bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“The Woman in the Wilderness”
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter is about the life of Johannes Kelpius and his companions at Wissahickon, where they made their home from their arrival in Pennsylvania in 1694 until Kelpius’s death in 1707. In the pages that follow, I carve a basic narrative and image of Kelpius and his companions’ communal life in Pennsylvania out of the extant primary sources. The chapter is, in a way, the “heart” of this book. Unlike the previous two chapters, this chapter does not present its sources in service of a single argument: rather, this chapter presents a sustained response to several generations of speculative scholarship on the life of Kelpius in Pennsylvania. In this chapter, I work to arrange the extant primary sources, interpret them, and try to understand what they tell us about Kelpius’s life at Wissahickon.
Aesthetics
Authors: Carnes Natalie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
As an aesthetically invested approach to texts and artifacts, attunement has deep roots in the negotiations of gender in Christianity. Women and other marginalized individuals have for centuries relied on aesthetic strategies—visions vividly described, for example, or experimentations with theological forms—to make themselves visible to Christian theology and claim their authority in contexts inhospitable to it. As these strategies are traced in works by and about early, medieval, and modern Christian women, they are shown to emerge again later in feminist theology, which was born in the insight that the battle for gender equality is fought in the symbolic imagination. As it did so, feminists also interrogated the literary and aesthetic terms on which theological authority was made. In narrating this history, this chapter sets up aesthetics as central to feminist theological work in a way that lays the ground for its role in the elaboration of attunement in the following chapters.
Repair
Authors: Carnes Natalie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter displays attunement and its political implications and imbrications by considering a subject important for feminist religious thought: Mary, a figure who seems to promise so much hope for feminist theology but has brought the field so much disappointment. As a subfield, Mariology is bound by a Gordian knot such that pulling Mary toward either more exalted theologies (Marian maximalism) or humbler ones (Marian minimalism) reinforces patriarchal norms. To attune (to) Mary is to greet her as an image and as the one who comes to us in images—a project in which the icon Our Lady, Mother of Ferguson proves central. Attuned by and with that image, central Mariological texts and artifacts can be received anew, as pointing us both to our human vocation and to God’s own life, in a way that centers women’s bodies as sites of divine revelation.
Conclusion
Authors: Borck Tobias 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The chapter offers three concluding observations. Firstly, it suggests that studying conceptions of stability, as understood in the book, is useful in understanding countries’ foreign policies as it provides a relatively comprehensive picture of the world as they would like to see it. Secondly, the chapter argues that, although there have been significant changes in the foreign policies of Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar in the early 2020s, many of the book’s findings and conclusions will remain relevant for years to come. Finally, the chapter makes the case that Western governments, including in the US, UK, Germany or elsewhere in Europe, must ensure that their necessary engagement with the Gulf Arab monarchies is rooted in a thorough understanding of how they see the MENA region and are trying to shape it.
Early Life
Authors: McQuade Joseph 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Unlike some revolutionaries who grew up among Calcutta’s urban intelligentsia, Rash Behari Bose was a product of rural Bengal. This chapter situates Bose’s early life in the context of late nineteenth century colonialism and the emerging strands of anti-colonial thought, social reform movements, and gendered narratives that helped shape him. The chapter traces Bose’s development from a headstrong boy to one of India’s most prominent revolutionaries.
Rebellion and Retreat
Authors: McQuade Joseph 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The chapter explores how Rash Behari Bose became the most wanted fugitive in colonial India. In 1915, with Britain preoccupied during the First World War, Bose played a key role in planning a series of interconnected mutinies and uprisings across northern India that aimed to replicate and surpass the last India-wide rebellion against the Raj, which occurred in 1857. Revealed to the authorities at the last minute by a double-agent working for the British, the plot was stillborn. The chapter shows how Bose managed to evade the authorities through a series of close calls and daring escapes that eventually led him to seek refuge in Japan.
Introduction
Authors: Erlich Haggai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The subject of this book is the story of Tigrinya-speakers and their contributions to the shaping of the Ethiopian and the Eritrean space. The space called “Greater Tigray,” was the cradle of Ethiopia as a state and as a concept. In ancient times Ethiopia was born around the town of Aksum, which developed a civilized culture--complete with urban life, written language, agriculture and commerce, and the adoption of Christianity. In its prime, Aksum became a power in the Red Sea area. It gave shelter to the pioneers of Islam, but with the later rise of Islam as an empire in the Middle East, it was isolated and gradually declined. It left a legacy of Ethiopian awareness, statehood, and culture which have remained throughout history.
