bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimates of Bottom Soil and Effluent Load of Phosphorus at a Semi‐intensive Marine Shrimp Farm
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , Corpron Ken , Bernard Eric , Pengsang Puan 
Published: August 2010

Abstract A phosphorus budget for a single crop was prepared for a 685‐ha semi‐intensive shrimp farm that consistently has produced about 3000 tonnes/yr of black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon. Phosphorus inputs were shrimp stock, 0.31 kg/ha; triple superphosphate, 1.38 kg/ha; incoming water, 25.8 kg/ha; and feed, 65.3 kg/ha. Phosphorus outputs were harvested shrimp, 5.43 kg/ha, and outflow for water exchange and draining, 42.7 kg/ha. The high clay‐content soil in pond bottoms adsorbed 45.2 kg/ha of phosphorus. Water was taken from and released back into the same estuary and bay. The phosphorus contribution of shrimp farming to the receiving water body was the difference between the amount of phosphorus in effluent and that in the incoming water, which was 16.9 kg/ha. Bottom soil accumulated 67.8% of phosphorus added to the ponds. Another estimate of soil phosphorus uptake based on the relationship between cumulative phosphorus applied to ponds as fertilizer and feed and soil phosphorus concentration suggested that 63.2% of fertilizer and feed phosphorus had accumulated in pond bottoms. The farm effluent phosphorus load was 23.5 tonnes/yr. The estuary and bay system has an estimated volume of 4.8 × 109 m3, and the annual phosphorus input from the farm had a concentration equivalent of 0.005 mg/L, and there were no other major inputs of phosphorus. The estuary and bay are flushed by freshwater inflow and tidal action, and the farm input is not likely to cause eutrophication.
Infection of Tilapia Oreochromis sp. by Vibrio vulnificus in Freshwater and Low‐salinity Environments
Authors: Chen Chun‐Yao , Chao Chia‐Ben , Bowser Paul R. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract The first isolation of Vibrio vulnificus in southern Taiwan from hybrid tilapia Oreochromis sp. raised in freshwater and brackish water environments is documented in this report. The infection was only found in fish in ponds where the salinity was less than 10 ppt. Tilapia raised in water of higher salinities in the same region were not affected. Grossly visible signs of infection included dark coloration, lethargy, and external hemorrhage and ulceration of the skin. The most prominent internal signs of infection included splenomegaly and severe hemorrhagic lesions in the liver. Septicemia was documented in moribund fish. All bacterial isolates from moribund fish were tested by polymerase chain reaction, using V. vulnificus hemolysin/cytolysin gene‐specific primers. Sequence data from the 16S ribosomal RNA gene suggest that these isolates were V. vulnificus. The isolates were indole and mannitol positive, characteristics shared by human clinical isolates and isolates from freshwater European eel, Anguilla anguilla. The isolates from tilapia were unique in that they were negative for ornithine decarboxylase and citrate.
FEBRILE EPISODES IN WELDERS: RELATIONSHIP TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AND SMOKING HABITS
Authors: Gun R.T. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTwenty‐seven welders and a control group of 27 workers not engaged in welding were interviewed at nine factories to assess the incidence of metal‐fume fever over a six‐month period.Twenty‐two welders had one or more febrile episodes over the six‐month period, compared with 12 in the control group. There were 32 episodes in the welding group, and 22 in the controls. However, much of the difference between the groups was in the number of episodes of more than three days duration, that is, longer than the duration of typical metal‐fume fever.Analysis of the figures relating to short‐term episodes (three days or less in duration), suggested that the joint effects of smoking and welding increase a worker's susceptibility to short‐term fever. This apparently synergistic effect, when viewed against similar findings for smoking and asbestos dust exposure and for smoking and radioactive mine‐dust exposure, underscores the oft‐overlooked interplay of aetiologic factors in producing unexpectedly large changes in disease risk.
