bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A water balance modelling approach to optimising the use of water resources in ephemeral sand rivers
Authors: Love D. , van der Zaag P. , Uhlenbrook S. , Owen R. J. S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAlluvial aquifers present a possibility for conjunctive use with surface reservoirs for the storage of water in ephemeral sand rivers such as the Mzingwane River in the Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe. The Lower Mzingwane valley is a semi‐arid region with high water stress, where livelihoods have revolved around the large rivers for thousands of years. However, current water allocation favours the commercial user: of the 2600 ha irrigated in the 5960 km2 (596 000 ha) region, only 410 ha are for smallholder farmers. A water balance approach was used to model the surface water resources and groundwater resources to determine the potential for expanding irrigation and to explore water allocation options. Using a combination of field and laboratory investigations, remote sensing and existing data, the Lower Mzingwane valley was modelled successfully using the spreadsheet‐based model WAFLEX, with a new module incorporated to compute the water balance of alluvial aquifer blocks.Results showed that the Lower Mzingwane alluvial aquifers can store 38 × 106 m3 of water, most of that storage being beyond the reach of evaporation. Current water usage can be more than tripled: the catchment could supply water for currently‐planned irrigation schemes (an additional 1250 ha), and the further irrigation of two strips of land along each bank of the Mzingwane River (an extra 3630 ha)—without construction of any new reservoirs. The system of irrigating strips of land along each bank of the Mzingwane River would be decentralized, farmer or family owned and operated and the benefits would have the potential to reach a much larger proportion of the population than is currently served. However, there could be substantial downstream impact, with around nearly one‐third of inflows not being released to the Limpopo River.The approach developed in this paper can be applied to evaluate the potential of alluvial aquifers, which are widespread in many parts of semi‐arid Africa, for providing distributed access to shallow groundwater in an efficient way. This can enhance local livelihoods and regional food security. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fractal behavior of electron trajectories and spatial distributions of secondary electron birth sites in solids
Authors: Li H. , Ding Z.‐J. , Wu Z. Q. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe fractal behavior of electron scattering in solids, simulated by the Monte Carlo method, has been studied. The trajectories of electrons of 1–10 keV primary energies in Si, Cu, Ag, and Au have been simulated. The Hausdorff dimensions of trajectories of primary electrons, trajectories of primary electrons plus secondary electrons, and spatial distributions of secondary electron birth sites have been determined by the box‐counting method. The fractal geometry can be used to describe quantitatively the complexity of the electron scattering process in solids.
Quantitative three‐dimensional confocal imaging of the cornea in situ and in vivo: System design and calibration
Authors: Petroll W. Matthew , Jester James V. , Cavanagh H. Dwight 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA new depth encoding system (DES) is presented, which makes it possible to calculate, display, and record the z‐axis position continuously during in vivo imaging using tandem scanning confocal microscopy (TSCM). In order to verify the accuracy of the DES for calculating the position of the focal plane in the cornea both in vitro and in vivo, we compared TSCM measurements of corneal thickness to measurements made using an ultrasonic pachymeter (UP, a standard clinical instrument) in both enucleated rabbit, cat, and human eyes (n = 15), and in human patients (n = 7). Very close agreement was found between the UP and TSCM measurements in enucleated eyes; the mean percent difference was 0.50 ± 2.58% (mean ± SD, not significant). A significant correlation (R=0.995, n=15, p< 0.01) was found between UP and TSCM measurements. These results verify that the theoretical equation for calculating focal depth provided by the TSCM manufacturer is accurate for corneal imaging. Similarly, close agreement was found between the in vivo UP and TSCM measurements; the mean percent difference was 1.67 ± 1.38% (not significant), confirming that z‐axis drift can be minimized with proper applanation of the objective. These results confirm the accuracy of the DES for imaging of the cornea both ex vivo and in vivo. This system should be of great utility for applications where quantitation of the three‐dimensional location of cellular structures is needed.
The structure difference of proteins isolated on substrate with different techniques as studied by the atomic force microscope
Authors: Umemura K. , Sutoh K. , Tokunaga F. , Kataoka M. , Kamkubo H. , Arakawa H. , Ikai A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe height and width of proteins deposited on mica substrates were measured from cross sections of their atomic force microscope (AFM) images. The tapping mode AFM gave very stable and reproducible images for high molecular weight proteins. The following results were obtained: (1) The thickness of mono‐, bi‐, and trilayered purple membranes was 5.3, 10.4, and 16.0 nm, respectively. The calibration curve of z range of AFM based on the above data was linear. The deviation of the calibration curve at the origin was < 0.6 nm. (2) The height of slow form α‐2‐macroglobulin (α2M) molecule changed depending on sampling methods. When the protein was freeze‐dried on a mica substrate prewetted with water, α2M gave the highest value for its height. The fact that freeze‐drying, especially after prewetting of the substrate, was effective to prevent flattening of the molecule suggested that sample deposition must be as gentle as possible to keep the original height of the molecules. (3) Furthermore, we compared differences of height and width between α2M and myosin filament. The result suggested that α2M had a disk‐like rather than a spherical form. Large proteins such as α2M are still difficult to crystallize for x‐ray analysis, and we tested the AFM method for the study of minute height differences of such proteins.
