bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EGNATIO DANTI'S OPTICS. CINQUECENTO ARISTOTELIANISM AND THE MEDIEVAL TRADITION
Authors: FRANGENBERG THOMAS 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Il presente articolo riguarda le fonti della teoria ottica presente nelle edizioni della Prospettiva di Euclide (1573) e de Le Due Regole della Prospettiva Pratica del Vignola (1583), curate da Egnazio Danti (1536-1586). Danti si basa ampiamente su un commentario aristotelico del tempo. Accetta in misura molto limitata l'ottica medievale e rifiuta alcuni concetti fondamentali della teoria medievale della visione. Questo saggio dimostra in maniera esemplare l'influenza dell'aristotelismo nel XVI secolo ed è, insieme, un tentativo di ulteriore conferma delle analisi compiute da Charles B. Schmitt sul ruolo di Aristotele nel pensiero del Cinquecento.
COMMISSION ON BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Authors: MAZZOLINI RENATO G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Il testo riproduce un rapporto della Commissione di bibliografia della International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science. Tale rapporto riguarda progetti di ricerca in corso durante il 1987 in Inghilterra. Esso concerne esclusivamente progetti aventi per oggetto edizioni critiche, traduzioni, edizioni di epistolari, bibliografie e cataloghi di manoscritti o di letteratura scientifica del passato, tutti di interesse per la storia della scienza e della medicina.
LA THOLOGIE NATURELLE DE LOUIS-FRANOIS JHAN (1803-1871)
Authors: BLANCKAERT CLAUDE 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title Louis-Franois Jhan (1803-1871), l'editore principale dei dizionari scientifici dell'Encyclopdie thologique dell'abate Migne, divulg presso un pubblico ecclesiastico la tradizionale prova dell'esistenza di Dio tratta dallo scopo della Natura. Nel Dictionnaire d'Anthropologie (1853) egli plagi abbondantemente la traduzione francese della Natural Theology di William Paley al fine di meglio dimostrare la forza, la saggezza e la bont del Creatore . Come presentazione di un testo scientifico, egli divulg quindi l'argomento del disegno dei fisico-teologi inglesi offrendo strumenti teoretici e educativi agli apologeti cristiani. Egli attribuiva in questo modo alla rivelazione di Dio in natura una sorta di evidenza logica suscettibile di riconciliare scienza e cause finali. Nella sua lotta contro le dottrine atee , materialistiche e evoluzionistiche, egli cerc nello stesso tempo di ottenere, per un clero tradizionale e spesso riluttante, un quadro delle conoscenze contemporanee. Il presente articolo esamina le funzioni sociali e mediatrici della teologia naturale in seno alle scienze francesi negli anni 1850.
LA BIBLIOTECA DI ROMELIO DA BRESCIA MAGISTER ARTIUM ET MEDICINE *
Authors: CAROTI STEFANO 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The inventory of Romelio from Brescia's library is an interesting historical document either as a witness of the medical and scientific interests in Italian universities in the second half of XIVth century, or as the sole testimony of writings of some medieval magistri.
AMICI ET LE PRINCIPE DE DUPLICATION D'IMAGE: LE MICROMETRE D'AMICI
Authors: FAUQUE DANIELLE 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Amici applicò il principio della duplicazione dell'immagine ad alcuni strumenti astronomici. Tra le numerose invenzioni, in particolare egli costruì un nuovo micrometro basato sul principio della duplicazione dell'immagine fornita da un telescopio.Egli conosceva l'invenzione del micrometro obiettivo di Dollond, del micrometro prismatico di Rochon e del micrometro oculare di Ramsden, ma il suo presentava alcune differenze che egli definì in numerose pubblicazioni.Il micrometro di Amici può venire applicato ad un telescopio a rifrazione con una lunghezza focale molto grande, e veniva utilizzato per misurare la distanza tra stelle doppie. Perciò il vetro, che proveniva dalle manifatture di Fraunhofer, doveva essere di ottima qualità.Sarebbe interessante ricollocare il micrometro di Amici tra quelli simili del suo periodo. In questo modo potremmo precisare le cause e le consequenze dello spirito con cui la ricerca attiva per perfezionare gli strumenti costituiva una emulazione intellettuale e favoriva lo sviluppo di un positivismo relativo.
