bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enterococcus faecalis translocation in mice with severe burn injury: a pathogenic role of CCL2 and alternatively activated macrophages (M2aMϕ and M2cMϕ)
Authors: Shigematsu Kenji , Asai Akira , Kobayashi Makiko , Herndon David N , Suzuki Fujio 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Early after burn injury, CCL2 converts resident mesenteric lymph node macrophages to M2a and M2c macrophages that decrease host antibacterial innate immunity against sepsis stemming from Enterococcus faecalis
Here, we investigated a role of CCL2 on the increased susceptibility of severely burned mice to Enterococcus faecalis translocation. After inoculation of Mϕ from MLMϕ of normal mice, 80% of the SCIDbgMN mice orally infected with the lethal dose of E. faecalis survived, and all mice inoculated with MLMϕ from thermally injured mice died. At this time, SCIDbgMN mice inoculated with MLMϕ from thermally injured CCL2−/− mice were shown to be resistant (90% survival). M1Mϕ were not induced by E. faecalis antigen in cultures of MLMϕ from thermally injured wild-type mice, and MLMϕ from thermally injured CCL2−/− mice converted to M1Mϕ after the antigen stimulation. MLMϕ from wild-type mice 2 days postburn injury possessed M2a- and M2cMϕ properties, and those from mice 7–21 days postburn injury carried M2bMϕ properties. However, MLMϕ from thermally injured CCL2−/− mice did not show any typical properties for M2a- or M2cMϕ. CCL17 and CXCL13 (biomarkers for M2a- and M2cMϕ), but not CCL1 (a biomarker of M2bMϕ), were produced by MLMϕ from thermally injured CCL2−/− mice treated with rCCL2. These results indicate that CCL2 converts resident MLMϕ to M2a- and M2cMϕ, detected early after burn injury, and decreases host antibacterial innate immunity against sepsis stemming from oral E. faecalis infection.
Guerbet Reaction of Ethanol to n-Butanol Catalyzed by Iridium Complexes
Authors: Koda Keitaro , Matsu-ura Toyomi , Obora Yasushi , Ishii Yasutaka 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Ethanol was efficiently converted into n-butanol in the presence of a catalytic amount of [Ir(acac)(cod)], 1,7-octadiene, and EtONa. This method provides an efficient alternative approach to n-butanol which is conventionally manufactured by oxo process of propylene with H2 and CO followed by hydrogenation of butyraldehyde.
Silica Effect on Coloration of Hematite Nanoparticles for Red Pigments
Authors: Kim YooJin , Pee Jae-Hwan , Chang Jeong Ho , Choi Kyoon , Kim Kyung Ja , Jung Duk-Young 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A novel red pigment displaying consistent properties up to a heating temperature of 1000 °C was synthesized, which indicates that the multilayer silica coating actually minimizes the agglomeration of the nanoparticles.
New Binaphthyl-based C3-symmetric Chiral Hemilabile Monophosphite Ligands: Synthesis and Characterization of Their Platinum Complexes
Authors: Carrilho Rui M B , Abreu Artur R , Petöcz György , Bayón J Carles , Moreno Maria José S M , Kollár László , Pereira Mariette M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In this paper, we report an easy and highly efficient methodology for the synthesis of novel binaphthyl-based chiral monophosphites with C3-symmetry. The preparation of the respective platinum complexes and their characterization by suitable in situ NMR spectroscopic studies confirmed the noteworthy hemilabile potential of the new phosphite ligands.
Multiphase Photocatalytic Oxidation in a Microreactor
Authors: Matsushita Yoshihisa , Iwasawa Mayuko , Suzuki Tadashi , Ichimura Teijiro 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Photocatalytic oxidation of p-chlorophenol and toluene under gas–liquid–solid multiphase flow conditions was investigated by using a photocatalytic microreaction system. By loading both gaseous and liquid samples simultaneously into a microchannel with a photocatalytic titanium dioxide thin layer therein, a gas–liquid–solid multiphase annular flow was generated. The reaction yield was greatly enhanced with decreasing thickness of liquid layer because of improved efficiency of interaction and mass transfer between different phases.
