bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Bayley II Mental Developmental Index and the Bayley III cognitive scale: are we measuring the same thing?
Authors: Lowe Jean R , Erickson Sarah J , Schrader Ron , Duncan Andrea F 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAim:  To better understand differences between Bayley Scales 3rd edition (Bayley III) Cognitive Scale and Bayley Scales 2nd edition (Bayley II) Mental Developmental Index (MDI) in 18–22‐month‐old children born term and preterm and to create a conversion algorithm using Bayley II MDI to calculate Bayley III Cognitive score.Methods:  This study included 51 term and 26 preterm children between 18 and 22 months, ages adjusted for prematurity. Children’s scores on Bayley II MDI and Bayley III Cognitive Scale were compared using t‐tests. The items from Bayley II MDI were used to calculate a score for the Bayley III Cognitive Scale. ANCOVA was used to create a conversion scale.Results:  Bayley III Cognitive scores were significantly higher than Bayley II MDI scores for term and preterm toddlers combined and separately (p < .0001). A conversion formula to convert Bayley II MDI to a Bayley III Cognitive score was calculated.Conclusion:  Term and preterm children had similarly elevated scores on the Bayley III calculated Cognitive score compared to the previous Bayley II MDI score. The use of a conversion algorithm may be helpful in studies that used both Bayley editions to get comparable outcome measurements within a clinical or research paradigm.
Video capsule endoscopy in celiac disease: Current clinical practice
Authors: COLLIN Pekka , RONDONOTTI Emanuele , LUNDIN Knut EA , SPADA Cristiano , KEUCHEL Martin , KAUKINEN Katri , DE FRANCHIS Roberto , JACOBS Maarten AJM , VILLA Federica , MULDER Chris JJ 
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE:  A complete examination of the small intestine is possible by video capsule endoscopy (VCE). The aim of this study was to evaluate current indications for performing VCE in celiac disease.METHODS:  In all 84 celiac disease patients on a gluten‐free diet who had undergone VCE were enrolled at five centers in Europe. The indications, findings and clinical impact of VCE were recorded by a structured questionnaire. VCE was also carried out in 34 consecutive patients with untreated celiac disease (controls) in another center.RESULTS:  Out of the 84 patients, 34 had overt symptoms and small intestinal histology compatible with refractory celiac disease. VCE was normal in 9 patients, and 7 had only proximal and one distal atrophy, 14 had intestinal ulcer and 2 an intestinal stricture. VCE was used in the adjustment of immunosuppressive treatment in 9 patients. In the remaining 50 patients, a VCE was performed because of less severe symptoms, 31 of which had an earlier histological recovery. The VCE showed proximal small bowel atrophy in 21 and distal atrophy in 3 patients, and 3 ulcers were seen. In this group the patients received mainly advice with a view to achieving better dietary compliance. Of the 34 newly detected celiac patients, 4 were normal, 27 proximal and 3 had distal small intestinal atrophy in the VCE.CONCLUSIONS:  VCE has a definite impact on the management of refractory sprue. In the remaining patients with established celiac disease, the procedure plays a more limited role.