PER UN ARCHIVIO DELLA CORRISPONDENZA DEGLI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI
Authors: VACCARI EZIO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>The aim of the presentation of the correspondence of the venetian scientist Giovanni Arduino (1714-1795) is to provide a tool for future research concerning the body of scientific work of this important scholar who has scarcely been appreciated by historians of eighteenth century geology until now. The inventory of correspondence includes unpublished letters found in various collections of manuscripts and letters published in periodicals of the eighteenth century. The correspondence, covering the period 1753-1795, allows the reconstruction of the stages of development of Giovanni Arduino scientific and technical contribution.
DOCUMENTI DI ARCHEOLOGIA FORESTALE: LESEGHERIEIDRAULICHE DELLA VALLE DEL PIAVE
Authors: AGNOLETTI MAURO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>Water-powered saws were the first kind of mechanized installations to saw logs. The author analyses the technical features and the history of the «Venetian saws» of the Cadore region, an area that was at the centre of an economic system based on the use of forest resources, saw milling and water transportation of wood. The presence of these installations in this area dates back to the twelfth century. In the middle of the nineteenth century they reached their largest number. Some of these saws are still in operation in the province of Belluno.
GEOLOGIA E ATTIVITÀ MINERARIA IN ITALIA SETTENTRIONALE TRA SETTECENTO ED OTTOCENTO: L'INFLUENZA DELLA «SCUOLA DI FREIBERG» SU ALCUNI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI 1
Authors: VACCARI EZIO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>The relevance of German mineralogy and mining was completely recognized in northern Italy during the eighteenth century, for example in the work of two distinguished Italian scientists such as Giovanni Arduino and Benedetto Spirito Nicolis di Robilant Malet. Nevertheless, between the end of the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century, the growing diffusion of the lithogenetic theories of Abraham Gottlob Werner caused the internal division of the Italian scientific community between «volcanists» and «neptunists». The present study gives a general look at this controversy, through published and unpublished sources, paying particular attention to the Venetian area.
'NOTHING IN NATURE THAT IS NOT USEFUL' THE ANTI-VACCINATION CRUSADE AND THE IDEA OF HARMONIA NATURAE IN ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE *
Authors: SCARPELLI GIACOMO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Nella seconda meta del XIX sec. la coscienza del Vittorianesimo fu turbata dal dilagare del movimento avverso alla vaccinazione antivaiolosa imposta dal governo inglese. II timore preconcetto dell'inoculazione artificiale del virus nell'individuo provoco la reazione sia degli strati popolari e del clero, sia di politici progressisti che pure giudicavano prioritario un aggiornamento della sanita sociale, sia di filosofi e naturalisti quali Spencer e Darwin, la cui opposizione al vaccino trovava un precedente in Kant. Proprio Wallace, che con Darwin era autore della teoria della selezione naturale, fu figura centrale del movimento contro la vaccinazione obbligatoria. Ritenendosi «piu darwiniano di Darwin», ma in realta rivelandosi fondamentalmente spiritualista, Wallace attribuiva all'opera della selezione naturale un valore assoluto, e vedeva in essa la manifestazione del sublime accordo dell'intero mondo vivente. L'evoluzione secondo Wallace aveva seguito un piano prestabilito, e l'uomo ne rappresentava il coronamento e il balzo qualitativo; il suo equilibrio con l'ambiente circostante, virus e batteri compresi, non doveva percio essere sconvolto da vaccini; piuttosto occorreva un innalzamento morale e sociale: migliori condizioni di vita avrebbero garantito maggiore igiene e minore predisposizione alle malattie. In seguito il vaiolo sarebbe stato ugualmente debellato col vaccino, ma mediante la somministrazione in dosi ridotte e piu raffinate rispetto a quelle dell'epoca di Wallace.
