bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A methodology for static stiffness mapping in lower mobility parallel manipulators with decoupled motions
Authors: Pinto Charles , Corral Javier , Altuzarra Oscar , Hernández Alfonso 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYIn this paper a general methodology for obtaining static stiffness maps in lower mobility parallel manipulators is proposed. The main objective is to define a set of guidelines, which allow the experimental work to be optimized and computational time to be reduced. First, a two-degree-of-freedom (DOF) mechanism will be used for methodology validation, since it is the stiffness of the basic kinematic chain of the manipulator that is to be analysed. Two mathematical models of this mechanism and an experimental prototype will be considered for the validation. After that, the methodology will be applied to a lower mobility (4-DOF) parallel manipulator. In this paper, the experimental prototype and its set-up is highly important because some particular features of the experimental analysis will be defined. This paper introduces a key experimental tool: the preload, which allows the clearances and possible assembling errors to be considered. The added value from the application of this procedure is the obtaining of graphs that describe, in an intuitive and useful way, the behaviour of the manipulator's stiffness inside its workspace as a function of the mobile platform position and orientation.
«Was kann ich noch tun, was darf ich noch tun?» – Das ambivalente Erleben und der Schulungsbedarf von Patienten in der Frühphase nach einer Nierentransplantation
Authors: Wiederhold Dietmar , Langer Gero , Landenberger Margarete 
Published: September 2009

Mit einem Anteil von etwa 27 % an den Nierenersatzverfahren ist die Nierentransplantation (NTx) mittlerweile eine etablierte Alternative zur Dialyse geworden. Eine Literaturanalyse ergab, dass über den Zustand, wie Patienten ihre neue Situation kurz nach der NTx erleben, und über den Schulungsbedarf noch wenig bekannt ist. Das Ziel dieser deskriptiv-phänomenologischen qualitativen Studie besteht darin, das Erleben von Patienten nach einer NTx zu beschreiben, noch bevor sie aus dem stationären Bereich entlassen werden, und welche Inhalte sich daraus für eine frühzeitige Patientenschulung ergeben. Als Methode wurden zehn semistrukturierte Interviews mit Patienten nach einer allogenen Nierentransplantation durchgeführt, die zum ersten Mal eine Organspende erhielten, eine stabile Transplantatfunktion aufwiesen und noch stationär behandelt wurden. Die aufgezeichneten und transkribierten Interviews wurden nach der Methode von Colaizzi ausgewertet. Die essenzielle Struktur des Erlebens von Patienten nach einer Nierentransplantation kann als ein «Hin-und-hergerissen-Sein» beschrieben werden. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass im subjektiven Erleben der Patienten folgende sechs Themen im Vordergrund stehen: 1) Die Abwägung zwischen der Dialyse und der Transplantation, 2) die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Organ, 3) das Erleben der positiven Veränderungen sowie 4) des daraus resultierenden Selbstvertrauens und 5) das Erleben der trotz allem bestehenden Einschränkungen und Sorgen sowie 6) des nachfolgenden Unterstützungsbedarfes. Als Schlussfolgerung für die Praxis wird es für notwendig erachtet, eine aktiv zugehende und realitätsorientierende Schulung anzubieten, um alltagspraktische Handlungskompetenz sowie ein höheres Maß an Selbstbestimmung bei den Patienten erzeugen zu können.
Umgang mit sensiblen Themen in Interviews – Einblicke in das Forschungsprojekt «Harninkontinenz im Alltag der Betroffenen»
Authors: Hayder Daniela , Cintron Alexa , Schnell Martin W. , Schnepp Wilfried 
Published: September 2009

