bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fragen des Klimawandels in den Praktiken von Investitionsfonds
Authors: Sørensen Ole Beier , Pfeifer Stephanie 
Published: December 2011

AuszugEs gibt eine bedeutende Entwicklung in der Art, wie institutionelle Investoren Umwelt‐, Sozial‐ und Governance‐bezogene (kurz USG) Themen in ihre Investitionspraktiken einfließen lassen. Sowohl für öffentliche als auch für private Investoren sind diese Fragen nun Bestandteil etablierter Investitionspraktiken geworden. Dies zeugt von einem größeren Verständnis für tatsächliche Chancen und Risiken, die als Teil der treuhänderischen Verpflichtung betrachtet werden müssen. Einige USG‐Themen erfordern eine Herangehensweise, die weit über die einfachen traditionellen Auswahlverfahren hinausgeht, die von den frühen Nischenfonds verwendet wurden. Das zeigt sich an der detaillierten Diskussion über Investorenpraktiken bezüglich des Klimawandels, die eine Einschätzung der langfristigen Chancen und Risiken erfordern, sowie der diesbezüglich eingesetzten Strategien. Es wird zudem die Auffassung vertreten, dass die Rolle von Politik und Gesetzgebung entscheidend ist bei der wirtschaftlichen Veränderung etwa zugunsten von Investitionen in Bereiche mit niedrigem Kohlendioxidausstoß. Es braucht daher einen strukturierten Dialog zwischen Investoren und politischen Entscheidungsträgern, der dafür sorgt, dass einerseits institutionelles Kapital mobilisiert wird, um das politische Ziel einer Kontrolle des Klimawandels zu errechnen, während es andererseits den Investoren weiterhin möglich bleiben soll, in Einklang mit ihrer treuhänderischen Verantwortung zu handeln.
Frequency of dog erythrocyte antigen 1.1 in 4 breeds native to different areas inTurkey
Authors: Ergul Ekiz Elif , Arslan Murat , Ozcan Mukaddes , Gultekin Guldal Inal , Gulay Ozlem Yildiz , Kirmizibayrak Turgut , Giger Urs 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundDog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1.1 is the most importantRBCantigen clinically, as it is highly immunogenic and causes acute hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTR) in sensitized dogs.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to determine the frequency ofDEA1.1 expression in 4 Turkish dog breeds, and to estimate the potential risk ofHTRwhen blood from aDEA1.1‐positive donor is administered to aDEA1.1‐negative recipient following sensitization by a prior mismatched transfusion.MethodsEDTAblood samples (n = 178) were typed forDEA1.1 using a commercial gel‐column agglutination test (ID‐Gel‐Test CanineDEA1.1). Probabilities of sensitization and risk of anHTRwere calculated.ResultsThe frequency of positivity forDEA1.1 among Kars (n = 59), Kangal (n = 53), Akbash (n = 50), and Catalburun (n = 16) breeds was 71.2%, 67.9%, 60.0%, and 50.0%, respectively. Potential risk for occurrence of anHTRafter administration of blood from a dog of the same breed ranged from 12.5% to 14.8%, whereasHTRinduced by blood of a dog from a different breed ranged from 7.2% to 25.3%.ConclusionsThe frequency ofDEA1.1‐positive dogs among 4 Turkish breeds is high compared with that of most other breeds previously surveyed. The predicted risk of both sensitization and occurrence ofDEA1.1‐relatedHTRfollowing transfusion between dogs of either the same or different Turkish breeds was considerable. Although few dogs are transfused ≥4 days after the first transfusion, we recommend that (1) all donors and recipients be typed forDEA1.1, (2)DEA1.1‐negative recipients receive onlyDEA1.1‐negative blood, and (3) blood be cross‐matched prior to transfusing any dog ≥4 days after the first transfusion. These guidelines are also applicable to other breeds and countries.
Flow cytometric assessment of canine erythrocytes and platelets for dog erythrocyte antigen 1.1
Authors: de A. Lucidi Cynthia , Takahira Regina K. , Gerlach John A. , Davis John M. , Schwartz Kenneth A. , Scott Michael A. 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundIn human medicine, transfusion ofABO‐mismatched platelets has been associated with shortened platelet survival and refractoriness to platelet transfusion because of expression of certain blood group antigens on platelets. It remains unknown if canine platelets express dog erythrocyte antigens (DEAs).ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to develop a flow cytometric assay forDEA1.1 and determine whetherDEA1.1 is present on canine platelets.MethodsBlood was collected from 172 clinically healthy dogs. Platelets and erythrocytes from each dog were tested forDEA1.1 by flow cytometry using anti‐DEA1.1 blood‐typing sera. Erythrocytes from each dog were also assessed forDEA1.1 using a standard tube‐typing test (T1) and using a second tube method (T2), if the flow cytometric and T1 results differed.ResultsUsing flow cytometry,DEA1.1 was detected on erythrocytes of all 110 dogs shown by T1 or T2 testing to beDEA1.1‐positive. Initial results of the T1 test had a diagnostic accuracy of 93% (160 correct/172 tests). The frequency of erythrocyteDEA1.1 positivity in previously untyped dogs (n = 118) was 56%.DEA1.1 expression was not detected on platelets fromDEA1.1‐positive dogs.ConclusionsFlow cytometry was a reliable method for detection ofDEA1.1 on canine erythrocytes. The absence ofDEA1.1 on platelets fromDEA1.1‐positive dogs suggests that their platelets do not expressDEA1.1 and will not induce production of anti‐DEA1.1 antibodies that might lead to platelet refractoriness or reactions to a subsequent transfusion ofDEA1.1‐positive erythrocytes.
Granulomatous lymphadenitis caused by Talaromyces helicus in a Labrador Retriever
Authors: Tomlinson Julie Kristy , Cooley Avery James , Zhang Shuping , Johnson Melanie Elaine 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA 3‐year‐old spayed female Labrador Retriever was presented for right prescapular lymphadenomegaly. Examination of fine‐needle aspirates and impression smears of the node revealed many short hyphal structures found within macrophages and extracellularly. Hyphae were approximately 3 μm in diameter, were irregularly septate with nonparallel walls, and had a small clear halo surrounding a partially stained basophilic internal structure. Hyphae were tapered on one end and had oval to pyriform swellings of 7–10 μm on the other, resulting in a bulbous appearance. Fungal elements stained positively with Gomori methenamine silver and Periodic acid‐Schiff stains. The dog was euthanized at the owner's request, and necropsy revealed marked peripheral and visceral lymphadenomegaly. Histopathologic examination of lymph nodes confirmed granulomatous lymphadenitis with many fungal hyphae. Fungal culture yielded pure cultures of organisms that failed to produce ascospores or conidia precluding morphologic identification. PCR was performed using pan‐fungal primers, ITS‐1 and ITS‐2, to amplify the intergenic spacer regions of ribosomal RNA; the PCR product was sequenced and a BLAST search of the GenBank databases at NCBI revealed 100% identity of the organism with Talaromyces helicus, the sexual form of Penicillium helicum. Talaromyces helicus has not previously been reported to cause disease in people or animals.
Can – Should – Must We Negotiate with Evil?*
Authors: Clemens Jr. Walter C. 
Published: December 2011

