bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclic Stress-Strain and Plastic Deformation Aspects of Fatigue Crack Growth
Authors: Impellizzeri LF 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Cyclic Stress-Strain and Plastic Deformation Aspects of Fatigue Crack Growth was presented at a meeting held in St. Louis, Mo., 2—8 May 1976. The symposium was sponsored by the American Society for Testing and Materials through its Committee E09 on Fatigue. L. F. Impellizzeri, McDonnell Aircraft Company, presided as symposium chairman.
Formability Topics—Metallic Materials
Authors: Niemeier BA , Schmieder AK , Newby JR 
Published: March 2009

Description
This special technical publication, Formability Topics—Metallic Materials, contains papers presented at the 1977 Symposium on Formability, held in Toronto, Canada, on 4 May 1977. The symposium was sponsored by the American Society for Testing and Materials through its Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing. B. A. Niemeier, Reynolds Metals Company, and A. K. Schmieder, General Electric Company, presided as cochairmen of the symposium; B. A. Niemeier and J. R. Newby, Armco Steel Corporation, served as editors of this publication.
Toughness and Fracture Behavior of Titanium
Authors: Broadwell RG , Hickey CF 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Toughness and Fracture Behavior of Titanium was presented at May Committee Week of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1–6 May 1977. Committee J01 on Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals, which is a joint committee of the American Society for Testing and Materials, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and Metal Properties Council, sponsored the symposium. R. G. Broadwell, TIMET, and C. F. Hickey, Jr., Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, presided as symposium chairmen.
Chemical Dispersants for the Control of Oil Spills
Authors: McCarthy LT , Lindblom GP , Walter HF 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Chemical Dispersants for the Control of Oil Spills was held at Williamsburg, Va., 4-5 Oct. 1977. The symposium was sponsored by Committee F20 on Spill Control Systems, American Society for Testing and Materials. L. T. McCarthy, Jr., presided as symposium chairman. The editors of this publication are L. T. McCarthy, Jr., G. P. Lindblom, Exxon Chemical Company, and H. F. Walter, Department of Energy.
Engineering Dielectrics Volume I Corona Measurement and Interpretation
Authors: Bartnikas R , McMahon EJ 
Published: March 2009

Description
The ASTM series on Engineering Dielectrics is devoted to a comprehensive presentation of topics related to electrical insulating materials that concern their dielectric properties, their use, and evaluation for application for electrical power and communication apparatus structures and devices. The first volume in this series deals with corona or partial discharge measurements. The contents of Volume 1 have been designed so that the contents can be used as a reference source on corona discharges by specialist in the field s well as an introductory test by beginners. Each chapter has been arranged to provide an introduction followed by an extensive review treatise on a particular aspect of the corona discharge field. Volume 1 covers the entire field of corona measurement and detection on electrical insulating materials and apparatus structures such as capacitor, cables, transformers, and electrical machines
Role of myofibroblast in inflammatory bowel disease and tumor genesis
Authors: Valcz Gábor , Krenács Tibor , Molnár Béla , Tulassay Zsolt 
Published: March 2009

A vastagbél stromasejtjeinek és az azokat körülvevő mikrokörnyezetnek elsődleges szerepe van a gyulladásos folyamatok szabályozásában, a tumorok kialakításában és az áttétek képzésében. A gyulladásos folyamatokban és az azt követő szöveti regenerációban alapvető jelentőségűek a myofibroblastok, amelyek által termelt molekulák hatnak az immunrendszer sejtjeire és a hámsejtek proliferációjára. A daganatok myofibroblastokat aktiválhatnak, amelyek fokozott és megváltozott regulátoros ligand (citokin, kemokin, kemotaktikus és növekedési faktorok) termelése őssejt-aktiváción keresztül a hámsejtek kontrollálatlan szaporodásához vezethet. Dolgozatunkban a myofibroblastokkal kapcsolatos tudnivalókat foglaljuk össze, és ismertetjük szerepüket a gyulladásos és a neoplasztikus folyamatokban.
A Multicomponent, Two-Phase-Flow Model for CO2 Storage and Enhanced Coalbed-Methane Recovery
Authors: Seto C. J. , Jessen K. , Orr F. M. 
Published: March 2009

