bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
POWER MATERIALIZED: THE DART-THROWER AS A PAN-MESOAMERICAN STATUS MARKER
Authors: Slater Donald A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThroughout the deep history of Mesoamerica, the dart-thrower (a.k.a. atlatl) played a vital utilitarian and symbolic role. Although it was a highly effective tool exploited for practical purposes such as hunting and warfare, ample evidence exists which reveals its association with themes of authority, power, and prestige. The survival of ornamented dart-throwers, as well as the context in which the implement appears in Mesoamerican material culture and forms of graphic communication, reveal its role in the production and assertion of high social status. This argument will be supported by archaeological and ethnographic evidence which demonstrates that the dart-thrower served as a pan-Mesoamerican symbol of power beginning no later than the Middle to Late Formative period and continuing through the Conquest.
REINTERPRETING THE PLAZA DE LOS GLIFOS, LA VENTILLA, TEOTIHUACAN
Authors: Nielsen Jesper , Helmke Christophe 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe present a reinterpretation of the unique group of painted glyphs of the Plaza de los Glifos, in the La Ventilla residential area (ca.a.d.300–450) situated in the ancient central Mexican metropolis of Teotihuacan. Based on a careful review of previous interpretations of the glyphic La Ventilla floor, the writing system, and the possible language(s) of Teotihuacan, we suggest that the majority of the 42 glyphs are not references to toponyms or titles, but are related to disease-causing entities and curing rituals. Crucial to this proposal is the identification of two glyphic representations of a ‘deer-snake,’ a supernatural creature closely tied to diseases and ailments known throughout most of Mesoamerica and beyond, before and after the conquest. We further argue that contemporary and colonial concepts and practices concerning illness and curing offer ways of understanding several other glyphs from La Ventilla and may serve to account for the unusual placement of the signs.
THE SACRED MOUNTAIN IN SOCIAL CONTEXT. SYMBOLISM AND HISTORY IN MAYA ARCHITECTURE: TEMPLE 22 AT COPAN, HONDURAS
Authors: von Schwerin Jennifer 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDid Mesoamerican temples really symbolize sacred mountains? If so, what accounts for their varying forms across space and time? Through a socio-historical and iconographic approach, it is now becoming possible to explain the social and historical factors for why design in ancient Maya temples varied. Using these methods, this paper reconstructs and reinterprets one famous “sacred mountain” in the Maya region: Temple 22, at Copan, Honduras, dedicated by king Waxaklajuun Ub'aah K'awiil ina.d.715. Since 1998, the author has led a project to conserve, document, analyze, and hypothetically reconstruct thousands of sculptures from the building's collapsed façades. In design and symbolism, the building probably represented not just a mountain, but the Maya universe. In its more specific historical context, Temple 22 was designed as royal rhetoric to affirm order at a disorderly moment, and used both traditional and innovative forms to assert Copan's leading role on the boundary of the Maya world.
