bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Corn Steep Liquor for Erosion Control and Vegetative Establishment on Highway Backslopes
Authors: Schmidt B. L. , Taylor G. S. , Miller R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious concentrations of a corn steep liquor slurry were compared with straw mulch for erosion control and vegetative establishment on highway backslope plots. Applications of 5 and 10% corn steep liquor slurry followed immediately with lime slurry formed a thin, stabilized surface layer that resisted initial erosion on backslope plots after seeding. However, plant growth, cover, and erosion control over a growing season were the greatest under straw mulch, with no significant differences noted from the various corn steep liquor treatments by the end of the season. Growth chamber studies showed corn steep liquor slurry concentrations of over 10% solids applied at 1.4 liters/m2 retarded emergence of tall fescue seedlings up to 1 week. Soil moisture evaporation losses in a greenhouse study were not significantly affected by various rates of corn steep liquor application, but were greatly decreased by straw mulch.
Relation of Hydrocyanic Acid Potential of Leaf Samples to That of Whole Plants of Sorghum1
Authors: Benson J. A. , Gray Elmer , Fribourg H. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationships between the hydrocyanic acid potential (HCN‐p) of leaves and whole plants were studied in ‘Piper’ sudangrass, Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense (L.) Moench, and ‘Suhi‐l’, sorghum‐sudangrass hybrid, S. bicolor ✕ S. bicolor var. sudanense, subjected to three cutting managements. The results were:

Leaf and whole plant samples from Suhi‐1 were usually higher in HCN‐p than samples from Piper at all harvest dates for the three cutting managements.
Plants cut at 10 cm when they reached the early bloom stage had significantly lower average HCN‐p than plants cut at 8 and 20 cm when they reached a height of 50 and 75 cm, respectively. Differences in average HCN‐p for the two latter cutting management were not signifant.
There were no significant differences among average HCN‐p of the whorl and the first and third leaves of Piper. For Suhi‐1, no significant difference was found between the average HCN‐p of the whorl and the first leaf. Both the whorl and the first leaf were significantly higher in HCN‐p than the third leaf.
There were no consistent trends in HCN‐p associated with successive harvest dates during the season.
Most of the simple correlation coefficients between HCN‐p of leaf samples and of whole plants were highly significant, indicating that leaf samples could be used to rank varieties for HCN‐p.
Ratios of leaf to whole plant HCN‐p were inconsistent; therefore, such samples are not suitable for estimating the total amount of HCN‐p of whole plants.
Permanent Pastures Improved with Sod‐seeding and Fertilization1
Authors: Decker A. M. , Retzer H. J. , Sarna M. L. , Kerr H. D. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract‘Emerald’ crownvetch (Cornilla varia L.) and ‘Viking’ birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) were sod‐seeded into permanent bluegrass pastures. Three types of sod openers were evaluated along with the use of paraquat sprayed in a 15‐cm band over the seeded row to reduce competition from the existing sod. Forage production from these sod‐seeded treatments was compared with complete renovation and seeding to a mixture of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), ladino clover (Trifolium repens L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and to three rates of nitrogen topdressing on the undisturbed sward.All of the treatments significantly increased forage yields with annual applications of N at 448 kg/ha being the highest. However, such a practice is not economically practical at present. Sod‐seeding with crownvetch was as good as either complete renovation or 140 kg N/ha annually. Sod‐seeded trefoil was less productive but in the third year of the study it was higher yielding than complete renovation.Based on dry matter yields, birdsfoot trefoil and crownvetch offer good possibilities for improving permanent pastures production at minimum cost. These legumes can be seeded and the pasture fertilized in one trip over the field. Crownvetch is especially well suited to this type of seeding because of its spreading growth habit.The disk and disk‐spear openers were generally superior to the spear only. However, with crownvetch the spear plus paraquat was also satisfactory.
