bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutual Separation of Actinides from Middle Lanthanides by the Combination of Two Neutral Donors, N,N,N′,N′-Tetraoctyl-3,6-dioxaoctanediamide and N,N,N′,N′-Tetraethyldiglycolamide
Authors: Sasaki Yuji , Morita Yasuji , Kitatsuji Yoshihiro , Kimura Takaumi 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The separation of Am and Cm from Sm, Eu, and Gd was examined by the combination of new extractant, DOODA (N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl-3,6-dioxaoctanediamide) and masking agent, TEDGA (N,N,N′,N′-tetraethyldiglycolamide). DOODA extracts light lanthanides with high D values into the organic phase, while TEDGA shows strong complexing ability with middle and heavy lanthanides in the aqueous phase. Americium and Cm behave as light lanthanides in this extraction system, therefore Am and Cm show high separation from middle lanthanides. The separation factors for D(Am)/D(Sm), D(Am)/D(Eu), and D(Am)/D(Gd) are 14.4, 40, and 111, respectively, for 0.3 M DOODA/n-dodecane and 10 mM TEDGA/5 M HNO3. The high separation of Am and Cm from these lanthanides, having high neutron cross section, can be seen in HNO3–n-dodecane in the absence of metal-salt.
Bimolecular Rate Constants between Levoglucosan and Hydroxyl Radical: Effects of pH and Temperature
Authors: Teraji Takashi , Arakaki Takemitsu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Bimolecular rate constants for levoglucosan and hydroxyl radical were determined at various temperatures and pHs using competitive kinetics. Hydrogen peroxide was used as the radical source, and benzoic acid was used as a competitive radical scavenger. The rate constants at 20 °C were 7.9 × 108 to 2.4 × 109 M−1 s−1 between pH 3.0 and 8.0 and showed little variation as a function of temperature between 10 and 40 °C.
Epitaxial Growth of Faceted Co Nanoparticles on Sapphire Surfaces
Authors: Ogawa Yui , Ago Hiroki , Tsuji Masaharu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Crystalline Co nanoparticles with unique faceted structures are synthesized on the sapphire substrate by annealing a sputtered Co film in H2 atmosphere. The high-temperature sputtering stimulates the epitaxial growth of the Co film, leading to the formation of ordered Co nanoparticles upon H2 annealing. The crystal structure of the Co nanoparticles is discussed.
Morphology of Rare-earth (Y, Sm) Nanostructures Synthesized by the Surfactant-assembled Method
Authors: Nishiyama Katsura , Hanamoto Takashi , Shigematsu Hirotake , Kitada Keitaro , Iketaki Kai , Kaji Toshihiko , Hiramoto Masahiro 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Nanostructures such as nanorods or nanowires in various morphologies have been fabricated from yttrium oxide, nitrate, and chloride, along with samarium oxide relying on a template organized from self-assembled surfactants. It is found that the different interaction mechanism between the template and rare-earth material gives rise to the various morphologies in the nm–µm domain, under observation by scanning electronic microscopy.
Facile Synthesis of Hierarchical Alumina Monoliths with Tubular Macropores and Ordered Mesoporous Walls
Authors: Zhang Kuibao , Fu Zhengyi , Zhang Jinyong , Nakayama Tadachika , Niihara Koichi , Lee SooWohn 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
A facile approach of evaporation-induced self-assembly plus coating was developed using nonwoven fabrics (NF) as a sacrificial scaffold, leading to the acquisition of hierarchically macro/mesoporous alumina monolith. The macropores templated by NF show a tubular structure of about 10 µm in channel diameter. The monolith is composed of ordered mesostructured wall with large-sized mesopores and high thermal stability. The regularity of the mesopores can be maintained up to 900 °C, even after the amorphous Al2O3 transforms to crystalline structure (γ-Al2O3). This facile route can be extended to the preparation of other hierarchically macro/mesoporous monoliths such as TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, et al.
“Barkinite”—A New Maceral or Not?
Authors: Sun Yuzhuang 
Published: August 2010