Effects of Marathi-Hindi Bilingualism on Neuropsychological Performance
Authors: Kamat Rujvi , Ghate Manisha , Gollan Tamar H. , Meyer Rachel , Vaida Florin , Heaton Robert K. , Letendre Scott , Franklin Donald , Alexander Terry , Grant Igor , Mehendale Sanjay , Marcotte Thomas D. ,   the HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program (HNRP) Group
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe present study aimed to examine if bilingualism affects executive functions and verbal fluency in Marathi and Hindi, two major languages in India, with a considerable cognate (e.g., activity is actividad in Spanish) overlap. A total of 174 native Marathi speakers from Pune, India, with varying levels of Hindi proficiency were administered tests of executive functioning and verbal performance in Marathi. A bilingualism index was generated using self-reported Hindi and Marathi proficiency. After controlling for demographic variables, the association between bilingualism and cognitive performance was examined. Degree of bilingualism predicted better performance on the switching (Color Trails-2) and inhibition (Stroop Color-Word) components of executive functioning; but not for the abstraction component (Halstead Category Test). In the verbal domain, bilingualism was more closely associated with noun generation (where the languages share many cognates) than verb generation (which are more disparate across these languages), as predicted. However, contrary to our hypothesis that the bilingualism “disadvantage” would be attenuated on noun generation, bilingualism was associated with an advantage on these measures. These findings suggest distinct patterns of bilingualism effects on cognition for this previously unexamined language pair, and that the rate of cognates may modulate the association between bilingualism and verbal performance on neuropsychological tests. (JINS, 2012, 18, 305–313)
Reasoning with Forest Logic Programs and f-hybrid knowledge bases
Authors: FEIER CRISTINA , HEYMANS STIJN 
Published: December 2011

AbstractOpen Answer Set Programming (OASP) is an undecidable framework for integrating ontologies and rules. Although several decidable fragments of OASP have been identified, few reasoning procedures exist. In this paper, we provide a sound, complete, and terminating algorithm for satisfiability checking w.r.t. Forest Logic Programs (FoLPs), a fragment of OASP where rules have a tree shape and allow for inequality atoms and constants. The algorithm establishes a decidability result for FoLPs. Although believed to be decidable, so far only the decidability for two small subsets of FoLPs, local FoLPs and acyclic FoLPs, has been shown. We further introduce f-hybrid knowledge bases, a hybrid framework whereknowledge bases and FoLPs coexist, and we show that reasoning with such knowledge bases can be reduced to reasoning with FoLPs only. We note that f-hybrid knowledge bases do not require the usual (weakly) DL-safety of the rule component, thus providing a genuine alternative approach to current integration approaches of ontologies and rules.
Laser ceilometer measurements of Australian dust storm highlight need for reassessment of atmospheric dust plume loads
Authors: McGowan Hamish A. , Soderholm Joshua 
Published: December 2011

The wide ranging impacts of atmospheric dust have received much attention over the past two decades. This research has been driven by need to better resolve the roles of dusts in atmospheric processes; biogeochemical cycles, particularly in response to changing land use and climate; and impacts on human health. Global dust emissions are estimated to range from 1000 and 2000 Mt yr−1. These estimates have been derived from sediment budgets based on surface monitoring of dust concentrations, analyses of palaeo‐dust deposits and satellite monitoring of dust plumes. However, significant discrepancies remain between estimated dust transport rates and dust deposition measured directly, or constructed from sediment records. Here we present the first surface based laser ceilometer measurements of a major dust plume in eastern Australia, the largest dust source of the Southern Hemisphere. Results indicate that previous estimates of dust plume loads may have been overestimated by up to 120%. We conclude that new research is required to accurately quantify dust plume loads to enable the highest confidence of modelled dust emissions and their impacts, particularly on climate at this time of unprecedented uncertainty of future climate.
Medical publishing and the drug industry: is medical science for sale?
Authors: SISMONDO Sergio 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThe pharmaceutical industry produces an abundance of special‐purpose knowledge, flooding the markets it is most interested in. To gain the largest scientific impact and market value from research, drug company articles placed in medical journals are often written under the names of independent medical researchers. Pharmaceutical company statisticians, reviewers from a diverse array of company departments, medical writers, and publication planners are only rarely acknowledged in journal publications, and key company scientists only sometimes acknowledged. The public knowledge that results from this ghost‐managed research and publication is a marketing tool, providing bases for continuing medical education, buttressing sales pitches, and contributing to medical common sense and further research. In the pharmaceutical industry, knowledge is a resource to be accumulated, shaped, and deployed to best effect. In this paper, I describe this process and discuss ways in which it might be addressed.
