bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The geology of the Silurian rocks west and south of the Carneddau Range, Radnorshire
Authors: Jones Owen Thomas 
Published: October 2009

Summary

An account is given of the geological succession from the Upper Llandovery to the lower part of the Lower Ludlow. The former group is developed in two distinct facies—an eastern facies of calcareous sandstones with
Pentamerus oblongus
, and a western facies of green mudstones and dark shales containing
Monograptus crenulatus
and other graptolites. The Wenlock rocks are dark graptolitic shales which have been divided into two sub-groups. They include the six graptolite zones erected by Dr. G. L. Elles in 1900. The Lower Ludlow rocks consist of shales with
Monograptus nilssoni
.

In the Upper Wenlock and above the
M. nilssoni
shales there are important developments of slumped mudstones which have been mapped in detail.

The area is a shallow syncline traversed by a series of powerful faults ranging mainly in the direction of the strike. Some of them behave as block faults. One fault appears to be a tear which has shifted earlier faults. Cleavage is sporadically developed.
A geological museum of the early seventeenth century
Authors: Bromehead Cyril Edward Nowill 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The paper describes the five volumes labelled “Fossils” which are among the Italian drawings purchased by George III in 1762, and which are now in the Library at Windsor Castle. The drawings have been identified as representing some of the specimens in the Museum of the Academy of the Lynxes in Rome in 1626. It is shown that these unique documents throw much light on contemporary thought, and indicate the emergence of a genuine science of Geology from the mists of magic, imagination and fable. Published accounts of similar collections, notably those of the Vatican as catalogued by Mercati, Aldrovandus, and Nehemiah Grew's catalogue of the Royal Society's museum, are quoted to show the opinions held at the time as to their origins and uses.
The structure of the Coal Measures in the Pontardawe-Ammanford Area
Authors: Trotter Frederick Murray 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The tectonic structures described lie in Coal Measures on the northern limb of the major South Wales Syncline. The Coal Measures sequence is divided, for mapping purposes, into seven groups. The earth-movements which have affected the area can be divided into three episodes.
The first is referable to the Armorican orogeny, when forces directed from the south gave rise to differential northward movement of the strata, observable along north-north-westerly trending tear-faults. The northerly moving strata were forced against the pre-existing Towy Anticline and west-south-westerly structures were developed in the younger Palaeozoic rocks parallel to that Caledonoid massif, of which the Cwm Twrch and the Ammanford compressional belts are the most important. The compression-belts consist of folds, thrusts and lag-faults.
The second episode was a period of tension during which a second system of north-north-westerly faults was developed. These elevated or depressed pre-existing structures but did not displace them laterally. During this period the region was tilted southwards and this tilt gave rise to the west-south-westerly pitch of the folds formed during the compression period. The tear-faults also moved vertically during the period of tensional stress and there are three cases of tensional sags and associated trough-faults developing on the western side of pre-existing tear-faults. Four stages in the development of a fault-trough from a sag are illustrated by sections across the Cwm Clydach trough.
In the last tectonic episode, the structures of the two previous episodes were moved laterally by the north-easterly trending Tawe Valley tear-fault.
Some English Cretaceous and Eocene Hexacorals
Authors: Thomas Henry Dighton 
Published: October 2009

Summary

A new species of
Oculina
is described from the Hythe Beds (Upper Aptian) of Surrey. This is a surprisingly early occurrence of the genus, which is not otherwise known before the Tertiary. Two other corals— one a new species of
Oculina
, and the other a specimen of
Paracyathus caryophyllus
(Lamarck)—are described from the Blackheath Beds: they are the oldest English Tertiary corals known. A re-description of
Heterocoenia reticulata
(Duncan) is also given.

I am indebted to Mr. A. G. Davis, Mr. F. J. Epps, the late C. W. Hobley, C.M.G., and Messrs. C. W. and E. V. Wright for the material of the new species; to Mr. C. W. Wright also for providing me with notes on the horizon of the two pits at Taylor's Hill, Godstone, Surrey; and to my colleague, Mr. W. H. T. Tams, for the excellent photographs of the corals.

