bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Transposon Site Hybridization Screen IdentifiesgalUandwecBCas Important for Survival of Yersinia pestis in Murine Macrophages
Authors: Klein Kathryn A. , Fukuto Hana S. , Pelletier Mark , Romanov Galina , Grabenstein Jens P. , Palmer Lance E. , Ernst Robert , Bliska James B. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTYersinia pestisis able to survive and replicate within murine macrophages. However, the mechanism by whichY. pestispromotes its intracellular survival is not well understood. To identify genes that are important forY. pestissurvival in macrophages, a library comprised of ∼31,500Y. pestisKIM6+ transposon insertion mutants (input pool) was subjected to negative selection in primary murine macrophages. Genes underrepresented in the output pool of surviving bacteria were identified by transposon site hybridization to DNA oligonucleotide microarrays. The screen identified several genes known to be important for survival ofY. pestisin macrophages, includingphoPQand members of the PhoPQ regulon (e.g.,pmrF). In addition, genes predicated to encode a glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (galU), a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (wecB) and a UDP-N-acetyl-d-mannosamine dehydrogenase (wecC) were identified in the screen. Viable-count assays demonstrated that a KIM6+galUmutant and a KIM6+wecBCmutant were defective for survival in murine macrophages. ThegalUmutant was studied further because of its strong phenotype. The KIM6+galUmutant exhibited increased susceptibility to the antimicrobial peptides polymyxin B and cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of thegalUmutant migrated faster than the LOS of the parent KIM6+, suggesting the core was truncated. In addition, the analysis of LOS isolated from thegalUmutant by mass spectrometry showed that aminoarabinose modification of lipid A is absent. Therefore, addition of aminoarabinose to lipid A and complete LOS core (galU), as well as enterobacterial common antigen (wecBandwecC), is important for survival ofY. pestisin macrophages.
Role of ArlRS in Autolysis in Methicillin-Sensitive and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains
Authors: Memmi Guido , Nair Dhanalakshmi R. , Cheung Ambrose 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

Autolysis plays an essential role in bacterial cell division and lysis with β-lactam antibiotics. Accordingly, the expression of autolysins is tightly regulated by several endogenous regulators, including ArlRS, a two component regulatory system that has been shown to negatively regulate autolysis in methicillin-sensitive
Staphylococcus aureus
(MSSA) strains. In this study, we found that inactivation of
arlRS
does not play a role in autolysis of methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) strains, such as community-acquired (CA)-MRSA strains USA300 and MW2 or the hospital-acquired (HA)-MRSA strain COL. This contrasts with MSSA strains, including Newman, SH1000, RN6390, and 8325-4, where autolysis is affected by ArlRS. We further demonstrated that the striking difference in the roles of
arlRS
between MSSA and MRSA strains is not due to the methicillin resistance determinant
mecA
. Among known autolysins and their regulators, we found that
arlRS
represses
lytN
, while no effect was seen on
atl
,
lytM
, and
lytH
expression in both CA- and HA-MRSA strains. Transcriptional-fusion assays showed that the
agr
transcripts, RNAII and RNAIII, were significantly more downregulated in the
arlRS
mutant of MW2 than the MSSA strain Newman. Importantly, provision of
agr
RNAIII in
trans
to the MW2
arlRS
mutant via a multicopy plasmid induced autolysis in this MRSA strain. Also, the autolytic phenotype in the
arlRS
mutant of MSSA strain Newman could be rescued by a mutation in either
atl
or
lytM
. Together, these data showed that ArlRS impacts autolysis differently in MSSA and MRSA strains.
Association of urinary cadmium excretion with feline hypertension
Authors: Finch N. C. , Syme H. M. , Elliott J. 
