bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What factors influence use of dental health services by substance users?
Authors: Kemm J. , Holland R. , Rumball D. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionSeveral studies show that despite poor oral health substance users fail to access dental care. This was confirmed locally by audit in 2005; 63% (n = 82) were not registered with a dentist and 72% had dental problems, of whom 83% were not receiving treatment.ObjectivesTo examine issues affecting substance users use of dental services.AimsTo identify factors influencing whether substance users visit the dentist, in particular whether having a ‘regular’ dentist is important. Secondly, to compare this with perceptions of dental care staff.MethodsA cross sectional survey was conducted across Norfolk & Waveney Mental Health Trust's Alcohol and Drugs Service and Norwich dental practices. 87 substance users participated, half of Norwich dentists (n = 67) and 66 reception staff from Norwich dental practices.ResultsParticipants reported high levels of dental problems, most commonly toothache (71%). Those having a dentist they normally saw were more likely to have visited the dentist in the previous year (X2 = 14.06, p < 0.01). The most common reasons for not receiving treatment were difficulty finding a dentist, difficulty keeping appointments and few available appointments. Dental staff acknowledged similar dental problems, but were more likely to think lack of motivation caused non-attendance. Drug use, substitute prescribing or duration in treatment did not influence frequency of dental visits. Dentists hi-lighted remuneration issues for providing services to substance users.ConclusionsHaving a ‘regular’ dentist could improve use of dental services. Examining capacity and revisiting payments for this group under the new dental contract could improve treatment rates.
The effects of liffe skills training on mediating factors of drag use among adolescents (student) at risk
Authors: Khademi Ashkzari M. , Ahmadi Gatab T. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionAdolescence and its importance in the growth and spread of risky behavior theorists and researchers Mvrdtvjh Humanities is located. Among the risky behaviors of substance abuse behaviors in adolescence and early adulthood is still one of the most common problems are communities.AimsThe purpose of the present research was to study the effects of life skills training on reducing individual risk factors of drug abuse among secondary school students.MethodsIn the first phase 636 secondary students at risk were selected by cluster random sampling and answered to risk factors and protective questionnaires. The data were analyzed by correlation coefficients and multi variable regression. The results indicated the following predictive factors: attitude, self- management, social empowerment, family and school ties.ResultsIn the second phase based on the results of the first phase by pre- and post- test methods 80 secondary students were selected and divided to case and control groups at random. After performing pre-test for both groups, the case group attended 10 training section. After wards post- test was performed for both. The data analyzing using covariance (comparing post- tests regardless of the pre-test effect) indicated effectiveness af skills training on individual abuse factors. These factors showed significant difference comparing to control group after intervention.ConclusionsThus it can be concluded that training life skills in the high risk group can have positive effect on individual abuse variables and reduce the possibility of drug abuse in future among them.
Low emotional intelligence as a predictor of tendency to addiction
Authors: Khanmohammadi Otaghsara A. 
Published: May 2011

Introduction & objectivesThe study is to clarify role of emotional intelligent in addicted and nonaddicted people.Method80 addicted and 82 nonaddicted people were randomly selected and Schutte’s Self- Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSREIT) administered on them. Data were analyzed with independent T formula.ResultsResults showed significant differences between components of emotional intelligent especially in regulation, expression and assessment of emotions between two groups.DiscussionFindings indicates that applying of plans in the field of increasing emotional intelligent can help peolple with positive attitudes to addiction in order to manage the bad problems and event and as a result reduce tendency to addiction.
The « desire and automatism cue-reactivity questionnaire”
Authors: Khazaal Y. , Billieux J. , Zullino D. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionAlcohol misuse is associated to cue-reactivity phenomena leading to consummation following desire and/or automatic processes.ObjectiveThe objective of the present study is to create a scale (the Desire and Automatism alcohol cue-Reactivity Questionnaire: DARQ-Alcohol) in order to assess desire and automatic reactivity to cue-stimuli-related to alcohol.AimsThe present study aims to preliminary assess reliability of the DARQ-Alcohol and its external validity.MethodsTo be included in the study, participants had to drink alcohol at least once per week. Participants had to assess 60 alcohol related picture (valence, arousal and dominance) and to complete the AUDIT and the DARQ-Alcohol.ResultsEighty-nine participants (60 women) participated in the study. The reliability coefficients (Cronbach's alpha) calculated on DARQ-Alcohol were high both for the triggering of desire to drink (α=.88) and for the automatic proneness to drink (α=.90). Pearson's correlations were computed between (1) the three affective dimensions of the pictures, (2) the two dimensions of the ACRQ, (3) the total score on the AUDIT. Individuals who found the alcohol related pictures more pleasant, arousing and dominating have higher DARQ Alcohol automatic sub-score. DARQ Alcohol automatic sub-score is moderately related to the AUDIT score, whereas the DARQ Alcohol desire sub-score is less lightly correlated with the AUDIT score.ConclusionsThe DARQ Alcohol seems to be a useful scale allowing the distinction of automatic and desire-related cue-reactivity. Further studies on clinical sample are warranted to further validate the DARQ scale.
