bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti (L.) from Colombia
Authors: Fonseca‐González Idalyd , Quiñones Martha L , Lenhart Audrey , Brogdon William G 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: To evaluate the insecticide susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti (L.) in Colombia, and as part of the National Network of Insecticide Resistance Surveillance, 12 mosquito populations were assessed for resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates and DDT. Bioassays were performed using WHO and CDC methodologies. The underlying resistance mechanisms were investigated through biochemical assays and RT‐PCR.RESULTS: All mosquito populations were susceptible to malathion, deltamethrin and cyfluthrin, and highly resistant to DDT and etofenprox. Resistance to lambda‐cyhalothrin, permethrin and fenitrothion ranged from moderate to high in some populations from Chocó and Putumayo states. In Antioquia state, the Santa Fe population was resistant to fenitrothion. Biochemical assays showed high levels of both cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP) and non‐specific esterases (NSE) in some of the fenitrothion‐ and pyrethroid‐resistant populations. All populations showed high levels of glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) activity. GSTe2 gene was found overexpressed in DDT‐resistant populations compared with Rockefeller susceptible strain.CONCLUSIONS: Differences in insecticide resistance status were observed between insecticides and localities. Although the biochemical assay results suggest that CYP and NSE could play an important role in the pyrethroid and fenitrothion resistance detected, other mechanisms remain to be investigated, including knockdown resistance. Resistance to DDT was high in all populations, and GST activity is probably the main enzymatic mechanism associated with this resistance. The results of this study provide baseline data on insecticide resistance in Colombian A. aegypti populations, and will allow comparison of changes in susceptibility status in this vector over time. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Multireference theoretical studies on the solvent effect of firefly multicolor bioluminescence
Authors: Chen Shu‐Feng , Yue Ling , Liu Ya‐Jun , Lindh Roland 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn concert with the recent spectroscopic studies of the light‐color modulation mechanism of firefly (Hirano et al., J Am Chem Soc 2009, 131, 2385), quantum chemical calculations using complete active space SCF (CASSCF), multistate complete active space second order perturbation (MS‐CASPT2) theory as well as a time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) approach with the Coulomb attenuated hybrid exchange‐correlation functional (CAM‐B3LYP) were performed on the excited state (S1) of the keto‐form oxyluciferin (keto‐OxyLH2). Benzene, DMSO, CH3CN, and H2O were chosen as polar solvents. The polarization effect of less polar solvent was considered by a simple model, complex of keto‐OxyLH2, and NH3 with different covalent character. The calculated results supported the experimental conclusion: (1) the light emitter of bioluminescence is the S1 state of keto‐OxyLH2 anion [(keto‐1)*], and (2) light emission from (keto‐1)* is modulated by the polarity of surrounding environment and the degree of covalent character of hydrogen bond between (keto‐1)* and a protonated basic moiety. The mechanism of the multicolor bioluminescence was discussed from the theoretical viewpoint. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 111:3371–3377, 2010
Dissolving Microneedle Patch for Transdermal Delivery of Human Growth Hormone
Authors: Lee Jeong Woo , Choi Seong‐O , Felner Eric I. , Prausnitz Mark R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe clinical impact of biotechnology has been constrained by the limitations of traditional hypodermic injection of biopharmaceuticals. Microneedle patches have been proposed as a minimally invasive alternative. In this study, the translation of a dissolving microneedle patch designed for simple, painless self‐administration of biopharmacetucials that generates no sharp biohazardous waste is assessed. To study the pharmacokinetics and safety of this approach, human growth hormone (hGH) was encapsulated in 600 μm‐long dissolving microneedles composed of carboxymethylcellulose and trehalose using an aqueous, moderate‐temperature process that maintained complete hGH activity after encapsulation and retained most activity after storage for up to 15 months at room temperature and humidity. After manual insertion into the skin of hairless rats, hGH pharmacokinetics were similar to conventional subcutaneous injection. After patch removal, the microneedles had almost completely dissolved, leaving behind only blunt stubs. The dissolving microneedle patch was well tolerated, causing only slight, transient erythema. This study suggests that a dissolving microneedle patch can deliver hGH and other biopharmaceuticals in a manner suitable for self‐administration without sharp biohazardous waste.
