bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrospective study of neonatal ligation during 2002 in the United Kingdom of persistently patent arterial ducts
Authors: Venkatesh Vidheya , Lee Lleona , White Deborah , Kelsall Wilf 
Published: June 2009

AbstractOur aim was to ascertain the number of neonatal ligations of the patent arterial duct performed in the United Kingdom in 2002, and to determine the survival of the neonates after 30 days. A postal questionnaire was sent to the lead paediatician in every hospital in the United Kingdom possessing a special care or neonatal intensive care unit, requesting information on the number of babies referred for ligation of a persistently patent arterial duct. A separate questionnaire was sent to the paediatric cardiothoracic centres for information on babies who underwent the procedure. Cross-referencing the responses identified neonates who were not reported in the separate questionnaires. Additional information was requested from the central cardiac audit database. The overall response rate was 74%, with 172 forms returned of 234 distributed. From the combined responses, we ascertained that ligation has been performed in 244, with survival at 30 days of 94%. There were problems in identifying some babies because of the incomplete nature of the information received from both referring hospitals and specialist cardiothoracic centres. We would recommend a joint prospective study is conducted by paediatricians and paediatric cardiologists to determine the short and long term outcomes in this population known to be at high risk.
The Emergence of the Neoclassical Consumption Function: The Formative Years, 1940–1952
Authors: Hynes J. Allan 
Published: June 2009

History, if viewed as a repository for more than anecdote or chronology, could produce a decisive transformation in the image of science by which we are now possessed (Kuhn, 1962a, p. 1).Certain types of experimental findings serve as benchmarks, permanent facts about phenomena which any future theory must accommodate, and which in conjunction with comparable theoretical benchmarks, pretty permanently force us in one direction. … The remarkable fact about recent physical science is that it creates a new, collective, human artifact, by giving full range to three fundamental human interests, speculation, calculation, and experiment. By engaging in collaboration between the three, it enriches each in a way that would be impossible otherwise (Hacking, 1983, p. 248).
Keynes and Anchorless Banking
Authors: Rymes Thomas K. 
Published: June 2009

In The General Theory, John Maynard Keynes broke with the quantity theory of money, not just in working out a monetary theory of production but, as he says, in arguing the case for a monetary theory of value. Keynes writes (CW, 7, pp. xxii-xxiii):A monetary economy, we shall find, is essentially one in which changing views about the future are capable of influencing the quantity of employment and not merely its direction. But our method of analyzing the economic behaviour of the present under the influence of changing ideas about the future is one which depends on the interaction of supply and demand, and is in this way linked up with our fundamental theory of value. We are thus led to a more general theory, which includes the classical theory with which we are familiar, as a special case.
Comment on Weber: Did Pareto Have a Cobb–Douglas Utility Function?
Authors: Brems Hans 
Published: June 2009

In Christian Weber's opinion in the preceding article in this journal, although Vilfredo Pareto never wrote his utility function in the Cobb-Douglas form U = rβbrγc, he did present an early, if incomplete, discussion of a Cobb-Douglas utility function. Weber's sections II and III try to document his opinion.Weber's section II examines Pareto's “Considerazioni” (1892) on the assumption that the marginal utility πi, of good i depends only on the level ri, of consumption of that good. Section III examines Pareto's Manual (1909) on the assumption of “additive separable” utility functions.
The Canonical Classical Growth Model: Content, Adherence and Priority
Authors: Hollander Samuel 
Published: June 2009

Ricardo “and his chief followers … did not express their meaning with sufficient clearness, and they have been misunderstood by all but the most careful readers” (Marshall, 1920, p. 84).“Ricardo … has not been fortunate in finding careful students” (Cairnes, 1874, p. 237).
An Intellectual Autobiography
Authors: Tarascio Vincent J. 
Published: June 2009

Although this essay is essentially an intellectual biography, personal experiences have influenced my career as an economist and historian of economic thought. For this reason, I shall devote some space to these experiences before turning to the main topic.My parents migrated from Sicily to the United States prior to the First World War; met and then married in this country and eventually settled in Hartford, Connecticut. I was conceived in 1929, the year of the Great Crash and born the following year at the onset of the Great Depression. However, for my family our economic depression had begun in 1929, when my father was seriously injured at a construction site and spent the next 8 months hospitalized, leaving my mother, who was pregnant with me, and my two siblings, without any means of support.
Wagner's Legacy in America: Re-Opening Farnam's Inquiry
Authors: Carlson Benny 
Published: June 2009

