bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retention of Passive Integrated Transponder Tags in Flathead Catfish
Authors: Daugherty Daniel J. , Buckmeier David L. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We evaluated short- and long-term retention of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags at two anatomical tagging locations in flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris (n = 72 fish; total length range = 421–854 mm). Tags were injected into the dorsal musculature immediately posterior to the dorsal fin and into the opercular musculature immediately posterior to the left eye. Short-term tag retention evaluated at 1, 3, and 7 d posttagging was 100% at both tagging locations after accounting for one tag failure (at the dorsal musculature site) that occurred during the initial tagging procedure. Long-term (300-d) tag retention was 100% for the dorsal musculature site and 98.5% for the opercular site. Mortality of tagged fish was low (8%); the mortalities that did occur were probably not related to tagging. Our results indicate a high rate of PIT tag retention in flathead catfish at both anatomical locations. Additionally, utilization of the opercular musculature as a PIT tagging location for this species may reduce the potential for accidental tag consumption by anglers.
Effects of Socio-Economic and Input-Related Factors on Polluting Plants' Location Decisions
Authors: Wolverton Ann 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Many environmental justice studies argue that firms choose to locate waste sites or polluting plants disproportionately in minority or poor communities. However, it is not uncommon for these studies to match site or plant location to contemporaneous socioeconomic characteristics instead of to characteristics at the time of siting. While this may provide important information on disproportionate impacts currently faced by these communities, it does not describe the relationship at the time of siting. Also, variables that are important to a plant's location decision  i.e., production and transportation costs  are often not included. Without controlling for such variables, it is difficult to evaluate the relative importance of socioeconomic characteristics in a firm's initial location decision. This paper examines the role of community socioeconomic characteristics at the time of siting in the location decisions of manufacturing plants while controlling for other location-relevant factors such as input costs.When plant location is matched to current socioeconomic characteristics, results are consistent with what the environmental justice literature predicts: race is significant and positively related to plant location, while income is significant and negatively related to plant location. When plant location is matched to socioeconomic characteristics at the time of siting, empirical results suggest that race is no longer significant, though income is still significant and negatively related to plant location. Poverty rates are sometimes significant but act as a deterrent to plant location. Variables traditionally considered in the firm location literature  such as land and labor costs, the quality of labor, and distance to rail  are significant. The presence of pre-existing TRI plants in a neighborhood and average plant size are also significant.
The clasts of Cretaceous marls in the conglomerates of the Konradsheim Formation (Pöchlau quarry, Gresten Klippen Zone, Austria)
Authors: Ślączka Andrzej , Gasiñski M. , Bąk Marta , Wessely Godfrid 
Published: March 2009

