bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EPODE approach for childhood obesity prevention: methods, progress and international development
Authors: Borys J.‐M. , Le Bodo Y. , Jebb S. A. , Seidell J. C. , Summerbell C. , Richard D. , De Henauw S. , Moreno L. A. , Romon M. , Visscher T. L. S. , Raffin S. , Swinburn B. ,   the EEN Study Group
Published: November 2011

SummaryChildhood obesity is a complex issue and needs multistakeholder involvement at all levels to foster healthier lifestyles in a sustainable way. ‘Ensemble Prévenons l'ObésitéDes Enfants’ (EPODE, Together Let's Prevent Childhood Obesity) is a large‐scale, coordinated, capacity‐building approach for communities to implement effective and sustainable strategies to prevent childhood obesity. This paper describes EPODE methodology and its objective of preventing childhood obesity.At a central level, a coordination team, using social marketing and organizational techniques, trains and coaches a local project manager nominated in each EPODE community by the local authorities. The local project manager is also provided with tools to mobilize local stakeholders through a local steering committee and local networks. The added value of the methodology is to mobilize stakeholders at all levels across the public and the private sectors. Its critical components include political commitment, sustainable resources, support services and a strong scientific input – drawing on the evidence‐base – together with evaluation of the programme.Since 2004, EPODE methodology has been implemented in more than 500 communities in six countries. Community‐based interventions are integral to childhood obesity prevention. EPODE provides a valuable model to address this challenge.
Waist‐to‐height ratio is a better screening tool than waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ashwell M. , Gunn P. , Gibson S. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryOur aim was to differentiate the screening potential of waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) and waist circumference (WC) for adult cardiometabolic risk in people of different nationalities and to compare both with body mass index (BMI). We undertook a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies that used receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves for assessing the discriminatory power of anthropometric indices in distinguishing adults with hypertension, type‐2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, metabolic syndrome and general cardiovascular outcomes (CVD). Thirty one papers met the inclusion criteria. Using data on all outcomes, averaged within study group, WHtR had significantly greater discriminatory power compared with BMI. Compared with BMI, WC improved discrimination of adverse outcomes by 3% (P < 0.05) and WHtR improved discrimination by 4–5% over BMI (P < 0.01). Most importantly, statistical analysis of the within‐study difference in AUC showed WHtR to be significantly better than WC for diabetes, hypertension, CVD and all outcomes (P < 0.005) in men and women.For the first time, robust statistical evidence from studies involving more than 300 000 adults in several ethnic groups, shows the superiority of WHtR over WC and BMI for detecting cardiometabolic risk factors in both sexes. Waist‐to‐height ratio should therefore be considered as a screening tool.
Eating out of home and its association with dietary intake: a systematic review of the evidence
Authors: Lachat C. , Nago E. , Verstraeten R. , Roberfroid D. , Van Camp J. , Kolsteren P. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryDuring the last decades, eating out of home (OH) has gained importance in the diets worldwide. We document the nutritional characteristics of eating OH and its associations with energy intake, dietary quality and socioeconomic status. We carried out a systematic review of peer‐reviewed studies in eight databases up to 10 March 2011. Of the 7,319 studies retrieved, 29 met the inclusion criteria and were analysed in this review. The quality of the data was assessed and a sensitivity analysis was conducted by isolating nationally representative or large cohort data from 6 and 11 countries, respectively. OH foods were important sources of energy in all age groups and their energy contribution increased in adolescents and young adults. Eating OH was associated with a higher total energy intake, energy contribution from fat in the daily diet and higher socioeconomic status. Two large studies showed how eating OH was also associated with a lower intake of micronutrients, particularly vitamin C, Ca and Fe. Although the studies were cross‐sectional and heterogeneous in the way they classified eating OH, we conclude that eating OH is a risk factor for higher energy and fat intake and lower micronutrient intake.
