bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic evolution of low pathogenecity H9N2 Avian influenza viruses in Tunisia: acquisition of new mutations
Authors: Tombari Wafa , Nsiri Jihene , Larbi Imen , Guerin Jean Luc , Ghram Abdeljelil 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
Since the end of 2009, H9N2 has emerged in Tunisia causing several epidemics in poultry industry resulting in major economic losses. To monitor variations of Influenza viruses during the outbreaks, Tunisian H9N2 virus isolates were identified and genetically characterized.

Methods
The genomic RNA segments of Tunisian H9N2 strains were subjected to RT-PCR amplifications followed by sequencing analysis.

Results
Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that A/Ck/TUN/12/10 and A/Migratory Bird/TUN/51/10 viruses represent multiple reassortant lineages, with genes coming from Middle East strains, and share the common ancestor Qa/HK/G1/97 isolate which has contributed internal genes of H5N1 virus circulating in Asia. Some of the internal genes seemed to have undergone broad reassortments with other influenza subtypes. Deduced amino acid sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene showed the presence of additional glycosylation site and Leu at position 234 indicating to binding preference to α (2, 6) sialic acid receptors, indicating their potential to directly infect humans. The Hemagglutinin cleavage site motif sequence is
333

PARSSR*GLF

341
which indicates the low pathogenicity nature of the Tunisian H9N2 strains and the potential to acquire the basic amino acids required for the highly pathogenic strains. Their neuraminidase protein (NA) carried substitutions in the hemadsorption (HB) site, similar to those of other avian H9N2 viruses from Asia, Middle Eastern and human pandemic H2N2 and H3N2 that bind to α -2, 6 -linked receptors. Two avian virus-like aa at positions 661 (A) and 702 (K), similar to H5N1 strains, were identified in the polymerase (PB2) protein. Likewise, matrix (M) protein carried some substitutions which are linked with increasing replication in mammals. In addition, H9N2 strain recently circulating carried new polymorphism, "GSEV" PDZ ligand (PL) C-terminal motif in its non structural (NS) protein.
Two new aa substitutions (I) and (V), that haven't been previously reported, were identified in the polymerase and matrix proteins, respectively. Nucleoprotein and non-structural protein carried some substitutions similar to H5N1 strains.

Conclusion
Considering these new mutations, the molecular basis of tropism, host responses and enhanced virulence will be defined and studied. Otherwise, Continuous monitoring of viral genetic changes throughout the year is warranted to monitor variations of Influenza viruses in the field.
A proteomic analysis of the regulon of the NarP two-component regulatory system response regulator in the bovine pathogen Mannheimia haemolytica A1
Authors: Inamoto Ichiro , Lo Reggie 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
The response of the NarQP two-component signal transduction system regulon in response to the presence of nitrate for the bovine pathogen Mannheimia haemolytica A1 was investigated by proteomic analysis. Total proteins from a narP mutant and the parent SH1217 grown with or without NaNO3 supplement were examined by ISO-DALT 2D electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Results
Seventeen proteins were differentially expressed in the parent strain SH1217 in response to the addition of NaNO3 to the growth media. These responses were absent in the narP mutant, indicating that the altered production of these proteins is mediated by NarP
Mh
. Interestingly, NarP
Mh
mediated the increased production of some proteins which are not generally associated with nitrate respiration, such as the iron transporters FbpA and YfeA. The increased production of proteins such as superoxide dismutase, SodA, and GAPDH were also observed. The increased production of these iron-regulated proteins by NarP
Mh
is thought to enhance the swift establishment of the nitrate respiration mechanism of M. haemolytica during pathogenesis.

Conclusion
The data suggested NarP
Mh
acts as an important regulator which regulates the expression of a small set of proteins in response to nitrate availability. This may contribute to the prevalence of M. haemolytica A1 in its host during pathogenesis of BPP, through enhancing the effectiveness of nitrate respiration either directly or indirectly.
Remobilization of Sleeping Beauty transposons in the germline of Xenopus tropicalis
Authors: Yergeau Donald A , Kelley Clair M , Kuliyev Emin , Zhu Haiqing , Johnson Hamlet Michelle R , Sater Amy K , Wells Dan E , Mead Paul E 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system has been used for germline transgenesis of the diploid frog, Xenopus tropicalis. Injecting one-cell embryos with plasmid DNA harboring an SB transposon substrate together with mRNA encoding the SB transposase enzyme resulted in non-canonical integration of small-order concatemers of the transposon. Here, we demonstrate that SB transposons stably integrated into the frog genome are effective substrates for remobilization.

