bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary seaweed on obesity-related metabolic status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Łagowska Karolina , Jurgoński Adam , Mori Mari , Yamori Yukio , Murakami Shigeru , Ito Takashi , Toda Toshiya , Pieczyńska-Zając Joanna Maria , Bajerska Joanna 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Context
Seaweed is a promising source of anti-obesity agents, including polysaccharides, proteins, polyphenols, carotenoids, and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The anti-obesity effects of such compounds may be due to several mechanisms, including inhibition of lipid absorption and metabolism, effect on satiety, and inhibition of adipocyte differentiation.

Objective
The aim of this study was to assess the evidence from human randomized controlled trials for the effects of seaweed on body-weight status as well as lipid and nonlipid parameters in adults with overweight and obesity.

Data Sources
Four databases—Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library—were searched from December 2022 to June 2023 using the following key words: Seaweed OR fucoxanthin OR alginates OR fucoidans OR phlorotannin’s OR macroalgae OR marine algae AND obesity OR overweight OR BMI OR body mass index.

Data Extraction
Eleven interventional studies (10 parallel and 1 crossover) were extracted.

Data Analysis
Meta-analysis showed a significant effect, favoring the intervention group for BMI (body mass index) (standardized mean difference [SMD]: -0.40; 95% CI: -0.65 to -0.16 kg/m2; P = 0.0013) and percentage of fat mass (SMD: -1.48; 95% CI: -2.66% to -0.30%, P = 0.0138). The results were seen when refined or extracted brown seaweed (BMI) or only refined brown seaweed (% fat mass) were administered to participants for at least 8 weeks. Moreover, a significant overall effect of seaweed supplementation on total cholesterol (SMD: -7.72; 95% CI: -12.49 to -2.95 mg/dL; P = 0.0015) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD: -7.33; 95% CI: -11.64 to -3.02 mg/dL; P &lt; 0.001) was noted. Any significant effects of seaweed on glucose metabolism were not shown.

Conclusion
Edible seaweed supplementation shows potential for managing obesity and disorders of the blood lipid profile when administered to participants for at least 8 weeks.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022378484 (www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO).
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Epidemiology and Serotype Replacement After the Introduction of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Ontario, Canada, 2007–2022
Authors: Grewal Ramandip , Hillier Kelty , Deeks Shelley L , Yeung Allison H , Wilson Sarah E , Wijayasri Shinthuja , Harris Tara M , Buchan Sarah A 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
New vaccine products were recently authorized for protection against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Canada. Our aim was to determine age- and serotype-specific trends in IPD incidence and severity in Canada's largest province, Ontario.

Methods
We included all confirmed IPD cases reported in Ontario and defined the pre–pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV13) era (01/2007 to 12/2010), post-PCV13 era (01/2011 to 12/2019), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic era (01/2020 to 12/2022). We estimated incidence, hospitalization, and case fatality rate (CFR) by age. We grouped IPD cases by vaccine-specific serotypes (PCV13; PCV15-non-PCV13; PCV20-non-PCV13; PCV20-non-PCV15; polysaccharide 23-valent vaccine-non-PCV20; and non-vaccine-preventable [NVP]). We then compared incidence rates by age and serotype group in the pre- and post-PCV13 eras by calculating rate ratios (RRs) and their 95% CIs.

Results
Incidence and hospitalizations declined from the pre- to post-PCV13 era in children aged &lt;5 years (RR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.6–0.8; and RR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.7–0.9, respectively), but the CFR increased (1.4% to 2.3%). Other age groups saw smaller declines or more stable incidence rates across the years; hospitalizations increased in adults aged 50–64 years (RR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1–1.4) and ≥65 years (RR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0–1.1). For all ages, IPD cases and hospitalizations attributable to PCV13 serotypes declined, and those attributable to PCV15-non-PCV13, PCV20-non-PCV13, and NVP serotypes increased. IPD incidence declined during the COVID-19 era.

Conclusions
IPD incidence and hospitalizations due to PCV13 serotypes decreased after PCV13 introduction but increased for other serotypes. Continued surveillance is required to evaluate changes to pneumococcal vaccination programs and ongoing changes to the distribution of IPD-causing serotypes.
Variation in North American Infectious Disease Specialists' Practice Regarding Oral and Suppressive Antibiotics for Adult Osteoarticular Infections: Results of an Emerging Infections Network (EIN) Survey
Authors: Cortés-Penfield Nicolás , Beekmann Susan E , Polgreen Philip M , Ryan Keenan , Marschall Jonas , Sekar Poorani 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
Osteoarticular infections (OAIs) are commonly treated with prolonged intravenous (IV) antimicrobials. The Oral versus Intravenous Antibiotics for Bone and Joint Infection (OVIVA) trial demonstrated that oral (PO) antibiotics are noninferior to IV antibiotics in the treatment of OAIs. We surveyed infectious disease (ID) physicians about their use of PO antibiotics in the treatment of OAIs.