Finding Translational Science Publications in MEDLINE/PubMed with Translational Science Filters
Authors: Fontelo Paul , Liu Fang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTranslational Science Search (TSS; http://tscience.nlm.nih.gov) is a web application for finding MEDLINE/PubMed journal articles that are regarded by their authors as novel, promising, or may have potential clinical application. A set of “translational” filters and related terms was created by reviewing journal articles published in clinical and translational science (TS) journals. Through E‐Utilities, a user’s query and TS filters are submitted to PubMed, and then, the retrieved PubMed citations are matched with a database of MeSH terms (for disease conditions) and RxNorm (for interventions) to locate the search term, translational filters found, and associated interventions in the title and abstract. An algorithm ranks the interventions and conditions, and then highlights them in the results page for quick reading and evaluation. Using previously searched terms and standard formulas, the precision and recall of TSS were 0.99 and 0.47, compared to 0.58 and 1.0 for PubMed Entrez, respectively. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 455–459
A Multiinstitutional, Multidisciplinary Model for Developing and Teaching Translational Research in Health Disparities
Authors: Estape Estela , de Laurido Lourdes E. Soto , Shaheen Magda , Quarshie Alexander , Frontera Walter , Mays Mary Helen , Harrigan Rosanne , White Richard 
Published: November 2011

AbstractHealth disparities may affect any person in any community in the world, resulting from a multitude of factors including socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, environment, and genetics. The impact of health disparities is felt by affected individuals, their families, communities, and the greater health care system.There is a critical need to increase health disparities research activities. This may be achieved by expanding and strengthening the training, education and career development of motivated clinicians, physicians and basic scientists, engaging them in clinical and translational research. Translational research relies on collaboration across disciplines, facilitating the dissemination and transfer of knowledge to populations for the overall improvement of health while decreasing the economic burden of health care.The University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus (UPR‐MSC), Schools of Health Professions and Medicine joint initiatives, Clinical Research Education and Career Development (CRECD) and Hispanics in Research Capability (HiREC) programs, convened health disparities experts, faculty and scholars from multiple disciplines, cultural backgrounds and institutions. Together, they created a model for teaching translational research in health disparities that spans disciplines without boundaries. This work was presented at the 2011 Clinical and Translational Research and Education Meeting, ACRT/AFMR/SCTS Joint Annual Meeting in Washington, DC. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 434–438.
Alterations in Skeletal Muscle Indicators of Mitochondrial Structure and Biogenesis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Heart Failure: Effects of Epicatechin Rich Cocoa
Authors: Taub Pam R. , Ramirez‐Sanchez Israel , Ciaraldi Theodore P. , Perkins Guy , Murphy Anne N. , Naviaux Robert , Hogan Michael , Maisel Alan S. , Henry Robert R. , Ceballos Guillermo , Villarreal Francisco 
Published: November 2011

Abstract(‐)‐Epicatechin (Epi), a flavanol in cacao stimulates mitochondrial volume and cristae density and protein markers of skeletal muscle (SkM) mitochondrial biogenesis in mice. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and heart failure (HF) are diseases associated with defects in SkM mitochondrial structure/function. A study was implemented to assess perturbations and to determine the effects of Epi‐rich cocoa in SkM mitochondrial structure and mediators of biogenesis. Five patients with DM2 and stage II/III HF consumed dark chocolate and a beverage containing approximately 100 mg of Epi per day for 3 months. We assessed changes in protein and/or activity levels of oxidative phosphorylation proteins, porin, mitofilin, nNOS, nitric oxide, cGMP, SIRT1, PGC1α, Tfam, and mitochondria volume and cristae abundance by electron microscopy from SkM. Apparent major losses in normal mitochondria structure were observed before treatment. Epi‐rich cocoa increased protein and/or activity of mediators of biogenesis and cristae abundance while not changing mitochondrial volume density. Epi‐rich cocoa treatment improves SkM mitochondrial structure and in an orchestrated manner, increases molecular markers of mitochondrial biogenesis resulting in enhanced cristae density. Future controlled studies are warranted using Epi‐rich cocoa (or pure Epi) to translate improved mitochondrial structure into enhanced cardiac and/or SkM muscle function. Clin Trans Sci 2012; Volume 5: 43–47
Harnessing the genetic toolbox for the benefit of the racing Thoroughbred
Authors: WEBBON P. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe understanding and application of genetics have grown extremely quickly since it has become possible to sequence the whole genome of an organism. The human genome sequence was completed in 2001 and that of the horse in 2007. The significance of this is that it makes it more feasible to explain how both genetically simple and complex traits are transmitted from one generation to the next and, therefore, to make informed breeding decisions, modify how horses are managed and trained to minimise the risk of disease and injury, and improve methods of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of many conditions. The science of genetics/genomics will continue to grow internationally, limited only by the funds available. The application of the science to man, horses and other species raises very complex moral and commercial issues. Thoroughbred breeders are perceived by some as resistant to change, but their apparent intransigence is often based on a genuine concern for the integrity of the breed. By taking control of the application of the advances in genetics, the Thoroughbred industry potentially has the opportunity to improve both the health and performance of Thoroughbreds. If, however, the science is applied in an uncoordinated manner, driven by commercial interests with no underlying concern for the horses themselves, there is a very real risk that breeders, the Thoroughbred breed and individual horses will all suffer as a consequence.
