bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of the State
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe role of the state, since it is the sovereign power that sets the legal framework in society, is not limited to wage regulation. Economic, organizational, and technological changes — particularly that of internationalization — caused economic performance to become vulnerable. The state's shift from pluralism to outcome-oriented regulation to make industrial relations more receptive to performance requirements can be viewed in two reliant aspects. The first dimension concerns how state regulation relates to organized industrial relations while the second refers to the state being substantive or procedural. This chapter examines how substantive state regulation and procedural state regulation are interrelated through using three regulatory approaches to make industrial relations compatible with what is needed for economic performance: neoliberalism, statism, and corporatism.
The Coverage of Collective Bargaining
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAccording to Traxler (1994), the coverage rate of collective agreements is the most important indicator in determining the degree of organization or disorganization of labour markets. As fewer employees are covered by such agreements, organized industrial relations become more irrelevant. Since the coverage rate represents the ratio of employees covered by a collective agreement to the total number of employees in a firm, multi-level bargaining has to be taken into consideration as double-counting may occur. The chapter investigates the impact of internationalization on coverage through a cross-sectional analysis of the long-term developments along a certain group of countries. The chapter also looks into the stages of an evolutionary erosion of coverage and how this affects the labour market.
Labour Relations and their Interaction with Economic Policy
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe effect that bargaining coordination has on macroeconomic developments is dependent on how these developments are linked with labour costs. Because of the declining variation in labour-cost growth seen across countries, variations in labour relations seem to no longer have relevance. It is therefore important to analyse the economic impact of bargaining coordination on economic institutions and their policies. The chapter first discusses how the interdependence of union policy and government policy has influenced how unions sacrifice member gains and long-term macroeconomic performance for the attainment of short-term goals. Another discussion involves monetary policy and the centralization of bargaining through such entities as the central bank. Lastly, the chapter includes a discussion about how bargaining coordination is related to monetary policy.
Performance and Labour Relations: Hypotheses and Evidence Revisited
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn analysing the overall statistical fit of the models used in studying the performance effects of the distinct labour relations dimensions, six criteria involving statistical significance, F-tests, coefficient signs, the coefficient of determination (R2), the adjusted R2 for auxiliary runs, and an autoregressive term have been used to account for the presence of autocorrelation. This chapter looks into the mixed conclusions derived from the dual-chain causality attributed to the performance of labour relations. Aside for policy implications, this chapter presents the conceptual and theoretical conclusions that can be arrived at after comparing the different models concerning the relative importance of the distinct dimensions as factors of performance, the need to differentiate between bargaining centralization and bargaining coordination, and the reconsideration of the explanatory power of the hypotheses on performance effects.
The Prevalence of Path Dependency
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractConvergence and path dependency are competing hypotheses for explaining the institutional developments and their effects on performance, through views on the interplay of markets, institutional change, and performance. Path dependency may result from the existence of functional equivalents that allow countries to adapt to various market pressures or from institutional lock-ins that deter such pressures. Path dependency occurs when the distinct dimensions of labour relations co-vary in their level or organization. This chapter presents findings regarding the effect of the distinct dimensions of labour relations on development and performance which can aid in a better understanding of how path dependency is related to economic internationalization.
Dependent Entrepreneurs
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Dependent contractors are self-employed and their incomes are dependent on one or a few firms. Dependent contractors are in charge of activities which are mission critical to the firm and require high levels of firm-specific knowledge. Because of the risks of production inefficiencies, quality loss, unauthorized use of corporate knowledge, and other such risks associated with outsourcing to external suppliers, firms tend to externalize the routine aspects of mission critical activities. Through presenting statistical information, self-employment growth rates, demographics, and industry and occupational breakdowns, this chapter provides an analysis about the features of dependent contracting and how both firms and contractors can benefit from such an arrangement.
