bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Late Pleistocene Colonization of South America: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
Authors: Rothhammer Francisco , Dillehay Tom D. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryIn this article, we briefly review scenarios for the first peopling of the New World, including the Clovis First/Single Origin, Tripartite, and Dual Migration models. We then discuss bioanthropological, molecular genetic, archaeological and biogeographic evidence for the peopling of the continent. To conclude, we draw on different lines of evidence to make inferences concerning the timing, direction, and type of early human dispersion in South America.
Tensile stress patterns predicted in the articular disc of the human temporomandibular joint
Authors: Koolstra J. H. , Tanaka E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe direction of the first principal stress in the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint was predicted with a biomechanical model of the human masticatory system. The results were compared with the orientation of its collagen fibers. Furthermore, the effect of an active pull of the superior lateral pterygoid muscle, which is directly attached to the articular disc, was studied. It was hypothesized that the markedly antero‐posterior direction of the collagen fibers would be reflected in the direction of the tensile stresses in the disc and that active pull of the superior lateral pterygoid muscle would augment these tensions. It was found that the tensile patterns were extremely dependent on the stage of movement and on the mandibular position. They differed between the superior and inferior layers of the disc. The hypothesis could only be confirmed for the anterior and middle portions of the disc. The predicted tensile principal stresses in the posterior part of the disc alternated between antero‐posterior and medio‐lateral directions.
Thoracolumbar fascia does not influence proprioceptive signaling from lumbar paraspinal muscle spindles in the cat
Authors: Cao Dong‐Yuan , Pickar Joel G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe thoracolumbar fascia attaches to the lumbar spinous processes and encloses the paraspinal muscles to form a muscle compartment. Because muscle spindles can respond to transverse forces applied at a muscle’s surface, we were interested in the mechanical effects this fascia may have on proprioceptive signaling from lumbar paraspinal muscles during vertebral movement. The discharge of paraspinal muscle spindles at rest and in response to muscle history were investigated in the presence and absence of the thoracolumbar fascia in anesthetized cats. Muscle‐history was induced by positioning the L6 vertebra in conditioning directions that lengthened and shortened the paraspinal muscles. The vertebra was then returned to an intermediate position for testing the spindles. Neither resting discharge (P = 0.49) nor the effects of muscle history (P > 0.30) was significantly different with the fascia intact vs. removed. Our data showed that the thoracolumbar fascia did not influence proprioceptive signaling from lumbar paraspinal muscles spindles during small passive vertebral movements in cats. In addition, comparison of the transverse threshold pressures needed to stimulate our sample of muscle spindles in the cat with the thoracolumbar fascia compartmental pressures measured in humans during previous studies suggests that the thoracolumbar fascia likely does not affect proprioceptive signaling from lumbar paraspinal muscle spindles in humans.
Youth meeting symptom and impairment criteria for mania‐like episodes lasting less than four days: an epidemiological enquiry
Authors: Stringaris Argyris , Santosh Paramala , Leibenluft Ellen , Goodman Robert 
Published: July 2009

Background:  Little is known about short‐duration episodes of mania‐like symptoms in youth. Here we determine the prevalence, morbid associations, and contribution to social impairment of a phenotype characterised by episodes during which symptom and impairment criteria for mania are met, but DSM‐IV duration criteria are not (bipolar not otherwise specified; BP‐NOS).Methods:  A cross‐sectional national survey of a sample (N = 5,326) of 8–19‐year‐olds from the general population using information from parents and youth. Outcome measures were prevalence rates and morbid associations assessed by the Developmental and Well‐Being Assessment, and social impairment assessed by the impact scale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.Results:  While only seven individuals (.1%) met definite or probable DSM‐IV criteria for BPI or BPII, the prevalence of BP‐NOS was 10‐fold higher, 1.1% by parent report and 1.5% by youth report. Parent–youth agreement was very low: κ = .02, p > .05 for BP‐NOS. Prevalence and episode duration for BP‐NOS did not vary by age. BP‐NOS showed strong associations with externalising disorders. After adjusting for a dimensional measure of general psychopathology, self‐reported (but not parent‐reported) BP‐NOS remained associated with overall social impairment.Conclusions:  BP meeting full DSM‐IV criteria is rare in youth. BP‐NOS, defined by episodes shorter than those required by DSM‐IV, but during which DSM‐IV symptom and impairment criteria are met, is commoner and may be associated with social impairment that is beyond what can be accounted for by other psychopathology. These findings support the importance of research into these short episodes during which manic symptoms are met in youth but they also call into question the extent to which BP‐NOS in youth is a variant of DSM‐IV BP – superficially similar symptoms may not necessarily imply deeper similarities in aetiology or treatment response.
