bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General Spectral Camera Lens Simulation
Authors: Steinert B. , Dammertz H. , Hanika J. , Lensch H. P. A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe present a camera lens simulation model capable of producing advanced photographic phenomena in a general spectral Monte Carlo image rendering system. Our approach incorporates insights from geometrical diffraction theory, from optical engineering and from glass science. We show how to efficiently simulate all five monochromatic aberrations, spherical and coma aberration, astigmatism, field curvature and distortion. We also consider chromatic aberration, lateral colour and aperture diffraction. The inclusion of Fresnel reflection generates correct lens flares and we present an optimized sampling method for path generation.
Chinese Singaporean attitudes towards poverty and inequality: A comparative analysis
Authors: Ng Irene Y.H. , Koh Grace 
Published: March 2011

Ng IYH, Koh G. Chinese Singaporean attitudes towards poverty and inequality: a comparative analysisBased on a survey of 191 Chinese respondents, this article discusses the attitudes of Singaporean Chinese towards poverty, inequality and government intervention. Using the Z‐test for two proportions and cluster analysis, findings were compared with similar studies in the USA and the UK. Chinese Singaporeans were found to be very aware of the growing inequality, but they adopted a narrower definition of poverty than British respondents. This might be the reason why they were more sympathetic towards the poor and supportive of more government anti‐poverty efforts than were American respondents. From the cluster analysis, the Singaporean sample produced a third group who were ‘satisfied but concerned’, on top of the two polar groups, ‘sceptics’ and ‘liberals’, present in the British study. A majority of respondents also supported the view that more should be done to help the poor and were willing to pay more taxes for that purpose.
Single vs. fractionated photodynamic therapy for face and scalp actinic keratoses: a randomized, intraindividual comparison trial with 12‐month follow‐up
Authors: Sotiriou E. , Apalla Z. , Chovarda E. , Goussi C. , Trigoni A. , Ioannides D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjective  To compare the efficacy and tolerability of a single ALA‐PDT illumination scheme with that of a fractionated ALA‐PDT illumination scheme in face and scalp actinic keratoses (AKs).Methods  Eligible patients received either a single ALA‐PDT illumination or a fractionated illumination scheme randomly allocated to alternate sides of face/scalp. The side allocated to a single illumination received 75 J/cm2. This side received 2 sessions performed 7 days apart. Lesions on the fractionated illumination scheme side received 20 and 80 J/cm2, 4 and 6 hours after a single ALA application. Patients were evaluated at baseline, at 3 and 12 months after treatment. Efficacy end point included the individual AK lesion clearance rate.Results  Thirty three patients with 266 lesions were enrolled in the study. Three months after treatment the overall lesion complete response rate was 89.05% for the single scheme and 96.12% for the fractionation scheme while at the 12‐months follow‐up response rate decreased to 85.4% for the single illumination and to 93.79% for the fractionated illumination group. Looking at lesion response based on lesion grade fractionated photodynamic therapy (PDT) resulted in larger rates of cured grade I as well as grade II lesions. Recorded adverse events were transient and did not demand additional therapy.Conclusions  Our results demonstrate that higher responses are achieved with fractionated PDT compared with single illumination PDT. The study data indicate that fewer treatment sessions may be needed with fractionated PDT increasing that way the comfort of the patient regarding number of visits, treatment cost and treatment‐related downtime.
