bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crossing boundaries, the influence of groundwater model boundaries and a method to join and split MODFLOW models
Authors: Black A. D. , Lewis R. T. , Grout M. W. , Witterick W. R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Neighbouring groundwater models often have large areas of overlap to avoid boundary issues in hydrogeological assessments and such overlap or artificial boundaries can lead to inconsistent representations of aquifers and processes. This paper presents the aggregation of six adjacent models spanning East Anglia, England, into one model without internal boundaries. This study principally discusses the effect of, and difficulties arising from model edge boundaries. In addition, a review of conceptual and numerical discontinuities at model boundaries is included and a more consistent and robust modelling approach over the whole area is demonstrated. The large, joined model is used to delineate groundwater divides, assess their transient migration, review edge boundary implications for water balances and investigate abstraction impacts without the influence of internal static boundaries. Computer codes developed in conjunction with this study facilitate joining adjacent models and, conversely, splitting of the joined model back into models at the scale of the original component models using simulated groundwater divides, or to smaller submodels incorporating edge boundary conditions calculated from the parent model.
A national approach to groundwater modelling: developing a programme and establishing technical standards
Authors: Rushton K. R. , Skinner A. C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In the 1970s regional groundwater modelling began to be used in support of many hydrogeological investigations in the UK. A number of the studies were concerned with groundwater development at a regional scale in conjunctive use schemes; elsewhere the effect of pumping from aquifers on river flows or the ingress of saline water was considered. Due to the limited power of digital computers at that time, special numerical codes were often prepared for individual projects, with consequent inefficiency and inconsistency of practice. However, by the mid 1990s the need to formalize and standardize groundwater modelling projects was recognized. The Environment Agency of England and Wales prepared a strategy to manage and monitor the projects. A Template Project Brief was prepared to define the many tasks involved in groundwater studies and to clarify the roles of contractor and client (Environment Agency). In addition Guidance Notes were prepared to disseminate procedures and techniques that had resulted in successful outcomes. This paper summarizes some of the earlier studies, provides information about the Project Brief and Guidance Notes and illustrates some critical issues in groundwater modelling by reference to two case studies.
Recharge estimation methodologies employed by the Environment Agency of England and Wales for the purposes of regional groundwater resource modelling
Authors: Quinn S. A. , Liss D. , Johnson D. , Van Wonderen J. J. , Power T. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Recharge calculations based on daily soil moisture balance models define the resource available for most regional-scale groundwater models used by the environmental regulator in England and Wales. A switch in recent years from the Penman–Grindley methodology to the Food and Agricultural Organization approach has improved the representation of soil properties in these calculations. A new Meteorological Office algorithm for calculating potential evapotranspiration inputs has also been adopted and rain-gauge data processing on individual models are currently being streamlined towards the use of nationally derived grids. A range of infiltration, bypass and runoff–recharge mechanisms have been conceptualized and modelled incorporating simple representation of unsaturated zone storage and flow processes. This paper reviews the recent changes adopted and considers future challenges.
Groundwater resource modelling for public water supply management in London
Authors: Jones M. A. , Hughes A. G. , Jackson C. R. , Van Wonderen J. J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In London, groundwater abstractions for public supply are predominantly from the Chalk aquifer. However, water resource pressures put existing abstractions at risk and often require complex analysis to support new source development. Thames Water develops and uses regional groundwater models for such analysis to support communication with stakeholders such as the Environment Agency, the environmental regulator of England and Wales. Using two case studies, the importance of regional models as Thames Water assets is demonstrated. While Thames Water has developed regional models as a context for sub-catchment scale analysis of groundwater source development, they are subsequently used to address other issues. As a result, the models are updated regularly, enhancing both conceptual understanding and calibration. These models cost less than 1% of the capital cost of new water source schemes. However, as they are enhanced and applied more widely, the models accrue further value as active decision support tools. Regional model usage to investigate a range of local systems and interactions is of particular value to Thames Water. In this regard, it is important to appreciate and promote the clarity and consistency generated when stakeholder-specific issues can be analysed within an agreed regional model framework.
