bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching Stress Management Techniques to a Schizophrenic Patient
Authors: Stein Franklin , Nikolic Suzanne 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper describes a stress management training program used with a 26-year-old schizophrenic man attending an outpatient day care program. In a seven-session program the patient was taught to use various techniques in muscle relaxation and biofeedback to decrease anxiety and to cope with stress. The patient’s improvement on 7 of the 20 items of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory demonstrated the effectiveness of even a short-term stress management program.
Specialty Choice in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Ezersky Sharon , Havazelet Leora , Scott Anne Hiller , Zettler Catherine L. B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The shortage of occupational therapists specializing in mental health led to a survey of graduates from nine occupational therapy schools in the New York metropolitan area to determine the factors affecting their specialty choice. The variables examined were derived from a literature review of the specialty choice of psychiatry among medical students. They included personality, academic, clinical, and employment attributes. The results from 411 respondents supported the assumption that fewer occupational therapists were working in mental health than in pediatrics or physical disabilities. The primary factors affecting specialty choice were the fieldwork experience, the feelings of effectiveness in the specialty area, and the perception of employment availability. Recommendations based on a literature review and survey are included.
Feeding Efficiency of Premature Neonates
Authors: Case-Smith Jane , Cooper Patty , Scala Vicki 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was (a) to investigate the validity of the revised Neonatal Oral Motor Assessment Scale (NOMAS) in discriminating between efficient and inefficient feeders in a sample of high-risk premature neonates and (b) to identify significantly different oral motor behaviors in the two groups. The revised NOMAS rates normal and abnormal characteristics of nutritive and nonnutritive sucking. The 26 subjects were classified by the amount of liquid they consumed during the first 5 min of feeding.
The findings demonstrated that both nutritive and nonnutritive sucking scores were higher in the efficient feeders than in the inefficient feeders and that the revised NOMAS scores accurately classified the two groups. Characteristics that were significantly associated with inefficient feeding were lack of rhythm, disorganization in jaw and tongue movements, and pauses of more than 6 sec. Often, these responses appeared to be related to respiratory patterns.
Mouth Stick Design for the Client With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Smith Ruth 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper reviews literature on mouth sticks and presents information from a survey of occupational therapists specializing in the treatment of persons with spinal cord injuries. The review discusses the standards of mouth-stick design that have been established by dentists, but the survey suggests that occupational therapy practice is widely discrepant from these standards. The author suggests increased education for occupational therapists to provide knowledge of the key elements of oral safety, and increased collaboration between occupational therapists and dentists in mouth-stick design, fabrication, and training to assure quality care for all persons who require a mouth stick.
The Biomechanics of Prehension
Authors: Spaulding Sandi J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists who work with people who have physical dysfunctions are often involved in the treatment of hand injuries or disabilities. This article describes some of the mechanical principles that affect hand function, including kinematics, kinetics (force and torque), friction, stress, and strain. Practical occupational therapy examples are used to explain these principles.
Movement Laterality and Its Relationship to Hemispheric Specialization
Authors: Larkin Dawne 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Hypothesized relationships between asymmetric brain processes and movement-related asymmetries are reviewed. Theories that attribute asymmetric preference and performance to hemisphere dominance have been superseded by more complex ideas: motor-specific and more global hemispheric specializations are considered to influence movement organization. Environmentally conditioned preferences and their relationship to preferential asymmetric movements are also addressed. The literature suggests that laterality may be dynamic, because task requirements have been shown to override asymmetric brain influences. This observation of the nature of laterality may result in a more flexible approach to the reeducation of preference and performance in brain-injured patients.
Occupational Therapy’s Role in Improving the Quality of Life for Persons With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Kibele Alice 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Adults with cerebral palsy need assistance to maximize their capabilities, interact with others, and achieve independence. They experience difficulty communicating their needs to successfully obtain medical/rehabilitation and independent living services, which are necessary to achieve independent living. Knowledge of the experience of such clients can help occupational therapists to better serve them. This study, which used a case study design, presents data collected during more than 80 hours of guided interviews with 5 study participants. A data analysis of the participants’ experiences showed recurring themes of the disability as the enemy, the importance of attitude, dependence versus independence, and the significance of purposeful activity. The participants’ experiences with therapists and independent living skills agencies are presented, as is an examination of the medical/rehabilitation and independent living models.