How should the USA and its allies deal with regimes that abuse their own people and threaten world order? Are some regimes so evil that it is wrong and unwise to engage with them – even on matters of shared concern? The answer depends not only on the “facts of the case” but also on priorities and frames of reference. Thus, two Soviet citizens, each a Nobel Prize winner, disagreed on whether Western governments should treat the Kremlin as a viable partner in negotiations to control the arms race. Alexander I. Solzhenitsyn said “no,” because a regime that oppressed its own people could not be trusted. But Andrei D. Sakharov answered “yes,” because the stakes for humanity were so high. Solzhenitsyn put human rights first; Sakharov, the survival of humanity.Today a similar choice confronts Washington, Seoul, and Tokyo as they face leaders in Pyongyang moving to expand their nuclear and missile capabilities. President George W. Bush placed North Korea on an “axis of evil.” He loathed a leader who permitted more than a million of his subjects to starve. But even if this repugnance was justified, did it serve US and allied interests to end the dialogues that, in the Clinton years, offered hope of limiting and perhaps terminating the North's nuclear weapons and missile programs?“We are good and they are bad” is dangerous as an approach to foreign affairs. But it is also wrong and reckless to assume that all actors are equally flawed. Still, if a cruel dictatorship is willing to negotiate security arrangements likely to limit arms competition and make war less likely, democratic governments should engage and seek verifiable arrangements.
A mixture of Trachelospermi caulis and Moutan cortex radicis extracts suppresses collagen-induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting NF-κB and AP-1
Authors: Kim Hyuk Soon , Kim A-Ram , Lee Jeong Min , Kim Se Na , Choi Jung Ho , Kim Do Kyun , Kim Ji Hyung , Kim Bokyung , Her Erk , Yang Young Mok , Kim Hyung Sik , Kim Young Mi , Choi Wahn Soo 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Objectives
We aimed to determine the anti-arthritis effect and its mechanism of a combination of herbal extracts from Trachelospermi caulis (TC) and Moutan cortex radicis (MC) (TCMC).