In Chinese coal petrographic nomenclature, one peculiar component is called “barkinite”, because its morphological features suggest an origin from bark tissue. In recent years, this Chinese term appeared in some international journals. However, many coal geologists do not accept the term “barkinite”. The author of this paper has summarized and analysed the research progress relating to “barkinite” and bark coal. He points out some unreliable geochemical data and wrong explanation for the “barkinite” definition appeared in English-language papers about “barkinite”. However, some petrographic and geochemical characteristics of “barkinite” are indeed different than cutinite, suberinite and sporinite, especialy its morphological characteristics. Before to deciding whether it is a new maceral or not, the petrographic, geochemical and plant predecessor characteristics of this maceral component should be further studied.
Characterization of Manganese Oxide and the Adsorption of Copper(II) and Lead(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Zou Weihua , Zhang Jinghua , Li Ke , Han Pan , Han Runping 
Published: August 2010

The characterization and sorption properties of manganese oxide towards Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution were investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared (IR) analyses were used to characterize the manganese oxide. Parameters affecting the adsorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions, such as the adsorbent dosage, the ionic strength of the solution, the contact time, the solution pH, the initial metal ion concentration and the temperature, were investigated. The binding of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions to manganese oxide was highly dependent on the pH of the solution, with the extent of adsorption increasing as the pH of the system increased. The uptake of both Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions was found to increase with temperature. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution increased with increasing adsorbent dosage and decreased with ionic strength. The adsorption equilibrium and adsorption kinetics of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions onto manganese oxide were studied. The adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic, with the order of affinity being Pb(II) > Cu(II). The same behaviour was observed during competitive adsorption, viz. adsorption from a binary solution of the ions concerned.
Phosphate Ion Removal from Aqueous Solution Using an Iron Oxide-Coated Fly Ash Adsorbent
Authors: Yao Shuhua , Li Jinyan , Shi Zhongliang 
Published: August 2010

The ability of an iron oxide/fly ash composite adsorbent prepared with municipal solid waste fly ash and iron nitrate to remove phosphate ions from aqueous solutions has been tested. The characteristics and physicochemical performances of the composite were investigated via nitrogen adsorption and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. The comparative adsorption of phosphate ions by the composite adsorbent and fly ash was investigated using batch experiments. It was found that the adsorption properties of the composite adsorbent towards phosphate ions depended on the pH value of the solution and the anion concentration in the same. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, from which it was shown that the adsorption capacities for phosphate ions at pH 3.0 were 27.39 mg/g for iron oxide/fly ash and 18.90 mg/g for fly ash. The results showed the adsorption patterns for phosphate ions with fly ash and iron oxide/fly ash composite adsorbent showed a better match to the Freundlich model rather than the Langmuir model. The adsorption kinetic data could be well described by the Lagergren pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The effect of temperature on the adsorption phenomena was investigated, the results indicating that phosphate ion removal by iron oxide/fly ash composite adsorbent was endothermic in nature.
Removal of Chromium(VI) Ions from Aqueous Solutions and Industrial Effluents Using Magnetic Fe3O4 Nano-particles
Authors: Begum K.M. Meera Sheriffa , Anantharaman N. 
Published: August 2010

