bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total intestinal absorption of glucose and l-methionine in broilers infected with Eimeria acervulina, E. mivati, E. maxima or E. brunetti
Authors: Ruff M. D. , Wilkins G. C. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe in vitro absorption of glucose and l-methionine in the intestine of broiler chickens was measured 7, 14 and 21 days post-inoculation (p.i.) with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina, E. mivati, E. maxima or E. brunetti. The small intestine of each bird was divided into 8 regions of equal length and absorption was measured on 3 tissue disks of equal size from each region. The absorption rate of each substrate with each coccidial species was measured based on (1) an equal area from each region, (2) an equal weight from each region, (3) the total absorption in each region and (4) the total potential absorption in the intestine. Comparisons of absorption rate of equal areas in each intestinal region demonstrated that infected birds at 7 days p.i. absorbed significantly less substrate per unit area in the regions of maximum infection than uninfected controls. Malabsorption was less apparent when the weight of the region was used as the unit of measurement. Compensatory absorption was seen in some uninfected regions with E. acervulina. The total potential intestinal absorption at 7 days p.i. was reduced with E. mivati, E. maxima and E. brunetti but not with E. acervulina. At 14 days p.i., total l-methionine and glucose absorption in some regions of the intestine was significantly increased with E. acervulina but not with E. mivati, E. maxima or E. brunetti. No absorption differences were seen at 21 days p.i. with any species.
Selective metabolism of L-serine by Moniliformis (Acanthocephala) in vitro
Authors: Crompton D. W. T. , Ward P. F. V. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryIn a series of in vitro experiments, adult male and female Moniliformis dubius were incubated at pH 6·88 and 37 °C for 3 h in a 2·5 mM solution of 18 amino acids. Fifteen of these were absorbed slightly from the medium, but L-serine was almost completely absorbed while the concentrations of glycine and alanine in the medium increased during the course of the incubation. By using L-[U-14C]serine, it was found that labelled ethanol and CO2 were the main end-products of metabolism excreted into the medium, with smaller amounts of labelled alanine, lactate and acetate. Small amounts of cystathionine with high specific radioactivity were found in extracts of the worms at the end of incubation, together with other radioactive metabolites including glucose, ethanol, lactate, succinate, malate, serine, glycine and alanine. Ammonia was found to be an excretory product of the amino acid metabolism of M. dubius. Possible metabolic pathways and suggestions for the significance of serine metabolism in this parasite are discussed.
The Drug Treatment of Piroplasmosis in Cattle
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Hadwen S. 
Published: June 2009

1. Trypanblau promises to be an efficient remedy for bovine piroplasmosis, since it exerts a direct and obvious effect upon the parasites.2. The effect of the drug upon Piroplasma bovis is similar to that which it produces upon the canine parasite. The dividing forms are the first to disappear, and after a few hours the pyriform parasites also disappear from the peripheral circulation; the parasites which are detected in the blood after a few hours appear degenerated and rounded or irregular; within nine to 45 hours or less all the parasites have disappeared from the blood.3. As in canine piroplasmosis the disappearance of the parasites from the blood may be temporary. The parasites also disappear and reappear in small numbers (after two to 11 days) in animals undergoing natural recovery. In three treated animals the parasites reappeared in exceedingly small numbers after five to six days; in two they had not reappeared after 16 and 18 days respectively. The animals show no symptoms and progress towards recovery.4. It remains to be detercnined (1) how long the blood of treated cows may contain parasites after the apparent recovery, (2) if the parasites in such recovered animals are altered in virulence, (3) if the parasites are capable of infecting ticks.5. The experiments were conducted on nine cows, of which four served as controls and five were treated with trypanblau. Of the controls two suffered from haemoglobinuria, and one of these died of piroplasmosis; the two other controls had no haemoglobinuria and were very mild cases. All of the treated cows had haemoglobinuria and recovered. In four of the treated cows haemoglobinuria occurred before treatment began.6. As might be expected, the drug exerts a more rapid effect when injected intravenously. The parasites disappear more slowly after subcutaneous injection of the drug. (Judging from our recent experiments on dogs, the giving of the drug per os promises to be without effect. See This Journal, p. 231.)7. Although doses of 150–200 c.c. of a saturated watery solution of the dye were used, it is probable that smaller doses will prove efficient. The drug appears to produce no ill-effects upon cattle.8. The drug, being a dye, has the disadvantage of colouring the tissues, more especially the subcutaneous connective tissues. How long the colouration persists remains to be determined. In any case this disadvantage can scarcely weigh in the balance as against saving the life of the animal, especially when used for breeding purposes.9. We hope that experiments, which are about to be conducted in the field in Africa and elsewhere, will demonstrate the value of the remedy in practice.10. Trypanblau and similar drugs should be given a trial in the treatment of Carçeag in sheep and Biliary Fever in horses.
I. Report on Rat-Fleas in Suffolk and North Essex
Authors: Strickland C. , Merriman G. 
Published: June 2009