The clasts of Cretaceous marls in the conglomerates of the Konradsheim Formation (Pöchlau quarry, Gresten Klippen Zone, Austria)Investigations were carried out on foraminiferids and radiolaria from redeposited clasts within the conglomerates of the Konradsheim Formation (Gresten Klippen Zone) in the area of the Pöchlau hill, east of Maria Neustift. These shales and marls are of Middle to Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous age. In the latter clasts, foraminiferal assemblages withTritaxiaex gr.gaultinaas well as radiolaria speciesAngulobracchia portmanniBaumgartner,Dictyomitra communis(Squinabol),Hiscocapsa asseni(Tan),Pseudodictyomitra lodogaensisPessagno,Pseudoeucyrtis hanni(Tan),Rhopalosyringium fossile(Squinabol) were found. In one block from the uppermost part of the sequence there is an assemblage withCaudammina(H)gigantea, Rotalipora appenninicaandGlobotruncana bulloides.However, the brecciated character of this block and occurrence near a fault suggest that it was probably wedged into the conglomerates of the Konradsheim Formation during tectonic movements. In pelitic siliceous limestones below the Konradsheim Limestone radiolarian assemblages of Middle Callovian to Early Tithonian age were found. They enable correlation with the Scheibbsbach Formation. In a marly sequence, above the conglomeratic limestone, the foraminiferal assemblages contain taxa from mid-Cretaceous up to Paleocene. The present biostratigraphic investigation confirmed the previous stratigraphic assignments and imply clearly that the sedimentation of deposits similar to the Konradsheim Formation also occurred at the end of the Early Cretaceous and deposition of conglomeratic limestones within the Gresten Klippen Zone, and especially within the Konradsheim Formation, was repeated several times during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.
The effect of focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy on collagen matrix and gene expression in normal tendons and ligaments
Authors: BOSCH G. , de MOS M. , van BINSBERGEN R. , van SCHIE H. T. M. , van de LEST C. H. A. , van WEEREN P. R. 
Published: March 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is frequently used in equine practice, but little is known about its biological action. Objectives: To study the effects of ESWT on matrix structure and gene expression levels in normal, physiologically loaded tendinous structures in ponies. Methods: Six Shetland ponies, free of lameness and with ultrasonographically normal flexor and extensor tendons and suspensory ligaments (SL), were used. ESWT was applied at the origin of the suspensory ligament and the mid‐metacarpal region of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) 6 weeks prior to sample taking, and at the mid‐metacarpal region (ET) and the insertion on the extensor process of the distal phalanx (EP) of the common digital extensor tendon 3 h prior to tendon sampling. In all animals one forelimb was treated and the other limb was used as control. After euthanasia, tendon tissue was harvested for real‐time PCR to determine gene expression levels and additional samples were taken for histological evaluation and biochemical analyses Results: Histologically a disorganisation of the normal collagen structure was observed 3 h after ESWT, remnants of which were still visible after 6 weeks. While degraded collagen levels showed an increase at 3 h post treatment (P = 0.012) they were reduced at 6 weeks post ESWT (P = 0.039). Gene expression for both COL1 (P = 0.004) and MMP14 (P = 0.020) was upregulated at 6 weeks after treatment. Conclusions: Exposure of normal tendinous tissue to ESWT is not uneventful; it leads to a disorganisation of matrix structure and changes in degraded collagen levels. The upregulation of COL1 expression 6 weeks after ESWT may be indicative for repair. Potential relevance: The observed disorganisation of the collagen network warrants caution when using ESWT. Exposing noninjured tissue to ESWT should be avoided and it may be advisable to restrict exercise in recently treated patients. However, the induced tissue disorganisation might also be a trigger for repair in chronic tendinopathies.
Descriptive epidemiology of fracture, tendon and suspensory ligament injuries in National Hunt racehorses in training
Authors: ELY E. R. , AVELLA C. S. , PRICE J. S. , SMITH R. K. W. , WOOD J. L. N. , VERHEYEN K. L. P. 
Published: March 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: While fractures and tendon injuries are known to be important diseases in National Hunt (NH) racehorses during racing, there are no accurate estimates of their incidence in NH training yards. Objectives: To estimate the incidence of fractures and tendon and suspensory ligament injuries (TLIs) in NH racehorses in training; to describe the injuries incurred and to compare injury incidence rates by horse age, trainer, gender and background (ex‐flat vs. ex‐store horses). Methods: Cohort data were collected from 14 UK NH training yards for 2 racing seasons. Daily exercise regimens and details of fractures and TLIs occurring in study horses were recorded. Results: Data were gathered from 1223 horses that spent 9466 months at risk of injury. The fracture incidence rate was 1.1/100 horse months and varied significantly by trainer (P<0.001) but not by gender, age or background. The pelvis and third metacarpal bone (MCIII) were the most common fracture sites, although this varied between racing and training. The TLI incidence rate was 1.9/100 horse months and varied significantly by trainer (P = 0.05) and age (P<0.001) but not by gender or background. However, exstore horses were significantly more likely to have a TLI on the racecourse than ex‐flat horses (P = 0.01). Superficial digital flexor injuries accounted for 89% of all TLIs, the remainder being suspensory ligament injuries. Conclusions and potential relevance: Fractures and TLIs are important causes of morbidity and mortality in NH racehorses in training in England. This study provides accurate estimates of their incidence in this population and provides a baseline against which to monitor the effect of future interventions.
Dynamic respiratory endoscopy in 67 Thoroughbred racehorses training under normal ridden exercise conditions
Authors: POLLOCK P. J. , REARDON R. J. M. , PARKIN T. D. H. , JOHNSTON M. S. , TATE J. , LOVE S. 
Published: March 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: There are potential advantages to imaging the upper portion of the respiratory tract (URT) of horses during ridden exercise. With the advent of a wireless endoscope, this is now possible. However, there has been no detailed validation of the technique and findings have not been compared to ridden speed. Objectives: To assess the combined use of a Dynamic Respiratory Scope (DRS) and global positioning system (GPS) receiver for examining the URT of a group of Thoroughbred racehorses randomly selected from a single flat racehorse training establishment. Methods: Horses were selected randomly from a population of Thoroughbred horses in training at the same training yard. Endoscopic images of the URT were recorded during a ridden exercise test on an ‘all‐weather‐gallop’ and were reviewed post testing. Speed was measured using a wrist mounted GPS receiver. Results: A total of 67 (34%) of the 195 horses in training were examined. Endoscopic findings included: normal URT function (44 cases); dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) (13 cases); laryngeal asymmetry (4 cases); and axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (3 cases). Maximum speed obtained by individual horses ranged from 41.8–56.3 km/h. Ridden speed was variably affected by DDSP. Conclusions: The DRS provides a safe effective system for imaging the equine URT during ridden exercise at speed. The abnormalities of the URT identified were similar to those observed during treadmill endoscopy studies reported in the literature. The effect of URT abnormalities on ridden speed requires further investigation. Potential relevance: This technique can be used to diagnose common causes of URT associated with poor performance in horses during normal training. This has substantial implications for future clinical diagnosis and treatment of URT pathology.
Current controversies in equine antimicrobial therapy
Authors: Hollis A. R. , Wilkins P. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryControversies exist regarding the use, misuse and potential overuse of antimicrobial treatments in foals and adults. When antimicrobials are required for treatment of infectious diseases, veterinarians should follow a logical approach and not simply reach for the newest drug. Targeted, single drug therapy is probably best, and culture and sensitivity testing should be undertaken. The most likely infectious agent, potential drug toxicities, and age‐appropriate dose and route should be considered. The development of an increasing number of different multiple drug resistant pathogens requires that veterinarians use antimicrobial drugs responsibly to protect veterinary patients and the public at large.
Postoperative nonconvulsive encephalopathic status: identification of a syndrome responsible for delayed progressive deterioration of neurological status after skull base surgery
Authors: Al-Mefty Ossama , Wrubel David , Haddad Naim 
Published: March 2009