Preparation of Submicron-sized Snowman-like Polystyrene Particles via Radiation-induced Seeded Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Hu Xin , Liu Huarong , Ge Xueping , Yang Song , Ge Xuewu 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In this paper, we have successfully prepared submicron-sized snowman-like polystyrene (PS) particles by radiation-induced seeded emulsion polymerization at room temperature. The monodispersed crosslinked PS particles with an average size of 358 nm acted as seed particles. The influence of polymer/monomer weight ratio on the morphology was studied. The results showed that snowman-like PS particles could be fabricated in high yield about 90% when the polymer/monomer weight ratio was 0.2:1.
Errata: Atomic weights of the elements: Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical
Report)
Authors: de Laeter John R. , Böhlke John Karl , De Bièvre P. , Hidaka H. , Peiser H. S. , Rosman K. J. R. , Taylor P. D. P. 
Published: July 2009

Errata: Atomic weights of the elements: Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report). (J.
R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S.Peiser, K. J. R.
Rosman, and P. D. P. Taylor). Pure Appl.
Chem.
75,683–800 (2003); doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
Parental Angst Making and Revisiting Decisions About Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Brinkman William B. , Sherman Susan N. , Zmitrovich April R. , Visscher Marty O. , Crosby Lori E. , Phelan Kieran J. , Donovan Edward F. 
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurobehavioral conditions of childhood and adolescence. Despite availability of effective treatment options, initiation of treatment is variable and persistence with therapeutic regimens is poor.OBJECTIVE: We sought to better understand how parents make decisions about treatment for their child or adolescent with ADHD.METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study among parents of children and adolescents; 52 parents participated in 1 of 12 focus groups. Parents answered questions about decision-making, information sharing, and sources of conflict and uncertainty. Sessions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Themes were coded independently by 4 of the investigators, who then agreed on common themes.RESULTS: Parents in our study made decisions about treatment for their child with ADHD in the midst of experiencing a variety of emotions as they witnessed child functional impairments at home and at school. In addition, parents felt stress as a result of their daily efforts to manage their child's struggles. Multiple factors influenced the decision to initiate medication. Subsequently, revisiting the decision to give their child medicine for ADHD was common. Many parents contrasted time on and off medicine to help inform management decisions. Trials stopping medication were almost always parent- or child-initiated.CONCLUSIONS: Decisions about medication use for children and adolescents with ADHD are made and frequently revisited by their parents. Choices are often made under stressful conditions and influenced by a variety of factors. Striking a balance between benefits and concerns is an ongoing process that is often informed by contrasting time on and off medication. Development of strategies to support families across the continuum of decisions faced while managing ADHD is warranted.
Early Child Care and Adiposity at Ages 1 and 3 Years
Authors: Benjamin Sara E. , Rifas-Shiman Sheryl L. , Taveras Elsie M. , Haines Jess , Finkelstein Jonathan , Kleinman Ken , Gillman Matthew W. 
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: The majority of infants in the United States are in nonparental child care, yet little is known about the effect of child care on development of obesity.OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between child care attendance from birth to 6 months and adiposity at 1 and 3 years of age.METHODS: We studied 1138 children from a prospective cohort of pregnant women and their offspring. The main exposure was time in child care from birth to 6 months of age, overall and by type of care: (1) child care center; (2) someone else's home; and (3) child's own home by nonparent. The main outcomes were weight-for-length (WFL) z score at 1 year and BMI z score at 3 years of age.RESULTS: A total of 649 (57%) infants attended child care; 17% were cared for in a center, 27% in someone else's home, and 21% in their own home by a nonparent. After adjustment for confounders, overall time in child care was associated with an increased WFL z score at 1 year and BMI z score at 3 years of age but not skinfold thicknesses. Center and own home care were not associated with the outcomes, but care in someone else's home was associated with an increase in both the 1- and 3-year outcomes.CONCLUSION: Child care in the first 6 months of life, especially in someone else's home, was associated with an increased WFL z score at 1 year and BMI z score at 3 years of age.