Independent Entrepreneurs and Business Networks
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Independent contractors require lower levels of firm-specific knowledge since independence in contracting is derived from the knowledge self-sufficiency of the contractor. By presenting this arrangement through a contractual perspective and a knowledge-based perspective, this chapter is able to describe the independent contractors' market. The chapter also explains the implications of the growth of individual independent contractors, small and micro-businesses, and networks. The trends presented in this chapter suggest that future small businesses will tend to employ fewer people. The chapter explains how the growth of independent contracting generally depends on the externalization of workers, the increasing number of workers in flexihire arrangements, the increasing demand for the supply of services outside the firm, and other such factors.
Redefining the Firm
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In the simultaneous occurrences of the internalization of core functions and the externalization of non-core functions, the firm is being redefined in terms of its size, functions, organization, management, incentives, and reward systems. As a firm begins to concentrate more on knowledge assets, it also improves its ability to innovate, produce, market, and deliver. This chapter presents how the firm shrinks as its intellectual value grows. Also, in line with the changes in the volume of employees and processes, firms have opted to use performance-based incentives and promotion as an incentive. This chapter also introduces the six stages of the Knowledge Growth ModelTM as a tool for the assessment of a firm's progress, strengths, weaknesses, and other attributes that may affect the firm's performance.
The Rewards for Knowledge
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
One of the changes that require the most focus as a result of redefining the firm is the restructuring of corporate ownership. Since the firm's most important knowledge resources will come from individuals, it is appropriate for the firm to recognize the rights of these individuals regarding their participation in the ownership of the firm. This chapter presents a range of schemes that have offered workers varying levels of participation in the ownership of the firms where they were employed. The chapter also enumerates and explains both the positive and negative determinants of worker ownership and further analyses the emerging trends in worker participation in ownership and its implications on corporate strategies.
Different Points of Departure
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn the latter portion of the 1990s, transition economies were evaluated to have had a considerable amount of influence in the development of many countries even if there were several shortcomings and hindrances encountered during the process. These constraints mainly comprise of the geographical and political realms of revolutions, which were expanded in the global economic and political realms. Nevertheless, these kinds of obstacles should not interrupt the leap for the creation of complete structural and institutional changes. Both developed and developing countries operate under these standards and trials. Market economies functioning under liberalization and privatization have produced new breaks in the fields of finance, asset diversification, distant transactions, technological advancement and investment networks with neighbouring nations despite the dominance of some ‘super powers’.
Systemic Change and Economic Performance
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSocialism and the centrally planned economy could have been successful if the economic systems and its governing bodies had comprehensive development policies as well as adequate knowledge and strong determination toward restructuration. Absence of any of the two conditions deters the process of organisational reforms and changes in growth strategies. This chapter contextualises these concepts and actions in China and Vietnam as compared to that of the Eastern European countries and the former Soviet republics. This is accomplished by examining the capacities and the abilities of each country in handling and balancing the two forces, the prevalence of the shifts to postsocialism in varying settings, the association of these modifications to the restoration of capitalism, and the possible backfires and benefits of the postsocialist regime.
Transition Policy and Development Strategy
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractConsistent and creditworthy organisational design is crucial in the furtherance and success of transformation in all aspects of a certain country. Transition is viewed as a means to reinvent a system and as a device to formulate developmental techniques. Apparently, excessive or slow pacing implementation of reforms will both induce detrimental consequences especially to economic soundness. That is why some of the countries practicing postsocialist propositions consider carrying out gradual levels of liberalisation and privatisation in order to provide adequate time for institutions to adapt to the new mechanisms. With this, organisations along with their staff are enhanced. In contrast, with an improper institutional design and transition-by-chance inclination, there could be massive market failure, termed as ‘informal institutionalisation’ and ‘crony capitalism’.
