bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of stored food pests in the ancient Orient and classical antiquity
Authors: Levinson H. , Levinson A. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Protective measures against certain insect and rodent pests which harmed stored, dried food were devised during oriental (˜ 3000–30 bc) and classical antiquity (˜ 2000 bc–ad 476). Wishful thinking of early dwellers on the Nile condemned such pests and converted them into harmless creatures (˜ 3000 bc), as evident from many hieroglyphs depicting mutilated animals (fig. 1). Preservation of cereals for future use was achieved by storing unthreshed grain ears (fig. 2), adding soil dust and ashes causing lethal dehydration of insect pests in the cereals. This ingenious procedure was probably invented and widely applied by Jacob's son Joseph in order to overcome severe food shortage during the Hyksos rule (˜ 1640–1530 bc) or the reign of King Tuthmosis IV (˜ 1413–1405 bc). During oriental antiquity, various resins and drugs (table 1) were pyrolysed and/or volatilized in special censers originating from dynastic Egypt (fig. 3). In addition to their primary task in spiritual and material purification, most fumigants were particularly active as repellents, insectistatics and/or insecticides against common storage pests. Moreover, the fumes emitted by gazelle dung (heated or spread in grain stores) strongly repelled granivorous mice and rats from stored cereals.In ancient Rome, V. Pollio, M. T. Varro (1st century bc) and L. J. M. Columella (1st century ad) recognized the overall importance of an optimal design and location of granaries for safe storage: they had to be constructed either well above the ground and exposed to air currents from east and north or be immersed under the ground as air‐tight pits. In his well‐known treatise “De agri cultura”, M. P. Cato (234–149 bc) reported on the pest‐averting action of amurca (aqueous residue left after straining the oil from olives) as well as enhancing its grain‐protectant activity by addition of ground chalk and crushed foliage of Arthemisia absinthium, Coriandrum sativum or Inula conyza. The interior of empty granaries was thoroughly covered with the improved paste of amurca. The latter is likely to have acted by clogging the hiding and oviposition niches of storage pests, releasing compounds which are capable of repelling granivorous insects and mice as well as suppressing their reproductive potential.A revived interest in pest‐averting procedures practised in antiquity may be worthwhile in view of the destructive side‐effects of certain pesticides on the environment as well as the alarming increase and spread of pesticide resistance in storage insect species.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Schadpotential der Getreideblattlausarten Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.) und Sitobion avenae (F.) in Winterweizen
Authors: Niehoff B. , Stäblein J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Investigations on the damage potential of cereal ahpids (Metopolophium dirhodum [Wlk.], Sitobion avenae [F.]) in winter wheat: The damage potential of the cereal aphids. S. avenae and M. dirhodum was investigated in winter wheat. Ears and flagleafs were artificially infested with different aphid densities between EC 65 and EC 83 using ear‐ and flagleaf cages. The aphid densities were adjusted to the initial densities every third day. Aphid damage is related to density and duration of infestation. Therefore the aphid infestation was quantified in terms of aphid days per ear or flagleaf. Yield was measured by calculating drymass, thousand kernel weight (TKW), kernals per ear and nitrogen content. The results show that S. avenae at the ear caused significant higher reduction in drymass and TKW compared to M. dirhodum on the flagleaf. Based on the relationship between aphid infestation and yield (drymass and TKW), the damage factor for S. avenae on the ear was 1.7 times (drymass) and 2 times (TKW) higher compared to M. dirhodum on the flagleaf. There was no clear relationship between aphid infestation and the relative nitrogen content.ZusammenfassungIn einem Winterweizenbestand wurde das Schadpotential der Getreideblattlausarten S. avenae und M. dirhodum untersucht. Dazu wurden verschiedene Ertragsparameter erfaßt: Massenertag (TM), Tausendkorngewicht (TKG), Kornzahl je Ähre und Proteingehalt. Ab Mitte der Blüte (EC 65 – EC 83) wurden verschiedene Blattlausdichten in Ähren‐ und Fahnenblattkäfige eingesetzt und in dreitägigen Intervallen kontrolliert. Zur exakten Wiedergabe des Befalls wurde der Blattlausindex (Blattlaustage pro Ähre bzw. Fahnenblatt) berechnet. Es zeigte sich, daß S. avenue an der Ähre zu deutlich stärkeren Ertragsreduktionen (TM und TKG) führte als M. dirhodum am Fahnenblatt. Anhand von Regressionskoeffizienten war das Schadpotential von S. avenue um den Faktor 1,7 (TM) bzw. 2 (TKG) höher im Vergleich zu M. dirhodum. Zwischen dem relativen Proteingehalt und dem Blattlausbefall zeigte sich keine deutliche Beziehung.