Pediatric Patient Safety in Emergency Departments: Unit Characteristics and Staff Perceptions
Authors: Shaw Kathy N. , Ruddy Richard M. , Olsen Cody S. , Lillis Kathleen A. , Mahajan Prashant V. , Dean J. Michael , Chamberlain James M. ,   for the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVES: The goals were (1) to describe emergency department (ED) characteristics thought to be related to patient safety within the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network, (2) to measure staff perceptions of the climate of safety in EDs, and (3) to measure associations between ED characteristics and a climate of safety.
METHODS: Twenty-one EDs were surveyed to assess physical structure, staffing patterns, overcrowding, medication administration, teamwork, and methods for promoting patient safety. A validated survey on the climate of safety was administered to all emergency department staff members. Safety climate scores were compared to evaluate associations with ED characteristics.
RESULTS: A total of 1747 staff members (49%) responded to the survey on the climate of safety. A minority of EDs had organized safety activities such as safety committees (48%) or walk-rounds (38%), used computerized physician order entry (38%), had ED pharmacists (19%), or had formal physician/registered nurse teams (38%). The majority (67%) treated patients in hallways. Most (67%) varied staffing on the basis of seasonal patient volume. Of the 1747 ED staff members (49%) responding to the survey, there was a wide range (28%–82%) in the proportion reporting a positive safety climate. Physicians' ratings of the climate of safety were higher than nurses' ratings, and perceptions varied according to work experience. Characteristics associated with an improved climate of safety were a lack of ED overcrowding, a sick call back-up plan for physicians, and the presence of an ED safety committee.
CONCLUSIONS: Large variability existed among EDs in structures and processes thought to be associated with patient safety and in staff perception of the safety climate. Several ED characteristics were associated with a positive climate of safety.
Medication Use Among Children &lt;12 Years of Age in the United States: Results From the Slone Survey
Authors: Vernacchio Louis , Kelly Judith P. , Kaufman David W. , Mitchell Allen A. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVES: Using data from the Slone Survey, we sought to define the prevalence of over-the-counter and prescription medication use among US children &lt;12 years of age and to determine the prevalence and patterns of use of the most commonly used medications.
METHODS: The Slone Survey was a random-digit-dial telephone survey of medication use in the previous 7 days for a representative sample of the US population. Between February 1998 and April 2007, we enrolled 2857 children 0 to 11 years of age from the 48 contiguous US states.
RESULTS: The survey response rate was 61%. Overall, 56% of children had used ≥1 medication product in the 7 days preceding the interview, with 15%, 7.1%, 3.1%, and 1.9% taking 2, 3, 4, and ≥5 medications, respectively, during that time period. Twenty percent of children took ≥1 prescription-only medications, but &lt;6% used ≥2 prescription-only drugs within a given week. Fewer than 0.5% of children were reported to have used any particular herbal product. The most commonly used over-the-counter medication products were acetaminophen alone, multivitamins, and ibuprofen alone. The most commonly used prescription-only medications across all age groups were amoxicillin, albuterol, and multivitamins with fluoride. The most commonly consumed active ingredients (excluding vitamins) were acetaminophen, iron, ibuprofen, and various cough/cold ingredients (pseudoephedrine, dextromethorphan, and various first-generation antihistamines).
CONCLUSIONS: The majority of US children &lt;12 years of age use ≥1 medication product in a given week. The preponderance of pediatric medication exposure involves over-the-counter products.
Delayed Pediatric Office Follow-up of Newborns After Birth Hospitalization
Authors: Profit Jochen , Cambric-Hargrove Alva J. , Tittle Kay O. , Pietz Kenneth , Stark Ann R. 
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Key recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics guideline on management of severe hyperbilirubinemia in healthy infants of ≥35 weeks' gestation include predischarge screening for risk of subsequent hyperbilirubinemia, follow-up at 3 to 5 days of age, and lactation support. Little information is available on contemporary compliance with follow-up recommendations.
