bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The interferon-alpha and interleukin-10 responses in neonates differ from adults, and their production remains partial throughout the first 18 months of life
Authors: Vosters O , Lombard C , André F , Sana G , Sokal E M , Smets F 
Published: October 2010

Summary
Previous studies have suggested that the susceptibility of newborns to infections is linked to the immaturity of their immune system, but very few data are available on the early stages of maturation of the immune response. Therefore, we decided to investigate the evolution of the interferon (IFN)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 responses in neonatal mononuclear cells. To this end, mononuclear cells isolated from cord blood and peripheral blood of 2-, 6- and 18-month-old children and adults were stimulated with unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) 2216 (IFN-α response) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (IL-10 response) for 24 h. The production of IFN-α and IL-10 was then measured in culture supernatants using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or a 6-plex cytokine array, respectively. Compared to adults, we found a significant impairment in both the IFN-α and IL-10 responses of neonatal mononuclear cells. Interestingly, both responses had increased significantly after 2 months, but remained lower than the adult responses throughout the first 18 months of life. This study shows that although the immune response of neonates tends to mature fairly quickly, it remains different when compared to the adult immune response throughout the first 18 months of life. This could have important consequences on children's ability to mount an appropriate immune response to various challenges and to establish tolerance and immune homeostasis.
Captopril increases the intensity of monocyte infection byTrypanosoma cruziand induces human T helper type 17 cells
Authors: Coelho dos Santos J S , Menezes C A S , Villani F N A , Magalhães L M D , Scharfstein J , Gollob K J , Dutra W O 
Published: October 2010

SummaryThe anti-hypertensive drug captopril is used commonly to reduce blood pressure of patients with severe forms of Chagas disease, a cardiomyopathy caused by chronic infection with the intracellular protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Captopril acts by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the vasopressor metallopeptidase that generates angiotensin II and promotes the degradation of bradykinin (BK). Recent studies in mice models of Chagas disease indicated that captopril can potentiate the T helper type 1 (Th1)-directing natural adjuvant property of BK. Equipped with kinin-releasing cysteine proteases, T. cruzi trypomastigotes were shown previously to invade non-professional phagocytic cells, such as human endothelial cells and murine cardiomyocytes, through the signalling of G protein-coupled bradykinin receptors (B2KR). Monocytes are also parasitized by T. cruzi and these cells are known to be important for the host immune response during infection. Here we showed that captopril increases the intensity of T. cruzi infection of human monocytes in vitro. The increased parasitism was accompanied by up-regulated expression of ACE in human monocytes. While T. cruzi infection increased the expression of interleukin (IL)-10 by monocytes significantly, compared to uninfected cells, T. cruzi infection in association with captopril down-modulated IL-10 expression by the monocytes. Surprisingly, studies with peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed that addition of the ACE inhibitor in association with T. cruzi increased expression of IL-17 by CD4+ T cells in a B2KR-dependent manner. Collectively, our results suggest that captopril might interfere with host–parasite equilibrium by enhancing infection of monocytes, decreasing the expression of the modulatory cytokine IL-10, while guiding development of the proinflammatory Th17 subset.
Long-term follow-up of patients with type 1 diabetes transplanted with neonatal pig islets
Authors: Valdes-Gonzalez R , Rodriguez-Ventura A L , White D J G , Bracho-Blanchet E , Castillo A , Ramírez-González B , López-Santos M G , León-Mancilla B H , Dorantes L M 
Published: October 2010

Summary
Pancreas transplantation is an option to achieve better metabolic control and decrease chronic complications in patients with diabetes. Xenotransplantation becomes an important alternative. In this study, we show the clinical outcome of patients with type 1 diabetes transplanted with neonatal pig islets without immunosuppression. In a longitudinal study of 23 patients with type 1 diabetes, who received porcine islets between 2000 and 2004, we registered demographic and clinical characteristics every 3 months and chronic complications evaluation yearly. Porcine C-peptide was measured in urine samples under basal conditions and after stimulation with l-arginine. More than 50% were female, median current age was 20·8 years, median diabetes duration at transplantation 5·5 years, median current diabetes duration 11 years and median time post-transplantation 5·7 years. Their media of glycosylated haemoglobin reduced significantly after the first transplantation. Insulin doses remain with a reduction greater than 33% in more than 50% of the patients. Before transplantation, 14 of the 21 patients presented mild chronic complications and currently only two patients presented these complications. Porcine C-peptide was present in all urine samples under basal conditions and increased post-stimulation with l-arginine. These patients achieved an excellent metabolic control after the first transplantation. This could explain, as well as the remaining function of transplanted cells, the low frequency of chronic complications compared to patients with similar diabetes duration and age.
Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of the p24/p22 subunit, DNC‐3, is essential for the formation of the dynactin complex by bridging DNC‐1/p150Glued and DNC‐2/dynamitin
Authors: Terasawa Masahiro , Toya Mika , Motegi Fumio , Mana Miyeko , Nakamura Kuniaki , Sugimoto Asako 
Published: October 2010

Dynactin is a multisubunit protein complex required for the activity of cytoplasmic dynein. In Caenorhabditis elegans, although 10 of the 11 dynactin subunits were identified based on the sequence similarities to their orthologs, the p24/p22 subunit has not been detected in the genome. Here, we demonstrate that DNC‐3 (W10G11.20) is the functional counterpart of the p24/p22 subunit in C. elegans. RNAi phenotypes and subcellular localization of DNC‐3 in early C. elegans embryos were nearly identical to those of the known dynactin components. All other dynactin subunits were co‐immunoprecipitated with DNC‐3, indicating that DNC‐3 is a core component of dynactin. Furthermore, the overall secondary structure of DNC‐3 resembles to those of the mammalian and yeast p24/p22. We found that DNC‐3 is required for the localization of the DNC‐1/p150Glued and DNC‐2/dynamitin, the two components of the projection arm of dynactin, to the nuclear envelope of meiotic nuclei in the adult gonad. Moreover, DNC‐3 physically interacted with DNC‐1 and DNC‐2 and significantly enhanced the binding ability between DNC‐1 and DNC‐2 in vitro. These results suggest that DNC‐3 is essential for the formation of the projection arm subcomplex of dynactin.
Effects of genotyping errors on parentage exclusion analysis
Authors: WANG JINLIANG 
Published: October 2010

AbstractGenetic markers are widely used to determine the parentage of individuals in studies of mating systems, reproductive success, dispersals, quantitative genetic parameters and in the management of conservation populations. These markers are, however, imperfect for parentage analyses because of the presence of genotyping errors and undetectable alleles, which may cause incompatible genotypes (mismatches) between parents and offspring and thus result in false exclusions of true parentage. Highly polymorphic markers widely used in parentage analyses, such as microsatellites, are especially prone to genotyping errors. In this investigation, I derived the probabilities of excluding a random (related) individual from parentage and the probabilities of Mendelian‐inconsistent errors (mismatches) and Mendelian‐consistent errors (which do not cause mismatches) in parent–offspring dyads, when a marker having null alleles, allelic dropouts and false alleles is used in a parentage analysis. These probabilities are useful in evaluating the impact of various types of genotyping errors on the information content of a set of markers in and thus the power of a parentage analysis, in determining the threshold number of genetic mismatches that is appropriate for a parentage exclusion analysis and in estimating the rates of genotyping errors and frequencies of null alleles from observed mismatches between known parent–offspring dyads. These applications are demonstrated by numerical examples using both hypothetical and empirical data sets and discussed in the context of practical parentage exclusion analyses.