Experiences of opium dependents from performance of methadone centers
Authors: Kheradmand A. , Mahani N. Banazadeh 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionTo assess patients’ satisfaction and to evaluate methadone therapy program, it is important to understand the experiences of opium dependents during the treatment period in methadone centers and determine the quality of this program and revise standards based on that.AimsTo describe the nature and structure of patients’ experiences during treatment in methadone centers.MethodsThis was a qualitative method using phenomenology. Sampling was purposive and the participants were selected from opium dependents referred to Kerman methadone centers during 2007. Sampling continued until data saturation and the sample size was 32. Colaizzi’s method was applied for data analysis.ResultsThe findings of this study included 27 codes categorized in four main groups: experiences of structure, personnel, patients, and regulations. These four categories showed the main structure of experiences in methadone centers.ConclusionsIt is necessary to establish new centers or solve the problems of centers in near-by cities. The type of patients referring to the centers plays a role in treatment process. The regular presence of physicians and other personnel and their concerns and care for patients as well as longer working hours of the centers have roles in patients’ satisfaction and increase of consistency with treatment. Discussing the rules and regulations of the center with patients including the obligatory of daily reference to the center to obtain medicine and injections sound necessary. Also, it is necessary to find ways for solving problems of urine tests.
Stock market trading: Compulsive gambling and the underestimation of risk
Authors: Konstantaras K. , Piperopoulou A.N. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionAlthough gamblers and investors have been found to exhibit many common traits, no existing studies associate retail investors with an explicit addictive behavior, or account for the degree of addiction's influence on investors’ and gamblers’ risk attitude and risk perception.ObjectivesThe study explores whether trading in the stock market is a potentially compulsive form of behavior. Furthermore, it explores the psychological risk perception versus economic risk taking of individuals engaged in active stock market trading and those in gambling, for various degrees of addiction.AimThe study aims to develop the profile of an addicted retail investor across demographic and risk variables.MethodsThe South Oaks Gambling Screen (Lesieur & Blume, 1987), adapted for stock market trading, the financial part of the Risk Taking Scale and Risk Perception Scale (Weber et al., 2002) and a demographics questionnaire was completed by a sample (582 responses) of active investors, gamblers and a control group in Greece at three distinctive time periods.ResultsResults suggest that retail trading in the stock market exhibits significant incidence of compulsive behavior (11.2%) across diverse stock market environments, probably more for females. The decision to become an active investor or gambler entails greater risk friendliness. Pathologically addicted retail investors underestimate the risk of trading in the stock market. Demographics also play a critical role in risk perception and risk underestimation.ConclusionThere is an apparent addiction problem between active retail investors that should be taken into account. Psychotherapeutic interventions are discussed.
Attitudes towards sex with alcoholics
Authors: Krivokapic Z.M. , Sapic R.V. 
Published: May 2011

Attitude is defined as acquired disposition, readiness for a certain way of perception, thinking, emotional reacting and behaving. The formation of social attitudes is greatly in influence by a group (alcoholics group). Drinking alcohol also disrupts higher cognitive processes: abstraction, conceptualization, problem solving and influences on different opinions.Our research concerned the impact of chronic alcohol use and membership to alcoholic group as a framework that influences attitudes towards sexuality. 200 persons were sample in this research: 100 alcohol addicts and 100 persons of the control group. The instrument used in this study was-Scale of attitudes toward sex.Statistically significant difference was found in five attitudes:–Differences in two paragraphs point to some homosexual orientation. We can confidently say that this is a “latent homosexuality in an alcoholic”, it is possible that the difference arises because of the presence of homosexuals in the group of alcoholics, although the subjects did not say to have such orientation.–Some conservatism is present in the attitude drinkers to sexuality of the young, they argue that sexual experience can wait until more mature years.–Extramarital relationships are positively evaluated by the control group, while alcoholics show greater disapproval.–Alcoholics have the attitude that sexual arousal does not come with ease, unlike the control group.–They are more liberal about the social situation of people with HIV (a certain degree of identification with an estimated negative social group).Results showed small difference in attitudes between alcoholics and nonalcoholic.
An Indian study of psychiatric comorbidity in alcohol dependence
Authors: Kumar P. , Bhatia M.S. , Mittal S. , Kumar V. , Tomar B. 
