bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of some additives on the water requirement of calcined gypsum
Authors: Ridge M. J. , Boell G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made of the effects of some additives of different types on the water requirement of samples of calcined gypsum prepared in different ways. Accelerating salts and variations in the pH had little effect on the water requirement but some inhibitors of the set and surface‐active materials produced appreciable changes. The samples of calcined gypsum studied varied amongst themselves in their response to the action of additives.The effects of additives are of interest as they act only by modifying the surface condition of the grains of calcium sulphate hemihydrate, and the theory of this is discussed.
Polymeric forms of acetaldehyde
Authors: Craven E. C. , Jowitt H. , Ward W. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA further examination has been made of the crude paraldehyde filtrate obtained in the preparation of metaldehyde.The second form of paraldehyde has now been isolated and examined. The second form of metaldehyde has again been isolated, and there has also been found what is almost certainly a third metaldehyde.The probable structures of the various isomers are discussed and related to their infra‐red spectra. A new infra‐red group frequency at 1170 cm.−1 for 1,3‐dioxans and 1,3,5‐trioxans is proposed.
The coagulation process. I. Effect of pH and the nature of the turbidity
Authors: Packham R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method of studying the coagulation of dilute mineral suspensions with aluminium sulphate is described, which substantially reduces pH variation with coagulant dose, but which allows the pH to be varied independently of the coagulant dose. The method is applied to the study of 50‐p.p.m. suspensions of various pure minerals likely to be present in river water and to samples of suspended solids isolated from rivers. The concentration of aluminium sulphate required for coagulation is markedly pH‐dependent and is least close to neutrality. The behaviour of both the pure minerals and the samples isolated from rivers is almost identical, but montmorillonite behaves anomalously at acid pH values.
A chromatography unit, with automatic sampling, for kinetic studies
Authors: Spolnicki J. , Crooks W. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn automatic gas‐liquid chromatographic apparatus used in heterogeneous kinetic studies is described. Details of the gas sampling device, the detector and the amplifier are given and the reproducibility and sensitivity of the apparatus demonstrated. The apparatus cost is low compared with that of commercial equivalents.
Infra‐red, X‐ray and thermal analysis of some aluminium and ferric phosphates
Authors: Arlidge E. Z. , Farmer V. C. , Mitchell B. D. , Mitchell W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInfra‐red absorption spectra, differential thermal and differential thermogravimetric curves, and some new X‐ray diffraction data are presented for synthetic or natural specimens of variscite, metavariscite, strengite, phosphosiderite, barrandite, leucophosphites, taranakites, wavellite and synthetic phosphates of composition KAl2(PO4)2(OH),2H2O, H8(NH4,K)Fe3(PO4)6, 6H2O and H4CaFe2(PO4)4, 5H2O. Infra‐red spectra of berlinite, phosphotridymite and two other anhydrous forms of A1PO4 are also given. The infra‐red spectra show that variscite and metavariscite have the structure A1PO4, 2H2O and not A1(OH)2, H2PO4, and serve to indicate the porportion of A1/Fe in the barrandites (Fe, A1)PO4, 2H2O. Leucophosphite, KF2(PO4)2(OH), 2H2O is shown to dehydrate reversibly to a monohydrate and then to an anhydrous product still containing the hydroxyl group.
Use of potentiostats in corrosion studies
Authors: Dugdale I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA brief description of the electron‐transfer processes involved in the corrosion of metals is given. The relationship between the stable species formed in corrosion reactions, the pH of the aqueous solution involved, and potential of the metal, is referred to and the potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods of assessing electron‐transfer are contrasted.The development of various forms of potentiostat and the scope of the instruments are discussed, and examples given of their fields of use. The experimental techniques adopted to obtain current‐potential curves and to assess the rate of cathodic and anodic reactions are illustrated by reference to appropriate diagrams.A short section deals with the use of current/time transients for obtaining kinetic data especially for film growth and formation of pits.
