bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GIS‐Based Solute Transport Modeling Applications: Scale Effects of Soil and Climate Data Input
Authors: Wilson John P. , Inskeep William P. , Wraith Jon M. , Snyder Robert D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Weather Generator (WGEN) and Chemical Movement through Layered Soils (CMLS) computer models were modified and combined with two sets of soil and climate inputs to evaluate the impact of input data map resolution on model predictions. The basic soil and climate inputs required by WGEN and CMLS were acquired from either: (i) the USDA‐NRCS State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO) database; (ii) the USDA‐NRCS (County) Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database; (iii) the Montana Agricultural Potential System (MAPS) database (which divides Montana into approximately 18 000 twenty square kilometer cells and stores more than 200 different land and climate characteristics for each of these cells); and (iv) a series of fine‐scale monthly climate surfaces developed by the authors (0.55 km2 cell size) using thin‐plate splines, published climate station records, and USGS Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). Fifteen years of daily precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET) values were generated and combined with soil and pesticide inputs in CMLS to estimate the depth of picloram (4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinecarboxylic acid) movement at the end of the growing season for every unique combination (polygon) of soil and climate in a 320 km2 area in Teton County, Montana. Results indicate that: (i) the mean depths of picloram movement predicted for the study area with the SSURGO (county) soils and MAPS (coarse‐scale) climate information and the two model runs using the fine‐scale climate data were significantly different from the values predicted with the STATSGO (state) soils and MAPS climate data (based on a new variable containing the differences between the depths of leaching predicted with the different input data by soil/climate map unit and testing whether the mean difference was significantly different from zero at the 0.01 significance level); and (ii) CMLS identified numerous (small) areas where the mean center of the picloram solute front was likely to leach beyond the root zone when the county soils information was used. This last measure may help to identify areas where potential chemical applications are likely to contaminate groundwaters.
Physiological Responses of Two Soybean Cultivars to Cadmium
Authors: Marchiol L. , Leita L. , Martin M. , Peressotti A. , Zerbi G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnthropogenic activities are increasing cadmium (Cd) concentrations in agricultural soils. Cadmium can be absorbed by plant roots and modify the physiology of the plant. Carbon exchange rate (CER) and leaf conductance to water vapor (gs) were measured on the fifth leaf of two soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) cultivars (Illini insensitive and Richland sensitive) for 6 consecutive days; Cd(NO3)2 was added to the hydroponic solution to achieve a final concentration of 50 µmol. At the end of the experiment, stomata length and width, mesophyll limitation to photosynthesis, root hydraulic conductance, relative water content (RWC), and Cd concentration in leaves, stems, and roots were measured on treated and control plants. Cadmium progressively reduced CER and gs to about 50% after 6 d of treatment. This was more evident in Richland than in Illini and was not linked with leaf RWC and mesophyll limitation to photosynthesis. After 6 d, the apparent root hydraulic water conductivity was 67% lower in the Cd‐treated plants than in controls. The primary mechanism affected by Cd‐induced stress in soybean is root water uptake, and this reduction is consistent with the decrease in stomatal opening and conductance, and therefore, in photosynthesis.
An Enclosure Technique for Measuring Nonmethane Organic Compound Emissions from Grasslands
Authors: Fukui Yoshiko , Doskey Paul V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA static chamber technique for measuring emissions of nonmethane organic compounds (NMOCs) from soil surfaces and herbaceous vegetation in a natural setting has been developed. The technique involves the insertion of a polymethyl methacrylate frame into the ground. A polycarbonate chamber is placed in a water‐containing trough on the frame to seal the chamber to the surface. The soil surface and vegetation are covered for various lengths of time, and samples of the chamber air are passively collected in preevacuated stainless steel canisters. The samples are analyzed in the laboratory by a whole‐air cryogenic‐preconcentration/high‐resolution gas chromatographic technique with flame ionization detection. Changes in the concentrations of the NMOCs with time in the chamber are used to derive emission rates. The technique is sensitive and precise, but the occasional observation of nonlinear changes in NMOC concentrations in the chamber with the length of the covering period limits the accuracy of emission rates derived by this technique. Despite this limitation, the method is effective for identifying NMOC emissions and investigating seasonal variations of emission rates.
