bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pervasive Impact of Moral Judgment
Authors: PETTIT DEAN , KNOBE JOSHUA 
Published: October 2009

Abstract:A series of recent studies have shown that people's moral judgments can affect their intuitions as to whether or not a behavior was performed intentionally. Prior attempts to explain this effect can be divided into two broad families. Some researchers suggest that the effect is due to some peculiar feature of the concept of intentional action in particular, while others suggest that the effect is a reflection of a more general tendency whereby moral judgments exert a pervasive influence on folk psychology. The present paper argues in favor of the latter hypothesis by showing that the very same effect that has been observed for intentionally also arises for deciding, in favor of, opposed to, and advocating.
What is special about the index finger?: The index finger advantage in manipulating reflexive attentional shift1
Authors: ARIGA ATSUNORI , WATANABE KATSUMI 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPointing with the index finger is a universal behavior. However, the functional significance of indexical pointing has not been examined empirically. We examined the efficacy of various pointing gestures in evoking viewer's attentional shifts. After viewing the gesture cue, observers quickly reported the location of a visual target. With a short cue‐target delay, reaction times were generally shorter for the target at the location where gesture cues pointed, but not with a long cue‐target delay. Moreover, the indexical pointing gesture produced a significantly larger cueing effect than the other gestures. Our control experiments indicated that the index‐finger advantage is tightly linked to the proper morphological shape (i.e. length and position of the index finger) of the indexical pointing and is not explained by the directional discriminability of the gesture. The visual system seems to use mechanisms that are partially independent of the directional discrimination of gestures, in order to quickly modulate the viewer's attention.
Insulin/PI3K signaling protects dentate neurons from oxygen–glucose deprivation in organotypic slice cultures
Authors: Sun Xiaolu , Yao Hang , Douglas Robert M. , Gu Xiang Q. , Wang Juan , Haddad Gabriel G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIt is known that ischemia/reperfusion induces neurodegeneration in the hippocampus in a subregion‐dependent manner. This study investigated the mechanism of selective resistance/vulnerability to oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) using mouse organotypic hippocampal cultures. Analysis of propidium iodide uptake showed that OGD‐induced duration‐ and subregion‐dependent neuronal injury. When compared with the CA1–3 subregions, dentate neuronal survival was more sensitive to inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling under basal conditions. Dentate neuronal sensitivity to PI3K/Akt signaling activation was inversely related to its vulnerability to OGD‐induced injury; insulin/insulin‐like growth factor 1 pre‐treatment conferred neuroprotection to dentate neurons via activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. In contrast, CA1 and CA3 neurons were less sensitive to disruptions of endogenous PI3K/Akt signaling and protective effects of insulin/insulin‐like growth factor 1, but more vulnerable to OGD. OGD‐induced injury in CA1 was reduced by inhibition of NMDA receptor or mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling, and was prevented by blocking NMDA receptor in the presence of insulin. The CA2 subregion was distinctive in its response to glutamate, OGD, and insulin, compared with other CA subregions. CA2 neurons were sensitive to the protective effects of insulin against OGD‐induced injury, but more resistant to glutamate. Distinctive distribution of insulin receptor β and basal phospho‐Akt was detected in our slice cultures. Our results suggest a role for insulin signaling in subregional resistance/vulnerability to cerebral ischemia.
Elevated sulfatide levels in neurons cause lethal audiogenic seizures in mice
Authors: Van Zyl Rebekka , Gieselmann Volkmar , Eckhardt Matthias 
Published: October 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 282–295.AbstractGalactosylceramide (GalCer) and 3‐O‐sulfo‐GalCer (sulfatide) are abundant sphingolipids in myelinating glial cells. However, low levels of GalCer and sulfatide have also been found in neurons, though their physiological role in these cells is unknown. Transgenic mice over‐expressing UDP‐galactose : ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGT) under control of the Thy1.2 promoter synthesize C18 : 0 fatty acid containing GalCer and sulfatide in neurons. Depending on the genetic background, these transgenic mice have a significantly reduced life span. Transgenic mice were extremely sensitive to sound stimuli and displayed lethal audiogenic seizures after relatively mild acoustic stimulation, i.e., key jangling. CGT‐transgenic mice additionally over‐expressing the adenosine 3′‐phospho 5′‐phosphosulfate : cerebroside sulfotransferase were more sensitive to audiogenic seizure induction than mice expressing only the CGT‐transgene. This correlated with the higher sulfatide content in neuronal plasma membranes of the double‐transgenic mice compared with CGT‐transgenic mice, and strongly suggests that lethal audiogenic seizures are caused by elevated sulfatide levels in transgenic neurons. CGT‐transgenic mice will be a useful model to further investigate how sulfatide affects functional properties of neurons.
Delivering Child Community Psychology Services in the Community: Experiences from the NIPPERS Project
Authors: Millar Yvonne , Glaser Danya , Reilly‐Johnson Natalie L. , Hurst Sarah‐Louise , Harris Kelly , Skerry Cathryn , Charman Tony 
Published: October 2009

