bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drivers of host plant shifts in the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica: natural enemies or competition?
Authors: ZVEREVA ELENA L. , KRUGLOVA OKSANA YU. , KOZLOV MIKHAIL V. 
Published: July 2010

1. The leaf beetle, Chrysomela lapponica, originally uses the salicyl glucosides (SGs) of its host plants to sequester salicylaldehyde, which serves as a defence against generalist enemies but attracts specialist enemies. However, some populations of C. lapponica have shifted to SG‐poor hosts, and their secretions do not contain salicylaldehyde.2. In was suggested that beetles shift to SG‐poor hosts to escape from specialist enemies. To test this hypothesis, we compared field mortality between two populations of C. lapponica that were associated with SG‐rich willow, Salix myrsinifolia (Kola Peninsula and Finland) and two populations that fed on SG‐poor willows, S. glauca (Ural) and S. caprea (Belarus).3. Mortality from generalist enemies was significantly higher in Belarus than in three other populations, whereas mortality from specialists did not differ among populations. A specialist predator (syrphid fly larvae, Parasyrphus nigritarsis) and specialist parasitoids (phorid flies, Megaselia spp.) were attracted to the secretions of larvae reared on both SG‐rich and SG‐poor hosts.4. Feeding on leaves of S. caprea and S. myrsinifolia both previously damaged by leaf puncturing and by the larvae of potentially competing species Chrysomela vigintipunctata, decreased the weight and prolonged the development of C. lapponica.5. Thus, populations of C. lapponica that have shifted to SG‐poor willow species did not obtain enemy‐free space because specialist enemies have developed adaptations to herbivores that switched to a novel host plant. We suggest that in some populations host plant shift was favoured by interspecific competition with the early season SG‐using specialist, C. vigintipunctata.
Turning northern peatlands upside down: disentangling microclimate and substrate quality effects on vertical distribution of Collembola
Authors: Krab Eveline J. , Oorsprong Hilde , Berg Matty P. , Cornelissen Johannes H.C. 
Published: July 2010

Summary 1. Although direct contributions of soil invertebrates to carbon turnover are modest, they have a disproportionally large indirect impact through their control over the activity of microbial decomposers. Shifts in soil invertebrate species distribution might have a substantial effect on the decomposition process because their functional role depends on the species’ vertical position in soils. Gradients in microclimate and substrate quality and structure largely determine the vertical position of soil invertebrates. Because of the possible impact of climate change on soil invertebrate distribution, and consequently on decomposition, it is important to know the relative contributions of microclimate and substrate quality to the vertical distribution patterns of soil invertebrates. 2. We studied this for springtails (Collembola) as a keystone group in cool and cold biomes, by turning peat cores in a subarctic blanket bog upside down, thereby reversing the substrate quality gradient and leaving temperature and moisture gradients intact. 3. Two opposing groups of springtail species could be distinguished with respect to their abundance responses along the vertical gradient: (i) species that remain associated with the stratum they were originally found in (‘stayers’) and (ii) species that re‐establish the original stratification pattern, by remigration either to the top or deeper layers, irrespective of any substrate quality change (‘movers’). Within the ‘mover’ response pattern, the direction of their migration in response to microclimate changes seemed to coincide with their ecomorphological traits. 4. Our results not only demonstrate that springtail species differ in their responses to changes in climate or substrate quality; they also suggest that interspecific faunal trait variation may provide a useful tool to predict animal responses to climatic changes.
Impact of growth temperature on scaling relationships linking photosynthetic metabolism to leaf functional traits
Authors: Atkinson Lindsey J. , Campbell Catherine D. , Zaragoza‐Castells Joana , Hurry Vaughan , Atkin Owen K. 
Published: July 2010