Effect of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Open‐top Chambers on Transpiration in a Tallgrass Prairie
Authors: Bremer Dale J. , Ham Jay M. , Owensby Clenton E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncreasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) may influence plant‐water relations in natural and agricultural ecosystems. A tallgrass prairie near Manhattan, KS, was exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 using open‐top chambers (OTCs). Heat balance sap flow gauges were used to measure transpiration in ironweed [Vernonia baldwini var. interior (Small) Schub.], a C3 forb, and on individual grass culms of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash], both C4 grasses, in each of three treatments: (i) CE (chamber enriched, 2× ambient CO2); (ii) CA (chamber ambient, no CO2 enrichment); and (iii) NC (no chamber, no CO2 enrichment). Sap flow data were coupled with measurements of stomatal conductance, plant/canopy resistance, and whole‐chamber evapotranspiration (ET) to determine the effect of elevated CO2 on water use at different scales. Because of frequent rainfall during the study, all data were collected under well‐watered conditions. Comparisons of CE and CA showed that sap flow was reduced by 33% in ironweed, 18% in big bluestem, and 22% in indiangrass under CO2 enrichment. Whole‐chamber ET was reduced by 23 to 27% under CO2 enrichment. Comparisons of CA and NC showed that the environmental effect of the OTCs caused a 21 to 24% reduction in transpiration. Stomatal conductance decreased from 7.9 to 3.6 mm s−1 in big bluestem and from 5.3 to 3.2 mm s−1 in indiangrass under CO2 enrichment. Soil water was consistently highest under elevated CO2, reflecting the large reductions in transpiration. During sap flow measurements, whole‐plant stomatal resistance to water vapor flux in big bluestem increased from 103 to 194 s m−1 under elevated CO2.
Acidification of Agricultural Evaporation Ponds: Effects on Trace Element Chemistry in Sediment‐Water Core Microcosms
Authors: Herbel Mitchell J. , Tanji Kenneth K. , Dahlgren Randy A. , Gao Suduan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAccumulation of potentially toxic trace elements in agricultural evaporation ponds in California's San Joaquin Valley poses a hazard to wildlife. Some evaporation pond cells have evapoconcentrated Se resulting in reduced reproduction and deformity of waterbirds. One option to reduce toxicity hazards to waterbirds is to break the aquatic food chain by acidification of pond waters. Effects of pond water acidification on trace element chemistry and chlorophyll‐a concentrations in sediment‐pond water cores from three representative pond facilities were studied using pH stat experiments. Three acid treatments were investigated during the 4‐mo experiment: HS4, HS5, and FS4, the latter oxidizing ferrous iron (FeII) to ferric iron (FeIII) which released protons. Changes in trace element speciation due to acidification were examined using a revised version of SOLMINEQ.88. FS4 treatments were the most effective in terms of requiring the smallest number of additions to maintain the pH and reducing aqueous concentrations of many trace elements. Arsenic, Mo, and Se concentrations significantly decreased in the water column for FS4 treatments. Iron and Mn concentrations increased for all treatments, and Al, B, Cu, and Zn concentrations either were relatively static or were too low in concentration to discern any effect. Chlorophyll‐a concentrations (an index of pond water productivity) showed decreases for all treatments in Pond 1, but were variable in Ponds 2 and 3. An economic analysis indicated a high cost for the initial acidification, which may inhibit implementation of acidification as a method to reduce contaminant hazards to wildlife.
Extractable Potassium and Soluble Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, and Potassium in Two Whey‐Treated Calcareous Soils
Authors: Robbins C. W. , Hansen C. L. , Roginske M. F. , Sorensen D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCheese whey contains 1.0 to 1.4 g K kg−1 and 5.0 to 10.0 g total salts kg−1 (electrical conductivity [EC] of 7 to 15 dS m−1) and has a pH of 3.3 to 4.6. Much of the 38 × 109 L of whey produced in the USA each year is applied to soils. Whey application effect on the K and salinity status of irrigated calcareous soils has not been documented. Objectives of this study were to measure soil pH, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), saturation paste extract (ECe), and extractable Ca, Mg, Na, and K changes due to whey application to irrigated calcareous soils at different whey rates and different times of the year. Whey was applied to two calcareous Portneuf silt loam (coarse‐silty, mixed, mesic, Durixerollic Calciorthids) soils and a calcareous Nibley silty clay loam (fine, mixes, mesic Aquic Argiustolls) soil at rates up to 2200 m3 ha−1. These treatments added up to 1050 kg Ca, 200 kg Mg, 790 kg Na, and 2200 kg K ha−1 during winter‐time, growing season, or year‐round whey application. Soil bicarbonate‐extractable K increased to more than 500 mg K kg−1 in the surface 0.3 m at the highest whey rates and may induce grass tetany in livestock grazed on high whey‐treated pastures. Soil K did not increase below 0.6 m in any treatment. Soil pH and SAR were not affected sufficiently to be of concern under these conditions. The ECe increased to nearly 2.0 dS m−1 in the surface 0.3 m under the highest whey rates and would likely affect salt‐sensitive crop yields. After a 1‐yr whey application rest period under irrigated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), the ECe levels returned to background levels.
