bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial reef influence on the surrounding infauna—north coast of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
Authors: Zalmon Ilana Rosental , Boina Catarina Dalvi , Almeida T.C.M. 
Published: August 2011

There have been many efforts to appraise the extent to which artificial reefs affect the surrounding community, but few studies addressed whether benthic assemblages change with distance from the reef. We experimentally assessed the relationship between infauna abundance and richness with increased distance (0, 5, 25, 50, 100 and 300 m) from reefballs deployed on a flat and homogeneous bottom, 9-m deep, on the north coast of Rio de Janeiro, south-eastern Brazil. Benthic taxon richness and abundance varied significantly between surveys with higher values in February 2007. Both numerical indicators changed similarly with distance, but more noticeably between 300 m and the other distance treatments where abundance was highest. A non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination revealed that macrobenthic assemblages were very heterogeneous with significant differences between surveys but not among sampling distances. A canonical correspondence analysis including species, distances and sediment variables showed that the distances 5, 25 and 100 m were related to organic matter and mud (fine sediment), while 0 and 300 m distances were more related to the non-organic variables, such as the percentage of gravel, sand and calcium carbonate. Spatial variations in the parameters of the sediment alone did not explain the distribution of the associated infauna, given the similarity of the community at different distances. It is suggested that the influence of artificial reefs is quickly dissipated due to strong bottom sea currents, indicating a reduced impact or influence of these reefs on the surrounding infauna.
Depletion of the ozone layer: consequences for non-infectious human diseases
Authors: Bentham G. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYStratospheric ozone depletion threatens to increase exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation which is known to be a factor in a number of diseases. There is little doubt that cumulative exposure to UV radiation is important in the aetiology of non-melanoma skin cancers. Evidence is also strong for a link with cutaneous malignant melanoma, although here it appears to be intermittent intense exposure that is most damaging. More controversial is the view that exposure to solar radiation is a significant factor in ocular damage, particularly in the formation of cataracts. Earlier studies pointing to such an effect have been criticized and alternative aetiological hypotheses have been proposed. However, other studies do show an effect of UV exposure on cortical cataract. Concern is also growing that UV may be capable of activating viruses and have immunological effects that might exacerbate infectious disease. Very worrying is the possibility that UV exposure can activate the human immunodeficiency virus which might accelerate the onset of AIDS. Any such health effects that have been observed in human populations are the result of exposure to existing, naturally occurring levels of UV radiation. There is, therefore, great concern about the possible exacerbation of these impacts as a result of increased exposure to UV radiation associated with stratospheric ozone depletion. However, any assessment of the nature and scale of such impacts on human health has to deal with several major problems and these are the focus of this paper. There are uncertainties about recent trends in stratospheric ozone and problems in the prediction of future changes. Following on from this are the difficulties of estimating what effects these changes will have on UV flux at ground level in populated areas. Further problems arise in the prediction of changes in biologically significant doses to humans which might be affected by changes in behaviour as well as by changes in the environment. Finally, the limitations of existing epidemiological knowledge of the effects of UV exposure are a constraint on our ability to predict what the health effects of any changed UV doses might be.
Who benefits from reduced reproduction in parasitized hosts? An experimental test using the Pasteuria ramosa-Daphnia magna system
Authors: MAGEROY JON H. , GREPPERUD ELDFRID J. , JENSEN KNUT HELGE 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYWe investigated whether parasites or hosts benefit from reduced reproduction in infected hosts. When parasites castrate their hosts, the regain of host reproduction is necessary for castration to be a host adaptation. When infecting Daphnia magna with Pasteuria ramosa, in a lake water based medium, 49 2% of the castrated females regained reproduction. We investigated the relationship between castration level, and parasite and host fitness proxies to determine the adaptive value of host castration. Hosts which regained reproduction contained less spores and had a higher lifetime reproduction than permanently castrated hosts. We also found a negative correlation between parasite and host lifetime reproduction. For hosts which regained reproduction we found no optimal level of castration associated with lifetime reproduction. These results support the view that host castration only is adaptive to the parasite in this system. In addition, we suggest that permanent castration might not be the norm under natural conditions in this system. Finally, we argue that a reduction in host reproduction is more likely to evolve as a property favouring parasites rather than hosts. To our knowledge this is the only experimental study to investigate the adaptive value of reduced host reproduction when castrated hosts can regain reproduction.