Comparison of Th‐cell Immunity Against Human Bocavirus and Parvovirus B19: Proliferation and Cytokine Responses are Similar in Magnitude but More Closely Interrelated with Human Bocavirus
Authors: Kumar A. , Filippone C. , Lahtinen A. , Hedman L. , Söderlund‐ Venermo M. , Hedman K. , Franssila R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractHuman parvovirus B19 (B19) has been, for decades, the only parvovirus known to be pathogenic in humans. Another pathogenic human parvovirus, human bocavirus (HBoV), was recently identified in respiratory samples from children with acute lower respiratory tract symptoms. Both B19 and HBoV are transmitted by the respiratory route. The vast majority of adults are IgG seropositive for HBoV, whereas the HBoV‐specific Th‐cell immunity has not much been studied. The aim of this study was to increase our knowledge on HBoV‐specific Th‐cell immunity by examining HBoV‐specific T‐cell proliferation, Interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), IL‐10 and IL‐13 responses in 36 asymptomatic adults. Recombinant HBoV VP2 virus‐like particles (VLP) were used as antigen. HBoV‐specific responses were compared with those elicited by B19 VP2 VLP. Proliferation, IFN‐γ and IL‐10 responses with HBoV and B19 antigens among B19‐seropositive subjects were statistically similar in magnitude, but the cytokine and proliferation responses were much more closely correlated in HBoV than in B19. Therefore, at the collective level, B19‐specific Th‐cell immunity appears to be more divergent than the HBoV‐specific one.
Change in bone mineral density at one year following glucocorticoid withdrawal in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Ing Steven W. , Sinnott Loraine T. , Donepudi Sirisha , Davies Elizabeth A. , Pelletier Ronald P. , Lane Nancy E. 
Published: October 2010

Ing SW, Sinnott LT, Donepudi S, Davies EA, Pelletier RP, Lane NE. Change in bone mineral density at one year following glucocorticoid withdrawal in kidney transplant recipients.  Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E113–E123. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Glucocorticoid (GC) therapy induces deleterious effects on the skeleton in kidney transplantation but studies of GC discontinuation in this population are limited. This study evaluated changes in areal bone mineral density (BMD) with GC withdrawal. Subjects were enrolled one yr after renal transplantation and randomized to continue or stop prednisone; all subjects continued cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil. BMD measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry was performed at enrollment and repeated at one yr and values were standardized. Mean ± standard deviation of annualized change in standardized BMD between GC withdrawal vs. continuation group at the lumbar spine was +4.7% ± 5.5 vs. +0.9% ± 5.3 (p = 0.0014); total hip +2.4% ± 4.2 vs. −0.4% ± 4.2 (p = 0.013), and femoral neck +2.1% ± 4.6 vs. +1.0% ± 6.0 (p = 0.37). There was no confounding by prednisone dose prior to enrollment, change in creatinine clearance, weight, or use of bone‐active medications following study entry. Multivariate analysis determined that the change in BMD was positively associated with baseline alkaline phosphatase and creatinine clearance and negatively associated with baseline BMD. BMD improves with GC withdrawal after renal transplantation, and this gain in BMD is dependent on the baseline bone turnover, renal function, and BMD.
Haplotypes covering the TNFSF10 gene are associated with bronchial asthma
Authors: Weckmann Markus , Kopp Matthias Volkmar , Heinzmann Andrea , Mattes Joerg 
Published: October 2010

To cite this article: Weckmann M, Kopp MV, Heinzmann A, Mattes J. Haplotypes covering the TNFSF10 gene are associated with bronchial asthma. Pediatric Allergy Immunology 2011: 22: 25–30.AbstractTumour necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) is elevated in the airways of subjects with asthma and has been linked to the development of allergic airway disease by promoting STAT6‐dependent T helper 2 cell (TH2) effector functions. To determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TNFSF10 gene are associated with bronchial asthma we genotyped 498 Caucasian subjects living in Southern Germany for eight SNPs in the TNFSF10 by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. In contrast to single SNPs, haplotypes constructed from eight SNPs were robustly associated with asthma (p = 0.00012). A small haplotype approach returned four alleles consisting of two (rs3136586/ rs3136598), three (rs12488654/rs3136586/rs3136598 and rs3136586/rs3136598/rs3136604), and four SNPs (rs12488654/ rs3136586/ rs3136598/ rs3136604) that were highly associated with asthma (p = 0.00005, p = 0.00008, p = 0.00017 and p = 0.00038). Combinations of SNPs in the TNFSF10 allele were strongly associated with asthma supporting the concept that TRAIL is important in the development of hallmark features of this disease.
