bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and Characterization of Copper Oxide Resistive Memory Devices
Authors: Bishop S.M. , Briggs B.D. , Rice Z.P. , Addepalli S. , McDonald N.R. , Cady N.C. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThree synthesis techniques have been explored as routes to produce copper oxide for use in resistive memory devices (RMDs). The major results and their impact on device current-voltage characteristics are summarized. The majority of the devices fabricated from thermally oxidized copper exhibited a diode-like behavior independent of the top electrode. When these devices were etched to form mesa structures, bipolar switching was observed with set voltages <2.5 V, reset voltages <(-1) V and ROFF/RON ∼103-104. Bipolar switching behavior was also observed for devices fabricated from copper oxide synthesized by RT plasma oxidation (ROFF/RON up to 108). Voiding at the copper-copper oxide interface occurred in films produced by thermal and plasma oxidation performed at ≥200°C. The copper oxide synthesized by reactive sputtering had large areas of open volume in the microstructure; this resulted in short circuited devices because of electrical contact between the bottom and top electrodes. The results for fabricating copper oxide into ≤100 nm features are also discussed.
Retentivity of RRAM Devices Based on Metal / YBCO Interfaces
Authors: Schulman A. , Acha C. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe retention time of the resistive state is a key parameter that characterizes the possible utilization of the RRAM devices as a non – volatile memory device. The understanding of the mechanism of the time relaxation process of the information state may be essential to improve their performances. In this study we examine RRAM devices based on metal / YBCO interfaces in order to comprehend the physics beneath the resistive switching phenomenon.Our experimental results show that after producing the switching of the resistance from a low to a high state, or vice versa, the resistance evolves to its previous state in a small but noticeable percentage. We have measured long relaxation effects on the resistance state of devices composed by metal (Au, Pt) / ceramic YBCO interfaces in the temperature range 77 K – 300 K. This time relaxation can be described by a stretched exponential law that is characterized by a power exponent n = 0.5, which is temperature independent, and by a relaxation time τ that increases with increasing the temperature. These characteristics point out to a non-thermally assisted diffusion process that could be associated with oxygen (or vacancy) migration and that produces the growth of a conducting (or insulating) fractal structure.
Epitaxy of Single Crystal Phase Change Materials on Si(111)
Authors: Rodenbach P. , Perumal K. , Katmis F. , Braun W. , Calarco R. , Riechert H. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTPhase change materials along the GeTe-Sb2Te3 pseudobinary line (GST) are grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on Si(111). The growth on (111) oriented substrates leads to greatly increased crystal quality compared to (001) oriented substrates, even for a high lattice mismatch. This holds true even for Si substrates which have a lattice mismatch of around 10% with respect to GST. The growth is controlled in situ via line of sight quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS). Structural characterization is performed in situ by X-ray diffraction (XRD), which reveals a clear cubic symmetry of the film and a lattice slightly rhombohedrally distorted along the [111] direction.
Damage formation in GaN under medium energy range implantation of rare earth ions: a combined TEM, XRD and RBS/C investigation
Authors: Lacroix B. , Leclerc S. , Ruterana P. , Declémy A. , Miranda S.M.C. , Lorenz K. , Alves E. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIn this work, the damage formation subsequent to Eu implantation at 300 keV has been investigated by coupling the TEM, XRD and RBS/C techniques. It has been found that GaN exhibits a specific damage buildup in three main steps: (i) clustering of point defects and formation of a network of stacking faults defects in the bulk, (ii) propagation of the planar defect network towards the surface and (iii) breakdown of the surface layer. This occurs through different strain saturation regimes. Around 5x1014 Eu/cm2, the strain along the implantation direction saturates to 0.6%. At higher fluence, whereas the peak at 0.6% is maintained, there is an increase of the strain throughout the implanted layer which probably continues to extend. A second saturation occurs when the stacking fault network reaches the layer surface.
Iron Supplementation in Nephrology and Oncology: What Do We Have in Common?
