bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of Corn to Zinc and Chromium in Municipal Wastes Applied to Soil
Authors: Mortvedt J. J. , Giordano P. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo coarsely ground air‐dried municipal sewage sludges and a garbage compost were mixed with Hartsells fsl (limed to pH 5.5) at rates of 15, 75, or 300 g/3 kg of soil in two greenhouse pot experiments. Fine ZnSO4 and Na2Cr2O7 were each mixed with soil limed to pH 5.5 to 7.0 at rates up to 1,400 ppm of Zn and 320 ppm of Cr, equivalent to rates applied in the organic wastes. Three successive crops of corn (Zea mays L.) were planted 0, 7, and 18 months after waste application.Corn forage yields were increased only in Crops 1 and 3 by compost applications but were not affected by sludge applications. Concentrations of Zn in the corn forage increased with application rate and Zn content of the three waste products. In contrast, Cr concentrations in the corn were not affected by the 0.05% to 1.36% Cr in the wastes. Concentrations of both Zn and Cr in the corn forage were much higher from ZnSO4 and Na2Cr2O7 from each waste at similar Zn and Cr rates and soil pH. Levels of 0.5N HCl‐extractable Zn and Cr in the soil after each harvest increased with application rate of Zn and Cr in each organic waste and inorganic salt, but were not proportional to plant concentrations.Trivalent Cr as Cr2(SO4)3 was less toxic to corn than hexavalent Cr as Na2Cr2O7 at a rate of 80 ppm of Cr, while both sources were very toxic at 320 ppm. Toxicity resulted from ZnSO4 in pH 5.5 soil at 240 ppm Zn and at 960 ppm in soil above pH 6.5. Results of these experiments suggest that Zn and Cr contained in municipal wastes applied at high rates are not toxic to corn even after relatively long periods in the soil. Reduced plant uptake of these heavy metals in organic waste was not due entirely to their liming effect on the soil.
Comparison of Two Predictive Nonequilibrium One‐Dimensional Models for Phosphorus Sorption and Movement through Homogeneous Soils
Authors: Enfield Carl G. , Shew D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo models were tested for their ability to predict phosphorus breakthrough curves. The basic difference between the two models is the method of describing the kinetics of sorption. It was found, when comparing theoretically predicted breakthrough curves with experimental breakthrough curves, that the model using the kinetic equation ∂S/∂t = a Cb Sd produced a better fit to the experimental data than a first order rate equation.
The Responses of Soils and Soil Microorganisms to Silver Iodide Weather Modification Agents
Authors: Sokol R. A. , Klein D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo determine the consequences of AgI weather modification agent accumulation to the soil microbial environment, the effects of added silver compounds on microbial growth, anaerobic cellulose degradation, and the soil environment adjacent to a cloud seeding generator were investigated. Silver ion from AgNO3 inhibited microbial growth in cultures at concentrations as low as 6 × 10−9 g ml−1 and cultures saturated with AgI displayed an inhibition of growth initiation approximately equivalent to 35 × 10−9 g ml−1 silver ion. Muds containing AgI exhibited significantly decreased anaerobic cellulose degradation rates in long term experiments, when concentrations of 100 µg AgI/g were present. An analysis of the soil surrounding a seeding generator site in Steamboat Springs, Colorado indicated that deposited silver tends to remain near the soil surface (0–2 cm). Alterations in the soil environment due to high silver concentrations were indicated by consistently higher organic matter levels, water contents, microbial populations, and rates of soil respiration. These results suggest that high concentrations of seeding agent potentially can alter the soil microbial environment by inhibiting organic matter decomposition, but that the silver levels which accumulate in seeded target areas should have no overt effects on the soil environment.
