bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A radiofrequency coil to facilitate B shimming and parallel imaging acceleration in three dimensions at 7 T
Authors: Gilbert Kyle M. , Curtis Andrew T. , Gati Joseph S. , Klassen L. Martyn , Menon Ravi S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA 15‐channel transmit–receive (transceive) radiofrequency (RF) coil was developed to image the human brain at 7 T. A hybrid decoupling scheme was implemented that used both capacitive decoupling and the partial geometric overlapping of adjacent coil elements. The decoupling scheme allowed coil elements to be arrayed along all three Cartesian axes; this facilitated shimming of the transmit field, B, and parallel imaging acceleration along the longitudinal direction in addition to the standard transverse directions. Each channel was independently controlled during imaging using a 16‐channel console and a 16 × 1‐kW RF amplifier–matrix. The mean isolation between all combinations of coil elements was 18 ± 7 dB. After B shimming, the standard deviation of the transmit field uniformity was 11% in an axial plane and 32% over the entire brain superior to the mid‐cerebellum. Transmit uniformity was sufficient to acquire fast spin echo images of this region of the brain with a single B shim solution. Signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) maps showed higher SNR in the periphery vs center of the brain, and higher SNR in the occipital and temporal lobes vs the frontal lobe. Parallel imaging acceleration in a rostral–caudal oblique plane was demonstrated. The implication of the number of channels in a transmit–receive coil was discussed: it was determined that improvements in SNR and B shimming can be expected when using more than 15 independently controlled transmit–receive channels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The volunteer matrix: positioning of volunteer organizations
Authors: Haski‐Leventhal Debbie , Meijs Lucas C. P. M. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

In the fierce competition that volunteer involving organizations face nowadays over people's willingness to donate their time, marketing strategies should be used. In order to enhance the organization's recruitability (ability to recruit suitable volunteers), it is important for volunteer organizations to understand what the positioning of the organization is and the type of volunteering that is being offered. In the current article we suggest using a marketing tool to increase the ability to recruit volunteers: positioning and perceptual mapping. Our perceptual mapping – the volunteer matrix is based on two dimensions: price (different costs attached to the volunteer experience) and quality (the overall quality of the volunteering experience). Thus, the matrix includes four different positions, and we demonstrate the manners in which different volunteer organizations or roles are positioned in each. Discussed are also the possible implementations of the matrix in order to recruit suitable volunteers and retain them. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of tarsal coalition and frequency estimates from skeletal samples
Authors: Case D. T. , Burnett S. E. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTTarsal coalition is a congenital defect that results when adjacent tarsals fail to separate properly during embryonic development. Anatomically, coalitions present as non‐osseous bridges of cartilage or fibrocartilage – and occasionally as osseous bridges – between two neighboring bones. In skeletons, non‐osseous tarsal coalitions are recognizable as matching lesions between two bones at predictable locations. These coalitions are of interest because they are known to be heritable and are therefore useful for tracing genetic relatives in archaeological cemeteries, because they can be misinterpreted in skeletons as trauma or joint disease, and because they can result in associated pathology. However, despite a considerable literature on tarsal coalition, estimates of coalition frequencies disagree considerably, perhaps due to biases inherent in clinical sampling. In order to gain a better estimate of tarsal coalition frequencies in human populations, data were gathered on 342 European‐Americans from the Terry Collection (Smithsonian Institution), 536 South Africans from the Dart Collection (University of Witwatersrand, South Africa), and 756 medieval Danish skeletons (Anthropological Database, Odense University). The Danish skeletons are archaeological, with sample sizes by coalition type ranging from 366–507 individuals. Examples of eight different types of intertarsal coalition were identified among the 1634 skeletons examined. Overall frequency estimates for tarsal coalition ranged from 2.1%–3.5%. South Africans exhibited significantly higher frequencies in the midfoot, with naviculocuneiform I coalition (1.0%) the most common type. Conversely, no coalitions of the midfoot were found among the Euro‐Americans or medieval Danes. Instead, these groups exhibited calcaneonavicular coalition as the most common type in the hindfoot (2.0% and 2.1% respectively), while calcaneonavicular coalition was among the least common in the South Africans (0.2%). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between dental occlusal wear and approximal facet length