Estimation of the total and effective rubber contents of rubber‐bitumens
Authors: Szatkowski W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethods are described for estimating the total content of natural (unvulcanised) rubber in a rubber‐bitumen and the effective rubber content; the latter is defined as the concentration of a standard rubber which would give a specific viscosity equivalent to that of the rubber in the test sample. The total rubber content is calculated from the iodine value of a solution, in carbon tetrachloride, of the acetone‐insoluble fraction of the rubber‐bitumen. The effective rubber content is determined by a measurement of the specific viscosity of a benzene solution of the acetone‐insoluble fraction of the rubber‐bitumen. The effective rubber content has been shown to be related to the elastic recovery of the binder.Both analytical techniques have been used to follow the effect of heating on rubber‐bitumens and recommendations are given on the conditions of temperature and duration of heating in the preparation of rubberised binders for road use.
The alkaline condensation of acetone
Authors: Craven E. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe condensation of acetone at room temperature leads chiefly to the formation of diacetone alcohol, a small proportion of symmetrical triacetone dialcohol also being formed.Indications have now been found of the presence of a further compound in the condensation product. It is almost certainly unsymmetrical triacetone dialcohol, an unstable substance previously reported solely by Bayer & Co. in 1914.This second trimer has not been isolated and direct evidence of its existence by the infra‐red examination of distillation residue fractions has not so far been obtained. The trimer, however, dehydrates readily to a mixture of two ‘unsymmetrical phorones’. This dehydration product has been isolated in quantity from large‐scale fractions and has been examined.
Phase behaviour of some palmito‐oleo triglyceride systems
Authors: Moran D. P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFrom a study of the melting behaviour of binary mixtures of glycerides it is possible to predict the properties of some of those fats and oils which contain such glycerides. The results can be useful in margarine formulation, dry fractionation, and solubility problems connected with the preparation of novel fat blends.The phase behaviour of six binary mixtures of palmito‐oleo triglycerides has been studied. The techniques used included the microscopical observation of melting behaviour, X‐ray powder photography, and differential thermal analysis. In two of the systems, particularly the mixture of 2‐oleodipalmitin and 1, 3‐dioleopalmitin, evidence was found of favourable steric factors leading to closer association of unlike molecules at about 50% concentration. This fact can be used to explain certain phenomena in fat systems such as mixtures of palm oil and lard which contain significant amounts of these two glycerides. ‘Graininess’ and enhanced crystallisation at certain concentration levels are two such phenomena.
Reduction of uranyi. Carbonate to uranium dioxide with formaldehyde sulphoxylates
Authors: Warren I. H. , Finlayson M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUranyl carbonate may be reduced to uranium dioxide with formaldehyde sulphoxylates (preferably the ammonium salt) or a mixture of formaldehyde and a bisulphite. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. VIII. Production of activated lime and magnesia
Authors: Glasson D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe surface activities of lime and magnesia from different sources are compared in relation to the changes in crystal structure during preparation at several temperatures up to 1000°. The activity of calcium oxide from the hydroxide is increased in the presence of calcium peroxide, which initially produces (mon)oxide to nucleate the hydroxide crystallites before they decompose. Calcium nitrate gives activated calcium oxide at 500°, but melts with decomposition at higher temperatures, producing comparatively large lime crystals.Magnesium hydroxide and carbonate (magnesite) give magnesia which is correspondingly more active than the lime obtained from calcium hydroxide and carbonate in previous investigations. This is due mainly to the greater volume decreases associated with the crystal changes, and to the diminished sintering of the magnesia at the lower decomposition temperatures.The most active product is obtained from magnesium oxalate which decomposes directly to magnesium oxide. Much less active oxide is produced from magnesium salts of monobasic organic acids, e.g., formate and acetate, which require reaction between separate anions for decomposition.The effect of sintering on the temperature limitations for applying magnesium oxide catalysts to organic dehydration and dehydrogenation reactions is discussed.