Plant Species for Revegetation of a Saline Flue Gas Desulfurization Sludge Pond
Authors: Salo L. F. , Artiola J. F. , Goodrich‐Mahoney J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCodisposing saline wastewater from electrical generating stations with flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubber sludge simplifies waste disposal but produces a saline waste that will later require revegetation. This waste is low in macronutrients, contains high levels of salts and B, and has a fine texture. This study identified plants, based on germination test results, that show promise for sowing at an evaporation pond in eastern Arizona where scrubber sludge and wastewater are codisposed. Forty‐four grass, forb, and shrub accessions germinated on filter paper in saline water from the disposal pond. Dilutions of disposal pond water with untreated well water from the site ranged in EC from 0.17 to 3.03 S m−1. Our criteria for evaluating plants to be used in revegetating saline FGD sludge were: (i) ability to germinate in increasing levels of disposal pond water and (ii) ease of establishment from seed. The percentage of pond water that would reduce germination to 50% that of well‐water controls (P50) ranged as high as >100 for the most tolerant plants. Accessions that show promise for sowing at these types of saline waste disposal sites include: Elytrigia pontica ‘Jose’ and ‘Largo’, Atriplex gardneri, Puccinellia airoides, P. distans ‘Fults’, Festuca arundinacea ‘Alta’ and ‘Fawn’, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Kochia prostrata ‘Immigrant’, Panicum virgatum ‘Nebraska 28’, Sporobolus airoides ‘Saltalk’, Leymus angustus ‘Praireland’ and Elymus trachycaulus ‘Pryor’.
Effect of Soil Properties and Surfactant on Primisulfuron Sorption
Authors: Werkheiser Wendy O. , Anderson Sharon J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil properties affect the environmental fate of herbicides. Little is known about how soil organic matter and pH affect sorption and fate of the sulfonylurea primisulfuron (2‐[3‐(4,6‐bis(difluoromethoxy)‐pyrimidin‐2‐yl]‐benzoic acid methyl ester). Primisulfuron sorption and desorption by six soils with different organic carbon (OC), iron oxide, and clay contents were investigated using batch reaction at controlled pH. Sorption was measured at a soil/solution ratio of 1:2 with 0.01 M CaCl2 as a background electrolyte. Sorption and desorption isotherms were linear. When pH was adjusted to values between 4 and 6.5, sorption coefficients decreased with increasing pH. At pH 4.5, sorption coefficients increased with increasing OC and ranged from 0.6 for a soil with 0.2% OC to 15.5 for a soil with 48% OC. Surfactant (Triton X‐77, 0.25%, v v−1) caused primisulfuron sorption to increase in a low OC soil but caused decreased sorption in a soil with 1.7% OC. Sorption coefficients were correlated with dithionite‐extractable iron in soils with <1% OC, but not in soils with greater OC. Desorption coefficients at native soil pH were up to five times greater than were sorption coefficients; about 50% of sorbed primisulfuron did not desorb during a single 24‐h batch desorption reaction. Primisulfuron is most likely to leach in soils with high pH or low organic matter contents.
