bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Stress Rate on Slow Crack Growth Parameter Estimates
Authors: Salem JA , Jenkins MG 
Published: September 2009

Dynamic fatigue or constant stress-rate testing is a convenient method for generating SCG (slow crack growth) data on ceramics and glasses. The tests are simple, inexpensive, and accomplished quickly. However, the use of dynamic fatigue testing to generate slow crack growth data for SCG parameter estimation assumes that the test specimen lifetime is dominated by a single region of the SCG curve. This assumption breaks down when excessive stressing rates are used and significant portions of the crack growth occurs in all three regions of the SCG curve. The resultant averaging of data representing all three regions of the SCG curve results in an error in the estimated SCG parameters n and D, and such data may not be accurate for predicting the lifetime of industrial components.
Dynamic fatigue tests covering five orders of magnitude well below the inert strength were performed on an alumina. The tests were performed using ASTM C 1161 “B” flexure specimens in accordance with ASTM Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress Rate Testing (C 1368-97). Statistical analysis of the experimental results indicates a statistically significant effect of stress rate on the SCG parameter n for stress rates above several MPa/s. The experimental results are in agreement with analytical results of Sudreau et al. [1] that show significant effects for rates greater than approximately one MPa/s. Recommendations for dynamic fatigue testing are given with regard to the current procedures in ASTM C 1368-97.
Multi-Axial Composite Tube Test Method
Authors: Cohen D 
Published: September 2009

This paper discusses a new multi-axial 10.2-cm (4-in.) composite tube test method. This test method is capable of loading a 10.2 cm composite tube by internal pressure, torsion, and tension/compression. The method improves on an older biaxially loaded (internal pressure and axial load) tube design used extensively by Swanson and coworkers [1–5] to characterize the failure mode of fiber dominated pressure vessels.
The 10.2 cm tube test method has been used successfully to test composite tubes by internal pressure combined with torsion and axial tension/compression. Tubes were tested at both ambient and hot/wet conditions. Tubes with various lay-ups, including, hoop and helical, and all helical configurations were tested.
This paper discusses the development of the test method. This followed by the presentation of test data for ±25/90/±25 composite tube loaded in biaxially (internal pressure combined with axial load), pure torsion, and combined biaxial with torsion load. The test data offered are limited due to space restriction. Additional data will be presented in other ASTM publications.
Fracture Toughness Measurements in the Transition Region Using Sub-Size Precracked Charpy and Cylindrical Bar Specimens
Authors: Lucon E , Scibetta M , Chaouadi R , van Walle E 
Published: September 2009

The objective of the study presented here is the validation of direct fracture toughness measurements using two small-size geometries, which can be obtained from machining broken Charpy-V specimens: • the miniaturized precracked Charpy-V specimen (MPCCv); • the miniaturized Cracked Round Bar (MCRB). Fracture toughness results have been obtained in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime for two well-characterized reactor pressure vessel steels, and compared using the Master Curve analysis to reference data measured using bigger samples of the more conventional C(T) geometry.
To cope with specimen size limits established by test standards to avoid loss of constraint, two strategies were chosen: • testing at very low temperatures, thus approaching lower shelf conditions, • correcting fracture toughness for loss of constraint, loss of constraint was assessed by in depth finite element calculation. Sub-size results have been found in agreement with reference data, although in case of tough materials tests have to be performed at very low temperatures. From this point of view, the MCRB specimen offers the advantage that an analytical correction for the loss of constraint is already available.
Ultra Clean Steel For Anti-Friction Bearing Applications
Authors: Ganguly S , Chakrabarti I , Maheshwari MD , Mukherjee T 
Published: September 2009

Bearing manufacturing technology of today enables relatively small sized bearings to have high duty ratings. Such bearings are highly stressed and more vulnerable to onset of rolling contact fatigue. Since contact fatigue is initiated at hard non-metallic inclusions, modern day bearings call for exceptional levels of cleanliness. Onset of rolling contact fatigue occurs in a statistical mode that depends on the probability of finding a hard phase of adequate size in the zone of maximum Hertzian stress. Therefore, an objective prediction of bearing life is possible only by counting the number of inclusions present per unit volume of steel with the help of ultrasound based assessment and not by the conventional chart based method.
Considerable work has been done to respond to the emerging needs of the bearing industry. The steel plant has been successfully producing both through hardening and case hardening steels satisfying the requirements of some of the leading bearing manufacturers. The present paper discusses the manufacturing process for bearing steel through Basic Oxygen Furnace-Vacuum Arc Degassing route. This paper also brings out the strategy to control oxygen and titanium. Test results obtained from some leading customers and collaborators are presented.
Machinability Control — A Topic of Great Importance to the Engineering Industry
Authors: Johansson T , Sandqvist H 
Published: September 2009

