bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Impacts of Different WRF Precipitation Physics in Hurricane Simulations
Authors: Nasrollahi Nasrin , AghaKouchak Amir , Li Jialun , Gao Xiaogang , Hsu Kuolin , Sorooshian Soroosh 
Published: April 2012

AbstractNumerical weather prediction models play a major role in weather forecasting, especially in cases of extreme events. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), among others, is extensively used for both research and practical applications. Previous studies have highlighted the sensitivity of this model to microphysics and cumulus schemes. This study investigated the performance of the WRF in forecasting precipitation, hurricane track, and landfall time using various microphysics and cumulus schemes. A total of 20 combinations of microphysics and cumulus schemes were used, and the model outputs were validated against ground-based observations. While the choice of microphysics and cumulus schemes can significantly impact model output, it is not the case that any single combination can be considered “ideal” for modeling all characteristics of a hurricane, including precipitation amount, areal extent, hurricane track, and the time of landfall. For example, the model’s ability to simulate precipitation (with the least total bias) is best achieved using Betts–Miller–Janjić (BMJ) cumulus parameterization in combination with the WRF single-moment five-class microphysics scheme (WSM5). It was determined that the WSM5–BMJ, WSM3 (the three-class version of the WSM scheme)–BMJ, and Ferrier microphysics in combination with the Grell–Devenyi cumulus scheme were the best combinations for simulation of the landfall time. However, the hurricane track was best estimated using the Lin et al. and Kessler microphysics options with BMJ cumulus parameterization. Contrary to previous studies, these results indicated that the use of cumulus schemes improves model outputs when the grid size is smaller than 10 km. However, it was found that many of the differences between parameterization schemes may be well within the uncertainty of the measurements.
Haitian Vodou and Voodoo: Imagined Religion and Popular Culture
Authors: McGee Adam M. 
Published: April 2012

Vodou is frequently invoked as a cause of Haiti’s continued impoverishment. While scholarly arguments have been advanced for why this is untrue, Vodou is persistently plagued by a poor reputation. This is buttressed, in part, by the frequent appearance in popular culture of the imagined religion of “voodoo.” Vodou and voodoo have entwined destinies, and Vodou will continue to suffer from ill repute as long as voodoo remains an outlet for the expression of racist anxieties. The enduring appeal of voodoo is analyzed through its uses in touristic culture, film, television, and literature. Particular attention is given to the genre of horror movies, in which voodoo’s connections with violence against whites and hypersexuality are exploited to produce both terror and arousal. Le Vodou est souvent invoqué comme une cause de la misère persistante d’Haïti. Bien que les arguments académiques ont été avancés pour prouver le contraire, le Vodou en générale est toujours mal compris et souvent décrié. Les idées erronées du Vodou sont étayées, en partie, par l’utilisation fréquente dans la culture populaire de la religion imaginaire du « voodoo ». Le Vodou et le voodoo possèdent des destins enlacés, et le Vodou continuera à souffrir d’une mauvaise réputation aussi longtemps que le voodoo reste un instrument pour l’expression des anxiétés racistes. L’attrait durable du voodoo est analysé ici à travers ses usages dans la culture touristique, le cinéma, la télévision, et la littérature. Une attention particulière est donnée au genre des films d’horreur, dans lequel les connexions du voodoo avec la violence contre les blancs et l’hypersexualité sont exploitées pour produire, en même temps, la terreur et l’excitation sexuelle.
Religion at the Epicenter
Authors: Richman Karen 
Published: April 2012