Genolectotype
(see Edwards and Haime 1850, p. xix).—
Oculina virginea
Lamarck 1816, p. 285 (non
Madrepora virginea
Linnaeus 1758, p. 798, nec
Madrepora virginea
Ellis and Solander 1786, p. 154, pl. xxxvi), Recent, West Indies =
O. diffusa
Lamarck 1816, p. 285, Recent, West Indies.

Material
.—The holotype and seven paratypes, all silicified, preserved in ferruginous sandstone, from the Lower Greensand, Hythe Beds, Upper Aptian,
martini
zone, Taylor's Hill Pit (North), south of Godstone, Surrey (National Grid reference, 357507).

Holotype
.—R.35210 (C.W. and E. V. Wright collection).

Paratypes
.—R.33690–R.33695 (A. G. Davis collection) and R.33696 (C. W. Hobley collection).

Diagnosis
.—
Oculina
forming a reticulate corallum, with calices from 1·3 to 1·5
The occurrence of Moinian rocks in Ireland
Authors: Anderson John Graham Comrie 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The paper deals with an extensive area of metamorphic rocks north of Lough Erne in North-West Ireland. Metamorphosed sedimentary rocks form a conformable succession consisting of the Lough Derg Psammitic Group (oldest), the Oughtadreen Pelitic Group and the Calcareous Group. Altered igneous rocks are represented by epidiorites and amphibolites.
Evidence is brought forward that the Lough Derg Psammitic Group, consisting mainly of granulites, is of Moinian age; the other two groups are placed in the Dalradian.
In the Pelitic Group, kyanite, garnet and biotite zones of metamorphism have been mapped. The high-grade metamorphism is related to a belt of intense pegmatitization and injection—the Lough Derg Injection Complex—which is similar to the injection complexes of the Scottish Highlands.
Structurally, the metamorphic rocks form the Lough Derg Anticline, a Caledonian fold with north-easterly pitch. On their west side they are also affected by gentle Armorican anticlines, the westerly pitch of which carries them beneath Carboniferous rocks, and on their south-east side they are brought against the same strata by a powerful north-easterly fault.
Marine Bands and other faunal marker-horizons in relation to the sedimentary cycles of the Middle Coal Measures of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire
Authors: Edwards Wilfrid , Stubblefield Cyril James 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Systematic examination of the cores of several deep boreholes drilled during the past seven years has increased to ten the number of known faunal marker-bands in the Middle Coal Measures of the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Coalfield. Details of the stratigraphy and of the geographical distribution of these bands have been supplemented by reference to outcrop and underground workings and to fossiliferous samples from colliery shafts.
Each band is considered as part of a cycle of sedimentation which has distinctive characters over substantial areas of the coalfield. Nine of the ten cycles contain marine phases and all but the earliest occur within the thousand feet of strata representing the Similis-Pulchra Zone.
The constitution of the cycles is discussed and the faunas listed. Notes and illustrations are given of some of the fossils, including foraminifera, which group occurs in five of the marine bands.
Correlation is indicated where possible with Yorkshire and other neighbouring coalfields. An appendix embodies results of a detailed petrographical examination of two of the cycles at one locality.
The Sequence and structure of the southern portion of the East Crop of the South Wales Coalfield
Authors: Moore Leslie Rowsell 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The paper describes the sequence and structure of the Upper Carboniferous rocks along that part of the East Crop of the South Wales Coalfield between Pontypool in the north and Risca in the south. The Coal Measures of this region have hitherto been regarded as representing a thin but nevertheless complete succession. Nowhere, however, along this portion of the East Crop is there a complete sequence of Coal Measures, as that formation is developed in more westerly parts of the coalfield. Indeed, there is no outcrop of the Lower Coal Series over some considerable part of this tract; that series is represented in other parts only by its basal strata. In certain transverse valleys a fuller (but still incomplete) sequence of the Lower Coal Series is represented at outcrop by measures including the Similis-Pulchra Zone.
Likewise the Pennant Series, which in this paper is subdivided into Upper, Middle, and Lower groups, is incomplete; only the Upper and Middle groups are represented along most of the East Crop. The Upper Pennant Group is that portion of the Pennant Series which has hitherto been regarded as alone constituting the “Pennant Sandstone” of Monmouthshire. The Middle Pennant Group, which contains massive conglomerates and carries coloured measures previously known as the Deri Group, has in the past been erroneously included in the Lower Coal Series.
Thus the relationship of the Coal Measures along the East Crop is conditioned by major unconformity of Morganian age, which was accompanied by overstep and overlap, so that high horizons within the Pennant Series rest unconformably upon the Lower Coal Series and sharply overstep on to the Millstone Grit.