CFD simulations of the MEXICO rotor
Authors: Bechmann A. , Sørensen N. N. , Zahle F. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe wake behind a wind turbine model is investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), and results are compared with measurements. The turbine investigated is the three‐bladed test rotor (D = 4.5  m) used in the Model Experiments in Controlled Conditions (MEXICO) wind tunnel experiment. During the MEXICO experiment, particle image velocimetry measurements of the induction upstream and downstream of the rotor were performed for different operating conditions, giving a unique dataset to verify theoretical models and CFD models. The present paper first describes the efforts in reproducing the experimental results using the Reynold‐Averaged Navier‐Stokes method. Second, three‐dimensional airfoil characteristics are extracted that allow simulations with simpler wake models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Harmonic analysis
Authors: Krantz Steven G. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHarmonic analysis is the foundation for much of modern mathematical analysis. Based on the idea of breaking up an arbitrary function into simple component functions, harmonic analysis has become a powerful and pervasive part of mathematics. Image processing, signal compression, partial differential equations, control theory, and many other essential parts of engineering and applied mathematics are studied using aspects of harmonic analysis. Fourier series, Fourier transforms, pseudodifferential operators, and wavelets are all aspects of the subject that find application to real‐world problems. The subject of this article acquaints the reader with the fundamental components of this type of analysis. Minimal background is required to come away with an appreciation of the power and diversity of the methodology. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 163–167 DOI: 10.1002/wics.143This article is categorized under:

Data: Types and Structure > Time Series, Stochastic Processes, and Functional Data
The use of classification trees for bioinformatics
Authors: Chen Xiang , Wang Minghui , Zhang Heping 
Published: January 2011

AbstractClassification trees are nonparametric statistical learning methods that incorporate feature selection and interactions, possess intuitive interpretability, are efficient, and have high prediction accuracy when used in ensembles. This paper provides a brief introduction to the classification tree‐based methods, a review of the recent developments, and a survey of the applications in bioinformatics and statistical genetics. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2011 1 55‐63 DOI: 10.1002/widm.14This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Hierarchies and Trees
Algorithmic Development > Statistics
Technologies > Classification
Technologies > Machine Learning
Robust statistics for outlier detection
Authors: Rousseeuw Peter J. , Hubert Mia 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWhen analyzing data, outlying observations cause problems because they may strongly influence the result. Robust statistics aims at detecting the outliers by searching for the model fitted by the majority of the data. We present an overview of several robust methods and outlier detection tools. We discuss robust procedures for univariate, low‐dimensional, and high‐dimensional data such as estimation of location and scatter, linear regression, principal component analysis, and classification. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2011 1 73‐79 DOI: 10.1002/widm.2This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Biological Data Mining
Algorithmic Development > Spatial and Temporal Data Mining
Application Areas > Health Care
Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering
Simvastatin Therapy Reduces Prooxidant‐Antioxidant Balance: Results of a Placebo‐Controlled Cross‐Over Trial
Authors: Parizadeh Seyyed M. R. , Azarpazhooh Mahmoud R. , Moohebati Mohsen , Nematy Mohsen , Ghayour‐Mobarhan Majid , Tavallaie Shima , Rahsepar Amir A. , Amini Maral , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Mohammadi Maryam , Ferns Gordon A. A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractOxidative stress is thought to play an important role in atherogenesis. The statin group of cholesterol‐lowering drugs have been shown to reduce cardiovascular events and possess antioxidant properties. We aimed to assess the effects of simvastatin on a novel measure of prooxidant–antioxidant balance (PAB) in dyslipidemic patients. The PAB assay can measure the prooxidant burden and the antioxidant capacity simultaneously in one assay, thereby giving a redox index. We treated 102 dyslipidemic individuals with simvastatin, or a placebo in a double‐blind, cross‐over, placebo‐controlled trial. PAB values were measured before and after each treatment period. Seventy‐seven subjects completed the study. We found that statin therapy was associated with a significant reduction in PAB values (P < 0.001). This effect appeared to be independent of the cholesterol‐lowering effects of statins. We conclude that serum PAB values are decreased by simvastatin therapy. Regarding previous reports on the elevation of PAB in conditions associated with oxidative stress, the PAB assay, along with other markers of oxidative stress, may be applied to estimate the extent of oxidative stress in patients, assessment of the antioxidative efficacy of medication such as statins and perhaps also for the identification of those individuals who need antioxidant therapy.