More complicated and expensive machine tools together with production with limited manpower requires disturbance free and safe manufacturing, to avoid expensive and unexpected stops. The result of a machining operation is based on the interaction between manufacturing method, the machine tool and the material. There exist few well-documented test methods. Mainly the ISO 3685 is referred to, at least in Europe. This single point turning test is, however, based on cutting tools no longer available and on rather long times in cut, as the test specimen has a length of 400 – 600 mm.
In order to reach good conformity between the test results and a production environment, the applied test methods need to be fine-tuned to better simulate reality. For that reason, the ISO 3685 test method has been slightly modified and new test methods have been developed to determine a raw material's machinability. Among others ways to evaluate the impact from short machining cycles, 1 – 15 seconds, through different discontinuous machining modes have been developed, which will be described here.
Important parameters affecting the manufacturing result are tool life / tool cost versus cutting data, chip formation to avoid chip jamming, surface roughness, and component distortion. This paper will present the relationship between certain parameters and the raw material properties; steel grade and composition and cutting forces evaluated through different methods.
Recent Evaluation Procedures of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Bearing Steels (Statistics of Extreme Value Method and Development of Higher Frequency Ultrasonic Testing Method)
Authors: Kato Y , Sato K , Hiraoka K , Nuri Y 
Published: September 2009

Large microscopic inclusions from 20 to 100 μm in diameter have recently been paid attention from a viewpoint of fatigue strength of steel products. As the inclusion detection capability, or probability, is practically limited by a conventional optical microscopy, however, the evaluation of the distribution of these inclusions used to be feasible only by extraction method such as acid-solution procedure. It has been found that ultrasonic testing with 50 to 12S MHz frequency, focus-type transducers is suitable to evaluate the inclusions where the echo intensity is proportional to inclusion diameter. This paper will describe recent inclusion evaluation procedures and, as a main body, the results of the application of the new ultrasonic testing system. Included are:
The relationship between oxygen content in steel and maximum inclusion diameter in steel predicted by statistics of extreme value with the aid of microscopic image analysis, and The inclusion diameter distribution measured directly by the ultrasonic testing
Improved Bearing Steel for Applications Involving Debris, Higher Loads and Temperatures
Authors: Daguier P , Baudry G , Bellus J , Auclair G , RofèsVernis J , Dudragne G , Girodin D , Jacob G 
Published: September 2009

Due to the evolution of cleanness of bearing steels, the failures observed in service conditions move from deep initiated spalling on non-metallic inclusions to surface damage due to machining marks, lack or contaminated lubrication (dents).
To take into account, by the most economic way, these request for more demanding applications, ASCOMETAL, SNR et VALTI have developed a new steel grade [1,2] based on the classical analysis of 100Cr6 (SAE 52100), with higher characteristics in terms of in-service properties (sustaining high loading, high temperature and contaminated lubrication) without deteriorated steelmaking or forming process by an optimised composition of the steel.
Wear and Corrosion Resistant PM Tool Steels for Advanced Bearing Applications
Authors: Kajinic A , Dixon RB , Hann BA 
Published: September 2009

Candidate materials for the hardened steel raceways in ceramic-ball hybrid bearings, as well as steel components for other advanced bearing designs, are being increasingly specified to be capable of attaining combinations of material properties that have not previously been required of traditional bearing steels such as 52100, M50, and 440C. The desired properties may include one or more of the following: greater attainable hardness for higher static load capacity, good hot hardness and material stability at elevated operating temperatures, better adhesive and abrasive wear resistance to minimize galling or raceway damage under contaminated running conditions, good corrosion resistance for bearings which may be exposed to corrosive operating or storage environments, adequate shock loading survivability for potential satellite launching, and of course good fatigue life characteristics.
A number of recent bearing industry publications have discussed some of the properties and laboratory bearing test results for CPM® VIM CRU® 20™3, which is a cobalt-free high-carbide-volume PM high speed steel with 66 HRC minimum attainable hardness capability and good hot hardness characteristics. Although this material remains one of the leading candidates for the hardened steel raceways in several of the hybrid bearing designs developed to date, it has low chromium content and therefore inadequate corrosion resistance for the operating conditions or storage environments anticipated for other bearing applications.
This paper discusses the potential application of more recently developed high-chromium and high-vanadium PM tool steels for advanced bearing designs where the alloying has been designed to achieve a unique combination of corrosion resistance, high attainable hardness, and exceptional wear resistance.
Carburizable High Speed Steel Alloys
Authors: Hetzner DW 
Published: September 2009