Summary 1. Scaling relationships linking photosynthesis (A) to leaf traits are important for predicting vegetation patterns and plant‐atmosphere carbon fluxes. Here, we investigated the impact of growth temperature on such scaling relationships. 2. We assessed whether changes in growth temperature systematically altered the slope and/or intercepts of log–log plots of A vs leaf mass per unit leaf area (LMA), nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations for 19 contrasting plant species grown hydroponically at four temperatures (7, 14, 21 and 28 °C) in controlled environment cabinets. Responses of 21 °C‐grown pre‐existing (PE) leaves experiencing a 10 day growth temperature (7, 14, 21 and 28 °C) treatment, and newly‐developed (ND) leaves formed at each of the four new growth temperatures, were quantified. Irrespective of the growth temperature treatment, rates of light‐saturated photosynthesis (A) were measured at 21 °C. 3. Changes in growth temperature altered the scaling between A and leaf traits in pre‐existing (PE) leaves, with thermal history accounting for up to 17% and 31% of the variation on a mass and area basis, respectively. However, growth temperature played almost no role in accounting for scatter when comparisons were made of newly‐developed (ND) leaves that form at each growth temperature. 4. Photosynthetic nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency (PNUE and PPUE, respectively) decreased with increasing LMA. No systematic differences in temperature‐mediated reductions in PNUE or PPUE of PE leaves were found among species. 5. Overall, these results highlight the importance of leaf development in determining the effects of sustained changes in growth temperature on scaling relationships linking photosynthesis to other leaf traits.
The role of constraints and limitation in driving individual variation in immune response
Authors: Ardia Daniel R. , Parmentier Henk K. , Vogel Laura A. 
Published: July 2010

Summary 1. Life history theory predicts that immunity should be plastic and reflect environmental contexts. However, individual variation in immune investment may arise not just because of individual adjustment, but because of developmental, physiological, genetic or immunological constraints which lead to non‐adaptive responses by limiting or eliminating flexibility in immune investment. Constraints can arise because organisms are single integrated units with interconnected and interacting components, in which physiological and genetic control mechanisms may limit or constrain immunity. We review some of the key underlying genetic and physiological factors that may constrain the occurrence and intensity of immune responses. 2. A major part of individual variability may rest on variation in genetic background. Genetic‐based constraints can limit or influence immune responses, particularly through pleiotropy and epistatic interactions. In addition, genetic variation, an important driver of variation in antigen recognition and immune system polarization, can be constrained through linkage disequilibrium and genetic drift. Epigenetic changes can also constrain or limit immune responses in future generations based on individual experience. 3. The immune system itself can influence individual flexibility in immune investment. Throughout development individuals face tradeoffs within the immune system that favour the expression of one trait at the expense of another. Ontogenetic differences can cause juveniles and adults to produce entirely different immune responses to the same pathogen. T‐helper 1 (Th1)/T‐helper 1 (Th2) polarization during infection also imposes constraints upon an individual’s immune responsiveness, with the consequence that hosts cannot simultaneously mount strong responses using both Th1 and Th2 cells. In addition, evidence suggests that flexibility in immune responses becomes constrained with age through accumulation of memory cells at the expense of naïve cells, decreased function of cells involved in adaptive and innate immunity, and programming of HPA‐immune interactions. 4. In summary, selection on a particular immune trait can have effects on other immune components or phenotypic characters, as revealed by artificial selection studies. In particular selection for increased investment in compartments of the immune system leads to decreased investment in other competing life history functions and/or marked changes in other immune components. The role of past experience, even the past experience of parents, may limit and constrain immune responses through influencing the ontogeny of immunity, as well as through epigenetic influences.
Innate immune stimuli modulate bone marrow‐derived dendritic cell production in vitro by toll‐like receptor‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms
Authors: Downes Joan E. , Marshall‐Clarke Stuart 
Published: July 2010