THE SMOKING HABITS AND ATTITUDES OF NURSES
Authors: Koski Glen , Cullingford Graham , Armstrong Bruce 
Published: August 2010

The demographic and social characteristics, attitudes to smokers and smoking, and knowledge about smoking were surveyed in 988 (81.3%) of 1,215 trainee and trained nurses in four locations in Perth, Western Australia. Male and female nurses were similar with 51% never having smoked regularly, 17% being ex‐smokers and 32% current smokers. In comparison with Australian woman in general, there were less current smokers and more ex‐smokers among female nurses. Female nurses smoked substantially more than Australian female doctors. The majority of nurses who had ever smoked (68%) began smoking between ages 15 and 19 years, 26% began in the first year of their nursing training and 26% smoked their first cigarette in the nurses' quarters.The knowledge of nurses about the health effects of smoking was similar to that of Australian doctors as were their opinions regarding their role in setting a non‐smoking example to others. A substantial majority supported either a complete ban on smoking, or its restriction to especially segregated areas in aeroplanes, buses, trains, hospitals and cinemas.
RATIONALISING THE NEED FOR CT HEAD SCANNING IN A DEFINED POPULATION
Authors: Opit Louis J. , Dunt David R. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA rationale is presented for estimating the optimal number of CT† head scanners in a defined population. It is derived from calculations of the appropriate number of scans likely to be generated by the clinical indications for scanning. These indications assume that competent specialist assessment of the patients prior to scanning has occured.The indications for head scanner use on present practice are cases of intracranial injury, intracerebral and sub‐arachnoid haemorrhage, epilepsy, dementia, intracranial neoplasm, hydrocephalus and other less common conditions under specified conditions. It is estimated that 2,690 – 2,830 scans per million of population will be generated annually and that one scanner could service this, with a realistic throughput of patients.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF TWO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROGRAMMES ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Dwyer T. , Coonan W.E. , Worsley A. , Leitch D.R. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA randomised controlled trial of the effects of two different physical activity programmes on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors, academic performance, and classroom behaviour, was conducted on over 500 children (mean age 10) in eight Adelaide primary schools in 1978. During a fourteen‐week intervention period classes were involved in either: an endurance fitness programme, a skills programme, or participated as controls. The Fitness group experienced significant gains in physical work capacity and decreases in body fat compared to the Control and Skill groups. Diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly more in the Skill group than in the Control; but no significant difference was observed between the Fitness and Control groups. Changes in the other CHD risk factors measured, systolic blood pressure, plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol did not differ between groups. Both the Fitness and Skill groups demonstrated improvements in classroom behaviour compared to the control group; but no differences in academic performance were observed.
COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES IN INNER SYDNEY: AN ANALYSIS OF CLIENTS, SERVICES AND COSTS
Authors: Duckett S.J. , Ellen J. M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA survey of all community health services in the Inner Metropolitan Health Region of the Health Commission of New South Wales was conducted in 1978. This paper presents a description of the characteristics of clients seen at all community health centres in the region, an analysis of services and activities provided, and of the costs of community health services in the region. The factors influencing the patterns of service revealed in the survey are discussed in the conclusion.
NUTRITION INFORMATION SOURCES AMONG AUSTRALIANS AND ITALIANS IN PERTH
Authors: Hopkins S. , Genovese‐Cohen J. , Margetts B. M. , Armstrong B. K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn a study of nutrition information in 166 Italians and 173 Australians in Perth, sources were classified initially into 19 categories. These could be divided into two main groups, inside sources (implied no contact with information outside personal experience or family circle) and outside sources (implied information from outside the family). Overall, 71 per cent of Italians and 44 per cent of Australians were reliant on inside sources with “parents or tradition” (25 per cent of Italian and 10 per cent of Australian responses) and “rely on taste”, “leave it to the cook” and “don't worry” (23 per cent of Italian and Australian responses) being the major categories. More Australians (25 per cent) than Italians (7 per cent) mentioned the media as their main outside source. Doctors were mentioned in only 7 per cent of responses. In both Italians and Australians, females were more likely to have outside sources of nutrition information than were males.Italians were significantly more likely to be obese (56.4 per cent of females and 38.3 per cent of males) than Australians (34.9 per cent of females and 12.2 per cent of males). Obese people tended to have less outside sources of nutrition information than nonobese.There are distinct cultural differences between the populations studied and it is believed that they may account for some of the differences observed. Attention should be paid to these cultural factors when designing and implementing preventive health programs.
