bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote Controlled Intramolecular Exciplex Formation and Enhanced Photoisomerization in Stilbene-cored Poly(benzyl ether) Dendrimers with Alkoxycarbonyl Surface Functional Groups
Authors: Takizawa Tsutomu , Arai Tatsuo 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Exciplex-induced isomerization played a key role in highly efficient photoisomerization of stilbene-cored poly(benzyl ether) dendrimers tethering two alkoxycarbonyl surface functional groups at the meta position of each terminating phenyl group. This is the first report on the control of photochemical behavior of dendrimers using intramolecular exciplex formation.
An Efficient Total Synthesis of Resokaempferol 3-O-β-d-Glucoside
Authors: Ren Xuhong , Wang Jingjing , Shen Liu-Lan , Li Wei , Muraoka Osamu , Cheng Maosheng 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Resokaempferol 3-O-β-d-glucoside, an artificial flavonol glycoside, was synthesized from 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone in six steps and 40% overall yield via an efficient glycosylation method using NaH.
Analysis of In-Service Lubricating Grease
Authors: Turner David 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The analysis of in-service lubricating fluids is a useful tool in determining the state of both the fluid and the equipment being lubricated. Many laboratories provide analysis services for in-service lubricating fluids. The results of the analyses performed are often tracked over time to allow for the observation of trends in the test results. The analysis of in-service lubricating grease is a more challenging task; since the amount of grease in many applications is quite small, the grease may be partially or totally replaced each time new grease is added, and access to the lubricated contact zone may be difficult. Many commercial in-service lubricant analysis laboratories lack the specialized test equipment required for grease analysis, so that type of analysis is performed by a limited number of laboratories, primarily those of the grease manufacturers. Various techniques are employed to determine both the macro and micro condition of in-service lubricating grease. The strengths and weaknesses of those techniques are discussed herein.
Recent developments targeting new and experienced users in EXPGUI, an open source Rietveld analysis interface
Authors: Lake Charles H. , Toby Brian H. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
EXPGUI is an open source interface that supplements the GSAS program package, which together provide a powerful set of tools for structure refinement, especially Rietveld Analysis. The combined GSAS-EXPGUI packages are freely distributed and are ideal for both new and experienced users. The latest EXPGUI version includes many new intuitive features including methods of implementing distance restraints, fixing coordinates, advanced searching and viewing of interatomic distances and angles as well as improved user friendliness and much more.
(2-Amidoethyl)trichlorotin(IV)complexes with amido ligands and chloride ion: supramolecular arrays from H-bonds involving the amido and chloride ions
Authors: Howie R. Alan , de Lima Geraldo M. , Tiekink Edward R. T. , Wardell James L. , Wardell Solange M. S. V. , Welte William B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractComplexes, (H2NCOCH2CH2-C,O)(L)SnCl3(2:L= XCH2CH2CONH2; X = H or Cl), rather than (H2NCOCH2CH2-C,O)SnCl3, have been isolated from reaction mixtures containing hydrochloric acid, tin and acrylamide in Et2O solution. Ligand exchange reactions occur between (2: L= EtCONH2) and HCONMe2or HCONHBu. The anionic complex, [pyridinium][(H2NCOCH2CH2-C,O)SnCl4],3, was isolated from a reaction mixture composed of pyridine and2. In both complex types,2and3, tin is hexacoordinate, in which the octahedral geometries are somewhat distorted due to variations in the Sn—Cl bond lengths, exemplifying thetranseffect, and the small bite angles of the chelating (2-amidoethyl-C,O) ligand. The supramolecular structures are dominated by intermolecular hydrogen-bonds with the NH2groups as the donor species. A feature of each crystal structure is a double chain in which the NH2group of the (2-amidoethyl-C,O) ligand acts as donor for N—H···X (X = Cl or O) intermolecular hydrogen-bonds.
Next-Generation Mapping of Complex Traits with Phenotype-Based Selection and Introgression
Authors: Earley Eric J , Jones Corbin D 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFinding the genes underlying complex traits is difficult. We show that new sequencing technology combined with traditional genetic techniques can efficiently identify genetic regions underlying a complex and quantitative behavioral trait. As a proof of concept we used phenotype-based introgression to backcross loci that control innate food preference in Drosophila simulans into the genomic background of D. sechellia, which expresses the opposite preference. We successfully mapped D. simulans introgression regions in a small mapping population (30 flies) with whole-genome resequencing using light coverage (∼1×). We found six loci contributing to D. simulans food preference, one of which overlaps a previously discovered allele. This approach is applicable to many systems, does not rely on laborious marker development or genotyping, does not require existing high quality reference genomes, and needs only small mapping populations. Because introgression is used, researchers can scale mapping population size, replication, and number of backcross generations to their needs. Finally, in contrast to more widely used mapping techniques like F2 bulk-segregant analysis, our method produces near-isogenic lines that can be kept and reused indefinitely.
Secondhand Smoke and Periodontal Disease: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Sanders Anne E. , Slade Gary D. , Beck James D. , Ágústsdóttir Helga 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. We investigated the relationship between secondhand smoke and periodontal disease in nonsmokers. Methods. We undertook a cross-sectional analysis of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study with 2739 lifetime nonsmokers aged 53–74 years, unexposed to other sources of tobacco, who received a complete periodontal examination at visit 4. Exposure was reported as average hours per week in close contact with a smoker in the preceding year. We defined severe periodontitis as 5 or more periodontal sites with probing pocket depth of 5 millimeters or more and clinical attachment levels of 3 millimeters or more in those sites. Other outcomes were extent of periodontal probing depths of 4 millimeters or more and extent of clinical attachment levels of 3 millimeters or more. Results. In a binary logistic regression model, adjusted odds of severe periodontitis for those exposed to secondhand smoke 1 to 25 hours per week increased 29% (95% confidence interval = 1.0, 1.7); for those exposed to secondhand smoke 26 hours per week, the odds were twice as high (95% confidence interval = 1.2, 3.4) as for those who were unexposed. Conclusions. Exposure to secondhand smoke and severe periodontitis among nonsmokers had a dose-dependent relationship.
Changing the Constitutional Landscape for Firearms: The US Supreme Court's Recent Second Amendment Decisions
Authors: Vernick Jon S. , Rutkow Lainie , Webster Daniel W. , Teret Stephen P. 
Published: September 2011

