bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated optical and electronic interconnect PCB manufacturing research
Authors: Selviah David R. , Walker Andy C. , Hutt David A. , Wang Kai , McCarthy Aongus , Anibal Fernández F. , Papakonstantinou Ioannis , Baghsiahi Hadi , Suyal Himanshu , Taghizadeh Mohammad , Conway Paul , Chappell John , Zakariyah Shefiu S. , Milward Dave , Pitwon Richard , Hopkins Ken , Muggeridge Malcolm , Rygate Jeremy , Calver Jonathan , Kandulski Witold , Deshazer David J. , Hueston Karen , Ives David J. , Ferguson Robert , Harris Subrena , Hinde Gary , Cole Martin , White Henry , Suyal Navin , ur Rehman Habib , Bryson Chris 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the research in a project aimed at developing manufacturing techniques for integrated optical and electronic interconnect printed circuit boards (OPCB) including the motivation for this research, the progress, the achievements and the interactions between the partners.Design/methodology/approachSeveral polymer waveguide fabrication methods were developed including direct laser write, laser ablation and inkjet printing. Polymer formulations were developed to suit the fabrication methods. Computer‐aided design (CAD) tools were developed and waveguide layout design rules were established. The CAD tools were used to lay out a complex backplane interconnect pattern to meet practical demanding specifications for use in a system demonstrator.FindingsNovel polymer formulations for polyacrylate enable faster writing times for laser direct write fabrication. Control of the fabrication parameters enables inkjet printing of polysiloxane waveguides. Several different laser systems can be used to form waveguide structures by ablation. Establishment of waveguide layout design rules from experimental measurements and modelling enables successful first time layout of complex interconnection patterns.Research limitations/implicationsThe complexity and length of the waveguides in a complex backplane interconnect, beyond that achieved in this paper, is limited by the bend loss and by the propagation loss partially caused by waveguide sidewall roughness, so further research in these areas would be beneficial to give a wider range of applicability.Originality/valueThe paper gives an overview of advances in polymer formulation, fabrication methods and CAD tools, for manufacturing of complex hybrid‐integrated OPCBs.
New lifecycle monitoring system for electronic manufacturing with embedded wireless components
Authors: Bindel Axel , Conway Paul , Justham Laura , West Andrew 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an update of and the latest results from work on a project aimed at monitoring electronic products during the whole life cycle with embedded wireless components.Design/methodology/approachBusiness processes of the electronic manufacturing supply chain were analysed. A business case and the system opportunities for life cycle monitoring, based on embedded wireless components system were developed. Radio frequency identification (RFID) assembly technology was adapted for the integration of components into a multi‐layer printed circuit board (PCB).FindingsBy storing product‐related information into electronic products, tracing of components, monitoring of processes, operations and costs, environmentally optimised recycling can be enhanced.Research limitations/implicationsThe research undertaken so far relates to the embedding of RFID tags into PCBs. Wireless components with more processing power will be used in the next project phase.Originality/valueThe paper details how wireless components can be embedded into multi‐layer PCBs and how a business case for a life cycle monitoring system can be established.
Printing technology for ubiquitous electronics
Authors: Sheats Jayna R. , Biesty David , Noel Julien , Taylor Gary N. 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the economics of various printing processes proposed for small‐scale electronic products such as radio frequency identification tags, smart cards, and wireless sensors, and to present a new transfer printing method.Design/methodology/approachThe costs of several types of microstructuring techniques were calculated from commercial product data, along with a detailed spreadsheet simulation of inkjet printing for microelectronics. A new material for transfer printing was developed, along with suitable tooling for placing small and thin dice on flexible substrates.FindingsThe cost analysis of inkjet printing suggests that it may not be substantially less expensive than conventional silicon technology for this purpose, while achieving inferior performance. Offset printing is cheaper but further from practicality. The new transfer printing process successfully prints very small silicon dice at high speed, and appears to meet the market needs with respect to cost, product performance and flexibility in readily producing different designs.Research limitations/implicationsThe cost analysis depends on assumptions which are not all well known, and which change with time. The new method has not yet been run in a high‐volume production mode. Such experience will be necessary to fully confirm its value.Originality/valueThis analysis identifies cost factors which have not been generally appreciated in public discussions of printed electronics. The transfer printing process offers a unique way to make cost‐effective use of silicon integrated circuits which are much smaller than any that appear in products today, and may have ramifications beyond the original target of tags and sensors.
