bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current concepts in serological testing – TTID
Authors: Schmidt M. , Seifried E. 
Published: May 2011

Introduction  Blood components play a major part in a huge number of therapeutic interventions in oncology, haematology, surgery and other medicine disciplines. Therefore, the supply of safe blood products is a major ongoing challenge for blood transfusion services. Serology screening tests were developed to improve blood safety. As screening for antibodies reflects an immune reaction in response to infection, the diagnostic window period is longer for antibody tests than for direct screening assays, such as nucleic amplification tests (NAT). The introduction of mini‐pool NAT (MP‐NAT) and individual donation NAT (ID‐NAT) as well as the development of antigen screening assays, such as the hepatitis C virus antigen test (which detects the NS3 antigen) and the p24 antigen assay for HIV‐1, have been able to reduce the diagnostic window period.Methods  Currently, blood donor screening for HBsAg, anti‐HBc, anti‐HCV, anti‐HIV‐1/2 and syphilis antibodies is mandated by the German authority (the Paul Ehrlich Institute). All blood donations must also be screened for HCV and HIV‐1 using MP‐NAT. The German Red Cross Blood Donor Services Baden‐Württemberg‐Hessen has implemented additional blood donor screening for anti‐CMV (for platelet products from repeat donors) and MP‐NAT screening for HBV, HAV and Parvovirus B19 on a voluntary basis.Results  The epidemiology data within the last 4 years have found that 98% and 89% of hepatitis B and hepatitis C positive donors belonged to the first time donor population. Between 1997 and 2005, the German Red Cross Blood Donor Services detected hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV‐1 in 43, 23 and 7 donors, respectively, using NAT. About 50% (22 out of 43) of these HBV‐infected donors were in the acute phase of infection, while 21 were in the occult phase. Improvements in NAT technology, especially the introduction of full‐automated extraction robot systems (e.g. the Zelos × 100), have been able to reduce the diagnostic window period, especially for hepatitis B, by improving the 95% level of detection. Nevertheless, five cases of NAT failures in detecting HIV‐1 have been reported to the Paul‐Ehrlich‐Institute within the last decade. In 2010 in particular, three cases occurred in Germany due to mutations in the primer and probe binding regions. These cases restarted a discussion about risk analysis for NAT screening tests and serology methods in general.Conclusion  In Germany, blood donor screening is performed using parallel serological assays (antigen and antibody detection) and by MP‐NAT for hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV‐1. The risk of false‐negative test results due to mutations in primer and probe binding regions is higher for NAT systems than for antibody/antigen detection tests. Therefore, the manufactures of the NAT systems are advised to improve their systems by utilising amplification in at least two conserved regions (dual‐ or triple‐targeting). The diagnostic window period for new screening strategies (e.g., antigen screening for HCV)
Globalization and blood donors: How to improve the blood donation in the European Union (EU)
Authors: Gonçalves H. 
Published: May 2011

Background and objectives  It can be estimated that there are about 900–950 blood establishments in the EU.They show significant differences in terms of:• Organizational patterns, legal status, level of quality, volume of quality.• Many blood establishments in the different Members States of the EU follow the GOOD Manufacture Practice (GMP) principles.• This is especially true when it comes to the larger ones that operate in a strict GMP environment and/or to ISO 9001:2000 standards.• There is little doubt that in smaller institutions (for example with ≤5000 donations per year) it could be difficult to fulfil the Quality Management System (QMS) requirements.Materials and Methods  • Blood donation requires ethics and medical practice in a context of confirmed humanism. Human beings are at the centre of activity that goes from donor to recipient, which to be effective, requires a wide range of human, sociological, biological, medical and scientific skills.Results  • Also, transfusion medicine knows no frontiers; it has to be performed in the same way whatever the country, nationality or people: the basic principles that govern it should be maintained. Europe should become a Europe for people, for altruism and should also be a place where every country can compare itself to another in order to evolve and develop it is activities with respect for Community law. In the Regional Blood Center of Coimbra, RBCC, there was in 2010 25% of blood donors between 18‐30 years old.Conclusions  • It is necessary to have effective cooperation between nations and between all professionals in this new world that is the European Union, and begin now to invest in youth of each country to become blood donors.
Update on the status of pathogen inactivation methods
Authors: AuBuchon J. P. 
Published: May 2011

