bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of condensed tannins inLotus pedunculatuson the nutritive value of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) fed to sheep
Authors: Waghorn G. C. , Shelton I. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA feeding trial was undertaken in Palmerston North, New Zealand in 1991, to determine the extent to which condensed tannins (CT) inLotus pedunculatuswere able to affect the nutritive value of ryegrass (which does not contain CT) for sheep. The trial involved three groups of 11 male cryptorchid sheep held in metabolism crates so that intakes, digestibilities and nitrogen balances could be measured over a 42-day feeding period. One group was fed freshly cut ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) as a sole diet (Grass group) and the other two groups were given a mixture of about one third freshly cut lotus and two thirds ryegrass (dry matter (DM) basis). This mixture containedc. 1·8% CT in the DM. One group given the mixed diet was drenched twice daily with polyethylene glycol (PEG; PEG group) to bind and remove the effects of the CT from the diet, whilst those not drenched were designated the ‘Tannin’ group. Intakes of all groups were constrained to that of the Grass group of sheep.Condensed tannins in the lotus had a major effect on the digestion of ryegrass. When the forages were immature, apparent digestibility of nitrogen (N) was substantially reduced in the Tannin sheep (65·3%)compared to the PEG (77·5%) and Grass (77·9%) groups (P< 0·001). With mature forages, the respective values were 48·8, 62·5 and 53·7% (P< 0·01). Rumen ammonia concentrations and plasma urea concentrations were also reduced by CT. Condensed tannins reduced DM digestibility by 3·7 percentage units (P< 0·05) mainly through the effects on N digestion. Concentrations of acetate, propionate and butyrate in rumen liquor were not affected by treatment, but CT reduced the proportions of the minor volatile fatty acids (VFA; isobutyrate, valerate and isovalerate). Treatment did not affect liveweight gain (131—164 g/day), or wool growth from mid-side patches, and N retention was not reduced by CT, so that the nutritive value of the forage was maintained despite the reduction in N digestibility. The principal finding was that CT inLotus pedunculatuswere able to affect the digestibility of both grass and lotus when fed together, and that as little as 1·8% of CT in the dietary DM had a substantial effect on rumen function.
A comparison of nitrate leaching under clover-based pastures and nitrogen-fertilized grass grazed by sheep
Authors: Ruz-Jerez B. E. , White R. E. , Ball P. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYNitrate leaching was measured under three pastures – perennial ryegrass and white clover, a herbal ley comprising a mixture of legumes, non-aggressive grasses and deep rooting herbs, and perennial ryegrass fertilized with 400 kg N/ha per year as urea – from 1989 to 1991 at Palmerston North, New Zealand (latitude 40° S). The pastures were regularly mob-grazed by sheep at a stocking rate which varied with the amount of feed available. Drainage was estimated from a daily soil water balance and accumulated over 10 day intervals. Nitrate concentrations in the drainage were measured as the volume-averaged concentrations in the soil solution between 30 and 45 cm depth during these intervals. Although the N applied as fertilizer to the grass was 2·5 times greater than the N estimated to have been fixed by the clover-based pastures, the leaching loss from the former was 6–7 times greater than from the latter. The stocking rate on the grass pasture averaged over each year was only 1·2–1·4 times that on the two clover-based pastures. Leaching from urine patches was estimated to account for 55% of the total N leached from the clover-based pastures, but only 25% of the total leached from the N-fertilized grass.The amount of NO3-N leached should be related to the cumulative drainage to determine whether the average nitrate concentration exceeds the environmental safety limit of 10 mg NO3-N/1. In 1989, when the total drainage was 215 mm, 21·5 kg N/ha would have had to be leached for the concentration to exceed the limit and none of the pastures did so. In 1990, when the total drainage was 270 mm, the critical amount to be leached was 27 kg N/ha which was exceeded by the Grass + N400, but not by either the Grass-clover (5.8 kg N/ha) or the Herbal ley (7·3 kg N/ha). The utilization of N was more conservative in the clover-based pastures than in the N-fertilized grass.