Methods
An Emerging Infection Network survey with 9 questions regarding antibiotic prescribing for the treatment of OAIs was sent to 1475 North American ID physicians. The questions were mostly multiple choice and focused on the use of definitive oral antibiotic therapy (defined as oral switch within 2 weeks of starting antibiotics) and chronic suppressive antibiotic therapy (SAT).

Results
Of the 413 physicians who reported treating OAIs, 91% used oral antibiotics at least sometimes and 31% used them as definitive therapy, most often for diabetic foot osteomyelitis and native joint septic arthritis. The oral antibiotics most frequently used for OAIs included trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline/minocycline, and linezolid for Staphylococcus aureus, amoxicillin/cefadroxil/cephalexin for streptococci, and fluoroquinolones for gram-negative organisms. The most common rationales for not transitioning to oral antibiotics included nonsusceptible pathogens, comorbidities preventing therapeutic drug levels, and concerns about adherence. SAT use was variable but employed by a majority in most cases of periprosthetic joint infection managed with debridement and implant retention.

Conclusions
North American ID physicians utilize oral antibiotics and SAT for the management of OAIs, although significant practice variation exists. Respondents voiced a need for updated guidelines.
Isohydricity and hydraulic isolation explain reduced hydraulic failure risk in an experimental tree species mixture
Authors: Moreno Myriam , Simioni Guillaume , Cochard Hervé , Doussan Claude , Guillemot Joannès , Decarsin Renaud , Fernandez-Conradi Pilar , Dupuy Jean-Luc , Trueba Santiago , Pimont François , Ruffault Julien , Jean Frederic , Marloie Olivier , Martin-StPaul Nicolas K 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Species mixture is promoted as a crucial management option to adapt forests to climate change. However, there is little consensus on how tree diversity affects tree water stress, and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. By using a greenhouse experiment and a soil-plant-atmosphere hydraulic model, we explored whether and why mixing the isohydric Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis, drought avoidant) and the anisohydric holm oak (Quercus ilex, drought tolerant) affects tree water stress during extreme drought. Our experiment showed that the intimate mixture strongly alleviated Q. ilex water stress while it marginally impacted P. halepensis water stress. Three mechanistic explanations for this pattern are supported by our modeling analysis. First, the difference in stomatal regulation between species allowed Q. ilex trees to benefit from additional soil water in mixture, thereby maintaining higher water potentials and sustaining gas exchange. By contrast, P. halepensis exhibited earlier water stress and stomatal regulation. Second, P. halepensis trees showed stable water potential during drought, although soil water potential strongly decreased, even when grown in a mixture. Model simulations suggested that hydraulic isolation of the root from the soil associated with decreased leaf cuticular conductance was a plausible explanation for this pattern. Third, the higher predawn water potentials for a given soil water potential observed for Q. ilex in mixture can—according to model simulations—be explained by increased soil-to-root conductance, resulting from higher fine root length. This study brings insights into the mechanisms involved in improved drought resistance of mixed species forests.
Sleep and Alertness in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Cortese Samuele , Konofal Eric , Yateman Nigel , Mouren Marie-Christine , Lecendreux Michel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Study Objective:
To review evidence on sleep and alertness in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) controlling for potential confounding factors.

Methods:
A PubMed search. Studies using ADHD diagnostic criteria other than DSM-III-R or IV and studies not excluding or controlling for psychiatric comorbidity or medication status were not included in the review. Results from objective studies were combined using meta-analysis.

Results:
From the 46 studies located, 13 were retained. With regard to objective studies, the proportion of subjects who fell asleep during the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, the number of movements in sleep, and the apnea-hypopnea index were significantly higher in children with ADHD than in controls. We found no significant differences in other objective parameters (sleep-onset latency; number of stage changes; percentages of stage 1 sleep, stage 2 sleep, slow-wave sleep, or rapid eye movement sleep; rapid eye movement sleep latency; and sleep efficiency). Limited evidence from subjective studies suggests no significant differences in sleep-onset difficulties and bedtime resistance between children with ADHD and controls, after controlling for comorbidity and medication status. Data on sleep duration, night and morning awakenings, and parasomnias are still very limited.

