bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH FABRICS AS RELATED TO THERMAL INJURY*†
Authors: Stoll Alice M. , Chianta Maria A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractHeat is transferred through fabrics by convection, conduction, and radiation and, under certain circumstances, by vaporization. Each mode is subject to different physical principles, but the effect of the total heat absorbed by underlying skin is the same: If the resultant skin temperature rise is sufficiently high and maintained sufficiently long, injury results. The extent of injury is predicted under certain controlled conditions, and these conditions may be used to disclose protection principles appropriate to each mode of transfer.
FROM MENDELÉEV'S ATOM TO THE COLLAPSING STAR*†
Authors: Wheeler John Archibald 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA decade before Planck's 1900 formulation of the quantum principle, Mendeléev, out of his researches on chemistry and the periodic system of the elements, recognized the general character that the new principle must have, dealing with no “deathlike inactivity,” establishing “individuality amid continuity,” and destined to “hasten the advent of true chemical mechanics.” Implicit in the Bohr‐Rutherford 1911 model of the atom was the paradox of atomic collapse. No cheap way out offered itself. Only application of the quantum principle resolved the paradox. This development led (1917) to the “chemical mechanics” envisaged in outline by Mendeléev. It may be symbolized today by an electron orbit with the shape of a double necklace, the “chemical orbit” (Robert Powers). A new crisis confronts physics today in the predicted phenomenon of gravitational collapse, both at the level of a star (“black hole physics”) and at the level of the universe itself. Again, no way out is evident except to call on the quantum principle. It leads to the conclusion that the dynamics of the universe goes on in superspace. In superspace, alternative dynamical histories of the universe (cycles of expansion and recontraction) not only dynamically couple to each other in the era of collapse, as well as one can judge, but also “coexist.” If the vision of Clifford and Einstein in updated form is taken as guide and particles are regarded as quantum states of excitation of a dynamic geometry, then it is natural to believe that each period of collapse sees the universe “reprocessed,” with the previous spectrum of particle masses extinguished and a new pattern of masses established. On this view, particle masses are as far removed from any possibility of being calculated from first principles as the “initial conditions of dynamics” themselves. For an early test of this framework of ideas nothing looks so promising as the prediction that a black hole, formed by whatever combination of baryons, photons, leptons, and other entities, is characterized by nothing but mass, charge, and angular momentum (“transcendence of the law of conservation of baryons and leptons”).
CARDIAC PERFORMANCE AND METABOLISM IN SHOCK DUE TO ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN MAN: RESPONSE TO CATECHOLOMINES AND MECHANICAL CARDIAC ASSIST*†
Authors: Mueller Hiltrud , Ayres Stephen M. , Giannelli Stanley , Conklin E. Foster , Mazzara James T. , Grace William J. 
Published: May 2012

SummarySystemic hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism were studied in 21 patients in shock due to acute myocardial infarction. The response to isoproterenol was determined in six, to l‐norepinephrine in eight, and to intra‐aortic counterpulsation in 10 patients. Before treatment, cardiac index was markedly reduced, averaging 1.35 L/min/m2. Mean aortic pressures ranged between 40 and 65 mm Hg, while systemic vascular resistance varied widely, averaging 1,575 dynes‐sec‐cm−5. Decreases in coronary blood flow (mean 68 ml/100 g/min) and in myocardial oxygen consumption (mean 8.11 ml/100 g/min) were associated with abnormally high myocardial oxygen extraction (mean 78%) and with lactate production (mean 9%). Isoproterenol increased cardiac index and heart rate an average of 0.85 L/min/m2 and 25 beats/min. Coronary blood flow rose an average of 12 ml/100 g/min in face of unchanged mean aortic pressure, while diastolic aortic pressure fell uniformly. Myocardial lactate metabolism deteriorated. L‐norepinephrine increased mean aortic pressure and coronary blood flow an average of 21 mm Hg and 27 ml/100 g/min. Mean myocardial oxygen consumption rose 2.24 ml/100 g/min. While myocardial lactate production shifted to extraction (mean 12%), myocardial oxygen extraction remained abnormally high (mean 73%). Cardiac index did not improve. Intra‐aortic counterpulsation increased mean aortic pressure and coronary blood flow an average of 15 mm Hg and 23 ml/100 g/min. Myocardial oxygen consumption remained essentially unchanged. Both myocardial lactate and oxygen extraction improved towards normal values (mean 15% and 61%). Cardiac index increased an average of 0.45 L/min/m2. Conclusion: Hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism were markedly abnormal in shock due to acute myocardial infarction. Isoproterenol improved cardiac performance, but myocardial oxygenation deteriorated. Therefore, isoproterenol does not seem to be helpful in coronary shock. L‐norepinephrine improved myocardial perfusion and oxygenation, while cardiac output remained unchanged. Nevertheless, l‐norepinephrine appears to be the vasoactive agent of choice in the initial treatment of coronary shock. Intra‐aortic counterpulsation changed myocardial metabolism towards normal and improved systemic perfusion. Mortality remained unchanged, however, during the three different therapeutic interventions, emphasizing the importance of early recognition of the shock state and of further aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic management.