Influence of stem apex on crosses between subspecies of Vicia faba L.
Authors: Toynbee-Clarke Gillian 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYCrosses and reciprocal crosses were made between English material of Vicia faba major × Vicia faba equina and minor.Half the major type plants had the stem apex removed before pollinations commenced. Apical dominance affected the success of crosses between major × equina, minor. On higher nodes and, on lower nodes when the apex was removed, there was no evidence of unilateral incompatibility. All crosses produced seed.
The fungicidal properties of certain spray-fluids, VI
Authors: Goodwin W. , Martin H. , Salmon E. S. 
Published: March 2009

1. The action of various forms of sulphur—ground sulphur, flowers of sulphur and colloidal sulphur—as fungicides against the hop powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca Humuli) was tested in a number of experiments.When ground sulphur or flowers of sulphur was wetted by a soft soap solution and applied to the mildew patches in the form of a spray, the fungicidal action was always very marked and, under the conditions of the experiments, became complete with suspensions containing 5 gm. sulphur per 100 c.c. of 0·5 per cent, soft soap solution. Owing, however, to the settling of the sulphur particles during the process of spraying, the amount of sulphur actually applied to the fungus was not strictly in accordance with the strength of the suspension.2. Striking differences in fungicidal action were obtained when gelatine or saponin were used in place of soft soap as a spreader. Spreaders of an acid nature, viz. gelatine and saponin, inhibited the fungicidal action. With alkaline spreaders other than soft soap, e.g. lime casein and soda casein and the dry-mix sulphur lime, the alkaline reaction favoured the fungicidal action of the sulphur.
Laterite and lateritic soil in Sierra Leone, II
Authors: Martin F. J. , Doyne H. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. A study has been made of the formation of lateritic soils in Sierra Leone and the composition is given of some of the intermediate and final products formed.2. The detrital soils in Sierra Leone appear on the whole to contain a higher proportion of alumina to silica than the residual soils.3. The soils described are all reddish or yellowish red soils, light in texture and generally containing a high proportion of stones. They are acid in reaction and have a definite lime requirement. The mineral constituents are low, especially the potash and the exchangeable calcium. i. Soluble phosphorus is readily removed from a solution by these soils.
Effectiveness of dog rabies vaccination programmes: comparison of owner-charged and free vaccination campaigns
Authors: DURR S. , MINDEKEM R. , KANINGA Y. , DOUMAGOUM MOTO D. , MELTZER M. I. , VOUNATSOU P. , ZINSSTAG J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYWe investigated the percentage of dogs that could be vaccinated against rabies by conducting a pilot campaign in N'Djaména, Chad. Owners were charged US$4.13 per dog vaccinated, and 24% of all dogs in the three city districts covered by the campaign were vaccinated. Total campaign costs were US$7623, resulting in an average of US$19.40 per vaccinated dog. This is five times more expensive than the cost per animal vaccinated during a previous free vaccination campaign for dog-owners, conducted in the same districts. The free campaign, which vaccinated 2605 more dogs than this campaign, cost an additional US$1.45 per extra dog vaccinated. Campaigns in which owners are charged for vaccinations result in lower vaccination rates than in free campaigns. Public health officials can use these results when evaluating the costs and benefits of subsidizing dog rabies vaccination programmes.
Structure Along Arithmetic Patterns in Sequences of Vectors
Authors: CANDELA P. 
Published: March 2009

We discuss a new direction in which the use of some methods from arithmetic combinatorics can be extended. We consider functions taking values in Euclidean space and supported on subsets of {1, 2, . . ., N}. In this context we present a proof of a natural generalization of Szemerédi's theorem. We also prove a similar generalization of a theorem of Sárkőzy using a vector-valued Fourier transform, adapting an argument of Green and obtaining effective bounds.