Background  Improvements in donor selection criteria and donor testing have reduced the risks of transfusion‐transmitted diseases to remarkably low levels in developed countries. Residual risk remains because of window period donations and the potential for error. Developing countries may not have implemented all these safety measures fully, however. In all countries, tests with limited sensitivity (e.g. for detection of bacterial contamination) and ‘emerging’ pathogens, for which accurate tests have not been developed, pose continued threats to recipients.Results  Pathogen inactivation (PI) has brought a welcome level of safety to plasma derivatives, and an increasing number of techniques are available for labile blood components. The toxicity profile of these techniques appears acceptable. Although the processes inevitably cause a reduction in the content or efficacy of the component, transfusions of the inactivated components appear to provide clinically useful outcomes. Transfusion of pathogen‐inactivated plasma components is in widest use across multiple countries, and an increasing number of centres in multiple countries are adopting PI of platelet units as well. Development of techniques applicable to red cell units continues and preliminary success has been claimed. Not all reports of clinical use of PI platelets and plasma have been positive, however. Differences in bleeding rates may be attributable to different approaches to patient evaluation. Some regulatory agencies continue to place emphasis on the potential for pulmonary complications, although reanalysis of previous data indicates no increased risk of pulmonary toxicity. Multiple cost‐effectiveness analyses have demonstrated that currently available PI techniques will likely reduce the residual risk of known pathogens by only a small amount and thus have marginal cost‐effectiveness ratios in the range of $500 000–1 500 000/QALY (this is worse than for most commonly accepted medical procedures but not out‐of‐line in comparison to other blood safety interventions). The presumed effectiveness of current bacterial detection approaches is central to these analyses as bacteria remain the most frequently transmitted pathogen with culture detecting only 30–50% of contaminated units. An analysis of residual risk indicates that while techniques applicable across all components will be necessary to achieve the desired maximal effect of PI, implementing PI for plasma and platelets with currently available technology would reduce transmissions of both acute and chronic emerging disease agents by 40%.Conclusions  The decision whether to implement PI is a complex one with ethical, societal and financial aspects. The ability to improve the safety of transfusion for recipients, particularly with respect to bacteria and emerging threats, is an important augmentation to our commitment to patients.
Madrid train bombings: what we have learnt from that sad event
Authors: Algora‐Weber M. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionThe Madrid train bombings consisted of a series of coordinated bombings against the commuter train system of Madrid, on the morning of Thursday 11 March 2004, killing 191 people and wounding 2000. The massive attacks on the population are always unexpected and can cause mass casualties, killed and psychologically affected. All need help. From the perspective of Hemotherapy it is desirable to have a plan already completed and validated to help in times of confusion to know what to do, how to do it and who has to manage everything. On the morning of March 11 the Community of Madrid had no such plan feature. The situation was brought under control, with the help, work and commitment of the population, but was subsequently other actions that had to be improved. For 3 years the Community of Madrid, has a plan of Transfusion in emergencies and disasters. The sad experience of 2004 served to drive us to the conception and development of this plan. The reason for this presentation is to describe the effects of the terrorist attack of 2004, from the point of view Transfusion Centre, how we handle the situation and make a note on such plan currently in place.
Esophageal Cancer: Recent advances
Authors: Sadiq Adil , Mansour Kamal A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractEsophageal carcinoma has, over the past decade, undergone a sea of change, not only in its pathological distribution, but also in the diagnosis, staging and subsequent management. Although the advent of better imaging techniques has helped in diagnosing patients at an earlier period, the majority of them have unresectable disease at the time of presentation. Despite aggressive treatment protocols involving either one or a combination of the options of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the five‐year survival remains dismal in the order of 10 to 15%. The two most commonly used surgical techniques for resecting the esophagus, the Ivor Lewis and the trans‐hiatal esophagectomy, have similar results in terms of morbidity, mortality and, more importantly, five‐year survival following resection. There has been an increasing interest in the surgical treatment of carcinoma esophagus by a minimally invasive approach, as meta‐analysis of clinical series have shown that a faster recovery time without any statistically significant difference in the in‐hospital mortality or morbidity when compared to conventional surgery. Nonrandomized studies suggest that patients receiving neoadjuvant chemo‐radiation have a five year survival advantage compared with those treated with surgery alone, especially if they had a complete histological response to the preoperative regimen. Lastly, palliative procedures, form the mainstay of management of patients with non‐resectable disease.
Glass‐ionomer cement restorative materials: a sticky subject?
Authors: Sidhu SK 
Published: May 2011