Object
Over a 10-year period, the authors have observed a rare but recurring syndrome manifested by a delayed, postoperative, progressive decline in the level of consciousness to deep coma that is time-limited to several days with abrupt awakening. Extensive evaluation and workup demonstrated an abnormality on continuous electroencephalographic monitoring that implied nonconvulsive status epilepticus after the exclusion of structural, perfusion, infectious, or metabolic causes. This state has been very refractory to treatment with antiepileptic medication. In this article, the authors raise the awareness of this syndrome and its diagnosis, management, and outcome.

Methods
The authors reviewed the medical records of a cohort of 7 patients who exemplified this syndrome who were treated during the last 5 years.

Results
All 7 patients were women with a mean (± SD) age of 55 ± 15 years. The mean duration of surgery was 8.9 ± 1.8 hours. All patients had a stereotypical course of delayed progressive decline in their level of consciousness after surgery (average 3.3 ± 4.3 days) leading to deep coma. The unconscious state was time-limited, lasting on average 17.3 ± 13.7 days. Continuous electroencephalographic monitoring demonstrated a generalized abnormality with periodic discharges and abundant slow delta activity. A rather abrupt awakening occurred a few days after cessation of electrographic seizure activity. Structural, vascular, infectious, or metabolic causes were excluded based on an extensive workup.

