bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atomic layer deposition reactor for fabrication of metal oxides
Authors: Kolanek Krzysztof , Tallarida Massimo , Michling Marcel , Karavaev Konstantin , Schmeisser Dieter 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe developed an ultra high vacuum (UHV) compatible atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactor for studying the growth of metal oxides. The compatibility of the ALD reactor with the UHV system allows the use of surface sensitive techniques for characterizing the substrate/thin film complex after each ALD cycle. For investigation of the growth of metal oxides we used synchrotron radiation X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UHV atomic force microscopy and a combined system consisting of electron energy loss spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The samples were analyzed after each ALD cycle, composed of the subsequent exposure of the surface to metal oxides precursors and H2O (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The choice of the right electron range to connect with uniform generation shape in modelling EBIC signal problem and solution
Authors: Lahreche A. , Beggah Y. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe question concerning the best electron range to use with uniform generation function to get the best fit of the experimental data is answered by describing a general strategy to extract an effective electron range. This strategy is based on EBIC charge collect efficiency and on EBIC normal collector geometry. The results show that the disagreement between the EBIC signal modelled with the Gaussian generation form with Kyser electron range and that modelled with uniform generation with the extracted electron range is disappeared. The result shows also that the modelled EBIC signal for the case of uniform generation is independent of the shape of generation volume. The fit of the experimental data of charge collection efficiency, stalking fault contrast and grain boundaries contrast using the extracted electron range is illustrated. The use of the extracted electron range can remove some existing disagreement in extraction of the diffusion length value from different existing models (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Regulatory advice and drug development—A case study in negotiating with regulators
Authors: Seldrup Jørgen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRegulatory guidance on the development of drugs has existed for well over half a century in some territories. As drug development grew to become global so was born the need for harmonization. Beginning in the 1990s, the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) developed guidelines which were adopted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the U.S.A., the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the European Union and the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) in Japan. These guidelines are generally not disease specific.A visit to the web sites of any of the aforementioned Agencies or, for that matter other regulatory agencies outside of these, will witness a plethora of additional/separate guidances, some of which are disease specific. In addition to such written guidances, more specific advice (for example, on a drug development program at the end of Phase II) may be requested from the Regulator.Despite the harmonization efforts expressed through ICH, the actual advice given by different regulatory authorities in practical situations, however, may be inconsistent.This paper will describe a case of seeking advice on a Phase III programme from the FDA and the EMA, obtaining different opinions and developing an innovative solution to satisfy both Authorities without necessarily extending development time significantly. The case is chronic kidney disease; the issues concern study design (non‐inferiority, margin, etc.); the solution required a non‐traditional design and associated sample size considerations.We conclude with some general advice on ‘talking to the regulator’.This work was originally presented as a Poster at the Statistical Methods in Biopharmacy, 6th International Meeting, Paris, 21–22 September 2009. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian hybrid dose‐finding design in phase I oncology clinical trials
Authors: Yuan Ying , Yin Guosheng 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn oncology, dose escalation is often carried out to search for the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in phase I clinical trials. We propose a Bayesian hybrid dose‐finding method that inherits the robustness of model‐free methods and the efficiency of model‐based methods. In the Bayesian hypothesis testing framework, we compute the Bayes factor and adaptively assign a dose to each cohort of patients based on the adequacy of the dose–toxicity information that has been collected thus far. If the data observed at the current treatment dose are adequately informative about the toxicity probability of this dose (e.g. whether this dose is below or above the MTD), we make the decision of dose assignment (e.g. either to escalate or to de‐escalate the dose) directly without assuming a parametric dose–toxicity curve. If the observed data at the current dose are not sufficient to deliver such a definitive decision, we resort to a parametric dose–toxicity curve, such as that of the continual reassessment method (CRM), in order to borrow strength across all the doses under study to guide dose assignment. We examine the properties of the hybrid design through extensive simulation studies, and also compare the new method with the CRM and the ‘3 + 3’ design. The simulation results show that our design is more robust than parametric model‐based methods and more efficient than nonparametric model‐free methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wnt Signaling Promotes Neuronal Differentiation from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Activation of Tlx3
Authors: Kondo Takako , Matsuoka Akihiro J. , Shimomura Atsushi , Koehler Karl R. , Chan Rebecca J. , Miller Josef M. , Srour Edward F. , Hashino Eri 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes neural differentiation by activation of the neuron-specific transcription factors, Neurogenin1 (Ngn1), NeuroD, and Brn3a, in the nervous system. As neurons in cranial sensory ganglia and dorsal root ganglia transiently express Ngn1, NeuroD, and Brn3a during embryonic development, we hypothesized that Wnt proteins could instructively promote a sensory neuronal fate from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) directed to differentiate into neurons. Consistent with our hypothesis, Wnt1 induced expression of sensory neuron markers including Ngn1, NeuroD, and Brn3a, as well as glutamatergic markers in neurally induced MSCs in vitro and promoted engraftment of transplanted MSCs in the inner ear bearing selective loss of sensory neurons in vivo. Given the consensus function of T-cell leukemia 3 (Tlx3), as a glutamatergic selector gene, we postulated that the effects of canonical Wnt signaling on sensory neuron and glutamatergic marker gene expression in MSCs may be mediated by Tlx3. We first confirmed that Wnt1 indeed upregulates Tlx3 expression, which can be suppressed by canonical Wnt inhibitors. Next, our chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that T-cell factor 3/4, Wnt-activated DNA binding proteins, interact with a regulatory region of Tlx3 in MSCs after neural induction. Furthermore, we demonstrated that forced expression of Tlx3 in MSCs induced sensory and glutamatergic neuron markers after neural induction. Together, these results identify Tlx3 as a novel target for canonical Wnt signaling that confers somatic stem cells with a sensory neuron phenotype upon neural induction.
Female external genitalia on fetal magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Nemec S. F. , Nemec U. , Weber M. , Rotmensch S. , Brugger P. C. , Kasprian G. , Krestan C. R. , Rimoin D. L. , Graham J. M. , Prayer D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo characterize the normal development of the female external genitalia on fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MethodsThis retrospective study included MRI examinations of 191 female fetuses (20–36 gestational weeks) with normal anatomy or minor abnormalities, following suspicion of anomalies on prenatal ultrasound examination. Using a 1.5‐Tesla unit, the bilabial diameter was measured on T2‐weighted sequences. Statistical description, as well as correlation and regression analyses, was used to evaluate bilabial diameter in relation to gestational age. MRI measurements were compared with published ultrasound data. The morphological appearance and signal intensities of the external genitalia were also assessed.ResultsMean bilabial diameters, with 95% CIs and percentiles, were defined. The bilabial diameter as a function of gestational age was expressed by the regression equation: bilabial diameter = − 11.336 + 0.836 × (gestational age in weeks). The correlation coefficient, r = 0.782, was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Bilabial diameter on MRI was not significantly different from that on ultrasound (P < 0.001). In addition, on MRI we observed changes in morphology of the external genitalia and in signal intensities with increasing gestational age.ConclusionsWe have provided a reference range of fetal bilabial diameter on MRI, which, in addition to ultrasound findings, may be helpful in the identification of genital anomalies. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in myocardial performance index and aortic isthmus and ductus venosus Doppler in term, small‐for‐gestational age fetuses with normal umbilical artery pulsatility index
