bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and characterization of polyamide reverse‐osmosis membranes with good chlorine tolerance
Authors: Son Seung Hee , Jegal Jonggeon 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTo prepare reverse‐osmosis membranes with good permeation properties and good chlorine tolerance, polyamide (PA) composite membranes were prepared with a conventional interfacial polymerization method. Diamine compounds, including metaphenylene diamine (MPD), 2,6‐diaminotoluene (2,6‐DAT), 2,4‐diaminotoluene, 3,4‐diaminotoluene, 2,4‐diaminoanisol, 4‐chlorometaphenylene diamine, and N,N′‐diphenylethyldiamine, were polymerized with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) or isophthaloyl chloride to form PA polymers. The polymers were then tested for chlorine tolerance and hydrophilicity. Among the diamines tested, 2,6‐DAT and MPD were used for the formation of thin‐film composite (TFC) membranes by their interfacial polymerization with TMC on the surface of microporous polysulfone supports. Their performance and chlorine tolerance were test under various conditions. The TFC membranes prepared from 2,6‐DAT and TMC showed better chlorine tolerance than the membrane prepared from MPD and TMC, and the permeation properties of these membranes were comparable to each other. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Nanocomposite polyvinyl alcohol fibers for medical applications
Authors: Mikołajczyk Teresa , Rabiej Stanisław , Boguń Maciej , Szparaga Grzegorz , Draczyński Zbigniew 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIt was investigated how the HAp and SiO2 nanoadditives introduced into the material of fibers made from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) affects the structure, sorption, and strength properties of those fibers. The conditions of the fibers' production were selected with the aim of obtaining the nanocomposite PVA fibers which would be soluble in water and in body fluids. These fibers are intended to be used for the production of a biocomposite with another biodegradable polymer. The determination was made of the effect of two different deformations applied at the fiber production stage on the structure and properties of the fibers. Using the WAXS method, the supramolecular structure of the fibers was determined. Nanocomposite PVA fibers obtained in this work have an oriented crystalline structure with a rather low level of crystallinity, reaching 40%, and a relatively high orientation index of crystallites: 0.48–0.54. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Semiconductive Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Koßmehl Gerhard 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA review is given about the syntheses and electrical properties of conjugated poly(arylenevinylenes), poly(arylenebutadienylenes), poly‐(arylenepolyenylenes), polymeric cyanine dyes, polymeric azomethines, and polymeric azines. All these polymers are organic semiconductors and photoconductors. — Variations in chemical structure cause changes in the electrical conductivities: Electron donating substituents in aromatic units respectively heteroaromatic electron excess systems give rise to enhanced electrical conductivities whereas electron accepting substituents respectively heteroaromatic electron deficient systems effect in the opposite direction. Generally the nitrogen containing polymers have lower electrical conductivities. Surprisingly polymeric azomethines prepared from aromatic diamines with electron deficient systems respectively from aromatic diamines with electron accepting substituents have higher electrical conductivities than ordinary polymeric azomethines.
Ion Diffusion in the 2d‐System AgxTaS2: In situ Observation of Electrointercalation and Homogenisation
Authors: Ramos C. , Lerf A. , Butz T. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe monitored the nuclear quadrupole interaction (NQI) of 181Ta by perturbed angular correlation in AgxTaS2 crystals both in situ during electrointercalation and upon subsequent homogenisation up to 1100 K. The electrointercalation starts with the simultaneous formation of two 2nd stage phases differing in Ag lattice site occupation. Homogenisation of Ag0.18TaS2 and Ag0.38TaS2 yields valuable information on the miscibility gaps and gives evidence for Daumas‐Hérold defects.
