bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic -equation model for large-eddy simulation of compressible flows
Authors: Chai Xiaochuan , Mahesh Krishnan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper presents a dynamic one-equation eddy viscosity model for large-eddy simulation (LES) of compressible flows. The transport equation for subgrid-scale (SGS) kinetic energy is introduced to predict SGS kinetic energy. The exact SGS kinetic energy transport equation for compressible flows is derived formally. Each of the unclosed terms in the SGS kinetic energy equation is modelled separately and dynamically closed, instead of being grouped into production and dissipation terms, as in the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations. All of the SGS terms in the filtered total energy equation are found to reappear in the SGS kinetic energy equation. Therefore, these terms can be included in the total energy equation without adding extra computational cost.A prioritests using direct numerical simulation (DNS) of decaying isotropic turbulence show that, for a Smagorinsky-type eddy viscosity model, the correlation between the SGS stress and the model is comparable to that from the original model. Also, the suggested model for the pressure dilatation term in the SGS kinetic energy equation is found to have a high correlation with its actual value. Ina posterioritests, the proposed dynamic$k$-equation model is applied to decaying isotropic turbulence and normal shock–isotropic turbulence interaction, and yields good agreement with available experimental and DNS data. Compared with the results of the dynamic Smagorinsky model (DSM), the$k$-equation model predicts better energy spectra at high wavenumbers, similar kinetic energy decay and fluctuations of thermodynamic quantities for decaying isotropic turbulence. For shock–turbulence interaction, the$k$-equation model and the DSM predict similar evolutions of turbulent intensities across shocks, owing to the dominant effect of linear interaction. The proposed$k$-equation model is more robust in that local averaging over neighbouring control volumes is sufficient to regularize the dynamic procedure. The behaviour of pressure dilatation and dilatational dissipation is discussed through the budgets of the SGS kinetic energy equation, and the importance of the dilatational dissipation term is addressed.
SAYYIDA ZAYNAB IN THE STATE OF EXCEPTION: SHIʿI SAINTHOOD AS “QUALIFIED LIFE” IN CONTEMPORARY SYRIA
Authors: Szanto Edith 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAccording to Giorgio Agamben, a “state of exception” is established by the sovereign's decision to suspend the law, and the archetypical state of exception is the Nazi concentration camp. At the same time, Agamben notes that boundaries have become blurred since then, such that even spaces like refugee camps can be thought of as states of exception because they are both inside and outside the law. This article draws on the notion of the state of exception in order to examine the Syrian refugee campcumshrine town of Sayyida Zaynab as well as to analyze questions of religious authority, ritual practice, and pious devotion to Sayyida Zaynab. Though Sayyida Zaynab and many of her Twelver Shiʿi devotees resemble Agamben's figure ofhomo sacer, who marked the origin of the state of exception, they also defy Agamben's theory that humans necessarily become animal-like, leading nothing more than “bare lives” (orzoē) in states of exception.
BEING A NONBELIEVER IN A TIME OF ISLAMIC REVIVAL: TRAJECTORIES OF DOUBT AND CERTAINTY IN CONTEMPORARY EGYPT
Authors: Schielke Samuli 
Published: April 2012

AbstractLooking at the trajectories of people of Muslim origin in Egypt who express religious doubts, I argue in this article that doubt and nonreligiosity are not necessarily a child of a Christian genealogy of the secular and definitely not alien to Muslims. Instead, we have to understand them as an intimate moral discontent with the contemporary age of Islamic revival, even if their shape and some of their positive claims are borrowed from notions of Western origin and global currency—most notably, human rights and feminism. There are reasons and ways to become a nonbeliever in a society profoundly affected by a religious revival, and these reasons and ways can be telling about the nature of doubt and certainty in general. They also offer a perspective on the problematic of secularism that focuses on issues of belief and existential trust rather than governmentality and discursive power.
Wildlife tourists in India's emerging economy: potential for a conservation constituency?
Authors: Karanth Krithi K. , DeFries Ruth , Srivathsa Arjun , Sankaraman Vishnupriya 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWildlife tourism is a growing phenomenon, particularly in emerging economies such as India. Purported benefits of this growth in tourism include greater tourist interest in, and support for, conservation. We examined the interest, awareness and potential for this support in three prominent Indian national parks, Nagarahole, Kanha and Ranthambore. Park records indicate that most tourists (71%) are Indian nationals. Our surveys of 436 Indian tourists indicate that many were on their first visit to the park (71%) and are well educated (82% with bachelor and master degrees). Most tourists (88%) visited for <1 week and spent <USD 600 on their visit. The main reasons for visiting parks were opportunities to see nature, tigersPanthera tigrisand scenic beauty. Seventy-one percent of tourists indicated they are likely or somewhat likely to return to the parks but only 34% would be willing to visit the parks if tigers are absent. Forty-two percent indicated willingness to pay higher gate fees. Surprisingly, those spending less on their trip were more willing to pay higher fees than those spending more. Sixty-five percent believed that local people benefit from the park, whereas in reality local benefits are few. Our results indicate the potential for the growth of domestic wildlife tourism and support for conservation among tourists but highlight the need for increasing education and awareness on the difficult realities of conservation in India.
