bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection and optimization of an aqueous two‐phase system for the recovery of 1,3‐propandiol from fermentation broth
Authors: Aydoğan Özlem , Bayraktar Emine , Mehmetoğlu Ülkü , Kaeding Thomas , Zeng An‐Ping 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this study a suitable alcohol/salt aqueous two‐phase (ATP) system was selected for the recovery of 1,3‐propandiol (1,3‐PD) from fermentation broth. From the different alcohol/salt systems studied the ethanol and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate ATP system appeared to be favorable. To examine the potential of this ATP system the partition coefficient of 1,3‐PD in synthetic solutions was first optimized with the response surface methodology. The parameters studied were concentrations of ethanol (21.99–38.81% w/w), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (14.99–31.81% w/w) and 1,3‐PD (6.36–73.64 g/L). The optimum conditions were found to be 35.39% w/w for ethanol, 28.40% w/w for dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and 73.6 g/L for 1,3‐PD. Under these conditions the maximum partition coefficient of 1,3‐PD and the extraction yield were determined as 23.14 and 97.82%, respectively. The optimum extraction conditions were then used to guide the recovery of 1,3‐PD from a real fermentation broth. The partition coefficient and extraction yield of 1,3‐PD reached 20.28–97.20% in this case, respectively. A favorable partition of the organic acids lactate, acetate and butyrate in the bottom phase was also achieved. We have also studied the removal of cells and macromolecules from the broth. Removal ratio of cells and proteins were 96.47 and 93.05%, respectively. Thus, the ethanol/dipotassium hydrogen phosphate ATP system appears to be an interesting alternative or can be used as one useful step in the downstream processing of 1,3‐PD from fermentation broth.
Preliminary evaluation of the technical feasibility of using different soils in waste disposal cover system
Authors: Abdel Rahman R.O. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEngineered cover system is considered as an essential component required by the long‐term safety concept for radioactive waste disposal, landfills, and contaminated land. In this article, a design procedure that can be used in the prebasic design phase for the investigation of the technical feasibility of candidate capillary barrier materials from hydrological and geomechanical point of view has been proposed. The proposed procedure relays on using well‐developed pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to estimate some important engineering properties. A case study to illustrate the procedure was performed using three different soil samples taken from the radioactive waste disposal site in Egypt. The results of the preliminary characterization of the samples were used as input parameters for the selected PTFs. The results of the particle size distribution (PSD) analysis were used to quantify the uniformity of the PSD and to identify the internal stability of the studied samples. The estimated soil hydraulic properties values were found to be comparable to that of the literature; the critical and breakthrough pressure head were evaluated. The results indicate that the suggested capillary barrier profiles will work successfully in dry conditions, and the finer layer thickness was calculated based on the storage capacity of this layer. The precompression stress was estimated, and it was found that the clay is unstable in terms of soil compaction. The factor of safety was calculated, and it was found that the sandy loam has higher safety factor for all studied slope angles. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Sintering Effect on Material Properties of Electrochemical Reactors Used for Removal of Nitrogen Oxides and Soot Particles Emitted from Diesel Engines
Authors: He Z. , Andersen K. B. , Keel L. , Nygaard F. B. , Bonanos N. , Menon M. , Hansen K. K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn the present work, 12‐layered electrochemical reactors (comprising five cells) with a novel configuration including supporting layer lanthanum strontium manganate (LSM)‐yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ), electrode layer LSM‐gadolinia‐doped cerium oxide (CGO) and electrolyte layer CGO were fabricated via the processes of slurry preparation, tape casting and lamination and sintering. The parameters of porosity, pore size, pore size distribution, shrinkage, flow rate of the sintered reactors and the electrical conductivities of the supporting layer and the electrode in the sintered reactors were characterised. The effect of sintering temperature on microstructures and properties of the sintered samples was discussed, and 1,250 °C was determined as the appropriate sintering temperature for reactor production based on the performance requirements for applications. Using the present ceramic processing route, porous, flat and crack‐free electrochemical reactors were successfully achieved. The produced electrochemical reactors have the potential application in the removal of NOx and soot particles emitted from the diesel engines.
