bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salinity Effects on Rye Grain Yield, Quality, Vegetative Growth, and Emergence
Authors: Francois L. E. , Donovan T. J. , Lorenz K. , Maas E. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough current rye (Secale cereale L.) grain production is concentrated mainly in the northern half of the USA and Canada, some rye grain is grown in the arid southwest. Soils in this area are, or have the potential to become, highly saline from the application of saline irrigation water. Since there is nearly a complete lack of information about the response of rye grown under saline conditions, a 2‐yr field plot study was conducted. Six salinity treatments were imposed on a Holtville silty clay (clayey over loamy, montmorillonitic [calcareous], hyperthermic Typic Torrifluvent) by irrigating with Colorado River water artificially salinized with NaCl and CaCl2 (1:1 by weight). Electrical conductivities of the irrigation waters were 1.1, 4.0, 8.0, 12.1, 16.0, and 20.1 dS m−1 the first year, and 1.1, 3.9, 7.5, 11.6, 15.6, and 19.8 dS m−1 the second year. Grain yield and vegetative growth were measured. Relative grain yield of two cultivars, Maton and Bonel, was unaffected up to a soil salinity of 11.4 dS m−1 (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract;κe). Each unit increase in salinity above 11.4 dS m−1 reduced yield by 10.8%. These results place rye in the salt‐tolerant category. Yield reduction was attributed primarily to reduced spike weight and individual seed weight rather than spike number. Bread quality decreased slightly with increasing levels of salinity. Straw yield was more sensitive to salinity than was grain yield. Plant emergence was determined in greenhouse sand cultures. Both cultivars were slightly less salt tolerant during plant emergence than during subsequent stages of growth.
Birdsfoot Trefoil Management. I. Root Growth and Carbohydrate Storage
Authors: Alison M. W. , Hoveland C. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractManagement research is lacking for birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) cultivars adapted to the southeastern USA. This study was conducted to determine the effect of harvest interval and stubble height on root growth and carbohydrate storage of five birdsfoot trefoil entries. Two field experiments were conducted on a Cecil sandy loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludult) soil near Athens, GA. One experiment consisted of two birdsfoot trefoil entries (‘Fergus’ and GA l), three harvest intervals (21, 28, and 42 d), and two stubble heights (5 and 10 cm). The other experiment had five birdsfoot trefoil entries (‘AU Dewey’, ‘Dawn’, Fergus, GA 1, and ‘Norcen’) harvested on 21‐d intervals at three stubble heights (3, 5, and 10 cm). The AU Dewey and GA 1 entries, selected in Alabama and Georgia, respectively, had greater root weights and diameter than the northern‐developed cultivars. In the spring following 2 yr of harvest, root weights of Fergus and GA 1 were reduced 17 and 26%, respectively, when the harvest interval of the previous 2 yr had been 21 instead of 42 d. Raising the stubble height reduced fluctuations in carbohydrate reserves during regrowth. Total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) levels were greater in midseason when the stubble height was 10 instead of 3 cm. A positive correlation was found between spring herbage yields and the mean TNC level of the 2 preceding years. This correlation suggests a cumulative effect by carbohydrate levels on vigor of birdsfoot trefoil stands and management should be designed to maintain relatively high TNC levels.
Growth Suppression of ‘Kenblue’ Kentucky Bluegrass Using Plant Growth Regulators and Degree Day Application Timing
Authors: Branham B. E. , Danneberger T. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant growth regulator (PGR) applications for seedhead and vegetative growth suppression have given inconsistent results from year to year when application timing is based on calendar days. Application timing based on growing degree days (GDD) should provide uniform and consistent results over time. These field studies were conducted to determine the window of application, based on GDD, for seedhead and vegetative growth suppression of Kentucky bluegrass. Mefluidide (N‐|2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐[[(trifluoromethyl)‐sulfonyl] amino] phenyl] acetamide) at 0.28 kg ha−1 and amidochlor (N‐[(acetylamino) methyl]‐2‐chloro‐N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl) acetamide) at 2.8 kg ha−1 were applied to a uniform stand of Kentucky bluegrass [Poa pratensis (L.) ‘Kenblue’] at 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 GDD. Trials were conducted at East Lansing, MI in 1985 and 1986, and Columbus, OH in 1986. Soil type at East Lansing was an Owosso‐Marlette sandy loam complex (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Glossoboric Hapludalf). Soil at Columbus was a Brookston silty‐clay loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Agriaquoll). Application of PGR between 25 and 125 GDD provided excellent (>86%) seedhead control. Mefluidide and amidochlor applications at 150 GDD gave 31 and 24% seedhead control, respectively, indicating that seedhead control was lost with this application timing. Clipping weights at East Lansing varied between years with only the 150 GDD application in 1985 and the 75 GDD application in 1986 differing significantly from the other application timings. However, the 75 GDD treatment in 1986 had reduced PGR activity because of rainfall 5 h after application. Application timing of PGR appeared to have no significant effect on the degree of vegetative growth suppression. However, GDD timed PGR applications are a valid technique for seedhead control in Kentucky bluegrass.