A Germination Inhibitor in the Seedcoat of Sericea (Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don)1
Authors: Logan R. H. , Hoveland C. S. , Donnelly E. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of seedcoats of high‐ and low‐tannin sericea lespedeza on seed germination were studied. Seedcoat water extracts of both high‐ and low‐tannin sericea lines reduced germination and radicle elongation of sericea seed. Removal of seedcoats Increased germination of both lines when germinated with water. Seedcoats of seed from high‐tannin plants inhibited germination to a greater extent than those from low‐tannin plants. A seedcoat inhibitor may be a factor in slow germination of sericea. The high seedcoat tannin content of both sericea lines shows that germination inhibition is caused by a substance other than tannin.
Modifications of Pfeifer's Bird‐Control Apparatus1
Authors: Rosenau R. C. , Worstell R. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPfeifer's bird‐control apparatus was modified and tested in 1967. Several safety feasures were incorporated. Also, an industrial timer was added as an interrupter to break the circuit from a high voltage transformer at regular, short intervals providing the arcing and snapping needed in a dry climate.
Kernel Opacity during Development and Moisture Content within Maize Ears Segregating for Opaque‐2 and Floury‐21
Authors: Paez A. V. , Helm J. L. , Zuber M. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo lines each heterozygous for the genes opaque‐2 and floury‐2 were examined for segregation at 5‐day intervals, starting at 20 days after pollination until the 40th day. Identification of opaque‐2 and floury‐2 endosperm mutant classes by light transmission over a frosted glass was possible 25 days after pollination. Stages of kernel development and moisture content were factors found to be associated with identification of the two mutant classes.Ears sergregating for these two mutants of several breeding lines showed differences in moisture content and kernel weight at post‐physiological maturity. Mutant classes had a significantly greater moisture content and lower average kernel weight at harvest.
Estimate of Optimum Plot Size for Cotton Yield Trials1
Authors: Kuehl R. O. , Kittock D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe used data from 55 variety trials, four cultural experiments, and a uniformity trial of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. (Upland) and G. barbadense L. (Pima), to estimate soil heterogeneity and optimum plot size. Estimates of soil heterogeneity varied primarily with trial location. Optimum plot size was estimated from variety yield trials to be 53 m of total row length, and from a single uniformity trial to be 9 m. Shape of plot has little effect on plot variability.
Leaf Area Development, Light Interception, and the Growth of Canning Peas (Pisum sativum L.)1
Authors: Eastin John A. , Gritton Earl T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDeterminations of LAI3, CGR, LA/LW, LA/W, canopy height, and light attenuation were made for two canning pea cultivars in all possible combinations of three row spacings and three plant populations at several growth stages. The leaf area values and canopy heights, when considered in relation to models for simulating photosynthesis in plant communities, indicated that the development of increased LAI in conjunction with changes in leaf orientation and distribution and maintenance of maximum canopy height should be objectives in pea improvement programs. LA/W changes and their relationship to LAI and CGR provide evidence that growth had a positive effect on photosynthetic activity. LA/LW varied as a function of population, growth stage, and cultivar.
Effect of Light, Culture Solution, and Growth Period on Growth and Chemical Composition of Hydroponically Produced Oat Seedlings1
Authors: Trubey C. R. , Rhykerd C. L. , Noller C. H. , Ford D. R. , George J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOats were grown to evaluate the effect of light, culture solution and growth period on the growth and chemical composition of the young seedlings when grown in a hydroponic unit. The treatments consisted of light and dark, culture solution with and without nutrient elements and 3‐ and 6‐day growth periods.Seedlings receiving light were significantly lower in fresh weight, crude protein and water soluble carbohydrates but considerably higher in beta‐carotene. Light did not affect dry matter or ash content over the relatively short growth periods. The addition of nutrient elements to the culture solution did not affect fresh weight, dry matter, crude protein, beta‐carotene or ash content but decreased the water soluble carbohydrate content. Growing the oat seedlings for 6 days resulted in higher fresh weight, soluble carbohydrates, beta‐carotene, and ash contents as compared to the seedlings of the 3‐day growth period. Length of growth period did not affect crude protein content but a dry matter decrease was observed for the 6‐day growth period.