Results
Transgenic frogs that express the SB 10 transposase were bred with SB transposon-harboring animals to yield double-transgenic 'hopper' frogs. Remobilization events were observed in the progeny of the hopper frogs and were verified by Southern blot analysis and cloning of the novel integrations sites. Unlike the co-injection method used to generate founder lines, transgenic remobilization resulted in canonical transposition of the SB transposons. The remobilized SB transposons frequently integrated near the site of the donor locus; approximately 80% re-integrated with 3 Mb of the donor locus, a phenomenon known as 'local hopping'.

Conclusions
In this study, we demonstrate that SB transposons integrated into the X. tropicalis genome are effective substrates for excision and re-integration, and that the remobilized transposons are transmitted through the germline. This is an important step in the development of large-scale transposon-mediated gene- and enhancer-trap strategies in this highly tractable developmental model system.
PPARδ regulates satellite cell proliferation and skeletal muscle regeneration
Authors: Angione Alison R , Jiang Chunhui , Pan Dongning , Wang Yong-Xu , Kuang Shihuan 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of nuclear receptors that play important roles in development and energy metabolism. Whereas PPARδ has been shown to regulate mitochondrial biosynthesis and slow-muscle fiber types, its function in skeletal muscle progenitors (satellite cells) is unknown. Since constitutive mutation of Pparδ leads to embryonic lethality, we sought to address this question by conditional knockout (cKO) of Pparδ using Myf5-Cre/Pparδ

flox/flox
alleles to ablate PPARδ in myogenic progenitor cells. Although Pparδ-cKO mice were born normally and initially displayed no difference in body weight, muscle size or muscle composition, they later developed metabolic syndrome, which manifested as increased body weight and reduced response to glucose challenge at age nine months. Pparδ-cKO mice had 40% fewer satellite cells than their wild-type littermates, and these satellite cells exhibited reduced growth kinetics and proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, regeneration of Pparδ-cKO muscles was impaired after cardiotoxin-induced injury. Gene expression analysis showed reduced expression of the Forkhead box class O transcription factor 1 (FoxO1) gene in Pparδ-cKO muscles under both quiescent and regenerating conditions, suggesting that PPARδ acts through FoxO1 in regulating muscle progenitor cells. These results support a function of PPARδ in regulating skeletal muscle metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and they establish a novel role of PPARδ in muscle progenitor cells and postnatal muscle regeneration.
Matrix metalloproteinase-3 inhibitor retards treadmill running-induced cartilage degradation in rats
Authors: Ni Guo-Xin , Zhan Li-Qiong , Gao Mei-Qin , Lei Lei , Zhou Yue-Zhu , Pan Yan-Xia 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Introduction

The effect of intra-articular injection of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 inhibitor was investigated in a rat model to understand the role of MMP-3 in cartilage degradation induced by excessive loading from running.

Methods

A total of 24 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into groups of sedentary control (SED), high-intensity running (HIR), HIR + low dosage of MMP-3 Inhibitor I (HIRI1), and HIR + high dosage of MMP-3 Inhibitor I (HIRI2). Rats in the HIR, HIRI1 and HIRI2 groups were intensively trained for six weeks on the treadmill. Those in HIRI1 and HIRI2 groups were provided bilateral intra-articular injections of 80 μL of 0.2 mM and 2 mM MMP-3 Inhibitor I in knee joints once a week, respectively. Blood samples were collected to measure serum MMP-3 level using ELISA. Femoral condyles were collected to observe cartilage characteristics by histochemistry, and MMP-3 as well as collagen II was measured by immunohistochemistry. In addition, cartilage samples were obtained to assess MMP-3 mRNA expression by RT-PCR.

Results

Histological examination showed osteoarthritic changes in rats after six weeks of high intensity running. In comparison to the SED group, significant decreases in glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and collagen content were found in the HIR group, which corresponded to significant increase in serum MMP-3 level, cartilage MMP-3 activity and gene expression. However, such a degradative process was considerably retarded by intra-articular injection of MMP-3 inhibitor at higher dosage. Statistical differences were found between the HIR and HIRI2 groups with regard to GAG and collagen II content, serum MMP-3 level, cartilage MMP-3 activity and gene expression.