A new family of patent pending high speed steel alloys has been developed. The compositions of the steels are related to the compositions of standard high speed steels (HSS) and die steels. However, the nominal carbon content of these alloys is approximately 0.20%. These are carburizable grades of HSS. The other major compositional differences between these alloys and conventional HSS are that the new alloys contain less than 1.50% chromium. Unlike alloy M50-Nil, these new steels do not have to be pre-oxidized prior to being carburized. The modified HSS alloys are carburized using standard processing identical to the procedures used with carburizable alloy steels such as 4320, 8620 or 8720. Once carburized, the alloys are then heat treated for maximum hardness using the time and temperature cycles employed for standard HSS. That is, the steels are preheated, austenitized, quenched, and double tempered.
To offset the effect of chromium on hardenability and secondary hardening, the molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium contents of these alloys has been increased. Complete details of calculating the specific compositions of these types of alloys will be discussed.
Lab heats of modified alloys Ml, M2 and M50 achieve surface hardnesses of 65 HRC. Residual compressive stresses in excess of −400 MPa 0.50 mm below the surface are obtained in cylindrical test specimens. Additionally, low levels of retained austenite are observed in these steels.
The ease of machining and heat treating these alloys in conjunction with their high hardness and excellent hot hardness make the steels ideal materials to be used for bearings in normal, debris, or high temperature applications.
Fatigue Limit Stress — A New and Superior Criterion for Life Rating of Rolling Bearing Materials
Authors: Harris TA 
Published: September 2009

Rolling bearings are rated for their capabilities to withstand rolling contact fatigue. All other means of bearing failure are considered preventable through proper attention to bearing manufacture, mounting, lubrication, and minimization of contaminant ingress. The standard methods for calculation of rolling bearing capacities and fatigue lives are based on the 1947 and 1952 publications of Lundberg and Palmgren. They defined separate material factors for ball bearings and roller bearings fabricated from 52100 steel, through-hardened to at least 58 Rockwell C; the fatigue life predictions, were strongly influenced by these capacity-multiplying factors. The standard was in use for less than five years, when it became apparent bearings fabricated from ever-cleaner materials; for example vacuum degassed and vacuum melted steels, were out-performing standard life predictions. Moreover, tapered and cylindrical roller bearings routinely fabricated from carburizing steels such as SAE 4118, 4320, 8620, etc. were not directly covered by the standards. This deficiency is accommodated by the use of material-life factors applied to the Lundberg-Palmgren life equations. The Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE) recommends the use of separate material-life factors to cover basic steel metallurgy, heat treatment, and metal shaping. It has been demonstrated that, together with other life factors for lubrication effectiveness and contamination, this cascading of life factors is insufficiently accurate to predict life because in most cases, these effects on bearing endurance are interdependent.
In 1985, Ioannides and Harris published a rolling bearing life prediction method based on applied and induced contact stresses and body stresses. The resultant material stresses could be combined by classical strength of materials methods of superimposition; these resultant stresses could then be compared against fatigue limit stress as the material strength criterion to determine resistance to fatigue. From 1992 through 2000, the United States Navy funded a research project to establish appropriate fatigue limit stress values for common and special rolling bearing materials and to employ such values in computerized calculation tools to effectively apply this technology to modern bearing applications. This paper presents these developments.
The Use of Glass in Buildings
Authors: Block V 
Published: September 2009

Description
The broad focus of this comprehensive, new publication is the quality, design, use, and performance of architectural glass. Sixteen peer-reviewed papers cover:
Quality Issues--addresses the problems associated with the use of ASTM C1036 for field inspections of glass; the interrelationship between building codes and glass standards; on-line quality control measuring systems for tempered and heat-strengthened glass; and the impact of self-cleaning glass.
Performance Assessments--presents developments around the performance of insulating glass and glass facades, including in-situ dew point testing to assess life span of insulating glass units; and an assessment of annual energy consumption of ventilated double glass facades using computer simulation.
Glass Design--examines the structural performance of laminated glass made with stiff interlayers; design methodologies for glass, including rectangular window glass supported on three sides; large trapezoidal window glass lites; window glass design software based on ASTM E1300; and a new procedure for thermal stress evaluation of monolithic glass.
Glass in Hurricanes--addresses special design considerations for glass used in hurricane-prone areas, including retrofitting commercial structures with laminated glass and testing of annealed glass with anchored-film glass retention systems.
Glass for Fire Safety and Security--covers a broad spectrum of topics, including security glazing, fire rated glass and sprinklers, and a design procedure for blast resistant laminated glass.
Audience: This publication is a valuable resource for architects; specifiers;laboratory personnel; consultants; and glass manufacturers, fabricators, and installers.
Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems, 27th Volume: Traditional and Non-Traditional Developments
Authors: Martin Craig , Lindner Gregory , Rohde Arlean 
Published: September 2009