The pathogenic mechanisms of polyglutamine diseases and current therapeutic strategies
Authors: Bauer Peter O. , Nukina Nobuyuki 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExpansion of CAG trinucleotide repeat within the coding region of several genes results in the production of proteins with expanded polyglutamine (PolyQ) stretch. The expression of these pathogenic proteins leads to PolyQ diseases, such as Huntington’s disease or several types of spinocerebellar ataxias. This family of neurodegenerative disorders is characterized by constant progression of the symptoms and molecularly, by the accumulation of mutant proteins inside neurons causing their dysfunction and eventually death. So far, no effective therapy actually preventing the physical and/or mental decline has been developed. Experimental therapeutic strategies either target the levels or processing of mutant proteins in an attempt to prevent cellular deterioration, or they are aimed at the downstream pathologic effects to reverse or ameliorate the caused damages. Certain pathomechanistic aspects of PolyQ disorders are discussed here. Relevance of disease models and recent knowledge of therapeutic possibilities is reviewed and updated.
TRANSFUSION PRACTICE: Coagulopathy screening and early plasma treatment for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants
Authors: Dani Carlo , Poggi Chiara , Ceciarini Federica , Bertini Giovanna , Pratesi Simone , Rubaltelli Firmino F. 
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Despite the improvement in the assistance and treatment of preterm infants, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) remains a frequent complication in these patients. Our aim was to demonstrate the hypothesis that a coagulopathy screening and the early treatment with fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) of proven coagulopathy may contribute to decrease the occurrence of IVH in infants with gestational age of less than 29 weeks.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study compared two cohorts of infants who received FFP (10 mL/kg) after the evidence of pathologic coagulation tests performed within 2 hours after birth (screening group, n = 127) or after the development of bleedings and evidence of pathologic coagulation tests (no‐screening group, n = 91).RESULTS: The screening strategy decreased the relative risk (RR) of developing IVH (RR = 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.44‐0.98) compared to no‐screening strategy, but the effect was limited to infants born at 23 to 26 weeks of gestation in whom screening strategy lowered IVH occurrence (34.5% vs. 61.1%, p = 0.008).CONCLUSIONS: A coagulopathy screening strategy decreases the risk of developing IVH in preterm infants but this effect is limited to infants born at 23 to 26 weeks of gestation.
Calcium in the initiation, progression and as an effector of Alzheimer’s disease pathology
Authors: Green Kim N. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Introduction
Calcium in the initiation of pathology
Calcium in disease progression
Calcium as a disease effector
Current therapeutics
Conclusions

The cause(s) of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (sAD) are complex and currently poorly understood. They likely result from a combination of genetic, environmental, proteomic and lipidomic factors that crucially occur only in the aged brain. Age‐related changes in calcium levels and dynamics have the potential to increase the production and accumulation of both amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) and τ pathologies in the AD brain, although these two pathologies themselves can induce calcium dyshomeostasis, particularly at synaptic membranes. This review discuses the evidence for a role for calcium dyshomeostasis in the initiation of pathology, as well as the evidence for these pathologies themselves disrupting normal calcium homeostasis, which lead to synaptic and neuronal dysfunction, synaptotoxicity and neuronal loss, underlying the dementia associated with the disease.