The earthquake of 12 January 2010 devastated Léogâne, crumbling buildings and crushing bodies unable to dodge unearthly torrents of concrete blocks and cloudbursts of white dust. Whereas an assessment of the material and biological impacts of the seismic tremors may be undertaken without prior, personal familiarity with the subjects of concern, understanding the effects of the earthquake on local religious faith and practice requires knowledge of the pre-existing and continuing religious contexts of the communities affected by the disaster. Lack of longitudinal data has not, however, hampered the dissemination of speculative claims about earth-shattering religious change. It is claimed, for example, that large numbers of former Vodouists are converting to Christianity; they are simultaneously pushed by disappointment with their Vodou spirits for failing to prevent the disaster and pulled by admiration for the modern messages and aid proffered by the ubiquitous Christian non-governmental organizations involved in the rescue and recovery. This paper presents data from an ethnographic case study extending over three decades, as well as historical texts, to demonstrate that the cataclysm that ruptured the physical spaces of Léogâne did not produce equally devastating fractures in the local religious landscape. Le séisme du 12 janvier 2010 a dévasté Léogâne, en cassant des bâtiments et en écrasant des corps incapables d’esquiver des torrents surnaturels de blocs de béton et de nuages de poussière. Alors qu’une évaluation des impacts matériels et biologiques des tremblements sismiques peut être entreprise sans familiarité préalable avec les sujets d’intérêt, pour bien comprendre les effets du séisme sur la foi et la pratique religieuse locale, il faut une connaissance de la préexistence, et de la continuation, des contextes religieux des communautés affectées par le désastre. Le manque de données longitudinales n’a pas, pourtant, entravé la diffusion de revendications spéculatives du changement religieux fracassant. On a dit, par exemple, que les grands nombres d’ancien Vodouistes passent prétendument au Christianisme; ils sont simultanément poussés par la déception avec les esprits Vodous pour manquer de prévenir le désastre et tirés par l’admiration pour les messages modernes, et par l’aide offerte par les organisations non-gouvernementales chrétiennes douées d’ubiquité, qui sont impliquées dans le secours et la récupération. Cette étude présente des données d’une étude de cas ethnographique qui a duré plus de trente ans, aussi bien que des textes historiques, pour démontrer que le cataclysme qui a fait éclater les espaces physiques de Léogâne n’a pas produit de fractures tout aussi ravageuses dans le paysage religieux local.
On the Education of Children in the Dead Sea Scrolls
Authors: Wassen Cecilia 
Published: April 2012

This article examines three passages from the Rule of the Congregation and the Damascus Document that pertain to the topic of children’s education. The education of children was considered important within the Qumran movement, which is evident in the curriculum in 1QSa and the fact that such a high-level official as the Examiner had a supervisory role over the teaching. In contrast to the level of education of children in Jewish society in general at the turn of the era, which appears to have been quite rudimentary and consisting mainly of memorization, it appears that children within the movement received a thorough education in both reading and writing. The content of the teaching focused on the laws of the Torah and the Book of Hagu, which is an unknown composition. It is likely that both boys and girls received some education. Cet article examine trois passages de la Règle de la Congrégation et le Document de Damas qui se rapportent au thème de l’éducation des enfants. L’éducation des enfants était considérée comme importante au sein du mouvement de Qumrân, importance qui est évidente dans le programme de 1QSa et le fait qu’un tel fonctionnaire de haut niveau que l’examinateur a eu un rôle de supervision sur l’enseignement. Contrairement au niveau de l’éducation des enfants dans la société juive en général au début de l’époque, qui semble avoir été assez rudimentaire et composé principalement de mémorisation, il semble que les enfants au sein du mouvement ont reçu une éducation complète en lecture et en écrit. Le contenu de l’enseignement a été axé sur les lois de la Torah et le Livre d’Hagu, qui est une composition inconnue. Il est probable que les garçons et les filles ont reçu une certaine éducation.
The Education of Girls in Early Christian Ascetic Traditions
Authors: Osiek Carolyn 
Published: April 2012