Authors: Macdougall Iain C. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Anemia is frequently seen in patients with chronic kidney disease and also in those with cancer. There are factors in the pathogenesis of anemia that are common to both clinical conditions, with iron insufficiency, inflammation, and upregulation of hepcidin activity playing a part in both chronic disease states. Diagnostic laboratory markers for detecting functional iron deficiency in renal disease and oncology are not ideal, and the most widely available tests, such as serum ferritin and transferrin saturation, have poor sensitivity and specificity. Other tests incorporating a surrogate for iron sufficiency in the RBC and reticulocyte (such as percentage hypochromic RBCs or reticulocyte hemoglobin content) have greater sensitivity/specificity, but unfortunately these tests are not widely available in many hospital laboratories. Iron supplementation may be given via the oral route, i.m., or i.v., but it is now clear that, in both the nephrology and oncology settings, i.v. iron is superior to oral iron in terms of efficacy. Oral iron is associated with a high incidence of gastrointestinal side effects, and although large epidemiological studies of i.v. iron are reassuring, the long-term safety of parenteral iron is not established in well-designed adequately powered randomized controlled trials.
Exclusive Contracts under Financial Constraints
Authors: Kitamura Hiroshi 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This paper constructs a model of anticompetitive exclusive dealing in the presence of financial constraints. Because of the presence of these constraints, the incumbent cannot remain in business if a deviant buyer appears. We argue that the existence of financial constraints eliminates the buyer's profit in deviating from exclusive contracts. As a result, when compared with previous studies, the possibility of exclusion increases. That is, exclusion arises, even when buyers compete less intensively.
The Impact of Antitrust Fines on the Formation of Collusive Cartels
Authors: Bartolini David , Zazzaro Alberto 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The literature on collusive cartels has mainly focused on the impact of antitrust fines on the sustainability of cartels, in infinitely repeated games. This approach, however, does not allow us to study the effect of antitrust fines on the incentives to form cartels in the first place. In this paper, we adopt a coalitional game approach to modeling collusive agreements, showing that antitrust fines may drive firms from partial cartels to a monopolistic cartel. Moreover, by introducing uncertainty on market demand, we show that the socially optimal competition policy can call for a finite or even zero antitrust penalty, even if there are no enforcement costs. We provide a sufficient condition for these results to apply to any coalitional game of cartel formation with symmetric firms. Then, we discuss the extension to asymmetric firms and dynamic collusion.
Controls on the recent speed-up of Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland
Authors: Van Der Veen C.J. , Plummer J. C. , Stearns L.A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractJakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland, underwent a large, rapid and not well understood change in flow dynamics in 1998, leading to a doubling of its ice discharge rates. We calculate the width-averaged forces controlling flow of Jakobshavn Isbræ in 1995, 2000 and 2005 to elucidate processes responsible for this change in flow speed. In contrast to earlier suggestions, we conclude that the observed acceleration was not caused by the loss of back-stress due to weakening and subsequent break-up of the floating ice tongue alone. Gradients in longitudinal stress are small at all times considered (∼3% of the driving stress) and basal and lateral drag provide resistance to flow. Over the 10 year period considered, the average driving stress increased by 20 kPa, which was balanced by a comparable increase in lateral drag. We surmise that the velocity changes resulted from weakening of the ice in the lateral shear margins and perhaps a change in properties at the bed. Possible mechanisms for weakening of ice in the lateral shear margins include cryo-hydrologic warming of subsurface ice in the ablation zone and hydraulic weakening due to higher water content of ice in the shear margins.
