bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The growth of a virulent strain of African swine fever virus in domestic pigs
Authors: Plowright W. , Parker J. , Staple R. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPigs were infected by the intranasal instillation of a large dose (ca. 107·0ID 50) of a highly virulent strain of African swine fever virus (ASFV) and the progress of the infection was studied by the ‘routine titration approach’ (Mims, 1964) using pig bone marrow cultures.Virus growth was established within 16–24 hr. in the retropharyngeal but not in the alimentary or nasal mucosae or the tonsils. By 24–40 hr. the virus was consistently present in the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, almost invariably the medials; titres in these nodes exceeded those in the associated mucosa by 48–72 hr. Generalization, presumed to have occurred via the tracheal lymph ducts and the blood stream, was generally demonstrable after 72 hr., i.e. by the time of the onset of pyrexia or 24 hr. prior to this.On average 11% of the total infectivity in the blood was present in the plasma, with the rest assumed to be cell-associated. A mean of about 45% of the total infectivity was recovered in erythrocyte fractions in which the concentration of leucocytes had been materially reduced; fractions with increased leucocyte counts contained relatively little virus and it was concluded that the great majority of circulating virus was closely associated with the erythrocytes. Adsorption of ASFV to normal pig erythrocytes was demonstratedin vitro.The greatest concentrations of virus were recorded in the lymph nodes, especially those of the cephalic region, and in the spleen, where titres commonly attained 108·0to 109·0HAD 50/g. and exceeded those in the blood. They were, therefore, thought to be the source of much circulating virus, although there was some evidence that the liver, lungs and bone marrow may also have contributed, at least in some animals. There was no evidence that the mucosae of the alimentary and respiratory tracts or the kidney, myocardium and brain were a source of significant amounts of virus. The virus demonstrable in Peyer's patches did not exceed that in the intervening ileal mucosa.Although contact transmission of ASF does not normally occur during the first 12–24 hr. of fever, considerable amounts of virus were usually present in the nasal and intestinal mucosae at 72 hr. It was probable that this infectivity was due to the blood content and that excretion did not occur until the epithelium was breached.Three pigs, all of which had lesions of a portal cirrhosis, showed a delayed or restricted generalization of virus, in comparison with the other twenty-eight animals which behaved according to a regular pattern.We are grateful to Mrs M. O'Sullivan and Mrs E. Douglas for painstaking technical assistance and to Mr C. S. Rampton, A.I.M.L.T., for the preparation of the figures.
Studies on the LS antigen of vaccinia virus
Authors: Rondle C. J. M. , Williamson J. D. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA material (LS) analogous to that described by Craigie & Wishart (1936a) has been detected in extracts of vaccinia-infected rabbit dermis. Gel-diffusion tests on this material support the view that it is a single substance possessing two distinct serologically reactive sites. The tests also show that under some conditions rabbit LS may give two lines of precipitation against suitable antisera and that this is not due usually to the dissociation of LS into discrete L and S substances.A study of vaccinia-infected sheep dermis failed to give evidence of a single LS substance. Instead two chemically different substances were isolated, one having the serological specificity of L, the other that of S. The physical, chemical and quantitative serological properties of sheep S were such that it could not have arisen by degradation of an LS material similar to that found in vaccinia-infected rabbit dermis. On this evidence it is suggested that vaccinia virus is not necessarily synthesized in the same way in different host tissues.
The immune response to viruses in calves: II. The response in young calves
Authors: Sanderson C. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYInjections of virus in calves up to about 5 weeks of age caused either the production of both IgM and IgG, or the production of only IgG, or no detectable antibody. In all but one case priming for a secondary response occurred even in the absence of a detectable primary response. These results suggest that in the young calf immunological memory is more readily induced than IgG synthesis. IgM appeared by the 7th or 10th day, which was similar to the response in older calves. IgG was more variable in its appearances but was usually considerably delayed relative to the response in older calves. In general only low levels of IgM were formed in the primary response and it was virtually absent from the secondary responses. Higher levels of IgM were formed after reovirus inoculation than after Murray Valley encephalitis virus or Getah viruses. The delay in appearance of IgG was more pronounced in response to Getah than to reovirus or Murray Valley encephalitis virus. High levels of maternally derived passive antibody inhibited the development of an active response, although in one animal a response occurred in the presence of low levels of passive antibody.
