bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3 Humanitarian Intervention, Consent, and Proportionality
Authors: McMahan Jeff 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
One of the central issues raised by Jonathan Glover's study of atrocities in the twentieth century is when it can be permissible, or indeed obligatory, to use military force to stop or to prevent such atrocities. This chapter argues that some of the traditional objections to humanitarian intervention are misguided — particularly those that treat national self‐determination or state sovereignty as a decisive barrier to the permissibility of intervention. It does, however, defend a “requirement of consent,” according to which the ostensible beneficiaries of humanitarian intervention should have a veto authority with respect to intervention on their behalf. It also argues for the surprising and perhaps paradoxical claim that the proportionality constraint on causing unintended but foreseen harm may be weaker in its application to harms inflicted on the intended beneficiaries of humanitarian intervention than it is in it application to harms inflicted on other innocent people in war.
4 Humanity and the Perils of Perniciously Politicized Science
Authors: Davis N. Ann 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
In Humanity, Jonathan Glover argues that success in resisting the resurgence of tyranny and crippling ideological conflict in the twenty‐first century turns on our acquiring a better understanding of human psychology, and of the ways in which people allow themselves to be silenced and distracted. This chapter underscores Glover's commitment to expanding the scope of moral philosophy to take better account of history and psychology, and argues that we need also to take more robust measures to counterbalance some of the more damaging consequences of the embrace of neoliberal ideology, notably the corporatization of scientific research, and the privatization fervor that allowed for the consolidation of the media. Both, in turn, have fostered the ‘pernicious politicization’ of science, which is a species of what Glover sees as one of the principal intellectual and moral failings of Stalinist Russia and Nazi Germany: allowing ideological Belief to dictate Truth, and thus to undermine truth‐directed science. The chapter explains how neoliberal ideology has played a fulcral role both in politicizing science and in eroding the ethos of the media, and thus compromised efforts to produce an educated citizenry and sustain a viable democracy.
5 Social Moral Epistemology and the Tasks of Ethics
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter first identifies what is extremely valuable and distinctive in the approach to Ethics Glover takes in Humanity. It then goes on to argue that Glover's approach is incomplete, because it is insufficiently empirical and, more importantly because it lacks a conceptual framework capable of identifying the full range of topics for empirically informed Ethics research. The needed conceptual framework must incorporate social moral epistemology, which focuses on the interaction between the moral‐epistemic virtues and vices of individuals and the moral‐epistemic functions of institutions. Through the use of historical examples of the sort Glover appeals to in Humanity, this chapter shows that work in Ethics must pay more attention to the ethics of believing and to the role that institutions play in the formation of systems of belief.
6 The Strains of Dialogue
Authors: Keshen Richard 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that there are inherent features of dialogue which tend to push interlocutors further apart both intellectually and emotionally. This is true even when the participants in a dialogue are reasonable people. The chapter explains why dialogue often strains the capacity of reasonable people to continue to respect each other. It explores Glover's concept of a breakthrough as a possible antidote to the strains of dialogue. A book‐length debate over Israel and Palestine serves as a test case for the argument of the chapter.
7 Humanity and Hyper-regulation: From Nuremberg to Helsinki
Authors: O'Neill Onora 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Contemporary work on research ethics often points to Nazi inhumanity and abuse of research subjects as a prelude to arguing that research on human subjects requires their fully informed consent. By contrast, the Nuremberg Code of 1947 demanded more robustly that fundamental obligations not to force, deceive, or use duress be respected, in order to ensure that research participation would be voluntary. Subsequent codes, such as the Declaration of Helsinki, set more exacting regulatory requirements aimed at securing highly specific and explicit consent. This supposed improvement may be neither feasible nor ethically superior.
9 The Foundations of Humanity
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter concerns the metaethical foundations of Jonathan Glover's project in Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century. It begins by outlining both Glover's doubts about so‐called external reasons for action and his notion that ethics can be grounded in ‘self‐creation’. A distinction is drawn between nihilism about reasons, and a narrow version of externalism according to which there are reasons to act grounded in self‐creation. A mathematical analogy is used to suggest that the metaphysical and epistemological implications of externalism about reasons may be less worrying than Glover believes. The deep disagreement that persists in ethics, however, does require us often to suspend judgment. The chapter ends by suggesting that, by Glover's own lights, we should think that certain components of common sense morality, such as the acts and omissions doctrine, are significantly more harmful than the ‘monsters inside us’.