‘Medri Bahri’
Authors: Erlich Haggai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The rise of Islam in Arabia turned the Red Sea into a wall rather than a bridge, and the political centre of Ethiopian history moved to the south. The Solomonian dynasty of Amharic speakers (as of 1270) revived the empire, and allowed some local autonomy to Tigrayans in “the land of the sea” medri bahri, in the area of today’s Eritrea. The whole Christian empire faced in the 16th century two existential threats. First, Ahmad Gragn from Harar united the Muslims and conquered the country (1529–1543), then the Ottomans invaded the north and established “Habesh Eyaleti,” the Province of Ethiopia. In both cases, the men of medri bahri helped save Ethiopia.
Their Finest Hour
Authors: Erlich Haggai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Emperor Yohannes IV, 1872–1889, united Tigray, and restored Tigrayan hegemony in Ethiopia. He derived legitimacy also by crowning himself in Aksum and by uniting Ethiopian Church. In the spirit of the “Tigrayan thesis” he rebuilt Ethiopia as a federation, recognizing the rulers of Shoa and Gojjam as kings. The military superiority of Tigray for a while stabilized the country and enabled Yohannes, and his trusted general Ras Alula, to reannex the future Eritrea. At the same time, Yohannes was facing three external threats: Khedival Egypt, Italian imperialism, and Sudanese jihadism of the Mahdia movement. He managed to defend the country in a series of battles, but eventually lost Eritrea to the Italians, and lost his life facing the Sudanese, 1889.
Towards Jihad?
Authors: Morier-Genoud Eric 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Since 2017, Mozambique has been confronted with a jihadi insurgency. This book looks at its origins and the broader and longer history of the relationship between Islam and politics in the country. Did Mozambique’s Muslim politics always point towards jihad? The book examines the period after independence, when the state engaged in anticlericalism; it then moves across the decades to the 2000s, when the ruling party and the opposition alike courted Muslims for electoral purposes, before reaching the 2010s, when tensions between “mosque and state” returned. Along the way, it explores a wide variety of phenomena, including the rise of Wahhabism, religious competition, state mediation, secularism, the alleged growth and radicalisation of Islam, and the origins of the ongoing insurgency. The volume offers a rich history, attentive to different branches and elements of the Muslim community, looking far beyond the narrow perspective of jihad. Taking a socio-historical perspective, the book unpacks a complex dynamic which the jihadi insurgency is now disrupting. Understanding the long history of Muslims’ engagement with politics in Mozambique sheds light on where the country has come from, where it stands now amidst violent unrest, and where it might go next.
The 1996 ‘Muslim Holidays’ Affair
Authors: Morier-Genoud Eric 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The chapter investigates a controversy that took place in Mozambique in 1996 around the “officialization” of two Islamic holidays. Away from arguments about a rise or politicization of Islam, the text explores the role played by religious competition and state mediation in creating the affair. The text analyzes the Muslim holidays’ affair in detail, before exploring the liberalization of the state’s religious policy (the establishment of a free “religious market”) and the resulting religious competition and tensions between faiths which constitute the background to and bedrock of the affair.
Myths of Heroes and Radicalization
Authors: Gregg Heather S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the role that myths of religious heroes—complex stories that tell believers who they are, the community to which they belong, and how they ought to behave—play in explaining and justifying the actions of radical groups in the modern world. Myths of heroes, who have eschewed worldly comforts to defend and promote the faith, often sacrificing their lives in the process, often provide a ready-made resource for recruitment that promises rewards in this life and the next to those who take up the fight on behalf of a wider community. The chapter identified four subtypes of heroes in particular—warrior heroes, rebels and revolutionaries, the hero scholar, and martyrs. It further demonstrates that extremists are using these familiar myths as a means of explaining their actions and gaining recruits to their cause. Finally, it suggests that, if extremist groups are using myths of heroes to gain recruits, motivate behavior, and explain themselves to a wider community, governments and communities need to counter these myths not by providing practical resources, such as jobs and education, but by creating their own compelling causes to which youth can aspire.
Beyond Women
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that gender has been neglected in radicalization studies, both by neglecting to see women, and by failing to engage gender by going beyond women; gender is a theoretical lens, a means of mediating structure and agency, exploring masculinities and femininities. Incorporating gender cannot simply be about “adding women.” The chapter therefore provides a holistic approach by arguing for reframing theories to recognize that gender is constitutive of radicalization practices in that it determines ideological perspectives, group hierarchies, and individual roles; it is not a variable in radicalization, gender is a fundamental in framing how extremist actors make sense of their world. Finally, the chapter discusses a path for a new approach. It recommends the incorporation of gender for all scholars interested in understanding the factors driving violent extremism in both women and men, arguing for the conceptual reformulation of radicalization, incorporating and informed by—not adding—a gender perspective.