The Long-term Perspectives
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlthough any country has the tendency to stop growth and development (thus, becoming stagnant) at any point, realisation of this can be a stepping stone to the pursuance of sustainable progress. Postsocialist economies we hope will continue to expand in the future; and countries, specifically members of the OECD or the Central European Free Trade Agreement, might be included in the list of nations operating under advanced economies. Qualification for the grouping is based on structural features, present establishments, and performance trends. Despite these categorisations, the selection process demands some revisions; hence, the transformation from a postsocialist market system to a market economy requires extensive reviews as well as hardcore behavioural and cultural modifications. Indeed, the arguments about transitions will persist; however, it should be noted that all these endeavours should encourage sustainable development.
Resource allocation
Authors: Randall Fiona 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
According to the WHO, palliative care is a complex group of assessments and interventions to improve the quality of life for both patients and their families. Within this context, wherein the inclusion of families in the remit of care is required, more resources, manpower, and money are expected to be consumed and provided compared to conventional care. Furthermore, the WHO also advocates the awarding of palliative care, assessments, and interventions to all patients who are terminally ill and who have life-threatening but curable diseases. This philosophy shifts the allocation of funds towards the palliative setting and away from the other areas of health care. This chapter discusses the distribution of available resources within the different areas of health care, a process called macroallocation. Within the context of macroallocation, resources are allocated to different specialties and for different treatments. Fair macroallocation pertains to a distribution system that is designed to achieve two goals: the best use of resources by using cost-effective measurements and the fair distribution of benefits between individuals. The chapter also examines the ethics for allocation of funds within palliative care.
German Historians and the Problem of Bourgeois Revolution
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the implications of the German historians' assumptions concerning the problem of bourgeois revolution in Germany. It contends that the assumption that Germany did not have a bourgeois revolution in the nineteenth century has structured the general understanding of German history and historiography. It discusses the view that abortive bourgeois revolutions led to fascism. The findings of the analysis indicate that the social determinations of revolutionary crises remain extremely complex and the specific contribution of the bourgeoisie and its various factions are far from clear.
The Realpolitik of the Bourgeoisie and Redundancy of Liberalism
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the realpolitik of the German bourgeoisie and argues for the redundancy of liberalism. It stresses the need to dissociate the idea of bourgeois revolution from the achievement of some necessary level of parliamentary democracy and redefine it to mean the body of change that inaugurated the bourgeois epoch. It suggests that the bourgeoisie's partnership with the pre-industrial power elite was influenced by the particular form of Germany's bourgeois revolution that combined with the accelerated character of capitalist development to impose a specific logic of class alliance.
The Political Stage and the Problem of Reform
Authors: Blackbourn David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the political stage and the problem of reform during the bourgeois revolution in Germany during the nineteenth century. It explains that the there were major divisions with the bourgeoisie and that the chief victim of political discord within the bourgeoisie was that part of the class that thought of itself as both liberal and national. It suggests that open political action exposed the divisions within the bourgeoisie and revealed its vulnerability in political relations with subaltern social groups.
The Evolution of the European Banking Industry: An Overview
Authors: Canals Jordi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the situation in the banking industries of the five European countries analysed in this study: Germany, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy. It examines the importance of the banking industry within the economy and later analyses the determinants of the banks's profitability. The chapter sets up a comparative framework that helps to lay the groundwork for a deeper analysis and takes into account the forces which have had a significant impact on banking operations, such as international financial instability, financial innovation, and the process of deregulation, in order to analyse the structure of the industry. It notes that this study focuses primarily on commercial banks.
Resilient carers and caregivers
Authors: Payne Sheila 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the resilience of family carers and caregivers in the palliative care setting. It analyses the impact of caring on caregivers using available data from relevant literature and from the personal accounts of caregivers. It highlights the discrepancies between how caregiving is construed by health and social care practitioners and the representation of the lived experience of caring reported by family members and others concerned.
The Evolution of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
Authors: Bates Ed 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the story of the evolution of the European Convention on Human Rights. It comments on the current crisis facing the Court. It then discusses the origins of the Convention and explains, in summary form, how it developed over subsequent decades. The situation of the Convention and the European Court of Human Rights over the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s is examined.
