bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Naphthalene Sorption to Organic Additives in Cement-Treated Soils
Authors: Lake Craig B. , Searle Jill , Bridson-Pateman Evan 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Cement-based solidification/stabilization (S/S) is a widely used source-controlled treatment method for contaminated sediments. Increasingly, the technology is being used to remediate sites that contain high molecular weight organic compounds. The low level of organic content in cement-based S/S mixtures often creates a need for organic additives in the mixtures in order to improve the level of sorption in the treatment process. Very little work has been published related to the quantification of the sorption of organic contaminants to cement-based S/S mixtures and the level of improvement afforded by additives such as fly ash and organoclays. The objective of this study is to examine the sorption levels of naphthalene to several cement-treated soil mixtures with and without organic additives (i.e., fly ash and organoclay) using batch testing. It is found that the sorption values of naphthalene vary but appear to be dependent on the amount of organic carbon present in the mixture. In order to assess the potential benefit of this improved sorption for field applications, contaminant migration modeling is performed using the results obtained. It is shown that cement-based S/S remediation systems can provide long-term protection against naphthalene contaminant migration, especially cement-based S/S mixtures with organoclay additives, for the assumptions considered in the modeling.
Calculation of Kobasko's Simplified Heat Transfer Coefficients from Cooling Curve Data Obtained with Small Probes
Authors: Simencio Otero Rosa Lucia 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAlthough heat transfer coefficient characterization of quench severity is not new, there continues to be a need for the rapid and relatively simple calculation of heat transfer coefficients from time-temperature cooling curve data files obtained via test methods such as ASTM D6200, D6482, D6549, and D7646, which utilize relatively small cylindrical test probes with diameters of ≤12.5 mm. One method that may be readily used is Kobasko’s computational method for effective heat transfer coefficients, which is based on time-temperature data obtained at the geometric center of small test probes during cooling curve analysis. A description of the step-by-step procedure for performing these calculations on actual experimental data is provided here.
Easiest Routes and Slow Zones: How Fast Do I Go?: Speeds and Distances of Recreational and Expert Snowsport Participants
Authors: Dickson Tracey J. , Terwiel F. Anne , Waddington Gordon S. , Trathen Stephen D. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
High speeds in snowsports have been associated with both the affective appeal as well as the risk of injury. Previous research of speeds of snowsport participants have been recorded on limited terrain or a single run using static radar guns or speed cameras. However, from a resort design and management perspective, more information is needed about areas of potential risk where there are a variety of users, skill levels, and speed. This exploratory research seeks to understand the actual and perceived distance and speeds traveled by a variety of snowsport participants over their day’s participation as well in resort-designated “slow zones.” A convenience sample of expert and recreational participants was recruited in a Western Canadian resort during the 2010–2011 season. A GPS-based data-logging device recorded speed, distance, duration, and location. Participants completed a questionnaire covering demographics, perceptions of maximum speed and distance traveled, and recommended speeds in slow zones. Data was collected over 102 sessions for alpine skiers, snowboarders, and telemarkers who traveled &gt;4.5 km during their data-collection period: age range 9–80 years (x¯ = 42.0), 39.8 % females and 67.6 % advanced/expert. Total skiing/boarding time logged was 497 h (17 min–7 h, 38 min, x¯ = 4 h, 52 min) covering 4475 km (x¯ = 43.87 km). Estimates of distance traveled was 3–100 km (x¯ = 33.70 km, SD = 21.98 km). Maximum speeds recorded were 20.2–108.5 km/h (x¯ = 62.06 km/h); all but two recorded maximum speeds &gt;23 km/h. Estimated maximum speeds ranged from 1–100 km/h (x¯ = 50.82 km/h). A paired sample t-test of estimated and actual maximum speeds was significant (p = .000). Participants’ recommendation for speeds in slow zones ranged from 5 to 60 km/h (x¯ = 23.8 km/h, mode = 30 km/h). Participants were generally unaware of the distances they traveled and the maximum speeds achieved, with most traveling in slow zones at speeds greater than their own recommendations.