BOSCOVICH E LA TRADIZIONE GESUITICA IN FILOSOFIA NATURALE: CONTINUITÀ E CAMBIAMENTO*
Authors: BALDINI UGO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>Boscovich is usually considered an original thinker not only in the sense that some concepts of his are highly characteristic (something that is surely true), but also in the sense that they may be more related with a random choice of elements than with a specific genetic context. This looks like an anomaly, in so far as he was formed in a tradition that was both characterized and formalized (namely, the epistemology and the natural philosophy taught by the Society of Jesus). This paper tries to recognize some elements in that tradition which influenced (if not determined) his thought, partly in the choice and formulation of problems, partly in concepts and methods of analysis, partly in solutions.
FILIPPO SALVIATI: A BAROQUE VIRTUOSO
Authors: BIAGIOLI MARIO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Si presentano nuove indicazioni documentarie a proposito della biografia di Filippo Salviati. Si mostra che, contrariamente a quanto creduto, la partenza di Filippo da Firenze nel 1613 non fu conseguenza di dispute a corte. La seconda parte dell'articolo discute una possibile relazione tra la cultura patrizia di Filippo e il suo sostegno alla scienza di Galileo.
VINCENZIO CHIARUGI
Authors: BERNI STEFANO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>In 1788 the Bonifazio Hospital in Florence was again open to public and to its insane guests, after it had been restored following the illuministic ideas of the Granduca of Tuscany, Leopoldo I. Vincenzio Chiarugi became the head physician of the hospital and in 1789 he wrote the Leopoldian Regulation. In 1793 he published his new book, Della Pazzia [On Madness], on the grounds of the new rationalistic code.
Strengthening the OSCE's capacities in conflict prevention, crisis management and conflict resolution
Authors: Ackermann Alice 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTwenty years after the 1992 Helsinki Document — Challenges of Change, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) agreed at the 2011 Ministerial Council in Vilnius, Lithuania, on a decision intended to strengthen the OSCE's capacities in early warning, early action, dialogue facilitation and mediation-support as well as post-conflict rehabilitation. MC Decision 3/11 is an important one, in particular, as OSCE participating States were required to revisit the Organization's approach to conflict prevention and resolution over the last three years. The outcome was been an impressive document that demands the implementation of concrete action toward the creation of a systematic early warning and mediation-support capacity and the enhancement of early response to emerging crisis and conflict situations.
Weather Regime Transitions and the Interannual Variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Part II: Dynamical Processes
Authors: Luo Dehai , Cha Jing , Feldstein Steven B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In this study, attention is focused on identifying the dynamical processes that contribute to the negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)− to positive NAO (NAO+) and NAO+ to NAO− transitions that occur during 1978–90 (P1) and 1991–2008 (P2). By constructing Atlantic ridge (AR) and Scandinavian blocking (SBL) indices, the composite analysis demonstrates that in a stronger AR (SBL) winter NAO− (NAO+) event can more easily transition into an NAO+ (NAO−) event. Composites of 300-hPa geopotential height anomalies for the NAO− to NAO+ and NAO+ to NAO− transition events during P1 and P2 are calculated. It is shown for P2 (P1) that the NAO+ to SBL to NAO− (NAO− to AR to NAO+) transition results from the retrograde drift of an enhanced high-latitude, large-scale, positive (negative) anomaly over northern Europe during the decay of the previous NAO+ (NAO−) event. This finding cannot be detected for NAO events without transition.
Moreover, it is found that the amplification of retrograding wavenumber 1 is more important for the NAO− to NAO+ transition during P1, but the marked reintensification and retrograde movement of both wavenumbers 1 and 2 after the NAO+ event decays is crucial for the NAO+ to NAO− transition during P2. It is further shown that destructive (constructive) interference between wavenumbers 1 and 2 over the North Atlantic during P1 (P2) is responsible for the subsequent weak NAO+ (strong NAO−) anomaly associated with the NAO− to NAO+ (NAO+ to NAO−) transition. Also, the weakening (strengthening) of the vertically integrated zonal wind (upstream Atlantic storm track) is found to play an important role in the NAO regime transition.
