bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny and biogeography of tropical carnivorous land‐snails (Pulmonata: Streptaxoidea) with particular reference to East Africa and the Indian Ocean
Authors: Rowson Ben , Tattersfield Peter , Symondson William O. C. 
Published: October 2010

Rowson, B., Tattersfield, P. & Symondson, W. O. C. (2010). Phylogeny and biogeography of tropical carnivorous land‐snails (Pulmonata: Streptaxoidea) with particular reference to East Africa and the Indian Ocean. —Zoologica Scripta,40, 85–98.A phylogeny is presented for the speciose, near pan‐tropical, carnivorous achatinoid land‐snail superfamily Streptaxoidea inferred from DNA sequences (two nuclear and two mitochondrial regions) from 114 taxa from Africa, the Indian Ocean, Asia, South America and Europe. In all analyses, Streptaxidae are monophyletic, while the (two to six) previously recognised subfamilies are polyphyletic, as are several genus‐level taxa including the most speciose genusGulella, necessitating major taxonomic review. The Asian Diapheridae are sister to Streptaxidae, which forms several well‐supported clades originating in a persistent basal polytomy. Divergence dating estimates, historical biogeography, and the fossil context suggest a Cretaceous origin of these families, but suggest Gondwanan vicariance predated most radiation. The basal polytomy dates to the Paleogene and may correspond to a rapid radiation in Africa. There is evidence for multiple Cenozoic dispersals followed by radiation, including at least two from Africa to South America, at least two from Africa to Asia and at least two from Africa to Madagascar, indicating Cenozoic turnover in tropical snail faunas. The endemic Seychelles and Mascarene streptaxid faunas each are composites of early Cenozoic lineages and more recent dispersals from Africa, with no direct evidence for an Asian origin as currently proposed. Peak streptaxid diversity in East Africa is explained by Neogene speciation among a large number of coexisting ancient lineages, a phenomenon most pronounced in the Eastern Arc‐Coastal Forests centre of endemism. This includes Miocene diversification inGulella, a primarily East and South‐East African group which remains strikingly diverse even after unrelated ‘Gulella’species are reclassified.
Laparoscopic extended pelvic lymph node dissection during radical cystectomy: technique and clinical outcomes
Authors: Shao Pengfei , Meng Xiaoxin , Li Jie , Lv Qiang , Zhang Wei , Xu Zhengquan , Yin Changjun 
Published: October 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series)  Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) is an obligatory step for radical cystectomy and it provides staging information and potential survival benefits.This study shows extended PLND with proximal boundary of inferior mesentery artery is safe and feasible under laparoscopy. More positive nodes can be retrieved compared to standard template.OBJECTIVE• To study the surgical techniques and clinical results of laparoscopic extended pelvic lymph node dissection during radical cystectomy.PATIENTS AND METHODS• From July 2007 to October 2009, 43 patients with bladder carcinoma received laparoscopic radical cystectomy with extended pelvic lymphadenectomy and urinary diversion.• Pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) was first performed within extended template.• The lower part of aorta and vena cava were isolated from the bifurcation of common iliac artery to the level of the inferior mesenteric artery.• The standard template PLND was continued along the external iliac vessels, internal iliac vessels and obturator nerve. The bladder was then removed laparoscopically and urinary diversion was performed.RESULTS• All procedures were performed successfully and no open conversion occurred. The duration of the procedure for extended PLND was 90–185 min (mean 125 min) and total duration was 280–470 min (mean 329 min).• Intra‐operative blood loss was 200–1500 mL (mean 325 mL) and eight cases received transfusion. Pathological study identified transitional cell carcinoma and a negative margin in all cases. A range of 19–53 lymph nodes were dissected in the patients with a mean of 31.3.• In total, 17 positive nodes were confirmed in 11 cases. Postoperative complications included two cases of bowel obstruction, two cases of mild urine leakage and 17 cases of lymphatic leakage.CONCLUSIONS• Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with extended pelvic lymphadenectomy is indicated in selected patients with bladder cancer.• It is safe, minimally invasive and more lymph nodes can be retrieved with a higher success rate by extended pelvic lymphadenectomy.