Methods
The anti-arthritis activity of TCMC was assessed using a mouse model of type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and other biological assays were performed.

Key findings
TCMC significantly ameliorated various inflammatory parameters, such as clinical arthritis index, histological deformation of joints, serum levels of rheumatoid arthritis biomarkers (cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, serum amyloid P and anti-collagen type II IgG antibody), and Th1-related responses (T cell proliferation, and production of Interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-2 in splenocytes isolated from CIA mice). The production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed, and Secreted) was suppressed by TCMC in CIA mice. In addition, the number of osteoclasts in the hind tibia was significantly decreased. With regard to the mechanism, TCMC suppressed the activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP)-1.

Conclusions
TCMC exerts an anti-arthritis effect in CIA mice by suppression of the production of various inflammatory factors and the formation of osteoclasts through the inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 activation.
Comparison of Lysis Filtration and an Automated Blood Culture System (BACTEC) for Detection, Quantification, and Identification of Odontogenic Bacteremia in Children
Authors: Lucas Victoria S. , Lytra Vasiliki , Hassan Thoraya , Tatham Helen , Wilson M. , Roberts Graham J. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

Lysis filtration (LyF) was compared with BACTEC PAEDS PLUS in estimating the prevalence of, and sensitivity for, detection of odontogenic bacteremia. Both real bacteremia and simulated bacteremia (seeded blood or saline samples) were assessed to determine the validity of LyF in estimating bacteremia. The simulated bacteremia was also used to assess the reliability of LyF to estimate intensity of bacteremia in CFU per milliliter of blood. Reference organisms were used to assess the abilities of LyF and BACTEC to isolate known oral streptococci. There was no difference in the number of CFU per milliliter of seeded saline, seeded blood, and drop cultures of the organisms plated directly onto agar. Blood cell volume had a negligible effect on the yield of organisms for simulated bacteremia. When LyF and BACTEC were compared, the time to detection of bacteremia was always significantly shorter for BACTEC. For aerobic cultures, these times were 43.7 and 9.6 h, respectively (
P
< 0.01). For anaerobic cultures, these times were 45.1 and 9.9 h, respectively (
P
< 0.01). These differences occurred as well for bacteremia following the extraction of a single tooth, with LyF and BACTEC aerobic cultures taking 78 and 30.5 h, respectively (
P
< 0.0001). For anaerobic cultures, the times were 90.8 and 45 h, respectively (
P
< 0.0004). A preextraction bacteremia was detected on 2.1% of occasions with BACTEC compared to 31% of occasions with LyF (
P
< 0.05) The use of LyF was an effective and reliable means of estimating the intensity of pre- and postextraction bacteremia. The values were 3.6 and 5.9 CFU/ml, respectively (
P
< 0.4729), and the difference was not statistically significant. In summary, BACTEC is quicker than LyF, but less sensitive. LyF provides additional important information in estimating the intensity of bacteremia.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Porcine Circovirus-Like Agent
Authors: Wen LiBin , He KongWang , Yu ZhengYu , Mao AiHua , Ni YanXiu , Zhang XueHan , Guo RongLi , Li Bin , Wang XiaoMin , Zhou JunMing , Lv LiXin 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

We report here the genome sequence of a porcine circovirus-like agent. The sequenced genome of this porcine circovirus-like agent is composed of a 648-nucleotide circular DNA that includes three predicted protein-coding genes, which means the agent should be a novel member of the family
Circoviridae
.
A retrospective cohort study to re-evaluate clinical correlates for intracranial injury in minor head injury
Authors: Sheehan Alison , Batchelor John S 
Published: December 2011

