bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
van Niel, Cornelis Bernardus
Authors: Oren Aharon 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Cornelis Bernardus van Niel (1897–1985), a Dutch‐born microbiologist who worked in California for most of his life; he showed that a coherent science of general microbiology could provide a foundation for unifying the life sciences and his summer courses at Pacific Grove, California, have inspired many leading biologists; he proposed a simple model to rationalize green plant and bacterial photosynthesis.
Pulsed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Techniques for Structure Determination
Authors: Ames William M. , Larsen Russell G. , Larsen Sarah C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractOver the past several decades pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has advanced to provide a unique and useful set of tools for structural determination in systems that contain paramagnetic centers. Pulsed EPR methods use sequences of resonant microwave pulses to excite and manipulate paramagnetic centers subjected to an external magnetic field. The signals generated through these magnetic resonance methods are analyzed to provide information about the electronic and geometric structure near the paramagnetic centers.This article provides a general overview of the theory and common experimental methods of pulsed EPR including electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM), double electron–electron resonance (DEER), and hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy (HYSCORE). Electron–nuclear and electron–electron interactions are discussed in detail, as well as how measurement of these interactions can be used to obtain structural insight for a range of important systems. Selected applications are presented to illustrate the utility of pulsed EPR methods for structure determination in real and model systems, with specific examples from materials science, astrogeology, and bioinorganic chemistry. The use of density functional theory (DFT) calculations to enhance experimental data analysis and interpretation is discussed.
1,2 and 1,3 Propanediol, Microbial Production Methods
Authors: Song Yuan‐Quan , Xu Yun‐Zhen , Liu De‐Hua 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMicrobial production of 1,2‐propanediol (1,2‐PD) and 1,3‐propanediol (1,3‐PD) is one of the fast developing processes of Bio‐Refinery, attracting the continuous attention all over the world. The following sections describe the details of the microbial production methods including the microorganisms used for production, biosynthesis routes, production capacity, culture conditions, application of metabolic engineering and downstream technology for the fermentation liguors. And the new development of microbial production is given in the article.
Anaerobes
Authors: Erickson Larry E. , Fung Daniel Y. C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMany important products are produced under anaerobic conditions. These include food products, industrial chemicals, and biofuels. Methods of cultivation and identification that can be applied to industrially important strains are presented. The bioenergetics associated with growth and product formation is described and the relationship with product yields is reviewed. Important interactions associated with mixed pure cultures and mixed natural cultures are described and illustrated with examples.
Biofuel Cells, Enzyme Catalysis of Oils
Authors: Minteer Shelley D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Biofuel cells are a type of fuel cell where biocatalysts are employed to catalyze the oxidation of fuels at the anode and/or reduction of oxygen or peroxide at the cathode. Biofuel cells are a popular research area in energy conversion, but most biofuel cells employ sugars, such as glucose, as fuels. These sugar fuels have been employed for two reasons: possible applications for implantable energy conversion devices and the prevalence of commercial enzymes for sugar oxidation due to the glucose biosensor field. However, oils are very high in energy density and could be advantageous as fuels for biofuel cells. This article explores the enzymes capable of bioelectrocatalysis of oils and describe from the literature, examples of their use in a biofuel cell.
Bryophytein vitroCultures, Secondary Products
Authors: Becker Hans 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBryophytes produce a large variety of secondary plant products that are not known from higher plants including various sesqui‐, di and triterpenes, bibenzyl‐, bisbibenzyl‐, and phenanthren derivatives. Field collection of bryophytes is difficult and often leads to only minor amounts of these tiny plants.An alternative isin vitroculture. It has been shown in many examples that these cultures produce qualitatively and quantitatively the same secondary products. The cultures may also serve for biotransformation and biosynthetic studies.Recently,in vitrocultures of the mossPhyscomitrella patenswere genetically transformed to produce therapeutically active proteins such as the human vascular endothelial growth factor, erythropoietin, and immunoglobulin.