Tissue augmentation and esthetics (Working Group 3)
Authors: Klinge B. , Flemmig Thomas F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIntroduction: The remit of this working group was to update the existing knowledge base regarding bone augmentation for implant site development and soft‐tissue grafting for esthetic outcomes. Four reviews from the working group formed the basis of this update. Moreover, clinical applications as well as suggestions for further research have been formulated.Materials and methods:The papers in the working group critically reviewed the literature. Four manuscripts were produced assessing (a) the outcomes of correcting dehiscence and fenestration defects at implant sites using various graft materials, (b) the outcomes of sinus floor augmentation at maxillary posterior sites with 6 mm or less residual bone height using various graft materials, (c) the association of the horizontal dimensions of buccal and interproximal bone with esthetic outcomes of implant‐supported restorations, and (d) the outcomes of soft‐tissue augmentations.Results:The results and conclusions of the review process are presented in the following papers. The group's consensus statements, clinical implications, and directions for future research are presented in this article.
Effects of titanium surface topography on bone integration: a systematic review
Authors: Wennerberg Ann , Albrektsson Tomas 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAim: To analyse possible effects of titanium surface topography on bone integration.Materials and methods: Our analyses were centred on a PubMed search that identified 1184 publications of assumed relevance; of those, 1064 had to be disregarded because they did not accurately present in vivo data on bone response to surface topography. The remaining 120 papers were read and analysed, after removal of an additional 20 papers that mainly dealt with CaP‐coated and Zr implants; 100 papers remained and formed the basis for this paper. The bone response to differently configurated surfaces was mainly evaluated by histomorphometry (bone‐to‐implant contact), removal torque and pushout/pullout tests.Results and discussion: A huge number of the experimental investigations have demonstrated that the bone response was influenced by the implant surface topography; smooth (Sa<0.5 μm) and minimally rough (Sa 0.5–1 μm) surfaces showed less strong bone responses than rougher surfaces. Moderately rough (Sa>1–2 μm) surfaces showed stronger bone responses than rough (Sa>2 μm) in some studies. One limitation was that it was difficult to compare many studies because of the varying quality of surface evaluations; a surface termed ‘rough’ in one study was not uncommonly referred to as ‘smooth’ in another; many investigators falsely assumed that surface preparation per se identified the roughness of the implant; and many other studies used only qualitative techniques such as SEM. Furthermore, filtering techniques differed or only height parameters (Sa, Ra) were reported.Conclusions: • Surface topography influences bone response at the micrometre level.• Some indications exist that surface topography influences bone response at the nanometre level.• The majority of published papers present an inadequate surface characterization.• Measurement and evaluation techniques need to be standardized.• Not only height descriptive parameters but also spatial and hybrid ones should be used.
Reproducibility and accuracy of the ICDAS‐II for occlusal caries detection
Authors: Diniz Michele Baffi , Rodrigues Jonas Almeida , Hug Isabel , De Cássia Loiola Cordeiro Rita , Lussi Adrian 
Published: July 2009

Abstract –  Objectives:  The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the inter‐ and intra‐examiner reproducibility and the accuracy of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System‐II (ICDAS‐II) in detecting occlusal caries.Methods:  One hundred and sixty‐three molars were independently assessed twice by two experienced dentists using the 0‐ to 6‐graded ICDAS‐II. The teeth were histologically prepared and classified using two different histological systems [Ekstrand et al. (1997) Caries Research vol. 31, pp. 224–231; Lussi et al. (1999) Caries Research vol. 33, pp. 261–266] and assessed for caries extension. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under the ROC curve (Az) were obtained at D2 and D3 thresholds. Unweighted kappa coefficient was used to assess inter‐ and intra‐examiner reproducibility.Results:  For the Ekstrand et al. histological classification the sensitivity was 0.99 and 1.00, specificity 1.00 and 0.69 and accuracy 0.99 and 0.76 at D2 and D3, respectively. For the Lussi et al. histological classification the sensitivity was 0.91 and 0.75, specificity 0.47 and 0.62 and accuracy 0.86 and 0.68 at D2 and D3, respectively. The Az varied from 0.54 to 0.73. The inter‐ and intra‐examiner kappa values were 0.51 and 0.58, respectively.Conclusions:  ICDAS‐II presented good reproducibility and accuracy in detecting occlusal caries, especially caries lesions in the outer half of the enamel.
