bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Soft Sensor for Diesel Fuel Quality Estimation
Authors: Bolf N. , Galinec G. , Baksa T. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA soft sensor was developed for quality estimation of diesel fuel as the crude distillation unit product. Due to the stringent fuel quality standards and the growing need to produce various gradations of quality with different feeds, laboratory testing and quality control of the products have become a necessity. On the basis of available continuous temperature measurements and flows of appropriate process streams, software sensors for estimating the cold filter plugging point of diesel fuel were developed. Nonlinear software sensor models were built with the best results achieved by using multilayer neural networks. Statistical data analysis was carried out and the data were critically evaluated. The results showed that soft sensors can be applied for refinery product quality estimation of diesel fuel as an alternative to laboratory testing. So, it becomes possible to continuously estimate fuel quality and to apply methods of inferential control for plant operation optimization.
Model for Calculation of Agglomerate Sizes of Nanoparticles in a Vibro‐fluidized Bed
Authors: Wang H. , Zhou T. , Yang J.‐S. , Wang J.‐J. , Kage H. , Mawatari Y. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe behavior of SiO2 nanoparticles and the effects of operating conditions on nanoparticle agglomerate sizes have been investigated under conditions created in a vibro‐fluidized bed (VFB). The experimental results reveal that the vibrations imposed in the bed can suppress slugging and/or channeling, in contrast to conventional fluidization with upflow only. The vibrations imposed in the particle bed affect both the minimum fluidization velocity and the agglomerate size, both of which decrease with increases in the energy introduced to the bed by the vibrations. The effect of vibrations on the agglomeration in vibro‐fluidized beds of nanoparticles depends on the critical vibration frequency corresponding to a minimum agglomerate size. Both the amplitude and the frequency of the applied vibrations have significant effects on the agglomerate size. The experimental results and the consequent analysis reveal that increasing levels of vibrations in the bed yields finer agglomerates. The Richardson‐Zaki scaling law combined with Stokes law permits the prediction of agglomerate sizes and the extent of initial bed voidage. The average agglomerate sizes predicted are in good agreement with those determined experimentally.
CO2 Absorption into Aqueous Solutions of a Polyamine (PZEA), a Sterically Hindered Amine (AMP), and their Blends
Authors: Dubois L. , Kahasha Mbasha P. , Thomas D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAmong numerous techniques existing for reducing CO2 emissions, CO2 capture by absorption in aqueous alkanolamine solutions was specifically studied in this work. For the choice of the adequate amine solution, two major criteria must be taken into account: absorption performances (higher with primary and secondary amines) and energy costs for solvent regeneration (more interesting with tertiary and sterically hindered amines). The different types of amines can also be mixed in order to combine the specific advantages of each type of amines, an activation phenomenon being observed. Aqueous solutions of (piperazinyl‐1)‐2‐ethylamine (PZEA, a polyamine known as absorption activator) and 1‐amino‐2‐propanol (AMP, a sterically hindered amine), pure or mixed with other amines, are experimentally compared with respect to CO2 removal performances by means of absorption test runs achieved in a special gas‐liquid contactor at 25 °C. The positive impact of addition of PZEA to monoethanolamine (MEA), N‐methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and AMP solutions was clearly highlighted. The absorption performances have also been satisfactorily simulated with coherent physicochemical data.
Study of Aromatic Compounds Derived from Sugarcane Bagasse: II. Effect of Concentration
Authors: Al Arni S. , Drake A. F. , Del Borghi M. , Converti A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe results of a set of experiments that were designed to integrate current knowledge on the major constituents of sugarcane bagasse lignin, specifically p‐coumaric, ferulic, syringic acids, and vanillin are presented. These aromatic compounds have well‐known antioxidant power and they are very important for the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. Following a study on the effect of pH upon the spectra of these monomers and the determination of their pKa values, their self‐association properties in ethanol as a solvent, particularly at concentrations < 10–4 M were investigated using UV spectrophotometry and their Kass values were determined. The results collected allowed to better understand the chemistry of sugarcane lignin and provide a contribution to the possible exploitation of this abundant straw material for the recovery of fine chemicals.