Cell‐Surface Receptors: Structure, Activation, and Signaling
Authors: Thiel Kristina W. , Carpenter Graham 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCell‐surface receptors constitute the major route by which signals are conveyed from the extracellular to the intracellular environment of cells. This article focuses on the three major types of cell‐surface receptors: catalytic tyrosine kinase receptors, cytokine receptors, and seven‐transmembrane receptors.The structure of the extracellular portions of these receptors enables them to recognize specific signals, such as growth factors, cytokines, peptides, and hormones. Binding of these signals changes the conformation of the receptors themselves, which translates to modulation of intracellular pathways. These pathways regulate diverse cellular functions such as proliferation, survival, and apoptosis. In the case of genetic diseases, mutations have been identified in many receptors, and these mutations result in aberrant signaling. By understanding the structural and molecular reasons for the pathological phenotypes, better pharmacological agents can be generated to treat these receptor‐driven diseases.
Closed Systems in Bioprocessing
Authors: Odum Jeffery 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
One of the fundamental foundations of bioprocess system design is the use of “closed” systems for production. As a key element of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) compliance, closed systems and equipment are utilized to prevent contamination of the product. But, they are also used as a means of containment to protect workers and the facility environment from exposure to potentially dangerous compounds and carrier organisms.
D‐Aminopeptidase and AlkalineD‐Peptidase
Authors: Asano Yasuhisa , Komeda Hidenobu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNew d‐stereospecific enzymes, d‐aminopeptidase and alkaline d‐peptidase were isolated from Ochrobactrum anthropi andBacillus cereus, respectively. The d‐aminopeptidase acting on d‐amino acid amides and peptides containing d‐amino acids offers potential application in the d‐stereospecific hydrolysis of racemic amino acid amides, the dynamic kinetic resolution in the presence of a newly developed amino acid amide racemase, and the synthesis of d‐alanine N‐alkylamide and d‐alanine oligomers. The alkaline d‐peptidase is a d‐stereospecific dipeptidylendopeptidase acting on a synthetic peptides such as tetramer and trimer of d‐phenylalanine. The enzyme can also be applied for the synthesis of d‐phenylalanine oligomers with d‐phenylalanine methylester as a substrate. Primary structure determination of these two enzymes supports that they are new members of the penicillin‐recognizing enzymes, which include penicillin‐binding proteins and b‐lactamases.
L
‐
DOPA
, Microbial Production
Authors: Katayama Takane , Kumagai Hidehiko 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

3,4‐Dihydroxyphenyl‐
L
‐alanine (
L
‐DOPA) is a therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease. In the last few decades, enzymatic production of
L
‐DOPA using tyrosine phenol‐lyase (TPL) from
Erwinia herbicola
has been industrialized. This method is quite simple and efficient, but has an intrinsic problem of tyrosine contamination because TPL is synthesized under tyrosine‐induced conditions. We have elucidated the mechanism underlying tyrosine‐mediated induction of TPL, and identified TyrR as a tyrosine‐responsive positive regulator of
tpl
. We then introduced random mutations into the
tyrR
gene, and screened for an enhanced ability to activate the
tpl
promoter. Consequently, TyrR
V67A Y72C E201G
was isolated, and when the mutant tyrR gene was introduced into
E. herbicola
, the resulting strain became able to produce TPL under non‐induced conditions.
L
‐DOPA productivity of the recombinant strain was about 10‐fold higher than that of the tyrosine‐induced wild‐type cells.
Enzymes, Enolate Reductases “Old Yellow Enzyme”
Authors: Hall Mélanie , Yanto Yanto , Bommarius Andreas S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractReported enoate reductase activity is mostly displayed by enzymes belonging to the “Old Yellow Enzyme” family of flavoproteins. They have received increased interest over the last couple of years due to their huge potential in biocatalysis. These FMN‐containing enzymes catalyze the asymmetric reduction of activated C═C bonds at the expense of a nicotinamide cofactor, producing up to two chiral centers. They are also involved in other reductive processes, such as cleavage of nitrate esters, reduction of aromatic nitro groups, and even reduction of alkynes.Increasing knowledge about this family of biocatalysts together with recent advances in biotechnology render the enoate reductases a tool of choice for industrial applications, as catalyzed reactions are usually chemo‐, regio‐ and stereo‐selective, and the enzymes most importantly display a wide substrate spectrum. With enzymatic reactions and mechanisms being generally clearly understood, the efficient production of a number of enantiopure compounds via recycling of the cofactor is now feasible.
