bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Triassic palaeogeography and fluvial dispersal across the northwest European Basins
Authors: McKie Tom , Williams Brian 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTriassic dryland fluvial systems occur infilling extensional and post‐rift basins across northwest Europe. These systems were deposited by streams draining off the major basin margin catchments of Greenland, Fennoscandia, the Scottish Highlands and the remnant Variscan mountains. Fluvial drainage was dominantly endorheic in character, and terminated in playa, aeolian dune, sabkha or marsh settings. Whilst the ambient basin climate fluctuated through varying levels of aridity and humidity, the dispersal of sand into these basins was critically dependant on catchment run‐off from the major, basin flanking regions. In the Early Triassic the Tethyan monsoon drove seasonal precipitation over the Variscan mountains which transported sediment northward into arid dune fields and playa. In addition, far‐travelled fluvial systems supplied sediment from distant, wetter catchments. Through the Middle and Late Triassic the effects of the Tethyan monsoon apparently weakened, and sand‐prone fluvial systems draining off the Variscan mountains were more limited in areal extent, but expanded during pluvial episodes. However, Greenland and Fennoscandia maintained sediment supply from the north, with perennial run‐off from Fennoscandia able to maintain marshes and levels of vegetation cover not encountered elsewhere in the region and to episodically drive major exorheic drainage systems into the Tethys Sea. Published climatic simulations are consistent with these observations, which indicate that Greenland, and particularly Fennoscandia, had precipitation levels higher than the regions to the south with a positive precipitation: evaporation balance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photophysical Processes in ‘Supramolecular Balls’ Formed by Lanthanide Chloride with 2,2′‐Bipyridine
Authors: Puntus Lada N. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe europium complex [EuCl2(bpy)2(H2O)2]Cl⋅1.25 C2H6O⋅0.37 H2O, where bpy is 2,2′‐bipyridine, was synthesized and investigated with the aim to relate its molecular geometry and crystal packing to the efficiency of energy‐transfer processes. The presence of H‐bonds between noncoordinated Cl− ions and coordinated H2O molecules leads to the formation of discrete trimers assembled by a number of CH⋅⋅⋅Cl and stacking interactions into ‘supramolecular balls’ which contain Cl− ions and solvate molecules (H2O and EtOH). The additional stabilization of the complex is due to intramolecular N⋅⋅⋅C interactions between two bpy ligands that causes some shortening of the EuN bonds. Deciphering the luminescence properties of the Eu complex was performed under consideration of both the composition of the inner coordination sphere and the peculiarities of the crystal packing. The influence of the latter and the bpy orientation on the energy of the ligand→Eu charge‐transfer state (LMCT) was established, and an additional excited state induced by the π‐stacking interaction (SICT) was identified.
A flexible nonlinear modelling framework for nonstationary generalized extreme value analysis in hydroclimatology
Authors: Cannon Alex J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractParameters in a generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution are specified as a function of covariates using a conditional density network (CDN), which is a probabilistic extension of the multilayer perceptron neural network. If the covariate is time or is dependent on time, then the GEV‐CDN model can be used to perform nonlinear, nonstationary GEV analysis of hydrological or climatological time series. Owing to the flexibility of the neural network architecture, the model is capable of representing a wide range of nonstationary relationships. Model parameters are estimated by generalized maximum likelihood, an approach that is tailored to the estimation of GEV parameters from geophysical time series. Model complexity is identified using the Bayesian information criterion and the Akaike information criterion with small sample size correction. Monte Carlo simulations are used to validate GEV‐CDN performance on four simple synthetic problems. The model is then demonstrated on precipitation data from southern California, a series that exhibits nonstationarity due to interannual/interdecadal climatic variability. Copyright © 2009 Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters in gadolinium chelate stability
