bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CD13 is dispensable for normal hematopoiesis and myeloid cell functions in the mouse
Authors: Winnicka Beata , O'Conor Catherine , Schacke Wolfgang , Vernier Kaitlyn , Grant Christina L , Fenteany Fiona Hall , Pereira Flavia E , Liang Brannen , Kaur Anupinder , Zhao Ran , Montrose David C , Rosenberg Daniel W , Aguila Hector L , Shapiro Linda H 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWhile the myeloid marker CD13 has been implicated in numerous myeloid cell functions, its genetic ablation reveals a nominal contribution of CD13 to these functions.The robust and consistent expression of the CD13 cell surface marker on very early as well as differentiated myeloid hematopoietic cells has prompted numerous investigations seeking to define roles for CD13 in myeloid cells. To address the function of myeloid CD13 directly, we created a CD13 null mouse and assessed the responses of purified primary macrophages or DCs from WT and CD13 null animals in cell assays and inflammatory disease models, where CD13 has been implicated previously. We find that mice lacking CD13 develop normally with normal hematopoietic profiles except for an increase in thymic but not peripheral T cell numbers. Moreover, in in vitro assays, CD13 appears to be largely dispensable for the aspects of phagocytosis, proliferation, and antigen presentation that we tested, although we observed a slight decrease in actin-independent erythrocyte uptake. However, in agreement with our published studies, we show that lack of monocytic CD13 completely ablates anti-CD13-dependent monocyte adhesion to WT endothelial cells. In vivo assessment of four inflammatory disease models showed that lack of CD13 has little effect on disease onset or progression. Nominal alterations in gene expression levels between CD13 WT and null macrophages argue against compensatory mechanisms. Therefore, although CD13 is highly expressed on myeloid cells and is a reliable marker of the myeloid lineage of normal and leukemic cells, it is not a critical regulator of hematopoietic development, hemostasis, or myeloid cell function.
Supervised case experience in supportive psychotherapy: suggestions for trainers
Authors: Bedi Navjot , Vassiliadis Helena 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe Royal College of Psychiatrists' guidelines for the psychotherapy training of trainee psychiatrists include a supervised case experience in supportive psychotherapy. There is, however, a lack of clarity over the concept of supportive psychotherapy and how this might be taught and supervised, and this may discourage trainers from offering formal clinical supervision in this modality. In this article we briefly describe the history of supportive psychotherapy, the various ways in which it has been conceptualised, and some of the research in the area. We discuss the case for training and make practical suggestions for how this experience might be offered by consultant psychiatrists in an everyday psychiatric setting.
Sensory impairment and intellectual disability
Authors: Kiani Reza , Miller Helen 
Published: April 2010

SummarySensory (visual and hearing) impairment has significant detrimental impact on sociocognitive and language development. Despite this, it is very much underrecognised and underdiagnosed in people with intellectual disability. Raising awareness of sensory impairment among professionals and carers is extremely important for early management to prevent further social handicap in people with intellectual disability. This article reviews sensory impairment in intellectual disability and its association with autism-spectrum disorder and mental illness.
Definitions and criteria: the 2007 amendments to the Mental Health Act 1983
Authors: Branton Tim , Brookes Guy 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis article deals with the provisions for the lawful detention and compulsory treatment of patients in England and Wales. The 2007 amendments to the Mental Health Act 1983 redefine ‘mental disorder’ and ‘medical treatment’ and remove the classifications required for longer-term detention, abolishing the so-called ‘treatability test’ and introducing a new appropriate-treatment test. ‘Learning disability’ is brought within the definition of mental disorder but only if ‘associated with abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible conduct’. The exclusion for promiscuity, other immoral conduct or sexual deviancy is repealed; the exclusion for dependence on alcohol and drugs is retained. The revised definition of ‘medical treatment’ includes psychological treatment and removes the requirement that treatment is under medical supervision. The basic structure of the 1983 Act is retained. Use of the powers is discretionary. The principles of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 are imported into the decision-making framework through the wording of the Mental Health ActCode of Practice.
Diminished responsibility and alcohol
Authors: Galappathie Nuwan , Jethwa Krishma 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn England and Wales diminished responsibility is a partial defence to the charge of murder. If successfully argued by the defence, it reduces the charge from murder to manslaughter and thus avoids the mandatory life sentence. Alcohol has been reported to be a feature in up to 80% of all homicides but for many years the judiciary have set an almost unattainable threshold for the disease of alcoholism to amount to a finding of diminished responsibility, in accordance with other aspects of criminal law. Reform of the law on murder is likely to take many years but it is timely to recap the current law on diminished responsibility and review advances in case law in England and Wales on alcohol.