The Impact of Molybdenum‐Enriched Irrigation Water on Agricultural Soils Near Brighton, Colorado
Authors: Jackson D. R. , Lindsay W. L. , Heil R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Mo concentration in water, soils, and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was monitored for one growing season to determine the impact of using Mo‐enriched irrigation water near Brighton, Colorado. The concentration of Mo in irrigation water in this area ranged from 27 to 213 ppb. A significant increase of Mo concentration in alfalfa and available soil Mo was observed at one site irrigated with water containing 213 ppb Mo. The Mo concentration in the alfalfa at this site increased during the growing season from 4.3 to 7.2 ppm. This level is below the 10 ppm level considered toxic to livestock.Plant Mo was highly correlated (r = 0.94) with resin‐extractable Mo in a greenhouse experiment using soils from three of the field sites. Field results were less satisfactory (r = 0.51), partially due to limited indigenous levels of Mo in the soils.A simulation model was used to assess the potential hazards of irrigating with water containing from 0 to 600 ppb Mo. The results of the simulation indicate that a level of 400 ppb Mo in irrigation water applied to soil with 40% retention of Mo in an available form would result in toxic levels of Mo in plants within 3 years.The impact of Mo on the Brighton area during one growing season was minimal in relation to uptake of Mo by plants. Further studies are necessary to assess the long term effects of Mo accumulation in soils and irrigated with Mo‐enriched waters.
Influence of Soils on Bacterial Contamination of a Watershed from Septic Sources
Authors: Reneau R. B. , Elder J. H. , Pettry D. E. , Weston C. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSurface and perched ground waters collected from an 80‐ha watershed were evaluated for bacteriological quality by enumeration of total and fecal coliform densities. This watershed is located at the western edge of the Coastal Plain Physiographic Province and the eastern edge of the Piedmont Plateau. Soils present have developed from both Piedmont and Coastal Plain materials. Analyses of surface waters from areas influenced by failing septic systems demonstrated a large range in total and fecal coliform densities. Sites not subjected to runoff from areas that contained failing septic systems had no detectable fecal coliform count in four of nine observations, whereas, in other sites where septic effluent was coming directly to the surface without passing through any soil material, the total and fecal coliform densities were in excess of 2.4 × 107/100 ml at some dates. Most of the surface waters in this watershed would not meet minimum recommendations for surface waters to be used for primary contact sports or public water supplies. Total and fecal coliform counts for subsurface samples generally decreased as a function of distance from the source of pollution.
Phosphorus Movement in Soils: Soil‐Orthophosphate Reaction Kinetics
Authors: Novak L. T. , Adriano D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper presents four models to describe the kinetics of P adsorption‐desorption reactions in soils. The mass transfer model, Langmuir kinetics model, and Langmuir‐Hinshelwood models were developed and compared with phosphate adsorption data on a soil obtained by batch‐shaken flask experiments.For P adsorption times up to 3 hours, the mass transfer and Langmuir kinetics models described the experimental data very well. The Langmuir kinetics model gave a slightly better fit of the experimental data. These kinetic data probably represent an upper bound for unsaturated flow in soils.
Determination of Total Mercury in Soils and Sediments
Authors: Floyd M. , Sommers L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple one‐step digestion procedure was evaluated for extracting total mercury from soils and sediments. The procedure evaluated involves digesting soil or sediment samples with concentrated HNO3 and 4N K2Cr2O7 (2:1, vol/vol) for 4 hours at 55C and analyzing mercury in the extract by flameless atomic absorption. Recovery of total mercury from diverse samples was comparable to or exceeded that obtained by four alternative total mercury procedures. Essentially quantitative recovery of mercury was obtained when samples were amended with mercuric chloride, methylmercuric chloride, phenylmercuric acetate, and mercuric sulfide. The procedure developed was precise with coefficients of variation ranging from 1 to 3%. Parameters affecting the quantitative extraction of total mercury were studied.
Phosphate Sorption Characteristics of Soils Treated with Domestic Waste Water
Authors: Sawhney B. L. , Hill D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhosphate sorption capacities of several Connecticut soils having widely different physical and chemical characteristics were determined in the laboratory using dilute P solutions. Sorption capacity was defined as the amount of P sorbed by a soil at equilibrium with a 2 × 10−4M P solution which is approximately the concentration of soluble orthophosphate in domestic waste water. Although sorption capacities of the soils varied over a 4‐fold range, calculations based on these determinations revealed that soils surrounding drainfields of septic tank systems can effectively remove P from waste water for a number of years. Treatment of undisturbed soil cores with simulated waste water for 2 years and determination of P sorption by soils from exhumed septic tank drainfields used up to 15 years substantiate these findings and further show that P moved very slowly in the soil from the source of supply. In addition, soils surrounding the oldest drainfields were not completely saturated with P and retained a portion of their P sorption capacity. These observations led to the hypothesis that P sorption sites in soils are regenerated with time. Regeneration was confirmed in further laboratory experiments. Soils that had been successively treated with P solution, showed reduced P sorption capacity but regained the capacity to sorb P after drying and wetting cycles. Thus, phosphate sorption capacities of soils are greater than simple laboratory determinations indicate.