Background:  The NIPPERS (Nursery Intervention Project for Parents & Education Related Services) was a novel community psychology service based in nursery settings in socio‐economically disadvantaged, inner‐city areas in London.Method:  The service included consultation work with nursery staff, structured parenting groups and individual sessions for parents.Results:  The delivery of the clinical service and research evaluation underwent several changes in the first phase of the project, in particular to ensure that the service was acceptable and accessible to families and staff. Although take‐up of community services was higher than in the local clinic‐based services, it was not taken up by some 40% of parents. Due to the allocation design, it was not possible to measure the effectiveness of the intervention.Conclusions:  The NIPPERS service was successful in delivering a community child psychology service to families with high levels of early child behavioural problems at high risk for continuing difficulties.
Extinction of the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) and woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) in Eurasia: Review of chronological and environmental issues
Authors: KUZMIN YAROSLAV V. 
Published: October 2009

Kuzmin, Y. V. 2009: Extinction of the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) and woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) in Eurasia: Review of chronological and environmental issues.Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009.00122.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.The current evidence for date and environmental preferences of the extinction of two middle–late Pleistocene megafaunal species, the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigeniusBlum.) and woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatisBlum.), is presented in this review. It is suggested that extinction of these large herbivores in Eurasia was closely related to landscape changes near the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary (c. 12 000–9000 uncalibrated radiocarbon years ago, yr BP), mainly involving the widespread forest formations in the temperate and arctic regions of northern Eurasia and the loss of grasslands crucial to the existence of woolly mammoth and rhinoceros. However, some woolly mammoth populations survived well into the Holocene (up toc. 3700 yr BP), showing that the process of final extinction was fairly complex, with delays in some regions of up to several millennia. The possible role of Palaeolithic humans in the extinction of Late Pleistocene megafauna is also considered.
Left Ventricular Assist for Pediatric Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy Using the Medos Vad Cannula and a Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Huang Shu‐Chien , Chi Nai‐Hsin , Chen Chun‐An , Chen Yih‐Sharng , Chou Nai‐Kuan , Ko Wen‐Je , Wang Shoei‐Shen 
Published: October 2009

