bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of cyclic perfluoroalkanes and SF6 in atmospheric dispersion experiments
Authors: Martin D. , Petersson K. F. , Shallcross D. E. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe study of atmospheric dispersion has become increasingly important over the last 120 years or so. Research in exposure pathways, fate of pollutants, dispersion model evaluation and validation are all reliant on experimental data. The most common atmospheric tracer compounds in use at the present time are the cyclic perfluoroalkanes and sulphur hexafluoride. These compounds are non‐toxic, non‐reactive and have low atmospheric background concentrations although they are recognized as greenhouse gases. This review discusses their use relative to other tracer species. A brief history of their individual analyses is included. The review then seeks to give a concise description of some representative atmospheric tracer dispersion experiments in terms of range, duration and objectives, and tracers used. Concluding remarks relating to the future use of these species are also presented. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A visual representation for RNA secondary structure and its application
Authors: Liang C. , Luo J. W. , Li R. F. , Tu N. H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe graphical representation of biological sequences is an important subject in the area of genome studies. We propose a novel visual representation for RNA secondary structures. Some symmetric properties and information on the base distribution and compositions can be intuitively reflected by the projection graphs of the points corresponding to the RNA secondary structures. Then our method is applied to compute the similarity of 12 classical samples and 11 real RNA secondary structures. The results indicate that our method can not only effectively analyze the similarity between RNA secondary structures but also show a high consistency with other literatures. Moreover, our method only needs the geometrical center of the characteristic curve of the RNA secondary structure to compute the similarity matrix, which means a low computational complexity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
NH and NCl homolytic bond dissociation energies and radical stabilization energies: An assessment of theoretical procedures through comparison with benchmark‐quality W2w data
Authors: O'reilly Robert J. , Karton Amir , Radom Leo 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe performance of a large variety of contemporary density functional theory (DFT), double‐hybrid DFT, and high‐level Gaussian‐n (Gn) procedures has been evaluated for the calculation of bond dissociation energies (BDEs) and radical stabilization energies (RSEs) associated with NX bonds (X = H, Cl). The chosen set of 62 NX systems (31 NH and 31 NCl) span a wide range of biologically relevant species. As reference values, we used benchmark‐quality W2w data that we recently obtained as part of a systematic thermochemical study of substituent effects in these systems. Of the Gn schemes, the modified G4 procedures (G4‐5H and G4(MP2)‐6X) perform somewhat better than the corresponding standard G4 procedures for the NX BDEs of these systems. For the NH RSEs, G3X, G3X(MP2), G3X(MP2)‐RAD, G4‐5H, and G4(MP2)‐6X emerge as excellent performers, with mean absolute deviations (MADs) from the benchmark W2w values of 0.9–1.4 kJ mol–1. However, for the NCl RSEs, G4 is the best performer, with an MAD of 1.7 kJ mol–1. The BDEs of both NH and NCl bonds represent a challenge for DFT procedures. In particular, only a handful of functionals (namely, B3P86, M05‐2X, M06‐2X, and ROB2‐PLYP) perform well, with MADs ≤ 4.5 kJ mol−1 for both bond types. Nearly all of the considered DFT procedures perform significantly better for the computation of RSEs, due to a significantly larger degree of error cancelation compared with the BDEs. For the RSEs, BH&HLYP, M05‐2X, M06, M06‐2X, BMK, PBE0, B2‐PLYP, B2GP‐PLYP, B2T‐PLYP, and ROB2‐PLYP are the best performers, with MADs ≤ 4.2 kJ mol−1. Reliable values of NH and NCl BDEs may be obtained by using the RSEs calculated by these functionals in conjunction with a thermochemical cycle involving an experimental (or high‐level theoretical) BDE for the H2NH or H2NCl bond. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
The host interactome of influenza virus presents new potential targets for antiviral drugs
Authors: Shaw Megan L. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYIncreasing antiviral drug resistance is a major concern for treating influenza, especially in a pandemic setting when the availability of a protective vaccine is uncertain. Resistance is often an issue with drugs directed at viral proteins and for small RNA viruses; there are also a limited number of viral proteins that are amenable to inhibition by a small molecule. A new approach that is gaining support is that cellular proteins, which facilitate virus replication, may be used as alternative targets. Whereas drugs directed at viral proteins tend to be virus‐specific, drugs directed at host targets have the potential to have broad‐spectrum antiviral activity as many viruses may share a dependency on that host function. For influenza virus, we have very limited knowledge of which cellular factors are involved in virus replication, let alone which of these have suitable properties to serve as drug targets. Through the use of high‐throughput RNA interference screens, several studies have addressed this gap in our knowledge. The resulting datasets provide new insight into host pathways that are involved in the influenza virus replication cycle and identify specific host factors in these pathways that may serve as potential targets for future antiviral drug development. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward enhanced life‐cycle support for declarative processes
