bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Larval Growth, Survival, and Development of the Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus
Authors: Li Li , Li Qi , Sun Xiujun , Kong Lingfeng 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
For large-scale seed production of sea cucumbers (class Holothuroidea) through a hatchery system, it is imperative to know the effects of environmental variables on larval growth, survival, and development. In this study, separate experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of temperature and salinity on growth, survival, and development of larval sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus before feeding (1–3 d postfertilization) and during feeding (5–9 d postfertilization). On day 3, prefeeding larvae showed a maximum survival rate of 95.9% at 21°C and a minimum survival rate of 77.3% at 27°C. On day 8, the highest growth and survival rates of feeding larvae were observed at 21°C (80.7 μm/d and 90.8%, respectively) and 24°C (93.6 μm/d and 87.7%). The highest percentage of doliolaria-stage larvae (34.3%) was observed at 24°C, indicating that the most rapid development of A. japonicus larvae occurred at this temperature. On day 3, the maximum survival rate of prefeeding larvae (92.4%) was observed at a salinity of 30 practical salinity units (psu). On day 9, the maximum growth rate of feeding larvae (65.6 μm/d) and the highest percentage of doliolaria (26.7%) were observed at 30 psu. On day 9, the maximum survival rate of feeding larvae (89.5%) also occurred at 30 psu, whereas no larvae survived at 10, 15, 40, or 45 psu. These results demonstrate that a water temperature of 21–24°C and a salinity of 30 psu are the most suitable conditions for the early development of A. japonicus.
An Evaluation of Two Egg Collection and Two Fertilization Techniques during Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon Spawning
Authors: Wipf Matt , Barnes Michael E , Durben Dan J 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
In an attempt to improve embryo survival of landlocked fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, we compared two egg collection techniques and two different egg fertilization (sperm activation) protocols on egg survival to the eyed stage of development. A total of four treatments were used with 13 females: egg collection into a suspended net and fertilization either with or without ovarian fluid and egg collection into a hard plastic pan and subsequent fertilization either with or without ovarian fluid. There was no significant difference in survival to the eyed stage with respect to collection technique. However, the presence of ovarian fluid during sperm activation and fertilization had a small but significantly negative effect on egg survival, decreasing mean eyed egg survival by approximately 4.0%. Overall, eyed egg survival was improved in 10 of the 13 spawns fertilized without ovarian fluid. To maximize embryo survival, removal of ovarian fluid prior to fertilization is recommended for landlocked fall Chinook salmon eggs.
Effects of Replacement of Menhaden Fish Meal Protein by Solvent-Extracted Soybean Meal Protein Supplemented with or without l-Methionine and l-Lysine in the Diet of Juvenile Southern Flounder
Authors: Alam Md Shah , Watanabe Wade O , Myers Amanda R , Rezek Troy C , Carroll Patrick M , Longfellow Shawn 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Two feeding experiments were conducted to study the effects of different levels of solvent-extracted soybean meal on the growth and body composition of juvenile southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma. In experiment 1, seven diets were formulated, replacing menhaden fish meal protein (FMP) with soybean meal protein (SBP) at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% without supplementing amino acids. In experiment 2, eight diets were formulated, replacing FMP with SBP at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70% and supplementing with l-methionine and l-lysine. In the test diets, l-methionine and l-lysine were supplemented to approximate the methionine and lysine level found in the 45% whole-body protein of southern flounder. All diets were formulated to have the same crude protein (45%) and lipid levels (12%), and all diets contained 9% squid meal and 5% krill meal to improve palatability. Each of the test diets was fed two times a day to triplicate groups of flounder (average weight = 0.61 g for experiment 1 and 1.63 g for experiment 2). Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted for 42 and 60 d, respectively. Fish were held in 75-L recirculating seawater tanks at 15 fish per tank. In both experiments, no significant differences were observed in body weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios, and the whole-body proximate composition among fish fed diets replacing 0–40% of FMP with SBP. When compared with fish fed 0% SBP, WG decreased significantly for the fish fed more than 40% SBP. Broken-line regression showed that the optimum levels of FMP replacement with SBP in the diet of southern flounder without and with supplemental methionine and lysine were 35.1% and 38.9%, respectively, when diets contained 9% squid meal and 5% krill meal.