Relating Complex Fluid Composition and Thermophysical Properties with the Advanced Distillation Curve Approach
Authors: Bruno T. J. , Ott L. S. , Lovestead T. M. , Huber M. L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractComplex fluids have long posed a significant challenge in our ability to characterize and model fluid properties. Here, we consider complex fluids to be mixtures with many components that can differ significantly in polarity and polarizability. The penultimate complex fluid is crude oil, although many other fluids such as finished fuels are also highly complex. We have recently introduced a measurement strategy that can simplify these efforts and provides the added potential of linking chemical composition (i.e. analytical) information with physical property information. In addition to chemical characterization, the approach provides the ability to calculate thermodynamic and transport properties for such complex heterogeneous streams. The technique is based on the advanced distillation curve (ADC) metrology, which separates a complex fluid by distillation into fractions that are sampled, and for which thermodynamically consistent temperatures are measured at atmospheric pressure. The collected sample fractions can be analyzed by any method that is appropriate. Analytical methods we have applied include gas chromatography (with flame ionization, mass spectrometric and sulfur chemiluminescence detection), thin‐layer chromatography, FTIR, Karl Fischer coulombic titrimetry, refractometry, corrosivity analysis, neutron activation analysis and cold neutron prompt gamma activation analysis. We have applied this method on product streams such as finished fuels (gasoline, diesel fuels, aviation fuels, rocket propellants), crude oils (including a crude oil made from swine manure) and waste oil streams (used automotive and transformer oils). In this review, we describe the essential features of the ADC metrology with illustrative examples.
Electronic Structure and Reactivity of a [1],[1]Disilamolybdenocenophane
Authors: Arnold Thomas , Braunschweig Holger , Gross Manuela , Kaupp Martin , Müller Robert , Radacki Krzysztof 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe electronic structure of the two‐fold bridged [1],[1]disilamolybdenocenophane has been analyzed by means of density functional theory. As predicted, the relatively high charge at the metal center and, in particular, the highly strained geometry determine a noticeable reactivity towards unsaturated organic substrates. Thus, treatment with the nonpolar reagents 2‐butyne and azobenzene leads to side‐on coordination of the substrate to the metal center, whereas the reaction with polartert‐butylisonitrile gives a highly unusual structural motif in the form of anansa‐carbene.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Activation of Cyclobutanols: Formation of Cyclohexane Derivatives with Quaternary Stereogenic Centers
Authors: Seiser Tobias , Cramer Nicolai 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe activation of carbon–carbon σ bonds is a complementary method to access uncommon and difficult‐to‐prepare organometallic species. Herein, we describe the activation of tert‐cyclobutanols through an enantioselective insertion of a chiral rhodium(I) complex into the CC σ bond of the cyclobutane, forming a quaternary stereogenic center and an alkyl‐rhodium functionality that initiates ring‐closure reactions. This technology provides access to a variety of substituted cyclohexane derivatives with quaternary stereogenic centers. The formation of different product families can be controlled by the employed set of reaction conditions and additives. In general, high yields and excellent enantioselectivities of up to 99 % ee are obtained.
Untersuchungen zur Zytotoxizität von photokatalytisch aktiven Titandioxid‐Nanopartikeln
Authors: Kasper C. , Bloh J. Z. , Wagner S. , Bahnemann D. W. , Scheper T. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractNanopartikel aus Titandioxid können unter Absorption von UV‐Strahlung reaktive Radikale bilden, die in der Lage sind, viele organische Substanzen abzubauen. Diese Eigenschaft bietet zahlreiche industrielle Anwendungen, birgt aber auch das Risiko schädlicher Auswirkungen auf lebende Organismen. Untersucht wurde die Zytotoxizität von fünf unterschiedlichen Titandioxid‐Nanopartikeln auf vier verschiedene Säugerzelllinien. Außerdem wurden die Zellen während der Untersuchungen mit UV‐Strahlung behandelt, um den Einfluss der photokatalytischen Aktivität auf die Zytotoxizität zu untersuchen.