Non‐invasive management of non‐melanoma skin cancer in patients with cancer predisposition genodermatosis: a role for confocal microscopy and photodynamic therapy
Authors: Segura S. , Puig S. , Carrera C. , Lecha M. , Borges V. , Malvehy J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground  Patients with genodermatosis such as Gorlin syndrome (GS) and Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) require a close follow‐up for early diagnosis and treatment of skin cancer. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of methyl‐aminolevulinate (MAL) photodynamic therapy (PDT) in basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) from patients with GS and XP, and to determine the utility of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in the diagnosis and the evaluation of therapeutic response.Patients and methods  We included four patients with GS and two siblings with XP. Single or multiple lesions in localized areas were treated with 1–3 cycles of MAL PDT. RCM was performed before and 3 months after the treatment in target lesions in all the patients. Patients were followed up for 3 years.Results  In XP patients, we treated 13 pigmented BCCs on the face. All the lesions responded to the treatment and six lesions showed a complete clinical clearing. In GS patients, facial or trunk areas with multiple BCCs were treated (up to 200). Complete clinical remission was obtained in 25–67% of the lesions. Some nodular and pigmented lesions failed to achieve a complete remission. RCM could identify already described confocal features for BCC. Tumour remissions could be assessed by this technique.Conclusions  Methyl‐aminolevulinate PDT may be useful for the treatment of superficial BCC in GS and XP. In some nodular lesions, PDT may complement surgery reducing tumour size. RCM may be regarded in the future as a complementary technique in BCC for the diagnosis and post‐treatment assessment to non‐invasive therapeutic modalities.
The musculus pterygoïdeus proprius: an in‐vivo approach with magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Snoeck Thyl , Provyn Steven , Balestra Costantino , Parlak Burak , Emonts Patrick , Sesbouë Bruno , Clarys Jan Pieter 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThere is a limited understanding of the normal function of the pterygoïdeus proprius muscle and the role that this muscle may have in temporomandibular disorders. Despite a well‐described anatomical in‐vitro approach to this muscle, there are still difficulties in investigating the fossa pterygopalatina. This study reveals an alternative in‐vivo approach by magnetic resonance imaging to visualise the muscle in the fossa pterygopalatina on 78 head halves, describe the connections with the musculus temporalis and pterygoïdeus lateralis as well as report the incidence without dealing with the known inconveniences of the dissection approach. The results show an incidence of 12.82% for the musculus pterygoïdeus proprius equally divided between both genders. Two different types of bridging between the musculus temporalis and musculus pterygoïdeus lateralis were also found: (i) ‘O’ shape (6.41%) and (ii) ‘Y’ shape (6.41%). This study suggests the use of magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the different connections between vascular and muscular structures in the fossa pterygopalatina. Further research with this approach to link the appearance of the muscle with neurovascular entrapment syndromes is warranted.
Impaired sodium levels in the suprachiasmatic nucleus are associated with the formation of cardiovascular deficiency in sleep‐deprived rats
Authors: Chang Hung‐Ming , Mai Fu‐Der , Lei Shiou‐Ling , Ling Yong‐Chien 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBiological rhythms are a ubiquitous feature of all higher organisms. The rhythmic center of mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which projects to a number of brainstem centers to exert diurnal control over many physiological processes, including cardiovascular regulation. Total sleep deprivation (TSD) is a harmful condition known to impair cardiovascular activity, but the molecular mechanisms are unknown. As the inward sodium current has long been suggested as playing an important role in driving the spontaneous firing of the SCN, the present study aimed to determine if changes in sodium expression, together with its molecular machinery (Na‐K ATPase) and rhythmic activity within the SCN, would occur during TSD. Adult rats subjected to different periods of TSD were processed for time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, Na‐K ATPase assay, and cytochrome oxidase (COX) (an endogenous bioenergetic marker for neuronal activity) histochemistry. Cardiovascular dysfunction was determined through analysis of heart rate and changes in mean arterial pressure. Results indicated that, in normal rats, strong sodium signals were expressed throughout the entire SCN. Enzymatic data corresponded well with spectrometric findings in which high levels of Na‐K ATPase and COX were observed in this nucleus. However, following TSD, all parameters including sodium imaging, sodium intensity as well as COX activities were drastically decreased. Na‐K ATPase showed an increase in responsiveness following TSD. Both heart rate and mean arterial pressure measurements indicated an exaggerated pressor effect following TSD treatment. As proper sodium levels are essential for SCN activation, reduced SCN sodium levels may interrupt the oscillatory control, which could serve as the underlying mechanism for the initiation or development of TSD‐related cardiovascular deficiency.
Nicotine and cotinine increases the brain penetration of saquinavir in rat
Authors: Manda Vamshi K. , Mittapalli Rajendar K. , Bohn Kaci A. , Adkins Chris E. , Lockman Paul R. 
