bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hedgehog Fights Back: Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance against Smoothened Antagonists
Authors: Metcalfe Ciara , de Sauvage Frederic J. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Acquired resistance to targeted therapies threatens the value of these otherwise very promising agents. The recent description of resistance to the Hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib (GDC-0449) in a medulloblastoma patient who had a dramatic initial response has spurred efforts to understand potential mechanisms of drug resistance. Elucidating these mechanisms will play a significant role in informing strategies to overcome this meaningful limitation. Cancer Res; 71(15); 5057–61. ©2011 AACR.
Beyond Identity: Incorporating System Reliability Information Into an Automated Combat Identification System
Authors: Neyedli Heather F. , Hollands Justin G. , Jamieson Greg A. 
Published: July 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate display formats for an automated combat identification (CID) aid. Background: Verbally informing users of automation reliability improves reliance on automated CID systems. A display can provide reliability information in real time. Method: We developed and tested four visual displays that showed both target identity and system reliability information. Display type (pie, random mesh) and display proximity (integrated, separated) of identity and reliability information were manipulated. In Experiment 1, participants used the displays while engaging targets in a simulated combat environment. In Experiment 2, participants briefly viewed still scenes from the simulation. Results: Participants relied on the automation more appropriately with the integrated display than with the separated display. Participants using the random mesh display showed greater sensitivity than those using a pie chart. However, in Experiment 2, the sensitivity effects were limited to lower reliability levels. Conclusion: The integrated display format and the random mesh display were the most effective displays tested. Application: We recommend the use of the integrated format and a random mesh display to indicate identity and reliability information with an automated CID system.
Leo Strauss and Arab Philosophy
Authors: Abbes Makram 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis paper closely examines Strauss’ conception of “medieval Enlightenment”. It focuses on the central role that arab philosophy has played in the development of Strauss’s thought and discusses the validity of the uses he makes of it. It also emphasizes the interest of Strauss’s analyses as regards arab philosophy while drawing attention to the tensions they create. It claims that Strauss’ involvement in the quarrel between ancients and moderns aims at showing that medieval philosophy cannot be reduced simply to the effort to reconcile philosophy and religion. The ideas of some arab philosophers cropped up throughout Strauss’s philosophical development and determined his interpretation of maimonides and Plato as well as his stance in opposition to the moderns. however Strauss’s idea of the “medieval Enlightenment” remains fundamentally ambiguous. Is that Enlightenment supposed to be an argument for the preservation of faith alongside reason or does it rather express a kind of atheism or disguised materialism?
Islamology Comes to the Aid of Islamism
Authors: Ghalioun Burhan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis paper discusses the idea of an incompatibility between muslim beliefs and the demands of modernity. It claims that the idea of Islam as a religion that makes it difficult for muslim societies to bring about the changes necessary for their entry into modernity is fostering the rise of radical Islamism. Islamology as an academic discipline seems grounded on the idea that the explanatory models of the social sciences are not applicable to Islam: interpreting the history of muslim societies, both modern and classical, must of necessity involve a change in technique and method. Whereas chairs in Islamology are proliferating in universities, arab world specialists, historians, anthropologists, sociologists, political scientists, economists and demographers are almost abandoning the study of real living societies in favour of Islamic studies. Scholars are increasingly taken up with theology, religious history, interfaith conflicts, the relationship between dogma and modern values and ideas. The authors claims in favour of “getting rid” of this centrality of theological issues, in favour of a more secular analysis of the history and present state of muslim societies.
Tolerability of initiation doses of once-monthly paliperidone palmitate in patients with recently diagnosed schizophrenia in an acute treatment trial
Authors: Bossie Cynthia A. , Fu Dong-Jing , Sliwa Jennifer Kern , Alphs Larry , Ma Yi-Wen 
Published: July 2011