Animal and Forage Responses on Rotationally Grazed ‘Floralta’ Limpograss and ‘Pensacola’ Bahiagrass Pastures
Authors: Sollenberger L. E. , Rusland G. A. , Jones C. S. , Albrecht K. A. , Gieger K. L. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract‘Floralta’ limpograss [Hemarthria altissima Poir. (Stapf) et C.E. Hubb.] has the best combination of in vitro digestibility and persistence under grazing of four limpograss cultivars released in Florida. Limpograss crude protein (CP) concentration has been observed to be low in several studies and animal performance on continuously stocked pastures has not exceeded that observed on the industry standard, ‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge). This study was conducted from 1984 through 1986 on soils of the Pomona (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Ultic Haplaquod) and Smyrna (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Aeric haplaquod) series. The objective was to compare animal performance on limpograss and bahiagrass when they were rotationally grazed to 20‐ to 25‐cm and 6‐ to 8‐cm stubble heights, respectively, and fertilized with N after each grazing. Seasonal average daily gain (ADG) did not differ between grasses in any year, and mean ADG over the 3‐yr period was 0.41 kg for steers (Bos sp.) grazing limpograss and 0.38 kg for those on bahiagrass. Hand‐plucked samples of Pensacola had higher CP than those of Floralta, averaging 116 and 83 g kg−1 dry matter (DM), respectively, but in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) concentration of bahiagrass was 581 vs. 613 g kg−1 OM for limpograss.
Soybean Yield Response to Benomyl Fungicide Application under Maximum Yield Conditions
Authors: Cooper R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn 1980, after three consecutive years with soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] yields in excess of 5000 kg ha−1 in surface‐irrigated, maximum yield, research plots, yields dropped to 3000 kg ha−1 due to severe development of Septoria brown spot (Septoria glycines Hemmi), which caused premature senescence and defoliation of the leaves. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of benomyl [methyl‐l‐(butylcarbamoyl)‐2‐benzimidazole carbamate] control of natural infection of foliar diseases, primarily Septoria brown spot, on the yield of irrigated, high‐yield soybean. Benomyl was applied at a rate of 2.2 kg ha−1 at 2‐wk intervals beginning in mid July (late flowering stage, R2‐R3) with the last application in early September (late pod fill stage, R6). Two determinate semidwarf cultivars, Hobbit and Sprite, and two indeterminate cultivars, Pella and Williams 82, were grown in two row spacings, (75 and 17 cm) and compared with and without benomyl treatment for 3 yr. Averaged across the 3 yr, the determinate cultivar, Hobbit, and the indeterminate cultivar, Pella, were the most yield responsive to benomyl treatment (15.4 and 7.7% in 75‐cm rows and 13.8 and 15.5% in 17‐cm rows, respectively). The determinate cultivar, Sprite, and the indeterminate cultivar, Williams 82, failed to show a significant yield increase from benomyl treatment. These results indicate that yield reductions due to Septoria brown spot vary by genotype, but are not associated specifically with plant type (determine vs. indeterminate). Yield increases from benomyl treatment tended to be greater in 17‐cm row width than in 75‐cm row width. This research indicates that control of foliar diseases, such as Septoria brown spot, can significantly increase the yield potential of high yielding soybean under conditions of frequent wetting of the foliage, either by frequent rainfall or irrigation, and should be an important component of a maximum‐yield research or production system.