Falun Gong
Authors: Ning Xudong , Lewis James R. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter applies the conflict-amplification model to describe the organizational radicalization of Falun Gong, which first emerged in the early 1990s as a health-enhancing practice and part of the state-sanctioned qigong movement in China but gradually transformed into a new religion and political movement. In contrast to single-factor analyses that portray this transition as (1) a market-driven process or as (2) a response to the state, this chapter suggests that the transition should be understood as a spontaneous and voluntary process shaped by multiple interconnected factors.
Between Offline and Online Violent Radicalisation
Authors: Caiani Manuela 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter contributes to the knowledge of extreme-right radicalization in the CEE region, by exploring the mobilization of the extreme right (party organizations and not-party groups, including neo-Nazis and subcultural movements) in four Eastern European countries (Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, and the Czech Republic), online and offline. Without denying the importance of the electoral arena on the one hand and the use of violence on the other for the extreme right, this chapter argues that extreme right groups in Central and Eastern Europe use a broad(er) repertoire of action, including a strong presence online (for their radicalization), which varies across time and across country, depending on the combination of the specific contextual opportunities, as well as grievances (i.e. issues) and organizational factors. As this chapter shows, in the shadow of the Great Recession popular discontent is more likely to be transformed into radicalization on the Right—especially around immigration (and cultural identity conservative) issues related to the recent European economic and refugee crises. Moreover, right-wing extremist movements and groups, rather than displaying “irrational” or anomic behaviour, are examples of collective action facilitated or hampered by specific political/cultural and discursive opportunities at the local and national level.
The Collapse of Cultures
Authors: Atran Scott 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the unsettling parallels between jihadist and far-right radicalization amongst the young, and their linkage to the collapse of cultures and the dark side of globalization, arguing that the ideologies, strategies, tactics, and messaging of xenophobic ethno-nationalists and jihadi groups are often strikingly similar and symbiotic. Moreover, for extremists of all stripes, whether alt-right or radical Islam, the values of liberal and open democracy increasingly appear to be losing ground around the world to those of narrow, xenophobic ethno-nationalisms and radical religious ideologies. The chapter further argues that the people most susceptible to joining radical groups are youth in their teens and twenties seeking community and purpose. The attraction of community is especially keen where there are sentiments of social exclusion or collapsed community structures and moral authority, whether or not accompanied by economic deprivation. Purpose most readily propels action and sacrifice, including the willingness to fight and die, when it is perceived to be in defense of transcendent values that are dissociated from material costs or consequences.
Counter-Radicalisation Surveillance as a Public Health Measure
Authors: Heath-Kelly Charlotte 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores what it means to adopt a “public health” response to terrorism and presents findings from an empirical study of UK health professionals’ attitudes towards counter-radicalization responsibilities. The chapter demonstrates how counter-radicalization programs implemented through the public sector are archetypal examples of how policy and administration are being rethought in the twenty-first century around the new organizing concept of resilience. The incorporation of the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) into counterterrorism occurs because healthcare workers have extensive contact with the public, not because the NHS is a site of insecurity where terrorist plots are hatched. The health sector is therefore now used as a component within a “big data” screening of the population for risky behaviours and ideologies. The integration of counterterrorism within the public sector organisations of European states is indicative of a wider epistemological transformation of twenty-first century governance and administration.
The Radical Right
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The chapter discusses the anti-Islam radical right, exploring the masculine identities interviewees suggest are important in the period before they joined the extreme group. The chapter uses criminological theory emphasizing the importance of everyday interactions and “daily behaviors” in local spaces in the formation of masculine identity in both men and women on the radical right. Extreme actors construct agency and frame actions through a hypermasculine lens: social status is predicated on the potential for violence and confrontation, or proximity to this. Their gendered interactions in local spaces with symbolic meaning produce particular racialized and class-based masculinities, which they later mobilize towards group activism. Perceived differences in gendered and sexual norms also emerge as fundamentally important in identifying in-group and out-group (Muslim communities). What is clear here is that the first steps on the path to extremism are steps that also construct particular masculinities, situated in social and physical space. This chapter also introduces the radical right participants, and their backgrounds.