The adsorption characteristics of magnetic Fe3O4 nano-particles synthesized by chemical co-precipitation for the removal of chromium(VI) ions from aqueous solutions and tannery effluents have been studied. The composition, size, morphology and magnetic properties of the nano-particles were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TEM and VSM methods, respectively. Experiments were conducted in batch mode to observe the influence of different parameters such as pH, feed concentration, adsorbent dosage and temperature on the performance of the adsorbent. It was found that when the pH of the system was decreased from 7 to 2, the extent to which Cr(VI) ions were removed increased from 54% to 77%. The adsorption process was found to follow second-order kinetics and the rate constant was evaluated at 30 °C. The Langmuir isotherm was found to provide a good fit to the experimental data. The adsorption capacity of magnetite nano-particles towards Cr(VI) ions at room temperature was 2.9508 mg/g, with the value increasing to 3.4454, 3.7592 and 4.0475 mg/g at 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C, respectively. On the basis of the adsorption free energy change of 16.577 kJ/mol obtained at 30 °C, the adsorption mechanism was confirmed as being chemical in nature. The thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process were also calculated from the experimental data. At an S/L ratio of 0.2 and under optimized conditions of pH, temperature and agitation, the removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution amounted to 85%. Regression analysis was performed and a correlation between percentage removal and operating parameters obtained.
Functional Groups and Interactions Controlling the Adsorption of Bisphenol a onto Different Polymers
Authors: Yang Weiben , Ren Li 
Published: August 2010

The behaviour of different polymers in the adsorption and removal of bisphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solutions was examined in order to identify the mechanism controlling the process. Three polymers with different functional groups were prepared and employed in our laboratory; they were characterized both texturally and chemically in terms of their surface areas, pore-size distributions, total exchange capacities and other parameters. The adsorption isotherms of bisphenol A were obtained and accurately modelled by the three-parameter Langmuir–Freundlich (LF) isotherm, the binding parameters calculated directly by the LF fitting coefficients indicating that increasing temperature was helpful in causing the adsorption process to move from positive cooperativity to negative cooperativity. The kinetic data were found to be well represented by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that the functional groups of the polymers had a significant influence on the adsorption mechanism of BPA. The adsorption of BPA basically depended on the chemical nature of the polymers and the pH value of the solution. The adsorption process was favoured by the molecular form of bisphenol A, since this controlled the surface complexes produced between the polymer surface and the bisphenol A molecules, with the resulting increase in adsorbent–adsorbate interactions being positively influenced by the temperature.
Novel Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of a Nanocrystalline Cobalt Ferrite System
Authors: Deraz N.M. , El-Aiashy M.K. , Ali Suzan A. 
Published: August 2010

Well-defined CoFe2O4 nanoparticles with an average grain size of about 50 nm were successfully synthesized by a combustion method employing different ratios of fuel to cations within the range 0–2.67. The as-prepared powders were characterized and investigated by TG, XRD, IR, SEM, TEM and VSM methods, and via isopropanol conversion at 250–450 °C. The results showed that increasing the ratio between fuel and cations stimulated the formation of cobalt ferrite due to the increasing flame temperature. Changing the fuel/cation ratio brought about modifications in the structure, surface activity, selectivity and magnetic properties of the investigated solids. A fuel/cation ratio of 2 led to the formation of catalyst having a high activity (49%) and magnetization (77.54 emu/g). All the solids investigated behaved as dehydrogenation catalysts leading to the formation of acetone as the major product. The fuel/cation ratio did not alter the mechanism of dehydrogenation of isopropanol, but increased the concentration of active sites involved in the catalyzed reaction.
Solophenyl Navy Blue Dye Removal by Smectite Clay in a Porous Bed Column
Authors: da Silva Gilson L. , Silva Valdinete L. , Vieira Melissa G. A. , da Silva Meuris G. C. 
Published: August 2010

Many studies have been reported whose objective has been the removal of effluent dyes from aqueous solution via adsorption methods. Among the adsorbents studied have been natural clays. The present study was aimed at evaluating smectite clay as a viable adsorbent for the removal of dyes from wastewater in industrial textile laundries. This clay is mainly composed of residue generated in the activities related to the exploration of gypsite which is abundantly available in the Araripe–PE region, located in Northeast Brazil. In the methodology chosen, a solution of the navy blue dye Solophenyl, which is the main dye employed in such laundries, was prepared with the following composition: 0.75 g dye + 11.25 g sodium chloride in 1000 mℓ of water. The clay (0.2 g quantity) was used in two forms: the natural extracted material and product obtained after its calcination at 300 °C. All assays were undertaken employing a porous bed column. The experimental data allowed an assessment of the kinetic behaviour of the dye, and of the removal capacity and removal efficiency of the examined clays. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained with smectite clay calcined at 300 °C, being 10.36 mg Solophenyl dye per gram clay at an output rate of 3 mℓ/min. The results were adjusted to the Logistic function model available in Origin 6.1 software, when an excellent correlation was obtained with the experimental adsorption data.
Italy's Wind Atlas: Offshore Resource Assessment through On-The-Spot Measurements
Authors: Casale C. , Lembo E. , Serri L. , Viani S. 
Published: August 2010

