bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in the relationship between oxygen consumption, body size and summated tissue metabolism in the winkleLittorina littorea
Authors: Newell R. C. , Pye V. I. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONA considerable amount of data now exists on the relationship between metabolism and body size in a wide range of organisms from bacteria and protozoans through to large mammals. Much of this information has been reviewed by Kleiber (1932, 1947), Brody and Procter (1932), Brody (1945), Zeuthen (1947, 1953), Hemmingsen (1950, i960) and Bertalanffy (1957). In general the metabolism has been shown to be proportional to a fractional power of the body weight thus eggs, the larger metazoan poikilotherms and even homoiotherms is proportional to a constant power of the body weight. This factor has been shown to be 0.751 ± 0.015 by Hemmingsen (i960). Superimposed upon this general relationship are variations according to the weight range of the organisms concerned. Thus both Zeuthen (1953) and Hemmingsen (i960) have shown that the value of the constantbfor unicellular organisms is approximately 0.7 (Zeuthen, 1953) or 0.751 (Hemmingsen, 1960), whilst that for small metazoans is 0.95 (Zeuthen, 1953) or 1.0 (Hemmingsen, 1960). Finally, the slope of the line relating the metabolism to body size in larger metazoans is 075 (Zeuthen, 1953) or 0.751 (Hemmingsen, 1960). That is, the value forb— 1 in equation (2) is likely to be between -0.3 and -0.249 in unicellular organisms; 0 and -0.05 in small metazoans and approximately -0.249 in larger metazoans.Despite this apparently fundamental relationship between metabolism and body size, there are many instances where for a particular species the relationship may not apply. Indeed in some species the metabolism may vary in its relationship to body weight according to conditions such as salinity, shore level, experimental temperature and acclimation temperature.
Observations on the biology and submergence behaviour of some littoral beetles
Authors: Evans P. D. , Ruscoe C. N. E. , Treherne J. E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe four species studied (Bledius spectabilis, Heterocerus fenestratus, Dichirotrichus pubescens and Cillenus lateralis) are most commonly found in a region delimited by the anaerobic mud of the lower bank and the dense marsh bordering the drainage channels in tidal salt-marshes at Scolt Head Island, Norfolk.Experimental submersion of the beetles in sea water was found to induce an apparent anoxic condition which was associated with a drastic reduction in oxygen consumption. On return to air there was a large increase in oxygen consumption characteristic of an appreciable oxygen debt.The use of the physiological responses to submergence as an indicator of effective contact with water revealed that their subterranean mode of life largely prevents direct exposure of the beetles to sea water in natural conditions. A significant proportion of Heterocerus fenestratus were, however, found to be vulnerable to flooding by sea water during tidal coverage of the burrow system.These results are considered in relation to the observations made on the behaviour
and burrowing activity of the various species.
The biology of Laminaria hyperborea. VI. Some Norwegian populations
Authors: Kain Joanna M. , Jones N. S. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONMuch of the rocky coast of Norway is known to form a favourable habitat for Laminaria hyperborea (Gunn.) Foslie. In June and July 1965 observations of this species and its competitors were made both in an area near Espegrend (60° 16.23′ N, 5° 13.42′ E), 15 km south of Bergen, and near Tromso (69° 39.2′ N, 18° 57.6′ E) for comparison with populations round the Isle of Man.
Sperm activation and fertilization in Balanus balanoides
Authors: Walley L. J. , White F. , Brander K. M. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONBalanus balanoides (L.) is a cross-fertilizing hermaphrodite. Insemination takes place in November in North Wales. Spermatozoa are deposited in the mantle cavity of a receptive individual by the extended penis of a neighbouring ‘acting male’. If a receptive individual – that is one that will accept insemination – is examined before oviposition takes place, the oviducal glands are found to be distended by a clear fluid (Walley, 1965). Oviposition follows insemination and fertilization is external, taking place within the confined space of the mantle cavity. The oocytes enter the mantle cavity, via the paired oviducal glands, and become enclosed in a pair of thin membranes. These membranes, enveloping the egg masses, are formed by distension of the elastic sacs secreted by the oviducal glands (Walley, 1965) and the spermatozoa have to pass through them in order to fertilize the eggs. If spermatozoa which have been deposited in the mantle cavity of a receptive individual are removed and examined before oviposition begins, they are immotile. If, however, they are examined several minutes later, during oviposition, they are found to be swimming vigorously (Barnes & Crisp, 1956): they have apparently been activated. The work described in this paper yields some information on the activation of the spermatozoa in B. balanoides, supplements recent work on the structure of cirripede spermatozoa (Brown, unpublished2; Turquier & Pochon-Masson, 1969; Bocquet-Vedrine & Pochon-Masson 1969; Munn & Barnes, 1970), and fixes the time within the sequence of maturation divisions of the oocyte at which fertilization takes place.
The First Leslie Cooper Memorial Lecture Given at Plymouth on 10 April 1989 Gaia
Authors: Lovelock J.E. 
Published: May 2009