Fixation of Arsenical Herbicides, Phosphate, and Arsenate in Alluvial Soils
Authors: Wauchope R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe sorption of arsenic (as arsenate), phosphate, DSMA (disodium methanearsonate) and the sodium salt of cacodylic acid (hydroxydimethylarsine oxide) by 16 Mississippi River alluvial flood plain soils was measured in a slurry experiment in which initial pH and solute molar solution concentrations for all four solutes were identical. Sorption of the two organoarsenical herbicides was strongly correlated with arsenate and phosphate sorption, and sorption of all four species was strongly correlated with clay and iron oxide contents of the soils. In 10−3 to 10−4M solution, the arsenicals are more strongly sorbed than phosphate with sorption increasing in the order P < cacodylate < arsenate ≃ methylarsonate.
A Mound System for Onsite Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent in Slowly Permeable Soils with Seasonally Perched Water Tables
Authors: Bouma J. , Converse J. C. , Otis R. J. , Walker W. G. , Ziebell W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSlowly permeable soils with seasonal high water tables cannot be used for conventional subsurface disposal of septic tank effluent. An alternative mound system is described which consists of soil‐covered seepage trenches on top of 60 cm of sand fill deposited on the original soil surface. The bottom area of the mound is sufficiently large to allow soil absorption of effluent considering the low conductivity of the subsoil, which was measured in situ with the crust test procedure. Monitoring data for four experimental mound systems and design and construction criteria are discussed.
Land Application of Sewage Sludge: III. Nitrate Accumulation and Wheat Growth Resulting from Addition of Sewage Sludge and Wood Wastes to Soils
Authors: Sabey B. R. , Agbim N. N. , Markstrom D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnaerobically digested sewage sludge, and wood and bark residues were added to a Nunn clay loam at several mixtures and rates up to 224 dry metric tons/ha in laboratory and greenhouse studies to determine the effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) growth and on nitrate accumulation in the soil.With increasing proportions of sludge and decreasing wood‐bark residues, there was an increase in wheat growth at all application rates except 224 metric tons/ha, wherein the yield dropped with the 100% sludge treatment. Results were similar with the wood‐sludge and bark‐sludge mixtures with only slight variations.Nitrate accumulation was low whenever the wood residue‐sludge mixtures had more than 50% wood residue. Relative NO3−‐N accumulation indices were determined for each application rate and each wood‐bark‐sludge combination, showing the N immobilization tendency of the wood‐bark‐sludge mixtures.The relationship between wheat growth in the greenhouse and nitrate accumulation in the laboratory soils has a correlation coefficient of 0.82 (significant at 0.99 probability level). Therefore, the wheat growth may have been limited by lack of nitrate resulting from immobilization of N when high proportions of wood residues were added in the organic waste. Maximum wheat growth occurred with the same treatments in the greenhouse that caused the soil in the laboratory to accumulate about 300 ppm of NO3−‐N in a 2 month period. For this study, near maximum wheat growth resulted from several different mixtures and rates of wood (W), bark (B), and sludge (S), including 224 metric tons/ha of WB‐25%S‐75%, 224 metric tons/ha of B‐25%S‐75%, 224 metric tons/ha of W‐50%S‐50%, and 112 metric tons/ha of W‐25%S‐75%.