Innovative Approaches for Understanding Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Declination in Healthcare Personnel Support Development of New Campaign Strategies
Authors: Schult Tamara M. , Awosika Ebi R. , Hodgson Michael J. , Hirsch Pamela R. , Nichol Kristin L. , Dyrenforth Sue R. , Moore Scott C. 
Published: August 2012

Objective.The main objectives of our study were to explore reasons for seasonal influenza vaccine acceptance and declination in employees of a large integrated healthcare system and to identify underlying constructs that influence acceptance versus declination. Secondary objectives were to determine whether vaccine acceptance varied by hospital location and to identify facility-level measures that explained variability.Design.A national health promotion survey of employees was conducted that included items on vaccination in the 2009-2010 influenza season. The survey was administered with two other institutional surveys in a stratified fashion: approximately 40% of participating employees were randomly assigned to complete the health promotion survey.Setting.National single-payer healthcare system with 152 hospitals.Participants.Employees of the healthcare system in 2010 who responded to the survey.Methods.Factor analysis was used to identify underlying constructs that influenced vaccine acceptance versus declination. Mean factor scores were examined in relation to demographic characteristics and occupation. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to determine whether vaccine acceptance varied by location and to identify facility-level measures that explained variability.Results.Four factors were identified related to vaccine declination and were labeled as (1) “don't care,” (2) “don't want,” (3) “don't believe,” and (4) “don't know.” Significant differences in mean factor scores existed by demographic characteristics and occupation. Vaccine acceptance varied by location, and vaccination rates in the previous year were an important facility-level predictor.Conclusions.Results should guide interventions that tailor messages on the basis of particular reasons for declination. Occupation-specific and culturally appropriate messaging should be considered. Continued efforts will be taken to better understand how workplace context influences vaccine acceptance.
Assessing the Burden ofAcinetobacter baumanniiin Maryland: A Statewide Cross-Sectional Period Prevalence Survey
Authors: Thorn Kerri A. , Maragakis Lisa L. , Richards Katie , Johnson J. Kristie , Roup Brenda , Lawson Patricia , Harris Anthony D. , Fuss Elizabeth P. , Pass Margaret A. , Blythe David , Perencevich Eli N. , Wilson Lucy ,   Maryland MDRO Prevention Collaborative
Published: August 2012

Objective.To determine the prevalence ofAcinetobacter baumannii, an important healthcare-associated pathogen, among mechanically ventilated patients in Maryland.Design.The Maryland MDRO Prevention Collaborative performed a statewide cross-sectional active surveillance survey of mechanically ventilated patients residing in acute care and long-term care (LTC) facilities. Surveillance cultures (sputum and perianal) were obtained from all mechanically ventilated inpatients at participating facilities during a 2-week period.Setting.All healthcare facilities in Maryland that provide care for mechanically ventilated patients were invited to participate.Patients.Mechanically ventilated patients, known to be at high risk for colonization and infection withA. baumannii, were included.Results.Seventy percent (40/57) of all eligible healthcare facilities participated in the survey, representing both acute care (n= 30) and LTC (n= 10) facilities in all geographic regions of Maryland. Surveillance cultures were obtained from 92% (358/390) of eligible Patients.A. baumanniiwas identified in 34% of all mechanically ventilated patients in Maryland; multidrug-resistantA. baumanniiwas found in 27% of all Patients.A. baumanniiwas detected in at least 1 patient in 49% of participating facilities; 100% of LTC facilities had at least 1 patient with A.baumannii, compared with 31% of acute care facilities.A. baumanniiwas identified from all facilities in which 10 or more patients were sampled.Conclusions.A.baumanniiis common among mechanically ventilated patients in both acute care and LTC facilities throughout Maryland, with a high proportion of isolates demonstrating multidrug resistance.