Untersuchung zum Ausströmverhalten aus geschlitzten Rohren
Authors: Urbaneck T. , Held A. , Platzer B. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFür zahlreiche Aufgaben in der Chemie‐ und Verfahrenstechnik ist es notwendig, Behälter oder Speicher mit Fluiden zu beladen. Dabei erfordern verschiedene Prozesse, dass die Beladung räumlich gleichmäßig abläuft. Eine Möglichkeit, dieses Ziel zu erreichen, besteht darin, Rohrsysteme zur Beladung einzusetzen, die eine definierte Anzahl an äquidistanten Ausströmöffnungen besitzen, über die das Fluid in den Behälter strömt. Für die konstruktive Gestaltung solcher Systeme stellt sich die Frage, unter welchen Geometrie‐ und Betriebseigenschaften das Ausströmen aus den Öffnungen entlang des Rohres gleichmäßig erfolgt. Dieser Artikel beschreibt anhand eines Beispiels aus der thermischen Energiespeichertechnik, wie das Ausströmverhalten aus geschlitzten Rohren mit Widerstandsbeiwerten berechnet (einfacher Ansatz mit analytischen Gleichungen) und mit numerischer Strömungssimulation (aufwendiger Ansatz) simuliert werden kann. Weiterhin erfolgen die Darstellung und der Vergleich der Ergebnisse beider Ansätze für verschiedene Geometrie‐ und Betriebsparameter.
Fallstudie zur Vorausberechnung Henryscher Koeffizienten
Authors: Franke R. , Jung S. , Hannebauer B. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGaslöslichkeiten gehören zu den Stoffdaten, die grundlegend für eine Vielzahl chemisch‐technischer Einsatzfelder sind. Sie stellen beispielsweise die Stoffdatenbasis für Absorptionsprozesse dar und sind wichtig bei der Auslegung von Gas/Flüssig‐Reaktoren. In dieser Arbeit werden Henrysche Koeffizienten als Maß für die Gaslöslichkeit mit einer Reihe von in der industriellen Praxis eingesetzten Rechenansätzen bestimmt und mit experimentell ermittelten Zahlenwerten verglichen. Untersuchungsgegenstand sind temperaturvariierte Werte für Kohlenwasserstoff/Alkohol‐Systeme. Von den eingesetzten Methoden zeigen Predictive Soave‐Redlich‐Kwong (PSRK), Universal Quasichemical Functional Group Activity Coefficients (UNIFAC(Do)) und Conductor like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO‐RS) die höchste Vorhersagegüte.
Untersuchung verschiedener Stromführungen zur Nitrierung von Benzol im Kapillarreaktor
Authors: Ufer A. , Janßen‐Weetz S. , Agar D. W. , Rodermund K. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAnhand der Nitrierung von Benzol wird die Steigerung von Umsatz und Selektivität in mehreren Mikroreaktorstufen mit unterschiedlicher Konzentrationsführung untersucht. Im Gegenstrom wird im Vergleich zum Gleichstrom ein höherer Umsatz des Benzols bei stöchiometrischem Verhältnis erzielt. Durch Verschaltung der Nitriersäure im Kreuzstrom wird eine erhebliche Verminderung der Dinitrobenzole beobachtet.