Predation‐ and competition‐mediated brain plasticity in Rana temporaria tadpoles
Authors: GONDA A. , TROKOVIC N. , HERCZEG G. , LAURILA A. , MERILÄ J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAn increasing number of studies have demonstrated phenotypic plasticity in brain size and architecture in response to environmental variation. However, our knowledge on how brain architecture is affected by commonplace ecological interactions is rudimentary. For example, while intraspecific competition and risk of predation are known to induce adaptive plastic modifications in morphology and behaviour in a wide variety of organisms, their effects on brain development have not been studied. We studied experimentally the influence of density and predation risk on brain development in common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles. Tadpoles grown at low density and under predation risk developed smaller brains than tadpoles at the other treatment combinations. Further, at high densities, tadpoles developed larger optic tecta and smaller medulla oblongata than those grown at low densities. These results demonstrate that ecological interactions – like intraspecific competition and predation risk – can have strong effects on brain development in lower vertebrates.
Recombination and selection in the maintenance of the adaptive value of inversions
Authors: PEGUEROLES C. , ORDÓÑEZ V. , MESTRES F. , PASCUAL M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA huge amount of data seem to confirm the adaptive value of inversions inDrosophila. The inhibition of recombination in heterokaryotypes mediated by inversions seems fundamental in maintaining their adaptive role. This study shows that recombination is highly suppressed inDrosophila subobscurabecause of chromosomal inversions, not only inside the inversions but also outside them. It seems that the region outside the inversion where recombination is inhibited is asymmetrical and independent of the inversion length. Despite the difficulty of crossovers taking place near inversion breakpoints, the only two recombination events detected inside inversions were located close to the breakpoint. Thus, selection could be largely responsible for the recombination reduction maintaining sets of adaptive alleles inside the inverted region. Heterokaryotype descendants were always in higher frequency than inbred or outbred homokaryotypes, regardless of the geographical origin of the chromosome, suggesting that chromosomes carrying the same arrangement, although with a different set of alleles for neutral markers, could be submitted to the same selection processes.
Intraspecific conflict over host manipulation between different larval stages of an acanthocephalan parasite
Authors: DIANNE L. , RIGAUD T. , LÉGER E. , MOTREUIL S. , BAUER A. , PERROT‐MINNOT M.‐J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractCompetitive interactions between coinfecting parasites are expected to be strong when they affect transmission success. When transmission is enhanced by altering host behaviour, intraspecific conflict can lead to ‘coinfection exclusion’ by the first‐in parasite or to a ‘sabotage’ of behavioural manipulation by the youngest noninfective parasite. We tested these hypotheses in the acanthocephalan parasitePomphorhynchus laevis, reversing phototaxis in its intermediate hostGammarus pulex. No evidence was found for coinfection exclusion in gammarids sequentially exposed to infection. Behavioural manipulation was slightly weakened but not cancelled in gammarids infected with mixed larval stages. Therefore, coinfecting infective and noninfective larvae both suffered competition, potentially resulting in delayed transmission and increased risk of mortality, respectively. Consequently, noninfective larva is not just a ‘passive passenger’ in the manipulated host, which raises interesting questions about the selective pressures at play and the mechanisms underlying manipulation.