Integrating social media in the marketing mix: the case of Best Practice
Authors: KENNEWAY Melinda , RAPPLE Charlie 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTIn this case study we examine how Best Practice – a clinical decision support tool from the BMJ Evidence Centre – was successfully launched into a competitive market, with social media tactics at the heart of the campaign, fully integrated with more traditional approaches. Our campaign reached over 60% of the target market and attracted engagement in the order of 4–6% of that market. Usage of the site and time on the site increased greatly (by 33% and 81%, respectively). Clear processes are in place to track awareness (market exposure) through to interest (playing the game), desire (registering for a trial), and action (recommending or taking out a subscription). The campaign has been constructed in a modular manner to enable it to be localized and deployed around the world.
Online piracy of publishers' content: a primer
Authors: McCOYD Ed 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTProtection of copyrights owned by authors and publishers has grown significantly more complex in the Internet age. Digital piracy of published products is an expanding problem which must be continuously addressed. This article provides an overview of the scope and many current facets of online piracy affecting publishers, strategies being deployed to prevent the transmission of infringing content via the Internet, and legislative proposals to create enhanced enforcement mechanisms to combat the problem.
Journal article mining: the scholarly publishers' perspective
Authors: SMIT Eefke , VAN DER GRAAF Maurits 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThe essence of text mining and data mining is that a machine and software are used for content analysis of large digital corpora. The Publishing Research Consortium commissioned a study on content mining of scholarly journal articles with 29 expert interviews and an international survey among publishers. The main results are: (i) content mining developments appear to be accelerating with more applications in more areas; (ii) third‐party demand for content mining is widespread but still at low levels of frequency; (iii) publishers' permissions for content mining are quite liberal, especially for research‐driven mining requests; (iv) half of the publisher respondents undertake mining of their own content; and (v) content mining is on the rise – publishers and third parties both report an increase in planned mining activities. As content mining of journal articles spreads and intensifies, cross‐publisher solutions can better help facilitate content mining. The study investigated the interest and willingness of publishers to support a set of different solutions, from one shared content mining platform to commonly agreed access terms for mining and standardization of mining‐friendly content formats.
The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis promotes the systemic induction of regulatory defence‐related genes in rice leaves and confers resistance to pathogen infection
Authors: CAMPOS‐SORIANO LIDIA , GARCÍA‐MARTÍNEZ JOSÉ , SEGUNDO BLANCA SAN 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses are mutualistic associations between soil fungi and most vascular plants. Their association benefits the host plant by improving nutrition, mainly phosphorus nutrition, and by providing increased capability to cope with adverse conditions. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional changes triggered in rice leaves as a result of AM symbiosis, focusing on the relevance of the plant defence response. We showed that root colonization by the AM fungusGlomus intraradicesis accompanied by the systemic induction of genes that play a regulatory role in the host defence response, such asOsNPR1,OsAP2,OsEREBPandOsJAmyb. Genes involved in signal transduction processes (OsDUF26andOsMPK6) and genes that function in calcium‐mediated signalling processes (OsCBP,OsCaMandOsCML4) are also up‐regulated in leaves of mycorrhizal rice plants in the absence of pathogen infection. In addition, the mycorrhizal rice plants exhibit a stronger induction of defence marker genes [i.e. pathogenesis‐related (PR) genes] in their leaves in response to infection by the blast fungusMagnaporthe oryzae. Evidence indicates that mycorrhizal rice plants show enhanced resistance to the rice blast fungus. Overall, these results suggest that the protective effect of the AM symbiosis in rice plants relies on both the systemic activation of defence regulatory genes in the absence of pathogen challenge and the priming for stronger expression of defence effector genes during pathogen infection. The possible mechanisms involved in the mycorrhiza‐induced resistance toM. oryzaeinfection are discussed.