The Evolution of the Convention System through to 1990
Authors: Bates Ed 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe chapter begins by providing an overview of the expansion of the Strasbourg jurisprudence in the 1980s. It then examines how the ECHR system further evolved over the same period, focussing on several key areas. Firstly the status of the individual applicant in proceedings before the European Court is addressed — it is observed that the individual applicant became more and more the focal point. Next, the approach taken by the Court to issues of ‘just satisfaction’ is examined. After this, the evolving role of the Commission and the Committee of Ministers is addressed, including the crucial role of the former in terms of deciding whether to refer cases to the Court or to the Committee of Ministers. As to the Committee of Ministers it is observed that this played an increasingly subservient role to the Commission, such that, in effect, the latter almost became a court of first instance. A further section examines how matters developed as regards the role and function of the Committee of Ministers when it came to supervising the implementation of Court judgments. The last part of the chapter looks at the largely unsuccessful efforts made in the 1980s to secure a reform of the ECHR system, when the proposal was put forward for a merger of the Commission and the Court.
Anti Social Trinitarianism
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues that there are two major problems for Social Trinitarianism. The first challenge it faces is to explain why its three Persons are ‘not three Gods, but one God’, and to do so without transparently misreading the Creed. The second task is to provide an account of monotheism which is both intuitively acceptable and lets Social Trinitarianism count as monotheist. More specifically, it argues that Social Trinitarianism compromises adequate doctrines of omniscience and omnipotence, and that it finally collapses into either incoherence or a version of polytheism referred as ‘Plantingean Arianism’.
Selecting and Managing Global Accounts
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe quality of a club depends a lot on the quality of its members. The same holds for global account management (GAM) programmes. Choosing the right accounts to participate in the GAM programme is of vital importance to the success of the programme. This chapter gives some pointers on selecting the right accounts for the programme and discusses what kind of relationship with the customer should be aimed at after the selection process.
The Grammarian's Spoils:De Doctrina Christianaand the Contexts of Literary Education
Authors: Chin Catherine M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter places the De Doctrina Christiana in the context of grammatical education. The difficulty in assimilating this work to any single ancient model may be a sign of its special relationship to grammar, the primary discipline for all practical curricula of higher education in Augustine's time. The chapter notes that it was the grammarian's function to redistribute the knowledge produced in other disciplines. In pointing to the consonance of the habit of discursive transferral with the famous image of the spoliation of the Egyptians, and interpreting the latter as master trope of a discourse that produces the opposition of Christian to pagan culture through a process of de- and re-contextualisation, it seeks to explain the dynamics of love inscribed by the sign theory of De Doctrina Christiana.
Functions in Mind
Authors: Price Carolyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book investigates what it means to say that mental states — thoughts, wishes, perceptual experiences, and so on — are about things in the world. The answer to this deep philosophical problem is a novel teleological account of intentional content, grounded in and shaped by a carefully constructed theory of functions. This book's teleological account centres on the claim that the content of an intentional state depends both on the information that it is supposed to carry and on the way in which it is used — whether to trigger a simple response, to help keep track of an object or place, to help in planning a route through the environment, or in a sophisticated process of reasoning. Along the way the book defends its view from recent objections to teleological theories, and indicates how it might be applied to some notable problems in the philosophy of mind.
Learning and Wanting
Authors: Price Carolyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter considers two ways in which it is possible to advance beyond the minimal intentional systems described in the previous chapters. It analyses who the learning process generates intentional content for and argues that a good account of a learned content will need to take account of the innate function of the mechanism that controls the process of learning. The chapter argues that the ability to represent goals is a more sophisticated capacity than the ability to signal the occurrence of some state of affairs.
General-Purpose Intentionality
Authors: Price Carolyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter investigates the distinction between special-purpose and general-purpose intentional systems. It sets out the minimal conditions a system must meet if it is to be classified as a general-purpose intentional system and considers how the notion of general-purpose intentionality relates to some familiar ideas in the literature, such as the distinction between modular and central systems. It also discusses the connection between general-purpose representation and the Generality Constraint.