Common Mechanisms of Hip Injury and Associated Hip Pathology in Professional Skiers and Snowboarders
Authors: Herzog Mackenzie M. , Briggs Karen K. , Philippon Marc J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Hip injuries are common among athletes. Recent studies have analyzed hip pathology in many athletic populations; however, little research has been done on hip injuries and pathology among skiers and snowboarders. The purpose of this study is to review common mechanisms of hip injury and associated hip pathology in professional skiers and snowboarders. This study was institutional review board-approved. A retrospective database review was performed on all professional skiers and snowboarders who were evaluated by the senior author and underwent hip arthroscopy between 2005 and 2010 for debilitating hip pain. Professional skiers and snowboarders included athletes who compete at the professional level and instructors. Thirty-six painful hips were identified in 29 professionals (7 with bilateral involvement). Pathology and intra-operative findings were identified at time of index procedure. Subjective mechanism of injury was recorded. All data were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed. Twenty alpine skiers (4 bilateral), three Nordic skiers (2 bilateral), four snowboarders, and two aerialists (1 bilateral) were identified. A high-speed ski crash resulting in hip pain was the most common mechanism of injury (n = 14 hips), with all of those injuries occurring in racers and aerialists. All Nordic skiers (n = 5 hips) reported a gradual onset of hip pain with no specific injury. Three hip dislocations were reported by two alpine ski instructors and one alpine ski racer. All hips were found to have labral pathology and femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) at the time of index procedure. An Outerbridge grade IV chondral defect was treated with arthroscopic microfracture technique in five hips (14%). Seventeen hips (47%) were treated with capsular plication for hip instability. High-speed crashes are common mechanisms of hip injury. Labral pathology, FAI, and hip instability are frequent pathological arthroscopic findings in professional skiers and snowboarders.
An Effective Procedure for Calculating Weibull Production Yield with Mean Shift
Authors: Hsu Ya-Chen , Pearn W. L. , Li Yuan-Yi 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Motorola, Inc. introduced its six sigma production quality initiative to the world in the 1980 s. Six sigma production quality is estimated by assuming a 1.5σ shift to the process mean. Bothe provided a statistical reason for considering such a shift in the normal process mean, and he also provided a much more accurate capability calculation to measure the production yield (Bothe, D. R., “Statistical Reason for the 1.5σ Shift,” Qual. Eng., Vol. 14(3), 2002, pp. 479–487). In this paper, we consider Weibull processes, which cover a wide class of non-normal processes. We calculate the mean shift adjustments under various sample sizes n and Weibull parameters, with the power fixed at 0.5. Then, we implement the derived results to develop an effective procedure to accurately calculate the production yield. Finally, to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach, the proposed procedure is applied to a real manufacturing process with mean shift.
Correlation Analysis of 2D Tomographic Images for Flaw Detection in Pavements
Authors: Hoegh Kyle , Khazanovich Lev 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Ultrasonic tomography is an emerging method of nondestructive concrete pavement diagnostics which can be used for improved quality assurance/quality control during concrete pavement construction and assist in rehabilitation decision making. Detection of flaws using ultrasonic tomography requires significant effort and user expertise. To address these limitations, a quantitative method for determining the presence of defects in concrete pavements was developed. The proposed method is an adaptation of the recently developed impact-echo signature analysis method (IESA), which is used for comparison of impact-echo signals. The proposed two-dimensional ultrasonic tomography signature analysis (2D-UTSA) method was used to compare two-dimensional B-scans obtained using a commercial test system in field trials at the Minnesota Rd. Research Facility and the Federal Aviation Administration’s National Airport Pavement Test Facility. Analysis of the results showed that the 2D-UTSA method is capable of identifying subsurface defects.
The Assessment of Hand Volume Using a Modified Volumetric Technique
Authors: Tsang Kavin K. W. , Norte Grant E. , Hand James W. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Common methods of volumetric measurement include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bioelectrical impedance, Perometer, tape measure, and water volumetry. Methods driven with technology, i.e., MRI, provide results with high levels of precision while requiring sophisticated equipment and associated costs. More basic techniques, i.e., tape measure and water volumetry, require minimal equipment and costs but sacrifice on precision of results. Traditional water volumetric measurement is relatively inexpensive and simple to conduct but the precision of measurements can be limited by the quality and readability of the incorporated graduated cylinders. The objective of this study was to establish the reliability of a modified water volumetric technique on measurements of hand volume. Ten subjects with no previous volumetric measurement experience participated in the study. The reliability of this modified volumetric measurement procedure was demonstrated by an intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC (2, 1)] of 0.999. Furthermore, a standard error of measurement (SEM) of 1.68 ml was calculated for this procedure. Based on these results, we believe that the development of this modified volumetric technique provides clinicians with very reliable and precise measures of extremity volumes. Results from our current study continue to support the use of water volumetry as the gold standard in volumetric assessment and as such, the modified technique can be effectively utilized in both the research and clinical settings. We believe the modifications incorporated in our procedures are easily implemented and result in highly reliable measurements.
Application of Digital Image Correlation Technique in Experimental Study of the Creep Behavior and Time Dependent Damage of Natural Rock Salt
Authors: Yang Diansen , Chen Weizhong , Yang Jianping , Wu Guojun 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe paper presents an experimental study on the creep behavior of a natural rock salt by means of digital image correlation (DIC) technique. To determine the creep rate and understand the creep mechanism of the rock salt, the time-dependent behavior of the material was studied at various scales (100 μm–1 cm) under different mechanical loading conditions. The results showed that the rock salt deformed at low constant stress. The strain rate at the macroscopic scale (cm) was about 10−9 s−1 at 11 MPa and it increased by an order of magnitude at 18 MPa. The strain rate at the mesoscopic scale (mm) depended on the microstructure, the boundary of subgrains deformed more rapidly than the subgrain, and the strain rate reached 10−7 s−1 at the interface of grains. The damage was identified by analyzing the full-field strain map and it was mainly caused by the open of cracks and it developed with the propagation of the cracks during creep tests.
