bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principles and Sympathies
Authors: Miller William L. , Timpson Annis May , Lessnoff Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the public’s commitment to a range of microprinciples that seem to reflect attitudes towards what Cranston called ‘political and civil rights’. It then moves on through attitudes towards social conformity and tolerance; and finally looks at attitudes towards micro-principles that seem to reflect what Cranston called ‘economic and social rights’.
Partisanship and Ideology
Authors: Miller William L. , Timpson Annis May , Lessnoff Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter looks at the way in which attitudes to civil and political rights relate to partisanship and self-assigned ideology. The causal implications of that relationship may be ambiguous. It recognizes that a general left-wing or right-wing, Labour or Conservative, orientation may help people to decide their position on new issues as they arise, yet, at the same time, it is the constellation of existing issues and attitudes that gives meaning to such ideological labels as ‘left’ and ‘right’. For most people, the contemporary meaning of such terms as ‘left’, ‘right’, and ‘centre’ is defined by the attitudes and behaviour of those who accept such labels now — or who have these labels thrust upon them.
The Men at the Top
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of the managing director and examines how he defines the organizational structure and degree of commitment in the working organization. It is concerned with the extent to which the managing director can interpret technical and commercial situations and adapt the working organization and elicit the individual commitment to it which the situation calls for. These two aspects of the director's task are related to the two dimensions of the working situation of all subordinate members of the concern: the ‘framework of organization’ and the ‘framework of decision’. Visible power, seniority, and the pressure for limiting commitment and mechanizing the working organization are all focused on the managing director.
The Shaping of Work Relationships
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the work relationships between workers and the management system. It presents an extreme case of the principle by which each individual strives to shape the working organization according to his own conception of his needs and duties. For the individual himself, this could be done most economically by limiting ‘the others’ involved in each working occasion — each case for decision — to one. A form of management was therefore adhered to which consisted in the main of a system of relationships involving two people, with one always the head of the firm.
Two Phases of American Environmentalism: A Critical History
Authors: Guha Ramachandra 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSince John Muir articulated the plea for implementing measures that would advocate the protection of the Western wilderness, the United States has been able to allocate resources for creating and managing a system of national parks that would prove to be one of the most, if not the most, extensive systems in the world. Various literatures on such environmental movements in America are predominantly celebratory in tone. Since this movement was able to successfully protect several components of the wilderness from the side effects and threats imposed by ‘development’, it then shifted its focus to monitoring and controlling the hazardous by-products resulting from modern means of industrialization. Despite this alleged success, it has been realized that such measures have brought about immense negative effects to other ecosystems. This chapter looks into the moral argument raised by the scientific claim for the universality attributed to environmentalist ideals.
Global Commons: Can They Be Managed?
Authors: Hollick A. L. , Cooper R. N. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe chapter discusses the global commons and attempts to answer the question of their manageability. The chapter states that the term resource implies either realized or potential scarcity which results from a situation of actual crowding or potential competition. It explains that the opportunities for managing global commons are diminished by the absence of community. The problem of management is made more complex by the fact that states are technologically and economically disparate, yet the international system retains the legal fiction of sovereign equality for all states. This results in the use of global commons resources being an ongoing source of dissension among nations. The chapter talks about global commons like oceans, from which topics of fishing, navigation, pollution, and the deep sea bed are explored, as well as Antarctica, outer space, the atmosphere, and global climate change.
Palliative care and chaplaincy
Authors: Speck Peter W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses palliative care and chaplaincy, which is also known as spiritual care. To provide spiritual care that is meaningful, relevant, and supportive to the patient requires a process of discernment of what the person's needs might be, an exploration of the options appropriate to meeting those needs, and then engaging together in the relevant ritual or activity. The chapter presents a research perspective of a study that aimed to discover whether there was any link between the strength of a person's belief and the quality of life in old age in a group of elderly spouses. It also provides several accounts that describe the parallels for spiritual care provision.
