bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Two Filarial Parasites from Dogs in Ceylon, Brugia ceylonensis n.sp. and Dipetalonema sp.inq.
Authors: Jayewardene L. G. 
Published: June 2009

A new species of Brugia, from the lymphatic glands of dogs in Ceylon, is described. It is closely related to B. patei (Buckley, Nelson and Heisch, 1958).Also from dogs in Ceylon, a species of Dipetalonema was recovered whose relationship with other species of Dipetalonema is discussed. In the absence of conclusive evidence that it is a distinct species it is for the present regarded as a species inquirenda.
Observations on Gestodes of the Genera Anoplocephala Blanchard, 1848 and Inermicapsifer Janicki, 1910 from Hyraxes in East Africa
Authors: Schnur L. F. 
Published: June 2009

Part of the cestode fauna of ten hyraxes captured in Kenya was studied.The species of hyrax were Procavia habessinica Hemprich and Ehrenberg and Heterohyrax syriacus Schreber.One hundred and five cestodes were fixed, stained, mounted and examined. Descriptions of specimens, including measurements, are recorded in text and figures.
Study of the effects of insulin on the migration ofHymenolepls diminutain rats
Authors: Cho C. H. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe effects of insulin on worm (Hymenolepls diminuta) migration was studied. Insulin injection (20 U/kg, s.c.) significantly increased gastric acid output but did not affect the serotonin content of blood, intestinal lumen or worms. The drug produced, dose-dcpcndcntly, postcriad migration of the worms in rats without pylorusligation but ligation of the pylorus prevented this migration. It is concluded that the hypcrsccrction of gastric acid induced by insulin is responsible for the postcriad migration ofH. diminutain rats.
Enzyme analyses of natural populations ofSchistocephalus solidusandLigula intestinalis
Authors: McManus D. P. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTResults are reported of enzyme analyses, following isoelectric focusing (IEF) in polyacrylamide gels, of Plerocercoids of the pseudophyllidean cestodesLigula intestinalisandSchistocephalus solidus. No polymorphic variants were detectable for the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase(MDH), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) or phosphoglucomutase (PGM) in 34 individuals ofS. solidus. Similarly, no variants were observed in LDH, MDH or GPI of 159 individuals ofL. intestinaliscollected from four cyprinid fish species from several locations in southern England. In contrast, PGM ofL. intestinalisis Polymorphic. The enzyme appears to be controlled by three loci and one of these loci, designated PGM-2, is Polymorphic with three recognizable phenotypes. The polymorphism is not related to the species orgeographical origin of infected fish and it does not reflect strain variation inL. intestinalis. Instead, it is typical of a genetic polymorphism under the control of two co-dominant alleles. Such a balanced polymorphism requires that cross-fertilization must occur, at least transiently, inL. intestinalis. The work indicates that enzymes can be used as markers in future genetic studies with cestodes, and that the combination of IEF and zymogram analysis represents an important method for the detection of cross-fertilization in these worms.
Studies on the enzyme phenol oxidase in a freshwater monogenetic trematode
Authors: Bhagavathiammai A. , Ramalingam K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCytochemical localization of the enzyme phenol oxidase inNeomurraytrema tengrahas been studied. Results reveal that the enzyme reacts with substrates such as catechol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, dopa, doparmine, epinephrine and tyramine, but not with tyrosine and protocatechuic acid. Thus it shows activity with a wide range of phenols, aminated, mono and diphenols and also with deaminated and decarboxylated, di- and polyphenols. The maximum activity of the enzyme occurs between 40°C and 50°C with a pH optimum of 6–6.
Experimental infection of the baboon (Papio cynocephalus) with Echinococcus granulosus of camel, cattle, sheep and goat origin from Kenya
Authors: Macpherson Calum N. L. , Else James E. , Suleman Mbaruk 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn different areas of the world, strains of Echinococcus granulosus have been described which appear to vary in their infectivity, and laboratory primates have been used as indicators of their infectivity to man. This phenomenon was evaluated in Kenya for hydatid material of human, camel, cattle, sheep and goat orgin. Viable eggs, produced by experimental infections in dogs with larval material from all the above intermediate hosts, were fed separately to four baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in each case. Baboons were autopsied between 373 and 501 days following infection and the liver, lungs, heart, spleen and kidneys were thoroughly inspected. Hydatid cysts were recovered from two baboons in each of the camel, sheep and goat groups, three baboons in the cattle group and none of the baboons in the human group. Fertile cysts were found in the cattle and goat groups and it is suggested that the baboon could be used as an experimental model for this parasite.