Use of compacts to study the sorption characteristics of powdered plaster of Paris
Authors: Feldman R. F. , Sereda P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCompacts made from powdered material are used in an effort to explain anomalous results obtained from the isothermal uptake of water vapour by various types of dehydrated gypsum. In the sorption isotherms, a sharp discontinuity occurred at R.H. between 0·25 and 0·40 and a secondary hysteresis was observed. Sorption of methanol on these materials was also measured, and results were compared with those obtained with water.The determination of the expansion isotherm enabled an application of the Gibbs adsorption equation to be made, which led to a method by which it was possible to differentiate between hemihydrate and adsorbed water and thus allow a calculation of a B.E.T. surface area from the water isotherm for the material.From this calculation and others obtained by use of a modified Kelvin equation, it was concluded that the anomalies noted above were due to sites on the surface of the plaster that required an activation energy for ‘sorption’ to occur. The generation of these sites was considered dependent on the method of preparation of the anhydrous calcium sulphate. The water attached to these sites would thus be termed ‘chemisorbed’ water.
Formation of aromatics during thermal hydrocracking. I. n‐pentane and n‐heptane
Authors: Reeve A. G. , Long R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the thermal hydrocracking of n‐pentane and n‐heptane at 10 atmospheres pressure over the temperature range 550–700°, with particular reference to the formation of aromatics. The n‐paraffins are converted largely to gaseous products; C2 and C3 hydrocarbons are important intermediates in the gasification and methane is found in increasing amounts with increase in temperature. As the temperature rises, aromatics are formed and there is a concomitant decline in the amount of olefins; traces of butadiene are also found.The formation of aromatics during thermal hydrocracking of n‐paraffins parallels the thermal aromatisation well known to occur in thermal cracking in the absence of added hydrogen. The acetylene and butadiene hypotheses of aromatic formation are considered. Neither is considered to be satisfactory in explaining the results and it appears more likely that a free‐radical mechanism is involved.
Surface properties of hydrolysed Titania. II. Dependence of surface structure of titania gels on pH
Authors: Harris M. R. , Whitaker G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of active titania gels were prepared by the hydrolysis of benzene solutions of titanium tetra‐n‐butoxide with steam in the presence of various buffer solutions, covering the pH range 2·3—10·5. The surface properties of the gels were determined from gas adsorption measurements carried out at ‐ 195·8°. It is shown that the gels are porous, with high surface areas which fall off sharply for gels prepared at pH above 8·5. Pore radii are small, being in every case less than values observed for the neutral gels reported in Part I of this series, with a tendency to a maximum close to the isoelectric point of titania.
The adsorption of phenol by organo‐clay derivatives
Authors: Street G. B. , White D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of phenol by the quaternary ammonium derivatives of montmorillonite has been studied, and a relationship found between the number of carbon atoms of the organic base and the extent of adsorption of phenol.The results have been compared with the adsorption of phenol by other derivatives of montmorillonite, and a general explanation has been given to account for the variation found within each series, the primary amines, Ethomeens, and quaternary ammonium compounds.
Liquid‐liquid equilibrium in the systems formed by cobalt and nickel chlorides, water and n‐butanol
Authors: McManamey W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLiquid‐liquid equilibrium data at 25° were determined for the systems formed by divalent cobalt and nickel chlorides and their mixtures with water and n‐butanol as solvents. The thermo‐dynamic equilibrium relationship was empirically modified to obtain correlations relating the compositions of the phases in equilibrium, and equilibrium data for the mixtures can be predicted from an extension of the correlations for the individual metals.
Corrosion of mild steel in the tidal waters of the thames estuary I. Results of six‐months' and one year's immersion
Authors: Booth G. H. , Cooper A. W. , Tiller A. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMild steel specimens have been exposed to the tidal waters of the Thames Estuary at nine points between Richmond and the sea and in four conditions of immersion: (a) fully immersed, (b) half immersed, (c) tidally immersed, (d) buried in mud at each site. The specimens have been examined after exposure for 6 summer months, 6 winter months and one year. Results show that the corrosion is partly aerobic and partly anaerobic (microbiological). The relative importance of the two contributions is not yet clear. Maximum corrosion rates (weight loss) and maximum depth of pitting were found to occur between Woolwich and Tilbury, i.e., in that part of the river most heavily polluted and most nearly anaerobic for the greater part of the year. The corrosion rates were of the same order as those obtained in the open sea by earlier workers.