Topical use of pimecrolimus in atopic dermatitis: Update on the safety and efficacy
Authors: Werfel Thomas 
Published: July 2009

SummaryPimecrolimus has been approved for more than five years for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in Germany. An important difference in the safety profile of this drug compared with topical corticosteroids is the lack of potential side effects which are often observed upon prolonged use of topical corticosteroids (skin atrophy, steroid‐induced rosacea or perioral dermatitis). Even after prolonged use in sensitive skin areas, no tolerance to this drug is induced, in contrast to that seen with topical corticosteroids. The most common side effect of pimecrolimus is burning. Placebo‐controlled studies suggest that pimecrolimus is associated with a slightly increased incidence of herpes simplex infections. Compared with topical corticosteroids, pimecrolimus does not increase the overall incidence of skin infections (including recurrent herpes simplex infections). So far, clinical studies with pimecrolimus have not shown any evidence of an increased risk of malignancy. The analysis of spontaneously reported adverse events has also not shown any evidence of malignancy caused by pimecrolimus. This corresponds with the results of a case‐control study from a large U.S. database. According to the German guidelines on atopic dermatitis, topical calcineurin inhibitors are indicated when topical corticosteroids are not indicated or when an anticipated lengthy treatment course would lead to inevitable side effects. On sensitive areas such as face, intertriginous regions and scalp, they are preferred as first‐line choice over topical corticosteroids.
Review article: Emergency department implications of the TASER
Authors: Robb Megan , Close Benjamin , Furyk Jeremy , Aitken Peter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe TASER is a conducted electricity device currently being introduced to the Australian and New Zealand police forces as an alternative to firearms in dealing with violent and dangerous individuals. It incapacitates the subject by delivering rapid pulses of electricity causing involuntary muscle contraction and pain. The use of this device might lead to cardiovascular, respiratory, biochemical, obstetric, ocular and traumatic sequelae. This article will summarize the current literature and propose assessment and management recommendations to guide emergency physicians who will be required to review these patients.
Monitoring a free anterolateral thigh flap for pharyngeal reconstruction
Authors: Chiu Tor‐Wo , Chung Wai‐Hang , Vlantis Alexander Chris , Chan Hing‐Sang , Burd Andrew 
Published: July 2009

Aim:  To describe a novel way of monitoring a buried fasciocutaneous anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap used for pharyngeal reconstruction.Methods:  A tubed ALT flap was used to reconstruct a circumferential pharyngeal defect following resection of a carcinoma. An island of skin based on a separate perforator and externalized through the neck incision was used to monitor the flap. It was removed as a bedside procedure on the fifth postoperative day.Results:  The externalized skin island allowed easy monitoring of the buried tubed free‐flap used to reconstruct the pharynx. Simple clinical parameters such as temperature, colour and capillary refill were used to monitor the flap instead of more complex and invasive methods.Conclusion:  When feasible, a second skin island based on a separate set of perforator vessels provides an easy, safe and simple method of monitoring a buried free‐flap.