Mineral Concentrations in Whole Crop and Pressed Forage of Three Legumes
Authors: Collins Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMechanical dewatering of fresh herbage produces a pressed forage (PF) suitable for ensiling without field drying. A 2‐yr field experiment was conducted to compare concentrations of minerals in initial whole crop (WC) and pressed forage of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) harvested at four first‐harvest maturity stages. Plots of each species were grown on Plano silt loam soil (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Argiudolls) and were harvested beginning 1 wk after early bud and continuing at 1 wk intervals for 4 wk. Pressed forages of all species were lower in P, K, Ca, and Mg than their respective WC. Potassium decreased the most and, averaged over all species, was 26.5% lower in the PF. Pressed forages averaged 21% lower in Mg than the WC, but remained above the critical concentration of 2.0 g kg−1 at all maturity stages. Pressed forage from the most mature alfalfa and red clover had P concentrations insufficient for some classes of livestock. Pressing and shoot maturation reduced S concentrations of all species, but pressing affected S more in alfalfa than in the other species. Alfalfa, red clover, and birdsfoot trefoil N/S ratios differed widely and averaged 11.8, 14.7, and 17.7, respectively. Pressed forages from the last two harvest dates had higher N/S ratios that WC from the same harvests. Pressing significantly reduces P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations in alfalfa, red clover, and birdsfoot trefoil and, with the exception of red clover, reduces S concentration. Pressing effects on mineral concentrations vary across minerals and legume species.
Automated Quantification of Roots Using a Simple Image Analyzer
Authors: Harris Grant A. , Campbell Gaylon S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractManual methods for estimating root lengths in washed samples are time consuming, tedious, and subjective. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of an inexpensive commercial image analysis system for measuring the length of roots in samples washed from soil. The analyzer consists of a high‐resolution television camera and a comparator, which measures the intersections of the TV scan lines and roots in the view area. Mathematical corrections are derived for overlapping roots in the sample and for limitations in system resolution. Errors due to nonrandom orientation of roots were minimized by scanning in two directions. Methods for contrast and light control are discussed. On a 1000 cm simulated root sample, the uncorrected length measurement was < 50% of the actual length. Correcting for overlaps increased the measured length to around 70% of actual length. Overlap and resolution correction resulted in errors less than 5%. Coefficients of variation (CV) for repeated measurements on a single, undisturbed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root sample were around 0.5%, while errors resulting from nonrandom dispersion of samples in the tray were 2‐3%. The image analysis system therefore appears to capable of providing reliable root measurements.
Row Spacing and Plant Population Effects on Yield Components of Soybean
Authors: Ethredge W. J. , Ashley D. A. , Woodruff J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation is needed to characterize soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant responses where cultural practices and environmental conditions are maintained at a level conducive to high yield. Field studies were conducted in 1985 and 1986 to determine the effect of row spacing and plant population on seed yield and yield components of soybean. Two determinate Maturity Group V cultivars, Essex and Deltapine 105, were grown at three row spacings of 25, 51, and 76 cm and three plant populations of 260 200, 390 400, and 520 400 plants ha−1. Seed yield was significantly higher in narrow rows (25 and 51 cm) than in the wide rows (76 cm) with the 25‐cm row spacing averaging 10% higher than the 76‐cm row spacing (3740 vs. 3361 kg ha−1). There was a row spacing × cultivar interaction due mainly to a greater reduction in seed yield of Essex than Deltapine 105 as row width increased. Weight of aerial plant parts during the mid seed‐fill growth period (R5) increased with decreasing row spacings. Plant number in plots with 76‐cm row spacing decreased approximately 23% between planting and harvest whereas, the plant number in 51‐ and 25‐cm row spacings decreased only 7 and 3% respectively during the growing season. Seed yield per plant was most uniform at the 25‐cm row spacing and became more variable as row width increased