A Helminth Survey of Sheep and Goats in Cyprus.Part I. The Seasonal Distribution and Prevalence of Gastro-Intestinal Parasites
Authors: Riche P. D. Le , Efstathiou G. C. , Campbell J. B. , Altan Y. 
Published: June 2009

889 complete alimentary tracts were examined for helminths during a two-year survey of sheep and goats in Cyprus. Faecal samples were also examined for worm eggs.The most common parasites found were Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus spp. and a list of all the parasites and their prevalence is given.Bunostomum trigonoceplialum, Parabronema skrjabini and Skrjabinema ovis were found for the first time in Cyprus.The infection rate of each of the worms was studied and the results showed that most of the worms followed the same general pattern, having a peak in the spring and another in the autumn, separated by a trough during the hot dry summer period, when the infection rate yvas low. There were variations within this pattern, Trichostrongylus spp. having a spring peak that was more pronounced than the autumn peak. The reverse occurred with Ostertagia, Chabertia and Oesophagostomum spp., which had a more pronounced autumn peak than spring peak and a lower rate of infection in the summer.Variations in the infection rate were also noted between the two years of study.The reasons for these variations are discussed and it appears that weather has some influence on the timing and duration of the peaks but that other factors must also be involved. It is suggested that with some species inhibition of development of the immature stages may occur over the hot dry period, and that these immature worms resume their development towards the end of summer.A similarity was noticed between the seasonal distribution of the different worm species in Cyprus and in the winter rainfall areas of Australia.
Notes on the Life History of Aspidogaster conchicola Baer, 1826 (Trematoda; Aspidogastridae)
Authors: Bakker K. E. , Davids C. 
Published: June 2009

The presence of Aspidogaster conchicola in the Netherlands has not been previously reported.Regarding the relationship between the parasite and its host, the following observations have been made:1. Infection of a new host with embryonated eggs of Aspidogaster conchicola gave positive results. A possible mode of infection via the nephridiopore is suggested.2. The larvae apparently remain in the renal cavities of the host until they mature, when they move into the pericardium.3. The larvae's development to maturity took at least three months at an average temperature of 18°C.4. Visible damage to the host is confined to a deformation of the epithelium where the haptor (ventral sucker) is attached.
Studies withBrugia pahangi. 14. Intrauterine development of the microfilaria and a comparison with other filarial species
Authors: Rogers Rosemary , Ellis D. S. , Denham D. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe intrauterine development ofBrugia pahangiembryos was followed from after fertilization to birth, using light and electron microscopy. The origin and development of the sheath of the microfilaria and its Possible role in the nutrition of the developing embryo were particularly investigated. Comparisons were drawn with the intrauterine development of other filarial species. The egg shell of theB. pahangiembryo js distinct from the oolemma and forms the sheath of the microfilaria. It is suggested that the electron dense material released by cells of the uterine wall and passing along the channels between the egg shells of adjacent embryos is nutritive. The death of large numbers of developing embryos in the central uterine Jumen is probably caused by overcrowding as their size rapidly increases, leading to nutritional deficiency.
The source, release and specificity of proteolytic enzyme activity produced byAnisakis simplexlarvae (Nematoda: Ascaridida) invitro
Authors: Matthews Bernard E. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIndirect fluorescent antibody techniques and incubation of sectioned and ligatured larvae have been used to locate the source of azocoll-positivc secretions within the oesophagcal glands of third-stageAnisakis simplexlarvae. The “excretory” system, previously suggested as a source of invasive enzymes, docs not seem to be involved. The proteolytic enzyme has trypsin-like properties and evidence is presented for its continuous synthesis during invitrostorage.
