bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Properties of Nutritive Shortenings Produced from Regioselective Hardening of Soybean Oil with Pt Containing Zeolite
Authors: Philippaerts An , Breesch Annika , De Cremer Gert , Kayaert Pieterjan , Hofkens Johan , Van den Mooter Guy , Jacobs Pierre , Sels Bert 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSoybean oil was partially hydrogenated using Pt supported in microporous zeolite ZSM‐5 and on mesoporous alumina at various IV. Their fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition were determined with GC and HPLC, respectively, and their physical characteristics were monitored by the slip melting point, solid fat content, melting and crystallization thermograms, polymorphism behavior, and the crystal and solid fat network formation. Both the chemical and physical properties were compared with commercial fat samples. Usage of Pt instead of Ni results in a significant reduction in trans fatty acids in the hardened fat. Moreover, the catalyst support of Pt, viz. zeolite ZSM‐5 versus γ‐alumina, markedly affects the TAG composition. Pt/alumina fats contain large amounts of SSS and polyunsaturates (PUFA), making them unsuitable for shortening application. Because of the (regio)selective hydrogenation property of Pt/ZSM‐5, sn‐2 unsaturates are hydrogenated faster, yielding an enrichment of intermediately reduced TAG. In addition, this unique fat composition shows a high nutritional added‐value (high content of oleate, very low content of trans fatty acids, and low content of cholesterol‐raising palmitate and myristate) and high thermal stability (very low in linolenate). Moreover, their melting characteristics perfectly match those of commercial shortenings. Pt/zeolite hardened soybean oil contains spherulitic crystals with orthorhombic β′ molecular packing, arranged in an open, flexible solid network, in accordance with their high plasticity.
Lawyers, State Officials and Significant Others: Symbiotic Exchange in the Chinese Legal Services Market
Authors: Liu Sida 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn China's legal services market, lawyers face strong competition from a variety of alternative legal service providers. Based upon 256 interviews with law practitioners and public officials, three years of ethnographic work on a professional internet forum, and extensive archival research, this article develops a theory of symbiotic exchange to analyse the competition between lawyers, basic-level legal workers and other practitioners in ordinary legal work, as well as how the state regulates these competing occupational groups. It argues that the dynamics of professional competition in the Chinese legal services market can be explained by the symbiotic exchange between law practitioners in the market and their regulatory agencies and officials in the state. Chinese lawyers have a weak market position because their exchange with the state is often not as strong and stable as their competitors. The prevalence of symbiotic exchange leads to the structural isomorphism between market and state institutions in China's transitional economy.
Cultural Governance and Place-Making in Taiwan and China
Authors: Chan Selina Ching 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article compares cultural governance in Taiwan and China through their respective place-making processes. It investigates how cultural polices objectify tradition and popularize cultural landscape in local places for economic development and identity politics. Contrary to what would be commonly expected, the Chinese government adopted a minimalist approach while the Taiwanese government was much more hands-on. The sociopolitical histories of the two governments and their objectives are examined to understand this difference. In addition, the reactions of the locals to cultural policies in the two places are also contrasted. Finally, the different effects of cultural governance in China and Taiwan are examined. In particular, it was found that communal relations have deteriorated in China but strengthened in Taiwan as a result.
Karp–Sipser on Random Graphs with a Fixed Degree Sequence
Authors: BOHMAN TOM , FRIEZE ALAN 
Published: June 2011

Let Δ ≥ 3 be an integer. Given a fixed z ∈ +Δ such that zΔ > 0, we consider a graph Gz drawn uniformly at random from the collection of graphs with zin vertices of degree i for i = 1,. . .,Δ. We study the performance of the Karp–Sipser algorithm when applied to Gz. If there is an index δ > 1 such that z1 = . . . = zδ−1 = 0 and δzδ,. . .,ΔzΔ is a log-concave sequence of positive reals, then with high probability the Karp–Sipser algorithm succeeds in finding a matching with n ∥ z ∥ 1/2 − o(n1−ε) edges in Gz, where ε = ε (Δ, z) is a constant.
Restoration of Uneven Illumination in Light Sheet Microscopy Images
Authors: Uddin Mohammad Shorif , Lee Hwee Kuan , Preibisch Stephan , Tomancak Pavel 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLight microscopy images suffer from poor contrast due to light absorption and scattering by the media. The resulting decay in contrast varies exponentially across the image along the incident light path. Classical space invariant deconvolution approaches, while very effective in deblurring, are not designed for the restoration of uneven illumination in microscopy images. In this article, we present a modified radiative transfer theory approach to solve the contrast degradation problem of light sheet microscopy (LSM) images. We confirmed the effectiveness of our approach through simulation as well as real LSM images.