Topical niacin cream‐assisted 595‐nm pulsed‐dye laser treatment for facial flushing: retrospective analysis of 25 Korean patients
Authors: Lee S.J. , Roh M.R. , Lee S.H. , Chung W.S. , Lee J.E. , Oh S.H. , Cho S.B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground  Flushing is defined clinically as a transient reddening of the face and other areas. Due to the transient nature of flushing, a patient may not show signs of flushing during laser treatment.Objective  The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 595‐nm pulsed‐dye laser treatment of flushing or erythema after provocation of flushing by topical niacin cream.Methods  We retrospectively reviewed a total of 25 Korean patients with facial flushing who were treated with three sessions of 595‐nm pulsed‐dye laser after the application of topical niacin cream.Results  Follow‐up results revealed that 12 of the 25 patients demonstrated marked (51–75%) clinical improvement of baseline facial erythema. Eight patients had moderate (26–50%) improvement and three demonstrated near total (≥75%) improvement. Two patients showed minimal to no (0–25%) improvement. We observed that the reactivity to topical niacin cream was markedly reduced in 64% of our patients after 595‐nm pulsed‐dye laser treatments. Minimal post‐therapy facial oedema was noted in most of the patients, which usually resolved spontaneously within 2 days. Pronounced facial swelling was observed in four patients.Conclusion  We suggest that 595‐nm pulsed‐dye laser treatment after provocation of flushing by topical niacin cream may provide a new treatment algorithm for facial flushing in Asians.
When the brain tames the tongue: Covert editing of inappropriate language
Authors: Severens Els , Janssens Ine , Kühn Simone , Brass Marcel , Hartsuiker Robert J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe investigated whether speakers can use an internal channel to monitor their speech for taboo utterances and prevent these from being spoken aloud. Therefore event‐related potentials were measured while participants carried out the SLIP task. In this task, speech errors were elicited that could either result in taboo words (taboo‐eliciting trials) or neutral words (neutral‐eliciting trials). In taboo‐eliciting trials, there was an augmented negative wave around 600 ms after the pronunciation cue even though there were no overt errors. This component has previously been interpreted as reflecting conflict. These results indicate that taboo utterances can indeed be detected and corrected internally.
Preference for place‐of‐death among terminally ill cancer patients in Denmark
Authors: Neergaard Mette Asbjoern , Jensen Anders Bonde , Sondergaard Jens , Sokolowski Ineta , Olesen Frede , Vedsted Peter 
Published: March 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 627–636Preference for place‐of‐death among terminally ill cancer patients in DenmarkAchieving home death is often seen as an important endpoint in palliative care, but no studies of the preferred place‐of‐death have yet been conducted in Scandinavia. Furthermore, we do not know if professionals’ report on deceased patients’ preference of place‐of‐death is a valid information. The aim of this study was to describe where terminally ill Danish cancer patients prefer to die and to determine if their preference changed during the palliative period, as reported retrospectively by bereaved relatives, general practitioners (GPs) and community nurses (CNs) and to assess the agreement of their accounts. The study was a population‐based, cross‐sectional combined register and questionnaire study in Aarhus County, Denmark. The population comprised 599 deceased adult cancer patients who had died from 1 March to 30 November 2006 and were identified through merging of health registers. Relatives returned 198 questionnaires about patients’ preferred place‐of‐death, GPs 333 and CNs 201. The study showed that most terminally ill cancer patients preferred home death (up to 80.7%). The reported preference for home death weakened as death approached (down to 64.4%). A better congruence was seen between relatives’ and GPs’ accounts of preference for place of death at the end of the palliative period (κ 0.71) than between relatives’ and CNs’ accounts (κ 0.37). In conclusion, bereaved relatives (and GPs and CNs) report retrospectively that most terminally ill cancer patients wish to die at home. The preference weakened significantly as death approached. The agreement between relatives’ and GPs’ accounts on patients’ preferences at the end of the palliative period was ‘substantial’, whereas the agreement between relatives’ and CNs’ accounts at the same time was significantly less outspoken. This indicates that CNs may be facing a problem in assessing their patients’ wishes retrospectively.
Children’s experiences of a drama programme in social and emotional learning
Authors: Joronen Katja , Häkämies Annukka , Åstedt‐Kurki Päivi 
Published: March 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 671–678Children’s experiences of a drama programme in social and emotional learningThe aim of the school‐based drama programme was to enhance child social and emotional learning. The programme was implemented by class teachers or teacher–school nurse dyads among fourth and fifth graders (10–12 years old) during the school year 2007–2008. Teachers and school nurses received training before the implementation. One hundred and four students participated. The purpose of the pilot study was to explore student experiences concerning the programme and the learning experiences. After the program, questionnaires with structured and open‐ended questions were completed by 90 students (response rate 87%). Additionally, four focus group interviews were conducted. The research data were analysed statistically and by using qualitative data analysis. The quantitative results indicate that most students liked the programme and were enthusiastic about it. According to the qualitative data, students described, e.g. enhanced social and emotional learning and increased understanding of diversity and consequences of bullying. Additionally, drama transformed prosocial behaviour.