Description
Thirteen peer-reviewed papers address many of the latest challenges to the agrochemical formulations industry, including lower dose products, stringent safety criteria, convenience, increased efficiency of application, and improved cost competitiveness and product differentiation.
Sections cover
Roofing Research and Standards Development: 6th Volume
Authors: Rossiter Walter J. , Wallace Thomas J. 
Published: September 2009

Description
The newest edition of this popular series provides 11 peer-reviewed papers that range from the practical to the fundamental. Topics include:
• Wind resistance of roofing
• Rheological properties of asphalts and their specifying using dynamic shear rheometry (DSR)
• Heating and seaming issues with thermoplastic membrane materials
• Field performance of artificial slates and shingles
• Corrective actions for ending basement leaks
• Issues with specifications for polyisocyanurate (ISO) foam insulation
• Practical lessons learned from studies with green roofs and copper roofing
This new publication serves as a valuable resource for all roofing professionals, including contractors, architects, engineers, consultants, building owners, researchers, sales and marketing personnel, product development specialists, and insurers.
Radioactivity and Purity Control of APPR Primary Water
Authors: Medin AL 
Published: September 2009

Primary system purification for pressurized water reactors is needed to satisfy both conventional and nuclear requirements, including the need to minimize deposition on primary system components.
The potential buildup of radioactivity on primary system piping and components could seriously complicate maintenance. This radioactivity buildup results from deposition and/or atom exchange. The principal nuclide which contributes to the maintenance problem is the 5.3-yr half-life cobalt-60 which results from the presence of cobalt impurities in austenitic stainless steel. A generalized curve for this buildup is given.
A discussion of the effectiveness of the purification system in reducing this buildup is given. Possible ineffectiveness of purification in reducing this buildup may result because of poor location of the purification piping.
The program of investigating activity buildup at the Army Package Power Reactor is discussed. Preliminary results on water samples obtained during operation of this reactor are given. Results of primary system purification, including demineralizer decontamination factors, are also presented.
Apparatus for Vibration of Soil Specimens During the Triaxial Test
Authors: Hardin B. O. , Music J. 
Published: September 2009

An apparatus has been designed and built that will fit into an ordinary triaxial test chamber. Torsional vibration can be induced in the cylindrical soil specimen, and vibration response, during the “static” application of the triaxial stresses can be measured. The dynamic apparatus includes transducers for measuring the pore pressure and axial load.
This apparatus can be used to study the effects of vibration on various soil properties conventionally determined by the triaxial test. It can be used to determine the dynamic shear modulus or shear wave velocity, and to study the damping, or energy dissipative, characteristics of soils.
The boundary conditions for the specimen and properties of the apparatus are simply defined, so that the analytical solution for the specimen-apparatus system, including damping of the apparatus and specimen, has been obtained. This allows interpretation of test results in terms of soil properties.
The results with this apparatus on the variation of shear modulus with confining pressure for dry sand agree well with previous results.
Wear Research in Europe
Authors: Salomon G. , de Gee A. W. J. 
Published: September 2009

Until recently, the continental European trend was towards the finding of practical solutions in industry, rather than towards fundamental aspects or problems, typical for aerospace research. The first topic for detailed discussion is “abrasion and erosion.” In this respect, the classical work of the Russian and German schools is related to recent developments in Great Britain. Rain erosion and cavitation erosion are mentioned as “modern subjects” which are intensely studied all over Europe.
As a topic for discussion, adhesive wear rates second. Here, the influence of mutual solubility of the sliding components and the interplay with oxide film formation, tool wear, new developments in bronze bearing research, and wear in atomic reactors are discussed.
Mechanisms of Radiation Damage in Reactor Materials
Authors: Brinkman J. A. , Wiedersich H. 
Published: September 2009

The general theory of radiation damage in solids is outlined briefly. Those aspects of the damage which are important in altering the mechanical properties of reactor structural metals and alloys are considered in greater detail. Procedures by which estimates can be made of the numbers of displaced atoms and of their spatial distribution, as well as of the stability of various damage configurations, are described.
Three basic processes occur under irradiation which can influence the metallurgical state of a material. Transmutations, mainly due to neutron capture, can change alloy compositions. Displacement of atoms from their original sites tend to homogenize the distribution of components of alloys on a microscopic scale. Excess defects introduced by radiation accelerate diffusion and, consequently, diffusion-controlled processes. The latter two effects will oppose each other in a number of cases, and the resulting balance will be determined mainly by temperature and radiation flux. High-temperature creep, being diffusion controlled, will be enhanced under irradiation. Spike effects may also cause creep.
The intent of the present paper is not to provide specific and quantitative estimates concerning the magnitude of the phenomena described, but rather to outline the mechanistic concepts presently believed responsible for their occurrence and to indicate the manner in which order of magnitude calculations can be performed for any specific situation.