Conclusion:
Results from our systematic review suggest that children with ADHD have higher daytime sleepiness, more movements in sleep, and higher apnea-hypopnea indexes compared with controls. Given the limited number of studies controlling for confounding factors, further subjective and objective studies are needed to better understand alterations in sleep and alertness in children with ADHD.
The 1619 Project Moral Panic: The Role of Cable News
Authors: Leeds Tyler 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The U.S. right is in the throes of a moral panic over the study of race and racism in schools. This panic developed in part through the backlash to the 1619 Project, an effort by the New York Times to reframe American history around the legacy of slavery. How was a publication with anti-racist ambitions co-opted by a movement to reject the teaching of anti-racism? I argue that a key element is cable news coverage of the 1619 Project, which over a two-year period moved from explaining structural racism through references to the Project toward characterizing the Project as a threat to schoolchildren. To parse this Fox News-led transformation, I draw on Stuart Hall’s analysis of the media’s role in fomenting a mugging moral panic, which provides a model for integrating research on meaning-making with media routines. Analyzing an original archive of 567 news segments, I conceptualize three methods of discursive articulation, namely acts that connect distinct meanings with the Project, to explain this transformation. While “reverberations” initially echoed the 1619 Project’s structural arguments, “redirections” created connections to controversies and “reductions” tied the Project to terms laden with anti-American associations.
Covering the ‘Scottish position adequately’: Planning Civil Defence in Post-war Scotland, 1948–59
Authors: Douthwaite Jessica 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This article brings together the histories of post-war Scottish policymaking, local civil defence governance, and the British security state in the first decade of the Cold War, 1948–59. The article addresses three themes: organizational responsibility, evacuation and shelter, and nuclear radiation to show that Scottish cultural, social, and political contexts were distinct from the English precedents set by Whitehall. In the context of developing Cold War security measures, and regional differences, the article argues that Scottish policy-makers negotiated independence over early civil defence planning, while exercising a conciliatory relationship with the central government. Issues raised around regionality posed important questions in Whitehall about the implementation of nuclear era civil defence nationwide. In assessing how this occurred the article augments the debate around Scottish autonomy and administrative distinction in the post-war era and makes a wider contribution to understandings of civil defence cultures in Britain’s Cold War. While studies of civil defence have provided important context to the history of the British Cold War state, local responses to such policy have not been adequately interrogated. This study shows that civil defence is not only an invaluable window onto local government perceptions of Cold War policy but is also a lens onto regional expressions of Second World War memory, post-war recovery, political power, and social organization.
The Art of Speech: Elocution, Speech Training, Speech Therapy, and the Performative Limits of Class in Mid-twentieth-century Britain
Authors: Burchell Andrew 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This article argues that elocution, speech training, and speech therapy—three professions concerned with the voice—were intimately bound up with a shifting politics of class in early- and mid-twentieth-century Britain. The last two, in particular, attempted to stake new claims in the changed landscape of the post-1945 welfare state. Proponents of speech training distinguished themselves from elocutionists and saw their role to improve children’s speech, but they performatively disavowed class as an organizing category within it. This was paralleled by speech therapy, which emerged as a formal profession in Britain in 1945 through the unification of two separate (and often rival) halves of the profession under a single regulatory college, and which found itself having to justify where its pathologizing of vocal production ended and elocution’s focus on the aesthetics of accent began. I argue that these disavowals provide a useful framework through which to read class dynamics and consider the performative dimensions of class identities at this time. Mobilising select writers and speech experts—who straddled the boundaries of elocution, speech training, and speech therapy—this article shows how a variety of different categories, from gender to geography, were employed as proxies to allow for the problematization of dialect but not accent and to efface ‘class’.
Transcriptomic Analysis of Fludioxonil Resistance Mechanisms in Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Acosta Maria Camila Buitrago , Lukasko Nicole T. , Hausbeck Mary K. , Miles Timothy D. , Naegele Rachel P. 
Published: May 2024