Reward Modulation of Hippocampal Subfield Activation during Successful Associative Encoding and Retrieval
Authors: Wolosin Sasha M. , Zeithamova Dagmar , Preston Alison R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that motivation enhances episodic memory formation through interactions between medial-temporal lobe (MTL) structures and dopaminergic midbrain. In addition, recent theories propose that motivation specifically facilitates hippocampal associative binding processes, resulting in more detailed memories that are readily reinstated from partial input. Here, we used high-resolution fMRI to determine how motivation influences associative encoding and retrieval processes within human MTL subregions and dopaminergic midbrain. Participants intentionally encoded object associations under varying conditions of reward and performed a retrieval task during which studied associations were cued from partial input. Behaviorally, cued recall performance was superior for high-value relative to low-value associations; however, participants differed in the degree to which rewards influenced memory. The magnitude of behavioral reward modulation was associated with reward-related activation changes in dentate gyrus/CA2,3 during encoding and enhanced functional connectivity between dentate gyrus/CA2,3 and dopaminergic midbrain during both the encoding and retrieval phases of the task. These findings suggests that, within the hippocampus, reward-based motivation specifically enhances dentate gyrus/CA2,3 associative encoding mechanisms through interactions with dopaminergic midbrain. Furthermore, within parahippocampal cortex and dopaminergic midbrain regions, activation associated with successful memory formation was modulated by reward across the group. During the retrieval phase, we also observed enhanced activation in hippocampus and dopaminergic midbrain for high-value associations that occurred in the absence of any explicit cues to reward. Collectively, these findings shed light on fundamental mechanisms through which reward impacts associative memory formation and retrieval through facilitation of MTL and ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra processing.
Trading Networks of Malay Merchants and Traders in the Straits of Melaka from 1780 to 1830
Authors: Hussin Nordin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMalay merchants and traders played an essential and significant role in the early modern history of trade and commerce in Southeast Asia. Nevertheless records on the history of their entrepreneurship has been hardly written and researched upon. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to trace back the dynamic of Malay trading communities in the late 18th and towards the early decades of the 19th century. The paper would also highlight the importance of Malay traders in early Penang and the survival of Melaka as an important port in the late 18th century. A focal analysis of this study is on the 18th and 19th centuries Malay merchant communities and how their active presence in the Malay waters had given a great impact to the intra-Asian trade in Southeast Asia prior to the period of European colonialism and imperialism.
Malay Islamic Historiography (ca. XIII–XIX) Regarding Finance and Taxes in the Malay World
Authors: Denisova Tatiana 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Malay Islamic historiography from the 13th to the 19th centuries (Hikayat Raja Pasai, Sejarah Melayu, Hikayat Aceh, Peringatan Sejarah Negri Johor, Tuhfat al-Nafis) is well known and recognised as one of the most important sources of history of the Malay world; including, but not limited to the history of economic development in the area. Malay historical chronicles are narrative works written in the Arabic script Jawi, composed in the courts of Malay Muslim rulers (Namely Sultans and Yang Dipertuan) and dedicated to their activities, lives and great services performed for their countries. Commonly speaking, these texts share a common structure, containing a segment devoted to genealogies (silsilah) and a narrative part. Malay Islamic historical chronicles contain a wealth of information and references concerning the history of finance and taxes in the Malay world. This information may be divided into the following subjects: money and coins (banknotes), goods as monetary substitutes; prices; fees and taxes, as well as the credit and loan system etc. The analysis of such information could be highly useful in studying Malay economical and social development from its proper perspectives.
Building other Peoples’ States: The Sociology of State-Building
Authors: Roxborough Ian 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article discusses the development of social science and policy thinking about “nation-building” and state-building from the 1960s to the present. It examines in detail the recommendations of the recent Army field manual, FM 3–07 “Stability Operations”, demonstrating that the manual offers very little in the way of concrete guidance for policy-makers. This article argues that the shift from “modernization” theory to “globalization” theories did not lead to substantive re-thinking of the processes and difficulties of state-building. Various social science approaches to state-building are discussed and compared with the analysis of FM 3–07. The article argues that what is required for effective policy is detailed local knowledge linked to an appreciation of the larger historical processes of state-building. The notion of development and conflict “traps” and “humps” is suggested as a promising way to analyze state-building.
The Grammar of Rights in Colonial Contexts: The Case of Palestinian Women in Israel
Authors: Shalhoub-Kevorkian Nadera 
Published: April 2012

This article examines the limitations of human rights activism in a colonial context by invoking the voices, experiences, and insights of Bedouin women living in Israel. Through extensive interviews, Bedouin women living in unrecognized villages in the Naqab/Negev reveal their struggles as unrecognized and “invisible” members of society. The article explores the ways in which the prevailing “grammar of rights”—the formal and informal mechanisms constructed and maintained by the colonial power to accord or withhold rights—delimits and confines the lives of the women, and also human rights activism. The women’s personal stories are juxtaposed against the legal justifications used to regulate and discriminate against them, as members of the indigenous Palestinian community, within the context of a “fear industry”. The article explores, from the perspective of the interviewed women, the internalization of that culture of fear, where they are constructed as the ones to be feared, and its personal, familial, and communal implications.