AbstractVentricular assist devices for small pediatric patients are expensive and commercially unavailable in Taiwan. We used the Medos ventricular assist device cannula (Medos, Aachen, Germany) and a centrifugal pump to support pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and decompensated heart failure. From January 2007 to December 2008, three pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy were supported using a centrifugal pump as the left ventricular assist device. The Medos arterial cannula was sutured to the ascending aorta, and the Apex cannula was fixed into the left ventricular apex. When the patient was weaned off of cardiopulmonary bypass, the left ventricular assist device pump was started. The pump flow was gradually titrated according to the filling status of the left ventricle. All the left ventricular assist devices were successfully implanted and functioned well. Two patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation had severe lung edema before left ventricular assist device implantation. Both patients required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for the postoperative period until the pulmonary edema was resolved. Among the three patients, two successfully bridged to heart transplantation after support for 6 and 11 days, respectively. The first patient (10 kg) expired due to systemic emboli 30 days after left ventricular assist device support. In summary, these results suggest that the Medos ventricular assist device cannula and a centrifugal pump is an option for temporary left ventricular assist device support in patients with intractable heart failure and as a bridge to heart transplantation.
Baseline Lower Extremity Strength and Subsequent Decline in Functional Performance at 6‐Year Follow‐Up in Persons with Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Herman Seth D. , Liu Kiang , Tian Lu , Guralnik Jack M. , Ferrucci Luigi , Criqui Michael H. , Liao Yihua , McDermott Mary M. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate associations between baseline lower extremity strength and decline in functional performance over 6 years of follow‐up in men and women with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD).DESIGN: Prospective observational study.SETTING: Three Chicago‐area hospitals.PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred seventy‐four men and women with PAD.MEASUREMENTS: Baseline isometric hip extension, hip flexion, knee flexion, and knee extension strength were measured using a musculoskeletal fitness evaluation chair. Usual and fastest‐paced 4‐m walking speed, 6‐minute walk, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) were assessed at baseline and annually thereafter. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race, ankle–brachial index (ABI), comorbidities, and other confounders.RESULTS: In women with PAD, weaker baseline hip and knee flexion strength were associated with faster average annual decline in usual‐pace 4‐m walking speed (P trend <.001 and .02, respectively) and SPPB (P trend=.02 and .01, respectively). In women, weaker hip extension strength was associated with faster decline in usual‐pace 4‐m walking speed and SPPB (P trend=.01 and <.01, respectively). There were no significant associations between baseline strength and decline in 6‐minute walk in women. There were no significant associations between any baseline strength measure and functional decline in men.CONCLUSION: Weaker baseline leg strength is associated with faster functional decline in nonendurance measures of functional performance in women with PAD but not in men with PAD.
Pneumonia and Influenza Hospitalizations in Elderly People with Dementia
Authors: Naumova Elena N. , Parisi Sara M. , Castronovo Denise , Pandita Manisha , Wenger Julia , Minihan Paula 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVES: To compare the demographic and geographic patterns of pneumonia and influenza (P&I) hospitalizations in older adults with dementia with those of the U.S. population and to examine the relationship between healthcare accessibility and P&I.DESIGN: Observational study using historical medical claims from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and CMS records supplemented with information derived from other large national sources.SETTING: Retrospective analysis of medical records uniformly collected over a 5‐year period with comprehensive national coverage.PARTICIPANTS: A study population representative of more than 95% of all people aged 65 and older residing in the continental United States.MEASUREMENTS: Six million two hundred seventy‐seven thousand six hundred eighty‐four records of P&I between 1998 and 2002 were abstracted, and county‐specific outcomes for hospitalization rates of P&I, mean length of hospital stay, and percentage of deaths occurring in a hospital setting were estimated. Associations with county‐specific elderly population density, percentage of nursing home residents, median household income per capita, and rurality index were assessed.RESULTS: Rural and poor counties had the highest rate of P&I and percentage of influenza. Patients with dementia had a lower frequency of influenza diagnosis, a shorter length of hospital stay, and 1.5 times as high a rate of death as the national average.CONCLUSION: The results suggest strong disparities in healthcare practices in rural locations and vulnerable populations; infrastructure, proximity, and access to healthcare are significant predictors of influenza morbidity and mortality. These findings have important implications for influenza vaccination, testing, and treatment policies and practices targeting the growing fraction of patients with cognitive impairment.
West Turns East at the End of History
Authors: Paz Octavio 
Published: October 2009

Awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1990, Octavio Paz was Latin America's great poet, essayist and critic whose most enduring work was The Labyrinth of Solitude. We would often meet in the late afternoon over scotch on ice at his apartment on Reforma in Mexico City, the warm afternoon rain pounding against the windows of his book‐lined study, gazing out toward the Angel of Independence column in the center of that daunting megalopolis.Over the years, we collaborated on several issues of Vuelta, a small but influential journal like NPQ. Paz believed that “the most important things can be said at the margins beyond the entertainment and commercial imperatives of the mass media.”Though petty literary politics sometimes intruded, Paz was a truly magnanimous soul whose entire life was an exploration. Everything interested him, from Surrealism to the Indian caste system (he was the Mexican ambassador to India before resigning in 1968 to protest the student massacre at Tlatelolco). He liked to quote Baudelaire, saying that poets were universal translators because they translate the language of the universe—stars, water, trees—into the language of man.Paz died in 1998. We held this conversation in 1992. It also appeared in Vuelta as “La Transformacion del Tiempo: El Encuentro de Oriente y Occidente.”
Eucharistic Celebrations: the Chasm between Idea and Action
Authors: O’Loughlin Thomas 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe two changes (1, a new rite; and 2. the move to the vernacular) that occurred in the eucharistic liturgy of the Roman Rite have often been seen as simply evolutionary, liturgical variations: this perception suited that time of great change in the liturgy, and has continued among many in that they assume that these changes are somehow optional. However, this change is better seen as a change in paradigm: no longer is the general understanding of the Eucharist based in catechesis or theology that is parallel to the liturgy, but the understanding of the Eucharist is a function of participating linguistically in the actual event of the Eucharist. This paradigm shift needs to be appreciated if we are to discuss the state of eucharistic theology and liturgical celebration today.
Leaving the Oil Under the Amazon: Ecuador's Yasuní‐ITT Initiative
Authors: Finer Matt , Moncel Remi , Jenkins Clinton N. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTOil and gas concessions now cover vast swaths of the western Amazon, including protected areas and indigenous territories. The Yasuní‐ITT Initiative, Ecuador's innovative proposal to leave nearly a billion barrels of oil locked beneath Yasuní National Park, is the first major effort to reverse this trend. We provide a concise overview of the initiative, including an in‐depth look at its widely lauded goals of protecting biodiversity, respecting indigenous peoples' territory, and combating climate change. We also discuss the proposal's lingering caveats, such as technical questions regarding the generation of financial resources to replace the forgone oil revenue. We conclude that the Yasuní‐ITT Initiative is a potentially precedent‐setting advance towards avoiding damaging oil and gas development in sensitive areas.
Time delays in PG 1115+080: new estimates
Authors: Vakulik V. G. , Shulga V. M. , Schild R. E. , Tsvetkova V. S. , Dudinov V. N. , Minakov A. A. , Nuritdinov S. N. , Artamonov B. P. , Kochetov A. Ye. , Smirnov G. V. , Sergeyev A. A. , Konichek V. V. , Sinelnikov I. Ye. , Bruevich V. V. , Akhunov T. , Burkhonov O. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
We report new estimates of the time delays in the quadruple gravitationally lensed quasar PG 1115+080, obtained from the monitoring data in filter R with the 1.5-m telescope at the Maidanak Mountain (Uzbekistan, Central Asia) in 2004–2006. The time delays are 16.4 d between images C and B and 12 d between C and A1+A2, with image C leading for both pairs. The only known estimates of the time delays in PG 1115 are those based on observations by Schechter et al. –23.7 and 9.4 d between images C and B, and C and A1+A2, respectively, – and as revised by Barkana –25 and 13.3 d for the same image components, but with the use of another method. The new values of time delays in PG 1115+080 may be expected to provide larger estimates of the Hubble constant, thus decreasing a diversity between the H0 estimates taken from gravitationally lensed quasars and those taken from other methods.
Currency Denomination of Intercompany Debt and Multinational Taxes
Authors: O'Brien Thomas J. 
Published: October 2009