Mechanism of the hydration of 3CaO, Al2O
Authors: Stein H. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHydration of pastes of 3CaO, Al2O3 with water shows two different heat effects: (1) on the first contact of the 3CaO, Al2O3 particles with water, (2) when crystallisation of the ultimate hydration product, the cubic 3CaO, Al2O3,6H2O, from the intermediate hexagonal calcium hydroaluminates becomes more pronounced. Addition of 3CaO, Al2O3,6H2O shifts the second peak to earlier times and accelerates the hydration.The results appear to be at variance with a mechanism involving particle disintegration through crystallisation of hydration products in surface cracks, as a cause for the second peak. The results suggest that water transport through a layer of hydration product is the rate‐determining step, and that the layer is likely to be removed partly by being dissolved when 3CaO, Al2O3,6H2O is formed predominantly.
An approach to applicable inorganic polymers. III. Interaction of diamines and boron halides
Authors: Gerrard W. , Goldstein M. , Marsh C. H. , Mooney E. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInteraction of certain boron halides (2 mol.) (XBY2, X = Y = Cl or Br, or X = Ph and Y = Cl) with certain diamines (o‐, m‐ and p‐phenylenediamines, p‐N‐dimethyl‐ or ‐diethyl‐aminoaniline, hexa‐methylenediamine and p‐benzidine) (1 mol.) entails the formation of a 2:1 complex, [diamine, (XBY2)2], which when heated in a suitable solvent eliminates hydrogen chloride and forms an insoluble and infusible polymeric material, usually of very low bulk density. When further heated, these products evolve more hydrogen chloride, become denser, but are still not very stable hydrolytically.Infra‐red spectra are used as a basis for assignment of structure of the monomers [diamine, (XBY2)2].Suggestions about the nature of the polycondensation process are given.
Extraction of thorium from sulphuric acid solutions by some cyclohexyl‐ and benzyl‐alkylamines
Authors: Sato Taichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe partition of thorium between sulphuric acid solutions and solutions of some cyclohexyl‐and benzyl‐alkylamines in chloroform or benzene has been investigated at different concentrations of sulphuric acid and solvent, and at different temperatures. An infra‐red spectral study was made of the organic solutions obtained.The mechanism of thorium extraction is discussed on the basis of the results obtained.
Surface properties of precipitated alumina. IV. Adsorption of nitrogen on samples containing chloride ions
Authors: Lucas J. W. , Newton G. W. , Sing K. S. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdsorption isotherms of nitrogen have been determined on the outgassed precipitates of ‘hydrous’ alumina prepared (a) by reacting aluminium chloride and sodium hydroxide under controlled conditions of pH, concentration and flow rate, and (b) by the hydrolysis of aluminium s‐butoxide across a benzene‐water interface, with chloride ions added to the aqueous medium.The adsorption isotherms on the class (a) precipitates are S‐shaped and are characteristic of adsorption on non‐porous solids, whereas those on class (b) are more complicated and reveal well‐defined pore structures. The B.E.T. surface areas of the former type are very sensitive to change in the aluminium chloride concentration, but areas of the latter type depend more on the pH than on the added chloride ion concentration.On heat treatment neither type of precipitate shows any distinct ‘activation’ those prepared from alkoxide undergo a more drastic reduction in surface area than those from aluminium chloride. The class (a) precipitates also maintain their non‐porous nature to at least 600° and are slow to develop crystallinity. It is suggested that the differences may be connected with the way in which the contaminating chloride ions are held in the two types of precipitate.
The chlorination of 1‐nitronaphthalene
Authors: Armstrong N. , Scheinmann F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe chlorination of 1‐nitronaphthalene has been investigated in presence of a series of catalysts and under a variety of experimental conditions. The reaction products were analysed by gas‐liquid chromatography and the products shown to be 1‐chloro‐5‐nitro‐, 3‐chloro‐5‐nitro‐, 1‐chloro‐8‐nitro‐and 1,4‐dichloro‐5‐nitro‐naphthalene.