Published: December 2011

Fifty client‐owned senior cats (32 normotensive and 18 hypertensive) with renal function ranging from normal to moderately reduced were recruited into a prospective cross‐sectional study exploring the association of urinary cadmium excretion and hypertension in cats. Heparinised plasma samples were collected and analysed for routine biochemical parameters. Urine samples were collected via cystocentesis and were analysed for cadmium concentrations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Blood pressure was measured using the Doppler method. Urinary cadmium concentrations were indexed to urinary creatinineconcentration. Comparison of urinary cadmium excretion was made between hypertensive and normotensive cats.The median (range) urinary cadmium concentration standardised to urinary creatinine concentration (UCdCr) in the normotensive and hypertensive cats was 0.08 (0.02 to 0.37) and 0.12 (0.02 to 1.38) nmol/mmol creatinine. The UCdCr was significantly higher in hypertensive compared with normotensive cats (P=0.016). UCdCr and plasma creatinine concentration remained independent predictors of hypertensive status in a logistic regression model. UCdCr and plasma creatinine concentration were not correlated (r=−0.01, P=0.956). These data suggest cadmium exposure and accumulation in cats may play a role in the development of feline hypertension.
Molecular phylogeny of diploid Hordeum species and incongruence between chloroplast and nuclear datasets
Authors: Wang Huan , Sun Dongfa , Sun Genlou 
Published: December 2011

The phylogeny of diploid Hordeum species has been studied using both chloroplast and nuclear gene sequences. However, the studies of different nuclear datasets of Hordeum species often arrived at similar conclusions, whereas the studies of different chloroplast DNA data generally resulted in inconsistent conclusions. Although the monophyly of the genus is well supported by both morphological and molecular data, the intrageneric phylogeny is still a matter of controversy. To better understand the evolutionary history of Hordeum species, two chloroplast gene loci (trnD-trnT intergenic spacer and rps16 gene) and one nuclear marker (thioreoxin-like gene (HTL)) were used to explore the phylogeny of Hordeum species. Two obviously different types of trnD-trnT sequences were observed, with an approximately 210 base pair difference between these two types: one for American species, another for Eurasian species. The trnD-trnT data generally separated the diploid Hordeum species into Eurasian and American clades, with the exception of Hordeum marinum subsp. gussoneanum. The rps16 data also grouped most American species together and suggested that Hordeum flexuosum has a different plastid type from the remaining American species. The nuclear gene HTL data clearly divided Hordeum species into two clades: the Xu + H genome clade and the Xa + I genome clade. Within clades, H genome species were well separated from the Xu species, and the I genome species were well separated from the Xa genome species. The incongruence between chloroplast and nuclear datasets was found and discussed.
Differences in plasma testosterone levels related to social status are more pronounced during mating than nonmating season in the tropical bat Saccopteryx bilineata (greater sac-winged bat)
Authors: Greiner Sabine , Dehnhard Martin , Voigt Christian C. 
Published: December 2011

Testosterone (T) concentrations often covary strongly with mating activities in temperate-zone vertebrates. Recent studies suggest that males of tropical species experience lower and year-round constant T levels. Here we studied plasma T concentrations in a tropical mammal with a seasonally invariant social system, the greater sac-winged bat ( Saccopteryx bilineata (Temminck, 1838)). Colony composition remains almost stable throughout the year, although mating is restricted to only a few weeks each year. Males follow one of two mating strategies: they either defend a territory with a female group (harem) or live peripheral without females. First, we compared T within the same individuals between seasons, asking whether T levels are higher during mating season. Second, we tested whether T levels are related to social status, and third, whether T correlates with parasite infection because of an immunosuppressive effect. We found high individual T variations. Testosterone was elevated during the mating season only in harem males and was, on average, higher than in peripheral males. We found no correlation between T and parasite infestation. Although reproduction is seasonal in S. bilineata, T concentrations showed no pronounced seasonal pattern, probably because colony members form long-term relationships and live in a year-round stable social system.