Foam Formation and Control in Bioreactors
Authors: Delvigne Frank , Lecomte Jean‐paul 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe generation of foam during the course of a bioprocess remains a major technological challenge to be resolved and needs further investigation. The foaming tendency of the cultivation media used in bioreactors induces various direct,that is microbial cells stripping and contamination, as well as indirect adverse effects, that is modification of the properties of the medium subsequent to the addition of chemical antifoam leading to toxic effects at the level of the microbial metabolism and fouling of the downstream processing equipment. In this work, the mechanisms leading to foam formation are described at the molecular level (adsorption ofsurface‐activemolecule at the gas–liquid interface), and also at the process level. In view of the potential foam‐associated problems, special attention is given to the level of the compatibility of the intensification of the gas–liquid operation in bioreactors. Due to these considerations, both the chemical and mechanical antifoam techniques have been evolved. Numerous new antifoam formulations and original combinations of chemical antifoams have been especially designed in order to meet the specific requirements of bioprocesses. Original mechanical techniques to prevent foam formation in bioreactors have been elaborated from combined knowledge involving the fluid dynamics of gas–liquid dispersion and interfacial processes (e.g. the “stirring as foam disruption” concept).
Gas Holdup in Bioreactors
Authors: Sieblist Christian , Lübbert Andreas 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMost industrial cultivation processes are operated as aerobic submerged cultures, where the oxygen is supplied by sparging air into the liquid medium. The volume fraction of the dispersed gas phase is referred to as the gas hold‐up. It is of considerable practical importance as it determines the maximal volume of culture broth that can be operated in a given bioreactor. Moreover, it influences the mass transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide as it determines the cross sectional area for their transport. Additionally, the mixing performance of the usually employed stirred tank reactor is affected since the power introduced into the culture at a fixed stirrer speed usually drops with the gas holdup. Here, the relationships between the various influence variables that can be used to estimate the gas hold‐up are described.
Insect Cells and Larvae, Gene Expression Systems
Authors: Narang Someet , Whiteley Erik M. , Hussain Sunyia , Betenbaugh Michael J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe use of the insect cell‐baculovirus system has grown significantly over the past three decades. The present chapter elucidates the fundamentals, scientific developments, technologies, and hurdles encountered in this field. The common types of insects and insect lines used as well as their specific features and culture conditions are described. Additionally, the types of baculoviruses used and the methods for generating them are also revealed. Particular emphasis has been given to describing the construction of recombinant baculoviruses that are used in production of heterologous proteins with insect cells. A major advantage in using insect cells is their ability to perform many post‐translational processing events on these proteins including glycosylation. The types of insect cell glycosylation and the differences in glycosylation patterns between insect and mammalian systems are detailed. The parameters that affect insect cell growth and baculovirus infection including bioreactor configuration, process monitoring and control, oxygen supply, sparging, and media formulations are described. In particular, cell culture processing methods including batch, fed‐batch, perfusion, and semi‐batch processes are illustrated. Additional factors affecting baculovirus infection including multiplicity, time of infection, and the generation of mutant viruses are also considered. A final section is devoted to the use of insect larvae in combination with baculovirus as a potentially alternative to cell culture for the low‐cost generation of baculoviruses and heterologous proteins. With all the advances in molecular biology and engineering processes for the baculovirus‐insect cell system, insect cell culture and its application to recombinant protein production, vaccines, pesticides, and other areas will continue to expand in the coming decades.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Atrens Andrej , Winzer Nicholas , Dietzel Wolfgang 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn overview is provided of Mg SCC. Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) is typically caused by a continuous second phase along grain boundaries. The second phase causes microgalvanic corrosion of the adjacent Mg matrix. IGSCC is expected for all creep resistant Mg alloys in contact with water whenever creep resistance is produced by a continuous second phase along the grain boundaries. IGSCC can be avoided by appropriate Mg alloy design. Transganular SCC (TGSCC) is caused by an interaction of hydrogen (H) with the microstructure so a detailed study of H‐trap interactions is needed in order to design alloys resistant to TGSCC. This understanding is urgently needed because Mg alloys are being increasingly used in load bearing applications; many common Mg alloys have a threshold stress for SCC of half the yield stress in common environments including high‐purity water.