Epistatic Interactions betweenOpaque2Transcriptional Activator and Its Target GeneCyPPDK1Control Kernel Trait Variation in Maize
Authors: Manicacci Domenica , Camus-Kulandaivelu Letizia , Fourmann Marie , Arar Chantal , Barrault Stéphanie , Rousselet Agnès , Feminias Noël , Consoli Luciano , Francès Lisa , Méchin Valérie , Murigneux Alain , Prioul Jean-Louis , Charcosset Alain , Damerval Catherine 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAssociation genetics is a powerful method to track gene polymorphisms responsible for phenotypic variation, since it takes advantage of existing collections and historical recombination to study the correlation between large genetic diversity and phenotypic variation. We used a collection of 375 maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) inbred lines representative of tropical, American, and European diversity, previously characterized for genome-wide neutral markers and population structure, to investigate the roles of two functionally related candidate genes, Opaque2 and CyPPDK1, on kernel quality traits. Opaque2 encodes a basic leucine zipper transcriptional activator specifically expressed during endosperm development that controls the transcription of many target genes, including CyPPDK1, which encodes a cytosolic pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase. Using statistical models that correct for population structure and individual kinship, Opaque2 polymorphism was found to be strongly associated with variation of the essential amino acid lysine. This effect could be due to the direct role of Opaque2 on either zein transcription, zeins being major storage proteins devoid of lysine, or lysine degradation through the activation of lysine ketoglutarate reductase. Moreover, we found that a polymorphism in the Opaque2 coding sequence and several polymorphisms in the CyPPDK1 promoter nonadditively interact to modify both lysine content and the protein-versus-starch balance, thus revealing the role in quantitative variation in plants of epistatic interactions between a transcriptional activator and one of its target genes.
Seasonal dispersal of pests: one surge or two?
Authors: PAULSON M. D. , HOUSTON A. I. , MCNAMARA J. M. , Payne R. J. H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMany agricultural pest species occur in seasonal metapopulations with a period of asexual reproduction. We use evolutionary theory to predict timing of dispersal for such species, and identify four sequential phases: no dispersal, dispersal from initially occupied patches, dispersal from later colonized patches, and no dispersal. The third type of phase occurs only when reproductive rates are relatively high; we speculate that this could explain why among aphids there can be either one or two waves of dispersal during a season, depending on the species. Our model also explains other features of aphid biology, including a summer crash in colony size, and a decline in the number of colonies towards the end of each reproductive season. The presence of an additional surge of dispersal becomes more likely as season length increases, and does not require further evolution. This could have profound implications for pest management during future climatic warming.
Using Case‐parent Triads to Estimate Relative Risks Associated with a Candidate Haplotype
Authors: Shi Min , Umbach David M. , Weinberg Clarice R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryEstimating haplotype relative risks in a family‐based study is complicated by phase ambiguity and the many parameters needed to quantify relative risks for all possible diplotypes. This problem becomes manageable if a particular haplotype has been implicated previously as relevant to risk. We fit log‐linear models to estimate the risks associated with a candidate haplotype relative to the aggregate of other haplotypes. Our approach uses existing haplotype‐reconstruction algorithms but requires assumptions about the distribution of haplotypes among triads in the source population. We consider three levels of stringency for those assumptions: Hardy‐Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE), random mating, and no assumptions at all. We assessed our method's performance through simulations encompassing a range of risk haplotype frequencies, missing data patterns, and relative risks for either offspring or maternal genetic effects. The unconstrained model provides robustness to bias from population structure but requires excessively large sample sizes unless there are few haplotypes. Assuming HWE accommodates many more haplotypes but sacrifices robustness. The model assuming random mating is intermediate, both in the number of haplotypes it can handle and in robustness. To illustrate, we reanalyze data from a study of orofacial clefts to investigate a 9‐SNP candidate haplotype of theIRF6gene.