System Identification of a Reinforced Concrete Building Using the Complex Mode Indicator Function and the Hilbert Transform Techniques
Authors: Gundes Bakir Pelin , Eksioglu Ender M. , Alkan Serhat 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The complex mode indication function (CMIF) technique is a singular value decomposition enhancement of the classical peak picking (PP) technique. The disadvantages of the PP technique, namely, its inability to identify closely spaced modes, are largely resolved in CMIF due to the singular value decomposition. Recently, a frequency domain based technique that uses the biased frequency response functions obtained from the Hilbert transform of power spectral densities has been proposed. In this study, the PP, CMIF, and Hilbert transform techniques are successfully applied to the measured output data from a typical instrumented school building in Istanbul. The study clearly shows that the techniques can successfully identify the modal parameters and give similar results for the eigenfrequencies and mode shapes. However, there are some differences in the damping ratio estimates.
An Alternative Approach to Determine Material Characteristics Using Spherical Indentation and Neural Networks for Bulk Metals
Authors: Mahmoudi A. H. , Nourbakhsh S. H. , Amali R. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Material characteristics such as Young modulus, yield, and ultimate stresses are often considered as fundamental material parameters. Determination of material characteristics using the instrumented indentation test has gained interest among many researchers. The output of a spherical indentation test is usually the load-penetration (P-h) curve which is used to determine the Hollomon’s equation coefficients. Ideally, the elastic deformation of the sphere is to be excluded from the total displacement. However, the available techniques to omit the elastic deformation of the sphere are difficult-to-use and time consuming. In the present work, a noticeably simplified method is proposed to determine the load-displacement curve, preserving the required accuracy. The coefficients of Hollomon’s equation are then determined using the spherical indentation. The proposed method has also the ability to specify the unloading curve at each point of interest, even if the experimental data of the unloading procedure at that point is not available. Finally, by training a neural network and extracting the weights of its layers, an equation governing the network is presented explicitly. This expression makes the neural network easy to use. Furthermore, the proposed method is verified using the experimental results and method and experiment are shown to be in good agreement.
Parameters Estimation Under Step-Stress Life Test Based on Censored Data From Generalized Exponential Model
Authors: Ismail Ali A. , Abu-Youssef S. E. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This paper presents estimates of the parameters under step-stress partially accelerated life testing in the presence of censored data from generalized exponential distribution. The maximum likelihood procedure is used to derive point and asymptotic confidence interval estimations of the unknown parameters. Also, confidence bounds based on the log likelihood ratio are explored. The performance of the estimators is investigated numerically for different parameter values and different sample sizes in terms of their mean square error. A simulation study is made for illustrative purposes.
Solvothermal Synthesis of High Yield CdS Nanowires in Ethylenediamine
Authors: Hui Zhang , Guojun Song , Jianjiang Li 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
High yield CdS nanowires were synthesized by a solvothermal method using thiourea and cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate as precursors in ethylenediamine. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-vis absorption spectroscopic techniques. XRD pattern indicates that the product is the hexagonal wurtzite CdS phase. SEM images show that the product is highly uniform CdS nanowires, and TEM images indicate that the diameter of the nanowires is about 50 nm and the length is up to several micrometers. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern reveals the as-prepared CdS nanowires’ single crystals with a preferential growth direction of (001). According to the experiments, the mechanism of the growth of CdS nanowires is discussed. The UV-vis absorption spectrum is shown to blueshift compared with that of bulk CdS due to the quantum size effect.
Responses of Austenitic Stainless Steel American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 303 (1.4305) Subjected to Different Environmental Conditions
Authors: Brnic Josip , Turkalj Goran , Canadija Marko , Lanc Domagoj , Krscanski Sanjin 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
In this paper some experimentally obtained results regarding mechanical properties at both low and elevated temperatures as well as short-time creep behavior of American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 303 (1.4305) austenitic stainless steel are presented. These results can be of importance in the design procedure for engineering components made of the considered material. The mentioned properties/strengths and short-time creep behavior were determined by uniaxial tests at different temperatures using materials testing machine. Impact energy was determined using the Charpy impact machine, while material hardness was determined using a universal hardness testing machine. For appropriate stress levels at selected temperatures, creep behavior modeling is displayed. Engineering fracture toughness assessment is based on experimentally obtained Charpy V-notch impact energy.