Multiscale agent‐based consumer market modeling
Authors: North Michael J. , Macal Charles M. , Aubin James St. , Thimmapuram Prakash , Bragen Mark , Hahn June , Karr James , Brigham Nancy , Lacy Mark E. , Hampton Delaine 
Published: February 2010

AbstractConsumer markets have been studied in great depth, and many techniques have been used to represent them. These have included regression‐based models, logit models, and theoretical market‐level models, such as the NBD‐Dirichlet approach. Although many important contributions and insights have resulted from studies that relied on these models, there is still a need for a model that could more holistically represent the interdependencies of the decisions made by consumers, retailers, and manufacturers. When the need is for a model that could be used repeatedly over time to support decisions in an industrial setting, it is particularly critical. Although some existing methods can, in principle, represent such complex interdependencies, their capabilities might be outstripped if they had to be used for industrial applications, because of the details this type of modeling requires. However, a complementary method—agent‐based modeling—shows promise for addressing these issues. Agent‐based models use business‐driven rules for individuals (e.g., individual consumer rules for buying items, individual retailer rules for stocking items, or individual firm rules for advertizing items) to determine holistic, system‐level outcomes (e.g., to determine if brand X's market share is increasing). We applied agent‐based modeling to develop a multi‐scale consumer market model. We then conducted calibration, verification, and validation tests of this model. The model was successfully applied by Procter & Gamble to several challenging business problems. In these situations, it directly influenced managerial decision making and produced substantial cost savings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2010
Language networks: Their structure, function, and evolution
Authors: Solé Ricard V. , Corominas‐Murtra Bernat , Valverde Sergi , Steels Luc 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHuman language is the key evolutionary innovation that makes humans different from other species. And yet, the fabric of language is tangled and all levels of description (from semantics to syntax) involve multiple layers of complexity. Recent work indicates that the global traits displayed by such levels can be analyzed in terms of networks of connected words. Here, we review the state of the art on language webs and their potential relevance to cognitive science. The emergence of syntax through language acquisition is used as a case study to illustrate how the approach can shed light into relevant questions concerning language organization and its evolution. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2010
Study of the Socratic method during cognitive restructuring
Authors: Froján‐Parga María Xesús , Calero‐Elvira Ana , Montaño‐Fidalgo Montserrat 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCognitive restructuring, in particular in the form of the Socratic method, is widely used by clinicians. However, little research has been published with respect to underlying processes, which has hindered well‐accepted explanations of its effectiveness. The aim of this study is to present a new method of analysis of the Socratic method during cognitive restructuring based on the observation of the therapist's verbal behaviour. Using recordings from clinical sessions, 18 sequences were selected in which the Socratic method was applied by six cognitive–behavioural therapists working at a private clinical centre in Madrid. The recordings involved eight patients requiring therapy for various psychological problems. Observations were coded using a category system designed by the authors and that classifies the therapist's verbal behaviour into seven hypothesized functions based on basic behavioural operations. We used the Observer XT software to code the observed sequences. The results are summarized through a preliminary model which considers three different phases of the Socratic method and some functions of the therapist's verbal behaviour in each of these phases: discriminative and reinforcement functions in the starting phase, informative and motivational functions in the course of the debate, and instructional and reinforcement functions in the final phase. We discuss the long‐term potential clinical benefits of the current proposal. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message:• This article highlights the relevance for clinicians to reflect on the mechanisms that explain the patient's change during therapy, to improve their professional practice.• It also highlights the importance of not using circular explanations to account for change.• This article proposes an alternative to the traditional explanation about the mechanisms that would explain change when the Socratic method is applied.• Additionally, it presents a preliminary descriptive model of the application of this therapeutic procedure emphasizing the hypothesized functions of therapist's verbal behaviour in each phase.• Finally, this work helps the clinician to understand cognitive change through change in the patient's verbalizations.
Contamination and harm relevant UCS‐expectancy bias in spider phobic individuals: influence of treatment
Authors: van Overveld Mark , de Jong Peter J. , Huijding Jorg , Peters Madelon L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPhobic individuals expect aversive UCS's following encounters with phobic stimuli. Previous research using a thought‐experiment procedure showed that contamination rather than harm‐related outcome expectancies differentiated best between high and low spider fearful undergraduates. This study investigated the alleged role of these UCS‐expectancy biases in the maintenance of phobic complaints. First, this study sought to replicate these earlier findings in a community sample of high spider fearful individuals who applied for treatment (n = 60) and a sample of low spider fear controls (n = 30). Second, the present study tested if UCS‐expectancies disappear following successful treatment and whether there were any differences between harm and contamination‐related UCS expectancies in this respect. If contamination‐ and/or harm‐related UCS‐expectancy biases play a critical role in the maintenance of spider fear, these biases should be substantially reduced after successful treatment. The results showed that spider fearful individuals associated spiders relatively strongly with both harm‐ and contamination‐related outcomes. Consistent with the alleged reciprocal relationship between phobic fear and UCS expectancy bias, both types of biased expectancies were effectively reduced following treatment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message:• It will be studied whether disgust and fear are both important factors in spider phobia.• It is investigated whether a contamination‐related UCS‐expectancy bias is specific to spiders or to disgusting objects in general.• It is examined whether contamination‐related UCS‐expectancies can be effectively diminished using the treatment of choice in specific phobias, exposure in vivo.
