bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fractography and fracture characterization in the Permo-Triassic sandstones and the Lower Palaeozoic Basement, West Cumbria, UK
Authors: Ameen Mohammed S. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Three distinctive phases of fracturing (mesofractures and macrofaults) are recognized in the Permo-Triassic part of the cover rocks of West Cumbria. The earliest phase caused syn-depositional growth macrofaults with northerly strikes in the lower part of the cover rocks. This phase is not evident in any of the macrofaults and mesofractures which are exposed in the study area. The second phase led to the occurrence of the easterly striking macrofaults and mesofractures and is clearly evident from surface exposures. The latest phase caused the exposed northerly striking macrofaulting and mesofracturing. Some of the latter macrofaults most probably propagated upwards from the tips of the pre-existing (phase 1) northerly macrofaults. Others resulted from the coalescence of mesofractures and propagated downwards.
The fractographic features on both the second and third phase mesofractures suggest that they occurred as Mode I (tensile) fractures and were later modified by shear or mixed-mode loading. The geometry and degree of development of fracture surface morphology are controlled by a combination of factors.
The Lower Palaeozoic basement is characterized by complex meso- and macrofracture patterns, including a large number of local sets with a wide range of orientations. Although ‘statistically’ prominent regional sets are recognized in the basement rocks, these are purely geometrical and include various types of fractures that developed under different stresses. Each local set of mesofractures shows varied attitudes of fractographic features, indicating different dynamic implications of fractures within the same set. Some macrofaults in the cover may have propagated from the basement, or are related to movements on basement faults which controlled the evolution of the sedimentary basin and its subsequent structures.
Spatial change in joint geometry in the Chalk of eastern England
Authors: Goodwin A. M. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Prominent NE and NW striking joint sets previously recognized in southern England have been traced northwards in the Chalk of eastern England. Both sets change their geometry northwards, defining two joint continua, from steep conjugate hybrid joints in Norfolk to a sub-vertical single joint set in Humberside. This spatial change is consistent both with the observed northward increase in rock strength of the Chalk and a possible northward decrease in differential stress across eastern England.
Hesperetin-7,3'-O-dimethylether selectively inhibits phosphodiesterase 4 and effectively suppresses ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness with a high therapeutic ratio
Authors: Yang You-Lan , Hsu Hsin-Te , Wang Kuo-Hsien , Han Cheng-Ying , Chen Chien-Ming , Chen Chi-Ming , Ko Wun-Chang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundHesperetin was reported to selectively inhibit phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4). While hesperetin-7,3'-O-dimethylether (HDME) is a synthetic liposoluble hesperetin. Therefore, we were interested in investigating its selectivity on PDE4 and binding ability on high-affinity rolipram-binding sites (HARBs)in vitro, and its effects on ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsivenessin vivo, and clarifying its potential for treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).MethodsPDE1~5 activities were measured using a two-step procedure. The binding of HDME on high-affinity rolipram-binding sites was determined by replacing 2 nM [3H]-rolipram. AHR was assessed using the FlexiVent system and barometric plethysmography. Inflammatory cells were counted using a hemocytometer. Cytokines were determined using mouse T helper (Th)1/Th2 cytokine CBA kits, and total immunoglobulin (Ig)E or IgG2alevels were done using ELISA method. Xylazine (10 mg/kg)/ketamine (70 mg/kg)-induced anesthesia was performed.ResultsHDME revealed selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibition with a therapeutic (PDE4H/PDE4L) ratio of 35.5in vitro.In vivo, HDME (3~30 μmol/kg, orally (p.o.)) dose-dependently and significantly attenuated the airway resistance (RL) and increased lung dynamic compliance (Cdyn), and decreased enhanced pause (Penh) values induced by methacholine in sensitized and challenged mice. It also significantly suppressed the increases in the numbers of total inflammatory cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils, and levels of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of these mice. In addition, HDME (3~30 μmol/kg, p.o.) dose-dependently and significantly suppressed total and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels in the BALF and serum, and enhanced IgG2alevel in the serum of these mice.ConclusionsHDME exerted anti-inflammatory effects, including suppression of AHR, and reduced expressions of inflammatory cells and cytokines in this murine model, which appears to be suitable for studying the effects of drugs on atypical asthma and COPD, and for screening those on typical asthma. However, HDME did not influnce xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia. Thus HDME may have the potential for use in treating typical and atypical asthma, and COPD.
Heritability of physical activity traits in Brazilian families: the Baependi Heart Study
Authors: Horimoto Andréa RVR , Giolo Suely R , Oliveira Camila M , Alvim Rafael O , Soler Júlia P , de Andrade Mariza , Krieger José E , Pereira Alexandre C 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
It is commonly recognized that physical activity has familial aggregation; however, the genetic influences on physical activity phenotypes are not well characterized. This study aimed to (1) estimate the heritability of physical activity traits in Brazilian families; and (2) investigate whether genetic and environmental variance components contribute differently to the expression of these phenotypes in males and females.