Quantitative estimates of velocity sensitivity to surface melt variations at a large Greenland outlet glacier
Authors: Andersen M.L. , Nettles M. , Elosegui P. , Larsen T.B. , Hamilton G.S. , Stearns L.A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe flow speed of Greenland outlet glaciers is governed by several factors, the relative importance of which is poorly understood. The delivery of surface-generated meltwater to the bed of alpine glaciers has been shown to influence glacier flow speed when the volume of water is sufficient to increase basal fluid pressure and hence basal lubrication. While this effect has also been demonstrated on the Greenland ice-sheet margin, little is known about the influence of surface melting on the large, marine-terminating outlet glaciers that drain the ice sheet. We use a validated model of meltwater input and GPS-derived surface velocities to quantify the sensitivity of glacier flow speed to changes in surface melt at Helheim Glacier during two summer seasons (2007–08). Our observations span ∼55 days near the middle of each melt season. We find that relative changes in glacier speed due to meltwater input are small, with variations of ∼45% in melt producing changes in velocity of ∼2–4%. These velocity variations are, however, of similar absolute magnitude to those observed at smaller glaciers and on the ice-sheet margin. We find that the glacier’s sensitivity to variations in meltwater input decreases approximately exponentially with distance from the calving front. Sensitivity to melt varies with time, but generally increases as the melt season progresses. We interpret the time-varying sensitivity of glacier flow to meltwater input as resulting from changes in subglacial hydraulic routing caused by the changing volume of meltwater input.
Spatial variability of surface mass balance along a traverse route from Zhongshan station to Dome A, Antarctica
Authors: Minghu Ding , Cunde Xiao , Yuansheng Li , Jiawen Ren , Shugui Hou , Bo Jin , Bo Sun 
Published: September 2011

AbstractStakes at 2 km intervals were installed in January 1997 and remeasured in February 1998, January 1999, January 2005 and during the 2007/08 austral summer along a 1248 km traverse route from Zhongshan station to Dome A, East Antarctica. Based on topographical parameters, meteorological features and the records of ∼650 stakes and six stake arrays, the route is divided into five zones. We find that the snow accumulation rate decreases with increasing altitude as one progresses inland, except in the zone 800–1128 km from the coast, where the average annual accumulation rate is higher than in the zone 524–800 km from the coast. The Dome A zone (1128–1248 km) has the lowest accumulation rate (35 kg m−2 a−1, 2005–08) due to having the highest elevation and being furthest from the coast. The surface mass balance in the region 202–1128 km from the coast exhibits no temporal change from 1999–2005 to 2005–08, but there is a change in the accumulation distribution. The zone from 202 to 524 km shows a decrease in surface mass balance from 84 kg m−2 a−1 in 1999–2005 to 67 kg m−2 a−1 in 2005–08, while the zone between 800 and 1128 km shows an increase from 67 kg m−2 a−1 in 1999–2005 to 75 kg m−2 a−1 in 2005–08.
Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy not using canalicular silicone intubation tube with and without mitomycin C: a comparative study
Authors: Özkiriş Mahmut , Özkırış Abdullah 
Published: September 2011

Purpose To determine the outcome and safety of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EN-DCR) with the use of adjunctive mitomycin C (MMC) in nasolacrimal duct obstruction in adults. Methods In this retrospective, comparative case series, 54 consecutive adult patients underwent EN-DCR. We performed endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy with adjunctive MMC in 28 patients and endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy without MMC in 26 patients. All patients underwent a standardized procedure, with an endonasal approach to the lacrimal sac, surgical removal of nasal mucosa, lacrimal bone, and a fragment of the frontal process of the maxilla. The medial wall of the lacrimal sac was removed completely. In the study group (28 patients), a neurosurgical cottonoid soaked in MMC at 0.5 mg/mL was placed at the osteotomy site for 5 minutes (not using canalicular silicone intubation tube). In the other group (26 patients), standard endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy technique was used without MMC (not using canalicular silicone intubation tube). Main outcome measures were resolution of epiphora, absence of discharge, and patency of the ostium confirmed by irrigation at 6 months. Results The EN-DCR procedure with adjunctive MMC was successful in 24 (85.71%) cases. The mean follow-up was 14.3 months (8–24 months). No significant complications were encountered. In the control group, the EN-DCR was successful in 19 patients (73.07%). The mean follow-up was 13.2 months (6-24 months). Conclusions Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy with MMC is a safe and successful procedure for the treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction in adults.