No‐analog climates and shifting realized niches during the late quaternary: implications for 21st‐century predictions by species distribution models
Authors: Veloz Samuel D. , Williams John W. , Blois Jessica L. , He Feng , Otto‐Bliesner Bette , Liu Zhengyu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractEmpirically derived species distributions models (SDMs) are increasingly relied upon to forecast species vulnerabilities to future climate change. However, many of the assumptions of SDMs may be violated when they are used to project species distributions across significant climate change events. In particular, SDM's in theory assume stable fundamental niches, but in practice, they assume stable realized niches. The assumption of a fixed realized niche relative to climate variables remains unlikely for various reasons, particularly if novel future climates open up currently unavailable portions of species’ fundamental niches. To demonstrate this effect, we compare the climate distributions for fossil‐pollen data from 21 to 15 ka bp (relying on paleoclimate simulations) when communities and climates with no modern analog were common across North America to observed modern pollen assemblages. We test how well SDMs are able to project 20th century pollen‐based taxon distributions with models calibrated using data from 21 to 15 ka. We find that taxa which were abundant in areas with no‐analog late glacial climates, such as Fraxinus, Ostrya/Carpinus and Ulmus, substantially shifted their realized niches from the late glacial period to present. SDMs for these taxa had low predictive accuracy when projected to modern climates despite demonstrating high predictive accuracy for late glacial pollen distributions. For other taxa, e.g. Quercus, Picea, Pinus strobus, had relatively stable realized niches and models for these taxa tended to have higher predictive accuracy when projected to present. Our findings reinforce the point that a realized niche at any one time often represents only a subset of the climate conditions in which a taxon can persist. Projections from SDMs into future climate conditions that are based solely on contemporary realized distributions are potentially misleading for assessing the vulnerability of species to future climate change.
A global assessment of invasive plant impacts on resident species, communities and ecosystems: the interaction of impact measures, invading species' traits and environment
Authors: Pyšek Petr , Jarošík Vojtěch , Hulme Philip E. , Pergl Jan , Hejda Martin , Schaffner Urs , Vilà Montserrat 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWith the growing body of literature assessing the impact of invasive alien plants on resident species and ecosystems, a comprehensive assessment of the relationship between invasive species traits and environmental settings of invasion on the characteristics of impacts is needed. Based on 287 publications with 1551 individual cases that addressed the impact of 167 invasive plant species belonging to 49 families, we present the first global overview of frequencies of significant and non‐significant ecological impacts and their directions on 15 outcomes related to the responses of resident populations, species, communities and ecosystems. Species and community outcomes tend to decline following invasions, especially those for plants, but the abundance and richness of the soil biota, as well as concentrations of soil nutrients and water, more often increase than decrease following invasion. Data mining tools revealed that invasive plants exert consistent significant impacts on some outcomes (survival of resident biota, activity of resident animals, resident community productivity, mineral and nutrient content in plant tissues, and fire frequency and intensity), whereas for outcomes at the community level, such as species richness, diversity and soil resources, the significance of impacts is determined by interactions between species traits and the biome invaded. The latter outcomes are most likely to be impacted by annual grasses, and by wind pollinated trees invading mediterranean or tropical biomes. One of the clearest signals in this analysis is that invasive plants are far more likely to cause significant impacts on resident plant and animal richness on islands rather than mainland. This study shows that there is no universal measure of impact and the pattern observed depends on the ecological measure examined. Although impact is strongly context dependent, some species traits, especially life form, stature and pollination syndrome, may provide a means to predict impact, regardless of the particular habitat and geographical region invaded.