The poverty of the Mayan stimulus
Authors: PYE CLIFTON 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTPoverty of the stimulus (POS) arguments have instigated considerable debate in the recent linguistics literature. This article uses the comparative method to challenge the logic of POS arguments. Rather than question the premises of POS arguments, the article demonstrates how POS arguments for individual languages lead to areductio ad absurdumas POS arguments from genetically related languages are compared. Comparison leads to different contradictions for poverty of the negative stimulus (PONS) and poverty of the positive stimulus (POPS) arguments. Comparing PONS arguments leads to the conclusion that Universal Grammar contains language-specific versions of linguistic rules. Comparing POPS arguments leads to the conclusion that Universal Grammar may supply knowledge that is ungrammatical in the target language. Thereductioshows that universal principles of grammar cannot be established on the basis of POS arguments from a single language.
Choose your menu wisely: cuisine-associated food-poisoning risks in restaurants in England and Wales
Authors: GORMLEY F. J. , RAWAL N. , LITTLE C. L. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe food service sector continues to be the most common setting for reported foodborne disease outbreaks in England and Wales. Using restaurant-associated foodborne outbreaks reported in England and Wales from 1992 to 2009, cuisine-specific risk factors were examined. Of 677 restaurant outbreaks, there were 11 795 people affected, 491 hospitalizations, and seven deaths; and Chinese, Indian, British and Italian cuisines were the most commonly implicated (26%, 16%, 13% and 10%, respectively).Salmonellaspp. accounted for most outbreaks of all cuisine types, and particularly Chinese (76%, 133/175) and Italian (55%, 38/69). Poultry meat was the most frequently implicated food vehicle in outbreaks associated with Indian (30%), Chinese (21%), and British (18%) cuisines while for Italian cuisine, desserts and cakes were more frequently implicated (33%). Rice dishes were also a common outbreak food vehicle in those restaurants serving Chinese (22%) and Indian (16%) cuisine. Cross-contamination was the biggest contributory factor associated with Chinese (46%), British (33%) and Indian (30%) cuisines whereas inadequate cooking (38%) and use of raw shell eggs in lightly cooked or uncooked food (35%) were more often associated with Italian cuisine. Over the surveillance period, the proportion ofSalmonellaEnteritidis PT4 outbreaks in restaurants serving Chinese cuisine significantly decreased (P<0·0001) and this was mirrored by an increase inS. Enteritidis non-PT4 outbreaks (P<0·0001). Despite this change in proportion, contributory factors such as cross-contamination have continued to cause outbreaks throughout the 18 years. The results show that by stratifying the risks associated with restaurants by cuisine type, specific evidence of food control failures can be used to target foodborne illness reduction strategies.
Subcostal real-time three-dimensional echocardiography of interatrial communications: reconstruction of an oval fossa defect, a superior sinus venosus defect with partially anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, an infero-posterior oval fossa defect, and a coronary sinus defect
Authors: Bilska Karolina M. G. , Kehrens Claudia M. J. , Riley Gillian , Anderson Robert H. , Marek Jan 
Published: August 2011

AbstractReal-time three-dimensional echocardiography can surpass simple cross-sectional echocardiography in providing precise details of cardiac lesions. For the purpose of optimising treatment, we describe our findings with real-time three-dimensional echocardiography when interrogating different types of communications permitting interatrial shunting. A three-dimensional reconstruction of defects within the oval fossa enabled reliable identification of location, size, and integrity of surrounding rims. In the superior sinus venosus defect associated with partially anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, three-dimensional reconstruction helped to provide a better understanding of the relationship between the interatrial communication, the orifice of the superior caval vein, and the connections of the right upper pulmonary vein. In the defect opening infero-posteriorly within the oval fossa, three-dimensional reconstruction helped to avoid the risk of potentially inappropriate closure of the defect by suturing the hyperplastic Eustachian valve to the atrial wall, which could have diverted the inferior caval venous return into the left atrium, or obstructed the caval venous orifice. In the coronary sinus defect, three-dimensional echocardiography provided a ‘face to face’ view of the entire coronary sinus roof, showing a circular defect communicating with the cavity of the left atrium. Acquisition of the full-volume data sets took less than 2 minutes for the patients having defects within the oval fossa, and no more than 3 minutes for the patients with the sinus venosus and coronary sinus defects. Post-processing for the defects in the oval fossa took from 5 to 8 minutes, and from 12 to 16 minutes for the more complicated defects.ConclusionCross-sectional two-dimensional echocardiography can establish correct diagnosis in all types of atrial communications; however, real-time three-dimensional reconstruction provides additional value to the surgeon and interventionist for better understanding of spatial intracardiac morphology.
