bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnoses and Interventions Pertinent to Intellectual Disability Nursing*
Authors: Sheerin Fintan K. 
Published: September 2010

PURPOSE.  The field of intellectual disability care in Ireland has been undergoing significant change, and this has called into question the role of specialist intellectual disability nursing. This review aims to identify the diagnoses and interventions that are employed by intellectual disability nurses. DATA SOURCES.  Exploration of the relevant professional literature, drawing on a broad scope of sources, was completed. DATA SYNTHESIS.  Examination and discussion within the taxonomic structure of the Nursing Interventions Classification. CONCLUSIONS.  Initial data set of diagnoses and interventions identified as a basis and justification for further systematic examination of specialist intellectual disability nursing practice. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE.  Explication and elaboration of the contribution of specialist nursing within intellectual disability care settings.
Third dredge-up in low-mass stars: solving the Large Magellanic Cloud carbon star mystery
Authors: Stancliffe Richard J. , Izzard Robert G. , Tout Christopher A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A long standing problem with asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star models has been their inability to produce the low-luminosity carbon stars in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC, respectively). Dredge-up must begin earlier and extend deeper. We find this for the first time in our models of LMC metallicity. Such features are not found in our models of SMC metallicity.
The fully implicit and simultaneous stellar evolution code stars has been used to calculate the evolution of AGB stars with metallicities of Z= 0.008 and Z= 0.004, corresponding to the observed metallicities of the LMC and SMC, respectively. Third dredge-up occurs in stars of 1 M⊙ and above and carbon stars were found for models between 1 M⊙ and 3 M⊙. We use the detailed models as input physics for a population synthesis code and generate carbon star luminosity functions. We now find that we are able to reproduce the carbon star luminosity function of the LMC without any manipulation of our models. The SMC carbon star luminosity function still cannot be produced from our detailed models unless the minimum core mass for third dredge-up is reduced by 0.06 M⊙.
The velocity distribution of Sloan Digital Sky Survey satellites in Modified Newtonian Dynamics
Authors: Angus G. W. , Famaey B. , Tiret O. , Combes F. , Zhao H. S. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The recent Sloan Digital Sky Survey measured velocity distribution of satellite galaxies has been modelled in the context of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). We show that even when the extra constraint of adhering to the projected satellite number density profile is added, the two line-of-sight (los) velocity dispersion profiles presented in Klypin & Prada can be matched simply with a radially varying anisotropy. Interestingly, the anisotropies required to fit the los velocity dispersions are remarkably similar to the anisotropies generated by dissipationless collapse simulations in MOND. The mass-to-light ratios of the two host galaxies used are sensible, and positivity of the distribution function is satisfied.
Effects of selection and covariance on X-ray scaling relations of galaxy clusters
Authors: Nord B. , Stanek R. , Rasia E. , Evrard A. E. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
We explore how the behaviour of galaxy cluster scaling relations are affected by flux-limited selection biases and intrinsic covariance among observable properties. Our models presume log-normal covariance between luminosity (L) and temperature (T) at fixed mass (M), centred on evolving, power-law mean relations as a function of host halo mass. Selection can mimic evolution; the L—M and L—T relations from shallow X-ray flux-limited samples will deviate from mass-limited expectations at nearly all scales while the relations from deep surveys (10−14 erg s−1 cm−2) become complete, and therefore unbiased, at masses above ∼2 × 1014h−1 M⊙. We derive expressions for low-order moments of the luminosity distribution at fixed temperature, and show that the slope and scatter of the L—T relation observed in flux-limited samples is sensitive to the assumed L—T correlation coefficient. In addition, L—T covariance affects the redshift behaviour of halo counts and mean luminosity in a manner that is nearly degenerate with intrinsic population evolution.
A time–luminosity correlation for γ-ray bursts in the X-rays
Authors: Dainotti M. G. , Cardone V. F. , Capozziello S. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
γ-ray bursts (GRBs) have recently attracted much attention as a possible way to extend the Hubble diagram to a very high redshift. However, the large scatter in their intrinsic properties prevents directly using them as a distance indicator so that the hunt is open for a relation involving an observable property to standardize GRBs in the same way as the Phillips law makes it possible to use Type Ia supernovae as standardizable candles. We use here the data on the X-ray decay curve and spectral index of a sample of GRBs observed with the Swift satellite. These data are used as input to a Bayesian statistical analysis looking for a correlation between the X-ray luminosity LX(Ta) and the time constant Ta of the afterglow curve. We find a linear relation between log [LX(Ta)] and log [Ta/(1 +z)] with an intrinsic scatter σint= 0.33 comparable to previously reported relations. Remarkably, both the slope and the intrinsic scatter are almost independent on the matter density ΩM and the constant equation of state w of the dark energy component thus suggesting that the circularity problem is alleviated for the LX–Ta relation.