The Radical Right: Misogyny, Masculinities and Women’s Leadership
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the tensions and complexities of women’s activism in the radical right. While the radical right emerges as distinct from the traditional far right, and strictly delineated roles for men and women, it has not entirely transformed traditional far-right gender politics. Women can find space as effective and motivational leaders, supported by men and women alike, as long as they do not go too far in challenging dominant patriarchal narratives. Prominent women leaders who center women’s agency will however always face censure, abuse, and pushback from the wider movement, including other women. This internally directed misogyny is consistent with ultra-nationalist ideology and is aimed at controlling women, through narratives of “care,” to protect patriarchy. Class-based misogyny is also often directed by activist men at radical right women, limiting their possibilities for activism. The chapter also considers the role of anti-feminism in women’s participation in the radical right, given all the women interviewed regarded liberal feminists as traitors. In particular, the chapter explores the roles and leadership styles of Jayda Fransen, then Deputy Leader of Britain First, and Anne Marie Waters, then Leader of For Britain, and how they inspire the grassroots.
Conclusions
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The final chapter of Extreme Britain discusses the key findings, and differences between the radical right and Islamist movements explored in the book. Through interviews, the book has argued that radicalization is in essence a masculinity project, which is to say that becoming extreme entails the fulfilment of particular and diverse masculinities, with one masculine performance able to legitimize another. It also explored misogyny in both movements, finding this directed against in-group, as well as out-group women. Nonetheless, the expressions of misogyny differed between groups, as did women’s opportunities for public leadership. The conclusions also explore how a new extremism definition might incorporate gender, recognizing its importance in identifying in- and out-group members. This finding is important for policymakers, and the chapter goes on to emphasize the need for caution in treating misogyny or toxic masculinity as causal factors in radicalization, or predictors of extremism. Finally, the chapter addresses the importance of gendered approaches in producing a rich and nuanced understanding of the power relations in extreme movements, and the lives of the people in them.
Capitalism and Democracy
Authors: Vuković Vuk 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines the rise of capitalist democracies, from the early unjust exploitative capitalism, led by the violence power principle, to its gradual convergence into a much fairer democratic capitalism. Despite its early unjust outcomes capitalism managed to deliver an impetus for persistent social change, eventually resulting in political changes, as old aristocratic elites were being replaced by democratic governments. This permanent incentive for change gradually started delivering basic human rights, as well as equal representation, rule of law, equality of opportunities, and eventually equality of gender and race. All of this was achieved under capitalist democracies, through a unique trial-and-error mechanism that helps societies learn from their errors, never again to repeat them. Socialist countries also achieved rapid progress in the aftermath of World War II. However, when faced with their first major internal crisis, they failed as they had no trial-and-error mechanism that could help them overcome the crisis.
The Pitfalls of Political Power
Authors: Vuković Vuk 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The unstoppable progress that lifted living standards and dramatically reduced poverty in the second half of the 20th century failed, however, to solve the issue of inequality. Inequality is driven by different forces, rooted deeply within political power. This does not mean it cannot be dealt with, but in order to curb its incentives successfully we must set the target toward its causes. This is why, as Chapter 9 will uncover, progressive taxation and greater redistribution will not be successful in solving the problem permanently—they are focused on the consequences (unequal incomes), not the causes. Granting too much political power to individuals to solve the issue of inequality leads to personalization of governing institutions, adverse selection into politics, and eventually declining trust in public institutions. This is the opposite effect of what we need to contain inequality.
Epilogue
Authors: Mujanovic Jasmin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The epilogue centers on the future of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s constitutional order. It argues the apparent political impossibility of reforming the country’s constitution, combined with the growing number of rulings by the European Court of Human Rights nevertheless necessitating such changes, has plunged Bosnia and Herzegovina into constitutional crisis. This chapter suggests it is essential that the country’s future constitutional regime be fundamentally liberal democratic in nature to ensure truly equal rights for all citizens and that this could be realized through the initiation of a constitutional convention.
Introduction
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This introduction provides an overview of the book’s main arguments and describes how the empirical and theorical components fit together. Much analysis of the development of the Gulf States has taken place under the shadow of rentier state theory and has been country-specific rather than comparative in nature. This chapter introduces key themes and explains in brief how the book breaks out of the rentier state paradigm and examines points of continuity as well as rupture, which mean that there is no binary division between the “traditional” (pre-oil) and “modern” era. Power is relational, and the introduction summarizes key aspects of the literature on power as a concept and its deployment in the regional setting of the Gulf States in practice.