I am pleased and honoured to have been asked to give the first of the lectures in memory of Dr Leslie Cooper. I was especially moved by the thought that the invitation was made knowing that I should almost certainly choose Gaia as the topic of my lecture. I know that many of you, especially biologists, think that the Gaia hypothesis is either trivial and untestable or else a mere reiteration of conventional wisdom in poetic terms. Hardly a topic with which to commemorate Leslie Cooper's memory.You will be relieved to know that although Gaia is the theme of my talk, I shall try not to be overly partisan or dogmatic. My objective is to use Gaia theory to illustrate a top-down approach to earth and life science and try to contrast it with the bottom-up approach which is conventional in the earth and life sciences.
Bioluminescence in planktonic halocyprid ostracods
Authors: Angel M. V. 
Published: May 2009

Bioluminescence has been observed in 11 halocyprid ostracod species, and the sites of secretion are described.Bioluminescence in cypridinid ostracods has been thoroughly investigated (Harvey, 1952). However, since the original suggestion that the edge glands in the carapace of halocyprid ostracods secrete luminescent substances (Claus, 1891), only a single observation has been made confirming this suggestion on Conchoecia curta ( =clausi) (Müller, 1894).
Feeding habits of oplophorid shrimps in the deep western Mediterranean
Authors: Cartes J. E. 
Published: May 2009

Diets of the two deep-sea species of Mediterranean oplophorids were studied by the analysis of 244 foregut contents of Acanthephyra eximia and 69 of Acanthephyra pelagica. All the specimens were collected on the deep slope (between 610 and 2261 m) using an OTSB-14 bottom trawl.The diet of A. pelagica consisted of small mesopelagic fishes (Cyclothone braueri, Myctophidae) and bathypelagic crustaceans (Gennadas elegans, Pasiphaea multidentata, Eucopia hanseni, Meganyctiphanes norvegica, hyperiids). In contrast, A. eximia was an important scavenger, feeding on fish remains. Benthic species (polychaetes, Calocaris macandreae, gastropods, etc.) were also detected in its diet. There was little dietary overlap between the two species. In A. eximia bathypelagic decapods were important only in the diet of large specimens. In small specimens the acquisition of decapod prey was not attributable to active hunting. On the lower slope A. eximia was more detritivorous, and predatory activity was lower. This trend was most distinct in small and medium-sized individuals, which predominate at that level.
Otolith Microstructure of the Lesser Sandeel, Ammodytes Marinus
Authors: Wright P. J. 
Published: May 2009

Daily increments were demonstrated in the sagittae of the lesser sandeel, Ammodytes marinus, maintained in outdoor enclosures. Daily increment formation was also inferred for wild sandeels from an analysis of changes in age composition within a series of field samples. A comparison between sagitta microstructure and morphological development of larval and juvenile sandeels indicated that the first sagitta increment was formed around the time of hatching. Yolk-sac absorption and larval metamorphosis were accompanied by changes in otolith microstructure.The lesser sandeel, Ammodytes marinus (Raitt), is important as a prey item for many species of fish, seabirds and marine mammals (Furness, 1990) and supports major fisheries in the North Sea (Anon., 1991). However, little is known about the ecological processes affecting year-class strength in this species. Otolith microstructure has been demonstrated to be a potentially useful tool for investigating early survivorship in fishes, since otoliths may provide a chronological record of early growth and life-history events (see Campana & Neilson, 1985). This paper examines the usefulness of otolith microstructure for studies of sandeel growth, from investigations of increment periodicity and a comparison between otolith microstructure and morphological development.
The Taxonomic Status of Littorina Neglecta: A Comment to Grahame, Mill, Double and Hull
Authors: Johannesson K. , Johannesson B. 
Published: May 2009