Summary
Injection of CO2 into deep unminable coal seams is an option for geological storage of CO2. Moreover, injection of CO2 may enhance the recovery of CH4 in these systems, making coal reservoirs interesting candidates for sequestration.
New analytical solutions are presented for two-phase, three-and four-component flow with volume change on mixing in adsorbing systems. We analyze the simultaneous flow of water and gas containing multiple adsorbing components. The displacement problem is solved by the method of characteristics. Mixtures of N2, CH4, CO2, and H2O are used to represent enhanced coalbed-methane (ECBM) recovery processes. The displacement behavior is demonstrated to be strongly dependent on the relative adsorption strength of the gas components.
In ternary systems, two types of solutions result. When a gas rich in CO2 displaces a less strongly adsorbing gas (such as CH4), a shock solution is obtained. As the injected gas propagates through the system, CO2 is removed from the mobile phase by adsorption, while desorbed gas propagates ahead of the CO2 front. The adsorption of CO2 reduces the flow velocity of the injected gas, delaying breakthrough and allowing for more CO2 to be sequestered per volume of CH4 produced. For injection gases rich in N2, a decrease in partial pressure is required to displace the preferentially adsorbed CH4 and a rarefaction solution results.
In quaternary displacements with injection-gas mixtures of CO2 and N2, the relative adsorption strength of the components results in solutions that exhibit features of both the N2-rich and CO2-rich ternary displacements.
Analytical solutions for ECBM recovery processes provide insight into the complex interplay of adsorption, phase behavior, and convection. Improved understanding of the physics of these displacements will aid in developing more efficient and physically accurate techniques for predicting the fate of injected CO2 in the subsurface.
Reservoir Characterization With the Discrete Cosine Transform
Authors: Jafarpour B. , McLaughlin D. B. 
Published: March 2009

Summary
Inverse estimation (history matching) of permeability fields is commonly performed by replacing the original set of unknown spatially discretized reservoir properties with a smaller (lower-dimensional) group of unknowns that captures the most important features of the field. This makes the inverse problem better posed by reducing redundancy. The Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), also known as principal component analysis, is a classical option for deriving low-dimensional parameterizations for history-matching applications. The KLT can provide an accurate characterization of complex-property fields, but it can be computationally demanding. In many respects, this approach provides a benchmark that can be used to evaluate the performance of more-computationally-efficient alternatives. The KLT requires knowledge of the property covariance function and can give poor results when this function does not adequately describe the actual property field. By contrast, the discrete cosine transform (DCT) provides a robust parameterization alternative that does not require specification of covariances or other statistics. It is computationally efficient and, in many cases, is almost as accurate as the KLT. The DCT is also able to accommodate prior information, if desired. Here, we describe the DCT approach and compare its performance to the KLT for a set of geologically relevant examples.
A Dual-Grid Automatic-History-Matching Technique With Applications to 3D Formation Testing in the Presence of Oil-Based-Mud-Filtrate Invasion
Authors: Malik Mayank , Torres-Verdín Carlos , Sepehrnoori Kamy 
Published: March 2009

