bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Spillover of Antimicrobial Resistance to Untreated Children 7–12 Years Old After Mass Drug Administration of Azithromycin for Child Survival in Niger: A Secondary Analysis of the MORDOR Cluster-Randomized Trial
Authors: Peterson Brittany , Arzika Ahmed M , Amza Abdou , Maliki Ramatou , Karamba Alio Mankara , Moussa Mariama , Kemago Mariama , Liu Zijun , Houpt Eric , Liu Jie , Pholwat Suporn , Doan Thuy , Porco Travis C , Keenan Jeremy D , Lietman Thomas M , O’Brien Kieran S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
The risk of antibiotic resistance is complicated by the potential for spillover effects from one treated population to another. Azithromycin mass drug administration programs report higher rates of antibiotic resistance among treatment arms in targeted groups. This study aimed to understand the risk of spillover of antibiotic resistance to nontarget groups in these programs.

Methods
Data were used from a cluster-randomized trial comparing the effects of biannual azithromycin and placebo distribution to children 1–59 months old on child mortality rates. Nasopharyngeal samples from untreated children 7–12 years old were tested for genetic determinants of macrolide resistance (primary outcome) and resistance to other antibiotic classes (secondary outcomes). Linear regression was used to compare the community-level mean difference in prevalence by arm at the 24-month time point, adjusting for baseline prevalence.

Results
A total of 1103 children 7–12 years old in 30 communities were included in the analysis (15 azithromycin, 15 placebo). The adjusted mean differences in the prevalence of resistance determinants for macrolides, β-lactams, and tetracyclines were 3.4% (95% confidence interval, −4.1% to 10.8%; P = .37), −1.2% (−7.9% to 5.5%; P = .72), and −3.3% (−9.5% to 2.8%; P = .61), respectively.

Conclusions
We were unable to demonstrate a statistically significant increase in macrolide resistance determinants in untreated groups in an azithromycin mass drug administration program. While the result might be consistent with a small spillover effect, this study was not powered to detect such a small difference. Larger studies are warranted to better quantify the potential for spillover effects within these programs.
Pulmonary artery pressure monitoring in chronic heart failure: effects across clinically relevant subgroups in the MONITOR-HF trial
Authors: Clephas Pascal R D , Zwartkruis Victor W , Malgie Jishnu , van Gent Marco W F , Brunner-La Rocca Hans-Peter , Szymanski Mariusz K , van Halm Vokko P , Handoko M Louis , Kok Wouter E M , Asselbergs Folkert W , van Kimmenade Roland R J , Manintveld Olivier C , van Mieghem Nicolas M D A , Beeres Saskia L M A , Post Marco C , Borleffs C Jan Willem , Tukkie Raymond , Mosterd Arend , Linssen Gerard C M , Spee Ruud F , Emans Mireille E , Smilde Tom D J , van Ramshorst Jan , Kirchhof Charles J H J , Feenema-Aardema Margriet W , da Fonseca Carlos A , van den Heuvel Mieke , Hazeleger Ronald , van Eck Martijn , van Heerebeek Loek , Boersma Eric , Rienstra Michiel , de Boer Rudolf A , Brugts Jasper J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
In patients with chronic heart failure (HF), the MONITOR-HF trial demonstrated the efficacy of pulmonary artery (PA)-guided HF therapy over standard of care in improving quality of life and reducing HF hospitalizations and mean PA pressure. This study aimed to evaluate the consistency of these benefits in relation to clinically relevant subgroups.

Methods
The effect of PA-guided HF therapy was evaluated in the MONITOR-HF trial among predefined subgroups based on age, sex, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular ejection fraction, HF aetiology, cardiac resynchronization therapy, and implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Outcome measures were based upon significance in the main trial and included quality of life-, clinical-, and PA pressure endpoints, and were assessed for each subgroup. Differential effects in relation to the subgroups were assessed with interaction terms. Both unadjusted and multiple testing adjusted interaction terms were presented.

Results
The effects of PA monitoring on quality of life, clinical events, and PA pressure were consistent in the predefined subgroups, without any clinically relevant heterogeneity within or across all endpoint categories (all adjusted interaction P-values were non-significant). In the unadjusted analysis of the primary endpoint quality-of-life change, weak trends towards a less pronounced effect in older patients (Pinteraction = .03; adjusted Pinteraction = .33) and diabetics (Pinteraction = .01; adjusted Pinteraction = .06) were observed. However, these interaction effects did not persist after adjusting for multiple testing.

