bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No (More) Philosophy Without Cross‐Cultural Philosophy
Authors: Struhl Karsten J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPhilosophy is a radical inquiry whose task is to interrogate the fundamental assumptions of some given activity, discipline, or set of beliefs. In doing so, philosophical inquiry must attempt to delineate a problem and to develop a method for resolving that problem. However, to be true to its intention, philosophy must be able to examine not only the object of its inquiry but also its own method of interrogation. To accomplish this task, philosophical inquiry must be able to create a distance not only from the assumptions under investigation but also from its own assumptions, which is to say, that it must be able to raise questions about its own method. This self‐reflexivity requires that any given philosophical investigation must be examined from an alternative vantage point. Since the assumptions which inform the inquiry are deeply imbedded within a given culture, immanent critique is insufficient. The only way to step outside the boundaries of these cultural presuppositions is to reflect on the given problem from the vantage point of another culture's philosophical tradition. Thus, I argue that philosophical inquiry is unable to go beyond certain limits without being cross‐cultural philosophy. I illustrate the way in which cross‐cultural philosophy does this with respect to the problem of the self by placing the Western philosophical approach to this problem in dialogue with the Indian Hindu‐Buddhist narrative.
On the Very Idea of Correlative Thinking
Authors: Fung Yiu‐ming 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article aims at providing a general picture of the idea of correlative thinking developed by sinologists and philosophers in the field of Chinese and comparative studies, including Marcel Granet, Joseph Needham, A. C. Graham, David Hall and Roger Ames. As a matter of fact, there is no exactly the same view among these scholars when they use the term “correlative thinking”? to describe the Chinese mode of thinking; but they all recognize, more or less, the term’s implication as “non‐logical”? or “pre‐logical”, “non‐rational”? or “irrational”, “intuitive‐associative”? or “beyond analytic thinking”. ?Based on this presumption, some of them think that there is “irreducibility”?from the root level of (correlative) thinking to the upper level of (analytic) thinking or that there is “incommensurability”? between correlative and analytic thinking.Based on the contemporary philosophy of language and philosophy of mind, especially Donald Davidson’s holism of the mental and the principle of charity, I shall argue that the thesis of “pre‐logical”, ?“illogical”? or “non‐logical” is self‐refuting. I shall also demonstrate that the view of “incommensurability”? between correlative and analytic thinking and the thesis of “unanalyzability” of correlative thinking shared by most of these scholars are not well‐argued but taken as a primary fact. The conclusion of this article is that there is no thinking by correlation and analogy which cannot be understood in terms of analytic concepts and which can escape from the logical or rational space.
Confucianism and Ethics in the Western Philosophical Tradition II: A Comparative Analysis of Personhood
Authors: Bockover Mary I. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis Philosophy Compass article continues the comparison between Confucian and mainstream Western views of personhood and their connection with ethics begun in Confucianism and Ethics in the Western Philosophical Tradition: Fundamental Concepts (CEWI), by focusing on the Western self conceived as an independent agent with moral and political rights. More specifically, the present article briefly accounts for how the more strictly and explicitly individualistic notion of self dominating Western philosophy has developed, leading up to a recent debate in modern Western rights theory between Herbert Fingarette and Henry Rosemont, Jr., two contemporary Western philosophers who are both steeped in Confucian thought as well as moral and political philosophy. This compares and contrasts Confucian principles with some basic to modern Western rights theory and the more individualistic view of self they entail. In the end, a new view of personhood and “free will” is offered that synthesizes insights from the Confucian treatment of persons as being essentially interdependent with the Western treatment of persons as being essentially independent. [Correction added after online publication 31 May 2010: Sentence changed.]
Nitric oxide bioavailability modulates the dynamics of microvascular oxygen exchange during recovery from contractions
Authors: Hirai D. M. , Copp S. W. , Ferreira L. F. , Musch T. I. , Poole D. C. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAim:  Lowered microvascular PO2 (PO2mv) during the exercise off‐transient likely impairs muscle metabolic recovery and limits the capacity to perform repetitive tasks. The current investigation explored the impact of altered nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability on PO2mv during recovery from contractions in healthy skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that increased NO bioavailability (sodium nitroprusside: SNP) would enhance PO2mv and speed its recovery kinetics while decreased NO bioavailability (l‐nitro arginine methyl ester: l‐NAME) would reduce PO2mv and slow its recovery kinetics.Methods:  PO2mv was measured by phosphorescence quenching during transitions (rest–1 Hz twitch‐contractions for 3 min–recovery) in the spinotrapezius muscle of Sprague–Dawley rats under SNP (300 μm), Krebs‐Henseleit (Control) and l‐NAME (1.5 mm) superfusion conditions.Results:  Relative to recovery in Control, SNP resulted in greater overall microvascular oxygenation as assessed by the area under the PO2mv curve (PO2 AREA; Control: 3471 ± 292 mmHg s; SNP: 4307 ± 282 mmHg s; P < 0.05) and faster off‐kinetics as evidenced by the mean response time (MRToff; Control: 60.2 ± 6.9 s; SNP: 34.8 ± 5.7 s; P < 0.05), whereas l‐NAME produced lower PO2 AREA (2339 ± 444 mmHg s; P < 0.05) and slower MRToff (86.6 ± 14.5 s; P < 0.05).Conclusion:  NO bioavailability plays a key role in determining the matching of O2 delivery‐to‐O2 uptake and thus the upstream O2 pressure driving capillary‐myocyte O2 flux (i.e. PO2mv) following cessation of contractions in healthy skeletal muscle. Additionally, these data support a mechanistic link between reduced NO bioavailability and prolonged muscle metabolic recovery commonly observed in ageing and diseased populations.
ISABEL MENZIES LYTH AND ACTION RESEARCH
Authors: Barnett Lynn 
Published: April 2010