The Wind Atlas of Italy, first developed in 2002, was refined by ERSE (former CESI RICERCA S.p.A.) in 2006, when it was also enlarged to offshore areas up to 40 km from the coastline. It displays maps of annual average wind speed (m/s) and specific energy production (MWh/MW) up to 100 m above ground or sea. This Atlas is published in an interactive version (named ATLAEOLICO). The Italian Wind Atlas is based on maps calculated using the WINDS model developed by the Department of Physics of the University of Genoa and has then been fine-tuned by comparison with measuring data from over 400 stations scattered all over Italy. Concerning offshore areas, the calibration of maps resulted more difficult because of the lack of direct measurements. The resulting uncertainty of wind maps over offshore areas has been estimated from a minimum of 2 m/s to a maximum of more than 3 m/s, which results in an uncertainty of no less than 1000 MWh/MW in specific energy production, too high for reliable evaluation of energy production. To reduce this uncertainty, a new wind measuring station has recently been installed at Pianosa, a small uninhabited and flattish island located in the Adriatic Sea off the Gargano promontory, one of the offshore areas with higher discordance of wind speed values among the various maps published so far. This island could also be taken as representative of the transition from the southern zone with better resources to the less promising northern part of the Adriatic Sea. This paper presents the results of the first eight months of measurements at this station. These results have been analyzed by commercial codes for wind resource assessment and then compared with available information on wind resources in the same area, mostly measurements from satellite and coastal stations, and other published wind atlases.
Citizens, Politicians and Experts in Energy Policy-Making: The Case of Finland
Authors: Ruostetsaari Ilkka 
Published: August 2010

Theoretically, this study debates the issue of technocracy, with the role of representative democracy and expert knowledge in the Finnish energy policy-making as a focus. Policy-making is characterized by several characteristics making it special in international comparison. The study is based on a postal survey conducted among a random sample (N = 4000) representing 18–75-year old Finns in May – October 2007. Given the expert-centred tradition of Finnish science and technology policy, as well as the characteristics of Finnish political culture, we argued that Finns consider experts and producers of research knowledge to be more legitimate decision-makers than politicians in the energy policy arena. The proposition was tested using three hypotheses. Firstly, we hypothesized that the citizenry do not trust in their chances to influence energy policy-making through political institutions and general elections, and secondly, that people trust more in experts, that is research institutes and authorities as sources of energy-related information than political institutions. According to the third hypothesis, citizens stress more the normative role of experts than that of political decision-makers in the processes of planning and decision-making of energy policy The hypotheses were mainly verified. Our major finding was that even if people considered political institutions the most powerful actors in energy policy-making they did not trust their own chances to influence energy policy through political institutions. Experts were seen as the more legitimate decision-makers than politicians in energy policy.
Shear Behaviour of RC Beams without Stirrups Made of Normal Strength and High Strength Concretes
Authors: Hamrat M. , Boulekbache B. , Chemrouk M. , Amziane S. 
Published: August 2010