Indian farmers' experience with and perceptions of organic farming
Authors: Panneerselvam P. , Halberg Niels , Vaarst Mette , Hermansen John Erik 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn India, the number of farmers converting to organic farming has increased in the recent past despite the lack of government support in providing knowledge and extension to the farmers. The aim of this article is to investigate the perceived relevance, benefits and barriers to a conversion to organic agriculture in three different Indian contexts—in Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Uttarakhand states. In each state, 40 farmers from both organic and conventional systems were interviewed. The findings indicated that conventional producers identified production and marketing barriers as the main constraints to adopting organic farming, while the age and education of the farmer were not deemed a problem. Lack of knowledge and lack of institutional support were other barriers to conversion. Some farmers were, however, interested in converting to organic farming in the near future in Madhya Pradesh due to the low cost of production, and in Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand due to the price premium and health benefits. On the other hand, organic farmers were more concerned with health, environmental and production factors when institutional support was available. The years under conversion were positively associated with reduced input costs in all three states and with increased income in Tamil Nadu and increased yield in Madhya Pradesh. Both organic and conventional farmers found the two production factors, low yield and pest control, to be of major concern. However, organic farms in Madhya Pradesh and Uttarakhand experienced yield increases because most of the farms were in the post-conversion period, while the farms in Tamil Nadu were in the conversion period and experienced yield reduction. The study suggests that the government scheme for compensating yield loss during the conversion period and a price premium may help farmers adopt organic agriculture on a large scale in India.
Visual consciousness tracked with direct intracranial recording from early visual cortex in humans
Authors: Tsuchiya Naotsugu , Chung Jeffrey , Eliashiv Dawn , Adolphs Ralph , Mamelak Adam 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA fundamental question in cognitive neuroscience is how neuronal representations are related to conscious experience.Two key questions are: where in the brain such representations are located, and at what point in time they correlate with conscious experience. In line with this issue, a hotly debated question is whether primary visual cortex (V1) contributes to visual consciousness, or whether this depends only on higher-order cortices. Here we investigated this issue by recording directly from early visual cortex in two neurosurgical patients undergoing epilepsy monitoring with intracranial electrocorticogram (ECoG) electrodes that covered early visual cortices, including the dorsal and ventral banks of the calcarine sulcus. We used Continuous Flash Suppression (CFS)to investigate the time course of when ‘invisible’ stimuli broke interocular suppression. Participants were asked to watch faces presented under CFS, to push a button when they started to see any part of the face, and then to indicate its spatial location. This occurred over several seconds. During the task performance we recorded intracranial ECoG at high spatiotemporal resolution from all contacts in parallel. We used multivariate decoding techniques and found that the location of the invisible face stimulus became decodable from neuronal activity 1.8 sec before the subject’s button press. Counter-intuitively, the same cortical sites from which we were able to decode this predictive signal showed a decrease in activity immediately prior to the transition from invisibility to visibility. Furthermore, we observed an increase in coherence among widely separated electrodes during the invisible epoch, which collapsed to a focal ensemble when the stimulus became visible. These results suggest that diffuse coherent representation is insufficient for visual awareness and that locally specialized patterns of activation may be key to consciousness. Our findings are consistent with one recently proposed framework for understanding consciousness utilizing information integration theory (Tononi, 2008).
Nursing home caregivers’ explanations for and coping strategies with residents’ aggression: a qualitative study
Authors: Zeller Adelheid , Dassen Theo , Kok Gerjo , Needham Ian , Halfens Ruud JG 
Published: June 2011

Aims and objectives.  This study explored caregivers’ perspectives regarding the conditions and situations of resident aggression and practical strategies caregivers use to deal with aggression.Background.  Working in a nursing home is associated with a high risk to experience aggression from residents or patients. Despite existing recommendations for dealing with aggression there is a lack of information about caregivers’ ways of dealing with it in practice.Design.  A qualitative study with focus group method was conducted.Method.  Five focus group interviews, with a total of 30 participants, from nursing homes in Switzerland were undertaken employing a semi‐structured interview guideline. For analysing the data, qualitative content analysis was employed.Results.  Analysis of the data produced three themes with additional sub‐themes. One main theme concerns the explanations of the caregivers in regard to the occurrence of aggressive behaviour. This theme is subdivided into two areas, the contributory resident related factors and the caregiver related factors. The measures for handling aggressive behaviour are illustrated in the second theme ‘dealing with residents’. The third theme refers to the strategies of the caregivers when confronted with aggressive behaviour –‘self‐protection’ and ‘coping with the situation’.Conclusion.  Caregivers use a broad spectrum of interventions for reducing aggression, some of which are recommended by guidelines but often ignore the link between aggressive behaviour and physiological issues like pain or elimination. The caregivers only very rarely linked their practical knowledge about aggressive behaviour with theoretical knowledge.Relevance to clinical practice.  The results give insight into the caregivers’ perspectives on factors leading to aggression and their coping strategies. Caregivers are informed about relevant reasons for aggressive behaviour and its management, but do not apply a systematic approach. Furthermore, the anxiety of caregivers involved in aggression incidents is an under examined area.