Conclusions
This subgroup analysis confirmed the consistent benefits of PA-guided HF therapy observed in the MONITOR-HF trial across clinically relevant subgroups, highlighting its efficacy in improving quality of life, clinical, and PA pressure endpoints in chronic HF patients.
Understanding evolutionary rescue and parallelism in response to environmental stress
Authors: Freitas Osmar , Campos Paulo R A 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Evolutionary rescue, the process by which populations facing environmental stress avoid extinction through genetic adaptation, is a critical area of study in evolutionary biology. The order in which mutations arise and get established will be relevant to the population’s rescue. This study investigates the degree of parallel evolution at the genotypic level between independent populations facing environmental stress and subject to different demographic regimes. Under density regulation, 2 regimes exist: In the first, the population can restore positive growth rates by adjusting its population size or through adaptive mutations, whereas in the second regime, the population is doomed to extinction unless a rescue mutation occurs. Analytical approximations for the likelihood of evolutionary rescue are obtained and contrasted with simulation results. We show that the initial level of maladaptation and the demographic regime significantly affect the level of parallelism. There is an evident transition between these 2 regimes. Whereas in the first regime, parallelism decreases with the level of maladaptation, it displays the opposite behavior in the rescue/extinction regime. These findings have important implications for understanding population persistence and the degree of parallelism in evolutionary responses as they integrate demographic effects and evolutionary processes.
Cognitive and Emotional Factors Influencing the Incorporation of Advice Into Decision Making Across the Adult Lifespan
Authors: Leon Tarren , Weidemann Gabrielle , Kneebone Ian I , Bailey Phoebe E 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objectives
The present study sought to investigate the influence of advice on decision making in older age, as well as the potential influence of depressive symptoms and age-related differences in the cognitively demanding emotion regulation on advice-taking.

Method
A nonclinical sample (N = 156; 50% female; 47 young: M age = 29.87, standard deviation [SD] = 5.58; 54 middle-aged: M age = 50.91, SD = 7.13; 55 older: M age = 72.51, SD = 5.33) completed a judge–advisor task to measure degree of advice-taking, as well as measures of fluid intelligence, depressive symptoms, confidence, perceived advice accuracy, and emotion regulation.

Results
Age did not influence degree of advice-taking. Greater depressive symptoms were associated with more reliance on advice, but only among individuals who identified as emotion regulators. Interestingly, older age was associated with perceiving advice to be less accurate.

Discussion
The study contributes to the sparse literature on advice-taking in older age. Cognitive and emotional factors influence the degree to which advice is incorporated into decision making in consistent ways across the adult lifespan. A key difference is that older adults take as much advice as younger adults despite perceiving the advice to be less accurate.
Freedom of speech, news and the classical republican tradition in seventeenth-century England
Authors: Gianoutsos Jamie 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This article examines how printed newsbooks shaped conceptions of freedom of speech and the classical republican tradition in Britain. After exploring the persistent concern of parliamentary and then royalist newsbooks to provide true information to the public, the article considers how newsbooks increasingly condemned press control and state secrecy as tyrannical. Its final sections explore the contributions of Marchamont Nedham and examine how John Streater significantly advanced arguments for free speech as a foundational liberty for the free state, developing earlier claims in newsbooks. The article suggests that the invention of printed news encouraged more populist strands of classical republicanism.
The role of community pharmacists as oral health advisors in the management of oral effects of asthma medications: an exploratory survey
Authors: Ho Alex Vy Luan , Lau Isabel , Davidson Michelle , Nimmo Alan , Croker Felicity Ann 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate community pharmacists’ attitudes, confidence, practice, knowledge, and barriers towards the management of oral side effects of asthma medications.

Methods
A paper-based questionnaire was developed from previous research, trialled, and validated. Convenience sampling through web search was used to identify pharmacy practices across Cairns, Queensland, Australia. Practices were contacted by email and phone before hand-delivering and collecting questionnaires.

Key findings
Thirty eight community pharmacist responses were descriptively analysed. Community pharmacists surveyed within the Cairns region feel that it is within their role to help manage the side effects of asthma medications. Many feel this is best conveyed during inhaler dispensing and instruction. Current advice is more prompted rather than preventative. Pharmacists routinely advise patients of mouth-rinsing following inhaler use, however the link to preventing side effects is not clearly communicated. Pharmacists are confident in recognizing and managing common side effects such as oral thrush and dry mouth, but fewer are aware of dental decay and gingivitis. Many identify a lack of guidelines as the largest barrier to providing preventive oral health advice.