Impact of external factors on the population dynamics of beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga) (Hom., Pseudococcidae) in beech (Fagus sylvatica) stands during the latency stage1
Authors: Lunderstädt J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Within a natural occurrence of beech on weathered lime stone in the hilly region of southern Lower Saxony, the infestation dynamics of Cryptococcus fagisuga as dependent on the flushing status of its host, Fagus sylvatica, were investigated from 1988 to 1995 during the latency stage.Employing subpopulations on microstands with different water supply and under different silvicultural treatment but with equally good nutritional status, the infestation dynamics of the scale were compared by means of a differential analysis. Independent of the year of observation, the microstand, and the silvicultural treatment, beeches with a bhd < 10 cm flushed quicker and showed a lesser degree of infestation than beeches of bhd 10–20 cm and > 20 cm. In almost all cases the beeches of the higher diameter classes on the strongly thinned plots were attacked markedly stronger than the corresponding ones on the moderately thinned plots.Increasing infestation was promoted by a decreasing flushing status on dry stands and by an increasing flushing status on moister stands. With heavier thinning or stronger self‐differentiation on the more humid stands, heavier infestation was promoted too by decreasing flushing status. The gradual transition was stopped when an equilibrium was reached comparable to the level of infestation of strongly thinned stands on dryer locations.
Insecticide selectivity to Supputius cincticeps (Stal) (Het., Pentatomidae) and its prey Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lep., Noctuidae)
Authors: Zanuncio J. C. , Batalha V. C. , Guedes R. N. C. , Picanço M. C. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The selectivity of malathion, carbaryl, permethrin, and deltamethrin to Supputius cincticeps (Stal) (Het., Pentatomidae) and its prey Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lep., Noctuidae) (fall armyworm) was evaluated using leaves dipped in insecticide dilutions. Based on LC50 values, malathion was the least toxic insecticide to the fall armyworm followed by carbaryl, permethrin and deltamethrin which was the most toxic compound to this insect pest. Malathion was also the least toxic insecticide to the predaceous bug S. cincticeps, while carbaryl and permethrin showed intermediate toxicity and deltamethrin was the most toxic insecticide to this species. Malathion and carbaryl were more toxic to the predator than to the fall armyworm showing low selectivity in favour of the first. However, the pyrethroids showed the opposite effect with deltamethrin being the most selective insecticide in favour of S. cincticeps. Nymphs of the fifth instar and adults of the predator were more tolerant to the pyrethroids than third‐instar nymphs. The other insecticides showed similar toxicity to all three developmental stages of the predator.RésuméSélectivité des insecticides pour Supputius cincticeps (Say) (Het., Pentatomidae) et sa proie Spodoptera furgiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lep., Noctuidae)La sélectivité du mulathion. carbaril. pennétrine et deltamétrine pour Supputius cincticeps (Say) (Het., Pentatomidae) et sa proie Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lep., Noctuidae) (chenille du cornet) fut évaluée à l'aide de feuilles imprégnées d'insecticides. Le malathion s'est avéré l'insecticide le moins toxique pour la chenille du cornet, suivi du carbaril. permétrine et deltamétrine, cette dernière étant l'insecticidc le plus toxique pour cet insecte‐fléau. basé sur les valeurs du CL50. Le malathion a égalemenl été l'insecticide le moins toxique pour la punaise prédatrice S. cincticeps, alors que le carbaril et la permétrine ont affiché une toxicité intermédiaire et la deltamétrine, une grande toxicité pour cette espèce. Les insecticides malathion et carbaril furent plus toxiques pour la punaise prédatrice que pour la chenille du cornet, affichant une basse sélectivité en faveur du premier. Toutefois, les pyrétroïdes ont présenté un effet contraire avec la deltamétrine, celle‐ci étant l'insecticide le plus sélectif en faveur du S. cincticeps. Les nymphes du 5e stade et punaises adultes ont été encore plus tolérantes aux pyrétroides que les nymphes du 3o stade. Les autres insecticides ont révélé une toxicité similaire pour les trois stades de développement du prédateur.