Same… same but different: expectations of graduates from two midwifery education courses in Australia
Authors: Hammond Athena , Gray Joanne , Smith Rachel , Fenwick Jennifer , Homer Caroline SE 
Published: June 2011

Aims and objectives.  To identify the expectations and workforce intentions of new graduate midwives from two different pre‐registration educational courses at one Australian university.Background.  In Australia there are two different educational pathways to midwifery qualification, one offered for registered nurses, commonly at a postgraduate level and the other for non‐nurses, at an undergraduate level. The knowledge about midwifery graduates in general is reasonably limited and there is no specific research that examines the similarities and differences between graduates from the two different courses.Design.  A cross‐sectional design was used.Method.  Data were collected by questionnaire from both undergraduate and postgraduate midwifery graduates in 2007 and 2008 at one Australian university. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics.Results.  Almost all the graduates from the two different pre‐registration courses intended to enter the midwifery workforce with both groups rating the factors that influenced this decision similarly. There were, however, significant differences in graduates age and their intention to work part time. Their views of their ideal roles and subsequent uptake into formal new graduate transition programmes differed. Graduates from the two courses also reported philosophical differences regarding their concepts of job satisfaction and ways their jobs could be improved.Conclusions.  The graduates from the two different courses showed sufficient significant differences to warrant consideration in current workforce planning for midwifery.Relevance to clinical practice.  The factors that influence the career decisions of new graduate midwives can positively impact educational and workforce planning. The findings may be able to help inform strategies to address turnover and attrition in midwifery.
Survey of bilingualism in autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Kay‐Raining Bird Elizabeth , Lamond Erin , Holden Jeanette 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis survey study investigates issues related to bilingualism and autism. Bilingualism is common around the world but there is little published information to guide professionals and parents in making decisions about bilingualism for children with autism. Participants were 49 parents or guardians of children with autism who were members of a bilingual family; 75% were raising their child with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) to be bilingual or multilingual. Professionals did not always support this choice. Parents reported that living in a bilingual community and the need to communicate with various people in a variety of venues supported a bilingual choice along with the enrichment and job opportunities that bilingualism afforded. Parents also reported concerns around choosing bilingualism for their children with ASD, such as lack of services and supports and concerns about whether their children would be able to learn two languages. Children with ASD exposed to two languages were often reported to be acquiring their languages of exposure, albeit to varying degrees. Given the small sample size and the exploratory nature of the study, the need for more research is emphasized.
How to Contribute to the Development of a Global Understanding of Corporate Governance? Reflections from Submitted and Published Articles in CGIR
Authors: Zattoni Alessandro , Van Ees Hans 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: ReviewResearch Question/Issue: The article starts as a reflection on the criteria that articles submitted to CGIR should respect in order to pass the screening and referee procedures. Beyond that, the article explores the characteristics of all articles, and particularly of best paper and runner up articles, published recently in the journal. As such the article may be a guide for publishing in the journal and for contributing to the development of a global theory of corporate governance.Research Findings/Insights: The article is based on both personal reflections of the two screening editors of the journal, and the analysis of all screening decisions taken in 2009, all articles published in the journal in 2008–10, and best papers and runner up articles in 2007–09. Results shows that (1) the most important reasons for desk rejection are the failure to build the paper on the extant literature addressing international corporate governance, a problematic structure of the paper together with substantial editing problems, and the quality of the data collection procedure; (2) the majority of articles published in the journal use both a legal, finance, and economic theoretical framework, and a quantitative research method to analyze how governance mechanisms control value distribution at firm level; (3) best papers and runner up articles have richer theoretical frameworks, more eclectic research methods, and pay explicit attention to the relevance for theory and practice.Theoretical/Academic Implications: The article emphasizes the importance to balance rigor and relevance to enhance the global understanding of corporate governance.Practitioner/Policy Implications: The results of the study may be of practical importance for the scholars of various disciplines that want to submit articles to the journal. The ideas contained in this article can help them to refine their articles before the submission to increase the rate of acceptance in the review process and hopefully the publication in the journal. Moreover, we underline that moving forward a global theory of corporate governance could assist practitioners and/or policy makers in developing more efficient governance mechanisms.