Group-based psychosocial intervention for bipolar disorder: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Castle David , White Carolynne , Chamberlain James , Berk Michael , Berk Lesley , Lauder Sue , Murray Greg , Schweitzer Isaac , Piterman Leon , Gilbert Monica 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundPsychosocial interventions have the potential to enhance relapse prevention in bipolar disorder.AimsTo evaluate a manualised group-based intervention for people with bipolar disorder in a naturalistic setting.MethodEighty-four participants were randomised to receive the group-based intervention (a 12-week programme plus three booster sessions) or treatment as usual, and followed up with monthly telephone interviews (for 9 months post-intervention) and face-to-face interviews (at baseline, 3 months and 12 months).ResultsParticipants who received the group-based intervention were significantly less likely to have a relapse of any type and spent less time unwell. There was a reduced rate of relapse in the treatment group for pooled relapses of any type (hazard ratio 0.43, 95% CI 0.20–0.95; t343 = −2.09, P = 0.04).ConclusionsThis study suggests that the group-based intervention reduces relapse risk in bipolar disorder.
Supported employment: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Howard Louise M. , Heslin Margaret , Leese Morven , McCrone Paul , Rice Christopher , Jarrett Manuela , Spokes Terry , Huxley Peter , Thornicroft Graham 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundThere is evidence from North American trials that supported employment using the individual placement and support (IPS) model is effective in helping individuals with severe mental illness gain competitive employment. There have been few trials in other parts of the world.AimsTo investigate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of IPS in the UK.MethodIndividuals with severe mental illness in South London were randomised to IPS or local traditional vocational services (treatment as usual) (ISRCTN96677673).ResultsTwo hundred and nineteen participants were randomised, and 90% assessed 1 year later. There were no significant differences between the treatment as usual and intervention groups in obtaining competitive employment (13% in the intervention group and 7% in controls; risk ratio 1.35, 95% CI 0.95–1.93,P= 0.15), nor in secondary outcomes.ConclusionsThere was no evidence that IPS was of significant benefit in achieving competitive employment for individuals in South London at 1-year follow-up, which may reflect suboptimal implementation. Implementation of IPS can be challenging in the UK context where IPS is not structurally integrated with mental health services, and economic disincentives may lead to lower levels of motivation in individuals with severe mental illness and psychiatric professionals.
Cost-effectiveness of an early intervention service for people with psychosis
Authors: McCrone Paul , Craig Tom K. J. , Power Paddy , Garety Philippa A. 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundThere is concern that delaying treatment for psychosis may have a negative impact on its long-term course. A number of countries have developed early intervention teams but there is limited evidence regarding their cost-effectiveness.AimsTo compare the costs and cost-effectiveness of an early intervention service in London with standard care.MethodIndividuals in their first episode of psychosis (or those who had previously discontinued treatment) were recruited to the study. Clinical variables and costs were measured at baseline and then at 6- and 18-month follow-up. Information on quality of life and vocational outcomes were combined with costs to assess cost-effectiveness.ResultsA total of 144 people were randomised. Total mean costs were £11 685 in the early intervention group and £14 062 in the standard care group, with the difference not being significant (95% CI –£8128 to £3326). When costs were combined with improved vocational and quality of life outcomes it was shown that early intervention would have a very high likelihood of being cost-effective.ConclusionsEarly intervention did not increase costs and was highly likely to be cost-effective when compared with standard care.
Toxicity of antidepressants: rates of suicide relative to prescribing and non-fatal overdose
Authors: Hawton Keith , Bergen Helen , Simkin Sue , Cooper Jayne , Waters Keith , Gunnell David , Kapur Navneet 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundSelf-poisoning is a common method of suicide and often involves ingestion of antidepressants. Information on the relative toxicity of antidepressants is therefore extremely important.AimsTo assess the relative toxicity of specific tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).MethodObservational study of prescriptions (UK), poisoning deaths involving single antidepressants receiving coroners' verdicts of suicide or undetermined intent (England and Wales) and non-fatal self-poisoning episodes presenting to six general hospitals (in Oxford, Manchester and Derby) between 2000 and 2006. Calculation of fatal toxicity index based on ratio of rates of deaths to prescriptions, and case fatality based on ratio of rates of deaths to non-fatal self-poisonings.ResultsFatal toxicity and case fatality indices provided very similar results (rho for relative ranking of indices 0.99). Case fatality rate ratios showed greater toxicity for TCAs (13.8, 95% CI 13.0–14.7) than the SNRI venlafaxine (2.5, 95% CI 2.0–3.1) and the NaSSA mirtazapine (1.9, 95% CI 1.1–2.9), both of which had greater toxicity than the SSRIs (0.5, 95% CI 0.4–0.7). Within the TCAs, compared with amitriptyline both dosulepin (relative toxicity index 2.7) and doxepin (2.6) were more toxic. Within the SSRIs, citalopram had a higher case fatality than the other SSRIs (1.1, 95% CI 0.8–1.4 v. 0.3, 95% CI 0.2–0.4).ConclusionsThere are wide differences in toxicity not only between classes of antidepressants, but also within classes. The findings are relevant to prescribing decisions, especially in individuals at risk, and to regulatory policy.