Infection Control Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Healthcare Workers at Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Sethi Ajay K. , Acher Charles W. , Kirenga Bruce , Mead Scott , Donskey Curtis J. , Katamba Achilles 
Published: August 2012

Objective.Effective implementation of infection control programs and adherence to standard precautions are challenging in resource-limited settings. The objective of this study was to describe infection control knowledge, attitudes, and practices among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Uganda.Design.We conducted a survey of hospital employees who had direct contact with patients or their immediate environment. We also performed an environmental assessment of resource availability and utilization within hospital wards.Setting.Surgical, medicine, and obstetrics wards at a national referral hospital in Kampala, Uganda.Participants.One hundred eighty-three randomly selected HCWs.Results.Almost all HCWs knew to wash their hands, although nursing and support staff were less likely to perceive that HCWs' hands can be a vector of disease transmission. Hand washing was valued more as a means of self-protection than as a means to prevent patient-to-patient transmission, consistent with the prevailing belief that infection control was important for occupational safety. Sinks were not readily accessible, and soap at sinks was uncommon throughout the medicine and obstetrics wards but more commonly available in the surgery wards. Alcohol gel was rarely available.Conclusions.Changing infection control practices in developing countries will require a multifaceted approach that addresses resource availability, occupational safety, and local understanding and attitudes about infection control.
Photoinduced current transient spectroscopy of defect levels in CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 epitaxial and polycrystalline layers
Authors: Krysztopa A , Igalson M , Larsen J K , Aida Y , Gütay L , Siebentritt S 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Photoinduced current transient spectroscopy (PITS) was used to study defect level spectra in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 chalcopyrite compounds used as absorbers in solar cells. We show that for CuGaSe2 PITS provides similar results as modulated photocurrent (MPC) spectroscopy, while in the case of CuInSe2 much better results are achieved with PITS due to the lack of background illumination necessary in the MPC. We found four defect levels common for both CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 (three electron traps with one of them acting as a recombination centre and one very deep hole trap). All those deep levels were observed both in the epitaxial and polycrystalline samples so we attributed them to bulk structural defects.
Combinatorial optimization of Al-doped ZnO films for thin-film photovoltaics
Authors: Treharne R E , Hutchings K , Lamb D A , Irvine S J C , Lane D , Durose K 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
A rapid screening methodology for the development of transparent conducting oxides is presented. The methodology, based on a combination of spectrophotometry, ellipsometry and 4-point probe measurements, was used to map out the opto-electronic properties over a co-sputtered ZnO : Al2O3 film deposited from separate ceramic targets of ZnO and Al2O3. Clear distributions for the carrier density, n
e, and mobility, μ
e, are determined as a function of wt%. Al2O3 content within the film. A minimum resistivity value of 7.6 × 10−4 Ω cm was achieved for a composition of 1.5 wt%. Al2O3.
Temperature dependence of chemical states and band alignments in ultrathin HfOxNy/Si gate stacks
Authors: Wang X J , Liu M , Zhang L D 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The chemical states and band alignments of HfO
x
N
y
films on Si substrates as a function of post-thermal treatment were systematically investigated. Analysis of N1s spectra reveals that there are four components in N chemical states, which are assigned to the N–Hf, N ≡ Si, Si2 = N–O and N–O bonds. The N–O bond is very unstable upon annealing as compared with the N–Hf, N ≡ Si and Si2 = N–O bonds. The relationship between band alignments and chemical states in the HfO
x
N
y
/Si stack upon annealing is also studied. It is found that the conduction-band offset shows no obvious change upon annealing, while the band gap and the valence-band offset increase with the increase in the annealing temperature, which is mainly due to the reduction in the N–O bond during the annealing process. With the values of band gap and band offsets of the HfO
x
N
y
film, the energy-band alignments of the HfO
x
N
y
/Si stack as a function of post-deposition annealing were constructed.
