bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymer nanocomposites for electrical energy storage
Authors: Wang Qing , Zhu Lei 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis review highlights the frontier scientific research in the development of polymer nanocomposites for electrical energy storage applications. Considerable progress has been made over the past several years in the enhancement of the energy densities of the polymer nanocomposites via tuning the chemical structures of ceramic fillers and polymer matrix and engineering the polymer–ceramic interfaces. This article summarizes a range of current approaches to dielectric polymer nanocomposites, including the ferroelectric polymer matrix, increase of the dielectric permittivity using high‐permittivity ceramic fillers and conductive dopants, preparation of uniform composite films based on surface‐functionalized fillers, and utilization of the interfacial coupling effect. Primary attentions have been paid to the dielectric properties at different electric fields and their correlation with film morphology, chemical structure, and filler concentration. This article concludes with a discussion of scientific issues that remain to be addressed as well as recommendations for future research. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 49: 1421–1429, 2011
Modification of the electronic structure in single‐walled carbon nanotubes with aromatic amines
Authors: Dettlaff‐Weglikowska U. , Kim G. , Bulusheva L. G. , Roth S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe investigated the interactions of two aromatic amines, N,N,N′N′‐tetramethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (TMPD) and tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) with single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) networks. Adsorption and intercalation of amine molecules in bundled SWNTs is expected to modify the electronic structure of nanotubes in a similar way as has already been observed for alkali metals. Our ab initio density functional calculations demonstrate that TMPD donates electron to the nanotube and produces donor‐like states below the conduction band whereas the effect of the TMP treatment is very weak. The electron transfer to the nanotubes has been supported experimentally by the XPS valence band spectra which show strongly modified spectral features. Especially an increase of the electronic density at the Fermi level upon adsorption of TMPD and TMP is clearly demonstrated. Rather intensive features between π* and σ* transitions in the NEXAFS spectrum of the pristine SWNTs attributed to the oxidized carbon functional groups are chemically modified upon adsorption of amines on the networks. This fact suggests that the aromatic amines evidently react with the defects, remove or replace oxygen species responsible for the p‐type doping of SWNTs, and therefore are acting as a de‐doping agent for the naturally p‐type doped semiconducting SWNTs.
Formation of MoS2 nanoparticles on the surface of reduced graphite oxide
Authors: Koroteev V. O. , Bulusheva L. G. , Okotrub A. V. , Yudanov N. F. , Vyalikh D. V. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMoS2 nanoparticles were formed on the graphitic surface by annealing of a mixture of amorphous MoS3 and reduced graphite oxide at 1000 °C in high‐vacuum conditions. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed that the nanoparticles are ranged from 5 to 12 nm. The large variation in nanoparticle size resulted in optical absorbance of the composite within a 1.5–6.0 eV interval. From analysis of Raman and near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy data, development of covalent bonding between MoS2 nanoparticles and graphitic surface was proposed.HRTEM of MoS2 nanoparticles ∼5–12 nm in size, deposited on reduced graphite oxide substrate. magnified image
Pd/MWCNTs catalytic activity in the formic acid electrooxidation dependent on catalyst surface treatment
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Marta , Malolepszy Artur , Mikolajczuk Anna , Stobinski Leszek , Borodzinski Andrzej , Lesiak Beata , Zemek Josef , Jiricek Petr 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe catalytic activity in the formic acid (HCOOH) electrooxidation reaction of the Pd multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) supported catalyst, prepared by a microwave‐assisted polyol method, treated under different gas atmospheres, and temperatures (200 and 300 °C), was investigated. Their respective catalysts surface characterization proceeded in UHV using the electron spectroscopy methods. Content of constituents, i.e., Pd nanoparticles, C and O, was examined quantitatively. Content of Pd phases and chemical forms of C atoms was analyzed assuming respective binding energy (BE) values to Pd 3d and C 1s X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) spectra fitted to Gaussian–Lorentzian components. Surface structure was examined from the 3D nanostructure analysis by quantitative analysis of surfaces by electron spectroscopy (QUASES). Catalytic activity of Pd/MWCNTs after various surface treatments was attributed to different surface content and forms of Pd nanoparticles, and PdOx/C overlayer morphology, coverage, and thickness.