In 2 recent cases—with important implications for public health practitioners, courts, and researchers—the US Supreme Court changed the landscape for judging the constitutionality of firearm laws under the Constitution's Second Amendment. In District of Columbia v Heller (2008), the court determined for the first time that the Second Amendment grants individuals a personal right to possess handguns in their home. In McDonald v City of Chicago (2010), the court concluded that this right affects the powers of state and local governments. The court identified broad categories of gun laws—other than handgun bans—that remain presumptively valid but did not provide a standard to judge their constitutionality. We discuss ways that researchers can assist decision makers.
Contribution of Obesity to International Differences in Life Expectancy
Authors: Preston Samuel H. , Stokes Andrew 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. The United States has the highest prevalence of obesity and one of the lowest life expectancies among high-income countries. We investigated the relationship between these 2 phenomena. Methods. We estimated the fraction of deaths attributable to obesity by country, age, and sex and reestimated life tables after removing these deaths. To allow for a possible secular decline in obesity risks, we employed alternative risks from a more recent period. Results. In our baseline analysis, obesity reduced US life expectancy at age 50 years in 2006 by 1.54 years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37, 1.93) for women and by 1.85 years (95% CI = 1.62, 2.10) for men. Removing the effects of obesity reduced the US shortfall by 42% (95% CI = 36, 48) for women and 67% (95% CI = 57, 76) for men, relative to countries with higher life expectancies. Using more recently recorded risk data, we estimated that differences in obesity still accounted for a fifth to a third of the shortfall. Conclusions. The high prevalence of obesity in the United States contributes substantially to its poor international ranking in longevity.
Reexamining the Declining Effect of Age on Mortality Differentials Associated With Excess Body Mass: Evidence of Cohort Distortions in the United States
Authors: Yu Yan 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. I examined age patterns of mortality differentials associated with body mass because the declining age effect observed in previous comparisons of cross-sectional age groups is susceptible to cohort and period distortions and because previous studies used time since baseline as time at risk, making the evaluation of age-specific mortality impossible. Methods. I conducted a parametric survival analysis of data from the 1988–1994 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 3 cohorts of American men and women born from 1901 through 1957 and observed from 1988 through 2006 under an age-period–cohort framework. Results. Mortality differentials strengthened across cohorts but did not decline with age or change over the study period. Because excess overweight and obesity mortality increased from earlier cohorts to more recent ones, ignoring cohort differences led to a declining age pattern of excess mortality. Conclusions. Cross-sectional age patterns of mortality differentials appear to be distorted by cohort differences. Age should be used as risk time to study age variations in associations between risk factors and time to event.
The Treatment of Patients with Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms in China: A Study Comparing Expectations and Treatment Satisfaction in Psychosomatic Medicine, Biomedicine, and Traditional Chinese Medicine
Authors: Fritzsche Kurt , Xudong Zhao , Anselm Kathrin , Kern Stephanie , Wirsching Michael , Schaefert Rainer 
Published: September 2011