Solid State Reactions Between Silicon Carbide and Various Transition Metals
Authors: Backhaus‐Ricoult M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe chemical interfacial reaction between silicon carbide and transition metals (Ti, Fe, Ni, (Fe, Ni)‐alloys) has been studied in order to better understand the reaction mechanism taking place and model it using the available thermodynamics and kinetics data of the reacting systems. Titanium silicide and titanium carbide have been identified by microprobe, X‐ray techniques and scanning electron microscopy as being phases resulting of the reaction between silicon carbide and titanium. In the same way, reaction between SiC and nickel yields nickel silicides and graphite, whereas the reaction between SiC and iron leads to the build‐up of silicon rich alloys and graphite.
The Determination of Translational Intracrystalline Diffusion Constants of Molecules in Faujasite‐Type Zeolites with the Aid of Deuteron‐NMR‐Spectroscopy
Authors: Burmeister R. , Schwarz H. , Boddenberg B. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFrom the shapes and widths of the deuteron liquid and solid state spectra of benzene, p‐xylene and ethene sorbed in the zeolites NaX, AgNaX, and NaY the dynamics of the anisotropic reorientational and of the site exchange motions are assessed. Intracrystalline diffusivities are obtained which are generally lower in NaY than in NaX.
7Li NMR Spin‐Lattice Relaxation and Ionic Diffusion in Lithium Thioborate Glasses
Authors: Grüne M. , Meierkord H. , Müller‐Warmuth W. , Hebel P. Zum , Krebs B. , Wulff M. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract7Li NMR spin‐lattice relaxation rates at 16 MHz and 117 MHz have been measured at various temperatures for glasses in the non‐oxide chalcogenide system B2S3 — Li2S — LiX with X = Cl, Br, I. As compared with the corresponding oxide glasses these materials are distinguished by a higher ionic conductivity, and the relaxation maxima are better accessible. The relaxation rates display anomalous temperature and frequency dependences. Attempts to interpret the non‐BPP‐type relaxation in terms of appropriate diffusion models are discussed.
Non‐Periodic Local Motion of Silver Ions in β‐Ag3SI
Authors: Funke K. , Kantimm Th. , Maue Th. , Zurwellen D. , Seebode J. , Zachmann G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe electrical conductivity of pressed pellets of β‐Ag3SI has been measured at frequencies from 107 Hz to 1013 Hz, at 295 K. Below 2 · 109 Hz the conductivity is found to be constant. At higher frequencies it increases, attaining a v2 frequency dependence at about 4 · 1010 Hz and eventually displaying a broad maximum centred at ca. 6 · 1011 Hz. Above 1012 Hz we observe the excitation of transverse optical phonons. ‐ In the 1010 Hz to 1010 Hz frequency regime the experimental conductivity is compared with conductivity spectra calculated on the basis of the following simple single‐particle models: (I) Brownian motion in a two‐dimensional harmonic potential, (ii) a microscopically reversible version of a two‐dimensional type of localized diffusion. In either treatment. the local motion turns out to be non‐periodic.
Defect Concentration Relaxation During Interdiffusion Between MnO and FeO
Authors: Schmalzried H. , Ueshima Y. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFor the diffusional equilibration process between crystals of MnO and FeO it was investigated how far the usual assumption of local thermodynamic point defect equilibrium holds (given the intensive variables, T, P, and μo2 (gas)). To this end, accurate component concentration profiles which were normalized for the given linear diffusion geometry with t, have been determined. From the fact that these profiles do not coincide for different diffusion times it is concluded that deviations from the local point defect equilibrium occur. The largest deviations are found at the beginning of the interdiffusion process. The point defect relaxation (cation vacancy annihilation) takes place preferentially at the outer surfaces of the crystals, which have access to the oxygen gas atmosphere. — These cation vacancy processes can be studied directly with the help of a solid state galvanic cell, in which the evolving oxygen gas from the crystal surface is coulometrically titrated. The experimental data are in accordance with theoretical calculations which have been performed in order to understand under which conditions point defect concentration relaxation has an influence on chemical interdiffusion processes.