Measurement of Drought Resistance in Corn1
Authors: Kilen T. C. , Andrew R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwelve dent and sweet corn lines exhibiting a range of phenotypic response to field drought were exposed to 1) a heat and atmospheric‐drought test of seedlings, 2) a test for chlorophyll stability of leaf tissue, and 3) conduction inhibition test of excised leaves. At two locations during 2 years in the field, lines were rated for leaf firing and measured for leaf blade area, tiller number, plant height, leaf number, stomatal number, and stem vascular bundle number. Results were positively and highly correlated among the three objective tests and for each test with leaf firing in the field. Plant height, but not other morphological measurements, was negatively and significantly correlated with test results and with leaf firing in the field.
Winter Survival and Spring Forage Yield of Winter Rye Varieties in Subarctic Alaska as Influenced by Date of Planting1
Authors: Klebesadel L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree dates of planting during late summer were compared in four successive field tests for effects on winter survival and on subsequent spring forage yields of several varieties of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) near Palmer in south‐central Alaska.Amount of seedling growth achieved before termination of the growing season differed among years and was related to September temperatures. When winterkill was moderate to severe, survival of seedlings was better with planting 16 to 23 Aug. than earlier (9 to 12 Aug.) or later (27 Aug. to 8 Sept.). Earliest dates of planting, however, always resulted in earliest forage growth and highest yields the following spring. Yields were progressively smaller with successively later dates of planting.In one test, only very winterhardy varieties were included and all survived the relatively mild winter without apparent injury. In the other three tests, winter stress resulted in disparate survival of rye cultivars. Varieties that grew most rapidly as seedlings sustained greatest winterkill. ‘Antelope,’ ‘Caribou,’ ‘Emerald,’ ‘Pierre,’ and ‘Sitnikoff’ were superior to ‘Elk,’ ‘Sangaste,’ and ‘Toivo’ in winter survival and, hence, in subsequent forage yield. Crude protein content of harvested forage was consistently high (20 to 26%) and was not influenced by varieties or planting dates.
Chemical Composition and Yield of Oats and Peas Separated from a Forage Mixture at Successive Stages of Growth1
Authors: Klebesadel L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn oat‐pea (Arena sativa L.‐Pisum arvense L.) forage mixture was sampled at nine successive stages of growth during 3 consecutive crop years. Samples were separated into oat and pea components for chemical analyses and yield determinations. Percent dry matter in both crops and nitrogen‐free extract (N.F.E.) in oats increased during the growing season. Percent N.F.E. in peas, Ca in oats, and fat, Mg, and P in both oats and peas remained relatively constant during the sampling period. Percent crude fiber increased in both crops until oats were in the early milk stage and peas had 3 to 4 pods per plant and then declined in both crops. Percent ash and K in both crops and percent Ca in peas declined throughout the sampling period.Percent crude protein decreased rapidly in both crops during the first two sampling intervals, then declined slowly in oats, and increased slightly in peas during subsequent growth.Oats were higher than peas in percent dry matter, fiber, ash, and K. Levels of N.F.E., fat, and P were quite similar in the two crops, except that oats were lower than peas in N.F.E. during the first two samplings. Peas were higher than oats in percent protein, Ca, and Mg, except with the first two samplings when oats surpassed peas in percent protein.Rate of dry‐matter accumulation was higher for oats during the first half of the sampling period but higher for peas during the last half. Per‐hectare yields of dry matter and of the various chemical constituents at conventional harvest stage revealed that oats and peas were complementary in composition. Oats surpassed peas in per‐hectare yields of dry matter, fiber, ash, N.F.E., and K. Peas, however, contributed most of the protein, Ca, and Mg. Oats and peas were about equal in yield of fat and P.