Methods
The sample that constitutes the Baependi Heart Study is comprised of 1,693 individuals in 95 Brazilian families. The phenotypes were self-reported in a questionnaire based on the WHO-MONICA instrument. Variance component approaches, implemented in the SOLAR (Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines) computer package, were applied to estimate the heritability and to evaluate the heterogeneity of variance components by gender on the studied phenotypes.

Results
The heritability estimates were intermediate (35%) for weekly physical activity among non-sedentary subjects (weekly PA_NS), and low (9-14%) for sedentarism, weekly physical activity (weekly PA), and level of daily physical activity (daily PA). Significant evidence for heterogeneity in variance components by gender was observed for the sedentarism and weekly PA phenotypes. No significant gender differences in genetic or environmental variance components were observed for the weekly PA_NS trait. The daily PA phenotype was predominantly influenced by environmental factors, with larger effects in males than in females.

Conclusions
Heritability estimates for physical activity phenotypes in this sample of the Brazilian population were significant in both males and females, and varied from low to intermediate magnitude. Significant evidence for heterogeneity in variance components by gender was observed. These data add to the knowledge of the physical activity traits in the Brazilian study population, and are concordant with the notion of significant biological determination in active behavior.
The case for conducting first-in-human (phase 0 and phase 1) clinical trials in low and middle income countries
Authors: Kapiriri Lydia , Lavery James V , Singer Peter A , Mshinda Hassan , Babiuk Lorne , Daar Abdallah S 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
Despite the increase in the number of clinical trials in low and middle income countries (LMICs), there has been little serious discussion of whether First in Human (FIH; phase 0 and phase 1) clinical trials should be conducted in LMICs, and if so, under what conditions. Based on our own experience, studies and consultations, this paper aims to stimulate debate on our contention that for products meant primarily for conditions most prevalent in LMICs, FIH trials should preferably be done first in those countries.

Discussion
There are scientific and pragmatic arguments that support conducting FIH trials in LMIC. Furthermore, the changing product-development and regulatory landscape, and the likelihood of secondary benefits such as capacity building for innovation and for research ethics support our argument. These arguments take into account the critical importance of protecting human subjects of research while developing capacity to undertake FIH trials.

Summary
While FIH trials have historically not been conducted in LMICs, the situation in some of these countries has changed. Hence, we have argued that FIH should be conducted in LMICs for products meant primarily for conditions that are most prevalent in those contexts; provided the necessary protections for human subjects are sufficient.
Case report of a young child with disseminated histoplasmosis and review of hyper immunoglobulin e syndrome (HIES)
Authors: Robinson Wilson S , Arnold Sandra R , Michael Christie F , Vickery John D , Schoumacher Robert A , Pivnick Eniko K , Ward Jewell C , Nagabhushanam Vijaya , Lew Dukhee B 
Published: November 2011

AbstractType 1 hyper IgE syndrome (HIES), also known as Job's Syndrome, is an autosomal dominant disorder due to defects in STAT3 signaling and Th17 differentiation. Symptoms may present during infancy but diagnosis is often made in childhood or later. HIES is characterized by immunologic and non-immunologic findings such as recurrent sinopulmonary infections, recurrent skin infections, multiple fractures, atopic dermatitis and characteristic facies. These manifestations are accompanied by elevated IgE levels and reduced IL-17 producing CD3+CD4+ T cells. Diagnosis in young children can be challenging as symptoms accumulate over time along with confounding clinical dilemmas. A NIH clinical HIES scoring system was developed in 1999, and a more recent scoring system with fewer but more pathogonomonic clinical findings was reported in 2010. These scoring systems can be used as tools to help in grading the likelihood of HIES diagnosis. We report a young child ultimately presenting with disseminated histoplasmosis and a novel STAT3 variant in the SH2 domain.
The acute inflammatory response to intranigral α-synuclein differs significantly from intranigral lipopolysaccharide and is exacerbated by peripheral inflammation
Authors: Couch Yvonne , Alvarez-Erviti Lydia , Sibson Nicola R , Wood Matthew JA , Anthony Daniel C 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
Activated microglia are a feature of the host response to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) and are thought to contribute to disease progression. Recent evidence suggests that extracellular α-synuclein (eSNCA) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD and that this may be mediated by a microglial response.