Within‐host viral evolution in a heterogeneous environment: insights into the HIV co‐receptor switch
Authors: ALIZON S. , BOLDIN B. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA virus infecting a host faces a heterogeneous and a spatially structured environment. Using a mathematical model that incorporates two types of target cells and spatial structuring, we investigate conditions for viral within‐host diversification. We show that branching occurs for a wide range of parameters but that it always requires some spatial structure. Applying our model to the case of HIV, we show that it captures three main properties of the ‘co‐receptor switch’ observed in many HIV infections: the initial dominance of virus strains that infect CCR5+ cells, the late switch in some (but, importantly, not all) HIV infections and the associated drop in the number of uninfected T‐cells. This suggests that the co‐receptor switch could result from gradual adaptation of the virus population to target cell heterogeneity. More generally, we argue that evolutionary ecology can help us better understand the course of some infections.
Phylogenetic comparative approaches for studying niche conservatism
Authors: COOPER N. , JETZ W. , FRECKLETON R. P. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAnalyses of phylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC) are becoming increasingly common. However, each analysis makes subtly different assumptions about the evolutionary mechanism that generates patterns of niche conservatism. To understand PNC, analyses should be conducted with reference to a clear underlying model, using appropriate methods. Here, we outline five macroevolutionary models that may underlie patterns of PNC (drift, niche retention, phylogenetic inertia, niche filling/shifting and evolutionary rates) and link these to published phylogenetic comparative methods. For each model, we give recent examples from the literature and suggest how the methods can be practically applied. We hope that this will help clarify the niche conservatism literature and encourage people to think about the evolutionary models underlying niche conservatism in their study group.
Nuptial coloration varies with ambient light environment in a freshwater fish
Authors: MORRONGIELLO J. R. , BOND N. R. , CROOK D. A. , WONG B. B. M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractVisual signals play a vital role in many animal communication systems. Signal design, however, often varies within species, raising evolutionarily important questions concerning the maintenance of phenotypic diversity. We analysed nuptial colour variation within and among nine populations of southern pygmy perch (Nannoperca australis Günther) along an environmental light gradient. Within populations, larger males were redder and blacker, and better‐condition males were blacker. Among populations, red colour was positively correlated with the amount of orange‐red light present, suggesting that males are likely optimizing signal conspicuousness by producing proportionally larger and redder patches in broad spectrum environments with more orange‐red light. Signal contrast, in this regard, is maximized when red colour, appearing bright because of the prevalence of red wavelengths, is viewed against the water‐column background. Together, our results are concordant with the sensory drive hypothesis; selection favours signal adaptations or signal plasticity to ensure communication efficacy is maximized in different light environments.
Alteration of pathogenicity‐linked life‐history traits by resistance of its host Solanum tuberosum impacts sexual reproduction of the plant pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora infestans
Authors: CLÉMENT J. A. J. , MAGALON H. , PELLÉ R. , MARQUER B. , ANDRIVON D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAlthough sexual reproduction implies a cost, it represents an evolutionary advantage for the adaptation and survival of facultative sexual pathogens. Understanding the maintenance of sex in pathogens requires to analyse how host resistance will impact their sexual reproduction through the alteration of their life‐history traits. We explored this experimentally using potato (Solanum tuberosum) and one of its pathogens, the heterothallic oomycete Phytophthora infestans. Sexual reproduction was highest on hosts favouring asexual multiplication of the pathogen, suggesting similar nutritional requirements for both sexual and asexual sporulation. Sexual reproduction was also highest on hosts decreasing the latent period, probably because of a trade‐off between growth and reproduction. Distinguishing host effects on each pathogenic trait remains however uneasy, as most life‐history traits linked to pathogenicity were not independent of each other. We argue that sexual reproduction of P. infestans is an adaptation to survive when the host is susceptible and rapidly destroyed.
Linguistic analysis of verbal and non‐verbal communication in the operating room
Authors: Moore Alison , Butt David , Ellis‐Clarke Jodie , Cartmill John 
Published: October 2010

AbstractSurgery can be a triumph of co‐operation, the procedure evolving as a result of joint action between multiple participants. The communication that mediates the joint action of surgery is conveyed by verbal but particularly by non‐verbal signals. Competing priorities superimposed by surgical learning must also be negotiated within this context and this paper draws on techniques of systemic functional linguistics to observe and analyse the flow of information during such a phase of surgery.