Conclusions

High-intensity running for six weeks may lead to cartilage degradation in a rat model. It was shown that the chrondroprotective effect was offered by the use of intra-articular injection of MMP-3 inhibitor. MMP-3 acts as the key mediator of this catabolic change under such mechanical condition. The results also showed that MMP-3 selective inhibitor may be an effective option for retarding such osteoarthritic changes.
Molecular mechanisms of glycine transporter GlyT2 mutations in startle disease
Authors: James Victoria M. , Gill Jennifer L. , Topf Maya , Harvey Robert J. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Startle disease affects newborn children and involves an exaggerated startle response and muscle hypertonia in response to acoustic or tactile stimuli. The primary cause of startle disease is defective inhibitory glycinergic transmission due to mutations in the postsynaptic glycine receptor (GlyR) α1 subunit gene (GLRA1). However, mutations have also been discovered in the genes encoding the GlyR β subunit (GLRB) and the presynaptic glycine transporter GlyT2 (SLC6A5). GlyT2 mutations have also been detected in Belgian Blue cattle and Irish Wolfhounds, where they have significant economic and animal welfare impacts.
The role of mean platelet volume in predicting thrombotic events
Authors: Colkesen Yucel , Muderrisoglu Haldun 
Published: November 2011

AbstractStudies on platelet function have accelerated and gained popularity since the advent of novel treatment modalities and techniques on atherosclerotic vascular disease, such as antiplatelet drugs and stents. Today it is widely known that platelets exert a fundamental role in inflammation in addition to their long known role in homeostasis and thrombotic events. Interaction with endothelial cells and leukocytes mediates inflammation, contributes to atherogenesis and modulates immune activity. Platelet activation which is a central factor in many arterial disorders may be triggered by multiple pathways. Platelet activation is shown as forming a larger shape, aggregation and releasing various active contents. Mean platelet volume is a marker of platelet size, function and activation. Increased mean platelet volume is shown by active and large platelets that release more thromboxane A2 than smaller ones. The aim of this review is to determine whether early detection of platelet activation via increased mean platelet volume would help to recognize the pro-inflammatory state and administer appropriate and effective treatment properly. An easily detectable marker by using a prompt and functional technique would help our approach to inflammation caused by platelets.
Associations of IGF1 and its binding proteins with abdominal aortic aneurysm and aortic diameter in older men
Authors: Yeap Bu B , Chubb S A Paul , McCaul Kieran A , Flicker Leon , Ho Ken K Y , Golledge Jonathan , Hankey Graeme J , Norman Paul E 
Published: November 2011

ObjectiveAbdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is most prevalent in older men. GH secretion declines with age resulting in reduced IGF1 levels. IGF1 and its binding proteins (IGFBPs) are expressed in vasculature, and lower IGF1 levels have been associated with cardiovascular risk factors and disease. However, the relationship of the IGF1 system with aortic dilation and AAA is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that circulating IGF1 and IGFBPs are associated with AAA and aortic diameter in older men.DesignA cross-sectional analysis involving 3981 community-dwelling men aged 70–89 years was performed.MethodsAbdominal aortic diameter was measured by ultrasound. Plasma total IGF1, IGFBP1 and IGFBP3 were measured by immunoassays.ResultsAfter adjustment for age, body mass index, waist:hip ratio, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, coronary heart disease and serum creatinine, a higher IGF1 level was associated with AAA (odds ratio (OR)/1 s.d. increase 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–1.33, P=0.006), as was the ratio of IGF1/IGFBP3 (OR=1.22, 95% CI 1.10–1.35, P<0.001). Highest IGF1 concentrations compared with lowest quintile were significantly associated with AAA (quintile (Q) 5 vs Q1: OR=1.80, 95% CI 1.20–2.70, P=0.004) as were IGF1/IGFBP3 ratios (Q5 vs Q1: OR=2.52, 95% CI 1.59–4.02, P<0.001). IGF1 and IGFBP1 were independently associated with aortic diameter (β=0.200, 95% CI 0.043–0.357, P=0.012 and β=0.274, 95% CI 0.098–0.449, P=0.002 respectively).ConclusionsIn older men, higher IGF1 and an increased ratio of IGF1/IGFBP3 are associated with AAA, while IGFBP1 is independently associated with increased aortic diameter. Components of the IGF1 system may contribute to, or be a marker for, aortic dilation in ageing men.
GPUSVM: a comprehensive CUDA based support vector machine package
Authors: Li Qi , Salman Raied , Test Erik , Strack Robert , Kecman Vojislav 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
GPUSVM (Graphic Processing Unit Support Vector Machine) is a Computing Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) based Support Vector Machine (SVM) package. It is designed to offer an end-user a fully functional and user friendly SVM tool which utilizes the power of GPUs. The core package includes an efficient cross validation tool, a fast training tool and a predicting tool. In this article, we first introduce the background theory of how we build our parallel SVM solver using CUDA programming model. Then we compare our GPUSVM package with the popular state of the art Libsvm package on several well known datasets. The preliminary results have shown one to two orders of magnitude speed improvement in both training and predicting phases compared to Libsvm using our Tesla server.
Santé publique et politique sécuritaire
Authors: Bernard Olivier 
Published: November 2011