The region has suffered from movements of two definite ages :—

(a)
An earlier period, of Morganian age, resulting in the elevation of a land-mass east of the coalfield from which was derived sediment incorporated in the Middle Pennant Group.

(b)
A later, Hercynian (Variscan) period.

These combined movements have resulted in monoclinal folding along north-north-east to south-south-west lines, the older rocks being more steeply inclined than those of the Pennant Series. The dominant north-north-east to south-south-west folding of the eastern end of the South Wales Coalfield is described, and the considerable structural similarity between the east crops of the South Wales and Forest of Dean coalfields is indicated.
The effects of Morganian uplift are considered to have been widespread and may have affected an area including the Forest of Wyre, Forest of Dean, and Somerset and Gloucestershire coalfields.
The paper includes a comparison of the sequence in the area under description with that in other more westerly parts of the South Wales Coalfield and presents a suggested correlation of the Pennant Series of these areas. The Forest of Dean sequence is correlated with that of South Wales.
On lineation and petrofabric structure, and the shearing movement by which they have been produced
Authors: Anderson Ernest Masson 
Published: October 2009

The currently accepted view of lineation regards it as being perpendicular to the direction of shearing or “transport”. This conclusion appears to have been arrived at by petrologists mainly on two grounds: (1) the evidence obtained by Schmidt in the Leoben district of Austria and in the Tauern Mountains, and (2) the “argument from symmetry”. Sehmid's evidence is re-examined in this paper, and it is concluded that more data than he has given would be needed to make the inference convincing. The inconclusive nature of the “agrument from symmetry” has, on the other hand, been shown very clearly by schmidt himself.
The contrary view that lineation is parallel to the shearing movement is certainly true with regard to one district in Norway, as has been demonstrated by Kvale. In several localities, in different countries, it has also been found that the direction of lineation is that of the longest dimensions of pebbles and larger fragments in distorted conglomerate. The possibility that the pebbles themselves are elongated at right angles to the shoaring, and the plane of distortion, is discussed in this paper, and reasons are given against it. it is therefore inferred that shearing and lineation are most probably parallel, according to present evidence.
This conclusion, if accepted, will lead to a revision of present ideas of petrofabric structure, in particular about the formation of single quartz and mica girdles. The direction of shearing, or “transport”, must, in fact, be normal, and not parallel, to the plane of the girdles. It is claimed, however, that this type of diagram may be as well, or perhaps better, explained according to the writer's hypothesis.
Preliminary note on the structure of the foraminiferal genus
Archaias
and Related Forms
Authors: Henson Francis Roger Spencer 
Published: October 2009

While studying foraminefera from the Tertiary of Iraq and Iran, which had been referred to in literature under the name of
Archaias aduncus
(Fichtel and Moll), the author concluded that the structure of these organisms does not conform to the description of
Archaias
[
Orbiculina
] given by W. B. Carpenter (
Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.
, Vol. 146, 1856, part II, pp. 547–52, pl. xxviii, figs. 1-16; pl. xxix, figs. 1-3) and generally accepted in standard text-books on the Foraminefera (Galloway 1933; Cushman 1940; Glaessner 1945). According to these authors,
Archaias
may be described as a large, compressed
Peneroplis
sometimes becoming cyclical in the later stages, and with the primary chambers sub-divided into rectangular chamberlets by transverse secondary septa. In specimens from Iraq and Iran, however, sections parallel to the equatorial plane but very near the lateral surfaces of the test showed no subdivision of the primary chambers.