The interviewed women offer a critique of the existing human right framework, and question whether a human rights activism operating in a colonial context can be an emancipating force, so long as it is constrained by the regime’s rules. Furthermore, their voices assert that acknowledging historical injustice and its effect on women’s rights is central to re-thinking feminist human rights activism. The article ends by returning to the voices of women living in the unrecognized villages of the Naqab/Negev to investigate whether, and how, feminist politics and human rights activism could operationally function together within the context of Israeli state law. The article concludes that, in order to create a “grammar of rights” that is based on equality, respect, and dignity, and which challenges the balance of power in colonial contexts, it is essential to fully include the lived experiences and insights of “invisible” and unrecognized women.
Information Audit: Towards common standards and methodology
Authors: Griffiths Peter 
Published: April 2012

This article further analyses a number of issues highlighted in a previous discussion of the current state of Information Audit (IA), and offers a graphical representation of the IA landscape. Library and Information Science (LIS) struggles to establish its ‘soft’ approach to IA as the leading methodology despite repeated endorsement by authors in other professional groups with some kind of interest in information management. They have found the LIS IA methodology using analysis of information needs and flows to be a useful analytical tool that allows them to evaluate information assets and to demonstrate compliance in asset management – whether those assets are financial, documentary or intangibles such as know-how. Since the implementation of Freedom of Information legislation, records management has espoused a strong focus on compliance and the avoidance of penalties for data protection breaches, but recent publications suggest that organizations of all kinds are adopting this finance- and accountancy-driven approach to information audit. This may be because it is seen as best able to manage the growing complexity of regulation and legislation (local, national and international) that affects information management. Forming strategic alliances with other players, the information profession must take the lead in establishing standard IA procedures and definitions drawing on its own praxis, which is widely accepted by other disciplines. There needs to be a single point of call for standardizing and accrediting IA skills, with the creation of a supporting body of knowledge whose evidence base goes beyond standard journal literature and monographs to include the now considerable corpus of unpublished theses as well as papers in languages other than English. As IA is adopted by a growing number of professional disciplines, LIS and KIM (Knowledge and Information Management) professionals – and also some finance professionals – can now find and seize opportunities beyond the boundaries of more traditional information work.
Breastfeeding Patterns among Palestinian Infants in the First 6 Months in Nablus Refugee Camps
Authors: Musmar Samar Ghazal , Qanadeelu Shaden 
Published: April 2012

Background: Several studies in Palestine, including some performed in refugee camps, showed that breastfeeding is a common practice, however, exclusive breastfeeding was practiced less frequently. The social and cultural patterns in relation to different types of infant feeding were not studied. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the association between mothers’ and infants’ sociodemographic factors and breastfeeding patterns during the first 6 months of infant life. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated data of 690 clinic files from 3 refugee camps in Nablus, Palestine in 2007. Maternal age, age at marriage, parity, mother’s and father’s education, type of delivery and infant’s gender were studied in relation to 3 types of breastfeeding: exclusive breastfeeding, partial breastfeeding, and exclusive formula feeding in the first 6 months of life. Bivariate analysis and logistic regression were applied for data analysis. Results: A total of 69.7% of infants aged 0–6 months were exclusively breastfed and only 14.3% were exclusively formula fed. Older mothers at marriage (risk ratio [RR], 0.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06–0.28), and cesarean birth (RR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.41–0.81) were negatively associated with EBF. Conclusion: Breastfeeding educational and health promotion program and policy for EBF implemented by UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East) should continue with special attention to older mothers at marriage, and to babies born by cesarean section.
Vitamin D Status among 4-Month-Old Infants in New England
Authors: Merewood Anne , Mehta Supriya D. , Grossman Xena , Chen Tai C. , Mathieu Jeff , Holick Michael F. , Bauchner Howard 
Published: April 2012

Background: Concerns over vitamin D deficiency in infants and children recently prompted the American Academy of Pediatrics to recommend increased supplementation. Few studies have examined vitamin D status in the same infants over time. Also, while many researchers label “breastfeeding” as a risk factor for vitamin D deficiency, few differentiate between any breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, and supplemented or unsupplemented breastfeeders. Objective: To determine predictors of 25(OH)D deficiency at 4 months in a group of children previously tested at birth. Methods: We enrolled newborns from 2005 to 2007 at an urban Boston hospital. Maternal and infant blood samples were collected within 72 hours of birth. At 4 months, we obtained a second infant blood sample. Results: At 4 months, 11.9% of the 177 infants were vitamin D deficient compared to 37.5% at birth (25(OH)D <20 ng/mL). Median 25(OH)D was 35.2 ng/mL (range, 5-100.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 32.8-37.6). At 4 months, 40% of unsupplemented infants were deficient. Lack of supplementation was significantly associated with increased risk of deficiency (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 19.3; 95% CI, 4.80-77.2). Being outside at least 10 minutes a day, once per week, was protective (AOR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.02-0.66), as was increasing gestational age (AOR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.19-0.69). In 48.4% of patients, physicians failed to prescribe vitamin D at 2 months. Conclusions: Despite inconsistent supplementation, a smaller proportion of infants were vitamin D deficient at 4 months than at birth. While supplemented breastfed infants were not at risk of deficiency, unsupplemented exclusively breastfed infants were at high risk of severe deficiency.