ATHEROSCLEROTIC HEART DISEASE AND THE ENVIRONMENT*
Authors: Peacock Peter B. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractEnvironmental factors associated with an increase in manifest coronary artery disease are temperature extremes, noise, soft water, exposure to sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, and constraints imposed by the living habits of the community concerned. The important constraints are the relative nonavailability of high‐protein foods that are low in saturated fat and cholesterol, the general acceptance of cigarette smoking as permissable behavior, the lack of emphasis on preventive medicine and limitations on physical exercise.
ENTROPY PRODUCTION IN AN EXPANDING GAS‐FILLED UNIVERSE*
Authors: Anderson J. L. , Witting H. R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe entropy generated in an expanding gas‐filled universe is calculated for an expansion that takes place in a series of steps during which the gas is collisionless. At the end of each step the gas is allowed to thermalize before undergoing its next expansion step. The results of the calculation show that entropy is generated only during a brief period in the evolution of the gas and that the total dimensionless entropy per baryon generated (∼10) is insufficient to explain the existence of the 108 per baryon of dimensionless entropy that appears to exist in the universe.
SOME DETERMINANTS OF EXPECTANCY OF SUCCESS*
Authors: McMahan Ian D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMale and female subjects in sixth‐grade, tenth‐grade, and college classes attempted to solve five anagrams, stating their expectancy of success prior to each anagram and their causal attributions for success and failure following each anagram; at the conclusion of the task they assessed the factors responsible for their performance. They then stated the number of simple addition problems they expected to solve in a limited time, attempted the problems, and assessed the factors responsible for their performance. The results support a model of achievement behavior derived from attribution theory and suggest that among the determinants of expectancy of success are the person's perceptions of his ability for the task and of the outcomes of previous encounters with it, as well as achievement‐related social stereotypes such as sex‐role stereotypes. Some possible implications of the results for remedial education are suggested.
FRENCH COLONIALISM AS REFLECTED IN THE MALE‐FEMALE INTERACTION IN MOROCCO*
Authors: Vinogradov Amal 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper examines some of the disruptive effects of French colonialism on the traditional Moroccan society, specifically in terms of the male‐female relationship. By challenging the accepted cultural image of the male and undermining his protective functions towards the female, the French contributed to the normative dissonance of the society and exacerbated the existing sexual tensions. Moroccans complain about the inflated bride prices, marital instability, and prostitution, all of which are seen as indeces of the prevalent sexual role ambivalences and contradictions.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FACTORS IN EMPLOYED POPULATIONS*
Authors: Pell Sidney 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIndustrial populations provide unique opportunities for epidemiologic research to study risk factors in chronic disease and identify health hazards in the work environment. In such populations, demographic, morbidity, and mortality data are readily accessible and generally reliable. Moreover, industrial populations are usually stable enough to permit long‐term follow‐up for prospective studies. In this paper, the major findings of several epidemiological studies done in a large corporation are reviewed.