Salmonella senftenberg in the Sunderland area
Authors: Sanford D. A. , Leslie D. A. , McKeon J. A. , Crone P. B. , Hobbs Betty C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSalmonella senftenberg was isolated from 168 patients and staff of a general hospital whereas it was isolated from only seven other sources (four of which were unquestionably associated with the hospital) in the surrounding area during the same period. It was isolated in the hospital in 19 of the 48 months of the period. Two clear-cut episodes were recognized against a background of sporadic isolation. Four-fifths of the patients and staff excreting the organism had no symptoms. Only two are known to have been severely ill, though in some patients very ill for other reasons life may have been shortened a little.The original source of the organism, whether from the farm or from raw materials such as meat or poultry, was not found.
The chemical reactions of the haemagglutinins and neuraminidases of different strains of influenza viruses: I. Effect of reagents reacting with amino acids in the active centres
Authors: Hoyle L. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYStudies of the chemical reactions of the haemagglutinins and neuraminidases of eight strains of influenza viruses have been made by the use of chemical reagents reacting with chemically active groups in the protein molecule. The results indicate a close resemblance between the active centres of the haemagglutinins and neuraminidases in all the strains tested. In all cases the activities were unaffected by reagents reacting with the —SH group of cysteine, the —CH3S group of methionine, the amino group of lysine, the guanidyl group of arginine, or the indole ring of tryptophan. In all cases both the haemagglutinating and enzymic activities were reduced or destroyed by agents reacting with amide groups or reacting with both tyrosine and histidine.By the use of iodine under conditions in which tyrosine reacts but not histidine, and fluorodinitrobenzene under conditions in which histidine reacts more strongly than tyrosine, it was possible to detect a number of different active centres.(1) An active centre containing histidine and an amide group but not containing tyrosine was present in all the virus strains and was the only centre detectable in A1 and A2 strains. This type of centre appeared to possess both haemagglutinating and neuraminidase activity.(2) Active centres containing tyrosine and an amide group were detected in strains of A and B viruses. There was some evidence suggesting that tyrosine-containing centres were of two types: one possessing both haemagglutinating and enzymic activity while the other was a haemagglutinin without neuraminidase activity.The results could be explained by supposing that the presence of histidine in the active centre was essential for neuraminidase activity and that enzymically active tyrosine-containing centres also contained histidine, but that tyrosine could substitute for histidine, but that tyrosine could substitute for histidine in haemagglutinating centres.
A cyclone separator for aerosol sampling in the field
Authors: Errington F. P. , Powell E. O. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTwo cyclones for sampling dilute aerosols in the field are described. Their advantages are their robustness and reliability, the high degree of concentration achieved, and the ease with which they will provide a long uninterrupted sequence of samples.Methods of correcting estimates of cloud concentration for transfer lag in the cyclone are derived.The cyclones were constructed by J. Nott. We are indebted to G. J. Harper and E. J. Morris for allowing us to make use of their observations, and to Dr J. S. Paterson (Superintendent, Allington Farm) for providing the realistic aerosol at our convenience.
The source of bacteria in fresh cream, and the methylene blue reduction test as a guide to hygienic quality
Authors: Jenkins H. R. , Henderson R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYOne hundred and twenty-nine samples of fresh cream collected in Worcestershire were examined bacteriologically. Sixty (46·5 %) creams had counts of over 100,000 bacteria/ml. The bacteria present were of many varieties, the commonest beingBacillusspp. (aerobic spore formers), Gram-negative bacilli, staphylococci and micrococci. Since most of the creams had been either pasteurized as cream or manufactured from pasteurized milk it was thought that the many bacteria were present because of contamination after pasteurization due to three main causes; unsatisfactory or unhygienic premises, unsuitable equipment, manual handling during the filling and capping process.The methylene blue test results related well with bacterial counts but there were seven (5·4 %) anomalous results. Although the methylene blue reduction test therefore could serve as a simple and reasonable guide to the hygienic quality of fresh cream, 5·4 % of anomalous results would perhaps make it unsuitable as a statutory test.We thank Mr R. Colenso, M.A.P.H.E., M.A.P.H.I., Chief Public Health Inspector, and Mr H. Beckett, Milk Sampling Officer of the Worcestershire County Council, for arranging the supply of samples.
