bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of intestinal parasitic infection in newly arrived and resident workers in Qatar
Authors: Abu-Madi Marawan A , Behnke Jerzy M , Ismail Ahmed , Al-Olaqi Nada , Al-Zaher Kefah , El-Ibrahim Roda 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background
The rapid growth of Qatar in the last two decades has been associated with an enormous expansion of building programs in its cities and in the provision of new service industries. This in turn has attracted a large influx of immigrant workers seeking employment in jobs associated with food handling, domestic service and the building industry. Many of these immigrants come from countries in the tropics and subtropics where intestinal parasitic infections are common.

Methods
We analyzed intestinal parasitic infections recorded in 2008 among immigrant and long-term resident workers in Doha city, Qatar (n = 1538). Stool examinations were carried out at the Hamad Medical Corporation and at the Medical Commission in Doha using standard procedures.

Results
Overall, 21.5% of subjects were infected with at least one of the species recorded (8 helminth and 4 protozoan species; the highest prevalence was for hookworms = 8.3%) and there were strong regional effects on prevalence of helminths, with subjects from North East Africa and Nepal showing particularly high prevalence. Most helminths declined in prevalence in subjects that acquired residency status in Qatar, especially among female subjects, but there was a marked exception among male Nepalese workers, who continued to harbour helminth infections (notably hookworms) after they became residents. Contrary to all other regional groups the prevalence of Giardia duodenalis was higher among Nepalese residents compared with new arrivals, while Blastocystis hominis infections were more common among residents of all regions, and especially among North East Africans.

Conclusions
Our analysis has identified male Nepalese workers as a particular risk group continuing to harbour hookworm infection and G. duodenalis as residents, and subjects from North East Africa are as particularly likely to acquire B. hominis infection after settling in the country. These conclusions have important implications for the health authorities in Qatar.
A novel inhibitor of fatty acid synthase shows activity against HER2+ breast cancer xenografts and is active in anti-HER2 drug-resistant cell lines
Authors: Puig Teresa , Aguilar Helena , Cufí Sílvia , Oliveras Glòria , Turrado Carlos , Ortega-Gutiérrez Sílvia , Benhamú Bellinda , López-Rodríguez María Luz , Urruticoechea Ander , Colomer Ramon 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Introduction
Inhibiting the enzyme Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) leads to apoptosis of breast carcinoma cells, and this is linked to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) signaling pathways in models of simultaneous expression of FASN and HER2.

Methods
In a xenograft model of breast carcinoma cells that are FASN+ and HER2+, we have characterised the anticancer activity and the toxicity profile of G28UCM, the lead compound of a novel family of synthetic FASN inhibitors. In vitro, we analysed the cellular and molecular interactions of combining G28UCM with anti-HER drugs. Finally, we tested the cytotoxic ability of G28UCM on breast cancer cells resistant to trastuzumab or lapatinib, that we developed in our laboratory.

Results
In vivo, G28UCM reduced the size of 5 out of 14 established xenografts. In the responding tumours, we observed inhibition of FASN activity, cleavage of poly-ADPribose polymerase (PARP) and a decrease of p-HER2, p- protein kinase B (AKT) and p-ERK1/2, which were not observed in the nonresponding tumours. In the G28UCM-treated animals, no significant toxicities occurred, and weight loss was not observed. In vitro, G28UCM showed marked synergistic interactions with trastuzumab, lapatinib, erlotinib or gefitinib (but not with cetuximab), which correlated with increases in apoptosis and with decreases in the activation of HER2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and AKT. In trastuzumab-resistant and in lapatinib-resistant breast cancer cells, in which trastuzumab and lapatinib were not effective, G28UCM retained the anticancer activity observed in the parental cells.

Conclusions
G28UCM inhibits fatty acid synthase (FASN) activity and the growth of breast carcinoma xenografts in vivo, and is active in cells with acquired resistance to anti-HER2 drugs, which make it a candidate for further pre-clinical development.
A pragmatic multi-centre randomised controlled trial of fluid loading in high-risk surgical patients undergoing major elective surgery - the FOCCUS study
Authors: Cuthbertson Brian H , Campbell Marion K , Stott Stephen A , Elders Andrew , Hernández Rodolfo , Boyers Dwayne , Norrie John , Kinsella John , Brittenden Julie , Cook Jonathan , Rae Daniela , Cotton Seonaidh C , Alcorn David , Addison Jennifer , Grant Adrian ,   the FOCCUS study group
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Introduction
Fluid strategies may impact on patient outcomes in major elective surgery. We aimed to study the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pre-operative fluid loading in high-risk surgical patients undergoing major elective surgery.