Discontinuous Galerkin time‐domain solution of Maxwell's equations on locally refined grids with fictitious domains
Authors: Bouquet A. , Dedeban C. , Piperno S. 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe use of the prominent finite difference time‐domain (FDTD) method for the time‐domain solution of electromagnetic wave propagation past devices with small geometrical details can require very fine grids and can lead to unmanageable computational time and storage. The purpose of this paper is to extend the analysis of a discontinuous Galerkin time‐domain (DGTD) method (able to handle possibly non‐conforming locally refined grids, based on portions of Cartesian grids) and investigate the use of perfectly matched layer regions and the coupling with a fictitious domain approach. The use of a DGTD method with a locally refined, non‐conforming mesh can help focusing on these small details. In this paper, the adaptation to the DGTD method of the fictitious domain approach initially developed for the FDTD is considered, in order to avoid the use of a volume mesh fitting the geometry near the details.Design/methodology/approachBased on a DGTD method, a fictitious domain approach is developed to deal with complex and small geometrical details.FindingsThe fictitious domain approach is a very interesting complement to the FDTD method, since it makes it possible to handle complex geometries. However, the fictitious domain approach requires small volume elements, thus making the use of the FDTD on wide, regular, fine grids often unmanageable. The DGTD method has the ability to handle easily locally refined grids and the paper shows it can be coupled to a fictitious domain approach.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the stability and dispersion analysis of the DGTD method is complete, the theoretical analysis of the fictitious domain approach in the DGTD context is not. It is a subject of further investigation (which could provide important insights for potential improvements).Originality/valueThis is believed to be the first time a DGTD method is coupled with a fictitious domain approach.
Averaged modelling of multilevel converters
Authors: Ammous Kaiçar , Haouas Elyes , Abid Slim 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a simulation tool which permits reducing the cost of long time‐range simulation of complex converters and running at high frequency.Design/methodology/approachA different method is used to represent a simplified converter but the adopted technique uses the average representation of the cell converter.FindingsThe paper shows that the use of averaged representation of the pulse width modulation switch in multilevel converters is staying applied. The main advantage of the proposed averaged model is its simplified representation when only electrical behaviour is considered.Research limitations/implicationsThe analytical algorithm of the averaged model can be introduced in different simulator as it has a description language, enabling study of theCompatibilité Electromagnétiqueand electrothermal phenomena.Originality/valueThis paper presents an averaged model of the multilevel converter which can be implemented in any simulator as it has a description language.
Electromagnetic analysis of an AC electric arc furnace including the modeling of an AC arc
Authors: Kiyoumarsi Arash , Nazari Abolfazl , Ataei Mohammad , Khademhosseini Beheshti Hamid , Hooshmand Rahmat‐Allah 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a 3D finite element model of the electromagnetic fields in an AC three‐phase electric arc furnace (EAF). The model includes the electrodes, arcs, and molten bath.Design/methodology/approachThe electromagnetic field in terms of time in AC arc is also modeled, utilizing a 3D finite element method (3D FEM). The arc is supposed to be an electro‐thermal unit with electrical power as input and thermal power as output. The average Joule power, calculated during the transient electromagnetic analysis of the AC arc furnace, can be used as a thermal source for the thermal analysis of the inner part of furnace. Then, by attention to different mechanisms of heat transfer in the furnace (convection and radiation from arc to bath, radiation from arc to the inner part of furnace and radiation from the bath to the sidewall and roof panel of the furnace), the temperature distribution in different parts of the furnace is calculated. The thermal model consists of the roof and sidewall panels, electrodes, bath, refractory, and arc. The thermal problem is solved in the steady state for the furnace without slag and with different depths of slag.FindingsCurrent density, voltage and magnetic field intensity in the arcs, molten bath and electrodes are predicted as a result of applying the three‐phase AC voltages to the EAF. The temperature distribution in different parts of the furnace is also evaluated as a result of the electromagnetic field analysis.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper considers an ideal condition for the AC arc. Non‐linearity of the arc during the melting, which leads to power quality disturbances, is not considered. In most prior researches on the electrical arc furnace, a non‐linear circuit model is usually used for calculation of power quality phenomena distributions. In this paper, the FEM is used instead of non‐linear circuits, and calculated voltage and current densities in the linear arc model. The FEM results directly depend on the physical properties considered for the arc.Originality/valueSteady‐state arc shapes, based on the Bowman model, are used to calculate and evaluate the geometry of the arc in a real and practical three‐phase AC arc furnace. A new approach to modeling AC arcs is developed, assuming that the instantaneous geometry of the AC arc at any time is constant and is similar to the geometry of a DC arc with the root mean square value of the current waveform of the AC arc. A time‐stepping 3D FEM is utilized to calculate the electromagnetic field in the AC arc as a function of time.