A Team Approach to Prevocational Services
Authors: Mitchell Marlys , Rourk Jane Davis , Schwarz Jennifer 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper presents a chronology of legislative mandates for vocational rehabilitation, discusses their impact on occupational therapy, and describes relationships between special educators and vocational agencies. The Career Training Workshop, a prevocational program developed and used successfully by a North Carolina school district, is described here as an example of one effort to prepare students with disabilities for employment.
Alcohol Abuse and Perceptual-Motor Dysfunction: The Occupational Therapist’s Role
Authors: Van Deusen Julia 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A review of the literature on perceptual-motor deficits in alcoholic patients is presented. Studies show that there is a relationship between perceptual-motor dysfunction and alcoholism. Because occupational therapists treat perceptual-motor deficits in other kinds of patients, they may have a role in treating these deficits in alcoholic patients as well. To assume such a role, however, occupational therapists must document a relationship between dysfunction in activities of daily living and perceptual-motor dysfunction in the alcoholic patient. Unless such a relationship is established, treatment of perceptual-motor dysfunction in alcoholic patients would not fall within the scope of occupational therapy.
Stroke Rehabilitation: Sensorimotor Integrative Treatment Versus Functional Treatment
Authors: Jongbloed Lyn , Stacey Susan , Brighton Cathy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study compares the effectiveness of two occupational therapy approaches to treating cerebrovascular accident patients—the functional and sensorimotor integrative approaches. Subjects were 90 patients admitted to Holy Family Hospital in Vancouver, Canada, within 12 weeks after a first stroke. Consenting subjects were randomly assigned on admission to one of two occupational therapy treatment groups. All subjects received similar medical and nursing care and physical therapy.
An independent clinical evaluator assessed subjects’ function in self-care and mobility, meal preparation, and sensorimotor integration at specified times after admission. Neither the evaluator nor the subjects were aware of the treatment group to which they had been assigned.
Results showed no statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups on the three outcome measures. We therefore concluded that any differences between the effectiveness of the two approaches are small.
Internal and External Validity in Two Studies That Compared Treatment Methods
Authors: Gliner Jeffrey A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Research comparing the effectiveness of two treatments offers both strengths and weaknesses for occupational therapy. Although it is worthwhile to determine which of two treatments works best for a particular problem, methodological problems may arise that preclude a valid conclusion. To draw valid conclusions from research, criteria for internal validity and external validity must be satisfied. The two preceding articles in this issue are examples of studies that used between-groups experimental methodology to compare the effectiveness of two different treatments. This paper evaluates the above-mentioned studies on the basis of principles of internal and external validity. One of these studies (Jongbloed, Stacey, & Brighton, 1989) was truly experimental, whereas the other study (Groves & Rider, 1989) was quasi-experimental. Results from both studies were similar because, in each study, both of the treatment groups improved, but there were no significant differences between treatments. Absence of a true control group in both studies presented limitations on the conclusion that both treatments worked equally well.
Grip Strength and Hand Dominance: Challenging the 10% Rule
Authors: Petersen Paul , Petrick Monica , Connor Heather , Conklin Deborah 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the utility of the 10% rule in hand rehabilitation. The 10% rule states that the dominant hand possesses a 10% greater grip strength than the nondominant hand. This rule has been used for many years to assist therapists in setting strength goals for patients with injured hands. The sample for this study consisted of 310 male and female students, faculty, and staff from a small, private liberal arts college located in Pennsylvania. Grip strength was measured with a factory-calibrated Jamar dynamometer. Results showed an overall 10.74% grip strength difference between dominant and nondominant hands. This finding verified the 10% rule. However, when the data were separated into left-handed and right-handed subjects, a 12. 72% difference for right-handed subjects and a –0.08% difference for left-handed subjects was found. In conclusion, this study showed that the 10% rule is valid for right-handed persons only; for left-handed persons, grip strength should be considered equivalent in both hands.
Media Education Based on the Philosophy of Pragmatism
Authors: Breines Estelle B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The responsibility for crafts instruction at New York University was transferred recently from the Art Department to the Department of Occupational Therapy, where a new model of media education has been developed. This change resulted from the difficulties students and faculty experienced in integrating craft activities with occupational therapy’s conceptual foundations and the realities of practice. These problems are not unique to this university but are common throughout our profession. This paper will discuss these problems and an attempt at their solution by outlining a model for media education based on historical and philosophical concepts pertinent to the profession. This model demonstrates the academic justification for the development and presentation of media education courses by occupational therapy faculty.
