bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE UNIMAST CONCEPT ‐ A MAJOR DEPARTURE IN SHIPBOARD RADAR ANTENNA INSTALLATION PHILOSOPHY
Authors: BIONDI ROY J. , KRUGER BRADFORD E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe best topside location for an antenna is on top of the highest mast on the ship, thus affording all‐around coverage and minimum interference. However, usually only one antenna can occupy that site. Modern naval combatants have numerous antennas, and the necessary compromises in mounting all of them means that even the best site is often electro‐magnetically compromised by adjacent structures and other antennas.A contrary approach is to mount larger antennas lower, and to design the ship to minimize blockage. This is “The UNIMAST Concept,” which argues for a single mast on which are mounted all the ship's major rotating surveillance antennas. The larger antennas rotate around the lower part of the mast, while lighter antennas, e.g., surface search, are sited above.This paper discusses the degradation of sidelobes due to present topside design and numerically relates degradation to Electronic Counter‐Countermeasures (ECCM) performance. Removal of that degradation via the UNIMAST Concept requires that a device known as an Annular Rotary Coupler (ARC) be used. The development of just such a high power, wide‐band ARC on a Navy‐sponsored R&D contract is herein described. Also described is the potential backfitting of the UNIMAST Concept to existing ships; e.g., the DDG‐993.Battle damage vulnerability of the UNIMAST Concept with respect to a conventional two mast design is addressed. It is argued that the UNIMAST Concept affords no degradation in vulnerability due to improved potential for protecting vital antenna parts.
THE LATEST IN SHIP WEAPON LA UNCHERS ‐ THE VERTICAL LAUNCHING SYSTEM
Authors: MOORHEAD SETH B. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe primary features of the Vertical Launching System (VLS) planned for initial installation aboard the CG 47 Class (beginning with the CG‐52) and for retrofitting into the DD 963 Class Ships are described in detail. Although modular in construction, the magazine sizes planned replace, with 61 missile cells and an integral strikedown system, the 44 missile MK26 Mod 1 Guided Missile Launching System. The modular concept of the launcher design and the certified round concept, utilizing a sealed canister to protect the missile from weapon station to launch, are described. Design features and development of both the gas management system and the strikedown system are discussed.The engineering development tests which have successfully demonstrated the ability of the launcher to withstand the ignition pressure pulse and absorb the heat of an accidental restrained firing are included as well as those tests which demonstrated performance of the radome after “flythrough” of the exhaust plume.A major advantage of the Vertical Launching System is its ability to engage simultaneously air, surface, and underwater targets. Demonstration tests confirming this capability through vertical launches of the STANDARD, HARPOON, TOMAHAWK, and a modified ASROC missiles are discussed. Two unique test facilities built to minimize development costs are described ‐ one is used to launch and catch the missile intact, providing post test examination and re‐use, and the other duplicates the ship's deck and launcher as well as roll and pitch motion to develop the strikedown equipment and to train the crew.Finally, performance and reliability comparisons are drawn between the Vertical Launching System and current rail‐type launchers.
SURFACE SHIP CONFORM‐DIMENSION 2000
Authors: TERRY MICHAEL R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA description of the NAVSEA Program to develop concepts continually for SURFACE SHIPS for the NAVY OF THE YEAR 2000 and beyond is presented. The process of “Requirement Pull,” “Technology Push,” Concept Synthesis, and Concept Assessment are outlined for a unique program that joins the Technologist and the Ship Designer in a disciplined partnership for the future.
DETAIL DESIGN‐FFG 7 CLASS
Authors: STARK ROBERT E. , STEMBEL DAVID M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe FFG Program has been widely recognized as a shipbuilding program which successfully has met its goals of performance, cost, and schedule. A discussion of this design is given in several other papers.Several of the features which contributed to the success of the FFG 7 Class Design were the use of Standardized Equipment, Validation of Working Drawings, and a Maintenance Concept that concentrated upon safeguarding maintenance and removal procedures.This paper describes the Detail Design Process followed in the development of the FFG 7 Class Design as well as those changes planned for FY79 ships. Emphasis is placed upon the lessons learned and a discussion of those technical and management procedures required to implement satisfactorily an effective Detail Design.
REMOTE SENSORS, CONTEMPORARY WEAPONS AND COMBATANT SHIP DESIGN
Authors: KANE HARRY P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper traces the general evolution of naval warfare requirements and identifies remote sensors and high energy contemporary weapons as threats which have not been dealt with adequately in combatant ship designs. The concept of Ship Susceptibility and Signal Reduction Analysis is explained, and the interactive nature of the various threats on ship design is indicated. A table of typical ship susceptibility and signal reduction analysis area is provided. Recommendations for future intensive R&D are also included.