Dieser Artikel wurde innerhalb eines Forschungsprojekts zum Thema Alltagserleben von Menschen mit Harninkontinenz entwickelt. Anhand von Literaturanalyse und Beispieldarstellungen einer laufenden Studie wird beschrieben und reflektiert, wie Forscher mit schwierigen, schambesetzten Themen im Interviewprozess umgehen können. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dabei den ethischen Aspekten: informierte Zustimmung als prozesshaftes Geschehen, Arten, Ort und Phasen von Interviews sowie den Teilnahmegründen von befragten Personen geschenkt. In der Diskussion wird aufgezeigt, dass die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Führen von schwierigen und schambesetzten Themen in qualitativen Untersuchungen von besonderer Bedeutung im Sinne der Teilnehmergewinnung und zentraler Elemente qualitativer Gütekriterien wie Glaubwürdigkeit und Nachvollziehbarkeit ist, aber auch, um voneinander zu lernen.
A comparison of sensation‐seeking between dental and biological science students
Authors: Mian O. , Kay E. J. 
Published: September 2009

Aim:  The aim of this study was to compare sensation‐seeking behaviour amongst dental students and age‐, sex‐matched students studying for a standard 3‐year degree in biological sciences at the Manchester University.Methods:  A total of 268 sensation‐seeking questionnaires were distributed to second‐ and third‐year male and female dental and biological science students, studying for a degree at the University of Manchester. Each questionnaire was scored against Zuckerman's sensation‐seeking scale.Results:  A total of 268 questionnaires were distributed, 175 were returned. The return rate was 65%. The primary findings were:

Biological Science students were more sensation‐seeking in the dimensions of disinhibition and experience‐seeking than dental students (P < 0.05).
There was a significant gender bias in sensation‐seeking. Males were significantly more sensation‐seeking than females in both courses (P < 0.05).
Males in both courses had similar sensation‐seeking tendencies (NS).
Females in the biological sciences course were less inhibited than their dental counterparts (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  There was a clear difference in sensation‐seeking within and between groups of dental students and students studying biological sciences.
Successional changes in bacterial communities during the development of black band disease on the reef coral, Montipora hispida
Authors: Sato Yui , Willis Bette L , Bourne David G 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Black band disease (BBD) consists of a mat-forming microbial consortium that migrates across coral colonies causing rapid tissue loss. Although BBD-associated microbial communities have been well characterized, little is known regarding how these complex bacterial consortia develop. This study analyzed successional changes in microbial communities leading to the development of BBD. Long-term monitoring of tagged corals throughout outbreaks of BBD in the central Great Barrier Reef documented cyanobacterium-infected lesions, herein termed cyanobacterial patch(es) (CP), which were macroscopically distinct from BBD and preceded the onset of BBD in 19% of the cases. Dominant cyanobacteria within CP lesions were morphologically distinct from ones dominating BBD lesions. Clone libraries and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis confirmed shifts within cyanobacterial assemblages, from Blennothrix sp.-affiliated sequences dominating CP lesions, to Oscillatoria sp.-affiliated sequences, similar to those retrieved from other BBD samples worldwide, dominating BBD lesions. Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA clone libraries also showed shifts in bacterial ribotypes during transitions from CP to BBD, with Alphaproteobacteria-affiliated sequences dominant in CP libraries, whereas gammaproteobacterial and cyanobacterial ribotypes were more abundant in BBD clone libraries. Sequences affiliated with organisms identified in sulfur cycling were commonly retrieved from lesions showing characteristic field signs of BBD. As high sulfide concentrations have been implicated in BBD-mediated coral tissue degradation, proliferation of a microbial community actively involved in sulfur cycling potentially contributes to the higher progression rates found for BBD compared with CP lesions. Results show how microbial colonization of indistinct lesions may facilitate a common coral disease with proven ecological effects on coral populations.
Language Features in a Mother and Daughter of a Chromosome 7;13 Translocation InvolvingFOXP2
Authors: Tomblin J. Bruce , O’Brien Marlea , Shriberg Lawrence D. , Williams Charles , Murray Jeff , Patil Shivanand , Bjork Jonathan , Anderson Steve , Ballard Kirrie 
Published: September 2009