Methods
This was a pragmatic, non-blinded, multi-centre, randomised, controlled trial. We sought to recruit 128 consecutive high-risk surgical patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. The patients underwent pre-operative fluid loading with 25 ml/kg of Ringer's solution in the six hours before surgery. The control group had no pre-operative fluid loading. The primary outcome was the number of hospital days after surgery with cost-effectiveness as a secondary outcome.

Results
A total of 111 patients were recruited within the study time frame in agreement with the funder. The median pre-operative fluid loading volume was 1,875 ml (IQR 1,375 to 2,025) in the fluid group compared to 0 (IQR 0 to 0) in controls with days in hospital after surgery 12.2 (SD 11.5) days compared to 17.4 (SD 20.0) and an adjusted mean difference of 5.5 days (median 2.2 days; 95% CI -0.44 to 11.44; P = 0.07). There was a reduction in adverse events in the fluid intervention group (P = 0.048) and no increase in fluid based complications. The intervention was less costly and more effective (adjusted average cost saving: £2,047; adjusted average gain in benefit: 0.0431 quality adjusted life year (QALY)) and has a high probability of being cost-effective.

Conclusions
Pre-operative intravenous fluid loading leads to a non-significant reduction in hospital length of stay after high-risk major surgery and is likely to be cost-effective. Confirmatory work is required to determine whether these effects are reproducible, and to confirm whether this simple intervention could allow more cost-effective delivery of care.

Trial registration
Prospective Clinical Trials, ISRCTN32188676
Doctors recognized by the British honours systems: A retrospective analysis of the last decade
Authors: Islam Shofiq , Cole Jennifer L , Taylor Christopher J 
Published: December 2011

Objectives The British honours system is one of the oldest in the world rewarding individuals, including those of the medical profession. The authors were interested to see if any particular specialty was honoured to a greater extent. We aimed to establish the number of those honoured, the duration of clinical practice involved, as well as additional factors. Design A retrospective analysis of doctors receiving honours (Knight/Dame, CBE, OBE, MBE) in the last decade was performed. Setting UK-registered doctors. Participants Doctors were identified from publicly available listings. Main outcome measures Demographics of all honoured doctors, including number of years of service, specialty affiliation and the number of recipients holding professorial status were collected. Clinicians were stratified into four subgroups: General Practitioners, Physicians, Surgeons and Others. Data were analysed using parametric statistical tests. Results Four hundred and seventeen doctors were identified. Four hundred and two clinicians had a documented subspecialty affiliation. Of the 402: GPs ( n = 142), Physicians ( n = 100), Surgeons ( n = 34) and Others ( n = 126). The number of years in clinical practice from registration to conference of honours was significantly shorter for GPs when compared to hospital-based specialties ( P < 0.05). The top 10 specialties of individuals honoured are tabulated. Professors constituted 30% ( n = 131) of those honoured. These individuals were sub-divided according to specialty affiliation with a significant difference observed ( P < 0.05). Conclusions The most honoured specialty was General Practice. However, when corrected for total subspecialty population, the number one ranking specialty was Public Health Medicine. Academic clinicians are well represented. The findings may be of interest to the medical community.
Sawdust Ash Stabilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Osinubi Kolawole J. , Edeh Joseph E. , Onoja Williams O. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction generates large volume of reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) aggregates. Also, large quantities of sawdust are generated by logging industries worldwide. This paper presents results of the laboratory evaluation of the characteristics of sawdust ash (SDA) stabilized RAP with a view to determine its suitability for use as subbase and base material in flexible pavements. The RAP-SDA mixtures were subjected to British standard light (BSL) (standard Proctor) compactive effort to determine the compaction characteristics and California bearing ratio (CBR). Test results show that the properties of RAP improved with SDA treatment. The particle grading improved from 99 % coarse aggregate and 1 % fines, with AASHTO classification of A-1-a for 100 % RAP to 29–95 % coarse aggregate and 5–71 % fines, with AASHTO classification that range from A-1-a (granular materials), for the various RAP-SDA mix proportions to A-4 (silty materials) for 100 % SDA. Maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) increased with higher SDA content in the mixes. The CBR values initially decreased with higher SDA content to a minimum value of 11 % recorded for 30%RAP/70%SDA mix and thereafter increased. With the potential of time-dependent increase in strength in view, the 90%RAP/10%SDA mix that recorded a CBR value of 26 % (soaked for 24 h) can be used as subbase material in flexible pavements. This research provides an initial lead to the evaluation of SDA stabilized RAP as highway construction material, as it is based on CBR determination, a limited parameter that does not provide information concerning all important solicitations that bases and subbases are subjected to. Further work may be encouraged to assess resilient modulus of this material under cyclic load, as well as the assessment of permanent deformation of SDA stabilized RAP. Insignificant expansion and insignificant water absorption were observed.
Cell Excitability Necessary for Male Mating Behavior inCaenorhabditis elegansIs Coordinated by Interactions Between Big Current and Ether-A-Go-Go Family K+ Channels
Authors: LeBoeuf Brigitte , Garcia L Rene 
Published: December 2011