The Relationship between the Speed and the Latitude of an Eddy-Driven Jet in a Stirred Barotropic Model
Authors: Kidston Joseph , Vallis G. K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A stirred barotropic model on a sphere is used to investigate the relationship between the speed and the latitude of an eddy-driven jet. When the wind speed is increased in the model, the jet shifts poleward, despite the fact that the stirring of vorticity remains statistically constant. The cause is found to be increasing meridional shear that results from increasing the wind speed in a meridionally confined region and reduces the absolute vorticity gradient on the flanks of the jet. This has two related consequences. The first is that wave propagation is discouraged, as a turning latitude is created where the absolute vorticity gradient tends to zero. On the sphere, this occurs first at high latitudes, thereby shifting wave dissipation toward the equator. The reduced high-latitude dissipation causes a poleward shift of the jet. The second consequence occurs when the vorticity gradient actually becomes negative, in which case the waves may overreflect where an instability is present, providing a high-latitude source of pseudomomentum. This may further encourage the jet to shift poleward.
The relevance of the barotropic dynamics to more realistic atmospheres is unclear, but the intermodel variability of the poleward shift of the jet in response to increasing CO2 across a suite of state-of-the-art GCMs is consistent with the barotropic dynamics, suggesting that further investigation is warranted.
The Hydrological Cycle in Three State-of-the-Art Reanalyses: Intercomparison and Performance Analysis
Authors: Lorenz Christof , Kunstmann Harald 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The three state-of-the-art global atmospheric reanalysis models—namely, ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA; NASA), and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR; NCEP)—are analyzed and compared with independent observations in the period between 1989 and 2006. Comparison of precipitation and temperature estimates from the three models with gridded observations reveals large differences between the reanalyses and also of the observation datasets. A major source of uncertainty in the observations is the spatial distribution and change of the number of gauges over time. In South America, active measuring stations were reduced from 4267 to 390. The quality of precipitation estimates from the reanalyses strongly depends on the geographic location, as there are significant differences especially in tropical regions. The closure of the water cycle in the three reanalyses is analyzed by estimating long-term mean values for precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and moisture flux divergence. Major shortcomings in the moisture budgets of the datasets are mainly due to inconsistencies of the net precipitation minus evaporation and evapotranspiration, respectively, (P − E) estimates over the oceans and landmasses. This imbalance largely originates from the assimilation of radiance sounding data from the NOAA-15 satellite, which results in an unrealistic increase of oceanic P − E in the MERRA and CFSR budgets. Overall, ERA-Interim shows both a comparatively reasonable closure of the terrestrial and atmospheric water balance and a reasonable agreement with the observation datasets. The limited performance of the three state-of-the-art reanalyses in reproducing the hydrological cycle, however, puts the use of these models for climate trend analyses and long-term water budget studies into question.
Reliability and validity of the ultrasound technique to measure the rectus femoris muscle diameter in older CAD-patients
Authors: Thomaes Tom , Thomis Martine , Onkelinx Steven , Coudyzer Walter , Cornelissen Véronique , Vanhees Luc 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
The increasing age of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients and the occurrence of sarcopenia in the elderly population accompanied by 'fear of moving' and hospitalization in these patients often results in a substantial loss of skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength. Cardiac rehabilitation can improve exercise tolerance and muscle strength in CAD patients but less data describe eventual morphological muscular changes possibly by more difficult access to imaging techniques. Therefore the aim of this study is to assess and quantify the reliability and validity of an easy applicable method, the ultrasound (US) technique, to measure the diameter of rectus femoris muscle in comparison to the muscle dimensions measured with CT scans.

Methods
45 older CAD patients without cardiac event during the last 9 months were included in this study. 25 patients were tested twice with ultrasound with a two day interval to assess test-retest reliability and 20 patients were tested twice (once with US and once with CT) on the same day to assess the validity of the US technique compared to CT as the gold standard. Isometric and isokinetic muscle testing was performed to test potential zero-order correlations between muscle diameter, muscle volume and muscle force.