The continual interaction between economic change and economic policies designed to manage or guide this change seldom finds such dramatic expression as when one type of economy replaces another, e. g., when the industrial economy replaces the agrarian or is in turn supplanted by the “post-industrial” economy.Thus, when the American economy was in the thick of its industrial revolution during the decades around the turn of this century, it was subjected to a series of government interventions the lowest common denominator of which has been summarized in the title of a book by Morton Keller, Regulating a New Economy (1996). In the United States as in all other countries, these interventions consisted of a glorious jumble of attempts to solve problems as they arose, of “bespoke jobs” in response to diverse economic interests, and of sundry ideologically-motivated efforts to move events in particular directions.
The Capitalist Entrepreneur In Eighteenth-Century Economic Literature
Authors: Fontaine Philippe 
Published: June 2009

Although the capitalist entrepreneur played a significant role in the early classical explanation of capital markets and economic development, mainstream opinion in the history of economic thought merely holds that eighteenth-century economists failed to distinguish the entrepreneurial function from that of supplying financial capital. Accordingly, one considers the conception of the capitalist entrepreneur an erroneous view—characterized by the confusion between profits and interest—that Jean-Baptiste Say corrected at the turn of the century (Schumpeter 1954, p. 555; Koolman 1971, p. 276). Moreover, this conception has been mainly ascribed to British authors (Perroux 1929, p. 1665; Cole 1942, pp. 120–1; Hoselitz 1951, p. 212; Blaug 1985, pp. 459–60), a claim which certainly goes back to Say's opinion that:The English do not have a word to renderentrepreneur d'Industrie, which has prevented them from distinguishing, among industrial operations, the service provided by the capital from the service provided by one who uses this capital through his ability and talent. Hence…the obscurity in the demonstrations where they [the English] try to go back to the source of profits (Say 1803, pp. 74–75, n. 1; see also p. 357, n. 1).
Joan Robinson's “Secret Document” A Passage from the Autobigraphy of an Analytical Economist
Authors: Aslanbeigui Nahid , Oakes Guy 
Published: June 2009

The Modern Archives, King's College, Cambridge University contain a carbon copy of a three-page single spaced manuscript with the title “A Passage From The Autobiography of an Analytical Economist” (RFK/16/2/134–139, hereinafter “Autobiography”). Joan Robinson's initials are typed at the end of the document, which is dated October 1932.In October 1932, Heffer, the Cambridge University student bookstore, published Joan Robinson's methodological pamphlet, Economics is a Serious Subject, and she delivered the manuscript of The Economics of Imperfect Competition to Macmillan (Joan Robinson to Richard Kahn, October 30, 1932, RFK/13/90/1/19). The Autobiography was apparently drafted shortly after these two projects were completed. The typescript in Modern Archives, which seems to be the only extant copy, was not made until some months later. In a letter of March 2, 1933, Kahn suggested adding “a long section to your secret document if you can do so without spoiling it,” regretting that he had not asked her for a copy (RFK/13/90/1/162–67). She replied somewhat mysteriously, alluding to a superstitious reluctance to having it typed but admitting that eventually it would have to be done (March 23, 1933, RFK/13/90/1/205–208). Since the carbon copy refers to page 275 of her book, the Autobiography was not typed until she had seen the final set of page proofs, and perhaps not until the book had appeared.
“A BEAUTIFUL TRANSLATION FROM A VERY IMPERFECT ORIGINAL”: MABEL WOTTON, AESTHETICISM, AND THE DILEMMA OF LITERARY BORROWING
Authors: Cordell Sigrid Anderson 
Published: June 2009

In a pivotal moment in Mabel Wotton'sshort story, “The Fifth Edition” (1896), Janet Suttaby, a struggling writer unable to find a publisher for her novel, offers the rising literary star, Franklyn Leyden, her manuscript, telling him, “If you really think there is any good in it . . . it must either go back to the drawer until I have time to polish it, or . . . you must take it” (179). Miss Suttaby offers almost no explanation for her act, nor does she outline what she expects Leyden to do with the manuscript, so when Leyden accepts, re-writes, and then publishes it under his own name, he hasn't done anything that she has explicitly forbidden. Nevertheless, his appropriation of her work is clearly marked in the text as ethically compromised, especially when Miss Suttaby's subsequent death from starvation underscores her desperate need for the money that the sale of a novel would have brought. At the same time, the text offers a much more nuanced critique of Leyden's actions that reaches beyond the ethics of plagiarism and into the realm of literary invention itself; as Leyden revises the manuscript, his creative act is bound up with a parasitical translation of Miss Suttaby herself into text, and he is thus implicated as a fraud on the grounds of both literal and figurative appropriation. In this way, the appropriated manuscript becomes a metaphor for the uneasy relationship between art and life, a concern that is central tofin-de-siècleliterary culture. As I will argue, the emphasis in this story, and elsewhere in Wotton's fiction, on what Susan Sontag has termed in another context the “shady commerce between art and truth” (6) makes visible concerns about the connection between inspiration and invention that emerge in the aesthetic theories of Pater, Wilde, and James, as well as in debates over plagiarism and New Woman fiction.
COSMETIC TRAGEDIES: FAILED MASQUERADE IN WILKIE COLLINS'STHE LAW AND THE LADY
Authors: Briefel Aviva 
Published: June 2009