Enhanced neural activity in frontal and cerebellar circuits after cognitive training in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Hoekzema Elseline , Carmona Susanna , Tremols Virginia , Gispert Joan Domingo , Guitart Marc , Fauquet Jordi , Rovira Mariana , Bielsa Anna , Soliva Juan Carlos , Tomas Xavier , Bulbena Antonio , Ramos‐Quiroga Antoni , Casas Miguel , Tobeña Adolf , Vilarroya Oscar 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe brain is a plastic entity that can undergo dynamic changes throughout the lifespan as a result of training. Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly treated with psychostimulant medication, and the prevalence of ADHD medication prescription is a topic of heated scientific debate. In addition, cognitive training is frequently provided to patients with ADHD. Although psychostimulant effects have been thoroughly investigated, no previous studies have assessed the neural effects of cognitive training in ADHD. We applied fMRI‐paradigms of response inhibition and selective attention to chart the effects of a 10‐day cognitive training program in 19 unmedicated ADHD children receiving either cognitive or control training. The two resulting longitudinal datasets were analyzed using whole‐brain random‐effects general linear models. Although we observed no increases of activity in the control group, both fMRI‐datasets revealed enhanced activity after cognitive training in neural structures closely related to ADHD pathophysiology. On the inhibition paradigm, our results indicated increases in orbitofrontal, superior frontal, middle temporal, and inferior frontal cortex. The attentional task was characterized by increased activity in the cerebellum, which correlated with improvement on in‐scanner measures of attention. Our findings provide preliminary evidence that cognitive training enhances activity in neural structures typically affected by the disorder. Similar results have been obtained following methylphenidate administration, suggesting that training of cognitive functions may mimic the effects of psychostimulant medication on the brain. These findings postulate a neural account for the potency of cognitive training in ADHD, and hold clinical implications, supporting the inclusion of training programs in standard ADHD‐treatment. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural correlates of the continuous Wagon Wheel Illusion: A functional MRI study
Authors: Reddy Leila , Rémy Florence , Vayssière Nathalie , VanRullen Rufin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAfter prolonged viewing of a continuous periodic motion stimulus at frequencies around 10 Hz, observers experience a fleeting impression of reversed motion: the continuous Wagon Wheel Illusion (c‐WWI). To account for this phenomenon it has been proposed that attentional mechanisms discretely sample motion information. Alternative accounts argue that the illusion relies on the spurious activation of motion detectors, which under the effect of adaptation could trigger a reversed percept. We investigated the neural correlates of the c‐WWI using fMRI (3T). Subjects viewed a vertically bisected ring containing a radial grating unambiguously rotating at 10 Hz; they continuously reported the perceived motion direction within each half of the ring. The two halves always rotated in opposite directions, allowing us to separately explore illusory reversals occurring within each hemifield. Comparing BOLD activity during illusory (c‐WWI) or real perceptual periods revealed systematic differences in right parietal regions, in addition to the right motion complex MT+. This activation pattern did not depend on the side on which the illusion occurred, and could not be accounted for by purely perceptual switch‐related activity—known to encompass parietal regions during other bistable effects. This first characterization of the fMRI correlates of the c‐WWI may have implications for the different theoretical explanations of the phenomenon. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Independent component analysis (ICA) of generalized spike wave discharges in fMRI: Comparison with general linear model‐based EEG‐fMRI
Authors: Moeller Friederike , LeVan Pierre , Gotman Jean 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMost EEG‐fMRI studies in epileptic patients are analyzed using the general linear model (GLM), which assumes a known hemodynamic response function (HRF) to epileptic spikes. In contrast, independent component analysis (ICA) can extract blood‐oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses without imposing constraints on the HRF. ICA might therefore detect responses that vary in time and shape, and that are not detected in the GLM analysis. In this study, we compared the findings of ICA and GLM analyses in 12 patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Spatial ICA was used to extract independent components from the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. A deconvolution method identified component time courses significantly related to the generalized EEG discharges, without constraining the shape of the HRF. The results from the ICA analysis were compared to those from the GLM analysis. GLM maps and ICA maps showed significant correlation and revealed BOLD responses in the thalamus, caudate nucleus, and default mode areas. In patients with a low rate of discharges per minute, the GLM analysis detected BOLD signal changes within the thalamus and the caudate nucleus that were not revealed by the ICA. In conclusion, ICA is a viable alternative technique to GLM analyses in EEG‐fMRI studies related to generalized discharges. This study demonstrated that the BOLD response largely resembles the standard HRF and that GLM analysis is adequate. However, ICA is more dependent on a sufficient number of events than GLM analysis. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural integrity of callosal midbody influences intermanual transfer in a motor reaction‐time task