Conclusions
Cairns community pharmacists already self-perceive their role in the management of oral side effects of asthma medications. Advice given to patients is practical but does not clearly convey the causative associations between asthma medications and their potential oral side effects. Patient education is prompted more by enquiry rather than a preventative approach. The development of standardized practice protocols and integration within undergraduate degrees or continuing education may benefit the community–pharmacist delivered care.
Financial Crimes as ‘Serious Non-Political Crimes’: Consequences for the Concepts of Seriousness and Unworthiness in Exclusion Law
Authors: Guiot Juliette 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Financial crimes were recently recognized by the Conseil d’État, France’s supreme administrative court, as ‘serious non-political crimes’ for the purposes of exclusion under article 1F(b) of the Refugee Convention. Such an extension of the scope of article 1F(b) raises questions regarding the seriousness threshold of article 1F(b) and its link to bodily harm. A first approach would be to establish the indirect relationship between financial crimes and bodily harm. Another approach would be to discard the concept of bodily harm as being pivotal in understanding the scope of the exclusion clauses. This second solution would have crucial implications for the theoretical underpinnings of the exclusion clauses of article 1F of the Refugee Convention, namely on the concept of unworthiness. In this regard, the recognition of financial crimes as rendering an asylum seeker unworthy of protection highlights the link between exclusion and moral and societal concerns.
Serological Evidence of Mpox Virus Infection During Peak Mpox Transmission in New York City, July to August 2022
Authors: Pathela Preeti , Townsend Michael B , Kopping Erik J , Tang Jennifer , Navarra Terese , Priyamvada Lalita , Carson William C , Panayampalli S Satheshkumar , Fowler Randal C , Kyaw Nang , Hughes Scott , Jamison Kelly 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
The extent to which infections may have been undetected in an epicenter of the 2022 mpox outbreak is unknown.

Methods
A serosurvey (July and August 2022) assessed the seroprevalence and correlates of mpox infection among a diverse sample of asymptomatic patients with no prior mpox diagnoses and no known histories of smallpox or mpox vaccination. We present seropositivity stratified by participant characteristics collected via survey.

Results
Two-thirds of 419 participants were cismen (281 of 419), of whom 59.1% (166 of 281) reported sex with men (MSM). The sample also included 109 ciswomen and 28 transgender/gender nonconforming/nonbinary individuals. Overall seroprevalence was 6.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1%–8.8%); 3.7% among ciswomen (95% CI, 1.0%–9.1%), 7.0% among cismen with only ciswomen partners (95% CI, 2.0%–11.9%), and 7.8% among MSM (95% CI, 3.7%–11.9%). There was little variation in seroprevalence by race/ethnicity, age group, HIV status, or number of recent sex partners. No participants who reported close contact with mpox cases were seropositive. Among participants without recent mpox-like symptoms, 6.3% were seropositive (95% CI, 3.6%–9.0%).