Jaguar Panthera onca predation of marine turtles: conflict between flagship species in Tortuguero, Costa Rica
Authors: Veríssimo D. , Jones D. A. , Chaverri R. , Meyer S. R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPredation can be an important driver of population dynamics but can also pose a dilemma to conservation managers if the species interacting are of conservation concern or have a high public profile. For 5 years we conducted regular transect surveys to monitor the spatial and temporal patterns of predation of adult marine turtles by jaguars Panthera onca in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica. Predation occurs throughout the study site on Tortuguero Beach although at lower rates at the northern and southern ends, probably because of increased human presence in these areas. There was a marked increase in predation, from an average of < 2 turtles predated per survey in the first season to > 5 predated per survey in the last, with 676 jaguar-predated marine turtles recorded during the study period. With a minimum of 189 individuals predated in the last season, predation of adult turtles has now reached a magnitude never before recorded in a marine turtle rookery. Although the nesting population of marine turtles in Tortuguero is one of the largest in the world and suffers from both direct and indirect anthropogenic pressures, the increase in predation by jaguars makes this ecological interaction relevant to the management of both the jaguar and marine turtle populations. The situation could lead to a potential conflict in conservation strategies that, given the flagship role of the species involved, will need to be addressed both in the context of species management and conservation marketing.
Evidence that the wider social environment moderates the association between familial liability and psychosis spectrum outcome
Authors: Binbay T. , Drukker M. , Alptekin K. , Elbi H. , Tanık F. Aksu , Özkınay F. , Onay H. , Zağlı N. , van Os J. 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundFamilial liability to both severe and common mental disorder predicts psychotic disorder and psychotic symptoms, and may be used as a proxy in models examining interaction between genetic risk and the environment at individual and contextual levels.MethodIn a representative general population sample (n=4011) in Izmir, Turkey, the full spectrum of expression of psychosis representing (0) no symptoms, (1) subclinical psychotic experiences, (2) low-impact psychotic symptoms, (3) high-impact psychotic symptoms and (4) full-blown clinical psychotic disorder was assessed in relation to mental health problems in the family (proxy for familial liability) and the wider social environment. Quality of the wider social environment was assessed in an independent sample using contextual measures of informal social control, social disorganization, unemployment and low income, aggregated to the neighbourhood level.ResultsThe association between familial liability to severe mental illness and expression of psychosis spectrum was stronger in more deprived neighbourhoods [e.g. this association increased from β=0.33 (p=0.01) in low-unemployment neighbourhoods to β=0.92 (p<0.001) in high-unemployment neighbourhoods] and in neighbourhoods high in social control, while neighbourhood variables did not modify the association between familial liability to common mental disorder and the psychosis outcome. Neighbourhood variables mediated urbanicity effects.ConclusionsContextual effects may be important in moderating the expression of psychosis liability in populations, representing a specific pathway independent of the link between common mental disorder and psychosis.
Internal perturbations of homoclinic classes: non-domination, cycles, and self-replication
Authors: BONATTI CH. , CROVISIER S. , DÍAZ L. J. , GOURMELON N. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractConditions are provided under which lack of domination of a homoclinic class yields robust heterodimensional cycles. Moreover, so-called viral homoclinic classes are studied. Viral classes have the property of generating copies of themselves producing wild dynamics (systems with infinitely many homoclinic classes with some persistence). Such wild dynamics also exhibits uncountably many aperiodic chain recurrence classes. A scenario (related with non-dominated dynamics) is presented where viral homoclinic classes occur. A key ingredient are adapted perturbations of a diffeomorphism along a periodic orbit. Such perturbations preserve certain homoclinic relations and prescribed dynamical properties of a homoclinic class.
Pointwise ergodic theorems beyond amenable groups
Authors: BOWEN LEWIS , NEVO AMOS 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe prove pointwise and maximal ergodic theorems for probability-measure-preserving (PMP) actions of any countable group, provided it admits an essentially free, weakly mixing amenable action of stable typeIII$_1$. We show that this class contains all irreducible lattices in connected semi-simple Lie groups without compact factors. We also establish similar results when the stable type isIII$_\lambda $,$0 \lt \lambda \lt 1$, under a suitable hypothesis. Our approach is based on the following two principles. First, we show that it is possible to generalize the ergodic theory of PMP actions of amenable groups to include PMP amenable equivalence relations. Secondly, we show that it is possible to reduce the proof of ergodic theorems for PMP actions of a general group to the proof of ergodic theorems in an associated PMP amenable equivalence relation, provided the group admits an amenable action with the properties stated above.