Authors: Cruz‐Martinez R. , Figueras F. , Hernandez‐Andrade E. , Oros D. , Gratacos E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the changes in myocardial performance index (MPI) and aortic isthmus (AoI) and ductus venosus (DV) Doppler in term, small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) fetuses with normal umbilical artery (UA) Doppler.MethodsMPI, AoI and DV pulsatility indices (PI) were measured within 1 week prior to delivery in a cohort of 178 term singleton consecutive SGA fetuses with normal UA‐PI (< 95th percentile) and 178 controls matched by gestational age. Cardiovascular parameters were converted into Z‐scores and values above the 95th centile defined as abnormal.ResultsMedian gestational age at inclusion and at delivery was 35.7 and 38.6 weeks, respectively. Compared to controls, SGA fetuses showed significantly higher values in MPI and AoI‐PI and similar values in DV‐PI. SGA fetuses showed a significantly higher proportion of increased MPI (28.1 vs. 6.7%; P < 0.01) and abnormal AoI‐PI (14.6 vs. 5.1%; P < 0.01) than controls. The proportion of cases with abnormal DV‐PI was similar between SGA cases and controls. Retrograde net blood flow in the AoI was observed in 7.3% of the SGA cases and in none of the controls.ConclusionA proportion of SGA fetuses show cardiovascular Doppler abnormalities. This information might be of clinical relevance in improving the detection and management of late‐onset intrauterine growth restriction. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatally detectable congenital heart defects in fetuses with Down syndrome
Authors: Mogra R. , Zidere V. , Allan L. D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo document the incidence of congenital heart defects (CHD) that are detectable echocardiographically in the fetus with trisomy 21 and the relationship with nuchal translucency, fetal sex and ethnicity.MethodsData on fetuses with a karyotypic diagnosis of trisomy 21 were collected between January 2002 and March 2010. The data were analyzed for the gestational age at examination, maternal age, reason for referral for fetal echocardiography, cardiac diagnosis, fetal sex, ethnicity and outcome.ResultsOf 917 fetuses with trisomy 21, 487 had a diagnostic echocardiogram. Cardiac examination was performed before 14 weeks' gestation in 75% of cases. The main reasons for referral were increased nuchal translucency (NT) in 76% of cases, suspected cardiac abnormality in 15% and an extracardiac anomaly in 6%. Structural CHD was found in 164/487 (34%), or 98/412 (24%) if those referred for suspected CHD are removed from the analysis. The most common diagnosis was atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) (115/487, 24%). The ratio of female to male fetuses with AVSD was 29%:18% (P = 0.003). There was no difference in the incidence of AVSD with ethnicity. The pregnancy continued in 36 cases, but three were lost to follow‐up; of the known outcomes there were 10 intrauterine deaths, six of which had structural heart disease, and 23 live births, 15 of which had CHD.ConclusionMost fetuses (66–76%) with trisomy 21 have a structurally normal heart on echocardiography. The presence of structural CHD was not associated with increased NT. The increased incidence of AVSD in females was confirmed in our study, although an ethnic difference could not be confirmed. CHD does not appear to increase the chance of spontaneous intrauterine loss in ongoing pregnancies. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning through gesture
Authors: Goldin‐Meadow Susan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWhen people talk, they move their hands—they gesture. Although these movements might appear to be meaningless hand waving, in fact they convey substantive information that is not always found in the accompanying speech. As a result, gesture can provide insight into thoughts that speakers have but do not know they have. Even more striking, gesture can mark a speaker as being in transition with respect to a task—learners who are on the verge of making progress on a task routinely produce gestures that convey information that is different from the information conveyed in speech. Gesture can thus be used to predict who will learn. In addition, evidence is mounting that gesture not only presages learning but also can play a role in bringing that learning about. Gesture can cause learning indirectly by influencing the learning environment or directly by influencing learners themselves. We can thus change our minds by moving our hands. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 595–607 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.132This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Learning
A novel fission yeast mei4 mutant that allows efficient synchronization of telomere dispersal and the first meiotic division
Authors: Kakui Yasutaka , Sato Masamitsu , Tanaka Kayoko , Yamamoto Masayuki 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe progression of meiosis is controlled by a number of gene‐expression systems in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. A forkhead‐type transcription factor Mei4 activates a number of genes essential for progression from the middle to late stages of meiosis, which include meiosis I, meiosis II and sporulation. The mei4‐deletion mutant (mei4Δ) arrests after meiotic prophase and does not enter meiosis I. To further analyse the Mei4 function, we isolated novel temperature‐sensitive mei4 alleles. The two alleles isolated in the initial screen turned out to contain a substitution at N136 in the forkhead DNA‐binding domain. Among site‐directed mutants that carried a point mutation at this