Primary perineal surgeries for the low and intermediate anorectal anomalies: 5‐year results in a developing country
Authors: Osifo Osarumwese David , Evbuomwan Iyekoretin 
Published: July 2009

Aim:  The late presentation of clinically unstable children with anorectal anomaly requires the creation of a prior colostomy. The objective of the present study was to examine the feasibility and applicability of primary perineal surgeries for low and intermediate anorectal anomalies without a prior colostomy.Methods:  A 5‐year experience with consecutive cases of children that had primary perineal surgeries for low/intermediate anorectal anomaly at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, between January 2003 and December 2007.Results:  A total of 29 children aged between 1 day and 3 years (mean 5.4 months ± 2.7), comprising 17 males and 12 females with a male/female ratio of 1.4:1 had primary perineal surgeries for low 19 (65.5%) and intermediate 10 (34.5%) anorectal anomalies. They accounted for 15.6% of children who underwent gastrointestinal operations, and diagnosis was mainly clinical in the majority of them. Transposition anorectoplasty done in 19 (65.5%) children was the commonest procedure, followed by anterior perineal anorectal pullthrough in six (20.7%) and cutback anoplasty in four (13.8%). Anal stenosis which responded to serial dilatation was the main complication and it was statistically significant for the intermediate group compared to the low group (P < 0.0002). More children among the low group had recurrent constipation, although no significant statistical difference was observed when this was compared (P < 0.6451). Overall, 27 (93.1%) children, comprising 18 low and nine intermediate lesions, were successfully managed whereas one (3.4%) child with intermediate lesion had revision surgery with one (3.4%) mortality recorded due to sepsis.Conclusion:  Primary perineal surgeries without a prior colostomy in children with low and intermediate anorectal anomaly were feasible, applicable and should be used in our setting.
Gastrointestinal metastasis from primary lung cancer
Authors: Lo Cheuk‐Kin , Kao Sau‐Shan , Tai Dora Kai‐Chun , Ma Chan‐Chung , Ho Kwok‐Keung , Ko Kai‐Ming , Cheung Moon‐Tong 
Published: July 2009

Aim:  Although gastrointestinal metastasis from primary lung cancer is uncommon, the incidence may increase due to widespread application of chemotherapy and positron emission tomography scan. The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence and characteristics of patients with gastrointestinal metastasis from primary lung cancer.Methods:  All patients with curative pulmonary resection for primary lung cancer from January 1994 to December 2006 were reviewed. A total of 10 patients (0.3%) who had gastrointestinal metastases from primary lung cancer were included.Results:  Eight patients had small bowel metastases and two had gastric metastases. All eight patients who had small bowel metastases underwent emergency laparotomy. Two gastric metastases were diagnosed via endoscopy. None of them survived more than 3 months after diagnosis.Conclusion:  Gastrointestinal metastasis from primary lung cancer is uncommon and its prognosis is poor. Extensive bowel resection and reconstruction are not recommended.
Bitching about a billboard: Advertising, gender and canine (re)presentations
Authors: Van Stipriaan Burnetta , Kearns Robin A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThere is an increasing presence of animal representations in advertising and these are frequently visible in the urban landscape via billboards. We contend that billboards constitute a banal, yet influential, component of the built environment in which subtle, yet powerful, interplays of gender and local culture can literally take place. We consider a controversial billboard campaign that displayed the image of a cross‐dressed dog in Auckland in 1999. An analysis of the image and objections lodged against it allows us to conclude that in conveying a public service message, this campaign mounted by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, unintentionally performed another service: engaging the public in (re)interpreting the gendered nature of animal representation
Why is Agricultural Trade Policy Always So Difficult to Reform? Warum gestaltet sich die Reform der Agrarhandelspolitik jedes Mal so schwierig? Pourquoi la politique commerciale agricole est‐elle toujours si difficile à réformer ?
Authors: Brooks Jonathan 
Published: July 2009

SummaryWhy Is Agricultural Trade Policy Always So Difficult To Reform?Multilateral trade negotiations have once again foundered, at least in part, over agriculture. In previous rounds, discussions stalled because of the reluctance of some OECD countries to reform their agricultural policies and dismantle protection; this time an impasse was reached over the extent to which developing countries should be expected to do the same. Historically OECD countries have tended to protect their agricultural sectors, whereas developing countries have tended to tax them. The main reasons for this are political. Consumers in high‐income countries spend a smaller share of their budgets on food and are less concerned about the implications of elevated prices. At the same time, farmers account for a much lower share of the workforce, which means that a given transfer to producers imposes a smaller burden on the overall economy. As developing countries have become richer and as labour has started to leave the farm sector, the political calculus has changed, and they too are starting to protect their farmers. Yet there is a lack of consensus on when poorer countries may have a legitimate need to protect their farmers. Clarifying the economic circumstances under which tariff protection may be appropriate is a pre‐requisite for progress in multilateral trade negotiations.