Determination of electromagnetic torque with on‐line computation of the optimal radius of the integration contour
Authors: Stępień Sławomir 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to calculate the electromagnetic torque at a radius of an integration contour for which an optimal value is determined.Design/methodology/approachTo analyze electrical machine dynamics, the electromagnetic torque should be precisely determined. This paper presents a method for calculating the torque, where the radius of the integration contour is variable and estimated from the field distribution.FindingsThe electromagnetic torque of the three‐phase AC motor model proposed in TEAM Problem No. 30 is estimated using the proposed method. The obtained results are compared to solutions obtained analytically.Originality/valueThis paper examines the application of the presented method to determine the electromagnetic torque in three‐phase AC motors.
Design optimization of three‐phase energy efficient induction motor using adaptive bacterial foraging algorithm
Authors: Sakthivel V.P. , Bhuvaneswari R. , Subramanian S. 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the application of an adaptive bacterial foraging (BF) algorithm for the design optimization of an energy efficient induction motor.Design/methodology/approachThe induction motor design problem is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear optimization problem. A set of nine independent variables is selected, and to make the machine feasible and practically acceptable, six constraints are imposed on the design. Two different objective functions are considered, namely, the annual active material cost, and the sum of the annual active material cost, annual cost of the active power loss of the motor and annual energy cost required to supply such power loss. A new adaptive BF algorithm is used for solving the optimization problem. A generic penalty function method, which does not require any penalty coefficient, is employed for constraint handling.FindingsThe adaptive BF algorithm is validated for two sample motors and benchmarked with the genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, simple BF algorithm, and conventional design methods. The results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the other methods in both the solution quality and convergence rate. The annual cost of the induction motor is remarkably reduced when designed on the basis of minimizing its annual total cost, instead of minimizing its material cost only.Originality/valueTo the best of the knowledge, none of the existing work has applied the BF algorithms for electrical machine design problems. Therefore, the solution to this problem constitutes the main contribution of the paper. According to the huge number of induction motors operating all over the world, the BF techniques used in their design, on minimum annual cost basis, will lead to a tremendous saving in global energy consumption.
Reduced‐order macromodeling of parameterized frequency responses
Authors: Condon Marissa 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a methodology for forming compact reduced‐order macromodels of interconnect systems to enable real‐time design exploration and efficient manufacturing tolerance assessment.Design/methodology/approachA multi‐parameter moment‐matching‐based technique and a multivariate orthonormal macromodelling technique are combined to form an effective and efficient reduced‐order model that approximates the frequency‐domain behaviour of an interconnect system based on several design variables.FindingsResults will confirm the efficacy of the approach and its superiority to application of the moment‐matching‐based method alone.Research limitations/implicationsWith the ever growing complexity of high‐frequency systems in the electronic industry, formation of compact macromodels is crucial for fast and efficient design and analysis.Originality/valueCombination of the individual techniques is novel and increases the efficiency of the ultimate macromodel.
An improved algorithm of finding steady‐state solutions for AC machines
Authors: Sobczyk Tadeusz 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to reduce issues arising when computing steady‐state solutions for AC machine models using the harmonic balance method.Design/methodology/approachGenerally, currents at steady‐states of AC machines are described by periodic or quasi‐periodic time functions, which Fourier spectra are determined by an infinite set of algebraic equations obtained from a harmonic balance method. To solve them, after reducing to finite dimensions, an iterative algorithm is developed in this paper. It bases on the LU decomposition of an infinite matrix representing the inductance matrix of an AC machine. Since that decomposition is done separately, due to a band type form of this matrix, the equation set determining the Fourier spectra of currents is solved recurrently.FindingsAn algorithm for the LU decomposition of an infinite matrix representing the inductance matrix of an AC machine and an iterative algorithm for determining AC machine steady‐state currents in a recursive manner.Research limitations/implicationsThe approach is limited to solving of so‐called “circuital” models of AC voltage supplied machines. The approach breaks the large dimension barrier when solving steady‐state equations for AC machines.Practical implicationsReducing computer requirements in terms of computer memory, workload and computing time to determine a steady‐state solution for AC machines.Originality/valueA separation of the LU decomposition of an infinite matrix representing the inductance matrix in AC machine steady‐state model from the solution method.