Homoclinic classes with shadowing
Authors: Ahn Jiweon , Lee Keonhee , Lee Manseob 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
We show that for C
1 generic diffeomorphisms, an isolated homoclinic class is shadow-able if and only if it is a hyperbolic basic set.

Mathematics Subject Classification 2000: 37C20; 37C05; 37C29; 37D05.
Complete genome sequence, lifestyle, and multi-drug resistance of the human pathogen Corynebacterium resistens DSM 45100 isolated from blood samples of a leukemia patient
Authors: Schröder Jasmin , Maus Irena , Meyer Katja , Wördemann Stephanie , Blom Jochen , Jaenicke Sebastian , Schneider Jessica , Trost Eva , Tauch Andreas 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundCorynebacterium resistenswas initially recovered from human infections and recognized as a new coryneform species that is highly resistant to antimicrobial agents. Bacteremia associated with this organism in immunocompromised patients was rapidly fatal as standard minocycline therapies failed.C. resistensDSM 45100 was isolated from a blood culture of samples taken from a patient with acute myelocytic leukemia. The complete genome sequence ofC. resistensDSM 45100 was determined by pyrosequencing to identify genes contributing to multi-drug resistance, virulence, and the lipophilic lifestyle of this newly described human pathogen.ResultsThe genome ofC. resistensDSM 45100 consists of a circular chromosome of 2,601,311 bp in size and the 28,312-bp plasmid pJA144188. Metabolic analysis showed that the genome ofC. resistensDSM 45100 lacks genes for typical sugar uptake systems, anaplerotic functions, and a fatty acid synthase, explaining the strict lipophilic lifestyle of this species. The genome encodes a broad spectrum of enzymes ensuring the availability of exogenous fatty acids for growth, including predicted virulence factors that probably contribute to fatty acid metabolism by damaging host tissue.C. resistensDSM 45100 is able to use external L-histidine as a combined carbon and nitrogen source, presumably as a result of adaptation to the hitherto unknown habitat on the human skin. Plasmid pJA144188 harbors several genes contributing to antibiotic resistance ofC. resistensDSM 45100, including a tetracycline resistance region of the Tet W type known fromLactobacillus reuteriandStreptococcus suis. Thetet(W) gene of pJA144188 was cloned inCorynebacterium glutamicumand was shown to confer high levels of resistance to tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocyclinein vitro.ConclusionsThe detected gene repertoire ofC. resistensDSM 45100 provides insights into the lipophilic lifestyle and virulence functions of this newly recognized pathogen. Plasmid pJA144188 revealed a modular architecture of gene regions that contribute to the multi-drug resistance ofC. resistensDSM 45100. Thetet(W) gene encoding a ribosomal protection protein is reported here for the first time in corynebacteria. Cloning of thetet(W) gene mediated resistance to second generation tetracyclines inC. glutamicum, indicating that it might be responsible for the failure of minocycline therapies in patients withC. resistensbacteremia.
The heterojunction effects of TiO2 nanotubes fabricated by atomic layer deposition on photocarrier transportation direction
Authors: Chang Yung-Huang , Liu Chien-Min , Chen Chih , Cheng Hsyi-En 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The heterojunction effects of TiO2 nanotubes on photoconductive characteristics were investigated. For ITO/TiO2/Si diodes, the photocurrent is controlled either by the TiO2/Si heterojunction (p-n junction) or the ITO-TiO2 heterojunction (Schottky contact). In the short circuit (approximately 0 V) condition, the TiO2-Si heterojunction dominates the photocarrier transportation direction due to its larger space-charge region and potential gradient. The detailed transition process of the photocarrier direction was investigated with a time-dependent photoresponse study. The results showed that the diode transitioned from TiO2-Si heterojunction-controlled to ITO-TiO2 heterojunction-controlled as we applied biases from approximately 0 to -1 V on the ITO electrode.