ADMISSION TO HOSPITAL FOR DIABETES IN ABORIGINES AND OTHER AUSTRALIANS, RURAL NEW SOUTH WALES, 1977‐78
Authors: Taylor Richard , Reid Mick 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAn analysis of hospital admissions for diabetes mellitus in various rural areas in New South Wales, with particular regard to racial origin, was undertaken for 1977 and 1978.There were no admissions for diabetes amongst Aboriginals in the age group 5–14. In non‐Aboriginals the admission rate for this age group was 0.4 per 1,000 population. The difference did not reach statistical significance; nevertheless, the trend indicates a lower prevalence of juvenile‐onset diabetes amongst Aboriginals compared with Caucasian Australians.Admission rates for diabetes were 7 to 15 times higher amongst adult Aboriginals compared to other adult rural residents, and the differences between the age‐specific admission rates in Aboriginals compared to non‐Aboriginals were statistically significant. Admissions for diabetes as a proportion of total admissions was also higher for Aboriginals.This higher admission rate for diabetes amongst adult Aboriginals compared to other rural residents is likely to reflect a higher prevalence of diabetes amongst Aboriginals. Previous studies indicate that this is probably due to a genetic predisposition combined with adverse environmental factors.A return to a modified hunter‐gatherer way of life, or the establishment of social, cultural, and economic compensatory mechanisms in urban areas, appear to be the main alternatives to a purely medical/therapeutic approach to the problem of diabetes in Aboriginals.
A COMPARISON OF PREMATURE MORTALITY DUE TO CIGARETTE SMOKING AND ROAD CRASHES IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Armstrong Bruce , de Klerk Nicholas 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBy use of data on smoking induced death in Americans it has been estimated that current levels of cigarette smoking in Australia caused some 10,434 premature deaths in 1978. These deaths represented a total loss of about 156,730 person years of life, of which about 70,005 were lost before the age of 70 years. By way of comparison, in the same year, road crashes caused some 3,728 premature deaths with loss of about 152,211 person years of life in total, or about 123,062 before the age of 70 years. These results illustrate one method of setting priorities for action in preventive medicine.
COMMENTARY: THE ART OF THE POSSIBLE
Authors: Cooper John 
Published: August 2010

The theme of this ‘commentary’ will be limitations on policy and planning. Recognition of limitations has now been the angst of the times for ten or fifteen years, as the titles of popularly influential writing, say ‘Limits to Growth’ or ‘Small is Beautiful’ and even ‘Limits to Medicine’, illustrate. However, the books I shall draw upon for this review article emphasise, by and large, limitations of a different character from the apocalyptic ‘Limits to Growth’ school or the Utopian obverse of the same coin. The limitations described by the writers I have chosen arise not from inexorable outside forces, but from our own choices, or inability to choose, and from the complexity of our own social artifacts.“The fault dear Brutus lies not in our stars but in ourselves”.
THE IMPACT OF HEALTH CENTRES IN BRISBANE ON SOME COMMUNITY HEALTH INDICATORS
Authors: Najman J. M. , Jones J. , Gibson D. , Lupton G. , Payne S. , Sheehan M. , Sheehan P. , Sweeny K. , Western J. S. , Williams G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this study, the goals of the Australian Community Health Program were identified and operationalised. Measures of the communities' health were obtained before and after the health centres came into operation. A population from a comparison area in which community health centre services were not available is also examined.The findings fail to support the view that Brisbane community health centres influence community symptom levels. Further, there is no evidence that health centre activities have produced a decline in medical service utilisation. Stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates appear unaltered. Hospital admission rates declined in one intervention area but continued to increase in both the comparison and, at a lower rate, in the other intervention area. The apparent lack of impact of community health centres in Brisbane may, in part, be attributed to political and structural factors which have limited the number and range of intervention programs. Thus it cannot be assumed that these findings reflect upon the Community Health Program as a whole, but they do indicate that in some centres the Program may fail to address adequately some community health needs.