Authors: Deter C. A. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between occlusal surface wear and approximal facet length in a North American archaeological sample of modern human hunter–gatherers (n = 111) and agriculturalists (n = 123).First maxillary molars (M1) were selected. The approximal wear facet was measured on the mesial surface of each M1 at the widest breadth using needle tipped digital callipers. Digital images were taken of the occlusal surface and wear was recorded as the percentage of dentine exposed to the total occlusal surface. Independent age estimate was based on age‐related changes, (pubic symphysis and auricular surface). Results show the hunter–gatherers had a significantly faster rate of wear on both tooth surfaces compared to the agriculturalists in each of the four age groups. Both lifeway groups showed a positive correlation between the two tooth surfaces during the early stages of tooth wear (less than 25% occlusal wear), where the percentage of occlusal wear and the length of the approximal facet increased at a similar rate. During the middle and final stages of tooth wear (occlusal wear greater than 35%) there was a strong negative correlation between the two surfaces in both groups. It is suggested this pattern is due to the shape and function of the M1. Both correlations were more extreme in the hunter–gatherers than the agriculturalists. When the per cent of occlusal wear exceeded 35% the length of the approximal facet started to decrease, and it is therefore recommended studies that include approximal wear exclude molars with heavy occlusal wear. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crown‐ether and azobenzene‐containing liquid crystalline polymers: An influence of macromolecular architecture on optical properties and photo‐orientation processes
Authors: Ryabchun Alexander , Bobrovsky Alexey , Medvedev Alexey , Shibaev Valery 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA series of novel crown ether‐containing photochromic comb‐shaped liquid crystalline polyacrylates with different macromolecular structure of side groups were synthesized and investigated. Phase behavior, optical and photo‐optical properties of thin spin‐coated films of these polymers were studied. A special attention was paid to a comparative study of the photo‐orientation phenomena occurring in the polymer films under a polarized light action. It was shown that complex formation with the potassium ions results in the decrease in degree of the photoinduced order that can be used for the creation of new materials for sensor devices. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of cis‐cyanocyclooct‐4‐ene: Search for active catalysts, variation of monomer to catalyst ratios and monomer concentrations
Authors: Schneider Martin F. , Gantner Carola , Obrecht Werner , Nuyken Oskar 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cis‐cyanocyclooct‐4‐ene initiated by ruthenium‐based catalysts of the first, second, and third generation was studied. For the polymerization with the second generation Grubbs catalyst [RuCl2(CHPh)(H2IMes)(PCy3)] (H2IMes = N,N′‐bis(mesityl)‐4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐2‐ylidene), the critical monomer concentration at which polymerization occurs was determined, and variation of monomer to catalyst ratios was performed. For this catalyst, ROMP of cis‐cyanocyclooct‐4‐ene did not show the features of a living polymerization as Mn did not linearly increase with increasing monomer conversion. As a consequence of slow initiation rates and intramolecular polymer degradation, molar masses passed through a maximum during the course of the polymerization. With third generation ruthenium catalysts (which contain 3‐bromo or 2‐methylpyridine ligands), polymerization proceeded rapidly, and degradation reactions could not be observed. Contrary to ruthenium‐based catalysts of the second and third generation, a catalyst of the first generation was not able to polymerize cis‐cyanocyclooct‐4‐ene. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Noncovalent binding interactions of polyacrylamide and clay in nanocomposite hydrogels
Authors: Wu Yongtao , Xia Mengge , Fan Qingqing , Zhang Yan , Yu Hao , Zhu Meifang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe interactions between organic and inorganic components in pregel solution for polyacrylamide (PAAm)/clay nanocomposite hydrogels (NC gels) and in prepared NC gels are investigated. Besides, a kind of self‐crosslinked PAAm gels with excellent mechanical properties is fabricated in the absence of any cross‐linking agents, the hydrogen bonding interactions among PAAm chains are acted as the cross‐linking force. It is revealed that the binding interactions of PAAm and clay in NC gels are owing to the noncovalent interactions between amide groups on PAAm chains and clay platelets, which afford the cross‐linking force for NC gels network formation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Proteome analysis of biological fluids from autoimmune‐rheumatological disorders
Authors: De Franceschi Lucia , Bosello Silvia , Scambi Cinzia , Biasi Domenico , De Santis Maria , Caramaschi Paola , Peluso Giusy , La Verde Valentina , Bambara Lisa Maria , Ferraccioli Gianfranco 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAutoimmune‐rheumatological diseases are worldwide distributed disorders and represent a complex array of illnesses characterized by autoreactivity (reactivity against self‐antigens) of T‐B lymphocytes and by the synthesis of autoantibodies crucial for diagnosis (biomarkers). Yet, the effects of the autoimmune chronic inflammation on the infiltrated tissues and organs generally lead to profound tissue and organ damage with loss of function (i.e., lung, kidney, joints, exocrine glands). Although progresses have been made on the knowledge of these disorders, much still remains to be investigated on their pathogenesis and identification of new biomarkers useful in clinical practice. The rationale of using proteomics in autoimmune‐rheumatological diseases has been the unmet need to collect, from biological fluids that are easily obtainable, a summary of the final biochemical events that represent the effects of the interplay between immune cells, mesenchymal cells and endothelial cells. Proteomic analysis of these fluids shows encouraging results and in this review, we addressed four major autoimmune‐rheumatological diseases investigated through proteomic techniques and provide evidence‐based data on the highlights obtained in systemic sclerosis, primary and secondary Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Towards developing a tandem of organic solar cell and light emitting diode