The key role of diabatic processes in modifying the upper‐tropospheric wave guide: a North Atlantic case‐study
Authors: Grams Christian M. , Wernli Heini , Böttcher Maxi , Čampa Jana , Corsmeier Ulrich , Jones Sarah C. , Keller Julia H. , Lenz Claus‐Jürgen , Wiegand Lars 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis study highlights the importance of diabatic processes for the complex interaction of weather systems in the North Atlantic–European sector during the week of 7–14 September 2008. A chain of events occurred including the extratropical transition (ET) of hurricane Hanna, a subsequently developing extratropical cyclone, the formation of an upper‐level potential vorticity (PV) streamer that protruded towards Europe and triggered intense rainfall, and the genesis of a Mediterranean cyclone. A PV perspective is adopted along with trajectory calculations to elucidate the diabatic modification of the midlatitude flow.Important diabatic PV modifications occurred at upper levels, associated with the cross‐isentropic transport of low‐PV air within warm conveyor belts (WCBs). These were diagnosed during the ET of Hanna and the development of the extratropical cyclone near Newfoundland. The WCBs contributed to the amplification of ridges downstream of each cyclone and to the subsequent elongation of Hanna's upstream trough into a PV streamer. This streamer eventually triggered the Mediterranean cyclogenesis. The second major effect of the diabatic processes occurred on smaller scales, in the low and middle troposphere. The remnants of Hanna's tropical PV core advected moist air towards the baroclinic zone leading to condensational PV production in the lower troposphere. In contrast, in the case of the extratropical cyclone, diabatic PV production occurred within its WCB at mid levels. These diagnostic analyses corroborate the potential of diabatic processes associated with extratropical flow systems for the modification of both the low‐level vortices and the upper‐level Rossby wave guide. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Influence of Mg2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ on DNA assembly on HOPG surfaces: atomic force microscopy study
Authors: Zhao Lin , Liu Zhiguo , Zu Yuangang , Zhou Zhen , Sun Tongze 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAdsorption of circular DNA onto bare highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces by the addition of Mg2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ has been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM results revealed that the topography and height of DNA on HOPG surface by the addition of different metal ions are quite different. After the addition of Mg2+ for incubation, DNA molecules tend to form many loops on HOPG surfaces, which are derived from the crossover of intramolecular and intermolecular chains. After the addition of Ni2+, DNA molecules can form network on HOPG surfaces, and the density of DNA network was significantly increased with increasing DNA concentration. Consequently, dense DNA network can be obtained by using relatively low concentration of DNA and Ni2+. As for the addition of Cu2+, angular DNA loops composed of flat chains were observed. The observed flat DNA chains with an average height of 0.52 nm can be ascribed to Cu2+ insert into the site between bases and phosphate group of DNA inducing denaturation of DNA molecules. This study is very helpful for understanding the interactions of metal ions and DNA molecules, and for constructing various DNA structures on the carbonaceous surfaces. SCANNING 34: 68–75, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multivariate meta‐analysis: A method to summarize non‐linear associations
Authors: Gasparrini A. , Armstrong B. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMultivariate meta‐analysis represents a promising statistical tool in several research areas. Here, we provide a brief overview of the application of this methodology to combining complex multi‐parameterized relationships, such as non‐linear or delayed associations, in multi‐site studies. The discussion focuses on the advantages over simpler univariate methods, estimation and computational issues and directions for further research. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public perceptions and governance of controversial technologies to tackle climate change: nuclear power, carbon capture and storage, wind, and geoengineering