OBJECTIVE: To assess timing and content of the first newborn office visit after birth hospitalization in urban and suburban pediatric practices in Houston, Texas.
METHODS: We reviewed office records for the first visit within 4 weeks of birth during January through July 2006 for apparently healthy newborns with a gestational age of ≥35 weeks or birth weight of ≥2500 g seen within a pediatric provider network. For each pediatrician, we selected every fifth patient up to a total of 6.
RESULTS: Of 845 records abstracted, 698 (83%) were eligible for analysis. Infants were seen by 136 pediatricians in 39 practices. They had vaginal (64%) or cesarean (36%) deliveries at 20 local hospitals, of which 17 had routine predischarge bilirubin screening policies. Only 37% of all infants, 44% of vaginally delivered infants, and 41% of exclusively breastfed infants were seen before 6 days of age. Thirty-five percent of the infants were seen after 10 days of age. Among 636 infants seen at ≤15 days, jaundice was noted on examination in 33%; of these, 44% had bilirubin measured. Nine infants had phototherapy documented after birth hospitalization.
CONCLUSIONS: Among a large group of urban and suburban pediatricians, implementation of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for follow-up was inconsistent, and delayed follow-up was common. Understanding reasons for delayed follow-up and providing guidance for jaundice management may promote a safer first week of life.
Impact of Ethics and Economics on End-of-Life Decisions in an Indian Neonatal Unit
Authors: Miljeteig Ingrid , Sayeed Sadath Ali , Jesani Amar , Johansson Kjell Arne , Norheim Ole Frithjof 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article was to describe how providers in an Indian NICU reach life-or-death treatment decisions.
METHODS: Qualitative in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis were conducted at an Indian nonprofit private tertiary institution that provided advanced neonatal care under conditions of resource scarcity.
RESULTS: Compared with American and European units with similar technical capabilities, the unit studied maintained a much higher threshold for treatment initiation and continuation (range: 28–32 completed gestational weeks). We observed that complex, interrelated socioeconomic reasons influenced specific treatment decisions. Providers desired to protect families and avoid a broad range of perceived harms: they were reluctant to risk outcomes with chronic disability; they openly factored scarcity of institutional resources; they were sensitive to local, culturally entrenched intrafamilial dynamics; they placed higher regard for “precious” infants; and they felt relatively powerless to prevent gender discrimination. Formal or regulatory guidelines were either lacking or not controlling.
CONCLUSIONS: In a tertiary-level academic Indian NICU, multiple factors external to predicted clinical survival of a preterm newborn influence treatment decisions. Providers adjust their decisions about withdrawing or withholding treatment on the basis of pragmatic considerations. Numerous issues related to resource scarcity are relevant, and providers prioritize outcomes that affect stakeholders other than the newborn. These findings may have implications for initiatives that seek to improve global neonatal health.
Nutritional Practices and Growth Velocity in the First Month of Life in Extremely Premature Infants
Authors: Martin Camilia R. , Brown Yolanda F. , Ehrenkranz Richard A. , O'Shea T. Michael , Allred Elizabeth N. , Belfort Mandy B. , McCormick Marie C. , Leviton Alan ,   and the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns Study Investigators
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVES: The goals of this study were to describe nutritional practices in the first month of life for a large cohort of extremely low gestational age newborns and to determine the impact of these nutritional practices on growth velocity (GV) over the same period.
METHODS: The sample included 1187 infants born at 23 to 27 weeks of gestation, at 14 institutions, between 2002 and 2004. Inclusion criteria included survival until day 28 and weight information for days 7 and 28. GV, expressed as grams per kilogram per day, was calculated for the interval between days 7 and 28. Nutritional practices during the first week and on days 14, 21, and 28 were compared with current nutritional guidelines in the literature. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated the contribution of limited nutrition to limited GV.
