bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classification of Sleep Stages Using Multi-wavelet Time Frequency Entropy and LDA
Authors: Lweesy K. , Khasawneh N. , Fraiwan M. , Wenz H. , Dickhaus H. , Fraiwan L. 
Published: January 2010

Summary
Background: The process of automatic sleep stage scoring consists of two major parts: feature extraction and classification. Features are normally extracted from the polysomno-graphic recordings, mainly electroencephalograph (EEG) signals. The EEG is considered a non-stationary signal which increases the complexity of the detection of different waves in it.
Objectives: This work presents a new technique for automatic sleep stage scoring based on employing continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) using different mother wavelets to detect different waves embedded in the EEG signal.
Methods: The use of different mother wave-lets increases the ability to detect waves in the EEG signal. The extracted features were formed based on CWT time frequency entropy using three mother wavelets, and the classification was performed using the linear discriminant analysis. Thirty-two data sets from the MIT-BIH database were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.
Results: Features of a single EEG signal were extracted successfully based on the time frequency entropy using the continuous wavelet transform with three mother wavelets. The proposed method has shown to outperform the classification based on a CWT using a single mother wavelet. The accuracy was found to be 0.84, while the kappa coefficient was 0.78.
Conclusions: This work has shown that wavelet time frequency entropy provides a powerful tool for feature extraction for the non-stationary EEG signal; the accuracy of the classification procedure improved when using multiple wavelets compared to the use of single wavelet time frequency entropy.
Lack of Efficacy of Aurintricarboxylic Acid and Ethacrynic Acid against Vaccinia Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice
Authors: Smee Donald F , Hurst Brett L , Wong Min-Hui 
Published: January 2010

Background: Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) and ethacrynic acid (ECA) have been reported to exhibit antiviral activity against vaccinia virus infections in cell culture by inhibiting early and late gene transcription, respectively. The purpose of this work was to determine if these inhibitors would effectively treat vaccinia virus infections in mice, which has not previously been studied. Methods: ECA was investigated by cell culture plaque reduction assay for the inhibition of cowpox and vaccinia virus infections to clarify issues regarding its potency and selectivity. Mice infected intranasally with vaccinia virus were treated by intraperitoneal route twice daily for 5 days with ATA (10 and 30 mg/kg/day) and ECA (15 and 30 mg/kg/day) or once daily for 2 days with cidofovir (100 mg/kg/day). Results: ECA caused 50% inhibition of virus plaque formation at 20–79 μM in four cultured cell lines, with 50% cytotoxicity at 84–173 μM, giving low (1.3–4.2) selectivity index values. Preliminary toxicity tests in uninfected mice indicated that ATA and ECA were both overtly toxic at 100 mg/kg/day. No protection from mortality was afforded by treatment of vaccinia virus infections with ATA or ECA, but 100% survival was achieved in the cidofovir group. ATA- and ECA-treated mice died significantly sooner than placebo-treated animals, indicating that these compounds exacerbated the infection. Conclusions: Both ATA and ECA lack antiviral potency and selectivity in cell culture. The compounds were ineffective in treating mice at intraperitoneal doses of ≤30 mg/kg/day. These compounds do not appear to have potential for the treatment of poxvirus infections in vivo.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF DACTYLOPSYLLA JORDAN AND ONE NEW SUBSPECIES OF FOXELLA WAGNER, WITH RECORDS OF OTHER SPECIES IN THE GENERA (SIPHONAPTERA)
Authors: Prince F. M. 
Published: January 2010

In the course of investigating the distribution of plague in the western part of the United States, the field units of the U. S. Public Health Service have collected several species of the genera Dactylopsylla and Foxella. Among these collections there are three new species of Dactylopsylla and one new sub-species of Foxella whose characteristics are as follows:Dactylopsylla neomexicana n. sp.This species is close to Dactylopsylla bluei (C. Fox).
NOTES ON SOME SKIPPERS, WITH NEW RECORDS FOR THE UNITED STATES (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae)
Authors: Freeman H. A. 
Published: January 2010

Urbanus doryssus (Swains.)A fresh specimen of this species was observed feeding on papaya blossoms, X-28-44, at Pharr, Texas, by the writer. Two ♂ ♂ were eventually collected near the same spot by the writer, one III-10-45 and the other III-II-45. These two specimens are the first and only ones collected in the United States.
NEW COLEOPHORIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA)
Authors: McDunnough J. 
Published: January 2010

The following new species were bred in the course of Insect Faunal Survey work carried on in various parts of Ontario.Coleophora salicivorella n. sp.Palpi deep smoky, pale whitish inwardly and narrowly along ventral edge of secon joint: ventro-apical tuft on second joint well developed. Antennae with the basal joint deep smoky and slightly tufted, otherwise whitish, annulate with brown.
MONTREAL BRANCH, ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO
Authors: Sheppard A. C. 
Published: January 2010

