bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reading Dewey
Authors: Cohen Michael D. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article explores some of the reasons for Dewey's appeal by spelling out several difficulties that have plagued our efforts to understand routine activities and by suggesting how Dewey's point of view might be especially helpful in crafting an effective response to those problems. In recent years a large and varied set of scholars has been investigating what may be called ‘recurring action patterns’. Frequently they have worked with the label ‘routine’, but they have also worked with closely related concepts such as ‘practices’ or ‘collective mind’, or even in apparently distinct subfields such as organizational culture or organizational identity. Work on this topic has deep roots in modern organization theory, going back to ideas about routines in Simon's Administrative Behavior, ‘programs’ in March and Simon's Organizations, and ‘standard operating procedures’ in Cyert and March's A Behavioral Theory of the Firm.
John R. Commons
Authors: Van de Ven Andrew H. , Lifschitz Arik 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article focuses on a review of The Economics of Collective Action. It is logically the first book for understanding Commons's thought, for in it Commons presented a simplified statement of issues that he had argued more fully in The Legal Foundations of Capitalism (1924) and Institutional Economics (1934a). Although complex and difficult to comprehend in a single reading, the work of Commons provides a treasury of suggestions for those who seek insight and inspiration in dealing with issues of institutional innovation and change. This article presents an interpretation of the work of John R. Commons and its relevance for current developments in organization studies. The first part of the article summarizes Commons's pioneering perspective on institutions and institutional change. Based on this review, it discusses some implications of Commons's ideas for advancing contemporary approaches to the study of organizations.
The Problem of the Corporation
Authors: Clemens Elisabeth S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Liberal political theory is populated by individuals: they have natural rights, enter into social contracts, and retain the right of revolution against sovereign power. Formulated in opposition to monarchical rule, this liberal vision informed the political constitution of what came to be the industrial democracies, polities entwined with economies dominated by large organizations rather than individual entrepreneurs and small enterprises. The result was a problematic combination of political commitments and economic practices that infused debates—both academic and electoral—over the proper form of twentieth-century democratic society. The dilemma was captured in the words of the Fund for the Republic, a 1950s project dedicated to ‘clarifying fundamental questions concerning freedom and justice that emerge when the forms and principles developed by Eighteenth Century America meet the ideas and practices of today's highly developed industrial society’.
Origins in the English Tradition
Authors: Fox Michael 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIt has repeatedly been remarked that early medieval theology is conservative, derivative, and primarily oriented towards practical application. Nevertheless, at the significant points of intersection between theology and the earliest English literature, such as in Cædmon's Hymn, The Dream of the Rood, Beowulf, and the Genesis poems, one sees a highly sophisticated ‘blending of traditions’. Mainly, these traditions are Christian and pagan and Latin and vernacular, but there is also evidence of an innovative blending of styles or genres, particularly between poetry and homiletic prose, in ways that anticipated and influenced the literature and thinking of post-Conquest England. Just as how, for Gregory, the race of the Angles signified, in their appearance, angels and salvation to come, so too did what must originally have been a completely pagan notion of fate, or wyrd, become subordinated to a Christian God.
Song of Songs
Authors: Cheryl Exum J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The Song of Songs, the Bible's only love poem, contains arguably the most lyrical poetry in the Bible. Nowhere else can one find such rich, sonorous, and sensuous vocabulary, such densely metaphorical language, such vibrant and striking imagery, such imaginative flights of fancy, and such freedom from formal poetic conventions, except perhaps in Deutero-Isaiah and Job. In the Song, couplets and triplets display little of the regularity or balance that are the hallmarks of ancient Hebrew poetry. Rather, they seem to rush forward, spilling over each other, as though impelled by the desire they communicate. Unlike the lyricism of Deutero-Isaiah and Job, the Song's erotic lyricism seems to exist purely for the pleasure of the reader.
The Synoptic Gospels
Authors: Aichele George 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
No other texts in the Bible have been so received or transformed in English literature as the texts of the Gospels. The multiple canonical Jesus narratives have been resurrected again and again in the poems, dramas, and stories of generations of English writers, and these narrative afterlives reflect and transfigure both the content, what Jesus says and does, and the form, how his words and deeds are represented, in the biblical accounts. Both facets confront readers with complicated questions of narrative truth and meaning, structure and ideology. This article considers how the Synoptic Gospels are themselves the subject of literary study, and how they have lent themselves to successive literary creations within the tradition.