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to determine the Relative Risk (RR) ratios for common clinical correlates in adult patients with minor head injury in a cohort of patients in which loss of consciousness (LOC) and post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) were not the only entry criteria for CT scanning.MethodsThe computerised CT request notes were reviewed on all patients who underwent a CT head scan with a minor head injury over a 1-year period (January 2009–December 2009). The clinical signs and symptoms at presentation were extracted from the request notes and the RR ratios were calculated for five clinical correlates: LOC, PTA, vomiting, nausea and headache.Results456 Glasgow coma scale (GCS) 15 patients underwent CT scanning during the period January 2009–December 2009. 55 of the 456 patients had positive CT findings (12%). 270 patients (59%) of the GCS 15 cohort had neither LOC nor PTA and of this subgroup 27 had positive scans. LOC was the only clinical correlate in which the RR reached statistical significance; RR 2.0930 (95% CI 1.25 to 3.50). However, vomiting accounted for four cases, headache for four cases and nausea for no cases.ConclusionsUsing LOC or PTA as the principal entry criterion for CT scanning may result in a significant number of patients with traumatic intracranial injury being missed. Using a less stringent approach still achieved an acceptable CT abnormality rate.
Knowledge, attitude and response of mothers about fever in their children
Authors: Arica Seçil Gunher , Arica Vefik , Onur Hatice , Gülbayzar Sayat , Dağ Hüseyin , Obut Ömer 
Published: December 2011

AimThis study was conducted to determine mothers' knowledge about fever, and their attitudes and responses to fever in children, along with the influence of demographic characteristics on the level of knowledge, and to identify occurrences of fear of fever.Materials and MethodsThe study consisted of 4500 mothers with children 0–12 years of age who were referred to the pediatric health and disease polyclinic and primary care polyclinic over a period of 24 months. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing 32 open-ended, multichoice questions, and assessed using number, percentage and χ2analyses.ResultsIn this study, 36% of mothers regarded body temperatures lower than 37°C as fever; 83% believed that fever was harmful for their children, and 92.3% experienced fear and concern due to their child's fever. The most significant reason for fear was the belief that the child may have a seizure. Moreover, 12% of mothers feared that their child would die due to fever. The level of fear triggered by fever was lower as the education level of the mothers increased. Meanwhile, when their child had a fever, 28.9% of mothers used antifebrile drugs without consulting a physician, while 19% applied cold water and 7.7% applied water with alcohol or vinegar, among other inappropriate practices.ConclusionIncreased information about fevers geared towards the caregivers of children, particularly mothers, would prevent the unnecessary treatment of children, as well as minimising delayed and insufficient responses to fever.
Randomised controlled crossover trial of the effect on Ptco2of oxygen-driven versus air-driven nebulisers in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Edwards Llifon , Perrin Kyle , Williams Mathew , Weatherall Mark , Beasley Richard 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundThe comparative safety of oxygen versus air-driven nebulised bronchodilators in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is uncertain. A randomised controlled trial was performed to assess the effect on the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide of nebulised bronchodilator driven with oxygen versus air in stable severe COPD.MethodsIn an open label randomised study, 18 subjects with stable severe COPD attended on 2 days to receive nebulised bronchodilator therapy driven by air or oxygen. Subjects received 5 mg salbutamol and 0.5 mg ipratropium bromide by nebulisation over 15 min, then, after 5 min, 5 mg salbutamol nebulised over 15 min, followed by 15 min of observation. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (Ptco2) and oxygen saturations were recorded at 5 min intervals during the study. The primary outcome was the Ptco2after the completion of the second bronchodilator treatment.ResultsPtco2was higher with nebulised bronchodilator therapy delivered by oxygen, but decreased back to the level associated with air nebulisation 15 min after completion of the second nebulised dose. One subject experienced an increase in Ptco2of 11 mm Hg after the first bronchodilator nebulisation driven by oxygen. The mean Ptco2difference between the oxygen and air groups after the second nebulisation was 3.1 mm Hg (95% CI 1.6 to 4.5, p<0.001).ConclusionNebulisers driven with oxygen result in significantly higher levels of Ptco2than those driven with air in patients with severe COPD.Clinical trial registration numberThe study was registered on the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12610000080022).
Metronomic Dosing of BH3 Mimetic Small Molecule Yields Robust Antiangiogenic and Antitumor Effects
Authors: Imai Atsushi , Zeitlin Benjamin D. , Visioli Fernanda , Dong Zhihong , Zhang Zhaocheng , Krishnamurthy Sudha , Light Emily , Worden Frank , Wang Shaomeng , Nör Jacques E. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Bcl-2 is an antiapoptotic protein that has also been found to function as a proangiogenic signaling molecule. Improvements in antiangiogenic therapy can be engendered by metronomic dosing. Thus, we hypothesized that BH3-mimetic drugs that antagonize Bcl-2 family proteins may exert a greater efficacy when dosed metronomically. To examine this hypothesis, we employed AT101, an orally available and well-tolerated BH3-mimetic drug that has been established as effective. In a mouse xenograft model of human squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) that includes a humanized vasculature, we explored the effects of docetaxel in combination with either daily (metronomic) or weekly (bolus) doses of AT101. In addition, we explored the effect of single or combination therapy on angiogenesis and survival of endothelial or SCC cells in vitro. Metronomic AT101 therapy increased mouse survival, decreased tumor mitotic index, and decreased tumor microvessel density, compared with bolus therapy. Therapeutic potentiation was achieved by similar overall drug exposure and without altering systemic toxicities. Combinations of AT101 and docetaxel produced additive toxicity in both endothelial and SCC tumor cells. Notably, subapoptotic concentrations of AT101 potently inhibited the angiogenic potential of endothelial cells. Taken together, our findings unveil the efficacious benefits that can be achieved by metronomic delivery of BH3-mimetic drugs, in particular suggesting that SCC patients with might benefit from low-dose continuous administration of these drugs. Cancer Res; 72(3); 716–25. ©2011 AACR.
Molecular Pathways: BCR-ABL
Authors: Cilloni Daniela , Saglio Giuseppe 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Aberrant tyrosine kinase activity plays a critical role in many hematologic disorders, including chronic myeloid leukemia characterized by the constitutive activity of BCR-ABL. ABL therefore represents a crucial target for new therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize the molecular pathways that are abnormally activated by the oncoprotein. Such pathways may provide additional opportunities to develop new drugs to overcome the resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In particular, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway can be effectively blocked by mTOR inhibitors, and several compounds can hit the RAS pathway and the resulting mitogen-activated protein (MAP) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 (MEK) and MAP kinase activation. Furthermore, mitotic kinases can be blocked by Aurora kinase inhibitors, and Pim kinases can be blocked by selective serine-threonine kinase inhibitors. Finally, the abnormal pathways that sustain the self-renewal of leukemic stem cells are described as possible targets to completely eradicate leukemic clones. Such pathways include the Hedgehog pathway, which can be blocked by Smoothened inhibitors, and the CXCR4/SDF1 axis, which can be targeted by specific antagonists. Clin Cancer Res; 18(4); 930–7. ©2011 AACR.
Crescendo in Depolarization and Repolarization Heterogeneity Heralds Development of Ventricular Tachycardia in Hospitalized Patients With Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: Nearing Bruce D. , Wellenius Gregory A. , Mittleman Murray A. , Josephson Mark E. , Burger Andrew J. , Verrier Richard L. 
Published: December 2011