Warm‐Season Grass Diversity in Yield, Plant Morphology, and Nitrogen Concentration and Removal in Northeastern USA
Authors: Jung G. A. , Shaffer J. A. , Stout W. L. , Panciera M. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSix genera of warm‐season grasses were grown in Pennsylvania for 9 yr on a fine‐loamy, mixed mesic, Aquic Fragiudult, to determine their potential as forage grasses on droughty sites. Effects of applied N on yield, plant morphology, and N composition of forages were studied during Years 4 through 7, when N was applied to half of each plot area. Big bluestem, Andropogon gerardii Vitman, and switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., showed much cultivar variation in stand development, whereas asiatic bluestem, Bothriochloa spp., and indiangrass, Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, developed productive stands in one season. Mean yield of ‘NJ 50’ switchgrass was higher than that of all other grasses, yield of ‘Niagara’ big bluestem was higher than that of other big bluestems, and yield of ‘Ky 591’ indiangrass was higher than that of other indiangrasses. The percentage of grasses showing a yield response to applied N increased each year, from 32% in 1981 to 67% in 1984. Mean yield response to N varied greatly among cultivars, P < 0.001. Nitrogen concentration in forage varied among bluestems and indiangrasses, but not among switchgrasses. Mean N removed in first‐harvest forage ranged from 16 kg ha−1 yr−1 for untreated ‘Plains’ asiatic bluestem to 97 kg ha−1 yr−1 for N‐treated NJ 50 switchgrass. Flowerstem density and height were affected differently by N, depending upon plant species and cultivar. The sheath‐stem component of dry matter yield was 60 g kg−1 higher when N was applied than when no N was applied. In the ninth year, approximately one‐half of the cultivars had stand ratings exceeding 80% ground cover.
Narrow‐Row Seed‐Yield Enhancement in Determinate Soybean
Authors: Board J. E. , Harville B. G. , Saxton A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough many studies have been conducted to determine the effect of narrow vs. wide rows on determinate soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] yield, little information is available explaining why these yield responses occur. This research was conducted to determine the roles of reproductive partitioning, light interception duration (LID), and total dry matter duration (TDMD) between emergence to R5 (E‐R5) and R5 to R8 on narrow‐row seed‐yield enhancement. Field studies were conducted using normal and late planting dates, two commercial soybean cultivars, and 100‐ (wide) and 50‐cm (narrow) row spacings during 1987 and 1988 at Baton Rouge, LA on a Mhoon silty clay (fine‐silty, mixed, nonacid, thermic Typic Fluvaquent) soil, Significant narrow‐row seed‐yield enhancement occurred from both planting dates, but the increases were much larger at the late date. In the normal planting, seed yield was strongly correlated with LID (R5‐R7) (r2 = 0.77, P = 0.001) and TDMD(R5‐R8) (r2 = 0.86, P = 0.001), but not LID(E‐R5) or TDMD(E‐R5). In the normal planting, significant narrow‐row seed‐yield enhancement occurred only in cases in which narrow rows achieved 95% light interception before pod filling, but wide rows did not. In contrast, seed yield in the late planting was highly correlated to LID(E to R5) (r2 = 0.85, P = 0.001) and TDMD(E‐R5) (r2 = 0.81, P = 0.001), as well as LID(R5‐R7) (r2 = 0.98, P = 0.001) and TDMD(R5‐R8) (r2 = 0.94, P = 0.001). Although narrow‐row yield enhancement in the late planting was greatest when LID and TDMD were stimulated both before and after R5, significant yield increases in narrow versus wide rows occurred even in cases in which LID R5 to R7 differences were too small to affect TDMD(R5‐R8). In conclusion, narrow‐row seed‐yield enhancement of late plantings was influenced by increased LID and TDMD throughout the season, whereas only LID and TDMD enhancement during pod filling of normal plantings affected narrow‐row seed‐yield increases.