Langland and Chaucer
Authors: Watson Nicholas 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
When Langland and Chaucer were writing, in the last decades of the fourteenth century, Christian theology had much of the intellectual and cultural authority that science does now. Like modern science, late-medieval theology – especially the scholastic theology developed in the universities from the twelfth century on – was a specialized, sophisticated, and constantly developing body of thought and experiment. Caught between competing views of the role of the church, the responsibilities of the individual Christian, and the possibility of salvation for all but the most pure, Langland and Chaucer are among those who refuse to take sides, focusing their energies on analysing both the problems and their possible, often mutually incompatible, solutions. Both Langland's Piers Plowman and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, left unfinished at the poet's death in 1400, are much engaged with Christian theology, its incarnation in the church, and the religious role played by secular society.
Shakespeare and Marlowe
Authors: Healy Thomas 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Theology infuses the plays and poems of Shakespeare and Marlowe. The questions are, what theology, and is there any consistency in its employment? Some contemporaries or near contemporaries showed unease over what were perceived as unorthodox religious positions in both of the dramatists' plays. Three issues notably complicate attempts to explore religion with Shakespeare and Marlowe. First, the understanding of the complexities surrounding the nature of both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism in England at the end of the sixteenth century is still far from secure. Second, English drama as a literary genre in the late sixteenth century departed from being part of its society's wider religious observances, as it had been in the Middle Ages. Third, and in some respects most significant, Renaissance drama is designed as performed language. This makes these playwrights something of an anomaly in this section called ‘theological ways of reading literature’.
Herbert and Donne
Authors: Wilcox Helen 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
‘Interpretations of religious meaning have always been central to the criticism of certain sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English writers who engaged closely with the religious cultures and controversies of their day’. This article suggests that this statement is more applicable to George Herbert and John Donne than to any of their contemporaries. It aims to demonstrate that the critical fortunes of these two poets over the centuries have been dependent not only on changes in literary taste, but also on shifts in theological readings and devotional interests. The article falls into three parts, each defined by a chronological focus: the first locates Donne and Herbert in their seventeenth-century devotional cultures; the second examines the theological nature of later critical responses to their writings; and the third highlights the religious issues inherent in any interpretation of their poetry.
Wordsworth and Coleridge
Authors: Bainbridge Simon 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In the last few years, the historicizing approach to the religious dimensions of William Wordsworth's and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's writing has begun to be challenged by work that draws on the so-called ‘theological turn’ in Continental philosophy, signalling a revitalized and often highly theorized interest in issues which many of the poets' early readers had responded to, such as the nature of God and the idea of transcendence. As these developments suggest, the issue of the relationship between literature and religion is regaining a central place in the study of the writing and culture of the Romantic period, and the ongoing debate about how best to read Coleridge and Wordsworth theologically is a crucial part of this process.
Eliot, David Jones, and Auden
Authors: Medcalf Stephen 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines three of the greatest writers of Christian poetry in English during the twentieth century. They were converts of varying kinds, whose conversions were fundamentally involved with their special geniuses as poets. David Jones (1895–1973), whose conversion carried him least far, from a not very sacramental Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism, moved because of his understanding of symbolism. W. H. Auden (1907–73) returned, from Anglicanism through unbelief and Marxism, to Anglicanism again, through his awareness of inspiration, of guilt, and of what he learnt from Kierkegaard, to call the three stages of the aesthetic, the ethical, and the religious. T. S. Eliot (1888–1965) moved in the widest arc, from Unitarianism, which in later life he did not count as Christian, through agnosticism and a close encounter with Buddhism, to Anglicanism at its most sacramental, by an engagement with time and consciousness that took him all his poetic life.
Feminist Revisioning
Authors: Walton Heather 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article explores the literary revisioning work as it is displayed in the work of two women writers whose attention has been largely focused on the Jewish and Christian traditions. Alicia Ostriker and Michèle Roberts are women whose work arises out of direct political involvement with the women's movement. Both are authors who are deeply immersed in contemporary critical debates and both acknowledge their conversational relationships with other female creative artists. As such, it is possible to view their work as representative of a revisionary movement within contemporary women's literature concerned with nothing less than the radical revisioning of religious traditions.