Background—
A critical need exists for reliable warning markers of in-hospital life-threatening arrhythmias. We used a new quantitative method to track interlead heterogeneity of depolarization and repolarization to detect premonitory changes before ventricular tachycardia (VT) in hospitalized patients with acute decompensated heart failure.

Methods and Results—

Ambulatory ECGs (leads V
1
, V
5
, and aVF) recorded before initiation of drug therapy from patients enrolled in the PRECEDENT (Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Cardiac Ectopy with Dobutamine or Nesiritide Therapy) trial were analyzed. R-wave heterogeneity (RWH) and T-wave heterogeneity (TWH) were assessed by second central moment analysis and T-wave alternans (TWA) by modified moving average analysis. Of 44 patients studied, 22 had experienced episodes of VT (≥4 beats at heart rates >100 beats/min) following ≥120 minutes of stable sinus rhythm, and 22 were age- and sex-matched patients without VT. TWA increased from 18.6±2.1 μV (baseline, mean±SEM) to 27.9±4.6 μV in lead V
5
at 15 to 30 minutes before VT (
P
<0.05) and remained elevated until the arrhythmia occurred. TWA results in leads V
1
and aVF were similar. RWH and TWH were elevated from 164.1±33.1 and 134.5±20.6 μV (baseline) to 299.8±54.5 and 239.2±37.0 μV at 30 to 45 minutes before VT (
P
<0.05), respectively, preceding the crescendo in TWA by 15 minutes. Matched patients without VT did not display elevated RWH (185.5±29.4 μV) or TWH (157.1±27.2 μV) during the 24-hour period.

Conclusions—
This investigation is the first clinical demonstration of the potential utility of tracking depolarization and repolarization heterogeneity to detect crescendos in electrical instability that could forewarn of impending nonsustained VT.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00270400.