In a short communication Grahame et al. (1992) argue against our finding that Littorina neglecta Bean is an ecotype of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) rather than a separate species (Johannesson & Johannesson, 1990b). Unfortunately, Grahame et al. (1992) have miss-represented our earlier paper, and we feel the need to refute their arguments.In populations from north-western Europe we studied morphological characters used to separate Littorina neglecta from L. saxatilis. We found that intermediate shapes were common and, furthermore, we found no close coupling among characters used to define L. neglecta (Johannesson & Johannesson, 1990a). We further analysed the genetic variation in five strongly polymorphic allozyme loci. In four loci we found a pattern that indicated that L. neglecta is not reproductively isolated from L. saxatilis. In the fifth locus, Aat-1, we found consistent differences between populations of L. neglecta (from the low shore) and L. saxatilis (from the high shore). Similar differences were observed between low and high shore populations in Sweden where, however, no snails of neglecta-type were present.
The Effect of particle size on the burying ability of the brown shrimpCrangon crangon
Authors: Pinn Eunice H. , Ansell Alan D. 
Published: May 2009

The burial mechanism ofCrangon crangonwas examined in detail using high-speed video-recording equipment. Four stages of burial were identified which were associated with three modes of burial. As the mode of burial changed, a change in the angle of substratum penetration was also noted.The effect of particle size on the burying ability of three discrete size classes of shrimp was examined using both artificially graded and naturally occurring sediments. Particle size was found to be a major influencing factor on the degree of burial achieved by C.crangon, but no significant effect of shrimp size on burying ability was found over the size range tested.
A preliminary account of the general and enzyme histochemistry ofSiboglinum atlanticumand other Pogonophora
Authors: Eve C. , Southward A. J. 
Published: May 2009

An account is given of the distribution of certain polysaccharides, lipids and proteins in the tissues ofSiboglinum atlanticum,a uni-tentaculate pogonophore collected from depths of 1300–1500 m on the continental slope. The histology of the various glands and cells is described, and the structure and histochemistry of the tentacle compared with that of three multitentaculate species of pogonophores collected from similar habitats.Esterases hydrolysinganaphthyl acetate and o-acetyl-bromoindoxyl are found in most tissues ofSiboglinumafter formalin fixation. An eserine-sensitive esterase was present in the dorsal ciliated band, mostly close to the bases of the cilia. An organophosphorus-resistant esterase was widely distributed as scattered particles in the subcuticular region of the epidermis of the tentacle and anterior end. The other tissues, including the epidermal glands, blood vessels, muscles and peritoneum, contained a simple B-esterase which was closely associated with lipid globules; the nerve fibre B-esterase was not associated with lipid and its apparent sensitivity to copper illustrates one aspect of the difficulty of applying mammalian esterase subdivisions to invertebrates. Lipids form the main food reserve, and appear to have a dominant role in the metabolism.Pogonophores do not possess a gut at any stage in their life, and must take up food through the epidermis, whether or not it is first digested. The epidermal glands do not appear to have any digestive function. The multicellular pyriform glands secrete fibres of chitin and acid mucopolysaccharide, and produce the major part of the tube in which the animal lives. The unicellular glands are of several types, but most of them, apart from some simple mucous glands, appear to take part in tube formation, secreting mucopolysaccharides or mucopolysaccharides and protein.
The attractive factor of intertidal sands toProtodrilus symbioticus
Authors: Gray John S. 
Published: May 2009