Authors: Poumadère Marc , Bertoldo Raquel , Samadi Jaleh 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe role carbon emissions play in contributing to climate change makes clear the necessity for a global reconsideration of current modes of energy production. In recent years, as concerns over the threats of climate change (CC) have become more acute, four technologies have notably risen to the forefront of academic and public discourse: nuclear power, carbon capture and storage (CCS), wind power, and geoengineering. The particular interest of these four approaches lies in the fact that they reflect both energy production and climate control technologies, are often socially controversial, and present complex challenges of governance. Nuclear and wind power both deserve an important place among the variety of low‐carbon energy options. In countries where public acceptance is evaluated, although, support for nuclear energy appears to be conditional upon simultaneous development of other renewable energies alongside a feasible plan to address the disposal of nuclear waste. The Fukushima accident sharply increased public concern about the safety and vulnerability of nuclear reactors. While wind power receives general public support, issues of accommodation can arise when it comes to siting wind farms. Persistent dependency upon carbon‐producing energy has made favorable the option of CCS. However, in addition to technical and geological factors, social resistance to the placement of carbon storage units remains a key obstacle. Geoengineering offers the technological capacity to directly act on the climate should levels of atmospheric CO2 become dangerously high. Public perception regarding the risk of climate change can be labile, and the alternatives reviewed here share the characteristic that their technical and political dimensions are intertwined. The variety of options for combining and implementing these technologies, coupled with the inherently time‐sensitive nature of CC, underscore the complexity of the endeavor. In order to bridge these various levels of analysis and decision making, and to better understand and integrate people's involvement, exercises in risk governance could be developed at both the national and international levels. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 712–727 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.134This article is categorized under:

Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Social Amplification/Attenuation of Climate Risks
The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior
Sea level and climate: measurements and causes of changes
Authors: Cazenave Anny , Remy Frédérique 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe review present‐day observations of sea level change and variability at global and regional scales, focusing on the altimetry era starting in the early 1990s. Over the past ∼18‐years, the rate of global mean sea level rise has reached 3.3 ± 0.4 mm/year, nearly twice that of the previous decades, although the observed larger sea level rise rate may be influenced by decadal or longer variations in the ocean. Moreover, sea level rates are not geographically uniform; in some regions like the tropical western Pacific, rates are up to 3–4 times higher than the global mean rate. We next discuss the climate‐related components of the global mean sea level rise. Over the last ∼18‐years, ocean thermal expansion contributes about one third to the observed rise while total land ice (glacier melting plus ice sheet mass loss) contribute the other two third. The spatial trend patterns evidenced over the altimetry period mostly result from nonuniform steric sea level changes (effects of ocean temperature and salinity), largely caused by wind‐driven ocean circulation changes. Such patterns are not stationary but oscillate through time on decadal/multidecadal time scale, in response to natural modes of the coupled ocean‐atmosphere system. We close up this review by briefly discussing future (21st century) sea level rise. Current limited knowledge of the future evolution of the mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets leads to high uncertainty on the global mean sea level rise expected for the next 50–100 years. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 647–662 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.139This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Earth System Behavior
Computing ro‐vibrational spectra of van der Waals molecules
Authors: Carrington Tucker , Wang Xiao‐Gang 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis article reviews methods for computing ro‐vibrational spectra of van der Waals molecules. Due to the presence of large‐amplitude motion, calculations often play an important role in assigning and understanding the spectra of van der Waals molecules. Fortunately, it is possible to make usefully accurate calculations because important parts of the spectrum can be understood by doing calculations that omit the intramolecular coordinates. In this article, we present new ideas for deriving kinetic energy operators and discuss choosing basis functions and doing the matrix–vector products that are required to obtain a spectrum using the Lanczos algorithm. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2011 1 952–963 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.73This article is categorized under:

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy
Substrate analysis of the Pneumocystis carinii protein kinases PcCbk1 and PcSte20 using yeast proteome microarrays provides a novel method for Pneumocystis signalling biology