13 Responses: A Summing Up
Authors: Glover Jonathan 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
“Responses: A Summing Up” replies to the wide‐ranging contributions to the book. It argues for the complete exclusion of torture from public policy, and defends a broadly consequentialist ethical view of war. It discusses the mutual interplay between society and systems of belief, and urges the relevance of epistemology to dialogue between conflicting ideologies. In discussing an “external moral law,” it expresses doubts about “external reasons.” It discusses the obligation to alleviate poverty, recognizing how hard we find this, and looks for ways of doing better by working with the grain of our psychology. It considers how fantasies about being hard and tough erode the compassion that inhibits atrocities. “Responses: A Summing Up” (overoptimistically?) hopes to express some coherence of outlook toward these very diverse questions.
Executive Function: Theoretical Concerns
Authors: Martin Jack , Failows Laura 
Published: May 2010

AbstractResearch on executive function faces a variety of theoretical issues and challenges. In this chapter, we begin with a survey of definitions, methods, and conceptions that currently resist integration and raise the specter of theoretical incoherence. We move on to tackle broader issues of psychologism, reductionism, and mechanism. We then conclude with a general suggestion that might provide an initial platform for theoretical advance in research on executive functioning. What we recommend is the development of theories of executive function (EF) that privilege descriptions of the functional activities of individuals in particular task environments and social contexts over premature postulations of generously, but imprecisely, endowed psychological and neurological explanatory mechanisms of dubious ontological status.
Epistemic Flow and the Social Making of Minds
Authors: Lewis Charlie , Carpendale Jeremy I. M. , Towse John , Maridaki-Kassotaki Katerina 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCorrelations between an understanding of self and other in psychological terms, often referred to as “theory of mind,” and the control of action, often labeled “executive functions,” have been reported and debated. We suggest that claims about such relations rest on a prior assumption that these are two separate, coherent domains and children have stable, measurable abilities in these areas. Examining relevant research, however, indicates variability in a number of ways, suggesting that both social understanding and executive skills are substantiated and develop within the flow of interaction with people and objects. According to our alternative approach to social cognitive development, social understanding develops within social interaction as children learn to talk about situations of shared understanding. We suggest that executive function and social understanding may be interdependent and emerge through the same processes within social interaction.
Underpinning Collaborative Learning
Authors: Flynn Emma 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter investigates the development of, and relations between, children's collaborative abilities and other cognitive skills, most notably mental state understanding and executive functioning. The first half of the chapter presents a review of the development of children's collaborative skills, from early interactions in infancy to peer tutoring in school-age children. The empirical and theoretical evidence of a link between changes in young children's collaborative abilities and their cognitive skills are discussed. The second half of the chapter presents a study that directly investigates the relations between children's peer tutoring and their second-order theory of mind, planning, referential communication and recall skills; showing a direct link between second-order mental state understanding and peer tutoring competence. The chapter concludes by focusing on the multidimensional, bi-directional nature of the relations between collaborative learning and the development of other important cognitive skills.
Psychological Distancing in the Development of Executive Function and Emotion Regulation
Authors: Giesbrecht Gerald F. , Müller Ulrich , Miller Michael R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWithin developmental psychology, the concept of psychological distancing captures the phenomenon that human beings can step back and withhold an immediate response, survey the environment, and reflect on a course of action instead of being dominated by immediate stimulation. In this chapter, we focus on the role that psychological distancing plays in the development of self-regulation. Our purpose in taking this approach is to highlight linkages between cognitive and emotional aspects of self-regulation. We begin by summarizing some classical views of psychological distancing and how they inform our understanding of self-regulation. We then examine the role of executive function in the development of psychological distancing. Specifically, we concentrate on how improvements in executive control facilitate the development of emotion regulation. Drawing on Irving Sigel's theory, the final section examines the role of social interaction, and in particular parent–child interaction, as the context in which psychological distancing and the development of self-regulation occur.
Emotional Contributions to the Development of Executive Functions in the Family Context
Authors: Perez Susan M. , Gauvain Mary 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines executive function development, specifically planning, in the family context in relation to social, emotional, and cultural processes. Learning from others relies on both cognitive and emotional processes. The development of planning (determination, organization, and implementation of future-oriented behaviors) and of emotional competence (emotional expression, understanding, and regulation) are intricately linked with children's experience in the family setting. Effective planning and emotional competence draw on many of the same underlying skills, in particular attention regulation and inhibition. Emotional competence contributes to the quality of social interaction, including children's ability to engage in and learn about complex cognitive skills from others. Family interactions also reflect the beliefs, values, and practices of the cultural context, which, in turn, influence children's learning opportunities in the family context. The research reviewed suggests the need for further examination of these interconnections toward a greater understanding of individual differences in cognitive and emotional development.