Following up this observation, sections were cut through the primary chambers in directions normal to given radii of the discoidal shell; and these preparations showed clearly that the internal structures traversing the primary chambers are not secondary septa, but pillars normal to the primary septa. The pillars are numerous and alternate in position with small perforations (apertures) through the primary septa
The question immediately arose whether these Middle Eastern forms should be assigned to a new genus or whether Carpenter's description is erroneous.
It was thought that a distinction might be found between Recent and Tertiary forms attributed from localities in the Caribbean region and
The devolatilization of coal seams in South Wales
Authors: Trotter Frederick Murray 
Published: October 2009

In South Wales there is a pronounced regional devolatilization of the coals towards a major thrust—the Main Thrust—which is observable immediately beyond the north-western margin of the coalfield. There is also a subsidiary regional devolatilization towards the Gower zone of compression, but this is apparent only on the southern rim of the coalfield.
In South Wales, as well as devolatilization in a horizontal plane, there is marked devolatilization of coal seams with depth. This devolatilization in a vertical plane is towards a plane of shear or of stress (inferred to be the underground extension of the Main Thrust) and is demonstrated by the trend and by the values of the coal-seam isovols. From the trend of the isovols it is deduced that at depth the plane dips gently, approximately towards the south-south-east.

The proposition is propounded that the volatile content of a South Wales seam (dry ash-free basis) expressed as a percentage of the original volatile content of a true coal seam, varies with the square of the distance of the seam from the plane of shear or stress, and the following formula is deduced :— where
V
1
represents the volatile content (expressed as a percentage as indicated above) of the upper seam;
V
2
the volatile content of the lower seam;
y
the vertical distance in feet between the seams; θ the angle of inclination of an underlying plane of shear or stress.

The formula is tested in 49 cases where the volatile contents of upper and lower seams in vertical sequence have been determined by chemical analyses. These cases cover the full range of coal types with vertical distances between the seams up to 2457 feet. The close degree of correspondence between the actual and calculated values constitutes a measure of the validity of the formula. A corollary to the formula is the recognition of a coal-type band for South Wales. With the aid of the formula, the South Wales anthracite field is delimited, and the net reserves are estimated at 4000 million tons.
On The ages of African land-surfaces
Authors: King Lester Charles 
Published: October 2009

The conclusion is reached that the land-surfaces of central and southern Africa are older than has generally been supposed. The primitive surface of the southern lobe of Africa, hitherto termed “Miocene”, is regarded as a modified “Gondwanaland” surface; the erstwhile “end-Tertiary” surface as having been initiated following the break-up of Gondwanaland; and later surfaces only as having been carved by new cycles following uplift of continental dimensions in the mid-Tertiary and later.
The “uplift of Africa” is thus considered not to have been much more than 2000 feet (other than locally) since the margins of the continent were roughed out. Local deformation is assigned a more active role than it has been given in literature : African landscape development involves not a static mass occasionally uplifted but a mobile surface undergoing intermittent or rhythmic minor or local modification.
On the spores of some Carboniferous plants; their development.
Authors: Moore L. R. 
Published: October 2009

From
Dr. R. Crookall, F.G.S. :&

Over a number of years I have been accumulating data on the variations of the “microspore” designated C
1
-C
4
. One of the figures published in Dr. Moore's paper illustrated that type of spore, and Dr. Moore has kindly lent me not only the relevant slides to study, but also subsequently a number of others representative of other fructifications described in the paper.