RESULTS: Protein and fat delivery approximated current nutritional recommendations, whereas carbohydrate and total energy intake delivery did not. Despite this, GV of our study infants exceeded the current guideline of 15 g/kg per day. Nevertheless, we found extrauterine growth restriction (ie, weight for gestational age below the 10th centile) in 75% of the infants at 28 days, compared with only 18% at birth. A GV of 20 to 30 g/kg per day was associated with infants' maintaining or exceeding their birth weight z score, with rates in the upper range for the gestationally youngest infants. Early (day 7) nutritional practices were positively associated with GV measured between days 7 and 28.
CONCLUSION: The early provision of nutrients is an important determinant of postnatal growth. Extrauterine growth restriction remains high in extremely premature infants even when they achieve a GV rate within current guidelines.
Sleep Outcomes in Children With Hemifacial Microsomia and Controls: A Follow-up Study
Authors: Cloonan Yona K. , Kifle Yemiserach , Davis Scott , Speltz Matthew L. , Werler Martha M. , Starr Jacqueline R. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: Children with craniofacial anomalies are at high risk for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), yet its prevalence among children with craniofacial conditions is not known. Children with hemifacial microsomia (HFM) are likely particularly vulnerable to SDB as a result of underdevelopment of the mandible and oropharynx. Nevertheless, most children with HFM are not referred for sleep studies. We hypothesized that sleep outcomes would be worse in children with HFM versus control subjects.
METHODS: We conducted a follow-up study among 124 case participants and 349 control subjects who previously participated in a study of HFM risk factors. Parents completed the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) regarding symptoms of SDB and sleep habits. Regression models were adjusted for region, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and maternal education.
RESULTS: Snoring was more commonly reported for children with HFM (29%) than for control subjects (17%). Compared with control subjects, children with HFM more often had symptoms consistent with SDB. On average, case participants' parents reported 1.9 times as many symptoms on the PSQ breathing scale and 1.3 times more symptoms on the PSQ sleepiness scale than did control subjects' parents, with little difference on the PSQ behavior scale. Parents of children with HFM reported 1.4 times more night awakenings than did control subjects' parents.
CONCLUSIONS: Children with HFM experienced more snoring and other symptoms of SDB than did control subjects. Pediatricians should be aware of the increased vulnerability for SDB among children with mandibular or external ear underdevelopment or asymmetry and should refer to a sleep specialist as needed.
Neurodevelopmental Disability Through 11 Years of Age in Children Born Before 26 Weeks of Gestation
Authors: Johnson Samantha , Fawke Joe , Hennessy Enid , Rowell Vicky , Thomas Sue , Wolke Dieter , Marlow Neil 
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: To assess functional disability in children born before 26 weeks of gestation at 11 years of age and the stability of findings in individuals between 6 and 11 years of age.METHODS: Of 307 surviving children born in 1995, 219 (71%) were assessed at 11 years of age alongside 153 classmates. Children were evaluated by using standardized tests of cognitive ability and clinical condition at both ages.RESULTS: Using classmate data to determine reference ranges, serious cognitive impairment (score of less than −2 SD) was present in 40% of extremely preterm children and 1.3% of classmates (odds ratio [OR]: 50 [95% confidence interval (CI): 12–206]) at 11 years of age. Overall, 38 (17%) extremely preterm children had cerebral palsy; moderate or severe impairment of neuromotor function, vision, and hearing was present in 10%, 9%, and 2% of these children, respectively. Combining impairment across domains, 98 (45%) extremely preterm children had serious functional disability compared with 1% of the classmates (OR: 61 [95% CI: 15–253]); this was more common in boys than girls (OR: 1.8 [95% CI: 1.0–3.1]) and in those born at 23 or 24 weeks' gestation compared with those born at 25 weeks' gestation (OR: 1.8 [95% CI: 1.0–3.1]). The prevalence of serious functional disability was 46% at 6 years of age and 45% at 11 years of age. Using multiple imputation to correct for selective dropout, it is estimated that 50% (95% CI: 44%–57%) of extremely preterm children are free of serious disability at 11 years of age.CONCLUSIONS: Extremely preterm children remain at high risk for neurodevelopmental disability at 11 years of age compared with term peers. The prevalence of disability remained stable between 6 and 11 years of age, and large individual shifts in classification of disability were unusual.