Differences between subacute and chronic MPTP mice models: investigation of dopaminergic neuronal degeneration and α‐synuclein inclusions
Authors: Gibrat Claire , Saint‐Pierre Martine , Bousquet Mélanie , Lévesque Daniel , Rouillard Claude , Cicchetti Francesca 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnimal models are invaluable tools to study neurodegenerative disorders but a general consensus on the most accurate rodent model of Parkinson’s disease has not been reached. Here, we examined how different methods of MPTP administration influence the degeneration of the dopaminergic (DA) system. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were treated with the same cumulative dose of MPTP following four distinct procedures: (i) subacute i.p. injections; (ii) 28‐day chronic s.c. infusion; (iii) 28‐day chronic i.p. infusion; and (iv) 14‐day chronic i.p. infusion. Subacute MPTP treatment significantly affected all aspects of the DA system within the nigral and striatal territories. In contrast, the 28‐day chronic s.c. infusion did not significantly alter any components of the DA system. The 28‐ and 14‐day chronic i.p. infusions induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐positive cells correlated with a decrease inNurr1mRNA levels, but no significant decrease in the density of TH striatal fibers. Importantly, however, only the 14‐day chronic MPTP i.p. infusion protocol promoted the formation of neuronal inclusions as noted by the expression of α‐synuclein protein within the cytoplasm of TH nigral neurons. Overall, we found that the 14‐day chronic MPTP i.p. infusion reproduces more accurately the pathological characteristics of early stage Parkinson’s disease.
Women's Struggles within the American Radical Pacifist Movement
Authors: Mollin Marian 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPacifism and peace activism are often stereotyped as the domains of nurturing women acting upon their maternal instincts to end war and thus protect the children of the world. Exploring the history of female radical pacifists with a focus on gender, however, reveals a much more complex set of dynamics that mirrored cultural forces pervading society at large. Their language was not always that of motherhood. From the 1940s through the 1970s, women also used the rhetoric and symbols of ‘brotherhood’ and ‘sisterhood’ to frame and justify their pacifist protests. Nor was their activism always celebrated. Instead, whether as ‘brothers’, ‘mothers’, or ‘sisters’, women who acted on the front lines of struggle repeatedly confronted a political culture that celebrated male heroism and masculine militancy, and cast women in secondary supporting roles. In critical ways, the culture of the peace movement thus mirrored the gender dynamics of the very culture of militarism it sought to undermine.
New polymorphic microsatellite loci for population studies in the European anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus (L.)
Authors: PAKAKI V. , MAGOULAS A. , KASAPIDIS P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEleven microsatellite loci were developed in the European anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, and tested in samples from two geographically distant populations (Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea). Number of alleles ranged from eight to 28 and observed heterozygosity from 0.440 to 0.920. There was no evidence of linkage disequilibrium, although two loci are indeed linked. All loci were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, except for one locus in the Atlantic and two loci in the Mediterranean sample. These three loci plus two more showed evidence for null alleles.
Iatrogenic fatal bleeding of ruptured gastric varix mimicking submucosal mass: An autopsy case
Authors: Song Hye‐Jong , Kwak Jung‐Sik , Lee Sang‐Han 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA 66‐year‐old woman died during a routine gastroscopic examination. The physician tried to biopsy a submucosal mass‐like lesion with tortuous and exaggerated submucosal blood vessels. Massive bleeding occurred due to iatrogenic injury. Isolated gastric varices are less prevalent than esophageal varices, but it has a higher motality rate because of the difficulty of controlling bleeding. Physicians should be mindful of isolated gastric varices, especially during examination of those with liver cirrhosis.