Spectroscopic characterization of micro- and nanoparticle suspensions with size dynamics in plasmas
Authors: Mitic S , Pustylnik M Y , Kovačević E , Berndt J , Boufendi L , Morfill G E 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Mitic et al (2011 Opt. Lett.
36 3699) proposed a spectroscopic method of the in situ measurement of the size and optical properties of spherical micro- and nanoparticles with monotonically variable size. The method requires three optical channels: one for the illumination of a particle suspension by white light and two for the measurements of the spectra of scattered light. This allows one to determine the optical properties of the particles in a wide spectral range. In this work an extended description of the experimental setup and data analysis technique are given. Performance of the method is illustrated on particle suspensions in plasmas, exhibiting increase and decrease of particle size.
Analysis of laser shock waves and resulting surface deformations in an Al–Cu–Li aluminum alloy
Authors: Peyre P , Berthe L , Vignal V , Popa I , Baudin T 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Laser shock processing is now a recognized surface treatment for improving fatigue or corrosion behaviour of metallic materials through the generation of a compressive stress field. In turn, the analysis of shock wave propagation is of primary importance to predict numerically morphological and mechanical surface modifications.
Considering experimental and numerical analyses of shock wave propagation, and surface deformations induced by single impacts, a 2050 aluminum alloy having different microstructures was investigated under laser-shock loading. In a first step, the evolution of shock wave attenuation and elastic precursor amplitude was correctly reproduced by finite element simulations, and in a second step, surface deformations induced by 1–6 local impacts were also compared satisfactorily with experiments. This allowed us to validate mechanical loading and materials' constitutive law, but did not allow accurate determination of residual stress fields on a single impact.
Marine cloud brightening
Authors: Latham John , Bower Keith , Choularton Tom , Coe Hugh , Connolly Paul , Cooper Gary , Craft Tim , Foster Jack , Gadian Alan , Galbraith Lee , Iacovides Hector , Johnston David , Launder Brian , Leslie Brian , Meyer John , Neukermans Armand , Ormond Bob , Parkes Ben , Rasch Phillip , Rush John , Salter Stephen , Stevenson Tom , Wang Hailong , Wang Qin , Wood Rob 
Published: August 2012

The idea behind the marine cloud-brightening (MCB) geoengineering technique is that seeding marine stratocumulus clouds with copious quantities of roughly monodisperse sub-micrometre sea water particles might significantly enhance the cloud droplet number concentration, and thereby the cloud albedo and possibly longevity. This would produce a cooling, which general circulation model (GCM) computations suggest could—subject to satisfactory resolution of technical and scientific problems identified herein—have the capacity to balance global warming up to the carbon dioxide-doubling point. We describe herein an account of our recent research on a number of critical issues associated with MCB. This involves (i) GCM studies, which are our primary tools for evaluating globally the effectiveness of MCB, and assessing its climate impacts on rainfall amounts and distribution, and also polar sea-ice cover and thickness; (ii) high-resolution modelling of the effects of seeding on marine stratocumulus, which are required to understand the complex array of interacting processes involved in cloud brightening; (iii) microphysical modelling sensitivity studies, examining the influence of seeding amount, seed-particle salt-mass, air-mass characteristics, updraught speed and other parameters on cloud–albedo change; (iv) sea water spray-production techniques; (v) computational fluid dynamics studies of possible large-scale periodicities in Flettner rotors; and (vi) the planning of a three-stage limited-area field research experiment, with the primary objectives of technology testing and determining to what extent, if any, cloud albedo might be enhanced by seeding marine stratocumulus clouds on a spatial scale of around 100×100 km. We stress that there would be no justification for deployment of MCB unless it was clearly established that no significant adverse consequences would result. There would also need to be an international agreement firmly in favour of such action.