Published: October 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115,1495–1507.AbstractEndothelial tight junctions and efflux transporters of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) significantly limit brain accumulation of many drugs, including protease inhibitors such as saquinavir. The cholinergic agonist nicotine is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world and the incidence is even higher in the human immune deficiency virus population (∼70%). We examined the ability of nicotine and its primary metabolite cotinine to modify brain uptake of saquinavir in rats. Both nicotine and cotinine at pharmacological concentrations matching those in smokers, increased brain saquinavir uptake by two fold. Co‐perfusion with nicotinic receptor antagonists and passive permeability markers showed that the effect was not caused by receptor activation or BBB permeability disruption. Transport inhibition studies demonstrated that brain saquinavir uptake is limited by multiple efflux transporters, P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), breast cancer resistance protein and multidrug resistance‐associated protein.In situperfusion andin vitroexperiments using a classical P‐gp substrate rhodamine 123 linked the effect of nicotine to inhibition of BBB P‐gp transport. The effect was confirmedin vivoin chronic 14 day nicotine administration animals. These data suggest nicotine increases antiretroviral drug exposure to brain and may represent a significantin vivodrug–drug interaction at the BBB. Although this may slightly benefit CNS antiretroviral efficacy, it may also expose the brain to potential serious neurotoxicity.
Modulation of mitochondria in the axon and soma of retinal ganglion cells in a rat glaucoma model
Authors: Munemasa Yasunari , Kitaoka Yasushi , Kuribayashi Junko , Ueno Satoki 
Published: October 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1508–1519.AbstractMitochondrial abnormality has been implicated in various models of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. We investigated modulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability and apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF) translocation in a rat experimental glaucoma model. A decrease in MitoTracker‐labeled mitochondria around the lamina area of the optic nerve was observed in the glaucomatous eye. Immunoblot analysis for axonal motor proteins showed that a significant decrease in kinesin 1 and myosin Va levels in the glaucomatous optic nerve. A significant decrease in mitochondrial thioredoxin 2 (Trx2) level was observed in the optic nerve after intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. Translocation of AIF from the mitochondria to the axoplasm and nucleus was observed in the axon and cell body, respectively. Trx2 over‐expression in the mitochondrial membrane of RGC‐5 cells inhibited AIF translocation, resulting in cytoprotective effect against neurotoxicity induced by TNF‐α/buthionine sulfoximine treatment. In vivo transfection was performed with EGFP‐Trx2 plasmid and electroporation. Over‐expression of Trx2 in the retina and optic nerve indicated the protective effect against high IOP induced axonal degeneration. Thus, the decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and subsequent AIF translocation were involved in the glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Furthermore, modulation of mitochondria through the inhibition of AIF translocation may become a new treatment strategy for neurodegenerative disease, such as glaucoma.
N‐Methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors are required for synaptic targeting of Alzheimer’s toxic amyloid‐β peptide oligomers
Authors: Decker Helena , Jürgensen Sofia , Adrover Martin F. , Brito‐Moreira Jordano , Bomfim Theresa R. , Klein William L. , Epstein Alberto L. , De Felice Fernanda G. , Jerusalinsky Diana , Ferreira Sergio T. 
Published: October 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1520–1529.AbstractSoluble amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) oligomers, known to accumulate in Alzheimer’s disease brains, target excitatory post‐synaptic terminals. This is thought to trigger synapse deterioration, a mechanism possibly underlying memory loss in early stage Alzheimer’s disease. A major unknown is the identity of the receptor(s) targeted by oligomers at synapses. Because oligomers have been shown to interfere with N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function and trafficking, we hypothesized that NMDARs might be required for oligomer binding to synapses. An amplicon vector was used to knock‐down NMDARs in mature hippocampal neurons in culture, yielding 90% reduction in dendritic NMDAR expression and blocking neuronal oxidative stress induced by Aβ oligomers, a pathological response that has been shown to be mediated by NMDARs. Remarkably, NMDAR knock‐down abolished oligomer binding to dendrites, indicating that NMDARs are required for synaptic targeting of oligomers. Nevertheless, oligomers do not appear to bind directly to NMDARs as indicated by the fact that both oligomer‐attacked and non‐attacked neurons exhibit similar surface levels of NMDARs. Furthermore, pre‐treatment of neurons with insulin down‐regulates oligomer‐binding sites in the absence of a parallel reduction in surface levels of NMDARs. Establishing that NMDARs are key components of the synaptic oligomer binding complex may illuminate the development of novel approaches to prevent synapse failure triggered by Aβ oligomers.
Performance of Garey–Johnson algorithm for pipelined typed tasks systems
Authors: Benabid A. , Hanen C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper studies the generalization of the first Garey–Johnson algorithm, which minimizes the maximum lateness on two parallel processors to the case of unitary typed tasks systems with constant delays. The performance of the extended algorithm is evaluated through worst‐case analysis. If all the tasks have the same type and no delay is considered, then the upper bound obtained coincides with the upper bound for the Garey–Johnson algorithm on identical processors, which is one of the best known for the maximum lateness problem.
Interpreting Art through Metaphors
Authors: Parsons Michael 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article argues that much of the meaning of artworks comes through metaphors, though we do not always recognise them as such. The argument draws on the work of Lakoff & Johnson, who assert a similar claim about metaphors in general (especially in language). It analyses the notion of a visual metaphor, gives a number of illustrations and claims that, contrary to linguistic metaphors, there can usefully be more than one visual metaphor (‘mixed metaphors’) active in a visual image and that visual metaphors can be interpreted in both directions. Verticality is presented as one basic metaphor in visual images.