The Philosophy of Palliative Care
Authors: Randall Fiona , Downie R S 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The idea of a philosophy of palliative care emerged with Cicely Saunders' vision for ‘a good death’, and was developed further with the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of palliative care. It is now being applied not only to cancer patients, but to all patients in end-of-life situations. As this palliative care approach advances, it is important to pause and comment on its effectiveness. It is a philosophy of patient care, and is therefore open to critique and evaluation. Using the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, 3rd edition as their basic reference, the authors present their argument that the palliative care approach has become too busy and over-professionalised, and that it therefore has significant weaknesses. They examine the framework of the specialty – quality of life, autonomy, dignity, patient-centredness, and the priority assigned to relatives in the remit of care – and the moral problems associated with implementing such a philosophy. The resource implications of various healthcare policies are also discussed in relation to the WHO definition. Whilst the authors defend the achievements of palliative care and those who work in the profession, they present suggestions for an alternative philosophy that prompts many ethical and philosophical questions about the future of palliative care.
Resilient families
Authors: Zaider Talia , Kissane David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines a model of family resilience it applies to the setting of palliative care. It attempts to address a question about the characteristics of resilience in families and describes a recently developed model for understanding families in palliative care. It explains the concept and the underlying principles of so-called Family Focused Grief Therapy. It also suggests that the developmental life cycle of the family and its functioning as a group are key parameters in the conceptualization of family resilience.
Resilience and paediatric palliative care
Authors: Marston Joan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines resilience in the paediatric palliative care setting. Children facing life-threatening illness, whether in themselves or a close family member, and children experiencing loss, are made especially vulnerable by external factors and situations over which they have little or no control. Children's resilience can be developed or improved through skilled and compassionate holistic care, involving a multidisciplinary approach.
Resilience and bereavement: Part 2
Authors: Silverman Phyllis R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines how a public health approach might be adopted in a community-based response to the grief people experience after a death of someone important in their lives. It explains that the goal of this intervention is not only to prevent serious problems from developing but to enhance people's ability to cope with grief and bereavement and improve their resilience. It suggests that a different use of language in this type of intervention could lead to a population of people being helped to cope more competently, empowering them to act on their own behalf in a manner that also supports mourners' ability to help each other.
Resilient organizations: Part 1
Authors: Speck Peter 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the resilience of organizations in a palliative care setting. It explains that if resilience relates to an ability to be flexible and responsive in the face of difficult circumstances then it also relates to the ability to remain on task or to return to it when knocked off-task by a variety of influence. This chapter discusses the factors that contribute to off-task activity of staff and provides suggested measures to prevent them.
Resilient organizations: Part 2 Organizational resilience within the National Health Service and cancer care
Authors: Jackson Timothy 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines organizational resilience within the National Health Service and cancer and palliative care in Great Britain. It explains that organizational resilience can be considered as the characteristic of managing the organization's activities to anticipate and circumvent threats to its existence and primary goals and this is shown in an ability to manage severe pressures and conflicts between safety and the primary production or performance goals of the organization. It provides an evaluation of the resilience of the NHS in the various aspects of its operation.
Resilience in resource-poor settings
Authors: Bingley Amanda , McDermott Elizabeth 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the resilience of palliative care providers working in resource-poor settings. Health professional working in these areas face many challenges including the negative impact of globalization, political and military conflicts, and environmental hazards. This chapter investigates the strategies and limits of individual and community responses in attempting to deliver palliative care when challenged by poor levels of education, long-term conflict, and chronically under-resourced healthcare systems.
Proposals for a Convention to Safeguard Europe from Tyranny and Oppression?
Authors: Bates Ed 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the origins and first proposals for a European Convention on Human rights, as well as the origins of the Council of Europe. It discusses the first proposals for a European Court of Human Rights, as advocated by the European Movement and proceeds to address the drafting of the ECHR by the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe. It is argued that the first proposals for the Convention were for a type of European collective pact against totalitarianism. However, the proposals for the Convention that emerged from the Consultative Assembly were such that there was a potential for the Convention to become a European Bill of Rights.
The Strasbourg Court ‘Comes of Age’ (The Judgments of the Late 1970s)
Authors: Bates Ed 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines several key judgments from the late 1970s. It begins with an overview which emphasizes the importance of the contribution made by the Court of the late 1970s to the Strasbourg jurisprudence overall. It considers the teleological approach to interpretation, Strasbourg law on positive obligations, the law relating to evolutive interpretation and the living instrument doctrine, and the approach taken by the Court to restrictions on Convention rights. The remainder of the chapter examines four key cases in which the Court first developed, or made vital contributions to its understanding of the above doctrines: Tyrer v United Kingdom; Marckx v Belgium; Airey v Ireland; and Sunday Times v United Kingdom. The last-mentioned case was particularly important for the development of the margin of appreciation doctrine.