Use of Minimum Tillage and Herbicide for Establishing Legumes in Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) Swards1
Authors: Taylor T. H. , Smith E. M. , Templeton W. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFactorial experiments were conducted for three successive years with plantings of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) made in spring, mid‐and late summer of each year. White clover (Trifolium repens L.) was sown only in spring. Tillage levels were none and strips tilled to a depth of 1.9 cm with widths of 0.6, 1.9 and 5.7 cm. Herbicide levels were none and paraquat, l:l‐dimethyl‐4, 4'dipyridylium dichloride, applied at 1.11 kg a.i./ha in bands of 5.1 and 10.2 cm over the seeded rows. Seeds were placed either on or below the soil surface. Spring plantings were most successful, late summer ones were intermediate, and those made in mid‐summer were poorest. Placing the seed 1.2 (alfalfa) or 0.6 cm (clover) below the soil surface was found to be the most consistent controllable factor contributing to successful establishment. Stands were equal or superior on the minimumtilled plots i.e., strips 0.6 cm wide and 1.9 cm deep, to those of other treatments. Paraquat banded over the seeded row enhanced legume stands only when grass stands were dense and growth was rapid. Based on success with minimum tillage, a prototype field machine was designed and constructed to till, seed, cultipack, and apply herbicide in one pass over the land.
Effects of Soil and Crop Management Practices on the Removal of Strontium‐90 by Plant Uptake, Leaching, Runoff and Erosion1
Authors: Haghiri F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLong‐term field investigations are being conducted to study the effect of management practices on the removal of 90Sr by runoff, leaching, erosion and plant uptake. The management practices consist of one crop rotation with high and low rates of lime, permanent grass, continuous corn, and gravel mulch with no vegetation. Over a 5‐year period, the 90Sr content of the soil in a 0‐10‐cm depth decreased in all cropping systems. The percent 90Sr loss by runoff water and sediment was negatively correlated with time while the percent 90Sr in the leachate water increased with time. The percent 90Sr removal by runoff and leachate water was maximum under gravel mulch and minimum under grass treatments. Sod crops were more effective in minimizing the 90Sr loss in runoff and leachate water than cultivated crops. High Ca accumulating crops such as alfalfa removed more 90Sr than low accumulators such as corn. High rates of lime reduced the 90Sr uptake by crops and the removal by leachate water.
Collegiate Soils Contests, a Teaching Aid1
Authors: Jansen I. J. , Olson G. W. , Milford M. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInterest and participation in soils contests are growing steadily. Preparation for and participation in these contests are educational experiences quite unlike those acquired in formal classes. Participants in regional and national contests have the opportunity to broaden their knowledge by studying soils and landforms in regions unlike their own. The extracurricular nature of the contests and the competition among students and between teams gives participants the incentive to study soils with enthusiasm. The contests provide the setting for students and professors from schools in different parts of the country to exchange views and become better acquainted. In an attempt to evaluate the program, we sent questionnaires to individuals who had participated in past years, either as coaches or as team members. Respondents strongly support the program as an effective teaching device.
Effect of Puncturing Mature Endosperm on Corn Germination1
Authors: Helm J. L. , Zuber M. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA mechanical probe was used to puncture mature corn (Zea mays L.) kernels. After puncture the kernels were germinated at near optimum conditions. Kernels punctured at 7% moisture had better than 80% germination, while kernels punctured at 28% moisture had over 90% germination. These results indicate that after corn endosperm is punctured, to measure its physical properties, kernels can be satisfactorily germinated. This will allow segregating populations to be tested, and progenies can be grown from selected kernels.
Evapotranspiration and Water Stress of Barley with Increased Nitrogen1
Authors: Luebs R. E. , Laag A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen, equivalent to rates of 45 and 90 kg/ha, applied at emergence, increased the leaf area index of barley 44 and 109%, respectively, before stem elongation. for an 18‐day period before and during tillering, evapotranspiration was 14 and 43% higher with the 45‐ and 90‐kg rates, respectively. During a subsequent 26‐day dry period, available soil water was depleted first at the highest N level. Relative turgidity of barley leaves at the end of the dry period (2 weeks before heading) was 84, 65, and 52% for the 0‐, 45‐, and 90‐kg N rates, respectively. At the high N rate, the number of barley heads per unit land area was reduced 44% and the number of kernels per head, 40%. As a result, barley grain yield was decreased 1,470 kg/ha. In contrast, a yield increase of 450 kg/ha was obtained with the 45‐kg rate of N. These results illutrate how a moderately high rate of N, applied to N‐deficient soil with limited water, can result in severe water stress at a critical growth period and depress grain yield.