Authors: Zugal Stefan , Pinggera Jakob , Weber Barbara 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe need for flexible process‐aware information systems resulted in a recent interest in declarative approaches, as they promise a high degree of flexibility. However, the potential of current declarative approaches is impeded by deficiencies in understandability and maintainability. This paper proposes an approach toward better understandability and maintainability of declarative processes by adopting well‐established techniques from the domain of software engineering. More specifically, the ideas of test‐driven development and automated acceptance testing are adopted to interweave process specification and process testing. Thereby, during modeling, testcases balance the circumstantial/sequential information mismatch as well as improve understandability by dispensing with hard mental operations and removing hidden dependencies. Because testcases are also understandable to domain experts, they foster communication between domain experts and model builders, providing a common basis for communication. During process execution, testcases, in turn, help to document the reasons for process deviations and ensure that respective deviations can be easily considered during schema evolution. Furthermore, testcases ensure that no undesired behavior is introduced through process adaptations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Steel research after EC 3 and EC 4
Authors: Nethercot David A 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRather than treating final publication of EC3 and EC4 as signalling that research into the behaviour and design of structural steelwork should now reduce because justification is less, the argument is made that there may well be an increasing need as the discovery of shortcomings, limitations and omissions in those Codes provides another, potentially very fertile, source of new challenges. Several illustrations of different types of “opportunities for improvement” are provided in support of this contention.
Robustness of building structures – recent developments and adopted strategy
Authors: Demonceau Jean‐François , Comeliau Ludivine , Jaspart Jean‐Pierre 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRecent events such as natural catastrophes or terrorism attacks have highlighted the necessity to ensure the structural integrity of buildings under an exceptional event. According to the Eurocodes and some different other national design codes, the structural integrity of civil engineering structures should be ensured through appropriate measures but, in most cases, no precise practical guidelines on how to achieve this goal are provided.At the University of Liège, the robustness of building frames is investigated following the so‐called “alternative load path method”, with the final objective to propose design requirements to mitigate the risk of progressive collapse considering the conventional scenario “loss of a column” further to an unspecified event. In particular, a complete analytical procedure has been developed for the verification of the robustness of steel or composite plane frames. For sake of simplicity, these first works have been based on the assumption that the dynamic effects linked to the column loss were limited and could therefore be neglected. More recently, complementary works have been carried out with the objective to address the dynamic effects. Besides, the extension of the static procedure to actual 3D frames is under investigation in Liège. The present paper gives a global overview of the ongoing researches in the field of robustness at the University of Liège and, in particular, the global strategy aiming at deriving design requirements is detailed.
Earthquake resilient steel braced frames with controlled rocking and energy dissipating fuses
Authors: Deierlein Gregory , Krawinkler Helmut , Ma Xiang , Eatherton Matthew , Hajjar Jerome , Takeuchi Toru , Kasai Kazuhiko , Midorikawa Mitsumasa 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA new type of seismic resistant structural steel braced‐frame system is introduced that employs controlled rocking, elastic post tensioning, and replaceable fuses to resist earthquake shaking with limited structural damage. Through the use of capacity design principles, inelastic energy dissipation is confined to replaceable fuses while the controlled rocking and elastic post tensioning provide self‐centering action to eliminate residual drift. Quasi‐static cyclic tests and dynamic shake table tests of large‐scale specimens confirm that the system can sustain extreme earthquake ground shaking with story drift ratios up to 3 % without structural damage. Owing to the well‐defined rocking mechanism, analysis and design of the system is straightforward. Work is ongoing to develop design criteria and guidelines to facilitate practical implementation of these system in building design and construction.