There is a surprising silence about any kind of education of children by Christian families until quite late, and information about the education of girls is even scarcer. Margaret MacDonald and I, in A Woman’s Place: House Churches in Earliest Christianity (Fortress Press, 2006), tried to develop whatever information there is. Here we follow some of the elusive strands from ascetic writers of the third and fourth centuries that suggest the beginnings of a full educational program for girls, which would certainly have applied only in selective situations, but that may have its origins much earlier. Il ya un silence surprenant sur toute forme d’éducation des enfants par les familles chrétiennes jusqu’à assez tard, et l’information sur l’éducation des filles est encore plus rare. Avec Margaret MacDonald j’ai essayé d’élaborer l’information existante [ A Woman’s Place: House Churches in Earliest Christianity (Fortress Press, 2006)]. Ici, nous suivons quelques-uns des volets insaisissables d’écrivains ascétiques des IIIe et IVe siècles qui suggèrent le début d’un programme complet d’éducation pour les filles qui ne s’aurait certainement appliqué que dans des situations sélectives, mais qui peut avoir ses origines beaucoup plus tôt.
Ironie et ambiguïtés en Qohélet 10,8–11
Authors: Lavoie Jean-Jacques 
Published: April 2012

L’auteur présente un état de la recherche des critiques des sources et des analyses structurelle et littéraire de Qohélet 10,8–11. Puis, il poursuit son enquête en montrant comment l’ironie de Qohélet emprunte les voies de l’ambiguïté sémantique et de la parodie. The author presents the state of research about source criticism and the structural and literary analysis of Qoheleth 10,8–11. He pursues his inquiry further, showing how the irony of Qoheleth depends upon semantic ambiguity and of parody.
Long‐Term Prognosis and Significance of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Head and Neck Melanoma
Authors: Parrett Brian M. , Kashani‐Sabet Mohammed , Singer Mark I. , Li Rui , Thummala Suresh , Fadaki Niloofar , Leong Stanley P. L. 
Published: April 2012

ObjectiveTo report the long‐term significance of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy on prognosis, determine false‐negative SLN occurrences, and determine risk factors for death and recurrence in a large series of patients with head and neck melanoma.Study DesignCase series with tumor registry review.SettingAcademic tertiary care medical center.Subjects and MethodsA database review was performed of all patients who underwent SLN biopsy for head and neck melanoma from 1994 to 2009. End points assessed were SLN status, recurrence, false‐negative SLN results, and survival comparing SLN‐positive and SLN‐negative patients and different locations. Survival curves and multivariate analyses were performed.ResultsSLN biopsy was performed in 365 patients. SLNs were identified in 98.6% of patients with a mean of 3.7 nodes removed from 1.6 nodal basins per patient. Median follow‐up was 8 years. The SLN was positive in 40 (11%) patients. SLN–positive patients had significantly thicker melanomas, higher recurrence (P <. 0001), and a significant decrease in overall survival compared with SLN‐negative patients (P <. 002). Scalp melanoma patients had significantly thicker melanomas and an elevated risk of SLN positivity, recurrence, and death compared with other sites. Seventeen of 365 SLN‐negative patients developed regional nodal disease for a false‐omission rate of 5.2% and a negative predictive value of a negative SLN to be 94.8%. Risks for false negative‐SLN occurrences included thick melanomas and scalp melanomas.ConclusionSLN biopsy is accurate in head and neck melanoma and provides significant prognostic data. Scalp melanoma patients present with thicker tumors with an increase in SLN positivity and false‐negative SLN occurrences.
RETRACTED: Distribution of Body Composition Index and the Relationship With Blood Pressure Among Children Aged 7 to 12 Years in Shandong, China
Authors: Zhang Ying-Xiu , Wang Shu-Rong 
Published: April 2012

Retraction of: Zhang YX, Wang SR. Distribution of body composition index and the relationship with blood pressure among children aged 7 to 12 years in Shandong, China. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2012; 24(6):981-988. This paper has been retracted due to a substantial degree of overlap with an earlier publication by the authors titled: Relation of body mass index, fat mass index and fat-free mass index to blood pressure in children aged 7–12 in Shandong, China by Ying-Xiu Zhang & Shu-Rong Wang. Annals of Human Biology, May–June 2011; 38(3): 313–316.
Do the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM’s) dimensions of quality capture the current meaning of quality in health care? – An integrative review
Authors: Beattie Michelle , Shepherd Ashley , Howieson Brian 
Published: April 2012