Controls on fluid flow in transpressive orogens, Taiwan and New Zealand
Authors: Upton P. , Craw D. , Yu B. , Chen Y.-G. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Taiwan and the Southern Alps of New Zealand are both young transpressive orogens characterized by rapid uplift and exhumation, high heat flow and vigorous surface processes. However, the distribution of heat flow, hot springs and veins in the two orogens is different. Taiwan has higher heat flow, distributed hot springs and localized veining. The Southern Alps has a narrow heat-flow anomaly, localized warm springs and widespread veining. Both orogens have two fluid-flow systems centred about the drainage divide. Shallow topographically driven meteoric water is restricted to the top 2–4 km. Deep flow is dominated by mineralizing rock-exchanged fluids. Extensional deformation occurs in the divide region of both orogens. At depth, vertical stretching produces subhorizontal veins. At shallower levels, stretching is horizontal and veins are steep. Veins in Taiwan are rare with zones of intense veining where flow has been localized into one site during exhumation from metamorphic to near-surface conditions. Fracturing and veining of the initially weak Slate Belt rocks causes a rheological change, increasing the tensile strength and making it more prone to fracturing, thus focusing fluid flow into the same locale. More uniform rheology in the Southern Alps leads to distributed veining.
First-order splay faults: dip-slip examples
Authors: Scholz Christopher H. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
First-order splay faults are secondary faults that form at acute angles to the primary fault when the latter becomes critically misaligned with the direction of maximum principal stress. They are first order in the sense that their slip rate is of the same order as their primary fault. First-order splay faults have been previously described for strike-slip faults and examples are here shown of first-order dip-slip splay faults. For dip-slip faults in sedimentary sequences, friction is often anisotropic, being lower parallel to, rather than oblique to, bedding, and the position of the primary fault is often controlled by a décollement guided by a layer of particularly low friction or a structural feature. In this latter situation, the primary fault may become frictionally misaligned with the direction of maximum principal stress and first-order splay faults may then form. Examples shown are megasplays in subduction zones, ramp faults in fold and thrust belts, and synthetic and antithetic splays of low-angle normal faults.
The scope of earthquake geology
Authors: Sibson Richard H. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Earthquakes give rise to three principal effects – fault rupture (with subsidiary fracturing), ground shaking from wave propagation, and stress (±fluid-pressure) changes – that influence a wide range of geological processes at varying distances from the source. Many intermittent events are recognizable in the geological record (e.g. an individual turbidite bed in a flysch sequence; renewal of fracture permeability followed by hydrothermal precipitation) and are potentially attributable to seismic events, but positive identification of an earthquake as the cause is often difficult. Earthquake Geology has grown enormously as a discipline since the advent of palaeoseismic techniques for dating prehistoric fault ruptures as an aid to hazard assessment, but has largely focused on surface processes. There is a need to expand our concept of Earthquake Geology to include subsurface as well as surface effects in the full gamut of tectonic settings. The likelihood is that many Earth processes that have hitherto been considered smooth and progressive are, in fact, intermittent and tied to the seismic stress cycle that is integral to deformation in the Earth's crust and lithosphere.
Microstructure and petrology of a Calabrian garnet-bearing pseudotachylyte – a link to lower-crustal seismicity
Authors: Altenberger U. , Prosser G. , Ruggiero M. , Günter C. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
A pseudotachylyte vein enclosed in tilted Hercynian lower crust of the Calabrian Serre Massif provides information on the source of a fossil seismic event. The pseudotachylyte contains euhedral garnet that formed by direct crystallization from a frictional melt and not during a later metamorphic overprint. Pseudotachylyte formation started with grain-size reduction caused by ductile deformation and brittle deformation. Subsequent frictional melting affected almost all phases including quartz but excluding monazite. After rapid cooling, chilled margins composed of glass and iron sulphide droplets formed. The central part of the vein solidified as biotite, and plagioclase crystallized directly from the frictional melt. Garnet occurs in three different grain-size classes; there are significant differences between very small garnets in the chilled margins and larger garnets in the central part of the pseudotachylyte vein. This proves that garnet rapidly crystallized from the pseudotachylyte melt after the seismic event. Garnet composition is used to define the depth of garnet growth, implying that the seismogenic zone was located at a depth of about 21–23 km. The melt temperature was between approximately 1515 and 2040 °C, representing the melting points of β-quartz and monazite, respectively.