DDT Persistence and Volatility as Affected by Management Practices after 23 Years
Authors: Spencer W. F. , Singh G. , Taylor C. D. , LeMert R. A. , Cliath M. M. , Farmer W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn 1971, an experiment was conducted in a field containing high amounts of residual DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) to evaluate deep plowing, followed by flooding, with and without organic matter applications, as soil and water management tools to reduce total DDT residues and preferentially degrade the residual DDT to DDD [1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis (p‐chlorophenyl) ethane]. The experimental site was revisited in 1994 to determine residual soil concentrations of DDT isomers and their metabolites in soil, soil dust, and the atmosphere. Also, volatilization flux measurements were made to evaluate rates of movement into the atmosphere. Soil concentrations of all DDT isomers and metabolites had decreased in all plots, with p,p′‐DDE[1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis (p‐chlorophenyl) ethylene] the major component of the total remaining residues (DDTR). The total DDTR residues in the surface 75 cm varied from 10 to 28% of their amounts in 1971. The highest concentrations were found in the deep plowed, unflooded plots with DDTR decreasing from 4 mg kg−1 at 0 to15 cm to 0.3 mg kg−1 at 60 to 75 cm. Deep plowing evidently increased DDT persistence by placing it deeper into the soil profile, which protected it from degradation and volatilization. Concentrations of all isomers were lower in the previously flooded plots. Degrading DDT under reducing conditions brought about by flooding lessened or prevented the formation of DDE in the soil thus ultimately reducing its redistribution into the environment. Significant concentrations of both o,p′ and p,p′‐DDE and DDT were detected in the atmosphere above the plots. Measurable volatilization fluxes were observed over 48‐h periods in February and September. Irrigating the soil with 20 mm water dramatically increased the volatilization flux of all the DDT isomers and metabolites, particularly p,p′‐DDE. The finding that DDT isomers continue to volatilize from the soil surface has implications for long‐range transport of DDT and contaminating forage or foodstuff. The possible health implications from exposure to humans or animals through the air route is unknown.
Modification of Snowmelt Chemistry by Forest Floor and Mineral Soil, Northern Michigan
Authors: Stottlemyer Robert , Toczydlowski David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrecipitation, snowpack, snowmelt, forest floor percolate, soil water, and streamwater chemistry were studied throughout winter for 7 yr in a small (176 ha) Northern Michigan watershed vegetated by northern hardwoods. The objective was to see how precipitation and snowmelt chemistry is modified before it reaches the stream. Intermittent snowmelt occurred throughout winter, and 65 to 78% of total snowpack loss of H+, NH+4, NO−3, and SO2−4 occurred before peak snowpack and snowmelt. From 70 to 95% of snowmelt H+, NH6+4, and NO−3 was retained in the forest floor and shallow mineral soil by exchange, adsorption, or biological uptake. Snowmelt SO2−4 concentration was enriched in forest floor percolate and shallow soil water probably by organic mineralization, low adsorption, and perhaps desorption. The significant relationship between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and SO2−4 concentration in forest floor percolate and shallow soil water indicates organics may contribute to reduced SO2−4 adsorption. Sulfate and organic anions were major contributors to base cation (CB) flux in the forest floor while SO2−4 was related to CB flux in shallow soils. A decline in mineral soil and streamwater DOC concentration and increase in streamwater HCO−3 relative to concentrations in forest floor percolate suggests the relative importance of organic decomposition decreased and soil mineral weathering increased with soil depth. High streamwater Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO−3 concentrations indicated that soil mineral weathering was a major process altering snowmelt chemistry at the watershed level.
Adsorption of Mercury(II) by Soil: Effects of pH, Chloride, and Organic Matter
Authors: Yin Yujun , Allen Herbert E. , Li Yimin , Huang C. P. , Sanders Paul F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffects of pH, Cl−, and organic matter on Hg(II) adsorption from 10−7 M solution by 15 New Jersey soils were examined to understand the factors responsible for Hg partitioning to soils under different environmental conditions. Maximum adsorption ranged from 86 to 98% of added Hg and occurred at pH 3 to 5. Further increasing the pH significantly decreased adsorption of the added Hg, for example, from 89 ± 8% at pH 4.0 to 39 ± 11% at pH 8.5. An important factor was the complexation of Hg by dissolved organic matter whose concentration increased with increasing pH. When organic matter was removed from the soil samples, adsorption decreased under acidic conditions, but increased under alkaline conditions. The effect of Cl− on Hg(II) adsorption by soil depended on both pH and the soil organic matter content. At circumneutral and higher pH, addition of Cl− did not affect adsorption by any soil. The standard deviation of Hg adsorption for all soils was <4% for Cl− concentrations from about 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−2 M. At about pH 3, the effect of Cl− on Hg(II) adsorption by soil depended on the soil organic matter content. When the Cl− concentration increased from about 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−2 M, adsorption by the lowest organic matter soil (1.2 g C kg−1) decreased from 93 to 40%, whereas the measured adsorption by the largest organic matter soil (49.9 g C kg−1) decreased only from 95 to 91%.