Creating the Urban Village: Teaching Pre‐Service Teachers about Sustainable Design in Architecture and Community Planning
Authors: Zande Robin Vande 
Published: October 2010

AbstractSustainable design is a philosophy adopted by people concerned with the health of society and the natural environment. The practice of sustainable design works toward the improvement of the quality of the built environment, while reducing or eradicating the negative impact on the natural environment (McLennan 2004). It is a philosophical approach that may be used in designing any type of built structure, to include architecture, public art, products and community planning. This article will describe concepts that may be addressed in art education about sustainable design to develop an environmental awareness through artistic activities. An approach to teaching sustainable design is explained with an example of a multi‐faceted project taught in a pre‐service secondary methods course of prospective art teachers.
Self‐Initiated Art Work and School Art
Authors: Haanstra Folkert 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article deals with the forms and contents of self‐initiated art works: the kind of learning that takes place in the production of self‐initiated art works as well as the relationships with school art. We interviewed 52 Dutch students (aged between 10 and 14) from different schools of primary and secondary education, and their art teachers. The students showed examples of their home art as well as their school art. Based on interviews and the works presented, four main categories of self‐initiated art works can be distinguished: applied art, popular culture, personal experience and traditional art. Learning outside school is partly incidental and informal (learning by doing, copying), but involves intentional learning as well. Students are aware of the differences in style, materials and themes between their spontaneous, self‐initiated art work and the work they are required to make in school. Moving the domain of self‐initiated art into schools may jeopardise it, but art teachers should neither ignore nor dismiss it. They should be aware of children's self‐initiated visual culture and relate to it in their lessons.
Experiencing Clay: Inquiry‐based Learning and Assessment for Learning
Authors: Mui Ma So 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article presents an examination of the effects of using an inquiry‐based learning pedagogy to teach ceramics to pre‐service teachers (my students) at the Hong Kong Institute of Education. At the beginning of the study the students were asked to conduct experiments on the properties of clay. The results indicate that half of them were able to transfer the knowledge and inquiry skills they had acquired from the experiments to their subsequent artwork production, but that the other half could not. I realised that the students needed more guidance to bridge the gap between their initial inquiries and their subsequent artistic creations. This could be done by explaining clearly the objectives of the inquiry‐based learning activities; employing strategies of assessment for learning: that is, setting explicit assessment criteria; involving the students in self‐assessments; and focusing more on methods of knowledge transfer and ways of bringing about improvements.
Fragmentation and Interrogation as an Approach to Integration
Authors: Wallick Karl , Zaretsky Michael 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article tracks the generative role of research and fragmentation as a means for integrating technology and form within an architecture technology lecture class and a co‐requisite design studio. The complexity of teaching building systems integration within a design studio context is achieved by removing any expectation of building design completion on a comprehensive scale. Typically, in a comprehensive studio, students will design an entire building at a general scale, but at the expense of detailed technical design. However, with use of building fragments, students will design a building corner or a structural bay in great detail while leaving the rest of the building less developed. With our approach, integration occurs through interrogation of case‐study buildings and student projects in the technical course which is complemented by a series of fragmental design studies in the studio. We propose that designing fragments encourages constructive thinking at multiple scales rather than design as a singular problem solving process. As a result, design is not seen as the creation of objects, but as the guidance of multiple, simultaneously acting forces into an integrated assembly. The co‐requisite technical course also embraces fragmentation for research purposes: three professors provide three different technical (structures, environment and construction) and conceptual viewpoints for three distinct building pairs. Various forces within those building pairs are compared to illuminate strategic thinking for comprehensive building design. The intense focus on selective technical systems within these building pairs is intended to support the same development of integrative strategic thinking in the studio.
Oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients: from variceal screening to primary prophylaxis of the first oesophageal variceal bleeding
Authors: Zhang Chunqing , Thabut Dominique , Kamath Patrick S. , Shah Vijay H. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBleeding from oesophageal varices is still a lethal complication in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. Approximately 5–10% of patients with cirrhosis will develop oesophageal varices per year, and about 25–30% of cirrhotic patients with oesophageal varices and without previous variceal haemorrhage will bleed from ruptured varices. To date, data on preventing the formation/growth of oesophageal varices (preprimary prophylaxis) are conflicting, with insufficient evidence to use β‐blockers. There is evidence for the need for primary prophylaxis, and both β‐blockers and endoscopic variceal ligation have shown the same efficacy in preventing first bleeding, but which one to prefer is still controversial. The present article reviews the established and potential therapeutic strategies for preventing the development and rupture of oesophageal varices.