Inasmuch as they offer advice on howto improve appearances, nineteenth-century beauty manuals also vividly describe the dangers of putting on a face. The consequences of using cosmetics – often comprised of toxic ingredients such as arsenic, mercury, and lead – might range from the discomfort of surface irritation to the fatality of poisoning. Several manuals recount the unfortunate story of Lady Mary Montagu, who suffered an allergic reaction to a popular cosmetic, the Genuine Balm of Mecca, which led her face to turn red and swell “to a very extraordinary size . . . . It remained in this tormentable state three days, during which you may be sure I passed my time very ill” (Toilette of Health64). Another woman succumbed to an equally unfortunate fate as the facial powder, or “pearl white,” she wore to a scientific demonstration suddenly turned black in an adverse reaction to the chemicals used in the experiment. In an even more tragic case, “Mrs. S, being much troubled with pimples, applied an alum poultice to her face, which was soon followed by a stroke of the palsy, and terminated in her death” (Clark iv, 46). These stories caution that beautification through artificial means may eradicate the very self that had sought improvement.
Payments for environmental services and rural livelihood strategies in Ecuador and Guatemala
Authors: SOUTHGATE DOUGLAS , HAAB TIMOTHY , LUNDINE JOHN , RODRÍGUEZ FABIÁN 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTPresented in this paper are the results of two contingent valuation analyses, one undertaken in Ecuador and the other in Guatemala, of potential payments for environmental services (PES) directed toward rural households. We find that minimum compensation demanded by these households is far from uniform, depending in particular on individual strategies for raising incomes and dealing with risks. Our findings strengthen the case for allowing conservation payments to vary among recipients, which would be a departure from the current norm for PES initiatives in Latin America.
The health and nutrition of young indigenous women in north Queensland – intergenerational implications of poor food quality, obesity, diabetes, tobacco smoking and alcohol use
Authors: McDermott Robyn , Campbell Sandra , Li Ming , McCulloch Brad 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo document nutritional status and health behaviours of young indigenous women of childbearing age in rural communities in north Queensland.DesignCross-sectional survey of 424 Aboriginal and 232 Torres Strait Islander (TSI) women aged 15–34 years, conducted in twenty-three rural and remote communities of far north Queensland in 1999–2000, with follow-up of a smaller cohort (n132) in 2006–2007.Main outcome measuresWeight, waist circumference, intake of fruit and vegetables, smoking, alcohol intake, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, γ-glutamyltransferase, red cell folate (RCF), interval weight and waist gain and incidence of diabetes.ResultsForty-one per cent of Aboriginal and 69 % of TSI had central obesity, 62 % were smokers, 71 % drank alcohol regularly and of those, 60 % did so at harmful levels. One third of Aboriginal and 16 % of TSI women had very low RCF levels. In the group followed up, there was a mean annual waist gain of 1·6 cm in Aboriginal women and 1·2 cm in TSI, 0·5 kg/m2in BMI and 1·5 kg in weight. Incidence of new type 2 diabetes mellitus in this cohort was 29·1 per 1000 person-years (py) (95 % CI 14·0, 52·8) in Aboriginal women and 13·9 per 1000 py (95 % CI 5·6, 28·5) among TSI.ConclusionsHigh prevalence and incidence of central obesity and diabetes, poor nutrition, high rates of alcohol use and tobacco smoking together with young maternal age, provide a poor intra-uterine environment for many indigenous Australian babies, and contribute to high perinatal morbidity and future disability. Community level interventions to improve pre-pregnancy nutrition and health behaviours in young women are urgent.
The relationship between income and food insecurity among Oregon residents: does social support matter?
Authors: De Marco Molly , Thorburn Sheryl 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveMillions of US households experienced food insecurity in 2005. Research indicates that low wages and little social support contribute to food insecurity. The present study aimed to examine whether social support moderates the relationship between income and food insecurity.DesignUsing a mail survey, we collected data on social support sources (social network, intimate partner and community) and social support functions from a social network (instrumental, informational and emotional). We used hierarchical logistic regression to examine the potential moderation of various measures of social support on the relationship between income and food insecurity, adjusting for potential confounding variables.SettingOregon, USA.SubjectsA stratified random sample of Oregonians aged 18–64 years (n343).ResultsWe found no evidence of an association between social support and food insecurity, nor any evidence that social support acts as a moderator between income and food insecurity, regardless of the measure of social support used.ConclusionsAlthough previous research suggested that social support could offset the negative impact of low income on food security, our study did not find support for such an effect.