Addressing the struggle to link form and understanding in fractions instruction
Authors: Osana Helena P. , Pitsolantis Nicole 
Published: November 2011

Background. Although making explicit links between procedures and concepts during instruction in mathematics is important, it is still unclear the precise moments during instruction when such links are best made.Aims. The objective was to test the effectiveness of a 3‐week classroom intervention on the fractions knowledge of grade 5/6 students. The instruction was based on a theory that specifies three sites during the learning process where concepts and symbols can be connected (Hiebert, 1984): symbol interpretation, procedural execution, and solution evaluation.Sample. Seventy students from one grade 5/6 split and two grade 6 classrooms in two public elementary schools participated.Method. The students were randomly assigned to treatment and control. The treatment (Sites group) received instruction that incorporated specific connections between fractions concepts and procedures at each of the three sites specified by the Sites theory. Before and after the intervention, the students’ knowledge of concepts and procedures was assessed, and a random subsample of 30 students from both conditions were individually interviewed to measure their ability to make specific connections between concepts and symbols at each of the three sites.Results. While all students gained procedural skill (p < .001), the students in the Sites condition acquired significantly more knowledge of concepts than the control group (p < .01) and were also better able to connect fractions symbols to conceptual referents (p < .025).Conclusions. The current study contributes to the literature because it describes when it might be important to link concepts and procedures during fractions instruction.
SU‐C‐224‐07: Comparison of Two Detector Arrays for RapidArc Quality Assurance
Authors: Heilemann G , Poppe B , Laub W 
Published: November 2011

Purpose: In our study DICOM files of clinical Rapidarc plans were modified with in‐house developed software to mimic leaf alignment errors and gravitation shifts. The Octavius 2D‐ARRAY (PTW‐Freiburg) in sagittal and coronal orientation and the Delta4 device (Scandidos) were used to investigate the effect of the simulated errors on the passing rate of quality assurance results. The manipulated Rapidarc plans were recalculated in Eclipse.Methods: Different errors were simulated and applied to five prostate (two arcs), three 2‐arc head&neck cases and three 3‐arc head&neck cases: (1) both MLC banks are opened by 0.25mm, 0.50mm and 1.00mm in opposing directions resulting in larger fields, (2) both MLC banks are closed by 0.10mm, 0.25mm and 0.50mm, (3) both MLC banks are shifted in the same direction for lateral gantry angles to simulate effects of gravitational forces onto the leaves by 1mm, 2mm and 3mm, (4) 25%, 50% 70% and 100% of all active leaves are shifted by 3mm as in (3). Evaluations were performed according to a gamma‐index criterion of 3mm/3% and 2mm/2%. Results: With the standard criteria (3mm, 3%) even the largest modifications would satisfy a >90% passing rate. This indicates that a global criterion for the passing rate may not be sufficient in all cases. All unmodified plans and the majority of the plans with the smallest modification pass the gamma‐index criterion of 2%/2mm with >90%. After that the passing rate drops below 90%. For the largest modifications passing rates were typically below 85%. The drop of the passing rate is slightly higher for the Delta4. Conclusions: Both devices are able to detect MLC positional errors of the investigated magnitude. A stricter gamma‐index (2mm, 2%) is necessary in order to detect MLC positional errors and a passing rate of >90% should be expected.This research was supported by a Varian research grant.