Objective: Little is known about treatment for patients with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) in China. This study investigates the treatment expectations and treatment satisfaction of patients with MUS in psychosomatic medicine, biomedicine, and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Method: In a cross-sectional survey, n = 96 (10.3%) out of 931 participating patients were screened positive for multiple somatoform symptoms. These patients answered questionnaires concerning symptom duration, number of doctor visits, functional impairment, emotional distress, treatment expectations, treatment satisfaction, and empathy in the consultation. The physicians filled in a questionnaire about applied or recommended treatment. Results: Most of the patients from psychosomatic medicine wanted psychotherapy. In TCM, 55% of the patients had already received TCM treatment and most of them wanted to continue TCM treatment. Patients in biomedicine did not express clear expectations; most of them had had no previous treatment. A combination of treatment methods was most prevalent in biomedicine in comparison to psychosomatic medicine and TCM. The outcome from the patients' point of view was significantly better in TCM than in psychosomatic medicine and biomedicine. Psychosomatic medicine's strength was the empathetic physician-patient interaction. Conclusions: From a bio-psychosocial perspective, these results suggest that various treatment approaches with various emphases can be effective depending on the patient's complaints, his illness beliefs, and what the physician offers. The results will be verified in a larger multicenter longitudinal study.
Measuring Poverty: The Official U.S. Measure and Material Hardship
Authors: Nelson Gesemia 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMaterial hardship is a concept that is crucial to our understanding of inequality. I define it as: an inadequate consumption of goods or services that the public deems minimally necessary for decent human functioning. While quantitative poverty research purports to address this concept, it in fact does so only in part. Most discussions of poverty using the official poverty line say nothing about the material situation of the poor. This study rectifies this failing by making material hardship the centerpiece of the analysis. Data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) are used to compare hardship figures with official poverty statistics. Comparisons of the income poor with the hardship poor find that hardship is more prevalent than official poverty figures suggest. The groups who are the worst off according to income‐poverty figures also do pretty poorly under hardship measures. But we also find that groups we generally think of as economically advantaged do suffer hardship at rates more similar to the traditionally disadvantaged groups. Non‐senior adults, married‐couple households, and workers all experience more hardship than official income rates lead us to believe. One important deviation involves seniors, who look much better off under hardship measures. Thus, the poor population that emerges under the hardship measures (younger, married, and working) looks closer to the U.S. mainstream than the official measure has led us to believe.
Provident Funds Pension Programs in English‐Speaking Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Look in the Rear Mirror and Lessons for the Future
Authors: Kpessa Michael W. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPension reform has been on the social policy agenda in many countries throughout the world since the mid‐1980s. The main debate has been whether to transform existing defined benefit pay‐as‐you‐go (PAYG) social insurance programs into private pension plans based on defined contributions or maintains them. While many countries throughout the world especially those in Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe have opted for private pensions involving the partial or full replacement of pay‐as‐you‐go (PAYG) state pensions by systems of privately managed individual retirement accounts, pension reforms in English‐speaking Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) countries have focused on converting post‐independence defined contributions schemes known as provident funds into defined benefit PAYG social insurance schemes particularly from the 1990s. This paper analyzes the previous experience of English‐speaking SSA countries with provident funds and show that pension plans that are designed on the principles of defined contribution are evidently venerable to several socio‐economic and political factors especially in the context of developing countries. The paper provides useful lessons for countries like Ghana and Nigeria that have recently re‐introduce defined contribution pension plans.
“Stand Up and Be Counted”: The Politics of a Homeless Enumeration
Authors: Williams Jean Calterone 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis study analyzes the methodological and political issues associated with homeless enumerations. While enumerations represent just one aspect of homeless politics in the United States, they incorporate many debates that are central to understanding homelessness. How to define homelessness and how to find and account for a transitory, stigmatized population are chief among the quandaries faced by counties undertaking enumerations; the extent of these difficulties calls into question the reliability of enumeration results. In studying one U.S. county's efforts to count the homeless in 2005 and 2009, this paper illuminates the obstacles faced by counties undertaking enumerations, and connects those challenges to broader debates about homelessness and homeless policy making in the United States.
Late Graft Loss among Pediatric Recipients of DCD Kidneys
Authors: Van Arendonk Kyle J. , James Nathan T. , Locke Jayme E. , Montgomery Robert A. , Colombani Paul M. , Segev Dorry L. 
Published: September 2011