Changes in Lipid Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium. L) and Mandarin (Citrus reticulata. Blanco) Oilseeds on Different Stages of Maturity
Authors: Tounsi Moufida Saidani , Moulehi Ikram , Ouerghemmi Ines , Mejri Houda , Wannes Wissem Aidi , Hamdaoui Ghaith , Zemni Hassene , Limam Ferid , Marzouk Brahim 
Published: January 2011

AbstractOilseeds from bitter orange and mandarin and its antioxidant activities were investigated in this study. The effects of harvesting times (D1: green color, D2 yellow color, D3: orange color) on the extraction yield of oilseed were studied. The maximum yield of 44% was achieved at D3 (bitter orange). The chemical composition of the oilseed was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The main methyl esters were linoleic acid (C18:2, 32–42%), palmitic acid (C16:0, 22–26%)), stearic acid (C18:0, 9.01%) and linolenic acid (C18:3, 4–10%). The antioxidant activity of oilseed was assessed by means of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging assay and β‐carotene bleaching test. Both methods demonstrated notable antioxidant activities of bitter orange and mandarin oilseeds, which is nearly comparable to the references ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The antioxidant activities of the oilseeds were also found to be harvesting time‐dependent.
Composition of cloudy microinclusions in octahedral diamonds from the Internatsional’naya kimberlite pipe (Yakutia)
Authors: Skuzovatov S.Yu. , Zedgenizov D.A. , Shatsky V.S. , Ragozin A.L. , Kuper K.E. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Diamond microinclusions provide the unique opportunity to study the composition of the mineral-forming medium. The paper presents the first data on the composition of cloudy microinclusions in the cores of octahedral diamonds from the Internatsional’naya pipe. These zones are of cuboid shape and have a fibrous internal structure. Here, the microinclusions form a continuous trend from chloride–carbonate to carbonate composition. Their composition slightly overlaps that of the microinclusions in cuboids from the same pipe, but in a carbonate-enriched zone. Also, data on N aggregation suggest that the early cubic zones which formed before octahedra crystallized at higher temperature or spent considerably more time in the mantle than cubic crystals and fibrous rims of variety IV diamonds.
Early–Middle Ordovician nappe tectonics of the junction between the Kokchetav HP-UHP metamorphic belt and the Stepnyak paleoisland arc (northern Kazakhstan)
Authors: Zhimulev F.I. , Buslov M.M. , Travin A.V. , Dmitrieva N.V. , De Grave J. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The North Kokchetav tectonic zone is located between the Kokchetav HP-UHP metamorphic belt and the Stepnyak zone of Ordovician island arc and oceanic complexes. The Kokchetav zone is a collage of nappes (thrust sheets) that consist of basement gneiss and sedimentary rocks of the Kokchetav microcontinent, granite gneiss, mica schists with eclogite blocks, the Shchuch’e ophiolite, Middle Proterozoic felsic volcanics, and Arenigian siliceous-terrigenous sediments with olistostromes. The latter are of gravity-sliding origin and their clastic material includes quartz-muscovite and quartz-garnet-muscovite schists, gneiss, dolomite, and amphibolite. The sheet boundaries are marked by mylonite and Early Ordovician mica schists (40Ar/39Ar ages of syntectonic muscovite are 489–469 Ma). The North Kokchetav collage of compositionally diverse thrust sheets can be interpreted as a collisional zone. According to geological evidence, tectonic activity in the zone lasted as late as the Middle Ordovician. Syncollisional thrusting in the North Kokchetav zone was coeval with the latest dynamic metamorphic event in the Kokchetav belt. All events of retrograde metamorphism and exhumation of HP and UHP rocks in the belt have Cambrian ages, i.e., the rocks had been exhumed prior to the Early–Middle Ordovician collisions and the related orogeny.