A Compelling Trinitarian Taxonomy: Hans Urs von Balthasar's Theology of the Trinitarian Inversion and Reversion
Authors: SUTTON MATTHEW LEWIS 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn trinitarian theology, the problematic place of the Holy Spirit in the taxonomy of the immanent Trinity (Father, Son and Holy Spirit) does not seem to correspond to what is revealed in the economy (Father, Holy Spirit and Son). Because of this pneumatological problem, some theologians have abandoned the traditional trinitarian taxonomy. This approach, however, does not provide a finally convincing answer that is consistent with both the biblical witness and the theological tradition. In this article, I argue that Hans Urs von Balthasar's theology of the trinitarian inversion and reversion does provide a convincing answer to the trinitarian taxonomy problem. After supporting my thesis by first referencing the traditional trinitarian taxonomy offered in Augustine's de Trinitate and then examining the possibility of abandoning the taxonomy given by Jürgen Moltmann and Leonardo Boff, I will offer von Balthasar's solution as the most compelling trinitarian taxonomy, especially in light of the ecumenical dialogue between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.
Divine Persons and Their ‘Reduction’ to Relations: A Plea for Conceptual Clarity
Authors: HILL WESLEY 
Published: November 2011

AbstractContemporary trinitarian ‘revisionist’ theologians frequently accuse ‘classical’ or ‘Western’ (e.g. Augustinian, Thomistic) trinitarian theologies of ‘reducing’ the divine Persons to their relations with and to one another. In response, many defenders of the Western tradition of trinitarian theology suggest that the alternative accounts of contemporary revisionists, likewise, ‘reduce’ the Persons to relations. Thus, the same charge (the reduction of Persons to relations) is employed in two opposing viewpoints as a way of critiquing the other. This article aims to note this (apparently hitherto unremarked) phenomenon and to explore the theological rationale for its development. In conclusion, the article suggests how a new conceptual clarity may be achieved in light of this semantic confusion and points toward the possibility of a renewed dialogue between classical forms of trinitarian theology and their contemporary critics.
Effects of human induced land‐use changes on the distribution of the Iberian hare
Authors: Farfán M. A. , Duarte J. , Vargas J. M. , Fa J. E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLand conversion in Mediterranean Europe has substantially altered the biotic interactions and patterns of resource availability in many ecosystems with serious environmental consequences on some species. Habitat changes are thought to be the main cause of the decline in numbers of European hares, Lepus europaeus, throughout Europe. In contrast, the Iberian hare L. granatensis, in Spain has significantly increased in numbers since the early 1990s. We aimed to investigate changes in habitat favourability of the Iberian hare within municipalities in southern Spain from 1960s to the 1990s. We use predictive distribution models to assess the relationship between the species' distribution, based on hunting yields, and environmental variables by municipality. Our results show that Iberian hare habitat requirements have changed significantly in recent decades from a highly significant association with natural vegetation in the 1960s, to one with cultivated lands in the 1990s. We argue that this shift in habitat may have enabled the Iberian hare to increase in numbers. Habitat heterogeneity at the municipality scale may have benefited Iberian hares, especially within olive groves. Unlike the European hare, which has suffered the conversion from natural vegetation to highly homogeneous, intensively managed landscapes, the Iberian hare in Andalusia has benefited from dry wood crops and irrigated herbaceous crops. These anthropogenic habitats provide year‐round cover and food. However, schemes that target the regeneration of heterogeneity in a variety of landscapes in Andalusia should be encouraged.
Cofilin activation mediates Bax translocation to mitochondria during excitotoxic neuronal death
Authors: Posadas Inmaculada , Pérez‐Martínez Francisco C. , Guerra Javier , Sánchez‐Verdú Prado , Ceña Valentín 
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 515–527.AbstractDuring excitotoxic neuronal death, Bax translocates to the mitochondria where it plays an important role by contributing to the release of proapoptotic factors. However, how Bax translocates to the mitochondria during excitotoxicity remains poorly understood. Herein, our data suggest the presence of a novel signalling mechanism by which NMDA receptor stimulation promotes Bax translocation. This signalling pathway is triggered by dephosphorylation of cofilin. Once dephosphorylated, cofilin might interact physically with Bax acting as a carrier for it, translocating it to the mitochondria, where it contributes to mitochondrial membrane despolarization, permeabilization and to the release of apoptotic factors, thus leading to neuronal death. Lack‐of‐function studies indicate that only the Slingshot family of phosphatases, more specifically the enzyme Slingshot 1L phosphatase, but not cronophin participates in the cofilin activation process during excitotoxicity. Indeed, cofilin‐mediated Bax translocation seems to be a key event in excitotoxic neuronal death as knock down of either cofilin or Slingshot 1L phosphatase has a marked neuroprotective effect on NMDA‐mediated neuronal death. This novel biochemical pathway may therefore be a good target to develop future therapeutic molecules for neurodegenerative diseases.