SHIPBOARD ENERGY SAVINGS WITH THE RACER SYSTEM
Authors: MATTSON WAYNE S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe current NAVSEA program to design and develop a waste heat recovery gas turbine cruise propulsion plant called RACER is discussed. RACER is an acronym for RAnkine Cycle Energy Recovery which describes the steam bottoming cycle designed to recover waste exhaust heat from LM2500 gas turbines and augment the main propulsion system through a steam turbine.Such waste heat recovery systems, when used in naval applications, have been more commonly called combined gas and steam turbine (COGAS) propulsion plans. The acronym RACER, however, will be used throughout this paper in the place of the historic COGAS term in an attempt to distinguish the proposed system, which incorporates advanced technology and some unique design concepts, from traditional practice.The conceptual design philosophy followed by Solar as it applies to non‐nuclear surface combatants is discussed and the major system components described. Installation and operational considerations are presented. Control and monitoring philosophy is discussed briefly as it relates to the system concept. System performance is presented including its relationship to fuel savings and increased military effectiveness.
SUPERIORITY AT SEA—AN AFFORDABLE SYSTEM FOR THE 1990's
Authors: FLUK HAROLD 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA weapons system has been configured specifically to counter (or preempt) the long‐range standoff missile threat. Rationale for this system starts with a discussion of cost and weight, and shows why modern multi‐mission systems have become intolerably expensive. Questions are raised regarding the advantages and disadvantages of building future naval aviation forces solely around the Aircraft Carrier Battle Group. The application of a few small modern ships, forming a future Battle Force, holds promise for large economies. Likewise, some accepted views regarding CTOL (Conventional Take Off & Laundry) and V/STOL (Vertical Short Take Off & Launding) aircraft are revisted in terms of their relative costs. A weapons system is proposed which, at one‐fourth the weight of an Aircraft Carrier Battle Group, may be produced and operated for one‐third the cost.
THE SYSTEM ENGINEERING ANALYSIS: A STRUCTURED APPROACH FOR IMPROVING SHIP MAINTENANCE
Authors: BEYERS CRAIG P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the System Engineering Analysis (SEA), a methodology developed to objectively define and improve ship maintenance using Navy historical maintenance data. The methodology is based on the analysis of recurring failures and maintenance actions as exhibited in the maintenance data and the use of reliability‐centered maintenance concepts for defining maintenance requirements. Failure modes and effects analyses (FMEAs) are limited to historically recurring failures; FMEAs are not conducted for all possible failure modes because of the likelihood of limited payback coupled with increased analysis cost. Results of a SEA provide (1) information for the Class Maintenance Plan, which defines the intermediate and depot‐level maintenance requirements for a ship class, and (2) supporting information for the design review process and for improvements in the integrated logistics support of the selected system or equipment. The SEA also recommends design studies, design improvements, and maintenance strategy and support improvements.
STRIKING A BALANCE BETWEEN RELIABILITY AND SUPPORTABILITY
Authors: VITALE DONALD J. , MANDEL DAVID B. , HEIZMANN JOHN R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to explain the relationships of reliability to supportability in simple terms which should lead to an appreciation of the value of their application during the design process, as well as to the benefits to be derived during the ownership phase.Reliability and supportability are driven by resources; however, the former is constrained by the state‐of‐the‐art at the upper end of the performance scale and may lead to unreasonable demands on maintenance and supply at the lower end.The first application of resources should be directed toward realization of optimum reliability. At a certain point though, the additional growth in reliability is no longer commensurate with the resources applied. It is then that the emphasis and resources should be shifted into the supportability arena, in order to maximize the operational availability of the system.Explicit examples are used to lead the reader to the conclusion that reliability analyses and the application of supportability criteria and tradeoffs are essential ingredients of any system design.
SYNTHETIC FUEL CONSIDERATIONS FOR NAVAL SHIPBOARD USE
Authors: FAIRBANKS JOHN W. , KENYON CLARENCE W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSynthetic fuels are assessed with respect to their potential use aboard Navy ships. The status of petroleum resources and the development of fuels from shale, coal, and biomass is summarized. A scenario of the projected availability of these fuels is presented which shows the sensitivity to funding and schedule. Diesel engine and gas turbine combustor tests with small quantities of coal derived and shale derived fuels are described and these tests results are evaluated for shipboard applications. Special shipboard modifications are discussed such as the replacement of rubber base seals, gaskets, and hoses with viton and teflon, and the use of stainless steel piping because of the fuel characteristics. Considerations for dual fuel systems using Diesel Fuel Marine for starting, stopping, and maneuvering are included based upon early test results. Consideration is given to the use of these fuels in the shipboard environment since they require special handling and adoption of personnel safety measures.