MEASURING PATIENTS' EXPERIENCED QUALITY OF LIFE: THE APPLICATION OF CONTENT ANALYSIS SCALES IN HEALTH CARE
Authors: Viney Linda L. , Westbrook Mary T. 
Published: August 2010

SummarySeveral scales that are useful in research concerning patients' experienced (as distinct from observed) quality of life have been developed. They use content analysis and so can be applied to any recorded verbal communication from individual patients. They provide indices of psychoanalysis‐based concepts of anxiety and hostility, as well as of positive feelings. Whether patients experience themselves as helpless or in control of a situation and whether patients experience themselves as having social support—phenomenology‐based concepts—are also measured. Some examples of applications of these scales in health care are given together with data from 381 patients and ex‐patients. Uses of the scales include obtaining information about common patterns of patient experiences, psychologically “at risk” patients, factors which precipitate surgery visits and patients' reaction to specific illnesses and treatments. They can also be employed in evaluations of rehabilitation, treatment and prevention programs.
PRE‐EMPLOYMENT SCREENING OF BACKS: WHOSE INTERESTS ARE SERVED?
Authors: Gun R. T. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBack injury is a major factor in the large workers' compensation bills with which insurers and employers are familiar. A common response to this problem is to subject prospective employees to screening, with the objective of denying employment to those considered to be a “compensation risk” on account of a history or findings of back trouble. Screening sometimes includes x‐ray examination.The employment of a person with a history of back injury involves two conflicting interests: that of the employee who has chosen the risk of recurrent back injury rather than unemployment; and that of the employer who wishes to minimise compensation costs.Resort to screening programs is an unwarranted medical intrusion into a conflict which is essentially economic. Moreover, the use of radiography adds an unnecessary increment to the average population dose of radiation. An alternative approach is suggested, in which a statutory load limit is imposed for male workers, comparable to that which already applies to female workers.
REPETITION INJURY IN PROCESS WORKERS
Authors: Taylor Richard , Gow Chris , Gorbett Steven 
Published: August 2010

AbstractProcess workers' arm is a common and disabling (but preventable) condition particularly affecting female migrant factory workers employed in occupations requiring rapid repetitive movements. The syndrome encompasses a range of musculo‐tendinous lesions of the hand, wrist, arm, elbow, shoulder and neck. Symptoms and disability are often out of proportion to physical signs.
IMMUNISATION PATTERNS IN AUSTRALIA: THE PRESENT SITUATION AND SUGGESTED FUTURE STRATEGIES
Authors: Radford Anthony J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe dramatic reduction in the morbidity and mortality rates for the common preventable infections, which are usually seen in children, and for which preventive immunisation is available, has lulled the public and the medical profession into a false sense of security. Whilst rates of immunisation with triple antigen and polio vaccines for urban populations are approaching adequacy to prevent epidemics, considerable numbers of individuals and groups of migrants, lower socio‐economic and rural people are inadequately protected. Measles, rubella and tetanus immunisation is markedly deficient throughout Australia. The methods for recording immunisation and the quality of information which parents and professionals hold are also inadequate. This paper reviews immunisation status in Australia, discusses socio‐economic, cultural, educational, professional, and political factors, and also suggests strategies for raising the current immunisation status.
A COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND HEALTH SYSTEMS
Authors: Tatchell Michael 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn both New Zealand and Australia the 1970s was a period of rapid escalation in health costs, and modest increases in utilisation, set against a background, particularly in the later years, of economic downturn and restrictions in government spending. As a consequence total expenditure on health care, as a proportion of gross domestic product, continued to rise throughout the decade, reaching 6.7 percent in New Zealand and 7.9 per cent in Australia by 1979. Much of this difference can be explained, statistically, by the higher level of national income per capita in Australia ‐ the contrasting systems of financing and provision appear to be less significant. Other related explanatory factors include differences in the proportion of the labour force employed in the health sector; in the number of general practitioners per head of population; and in the rates of utilisation of both personal and hospital services.
THE TONGA CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC STUDY: DESIGN, DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS AND MEDICAL FINDINGS
Authors: Finau Sitaleki A. , Stanhope John M. , Prior Ian A. M. , Joseph Jill G. , Puloka Sioeli Tili , Leslie Peter N. 
Published: August 2010

In 1973 a population‐based study was conducted in Nuku'alofa (the more Westernised and urban capital) and Foa Island (a more traditional and rural area), Kingdom of Tonga. Demographic data revealed no significant age, sex and racial differences between the two samples; differences in religion, marital status and occupation are discussed.Alcohol was consumed only in Nuku'alofa, but the prevalence of tobacco and kava use was higher in Foa. Serum Uric Acid and the urinary sodium: potassium ratio are higher in Nuku'alofa among both sexes. Fasting plasma glucose and serum triglycerides were higher among male urban dwellers; however, serum cholesterol was higher in female rural residents.The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, rheumatic and congenital heart disease showed no urban‐rural gradient. However, hypertension was significantly more common in Nuku'alofa (10.4 per cent) than Foa (6.1 per cent). Tinea in both sexes and filariasis in men was more common in Foa.These results, while not conclusive, are suggestive of certain consequences of the manifest differences in the degree of westernisation between urban and rural Tonga. Both scientific and practical planning issues raised by these findings are discussed.
ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOUR OF JUNIOR HOSPITAL DOCTORS IN INITIATING BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE AMONGST HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS
Authors: Radford A.J. , Rohan T. , Litt J.C.B. , Wald S.S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study addresses the attitudes and behaviours of junior hospital doctors regarding the smoking, alcohol consumption and weight levels of their patients. A survey was made of the case notes of one hundred consecutive general medical, surgical and gynaecological patients and fifty consecutive obstetric patients from a public hospital, where medical records are set out in a problem oriented fashion. Amongst the general patients, one third of the casenotes lacked any record of smoking habit (the proportion was one tenth for obstetric patients) and none included any action in the management plan of those who smoked. Similarly, less than a half of the general patients (and one‐tenth of obstetric patients) had any record of alcohol consumption made and for none was it quantified. Of general patients, only five of fifteen obese patients had their obesity level recorded and for only two was it problem tested. For only one was there any evidence of any action being recommended. The pattern was similar with obstetric patients.Discussion centres around the knowledge of junior hospital doctors concerning programmes available which are directed at behavioural change, their level of success, and the reasons given for failing to record or take positive action with respect to these three areas for which primary prevention may be effective. Attention is also directed to strategies for improving the situation which it is believed remains a general feature of hospital practice in Australia.
WOMEN AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A STUDY OF CONGENITAL LIMB ANOMALIES
Authors: Kricker Anne , McCredie Janet , Elliott Jane , Forrest Jill 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSuspected environmental risk factors for congenital limb anomalies include pesticide exposure to a woman at home or in the workplace. To examine the relationship between congenital limb defect in the infant and pesticide exposure in pregnancy, data on exposure of 155 mothers of limb deficient children born between 1970 and 1981, and 274 matched normal controls, were compared. Case mothers and their matched controls were divided into two groups, those who reported a pesticide exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy and those who did not. The exposure was placed in one of three categories, dependent on proximity of the mother to the source, and the circumstances surrounding use. Statistical analysis indicated a significant association of congenital limb defects with pesticides. A greater risk was associated with exposures to which the woman was in close proximity. When a woman was exposed more than once, there was an increase in risk of limb defect in the child.