Botrytis cinerea is a destructive plant pathogen that infects a wide range of economically important crops. Limiting pathogen infection during production and after harvest is largely dependent on fungicide applications; fungicide-resistant isolates of B. cinerea have been recovered from various hosts. Resistance of B. cinerea to fludioxonil has been associated with overexpression of transporter genes ( BcatrB and mfsM2) and mutations on histidine kinase proteins ( Bos1, Bchhk2, Bchhk17). To identify possible mechanisms associated with fludioxonil resistance, the genomic expression of three sensitive and three low-resistant isolates was studied. Overexpression of BcatrB was observed when comparing low-resistant and sensitive isolates but was not specific to the fludioxonil treatment. Seven amino acid substitutions and one deletion were identified in the transcription factor Bcmrr1 in low-resistant isolates, associated with overexpression of BcatrB. The L497 deletion, previously associated with highly resistant isolates (MDR1h), was observed in two low-resistant isolates. Other differentially expressed genes associated with transmembrane transport, oxidoreductase activity, and lipid metabolic processes could be key in understanding the fungicidal mechanism(s) of fludioxonil. Expression profiles were isolate-specific. Following fludioxonil exposure, two sensitive isolates of B. cinerea sensu stricto showed a change in gene expression levels associated with cell membrane and peroxidase activity. In one low-resistant isolate of B. cinerea group S, fludioxonil exposure resulted in the overexpression of stress response genes and MFS transporter Bcstl1; one sensitive and two low-resistant isolates showed no significant changes in gene expression profiles. This work provides insight into the effect of fludioxonil on B. cinerea and potential fungicide resistance mechanisms. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Jrolf Cheri M. 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT
Lewy body dementia is an umbrella term for dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson disease dementia. These progressive, degenerative brain disorders link dementia with psychosis and parkinsonism and are difficult to diagnose. The diagnosis of DLB is challenging, especially in its early phase, because the presentation is variable. Relevant screening tools and a complete physical examination are essential. Making the correct diagnosis lets patients and caregivers make arrangements, have more timely access to services, improve patient quality of life, and lessen the burden on caregivers.
The opportunity to lead facilitates PA professional well-being
Authors: Bernard Kari Sue , Bostain Nancy 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective:
Physician associates/assistants (PAs) with mature careers represent an important leadership resource for healthcare employers. This study sought to determine whether PA leadership task responsibility interacted with experience level to predict professional well-being.

Methods:
This quantitative study used an archival dataset from a national sample of PAs. The Professional Fulfillment Index was used to measure well-being and career length was used to represent experience level. PA leadership task responsibility was calculated as an aggregate score. Bivariate linear regression with mediation analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between variables.

Results:
An increase in PA experience level predicted higher professional fulfillment and lower burnout, and aggregate leadership task score partially mediated this relationship.

Conclusions:
Granting leadership task responsibility compatible with experience level may enhance PA professional fulfillment, mitigate burnout, and increase PA usefulness for healthcare employers.
Nursemaid's elbow
Authors: Paluch Lauren K. 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT
Radial head subluxation, or nursemaid's elbow, is a common orthopedic complaint in children and often is the result of a pulling injury to the affected arm. Although this injury largely is a clinical diagnosis, different imaging modalities may be used to identify it and confirm successful reduction. Multiple manipulative techniques can be used to treat this injury and methods are generally specific to clinician preference. This article reviews the causes, evaluation, and management of radial head subluxation.
Validation of Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System for Detection of Posttraumatic Stress in Children and Adolescents Following Procedures for Acute Orthopaedic Trauma
Authors: May Collin , Nguyen Hillary Brenda , Miller Patricia , Klajn Justyna , Rademacher Emily , O'Connor Michaela , Hedequist Daniel , Shore Benjamin J. 
Published: May 2024

OBJECTIVES:
The efficiency and validity of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) surveys were determined for pediatric orthopaedic trauma patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a clinic setting.

METHODS:

Design:
Prospective cohort study.

Setting:
Single-institution, Level I trauma center.

Patient Selection Criteria:
All consecutive children aged 8–18 years undergoing procedures or surgery for orthopaedic trauma.

Outcome Measures and Comparisons:
The convergent, divergent, and discriminant validity of the PROMIS Anger and Anxiety computerized adaptive tests (CATs) were evaluated and compared with the previously validated Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS). The efficiency in time to completion of the outcome measures was compared between the CPSS and PROMIS surveys. Cutoffs for increased likelihood of PTSD were established for the PROMIS questionnaires.

RESULTS:
A total of 233 subjects were included in this study (mean age 13.1 years with SD 2.8 years, 71% male). The majority (51%) of injuries were related to sports, and most (60%) involved the upper extremity. Of those included, 41 patients had high levels of PTSD symptoms on the CPSS (18%; 95% CI, 13.1–23.2%). The CPSS took 182 (interquartile range [IQR] 141–228) seconds versus 52 (IQR 36–84) and 52 (IQR 36–70) seconds for PROMIS Anger and Anxiety CATs, respectively. Convergent validity showed patient scores on both PROMIS instruments significantly correlated with CPSS scores (Anger: P < 0.001, r = 0.51; Anxiety: P < 0.001, r = 0.41). Neither PROMIS score correlated with University of California Los Angeles Activity Score (Anger: r = −0.26; Anxiety: r = −0.22), a functional outcome measure, demonstrating divergent validity. Both PROMIS instruments sufficiently discriminated across PTSD risk groups (Anger P < 0.001; Anxiety P < 0.001). A score of at least 53 on PROMIS Anger or at least 48 on PROMIS Anxiety indicated an increased likelihood of PTSD risk.

CONCLUSIONS:
PROMIS Anger and Anxiety CATs are efficient and valid for evaluating posttraumatic stress in children following orthopaedic trauma procedures.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Diagnostic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.