Adsorption by organo‐clay derivatives
Authors: Street G. B. , White D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of a variety of organic compounds by octadecyltrimethylammonium mont‐morillonite from water has been investigated. The results indicated that the extent of adsorption was governed by the solubility of the adsorbate, and the functional groups present on the adsorbate molecule had little specific effect. From X‐ray measurements the amounts of the interlamellar components were calculated: in all cases a considerable amount of water was present.
Spontaneous combustion of hay
Authors: Rothbaum H. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is shown that spontaneous combustion is most likely to occur in moist biological materials when they are in equilibrium with a fairly narrow range of relative humidities (R.H.) between 95% and 97%. Experimental results on the adiabatic heating of hay up to ignition temperature confirm this theory. At lower R.H. no appreciable bacterial action takes place, and at higher values, the thermal conductivity increases so rapidly due to water vapour transfer, that the microbiological maximum temperature of about 76° is not exceeded. Chemical reactions that can heat hay to higher temperatures, only occur in the presence of moisture; they are not dependent on previous microbial activity and probably involve direct oxidation of the cellulose. At about 170° the hay has dried out and oxidation of dry hay leads to combustion.
Selective reduction of gibberellic acid
Authors: Jones D. F. , McCloskey P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSelective reduction of the 3, 4‐ethylenic bond in gibberellic acid (V), its methyl ester and the related compound (VIII), occurs, with varying degree of concomitant hydrogenolysis of the lactone ring, on hydrogenation with a palladised barium carbonate catalyst in the presence of pyridine or other organic base. No selectivity of reduction was achieved by catalysed hydrogen‐transfer from cyclo‐hexene and similar hydrogen donors.
The purification of lithium by vacuum distillation
Authors: Ward A. G. , Broomfield G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA vacuum still for lithium has been constructed and operated. Analysis of lithium before and after distillation shows a reduction of concentration of most elements except oxygen; however, the available methods of analysis for oxygen are not considered reliable. Precise details of operations and difficulties with the present design are included.It is concluded from the present work, and that of others, that purification of lithium to nuclear reactor standards is feasible.
Separation of emulsions formed in the dinitration of toluene
Authors: Somer Tarik G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProperties of the emulsion formed between crude 2, 4‐dinitrotoluene (DNT) and spent acid are determined and several methods developed for the complete de‐emulsification are described. Some consideration is given to the selection of the method with respect to cost and the control of operation.
Corrosion of tube and pipe alloys due to polluted sea‐water
Authors: Rowlands J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNumerous failures of aluminium–brass heat‐exchanger tubes and copper–nickel–iron sea‐water pipes in polluted estuarine sea‐water were found to be associated with sulphide films which stimulated pitting and stress‐corrosion cracking at holidays (breaks) in the film. The use of sodium dimethyl dithiocarbamate which formed an insoluble copper–chelate film on the surface of these alloys was effective in combatting this deterioration.
Corrosion of mild steel in the tidal waters of the thames estuary. II. Results of two years' immersion
Authors: Booth G. H. , Cooper A. W. , Tiller A. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA comparison made between results of exposure tests of mild steel specimens to the waters of the Thames estuary for 2 years with earlier results for 1 year showed a general reduction in corrosion rate, for both weight‐loss and pitting. There is evidence that the contribution towards total corrosion from microbiological attack is less important than that from the action of aerobic saline water. The relation between corrosion rates and the position of exposure sites along the estuary has remained substantially unaltered.
Prediction of the drying times of porous granular and fibrous materials. I. Drying in a tray dryer
Authors: Kirkwood K. G. , Mitchell T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper presents an empirical method of predicting the drying times of porous‐granular and fibrous materials in a hot‐air tray dryer under various conditions of tray loading, air temperature, humidity and velocity. The method uses results obtained from a series of drying tests planned as a fractional three‐level factorial experiment to examine the effects of the above four drying variables on the drying times of the various materials tested. The method is illustrated by application to porous‐ceramic granules, 1/4 in. dia. × 1/4 in. long, coke, 3/8–1/4 in. mesh (porous‐granular materials) and to brewers' spent grain (fibrous material); predicted drying times were within ±16% of the experimental values.