Histochemical localization and functional significance of some enzymes in various tissues ofCeylonocotyle scoliocoeliumcultured invitro
Authors: Sharma A. N. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTTPase and SDII activities were studied in various tissues ofCeylonocotyle scoliocoeliummaintained invitroin medium A for 15 days, using standard histochemical techniques. Results were compared with the normal activities of these enzymes in the tissues of worms freshly collected. Low ATPase and SDH enzyme activities in the tissues of cultured flukes indicated their low metabolic rate. Intensity of enzymatic reactions was also found to be tissue specific. The suitability of culture medium ‘A’ for the invitrocultivation of amphistomes is discussed.
The presence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Viti Levu, Fiji
Authors: Uchikawa R. , Takagi M. , Matayoshi S. , Sato A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTWild rats and molluscs were examined for Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection on Viti Levu, Fiji. A. cantonensis were recovered from 29–6% (16/54) of Rattus rattus and 59–5% (25/42) of R. exulans. A. cantonensis like larval nematodes were found in all of four slugs, Laevicaulis alte, and ten of 20 unidentified land snails. The larvae developed to adult A. cantonensis in the pulmonary arteries of laboratory rats 40 to 42 days after ingestion. This is the first record of A. cantonensis in Fiji.
Three New Trematode Parasites of the African Darter, Anhinga rufa rufa (Lacépède and Daudin, 1802) in Ghana
Authors: Ukoli F. M. A. 
Published: June 2009

1. An investigation of the helminth parasites of the African Darter, Anhinga rufa rufa in Ghana produced the following trematodes and cestodes:(1) Strigea anhingae n.sp.(2) Diplostomum ghanense n.sp.(3) Phagicola bulbosa n.sp.(4) Clinostomum tilafiiae Ukoli, 1966(5) Clinostomum phalacrocoracis Dubois, 1931(6) Echinorhynchotaenia tritesticulata Fuhrmann, 1909The new species are described and classified in this paper.
A study of the relationship between temperature and the infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium cercariae
Authors: Ghandour A. M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIt was shown that maintenance of cercariae of S. mansoni and S. haematobium at low (10°C) and high temperatures (40°C) markedly increased their mortality during penetration of mammalian host skin. These increased losses in the skin accounted for the known decrease in infectivity, as measured by adult worm recovery, of cercariae kept at low or high temperatures.
Studies on trematodes of the family Heterophyidae (Odhner, 1914) in Iran: 1. Preliminary epidemiological surveys in man and carnivores in Khuzestan
Authors: Massoud J. , Jalali H. , Reza M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTTrematodes of the family I Ictcrophyidac in man and carnivores were studied in Khuzcstan, south-west Iran.Hight hundred and eleven stool samples from a population of 3400 in 13 villages in a swampy area located incentral Khuzcstan were examined by the formalin-ether concentration technique. The following helminths were found: Ascaris lumbricoides 7%, Trichostronayius spp. 53%, hookworms 4%, Trichuris trichiura 5%, Hywenolepis nana 12% and hetcrophyid spp. 8%. Post-mortem examination of carnivores revealed that 14·2% of jackals, 33·3% of foxes and 2·5% of dogs were infected with hctcrophyids, namely Metagonimus yokogawai, Heterophyes heterophyes and H. katsuradai. The freshwater snails Melanoides and Melanopsis spp. and brackish water fishes ltarhus spp. and Mugil spp. were thought to be the intermediate hosts of these flukes in this area. This is the first report of hctcrophyid infection in man and carnivores in Iran.
Echinococcus multilocularis: Identification of proteins inducing antibody formation in metacestode infection
Authors: Lingelbach K. , Hinz E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAn approach to the identification of parasite proteins which are immunogenic in natural infections is described, using the infection with the larval stage ofEchinococcus multilocularisas a parasite model. Metacestode proteins were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose sheets (Western blotting). Subsequently, immune recognition of the proteins was performed with various host sera and antigen-antibody complexes were detected enzymatically. Using homologous antisera, different patterns of immunogenic bands were revealed by sera of different host species. Cross-reactions with sera from individuals infected with unrelated helminths were analysed. Four proteins ofE. multiloculariswhich failed to show any cross-reaction were identified.