Objective: To examine the tolerability of the recommended initiation doses for once-monthly injectable paliperidone palmitate in patients who have recently been diagnosed with schizophrenia and for whom high doses may pose tolerability concerns. Methods: A post hoc analysis from a 13-week double-blind study of patients with schizophrenia randomized 1:1:1:1 to placebo or paliperidone palmitate at 25, 100, or 150 mg equivalents (mg eq) of paliperidone (corresponding to 39, 156, or 234 mg respectively). This analysis focused on the recently diagnosed subgroup (≤5 years; N = 146) who received the recommended initiation dosage of paliperidone palmitate [150 mg eq on day 1 ( n = 109) followed by 100 mg eq on day 8 ( n = 39)] or placebo ( n = 37). Adverse events (AEs), reported in ≥2% of patients receiving paliperidone palmitate during days 1–7 or ≥5% during days 8–36, and in a higher percentage of patients receiving paliperidone palmitate than placebo, were identified. AE relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined. A RR was considered potentially significant when its 95% CI did not include 1. Results: Overall, day 1–7 AE rates were 37.6% (41 of 109) and 29.7% (11 of 37) with paliperidone palmitate and placebo respectively; injection site pain (5.5% versus 2.7%, RR 2.0; 95% CI 0.25 to 16.37), agitation (4.6% versus 2.7%; RR 1.7; 95% CI 0.21 to 14.06), and headache (3.7% versus 0.0%; RR 3.1; 95% CI 0.17 to 56.41) met the ≥2% criteria. Day 8–36 AE rates were 41.0% (16 of 39) and 37.8% (14 of 37) with paliperidone palmitate and placebo respectively; anxiety (5.1% versus 0.0%; RR 4.8; 95% CI 0.24 to 95.76) met the ≥5% criteria. Key limitations were that some patients may have been ill for a significant time before formal diagnosis and that the number of patients is low in this subgroup, limiting the ability to detect statistical significance for AE RRs. Conclusions: Paliperidone palmitate initiation doses (150 mg eq day 1, 100 mg eq day 8) were tolerated in this subgroup of patients who were recently diagnosed with schizophrenia, with no unexpected findings. Although the same size was small, these data identified AEs that may be encountered during the week and month after initiation dosing. These findings may assist clinicians when paliperidone palmitate is considered an appropriate treatment choice for these patients.
Multi-target QSAR modelling in the analysis and design of HIV-HCV co-inhibitors: an in-silico study
Authors: Liu Qi , Zhou Han , Liu Lin , Chen Xi , Zhu Ruixin , Cao Zhiwei 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Background
HIV and HCV infections have become the leading global public-health threats. Even more remarkable, HIV-HCV co-infection is rapidly emerging as a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, due to the common rapid mutation characteristics of the two viruses as well as their similar complex influence to immunology system. Although considerable progresses have been made on the study of the infection of HIV and HCV respectively, few researches have been conducted on the investigation of the molecular mechanism of their co-infection and designing of the multi-target co-inhibitors for the two viruses simultaneously.

Results
In our study, a multi-target Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) study of the inhibitors for HIV-HCV co-infection were addressed with an in-silico machine learning technique, i.e. multi-task learning, to help to guide the co-inhibitor design. Firstly, an integrated dataset with 3 HIV inhibitor subsets targeted on protease, integrase and reverse transcriptase respectively, together with another 6 subsets of 2 HCV inhibitors targeted on NS3 serine protease and NS5B polymerase respectively were compiled. Secondly, an efficient multi-target QSAR modelling of HIV-HCV co-inhibitors was performed by applying an accelerated gradient method based multi-task learning on the whole 9 datasets. Furthermore, by solving the L-1-infinity regularized optimization, the Drug-like index features for compound description were ranked according to their joint importance in multi-target QSAR modelling of HIV and HCV. Finally, a drug structure-activity simulation for investigating the relationships between compound structures and binding affinities was presented based on our multiple target analysis, which is then providing several novel clues for the design of multi-target HIV-HCV co-inhibitors with increasing likelihood of successful therapies on HIV, HCV and HIV-HCV co-infection.