Effect of Ozone on the Yield and Plant Biomass of a Commercial Variety of Tomato
Authors: Oshima R. J. , Taylor O. C. , Braegelmann P. K. , Baldwin D. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA commercial variety of pole tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. H‐11) was exposed to 20 and 35 parts per hundred million (pphm) ozone for 2.5 hours, 3 days each week over a period of weeks. Extensive foliar injury, defoliation, and highly significant reductions in plant biomass occurred at both exposure levels. However, fruit yield was significantly reduced only at the higher 35 pphm ozone concentration. This reduction was due to a decrease in the number of fruit and not to a decrease in fruit weight. Fruit yield in the 20 pphm treatment was equal to that of the control despite a 27% reduction in total dry weight of plants. These results indicate the presence of a threshold for the effect of ozone on yield.
Determination of Total Nitrogen in Natural Waters
Authors: Nelson D. W. , Sommers L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple, precise, and rapid method for estimating total N (to include nitrate and nitrite) in natural water is given. The proposed method involves evaporation of the water sample, pretreatment of the evaporated sample with reduced iron and H2SO4 to reduce nitrate to ammonium, and subsequent Kjeldahl digestion of the sample to recover organic N. Evaporation, pretreatment, and digestion of samples are accomplished in Folin‐Wu nonprotein tubes. Ammonium in the digest is estimated by steam distillation and subsequent titration. Evaluation of the proposed method revealed that the recovery of nitrate N and organic N in samples was affected by the amount of reduced iron added (200 mg was satisfactory), by the brand of reduced iron used (several preparations were satisfactory), and by gently boiling the sample with reduced iron and H2SO4 prior to digestion. The proposed method was effective in recovering nitrate N and organic N from water solution over a wide range in concentration and the method was successful in recovering nitrate N and organic N added to filtered and unfiltered river and pond water samples. The precision of the proposed method was satisfactory for total N analysis of water samples, and the method appears adequate for estimation of total N in most water and waste water samples.
Cadmium and Zinc Contents of Corn Leaf and Grain Produced by Sludge‐amended Soil
Authors: Jones Robert L. , Hinesly T. D. , Ziegler E. L. , Tyler J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLiquid digested sludge (heated anaerobic digestion) was incorporated at different rates in Blount silt loam over 3 and 4 years. Cadmium and Zn were determined in corn ear leaf at tassel and in grain (Zea mays L.) in 1971 and 1972. Cadmium and Zn extractable from soil with 0.1/V HCI were also estimated. The elements increased in soil and tissue with sludge application. Cadmium in leaf was not affected significantly by soil pH but Cd in grain was significantly reduced above and below pH 6. Below pH 6.3, Zn content in the leaf was substantially increased by increasing availability of Zn. However, above pH 7 when large amounts of Zn were available, increases in leaf content were not observed. Zinc concentrations in grain, except at high levels in soil (about 200 ppm by 0.1/V HCI) and low pH (about 4.8), follow the distribution of Cd. Highest Cd content in grain was about 1.0 ppm when about 15 ppm of available Cd was present; this Cd level was associated with about 40 ppm Zn.
Distribution of Plutonium in Soil Particle Size Fractions of Liquid Effluent‐Receiving Areas at Los Alamos
Authors: Nyhan J. W. , Miera F. R. , Peters R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe alluvial soils of three liquid effluent‐receiving areas at Los Alamos, New Mexico were sampled to determine the distribution of 238Pu and 239,240Pu in soil size fractions as a function of soil depth, distance from the waste outfall, and soil physical‐chemical properties. Although the plutonium concentrations in the <53 µm soil size fraction were 10 times higher than plutonium levels in the 2–23 mm fraction, the largest portion of the plutonium inventory in the average soil sample was found in size fractions > 105 µm. Plutonium concentrations decreased curvilinearly with distance from the waste outfall and with soil depth in the soils of discharge areas currently receiving treated liquid wastes. The < 53 µm size fractions contained 7‐fold larger surface areas and 3‐fold larger cation exchange capacities than the 2–23 mm size fractions; plutonium concentrations in the size fractions were correlated with surface area in all three discharge areas.Significant differences in the distribution of 238Pu and 239,240Pu were found in the soil size fractions from Mortandad canyon. Most soil separates from this canyon exhibited an approximate doubling of the 239,240Pu/238Pu ratio with increased soil depth and within 40 m from the waste outfall. The <53 µm soil size fraction had a 2‐fold higher average 239,240Pu/238Pu ratio for each sampling station than the 2–23 mm size fraction.The distribution of plutonium in the soil size fractions is discussed as a function of changing isotopic composition of the liquid wastes added to the canyons, movement of soil and plutonium in these intermittent streams, and potential isotopic differences in the behavior of 238Pu and 239,240Pu.