To summarize our principal observations made in the course of the investigation into the rat-fleas of the suspected plague area of East Suffolk, July—October, 1911:(1) We found an average of four fleas per rat: 822 rats were examined and 3293 fleas taken.(2) The average was subject to a local variation (0·6 to 6·5).(3) 15 species of fleas were taken from the rats, but of these there were only two species, C. fasciatus and C. agyrtes, which occurred in any numbers.There were C. fasciatus 1986 or about 60 per cent.C. agyrtes 1257 or about 38 per cent.Rare species 50 or about 2 per cent.(4) The average number of fleas per rat and the percentage of rats infested by fleas showed a well-marked seasonal variation, there being a considerable decline in the numbers as the cooler weather came on. Ceratophyllus fasciatus and Ctenophthalmus agyrtes both participated in a similar way in this variation.(5) C. fasciatus is chiefly found on rats caught near human habitations; C. agyrtes on those caught in the hedgerows.
Pseudo-parasitism
Authors: Shipley A. E. 
Published: June 2009

Two very curious cases of pseudo-parasitism have recently come before my notice :—Towards the middle of last year some centipedes were forwarded to me which had been vomited and passed by a women of 68 years of age. Some of the centipedes emerged through the patient's nose, and it must be mentioned that she was also suffering from a round worm. One of her doctors was of opinion that the centipedes were certainly breeding inside the lady's intestine, and as many as seven or eight, sometimes more, were daily leaving the alimentary canal.
The Pathological Effects of Phthirus pubis
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. 
Published: June 2009

Phthirus pubis is not known to serve as a vector of any infective disease.The pathological effects of its parasitism on man are on the whole of slight degree. Some persons are more sensitive than others to its presence; on the one hand the louse may produce no reaction by its bite or it may be tolerated upon the person for years, on the other hand it may induce pruritus of a more or less severe character, especially in parts of the body that are most infested and where the skin is most delicate, i.e. about the genitalia, the axillae, and eyelids. All grades of pruritus are observable, scratching of which the individual is unconscious may occur, or in the severest cases the scratching goes on day and night, so that by day it may be evident to spectators and aid in diagnosis. The scratching may only begin from the moment when a person realizes that he is infested.The pale bluish-grey maculae are a specific sign of the presence of Phthirus upon man, but they are not always present. They are induced by the adult louse, are few in number, painless, deep seated, do not disappear on pressure, and measure 0·2–3 cm. in diameter. The maculae mark the site of the insect's bite; they appear 8–24 hours after the louse commences to feed on the spot affected. The bites of P. humanus do not produce maculae caeruleae. The salivary glands of Phthirus and Pediculus give correspondingly positive and negative results when inoculated subcutaneously. The maculae disappear usually within a week after the removal of the offending parasite, and they disappear more rapidly when the skin is irritated. The nature of the maculae remains to be determined, they may be due to extravasated and altered blood.Apart from the maculae, Phthirus, like P. humanus, fleas and mosquitoes, may cause a febrile condition owing to skin irritation, although this appears to be rare; with the removal of the lice, the fever promptly subsides. Papular eruptions and eczematous inflammation may supervene upon the presence of the louse, but they appear to be largely due to the added insult of scratching the infested skin. The melanism is of non-specific origin, being due to continued scratching which leads to hyperaemia, pigmentation and desquamation. The lesions induced thereby may lead to secondary skin infection with pyogenic bacteria.
Furcocercous Larval Trematodes from San Juan Island, Washington
Authors: Miller Harry M. 
Published: June 2009