Authors: Kottom Theodore J. , Limper Andrew H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPneumocystis carinii (Pc) undergoes morphological transitions between cysts and trophic forms. We have previously described two Pc serine/threonine kinases, termed PcCbk1 and PcSte20, with PcSte20 belonging to a family of kinases involved in yeast mating, while PcCbk1 is a member of a group of protein kinases involved in regulation of cell cycle, shape, and proliferation. As Pc remains genetically intractable, knowledge on specific substrates phosphorylated by these kinases remains limited. Utilizing the phylogenetic relatedness of Pc to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we interrogated a yeast proteome microarray containing >4000 purified protein based peptides, leading to the identification of 18 potential PcCbk1 and 15 PcSte20 substrates (Z‐score > 3.0). A number of these potential protein substrates are involved in bud site selection, polarized growth, and response to mating α factor and pseudohyphal and invasive growth. Full‐length open reading frames suggested by the PcCbk1 and PcSte20 protoarrays were amplified and expressed. These five proteins were used as substrates for PcCbk1 or PcSte20, with each being highly phosphorylated by the respective kinase. Finally, to demonstrate the utility of this method to identify novel PcCbk1 and PcSte20 substrates, we analysed DNA sequence data from the partially complete Pc genome database and detected partial sequence information of potential PcCbk1 kinase substrates PcPxl1 and PcInt1. We additionally identified the potential PcSte20 kinase substrate PcBdf2. Full‐length Pc substrates were cloned and expressed in yeast, and shown to be phosphorylated by the respective Pc kinases. In conclusion, the yeast protein microarray represents a novel crossover technique for identifying unique potential Pc kinase substrates. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of Macroscopic Intraoperative Diagnosis of Serosal Invasion and Risk of Over‐ and Underestimation in Gastric Carcinoma
Authors: Jeong Oh , Ryu Seong Yeop , Jeong Mi Ran , Sun Jang Won , Park Young Kyu 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackgroundAccurate intraoperative diagnosis of serosal invasion is a prerequisite for proper application of invasive procedures, such as intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia, for serosa positive gastric carcinomas.MethodsWe reviewed the prospectively constructed data of 1,265 gastric cancer patients who underwent surgery between 2007 and 2009. Accuracies of macroscopic diagnoses of serosal invasion were determined by comparing with pathological findings. The risk factors of over‐ and underestimation of serosal invasion were analyzed in the univariate and multivariate model.ResultsThe accuracy of macroscopic intraoperative diagnosis of serosal invasion was 88%. Serosal invasion was underestimated in 34 of 187 serosa positive patients and overestimated in 117 of 1,078 serosa negative patients; a sensitivity and specificity of 82 and 89%, respectively. When pT1 tumors were excluded, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of macroscopic diagnosis of serosal invasion were 71.5, 81.8, and 65.3%, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that a tumor size of >4 cm and preoperative CT finding of serosa positive were independent risk factors for macroscopic overestimation as serosal invasion in pT2 gastric cancer. Meanwhile, Borrmann type 1, preoperative CT finding of serosa negative, lesser/posterior surface location, and tumor size of <4 cm were independent risk factors for underestimation of serosal invasion in pT3 gastric carcinoma.ConclusionsThe macroscopic diagnosis of serosal invasion is largely consistent with pathological findings. However, great care should be taken with regard to the risk of over‐ and underestimation of serosal invasion when making a decision for invasive treatments based on macroscopic findings of serosal invasion.
Surgical Strategies for Management of the Open Abdomen
Authors: Regner Justin L. , Kobayashi Leslie , Coimbra Raul 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSince the mid‐1990s the surgical community has seen a surge in the prevalence of open abdomens (OAs) reported in the surgical literature and in clinical practice. The OA has proven to be effective in decreasing mortality and immediate postoperative complications; however, it may come at the cost of delayed morbidity and the need for further surgical procedures. Indications for leaving the abdomen open have broadened to include damage control surgery, abdominal compartment syndrome, and abdominal sepsis. The surgical options for management of the OA are now more diverse and sophisticated, but there is a lack of prospective randomized controlled trials demonstrating the superiority of any particular method. Additionally, critical care strategies for optimization of the patient with an OA are still being developed. Review of the literature suggests a bimodal distribution of primary closure rates, with early closure dependent on postoperative intensive care management and delayed closure more affected by the choice of the temporary abdominal closure technique. Invariably, a small fraction of patients requiring OA management fail to have primary fascial closure and require some form of biologic fascial bridge with delayed ventral hernia repair in the future.