The fundamental questions raised by Dr. Moore's paper are :—
(a) Is variation in Coal Measures spores principally due to relative maturity?
(b) Are the “Sporangia A and B” heterosporous?
The following conclusions are based on the detailed examination of Dr. Moore's slides and of his plates :—
(1) Many of the slides which I have examined (including those made from “Sporangia A and B”) show contamination, and therefore no affirmation to either question (a) or (b) can be reliably made in the absence of a complete spore-census.
(2) The ornamented spores in tetrads regarded by Dr. Moore as immature should not be so regarded in the absence of other evidence to that effect; they may be mature spores that have merely failed to separate from their sister-spores.
(3) “Sporangia A and B” are not heterosporous—they do not contain both microspores and megaspores.
(4) So far as my observations go, the degree of validity that may be accorded to the various correlations by spore-percentages is quite unaffected by Dr. Moore's evidence.
I would add that the work of others does not necessarily support
Recent information concerning the evaporites and the pre-Permian floor of South-East Durham
Authors: Wood Frederick Wilfred 
Published: October 2009

Summary
A description is given of the stratigraphical information obtained in the mining of anhydrite at Billingham and from exploratory boreholes in the immediate locality.
Details are given of an extraordinary crumpling of roof marl and anhydrite into the working seam, attributed to gravity movement on the sloping pre-Permian floor.
The existence of a high ridge of Carboniferous rocks forming the pre-Permian floor is postulated as an interpretation of available information in South-East Durham. The delineations of the westerly limits of the salt of the Tees-mouth area are discussed with reference to their probable correlation with the line of the Carboniferous ridge and the local limits of the seams of anhydrite. The existence of a gap in the Carboniferous ridge is inferred as correlating stratigraphical features found in the mine workings, underground boreholes and salt thicknesses.
The sheared porphyrite dykes of South Galloway
Authors: Blyth Francis G. H. 
Published: October 2009

Summary
A group of more than 100 dykes, mainly porphyrites with some microdiorites, quartz-diorites, and lamprophyres, trends east-north-east from the Solway coast between Creetown and Gatehouse-of-Fleet; the dykes are intruded along the strike of the closely folded Lower Palaeozoic sediments, the belt in which they are emplaced being some eight miles in length and four miles wide. Most of the dykes possess directional textures, formerly described as foliation; these textures are partly of primary origin but mainly due to shearing. The shearing has taken place on vertical surfaces which lie either parallel to the length of the dykes or make small acute angles with their walls.
A feature shown by most of the dyke-rocks is the development of numerous flakes of white mica within their fabrics; in the sheared dykes the micas are oriented along the surfaces of shear. The mica-forming materials may have been derived from an internal source in the zone of shearing, or as emanations from subjacent granite masses.
The relationships between the shear directions, transverse joints, and quartz veins which cross the dykes are analysed, and experimental work due to Reidel is cited in support of the suggested origin of the structures in a belt of shearing. The attitude of the shear surfaces in relation to the ellipsoids of stress and strain is also examined.
The dykes are considered to fill tear (or transcurrent) fractures, on which lateral movement recurred after the emplacement of the igneous bodies. The implications of this mechanism in respect of a wider area are indicated.
The gravitational and magnetic exploration of parts of the Mesozoic-covered areas of south-central England
Authors: Falcon Norman Leslie , Tarrant Leslie Hamilton 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Gravity and magnetic anomaly maps for large areas of southern England are presented, and their geological implications are discussed. The geophysical results are interpreted in terms of the probable composition and structure of the hidden Palaeozoic floor, with particular reference to the possibility of the existence of appreciable thicknesses of Upper Carboniferous rocks in some parts of the area.
The stratigraphy of the Carboniferous rocks of the Weaver Hills district, North Staffordshire
Authors: Ludford Albert 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The district described consists of the south-west corner of a large mass of Lower Carboniferous rocks stretching from the Weaver Hills in the south to the River Hamps valley in the north. The Carboniferous Limestone makes a tilted plateau while the lower ground is occupied by Churnet Shales.
The structure consists of a shallow anticline with numerous small folds super-imposed upon it. The Weaver Hills formed part of a basin lying to the south-west of the Derbyshire massif during Lower Carboniferous times. The limestones to limestones-with-shales.

The succession is very similar to that of Dovedale, Derbyshire, described by D. Parkinson. Over much of the area beds of a general S age are missing, having been removed by denudation prior to the deposition of D
1
limestones which rest on rocks varying in age from C
2
to S
2
. Evidence of this and faunal evidence as to the age of each of the formations is discussed in detail.