Surgical repair of atrial septal defect with severe pulmonary hypertension during pregnancy: a case report with literature review
Authors: Manivannan Suganya , Dadlani Gul , Parsons Michael , Crisan Luminita , Belogolovkin Victoria , Sastry Narendra , Guglin Maya 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe are reporting a case of a 37-year-old pregnant woman with a large secundum atrial septal defect with left-to-right shunt and severe pulmonary hypertension. Her atrial septal defect was undiagnosed before this pregnancy. After carefully considering all the options, we repaired her atrial septal defect with an open heart surgical closure at 20 weeks of gestation. A substantial and consistent reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure after the surgery and subsequent uneventful delivery indicate that surgical repair of atrial septal defects is a viable option that should be considered for such patients.
Forcing, feedbacks and climate sensitivity in CMIP5 coupled atmosphere‐ocean climate models
Authors: Andrews Timothy , Gregory Jonathan M. , Webb Mark J. , Taylor Karl E. 
Published: April 2012

We quantify forcing and feedbacks across available CMIP5 coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) by analysing simulations forced by an abrupt quadrupling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. This is the first application of the linear forcing‐feedback regression analysis of Gregory et al. (2004) to an ensemble of AOGCMs. The range of equilibrium climate sensitivity is 2.1–4.7 K. Differences in cloud feedbacks continue to be important contributors to this range. Some models show small deviations from a linear dependence of top‐of‐atmosphere radiative fluxes on global surface temperature change. We show that this phenomenon largely arises from shortwave cloud radiative effects over the ocean and is consistent with independent estimates of forcing using fixed sea‐surface temperature methods. We suggest that future research should focus more on understanding transient climate change, including any time‐scale dependence of the forcing and/or feedback, rather than on the equilibrium response to large instantaneous forcing.
Vibrational mode frequencies of silica species in SiO2-H2O liquids and glasses from ab initio molecular dynamics
Authors: Spiekermann Georg , Steele-MacInnis Matthew , Schmidt Christian , Jahn Sandro 
Published: April 2012

Vibrational spectroscopy techniques are commonly used to probe the atomic-scale structure of silica species in aqueous solution and hydrous silica glasses. However, unequivocal assignment of individual spectroscopic features to specific vibrational modes is challenging. In this contribution, we establish a connection between experimentally observed vibrational bands and ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) of silica species in solution and in hydrous silica glass. Using the mode-projection approach, we decompose the vibrations of silica species into subspectra resulting from several fundamental structural subunits: The SiO4 tetrahedron of symmetry Td, the bridging oxygen (BO) Si-O-Si of symmetry \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm C}_{2{\textit v}}$\end{document}C2v, the geminal oxygen O-Si-O of symmetry \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm C}_{2{\textit v}}$\end{document}C2v, the individual Si-OH stretching, and the specific ethane-like symmetric stretching contribution of the H6Si2O7 dimer. This allows us to study relevant vibrations of these subunits in any degree of polymerization, from the Q0 monomer up to the fully polymerized Q4 tetrahedra. Demonstrating the potential of this approach for supplementing the interpretation of experimental spectra, we compare the calculated frequencies to those extracted from experimental Raman spectra of hydrous silica glasses and silica species in aqueous solution. We discuss observed features such as the double-peaked contribution of the Q2 tetrahedral symmetric stretch, the individual Si-OH stretching vibrations, the origin of the experimentally observed band at 970 cm−1 and the ethane-like vibrational contribution of the H6Si2O7 dimer at 870 cm−1.
Animal welfare - recent developments in the field.
Authors: Algers B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Animal welfare science has engaged in the studies of how mainly farm animals, but to a lesser extent also sport and pet animals and laboratory animals, are affected by various environmental factors. With philosophers engaging in animal welfare it became obvious that animal welfare cannot be properly improved without addressing ethical values. A new trend in animal welfare research is to focus on animal-based measures of welfare, making use of positive emotions as measures of good animal welfare and a multidisciplinary approach to the subject of animal welfare. In order to help risk managers to set appropriate priorities, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has taken on the task of developing a risk assessment methodology for animal welfare. In the last decade, the engagement in animal welfare has led to two international bodies working globally to bring on the subject of animal welfare as one of their areas of responsibility. It can be concluded that animal welfare research has developed from merely studies on changes in behaviour and physiological parameters to also include studies of affective states. Research has become more interdisciplinary and often social sciences are part of such research. Animal welfare has become a factor to consider for legislation and international trade.
Livestock and climate change, challenges and options.