Methods
We wished to discover whether the host response to eSNCA would be sufficient to induce significant cytokine production. In vitro cultured BV-2 microglia were used to determine the basic inflammatory response to eSNCA. In vivo, 8-week old Biozzi mice were subjected to a single intranigral injection of either 3 μg SNCA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or serum protein (BSA) and allowed to recover for 24 hours. A second cohort of animals were peripherally challenged with LPS (0.5 mg/kg) 6 hours prior to tissue collection. Inflammation was studied by quantitative real-time PCR for a number of pro-inflammatory genes and immunohistochemistry for microglial activation, endothelial activation and cell death.

Results

In vitro data showed a robust microglial response to SNCA, including a positive NFĸB response and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Direct injection of SNCA into the substantia nigra resulted in the upregulation of mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, the expression of endothelial markers of inflammation and microglial activation. However, these results were significantly different to those obtained after direct injection of LPS. By contrast, when the animals were injected intracerebrally with SNCA and subsequently challenged with systemic LPS, the level of production of IL-1β in the substantia nigra became comparable to that induced by the direct injection of LPS into the brain. The injection of albumin into the nigra with a peripheral LPS challenge did not provoke the production of a significant inflammatory response. Direct injection of LPS into the substantia nigra also induces cell death in a more robust manner than direct injection of either SNCA or BSA.

Conclusion
These results suggest that the presence of eSNCA protein 'primes' microglia, making them susceptible to environmental proinflammatory challenge. For this reason, we hypothesise that where 'inflammation' contributes to the disease progression in PD, it does so in a punctuate manner (on-off) as a result of systemic events.
Comparison of collapsing methods for the statistical analysis of rare variants
Authors: Dering Carmen , Ziegler Andreas , König Inke R , Hemmelmann Claudia 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Novel technologies allow sequencing of whole genomes and are considered as an emerging approach for the identification of rare disease-associated variants. Recent studies have shown that multiple rare variants can explain a particular proportion of the genetic basis for disease. Following this assumption, we compare five collapsing approaches to test for groupwise association with disease status, using simulated data provided by Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 (GAW17). Variants are collapsed in different scenarios per gene according to different minor allele frequency (MAF) thresholds and their functionality. For comparing the different approaches, we consider the family-wise error rate and the power. Most of the methods could maintain the nominal type I error levels well for small MAF thresholds, but the power was generally low. Although the methods considered in this report are common approaches for analyzing rare variants, they performed poorly with respect to the simulated disease phenotype in the GAW17 data set.
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in household and stray cats in Lanzhou, northwest China
Authors: Wu Song-Ming , Zhu Xing-Quan , Zhou Dong-Hui , Fu Bao-Quan , Chen Jia , Yang Jian-Fa , Song Hui-Qun , Weng Ya-Biao , Ye De-He 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background

Toxoplasma gondii is an important protozoan parasite infecting humans and almost all warm-blooded animals. As the only definitive host, cats play a crucial role in the transmission of T. gondii infection by shedding parasite oocysts in their feces. However, little information on T. gondii infection in cats was available in Lanzhou, northwest China. This study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in household and stray cats in Lanzhou, northwest China.