1. Six new furcocercous cercariae from the north-western United States are described and comparisons with similar forms are made.2. On the basis of the structure ofCercaria tuckerensisspec. nov. and three cercariae reported in the recent literature it is possible to characterise more precisely the Elvae group, which now contains eight members.3. The execretory system ofCercaria elvaeMiller, 1923, was re-studied and found to differ from the original description. The bearing of this sort of error on Faust's use of excretory system formulae is touched upon.4.Cercaria burtiMiller, 1923, originally described from northern Michigan, is reported from San Juan Island.5. Certain features of the morphology and biology of the furcocercous cercariae are discussed in the light of this and other recent studies.6. Check List II of the furcocercous cercariae, with eighteen larvae, is given.
Exo-erythrocytic schizogony in Plasmodium gallinaceum Brumpt, 1935
Authors: James S. P. , Tate P. 
Published: June 2009

In Plasmodium gallinaceum, parasitic in domestic fowls, in addition to the schizogony in red blood corpuscles, schizogony also occurs in monocytes and cells of the reticulo-endothelial system. This schizogony in cells other than erythrocytes may be termed, for convenience, exo-erythrocytic schizogony.Exo-erythrocytic schizonts are characterized by never having malarial pigment (as they live in cells devoid of haemoglobin), by growing to a large size and forming numerous merozoites, up to 50 or 60 or even more.Exo-erythrocytic schizonts are not confined to leucocytes of the blood stream, but can also develop in fixed endothelial cells of organs such as the brain, lung, liver and spleen.The brain is an especially important focus of development and, after sporozoite infection, it is the first organ in which exo-erythrocytic schizonts develop. These schizonts may be found in capillaries of the brain as soon as parasitized erythrocytes are present in the peripheral circulation, but as yet they have not been found before parasites-are present in the peripheral blood.In the brain rows of schizonts may develop and ultimately occlude most of the capillaries in the brain. This blockage of capillaries results in symptoms of general paralysis in the infected birds and death follows in a few days; and it frequently occurs in birds which apparently have been cured of the peripheral infection by treatment with quinine.The exo-erythrocytic stages of P. gallinaceum occur in birds which have been inoculated with blood or with sporozoites.During growth, the body of the schizont breaks up into a number of masses or cytomeres, on the periphery of which the merozoites are developed on regularly arranged rows of digitiform processes. A mass of chromatin migrates to the distal end of each process and is cut off to form a merozoite.The mature schizont consists of a mass of irregular merozoites enclosed in a sac-like membrane which may be the remains of the host cell. The merozoites are composed almost entirely of chromatin and when they are fully developed practically no cytoplasm of the schizont remains.
Notes on Heteromita (Protozoa, Flagellata)
Authors: Robertson Muriel 
Published: June 2009