A nondestructive method for three‐dimensional reconstruction of luminescence materials: Principles, data acquisition, image processing
Authors: Saparin G. V. , Obyden S. K. , Ivannikov P. V. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn the study presented here we have tried to state the principles and calculate and visualize models of three‐dimensional (3‐D)‐cathodoluminescence reconstruction of luminescence structures by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The new technique does not destroy the specimen and uses the variable energy of the electron beam to penetrate to different depths in the specimen volume. The SEM in color cathodoluminescence mode (CCL‐SEM) detects integrated panchromatic CL‐images for different energies of the electron beam. The use of electron scattering theory in solids and theories of cathodoluminescence and color allow the production of problem‐oriented software for the routine processing of primary images. Processed images represent the CCL‐SEM displays of separated layers (without CL information from other layers) up to the maximum depth penetrated by the beam. The 3‐D reconstruction is carried out through algorithms developed using a personal computer, software, and a set of processed two‐dimensional (2‐D) images. The first experimental work was accomplished using a multilayer SiC mesastructure. The final reconstructed image of SiC material demonstrates separated epitaxial layers of different SiC polytypes and Z sections (YOZ and XOZ sections). The 3‐D image represents the space distribution of CL‐spectral data in color CL interpretation.
Multislice simulation of high‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy Z‐contrast images of semiconductor heterointerfaces
Authors: Bollig B. , Fischer H.‐G. , Kubalek E. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMultislice simulations of high‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) Z‐contrast images have been used to investigate semiconductor heterointerfaces between ternary and binary semiconductors. As an example, the ZnSSe/ZnSe material system, which is of great interest for the development of blue semiconductor lasers, has been chosen. Two different models for the description of ternary semiconductors are compared, the thickness dependence and composition dependence of Z contrast are investigated, and the visibility of important interface structures in Z‐contrast micrographs is discussed. By comparison with experimental high resolution (∼ 0.21 nm) Z‐contrast micrographs, it is demonstrated how image simulation can facilitate the interpretation of experimental Z‐contrast micrographs.
Monte Carlo simulation of scanning electron microscope signals for lithographic metrology
Authors: Lowney Jeremiah R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTwo computer codes for simulating the backscattered, transmitted, and secondary‐electron signals from targets in a scanning electron microscope are described. The first code, MONSEL‐II, has a model target consisting of three parallel lines on a three‐layer substrate, while the second, MONSEL‐III, has a model target consisting of a two‐by‐two array of finite lines on a three‐layer substrate. Elastic electron scattering is determined by published fits to the Mott cross section. Both plasmon‐generated electrons and ionized valence electrons are included in the secondary production. An adjustable quantity, called the residual energy loss rate, is added to the formula of Joy and Luo to obtain the measured secondary yield. The codes show the effects of signal enhancement due to edge transmission, known as blooming, as well as signal reduction due to neighboring lines, known as the “black‐hole” effect.
Scanning reflection electron microscopy of surface topography by diffusely scattered electrons in the scanning electron microscope
Authors: Baba‐Kishi K. Z. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the technique of scanning reflection electron microscopy (SREM) by diffusely scattered electrons in the scanning electron microscope is described in detail. A qualitative account of the formation of image contrast in SREM is also described. It is assumed that, for grazing geometry, forward‐scattered electrons reflect from regions close to the surface, following a few scattering events within the first few atomic layers, and lose very little energy in the process. The penetration depth of the primary electrons is very limited, resulting in strongly peaked envelopes of forward‐scattered electrons. It is also assumed that a surface containing topographic features presents a range of tilt angles, resulting in different reflection coefficients. Tilt contrast results because each facet has a different scattering yield, which is dependent upon local surface inclination. Full details of the instrumentation designed for SREM are described, and to illustrate the technique, results recorded from an epitaxial GaAs on GaAs crystal, Pb2(Zr,Ta)O6 thin film on silicon, and SiO2 amorphous film on silicon are presented.
A natural color scanning electron microscopy image
Authors: Oho Eisaku , Ogashiwa Tkeshi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA method for obtaining a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image with natural color information (NCSEM image) has been developed by using an SEM operated under low vacuum or low voltage, a video microscope (VM), and a high‐performance personal computer. In order to produce an NCSEM image with both the fine structures of the SEM image and the color information included in the VM image, an improvement of the depth of focus in VM image is required. This can be successfully performed by some digital image processing techniques. A difference in resolution between the SEM image and the VM image does not disturb our study as shown in the text. In addition, the well‐known hue, saturation, intensity (HSI) color model, which is frequently utilized for color image manipulation, was originally altered for the present purpose.