John Henry Newman
Authors: Ker Ian 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article argues that Newman was a minor poet and novelist, but one of the great writers of non-fictional prose, whose real literary achievement is to be compared with such Victorian contemporaries as Carlyle, Arnold, and Ruskin. The Oxford Companion to English Literature, therefore, by shying away from the theological writings and concentrating on the overtly literary Newman, succeeds in almost totally missing the point. In particular, Newman was one of the greatest controversialists in English literature, whose satirical writings are also ignored by the Companion. The only literary influence he himself ever acknowledged was that of the Roman orator Cicero, whose rhetoric and satire he paid tribute to. Even the Apologia, which unusually – with one exception – avoids controversy and polemic, is to a considerable extent the record of past controversies and is abundantly documented with copious quotations from controversial and polemical writings.
Matthew Arnold
Authors: Ferretter Luke 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Although some critics continue to defend the value of Matthew Arnold's thought for liberal theology, his biblical criticism is based on axioms no longer shared in the twentieth, let alone the twenty-first, century. After the horrors of the two World Wars, publicly shared values no longer seemed to constitute a certain basis for anything. Arnold's work has been more influential in literary studies than in theology. The very concept of ‘literature’ derives in part from Arnold's belief that poetry is a modern substitute for religion. Furthermore, he has continued to be influential in the interdisciplinary study of literature and theology. Arnold's argument that the Bible is a literary work, and must be read as such in order to be rightly understood, is still axiomatic in this field, even among those who continue to believe that it is also the Word of God.
C. S. Lewis
Authors: Filmer-Davies Cath 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Often referred to as the greatest Anglican apologist of modern times, C. S. Lewis is also regarded as a ‘popular’ theologian. His theology seems to be primarily encapsulated in his theological digest Mere Christianity, but that work contains only a pale reflection of most of his theological thought. Lewis's academic writings have a clarity and lucidity that makes them attractive to the general reader. His theological works have the same qualities, but are written from his own perspective as a layman. Lewis's theology might be divided into three parts, each representing a stage in his own spiritual development. The three parts of his theological vision are supernaturalism, the nature of good and evil, and the process of redemption. Each aspect of this vision emphasizes the key issue of his Christian faith: the surrender of the self to God.
Liturgy as Literature
Authors: Nichols Bridget 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Popular discussion often treats ‘liturgy’ and ‘worship’ as related but different entities. Liturgy is identified with text, worship with action; liturgy connotes intellectual activity, while worship suggests something affective and directly of the heart and spirit. This article refuses the distinction, and uses the two terms more or less interchangeably. In its most elementary form, it asks how liturgy can be admitted to the category of literature. The discussion takes up the question, broadening the scope from the kinds of liturgical texts that might be read as literature, to a consideration of how liturgical texts might be literary.
The Passion Story in Literature
Authors: Fiddes Paul S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The story of the passion of Jesus Christ, in its earliest forms, was already shaped by interpretation. This was the story of a man – who had announced the coming of the Kingdom of God and who had presumed to offer forgiveness, healing, and an acceptance of social outcasts on behalf of the God whom he called Father – which ended in agonizing execution and an experience of forsakenness by friends, fellow countrymen, and his God. The four Evangelists try to grapple with the mystery of ‘atonement’, the belief that through this death a union has been achieved between the Creator and a rebellious creation. When the story of the passion is told in English poetry and prose, one can identify versions of the great models and metaphors of atonement that were developed in Christian theology.
Feminism and Patriarchy
Authors: Anderson Pamela Sue 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA major obstacle inherent in patriarchy remains its barely perceptible reality for all of those women and men whose lives have been decisively ordered by the rule of the father. Toni Morrison, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, captures the imperceptible reality of racial domination with imagery of a fishbowl. Her imagery reveals the ways in which apparently invisible structures of domination can suddenly become visible. With Morrison's cogent use of imagery in mind, this article examines patriarchy by revealing the transparent structure of male domination that has contained women's lives, and the ways in which feminism has emerged with this revelation. The bare outlines of the former are made evident here in a reading of English literature and theology; the latter can be seen as if the writer and reader were outside that ordered life, tackling ‘the obstacle which does not speak its name’.
Introduction
Authors: Casson Mark , Yeung Bernard , Basu Anuradha , Wadeson Nigel 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The book is intended to be an authoritative survey of recent academic research into entrepreneurship. It aims to meet the needs of those researching in all major academic fields to which entrepreneurship is relevant: industrial economics, business strategy, organizational behaviour, finance and venture capital, and business and economic history. The approach taken in this book construes entrepreneurship in terms of arbitrage, innovation, and risk-taking. Entrepreneurs specialize in taking difficult and complex decisions for which other people do not want to take responsibility.