Authors: Bonzano Laura , Tacchino Andrea , Roccatagliata Luca , Mancardi Giovanni Luigi , Abbruzzese Giovanni , Bove Marco 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTraining one hand on a motor task results in performance improvements in the other hand, also when stimuli are randomly presented (nonspecific transfer). Corpus callosum (CC) is the main structure involved in interhemispheric information transfer; CC pathology occurs in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and is related to altered performance of tasks requiring interhemispheric transfer of sensorimotor information. To investigate the role of CC in nonspecific transfer during a pure motor reaction‐time task, we combined motor behavior with diffusion tensor imaging analysis in PwMS. Twenty‐two PwMS and 10 controls, all right‐handed, were asked to respond to random stimuli with appropriate finger opposition movements with the right (learning) and then the left (transfer) hand. PwMS were able to improve motor performance reducing response times with practice with a trend similar to controls and preserved the ability to transfer the acquired motor information from the learning to the transfer hand. A higher variability in the transfer process, indicated by a significantly larger standard deviation of mean nonspecific transfer, was found in the PwMS group with respect to the control group, suggesting the presence of subtle impairments in interhemispheric communication in some patients. Then, we correlated the amount of nonspecific transfer with mean fractional anisotropy (FA) values, indicative of microstructural damage, obtained in five CC subregions identified on PwMS's FA maps. A significant correlation was found only in the subregion including posterior midbody (Pearson's r = 0.74, P = 0.003), which thus seems to be essential for the interhemispheric transfer of information related to pure sensorimotor tasks. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resistance, justice, and commitment to change
Authors: Foster Rex D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis research focused on individual responses to organizational change by exploring the relationships among individual resistance, organizational justice, and commitment to change following organizational change implementations in three organizations. To accomplish this, Web‐based questionnaires were used to gather individual‐level quantitative data from 218 employees within three organizations located in the United States. The previously validated measures used included Oreg's (2003) resistance to change scale, Colquitt's (2001) four‐factor organizational justice scale, and the Herscovitch and Meyer (2002) commitment to change scale. The survey data were analyzed with the use of structural equation modeling to test for relationships among constructs, and results demonstrated that organizational justice was strongly associated with commitment to organizational change, the strongest relationship being between procedural justice and affective commitment to change. In addition, resistance to change was not significantly related to justice or commitment to change. These findings on resistance to change support recent conceptual arguments that conventional views of resistance to change are not useful for informing organizational change implementation efforts.
The effect of soil type, meteorological forcing and slope gradient on the simulation of internal erosion processes at the local scale
Authors: Nord Guillaume , Esteves Michel 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNumerical simulation experiments of water erosion at the local scale (20 × 5 m) using a process‐based model [Plot Soil Erosion Model_2D (PSEM_2D)] were carried out to test the effects of various environmental factors (soil type, meteorological forcing and slope gradient) on the runoff and erosion response and to determine the dominant processes that control the sediment yield at various slope lengths. The selected environmental factors corresponded to conditions for which the model had been fully tested beforehand. The use of a Green and Ampt model for infiltration explained the dominant role played by rainfall intensity in the runoff response. Sediment yield at the outlet of the simulated area was correlated positively with rainfall intensity and slope gradient, but was less sensitive to soil type. The relationship between sediment yield (soil loss per unit area) and slope length was greatly influenced by all environmental factors, but there was a general tendency towards higher sediment yield when the slope was longer. Contribution of rainfall erosion to gross erosion was dominant for all surfaces with slope lengths ranging from 4 to 20 m. The highest sediment yields corresponded to cases where flow erosion was activated. An increase in slope gradient resulted in flow detachment starting upstream. Sediment exported at the outlet of the simulated area came predominantly from the zone located near the outlet. The microrelief helped in the development of a rill network that controlled both the ratio between rainfall and flow erosion and the relationship between sediment yield and slope length. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of rainfall from infrared‐microwave satellite data for basin‐scale hydrologic modelling
Authors: Kalinga Oscar Anthony , Gan Thian Yew 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe infrared‐microwave rainfall algorithm (IMRA) was developed for retrieving spatial rainfall from infrared (IR) brightness temperatures (TBs) of satellite sensors to provide supplementary information to the rainfall field, and to decrease the traditional dependency on limited rain gauge data that are point measurements. In IMRA, a SLOPE technique (ST) was developed for discriminating rain/no‐rain pixels through IR image cloud‐top temperature gradient, and 243K as the IR threshold temperature for minimum detectable rainfall rate. IMRA also allows for the adjustment of rainfall derived from IR‐TB using microwave (MW) TBs. In this study, IMRA rainfall estimates were assessed on hourly and daily basis for different spatial scales (4, 12, 20, and 100 km) using NCEP stage IV gauge‐adjusted radar rainfall data, and daily rain gauge data. IMRA was assessed in terms of the accuracy of the rainfall estimates and the basin streamflow simulated by the hydrologic model, Sacramento soil moisture accounting (SAC‐SMA), driven by the rainfall data. The results show that the ST option of IMRA gave accurate satellite rainfall estimates for both light and heavy rainfall systems while the Hessian technique only gave accurate estimates for the convective systems. At daily time step, there was no improvement in IR‐satellite rainfall estimates adjusted with MW TBs. The basin‐scale streamflow simulated by SAC‐SMA driven by satellite rainfall data was marginally better than when SAC‐SMA was driven by rain gauge data, and was similar to the case using radar data, reflecting the potential applications of satellite rainfall in basin‐scale hydrologic modelling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of precipitation characteristics on soil hydrology in tile‐drained landscapes