Authors: Singh Jai 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIt is proposed here to design a tandem of organic solar cell (OSC) and white organic light emitting diode (WOLED) which can generate power in the day time from the sun and provide lighting at night. With the advancement of chemical technology, such device is expected to be very‐cost effective and reasonably efficient. A device thus fabricated has the potential of meeting the world's sustainable domestic and commercial power and lighting needs (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Intraband relaxation process in highly stacked quantum dots
Authors: Kojima Osamu , Mamizuka Masataka , Kita Takashi , Wada Osamu , Akahane Kouichi 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe report on the intraband relaxation properties of photoexcited carriers in ordinary stacked quantum dots (QDs) and QD chains in which QDs are interconnected along the growth direction via electron envelope functions. The detection‐energy dependence of the photoluminescence (PL) decay time indicates the in‐plane interaction between QDs even at 50 K by carrier transfer.From the excitation‐energy dependence of the PL intensity, we found the change in the intraband relaxation process due to the transfer process in the QD chain sample with longer exciton lifetime than in the stacked QD sample. Our results indicate that the change in the intraband relaxation process depends on the exciton lifetime (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
UV irradiation effect on Al‐doped anatase titanium dioxide
Authors: Sekiya Takao , Takeda Yasuhiro , Ohya Shohei , Kodaira Tetsuya 
Published: December 2010

AbstractElectron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurement under uv light irradiation was performed on Al‐doped anatase TiO2 crystals grown by a chemical vapor transport method. In an as‐grown crystal, characteristic signals of EPR sextuplets are observed at 100–40 K. The intensity of the sextuplets decreases gradually with decreasing temperature. The sextuplets arise from a photogenerated hole of S =1/2 interacting with an Al nuclear spin of I =5/2. The angular dependence of the sextuplets is successfully explained by a model where four symmetrically equivalent paramagnetic species giving the sextuplets are present in the crystal and the principal z‐axis of a diagonal g‐matrix for the paramagnetic species has a small deviation from the crystalline c‐axis. The analysis of the angular dependence of the sextuplets gives anisotropic g ‐values of gxx=2.0254, gyy=2.0016, and gcomplexes=2.0129, and hyperfine coupling constants of Axx=4.93, Ayy=6.04, and Acomplexes=5.98 G. An EPR signal from bulk Ti3+ is also observed at temperatures below 40 K regardless of uv irradiation. In an annealed crystal, the sextuplets are observed at temperatures below 70 K under uv irradiation. The EPR signal corresponding to bulk Ti3+ is absent in the entire temperature range. These experimental results differ greatly from those for the as‐grown crystal (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time‐resolved composite nature of the self‐trapped exciton luminescence in PbMoO4
Authors: Kajitani Takushi , Itoh Minoru 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTime‐resolved luminescence measurements have been carried out for PbMoO4 crystals with the scheelite structure. A fast‐decaying luminescence band with a lifetime of the order of 10 ns is observed at 400 nm at low temperatures (T < 170 K). This luminescence is tentatively assigned to the radiative transition of a singlet excited state of a self‐trapped exciton (STE) located on a (MoO4)2–ion. The green luminescence, which is ascribed to the triplet STE states in PbMoO4, is found to consist of three emission bands peaking at 405, 520, and 600 nm at T = 150–220 K. Such a composite nature is explained by taking into account the symmetry lowering of (MoO4)2– ions due to the Jahn‐Teller effect. The present observation provides strong support to the previous results of PbWO4, in which the triplet STE luminescence is also decomposed into three individual bands. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystal growth and characterization of CsSr1–xEux I3 high light yield scintillators
Authors: Yang Kan , Zhuravleva Mariya , Melcher Charles L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this work, we report on single crystal growth and characterizations of a new scintillation material: CsSr1–xEux I3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). Single crystals of CsSr0.99Eu0.01I3, CsSr0.92Eu0.08I3 and CsEuI3 were grown via the Vertical Gradient Freeze method. The crystals exhibit good crystal quality, high light yield, and excellent energy resolution. Initial results show that the scintillation light yield of our CsSr0.92Eu0.08I3 crystal is ∼65,000 ph/MeV with 5.9% energy resolution at 662 keV. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A flexible multi‐stage design for phase II oncology trials
Authors: Tan Ming T. , Xiong Xiaoping 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPhase II trials evaluate whether a new drug or a new therapy is worth further pursuing or certain treatments are feasible or not. A typical phase II is a single arm (open label) trial with a binary clinical endpoint (response to therapy). Although many oncology Phase II clinical trials are designed with a two‐stage procedure, multi‐stage design for phase II cancer clinical trials are now feasible due to increased capability of data capture. Such design adjusts for multiple analyses and variations in analysis time, and provides greater flexibility such as minimizing the number of patients treated on an ineffective therapy and identifying the minimum number of patients needed to evaluate whether the trial would warrant further development. In most of the NIH sponsored studies, the early stopping rule is determined so that the number of patients treated on an ineffective therapy is minimized. In pharmaceutical