In simple choice experimentsProtodrilus symbioticusGiard, an interstitial archiannelid, was shown to prefer the sand from its habitat in the natural state to the same sand altered by various physical or chemical treatments. The attractiveness of a sand was measured as the ratio of the number ofProtodrilusentering the experimentally treated sand to the number entering the natural sand in simple or multiple choice experiments.The attractiveness of natural sand toP. symbioticuscould be destroyed almost completely by acid cleaning, by heating in water above 50° C or by drying at any temperature.Treating attractive sand with formalin or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide rendered it about half as attractive as before treatment. Heating natural sand in water to 40°C and keeping it in fresh water for 18 h had no effect on the attractiveness. Sands that have been made unattractive by acid cleaning or drying can be restored to an attractive state by soaking in sea water. Typically acidcleaned sands recovered up to half and dried sands almost the whole of the attractiveness.Inoculation of naturally occurring sand bacteria to highly unattractive acid-cleaned sand restores the attractiveness completely. Autoclaved sand to which a culture ofPhaeodactylumhad been added was preferred to sand treated with cultures ofDunaniellaandChlorella.An ordinary culture ofPhaeodactylumcontaminated by bacteria restored the attractiveness to autoclaved sands more effectively than a bacteria-free culture.Sands restored by inocula of natural sand bacteria, soil bacteria andPseudomonassp. were preferred to those treated withCorynebacterium erythogenes, Flavobacteriumsp. andSerratia marinorubraand these were preferred to control sands kept in sterile sea water.
Vitamin B12and Marine Ecology III. An experiment with a chemostat
Authors: Droop M. R. 
Published: May 2009

A 250 ml. chemostat has been used to measure the parameters of vitamin B requirement in the chrysomonadMonochrysis lutheri.The yield constant wasca.0·25 × 10 cells/μμg., i.e. one-third of the figure previously measured in batch cultures.The saturation constant lay between 2 and 6 μμ/ml., i.e. at least twenty times the figure indicated by previous batch culture measurements.Internal inconsistencies in the chemostat's operation indicate the presence of factors not accounted for by theory.It is argued that only factors analogous to the release of protein-bound vitamin into the medium could in principle account for all the discrepancies.
Direct development in a Nudibranch, Cadlina laevis, with a discussion of developmental processes in Opisthobranchia
Authors: Thompson T. E. 
Published: May 2009

Cadlina laevis (L.) is the first British species of nudibranch shown to possess direct development. The embryo leaves the egg-capsule approximately 50 days (at 10° C) after oviposition, and resembles the adult in the general form of the body. Sufficient food reserves remain to sustain life and apparent growth for more than 1 week of benthic life. A vestigial veliger phase is passed through within the egg-capsule. The shell, velum, mantle, and metapodium-rudiment resemble transitorily those organs of opisthobranch veliger larvae, but certain veliger structures (larval kidney, velar locomotor and pedal cilia) are vestigial in Cadlina, and others are altogether absent (operculum, larval retractor muscle, subvelar ridges, metapodial mucus-gland, pedal sensory cilia, and nephrocysts).In the Opisthobranchia three distinct development types can be recognized. Type 1 includes those species which possess planktotrophic veliger larvae. Type 2 comprises the species which have lecithotrophic larvae (in the sense employed by Ockelmann, 1965). Type 3 species have direct development, in which many veliger structures may be briefly recapitulated before hatching. Species of type 3 possess eggs of the largest sizes, species of type 2 in general have smaller eggs, while species of type 1 possess the smallest eggs. There is a positive correlation between egg size and the length of the embryonic period, and an inverse correlation between both and batch size. Within any development-type, the largest species tend to produce larger eggs in greater numbers. Within any species, the largest individuals tend to produce more eggs than do the smaller individuals; egg size varies little through the geographical range.
Branchiostoma lanceolatumlarvae: Some experiments on the effect of thiouracil on metamorphosis
Authors: Wickstead J. H. 
Published: May 2009