NEW DELIGHTS FROM AN OLD POLYOLEFIN: A RETURN TO THE CHEMISTRY OF CYCLOOCTATETRAENE*
Authors: Paquette Leo A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe nonthermal structural rearrangements of cyclooctatetraene to semibullvalene and 2,3‐dihydrotriquinacen‐2‐one are described. The first pathway, which is entirely general in its scope, entails as its key step the Ag(I)‐catalyzed 1,8‐bishomocubane → snoutane isomerization reaction. Subsequent hydrolysis‐oxidation provides 9,10‐diazasnoutenes, which cannot be isolated but lose nitrogen rapidly with generation of the semibullvalenes. The equilibrium imbalances that arise upon monosubstitution and 2,8‐annulation of this divinylcyclopropane system are also outlined. Cycloaddition of TCNE to cyclooctatetraeneiron tricarbonyl affords an unusual α,π‐Fe(CO)3 complex, oxidative decomposition of which gives 2,2,3,3‐tetracyanodihydrotriquinacene. A four‐step conversion of the latter to triquinacene‐2‐carboxylic acid is outlined. Resolution of the acid and conversion of the chiral material to (+)‐2,3‐dihydrotriquinacen‐2‐one serves as a prelude to dimerization of these “halves” to potential dodecahedrane precursors. The thermally promoted degenerate isomerization and rearrangement reactions of a variety of cyclooctatetraenes are next presented. Lastly, the latent potential of the [8]annulene ring system to function as a neighboring group in carbonium ion processes is discussed.
A DISCONTINUOUS SURFACE ON THE CENTRAL NEW YORK DRUMLIN PLAIN
Authors: Miller Jesse W. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA remarkably flat, discontinuous surface is associated with the northern portion of the Ontario Lake Plain drumlin field in central New York. Possible explanations include a preglacial or interglacial erosion surface, a glacial lake bottom, a wave‐eroded surface, and outwash surface, or a surface of glacial erosion. The most plausible hypothesis entails a glacial readvance over a wave cut and subaerially eroded plain.
A NOVEL TYPE OF RESISTANT BACTERIA INDUCED BY GENTAMICIN*
Authors: Li Koibong , Farmer J. J. , Coppola Antonio 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFollowing growth of Serratia marcescens in the presence of gentamicin, both a normal resistant mutant and a pleiotropic resistant variant, Serratia marcescens, were isolated. The pleiotropic variant strain differed from the parent strain in antibiotic susceptibility profile, colonial morphology, biochemical properties, and susceptibility to Serratia bacteriophages and bacteriocins but was identical in bacteriocin production. While the pleiotropic variant was stable in the absence of gentamicin, reversion to the parent was found in cultures grown aerobically, but not anaerobically. The normal resistant mutants, of apparent spontaneous origin, did not exhibit pleiotropic effects. The pleiotropic variant grew better under anaerobic conditions than it did under aerobic conditions, while the parent strain grew better aerobically. Both the parent strain and the variant were capable of adapting to either environment. The difficulty of identifying this variant in a clinical microbiology laboratory is discussed.
A STUDY OF THE SHOCK LOADING OF MATERIALS
Authors: Rolsten Robert Fred 
Published: May 2012

AbstractElastic and inelastic processes are involved in the propagation of any particular disturbance and the literature on wave propagation is reviewed. A laser interferometer was constructed to resolve the details in the wave structure and which had sufficient sensitivity to resolve the reverberations of the elastic precursor between the free surface and the oncoming plastic wave. This non‐contacting surface technique offers the advantage of excellent time resolution (∼5 nanoseconds) and space resolution (0.06‐micron) together with small surface area requirements. The stress pulse was generated in either 6061‐T6 aluminum or aluminum oxide with an exploding foil driven Mylar flyer. A stress wave analyzing program (SWAP) was written in Fortran to compute stress time histories in problems involving one‐dimensional strain configurations in elastic, plastic, and hydrodynamic materials. SWAP uses the method of characteristics approach and represents all stress wave shapes by a series of shock waves. A sufficient amount of experimental and theoretical evidence has now been gathered to support the assertion that the critical normal fracture stress criterion for spall must be at least extended, if not totally revised. There is a stress‐dependent fracture delay time which decreases with in‐ceasing stress, not only because more cracks are nucleated, but also because the acceleration of the crack tips increases. Similarly ductile materials require more time to fracture than brittle materials because stresses are relieved not only by fracture but also by flow. The results provide additional evidence for the necessity of including a time‐related parameter in the spall criterion.