Paradoxical roles of serine racemase and d‐serine in the G93A mSOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Thompson Misty , Marecki John C. , Marinesco Stephane , Labrie Viviane , Roder John C. , Barger Steven W. , Crow John P. 
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 598–610.Abstractd‐Serine is an endogenous neurotransmitter that binds to the NMDA receptor, thereby increasing the affinity for glutamate, and the potential for excitotoxicity. The primary source of d‐serine in vivo is enzymatic racemization by serine racemase (SR). Regulation of d‐serine in vivo is poorly understood, but is thought to involve a combination of controlled production, synaptic reuptake by transporters, and intracellular degradation by d‐amino acid oxidase (DAO). However, SR itself possesses a well‐characterized eliminase activity, which effectively degrades d‐serine as well. d‐Serine is increased two‐fold in spinal cords of G93A Cu,Zn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mice – the standard model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS mice with SR disruption show earlier symptom onset, but survive longer (progression phase is slowed), in an SR‐dependent manner. Paradoxically, administration of d‐serine to ALS mice dramatically lowers cord levels of d‐serine, leading to changes in the onset and survival very similar to SR deletion. d‐Serine treatment also increases cord levels of the alanine–serine–cysteine transporter 1 (Asc‐1). Although the mechanism by which SOD1 mutations increases d‐serine is not known, these results strongly suggest that SR and d‐serine are fundamentally involved in both the pre‐symptomatic and progression phases of disease, and offer a direct link between mutant SOD1 and a glial‐derived toxic mediator.
The process of trying to quit smoking from the perspective of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Lundh Lena , Hylander Ingrid , Törnkvist Lena 
Published: November 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2012; 26; 485–493The process of trying to quit smoking from the perspective of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAim:  To investigate why some patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have difficulty quitting smoking and to develop a theoretical model that describes their perspectives on these difficulties.Methods:  Grounded theory method was used from the selection of participants to the analyses of semi‐structured interviews with 14 patients with COPD. Four additional interviews were conducted to ensure relevance.Results:  The analysis resulted in a theoretical model that illustrates the process of ‘Patients with COPD trying to quit smoking’. The model illuminates factors related to the decision to try to quit smoking, including pressure‐filled mental states and constructive or destructive pressure‐relief strategies. The constructive strategies lead either to success in quitting or to continuing to try to quit. The destructive strategies can lead to losing hope and becoming resigned to continuing to smoke.Conclusion:  The theoretical model ‘Patients trying to quit smoking’ contributes to a better understanding of the pressure‐filled mental states and destructive strategies experienced by some patients with COPD in the process of trying to quit. This better understanding can help nurses individualise counselling. Moreover, patients’ own awareness of these states and strategies may facilitate their efforts to quit. The information in the model can also be used as a supplement to methods such as motivational interviewing (MI).