The influence of rivet corrosion on the durability of riveted connections
Authors: Heinemeyer Christoph , Feldmann Markus 
Published: August 2011

AbstractFrom the beginning of structural steel construction until the 1950s, steel bridges were riveted structures. Rivets have not only been used for joining members as bolts are today used for but also for forming cross sections by joining the section elements e.g. web and flanges.From this kind of bridges thousands – among many famous bridges – still fulfil the function that they have been erected for.Rivets are often particular locations of accelerated corrosion in riveted bridges. In particular the heads of the rivets are subject of rust and corrosion. Therefore the question is whether and how much the pre‐stressing effect of the rivet will be affected by the material degradation of the rivet’s head, such that the load deformation and the fatigue behaviour will be reduced. The pre‐stress of a rivet reduces the stress‐peak that is caused by the hole in the connection and is thus of big importance for the fatigue resistance.The following paper presents latest investigations on the effect of rivet head corrosion on the pre‐stressing of the rivet by means of milling the rivet’s head and numerical simulations. Fatigue tests are presented that give first results for the assessment of the residual lifetime of riveted connection with reduced rivet stress.The paper also shows how the results of the investigations have been considered in an existing riveted bridge from 1920 of 2,3 km length.
“Mayfly” footbridge, Szolnok – design, construction and dynamic behaviour of the longest footbridge in Hungary
Authors: Pálossy Miklós , Szabó Gergely , Szecsányi László 
Published: August 2011

AbstractFollowing a period in which the governing factor was mainly functionality, bridges now seem to be returning to their role of shaping the urban landscape. In line with the change in traffic requirements and possibilities, we are experiencing a revival of the human‐scale pedestrian/cyclist bridge as well. In a project supported by the European Union, the longest footbridge in Hungary – in Szolnok – was opened to traffic in January 2011. The total length of the crossing is 450 m, including a 120 m span steel arch over the River Tisza. Besides the description of the structure and its erection, this paper deals in detail with the examination of the pedestrian‐ and wind‐induced excitations – the key issue in the design of lightweight, slender bridge structures.
Prediction models for wind speed at turbine locations in a wind farm
Authors: Knudsen Torben , Bak Thomas , Soltani Mohsen 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTIn wind farms, individual turbines disturb the wind field by generating wakes that influence other turbines in the farm. From a control point of view, there is an interest in dynamic optimization of the balance between fatigue and production, and an understanding of the relationship between turbines manifested through the wind field is hence required. This paper develops models for this relationship. The result is based on two new contributions: the first is related to the estimation of effective wind speeds, which serves as a basis for the second contribution to wind speed prediction models.Based on standard turbine measurements such as rotor speed and power produced, an effective wind speed, which represents the wind field averaged over the rotor disc, is derived. The effective wind speed estimator is based on a continuous–discrete extended Kalman filter that takes advantage of nonlinear time varying turbulence models. The estimator includes a nonlinear time varying wind speed model, which compared with literature results in an adaptive filter. Given the estimated effective wind speed, it is possible to establish wind speed prediction models by system identification. As the prediction models are based on the result related to effective wind speed, it is possible to predict wind speeds at neighboring turbines, with a separation of over 700 m, up to 1 min ahead reducing the error by 30% compared with a persistence method. The methodological results are demonstrated on data from an off‐shore wind farm. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systems biology approach to synovial joint lubrication in health, injury, and disease
Authors: Hui Alexander Y. , McCarty William J. , Masuda Koichi , Firestein Gary S. , Sah Robert L. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe synovial joint contains synovial fluid (SF) within a cavity bounded by articular cartilage and synovium. SF is a viscous fluid that has lubrication, metabolic, and regulatory functions within synovial joints. SF contains lubricant molecules, including proteoglycan‐4 and hyaluronan. SF is an ultrafiltrate of plasma with secreted contributions from cell populations lining and within the synovial joint space, including chondrocytes and synoviocytes. Maintenance of normal SF lubricant composition and function are important for joint homeostasis. In osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and joint injury, changes in lubricant composition and function accompany alterations in the cytokine and growth factor environment and increased fluid and molecular transport through joint tissues. Thus, understanding the synovial joint lubrication system requires a multifaceted study of the various parts of the synovial joint and their interactions. Systems biology approaches at multiple scales are being used to describe the molecular, cellular, and tissue components and their interactions that comprise the functioning synovial joint. Analyses of the transcriptome and proteome of SF, cartilage, and synovium suggest that particular molecules and pathways play important roles in joint homeostasis and disease. Such information may be integrated with physicochemical tissue descriptions to construct integrative models of the synovial joint that ultimately may explain maintenance of health, recovery from injury, or development and progression of arthritis. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2012, 4:15–37. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.157This article is categorized under:

Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease
Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Translational Medicine
At‐Risk Marriages after Compulsory Premarital Testing and Counseling for β‐Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease in Saudi Arabia, 2005–2006
Authors: Alswaidi Fahad M. , Memish Ziad A. , O'Brien Sarah J. , Al‐Hamdan Nasser A. , Al‐Enzy Faisal M. , Alhayani Osamah A. , Al‐Wadey Ali M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractResults from a screening program for sickle cell disease and β‐thalassemia suggest about 90% of couples in Saudi Arabia at risk of having affected children still decide to marry. This study determined the rate of at‐risk marriages and identified several factors that may prevent at risk couples from marrying. The marriage status of 934 at‐risk couples was determined from original screening program records in the Ministry of Health. Of 934 couples, 824 married (88.2%) and 110 (11.8%) did not. A case–controlled study was conducted on 104 couples who did not marry (cases) and 478 couples who did marry (controls) in order to assess relationships between various cultural and social factors and marriage decisions. In the case‐controled study, 28.8% of couples (30/104) who did not marry (cases) knew their disease or carrier status before screening compared to 18% (86/478) of those who married (controls). Reasons couples gave for proceeding with marriage included: wedding plans could not be canceled, and fear of social stigma. Couples who did not marry reported being influenced by prior knowledge of their disease or carrier status and whether they or family members were affected. Approximately half of the cases and controls (n = 270, 46.4%) thought it best to undergo screening before proceeding with the engagement and wedding plans. Most couples received no advice to participate in genetic counseling services. Marriage decisions for the small number who received genetic counseling (n = 168, 27.6%) did not differ significantly from those that received no counseling. Recommendations are made for improving the effectiveness of this screening program.
Purchasing Piety? Coresidence of Married Children With Their Older Parents in Japan
Authors: Takagi Emiko , Silverstein Merril 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe investigated the conditions under which married children live with their older parents in Japan. We focused on how needs and resources in each generation are associated with whether married couples live with their parents in parent-headed and child-headed households, and we also investigated difference in power relations between older and younger generations and between children and their spouses. We analyzed a nationally representative sample of older parents (n  =  3,853) and their married children (n  =  8,601) from the 1999 Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging (NUJLSOA). Mutinomial regression revealed that married children with relatively affluent parents tended to live with them in parent-headed households and that married children with parents who are in relatively poor health or who are widowed tended to live with them in child-headed households. We also found that less-educated married children tended to live in the households of their higher-income parents, suggesting that parents may be “purchasing” traditional arrangements with less-affluent children. In addition, children with an educational advantage over their spouses were more likely to have parents living with them in child-headed coresident households. We conclude that traditional multigenerational coresidence has become a commodity negotiated within families based on relative resources and needs within and across generations.
Glacial advances constrained by 10Be exposure dating of bedrock landslides, Kyrgyz Tien Shan
Authors: Sanhueza-Pino Katia , Korup Oliver , Hetzel Ralf , Munack Henry , Weidinger Johannes T. , Dunning Stuart , Ormukov Cholponbek , Kubik Peter W. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractNumerous large landslide deposits occur in the Tien Shan, a tectonically active intraplate orogen in Central Asia. Yet their significance in Quaternary landscape evolution and natural hazard assessment remains unresolved due to the lack of "absolute" age constraints. Here we present the first 10Be exposure ages for three prominent (> 107 m3) bedrock landslides that blocked major rivers and formed lakes, two of which subsequently breached, in the northern Kyrgyz Tien Shan. Three 10Be ages reveal that one landslide in the Alamyedin River occurred at 11–15 ka, which is consistent with two 14C ages of gastropod shells from reworked loess capping the landslide. One large landslide in Aksu River is among the oldest documented in semi-arid continental interiors, with a 10Be age of 63–67 ka. The Ukok River landslide deposit(s) yielded variable 10Be ages, which may result from multiple landslides, and inheritance of 10Be. Two 10Be ages of 8.2 and 5.9 ka suggest that one major landslide occurred in the early to mid-Holocene, followed by at least one other event between 1.5 and 0.4 ka. Judging from the regional glacial chronology, all three landslides have occurred between major regional glacial advances. Whereas Alamyedin and Ukok can be considered as postglacial in this context, Aksu is of interglacial age. None of the landslide deposits show traces of glacial erosion, hence their locations and 10Be ages mark maximum extents and minimum ages of glacial advances, respectively. Using toe-to-headwall altitude ratios of 0.4–0.5, we reconstruct minimum equilibrium-line altitudes that exceed previous estimates by as much as 400 m along the moister northern fringe of the Tien Shan. Our data show that deposits from large landslides can provide valuable spatio-temporal constraints for glacial advances in landscapes where moraines and glacial deposits have low preservation potential.