Summary
Probe-type formation testers are often used to estimate permeability and anisotropy from pressure-transient measurements. The interpretation of these measurements is not trivial in the presence of oil-based-mud (OBM) -filtrate invasion because of miscibility with formation oil and gas. Simple analytical expressions of spherical and linear single-phase flow may not give correct estimates of permeability in miscible or partially miscible flow regimes. Because pressure transients are nonlinearly dependent on permeability, repeated 3D numerical simulations become necessary to honor measured pressure transients.
We describe the development and successful implementation of a new inversion method that efficiently estimates permeability and anisotropy with a cascade sequence of least-squares minimizations. Measurements consist of pressure transients acquired at the sandface with a probe-type wireline formation tester (WFT). The new inversion method executes the forward 3D problem only in an outer loop. In the inner loop, we perform fast minimizations with an equivalent 2D cylindrical grid. Transient measurements of pressure at the sandface simulated with the 2D cylindrical grid are correlated to the corresponding measurements simulated with the 3D grid. Once the 2D minimization is completed, we perform a 3D simulation of transient pressure to update the 2D/3D correlation parameter and a new 2D minimization is initialized until convergence is reached. The process repeats itself until the simulated 3D pressure transients reproduce the field measurements within prestipulated error bounds.
We perform tests of the new inversion algorithm on synthetic and field data sets acquired in the presence of OBM-filtrate invasion. Results confirm that our coupled 2D/3D hybrid inversion approach enables significant savings in computer time and provides reliable and accurate estimates of permeability and anisotropy. In most cases, we are able to estimate permeability under 2% error within 20% of the computational time required by 3D minimization. Sensitivity analysis indicates that permeability estimates may be biased by noisy measurements as well as by uncertainty in flow rates, relative permeability, radial extent of invasion, formation damage, and location of bed boundaries.
A New Systematic and Dynamic UBD Procedures Applied to Prevent Formation Damage, Wellbore Collapse and Improve Oil Production in Hassi Massoud Field
Authors: Berkat Ali , Kartobi Khelil , Mazouzi Amine , Dhina Okba , Qutob Hani , Barakat Naiem , Grayson Fudge , Marei Ayman 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The Hassi Massoud oil field is the largest of its kind in Algeria. The reservoir was discovered in 1956 and produces from a Cambrian-age at approximately 3400 meters depth. It produces 45°API oil from a thick Cambro-Ordovician sandstone formation.
This sandstone is extremely hard, abrasive and slow to drill. The reservoir is naturally fractured in some parts. Fractures are either open or plugged with materials such as shale, silica, anhydrite, pyrite and bitumen. Porosity is ranging from 6 to 12%. Generally, the permeability is low with a range of less than 1 to more than 100 md in open-fractures layers
Sonatrach introduced Underbalanced Drilling (UBD) primarily in an effort to improve penetration rates. However, all additional benefits obtained from UBD, such as production improvement and reservoir characterization while drilling, will be of an added value.
Well OMPZ553 is the 37th well drilled underbalanced in the Hassi Massoud field. In this well, the focus was on production improvement with minimum formation damage while the increased rate of penetration (ROP) was a secondary benefit. Another objective was the evaluation of production while the well is being drilled. This eliminates the need for expensive post drilling production testing, and also to minimize borehole instability specially when drilling in the R2 section of the drain.
In order to increase the success rate of drilling and completing this well underbalanced, Sonatrach introduced a new systematic and dynamic procedure. The new procedure consists of: Proper UBD candidate screeningCalculating the actual reservoir pressure before UB mode startsCompleting the well in UB mode
This well proved to be the best UB drilled well in Hassi Massoud field in terms of reservoir benefits and characterization. The pre-job UBD candidate screening, feasibility studies and applying the new procedures proved effective in the success of this well.
This paper describes in detail the above procedure and presents the successful application of such procedure to optimize production and enhance the ultimate recovery in the Hassi Massoud field. Lessons learnt and challenges encountered will also be discussed in this paper
Effect of Grid Deviation on Flow Solutions
Authors: Wu X. H. , Parashkevov R. R. 
Published: March 2009