Within‐Row Spacing Influences on Diverse Sorghum Genotypes: I. Morphology
Authors: Caravetta G. J. , Cherney J. H. , Johnson K. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant morphology influences forage quality. Plant population has been shown to influence sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] morphology, but morphology also is affected by the genetic diversity in sorghum. Our objective was to determine changes in morphology of four diverse sorghum genotypes as influenced by within‐row spacing. Four sorghum genotypes (IS‐0469, IS‐0865, IS‐954063, and IS‐2952) designated G1, G2, G3, and G4, were sown at five within‐row spacings of 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 cm at two field locations in 1986 and 1987. Differences among genotypes and within‐row spacings were significant (P > 0.05) for most morphological characteristics. Number of shoots per plaint increased as within‐row spacing increased by 4.8 shoots plant−1 for G1, compared to an increase of only 1.6 shoots plant−1 for the genotype with the lowest tillering potential (G3). Shoot diameter also increased 53.2% and 128.9% for main shoot and tillers, respectively, averaged over genotypes as within‐row spacing increased. As within‐row spacing increased from 5 to 60 cm, height declined from 2.0 to 1.7 m, across genotypes. As within‐row spacing imcreased from 5 to 60 cm, leaf/steam ratio increased linearly from 0.9 to 1.2 across genotypes. Morphological characteristics responded in varying degrees to changes in within row spacing, and were Significantly influenced by genotype. Increased within‐row spacing: resulted in increased light penetration and reduced within‐row competition. Consequently, sorghum morphology was altered through changes in within‐row spacing and these changes were influenced by genetic diversity among sorghum genotypes. Breeders selecting for forage quality in diverse sorghum genotypes need to be aware of plant population effects on morphology.
Mineral Concentrations in Alfalfa and Sainfoin as Influenced by Soil Moisture Level
Authors: Kidambi S. P. , Matches A. G. , Bolger T. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation on the influence of soil moisture on mineral concentrations and their associative relationships, is limited in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and is lacking in sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.). The objectives of our study were to determine the influence of soil moisture level on (i) the concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, P, Cu, Zn, and Ca/P ratio, and (ii) the magnitude and relationship of correlation coefficients among mineral concentrations and the Ca/P ratio in alfalfa and sainfoin. Both ‘Renumex’ sainfoin and ‘Cimarron’ alfalfa were seeded in rows on an Acuff loam (fine‐loamy, mixed thermic Aridic Paleustalf) soil, under a line‐source irrigation system. Alfalfa and sainfoin were harvested six and four times during 1986, and six and five times during 1987, respectively. There was an increase in the concentrations of Ca, Mg, and Zn in both species, and P in alfalfa with decreasing soil moisture supply. Sainfoin had approximately 0.3 g kg−1 higher Mg and P concentrations than alfalfa, but lower concentrations of Ca and K (1.9 and 8.5 g kg−1 lower, respectively). Both species had a similar Ca/P ratio (approx. 3.3:1). Alfalfa had 2.35 mg kg−1 higher Cu and 1.95 mg kg−1 lower Zn concentrations than sainfoin. There was little influence of soil moisture level on the direction or magnitude of the correlation coefficients among the minerals in both species. Our results indicated that soil moisture level affected the mineral concentrations but not the relationships among minerals in the forage of alfalfa and sainfoin.
Root Temperature and Calcium Level Effects on Winter Wheat Forage: I. Shoot and Root Growth
Authors: Miyasaka S. C. , Grunes D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWheat pasture poisoning is a metabolic disorder of ruminants, that occurs particularly in the spring, during a sudden spurt in plant growth, under conditions of optimum temperature, ample soil moisture and adequate mineral supply. To determine the effects of an increase in root temperature and four Ca levels on the shoot and root growth of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Centurk’), seedlings were grown under three root temperature regimes (constant 8 °C, constant 16 °C, and increasing from 8‐16 °C), in nutrient solutions with four Ca levels (0.2,0.6,2.0, and 5.0 mM). No significant differences due to Ca levels were found for growth rates of the shoots and roots (dry weight basis), nor for root extension rates. Growth rates of the shoots and roots (dry weight basis), and root extension rates were significantly slower for plants grown at 8 °C compared to those grown at 16 °C. Lateral root growth, in particular, was depressed in plants grown at a cold root temperature. The mean root diameter was significantly greater at 8 °C than at 16 °C, apparently due to the greater proportion of main root axes with larger root diameters at a cold root temperature. Plants transferred to 16 °C had growth rates of the shoots and roots that were intermediate, relative to those grown at constant low or constant high root temperatures. A lag period of 1 wk was observed before shoot and root dry weights of plants transferred to 16 °C increased, compared to those maintained at 8 °C. Thus, root temperatures play a major role in modifying shoot and root growth parameters.