Conclusions
Approximately 1 in 15 vaccine-naive people in our study had antibodies to mpox during the height of the NYC outbreak, indicating the presence of asymptomatic infections that could contribute to ongoing transmission.
Widespread horizontal gene transfer between plants and bacteria
Authors: Haimlich Shelly , Fridman Yulia , Khandal Hitaishi , Savaldi-Goldstein Sigal , Levy Asaf 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Plants host a large array of commensal bacteria that interact with the host. The growth of both bacteria and plants is often dependent on nutrients derived from the cognate partners, and the bacteria fine-tune host immunity against pathogens. This ancient interaction is common in all studied land plants and is critical for proper plant health and development. We hypothesized that the spatial vicinity and the long-term relationships between plants and their microbiota may promote cross-kingdom horizontal gene transfer (HGT), a phenomenon that is relatively rare in nature. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the Arabidopsis thaliana genome and its extensively sequenced microbiome to detect events of horizontal transfer of full-length genes that transferred between plants and bacteria. Interestingly, we detected 75 unique genes that were horizontally transferred between plants and bacteria. Plants and bacteria exchange in both directions genes that are enriched in carbohydrate metabolism functions, and bacteria transferred to plants genes that are enriched in auxin biosynthesis genes. Next, we provided a proof of concept for the functional similarity between a horizontally transferred bacterial gene and its Arabidopsis homologue in planta. The Arabidopsis DET2 gene is essential for biosynthesis of the brassinosteroid phytohormones, and loss of function of the gene leads to dwarfism. We found that expression of the DET2 homologue from Leifsonia bacteria of the Actinobacteria phylum in the Arabidopsis det2 background complements the mutant and leads to normal plant growth. Together, these data suggest that cross-kingdom HGT events shape the metabolic capabilities and interactions between plants and bacteria.
Transcriptome analysis reveals the role of long noncoding RNAs in specific deposition of inosine monphosphate in Jingyuan chickens
Authors: Zhao Wei , Cai Zhengyun , Jiang Qiufei , Zhang Juan , Yu Baojun , Feng Xiaofang , Fu Xi , Zhang Tong , Hu Jiahuan , Gu Yaling 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Inosine monphosphate (IMP) is one of the important indicators for evaluating meat flavor, and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in its transcription and post-transcriptional regulation. Currently, there is little information about how lncRNA regulates the specific deposition of IMP in chicken muscle. In this study, we used transcriptome sequencing to analyze the lncRNAs of the breast and leg muscles of the Jingyuan chicken and identified a total of 357 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs), of which 158 were up-regulated and 199 were down-regulated. There were 2,203 and 7,377 cis- and trans-regulated target genes of lncRNAs, respectively, and we identified the lncRNA target genes that are involved in NEGF signaling pathway, glycolysis/glucoseogenesis, and biosynthesis of amino acids pathways. Meanwhile, 621 pairs of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction networks were constructed with target genes involved in purine metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and biosynthesis of amino acids. Next, three interacting meso-networks gga-miR-1603-LNC_000324-PGM1, gga-miR-1768-LNC_000324-PGM1, and gga-miR-21-LNC_011339-AMPD1 were identified as closely associated with IMP-specific deposition. Both differentially expressed genes (DEGs) PGM1 and AMPD1 were significantly enriched in IMP synthesis and metabolism-related pathways, and participated in the anabolic process of IMP in the form of organic matter synthesis and energy metabolism. This study obtained lncRNAs and target genes affecting IMP-specific deposition in Jingyuan chickens based on transcriptome analysis, which deepened our insight into the role of lncRNAs in chicken meat quality.
Considerations on the evolutionary biology and functions of eosinophils: what the “haeckel”?
Authors: Ackerman Steven J , Stacy Nicole I 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The origins and evolution of the eosinophilic leukocyte have received only scattered attention since Paul Ehrlich first named this granulocyte. Studies suggest that myeloperoxidase, expressed by granulocytes, and eosinophil peroxidase diverged some 60 to 70 million years ago, but invertebrate to vertebrate evolution of the eosinophil lineage is unknown. Vertebrate eosinophils have been characterized extensively in representative species at light microscopic, ultrastructural, genetic, and biochemical levels. Understanding of eosinophil function continues to expand and includes to date regulation of “Local Immunity And/Or Remodeling/Repair” (the so-called LIAR hypothesis), modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, maintenance of tissue and metabolic homeostasis, and, under pathologic conditions, inducers of tissue damage, repair, remodeling, and fibrosis. This contrasts with their classically considered primary roles in host defense against parasites and other pathogens, as well as involvement in T-helper 2 inflammatory and immune responses. The eosinophils’ early appearance during evolution and continued retention within the innate immune system across taxa illustrate their importance during evolutionary biology. However, successful pregnancies in eosinophil-depleted humans/primates treated with biologics, host immune responses to parasites in eosinophil-deficient mice, and the absence of significant developmental or functional abnormalities in eosinophil-deficient mouse strains under laboratory conditions raise questions of the continuing selective advantages of the eosinophil lineage in mammals and humans. The objectives of this review are to provide an overview on evolutionary origins of eosinophils across the animal kingdom, discuss some of their main functions in the context of potential evolutionary relevance, and highlight the need for further research on eosinophil functions and functional evolution.
Ethical Problems of Observational Studies and Big Data Compared to Randomized Trials
Authors: Raymond Jean , Fahed Robert , Darsaut Tim E 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The temptation to use prospective observational studies (POS) instead of conducting difficult trials (RCTs) has always existed, but with the advent of powerful computers and large databases, it can become almost irresistible. We examine the potential consequences, were this to occur, by comparing two hypothetical studies of a new treatment: one RCT, and one POS. The POS inevitably submits more patients to inferior research methodology. In RCTs, patients are clearly informed of the research context, and 1:1 randomized allocation between experimental and validated treatment balances risks for each patient. In POS, for each patient, the risks of receiving inferior treatment are impossible to estimate. The research context and the uncertainty are down-played, and patients and clinicians are at risk of becoming passive research subjects in studies performed from an outsider’s view, which potentially has extraneous objectives, and is conducted without their explicit, autonomous, and voluntary involvement and consent.
Impairment Arguments, Interests, and Circularity
Authors: Napier Stephen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A common justification for abortion rights is that the death of the fetus does not violate any of the fetus’s time-relative interests. The time-relative interest account (TRIA) of harm and wrongdoing tells us that a necessary condition for harming someone is that his or her time-relative interests are frustrated. Regarding the justification for abortion, this account falls prey to impairment arguments. Impairment arguments entertain cases of prenatal injury, such as the mother using illicit drugs that disable the child. The intuition is that the child who is born with such disabilities is harmed by the mother’s drug use. But it is unclear what time-relative interest is violated in cases of prenatal harm. Typical responses to impairment arguments point out that the abortion case is different because the child does not exist to experience such harms; but in prenatal injury + survival cases, the child does live to experience those harms. Thus, the TRIA justification for abortion is not impugned by impairment counter-examples. This article argues that this response to impairment arguments is viciously circular. The response must say that so long as you kill the child, no harm is done. But this assumes that killing itself is morally inconsequential and is not itself a case of harm. The response to impairment arguments, then, assumes the permissibility of abortion.