PurposeThe aims of this study were (a) to locate the breakpoints of a balanced translocation (7;13) within a mother (B) and daughter (T); (b) to describe the language and cognitive skills of B and T; and (c) to compare this profile with affected family members of the KE family who have a mutation withinFOXP2.MethodThe breakpoint locations for T and B were identified by use of fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis followed by DNA sequencing using long-range polymer chain reaction amplification methods. The cognitive and language characteristics were obtained via the use of standardized tests of intelligence, receptive and expressive vocabulary and sentence use, and a spontaneous language sample.ResultsThe translocation breakpoints in T and B were found inFOXP2on chromosome 7 and inRFC3on chromosome 13. T and B’s pattern of relative strengths and weaknesses across their cognitive and language performance was found to be similar to descriptions of the affected KE family members.ConclusionsPrior reports of individuals with chromosomal rearrangements ofFOXP2have emphasized their speech impairment. This study provides additional evidence that language—in particular, grammar—is likely to be influenced by abnormalities ofFOXP2function.
Behavior Predictors of Language Development Over 2 Years in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Bopp Karen D. , Mirenda Pat , Zumbo Bruno D. 
Published: September 2009

Purpose
This exploratory study examined predictive relationships between 5 types of behaviors and the trajectories of vocabulary and language development in young children with autism over 2 years.

Method
Participants were 69 children with autism assessed using standardized measures prior to the initiation of early intervention (T1) and 6 months (T2), 12 months (T3), and 24 months (T4) later. Growth curve modeling examined the extent to which behaviors at T1 and changes in behaviors between T1 and T2 predicted changes in development from T1 to T4.

Results
Regardless of T1 nonverbal IQ and autism severity, high scores for inattentive behaviors at T1 predicted lower rates of change in vocabulary production and language comprehension over 2 years. High scores for social unresponsiveness at T1 predicted lower rates of change in vocabulary comprehension and production and in language comprehension over 2 years. Scores for insistence on sameness behaviors, repetitive stereotypic motor behaviors, and acting-out behaviors at T1 did not predict the rate of change of any child measure over 2 years beyond differences accounted for by T1 autism severity and nonverbal IQ status.