Endothelin‐2, the forgotten isoform: emerging role in the cardiovascular system, ovarian development, immunology and cancer
Authors: Ling Lowell , Maguire Janet J , Davenport Anthony P 
Published: November 2011

Endothelin‐2 [ET‐2; also known as vasoactive intestinal contractor (VIC), in rodents] differs from endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) by only two amino acids, and unlike the third isoform, endothelin‐3 (ET‐3), it has the same affinity as ET‐1 for both ETA and ETB receptors. It is often assumed that ET‐2 would mimic the actions of the more abundant ET‐1 and current pharmacological interventions used to inhibit the ET system would also block the actions of ET‐2. These assumptions have focused research on ET‐1 with ET‐2 studied in much less detail. Recent research suggests that our understanding of the ET family requires re‐evaluation. Although ET‐2 is very similar in structure as well as pharmacology to ET‐1, and may co‐exist in the same tissue compartments, there is converging evidence for an important and distinct ET‐2 pathway. Specifically is has been demonstrated that ET‐2 has a key role in ovarian physiology, with ET‐2‐mediated contraction proposed as a final signal facilitating ovulation. Furthermore, ET‐2 may also have a pathophysiological role in heart failure, immunology and cancer. Comparison of ET‐2 versus ET‐1 mRNA expression suggests this may be accomplished at the level of gene expression but differences may also exist in peptide synthesis by enzymes such as endothelin converting enzymes (ECEs) and chymase, which may allow the two pathways to be distinguished pharmacologically and become separate drug targets.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Endothelin. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.168.issue-2
Strongly biased sex ratio in cuckoo wasp Chrysura hirsuta (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), a parasitoid of the mason bee Osmia orientalis
Authors: YOKOI Tomoyuki , HIROOKA Takuto , TERADA Takeshi , SUGIMOTO Shusaku , TAMARU Mayumi , SATOH Sachiko , KANDORI Ikuo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe examined the rate of parasitism and sex ratio of the cuckoo wasp Chrysura hirsuta (Gerstaecker) (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) that emerged from nests of the mason bee Osmia orientalis Benoist (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in Nara, Japan. Nests of O. orientalis were found in empty shells of two snail species, Satsuma japonica (Pfeiffer) and Euhadra amaliae (Kobelt). The percentage of parasitism by cuckoo wasps per all collected cocoons tended to be high (20–50%) even though interannual variation and the average number of cocoons per nest did not differ across snail shell species within each year. Our results from three years of observation, combined with previous reports, showed that the adult sex ratio of C. hirsuta was strongly female‐biased, which suggests that the species reproduces by thelytokous parthenogenesis.
Observation of Intra‐ and Inter‐Configurational Luminescence of Pr3+‐Doped Strontium Phosphate Glasses
Authors: Liu Yinyao , Ren Jing , Tong Yu , Wang Tengfei , Xu Weina , Chen Guorong 
Published: November 2011

Emissions due to inter‐configurational 4f15d1‐4f2 electronic transitions of Pr3+ ions are scarcely observed in phosphate glasses. In this work, the intense UV emissions (at 311 and 327 nm) owing to the inter‐configurational f‐d transitions of Pr3+ have been reported in Pr3+‐doped strontium phosphate glasses. Characteristic blue (481, 488 nm), green (522 nm), orange (597, 610 nm), and red (638 nm) emissions are also observed due to the intra‐configurational f‐f transitions. Possible mechanisms controlling the intra‐ and inter‐configurational transitions of Pr3+ ions are discussed.
The attitudes and awareness of emergency department (ED) physicians towards the management of common dentofacial emergencies
Authors: Trivedy Chetan , Kodate Naonori , Ross Alastair , Al‐Rawi Harrith , Jaiganesh Thiagarajan , Harris Tim , Anderson Janet E 
Published: November 2011

Abstract –  Objective:  Dentofacial emergencies are a common presentation to the emergency department (ED) but there is little recent data on physicians’ knowledge, confidence and attitudes in handling these cases.Method:  A questionnaire was administered to 103 ED physicians. The sample was primarily drawn from London hospitals as well a smaller contribution from around the UK and included physicians with a range of experience and at different grades.Results:  The majority of the 102 participants (76.5%) did not receive any formal training in managing dentofacial emergencies. The percentage of participants who were happy to manage common dentofacial emergencies is as follows: dental trauma (20.4%); major facial trauma (39.8%); interpreting facial X‐rays (68.0%); and facial suturing (85.4%). When questioned 12.1% of the participants felt that ED physicians should be responsible for managing dental emergencies compared to 22.4% who felt that ED physicians should manage maxillofacial emergencies. Only 3.9% of the participants would opt to be treated by an ED doctor in the event of them presenting to the ED with a dental injury. The remaining 72.5% would prefer to be seen by a maxillofacial surgeon, 23.5% by a dentist and none of the participants opted to be seen by the emergency nurse practitioner.Conclusion:  ED physicians do not feel confident in managing some dentofacial emergencies. This may be attributed to a lack of training in this area as well as exposure to these types of emergencies. There is a need for greater awareness, validated guidelines and training resources for ED physicians to treat dentofacial emergencies as well more research in this field of emergency medicine.