The following reports the activities of the Montreal Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario for the 73rd year.Eight meetings were held during the 1945-46 season, six in the Lyman Room, Redpath Museum, McGill University and two in the Entomological Laboratory, University of Montreal. The average number present at the meetings was eleven, a reduction of four when compared with the figure for last year. This falling off in attendance can be accounted for in part, we believe, by the very severe weather experienced on the occasion of three of our meetings.
HYDROPTILIDAE (TRICHOPTERA) FROM SOUTHERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Denning Donald G. 
Published: January 2010

During the past several years a number of interesting collections of Hydroptilidae were made in the southern states, particularly in Louisiana, Georgia and Florida. These collections have now been examined and found to contain several new species and new distributional records of this little known family of “micro” caddis flies.Unless designated otherwise types of new species described herein are in the author's collection at the University of Wyoming.
A NEW ANOBIID BEETLE FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Fisher W. S. 
Published: January 2010

During the summer of 1946 specimens of anobiid beetles were received from G. Stace Smith of Creston, British Columbia, for identification. Mr. Smith believed that the specimens represented a new species and requested that the species be described.This species resembles the European Xestobium rufovillosum DeGeer so closely that they can only be separated with great difficulty, but the habits of the two species are entirely different.
THE COCKROACHES OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC
Authors: Chagnon Gustave 
Published: January 2010

For a long time, the order Orthoptera was a loosely interpreted group which has now been restricted to more homogeneous forms. The well known cockroaches which formed the family Blattidae are now considered as a séparate order under the name of Blattaria.The cockroaches are so well known that there is no need for a detailed description of their morphology. They are easily separated from the other insects by their soft bodies, by their oval and flattened form; the antennae are often longer than the body and are composed of many short segments; the head when at rest, is bent under and almost concealed by the pronotum, so that the mouth projects back to the base of the front legs.
Spiders of the Nueltin Lake Expedition, Keewatin, 1947
Authors: Bishop Sherman C. 
Published: January 2010

The spiders considered here were collected by Dr. Francis Harper during the period from May 31 to December 4, 1947, in the vicinity of Nueltin Lake, Keewatin, Canada while on a trip made under the auspices of the Arctic Institute with support from the Office of Naval Research.A general account of the area and field notes have been given by Harper (1948, pp. 153-184) and Henry W. Fowler has presented a taxonomic report on the fishes (1948, pp. 141-152).Eleven species of spiders belonging to five families are represented by mature specimens; and juveniles, not determinable to species, add another family.
A New Formica from Northern Maine, with a Discussion of its Supposed Type of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Wing M. W. 
Published: January 2010

While on a short visit in northern Maine during the summer of 1946, I collected a new and interesting ant of the Microgyna group of the genus Formica. The description follows below:Formica dirksi sp. nov.Deälate queen, total length 5.1 mm. Head, maximum width through eyes 1.2 mm., at base of mandibles 0.78 mm., length to anterior border of clypeus 1.3 mm. Thorax, Weber's (1938: 155, footnote) measurement 2.1 mm. General characters of the Microgyna group. Mandibles 7-toothed. Clypeus evenly rounded in front, with uneven surface and carina just barely distinguishable as a line anteriorly, but becoming a low blunt ridge through the mid-region and disappearing posteriorly. Head, excluding mandibles and eyes, somewhat longer than broad; narrower in front than in behind, with posterior corners evenly rounded, posterior border and sides slightly convex. Antennae of medium size, scape slightly stouter apically than basally, bent slightly and gradually in basal half, joints 2 and 3 of funiculus distinctly longer than broad; the apical joints only slightly longer than broad. Frontal area distinct, subtriangular, and about twice as broad at base as high. Frontal carinae diverging posteriorly, about as long as width of frontal area. Eyes black, more or less oval, strongly convex, remote from mandibular insertions and close to posterior corners of head. Ocelli medium-sized, round, white and forming an isosceles triangle with a base, which is situated posteriorly, equal to 0.24 mm. Ratio of base to the shorter sides is 10 to 7.
The Effect of Barometric Pressure Upon Oviposition of the Imported Cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.)
Authors: Stephen W. P. , Bird R. D. 
Published: January 2010

It is a well known fact that the flight of moths and some other insects is affected by barometric pressure, but it is not well known how this phenomenon affects other insect activity. In a study of the ecology of insects in vegetable gardens at Brandon, Man., in 1948, the relationship of barometric pressure to insect activity was recorded.It was noted in the field that the imported cabbageworm adults behaved differently under varying weather conditions. During warm, clear days they did little but move about freely and feed, but on days that were overcast, particularly preceding rain, they became active about the plants and appeared to be engaged mainly in egg laying.
Important Advances in Zoological Nomenclature Achieved at the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, July, 1948
Authors: Dymond J. R. 
Published: January 2010