This study supports the interpretation from seismic data that lower-crustal seismicity occurs and affirms, by direct observation, that the classical jelly sandwich model of the lithosphere is not always appropriate for crustal sections. In contrast to well-known regions with dry and very strong lower crusts (e.g. the Caledonides), the studied part of the Hercynian lower crust contains significant amounts of biotite, which release aqueous fluids during frictional melting. In addition, fluid inclusions in quartz fragments within the pseudotachylyte indicate that fluids probably played an important role during fault-zone evolution at the time of frictional melting.
IFNβ Produced by TLR4-Activated Tumor Cells Is Involved in Improving the Antitumoral Immune Response
Authors: Núñez Nicolás Gonzalo , Andreani Virginia , Crespo María Inés , Nocera David Andrés , Breser María Laura , Morón Gabriel , Dejager Lien , Libert Claude , Rivero Virginia , Maccioni Mariana 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands may be a valuable tool to promote antitumor responses by reinforcing antitumor immunity. In addition to their expression in immune cells, functional TLRs are also expressed by many cancer cells, but their significance has been controversial. In this study, we examined the action of TLR ligands on tumor pathophysiology as a result of direct tumor cell effects. B16 murine melanoma cells were stimulated in vitro with a TLR4 ligand (LPS-B16) prior to inoculation into TLR4-deficient mice (Tlr4 lps-del). Under such conditions, B16 cells yielded smaller tumors than nonstimulated B16 cells. The apoptosis/proliferation balance of the cells was not modified by TLR ligand treatment, nor was this effect compromised in immunocompromised nude mice. Mechanistic investigations revealed that IFNβ was the critical factor produced by TLR4-activated tumor cells in mediating their in vivo outgrowth. Transcriptional analysis showed that TLR4 activation on B16 cells induced changes in the expression of type I IFN and type I IFN-related genes. Most importantly, culture supernatants from LPS-B16 cells improved the maturation of bone marrow–derived dendritic cells (BMDC) from TLR4-deficient mice, upregulating the expression of interleukin-12 and costimulatory molecules on those cells. BMDC maturation was blunted by addition of an IFNβ-neutralizing antibody. Moreover, tumor growth inhibition observed in LPS-B16 tumors was abrogated in IFNAR1-deficient mice lacking a functional type I IFN receptor for binding IFN. Together, our findings show that tumor cells can be induced through the TLR4 pathway to produce IFN and positively contribute to the antitumoral immune response. Cancer Res; 72(3); 592–603. ©2011 AACR.
Arsenic Trioxide Treatment Decreases the Oxygen Consumption Rate of Tumor Cells and Radiosensitizes Solid Tumors
Authors: Diepart Caroline , Karroum Oussama , Magat Julie , Feron Olivier , Verrax Julien , Calderon Pedro Buc , Grégoire Vincent , Leveque Philippe , Stockis Julie , Dauguet Nicolas , Jordan Bénédicte F. , Gallez Bernard 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is an effective therapeutic against acute promyelocytic leukemia and certain solid tumors. Because As2O3 inhibits mitochondrial respiration in leukemia cells, we hypothesized that As2O3 might enhance the radiosensitivity of solid tumors by increasing tumor oxygenation [partial pressure of oxygen (pO2)] via a decrease in oxygen consumption. Two murine models of radioresistant hypoxic cancer were used to study the effects of As2O3. We measured pO2 and the oxygen consumption rate in vivo by electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry and 19fluorine-MRI relaxometry. Tumor perfusion was assessed by Patent blue staining. In both models, As2O3 inhibited mitochondrial respiration, leading to a rapid increase in pO2. The decrease in oxygen consumption could be explained by an observed decrease in glutathione in As2O3-treated cells, as this could increase intracellular reactive oxygen species that can disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential. When tumors were irradiated during periods of As2O3-induced augmented oxygenation, radiosensitivity increased by 2.2-fold compared with control mice. Notably, this effect was abolished when temporarily clamped tumors were irradiated. Together, our findings show that As2O3 acutely increases oxygen consumption and radiosensitizes tumors, providing a new rationale for clinical investigations of As2O3 in irradiation protocols to treat solid tumors. Cancer Res; 72(2); 482–90. ©2011 AACR.