The relevance of in vitro anthelmintic screening tests employing the free-living stages of trichostrongylid nematodes
Authors: Ibarra O.F. , Jenkings D.C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe response of the free-living stages of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Nematospiroides dubius, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia ostertagi to a wide variety of antiparasitic agents in vitro was investigated.All the major broad spectrum veterinary anthelmintics showed good activity against each of these worms with EC30 values varying from about 00002mg/1 for certain benzimidazoles and ivermectin to about 6–5 mg/1 for febantel. Of 22 known narrow spectrum anthelmintics useful only against H. contortus and/or helminths other than trichostrongyles, only 10% showed good activity at concentrations equal to or less than 100mg/1. Further, only one of 15 antiprotozoal agents showed good activity in these tests at the 100mg/1 level.
An SEM study of the cephalic region, buccal cavity and male tail of the species of the genus Strongylus Müller, 1780 (Nematoda, Strongyloidea)
Authors: Gibbons Lynda M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe four species of the genus Strongylus Müller, 1780, namely, S. equinus, S. edentatus, S. vulgaris and S. asini were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The buccal cavity of each species was cut transversely and longitudinally and the scanning electron micrographs illustrate the shape of the buccal cavity and the dorsal gutter. The micrographs also show the presence of denticles near the oral rim of the buccal cavity of S. edentatus and the shape of the teeth in the buccal cavity of S. equinus, S. vulgaris and S. asini. The bursa of the four species has three symmetrical lobes, one dorsal and two lateral. The length of the three lobes in relation to each other varies between the species. The genital cone has a single large ventral papilla, a pair of dorsal raylets, a median dorsal cuticular appendage and a variety of cuticular appendages lateral and ventral to the cloaca. The development and arrangement of these components differs between the four species of the genus and can be used as a supportive character for specific identification.
Studies with Brugia pahangi 12. The activity of levamisole
Authors: Rogers Rosemary , Denham D. A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe effects of levamisole on adults, third stage infective larvae, and microfilariae of Brugia pahangi were studied in in vitro culture and in vivo against developing stages in the vector mosquito and in infected cats. In vitro the drug was effective only at dose levels much higher than can be tolerated by mammals. It was active against the developmental stages of the worm in the vector Aedes aegypti.The drug was strongly microfilaricidal in cats but less effective against adult worms.
Echinobothrium harfordi sp. nov. (Cestoda: Diphyllidae) from Raja naevus in the North Sea and English Channel
Authors: McVicar A. H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEchinobothrium harfordi sp. nov. from the spiral intestine of Raja naevus in British waters is described and illustrated. The species most closely resembles E. affine as both possess two groups of eleven large apical hooks, but can be distinguished by fewer peduncle spines and by characteristics of the eggs. The intensity of infection in individual hosts was generally low, and although the incidence of infection was high in rays less than 35 cm in length, this fell towards zero in larger rays. The ccstode showed a marked affinity for the first two tiers of the spiral intestine.
The detection of antibodies in human and animal filariases by counterimmunioelectrophoresis with Dirofilaria immitis antigens
Authors: Desowitz Robert S. , Una Steven R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCounterimmunoelectrophoresis revealed the presence of precipitin antibody in all of 6 dogs and the 1 cat infected with Dirofilaria immitis and in the serum of 17 of 24 individuals living in a setting of hyperendemic subperiodic bancroftian filariasis. Antigens used in the test were prepared from microfilariae and adult male D. immitis. Some humans and animals had antibodies to both antigens while others had antibodies against microfilariae or adult worms only. The presence of soluble circulating antigen was detected in the sera of two dogs with high microfilaraemias.
Changes in the membrane microviscosity of mouse red blood cells infected withPlasmodium bergheidetected usingn-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acid fluorescent probes
Authors: Howard R. J. , Sawyer W. H. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryA set ofn-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids (n= 2, 6, 9, 12, 16) have been used as fluorescent probes to examine the lipid environment at different depths in the outer membrane of normal mouse erythrocytes and red blood cells fromPlasmodium berghei-infected blood. Fluorescent polarization experiments with normal mouse erythrocytes have demonstrated a typical gradient in microviscosity from the surface to the centre of the bilayer as a consequence of the motional properties of the C-atoms of the phospholipid acyl chains. The fluorescent probes rotate faster in the membrane of purified pluriparasitized cells (> 90% purity) than with the remaining fraction of red blood cells from infected blood (20–40% immature, infected red cells, and uninfected red cells), or normal mouse erythrocytes. This increase in fluidity with heavily infected cells occurs predominantly at the centre of the lipid bilayer, rather than at the membrane surface. A comparison of the polarization values of intact and lysed infected cells indicates that the fluorescent fatty acids preferentially label the plasma membrane rather than the internal membranes of infected cells. The results suggest thatP. bergheiinfection causes a change in the composition and/or organization of the outer membrane of pluriparasitized cells which produces a decrease in membrane microviscosity.