Status of oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: VASANTHI Pallinti , NALINI Ganesan , RAJASEKHAR G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAim: To assess the oxidative stress status in rheumatoid arthritis by measuring markers of free radical production, systemic activity of disease, free radical mediated tissue destruction and levels of antioxidant.Methods: Peripheral blood samples were used for all the assays. Total nitric oxide (NO) was quantitatively measured using immunoassay kit. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and vitamin E were measured by spectrophotometric methods.Results: Statistically significant changes were observed in the levels of MDA, vitamin E, total NO and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in the patient group. Significant differences were also observed in ESR and vitamin E levels in patients with active disease.Conclusions: Increased oxidative stress status exists, which may lead to connective tissue degradation leading to joint and periarticular deformities in rheumatoid arthritis.
Efficient Bioethanol Production by a Recombinant Flocculent
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Strain with a Genome-Integrated NADP
+
-Dependent Xylitol Dehydrogenase Gene
Authors: Matsushika Akinori , Inoue Hiroyuki , Watanabe Seiya , Kodaki Tsutomu , Makino Keisuke , Sawayama Shigeki 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

The recombinant industrial
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
strain MA-R5 was engineered to express NADP
+
-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase using the flocculent yeast strain IR-2, which has high xylulose-fermenting ability, and both xylose consumption and ethanol production remarkably increased. Furthermore, the MA-R5 strain produced the highest ethanol yield (0.48 g/g) from nonsulfuric acid hydrolysate of wood chips.
Advances and innovations in dialysis in the 21st century
Authors: Power A , Duncan N , Goodlad C 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPatients with end stage renal failure (ESRD) require renal replacement therapy in the form of dialysis or renal transplantation. There is an increasing number of people receiving maintenance dialysis as patients with ESRD are increasing faster than the supply of transplantable organs. The mortality rate on dialysis is 4–6 times that of the general population and is substantially reduced by transplantation. For the past 8 years, dialysis research has focused on improving patient outcomes and quality of life on dialysis. This review examines recent advances in haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in a historical context and considers future research possibilities.
Kyros-Orakel und Kyros-Zylinder: Ein religionsgeschichtlicher Vergleich ihrer Gottes-Konzeptionen
Authors: Leuenberger Martin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe striking similarity of the Cyrus cylinder with the contemporaneous Cyrus oracle in Is 45:1-7 has often been noticed, but up to now, we lack a detailed comparison that concentrates on the conceptions of God. Due to their crucial importance for the understanding of both texts, such a focus, however, promises to be rewarding: It allows to elaborate aspects substantial for both documents and to illuminate their similarities and differences more sharply. For Old Testament research, a particularly relevant result is that the monotheism of Deutero-Isaiah can be located more precisely in the religious- and theological-historical developments of the late Babylonian and early Persian time.
Determination of Carbon Monoxide Levels in Coffee Shops in Ankara
Authors: Tekbaş Ömer Faruk , Güleç Mahir , Odabaşi Ersin , Vaizoğlu Songül Acar , Güler Çağatay 
Published: March 2009

Indoor environments are where people spend 80—90% of their time. They are at their riskiest in terms of air pollution when smoking is not prohibited and various combustion and/or cooking applications are performed. If such environments are where people live or work, or are recreation facilities open to everybody, experience has shown that pollution levels to which they are exposed can reach levels that are a threat to their health. This study is an investigation of coffee shops, which are such communal environments, identified according to factors such as clientele and physical accommodation. The pollution parameter chosen was the level of carbon monoxide in the air, evaluated according to its compliance to the existing standards and setting forth measures that might be taken against probable health risks. The study was performed in 384 coffee shops selected randomly from amongst those ( N = 7646) located in five central municipal districts of Ankara province. Most of the environments investigated were observed to have deficiencies in respect of accident risk, hygienic features and accommodation conditions. The mean carbon monoxide level was found to be below the short and long-term threshold values. However, CO levels above long-term threshold levels were observed in 34% of the coffee shops. In conclusion, the environments investigated were found to pose risks in terms of both accommodation conditions and indoor environment air quality. It was concluded that these risks, which could affect the health of workers and clientele, could be eliminated by environmental health measures.