Conclusions
The framework presented in our study provided an efficient way to identify and design inhibitors that simultaneously and selectively bind to multiple targets from multiple viruses with high affinity, and will definitely shed new lights on the future work of inhibitor synthesis for multi-target HIV, HCV, and HIV-HCV co-infection treatments.
ADAM: Analysis of Discrete Models of Biological Systems Using Computer Algebra
Authors: Hinkelmann Franziska , Brandon Madison , Guang Bonny , McNeill Rustin , Blekherman Grigoriy , Veliz-Cuba Alan , Laubenbacher Reinhard 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Background
Many biological systems are modeled qualitatively with discrete models, such as probabilistic Boolean networks, logical models, Petri nets, and agent-based models, to gain a better understanding of them. The computational complexity to analyze the complete dynamics of these models grows exponentially in the number of variables, which impedes working with complex models. There exist software tools to analyze discrete models, but they either lack the algorithmic functionality to analyze complex models deterministically or they are inaccessible to many users as they require understanding the underlying algorithm and implementation, do not have a graphical user interface, or are hard to install. Efficient analysis methods that are accessible to modelers and easy to use are needed.

Results
We propose a method for efficiently identifying attractors and introduce the web-based tool Analysis of Dynamic Algebraic Models (ADAM), which provides this and other analysis methods for discrete models. ADAM converts several discrete model types automatically into polynomial dynamical systems and analyzes their dynamics using tools from computer algebra. Specifically, we propose a method to identify attractors of a discrete model that is equivalent to solving a system of polynomial equations, a long-studied problem in computer algebra. Based on extensive experimentation with both discrete models arising in systems biology and randomly generated networks, we found that the algebraic algorithms presented in this manuscript are fast for systems with the structure maintained by most biological systems, namely sparseness and robustness. For a large set of published complex discrete models, ADAM identified the attractors in less than one second.

Conclusions
Discrete modeling techniques are a useful tool for analyzing complex biological systems and there is a need in the biological community for accessible efficient analysis tools. ADAM provides analysis methods based on mathematical algorithms as a web-based tool for several different input formats, and it makes analysis of complex models accessible to a larger community, as it is platform independent as a web-service and does not require understanding of the underlying mathematics.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy for high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: clinical experience and review of literature
Authors: Kwon Steve , Dong Zhao Ming , Wu Peter C 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
High-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is associated with an increased risk of metastases. The role of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in these patients remains unclear. To address this uncertainty, we collected clinical data on six patients with clinical N0 high-risk SCC that underwent SLN biopsy between 1999 and 2006 and performed a literature review of SLN procedures for SCC to study the utility of SLN biopsy. There were no positive SLN identified among six cases and there was one local and one distant recurrence on follow-up. Literature review identified 130 reported cases of SLN biopsy for SCC. The SLN positivity rate was 14.1%, 10.1%, and 18.6%; false negative rate was 15.4%, 0%, and 22.2%; and the negative predictive value was 97.8%, 100%, and 95.2% for all sites, head/neck, and truncal/extremity sites, respectively. SLN biopsy remains an investigational staging tool in clinically node-negative high-risk SCC patients. The higher false negative rate and lower negative predictive value among SCC of the trunk/extremity compared to SCC of the head/neck sites suggests a more cautious approach when treating patients with the former. Given the paucity of long-term follow up, an emphasis is placed upon the need for close surveillance regardless of SLN status.
A quantum dots and superparamagnetic nanoparticle-based method for the detection of HPV DNA
Authors: Yu-Hong Wang , Rui Chen , Ding Li 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Background
The recent advance in nanomaterial research field prompts the development of diagnostics of infectious diseases greatly. Many nanomaterials have been developed and applied to molecular diagnostics in labs. At present, the diagnostic test of human papillomavirus (HPV) relies exclusively on molecular test. Hereon, we report a rapid and facile quantum dots (QDs) and superparamagnetic nanoparticle-based hybridization assay for the detection of (HPV) 16 infections which combines the merits of superparamagnetic nanoparticles and QDs and wholly differs from a conventional hybridization assay at that the reaction occurs at homogeneous solution, and total time for detection is no more than 1 h.

Methods
The probes were labeled with superparamagnetic nanoparticles and QDs. Sixty cervical swab samples were used to perform a hybridization assay with these probes, and the results were compared with type-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.

Results
The statistic analysis suggests that there is no significant difference between these two methods. Furthermore, this method is much quicker and easier than the type-specific PCR method.