Effect of Particle Size on Long‐Term Availability of Sulfur on Annual‐Type Grasslands1
Authors: Jones M. B. , Ruckman J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractElemental sulfur and gypsum were applied to separate plots in a subclover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) ‐grass pasture at 45 or 448 kg/ha. Diameter of the S particles was < 0.15 mm, 0.25‐0.29 mm, 0.30‐0.59 mm, or 0.84–2.00 mm. Forage yields, changes in botanical composition, and S uptake were determined annually for 7 years after application. At the 448‐kg level, uptake of S from the smallest‐sized particles was highest during the first 2 years. Thereafter it decreased annually. Uptake of S from gypsum followed a similar pattern, but the decrease was more rapid. With the 0.25–0.29‐mm particles, uptake was less than from the smallest particles the first year, but the level remained relatively constant for 3 years, with only small decreases in subsequent years. Uptake of S from the 0.30–0.59‐mm particles was less than half that from the finest S the 1st year after application, but there was no decrease in uptake with time. Also, the uptake was about twice that from the largest‐sized particles throughout the period of the experiment. Where 45 kg S/ha was applied, relative amounts of S uptake from the various sized particles were similar to that with the 448‐kg application in the 1st year after application except that the amounts were much less. In subsequent years the increase in S uptake caused by application of the finest S decreased more rapidly than where the heavy rate was applied. Also the cumulative S uptake from coarse S fractions did not exceed uptake from the finest S as it did where the heavier S was applied.Where 45 kg S/ha was applied increased forage production was closely related to S availability, particle size, and S uptake.Increases in forage production with the application of 448 kg S did not follow the same pattern as S uptake with regard to particle size. Yield increases were least where < 0.15‐mm particles were used. This probably was caused by side effects, since soil pH was reduced by the heavy application of the finest S.
Winter and Summer Soybean Growth in Southern California1
Authors: Abel G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoybean growth under mildly low temperatures and short photoperiods from mid‐December and mid‐February plantings was compared to the normal summer growth from May to June plantings. Seed germination time increased and plant height decreased, depending mainly on the temperature. Low temperatures delayed flowering approximately 30 days beyond the established 25‐day limit of flowering of all varieties grown under optimum temperatures and short photoperiods. Extending the photoperiod above the critical for flowering with artificial light delayed flowering time a few days and essentially doubled the per‐hectare yield to 1,260 kg of dry stalk and 460 kg of seed from the December planting. Extending the photoperiod for the February planting decreased seed yield and seed quality because of competition with the reinducted vegetative stage resulting from the normal 14‐hr photoperiods that occurred later in the growth cycle. These yields from winter plantings compare to 7,907 kg/ha of dry stalk and 2,347 kg/ha of seed from normal summer growth.
Influence of Water Temperature on Submersion Tolerance of Four Grasses1
Authors: Beard James B. , Martin David P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMature sods of ‘Toronto’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.), ‘Merion’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), annual bluegrass (P. annua L.) and ‘Pennlawn’ red rescue (Festuca rubra L.) were submerged in constant temperature water tanks at water temperatures of 10, 20, and 30 C. Three replications of each species were removed at designated intervals, drained, and placed in a greenhouse maintained at 20 C for evaluation of survival. Differentials in turfgrass species tolerance to extended periods of submersion were evident with Toronto creeping bentgrass showing superior tolerance, Merion Kentucky bluegrass and annual bluegrass ranking intermediate, and Pennlawn red fescue being quite intolerant. The duration of submersion tolerance was inversely proportional to the water temperature. Symptoms of injury at 30 C were visible on the intolerant species at the time of removal from the water tank and after 3 to 4 days on the tolerant species. There was a rapid loss of chlorophyll followed by general plant deterioration. Death occurred initially at the leaf tips of older leaves followed by a brownish discoloration of the leaf sheath.