Dissemination and immunogenicity of live TRIC agent in baboons after parenteral injection: II. Experiments with a ‘slow-killing’ strain
Authors: Collier L. H. , Mogg(Née Smith) Anne E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAfter a single subcutaneous injection into baboons the MRC-4 strain of trachoma/inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) agent underwent limited multiplication at the injection site, but was then eliminated rapidly from the skin and regional lymph nodes. Forty-eight hours after a single intravenous injection, but not thereafter, it appeared in the peripheral lymph nodes and spleen. The single parenteral injections failed to immunize baboons against conjunctival challenge with the homologous strain. These findings contrasted with those previously reported for the more virulent mutant, MRC-4 f, which multiplied readily in the skin, lymph nodes and spleen, persisted in these tissues up to 3 weeks after injection, and conferred good immunity to conjunctival challenge with MRC-4. The difference in behaviour of MRC-4 and MRC-4 f might be accounted for, at least in part, by the use of a smaller inoculum of live MRC-4; but similar findings in guinea-pigs, reported elsewhere, suggest that the differences observed are real. In conjunction with previous work, the present study suggests that the immunogenicity of TRIC agent is closely related to the mass of antigen that can be administered to or propagated within the recipient.We are grateful to Mr D. Venters for his able technical assistance.
Salmonellas in sewage. A study in latent human infection
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. , Foster D. W. , Griffiths W. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn a residential estate of 4000 persons, containing neither industry nor retail butchers shops, salmonellas were regularly found in the sewerage system. They were frequently found in the sewage of a portion of the estate housing 1000 persons. The range of serotypes found was wide and some types suggested an exotic origin. No overt salmonella infection in the estate was reported during the period of survey, although local general practitioners had been previously alerted. Overt infection due to serotypes found in the survey were, however, reported in other areas of Glamorgan. Multiple sampling points in the sewerage system and a serological technique for examining samples contaminated with multiple salmonella serotypes were essential for the technical success of the survey.We should like to thank Prof. Scott Thomson for his advice in the preparation of this paper; Dr E. S. Anderson of the Central Enteric Reference Laboratory and Bureau, Colindale, for phage-typing the strains ofS. typhimuriumandS. paratyphi B; and Dr G. J. G. King of the Public Health Laboratory, Bournemouth, for identifying the serotypes isolated. We should also like to thank Mr T. R. Liddington and Mr J. H. Price for their technical assistance.
Antibody response following smallpox vaccination and revaccination
Authors: Downie A. W. , Vincent L. St , Rao A. R. , Kempe C. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThree groups of post-vaccination sera were studied for vaccinial antibody by precipitation, haemagglutinin-inhibition, complement-fixation and neutralization tests. All sera were negative by precipitation and many by haemagglutinin-inhibition and complement-fixation tests, but most showed neutralizing activity at serum dilutions of 1/10 or higher. The differences in antibody titres between the three groups of sera were most probably related to the past history of revaccination.This investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service Grant AI–1632–16 VR from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, by the World Health Organization and by the Marcus T. Reynolds III Fund.