The Effects of a Maternal Preparation Program on Mother–Infant Pairs: A Pilot Study
Authors: Hamilton-Dodd Carol , Kawamoto Toni , Clark Florence , Burke Janice P. , Fanchiang Shan Pin 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This quasi-experimental pilot study examined the association of a maternal preparation program with womens’ competence in maternal care behaviors, self-perceived adaptation to the maternal role, and satisfaction with the maternal preparation received in conjunction with obstetric and delivery care. Sixteen subjects participated in the program. A cost–benefit questionnaire was completed by the program participants to examine whether the availability of such a maternal preparation program would influence future selections of a hospital for delivery. Our Occupational Therapy Maternal Role Preparation Program was provided to the subjects in four sessions. The program included material on physiological changes in the new mother, orchestration of activities of daily living, infant development and individual differences, and the mother–infant relationship. Results were statistically significant only for the factor of the mothers’ satisfaction with their obstetric care and preparation for the maternal role, in favor of the treatment group. In addition, all 8 members of the treatment group reported that they thought the program was helpful and would recommend it to other mothers.
Moral Treatment: Contexts Considered
Authors: Peloquin Suzanne M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Many scholars associate the 19th-century practice of moral treatment with occupational therapy practice. A more thorough understanding of moral treatment is therefore relevant for occupational therapists. This article considers moral treatment within the contexts that shaped both its characteristics and the course of its practice—the medical community and 19th-century society. This consideration may provide therapists with a broader understanding of moral treatment and enable them to address the question of a relationship between the two practices.
Guidelines for Using Both Activity and Exercise
Authors: Dutton Rebecca 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The use of activity versus exercise has been a divisive topic that has separated occupational therapists into opposing factions regarding our legitimate tools. One approach to the resolution of this conflict is to use exercise as preparation and purposeful activity as application in a treatment plan. Preparation and application are not philosophically opposed concepts—They are the two ends of a continuum. The purpose of this paper is to explore how specific continua from the biomechanical and sensorimotor frames of reference can be used to generate specific guidelines about when to use activity and when to use exercise.
Formulating a Role for Occupational Therapy in Child Psychiatry: A Clinical Application
Authors: Sholle-Martin Susan , Alessi Norman E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapy is in need of role clarification within the specialty of child psychiatry. The literature reveals that occupational therapy is often undelineated or unrecognized by child psychiatry, has limited efficacy research, and may be at risk for losing its practice with children hospitalized for psychiatric disturbances. This paper outlines steps for the formulation of a specialized role for occupational therapy within this specialty. The Model of Human Occupation (Kielhofner, 1985) is suggested as a basis for conceptualizing this role. A clinical study focused on the evaluation of adaptive functioning with use of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Sparrow, Balla, & Cicchetti, 1984, 1985) is presented as an example of a way in which occupational therapy can provide assessment data valuable to the interdisciplinary clinical team. The role of occupational therapy in both short-term and long-term hospitalization of children with psychiatric disturbances is described.
The Zone of Proximal Development in In-Hand Manipulation Skills of Nondysfunctional 3- and 4-Year-Old Children
Authors: Exner Charlotte E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of verbal and visual cues on 28 nondysfunctional 3- and 4-year-old children’s performance of in-hand manipulation skills. During the uncued version of the test (pretest), the children were presented with play activities known to elicit in-hand manipulation skills in young children but were given no cues for specific manipulative skill use. Within 1 week of the pretest, after the children were randomly assigned to groups, a posttest was given in which the children were provided with verbal or visual cues. The results indicate that both visual and verbal cues were effective in increasing the groups’ test scores, but no significant differences were found based on the type of cue provided. Approximately 30% of the children in the study showed marked improvement on the posttest scores, whereas the others showed little change. The children who had lower pretest scores showed greater score increases on the posttest than did the children who scored somewhat higher initially. The use of an uncued test followed by a cued test may be an effective method for the identification of those children who are most likely to show improvement in these manipulation skills with intervention. This study’s findings lend tentative support to Vygotsky’s (1978) zone of proximal development theory and extends the application of his work into the domain of fine motor skills.
Descriptive Analysis of the Developmental Progression of Grip Position for Pencil and Crayon Control in Nondysfunctional Children
Authors: Schneck Colleen M. , Henderson Anne 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the developmental progression in pencil and crayon grip. The subjects were 320 nondysfunctional children aged 3.0 to 6.11 years, with 20 boys and 20 girls at each 6-month age interval. On the basis of a review of the literature, developmental pencil and crayon grips were defined for the study, and the type of grips each child used to perform a drawing task and a coloring task were recorded. Many children at each age level used mature pencil grips. A developmental progression, however, was shown by the percentage change of children at each age level who used mature grips. Forty-eight percent of the youngest group used mature grips, compared with 90% of the oldest children. Two pencil grips—dynamic and lateral tripod—appear to be common in older children. Differences in the developmental progression of pencil grip were noted between boys and girls and between a drawing task and a coloring task.
Art and Multiple Personality Disorder: An Expressive Framework for Occupational Therapy
Authors: Frye Becky 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Patients with multiple personality and dissociative disorders have learned to create an alternate identity system, originally designed to protect them from experiencing the pain of inescapable, unrelieved trauma and abuse. The resulting amnesia and identity confusion cause significant dysfunction in daily living. Issues of trust and control are paramount, and occupational therapists are challenged with the task of engaging these patients in meaningful activity. Although these patients often avoid structured groups, they have generally been responsive to expressive art opportunities as an initial activity. This paper outlines an expressive framework by which occupational therapists can therapeutically manage the artwork behaviors of the patient with dissociative or multiple personality disorder. The material presented is based on clinical observation of more than a dozen patients with multiple personality disorder in various stages of recovery and of many persons with dissociative trauma who may have multiple personality disorder. These observations took place within an acute care, inpatient occupational therapy setting. Guidelines for the creation of a positive working alliance and therapeutic climate for self-expression are outlined, and a progressive model for the viewing of patients’ art products is described.
Occupational Therapy With Patients With Multiple Personality Disorder: Personal Reflections
Authors: Skinner Sarah T. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Patients with multiple personality disorder are being admitted to acute care psychiatric units with increasing frequency. Occupational therapists have been confronted with setting treatment goals and designing interventions for this population with little information available in the occupational therapy literature. This paper describes how one therapist, the author, reviewed psychiatric and psychological literature on multiple personality disorder to delineate a role for occupational therapists who are working with this special population on an acute care psychiatric unit within the context of existing programs.
Clinical Manifestations in Persons With Multiple Personality Disorder
Authors: Fike M. Laurita 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists are becoming more involved in the treatment of persons with multiple personality disorder. Occupational therapy literature concerning treatment of this group of patients, however, is sparse. Clinical manifestations of multiple personality disorder include common alter personalities with distinct roles and functions, age-related behavioral patterns, and physiological differences. By recognizing and understanding these differences and characteristics and their relationship to treatment goals, occupational therapists can better use their background in life roles and occupations to increase the functional daily living skills of patients with multiple personality disorder.
Occupational Therapy Personnel and AIDS: Attitudes, Knowledge, and Fears
Authors: Atchison Ben J. , Beard Betty J. , Lester Lula B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study explored the attitudes, knowledge, and fears of occupational therapists and certified occupational therapy assistants regarding AIDS and HIV. The 119 respondents’ scores related to knowledge and fear revealed that many had significant fears about AIDS, which in turn may inhibit their willingness to care for persons with AIDS. The respondents also indicated a need for specific information about the condition, including current research data and information on infection control.
A Legal Perspective on AIDS
Authors: Cornblatt Marc S. , Ayres Marguerite J. , Kolodner Ellen L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
AIDS presents difficult and unprecedented legal problems. Because modern law requires that persons with disabilities or illnesses be integrated into the mainstream of society, past responses to those with communicable diseases are no longer acceptable. Laws dealing with AIDS patients will have to evolve gradually and build upon commonsense solutions to problems.
Coping With Grief in Response to Caring for Persons With AIDS
Authors: Piemme Joan A. , Bolle Jacques L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
AIDS has or will affect virtually every professional health care provider. Occupational therapists are in a key position to identify and intervene with the social and occupational changes and losses commonly experienced by this patient population. Suggestions are provided to assist occupational therapists in helping patients with AIDS maintain meaning in their lives. Strategies to help occupational therapists prevent burnout resulting from the emotional stress related to caring for patients with AIDS are suggested as well.