Conclusions
The results are discussed with regard to their implications for early intervention and understanding the complex factors that affect developmental outcomes.
Evolution and Nucleosynthesis in Extremely Metal-Poor, Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars
Authors: Iwamoto Nobuyuki 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe evolve extremely metal-poor ([Fe/H]≃–3), thermally pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) models with the mass range of 1–8 M⊙. The chemical yields ejected from the models are obtained by considering mass loss. We find that the 1- and 2-M⊙ AGB models are not affected by hot bottom burning (HBB). Nevertheless, they produce large amount of 7Li in an H-flash event. The occurrence of this event is associated with the ingestion of protons from the overlying H-rich envelope into the He convective shell driven by thermal pulse. The resulting 7Li abundances in the ejecta are higher than the primordial one predicted in Big-Bang nucleosynthesis. The efficient production of 7Li by the operation of HBB is also confirmed in the models of 4–8 M⊙. If these AGB stars have a low-mass companion, it is probable that mass loss from the primary AGB star brings the materials enriched in 7Li into the secondary star. This makes the surface composition of the secondary Li-rich. The formation of Li-rich stars, however, is strongly dependent on the mass loss history and binary separation. The nucleosynthesis for the other light nuclei is also calculated up to the end of the AGB phase. We find that the abundance patterns of the metal-poor stars CS 29528–041 and CS 29497–030 are well reproduced by yields from our AGB models.
Why Do Low-Mass Stars Become Red Giants?
Authors: Stancliffe Richard J. , Chieffi Alessandro , Lattanzio John C. , Church Ross P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe revisit the problem of why stars become red giants. We modify the physics of a standard stellar evolution code in order to determine what does and what does not contribute to a star becoming a red giant. In particular, we have run tests to try to separate the effects of changes in the mean molecular weight and in the energy generation. The implications for why stars become red giants are discussed. We find that while a change in the mean molecular weight is necessary (but not sufficient) for a 1-M⊙ star to become a red giant, this is not the case in a star of 5 M⊙. It therefore seems that there may be more than one way to make a giant.
Co-Production of Light p-, s- and r-Process Isotopes in the High-Entropy Wind of Type II Supernovae
Authors: Farouqi K. , Kratz K.-L. , Pfeiffer B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe have performed large-scale nucleosynthesis calculations within the high-entropy-wind (HEW) scenario of Type II supernovae. The primary aim was to constrain the conditions for the production of the classical ‘p-only’ isotopes of the light trans-Fe elements. We find, however, that for electron fractions in the range 0.458 ≤ Ye ≤ 0.478, sizeable abundances of p-, s- and r-process nuclei between 64Zn and 98Ru are coproduced in the HEW at low entropies (S ≤ 100) by a primary charged-particle process after an α-rich freezeout. With the above Ye–S correlation, most of the predicted isotopic abundance ratios within a given element, e.g. 64Zn(p)/70Zn(r) or 92Mo(p)/94Mo(p), as well as of neighboring elements, e.g. 70Ge(s + p)/74Se(p) or 74Se(p)/78Kr(p) agree with the observed Solar-System ratios. Taking the Mo isotopic chain as a particularly challenging example, we show that our HEW model can account for the production of all 7 stable isotopes, from ‘p-only’ 92Mo, via ‘s-only’ 96Mo up to ‘r-only’ 100Mo. Furthermore, our model is able to reproduce the isotopic composition of Mo in presolar SiC X-grains.
Density-dependent distribution of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) into deep waters on the Faroe Plateau
Authors: Steingrund Petur , Ofstad Lise H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Steingrund, P., and Ofstad, L. H. 2010. Density-dependent distribution of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) into deep waters on the Faroe Plateau. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 102–110. The natural production of cod on the Faroe Plateau depends on the spatial overlap between cod and their prey. However, cod tend to be distributed shallower than the bulk of their prey fish, such as Norway pout and blue whiting. We used commercial and survey catch per unit effort (cpue) data to investigate the distribution of cod in the deep water (150–400 m) on the Faroe Plateau. Cod often move to deep water when they are 4 or 5 years old. The extent of this habitat shift was positively correlated with the total biomass of 3- or 4-year-old cod on the Faroe Plateau, whereas prey densities in the shallow and deep areas, respectively, seemed to have much less influence. Hence, year classes that were a year older than strong year classes were distributed deeper than normal, and vice versa. The cpue in deep water for all ages pooled was strongly correlated with the age 3–6 biomass of cod on the entire Faroe Plateau. These findings are discussed in relation to food utilization and management.
Elevations of lobster fishery groundlines in relation to their potential to entangle endangered North Atlantic right whales in the Bay of Fundy, Canada