Do Early Social Cognition and Executive Function Predict Individual Differences in Preschoolers' Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior?
Authors: Hughes Claire , Ensor Rosie 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFamily socio-economic status is a robust predictor of individual differences in early executive function (EF) (e.g., Hughes and Ensor, 2005), but it is not known whether variation in family environment predict developmental trajectories for EF. To address this challenge, we examined data from comprehensive EF assessments and from multiple measures of family life for a socially diverse sample of 125 British children seen at ages 2 and 4. Our longitudinal results supported three distinct models of social influence. Specifically, while unrelated to observational measures of general positive parenting, EF trajectories were positively related to individual differences in: (i) deliberate maternal scaffolding; (ii) children's opportunities for incidental observational learning (assessed via a naturalistic EF task for mothers); and negatively related to (iii) indicators of disorganised and inconsistent parenting. Together, these findings indicate that families can, unintentionally, both help and hinder young children's EF development.
Chapter 3 The Duality of Affiliative Motivation
Authors: Weinberger Joel , Cotler Tanya , Fishman Daniel 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAffiliation motivation, unlike other implicit motives, seems to have a dual nature. There is a bright positive side and a dark negative side to this implicit motive. The former is best captured by Intimacy motivation; the latter by Affiliation motivation. Research and theory supporting this duality is reviewed. These include data on social interaction, hormone profiles and correlates, autobiographical memory, social sensitivity, and leadership. Measurement issues are also reviewed. Basically, affiliation motivation is focused on not being alone and on a fear of rejection. This explains its dark side. Intimacy motivation is focused on close, meaningful, and mutually satisfying interactions. This explains its mostly positive correlates. Work carried out on dependency also shows a positive and negative side to this variable. These results come from a research tradition completely independent of implicit motives and yet parallel the findings concerning affiliation and intimacy very closely. These independent findings therefore provide support for the model. Finally, the results are shown to parallel the phenomenology of affiliation in the real, interpersonal world.
Chapter 6 Assessing Individual Differences in Achievement Motivation with the Implicit Association Test: Predictive Validity of a Chronometric Measure of the Self-Concept “Me = Successful”
Authors: Brunstein Joachim C. , Schmitt Clemens H. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores potential links between thematic and chronometric methods of measuring implicit motives. It begins with a brief overview of the strengths and weaknesses inherent in thematic measures of motivational preferences. It then argues that reaction time-based measures (e.g., priming procedures) of implicit social cognitions can provide important insights into how implicit motives work and translate into goal-directed action. To exemplify this position, this chapter summarizes a number of studies examining the predictive validity of an Implicit Association Test designed to assess individual differences in achievement motivation. On this basis, it is argued that the field of implicit motives can benefit from an exchange of ideas with several important lines of social cognitive research on the automatic nature of motivational concerns.
Chapter 10 Biopsychological and Neural Processes of Implicit Motivation
Authors: Hall Julie L. , Stanton Steven J. , Schultheiss Oliver C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this chapter we provide an overview of recent research on the biopsychological correlates of implicit motives. We review evidence for a role of gonadal steroids (testosterone and estradiol) as well as stress axis activation in power motivation arousal and satisfaction/frustration, summarize recent research on the role of progesterone and affiliation motivation, and discuss a possible role for arginine–vasopressin in achievement motivation. We also present findings from brain imaging work that indicate that the needs for power, affiliation, and achievement modulate activity in a core motivational circuit consisting of striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula when nonverbal social incentives are processed.
Chapter 15 Research on Implicit Motives Across Cultures
Authors: Hofer Jan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe chapter illustrates the methodological and substantial progress that has been made in cross-cultural studies on implicit motives. After introducing a multiculture and multivariate approach in conducting research, methodological means to remedy bias in measurements across cultural groups are addressed. Thereafter, cross-cultural research on implicit motives at the collective and individual level is critically evaluated. It is argued that research on implicit motives across cultural groups is indispensable to the understanding of universal and culture-specific variations in individuals’ mental processes and behavioral acts.