Conclusions
In this study, the authors delineate and raise the awareness of an unusual syndrome. Recognition of this syndrome is important as a cause for delayed coma after surgery. The authors stress the need for respiratory, hemodynamic, and nutritional support for these patients until recovery. The origin of this syndrome remains enigmatic and is likely to be multifactorial with a prominent pharmacological role related to anesthetic agent or medication in a setting of craniotomy that is associated with alteration of the blood-brain barrier.
Application of electromagnetic technology to neuronavigation: a revolution in image-guided neurosurgery
Authors: Hayhurst Caroline , Byrne Patricia , Eldridge Paul R. , Mallucci Conor L. 
Published: March 2009

Object
The authors investigated the practicality of electromagnetic neuronavigation in routine clinical use, and determined the applications for which it is at the advantage compared with other systems.

Methods
A magnetic field is generated encompassing the surgical volume. Devices containing miniaturized coils can be located within the field. The authors report on their experience in 150 cases performed with this technology.

Results
Electromagnetic neuronavigation was performed in 44 endoscopies, 42 ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertions for slit ventricles, 21 routine shunt insertions, 6 complex shunt insertions, 14 external ventricular drain placements for traumatic brain injury, 5 awake craniotomies, 5 Ommaya reservoir placements, and for 13 other indications. Satisfactory positioning of ventricular catheters was achieved in all cases. No particular changes to the operating theater set-up were required, and no significant interference from ferromagnetic instruments was experienced. Neurophysiological monitoring was not affected, nor did it affect electromagnetic guidance.