A new nephritogenic streptococcus
Authors: Duca Eugenia , Teodorovici Gr. , Radu C. , Vîţaˇ Alla , Talaşman-Niculescu Paula , Bernescu Elisabeta , Feldi C. , Roşca V. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA local milk-borne outbreak of 85 cases of sore throat with cervical lymphadenitis, a third of whom later developed acute glomerulonephritis as a complication, is described. Renal involvement was shown by Volhard's criteria, filtered fraction data and renal biopsy findings. From lymph-node biopsies from patients, from the pharyngeal exudate of patients and carriers, and from three samples of cow's milk, 16 strains of beta-haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C, type zooepidemicus subtype lactose-positive, were isolated.The aetiological role of the streptococcus isolated in this outbreak was confirmed by autoserodiagnosis (precipitation tests with Lancefield's antigens and patients' sera) which in this case proved more valuable than antistreptolysin-O titration as evidence of infection.Two of the 85 patients, 7 months after the acute phase of illness, show nephrotic oedema and hypertension as chronic sequelae.We are pleased to express our gratitude to Dr M. T. Parker and Dr W. R. Maxted for much advice, and confirmation of our serological and biochemical findings.
The serological response and long-lasting resistance against infection with louping-ill virus in sheep immunized with a highly attenuated tick-borne encephalitis virus
Authors: Mayer V. , Blaškovič D. , Ernek E. , Libíková H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe vaccination of sheep with one dose of the monkey-and mouse-attenuated tick-borne encephalitis virus (the Hy-HK 28 ‘2’ clone) causes seroconversion from negative into positive in 85% of animals. In sheep with pre-existing virus-neutralizing antibodies and increas of their titres was observed in 81%. The antibodies persisted for at least 12 months after the vaccination and during the summer period of grazing the number of serologically positive animals even increased.The vaccinated animals, in contrast to the non-immune control sheep, developed no viraemia after challenge with the virulent louping-ill virus, performed 11 months after immunization.
The irreducible minimum in cross-infection control and isolation nursing
Authors: Hughes W. Howard 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThis is a survey of 10 years experience in trying to find out how to control hospital sepsis economically. We appear to have obtained reasonable improvements in hygiene by applying the teaching which has been given to students since the time of Leonard Colebrook. For our investigations we used only routine methods.The order of importance of the factors in reducing cross-infection would appear to be: (1) single rooms for all septic cases and for those requiring protective isolation; (2) a sister supported in complete authority over anyone entering the unit; (3) a simple, inflexible drill to introduce an impermeable layer between the nurse or doctor and the patient—gloves and apron provide this; (4) overshoes and barrier mats; (5) hygienic disposal of linen; (6) an efficient wet dusting and floor cleaning system. Anything beyond this must be justified by saving of nursing time or some factor other than prevention of infection.
Further investigations on the airborne excretion of foot-and-mouth disease virus
Authors: Donaldson A. I. , Herniman K. A. J. , Parker J. , Sellers R. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYCalf thyroid tissue cultures were found to be the most sensitive system in detecting virus collected in a large volume air sampler from boxes, where cattle, sheep and pigs infected with A and C strains of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus were housed. It was confirmed with all strains of FMD virus tested that pigs excreted the most virus followed by cattle and sheep, but there was variation between strains, the highest virus recoveries being obtained from animals infected with O1and C Noville viruses. The results are discussed in relation to outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in Great Britain since 1954.
The late detection of respiratory syncytial virus in cells of respiratory tract by immunofluorescence
Authors: Gardner P. S. , McQuillin Joyce , McGuckin Rosemary 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPaired nasopharyngeal secretions were studied in 27 infants infected with respiratory syncytial virus, one taken at onset of illness and one about 7 days later. Both specimens were examined by immunofluorescence and tissue culture for respiratory syncytial virus. In 25 out of 27 (93%) specific fluorescence was still present in cells of the convalescent specimen but was much duller. Virus was difficult to isolate in convalescent specimens; only 8 out of 27 (26 %) proved to be positive. Eight single secretions which were taken late in a respiratory illness were also shown to have this altered fluorescence with absence of virus isolation. Preliminary experiments using antihuman globulin suggest that the findings may be due to the attachment of local secretory antibody to the cells causing ‘blocking’ of staining reaction.