Oxidized magmatogene fluids: metal-bearing capacity and role in ore formation
Authors: Borisenko A.S. , Borovikov A.A. , Vasyukova E.A. , Pavlova G.G. , Ragozin A.L. , Prokop’ev I.R. , Vladykin N.V. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Based on study of fluid and melt inclusions in minerals from igneous rocks and associated ore-metasomatic objects, we consider the formation conditions of oxidized fluids produced at the final stages of differentiation of alkali-basic, alkaline, lamproitic, and some granitoid melts. These fluids are characterized by wide variations in composition, concentrations, and physicochemical parameters (P, T, Eh, pH, etc.) and are of sulfate-chloride, sulfate-carbonate, sulfate-fluoride, fluoride-sulfate, essentially sulfate, and other types. The specific composition of these magmatogene fluids showing a high extractive power favors the effective removal of ore-forming elements (Fe, Mn, Co, N, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo, W, Bi, U, REE, etc.) from melt and their trapping from the host rocks. The set of these elements is determined by P-T-X-parameters, conditions of fluid separation from melts, composition of fluid-generating magmas, and geochemical composition and metal-bearing capacity of rocks through which the fluids migrate. These factors significantly determine the metallogeny of alkaline, alkali-basic, and some granitoid complexes and associated mineralization.
Larval morphology ofMetaphycus flavusand its role in host attachment and larval cannibalism
Authors: Tena A. , Kapranas A. , Walker G.P. , Garcia-Marí F. , Luck R.F. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMetaphycus flavus(Howard) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a facultatively gregarious endoparasitoid of soft scales (Hemiptera: Coccidae). When it develops in superparasitised hosts, the larvae often attack and consume brood mates six or more days post oviposition. Under our laboratory conditions (25±1°C and 14 hours of light followed by 18±1°C and ten hours of darkness in 50–70% R.H.),M. flavuseggs hatched three days after oviposition. Measurements of the mandibles and tentorium indicate there are four larval instars, andM. flavusreaches the fourth instar by day six post oviposition, and pupates on day eight. Thus, cannibalism amongM. flavuslarvae occurs during the fourth instar. During this instar,M. flavuslarvae separate from their attachment to the scale cuticle, to which they were tethered by a respiratory structure during the previous three larval instars. Once detached, they are free to move within the scale, which increases the probability of larval encounters and aggressive behaviours. Moreover, the mandibles of the fourth instar are better adapted for fighting than are those of the first three larval instars, since they are larger and more sclerotized. The cranium and mouthparts ofM. flavushave four different types of sensory organs, some of which are almost certainly olfactory, an unexpected function for a larva that presumably is surrounded by an aqueous medium where gustatory sensilla would seem to be more appropriate. The cranium also bears two pairs of what appear to be secretory pores.
Using lectins to identify hidden antigens inFasciola hepatica
Authors: McAllister H.C. , Nisbet A.J. , Skuce P.J. , Knox D.P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFasciola hepaticais the causative agent of fascioliasis, one of the most economically important helminth diseases of livestock worldwide. Traditionally, fascioliasis has been controlled by the strategic use of fasciolicidal drugs, but the emergence of resistant parasites has spurred an interest in developing vaccines as an alternative means of control. Most vaccine studies to date have evaluated conventional antigens, which are exposed to the host's immune system during the course of a natural infection. ‘Hidden’ antigens have proven to be effective vaccine candidates in other parasite species, most notably the blood-feeding nematode parasite,Haemonchus contortus,and tend to be expressed in the intestine or gut of the parasite. Fasciola hepaticais known to ingest large quantities of blood and may be vulnerable to this approach. Most, if not all, of the candidate antigens identified thus far have been membrane-bound glycoproteins which were solubilized by detergents. Here, we have attempted to employ lectins to select gut-associated glycoproteins from complex mixtures of somatic extracts of adultF. hepatica. We have conducted a comprehensive lectin-binding screen on adult histological sections with a panel of 16 fluorescently labelled lectins. Seven of the lectins bound to molecules within the gastrodermis but also bound to a range of other tissues. Within the gut tissues, jacalin and peanut lectins bound selectively to the gut lamellae and gastrodermal cells, respectively. These lectins were then used to isolate proteins from the integral membrane protein component of the adult fluke. Both lectins showed selectivity for relatively simple subsets of proteins compared to the original crude extracts.