1. A Heteromita species, probably Heteromita globosa, is described and the methods of culture and observation are detailed.Heteromita globosa is a flagellate with a karyosome nucleus. The karyosome body is an achromatic structure. The chromatin lies on or around the periphery of the karyosome as a narrow diffuse layer and is also distributed upon the inner side of the nuclear membrane. There are two unequal flagella which arise from two blepharoplasts which are situated close together at the anterior end of the body. The blepharoplasts are connected with the nuclear membrane by fine rhizoplasts.2. The division, encystation and excystation of the flagellates are described from living and stained material. The nuclear division is characterised by a well-developed spindle and the chromatin is arranged in an equatorial plate at the metaphase. The blepharoplasts play the part of centrosomes in the division of the nucleus.3. The normal division in the living state takes 7 to 15 minutes. The blepharoplasts can be seen to separate, the nuclear space becomes hyaline and ceases to refract in the characteristic way, the space elongates, the blepharoplasts each with the flagellum attached come to lie at opposite poles of the elongating organism and a second flagellar rudiment can be seen to arise at each end alongside of the original one. The nuclei can be observed to reconstruct and the protoplasmic body draws apart rapidly, leaving a narrow protoplasmic junction which breaks through and the two daughter individuals separate.4. A process of delayed division was observed. If after the division of the nucleus and the drawing apart of the main bulk of the protoplasm the actual breaking of the narrow junction between the two daughters fails to take place immediately, there seems to be no means of effecting this actual separation until the occurrence of a new nuclear division.In the course of a few hours, usually 3 to 6, a second division occurs and each nucleus undergoes mitosis and the creature splits into four daughters.The double individuals may encyst and when they emerge they do so as a single binucleate protozoan equipped with a double flagellar apparatus.5. Syngamy has not been observed.
Studies on the population of head-lice, Pediculus humanus var. capitis De G
Authors: Roy D. N. , Ghosh S. M. 
Published: June 2009

The following is a summary of our studies on population of head lice, adults and nits.1. Out of a total of 8702 adult lice, the male population comprised 2031. The gross infestation rate per head was 129.9 and the maximum number found on a single head was 1434. A disproportion in the distribution of the two sexes was a marked feature.2. Patients below the age of 11 showed a lower infestation rate than those above this age, and short-haired individuals were more heavily infested than long-haired ones.3. Frequent combing of the hair and the use of oil did not seem to dislodge the adults or to prevent the females from laying eggs.4. The maximum larval count on a single head was found to be 4260, the average number of larvae per single head was 418·8, and 9 to 1 was the maximum proportion of larvae to females.5. The maximum number of nits on a single hair was found to be 17 and 5·06 was calculated as the average number per hair.6. Treatment with kerosene and pyrethrum killed all the lice and nits, and reinfestation did not occur.7. The infestation did not spread to healthy patients in the hospital ward; it is thought that the poor migratory habits of lice are responsible for this.8. From studies on the reinfestation of an individual after treatment it is concluded that head-lice cannot establish themselves on any part of the body except the head, and if their access to the head is prevented, the lice will not survive for more than 24 hr.
Cephalobus parasiticus n.sp. and “Pseudo-strongyloidiasis” in Macaca irus mordax
Authors: Sandground J. H. 
Published: June 2009

Cephalobus parasiticus is described from eleven out of sixteen young specimens of Macacus irus mordax (synonym, M. cynomolgus) caught in the vicinity of Batavia.The species, which strikingly resembles and is easily capable of being confused with the rhabditiform free-living generation of Strongyloides, is found in the stomach and intestine of the monkeys but is apparently non-pathogenic. This nematode appears to be unable to establish itself in the rat and guineapig but is capable of being propagated indefinitely on bouillon agar at room temperature.
On the life history and bionomics of Chrysomyia rufifacies Macq. (Order Diptera, Family Calliphoridae)
Authors: Roy D. N. , Siddons L. B. 
Published: June 2009

1. Observations on the bionomics of Chrysomyia rufifacies Macq. in India have been recorded.2. Protein is essential for the maturation of eggs, which is complete in about 5 days after emergence.3. Mating is necessary for oviposition, though egg formation can proceed independently of mating. A single mating is sufficient for at least three batches of eggs.4. Eggs hatch in 8–12 hr. after they are laid.5. The average number of eggs produced is 210 (bred flies).6. The development from egg to adult occupies about 9½ days in summer.7. The larva is semi-carnivorous, and the floor of the pharynx is provided with ridges.8. Females of this species produce offspring of one sex only, either all males or all females. This phenomenon, which is independent of diet and of season, is extremely rare among animals especially as parthenogenesis does not occur in this insect.
On Coloration in Ticks. II
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. 
Published: June 2009