The paper describes a study in which sixteen reinforced concrete beams without transverse stirrups were tested to failure to investigate the influences of the shear-span/depth ratio ( a/d), the longitudinal steel ratio (ρ) and the compressive strength of concrete ( f'c) on the global behaviour in shear for beams made of normal strength concrete (NSC) as well as high strength concrete (HSC). Crack development and propagation were studied through continuous monitoring of the shear cracking using digital video recording. The test results show that the shear capacity depends more on the shear-span/depth ratio ( a/d) and the longitudinal steel ratio (ρ) and relatively less so on the compressive strength ( f'c) in the case of HSC. Based on this study and on data collected from the literature, a proposition for computing the shear stength of concrete beams without stirrups is made; it covers compressive strengths in the range of 40 MPa to 104 MPa. Using the proposed shear formulae, a comparison is made between the different modelling approaches used in the major design codes concerning the contribution of concrete to the shear resistance of beams. In the light of the test results obtained in the present investigation, the applicability of these code approaches to high strength concrete is examined.
Towards a Theory of the Interactive Factors Implicated in Successful Individual Performance in Cricket
Authors: Sanctuary Colin , Smith Andrew , Thombs Barry 
Published: August 2010

A longitudinal study, where qualitative data was grounded in the experiences of professional County Cricket players, suggests that it is an interaction of tactical, technical, psychological and environmental factors that determines good performance in cricket. For coaches, it would appear important to help their players to understand how to reflect accurately on the determinants of their own performance. For players, it seems important that they understand the impact of technical and tactical factors on their psychological state, and the interaction of these variables. In addition, players need to reflect on how attributions to environmental factors may lead to either an appropriate or inappropriate evaluation of their performance.
Wave Height Distributions of Laboratory Generated Bimodal Seas with Abnormal Waves
Authors: Petrova P. G. , Soares C. Guedes 
Published: August 2010

The study analyses bimodal data recorded in an offshore basin. The measured sea states represent two wave systems propagating at an angle of 60°, 90° and 120°, respectively, from each other. The wave spectra are separated into swell and wind sea components and the energy ratio between the areas under the associated curves (SSER) is estimated. The sea states are grouped into three classes with respect to SSER. Abnormal waves are identified in the three classes of SSER, although the majority of the cases pertain to wind-sea dominated wave fields. The probabilities of exceedance of the individual wave heights for the sea states with abnormal waves are estimated and approximated with probabilistic models, which take into account either the spectral bandwidth or the wave nonlinearities. Strong correlation is found between SSER and the fourth order normalized cumulant of the surface elevation, Λ40. The distributions for the maximum wave heights are constructed and compared with theoretical predictions depending only on the number of waves in the sample and Λ40. Furthermore, the probability of a wave to exceed a given threshold level conditional on Λ40 is compared with the theoretical estimates.
Effect of High Temperature on CFRP Retroffitted Columns, Protected with Different Coatings
Authors: Elkady Hala 
Published: August 2010

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the effect of indirect fire on axially loaded CFRP retrofitted columns. Tests were performed on 28 half scale CFRP retrofitted columns, coated with proposed heat insulating covers (two specimens were cast for each type). Twelve materials - known for their low coefficients of thermal conductivities- were used in the mixes of these protective covers on CFRP. Commercially available fire protective material was subjected to the same tests also. All protected columns were exposed to elevated temperature tests following ASTM (E119-95a) fire test curve 900°C for half an hour, while an axial load is applied to simulate working load conditions.Thermal distribution results along columns cross sections- for different insulating covers- at different stages of the fire test- were compared to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed heat protecting mixes.Post fire tests, all columns were loaded up to failure. Hence, the reduction in their load capacity due to fire exposure is calculated.Throughout these comparisons, it is concluded that the most of the suggested insulating mixes acted efficiently to protect CFRP strengthened sections during fire. Temperature was significantly reduced at CFRP level -below the protective covers. It ranged between 100-120°C, for most of the mixes. Thus, enhancing significantly the fire resistance for CFRP retrofitted columns. Reduction in failure load capacity -due to fire exposure- was limited to 10-20% for most of the protected specimens. Even for the insulating mixes that resulted in lowest - post fire- residual strength, CFRP layer was highly damaged, but the reinforced concrete section was slightly affected, which still makes the damage repairable.