Genetic polymorphisms of tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily 1b and fas ligand are associated with clinical efficacy and/or acute severe infusion reactions to infliximab in Crohn's disease
Authors: Steenholdt C. , Enevold C. , Ainsworth M. A. , Brynskov J. , Thomsen O. Ø. , Bendtzen K. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryBackgroundSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) 1A and 1B, and Fas ligand (FASLG) genes, have been associated with responsiveness to infliximab (IFX) in Crohn's disease.AimTo investigate if SNPs in TNFRSF1A and 1B, and FAS (TNFRSF6) and FASLG (TNFSF6), associated with short‐ or long‐term clinical and biological efficacy and with acute severe infusion reactions.MethodsObservational, retrospective and explorative cohort study of IFX‐treated Caucasian patients with Crohn's disease classified as primary nonresponders (n = 21), response failures on maintenance therapy (n = 37), maintained remission (n = 47) and occurrence of acute severe infusion reactions (n = 20).ResultsDuring IFX maintenance therapy, minor allele carriage of TNFRSF1B, rs976881 is associated with loss of response [OR 3.3 (1.2–9.1), P = 0.014]. Minor allele homozygosity increased the risk substantially (OR estimated 19, P = 0.006), and furthermore associated with a mean CRP increase of 17 mg/L as compared to a mean decrease of 17 mg/L in all others (P = 0.036). In contrast, minor allele carriage of TNFRSF1B, rs1061622 is associated with beneficial response to IFX induction [OR 4.2 (1.2–18.2), P = 0.014], and with persistence of remission during maintenance therapy [OR 5.5 (1.5–25.5), P = 0.007]. Carriage of the minor allele of FASLG, rs76110 increased risk of severe infusion reactions [OR 4.0 (1.1–22.4), P = 0.041]; minor allele carriage of TNFRSF1B, rs652625 decreased the risk (OR estimated 0.2, P = 0.043 ).ConclusionsThe TNFRSF1B polymorphisms may contribute to predict efficacy of infliximab. Moreover, FASLG and TNFRSF1B polymorphisms may confer genetic susceptibility to severe infusion reactions. These findings could potentially aid clinical decisions if confirmed in larger studies.
Overexpression of TRIM44 contributes to malignant outcome in gastric carcinoma
Authors: Kashimoto Kingo , Komatsu Shuhei , Ichikawa Daisuke , Arita Tomohiro , Konishi Hirotaka , Nagata Hiroaki , Takeshita Hiroki , Nishimura Yukihisa , Hirajima Shoji , Kawaguchi Tsutomu , Shiozaki Atsushi , Fujiwara Hitoshi , Okamoto Kazuma , Tsuda Hitoshi , Otsuji Eigo 
Published: August 2012

Recent studies have shown that some members of the tripartite motif‐containing protein (TRIM) family, which is characterized by a conserved RING finger, B‐box, and coiled‐coil domains, function as important regulators for carcinogenesis. In this study, we tested whether TRIM44 (11p13) acts as a cancer‐promoting gene through overexpression in gastric cancer. We analyzed seven gastric cancer cell lines and 112 primary tumors, which were curatively resected in our hospital between 2001 and 2003. Expression of the TRIM44 protein was detected in gastric cancer cell lines (2/7 cell lines; 29%) and primary tumor samples of gastric cancer (29/112 cases; 25%). Knockdown of TRIM44 expression using several specific siRNAs inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TRIM44‐overexpressing cells. Overexpression of the TRIM44 protein was significantly correlated with an advanced type of macroscopic appearance, lymphatic invasion, and higher recurrence rate. TRIM44‐overexpressing tumors had a worse overall rate of survival than those with non‐expressing tumors (P = 0.0038, log–rank test) in both intensity and proportion expression‐dependent manner. TRIM44 positivity was independently associated with worse outcome in multivariate analysis (P = 0.0233, hazard ratio 3.37 [1.18–9.64]). These findings suggest that TRIM44 plays a crucial role in tumor cell proliferation through its overexpression, and highlight its usefulness as a predictor and potential therapeutic target in gastric cancer.