Effect of 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the USA on suicide in areas surrounding the crash sites
Authors: Claassen Cynthia A. , Carmody Thomas , Stewart Sunita M. , Bossarte Robert M. , Larkin Gregory L. , Woodward Wayne A. , Trivedi Madhukar H. 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundThe terrorist attacks in the USA on 11 September 2001 affected suicide rates in two European countries, whereas overall US rates remained stable. The effect on attack site rates, however, has not been studied.AimsTo examine post-attack suicide rates in areas surrounding the three airline crash sites.MethodDaily mortality rates were modelled using time series techniques. Where rate change was significant, both duration and geographic scope were analysed.ResultsAround the World Trade Center, post-attack 180-day rates dropped significantly (t= 2.4,P= 0.0046), whereas comparison condition rates remained stable. No change was observed for Pentagon or Flight 93 crash sites.ConclusionsThe differential effect by site suggests that proximity may be less important that other event characteristics. Both temporal and geographic aspects of rate fluctuation after sentinel events appear measurable and further analyses may contribute valuable knowledge about how sociological forces affect these rates.
Early intervention in psychosis
Authors: Singh Swaran P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEarly intervention in psychosis services produce better clinical outcomes than generic teams and are also cost-effective. Clinical gains made within such services are robust as long as the interventions are actively provided. Longer-term data show that some of these gains are lost when care is transferred back to generic teams. This paper argues that sustaining these early gains requires both a reappraisal of generic services and an understanding of the active ingredients of early intervention, which can be tailored for longer input in cases with poorer outcome trajectories.
Spirituality and religion in psychiatric practice: why all the fuss?
Authors: King Michael , Leavey Gerard 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn this article we suggest that controversy over interventions such as prayer in psychiatric practice distracts attention from a serious consideration of the role of spirituality in our society. There is abundant evidence that spiritual belief, experience and practice gives meaning to many people and thus whatever they think of its truth value, psychiatrists cannot ignore it.
A child and adolescent mental health service for children with intellectual disabilities – 8 years on
Authors: Wright Barry , Williams Chris , Sykes Marcella 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis paper reports on the last 8 years in the development of a child mental health learning disability service. The growth, challenges and pitfalls faced by the service are charted here. The paper also shows how a service can cope with rising demand without the development of waiting lists and how a specialist service can be embedded within a generic child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) as a tier 3 team, thus creating synergies and commonalities of purpose, while avoiding service gaps that inevitably arise from separate services with specific referral criteria. This is a healthy service model that meets the needs of local children with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities and concomitant child mental health problems.
Curriculum for workplace-based assessments: a Delphi study
Authors: Bhattacharya Rahul , Maier Michael , Bhugra Dinesh , Warner James 
Published: April 2010

Aims and methodTo generate a list of topics for ‘core curriculum’ that can be used as a guide for trainees and trainers carrying out workplace-based assessments (WPBAs). A three-stage Delphi consultation was carried out.ResultsGeneration of a list of topics for WPBA appropriate for each year of core training with a mean rating of importance in curriculum.Clinical implicationsIn the absence of formal guidance, the list generated can serve as an informal guide.
Migration-related changes in gene expression in leg muscle of the Christmas Island red crab Gecarcoidea natalis: seasonal preparation for long-distance walking
Authors: Postel Ute , Thompson Fiona , Barker Gary , Viney Mark , Morris Steve 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARY
During their annual breeding migration the Christmas Island land crab Gecarcoidea natalis sustains locomotion aerobically for up to 12 h per day compared with just 10 min during the dry season when their muscles quickly become anaerobic. A seasonal transition to an endurance-muscle phenotype would thus seem essential for migrating crabs. The current study employed a gene discovery approach comparing two expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries, one each for leg muscle from dry (non-migrating) and wet season (migrating) crabs. The 14 most abundant transcripts differed in their representation between the two libraries. The abundances of transcripts of genes predicted to code for different proteins forming contractile muscle components, including actin, troponin and tropomyosin, were significantly different between seasons and thus between physiological states. The shift in the isoform composition of the contractile elements provided evidence for a switch from slow phasic (S1) to slow tonic (S2) fatigue-resistant muscle fibres. A tropomyosin (tm) transcript aligned with a tm isoform of lobster (tmS2), and semi-quantitative RT-PCR confirmed this isoform to be more abundant in the migrating crab muscle. Two LIM protein coding genes, a paxillin-like transcript (pax) and a muscle LIM protein (mlp), were relatively up-regulated in muscle of wet season crabs. These proteins have a fundamental role in muscle development and reconstruction, and their comparative up-regulation is consistent with a remodelling of leg muscle for migration in the wet season. Such a transition would result in an increased representation of aerobic endurance-type fibres concomitant with the greater aerobic exercise capacity of the migrating red crabs.