Antigenic variation in clones of animal-infective Trypanosoma brucei derived and maintained in vitro
Authors: Doyle J. J. , Hirumi H. , Hirumi K. , Lupton E. N. , Cross G. A. M. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryEighteen clones of variable antigen type 052 of Trypanosoma brucei stock S. 427 were derived and maintained as animal-infective bloodstream forms in vitro for up to 60 days of cultivation. The antigenic composition of such clones was monitored weekly by immunofluorescent analysis of viable trypanosomes, using antisera raised to isolated variant-specific surface glycoproteins of both 052 and a variable antigen type (221) which consistently appeared in the first relapse population of type 052 in vitro. The appearance of new variants was detected in 9 of the 18 clones 18–46 days following initiation of the clone and variable antigen type 221 was found in all 9 clones. On one or more occasions in 8 of such clones, viable trypanosomes were found which did not react with either antiserum but were mouse-infective on the 4 occasions tested and probably represent other variable antigen types. The process of antigen, variation in vitro appears to resemble the process in vivo except that new variant types are detected earlier in vivo. This possibly results from different growth rates of the trypanosomes in vivo and in vitro, together with the fact that elimination of the initial variant population by the host's immune response facilitates the detection of newly arising variable antigen types in vivo.
Characterization of Trypanosoma brucei isolated from lymph nodes of rats
Authors: Tanner M. , Jenni L. , Hecker H. , Brun R. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryForms of Trypanosoma brucei isolated from lymph nodes of cyclically or intravenously infected rats, at different stages of infection, were morphologically compared with the corresponding bloodstream forms. Unlike the pleomorphic bloodstream trypanosome population, the lymph node trypanosome population was essentially monomorphic and resembled the slender forms of the bloodstream. Values for the morphometric parameters indicated a position between the slender and the stumpy forms. The number of trypanosomes/ml of blood showed the well-known periodic fluctuations while the number of trypanosomes/g of lymph node remained fairly constant. Serology revealed that lymph node trypanosome populations differed antigenically from the trypanosome populations isolated simultaneously from the bloodstream.
A rapid techinque for the recovery of strongyloid infective larvae from pasture and soil samples
Authors: Young R. R. , Trajstman A. C. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryA technique is described for the recovery of infective larvae of strongyloid nematodes from sediment resulting from the washing of pasture and soil samples. The process of recovery and counting of larvae is described by a model based on the binomial distribution. Tests of the technique have shown that it will recover approximately 50% of the larvae present in samples of pasture sediment of either 7·5 or 12·5 ml in volume after centrifugation. The efficiency of the technique was independent of the number of larvae present in samples of pasture sediment. The technique was shown to be less efficient and more variable in recovery of larvae from samples of soil sediment. Estimations in efficiency of recovery from soil sediment ranged from 64 to 110·2% and a significant effect of volume of sediment on recovery was detected.
Boophilus microplus: the effect of histamine on the attachment of cattle-tick larvae–studies in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Kemp D. H. , Bourne A. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryCircumstantial evidence suggests that the earlier detachment of Boophilus microplus larvae from highly resistant cattle follows the release of histamine at the attachment site. In vivo and in vitro experiments show that a proportion of the larvae will detach following injection or infusion of histamine. Other mediators such as bradykinin, prostaglandin E2, 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine have little or no effect on tick behaviour in vivo. Sensitivity to histamine declines as larval attachments stabilize, and repeated injections have no effect on the weight of larvae after 3 days on the host. Response to histamine is discussed in relation to host resistance, histology of the feeding lesion and larval behaviour.