Assessment of cardiac functions using tissue Doppler imaging in children with familial Mediterranean fever
Authors: Ozdemir Osman , Agras Pinar Isik , Aydin Yusuf , Abaci Ayhan , Hizli Samil , Akkus Halil Ibrahim , Fidan Cihan 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveFamilial Mediterranean fever may carry a potential for cardiovascular disorders because of sustained inflammation during its course; however, there has been a limited number of studies investigating the cardiac functions in children. The aim of this study was to assess both ventricular diastolic functions using conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in children with familial Mediterranean fever.Patients and methodsThe study population included 25 patients with familial Mediterranean fever – mean age was 11.8 plus or minus 5.30 years – and 23 healthy patients as controls – mean age was 9.88 plus or minus 3.69 years. Both ventricular functions were measured using echocardiography comprising standard M-mode and conventional Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging during an attack-free period.ResultsThe conventional echocardiographic parameters with myocardial performance index were in normal ranges and similar in patients with familial Mediterranean fever and controls, with a p-value more than 0.05. However, right ventricular diastolic dysfunction was observed in patients with familial Mediterranean fever documented by tissue Doppler imaging, with a p-value less than 0.05 for E't and A't wave ratio.ConclusionUsing tissue Doppler imaging, we have demonstrated that although left ventricular functions were comparable in the patients and healthy children, right ventricular diastolic function indices were impaired in patients with familial Mediterranean fever during childhood. Impaired right ventricular diastolic function may be an early manifestation of cardiac involvement in children with familial Mediterranean fever.
Socio-economic inequalities in overweight among adults in Turkey: a regional evaluation
Authors: Ergin Isil , Hassoy Hur , Kunst Anton 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectivePatterns of socio-economic inequalities in obesity and overweight have not been documented for Turkey. The present study aimed to describe educational and wealth-related inequalities for overweight in Turkey, taking a regional perspective.DesignCross-sectional self-reported data of the World Health Survey 2002 for Turkey were used. BMI ≥ 25·00 kg/m2 was considered as overweight. Respondents were classified according to education years and a wealth score derived from the availability of household assets. Logistic regression analysis was applied to assess the relationship between overweight and socio-economic factors. Analyses were stratified by sex and region (West, Mediterranean, Middle, Black Sea and East).SettingTurkey.SubjectsAmong the respondents 20 years and older, 3790 women and 4057 men had data on self-reported height and weight.ResultsAge-adjusted overweight prevalence was 48·4 % for women and 46·1 % for men. For men, education was not systematically related to overweight while overweight was significantly increased among the highest wealth groups. For women, the prevalence of overweight was highest for low-educated and middle-wealth groups. The size of the inequalities in overweight showed only small regional variations. In the East, however, overweight prevalence was more related to higher socio-economic position than in the other regions.ConclusionsSocio-economic inequalities for overweight in Turkey are at a similar level as in most European countries, and especially comparable to Southern Europe. The smaller inequalities in the East correspond to the low level of socio-economic development in this part of the country. Prevention of overweight should focus on lower educational groups throughout the entire country and especially on low-educated women.
SURFACE TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION BASED ON THE THERMOCAPILLARY EFFECT
Authors: SELLIER M. , PANDA S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA thin liquid film subject to a temperature gradient is known to deform under the action of thermocapillary stresses which induce convective cells. The free surface deformation can be thought of as the signature of the imposed temperature gradient, and this study investigates the inverse problem of trying to reconstruct the temperature field from known free surface variations. The present work builds on the analysis of Tan et al. [“Steady thermocapillary flows of thin liquid layers I. Theory”, Phys. Fluids A2 (1990) 313–321, doi:10.1063/1.857781] which provides a long-wave evolution equation for the fluid film thickness variation on nonuniformly heated substrates and proposes a solution strategy for the planar flow version of this inverse problem. The present analysis reveals a particular case for which there exists an explicit, closed-form solution expressing the local substrate temperature in terms of the local film thickness and its spatial derivatives. With some simplifications, this analysis also shows that this solution applies to three-dimensional flows. The temperature reconstruction strategies are successfully tested against “artificial” experimental data (obtained by solving the direct problem for known temperature profiles) and actual experimental data.
Set-up accuracy of an external immobilisation system for patients receiving radical radiotherapy for prostate cancer
Authors: d’Aquino Ashley , Harrison Shalini , Helyer Sarah , Dearnaley David , McNair Helen 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPurpose: To evaluate the accuracy of an external immobilisation system in patients receiving radiotherapy for prostate cancer.Methods: Portal Imaging data were audited in 20 patients treated using an in-house immobilisation system and 20 patients treated using an indexed commercial immobilisation system (Combifix™). Individual and group random and systematic errors were calculated to determine the accuracy of set-up using skin marks alone and with a no-action-level protocol.Results: The initial results showed a larger systematic error in the Combifix™ in the anterior-posterior direction (2.7 mm) compared with the in-house system (1.5 mm). The possible source of this was identified as the difficulty in accurately aligning the laser to a curved couch top prior to setting the isocentre height. A change in the process of setting the isocentre was introduced, and comparable baseline set-up accuracy was achieved. This was with a systematic error of ≤2.0 mm and a random error ≤1.5 mm of patient position set-up error with skin marks alone, and using the Combifix™. The systematic errors were further reduced to <1 mm with an off-line no-action-level protocol.Conclusion: Using the Combifix™ system a high level of set-up accuracy was reproduced in routine daily practice.