Authors: Idée Jean‐Marc , Port Marc , Robic Caroline , Medina Christelle , Sabatou Monique , Corot Claire 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn recent years there has been a renewed interest in the physicochemical properties of gadolinium chelates (GC). The aim of this review is to discuss the physicochemical properties of marketed GC with regard to possible biological consequences. GC can be classified according to three key molecular features: 1) the nature of the chelating moiety: either macrocyclic molecules in which Gd3+ is caged in the preorganized cavity of the ligand, or linear, open‐chain molecules; 2) ionicity: the ionicity of the molecule varies from neutral to tri‐anionic agents; and 3) the presence or absence of an aromatic lipophilic moiety, which has a profound impact on the biodistribution of the GC. These parameters can also explain why GC differ considerably with regard to their thermodynamic stability constants and kinetic stability, as demonstrated by numerous studies. The concept of thermodynamic and kinetic stability is critically discussed, as it remains somewhat controversial, especially in predicting the amount of free gadolinium that may result from decomplexation of chelates in physiologic or pathologic situations. This review examines the possibility that the high kinetic stability provided by the macrocyclic structure combined with a high thermodynamic stability (reinforced by ionicity for macrocyclic chelates) can minimize the amount of free Gd3+ released in the body. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;30:1249–1258. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genome shuffling of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii to accelerate and enhance the flavour formation of soy sauce
Authors: Cao Xiaohong , Hou Lihua , Lu Meifang , Wang Chunling , Zeng Bin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to achieve rapid improvement of the flavour of soy sauce by increasing the salt stress resistance of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. Here, we describe genome shuffling to improve the salt tolerance of Z. rouxii while simultaneously enhancing and accelerating flavour formation of soy sauce.RESULTS: A mutant, S3‐2, with a stronger resistance to salt, was selected after three rounds of genome shuffling. S3‐2 not only grew well in peptone/yeast extract/dextrose medium containing a high salt content with wide range of pH, but also exhibited stronger stress resistance to potassium chloride and lithium chloride. In high‐salt liquid fermentation, S3‐2 obviously accelerated flavour formation of soy sauce, thus decreasing the total time required for development of the aroma. In addition, S3‐2 gave high amino acid nitrogen and good flavour. In particular, the ethyl acetate content was 2.38 times that in the control. S3‐2 distinctly improved the formation of 4‐hydroxy‐2 (or 5) ‐ethyl‐5 (or 2) ‐methyl‐3 (2H) ‐furanone by up to 75%. Another important flavour component, 4‐ethylguaiacol, was also detected.CONCLUSIONS: Genome shuffling was successfully used to achieve significant improvements in flavour formation. The selected strain improved the main flavour components and amino acid nitrogen, thereby enhancing the quality of soy sauce. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Modified Harrington reconstruction for advanced periacetabular metastatic disease
Authors: Ho Lance , Ahlmann Elke R. , Menendez Lawrence R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesDestructive metastatic lesions about the acetabulum result in pain and functional limitations. We assessed whether periacetabular reconstruction (PAR) improves quality of life by examining outcome measures of pain, function, and mobility.MethodsThirty‐seven patients with a mean follow‐up of 23.6 months (range, 0.5–112 months) were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent modified Harrington reconstruction with periacetabular screws, cement, and total hip arthroplasty.ResultsThe mean preoperative MSTS score of 14 (47%, 14/30) improved to 20 (67%, 20/30) after the procedure. Thirty‐five patients who were alive 1 month after the procedure were reviewed for outcome. Postoperatively, patients reported a significant improvement in pain (P < 0.0001), mobility (P < 0.0385), and function (P < 0.0186). Kaplan–Meier survivorship curves showed 59% implant‐ and 55% patient survival at 2 years; and 49% implant‐ and 39% patient survival at 5 years. Complications included infection (16%, 6/37) and instability (16%, 6/37).ConclusionsOur experience with PAR has shown good results with improved postoperative functional scores. Implants will generally exceed life expectancy and are an option to restore quality of life. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;101:170–174. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A high‐throughput method for determining chloramphenicol residues in poultry, egg, shrimp, fish, swine and bovine using LC‐ESI‐MS/MS
Authors: Rocha Siqueira Silvia Regina , Luiz Donato José , de Nucci Gilberto , Reyes Felix Guillermo Reyes 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA LC‐ESI‐MS/MS method for determining chloramphenicol residues in fish, shrimp, poultry, eggs, bovine and swine was developed and validated. The samples were extracted with a phosphate extraction solution followed by liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. The LC was performed on a C18 column at room temperature. For all the matrices, the analytical curves showedrvalues and recoveries higher than 0.99 and 50%, respectively. The accuracy values lay between 85 and 120% and the precision was lower than 20%. The LOQ was 0.1 ng/g. The method was employed to analyze samples collected in Brazil.