Comb construction in mixed-species colonies of honeybees,Apis ceranaandApis mellifera
Authors: Yang Ming-Xian , Tan Ken , Radloff Sarah E. , Phiancharoen Mananya , Hepburn H. Randall 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYComb building in mixed-species colonies of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera was studied. Two types of cell-size foundation were made from the waxes of these species and inserted into mixed colonies headed either by an A. cerana or an A. mellifera queen. The colonies did not discriminate between the waxes but the A. cerana cell-size foundation was modified during comb building by the workers of both species. In pure A. cerana colonies workers did not accept any foundation but secreted wax and built on foundation in mixed colonies. Comb building is performed by small groups of workers through a mechanism of self-organisation. The two species cooperate in comb building and construct nearly normal combs but they contain many irregular cells. In pure A. mellifera colonies, the A. cerana cell size was modified and the queens were reluctant to lay eggs on such combs. In pure A. cerana colonies, the A. mellifera cell size was built without any modification but these cells were used either for drone brood rearing or for food storing. The principal elements of comb-building behaviour are common to both species, which indicates that they evolved prior to and were conserved after speciation.
Comparative visual function in four piscivorous fishes inhabiting Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Horodysky Andrij Z. , Brill Richard W. , Warrant Eric J. , Musick John A. , Latour Robert J. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARY
Maintaining optimal visual performance is a difficult task in photodynamic coastal and estuarine waters because of the unavoidable tradeoffs between luminous sensitivity and spatial and temporal resolution, yet the visual systems of coastal piscivores remain understudied despite differences in their ecomorphology and microhabitat use. We therefore used electroretinographic techniques to describe the light sensitivities, temporal properties and spectral sensitivities of the visual systems of four piscivorous fishes common to coastal and estuarine waters of the western North Atlantic: striped bass (Morone saxatilis), bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) and cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Benthic summer flounder exhibited higher luminous sensitivity and broader dynamic range than the three pelagic foragers. The former were at the more sensitive end of an emerging continuum for coastal fishes. By contrast, pelagic species were comparatively less sensitive, but showed larger day–night differences, consistent with their use of diel light-variant photic habitats. Flicker fusion frequency experiments revealed significant interspecific differences at maximum intensities that correlated with lifestyle and habitat. Spectral responses of most species spanned 400–610 nm, with significant day–night differences in striped bass and bluefish. Anadromous striped bass additionally responded to longer wavelengths, similar to many freshwater fishes. Collectively, these results suggest that pelagic piscivores are well adapted to bright photoclimates, which may be at odds with the modern state of eutrified coastal and estuarine waters that they utilize. Recent anthropogenic degradation of water quality in coastal environments, at a pace faster than the evolution of visual systems, may impede visually foraging piscivores, change selected prey, and eventually restructure ecosystems.
Red junglefowl have individual body odors
Authors: Karlsson Anna-Carin , Jensen Per , Elgland Mathias , Laur Katriann , Fyrner Timmy , Konradsson Peter , Laska Matthias 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARY
Olfaction may play an important role in regulating bird behavior, and has been suggested to be involved in feather-pecking. We investigated possible differences in the body odors of red junglefowl females by using an automated olfactometer which assessed the ability of trained mice to discriminate between the odors of uropygial gland secretions (the main carrier of potential individual odors in chickens) of six feather-pecked and six non-pecked birds. All mice were clearly able to discriminate between all individual red junglefowl odors, showing that each bird has an individual body odor. We analyzed whether it was more difficult to discriminate between the odors of two feather-pecked, or two non-pecked birds, than it was to discriminate between the odors of two randomly selected birds. This was not the case, suggesting that feather-pecked birds did not share a common odor signature. Analyses using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry showed that the composition of aliphatic carboxylic acids in uropygial gland secretions differed consistently between individuals. However, chemical composition did not vary according to feather-pecking status. We conclude that red junglefowl have individual body odors which appear to be largely based on differences in the relative abundance of aliphatic carboxylic acids, but there is no evidence of systematic differences between the body odors of pecked and non-pecked birds.