For multinational companies (MNCs) with foreign subsidiaries, the currency denomination of intercompany debt can have important effects on both taxes and financial statements. This paper analyzes the choice between an intercompany loan denominated in the home currency and one denominated in the subsidiary's functional currency. Using U.S. rules for financial accounting and taxes, the author demonstrates the expected impact of the loan's currency denomination on the expected level and variability of an MNCs overall taxes in the case where it has excess foreign tax credits.The author's analysis shows that the foreign currency loan denomination leads to lower expected tax if the foreign withholding tax rate on interest is higher than the parent's home income tax rate. At the same time, the parent currency denomination leads to lower expected taxes if the parent's home income tax rate is higher than the foreign withholding tax rate on interest. Moreover, if an MNCs excess foreign tax credits are attributable to the subsidiary, the foreign currency loan denomination leads to lower variability in overall taxes. But in cases where the excess foreign tax credits arise from other foreign operations, the parent currency denomination leads to lower variability of overall tax.
Pricing Final Indemnification Payments to Private Sponsors in Project‐Financed Public‐Private Partnerships: An Application of Real Options Valuation
Authors: Caselli Stefano , Gatti Stefano , Marciante Antonio 
Published: October 2009

The extraordinary global growth in the private funding of public infrastructure projects in the form of public‐private partnerships (or PPPs) is expected to have major social and economic benefits—benefits that result in large part from improving the allocation of project risks between the public and private sectors. But with the financial crisis and severe tightening of credit likely to limit the financing and delivery of new projects, both project participants and their financiers need to manage the technical, economic, legal, and political complexities of infrastructure projects more carefully, especially in less traditional infrastructure deals that involve complex operations, new assets, or emerging markets.This paper proposes and illustrates the application of the real options valuation approach to a critical feature of most PPPs: establishing the final “indemnification” amount to be paid by a public administration to private partners in the project financing of those PPPs that face substantial market risks. In demonstrating this approach, the authors use the case of the Pedemontana Lombarda toll road, a major transportation infrastructure project in Northern Italy for which financial plans have been filed and whose start is now pending.The main function of real options in this case is to capture the effects on value of the major market risk in such projects—namely, the uncertainty about volume of traffic on the new road. The authors interpret the final indemnification price as the value of a real put option sold by the awarding authority to private investors (in the case of a project that would otherwise be unprofitable and have a negative NPV). The put option takes the form of a clause in the concession contract that gives investors the right, under certain circumstances, to sell the toll road back to the government for a fixed sum (in this case, €2.9 billion). According to the authors, this valuation approach is likely to be helpful in any kind of infrastructure project that faces risk stemming from the unpredictability of market demand and future revenue streams.