Genetic Determinants for Promoter Hypermethylation in the Lungs of Smokers: A Candidate Gene-Based Study
Authors: Leng Shuguang , Stidley Christine A. , Liu Yushi , Edlund Christopher K. , Willink Randall P. , Han Younghun , Landi Maria Teresa , Thun Michael , Picchi Maria A. , Bruse Shannon E. , Crowell Richard E. , Van Den Berg David , Caporaso Neil E. , Amos Christopher I. , Siegfried Jill M. , Tesfaigzi Yohannes , Gilliland Frank D. , Belinsky Steven A. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The detection of tumor suppressor gene promoter methylation in sputum-derived exfoliated cells predicts early lung cancer. Here, we identified genetic determinants for this epigenetic process and examined their biologic effects on gene regulation. A two-stage approach involving discovery and replication was used to assess the association between promoter hypermethylation of a 12-gene panel and common variation in 40 genes involved in carcinogen metabolism, regulation of methylation, and DNA damage response in members of the Lovelace Smokers Cohort (N = 1,434). Molecular validation of three identified variants was conducted using primary bronchial epithelial cells. Association of study-wide significance (P &lt; 8.2 × 10−5) was identified for rs1641511, rs3730859, and rs1883264 in TP53, LIG1, and BIK, respectively. These single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were significantly associated with altered expression of the corresponding genes in primary bronchial epithelial cells. In addition, rs3730859 in LIG1 was also moderately associated with increased risk for lung cancer among Caucasian smokers. Together, our findings suggest that genetic variation in DNA replication and apoptosis pathways impacts the propensity for gene promoter hypermethylation in the aerodigestive tract of smokers. The incorporation of genetic biomarkers for gene promoter hypermethylation with clinical and somatic markers may improve risk assessment models for lung cancer. Cancer Res; 72(3); 707–15. ©2011 AACR.
BAP1tism of a Tumor Suppressor
Authors: Woodman Scott E. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Driving cancer cells into a more differentiated state is a rational therapeutic approach. Primary uveal melanoma cells with a propensity to metastasize have less-differentiated features than their less aggressive counterparts. Treatment of uveal melanoma cells with histone deacetylase inhibitors induces a more differentiated phenotype with resultant lower growth capacity. Clin Cancer Res; 18(2); 323–5. ©2011 AACR.
Progression of Prostate Carcinogenesis and Dietary Methyl Donors: Temporal Dependence
Authors: Shabbeer Shabana , Williams Simon A. , Simons Brian W. , Herman James G. , Carducci Michael A. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Insufficient dose of dietary methyl groups are associated with a host of conditions ranging from neural tube defects to cancer. On the other hand, it is not certain what effect excess dietary methyl groups could have on cancer. This is especially true for prostate cancer, a disease that is characterized by increasing DNA methylation changes with increasing grade of the cancer. In this three-part study in animals, we look at (i) the effect of excess methyl donors on the growth rate of prostate cancer in vivo, (ii) the ability of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (AdC), a demethylating agent, to demethylate in the presence of excess dietary methyl donors, and (iii) the effect of in utero feeding of excess methyl donors to the later onset of prostate cancer. The results show that when mice are fed a dietary excess of methyl donors, we do not see (i) an increase in the growth rate of DU-145 and PC-3 xenografts in vivo, or (ii) interference in the ability of AdC to demethylate the promoters of androgen receptor or Reprimo of prostate cancer xenografts but (iii) a protective effect on the development of higher grades of prostate cancer in the “Hi-myc” mouse model of prostate cancer which were fed the increased methyl donors in utero. We conclude that the impact of dietary methyl donors on prostate cancer progression depends upon the timing of exposure to the dietary agents. When fed before the onset of cancer, that is, in utero, excess methyl donors can have a protective effect on the progression of cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 5(2); 229–39. ©2011 AACR.