Introduction of domestic buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) into Ethiopia would be feasible
Authors: Desta Takele Taye 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDue to its high agro-ecological variation and favorable production environment, Ethiopia has been endowed with high diversity of animal genetic resources and huge livestock population. However, the per capita consumption of livestock products is among the least in the world. To increase this consumption level, Ethiopia needs to keep livestock species that would be able to thrive under sub-optimal management systems, while providing some amount of products and services. The domestic buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is one of the large ruminants that contribute to the least developed world's food and agriculture production. Therefore, introduction of the riverine-type buffalo would support food and agriculture production in Ethiopia. Moreover, the existing high demand for milk and meat, and the agro-ecological conditions are in favor of introduction of the riverine-type buffalo. More specifically, the riverine buffalo excels over indigenous cattle in its milk yield and quality of milk components. It also has a long productive life, a special ability of converting poor-quality roughage into animal protein, docile temperament and a wide range of adaptation. The presence of wild buffalo also shows Ethiopia's suitability for domestic buffalo rearing. Therefore, even though it seems illogical to make direct comparison between the performance of the Ethiopian indigenous cattle and the domestic buffaloes kept elsewhere; the hardy nature of buffalo and its wide range of adaptation would indicate the adaptation of the riverine-type buffalo in Ethiopia. However, the introduced riverine-type buffalo needs to be handled on experimental stations until management expertise is developed.
What promotes and inhibits cooperation in mental health care across disciplines, services and service sectors? A qualitative study
Authors: Bramesfeld A. , Ungewitter C. , Böttger D. , El Jurdi J. , Losert C. , Kilian R. 
Published: August 2011

Aims.To explore the practice of cooperation in mental health care across services and identify conditions that promote and inhibit cooperation.Methods.Focus groups with relevant service providers were conducted in four exemplary regions in Germany (rural/urban and East/West). The discussions were content analysed.Results.Seven central categories were deduced: (1) involved service providers, (2) comprehension, (3) reasons, (4) instruments for cooperation, (5) promoting and inhibiting conditions, (6) interdisciplinarity, and (7) regional and personal networks. Cooperation is practiced in networks, rather than defined relations. Who is involved in cooperation depends on patients/clients needs and may vary from case to case. Service providers do not have theoretical concepts of cooperation. Cooperation relies not only on personal contacts and knowledge between services but also on time, financial reimbursement and the social capital of the environment. In particular, cooperation with physicians was considered to be difficult by non-medical professionals. Physician's role models do not seem to include cooperation with other disciplines as a core task.Conclusions.To improve cooperation, regional and sustainable mental health networks have to be systematically implemented by providing leadership, time and reimbursement for network meetings. Interdisciplinary cooperation practice should be part of the curricula of medical students and residents in psychiatry.
Activity of Exoenzymes in Treated Wastewater Irrigated Soils
Authors: Jüschke Elisabeth , Marschner Bernd 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe reuse of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation of agricultural fields greatly influences the activity of soil microorganisms through the input of organic compounds. Due to the production of exoenzymes by microorganisms for the decomposition of substrates it can be assumed that the irrigation with treated wastewater (TWW) has a strong influence on the soil enzyme pool. In this study the activity of ten exoenzymes, which catalyses processes in C, N and P nutrient cycles, were determined in 3 different soils in 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-50, 50-70 and 70-100 cm soil depth. The soils were used for agriculture and irrigated with reclaimed wastewater reused after a secondary treatment step. Additionally a control after freshwater irrigation was studied. Due to the influence of TWW on the soil biology of these soils, also clear effects on soil exoenzymes in freshwater and TWW irrigated soils could be seen. According to Sinsabaugh et al. (2008) we calculated indices which describe the enzymatic resources for acquisition of organic P and organic N relative to C and therefore give insides into the functional convergence of extracellular enzyme activities in soils and the relative nutrient demand. The distribution pattern of these functional enzyme activities varied between freshwater and TWW irrigated soils and shows therefore a strong influence of the TWW irrigation on the activity of exoenzymes. (Sinsabaugh et al. (2008): Stoichiometry of soil enzyme activity at global scale. Ecology Letters 11 (11), 1252-1264.)