Summary

Background and objectives
Kidney transplantation from donors after cardiac death (DCD) provides similar graft survival to donors after brain death (DBD) in adult recipients. However, outcomes of DCD kidneys in pediatric recipients remain unclear, primarily because of limited sample sizes.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We identified 137 pediatric (<18 years old) recipients of DCD kidneys between 1994 and 2010 using Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data and compared outcomes with 6059 pediatric recipients of DBD kidneys during the same time period, accounting for donor, recipient, and transplant characteristics using time-varying Cox regression and matched controls. Long-term follow-up (4 years or beyond) was available for 31 DCD recipients.

Results
Pediatric recipients of DCD kidneys experienced a significantly higher rate of delayed graft function (22.0% versus 12.3%; P = 0.001), although lower than reported delayed graft function rates of DCD grafts in adults. Although DCD and DBD graft survival was equal in the early postoperative period, graft loss among pediatric recipients of DCD kidneys exceeded their DBD counterparts starting 4 years after transplantation. This effect was statistically significant in a multivariate Cox model (hazard ratio = 2.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.21 to 3.39; P = 0.007) and matched-controls analysis (hazard ratio = 2.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 5.03; P = 0.03).

Conclusions
A significant increase in DCD graft loss starting 4 years after transplantation motivates a cautious approach to the use of DCD kidneys in children, in whom long-term graft survival is of utmost importance.
Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Nevis Immaculate F. , Reitsma Angela , Dominic Arunmozhi , McDonald Sarah , Thabane Lehana , Akl Elie A. , Hladunewich Michelle , Akbari Ayub , Joseph Geena , Sia Winnie , Iansavichus Arthur V. , Garg Amit X. 
Published: September 2011

Summary

Background and objectives
Pregnant women with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. We conducted a systematic review of observational studies that described this risk.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We searched several databases from their date of inception through June 2010 for eligible articles published in any language. We included any study that reported maternal or fetal outcomes in at least five pregnant women in each group with or without CKD. We excluded pregnant women with a history of transplantation or maintenance dialysis.

Results
We identified 13 studies. Adverse maternal events including gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and maternal mortality were reported in 12 studies. There were 312 adverse maternal events among 2682 pregnancies in women with CKD (weighted average of 11.5%) compared with 500 events in 26,149 pregnancies in normal healthy women (weighted average of 2%). One or more adverse fetal outcomes such as premature births, intrauterine growth restriction, small for gestational age, neonatal mortality, stillbirths, and low birth weight were reported in nine of the included studies. Overall, the risk of developing an adverse fetal outcome was at least two times higher among women with CKD compared with those without.

Conclusions
This review summarizes current available evidence to guide physicians in their decision-making, advice, and care for pregnant women with CKD. Additional studies are needed to better characterize the risks.
Fault monitoring and fault recovery control for position-moored vessels
Authors: Fang Shaoji , Blanke Mogens 
Published: September 2011

Fault monitoring and fault recovery control for position-moored vesselsThis paper addresses fault-tolerant control for position mooring of a shuttle or floating production storage and offloading vessels. A complete framework for fault diagnosis is presented. A loss of a sub-sea mooring line buoyancy element and line breakage are given particular attention, since such failures might cause high-risk abortion of an oil-loading operation. With significant drift forces from waves, non-Gaussian elements dominate forces and the residuals designed for fault diagnosis. Hypothesis testing is designed using dedicated change detection for the type of distribution encountered. A new position recovery algorithm is proposed as a means of fault accommodation in order to keep the mooring system in a safe state, despite faults. The position control is shown to be capable of accommodating serious failures and preventing breakage of a mooring line, or a loss of a buoyancy element, from causing subsequent failures. Properties of the detection and fault-tolerant control algorithms are demonstrated by high fidelity simulations.
Regional control problem for distributed bilinear systems: Approach and simulations
Authors: Ztot Karima , Zerrik El , Bourray Hamid 
Published: September 2011

Regional control problem for distributed bilinear systems: Approach and simulationsThis paper investigates the regional control problem for infinite dimensional bilinear systems. We develop an approach that characterizes the optimal control and leads to a numerical algorithm. The obtained results are successfully illustrated by simulations.