The side‐effects of pesticides on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), acute dose‐response and persistence tests
Authors: Hassan S. A. , Hafes B. , Degrande P. E. , Herai K. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The side‐effects of 21 pesticides were tested on the Hymenoptera egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae, using four different types of laboratory methods. The methods combined: (a) adult parasitoid exposure to fresh pesticide residue on glass plates – initial toxicity worse case to select harmless preparations, (b) direct spray of host eggs enclosing the parasitoid pupae (less susceptible life stage), (c) duration of harmful activity (persistence) on adults – select preparations that are less persistent and (d) dose‐response exposures LD50 – to assess the risk margin.The results showed that the preparations (used at the highest recommended dose) greatly differed in their initial toxicity as well as in their persistence. The fungicide Topsin M® (thiophanat‐methyl) and the herbicides Pyramin® (chloridazon), Butisan® S (metazachlor) and Banvel® 70 WG (dicamba) were harmless to T. cacoeciae. The insecticides Match® (lufenuron) and Admiral® (pyriproxifen), the fungicides Bavistin® (carbendazim), Aliette® (fosetyl) and Captan® 83 W (captan) as well as the herbicides Duplosan® 600 KV (mecoprop‐p) and Focus® (cycloxydim) were slightly harmful. The fungicide Scala® (pyrimethanil) was moderately harmful.Telmion® (rape oil), Vertimec® (abamectin) and Scala were harmful in the initial toxicity test but only slightly persistent. These less persistent preparations are likely to have less impact on the natural enemy in the field. In the persistence test, Zolone Flow® (phosalon), Polo® (difenthiuron), Euparen® M (tolylfluanid), Dithane® M 45 (mancozeb), Kumulus® (sulphur) constantly reduced parasitism by between 90 and 100% and were rated as persistent. The direct spray of parasitized host eggs showed that Zolone Flow, Polo, Eupareum M, Dithane M 45, Scala and Touchdown® were harmless to the parasitoid pupae within the egg, that Telmion, Thiram® 80 WG and Kumulus were slightly harmful and Vertimec was moderately harmful. The dose‐response test indicated a risk quotient (dose in g or ml product per ha/LD50 value) of spray drift for off‐field parasitoids for the chemicals in the order of increasing risk as follows: Polo (1.33) followed by Thiram (3.62), Touchdown (7.54), Scala (10.39), Dithane M 45 (13.94), Telmion (27.04) and Zolone Flow (39.34).
Association of interleukin‐18 promoter polymorphism and atherosclerotic diseases in Chinese patients with diabetic nephropathy
Authors: SZETO CHEUK‐CHUN , CHOW KAI‐MING , POON PETER YAM‐KAU , KWAN BONNIE CHING‐HA , LI PHILIP KAM‐TAO 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARY:Aim: Interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine and possibly plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. The relationship between two IL‐18 gene polymorphisms, namely C‐607A and G‐137C, and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetic nephropathy was examined.Methods: Two hundred and twenty patients (91 male) with diabetic nephropathy were studied. The IL‐18 promoter genotypes were determined. All patients were then prospectively followed for the cardiovascular events. Cardiovascular mortality and all‐cause mortality were also compared.Results: Mean age was 64.3 ± 10.6 years; average follow up was 73.9 ± 33.6 months. The frequencies of CC, CA and AA genotypes of the C‐607A polymorphism were 25.5%, 48.2% and 26.8%, respectively; GG, GC and CC genotypes of the G‐137C polymorphism were 71.8%, 25.0% and 3.2%, respectively. Neither of the polymorphisms were associated with the development of primary cardiovascular end‐point. Cardiovascular survival was 84.8% and 70.6% at 60 months for GG and GC/CC genotypes of the G‐137C polymorphism, respectively (P = 0.027); the corresponding actuarial survival was 69.0% and 54.8%, respectively (P = 0.053). However, the G‐137C genotype was not an independent predictor of cardiovascular or actuarial survival after adjusting for confounders by multivariate analysis with the Cox model. The C‐607A polymorphism had no significant effect on cardiovascular or actuarial survival.Conclusion: The G‐137C polymorphism of the IL‐18 promoter is associated with the cardiovascular mortality, and a trend of association with all‐cause mortality, in patients with diabetic nephropathy. The association, however, becomes insignificant after adjusting for confounding factors. Further studies are needed to test other genetic determinants of the association between systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease in renal failure patients.