Voltage distribution along a long ceramic insulator string in a high‐voltage tower window
Authors: Zhang Bo , He Jinliang , Zeng Rong , Liang Xidong 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to introduce an efficient model for analysis of the voltage distribution along the long ceramic insulator strings in a high‐voltage tower window, especially when the structure and parameters of the ceramic insulator are unknown. The effect of the grading ring on the voltage distribution is also investigated.Design/methodology/approachA circuit model composed of capacitors is used to analyze the voltage distribution along the ceramic insulator strings in a transmission tower window. The capacitances of the disk insulators, line conductors, and tower are obtained by using the finite element method, charge simulation method, boundary element method, and measurement according to their characteristics.FindingsThe model is very efficient. The voltage distribution along insulator strings can be optimized by adjusting the parameters of the grading ring. The maximum amount of voltage applied to a single insulator disk can be reduced effectively by increasing either the diameter of the grading ring or the distance from the upper surface of the grading ring to the high‐voltage end of the insulator string.Originality/valueThe model is very efficient for analysis of the voltage distribution along the long ceramic insulator strings, especially when the structure and parameters of the ceramic insulator are unknown.
Simulation accuracy of the built‐in PSCAD and an owner‐defined synchronous machine model
Authors: Abdulahovic Tarik , Teleke Sercan , Thiringer Torbjorn , Svensson Jan 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of time steps, integration methods, and saturation modeling on the accuracy of the synchronous machine model. This model is compared with the PSCAD built‐in synchronous machine model in order to compare the accuracy of one of the most used synchronous machine models in a commercially available software versus a well‐documented and widely accepted state‐space synchronous machine model.Design/methodology/approachIn the paper, a synchronous condenser with the saturation phenomenon is modeled using state‐space equations in the rotating dq‐reference frame and is implemented both in Matlab/Simulink and PSCAD. Integration methods of up to the fifth order are implemented for increased accuracy. The saturation modeling includes modeling of the saturation in both d‐ and q‐axis. A steady‐state and dynamic performance comparison towards the built‐in PSCAD synchronous machine model is performed. The saturation modeling does not include the saturation of the leakage fluxes.FindingsWhen the forward Euler method is used, in order to obtain less than 5 percent error, the time step should not exceed 5 μs. The third‐order Runge‐Kutta method is the preferred choice and it provides desired accuracy when the time step is equal or smaller than 1,000 μs. The built‐in PSCAD model satisfies the error criteria for time steps smaller than 300 μs. A small discrepancy of 2 percent is found during the steady‐state test.Originality/valueThe paper presents the performance of the higher order integration methods in an EMTP‐type software environment where the trapezoidal integration method is most often used. It provides a good guide for building an owner‐defined model. A comparison of a dynamic performance between the publicly documented state‐space and a synchronous machine models commonly used for power system transient studies is presented.
Speeding up the simulation of the semiconductor device under microwave interference
Authors: Chen Xi , Du Zhengwei , Gong Ke 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the impact of high‐power microwave interferences on electronic devices needs the simulation of semiconductor components. Although the semiconductor equations can be solved numerically by Newton method, the conventional Newton method exhibits significant speed degradation when the power of interference is high enough to cause device burnout. Therefore, this paper aims at speeding up the simulation of the semiconductor components under high‐power microwave interferences.Design/methodology/approachSome approximations in conventional Newton method works efficiently only when the electric field in the simulated semiconductor is relatively low. This is the reason of the formerly mentioned speed degradation problem. The proposed method speeds up the simulation by modifying these approximations to acquire enough precision in these high‐power situations.FindingsThe modified Newton method proposed in this paper shows an acceleration of 100‐150 percent compared to conventional method for typical applications. Moreover, the simulation speed becomes nearly independent of the power of the microwave interferences, which means the speed degradation phenomenon of the conventional method has almost been eliminated.Originality/valueThis paper proposes a modified Newton method to speed up the simulation of the semiconductor components under high‐power microwave interferences.
Prediction of local instabilities in open‐loop induction motor drives
Authors: Vasić Veran V. , Marčetić Darko P. , Vukosavić Slobodan N. , Oros Đura V. 
Published: May 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose an analytical method for prediction of self‐sustained oscillations that might happen during low‐cost induction motor drive application. This forecast is needed to avoid unwanted oscillations that can be encountered for in fan, compressor and pump drives utilizing open‐loop frequency‐controlled three‐phase induction motor drives.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents the model of the induction motor drive system that includes inverter switches dead‐time and allows discontinuous current of front‐end rectifier. Stability analysis of proposed model was performed by tracing the eigenvalues of the overall system matrix.FindingsDiscontinuous rectifier current at light loads and the dead‐time of the inverter switches are the main sources of undesired low‐frequency self‐sustained speed oscillations in open‐loop controlled induction motor drives. The evaluated risk prediction is a function of drive and motor parameters and load level.Originality/valueThe proposed induction motor drive system model highlights the direct connection between the self‐sustained speed oscillations and the system parameters like inverter dead time, dc capacitor values, motor parameters and motor load level. Good accuracy of instability prediction is verified by dynamic simulation and by extensive experimentation.