position, the mei4‐N136A mutant showed the most severe temperature sensitivity. The mei4‐N136A mutant arrested before meiosis I at the restrictive temperature, as did the mei4Δ mutant. In fission yeast, the telomeres are clustered at the spindle pole body (SPB) in meiotic prophase and disperse from it at the onset of meiosis I. The mei4Δ mutant was found to arrest with its telomeres clustered at the SPB, demonstrating a role for Mei4 in telomere dispersion. The mei4‐N136A mutant also arrested with clustered telomeres at the restrictive temperature, and the clustering was synchronously resolved after a temperature down‐shift, indicating that mei4‐N136A is a reversible allele. Hence, the mei4‐N136A mutant will be a unique tool to synchronize the meiotic cell cycle from meiosis I onwards and may facilitate analyses of cellular activities occurring during meiosis I. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Arc3 is a conserved subunit of the Arp2/3 complex required for polarity, actin organization, and endocytosis
Authors: Cabrera Rodrigo , Suo Jinfeng , Young Evelin , Chang Eric C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe characterized the Schizosaccharomyces pombe arc3 gene, whose product shares sequence homology with that of the budding yeast ARC18 and human ARPC3/p21 subunits of the Arp2/3 complex. Our data showed that Arc3p co‐localizes with F‐actin patches at the cell ends, but not with F‐actin cables or the equatorial actin ring, and binds other subunits of the Arp2/3 complex. Gene deletion analysis showed that arc3 is essential for viability. When arc3 expression was repressed, F‐actin patches became dispersed throughout the cell with greatly reduced mobility. Furthermore, in arc3‐repressed cells, endocytosis was also inhibited. Human ARPC3 rescued the viability of the Sz. pombe arc3 null mutant; in addition, ARPC3 also localized to F‐actin patches in human cells. These data suggest that Arc3p is an evolutionarily conserved subunit of the Arp2/3 complex required for proper F‐actin organization and efficient endocytosis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The current potential of high‐intensity focused ultrasound for pancreatic carcinoma
Authors: Sofuni Atsushi , Moriyasu Fuminori , Sano Takatomo , Yamada Kota , Itokawa Fumihide , Tsuchiya Takayoshi , Tsuji Shujiro , Kurihara Toshio , Ishii Kentaro , Itoi Takao 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIntroductionPancreatic carcinoma has one of the poorest prognoses among malignant tumors. Many pancreatic carcinoma patients who undergo common treatments, such as surgery, radio‐chemotherapy and chemotherapy, gained little benefit because of the histological characteristics.Materials and methodsHIFU is a new technique of noninvasive treatment for unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. HIFU has the ability to ablate the deep tissues inside body from an external source using high‐intensity focused ultrasound. The effects of HIFU can result in cell destruction and tissue necrosis.ResultsResults from study in China in 251 patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma suggested that HIFU treatment could reduce the size of tumors without causing complications and prolong survival. Moreover, according to some reports from China, HIFU treatment is suggested to be useful as the one of palliative treatments for unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. Our case of HIFU therapy for pancreatic carcinoma is presented including pathological findings in this paper. The results suggested that HIFU treatment might be effective in controlling local tumor.ConclusionHIFU therapy may have the possibility of becoming one of the combination therapies for treating pancreatic carcinoma in the future.
Applications of self‐organizing map for patterning macrofungal diversity of xerothermic swards
Authors: Adamczyk Jolanta J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMacrofungal communities were investigated in four associations of xerothermic swards: Festucetum pallentis, Origano‐Brachypodietum, Adonido‐Brachypodietum pinnati and Diantho‐Armerietum elongatae in a Jurassic area of the Częstochowa Upland (southern Poland). A total of 47 species were recorded. The self‐organising map (SOM)—an unsupervised algorithm for artificial neural networks—was used to recognise patterns in the macrofungal communities of diverse xerothermic swards. Only two associations were mycologically similar: Origano‐Brachypodietum and Adonido‐Brachypodietum pinnati. Species with high and significant IndVal (the species indicator value) for each investigated phytocoenoses are presented. The presence of macrofungal species and the participation of indicator species were connected with habitat factors of plant associations, as documented by the IndVal application. In the least fertile phytocoenoses, macrofungal communities were poor with few indicator species. The more fertile phytocoenoses had richer and more varied communities of macrofungi with higher numbers of indicator species. The ordering methods applied in this study were very effective for analyzing the macrofungal communities existing in plant associations.