Pancreatic Cancer, Healthcare Cost, and Loss of Productivity: A Register‐based Approach
Authors: Tingstedt Bobby , Andersson Erik , Flink Anton , Bolin Kristian , Lindgren Björn , Andersson Roland 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackgroundDespite the fact that pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer‐related death, there is little empirical evidence on its direct healthcare costs and, especially, its indirect costs due to loss of production.MethodsThe present study is a retrospective analysis of all patients with pancreatic cancer (excluding endocrine cancer) in the primary catchment area of Lund University Hospital, Sweden, during the period 2005–2007. Detailed information on all diagnostic and therapeutic investigations, interventions, and postoperative course and long‐term follow‐up was collected, as well as absenteeism from work due to the health problem, from which direct costs were calculated. The indirect costs for loss of production due to sickness and premature death were calculated by the human capital method. A total of 83 patients were included, for an incidence rate of 9.9 patients/100,000 inhabitants.ResultsDirect treatment cost per pancreatic‐cancer patient was estimated at EUR 16,066 for each patient’s remaining lifetime. Hospitalization accounted for the major expenditure—60% of the lifetime treatment cost. Patients with resectable tumor had a mean cost of EUR 19,809; locally advanced disease, EUR 14,899; and metastatic disease, €16,179. Younger patients and men had a higher than average lifetime treatment cost. The loss of productivity was estimated at EUR 287,420 per patient younger than 65 years of age, of which premature mortality accounted for 79%.ConclusionsAdding the cost of palliative care estimated in a previous Swedish study, health‐care costs and productivity losses for pancreatic cancer would add up to a substantial economic burden for Sweden at large in 2009 (population 9.1 million), between EUR 86 million and EUR 93 million.
Ten Years After Arterial Bypass Surgery for Claudication: Venous Bypass is the Primary Procedure for TASC C and D Lesions
Authors: Eugster Thomas , Marti Regula , Gurke Lorenz , Stierli Peter 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe appropriate role for surgery and endovascular therapy for severe intermittent claudication (IC) remains controversial. We present our results after infrainguinal autogenous bypass for severe IC more than 10 years ago giving a reasoned argument to perform vein bypass as the primary procedure for severe IC.MethodsOur prospectively designed database includes more than 1,000 infrainguinal bypasses following an all‐autogenous policy. For this review only patients operated on for severe IC at least 10 years ago were included. The primary end points were survival and primary and assisted‐primary patency rates.ResultsFrom October 1988 until December 2000, 124 bypasses for IC were performed. Ninety‐five patients were male and the mean age was 64.5 ± 10.8 years. Survival after 10 years was 50.3% according to life table analysis. Forty bypasses were to the supragenicular artery, 62 to the infragenicular popliteal artery, and 22 to the tibial artery. Thirty‐day mortality was 0.8% (1 patient). The primary patency rate after 10 years was 63.5% and the assisted‐primary patency rate 87.3%.ConclusionInfrainguinal venous bypass for severe IC has excellent long‐term results. Our results are strong arguments against the liberal use of stenting long lesions of the femoropopliteal artery. Venous bypass remains the primary procedure for TASC C and D lesions in claudicants.
Weakly s-supplementally embedded minimal subgroups of finite groups
Authors: Zhao Tao , Li Xianhua , Xu Yong 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSuppose that G is a finite group and H is a subgroup of G. We call H a weakly s-supplementally embedded subgroup of G if there exist a subgroup T of G and an s-quasinormally embedded subgroup Hse of G contained in H such that G = HT and H ∩ T ≤ Hse. We investigate the influence of the weakly s-supplementally embedded property of some minimal subgroups on the structure of finite groups. As an application of our results, some earlier results are generalized.