AbstractGlass‐ionomer cement (GIC) materials have been in clinical use since their inception 40 years ago. They have undergone several permutations to yield different categories of these materials. Although all GICs share the same generic properties, subtle differences between commercial products may occur. They have a wide range of uses such as lining, bonding, sealing, luting or restoring a tooth. In general, GICs are useful for reasons of adhesion to tooth structure, fluoride release and being tooth‐coloured although their sensitivity to moisture, inherent opacity, long‐term wear and strength are not as adequate as desired. They are useful in situations where they are not disadvantaged by their comparatively lower physical properties, such as where there is adequate remaining tooth structure to support the material and where they are not subject to heavy occlusal loading. The last decade has seen the use of these materials being extended. However, they are likely to retain their specific niches of clinical application.
A review of the clinical application and performance of pit and fissure sealants
Authors: Simonsen RJ , Neal RC 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThorough reviews of pit and fissure sealant are available in the literature. It is the intent of this paper to focus on the clinical aspects of pit and fissure sealant application and the most recent publications that support an evidence‐based clinical application technique.Pit and fissure sealants were introduced in 1971 based on the pioneering studies of Buonocore. Additional work initiated by Handelman in 1972 looked specifically at what happens to the bacteria trapped underneath a sealant. Concerns that such entrapment could lead to propagation, or continued development, of caries under a well‐sealed area, were mitigated by this and many other succeeding studies.It remains clear that the application of pit and fissure sealant to newly‐erupted posterior (and occasionally, anterior) teeth is the best method we have in dentistry to prevent pit and fissure caries, and/or to prevent the continued development of incipient caries into frank caries when the incipient lesion is sealed over with resin.
Resin composite restorative materials
Authors: Ilie N , Hickel R 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper surveys the most important developments in resin‐based dental composites and focuses on the deficits (e.g. polymerization shrinkage) and strengths of the materials and their clinical implications. Moreover, differences between composite categories, such as hybrid, nanohybrid, microfilled, packable, ormocer‐based, silorane‐based, polyacid‐modified composites (compomers) and flowable composites are highlighted, especially in view of their mechanical behaviour. In addition to the classical dimethacrylate‐based composites, special attention is given to alternative monomers, such as siloranes, ormocers or high‐molecular‐weight dimethacrylate monomers (e.g. dimer acid‐based dimethacrylates and tricyclodecane (TCD)‐urethane), analysing their advantages, behaviour and abilities. Finally, the paper attempts to establish the needs and wishes of clinicians for further development of resin‐based composites.
A clinically focused discussion of luting materials
Authors: Hill EE , Lott J 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA luting agent’s primary function is to fill the minute void between an indirect restoration (definitive or provisional) and tooth (or implant abutment) and mechanically lock the restoration in place to prevent dislodgement during function. The purpose of this paper is to provide a clinically focused discussion on the broad spectrum of luting materials currently available to help the general practitioner make appropriate choices. Resins are typically formulated for a specific function or restoration and offer strength, aesthetics, flexible working times, and very low solubility yet are technique sensitive, expensive and often hard to clean‐up. Glass‐ionomers offer good strength and optical properties plus the potential for fluoride release/recharge but may have short working times, are sensitive to moisture or dehydration early on, and take time to fully set. Resin‐modified glass‐ionomers are hybrid, dual‐phase materials which are manipulated like glass‐ionomer but set quicker and are stronger. Zinc phosphate cement, used successfully for over a century to lute well‐fitting metal and metal‐ceramic definitive restorations, is a very inexpensive, rigid material which displays very high early compressive strength yet acidity and solubility can be problems. Polycarboxylate cement (a hybrid of zinc phosphate) has lower compressive strength but high tensile strength and may be less injurious to the pulp. Zinc oxide eugenol and zinc oxide non‐eugenol cements typically have good sealing abilities but their relatively low compressive and tensile strengths, inherent brittleness, and high solubility limit usage to provisional restorations or implant supported crowns. Claims for multi‐purpose or universal use by manufacturers can be somewhat confusing and overwhelming. Even so, the busy general practitioner must have sufficient knowledge to help choose an appropriate luting agent for each unique clinical situation.
Ceramic materials in dentistry: historical evolution and current practice
Authors: Kelly JR , Benetti P 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDental ceramics are presented within a simplifying framework allowing for facile understanding of their development, composition and indications. Engineering assessments of clinical function are dealt with and literature is reviewed on the clinical behaviour of all‐ceramic systems. Practical aspects are presented regarding the choice and use of dental ceramics to maximize aesthetics and durability, emphasizing what we know and how we know it.
Periodontal materials
Authors: Darby I 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPeriodontics is more associated with debridement of periodontal pockets and not generally thought of as using dental materials in the treatment of patients. However, the last 30 years have seen the development of materials used in regeneration of the periodontal tissues following periodontal disease, guided tissue regeneration, and the use of these materials in bone regeneration more recently, guided bone regeneration. The materials used include bone grafts and membranes, but also growth factors and cells‐based therapies. This review provides an overview of the materials currently used and looks at contemporary research with a view to what may be used in the future. It also looks at the clinical effectiveness of these regenerative therapies with an emphasis on what is available in Australia.
Current aspects on bonding effectiveness and stability in adhesive dentistry
Authors: Cardoso MV , de Almeida Neves A , Mine A , Coutinho E , Van Landuyt K , De Munck J , Van Meerbeek B 
Published: May 2011