During the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology which closed at Paris on Tuesday, 27th July, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, holding its first meeting since the close of the war, put forward a comprehensive programme for the reform and development of Zoological Nomenclature.Measures taken to reform procedures are designed to enable the Commission to reach decisions much more rapidly than has been possible in the past.
A Method of Keeping Paradichlorobenzene in Insect Boxes
Authors: Putman Wm. L. 
Published: January 2010

Keeping a supply of paradichlorohenezene or naphthalene in insect boxes for protection against dermestids has always been a problem. Small cloth bags or wire screen boxes are frequently used hut are a nuisance to fill and require several pins to hold them in place. The method used for protecting the collections at the Vineland Station Laboratory appears to be more convenient.Rolls of dental cotton, which are about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, are cut into pieces two inches long and mounted crosswise on ordinary office pins. Paradichlorobenzene is melted (M.P. 53° C.), most conveniently in a can placed in a vessel of hot water, and the pieces of cotton are dipped into it. The cotton becomes saturated almost instantaneously and is laid on a board until the paradichlorobenzene solidifies.
Practical Issues in High‐Speed Cell Sorting
Authors: Arnold Larry W. , Lannigan Joanne 
Published: January 2010

AbstractModern flow cytometric cell sorters are all capable of so‐called “high‐speed sorting.” However, there is confusion about exactly how fast a “high‐speed” cell sorter can sort cells. There are many considerations in achieving the fastest sorting speed, as well as the highest quality sort results—cell recovery, purity, and functionality. This requires the same considerations required for “slow‐speed sorting”; however, a more precise implementation is required for high‐speed sorting. The modern cell sorters enable high‐speed sorting because of advances in high‐speed electronics and data processing. We discuss the practical considerations of high‐speed sorting in terms of the theory and practical aspects of the mechanical and software components of sorting, statistics of sorting, cell preparation and viability, instrument setup, sort strategies, and biosafety. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 51:1.24.1‐1.24.30. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement of T Cell Activation After 16‐hr In Vitro Stimulation with Concanavalin A
Authors: Arneth Borros M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA flow cytometry assay that can be used to directly determine the proportion of activated T lymphocytes in human whole blood samples after stimulation with concanavalin A is presented here. Human whole blood is incubated with fluorescently labeled antibodies (against CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD69), erythrocytes are then lysed, and the samples are analyzed using a flow cytometer. The assay presented is able to differentiate between CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Thus, it is possible to quantify both lymphocyte populations in parallel, as well as the respective proportions of activated T lymphocytes, all from one sample. An additional advantage of this assay is that it was developed to assay whole blood, thereby reducing the likelihood of introducing pre‐analytic error and facilitating the calculation of quantitative ratios. Thus, the method can be used for both in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 51:6.28.1‐6.28.10. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stem Cell Side Population Analysis and Sorting Using DyeCycle Violet
Authors: Telford William G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHoechst side population (SP) analysis has proven to be a valuable technique for identifying and sorting stem and early progenitor cells in a variety of tissues and species. In this method, the DNA binding dye Hoechst 33342 is loaded into the cell population of interest; stem cells preferentially exclude this dye, and these low‐fluorescence cells can be detected by flow cytometry. However, Hoechst SP analysis usually requires a flow cytometer equipped with an ultraviolet laser source for optimal performance. Unfortunately, ultraviolet lasers are expensive and are not common fixtures on flow cytometers. Violet laser diodes emitting in the 395‐ to 410‐nm range are less expensive and have become much more common on flow cytometers, but do not provide optimal excitation of Hoechst 33342. DyeCycle Violet is a cell‐permeable DNA binding dye with a chemical structure similar to Hoechst 33342, but with a longer excitation maximum. DyeCycle Violet can be substituted for Hoechst 33342 when performing side population analysis on a cytometer with a violet laser source. The procedure for DyeCycle Violet labeling for side population is described, as well as the limitations particular to this dye. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 51:9.30.1‐9.30.9. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement of Phagocytosis and of the Phagosomal Environment in Polymorphonuclear Phagocytes by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Simons Elizabeth R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPhagocytes are the most important early components of the immune response, programmed to recognize, engulf, and destroy immune complexes (formed when antibodies recognize their specific antigens), foreign particles, bacteria, mycobacteria, apoptotic cells, etc. Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells all participate in this process. Flow cytometry permits observation of phagocytes that have responded and, with the appropriate fluorescent probes, of the environment in the phagosome that has enclosed the foreign matter. This unit gives the background and the protocols for performing such studies. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 51:9.31.1‐9.31.10. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gametogenesis
Authors: Guan Yuefeng , Boavida Leonor , McCormick Sheila 
Published: January 2010