Conclusions
Neuronavigation enables safe, accurate surgery, and may ultimately reduce complications and improve outcome. Electromagnetic technology allows frameless, pinless, image-guided surgery, and can be used in all procedures for which neuronavigation is appropriate. This technology was found to be particularly advantageous compared with other technologies in cases in which freedom of head movement was helpful. Electromagnetic neuronavigation was therefore well suited to CSF diversion procedures, awake craniotomies, and cases in which rigid head fixation was undesirable, such as in neonates. This technology extends the application of neuronavigation to routine shunt placement and ventricular catheter placement in patients with traumatic brain injury.
Regional snow-depth estimates for avalanche calculations using a two-dimensional model with snow entrainment
Authors: Bianchi Janetti Emanuela , Gorni Elisa , Sovilla Betty , Bocchiola Daniele 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe currently adopted approach for avalanche-hazard mapping in Switzerland includes avalanche-dynamics modelling coupled with estimation of the greatest annual 3 day snowfall depth,H72, for high-return periods, used as the release depth. New advances in avalanche dynamics show that this approach can be improved using models with mass entrainment, requiring in turn a statistical definition of the erodible snow cover. We propose a regional approach, based on index value, to evaluate release depth and erodible snow cover for large-return periods. The territory of Switzerland is divided into seven climatologically homogeneous regions. Generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions for the growth factors coupled with index-value estimation based on altitude provide an accurate estimate of snow depths, also for large-return periods. RAMMS, a two-dimensional avalanche-dynamics model including snow entrainment, is used for hazard mapping for a site used as an example of the Swiss procedure. The regional approach allows the boundary conditions for hazard mapping to be set using an entrainment model, and also provides statistical uncertainty of the design release and erosion depth, thus aiding in applying uncertainty analysis to hazard-mapping procedure.
Mortality pattern of the Alpine chamois: the influence of snow–meteorological factors
Authors: Jonas Tobias , Geiger Flavia , Jenny Hannes 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEspecially for animals inhabiting alpine areas, winter environmental conditions can be limiting. Cold temperatures, hampered food availability and natural perils are just three of many potential threats that mountain ungulates face in winter. Understanding their sensitivity to climate variability is essential for game management. Here we focus on analyzing the influence of snow and weather conditions on the mortality pattern of Alpine chamois. Our mortality data are derived from a systematic assessment of 6500 chamois that died of natural causes over the course of 13 years. We use population- and habitat-specific data on snow, climate and avalanche danger to identify the key environmental factors that essentially determine the spatio-temporal variations in chamois mortality. Initially, we show that most fatalities occurred in winter, with a peak around March, when typically snow depths were highest. Death causes related to poor general conditions were the major component of seasonal variations. As for the interannual variations in mortality, snow depth and avalanche risk best explained the occurrence of winters with increased numbers of fatalities. Finally, analyzing differences in mortality rates between populations, we identified sun-exposed winter habitats with little snow accumulation as favourable for alpine chamois.
Applying machine learning methods to avalanche forecasting
Authors: Pozdnoukhov A. , Purves R.S. , Kanevski M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAvalanche forecasting is a complex process involving the assimilation of multiple data sources to make predictions over varying spatial and temporal resolutions. Numerically assisted forecasting often uses nearest-neighbour methods (NN), which are known to have limitations when dealing with high-dimensional data. We apply support vector machines (SVMs) to a dataset from Lochaber, Scotland, UK, to assess their applicability in avalanche forecasting. SVMs belong to a family of theoretically based techniques from machine learning and are designed to deal with high-dimensional data. Initial experiments showed that SVMs gave results that were comparable with NN for categorical and probabilistic forecasts. Experiments utilizing the ability of SVMs to deal with high dimensionality in producing a spatial forecast show promise, but require further work.
New algorithm to retrieve the effective snow grain size and pollution amount from satellite data
Authors: Zege E. , Katsev I. , Malinka A. , Prikhach A. , Polonsky I. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a new simple and efficient algorithm to retrieve the effective snow grain size and soot concentration from spectral reflectance on snow measured by optical instrument on a satellite. This algorithm was recently developed and will be used for integrated ice–atmosphere–ocean monitoring in the framework of the DAMOCLES program. The algorithm is based on an analytical approach to snow optics. In this approach snow is considered as a close-packed medium with irregularly shaped grains rather than with independent spherical particles. Unlike the known conventional algorithms, the developed algorithm uses no a priori snow optical model. The analytical nature of this algorithm provides a very fast inversion of the reflection data. The developed algorithm was realized and validated for the GLI and MODIS instruments. The algorithm can be generalized for other satellite instruments with appropriate spectral channels. Finally, the results of verifications using a computer simulation are discussed.
Chemical and Antimicrobial Studies on the Skin of <i>Aloe indica</i> Leaves at Different Ages of Plants
Authors: Jahan Ismet Ara , Tarek Fakir Shahidullah , Islam M Shahidul , Chowdhury Jasim Uddin , Begum Fawzia , Sattar M Abdus 
Published: March 2009

A comparative study on mineral profile, water content, solid content and ash contents were done on the skin of the leaves at three different ages of Aloe indica plants. Fatty acid analysis and screening of antibacterial sensitivity against two bacteria were also carried out. Mineral profile was evaluated by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer and Flame photometer. Whereas the esterified fatty extract analysis was done by GC/MS spectrophotometer. Sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium were found to be present as major minerals whereas zinc, copper, silver, phosphorous, chromium were found as trace elements. No arsenic was found to be present in any of the samples. The amount of different mineral contents exists in the order of 1 year < 2 years> 3 years. A comparative study of the mineral contents of the skin with the fillet was also done. Percent compositions of the fatty acid contents were found to be very different in different maturity skin extracts. Skin comprises higher proportion of solid and ash content and lower proportion of water content than the fillet. Leaves of 2 year ages plants contained higher proportion of solid content than both of the 3 year and 1 year ages plants leaves. The 80% ethanol extract of the skin showed antimicrobial sensitivity in the order of 3 years > 2 year l> 1year ages of plants. Keywords: Aloe indica, Mineral contents, Fatty acid analysis, Antimicrobial sensitivity. Â Â Â doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i4.2237 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(4), 467-482, 2008