Larvae ofBranchiostoma lanceolatum(Pallas), of a late pre-metamorphosis stage and characterized by a bright fluorescent green around the ilio-colonic ring, were taken in the Plymouth area plankton in August 1965.Adults were kept in 0.04% thiouracil to determine the general effect at this concentration. It was lethal over a period of weeks.The larvae were kept in the dark at a constant temperature of 10° C, individu-ally or in pairs, in 0.04%, 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.005% and 0.0025% thiouracil, in saturated solutions and suspensions of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and in ordinary sea water. Solutions were changed weekly. The flagellateDunaliella primolectaButcher was supplied as food.All the larvae metamorphosed at approximately the same time and rate, two exceptions being that 0.04% thiouracil was a more obviously toxic concentration and the thyroxine and triiodothyronine larvae were rather more precocious in their metamorphosis.It is suggested that metamorphosis is a ‘triggered’ process and is self-sustaining. Thus once it has begun it cannot be delayed or accelerated significantly. All the larvae caught were at a stage when this ‘triggering’ had been released.It is considered possible that the metabolism of the larva and the initiation of metamorphosis is controlled by a secretion of the club-shaped gland.INTRODUCTIONThe position of the amphioxides larva has already been discussed (Wick-stead, 1964). No clear demarcation could be made between the usual type of acraniate larva and amphioxides. It was suggested that the amphioxides was a giant larva, a phenomenon not uncommon in oceanic plankton.IntroductionThe position of the amphioxides larva has already been discussed (Wickstead, 1964).
The biology ofCucumaria elongata(Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)
Authors: Fish John D. 
Published: May 2009

A population ofCucumaria elongata(Düb & Kor.), found in muddy sand off the Northumberland coast, has been sampled from 1961 to 1964. Densities of more than 20 per m were common.Cucumariais a suspension feeder, and uses its tentacles to trap suspended paniculate matter. In the absence of mucous glands or cilia on the tentacles, suspended matter is held fast in a covering of mucus which is produced by glands in the pharynx and oesophagus. Each time the tentacles are introduced into the pharangeal lumen in the course of feeding, they pick up a fresh complement of mucus.The feeding behaviour is seasonal. During the early part of October the animals stop feeding, and remain dormant until late April/early May of the following year.The results of monthly experiments to determine the oxygen consumption, percentage of total lipid and the volume/dry-weight ratio, have led to the conclusion that during the winter monthsCucumariahibernates.The effect of temperature on the feeding behaviour is discussed.Regular quantitative sampling has shown thatCucumariais slow growing, and over the area surveyed, four different age-groups were found. These have been designated groups I, A, B and C. Group I was estimated to be 2 years old; group A, 6 six years; group B, 8 years; and group C, 10 years old.Although active sperm and apparently mature eggs were found in specimens collected as far back as 1962, there is no evidence to suggest that any of the age-groups has reproduced.
Studies in the biochemistry of cirripede eggs III. Changes in the amino-acid composition during development of Balanus balanoides and B. balanus
Authors: Barnes H. , Evens R. 
Published: May 2009

The amino-acid composition of Balanus balanoides (L.) and B. balanus (L.) da Costa eggs during their development has been investigated. Protein accounts for 70–80% of the dry matter. The amino-acid composition of the eggs is similar to that reported for Calanus finmarchicus, for which reliable information is available. Loss of all amino acids takes place during development, but the relative amounts of glycine and alanine increase in the late stages. The rates of loss are far greater in B. balanus, where the eggs themselves develop more rapidly. In B. balanoides there is a distinct ‘ arrest’ in the rate of loss of amino acids at the H-stage; this is coincident with a similar arrest in the loss of other metabolites and in development. Loss of nitrogen from the eggs has been measured directly and the results compared with the values calculated from the analyses. In the early stages the agreement is good if allowance is made for the difference in temperature between the elution experiments and the natural environment.Data have already been presented (Barnes, 1965; Dawson & Barnes, 1966) on the major biochemical constituents of the eggs of two common cirripedes, Balanus balanoides and B. balanus, and on changes in these constituents during development. It has been shown that protein nitrogen is lost throughout development and that the rate of this loss is greatest during the early stages; also that nitrogen utilization relative to that of carbohydrate is greater in B. balanus. The more rapid development of the eggs of the latter species gives rise to a greater rate at which all substrates are utilized, but the proportions disappearing—relative to the initial quantities—are not widely different; rather more is lost in the species that develops more rapidly.