Numerical study of precession of circulating particles in tokamaks
Authors: BURDO O. S. , KOLESNICHENKO YA. I. , SIPILÄ S. , YAKOVENKO YU. V. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe toroidal precession of circulating particles in tokamaks is studied numerically. The dependence of the precession frequency on the magnetic shear, the elongation of the plasma cross-section, and plasma pressure is investigated. It is concluded that the analytical expressions for the precession frequency by Kolesnichenko et al. (2003 Phys. Plasmas10, 1449–1457) represent a reasonable approximation for the limit cases of tokamaks with circular cross-section and shearless tokamaks with elliptical cross-section. The precession frequency was calculated for non-circular tokamaks with magnetic shear. Based on the numerical results, an interpolation formula for the precession frequency is proposed.
Passion for the Antarctic: a short play
Authors: Moore Jason Kendall , León Wöppke Consuelo 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTPassion for the Antarctic is the third scene of Tangled destinies, a play written by Jason Kendall Moore, directed by María Angelica Luzzi, and performed by Daniela Meneses and the author. It opened on 17 July 2010, in Valparaíso, Chile, where it will run through the first week of September. The Center for Hemispheric and Polar Studies has funded its production to generate interest in U.S.–Chilean relations in the Antarctic and elsewhere.
Responses of fine roots to experimental nitrogen addition in a tropical lower montane rain forest, Panama
Authors: Adamek Markus , Corre Marife D. , Hölscher Dirk 
Published: January 2011

Abstract:Nitrogen (N) availability is a major control on fine-root growth and distribution with depth in forest soils. We investigated fine-root dynamics in response to N addition in a montane rain forest with N-limited above-ground production. Control and N-fertilized (125 kg urea-N ha−1y−1) treatments were laid out in a paired-plot design with four replicates (each 40 × 40 m). During 1.5 y of treatment, fine root-biomass, necromass and production were assessed by sequential coring at three soil depths (organic layer, 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm mineral soil), whereas fine-root redistribution with depth was assessed by ingrowth cores. Total fine-root biomass, necromass and production in the controls were 458 ± 21 g m−2, 101 ± 9 g m−2and 324 ± 33 g m−2y−1, respectively. No significant difference at any depth was detected under N fertilization. Fine-root biomass in the organic layer decreased over time under N addition. At 10–20 cm in the mineral soil, fine-root biomass in ingrowth cores increased significantly after 1.5 y of N fertilization compared with the control. The increased available N may have induced the change in fine-root distribution to explore the deeper mineral soil for other nutrients which may cause additional limitation to above-ground production once N limitation is alleviated.
Do insectivorous bird communities decline on land-bridge forest islands in Peninsular Malaysia?
Authors: Yong Ding Li , Qie Lan , Sodhi Navjot S. , Koh Lian Pin , Peh Kelvin S.-H. , Lee Tien Ming , Lim Haw Chuan , Lim Susan L.-H. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract:To assess the impact of habitat fragmentation on tropical avian communities, we sampled lowland forest birds on six land-bridge islands and two mainland forest sites in Lake Kenyir, Peninsular Malaysia using timed point counts, hypothesizing that insectivorous birds are the worst affected guild. We used an information-theoretic approach to evaluate the effects of area, isolation, primary dietary guild (omnivore, frugivore and insectivore) and their interactions in predicting species richness, abundance and diversity. Our analysis showed that a model that considered the effects of area, dietary guild and their interaction best explained observed patterns of species richness. But a model considering both area and dietary guild best explained the variation in abundance. Notably, insectivorous birds were singled out as the dietary guild most sensitive to fragmentation, followed by frugivorous and omnivorous birds and hence provide support for our hypothesis. Assemblages of insectivorous birds were clearly depauperate on anthropogenic forest islands in Lake Kenyir and are consistent with forest fragmentation studies in the Neotropics. Given their specialized foraging ecology and diversity, conservation of intact communities of insectivorous bird guilds in Malaysia will be critical for maintaining predator–prey interactions in lowland tropical forests.