SU‐C‐224‐09: Energy and Dose Calibration of a Synchrotron‐Produced Monochromatic X‐Ray Beam
Authors: Brown T , Matthews K , Ham K , Alvarez D , Hogstrom K 
Published: November 2011

Purpose: This work describes planned enhancements to a synchrotron medical radiological beamline, which will improve its efficacy for therapeutic and diagnostic radiological research using monochromatic x‐rays. The primary focus of the present study was the beamlineˈs energy and dose calibrations prior to sample irradiation. This work is crucial for an ongoing study of cell survival of IUdR‐laden cells undergoing photoactivated Auger electron therapy using monochromatic x‐rays. Methods: Calibrations of the monochromatic x‐ray beam are essential for checking the beam energy as well as understanding the variability of the beam quality and dose output. Energy measurements have been performed using Bragg diffraction of a collimated beam from a crystalline silicon powder sample (Si640c). The resulting Debye‐Scherrer diffraction rings were recorded using a digital x‐ray detector. This detector has replaced the use of radiographic film utilized for earlier measurements. Dose measurements of the beam have been performed in a PMMA phantom, using a cylindrical air‐equivalent chamber to measure the dose to water for depths of 0.6 – 10.1 cm. Results: Current results suggest that the beam energy can be measured to within < 0.1 keV. Exposure times of 2 seconds were used to record the Debye‐Scherrer rings, and this has greatly improved upon the 30 – 60 minute exposure times required using radiographic film. The dose rate has been calibrated as a function of the decaying synchrotron ring current, and changes in the beam quality following synchrotron re‐injection have been demonstrated. Conclusions: The use of a digital x‐ray detector has improved the efficiency of the energy measurements. The dose calibration measurements provide a reliable test of the variability of the beam quality and dose output.This research was supported by contract W81XWH‐10‐1‐0005 awarded by The U.S. Army Research Acquisition Activity, 820 Chandler Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702‐5014. This report does not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.
SU‐C‐224‐10: Accurate Patient Dose Reconstruction from On‐Treatment EPID Images
Authors: Van Uytven E , McCurdy B , Chytyk K , Van Beek T 
Published: November 2011

Purpose: This work presents an iterative algorithm that reconstructs delivered patient dose from the planning CT/CBCT and portal images obtained during treatment. This approach provides a mechanism for fully three‐dimensional in vivo patient dose verification. The strength of this dose reconstruction technique is that the patient doses are reconstructed with delivered beam fluences measured during patient treatment. Methods: Using an initial estimate of fluence upstream of the patient, a prediction model is used to predict fluences at the plane of the EPID, which are then converted to dose using EPID dose deposition kernels. The predicted dose is compared to the actual measured dose and a correction to the initial fluence estimate is applied. After convergence, a convolution/superposition algorithm is then employed to determine patient dose from the converged estimate of upstream fluence. An especially unique feature of this algorithm is the general physics‐based model used to accurately predict portal dose images over a variety of treatment conditions. Results: The method is demonstrated for a seven beam IMRT step‐and‐shoot prostate cancer treatment. The results of the patient dose reconstruction were compared to the patient dose obtained from a Pinnacle treatment planning system. Gamma comparison between the two dose distributions indicates 99.2% of voxels satisfying gamma< within the PTV, and 87.9% within the CT patient volume. Conclusions: Preliminary results indicate that the patient dose reconstruction model is successful in predicting dose to the PTV region. We are working to improve agreement for lower dose regions. With further improvements, this technique may become a routine tool for in‐vivo patient dose verification.This work is funded in part by Varian Medical Systems.