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine whether the widely adopted Institute of Medicine’s dimensions of quality capture the current meaning of quality in health care literature. Design: An integrative review was utilised as there has been a multitude of published papers defining quality in relation to health care, therefore collective analysis may provide new insight and understanding. Method: Papers offering a definition or conceptual understanding of quality in relation to health care were identified by searching relevant databases. Papers were excluded according to predefined criteria. An integrative review was conducted and the Institute of Medicine’s dimensions were used as a framework for data extraction and analysis. Findings: The review identified two important additional dimensions of quality; namely caring and navigating the health care system and argues that they require recognition as dimensions in their own right. Conclusion: In the current climate of constrained finances there is a risk that the allocation of resources is directed to current explicit dimensions to the detriment of others. The result may be a reduction in health care quality, rather than improvement.
The application of simulation to the understanding of football flight
Authors: Tuplin Simon , Passmore Martin , Rogers David , Harland Andy R , Lucas Tim , Holmes Chris 
Published: April 2012

This paper demonstrates the value of using a flight model in the analysis of the flight of a football, and explores the complexity of the model required to produce useful results. Two specific aspects of the simulation are addressed: the need to include a model of spin decay and the requirement to include a full aerodynamic drag profile as a function of Reynolds number rather than a single indicative value. Both are aspects of the ball performance that are experimentally intensive to obtain. The simulated flights show that the inclusion of spin degradation is important if flight validation is the objective, but that it may be unnecessary in a comparative study. The simple analytical model of spin degradation is shown to over-estimate the reduction in lateral deviation when compared to experimentally acquired data. Therefore, the experimental method is preferred. The analysis of the shape of the drag profile (drag coefficient against Reynolds number) is explored, and it is shown from the simulated flights that post-critical coefficients of drag have the greatest effect on trajectories, and an average drag value is sufficient for most modelled scenarios.
A critical role for endoglin in the emergence of blood during embryonic development
Authors: Borges Luciene , Iacovino Michelina , Mayerhofer Timothy , Koyano-Nakagawa Naoko , Baik June , Garry Daniel J. , Kyba Michael , Letarte Michelle , Perlingeiro Rita C. R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMuch remains unknown about the signals that induce early mesoderm to initiate hematopoietic differentiation. Here, we show that endoglin (Eng), a receptor for the TGFβ superfamily, identifies all cells with hematopoietic fate in the early embryo. These arise in an Eng+Flk1+ mesodermal precursor population at embryonic day 7.5 (E7.5), a cell fraction also endowed with endothelial potential. In Eng-knockout embryos, hematopoietic colony activity and numbers of CD71+Ter119+ erythroid progenitors were severely reduced. This coincided with severely reduced expression of embryonic globin and key bone morphogenic protein (BMP) target genes, including the hematopoietic regulators Scl, Gata1, Gata2, and Msx-1. To interrogate molecular pathways active in the earliest hematopoietic progenitors, we applied transcriptional profiling to sorted cells from E7.5 embryos. Eng+Flk-1+ progenitors coexpressed TGFβ and BMP receptors and target genes. Furthermore, Eng+Flk-1+ cells presented high levels of phospho-SMAD1/5, indicating active TGFβ and/or BMP signaling. Remarkably, under hematopoietic serum-free culture conditions, hematopoietic outgrowth of Eng-expressing cells was dependent on the TGFβ superfamily ligands BMP4, BMP2, or TGF-β1. These data demonstrate that the E+F+ fraction at E7.5 represents mesodermal cells competent to respond to TGFβ1, BMP4, or BMP2, shaping their hematopoietic development, and that Eng acts as a critical regulator in this process by modulating TGF/BMP signaling.
Genome-wide identification of endothelial cell–enriched genes in the mouse embryo