INSTRUMENTATION IN TOXICOLOGY: ASSESSING TOXIC MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS IN THE BODY*
Authors: Kay Kingsley 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSome examples of potentially toxic materials occurring in occupational or general environmental situations are given in table 1 to illustrate the magnitude of the toxicological assessment problem on which current health protection is based. The field of drugs, especially the narcotics and hallucinogens, is another area of toxicology that has assumed recent importance.The specific requirements in assessing toxic materials and their breakdown products in the body are: (a) to establish the concentration levels and to follow the course of the metabolism. (b) to identify target organs and measure functional changes or tissue damage in the target organs.Important advances in the knowledge needed to meet these two requirements have been made possible by the technical ingenuity of instrument designers. Some instruments are available that permit aspects of toxicological assessment to be realized on intact body organs. Where this ideal methodology is not possible, blood samples may be drawn and small samples of tissue from selected organs may be secured by needle biopsy without harming the individuals. This material may be examined histologically by microscopy, and chemically with a variety of analytical instruments. Then there are the main body effluents—urine, feces, and exhaled air, which can also be examined in a variety of ways.
INSULIN, ADENYL CYCLATE, IONS, AND THE HEART
Authors: Kones Richard J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractInsulin accelerates the entry of glucose and amino acids into muscle cells by acting upon the carrier‐facilitated transport mechanism. For glucose, this process is passive and leads to equilibration of intracellular and extracellular concentrations. In heart muscle, glucose transport is a rate‐limiting step for glucose uptake. During hypoxia and ischemia the heart turns to anaerobic glycolysis for energy production, and therefore maximal glucose transport becomes important. Insulin is necessary to insure proper protein synthesis, probably acting at the level of membrane‐bound polyribosomes. However, during myocardial hypoxia, insulin alone cannot restore the associated depression in protein synthesis.Although insulin effects net and rapid potassium uptake by the heart cell and hyperpolarizes the cell, the change in the ratio of intracellular to extracellular activities of potassium is not the primary action of insulin. Rather, an insulin‐induced configurational change in the plasma membrane could simultaneously account for the effects of insulin on sodium and potassium permeability and the action on facilitated transport. Intracellular levels of adenyl cyclate are reduced by insulin in extracardiac tissues perhaps through inhibition of adenyl cyclase or stimulation of phosphodiesterase, but convincing evidence that this occurs in the heart is lacking.Insulin secretion is depressed in patients with heart disease in proportion to the reduction in cardiac index sustained. Since the ischemic heart is dependent upon glucose as the major fuel, insulin lack may deprive the heart of adequate substrate availability under these conditions. The multivalent actions of insulin on the heart cell are especially important in view of the resurgence of interest in glucose‐insulin‐potassium therapy for the treatment of clinical heart disease.
SYSTEM ENGINEERING APPLIED TO HEALTH CARE*
Authors: de Haas E. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAn early warning system for the major chronic diseases is proposed. Initial calculations made for New Jersey show that such a system eventually could save about 6000 lives per year in the state and avoid an equal number of disabilities. The backbone would be 30 Preventive Health Screening Stations, through which eventually 1 500 000 persons per year would pass. Annual operating costs of 40–50 million dollars would be more than covered by decreases in life insurance, health insurance, and welfare claims.
INSTRUMENTATION FOR WORK PHYSIOLOGY*
Authors: Kamon Eliezer 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe industrial community has recently recognized the needs for close evaluation of the workers' physiological strain on the job. Consequently, a new era is forthcoming in which the challenge regarding the design and sensibility of the instruments will involve portability, direct reading of data, fast response, and simple analysis procedure. Instruments for cardiopulmonary and thermoregulatory responses were discussed in light of the widely used measurements of steady‐state responses and the future needs to measure transient responses.
Categorized or continuous? Strength of an association – and linear regression
Authors: Drummond Gordon B. , Vowler Sarah L. 