Chapter 17 Competencies as a Behavioral Manifestation of Implicit Motives
Authors: Boyatzis Richard E. , Kelner Stephen P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractImplicit motives manifest themselves in patterns of behavior that we call competencies. Since 1970, the study of competencies and their predictive relationship to effectiveness in many occupations in many types of organizations, sectors, and countries has allowed for the understanding of how functionally related clusters of behavior organized around a specific unconscious intent. Because of the behavioral nature of the competencies, measurement is more observable than projective tests, more holistic (i.e., incorporating physiological states as well as mental and emotional ones), and easier to use in applied settings. In this chapter, the history of research evidence is reviewed along with the theoretical distinctions and an empirically tested model for developing competencies in adults.
Chapter 18 Motive Training and Motivational Competence
Authors: Rheinberg Falko , Engeser Stefan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe chapter starts out discussing achievement motive trainings for entrepreneurs with the aim of fostering economic performance. Next, we review a variety of the original motive training programs and discuss how the training was extended to the educational domain, with a particular focus on the importance of individual reference norms for motive training. The chapter ends by stating that motive training programs should not necessarily change the implicit motive, but should rather foster the congruence of implicit motives and the motivational self-concept (e.g., the congruence between implicit and explicit motives). This aims at increasing motivational competence in trained individuals, enhancing flow experiences during goal pursuit.
Photoperiodic Control of Flowering in Lemna
Authors: Ito-Miwa Kumiko , Oyama Tokitaka 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the photoperiodic induction of flowering in Lemna paucicostata 6746. Although this description conforms to the external coincidence model, it does not rule out the involvement of time measurement systems based on other mechanisms, such as an internal coincidence model. A bioluminescent reporter system that employs particle bombardment is an easy and powerful way to directly detail the dynamics of circadian behaviors. The reporter activity can be sustained for more than one week, long enough to allow examinations of circadian rhythms and the entire course of floral induction, which can be visually observed within a week after photoperiodic transitions. Examining Lemna plants using these molecular tools should assist in analyses of the processes that drive the recognition of day length to flower induction and the determination of critical day lengths, as well as evolutionary divergence in day-length responses.
Seasonality and Photoperiodism in Fungi
Authors: Roenneberg Till , Radic Tanja , Gödel Manfred , Merrow Martha 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCompared to the overwhelming evidence of active seasonal adaptation in plants and animals, little is known about seasonality and photoperiodism in fungi. To approach this topic in any organism, several questions have to be answered: (1) Is there evidence for seasonality?; (2) Is there evidence for photobiology — a prerequisite for detecting changing lengths of day and night?; and, (3) Is there evidence for a circadian system that could be used as internal reference to make sense of the changes in day or night length? This chapter summarizes what is known about the questions enumerated above. It describes the first results of investigating seasonality and photoperiodism in Neurospora crassa, a classic model organism in circadian research. As in other organisms, the Neurospora photoperiodic responses rely on a functional circadian clock that involves determination of night length.
Photoperiodism in Mollusks
Authors: Numata Hideharu , Udaka Hiroko 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on photoperiodism in gastropods, particularly terrestrial and freshwater species in the order Pulmonata, in which photoperiodism has been intensively examined. It also suggests two possibilities for future studies in mollusk photoperiodism. The first involves approaches toward understanding the ecological significance of photoperiodism. Second, is that the neural mechanism of photoperiodism must be clarified in mollusks.
Photoperiodism and Reproduction in Birds
Authors: Bentley George E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes mechanisms thought to be involved in the regulation of photoperiodism in birds. It discusses the key hormones involved in avian photoperiodism. Gonadotropins are not discussed per se, as seasonal changes in gonadotropins are regulated as a result of changes in the neuroendocrine photoperiodic machinery and are not thought to participate themselves in the timing of the photoperiodic response. Thus, in a sense, changes in gonadotropins are more a symptom of photoperiodism rather than a cause.
Introduction
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn a previous monograph, the authors described an experimental model of the 40 Hz oscillations produced in vivo by visual stimulation. The model involved tetanic stimulation of one or two sites in a hippocampal slice, and was able to produce synchronized oscillations in the presence of axonal conduction delays. The monograph showed how network simulations and in vitro studies complement each other, for example in elucidating the cellular mechanisms by such long-range synchrony could occur. The present monograph continues this type of research, but focuses on additional sorts of oscillations, many of which depend on gap junctions.
Overview of In Vivo Cortical Oscillations
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstractbrain oscillations occur spontaneously, for example during sleep; as part of evoked responses following specific sensory stimulations; and as a correlate of cognitive and motor processes. In the latter cases, there is evidence that the oscillations are an essential part of the brain computations being performed, motivating study of the basic cellular mechanisms. Cognitively relevant oscillations are often quite fast, above 20 Hz, and even up to several hundred Hz.