Mercantile Theatres: British Commodities and American Consumers
Authors: Berg Maxine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Developing markets abroad was crucial to the success of new consumer goods. This was achieved by aggressively making British commodities fashionable, a form of branding with British national identity. The new goods were endowed with a British style, and this style was sold abroad. British goods dominated the consumer cultures of the American and Caribbean colonies. Consumers in Europe, enthusiastic in the first three-quarters of the 18th century, were thwarted in the later parts of the century by high tariff barriers, war, and blockades. But the taste for English goods was well entrenched; the goods were imitated in their turn. The large middling-class markets at home and in the American colonies combined with Britain's advanced technologies to give those British goods the edge in Europe as well, as soon as trade barriers were relaxed in the years following the Napoleonic Wars.
Material Constitution and the Trinity
Authors: Brower Jeffrey E. , Rea Michael C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter starts with a precise statement of the problem of the Trinity. It then examines the Aristotelian notion of numerical sameness without identity, explains how it solves the problem of material constitution, and defends it against the most obvious and important objections to it. It also distinguishes numerical sameness without identity from two superficially similar relations. The chapter shows how the Aristotelian solution to the problem of material constitution can be developed into a solution to the problem of the Trinity, and highlights some of the more interesting consequences of the solution. Applying the analogy to the case of God, the chapter suggests that Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are to be understood as doing something analogous to sharing the same matter.
Defending the Consistency of the Doctrine of the Trinity
Authors: Hughes Christopher 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter surveys a variety of different views, but focuses the majority of its critical attention on relative identity solutions. It considers four different strategies for defending the consistency of the doctrine of the Trinity. The first of the strategies is logically conservative, in that it does not depart from any of the assumptions philosophical logicians typically make about identity, sameness, and counting. By bringing out problems for the first strategy, it aims to motivate consideration of two nonconservative strategies. However, it argues that both nonconservative strategies are problematic. It concludes with a consideration and partial defence of a fourth strategy which, in spite of resembling the third strategy in certain ways, is logically conservative.
Divination and the Disciplines of Knowledge according to Augustine
Authors: Klingshirn William E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses divination and the disciplines of knowledge, looking at a sermon preached by Augustine in Hippo shortly before he became bishop, in which he provides a comprehensive survey of all the modes of divine communication with humankind. Augustine's views on divination are a revealing index of his changing sense of disciplines, including the discipline of biblical interpretation. In effect, the pagan art of divination becomes a kind of definitive ‘anti-discipline’ for the purposes of Augustine's theory. Thus he begins his critical review of traditional forms of learning in Book 2 of De Doctrina Christiana with an inventory of superstitious practices, among which examples from technical divination are to the fore.
Introduction: Nature and Function
Authors: Price Carolyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis introductory chapter explains the objective of this book, which is to offer a theory of intentional content and to provide an account of what it is meant when people say that a person is musing about something. This book attempts to develop a theory of biological functions and an account of how we ascribe content to intentional systems. It also discusses a more sophisticated intentional system called a doxastic system and it also looks at simple system referred to as special-purpose systems.
The Core Account
Authors: Price Carolyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter attempts to develop a theory of functions that meets the challenge of being able to reconcile the normative character of function statements with their explanatory force. This proposed account of the theory of functions is based partly on both the aetiological theory and dispositional theory. This chapter suggests that this proposed account is capable of accommodating both the normative character and explanatory force of the function statements.
Neo-Hegelianism, Sovereignty, and Rights
Authors: Jones Charles 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the prospects for reconciliation between cosmopolitanism and communitarianism in international political ethics. A promising means to this end is the neo-Hegelian or constitutive theory defended by Mervyn Frost and Chris Brown. The promise of this approach lies in its ability to defend the ethical value of the state while retaining a commitment to the moral importance of the individual. This chapter agrees with the judgement of Brown that the most central of all issues addressed by normative international relations theory is the question of the moral value to be assigned to state autonomy. On the other hand, the purpose of assessing neo-Hegelian international theory is to judge the worth of a promising approach to this issue.