Published: May 2012

Key points
Correlation and regression are used with continuous variables
Plot the variables in correlation and regression relationships to aid interpretation
An association between two discrete measurements is assessed by correlation
Regression describes and quantifies a relationship between an independent factor and a dependent variable; prediction is also possible
Few biological relationships are truly linear
Regression can be distorted by outlying values
Absence of a linear regression does not mean a relationship is not present
Regression is very frequently misused and mis‐applied
Reduced risk trajectory planning in image‐guided keyhole neurosurgery
Authors: Shamir Reuben R. , Joskowicz Leo , Tamir Idit , Dabool Elad , Pertman Lihi , Ben‐Ami Adam , Shoshan Yigal 
Published: May 2012

Purpose:The authors present and evaluate a new preoperative planning method and computer software designed to reduce the risk of candidate trajectories for straight rigid tool insertion in image‐guided keyhole neurosurgery.Methods:Trajectories are computed based on the surgeon‐defined target and a candidate entry point area on the outer head surface on preoperative CT/MRI scans. A multiparameter risk card provides an estimate of the risk of each trajectory according to its proximity to critical brain structures. Candidate entry points in the outer head surface areas are then color‐coded and displayed in 3D to facilitate selection of the most adequate point. The surgeon then defines and/or revised the insertion trajectory using an interactive 3D visualization of surrounding structures. A safety zone around the selected trajectory is also computed to visualize the expected worst‐case deviation from the planned insertion trajectory based on tool placement errors in previous surgeries.Results:A retrospective comparative study for ten selected targets on MRI head scans for eight patients showed a significant reduction in insertion trajectory risk. Using the authors' method, trajectories longer than 30 mm were an average of 2.6 mm further from blood vessels compared to the conventional manual method. Average planning times were 8.4 and 5.9 min for the conventional technique and the authors' method, respectively. Neurosurgeons reported improved understanding of possible risks and spatial relations for the trajectory and patient anatomy.Conclusions:The suggested method may result in safer trajectories, shorter preoperative planning time, and improved understanding of risks and possible complications in keyhole neurosurgery.
Artemisinin-Derived Dimer Diphenyl Phosphate Is an Irreversible Inhibitor of Human Cytomegalovirus Replication
Authors: He Ran , Park Kyoungsook , Cai Hongyi , Kapoor Arun , Forman Michael , Mott Bryan , Posner Gary H. , Arav-Boger Ravit 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
We previously reported that among a series of artemisinin-derived monomers and dimers, dimer diphenyl phosphate (838) was the most potent inhibitor of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication. Our continued investigation of a prototypic artemisinin monomer (artesunate [AS]) and dimer (838) now reveals that both compounds have specific activity against CMV but do not inhibit lytic replication of human herpesvirus 1 or 2 or Epstein-Barr virus. AS and 838 inhibited CMV replication during the first 24 h of the virus replication cycle, earlier than the time of ganciclovir (GCV) activities and prior to DNA synthesis. Neither compound inhibited virus entry. Quantification of DNA replication and virus yield revealed a similar level of inhibition by GCV, but AS and 838 had a 10-fold-higher inhibition of virus yield than of DNA replication, suggesting that artemisinins could inhibit CMV through multiple steps: a predominant early inhibition and possibly an additional step following DNA replication. During the strong early CMV inhibition, the transcription of immediate-early genes was not significantly downregulated, and viral protein expression was reduced only after 48 h. AS and GCV were reversible CMV inhibitors, but the inhibition of CMV replication by 838 was irreversible. Combinations of GCV and 838 as well as GCV and AS were highly synergistic. Finally, treatment with 838, but not AS, prior to CMV infection demonstrated strong anti-CMV activity. These findings illustrate the unique activities of dimer 838, including early and irreversible CMV inhibition, possibly by tight binding to its target.
RmtF, a New Member of the Aminoglycoside Resistance 16S rRNA N7 G1405 Methyltransferase Family
Authors: Galimand Marc , Courvalin Patrice , Lambert Thierry 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

Multidrug-resistant clinical isolate
Klebsiella pneumoniae
BM4686 was highly resistant to 4,6-disubstituted 2-deoxystreptamines and to fortimicin. Resistance was due to the presence, on the 40-kb non-self-transferable plasmid pIP849, of the
rmtF
gene which was cotranscribed with the upstream
aac
(
6
′)-
Ib
gene. The deduced RmtF protein had 25 to 46% identity with members of the N7 G1405 family of aminoglycoside resistance 16S rRNA methyltransferases.