Cognitive screening tests as experienced by older hospitalised patients: a qualitative study
Authors: Krohne Kariann , Slettebø Åshild , Bergland Astrid 
Published: March 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 679–687

Cognitive screening tests as experienced by older hospitalised patients: a qualitative studyOlder people admitted to geriatric wards in hospitals are often screened for cognitive impairments. The validity and diagnostic concerns of cognitive screening tests have been subjected to comprehensive research. However, the qualitative knowledge available on how older patients themselves experience these screening tests is limited. The aim of this study is to explore the cognitive screening test experience from the older patients’ perspective. Drawing on fieldwork, qualitative interviews were performed with 18 older patients who had completed cognitive screening tests while hospitalised. Data from the interviews were analysed according to a phenomenological approach. The results were supported by Nordenfelt’s theory on dignity of identity, which underscores that dignity is related to integrity, autonomy, life history and relationships. The findings suggest that the occupational therapists’ initial presentation of the screening test is not fully understood by the older patient, leaving the patient to interpret the experience in light of the questions answered and the tasks solved in the screening. The significance of the screening may, thus, not be understood by the patient until it is over. The patients found the screening strenuous, mostly due to a felt pressure to perform. Depending on how patients assessed their own performance, feelings ranging from shame and irritation to pride and relief were stirred up. Voicing these experiences proved difficult and, for some, was even an emotional challenge. Our material reflects the impact the screening had on the older patients’ dignity. Furthermore, the threat the screening experience poses to individuals’ dignity and, more specifically, to their self‐respect should be monitored and dealt with by healthcare professionals.
Accountability and Patterns of Alternation in Pluralitarian, Majoritarian and Consensus Democracies
Authors: Lundell Krister 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOne of the core values in a democracy is the possibility for citizens to bring about alternation in power if they disapprove of the governmental policy. This article examines patterns of alternation and the degree of accountability in three different democratic systems: pluralitarian (characterized by a two-party system), majoritarian (moderately fragmented party system) and consensus (very fragmented party system) democracies. The extent of non-alternation as well as wholesale alternation decreases as we move from pluralitarian to majoritarian and further on to consensus democracy. When alternation is related to election results, majoritarian systems are the most responsive ones, whereas consensus systems generate the lowest degree of accountability.
Governing Mega-Events: Tools of Security Risk Management for the FIFA 2006 World Cup in Germany and London 2012 Olympic Games
Authors: Jennings Will , Lodge Martin 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMega-events present a special venue for the practice of risk management. This article analyses the management of security risks in the case of two sporting mega-events, the London 2012 Olympic Games and the FIFA 2006 World Cup in Germany. To what extent do strategies and practices of risk management resemble each other across events? And what explains similarities or differences in the tools of risk management observed in each of these cases? First, this article explores three theoretical explanations for the choice of particular policy tools or instruments. Second, it introduces the tools of government approach as a means of conducting a direct comparative analysis of risk management across political and organizational settings and over time. The tools used for security risk management at the two mega-events are then compared and the different logics of tool choice are evaluated. This analytical approach offers a basis for future comparative inquiry into tools of risk management used in public and private organizations. The empirical findings highlight the particular importance of national political systems in influencing tool choice.