Focus groups for allied health professionals and professions allied to technical services in the NHS – marketing opportunities, lessons learnt and recommendations
Authors: Chamberlain David , Brook Richard 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  Worcestershire Health Libraries provides services to all NHS and social care staff in Worcestershire. Despite intensive marketing, statistics showed low usage of the library service for professions allied to technical services and allied health professionals.Objectives:  To discover why there was low usage of the library services using qualitative techniques and to use focus groups as a marketing opportunity. This article also aims to outline the processes involved in delivering focus groups, the results gained, and the actions taken in response to the results.Methods:  Focus groups were conducted in two departments, Pathology and Occupational Therapy. The Biochemistry department (part of Pathology) had two focus groups. An additional focus group was conducted for all the Pathology education leads. Occupational Therapy had two meetings, one for hospital based staff, and the other for community staff.Results:  Issues centred on registration, inductions, time, library ambience, multi‐disciplinary service and resources. The findings raised marketing opportunities and the process identified potential candidates for the role of team knowledge officer, to act as library champions within departments. It also identified areas in which the library service was not meeting user needs and expectations, and helped focus service development.Conclusions:  Focus groups allowed an opportunity to speak to non‐users face to face and to discover, and where appropriate challenge both their, and library staff’s pre‐conceived ideas about the service. The information revealed gave an opportunity to market services based on user needs.
Comparison of cardiac output determined by arterial pulse pressure waveform analysis method (FloTrac/Vigileo) versus lithium dilution method in anesthetized dogs
Authors: Valverde Alexander , Gianotti Giacomo , Rioja Eva , Hathway Amanda 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective
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To compare the determination of cardiac output (CO) via arterial pulse pressure waveform analysis (FloTrac/Vigileo) versus lithium dilution method.Design
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Prospective study.Setting
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University teaching hospital.Animals
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Six adult dogs.Interventions
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Dogs were instrumented for CO determinations using lithium dilution (LiDCO) and FloTrac/Vigileo methods. Direct blood pressure, heart rate, arterial blood gases, and end‐tidal isoflurane (ETIso) and CO2 concentrations were measured throughout the study while CO was manipulated with different depth of anesthesia and rapid administration of isotonic crystalloids at 60 mL/kg/h.Measurements and Main Results
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Baseline CO measurements were obtained at 1.3% ETIso and were lowered by 3% ETIso. Measurements were obtained in duplicate or triplicate with LiDCO and averaged for comparison with corresponding values measured continuously with the FloTrac/Vigileo method. For 30 comparisons between methods, a mean bias of −100 mL/kg/min and 95% limits of agreement between −311 and +112 mL/kg/min (212 mL/kg/min) was determined. The mean (mL/kg/min) of the differences of LiDCO−Vigileo=62.0402+−0.8383 × Vigileo, and the correlation coefficient (r) between the 2 methods 0.70 for all CO determinations. The repeatability coefficients for the individual LiDCO and FloTrac/Vigileo methods were 187 and 400 mL/kg/min, respectively. Mean LiDCO and FloTrac/Vigileo values from all measurements were 145 ± 68 mL/kg/min (range, 64–354) and 244 ± 144 mL/kg/min (range, 89–624), respectively. The overall mean relative error was 48 ± 14%.Conclusion
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The FloTrac/Vigileo overestimated CO values compared with LiDCO and the relative error was high, which makes this method unreliable for use in dogs.
Influence of Liver Pathology on Markers of Postmortem Brain Tissue Quality
Authors: Sheedy Donna , Say Meichien , Stevens Julia , Harper Clive G. , Kril Jillian J. 
Published: June 2011

Background:  Postmortem brain tissue provides an important resource to investigate various brain disorders, including those resulting from the effects of alcohol abuse. Unlike the traditionally recognized confounders to tissue quality (e.g., coma, hypoxia), our understanding of the effects of liver disease is incomplete. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of liver pathology, and in particular cirrhosis resulting in hepatic encephalopathy (HE), on 2 postmortem brain tissue quality markers, brain pH and RNA integrity.
Methods:  We measured tissue quality markers in a cohort of alcohol abuse and control cases collected by the NSW Tissue Resource Centre. Cerebellar tissue was used to evaluate both brain pH and RNA quality (as indicated by the RNA integrity number: RIN). A histological assessment was performed on each case to exclude coexisting pathologies (e.g., cerebrovascular disease, hypoxic encephalopathy, neurodegenerative disease) and to assess the presence or absence of HE. Autopsy reports were reviewed for liver pathology and toxicology.
Results:  Analysis revealed that cases of alcohol abuse had a lower mean (±SD) brain pH, 6.46 (±0.3) as compared with the control mean 6.64 (±0.2). The mean RIN for the alcohol abuse group was 6.97 (±1.3) and controls 7.66 (±0.5). The severity of liver pathology affected both brain pH (p < 0.0001) and RIN (p < 0.0001). The comparison between cirrhotic cases highlighted increased degradation of RNA in cases with cirrhosis resulting in HE (p = 0.0095). A similar effect was seen on brain pH (p = 0.0019).
Conclusions:  The results show that the presence of cirrhosis and, more so, HE reduces the pH and RIN of postmortem brain tissue.