SummaryHaematopoiesis is crucial for immunity because it results in the production of leucocytes. Bacterial and viral infections alter leucocyte production by promoting granulopoiesis or lymphopoiesis. Recent studies suggest that changes in leucocyte production may be caused by the effects of inflammatory responses on the differentiation of haematopoietic progenitors in the bone marrow. We investigated the mechanisms through which infection regulates the formation of bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in vitro. We mimicked infection by stimulating developing cells with molecules associated with bacteria and viruses and with inactivated influenza viruses. We showed that toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligands act as modulators of haematopoiesis, and that signalling through different TLRs results in differing effects on the production of BMDCs. We demonstrated that ligands for TLR3 and influenza viruses reduce the production of BMDCs, resulting in increased neutrophil numbers, and that ligands for TLR4 and TLR9 drive the production of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Furthermore, there are distinct signalling mechanisms involved in these effects. Signalling pathways triggered by TLR4 and TLR9 involve MyD88 and are partially mediated by the cytokine tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). Mechanisms activated by TLR3 were Tir‐domain‐containing adaptor‐inducing interferon dependent. Haematopoietic modulation induced by inactivated influenza viruses was associated with the activation of an antiviral pathway mediated by type‐1 interferons.
Measurements of foraging success in a highly pelagic marine predator, the northern elephant seal
Authors: Robinson Patrick W. , Simmons Samantha E. , Crocker Daniel E. , Costa Daniel P. 
Published: July 2010

Summary 1. Identification of foraging behaviour and the ability to assess foraging success is critical to understanding individual and between‐species variation in habitat use and foraging ecology. For pelagic predators, behaviour‐dependent foraging metrics are commonly used to identify important foraging areas, yet few of these metrics have been validated. 2. Using the northern elephant seal as a model species, we validated the use of a behaviour‐independent measure of foraging success (changes in drift rate) at the scale of the entire foraging migration, and then used this to assess a variety of common foraging metrics that are based on movement patterns and dive behaviour. Transit rate consistently provided the best estimate of daily foraging success, although the addition of other metrics provides insight into different foraging behaviours or strategies. 3. While positive changes in buoyancy occurred throughout most of the migrations, implying successful feeding across much of the north Pacific, the areas of most rapid changes in buoyancy occurred along a latitudinal band (40–50° N) corresponding to a dynamic hydrographic region including Subarctic Gyre and Transition Zone waters. 4. These results support the use of transit rate as an index of foraging success: a metric that is easily derived from tracking measurements on a wide range of marine species.
Pre‐screening acoustic and other natural signatures for use in noninvasive individual identification
Authors: Pollard Kimberly A. , Blumstein Daniel T. , Griffin Suzanne C. 
Published: July 2010

Summary1.Common ecological tasks, such as wildlife monitoring, adaptive management, and behavioural study, often make use of natural signatures (e.g. animal calls or visual markings) to identify individual animals noninvasively. However, there is no accepted method for pre‐screening candidate natural signatures to select which signatures are the best‐suited for this purpose. In this paper, we suggest a pre‐screening checklist and focus on the challenge of assessing a candidate signature’s individuality.2.Individuality is critical, as the use of low‐individuality natural signatures can lead to misidentification of individuals and therefore bias estimation of population parameters and population response to management actions. An information‐based metric of individuality could assist researchers with selecting suitable signatures by allowing comparison among candidate signatures and providing an estimate of how many individuals may be reliably discriminated using a particular signature.3.Before an individuality metric can be used to pre‐screen natural signatures, the metric must first be calculated from preliminary sampling and must be robust to typical sampling concerns. We used field‐collected animal vocalizations as well as simulations to test how robust the metric is to variation in sampling design.4.We found that the metric is fairly robust to the number of animals sampled and the number of sessions (e.g. calling bouts) analysed, but that it is sensitive to the number of observations per session.5. Synthesis and applications. Managers and researchers could save time and energy and improve the accuracy of estimates (such as abundance, survival, or population response) based on individual identification by first pre‐screening candidate natural signatures for their individuality. As long as the number of observations per session is controlled, the relative values of the individuality metric can be meaningfully compared. The metric can thus be used as a tool to estimate relative individuality and so facilitates a difficult step in choosing a natural signature for noninvasive individual identification. We include instructions on how to calculate and interpret the individuality metric.
The effect of HLA mismatch on highly sensitized renal allograft recipients
Authors: Paramesh Anil S. , Zhang Rubin , Baber John , Yau C. L. , Slakey Douglas P. , Killackey Mary T. , Ren Qing , Sullivan Karen , Heneghan Jean , Florman Sander S. 
Published: July 2010