Where Do Distrusting Voters Turn if There is No Viable Exit or Voice Option? The Impact of Political Trust on Electoral Behaviour in the Belgian Regional Elections of June 2009
Authors: Hooghe Marc , Marien Sofie , Pauwels Teun 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIt has been suggested that political distrust is associated with lower levels of voter turnout and increased votes for challenger or populist parties. We investigate the relationship between political (dis)trust and electoral behaviour using the 2009 Belgian Election Study. Belgium presents an interesting case because compulsory voting (with an accompanying turnout rate of 90.4 per cent) compels distrusting voters to participate in elections. Nevertheless, distrusting voters are significantly more inclined to cast a blank or invalid vote. Second, distrust is positively associated with a preference for extreme right (Vlaams Belang) and populist (Lijst Dedecker) parties. Third, in party systems where there is no supply of viable challengers (i.e. the French-speaking region of Belgium), the effect of political trust on party preference is limited. We conclude that electoral effects of political distrust are determined by the electoral and party system and the supply of electoral protest.
Successional patterns of the insect fauna on a pig carcass in southern Italy and the role of Crematogaster scutellaris (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) as a carrion invader
Authors: BONACCI Teresa , ZETTO BRANDMAYR Tullia , BRANDMAYR Pietro , VERCILLO Vannio , PORCELLI Francesco 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe sarcosaprophagous fauna plays a key role in organic matter decomposition. Moreover, the biological, ecological and behavioral specificities of the taxa are useful to reconstruct the decay history of a corpse or carcass, often back to the lethal event. Here we report the seasonal succession of the insect fauna on a pig carcass exposed in a rural area in Calabria (southern Italy) during summer 2007 and 2008. The aim is to identify and qualitatively assess the major taxa of forensic importance in this region. The principal fly invaders were Lucilia caesar (L.), L. sericata (Meigen, 1826), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), Sarcophaga (Meigen, 1826) spp. and Amobia (Robineau‐Desvoidy, 1830) spp., Musca domestica (L.) and Muscina stabulans (Fallen, 1817). The primary beetle species collected in summer belonged to Dermestidae, Dermestes maculatus (De Geer, 1774) and Cleridae, Necrobia rufipes (De Geer, 1775). This paper also examined the ecological role of ants in the insect succession and describes the evidence of skin injuries directly inflicted by the acrobat ant Crematogaster (Acrocoelia) scutellaris (Olivier, 1791) (Hymenoptera Formicidae) while feeding on pig carrion. Ants belonging to two other species were also collected: Camponotus aethiops (Latreille, 1798) and Tetramorium semilaeve (André, 1881). Ants can invade carcasses and corpses directly, disrupting blowfly egg laying or preying on their larvae. Our data on the carrion faunal composition and role of ants as invaders should be useful for further forensic cases in Calabria (southern Italy). This is among the few reports of ants as forensically relevant species.
Axial Pattern Flap Based on a Cutaneous Branch of the Facial Artery in Cats
Authors: Milgram Joshua , Weiser Maya , Kelmer Efrat , Benzioni Hadas 
Published: March 2011

Objective:To describe the cutaneous portion of the facial artery in cats and an axial pattern flap based on a branch of this artery.Study Design:Ex vivo study.Sample Population:Cat cadavers (n=12).Methods:The common carotid artery was identified, cannulated, and infused with methylene blue to assist in the identification of the facial artery, which was subsequently cannulated and selectively infused with methylene blue. The main trunk of the artery and its branches were dissected. The extent of blue coloration of the skin was evaluated on the contralateral side of the same specimen after infusing methylene blue into the facial artery. In 4 specimens, the flap was raised along previously defined borders and adequacy of perfusion was evaluated.Results:The area of skin perfused by the facial artery extended from the lower eyelid dorsally, to the angularis oris cranially, and the wing of the atlas caudally. Borders of the skin flap were defined on the basis of the anatomic dissection and skin coloration after selective infusion of the facial artery with methylene blue. A skin flap of 6 cm × 3.4 cm, based on the first caudally directed cutaneous branch of the facial artery was shown to be well perfused. The viability of this flap was confirmed in a clinical case.Conclusion:The facial artery flap is useful for repair of skin defects of the head in cats.