AbstractImproved dental adhesive technology has extensively influenced modern concepts in restorative dentistry. In light of minimal‐invasive dentistry, this new approach promotes a more conservative cavity design, which basically relies on the effectiveness of current enamel‐dentine adhesives. Nowadays, the interaction of adhesives with the dental substrate is based on two different strategies, commonly described as an etch‐and‐rinse and a self‐etch approach. In an attempt to simplify the bonding technique, manufacturers have decreased the number of steps necessary for the accomplishment of the bonding procedure. As a consequence, two‐step etch‐and‐rinse and one‐step (self‐etch) adhesives were introduced and gained rapid popularity in the dental market due to their claimed user‐friendliness and lower technique sensitivity. However, many concerns have been raised on the bonding effectiveness of these simplified adhesives, especially in terms of durability, although this tends to be very material dependent. In order to blend all the adhesive components into one single solution, one‐step adhesives were made more acidic and hydrophilic. Unfortunately, these properties induce a wide variety of seemingly unrelated problems that may jeopardize the effectiveness and stability of adhesion to the dental substrate. Being more susceptible to water sorption and thus nanoleakage, these adhesives are more prone to bond degradation and tend to fail prematurely as compared to their multi‐step counterparts. Incidentally, another factor that may interfere with the bonding effectiveness of adhesives is the technique used for caries removal and cavity preparation. Several tools are on the market today to effectively remove carious tissue, thereby respecting the current trend of minimum intervention. Despite their promising performance, such techniques modify the tooth substrate in different aspects, possibly affecting bonding effectiveness. Altogether, we may conclude that not only the adhesive formulation, but also substrate nature must be taken into account to achieve a stable bonding interface, rendering the restorative treatment more predictable in terms of clinical performance. In this review, we analyse the current theoretical and clinical aspects of adhesion to enamel and dentine, and discuss the diverse possibilities to overcome problems which nowadays still challenge clinicians in their achievement of a more stable and effective bond to tooth enamel and dentine.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTS*
Authors: FOWLER H. L. 
Published: May 2011

RésuméLE DÉVELOPPEMENT DES CONCEPTS.La plupart des éducateurs affirment qu'en enseignant un concept il faut commencer par les idées particulières pour arriver à des généralisations. Pour mettre à l'épreuve la vérité de cette affirmation dans les cas des rapports grammaticaux adjectif‐nom, adverbe‐verbe, on inventa trois concepts artificiels comprenant ce rapport et chacun des trois fut enseigné par les trois méthodes suivantes:

Des idées particulières à la, généralisation.
De la généralisation aux applications particulières.
Comme dans 2., mais avec quelques explications au moyen des allusions aux applications particulières.

En outre, on tenta l'expérience d'aider les sujets de façon à les empêcher, autant que possible, de commettre des erreurs. La meilleure méthode se trouva être le numero trois—méthode qu'on pourrait appeler composée. La séconde se montra le plus variable. Lorsque la manière de formuler le concept n'était comprise qu'en partie, la méthode ne produisait que de mauvais résultats.Les moyens adoptés pour éviter les erreurs n'étaient avantageux que lorsqu'ils n'empêchaient pas les sujets de déduire les “rapports de niveau supérieur.”ÜbersichtDIE ENTWICKLUNG DER BEGRIFFE.Wenn man Unterricht in einem Begriff gibt, sollte man von Einzelheiten zu Verallgemeinerungen führen, behaupten die meisten Erzieher. Um die Stichhaltigkeit dieser Behauptung im Falle des Sprachverhältnisses “Adjektiv‐Substantiv” und “Adverb‐Verb” auf die Probe au stellen, wurden drei künstliche Begriffe erfunden, die dieses Verhältnis umfassen, und jeder wurde auf die drei folgenden Arten gelehrt.

Von Einzelheiten zu Verallgemeinerungen.
Von Verallgemeinerungen zu Einzelheiten.
Wie 2. aber mit Erlaüterung der Einzelheiten.

Ferner versuchte man die Folgen zu entdecken, wenn man den Personen womöglich half, damit sie keine Fehler begingen. Es ergab sich, dass die dritte oder zusammengesetzte Methode die beste war. Am veränderlichsten war die zweite; wenn die Formulierung des Begriffes nur zum Teile verstanden wurde, schadete sie nur. Die Hilfsmittel, die Irrtümern vorbeugen sollten, waren vorteilhaft, nur wenn sie die Personen nicht hinderten, die “Verhältnisse des höheren Niveaus” hervorzuziehen.