Summary
The two-point flux finite-volume method (2P-FVM) is the most widely used method for solving the flow equation in reservoir simulations. For 2P-FVM to be consistent, the simulation grid needs to be orthogonal (or k-orthogonal if the permeability field is anisotropic). It is well known that corner-point grids can introduce large errors in the flow solutions because of the lack of orthogonality in general. Multipoint flux formulations that do not rely on grid orthogonality have been proposed, but these methods add significant computational cost to solving the flow equation.
Recently, 2.5D unstructured grids that combine 2D Voronoi areal grids with vertical projections along deviated coordinate lines have become an attractive alternative to corner-point gridd-ing. The Voronoi grid helps maintain orthogonality areally and can mitigate grid orientation effects. However, experience with these grids is limited.
In this paper, we present an analytical and numerical study of these 2.5D unstructured grids. We focus on the effect of grid deviation on flow solutions in homogeneous, but anisotropic, permeability fields. In particular, we consider the grid deviation that results from gridding to sloping faults. We show that 2P-FVM does not converge to the correct solution as the grid refines. We further quantify the errors for some simple flow scenarios using a technique that combines numerical analysis and asymptotic expansions. Analytical error estimates are obtained. We find that the errors are highly flow dependent and that they can be global with no strong correlation with local nonorthogonality measures. Numerical tests are presented to confirm the analytical findings and to show the applicability of our conclusions to more-general flow scenarios.
Post-Yield Material Characterization for Strain-Based Design
Authors: Kaiser Trent 
Published: March 2009

SummaryConventional material specifications and test methods were developed to support load-based designs in which inelastic deformations are relatively small and yield strength is the primary material factor governing design. However, in strain-based designs where substantial portions of the structure soften under post-yield deformation, more detailed characterization of the post-yield material behavior is required. This paper presents a framework for describing the post-yield properties of metals (including strain-rate dependence of yield strength) a testing method for measuring post-yield strength in terms of strain and strain rate, and an analytical basis for extrapolating measured properties to static conditions for strain-based design and quality assurance (QA).
Deepwater Templates and Cluster Well Manifolds: Is There a Single Correct Approach?
Authors: Homer S.T. , Chitwood J.E. , Childers T.W. , Verrett A.J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Traditional subsea production systems utilize wells and subsea manifoldssupported on a common structural template. Recent developments use cluster wellmanifolds supported independently from the subsea wells. This paper discussesthe template and cluster well concepts which were considered in the DeepStarProject. A comparison of the two concepts establishes a preference for thecluster well manifold systems which offer greater flexibility and fasterimplementation than template systems.

Introduction
The DeepStar project considered the feasibility of producing reservoirs inwater depths from 3500 ft to 6000 ft to remote shallow water platforms usingsubsea systems (Ref. 1). One of the project's objectives was to determine if asingle subsea system configuration could meet production requirements with lowcost and allow flexibility in implementation.
As part of the DeepStar project, a template/manifold study developedconceptual designs of template systems and cluster well systems consideringrequirements for production, installation, drilling, completion andmaintenance. The concepts were compared on the basis of cost, feasibility andrisk. This paper briefly reviews the design requirements, describes typicaltemplate and cluster well systems and summarizes the conclusions of theDeepStar study. The following definitions apply:
Template System: A subsea production facility where the wells, connectionsand manifolds are on a common supporting structure or template.
Cluster Well System: A centrally located manifold around which independentsatellite wells are clustered. These wells individually connect to theproduction manifold.

Deepwater Subsea Production System Requirements
Subsea production systems are designed to meet the functional requirementsof a specific project such as, number of wells, distance to export facilities, environment, water depth, reservoir conditions, production characteristics, etc.
A New Generation of Umbilical Hoses
Authors: Legallais Lucien , Stratfold Mark , Hardy Jean 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Umbilical flexible hoses are unbonded composite constructions consisting ofThermoplastic layers and high tensile reinforcing fibres, they were introducedinto the market almost 20 years ago and are now manufactured in long continuouslengths.
To date over 50,000 km of umbilical hose have been installed world wide, with continuous service of more than 15 years.
A problem that has come to light is the ability of certain fluids and gasesto pass through the hose lining. Although the permeation rates are low, oververy long hose lengths, a significant volume of fluid can be conveyed back tothe platform along the interstices of a conventionally sheathed umbilical. Onesuch fluid is methanol which is commonly injected into wells.
Due to continuing research and development efforts a new lining material, based on cross linked polyethylene, has been introduced giving a new generationof umbilical hoses with greatly improved performance.