Intolerance of sexy peers: intrasexual competition among women
Authors: Vaillancourt Tracy , Sharma Aanchal 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIntrasexual competition among males of different species, including humans, is well documented. Among females, far less is known. Recent nonexperimental studies suggest that women are intolerant of attractive females and use indirect aggression to derogate potential rivals. In Study 1, an experimental design was used to test the evolutionary‐based hypothesis that women would be intolerant of sexy women and would censure those who seem to make sex too readily available. Results provide strong empirical support for intrasexual competition among women. Using independent raters, blind to condition, we found that almost all women were rated as reacting negatively (“bitchy”) to an attractive female confederate when she was dressed in a sexually provocative manner. In contrast, when she was dressed conservatively, the same confederate was barely noticed by the participants. In Study 2, an experimental design was used to assess whether the sexy female confederate from Study 1 was viewed as a sexual rival by women. Results indicated that as hypothesized, women did not want to introduce her to their boyfriend, allow him to spend time alone with her, or be friends with her. Findings from both studies are discussed in terms of evolutionary theory. Aggr. Behav. 37:569–577, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Highly Interconnected Si Nanowires for Improved Stability Li‐Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Nguyen Hung T. , Yao Fei , Zamfir Mihai R. , Biswas Chandan , So Kang Pyo , Lee Young Hee , Kim Seong Min , Cha Seung Nam , Kim Jong Min , Pribat Didier 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSilicon exhibits the largest known capacity for Li insertion in anodes of Li‐ion batteries. However, because of large volume expansion/phase changes upon alloying, Si becomes powder‐like after a few charge‐discharge cycles. Various approaches have been explored in the past to circumvent this problem, including the use of nanomaterials, particularly Si nanowires. However, even though nanowires resist cracking very well, anodes based on Si nanowires still see their original capacity fade away upon cycling, because of wire detachment from the substrate, due to the stress generated at their roots upon alloying with Li. Here, we present a silicon nanowire growth strategy yielding highly interconnected specimens, which prevents them from being individually detached from the substrate. We report a ∼100% charge retention after 40 cycles at C/2 rate, without charging voltage limitation. We also show that our anodes can be cycled at 8C rates without damage and we grow nanowires with a density of 1.2 mg/cm2, yielding anodes delivering a 4.2 mAh/cm2 charge density. Finally, we point out that a better understanding of the interactions of silicon with electrolytes is needed if the field is to progress in the future.
The total cost of father desertion
Authors: Winking Jeffrey , Gurven Michael 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectives: The benefits of paternal investment have long been explored by assessing the impact of father's presence on child wellbeing. Previous studies, however, have only examined the average effect of father's presence on child survivorship. Here we assess the total fitness cost to men of deserting (or the benefit of staying), by considering effects on the entire progeny. We estimate the total number of children that a deserting father can expect to lose due to reduced survivorship over the life course in five populations, and compare this loss to the benefit gains from remarrying a younger wife.Methods: We compiled the observed impacts of father's absence, as well as mortality and fertility schedules, for five foraging or foraging/horticultural populations. We calculate how many additional children a man can expect to lose due to father's absence throughout a marriage. We then calculate the minimum age difference between a first and second spouse that would be necessary to overcome this cost.Results: Because child mortality rates drop so rapidly, the costs that men experience from desertion due to augmented child mortality are modest throughout marriage. Even hypothetically inflated father effects can be overcome with modest age differences between first and second spouses.Conclusions: Returns to paternal investment in terms of increased child survival are not substantial compared to those received by successfully practicing a serial mating strategy. This suggests that factors other than the ability to enhance child survival, such as female choice, are important to the evolutionary history and continued adaptive functioning of men's unique reproductive strategies. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How well does social variation mirror secular change in prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in a country in transition?