Optimizing AC‐mode atomic force microscope imaging
Authors: Ho Huddee , West Paul 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe have operated an atomic force microscope in ambient air with several oscillating cantilever modes to establish the optimal scanning parameters to maximize image resolution and to minimize probe and sample damage. This was done by scanning a surface in air and correlating scan parameters such as oscillation amplitude and damping with image resolution. We also examined the geometry of the probe with a scanning electron microscope, before and after scanning, in order to determine whether the scanning technique had an effect on the geometry of the probe tip. If the probe is oscillated such that it contacts the surface on each oscillation, substantial damage or “wear” to the probe occurs and significant degradation of image quality was observed. In ambient air, the optimal conditions are achieved when the probe penetrates the contamination layer and reverses direction before touching the surface. Under these “near‐contact” conditions no probe damage is observed and high‐image resolution can be maintained indefinitely.
In vivo confocal microscopy of human skin: A new design for cosmetology and dermatology
Authors: Corcuff P. , Gonnord G. , Piérard G. E. , Lévěque J. L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn‐depth exploration of cellular structures in living human skin in situ is possible with the tandem scanning microscope (TSM). However, the rigid design of the microscope limited observations to the arms, hands, and fingers. A mobile version allowing the investigation of any parts of the body has been designed. The head containing the Nipkow disk and the optical path were the only part saved from the original TSM. This prototype can be used to observe, in real time, the different skin structures down to a depth of 200 μm and to measure the thickness of the different layers with micron precision level. The hydration of the stratum corneum (SC) could be assessed. For example, lengthy immersion of the hand in water led to an increase in SC thickness without affecting that of the living epidermis. Occlusive patch tests also showed that water and, even more so, propylene glycol, led to transient swelling of the SC. In dermatology, the example of psoriasis illustrated the value of the TSM for describing, measuring, and assessing pathologic skin changes. The availability of this noninvasive method for observing changes with time in a given skin site should prove useful for monitoring treatment efficacy. This tool opens up new insight for the investigation of cutaneous pathophysiology.
Enhanced scanning control in a confocal scanning laser microscope
Authors: Trepte Oliver 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA fast and flexible scanning unit, allowing scanning rates of more than 1 kHz over regions identified in a specimen, has been developed and evaluated. This scanning unit replaces the original scanning unit in the Phoibos confocal scanning laser microscope and features full backward compatibility, while at the same time allowing fast and flexible scanning modes, such as point scanning, line scanning, and scanning along user‐selected closed curves. The scanning unit uses two galvanometer‐mounted mirrors for scanning. A standard procedure for recordings with this scanning unit would be to scan an overview image with conventional raster scanning to identify a region of interest, mark a point, a line, or a closed curve over this region, and to start the scanner. An iterating algorithm then calculates the waveforms needed by the scanner to follow the identified curves with pixel precision. With this scanning unit and its controlling software, experiments demanding time‐resolved recordings within the millisecond range can be performed. Repetition rates up to >1 kHz for line scanning and curve scanning, and >100 kHz for point scanning are obtainable. This allows time‐resolved studies of fast reactions in living tissue to be performed with the spatial resolution and signal‐to‐noise ratio obtainable with a point scanning confocal microscope.
Secondary electron imaging in the variable pressure scanning electron microscope
Authors: Mohan A. , Khanna N. , Hwu J. , Joy D. C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSecondary electron imaging is not possible in the variable pressure scanning electron microscope because the mean free path of the secondaries in the gas is too short to permit them to reach the detector. This paper therefore investigates an alternative strategy for producing an image containing significant amounts of secondary electron contrast. This involves modifying the microscope by the addition of a biased electrode above the sample and then collecting a specimen current signal. This system, originally described by Farley and Shah (1988), is found to produce true secondary electron detail over a wide range of conditions.
The variogram method for characterization of scanning electron microscopy images
Authors: Bonetto R. D. , Ladaga J. L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSome aspects of the variogram method used for characterizing the surface texture through scanning electron microscopy images are discussed. The sample case, which presents periodicity in some scale, is extensively discussed. The variogram application is studied for characterizing also the region in which the information attainment about the fractal dimension is obstructed by the presence of the minimum in the variogram due to the above‐mentioned periodicity. The use of an invariant parameter at rotations is proposed to characterize the surface texture in such a region.
In vivo spatio‐temporal visualization of the human skin by real‐time confocal microscopy
Authors: Bertrand C. , Corcuff P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA modified tandem scanning confocal microscope is used to obtain in vivo images of the human skin in real time. Three‐dimensional and temporal visualizations are demonstrated with volume reconstruction and blood flow images. Two image processing methods based on Fourier transform and logarithmic processing are presented. Their applications in noise removal of the scanning disk lines and of the heterogeneity of light are illustrated.