AbstractVariations in K+ channel composition allow for differences in cell excitability and, at an organismal level, provide flexibility to behavioral regulation. When the function of a K+ channel is disrupted, the remaining K+ channels might incompletely compensate, manifesting as abnormal organismal behavior. In this study, we explored how different K+ channels interact to regulate the neuromuscular circuitry used by Caenorhabditis elegans males to protract their copulatory spicules from their tail and insert them into the hermaphrodite’s vulva during mating. We determined that the big current K+ channel (BK)/SLO-1 genetically interacts with ether-a-go-go (EAG)/EGL-2 and EAG-related gene/UNC-103 K+ channels to control spicule protraction. Through rescue experiments, we show that specific slo-1 isoforms affect spicule protraction. Gene expression studies show that slo-1 and egl-2 expression can be upregulated in a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-dependent manner to compensate for the loss of unc-103 and conversely, unc-103 can partially compensate for the loss of SLO-1 function. In conclusion, an interaction between BK and EAG family K+ channels produces the muscle excitability levels that regulate the timing of spicule protraction and the success of male mating behavior.
A Case‐crossover Study of Transient Risk Factors for Occupational Traumatic Hand Injuries in Incheon, Korea
Authors: Choi Won‐Jun , Cho Sung‐Il , Han Sang‐Hwan 
Published: December 2011

A Case‐crossover Study of Transient Risk Factors for Occupational Traumatic Hand Injuries in Incheon, Korea: Won‐Jun CHOI, et al. Department of Ocean and Underwater Medicine, Maritime Medical Center, ROK Navy, Korea—ObjectivesA casecrossover study was conducted to identify transient risk factors for occupational acute hand injuries.MethodsIn total, 98 subjects were recruited from a hospital specializing in occupational accidents and trauma. Patients who had injured fingers, hands or wrists during work were interviewed within 30 days after their accidents.ResultsThe relative risks for each factor were as follows: 22.9 for unusual or malfunctioning machines (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.4–36.4), 3.3 for wearing gloves (95% CI 1.9–5.7), 5.7 for unusual tasks (95% CI 3.8–8.8), 12.1 for altered work methods (95% CI 8.4–17.6), 4.1 for rushing (95% CI 2.6–6.3), 12.9 for being distracted (95% CI 7.9–20.9), 1.2 for feeling ill (95% CI 0.4–3.6) and 1.0 for working overtime (95% CI 0.6–1.6).ConclusionThe results suggest that some transient risk factors were associated with occupational acute hand injuries. These risk factors are probably preventable, and modifying unsafe or unusual conditions is important to reduce occupational traumatic hand injuries.
Clarifying the spiritual values of forests and their role in sustainable forest management
Authors: Clark William A. 
Published: December 2011