AbstractGametogenesis is the process of gamete formation, which includes micro‐ and megagametogenesis. Gametogenesis initiates after specialized cells in the sporophyte undergo meiosis, and subsequent mitotic divisions yield the gametophytic phase of the plant life cycle. In higher plants, microgametogenesis occurs in the anther, producing tricellular pollen with two sperm cells within a vegetative cell. Megagametogenesis occurs in the ovule, producing an embryo sac. The male gametes, the two sperm cells, and the female gametes, the egg and central cell, fuse to yield the zygote and the endosperm, respectively. Both micro‐ and megagametogenesis are under strict genetic control. Studies of gametophytic mutants have identified genes important for gametogenesis. Furthermore, high‐throughput expression profiling techniques have helped identify gene regulatory networks that operate during gametogenesis.Key concepts:Plant life cycles alternate between sporophyte and gametophyte generations.Meiosis produces spores which then undergo gametogenesis.Higher plants produce two types of gametes, sperm cells in microgametophytes and egg cell and central cell in megagametophytes.The male and female gametes fuse and give rise to the zygote and to the endosperm.Identification of gametophytic mutants showed that gametogenesis is under strict genetic control.Expression profiling studies provided further insight into the gene regulation of gametogenesis and identified new gametophytic genes.
Gametophyte and Sporophyte
Authors: Boavida Leonor C , McCormick Sheila 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

All land plants are believed to have had their origin in a unicellular green algal ancestor. The major innovations in the evolution of early land plants from their primitive ancestors were, not surprisingly, adaptations that allowed plants to reproduce in the absence of water. Besides a more sophisticated and differentiated multicellular anatomy, the invention of new reproductive structures and strategies were fundamental for the success of terrestrial colonization. One of the key innovations in the life history of land plants was the emergence of a haplo‐diplontic life cycle, in which an asexual diploid phase, the sporophyte, is predominant over a reduced and dependent sexual haploid phase, the gametophyte. Other evolutionary trends include a transition to a heterosporic life cycle, internalization of gametes within specialized gametophytes, development of a pollination mechanism independent of water for fertilization, and the invention of seeds, an efficient way of protecting and dispersing the developing embryos.

Key Concepts:

Paleobotany and phylogenetic analyses are important tools for inferring trends in the evolution and diversification of plants.

Land plant evolution involved innovations which allowed organisms to reproduce without a need for water.

Sporophytes are believed to have evolved from a haploid ancestral condition in which meiosis was delayed.

Multicellularity and sexual reproduction allowed diversification and adaptation to new environments during evolution.

Meiosis is essential in a sexually reproducing organism for maintenance of ploidy after fertilization.

Fertilization generates genetic diversity by combining chromosomes inherited from two distinct individuals.

Endospory evolved in the production of a seed.

Heteromorphism allowed evolution of sexual dimorphism.

Apomixis allows clonal propagation by seeds.
Liposomes
Authors: Gregoriadis Gregory , Perrie Yvonne 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Liposomes are synthetic vesicles consisting of one or more phospholipid bilayers, able to accommodate water‐ and lipid‐soluble molecules. They are used as a delivery system for drugs, genes and vaccines in therapeutics. Liposomes may be formulated with a range of characteristics including different size, charge and drug retention, which can be tailored for a given drug and target site. There is a range of clinical products approved for use which exploit liposomes to passively target drugs or vaccines to the appropriate site of action thereby improving specificity and reducing toxicity. Liposomes can also be actively targeted to specific cells or subcellular regions using targeting ligands attached to their surface, or by modification of the bilayer to give triggered release under appropriate conditions.

Key concepts:

Liposomes are bilayer constructs formed when amphiphiles are exposed to water.

Liposomes can be formulated in different sizes, with different bilayer melting points and with different surface charges allowing for optimization to suit a given drug and target site.

The lipid head‐group dictates the surface charge of the liposomes and the acyl tail influences the melting point of the lipid bilayer and its permeability and therefore influences the drug release rates from liposomes.

The presence of cholesterol within the bilayers can reduce their permeability and drug leakage.

In commercial products, phosphatidylcholines in combination with cholesterol are commonly used to formulate the liposomes.

Drugs can be loaded within the aqueous compartment of the liposomes or within the lipophilic region of the bilayers depending on the lipophilicity of the drug. Through electrostatic interactions, molecules can also be adsorbed on the surface of liposomes.

Currently, liposomes are used for the delivery of drugs, for example cancer chemotherapy, systemic fungal infections and vaccines.

Cationic liposomes are being investigated as potential delivery systems for a range of nucleic acid therapies and for subunit vaccines.