Patients' and providers' perspectives on bibliotherapy in primary care
Authors: McKenna Grainne , Hevey David , Martin Elaine 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBibliotherapy is a form of self‐administered treatment in which structured materials provide a means to alleviate distress. Although the treatment has evidence of effectiveness, evaluations of bibliotherapy have typically focused on outcomes, and the perspectives of both the client and the service provider have been understudied. In the present study, eleven users of a bibliotherapy scheme were interviewed regarding their experiences of bibliotherapy. In addition, five referring practitioners to the scheme were also interviewed. Thematic analyses revealed three super‐ordinate themes in the transcripts: participants' personal experiences of the bibliotherapy scheme factors that facilitate change and the influence of the professionals involved. The implications of these findings for bibliotherapy schemes are considered. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message:• In primary care, bibliotherapy can be useful for early intervention with people experiencing mild to moderate psychological problems.• Referring practitioners actively involved in bibliotherapy can benefit from the feedback obtained from recipients in terms of monitoring progress.• There is a relatively high level of patient acceptability for participation in bibliotherapy schemes.• The role of allied professionals in bibliotherapy delivery requires consideration as it impacts on client engagement with the scheme.
Reasoning, delusion proneness and stress: an experimental investigation
Authors: Keefe Kristy M. , Warman Debbie M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPrevious studies have been inconsistent in demonstrating a relationship between delusion proneness and induced stress on reasoning biases. The present study was an experimental investigation of the role of stress in the form of feeling rushed, which has previously been shown to be related to the jumping‐to‐conclusions reasoning bias for delusion‐prone individuals, on the reasoning of delusion‐prone individuals. University students (n = 133) completed a measure of delusion proneness and were randomly assigned to either receive or not receive a stress induction in the form of a speeded subtraction task. All participants engaged in four trials of a probabilistic reasoning task. Delusion‐prone and not delusion‐prone participants performed similarly when there was no stress induction, but delusion‐prone individuals demonstrated reasoning biases relative to not delusion‐prone individuals when stress was induced. The reasoning of delusion‐prone individuals may be particularly vulnerable when they feel rushed and in stressful conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message:• Individuals who are delusion prone will likely report heightened confidence in their ideas when they are in stressful conditions or feel they are being rushed.• Individuals who are delusion prone may benefit from cognitive strategies that focus on understanding the jumping‐to‐conclusions reasoning bias.• Individuals who are delusion prone may benefit from learning the impact stressful conditions have on their ability to reason effectively.
Morphologic features of prostatic adenocarcinoma on ThinPrep® urinary cytology
Authors: Tyler Kevin L. , Selvaggi Suzanne M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMalignant cells of prostatic adenocarcinoma are rarely identified in urine. In most cases, this finding is associated with high stage tumor. Numerous descriptions of the morphology of prostatic adenocarcinoma have been reported using cytocentrifugated specimens. However, no specific morphologic description of prostatic adenocarcinoma in urine using liquid‐based cytology has been previously described. Four cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma in urine using ThinPrep® liquid‐based preparations were identified between 2002 and 2009 at the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics. Three patients had either high stage tumor or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, while the remaining patient had low stage tumor. The morphology of each case was evaluated with specific attention to cell size, nuclear characteristics, nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, and cytoplasmic characteristics. The resulting key features for prostatic adenocarcinoma in urine are clustering, increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, and prominent nucleoli. Though typically the presence of prostatic adenocarcinoma in urine implies high stage tumor, cells of lower stage tumors may be seen in urine as well. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011;39:101–104. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.