Reversed phase capillary HPLC using polymer‐entrapped C18 particles
Authors: Gibson Graham T. T. , Marecak Dale M. , Oleschuk Richard D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractNovel capillary columns containing polymer‐entrapped octadecylsilyl‐modified silica microspheres were evaluated for chromatographic performance. The polymer forms only at the particle surface and in as little as 10 s strongly immobilizes them, obviating the need for a frit. The photoinitiated polymerization is patternable, and various entrapment styles were compared, all of which withstood pressure drops of at least 5000 psi (345 bar). The fritless nature of the columns allows a unique mass production capability whereby long packed columns are entrapped and simply cut afterward. Since the material has previously been shown to be a proficient nanoelectrospray emitter, the columns have enormous potential for use in capillary LC‐MS. The evaluation suggests that for the designs that have minimal entrapped regions, the column performance is equivalent to commercial columns containing similar particles.
Rapid Synthesis and MALDI‐ToF Characterization of Poly(ethylene oxide) Multiarm Star Polymers
Authors: Doycheva Maria , Berger‐Nicoletti Elena , Wurm Frederik , Frey Holger 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMultiarm PEO star polymers with a purely aliphatic polyether structure have been synthesized using hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG) with different molecular weights as a multifunctional initiator. Different degrees of deprotonation of the initiator were studied with respect to molecular weight control. The results show that the degree of deprotonation is a crucial parameter for the synthesis of well‐defined polymers with controlled molecular weights. Partial deprotonation of the PG hydroxyl groups (5–8%) was proven to represent an optimum for the synthesis of star polymers with molecular masses close to the theoretical values. Molecular weights of the stars ranged between 9 000 and 30 000 g · mol−1. MALDI‐ToF spectra confirmed that the PEO arms in the star polymers possess homogeneous lengths.magnified image
Behavior of Deformed Droplets in an Immiscible Polymer Blend: A Comparative Study of Electron Microscopy and Small‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering
Authors: Starý Zdeněk , Baldrian Josef , Stará Hana 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe deformation of dispersed droplets in a PS/LLDPE 95:5 blend during uniaxial elongation and after cessation of the flow was studied. The behavior of the dispersed droplets during elongation is in a good agreement with a prediction of the modified capillary number model using transient elongational viscosities. The phase structure changes after the elongation was studied in relaxation and recovery modes. The morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. Thus the dimensions of the dispersed particles and their degree of orientation were estimated. It was shown that the SAXS as an integral method gives new additional information which is hardly accessible by SEM as a method providing local information about discrete locations in the sample. The results of both methods proved that the stress in the sample is a decisive parameter determining the morphology development after cessation of the flow.magnified image
Effects of Freezing/Thawing Cycles and Cellulose Nanowhiskers on Structure and Properties of Biocompatible Starch/PVA Sponges
Authors: Wang Yixiang , Chang Chunyu , Zhang Lina 
Published: November 2009

AbstractStrong honeycomb like nanocomposite sponges were fabricated from starch and PVA by using repeated cycles of freezing and thawing and reinforcing with cellulose whiskers. Their structure and properties were investigated with WAXD, FT‐IR, SEM, DMTA, rheological measurements, and LSCM. The results revealed that the repeated freezing/thawing cycles induced a physically crosslinked chain packing between starch and PVA, as well as a phase separation caused by the crystalline ice and syneresis. Thus, larger pores and tougher walls emerged in the sponges, leading to a high swelling degree. The sponges reinforced with cellulose whiskers exhibited improved dimensional stability and enhanced strength. These nanocomposite sponges are promising for wound dressing and tissue engineering applications.magnified image
Effect of the Hierarchical Structure in Poly(propylene)/Clay Composites on their Thermal Stability: From Single‐ to Multi‐Step Degradation Processes
Authors: Palza Humberto , Yazdani‐Pedram Mehrdad 
Published: November 2009