Introduction
Umbilicals are structures that contain two or more functional elements, i.e.hoses, electric cables and optical fibres. These are typically assembledtogether with a helical technique, to form a circular bundle, which is thenencased in and extruded Thermoplastic sheath, reinforced with twocontra-helically applied layers of steel wires and finished with a secondextruded Thermoplastic sheath (see figure 1).
The hoses used have to transport many different well head fluids and alsotransmit hydraulic power. One common injection fluid is methanol. The problemis that this fluid permeates through the current industry standard hose liningmaterials.
This permeated fluid, which is retained by the umbilical inner and outerThermoplastic sheath, due to the thicker section and different material used, builds up within the umbilical structure and egresses from the umbilical at itsends. With fluids, such as methanol, disposal of significant quantities canpresent problems.
Subsea Umbilicals: Operational Experience and New Development
Authors: Bjornebekk Svein , Eidsvik I.G. , Frafjord Peter 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The paper will describe some of the operational experiences gained withumbilicals in Statoil's first subsea installation (1986), the dilemma posed inselecting a design for the Statfjord satellite project (SSP) and the solutionadopted.
After one-two years ofoperation on the Gullfaks field, Statoil found thatthe hydraulic/chemical umbilicals were less reliable than predicted.
In 1990, it was concluded that using thermoplastic hose materials for futureprojects with a design life of 15–20 years would involve greatuncertainties.
The solution was a newly-developed steel tube umbilical compatible with alarge variety of chemical fluids that might be used.
In-house company know-how and the willingness of the industry to meet newchallenges allowed the concept to be realised within the limited time frameavailable.

Introduction
Experience gained by Statoil from operating the Gullfaks and Tommelitensubsea developments in the Norwegian North Sea showed that thehydraulic/chemical umbilicals used did not have the reliability expected. Production shutdowns consequently occurred with increasing frequency on one ofthese fields.
Incompatibility between the thermoplastic hose material and the fluids, particularly methanol, was one of the principal reasons for the operationalproblems that were encountered.
In 1990, when these difficulties were recorded, Statoil had kicked off itsStatfjord satellite project (SSP). This development called for the delivery of70–80 km of longlife umbilicals, to be ready for installation less than threeyears later.

Gullfaks and Tommeliten: Umbilicals and Control Systems
The Gullfaks subsea system, which came on stream at the end of 1986, consists of six single satellite wells individually tied back to the Gullfaks Aplatform.
Statistically Based Material Specifications, Pipe for Deep Water
Authors: Sumner G.A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
When very precise control of submerged pipeline weight is desirable ornecessary, the weight and diameter of individual joints will usually be lessimportant than the average joint weight and diameter and how variations aredistributed over longer lengths. In such cases the law of averages makes itlikely that the weight per unit length of this longer length will fall within anarrower range than does the weight of individual joints. If the designer canquantify that likelihood it may give him confidence that he can controlsubmerged weight without greatly reducing the tolerances on individual joints. This paper sets out some of the considerations for developing statisticallybased design criteria for control of submerged pipeline weight and for writingspecifications based on these criteria. It is based on lessons learned indeveloping pipe specifications for EP Operating Company's Mississippi Canyon441 Field Development Project, the operating partner of which is EnserchExploration Company of Dallas, Texas.

Defining the Problem
The weight of any submerged pipeline must not only be sufficient to hold thepipeline down, it must also be distributed so that the line will be stablealong its entire length. For pipelines which are towed offshore, keeping weightto a minimum can be important to reduce drag. Minimizing weight may also beimportant for controlling loads on the unsupported span while laying pipes inultra deep water. As the weight approaches the minimum, the need for uniformweight distribution becomes more important because there is less margin forerror in a given section of the line. When the limits on weight or diameternarrows the tolerance on total weight below the mill's control capability forindividual joints, it will still be possible to hold tighter limits on the meanweight. At first glance one might be tempted to simply specify the averageweight and then select joints to maintain the average throughout the line. This, however, is complicated by the fact that the critical factor is not thedry weight but the submerged weight, which is a function of both wall thicknessand diameter.