Geologic Nitrogen in Pleistocene Loess of Nebraska
Authors: Boyce J. S. , Muir John , Edwards A. P. , Seim E. C. , Olson R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResearch into the relationship between fertilizer use and water quality in Nebraska has resulted in the discovery of large quantities of geologic nitrate within the deep loess mantle of southwestern and central Nebraska. The NO3− is first encountered at a depth of about 7 m and continues to an unknown depth in excess of 30 m. Nitrate‐N values of 25 to 45 ppm characterize the N zone, but values to 87 ppm have been recorded. The NO3− exists only under the leveler uplands of the region; however, it is on this plain that rapid development of irrigation is taking place and it has been shown that the NO3− has been leached from beneath older irrigation sites on the plain.
Maximizing Denitrification during Soil Filtration of Sewage Water
Authors: Lance J. C. , Whisler F. D. , Rice R. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo methods were developed to remove 80% of the nitrogen from secondary sewage effluent during soil filtration by using soil columns. No external energy source was needed to achieve denitrification with either method, and the volumes of water applied far exceeded irrigation rates for cropland. For the first method nitrogen removal was increased exponentially by decreasing the infiltration rate from 35 to 15 cm/day, which allowed nitrates formed during dry periods to mix with sewage effluent infiltrated during the succeeding flooding periods and provided a C to NO3‐N ratio favorable for denitrification. In a second method, nitrogen was removed by collecting high‐nitrate water after soil filtration, mixing it with sewage effluent, and recycling the mixture through the soil.
Ammonia Volatilization from Dairy Manure Spread on the Soil Surface
Authors: Lauer D. A. , Bouldin D. R. , Klausner S. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVolatilization of ammonia from manure spread in the field was measured in five experiments carried out over a period of 2 years in spring, summer, and winter. The rates of manure application were 34 and 200 metric tons/ha (15 and 90 tons/acre). Ammonia volatilization was determined after spreading by periodically measuring the total ammoniacal N (TAN) content of manure samples collected from the soil surface. Corrections were made for increase in ammoniacal N in the soil. Time spans of the experiments ranged from 5 to 25 days with total losses of NH3 ranging from 61 to 99% of the TAN content. Quantities of N volatilized as NH3 ranged from 17 to 316 kg N/ha depending on the application rate and TAN content of the manure. In the winter trial, NH3 volatilization was precluded by subfreezing temperatures, snow cover, and a rapid thaw which leached the ammoniacal N into the soil. In the other experiments, for a period of 5 to 7 days after spreading, rates of NH3 loss are represented by mean half‐lives of 1.86 to 3.36 days, respectively, for the low and high rates of manure application. After the initial period of loss, the rate of NH3 volatilization slowed in most cases. The 34 metric tons/ha manure application dried more rapidly because of its thinner ground cover, which increased the rate of NH3 loss from the manure. Volatilization of NH3 was optimum under sustained drying conditions. Effects of drying on the manure in relation to the chemistry of NH3 in aqueous solution in the manure aided in understanding the process of NH3 volatilization from the manure.
Dissipation of Residues of 2,4‐D in Static Water
Authors: Averitt W. K. , Gangstad E. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rate of dissipation of residues of 2,4‐D (2,4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) at the point of application, applied for control of aquatic vegetation, was found to be affected by the rate of treatment, depth of water, mean temperature, and time after treatment. For the standard rate of treatment, i.e., 4.48 kilograms acid equivalent per hectare (kg ae/ha) there was a decrease of 58 parts per billion (ppb) in residue for each 0.61 m increase in depth of water treated, a decrease of 115 ppb in residue for each 7C increase in mean temperature, and a decrease of 53 ppb in residue for each 7‐day interval of time after treatment.