People value forests for many reasons. Historically, market and utilitarian values predominated both in forestry practice and the academic literature. Since the 1980s, forest professionals and researchers have given greater attention to less tangible forest values, including spiritual values. In reviewing the literature and searching the web, I found there is a broad awareness, but an overall lack of denition, of the spiritual value of forests. This lack of clarity hinders incorporating spiritual values into the practice
of sustainable forest management. I attempt to clarify spiritual values as they apply to forests. Rather than viewing them as a single concept, I propose four broad categories of spiritual values as they relate to forests: intrinsic sacredness, associated sacredness (forests as the loci of significant spiritual history or culture), refection of God’s glory, and a place to experience transcendence.
The Great Achievement in Well Control of one of the Iranian Wells
Authors: Makvandi Mehran , Shahbazi Khalil , Bahmani Heaidar 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Well control is one of the crucial tasks in drilling oil or gas reservoirs. It affects the overall cost of completing a well and in some cases leads to fatalities and numerous damages to environment.
During drilling 12 1/4″ hole size at depth of 615m, well 24 of Naft shahr located in the Western part of Iran was blown out in 2010. The entire drilling rig got fire and due to extreme temperature, substructure and wellhead were buried by mast, rig floor, top drive and drawworks. The temperature at the wellhead was estimated to be almost 950°C and pressure around 900 psi. These added to the difficulty of the kill operation. Moreover, the seepage of gas in the area around the well made the operation for the personnel very difficult.
Two parallel approaches were employed to control the well. They consisted of well capping (top kill) and relief wells (bottom kill). With a close observation of the process and a precise program, the top kill technique worked out and the well was controlled after an unbelievable time period of 38 days. One of the main issues in this operation was the removal of large debris around the wellhead.
In this paper, the details of the steps taken during the 38 days including the engineering design of the both approaches, the preparation of the area, removal of the debris, employing stinger and smoke stack, and the utilization of relief well as a development well are presented.
A Comparison of Polymer Flooding With In-Depth Profile Modification
Authors: Seright R. S. , Zhang Guoyin , Akanni Olatokunbo O. , Wang Dongmei 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
For stratified reservoirs with free crossflow and where fractures do not cause severe channeling, improved sweep is often needed after water breakthrough. For moderately viscous oils, polymer flooding is an option for this type of reservoir. However, in recent years, an in-depth profile modification method had been commercialized where a block is placed in the high-permeability zone(s). This sophisticated idea requires (1) the blocking agent must have a low viscosity (ideally a unit-mobility displacement) during placement, (2) the rear of the blocking-agent bank in the high-permeability zone(s) must outrun the front of the blocking-agent bank in adjacent less-permeable zones, and (3) an effective block to flow must form at the appropriate location in the high-permeability zone(s). Achieving these objectives is challenging but has been accomplished in at least one field test. This paper asks: When is this in-depth profile modification process a superior choice over conventional polymer flooding?
Using simulation and analytical studies, we examined oil recovery efficiency for the two processes as a function of (1) permeability contrast, (2) relative zone thickness, (3) oil viscosity, (4) polymer solution viscosity, (5) polymer or blockingagent bank size, and (5) relative costs for polymer versus blocking agent. The results reveal that in-depth profile modification is most appropriate for high permeability contrasts (e.g. 10:1), high thickness ratios (e.g., less-permeable zones being 10 times thicker than high-permeability zones), and relatively low oil viscosities. Because of the high cost of the blocking agent (relative to conventional polymers), economics favor small blocking-agent bank sizes (e.g. 5% of the pore volume in the high-permeability layer). Even though short-term economics may favor in-depth profile modification, ultimate recovery may be considerably less than from a traditional polymer flood.
Worldwide Classification and Reporting Requirements for Geothermal Resources
Authors: Falcone G. , De Witt G. J. , Teodoriu C. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The increased awareness and interest in renewable resources has raised the need to standardize the reporting requirements for geothermal resources that can be applied worldwide. As no agreed standards, guidelines or codes exist, there remains too much latitude in geothermal assessment, which leads to more resource uncertainty, more investment risk and less confidence in development. Standardizing the reporting of geothermal resources is a major challenge as it is difficult to define what the target actually is: the source, the reservoir, the fluids, the stored heat, the recoverable volume, the recoverable heat, the recoverable power, or the net profit. Formulating an agreed procedure to classify geothermal resources is further complicated by changing environmental, policy and regulatory constraints around the globe.
This paper provides a detailed review of published geothermal classifications, which contrasts and compares them with reporting requirements from the petroleum and mining industries. Present day techniques of computing geothermal resources provide only ballpark estimates at best. The classification and quantification of different geothermal occurrences will differ, depending on their static thermal energy in place, recoverable thermal energy, or net transformed energy.
An integrated approach to estimate geothermal resources is suggested that would couple the modeling of volumes and flows at subsurface and surface conditions, possibly allowing the future inclusion of technological advances to exploit geothermal resources that were previously reported to be sub-commercial.
Predicting Production From the Marcellus Shale With Two-Layer Dynamic Inflow Performance Curves
Authors: Cook Joshua 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This paper discusses a modeling technique that can be used to predict the gas production from Marcellus Shale wells. The fundamental concept is to model the relationship between pressure and production over time using inflow performance relationships and volumetric calculations. The model can be adjusted to fit the production values and then used to predict production on that well or on offsetting wells based on the pressures that are expected.
The introduction of this paper provides a general description of the characteristics and production volumes that are typical of horizontal Marcellus wells.
The theory separates the reservoir into two systems; the stimulated reservoir and the matrix reservoir. From these systems inflow performance relationships, decline curves, and volumetric calculations are used to build the model. Over time, the inflow performance curves will change. With this model, an inflow performance curve can be generated at any point in the life of the well.
By creating a model for a well, a prediction can be made of the well’s production if conditions change. This could be extremely helpful in modeling pipeline and compression systems or evaluating wells under changing conditions. It can also be used to estimate potential production from curtailed wells. Over time, the model may also be used to indicate if damage or enhancements have occurred or if chemical, mechanical or stimulation treatments were effective.
The technique could easily be applied to other similarly designed wells. This could include other shale wells, CBM wells or wells in naturally fractured reservoirs.
This paper presents a theory that is a "first run" concept, based on previous work, theories, and observations. The technique presented can be expanded and refined by future researchers.