Authors: Takase Haruka , Matsumoto Ken , Yamadera Rie , Kubota Yoshiaki , Otsu Ayaka , Suzuki Rumiko , Ishitobi Hiroyuki , Mochizuki Hiromi , Kojima Takahiro , Takano Shingo , Uchida Kazuhiko , Takahashi Satoru , Ema Masatsugu 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe early blood vessels of the embryo and yolk sac in mammals develop by aggregation of de novo–forming angioblasts into a primitive vascular plexus, which then undergoes a complex remodeling process. Angiogenesis is also important for disease progression in the adult. However, the precise molecular mechanism of vascular development remains unclear. It is therefore of great interest to determine which genes are specifically expressed in developing endothelial cells (ECs). Here, we used Flk1-deficient mouse embryos, which lack ECs, to perform a genome-wide survey for genes related to vascular development. We identified 184 genes that are highly enriched in developing ECs. The human orthologs of most of these genes were also expressed in HUVECs, and small interfering RNA knockdown experiments on 22 human orthologs showed that 6 of these genes play a role in tube formation by HUVECs. In addition, we created Arhgef15 knockout and RhoJ knockout mice by a gene-targeting method and found that Arhgef15 and RhoJ were important for neonatal retinal vascularization. Thus, the genes identified in our survey show high expression in ECs; further analysis of these genes should facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of vascular development in the mouse.
Myeloma as a model for the process of metastasis: implications for therapy
Authors: Ghobrial Irene M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by the presence of multiple myelomatous “omas” throughout the skeleton, indicating that there is continuous trafficking of tumor cells to multiple areas in the bone marrow niches. MM may therefore represent one of the best models to study cell trafficking or cell metastasis. The process of cell metastasis is described as a multistep process, the invasion-metastasis cascade. This involves cell invasion, intravasation into nearby blood vessels, passage into the circulation, followed by homing into predetermined distant tissues, the formation of new foci of micrometastases, and finally the growth of micrometastasis into macroscopic tumors. This review discusses the significant advances that have been discovered in the complex process of invasion-metastasis in epithelial carcinomas and cell trafficking in hematopoietic stem cells and how this process relates to progression in MM. This progression is mediated by clonal intrinsic factors that mediate tumor invasiveness as well as factors present in the tumor microenvironment that are permissive to oncogenic proliferation. Therapeutic agents that target the different steps of cell dissemination and progression are discussed. Despite the significant advances in the treatment of MM, better therapeutic agents that target this metastatic cascade are urgently needed.
CBDB: The codon bias database
Authors: Hilterbrand Adam , Saelens Joseph , Putonti Catherine 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
In many genomes, a clear preference in the usage of particular codons exists. The mechanisms that induce codon biases remain an open question; studies have attributed codon usage to translational selection, mutational bias and drift. Furthermore, correlations between codon usage within host genomes and their viral pathogens have been observed for a myriad of host-virus systems. As such, numerous studies have investigated codon usage and codon bias in an effort to better understand how species evolve. Numerous metrics have been developed to identify biases in codon usage. In addition, a few data repositories of codon bias data are available, differing in the metrics reported as well as the number and taxonomy of strains examined.

Description
We have created a new web resource called the Codon Bias Database (CBDB) which provides information regarding the codon bias within the set of highly expressed genes for 300+ bacterial genomes. CBDB was developed to provide a resource for researchers investigating codon bias in bacteria, facilitating comparisons between strains and species. Furthermore, the site was created to serve those studying adaptation in phage; the genera selected for this first release of CBDB all have sequenced, annotated bacteriophages. The annotations and sequences for the highly expressed gene set are available for each strain in addition to the strain’s codon bias measurements.

Conclusions
Comparing species and strains provides a comprehensive look at how codon usage has been shaped over evolutionary time and can elucidate the putative mechanisms behind it. The Codon Bias Database provides a centralized repository of look-up tables and codon usage bias measures for a wide variety of genera, species and strains. Through our analysis of the variation in codon usage within the strains presently available, we find that most members of a genus have a codon composition most similar to other members of its genus, although not necessarily other members of its species.