Conclusion
This study has successfully validated the clinical performance of our hybridization assay. The advantages in the time of detection and ease of process endow this method with great potential in clinical usage, especially mass epidemiological screening.
Clinical Analysis of stereotactic body radiation therapy using extracranial gamma knife for patients with mainly bulky inoperable early stage non-small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Wu Dajun , Zhu Hong , Tang Hanjun , Li Changlin , Xu Feng 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Purpose
To evaluate the clinical efficacy and toxicity of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) using extracranial gamma knife in patients with mainly bulky inoperable early stage non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).

Materials and methods
A total of 43 medically inoperable patients with mainly bulky Stage I/II NSCLC received SBRT using gamma knife were reviewed. The fraction dose and the total dose were determined by the radiation oncologist according to patients' general status, tumor location, tumor size and the relationship between tumor and nearby organ at risk (OAR). The total dose of 34~47.5 Gy was prescribed in 4~12 fractions, 3.5~10 Gy per fraction, one fraction per day or every other day. The therapeutic efficacy and toxicity were evaluated.

Results
The median follow-up was 22 months (range, 3-102 months). The local tumor response rate was 95.35%, with CR 18.60% (8/43) and PR 76.74% (33/43), respectively. The local control rates at 1, 2, 3, 5 years were 77.54%, 53.02%, 39.77%, and 15.46%, respectively, while the 1- and 2-year local control rates were 75% and 60% for tumor ≤3 cm; 84% and 71% for tumor sized 3~5 cm; 55% and 14.6% for tumor sized 5~7 cm; and 45%, 21% in those with tumor size of >7 cm. The overall survival rate at 1, 2, 3, 5 years were 92.04%, 78.04%, 62.76%, 42.61%, respectively. The toxicity of stereotactic radiation therapy was grade 1-2. Clinical stages were significantly important factor in local control of lung tumors (P = 0.000). Both clinical stages (P = 0.015) and chemotherapy (P = 0.042) were significantly important factors in overall survival of lung tumors.

Conclusion
SBRT is an effective and safe therapy for medically inoperable patients with early stage NSCLC. Clinical stage was the significant prognostic factors for both local tumor control and overall survival. The toxicity is mild. The overall local control for bulky tumors is poor. Tumor size is a poor prognostic factor, and the patients for adjuvant chemotherapy need to be carefully selected.
Off-axis Young’s modulus and off-axis shear modulus of wood measured by flexural vibration tests
Authors: Yoshihara Hiroshi 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The off-axis Young’s modulus and off-axis shear modulus of wood were obtained by conducting a flexural vibration test under the free-free condition, and performing a subsequent numerical analysis on the test data. The relationship between the off-axis Young’s modulus and the off-axis angle was obtained. In contrast, the relationship between the off-axis shear modulus and the off-axis angle was discrepant from that predicted by the transformation rule based on the conventional hypothesis that Timoshenko’s shear factor is 1.2. When the dependence of the shear factor on the off-axis angle was taken into account, however, the off-axis shear modulus could be obtained properly.
A Study on Work Stress, Stress Coping Strategies and Health Promoting Lifestyle among District Hospital Nurses in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Wei‐Lun , Tsai Shieunt‐Han , Tsai Chao‐Wen , Lee Chia‐Ying 
Published: July 2011