Association between vitamin B12-containing supplement consumption and prevalence of biochemically defined B12 deficiency in adults in NHANES III (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey)
Authors: Evatt Marian L , Terry Paul D , Ziegler Thomas R , Oakley Godfrey P 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the association between vitamin B12 (B12)-containing supplement use, low B12 concentrations and biochemically defined B12 deficiency in US adults.DesignA cross-sectional study with adjustment for survey design. Prevalence ratios for two age groups (18–50 and >50 years) were estimated using unconditional logistic models. Outcome measures included prevalence of low serum B12 concentration (<148 pmol/l) and biochemical B12 deficiency (serum B12 < 148 pmol/l with concomitant homocysteine > 10 μmol/l).SettingA population survey of health and nutritional measures.SubjectsSubjects were non-institutionalized adults, aged 18 years and older, who participated in Phase 2 of NHANES III (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey).ResultsLow B12 concentrations were less prevalent among persons consuming B12-containing supplements (P = 0·001) with an adjusted prevalence ratio of 0·6 (95 % CI 0·3, 1·0). Biochemical B12 deficiency showed a similar trend (P = 0·0002), with an adjusted prevalence ratio of 0·3 (95 % CI 0·1, 0·8). Prevalence ratios were similar in adults >50 years of age, although the prevalence of low B12 and biochemical deficiency was proportionally higher.ConclusionsConsumption of B12-containing supplements was associated with at least 50 % lower prevalence of both low serum B12 and biochemical B12 deficiency in a nationally representative sample of US adults, suggesting increased consumption of B12 from supplements or from fortified foods may reduce the prevalence of B12 deficiency. Additionally, the current Recommended Daily Allowance for B12 of 2·4 μg may be insufficient for those aged >50 years.
Persistence of severe iodine-deficiency disorders despite universal salt iodization in an iodine-deficient area in northern India
Authors: Yadav Subhash , Gupta Sushil Kumar , Godbole Madan M , Jain Manoj , Singh Uttam , V Pavithran Praveen , Boddula Raman , Mishra Anand , Shrivastava Ashutosh , Tandon Ashwani , Ora Manish , Chowhan Amit , Shukla Manoj , Yadav Narendra , Babu Satish , Dubey Manoj , Awasthi Pradeep K 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to determine the impact of universal salt iodization (USI) on the prevalence of iodine deficiency in the population of an area previously known to have severe iodine deficiency in India.DesignIn a cross-sectional survey, a total of 2860 subjects residing in fifty-three villages of four sub-districts of Gonda District were examined for goitre and urinary iodine concentration. Free thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were also measured. Salt samples from households were collected for estimation of iodine content.ResultsA reduction in goitre prevalence was observed from 69 % reported in 1982 to 27·7 % assessed in 2007. However, 34 % of villages still had very high endemicity of goitre (goitre prevalence >30 %). Twenty-three per cent of households consumed a negligible amount (<5 ppm) and 56 % of households consumed an insufficient amount (5–15 ppm) of iodine from salt.ConclusionsAlthough there was an overall improvement in iodine nutrition as revealed by decreased goitre prevalence and increased median urinary iodine levels, there were several pockets of severe deficiency that require a more targeted approach. Poor coverage, the use of unpackaged crystal salt with inadequate iodine and the washing of salt before use by 90 % of rural households are the major causes of persisting iodine-deficiency disorders. This demonstrates lapses in USI implementation, lack of monitoring and the need to identify hot spots. We advocate strengthening the USI programme with a mass education component, the supply of adequately iodized salt and the implementation of complementary strategies for vulnerable groups, particularly neonates and lactating mothers.
Phylogenetic composition and properties of bacteria coexisting with the fungus Hypholoma fasciculare in decaying wood
Authors: Valášková Vendula , de Boer Wietse , Klein Gunnewiek Paulien JA , Pospíšek Martin , Baldrian Petr 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
White-rot fungi are major degraders of woody materials in terrestrial environments because of their ability to decompose lignin. However, little is known on the possible associations of white-rot fungi with other microorganisms during wood decay. We investigated the numbers, community composition and functional traits of bacteria present in natural wood samples under advanced decay by the white-rot basidiomycete Hypholoma fasciculare. The wood samples contained high numbers of cultivable bacteria (0.2–8 × 109 colony forming units (CFU) per g of dry wood). Most cultivable bacteria belonged to Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria (75% and 23% of sequences, respectively). The same phyla were also found to be dominant (59% and 23%, respectively) using a non-culturable quantification technique, namely, direct cloning and sequencing of 16sRNA genes extracted from wood. Bacteria that could be subcultured consisted of acid-tolerant strains that seemed to rely on substrates released by lignocellulolytic enzyme activities of the fungus. There were no indications for antagonism (antibiosis) of the bacteria against the fungus.