Dispersive Energy Transport in Disordered Molecular Crystals
Authors: Von Borczyskowski C. , Kirski T. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractChemically mixed molecular crystals of dichlorobenzene (DCB) in dibromobenzene (DBB) exhibit dispersive energy transport within the DCB sublattice. With increasing DCB concentration dynamic percolation is observed at cp = 4.5%. Above cp a Kohlrausch‐type relaxation reveals the fractal spectral dimension ds ≈ 4/3 when assuming a superimposed waiting time distribution parameter γ = 1/2.
Spectral Hole‐Burning: Applications to Optical Image Storage
Authors: Caro Cosimo De , Renn Alois , Wild Urs P. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSpectral hole‐burning was used to record information in the inhomogeneous broadened absorption band of free base chlorin in polyvinylbutyral at 1.7 K. The wavelength multiplexing property of these materials allows to store many images in the form of holograms in a single spot of about 5 mm diameter. The gray level pattern of the image is translated into a pattern of a spatially varying hole depth. Such a storage device can be considered three‐dimensional, involving the two spatial dimensions of the thin sample film and the dimension of the optical wavelength. If in addition an electric field is applied, a four‐dimensional storage device is created having two spatial, one wavelength and one electric field dimensions. Addressing a specific image is achieved by merely adjusting the read‐out wavelength and the value of the electric field to the values used during the storage process. No moving parts are involved at all. It is demonstrated that in chlorin at least 25 images can be stored in a single 1 cm−1 interval and in the electric field range of ± 100 kV/cm.
Trends in bioanalytical methods for the determination and quantification of club drugs: 2000–2010
Authors: Brown Stacy D. , Melton Tyler C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe term ‘club drug’ can be loosely defined as any substance used to enhance social settings. Such drugs are commonly found at raves or similar all‐night dance parties and include methamphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine, gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB), ketamine (KET), and flunitrazepam (FLU). These drugs have potentially dangerous side effects including hallucinations, paranoia, amnesia and hyperthermia. In addition, GHB, KET and FLU are considered predatory drugs due to their roles in drug‐facilitated sexual assault. Forensic and regulatory agencies routinely have the need for determination and accurate quantification of these drugs in biological fluids, especially in cases of mortality or criminal investigations. This review presents the chromatographic and spectroscopic methods published for such analyses over the last decade, including sample preparation techniques and validation data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesenchymal stem cells protect islets from hypoxia/reoxygenation‐induced injury
Authors: Lu Yanrong , Jin Xi , Chen Younan , Li Shengfu , Yuan Yu , Mai Gang , Tian Bole , Long Dan , Zhang Jie , Zeng Li , Li Youping , Cheng Jingqiu 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)‐induced injury is the key factor associated with islet graft dysfunction. This study aims to examine the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on islet survival and insulin secretion under H/R conditions. Islets from rats were isolated, purified, cultured with or without MSCs, and exposed to hypoxia (O2 ≤ 1%) for 8 h and reoxygenation for 24 and 48 h, respectively. Islet function was evaluated by measuring basal and glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Apoptotic islet cells were quantified using Annexin V‐FITC. Anti‐apoptotic effects were confirmed by mRNA expression analysis of hypoxia‐resistant molecules, HIF‐1α, HO‐1, and COX‐2, using semi‐quantitative retrieval polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Insulin expression in the implanted islets was detected by immunohistological analysis. The main results show that the stimulation index (SI) of GSIS was maintained at higher levels in islets co‐cultured with MSCs. The MSCs protected the islets from H/R‐induced injury by decreasing the apoptotic cell ratio and increasing HIF‐1α, HO‐1, and COX‐2 mRNA expression. Seven days after islet transplantation, insulin expression in the MSC‐islets group significantly differed from that of the islets‐alone group. We proposed that MSCs could promote anti‐apoptotic gene expression by enhancing their resistance to H/R‐induced apoptosis and dysfunction. This study provides an experimental basis for therapeutic strategies based on enhancing islet function. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drying of Sodium Acetate in a Pulsed Fluid Bed Dryer
Authors: de Souza L. F. G. , Nitz M. , Lima P. A. , Taranto O. P. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSodium acetate crystals obtained from the reaction of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide are usually dried in rotary or fluidized beds. In this study, a batch pulsed fluid bed dryer with a 0.18 m2 cross‐sectional area was used in an attempt to reduce energy consumption and increase productivity. Drying curves of sodium acetate were determined for different conditions: inlet air temperature of 65 and 80 °C and pulsation frequency of 0 rpm (conventional fluidized bed), 500 and 900 rpm (pulsed fluid bed). A 22 factorial design was used to analyze the results. The intermittent flow helped to break agglomerates and provided better contact between particles and the gas. Drying rates were higher under pulsed fluidization when compared to conventional fluidization. Conventional fluidized bed drying consumed 2.5 times more energy at 80 °C. The influence of temperature on the drying rate was also evident.