A systematic review of named entity recognition in biomedical texts
Authors: Goulart Rodrigo Rafael Villarreal , Strube de Lima Vera Lúcia , Xavier Clarissa Castellã 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Biomedical Named Entities (NEs) are phrases or combinations of phrases that denote specific objects or groups of objects in the biomedical literature. Research on Named Entity Recognition (NER) is one of the most disseminated activities in the automatic processing of biomedical scientific articles. We analyzed articles relevant to NER in biomedical texts, in the period from 2007 to 2009, through a systematic review. The results identify the main methods in the recognition of Biomedical NEs, features and methodologies for a NER system implementation. Aside from the tendencies identified, some gaps are detected that may constitute opportunities for new studies in the area.
BLAMING THE GODS: CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS PROPAGANDA IN THE NIGERIA–BIAFRA WAR
Authors: OMENKA NICHOLAS IBEAWUCHI 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe consensus among many analysts of the Nigeria–Biafra War is that the conflict cannot be reduced to a mono-causal explanation. The tragedy that befell the West African country from 1966 to 1970 was a combination of many factors, which were political, ethnic, religious, social, and economic in nature. Yet the conflict was unduly cast as a religious war between Christians and Muslims. Utilizing newly available archival materials from within and outside Nigeria, this article endeavours to unravel the underlying forces in the religious war rhetoric of the mainly Christian breakaway region and its Western sympathizers. Among other things, it demonstrates that, while the religious war proposition was good for the relief efforts of the international humanitarian organizations, it inevitably alienated the Nigerian Christians and made them unsympathetic to the Biafran cause.
CHRONICLE OF A COUP FORETOLD: VALENTINE MUSAKANYA AND THE 1980 COUP ATTEMPT IN ZAMBIA
Authors: LARMER MILES 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTZambia's unsuccessful coup attempt in 1980 was initiated by members of the country's intellectual and business elite, who had played a leading role in the postcolonial civil service and state bureaucracy, but who became disillusioned with the takeover of the state by the ruling party before and after the declaration of the one-party state in 1972. Among their number was Valentine Musakanya, one of those convicted for the coup attempt. Using Musakanya's biographical and other writings, this article explores his intellectual trajectory from head of the civil service to political prisoner. In so doing, it investigates the role of life writing in aiding understanding of the postcolonial political history of Africa.
Immunization with crude antigens plus aluminium hydroxide protects cattle fromFasciola hepaticainfection
Authors: Guasconi L. , Serradell M.C. , Borgonovo J. , Garro A.P. , Varengo H. , Caffe G. , Masih D.T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe ability of total homogenate (TH) ofFasciola hepaticaconjugated with aluminium hydroxide (alum) or Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) to protect cattle against experimental fasciolosis was evaluated. Compared with the infected group, the immunized animals with alum-TH and FCA-TH presented a significant reduction in fluke burden (85.9% and 96.8%, respectively), a higher percentage of short-sized worms, a marked reduction in the released eggs in faeces (89% and 57%, respectively), as well as an increased production of specific antibodies before infection. The alum-TH immunized group also showed a significant increase in the antigen-specific proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as early as 4 weeks before infection. Although both immunized groups (alum-TH and FCA-TH) were able to develop an efficient protective immune response to metacercarial challenge, an earlier PBMC response, lower hepatic damage and less effect on weight gain were found in alum-immunized animals. Therefore, alum is a good candidate for future immunization against bovine fasciolosis.