abstractA brief history of the author's long contact with Isabel Menzies Lyth leads into a description of the latter's professional training and development and her work with colleagues at the Tavistock Clinic with whom she had first worked during the Second World War when applied social psychology was first developing. The influences of Malinowski and Kurt Lewin are discussed. Then follows a detailed description of Isabel Menzies Lyth's consultation to a day nursery project carried out by Alastair Bain and the author. This spells out how the values and concepts of Isabel Menzies Lyth were applied in this Action Research. The nature of the primary task; the need for a clear organizational structure and roles; a defensive organizational system resulting from anxiety; the need for personal autonomy and individual responsibility; the importance of close attachments between staff and children; reflective practice; management of anxiety and dissemination of findings.
SUPERVISION WITH ISABEL MENZIES LYTH
Authors: Motz Anna 
Published: April 2010

abstractIn this paper the author describes two separate experiences of working with Isabel Menzies Lyth, first between 1987–1988 and then from 2002–2005. She recollects Isabel's seminal role as staff group facilitator on a long‐term rehabilitation ward at Littlemore Hospital, the McKnight Unit, where the author worked as a nursing assistant. She describes how Isabel's insights and interpretations in that group introduced the staff to a new way of thinking, and shed light on complex ethical and clinical dilemmas. She discusses the powerful, sometimes surprising, impact of Isabel's psychoanalytic understanding of psychosis, and of the anxieties that the staff team faced in this work. She then describes the experience of fortnightly supervision with Isabel, some 15 years later, when the author had qualified as a clinical psychologist and was working in a forensic unit with mentally ill offender patients. The paper is a personal recollection of Isabel's enduring insights and a description of her keen intellect, sensitivity and compassion in practice.
WORKING WITH GROUPS: THE CONSULTANT STANCE
Authors: Armstrong David 
Published: April 2010