Extension of the pore diffusion approach for modelling binary adsorption of lead and arsenic ions in a fixed‐bed column packed with atlantic cod fish scales
Authors: Basu A. , Rahaman M. S. , Islam M. R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe removal of lead and arsenic ions using Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) fish scale involves ion exchange, chemisorption, and precipitation of its constituents and is competitive with respect to adsorption onto the negatively charged heterogeneous substrates. The nonlinear sorption equilibrium concept is preceded by pore diffusion of the solute and is utilised for numerical modelling of this binary adsorption. Numerical simulation data demonstrate reasonable agreements with experimental results of dynamic column tests. Sensitivity analyses confirm that parameters such as porosity, adsorption coefficient, mobility of ions, and number of sorption sites contribute significantly to breakthrough interval of contaminant in dynamic columns. At lower pH values (7–8.04), the adsorption coefficients of cations such as lead are significantly lower than at pH value of 11.0.
Modification of NAY by LA3+ for the dehydration of lactic acid: The effect of preparation protocol on catalyst microstructure and catalytic performance
Authors: Yu Dinghua , Sun Peng , Tang Zhenchen , Li Zhixian , Huang He 
Published: November 2010

AbstractLa‐modified NaY zeolites have been prepared through impregnation and in situ synthesis methods. The surface structure of the obtained zeolites was then characterised by XRD, UV–Vis DRS, FT‐Far‐IR, Raman spectra, H2‐TPR, N2 adsorption, and NH3‐TPD. The results of the catalytic dehydration reaction of lactic acid showed that the La/NaY catalyst prepared by impregnation method exhibited higher selectivity to acrylic acid than the La–NaY prepared by the in situ synthesis. The characterisation results indicated that the enhanced catalytic performance could be attributed to the difference of La3+ ion location caused by the different preparation protocols, which would influence the electric field distribution of zeolites cages, the reactant adsorption, chemical activation, and the reaction path.Les zéolithes NaY modifiées avec du lanthane (La) ont été préparées grâce à des méthodes d'imprégnation et de synthèse in situ. La structure de la surface des zéolithes ainsi obtenues a été ensuite caractérisée par DRX, spectrophotomètre UV–VIS DR, FT‐Far‐IR, spectroscopie Raman, réduction thermo‐programmée de H2, adsorption de N2 et désorption thermo‐programmée de NH3. Les résultats de la réaction de déshydratation catalytique de l'acide lactique montrent que le catalyseur La/NAY préparé grâce à la méthode d'imprégnation a fait preuve d'une plus grande sélectivité à l'acide acrylique que le catalyseur La/NAY préparé grâce à la synthèse in situ. Les résultats de caractérisation indiquent que le meilleur rendement catalytique peut être dû aux différences d'emplacement de l'ion La3+ causées par les différents protocoles de préparation, qui peuvent influer sur la distribution du champ électrique des cages de zéolithes, l'adsorption du réactif, l'activation chimique et le chemin réactionnel. Can. J. Chem. Eng. © 2010 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Condensed forms for the symmetric eigenvalue problem on multi‐threaded architectures
Authors: Bientinesi Paolo , Igual Francisco D. , Kressner Daniel , Petschow Matthias , Quintana‐Ortí Enrique S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe investigate the performance of the routines in LAPACK and the Successive Band Reduction (SBR) toolbox for the reduction of a dense matrix to tridiagonal form, a crucial preprocessing stage in the solution of the symmetric eigenvalue problem, on general‐purpose multi‐core processors. In response to the advances of hardware accelerators, we also modify the code in the SBR toolbox to accelerate the computation by off‐loading a significant part of the operations to a graphics processor (GPU). The performance results illustrate the parallelism and scalability of these algorithms on current high‐performance multi‐core and many‐core architectures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrostatic Probes for Studying Transport Properties in Tokamak Plasmas