Respiratory disease in a colony of rats: I. The natural disease
Authors: Lane-Petter W. , Olds R. J. , Hacking M. R. , Lane-Petter M. E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn epidemic of acute respiratory disease in a colony of CFE rats is described, the main laboratory findings are recorded and its aetiology discussed.The epidemic showed that severe respiratory disease varying from peracute to chronic was associated with infection of the lungs with a mycoplasma but that mycoplasmas could be present in rats, even in the lungs, without signs of disease, thus suggesting that one or more other factors were involved. It is also evident that there are strain differences in the susceptibility of rats to this disease.
Some properties of calciferol as a rodenticide
Authors: Greaves J. H. , Redfern R. , King R. E. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe potentiality of calciferol (alone and combined with warfarin) for the control of commensal rats and mice has been examined in the laboratory. Nearly all animals fed on 0·1% calciferol for 2 days died. Though illness usually reduced food intake after the first 24 hr. there was no sign of aversion to the poison at 0·1 % – which is considered to be the lowest concentration suitable for use against Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus and Mus musculus in the field. There was some indication that resistance to warfarin in R. norvegicus may be correlated with susceptibility to calciferol. Toxicity tests with calciferol combined with warfarin indicated an additive effect between the compounds. No evidence for synergism was found however, although elsewhere there is some evidence for this.
The Globe Thermometer in Studies of Heating and Ventilation
Authors: Bedford T. , Warner C. G. 
Published: May 2009

The effects of radiation and convection on the globe thermometer have been studied.Equations have been obtained, and alignment charts constructed, for the calculation of mean radiation intensity and of equivalent temperature from readings of the globe thermometer, air temperature and air velocity.The accuracy of these methods has been tested on observations made under industrial conditions. Taking direct thermopile observations as the standard, the mean radiation intensity values calculated from globe thermometer readings had an average error of 1·2 B.Th.U. per sq. ft. per hour. With eupatheoscope readings as standard, equivalent temperature estimates had a mean error of 1·2°.It is concluded that, while globe thermometer readings alone are unreliable as indications of the effects of the thermal environment, valuable results can be obtained by using the instrument along with an ordinary thermometer and a silvered kata-thermometer.
Two Serologically Different Groups among the True Cholera Vibrios
Authors: Heiberg Børge 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBy careful investigation of the somatic antigens of the true cholera vibrios —the strains containing O factor I according to Gardner's grouping (1935)— it was found, as did Scholtens (1933), that the cholera vibrios may be divided into two serological groups: one containing the antigenic factor A and the other the antigenic factors AB.This finding may be of importance in epidemiological investigations and in the preparation of vaccines.
Natural And Immune Bactericidins For The Gonococcus
Authors: Abdoosh Y. B. 
Published: May 2009

1. Normal human sera have no natural bactericidins active against strains of gonococci.2. Normal sera from eleven other mammalian species showed a powerful bactericidal action against various strains of gonococci.3. The serological heterogeneity of the gonococcus group revealed by agglutination and complement fixation is again demonstrated in the bactericidal test with immune antiserum.4. There is a steady rise in the incidence of positive bactericidal action in the sera of patients following the progress of infection with the gonococcus.5. The probable significance of these bactericidins, natural and immune, discussed.Acknowledgments. I wish to express my gratitude to Dr Ledingham for the facilities for work granted me at the Lister Institute and to Dr Schiitze for his kind help and critical advice during the progress of this investigation.
Boric Acid As A Selective Bacterio-Static Agent
Authors: Blair E. Maud Mcv. 
Published: May 2009

A fluid medium is described, containing in every 100 c.c. of peptone water 0·25 g. lactose, 0·5 g. boric acid and 1 g. sodium sulphite (anhydrous). It shows a marked selective action.The test gives satisfactory readings within 24 hours of incubating at 37°C. I am of the opinion that all strains capable of growth in this medium may be regarded as of definite sanitary significance; they are most likely of faecal origin, while those which fail to grow are of minor sanitary importance.I hope that the boric sulphite test may prove a useful adjunct to the bacteriological examination of samples of water.