IGR J16479–4514: the first eclipsing supergiant fast X-ray transient?
Authors: Bozzo E. , Stella L. , Israel G. , Falanga M. , Campana S. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Supergiant fast X-ray transients (SFXTs) are a new class of high-mass X-ray binaries recently discovered with INTEGRAL. Hours-long outbursts from these sources have been observed on numerous occasions at luminosities of ∼1036–1037 erg s−1, whereas their low-level activity at ∼1032–1034 erg s−1 has not been deeply investigated yet due to the paucity of long pointed observations with high-sensitivity X-ray telescopes. Here, we report on the first long (∼32 ks) pointed XMM–Newton observation of IGR J16479−4514, a member of this new class. This observation was carried out in 2008 March, shortly after an outburst from this source, with the main goal of investigating its low-level emission and physical mechanisms that drive the source activity. Results from the timing, spectral and spatial analysis of the EPIC-PN XMM–Newton observation show that the X-ray source IGR J16479−4514 underwent an episode of sudden obscuration, possibly an X-ray eclipse by the supergiant companion. We also found evidence for a soft X-ray extended halo around the source that is most readily interpreted as due to scattering by dust along the line of sight to IGR J16479−4514. We discuss this result in the context of the gated accretion scenarios that have been proposed to interpret the behaviour of SFXT.
A new interesting source in Chandra field: a pulsar wind nebula?
Authors: Bhattacharyya Sudip 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
We report the detection of a point source CXO J172337.5−373442 in a Chandra field with a high significance (26.7σ), and the discovery (4σ) of a 48 arcsec long X-ray tail emanating from the point source. The X-ray spectra of both the point source and the tail are well described with a single absorbed power law, and the tail is harder (power-law index Γ= 0.14+0.59−0.68) than the point source (Γ= 1.78+0.13−0.11). From this first detailed spatial, spectral and timing X-ray analysis of CXO J172337.5−373442, and from a plausible optical counterpart found from the archives, we conclude that this source is either a Galactic high-mass X-ray binary with an X-ray jet or a Galactic pulsar with its ‘pulsar wind nebula’ seen as the X-ray tail. Although the currently available data are not enough to distinguish between these two candidates with certainty, a detailed comparison of their known properties with those of CXO J172337.5−373442 favours the latter type. If this identification is correct, then the pulsar should be middle-aged or old, that has escaped from its supernova remnant, and the X-ray tail should originate from the synchrotron emission from either of the following locations: (i) a shocked region or (ii) a jet emanating from the pulsar's magnetosphere.
EXTRACTION OF LIPIDS FROM EXTRUDED CORN‐SOY BLENDS1
Authors: STRANGE ELIZABETH D. , SCHAICH KAREN M. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTExtruded corn‐soy products developed for the US AID Food for Peace program contain high levels of lipids (about 12%) and vitamins and minerals, including oxidation‐sensitive vitamins A and C and iron. Because lipid stability is probably the most important factor in maintaining long‐term storage stability of these products, being able to analyze lipid content and oxidation is critical. In cereals, substantial amounts of lipid are bound to starch, making cereal lipids notoriously difficult to extract. Conventional methods such as acid hydrolysis, hot water‐saturated butanol, and exhaustive soxlet extractions result in damage to the lipids and thus give inaccurate measures of lipid stability. A new method of extracting lipids from cereal‐based products without damage is proposed using pretreatment with α‐amylase to digest the starch and release bound lipids. One gram of the product is slurried with 25 mg α‐amylase in water and incubated for 16 h. Lipids are then extracted from this mixture with 2:1 (v/v) dichloromethane or chloroform:methanol. This procedure was quantitative, extracting 98.7% of the lipid, and it gave an extract suitable for analysis of fatty acid contents and lipid oxidation products, e.g. peroxide values, and carbonyl contents.
CORRELATION OF QUALITY OF FRYING OIL AND OIL EXTRACTED FROM POTATO FRITTERS FRIED IN LIQUID AND PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED RAPESEED OILS
Authors: HAZUKA ZDZILLAWA , PAWLOWICZ ROMAN , TYNEK MARIA , DROZDOWSKI BRONISLAW 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe increase in consumption of food fried in the so‐called ‘deep‐frying‐oil’entails the necessity of knowledge of both thermooxidative transformation occuring in the frying medium and chemical composition of oil absorbed by the fried product. The aim of this study was to correlate the quality of frying medium and oil extracted from potato fritters fried under rigorously controlled laboratory conditions in liquid and partially hydrogenated rapeseed oils. Oxidation and polymerization reactions predominated during deep frying of potato fritters in both frying media, but hydrolysis occured only to a small degree. The peroxide value was not a suitable quality control indicator for monitoring the thermooxidative transformation during deep frying. The most suitable method for examining such transformations was to study the content and composition of the polar fraction. A correlation existed between the amount of polymers and oxidized triacylglycerols (TAGs) and the amount of polar fraction. Small differences existed in the content of thermooxidative transformation products in the frying medium and the oil extracted from potato fritters. By monitoring anisidine value (AnV), E1%1cm and the content and composition of the polar fraction in the frying medium, it was possible to evaluate the quality of the fat in the fritters. Thus, the use of partially hydrogenated compared to liquid rapeseed oil in deep frying process may be preferred because at the same content of polar fraction and its components partially hydrogenated rapeseed oil contained a lesser amount of secondary oxidation products.
BATCH ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF DHA‐CONTAINING STRUCTURED LIPIDS
Authors: YANKAH VIVIENNE V. , AKOH CASIMIR C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTFortification of processed foods with n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) is rarely practiced in North America. This study utilized, DHA single cell oil (DHASCO), an algal source of PUFA (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), for the synthesis of structured lipids (SL) and compared the oxidative stability and melting characteristics of the products with those of native DHASCO as control. Immobilized lipase, IM60 from Rhizomucor miehei was the biocatalyst. DHASCO was modified with caprylic, oleic, or stearic acids as acyl donors, in a stirred‐batch reactor, to produce three different SL. The reactions were performed at 55C for 48 h in n‐hexane for caprylic and oleic acid SL, and at 60C for stearic acid‐SL. Mole ratio of substrates were 1:6 for DHASCO‐C8:0, 1:2 for DHASCO‐C18:1, and 1:1 for DHASCO‐C18:0. Mol% incorporation and the fatty acids at the sn‐2 position of the SL were determined by gas chromatography (GC).After DHASCO oil modification, mol% of the incorporated fatty acids were 47.6, 46.3 and 31.2 for C8:0, C18:1, and C18:0‐containing SL, respectively. Alkaline extraction was a better deacidification method than short‐path distillation, and reduced free fatty acid levels to 0.3% in all SL. DHA was the predominant fatty acid at the sn‐2 position in all the SL. DHASCO melting peak was ‐10.6C. The melting peaks for the SL were ‐10 and ‐6.2C for oleic‐SL, ‐8.1 and ‐0.7C for caprylic‐SL, and 16.0, 20.4, and 34.4C for stearic‐SL. Oxidative stability studies showed that SL were less stable to oxidation than DHASCO, with DHASCO‐18:0 being the most susceptible. With the addition of adequate antioxidants, such SL products synthesized from DHASCO will be stabilized and may be useful in DHA fortification of processed foods such as nutrition bars, dressings, infant formula or in functional foods.
LIPASE‐CATALYZED PRODUCTION OF STRUCTURED LIPIDS VIA ACIDOLYSIS OF FISH OIL WITH CAPRYLIC ACID
Authors: ZHOU DEQUAN , XU XUEBING , MU HUILING , HØY CARL‐ERIK , ADLER‐NISSEN JENS 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTStructured lipids containing eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were manufactured in a batch reactor by lipase‐catalyzed acidolysis of fish oil with caprylic acid. The following free lipases (Lipase AP, Aspergillus niger; Lipase P, Pseudomonus sp.; Lipase AY, Candida rugosa; Lipase AK, Pseudomonas fluoresescens; Lipase F, Rhizopus oryzae; Lipase D, Rhizopus delemar) were screened under selected reaction conditions. The conditions were enzyme load 5%, substrate mole ratio 1:6 (fish oil: caprylic acid), and reaction temperature of 50C. Lipase AK had the highest activity and was suitable for production of structured lipids from fish oil. The optimal mole substrate ratio of fish oil to caprylic acid for Lipase AK was 1:6 to 1:8. The time course of the reaction at different enzyme loads demonstrated that 40% incorporation of caprylic acid could be obtained for Lipase AK in 5 h with 10% enzyme load. Addition of water had little effect on the activity of the lipase. Lipase AK and Lipozyme IM were further compared under the same conditions, in which Lipase AK had a slightly higher incorporation of caprylic acid, similar acyl migration of caprylic acid from sn‐1,3 positions to the sn‐2 position, and a slightly lower selectivity towards docosahexaenoic acid.