Authors: Vidon P. , Cuadra P. E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractUnderstanding the variables regulating tile‐flow response to precipitation in the US Midwest is critical for water quality management. This study (1) investigates the relationship between precipitation characteristics, antecedent water table depth and tile‐flow response at a high temporal resolution during storms; and (2) determines the relative importance of macropore flow versus matrix flow in tile flow in a tile‐drained soya bean field in Indiana. In spring, although variations in antecedent water table depth imparted some variation in tile‐flow response to precipitation, bulk precipitation was the best predictor of mean tile flow, maximum tile flow, time to peak, and run‐off ratio. The contribution of macropore flow to total flow significantly increased with precipitation amount, and macropore flow represented between 11 and 50% of total drain flow, with peak contributions between 15 and 74% of flow. For large storms (>6 cm bulk precipitation), cations data indicated a dilution of groundwater with new water as discharge peaked. Although no clear dilution or concentration patterns for Mg2+ or K+ were observed for smaller tile flow generating events (<3 cm bulk precipitation), macropore flow still contributed between 11 and 17% of the total flow for these moderate size storms. Inter‐drain comparison stressed the need to use triplicate or duplicate tile drain experiments when investigating tile drainage impact on water and N losses at the plot scale. These results significantly increase our understanding of the hydrological functioning of tile‐drained fields in spring, when most N losses to streams occur in the US Midwest. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of soil and water conservation measures on catchment hydrological response—a case in north Ethiopia
Authors: Nyssen Jan , Clymans Wim , Descheemaeker Katrien , Poesen Jean , Vandecasteele Ine , Vanmaercke Matthias , Zenebe Amanuel , Van Camp Marc , Haile Mitiku , Haregeweyn Nigussie , Moeyersons Jan , Martens Kristine , Gebreyohannes Tesfamichael , Deckers Jozef , Walraevens Kristine 
Published: March 2010

AbstractImpact studies of catchment management in the developing world rarely include detailed hydrological components. Here, changes in the hydrological response of a 200‐ha catchment in north Ethiopia are investigated. The management included various soil and water conservation measures such as the construction of dry masonry stone bunds and check dams, the abandonment of post‐harvest grazing, and the establishment of woody vegetation. Measurements at the catchment outlet indicated a runoff depth of 5 mm or a runoff coefficient (RC) of 1·6% in the rainy season of 2006. Combined with runoff measurements at plot scale, this allowed calculating the runoff curve number (CN) for various land uses and land management techniques. The pre‐implementation runoff depth was then predicted using the CN values and a ponding adjustment factor, representing the abstraction of runoff induced by the 242 check dams in gullies. Using the 2006 rainfall depths, the runoff depth for the 2000 land management situation was predicted to be 26·5 mm (RC = 8%), in line with current RCs of nearby catchments. Monitoring of the ground water level indicated a rise after catchment management. The yearly rise in water table after the onset of the rains (ΔT) relative to the water surplus (WS) over the same period increased between 2002–2003 (ΔT/WS = 3·4) and 2006 (ΔT/WS >11·1). Emerging wells and irrigation are other indicators for improved water supply in the managed catchment. Cropped fields in the gullies indicate that farmers are less frightened for the destructive effects of flash floods. Due to increased soil water content, the crop growing period is prolonged. It can be concluded that this catchment management has resulted in a higher infiltration rate and a reduction of direct runoff volume by 81% which has had a positive influence on the catchment water balance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copula‐based uncertainty modelling: application to multisensor precipitation estimates
Authors: AghaKouchak Amir , Bárdossy András , Habib Emad 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe multisensor precipitation estimates (MPE) data, available in hourly temporal and 4 km × 4 km spatial resolution, are produced by the National Weather Service and mosaicked as a national product known as Stage IV. The MPE products have a significant advantage over rain gauge measurements due to their ability to capture spatial variability of rainfall. However, the advantages are limited by complications related to the indirect nature of remotely sensed precipitation estimates. Previous studies confirm that efforts are required to determine the accuracy of MPE and their associated uncertainties for future use in hydrological and climate studies. So far, various approaches and extensive research have been undertaken to develop an uncertainty model. In this paper, an ensemble generator is presented for MPE products that can be used to evaluate the uncertainty of rainfall estimates. Two different elliptical copula families, namely, Gaussian and t‐copula are used for simulations. The results indicate that using t‐copula may have significant advantages over the well‐known Gaussian copula particularly with respect to extremes. Overall, the model in which t‐copula was used for simulation successfully generated rainfall ensembles with similar characteristics to those of the ground reference measurements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.