Effect of pregnancy on immunological and virological outcomes of women on ART: a prospective cohort study in rural Uganda, 2004–2009
Authors: Mayanja Billy N. , Shafer Leigh Anne , Van der Paal Lieve , Kyakuwa Nassim , Ndembi Nicaise , Hughes Peter , Maher Dermot , Grosskurth Heiner 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectives  Before antiretroviral therapy (ART) introduction, pregnancy was associated with a sustained drop in CD4 cell count in HIV‐infected women. We examined the effects of pregnancy on immunological and virological ART outcomes.Methods  Between January 2004 and March 2009, we studied HIV‐infected women receiving ART in a prospective open cohort study in rural Uganda. We used random effects regression models to compare the CD4 counts of women who became pregnant and those who did not, and among the pregnant women before and after pregnancy. CD4 count and proportions with detectable viral load (≥400 copies/ml) were compared between the two groups using the Mann–Whitney rank sum test and logistic regression respectively.Results  Of 88 women aged 20–40 years receiving ART, 23 became pregnant. At ART initiation, there were no significant differences between those who became pregnant and those who did not in clinical, immunological and virological parameters. Among women who became pregnant, CD4 cell count increased before pregnancy (average 75.9 cells/mm3 per year), declined during pregnancy (average 106.0) but rose again in the first year after delivery (average 88.6). Among women who did not become pregnant, the average CD4 cell count rise per year for the first 3 years was 88.5. There was no significant difference in the proportions of women with detectable viral load at last clinic visit among those who became pregnant (8.7%) and those who did not (16.1%), P = 0.499.Conclusion  Pregnancy had no lasting effect on the immunological and virological outcomes of HIV‐infected women on ART.
Serological profiles and evaluation of parasitaemia by PCR and blood culture in individuals chronically infected by Trypanosoma cruzi treated with benzonidazole
Authors: Aguiar Camila , Batista Angelica M. , Pavan Tycha B. S. , Almeida Eros A. , Guariento Maria E. , Wanderley Jamiro S. , Costa Sandra C. B. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjective  To evaluate the serological and parasitological status of patients with chronic Chagas disease (CD) after chemotherapy with benzonidazole.Methods  Retrospective study of patients treated with benzonidazole (5 mg/kg/day for 60 days) between 1980 and 2010. Twenty‐nine patients who had CD confirmed by two reagent immunological tests and/or one positive xenodiagnosis before treatment were included. Conventional serology (ELISA and IIF) and parasitological tests (haemoculture and N‐PCR) were performed.Results  At the time of treatment, the mean age of patients was 36 ± 7.24 years (20–39 years) and the time post‐treatment varied from 1 to 29 years. After chemotherapy, all individuals had reagent ELISA and 93.1% had positive results for the IIF test. T. cruzi DNA was detected by N‐PCR in 48.3%. Negative results were observed in 41.4% and inconclusive ones in 10.3%. Haemoculture was negative for all individuals.Conclusions  Our results suggest that N‐PCR may be useful in the early identification of therapeutic failure of CD. Although it is difficult to determine parasitological cure in negative N‐PCR cases, we can infer that this condition represents a declination of parasitaemia as a favourable consequence of aetiological treatment.
Impaired wake‐promoting mechanisms in ghrelin receptor‐deficient mice
Authors: Esposito Matthew , Pellinen Jacob , Kapás Levente , Szentirmai Éva 
Published: December 2011

AbstractGhrelin receptors are expressed by key components of the arousal system. Exogenous ghrelin induces behavioral activation, promotes wakefulness and stimulates eating. We hypothesized that ghrelin‐sensitive mechanisms play a role in the arousal system. To test this, we investigated the responsiveness of ghrelin receptor knockout (KO) mice to two natural wake‐promoting stimuli. Additionally, we assessed the integrity of their homeostatic sleep‐promoting system using sleep deprivation. There was no significant difference in the spontaneous sleep–wake activity between ghrelin receptor KO and wild‐type (WT) mice. WT mice mounted robust arousal responses to a novel environment and food deprivation. Wakefulness increased for 6 h after cage change accompanied by increases in body temperature and locomotor activity. Ghrelin receptor KO mice completely lacked the wake and body temperature responses to new environment. When subjected to 48 h food deprivation, WT mice showed marked increases in their waking time during the dark periods of both days. Ghrelin receptor KO mice failed to mount an arousal response on the first night and wake increases were attenuated on the second day. The responsiveness to sleep deprivation did not differ between the two genotypes. These results indicate that the ghrelin‐receptive mechanisms play an essential role in the function of the arousal system but not in homeostatic sleep‐promoting mechanisms.