Metal‐Free Alkyne Polyhydrothiolation: Synthesis of Functional Poly(vinylenesulfide)s with High Stereoregularity by Regioselective Thioclick Polymerization
Authors: Jim Cathy K. W. , Qin Anjun , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Mahtab Faisal , Yu Yong , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA new synthetic route to sulfur‐rich polymers has been developed. The alkyne polyhydrothiolations of 4,4′‐thiodibenzenethiol (1) and arylene dipropiolates (2–5) mediated by amines proceed at room temperature in a regioselective fashion, furnishing sole anti‐Markovnikov products of poly(vinylenesulfide)s (P1/2–P1/5) with high molecular weights (Mw up to 32 300) and high stereoregularities (Z content up to 81.4%) in high yields (up to 98.2%). Polymers P1/2–P1/4 are soluble in common organic solvents. They are optically transparent, allowing almost all visible and IR light to transmit through. Thanks to the high sulfur contents of the polymers, their films show high refractive indices (n = 1.73–1.70) in the wavelength region of 500–1700 nm as well as high Abbé numbers (νD' up to 539) and low optical dispersions (D' down to 0.002) at wavelengths important for telecommunications. Their refractivities can be further enhanced (n up to 2.06) by metal complexation and their films can be crosslinked by UV irradiation, which enables ready fabrication of fluorescent photopatterns.
Helically π‐Stacked Conjugated Polymers Bearing Photoresponsive and Chiral Moieties in Side Chains: Reversible Photoisomerization‐Enforced Switching Between Emission and Quenching of Circularly Polarized Fluorescence
Authors: Hayasaka Hiroyuki , Miyashita Tatsuaki , Tamura Kazuya , Akagi Kazuo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNovel multifunctional conjugated polymers, [poly(p‐phenylene)s and poly(bithienylene‐phenylene)s with (R)‐ and (S)‐configurations], which have fluorescence, chirality, and photoresponsive properties, have been designed and synthesized. The polymers are composed of π‐conjugated main chains, where poly(p‐phenylene) and poly(bithienylene‐phenylene) are fluorescence moieties, and the side chains of the photochromic dithienylethene moiety are linked with chiral alkyl groups. The polymer films exhibit right‐ or left‐handed circularly polarized fluorescence (CPF) and also show reversible quenching and emitting behaviors as a result of photochemical isomerization of the dithienylethene moiety upon irradiation with ultraviolet and visible light. This is the first report realizing the reversible switching of CPF using chirality and photoresponsive properties.
Biotemplated Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticle–Bacteria Cellulose Nanofiber Nanocomposites and Their Application in Biosensing
Authors: Zhang Taiji , Wang Wei , Zhang Dayong , Zhang Xinxiang , Ma Yurong , Zhou Yinglin , Qi Limin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBacteria cellulose (BC) nanofibers are used as robust biotemplates for the facile fabrication of novel gold nanoparticle (NP)–bacteria cellulose nanofiber (Au–BC) nanocomposites via a one‐step method. The BC nanofibers are uniformly coated with Au NPs in aqueous suspension using poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) as the reducing and linking agent. With the addition of different halides, Au–BC nanocomposites with different Au shell thicknesses are formed, and a possible formation mechanism is proposed by taking into account the special role played by PEI. A novel H2O2 biosensor is constructed using the obtained Au–BC nanocomposites as excellent support for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immobilization, which allows the detection of H2O2 with a detection limit lower than 1 µM. The Au–BC nanocomposites could be further used for the immobilization of many other enzymes, and thus, may find potential applications in bioelectroanalysis and bioelectrocatalysis.