AbstractComposites with several hierarchical structures were prepared by using different clays, compatibilizers, and PPs. TGA showed that the thermal stability of the composites can be strongly improved, under either inert or thermo‐oxidative conditions, depending on the type of clay and its morphology. Drastic increases in the temperature of the maximum rate of weight loss (ΔTpeak ≈ 170 °C) under thermo‐oxidative conditions were observed depending on the clay dispersion. Furthermore, some composites had a complex multi‐step degradation behavior instead of a single‐step process related with different clay morphologies that can be present simultaneously. Finally, it was concluded that the TGA has a higher sensitivity toward the composite morphology than the mechanical properties.magnified image
Tailoring Polymeric Hydrogels through Cyclodextrin Host–Guest Complexation
Authors: Guo Xuhong , Wang Jie , Li Li , Pham Duc‐Truc , Clements Philip , Lincoln Stephen F. , May Bruce L. , Chen Qingchuan , Zheng Li , Prud'homme Robert K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA close correllation between molecular‐level interactions and macroscopic characteristics of polymer networks exists. The characteristics of the polymeric hydrogels assembled from β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and adamantyl (AD) substituted poly(acrylate)s can be tailored through selective host–guest complexation between β‐CD and AD substituents and their tethers. Dominantly, steric effects and competitive intra‐ and intermolecular host–guest complexation are found to control poly(acrylate) isomeric inter‐strand linkage in polymer network formation. This understanding of the factors involved in polymeric hydrogel formation points the way towards the construction of increasingly sophisticated biocompatible materials.magnified image
Electrospinning of Polyaniline/Poly(Lactic Acid) Ultrathin Fibers: Process and Statistical Modeling using a Non‐Gaussian Approach
Authors: Picciani Paulo H. S. , Soares Bluma G. , Medeiros Eliton S. , de Souza Fernando G. , Wood Delilah F. , Orts William J. , Mattoso Luiz H. C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFibers of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blended with p‐toluenesulfonic acid‐doped polyaniline, PAni.TSA, were obtained by electrospinning, following a factorial design which was used mainly to study the effect of four process parameters (PLA solution concentration, PAni solution concentration, applied voltage, and flow rate) on fiber diameter. Due to the non‐Gaussian spread of the fiber diameters, probability density functions (PDF's) were used to describe them, and the main effect analysis was performed considering the most representative values of these PDF's. This study suggests that the main factor which governs the fiber dimension is the concentration of the PAni solution and its synergy with the others factors. Furthermore, in spite of the high complexity of the electrospinning process, the statistical model was able to describe the process with 95% confidence, therefore enabling one to precisely predict fiber diameter. Nanofiber formation was simulated using the results of the experimental design and validation tests were performed to minimize the fiber diameter.magnified image
Complete 1H and 13C NMR data assignment of new constituents from Severinia buxifolia
Authors: Bacher Markus , Brader Günter , Greger Harald , Hofer Otmar 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPhytochemical analysis of different organs of the rutaceaeous plant Severinia buxifolia led to the isolation of a new limonoid, a new acridone alkaloid, and a new flavone. Structure elucidation and signal assignment were achieved by the extensive use of 1D and 2D NMR experiments (selective 1D NOE, COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new support integration scheme for the weakform in mesh‐free methods
Authors: Liu Yan , Belytschko Ted 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA new support integration technique is proposed, which is similar to those used in truly mesh‐free methods. The contribution of this paper is to exploit the divergence‐free condition for the support integrals to construct quadrature formulas that only require three integration points per particle in two dimensions. Numerical examples show that the proposed integration method can achieve results that agree with manufactured closed‐form solutions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐regularized pseudo time‐marching schemes for structural system identification with static measurements