ANTIOXIDANT CHEMISTRY OF GREEN TEA CATECHINS: OXIDATION PRODUCTS OF (‐)‐EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE AND (‐)‐EPIGALLOCATECHIN WITH PEROXIDASE
Authors: ZHU NANQUN , SANG SHENGMIN , HUANG TZOU‐CHI , BAI NAISHENG , YANG CHUNG S. , HO CHI‐TANG 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTTea catechins display possible antitumor activities which are believed to be mainly due to their antioxidative effects. However, the specific mechanisms of the antioxidant action of tea catechins remain unclear. In this study, (‐)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and (‐)‐epigallocatechin (EGC) were reacted with peroxidase in the presence of H2O2 to produce two oxidation products. These two products were determined as the symmetric dimer of EGCG and EGC, respectively. Thus, the trihydroxyphenyl B‐ring, rather than galloyl moiety, was the more active site of antioxidant reaction. Moreover, this study provided some insight into the specific mechanism of antioxidant reactions of tea catechins, and a possible mechanism is proposed.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF KERNEL OIL FROM AMYGDALUS SCOPARIA GROWING WILD IN IRAN
Authors: FARHOOSH REZA , TAVAKOLI JAVAD 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAmygdalus scoparia kernel (ASK) oil showed significantly higher unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio (7.50) and calculated oxidizability value (3.23) than those of olive oil (4.61, 2.75). Significant differences existed between physicochemical indices of the ASK and olive oils. Peroxide value (meq/kg), acid value, iodine value, saponification number, refractive index, dynamic viscosity (cP) and density (g/cm3) of the ASK and olive oils were 0.38 and 0.83, 0.53 and 0.33, 97.32 and 84.12, 98.60 and 177.79, 1.4639 and 1.465, 113.16 and 104.48, and 0.9229 and 0.9091, respectively. Unsaponifiable matter contents, which were mainly composed of sterols, for the ASK and olive oils were 5.32 and 1.60%, respectively. Total tocopherols and phenolics contents of the ASK oil (744.98 and 37.18 mg/kg) were significantly higher than those of olive oil (365.59 and 15.65 mg/kg). Wax contents were statistically in the same range of 4.08–5.18%. Oxidative stability data indicated that the ASK oil is more resistant to the formation of primary, secondary and tertiary products of lipid oxidation.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis research introduces Amygdalus scoparia, a species of almond growing wild in Iran, as a valuable source of vegetable oil for human nutrition and health with relatively high oxidative stability.
COMPARISON OF THE LIPID‐LOWERING EFFECTS OF NICOTINIC ACID AND 2,5‐DIMETHYLPYRAZINE IN RATS
Authors: KAGAMI KEISUKE , ONDA KENJI , HIRANO TOSHIHIKO , OKA KITARO 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT It has been known that nicotinic acid (NA) binds to G protein‐coupled receptor, GPR109A or HM74, on adipocytes, resulting in decreasing plasma non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA). A drawback of lipid‐lowering therapy by NA comes from a rebound phenomenon found in plasma NEFA concentration. The compound 2,5‐dimethylpyrazine (2,5‐DMP), one of the Maillard reaction products, is known to be metabolized in the liver to 5‐methylpyrazinoic acid, which binds to GPR109A as well as NA. We have previously reported that 2,5‐DMP has an NEFA‐lowering effect in rats. Here, we compare the effect of 2,5‐DMP with those of NA on the blood concentration of NEFA. The most characteristic feature of NA was found in the rebound phenomenon that was not observed in 2,5‐DMP. Co‐administration of 2,5‐DMP with NA did not show the rebound, resulting in continuous low concentrations of plasma NEFA. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn this study, we compared the non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA)‐lowering effects of 2,5‐dimethylpyrazine (2,5‐DMP) and nicotinic acid (NA), which is found in roasted coffee. Administration of NA to rats induced the “NEFA rebound” while 2,5‐DMP did not. Furthermore, co‐administration of 2,5‐DMP with NA did not result in the “NEFA rebound,” giving continuous low concentrations of plasma NEFA. Although the amount of 2,5‐DMP in coffee is very low, many kinds of Maillard reaction products such as 2,5‐DMP are found in roasted coffee. We also reported that some Maillard reaction products have NEFA‐lowering effects. Therefore, we suggest that 2,5‐DMP and other Maillard reaction products may be useful to suppress the “NEFA rebound” induced by NA.