The coloration of Amblyomma hebraeum, A. gemma, Dermacentor venustus, D. variabilis and D. reticulatus niveus, as seen in living examples, is depicted for the first time, and the desirability of recording the colours of ornate ticks when alive is indicated.A remarkable change in colour in living specimens of A. hebraeum is described and figured, this change taking place after a prolonged sojourn (74–141 days) upon the host. Such a colour change has not hitherto been observed in ticks. The difference in colour is seen in dead dried specimens but is not appreciable in those preserved in alcohol.Since the immature stages of ornate ticks are inornate, and the colours change in adults of some species during prolonged periods of parasitism, it is evident that the coloration in adults must depend upon the accumulated products of metabolism beneath the chitinous exoskeleton, the regional distribution of colour depending upon special metabolic functions taking place in corresponding parts of the tick. The ornamental colour-producing layer can be scraped away from the underside of the scutum in most ornate ticks and it is removable from such ticks by the use of caustic potash.The whitish or creamy coloration that is so characteristic of most species of Dermacentor and the three ornate species of Rhipicephalus that are known to science, appears on the other hand to depend largely upon inclusions or structural changes within the chitin itself, whence the persistence of the creaminess seen by reflected light in the caustic-treated ticks. Similar, but less distinct, appearances may be seen in ticks belonging to other genera. Dermacentor rhinocerotis, which does not exhibit creamy coloration but only dull yellowish spots when dry, is totally decolorized by caustic potash, whilst contrary to most species of its genus it shows metallic coloration in well-preserved specimens in alcohol.The examination of caustic-treated specimens was carried out upon 31 species of ornate ticks, i.e. Dermacentor (8), Rhipicephalus (3), Amblyomma (15), Aponomma (4) and Hyalomma (1 species).The coloration and creamy ornamentation, herein distinguished, appear to be confined to the thinner portions of the exoskeleton. That the characteristic dark markings correspond to thicker and more darkly chitinised portions of the scutum is demonstrable by dissections, caustic-treated, or sectioned specimens; this being especially evident for instance in Amblyomma. The orange spot on the scutum of A. splendidum offers an exception.The optical and chemical study of coloration in ticks deserves further investigation.
Observations on the incidence of some nematode parasites of the common rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus
Authors: Evans W. M. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. During the period November 1936 to February 1937, eighty rabbits were examined, whilst from August 1937 to July 1938 another 446 were examined for nematodes. The following nematodes were found: Graphidium strigosum, Passalurus ambiguus, Trichostrongylus retortaeformis.2. The incidence of the above three nematodes is given, and their seasonal incidence is discussed, with special reference to its ecological implication.3. Evidence of host and age resistance is also demonstrated in infections with Graphidium strigosum, Passalarus ambiguus and Trichostrongylus retortaeformis.4. The proportion of the sexes in Graphidium strigosum was found to be constant during both periods. The percentage of males in 1936–7 was 45·6 and 45·96 in 1937–8. In Passalurus ambiguus, however, the proportion of the sexes varied to a large extent.
Filtration studies on Nicotiana virus 11
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. , MacClement W. D. 
Published: June 2009

An account is given of ultrafiltration studies with Nicotiana virus 11 (tobacco necrosis virus). It is shown that though the filtration end-point is about 40 mμ, there is invariably a sharp drop in the local lesion counts between the membrane pore sizes 250 and 125 mμ. This phenomenon shows itself as a “bench” or shelf with an upward trend in the filtration curve (see Text-fig. 1, curve A). A number of possible explanations are given. The fact that increasing dilution raises the height of the bench leads to the deduction that large particles are breaking up into smaller ones, the larger particles being aggregates of the smaller. Experiments on resuspension of virus inside the filter and fractional filtration support the same conclusion.From the filtration end-point the particle size of the virus is computed to be between 13 and 20 mμ.