Authors: Henderson B. , Gerber P. , Opio C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This review outlines livestock's major emission pathways and production trends, and explores the challenges and options for livestock in addressing and coping with climate change. Ruminant production is, and will continue to be, the chief source of the livestock sector's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, mainly as a result of deforestation, land degradation and enteric fermentation. Livestock productivity improvement is fundamental to mitigation and where it is achieved through the transfer of improved production practices and technologies, it can also deliver important rural livelihood and food security co-benefits in developing countries. Mitigation is also possible by shifting production resources, particularly concentrate feeds, from ruminant to monogastric enterprises, given their higher feed conversion efficiencies and lower emission intensities. However, standard prescriptions for productivity improvements, which are often accompanied by higher concentrations of animals on land, need safeguards to ensure that they do not lead to localized pollution problems and increase disease risks. Further, measures that simultaneously improve productivity and capacity for adaptation to climate change, such as more efficient crop-livestock integration and water management, should be exploited wherever possible. Policy options for unlocking livestock's large mitigation potential are widely known, but their implementation is currently hampered by technical and institutional capacity constraints, and by a lack of political support and global agreement on mitigation. There is a particular need for practicable methods for measurement, reporting and verification of emissions, to improve access to carbon markets, and to facilitate the sector's transition to a low-emission future.
Neutral Loci Reveal Population Structure by Geography, not Ecotype, in Kootenay Lake Kokanee
Authors: Lemay Matthew A. , Russello Michael A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Genetic tools are often used to define stocks for fisheries management, however, traditional approaches using neutral markers may be inadequate for detecting fine-scale structure when populations have recently diverged. Kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka is a freshwater form of sockeye salmon that exhibits divergent reproductive ecotypes. We used a combination of expressed sequence tag (EST)-linked and non-EST-linked microsatellites to investigate kokanee stock structure and ecotype differentiation in Kootenay Lake, British Columbia. Despite being highly informative in other lakes in the province, the EST-linked loci used in this study did not exhibit outlier behavior relative to neutral loci for distinguishing shore-spawning and stream-spawning ecotypes. We found conflicting evidence for differentiation between ecotypes and strong evidence for geographical structure corresponding to the North Arm and West Arm of Kootenay Lake. These results are consistent with previous findings that neutral markers are not sufficient for resolving fine-scale ecotype differentiation in kokanee; additional studies are necessary to investigate the degree to which an outlier-based approach to kokanee fisheries management can be applied at a broader level.
Received September 29, 2011; accepted December 21, 2011
Novice performance of ultrasound‐guided needle advancement: standard 38‐mm transducer vs 25‐mm hockey stick transducer*
Authors: Davies T. , Townsley P. , Jlala H. , Dowling M. , Bedforth N. , Hardman J. G. , McCahon R. A. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThe optimal method to develop expertise in ultrasound‐guided regional anaesthesia is unknown. Studies of laryngoscopic expertise in novices demonstrate that the choice of laryngoscope affects performance. In this study, we aimed to compare the effect of two different linear array transducers (38‐mm standard vs 25‐mm hockey stick) on novice performance of ultrasound‐guided needle advancement. Following randomisation, participants watched a video model of expert performance of ultrasound‐guided needle advancement. Recruits performed the modelled task on a turkey breast model. The median (IQR [range]) composite error score was statistically significantly larger for participants in the hockey stick transducer group compared with the standard transducer group; 10.0 (7.3–14.3 [2.5–29.0]) vs 7.5 (4.5–10.0 [2.0–28.0]) respectively, (p = 0.01). This study has demonstrated that performance of ultrasound‐guided needle advancement by novice operators after simple video instruction is better (as assessed using a composite error score) with a standard 38‐mm transducer than with a 25‐mm hockey stick transducer.
Review of patient safety incidents reported from critical care units in North‐West England in 2009 and 2010
Authors: Thomas A. N. , Taylor R. J. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryWe categorised and established the rates of patient safety incidents reported during 2009 and 2010 from critical care units in 12 hospital trusts in North‐West England. We identified a total of 4219 incidents reported during 127 467 calendar days of critical care with a median (IQR [range]) of 31 (26–45 [20–57]) incidents per 1000 days per trust. A median (IQR [range]) of 10 (7–13 [3.5–27]) incidents per 1000 days were associated with harm. Pressure sores were the most common cause of harm, with a median (IQR [range]) of 3.9 (1.0–6.6 [0–20.4]) incidents per 1000 days. Only 89 (2.1%) incidents described more than temporary harm, of which 12 were airway related incidents. Five incidents described the use of inappropriate arterial flush solutions. It is possible to compare rates of incident reporting in different trusts over time to determine if different methods of care are associated with different reporting rates. The wide range of reported pressure sore rates suggests that their incidence could be reduced.