An experimental investigation of the static and fatigue fracture behaviour of hybrid composite/metal joints for a tilting car body
Authors: JUNG D.‐W. , KIM J.‐S. , CHOI N.‐S. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThe hybrid composite joint structures considered in this work, for application in a tilting railroad car body, are subjected to shear and bending loads. Two types of the joint specimens were fabricated and tested under both static and fatigue conditions: a hybrid bolted‐joint specimen subjected to a shear loads, and a hybrid beam‐joint specimen for the bending tests. The fracture behaviours of these specimens under static loads were different from those under cyclic loads. For the hybrid bolted‐joint specimens, static shear loads caused a pure shear fracture in the bolt pin body itself. However, cyclic fatigue shear loads brought about an opening‐mode fracture at the local site of the bolt which was the valley of the screwed region of the bolt pin and/or the perpendicularly angled region between the bolt head and the pin body. On the other hand, for the hybrid beam‐joint specimens, static bending loads caused shear deformation and fracture in the honeycomb core region, while fatigue cyclic bend loading caused delamination along the interface between the composite skin and the honeycomb core, and/or caused a fracture in the welded part jointed with the steel under‐frame. These fracture behaviours could arise in other industrial hybrid joints with similar sub‐structures, and were used in developing a design parameter to improve a hybrid joint structure.
Residual stress and constraint effects on cleavage fracture in the transition temperature regime
Authors: LEE K. S. , GOLDTHORPE M. R. , BIRKETT R. P. , SHERRY A. H. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTDefects in structural components are often associated with welds that may contain significant levels of residual stress. Whilst the primary load acting on the component may induce low constraint conditions at the crack tip, the presence of residual stresses, e.g. due to welding, can modify this constraint level and consequently influence the observed fracture toughness behaviour. This paper presents the results of a combined experimental and numerical programme aimed at exploring this issue. Cleavage fracture toughness data for high and low constraint specimens are presented with and without residual stresses. The results indicate that under certain conditions, the constraint‐induced increase in cleavage fracture toughness may be eroded by the presence of a residual stress in the vicinity of the crack. The results are quantified with respect to two‐parameter fracture mechanics in which the T and Q parameters are appropriately defined. Preliminary guidance is provided for the assessment of defects when residual stresses may influence crack‐tip constraint.
Blood oxygen level‐dependent signal responses in corticolimbic ‘emotions’ circuitry of lactating rats facing intruder threat to pups
Authors: Nephew Benjamin C. , Caffrey Martha K. , Felix‐Ortiz Ada C. , Ferris Craig F. , Febo Marcelo 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLactating rats must continuously maintain a critical balance between caring for pups and aggressively responding to nest threats. We tested the neural response of lactating females to the presentation of their own pups and novel intruder males using blood oxygen level‐dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T. Dams were presented with a single sequence of a control stimulus, pups or a male intruder in one imaging session (n = 7–9). To further determine the selectivity of neural processing, dams were imaged for their response to a male intruder in both the absence and presence of their pups (n = 6). Several maternal cortical and limbic brain regions were significantly activated by intruder presentation but not by pups or a control stimulus. These included the nucleus accumbens, periaqueductal gray, anterior cingulate, anterior thalamus, basal nucleus of the amygdala, temporal cortex, prelimbic/orbital area and insula. The nucleus accumbens, periaqueductal gray, temporal cortex and mediodorsal thalamus still showed greater neural activity when compared with intruder presentation in the absence of pups. The present results suggest that the high emotional state generated by a threat to pups involves robust activation of classical limbic regions controlling emotional responses. This pattern of blood oxygen level‐dependent activity may precede behavioral states upon which lactating rats initiate attacks against a potential threat to offspring.