MAIN REDUCTION GEAR OVERHAUL
Authors: SOLAND JAMES G. , LILJEGREN GUSTAV 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTMain reduction gears are considered by many to be mystical with no preventative maintenance necessary or desirable other than oil and filter changes. This is, of course, not the case.The intent of this article is to furnish the reader with a general description of a Main Reduction Gear Inspection and Overhaul. Although the article specifically details two major overhauls on Western Gears of U.S. Coast Guard HAMILTON Class Cutters, i.e., BOUTWELL, (WHEC‐719) and MUNRO (WHEC‐724), it contains pertinent inspection and overhaul information for many types of main reduction gears and most propeller shafting arrangements.The article should leave the reader with a better understanding of what is really involved in a reduction gear inspection and overhaul. Some of the avoidable pitfalls will be addressed and a lot of helpful hints will be aired.
PRE‐ACQUISITION PLANNING
Authors: O'HARA FRANK , SCHMIDT ARTHUR W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIt is the aim of the authors to propose improved ship and ship subsystem acquisition by the adoption of a simple routine management system which has for its focus, the initial planning phase. The proposed management system follows the guidance of the Office of Management and Budget Circular A‐109 and the Chief of Naval Operations. A clear articulation of operational needs aids the task of prioritizing resource allocations and also promotes earlier integration of ship and subsystem design and development schedules. More precise resource allocation and earlier integration should decrease acquisition time and increase ship subsystem capabilities. The worth of the proposed concept has been demonstrated by a pilot program and can readily be implemented within the constraints of the current Planning, Programming, and Budget System.
SHIPBOARD MAIN BOILER AND FEED PUMP CONTROL SYSTEM ON‐LINE ALIGNMENT VERIFICATION
Authors: BANHAM JAMES W. , ADAM DAVID J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTOne of the most serious problems encountered in Naval steam plants following World War II was the unreliable performance of boiler and main feedpump pneumatic control systems. In addition to control component and system design deficiencies, these control systems suffered from inadequate methods to measure and adjust system alignment. This paper describes the development of a set of procedures for on‐line alignment verification (OLV) of pneumatic main boiler and feedpump control systems. The procedures are designed for use by Navy control system technicians and, in addition to on‐line alignment verification, provide guidance for troubleshooting and for performing system alignment. Procedure static checks measure steady state steaming performance and OLV procedure dynamic checks measure the ability of the boiler and control systems to respond to load changes. The paper describes typical control system characteristics that influence OLV procedure content and the supporting analysis that was used to establish alignment criteria ranges that satisfy both steady state and transient performance requirements. Also described is the alignment criteria tolerance analysis along with the steps involved in a typical OLV check procedure development. Descriptions of the various OLV checks, troubleshooting procedures and alignment procedures are provided. Typical shipboard implementation requirements are described and experience to date with the procedures is provided along with a status report on OLV procedure implementations.
U.S. NAVY GAS TURBINE INLET DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Authors: JUNG D.J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe marine salt aerosol has been the primary factor in gas turbine engine compressor fouling and hot section corrosion. The need to minimize the effects on engine performance through high performance air filtration systems is recognized by the U.S. Navy and resulted in the current Gas Turbine Inlet Development Program. The purpose of this paper is to present the status of the Program and to summarize the results of testing to date.
TECHNOLOGY & TAXES (A Conceptual Sketch of Reality)
Authors: FRISCH FRANZ A. P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTTechnology is placed in the clusters of the industrial base and the clusters are defined. The clusters are blended with different sets of economic condition and the preservation of earning power established as the objective function for any investment. The link between the clusters, the environment and the objective function is established through taxes and the tax impact on depreciation time and replacement value is analyzed. This analysis is used to discuss the decision process for industrial‐technological investment. The observations made in the annalysis are summarized and suggestions are made on how to respond to reality.
APPLICATIONS OF HYBRID STATISTICS AND THE MEDIAN
Authors: CAMPBELL LEWIS M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper considers Statistical measures of Central Tendency or Location. Following the Introduction and Historical Background, an example concerning the mean point of impact in Exterior Ballistics is presented. That example is used in a review of past practice, which is primarily Statistics based on the Normal Distribution. Hybrid Statistics is introduced, along with the Median as a measure of Central Tendency. A Table for use in determining the Confidence Limits for the Median in samples from a Normally‐distributed variable is presented. An exposition of Non‐Parametric Confidence Limits for the Median is given, accompanied by a Table of Confidence Limits for the Sample Median. Details of Computations of the Tables are shown in Appendices.