The Determinants of the Adoption of Information Technology: A Case Study of the Indian Garments Industr
Authors: LAL KAUSHALESH 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn the last two decades, microelectronics, specifically information technology (IT), has brought about significant contributions to the innovative efforts of both developed and developing countries in terms of how it enables improvements of quality and the cutting down of costs. In all industries, microelectronics-based innovations (MBI) have proved to be one of the integral elements in promoting technological upgradation. Because of how IT is able to accommodate much information at high speeds with low unit costs and how microelectronic devices may be programmed in such a way that is suitable for a particular industry, IT can be adopted by almost all industrial activities. This chapter looks into the case of garment manufacturing firms in India. It analyzes both quantitative and qualitative variables in terms of entrepreneurial activities, performance variables, and conduct variables.
Introduction
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Hobbes's anti-scholastic rhetoric reveals his ignorance of the Patristic origin of the phrase ‘union in/according to hypostasis’, or ‘hypostatic union’ (the union of divine and human natures in the second person of the Trinity). But thinkers of considerably greater metaphysical sophistication than Hobbes have found medieval accounts of the hypostatic union wanting. The problem, as seen through modern eyes, lies in the common medieval claim that we should understand the human nature united to the second person of the Trinity to be a thing or (in some sense) a substance. This chapter explains how this medieval understanding arose, and how it relates to the standard expression of orthodox Christology in the creed of the Council of Chalcedon. It also shows that there may be good — or at any rate defensible — philosophical reasons for wanting to make the sort of claim about the assumed nature that the medievals accepted.
The concrete whole–concrete part model pro et contra
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter begins with discussions of Aquinas's rejection of the substance-accident analogy for the hypostatic union, and his use of the analogy of concrete whole and concrete part to help understand the hypostatic union. It looks at some medieval responses to Aquinas's account. Aquinas's opponents all draw attention to the inapplicability of the whole-part model, on the grounds that it will not yield the appropriate sort of whole — namely, a person with irreducibly two natures: natures that are not themselves parts of some third sort of thing or nature. It also considers some possible origins of Aquinas's theory.
The Ratio Terminandi Essence or Personal Property?
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines a question that only received serious attention in the years after Aquinas's death: in virtue of which of its properties — that is, the essence or the personal property — is it possible for a divine person to be incarnate? The issue is just to do with the feature of the divine person that allows it to sustain (to exemplify) human nature. The property in virtue of which it is possible for a divine person to have a human nature is referred to as a divine person's S-property. The question, then, is whether the S-property is the Son's essence (or a property itself had in virtue of his essence), or the Son's personal property (or a property itself had in virtue of his personal property).
The historical background
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the definition of subsistence — what it is for an individual nature to subsist. Given that the human nature is an individual substance, or substance-like thing, we do not need a complete account of subsistence in order to avoid Nestorianism (the claim that there are two persons in Christ, divine and human, such that the divine person is not properly speaking the subject of any human properties) — where a complete account of subsistence is a complete list of conditions individually necessary and jointly sufficient for subsistence. All we need is a way of blocking the subsistence of the assumed human nature. It is shown that the elements of this were clearly in place by the mid-12th century. In other words, all we need to avoid Nestorianism is that the Word is the (ultimate) subject of human attributes.
Esse Theories of Subsistence
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
According to Aquinas, Henry of Ghent, and Giles of Rome, esse is the mark of subsistence. Giles is unequivocal in positing esse as the solution to the subsistence problem: a subsistent nature can be distinguished from a non-subsistent nature in terms of the addition of esse. Henry of Ghent most probably accepts something like this too. But the position in Aquinas is more complex. This chapter argues that, while esse is unequivocally the mark of subsistence for Aquinas, Aquinas is unclear whether he sees esse as something that, along with a nature, irreducibly belongs to a suppositum, such that the nature and the esse might be thought of as in some sense parts of the suppositum, or whether he sees esse as something that under the right circumstances could belong to a nature — namely, to a nature that subsists. Strictly speaking, only the second of these views generates a subsistence problem. The first of these two views is Aquinas's ‘official’ one, the view that he adopts in every ex professo discussion of the essential differences between natures and supposita. But Aquinas certainly talks in the second sort of way too. It is argued that his ambivalence here ties in precisely with an ambiguity in his presentation of the composition between essence and esse.