Published: May 2011

AimTo assess psychiatric comorbidity in patients of alcohol dependence.MethodAll the patients of alcohol dependence attending alcohol and drug de-addiction OPD and adult psychiatry OPD on specific days were screened. Those fulfilling the selection criteria were included in the study. A detailed evaluation was done for socio-demographic variables and history of drug using semi-structured proforma especially prepared for the study. Diagnosis of alcohol dependence was made according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. The patients were seen for co-morbid psychiatric illness by applying Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR I & II (SCID I & II).ResultsOut of 37 patients 24 (64.8%) were found to have comorbid psychiatric illness. Axis I and Axis II comorbidity was found in 64.8% and 5.4% of the samples, respectively. Patients of cluster A & B personality were equally distributed in the sample. Patients with more than one comorbidity accounted for 37.8% of the sample.ConclusionPsychiatric comorbidity in alcohol dependence is very high, other substance in particular. Number of comorbid diagnoses in a person may as high as three.
Attentiveness functions in multiple drug abusers: Results of neuropsychological examinations
Authors: Kunert H.J. , Tuchtenhagen F. 
Published: May 2011

Statement of the problemSo far, research on the long-term effects of chronic multiple drug abuse regarding specific neurocognitive function deficits has been only tentative. However, also regarding rehabilitation of mostly young long-time addicts, studies are urgently needed (e.g., ability to drive or operate machinery) which are directed at the typical abuse clusters (e.g., alcohol and cannabis) of subgroups in a heterogeneous cohort of drug users.MethodA group of 750 drug users was examined and the cognitive function deficits in various attentiveness systems compared against the retrospectively detected drug use pattern. Type, extent and stability of drug use were folowed back for 10 years.ResultsThe study subjects used drugs of different effects: While morphine was hardly associated with serious cognitive function deficits, with cannabis both the cumulative lifetime dosage and the duration of use correlated with subtle disorders of multimodal stimulus processing and control of eye movement. Cumulative use of alcohol also had a negative effect on the cognitive functions, particularly working memory and the frontal executive functions. The effect of amphetamines, methamphetamines and cocaine varied depending on which other drugs were used. Comorbidity (e.g., schizophrenia) also was important.DiscussionThese neurocognitive function disorders can lead to impairment of cognitive functions which may be needed professionally. The implications of these results for diagnosis and therapy of comorbid multiple drug users are discussed by means of cases.
Training of attentiveness in young schizophrenic patients with multiple drug abuse
Authors: Kunert H.J. , Goldberg Y. , Tuchtenhagen F. 
Published: May 2011

Statement of the problemRecent studies have conclusively proven the effectiveness of cognitive training in the context of psychiatric rehabilitation. Examinations on young schizophrenic multiple drug users are yet to be done, although it could be shown that most of these patients are likely to relapse, abandon therapy and show untreated social adaptation disorders if existing cognitive functional deficits are not treated appropriately.MethodPre-post examinations were done on 80 schizophrenic drug users (mean age 26±4 years) to assess various attentiveness functions (i.e. alertness, crossmodal integration, divided attentiveness, flexibility, working memory, go nogo, visual scanning) before and after computerised attentiveness training (CURE therapy system, Siemens (NCSys)). Patient results were compared to those of a control group matched for age, education, illness characteristics and current medication which did not undergo cognitive training. Cognitive training lasted 10 weeks.ResultsComputerised attentiveness training led to significant (>30%) improvement in everyday attentiveness functions (tonic and phasic alertness, divided attentiveness), although some patient subgroups are different in their course of therapy.DiscussionTraining specific attentiveness functions helps improve rehabilitation of young schizophrenic patients with multiple drug abuse. Subgroup effects may also be of clinical relevance.
Connections between personality and the symptomatology of alcohol use disorder
Authors: Kurgyis E. , Andó B. , Rózsa S. , Szkaliczki A. , Demeter I. , Szikszay P. , Janka Z. , Álmos P.Z. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionTemperament and character factors and specific impulse control-related personality traits are connected to the developmental and clinical aspects of alcohol use disorder (AUD).Objectives/aimsTo reveal the underlying personality structure of individual differences in the symptom severity of AUD. Therefore temperament and character, impulsivity and aggression were assessed in relation to alcohol addiction severity.MethodsSixty-three patients with AUD were involved. Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised was used to quantify temperament and character dimensions. Impulsivity was assessed by the Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11 (BIS) and aggression by the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). To determine symptom severity of AUD the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ), the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale-Revised (MAC-R) and the number of DSM-IV alcohol dependence symptoms were registered. To analyze the connections between symptom severity indicators and personality factors Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis were applied, p < 0.05 were considered significant.ResultsSADQ (r = 0.290), AUDIT (r = 0.345), MAC-R (r = 0.504) and the DSM-IV alcohol dependence symptoms (Spearman rho = 0.271) correlated positively with novelty-seeking temperament factor. SADQ (r = 0.262) and AUDIT (r = 0.293) scores correlated positively with BIS. Furthermore SADQ (r = 0.382), AUDIT (r = 0.318), MAC-R (r = 0.416) correlated positively with BPAQ.ConclusionsNovelty-seeking, impulsivity and aggression as indicators of impulse control have different theoretical backgrounds but a common root. This study has revealed that the adverse consequences of lower impulse control can lead to more severe symptoms of AUD. These connections between impulse control and the symptomatology could contribute to a better understanding of the clinical complexity of AUD.