abstractThe paper recalls experiences as a member of groups taken by Isabel Menzies Lyth during the 1960s and the significance of matters of ‘presence’ and stance. It sketches out ways in which she was to extend Bion's frame of reference to take account of the institutional contexts in which groups were located and her insistence on the two‐way inter‐relation between individual and group work, psychoanalysis and group relations.
ISABEL MENZIES LYTH – TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONS
Authors: Aram Eliat , Sher Mannie 
Published: April 2010

abstractThe authors sketch their personal recollections of Isabel Menzies Lyth and the various roles in which they knew her, in particular, as a group relations consultant and as an organizational development consultant. They describe Isabel's contribution to the fields of group relations and consultancy and her critical views of the use of unmodified psychoanalytical models and her innovative ways of working. The authors make the point that Isabel never departed from her scientific research and change‐oriented consultancy roots; they describe how she strove to move people and organizations on; they also describe how her most powerful tool lay in holding the balance between the content of groups and organizations and the processes of researching, listening and consulting and her expert use of the transference and countertransference.
SOCIAL DEFENCES AND TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Krantz James 
Published: April 2010

abstractThe author addresses the concept of social defences as originated by Isabel Menzies Lyth. After reviewing the origin and development of the concept, he discusses some of the challenges encountered in using it in the service of meaningful change, and finally highlights some features of emerging 21st century organizations that are well suited for social defence analysis. Social defences, in Menzies Lyth's sense, are aspects of organizations that: (1) exist independently of their members, such as structures and policies; and (2) come to serve the purpose of reinforcing peoples' defences against the primitive anxieties stimulated in the workplace. The concept illuminates otherwise hidden sources of resistance to change and, as such, provides a valuable perspective on the challenges of continuous change and adaptation required of contemporary organizations.
FROM AUTONOMY TO DEPENDENCY?
Authors: Khaleelee Olya 
Published: April 2010

abstractThis paper traces the theme of dependency and autonomy from a historical perspective, showing how individual needs and defence mechanisms link with societal developments. It elaborates on the work of Menzies Lyth and her capacity to bridge the intrapsychic world of the individual with the business world and society at large. The paper analyses current events, commenting on how greed, denial and omnipotence have contributed to the recession of 2008–2010 and how ‘basic assumption’ dependency and hope have been invested in the first black American President of the United States of America.
LEGEND, MYTH AND IDEA: ON THE FATE OF A GREAT PAPER
Authors: Cooper Andrew 
Published: April 2010

abstractIsabel Menzies Lyth's seminal paper on social systems as a defence against anxiety is so well known and frequently cited that it risks acquiring mythic or legendary status. But what explains its phenomenal influence? In this contribution I suggest that it is a model example of the psychoanalytic case study, deriving its power from a deep engagement with organizational particularities as a basis for general theorizing. Its continued influence depends upon the way in which it is used to conceptualize new organizational experiences. An example from an institutional observation undertaken as part of an advanced social work training at the Tavistock illustrates this. Institutional observation is one of a range of non‐clinical psychoanalytically informed methods of training at the Tavistock, and in the final part of the paper I discuss new applications of Menzies Lyth's work that aim to illuminate the irrational forces shaping modern social policy. Death and anxieties about death emerge as a subtext of the present paper, perhaps reflecting the fact that it was prepared as part of a memorial conference to Menzies Lyth herself, and also that the paper taught us to think better about death as an aspect of organizational experience.
Construction and Application of Variants of the
Pseudomonas fluorescens
EBC191 Arylacetonitrilase for Increased Production of Acids or Amides
Authors: Sosedov Olga , Baum Stefanie , Bürger Sibylle , Matzer Kathrin , Kiziak Christoph , Stolz Andreas 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