Oxygen‐Terminated Nanocrystalline Diamond Film as an Efficient Anode in Photovoltaics
Authors: Lim Candy Haley Yi Xuan , Zhong Yu Lin , Janssens Stoffel , Nesladek Milos , Loh Kian Ping 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe potential of using p‐doped nanocrystalline diamond as the anode for organic solar cells, because of its outstanding photostability and well‐matched energetics with organic dyes, is demonstrated. The interface dipole and open‐circuit potential can be tuned by varying the surface termination on diamond. Oxygenated nanocrystalline diamond (O‐NCD) exhibits the best photocurrent conversion among all the surface‐treated electrodes studied in this work because of its large open‐circuit potential. The good energy alignment of the valence band of O‐NCD with the HOMO of poly(3‐hexylthiophene), as well as its p‐doped characteristics, suggest that O‐NCD can replace the hole transport layer, such as PEDOT:PSS, needed for efficient performance on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. If the sheet resistance and optical transparency on NCD can be further optimized, chemical‐vapor‐deposited diamond electrodes may offer a viable alternative to ITO and fluorinated tin oxide (FTO).
Standardized discharge orders after stroke: Results of the quality improvement in stroke prevention (QUISP) cluster randomized trial
Authors: Johnston S. Claiborne , Sidney Stephen , Hills Nancy K. , Grosvenor David , Klingman Jeffrey G. , Bernstein Allan , Levin Eleanor 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveProven strategies to reduce risk of stroke recurrence are under‐utilized. We sought to evaluate the impact of standardized stroke discharge orders on treatment practices in a cluster‐randomized trial.MethodsThe Quality Improvement in Stroke Prevention (QUISP) trial randomized 12 hospitals to continue usual care or to receive assistance in the development and implementation of standardized stroke discharge orders. All patients with ischemic stroke were identified during a 12‐month period prior to implementation and for 12 months afterward, and were followed for 6 months after discharge. The primary outcome was optimal treatment at 6 months, defined as taking a statin, having blood pressure <140/90mmHg, and receiving anticoagulation if atrial fibrillation was diagnosed. The primary analysis treated the hospital as the unit of analysis, comparing optimal treatment rates—adjusted for race, age, dementia, atrial fibrillation, and history of bleeding—between intervention and non‐intervention hospitals using a paired t test.ResultsIn the primary analysis with hospital as the unit of analysis, the odds of optimal treatment was not significantly increased at intervention compared to non‐intervention hospitals (odds ratio, 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.71–2.76; p = 0.27). However, in analyses conducted at the level of the individual patients (N = 3,361), rates of optimal treatment increased from 37% to 45% in the intervention hospitals (p = 0.001) and did not change significantly in the non‐intervention hospitals (39% to 40%; p = 0.27).InterpretationImplementation of standardized discharge orders after stroke was associated with increased rates of optimal secondary prevention; this improvement was not significant in the primary analysis at the hospital level. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:579–589
Disrupted SOX10 regulation of GJC2 transcription causes Pelizaeus‐Merzbacher‐like disease
Authors: Osaka Hitoshi , Hamanoue Haruka , Yamamoto Ryoko , Nezu Atsuo , Sasaki Megumi , Saitsu Hirotomo , Kurosawa Kenji , Shimbo Hiroko , Matsumoto Naomichi , Inoue Ken 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMutations in the gap junction protein gamma‐2 gene, GJC2, cause a central hypomyelinating disorder; Pelizaeus‐Merzbacher‐like disease (PMLD; MIM311601). Using a homozygosity mapping and positional candidate gene approach, we identified a homozygous mutation (c.‐167A>G) within the GJC2 promoter at a potent SOX10 binding site in a patient with mild PMLD. Functionally, this mutation completely abolished the SOX10 binding and attenuated GJC2 promoter activity. These findings suggest not only that the SOX10‐to‐GJC2 transcriptional dysregulation is a cause of PMLD, but also that GJC2 may be in part responsible for the central hypomyelination caused by SOX10 mutations. ANN NEUROL 2010;68:250–254