Paramesh AS, Zhang R, Baber J, Yau CL, Slakey DP, Killackey MT, Ren Q, Sullivan K, Heneghan J, Florman SS. The effect of HLA mismatch on highly sensitized renal allograft recipients.  Clin Transplant 2010: 24: E247–E252. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Introduction:  We examined the effects of increasing human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatches (MM) on long‐term graft outcomes in patients transplanted with a panel reactive antibody (PRA) >80% over a 10‐yr period.Methods:  A total of 142 recipients were divided into three groups based on the number of HLA MM with their allograft (0–2, 3–4 and 5–6 MM; Groups I, II and III). All patients received the same immunosuppression protocol.Results:  The higher MM groups had a higher incidence of rejection (4.4% vs. 11.4% vs. 31.3%, p < 0.01). A multivariate analysis showed that rejection was the only significant variable affecting graft loss (OR = 7.45, p = 0.01). There was a trend toward more CMV infection and worse graft function with higher MM. Kaplan–Meier five‐yr graft survival estimates were 100% vs. 81% vs. 74% for Groups I, II and III, respectively (p = 0.14).Conclusions:  In patients with PRA levels >80%, a higher HLA MM is associated with higher incidence of acute rejection. Acute rejection was the only significant variable affecting graft loss. We found a trend toward more CMV infections and worse graft outcomes with higher MM. Closer HLA matching and immunologic monitoring needs to be considered to improve graft outcomes among sensitized recipients.
A prospective randomized study comparing cyclosporine versus tacrolimus combined with daclizumab, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids in heart transplantation
Authors: Sánchez‐Lázaro Ignacio J. , Almenar Luis , Martínez‐Dolz Luis , Buendía‐Fuentes Francisco , Agüero Jaime , Navarro‐Manchón Josep , Vicente José‐Luis , Salvador Antoinio 
Published: July 2010