Authors: Banerjee B. , Roy D. , Vasu R. M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe explore the application of pseudo time marching schemes, involving either deterministic integration or stochastic filtering, to solve the inverse problem of parameter identification of large dimensional structural systems from partial and noisy measurements of strictly static response. Solutions of such non‐linear inverse problems could provide useful local stiffness variations and do not have to confront modeling uncertainties in damping, an important, yet inadequately understood, aspect in dynamic system identification problems. The usual method of least‐square solution is through a regularized Gauss–Newton method (GNM) whose results are known to be sensitively dependent on the regularization parameter and data noise intensity. Finite time, recursive integration of the pseudo‐dynamical GNM (PD‐GNM) update equation addresses the major numerical difficulty associated with the near‐zero singular values of the linearized operator and gives results that are not sensitive to the time step of integration. Therefore, we also propose a pseudo‐dynamic stochastic filtering approach for the same problem using a parsimonious representation of states and specifically solve the linearized filtering equations through a pseudo‐dynamic ensemble Kalman filter (PD‐EnKF). For multiple sets of measurements involving various load cases, we expedite the speed of the PD‐EnKF by proposing an inner iteration within every time step. Results using the pseudo‐dynamic strategy obtained through PD‐EnKF and recursive integration are compared with those from the conventional GNM, which prove that the PD‐EnKF is the best performer showing little sensitivity to process noise covariance and yielding reconstructions with less artifacts even when the ensemble size is small. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing a measurement approach for reputation of non‐profit organizations
Authors: Sarstedt Marko , Schloderer Matthias Peter 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAs a result of the increasing adoption of private sector firms' values and concepts, non‐profit organizations (NPOs) are becoming more and more aware of intangible assets' importance for achieving competitive advantages. Even though reputation can be considered an organization's central intangible asset, there is still no appropriate measurement approach for reputation in this context. In this paper, we identify the dimensions of NPO reputation and develop indices to measure these components. We develop a model by means of a qualitative inquiry and a quantitative study using a large‐scale sample from the German general public. We find support for a two‐dimensional measurement approach comprising an affective and cognitive component as well as four antecedent constructs (“quality,” “performance,” “organizational social responsibility (OSR),” and “attractiveness”). The results of a second quantitative study in which we examine NPO reputation's relationship with important outcome variables, such as willingness to donate or work as an honorary member, provide support for the measurement approach's stability as well as criterion validity. Furthermore, the results reveal the affective dimension's importance regarding positively influencing donor behavior.Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of loading rate on viscoplastic properties of polymer geosynthetics and its constitutive modeling
Authors: Peng Fang‐Le , Li Fu‐Lin , Tan Yong , Kongkitkul Warat 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOn the basis of the special tensile test results under various loading histories, the rate‐dependent behaviors of three polymer geosynthetics due to their viscous properties have been investigated. All the investigated polymer geosynthetics show significant loading rate effects, creep deformation, and stress relaxation. Except for the polyester geogrid showing the combined viscosity, all the investigated polymer geosynthetics exhibit the isotach viscosity. An elasto‐viscoplastic constitutive model described in a nonlinear three‐component model framework is developed to simulate the rate‐dependent behaviors of polymer geosynthetics. The developed constitutive model is verified by comparing its simulated results with the experimental data of polymer geosynthetics presented in this study and those available from the literature. The comparison indicates that the developed model can reasonably interpret the rate‐dependent behaviors of polymer geosynthetics under arbitrary loading histories, including the step‐changed strain rate loading, creep, and stress relaxation applied during otherwise monotonic loading (ML). POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers