bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The anal fistula claw: the OTSC clip for anal fistula closure
Authors: Prosst R. L. , Herold A. , Joos A. K. , Bussen D. , Wehrmann M. , Gottwald T. , Schurr M. O. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAim  Surgical closure of high or complex anal fistulae is often a difficult challenge. A special Nitinol clip, the OTSC clip (Ovesco AG), was evaluated for fistula closure in a porcine model.Method  A total of 20 fistulae were created in 10 animals by seton insertion. Four weeks after fistula induction the setons were removed: one internal fistula opening per animal was left untreated as control whereas the other opening was closed by the OTSC clip using a specially developed transanal clip applicator. The safety and technical feasibility of the clip application were tested. Another 4 weeks later, fistulae were macroscopically assessed for closure. For histological examination, the anorectum including the fistula tract was excised en bloc.Results  Four weeks after clip placement, all external and internal fistula openings were macroscopically closed. The clip application site presented with an increased scarring. Microscopically, 40% of residual tracts and a more intense chronic inflammation were seen in the untreated control fistulae. After clip placement, 10% of the fistulae persisted associated with a higher density of collagen fibres indicating a better fistula scarring and healing. No unexpected side‐effects or complications caused by the clip were observed.Conclusion  Fistula closure using the OTSC clip represents a promising sphincter‐preserving minimally invasive procedure. This study demonstrated the safety and feasibility of the ‘anal fistula claw’ for fistula closure. In spite of limitations of the porcine model the results justify clinical applications and further investigations.
Research Review: Altered reward function in adolescent depression: what, when and how?
Authors: Forbes Erika E. , Dahl Ronald E. 
Published: November 2011

Background:  Conceptual models and recent evidence indicate that neural response to reward is altered in depression. Taking a developmental approach to investigating reward function in adolescent depression can elucidate the etiology, pathophysiology and course of depression, a disorder that typically begins during adolescence and has high rates of recurrence.Methods:  This conceptual review describes the what, when and how of altered reward function in adolescent depression. With the goal of generating new, testable hypotheses within a developmental affective neuroscience framework, we critically review findings and suggest future directions. Peer‐reviewed empirical papers for inclusion in this critical review were obtained by searching PubMed, PsycInfo and ScienceDirect for the years 1990–2010.Results:  A pattern of low striatal response and high medial prefrontal response to reward is evident in adolescents and adults with depression. Given the salience of social stimuli for positive affect and depression, reward function might be especially disrupted in response to social rewards. Because of changes in the dopamine system and reward function with aging, altered reward function in depression might be more evident during adolescence than later in life; however, low reward function may also be a stable characteristic of people who experience depression. Mechanisms of altered reward function in depression could include disrupted balance of corticostriatal circuit function, with disruption occurring as aberrant adolescent brain development.Conclusions:  Future studies should examine responses to social rewards; employ longitudinal and prospective designs; and investigate patterns of functional connectivity in reward circuits. Understanding altered reward function in depression has potential implications for treatment development. A more rigorous approach to investigating anhedonia, threat–reward interactions and comorbid anxiety will be valuable to future progress in describing the role of reward function in the pathophysiology of depression.
The physiology of the β‐amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain AICD
Authors: Pardossi‐Piquard Raphaëlle , Checler Frédéric 
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120 (Suppl. 1), 109–124.AbstractThe amyloid‐β precursor protein (βAPP) undergoes several cleavages by enzymatic activities called secretases. Numerous studies aimed at studying the biogenesis and catabolic fate of Aβ peptides, the proteinaceous component of the senile plaques that accumulate in Alzheimer’s disease‐affected brains. Relatively recently, another secretase‐mediated β‐APP‐derived catabolite called APP IntraCellular Domain (AICD) entered the game. Whether AICD corresponded to a biologically inert by‐pass product of βAPP processing or whether it could harbor its own function remained questionable. In this study, we review the mechanisms by which AICD is generated and how its production is regulated. Furthermore, we discuss the degradation mechanism underlying its rapid catabolic fate. Finally, we review putative AICD‐related functions and more particularly, the numerous studies indicating that AICD could translocate to the nucleus and control at a transcriptional level, the expression of a series of proteins involved in various functions including the control of cell death and Aβ degradation.
Computer‐based evaluation of methods to sample nitrate leached from grazed pasture
Authors: Lilburne L. , Carrick S. , Webb T. , Moir J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractScientists, land managers and environmental regulators all want to quantify the amount of nitrate leached into groundwater to better understand and manage the risk of environmental contamination from agricultural land, including grazed pasture. The ability of current technology to adequately measure the nitrate leached from a grazed paddock is tested in a stochastic simulation study. Results show that impractical numbers of samplers are needed to achieve estimates accurate to within ±20% of the true value. Rather than trying to directly measure paddock‐scale leaching under grazing, we suggest that further consideration be given to wider application of controlled application of nitrogen onto a few lysimeters and then extrapolate from the resulting measurements of leached nitrate to the paddock scale and beyond based on urine patch coverage.
Altered apoptosis regulation in Kufor–Rakeb syndrome patients with mutations in the ATP13A2 gene
Authors: Radi Elena , Formichi Patrizia , Maio Giuseppe Di , Battisti Carla , Federico Antonio 
Published: November 2011

AbstractATP13A2 gene encodes for a protein of the group 5 P‐type ATPase family. ATP13A2 mutations are responsible for Kufor–Rakeb syndrome (KRS), a rare autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism characterized by the subacute onset of extrapyramidal, pyramidal and cognitive dysfunction with secondary nonresponsiveness to levodopa. FBXO7 protein is an F‐box‐containing protein. Recessive FBXO7 mutations are responsible for PARK15, a rare juvenile parkinsonism characterized by progressive neurodegeneration with extrapyramidal and pyramidal system involvement. Our aim was to evaluate apoptosis in cells from two KRS siblings carrying a homozygous ATP13A2 mutation and a heterozygous FBXO7 mutation. We also analysed apoptosis in the patients’ healthy parents. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from the KRS patients and parents were exposed to 2‐deoxy‐D‐ribose; apoptosis was analysed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Apoptosis was much higher in lymphocytes from the KRS patients and parents than in controls, both in standard conditions and after induction with a pro‐apoptotic stimulus. The lack of correlation between increased apoptosis and the presence of the mutated FBXO7 gene rules out the involvement of FBXO7 in apoptosis regulation. The altered apoptotic pattern of subjects with mutated ATP13A2 suggests a correlation between apoptosis alteration and the mutated ATP13A2 protein. We hypothesize that ATP13A2 mutations may compromise protein function, disrupting cell cation balance and rendering cells prone to apoptosis. However, the deregulation of apoptosis in KRS patients displaying different disease severity suggested that the altered apoptotic pathway probably does not have a pathogenetic role in KRS by itself.
Pro‐inflammatory phenotype of COPD fibroblasts not compatible with repair in COPD lung
Authors: Zhang Jing , Wu Lian , Qu Jie‐ming , Bai Chun‐xue , Merrilees Mervyn J. , Black Peter N. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by loss of elastic fibres from small airways and alveolar walls, with the decrease in elastin increasing with disease severity. It is unclear why there is a lack of repair of elastic fibres. We have examined fibroblasts cultured from lung tissue from subjects with or without COPD to determine if the secretory profile explains lack of tissue repair. In this study, fibroblasts were cultured from lung parenchyma of patients with mild COPD [Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 1, n= 5], moderate to severe COPD (GOLD 2–3, n= 12) and controls (non‐COPD, n= 5). Measurements were made of proliferation, senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase‐1, mRNA expression of IL‐6, IL‐8, MMP‐1, tropoelastin and versican, and protein levels for IL‐6, IL‐8, PGE2, tropoelastin, insoluble elastin, and versican. GOLD 2–3 fibroblasts proliferated more slowly (P < 0.01), had higher levels of senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase‐1 (P < 0.001) than controls and showed significant increases in mRNA and/or protein for IL‐6 (P < 0.05), IL‐8 (P < 0.01), MMP‐1 (P < 0.05), PGE2 (P < 0.05), versican (P < 0.05) and tropoelastin (P < 0.05). mRNA expression and/or protein levels of tropoelastin (P < 0.01), versican (P < 0.05), IL‐6 (P < 0.05) and IL‐8 (P < 0.05) were negatively correlated with FEV1% of predicted. Insoluble elastin was not increased. In summary, fibroblasts from moderate to severe COPD subjects display a secretory phenotype with up‐regulation of inflammatory molecules including the matrix proteoglycan versican, and increased soluble, but not insoluble, elastin. Versican inhibits assembly of tropoelastin into insoluble elastin and we conclude that the pro‐inflammatory phenotype of COPD fibroblasts is not compatible with repair of elastic fibres.
Clinical algorithms for the identification of sick newborns in community‐based settings
Authors: Kamath‐Rayne Beena D , MacGuire Emily R , McClure Elizabeth M , Goldenberg Robert L , Jobe Alan H 
Published: November 2011

AbstractClinical algorithms can be powerful tools for the identification of sick newborns at risk of neonatal mortality. Several studies have evaluated clinical signs for newborns aged 0–60 days to identify severe illness; however, few studies have focused specifically on the most vulnerable time period for neonatal death, the first week of life. Therefore, we reviewed the studies that evaluated clinical signs in newborns 0–60 days, focusing on infants 0 to <7 days. Based on a comparison of relevant studies, we then identified the common, important clinical signs shown to be useful for the identification of at‐risk newborns by health workers in community‐based and low‐resource settings.Conclusion:  We concluded that further work is urgently needed to develop a clinical algorithm for widespread validation in various community‐based settings, which focuses specifically on newborns <7 days at risk of early neonatal mortality.
EVALUATION OF TEXTURE CHANGES DUE TO COMPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES USING ORAL PROCESSING
Authors: ÇAKIR ESRA , KOÇ HICRAN , VINYARD CHRISTOPHER J. , ESSICK GREGORY , DAUBERT CHRISTOPHER R. , DRAKE MARYANNE , FOEGEDING E. ALLEN 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTReplacement of ingredients or reformulating existing products can significantly change textural characteristics. Our aim was to investigate the effects of sensory input from different textures on adaptation of the chewing pattern. Jaw muscle activity and kinematic measures of mastication were collected by electromyography and a three‐dimensional jaw tracking system during chewing of Cheddar cheeses (varying fat content) and caramels (two levels of total fat and sweetened condensed milk). Reducing fat in cheese is associated with increased sensory firmness, springiness and decreased cohesiveness. Oral processing adjusted to decreased fat content with increased closing muscle (temporalis and masseter) activity, a shorter cycle duration and increased power stroke time. Increased adhesiveness in caramels was associated with increased closing and opening muscle activity, longer cycle duration and increased jaw movement. It was shown that changes in composition that produced changes in sensory texture change oral processing parameters of muscle activity and jaw movement.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSUnderstanding the mechanisms of texture perception is essential when tailoring food to meet nutritional needs, while maintaining an acceptable level of quality. Textural characteristics change when ingredients are replaced or products are reformulated. In particular, the textures of low‐fat or low‐calorie products are perceived by consumers to be less pleasing compared with those of traditional foods. Understanding how oral processing is altered in response to changes in texture provides information on the physiology of texture perception that complements sensory analysis and mechanical tests. The aim of this study was to understand how the masticatory sequence adapts to textural variations in cheese and caramel of differing compositions. This information will enhance the understanding of the relationship between food structure and texture perception.
Dietary Intake of Cadmium from Bangladeshi Foods
Authors: Al‐Rmalli S.W. , Jenkins R.O. , Haris P.I. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  Human exposure to cadmium (Cd) is associated with various diseases and high levels of Cd have been detected in Bangladeshi population warranting further research to identify the source of this exposure. In this study, Cd levels in 327 and 94 samples of Bangladeshi food and non‐food samples, respectively, were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. This is the largest number of Bangladeshi food and nonfood samples investigated for their Cd content. High Cd levels were detected in leafy vegetables (mean 31 [SD 29]μg/kg). Of these vegetables, lal shak (Amaranthus tricolor) contained the highest Cd level (303 μg/kg [wet weight]; mean 100.5 [SD 95]μg/kg). Bangladeshi rice also showed significant concentration of Cd (mean 37.2 [SD 30]μg/kg). Of particular concern is the very high level of Cd detected in some puffed rice, which we attribute to the illegal practice of using urea for whitening the puffed rice. Tobacco leaves, which are commonly consumed during betel quid chewing by Bangladeshis, contain significant levels of Cd (mean 95 [SD 87]μg/kg). The total daily intake (TDI) of Cd from foods for Bangladeshis was estimated to be 34.55 μg/d. This is rather high when compared to the TDI of Cd for other populations. Our analysis reveals that this is mainly due to the very high intake of rice and vegetables, and lower consumption of animal products (which are low in Cd), by the Bangladeshis. We also determined the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake and target hazard quotients values for Cd. Clearly a more balanced diet is necessary to reduce the Cd intake in the Bangladeshi population, especially by reducing the very high intake of rice and certain leafy vegetables. Food manufacturing and agricultural practices needs to be altered to reduce the entry of Cd into the food chain.Practical Application:  Exposure to high levels of Cd can be harmful to human health and this study provides a comprehensive analysis of Cd levels in a variety of food items from Bangladesh. The findings are of particular importance to consumers of Bangladeshi foods in both Bangladesh and in other countries. Data obtained will be valuable resources for food safety and regulatory bodies as our study suggests entry of Cd in foods through use of illegal chemicals in food manufacturing processes.
Dissemination of wine‐related yeasts by migratory birds
Authors: Francesca Nicola , Canale Domenica E. , Settanni Luca , Moschetti Giancarlo 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe present work was undertaken to evaluate the contribution of migratory birds in the environmental dissemination of yeasts. Four sites (Mazara del Vallo, Lampedusa, Ustica and Linosa), representing the main stop‐over points in Sicily, were analysed during spring and autumnal bird migration and 349 birds (belonging to 10 families) were ringed and analysed for yeast presence. A total of 125 yeasts were isolated and identified by a multiple genotypic approach, consisting of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of 5.8S rRNA gene and 26S rRNA and sequencing of D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene, which resulted in the recognition of 18 species, including the technological relevant Saccharomyces cerevisiae which were characterized at strain level applying three techniques (interdelta analysis, minisatellite analysis based on the separate amplification of three genes and microsatellite multiplex PCR of polymorphic microsatellite loci). The evaluation of the persistence of living S. cerevisiae in birds for about 12 h from ingestion of inoculated feed allowed the conclusion that yeasts with technological potential are disseminated during migration.
The Governance Agenda in Long Term Perspective: Globalisation, Revenues and the Differentiation of States
Authors: Moore Mick 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe governance‐and‐development agenda that has dominated thinking since the collapse of the Soviet Bloc is fast losing credibility. It continues to be associated with a set of countries, ideas and experiences – the ‘West’– that no longer enjoy global leadership. It has not usefully identified the role of governments in promoting economic growth. And it takes little account of the ways in which states are changing. The growing influence of the BRICs and other emerging powers is now widely appreciated. This paper explores the ways in which late twentieth century globalisation is bringing about more subtle changes in the political constitutions of states that may have considerable implications for the ways in which we are governed and the actions that may be needed to reduce the incidence of bad governance. Contrary to widespread expectations, globalisation does not necessarily lead states to become more like one another, or to converge around the ‘Western’ model of liberal democracy and market capitalism. It also leads states to compete with one another. To the extent that they compete by seeking alternative sources of revenue, this may lead them to diverge politically. The concept ofpolitical revenues– the incomes that governments and political elites obtain through the exercise of political power – is central to the analysis. One of the consequences of late twentieth century globalisation is that, in some countries, opportunities for political elites to gather (illicit)elite political revenueshave expanded considerably. This helps explain whyfragile stateshave become a normal feature of the global system. A more widespread consequence is that states enjoy a range of new non‐tax revenues in addition to ‘normal’ tax revenues. This has significant implications for the accountability of governments to citizens.
Abū Saʿd al-Ḫargūšī and his Kitāb al-Lawāmiʿ A Ṣūfī Guide Book for Preachers from 4th/10th century Nīšāpūr1
Authors: Ansari Hassan , Schmidtke Sabine 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Abū Saʿd ʿAbd al-Malik b. Abī ʿUt̠mān Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm b. Yaʿqūb al-Ḫargūšī l-Nīšābūrī (al-wāʿiẓ al-Ḫargūšī, d. 406/1015-16 or 407/1016), a contemporary and compatriot of the well-known Ṣūfī Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Sulamī (d. 412/1021), is well known for his Kitāb Tahd̠īb al-asrār, a Ṣūfī manual in the form of a collection of sayings of earlier Ṣūfī authorities. Ḫargūšī is known to have written another comprehensive work that is of utmost significance for the study of the classical period of mysticism, viz. Kitāb al-Lawāmiʿ. The Vatican Library owns a unique manuscript of the work that so far seems to have escaped the attention of modern scholars. The article offers a description of the Lawāmiʿ together with a detailed table of contents.
On The Limits of Judicial Intervention:EU Citizenship and Family Reunification Rights
Authors: Elsuwege Peter Van , Kochenov Dimitry 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This article scrutinises the logic behind the recent judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in Ruiz Zambrano and McCarthy focusing on their implications for the right to family reunification under EU law. Specific attention is devoted to the phenomenon of reverse discrimination in the context of the new jurisdiction test established by the Court, which is based on the severity of the Member States’ interference with EU citizenship rights rather than on a pure cross-border logic. EU citizens unable to establish a link with EU law are often subject to stricter family reunification requirements in comparison to their migrant compatriots and even certain third country nationals. It is argued that this situation is difficult to accept in light of the principles of legal certainty, equality and the protection of fundamental rights. A new balance between EU citizenship and Member States’ regulatory autonomy is established but legislative action is required to solve the outstanding problems.
Synoptic-Scale Analysis of Freezing Rain Events in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Authors: Ressler Gina M. , Milrad Shawn M. , Atallah Eyad H. , Gyakum John R. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Freezing rain is a major environmental hazard that is especially common along the St. Lawrence River valley (SLRV) in southern Quebec, Canada. For large cities such as Montreal, severe events can have a devastating effect on people, property, and commerce. In this study, a composite analysis of 46 long-duration events for the period 1979–2008 is presented to identify key synoptic-scale structures and precursors of Montreal freezing rain events. Based on the observed structures of the 500-hPa heights, these events are manually partitioned into three types—west, central, and east—depending on the location and tilt of the 500-hPa trough axis. West events are characterized by a strong surface anticyclone downstream of Montreal, an inverted trough extending northward to the Great Lakes, and a quasi-stationary area of geostrophic frontogenesis located over Quebec. Central events are characterized by a cyclone–anticyclone couplet pattern, with a deeper surface trough extending into southern Ontario, and a strong stationary anticyclone over Quebec. East events are characterized by the passage of a transient well-defined cyclone, and a weaker downstream anticyclone. In all cases, cold northeasterly winds are channeled down the SLRV primarily by pressure-driven channeling. Northeasterly surface winds are associated with strong low-level temperature inversions within the SLRV. Additionally, west events tend to have a longer duration of weaker precipitation, while east events tend to have a shorter duration of more intense precipitation. The results of this study may aid forecasters in identifying and understanding the synoptic-scale structures and precursors to Montreal freezing rain events.