Tramadol dependence in the addiction unit of Baghdad: A cross sectional study
Authors: Lafta M.R. 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveTramadol is one of the most prescribed centrally-acting analgesic in the world. It has been widely used in Iraq over the last few years. There are many contradicting studies about the potential risk of tramadol abuse in the world. In this piece of work we have tried to describe a group of patients referred to the main addiction unit in Baghdad with Tramadol Abuse.Method41 patients referred to the addiction unit in Ibn-Rushed Mental Teaching Hospital in Baghdad with Tramadol abuse problems, were screened, and 36 were included in this Cross Sectional study.Results78% were males & 22% were females. Their age were 16–57y(mean27y).90% of the sample were on Tramadol alone & 10% on polydrugs. About 92% of them were iatrogenic abusers. Most of the patients were without previous history of drug abuse. More than one fifth of the patients had at least one seizure. About one fifth of the sample were health professionals.ConclusionTramadol is freely and widely used in Iraq. Tramadol has a clear risk of causing dependency syndrome and this has been nearly almost always iatrogenic in our study sample. Tramadol abuse seems to be a growing problem in Iraq.
Genetics of the androgen receptor influences craving of men in alcohol withdrawal
Authors: Lenz B. , Frieling H. , Kornhuber J. , Bleich S. , Hillemacher T. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionThe clinical observation suggests a relation between alcoholism and dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal hormone axis. Chronic alcohol abuse leads to hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction. Testosterone and the genetics of the androgen receptor [AR] are related to impulsivity as well as appetite/hunger, both associated with addiction.AimsThis study investigated whether the length of a CAG trinucleotide repeat within the coding region of the AR is associated with alcoholism in general and whether it is linked to craving during withdrawal. Moreover, we concentrated on finding possible mediators of the observed effects.MethodsWe included 112 male inpatients who were admitted for detoxification treatment and who were compared to 50 age-matched controls. To measure the extent of craving we used the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) on the day of hospital admission. For laboratory analysis we used whole blood (genetics) and serum (protein quantification).ResultsThe group of patients (21.6 ± 3.7 repeats) did not differ significantly from the control group (21.3 ± 3.3 repeats, p = 0.632) in terms of the number of CAG repeats. We found a significant negative correlation for the AR repeat length regarding OCDS-to (R2 = 0.053, p = 0.016) and OCDS-obs (R2 = 0.058, p = 0.011). Carrying out a path analysis of the mediating effect of leptin on the association between the number of CAG repeats of the AR and alcohol craving we found that direct effects (r = −0.144) accounted for 60% and indirect leptin-mediated effects (r = −0.096) for 40% of the total effect.ConclusionsToday, the impact of the sexual hormone axis seems to be underestimated in alcoholism.
ADHD in alcoholism: A real problem?
Authors: Lligoña Garreta A. , Lligoña A. , Roncero C. , Ortega L. , Daigre C. , Walther M. , Navarro E. , Jimenez T. , Gual T. , Casas M. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a risk factor for drug. Prevalence rates between 15 and 30% had been previously found in this population.ObjectiveTo identify the real the prevalence of ADHD in alcoholics and to find/test/ evaluate? a new type of screening (ASRS) for the initial diagnosis of ADHD in alcoholics.Method312 patients from an outpatient clinic for alcoholism were recruited during 1 year. All patients completed the ASRS: Adult Self-Report Scale. DSM IV criteria were used for other psychiatric diagnoses.Results•312 patients (66.3% (207) men) filled out the ASRS of which 13.5% (42) were positive.•Alcohol consumption: 69% for more than 1 month, 17% less than a month and 14% with active consumption.•27.6% (86) had another psychiatric diagnosis from which 69% were ASRS positive. ASRS positive patients present a major risk of having another mental disorder. OR = 8.3 (4,1 - 17,1, c2 = 0,77, p = 0,001).•Other drugs: 70.5% consume other drugs. 76% of them are ASRS positive. 27.6% consumed illegal substances, 47.6% of them being ASRS positive (c2 = 9.77, p = 0,002). ASRS positive patient have more average substance abuse (including tobacco): 1.02 DT: 0.87 versus 0.72, 7 DT: 0.04 (z -2.21, p.027).Conclusions•ASRS detected 13.5% of ADHD diagnosis in alcoholics.•Patients with positive screening present more substance abuse and more risk of psychiatric comorbidity.