In Vitro Comparison of Proximal Ulnar Osteotomy and Distal Ulnar Osteotomy with Release of the Interosseous Ligament in a Canine Model
Authors: Might Kelly R. , Hanzlik Kimberly A. , Case Joseph Brad , Duncan Colleen G. , Egger Erick L. , Rooney Matthew B. , Duerr Felix M. 
Published: March 2011

Objective: To determine the effect of proximal ulnar osteotomy (PUO), distal ulnar osteotomy (DUO), and DUO with release of the interosseous ligament (DOLR) on displacement of the proximal ulna at the radioulnar joint.Study Design: Experimental mechanical study.Sample Population: Cadaveric, skeletally mature canine thoracic limb pairs (n=11).Methods: Thoracic limbs disarticulated at the elbow were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: (A) limbs were tested with no treatment (NOTX), then with PUO; (B) limbs were tested with DUO followed by DOLR. A distraction force was applied to the proximal ulna with the distal limb secured in a frame, and displacement of the proximal ulnar segment at the radioulnar joint was recorded.Results: Mean displacement was 0.36 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0−1.12 mm) in the NOTX group, 4.68 mm (95% CI: 3.82–5.55 mm) for PUO limbs, 0.95 mm (95% CI: 0.52–1.39 mm) for the DUO group, and 4.36 mm (95% CI: 3.71–5.02 mm) for the DOLR group. Mean ulnar displacement of the DOLR group was significantly different compared with the DUO group, but there was no significant difference between the PUO and DOLR groups.Conclusions: No significant difference was observed in displacement of the proximal ulnar segment after DOLR compared with PUO.
Locking Compression Plate Osteosynthesis of Sacral Fractures in Three Heifers
Authors: Schmid Tanja C. , Kummer Martin R. , Hagen Regine U. , Auer Jörg A. , Nuss Karl A. 
Published: March 2011

Objective:To describe a technique used for reduction and internal fixation of sacral fractures in cattle.Study Design:Case series.Animals:Three heifers aged 19–32 months with deformation of the tail head and tail paralysis attributable to a closed fracture of S5 or S4 and S5.Methods:Fractures were reduced and repaired under general anesthesia. A narrow, 6–10‐hole, locking compression plate (LCP) was placed on the spinous processes of S5 and the first coccygeal (Co1) using 5.0 mm locking head screws. Follow‐up inquiries were made by telephone (3/3), and cows were examined clinically and radiographically 2 (1 cow) to 9 (1cow) months postoperatively.Results:No complications were encountered. The range of movement of the tail improved so that soiling of the tail during defecation was no longer a problem. In all heifers, the normal top line was restored and there was no narrowing of the pelvic canal. Unassisted calving occurred in all heifers, and follow‐up radiographs for 2 cows showed complete fracture healing.Conclusion:LCP‐osteosynthesis of the spinous processes provided sufficient stability for internal fixation of sacral fractures. Marked improvement in tail function occurred postoperatively without decompression by laminectomy.
Desmotomy of the Accessory Ligament of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon in the Forelimb of 24 Horses 2 Years and Older
Authors: Yiannikouris Stavros , Schneider Robert K. , Sampson Sarah N. , Roberts Greg 
Published: March 2011

Objective:To report outcome after desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (ALDDFT) in adult horses (≥2 years) for treatment of desmitis of the ALDDFT or flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint (FDDIJ).Study Design:Case series.Animals:Horses with desmitis of the ALDDFT (n=9) and FDDIJ (n=15).Methods:Records (April 1996–July 2008) of 24 adult horses (mean age, 6.7 years) that had ALDDFT desmotomy were reviewed. Follow‐up data was obtained 12–120 months after desmotomy.Results:Outcome was available for 22 horses; 18 (82%; 6 of 8 horses with desmitis of the ALDDFT and 12 of 14 with FDDIJ) returned to their intended use within 6–24 months (mean, 12 months).Conclusion:In mature horses, ALDDFT desmotomy resulted in successful return to intended use in most horses with ALDDFT desmitis (75%) or FDDIJ (86%).