FOCAS–A NEW LOOK IN COMBAT SYSTEM SIGNAL TRANSMISSION
Authors: SLEMON CHARLES S. , ABBOTT JACK W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis article introduces the concept of a truly Universal Signal Distribution Network. The emergence of fiberoptic technology as a viable signal transmission medium now gives the Navy the opportunity to use Fiber Optic Cabling and Switching (FOCAS) to implement a universal network. A FOCAS Network can handle all present or future shipboard signal distribution architectures such as point‐to‐point or data bus. Furthermore, compared to existing cable installations, this network offers lower cost through reduction of the number of cables, weight, and volume, freedom from interference and EMP effects, increased redundancy, and higher operational flexibility. In addition, it will easily satisfy all future expansion or changes in signal distribution by providing at least a ten fold increase in data rate capacity over existing electrical cabling. This last feature alone holds the potential for allowing upgrading and conversion of modern combat systems without need for adding new cabling in the ship.Along with the introduction of the concept of a Universal FOCAS network and its practical benefits and capabilities, this article presents a trade‐off between the Radar Data Distribution Network on the FFG and an analogous FOCAS network. Though far from optimized, the resultant FOCAS network shows that the conversion of existing shipboard networks to FOCAS is straightforward and provides a reduction of at least 90% in cable volume and weight and lower cost in cable purchase and installation.
A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING LIFETIME LOADS AND FATIGUE LIVES FOR SWATH AND CONVENTIONAL MONOHULL SHIPS
Authors: SIKORA JEROME P. , DINSENBACHER ALFRED , BEACH JEFFREY E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe potential they offer for enhanced seakeeping ability and increased operational effectiveness has generated an interest in Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull (SWATH) Ships. The novelty of this concept requires new design load criteria since the existing methods for conventional monohull displacement ships do not apply to the primary wave loads acting on the submerged hulls and water piercing struts of SWATH ships.A method and associated computer program are developed for predicting primary load fatigue spectra for SWATH ships. The minimum input data required include a response amplitude operator for side load in beam seas, and operating speed and heading probabilities for the ship in question. The output data includes a listing of response (side load) magnitudes and the number of cycles exceeding each of these magnitudes.This fatigue load prediction method was applied to response data from several SWATH prototypes and wave‐tank models, and to variations derived from an existing computer program for obtaining SWATH side loads in waves. From these studies, an algorithm was derived for predicting the single lifetime maximum primary side load for SWATH ships. This algorithm requires only a knowledge of the ship's displacement and principal dimensions.Lifetime stress exceedance curves were developed for several nominal design stresses. The curves were used with linear cumulative damage theory to predict expected fatigue life as a function of design stress. Existing small specimen fatigue data for HTS, HY‐80, and HY‐100 were used as a basis for fatigue life calculations. Analyses indicate that design stresses of 9 tsi (140 MPa) to 18 tsi (280 MPa), depending upon material and conditions, result in acceptable expected fatigue lives.The fatigue load prediction method developed was also applied to obtain lifetime maximum primary load and stress predictions for several conventional monohull ships. The load and stress levels obtained, together with the SWATH side load algorithm, provide a basis for designing SWATHs with static strengths equivalent to current monohull displacement ships.
REPEAT SHIP DESIGNS FACTS AND MYTHS THE AUTHORS
Authors: COVICH PHILIP , HAMMES MICHAEL 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTMuch of the design effort for naval ships is devoted to development of repeat ship designs. The decision to repeat a design rather than develop a new one is often based on perceptions of what the repeat ship will be; that it will be less expensive or that it will be available sooner. This paper addresses these factors in depth. Repeat designs prepared in the last decade by NAVSEA (Naval Sea Systems Command) are described. The similarity and differences between the earlier design and the repeat design are noted. Examples are discussed of repeats that are exact copies to those that are significantly different. Reasons for changes between the designs are identified. The significant requirements changes that occurred over the years and forced changes to the earlier designs are presented. Costs for the various phases of ship development are provided for the original and the repeat designs. Separate costs are shown for early stage and detail design and production. Costs have all been adjusted to a common base for easy comparison. The times for design and construction and delivery of the ship are presented. The findings in regard to both costs and times are highlighted and discussed. The paper concludes with guidelines that should be used in determining whether a repeat or new design should be undertaken.
THE NAVY'S AFS PHASED MAINTENANCE PROGRAM: A MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SUCCESS STORY
Authors: JOEST FRED 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTUnder fire from both Congress and the U.S. General Accounting Office to stem its spiralling ship maintenance expenditures, the U.S. Navy, in the latter 1970s, devised a comprehensive maintenance management program that has solved more problems than was ever expected. A synthesis of the most successful maintenance and administrative practices of the airline industry and private shipping firms, phased maintenance has revolutionized conventional Navy maintenance strategy while improving overall material readiness in the process. Addressing all areas of previous maintenance management difficulty, phased maintenance has been prototyped successfully in combat stores ships (AFSs) of the Atlantic Fleet and is now the wave of the future for many other ships of the U.S. Navy. This paper traces the development and success of the Atlantic Fleet's AFS Phased Maintenance Program and explains the principles upon which it is based.