Authors: Brillant Sean W. , Trippel Edward A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBrillant, S. W., and Trippel, E. A. 2010. Elevations of lobster fishery groundlines in relation to their potential to entangle endangered North Atlantic right whales in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 355–364. Fishing gear is known to be a threat to North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis), and groundlines used in the American lobster (Homarus americanus) trap fishery are hypothesized to be an integral component of entanglements that may, in some incidents, lead to mortality. This research measured the elevations above the seabed of 17 regular groundlines on commercially active lobster gear in the Bay of Fundy and evaluated several factors governing rope elevation profiles. Mean elevation was 1.6 m (s.d. = 0.9, n = 5968, range = 0.0–7.0 m). The hypothesis that groundline elevations were ≤1.0 m (predicted height of taut groundlines) was rejected (Fisher's C = 66.9, p < 0.01), as was the hypothesis that elevations were >3.0 m (approximate body height of a right whale; Fisher's C = 129.5, p < 0.01). The proportion of groundline elevations ≤1.0 m was 0.32, and that <3.0 m was 0.92. Groundline elevations were negatively related to tidal current velocity at the time of setting (p < 0.001, r2 = 0.33) and were closer to the seabed in deep than in shallow water (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.07). It is suggested that groundlines in the Bay of Fundy may not constitute a large part of the risk associated with the entanglement of right whales, because most lines remained below the elevation hypothesized to be a threat (3 m). We also identified factors within the control of fishers setting trawls that minimize groundline elevations.
POY version 4: phylogenetic analysis using dynamic homologies
Authors: Varón Andrés , Vinh Le Sy , Wheeler Ward C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe present POY version 4, an open source program for the phylogenetic analysis of morphological, prealigned sequence, unaligned sequence, and genomic data. POY allows phylogenetic inference when not only substitutions, but insertions, deletions, and rearrangement events are allowed (computed using the breakpoint or inversion distance). Compared with previous versions, POY 4 provides greater flexibility, a larger number of supported parameter sets, numerous execution time improvements, a vastly improved user interface, greater quality control, and extensive documentation. We introduce POY’s basic features, and present a simple example illustrating the performance improvements over previous versions of the application.© The Willi Hennig Society 2009.
Review article: new receptor targets for medical therapy in irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: CAMILLERI M. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryBackground  Despite setbacks to the approval of new medications for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, interim guidelines on endpoints for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) trials have enhanced interest as new targets for medical therapy are proposed based on novel mechanisms or chemical entities.Aims  To review the approved lubiprostone, two targets that are not meeting expectations (tachykinins and corticotrophin‐releasing hormone), the efficacy and safety of new 5‐HT4 agonists, intestinal secretagogues (chloride channel activators, and guanylate cyclase‐C agonists), bile acid modulation, anti‐inflammatory agents and visceral analgesics.Methods  Review of selected articles based on PubMed search and clinically relevant information on mechanism of action, safety, pharmacodynamics and efficacy.Results  The spectrum of peripheral targets of medical therapy addresses chiefly the bowel dysfunction of IBS and these effects are associated with pain relief. The pivotal mechanisms responsible for the abdominal pain or visceral sensation in IBS are unknown. The new 5‐HT4 agonists are more specific than older agents and show cardiovascular safety to date. Secretory agents have high specificity, low bioavailability and high efficacy. The potential risks of agents ‘borrowed’ from other indications (such as hyperlipidaemia, inflammatory bowel disease or somatic pain) deserve further study.Conclusions  There is reason for optimism in medical treatment of IBS with a spectrum of agents to treat bowel dysfunction. However, visceral analgesic treatments are still suboptimal.
Comparison of PERV genomic locations between Asian and European pigs
Authors: Jung W. Y. , Kim J. E. , Jung K. C. , Jin D. I. , Moran C. , Park E. W. , Jeon J. T. , Lee J. H. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryXenotransplantation from pigs provides a possible solution to the shortage of human organs for allotransplantation. Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are a possible obstacle to using porcine organs in addition to the immunological barriers. Three main types of PERVs (A, B and C) have been previously investigated in diverse pig breeds. To examine the copy numbers of PERVs and their genomic locations in the Korean native pig genome, we screened a BAC (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome) library with PERV‐specific protease primers for initial recognition of PERV‐positive clones and three sets of envelope‐specific primers for the identification of PERV types. A total of 45 PERV‐positive clones, nine PERV‐A and 36 PERV‐B, have been identified from the library screening and the BAC contigs were constructed using the primers designed from BAC end sequences (BESs). These primers were also used for SCH (Somatic Cell Hybrid) and RH (Radiation Hybrid) mapping of the PERV‐positive clones. The results indicate that 45 PERV‐positive BAC clones belong to nine contigs and a singleton. SCH and IMpRH (INRA‐Minnesota Porcine Radiation Hybrid) mapping results indicated that there are at least eight separate PERV genomic locations, consisting of three PERV‐A and five PERV‐B. One contig could not be mapped, and two contigs are closely located on SSC7. Southern blotting indicates there may be up to 15 additional sites. Further investigation of these clones will contribute to a general strategy to generate PERV‐free lines of pigs suitable for xenotransplantation.