trials, it is also of importance to know as early as possible if the trial is highly promising and what is the likelihood the early conclusion can sustain. Although various methods are available to address these issues, practitioners often use disparate methods for addressing different issues and do not realize a single unified method exists. This article shows how to utilize a unified approach via a fully sequential procedure, the sequential conditional probability ratio test, to address the multiple needs of a phase II trial. We show the fully sequential program can be used to derive an optimized efficient multi‐stage design for either a low activity or a high activity, to identify the minimum number of patients required to assess whether a new drug warrants further study and to adjust for unplanned interim analyses. In addition, we calculate a probability of discordance that the statistical test will conclude otherwise should the trial continue to the planned end that is usually at the sample size of a fixed sample design. This probability can be used to aid in decision making in a drug development program. All computations are based on exact binomial distribution. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Doppler radar with a simple explicit microphysics model to diagnose problems with ice sublimation depth‐scales in forecast models
Authors: Wilkinson Jonathan M. , Hogan Robin J. , Illingworth Anthony J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSeveral previous studies have attempted to assess the sublimation depth‐scales of ice particles from clouds into clear air. Upon examining the sublimation depth‐scales in the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM), it was found that the MetUM has evaporation depth‐scales 2–3 times larger than radar observations. Similar results can be seen in the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO) and Météo‐France models. In this study, we use radar simulation (converting model variables into radar observations) and one‐dimensional explicit microphysics numerical modelling to test and diagnose the cause of the deep sublimation depth‐scales in the forecast model. The MetUM data and parametrization scheme are used to predict terminal velocity, which can be compared with the observed Doppler velocity. This can then be used to test the hypothesis as to why the sublimation depth‐scale is too large within the MetUM. Turbulence could lead to dry air entrainment and higher evaporation rates; particle density may be wrong, particle capacitance may be too high and lead to incorrect evaporation rates or the humidity within the sublimating layer may be incorrectly represented. We show that the most likely cause of deep sublimation zones is an incorrect representation of model humidity in the layer. This is tested further by using a one‐dimensional explicit microphysics model, which tests the sensitivity of ice sublimation to key atmospheric variables and is capable of including sonde and radar measurements to simulate real cases. Results suggest that the MetUM grid resolution at ice cloud altitudes is not sufficient enough to maintain the sharp drop in humidity that is observed in the sublimation zone. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright.
The 4D‐Var assimilation of ozone‐sensitive infrared radiances measured by IASI
Authors: Han W. , McNally A. P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAn analysis of ozone that is constrained only by observations of ultraviolet backscatter has an obvious limitation. These data are not available at night‐time. A system has been developed to exploit ozone information from infrared radiances measured by IASI which suffer no such sampling problems related to the position of the sun. It has been found that, relative to a baseline system that has no ozone observations, the use of IASI significantly improves the fit to independent ozone estimates from the Aura MLS. Indeed this improvement is, in some areas, comparable to or better than that obtained when more established ozone estimates from UV sensors are assimilated. One area where the assimilation of IASI is found to be clearly beneficial is in the winter high latitudes and southern polar night. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Analysis of prognostic cloud scheme increments in a climate model
Authors: Morcrette Cyril J. , Petch Jon C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAn analysis of a cloud scheme is presented, which can aid the development of climate and weather forecasting models. Budget tendency terms, or cloud increment diagnostics, are analysed to show the relative importance of the various physical processes in creating the cloud fields simulated by a climate model. When looking at time‐averaged diagnostics, the use of mean positive and mean negative increments separately, as well as mean net increments, is shown to be informative in understanding how the model is behaving. Maps of vertically integrated tendency terms illustrate how the dominant cloud production terms vary geographically. A cross‐section through the Hadley Circulation shows how the tendency terms vary across a transition region as the clouds change from stratocumulus to shallow cumulus and then to cumulonimbus. Although there are no observations against which these increment diagnostics can be compared, identification of the key cloud formation and dissipation processes highlights the parts of the cloud scheme where further work should be focussed in order to improve the climatological cloud fields. Simulations with changes to a part of the cloud parametrization are analysed using the increment diagnostics and the change in the relative importance of the different processes highlights some of the feedbacks present in the model. While our detailed findings are model specific, the analysis technique could be used in the development of any weather forecasting or climate model. © Crown Copyright 2010. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.