Influence of Drying and Wetting Cycles on SWCCs of Fine-Grained Soils
Authors: Jayanth Sneha , Iyer Kannan , Singh D. N. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe soil-water characteristics curve (SWCC) is greatly influenced by the path that is followed for suction measurement (i.e., drying or wetting path) and the number of cycles of these paths to which the soil is exposed. To evaluate the influence of these parameters, drying- and wetting-path SWCCs of three fine-grained soils were developed for single and multiple cycles by employing the Aquasorp® Isotherm generator. This device has been primarily employed for food products, powders, and amorphous materials for determination of their moisture sorption isotherm, which relates moisture content to water activity. As water activity can be mathematically related to soil suction, the Aquasorp® can be used for developing the SWCC. Hence, demonstrating the potential of the Aquasorp® for characterizing fine-grained soils becomes essential. The present study has been focused at highlighting the possible uncertainties associated with establishment of the SWCCs (both during drying and wetting paths) and the benefits and limitations of the Aquasorp® in achieving these objectives. Furthermore, by employing mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), the significance of capillarity on soil suction, which in turn governs the SWCC, has been demonstrated.
Evaluation of Durability of Stabilized Clay Specimens Using Different Laboratory Procedures
Authors: Khalife Roy , Solanki Pranshoo , Zaman Musharraf M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this comprehensive laboratory study, different tests—namely, investigations of the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) at the end of freeze-thaw/wet-dry (F-T/W-D) cycles, the resilient modulus (Mr) at the end of F-T/W-D cycles, vacuum saturation, and moisture susceptibility—were used to evaluate the durability of cementitiously stabilized subgrade soils. Two fat clays commonly encountered as subgrade soils in Oklahoma, Dennis and Lomill series, were utilized. These soils were stabilized with 6 % hydrated lime (or lime), 10 % class C fly ash (CFA), or 10 % cement kiln dust (CKD). Cylindrical specimens of three different sizes were compacted and cured for seven days. Then, Harvard miniature specimens were tested for UCS at the end of F-T/W-D cycles and moisture susceptibility (five-hour soaking). Additionally, cylindrical specimens were tested for Mr at the end of F-T and W-D cycles to evaluate the effect of F-T and W-D cycles on Mr. Furthermore, Proctor size specimens were tested for UCS after vacuum saturation. All the specimens showed a decrease in UCS values at the end of F-T cycles and vacuum saturation. In general, all the specimens tested in this study showed an increase in UCS values at the end of one W-D cycle. The Mr values of both raw and stabilized soil specimens were found to decrease with an increase in the number of F-T or W-D cycles. Both soils showed the maximum resistance to F-T and W-D cycles after being stabilized with 6 % lime, as compared to 10 % CFA and 10 % CKD. A similar trend was evident in both moisture susceptibility and vacuum saturation tests.
Discussion on “Influence of Feedback Control on Flexural Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Concrete in ASTM C1399 Tests,” by N. Banthia, S. Mindess, and Z. Jiang
Authors: Zollo Ronald F. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Having had a hand in leading the ASTM C09.42 Task Group involved with the development of C1399, the writer absorbed the referenced paper with more than usual interest. With respect due equally to the third listed author, the writer had previously enjoyed reading numerous other excellent works by each of the two first listed authors. However, this discussion may stimulate needed debate by voicing, and hopefully justifying, major disagreement with a number of comments that might be cause to question some of the paper’s conclusions.
Evaluating Process Yield for LED Assembly under Undetected Process Parameter Change
Authors: Tai Y. T. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe technology of light emitting diode (LED) assembly has become more popular due to the high demand for LED backlight modules, which can provide desirable characteristics such as a wide color gamut, a high dimming ratio, a long lifetime, and high power efficiency. For LED assembly processes, the distance between LEDs is one of the key parameters because the uniformity of an LED backlight module can be affected by it. In order to obtain good optical performance of an LED backlight module, the process yield of the parameter needs to be controlled well. Conventionally, process yields of LED assembly processes are evaluated using typical capability index methods under the essential assumption that the processes are stable. However, some inevitable process parameter changes regarding the distance between LEDs might exist on the shop floor. In order to evaluate the process yield more accurately, this paper presents an accommodated capability index method for process yield evaluation under undetected process parameter changes. For illustration purposes, an application is presented.
Microstructure Characterization of Mesoporous Materials by FE-SEM
Authors: Wei Wu , Ziwei Liu , Jiajie Hua , Yi Zeng , Yongsheng Li 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Three types of mesoporous materials were observed directly by field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The effects of accelerating voltage on these materials are discussed. Our results show that low-accelerating voltage could facilitate the observation of SBA-15 and TUD-1 mesoporous zeolite. However, as for mesoporous silica nano-spheres, high-accelerating voltage was helpful for the observation of surface structure.