Results
A total of 221 (179 households and 42 strays) blood samples were collected from clinically healthy cats admitted to several pet hospitals located in Lanzhou City, between November 2010 and July 2011 for the serological detection of T. gondii infection. The majority (207) of these cats represented Chinese Lihua cats. 47 of 221 (21.3%) examined cats were seropositive for T. gondii infection using the modified agglutination test (MAT) at the cut-off of 1:25. The seroprevalence in household and stray cats was assessed to be 15.6% and 45.2%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The seroprevalence ranged from 15.1% to 25.8% among different age groups, but the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Studies showed that there was no relationship between seroprevalence and the gender (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
The present survey indicated the high seroprevalence of T. gondii in cats in Lanzhou, northwest China, which poses a threat to animal and human health. Therefore, measures should be taken to control and prevent toxoplasmosis of cats in this area.
BEAM: A Randomized Phase II Study Evaluating the Activity of Bevacizumab in Combination With Carboplatin Plus Paclitaxel in Patients With Previously Untreated Advanced Melanoma
Authors: Kim Kevin B. , Sosman Jeffrey A. , Fruehauf John P. , Linette Gerald P. , Markovic Svetomir N. , McDermott David F. , Weber Jeffrey S. , Nguyen Hoa , Cheverton Peter , Chen Daniel , Peterson Amy C. , Carson William E. , O'Day Steven J. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose Metastatic melanoma, a highly vascularized tumor with strong expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, has an overall poor prognosis. We conducted a placebo-controlled, double-blind phase II study of carboplatin plus paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab in patients with previously untreated metastatic melanoma. Patients and Methods Patients were randomly assigned in a two-to-one ratio to carboplatin (area under the curve, 5) plus paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) and bevacizumab (15 mg/kg; CPB) or placebo (CP) administered intravenously once every 3 weeks. Progression-free survival (PFS) was the primary end point. Secondary end points included overall survival (OS) and safety. Results Two hundred fourteen patients (73% with M1c disease) were randomly assigned. With a median follow-up of 13 months, median PFS was 4.2 months for the CP arm (n = 71) and 5.6 months for the CPB arm (n = 143; hazard ratio [HR], 0.78; P = .1414). Overall response rates were 16.4% and 25.5%, respectively (P = .1577). With 13-month follow-up, median OS was 8.6 months in the CP arm versus 12.3 months in the CPB arm (HR, 0.67; P = .0366), whereas in an evaluation 4 months later, it was 9.2 versus 12.3 months, respectively (HR, 0.79; P = .1916). In patients with elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (n = 84), median PFS and OS were longer in the CPB arm (PFS: 4.4 v 2.7 months; HR, 0.62; OS: 8.5 v 7.5 months; HR, 0.52). No new safety signals were observed. Conclusion The study did not meet the primary objective of statistically significant improvement in PFS with the addition of bevacizumab to carboplatin plus paclitaxel. A larger phase III study will be necessary to determine whether there is benefit to the addition of bevacizumab to carboplatin plus paclitaxel in this disease setting.
Social Role Valorization: A Proposed New Term for the Principle of Normalization
Authors: Wolfensberger Wolf 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The highest goal of the principle of normalization has recently been clarified to be the establishment, enhancement, or defense of the social role(s) of a person or group, via the enhancement of people's social images and personal competencies. In consequence, it is proposed that normalization be henceforth called “social role valorization.”
Originally published in December 1983: Mental Retardation, 21, 234–239
Reflections on a Lifetime in Human Services and Mental Retardation
Authors: Wolfensberger Wolf 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The author, a life member of the American Association on Mental Retardation, has reflected on over 30 years of primary engagement in mental retardation and inventoried what he believes are certain changes for the better and for the worse that have occurred since the 1950s as well as certain things that have not changed. Some action implications were sketched.
Synthesis and structure of a novel tridentate chiral-NHC ligand precursor
Authors: Yang Longguang , Cao Changsheng , Sun Rui , Peng Yu , Zhang Lingzhi , Shi Zhan , Pang Guangsheng , Shi Yanhui 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A novel tridentate chiral imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, a precursor for N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand, was synthesized from (S)-proline in five steps in 24% overall yield. The compound was characterized by NMR and elemental analysis. Its molecular structure was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. This chiral compound has two stereogenic centers which are within two chelating side chains and its specific rotation is -19.6°.
Workplace bullying: the case of teen workers
Authors: Keashly Loraleigh 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Work is an important yet understudied life domain for adolescents that has important implications for their development and well-being. Work relationships, particularly with supervisors and coworkers, are critical influences on teens. To the extent these relationships are negative, as evidenced in workplace bullying, the impact on teens can be wide-ranging and enduring. In this article, research on workplace bullying and its effects is briefly summarized and used as a context for exploring adolescent experiences with bullying on the job, both in terms of their vulnerability to exposure and unique impacts. Implications of these findings for health professionals in the assessment and treatment of teens exposed to workplace bullying are discussed.
Rare cases of disorders of sex development (DSD) in adolescents with female phenotype
Authors: Kristesashvili Jenara , Chipashvili Mariam , Jorbenadze Teimuraz , Greydanus Donald E. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Background: Disorders of sex development (DSD) belong to uncommon pathologies; in addition, there are especially rare forms, such are ovotesticular disorders (OT), Turner syndrome and early malignisation of intraabdominal located gonads in the cases of androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Objective: In this article we present four rare cases of DSD in female phenotype adolescents: two cases of ovotesticular DSD with 46,XX and 46,XY karyotypes; one familial case of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) with early malignancy (19-year-old) of intra-abdominally-located testicle in older siblings, and a case of spontaneous menstruation in a patient with Turner syndrome and mosaic karyotype 45,X/47,XXX. Rare cases of DSD are connected with diagnostic and management difficulties and so description of each such case and collection of data in this field is very important from a scientific, as well as a practical, point of view. Determination of prognosis and adequate management of each individual patient are also essential. Study of this issue is especially sensitive in the case of adolescent patients in order to avoid physiological stress, to reduce health risks and to improve quality of life.