The arylacetonitrilase from
Pseudomonas fluorescens
EBC191 differs from previously studied arylacetonitrilases by its low enantiospecificity during the turnover of mandelonitrile and by the large amounts of amides that are formed in the course of this reaction. In the sequence of the nitrilase from
P. fluorescens
, a cysteine residue (Cys163) is present in direct neighborhood (toward the amino terminus) to the catalytic active cysteine residue, which is rather unique among bacterial nitrilases. Therefore, this cysteine residue was exchanged in the nitrilase from
P. fluorescens
EBC191 for various amino acid residues which are present in other nitrilases at the homologous position. The influence of these mutations on the reaction specificity and enantiospecificity was analyzed with (
R
,
S
)-mandelonitrile and (
R
,
S
)-2-phenylpropionitrile as substrates. The mutants obtained demonstrated significant differences in their amide-forming capacities. The exchange of Cys163 for asparagine or glutamine residues resulted in significantly increased amounts of amides formed. In contrast, a substitution for alanine or serine residues decreased the amounts of amides formed. The newly discovered mutation was combined with previously identified mutations which also resulted in increased amide formation. Thus, variants which possessed in addition to the mutation Cys163Asn also a deletion at the C terminus of the enzyme and/or the modification Ala165Arg were constructed. These constructs demonstrated increased amide formation capacity in comparison to the mutants carrying only single mutations. The recombinant plasmids that encoded enzyme variants which formed large amounts of mandeloamide or that formed almost stoichiometric amounts of mandelic acid from mandelonitrile were used to transform
Escherichia coli
strains that expressed a plant-derived (
S
)-hydroxynitrile lyase. The whole-cell biocatalysts obtained in this way converted benzaldehyde plus cyanide either to (
S
)-mandeloamide or (
S
)-mandelic acid with high yields and enantiopurities.
Comprehensive Investigation of Marine
Actinobacteria
Associated with the Sponge
Halichondria panicea
Authors: Schneemann Imke , Nagel Kerstin , Kajahn Inga , Labes Antje , Wiese Jutta , Imhoff Johannes F. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

Representatives of
Actinobacteria
were isolated from the marine sponge
Halichondria panicea
collected from the Baltic Sea (Germany). For the first time, a comprehensive investigation was performed with regard to phylogenetic strain identification, secondary metabolite profiling, bioactivity determination, and genetic exploration of biosynthetic genes, especially concerning the relationships of the abundance of biosynthesis gene fragments to the number and diversity of produced secondary metabolites. All strains were phylogenetically identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses and were found to belong to the genera
Actinoalloteichus
,
Micrococcus
,
Micromonospora
,
Nocardiopsis
, and
Streptomyces
. Secondary metabolite profiles of 46 actinobacterial strains were evaluated, 122 different substances were identified, and 88 so far unidentified compounds were detected. The extracts from most of the cultures showed biological activities. In addition, the presence of biosynthesis genes encoding polyketide synthases (PKSs) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) in 30 strains was established. It was shown that strains in which either PKS or NRPS genes were identified produced a significantly higher number of metabolites and exhibited a larger number of unidentified, possibly new metabolites than other strains. Therefore, the presence of PKS and NRPS genes is a good indicator for the selection of strains to isolate new natural products.
Phylogenetic and Multivariate Analyses To Determine the Effects of Different Tillage and Residue Management Practices on Soil Bacterial Communities
Authors: Ceja-Navarro Javier A. , Rivera-Orduña Flor N. , Patiño-Zúñiga Leonardo , Vila-Sanjurjo Antón , Crossa José , Govaerts Bram , Dendooven Luc 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTBacterial communities are important not only in the cycling of organic compounds but also in maintaining ecosystems. Specific bacterial groups can be affected as a result of changes in environmental conditions caused by human activities, such as agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of different forms of tillage and residue management on soil bacterial communities by using phylogenetic and multivariate analyses. Treatments involving zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) with their respective combinations of residue management, i.e., removed residue (−R) and kept residue (+R), and maize/wheat rotation, were selected from a long-term field trial started in 1991. Analysis of bacterial diversity showed that soils under zero tillage and crop residue retention (ZT/+R) had the highest levels of diversity and richness. Multivariate analysis showed that beneficial bacterial groups such as fluorescentPseudomonasspp. andBurkholderialeswere favored by residue retention (ZT/+R and CT/+R) and negatively affected by residue removal (ZT/−R). Zero-tillage treatments (ZT/+R and ZT/−R) had a positive effect on theRhizobialesgroup, with its main representatives related toMethylosinusspp. known as methane-oxidizing bacteria. It can be concluded that practices that include reduced tillage and crop residue retention can be adopted as safer agricultural practices to preserve and improve the diversity of soil bacterial communities.
Kinetics of a Tuberculosis-Specific Gamma Interferon Release Assay in Military Personnel with a Positive Tuberculin Skin Test
Authors: van Brummelen Sigrid E. , Bauwens Anja M. , Schlösser Noël J. , Arend Sandra M. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