Résumé Si le « discours de Grenoble » du président de la République en juillet 2010 marque une rupture et contribue à renforcer encore un peu plus la stigmatisation des Roms, nous avons souhaité, au-delà de cette prise de parole, nous interroger sur des évolutions législatives et réglementaires à mettre sur le compte de la politique sécuritaire et leur impact dans le champ de la santé. En analysant, au travers d’exemples concrets (accès aux soins des personnes en situation irrégulière, remise en cause du droit au séjour pour raisons médicales, réforme de la psychiatrie, restriction du champ d’intervention des acteurs de l’aide, etc.), les modifications récentes de textes de loi, nous démontrons que ces évolutions ne sont pas sous-tendues par des logiques sanitaires mais contribuent à la gestion des flux migratoires, voire au maintien de l’ordre social, et renforcent les inégalités sociales de santé au moment même où la réduction de ce gradient est annoncée comme une priorité.
Corps médical : le chaud et le froid
Authors: Mascret Damien 
Published: November 2011

Résumé En un peu plus de quatre ans, Nicolas Sarkozy aura soufflé le chaud et le froid sur les médecins libéraux, brandissant ici la menace de détruire l’un des piliers de la médecine libérale – la liberté d’installation – avant de céder là-bas sur une revalorisation du C à 23 euros à laquelle les médecins libéraux n’osaient plus croire. Au-delà de ces aspects économiques, les médecins se souviendront surtout de leur humiliante mise à l’écart lors de la vaccination contre la grippe A (H1N1) ou des mesures vexatoires de la loi HPST, à moins qu’ils ne retiennent l’adoucissement de ces dernières lors des discussions parlementaires et les promesses d’une vaste concertation (en cours) sur la médecine de proximité...
La Linguistique fondée sur l'usage : parcours critique
Authors: Legallois Dominique , François Jacques 
Published: November 2011

Résumé Cet article est une introduction critique à la notion de linguistique fondée sur l’usage. Il discute les principes liés à cette perspective, en particulier ceux de « usage-emploi », de fréquence, d’analogie, d’exemplaire et de schématicité, de prototypicité, de productivité et créativité. Il montre que certains de ces principes sont présents depuis longtemps dans l’histoire de la linguistique : le débat anomalie / analogie depuis Sextus Empiricus, mais – plus récemment – la notion d’ exemplaire présente dans les travaux de Saussure et Coseriu. A partir d’analyse d’exemples, le travail distingue entre productivité et créativité (une phrase formée à partir de la « fusion » entre deux constructions ou plus). L’article se conclut par une discussion générale sur l’argument de l’usage dans une conception de la langue comme système adaptatif émergeant de l’interaction entre cognition et culture.
La notion de grammaire usage-based chez Langacker. Emergence et développement
Authors: Fortis Jean-Michel 
Published: November 2011