Sánchez‐Lázaro IJ, Almenar L, Martínez‐Dolz L, Buendía‐Fuentes F, Agüero J, Navarro‐Manchón J, Vicente J‐L, Salvador A. A prospective randomized study comparing cyclosporine versus tacrolimus combined with daclizumab, mycophenolate mofetil and steroids in heart transplantation. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 606–613. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.AbstractBackground:  Cyclosporine (CsA) and tacrolimus (Tac) in heart transplantation (HTx) have been compared but with certain drawbacks. We compared both drugs in a prospective analysis with medium‐term follow‐up.Methods:  Hundred and six patients were randomized to receive CsA or Tac (53 per group). Target levels of CsA were 200–300 ng/mL in the first six months and 100–200 ng/mL thereafter. Tac levels were 10–15 and 5–10 ng/mL, respectively. We also used daclizumab as induction and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and steroids as maintenance therapy.Results:  Baseline characteristics were similar. Survival (CsA 88.7% vs. Tac 81.1%; p = 0.493) was similar. There was a tendency for longer time to first rejection with CsA (93 ± 110 vs. 55 ± 81 d; p = 0.122). There were more rejection‐free patients with Tac (39 vs. 28%; p = 0.233). CsA patients suffered more viral infections (0.41 ± 0.58 vs. 0.11 ± 0.31; p = 0.003). CsA patients developed hypertension often (64 vs. 43%; p = 0.032). Tac patients suffered more gastrointestinal complications (16 vs. 6%; p = 0.042). Renal function and the development of diabetes, dyslipidemia, or neurological complications was similar.Conclusions:  Tac patients showed a tendency for longer time to first rejection, and there were more rejection‐free patients with Tac and suffered fewer viral infections. Tac patients developed less hypertension and needed less drugs for its control. Renal function was similar in both groups.
Are deep‐sea demersal fish assemblages globally homogenous? Insights from seamounts
Authors: Clark Malcolm R. , Althaus Franziska , Williams Alan , Niklitschek Edwin , Menezes Gui M. , Hareide Nils‐Roar , Sutton Philip , O’Donnell Ciaran 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDeep‐sea fishes have been poorly sampled globally, and overall knowledge of demersal fish distributions and the drivers of community composition and diversity remain limited. Here, we used nine comparable datasets with species‐level identification of fishes from research surveys around the world to test the hypothesis that deep‐sea demersal fish assemblage composition on seamounts is consistent between major oceans. Two levels of analysis were undertaken: the first combined all presence‐absence data from a seamount, while a second more detailed analysis included catch weight data based on a smaller number of seamounts. Overall, there was a consistent separation of seamounts by region based on the compositions of their fish assemblages. New Zealand and SE Australian seamounts have a very similar ichthyofauna, which differs substantially from seamounts in the eastern South Pacific Ocean off Chile. In the North Atlantic, Bear Seamount appears to be distinct from all others, while seamount fish assemblages off Ireland, the Azores, and Faraday Seamount have some affinities. The Tasman Sea and New Caledonian seamounts show strong intra‐regional variation. On an ocean basin scale we therefore reject the hypothesis that the composition of deep‐sea demersal fish fauna is homogeneous globally. However, regional patterns of both species composition and relative abundance show some similarities between widely separated geographical locations, especially where orange roughy is a dominant species. Salinity was the main environmental factor identified in a multivariate analysis of environmental covariate data. This is likely to be a result of salinity being a key characteristic defining both Antarctic Intermediate Water and North Atlantic Deep Water, the water masses found over most seamounts examined in this study, and which may explain similarities between deep‐sea fish assemblages.
Seamount megabenthic assemblages fail to recover from trawling impacts
Authors: Williams Alan , Schlacher Thomas A. , Rowden Ashley A. , Althaus Franziska , Clark Malcolm R. , Bowden David A. , Stewart Robert , Bax Nicholas J. , Consalvey Mireille , Kloser Rudy J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBecause the nature, tempo and trajectories of biological changes that follow the cessation of trawling are unknown for seamounts, it is unclear whether closing them to trawling will lead to a recovery of the fauna and, if so, over what time scales. This paper reports on a ‘test of recovery’ from repeated towed camera surveys on three seamounts off New Zealand in 2001 and 2006 (5 years apart) and three off Australia in 1997 and 2006 (10 years apart). In each region, seamounts where trawling had ceased were compared to adjacent seamounts where trawling was still active, and to seamounts that had never been trawled. If recovery signals existed, the likelihood of detecting them was high because the seamounts were relatively small and topographically simple, and because quantitative survey methods were employed. Multivariate patterns showed no change in the megafaunal assemblage consistent with recovery over a 5–10 year timeframe on seamounts where trawling had ceased. Results based on the number of species and diversity were equivocal, with some cases of increase and decrease on seamounts where trawling had ceased. A few individual taxa were found at significantly higher abundance in the later surveys where trawling had occurred. We suggest this may have resulted from their resistance to the direct impacts of trawling (two chrysogorgid corals and solitary scleractinians), or from protection in natural refuges inaccessible to trawls (unstalked crinoids, two chrysogorgid corals, gorgonians, and urchins). Alternatively, these taxa may represent the earliest stages of seamount recolonisation. They have potential to be dominant for long periods because the pre‐trawling composition of benthic assemblages on seamounts includes taxa that grow slowly and/or have an association with ‘thickets’ of a single keystone stony coral (Solenosmilia variabilis) that has generated biogenic habitat over millennia. Resilience of seamount ecosystems dominated by corals is low compared to most other marine systems subject to disturbance by bottom trawling because there are no alternative habitats of the same value for supporting associated species, and because trawling typically removes coral habitat from large areas of individual seamounts. Management to conserve seamount ecosystems needs to account for changing oceanographic conditions (ocean acidification), as well as the direct impacts of human activities such as bottom trawling. Networks of spatial closures that include intact habitats over a range of depths, especially <1500 m, and on clusters and isolated seamounts, may be effective by maintaining the resilience of seamount benthic communities.