A Study on Work Stress, Stress Coping Strategies and Health Promoting Lifestyle among District Hospital Nurses in Taiwan: Wei‐Lun Lee, et al. Center for General Education, Tajen University, Taiwan—ObjectivesTo determine work stress, and stress‐coping strategies, and to analyze their the relationships in order to improve health‐promoting lifestyle of nurses in Taiwan.MethodsThree hundred eighty‐ive nurses who had work experience for more than 6 mo, were selected from four district hospitals in Kaohsiung and Ping Tung. We used a stratified cluster random sampling method for the selection. The nurses answered a self‐report questionnaire, which was categorized into four sections: personal background data, work stress, stress‐coping strategies, and health‐promoting lifestyle.ResultsThe indings indicate work stress and the health promoting lifestyle of nurses are at a higher level, with stress‐coping strategies being at a medium level. Work stress and stress‐coping strategies were significantly and positively correlated. Professional relationships, managerial role, personal responsibility, and recognition of work stress and the responsibilities of a health‐promoting lifestyle were negatively correlated. Managerial role, personal responsibility, and organizational atmosphere of work stress as well as realization, an item of health‐promoting lifestyle, were negatively correlated. Recognition of work stress and stress management, items of health‐promoting lifestyle, were negatively correlated. Health responsibility, and self‐actualization, items of health‐promoting lifestyle, as well as stress‐coping strategies were negatively correlated. Nutrition, an item of health‐promoting lifestyle, and the support stress‐coping strategy was negatively correlated.ConclusionsNurses have greater work pressure and better work stress‐coping strategies, but worse health responsibility and realization of a health‐promoting lifestyle. We suggest hospitals build good relationships and appropriately increase employment of nurses through a good work atmosphere to achieve nurses' realization of a health‐promoting lifestyle.
Pagus et castellum dans la Confédération Cirtéenne
Authors: Gascou Jacques 
Published: July 2011

Selon une théorie récemment exprimée, le territoire de la Confédération Cirtéenne aurait compris en son sein d'une part des pagi, districts peuplés de citoyens romains, d'autre part des castella, agglomérations peregrines juxtaposées aux pagi.
Un examen des définitions juridiques et des institutions attestées dans les dix-huit dépendances cirtéennes sur lesquelles nous possédons des informations plus ou moins étendues permet de contester cette théorie : aucune dualité entre pagus et castellum ne s'y fait jour. En réalité, les castella ne sont que les chefs-lieux des pagi, conformément à la thèse, ancienne mais toujours valable, de S. Gsell, et castellum s'emploie parfois comme simple synonyme de pagus. Le terme de castellum (ainsi que celui de respublica pour désigner cet organisme) ne paraît cependant avoir été d'un emploi officiel qu'à partir du règne de Septime Sévère, en même temps qu'un certain degré d'autonomie était concédé aux pagicirtéens. Ce serait là une étape sur le chemin d'une évolution qui devait aboutir, sous Gallien, à la transformation des pagi (ou du moins d'une partie d'entre eux) en municipes. L'onomastique de certains castella de la Confédération Cirtéenne confirme qu'il ne saurait s'agir d'organismes indigènes : le nombre de peregrins y est infime, ce qui contraste avec la situation de Thugga, dans la pertica Carthaginiensium, où il y a bien juxtaposition d'un pagus romain et d'une ciuitas indigène, à l'inverse de ce que l'on constate dans le territoire cirtéen.
Le paysage funéraire pré-romain dans deux régions céréalières de Tunisie antique (Fahs-bou Arada et Tebourba-Mateur) : Les tombeaux monumentaux
Authors: Ferchiou Naïdé 
Published: July 2011

Une recherche menée dans deux régions céréalières de l' Africa Vetus et situées à moyenne distance de Carthage a permis de reconnaître plus d'une soixantaine de tombeaux, dont bon nombre paraissent dater de la fin du IIIe siècle, ou de la première moitié du ΙIe siècle av. J.-C. Cette identification a pu être faite, soit par la céramique recueillie lors d'une prospection de surface, soit par le style du monument. Ces derniers se répartissent en différentes catégories : tertres de terre et de pierraille, simples tumulus de pierres sèches, tertres ou tumulus à plateforme, bazinas, variantes pourvues d'anneaux ou de tambours à mi-pente, monuments circulaires ou quadrangulaires en pierres de taille, mausolées-tours enfin. Ces tombeaux sont presque tous situés sur des lignes de crête et isolés dans le paysage, loin de tout habitat. On peut se demander s'ils n'ont pas appartenu à de grands propriétaires carthaginois, et s'ils n'auraient pas été implantés aux confins du domaine de ces derniers. Par ailleurs, ces mêmes tombeaux se trouvent bien souvent dans le voisinage d'une cité antique, de constitution punique ou libyque ; à titre d'hypothèse, on peut supposer que ces cités ont été, à l'origine, de simples hameaux situés à l'intérieur d'une de ces propriétés.
Ils constitueraient peut-être un reflet indirect du paysage agraire pré-romain.