Restoration potential of the persistent soil seed bank in successional calcareous (alvar) grasslands in Estonia
Authors: Kalamees Rein , Püssa Kersti , Zobel Kristjan , Zobel Martin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractQuestionsWhat is the overall restoration potential of the persistent soil seed bank of abandoned alvar grassland sites? To what degree does the share of characteristic alvar grassland species in the soil seed bank change during secondary succession from traditionally managed pasture towards stages overgrown by Corylus avellana and Juniperus communis?LocationNorthern Estonia.MethodsThe species composition of above‐ground vegetation and the persistent soil seed bank were investigated in successional alvar grasslands. Particular attention was given to typical grassland species in the persistent soil seed bank. Soil seed bank density was also recorded. General linear models and non‐metric multidimensional scaling were used to assess successional trends and the restoration potential of the soil seed bank.ResultsThe cessation of traditional management has led to a considerable decline in above‐ground plant species richness. The composition of above‐ground vegetation in different successional stages was considerably more variable than that of the seed bank. We detected large and species‐rich persistent soil seed banks in all our study sites. About 70% of species in the seed banks of overgrown sites could be classified as typical grassland species. The frequency of typical alvar grassland species, such as Arabis hirsuta, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Cerastium fontanum, Helianthemum nummularium, Poa angustifolia, Potentilla crantzii, Sedum acre and Veronica spicata in the seed bank of long‐term abandoned (25 and 50 yr) sites was unexpectedly high.ConclusionsAbandoned semi‐natural grassland sites in northern Estonia still contain a relatively large grassland community species pool, including a large and effective soil seed bank. The soil seed bank could thus play a more important role in the restoration management of abandoned dry grassland communities than could be concluded from previous studies.
Fatigue strength: effect of welding type and joint design executed in Ti‐6Al‐4V structures
Authors: Nuñez Pantoja Juliana M.C. , Farina Ana P. , Vaz Luis G. , Consani Rafael L.X. , de Arruda Nóbilo Mauro A. , Mesquita Marcelo F. 
Published: November 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00598.x

Fatigue strength: effect of welding type and joint design executed in Ti‐6Al‐4V structuresBackground:  This study evaluated the fatigue strength of Ti‐6Al‐4V‐machined structures submitted to laser (L)‐welding and TIG (TIG)‐welding procedures, varying the joint designs.Materials and methods:  Seventy dumbbell rods were machined in Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy with central diameters of 3.5 mm. The specimens were sectioned and welded using TIG or L and three joint designs {‘I’ design, varying welding distances [0.0 mm (I00) or 0.6 mm (I06)], or ‘X’ [X] design}. The combinations of variables created six groups, which, when added to the intact group, made a total of seven groups (n = 10). L was executed as follows: 360 V/8 ms (X) and 390 V/9 ms (I00 and I06), with focus and frequency regulated to zero. TIG was executed using 2:2 (X) and 3:2 (I00 and I06) as welding parameters. Joints were finished, polished and submitted to radiographic examination to be analysed visually for the presence of porosity. The specimens were then subjected to mechanical cyclic tests, and the number of cycles completed until failure was recorded. The fracture surface was examined using a scanning electron microscope.Results:  The Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn test (α = 0.05) indicated that the number of cycles resisted for fracture was higher to X for both welding procedures. To L, I06 was as resistant as X. The Mann–Whitney U‐test (α = 0.05) indicated that L joints were more resistant than TIG to I00 and I06. Spearman’s correlation coefficient (α = 0.05) indicated a negative correlation between the number of cycles and presence of porosity.Conclusion:  Thus, to weld Ti‐6Al‐4V structures, the best condition is X, independent of the welding method employed.