A comparison of the STORZ video laryngoscope and standard direct laryngoscopy for intubation in the Pediatric airway – a randomized clinical trial
Authors: VLATTEN ARNIM , AUCOIN SYLVIE , LITZ SHARON , MACMANUS BRIAN , SODER CHRIS 
Published: August 2009

SummaryIntroduction:  Direct laryngoscopy can be challenging in infants and neonates. Even with an optimal line of sight to the glottic opening, the viewing angle has been measured at 15°. The STORZ DCI video laryngoscope (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany) incorporates a fiberoptic camera in the light source of a standard laryngoscope of variable sizes. The image is displayed on a screen with a viewing angle of 80°. We studied the effectiveness of the STORZ DCI as an airway tool compared to standard direct laryngoscopy in children with normal airway.Methods:  In this prospective, randomized study, 56 children (ages 4 years or younger) undergoing elective surgery with the need for endotracheal intubation were divided into two groups: children who underwent standard direct laryngoscopy using a Miller 1 or Macintosh 2 blade (DL) and children who underwent video laryngoscopy using the STORZ DCI video laryngoscope with a Miller 1 blade (VL). Time to best view (TTBV), time to intubate (TTI), Cormack–Lehane (CL), and percentage of glottis opening seen (POGO) score were recorded.Results:  TTBV in DL was 5.5 (4–8) s and 7 (4.2–9) s in VL. TTI in DL was 21 (17–29) s and in VL 27 (22–37) s (P = 0.006). The view as assessed by POGO score was 97.5% (60–100%) in DL and 100% (100–100%) in the VL (P = 0.003). Data are presented as median and interquartile range and analyzed using t‐test.Discussion:  This study demonstrates that the STORZ DCI video laryngoscope provides an improved view to the glottis in children with normal airway anatomy, but requires a longer time for intubation.
Anesthetic‐specific electroencephalographic patterns during emergence from sevoflurane and isoflurane in infants and children
Authors: LO SANSAN S. , SOBOL JULIA B. , MALLAVARAM NAVIN , CARSON MARGARET , CHANG CHUNG , GRIEVE PHILIP G. , EMERSON RONALD G. , STARK RAYMOND I. , SUN LENA S. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryBackground:  Devices that monitor the depth of anesthesia are increasingly used to titrate sedation and avoid awareness during anesthesia. Many of these monitors are based upon electroencephalography (EEG) collected from large adult reference populations and not pediatric populations (Anesthesiology, 86, 1997, 836; Journal of Anaesthesia, 92, 2004, 393; Anesthesiology, 99, 2003, 34). We hypothesized that EEG patterns in children would be different from those previously reported in adults and that they would show anesthetic‐specific characteristics.Methods:  This prospective observational study was approved by the Institutional Review Board, and informed written consent was obtained. Patients were randomized to receive maintenance anesthesia with isoflurane or sevoflurane. EEG data collection included at least 10 min at steady‐state maintenance anesthesia. The EEG was recorded continuously through emergence until after extubation. A mixed model procedure was performed on global and regional power by pooled data analysis and by analyzing each anesthetic group separately. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05.Results:  Thirty‐seven children completed the study (ages 22 days–3.6 years). Isoflurane and sevoflurane had different effects on global and regional EEG power during emergence from anesthesia, and frontal predominance patterns were significantly different between these two anesthetic agents.Conclusions:  The principal finding of the present study was that there are anesthetic‐specific and concentration‐dependent EEG effects in children. Depth‐of‐anesthesia monitors that utilize algorithms based on the EEGs of adult reference populations therefore may not be appropriate for use in children.