SU‐C‐224‐12: Automated Quality Assurance System for Linear Accelerators
Authors: Letourneau D , Wang A , Homer P , Nurul A , Norrlinger B , Jaffray D 
Published: November 2011

Purpose: The objective of this work is to develop an automated quality assurance (AQUA) system for linear accelerators, which will integrate multiple mechanical, dosimetric and imaging tests in a daily session of reasonable duration (30–45 min). Methods: AQUA is a web‐based application with a centralized database containing a library of quality assurance (QA) tests defined in a user‐scriptable language. AQUA communicates the test to the linear accelerator (and measuring devices) and analyzes the resulting data. The software supports concurrent testing of multiple linear accelerators. Five tests were implemented in the first AQUA prototype: Collimator and gantry rotation isocenter, radiation field‐size (multileaf collimator (MLC) and jaws), gantry angle readout and kV‐MV isocenter coincidence. Test results are obtained from the analysis of MV 2D images and cone‐beam CT datasets of a phantom setup on the treatment couch. Tests were performed on a nightly basis on one linear accelerator and elapsed time was recorded. The field‐size test reproducibility was extensively studied using simple multi‐segment beams and its accuracy was assessed using films. Results: For the first AQUA prototype which is semi‐automated, the elapsed time for the five AQUA tests was 45 min (setup, imaging and analysis). Results (n=17) for the different components tested were within institutional tolerances. The AQUA field size detection algorithm applied to 127 images of a static field showed a maximum variation in detected leaf position of ±0.15mm. AQUA was able to detect MLC positioning errors as small as 0.5mm. Field widths measured with AQUA were almost consistently smaller than with film with a maximum deviation of 0.34 mm (n=18). Conclusions: The AQUA system was developed and allows for semi‐automated and quantitative daily testing of multiple machine parameters. Work is on‐going to improve automation and efficiency and increase the number of available tests.Supported in part by Elekta Inc
SU‐C‐BRA‐01: Efficient Generation of Beamlet Arrays with Hybrid Multileaf Collimator for Grid Therapy
Authors: Jordan K , Francis W , Dar A , Yu E , Yartsev S , Chen J 
Published: November 2011

Purpose: To develop a simple method of generating megavoltage beamlet arrays for efficient grid therapy. Methods: Multileaf collimators (MLC) were constructed by mounting equally‐spaced, rectangular, lead sheets on Varian linac block trays, in a divergent geometry. The lead leaves were positioned orthogonal to the same alternating leaf pattern beneath a Varian MLC. Lead sheets with nominal thicknesses of 6.4, 3.2 and 1.6 mm resulted in projected beamlets at linac isocenter of 10×10, 5×5 and 5×2.5 mm respectively. Relative to an open beam, the symmetric grid beam area is 25% open, 50% shadow of single MLC leaf and 25% shadow of overlapping MLC leaves. Kodak EDR‐2 film, ISP Gafchromic EBT film and leuco crystal violet micelle gels with optical cone beam CT readout were used to characterize dose distributions. The impact of the x‐ray beam flattening filter was measured by operating the Varian 2100 series linac in 6 MV mode with and without the filter. Modulation ratios were recorded at water depths of 15 to 200 mm. Orthogonal 5×5 mm grid beams offset by 5 mm were delivered to a 95 mm diameter cylinder of gel in a cubic water phantom at 100 mm depths. Results: Dose rates from beamlet arrays and single beamlets, defined by linac jaws, were similar. Removing the flattening filter doubled the dose rate but had a minor effect on dose modulation. Optical density modulation ratio (5×5 mm beamlet / single leaf shadow) decreased from 7 at 15 mm to 4 at 200 mm depth in water. The gel 3D distribution demonstrated the anticipated features of intersecting diverging beamlet arrays with central dose modulations of 3.5. Conclusions: A hybrid system of orthogonal linac and block tray MLC leaves provides a simple method of generating arrays of megavoltage photon beamlets for efficient delivery of grid therapy.W Francis was partially supported by a London Regional Cancer Program Small Grants for grid therapy development.