Authors: Uehara K. , Sadamoto Y. , Amemiya H. , Nagashima Y. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractElectrostatic probes for measuring the boundary plasma in tokamaks are reviewed and presented. Transport properties in JFT‐2, the ion temperature and the magnetic surface in JFT‐2M and floating potential fluctuations during the strong additional heating in JT‐60 are measured by several types of electrostatic probe the above‐mentioned purposes. The Langmuir probe including the double probe is applied to measure the spatial profile of boundary plasma in JFT‐2. The ion sensitive probe, the rotating cylindrical double probe, the asymmetric double probe and the differential double probe are applied to measure the ion temperature and magnetic surface in JFT‐2M. The reciprocating Langmuir probe applied to JFT‐2M observes the potential and density fluctuations and a new type probe is proposed for the quick diagnostic of core hot plasmas as a development of this probe. The fluctuation observed in JT‐60 is identified to be the ion cyclotron instability of the hot plasma caused by the strong anisotropy of the ion distribution function (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dried polyacrylamide gel absorption: A method for efficient elimination of the interferences from SDS‐solubilized protein samples in mass spectrometry‐based proteome analysis
Authors: Zhou Jian , Li Jianglin , Li Jianjun , Chen Ping , Wang Xianchun , Liang Songping 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSample preparation holds an important place in MS‐based proteome analysis. For effective proteolysis and MS analysis, it is essential to eliminate the interferences while extracting the analytes of interest from complex mixtures. To address this, herein we describe a new dried polyacrylamide gel absorption method. In this method, the protein sample prepared using high concentration of SDS was directly and completely absorbed by vacuum‐dried polyacrylamide gel, and then the interfering substances including SDS and some other salts were efficiently removed by in‐gel washing steps while retaining the denatured proteins in the gel, thus offering a clean environment amenable to downstream buffer exchange, proteolytic digestion and digest recovery, etc. In combination with in‐gel digestion and LC‐MS/MS, the newly developed method was applied to the proteome analyses of membrane‐enriched fraction and whole tissue homogenate. It was demonstrated that the method is suitable for the analysis of a complex biological sample and can be widely used for sample cleanup in shotgun proteome analyses.
Mechanical Characterisation at Nanometric Scale of a New Design of SOFCs
Authors: Roa J. J. , Ruiz‐Morales J. C. , Canales‐Vázquez J. , Morales M. , G Capdevila X. , Núñez P. , Segarra M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe mechanical stability is an important parameter to gain knowledge in the potential applications of a novel design of electrolyte‐supported SOFC, based on yttria‐stabilised zirconia (YSZ) and NiO‐YSZ composites, with cross‐linked channels (∼90 μm of diameter). In this experimental work, the mechanical properties (hardness, H and Young's modulus, E) at different applied loads have been studied using the nanoindentation technique and the equivalent indenter method. On the other hand, the different fracture mechanisms have been determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM), observing the plastic behaviour that takes place during the indentation process. H value for YSZ is higher than that for NiO‐YSZ, while E values for YSZ and NiO‐YSZ are 260 ± 15 and 205 ± 20 GPa, respectively. Only YSZ samples present several radial cracks at the corners nucleated by sharp indentation, thus indicating that H values have been underestimated.