Résumé Cet article retrace les étapes qui ont conduit Langacker de la grammaire transformationnelle jusqu’à un modèle qui rend compte de la productivité linguistique au moyen de schémas abstraits des formes en usage. Le rejet par Langacker de la grammaire générative provient avant tout de l’objectif premier qu’il assigne à la linguistique, et qui est de décrire la relation entre sens et forme. Cette approche « médiationnelle » (au sens de Huck et Goldsmith) transparaît dans les travaux de sa première période transformationnelle, par exemple dans ses études sur les interrogatives et dans sa tentative d’explication fonctionnelle des règles de mouvement. Le premier modèle grammatical original qu’il développe est dans la continuité de ces premiers travaux, et est marqué par l’héritage de la sémantique générative. Ce premier modèle évolue ensuite vers une théorie centrée sur la valence plus que sur la constituance. Dans ce modèle fondé sur la valence, la combinaison des signes vient à supplanter les règles génératives en tant que principe d’explication de la productivité linguistique. Cette évolution débouche sur une théorie où la composition des signes est un processus empiriste, fondé sur la reconnaissance de schémas, l’abstraction, et la catégorisation plus ou moins « floue ».
Les faits statistiques comme objectivation ou comme interprétation : statistiques et modèles basés sur l'usage
Authors: Loiseau Sylvain 
Published: November 2011

Résumé La notion de fréquence est centrale dans les modèles dits « basés sur l’usage », notamment parce qu’elle permet d’articuler les faits linguistiques observables et les processus cognitifs postulés. La fréquence est alors une notion théorique et abstraite. Dans ce cadre théorique, la fréquence intervient également de plus en plus souvent dans la pratique descriptive, à travers corpus et méthodes quantitatives. Cependant, l’articulation entre la première fréquence, théorique et abstraite, et la fréquence concrète que les méthodes quantitatives permettent d’observer est difficile à établir. Il est souvent souligné que la nature exacte de la fréquence est peu claire, tant d’un point de vue descriptif que conceptuel. Cet article montre d’abord que cette question de « l’opérationnalisation » de la fréquence est ancienne. Il propose des éléments de discussion sur la fréquence qui importent pour l’interprétation des faits quantitatifs et pour leur utilisation dans la description, particulièrement dans les modèles basés sur l’usage.
Les employés sous la république de Weimar
Authors: Vincent Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: November 2011

Résumé En 1932, l’écrivain allemand Hans Fallada publie le roman Quoi de neuf, petit homme ? (Kleiner Mann, was nun ?) : le livre, qui décrit la prolétarisation d’un couple d’employés affectés par le chômage de la crise économique des années 1930, devient un bestseller en Allemagne et à l’étranger dès l’année de sa publication. L’article se propose dans un premier temps de revenir sur les facteurs expliquant ce succès, en montrant ses liens avec la sociologie naissante des employés et les œuvres littéraires et artistiques érigeant ce groupe comme emblème de la modernité sociale et culturelle de l’entre-deux-guerres. Dans un second temps, l’article montrera qu’en dépit d’une historiographie riche sur les employés depuis 1945, le roman intéresse l’historien actuel en ce qu’il invite à l’exploration de champs encore peu connus de recherche tels que la culture quotidienne, la sphère familiale et la langue de ce groupe social.
Milan Kundera, historien de la contingence
Authors: Boureau Alain 
Published: November 2011

Résumé L’auteur, médiéviste, entend tirer les leçons historiennes que donne La Plaisanterie de Milan Kundera, son premier roman, achevé en 1965. Au-delà de la dénonciation du stalinisme, le roman met en scène la saisie du changement temporel comme chaos, rétif à toute permanence ou à toute évolution. Dès lors, il devient impossible de penser le passage de l’individuel au collectif : le propre du totalitarisme ordinaire est de supprimer toute saisie possible et explicite des modalités de constitution d’une collectivité. On analyse la destruction, dans le texte et dans la vie de son héros, des grands ressorts romanesques et existentiels, comme autant de déroutes de l’intention : la vengeance, la rencontre, l’identité, la complicité de la plaisanterie. Devant le chaos, le romancier et l’historien doivent formuler des hypothèses qui tentent de dépasser le désordre individuel. La Plaisanterie nous rappelle formellement que l’histoire est la science du contingent.
D'Homère à L'Immeuble Yacoubian
Authors: Carrez-Maratray Jean-Yves 
Published: November 2011

Résumé Cet article aborde les réflexions sur les relations d’empathie que doit entretenir l’égyptologue français avec son pays d’accueil, selon le concept antique de métoïkos, étranger domicilié. Pour réduire l’écart, autant culturel que chronologique, qui le sépare de son objet d’étude, et par-delà des différences irréductibles entre le monde pharaonique et l’Égypte contemporaine, la comparaison d’un roman comme L’Immeuble Yacoubian avec des sources antiques, romanesques ou papyrologiques, ouvre des perspectives analogiques sur, par exemple, le concept de « résistance passive » dans la société égyptienne.