mystical experience, but the two experiences remain distinct varieties of spiritual expression driven by different neurophysiologic processes.
The Impact of Zionism on Jewish Law
Authors: Edrei Arye 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The establishment of the sovereign Jewish State of Israel significantly challenged rabbinic Judaism and demanded an updating of its normative system. Ultra-Orthodox decisors continued the halakhic discourse maintained throughout centuries of diasporic communal life, refusing to recognize the halakhic significance of the new reality. This chapter examines the responses of leading Religious Zionist decisors who sought, in contrast, to make Jewish law relevant and applicable to the new reality and its challenges. One issue addressed in the article is the religious and halakhic significance of the Zionist ideology of Jewish identity defined by nationalism rather than by religious observance. Another topic examined is the adaptation of the Halakha to take responsibility for the entire population, a reality that was not relevant for a diasporic minority community. Another important issue explored is the meeting between the values of liberal democracy and the Halakha, as well as the attitude to Israeli law. The overall picture, and the conclusion obtained from the study, is that this effort constituted an original and bold attempt to create a bridge between traditional Jewish law and the new national and sovereign reality. These sages wanted to see in the State of Israel, its law, institutions and values, a continuation of the discourse on all of these questions throughout the halakhic tradition.
Listen without Limits
Authors: McMurtry Leslie 
Published: June 2024

AbstractPodcasting is dominated by “niche” genres, like chatcasts/chumcasts and true crime, that sometimes obscure the more varied potential offerings of the form. In 2018, the United Kingdom’s BBC launched a new streaming platform, BBC Sounds, a revamp of catch-up service BBC iPlayer and a new way for listeners to engage with BBC content. Using BBC Sounds commissioning documents and five case studies, this chapter interrogates the form and content offered by Sounds to its audience, primarily envisioned to be young listeners between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five, seeking a personalized experience and “effortless stimulation.” By close examination of one true crime podcast, one docudrama, and three dramas, this chapter suggests that the BBC is building on decades of know-how to produce compelling audio—though at a potential cost of alienating its traditional listeners and losing the space to produce and promote sound art not defined by commercial forces.
Langston Hughes, The Man Who Went to War, and the Political Work of the Radio Ballad
Authors: Hilmes Michele 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the long-thought-lost Langston Hughes radio feature, The Man Who Went to War, both in terms of its contributions to the poetics of the radio ballad form and to its place in the racial politics of World War II. Tracing the trajectory of Hughes’s work in radio, the circumstances that led up to The Man Who Went to War, its roots both in Black musical traditions and in the transnational folk song movement, and the political and cultural impact of the work itself, its goal is to bring what Hughes himself called his “best script” for radio back into the public sphere.
Sensational Voices
Authors: Bottomley Andrew J. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Since the post-Serial podcasting boom of the late 2010s, intimacy has become podcasting’s most often-remarked-on characteristic—cited as the distinctive feature of the podcast voice and the key element that distinguishes podcasting from radio and other popular media. Podcasters refer so frequently to audio storytelling’s presumed intimacy in interviews, press materials, and other forms of embedded knowledge that it is now conventional wisdom. Yet, intimacy remains a concept that is often invoked, rarely defined. This chapter adopts a production studies approach to investigate the cultural practices and belief systems of podcasters. Through ethnographic observation and original interviews with creative workers—ranging from producers on prestigious internationally known programs like Radiolab, On the Media, and Millennial to independent and amateur productions—it establishes a critical understanding of the “low theory” of intimacy within contemporary podcast production culture and how these working assumptions shape the content and form of current podcasts.
New Music Fridays
Authors: Morris Jeremy Wade 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the role music podcasts play in the current distribution ecosystem for digital music. It begins by briefly reviewing the historical relationship between music and radio and the central role radio played in the dissemination of popular music in the mid-twentieth century. It then explores a potential typology for the wide range of music podcasts available before focusing on particular cases of artists or companies using podcasts to distribute or promote new music. The chapter considers how music podcasts offer a different relationship between artists and their fans and between artists and their music than either radio or streaming music and argues that the podcast format blends concepts from music radio and streaming services to create a novel opportunity for artists to connect with their work and their listeners. It also raises larger conceptual issues for media studies scholars about the limits and boundaries of various formats.
Breakfast Radio
Authors: Keeler Amanda 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
During the 1930s and1940s, millions tuned in every day to listen to their favorite morning radio talk programs, with topics ranging from health to public affairs. One popular genre, often called the “Mr. and Mrs. Breakfast” shows, featured friendly and welcoming married couples discussing a variety of topics that attempted to appeal to everyday radio listeners. These programs welcomed audiences into the hosts’ homes, allowing a voyeuristic, aspirational glimpse into the lives of actors, writers, and producers who socialized daily with celebrities. This chapter examines several prolific midcentury radio programs, Breakfast with Dorothy and Dick, Tex and Jinx, and Breakfast in Hollywood, to highlight the distinctive nature of each program and their place in radio and television history. With so many types of morning talk programs continuing to influence media production in the early twenty-first century—on radio, television, and podcasts—these pioneering yet overlooked programs deserve additional scholarly attention.