Treatment of latent
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infection on the basis of the tuberculin skin test (TST) result is inaccurate due to the false-positive TST results that occur after
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG vaccination or exposure to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Gamma interferon release assays (IGRAs) are based on
M. tuberculosis
-specific antigens. In a previous study among BCG-naïve military employees, a positive TST result after deployment was mostly associated with a negative IGRA result, suggesting exposure to NTM. Data regarding the kinetics of IGRAs are limited and controversial. The present study aimed to reassess the rate of false-positive TST results and to evaluate the kinetics of the Quantiferon TB Gold In-Tube assay (QFT-Git) in military personnel with a positive TST result. QFT-Git was performed at the time of inclusion in the study and was repeated after 2, 6, 12, and 18 or 24 months. Of 192 participants, 17 were recruits and 175 were screened after deployment (
n
= 169) or because of travel or health care work. Baseline positive QFT-Git results were observed in 7/17 (41.2%) and 12/174 (6.9%) participants, respectively. During follow-up, a negative QFT-Git result remained negative in 163/165 (98.8%) participants. Of 18 subjects with an initial positive QFT-Git result, reversion to a negative result occurred in 1/6 (16%) recruits, whereas it occurred in 8/12 (66%) subjects after deployment or with other risk factors (
P
= 0.046). The quantitative result was significantly lower in subjects with reversion than in those with consistent positive results (
P
= 0.017). This study confirmed a low rate of positive QFT-Git results among military personnel with a positive TST result after deployment, supporting the hypothesis of exposure to NTM. Reversion of the majority of initially low-positive QFT-Git results indicates that QFT-Git may be useful for the diagnosis of later reinfections.
Oral Vaccination with AttenuatedSalmonella entericaStrains Encoding T-Cell Epitopes from Tumor Antigen NY-ESO-1 Induces Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses
Authors: Meng Jia-Zi , Dong Yu-Jun , Huang He , Li Shuang , Zhong Yi , Liu Shu-Lin , Wang Yue-Dan 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTBacterial fimbriae can accept foreign peptides and display them on the cell surface. A highly efficient gene replacement method was used to generate peptide vaccines based onSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium SL3261. The T-cell epitopes (NY-ESO-1 p157-165 and p157-167) from NY-ESO-1, which is a promising target antigen in patients for the specific immune recognition of cancer, were incorporated into the gene encoding AgfA (the major subunit protein of thin aggregative fimbriae ofSalmonella) by replacing an equal length of the DNA segment. To improve cytotoxic T-lymphocyte recognition, both termini of the peptide were flanked by double alanine (AA) residues. Immunofluorescence microscopy with AgfA-specific antiserum verified the expression of chimeric AgfA, which was also proved by a Congo red binding assay. Oral immunizations of HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice with recombinant SL3261 strains encoding NY-ESO-1 p157-165 or p157-167 induced NY-ESO-1 p157-165-specific CD8+T cells, detected by an HLA-A*0201 pentamer, and induced a T-cell response detected by an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. TheSalmonellafimbrial display system was efficient at the induction of an antitumor cellular immune responsein vivo, providing a new strategy for the development of efficient cancer vaccinations.