Laser and tandem scanning confocal microscopic studies of rabbit corneal wound healing
Authors: Ichijima Hideji , Jester James V. , Petroll W. Matthew , Cavanagh H. Dwight 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe process of corneal endothelial wound healing was studied using laser and tandem scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM and TSCM). Following transcorneal freeze (TCF) injury, rabbit corneas were observed using ex vivo LSCM and in vivo TSCM. LSCM revealed the intracellular actin filament organization which, stained with phalloidin‐FITC, in migrating endothelial cells, transformed fibroblast‐like cells, stroma keratocytes, and epithelial cells during wound healing in corneal tissue. The TSCM provided sequential spatial observation of morphologic changes from endothelium to epithelium of the cornea during in vivo cellular repair of wound healing noninvasively on the same cornea without animal sacrifice. Ex vivo LSCM supported the morphologic analysis of the in vivo TSCM observations.
Observations of human corneal epithelium by tandem scanning confocal microscope
Authors: Tomii Satoshi , Kinoshita Shigeru 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe applied the tandem scanning confocal microscope (TSCM) to 30 healthy human corneas of 3 normal volunteers and 27 patients with cataract and retinal detachment to observe normal corneal epithelial cells in vivo. All corneas were normal under slit lamp microscopic examination. The superficial and basal epithelial cells close to the basal lamina in the central cornea were recorded on videotape and analyzed by a computer‐assisted digitizer. The mean cell areas of superficial cells exposed at the surface and basal cells at the horizontal section were 624 ± 109 μm2 and 66 ± 5 μm2, respectively. The ratio of superficial to basal mean cell area was 11.0 ± 4.5. TSCM was thus useful in evaluating the relationship between superficial and basal cells in human corneal epithelium in vivo.
The scanning optical microscope (Extracts on near‐field microscopy)—from a 1975 report
Authors: Kompfner R. , Sheppard C. J. R. , Walsh D. , Choudhury A. , Gannaway J. N. , Hale P. G. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe following consists of extracts concerning near‐field microscopy from a Progress Report prepared in April 1975 as Oxford University Engineering Laboratory Report No. 1883/77, describing work initiated by the late Professor R. Kompfner. Preliminary experimental work on near‐field microscopy is outlined, and a theory for contrast formation is presented.
Surface plasmon and guided optical wave microscopies
Authors: Aust E. F. , Sawodny M. , Ito S. , Knoll W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article summarizes some recent developments in the field of surface plasmon and guided optical wave microscopies. It is shown that these imaging techniques based on evanescent light allow for a quantitative optical characterization of ultrathin films with a thickness sensitivity of a few Ångstroms and a lateral resolution of μm.
Highly controllable fabrication of fiber probe for photon scanning tunneling microscope
Authors: Pangaribuan Togar , Jiang Shudong , Ohtsu Motoichi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA selective chemical etching was used to fabricate fiber probes for the photon scanning tunneling microscope (PSTM). The cladding diameter of the fiber probe was controlled by varying the first‐step etching time. The cone angle of the fiber probe tip was controlled by varying the doping ratio of the fiber and the composition of the etching solution. A cladding diameter of 8 μm and a tip diameter of about 3 nm were fabricated. The smallest cone angle was 14°.
Evanescent‐field scanning microscope with fourier‐transform infrared spectrometer
Authors: Nakano T. , Kawata S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAn evanescent‐field scanning microscope for infrared microanalysis has been developed. This microscope uses an evanescent field produced by total internal reflection with a high refractive index prism to attain a high spatial resolution, better than the wavelength. This microscope was combined with a Fourier‐transform spectrometer. The principle of the method and experimental results for edge detection at different absorption wavelengths are described.
Development of laser scanning microscopy using a near ultraviolet laser
Authors: Kashima Shingo 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe have developed a legitimate fluorescence con‐focal scanning microscope (CLSM) using a near ultraviolet (UV) laser. This system has almost no chromatic aberration from the near UV region to the visible region (350–600 nm), and the objectives are designed as water‐immersion type. Therefore this system provides the high‐quality fluorescence image excited by the near UV laser, and high‐quality image of deep points in a sample.
A comparison of techniques and images obtained using SEAM and SPAM
Authors: Severac H. , Marty‐Dessus D. , Franceschi J.‐L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractImages of a circuit have been obtained with similar techniques. Using two scanning acoustic microscopes—a SEAM (scanning electron acoustic microscope) and a SPAM (scanning photoacoustic microscope)—an examination of the surface and subsurface images has shown varied details while highlighting the differences between the above techniques. This paper presents in the first instance the experimental arrangements with the recorded results, followed by a comparison between them.