CHANGES IN LEVELS OF PLASMA TOTAL CHOLESTEROL, TRIACYLGLYCEROL AND PHOSPHOLIPID IN MICE FED ERABU SEA SNAKE (LATICAUDA SEMIFASCIATA) LIPIDS DIET
Authors: HIGUCHI TOMOYUKI , SHIRAI NOBUYA , SUZUKI HIRAMITSU , SHIMIZU EIJI 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT The effects of dietary Erabu sea snake lipids on changes in plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and phospholipid levels of male Crlj : CD‐1 (ICR) mice was evaluated. Mice were fed three different experimental diets containing 6% lard, 6% Erabu sea snake lipid and 6% fish oil, respectively. Total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and phospholipid levels in plasma collected at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 were measured. Levels of plasma total cholesterol and phospholipids in the sea snake dietary group were significantly reduced at weeks 8‐16 from the start of the trial, and plasma triacylglycerol was significantly reduced at week 16, while those in the lard dietary group remained unchanged and/or increased during the period of feeding trial. Plasma total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were significantly lower in sea snake lipids as well as fish oil dietary groups than in the lard dietary group at weeks 4–16. The results suggest that Erabu sea snake lipids rapidly induce reduction of plasma lipid levels at week 4 and reduction of plasma lipids and glucose in mice fed the sea snake lipids diet was influenced by the presence of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the feed. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSErabu sea snake lipids have large amounts of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and a lowering‐effect on levels of plasma and hepatic total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, phospholipid and plasma glucose in mice similar to fish oil. The sea snake lipids may serve as a beneficial food with regard to lipid and glucose metabolism.
EFFECT OF CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID ON GROWTH, LIPID METABOLISM AND LIVER PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR‐ACTIVATED RECEPTOR EXPRESSION OF LARGE YELLOW CROAKER (PSEUDOSCIAENA CROCEA R.)*
Authors: ZHAO Z.Y. , WU T.X. , TANG H.G. , PAN X.D. , ZHANG J.Z. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT One thousand six hundred fish were divided into four groups and were reared in eight cages. Four dietary treatments that contained either 0, 1, 2 or 4% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were formulated. Dietary CLA had no effect on growth, biometric parameters and lipid content (P > 0.05), whereas some significant effects on the fatty acid composition in both muscle and liver were observed. The activity of lipogenic enzymes was depressed in fish fed on increasing CLA levels. Dietary CLA significantly increased the saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), whereas it decreased monounsaturated fatty acids in tissues. The expression of PPARαand PPARγ(Peroxisome proliferators‐activated receptor alpha and gamma) in liver was significantly higher in fish fed dietary CLA (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that large yellow croakers are capable of absorbing and depositing CLA and long‐chain n‐3 PUFA in their liver and muscle, showing that this species fed CLA could be beneficial in the human diet.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis research is strongly oriented to aquaculture applications. The results of the study demonstrates the effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism and provides theoretical basis to prepare specialized diet for large yellow croaker.
EFFECT OF ADDITION OF LOW SUGAR RAISINS (LSR) ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CAKES DURING STORAGE
Authors: MANDALA I.G. , DAOUAHER M. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT The influence of low sugar raisins (LSR) on the physical properties of cakes containing different quantities of raisins (0–25%) during a short storage of 7 days was investigated. Porosity, crumb density, moisture content, sorption isotherms of raisins, weight loss and mechanical properties (compression and relaxation experiments) were determined for cakes during storage. During the first 3 days of storage slight changes are observed in the physical properties of all cakes. Thereafter, density and weight loss increase, the porosity decreases and samples become firmer. Control cakes are less firm but also more elastic, and the solid‐like materials show the greatest porosity reduction and shrinkage during storage. Raisins in cakes absorb water at the beginning of storage. As the quantity of raisins increases, their moisture content during storage changes less. Cakes containing 25% raisins have the lowest weight loss during storage. Although their firmness increases during storage, their viscoelastic properties remain constant.