Trace Element Concentrations of Selected Soils and Fertilizers in Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Mermut A. R. , Jain J. C. , Song Li , Kerrich R. , Kozak L. , Jana S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLimited information is available on the trace element contents of soils and crops in Saskatchewan. Trace elements, to a large extent, are derived from soil parent materials and partially from anthropogenic activities, such as agricultural application of fertilizers. The objective of this study was to establish levels of trace element concentrations of the surface horizons and parent materials of selected soils, fertilizers, and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) having the capacity to determine 60 elements simultaneously at very low detection levels was used. Trace elements for this work are among the most frequently reported in the recent literature. We found a positive relationship between the total contents of trace elements and percent of clays in the soils, except Se. This suggests that the major part of the elements studied are associated with the clay minerals in soils. In two Regina heavy clay soils, total Cu, Zn, Se, and Pb were higher in the surface soil than the subsoil, but this increase was statistically not significant. All the elements, except Zn, Cd, and Pb, were depleted in soils that have lower clay content in the surface horizon than the parent material. Soils having similar clay contents in the surface horizon and subsoil, total V, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, Sn, Sb, Tl, and Pb concentrations were higher in the surface horizon, relative to parent material. Only Zn and Cd increases were significant. Enrichment of elements in the surface horizons was, in part, attributed to anthropogenic additions. Experiments with EDTA and DTPA extraction techniques showed that almost half of Co, As and Cd, and other elements in fertilizers were between 4 and 50% in somewhat available form for plants indicating their potential for soil pollution.
Effect of Calcium and Dibasic Acids on Selected Strains of Neutrophilic Sulfur‐Oxidizing Bacteria
Authors: Miller Kathleen W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring inhibited flue gas desulfurization (FGD), thiosulfate is added to the limestone sorbent slurry in order to inhibit oxidation of CaSO3, the product of SO2 capture. Since bio‐oxidation of reduced sulfur produces H2SO4, stabilization of dissolved sulfur prior to environmental release is desirable. Three neutrophilic autotrophic strains of sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria, Thiobacillus neapolitanus ATCC 23641, ATCC 23639, and the strain TQ were tested for the ability to oxidize thiosulfate in the supernatant of a spent slurry from an inhibited FGD process that employs dibasic acids (DBA). Strain TQ, an unidentified isolate from a slurry pond, lowered [S2O2−3] from 540 mg L−1 to <25 mg L−1 within 50 h, while ATCC 23641 and ATCC 23639 were inactive during this time. Experiments using defined media showed for all strains that adipic or glutaric acid at 200 mg L−1 or [Ca2+] up to 10 g L−1 failed to prevent thiosulfate oxidation; however, the combined effect of adipic acid along with ≥ 1.5 g L−1 [Ca2+] or glutaric acid along with ≥10 g L−1 [Ca2+] prevented thiosulfate oxidation by ATCC 23639. Similarly, adipic or glutaric acid along with ≥5 g L−1 [Ca2+] prevented thiosulfate oxidation by ATCC 23641. Magnesium concentrations ≤2.5 g L−1 had little or no ameliorating effect. In contrast, neither dibasic acid along with the highest [Ca2+] tested, 10 g L−1, affected thiosulfate oxidation by strain TQ. Greater resistance to the combined effect of Ca2+ and dibasic acids probably contributes to the ability of strain TQ to oxidize thiosulfate in the slurry supernatant.
Monitoring Fluoride with Honey Bees in the Upper Snake River Plain of Idaho
Authors: Bromenshenk Jerry J. , Cronn Richard C. , Nugent John J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBased on residue concentrations in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), we mapped the spatial distribution of fluoride across much of the upper Snake River Plain in southeastern Idaho. Our results suggest that facilities at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) intermittently release this chemical. These emissions affect localized areas on the INEL and probably contribute little fluoride to the surrounding region. Phosphate ore processing near Pocatello, ID, is a recurrent fluoride source and influences a wide area, possibly even the INEL. These results are reviewed with respect to anthropogenic and natural sources of fluoride. We also compare bee fluoride concentrations to those reported for lichens, vegetation, and soils in southern Idaho.