Theories of Entrepreneurship: Historical Development and Critical Assessment
Authors: Ricketts Martin 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The historical evolution of ideas about the entrepreneur is a wide-ranging subject and one that can be organized in different ways — theorist by theorist, period by period, issue by issue and so forth. What follows is a compromise between these possibilities. This article starts with some very broad reflections about economic change over thousands of years and the connections between these changes and the economic thinking of the time. A recognizably ‘modern’ idea of the entrepreneur begins to emerge in the eighteenth century and part of this article is devoted to the role of entrepreneurship in classical and neoclassical economic theory. In the next five sections, the article looks at particular areas that have been associated with debates about the entrepreneurial role — uncertainty, innovation, economic efficiency, the theory of the firm, and economic development. A final section presents a brief summary and comments on the place of the entrepreneur in evolutionary models.
Entrepreneurship: An Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Metcalfe J. S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article suggests that an evolutionary market perspective provides a powerful framework for bringing the entrepreneur back into economic theory precisely because enterprise is the activity of introducing new activities, production methods and products into an economy. Economic variation is the prerequisite for economic transformation and development and this is why enterprise and the entrepreneur are central components of the evolutionary approach to economics. Indeed, the fundamental historical fact about capitalism is its internal capacity for transformation, and the corresponding transience of the activities and ways of life that it supports within a more slowly evolving set of institutions. Economists have for a long time recognized a capitalist, market economy as a self-organizing system sustaining a spontaneous order; far less well recognized is its capacity for spontaneous transformation, and it is this theme that forms the core of this article.
Cognitive Aspects of Entrepreneurship: Decision-Making and Attitudes to Risk
Authors: Wadeson Nigel 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article reviews literature on the study of the cognition of entrepreneurs, and how this affects their attitudes to risk. The review begins with the heuristics and biases approach. Various decision-making biases related to over-optimism are then considered. Following this perceived self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation and intentions-based models are discussed. Some theories dealing specifically with attitudes to risk are then covered. These include prospect theory, Kahneman and Lovalo's model of risk-taking, and Das and Teng's theory of risk horizons and future orientations. Finally, the option value and information cost approach to the analysis of entrepreneurs' decision-making is discussed. Some relevant references to culture research are also given in the conclusion.
Entrepreneurship and Marketing
Authors: Carter Martin 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Entrepreneurship and marketing are intimately related. This article examines their relationship from three perspectives, the market process perspective, the marketing perspective, and the perspective of the entrepreneurial firm. These provide complementary insights into the connections between the two concepts. The article briefly considers definitions of entrepreneurship and marketing. It then discusses the three complementary perspectives in turn. The final section provides a summary and identifies areas for further research.
Determinants of Small firm survival and growth
Authors: Cressy Robert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMany excellent surveys of the literature on business growth and survival have appeared in the last decade. This article focuses on small firm literature on survival and growth, drawing on largely non-size-specific surveys only when the intersection between their subject matter and that of small firm growth and survival is significant. The focus is moreover primarily on testable or tested theories, implying a neglect of theory, however intrinsically interesting, which offers no (immediately) testable or tested implications. It is important to note at the outset that the industrial economics literature in general has a rather disparate definition of the term ‘small firm’ from the small business literature as located in the small business journals.
Entrepreneurship, Growth and Restructuring
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to suggest that a more recent literature has emerged which identifies how and why entrepreneurship in the form of new and small firms is a driving engine of industrial restructuring and economic growth. The starting point of this literature is the consideration of entrepreneurial opportunities and how they relate to opportunities generated by incumbent corporations. Entrepreneurship is distinguished from incumbent organizations with respect to both opportunity creation and exploitation. According to the ‘Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship’, entrepreneurial opportunities are not exogenous to the economy, but rather systematically created by incumbent organizations investing in new knowledge and ideas but unable to fully commercialize that new knowledge.
Venture Capital
Authors: Cressy Robert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractVenture capital has, in recent years become a substantial and growing area of academic research. It is still a comparatively young field and several of the fundamental questions raised by scholars working within it remain to be answered. The survey in this article aims to provide an overview of the current scholarly answers to several questions. In doing so it attempts as far as possible to cut through the jargon and hyperbole endemic to the subject and to provide convenient access to the main issues.