Results
An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.97 ((95%CL: 0.92 - 0.99) was found for the test-retest reliability of US and the ICC computed between US and CT was 0.92 (95%CL: 0.81 - 0.97). The absolute difference between both techniques was 0.01 ± 0.12 cm (p = 0.66) resulting in a typical percentage error of 4.4%. Significant zero-order correlations were found between local muscle volume and muscle diameter assessed with CT (r = 0.67, p = 0.001) and assessed with US (r = 0.49, p < 0.05). Muscle strength parameters were also significantly correlated with muscle diameter assessed with both techniques (range r = 0.45-r = 0.61, p < 0.05).

Conclusions
Ultrasound imaging can be used as a valid and reliable measurement tool to assess the rectus femoris muscle diameter in older CAD patients.
Obesity-associated insulin resistance is correlated to adipose tissue vascular endothelial growth factors and metalloproteinase levels
Authors: Tinahones Francisco José , Coín-Aragüez Leticia , Mayas Maria Dolores , Garcia-Fuentes Eduardo , Hurtado-del-Pozo Carmen , Vendrell Joan , Cardona Fernando , Calvo Rosa-Maria , Obregon Maria-Jesus , El Bekay Rajaa 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
The expansion of adipose tissue is linked to the development of its vasculature, which appears to have the potential to regulate the onset of obesity. However, at present, there are no studies highlighting the relationship between human adipose tissue angiogenesis and obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR).

Results
Our aim was to analyze and compare angiogenic factor expression levels in both subcutaneous (SC) and omentum (OM) adipose tissues from morbidly obese patients (n = 26) with low (OB/L-IR) (healthy obese) and high (OB/H-IR) degrees of IR, and lean controls (n = 17). Another objective was to examine angiogenic factor correlations with obesity and IR.
Here we found that VEGF-A was the isoform with higher expression in both OM and SC adipose tissues, and was up-regulated 3-fold, together with MMP9 in OB/L-IR as compared to leans. This up-regulation decreased by 23% in OB/-H-IR compared to OB/L-IR. On the contrary, VEGF-B, VEGF-C and VEGF-D, together with MMP15 was down-regulated in both OB/H-IR and OB/L-IR compared to lean patients. Moreover, MMP9 correlated positively and VEGF-C, VEGF-D and MMP15 correlated negatively with HOMA-IR, in both SC and OM.

Conclusion
We hereby propose that the alteration in MMP15, VEGF-B, VEGF-C and VEGF-D gene expression may be caused by one of the relevant adipose tissue processes related to the development of IR, and the up-regulation of VEGF-A in adipose tissue could have a relationship with the prevention of this pathology.
Toxicity of various silver nanoparticles compared to silver ions in Daphnia magna
Authors: Asghari Saba , Johari Seyed Ali , Lee Ji Hyun , Kim Yong Seok , Jeon Yong Bae , Choi Hyun Jung , Moon Min Chaul , Yu Il Je 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
To better understand the potential ecotoxicological impacts of silver nanoparticles released into freshwater environments, the Daphnia magna 48-hour immobilization test was used.

Methods
The toxicities of silver nitrate, two types of colloidal silver nanoparticles, and a suspension of silver nanoparticles were assessed and compared using standard OECD guidelines. Also, the swimming behavior and visible uptake of the nanoparticles by Daphnia were investigated and compared. The particle suspension and colloids used in the toxicity tests were well-characterized.

Results
The results obtained from the exposure studies showed that the toxicity of all the silver species tested was dose and composition dependent. Plus, the silver nanoparticle powders subsequently suspended in the exposure water were much less toxic than the previously prepared silver nanoparticle colloids, whereas the colloidal silver nanoparticles and AgNO3 were almost similar in terms of mortality. The silver nanoparticles were ingested by the Daphnia and accumulated under the carapace, on the external body surface, and connected to the appendages. All the silver species in this study caused abnormal swimming by the D. magna.

Conclusion
According to the present results, silver nanoparticles should be classified according to GHS (Globally Harmonized System of classification and labeling of chemicals) as "category acute 1" to Daphnia neonates, suggesting that the release of nanosilver into the environment should be carefully considered.