Authors: Bjerregaard Peter , Dahl‐Petersen Inger Katrine 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectives: The social and cultural transition among the Inuit in Greenland over the last generations has in ecological studies been linked to changes in cardiovascular risk factors. To permit analyses at the individual level, we propose a categorization of participants in a cross‐sectional study according to their relative position in the process of social change.Methods: Data was included from two cross‐sectional population surveys in 1993–1994 (N = 1,580) and 2005–2009 (N = 2,834). Socioeconomic factors, mental health, health behavior, obesity, blood lipids, blood pressure, and prevalence of diabetes were compared between the surveys and among groups at various degree of social change defined from current residence, job, and education. General linear models and logistic regression analysis were applied.Results: Most outcome variables showed statistically significant difference between the two studies indicating secular change, and for most the gradient in the ranked social groups was in agreement with the observed secular change. This included housing conditions, wealth, diet, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, obesity, and for women also non‐HDL cholesterol and hypertension. Anxiety and depression increased over time but decreased with social group for women. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased, but we found no differences among social groups. Serum triglyceride and for men non‐HDL cholesterol and hypertension showed inconsistent results.Conclusions: For a majority of the examined cardiovascular risk factors, social population groups defined from cross‐sectional data adequately mirror secular change. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Putting marine sanctuaries into context: a comparison of estuary fish assemblages over multiple levels of protection and modification
Authors: McKinley Andrew C. , Ryan Laura , Coleman Melinda A. , Knott Nathan A. , Clark Graeme , Taylor Matthew D. , Johnston Emma L. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

In recent decades there has been a significant effort to establish marine sanctuaries for the purpose of protecting marine biodiversity and ecological processes. While many studies have demonstrated that marine sanctuaries increase the abundance, diversity, and trophic level of marine fish communities, few have compared these parameters across multiple levels of protection and human modification.
This study utilized baited remote underwater video to compare fish assemblages between marine parks, between different levels of protection within parks (sanctuary and habitat protection zones), and between parks and highly modified systems with similar ecological communities.
It was demonstrated that sanctuary zones have higher abundance of targeted fish species compared with other areas within some marine parks.
The total abundance of targeted species and abundances of some key fisheries species (e.g. pink snapper) were found to be higher in sanctuary zones. This suggests that increased protection may be effective at improving these aspects of the fish assemblage.
However, when marine parks were compared with highly modified environments it was found that targeted species were much more abundant in the highly modified systems.
Community composition of entire fish assemblages also differed between these levels of modification and economically important fisheries species contributed most to this difference.
These findings suggest that while highly protected sanctuary zones may increase the abundance of targeted fish compared with less protected areas within the same estuary, highly industrialized or urbanized systems, not typically chosen as marine parks, may actually support more targeted species of fish.

It was demonstrated that forms of modification in addition to fishing pressure are having large effects on fish assemblages and productivity.
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Predicted Electronic and Thermodynamic Properties of a Newly Discovered Zn8Sb7 Phase.
Authors: Pomrehn Gregory S. , Toberer Eric S. , Snyder G. Jeffrey , van de Walle Axel 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDFT band structure calculations predict Zn8Sb7, much like ZnSb and Zn4Sb3, to be an intermetallic semiconductor with similar thermoelectric properties.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Rhombohedral Modification of EuNi5In.
Authors: Bigun Inna , Smetana Volodymyr , Kalychak Yaroslav 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA new rhombohedral modification of the title compound is obtained by annealing of EuNi4In (Ta foil, 1070→870 K, 75 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Novel Ni—Zn Borides: First Observation a Boron—Metal Nested Cage Unit: B20Ni6.
Authors: Malik Zahida P. , Sologub Oksana , Grytsiv Andriy , Giester Gerald , Rogl Peter F. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractNi21Zn2B24 (I), Ni12ZnB7.57 (II), and Ni3ZnB2 (III) are prepared from mixtures of arc‐melted NiBx and Zn powders (800 °C, 7 d) and characterized by powder and single crystal XRD.